bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Antibody Feedback Inhibition in the Regulation of the Secondary Antibody Response after High and Low Dose Priming
Authors: Grantham William G. , Fitch Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice immunized with a low dose of SRBC produce a greater secondary response to subsequent antigenic challenge in vivo than spleen cells from mice initially immunized with a larger dose. However, when the spleen cells are removed from the mice and given a secondary challenge in tissue culture, a greater response is produced by cells from animals primed with the larger antigen dose. Serum from the mice receiving the high dose of antigen contains low, but significant levels of specific antibody, and can inhibit further antibody production by lymphoid cells in vivo and in vitro. The characteristics of this suppression are similar to those known for passively administered specific antibody. Thus, antibody produced as a result of primary immunization may act through an inhibitory feedback mechanism in specifically limiting the magnitude of the secondary response to subsequent antigenic challenge in the normal animal.
Inhibition of the Primary in Vitro Antibody Response by Interferon Preparations
Authors: Johnson Howard M. , Smith Bennett G. , Baron Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary in vitro plaque forming cell (PFC) response of mouse (C57BL/6J) spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was inhibited by two sources of crude and two sources of partially purified mouse interferon. The substance(s) in the interferon preparations which induced PFC and antiviral inhibitory activity have the following common characteristics: a) The interferon preparations were of different potencies and specific activities, but they inhibited the PFC response in proportion to their activities; 20 to 60 units were the minimal amounts required for τ;90% inhibition of the PFC response. b) Both the antiviral activity and the PFC inhibitory activity of the interferons were neutralized by antibody specific for mouse interferon. c) Both activities were partially or completely inactivated by heating at 60°C for 1 h. d) Human interferons had neither antiviral activity nor PFC inhibitory activity in mouse cells. e) Limited exposure (4 h) of cells to interferon significantly inhibits both viral infection and the PFC response. f) Both the antiviral activity and the PFC inhibitory activity of the interferon preparations are acid stable. It is concluded, therefore, that the inhibition of the primary in vitro PFC response is due to interferon in the preparations.
Maximum inhibition of the PFC response occurred when interferon was added to cultures at the same time as SRBC. Significant inhibition was also observed when interferon was added 1 day later, and slight enhancement was observed when added at days 2 and 3 of SRBC addition. Kinetic data showed that the greater the concentration of interferon added to the cultures, the earlier the effect on the PFC response. The presence of interferon in cultures for the first 4 h is sufficient to inhibit the PFC response. Interferon, then, appears to affect some early event(s), which leads to inhibition of the PFC response.
Since mature T cells can be one of the sources of interferon, we have demonstrated a suppressor effect of a T cell lymphokine. The precise relationship of interferon to various expressions of suppressor T cell effects remains to be determined.
Micro-Radioimmunoassay for Antibodies to Newcastle Disease Virus in the Chicken
Authors: Cleland Glen B. , Perey Daniel Y. E. , Dent Peter B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect micro-radioimmunoassay is described in which chicken anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody was detected, with radioactively labeled rabbit anti-chicken Fab, on virus-infected microcultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. Newcastle disease virus-infected microcultures were formalin fixed and stored at 4°C for up to 4 months without affecting the sensitivity of the test. The micro-technique was found to be a highly sensitive and specific assay of anti-viral antibody and may allow detection of immunoglobulin class of anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody.
Spleen Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Hamster Cells Transformed by Herpes Simplex Virus: Evidence for Virus-Specific Membrane Antigen
Authors: Lausch Robert N. , Jones Constance , Christie Diane , Hay Kathleen A. , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the host's immune response to isografts of hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF) transformed by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was investigated by the microcytotoxicity assay. It was found that spleen cells from tumor-bearing hamsters killed homologous tumor cells but not HEF transformed by cytomegalovirus or PARA-(defective SV40)-adenovirus 7 (PARA-7). Cytotoxicity was lost as the tumor increased in size. Spleen cells from animals bearing isografts of HSV type 2 (HSV-2) transformed cells also killed HSV-1 target cells whereas spleen cells from PARA-7 tumor bearers did not. Further studies showed that animals immunized with HSV-1 or HSV-1-infected rabbit kidney cells produced spleen cells specifically cytotoxic for HSV-transformed cells. On the other hand, sera from virus-immunized hosts or tumor bearers had no effect on the cells in the presence of guinea pig complement. However, in blocking experiments such sera could significantly reduce spleen cell cytotoxicity.
