bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Area Deprivation With Primary Hypertension Diagnosis Among Youth Medicaid Recipients in Delaware
Authors: Baker-Smith Carissa M. , Yang Wei , McDuffie Mary J. , Nescott Erin P. , Wolf Bethany J. , Wu Cathy H. , Zhang Zugui , Akins Robert E. 
Published: March 2023

ImportanceThe association between degree of neighborhood deprivation and primary hypertension diagnosis in youth remains understudied.ObjectiveTo assess the association between neighborhood measures of deprivation and primary hypertension diagnosis in youth.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study included 65 452 Delaware Medicaid-insured youths aged 8 to 18 years between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2019. Residence was geocoded by national area deprivation index (ADI).ExposuresHigher area deprivation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was primary hypertension diagnosis based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision codes. Data were analyzed between September 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022.ResultsA total of 65 452 youths were included in the analysis, including 64 307 (98.3%) without a hypertension diagnosis (30 491 [47%] female and 33 813 [53%] male; mean [SD] age, 12.5 (3.1) years; 12 500 [19%] Hispanic, 25 473 [40%] non-Hispanic Black, 24 565 [38%] non-Hispanic White, and 1769 [3%] other race or ethnicity; 13 029 [20%] with obesity; and 31 548 [49%] with an ADI ≥50) and 1145 (1.7%) with a diagnosis of primary hypertension (mean [SD] age, 13.3 [2.8] years; 464 [41%] female and 681 [59%] male; 271 [24%] Hispanic, 460 [40%] non-Hispanic Black, 396 [35%] non-Hispanic White, and 18 [2%] of other race or ethnicity; 705 [62%] with obesity; and 614 [54%] with an ADI ≥50). The mean (SD) duration of full Medicaid benefit coverage was 61 (16) months for those with a diagnosis of primary hypertension and 46.0 (24.3) months for those without. By multivariable logistic regression, residence within communities with ADI greater than or equal to 50 was associated with 60% greater odds of a hypertension diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% CI 1.04-2.51). Older age (OR per year, 1.16; 95%, CI, 1.14-1.18), an obesity diagnosis (OR, 5.16; 95% CI, 4.54-5.85), and longer duration of full Medicaid benefit coverage (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.03-1.04) were associated with greater odds of primary hypertension diagnosis, whereas female sex was associated with lower odds (OR, 0.68; 95%, 0.61-0.77). Model fit including a Medicaid-by-ADI interaction term was significant for the interaction and revealed slightly greater odds of hypertension diagnosis for youths with ADI less than 50 (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.03-1.04) vs ADI ≥50 (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03). Race and ethnicity were not associated with primary hypertension diagnosis.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, higher childhood neighborhood ADI, obesity, age, sex, and duration of Medicaid benefit coverage were associated with a primary hypertension diagnosis in youth. Screening algorithms and national guidelines may consider the importance of ADI when assessing for the presence and prevalence of primary hypertension in youth.
Development and Validation of Nomograms to Predict Survival in Patients Undergoing Complete Cytoreduction and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Pseudomyxoma Peritonei of Appendiceal Origin
Authors: Chandrakumaran Kandiah , Carr Norman John , Mohamed Faheez , Cecil Thomas Desmond , Moran Brendan John 
Published: March 2023

ImportancePseudomyxoma peritoni, a rare condition characterized by mucinous ascites and peritoneal deposits, mainly originates from a ruptured mucinous appendix tumor and is considered an indolent disease but can progress and become fatal. Optimal treatment to improve cure and survival rates involves complete cytoreductive surgery (CCRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Accurate predictive models are useful in supporting and informing treatment strategies and stratifying patient follow-up.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prognostic significance of clinically important variables and generate validated nomograms to predict overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) following CCRS and hyperthermic intraperitoneal HIPEC for pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) of appendiceal origin.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective study used prospectively collected data on patients who had cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC in a single institution between 1994 and 2018. The cohort was randomly allocated into development (70%) and validation (30%) sets. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazards regression.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA prediction model was developed with significant prognostic factors identified by multivariate analysis. The model’s prognostic performance was evaluated with the concordance index (C index). The nomogram was calibrated by comparing the predicted and observed probabilities.ResultsOf 2637 CRS and HIPEC operations, 1102 patients (female, 64.4%; median age [IQR], 57.0 [48.0-66.0] years) (41.8%) had CCRS for PMP of appendiceal origin. Elevated tumor markers, peritoneal carcinomatosis index, gastrectomy, and tumor grade were independent predictive factors for DFS. Gender, age, elevated tumor makers, peritoneal carcinomatosis index, and tumor grade influenced OS. The nomograms were generated with respective prognostic factors. The nomograms showed good performance in predicting survival. Median OS of the cohort was 16.5 years (95% CI, 13.7-19.2) with a 5-year probability of survival of 80.2%. The median DFS was 10.3 years (95% CI, 7.2- 13.3) and the 5-year probability of recurrence-free survival was 60.5%.Conclusions and RelevanceClinically important independent predictors for survival and recurrence were selected to develop the nomograms for OS and DFS. These 2 nomograms are user friendly and useful tools for patient management with clinical trial design applications.
