bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in School Belonging and Prospective Associations With Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Chen Edith , Lam Phoebe H. , Yu Tianyi , Brody Gene H. 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceSchool belonging has important implications for academic, psychological, and health outcomes, but the associations between racial disparities in school belonging and health have not been explored to date.ObjectiveTo examine associations between school-level racial disparities in belonging and cardiometabolic health into adulthood in a national sample of Black and White children, adolescents, and young adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective cohort study of a US national sample of 4830 Black and White students (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health) followed up for 13 years. The study was conducted from 1994 to 1995 for wave 1 and in 2008 for wave 4. Data were analyzed from June 14 to August 13, 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSchool-level racial disparities in belonging at baseline were calculated as the mean level of school belonging for Black students minus the mean level of school belonging for White students at the school that they attended when they were aged 12 to 20 years. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome were measured as outcomes for these same participants at 24 to 32 years of age.ResultsThe study included 4830 students. For wave 1, mean (SD) age was 16.1 (1.7) years, and for wave 4, 29.0 (1.7) years. A total of 2614 (54.1%) were female, 2219 were non-Hispanic Black (45.9%), and 2611 were non-Hispanic White (54.1%). Among Black students, attending a school with a greater Black-White disparity in school belonging (more negative scores) was associated with an increased risk for diabetes (odds ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.46-0.95]) and more risk factors for metabolic syndrome (rate ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.90-1.00]) in adulthood 13 years later. These associations persisted above individual-level controls (age, sex, and body mass index) and school-level controls (school size, percentage of Black students, and percentage of Black teachers) and were not explained by either an individual’s own perception of school belonging or the mean level of belonging across the whole school.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this prospective cohort study of US students, racial disparities in school belonging were associated with risks for diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Black students. Among students, fostering a more equal sense of school belonging across racial groups may have implications for health disparities in the cardiometabolic domain into adulthood.
Downregulation of SF3B2 protects CNS neurons in models of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jeong Ye Eun , Rajbhandari Labchan , Kim Byung Woo , Venkatesan Arun , Hoke Ahmet 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveNeurodegeneration induced by inflammatory stress in multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to long‐term neurological disabilities that are not amenable to current immunomodulatory therapies.Methods and ResultsHere, we report that neuronal downregulation of Splicing factor 3b subunit 2 (SF3B2), a component of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), preserves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal integrity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)‐induced mice. By employing an in vitro system recapitulating the inflammatory environment of MS lesion, we show that when SF3B2 levels are downregulated, cell viability and axon integrity are preserved in cortical neurons against inflammatory toxicity. Notably, knockdown of SF3B2 suppresses the expression of injury‐response and necroptosis genes and prevents activation of Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif Containing 1 (Sarm1), a key enzyme that mediates programmed axon degeneration.InterpretationTogether, these findings suggest that the downregulation of SF3B2 is a novel potential therapeutic target to prevent secondary neurodegeneration in MS.
Observer‐based single‐network incremental adaptive dynamic programming for fault‐tolerant control of nonlinear systems with actuator faults
Authors: Zhang Shaojie , Ji Kun , Zhang Han 
Published: December 2022

SummaryA model‐free incremental adaptive fault‐tolerant control (FTC) scheme is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with actuator faults. To deal with actuator faults and guarantee the approximate optimal performance of the nominal nonlinear system without any prior knowledge of system dynamics, a single‐network incremental adaptive dynamic programming (SIADP) algorithm based on incremental neural network observer is developed to design an active fault‐tolerant control (AFTC) policy. An approximate linear time‐varying system is obtained by incremental nonlinear technique, in which the relevant matrix parameters are identified by recursive least square estimation. Then, a SIADP algorithm‐based fault‐tolerant controller is developed. Based on the redundancy characteristic and function of actuators, a grouping scheme of actuators is introduced. An incremental neural network observer is designed to approximate the actuator faults. The novel SIADP scheme is constructed with a simplified single critic neural network to shorten the learning time and decrease the computational burden in the control process, in which the norm of the weight estimations of critic neural network is updated. Moreover, based on the Lyapunov theorem, the uniformly ultimately bounded stability of the closed‐loop incremental system is proved. Finally, simulations are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed FTC scheme.
Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria can Clearly Induce Efficient Muscle Tissue Regeneration of Bioprinted Cell‐Constructs
Authors: Hwangbo Hanjun , Lee Hyeongjin , Jin Eun‐Ju , Jo Yunju , Son Jigyeong , Woo Han Min , Ryu Dongryeol , Kim Geun Hyung 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTissue engineering strategies using cell‐laden constructs have shown promising results in the treatment of various types of damaged tissues. However, inadequate oxygen delivery to the macroscale 3D cell‐constructs for regenerating skeletal muscle tissue has remained a multiplex issue owing to the pivotal factors including cell metabolism and several regulatory intercellular pathways that eventually influence various cellular activities and determines cell phenotype. To overcome this issue, a photosynthetic cyanobacterium (Synechococcus elongatus) is employed in a methacrylated gelatin bioink. Furthermore, to effectively induce cell alignment in the bioink, in situ electric field stimulation is used in a bioprinting system to fabricate cell‐laden scaffolds for regenerating skeletal muscle tissue. Owing to the synergistic effects of the bioactive microenvironment that rescues cells from hypoxic conditions and activations of voltage‐gated ion channels, highly aligned, multi‐nucleated myofibers are obtained as well as significant upregulation (7–10‐fold) of myogenic‐related genes compared with conventionally prepared cell‐constructs. In addition, in vivo studies using a mouse volumetric muscle loss model demonstrate considerable restoration of muscle functionality and regeneration.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Organic Ternary Heterojunction Nanoparticles Featuring a Compact Alloy‐Like Phase
Authors: Yang Yujie , Li Donghui , Cai Jinlong , Wang Hui , Guo Chuanhang , Wen Shang , Li Wei , Wang Tao , Liu Dan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractOrganic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) are attractive photocatalysts to produce hydrogen from water splitting. Herein, a ternary strategy of incorporating crystalline n‐type molecule IDMIC‐4F into the host system made of p‐type polymer PM6 and n‐type molecule ITCC‐M is demonstrated. ITCC‐M and IDMIC‐4F form compact alloy‐like composite with shorter lattice spacing in the ternary p/n heterojunction NPs, resulting in enhanced exciton dissociation and charge transfer characteristics. As the result, an unprecedented hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 307 mmol h−1 g−1 and a maximum apparent quantum efficiency of 5.9% at 600 nm are achieved in the optimized ternary NPs (PM6:ITCC‐M:IDMIC‐4F = 1:1.3:0.2), which is among the highest HER from organic photocatalysts to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The alloy‐like composite also improves the operational stability of ternary NP photocatalysts. This study shows that synergizing two compatible n‐type small molecules to form alloy‐like composite is a promising approach to design novel organic photocatalysts for boosting the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency.
Atomic Insights of Self‐Healing in Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Cui Junfeng , Sun Yang , Chen Huixin , Yang Yingying , Chen Guoxin , Ke Peiling , Nishimura Kazuhito , Yang Yong , Tang Chun , Jiang Nan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe self‐healing capability is highly desirable in semiconductors to develop advanced devices with improved stability and longevity. In this study, the automatic self‐healing in silicon nanowires is reported, which are one of the most important building blocks for high‐performance semiconductor nanodevices. A recovery of fracture strength (10.1%) on fractured silicon nanowires is achieved, which is demonstrated by in situ transmission electron microscopy tensile tests. The self‐healing mechanism and factors governing the self‐healing efficiency are revealed by a combination of atomic‐resolution characterizations and atomistic simulations. Spontaneous rebonding, atomic rearrangement, and van der Waals attraction are responsible for the self‐healing in silicon nanowires. Additionally, the self‐healing efficiency is affected by the fracture surface roughness, the nanowire size, the nanowire orientation, and the passivation of dangling bonds on fracture surfaces. These new findings shed light on the self‐healing mechanism of silicon nanowires and provide new insights into developing high‐lifetime and high‐security semiconductor devices.
Construction of ZnS/Sb2S3 Heterojunction as an Ion‐Transport Booster toward High‐Performance Sodium Storage
Authors: Dong Caifu , Shao Hengjia , Zhou Yanli , Du Wei , Li Lin , Sun Jianchao , Yan Zhenhua , Hu Zhe , Chou Shulei , Jiang Fuyi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMetal sulfides have shown great promise for sodium‐ion batteries due to their excellent redox reversibility and relatively high capacity. However, metal sulfides generally suffer from sluggish charge transport and serious volume change during the charge–discharge process. Herein, potato chip‐like nitrogen‐doped carbon‐coated ZnS/Sb2S3 heterojunction (ZnS/Sb2S3@NC) is precisely synthesized through a sulfurization reaction, and a subsequent metal cation exchange process between Zn2+ and Sb3+. The theoretical calculations and experimental studies reveal the boosted charge transfer in ZnS/Sb2S3@NC composites. Therefore, the ZnS/Sb2S3@NC electrode exhibits excellent cycling stability (a high reversible capacity of 511.4 mAh g‐1 after 450 cycles) and superior rate performance (400.4 mAh g‐1 at 10 A g‐1). In addition, ZnS/Sb2S3@NC is based on a conversion‐alloy reaction mechanism to store Na+, which is disclosed by the X‐ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. This effective synthesis method can provide a reference for the design of other high‐performance electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
Stem Cell Membrane‐Coated Microribbon Scaffolds Induce Regenerative Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Critical‐Size Cranial Bone Defect Model
Authors: Su Ni , Villicana Cassandra , Barati Danial , Freeman Peyton , Luo Ying , Yang Fan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractNaturally‐derived cell membranes have shown great promise in functionalizing nanoparticles to enhance biointerfacing functions for drug delivery applications. However, its potential for functionalizing macroporous scaffolds to enhance tissue regeneration in vivo remains unexplored. Engineering scaffolds with immunomodulatory functions represents an exciting strategy for tissue regeneration but is largely limited to soft tissues. Critical‐sized bone defects cannot heal on their own, and the role of adaptive immune cells in scaffold‐mediated healing of cranial bone defects remains largely unknown. Here, mensenchymal stem cell membrane (MSCM)‐coated microribbon (µRB) scaffolds for treating critical size cranial bone defects via targeting immunomodulation are reported. Confocal imaging and proteomic analyses are used to confirm successful coating and characterize the compositions of cell membrane coating. It is demonstrated that MSCM coating promotes macrophage (Mφ) polarization toward regenerative phenotype, induces CD8+ T cell apoptosis, and enhances regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. When combined with a low dosage of BMP‐2, MSCM coating further accelerates bone regeneration and suppresses inflammation. These results establish cell membrane‐coated microribbon scaffolds as a promising strategy for treating critical size bone defects via immunomodulation. The platform may be broadly used with different cell membranes and scaffolds to enhance regeneration of multiple tissue types.
