bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Manufacture of Power Skiving Cutter From Target Circular Spline Geometry
Authors: Cheng Yun-Hao , Chen Yi-Cheng 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this study, a novel design scheme for a power skiving cutter and its grinding wheel profile is proposed based on the geometry of a target circular spline (CS) workpiece. First, a generalized mathematical model of a target CS profile is expressed using a B-spline curve. Subsequently, the nominal cutting edge of the skiving cutter for generating an error-free CS is derived based on power skiving kinematics. In addition, the axial profile of the grinding wheel for generating the derived nominal cutting edge is resolved based on lengthwise-reciprocating grinding kinematics. The proposed design process for the skiving cutter and its grinding wheel is illustrated using numerical examples. The profile accuracy of the CS yielded by the designed nominal cutting edge is computed to validate the proposed design processes. Moreover, errors of the skived CS profile resulting from various resharpening depths by grinding back the stepped rake face of the skiving cutter are investigated. Finally, to effectively extend the tool life of the skiving cutter, a compensation rolling angle is introduced into the CS skiving process.
Design, Analysis, and Experiment of the Origami Robot Based on Spherical-Linkage Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Guan Yuntao , Zhuang Zheming , Zhang Ze , Dai Jian S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Origami robot is a hotspot for research in the field of soft robot. However, there are still some major limitations to their application. This study proposed an origami robot based on spherical-linkage parallel mechanism (SLPM) for realizing some functions that cannot be accomplished by conventional robots. This study designed the manufacturing and assembling processes for the SLPM section according to the needs of practical applications, to explore the influence of flexible hinge on the resistance of SLPM section to lateral and torsional forces, the finite element simulation of SLPM section was performed, and the physical model of SLPM section was made to conduct a series of experiment. Also, an origami robot based on SLPM was also made, and the motion form of the robot was explored by adams. At last, through establishing a mathematical model, the relationship for conversion between the two control modes of the robot was deduced. Based on this, an experiment on the bending angle of the robot was carried out, and the simulation results were compared. This paper will promote the research of origami robot in structure design, motion control, etc.
Investigation on Flow Characteristics and Its Effect on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Wide Channel With Staggered Diamond-S Pin Fins
Authors: Duan Jingtian , Zhang Ke , Xu Jin , Lei Jiang , Wu Junmei 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Flow statistic in the mid-plane of a rectangular channel with diamond-s pin fins was obtained by means of particle imaging velocimetry at Re = 10,000. Large-scale and small-scale fluctuations were separated using proper orthogonal decomposition. The flow characteristics were compared to the Nusselt number distribution on the endwall acquired by thermochromic liquid crystal to reveal the flow mechanism driving heat transfer enhancement. Results indicate that local vorticity plays an important role in strengthening Nu on both sides of leading point (Zone 1). Downstream of the two sharp edges on both sides (Zone 2), small size disturbances from shear layer eddies drive local heat transfer. The flow characteristics and heat transfer distribution downstream of the first row (Zone 3) present alternated feature along Y direction due to the interaction between shear layers of neighboring pin fins. Lateral velocity fluctuation induced by large vortex shedding drives the heat transfer augmentation in Zone 3 where there is violent large vortex shedding. Meanwhile, small size disturbances of the shear layer drive local heat transfer enhancement in Zone 3 downstream of pin fins where large vortex shedding is suppressed. For the second and third rows, there is no difference in the flow characteristics downstream of neighboring pin fins. Small-size fluctuations distributed uniformly downstream of large vortex shedding (Zone 4) resulting in a uniformly distributed Nu.
Longitudinal Analysis of Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Women From Preconception to Postpartum: The Singapore Preconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes Cohort
Authors: Chu Anne H.Y. , Padmapriya Natarajan , Tan Shuen Lin , Goh Claire Marie J.L. , Chong Yap-Seng , Shek Lynette P. , Tan Kok Hian , Gluckman Peter D. , Yap Fabian K.P. , Lee Yung Seng , Loy See Ling , Chan Jerry K.Y. , Godfrey Keith M. , Eriksson Johan G. , Chan Shiao-Yng , Bernard Jonathan Y. , Müller-Riemenschneider Falk 
Published: May 2023

