bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density of Biopsy Sampling Required to Ensure Accurate Histological Assessment of Inflammation in Active Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: McBride Russell B , Suarez-Farinas Mayte , Ko Huaibin M , Chen Xiuxu , Liu Qingqing , Harpaz Noam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Histological response to treatment is an important outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The accuracy of biopsy-based measurements of inflammation may be limited by error imposed by natural microscopic heterogeneity on the scale of individual biopsies. We determined the magnitude of this error, its histological correlates, and the density of biopsy sampling within mucosal regions of interest required to meet specified benchmarks for accuracy.

Methods
A total of 994 sequential 1-mm digital microscopic images (virtual biopsies) from consecutive colectomies from patients with clinically severe UC were scored by 2 pathologists. Agreement statistics for Geboes subscores and Nancy (NHI) and Robarts Histological Indices (RHI) between random samples from 1 to 10 biopsies and a reference mean score across a 2-cm region of mucosa were calculated using bootstrapping with 2500 iterations.

Results
The agreement statistics improved across all indices as the biopsy density increased, with the largest proportional gains occurring with addition of the second and third biopsies. One biopsy achieved moderate to good agreement with 95% confidence for NHI and RHI corresponding to scale-specific errors of 0.40 (0.25-0.66) and 3.02 (2.08-5.36), respectively; and 3 biopsies achieved good agreement with 95% confidence corresponding to scale-specific errors of 0.22 (0.14-0.39) and 1.87 (1.19-3.25), respectively. Of the individual histological features, erosions and ulcers had the greatest impact on the agreement statistics.

Conclusions
In the setting of active colitis, up to 3 biopsy samples per region of interest may be required to overcome microscopic heterogeneity and ensure accurate histological grading.
“The Evil Spirits Are Always Trying to Bring You Down”: Righteousness and Spirit Harassment Among Latter-day Saints in Northern Utah
Authors: Stiles Erin E 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis article explores contemporary Latter-day Saint conceptions of evil in northern Utah through considering both the lived experiences of spirits and the didactic tales of spirits that are a rich part of local folklore. Latter-day Saints are visited by both benevolent and malevolent spirits. These encounters with spirits are connected with local conceptions of “righteousness,” a moral framework that is centered on positive action. Malevolent spirit visits are typically understood as the consequence of “unrighteous” actions or as impediments to exceptionally righteous activity; indeed, the most righteous actions are perhaps the most spiritually dangerous. Negative visitations reflect a cultural framework of evil as a human phenomenon that results from the temptations and distractions of an aggressive, external cosmological force—Satan. Righteous and unrighteous actions both attract the interest of Satan, and therefore invite the possibility of evil to disrupt the moral order.
Cost analysis of dalbavancin versus standard of care for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) in two Italian hospitals
Authors: Bai Francesca , Mazzitelli Maria , Silvola Sofia , Raumer Francesca , Restelli Umberto , Croce Davide , Marchetti Giulia , Cattelan Anna Maria 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Thanks to its long half-life, dalbavancin qualifies as an optimal drug for saving costs. We aimed to assess the cost and effectiveness of dalbavancin versus the standard of care (SoC).

Patients and methods
We conducted a multicentre retrospective study, including all hospitalized or outpatients diagnosed with ABSSSIs at Padua University Hospital, Padua and San Paolo Hospital, Milan (1 January 2016 to 31 July 2020). We compared patients according to antibiotic treatment (dalbavancin versus SoC), the number of lines of dalbavancin treatment, and monotherapy or combination (dalbavancin in association with other antibiotics). Primary endpoints were direct medical costs and length of hospital stay (LOS) associated with ABSSSI management; Student’s t-test, chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA were used.

