bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Dispersive Properties of the Slow Magnetoacoustic Waves Propagating in Coronal Fan Loops above Sunspots
Authors: Zhao Junwei , Wang Tongjiang , Chen Ruizhu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Recurrent and propagating intensity perturbations are frequently observed in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) channels along coronal fan loops above sunspots, and these perturbations are suggested to be slow magnetoacoustic waves. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate their propagation speeds, damping, and excitation sources; however, there have been limited observational analyses on whether these waves are dispersive despite some theoretical studies. In this study, we apply cross-correlation analysis in the Fourier domain on slow magnetoacoustic waves using three different datasets: EUV intensity observed by SDO/AIA, differential emission measure (DEM) temperature maps, and Doppler velocities from Hinode/EIS spectrometer observations. The apparent phase velocities of the waves, which are the plane-of-sky component of the waves’ phase velocities, are derived as functions of frequency for all the three datasets. It is found that the phase velocities show clear frequency dependency, with a general trend of increase with frequency, ranging from approximately 30 km s−1 around 3 mHz to about 80 km s−1 around 10 mHz. The frequency dependency of the phase velocities demonstrates that the slow magnetoacoustic waves in the coronal loops are dispersive. The dispersiveness of these waves can provide a useful tool for the diagnosis of physical conditions inside the coronal loops along which these waves travel.
Effects of Superradiance in Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Sarmah Priyanka , Verma Himanshu , Cheung Kingman , Silk Joseph 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the core of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) provides room for the elusive ultra-light scalar particles (ULSP) to be produced through a phenomenon called superradiance. This phenomenon produces a cloud of scalar particles around the black hole by draining its spin angular momentum. In this work, we present a study of the superradiant instability due to a scalar field in the vicinity of the central SMBH in an AGN. We begin by showing that the time-evolution of the gravitational coupling α in a realistic ambiance created by the accretion disk around the SMBH in AGN leads to interesting consequences such as the amplified growth of the scalar cloud, enhancement of the gravitational wave emission rate, and appearance of higher modes of superradiance within the age of the Universe. We then explore the consequence of superradiance on the characteristics of the AGN. Using the Novikov-Thorne model for an accretion disk, we divide the full spectrum into three wavelength bands- X-ray (10−4 − 10−2 μm), UV (0.010-0.4 μm), and Vis-IR (0.4-100 μm) and observe sudden drops in the time-variations of the luminosities across these bands and Eddington ratio (fEdd) with a characteristic timescale of superradiance. Using a uniform distribution of spin and mass of the SMBHs in AGNs, we demonstrate the appearance of depleted regions and accumulations along the boundaries of these regions in the planes of different band-luminosities and fEdd. Finally, we discuss some possible signatures of superradiance that can be drawn from the observed time-variation of the AGN luminosities.
Corrosion-resistant single-atom catalysts for direct seawater electrolysis
Authors: Zhang Yue , Wan Weikang , Peng Yudi , Guo Yujun , Zhou Jialing , Wang Shengchen , Yuan Jiayao , Liao Yuru , Liu Linsheng , Zhang Yifan , Liu Suli , Wang Dingsheng , Dai Zhihui 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Direct seawater electrolysis (DSE) for hydrogen production is an appealing method for renewable energy storage. However, DSE faces challenges such as slow reaction kinetics, impurities, the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) at the anode, and membrane fouling, making it more complex than freshwater electrolysis. Therefore, developing catalysts with excellent stability under corrosion and fulfilling activity is vital to the advancement of DSE. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with excellent tunability, high selectivity, and high active sites demonstrate considerable potential for use in the electrolysis of seawater. In this review, we present the anodic and cathodic reaction mechanisms that occur during seawater cracking. Subsequently, to meet the challenges of DSE, rational strategies for modulating SACs are explored, including axial ligand engineering, carrier effects, and protective layer coverage. Then, the applications of in situ characterization techniques and theoretical calculations to SACs are discussed with the aim of elucidating the intrinsic factors responsible for their efficient electrocatalysis. Finally, the process of scaling up monatomic catalysts for the electrolysis of seawater is described, and some prospective insights are provided.
