bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elite Politics
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bouteflika became president in 1999. He was widely expected to fail in any attempt to forge a path that was independent from the military leadership that had dominated the leadership of the state during the 1900s. However, he was gradually able to assert himself through exploiting the leading roles he had been given in foreign affairs and securing an end to the civil conflict. He marginalized senior miliary officers by forging an alliance with the security services of the DRS against the army. This alliance broke apart during Bouteflika's third presidential term when the DRS was marginalized. However, Bouteflika's rapidly declining health led to increasing uncertainty as to who was leading the country. Bouteflika's decision to run for a fifth presidential term in 2019 led to mass protests that forced his resignation. The head of the military, Ahmed Gaid Salah, emerged as the dominant figure but the lack of upheaval following Gaid Salah's death at the end of 2019 illustrated that analyses focusing on individuals mistake the political dynamics of elite politics in Algeria that is best understood as a cartel of group interests that comprises the ANP, the security services, and the presidency.
Conclusion
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The resignation of Bouteflika as president in 2019 marked the fall of the second pillar of the political order established in Algeria from 1999 following the disintegration of the first pillar through the collapse in energy prices from 2014. The third pillar of civil peace did not collapse but expressed its metamorphosis through the non-violent mass protests from 2019 thus representing a conscious choice by ordinary Algerians to avoid repeating bloody precedents in Algeria's recent past. The legacy and symbolism of the original liberation struggle remain important but the passage of time and generations is likely to alter that, not in terms of individual leaders, but in the continued assertion of a restive third generation since independence that demands fundamental change and reform. Such demands were first made and resisted in the 1980s 1990s but re-emerged in a new form in 2019. It seems that they have been successfully resisted once more but are likely to reassert themselves again, perhaps in another new form.
Racial Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role of racialization and racism in contemporary nativism, drawing primarily on Dutch and, to a lesser degree, on French and U.S. examples. The chapter first analyzes the heated debates about the Dutch blackface character Black Pete to show how Dutch nativism frames Black anti-racists as foreign threats who are undermining the nation’s cultural identity. Next, the chapter focuses on the increasing normalization of racial nativism in the Dutch right-wing mainstream. Here, racialization and racism toward people of color have become more frequent and more explicit. The presence of racial others is perceived as a threat to the imagined racial purity and cultural homogeneity of the nation. Whereas anti-Black racism is still actively denied, anti-White racism by Black people and alienated elites has become a central trope of the nativist victim narrative. Thus, this chapter shows the complex ways in which racism and nativism intersect in the West.
Introduction
Authors: Mackay Ronnie , Brookbanks Warren 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter explores a number of themes which emphasize the highly differential character of the insanity defence across many jurisdictions. It confronts the fact that little is known about how the defence operates in different jurisdictions. The chapter explores various theories governing the origins and purposes of the defence. It notes that lack of rationality is the core of many expressions of the defence, often to the exclusion of volitional or emotional elements. The chapter investigates the claim, amongst others, that the defence should concern itself with an inquiry into a person’s character rather than capacity for choice, but ultimately recognizes that the former is unduly problematical. In exploring the theoretical basis for the insanity defence, the chapter notes the diversity of standards and rationales for assessing criminal capacity. The debate around the abolition of the defence is discussed, together with an extended discussion on the enduring claims for a rationality basis for the defence. This includes whether the rationality standard is capable of accommodating a volitional limb. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the defence’s ‘problematical’ nature in light of the enduring challenges it presents for lawyers, psychiatrists, legislators, and the general public alike.
Legal Insanity in the Netherlands
Authors: Meynen Gerben 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics of the insanity defence in the Dutch criminal justice system. In the Netherlands, a state with a moderately inquisitorial system, insanity evaluations can be ordered by the prosecution or by the court. In only a small minority of cases is the defence raised by the defendant. A first characteristic of the Dutch insanity defence is that there is no legal criterion specifying the conditions under which the presence of a mental illness substantiates an insanity plea. This is different from other legal systems, where the criteria for insanity are usually specified—an example is the M’Naghten Rule in Anglo-American jurisdictions. A second characteristic is that, while many jurisdictions use the dichotomy ‘sane’ versus ‘insane’, in the Netherlands three levels of criminal responsibility are used: responsibility, diminished responsibility, and (complete) insanity. A third characteristic concerns the fact that forensic psychiatrists and psychologists must render an explicit opinion about the defendant's (degree of) criminal responsibility (in the absence of a legal criterion for insanity). These three features of the Dutch system remain a topic of debate. This chapter discusses the Dutch regulations and case law, together with relevant practical problems and scholarly reflections.