Fatigue Behavior of Polymers
Authors: Ghaderi Aref , Bahroloumi SeyedAmir , Akbari Ramin , Ayoub Georges , Babaei Armin , Dargazany Roozbeh , Nouri Hadis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Fatigue failure of rubber‐like materials has been often previously modeled with classical power‐law approaches, however with the new generation of physics‐based fatigue models, choosing the proper model depends on the material, loading condition and the computational cost users can afford. In view of the high number of validated fatigue models, it is challenging for engineers to choose a reliable fatigue model for a specific application. In service condition, reliability of elastomeric components is influenced by a variety of factors, ranging from environmental service condition to mechanical loads and compound properties. In sensitive applications, assuring the long‐term reliable performance of elastomers subjected to multiaxial variable loading is necessary to ensure the durability of the system. The purpose of this article is to review different stressors that contribute to the fatigue failure of elastomers and the associated modeling approaches used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, this article summarizes the effect of thermal oxidation, moisture, hydrolysis, and radiation on long‐term aging of the fatigue properties of rubber, which has been studied over the last 50 years.
Assessment and Evaluation: Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Turner Carolyn E. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1990s, there has been a growing awareness that combining quantitative and qualitative data from diverse sources could add value to several ongoing issues in language assessment/testing (LT) research. This entry describes an instrument development project for assessment and evaluation purposes using an MMR design. Language barriers can arise when members of linguistic minorities and their health professionals do not speak the same first language. This entry reports on the first part of an L2 assessment development project where construct definition was the focus. The purpose was to identify and validate a set of speech tasks relating to nurse interactions with patients and to derive the L2 ability required for nurses to carry out those tasks. The research design had two sequential phases. The first phase (qualitative) included a literature review leading to an initial list of speech tasks, and validation of this list with a nurse focus group, followed by verbal protocol with a nurse expert. The retained speech tasks were then developed into a questionnaire and administered to 133 nurses who assessed each speech task for difficulty in an L2 context. The second phase (quantitative) included descriptive statistics, Rasch analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and alignment of resulting speech tasks with the Canadian Language Benchmarks. Results showed that speech tasks dealing with emotional aspects of caregiving and conveying health‐specific information were reported as being the most demanding in terms of L2 ability and the most strongly associated with L2 ability required for nurse–patient interactions.
How Bilinguals Read Words in Their Two Languages (Lexical Access in Visual Word Recognition in Second Language Processing)
Authors: Bultena Sybrine , Dijkstra Ton 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Bilingual visual word comprehension is affected by the knowledge of more than one language. Word representations in a bilingual's mind are stored in an integrated manner, and processing during reading similarly shows signs of language nonselective activation. Such cross‐language activation is observed in reading times for cognates (form‐similar translation equivalents), which are processed faster than noncognate controls, and reading times for false friends (word forms associated with different meanings), which are typically slower than those for control words. The facilitation effect observed for cognates is dependent on their between‐language overlap in terms of word form and meaning. Recent findings indicate that processing of identical cognates in some circumstances may lead to inhibitory effects, depending on stimulus list composition and task requirements. The facilitation effect for cognates and the interference effect for false friends are not only observed for word processing in isolation but also when such words are read in sentence context. The presence of language‐specific words and a semantically biasing context, along with the reader's L2 proficiency, modulate the size of the effects. Models of bilingual word recognition, the Multilink model, in particular, can simulate the observed effects and help to understand mechanisms underlying bilingual processing.
Corpus Linguistics: Mixed‐Methods Research
Authors: Crosthwaite Peter 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Corpora are principled collections of searchable electronic text, representative of authentic language‐in‐use. The varied and interdisciplinary research possibilities afforded by corpus linguistics (CL) also give rise to a range of research methods adopted both within CL studies and those of cognate fields that seek to apply the use of corpora to enhance their own research agendas. This entry distinguishes between mixed‐methods CL studies involving both quantitative and qualitative analytical procedures, and studies involving CL methods in combination with other experimental or analytical paradigms that may be completely quantitative or qualitative in nature or somewhere in between. It is apparent that CL, as a field, has embraced a great deal of methods typically used in other disciplines in order to enhance the nature of the “counting” that CL is so good at. Likewise, many other disciplines have harnessed the unique potential of corpora to provide insights into language‐related phenomena that would have not been possible without corpus data, corpus tools, and corpus linguists. Through continued innovations in mixed‐methods CL research, corpus linguists are not only breathing new life into the field of applied linguistics but also enhancing—and in some cases reinventing—many others.
