bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Strain Rate on the Creep-Fatigue Damage of Polycrystalline Ni-Base Superalloy at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Nakayama Koki , Miura Hideo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ni-based superalloys used for thermal power plants have been subjected to random creep-fatigue load in high-temperature environment to counter global warming and compensate the fluctuation of the output of renewable energies. However, under the creep-fatigue condition, intergranular cracking was found to be accelerated, and the fracture life of the alloy was significantly decreased. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of this acceleration of crack propagation rate and to develop a quantitative evaluation method of the creep-fatigue damage. In this study, intermittent creep-fatigue tests were applied to Alloy 617, one of the Ni-based superalloys, and the degradation process of its crystallinity was monitored by EBSD (Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction) method. In particular, the effect of strain rate during loading and unloading processes were evaluated in detail. IQ (Image Quality) value which indicates the quality of crystallinity, in other words, the concentration of various defects and Schmid factor were applied to the crystallinity analysis, and the degradation process of the microstructure was continuously monitored. The results showed that under creep-fatigue loading, the faster the strain rate during unloading, the earlier the IQ value decreased and the shorter the time for the initiation of intergranular cracking. It was also found that intergranular cracking appeared when the IQ value reached a critical value regardless of the strain rate. The creep-fatigue damage was mainly accumulated grain boundaries with large difference in Schmid factor between nearby grains, indicating large local strain due to the large lattice mismatch. The unloading rate was one of the dominant factors of the degradation of the crystallinity around grain boundaries.
Methodology for Integrating Biomimetic Beams in Abstracted Topology Optimization Results
Authors: Röver Tim , Lau Robert Johannes , Lange Fritz , Struve Arnd , Fuchs Cedrik , Bartsch Katharina , Seibel Arthur , Emmelmann Claus 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a five-step design methodology to generate designs of biomimetic structural components from topology optimization results. In step one, all material allocated by topology optimization is classified as either beam like structures or nodes to generate an auxiliary model consisting of preserved regions, cylindrical beams, and ball nodes, which is an abstraction of the original topology optimization result. In step two, the auxiliary model is exposed to the original boundary conditions in a finite element analysis. Then, internal forces, torsion, and bending moments in all beams of the auxiliary model are identified with respect to both of their ends. In step three, a database is used to find a suitable biomimetic beam for each previously analyzed beam in the auxiliary model. In step four, adapted nodes are designed to connect the biomimetic beams and preserved regions to generate an intermediate biomimetic component design. And in step five, a design iteration and a validation of the final design are performed. The design methodology allows for reproducible bio-mimetic component designs, a trackable and easily documentable component development process, and the possibility of automating the design process to ultimately save development costs when designing structural components.
Assessment of Binary Pressure Sensitive Paint for Temperature and Heat Transfer Coefficient Measurement of Leading Edge Film Cooling
Authors: Burdett Timothy A. , Yeh Ming-Feng , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Film cooling is a common technique for protecting the leading edge of gas turbine vanes from the hot combustor exhaust. In the laboratory, film cooling effectiveness distributions are often obtained by measuring the mass transfer of a foreign gas coolant in mainstream air with pressure sensitive paint (PSP), eliminating the inherent conduction errors of steady-state heat transfer experiments and providing highly resolved measurements. However, both the effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient are necessary to calculate the heat flux for a given film cooling configuration and fully quantify the impact on the vane surface temperature.
The heat transfer coefficient generally requires a thermal test, which typically uses thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC), infrared (IR), or temperature sensitive paint (TSP) to measure the surface temperature. Alternatively, the additional luminophore in binary pressure sensitive paint (BPSP) can be used to measure the surface temperature. The second luminophore of most BPSPs is sensitive to temperature for use as a reference to correct pressure measurements for adiabatic heating in transonic and supersonic flows, but it can also be used to directly measure the surface temperature.
As a proof of concept, this paper uses BinaryFIB PSP from Innovative Scientific Solutions (ISSI) to measure the film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient on the leading edge of a cylinder, approximating flow on the leading edge of a gas turbine vane. The cylinder has a 7.62-cm diameter with two rows of cooling holes at ±15° from the leading edge. Each row contains 10 holes with a 0.475-cm diameter, spaced 4 diameters apart in the spanwise direction and angled 30° from the cylinder axis. The mainstream Reynolds number was 100,000 based on cylinder diameter with a turbulence intensity of 7.1%. The coolant-to-mainstream density ratio was 1.0, and the blowing ratio was 0.8. The film cooling effectiveness was measured in a typical steady-state mass transfer experiment using the pressure signal from the BPSP and nitrogen as coolant. The heat transfer coefficient was measured in a transient heat transfer experiment using the reference signal from the BPSP. The transient calculations assumed 1-D semi-infinite heat transfer.