Introduction
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Gun violence surged in American cities with the 2020 arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective policing is an essential component of any comprehensive effort to reduce gun violence. Many observers are skeptical of this position given the troubled relationship between the police and minority communities that experience a vastly disproportionate number of shootings. Recent innovations in policing make it possible to prevent shootings in a legitimate manner that respects individual rights. Properly motivated police departments can implement proactive strategies to control repeat gun offenders and gun violence hot spot areas. The police can strengthen shooting investigations to hold violent offenders accountable, disrupt cycles of violence, and deliver justice to victims. Working with federal law enforcement partners, police can work to disrupt the illegal supply of guns to violent criminals. Equally important, police departments can reduce lethal use of force by having clear rules of engagement and personnel rules that ensure accountability.
The Social Burden of Gun Violence
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The social burden of gun violence involves more than just the actual victims. Social costs include the widespread fear and trauma that stem from the threat of gun violence and the required vigilance to avoid victimization. The social costs of gun violence have been estimated at $80 billion per year (1998), an amount that is far higher today. Interpersonal gun violence includes mass shootings, officer-involved shootings, and political assassinations. Most gun assaults involve more common circumstances such as domestic conflicts, arguments, robberies, retaliatory gang violence, and drug disputes. The victims and suspects in routine gun violence are overwhelmingly young, male, and Black. Guns provide the means to kill someone quickly, at a distance, with little skill or strength required. Gun use in violent attacks matters greatly because victims are more likely to die from gunshot wounds. Reducing gun violence is cost-effective and supports social justice.
Regulation and Its Enforcement
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Gun regulations can only be effective to the extent that they are enforced. The goal of regulation is to keep guns away from dangerous people while allowing the vast majority of law-abiding adults to purchase and possess firearms. Federal regulations place restrictions on firearm design, transactions, and possession. Some states have more stringent controls that do not infringe on Second Amendment rights allowing people to keep guns in their home. Convicted felons and other prohibited persons generally do not acquire firearms from licensed retail dealers. Rather, proscribed people get their guns from unregulated transactions with friends and family or from the street. Increasing the time, effort, and expense of illegally acquiring guns can reduce gun use in violent crime. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, local police, and other law enforcement agencies can increase transaction costs for prohibited possessors by policing underground gun markets. Police can also enforce regulations against illegal carrying of guns in public places.
Reducing Shootings by the Police
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Police officers shoot roughly 1,000 people each year in the line of duty. Police killings typically occur in the context of fraught encounters with people carrying guns or other weapons, who in many cases are intoxicated or impaired due to mental illness, and who pose an imminent threat to the officer or others. Most police shootings are legally justifiable but are still problematic and preventable. Police departments need to improve their internal accountability mechanisms in order to launch a powerful response to officer-involved shootings. Nonlethal means of responding to tense situations must receive priority attention in training and departmental policy. Other reforms include better training for dealing with mental health crises, and strategies to prevent people from dying after being shot. Many police departments fail to provide sufficient training, guidance, and options to the great majority of officers who want to do the right thing in challenging circumstances.
Engaging medical students in cardiac surgery: a focus on equity, diversity, and inclusion
Authors: Elfaki Lina , Nwakoby Akachukwu , Lia Hillary , Zhao George , Sicila Amanda , Yoshida Nao , Yanagawa Bobby 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic prohibited Canadian medical students from in-person observerships. This may be particularly detrimental to under-represented groups that may consider surgical subspecialties. To address the unprecedented need for alternative surgical career exploration and diversity within the profession, The University of Toronto Cardiac Surgery Interest Group and Division of Cardiac Surgery collaborated on virtual experiential programming.

