bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Hemopoietic Allografts by Localization of Radiolabeled Alloantibodies
Authors: Witz Isaac , Cudkowicz Gustavo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radiolabeled alloantibodies have been used to show the presence of allogeneic cells in marrow chimeras. Alloantigens of grafted cells are available to circulating antibody since radiolabeled alloantibodies bind specifically to the cells after intravenous injection. Such antibodies localize in livers and spleens of untreated allogeneic mice and of irradiated mice bearing a bone marrow graft. The presence of allogeneic cells, as determined by localization of radioantibody, was shown 18 hr after injection of the radiolabeled antibodies. Maximum localization of the C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 alloantibodies injected could be shown 2 days after transplantation of 2 × 107 DBA/2 marrow cells into irradiated C57BL/6 or C57BL/10 mice. Similar localization occurred also 9 days after transplantation of 5 × 106 cells. The results suggested that even smaller numbers of grafted marrow cells could be detectable at shorter intervals after transplantation by this sensitive method.
The Clonal Nature of Antibody Formation
Authors: Bosma M. , Weiler E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the aid of a cell transfer system using F1-hybrid spleen cells of syngeneic mice, poly-d-alanine (poly-ala) antigen and a modified antibody plaque assay, we were able to rigorously test and confirm the clonal nature of antibody formation.
Our results showed that when x-rayed mice were repopulated with relatively small numbers of spleen cells followed by two immunizations, only a few animals produced antibodies to poly-ala and in the spleens of most of these responder mice only one of two allelic gene regions determining 7S antibody phenotype (B or C allotype) was expressed. On the other hand, when relatively large numbers of spleen cells were transferred to x-rayed mice followed by two immunizations, all recipients responded to poly-ala and expressed both antibody-forming cells of B and C allotype. The all-or-none response characteristics at limiting spleen cell doses were amenable to Poisson statistics suggesting that some mice were repopulated by descendants of a single poly-ala-sensitive precursor unit, i.e., by an individual clone of antibody-forming cells. The application of Poisson statistics to mice expressing only one marker allotype confirmed this interpretation. The number of mice expected to be repopulated by a single poly-ala-sensitive precursor unit correlated very well with the number of responder mice expressing only one allotype. Thus antibody specificity and allotype must be transmitted together in cell lines and thereby characterize individual clones. The total number of prospective clones of poly-ala specificity was estimated to be about 150 per young adult mouse. The calculated size of a given individual clone was 20,000 to 50,000 synthesizing cells which represented about 14 to 16 cell divisions.
Further Purification of the Glycoprotein that Induces Nephrotoxic Antibody: Isolation of the Active Polysaccharide Fraction Mainly Composed of Glucose
Authors: Shibata Seiichi , Naruse Takuji , Miyakawa Yuzo , Nagasawa Toshihiko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments that were done to determine the function of the protein and polysaccharide moieties of a highly purified renal glycoprotein revealed that the antigenic activity that induces nephrotoxic antibody relates more closely to the polysaccharide moiety.
By using the 90% phenol extraction method, the active polysaccharide fraction which possesses antigenic potency was extracted from renal glycoprotein that was shown to contain no nucleic acid. In this highly purified antigen (glycoprotein) the polysaccharide moiety was shown to consist mainly of glucose and the protein content was remarkably low, without any decrease in the antigenic activity that induces nephrotoxic antibody.
Adoptive Antibody Formation in the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Merritt K. , Little J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antibody formation was demonstrated in the Syrian hamster. Spleen cells from donors receiving a second injection of antigen were capable of producing detectable antibody in recipients whereas cells from donors receiving their first injection were not. Antibody formation could be transferred from donor to recipient when the donor-antigen contact was only 15 min and it occurred even when viability of the cells had been destroyed by freezing and thawing; it was therefore probably due to transfer of antigenic material. Within 60 min of donor-antigen contact, however, the ability to transfer antibody formation became dependent on the maintenance of viable cells in the spleen.
2,4-Dinitrophenyl-Hapten Specific Hemolytic Plaque-in-Gel Formation by Mouse Myeloma (MOPC-315) Cells
Authors: Yamada Hisashi , Yamada Atsuko , Hollander Vincent P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A mouse myeloma (MOPC-315) producing immunoglobulin A, which specifically binds 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hapten, has been shown to form hapten-specific plaques by a hemolytic plaque-in-gel assay. Sheep erythrocytes coupled with dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin and rabbit antibody directed to the heavy chain as enhancing serum were used. Virtually all of the tumor cells formed plaques. DNP-lysine sharply inhibited plaque formation at a concentration slightly in excess of the reciprocal of the binding constant of the myeloma protein.
