bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary electron emission from magnetron targets
Authors: Buschhaus R , von Keudell A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ion-induced secondary electron emission of surfaces occurs in all gas discharges which have contact to surfaces such as electrodes or chamber walls. These secondary electrons (SEs) play an important role, for instance, in the performance of DC discharges, RF discharges and magnetron sputtering discharges. SE generation can be separated into potential electron emission (PEE) due to the neutralization of the incident ion upon impact and kinetic electron emission (KEE) due to the electronic stopping of the penetrating ion in the solid. SE due to neutralization is usually described by Auger processes and the density of states of the electrons in the solid, whereas KEE scales with the electronic stopping of the ion in the solid, as being calculated by ion collision simulations. The measurement of the energy distribution of the SEs of three metals (Al, Ti, Cu) and their oxides reveals the occurrence of Auger peaks, which are not reflected by standard models such as the Hagstrum model. Instead, in this paper, a model is proposed describing these Auger peaks by Auger neutralization of holes created by the collision cascade of the incident ion. This shows decent agreement. The contribution of Auger peaks in the metals Al and Ti is very significant, whereas it is negligible in the case of Cu. The implication of these energy distributions to the performance of magnetron sputtering discharges is discussed.
The formation of O and H radicals in a pulsed discharge in atmospheric pressure helium with water vapour admixtures
Authors: Brisset Alexandra , Bieniek Matthew , Invernizzi Laurent , Hasan Mohammad , Walsh James , Niemi Kari , Wagenaars Erik 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The spatio-temporal distribution of O and H radicals in a 90 ns pulsed discharge, generated in a pin–pin geometry with a 2.2 mm gap, in He + H2O (0.1% and 0.25%), is studied both experimentally and by 1D fluid modelling. The density of O and H radicals as well as the effective lifetimes of their excited states are measured using picosecond resolution two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence. Good agreement between experiments and modelling is obtained for the species densities. The density of O and H is found to be homogenous along the discharge axis. Even though the high voltage pulse is 90 ns long, the density of O peaks only about 1 μs after the end of the current pulse, reaching 2 × 1016 cm−3 at 0.1% H2O. It then remains nearly constant over 10 μs before decaying. Modelling indicates that the electron temperature (Te) in the centre of the vessel geometry ranges from 6 to 4 eV during the peak of discharge current, and after 90 ns, drops below 0.5 eV in about 50 ns. Consequently, during the discharge (<100 ns), O is predominantly produced by direct dissociation of O2 by electron impact, and in the early afterglow (from 100 ns to 1 μs) O is produced by dissociative recombination of O2
+. The main loss mechanism of O is initially electron impact ionisation and once T
e has dropped, it becomes mainly Penning ionisation with He2* and He* as well as three-body recombination with O+ and He. On time scales of 100–200 μs, O is mainly lost by radial diffusion. The production of H shows a similar behaviour, reaching 0.45 × 1016 cm−3 at 1 μs, due to direct dissociation of H2O by electron impact (<100 ns) followed by electron–ion recombination processes (from 200 ns to 1.5 us). H is dominantly lost through Penning ionisation with He* and He2* and by electron impact ionisation, and by charge exchange with O+. Increasing concentrations of water vapour, from 0.1% to 0.25%, have little effect on the nature of the processes of H formation but trigger a stronger initial production of O, which is not currently reproduced satisfactorily by the modelling. What emerges from this study is that the built up of O and H densities in pulsed discharges continues after electron-impact dissociation processes with additional afterglow processes, not least through the dissociative recombination of O2
+ and H2
+.
On-demand harmonic wave suppression in non-Hermitian space-time-periodic phased arrays
Authors: Adlakha R , Nouh M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Phased arrays have been a cornerstone of non-destructive evaluation, sonar communications, and medical imaging for years. Conventional arrays work by imparting a static phase gradient across a set of transducers to steer a self-created wavefront in a desired direction. Most recently, space-time-periodic (STP) phased arrays have been explored in the context of multi-harmonic wave beaming. Owing to the STP phase profile, multiple scattered harmonics of a single-frequency input are generated which propagate simultaneously in different directional lanes. Each of these lanes is characterized by a principal angle and a distinct frequency signature that can be computationally predicted. However, owing to the Hermitian (real) nature of the spatiotemporal phase gradient, waves emergent from the array are still bound to propagate simultaneously along up- and down-converted directions with a perfectly symmetric energy distribution. Seeking to push this boundary, this paper presents a class of non-Hermitian STP phased arrays which exercise a degree of unprecedented control over the transmitted waves through an interplay between gain, loss, and coupling between its individual components. A complex phase profile under two special symmetries, parity-time (PT) and anti-PT, is introduced that enables the modulation of the amplitude of various harmonics and decouples up- and down-converted harmonics of the same order. We show that these arrays provide on-demand suppression of either up- or down-converted harmonics at an exceptional point—a degeneracy in the parameter space where the system’s eigenvalues and eigenvectors coalesce. An experimental prototype of the non-Hermitian array is constructed to illustrate the selective directional suppression via time-transient measurements of the out-of-plane displacements of an elastic substrate via laser vibrometry. The theory of non-Hermitian phased arrays and their experimental realization unlock rich opportunities in precise elastoacoustic wave manipulation that can be tailored for a diverse range of engineering applications.
Broadband X-Ray Spectral Analysis of the ULX NGC 1313 X-1 Using JeTCAF: Origin of the ULX Bubble
Authors: Palit Biswaraj , Mondal Santanu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
NGC 1313 X-1 is a mysterious ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) source whose X-ray-powering mechanism and bubble-like structure surrounding the source are topics of intense study. Here, we perform an X-ray spectroscopic study of the source using joint XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations taken during 2012–2017. The combined spectra cover the energy band 0.3–20 keV. We use the accretion–ejection-based JeTCAF model for spectral analysis. The model-fitted disk mass accretion rate varies from 4.6 to 9.6

