bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental Illness Representations in the German Mass Media
Authors: Iakushevich Marina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Depression is a common illness worldwide and, as a consequence, is constantly present in the mass media. This chapter discusses the media strategies and representations of depression in three German newspapers in the period from 1951 to 2015. Following the tradition of linguistic discourse analysis, the author seeks to explore the means used to create a specific medial image of depression. To do so, narrative structures and discourse metaphors are analyzed, especially the use of the conceptual metaphors DEPRESSION IS A HEAVY BURDEN, DEPRESSION IS A FALL, and DEPRESSION IS DARKNESS. They are shown to express the inner, psychic experience of people with depression while also structuring the media discourse surrounding depression.
Crisis and Rebirth
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts Gifftheil’s growth into a prophet. It begins by detailing his escape from Neuenbürg, and then his spiritual awakening in Bremen in 1624. After this point, Gifftheil considered himself a prophet, reborn in the spirit. Initially, Gifftheil felt compelled to use his prophetic office to stop the war in Germany. The chapter details a decade of Gifftheil’s travels in search of a following to Silesia, Brandenburg, England, Prussia, Denmark, and elsewhere, and his early contact with rulers and generals in the war. It also charts his initial contacts with theosophers like Abraham von Franckenberg, Silesia’s Schwenckfelders, and Lorenz Grammendorf in Berlin. At the conclusion of the chapter Gifftheil confronts Lucas Osiander in Tübingen, after which he is imprisoned for a second time in Württemberg, prompting a further transformation into ‘God’s Warrior.’ After this point, Gifftheil no longer strived for peace but for holy war.
War and Peace
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the incongruity of Gifftheil’s efforts to wage war just as European states were themselves attempting to settle a peace. It begins by outlining the debate that exploded around Gifftheil’s warfare in 1642, mainly between Gifftheil’s supporters and followers of Jacob Böhme. Gifftheil’s return to the Netherlands and settlement in Amsterdam is detailed. Gifftheil condemned any attempt by worldly powers to establish peace to contradict God’s command, and believed such a peace would only prove fleeting. The chapter also shows how Gifftheil won the renowned pacifist Christian Hoburg as a supporter, and how he forged new contacts in Amsterdam, such as with the printer Hans Fabel. Yet by 1649, Gifftheil had failed to avert the assassination of King Charles I of England, and peace had been struck by worldly powers against his will.
Epilogue
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This epilogue concludes the volume by examining Gifftheil’s place in history, and outlining tasks for further research. It examines Gifftheil’s descent into oblivion shortly after the death of Friedrich Breckling, and the re-emergence in the twentieth century of scholarly interest in the prophet. It suggests that all of these efforts have missed the crucial familial aspect to Gifftheil’s story. The chapter then details tasks for further research, including the deeper investigation of Gifftheil’s networks, the implications of prophecy for the history of madness, the potential study of prolific prophecy as akin to a trade, and the ramifications of Gifftheil’s case for understanding the history and diversity of the theosophical current in Europe. Finally, it suggests that substantial research on Gifftheil’s influence on the apocalyptic origins of Lutheran missionary activities is warranted.
The Struggle for Law in the Oceans
Authors: Moore John Norton 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Struggle for Law in the Oceans argues that the United States, by following a misleading isolationist narrative and not acceding to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), has harmed and continues to harm its interests. These interests include, but are not limited to, access to deep-sea mining rights, freedom of navigation, and national security. The book makes the case for acceding to UNCLOS at the earliest opportunity.
The UNCLOS Treaty and Its Negotiation
Authors: Moore John Norton 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the problem of “creeping jurisdiction” as it threatened navigational freedom, and overall American concerns about the regime for the oceans under the 1958 Geneva Conventions which led the United States to open negotiations leading to UNCLOS. It discusses the multi-decade history of the negotiations. It describes the unique double hatted office, D/LOS, which enabled the United States to develop negotiating instructions with the participation of some eighteen departments and agencies and to provide effective leadership in the negotiations. Of particular note, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Navy, the Coast Guard, and the Environmental Protection Agency were involved, as well as the State Department and an extensive private sector advisory group, throughout the process. Both navigational freedom and United States access to the mineral resources of the deep seabed were set as “no-sign” issues for the United States. The Chapter then describes the initial failure of the negotiations with respect to deep seabed mining and how President Ronald Reagan set forth six conditions which led some years later to a renegotiation of that part of the Convention meeting all of Reagan’s conditions. UNCLOS is now in force for 168 countries and the European Union and was a stunning success for the United States. The Chapter ends with an overview discussion of the principal provisions of the Convention in its 320 articles and 9 annexes, and the subsequent Senate Foreign Relations Committee favorable report of the Convention to the full United States Senate in both 2004 and 2007.
