bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description to Definition
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The first section of this book deals with the category of ‘tribe’. It questions the stereotypes associated with the term, unravels the pasts of those designated as tribe, and disentangles the ways in which ideas of difference were generated in colonial times. The introduction to Section I analyses the case filed by Kartik Oraon against David Munzni in which he questioned the right of Munzni, an ‘Indian Christian’, to contest in the general election of 1962 for the parliamentary seat in the Lohardaga constituency which was reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Kartik Oraon’s argument raised fundamental questions: How was one to understand the idea of tribe? Was it race or religion that determined tribal identity? And, in what ways were voices of colonial officials, missionaries, and anthropologists invoked by the judiciary in order to authenticate the essential characteristics of the tribe?
Between Forests and Fields
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues for the need to question the representation of adivasis as homogenous communities that were united in their opposition to outsiders, and suggests thereby an alternative reading of adivasi protest in colonial India. It discusses patterns of migrations which determined claims to land and ritual privileges; emphasizes the importance of geographical landscapes and changing terrains in shaping modes of protest; points towards cleavages within the Oraon community which were strengthened and reordered with colonial intervention; and analyses the ritual world of the Tanas that was constituted by gods and spirits. Among the Oraons, those who were believed to descendants of the ‘original’ clearers of the soil derived authority as holders of privileged tenures and as claimants to the traditional offices of the priest and village head; they also served as local informants for the British who sought to understand customary rights over land. The Tanas in contrast, the author argues, articulated the ideology of a marginalized group; their protest symbolized adivasi resistance to non-adivasis, but also a struggle with conflicts and tensions within the Oraon community.
Early Jewish Writings and New Testament Interpretation
Authors: Elledge C.D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Early Jewish writings offer essential context for interpreting the New Testament. This accessible volume, written in nontechnical language, orients readers to select categories of early Jewish literature, explaining the roles they currently play in the interpretation of New Testament literature and the study of Christian origins. While the literature of Early Judaism is vast, five specific literary categories stand at the forefront of New Testament research. These include wisdom writings, apocalypses, rewritten scriptural narratives, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the writings of Philo and Josephus. Individual chapters explain their respective contributions toward interpreting the theological ideas, sociohistorical settings, and literary features of specific New Testament writings. The volume further describes literary collections that the church would later classify as “apocrypha” and “pseudepigrapha,” providing a more nuanced perspective on what “scripture” might have looked like prior to the formation of the biblical canon. Interpreted within their ancient context, many of these writings offer insight into a religious environment in which Judaism and Christianity were still emerging religions that had not yet gone their “separate” ways. The reader of the New Testament today can, therefore, understand the indebtedness of the New Testament literature to traditions found in contemporary Jewish works, while also appreciating the creative, new interpretations the church gave to those traditions.
The Glory of Wisdom
Authors: Elledge C.D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The concept of wisdom features as a prominent theme within many early Jewish writings, a topic that was explored in varied and even competing expressions. Concern for wisdom in Early Judaism exhibits both continuities and differences when compared with the earlier “wisdom literature” of the Hebrew Bible. The books of Ben Sira and Wisdom of Solomon further illustrate the composition of new sapiential literature in this era. The two writings share common interests in creation, epistemology, theodicy, and Jewish tradition, even as they offer very different approaches to these religious concerns. As wisdom constituted an urgent religious problem within the era of Christian origins, it offers essential perspective in the modern interpretation of the Historical Jesus, the Q Hypothesis, the Gospel of John, and the letters of Paul.
In the Last Days
Authors: Elledge C.D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Many early Jewish compositions may be characterized as “apocalyptic,” including the flourishing of formal literary apocalypses during the Hellenistic (Daniel 7–12, portions of 1 Enoch) and Roman eras (4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, Apocalypse of Abraham). Amid their shared literary conventions as revelatory discourse, these works also differ meaningfully in their conceptualizations of history, the cosmos, eschatological life, human agency, and the roles of angelic and messianic agents. The theological concerns of literary apocalypses have traditionally featured as essential for understanding the emergence of Christian thought. As illustrated in the Markan “Little Apocalypse” (ch. 13), the letters of Paul, and the book of Revelation, New Testament apocalypticism includes striking continuities as well as innovative departures from contemporary Jewish apocalypses.
