bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kings’ Sagas
Authors: Jakobsson Ármann 
Published: March 2023

The Norse-Icelandic kings’ sagas originated in the 12th century, reached their zenith in the 13th century, and then kept being amplified and rewritten into new compilations throughout the Middle Ages. They have been defined by their subject matter, the kings of Norway and Denmark from the 9th century until the 13th century, since it is hard to refer to them as a literary genre as these are works of disparate length and are composed in different languages (Icelandic or Latin) with few shared common features apart from the subject matter. The kings’ sagas are believed to have originated in the early 12th century although there are no extant texts from that period. It has been postulated that Icelandic historians Sæmundr Sigfússon (b. 1056–d. 1133) and Ari Þorgilsson (b. c. 1067–d. 1148) each wrote a kings’ saga even though the outlines of those are not known. Shortly after the mid-12th century the otherwise unknown Icelander Eiríkur Oddsson wrote a saga about the royal pretender Sigurðr Slembir and his short reign in Norway (1136–1139), a text that was possibly influenced by Danish interests. The late 12th century saw the emergence of short synoptical histories of Norway and biographies of the royal saints St Óláfr and Óláfr Tryggvason influenced by hagiography, whereas the first saga of a secular king was Sverris saga, authored by Karl Jónsson (d. 1213), possibly co-authored by King Sverrir himself, and first drafted in the 1180s. The 13th century witnessed ever expanding royal biographies, culminating in the three large compendia Morkinskinna (c 1220), Fagrskinna ( c. 1225) and Heimskringla (c. 1230), each of which collects several royal biographies in a period from 150–300 years. In Morkinskinna and Heimskringla in particular, the biography of the king is augmented by skaldic verse and narratives about various other people, thus expanding royal biographies into a history of the kingdom of Norway in the medieval fashion. Kings’ sagas continued to be written throughout the 13th century, with Hákonar saga and Knýtlinga saga by brothers Ólafur Þórðarson (b. 1212–d. 1259) and Sturla Þórðarson (b. 1214–d. 1284), lawspeakers, scholars, and skaldic poets of particular interest. However, after Iceland became a dependency of the kings of Norway in 1262–1264, interest in kingship as an institution seems to gradually wane. Most of the 14th-century kings’ sagas are large compendia that join together various 13th-century texts. Thus, the kings’ sagas are the oldest category of secular sagas but also declined first whereas other saga writing in general thrived in the 14th century.
Pathways and Referral of Patients with Cancer in Rural Ethiopia: A Multi-center Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Trabitzsch Josephin , Wondimagegnehu Abigiya , Afework Tsion , Stoeter Ole , Gizaw Muluken , Getachew Sefonias , Feyisa Jilcha Diribi , Taylor Lesley , Wienke Andreas , Addissie Adamu , Kantelhardt Eva Johanna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Well-organized patient pathways are essential to achieve early diagnosis and timely treatment of patients with cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. This retrospective cohort study describes pathways and referral patterns of cancer patients in rural Ethiopia.

Patients and Methods
The retrospective study took place from October to December 2020 at 2 primary- and 6 secondary-level hospitals in southwestern Ethiopia. Of 681 eligible patients diagnosed with cancer between July 2017 and June 2020, 365 patients were included. Structured interviews on the patients’ pathways were conducted by telephone. The primary outcome was successful referral, which was defined as occurring when the intended procedure was initiated at the receiving institution. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with successful referrals.

Results
Patients visited on average 3 health care institutions from their first encounter with a provider until their final treatment initiation. After diagnosis, only 26% (95) of patients were referred for further cancer treatment, of which 73% were successful. Patients referred for diagnostic tests were 10 times more likely to complete referrals successfully than patients referred for treatment. Overall, 21% of all patients remained without any therapy.

