bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Strength Training on Isometric-Squat Peak Force and Interlimb Asymmetry in Young, Recreationally Strength-Trained Men
Authors: Lynch Arthur E. , Davies Robert W. , Allardyce Joanna M. , Carson Brian P. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose: To compare the effects of bilateral strength training (BLST) versus unilateral strength training (ULST) on changes in peak force (PF) and interlimb asymmetry (ILA) in the isometric squat at a 120° knee angle (ISq120). Method: A total of 31 young, recreationally strength-trained men performed either BLST (n = 18) or ULST (n = 13), twice per week for 6 weeks. The total number of repetitions, duty cycle, and effort were standardized between training groups (ie, differing only in the exercises performed). Changes in PF and ILA were assessed pretraining and posttraining. Results: Comparable increases in PF were observed in the BLST group (mean [SD] change; 17.4% [20.5%], P = .001, standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.45) and the ULST group (11.4% [19.1%], P = .042, SMD = 0.25). No significant changes in symmetry index (SI) scores were observed following BLST (mean [SD] change; 0 [5.7], P = .526, SMD = −0.12) or ULST (+3 [6.0], P = .702, SMD = 0.4). Individual analyses of subjects with marked ILA (ie, baseline SI score > baseline coefficient of variation) revealed a trend toward BLST being more effective at attenuating SI scores in the ISq120. Conclusions: Overall, both BLST and ULST are effective for increasing ISq120 PF. However, it appears that BLST may be more effective at reducing SI scores in those with marked ILA.
Ancient DNA elucidates the lost world of western Indian Ocean giant tortoises and reveals a new extinct species from Madagascar
Authors: Kehlmaier Christian , Graciá Eva , Ali Jason R. , Campbell Patrick D. , Chapman Sandra D. , Deepak V. , Ihlow Flora , Jalil Nour-Eddine , Pierre-Huyet Laure , Samonds Karen E. , Vences Miguel , Fritz Uwe 
Published: January 2023

Before humans arrived, giant tortoises occurred on many western Indian Ocean islands. We combined ancient DNA, phylogenetic, ancestral range, and molecular clock analyses with radiocarbon and paleogeographic evidence to decipher their diversity and biogeography. Using a mitogenomic time tree, we propose that the ancestor of the extinct Mascarene tortoises spread from Africa in the Eocene to now-sunken islands northeast of Madagascar. From these islands, the Mascarenes were repeatedly colonized. Another out-of-Africa dispersal (latest Eocene/Oligocene) produced on Madagascar giant, large, and small tortoise species. Two giant and one large species disappeared c. 1000 to 600 years ago, the latter described here as new to science using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. From Madagascar, the Granitic Seychelles were colonized (Early Pliocene) and from there, repeatedly Aldabra (Late Pleistocene). The Granitic Seychelles populations were eradicated and later reintroduced from Aldabra. Our results underline that integrating ancient DNA data into a multi-evidence framework substantially enhances the knowledge of the past diversity of island faunas.
Strong and tough fibrous hydrogels reinforced by multiscale hierarchical structures with multimechanisms
Authors: Guo Xiao , Dong Xinyu , Zou Guijin , Gao Huajian , Zhai Wei 
Published: January 2023

Tough natural materials such as nacre, bone, and silk exhibit multiscale hierarchical structures where distinct toughening mechanisms occur at each level of the hierarchy, ranging from molecular uncoiling to microscale fibrillar sliding to macroscale crack deflection. An open question is whether and how the multiscale design motifs of natural materials can be translated to the development of next-generation biomimetic hydrogels. To address this challenge, we fabricate strong and tough hydrogel with architected multiscale hierarchical structures using a freeze-casting–assisted solution substitution strategy. The underlying multiscale multimechanisms are attributed to the gel’s hierarchical structures, including microscale anisotropic honeycomb–structured fiber walls and matrix, with a modulus of 8.96 and 0.73 MPa, respectively; hydrogen bond–enhanced fibers with nanocrystalline domains; and cross-linked strong polyvinyl alcohol chains with chain-connecting ionic bonds. This study establishes a blueprint of structure-performance mechanisms in tough hierarchically structured hydrogels and can inspire advanced design strategies for other promising hierarchical materials.
