bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of disease activity and functional impairment
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
It is important to distinguish symptoms that reflect active disease from symptoms of a mechanical or psychological nature before making specific treatment decisions. Routine blood tests such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) do not correlate very well with disease activity in many patients with AS/axSppA. Therefore, several clinical measures have been developed for this purpose and are discussed in this chapter. These include disease activity scores, such as BASDAI, composite score, such as ASDAS, functional disability scores, such as BASFI, health-related quality of life scores, such as ASAS HI, and criteria for response to therapy, such as ASAS response criteria. An increasing number of rheumatologists are incorporating into their clinical practice the patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures (PROM), defined as any report that provides the status of patient’s health condition that comes directly from the patient.
Patient education
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For people with AS/axSpA the future is often filled with uncertainty. They deserve receiving the appropriate education and counseling about their illness from their healthcare providers, and all their concerns need to be addressed in non-technical terms. The word “doctor” does not mean a healer but an educator. With the increasing use of electronic medical record (EMR) systems, many healthcare providers seem to be spending more time looking at their computer screens and clicking their keyboards rather than directly looking at and attentively listening and conversing with their patients during their clinic visits. The patients deserve to be actively involved in their treatment process as much as possible and not simply be passive recipients of medical services. They also need psychologic support through conversation that includes elements of empathy, honesty, and trust. Therefore, healthcare providers should never forget to ask their patients, “Is there anything that you are worried about or are afraid of?” Based on an affirmative answer, the next question: “Do you want to talk about that?”
Management
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Every patient should be made aware about the disease they have and how to treat it. The long-term outcome is better if the disease gets diagnosed early and managed by an experienced rheumatologist, with co-management by the primary care physician and appropriate specialists for any associated disease manifestations (e.g., uveitis or inflammatory bowel disease) or comorbid conditions, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes. Healthcare providers need to know the use of any “over-the counter” medicines, herbs, megavitamins, prebiotics, probiotics, and any potentially addictive substances by the patient. Beyond the prescribed medicines, there is an aspect called self-management that aims to provide the patients the support they need to achieve or maintain physical and economic independence. Patients should also feel free to discuss any issues related to their job and employment as well as their personal life, such as intimacy, sexual life, self-image, marriage, reproductive health, fertility, pregnancy, anxiety, and depression.
Fused (ankylosed) spine and risk of fractures
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Structural deterioration due to osteoporosis and impaired spinal immobility due to bony fusion (ankylosis) make the spine fragile and very susceptible to post-traumatic as well as spontaneous vertebral compression fracture. Accompanied weakness of the muscles around the spine, as well as problems with keeping balance and decreasing field of view due to forward stooping (kyphosis) and immobile neck, further increase susceptibility to fractures. They usually occur in the cervical spine, and neurologic deficits are often subtle on initial presentation, resulting in the fracture being missed because of a low index of suspicion and poor visualization on conventional X-rays. MRI, CT, or bone scan results may be more helpful in confirming or excluding such spinal fractures. Patients with AS/axSpA or anyone with limited spinal mobility should avoid manipulation of their back or neck by chiropractors and masseurs because such treatments can inadvertently lead to spinal fractures and neurological complications. Availability of biologics has greatly enhanced the treatment, and a few observational studies have shown that long term use of biologics may slow down new bone formation that results in spinal ankylosis.
Anti-Black Violence
Authors: Seay-Howard Ariel Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Black abolitionists and freedom fighters such as Ida B. Wells have successfully protected the Black community from violence by using their voices as tools to deconstruct white violence, create better representation of the Black community, and illuminate the shortcomings of the US democratic society. However, recent victims of white violence such as Eric Garner, Sandra Bland, Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, and Robert L. Fuller demonstrate the inequities and inequalities that persist in the American democratic society, which is where all citizens are supposedly protected by the law and the judicial system against unjust acts of violence. This chapter exposes the racial violence that the African American community has endured throughout the long nineteenth century and continues to bear today. This chapter also uncovers how American democracy has a dark, bloody, and close relationship with racial violence.
Tyranny
Authors: Bernal Angélica María 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Discourses of tyranny are foundational to US democracy and have throughout its history framed political debates and struggles. This chapter surveys the long arc of these discourses to engage with the tense and mutually constitutive relationship between tyranny and democracy. Exploring a wide range of its deployments—from the American Revolution, founding, and struggle to end slavery to the 2021 Capitol riots and critiques of capitalism—as well as its expression by elite and marginalized actors, this chapter analyzes the ways in which tyranny has been articulated as a mode of critique to expose central problems of domination, violence, the establishment of gendered and racial hierarchies and inequalities, and the distribution of power in US government, economy, and society.
