bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of channelrhodopsin paralogs in peptidiscs explain their contrasting K+ and Na+ selectivities
Authors: Morizumi Takefumi , Kim Kyumhyuk , Li Hai , Govorunova Elena G. , Sineshchekov Oleg A. , Wang Yumei , Zheng Lei , Bertalan Éva , Bondar Ana-Nicoleta , Askari Azam , Brown Leonid S. , Spudich John L. , Ernst Oliver P. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractKalium channelrhodopsin 1 from Hyphochytrium catenoides (HcKCR1) is a light-gated channel used for optogenetic silencing of mammalian neurons. It selects K+ over Na+ in the absence of the canonical tetrameric K+ selectivity filter found universally in voltage- and ligand-gated channels. The genome of H. catenoides also encodes a highly homologous cation channelrhodopsin (HcCCR), a Na+ channel with >100-fold larger Na+ to K+ permeability ratio. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine atomic structures of these two channels embedded in peptidiscs to elucidate structural foundations of their dramatically different cation selectivity. Together with structure-guided mutagenesis, we show that K+ versus Na+ selectivity is determined at two distinct sites on the putative ion conduction pathway: in a patch of critical residues in the intracellular segment (Leu69/Phe69, Ile73/Ser73 and Asp116) and within a cluster of aromatic residues in the extracellular segment (primarily, Trp102 and Tyr222). The two filters are on the opposite sides of the photoactive site involved in channel gating.
Contribution of prioritized urban nature-based solutions allocation to carbon neutrality
Authors: Pan Haozhi , Page Jessica , Shi Rui , Cong Cong , Cai Zipan , Barthel Stephan , Thollander Patrik , Colding Johan , Kalantari Zahra 
Published: July 2023

AbstractNature-based solutions (NBS) are essential for carbon-neutral cities, yet how to effectively allocate them remains a question. Carbon neutrality requires city-led climate action plans that incorporate both indirect and direct contributions of NBS. Here we assessed the carbon emissions mitigation potential of NBS in European cities, focusing particularly on commonly overlooked indirect pathways, for example, human behavioural interventions and resource savings. Assuming maximum theoretical implementation, NBS in the residential, transport and industrial sectors could reduce urban carbon emissions by up to 25%. Spatially prioritizing different types of NBS in 54 major European Union cities could reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions by on average 17.4%. Coupling NBS with other existing measures in Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios could reduce total carbon emissions by 57.3% in 2030, with both indirect pathways and sequestration. Our results indicate that carbon neutrality will be near for some pioneering cities by 2030, while three can achieve it completely.
Elastic modulus data for additively and conventionally manufactured variants of Ti-6Al-4V, IN718 and AISI 316 L
Authors: Rehmer Birgit , Bayram Faruk , Ávila Calderón Luis Alexander , Mohr Gunther , Skrotzki Birgit 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article reports temperature-dependent elastic properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus) of three alloys measured by the dynamic resonance method. The alloys Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel IN718, and AISI 316 L were each investigated in a variant produced by an additive manufacturing processing route and by a conventional manufacturing processing route. The datasets include information on processing routes and parameters, heat treatments, grain size, specimen dimensions, and weight, as well as Young’s and shear modulus along with their measurement uncertainty. The process routes and methods are described in detail. The datasets were generated in an accredited testing lab, audited as BAM reference data, and are hosted in the open data repository Zenodo. Possible data usages include the verification of the correctness of the test setup via Young’s modulus comparison in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) or thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing campaigns, the design auf VHCF specimens and the use as input data for simulation purposes.
Ethical Issues in Neurotrauma: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Khizar Ahtesham , Ghafoor Abdul , Elahi Inaam 
Published: July 2023

AbstractNeurotrauma is a medical field that deals with the treatment and prevention of serious injuries to the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. It presents complex ethical issues that require careful consideration and balance between individual autonomy, public health, patient preferences, and clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine several ethical dilemmas in neurotrauma, including the prevention of traumatic events, obtaining informed consent and respecting patient preferences in situations of impaired cognition and communication, determining the appropriate use of life-saving interventions, and communicating with patients and families about prognosis and outcomes. Our analysis highlights the need for a nuanced and evidence-based approach that takes into account the unique circumstances of each patient and balances the potential benefits and risks of various interventions.
Limited Utility of Free Triiodothyronine Testing
Authors: Lin Yanchun , Riek Amy E , Gronowski Ann M , Farnsworth Christopher W 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Free triiodothyronine (fT3) testing is most useful when thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is suppressed, and free thyroxine (fT4) is normal or decreased. These laboratory values in a symptomatic patient are referred to as T3 thyrotoxicosis. Standards for fT3 reflex testing have not been established. Herein, we examined the clinical utility of fT3 with the goal of identifying a TSH cutoff in the context of normal/decreased fT4 that maximizes the utility of measuring fT3.