Efficacy of 48 hours dose of phenytoin in prevention of early post-traumatic seizure
Authors: Oyemolade Toyin Ayofe , Adeolu Augustine A , Badejo Oluwakemi A , Balogun James A , Shokunbi Matthew T , Malomo Adefolarin O , Adeleye Amos O 
Published: January 2023

BackgroundAntiseizure medications, such as phenytoin sodium, have been shown in some reports to reduce the incidence of early post-traumatic seizure. These medications, however, are not without side effects which may be dose related or duration related. The risks associated with short-term therapy are minimal and often dose related (and hence avoidable). This study intends to determine the efficacy of a short-course (48-hour dose) of phenytoin in prevention of early post-traumatic seizureMethodsThis was a prospective randomised double-blind clinical intervention study. Head injured patients presenting within the first 24 hours were randomly assigned to either 48-hour dose of phenytoin or control groups, and were observed for clinical seizure over a week. The difference in the incidences of early post-traumatic seizure between the two groups was determined by χ2test. A p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsA total of 94 patients were included in the study, 47 each in the control group and the phenytoin group. There were 77 males and 17 female (M:F 4.5:1). Both groups had similar demographic and clinical profile. The incidence of seizure was 21.3% in the control but 2.1% in the treatment arm (p<0.01). All seizures occurred within 24 hours of trauma in the control, while the only episode of seizure in the treatment group occurred later.ConclusionA short-course (48-hour dose) of phenytoin might be an effective prophylactic treatment to reduce the incidence of early post-traumatic seizure.
Qualitative exploration of melanoma awareness in black people in the USA
Authors: de Vere Hunt Isabella , Owen Sidney , Amuzie Adaure , Nava Vanessa , Tomz Anna , Barnes Leandra , Robinson June K , Lester Jenna , Swetter Susan , Linos Eleni 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveAlthough black patients are more likely to have advanced melanomas at diagnosis, with a 5-year survival rate among black patients of 70% compared with 92% for white patients, black people are generally not the focus of melanoma public health campaigns. We sought to explore awareness and perspectives of melanoma among black people to inform the development of relevant and valued public health messages to promote early detection of melanoma.DesignInductive thematic analysis of in-depth semistructured interviews.SettingInterviews were conducted with participants via video software or telephone in the USA.ParticipantsParticipants were adults from the USA who self-identified as African American or black. Recruitment flyers were posted around the San Francisco Bay Area and shared on our team Facebook page, with further participants identified through snowball sampling.ResultsWe interviewed 26 participants from 10 different states. Overall, 12 were men and 14 were women, with a mean age of 43 years (range 18–85). We identified five key themes regarding melanoma awareness in black people: (1) lack of understanding of term ‘melanoma’ and features of skin cancer; (2) do not feel at risk of melanoma skin cancer; (3) surprise that melanoma can occur on palms, soles and nails; (4) skin cancer awareness messages do not apply to or include black people; and (5) Importance of relationship with healthcare and habits of utilisation.ConclusionsAnalysis of these in-depth semistructured interviews illuminate the pressing need for health information on melanoma designed specifically for black people. We highlight two key points for focused public health messaging: (1) melanoma skin cancer does occur in black people and (2) high-risk sites for melanoma in black people include the palms, soles and nail beds. Therefore, public health messages for black people and their healthcare providers may involve productively checking these body surface areas.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of four biomarkers in detecting neonatal sepsis in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Rees Chris A , Lim Jamie , Westbrook Adrianna L , El Helou Rachelle , Schmid Alexis , Rubin-Smith Julia , Shreeve Kyra , Rotman Chloe , Govindapillai Sindu , Dorney Kate , Niescierenko Michelle 
Published: January 2023

BackgroundBiomarkers may enhance diagnostic capability for common paediatric infections, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where standard diagnostic modalities are frequently unavailable, but disease burden is high. A comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic capability of commonly available biomarkers for neonatal sepsis in LMICs is lacking. Our objective was to systematically review evidence on biomarkers to understand their diagnostic performance for neonatal sepsis in LMICs.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in English, Spanish, French, German, Dutch, and Arabic reporting the diagnostic performance of C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC) and procalcitonin (PCT) for neonatal sepsis. We calculated pooled test characteristics and the area under the curve (AUC) for each biomarker compared with the reference standards blood culture or clinical sepsis defined by each article.ResultsOf 6570 studies related to biomarkers in children, 134 met inclusion criteria and included 23 179 neonates. There were 80 (59.7%) studies conducted in LMICs. CRP of ≥60 mg/L (AUC 0.87, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.91) among 1339 neonates and PCT of ≥0.5 ng/mL (AUC 0.87, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.92) among 617 neonates demonstrated the greatest discriminatory value for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using blood culture as the reference standard in LMICs.ConclusionsPCT and CRP had good discriminatory value for neonatal sepsis in LMICs. ESR and WBC demonstrated poor discrimination for neonatal sepsis in LMICs. Future studies may incorporate biomarkers into clinical evaluation in LMICs to diagnose neonatal sepsis more accurately.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020188680.