Doubt
Authors: Pell John , Duffy William 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While the history of American democracy owes much to classical liberalism, especially the idea that human beings are instilled with inalienable rights, in practice American democracy has always been a tug of war between balancing individual freedom with the collective good. Perhaps no group of American thinkers has wrestled with this dilemma more thoughtfully and thoroughly than the American pragmatists. This chapter offers a brief conceptual history of American pragmatism by tracing the importance of doubt as a critical practice for the development and maintenance of democratic institutions. Reviewing how key pragmatist thinkers such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, Jane Addams, and John Dewey, among others, accounted for the function of doubt in their own philosophical writings, this chapter argues for the importance of not only acknowledging but also embracing doubt, or fallibilism, as a democratic virtue.
Sentimentalism and Scientism
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Several prominent moral psychologists, including Jonathan Haidt and Paul Rozin, suggest that evaluative judgments are post hoc rationalizations of non-rational emotional responses. Some philosophers, including Joshua Greene and Peter Singer, accept this pessimism and conclude that we must either purify ethics of its emotional influences or accept some form of relativism. This chapter argues that this is a false dilemma, and that their pessimism is exaggerated. Emotions are connected to contingent but profound human concerns, and they can be responsive to genuine but anthropocentric reasons. Judgments made on their basis need not be mere rationalizations. Moreover, relativism produces repugnant evaluative conclusions that sentimentalists need not accept. The suggestions that disgust is irrational unless directed at things that threaten disease, and more generally that emotional concerns with anything other than harm and benefit lack rational support, are prejudices of scientism not deliverances of science.
Reasons for Emotions
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Sentimental value concepts concern whether the corresponding emotions are fitting, not whether anyone is disposed to have them. An emotion is fitting when there is sufficient reason of fit in its favor, where reasons of fit are those that bear on the correctness of the response. Although the idea of reasons to feel can seem peculiar, ordinary evaluative thought subjects the emotions to criticism and regulation with such reasons. Whether something is shameful or dangerous for you depends on the context, as well as on features of your social role and peculiar vulnerabilities. But it does not depend on your evaluative perspective—your sensibility. Hence, there is genuine evaluative disagreement between individuals and cultures over what is shameful, disgusting, and so on. But the same is true of other values. Disagreement does not supply special reasons for skepticism about the sentimental values.
Towards Practice: Mathematics Beyond the Canon
Authors: Senthil Babu D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The first chapter, Mathematics Beyond the Canon, on the Kaṇakkatikāram corpus of texts, examines their socially embedded practice of computations while pointing to their quest for generalization. The problem-solving methods in these texts were not ‘inventions’ or ‘discoveries’ in the commonly assumed sense but point to how mathematics as a social activity made numeracy distinctively public. The mathematical content in these texts points to different kinds of mathematization and different experiences of mathematical practice in a caste society. They demonstrate the elastic and flexible nature of the boundaries between concrete and abstract engagements. Grasping this flexibility enables us to critically look at the continuous quest for a context-free abstraction that has come to define the mathematical activity of our present.
The Power of Style
Authors: Fürst Juliane 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Youth style as a twentieth-century transnational project demonstrates the growing interconnectedness of young people all over the world and highlights geographical and political particularities. Focusing on the subcultural youth styles in the Soviet Union, yet with an emphasis on its inter- and transnational contexts, highlights the tensions between, and coexistence and mutual fertilization of, global and local factors in creating “style.” The Soviet lens serves both as an interesting case study and a reminder that there is no such thing as a single, definitive prototype of youth style, but that style is a never-ending negotiation between different intellectual, emotional, and physical forces that incorporate imported and local elements. The history of youth cultural style from the revolution to Perestroika includes Soviet flappers and foxtrotters, the so-called stiliagi, beatniks, hippies, punks, and late-socialist slackers. The unexpected richness and variety of Soviet youth subcultures reveal youth style as a globally interconnected phenomenon with several translations, mutations, and adaptations existing simultaneously.
