bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychrometric Studies
Authors: Henry H. C. , Epstein N. 
Published: April 2023

Measurements of the intensity and scale of turbulence have been made in the absence of mass transfer within two 4‐inch ducts, using both air and helium, with and without wire screen turbulence promoters, including measurements in the vicinity of a cylinder subjected to cross‐flow. The results are consistent with, and extend the scope of, comparable turbulence measurements in the literature.Local and overall wet‐bulb temperature depressions for sublimation into air of naphthalene (Le = 3.5) and p‐dichlorobenzene (Le = 3.1) cylinders, spheres and flat plates at subcritical flow conditions are shown to be unaffected by a free stream turbulence intensity variation of 2 – 16% and a tenfold variation of free stream scale of turbulence. It is concluded that despite increases in the absolute rates of both heat and mass transfer with increase in turbulence levels, the analogies between heat and mass transfer and the corresponding equations for psychrometric ratios which apply for relatively low mass fluxes at low‐levels of turbulence, remain intact at the higher levels of turbulenceOn a fait des mesures de l'intensité et de l'envergure de la turbulence, en l'absence de transfert de masse, dans deux conduits de 4 pouces, en utilisant l'air et l'hélium, avec ou sans écrans en fil métallique servant à promouvoir la turbulence; parmi ces mesures, certaines ont été faites au voisinage d'un cylindre exposé à un écoulement transversal. Les résultats obtenus sont conformes aux mesures comparables de turbulence qu'on trouve dans la littérature et augmentent leur portée. On montre que les diminutions locales et globales de la température, dans le cas de bulbes humides et de la sublimation dans l'air de cylindres, sphères et plaques plates de naphthaline (nombre de Lewis de 3.5) et de paradichlorobenzène (nombre de Lewis de 3.1) dans des conditions d'écoulement inférieures aux conditions critiques, n'étaient pas affectées par une variation d'intensité de 2 à 16% de la turbulence d'une courant libre ou une variation décuple de l'échelle de turbulence de celui‐ci. On en conclut qu'en dépit des augmentations dans les taux absolus du transfert de chaleur et de masse avec un accroissement du degré de turbulence, les analogies entre le transfert de masse et de chaleur et les équations correspondantes, pour les rapports psychrométriques qui s'appliquent dans le cas de flux de masse relativement faibles à de bas niveaux de turbulence, demeurent les mêmes à des degrés plus élevés de turbulence.
Laminar Flow Through Periodically Convergent‐Divergent Tubes and Channels
Authors: Batra V. K. , Fulford G. D. , Dullien F. A. L. 
Published: April 2023

Laminar fluid flow through small tubes and capillaries having frequent changes in cross‐section plays an important role in a number of processes. In the present study the effect of the wave parameters of ¼‐in. and ⅜‐in. nominal diameter rigid, periodically convergent‐divergent (wavy) tubes on the laminar flow‐characteristics was investigated. The value of friction factor increases with decreasing wavelength‐to‐diameter ratios (< 0.5) by as much as 120% of the uniform tube value (wave amplitude‐to‐diameter ratios were in the range 0.13‐0.25). The value of the critical Reynolds number of transition to turbulence decreases with decreasing wavelength‐to‐diameter ratio.For steady, fully developed laminar flow through deep flat channels with wavy sides, the value of friction factor increases with increasing depth‐to‐mean width ratio and obeys the relationship f = m/NRe, where m is a constant.L'écoulement laminaire d'un fluide, dans des tubes petits et capillaires dont la section transversale est soumise à des changements fréquents, joue un rôle important dans un certain nombre de procédés. On a étudié dans le présent travail l'effet, sur les propriétés d'écoulement laminaire, des paramètres d'ondes de tubes (onduleux) rigides de diamètres nominaux de ¼″ et ⅜″ qui étaient périodiquement convergents et digergents. La valeur du coefficient de frottement a augmenté à mesure que les rapports entre la longueur d'on et le diamètre décroissait et cette augmentation a atteint 120% de la valeur du tube uniforme (les rapports entre l'amplitude des vagues et le diamètre ont été dans l'échelle de 0.13 à 0.25). La valeur du nombre critique de Reynolds pour le passage à la turbulence a diminué lorsque le rapport entre la longueur d'onde et le diamètre a décru. Dans le cas d'un écoulement laminaire stable et en plein fonctionnement dans des canaux profonds et plats et dont les côtés étaient onduleux, la valeur du facteur de frottement a augmenté avec le rapport entre la profondeur et la largeur moyenne conformément à la relation f = m/NRe, où m est une constante.
