Relationship and outcomes between volume status, cardiac and renal dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Challa A B , Skidan V I , Goda A Y , Nkomo V T , Miller W L , Pislaru S V 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.

Background
Right heart and renal dysfunction occurring due to volume fluid redistribution remain a front-line issue in the development of the syndrome of congestion in chronic heart failure (HF). Quantitative total blood volume (TBV) measurements and Speckle-tracking Echo (STE) provide complementary information on the myocardial function which allows for providing a more integrated assessment of clinical status and outcomes.

Purpose
We hypothesize adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) who have expansion of TBV, right ventricular (RV) and renal dysfunction.

Methods
This is a prospective study and a total of 66 participants NYHA class III&IV with chronic HF are enrolled from 2014-2022. TBV, right heart catheterization, TTE, TEE, and kidney function tests is performed. STE is calculated using TomTec software for all heart chambers. Patients is divided into 1-st group of the total participants, 2-nd group is patients adverse outcomes which are heart transplant (HT) or death, 3rd group is of alive patients. Simple, multivariable linear regression analyses is used to evaluate associations between TBV, cardiac and renal function. Statistical analyses is performed using JMP, BlueSky, and two-sided with P-values &lt;0.05 considered to be statistically.

Results
Of 66 patients, the 1-st group has 66 patients, the 2nd group has 44 patients out of which deceased are 32 patients (48.4%), HT has 12 patients (18.1%), and the 3rd group has 22 patients (33.3%). In the 2nd group, out of the 44 patients, 35 (79.5%) patients have HFrEF, and 9 (20.4%) patients presented HFpEF. In the 3rd group out of 22 patients, 15 (68.2%) have HFrEF, and 7 (31.8%) patients have HFpEF. RV dimensions are significantly related to TBV in all groups of participants (Table 1). In the total patients, TBV is directly correlated to a moderate degree with EDSRV (r = 0.51, P &lt; 0.001), ESSRV (r = 0.44, P &lt; 0.001) and FAC (r = 0.40, P &lt; 0.001). More significant moderate and strong relationships are observed in patients with adverse outcome between TVB and EDSRV (r = 0.54, P &lt; 0.001), ESSRV (r = 0.65, P &lt; 0.001) and FAC (r = 0.48, P &lt; 0.001). In group 1, weak and direct association of TBV and RV GLS, FW LS, FW LSR, and RA reservoir strain. In the 2nd group, TBV directly correlated to a moderate degree with FW LS (r = 0.41, P = 0.005) and FW LSR (r = 0.43, P = 0.002). Similar relationships in the 2nd group are observed between TBV and renal function parameters (TBV and eGFR (r = 0.53, P &lt; 0.001)). The direct and weak correlation obtained between TBV and BUN in both 1st and 2nd groups. In patients with adverse outcomes, TBV is directly proportional to LV Diastolic BP.

Conclusion
The association among intravascular volume and parameters of RV dilatation, myocardial and renal dysfunction in patients with chronic HF is associated with adverse outcomes. Understanding the impact of all these variables guide optimal and effective individualized HF management and therapy.