These experiments established that cells transformed by HSV could elicit a cellular immune response in the syngeneic host, and provided evidence that the immunity was directed against virus-specific antigens on the cell surface.
Characterization of Human B Lymphocyte Specific Antigens
Authors: Ishii Yoshifumi , Koshiba Hirofumi , Ueno Hiroo , Maeyama Iwaki , Takami Tsuyoshi , Ishibashi Fumitoshi , Kikuchi Kokichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-human B cell serum (ABS) was developed by sequentially absorbing a rabbit anti-human tonsil serum (AHTS) with human red cells, liver, serum, and thymocytes. AHTS was also absorbed quantitatively with tissues and cells from different sources. ABS was nontoxic for thymocytes but lysed the majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. This also killed a number of tonsil and blood lymphocytes which bound erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes but not sheep erythrocytes. In further studies, it was shown that phytohemagglutin-responsibility of peripheral blood lymphocytes was not affected by treating them with ABS and complement. Anti-B cell activity of AHTS was not changed by absorption with thymus, liver, kidney, and brain tissues but absorbed with tonsil and CLL cells. These data confirm the B cell specificity of ABS.
Indirect immunofluorescence was carried out on tissue sections of human tonsils and lymph nodes, which indicated that ABS-reactive cells were concentrated in lymphoid follicles including germinal centers, while plasma cells and cells located in the thymus-dependent area were essentially devoid of immunofluorescence.
Immunoglobulin D-Bearing Lymphocytes in Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Clauvel Jean-Pierre , Seligmann Maxime 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface IgD on blood lymphocytes was studied in 10 normal adults and 24 patients with primary immunodeficiencies by direct immunofluorescence, together with surface immunoglobulins of the other classes and with spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes. In the normal adults, 8% of the lymphocytes bore δ chains (the figures for µ chains being 11%) and, among the cells positive for µ and/or δ, 70% were mixed stained, 22% and 8% being single stained for µ and δ respectively. In 10 patients with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia or variable immunodeficiency, practically no cells bearing surface immunoglobulins, including IgD, were detectable. A normal distribution of surface immunoglobulins, including the results of double labeling for µ and δ, was found in five other immunodeficiency patients in whom there was a block of the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells. A new kind of block in the differentiation of the B cell line was observed in two patients affected with sex-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and variable immuno-deficiency respectively. They showed high figures for IgD-bearing lymphocytes, some of which carried simultaneously µ chains, contrasting with the absence of lymphocytes carrying IgM without IgD and of IgG- or IgA-bearing cells. The data obtained in several other patients with low figures for IgG- and IgA-bearing lymphocytes and a predominance of IgD-carrying cells with an excess of single producers for δ chains over single producers for µ chains suggest an analogous but incomplete maturation arrest.
Evidence for the Absence of Noncovalent Bonds in the Fcµ Region of IgM
Authors: Hester Raymond B. , Mole John E. , Schrohenloher Ralph E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgM isolated from the sera of five patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia was subjected to tryptic digestion at 60°C. The Fc5µ fragments recovered from the digests were reduced by 0.05 M cysteine and alkylated by iodoacetamide, producing large quantities of an Fcµ fragment having a sedimentation velocity (so20,w) of 2.9S and a molecular weight of 33,500 by sedimentation equilibrium in neutral buffer. Further studies on the Fcµ fragment from one of the proteins demonstrated that it was not dissociated into smaller fragments by 5 M guanidine-HCl, even after reduction with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol in 5 M guanidine at pH 7.5. The number of sulfhydryl groups released by the latter treatment indicated the presence of two intrachain disulfide bonds. These observations provide evidence that this portion of the µ-chain demonstrates minimal noncovalent interactions.
