bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Canadian sodium intakes and the health impact of meeting national and WHO recommended sodium intake levels: A macrosimulation modelling study
Authors: Flexner Nadia , Christoforou Anthea K. , Bernstein Jodi T. , Ng Alena P. , Yang Yahan , Fernandes Nilson Eduardo A. , Labonté Marie-Ève , L’Abbe Mary R. 
Published: May 2023

Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the second leading cause of total deaths in Canada. High blood pressure is the main metabolic risk factor for developing CVDs. It has been well established that excess consumption of sodium adversely affects blood pressure. Canadians’ mean sodium intakes are well above recommended levels. Reducing dietary sodium intake through food reformulation has been identified as a cost-effective intervention, however, dietary sodium intake and the potential health impact of meeting recommended sodium intake levels due to food reformulation have not been determined in Canada.

Objective
This study aimed to 1) obtain robust estimates of Canadians’ usual sodium intakes, 2) model sodium intakes had foods been reformulated to align with Health Canada’s sodium reduction targets, and 3) estimate the number of CVD deaths that could be averted or delayed if Canadian adults were to reduce their mean sodium intake to recommended levels under three scenarios: A) 2,300 mg/d–driven by a reduction of sodium levels in packaged foods to meet Health Canada targets (reformulation); B) 2,000 mg/d to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation; and C) 1,500 mg/d to meet the Adequate Intake recommendation.

Methods
Foods in the University of Toronto’s Food Label Information Program 2017, a Canadian branded food composition database, were linked to nationally representative food intake data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition to estimate sodium intakes (and intakes had Health Canada’s reformulation strategy been fully implemented). The Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl (PRIME) was used to estimate potential health impact.

Results
Overall, mean sodium intake was 2758 mg/day, varying by age and sex group. Based on ’reformulation’ scenario A, mean sodium intakes were reduced by 459 mg/day, to 2299 mg/day. Reducing Canadians’ sodium intake to recommended levels under scenarios A, B and C could have averted or delayed 2,176 (95% UI 869–3,687), 3,252 (95% UI 1,380–5,321), and 5,296 (95% UI 2,190–8,311) deaths due to CVDs, respectively, mainly from ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and hypertensive disease. This represents 3.7%, 5.6%, and 9.1%, respectively, of the total number of CVDs deaths observed in Canada in 2019.

Conclusion
Results suggest that reducing sodium intake to recommended levels could prevent or postpone a substantial number of CVD deaths in Canada. Reduced sodium intakes could be achieved through reformulation of the Canadian food supply. However, it will require higher compliance from the food industry to achieve Health Canada’s voluntary benchmark sodium reduction targets.
Diet, gut microbiome and their end-metabolites associate with acute pancreatitis risk
Authors: Yazici Cemal , Thaker Sarang , Castellanos Karla K , Al Rashdan Haya , Huang Yongchao , Sarraf Paya , Boulay Brian , Grippo Paul , Gaskins H. Rex , Danielson Kirstie K , Papachristou Georgios I. , Tussing-Humphreys Lisa , Dai Yang , Mutlu Ece R. , Layden Brian T. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Diet and decreased gut microbiome diversity has been associated with acute pancreatitis (AP) risk. However, differences in dietary intake, gut microbiome and their impact on microbial end-metabolites have not been studied in AP. We aimed to determine differences in i) dietary intake ii) gut microbiome diversity and sulfidogenic bacterial abundance, and iii) serum short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations in AP and control subjects.

Methods
This case-control study recruited 54 AP and 46 control subjects during hospitalization. Clinical and diet data, stool and blood samples were collected. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to determine gut microbiome alpha diversity and composition. Serum SCFA and H2S levels were measured. Machine learning (ML) model was used to identify microbial targets associated with AP.