AI-accelerated Discovery of Altermagnetic Materials
Authors: Gao Ze-Feng , Qu Shuai , Zeng Bocheng , Liu Yang , Wen Ji-Rong , Sun Hao , Guo Peng-Jie , Lu Zhong-Yi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Altermagnetism, a new magnetic phase, has been theoretically proposed and experimentally verified to be distinct from ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. Although altermagnets have been found to possess many exotic physical properties, the limited availability of known altermagnetic materials hinders the study of such properties. Hence, discovering more types of altermagnetic materials with different properties is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of altermagnetism and thus facilitating new applications in the next generation of information technologies, e.g., storage devices and high-sensitivity sensors. Since each altermagnetic material has a unique crystal structure, we propose an automated discovery approach empowered by an AI search engine that employs a pre-trained graph neural network to learn the intrinsic features of the material crystal structure, followed by fine-tuning a classifier with limited positive samples to predict the altermagnetism probability of a given material candidate. Finally, we successfully discovered 50 new altermagnetic materials that cover metals, semiconductors, and insulators confirmed by the first-principles electronic structure calculations. The wide range of electronic structural characteristics reveals that various novel physical properties manifest in these newly discovered altermagnetic materials, e.g., anomalous Hall effect, anomalous Kerr effect, and topological property. Noteworthy, we discovered 4 i-wave altermagnetic materials for the first time. Overall, the AI search engine performs much better than human experts and suggests a set of new altermagnetic materials with unique properties, outlining its potential for accelerated discovery of the materials with targeted properties.
Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies in theropod dinosaurs
Authors: Qiu Rui , Wang Xiaolin , Jiang Shunxing , Meng Jin , Zhou Zhonghe 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Compsognathidae was originally considered an early-diverging clade of coelurosaur theropods. However, recent study suggests that Compsognathidae is not monophyletic. Here, we describe two new compsognathid-like species, Sinosauropteryx lingyuanensis sp. nov. and Huadanosaurus sinensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Dawangzhangzi (Lingyuan, western Liaoning, China). The phylogenetic results indicate that all compsognathid-like theropods from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota form a monophyletic group Sinosauropterygidae nested among early-diverging coelurosaurs. Morphological comparison between various species of sinosauropterygids from the Early Cretaceous of Northeast China, combined with the phylogenetic results, suggests that at least three distinct hunting strategies were present among coeval species. The diversification of theropods should be attributed to the landscape caused by the North China craton destruction.
China's greenhouse gas budget during 2000-2023
Authors: Yuan Wenping , Liang Minqi , Gao Yuanyi , Huang Ling , Dan Li , Duan Hongtao , Hong Songbai , Jiang Fei , Ju Weimin , Li Tingting , Lou Ziyang , Luan Shilong , Lu Xiao , Qin Zhangcai , Ran Lishan , Shen Lulu , Teng Fei , Tian Xiangjun , Wang Yilong , Wei Jing , Xia Jiangzhou , Xia Xiaosheng , Yu Lijun , Yue Xu , Zhang Haicheng , Zhang Wen , Zhang Yuzhong , Zhao Xu , Zhu Qiuan , Piao Shilong , Wang Xuhui 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
National greenhouse gas (GHG) budget, including CO2, CH4 and N2O has increasingly become a topic of concern in international climate governance. China is paying increasing attention to reducing GHG emissions and increasing land sinks to effectively mitigate climate change. Accurate estimates of GHG fluxes are crucial for monitoring progress toward mitigating GHG emissions in China. This study used comprehensive methods, including emission factor methods, process-based models, atmospheric inversions, and data-driven models, to estimate the long-term trends of GHG sources and sinks from all anthropogenic and natural sectors in mainland China during 2000–2023, and produced an up-to-date China GHG Budget dataset (CNGHG). The total gross emissions of the three GHGs show a 3-fold increase from 5.0 (95% CI: 4.9∼5.1) Gt CO2-eq yr−1 (in 2000) to 14.3 (95% CI: 13.8∼14.8) Gt CO2-eq yr−1 (in 2023). CO2 emissions represented 81.8% of the GHG emissions in 2023, while 12.7% and 5.5% for CH4 and N2O, respectively. As the largest CO2 source, energy sector contributed 87.4% CO2 emissions. In contrast, the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector was the largest sector of CH4 and N2O, representing 50.1% and 66.3% emissions, respectively. Moreover, China's terrestrial ecosystems serve as a net CO2 sink (1.0 Gt CO2 yr−1, 95% CI: 0.2∼1.9 Gt CO2 yr−1) during 2012 to 2021, equivalent to an average of 14.3% of fossil CO2 emissions. Our GHG emission estimates showed a general consistency with national GHG inventories, with gridded and sector-specific estimates of GHG fluxes over China, providing the basis for curtailing GHG emissions for each region and sector.