Systematic review of outbreaks of COVID-19 within households in the European region when the child is the index case
Authors: Vardavas Constantine I , Nikitara Katerina , Aslanoglou Katerina , Kamekis Apostolos , Puttige Ramesh Nithya , Symvoulakis Emmanouil , Agaku Israel , Phalkey Revati , Leonardi-Bee Jo , Fernandez Esteve , Condell Orla , Lamb Favelle , Deogan Charlotte , Suk Jonathan E 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to identify the secondary attack rates (SAR) to adults and other children when children are the index cases within household settings.MethodsThis literature review assessed European-based studies published in Medline and Embase between January 2020 and January 2022 that assessed the secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within household settings. The inclusion criteria were based on the Population, Exposure, Outcome framework for systematic reviews. Thus, the study population was restricted to humans within the household setting in Europe (population), in contact with paediatric index cases 1–17 years old (exposure) that led to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 reported as either an SAR or the probability of onward infection (outcome).ResultsOf 1819 studies originally identified, 19 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the SAR ranged from 13% to 75% in 15 studies, while there was no evidence of secondary transmission from children to other household members in one study. Evidence indicated that asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 index cases also have a lower SAR than those with symptoms and that younger children may have a lower SAR than adolescents (>12 years old) within household settings.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 secondary transmission from paediatric index cases ranged from 0% to 75%, within household settings between January 2020 and January 2022, with differences noted by age and by symptomatic/asymptomatic status of the index case. Given the anticipated endemic circulation of SARS-CoV-2, continued monitoring and assessment of household transmission is necessary.
Clinical examination for athletes with inguinal-related groin pain: interexaminer reliability and prevalence of positive tests
Authors: Heijboer Willem M P , Vuckovic Zarko , Weir Adam , Tol Johannes L , Hölmich Per , Serner Andreas 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesTo evaluate the interexaminer reliability of abdominal palpation and resistance tests in athletes with longstanding groin pain, and to identify the prevalence of positive clinical tests in athletes classified with inguinal-related groin pain.MethodsMale athletes (18–40 years) with longstanding groin pain were prospectively recruited between March 2019 and October 2020 at a sports medicine hospital. Two examiners performed history taking and standardised clinical examination (including abdominal palpation, scrotal invagination and abdominal resistance tests) blinded to each other’s findings. Interexaminer reliability was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa statistic (κ). Examiners classified groin pain using the Doha agreement meeting terminology. A differentiation was made between ‘defined inguinal-related groin pain’ (according to recommended definition criteria) and ‘likely inguinal-related groin pain’ (expert-based application of the Doha agreement classification when not all recommended criteria were present).ResultsOverall, 44 athletes were included (61 symptomatic sides). Interexaminer reliability of inguinal palpation pain provocation tests varied from fair to moderate (κ=0.35–0.49). Reliability of posterior wall structure palpation (firm/soft) was slight (κ=0.01), and posterior wall bulging (yes/no) fair (κ=0.29). Reliability for abdominal resistance tests varied from fair to substantial (κ=0.35–0.72). In athletes classified with defined inguinal-related groin pain, recognisable injury pain on palpation during scrotal invagination when athletes performed a Valsalva manoeuvre was the most prevalent positive palpation test (79%). Abdominal resistance tests were positive in 21%–49% of these cases.ConclusionThe interexaminer reliability for clinical examination tests used to classify inguinal-related groin pain in athletes varies from slight to substantial. There is no single perfect clinical examination test.Trial registration numberNCT03842826.
