bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art and Architecture in Flanders and Beyond
Authors: Nuttall Paula , Williams Richard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Around 1420 a new pictorial language emerged in Flanders, based on the faithful observation of reality and the virtuosic application of oil paint. This visual revolution, associated primarily with Jan van Eyck, coincided with the equally momentous artistic developments that occurred in Florentine art around 1420. Yet, although Van Eyck and his successors, notably Rogier van der Weyden, shared many of the aims of their Italian peers, the term ‘Renaissance', in the conventional sense of a classically inspired ‘rebirth', is unhelpful for much of the art of northern Europe in the fifteenth century. It was not until after 1500 that the cultural climate of Italian humanism, with its attendant influence on the visual arts, began to manifest itself in the work of artists such as Jan Gossaert-though not in the work of his successors, such as Pieter Bruegel. The first part of this chapter considers the elements in fifteenth-century northern art and architecture that can and cannot be usefully seen within the cultural model of the Renaissance. The second part focuses on the sixteenth century, when Italian understandings of classical antiquity, mediated in part by northern humanists, reshaped the artistic and architectural traditions of the north.
Craft and Technology in Renaissance Europe
Authors: Long Pamela O. , Morrall Andrew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, craft, which refers to the skilled making of things within specific domains, such as pottery, leatherworking, and goldsmithing, is distinguished from technology, which refers to larger systems of material production, such as mining and metallurgy, artillery and fortification, navigation, building construction, and the technologies of agriculture or household production. Many crafts were organized into guilds, whose apprentice systems produced generations of artisans. Crafts tended to be concentrated in urban centres, whereas many technologies, such as food production, wool production, and mining, were primarily rural. Textiles included wool, linen, hemp, and silk, all of which were used for clothing, but also for art forms such as tapestry and embroidery. Mining and metallurgy were the foundation of coinage, ironmaking, metalwork, jewellery, ceramics, and glass. Animal hides were used for leatherwork. In technology, medieval machinery (notably mills) was supplemented with new machines, such as the printing press. Military technologies and fortifications were developed by figures such as Leonardo da Vinci. Scientific instruments for measuring time and place were also devised. Craft also played an important part in high culture, especially in areas such as intarsia and objects made for the Kunstkammer.
Religion in Bombay/Mumbai
Authors: Stausberg Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an outline of some key elements of a religious history of Mumbai from early colonial times to the present. It addresses religion in and of the city, the frameworks that make religion happen, and some of the specific religious features of Bombay/Mumbai. The city has for several centuries attracted migrants and it has been embedded in wide-ranging trade routes. This has given it a strong flavour of religious diversity, and several religious minorities have flourished here, but the growth of the city since the end of the colonial times has reduced their demographic scope. The chapter discusses the trope of ‘cosmopolitanism’ and the history of ‘riots’ (clashes where religious communities appear as actants). Finally, the chapter reviews religious fairs and festivals and important sacred spaces as focal points for the religious lives of many of the city’s inhabitants. It gives an overview of the contributions to this edited volume.
Ageism in Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Minerva Francesca 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Female fertility declines at a much faster pace than male fertility. In the past four decades, assisted reproduction treatments (ARTs) have dramatically increased women’s chances of getting pregnant over the age of 35. Yet, it is still very difficult for women in their mid-40s (and older) to get pregnant since the ART success rate decreases as women’s age advances, and many European countries legally prevent women over the age of 45 from accessing ARTs. This chapter argues that removing the legal upper age limits to accessing ARTs is a necessary step but that it is also important to develop medical treatments that prevent loss of fertility due to ageing.
Differentiating Retirement Age to Compensate for Health and Longevity Inequality?
Authors: Vandenberghe Vincent 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Historically, a uniform age was used to proxy work capacity loss and trigger the payment of pensions. Recently, many have argued that we need several retirement ages to better match the distribution of work (in)capacity across socio-demographic groups. At first sight, the proposal makes perfect sense. Work capacity declines faster among low-income or low-educated individuals. But there is also a lot of unaccounted heterogeneity, even inside narrowly defined socio-economic groups. And this compromises the feasibility and desirability of retirement age differentiation. Under a regime of systematic retirement age differentiation, there would be many situations with no retirement for people with serious work restrictions and, simultaneously, numerous cases where entirely healthy people enjoy retirement. An alternative approach would be to stick to uniform retirement age, backed up by a reinforced disability scheme.