Tryptic digestion of the Fcµ fragment at 37°C resulted in the production of several lower molecular weight fractions. The three major fractions demonstrated apparent molecular weights of 21,000, 13,800 and 6800 by sedimentation equilibrium in 5 M guanidine-HCl. The latter fraction (fraction C) had no detectable carbohydrate and consisted of two disulfide-bonded peptides having molecular weights of approximately 3800 and 2200. Studies on the amino acid composition and amino-terminal sequences indicated that fraction C was derived from the Cµ4 homology region and consisted of residues 468 through 546 of the µ-chain with the tryptic peptides encompassing residues 492 through 514 missing.
Prevention of Calcium Ionophore-Induced Release of Histamine in Rat Mast Cells by Disodium Cromoglycate
Authors: Johnson Herbert G. , Bach Michael K. 
Published: December 2022

Discussion and Summary
Our results confirm the observations of Foreman et al. (10) that calcium-specific ionophores can initiate histamine release. In an accompanying communication (17) the production of a substance resembling SRS-A under the influence of A23, 187 is also reported. In this study we addressed ourselves to the question: “Can these ionophores be used as a tool to study DSCG's mechanism of inhibition of secretory histamine release?” DSCG does not chelate divalent cations very well (2, 12), but this conclusion is based on measurements of Ca in the free medium. Under similar conditions in which the EDTA shows significant evidence of complex formation with divalent cations the pH titration curve of DSCG is unaffected. The calcium involved in histamine release may be cell bound in a specific spatial arrangement that lends itself to “tying” up by DSCG at the cell surface. Thus, it is possible that one of the ways that DSCG inhibits is by preventing the increased uptake of calcium by cells under the influence of histamine release initiators such as compound 48/80 or antigen-antibody reactions, and thereby inhibiting mediator release. Physicochemical studies on binding to cell-bound ions by DSCG will be required to answer this point. DSCG can exist in a water lattice form that may have a specific binding capacity when divalent cations like calcium are present (18). It may thus exert its effect by existing in juxtaposition to the cell surface and binding ions, rather than actually binding to the mast cells. This juxtaposition could result in decreased calcium movement and diminished release of histamine.
These studies do not answer the questions of peculiar self-inhibition effects seen with DSCG, nor do they explain the biphasic nature of the drug's dose response in most in vitro cells systems. They are consistent with DSCG being involved in Ca economy of the cells, but it may also inhibit some unidentified enzyme needed for release. Self-inhibition effects of DSCG in ionophore-induced release are being studied as well as desensitization as a consequence of calcium deprivation to the cell and will be reported at a later date.
Complement Receptor in Synchronized Cultures of Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines
Authors: Papenhausen Peter , Papageorgiou Photini , Hirschhorn Kurt 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Three previously established human lymphoid cell lines (HLV-1, SWB-16A, and B-1) were synchronized by double thymidine block and the lymphocyte surface receptor for complement was studied by the EAC-rosetting technique during the cell cycle. It was found that the proportion of cells with EAC rosettes remained unchanged throughout the various stages, indicating that the presence of the complement receptor in cultured lymphoid cells is independent of the cell cycle.
Serum IgE Levels during the Potentiated Reagin Response to Egg Albumin in Rats Infected with Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Carson Dennis , Metzger Henry , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rats were immunized with 10 µg EA and alum; a low titer IgE anti-EA response was observed; subsequent infection with N. brasiliensis greatly potentiated this response. Serum from these rats was tested for its IgE content by a recently developed radioimmunoassay for rat IgE. The average serum level of IgE was 1.15 µg/ml; this level was not altered by immunization, but infection with N. brasiliensis was accompanied by an 80-fold increase in concentration of serum IgE. This increase could not be accounted for by IgE anti-EA or anti-worm antibodies. Infection with N. brasiliensis appears to have an adjuvant effect on IgE antibody responses to diverse environmental antigens as well as well as the experimentally induced IgE anti-EA response.
Canine Marrow Transplantation: Are Serum Blocking Factors Necessary to Maintain the Stable Chimeric State?
