bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Brain Organoids: Why There Can Be Moral Concerns If They Grow Up in the Lab and Are Transplanted or Destroyed
Authors: Lavazza Andrea , Reichlin Massimo 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHuman brain organoids (HBOs) are three-dimensional biological entities grown in the laboratory in order to recapitulate the structure and functions of the adult human brain. They can be taken to be novel living entities for their specific features and uses. As a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the use of HBOs, the authors identify three sets of reasons for moral concern. The first set of reasons regards the potential emergence of sentience/consciousness in HBOs that would endow them with a moral status whose perimeter should be established. The second set of moral concerns has to do with an analogy with artificial womb technology. The technical realization of processes that are typically connected to the physiology of the human body can create a manipulatory and instrumental attitude that can undermine the protection of what is human. The third set concerns the new frontiers of biocomputing and the creation of chimeras. As far as the new frontier of organoid intelligence is concerned, it is the close relationship of humans with new interfaces having biological components capable of mimicking memory and cognition that raises ethical issues. As far as chimeras are concerned, it is the humanization of nonhuman animals that is worthy of close moral scrutiny. A detailed description of these ethical issues is provided to contribute to the construction of a regulative framework that can guide decisions when considering research in the field of HBOs.
Educating sports people about CPR and first aid in general practice: the Savtember project
Authors: Maury Arnaud , Buet Manuel , Rossignol Emilie , Chapron Anthony 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Aim:
During an exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest, bystander automated external defibrillator use occurred in a median of 31%. The present study conducted in France evaluated the feasibility and impact of a brief intervention by general practitioners (GPs) to increase awareness about first aid/CPR training among amateur sportspeople.

Methods:
In 2018, 49 French GPs proposed a brief intervention to all patients who attended a consultation in order to obtain a medical certificate attesting their fitness to participate in sports. The brief intervention included two questions (Have you been trained in first aid? Would you like to attend a first aid course?) and a flyer on first aid. The GPs’ opinion of the feasibility of the brief intervention was evaluated during a subsequent interview (primary objective). The percentage of sportspeople who started a first aid/CPR course within three months was used as a measure of the effectiveness of the brief intervention (secondary objective).

Findings:
Among 929 sportspeople, 37% were interested in first aid training and received the flyer (4% of these started a training course within three months of the brief intervention, a training rate that was 10 times greater than among the general French population), 56% were already trained, and 7% were not interested. All GPs found the brief intervention feasible and fast (<3 min for 80% of GPs). We conclude the brief intervention to promote first aid/CPR awareness is easy to use and may be an effective although limited means of promoting CPR training. It opens a previously unexplored avenue for GP involvement in promoting training.
The Effect of Biased Peacekeepers on Building Trust
Authors: Oestman Jared , Wilson Rick K. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDo unbiased third-party peacekeepers build trust between groups in the aftermath of conflict? Theoretically, we point out that unbiased peacekeepers are the most effective at promoting trust. To isolate the causal effect of bias on trust, we use an iterated trust game in a laboratory setting. Groups that previously engaged in conflict are put into a setting in which they choose to trust or reciprocate any trust. Our findings suggest that biased monitors impede trust while unbiased monitors promote cooperative exchanges over time. The findings contribute to the peacekeeping literature by highlighting impartiality as an important condition under which peacekeepers build trust post-conflict.
The Complex Exhumation History of Jezero Crater Floor Unit and Its Implication for Mars Sample Return
Authors: Quantin‐Nataf C. , Alwmark S. , Calef F. J. , Lasue J. , Kinch K. , Stack K. M. , Sun V. , Williams N. R. , Dehouck E. , Mandon L. , Mangold N. , Beyssac O. , Clave E. , Walter S. H. G. , Simon J. I. , Annex A. M. , Horgan B. , Rice James W. , Shuster D. , Cohen B. , Kah L. , Sholes Steven , Weiss B. P. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDuring the first year of NASA's Mars 2020 mission, Perseverance rover has investigated the dark crater floor unit of Jezero crater and four samples of this unit have been collected. The focus of this paper is to assess the potential of these samples to calibrate the crater‐based Martian chronology. We first review the previous estimation of crater‐based model age of this unit. Then, we investigate the impact crater density distribution across the floor unit. It reveals that the crater density is heterogeneous from areas which have been exposed to the bombardment during the last 3 Ga to areas very recently exposed to bombardment. It suggests a complex history of exposure to impact cratering. We also display evidence of several remnants of deposits on the top of the dark floor unit across Jezero below which the dark floor unit may have been buried. We propose the following scenario of burying/exhumation: the dark floor unit would have been initially buried below a unit that was a few tens of meters thick. This unit then gradually eroded away due to Aeolian processes from the northeast to the west, resulting in uneven exposure to impact bombardment over 3 Ga. A cratering model reproducing this scenario confirms the feasibility of this hypothesis. Due to the complexity of its exposure history, the Jezero dark crater floor unit will require additional detailed analysis to understand how the Mars 2020 mission samples of the crater floor can be used to inform the Martian cratering chronology.