Building an Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
European migration law has evolved dynamically ever since the 1990s. The abolition of border controls in the Schengen area was considered to require flanking measures on visas and databases, amongst others. At the same time, Member States promoted intergovernmental cooperation in response to an increase in the number of asylum applications. National governments defined core features of the European rulebook on ‘third country nationals’, whose contents differs markedly from the freedom-enhancing rationale of the single market and ‘Union citizenship’. Successive Treaty amendments buttressed the relative autonomy of migration law under the umbrella of the area of freedom, security, and justice. EU institutions decide on the degree of openness or closure within the confines of human rights, thus presenting the contemporary variant on how European states have dealt with migration ever since the nineteenth century. Inspection of the pre-history of European migration law exposes a fascinating combination of continuity and transformative disruption, which continues to define policy developments to date.
Institutional Prerogatives and Decision-making
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Institutional provisions have a direct impact on the policy outcome by determining the weight of the relevant actors. Chapter 2 introduces readers to the prerogatives of the supranational institutions and their track record on migration. The informal trilogue format and the rise of soft law in the internal and external dimension demonstrate that everyday practices can be as relevant as legal rules in the Treaties. While the European Parliament often serves as a counterbalance to the preferences of national interior ministries, assembled in the Council, the Commission habitually responds to changing political priorities with technocratic pragmatism. Legislation on migration is full of compromise packages, and the salience of migratory matters in the public discourse complicates the ongoing search for a common ground. EU migration law is the product of state interests as much as it reflects normative preferences. A peculiarity of European migration law are the country-specific opt-outs of Denmark and Ireland (as well as the UK, before Brexit). They stem from political compromises enshrined at Treaty level and do not establish a general blueprint for the realisation of migration law by means of ‘multiple speeds’ or ‘coalitions of the willing’.
Court of Justice: Achievements and Limitations
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Judgments of the Court in Luxembourg are a central object of analysis for anyone dealing with European migration law. Chapter 3 points out that they do not come out of thin air. Inspection of procedural rules unveils the black box of judicial decision-making; rules of procedure prioritise the views of some actors over the position of others. Deference to the position of the legislature is one explanation why the judicial output fluctuates between dynamic constitutional rulings and an administrative mindset of doctrinal hermeneutics. A statistical survey of the case law unearths significant thematic asymmetries. Judgments on migration law reaffirm the centrality of preliminary references, notwithstanding divergences in the number of references between the Member States and according to subject matter. In areas where judges deliver few rulings, alternative accountability mechanisms are particularly important. Ombudspersons, financial and managerial control, and public attention can play a critical role in such situations.
Visa Policy
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Visa policy and carrier sanctions are essential elements of European migration law which sustain the profound stratification of contemporary entry policies: easy access for privileged travellers coexists with hurdles and restrictions for the ‘unwanted’. Visa requirements classify states on the basis of an abstract risk profile in order to determine the nationals of which countries have to apply for a visa from abroad. The Visa List Regulation is binding on all Member States and many neighbours follow its contents as well; visa facilitation agreements serve as a bargaining chip to convince third states to cooperate. Procedural safeguards in the Visa Code Regulation apply to full members of the Schengen area only; they embody a high level of harmonisation in relation to documentation, admission criteria, and the administrative procedure, even though the level of protection is lower than in other areas of migration law. Critical observers highlight the significance of carrier sanctions as a measure of privatised migration control, which is subject to limited legal oversight and hinders access to Union territory by persons coming from the Global South.
Border Controls
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Controversies about ‘pushback’ allegations have received much attention. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to identify the outer limits of the legal framework for border surveillance at the ‘blue’ sea border and the ‘green’ land border in between crossing points. Uncertainties persist under human rights law and with respect to the Schengen Borders Code Regulation and the Sea Borders Regulation. Chapter 12 familiarises readers with this highly significant segment of European migration law. By contrast, the rules on checks on persons at official crossing points are comparatively straightforward, including for refusal of entry. The proliferation of prolonged ‘temporary’ internal border controls within the Schengen area is illustrative of profound governance deficits, which EU institutions struggle to overcome. Judges confirmed that continued internal border controls are illegal, under the current legislative framework at least. Member States have more leeway, however, when it comes to police checks in the border area. Secondary movements of asylum applicants are a bone of contention, partly because of the complexity of the legal regime.