Unravelling the Risk of Poisoning From Nicotine-Containing Tobacco Products in Children Less Than Five Years of Age
Authors: Crosby Lynn M 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
For decades, young children in the United States have been accidentally poisoned by traditional tobacco products and the yearly incidence has slowly increased. More poisonings have accompanied the introduction of new products such as e-cigarettes and dissolvable tobacco, with renewed public attention. Using toxicological principles of human health risk assessment, published data from prior exposures, and information about the content and characteristics of specific products, I estimated the acute toxicological risk from exposure to various types and quantities of tobacco products for children &lt;5 years old. Approximate reference levels for a non-lethal oral dose of nicotine were derived: A higher level potentially requiring medical care (0.2 mg per kg) and a lower level not potentially requiring medical care (0.04 mg per kg). A weight-based oral lowest lethal dose (LDLO) of 1–14 mg per kg in children &lt;5 years old is estimated from the cited LDLOs in adults. I provide tables relating e-liquid concentration and volume to the oral LDLO in children &lt;5 years old by weight and describing the amount of other tobacco products expected to result in lethality. Communications about safe storage practices should focus on the benefits of keeping any nicotine-containing product out of the reach of young children, and adults can be reminded to always reengage child-resistant closures on packages and call a poison center for accidental exposures. Healthcare providers, families, or any member of the public can also make reports about unexpected health or safety concerns related to tobacco products to the FDA using its online Safety Reporting Portal at https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthScienceResearch/ucm377563.htm. Tobacco products, particularly electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) liquids are highly toxic to children &lt;5 years old in small amounts. Given that the concentration of nicotine in ENDS is 3 to 72 mg per mL, the lethal dose (LDLO) is expected to be 13–40 mL in a bottle containing a solution of 3 mg per mL liquid nicotine but may be as low as ½–2 mL in a bottle containing a highly concentrated solution of 72 mg per mL liquid nicotine. Features such as flow restrictors, child-resistant closures, and communication of safe storage practices to parents can help to lessen the morbidity and mortality from poisoning.
Precision Medication Based on the Evaluation of Drug Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter Functions
Authors: Ma Yanrong , Mu Jing , Gou Xueyan , Wu Xinan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Pharmacogenomics, therapeutic drug monitoring, and the assessments of hepatic and renal function have made significant contributions to the advancement of individualized medicine. However, their lack of direct correlation with protein abundance/non-genetic factors, target drug concentration, and drug metabolism/excretion significantly limits their application in precision drug therapy. The primary task of precision medicine is to accurately determine drug dosage, which depends on a precise assessment of the ability to handle drugs in vivo, and drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters are critical determinants of drug disposition in the body. Therefore, accurately evaluating the functions of these enzymes and transporters is key to assessing the capacity to handle drugs and predicting drug concentrations in target organs. Recent advancements in the evaluation of enzyme and transporter functions using exogenous probes and endogenous biomarkers show promise in advancing personalized medicine. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research on markers used for the functional evaluation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. It also explores the application of marker omics in systematically assessing their functions, thereby laying a foundation for advancing precision pharmacotherapy.