Results
One hundred and twenty-six of 228 (55.3%) patients received SoC, while 102/228 (44.7%) received dalbavancin. Twenty-seven of the 102 (26.5%) patients received dalbavancin as first-line treatment, 46 (45.1%) as second-line, and 29 (28.4%) as third- or higher-line treatment. Most patients received dalbavancin as monotherapy (62/102; 60.8%). Compared with SoC, dalbavancin was associated with a significant reduction of LOS (5 ± 7.47 days for dalbavancin, 9.2 ± 5.59 days for SoC; P &lt; 0.00001) and with lower mean direct medical costs (3470 ± 2768€ for dalbavancin; 3493 ± 1901€ for SoC; P = 0.9401). LOS was also reduced for first-line dalbavancin, in comparison with second-, third- or higher-line groups, and for dalbavancin monotherapy versus combination therapy. Mean direct medical costs were significantly lower in first-line dalbavancin compared with higher lines, but no cost difference was observed between monotherapy and combination therapy.

Conclusions
Monotherapy with first-line dalbavancin was confirmed as a promising strategy for ABSSSIs in real-life settings, thanks to its property in reducing LOS and saving direct medical costs.
Alternations of ensiling performance and bacterial community in response to different native grassland in Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Bao Jian , Wang Zhijun , Sun Lin , Zhao Muqier , Bai Baochao , Hao Junfeng , Jia Yushan , Du Shuai 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of bacterial communities and natural fermentation quality in three steppe types [meadow steppe (MS); typical steppe (TS); and desert steppe (DS)] on the Mongolian Plateau.

Methods and results
PacBio single molecule with real-time sequencing technology was applied to provide insights into the dynamics of the physicochemical characteristics and the complex microbiome of native grass after 1, 7, 15, and 30 days of fermentation process. The dry matter, crude protein, and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents of the three groups slowly decreased after 1 day of fermentation process, and the lowest WSC concentration after 30 days of ensiling was detected in the DS group compared to that in the MS and TS groups. There was no significant effect of steppe types on lactic acid and butyric acid content (P &gt; 0.05). The pH was higher in the early stages of fermentation. After 30 days of fermentation, the pH of MS and DS dropped to ∼5.60, while TS was as high as 5.94. At different ensiling days, the pH of TS was significantly higher than that of MS (P &lt; 0.05). The ammonia nitrogen content of MS was significantly higher than TS and DS (P &lt; 0.05). During the whole fermentation process, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis were the main species of DS, while Enterobacter roggenkampii and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii dominated the fermentation process in MS and TS, respectively.

