bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Hospitals’ Disaster Preparedness in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alruwaili Abdullah Saleh , Islam Md Shahidul , Usher Kim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objective:
The study aimed to identify the factors that influence the disaster preparedness of hospitals and validate an evaluation framework to assess hospital disaster preparedness (HDP) capability in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey of all hospitals (n = 72) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia was conducted. A factor analysis method was used to identify common factors and validate the evaluation framework to assess HDP capacity.

Results:
Sixty-three (63) hospitals responded to the survey. A 3-factor structure was identified as key predicators of HDP capacity. The first factor was the most highly weighted factor, which included education and training (0.849), monitoring and assessing HDP (0.723), disaster planning (0.721), and command and control (0.713). The second factor included surge capacity (0.708), triage system (0.844), post-disaster recovery (0.809), and communication (0.678). The third factor represented safety and security (0.638) as well as logistics, equipment, and supplies (0.766).

Conclusion:
The identified 3-factor structure provides an innovative approach to assist the operationalization of the concept of HDP capacity building and service improvement, as well as serve as a groundwork to further develop instrument for assessing HDP in future studies.
Predicting extinctions with species distribution models
Authors: Zurell Damaris , Fritz Susanne A. , Rönnfeldt Anna , Steinbauer Manuel J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPredictions of species-level extinction risk from climate change are mostly based on species distribution models (SDMs). Reviewing the literature, we summarise why the translation of SDM results to extinction risk is conceptually and methodologically challenged and why critical SDM assumptions are unlikely to be met under climate change. Published SDM-derived extinction estimates are based on a positive relationship between range size decline and extinction risk, which empirically is not well understood. Importantly, the classification criteria used by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species were not meant for this purpose and are often misused. Future predictive studies would profit considerably from a better understanding of the extinction risk–range decline relationship, particularly regarding the persistence and non-random distribution of the few last individuals in dwindling populations. Nevertheless, in the face of the ongoing climate and biodiversity crises, there is a high demand for predictions of future extinction risks. Despite prevailing challenges, we agree that SDMs currently provide the most accessible method to assess climate-related extinction risk across multiple species. We summarise current good practice in how SDMs can serve to classify species into IUCN extinction risk categories and predict whether a species is likely to become threatened under future climate. However, the uncertainties associated with translating predicted range declines into quantitative extinction risk need to be adequately communicated and extinction predictions should only be attempted with carefully conducted SDMs that openly communicate the limitations and uncertainty.
A thin film sensor for the measurement of unsteady pressure
Authors: Minniti R. J. , Sullivan C. J. , Mueller T. J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractReliable measurements of unsteady pressure on the surface of thin aerodynamic bodies in low subsonic, unsteady flows were made using small piezoelectric transducers. The hand-made transducers, calibrated against a B&K microphone for use in experiments, were used in two sets of low speed experiments. The first set involved a stationary aerofoil encountering a rotating, periodic gust as would be present in a rotor-stator interaction. The second set involved an instrumented propeller operating behind a stationary cyclic distortion as would be present behind stators or guide vanes. In both sets of experiments, reliable measurements of the small unsteady pressures on the body surfaces were made despite difficult experimental environments.
A 2D Navier-Stokes method for unsteady compressible flow calculations on moving meshes
Authors: Gaitonde A. L. , Jones D. P. , Fiddes S. P. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractA moving mesh method for the computation of compressible viscous flow past deforming and moving aerofoils is described. It is based on a well established time-marching finite-volume scheme, which has been widely used for steady compressible flows. An implicit real-time discretisation is used and the equations are integrated via a dual-time scheme. This involves the introduction of derivatives of a fictitious pseudo time. The solution at each real-time step involves seeking solutions which are steady-state solutions in pseudo time. This approach decouples the stability and accuracy limitations of the scheme and permits large real-time steps to be chosen. Also well-proven convergence acceleration techniques developed for steady flows such as local-time stepping, residual averaging and multigrid may be used in the pseudo-time stepping scheme without compromising real-time accuracy. A sequence of body-conforming grids and corresponding grid speeds is required, where the inner and outer boundaries of the grid move independently. The required grids and speeds are found using a transfinite interpolation technique. Applications of the method to external compressible flows are shown, including results from a parallel version of the computer program.
