bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questioning the Fairness and Utility of Prior Record Sentence Enhancements
Authors: Frase Richard S 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Most modern sentencing systems endorse some sort of recidivist premium: they impose substantially more severe punishments on repeat offenders, usually in proportion to the number and nature of their prior crimes. And most offenders appearing for sentencing have one or more prior convictions. But these topics had been ignored by most punishment scholars, and no scholar had given them sustained and comprehensive attention, until Julian V Roberts began to address them in the 1990s. Moreover, while almost all legislatures, sentencing commissions, judges, lawyers, correctional officials, and members of the public assumed the validity of prior record enhancement (PRE), they paid little attention to its underlying rationales. Is a crime more blameworthy and thus deserving of more severe retributive punishment when committed by a repeat offender? If so, why? Do enhanced penalties for repeat offenders prevent future crimes in a cost-effective manner? And even if (or when) PREs are deserved and a cost-effective means of crime prevention, are they acceptable if they increase racial disproportionality in prison populations, undermine proportionality of punishment relative to offence seriousness, or cause other undesirable consequences? In response to Roberts’ work, other scholars began to recognize the magnitude of PREs, their questionable rationales, the importance of identifying and stating more clearly the strongest rationales, and the compelling need to reduce the frequency and size of such enhancements. This chapter shows how Roberts’ work revolutionized thinking on this topic and prompted reforms in several US jurisdictions.
Thirty-Five Years of Research on Attitudes to Punishment
Authors: Hough Mike 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the author’s collaboration with Professor Julian V Roberts stretching across thirty-five years of researching public attitudes to crime. It consists of four sections. The first is the author’s account of working with Roberts and describes the origins of their collaboration, the key projects that they worked on, the ‘fit’ of their working styles, and how their programme of research developed over time. The second section is a more conventional academic summary of their work together, exploring key themes and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the work. The third section considers the political context within which much of the work was done and aims to describe its impact on sentencing policy and practice. The fourth section describes the setting up of the Sentencing Academy, in which Roberts has played a central part.
Victims at Parole
Authors: Padfield Nicola 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In 2009, the author wrote a chapter with Julian V Roberts exploring the appropriate role for victims at parole hearings (see Nicola Padfield and Julian V Roberts, ‘Victim Input at Parole: Probative or Prejudicial?’ in Anthony E Bottoms and Julian V Roberts (eds), Hearing the Victim: Adversarial Justice, Crime Victims and the State (Willan 2010)). Since then, there have been significant changes in the law (if not so much in practice) in England and Wales, and this chapter reviews their conclusions in light of these developments. The chapter argues that both the rights and needs of victims continue to be misconstrued and indeed misused. The chapter re-explores the purposes of ‘parole’ and highlights the dangers which may arise if victims are encouraged to believe that they can influence the decision to release on retributive, ‘seriousness of the offence’, grounds. Parole is not currently designed as a re-sentencing exercise. The chapter concludes with a tribute to the breadth of Julian V Roberts’ scholarship and a word of thanks.
The Personhood of Children Revealed in Death
Authors: Garroway Kristine Henriksen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Given that burial involves a form of commemoration and public ritual, and that burials can provide the dying body a form of protection, they are helpful categories for investigating conceptions of personhood. While the preceding chapters touched upon personhood with respect to these categories, this chapter wraps up the study, asking what we might discern regarding personhood from different rituals and commemorative practices for children. It then moves beyond these categories to think more broadly about the personhood of children displayed in death throughout the different regions of ancient Israel, ending with a focus on Judahite children. The study concludes that across the burials examined, infants and children appear to have had some degree of personhood that was measurable in relationship to that of the adults in their communities. Most importantly, it indicates Judahite bench tombs show intergenerational links by presenting a unified approach to the way in which children and infants were incorporated into death-way rituals, thus setting Judah apart as different from the more immediate surrounding regions.
Cognitive reserve and its impact on cognitive and functional abilities, physical activity and quality of life following a diagnosis of dementia: longitudinal findings from the Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) study
Authors: Gamble Laura D , Clare Linda , Opdebeeck Carol , Martyr Anthony , Jones Roy W , Rusted Jennifer M , Pentecost Claire , Thom Jeanette M , Matthews Fiona E 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The concept of cognitive reserve may explain inter-individual differences in susceptibility to neuropathological changes. Studies suggest that experiences over a lifetime impact on cognitive reserve, and it is hypothesised that following a dementia diagnosis, greater reserve levels are linked to accelerated disease progression.

Objective
To investigate the longitudinal impact of cognitive reserve on cognitive and functional abilities, physical activity and quality of life in people with dementia.

Design
Longitudinal cohort design.

Setting and participants
Participants were 1537 people with mild-to-moderate dementia at baseline, 1183 at 12 months follow-up and 851 at 24 months follow-up, from the IDEAL study.