M

̇

Edd

and the halo mass accretion rate varies from 4.0 to 6.1

M

̇

Edd

with a dynamic Comptonizing corona of average size of ∼15 r

g
. The data fitting is carried out for different black hole (BH) mass values. The goodness of the fit and uncertainties in model parameters improve while using higher BH masses, with the most probable mass of the compact object being 133 ± 33 M
⊙. We have estimated the mass outflow rate, its velocity and power, and the age of the inflated bubble surrounding the source. Our estimated bubble morphology is in accordance with the observed optical bubble and winds found through high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, suggesting that the bubble was expanded by the outflows originating from the central source. Finally, we conclude that the super-Eddington accretion onto a nearly intermediate-mass BH may power a ULX when the accretion efficiency is low, though their efficiency increases when the jet/outflow is taken into account, in agreement with numerical simulations in the literature.
Fractal-Thermodynamic system analogy and complexity of plant leaves
Authors: Vishnu M , Jaishanker R 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
More precise measurements of the complexity of leaf shapes can open new pathways to understanding plant adaptation and resilience in the face of global changes. We present a method to measure the complexity of plant leaf shapes by relating their fractal dimension to topological entropy. Our method relies on ‘segmental fractal complexity’ and stems from a fractal-thermodynamic system analogy. The complexity of plant leaf shapes is an algebraic combination of the fractal dimension of the components, leaf lamina, background, and leaf edge. We applied this method to leaf forms of 42 tropical plant species. Segmental fractal complexity is an improvement over the leaf dissection index because of its ability to capture the spatial positioning of a leaf’s lamina, edge, and background. It is also an advancement over conventional geometric and fractal dimension-based measures of leaf complexity because it does not entail information loss due to the pre-processing and is perceptibly simple.
Interpretable machine learning model to predict survival days of malignant brain tumor patients
Authors: Rajput Snehal , Kapdi Rupal A , Raval Mehul S , Roy Mohendra 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
An artificial intelligence (AI) model’s performance is strongly influenced by the input features. Therefore, it is vital to find the optimal feature set. It is more crucial for the survival prediction of the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) type of brain tumor. In this study, we identify the best feature set for predicting the survival days (SD) of GBM patients that outrank the current state-of-the-art methodologies. The proposed approach is an end-to-end AI model. This model first segments tumors from healthy brain parts in patients’ MRI images, extracts features from the segmented results, performs feature selection, and makes predictions about patients’ survival days (SD) based on selected features. The extracted features are primarily shape-based, location-based, and radiomics-based features. Additionally, patient metadata is also included as a feature. The selection methods include recursive feature elimination, permutation importance (PI), and finding the correlation between the features. Finally, we examined features’ behavior at local (single sample) and global (all the samples) levels. In this study, we find that out of 1265 extracted features, only 29 dominant features play a crucial role in predicting patients’ SD. Among these 29 features, one is metadata (age of patient), three are location-based, and the rest are radiomics features. Furthermore, we find explanations of these features using post-hoc interpretability methods to validate the model’s robust prediction and understand its decision. Finally, we analyzed the behavioral impact of the top six features on survival prediction, and the findings drawn from the explanations were coherent with the medical domain. We find that after the age of 50 years, the likelihood of survival of a patient deteriorates, and survival after 80 years is scarce. Again, for location-based features, the SD is less if the tumor location is in the central or back part of the brain. All these trends derived from the developed AI model are in sync with medically proven facts. The results show an overall 33% improvement in the accuracy of SD prediction compared to the top-performing methods of the BraTS-2020 challenge.
The Need for Practicable Normative Right-based Social Work Practice in Secure and Forensic Mental Health Services
Authors: Markham Sarah 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We (both author and reader) will explore the need to develop a practicable evaluative human rights-based approach to the care, treatment and discharge of forensic mental health patients. It can be argued that patients in secure and forensic services are potentially the most marginalised and extensively stigmatised of all patient cohorts, and that the extent to which they are discriminated against should not be underestimated. We will consider the concept of right-based practice in secure and forensic mental health settings, and how the quality of practice can be strengthened. We will ground our exploration in the lived experiences of secure and forensic mental health patients and seek through the lens of lived experience to envisage what could constitute fairer and more supportive systems of care.
Swimming with the Current But against the Tide: Reflections of an Autistic Social Worker
Authors: Guthrie Jenni 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Autism in social work generally focuses on working with children or adults who are users of services. This reflexive account focuses on the author’s lived experience as an Autistic social worker in the UK and why it is still important to inform the social work profession about autism. Using the creative and connective power of analogy, the author identifies the strengths Autistic social workers can offer within the trauma of the everyday as an Autistic person, locating this within the context of social work practice. The author challenges the deficit focus on autism within research and practice and offers opportunity to connect with your understanding of autism and what that may mean in terms of developing your own relational, anti-oppressive practice.
‘I’m Gay! I’m Gay! I’m Gay! I’m a Homosexual!’: Overt and Covert Conversion Therapy Practices in Therapeutic Boarding Schools
Authors: Golightley Sarah 
Published: May 2023

