bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychology of working memory
Authors: Cubelli Roberto , Logie Robert H. , Della Sala Sergio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cognitive neuropsychology uses models of cognitive processes to account for the observed patterns of spared and impaired abilities in brain-damaged individuals. In turn, this exercise supports the testing and refinement of theoretical models of human cognition. For the development of such models, the patterns of performance presented by single neuropsychological patients can be as informative as are patterns of performance from studies of cognition in healthy participants. Any conceptual, theoretical model of cognition ought to include explicit and testable predictions as to which pathological profile is expected should a component of the model be impaired. This chapter focuses on the example set of cognitive functions referred to collectively as working memory, and discusses how cognitive neuropsychology has played, and continues to play, a crucial role in the development of the multiple component model of working memory. This model, in turn, has led to significant insights into the specific nature of impairments in working memory following brain damage, as well as new, and theoretically robust forms of neuropsychological cognitive assessment. The authors argue that it is important for cognitive theorists to recognize the heuristic value of neuropsychological observations for theory development, particularly if those observations cannot readily be explained within a given theoretical framework that has been based on studies of healthy individuals. Knowledge and theoretical understanding can advance through responding to challenges as well as confirmation from observed data, and data from studies of brain-damaged individuals can offer an avenue for such advancement. To be fruitful, the relationship between theory and practice has to be reciprocal: from theory to clinical observations and from clinical observations to theory.
Language
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the overarching didactic objectives of Deguileville’s Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine (two versions, 1331/1355), with particular attention to the poem’s interest in the relations between of language, signification, knowledge, truth, and salvation. The central claim of this chapter is that the Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine ought to be read as a poem exposing the principles of correct textual interpretation as the author understood them, as part of a wider attempt to develop a salvific allegorical poetics. The chapter begins by examining Deguileville’s ambivalent and unresolved attitude to his poem’s main source of inspiration, the Roman de la Rose: while the Rose is invoked as a literary model, Deguileville rewrites an allegory of erotic desire as a quest for spiritual truth, imitating the formal, stylistic, and representational strategies of the earlier poem while also condemning it for its subversive, slippery, and ultimately ‘carnal’ allegorical poetics. The chapter then identifies the thought of Augustine, especially in the De doctrina christiana, as a central touchstone for the semiotics, hermeneutics, and epistemology of Deguileville’s own allegorical poetics. The chapter finally examines Deguileville’s twofold engagement with more recent discussions of linguistic signs as found in scholastic treatises of logic and semantics, on the one hand, and with the rise of logic within Universities during the thirteenth century on the other. Here too Deguileville’s attitude is deeply ambivalent, as he simultaneously critiques the frivolousness of academic intellectual pursuits while attempting to appropriate contemporary scholastic learning to foster the salvific objectives of his own poem.
Experience
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Deguileville finally registers and confronts the epistemological contradictions that crystallize in his poem, and does so by staging a series of crises experienced by its first-person dreamer/protagonist/narrator figure. The pilgrim first undergoes a deeply transformative experience of conversion at the Rock of Penitence, closely associated with the gift of the famous ABC prayer handed to him by Grace Dieu, personification of divine grace. The two experiences—prayer and conversion—finally enable a more fundamental reconfiguration of the poem’s underlying values and assumptions. The crisis of the pilgrim thus also denotes an authorial crisis, signalling Deguileville’s turn away from didactic allegory towards a new type of mystical and contemplative poetry, which finds its fullest expression in his late Latin corpus of poetry (1355–60?). In parallel, however, Deguileville also becomes engaged in the effort to recuperate and redefine his original poetic project as crystallized in the first Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine (1331), releasing a revised version of the latter (1355), followed by two further pilgrimage poems, the Pèlerinage de l’Âme (1356) and the Pèlerinage de Jesuscrist (1358), as well as an earlier reflection on the semantics of allegorical signification (Le Dit de la fleur de lis, 1338). The remainder of the chapter proposes a new analysis of the trajectory of Deguileville’s entire poetic career, reconsidering the divergent and conflicting aspirations of his different poems within the larger oeuvre, and proposing an analysis of the evolving nature of Deguileville’s poetic vision over time.