Methods
TSH, fT4, and fT3 results between January 2016 and October 2021 were extracted from the laboratory information system and grouped if resulted on the same day for the same patient. Frequency of biochemical T3 thyrotoxicosis was evaluated at different TSH cutoffs and in outpatient vs inpatient settings.

Results
Of the 4366 TSH-fT4-fT3 results, 70 (1.6%) were consistent with biochemical T3 thyrotoxicosis. The common reasons were previously diagnosed hyperthyroidism on antithyroid medication (n = 28) or hypothyroidism on thyroid medication (n = 18) and newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism (n = 20, 0.5%). The likelihood of detecting T3 thyrotoxicosis increased with lower TSH cutoff (&lt;0.3 μIU/mL, 10.3% vs &lt;0.0 1μIU/mL, 27.6%). All patients with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism had TSH &lt;0.01 μIU/mL. Higher frequency of T3 thyrotoxicosis was observed in the outpatient setting (34%) relative to the inpatient setting (14%, P &lt; 0.001) when TSH &lt; 0.01 μIU/mL.

Conclusions
T3 thyrotoxicosis is a relatively rare diagnosis and fT3 measurement has limited utility in the vast majority of patients. A fT3 reflex for patients with TSH &lt;0.01 μIU/mL and normal/low fT4 may improve clinical utility and reduce unnecessary testing, especially in the outpatient setting.
Effective diagnosis and surgical management of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the eyelid
Authors: Buset T , Vaudoisey L , De Saint Aubain N , Javadian R , Vanden Eynden X , Valyi Z , Dequanter D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the eyelid is an aggressive and rare neoplasm. It generally develops from the eccrine sweat gland and diffuses to the dermis and subcutis of the eyelid or axillae. The lesion usually presents as a progressive, diffuse and painless swelling of the eyelid with or without erythema and is frequently misdiagnosed as a chalazion or a chronic blepharoconjunctivitis leading to delayed management. The histology typically shows a signet ring cell or histiocytoid morphology. The authors present a case of a 76-year-old woman with a diagnosis of a primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the eyelid with atypical presentations. With this report, we seek to increase clinician awareness toward this tumor and to highlight the need for systematic recommendations in order to improve the management of these patients.
Reflective Empathy
Authors: Jordan Randolph 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes an explicit connection between film sound and another core practice in acoustic ecology, soundscape composition, through an analysis of Gus Van Sant’s film Last Days (2005). The sound design for Last Days incorporates the soundscape compositions of Hildegard Westerkamp, original member of the World Soundscape Project. This chapter examines how her piece “Doors of Perception” is mapped onto the space of the house occupied by Blake (Michael Pitt), a character loosely based on Kurt Cobain during the days leading up to his death. This chapter argues that to properly understand how soundscape composition works as a sound design element we need a new model for theorizing how the compilation film soundtrack makes use of pre-existing pieces of music, one that considers the undertheorized role of music’s spatial qualities in film. Soundscape composition attunes us to the spatial dimensions of music, bringing theorizations of the genre to questions of the compilation film soundtrack, offering a new pathway into thinking about film music along ecological lines. This chapter demonstrates how the presence of Westerkamp’s piece in the film opens up ways of thinking about the function of space across all the sound design elements, as well as the image track, to reveal the heart of the film: reflective empathy, the author’s term used to describe the problems of opening up empathetic spaces of identification between characters in the film, and between films and their audiences, echoing the problems of vanishing mediation in the discourse of fidelity discussed throughout this book.
Data and Methodology
Authors: Gradín Carlos , Lewandowski Piotr , Schotte Simone , Sen Kunal 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview of the data harmonization on information about labour earnings, occupational classifications, and job tasks used in the country studies included in this book. We also briefly explain the common methodological framework that underlies most of the analyses after being adapted to each country context. The approaches used bring together various analytical techniques that allow a better description of the magnitude and nature of the change in earnings inequality, particularly the role of skills and the task composition of occupations. Therefore, this chapter is intended as a complementary tool that provides more technical information that the country studies, for the sake of conciseness, will omit.
Ghana
Authors: Gradín Carlos , Schotte Simone 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we analyse the role played by the changing nature of occupational employment and wages in explaining the trend in earnings inequality in Ghana between 2006 and 2017. During this period, a substantial transformation of the economy occurred, with workers moving out of agriculture and generally taking more-skilled and less-routine jobs in services, within the context of a stagnant manufacturing sector and oil-based expansion. We show that there was an initial decline in earnings inequality which is best explained by a fall in the skill premium following the expansion of education. This period was followed by a substantial increase in earnings inequality in which the skill premium continued to fall at a slower pace, and there was a pro-rich change in the earnings returns to routine tasks performed by workers.
ESG and Downside Risks