Experimental Hemorrhagic Pneumonitis Produced by Heterologous Anti-Lung Antibody
Authors: Willoughby William F. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antibody directed against basement membrane antigens of rat lung capillaries is capable of producing both pulmonary hemorrhages and glomerulonephritis in rats following intravenous injection. The injection of higher doses of antibody causes acute splenitis and focal liver necroses as well. Evidence for the immunologic pathogenesis of these lesions includes the following: a) in vivo localization of radiolabeled antibody can be demonstrated in lung, kidney, liver and spleen; b) fluorescent staining reveals that this antibody is bound in vivo to the vascular basement membranes of the pulmonary capillaries and renal glomeruli, as well as to the splenic reticulum and along the hepatic sinusoids; c) normal rabbit γ globulin and antibody that has been absorbed with lung antigen are both incapable of producing these lesions and neither shows specific organ localization as measured by the paired isotope technique.
Antigens derived from or related to vascular basement membrane can be demonstrated in the urine of normal rats, and in the serum of bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Apparently in the turnover of non-renal basement membranes, potentially antigenic fragments reach the circulation and are excreted by the kidneys.
Contribution of the b and c Light Chain Loci to the Composition of Rabbit γG-Immunoglobulins
Authors: Vice John L. , Hunt William L. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The contribution of the b5, c7 and c21 genes to the formation of a single γG-immunoglobulin molecule has been analyzed in partially b5 suppressed b5b5 homozygous rabbits of phenotype c7c21. This was done by means of direct precipitation of 125I-labeled γG preparations with anti-b5, anti-c7 or anti-c21 as well as by indirect precipitation of these allotypes with anti-b4. No two of the allotypic specificities, b5, c7 or c21 were found on the same molecule. This indicates that neither the two unlinked light chain loci b and c, nor the allelic genes c7 and c21 contribute to the formation of the same molecule.
Two light polypeptide chain peaks were obtained after partial reduction and alkylation of the γG-immunoglobulins. Quantitative allotype analysis revealed that b5, c7 and c21 light chains accounted for all of the molecules in the first light chain peak, and only b5 light chains accounted for all of the molecules of the second peak. The c21 allotypic specificity is on the light chains as previously found for the b5 and c7 specificities.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in the Obese Strain of Chickens
Authors: Wick Georg , Kite Joseph H. , Cole R. K. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Obese Strain (OS) of White Leghorn chickens reveals spontaneous chronic thyroiditis which is characterized by infiltration with mainly large mononuclear cells, the occurrence of a great number of germinal centers in the thyroid glands, and the presence of circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies.
Bursectomy on day of hatching resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence and severity of the disease when the chickens were examined 7 weeks after hatching. This decrease was paralleled by the absence of precipitating and hemagglutinating thyroglobulin antibodies in most cases. Bursectomy in ovo on day 19 of incubation had an even more pronounced suppressive effect on the development of the spontaneous, chronic thyroiditis and the presence of circulating thyroglobulin antibodies. Sham bursectomy had no effect. It is concluded that bursa-dependent lymphoid cells play a major role in the development of spontaneous, chronic thyroiditis in OS chickens.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in the Obese Strain of Chickens
Authors: Wick Georg , Kite Joseph H. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
White Leghorn chickens of the Obese Strain (OS) were thymectomized and thymobursectomized on the day of hatching. Histologic examination of the thyroid glands of the thymectomized group, 7 weeks after hatching, revealed a significant increase in the frequency and severity of spontaneous chronic autoimmune thyroiditis as compared to untreated OS controls. In the sera of both untreated and thymectomized OS chickens precipitating thyroglobulin antibodies were demonstrable in most cases. However, hemagglutinating thyroglobulin antibodies occurred in somewhat lower frequency and in lower titers in thymectomized animals than in untreated controls. Sham thymectomies had no effect. Thymo-bursectomy on the day of hatching had a slightly inhibiting effect on the development of spontaneous chronic thyroiditis in OS chickens when examined 7 weeks after hatching. This suppressive effect was less pronounced than the one found previously with bursectomy alone. Circulating thyroglobulin antibodies could be demonstrated only in a few sera of the thymobursectomized group. The results suggest a controlling function of the thymus on the self-recognition mechanism in chickens and support the earlier findings that bursa-dependent cells play the major role in the development of spontaneous chronic thyroiditis in OS chickens.
Evidence for Tolerance to SV40 Tumor Antigen in Hamsters Bearing Para-Adenovirus 12 Tumor Transplants
Authors: Lausch Robert N. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was carried out to determine why hamsters bearing PARA-12 tumor transplants made little or no humoral response to SV40 T antigen known to be present in the tumor cells. Experiments involving localized irradiation, partial surgery, or total excision of the tumor suggested that neither inadequate antigenic stimulation nor binding of antibody by tumor tissue was the explanation for the failure to detect T antibody. It was observed that tumor-bearing hamsters made a depressed antibody response to SV40 T antigen contained in another tumor line. Such animals, however, could make a normal antibody response to sheep red blood cells, indicating that there was no generalized immune depression. The administration of PARA-12 tumor tissue in Freund's complete adjuvant to normal hamsters led to the induction of antibody whereas the same immunization procedure in tumor-bearing animals yielded only a very weak or no response. The results indicate that the PARA-12 tumor-bearing hamsters did not make an immune response because they were tolerant to the SV40 T antigen. This tolerance was apparently dependent on the continued presence of the neoplasm because surgical removal of the tumor followed by appropriate immunization resulted in production of T antibody.