Introduction
Authors: Nadathur Prerna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the ability/actuality ‘ambiguity’ for English be able, and the problem of actuality entailments from perfectively-marked ability modals in aspect marking languages (Greek, Hindi, French). It situates the problem as one of linguistic interpretation, rather than metaphysics, and establishes three framing questions which will guide the investigation in the remainder of the book. This chapter also introduces the element of causal meaning, situates the use of causal models with respect to the linguistic literature on causation, and offers an overview of the full narrative and argument structure of the book.
The semantics ofenoughandtooconstructions
Authors: Nadathur Prerna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces a basic necessity-driven semantics for enough/too predicates as modalized degree comparatives, and shows that this analysis predicts the inferential profile of epistemic, deontic, and circumstantial enough/too constructions with static matrix adjectives. It discusses the outstanding case of circumstantial enough/too constructions with dynamic adjectives, and argues that the basic semantics in these cases supports an additional presupposition of causal sufficiency between a manifestation of the matrix property and the realisation of the enough/too complement. The chapter discusses a method for integrating causal dependence relations into the standard premise semantics framework, and examines the consequences of this for the interpretation of dynamic circumstantial enough constructions; the chapter concludes by suggesting that implicative behaviour is predicted just in case a core (latent) capacity attribution is interpreted instead as an instantiation or manifestation of the dynamic property.
Ability, actuality, and implicativity
Authors: Nadathur Prerna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter brings the implicative approach to actuality inferences to bear on the original problem of ability ascriptions (selective) actualisation. It argues for an implicative approach to the structure of ability ascriptions, suggesting that ability ascriptions stand in the same relationship to (lexically-specific) dynamic enough predicates as implicative manage has with respect to lexically-specific implicative verbs. The chapter examines the consequences of a causal implicative structure for ability for its interpretation under grammatical aspects and negation, and evaluates the implicative approach with respect to a number of outstanding questions about ability. It concludes by suggesting a number of avenues for continued investigation, including an extension of the analysis to teleological and goal-oriented constructions, a route to integration with the premise semantics approach to ability, and a number of questions in the linguistic representation of causers and (intentional) agents.
Structural Injustice and Workers' Rights
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When discussing exploitation in the workplace, governments typically deploy a rhetoric of personal responsibility. They place attention on employers who take advantage of workers, or on workers who choose non-standard, precarious work arrangements. On this account, the responsibility of the state is to address the harm inflicted by private actors. This book questions the heavy focus on individual responsibility for precarious work and develops the concept of ‘state-mediated structural injustice at work’. We observe this when legislation with an appearance of legitimacy has effects that are very damaging for large numbers of people, constituting a major cause of structures of exploitation at work. The book uses a series of examples, such as migrant workers, captive workers, people under welfare conditionality schemes, and other precarious workers, to show how the law creates structures of injustice, making exploitation long-term, standard, and routine. It also assesses these examples against human rights principles—both civil and political and economic and social rights. The aim of the book is to show that both the overall structures and parts of those structures routinely lead to workers’ exploitation that may give rise to state responsibility for human rights violations, and that there is a pressing need for reform.
Migrant Workers
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Migrant workers may be in a position of disadvantage for several reasons, such as race, gender, language barriers, lack of support networks, and ignorance of their legal rights and avenues to asserting them in the host country. In addition to these factors, restrictive migration schemes increase existing vulnerabilities, and are connected to widespread structures of exploitation at work and to some of its most severe instances. This chapter discusses restrictions faced by migrant workers, including visas that tie them to a specific employer or work sector. Moreover, the legal status of being undocumented, also constructed by immigration laws that limit entry, stay, and the right to work, further creates precarious work, as the chapter explains. Rules that are widely viewed as a legitimate exercise of state authority create structures of exploitation of migrant workers, affecting primarily those in low-paid sectors, such as domestic work or agricultural work, on which this chapter focuses.
Human Rights I
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
On the basis of the previous chapters, the state has political responsibility for legal rules that are connected to structures of exploitation, but this is not only forward-looking responsibility of the kind that Iris Marion Young envisaged, but also backward-looking: it is due to the fact that the law increases and compounds vulnerability. Against this background, this chapter argues that state authorities may also have legal responsibility to change some of these state-mediated structures of injustice when they are in breach of workers’ rights as protected in human rights law. The chapter first addresses some preliminary issues in relation to the role of human rights law in state-mediated structures of injustice, including issues involving the role of the state and other agents. It then turns to the examples of migrant workers and captive workers in order to identify legal rules affecting them that may be incompatible with states’ human rights obligations. It discusses rights such as the prohibition of forced labour, the prohibition of discrimination, the right to private life, the right to health and safety, and the right to property. These are found in legal documents such as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the European Social Charter, and treaties and other materials of the International Labour Organization (ILO).