Recent findings
Medical students were invited to virtual (1) observerships of a cardiac bypass case, (2) mentorship sessions with surgeons, (3) resident teaching sessions, (4) multidisciplinary case-based Heart Team discussions to further their understanding of the scope of Cardiac surgery, and (5) a virtual coronary anastomosis training program. Additionally, a comprehensive virtual program was spearheaded to increase interest in Cardiac surgery among low-income Black high school students.

Summary
Trainee response to the virtual education, mentorship, and skill acquisition was positive. Trainees reported high levels of interest in the profession, particularly among females and under-represented minorities, supporting the principles of equity diversity, and inclusion in Cardiac surgery.
RETRACTABLE UROLOGY THREE-PRONGED GRASPING FORCEPS FOR REMOVAL OF LARGE, NONMAGNETIC INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: Brown Jaime E. , Fowler Benjamin J. , Channa Roomasa 
Published: January 2023

Purpose:
To demonstrate the use of urology retractable three-pronged grasping forceps in the removal of a large, round, and nonmagnetic intraocular foreign body (IOFB) that was difficult to remove with other surgical instruments.

Methods:
Extraction of a 3.0 mm lead shot pellet embedded in vitreous hemorrhage was attempted with multiple surgical instruments including an intraocular magnet, IOFB forceps, and two tools designed for urology stone removal: a three-pronged grasping forceps and a nitinol basket extractor.

Results:
Owing to the round and smooth surface, large size, and nonmagnetic nature of the IOFB, extraction was challenging and failed with multiple other surgical instruments. The wide and secure grasp of the grasping forceps allowed for swift IOFB extraction without iatrogenic injury to the retina.

Conclusion:
The grasping forceps offer an effective and safe method for removal of large, round, and nonmagnetic IOFBs.
Factors Influencing the Acceptability of Nominal, Non-nominal, and Anonymous HIV Testing Options Among Young Men Living in Vancouver, Canada: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lowik A.J. , Prangnell Amy , Carson Anna , Wong Jason , Knight Rod 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Individuals unaware of their HIV seropositive status continue to represent a key “driver” of the HIV epidemic. Strategies to improve initiation into the HIV treatment cascade, including among young men, are required. This study assesses the acceptability of three HIV testing options among young cisgender men living in Vancouver, British Columbia. Using a modified grounded theory approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 45 young cisgender men ages 18–30 years to identify the factors influencing the acceptability of diverse HIV testing approaches. Participants ascribed value to non-nominal testing as a means of providing a secure pathway to HIV-related care for those who test positive while also safeguarding privacy. Anonymous HIV testing was problematized by participants as potentially creating difficulty in accessing ongoing HIV-related care. Most participants preferred non-nominal testing. Nevertheless, based on principles of equity, we argue that anonymous access to one's serostatus should be available, especially within a criminalized context.
Automated Coronary Artery Calcium and Quantitative Emphysema in Lung Cancer Screening
Authors: Balbi Maurizio , Sabia Federica , Ledda Roberta E. , Milanese Gianluca , Ruggirello Margherita , Silva Mario , Marchianò Alfonso V. , Sverzellati Nicola , Pastorino Ugo 
Published: January 2023

Purpose:
To assess automated coronary artery calcium (CAC) and quantitative emphysema (percentage of low attenuation areas [%LAA]) for predicting mortality and lung cancer (LC) incidence in LC screening. To explore correlations between %LAA, CAC, and forced expiratory value in 1 second (FEV1) and the discriminative ability of %LAA for airflow obstruction.

Materials and Methods:
Baseline low-dose computed tomography scans of the BioMILD trial were analyzed using an artificial intelligence software. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the predictive value of %LAA and CAC. Harrell C-statistic and time-dependent area under the curve (AUC) were reported for 3 nested models (Modelsurvey: age, sex, pack-years; Modelsurvey-LDCT: Modelsurvey plus %LAA plus CAC; Modelfinal: Modelsurvey-LDCT plus selected confounders). The correlations between %LAA, CAC, and FEV1 and the discriminative ability of %LAA for airflow obstruction were tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient and AUC-receiver operating characteristic curve, respectively.

Results:
A total of 4098 volunteers were enrolled. %LAA and CAC independently predicted 6-year all-cause (Modelfinal hazard ratio [HR], 1.14 per %LAA interquartile range [IQR] increase [95% CI, 1.05-1.23], 2.13 for CAC ≥400 [95% CI, 1.36-3.28]), noncancer (Modelfinal HR, 1.25 per %LAA IQR increase [95% CI, 1.11-1.37], 3.22 for CAC ≥400 [95%CI, 1.62-6.39]), and cardiovascular (Modelfinal HR, 1.25 per %LAA IQR increase [95% CI, 1.00-1.46], 4.66 for CAC ≥400, [95% CI, 1.80-12.58]) mortality, with an increase in concordance probability in Modelsurvey-LDCT compared with Modelsurvey (P<0.05). No significant association with LC incidence was found after adjustments. Both biomarkers negatively correlated with FEV1 (P<0.01). %LAA identified airflow obstruction with a moderate discriminative ability (AUC, 0.738).