Objective: Longitudinal changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior patterns from preconception to postpartum are not fully characterized. We examined changes and baseline sociodemographic/clinical correlates of PA and sedentary behavior in women from preconception to postpartum. Methods: The Singapore Preconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes cohort recruited 1032 women planning pregnancy. Participants completed questionnaires at preconception, 34 to 36 weeks gestation, and 12 months postpartum. Repeated-measures linear regression models were used to analyze changes in walking, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), screen time, and total sedentary time, and to identify sociodemographic/clinical correlates associated with these changes. Results: Of the 373 women who delivered singleton live births, 281 provided questionnaires for all time points. Walking time increased from preconception to late pregnancy but decreased postpartum (adjusted means [95% CI]: 454 [333–575], 542 [433–651], and 434 [320–547] min/wk, respectively). Vigorous-intensity PA and MVPA decreased from preconception to late pregnancy but increased postpartum (vigorous-intensity PA: 44 [11–76], 1 [−3–5], and 11 [4–19] min/wk, MVPA: 273 [174–372], 165 [95–234], and 226 [126–325] min/wk, respectively). Screen time and total sedentary time remained consistent from preconception to pregnancy but decreased postpartum (screen: 238 [199–277], 244 [211–277], and 162 [136–189] min/d, total: 552 [506–598], 555 [514–596], and 454 [410–498] min/d, respectively). Individual characteristics of ethnicity, body mass index, employment, parity, and self-rated general health significantly influenced women’s activity patterns. Conclusion: During late pregnancy, walking time increased, while MVPA declined significantly, and partially returned to preconception levels postpartum. Sedentary time remained stable during pregnancy but decreased postpartum. The identified set of sociodemographic/clinical correlates underscores need for targeted strategies.
High-flow oxygen therapy in moderate to severe bronchiolitis: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kooiman Louise , Blankespoor Fenneke , Hofman Roy , Kamps Arvid , Gorissen Monique , Vaessen-Verberne Anja , Heuts Ingrid , Bekhof Jolita 
Published: May 2023

Background and objectiveHigh-flow (HF) oxygen therapy is being used increasingly in infants with bronchiolitis, despite lack of convincing evidence of its superiority over low flow (LF). We aimed to compare the effect of HF to LF in moderate to severe bronchiolitis.MethodsMulticentre randomised controlled trial during four winter seasons (2016–2020) including 107 children under 2 years of age admitted with moderate to severe bronchiolitis, oxygen saturation of <92% and severely impaired vital signs. Crossovers were not allowed. HF was administered at flow rates of 2 L/kg for the first 10 kg, plus 0.5 L/kg for every kg >10 kg, LF with a maximum flow rate of 3 L/min. Primary outcome was improvement of vital signs and dyspnoea severity within 24 hours assessed by a composite score. Secondary outcomes were comfort, duration of oxygen therapy, supplemental feedings, hospitalisation duration and intensive care admission for invasive ventilation.ResultsSignificant improvement within 24 hours occurred in 73% of 55 patients randomised to HF and in 78% of 52 patients with LF (difference 6%, 95% CI −13% to 23%). Intention-to-treat analysis revealed no significant differences in any secondary outcome: duration of oxygen therapy, supplemental feedings, hospitalisation and need for invasive ventilation or intensive care admission, except for comfort (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability), which was one point (out of a scale of 0–10) higher in the LF group. No adverse effects occurred.ConclusionWe found no measurable clinically relevant benefit in the use of HF compared with LF in hypoxic children with moderate to severe bronchiolitis.Trial registration numberNCT02913040.
Two-year outcomes following a randomised platelet transfusion trial in
preterm infants
Authors: Moore Carmel Maria , D’Amore Angela , Fustolo-Gunnink Suzanne , Hudson Cara , Newton Alice , Santamaria Beatriz Lopez , Deary Alison , Hodge Renate , Hopkins Valerie , Mora Ana , Llewelyn Charlotte , Venkatesh Vidheya , Khan Rizwan , Willoughby Karen , Onland Wes , Fijnvandraat Karin , New Helen V , Clarke Paul , Lopriore Enrico , Watts Timothy , Stanworth Simon , Curley Anna 
Published: May 2023

