bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Febrile Convulsions Produce More Severe Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
Authors: Theodore William H. 
Published: December 2022

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Mesial Temporal Sclerosis in Childhood Scott RC, Gadian DG, Cross JH, Wood SJ, Neville BG, Connelly A Neurology 2001;56:1659–1665 Objective To investigate whether quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques can be used to distinguish between mesial temporal sclerosis in patients with a history of prolonged febrile convulsion and in patients without such a history. Methods Quantitative hippocampal T2 relaxometry, hippocampal volumetry, and single-voxel 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data were acquired from 16 children who subsequently underwent temporal lobe resections for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and histologically were shown to have sclerosis of the horn of Ammon. Eight children had a history of prolonged febrile convulsion in early childhood, and eight children had other or no associations. Results Patients with a history of prolonged febrile convulsion had smaller hippocampi (p = 0.02) and prolonged T2 relaxation time (p = 0.03) ipsilateral to the seizure focus when compared with patients without such a history. There was also more side-to-side asymmetry of T2 relaxation time (p = 0.004) and hippocampal volume (p = 0.02) in the patients with a history of prolonged febrile convulsion than in those with other or no associations. No differences between the groups were identified by using 1H-MRS Conclusions These data support the view that there are at least two types of mesial temporal sclerosis. There may be several pathogenetic pathways from initial insult to later mesial temporal sclerosis, and these pathways are, at least in part, dependent on the initial insult.
Collective Data Supports Efficacy of Multiple Subpial Transection
Authors: Faught Edward 
Published: December 2022

Multiple Subpial Transection for Intractable Partial Epilepsy: An International Meta-Analysis Spencer SS, Schramm J, Wyler A, O'Connor M, Orbach D, Krauss G, Sperling M, Devinsky O, Elger C, Lesser R, Mulligan L, Westerveld M Epilepsia 2002;43:141–145 Because the number and variety of patients at any single facility is not sufficient for clinical or statistical analysis, data from six major epilepsy centers that performed multiple subpial transections (MSTs) for medically intractable epilepsy were collected. A meta-analysis was performed to elucidate the indications and outcome, and to assess the results of the procedure. Overall, 211 patients were represented with data regarding preoperative evaluation, procedures, seizure types and frequencies before and after surgery, postoperative deficits, and demographic information. Fifty-three patients underwent MST without resection. In patients with MST plus resection, excellent outcome (>95% reduction in seizure frequency) was obtained in 87% of patients for generalized seizures, 68% for complex partial seizures, and 68% for simple partial seizures. For the patients who underwent MST without resection, the rate of excellent outcome was only slightly lower, at 71% for generalized, 62% for complex partial, and 63% for simple partial seizures. EEG localization, age at epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, and location of MST were not significant predictors of outcome for any kinds of seizures after MST, with or without resection. New neurologic deficits were found in 47 patients overall, comparable in MST with resection (23%) or without (19%). These preliminary results suggest that MST has efficacy by itself, with minimal neurologic compromise, in cases in which resective surgery cannot be used to treat uncontrolled epilepsy. MST should be investigated as a stand-alone procedure to allow further development of criteria and predictive factors for outcome.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Phenytoin after Neurosurgery for Brain Tumor
Authors: Penovich Patricia E. 
Published: December 2022

Add-on Phenytoin Fails to Prevent Early Seizures after Surgery for Supratentorial Brain Tumors: A Randomized Controlled Study De Santis A, Villani R, Sinisi M, Stocchetti N, Perucca E Epilepsia 2002;43:175–182 Purpose To determine the potential effectiveness of phenytoin (PHT) in preventing early postoperative seizures in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors. Two hundred patients requiring elective craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors were randomized to two groups of equal size, with a prospective, open-label, controlled design. One group received PHT (18 mg/kg as an intravenous intraoperative load, followed by additional daily doses aimed at maintaining serum PHT concentrations within the 10- to 20-age/ml range) for 7 consecutive days. In the other group, PHT was not administered. More than 90% of patients in both groups continued to take preexisting anticonvulsant medication (AEDs) with carbamazepine or phenobarbital throughout the study. The primary efficacy end point was the number of patients remaining free from seizures during the 7-day period after the operation. Of 100 patients allocated to PHT, 13 experienced seizures during the 7-day observation period, compared with 11 of 100 patients in the placebo group (p > 0.05). Most seizures occurred in the first day after surgery in both groups. There were no differences between groups in the proportion of patients experiencing more than one seizure, but there was a trend for generalized seizures to be more common in PHT-treated patients than in controls (11 vs. five patients, respectively). Status epilepticus occurred in one patient in the PHT group and in two patients in the control group. Of the 13 PHT-treated seizure patients, 11 had serum PHT concentrations within the target range, and only two had concentrations below range on the days their seizures occurred. PHT, given at dosages producing serum concentrations within the target range, failed to prevent early postoperative seizures in patients treated with concomitant AEDs. Prophylactic administration of PHT cannot be recommended in these patients.