A Reaginic Type of Antibody Stimulated by Extracts of Bordetella Pertussis in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Clausen C. R. , Munoz J. , Bergman R. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strains of mice differed in their ability to produce reaginic type of homocytotropic antibody (72-hr passive cutaneous amaphylaxis (PCA) antibody) after a single injection of hen egg albumin (EA) and alkaline saline extract (SE) from Bordetella pertussis. The inbred strains NBL/n, C57BL/6J and C57BL/10J were superior to the AKR/n, STR/n and the random bred RML strains.
Further studies on the 72-hr PCA antibody in NBL/n and C57BL/6J mice have shown that in these strains the majority of the PCA-inducing antibody found in the serum after a single immunization of antigen and SE is of the reaginic type. The hemagglutinating titers correspond closely to the 2-hr PCA titers but not to the 72-hr PCA antibody concentration.
Reasonably high titers of reaginic type of antibody were found in ascitic fluid induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of Freund's incomplete adjuvant and small doses of EA to mice that had received an initial i.p. dose of SE + EA. The reaginic antibody in whole serum was inactivated by heating at 56°C for 1/2 hr. However, when the serum was diluted in saline, this heating had only little effect on the antibody.
The reaginic type of homocytotropic antibody was not found in the 7S or 19S immunoglobulin, and was separated by DEAE cellulose as a distinct entity. It is probably an immunoglobulin similar to IgE of human serum.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in the Obese Strain of Chickens
Authors: Wick Georg , Kite Joseph H. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of neonatal sublethal total body x-irradiation on the development of chronic thyroiditis in chickens of the Obese strain (OS), the Cornell C strain and a “normal” strain of White Leghorns was studied histologically and serologically. At the time of death, 7 weeks after hatching and irradiation, a significant increase in severity and frequency of chronic thyroiditis was observed in both the OS and C strain chickens; thyroiditis was also found in more than half of the irradiated normal White Leghorn chickens. In all three strains under investigation the histologic findings correlated well with the presence of circulating antibodies to thyroglobulin (hemagglutinating and precipitating) in the sera of most of the diseased birds. Irradiation damage to the thyroid glands or to the immune system is discussed from the standpoint of single or combined factors that cause an increase in the severity and frequency of thyroiditis after neonatal x-irradiation of chickens.
Precipitation and Neutralization of Bacteriophage MS-2 by Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Rohrmann G. F. , Krueger R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The neutralizing and precipitating activities of 10 hyperimmune rabbit antisera to the RNA-containing coliphage MS-2 were compared. The neutralization constant, K, of these antisera was directly proportional to their concentration of precipitating antibodies. In the quantitative precipitin analysis, phage MS-2 has a minimal antigenic valence of 90 in extreme antibody excess. However, phage MS-2 did not behave as a typical large molecular weight antigen because it demonstrated a relatively narrow equivalence zone. The possible relationship between the precipitin data and the structure of the virus is discussed.
Studies of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes of Mice
Authors: Cantor Harvey , Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The activity of spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, femoral lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, blood and thoracic duct lymphoid cells from Balb/c mice in producing graft-vs-host reactions when grafted to newborn C57BL/6 recipients was compared quantitatively using the Simonsen spleen assay. Blood and thoracic duct lymphocytes were more than four times as active as spleen cells. Spleen cells from mice drained of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct were less than 50% as active as normal spleen cells. Mesenteric lymph node cells were slightly less active than spleen cells. Femoral lymph node cells produced splenic enlargement intermediate between that produced by circulating lymphocytes and spleen cells. However, inocula of femoral node cells in excess of 2 × 106 produced early runting (by day 9 after grafting) in 100% of recipients. This capacity to produce wasting was found in no other cell population examined. Thymus cells were only 15% as active as spleen cells, and bone marrow cells produced no early splenic enlargement in recipients.
The results are interpreted as indicating (a) that the GVH activity of the spleen and probably of several other solid lymphoid tissues is accounted for by their content of lymphocytes from the circulating pool, and (b) that the femoral nodes contain a high proportion of cells qualitatively different in producing GVH reactions from those in other tissues.