Some Aspects of Research on Coal Liquefaction in Alberta
Authors: Ignasiak B. , Brown R. A. S. 
Published: April 2023

Alberta has extensive reserves of subbituminous coals and the major objective of the Alberta Research Council coal R&D program is to determine the feasibility of producing liquid hydrocarbons from these coals.This is to be accomplished by (1) developing the technical capability for and carrying out a preliminary assessment of existing liquefaction processes for indigenous coals and (2) perusing and intensifying the more fundamental research on coal liquefaction that has already been done in the Council and that could lead to development of a novel method of liquefaction specifically geared for Alberta subbituminous coals. This communication describes the more interesting aspects of work conducted in our laboratories on the fundamentals of coal liquefaction.L'Alberta possède des réserves considérables de charbons subbitumineux et l'objectif principal du Conseil des Recherches de l'Alberta, dans son programme de recherche et de développement sur les charbons, est de déterminer la faisabilité de la production d'hydrocarbures liquides à partir de ces charbons.Cet objectif sera atteint (1) en développant les possibilités techniques des procédés actuels de liquéfaction des charbons domestiques et en faisant une évaluation préliminaire; (2) en recensant minutieusement le travail de recherche fondamentale déjà fait à ce Conseil et en l'intensifiant, étant donné qu'il pourrait conduire à la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de liquéfaction adaptée spécifiquement aux charbons subbitumineux de l'Alberta. On décrit dans le présent travail les aspects les plus intéressants des travaux faits dans les laboratoirese du Conseil sur les aspects fondamentaux de la liquéfaction des charbons.
Current Status of H‐Coal® Commercialization
Authors: Eccles Richard M. , De Vaux George R. , Dutkiewicz Kroner 
Published: April 2023

H‐Coal® is a catalytic hydroliquefaction process for converting coal to high quality, clean liquids. The process uses the commercially proven ebullating‐bed reactor to achieve superior distillate yields in the range of 40 to 50 weight percent from a wide variety of coals. Having been thoroughly and successfully tested in laboratory equipment at coal capacities up to 3.5 tons per day, H‐Coal is ready for demonstration in commercial‐size equipment when the 600 ton‐per‐day Pilot Plant at Catlettsburg, Kentucky, goes on stream later this year. Continuing parallel research on H‐Coal has demonstrated the feasibility of lower pressure operation and improved catalysts. A comparative economic study of several coal liquefaction processes prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy suggests that the H‐Coal syncrude mode operation is a front‐runner in terms of lowest product cost.“H‐Coal®” est un procédé d'hydro‐liquéfaction pour transformer le charbon en des liquides propres et de haute qualité; on y emploie le réacteur à lit bouillonnant, qui a fait ses preuves au point de vue commercial, pour obtenir des rendements supérieurs en distillat (40‐50% en poids) à partir d'une grande variété de charbons. Après avoir été rigoureusement testé dans de l'équipement de laboratoire à des capacités allant jusqu'à 3.5 tonnes par jour, le procédé “H‐Coal” est prêt pour les tests dans de l'équipement de dimensions commerciales, lorsque l'usine‐pilote de Catlettsburg, Kentucky, d'une capacité de 600 tonnes/jour, commencera à fonctionner plus tard cette année. Des travaux de recherches parallèles, faits sur le procédé “H‐Coal” ont démontré qu'il était possible de fonctionner à plus basses pressions, avec des catalyseurs améliorés. Une étude économique comparative de plusieurs procédés de liquéfaction des charbons, fait pour le U.S. Department of Energy indique que le mode de fonctionnement “Syncrude” du procédé “H‐Coal” donne le produit au coût le plus bas.