Despite the high uncertainty of the measurement ranging from 24.0% to 71.1%, the results demonstrate the feasibility of the method, identify the best test methodology to minimize conduction errors, and provide a reasonable comparison with previous measurements in the literature. Further BPSP development of the reference luminophore is recommended to improve the sensitivity to temperature and increase the glass transition temperature.
Toolpath Planning With Thermal Stress Awareness for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Khatkar Jayant , Clemon Lee , Mettu Ramgopal 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing has emerged as a next-generation technology for advanced fabrication. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is the most widespread form of material extrusion additive manufacturing and has growing applications in large scale construction. Despite its advantages, FFF is limited by structural weaknesses introduced by cooling of the material between layers. This paper presents an approach to reduce the probability of failure for a given object under known loading conditions through improved toolpath planning which considers temperature decay. Our approach reorders the fabrication sequence to vary the time to print between layers such that the thermal stress induced in fabrication is reduced in regions most likely to fail at the expense of increasing thermally induced stress in less critical areas. In our simulation experiments, we found that our approach offers the greatest improvement when the rate of cooling is large enough for significant temperature decay to occur, but not so large that cooling occurs too quickly for the print order to have any effect. Our approach offers the potential to improve the performance of 3D printed components under known loading conditions by considering the temperature of the print in the planning of the toolpath.
Piezoelectric Bi-Layer Waveguide on Quartz Saw Device for Liquid Sensing
Authors: Lee Kun-Lin , Kowach Glen , Voiculescu Ioana R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Liquid viscosity is an important quantity for medical analyses (accurate and fast one-time tests) and microfluidic reaction systems (continuous flow sensing). A novel integrated piezoelectric layer with a polymer waveguide on a quartz SH-SAW device has been developed for liquid sensing. The device is capable of sensing viscosities from approximately 1 mPa·s to 10 mPa·s with higher precision than devices without the bilayer. The integrated piezoelectric layer and polymer waveguide enhance the sensitivity of the SH-SAW device. This work expands the potential applications for SH-SAW devices for real-time liquid drop or flow testing. ST-90°X quartz substrate was chosen for the SAW delay-line biosensor because of its stable temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) at room temperature. Therefore, a zinc oxide (ZnO) piezoelectric thin film layer was used to enhance the local particle displacement and dielectric coupling. We demonstrate the local particle mobility enhancement due to the ZnO layer, and wave mode transition to surface horizontal waves with the bilayer waveguide.
Additive Manufacturing of Embedded Strain Sensors in Structural Composites
Authors: Zhao Dongfang , Meves Jacob , Mondal Anirban , Saha Mrinal C. , Liu Yingtao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a multi-walled nanotube-based nanocomposite is developed for the 3D printing of embedded strain sensors in structural composites. The formulation of nanocomposites is investigated, and the optimal nanotube concentration is identified, considering multiple aspects including cost, processing capability, and printing capability. The developed nanocomposites are directly printed onto glass fiber fabrics using the material extrusion-based additive manufacturing method. Then, the 3D printed nanocomposites in the format of strain gauges are employed for the fabrication of continuous fiber-reinforced composites with embedded sensors. To demonstrate the load and strain sensing capability, composite laminate beam samples are fabricated for testing. The microstructures, potentially embedded voids, and nanoparticle distributions are characterized using a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, the load sensing functionality of the manufactured glass fiber composites using embedded nanocomposite strain gauge is characterized under 3-point bending load conditions. The sensitivity, repeatability, and reliability of the 3D printed nanocomposites are experimentally characterized using a standard mechanical testing system. Particularly, the effects of maximum load and load rates on sensitivities of the developed composites are tested. The 3D printed strain gauges can be used for the monitoring of composite integrity, indicating their safety and reliability under complex and fatigue loading conditions.
Opportunities for Energy Efficiency Improvements in Craft and Micro-Breweries
Authors: Sueza Raffa Laryssa , Bennett Nick S. , Clemon Lee Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Rising energy prices and increasing competitiveness in the brewing industry challenge beer producers to reduce costs. To address this issue — and the environmental concerns over climate change — more energy-efficient brewing processes are required. The brewhouse consumes around one-quarter of the total energy demand in a brewery, especially wort boiling, where heat energy in the form of vapour is often wasted and presents a large potential for recovering energy. Although the technology for heat recovery during wort boiling is commercially available for large breweries, the development of equipment technology for craft and micro-breweries still lags behind. Based on a survey of Australian local craft and micro-breweries and a nano-brewery case study, we compare the evaporation rates during wort boiling for different operational parameters and use the results to verify a proposed mathematical model of evaporation from a kettle. We also propose and analyse options for re-utilising the recovered energy, such as pre-heating water for use in a subsequent process or storage for a later brew. Our study shows that the vapour released during the production of one litre of beer has the potential to heat 0.6 to 1.6 litres of water from ambient to 65°C. As for the potential energy savings and environmental impact, the case study nano-brewery can save approximately 5% of the brewhouse’s energy consumption or 2% of the energy required by the entire brewing process, while each surveyed brewery can spare 16 to 133 tonnes of CO2-e from being released into the atmosphere each year. These results reinforce the potential of recovering waste energy from wort boiling vapours in assisting breweries to become more energy-efficient, competitive and environmentally responsible.