Legal Migration
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
EU legislation on economic migration and family unity concerns several million third country nationals. Chapter 14 assesses the contents and the effects of domestic and supranational rules against the backdrop of years of debate. Family reunification became a controversial topic when the destination countries of ‘guest workers’ and late colonial migration made it harder to sponsor the entry and stay of spouses from countries of origin. Optional clauses in the Family Reunification Directive authorise Member States to maintain or introduce restrictions, which have been criticised. Judges accepted these conditions to be compatible with human rights, provided that states introduce hardship clauses. The Directive contains other protective elements as well; their level of protection goes beyond what states are required to do under human rights law. When it comes to labour migration, the need for common action was never straightforward, in the absence of enhanced transnational effects. Debates about economic migration were divisive, before the EU settled on a sectoral approach. Inspection of the Blue Card Directive and the legislation on students and researchers, intra-corporate transferees, procedures (single permit), and seasonal workers explains why these rules have a limited impact in practice. Member States remain a laboratory for the design of innovative entry channels, both for the highly skilled and for migrants with less qualification. While students and blue card holders may stay for longer, other instruments are designed as temporary admission schemes, mirroring the posting of workers in the single market and under international trade law.
Irregular Presence and Return
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Return is an integral component of migration law and policy which receives much political attention as a result of compliance and enforcement deficits. EU Treaties call for ‘enhanced measures to combat illegal immigration’, and the institutions have taken that invitation seriously. A patchwork of domestic and supranational measures deals with irregular entry, stay, and return, whose interaction can be difficult to understand. Chapter 16 presents these measures, starting with a critical reflection on the use of the language and an inspection of contextual factors influencing the policy outcome. With regard to the criminalisation of irregular entry and stay, the impact of EU legislation and case law is multifaceted: instruments instructing Member States to adopt sanctions coexists with case law limiting the use of custodial sentences and legislation on victims of human trafficking. The Return Directive serves as the backbone of the supranational legal framework, establishing common standards for the return procedure, voluntary departure, and forced removal. Its provisions apply whenever third country nationals are illegally staying. EU legislation does not generally harmonise the conditions for unlawful stay and regularisation, which remain the domain of national laws and practices. Supranational legislation governs the administrative detention of returnees and asylum seekers, thus complementing human rights law. A great number of Court judgments have explained the conditions for detention.
International Cooperation with Third States
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
EU institutions and national governments have spent considerable political capital on international cooperation. The evolution of the external dimension can be described as a history of trial and error, with national practices complementing the activities of the EU institutions to date. While legal pathways and development feature prominently in policy documents, the output remains meagre. Mobility partnership have not delivered, and it remains to be seen whether talent partnership will prove more successful. Instead, the externalisation of migration control has become the hallmark of external action; Member States and EU institutions cooperate with third states to limit the number of irregular arrivals. Particularly controversial are the idea behind the EU–Turkey Statement and ongoing cooperation of the EU, Italy, and Spain with Libya and Morocco, in addition to numerous bilateral cooperation frameworks with other neighbours and countries further afield which receive less attention. Capacity building and operational cooperation serve as sweeteners to convince third states to cooperate, combined with the—not so subtle—threat of sanctions in the domain of visas and beyond. Frontex positions itself to become an important player, besides national initiatives. EU legislation and Court judgments play a limited role, but this does not undo the practical and political significance of the external dimension for a holistic understanding of European migration law.
Perceiving direction in directionless time
Authors: Farr Matt 
Published: June 2023

AbstractModern physics has provided a range of motivations for holding time to be fundamentally undirected. But how does a temporally adirectional metaphysics, or ‘C-theory’ of time, fit with the time of experience? In this chapter, I look at what kind of problem human time poses for C-theories. First, I ask whether there is a ‘hard problem’ of human time: whether it is in principle impossible to have the kinds of experience we do in a temporally adirectional world. Second, I consider the ‘easy problem’: how specific directed aspects of our temporal experience are to be explained by C-theorists. This leads to a greater issue: is there such a thing as an experience of time direction at all to even be explained? I show how the kinds of experience we have that we typically associate with the idea of time being directed can be accommodated within a directionless picture of time.