Conclusions:
Automated CAC and %LAA added prognostic information to age, sex, and pack-years for predicting mortality but not LC incidence in an LC screening setting. Both biomarkers negatively correlated with FEV1, with %LAA enabling the identification of airflow obstruction with moderate discriminative ability.
A review of online learning strategies for biological NMR techniques a survey of educators
Authors: Phelan Marie M 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDisruption to teaching over the pandemic has led to a range of online and digital solutions. Given the utility of software and remote platforms for NMR teaching a UK-based survey for NMR educators in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching was rolled out Spring 2022 in order to establish what online tools and techniques are employed to teach NMR to biological sciences and appraise their relative efficacy. Based on the survey outcomes an overview of the breadth of methods employed as well as their perceived effectiveness is presented with a list of recommendations for common and successful strategies for online (and hybrid) teaching of NMR to the life sciences.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption ofCjACOS5confers no-pollen formation on sugi trees (Cryptomeria japonicaD. Don)
Authors: Nishiguchi Mitsuru , Futamura Norihiro , Endo Masaki , Mikami Masafumi , Toki Seiichi , Katahata Shin-Ichiro , Ohmiya Yasunori , Konagaya Ken-ichi , Nanasato Yoshihiko , Taniguchi Toru , Maruyama Tsuyoshi Emilio 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSugi (Cryptomeria japonicaD. Don) is an economically important coniferous tree in Japan. However, abundant sugi pollen grains are dispersed and transported by the wind each spring and cause a severe pollen allergy syndrome (Japanese cedar pollinosis). The use of pollen-free sugi that cannot produce pollen has been thought as a countermeasure to Japanese cedar pollinosis. The sugiCjACOS5gene is an ortholog ofArabidopsis ACOS5and riceOsACOS12, which encode an acyl-CoA synthetase that is involved in the synthesis of sporopollenin in pollen walls. To generate pollen-free sugi, we mutatedCjACOS5using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. As a result of sugi transformation mediated byAgrobacterium tumefaciensharboring theCjACOS5-targetedCRISPR/Cas9 vector, 1 bp-deleted homo biallelic mutant lines were obtained. Chimeric mutant lines harboring both mutant and wild-typeCjACOS5genes were also generated. The homo biallelic mutant lines had no-pollen in male strobili, whereas chimeric mutant lines had male strobili with or without pollen grains. Our results suggest thatCjACOS5is essential for the production of pollen in sugi and that its disruption is useful for the generation of pollen-free sugi. In addition to conventional transgenic technology, genome editing technology, including CRISPR/Cas9, can confer new traits on sugi.
Extensive and Persistent Extravascular Dermal Fibrin Deposition Characterizes Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Browning Jeffrey L. , Bhawan Jag , Tseng Anna , Crossland Nicholas , Bujor Andreea M , Akassoglou Katerina , Assassi Shervin , Skaug Brian , Ho Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive multiorgan fibrosis. While the cause of SSc remains unknown, a perturbed vasculature is considered a critical early step in the pathogenesis. Using fibrinogen as a marker of vascular leakage, we found extensive extravascular fibrinogen deposition in the dermis of both limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis disease, and it was present in both early and late-stage patients. Based on a timed series of excision wounds, retention on the fibrin deposit of the splice variant domain, fibrinogen αEC, indicated a recent event, while fibrin networks lacking the αEC domain were older. Application of this timing tool to SSc revealed considerable heterogeneity in αEC domain distribution providing unique insight into disease activity. Intriguingly, the fibrinogen-αEC domain also accumulated in macrophages. These observations indicate that systemic sclerosis is characterized by ongoing vascular leakage resulting in extensive interstitial fibrin deposition that is either continually replenished and/or there is impaired fibrin clearance. Unresolved fibrin deposition might then incite chronic tissue remodeling.
Efficient chemical and enzymatic syntheses of FAD nucleobase analogues and their analysis as enzyme cofactors
Authors: Shah Ateek , Kumar Yashwant , Rohan S. , Hazra Amrita B. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTFlavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), an essential cofactor in cellular metabolism, catalyses a wide range of redox reactions. The organic synthesis of FAD is typically conducted by coupling flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and adenosine monophosphate. The reported synthesis routes have certain limitations such as multiple reaction steps, low yields, and/or difficult-to-obtain starting materials. In this study, we report the synthesis of FAD nucleobase analogues using chemical and enzymatic methods with readily available starting materials achieved in 1-3 steps with moderate yields (10-51%). Further, we demonstrate thatEscherichia coliglutathione reductase can use these analogues to catalyse the reduction of glutathione. Finally, we show that FAD nucleobase analogues can also be synthesized inside a cell from cellular substrates FMN and nucleoside triphosphates. This lays the foundation for their use in studying the molecular role of FAD in cellular metabolism and as biorthogonal reagents in biotechnology and synthetic biology applications.
Estimating the energy requirements for long term memory formation
Authors: Girard Maxime , Jiang Jiamu , van Rossum Mark CW 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBrains consume metabolic energy to process information, but also to store memories. The energy required for memory formation can be substantial, for instance in fruit flies memory formation leads to a shorter lifespan upon subsequent starvation (Mery and Kawecki, 2005). Here we estimate that the energy required corresponds to about 10mJ/bit and compare this to biophysical estimates as well as energy requirements in computer hardware. We conclude that while the reason behind it is not known, biological memory storage is metabolically expensive,