Experiential Learning for Undergraduate Students Through Collaborative Capstone Projects on Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Xu Jaijun , Shetty Devdas , Sanchez Guerrero Pablo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order for students to enhance their understanding of engineering concepts, hands-on experience has proven to be essential. Incorporating the design component in undergraduate engineering education has been an immediate and pressing concern for educators, professional societies, industrial employers and agencies concerned with national productivity and competitiveness. While there are various ways of achieving that, one proven method is to have students working on projects and thinking about the learning objectives and tasks they are doing, a.k.a, experiential learning. There are several strong reasons to advocate the selection of experiential learning-based classroom teaching. An active learning-based approach can encompass both isolated and highly structured activities to motivate students to take charge of their deep learning. Active learning-based learning can also be very effective in creating personal connections between students and the course material, which strongly increases the student’s motivation to learn proactively. In addition to the course content, active learning-based learning develops life skills like improving subject mastery with others feedback, collaboration, and brainstorming to reach the most rational answers. Recently, advanced manufacturing technology has become increasingly appealing for a range of industries. however, it remains a challenge to infuse experiential learning experience in advanced manufacturing in undergraduate curriculum and to enhance undergraduate design and research experiences to meet both societal needs and the growing job-market demands. Here at the University of the District of Columbia (UDC), the District of Columbia’s only public institution of higher education, and a historically black college and university (HBCU), it has recently modernized its undergraduate curricula in engineering with an undergraduate concentration in Advanced Manufacturing to meet that need. This paper presents a case study of implementing experiential learning through a series of collaborative Capstone Design projects that are collaboratively advised by project advisor and external subject-matter experts. Specifically, the subjects include Additive Manufacturing and Nanotechnology with applications in Energy, Manufacturing, Aerospace and many other fields. Further, this paper will also discuss and present the assessment data from the author’s experience and provide suggestions and lessons learned from this practice to help the broader community of engineering education.
Design of an Improved Vertical Spiral Closed Loop Geothermal Heat Exchanger
Authors: Malhotra Tarun , Davis Dorian , Adams Deshawn , Gebre Fisseha L. , Xu Jiajun 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Geothermal heat pumps present a very intricate installation process and requires a vast amount of space which can cause a financial hurdle for most users. The geothermal system makes use of the constant ground temperature at the minimum of 5 ft depth with a thermal conductive working fluid and specified length of pipping. The system undergoes the necessary heat transfer that will be used as part of the heating or cooling process. In this study, an additively manufactured heat exchanger was designed and developed to address this issue. The design has an innovative coiled inner pipping to reduce the space needed for its installation, as well as combining the heat exchanger component with a drill bit design to simplify and reduce the cost of installation. We used CREO 8.0 to make a detailed drawing and CAD model of the system, which will then be simulated on ANSYS fluent software. During the simulation we studied the performance of heat transfer. In addition, this study also analyzes the coefficient of heat transfer and fluid pressure drop as a function of Reynolds number. For production of the system an additive manufacturing technique was used to manufacture the prototype.
Energy Absorption of Axially Loaded Thin-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
Authors: Haji LaRance , Vejdani Hamid , Jawad Badih , Fernandez Vernon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Our goal in this paper is to experimentally measure the axial load and energy absorption capacity of thin-walled aluminum cylinders subjected to internal pressures. For this purpose and to achieve a high level of accuracy in manufacturing the thin-walled cylinders, we used regular soda cans as the cylindrical specimens. The specimens’ dimensions were selected based on attaining a large radius to thickness ratio (r/t) of 340 to minimize weight and also maintain a low axial length to radius ratio (L/r) of 2.6 to mitigate global buckling. Each specimen was compressed quasistatically while maintaining constant internal pressure with the use of input and output pressure regulators we designed and built for this purpose. One of our goals in this experiment was to better understand the energy absorption capability of such a lightweight structure and to study the failure modes of local buckling under different internal pressures. We observed that the local buckling mode switches from non-axisymmetric folds (diamond mode) to axisymmetric folds (ring mode) at a critical internal pressure. We also presented a comparison between pressurized aluminum thin-walled cylinders to steel cylinders and we found that aluminum made cylinders outperform their steel counterparts when compared by equivalent masses. Applications of this study vary across a wide range of industries, with the most appealing being automotive and aerospace.
