bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality functioning and self-disorders in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, with first-episode psychosis and with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Gruber Maria , Alexopoulos Johanna , Doering Stephan , Feichtinger Karin , Friedrich Fabian , Klauser Miriam , Hinterbuchinger Barbara , Litvan Zsuzsa , Mossaheb Nilufar , Parth Karoline , Wininger Antonia , Blüml Victor 
Published: August 2023

Background
Assessment of personality functioning in different stages of psychotic disorders could provide valuable information on psychopathology, course of illness and treatment planning, but empirical data are sparse.

Aims
To investigate personality functioning and sense of self in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis and with first-episode psychosis (FEP) in comparison with a clinical control group of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy controls.

Method
In a cross-sectional design, we investigated personality functioning (Structured Interview of Personality Organization, STIPO; Level of Personality Functioning Scale, LPFS) and disturbances of the basic self (Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience, EASE) in 107 participants, comprising 24 individuals at UHR, 29 individuals with FEP, 27 individuals with BPD and 27 healthy controls.

Results
The UHR, FEP and BPD groups had moderate to severe deficits in personality organisation (STIPO) compared with the healthy control group. Self-functioning with its subdomain (facet) ‘self-direction’ (LPFS) was significantly worse in participants with manifest psychosis (FEP) compared with those at-risk for psychosis (UHR). The FEP group showed significantly worse overall personality functioning than the UHR group and significantly higher levels of self-disturbance (EASE) than the BPD group, with the UHR group lying between these diagnostic groups. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the seven STIPO domains yielded three clusters differing in level of personality functioning and self-disturbances.

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that psychotic disorders are associated with impaired personality functioning and self-disturbances. Assessment of personality functioning can inform treatment planning for patients at different stages of psychotic disorder.
The effects of advanced factor analysis approaches on outcomes in randomised trials for depression: protocol for secondary analysis of individual participant data
Authors: Doyle Frank , Byrne David , Carney Robert M. , Cuijpers Pim , Dima Alexandra L. , Freedland Kenneth , Guerin Suzanne , Hevey David , Kathuria Bishember , Kelly Shane , McBride Stephen , Wallace Emma , Boland Fiona 
Published: August 2023

Background
Modern psychometric methods make it possible to eliminate nonperforming items and reduce measurement error. Application of these methods to existing outcome measures can reduce variability in scores, and may increase treatment effect sizes in depression treatment trials.

Aims
We aim to determine whether using confirmatory factor analysis techniques can provide better estimates of the true effects of treatments, by conducting secondary analyses of individual patient data from randomised trials of antidepressant therapies.

Method
We will access individual patient data from antidepressant treatment trials through Clinicalstudydatarequest.com and Vivli.org, specifically targeting studies that used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) as the outcome measure. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approaches will be used to determine pre-treatment (baseline) and post-treatment models of depression, in terms of the number of factors and weighted scores of each item. Differences in the derived factor scores between baseline and outcome measurements will yield an effect size for factor-informed depression change. The difference between the factor-informed effect size and each original trial effect size, calculated with total HRSD-17 scores, will be determined, and the differences modelled with meta-analytic approaches. Risk differences for proportions of patients who achieved remission will also be evaluated. Furthermore, measurement invariance methods will be used to assess potential gender differences.

Conclusions
Our approach will determine whether adopting advanced psychometric analyses can improve precision and better estimate effect sizes in antidepressant treatment trials. The proposed methods could have implications for future trials and other types of studies that use patient-reported outcome measures.
Changes in Outcome Prediction During the First Week After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Booker James , Barron Peter , Newitt Laura , Chhugani Simran , Sarwar Awais , Ewbank Frederick , Gaastra Ben , Bulters Diederik 
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND:
Prediction of long-term outcome based on initial neurological condition after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage varies with time. To date, studies have been limited to early time points and have reported that prognostication is best after resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE:
To describe how prediction of outcome varies from ictus through the first week of admission.

METHODS:
A retrospective analysis of patients with a diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage recruited to a prospective database. Neurological condition was recorded on each day of the inpatient stay, up to day 7, using World Federation of Neurological Societies score (WFNS). Poor outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale of 3-6 at 3 months. Outcome prediction was assessed using area under the curve (AUC) after binary logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Of 645 patients, 55(14%) patients with WFNS 1&2 and 77(45%) patients with WFNS 4&5 on day 0 had a poor outcome. 30(8%) patients with WFNS 1&2 and 54(81%) patients with WFNS 4&5 on day 7 had a poor outcome. Prognostication using WFNS improved from day 0 to day 7 (AUC = 70.1%, CI 65.0%–75.1% vs AUC = 81.9%, CI 77.4%–86.0%) with an incremental improvement with each day in between, and the largest increases early around the time of resuscitation.