Jews, Greeks, and Romans
Authors: Elledge C.D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The voluminous writings of Philo of Alexandria and Flavius Josephus depict the intellectual interests and political challenges of Early Judaism in its diaspora settings among Greeks and Romans. Both authors exhibit a thoroughgoing dialogue with Hellenistic-Roman culture, even as they praise the excellence of Jewish tradition. Together, the two prolific authors provide essential evidence for understanding relations between Jews and Greeks at the time in which the early church was attempting to navigate these very tensions. Philo’s philosophical exegesis has proven essential for contextualizing select moments of argumentation in Paul’s letters, as well as the Christology of the Gospel of John. Josephus not only names the figures of Jesus, John the Baptist, and James but also offers a broader vision of popular messianic and prophetic movements during the era of Christian origins.
The Fifth Estate
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The rise of the press led to the development of an independent institution: the Fourth Estate, central to pluralist democratic processes. In the digital age, the internet and related information and communication technologies are enabling a network power shift—empowering a Fifth Estate. Networked individuals are becoming an independent and highly distributed force for accountability in politics and society. By connecting diverse strands of decades of research with a wide range of case studies, this book explains how this emerging Fifth Estate has been empowered by the ability of ordinary people to search, originate, network, collaborate, and leak information in ways that enhance their informational and communicative power. The Fifth Estate complements the existing distribution of power in pluralistic societies. It is not a substitute for other estates and more established bases of institutional authority, such as the press and governments, which the Fifth Estate can hold more accountable. However, threats to freedom of expression and privacy online could undermine the promise of the Fifth Estate power shift. To meet this challenge, the book concludes by discussing approaches to the governance and security of the internet and social media that take advantage of the empowerment of networked individuals and help ensure the vitality the internet can bring to pluralistic processes in democratic politics and across all sectors of society.
Networking
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Networking was a key motivation behind the invention of the internet and web—the desire for research scientists and engineers to share information more easily regardless of their location. This is one reason why sharing became a major feature of the internet and web in its early academic use. Since then, the ability of ordinary individuals to network, share information, and communicate with people anywhere is increasingly taken for granted. However, it is a phenomenal affordance of the internet and web. It reconfigures what we know and how we get information as well as who we know and with whom we communicate. A major fear of critics is the potential for social media users to cocoon themselves in echo chambers of like-minded individuals and not challenge bad ideas. But social media empowers individuals to network with a diverse range of sources locally and globally, as well as for a diverse array of uses and gratifications unrelated to political motives. How individuals can build and shape their networks, such as blocking or unfriending bad apples who lack civility, is a major topic for academic research, guiding user practices, and shaping the design of social media applications.
Navigating the Interface Between Utility Patents and Copyrights
Authors: Meyer Stuart P. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the issues revolving around the overlap between patents and copyrights. It looks into the constitutional basis of patent and copyright in the US law after the original Constitution in 1787 made explicit provisions. On the other hand, the European Union (EU) and other jurisdictions do not have a unified basis of copyright and patent laws analogous to the US constitution. The variation in the treatment of patents and copyrights within some jurisdictions offers practitioners a wide choice of strategies for the protection and enforcement of rights and a wide choice of remedies. The chapter explains that patents and copyrights can be combined as part of an overall IP strategy and diversification hedges against IP law.
Interfaces in Plant Intellectual Property
Authors: Janis Mark D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on interfaces in plant intellectual property, which often present overlapping claims of intellectual property protections. It explores how the overlapping intellectual property protection for plants concerns the interface between the style of the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) plant variety protection regimes and utility patent regimes. Illustrations and strategies of doing nothing, subject-matter limitations, and policing doctrines can be discerned for regulating intellectual property interfaces. The chapter clarifies that there is no uniform approach at the international level to patent or plant variety protection interface measures as the UPOV Treaty and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement leave the matter to national law. Moreover, the United States and Europe differ in fundamental approaches.