Temporal transparency and the flow of time
Authors: Torrengo Giuliano 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTemporal transparency is the thesis that our awareness of the temporal properties of what we perceive is more fundamental than our awareness of the temporal properties of our own experiences. In this chapter, a radical form of transparency for duration and succession is defended, while it is argued that the experience of the flow of time entails a failure of transparency, since it requires that we attend to the properties of our own experiences somehow directly. It is then argued that the temporal modifier theory of the felling of time passing—roughly, the thesis that we are aware of an internal flow in virtue of being presented in a ‘flowy’ manner with successions of events—has certain explanatory advantages over rival views in explaining how the flow of time that we experience in the external succession of events, and that which we experience within us can be unified.
Cutting through the Conflicting Images of East Asia’s Green Energy Shift
Authors: Thurbon Elizabeth , Kim Sung-Young , Tan Hao , Mathews John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we outline the primary objectives of our book: to explain Northeast Asia’s distinctive pattern of performance in the green energy shift from the mid-2000s to the present, and to anticipate the most likely trajectory of that shift into the future. We then articulate our understanding of the green energy transition as a techno-economic shift embodying the Schumpeterian dynamic of ‘creative-destruction’ and outline the four key questions that frame our analysis of East Asia’s green energy shift. An outline of our novel conceptual and analytical approach then follows, centred on the idea of developmental environmentalism as an elite mindset, a political legitimation strategy, and a distinctive policy approach. Finally, we explain the value added of an approach centred on developmental environmentalism, especially vis-à-vis existing approaches centred on authoritarian environmentalism. We conclude by outlining the various ways in which East Asia’s approach to greening differs from that of the West.
Setting Medicine and Law Apart, Together
Authors: Bubb Claire , Peachin Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction observes that the fields of medicine and law produced intellectually resplendent and voluminous literatures, but also pragmatic real-world incarnations, and argues that the cerebral and more workaday facets of each discipline be understood as integral parts of an original whole. This logic then takes a further step, contending that both arts, in all of their manifestations, were bound up in a broad matrix of social, political, cultural, and intellectual concerns, which served to shape these occupations themselves. Finally, the chapter suggests that a particular set of defining characteristics unites medicine and law as a fairly distinct pair, yet simultaneously isolates them from other brands of specialized expertise. Thus, the juxtaposition of law and medicine encourages the broad and more nuanced vision of these two areas themselves—and of the wider nexus of specialized expertise under the Roman Empire—which has been gaining significant traction in recent times.
Introduction
Authors: König Alice , Peachin Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Medicine and law were territories lorded over by highly specialized experts, and seemingly ought to have been highly pragmatic. But were they? How, we might ask, was specialized expertise altogether construed in the Roman context? And how was a figure of authority (an expert) in an area of specialization marked out as such? How was his proficiency to be demonstrated? And are we talking of a stature for such people that is in any way, or ways, similar to modern professionalism? Instead of attempting to offer a comprehensive overview of specialized expertise, and its pragmatic effects, in the Roman world, the present chapter is structured around some particular texts, which can provide illustrative case studies, namely Vitruvius’ De architectura, Frontinus’ De aquis, Pliny’s Epistulae, and Balbus and the Corpus Agrimensorum.
Rhetoric in Legal Writing
Authors: Babusiaux Ulrike 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Especially due to the controversial, or even agonistic, nature of the law, persuasion is a key element of legal discourse. Persuasion is obtained via authority, which comprises the ethos of the speaker or writer, and through the reasonableness of the solution presented, i.e. its conformity with existing statutes, traditional legal principles, and accepted juristic interpretation, but also persuasion at the more subtle level of prudentia/phronesis. Ethical and pathetic amplifications can be used to strengthen the technical legal argument. Thus, the circumstances of the case are presented in an arbitrary manner to serve the speaker’s intention, or the discussion of the legal concept itself is amplified via ethical or pathetic evidentia. In sum, rhetorical theory, as part of the imperial elite’s education, was not limited to forensic and epideictic presentation in didactic writing, but could be used as a toolbox for the presentation and solution of legal problems.
Introduction
Authors: Aliverti Ana , Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia , Sozzo Máximo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a general overview of the project, setting the collection’s perspective and objectives through a critical engagement with existing literature linked to the focus of the volume. It reviews the current state of criminological knowledge in relation to its imperial and colonial roots, as well as the current decolonial efforts within the field and their limits. It then outlines the chapters in the collection, discussing how the themes and issues they raise connect them and relate to the broader framework of scholarship, as well as highlighting how these interventions may advance decolonizing efforts and debates.