bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bias estimation in the certification of steroid reference materials for carbon isotope delta measurements via elemental analyser and gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Merrick Jeffrey P. , Liu Fong‐Ha , Lewin Mark , Iavetz Raluca 
Published: March 2023

RationaleTwo new certified reference materials (CRMs) have been prepared providing three steroids certified for stable carbon isotope delta values, δ(13C) ‰. These materials have been designed to assist anti‐doping laboratories in validating their calibration method or to be employed as calibrant for stable carbon isotope measurements of Boldenone, Boldenone Metabolite 1 and Formestane. These CRMs will allow for accurate and traceable analysis in compliance with World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) Technical Document TD2021IRMS.MethodsCertification was performed using an elemental analyser‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA‐IRMS) primary reference method on the bulk carbon isotope ratios of nominally pure steroid starting materials. EA‐IRMS analyses were carried out on a Flash EA Isolink CN coupled via a Conflo IV to a Delta V plus mass spectrometer. Confirmation analysis was performed by gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS) using a Trace 1310 GC coupled to a Delta V plus mass spectrometer via GC Isolink II.ResultsBased on the EA‐IRMS analysis, the materials were certified with δ(13C) values of −30.38‰ (Boldenone), −29.71‰ (Boldenone Metabolite 1) and 30.71‰ (Formestane). Noting that the assumption of 100% purity in the starting materials has the potential to introduce bias, this was investigated using GC‐C‐IRMS analysis and theoretical modelling based on purity assessment data.ConclusionsCareful application of this theoretical model was shown to provide reasonable estimates of uncertainty while avoiding the introduction of errors associated with analyte‐specific fractionation during GC‐C‐IRMS analysis.
Detection of abused drugs in human exhaled breath using mass spectrometry: A review
Authors: Zhang Jianfeng , Zhang Ying , Xu Chunhua , Huang Zhengxu , Hu Bin 
Published: March 2023