Methods
A comprehensive latent measure of cognitive reserve incorporated domains from all stages of life: education, occupational attainment and later-life engagement in leisure activities. The impact of cognitive reserve on cognition, functional abilities, physical activity and quality of life at baseline and over time was investigated using latent growth curve modelling.

Results
Higher cognitive reserve was associated with better cognition, fewer functional difficulties, more physical activity and better quality of life at baseline but was associated with accelerated cognitive decline and greater dependence over time. After 2 years, those with higher initial reserve were estimated to still have better cognition than those with low reserve.

Conclusions
Cognitive reserve may be important in initially delaying dementia progression but is linked with accelerated deterioration once dementia becomes clinically evident, likely because of the more advanced neuropathological stage of the condition. Engagement in leisure activities is a potentially modifiable domain of cognitive reserve warranting further investigation.
Rigorous Policy Measurement: causal inference challenges and opportunities
Authors: Schnake-Mahl Alina , Diez Roux Ana V , Bilal Usama , Schwartz Gabriel , Burris Scott 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Epidemiologists are increasingly asking questions about the effects of policies on health and health disparities, generally using quasi-experimental methods. Researchers have developed a burgeoning body of rigorous methodological work focused on addressing potential inference challenges arising from modeling choices, study design, data availability, and common sources of bias in policy evaluations using observational data. However, epidemiologists have paid less attention to measurement and operationalization of policy exposures. The field of legal epidemiology offers rigorous, formalized methods to address challenges in measuring policy, yet disciplinary divides have impeded the communication of these approaches from lawyers to epidemiologists. In this article, we use terminology familiar to epidemiologists to describe the field of legal epidemiology, and how challenges in measuring policy exposures can compromise causal inference, with a particular focus on addressing information bias and consistency assumptions. Laws and regulations can address or enforce structural inequities, and understanding challenges to their characterization and measurement can enhance epidemiologic research on their health and health equity effects.
Improving accuracy in the estimation of probable dementia in racially and ethnically diverse groups with penalized regression and transfer learning
Authors: Kim Jung Hyun , Glymour M Maria , Langa Kenneth M , Leist Anja K 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Algorithmic estimations of dementia status are widely used in public health and epidemiological research, however, inadequate algorithm performance across racial/ethnic groups has been a barrier. We present improvements in the accuracy of group-specific "probable dementia" estimation using a transfer learning approach. Transfer learning involves combining models trained on a large "source" dataset with imprecise outcome assessments, alongside models trained on a smaller "target" dataset with high-quality outcome assessments. Transfer learning improves model accuracy by leveraging large source data while refining estimations with smaller, target data. We illustrate with data from the Health and Retirement Study (source data: N=6,630) and the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (target data: N=2,388). Models for dementia status estimation were evaluated through overall accuracy (Brier score), calibration (intercept, slope), and discriminative ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUR; area under the precision-recall curve, AUPRC). The transfer-learned algorithm showed higher accuracy compared to the best previously reported algorithm among both non-Hispanic Black participants (Brier 0.049 vs. 0.061; AUC 0.84 vs. 0.81; AUPRC 0.52 vs. 0.39) and Hispanic participants (Brier 0.052 vs. 0.056; AUC 0.89 vs. 0.87; AUPRC 0.61 vs. 0.56). Transfer learning can improve dementia status estimation for groups historically underrepresented in research.
Impact of DNAH3 deficiency on sperm energy metabolism and motility leading to asthenozoospermia
Authors: Li Jinli , Liu Yingdong , Kong Pengcheng , Chang Qiurong , Chen Siyu , Yang Wanli , Liu Wenqiang , Teng Xiaoming , Guo Yi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Asthenozoospermia, a prevalent contributor to male infertility, exhibits a multifaceted pathogenesis. This study identified a significant downregulation in sperm dynein heavy chain 3 (DNAH3) protein levels in individuals with asthenozoospermia. To elucidate the role of DNAH3 in asthenozoospermia, we constructed Dnah3-knockout mice, which exhibited asthenozoospermia and sterility. The sperm motility of Dnah3-knockout mice significantly declined compared to wild-type mice. However, spermatozoa from Dnah3-knockout mice displayed normal morphology in hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Sperm metabolomics revealed that DNAH3 deficiency disturbed sperm energy metabolism, resulting in substantial reductions of L-palmitoylcarnitine and glycocholic acid. Notably, offspring were successfully obtained from Dnah3-knockout male mice through intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Collectively, these findings indicate that DNAH3 deficiency induces disturbances in energy metabolism, rather than abnormalities in sperm flagellar morphology, culminating in asthenozoospermia development. Our investigation provides valuable insights into understanding asthenozoospermia and offers guidance for clinical consultation.
Polygenic risk scores for atrial fibrillation and heart failure and the risk of stroke and dementia