The Design/Copyright Overlap: Is There a Resolution?
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Suthersanen Uma 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the overlap and differences between the laws of copyright and design. It elaborates on design laws, which reflect the design spectrum of a wide range of activities that has grown with the developments in mechanically based production technology. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, and the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement address the complexity of intellectual property law and design law. The chapter then looks into the national and international regulations concerning cumulative protection and other variations of non-cumulative protection. It also considers the jurisprudential analysis of the national and regional copyright or design interface.
Domain Names and Trademarks
Authors: Partridge Mark V. B. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the correlation between domain names and trademarks. Domain names help identify an address on the internet and help internet users find websites and email addresses in place of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Meanwhile, trademark rights are not a monopoly but only exist in connection with particular goods or services. The chapter notes how Internet Corporation for the Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was established to develop a consensus within the internet community for private administration of the domain name system. It also explains the use of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) and Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) to resolve conflicts surrounding domain names and trademarks.
The Combined Use of Trademarks or Service Mark with Certifications Marks or Collective Marks
Authors: Calboli Irene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers certification and collective marks and their combined use with trademarks and service marks. Trademarks and service marks indicate the individual commercial origin of the products and that all products identified by a specific mark share the same quality. On the other hand, certification marks identify products with specific pre-set standards that typically include product quality and safety, labour and environmental practices, and, geographical origin. The chapter also defines collective marks as trademarks or service marks owned collectively by a group either to identify their products or to indicate collective membership to a club or association. It then elaborates on the role the US and EU trademark systems have had on the development of trademark laws worldwide.
Power Allocation in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractChapters 2 and 3 cover the first dimension of self-rule: power allocation. Chapter 2 looks at the allocation of foreign relations powers in the US, Canada, and Belgium, whereas Chapter 3 looks at the allocation of those powers in the EU. The chapters look at how the powers to negotiate, conclude, and implement international agreements (the ‘treaty-making power’) are allocated, and at how the constitution allocates the power to engage in external representation. The picture that emerges in the US, Canada, and Belgium is one of significant diversity: the foreign affairs constitutions of the US and Canada centralize most powers in the hands of the federal government, whereas in Belgium the constitution establishes a parallelism between internal and external powers. In this sense, the US and Canada can be considered closed federal unions. By contrast, Belgium adheres to a more open model of foreign relations federalism.
Impossible Music
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The 1908 event in Proust’s life, was both dramatic and complex. In that year, Proust abandoned the novel he was working on and turned to literary criticism as a supposed substitute. Writing that criticism, he discovered another novel, the one that would occupy the rest of his life. Much of this material was published in 1954, thirty-two years after the writer’s death. Some of it, long lost, appeared only in 2021. Giving up what one critic has called the crazy dream of reading Proust’s mind at the time, I try instead to read his words for the stylistic story they tell.
After the Ball
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The last volume of A la recherche du temps perdu stages a farcical mistake, a grotesque puppet show. All the characters seem to be in disguise, pretending to be much older than they are. They are not in disguise though. Just when the narrator thinks he has discovered a magical method of stopping or reversing time, he is being reminded that time passes. This chapter seeks to show how the narrator and the novel are able to live with this irresolvable contradiction and how the title of the work may be made live up to its promise of a search that is also a form of research, the relative of a scientific project.
Constitutional Jurisdiction in Ex-Yugoslavia in the Perspective of the European Legal Space
Authors: Grewe Constance 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses the developments regarding constitutional jurisdiction in the states of former Yugoslavia. The transformative function of constitutional jurisprudence in these countries can be interpreted as reaction to the authoritarian rule in Yugoslavia. Despite this common history, the constitutional courts set up in ex-Yugoslavia differ largely in their composition and tasks. The chapter shows to what extent the structures of judicial review are convenient for the transition to democracy and for an integration in the European legal space. Such integration in the European legal space or even accession to the European Union also requires changes in legal culture, especially opening the national constitutions and the relationship to the ECJ and ECtHR. The chapter discusses the obstacles existing on the way to this objective and how these obstacles are reflected in the jurisprudence of the courts.