RationaleHuman breath analysis has been attracting increasing interest in the detection of abused drugs in forensic and clinical applications because of its noninvasive sampling and distinctive molecular information. Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based approaches have been proven to be powerful tools for accurately analyzing exhaled abused drugs. The major advantages of MS‐based approaches include high sensitivity, high specificity, and versatile couplings with various breath sampling methods.MethodsRecent advances in the methodological development of MS analysis of exhaled abused drugs are discussed. Breath collection and sample pretreatment methods for MS analysis are also introduced.ResultsRecent advances in technical aspects of breath sampling methods are summarized, highlighting active and passive sampling. MS methods for detecting different exhaled abused drugs are reviewed, emphasizing their features, advantages, and limitations. The future trends and challenges in MS‐based breath analysis of exhaled abused drugs are also discussed.ConclusionsThe coupling of breath sampling methods with MS approaches has been proven to be a powerful tool for the detection of exhaled abused drugs, offering highly attractive results in forensic investigations. MS‐based detection of exhaled abused drugs in exhaled breath is a relatively new field and is still in the early stages of methodological development. New MS technologies promise a substantial benefit for future forensic analysis.
Soil CO2 efflux dynamics in an integrated crop–livestock system
Authors: Aukema Kacey D. , Wallau Marcelo O. , Faust Derek R. , Archer David W. , Hendrickson John R. , Kronberg Scott L. , Liebig Mark A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIntegrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems have shown potential to provide a variety of environmental benefits including soil carbon (C) increases relative to conventional row cropping systems. However, studies documenting C dynamics of ICL systems in the northern Great Plains are lacking relative to other agroecosystems. Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux, crop biomass, and soil organic matter (SOM) pools were monitored over 3 years in an ICL rotation (corn [Zea mays L.]/soybean [Glycine max L.]–spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] + cover crop–cover crop) with fall grazing, a conventional cropping system rotation (corn–spring wheat–soybean) and fall grazed and ungrazed mixed‐grass pasture near Mandan, ND. Cropped treatments were under no‐till management. Annual aboveground crop residue biomass C was similar in the ICL and conventional systems, while less in the grazed pasture (4.18, 3.83, and 1.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1 respectively; p = 0.039). Annual soil CO2 efflux was greater in the ICL, grazed, and ungrazed pasture systems than the conventional system (8.05, 8.73, 8.25, and 5.81 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively; p < 0.001). Among crop phases in the ICL and conventional cropping systems, cover crops contributed to greater CO2 efflux in the spring and fall. SOM and C mineralization were greater at 0–5 cm in the ICL system compared to the conventional cropping system (6.6% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.028 and 248 vs. 184 mg CO2–C kg−1, p < 0.001, respectively). Interseeded cover crops in ICL systems can contribute increased root respiration and enhanced SOM pools relative to conventional cropping systems under semiarid conditions.
The complexity of the urban system: Profiles based on current literature and gaps with Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Ruan Fangli 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe realization of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is not only the independent progress of each goal but, more importantly, to combat undesirable interactions, conflicts, and impacts, which can exactly reflect in system analysis. Cities, as the main body of development and policy implementation, the system perspectives of which provide an integrated way across the full extension. Narrowing the gaps between urban system research and SDGs helps ensure their realization with the lowest cost and highest efficiency. Therefore, this article first collects literature from the Web of Science Core Collection, eliminating out‐of‐scope articles and integrating citing and cited references. Then, this article profiles the final 59 urban system studies on three levels (coupling evaluation, internal element interactions, and dynamic system evolution). Finally, the gaps between the research and SDGs are discussed. Based on the results, the four aspects should be addressed to narrow the gaps: (1) Give full play to the advantages of system methods on the urban scale. (2) Give full play to the bridge role of research among various urban stakeholders. (3) Give full play to experience sharing toward sustainable urban development to avoid futile attempts. (4) Give full play to the language media role of data in policy goals, scientific research, urban needs, and other aspects.
Remarkable Electrical Conductivity Increase and Pure Metallic Properties from Semiconducting Colloidal Nanocrystals by Cation Exchange for Solution‐Processable Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Yoon Sang Eun , Kim Yongjin , Kim Hyeongjun , Kwon Hyo‐Geun , Kim Unjeong , Lee Sang Yeon , Park Ju Hyun , Seo Hyungtak , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Sang‐Wook , Kim Jong H. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe authors report a strategic approach to achieve metallic properties from semiconducting CuFeS colloidal nanocrystal (NC) solids through cation exchange method. An unprecedentedly high electrical conductivity is realized by the efficient generation of charge carriers onto a semiconducting CuS NC template via minimal Fe exchange. An electrical conductivity exceeding 10 500 S cm−1 (13 400 S cm−1 at 2 K) and a sheet resistance of 17 Ω/sq at room temperature, which are among the highest values for solution‐processable semiconducting NCs, are achieved successfully from bornite‐phase CuFeS NC films possessing 10% Fe atom. The temperature dependence of the corresponding films exhibits pure metallic characteristics. Highly conducting NCs are demonstrated for a thermoelectric layer exhibiting a high power factor over 1.2 mW m−1K−2 at room temperature, electrical wires for switching on light emitting diods (LEDs), and source–drain electrodes for p‐ and n‐type organic field‐effect transistors. Ambient stability, eco‐friendly composition, and solution‐processability further validate their sustainable and practical applicability. The present study provides a simple but very effective method for significantly increasing charge carrier concentrations in semiconducting colloidal NCs to achieve metallic properties, which is applicable to various optoelectronic devices.
Solid‐State Electrolytes in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Latest Progresses and Prospects
Authors: Xian Chunxiang , Wang Qiyue , Xia Yang , Cao Feng , Shen Shenghui , Zhang Yongqi , Chen Minghua , Zhong Yu , Zhang Jun , He Xinping , Xia Xinhui , Zhang Wenkui , Tu Jiangping 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSolid‐state lithium–sulfur batteries (SSLSBs) have attracted tremendous research interest due to their large theoretical energy density and high safety, which are highly important indicators for the development of next‐generation energy storage devices. Particularly, safety and “shuttle effect” issues originating from volatile and flammable liquid organic electrolytes can be fully mitigated by switching to a solid‐state configuration. However, their road to thecommercial application is still plagued with numerous challenges, most notably the intrinsic electrochemical instability of solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) materials and their interfacial compatibility with electrodes and electrolytes. In this review, a critical discussion on the key issues and problems of different types of SSEs as well as the corresponding optimization strategies are first highlighted. Then, the state‐of‐the‐art preparation methods and properties of different kinds of SSE materials, and their manufacture, characterization and performance in SSLSBs are summarized in detail. Finally, a scientific outlook for the future development of SSEs and the avenue to commercial application of SSLSBs is also proposed.
A soft computing approach for software defect density prediction
Authors: Azzeh Mohammad , Alqasrawi Yousef , Elsheikh Yousef 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDefect density is an essential software testing and maintenance aspect that determines the quality of software products. It is used as a management factor to distribute limited human resources successfully. The availability of public defect datasets facilitates building defect density prediction models using established static code metrics. Since the data gathered for software modules are often subject to uncertainty, it becomes difficult to deliver accurate and reliable predictions. To alleviate this issue, we propose a new prediction model that integrates gray system theory and fuzzy logic to handle the imprecision in software measurement. We propose a new similarity measure that combines the benefits of fuzzy logic and gray relational analysis. The proposed model was validated against defect density prediction models using public defect datasets. The defect density variable is frequently sparse because of the vast number of none‐defected modules in the datasets. Therefore, we also check our proposed model's performance against the sparsity level. The findings reveal that the developed model surpasses other defect density prediction models over the datasets with high and very high sparsity ratios. The ensemble learning techniques are competitive choices to the proposed model when the sparsity ratio is relatively small. On the other hand, the statistical regression models were the most inadequate methods for such problems and datasets. Finally, the proposed model was evaluated against different degrees of uncertainty using a sensitivity analysis procedure. The results showed that our model behaves stably under different degrees of uncertainty.
Performance assessment of recycled aggregate concrete and its variability
Authors: Gaurav Govind , Kotoky Needhi , Jittin V. , Bahurudeen A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe use of recycled aggregate improves waste management and is a crucial step toward the sustainable development of the concrete industry. Hence, this paper presents the experimental investigation to determine the mechanical properties of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates as the selective substitution for natural aggregates. The slump was observed to decrease by replacing natural coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates. Compressive strength of about 40 MPa was achieved after 56 days of curing with the utilization of 100% recycled concrete aggregates. Besides, a reduction in the splitting tensile strength of 14% was observed due to the incorporation of recycled concrete aggregates. The statistical techniques use various probability distribution models such as Gamma, Lognormal, Weibull, and Normal distributions. Amongst the considered functions, lognormal and Weibull distributions best represent the experimentally obtained compressive strength of concrete with 100% natural aggregates and 50% recycled concrete aggregates, respectively. However, for concrete with 100% recycled aggregates, Weibull distribution represent compressive strength after 28 days of curing, and lognormal distribution is given the best fit for the compressive after 56 days of curing. In the case of split tensile strength, lognormal distribution provided the best representation after 56 days of curing for all specimens.
Olfactory identification, cognition, depressive symptoms, and 5-year mortality in patients with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Pusswald Gisela , Dapić Blaz , Bum Carina , Schernhammer Eva , Stögmann Elisabeth , Lehrner Johann 
Published: March 2023