Sources of Uncertainty in Mid‐Tropospheric Tropical Humidity in Global Storm‐Resolving Simulations
Authors: Lang Theresa , Naumann Ann Kristin , Buehler Stefan A. , Stevens Bjorn , Schmidt Hauke , Aemisegger Franziska 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWe conduct a series of eight 45‐day experiments with a global storm‐resolving model (GSRM) to test the sensitivity of relative humidity in the tropics to changes in model resolution and parameterizations. These changes include changes in horizontal and vertical grid spacing as well as in the parameterizations of microphysics and turbulence, and are chosen to capture currently existing differences among GSRMs. To link the distribution in the tropical free troposphere with processes in the deep convective regions, we adopt a trajectory‐based assessment of the last‐saturation paradigm. The perturbations we apply to the model result in tropical mean changes ranging from 0.5% to 8% (absolute) in the mid troposphere. The generated spread is similar to that in a multi‐model ensemble of GSRMs and smaller than the spread across conventional general circulation models, supporting that an explicit representation of deep convection reduces the uncertainty in tropical . The largest changes result from changes in parameterizations, suggesting that model physics represent a major source of humidity spread across GSRMs. The in the moist tropical regions is particularly sensitive to vertical mixing processes within the tropics, which impact through their effect on the last‐saturation temperature rather than their effect on the evolution of the humidity since last‐saturation. In our analysis the of the dry tropical regions strongly depends on the exchange with the extratropics. The interaction between tropics and extratropics could change with warming and presage changes in the radiatively sensitive dry regions.
Greenhouse Warming Weakens the Seasonal Cycle of the Eastern Boundary Upwelling
Authors: Du Tianshi , Wang Shengpeng , Jing Zhao , Wang Hong , Wu Lixin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe response of upwelling in the eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) to anthropogenic climate change has attracted much scientific attention due to its core role in nourishing marine ecosystems. A decade‐old hypothesis suggests that greenhouse warming may intensify upwelling‐favorable winds and subsequently the upwelling in EBUSs, but the impact of greenhouse warming on the seasonal cycle of upwelling remains unknown. Using the recent generation of global climate simulations under a high carbon emission scenario, we show a universal weakening of the upwelling seasonal cycle in the major EBUSs. This is mainly ascribed to the projected weakened seasonal cycle of the upwelling‐favorable winds. In addition, long‐term changes in geostrophic transport exert a nonnegligible contribution to the changes in the upwelling seasonal cycle. Our study suggests that the upwelling in the EBUSs is likely to have a more complicated response to greenhouse warming than previously thought.
Hydrodynamic Control of Sediment‐Water Fluxes: Consistent Parameterization and Impact in Coupled Benthic‐Pelagic Models
Authors: Umlauf L. , Klingbeil K. , Radtke H. , Schwefel R. , Bruggeman J. , Holtermann P. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBenthic oxygen dynamics and the exchange of oxygen and other solutes across the sediment‐water interface play a key role for the oxygen budget of many limnic and shallow marine systems. The sediment‐water fluxes are largely determined by two factors: sediment biogeochemistry and the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer that is determined by near‐bottom turbulence. Here, we present a fully coupled benthic‐pelagic modeling system that takes these processes and their interaction into account, focusing especially on the modulation of the sediment‐water fluxes by the effects of near‐bottom turbulence and stratification. We discuss the special numerical methods required to guarantee positivity and mass conservation across the sediment‐water interface in the presence of rapid element transformation, and apply this modeling system to a number of idealized scenarios. Our process‐oriented simulations show that near‐bottom turbulence provides a crucial control on the sediment‐water fluxes, the oxygen penetration depth, and the re‐oxidation of reduced compounds diffusing upward from the deeper benthic layers especially on time scales of a few days, characterizing oceanic tides, internal seiching motions in lakes, and mesoscale atmospheric variability. Our results also show that the response of benthic‐pelagic fluxes to rapid changes in the forcing conditions (e.g., storm events) can only be understood with a fully coupled modeling approach.