Phase flow cytometry with coherent modulation imaging
Authors: Sun Aihui , He Xiaoliang , Jiang Zhilong , Kong Yan , Wang Shouyu , Liu Cheng 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLabel‐free imaging and identification of fast‐moving cells is a very challenging task. A kind of phase flow cytometry using coherent modulation imaging was proposed to realize label‐free imaging and identification on fast‐moving cells with compact optical alignment and high accuracy. Phase image of cells under inspection could be computed qualitatively from their diffraction patterns at the accuracy of about 0.01 wavelength and the resolution of about 1.23 μm and the view field of 0.126 mm2. Since the imaging system was mainly composed by a piece of random phase plate a detector without using commonly adopted reference beam and corresponding complex optical alignment, this method has much compacter optical structure and much higher tolerance capability to environmental instability in comparison with other kinds of phase flow cytometry. Current experimental results prove it could be an efficient optical tool for label‐free tumor cell detection.
Mucoadhesive thermogel platform for treating anterior ocular conditions
Authors: Ross Mitchell , Sheardown Lindsay , Muirhead Benjamin , Mofford Jonathan , Tian Jennifer (JingYuan) , Sheardown Heather 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA platform mucoadhesive and thermogelling eyedrop was developed for application to the inferior fornix for the treatment of various anterior segment ocular conditions. The poly(n‐isopropylacrylamide) polymers (pNIPAAm), containing a disulfide bridging monomer, were crosslinked with chitosan to yield a modifiable, mucoadhesive, and natively degradable thermogelling system. Three different conjugates were studied including a small molecule for treating dry eye, an adhesion peptide for modeling delivery of peptides/proteins to the anterior eye, and a material property modifier to create gels with different rheologic characteristics. Based on the conjugate used, different material properties such as solution viscosity and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) were produced. In addition to releasing the conjugates through disulfide bridging with ocular mucin, the thermogels were shown to deliver atropine, with 70%–90% being released over 24‐h, depending on the formulation studied. The results illustrate that these materials can deliver multiple therapeutic payloads at one time and release them through various mechanisms. Finally, the safety and tolerability of the thermogels was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The gels were instilled into the inferior fornix of rabbits and were shown to not produce any adverse effects over 4 days. These materials were demonstrated to be highly tunable, creating a platform that could be easily modified to deliver various therapeutic agents to treat a multitude of ocular diseases and have the potential to be an alternative to conventional eyedrops.
NIAS‐Server 2.0: A versatile complementary tool for structural biology studies
Authors: Feltes Bruno César , Pinto Éderson Sales Moreira , Mangini Arthur Tonietto , Dorn Márcio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIncreasing the repertoire of available complementary tools to advance the knowledge of protein structures is fundamental for structural biology. The Neighbors Influence of Amino Acids and Secondary Structures (NIAS) is a server that analyzes a protein's conformational preferences of amino acids. NIAS is based on the Angle Probability List, representing the normalized frequency of empirical conformational preferences, such as torsion angles, of different amino acid pairs and their corresponding secondary structure information, as available in the Protein Data Bank. In this work, we announce the updated NIAS server with the data comprising all structures deposited until Sep 2022, 7 years after the initial release. Unlike the original publication, which accounted for only studies conducted with X‐ray crystallography, we added data from solid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), solution NMR, CullPDB, Electron Microscopy, and Electron Crystallography using multiple filtering parameters. We also provide examples of how NIAS can be applied as a complementary analysis tool for different structural biology works and what are its limitations.
