bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Deep Sea Mining Cleaner and Greener
Authors: Rizea Steven A. , Halkyard John E. , Wodehouse Jim , Blevins Robert D. , Johnston Lori , Adamson James , Joshi Kamlesh 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes concepts to minimize the plume generated by unwanted sediments collected along with manganese nodules during hydraulic mining operations. The concept consists of two novel technologies: separating all sediment from the collected nodule slurry to eliminate sediment from entering the riser and lift system, thereby reducing, or eliminating a midwater plume, and subsea electrocoagulation (EC) to create rapidly settling flocs of sediment being discharged from the seafloor collector. The first approach involves designing a gravity separator (hopper) whereby the larger particles fall through an outlet and are entrained with clean water before entering the riser, while all the sediment and water collected with the nodules exits at the hopper overflow. To prevent sediment from being entrained with the nodules, a "reverse hydrocyclone" and secondary hopper is incorporated in the underflow circuit to help maintain a positive pressure differential between the riser inlet and the hopper during operations. The second approach employs the marinization of proven wastewater treatment EC technology to create large metalliferous flocs which attract the sediment causing rapid settling when the slurry is discharged aft of the collector. Work reported here includes numerical (CFD) confirmation of the separator performance, and experimental demonstration of the EC application, as well as techno-economic assessments of the cost impacts of implementing these technologies. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E), and with contributions of sediment for the EC tests by The Metals Company from the Clarion Clipperton Zone and Ocean Minerals, LLC from the Cook Islands EEZ.
Benchmarking Deepwater Semisubmersible Floating Production Unit Developments Sanction to First Production Cycle Times in a Post Pandemic Era
Authors: D’Souza Richard B , Basu Shiladitya 
Published: April 2023

The success of a major deepwater capital project is significantly influenced by how well capital and schedule commitments made at the time of Final Investment Decision (FID) are met. Front End Loading (FEL) activities are the Operators’ work processes leading up to FID. FEL includes reservoir characterization and appraisal, definition of the well construction program and the facilities (production platform, subsea, umbilicals, risers and flowlines (SURF), export systems) that process and export reservoir fluids.
Most deepwater developments can be categorized as major capital or megaprojects, with capital costs ranging from $3 billion to $10 billion. The offshore industry's track record for delivering megaprojects within sanctioned budget and schedule is not stellar. Project economics are seriously eroded if budgeted cost and schedule slip by more than 10%. There are many reasons for slippage, but a root cause is the inadequate allocation of contingency and availability of accurate, current benchmarking data. Operators require independent cost and schedule benchmarking of risked capital costs and Sanction to First Production (STFP) schedules, established at the end of FEL, to validate contingencies before green lighting a project.
Schedule benchmarking compares risked STFP schedule at FID to actual STFP of an analogous project in production. The fabrication, integration, transport, installation, hook up and commissioning of the Floating Production Unit (FPU) is typically on the critical path to first production. Since the FPU topside operating weight is a key schedule driver, schedule benchmarking is comparing the planned STFP of the project awaiting sanctioned to the actual STFP of a producing analogoue FPU project with a topside of similar operating weight and complexity.
Direct Electrical Heating: Single Pipe Vs Pipe-In-Pipe: Is a Double Wall Worth It?
Authors: D’ Huart Pierre Emmanuel , Jardin Antoine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The High-Performance DEH-PiP is a new technology for electrical heating of subsea tie-back flowlines, that minimizes disturbances to the construction and installation process wrt. to standard PiP avoiding the use of internal heating cable, while reaching the same electrical efficiency as e.g. Electrical Heat-Traced (EHT) pipe-in-pipes.
It thus boasts a much higher efficiency than a Wet Insulated DEH pipe. However, no comparison has been done so far on the CAPEX needed. Is a DEH PiP worth its value? Is the second pipe wall worth the expense? The aim of this paper is thus to present a novel comparative study between DEH-PiP and a traditional Wet Insulated DEH single pipe
A complete engineering study has been made (flow assurance, pipeline design, electrical engineering, installation engineering) based on real cases. Full EPCI costs have been evaluated, local content for fabrication quantified, and associated carbon emissions as well during operations
The study concludes that High Performance DEH Pipe-in-Pipe is difficult to compare to Wet insulated Single pipe
The technology was 3% more expensive in CAPEX on the 30km tieback studied, but the margin remains small, and other factors may influence the conclusion. The two technologies remain comparable in a 20-40km range. A DEH-PiP offers more thermal and power efficiency, and other benefits such as greenhouse gases emissions savings. Operational downtime and production fluid properties should also be considered in decision making.