Statistical Analysis of Strain Rate Dependency of the Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional CFRE Materials
Authors: Seif Charbel Y. , Hage Ilige S. , Hage Re-Mi , Baydoun Ahmad M. R. , Hamade Ramsey F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the aim of finding new materials having high stiffness to density ratio, carbon fiber composite materials have gained popularity as alternatives to traditional high-stiffness and high-density materials. This work investigates the dependency on strain rate of some mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy, CFRE. The composite laminates were fabricated at fiber orientations of 0° (dubbed type 1) while others at 90° (dubbed type 2). Statistical analysis (using Minitab® software) has been applied to determine the statistical significance (modulus at confidence interval varying from 5% to 10%) of the effect of strain rate on composite material response and strength. Both type 1 and type 2 composite laminates were tested at several levels of flexural strain rates varying from 1.8*10−5 s−1 to 7.8*10−3 s−1. For type 1 and type 2 laminates, the flexural fracture stress values were found to increase around 4.5% and 8.6%, respectively, for the studied range of strain rates. It was also found that the flexural modulus of elasticity increased for both 0° and 90° increase in order of 5% and 10%, respectively, for type 1 and type 2 laminates over the strain rate range. This was evidenced by the increase in the variance of the experimentally collected flexural strength values with increasing operating strain rate.
Effect of Salt Spray Cyclic Corrosion on the Mechanical and Reversibility Performance of Mixed Material Joints With Modified Adhesive
Authors: Burczyk Matthew , Nassar Sayed A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The effect of cyclic corrosion on the static strength performance and reversibility performance of multi-material single lap joints is investigated. Aluminum substrates are adhesively bonded to Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced thermoplastic composite substrates using a commercially available two-part epoxy. The adhesive is modified with Thermally Expandable Particles at various concentrations by weight, with the purpose of allowing for joint separation using a charged RF coil to evaluate reversibility performance. The quasi-static performance of baseline joints is assessed, and the results from the various particle concentrations are compared. The cyclic corrosion testing of the Single Lap Joints is performed in accordance with a GMW 14872 3 stage laboratory standard for different lengths of duration up to 57 cycles. Quasi-static lap shear tests are performed at various stages of corrosion cycling and compared. Results and conclusions are provided.
Taxonomy of Severity of Cyber-Attacks in Cyber-Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Espinoza-Zelaya Carlos , Moon Young 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Increasingly named as the number one non-traditional risk cyber-attacks against Cyber-manufacturing Systems (CMS) can cause a wide variety of losses. As the 4th industrial revolution is taking place CMS have become more resilient with the implementation of prevention, detection, redundancy, withstanding, and recovery mechanisms against cyber-attacks. However, the ever-evolving nature of these threats require systems to still be prepared for their eventual occurrence as it’s been demonstrated in the increasingly more common advent of successful cyber-attacks. While multiple generic threat models have been proposed by academics and government organizations for assessing the impact of cyber-attacks against Cyber-Physical Systems there is a research gap when it comes to manufacturing specific applications and how to assess their severity. In order to evaluate the impact of a cyber-attack against CMS this taxonomy proposes a classification of threats severity comprising three general themes: i) Operational Impact: Effective production time loss that incur in inability to yield the expected output, ii) Economic Impacts: Direct financial cost of the attack, mitigation, and recovery, and iii) Intangible Losses: Integrity breaches against original patents, models, or intangible actives.
Numerical Investigation on Aerodynamic Performance of a Racing Car by Drag Reduction
Authors: Hassan Mahedi , Hassan Mahmudul , Ali Mohammad , Amin M. Ruhul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recent energy crisis has forced researchers to design fuel-efficient automobiles, where one of the main critical changes is to reduce aerodynamics drag created by fluid friction. At high speed, aerodynamics drag, especially the pressure drag, creates a substantial backward force, and hence, unwanted excess fuel is consumed to counterbalance this dragging effect, which hinders designing fuel-efficient automobiles. Hence, to mitigate this pressure drag, here in this work, numerical analyses have been done (i) to examine drag coefficient changes through incorporating aerodynamic vents at the front, at the rear, and both front and rear on the automobiles, (ii) to reduce drag force by utilizing exhaust gas to fill the low-pressure vortex, (iii) to investigate the effect of wheels on the overall drag resistance of the model. The ANSYS™ 2020 R1 Fluent module is used to perform this numerical simulation. Appreciable improvement on drag reduction can be found by incorporating above mentioned modifications on racing car body configuration.