Results
AP patients had decreased intake of vitamin D3, whole grains, fish, and beneficial eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. AP patients also had lower gut microbiome diversity (p=0.021) and higher abundance of sulfidogenic bacteria including Veillonella and Haemophilus which were associated with AP risk. Serum acetate and H2S concentrations were significantly higher in the AP group (p < 0.001 and p=0.043, respectively). ML model had 96% predictive ability to distinguish AP patients from controls.

Conclusions
AP patients have decreased beneficial nutrient intake and gut microbiome diversity. Increased abundance of H2S producing genera in the AP, SCFA producing genera in the control group, and predictive ability of ML model to distinguish AP patients indicates that diet, gut microbiota and their end-metabolites play a key role in AP.
Empirical Accounting Seminars: Elephants in the Room
Authors: Ohlson James A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Attendees of accounting empirical research seminars all too often come to view the conclusions presented in the papers as non-persuasive. This disappointing situation indicates that researchers employ data analysis methodologies which inherently support conclusions they are looking for. Such issues are rarely discussed because many participants have relied on the same methodologies – thus they have firsthand knowledge about the inherent deficiencies. The mantra becomes: “We are all aware of uncomfortable aspects of the methodologies used in our research, so why dwell on it?” Because these potential questions tend to be outside normal and acceptable bounds, I term them “elephants in the room”. Five such cases are delineated to illustrate incontrovertible problems therein. To sum it up, the elephants highlight that the purported substantive contents of most published papers will be taken with a grain of salt for the foreseeable future.
Does credibility become trivial when the message is right? Populist radical-right attitudes, perceived message credibility, and the spread of disinformation
Authors: Christner Clara 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Individuals with populist radical-right (PRR) attitudes seem particularly inclined to spread disinformation. However, it is unclear whether this is due to the large amount of disinformation with a PRR bias or a general tendency to perceive disinformation as credible and/or spread it further. This study explores (1) effects of a PRR bias on perceived message credibility and likelihood of spreading disinformation, (2) the extent to which perceived message credibility mediates the spread of disinformation, (3) effects of PRR attitudes on the perceived message credibility of biased disinformation, and (4) whether a PRR bias of disinformation explains the spread of disinformation by individuals with PRR attitudes despite a lack of credibility. An online experimental study (N = 572) in Germany showed that the spread of disinformation is mediated by perceived message credibility of disinformation. PRR attitudes positively predict perceived message credibility regardless of whether it is biased or unbiased disinformation.
Compressive forces influence on the vibrations of double beams
Authors: Atiyah Qasim Abbas , Abdulsahib Imad Abdulhussein 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The influence of compressive forces on the lower and upper natural frequencies of the double beams has been studied in this article. Euler–Bernoulli’s hypotheses have been used to derive the natural frequency equations. Two asymmetric beams were assumed in this work, and four different boundary conditions were applied in these equations: Pinned–Pinned, Clamped–Clamped, Clamped–Free, and Clamped–Pinned. When the axial compressive force is increased about 18 times, it is observed that the lower natural frequencies decreased by 19% for PP beam, 8% for CC beam, 81% for CF beam, and 12% for CP beam. However, the greatest effect of the axial force on the higher frequencies is by reducing it in the CC beam by a ratio that does not exceed 2%. A rise in the values of axial compressive force causes a reduction in the lower natural frequencies, mostly for the CF beam, while it has a little effect on the higher natural frequencies. Similarly, when the compressive forces on the upper and lower beams fluctuate simultaneously, their effect is doubled on the frequencies when the axial compressive force on one of the two beams changes only.
Design and manufacture of an additive manufacturing printer based on 3D melt electrospinning writing of polymer
Authors: Akhoundi Behnam , Modanloo Vahid , Mashayekhi Ahmad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Electrospinning is one of the most well-known approaches to producing polymer nanofibers from a polymer solution by applying a potential difference (voltage) between the spinner and the collector, which is used in various industries such as medicine and military. This method has some significant restrictions, like low process efficiency due to the evaporation of the solvent, remaining solvent on the fibers, which are sometimes toxic, and inability to control the geometry of the produced fibers. On the other hand, preparing some solvents used in the electrospinning of polymer solutions is costly. Polymer melt electrospinning writing is a replacement for this type of electrospinning, which can be mentioned in terms of economy, efficiency, and production of solvent-free fibers. Therefore, in this research, a melt polymer electrospinning device was designed and manufactured according to existing extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) devices (3D printer).