Enhanced ROV Performance Using AR/VR HUDs
Authors: Sapp Casey 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Custom Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), and Virtual Reality (VR) Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) or Heads Up Displays (HUDs) are proving to offer major benefits for Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) operators in enhancing situational awareness, decreasing task time, and at a corporate level reducing the total cost of an ROV operation. In this paper Casey Sapp will examine the state of the technology, pertinent case studies, and operator outcomes from recent tests.
The AR/VR interfaces described in this paper leverages the recent development in affordable Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Head Mounted Display (HMD) technology to visualize operational ROV data with real end users and commercial clients. Technology demonstrations and user data acquisition has occurred since 2018 starting with Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and currently with Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) PMS 408.
The findings in this paper offer scalable system architectures and tools which are possible to implement today by ROV services companies Oil & Gas industry. The conclusions show that AR/VR HUDs have a material impact on operator satisfaction, decreasing complexity of a project, and Return on Investment (ROI) by reducing the total cost of an operation. Blue Ring has ongoing studies which are consistent with studies performed in the past with partners including Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and are establishing improved performance and cost reductions. More statistical results are forthcoming.
Through five years of prototyping and experimentation with end users both in live environments and through simulation Casey will provide real case studies and observations where AR/VR HUDs have made a difference with real organizations who use ROVs. The concepts and results can be easily transferred to other subsea industries including Oil & Gas.
3D Mad Dog Pressure and Stress Prediction Coupling Seismic Velocities, Pressure, and Stress Measurements
Authors: Nikolinakou Maria A , Dosser Xiaonan Wang , Flemings Peter B , Johri Madhur 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We predict pressure and stress in the 3D Mad Dog field using the Full Effective Stress (FES) pressure-prediction workflow. The FES workflow incorporates the full stress tensor (e.g., lateral stress and deviatoric stresses) into pressure prediction: it uses a geomechanical model to predict mean total and shear stresses in the 3D field and a relationship between velocity and equivalent effective stress (instead of vertical effective stress) to account for both mean- and shear-induced pore pressure generation. In complex geologic settings, such as salt basins or thrust belts, compaction depends on non-vertical and differential stresses; in such settings, the FES method offers a significant improvement over the traditional approach, that is based on the vertical effective stress. We focus our study on the anticline below the Mad Dog salt at the original platform area. We quantify the mean and shear-induced overpressures and show that shear-induced pressures account for 80% of the total overpressure in front of the salt. We also show that shear-induced pressures are the source of more than 1.5ppg overpressure in the anticline below salt, where the mean-stress approach alone predicts underpressures (less than hydrostatic). Higher pressures and the decrease in lateral stress in the anticline area lead to a 1ppg drilling window (defined in this paper as the difference between the pore pressure and minimum principal stress at any given depth). This drilling window is shifted to higher overpressures by 0.4ppg compared to the VES prediction. We find that the stress ratio in the mudrocks decreases to ~55% of its uniaxial value. Furthermore, we show that the velocity-informed geomechanical model is able to predict the pore pressure regression observed at Mad Dog and the regional hydraulic connectivity in the area. The three-dimansional (3D) geomechanical model is built in Horizon (Elfen). The known pressure regression in the sands is modeled; mudrock pore pressures are initialized using the VES estimate. Modified Cam Clay is used to quantify mean- and shear-induced compaction. Overall, we demonstrate that incorporating the full stress tensor is important for pressure and stress prediction at Mad Dog, and that the FES method, by providing both pressure and stress, can help improve drilling-window estimates.
Transforming the Trajectory Control from Conventional Motor Drilling to Autonomous Rotary Steerable Systems
Authors: Phan Van Chinh , Al Fakih Abdulqawi , Gonzales Luis Felipe , Osman Ahmed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The most challenging section in drilling directional wells is the curve section. This curve section used to be drilled by a conventional steerable motor with a slide/rotate decision with the greater challenges of poor hole cleaning efficiency and increased drilling time. The Rotary Steerable System (RSS) was introduced in a turnkey project by eliminating slide and rotate limitations to reduce the cost per foot. Initially, the downhole automation of the RSS was limited to holding verticals and inclinations. Later, the closed-loop control progressed to hold inclination and azimuth, but the curve section remained unautomated. The driller continued to drill the curve section manually by adjusting the steering parameters. A new Autonomous Downhole Control System (ADCS) recently integrated into the RSS enables autonomous drilling of the curve section, further reducing human inconsistencies and improving borehole quality, drilling efficiency, well economic, and reducing carbon footprint.