Prediction of the CP Phase δCP in the Neutrino Oscillation and an Axion-less Solution to the Strong CP Problem
Authors: Tanimoto Morimitsu , Yanagida Tsutomu T 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A model of the axion-less solution to the strong CP problem has been recently constructed based on the $\bf T^2/\mathbb {Z}_3$ orbifold in the six dimensional space-time. We extend, in this paper, the model to include the lepton sector with three right-handed neutrinos. A crucial point in the extended model is that we have only one CP-violating phase and thus the CP phase in the neutrino oscillation can be predicted by the CP phase in the CKM matrix. The CP phase δCP in the PMNS matrix is predicted as δCP ≃ 192○ − 195○ which can be tested in the near future experiments. We also discuss the effective mass mββ responsible for the neutrino-less double beta decay of nucleus, which is predicted as mββ ≃ 8 − 11 meV. We consider the leptogenesis and confirm that our model generates the right sign of the baryon asymmetry if the first family right-handed neutrino is the lightest among the heavy right-handed neutrinos.
The shift to stock-based compensation and gender inequality in wealth in the United States
Authors: Grigoryeva Angelina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study identifies a novel explanation for gender inequality in wealth in the USA; namely, the important role of stock-based compensation. Since the financialization of the US economy, American firms increasingly offered workers compensation based in part on company stock, and 23 per cent of private-sector employees now have stock-based compensation. Analysis of the Survey of Consumer Finances data suggests that stock-based compensation promotes greater wealth accumulation than regular wages, but its wealth benefits are higher among men than women, especially at the top of the wealth distribution. Also, this study finds that men, on average, receive more stock-based compensation than women, and the gender gap is explained by job characteristics and sociodemographic attributes. Finally, analysis of the National Bureau of Economic Research survey of employees with stock-based compensation shows that men are more likely to utilize its wealth-building potential than women, thus contributing to gender inequality in wealth.
The religion of White identity politics: Christian nationalism and White racial solidarity
Authors: Perry Samuel L , Grubbs Joshua B 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Though recent research on White racial solidarity has advanced our understanding of White identity politics in the United States, the religious underpinnings of White identity politics remain understudied. Building on the documented conflation of religious, racial, and national identities among White Americans, we propose American Christian nationalism is best thought of as the religion of White identity politics. Drawing on nationally representative data with a strong, novel measure of Christian nationalism and tested measures of racial solidarity, we find Christian nationalism is among the leading predictors of racial solidarity but solely among White Americans. Specifically, Christian nationalism among (only) White Americans predicts greater racial identity salience, believing their racial group has a lot to be proud of, that their racial group members share much in common, and that it is important for their racial group members to work together to change laws unfair to their racial group. The result is that while Black and Hispanic Americans on average score higher on indicators of racial consciousness and solidarity than White Americans, at higher levels of Christian nationalism, White Americans become indistinguishable from their Black and Hispanic counterparts. Moreover, among Black Americans, Christian nationalism is negatively associated with the belief that Black people should work together to change laws unfair to Black people, suggesting that while Christian nationalism increases or reflects White racial solidarity motivating White identity politics, it may weaken Black Americans’ motivation to advocate for Black Americans in politics.
An overview on Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus’ genetics
Authors: Ates Ilker , Terzi Ulku , Suzen Sinan , Irham Lalu Muhammad 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Major autoimmune rheumatic disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren’s syndrome, are defined by the presence of autoantibodies. These diseases are brought on by immune system dysregulation, which can present clinically in a wide range of ways. The etiologies of these illnesses are complex and heavily impacted by a variety of genetic and environmental variables. The most powerful susceptibility element for each of these disorders is still the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) area, that was the initial locus found to be associated. This region is primarily responsible for the HLA class II genes, such as DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1, however class I genes have also been linked. Numerous genetic variants that do not pose a risk to HLA have been found as a result of intensive research into the genetic component of these diseases conducted over the last 20 years. Furthermore, it is generally acknowledged that autoimmune rheumatic illnesses have similar genetic backgrounds and share molecular pathways of disease, including the interferon (IFN) type I routes. Pleiotropic sites for autoimmune rheumatic illnesses comprise TNIP1, DNASEL13, IRF5, the HLA region, and others. It remains a challenge to determine the causative biological mechanisms beneath the genetic connections. Nonetheless, functional analyses of the loci and mouse models have produced recent advancements. With an emphasis on the HLA region, we present an updated summary of the structure of genes underpinning both of these autoimmune rheumatic illnesses here.