Methods
Changes in an extrusion-based 3D printer to convert it into a writing electrospinning device experimentally.

Results
PLA and PCL fibers with diameters ranging from 8 to 84 μm were produced. The effect of process variables on the produced fibers’ diameter was investigated: Applied potential difference between the nozzle and the substrate: As its increases, the fiber diameter decreases. Increasing temperature: As its increases, the fiber diameter decreases. Distance between the nozzle and the substrate: As its increases, the fiber diameter increases. Flow rate: As its increases, the fiber diameter increases.

Conclusions
By presenting a 3D printer-electrospinning device, it is possible to control the fiber’s diameter and the 3D geometry in the 3D printing-electrospinning process.
Classification of normal and abnormal fetal heart ultrasound images and identification of ventricular septal defects based on deep learning
Authors: Yang Yiru , Wu Bingzheng , Wu Huiling , Xu Wu , Lyu Guorong , Liu Peizhong , He Shaozheng 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common birth defects. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) was used to assist in CHD diagnosis. No comparison has been made among the various types of algorithms that can assist in the prenatal diagnosis.

Methods
Normal and abnormal fetal ultrasound heart images, including five standard views, were collected according to the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) Practice guidelines. You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) models were trained and tested. An excellent model was screened out after comparing YOLOv5 with other classic detection methods.

Results
On the training set, YOLOv5n performed slightly better than the others. On the validation set, YOLOv5n attained the highest overall accuracy (90.67 %). On the CHD test set, YOLOv5n, which only needed 0.007 s to recognize each image, had the highest overall accuracy (82.93 %), and YOLOv5l achieved the best accuracy on the abnormal dataset (71.93 %). On the VSD test set, YOLOv5l had the best performance, with a 92.79 % overall accuracy rate and 92.59 % accuracy on the abnormal dataset. The YOLOv5 models achieved better performance than the Fast region-based convolutional neural network (RCNN) & ResNet50 model and the Fast RCNN & MobileNetv2 model on the CHD test set (p<0.05) and VSD test set (p<0.01).

