bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anglicisation
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines anglicisation—or ‘civility’ as contemporaries would have termed it—in Ireland as an instrument of English imperialism. In Sections I, II, and III anglicisation as process is explored from three interconnected perspectives: first, the cultural and religious; second, the political and legal; and, third, the landed and economic. Resistance to anglicisation—ranging from revolts and rebellions to agrarian, political, and intellectual protest, to a continued commitment to Catholicism—is a thread running across the three sections. Anglicisation—and the cultural, linguistic, legal, and economic imperatives associated with it—also characterised English and later British imperialism in their other colonies in the Atlantic, Asia, and Africa, and remained a feature of life in Ireland despite efforts by cultural nationalists, including Douglas Hyde, to ‘de-anglicise’ Ireland.
A Menagerie of Plant Strategy Models
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Categorical life forms only partially explain species distributions along climatic gradients. Plant strategy models that emphasize demographic life history traits were designed to explain temporal vegetation dynamics in response to disturbance. Plant strategy models that emphasize morphological, physiological, and phenotypic traits (i.e., functional traits) were developed to explain responses to gradients in resource availability. Tilman’s model assumes that the soil nutrient-to-light ratio is sufficient to explain variation in light and soil resource availability. Grime’s CSR model is the most widely recognized and cited plant strategy model. The CSR model assumes that habitat productivity and duration are the primary agents of selection and that three main strategies evolved in response to them: competitors, stress-tolerators, and ruderals. He declared that no plant could adapt to high stress and high disturbance simultaneously. Grubb and Craine each expanded the stress-tolerant strategy into additional groups. Westoby proposed a leaf-height-seed model where strategies can be quantified by the location of a species in a trait space defined by specific leaf area, height at maturity, and seed mass. Some ecologists emphasize demographic differences among species and others emphasize functional differences. The goal of this book is to synthesize these perspectives by articulating a demographic approach to functional ecology.
Life History Theory Applied to Plants
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Life history theory assumes that natural selection optimizes fitness and that trade-offs among fitness components constrain the possible combinations of life history traits. Types II and III survivorship curves are the most common curves in plants, indicating that rates of survival and reproduction do not inevitably decline with age in plants. The advantage of one life history strategy over the other depends on the ratio of mature to juvenile survival. Iteroparous perennials will be favored when juvenile survival is low or unpredictable, whereas semelparous annuals will be favored when juvenile survival is high and when adult survival is low. For perennial plants, little data exists on reproductive schedules, but they appear to be quite variable across species. There is some doubt among ecologists that senescence occurs in iteroparous species. In a recent review, the majority of studies that tracked ages and demographic rates in herbaceous perennial plants found no evidence for age effects on mortality or fecundity, and researchers have speculated that this is due to the modular nature of plants. Some ecologists are satisfied with a purely life history perspective on plant strategies, but life history traits alone are not sufficient for understanding plant adaptations to environmental conditions.
Plant Strategies Along Resource, Disturbance, and Temperature Gradients
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The classic fitness function of a trait is a unimodal curve, where there is a single trait value that optimizes fitness in a given environment and traits to either side of the peak confer weaker fitness benefits. However, multiple combinations of trait values can simultaneously optimize fitness in a given environment, and this changes the unimodal fitness function into a multimodal fitness function. Rapid acquisition of resources is critical for maintaining the high growth rates that are required to compete in a resource-rich environment. The difference between water and nutrient limitation is that water must be lost from the plant to photosynthesize, whereas nutrients can be reused and recycled. The vegetation canopy in productive environments will close given sufficient time after a disturbance, and canopy closure leads to light limitation. High-resource conditions following a disturbance will select for species with fast pace of life, low degrees of iteroparity, and short lifespans. Plants would be far more efficient in the absence of herbivores, but the benefits of defending themselves against being eaten are greater than the costs. There are two general mechanisms of persistence in crown fire regimes: resprouting from dormant meristems or seedling recruitment. In surface fire regimes, fire escapers grow tall and protect their lateral meristems with thick bark. Photosynthetic pathways and woody plant leaf habit are strong categorical determinants of distributions along minimum temperature gradients.