Animal Model of Cortical Dysplasia for Screening Candidate AEDs
Authors: Sankar Raman 
Published: December 2022

Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Induced Epileptiform Activity in a Rat Model of Dysplasia Smyth MD, Barbaro NM, Baraban SC Epilepsy Res 2002;50:251–264 Seizure activity associated with cortical dysplasia (CD) is often resistant to standard pharmacologic treatments. Although several animal models exhibit CD, virtually nothing is known about antiepileptic drug (AED) responses in these animals. Here we used rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) in utero, an animal model featuring nodular heterotopia, to investigate the effects of AEDs in the dysplastic brain. 4-Aminopyridine (AP; 100 μM), a K+ channel blocker, was used to induce interictal epileptiform bursting in acute hippocampal slices from MAM-exposed and age-matched vehicle-injected control animals. Extracellular field recordings were used to monitor seizure activity in vitro. Five commonly used AEDs were tested: Phenobarbital (PB), 25–400 μM; carbamazepine (CBZ), 25–200 μM; valproate (VPA), 0.19–4 mM; ethosuximide (ESM), 0.5–8 mM; and lamotrigine (LTG), 49–390 μM. 4-AP-induced bursting occurred with shorter latencies in slices from MAM-exposed rats in comparison with slices from controls, confirming the intrinsic hyperexcitability of dysplastic tissue. Each AED tested demonstrated significant burst suppression in control slices, but interictal epileptiform bursting in MAM-exposed slices was resistant to these treatments. Even at the highest concentrations, VPA, ESM, and LTG had no effect on burst amplitude in slices from MAM-exposed rats. Pharmacoresistance was further tested by measuring seizure latencies in awake, freely moving rats after kainate administration (15 mg/kg, i.p.) with and without pretreatment with VPA (400 mg/kg, i.p.). Pretreatment with VPA prolonged seizure latency in control rats, but had no effect in MAM-exposed animals. These results suggest MAM-exposed rats exhibit a dramatically reduced sensitivity to commonly prescribed AEDs.
More Sensitive MRI Techniques for Detecting Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Cascino Gregory D. 
Published: December 2022

Focal Cortical Dysplasia: Improving Diagnosis and Localization with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Multiplanar and Curvilinear Reconstruction Montenegro MA, Li LM, Guerreiro MM, Guerreiro CA, Cendes F J Neuroimaging 2002;12(3):224–230 Objective To establish the contribution of multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and curvilinear reformatting (CR) to the MRI investigation of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Methods From a group of patients with intractable frontal lobe epilepsy, we selected patients with neuroimaging diagnosis of FCD. The diagnosis of FCD was based on the neuroimaging findings after a three step evaluation, always in the same order: (a) plain MRI films, (b) MPR, and (c) CR. After the selection of patients, the process of reviewing all the images in the three stages described was performed by one of us, who did not take part on the selection of patients or on the initial evaluation, and who was blind to the clinical and EEG findings of the patients. For data analysis, we first assessed the contribution of the additional findings of MPR analysis compared with the results of the evaluation using only plain MRI films, as is usually done in routine practice. Second, we assessed the contribution of CR to the findings of plain MRI films plus MPR. After completing the multistep evaluation, we all went back to review the plain MRI films with knowledge of lesion topography, to identify possible subtle features associated with FCD. Results Seventeen patients met the inclusion criteria. Twelve had imaging diagnosis of FCD and were included in the second step of this project. Plain films of high-resolution MRI showed the lesion in six (50%) of the 12 patients. By adding MPR to the plain MRI films, we identified lesions in all 12 patients. Furthermore, we found that MPR provided a better lesion localization and ascertainment of its relation to other cerebral structures in five (83%) of six patients who had a lesion identified on plain films. By adding CR to the plain MRI films plus MPR analysis, we observed that (a) CR also allowed the identification of the dysplastic lesion in all patients, (b) CR improved lesion localization in one patient, and (c) CR provided a better visualization of the lesion extent in four patients (33%), showed a larger lesion in three, and demonstrated that part of the area suspected as abnormal was more likely volume averaging in two. Conclusions MPR and CR analysis add to the neuroimaging evaluation of FCD by improving the lesion diagnosis and localization. CR helps to establish the extent of the lesion more precisely, allowing the visualization of some areas not shown on high-resolution MRI and MPR. These techniques are complementary and do not replace the conventional wisdom of MRI analysis.