Epilogue
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter returns to the key topics and themes of the book. It summarises and brings together the different threads of the argument in relation to the effect of legal rules with an appearance of legitimacy that compound disadvantage, creating state-mediated structures of injustice. It also discusses the role of human rights law in challenging these rules that interfere with workers’ rights. Finally, it raises some fresh questions for future research.
Supplanting Defeasible Rules
Authors: Levenbook Barbara Baum 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates a problem—in rule (or content) individuation—for the defeasible rule model of precedent and suggests an alternative. The defeasible rule model was designed to account for distinguishing. However, a defeasible rule model cannot be combined with a satisfactory account of rule (or content) individuation and be explanatorily adequate—that is, fit precedential practice in legal systems. Precedential practice, including distinguishing, is better explained by an alternative based on the idea that partial groupings of sameness with a source case are contextually salient. There will be such salient partial groupings, even in the absence of a determined (though defeasible) rule set down by the source court.
The ‘Expiscation’ of Legal Principles
Authors: d’Almeida Luís Duarte 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with one way in which courts are said to rely on precedent: they sometimes look at a string of previously decided cases and seek to ‘extract’ or ‘induce’ or ‘expiscate’—the language used to describe the move varies—a principle that underlies them. The standard view among legal theorists is that courts in such instances are drawing an inference that somehow relies on (a) the fact that those previous cases were authoritatively decided in a certain way to (b) a more general conclusion about a principle that ‘unites’ them. This chapter argues that the standard view is wrong. The ‘expiscatory’ move involves no distinctive inference from past cases to general principle; it does not amount to a specific way of relying on precedents as sources of content-independent practical reasons. But the chapter begins by introducing a theoretical framework that conceptualizes judicial decisions in terms of the relevant questions courts can be said to face, and by then clarifying the practices of both following precedent and extending it by analogy. Once we are clear about those two ways of relying on precedents as sources of content-independent practical reasons, the ‘expiscatory’ move becomes easier to understand—and to demystify.
Do Precedents Constrain Reasoning?
Authors: Sherwin Emily 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Judicial decision-making is constrained by determinate, authoritative rules laid down in precedent cases. Other proposed forms of precedent-based decision-making, including analogical reasoning, reasoning from the facts and outcomes of prior cases, and reasoning from legal principles, do not effectively constrain current decision-making. In the absence of a determinate rule, judges must rely on ordinary reasoning about what outcome is best, given the facts at issue and the practical and moral aims of legal decision-making.
Should Courts Follow Mistaken Statutory Precedents?
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sometimes, when a court interprets a statute, it makes a mistake, with the result that the court misidentifies the statute’s legal effect (i.e. the contribution the statute makes to the content of the law). Where the court is an appellate one, the following question arises: should later courts follow the earlier court’s mistaken interpretation of the statute or should they uphold the statute’s legal effect? This question can be understood as a question about what courts ought morally to do or as a question about what the law requires of them. In this chapter, I am interested in the latter way of understanding the question. The answer to that question may vary between legal systems, but I shall argue that, in the UK, later courts may be faced with conflicting legal duties in this situation. However, where this is so, the principle of parliamentary supremacy resolves the conflict by prioritizing the court’s duty to uphold the statute’s legal effect over the duty to follow the earlier court’s mistaken interpretation of the statute.
The Oracles of Codification
Authors: Jansen Nils 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter first reconstructs the transformations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, by which the codified legal systems of continental Europe were complemented with increasingly thick layers of case law. On this basis, it then analyses the nature of precedent in codified legal systems, in which only legislation is formally acknowledged as a source of law. For those analyses, an abstract notion of textual authority will be employed, according to which textual authority consists in social practices, where the legal profession accepts normative texts as ultimate bases of legal argument, without requiring further legal reasons to do so. Such a concept of authority will help to make visible informal elements of case law besides the formal sources of (strictly binding) legislation.