Summary
Objective
An association between odor and cognitive impairment has been shown in many studies. The objective of the present hospital-based, single-center retrospective study was to assess the impact of odor impairment on the mortality of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods
Odor function was measured by Sniffin Sticks (Burghart Messtechnik, Holm, Germany) and the assessment of self-reported olfactory functioning and olfaction-related quality of life (ASOF) test. Cognitive performance was assessed by an extensive neuropsychological test battery, symptoms of depression were diagnosed with the Geriatric Depressive Scale (GDS). The influence of demographic factors such as gender, age, and education were examined.

Results
Although the univariate analyses and pairwise post hoc comparison showed significant differences for some of the olfactory performance tests/subtests, the multivariate models showed no association between olfactory test performance and mortality among patients with cognitive impairment. “Attention,” a domain of the Neuropsychological Test Battery Vienna (NTBV), as well as depressive symptoms, gender, and age, showed a significant influence on the mortality of the patient group.

Conclusion
Lower olfactory performance showed no impact on mortality. However, decreased cognitive function of “Attention” can be considered as an influential predictor for mortality.
Agreements, Behaviour, and Change: Sex Outside the Relationship in Male HIV-negative Partners in HIV Serodiscordant Relationships in Australia, Brazil, and Thailand
Authors: Gray James , Prestage Garrett , Jin Fengyi , Phanuphak Nittaya , Friedman Ruth K. , Fairley Christopher K , Kelleher Anthony , Templeton David J , Zablotska-Manos Iryna , Hoy Jennifer , McNulty Anna , Baker David , Brown Graham , Grulich Andrew , Bavinton Benjamin ,   for the Opposites Attract study group
Published: March 2023