Objective
Assess mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of
corrected age in children who participated in the PlaNeT-2/MATISSE
(Platelets for Neonatal Transfusion - 2/Management of Thrombocytopenia
in Special Subgroup) study, which reported that a higher platelet
transfusion threshold was associated with significantly increased
mortality or major bleeding compared to a lower one.

Design
Randomised clinical trial, enrolling from June 2011 to August 2017.
Follow-up was complete by January 2020. Caregivers were not blinded;
however, outcome assessors were blinded to treatment group.

Setting
43 level II/III/IV neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across UK,
Netherlands and Ireland.

Patients
660 infants born at less than 34 weeks’ gestation with platelet
counts less than 50×109/L.

Interventions
Infants were randomised to undergo a platelet transfusion at
platelet count thresholds of 50×109/L (higher
threshold group) or 25×109/L (lower threshold
group).

Main outcomes measures
Our prespecified long-term follow-up outcome was a composite of
death or neurodevelopmental impairment (developmental delay, cerebral
palsy, seizure disorder, profound hearing or vision loss) at 2 years of
corrected age.

Results
Follow-up data were available for 601 of 653 (92%) eligible
participants. Of the 296 infants assigned to the higher threshold group,
147 (50%) died or survived with neurodevelopmental impairment, as
compared with 120 (39%) of 305 infants assigned to the lower threshold
group (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.17, p=0.017).

Conclusions
Infants randomised to a higher platelet transfusion threshold of
50×109/L compared with
25×109/L had a higher rate of death or
significant neurodevelopmental impairment at a corrected age of 2 years.
This further supports evidence of harm caused by high prophylactic
platelet transfusion thresholds in preterm infants.

Trial registration number
NCT87736839.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people from black and mixed ethnic groups’ mental health in West London: a qualitative study
Authors: Lenoir Romane , Wong Keri Ka-Yee 
Published: May 2023