Acute anxiogenic effect of lisdexamphetamine dimesylate in zebrafish: implications of off-label cognitive enhancement use
Authors: Berton Nicole , da Silva do Prado Luciane Dellazari , Nardi Jessica , Biazus Inara Carbonera , Mattiollo Laíse , de Souza dos Santos Karen Julia , da Rosa Amaral Nicoli , Siqueira Lisiane , Cole Varela Amanda Carolina , Rutikoski Gabriéla Witkowski , Barcellos Leonardo José Gil , Rossato-Grando Luciana Grazziotin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The off-label use of lisdexamphetamine dimesylate (LDX), a prodrug of dextroamphetamine, for cognitive enhancement has raised concerns due to its potential risk effects in neurotypical individuals. This study investigates the acute toxic effects of LDX exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio), used here as a translational model. Zebrafish were exposed to 70, 100, and 140 mg/L−1 of LDX to assess changes in anxiety-related, social-related and exploratory behaviors and cognitive function through novel tank test, social preference test, spatial memory test, and light–dark test, respectively. We also evaluated the occurrence of lipid peroxidation and changes in the total protein content after LDX treatments. Our findings reveal that acute LDX exposure significantly increases anxiety-like behaviors, as evidenced by increased bottom-dwelling and decreased top-dwelling times in novel tank tests, without enhancing cognitive function. The concentrations also cause increases in lipid peroxidation and total protein content, making this finding likely to be directed at the fish’s inflammatory response. Our results highlight that acute use of LDX does not improve cognition, but causes an anxiogenic effect, and showed oxidative damage by increasing total proteins, highlighting potential health risks associated with non-medical use of LDX, particularly among neurotypical individuals seeking cognitive benefits.
Effect of nutritional supplementation with lipid-based therapeutic food on body composition of non-severely malnourished African children aged 6–59 months hospitalized with severe pneumonia
Authors: Nalwanga Damalie , Musiime Victor , Kiguli Sarah , Olupot-Olupot Peter , Alaroker Florence , Opoka Robert , Tagoola Abner , Mnjala Hellen , Mogaka Christabel , Nabawanuka Eva , Giallongo Elisa , Karamagi Charles , Briend André , Maitland Kathryn 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children in low- and middle-income countries. Poor outcomes are associated with undernutrition. Nutritional supplementation may be beneficial. We examined the effect of supplementation with lipid-based ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) on the body composition of children with severe pneumonia. Non-severely malnourished children (6–59 months) with severe pneumonia enrolled into the Children’s Oxygen Administration Strategies and Nutrition trial in Uganda and Kenya, and randomized to receive a diet supplemented with RUTF (500 Kcal/day) for 56 days versus usual diet alone (control) were included. We assessed arm anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis at admission and days 28, 90, and 180 of follow-up. We used mixed effects linear regression to compare body composition between groups. We included 737 participants (369 in intervention; 368 in control group). The median age was 16 months (IQR; 9, 26), and 58.1% were male. Overall, baseline mean arm fat area (AFA), arm muscle area, and arm muscle circumference were 5.8 ± 1.8 cm2, 11.6 ± 2.3 cm2, and 12.3 ± 1.2 cm2, respectively. The mean fat mass and fat-free mass calculated in 116 participants were 5.5 ± 1.5 kg and 5.5 ± 1.5 kg, respectively. There were modest increases in most body composition parameters. RUTF significantly increased AFA at days 28 and 90 but not at day 180 (P-value = .03, .02, and .99, respectively). RUTF did not change other body composition parameters. Despite initial increases in AFA, RUTF did not change the body composition of children with severe pneumonia.