Empirical Approaches to Infer Fitness from Traits
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The fitness of a single species varies along environmental gradients. The fitness of multiple species along environmental gradients can be modeled as a non-linear interaction between their traits and the environment. Changes in demographic rates will determine whether species ranges shift in response to climate change. Observational approaches to modeling fitness can leverage long-term monitoring datasets and population models. Intrinsic and invasion growth rates can be computed after accounting for conspecific and heterospecific neighborhood densities, although these methods differ from those in modern coexistence theory. Observations of failed introductions into unsuitable habitats are just as important as observations of stable and growing populations. Observational demographic datasets often lack measurements of population declines outside their natural range of environmental conditions precisely because the species cannot live in those conditions. Experiments are useful to identify the environments in which populations decline by forcing the filtering process to occur, although large observational datasets may have enough variation in them to still be useful. Common gardens beyond species ranges are the gold standard because they provide experimental control over environmental conditions and competitive interactions. Integrative measures of fitness are superior to single demographic rates at detecting reductions in performance beyond species ranges.
Self-Consciousness, Cognition, and the Taking Condition
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops Kant’s understanding of the connections between rationality and self-consciousness, focusing on the manner in which our rational powers are capacities for cognition (Erkenntnis). The chapter gives a detailed reading of what cognition for Kant involves, taking care to distinguish it from the conception of knowledge that has dominated the contemporary epistemological debate. Then it turns to the connections between this notion and the idea that rational powers are essentially self-conscious. There we will see that it follows from Kant’s conception of cognition that acts of cognition always involves a kind of (often implicit) consciousness of their own standards of correctness. Thus, any faculty for cognition is also a capacity for a consciousness of the standards that apply to that form of cognition. This provides one important way of understanding why Kant takes rational or cognitive powers to be self-conscious—one which establishes interesting connections between Kant’s philosophy and the recent debate about whether inference is governed by a “taking condition”.
The Autonomy of Reason and the Capacity for Autonomy
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to the idea of reason as the capacity for a sort of genuinely autonomous activity or self-organization. In doing so, it develops the claims of the last three chapters by arguing that the idea of reason as autonomous ultimately expresses the same fundamental conception of reason as the idea of reason as the capacity for comprehension or cognition from principles. The chapter attempts to show that comprehension and autonomy are simply two (equally important) ways of capturing what is valuable about the distinctive activity of reason as Kant understands it. As we will see, each of these ways of thinking about reason’s activity is useful for certain purposes, but both are required if we are to fully understand Kant’s conception of reason and its unity. In other words, for Kant, the unity of theoretical and practical reason can only be fully understood if we understand the unity of comprehension and autonomy.
Cutting Deals (the Coase Theorem)
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The problem of two players, trying to resolve a conflict of interests, to their mutual benefit, may be one of economics, simplest problems. It also raises some of the most fundamental questions that economists ask: can the players, on their own, devise an economically efficient resolution, or do they require the assistance of other parties? The chapter introduces the famous Coase Theorem, which argues that no assistance is required if the bargaining is free of frictions. The chapter tries to understand what such frictions may be. Much of the chapter is dedicated to introducing some basic concepts of Game Theory, an important analytical framework in economics. A precise definition of economic efficiency, in the Pareto sense, is provided.
Market Failures
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter explores deviations from the perfect-competition model in the form of oligopoly and missing markets (externalities, public goods) and the circumstances under which such deviations could lead to a loss of economic efficiency. It discusses the difficulties of identifying such circumstances in practice, an issue of great significance to economic regulation. The public-good nature of information is a likely source of frictions in financial markets. Institutions that do not appear in the idealized order of perfect competition may be devices innovated by market players in order to overcome trading frictions; standard debt contracts and banking institutions are examples. The chapter also demonstrates that market liquidity has public-good properties.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis study has two major aims. The first is to reconstruct Kant’s writings and lectures on classification within the methodological debates unfolding in the eighteenth century concerning the extension of Newtonian science from mathematical physics to the generation of material things. The second is to present a new interpretation of the place of natural history in Kant’s theory of science, and to show how this interpretation can enhance our understanding of reason’s regulative use in his critical philosophy. To achieve these goals, the study will unfold in three parts: (1) the transformation of natural history, (2) Kant’s physical system of nature, and (3) critical philosophy and scientific method.