Authors: Sautner Zacharias , Starks Laura T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Due to their long-term horizons, pension funds face enhanced exposures to the long-lived effects of many environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risks. Moreover, given the potential consequences of being underfunded, pension funds are particularly exposed to ESG-related downside shocks, especially those related to climate change. In particular, with wealth protection being an important consideration for fiduciaries, pension managers have a strong need to identify and address ESG-related downside risks. We discuss the implications of these risks, provide evidence on institutional investors’ perspectives on climate-related downside risks, and discuss how these risks are priced in financial markets. We also document how institutional investors address climate risks in the investment process, with a focus on the role of engagement versus divestment.
Introduction
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Introduction lays out the argument for the book, discusses our data and methods, and presents an outline of the chapters. Here we argue that the growth in affective partisan polarization, and the resulting negativity voters feel toward the opposition party have far-reaching, often toxic, effects on how Americans behave both inside and outside the realm of politics. The power of partisanship influences support for democratic norms, willingness to engage in risk in financial and health care decisions, interracial interactions, and preferences on completely non-political issues like our choice of what we would like to eat for dinner. The power of partisanship blocks people from learning from each other, their environment, and even makes them blind to their own personal economic hardship. The power of partisanship ultimately makes partisans unable to respond to information not gained through partisan channels.
Political Responsiveness to the Lived Experience
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates how partisanship disrupts the process of learning from personal and contextual experiences. The chapter examines what political knowledge means in an information environment that is expressly partisan and asks if contextual effects theory works in the way social science predicts. The data suggest that partisan policy preferences are not reflective of pocketbook concerns—even for individuals who struggle financially. Similarly, the findings suggest that the saliency of crime is not affected by the level of violent crime in the context in which partisans live. Democrats’ and Republicans’ policy preferences on gun control also have no relationship with the level of violent crime in their lived context. Even perceptions about local land use reflect national debates instead of local realities. Only independents’ perceptions of their community are informed by their lived reality and show signs that policy opinions change to reflect personal and community needs.
Identity Strength Leads to Out-Group Animus and Polarization
Authors: Iyengar Shanto , DeBell Matthew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
America is increasingly a polarized society. Party politics has become a form of tribalism by which Democrats and Republicans treat each other as a stigmatized out-group. Partisans shun close contact with opposing partisans and show no compunction when discriminating against opposing partisans in a variety of contexts. In this chapter, the authors explore the antecedents of polarization, focusing on identity strength and political tolerance as key predictors. Using American National Election Study (ANES) national surveys conducted between 1964 and 2020, the authors first document the significant increase in hostility toward the opposing party. They then show that hostility is significantly elevated among individuals with a strong sense of partisan identity. Surprisingly, they find that the question used to measure political tolerance in the ANES surveys has negligible effects on partisan animus. In closing, they consider the implications of extreme polarization for democratic politics.
Feature co-occurrence constraints in acquisition
Authors: van ’t Veer Marijn 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter proposes that an account of the acquisition of the segment inventory cannot be successful if it targets solely the representational side, as previous accounts have tended to do. However, both representation and derivation (computation) are necessary and integral parts of any phonological system. With this in mind, the chapter puts forth a framework in which the acquisition of distinctive features develops in tandem with a set of highly simple constraints that govern how these features may combine to form segments. Using only monovalent features and binary Feature Co-occurrence Constrains, it is shown that the acquisition of the Dutch consonant inventory can be successfully accounted for.
Features or gestures in speech production and perception?
Authors: Kim Hyunsoon 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe present chapter addresses the question of whether atemporal features or temporal gestures play a role in speech production and perception. We compare feature- and gesture-based models, taking into consideration recent MRI and external photoglottography data on Korean stops, MRI and acoustic data on Korean palatalization, and two perception studies on how Koreans categorize Japanese geminates and plosives followed by an H or L vowel. The comparison shows that the laryngeal–oral coordination and the other independent pattern of glottal opening in Korean stops are more appropriately accounted for by features, and that gradual tongue fronting and raising in Korean palatalization cannot be represented simultaneously by the single gesture Tongue Body. In addition, the perception studies reveal that gestures a speaker produces are not perceived; rather, acoustic signals are parsed by a listener’s grammar such as distinctive features, syllable structure, Accentual Phrase-initial boundary tones, etc.
Perceptions of providing nursing care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bosek Marcia Sue Dewolf , Laramee Ann , Hoffman Sarah 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
To characterize the experience of providing nursing care amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
A qualitative, phenomenology method was used. Data were collected via a confidential electronic survey.