Does Neuroprotection Prevent Epileptogenesis?
Authors: Dudek F. Edward , Williams Philip A. 
Published: December 2022

Delayed Sclerosis, Neuroprotection, and Limbic Epileptogenesis After Status Epilepticus in the Rat Ebert U, Brandt C, Loscher W Epilepsia 2002;43(suppl 5):86–95 Purpose Hippocampal sclerosis and massive neurodegeneration in other parts of the limbic system are considered hallmarks of temporal lobe epilepsy. With the rat model of kainate-induced status epilepticus, we sought to determine if limbic sclerosis after an excitotoxic insult follows a delayed type of neurodegeneration and is thus accessible to neuroprotective intervention after the insult. Effective pharmacologic neuroprotection after status epilepticus also addresses the old question of whether degenerative morphologic changes after an epilepsy-inducing event like status epilepticus are the primary cause of epileptogenesis (i.e., the development of recurrent spontaneous seizures) during the following weeks. Methods Female Wistar rats after 90 minutes of generalized status epilepticus were used. Molecular biologic and histologic techniques were used to demonstrate markers of delayed cell death (apoptosis) 48 hours after the status. The neuroprotective effects of i.c.v. injections of caspase inhibitors and systemic injections of the anticonvulsant drugs (AEDs) dizocilpine and retigabine (RGB) after the status epilepticus were studied. The effect of neuroprotective intervention on the development of recurrent spontaneous seizures was investigated by behavioral observation of the rats. Results After generalized status epilepticus in Wistar rats, massive sclerosis of the hippocampus and the piriform cortex occurred. TUNEL labeling and electron microscopy revealed that apoptosis is involved in the degenerative processes. Immunohistochemical analysis of the time course of the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax suggested a maximal induction of apoptosis 24 to 48 hours after the status. Application of caspase inhibitors before or after the status did not reduce lesions, although Bax labeling was reduced. Injection of dizocilpine and to a lower extent also of RGB after the status prevented limbic neurodegeneration and expression of markers of apoptosis. However, the neuroprotection by dizocilpine did not prevent the development of recurrent spontaneous seizures. Conclusions Prolonged seizure activity can induce delayed sclerosis in the hippocampus and other parts of the limbic system. This delayed cell loss can be prevented by neuroprotective drugs after status epilepticus. However, the damage in limbic brain regions is not the main reason for limbic epileptogenesis and the occurrence of recurrent spontaneous seizures.
Motivating nurses' coworker‐directed helping behaviour during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Role of managerial humour and nurses' power distance orientation
Authors: Han Chengfang , Jiang Ping 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAimsThe aims of the research are to investigate (1) the influence of managerial humour on nurses' coworker‐directed helping behaviour, (2) the mediating effect of nurses' feelings of energy between managerial humour and nurses' coworker‐directed helping behaviour and (3) the moderating effect of nurses' power distance orientation.DesignThis is a quantitative study. A three‐wave survey design was conducted to collect data from direct managers to nurse dyads.MethodsThe random sampling method was employed. Data were collected from the supervisor to subordinate dyad at three time points during the first half of 2021. A total of 235 paired data sets of nurses and their direct managers were collected from a large state‐owned Chinese hospital. We used hierarchical regression analyses via SPSS 22.0 software to examine the hypotheses.Results(1) Managerial humour can foster nurses' coworker‐directed helping behaviour via accumulating their feelings of energy. (2) Power distance orientation moderates the effect of managerial humour on feelings of energy as well as the indirect effect of managerial humour on nurses' coworker‐directed helping behaviour via feelings of energy, in a way that these effects are stronger when nurses have higher (vs. lower) level of power distance orientation.ConclusionManagerial humour can increase nurses' feelings of energy, which in turn, motivates them to help their coworkers. Nurses' power distance orientation is an important boundary condition that constrains managerial humour effectiveness.ImpactHospital managers could use more humour during their interactions with nurses because managerial humour can promote nurses' feelings of energy and coworker‐directed helping behaviour. Hospitals can take humour into account during managers' selection and training to improve management effectiveness. Managers in eastern countries should use more humour during their interactions with followers.Patient or public contributionNurses and their direct managers from a large state‐owned Chinese hospital contributed to this study by completing the survey.