ChartingTerra Incognita
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that the epistemological and metaphysical changes required to establish a developmental conception of nature as an acceptable programme of research occurred through the extension of Newtonian science to events and processes that are not strictly amenable to mathematical demonstration. It begins with Newton’s ambiguous legacy, which left several unanswered questions regarding the metaphysical implications of the mathematical conception of force presented in Principia. It then identifies three interpretations of Newtonian science, each advancing a distinct framework for extending Newton’s method to plant and animal physiology: Stephen Hales’ mechanical Newtonianism, which applies attraction and repulsion to the movement of fluids throughout the plant conceived of a hydraulic machine; Georges Buffon’s materialist Newtonianism, which attempts to explain the generative process on the assumption of organic forces resident in matter itself; and Albrecht von Haller’s analogical Newtonianism, which opens a science of animal movement that retains Newton’s refusal to speculate about hidden causes.
Seeking Order in Nature
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines Kant’s critical philosophy against the backdrop of methodological questions concerning the use of hypotheses in natural history. It proposes a normative interpretation of reason’s regulative use, according to which the empirical use of reason’s ideas is both legitimate, for ideas merely prescribe the relations between appearances and their conditions, and necessary, for they indicate the context of intelligibility in which the understanding can have a coherent use. On this interpretation, natural history is scientific to the extent that it presents a physical-mechanical (and thus explanatory) system. While Kant denies natural history the statues of a proper science, this restriction directs us to evaluate the strength of our reasons for assenting to hypotheses.
The Method of Natural History
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractKant’s presentation of the antinomy of reflecting judgement can be seen as a culminating moment in his work on natural history. While commentators often deny that there can be a genuine antinomy of reflecting judgement, this chapter argues that when viewed as a conflict between two maxims that arise when natural historians attempt to classify natural products according to material generation, there is an antinomy of reflecting judgement, and, moreover, that it requires a different kind of resolution to the Antinomies of the first Critique. The thrust of Kant’s resolution is to show that if we consider the conflict as one that arises due to the peculiar character of discursive cognition, we can develop a logically consistent method for natural history that retains the conflict between the two maxims.
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Conclusion recapitulates the study’s major claims. Kant’s a priori conception of proper science was not a foil to biology, and neither was his account of natural purposiveness a proto-Darwinian theory of morphological change. Rather, Kant’s account of natural science features within a series of attempts made by natural philosophers to anchor the historical examination of natural products in a defensible metaphysics of nature. These attempts continued to face theoretical problems, for they were unable to reconcile Newton’s mathematical account of force with either a physical-mechanical conception of the natural system or the material generation of living things. Kant’s critical philosophy alters the field, for by anchoring natural science in the structure of rational thought it removes the reconstruction of past events from the domain of cognition and places it instead in an intersubjective sphere of historical knowledge.
Armchair Knowledge
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay considers a puzzle associated with ‘armchair knowledge’, that is to say, knowledge that is not warranted by experience. The puzzle is that each of the following claims seems true although they also seem mutually incompatible: there is armchair knowledge; some armchair knowledge, if such there be, concerns what is beyond the subject; and armchair knowledge does not involve any appeal to any particular encounter with anything beyond the subject. The Kantian solution to this puzzle, namely transcendental idealism, is a view whereby some of what the subject has knowledge of has a form that depends on the subject. After discussion of the scope and limits of this solution, it is argued both that it is the only available solution when the armchair knowledge in question is synthetic and that it is incoherent, from which it is concluded that there is no such thing as synthetic armchair knowledge. But this is all on the assumption that the armchair knowledge in question is knowledge of what is necessary. In the final section of the essay consideration is given to other solutions to the puzzle that may be available if the knowledge in question is knowledge of what is contingent.
A Kantian View of Moral Luck
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Kant’s moral vision appears to be resolutely opposed to the very possibility of moral luck. But it is argued that, if we distinguish between good moral luck, whereby an agent deserves moral praise for something that is not in their control, and bad moral luck, whereby an agent deserves moral blame for something that is not in their control, then it would be at least Kantian, if not a commitment of Kant’s own, to accept the possibility of bad moral luck. Indeed, it is argued that, on a suitably Kantian view, bad moral luck is what evil consists in, an evil agent being an agent who culpably loses control. This signals an important asymmetry, since an agent who does not lose control, and who thereby exercises their freedom, is not a beneficiary of good moral luck: their virtue consists precisely in their being in control of what they are doing. These ideas are explored through a series of comparisons and contrasts, notably with the views of Plato and Aristotle and with the traditional Christian doctrine of grace whereby there is a kind of good moral luck in the form of justification through the death of Christ.