Conclusions
The fermentation quality of native grass silage of different steppe types was less satisfactory, with the silage quality ranging from DS, MS, and TS in descending order. The epiphytic bacteria dominating the fermentation process differed between steppe types of silage. Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the main strain of DS had a modulating effect on pH and LA content, while the main strains of MS and TS (Enterobacter roggenkampii and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) dominated the silage without significant effect on improving fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality.
Amicus Curiae Applications in Malawi—Reflections of a South African Practitioner
Authors: Swemmer Sheena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Amicus curiae applications are important as they aim to raise awareness for the court around aspects of a case that might otherwise be overlooked. This is especially significant in cases dealing with the intersection of various rights of vulnerable individuals such as women and children. In this practice note, I discuss the amicus intervention of the South African non-profit organization, the Centre of Applied Legal Studies, in the Malawian Constitutional Court case of AJ and TS v State and Others. The case deals with the constitutionality of section 138(1) of the Malawian Penal Code, which makes it an offence for anyone to engage in intercourse with a female child under the age of 16. Although this section was undoubtedly aimed to protect female children from sexual violence and rape it casts the net too wide by including consensual intercourse between minor children. In this case, both minor children were under the age of 15 at the time of their arrests. They had both engaged in consensual intercourse with their female partners (also minors) at the time and both faced a prison sentence of up to 14 years.
In this note I proceed to explore the importance of the amici submissions in the case, the process of applying to be admitted as an amicus curiae in Malawi, as well as the challenges associated with being a foreign amici before the Malawian Constitutional Court.
Cancer mortality rates by racial and ethnic groups in the United States, 2018-2020
Authors: Haque Anika T , Berrington de González Amy , Chen Yingxi , Haozous Emily A , Inoue-Choi Maki , Lawrence Wayne R , McGee-Avila Jennifer K , Nápoles Anna M , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J , Taparra Kekoa , Vo Jacqueline B , Freedman Neal D , Shiels Meredith S 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundStarting in 2018, national death certificates included a new racial classification system that accounts for multiple-race decedents and separates Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) individuals from Asian individuals. We estimated cancer death rates across updated racial and ethnic categories, sex, and age.MethodsAge-standardized US cancer mortality rates and rate ratios from 2018 to 2020 among individuals aged 20 years and older were estimated with national death certificate data by race and ethnicity, sex, age, and cancer site.ResultsIn 2018, there were approximately 597 000 cancer deaths, 598 000 in 2019, and 601 000 in 2020. Among men, cancer death rates were highest in Black men (298.2 per 100 000; n = 105 632), followed by White (250.8; n = 736 319), American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN; 249.2; n = 3376), NHPI (205.6; n = 1080), Latino (177.2; n = 66 167), and Asian (147.9; n = 26 591) men. Among women, Black women had the highest cancer death rates (206.5 per 100 000; n = 104 437), followed by NHPI (192.1; n = 1141), AI/AN (189.9; n = 3239), White (183.0; n = 646 865), Latina (128.4; n = 61 579), and Asian (111.4; n = 26 396) women. The highest death rates by age group occurred among NHPI individuals aged 20-49 years and Black individuals aged 50-69 and 70 years and older. Asian individuals had the lowest cancer death rates across age groups. Compared with Asian individuals, total cancer death rates were 39% higher in NHPI men and 73% higher in NHPI women.ConclusionsThere were striking racial and ethnic disparities in cancer death rates during 2018-2020. Separating NHPI and Asian individuals revealed large differences in cancer mortality between 2 groups that were previously combined in vital statistics data.
Septic retrocalcaneal bursitis in a young soccer player treated with hindfoot endoscopic bursectomy: a case report
Authors: Shota Morimoto , Toshiya Tachibana , Tomoya Iseki 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Septic retrocalcaneal bursitis (RB) is extremely rare with no reports on surgical treatment. Here, we describe a rare case of septic RB in a 14-year-old male soccer player who was treated with hindfoot endoscopic bursectomy. A 14-year-old male soccer player complained of right heel pain without trauma histories when he was playing a soccer. Based on physical examination, radiological findings and laboratory results, we diagnosed the patient with septic RB and started to treat with conservative treatment including a non-weightbearing splint and intravenous antibiotics therapy. However, his symptoms and laboratory results did not improve at 4 days after starting intravenous antibiotics therapy, and so we applied hindfoot endoscopic bursectomy for him. At 4 weeks after the surgery, he could return to the original sport at preinjury level without symptoms and complications. Septic RB in a 14-year-old male soccer player was successfully treated with hindfoot endoscopic bursectomy.
Single-port transoral robotic surgery for a rare tonsil mass
Authors: Allen David Z , Gorelik Daniel , Butler Edward B , Zhang Jun , Kain Joshua J 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma predominates as the most common malignant lesion of the oropharynx with human papilloma virus-associated disease now predominant over tobacco-related oropharynx cancer. Other rare malignant pathologies can manifest as visible neoplasms in these anatomic sites with varying degrees of symptoms such as dysphagia, odynophagia, otalgia, aspiration, hemorrhage, weight loss and dyspnea. We present a case of a rarely encountered primary oropharyngeal sarcoma managed by single-port transoral robotic resection and a selective cervical lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy.
Cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies for populations from strongyloidiasis high-risk areas globally who will initiate corticosteroid treatment in the USA
Authors: Joo Heesoo , Maskery Brian A , Alpern Jonathan D , Weinberg Michelle , Stauffer William M 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
The risk of developing strongyloidiasis hyperinfection syndrome appears to be elevated among individuals who initiate corticosteroid treatment. Presumptive treatment or treatment after screening for populations from Strongyloides stercoralis-endemic areas has been suggested before initiating corticosteroids. However, potential clinical and economic impacts of preventative strategies have not been evaluated.