Authors: Tsoi Mang-So , Storb Rainer , Weiden Paul L. , Graham Theodore C. , Schroeder Maria-Louise , Thomas E. Donnall , Jacinto Pacita 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nine long-term canine radiation chimeras and their canine histocompatibility locus (DL-A) compatible, mixed leukocyte culture negative littermate marrow donors were studied between 545 and 1282 days after 1,200 R total body irradiation and marrow grafting. Before the time of testing, marrow donors were immunized against their chimeras by repeated skin grafts which they rejected. Skin fibroblasts from chimeras and their donors were tested for cell inhibition (CI) in the microcytotoxicity assay by exposure to lymphocytes from chimeras, donors and normal dogs and the effects of various sera on CI were evaluated. Lymphocytes from sensitized marrow donors consistently inhibited fibroblasts from the chimeras (eight of nine dogs); CI was abrogated by chimeric serum in only three of eight cases. Only two chimeras showed consistent CI of their “own” fibroblasts; CI was blocked by chimeric serum in one of the two. The remaining seven chimeras did not show consistent CI.
Sequential studies in 16 additional recipients of DL-A compatible littermate marrow were carried out from 45 to 439 days after marrow grafting. Seven of the 16 did not show CI of chimeric fibroblasts by chimeric lymphocytes at any time. Nine showed CI on one or several occasions. Serum blocking factors were seen on one occasion in each of two chimeras.
In conclusion, the CI assay is able to detect immunity against “minor” histocompatibility systems in dogs. Both long- and short-term chimeras occasionally demonstrated CI of chimeric fibroblasts but serum blocking factors did not appear to be necessary for maintaining stable grafthost “tolerance.”.
Immune Precipitation of Immunoglobulin Producing Polysomes from Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Laskov Reuven , Mitelman Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
MPC-11 myeloma cells synthesizing IgG were labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine and the cell lysates, or purified polysomes treated with rabbit antiserum against the purified MPC-11 protein. The specificity of the immune precipitation was tested by rabbit anti-egg albumin and by precipitation of polysomes from “non-producer” myeloma and HeLa cells. The specific precipitation was 10 to 15% of the total cytoplasmic RNA for the IgG-producing clone of MPC-11 and about 2% for the non-producer clone or HeLa cells. Up to 20% of the total polysomal and ribosomal RNA were precipitated from the IgG producing clone. This value correlated with the IgG synthesis of these cells which is also about 20% of the total protein produced. The results suggest that myeloma cells produce a relatively large quantity of IgG due to the presence of a large amount of specific m-RNA molecules.
Broad Antigenic Relationships among Rhinovirus Serotypes Revealed by Cross-Immunization of Rabbits with Different Serotypes
Authors: Cooney Marion K. , Wise John A. , Kenny George E. , Fox John P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rhinoviruses are a large group of at least 89 serotypes and extensive cross-relationships have been demonstrated among these serotypes using both rabbit and human antisera. The extent of these cross-relationships was further investigated by sequential intravenous immunization of rabbits with different virus serotypes, known to be both related and unrelated. In all cases in which a relationship had previously been demonstrated with monovalent antiserum, after heterotypic stimulation with the related virus, the antibody titer to the virus used as primary immunogen showed an anamnestic response, whereas the antibody response to the secondary immunogen was good, but resembled a primary response. In some instances when immunized rabbits were injected with an unrelated antigen, previously unsuspected relationships were revealed. A number of clusters of related rhinoviruses were demonstrated: 5, 17, 42; 3, 4, 6, 14; 9, 32, 67; and 13, 14, 41. Heterotypic immunization proved to be a powerful biologic probe for detecting relationships among the rhinoviruses, and together with newly available epidemiologic data it offers a possible approach for design of a vaccine for the common cold.
Inhibition of Lymphocyte Trapping by Cell-Free Ascitic Fluids Cultivated in Syngeneic Mice
Authors: Mongini Patricia K. A. , Rosenberg Leon T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several cellfree ascitic fluids were tested for their influence on the trapping of lymphocytes in peripheral lymph nodes after subcutaneous antigen administration. Fluid from three ascitic tumors cultivated in syngeneic mice diminished the trapping response significantly. Fluid from one of these ascitic tumors cultivated in allogeneic mice showed no inhibition of trapping. Syngeneic normal mouse serum did not significantly affect the trapping phenomenon. It was concluded that syngeneic ascitic fluids contain a substance capable of inhibiting lymphocyte trapping.