Conclusion
We found that referral pathways of patients with cancer in rural Ethiopia were largely cohesive. The majority of patients referred for diagnostic or treatment services followed the advice. Nevertheless, an unacceptable number of patients remained without any treatment. Capacity for cancer diagnosis and treatment at primary- and secondary-level health facilities in rural Ethiopia must be expanded to enable early detection and timely care.
Can Central Banks Boost Corporate Investment? Evidence from ECB Liquidity Injections
Authors: von Rüden Stine Louise , Subrahmanyam Marti G , Tang Dragon Yongjun , Wang Sarah Qian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLiquidity injections by central banks have become frequent and massive, but their real effects on corporate investment remain unclear. We examine the longer-term refinancing operations (LTROs) of the European Central Bank (ECB) during the eurozone sovereign crisis and show that greater LTRO funding to banks is associated with lower corporate investment. Riskier banks received funds through the LTROs and subsequently increased their holdings of risky sovereign debt. Corporate investment reductions are associated with these banks. Further, concurrent fiscal and regulatory policies impeded the effectiveness of the ECB liquidity injections. Our findings identify the contributing factors for these failures of monetary policy. (JEL E52, E58, G32)Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Self-reported Gesture Interpretation and Performance Deficits in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Karp Erica L , Williams Trevor F , Ellman Lauren M , Strauss Gregory P , Walker Elaine F , Corlett Philip R , Woods Scott W , Powers Albert R , Gold James M , Schiffman Jason E , Waltz James A , Silverstein Steven M , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background and hypothesis
Deficits in performing and interpreting communicative nonverbal behaviors, such as gesture, have been linked to varied psychopathology and dysfunction. Some evidence suggests that individuals at risk for psychosis have deficits in gesture interpretation and performance; however, individuals with internalizing disorders (eg, depression) may have similar deficits. No previous studies have examined whether gesture deficits in performance and interpretation are specific to those at risk for psychosis. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms (eg, cognition) and consequences (eg, functioning) of these deficits are poorly understood.

Study design
This study examined self-reported gesture interpretation (SRGI) and performance (SRGP) in those at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR; N = 88), those with internalizing disorders (INT; N = 51), and healthy controls (HC; N = 53). Participants completed questionnaires, clinical interviews, and neurocognitive tasks.

Study results
Results indicated that the CHR group was characterized by significantly lower SRGI scores than the HC or INT groups (d = 0.41); there were no differences among groups in SRGP. Within CHR participants, greater deficits in SRGP were associated with lower verbal learning and memory (r = −.33), but not general intelligence or processing speed. Furthermore, gesture deficits were associated with higher cross-sectional risk for conversion to a full psychotic disorder in the CHR group.

Conclusions
Overall, these findings suggest that specific subdomains of gesture may reflect unique vulnerability for psychosis, self-report may be a viable assessment tool in understanding these phenomena, and gesture dysfunction may signal risk for transition to psychosis.
Predisposition to soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after four rounds of mass drug administration: results from a longitudinal cohort in the Geshiyaro project, a transmission elimination feasibility study in the Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia
Authors: Rayment Gomez Santiago , Maddren Rosie , Liyew Ewnetu Firdawek , Chernet Melkie , Anjulo Ufaysa , Tamiru Adugna , Mengitsu Birhan , Forbes Kathryn , Collyer Benjamin , Salasibew Mihretab , Anderson Roy 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Current WHO strategies for reaching soil-transmitted helminths (STH) elimination as a public health problem excludes treating certain adult populations in endemic areas, creating infection reservoirs that drive ‘bounce back’ of STH infection to pretreatment levels post-mass drug administration (MDA). Predisposition is a widespread, but poorly understood phenomena among helminth infections where individuals are predisposed to reinfection after repeated treatments.

Methods
This analysis uses Geshiyaro project data, an STH control programme exploring transmission interruption by community-wide MDA and enhanced water, sanitation and hygiene during 2019–2023. Parasitological survey data from longitudinal cohorts are analysed using Kendall's Tau-b rank correlation to assess the evidence for predisposition to light or heavy infection between four consecutive rounds of MDA.