Methods
Using a decision tree model for a hypothetical cohort of 1000 individuals from S. stercoralis-endemic areas globally initiating corticosteroid treatment, we evaluated the clinical and economic impacts of two interventions, ‘Screen and Treat’ (i.e. screening and ivermectin treatment after a positive test), and ‘Presumptively Treat’, compared to current practice (i.e. ‘No Intervention’). We evaluated the cost-effectiveness (net cost per death averted) of each strategy using broad ranges of pre-intervention prevalence and hospitalization rates for chronic strongyloidiasis patients initiating corticosteroid treatment.

Results
For the baseline parameter estimates, ‘Presumptively Treat’ was cost-effective (i.e. clinically superior with cost per death averted less than a threshold of $10.6 million per life) compared to ‘No Intervention’ ($532 000 per death averted) or ‘Screen and Treat’ ($39 000 per death averted). The two parameters contributing the most uncertainty to the analysis were the hospitalization rate for individuals with chronic strongyloidiasis who initiate corticosteroids (baseline 0.166%) and prevalence of chronic strongyloidiasis (baseline 17.3%) according to a series of one-way sensitivity analyses. For hospitalization rates ≥0.022%, ‘Presumptively Treat’ would remain cost-effective. Similarly, ‘Presumptively Treat’ remained preferred at prevalence rates of ≥4%; ‘Screen and Treat’ was preferred for prevalence between 2 and 4% and ‘No Intervention’ was preferred for prevalence &lt;2%.

Conclusions
The findings support decision-making for interventions for populations from S. stercoralis-endemic areas before initiating corticosteroid treatment. Although some input parameters are highly uncertain and prevalence varies across endemic countries, ‘Presumptively Treat’ would likely be preferred across a range for many populations, given plausible parameters.
An evo-devo view of the gynoecium
Authors: Reyes-Olalde J Irepan , Aida Mitsuhiro , de Folter Stefan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The appearance of the flower marks a key event in the evolutionary history of plants. Among the four types of floral organs, the gynoecium represents the major adaptive advantage of the flower. The gynoecium is an enclosing structure that protects and facilitates the fertilization of the ovules, which then mature as seeds. Upon fertilization, in many species, the gynoecium itself eventually becomes the fruit, which contributes to the dispersal of the seeds. However, despite its importance and the recent advances in our understanding of the genetic regulatory network guiding early gynoecium development, many questions remain to be resolved regarding the extent of the conservation of the molecular mechanisms for gynoecium development among different taxa, and how these mechanisms give origin and diversification to the gynoecium. In this review, we compile the existing knowledge about the evolution, development, and molecular mechanisms involved in the origin and evolution of the gynoecium.
Web archive analytics: Blind spots and silences in distant readings of the archived web
Authors: Donig Simon , Eckl Markus , Gassner Sebastian , Rehbein Malte 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this article, we discuss epistemological and methodological aspects of web archive analytics, a recent development towards more data-centred access to web archives. More specifically, we suggest understanding both the process of archiving and subsequent steps of analysis at scale as acts of observation that can be questioned for their epistemological priori. Therefore, we propose the concepts of ‘blind spots’ (features of the live web not included upon creation in the archive) and ‘silences’ (latent features present in the archive but requiring a particular method to be made articulate). In particular, we address two forms of silences playing a structural role in web archive analytics, crucial to both historians and social scientists alike: abundance (or scale) and time. We trace epistemological implications of web archive analytics across an exemplary case study workflow and suggest methodological answers to the issues raised in this process. On the data extraction side, we introduce warc2corpus (w2c), a new tool for extracting granular, structured data, especially temporal information related to the creation, modification, and publication specifically of webpages. For data analysis, we demonstrate how distant reading techniques—more specifically structural topic modelling (STM)—can contribute to providing a rich, temporally structured representation of textual web archive content that in turn can be subjected to scholarly inquiry, interpretation, and re-contextualization.
Striking up a Conversation: Exploring Advising in Graduate Programs in Health Professions Education
Authors: Elliott Shelby Ann , Schermerhorn Janse , Durning Steven , Costello Joseph , Norton Candace , Meyer Holly 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Advising is happening across the medical education continuum, within non-medical graduate education programs, and is central to the advancement of said learners. This suggests that advising should play a role in graduate health progressions education (HPE) programs.