The Cooperation of Constitutional Courts in the European Legal Space
Authors: Pérez de Nanclares José Martín y 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how national constitutional courts, the ECJ, and the ECtHR cooperate within the European legal space. It does so by analysing their interactions under the paradigms of the multi-level constitutional system and constitutional pluralism. First, the chapter delves into the cross-fertilization of both the ECJ’s and national constitutional court’s jurisprudence. In this context, it reviews the relationship between national constitutional courts and the ECJ, the central function of the ECJ’s preliminary rulings for European integration, the primacy of Union law, the safeguarding of the constitutional identity by national constitutional courts, and the conflicts arising from ultra vires decisions. Second, the chapter depicts the relationship between the ECJ and the ECtHR and discusses their cooperation, disputes, rivalry, and the ECJ’s critical Opinion 2/13 regarding the accession of the EU to the ECHR. Third, the chapter examines the ECtHR’s influence on and relationship with national constitutional courts by outlining the basic elements of the ECHR, the ECtHR’s impact on Member States, and potential effects of the new ‘protocol of dialogue’ between the ECtHR and some national apex courts.
The Impact of EU Law and the ECHR on National Constitutional Adjudication in the European Legal Space
Authors: Paris Davide 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the impact of European Union Law and the European Convention on Human Rights on the structure of constitutional adjudication, in particular in states with specialized constitutional courts. While these courts had held the monopoly on the judicial review of legislation before, the primacy of Union law substantially moved competences in this field to ordinary domestic courts. In states without constitutional review of legislation, it even moved competences not only within the judiciary but also between the three branches of the state. Similarly, the emergence of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights as constitutional courts of Europe has meant that the national constitutional courts have lost their power of the ‘final say’. Recent, sometimes hostile, jurisprudence by national constitutional courts towards the European courts can also be explained as a reaction to this shift of power.
Introduction
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Water security and green growth worldwide are at risk from various climatic and non-climatic trends, including rapid population growth and urbanization, economic growth and rising income levels, ageing infrastructure, and increased demand for energy and food, impacting water quantity and water quality. Financing Water Security and Green Growth provides a comprehensive overview of innovative financial instruments and approaches available to implement and mainstream water security and green growth initiatives at various scales and in different contexts. Furthermore, the book provides in-depth case studies of the innovative application of financing tools to achieve water security and green growth in various locations of differing climates, lifestyles, and income levels, with best practices identified.
Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Globally, yearly economic losses related to water security, including losses from inadequate water supply and sanitation, urban property flood damage, and water insecurity to existing irrigators, among others, is resulting in declining gross domestic product and sustained negative growth in parts of the world. However, current investments to ensure universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all are not factoring in climate change’s impact, and capital expenditure on water infrastructure is less than investment needs. Furthermore, there is significant underinvestment in nature-based solutions for water resources management. Overall, it is globally recognized that innovative financing is required to close the gap between current investments in water resources management and the amount of investments required to achieve water security and green growth. This chapter will first define the concept of innovative financing to achieve water security and green growth. The chapter will then review the various sources of finance available. Finally, the chapter will provide a series of principles for fostering investment in water security and green growth projects.
Payments for Watershed Services Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes are a transparent system for the provision of ecosystem services through conditional payments to voluntary providers. In the context of water resources management, Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) schemes are an instrument for watershed protection and management and have been implemented in both developing and developed countries at different scales around the world to achieve water security and green growth. This chapter will first discuss the concept of PES, the benefits they provide, and the various design considerations that should be addressed. The chapter will then discuss the concept of PWS, the various benefits these schemes provide, and a guideline to ensure a scheme’s success.
Tradable Permits Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Tradable permit schemes have been implemented in environmental policy since the 1970s and are commonly used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They have also been implemented in a broader spectrum of fields, including water resources management. Tradable permit schemes are one of the most efficient market-based instruments for allocating water resources and for mitigating the pollution of water resources. This chapter will first discuss the concept of tradable permit schemes before discussing tradable water rights and water quality trading. The chapter will then review the concept of urban water trading and stormwater volume credit trading. Following this, the chapter will discuss groundwater trading and the acquiring of water for the environment.