Doctors’ perceived working conditions, psychological health and patient care: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Authors: Teoh Kevin , Singh Jasmeet , Medisauskaite Asta , Hassard Juliet 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesStudies have demonstrated an association between doctors’ perceived working conditions, and their psychological well-being and patient care. However, few have examined inter-relationships among these three domains, and even fewer using longitudinal designs. Using meta-analytical structural equation modelling, we tested longitudinal relationships among doctors’ perceived working conditions, their psychological well-being and patient care. We further tested if doctors’ psychological well-being mediates the relationship between perceived working conditions and patient care.MethodsWe carried out a systematic review using Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Medline for the 20-year period between January 2000 and the start of the pandemic (January 2020). We included studies with practising doctors as participants, and that reported a quantifiable bivariate effect size between at least two of the three constructs of interest—perceived working conditions (ie, job demands, job resource), psychological well-being (ie, emotional exhaustion, work engagement) and patient care (ie, clinical care, patient safety). We pooled relationship effect sizes using random-effects meta-analysis, before testing for indirect effects using two-stage structural equation modelling.ResultsTwenty-three samples from 11 countries representing 7275 doctors were meta-analysed. The results indicated that job resources predicted work engagement (ρ=0.18; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.24) and emotional exhaustion (ρ=−0.21; 95% CI −0.31 to −0.11), while job demands predicted emotional exhaustion (ρ=0.27; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.36). Better clinical care was also associated with higher levels of job resources (ρ=0.16; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.29), and lower levels of emotional exhaustion (ρ=−0.21; 95% CI −0.37 to −0.12) and job demands (ρ=−0.27; 95% CI −0.43 to −0.10). Both factors of the work environment were associated with clinical care through doctors’ emotional exhaustion, but there were insufficient studies to test the indirect effects for work engagement or patient safety.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the need for a systems perspective to address working conditions to support both doctors’ psychological well-being and patient care. Interventions should target doctors’ job resources as they are more strongly associated with psychological well-being. However, given that job demands were strongly associated with emotional exhaustion, and in turn, clinical care, there is a need to better manage doctors’ workload, conflict and pressure to support the current psychological well-being crises among this occupational group.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020189070.
Increased odds of mortality from non-malignant respiratory disease and lung cancer are highest among US coal miners born after 1939
Authors: Almberg Kirsten S , Halldin Cara N , Friedman Lee S , Go Leonard H T , Rose Cecile S , Hall Noemi B , Cohen Robert A 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesCoal miners suffer increased mortality from non-malignant respiratory diseases (NMRD), including pneumoconioses and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with the US population. We characterised mortality trends from NMRD, lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) using data from the Federal Black Lung Program, National Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program and the National Death Index.MethodsWe compared mortality ORs (MORs) for NMRD, lung cancer and IHD in former US coal miners to US white males. MORs were computed for the study period 1979–2017 by birth cohort (<1920, 1920–1929, 1930–1939, ≥1940), with a subanalysis restricted to Central Appalachia.ResultsThe study population totalled 235 550 deceased miners, aged >45 years. Odds of death from NMRD and lung cancer across all miner birth cohorts averaged twice those of US males. In Central Appalachia, MORs significantly increased across birth cohorts. There was an eightfold increase in odds of death from NMRD among miners born after 1940 (MORBC≥19408.25; 95% CI 7.67 to 8.87). Miners with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) were younger at death than those without PMF (74 vs 78 years; p<0.0001). We observed a pattern of reduced MORs from IHD in coal miners compared with national and regional counterparts.ConclusionUS coal miners have excess mortality from NMRD and lung cancer compared with total US and Appalachian populations. Mortality is highest in the most recent birth cohorts, perhaps reflecting increased rates of severe pneumoconiosis.