Protecting and Enhancing American Sovereignty
Authors: Moore John Norton 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how the UNCLOS Convention protects and expands American sovereignty. Thus, the Convention creates a new area of United States sovereign rights over natural resources of the seafloor and water column to 200 nautical miles off America’s coasts, and it massively expands the legal continental shelf of the United States. This area of United States sovereign resource rights is larger than the entire land mass of the United States and is the largest area of national maritime jurisdiction in the world. Negotiations leading to the Convention have also enabled a quadrupling of the United States territorial sea from three to twelve nautical miles, and a doubling of the United States contiguous zone from twelve to twenty-four nautical miles. Moreover, the United States did not give up an ounce of sovereignty in the Convention. The creation of the International Seabed Authority is a carefully cabined international agency necessary to create property rights for the exploitation of deep seabed mine sites located beyond national sovereignty. This chapter also notes that under the foreign relations law of the United States, national sovereignty, meaning national freedom of action, can never be lost through an international agreement.
The Place of Space Bioethics in the Philosophy and Ethics of Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Space bioethics is a missing element in today’s philosophy and ethics of space exploration. This may be because space bioethics as proposed in this book is focused on the biomedical issues of future long-term space missions, whereas space mission ethics often discusses issues already happening today, however not always (compare Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) and Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI)). This chapter provides an introduction to what space bioethics is, and how it differs from other areas discussed within space mission philosophy and ethics. The central role played in space bioethics by the concept of human enhancement is also highlighted. Finally, the realistic—albeit futuristic—character of the discourse on human enhancement within space bioethics, free from fanciful examples or the notion of transhumanism, is pointed out. The chapter also points to the important role played by thought experiments, the consideration of alternative scenarios, and the need to reflect on what we are capable of in order to achieve an ideal future.
Human Health Risks in Space and the Methodology of Space Bioethics
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The space environment is a source of constant, serious threats to human health and life. This chapter considers that threats in space are a strong rationale for considering the concept of human enhancement as a reasonable option. The chapter emphasizes that human enhancement is considered only for future long-term missions and is treated as a procedure hypothetically necessary for mission safety and success. The chapter also presents the basic methodological assumptions of space bioethics. Space bioethics is understood as an issue- and case-driven approach, as opposed to a theory-driven approach. I point out that space bioethics is methodologically eclectic, combining elements of many different approaches, most notably consequentialism and deontologism, with the weak version of rule utilitarianism remaining closest. It is not, however, identical with any of the normative theories.
Germline Gene Editing and Embryo Selection for Future Long-Term Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two methods of so-called positive selection, namely germline gene editing (GGE) and embryo selection. It discusses the arguments for and against both methods, showing why they are not controversial in principle, and at least as controversial as their opponents portray them to be. It also considers the possibilities and contexts for their application to future space missions, especially those that assume a permanent human presence in space and allow for the possibility of reproduction in space. Apart from the exceptional undesirable situations that such procedures could hypothetically lead to, it concludes that positive selection may not only be morally acceptable but also desirable in space settlement conditions.
Conclusions
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The future of humanity will largely be played out in space, unless unforeseeable catastrophes cause a slowdown in the development of civilization. This chapter suggests a view of the future that should be one of optimism and hope rather than the fear-based and risky view that dominates bioethics today. Humanity should consider all possible future scenarios, discern those that are most likely, and work to shape preferred futures. It is worth considering the far-reaching consequences of our decisions, keeping in mind certain inviolable moral principles such as the principle of well-being and respect. Human biomedical modification should be seen as another means of improving human life that grows out of the principle of beneficence. The principle of respect, in turn, is a balancing principle that ensures that the interpretation of the principle of well-being does not lead to dystopian scenarios.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In Third Republic France (1870–1940) the directrice of a normal school that trained women teachers was the most important woman representing public primary education in each department. Her work was central to the republican educational project, designed to bolster the democracy established after the Franco-Prussian War. The laicization of public education figured prominently in republic efforts to combat the old alliance of “throne and altar” favoring monarchy and religious instruction in public schools. An 1879 law mandated new normal schools to train lay teachers. This study of 313 normal school directrices (1879–1940), a group of professional women not previously studied, explores challenges they faced and their responses. Often targets of political hostility, they defended republican schooling as they interacted with local populations. Directrices were expected to be role models for women teachers and to convey women’s duties as wives and mothers. Yet their careers exemplified an alternative to domesticity at a time of much debate about women’s appropriate roles.