AbstractEvery year thousands of young people are sent to therapeutic boarding schools (TBS) in the USA. TBS are residential programmes that combine educational classes and group therapy in self-contained facilities that operate year-round. The programmes are part of a wider ‘troubled teen industry’ that seeks to reform young people perceived as having mental health and/or substance misuse problems. Interviews were conducted with former TBS students about their experiences as youth inside these facilities. The research was undertaken from a survivor–researcher approach and was conducted by a former TBS student with former students. This article will focus on the experiences of two LGBTQ+ former students who were subjected to conversion therapy in TBS. The case studies will describe conversion practices that pressure people to change or suppress their sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression. Conversion therapy manifested in overt and covert forms that resulted in lasting psychological trauma. The case studies highlight the impacts of conversion therapy as epistemic injustice and the ways in which the former students adapted to and resisted institutional harm. Implications for practice include the importance for social workers to understand conversion therapy as a dynamic, evolving and potentially subtle practice.
Subcortical structural covariance predicts symptoms in children with different subtypes of ADHD
Authors: Mu ShuHua , Wu HuiJun , Zhang Jian , Chang ChunQi 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has increasingly been conceptualized as a disorder of abnormal brain connectivity. However, far less is known about the structural covariance in different subtypes of this disorder and how those differences may contribute to the symptomology of these subtypes. In this study, we used a combined volumetric-based methodology and structural covariance approach to investigate structural covariance of subcortical brain volume in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive patients. In addition, a linear support vector machine was used to predict patient’s attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Results showed that compared with TD children, those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined exhibited decreased volume of both the left and right pallidum. Moreover, we found increased right hippocampal volume in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive children. Furthermore and when compared with the TD group, both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive groups showed greater nonhomologous inter-regional correlations. The abnormal structural covariance network in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined group was located in the left amygdala–left putamen/left pallidum/right pallidum and right pallidum–left pallidum; in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive group, this difference was noted in the left hippocampus–left amygdala/left putamen/right putamen and right hippocampus–left amygdala. Additionally, different combinations of abnormalities in subcortical structural covariance were predictive of symptom severity in different attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that structural covariance provided valuable diagnostic markers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes.
Single-point dispersion measurement of surface waves combining translation, rotation and strain in weakly anisotropic media: theory
Authors: Tang Le , Igel Heiner , Montagner Jean-Paul 
Published: May 2023