Results:
A total of 166 nurses completed the survey, of which 63 (37.9%) took care of a patient with COVID-19. Four themes (with subthemes) emerged from the survey data: It feels like a marathon that won't end; Take care of yourself or you cannot take care of anyone else effectively; I'm a nurse so I can take care of sick patients, however, it is harder to go to work now; and It is challenging not to be angry.

Conclusion:
Nurses remain proud of their role as a nurse. However, the joy related to work faded as nurses fought against being angry with patients, visitors, and other clinicians who did not follow safety precautions, such as wearing masks, and social distancing. The perception of running a marathon illustrates the exhaustion nurses are experiencing.
An international comparison of student nurse practitioner diagnostic reasoning skills
Authors: Rogers Melanie , Lyden Catherine , Steinke Mary , Windle Angela , Lehwaldt Daniela 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Nurse practitioners (NPs) play a pivotal role in health care provision. Diagnostic reasoning is an important core skill of advanced practice.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to compare diagnostic reasoning skills of NP students. It also identified the variability in clinical teaching components of a sample of international NP curricula.

Methods:
An international group of NP students completed an online survey using a validated diagnostic reasoning scale during the first year of their NP program. Program faculty surveyed provided data on core curricula.

Results:
The NP students’ (n = 152) mean diagnostic thinking inventory (DTI) score was 142, flexibility in thinking subscale score mean of 73 with a knowledge structure in memory of 69. The programs surveyed required bioscience courses. Most programs provided opportunities for students to practice diagnostic thinking using individual precepted clinical hours (range 500–950) and objective structured clinical examinations.

Conclusion:
The lower scores of this group of NP students were similar to other NP students and first-year medical residents. Higher mean scores in the DTI reflect expertise and are developed over time. Courses providing a foundation of biomedical knowledge were identified in each program, with opportunities for the NP students to practice diagnostic thinking using objective structured clinical examinations and clinical practice hours.

Implications:
The use of the diagnostic reasoning inventory is a useful tool for evaluating student NP's diagnostic reasoning during their NP program. Nurse practitioner programs should consider the provision of dedicated clinical hours, including supervised clinical practice experiences and objective structured clinical examinations to improve diagnostic reasoning.
Tumor-Derived Exosomes and the Role of Liquid Biopsy in Human Papillomavirus Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Allevato Michael M. , Smith Joshua D. , Brenner Michael J. , Chinn Steven B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The global incidence of human papillomavirus–positive (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has surged in recent decades, with HPV+ HNSCC accounting for >70% of oropharynx cancers in the United States. Its incidence in men has surpassed that of HPV+ cervical cancer in women, and reliable assays are needed for early detection and to monitor response to therapy. Human papillomavirus–positive OPSCC has a more favorable response to therapy and prognosis than HPV-negative (HPV−) HNSCC, motivating regimens to deintensify curative surgery or chemoradiotherapy protocols. A barrier to deintensifying and personalizing therapy is lack of reliable predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, HPV− HNSCC survival rates are static without reliable surveillance biomarkers available. The emergence of circulating plasma-based biomarkers reflecting the tumor-immune microenvironment heralds a new era in HNSCC diagnosis and therapy. We review evidence on tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment in HPV+ and HPV− HNSCC.