Participation and performance trends in short-, medium, and long-distance duathlon
Authors: Turnwald Jonas , Sousa Caio Victor , Andrade Marilia Santos , Thuany Mabliny , Cuk Ivan , Nikolaidis Pantelis Theodoros , Weiss Katja , Knechtle Beat 
Published: June 2023

AbstractParticipation and performance trends of male and female athletes have been thoroughly analyzed in various endurance sports. Knowing these trends can help coaches and athletes prepare for competitions and may influence their training strategy and career planning. However, duathlon events—consisted of two splits of running (Run1 and Run2) interspersed by a split of cycling (Bike)—have not been thoroughly studied, unlike other endurance sports. The present study aimed to compare participation and performance trends in duathletes who competed in duathlon races hosted by World Triathlon or affiliated National Federations between 1990 and 2021. A total of 25,130 results of age group finishers who competed in run-bike-run duathlon races of varying distances were analyzed with different general linear models. Races were divided into three distances: short-distance (up to 5.5 km run, 21 km bike, 5 km run), medium-distance (5–10 km run, 30–42 km bike, 7–11 km run) and long-distance (at least 14 km run, 60 km bike, 25 km run). On average, women represented 45.6% of all finishers in short-distance, 39.6% in medium-distance and 24.9% in long-distance duathlon races. Throughout the years, men were consistently faster than women in all three race legs (Run 1, Bike, and Run 2) in all three distances across all age groups, and women could not reduce the performance gap. Concerning the age of peak performance, duathletes of the age group 30–34 finished most often in the top three in short- and medium-distance duathlons, whereas male duathletes of the age group 25–29 and female duathletes of the age group 30–34 finished most often in the top three in long-distance duathlons. Women participated less, especially in longer distances, and were constantly slower than men. Duathletes of the age group 30–34 finished most often in the top three. Future studies should analyze participation and performance trends in further subgroups (e.g., elite athletes) and pacing behaviours.
Identification of tumor tissue in thin pathological samples via femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and machine learning
Authors: Sarpe Cristian , Ciobotea Elena Ramela , Morscher Christoph Burghard , Zielinski Bastian , Braun Hendrike , Senftleben Arne , Rüschoff Josef , Baumert Thomas 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn the treatment of most newly discovered solid cancerous tumors, surgery remains the first treatment option. An important factor in the success of these operations is the precise identification of oncological safety margins to ensure the complete removal of the tumor without affecting much of the neighboring healthy tissue. Here we report on the possibility of applying femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with Machine Learning algorithms as an alternative discrimination technique to differentiate cancerous tissue. The emission spectra following the ablation on thin fixed liver and breast postoperative samples were recorded with high spatial resolution; adjacent stained sections served as a reference for tissue identification by classical pathological analysis. In a proof of principle test performed on liver tissue, Artificial Neural Networks and Random Forest algorithms were able to differentiate both healthy and tumor tissue with a very high Classification Accuracy of around 0.95. The ability to identify unknown tissue was performed on breast samples from different patients, also providing a high level of discrimination. Our results show that LIBS with femtosecond lasers is a technique with potential to be used in clinical applications for rapid identification of tissue type in the intraoperative surgical field.
Propensity score matching analysis to comparing cisplatin versus nedaplatin based doublet agent concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Zhang Yue , Fan Shasha , Shan Minjie , Zou Wen , Feng Yeqian , Hou Tao , Liu Xianling , Wang Jingjing 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis study evaluated the efficacy and safety of cisplatin and nedaplatin in three-week doublet agent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). We retrospectively enrolled patients with stage IIB-IIIC2 cervical cancer who received doublet agent CCRT from January 2015 to December 2020. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards model. Propensity score (PS) matching analysis was used to compare cisplatin plus docetaxel group and nedaplatin plus docetaxel group. A total of 295 patients were included. The 5-year overall survival rate (OS) and progression free survival rate (PFS) were 82.5% and 80.4%, respectively. After PS matching, there were 83 patients each in the nedaplatin group and cisplatin group. There were no significant differences in objective response rates (97.6% and 98.8%, p = 0.212), 5-year OS rate (96.5 vs 69.8, p = 0.066), PFS rate (90.8 vs 72.4, p = 0.166), and toxicity between the two groups. Doublet agent concurrent chemoradiotherapy is feasible, safe, and shows high efficacy in LACC patients. Here, cisplatin group has a trend of better prognosis, suggesting that cisplatin is preferred and nedaplatin can be considered for replacement when cisplatin is intolerant.