Studies into hail ingestion of turbofan engines using a rotating fan and spinner assembly
Authors: Pant H. , Render P. M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSimulated hailstones were made to impact on the rotating spinner and fan assembly of a Williams FJ44 engine. The mass distribution of ice behind the fan was determined by use of a suction tube technique. Suction was added to ensure that the tube did not affect the flow through the fan assembly. The strong air flow behind the fan meant that the ice caught by the tube melted and evaporated. This made it difficult to accurately determine the mass distribution of ice. As a result, the simulated hailstones were made from a water-salt solution so that the weight of salt residue could be measured after the water had evaporated, and hence the amount of ice caught was determined. A parametric study into the hail ingestion characteristics of the fan assembly was carried out. The parameters studied included the radial position of the impact point, the rotational speed of the fan and the position of the splitter between the core engine and bypass duct. The results showed that the impact position had a major effect on the overall ice distribution, which was determined by the combination of blade geometry at the impact point and the rotational speed. The splitter position was shown to have a significant effect on the amount of ice passing into the bypass duct.
A cell-vertex upwind scheme for two-dimensional supersonic Euler flows
Authors: Allen C. B. , Fiddes S. P. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAn implicit cell-vertex upwind method is presented for the solution of the two-dimensional Euler equations for supersonic flows. It is based on the two-point difference scheme introduced by S.F. Wornom, but contains many significant developments. Particular attention is given to the implementation of boundary conditions, to ensure that no “numerical” boundary conditions are required, and “image” cells are avoided, making the scheme ideal for use in conjunction with a multiblock approach. Examples are given for quasi-one-dimensional nozzle flows, and in two dimensions, oblique shock reflection, a shock interaction problem, and a supersonic intake problem. The accuracy and efficiency of the scheme is demonstrated, along with its ease of use.
Airline safety — some lessons from Australia
Authors: Braithwaite G. R. , Caves R. E. 
Published: February 2023

Since 1993, research at Loughborough University has included examining the commercial air safety record of Australia in an attempt to rise to the challenge posed by Professor James Reason: “Should we not be studying what makes organisations relatively safe rather than focusing upon their moments of unsafety? Would it not be a good idea to try and find out what makes them good and whether or not these ingredients could be bottled and handed on?”.The objective is not to prove Australia to be the safest place to fly, nor its airlines the safest in the world. It is simply to examine what sort of defences are in place that may be strengthened or emulated.
A high order boundary element formulation for potential incompressible aerodynamics
Authors: Gennaretti M. , Calcagno G. , Zamboni A. , Morino L. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractA high order boundary element formulation is presented and applied to the solution of potential, incompressible flows around non-lifting and lifting configurations. The high order numerical algorithm is based on a bicubic interpolation of both geometry and quantities over each element of discretisation of the boundary. Numerical validation of the formulation is performed by studying the aerodynamic solution around fuselages and wings, and making comparisons with existing numerical results.
Withholding Bad News in the Face of Credit Default Swap Trading: Evidence from Stock Price Crash Risk
Authors: Liu Jinyu , Ng Jeffrey , Tang Dragon Yongjun , Zhong Rui 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCredit default swaps (CDSs) are a major financial innovation related to debt contracting. Because CDS markets facilitate bad news being incorporated into equity prices via cross-market information spillover, CDS availability may curb firms’ information hoarding. We find that CDS trading on a firm’s debt reduces the future stock price crash risk. This effect is stronger in active CDS markets, when the main lenders are CDS market dealers with securities trading subsidiaries, or when managers have more motivation to hoard information. Our findings suggest that debt market financial innovations curtail the negative equity market effects of firms withholding bad news.
Convective Self‐Compression of Cratons and the Stabilization of Old Lithosphere
Authors: Paul Jyotirmoy , Conrad Clinton P. , Becker Thorsten W. , Ghosh Attreyee 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDespite being exposed to convective stresses for much of the Earth's history, cratonic roots appear capable of resisting mantle shearing. This tectonic stability can be attributed to the neutral density and higher strength of cratons. However, the excess thickness of cratons and their higher viscosity amplify coupling to underlying mantle flow, which could be destabilizing. To investigate the stresses that a convecting mantle exerts on cratons that are both strong and thick, we developed instantaneous global spherical numerical models that incorporate present‐day geoemetry of cratons within active mantle flow. Our results show that mantle flow is diverted downward beneath thick and viscous cratonic roots, giving rise to a ring of elevated and inwardly‐convergent tractions along a craton's periphery. These tractions induce regional compressive stress regimes within cratonic interiors. Such compression could serve to stabilize older continental lithosphere against mantle shearing, thus adding an additional factor that promotes cratonic longevity.