Results
Correlation analyses revealed the strongest evidence for predisposition to heavy or light Ascaris lumbricoides infection was between survey 1 and 2 (Tau-b 0.29; p&lt;0.001). Overall patterns were not observed for Trichuris trichiura or hookworm infections, however, some significant and notable correlations were recorded for some stratifications and time points.

Conclusions
Evidence for predisposition in endemic settings in southern Ethiopia with low STH prevalence suggests that more targeted approaches to MDA in those predisposed to infection may be a sensible control strategy if cheap, point of care diagnostics are available.
Sporodochia Formed by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Produce Airborne Conidia and Are Ubiquitous on Diseased Strawberry Plants in California
Authors: Henry Peter M. , Dilla-Ermita Christine J. , Goldman Polly , Jaime Jose , Ramos Gerardo 
Published: March 2023

Sporodochia are dense masses of fungal hyphae bearing asexual conidia. For Fusarium oxysporum, sporodochia are known to produce airborne conidia and enhance the dissemination of this otherwise soilborne pathogen. Sporodochia are small and transient, and they are documented for only a few formae speciales of F. oxysporum. This study reports airborne conidia and sporodochia produced by F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, the cause of Fusarium wilt of strawberry, in the Monterey Bay region of California. Sporodochia were discovered in 21 of 24 Fusarium wilt-diseased fields surveyed for this study and were readily observed on most symptomatic plants in these fields. Only necrotic tissues bore sporodochia, and they were most frequently observed on petioles and peduncles. Sporodochia covered significantly greater lengths of peduncles than petioles, extending from the base of the plant toward the upper part of the canopy. A stolon hosted the longest stretch of sporodochial growth, found covering the stolon's entire 35-cm length and the base of the daughter plant. Macroconidia were produced by all sporodochia samples, and we did not find microconidia on any samples. An initial series of experiments confirmed the potential for conidia produced by sporodochia to disperse with wind over short distances. The prevalence of sporodochia producing airborne spores of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae has great importance for disease management and biosecurity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Increased mitochondrial Ca2+ contributes to health decline with age and Duchene muscular dystrophy in C. elegans
Authors: Higashitani Atsushi , Teranishi Mika , Nakagawa Yui , Itoh Yukou , Sudevan Surabhi , Szewczyk Nathaniel J. , Kubota Yukihiko , Abe Takaaki , Kobayashi Takeshi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by an age‐related decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength. Here, we show that suppression of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)‐mediated Ca2+ influx into mitochondria in the body wall muscles of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans improved the sarcopenic phenotypes, blunting movement and mitochondrial structural and functional decline with age. We found that normally aged muscle cells exhibited elevated resting mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and increased mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria. Similar to aging muscle, we found that suppressing MCU function in muscular dystrophy improved movement via reducing elevated resting mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. Taken together, our results reveal that elevated resting mitochondrial Ca2+ levels contribute to muscle decline with age and muscular dystrophy. Further, modulation of MCU activity may act as a potential pharmacological target in various conditions involving muscle loss.
Psychometric Properties of the Traditional Chinese Version of the Venous Leg Ulcer Quality of Life Questionnaire
Authors: Lin Hsiao-Ching , Fang Chien-Liang , Hsu Chin-Hao , Fan Jun-Yu 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Symptoms and treatment of venous leg ulcers (VLUs) adversely impact patients’ quality of life (QoL). There is no QoL tool that considers the linguistic and cultural specificities of patients with VLU in Taiwan. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese version of the Venous Leg Ulcer Quality of Life Questionnaire (VLU-QoL).

METHODS
The processes of translation and cultural adaptation of the VLU-QoL from English to traditional Chinese included forward translation, back translation, linguistic modification, and expert review. Using a sample of 167 patients with VLU from a hospital in southern Taiwan, the psychometric properties analyzed were internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and criterion-related.