Conclusions
YOLOv5 models are able to accurately distinguish normal and abnormal fetal heart ultrasound images, especially with respect to the identification of VSD, which have the potential to assist ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis.
Process parameters, structure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Nimonic 80 A/AISI 316 L resistance welded joints
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Burcă Lucian Călin , Burcă Mircea , Crăciunescu Corneliu Marius , Uţu Ion-Dragoș 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The effects of welding current and welding time on the shear resistance of spot welded joints of dissimilar Ni-base superalloys and austenitic stainless steels are investigated for expanding the limits of their use in automotive, naval and aerospace industries. The macro- and micro-structural characteristics, microhardness, and shear strength of the welded joints were examined in order to characterize the resulting joints. It was found that the shear resistance of the heterogeneous welded joints reaches values of 742–849 MPa, much higher than the one specific of the weaker material, which is the austenitic stainless steel with low carbon content, AISI 316 L. The diameter of the welded cores increased for higher current and welding time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the microstructure of the welded joints from the two dissimilar materials.
Terahertz spin-to-charge conversion in ferromagnetic Ni nanofilms
Authors: Cheng Hao , Wang Yangkai , Liu Zheng , Jia Xiangyu , Huang Qiuping , Lu Yalin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Spintronic terahertz (THz) emission via spin-to-charge conversion (SCC) has been widely studied in ferromagnets (FM)/nonmagnets (NM) structures, in which various mechanisms of SCC have been confirmed in different NM materials. However, it is rare to find a material having multiple SCC mechanisms at the same time. Here, we report a ferromagnetic metal Ni film with diverse functions in the SCC process, by performing THz emission experiments in single Ni layer, FM/Ni, Ni/NM bilayers and FM/Ni/NM trilayers. It is demonstrated that in Ni monolayer, THz emission is radiated by the anomalous Hall effect and ultrafast demagnetization of Ni film. In FM/Ni, the Ni film acts as an SCC implementer and THz emission is mainly generated by the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) of Ni. In Ni/NM, the Ni film acts as a spin injector and provides spin currents to be converted to charge current via ISHE of heavy metal NM, inducing THz emission. In FM/Ni/NM, THz emission mainly comes from ISHE of FM/Ni, Ni/NM, and FM/NM, and their domination is relative to Ni thickness. Our findings show a ferromagnetic film not only acts as a spin injector but also as an SCC implementer, providing a new concept to design spintronic THz emitters.
Multiple Lie symmetry solutions for effects of viscous on magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer in non-Newtonian thin film
Authors: Safdar Muhammad , Taj Safia , Bilal Muhammad , Ahmed Shoaib , Khan Muhammad Ijaz , Ben Moussa Sana , Fadhl Bandar M. , Makhdoum Basim M. , Eldin Sayed M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Numerous flow and heat transfer studies have relied on the construction of similarity transformations which map the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the flow and heat transfer, to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). For these reduced equations, one finds multiple analytic and approximate solution procedures as compared to the flow PDEs. Here, we aim at constructing multiple classes of similarity transformations that are different from those already existing in the literature. We adopt the Lie symmetry method to derive these new similarity transformations which reveal new classes of ODEs corresponding to flow equations when applied to them. With these multiple classes of similarity transformations, one finds multiple reductions in the flow PDEs to ODEs. On solving these ODEs analytically or numerically, we obtain different kinds of flow and heat transfer patterns that help in determining optimized solutions in accordance with the physical requirements of a problem. For the said purpose, we derive Lie point symmetries for the magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow and heat transfer in a thin film on an unsteady stretching sheet with viscous dissipation. Linear combinations of these Lie symmetries that are again the Lie symmetries of the flow model are employed here to construct new similarity transformations. We derive multiple Lie similarity transformations through the proposed procedure which lead us to more than one class of reduced ODEs obtained by applying the deduced transformations. We analyze the flow and heat transfer by deriving analytic solutions for the obtained classes of systems of ODEs using the homotopy analysis method. Magnetic parameters and viscous dissipation influences on the flow and heat transports are investigated and presented in graphical and tabulated formats.