CONCLUSION:
Prediction of outcome improves beyond the initial resuscitation, up to day 7 of admission, with no evidence of any deterioration around the time of treatment or delayed complications like delayed cerebral ischemia. This is important when prognosticating for clinical purposes and emphasizes the importance of standardization of timing of WFNS in research.
Integration of feedforward and feedback control in the neuromechanics of vertebrate locomotion: a review of experimental, simulation and robotic studies
Authors: Ijspeert Auke J. , Daley Monica A. 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Animal locomotion is the result of complex and multi-layered interactions between the nervous system, the musculo-skeletal system and the environment. Decoding the underlying mechanisms requires an integrative approach. Comparative experimental biology has allowed researchers to study the underlying components and some of their interactions across diverse animals. These studies have shown that locomotor neural circuits are distributed in the spinal cord, the midbrain and higher brain regions in vertebrates. The spinal cord plays a key role in locomotor control because it contains central pattern generators (CPGs) – systems of coupled neuronal oscillators that provide coordinated rhythmic control of muscle activation that can be viewed as feedforward controllers – and multiple reflex loops that provide feedback mechanisms. These circuits are activated and modulated by descending pathways from the brain. The relative contributions of CPGs, feedback loops and descending modulation, and how these vary between species and locomotor conditions, remain poorly understood. Robots and neuromechanical simulations can complement experimental approaches by testing specific hypotheses and performing what-if scenarios. This Review will give an overview of key knowledge gained from comparative vertebrate experiments, and insights obtained from neuromechanical simulations and robotic approaches. We suggest that the roles of CPGs, feedback loops and descending modulation vary among animals depending on body size, intrinsic mechanical stability, time required to reach locomotor maturity and speed effects. We also hypothesize that distal joints rely more on feedback control compared with proximal joints. Finally, we highlight important opportunities to address fundamental biological questions through continued collaboration between experimentalists and engineers.
Effects of the EXECP Intervention on Motor Function, Muscle Strength, and Joint Flexibility in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: VALADÃO PEDRO , CENNI FRANCESCO , PIITULAINEN HARRI , AVELA JANNE , FINNI TAIJA 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Numerous exercise interventions to enhance motor function in cerebral palsy (CP) have been proposed, with varying degrees of effectiveness. Because motor function requires a combination of muscle strength, joint flexibility, and motor coordination, we designed a supervised multicomponent exercise intervention (EXErcise for Cerebral Palsy, or EXECP) for individuals with CP. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of the EXECP intervention and its retention after it ceased.

Methods
The EXECP intervention combined strength training for the lower limbs and trunk muscles, passive stretching for the lower limb muscles, and inclined treadmill gait training. Eighteen participants with CP (mean age, 14 yr; 13 were male) were tested twice before the 3-month intervention and twice after the intervention, each test separated by 3 months. Seventeen typically developing age- and sex-matched controls were tested twice. Motor function was assessed with the 6-min walking test (6MWT) and the gross motor function measure dimensions D and E. Passive joint flexibility was measured with goniometry. Isometric and concentric muscle strength were assessed at the knee, ankle, and trunk joints.

Results
The EXECP intervention successfully increased 6MWT (P < 0.001), gross motor function measure (P = 0.004), and muscle strength for knee and trunk muscles (P < 0.05), although no changes were observed for ankle joint muscles. Hip and knee joint flexibility also increased (P < 0.05). After the retention period, all tested variables except the 6MWT and knee joint flexibility regressed and were not different from the pretests.

Conclusions
The improvements in strength, flexibility, and possibly motor coordination brought by the EXECP intervention were transferred to significant functional gains. The regression toward baseline after the intervention highlights that training must be a lifelong decision for individuals with CP.
The Effect of Exercise on a Novel Dual-Task Assessment for Sport Concussion
Authors: Jimenez Juliana , Erdman Nicholas K. , Hart Joseph M. , Resch Jacob E. 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To determine the effect of exercise on cognitive and motor performance and the subsequent test-retest reliability of a novel dual-task (DT) assessment in non-concussed college students.