An Objection to Workplace Hierarchy Itself?
Authors: Kolodny Niko 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A book from which this chapter is derived conjectures that several commonplaces of the liberal democratic tradition, such as the idea that the state must be justified, are to be explained by “claims against inferiority”: that we not be set beneath another natural person in a social hierarchy. This chapter suggests that among these commonplaces are that workers have objections to certain kinds of treatment in the workplace. This result is a “parallel-case argument”: that because the firm is like the state, what is required of the state is likewise required of the firm. In particular, bosses, like state officials, must wield their asymmetric power and authority noncorruptly and impartially. The chapter then asks whether the firm, like the state, must be democratic. The answer is inconclusive; it depends on whether the same “tempering factors” that are absent from the state are also absent from the firm.
Seeing Like a Firm
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To think about the prospects for building more egalitarian relationships in the workplace, as advocates of relational egalitarianism do, we need to think in reverse. We need to take seriously conceptions of the corporation that tend to erase the importance of social equality and instead praise workplace hierarchies. Yet, from a normative perspective, the emphasis on hierarchies is usually justified on utilitarian or libertarian grounds. Moreover, and more generally, in our ways of thinking normatively about economic institutions, we tend to use libertarianism to make theoretical sense of right-wing intuitions, which goes with the use of a certain kind of normative vocabulary, centered on notions of private property, self-ownership, voluntariness, etc. This chapter argues that that is misleading. To put it plainly, the way that the corporation “sees” is probably more a conservative one than a libertarian one, strictly speaking. To normatively unveil what it means to “see” like a firm, we need to move from a focus on libertarianism to a focus on conservatism.
Relational Egalitarianism, Institutionalism, and Workplace Hierarchy
Authors: Berkey Brian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
According to relational egalitarians, the fundamental value that grounds requirements of justice is egalitarian social relationships. Hierarchical authority relations appear to be a threat to relational equality. Such relations, however, are pervasive in our working lives. Contemporary workplaces, then, seem to be potential sites of substantial injustice for relational egalitarians. This presents us with a challenge: the view that justice requires that individuals relate as equals appears difficult to reconcile with the view that it is permissible for firms to be organized with hierarchical authority structures, and yet both claims seem independently plausible. This chapter argues that these claims can be reconciled, but only if we reject the widely accepted Rawlsian “institutionalist” view that principles of justice apply to the institutions of the basic structure of society, but do not apply directly to the conduct of agents within those institutions.
Good Enough for Equality
Authors: Rozeboom Grant J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The ideal of relational equality is, in part, an ideal of virtue—the attitudes and dispositions that support relational equality. These are standardly taken to involve accepting the Equal Authority of other persons, giving other persons Equal Consideration, and treating the interests of other persons as having Equal Importance. But why does relational equality involve these attitudes and dispositions, and what exactly do they entail? This chapter aims to make progress on answering these questions by focusing on adult autonomy, using the workplace as an apt setting for exploring the resulting autonomy-focused conception of relational egalitarian virtue. The chapter first considers and rejects an interest-focused conception of relational egalitarian virtue, which treats Equal Importance as central. It then develops an autonomy-focused view that treats Equal Authority as central, what is called the “Authority-Centered Relational Egalitarian” virtue (ACRE). The chapter concludes by exploring how managers can enact ACRE in exercising organizational authority over employees.