L2 Pragmatics Research and the Problem of L1 Norms
Authors: Taguchi Naoko , Caprario Marcella 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
L2 pragmatics refers to language learners' acquisition of appropriate linguistic and paralinguistic behaviors for a range of communicative functions, such as making a request or apologizing. In order to identify instructional targets and assess learners' pragmatic competence, the field has traditionally relied on the norms of L1 speakers as a standard. However, a number of problems have been associated with this practice related to the appropriateness of L1 norms for L2 learners and to the conception of those norms in the first place. L1 norms may be incompatible with L2 speakers' identities, inappropriate for their local communicative needs, or both. Moreover, the identification of L1 speaker norms has often overlooked pragmatic differences among L1 speakers, which occur as a result of micro‐ and macrosocial factors. Instead, an idealized and unrealistic view of pragmatic uniformity among L1 speakers is often presented. Given these problems, alternative approaches should be considered for teaching and assessing L2 pragmatic competence.
Theories of Pragmatics Learning
Authors: Li Shuai 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of two major theoretical approaches to second language (L2) pragmatic development: cognitive and socially oriented approaches. The cognitive theories include the noticing hypothesis, the two‐dimensional model, and the skill acquisition theory (ACT‐R). The socially oriented theories include the Vygotskian sociocultural theory and language socialization. It is argued that the cognitive and socially oriented approaches differ in their views toward the nature of L2 pragmatic development (i.e., intrapersonal vs. interpersonal), which has important implications for conceptualizing pragmatic knowledge and for understanding the mechanisms underlying pragmatic development.
Literacy in Multilingual Classrooms
Authors: Cervantes‐Soon Claudia G. , García Ofelia 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLiteracy instruction that provides opportunities for learners from diverse language backgrounds to access their entire meaning‐making repertoire is essential in multilingual classrooms. This requires shifting conceptions of language/multilingualism and literacy/biliteracy that are prevalent in schools today by considering minoritized and racialized multi/bilingual learners as legitimate meaning makers themselves, with valid linguistic knowledge rather than as inadequate or incomplete language users. This discussion redefines conceptions of language and literacy in multilingual classrooms by situating them in more expansive sociocultural and critical perspectives. It then outlines five principles for literacy instruction in multilingual classrooms that leverage students' entire meaning‐making repertoire to enact social and cognitive justice for multi/bilingual learners.
English for Specific and Academic Purposes as Pedagogical Frameworks
Authors: Basturkmen Helen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This entry examines ways English for specific purposes (ESP) and English for academic purposes (EAP) support teachers in their endeavors to devise instruction to prepare English as a second language (ESL) learners for the demands of working or studying in English. EAP grew out of ESP and shares similar, pedagogical features with ESP. The entry describes a range of contexts in which specialized (ESP and EAP) language instructions typically occur and ways in which ESP and EAP are distinctive pedagogical frameworks. For learners, the provision of specialized language instruction that is based on identification of their work or study needs is widely understood to be motivating, effective, and efficient. However, for teachers of specialized English, working in this area can present considerable challenges in terms of developing their own knowledge of the specialist linguistic register, devising in‐house materials, and developing new courses or revising others, to meet the precise needs of their groups of learners. The entry describes ways the ESP and EAP research supports the work of teachers. It highlights the important role of linguistic inquiry into specialist language use and case reports of ESP and EAP teaching practices in particular contexts as major forms of support. It identifies lacunae in the literature and suggests future research directions.
Achieving Thermodynamic Stability of Single‐Crystal Co‐Free Ni‐Rich Cathode Material for High Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shen Jixue , Zhang Bao , Huang Weiyuan , Li Xiao , Xiao Zhiming , Wang Jing , Zhou Tao , Wen Jianguo , Liu Tongchao , Amine Khalil , Ou Xing 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNi‐rich layered cathode materials are progressively considered as the standard configuration of high‐energy electric vehicles by virtues of their high capacity and eliminated “range anxiety.” However, the poor cyclic stability and severe cobalt supply crisis would restrain their wide commercial applicability. Here, a cost‐effective single‐crystal Co‐free Ni‐rich cathode material LiNi0.8Mn0.18Fe0.02O2 (NMF), which outperforms widely commercial polycrystalline LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 (MNCM) and single‐crystal LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 (SNCM) is reported. Surprisingly, NMF can compensate for the reversible capacity loss under the designed conditions of high‐temperature and elevated‐voltage, achieving a competitive energy density compared with conventional MNCM or SNCM. Combining operando characterizations and density functional theory calculation, it is revealed that NMF cathode with improved dynamic structure evolution largely alleviates the mechanical strain issue commonly found in Ni‐rich cathode, which can reduce the formation of intragranular cracks and improve the safety performance. Consequently, this new Co‐free NMF cathode can achieve a perfect equilibrium between material cost and electrochemical performance, which not only reduces the production cost by >15%, but also demonstrates excellent thermal stability and cycling performance..