Chicken HOXC8 and HOXC10 genes may play a role in the altered skull morphology associated with the Crest phenotype
Authors: Tsai Dien‐Yu , Chen Jiun‐Jie , Su Pei‐Chi , Liu I‐Ming , Yeh Skye Hsin‐Hsien , Chen Chih‐Kuan , Cheng Hsu‐Chen , Chen Chih‐Feng , Li Wen‐Hsiung , Ng Chen Siang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOne of the most intriguing traits found in domestic chickens is the Crest phenotype. This trait, characterized by a tuft of elongated feathers sprouted from the head, is found in breeds such as Polish chickens and Silkie chickens. Moreover, some crested chicken breeds also exhibit a protuberance in their anterodorsal skull region. Previous studies have strived to identify the causative factors of this trait. This study aimed to elucidate the role of chicken HOXC8 and HOXC10 in the formation of the Crest phenotype. We explored the effect of ectopic expression of HOXC8 or HOXC10 on the chicken craniofacial morphology using the RCAS retrovirus transformation system. Microcomputed tomography scanning was conducted to measure the 3D structure of the cranial bone of transgenic embryos for geometric morphometric analysis. We found that the ectopic expression of HOXC8 or HOXC10 in chicken heads caused mild morphological changes in the skull compared with the GFP‐transgenic control group. Geometric morphometric analysis showed that HOXC8 and HOXC10 transgenic groups expressed a mild upward shape change in the frontal region of the skull compared with the control group, which is similar to what is seen in the crested chicken breeds. In conclusion, this study supports findings in previous studies in which HOX genes play a role in the formation of the altered skull morphology related to the Crest phenotype. It also supports that mutations in HOX genes may contribute to intra‐ and inter‐specific variation in morphological traits in vertebrates.
The Impact of Fatty Infiltration on MRI Segmentation of Lower Limb Muscles in Neuromuscular Diseases: A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Approaches
Authors: Hostin Marc‐Adrien , Ogier Augustin C. , Michel Constance P. , Le Fur Yann , Guye Maxime , Attarian Shahram , Fortanier Etienne , Bellemare Marc‐Emmanuel , Bendahan David 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundDeep learning methods have been shown to be useful for segmentation of lower limb muscle MRIs of healthy subjects but, have not been sufficiently evaluated on neuromuscular disease (NDM) patients.PurposeEvaluate the influence of fat infiltration on convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation of MRIs from NMD patients.Study TypeRetrospective study.SubjectsData were collected from a hospital database of 67 patients with NMDs and 14 controls (age: 53 ± 17 years, sex: 48 M, 33 F). Ten individual muscles were segmented from the thigh and six from the calf (20 slices, 200 cm section).Field Strength/SequenceA 1.5 T. Sequences: 2D T1‐weighted fast spin echo. Fat fraction (FF): three‐point Dixon 3D GRE, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR): 3D MT‐prepared GRE, T2: 2D multispin‐echo sequence.AssessmentU‐Net 2D, U‐Net 3D, TransUNet, and HRNet were trained to segment thigh and leg muscles (101/11 and 95/11 training/validation images, 10‐fold cross‐validation). Automatic and manual segmentations were compared based on geometric criteria (Dice coefficient [DSC], outlier rate, absence rate) and reliability of measured MRI quantities (FF, MTR, T2, volume).Statistical TestsBland–Altman plots were chosen to describe agreement between manual vs. automatic estimated FF, MTR, T2 and volume. Comparisons were made between muscle populations with an FF greater than 20% (G20+) and lower than 20% (G20−).ResultsThe CNNs achieved equivalent results, yet only HRNet recognized every muscle in the database, with a DSC of 0.91 ± 0.08, and measurement biases reaching −0.32% ± 0.92% for FF, 0.19 ± 0.77 for MTR, −0.55 ± 1.95 msec for T2, and − 0.38 ± 3.67 cm3 for volume. The performances of HRNet, between G20− and G20+ decreased significantly.Data ConclusionHRNet was the most appropriate network, as it did not omit any muscle. The accuracy obtained shows that CNNs could provide fully automated methods for studying NMDs. However, the accuracy of the methods may be degraded on the most infiltrated muscles (>20%).Evidence Level4.Technical EfficacyStage 1.