Differential Regulatory Effects of Accessory Cells on the Generation of Cell-Mediated Immune Reactions
Authors: Miller Carol L. , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conditions for the in vitro generation of cell-mediated immunity to H-2 and non-H-2 alloantigens by mouse spleen cells were compared to conditions for generation of in vitro humoral immunity to sheep red cells. Normal spleen cells grown in standard or allogeneic cell-conditioned media developed strong cellular responses to H-2 antigens but little or no response to non-H-2 antigens. Subpopulations of spleen cells from which the adherent cells had been removed generated strong cellular responses to both H-2 and non-H-2 antigens, provided the cells were cultured in conditioned media. Both cellular responses were shown to be mediated by T cells. Accessory cells from the peritoneum and/or spleen differentially inhibited the non H-2 cellular responses at doses which did not inhibit humoral responses.
Thymus-Independent Antigens: The Preparation of Covalent, Hapten-Ficoll Conjugates
Authors: Inman John K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A general approach is presented for covalently attaching carboxyl and primary amino groups to Ficoll and other high molecular weight polysaccharides in a readily controlled manner. The polysaccharides are o-carboxymethylated with chloroacetate in NaOH solutions. Amino groups are next introduced by monoamide formation with ethylenediamine using a water-soluble carbodiimide. Reactions are carried out in aqueous solutions; excess reactants and by-products are removed by dialysis. Three different ways for coupling the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hapten to the amino derivative of Ficoll are described. Preliminary evidence indicates that 2,4-dinitrophenyl-Ficolls, prepared by procedures developed in this study, are potent thymus-independent antigens which can specifically stimulate B cells both in vivo and in vitro. Hapten-Ficoll conjugates should be exceptionally useful for studies of B lymphocyte activation because of the ready availability of the starting material and the ease with which a wide variety of hapten derivatives may be prepared.
Characterization of the Lymphocyte Surface Receptors for Con A and PHA
Authors: Henkart Pierre A. , Fisher Richard I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were iodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique, and the surface receptors for the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were analyzed by solubilizing the membrane protein and incubating with mitogen and antimitogen antibody. The resulting precipitates were washed and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Con A was shown to bind to about twice as much labeled protein as PHA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed that multiple surface membrane proteins bind to these mitogens and that the pattern of peaks of Con A receptors is generally similar to the pattern of PHA receptors. Long-term lymphoid tissue culture cell lines also show multiple receptor peaks for mitogens, indicating that the heterogeneity of receptors is not caused entirely by lymphocyte heterogeneity.
The Stimulation of Immunoglobulin Production in Murine Spleen Cells by the Pokeweed Mitogens
Authors: Basham T. Y. , Waxdal M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
We have shown that of the five mitogens purified from the salt extracts of pokeweed, only Pa-1, the B cell mitogen, has the ability to stimulate immunoglobulin production in murine B cells in the absence of classical T cells. Furthermore, the T cell mitogens (Pa-2-Pa-5) not only are unable to stimulate DNA or immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells in the absence of T cells, but cannot stimulate immunoglobulin production by B cells even in the presence of T cells. This suggests that Pa-2-Pa-5 do not stimulate adequate helper function in T cells or that if such a helper function is stimulated, an additional stimulatory factor is required for immunoglobulin production, which is not provided for by Pa-2-Pa-5.
Anti-Receptor Antibody
Authors: Strayer David S. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Köhler Heinz 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have demonstrated a phosphorylcholine-binding protein in lysates from radioiodinated splenocytes of immunized mice. Immunoprecipitation with anti-receptor antibody of lysates from splenocytes obtained from animals undergoing a primary response or from mice immunized 4 to 6 months earlier with antigen demonstrated that this protein contained H and L chains.
Therefore, we have isolated an antigen-specific receptor from the surface of spleen cells from both immunized and “memory” animals. This receptor Ig comprises approximately 10% of total cell surface Ig.