AbstractMale HIV serodiscordant couples have diverse relationship agreements regarding sex outside the relationship. We examined the relationship agreements as described by 343 male HIV-negative partners in HIV serodiscordant relationships in Australia, Brazil and Thailand participating in a multi-year cohort study. At baseline, 125 (34.1%) HIV-negative partners reported no agreement, 115 (33.5%) had a monogamous agreement, and 103 (37.9%) had an open agreement allowing sex outside the relationship. Relationship agreements were largely stable over time, with 76% of HIV-negative men reporting the same agreement across follow up, while changes were predominantly towards having an open agreement. Behaviour largely matched relationship agreements, and the predictors of breaking an agreement by having condomless anal intercourse (CLAI) with an outside partner were CLAI within the relationship (OR = 3.17, 95%CI: 1.64–6.14, p < 0.001) and PrEP use in the last three months (OR = 3.42, 95%CI: 1.48–7.92, p = 0.004). When considering HIV transmission risk for HIV-negative men in serodiscordant relationships, greater focus needs to be placed on sex that is occurring outside the relationship and the agreements that facilitate this.
Permafrost Monitoring from Space
Authors: Bartsch Annett , Strozzi Tazio , Nitze Ingmar 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPermafrost is a sub-ground phenomenon and therefore cannot be directly observed from space. It is an Essential Climate Variable and associated with climate tipping points. Multi-annual time series of permafrost ground temperatures can be, however, derived through modelling of the heat transfer between atmosphere and ground using landsurface temperature, snow- and landcover observations from space. Results show that the northern hemisphere permafrost ground temperatures have increased on average by about one degree Celsius since 2000. This is in line with trends of permafrost proxies observable from space: surface water extent has been decreasing across the Arctic; the landsurface is subsiding continuously in some regions indicating ground ice melt; hot summers triggered increased subsidence as well as thaw slumps; rock glaciers are accelerating in some mountain regions. The applicability of satellite data for permafrost proxy monitoring has been demonstrated mostly on a local to regional scale only. There is still a lack of consistency of acquisitions and of very high spatial resolution observations. Both are needed for implementation of circumpolar monitoring of lowland permafrost. In order to quantify the impacts of permafrost thaw on the carbon cycle, advancement in wetland and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration monitoring from space is needed.
Optimization of magnetic fluid hyperthermia protocols for the elimination of breast cancer cells MCF7 using Mn-Zn ferrite ferrofluid
Authors: Bhardwaj Anand , Parekh Kinnari , Jain Neeraj 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The present study aimed to optimize magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) protocols by standardizing MF incubation time, hyperthermic duration, magnetic field, and MFH sessions to achieve a better hyperthermic response for the profuse killing of human breast cancer cell cells MCF7. Magnetic nanoparticles and MF were characterized using XRD, VSM, and DLS. Induction heating was performed for 30 min at field strengths of 12.5 and 13.3 kA/m at a fixed frequency of 330 kHz with varying concentrations and incubation duration on MCF7 cells. Single and multiple sessions hyperthermia protocols were used to kill MCF7 cells and the cytotoxicity effect was analyzed using MTT assay. Single and multiple sessions MFH protocols were established to kill breast cancer cells utilizing 0.2 mg/mL MF at 13.3 kA/m field and 330 kHz frequency and maintaining the hyperthermic temperature of 43–45 °C for 30 min. The single session MFH revealed severe toxicity of MF leading to more than 75% of cell death after 24 h of MF incubation. Multiple sessions hyperthermia resulted in more than 90% killing of MCF7 cells after two consequent 3 h MF incubation with 3 h gap. Each 3 h of MF incubation was followed by 30 min of induction heating. Multiple sessions hyperthermia was effective in killing a larger cell population compared to the single session protocol. The results may help in optimizing protocols for the profuse killing of cancer cells of multiple origins, and aid in deciding futuristic in vivo MFH-based therapeutic strategies against breast cancer.

Graphical Abstract
The discontinuum of river networks: the importance of geomorphic boundaries
Authors: Scown Murray W. , Thoms Martin C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Context
Rivers are heterogeneous landscapes characterised by distinct patches separated by boundaries. The significance of tributaries as dominant geomorphic boundaries in determining the character of the river discontinuum is a prevailing, yet largely unscrutinised, paradigm of river science.

Objectives
This study examines the spatial organisation and strength of geomorphic boundaries within the river network of 10 drainage basins in the Kimberley region of NW Australia. The possible drivers of the spatial organisation of boundaries throughout the river networks are also identified.

Methods
Using a suite of GIS tools and statistical analyses, distinct rivers zones or functional process zones (FPZs) and the strength of geomorphic boundaries between these FPZs were empirically determined for > 35,700 km of river network. The spatial distribution of boundary strengths throughout the river network was analysed against a set of environmental variables hypothesised to influence the location of boundaries, specifically: lithology, slope, elevation, and tributary confluences.

Results
1410 boundaries were identified in the river network of the Kimberley region, an average of one boundary every 25 km of river. Only 32% of these occurred at river confluences. Transitions between different FPZs – large scale river patches, present in the river network were the dominant geomorphic boundary. Although a range of boundary strengths occurred, some river confluences represented the strongest geomorphic boundaries. The location of geomorphic boundaries was significantly associated with the boundary between different types of lithologies.

Conclusion
Our analysis shows that the river network of the Kimberley region is naturally highly fragmented, and that tributary confluences are not the dominant control on discontinuities in the river network. We suggest that the character of river network fragmentation depends not only on dams, waterfalls, and confluences, but also on the strength and spatial organisation of geomorphic boundaries between FPZs.