SUMMARY
A new approach is proposed for measuring the dispersion relation of surface waves in weakly anisotropic media using a single station, which consists of translational displacement and rotation or strain. The azimuth-dependent surface wave dispersion curve can be directly obtained by using the amplitude ratio of translational displacement to rotation or strain. Using observations from earthquakes from a variety of azimuths allows us to characterize the anisotropy of subsurface media. The amplitude ratio gives the localized azimuth-dependent dispersion relations of the formation beneath a receiver without requiring knowledge of the source or structure along the path. The theory shows that in anisotropic media the coupled quasi-Rayleigh wave and quasi-Love wave will result in elliptically polarized rotational motions. In addition, rotational motion information allows the determination of backazimuth even in general anisotropic media. We carry out numerical experiments, investigate the effects of noise and degree of anisotropy and demonstrate the potential for field studies.
Unhealthy food advertising on Costa Rican and Guatemalan television: a comparative study
Authors: Morales-Juárez Analí , Monterrubio Eric , Cosenza-Quintana Emma Lucia , Zamora Irina , Jensen Melissa L , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Ramírez-Zea Manuel , Kroker-Lobos Maria Fernanda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to exhaustively explore the characteristics of food advertising on TV in Guatemala and Costa Rica. The International Network for Food and Obesity Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) methodology was applied. In 2016, we recorded 1440 h of video among 10 TV channels. We used the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Nutrient Profile (NP) Model to identify ‘critical nutrients’, whose excessive consumption is associated with NCDs. We created a nutritional quality score (0 if the product did not exceed any critical nutrient, 1 if the product exceeded one and 2 if it exceeded ≥2). We classified food ads as permitted (score = 0) and not-permitted (score 1 or 2) for marketing. Persuasive marketing techniques were classified as promotional characters (e.g. Batman), premium offers (e.g. toys), brand benefit claims (e.g. tasty) and health-related claims (e.g. nutritious). In Guatemala, foods that exceeded one critical nutrient were more likely to use persuasive marketing techniques, and in Costa Rica were those with an excess of ≥2 critical nutrients, compared with foods without any excess in critical nutrients [Guatemala: promotional characters (odds ratio, OR = 16.6, 95% confidence interval, CI: 5.8, 47.3), premium offers (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4, 8.2) and health-related claims (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.7); Costa Rica: health-related claims (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.0, 8.5)]. In conclusion, Guatemalan and Costa Rican children are exposed to an overabundance of not-permitted food ads on TV. This justifies implementing national policies to reduce exposure to not-permitted food for marketing, including on TV and other media.
563 The Why Behind the Release- A 2 Year Review of Pediatric Burn Scar Contracture Releases
Authors: Trost Jenna , Woolery Creola , Bomberger Sarah , Robertson Karen , Hartman Brett 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
A burn therapy quality improvement project was identified to determine what factors led to burn scar contracture releases for improved range of motion from June 2020 to June 2022. The goals of the project were to determine: 1) What factors led to the burn scar contracture formation? 2) What factors led to the need for surgery to correct the contractures after the initial injury/surgery? and 3) What therapy interventions could be implemented to identify the patients' contracture risk, improve their outcomes, and prevent additional surgical interventions?

Methods
A review of the burn OR schedule in the EMR was conducted to identify reconstructive surgical cases from June 2020 to June 2022. The following information was obtained on the patients: type of surgery, the location of the release(s), percent TBSA burn, therapy interventions prior to the release, therapy location, and time from initial injury until surgical release.

Results
Out of 52 patients who had surgical interventions for scar contracture: 27 were in the category of patient growth (25 had no limitations in functional AROM at discharge from therapy), 19 in the category of compliance/complex social situations, and 6 in the category of aggressive scarring /difficult scar management. One outlying case was uncategorized.
In the patient growth category, the average time from the initial injury to the release was 8.42 years. In the category of aggressive scarring/difficult scar management, all the patients were under 4 years old and had difficulty with scar management/positioning from the start. The one factor that was noted in both categories was a mVSS score of &gt;/=4 with pliability and vascularity &gt;/=1 and height score of &lt; /=1 at d/c from therapy.
In the compliance/complex social situations category, the factors affecting scar outcome were poor appointment attendance, shared custody, foster system placement, and limited follow-through with home program.4

Conclusions
As a result of this analysis, strategies were implemented to lower the mVSS upon discharge: 1) therapists will set goals for the mVSS score to be &lt; 2 upon discharge to assure that the score is at or below a 1 for pliability and vascularity, and 0 for height; 2) if the mVSS is not &lt; 2 when patient is being considered for d/c from clinic, therapists will discuss this with medical team as patient may be at higher risk for contracture with continued growth; 3) a “maintenance education program” will be provided to all patients at d/c; 4) Social work/psychology will be consulted earlier to work with families on compliance with attendance/interventions; 5) UE casting with new materials utilized by therapists to improve positioning of burned hands/wrists in children &lt; 4 years old.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Therapy practice changes to prevent contractures