MOOCs in Asia
Authors: Farley Helen 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMassive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) have become increasingly prominent across Asia. This eminence (and notoriety) reflects that seen globally, with MOOCs viewed both as eliminating inequities in access to higher education and as a failed experiment in learning. This chapter investigates the relationship between formal distance education and MOOCs, seeing MOOCs emerge from the Open Educational Resources, Open CourseWare, and the Open Educational Practice movements. The emergence of MOOCs is described across six developed and developing Asian countries. These cases illustrate how MOOCs in Asia differ from those of the United States and Europe. Specifically, they have been supported by central governments through direct funding and robust policy environments. Barriers to the wider adoption of MOOCs in Asia are explored in the chapter, covering a range of factors that include language of delivery, cultural specificity, and technical infrastructure. The chapter concludes with a brief exploration of possible future directions for MOOCs in Asia.
The Relevance of Geometry to Understanding Human Evolution from the Perspective of Cognitive Domains and the Neurovisual Resonance Theory
Authors: Hodgson Derek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since the Neurovisual Resonance Theory (NRT) was first presented as a way of understanding the preference of fossil humans for certain geometric forms, intense neuroscientific research has provided intriguing insights as to its relevance. The theory presented a novel approach to issues concerning the increasing interest in the symmetry of Acheulean handaxes and how such a proclivity was exapted for making autonomous engraved patterns. With the development of sophisticated neuroscanning techniques for assessing the active human brain when subjects engage in viewing or interacting with geometrical forms, not only do these new empirical data provide useful support for the NRT but they also indicate that the NRT has a wider application to understanding the precursors that make humans different to non-human primates. In this regard, the precursors that underwrite the sense of geometry will be explored and compared with concomitant cognitive domains such as language, reasoning, and number that will allow a more nuanced understanding of cognitive evolution. More generally, this chapter sets out to investigate those factors from the perspective of Material Engagement Theory and human evolution.
Current Conceptions of Human Cognition in Understanding the Origins of Human Art
Authors: Martín-Loeches Manuel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Current conceptions of human cognition in understanding the origins of human art emphasize that cognition is mainly embodied, that is, crucially integrated in the perceptual and motor systems that essentially organize the brain. In addition, emotions are now suited for a central role in cognition, while the social nature of our brain is also notably highlighted to comprehend human behavior. This chapter considers all these factors in elucidating possible scenarios for the emergence and evolution of human artistic expression, in a new perspective that attempts to understand this apparently bizarre behavior in the frame of more Darwinian, naturalistic and current conceptions of the human mind than normally used, such as “symbolism.” In this regard, different levels of perception and motor control involved in art will be reviewed, as well as their links to affective factors, this providing sufficient reasons for art to arise. Art, as any behavior, would largely depend on the perceptual and motor systems of the brain and the body, these basically varying between species. For that reason, apparent manifestations of art in other human and nonhuman species will also be reviewed and framed within the embodied cognition perspective. Finally, the possible contribution of social variables to explain several peculiarities of human art, such as its success and profusion, will help to complete the picture.
Tool Use by New Caledonian Crows Can Inform Cognitive Archaeology
Authors: Fairlie Joanna , Uomini Natalie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the fruitfulness of interchange between the discipline of cognitive archaeology and research on corvid birds. To illustrate the valuable two-way exchanges that can be made, the chapter presents published work on corvid cognition and the authors’ ongoing work on New Caledonian crows’ tool-use and social behaviors. The chapter highlights important gaps. In particular, parallels for early hominins have tended to focus heavily on primates but have ignored other taxa. Similarly, animal cognition research and especially corvid studies have underutilized the potential to put their findings in the context of current data from cognitive archaeology. The authors argue that greater attention should be given to birds in general, and corvids in particular, when reconstructing human cognitive evolution, as these species are in some ways more relevant to human evolution than the primate models that have always been the focus. Likewise, findings from other domains of cognitive archaeology should be better incorporated into corvid research. The authors advocate for stronger communication between researchers who work on human cognition, human evolution, and animal cognition. To achieve a truly complete understanding of human cognitive evolution, an interdisciplinary approach that brings together multiple lines of evidence is required, no matter how different the perspectives. Cognitive archaeology and corvids can greatly benefit from listening to each other. Each also offers their own unique contributions to wider fields.