The relationship between problem‐solving behaviour and performance – Analysing tool use and information retrieval in a computer‐based office simulation
Authors: Ludwig Sabrina , Rausch Andreas 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundProblem‐solving competences have evolved into key skills for professionals. Computer‐based business simulations enable the analysis of problem‐solving processes beyond end results. An important aspect of successful problem‐solving is to systematically use built‐in tools and process the provided information efficiently.ObjectivesThis investigation explores the relationship between students' tool use, information retrieval, and problem‐solving success in a computerized problem‐solving office simulation.MethodsAround 30,000 recorded behavioural log data points of 432 German vocational students were analysed.Results and ConclusionDistinct user groups are identified and cognitive problem‐solving competences are assessed to draw a link between behaviour and performance. An explorative cluster analysis based on student behaviour revealed four clusters. Significant results support the use of two cognitive tools that lead to success. One successful behaviour is using a notepad, a domain‐general and voluntary tool. Another successful problem‐solving behaviour is the use of a domain‐specific and solution‐relevant spreadsheet program. Note‐taking organizes information and mental processes while the spreadsheet leads to efficient computing. In line with other studies, students with higher problem‐solving competences tend to access tools and documents providing information more frequently.TakeawaysDomain‐general tool use differs from domain‐specific tool use over time. There are two different successful behaviour patterns in complex problem solving. Instructional and simulation designers should provide specific tools to support students as well as tackle problems.
IL‐33‐ST2 pathway regulates AECII transdifferentiation by targeting alveolar macrophage in a bronchopulmonary dysplasia mouse model
Authors: Zhu Yue , Yao Hui‐ci , Lu Hong‐yan , Hao Xiao‐bo , Xu Su‐qing 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEvidence points to the indispensable function of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in normal lung development and tissue homeostasis. However, the importance of AMs in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has not been elucidated. Here, we identified a significant role of abnormal AM proliferation and polarization in alveolar dysplasia during BPD, which is closely related to the activation of the IL‐33‐ST2 pathway. Compared with the control BPD group, AMs depletion partially abolished the epithelialmesenchymal transition process of AECII and alleviated pulmonary differentiation arrest. In addition, IL‐33 or ST2 knockdown has protective effects against lung injury after hyperoxia, which is associated with reduced AM polarization and proliferation. The protective effect disappeared following reconstitution of AMs in injured IL‐33 knockdown mice, and the differentiation of lung epithelium was blocked again. In conclusion, the IL‐33‐ST2 pathway regulates AECII transdifferentiation by targeting AMs proliferation and polarization in BPD, which shows a novel strategy for manipulating the IL‐33–ST2‐AMs axis for the diagnosis and intervention of BPD.
A theory of socially inefficient patent holdout
Authors: Llobet Gerard , Padilla Jorge 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a framework to analyze holdout in patent licensing negotiations. We show that when the validity of a patent is probabilistic, a potential downstream user has incentives to shun to pay the price offered by a patent holder to license the technology and risk being brought to court. These incentives are exacerbated when jurisdictions are local, and the downstream producer can approach courts sequentially. The informational spillovers across trials imply that this firm often finds optimal to go to court aiming to invalidate the patent in a jurisdiction due to the knock‐on effect on future jurisdictions. This process results in excessive litigation compared to when the jurisdiction is global. The distortions from sequential litigation are likely to be aggravated when final competition is accounted for or when patent injunctions are not allowed.
Older adults and planning for firearm safety: A qualitative study of healthcare providers
Authors: Prater Laura C. , Simonetti Joseph A. , Knoepke Christopher E. , Polzer Evan R. , Nearing Kathryn A. , Lee Teresa , Betz Marian E. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose/BackgroundFirearm injury, particularly self‐directed, is a major source of preventable morbidity and mortality among older adults. Older adults are at elevated risk of serious illness, cognitive impairment, and depression—all known risk factors for suicide and/or unintentional injury. Healthcare providers are often the first to identify these conditions and, although they commonly deliver safety guidance to such patients, little is known about how they approach firearm safety conversations with older adults.MethodsWe conducted semi‐structured interviews with healthcare providers who care for older adults (November 2020–May 2021). We used inductive and deductive thematic analyses to develop themes. We present themes and representative quotes from our analysis.ResultsWe interviewed 13 healthcare providers who regularly care for older adult firearm owners. Emergent themes were: circumstances that prompt firearm safety conversations; strategies for addressing firearm safety in routine and acute circumstances; barriers to addressing firearm safety; and available or desired resources.ConclusionPlanning for firearm safety should occur “early and often” as part of a longitudinal relationship with older adult patients. Age‐related safety issues such as driving are regularly addressed with older adult patients, likely because there are standard processes and established pathways. Establishing processes and provider/ patient resources would help improve provider efficacy to address firearm safety and relinquishment for older adult firearm owners. Integrating firearm safety conversations into routine encounters (e.g., Medicare Annual Wellness Visit, problem‐focused visits) templates could be a promising initial step but resources for follow‐up to the firearm screening must be available to both provider and patient.