Methods
Sixty (53.3% female) non-concussed college students with an average age (+standard deviation) of 20.5 ± 1.34 years, height = 171.7 ± 9.33 cm, mass = 69.3 ± 12.23 kg). Participants were assigned to an exercise (n = 30) or rest (n = 30) intervention group and completed two study visits that were separated by a two-week test-retest interval. At each visit, participants completed a novel DT assessment that consisted of the concurrent administration of the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) and tandem gait (TG) prior to the exercise or rest intervention. Following the DT assessment at the first visit, participants in the exercise group performed moderate intensity exercise while the rest group sat quietly for 30 minutes. Following the intervention, both groups were readministered the DT assessment. At the second visit, the same procedures were followed except for each group was administered the opposite intervention (e.g., the exercise group completed the rest intervention). A composite TG (cTG) score was calculated by summing the average time to complete the TG pattern during each SAC domain (immediate memory, digits backwards, months in reverse order, delayed recall). A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to assess post-intervention differences while controlling for pre-intervention performance. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,2) with 95% confidence intervals with all analyses performed with α = 0.05.

Results
SAC and cTG performance was similar (p’s > 0.05) from pre- to post-intervention for the rest or exercise protocols. Good (rest:ICC = 0.77[0.62,0.87]; exercise: ICC = 0.84[0.73,0.90]) and excellent (rest: ICC = 0.97[0.94,0.98]; exercise: ICC = 0.93[0.88,0.96]) test-retest reliability were observed for the SAC composite score and cTG score, respectively.

Conclusions
Our DT assessment was robust to the influence of moderate intensity exercise and demonstrated good-to-excellent test-retest reliability in a healthy collegiate sample.
Acute Ingestion of a Ketone Monoester without Co-Ingestion of Carbohydrate Improves Running Economy in Male Endurance Runners
Authors: Brady Aidan J. , Egan Brendan 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester, with and without co-ingestion of carbohydrate, was investigated for effects on running economy (RE), time to exhaustion (TTE), and other related indices of endurance running performance.

Methods
Using a three condition, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, eleven male middle- and long- distance runners ran at five submaximal speeds (10 to 14 km.h-1) on a motorized treadmill for 8 min each, immediately followed by a ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Participants consumed either a 10% carbohydrate solution (CHO), a 10% carbohydrate solution with 750 mg.kg-1 body mass of a (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester (CHO + KE), or 750 mg.kg-1 body mass of the ketone monoester in flavored water (KE) before (2/3 of the dose) and during (1/3 of the dose) exercise.

Results
βHB concentration averaged 1.8 ± 0.3 mM and 2.1 ± 0.3 mM during exercise in CHO + KE and KE, respectively. RE was lower at each submaximal running speed (ES = 0.48 to 0.98) by an average of 4.1% in KE compared to CHO, but not between CHO + KE and CHO. TTE did not differ between CHO (369 ± 116 s), CHO + KE (342 ± 99 s), or KE (333 ± 106 s) (P = 0.093).

Conclusions
Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester without carbohydrate, but not when co-ingested with carbohydrate, improved RE in middle- and long- distance runners at a range of submaximal running speeds, and did not alter TTE in a short duration ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Further investigation is required to examine if these differences translate into positive performance outcomes over longer durations of exercise.
An ontology of mechanisms of action in behaviour change interventions
Authors: Schenk Paulina M. , Wright Alison J. , West Robert , Hastings Janna , Lorencatto Fabiana , Moore Candice , Hayes Emily , Schneider Verena , Michie Susan 
Published: August 2023

Background: Behaviour change interventions influence behaviour through causal processes called “mechanisms of action” (MoAs). Reports of such interventions and their evaluations often use inconsistent or ambiguous terminology, creating problems for searching, evidence synthesis and theory development. This inconsistency includes the reporting of MoAs. An ontology can help address these challenges by serving as a classification system that labels and defines MoAs and their relationships. The aim of this study was to develop an ontology of MoAs of behaviour change interventions. Methods: To develop the MoA Ontology, we (1) defined the ontology’s scope; (2) identified, labelled and defined the ontology’s entities; (3) refined the ontology by annotating (i.e., coding) MoAs in intervention reports; (4) refined the ontology via stakeholder review of the ontology’s comprehensiveness and clarity; (5) tested whether researchers could reliably apply the ontology to annotate MoAs in intervention evaluation reports; (6) refined the relationships between entities; (7) reviewed the alignment of the MoA Ontology with other relevant ontologies, (8) reviewed the ontology’s alignment with the Theories and Techniques Tool; and (9) published a machine-readable version of the ontology. Results: An MoA was defined as “a process that is causally active in the relationship between a behaviour change intervention scenario and its outcome behaviour”. We created an initial MoA Ontology with 261 entities through Steps 2-5. Inter-rater reliability for annotating study reports using these entities was α=0.68 (“acceptable”) for researchers familiar with the ontology and α=0.47 for researchers unfamiliar with it. As a result of additional revisions (Steps 6-8), 21 further entities were added to the ontology resulting in 282 entities organised in seven hierarchical levels. Conclusions: The MoA Ontology extensively captures MoAs of behaviour change interventions. The ontology can serve as a controlled vocabulary for MoAs to consistently describe and synthesise evidence about MoAs across diverse sources.
Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition
Authors: Chen Zhuoqiong , Stanton Christopher , Thomas Catherine 
Published: August 2023