New Approaches and Recommendations for Risk‐Adapted Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Tsarouchi Marialena I. , Hoxhaj Alma , Mann Ritse M. 
Published: April 2023

Population‐based breast cancer screening using mammography as the gold standard imaging modality has been in clinical practice for over 40 years. However, the limitations of mammography in terms of sensitivity and high false‐positive rates, particularly in high‐risk women, challenge the indiscriminate nature of population‐based screening. Additionally, in light of expanding research on new breast cancer risk factors, there is a growing consensus that breast cancer screening should move toward a risk‐adapted approach. Recent advancements in breast imaging technology, including contrast material‐enhanced mammography (CEM), ultrasound (US) (automated‐breast US, Doppler, elastography US), and especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (abbreviated, ultrafast, and contrast‐agent free), may provide new opportunities for risk‐adapted personalized screening strategies. Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence and radiomics techniques has the potential to enhance the performance of risk‐adapted screening. This review article summarizes the current evidence and challenges in breast cancer screening and highlights potential future perspectives for various imaging techniques in a risk‐adapted breast cancer screening approach.Evidence Level1.Technical EfficacyStage 5.
Wild‐type MECP2 expression coincides with age‐dependent sensory phenotypes in a female mouse model for Rett syndrome
Authors: Mykins Michael , Layo‐Carris Dana , Dunn Logan Reid , Skinner David Wilson , McBryar Alexandra Hart , Perez Sarah , Shultz Trinity Rose , Willems Andrew , Lau Billy You Bun , Hong Tian , Krishnan Keerthi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRett syndrome is characterized by an early period of typical development and then, regression of learned motor and speech skills in girls. Loss of MECP2 protein is thought to cause Rett syndrome phenotypes. The specific underlying mechanisms from typical developmental trajectory to regression features throughout life are unclear. Lack of established timelines to study the molecular, cellular, and behavioral features of regression in female mouse models is a major contributing factor. Due to random X‐chromosome inactivation, female patients with Rett syndrome and female mouse models for Rett syndrome (Mecp2Heterozygous, Het) express a functional copy of wild‐type MECP2 protein in approximately half of all cells. As MECP2 expression is regulated during early postnatal development and experience, we characterized the expression of wild‐type MECP2 in the primary somatosensory cortex of female Het mice. Here, we report increased MECP2 levels in non‐parvalbumin‐positive neurons of 6‐week‐old adolescent Het relative to age‐matched wild‐type controls, while also displaying typical levels of perineuronal net expression in the barrel field subregion of the primary somatosensory cortex, mild tactile sensory perception deficits, and efficient pup retrieval behavior. In contrast, 12‐week‐old adult Het express MECP2 at levels similar to age‐matched wild‐type mice, show increased perineuronal net expression in the cortex, and display significant tactile sensory perception deficits. Thus, we have identified a set of behavioral metrics and the cellular substrates to study regression during a specific time in the female Het mouse model, which coincides with changes in wild‐type MECP2 expression. We speculate that the precocious increase in MECP2 expression within specific cell types of adolescent Het may provide compensatory benefits at the behavioral level, while the inability to further increase MECP2 levels leads to regressive behavioral phenotypes over time.
Inner Speaking and Uncertainty during Idea Generation
Authors: de Rooij Alwin 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTInner speaking, the production, and experience of verbal language without any audible vocalization is a critical component of inner experience and imagination. The role that (un)certainty plays in idea generation might explain the unique ways in which idea generation is characterized and affected by different types of inner speech. To explore this open problem, an experiment with a within‐subject design (n = 202) was conducted. The results suggested that certainty about the potential of selected information for generating original and useful ideas, elicited using creativity instructions, caused increased self‐reinforcement, self‐management, and simulation of social interactions with imagined others by inner speaking, but did influence self‐critical inner speaking. Self‐reinforcing inner speaking, and possibly the simulation of social interactions, subsequently affected the degree of originality and usefulness participants attributed to their ideas. Herewith, the present study contributes novel insight into how inner speaking characterizes and affects idea generation.