Materials and Methods
To explore advising curricula among HPE programs, we conducted a website review of all published HPE programs on the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research’s website.

Results
We recognized the lack of information published on advisory roles in graduate HPE programs. This prompted a literature review, which revealed a similar gap.

Conclusions
Advising serves to benefit a student, advisor, and program thus carrying importance and need for discussion. This article is intended to kick-start a scholarly discussion about advising within graduate HPE programs.
A direct N-body integrator for modelling the chaotic, tidal dynamics of multibody extrasolar systems: TIDYMESS
Authors: Boekholt Tjarda C N , Correia Alexandre C M 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Tidal dissipation plays an important role in the dynamical evolution of moons, planets, stars, and compact remnants. The interesting complexity originates from the interplay between the internal structure and external tidal forcing. Recent and upcoming observing missions of exoplanets and stars in the galaxy help to provide constraints on the physics of tidal dissipation. It is timely to develop new N-body codes, which allow for experimentation with various tidal models and numerical implementations. We present the open-source N-body code TIDYMESS, which stands for ‘TIdal DYnamics of Multibody ExtraSolar Systems’. This code implements a Creep deformation law for the bodies, parametrized by their fluid Love numbers and fluid relaxation times. Due to tidal and centrifugal deformations, we approximate the general shape of a body to be an ellipsoid. We calculate the associated gravitational field to quadruple order, from which we derive the gravitational accelerations and torques. The equations of motion for the orbits, spins and deformations are integrated directly using a fourth-order integration method based on a symplectic composition. We implement a novel integration method for the deformations, which allows for a time-step solely dependent on the orbits, and not on the spin periods or fluid relaxation times. This feature greatly speeds up the calculations, while also improving the consistency when comparing different tidal regimes. We demonstrate the capabilities and performance of TIDYMESS, particularly in the niche regime of parameter space where orbits are chaotic and tides become non-linear.
The effect of the giant planets on the dynamical evolution of the mutual orbits of trans-Neptunian binaries
Authors: Brunini Adrián 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
The action of tidal friction, coupled with the Kozai cycles, drastically changed the original orbits of trans-Neptunian binaries (TNBs). The dynamics of the Kozai mechanism is driven by the solar torque on the mutual orbit, so that the orientation of the latter relative to the heliocentric orbital plane plays a fundamental role in this process, both in the magnitude and in the characteristic of the cycles. In this way, any effect that makes this relative orientation vary may be relevant in the dynamics of the process. In this paper, we will focus on the effect that the perturbations of the giant planets on the heliocentric orbit of TNBs have on the dynamics of the Kozai cycles and tidal friction. For this task, we have performed numerical simulations of the evolution of a synthetic population of TNBs subject to Kozai cycles and tidal friction adding planetary perturbation on their heliocentric orbits. We found that in a non-negligible fraction of cases (∼25 per cent), this additional perturbation produces substantial changes in the orbital evolution. The slow precession of the heliocentric orbit and the variation of its inclination can make the dynamical evolution of the mutual orbits very irregular, completely changing the morphology of the Kozai cycles. When these variations are coupled to tidal friction, the lifetime of the TNBs can change substantially.