RESULTS
The traditional Chinese version of the VLU-QoL demonstrated good overall internal consistency (Cronbach α = .95) and overall test-retest reliability coefficient (r = 0.98). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the convergent validity of the scale; results showed that the Activity, Psychology, and Symptom Distress constructs had acceptable fit and a structure similar to that of the original scale. The scale had its criterion-related validity verified using the Taiwanese version of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, demonstrating a good correlation coefficient r that ranged from −0.7 to −0.2 (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
The Chinese version of the VLU-QoL is valid and reliable for assessing the QoL in patients with VLU, delivering a tool that nurses can use to deliver timely and appropriate care to improve patients’ QoL.
Characteristics of Patients with Pressure Injuries in a COVID-19 Referral Hospital
Authors: Putri Indri Lakhsmi , Tungga Aldrich Alexander Afeli , Pramanasari Rachmaniar , Wungu Citrawati Dyah Kencono 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
This retrospective study aimed to describe the characteristics of patients treated at a COVID-19 referral hospital from March 2020 to June 2021 who experienced pressure injuries (PIs) either before or after admission.

METHODS
The researchers collected and analyzed data on patients’ demographic characteristics, symptoms, comorbidities, location and severity of PI, laboratory values, oxygen therapy, length of stay, and vasopressor use.

RESULTS
During the study period, 1,070 patients were hospitalized for COVID-19 with varying degrees of severity, and 12 patients were diagnosed with PI. Eight (66.7%) of the patients with PI were men. The median age was 60 (range, 51–71) years, and half of the patients had obesity. Eleven of the patients with PI (91.4%) had at least one comorbid condition. The sacrum and gluteus were the two most commonly affected sites. Those with stage 3 PI had a substantially greater median d-dimer value (7,900 ng/mL) than patients with stage 2 PI (1,100 ng/mL). The average length of stay was 22 (range, 9.8–40.3) days.

CONCLUSIONS
Health professionals should be aware of an increase in d-dimer in patients with COVID-19 and PI. Even though PIs in these patients might not result in mortality, an increase in morbidity can be avoided with the right care.
A New Tool for Holistic Residency Application Review: Using Natural Language Processing of Applicant Experiences to Predict Interview Invitation
Authors: Mahtani Arun Umesh , Reinstein Ilan , Marin Marina , Burk-Rafel Jesse 
Published: March 2023

Problem
Reviewing residency application narrative components is time intensive and has contributed to nearly half of applications not receiving holistic review. The authors developed a natural language processing (NLP)–based tool to automate review of applicants’ narrative experience entries and predict interview invitation.

Approach
Experience entries (n = 188,500) were extracted from 6,403 residency applications across 3 application cycles (2017–2019) at 1 internal medicine program, combined at the applicant level, and paired with the interview invitation decision (n = 1,224 invitations). NLP identified important words (or word pairs) with term frequency-inverse document frequency, which were used to predict interview invitation using logistic regression with L1 regularization. Terms remaining in the model were analyzed thematically. Logistic regression models were also built using structured application data and a combination of NLP and structured data. Model performance was evaluated on never-before-seen data using area under the receiver operating characteristic and precision–recall curves (AUROC, AUPRC).

Outcomes
The NLP model had an AUROC of 0.80 (vs chance decision of 0.50) and AUPRC of 0.49 (vs chance decision of 0.19), showing moderate predictive strength. Phrases indicating active leadership, research, or work in social justice and health disparities were associated with interview invitation. The model’s detection of these key selection factors demonstrated face validity. Adding structured data to the model significantly improved prediction (AUROC 0.92, AUPRC 0.73), as expected given reliance on such metrics for interview invitation.