Long‐Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere Using the Incoherent Scatter Radar Observations Over Arecibo
Authors: Selvaraj D. , Sulzer Michael P. , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Brum Christiano G. M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractUpper atmospheric long‐term trends have been characterized through the analysis of the ionospheric ion temperature (Ti). Previous studies used Ti observations from various incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facilities located at different latitudes. In this paper, we analyze Arecibo Observatory's (AO) ISR (18°20’N, 66°45’W) data sets from 1985 to 2019 to detect Ti long‐term trends as a function of altitude from ∼140 to ∼677 km. We empirically modeled the responses of Ti to the known forcings of solar activity, geomagnetic activity, and the annual and semi‐annual oscillations. The Ti trend is determined through least squares fitting to the residuals of the Ti, which were estimated by removing the empirically modeled Ti from the observed Ti. Since the ions and neutrals are closely coupled, our results indicate that the upper atmosphere/ionosphere over Arecibo has been cooling over the 35 years studied. Above 350 km, a latitudinal dependency is seen by comparison of all ISR estimated Ti trends, which agrees with the earlier reported results. These observed cooling trends exceed the magnitude expected by the modeling studies from increased greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. These excess coolings are as high as −1.2 K/year below 320 km altitude, where an increase in GHG dominates. Nighttime cooling trends in the altitude of ∼320–400 km might be caused by the increasing GHG concentrations and magnetic field variations since the trends of AO‐ISR match with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtension simulations.
Scaling of Turbulence and Microphysics in a Convection–Cloud Chamber of Varying Height
Authors: Thomas Subin , Yang Fan , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Cantrell Will , Shaw Raymond A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe convection–cloud chamber enables measurement of aerosol and cloud microphysics, as well as their interactions, within a turbulent environment under steady‐state conditions. Increasing the size of a convection–cloud chamber, while holding the imposed temperature difference constant, leads to increased Rayleigh, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers. Large–eddy simulation coupled with a bin microphysics model allows the influence of increased velocity, time, and spatial scales on cloud microphysical properties to be explored. Simulations of a convection–cloud chamber, with fixed aspect ratio and increasing heights of H = 1, 2, 4, and (for dry conditions only) 8 m are performed. The key findings are: Velocity fluctuations scale as H1/3, consistent with the Deardorff expression for convective velocity, and implying that the turbulence correlation time scales as H2/3. Temperature and other scalar fluctuations scale as H−3/7. Droplet size distributions from chambers of different sizes can be matched by adjusting the total aerosol injection rate as the horizontal cross‐sectional area (i.e., as H2 for constant aspect ratio). Injection of aerosols at a point versus distributed throughout the volume makes no difference for polluted conditions, but can lead to cloud droplet size distribution broadening in clean conditions. Cloud droplet growth by collision and coalescence leads to a broader right tail of the distribution compared to condensation growth alone, and this tail increases in magnitude and extent monotonically as the increase of chamber height. These results also have implications for scaling within turbulent, cloudy mixed‐layers in the atmosphere, such as fog layers.
Perovskite-based color camera inspired by human visual cells
Authors: Liu Yujin , Ji Zhong , Cen Guobiao , Sun Hengchao , Wang Haibao , Zhao Chuanxi , Wang Zhong Lin , Mai Wenjie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThere are two primary types of photoreceptor cells in the human eye: cone cells and rod cells that enable color vision and night vision, respectively. Herein, inspired by the function of human visual cells, we develop a high-resolution perovskite-based color camera using a set of narrowband red, green, blue, and broadband white perovskite photodetectors as imaging sensors. The narrowband red, green, and blue perovskite photodetectors with color perceptions mimic long-, medium-, and short-wavelength cones cells to achieve color imaging ability. Also, the broadband white perovskite photodetector with better detectivity mimics rod cells to improve weak-light imaging ability. Our perovskite-based camera, combined with predesigned pattern illumination and image reconstruction technology, is demonstrated with high-resolution color images (up to 256 × 256 pixels) in diffuse mode. This is far beyond previously reported advanced perovskite array image sensors that only work in monochrome transmission mode. This work shows a new approach to bio-inspired cameras and their great potential to strongly mimic the ability of the natural eye.
The gut microbiome and early-life growth in a population with high prevalence of stunting
Authors: Robertson Ruairi C. , Edens Thaddeus J. , Carr Lynnea , Mutasa Kuda , Gough Ethan K. , Evans Ceri , Geum Hyun Min , Baharmand Iman , Gill Sandeep K. , Ntozini Robert , Smith Laura E. , Chasekwa Bernard , Majo Florence D. , Tavengwa Naume V. , Mutasa Batsirai , Francis Freddy , Tome Joice , Stoltzfus Rebecca J. , Humphrey Jean H. , Prendergast Andrew J. , Manges Amee R. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractStunting affects one-in-five children globally and is associated with greater infectious morbidity, mortality and neurodevelopmental deficits. Recent evidence suggests that the early-life gut microbiome affects child growth through immune, metabolic and endocrine pathways. Using whole metagenomic sequencing, we map the assembly of the gut microbiome in 335 children from rural Zimbabwe from 1–18 months of age who were enrolled in the Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Trial (SHINE; NCT01824940), a randomized trial of improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and infant and young child feeding (IYCF). Here, we show that the early-life gut microbiome undergoes programmed assembly that is unresponsive to the randomized interventions intended to improve linear growth. However, maternal HIV infection is associated with over-diversification and over-maturity of the early-life gut microbiome in their uninfected children, in addition to reduced abundance of Bifidobacterium species. Using machine learning models (XGBoost), we show that taxonomic microbiome features are poorly predictive of child growth, however functional metagenomic features, particularly B-vitamin and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways, moderately predict both attained linear and ponderal growth and growth velocity. New approaches targeting the gut microbiome in early childhood may complement efforts to combat child undernutrition.