Progress and Insight of Van der Waals Heterostructures Containing Interlayer Transition for Near Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Ahmad Waqas , Pan Liang , Khan Karim , Jia Lingpu , Zhuang Qiandong , Wang Zhiming 
Published: March 2023

AbstractVan der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures enable bandgap engineering of different 2D materials to realize the interlayer transition via type‐II band alignment leading to broaden spectrum that is beyond the cut‐off wavelength of individual 2D materials. Interlayer transition has a significant effect on the optoelectronic performance of vdWs heterostructure devices, and strong interlayer transition in 2D vdWs heterojunction is always demandable for sufficient charge transfer and rapid speed response. Herein, a state‐of‐the‐art review is presented on recent progress on interlayer transition in vdWs heterostructures for near‐infrared (NIR) photodetectors. First, the general synthesis techniques for vdWs heterostructures, band alignments in the vdWs heterostructures are provided. Then, the mechanism of interlayer transition in vdWs heterostructure and recent progress on interlayer transition in vdWs heterostructures for NIR photodetectors are summarized. Afterward, some worthy applications of NIR photodetectors are reviewed in related areas of this topic. At the last, an outlook, challenges, and future research directions of vdWs heterostructures for photodetectors at broaden response spectrum are presented.
Highly Improved Photocurrent Density and Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells via Inclined Fluorine Sputtering Process
Authors: Cho Eunmi , Son Jung Geon , Park Chan Beom , Kim In , Yuk Dohun , Park Jin‐Seong , Kim Jin Young , Lee Sang‐Jin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIncrease in incident light and surface modification of the charge transport layer are powerful routes to achieve high‐performance efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by improving the short‐circuit current density (JSC) and charge transport characteristics, respectively. However, few techniques are studied to reduce reflection loss and simultaneously improve the electrical performance of the electron transport layer (ETL). Herein, an inclined fluorine (F) sputtering process to fabricate high‐performance PSCs is proposed. The proposed process simultaneously implements the antireflection effect of F coating and the effect of F doping on a TiO2 ETL, which increases the amount of light transmitted into the PSC due to the extremely low refractive index (≈1.39) and drastically improves the electrical properties of TiO2. Consequently, the JSC of the F coating and doping perovskite solar cell (F‐PSC) increased from 25.05 to 26.01 mA cm−2, and the power conversion efficiency increased from 24.17% to 25.30%. The unencapsulated F‐PSC exhibits enhanced air stability after 900 h of exposure to ambient environment atmosphere (30% relative humidity, 25 °C under dark condition). The inclined F sputtering process in this study can become a universal method for PSCs from the development stage to commercialization in the future.
Deciphering Structural Origins of Highly Reversible Lithium Storage in High Entropy Oxides with In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Su Lin , Ren Jingke , Lu Tao , Chen Kexuan , Ouyang Jianwei , Zhang Yue , Zhu Xingyu , Wang Luyang , Min Huihua , Luo Wen , Sun Zhefei , Zhang Qiaobao , Wu Yi , Sun Litao , Mai Liqiang , Xu Feng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractConfigurational entropy‐stabilized single‐phase high‐entropy oxides (HEOs) have been considered revolutionary electrode materials with both reversible lithium storage and high specific capacity that are difficult to fulfill simultaneously by conventional electrodes. However, precise understanding of lithium storage mechanisms in such HEOs remains controversial due to complex multi‐cationic oxide systems. Here, distinct reaction dynamics and structural evolutions in rocksalt‐type HEOs upon cycling are carefully studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including imaging, electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy at atomic scale. The mechanisms of composition‐dependent conversion/alloying reaction kinetics along with spatiotemporal variations of valence states upon lithiation are revealed, characterized by disappearance of the original rocksalt phase. Unexpectedly, it is found from the first visualization evidence that the post‐lithiation polyphase state can be recovered to the original rocksalt‐structured HEOs via reversible and symmetrical delithiation reactions, which is unavailable for monometallic oxide systems. Rigorous electrochemical tests coupled with postmortem ex situ TEM and bulk‐level phase analyses further validate the crucial role of structural recovery capability in ensuring the reversible high‐capacity Li‐storage in HEOs. These findings can provide valuable guidelines to design compositionally engineer HEOs for almighty electrodes of next‐generation long‐life energy storage devices.