Next Steps
This model represents a first step in using NLP-based artificial intelligence tools to promote holistic residency application review. The authors are assessing the practical utility of using this model to identify applicants screened out using traditional metrics. Generalizability must be determined through model retraining and evaluation at other programs. Work is ongoing to thwart model “gaming,” improve prediction, and remove unwanted biases introduced during model training.
Learning How to Learn: An Innovative Medical School Orientation Activity
Authors: Smith James F. , Sinclair Mary L. , Madhavan Kiely M. , Eno Cassie A. , Piemonte Nicole M. 
Published: March 2023

Problem
In 2018, Creighton University School of Medicine initiated a multiyear strategy to redesign the pedagogic approach of its educational program, transitioning from large-group, lecture-based experiences to small-group, active learning experiences using case-based learning (CBL) as required prework for team-based learning (TBL). In July 2019, the authors introduced their first-year medical students to the pedagogic and empiric underpinnings of the new curriculum they would experience. Initially, and ironically, this introduction was presented as a 30-minute didactic lecture, and students’ ability to assimilate this information in any meaningful way was challenged. In addition, students required several sessions of the CBL–TBL activities during the official curriculum before they were able to effectively function as a team of learners. The authors created a novel introduction to their educational program that was active, meaningful, and efficient.

Approach
In 2022, the authors created a 2-hour, small-group CBL activity using a fictional narrative of a medical student encountering their curriculum. During development, the authors recognized that the narrative was conducive to introduction of affective responses to medical education stressors, such as imposter phenomenon and Stanford duck syndrome. The CBL activity was given 4 hours during the formal 2022 orientation; 230 students participated. The CBL activity occurred on the second day of orientation and the TBL activity on the third (final) day of orientation.

Outcomes
The results of the TBL activity indicate that students acquired a fundamental understanding of the attributes of active learning, features of imposter syndrome, substance abuse associated with Stanford duck syndrome, and peer evaluation.

Next Steps
This CBL–TBL activity will become a permanent part of orientation. The authors hope to evaluate the qualitative outcomes of this innovation on students’ professional identity formation, institutional affiliation, and motivation. The authors will assess for any negative impact of this experience and the overall orientation.
Radiological Features of Atlas Occipitalization and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Yan Jun , Qiu Cheng , Fu Lingling , Liu Xinyu , Zheng Yanping 
Published: March 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective radiographic analysis.

Objectives.
Evaluation of the anatomical features of the craniovertebral junction in patients with occipitalization with and without atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD).

Summary of Background Data.
Atlas occipitalization is a common feature of congenital AAD and usually requires surgical intervention. However, not all instances of occipitalization necessarily lead to AAD. No study has specifically examined and compared the craniovertebral bony morphology in occipitalization with, and without, AAD.

Method.
We reviewed computed tomography (CT) scans of 2500 adult outpatients. Occipitalization cases without AAD (ON) were selected. Meanwhile, a series of 20 in-patient occipitalization cases with AAD (OD) were obtained in parallel. Another 20 control cases without occipitalization were also included. Multi-directional reconstructed CT images of all cases were analyzed.

Results.
A total of 18 adults with ON were found in all 2500 outpatients (0.7%). Both anterior height (AH) and posterior height (PH) of C1 lateral mass (C1LM) in the control group were significantly larger than those in both the ON and OD groups, whereas PH in the OD group was significantly less than that in the ON group. Three morphological types of the occipitalized atlas posterior arch were identified: Type I, bilateral sides were unfused with opisthion; Type II, unilateral side was unfused with opisthion, while the other side was fused; and Type III, bilateral sides were fused with opisthion. In the ON group, 3 cases were type I (17%), 6 cases were type II (33%), and 9 cases were type III (50%). In the OD group, all 20 cases were type III (100%).

Conclusion.
Atlas occipitalization with, and without, AAD results from a distinctly different bony morphology at the craniovertebral junction. The novel classification system based on reconstructed CT images may be useful in prognosticating AAD in the setting of atlas occipitalization.