Multiple offset wells were analyzed. Different BHA configurations were studied with various stabilizations to increase the dogleg capability. Bit records were gathered and analyzed for steerability and stability. The trajectory design was revisited to ensure minimum dogleg severity was considered at the planning stage. This ensured staying within the RSS's technical limits and avoiding unplanned pulling out of the hole due to failure to maintain the trajectory. The specific field strategy was prepared with the digital journey of intelligent planning, intelligent execution, surface automation, and downhole automation. The RSS was incorporated with the newly developed ADCS, placing the driller into the supervisory role to monitor the digital drilling system.
The RSS was introduced in a turnkey project to reduce the cost per foot by improving the ROP, drilling shoe-to-shoe in one run, having efficient hole cleaning to avoid stuck pipe incidents, and having a smoother borehole for running casing and liner. The new ADCS incorporated into the RSS completed the automation puzzle and has been tested successfully in many wells on the same project. It transfers human decision-making to the downhole control, further increasing ROP in some cases by up to 100% and up to three days saved on each well drilled.
This paper will illustrate the detailed BHA change in curved and horizontal sections from mud motor to the RSS with the significant progression of downhole automation and a future view for autonomous drilling in similar fields worldwide.
Acoustic Set Liner Hanger for HPHT Applications
Authors: Nordenstam Leif , Krueger Matt , O’Connor Keven Michael , O’Keefe Kyle 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Thousands of liner systems are deployed annually to reduce cost, time, and risk compared to casing long strings. Early liner hanger systems would require mechanical actuation (rotating or reciprocating drill pipe) to deploy the liner section. This method limited the ability to rotate and reciprocate the liner string when encountering high deviation and restrictions, particularly as well trajectories moved towards higher levels of deviation. The hydraulic actuated systems, found in both conventional and expandable liner hanger systems, allow the liner string to be manipulated with rotation and reciprocation. The traditional method for setting a hydraulic liner hanger includes the use of single or multiple activation balls being dropped from the surface so that pressure can be applied to the work string to function the hydraulic liner hanger and running tool. However, in complex wells such as HPHT, deep-water, and extended-reach applications, many operational issues experienced with running hydraulic liner hangers are related to limited surface indications on what is transpiring downhole and not landing the ball on seat, which can lead to Non Productive Time (NPT).
Developing a liner hanger system that provides real time downhole readings throughout the drill pipe string and does not rely on pipe manipulation or dropping activation balls from surface will dramatically decrease high impact NPT and increase the overall operational capabilities of liner hangers. To respond to these industry needs, a new system to deploy and actuate a liner hanger on demand was needed. This paper presents a novel system which utilizes distributed sensing along the work string by means of an acoustic telemetry network. The liner hanger system uses that same acoustic network to communicate to and actuate the liner hanger, removing many of the challenges facing liner installations.
Results of the Initiatives Conducted by New FPSOs Program (PROFORT) in the First Period of Execution
Authors: Froes da Silva Lourenço Lustosa , Henriques Carlos Cunha Dias , De Lima Leonardo Schacherl 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the results achieved in the first three years of FPSO projects execution after a Program called PROFORT (New FPSOs Program) in Company, which combines relevant contract, engineering and market pillars to achieve Company goals on New FPSOs Program. This paper describes Company surface installation department main initiatives in the PROFORT program. Those initiatives were first identified in 2019 as main pillars of Company Strategic Plan to build FPSOs. The first part of the Program was concluded with the successful signature of the contracts for the P-78 and P-79 FPSOs construction. Some of the initiatives of PROFORT program are related to: (i) contract terms and exhibits; (ii) basic engineering; (iii) bidding process; (iv) basic engineering endorsement and (v) contractual tools.
Company has been collecting lessons learned from projects executed over the last 10 years. Based on a prioritized list of lessons learned, PROFORT program defined its action plan, with following key points: 1. The contract was updated to have a single main contractor with a construction (and design) track record consistent with the upcoming complexity of new FPSOs generation (Oil processing capacity: 180 kbpd; Liquid processing: 200 kpd; Water injection: 240 kbpd @220 bar; Gas Compression - 7,2 SMMm³/d; Export – 3 SMMm³/d; Water Depth: ~2.000 m; Spread Mooring; high CO2; contaminants etc.). 2. The FPSO basic engineering evolved to integrate the contract and together with an initial period of validation by contractor (through a basic engineering endorsement). The intention is to bring to the initial phase of the contract the major discussions and therefore to minimize scope changes and consequent impacts on late execution phase. 3. The contractual tools, as a pre-defined small amount of unit prices, were included so that the management of the contract can solve minor scope changes promptly and stop a "snowball" effect.