An overview on the factors affecting enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars
Authors: Woo Wen Xuan , Tan Jian Ping , Wu Ta Yeong , Yeap Swee Keong , Indera Luthfi Abdullah Amru , Abdul Manaf Shareena Fairuz , Jamali Nur Syakina , Hui Yew Woh 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a widely available and sustainable energy resource that can be directly or indirectly converted to biofuels and value-added bioproducts. In such LCB conversion, enzymatic saccharification is commonly regarded as a green alternative to chemical hydrolysis due to less energy-intensive, less toxic, and more environment-benign for efficient fermentable sugar recovery. However, enzymatic saccharification faces substantial challenges, since the complex polymeric matrices of LCB necessitates a variety of enzymes for complete and adequate saccharification. Empirical evidence on enzymatic saccharification has paved the way for optimizing the processes and design for enhancing the performance in LCB. This review examines the enzymatic saccharification of LCB, focusing on the important parameters affecting the process, such as pH, temperature, agitation, enzyme/substrate loading, residence time, and the enzymes required to degrade various LCB components. Various strategies have been reported to improve the performance in saccharification and to address the non-productive adsorption of enzymes. A preliminary economic competency valuation of enzyme-derived fermentable sugars is proposed. Wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse and corn stalk appear, in this case, to be the most economic competent LCBs for commercial enzyme-derived fermentable sugar production. Lastly, practical challenges and future research directions on the enzymatic saccharification of LCB are discussed.
Vernichtungskrieg, Kampf und Volksgemeinschaft: Empirische Studien mit relationaler Systemtheorie zur urfaschistischen Begriffswelt
Authors: Dammann Klaus 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungWie kann mit der in Systemtheorie enthaltenen relationalen Soziologie einempirischgenannterRealitätskontaktder Gewaltsoziologie hergestellt werden? Im Rahmen dieser Fragestellung werden drei auch urfaschistisch benutzten Selbstabstraktionen untersucht. Erstens: fürVolk, Gemeinschaftsowie ihre Zusammenführung zum WortVolksgemeinschaftsind keine Sozialstrukturen erkennbar, mit denen ein entsprechender abstrakter soziologischer Begriff (Großgruppenkommunikation? Inklusion/Exklusion?) durch die Vorstellung eines Aufruhens/Fundaments relationiert werden kann. Es geht um Semantiken, die manchmal zu Protestthemen werden, z. B. in völkischer Bewegung. Zweitens: BeiVernichtungsowieKriegsind dagegen Relationen zwischen Soziologie- und Selbstabstraktionen sichtbar. Es kann plausibilisiert werden, dass ein Militärsystem (für Kommunikation in Friedens- und Kriegszeiten) ausdifferenziert ist. Die Annahme einer Unterscheidungvon militärischeKommunikation einerseits sowie andererseits solcher, die sich aufMenschenvernichtungbezieht, ruht dann auf einer entsprechenden Abstraktion im Gegenstandsbereich auf. Zur dritten AbstraktionKämpfende Organisationen(z. B. Verwaltungen) ist zu sagen: Zumindest im großdeutschen Faschismus ruht auf dieser im Gegenstandsbereich sichtbaren Abstraktion eine Abstraktion der Soziologie auf. Es geht umEinnistungvonHassprotest in Nicht-Bewegungsorganisationen (Gale, Luhmann). Es könnte sogar versucht werden, diese Begrifflichkeit so zu operationalisieren, dass Kausalhypothesen zu Verwaltungsmassenmorden des 20. Jahrhunderts überprüft werden. Am Schluss wird auf jene Memorialsemantik eingegangen, die zwischen Kriegsführung und Genoziden nicht unterscheiden will. Nur unter im Beitrag bestimmten Bedingungen ist es auch soziologisch vertretbar, bei den faschistischen Gewaltwellen von 1935–1945 und darüber hinaus von Vernichtungskriegsführung zu sprechen.
Gewalt als grundlose (Durch-)Setzung Die konstitutive Gewalt rigider Formen und deren Legitimation durch Wiederholung
Authors: Fuhrmann Jan Tobias 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel macht der Systemtheorie den Vorschlag, Gewalt als einen dislozierten Effekt aufzufassen. Gewalt ereignet sich nicht in sozialen Systemen oder wird ausschließlich im Erleben psychischer Systeme erlitten. Gewalt entzieht sich von einem System ins andere. Dieses Sich-Entziehen ist konstitutiv für Gewalt. Dadurch wird es möglich, Gewalt einerseits als Einwirkung auf psychische Systeme beschreiben zu können und anderseits Spuren der Gewalt in der Rigidität von Indikationen und Distinktionen im kommunikativen Vollzug zu identifizieren. Im ersten Schritt wird Gewalt als Effekt einer Dislokation präsentiert. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Spur der Gewalt in das Ereignis der Kommunikation eingelagert. Im dritten Schritt wird ein Gewaltbegriff am Begriff der differantiellen Kontamination entwickelt. Die daraus folgenden Einschränkungen dessen, was artikuliert werden kann, diszipliniert psychische Systeme auf eine bestimmte Weise zu kommunizieren und schreibt so die Wirkung von Gewalt in die Operabilität psychischer Systeme ein.