Vortex dynamics in NbTi films at high frequency and high DC magnetic fields
Authors: Ghigo Gianluca , Torsello Daniele , Gozzelino Laura , Fracasso Michela , Bartoli Mattia , Pira Cristian , Ford Davide , Marconato Giovanni , Fretto Matteo , De Carlo Ivan , Pompeo Nicola , Silva Enrico 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWe report on the characterization of NbTi films at $$\sim$$
∼
11 GHz and in DC magnetic fields up to 4 T, performed by means of the coplanar waveguide resonator technique, providing quantitative information about the penetration depth, the complex impedance, and the vortex-motion-induced complex resistivity. This kind of characterization is essential for the development of radiofrequency cavity technology. To access the vortex-pinning parameters, the complex impedance was analyzed within the formalism of the Campbell penetration depth. Measurements in this frequency range allowed us to determine the complete set of vortex-pinning parameters and the flux flow resistivity, both analyzed and discussed in the framework of high-frequency vortex dynamics models. The analysis also benefits from the comparison with results obtained by a dielectric-loaded resonator technique on similar samples and by other ancillary structural and electromagnetic characterization techniques that provide us with a comprehensive picture of the material. It turns out that the normalized flux flow resistivity follows remarkably well the trend predicted by the time dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory, while the pinning constant exhibits a decreasing trend with the field which points to a collective pinning regime.
Deep learning's fitness for purpose: A transformation problem frame's perspective
Authors: Gudaparthi Hemanth , Niu Nan , Yang Yilong , Van Doren Matthew , Johnson Reese 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCombined sewer overflows represent significant risks to human health as untreated water is discharged to the environment. Municipalities, such as the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati (MSDGC), recently began collecting large amounts of water‐related data and considering the adoption of deep learning (DL) solutions like recurrent neural network (RNN) for predicting overflow events. Clearly, assessing the DL's fitness for the purpose requires a systematic understanding of the problem context. In this study, we propose a requirements engineering framework that uses the problem frames to identify and structure the stakeholder concerns, analyses the physical situations in which the high‐quality data assumptions may not hold, and derives the software testing criteria in the form of metamorphic relations that incorporate both input transformations and output comparisons. Applying our framework to MSDGC's overflow prediction problem enables a principled way to evaluate different RNN solutions in meeting the requirements.
Wav2vec‐MoE: An unsupervised pre‐training and adaptation method for multi‐accent ASR
Authors: Lin Yuqin , Zhang Shiliang , Gao Zhifu , Wang Longbiao , Yang Yanbing , Dang Jianwu 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn real life, either the subjective factors of speakers or the objective environment degrades the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR). This study focuses on one of the subjective factors, accented speech, and attempts to build a multi‐accent ASR system to solve the degradation caused by different accents, one of whose characteristic is the low resource. To deal with the challenge of the low‐resource data and the different speech styles, a wav2vec‐MoE (mixture of experts) is proposed to adapt the wav2vec 2.0 for multi‐accent ASR. In the wav2vec‐MoE, a domain MoE is developed by introducing pseudo‐domain information in the pre‐training stage, where the domain denotes a collection of speech varied by the same influence factors. The MoE is trained with two strategies according to the proposed domain mismatch assessment between unlabeled speech and target speech, without requiring any explicit domain information. Experiments show that the wav2vec‐MoE achieves a 14.69% relative word error rate reduction (WERR) on the AESRC2020 accent dataset and an 8.79% relative WERR on the Common Voice English dataset.
An analysis of distribution planning under a regulatory regime: An integrated framework
Authors: Verma Aprajay , Swarup K Shanti 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDistribution system planning is a multifaceted topic involving financial, regulatory, and system level analysis. The wide nature of the topic warrants a holistic study considering all aspects of analysis. The distribution utility is a natural monopoly that is subjected to utility regulation. The regulator can impact customer experience by strategically influencing the planning decisions of the utility. Hence, this paper reviews the existing utility regulation methods in the context of the distribution system and their efficacy in improving certain reliability and efficiency objectives. A two‐bus system is used to demonstrate the impact of classical models in alleviating reliability and efficiency issues through demand response. Further, a review is conducted on distribution system planning models without a regulatory regime, and suitable models for holistic analysis are identified. A two‐person complete information regulator and utility game with a comprehensive distribution system model at the lower level is proposed. A framework based on the Mixed Integer Bilevel Linear Program is discussed to find the equilibrium point of the proposed game.
Bildgebung anorektaler Fisteln
Authors: Schäfer Arnd-Oliver 
Published: June 2023

ZusammenfassungFisteln und Abszesse zählen zu den häufigen Erkrankungen des Anorektums, wobei der Abszess das akute und die Fistel das chronische Stadium der Entzündung repräsentiert. Der Gruppe der
kryptoglandulären Analfisteln stehen die Crohn-assoziierten Fisteln gegenüber. Nachweis und exakte Differenzierung der unterschiedlichen Fistelklassen ist Aufgabe der Bildgebung und Basis
für die individuelle Behandlungsplanung.