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted vulnerable groups’ physical and mental health, especially young people and minority ethnic groups, yet little is known about the crux of their experiences and what support they would like. To address this gap, this qualitative study aims to uncover the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on young people with ethnic minority backgrounds’ mental health, how this changed since the end of lockdown and what support they need to cope with these issues.DesignThe study utilised semi-structured interviews to conduct a phenomenological analysis.SettingCommunity centre in West London, England.ParticipantsTen 15 min in-person semistructured interviews were conducted with young people aged 12–17 years old from black and mixed ethnic groups who regularly attend the community centre.ResultsThrough Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, results indicated that the participants’ mental health was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with feelings of loneliness being the most common experience. However, positive effects were concurrently observed including improved well-being and better coping strategies post lockdown, which is a testament to the young people’s resilience. That said, it is clear that young people from minority ethnic backgrounds lacked support during the COVID-19 pandemic and would now need psychological, practical and relational assistance to cope with these challenges.ConclusionsWhile future studies would benefit from a larger ethnically diverse sample, this is a start. Study findings have the potential to inform future government policies around mental health support and access for young people from ethnic minority groups, notably prioritising support for grassroots initiatives during times of crisis.
Direct medical charges of all parties in teen-involved vehicle crashes by culpability
Authors: Peek-Asa Corinne , Zhang Ling , Hamann Cara J , O'Neal Elizabeth , Yang Jingzhen 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundMotor vehicle crashes among teen drivers often involve passengers in the teen’s vehicle and occupants of other vehicles, and the full cost burden for all individuals is largely unknown. This analysis estimated direct hospitalisation and emergency department charges for teen-involved crashes by teen culpability, comparing charges for the teen driver, passengers and occupants of other vehicles.MethodsProbabilistic linkage was performed to link the Iowa police crash reports with Iowa emergency department and Iowa hospital inpatient data. Teen drivers aged 14–17 involved in a crash from 2016 through 2020 were included. Teen culpability was determined through the crash report and examined by teen and crash characteristics. Direct medical charges were estimated from charges through linkage to the Iowa hospital inpatient and the Iowa emergency department databases.ResultsAmong the 28 062 teen drivers involved in vehicle crashes in Iowa between 2016 and 2020, 62.1% were culpable and 37.9% were not culpable. For all parties involved, the inpatient charges were $20.5 million in culpable crashes and $7.2 million in non-culpable crashes. The emergency department charges were $18.7 million in teen culpable crashes and $6.8 million in teen non-culpable crashes. Of the $20.5 million total inpatient charges in which a teen driver was culpable, charges of $9.5 million (46.3%) were for the injured teen driver and $11.0 million (53.7%) for other involved parties.ConclusionsCulpable teen-involved crashes lead to higher proportions of injury and higher medical charges, with most of these charges covering other individuals in the crash.
Non-invasive fluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a systematic review
Authors: Feinberg Charles , Mayes Katherine Dickerson , Portman Ellie , Carr Catherine , Mannix Rebekah 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundDespite approximately 55.9 million annual mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) worldwide, the accurate diagnosis of mTBI continues to challenge clinicians due to symptom ambiguity, reliance on subjective report and presentation variability. Non-invasive fluid biomarkers of mTBI offer a biological measure to diagnose and monitor mTBI without the need for blood draws or neuroimaging. The objective of this study is to systematically review the utility of such biomarkers to diagnose mTBI and predict disease progression.MethodsA systematic review performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science followed by a manual search of references without a specified timeframe. Search strings were generated and run (27 June 2022) by a research librarian. Studies were included if they: (1) included human mTBI subjects, (2) assessed utility of a non-invasive biomarker and (3) published in English. Exclusion criteria were (1) non-mTBI subjects, (2) mTBI not assessed separately from moderate/severe TBI, (3) required intracranial haemorrhage or (4) solely assesses genetic susceptibility to mTBI.ResultsA total of 29 studies from 27 subject populations (1268 mTBI subjects) passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twelve biomarkers were studied. Salivary RNAs, including microRNA, were assessed in 11 studies. Cortisol and melatonin were assessed in four and three studies, respectively. Eight salivary and two urinary biomarkers contained diagnostic or disease monitoring capability.DiscussionThis systematic review identified several salivary and urinary biomarkers that demonstrate the potential to be used as a diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring tool for mTBI. Further research should examine miRNA-based models for diagnostic and predictive utility in patients with mTBI.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022329293.
Long-term stress conditions and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk: a nested case–control study
Authors: Eroglu Talip E , Coronel Ruben , Halili Andrim , Kessing Lars Vedel , Arulmurugananthavadivel Anojhaan , Parveen Saaima , Folke Fredrik , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Gislason Gunnar H 
Published: May 2023

ObjectivePatients with stress-related disorders and anxiety are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. However, the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is scarcely investigated. We aimed to establish whether long-term stress (post-traumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder) or anxiety is associated with OHCA in the general population.MethodsWe conducted a nested case–control study in a nationwide cohort of individuals between 1 June 2001 and 31 December 2015 in Denmark. Cases were OHCA patients with presumed cardiac causes. Each case was matched by age, sex and date of OHCA with 10 non-OHCA controls from the general population. HRs for OHCA were derived from Cox models after controlling for common OHCA risk factors. Stratified analyses were performed according to sex, age and pre-existing cardiovascular disease.ResultsWe included 35 195 OHCAs and 351 950 matched controls (median age 72 years; 66.8% male). Long-term stress conditions were diagnosed in 324 (0.92%) OHCA cases and 1577 (0.45%) non-OHCA controls, and were associated with higher rate of OHCA (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.64). Anxiety was diagnosed in 299 (0.85%) OHCA cases and 1298 (0.37%) controls, and was associated with increased rate of OHCA (HR 1.56, 95% CI1.37 to 1.79). We found no interaction with sex, age or history of cardiovascular diseases.ConclusionPatients with stress-related disorders or anxiety have an increased rate of OHCA. This association applies equally to men and women and is independent from the presence of cardiovascular disease. Awareness of the higher risks of OHCA in patients with stress-related disorders and anxiety is important when treating these patients.
Effects of dual use of e-cigarette and cannabis during adolescence on cigarette use in young adulthood
Authors: Islam Talat , Eckel Sandrah , Liu Feifei , Barrington-Trimis Jessica , Harlow Alyssa F , Benowitz Neal , Leventhal Adam , McConnell Rob , Cho Junhan 
Published: May 2023