Acheulian Cognition and Behavior at Gesher Benot YA‘AQOV
Authors: Alperson-Afil Nira 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The long sequence of lake-shore occupations of the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya‛aqov (MIS 18–20) includes extremely rich sequential archaeological horizons spanning ca. 50 Ka and dated to 0.79 Mya. During the last three decades the behavior of the Gesher Benot Ya‛aqov (GBY) Acheulian hominins was investigated through a plethora of multidisciplinary archaeological studies. These repeatedly revealed aspects associated with behavioral modernity, indicated by systematic butchering, elaborated plant processing, advanced lithic expertise, hafting, and spatial organization. Through a synthesis of previous studies, this chapter formulates an overall cognitive framework for Acheulian behavior at the site, attempting to identify the cognitive traits that enabled this behavior. To do so, the chapter draws parallels between cognitive traits, well defined by cognitive science, and diverse activities inferred from archaeological finds at GBY. These parallels suggest that the Acheulian hominins of GBY carried out tasks that necessitated a chain of steps, performed at different times in different places, requiring them to arrange their memories in sequential time (i.e., sequential memory). Hominins were able to acknowledge a variety of lithic, faunal, and floral resources, even when these were not physically present (i.e., displaced reference). The acquisition and transportation of resources for later manipulation and sharing required delayed gratification (i.e., inhibition). In addition, the chapter suggests that the accumulated knowledge of the GBY hominins was acquired through their ability to operate (“move” subjectively and fluidly) between past and future events (i.e., autonoesis). The integration and contemporaneity of these characteristics suggest that cognitive traits associated with modern cognition were already possessed by Acheulian hominins as early as early Middle Pleistocene.
Complex Behavior at the Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot YA‘AQOV, Israel
Authors: Herzlinger Gadi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of recent reconstructions of hominin technological behavior based on the analyses of the bifacial tools assemblages excavated at the 800,000 year-old Middle Acheulian site of Gesher Benot-Ya‘aqov, Israel. Through its exceptional preservation and meticulous excavation methods, this regionally unique site provided rich assemblages of handaxes and cleavers, as well as the perfect context for their analysis, showcasing many cognitive capacities identified in various Acheulian sites throughout the Old World. The application of a novel morpho-technological analytical approach reached several original conclusions regarding the site occupants’ behavior. These include both technical aspects in the production procedures of bifaces and socio-cultural aspects relating to the social group size, structure, complexity, and social signaling. These behaviors, considered in light of cognitive, social, and cultural models and theoretical frameworks, support the notion that some components of modern human cognition were already well established in the minds of the ancient knappers who occupied the site in the early Middle Pleistocene.
The Bose (South China) Handaxes
Authors: Wang Wei , Fan Yaobin , Bae Christopher J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Acheulean (1.76 Ma to 0.3–0.2 Ma) industry is characterized by large cutting tools, best represented by bifacially worked implements known as handaxes or bifaces. Their visual symmetry is often associated with hominin spatial cognition and theories of perception. Interestingly, the variables often studied (e.g., bifacial symmetry and refinement) change over time, but at different rates in different geographic regions. This suggests the relation between Acheulean material culture and hominin cognitive evolution is complex; it certainly remains a topic of debate. Stone tool symmetry may be constrained by function or raw material, which can result in an absence of a particular trend or pattern regarding refinement. However, the extension of symmetry possibly indicates deliberate attention to a specific and visually striking aspect of artifactual form. The Early Palaeolithic bifacially worked implements from the Bose Basin in southern China are well known in light of the Movius Line debate and make an excellent test case for addressing these questions. These handaxes were found in association with tektites dated securely to ~0.803 Ma, a relatively early appearance in eastern Asia that makes them particularly interesting. Though overlapping in certain aspects of their morphology with the Western Acheulean, the Bose handaxes differ generally from their Western counterparts. This variability suggests that a more flexible hominin adaptative strategy east of the Movius Line may have contributed more to variation in biface symmetry rather than anything related to hominin cognitive level. Explanations other than simply the level of cognition need to be investigated to better explain variation in these regional handaxe datasets.
Between and Beyond
Authors: Verhoeven Marc 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of caves and cave walls in the production, experience, symbolism and meaning of Upper Palaeolithic cave art in France and Spain. Their crucial role in art and society is discussed by paying attention to what are regarded as their most important properties and related activities. First, the notions “encavement” and “perception shifting” are used to illustrate the cognitive effect of caves. Next, manipulations of cave walls by means of art (specifically, animal representations and handprints) and other symbolic activities are presented as practices of transformation of and communication via walls. Then, manipulations of sound and vision in creating drama, evidence of rituals, and secrecy are discussed in a way that reveals the relationships between caves and practice. Finally, the apparent great significance of caves suggests that they were central to the worldview of their users. This consisted of a cognitive focus on animals, an animistic ontology, and three “interaction spheres”: the “world outside,” the “world between” (caves), and the supernatural “world beyond.”