Nanoscale three-dimensional fabrication based on mechanically guided assembly
Authors: Ahn Junseong , Ha Ji-Hwan , Jeong Yongrok , Jung Young , Choi Jungrak , Gu Jimin , Hwang Soon Hyoung , Kang Mingu , Ko Jiwoo , Cho Seokjoo , Han Hyeonseok , Kang Kyungnam , Park Jaeho , Jeon Sohee , Jeong Jun-Ho , Park Inkyu 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe growing demand for complex three-dimensional (3D) micro-/nanostructures has inspired the development of the corresponding manufacturing techniques. Among these techniques, 3D fabrication based on mechanically guided assembly offers the advantages of broad material compatibility, high designability, and structural reversibility under strain but is not applicable for nanoscale device printing because of the bottleneck at nanofabrication and design technique. Herein, a configuration-designable nanoscale 3D fabrication is suggested through a robust nanotransfer methodology and design of substrate’s mechanical characteristics. Covalent bonding–based two-dimensional nanotransfer allowing for nanostructure printing on elastomer substrates is used to address fabrication problems, while the feasibility of configuration design through the modulation of substrate’s mechanical characteristics is examined using analytical calculations and numerical simulations, allowing printing of various 3D nanostructures. The printed nanostructures exhibit strain-independent electrical properties and are therefore used to fabricate stretchable H2 and NO2 sensors with high performances stable under external strains of 30%.
Ultra-wideband-responsive photon conversion through co-sensitization in lanthanide nanocrystals
Authors: Jiang Zhao , He Liangrui , Yang Zhiwen , Qiu Huibin , Chen Xiaoyuan , Yu Xujiang , Li Wanwan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDistinctive upconversion or downshifting of lanthanide nanocrystals holds promise for biomedical and photonic applications. However, either process requires high-energy lasers at discrete wavelengths for excitation. Here we demonstrate that co-sensitization can break this limitation with ultrawide excitation bands. We achieve co-sensitization by employing Nd3+ and Ho3+ as the co-sensitizers with complementary absorptions from the ultraviolet to infrared region. Symmetric penta-layer core-shell nanostructure enables tunable fluorescence in the visible and the second near-infrared window when incorporating different activators (Er3+, Ho3+, Pr3+, and Tm3+). Transient spectra confirm the directional energy transfer from sensitizers to activators through the bridge of Yb3+. We validate the features of the nanocrystals for low-powered white light-emitting diode-mediated whole-body angiography of mice with a signal-to-noise ratio of 12.3 and excitation-regulated encryption. This co-sensitization strategy paves a new way in lanthanide nanocrystals for multidirectional photon conversion manipulation and excitation-bandwidth-regulated fluorescence applications.
Playing “hide and seek” with the Mediterranean monk seal: a citizen science dataset reveals its distribution from molecular traces (eDNA)
Authors: Valsecchi Elena , Tavecchia Giacomo , Boldrocchi Ginevra , Coppola Emanuele , Ramella Denise , Conte Livia , Blasi Monica , Bruno Antonia , Galli Paolo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAnimal conservation relies on assessing the distribution and habitat use of species, but for endangered/elusive animals this can prove difficult. The Monk Seal, Monachus monachus, is one of the world's most endangered species of pinniped, and the only one endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. During recent decades, direct observations have been few and scattered, making it difficult to determine its distribution away from the Aegean Sea (core distribution area of the post-decline relict population). This study relies on environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to detect the presence of the Monk Seal in 135 samples collected in 120 locations of the central/western Mediterranean Sea, spanning about 1500 km longitudinally and 1000 km latitudinally. A recently described species-specific qPCR assay was used on marine-water samples, mostly collected during 2021 by a Citizen Science (CS) project. Positive detections occurred throughout the longitudinal range, including the westernmost surveyed area (Balearic archipelago). The distribution of the positive detections indicated six “hotspots”, mostly overlapping with historical Monk Seal sites, suggesting that habitat-specific characteristics play a fundamental role. We applied single-season occupancy models to correct for detection probability and to assess the importance of site-specific characteristics. The distance from small islets and protected (or access-restricted) areas was correlated negatively with the detection probability. This novel molecular approach, applied here for the first time in an extensive CS study, proved its potential as a tool for monitoring the distribution of this endangered/elusive species.