Predictability and Precedent
Authors: Nye Hillary 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are situations in which there is no predictability reason for refraining from overturning a precedent. In particular, it focuses on situations in which the law is changed so as to expand the scope of legally compliant behaviour. The chapter examines the effects of such a change on the various parties, distinguishing cases where both parties know the law, where both parties are unaware of the law, and where one party knows the law and the other does not. It is argued that in all three situations, the predictability concern can safely be set aside. This enables us to look more clearly at the other values that might be at stake. The upshot of all of this is that we should pay attention to context. Predictability is hugely important, but it is not always at stake. Arguments about when a precedent should or should not be overturned must be sensitive to the presence or absence of predictability implications for legal subjects. If there are such implications, then of course they must be weighed in the balance. But we should be careful not to manufacture a predictability concern to be weighed against the reasons that favour change, if no such concern exists.
Gardner on Duties in Tort
Authors: Boonzaier Leo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Gardner often endorses the claim that tort liability is conditional upon a wrong (or, equivalently, a breach of duty) by the defendant. But it is not obvious why. According to the Razian account of duties that Gardner endorses, breaches of duty lack the features that other tort writers regard as so important: breaching a duty does not entail that one has behaved objectionably, all things considered; it does not entail that one has done something very serious morally. Hence the usual reasons for endorsing the claim would not avail, or appeal to, Gardner. Why did he endorse it? And was he right to? First, the chapter explains why these questions are worth asking. In the process, the chapter brings out some features of Gardner’s tort scholarship which make the answers non-obvious. Second, the chapter assesses Gardner’s argument for the claim that torts are wrongs and offers some criticisms of it. The chapter concludes that his argument is unsound but nevertheless illuminating.
Are There Any Moral Duties?
Authors: McBride Nicholas J 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The idea that there are such things as moral duties was central to John Gardner’s thought about private law. This chapter suggests that we have reason to think that that idea is incorrect, and that the idea that there are such things as moral duties results from our thinking about morality in law-like terms (with the paradoxical result that we end up thinking that our private law duties are modeled on moral duties that we owe to each other because moral duties were conceived as being modeled on our private law duties). A better way of thinking about morality is commended in this chapter, as providing far more illumination on questions that Gardner pondered, such as the wrongness of rape and the tragedy of Sophie’s Choice.
Gardner on Justice
Authors: Cutts Tatiana 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For Gardner, questions of justice arose in the context of competitive claims to some good, and were “distinctive in being allocative questions,” or questions about “who is to get how much of what and why.” According to Gardner, these questions arose uniquely at the remedial stage of a private law enquiry. I argue that Gardner was correct to emphasize that there is a “normative distance” to be traveled from the fact of failure to perform some original duty to the imposition of a remedial burden, but that we need not travel this distance via a distinct frame of theoretical reference concerned with interpersonal (re)allocation. To the contrary, the theory of justice as allocation can obscure considerations that are relevant to the questions of whether legal intervention is justifiable, and what form it should take.
Finishing the Reparative Job
Authors: Fabre Cécile 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A duty to repair a wrong is typically owed by the wrongdoer to his victim. The literature on reparative justice focuses on the grounds for and limits to that duty. A no less interesting but neglected question, which Gardner addresses in From Personal Life to Private Law (OUP 2018) is that of what the victim owes the wrongdoer in connection with the latter’s reparative duties. More precisely put: is the victim under a duty to W to help him “finish the reparative job,” for example by (i) accepting reparative payments or apologies; (ii) using reparative payments to actually repair the wrong? Gardner gives the victim considerable latitude with respect to asking for and refusing remedial measures in the first instance, yet is reluctant to do so with respect to what the victim can do once the remedial measure, in payment cases, has been taken. Chapter 9 uses Gardner’s remarks as a springboard for an account of victims’ duties of that kind. In so doing, the chapter attends to differences between payments and apologies, but also to other steps which victims and third parties on behalf of victims might be under a duty to take as a means to contribute to the realization of reparative justice.
Commanding Contemporary and Future Land Operations
Authors: Nilsson Niklas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of mission command in light of ongoing trends in the evolution of warfare and military operations. The chapter starts with a discussion of mission command respectively in terms of a culture or command philosophy, and as a set of methods and practices of command. It then discusses the role and future utility of mission command in light of developments in three broad areas of importance to the evolution of military command. These are, first, general trends in the current and future operational environment with implications for the command of land operations, with a focus on the US Army’s concept of multi-domain operations. The second area is the ever-increasing demands for information management, and the daunting challenge it poses for any military command system. The third is developments in information technology over the last decades and the more recent shift toward artificial intelligence and automation.