“An Apprenticeship for Life”
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
By the late nineteenth century, most young workers eschewed formal apprenticeships and entered directly into the workforce. To combat this “apprenticeship crisis,” Catholic and republican reformers established vocational training programs. Chapter 2 focuses on Paris’ network of vocational schools. These schools’ innovative curricula integrated academic and manual instruction. In that they created age-specific spaces for young workers, the schools expanded adolescence to the working classes. But in developing these schools, republican reformers drew on a model for vocational training first created by Catholic elites. Catholic elites had created vocational training programs to shape working-class behavior. Chapter 2 argues that the republican reformers who created municipal vocational schools were not trying to universalize adolescence, but instead were carving out working-class adolescence as a stage to prepare for the workforce. The schools thus reinforced the separation between bourgeois, male adolescence and working-class, male adolescence. However, the schools had limited success. Parents and workers’ syndicates expressed ambivalence toward the schools’ method of training workers and the way they restructured the working-class life course.
Creating the Juvenile Delinquent
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the decades prior to World War I, the Third Republic created a separate legal and institutional regime to protect young offenders. The justice system doled out separate sentences for minors and placed them in age-segregated institutions. And yet, even if judges cleared most juvenile delinquents of their crimes, they placed a significant number in welfare institutions or prisons. Examining cultural and academic depictions of juvenile delinquents reveals that middle-class reformers worried about delinquents’ participation in the illicit economy. For these reformers, child beggars and youthful vagabonds were liable to become permanently unproductive. By establishing separate laws and institutions for juvenile delinquents, republican legislators helped to define childhood as a distinct stage of life. But they also empowered these institutions to enforce children’s productivity.
Conclusion
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion reflects on the changes and continuities in working-class childhood between 1870 and 1940. In this period, the number of institutions and services catering to young people ballooned. Labor inspectors surveyed laboring youths’ workspaces and social workers assisted vulnerable children. Even so, the experiences of working-class youths in 1940 were not so different from those of young people in the 1870s, as the majority entered the workforce before they reached adulthood. The institutions intended to protect children ensured this outcome. The Conclusion ends by exploring the consequences of metropolitan social policy for children in the French Empire. In their empire, the French established few laws or institutions to protect indigenous children. Although this absence allowed indigenous populations to retain control over family life, it enabled the French to continue marginalizing and exploiting colonial children. Thus, through the regulation of age, the Third Republic constructed hierarchies both in the metropole and in its colonies.
Costa Rica—Where Urban Young People View Women as Leaders
Authors: Naranjo Gerardo Hernández , Taylor-Robinson Michelle M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Costa Rica experiment finds an absence of traditional gendered leadership templates. Women are viewed as leaders for cabinet posts and as legislators, capable in masculine policy areas, and able to win votes. Participants evaluate candidates significantly more favorably when the party name is not present on the speech, and when the candidate is from their preferred party. In Costa Rica, women appear to “look like the norm” for candidates for both male and female participants and across family situations and social classes. However, party has a larger effect than candidate gender on evaluations. The Costa Rican findings fit expectations in the literature as Costa Rica has broad incorporation of women in government, a historic government focus on social welfare programs, has no military, and uses party-focused, closed-list PR elections.
The Masculine Template in Perceived Competence of Women in Israeli Politics
Authors: Yarkoney-Sorek Ayala , Geva Nehemia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Israel experiment reveals bias against women as leaders to be an MK, cabinet minister, and party leader, or to oversee masculine policy areas, though women candidates are favored in stereotypically feminine policy areas. Women and men candidates, however, receive equivalent evaluations by female participants as MK or minister, and for energy policy; and participants whose mothers are highly educated score women and men candidates equivalently as MK, minister, party leader, and for security and energy policy. Participants recognize party issue ownership and give more favorable evaluations to candidates of their preferred coalition, yet candidate gender in some cases has a larger effect on evaluations than party. The Israeli case fits expectations in the literature due to its limited incorporation of women into government, a constant security threat, and continued male dominance in the military in combat roles and as senior officers.
Young Adults’ Attitudes to Women Candidates in Uruguay
Authors: Johnson Niki 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Findings of the Uruguay experiment indicate young adults, both male and female, do not use gender as an important component of leadership templates, and when candidate gender is significant the woman candidate is evaluated more favorably than the man (for legislator and minister). Party, however, matters as evaluations are more favorable when the candidate is from the participant’s party and for policy areas owned by a party. Broad acceptance of women as leaders across posts, including ability to win votes and policy areas, is incongruent with women having occupied few top posts in the legislative or executive branches of national government. It is consistent, though with the government emphasis on social welfare programs, and the limited role of defense policy. It also is consistent with the higher level of education of women than men, and high levels of work force participation by Uruguayan women of all classes.