Introduction
E-cigarette and cannabis use by adolescents are risk factors for smoking initiation. We hypothesised that increasingly common dual use of e-cigarette and cannabis in adolescence leads to more frequent cigarette smoking in young adulthood.

Methods
Data are from a prospective cohort study in Southern California, where 1164 participants who ever used nicotine products in their lifetime completed surveys in 12th grade (T1:2016), and at 24-month (T2) and 42-month (T3) follow-ups. Past 30-day use (number of days: range=0–30) of cigarettes, e-cigarettes and cannabis, and nicotine dependence, were assessed in each survey. Nicotine dependence for cigarettes and e-cigarettes was assessed using original and modified (for e-cigarette) Hooked on Nicotine Checklists (number of dependent products: range=0–2). Path analysis examined the mediation process via nicotine dependence linking baseline e-cigarette and cannabis use to subsequent increased cigarette use.

Results
Baseline exclusive use of e-cigarettes (baseline prevalence, 2.5%) was associated with 2.61-fold increase in frequency of smoking days at T3 (95% CI 1.04 to 13.1), exclusive cannabis use (26.0%) with 2.58-fold increase (95% CI 1.43 to 4.98), and dual use (7.4%) with 5.84-fold increase (95% CI 3.16 to 12.81), compared with baseline non-users. Nicotine dependence at T2 mediated 10.5% (95% CI 6.3 to 14.7) and 23.2% (95% CI 9.6 to 36.3) of the association of cannabis and dual use, respectively, with increased smoking at T3.

Discussion
Adolescent e-cigarette and cannabis use was associated with more frequent smoking during young adulthood, with larger effects of dual use. Associations were partially mediated through nicotine dependence. Dual use of cannabis and e-cigarettes may contribute to the development of nicotine dependence and increased use of combustible cigarettes.
Impact of tobacco spending on intrahousehold resource allocation in Montenegro
Authors: Mugosa Ana , Cizmovic Mirjana , Vulovic Violeta 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundThe main goal of this study is to estimate the crowding out impact of tobacco expenditures on the household budget allocation to other mutually exclusive commodity groups in Montenegro.MethodologyThe analysis uses the Household Budget Survey data from 2005 to 2017 to estimate a system of Engel curves using a three-stage least squares approach. As the tobacco expenditure variable is endogenous to budget shares on other consumption items, instrumental variables were included to obtain consistent estimates.ResultsOverall, the results confirm the existence of the crowding out effect of tobacco spending on various commodities, such as some food items (eg, cereals, fruits and vegetables and dairy products), clothing, housing and utilities, education and recreation while a positive effect of tobacco consumption was estimated on budget shares on bars and restaurants, alcohol, coffee and sugary drinks. These results are consistent throughout the income groups of households. The estimates indicate that an increase in tobacco expenditures leads to reduction in budget shares on essential goods, which is likely to have negative impacts on the household living standard.ConclusionsTobacco expenditure crowds out household spending on necessities, especially in case of the poorest households, thus increasing inequality, hampering human capital development and potentially causing long-term adverse effects on the households in Montenegro. Our results are similar to evidence from other low and middle-income countries. This paper contributes to the analysis of the crowding out effect of tobacco consumption, which was conducted for the first time in Montenegro.