Malignant mesothelioma among US Medicare beneficiaries: incidence, prevalence and therapy, 2016–2019
Authors: Kurth Laura , Mazurek Jacek M , Blackley David J 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesMesothelioma is a rare, aggressive cancer caused by exposure to asbestos fibres. Mesothelioma patients who receive trimodal therapy (chemotherapy, surgical resection and radiation) survive longer than those who receive two or fewer therapy modalities. This study analyses the 2016–2019 Medicare claims data to estimate the burden of malignant mesothelioma and describe therapy patterns (when available) among continuously enrolled fee-for-service (FFS; Medicare parts A and B) beneficiaries.MethodsWe analysed claims and enrolment information from 42 529 117 FFS Medicare beneficiaries using three mesothelioma case definitions (broad, intermediate and narrow) with varying levels of diagnostic requirements. Results are presented as ranges of values for the three definitions.ResultsAmong FFS beneficiaries, 8213–19 036 beneficiaries with mesothelioma were identified depending on the case definition. The annual prevalence per 100 000 beneficiaries ranged from 8.8 in 2016 (narrow) to 31.3 in 2019 (broad) and annual incidence per 100 000 beneficiaries ranged from 4.5 in 2019 (narrow) to 12.6 in 2017 (broad). Depending on the mesothelioma case definition, 41.8%–81.5% had available therapy claim information indicating that 7.6%–11.3% received chemotherapy alone, 1.3%–1.5% received radiation alone, and 14.3%–27.0% underwent surgery only, with 4.6%–10.5% receiving all three therapy modalities.ConclusionsMesothelioma was a prevalent disease among FFS Medicare beneficiaries during 2016–2019, and a limited proportion of beneficiaries received all three therapy modalities. Medicare data build on findings from cancer registry data to enhance our understanding of the mesothelioma burden and therapy patterns.
Multicentre experience with Optimus balloon-expandable cobalt–chromium stents in congenital heart disease interventions
Authors: Haddad Raymond N , Hascoet Sébastien , Karsenty Clément , Houeijeh Ali , Baruteau Alban-Elouen , Ovaert Caroline , Valdeolmillos Estibaliz , Jalal Zakaria , Bonnet Damien , Malekzadeh-Milani Sophie 
Published: January 2023

ObjectivesTo evaluate bare-metal Optimus and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered Optimus-CVS balloon-expandable, cobalt–chromium, hybrid cell–designed stents in congenital heart disease (CHD) interventions.MethodsRetrospective multicentre review of patients with CHD receiving Optimus stents. Stent mechanical behaviour, clinical indications and outcomes were assessed.Results183 stents (49.2% XXL/15-ZIG, 33.3% XL/12-ZIG, 17.5% L/9-ZIG) were implanted (98.9% success rate, 2.3% serious procedural complication rate) in 170 patients (57.6% men, 64.1% adults), median age 23.6 years (IQR, 15.2–39.2) and weight 63.5 kg (IQR, 47–75.7). Indications were right ventricular outflow tract stand-alone stenting or before revalvulation (62.4%), aortic coarctation treatment (15.3%), Fontan-circuit fenestration closure (12.4%) and miscellaneous (10%). 86/170 (50.6%) patients had PTFE-covered stenting (50% prophylactic). In 86/170 (50.6%) patients with stenotic lesions, median percentage of achieved stent expansion was 93.4% (IQR, 85.5%–97.7%), median gradient decreased from 28 mm Hg (IQR, 19–41) to 5 mm Hg (IQR, 1–9) (p<0.001), median vessel diameters increased from 13 mm (IQR, 7.9–17) to 18.9 mm (IQR, 15.2–22) (p<0.001) and percentage of vessel expansion was 45.2% (IQR, 19.8%–91.3%). In 30/36 (83.3%) patients with graft, median dilation of 2 mm (IQR, 2–5) above nominal diameter was achieved. Median stent shortening was 10.9% (IQR, 6.1–15.1) and was associated only with expansion diameter (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.93). No clinically relevant fracture, stent embolisation or dysfunction occurred on a median follow-up of 9 (IQR, 4–14) months.ConclusionsOptimus stents are effective tools for transcatheter treatment of simple and complex CHD. Optimus stents’ reliable mechanical behaviour and particular covering design can promote widespread use.