Authors: Rydén Lina , Seidu Nazib M , Wetterberg Hanna , Najar Jenna , Waern Margda , Kern Silke , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Skoog Ingmar , Zettergren Anna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Atrial fibrillation and heart failure have both been suggested to increase stroke and dementia risk. However, in observational studies, reversed causation and unmeasured confounding may occur. To mitigate these issues, this study aims to investigate if higher genetic risk for atrial fibrillation and heart failure increases dementia and stroke risk. Data were obtained from the population-based Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies in Sweden. Participants (N = 984) were born in 1930 with baseline examinations at age 70, 75, 79 or 85 and follow-ups until age 88–89. Polygenic risk scores at the 5 × 10−8, 1 × 10−5, 1 × 10−3 and 1 × 10−1 thresholds were generated for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Stroke was diagnosed based on self-reports, close-informant interviews, and the National Patient Register. Dementia was diagnosed based on neuropsychiatric examinations, close-informant interviews, and the National Patient Register. Cox regression analyses were performed, adjusted for sex, age at baseline and the first five principal components to correct for population stratification. Those within the highest atrial fibrillation-polygenic risk score tertile had a 1.5 (95% CI 1.09–2.03) increased risk of dementia (at the 1 × 10−5 threshold) and a 1.5 (95% CI 1.07–2.03) increased risk of stroke (at the 1 × 10−3 threshold) compared to the lowest tertile. Those within the highest heart failure-polygenic risk score tertile had a 1.6 (95% CI 1.19–2.27) increased risk of dementia (at the 5 × 10−8 threshold), but no increased risk of stroke (HR 1.2; 95% CI 0.83–1.60 at the 1 × 10−5 threshold), compared to the lowest tertile. When analysing the polygenic risk scores as a continuous variable, the associations were in the same direction, although weaker. This study, investigating genetic risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in relation to stroke and dementia, supports the increasing body of evidence suggesting that atrial fibrillation is associated with both stroke and dementia risk. Whether heart failure increases dementia risk is less established, but the present study found that genetic risk of heart failure increased dementia risk. The finding that genetic risk for heart failure did not increase stroke risk needs to be interpreted with caution, as it may be due to a lack of statistical power. There are guidelines on how to best treat atrial fibrillation to prevent stroke, but more knowledge is needed on how to treat atrial fibrillation and heart failure to prevent dementia.
To intubate or not? Balancing anesthesia in rodent fMRI: strategies to mitigate confounding effects
Authors: Just Nathalie , Hoehn Mathias 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
More than a decade ago, the introduction of intubation and mechanical ventilation for performing blood oxygen level–dependent functional MRI studies in the rodent brain allowed an improved control over the physiological conditions during scanning sessions. An accurate understanding of respiratory parameters permits to respect the 3Rs in animal research, improves significantly the fMRI outcome, and promises improved translational studies. Developments also prompted a better comprehension on anesthetics and their impact on rodent brain physiology and function, bringing new insights on the buildup of carbon dioxide, interhemispheric connectivity, or arousal, which understanding are paramount for maturing better fMRI protocols in awake rodents. Despite many arguments in favor of intubation and subsequent mechanical ventilation, there are also many valid against it. Most importantly, the choice to intubate depends on the anesthesia protocol, where in some cases intubation is essential and impractical in others. This review does not advocate for one approach over the other. Instead, by examining the literature from the past two decades, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the pros and cons of intubation and mechanical ventilation in fMRI studies, offering arguments for an informed decision tailored to the respective research question.
Prior thermal acclimation gives White Sturgeon a fin up dealing with low oxygen
Authors: Dichiera Angelina M , Hannan Kelly D , Kwan Garfield T , Fangue Nann A , Schulte Patricia M , Brauner Colin J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Assessing how at-risk species respond to co-occurring stressors is critical for predicting climate change vulnerability. In this study, we characterized how young-of-the-year White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) cope with warming and low oxygen (hypoxia) and investigated whether prior exposure to one stressor may improve the tolerance to a subsequent stressor through “cross-tolerance”. Fish were acclimated to five temperatures within their natural range (14-22°C) for one month prior to assessment of thermal tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTmax) and hypoxia tolerance (incipient lethal oxygen saturation, ILOS; tested at 20°C). White Sturgeon showed a high capacity for thermal acclimation, linearly increasing thermal tolerance with increasing acclimation temperature (slope = 0.55, adjusted R2 = 0.79), and an overall acclimation response ratio (ARR) of 0.58, from 14°C (CTmax = 29.4 ± 0.2°C, mean ± S.E.M.) to 22°C (CTmax = 34.1 ± 0.2°C). Acute warming most negatively impacted hypoxia tolerance in 14°C-acclimated fish (ILOS = 15.79 ± 0.74% air saturation), but prior acclimation to 20°C conferred the greatest hypoxia tolerance at this temperature (ILOS = 2.60 ± 1.74% air saturation). Interestingly, individuals that had been previously tested for thermal tolerance had lower hypoxia tolerance than naïve fish that had no prior testing. This was particularly apparent for hypoxia-tolerant 20°C-acclimated fish, whereas naïve fish persisted the entire 15-h duration of the hypoxia trial and did not lose equilibrium at air saturation levels below 20%. Warm-acclimated fish demonstrated significantly smaller relative ventricular mass, indicating potential changes to tissue oxygen delivery, but no other changes to red blood cell characteristics and somatic indices. These data suggest young-of-the-year White Sturgeon are resilient to warming and hypoxia, but the order in which these stressors are experienced and whether exposures are acute or chronic may have important effects on phenotype.
Adherence to perindopril/amlodipine/atorvastatin combination according to the administration strategy
Authors: Morabito Gabriella , Rea Federico , Corrao Giovanni , Mancia Giuseppe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
To compare adherence to perindopril/amlodipine/atorvastatin combination administrated as a polypill (one pill) vs. separate tablets.