Trialing an experience good allows consumers to learn their value for the sampled good and also informs beliefs about their value for similar products. These demand-side information spillovers across products create a relatively well-informed group of potential future consumers for rival firms. When both switching consumers and repeat buyers are profitable, firms face reduced incentives to set a low initial price to attract inexperienced consumers. Switchers and repeat buyers are more likely to be profitable in new product categories that build on major innovations and when firms can price discriminate based on purchasing history. We suggest that competing products and services arising from new innovations often have demand-side information spillovers from any product trial and are, hence, settings where competing firms can make overall profits even when selling products that consumers perceive to be indistinguishable prior to initial trial. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy. Funding: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71903046) and the “Shenzhen Peacock Program” (No. GA11409002). Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02754 .
Performance Guarantees for Network Revenue Management with Flexible Products
Authors: Zhu Wenchang , Topaloglu Huseyin 
Published: August 2023

Problem definition: We consider network revenue management problems with flexible products. We have a network of resources with limited capacities. To each customer arriving into the system, we offer an assortment of products. The customer chooses a product within the offered assortment or decides to leave without a purchase. The products are flexible in the sense that there are multiple possible combinations of resources that we can use to serve a customer with a purchase for a particular product. We refer to each such combination of resources as a route. The service provider chooses the route to serve a customer with a purchase for a particular product. Such flexible products occur, for example, when customers book at-home cleaning services but leave the timing of service to the company that provides the service. Our goal is to find a policy to decide which assortment of products to offer to each customer to maximize the total expected revenue, making sure that there are always feasible route assignments for the customers with purchased products. Methodology/results: We start by considering the case in which we make the route assignments at the end of the selling horizon. The dynamic programming formulation of the problem is significantly different from its analogue without flexible products as the state variable keeps track of the number of purchases for each product rather than the remaining capacity of each resource. Letting L be the maximum number of resources in a route, we give a policy that obtains at least [Formula: see text] fraction of the optimal total expected revenue. We extend our policy to the case in which we make the route assignments periodically over the selling horizon. Managerial implications: To our knowledge, the policy that we develop is the first with a performance guarantee under flexible products. Thus, our work constructs policies that can be implemented in practice under flexible products, also providing performance guarantees. Funding: The work of H. Topaloglu was partly funded by the National Science Foundation [Grant CMMI-1825406]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0583 .
Divergent beam-based method for measuring the detuning angles of a laser frequency converter
Authors: Chu Dongya , Wang Hui , Wu Honghong , Liu Bowu , Tian Menjiya 
Published: August 2023

We propose a method to obtain the detuning angles of a frequency converter by tripling the frequency of a divergent Gaussian beam. The frequency tripling process of the divergent beam was first simulated. It is found that the detuning angles of the frequency converter are linearly related to the position of the maximum light intensity point of the third harmonic laser. The corresponding experiment was conducted, and the results agreed well with the theoretical analysis. This method measures the detuning angles of the frequency converter in only one measurement and within 1 min. The detuning angle measurement errors of KDP and KD*P crystals are less than 10 µrad and 36.5–61.9 µrad, respectively.
Upper temperature limit for nanograting survival in oxide glasses
Authors: Xie Qiong , Cavillon Maxime , Poumellec Bertrand , Lancry Matthieu 
Published: August 2023

The thermal stability of self-assembled porous nanogratings inscribed
by an infrared femtosecond (fs) laser in five commercial glasses (BK7,
soda lime, 7059, AF32, and Eagle XG) is monitored using step
isochronal annealing experiments. Their erasure, ascertained by
retardance measurements and attributed to the collapse of nanopores,
is well predicted from the Rayleigh–Plesset (R–P) equation. This
finding is thus employed to theoretically predict the erasure of
nanogratings in the context of any time–temperature process
(e.g., thermal annealing, laser irradiation process). For example, in
silica glass (Suprasil CG) and using a simplified form of the R–P
equation, nanogratings composed of 50 nm will erase within ∼30min, ∼1µs, and ∼30ns at temperatures of ∼1250∘C, 2675°C, and 3100°C, respectively.
Such conclusions are expected to provide guidelines to imprint
nanogratings in oxide glasses (for instance, in the choice of laser
parameters) or to design appropriate thermal annealing protocols for
temperature sensing.