On the Right Track
Authors: Moore A. W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay first appeared as a critical notice of Crispin Wright’s Rails to Infinity. Its main focus is one of the main foci of Wright’s book: how self-consciousness about a ‘grammar’ of ours, to use Wittgenstein’s term, can lead to various sorts of scepticism about the acceptability of that grammar. This idea is considered principally in connection with mathematics. It is argued, in line with both Wright and Wittgenstein, that we can resist such scepticism provided that we also resist asking certain constitutive questions in connection with the grammar, which in turn involves acquiescing in the idea that we could not so much as operate with the grammar were it not for certain facts of (human) nature. The final section of the essay takes issue with Wright’s treatment of Wittgenstein’s argument against the possibility of a private language.
The Middle English Book
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Middle English Book addresses a series of quite basic—but largely, as yet, unanswered—questions about the copying and circulation of literature in late medieval England: How do we make sense of the variety of manuscripts surviving from this period? Who copied and disseminated these diverse manuscripts? Who read the literary texts that they transmit? And what was the relationship between those copying literature and those reading it? To answer these questions, this book examines 202 literary manuscripts from the period 1350–1500 (that is, every surviving and substantially complete pre-1500 copy of The Prick of Conscience, William Langland’s Piers Plowman, and John Lydgate’s ‘Dietary’ and ‘Stans puer ad mensam’). First, this study suggests that most surviving manuscripts fall into four categories, depending on the proximity and relationship of that manuscript’s scribes and readers. But beyond proposing these new categories, this book also looks at the history of writing practices, demonstrating the ubiquity of bureaucracies within late medieval England. As a result of this examination, The Middle English Book argues that literary production was a decentred affair, one taking place within these numerous modest, yet complex, institutions that supported writing. But it also argues that, because literary production arose in such scattered bureaucracies, manuscripts were local products, produced within the cultural and economic milieu of their users. Manuscripts thus form a fundamentally different sort of cultural artefact than the printed books with which we are familiar—a form of centralized, urbanized, and commercialized textual production that was just over the historical horizon in late medieval England.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Introduction argues that manuscript studies needs to encompass larger corpora in order for our arguments to have purchase on large questions of literary culture. To this end, the Introduction details the book’s methodology of studying the entire surviving corpus of four Middle English texts: The Prick of Conscience, Piers Plowman, and John Lydgate’s ‘Dietary’ and ‘Stans puer ad mensam’. This corpus encompasses 202 manuscripts. The Introduction also outlines the book’s research methodology, which ranges across codicology, dialectology, palaeography, and provenance. The Introduction then offers a detailed discussion of codicological terminology to follow, with a particular focus on ‘booklet theory’, as well as a detailed defence of using the Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English to place and localize manuscript production.
The Streamlined Book
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines what I term Streamlined Books—those manuscripts produced in a straightforward manner, likely in response to a single commission. These manuscripts tend to be aesthetically unprepossessing, and they seem to have been produced in one go. Books made in this way could be either extrinsic or intrinsic—made, that is, either remote from, or close to, those commissioning them. Evidence for extrinsic production of such books can be found in those books copied by prolific scribes, for such scribes were likely working in urban centres with an active scribal copying industry, to which owners would have sent for the production of their books. Other Streamlined Books have evidence that they were made in proximity to their owners, from scribes who worked nearby.
The Evolving Book
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines those manuscripts whose design evolved as production proceeded, and thus for which one assumes a close connection between producers and users. Codicological evidence for such books is found in variety across their scribal stints, quire length, materials, and general quality of execution. Such variety is due, it is argued, to such books being produced in less concentrated milieus, with producers likely working near the homes of users. Such books also often have a comparatively wide range of contents, and thus this chapter examines books focused on household knowledge, medical knowledge, literary texts, and religion.
The Proliferation of Scribes, II
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers an ethnography of writing for late medieval England. This chapter surveys the numerous institutions that, by the second half of the thirteenth century, had come to rely upon the production of documents for their daily functioning. The following bureaucracies are examined: bishops’ chanceries, cathedrals, parishes, city governments, and rural households. Each of these institutions employed men from their immediate vicinity to copy documents. Such cadres of local copyists, it is argued, offer the best explanation for how the manuscripts discussed in the preceding chapters came to be.