Methods and results
Using the healthcare utilization database of Lombardy (Italy), 1110 patients who received the perindopril/amlodipine/atorvastatin polypill during 2019–2021 were matched with 1110 patients prescribed the same combination in separate tablets or as two antihypertensive drugs in a single tablet and the lipid-lowering drug tablet separately. Adherence to treatment was assessed over the year after the first perindopril/amlodipine/atorvastatin dispensation as the proportion of the follow-up days covered by prescription (PDC). Patients with a PDC &gt;75% and &lt;25% were defined as highly and poorly adherent, respectively. Adherence dynamics over time were evaluated through group-based trajectory modelling. Cardiovascular-related healthcare costs were also assessed. Log-binomial regression models were fitted to estimate the risk ratio (RR) of treatment adherence associated with the administration strategy. Among the polypill and the separate-pill combination users, 60% and 18% of patients showed high adherence, respectively; the corresponding figures for the low adherence were 5% and 37%. Compared with the separate-pill combination, the polypill increased the propensity to be highly adherent to treatment by 3.29 times (95% confidence interval: 2.88–3.75) and reduced the low adherence risk (RR = 0.13, 0.10–0.18), irrespective of sex, age, comorbidities, and co-treatment burden also throughout the entire follow-up. The polypill was also associated with lower costs (€676 vs. €1068, P = 0.003).

Conclusion
In a real-life setting, the polypill improved treatment adherence and reduced healthcare costs compared to the corresponding separate-pill combination. These findings support current guidelines in favour of the polypill.
Integrating machine learning and nano-QSAR models to predict the oxidative stress potential caused by single and mixed carbon nanomaterials in algal cells
Authors: Qi Qi , Wang Zhuang 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In silico methods are increasingly important in predicting the ecotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), encompassing both individual and mixture toxicity predictions. It is widely recognized that ENMs trigger oxidative stress effects by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), serving as a key mechanism in their cytotoxicity studies. However, existing in silico methods still face significant challenges in predicting the oxidative stress effects induced by ENMs. Herein, we utilized laboratory-derived toxicity data and machine learning methods to develop quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship (nano-QSAR) classification and regression models, aiming to predict the oxidative stress effects of five carbon nanomaterials (fullerene, graphene, graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and their binary mixtures on Scenedesmus obliquus cells. We constructed five nano-QSAR classification models by combining zeta potential (ζP) with the C4.5 decision tree, support vector machine, artificial neural network, naive Bayes, and K-nearest neighbor algorithms. Moreover, we constructed three classification models by integrating the features including ζP, hydrodynamic diameter (DH), and specific surface area (SSA) with the logistic regression, random forest, and Adaboost algorithms. The Accuracy, Recall, Precision and harmonic mean of Precision and Recall (F1-score) values of these models were all higher than 0.600, indicating an excellent performance in distinguishing whether CNMs have the potential to generate ROS. In addition, using the ζP, DH, and SSA descriptors, we combined decision tree regression, random forest regression, gradient boosting, and the Adaboost algorithm, and successfully constructed four nano-QSAR regression models with applicable application domains (all training and testing data points lie within 95% confidence intervals), goodness-of-fit (Rtrain2 ≥ 0.850), and robustness (cross-validation R2 ≥ 0.650) as well as predictive power (Rtest2 ≥ 0.610). The method developed would establish a fundamental basis for more precise evaluations of ecological risks posed by these materials from a mechanistic standpoint.