Correlation Between Ocular Inflammation and Antibody Production
Authors: Hall J. M. , O'Connor G. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized intravitreally, intravenously, or intradermally with small amounts of protein antigen. Intravitreal immunization resulted in the development of uveitis associated with serum antibody production. Intravenous injection of the same amount of antigen was ineffective in this case, and intradermal injection was effective only if antigen was incorporated with Freund's complete adjuvant.
Intravitreally immunized animals were challenged at various times by a second intravitreal injection into the opposite eye. Even when antibody had fallen to undetectable levels, these rabbits showed a rapid onset of uveitis and an accelerated antibody response. Animals primarily immunized by the intravenous route or by the subcutaneous route also exhibited an accelerated response following intravitreal challenge into the eye. Intravenous challenge with small amounts of antigen caused a rapid rise in antibody titer in rabbits that had received a primary intravitreal injection in the right eye. However, contrary to the results obtained by others who have used higher challenge doses, uveitis did not recur in the right eyes of these animals.
The results of these investigations are discussed in relation to the X, Y, Z scheme of cell differentiation for immunologically competent cells.
Transglutaminase Levels during Development of Allergic Orghitis
Authors: Lee Johanna M. , Wajda Isabel J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injections of testicular tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant produced allergic orchitis in mice that are 100% susceptible to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), but not in mice that are 100% resistant to EAE. In susceptible mice only, the levels of transglutaminase increased in the liver prior to the development of orchitis, and markedly increased in the testes during aspermatogenesis and the appearance of histologic damage.
The levels of transglutaminase were elevated in the brains of animals with experimental allergic orchitis and in the testes in animals with EAE, suggesting that these organs have an antigenic community.
Primary Rejection of Skin Allografts in the Anterior Chamber of the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Franklin R. M. , Prendergast R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The survival of primary skin allografts placed within the anterior chamber of rabbits was examined in temporal sequence following transplantation to normal and x-irradiated recipients. Initial “take” was successful in all instances as judged by vascularization of graft stroma and hyperplasia of skin epithelium. Starting on day 6, and thereafter to an increasing degree, mononuclear cells infiltrated the graft and graft bed, eventually obscuring this border completely. Rejection of the irisimplanted tissue was complete by day 14, though graft epithelium which had extended to cover the undersurface of the cornea persisted for a few days longer before its ultimate rejection.
The present study offers direct evidence that primary full-thickness skin allografts placed within the anterior chamber succumb to a rejection process temporally and histologically similar to rejection of orthotopic skin grafts. The immunologic nature of this reaction is supported by the finding that whole body irradiation abrogates this response, and further that similarly transplanted autologous skin or lymph node fragments survive intact for at least 120 days. It is concluded that the anterior chamber is not a generally privileged site for allograft survival.
Release of Fab- and Fc-like Fragments from Human IgM by Reductive Cleavage
Authors: Albritton William L. , Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The three major classes of immunoglobulins which occur in human serum (IgM, IgG and IgA) exist either singly or as multimers of 7S subunits linked together by disulfide bonds. Reductive depolymerization of these immunoglobulins ultimately results in the production of the class specific heavy chains and either kappa or lambda light chains. Papain hydrolysis of IgG results in the formation of two Fab fragments consisting of a light chain and part of a heavy chain and an Fc fragment containing the remainder of the heavy chain (1). Essentially the same results have been reported for papain hydrolysis of IgM, but the yield of the Fc fragment is very low (2). Various other proteolytic enzymes have likewise been shown to produce rather characteristic fragments of immunoglobulins (3). Recently the production of Fab and Fc fragments by reductive cleavage of human IgM and IgA with sodium borohydride has been reported (4, 5).
Immunosuppressive Effects of Antilymphocyte Serum in Complement-Deficient Mice: Evidence that Immune Cytolysis Is Not Essential for ALS Activity
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Carroll Gary F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The suppressive effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the immune response to sheep erythrocytes has been studied in complement deficient mice which lack C5. ALS proved to be equally as potent in depressing splenic plaqueforming cells and serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers in deficient as compared to normal mice. These findings indicate that antibody mediated, complement dependent immune cytolysis of lymphocytes is not essential for ALS activity since C5 is required for this. They support the view that ALS may contain antibodies which facilitate the elimination of lymphocytes by phagoeytosis (23), rather than by immune cytolysis.
HL-A Antigens from a Continuous Lymphoid Cell Line Derived from a Normal Donor
Authors: Reisfeld R. A. , Pellegrino M. , Papermaster B. W. , Kahan B. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Water soluble HL-A antigens isolated from a cultured human lymphocyte cell line derived from the peripheral blood of a normal donor inhibited cytotoxic reactions of monospecific anti-HL-A antisera in a pattern identical to that found upon direct and absorption typing of the donor's peripheral lymphocytes. The possibility of obtaining large quantities of cells from mass cultures now makes the chemical and biologic characterization of HL-A antigens a reality.