The combined initiatives are the PROFORT program. This program fosters stronger integration and coordination in Petrobras surface installation project teams by sharing lessons learned and existing knowledge. From an external perspective, this way of working has allowed a better alignment of interests between Company and its suppliers with focus on Strategic Plan target of delivering the new FPSOs.
Magnetic Anti-Scaling Accessory for Offshore Wells
Authors: De Souza Júnior José Roberto , Deroubaix Antoine , Nogueira Raynel Lopes , Machado Gabriel , Silva Jorge Alberto , Pusard Mickael , Doria Andre Santos , De Oliveira Paulo Guilherme Oliveira , De Oliveira Fernando Salatiel , Ferreira Marcus Vinicius Duarte , Oliveira Antonio Francklin , Martins André Leibsohn 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Scale build up is a challenge faced by the O&G Industry. During production, it may cause clogging of pipes and lead to well interventions. An alternative solution increasingly studied over the years is the magnetic treatment of the fluids. This study describes the development of magnetic anti-scale accessories for deployment in offshore wells to figth scaling. Two accessories have been designed and manufactured according to the criterias defined by O&G operator. Qualification tests (vibration, shock, and hydrostatic tests) and magnetic measurements have been conducted to assess the accessories robustness and both were approved for field test. One accessory has already been successfully installed in an offshore field of Brazil and a comprehensive installation program of more accessories for the next years is being designed within PETROBRAS to better evaluate the technology efficiency.
Advanced Digital Solutions for Remote Operations and Minimally Staffed Facilities
Authors: Godavarthi Rama , Leto Alessandro 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Digital transformation enables companies that adopt digital tools to improve efficiency and advance innovation. For offshore oil and gas operators benefits of digital technologies include: minimization of risks mobilizing personnel offshore; data-driven methodologies that can identify opportunities to reduce OPEX while maintaining quality; and reduced downtime of critical equipment with optimized maintenance, avoiding any compromise on cybersecurity standards.
We explore an unmanned rotating equipment package solution, developed in collaboration with primary offshore operators. Unmanned operations of equipment are achievable with the introduction of different solutions: hardware and control system modifications, surveillance systems, and digital services for advanced degradation monitoring. In maintenance optimization, the models are used to build degradation patterns and estimate residual useful life, thus enabling risk-based maintenance. Risk level is also illustrated with the FMEA methodology, which capitalizes on the fleet-based expertise.
Maintenance activities requiring people at site are carried out during campaign visits, typically scheduled every 6 months. As opposed to a reactive-based approach, the residual life models and risk-based approach of maintenance optimizer helps prioritize work scope during these visits.
Beyond benefits due to on-site tasks reduction or executed remotely, unmanned technology offers advantages such as increased safety, a lower carbon footprint and reduced total cost of ownership.
Flow Characteristics of Intermittent Flow in Inclined Pipes
Authors: Zhu Qianwei , Fan Yilin , Pereyra Eduardo , Sarica Cem 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The importance of churn and pseudo-slug flow has been recognized, especially during recent years. Churn and pseudo-slug flow characteristics study in inclined pipes are still quite limited. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the inclination angle effect on slug to churn/pseudo-slug transition and the slug (Taylor Bubble) flow existence in large diameter pipes. The tests were conducted in a 0.1016-m ID pipe facility for inclination angles ranging from 2 to 90 degrees at 84-psia test section pressure. Tap water and compressed air were used as the test fluids. Wire-Mesh-Sensors (WMS) were used for flow characteristics measurement and visualizations.
Integrated Asset Lifecycle Management for Rotating and Static Equipment Using Machine Learning: A Review
Authors: Kusumawardhani Mayang , Markeset Tore 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The accelerated pace of digital advancement has propelled organizations’ adaptation of sensor technologies in the operations and maintenance of the production facilities to stay relevant. Together with it, the industry is also encountering post-pandemic challenges in logistics, costs and the commitment towards the net zero environmental targets in 2050. Further, without a sound understanding of machine learning and statistical techniques, an organization might fail to harness the optimum value of sensor data. Thus, this paper provides an overview of various techniques used in operations and maintenance of rotating and static equipment. The paper aims to find an integrated model that can anticipate equipment failure and optimize the spare parts replacement time, ultimately optimizing decision-making in managing the asset's lifecycle.