An Ultrasound‐Driven Bioadhesive Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Instant Wound Sealing and Electrically Accelerated Healing in Emergencies
Authors: Meng Xiangchun , Xiao Xiao , Jeon Sera , Kim Dabin , Park Byung‐Joon , Kim Young‐Jun , Rubab Najaf , Kim SeongMin , Kim Sang‐Woo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA bioadhesive triboelectric nanogenerator (BA‐TENG), as a first‐aid rescue for instant and robust wound sealing and ultrasound‐driven accelerated wound healing, is designed. This BA‐TENG is fabricated with biocompatible materials, and integrates a flexible TENG as the top layer and bioadhesive as the bottom layer, resulting in effective electricity supply and strong sutureless sealing capability on wet tissues. When driven by ultrasound, the BA‐TENG can produce a stable voltage of 1.50 V and current of 24.20 µA underwater. The ex vivo porcine colon organ models show that the BA‐TENG seals defects instantly (≈5 s) with high interfacial toughness (≈150 J m−2), while the rat bleeding liver incision model confirms that the BA‐TENG performs rapid wound closure and hemostasis, reducing the blood loss by about 82%. When applied in living rats, the BA‐TENG not only seals skin injuries immediately but also produces a strong electric field (E‐field) of about 0.86 kV m−1 stimulated by ultrasound to accelerate skin wound healing significantly. The in vitro studies confirm that these effects are attributed to the E‐field‐accelerated cell migration and proliferation. In addition, these TENG adhesives can be applied to not only wound treatment, nerve stimulation and regeneration, and charging batteries in implanted devices.
Transformation from Magnetic Soliton to Skyrmion in a Monoaxial Chiral Magnet
Authors: Li Long , Song Dongsheng , Wang Weiwei , Zheng Fengshan , Kovács András , Tian Mingliang , Dunin‐Borkowski Rafal E. , Du Haifeng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTopological spin textures are of great interest for both fundamental physics and applications in spintronics. The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction underpins the formation of single‐twisted magnetic solitons or multi‐twisted magnetic skyrmions in magnetic materials with different crystallographic symmetries. However, topological transitions between these two kinds of topological objects have not been verified experimentally. Here, the direct observation of transformations from a chiral soliton lattice (CSL) to magnetic skyrmions in a nanostripe of the monoaxial chiral magnet CrNb3S6 using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy is reported. In the presence of an external magnetic field, helical spin structures first transform into CSLs and then evolve into isolated elongated magnetic skyrmions. The detailed spin textures of the elongated magnetic skyrmions are resolved using off‐axis electron holography and are shown to comprise two merons, which enclose their ends and have unit total topological charge. Magnetic dipolar interactions are shown to play a key role in the magnetic soliton–skyrmion transformation, which depends sensitively on nanostripe width. The findings here, which are consistent with micromagnetic simulations, enrich the family of topological magnetic states and their transitions and promise to further stimulate the exploration of their emergent electromagnetic properties.
In Situ Characterization Techniques Applied in Photocatalysis: A Review
Authors: Mu Chunxia , Lv Chongyang , Meng Xiangchao , Sun Jianhua , Tong Zhangfa , Huang Kelei 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPhotocatalysis, as one of the hopeful technologies to overcome the issues of energy shortage and environmental pollution, has increasingly attracted attention. In situ characterization technology, which can observe the dynamic changes of catalysts in photocatalytic reaction in real time, plays a crucial part in the development of designing highly efficient photocatalysts and investigating their mechanism. This review introduces and summarizes primary applications of in situ characterization techniques in photocatalysis, including in situ investigation of the morphology and chemical structure of photocatalysts, photogenerated charges transfer, spatial distribution, and surface reaction pathways. Suggestions for future development of in situ characterization techniques in photocatalysis have prospected at the end.
An On‐Demand Microrobot with Building Block Design for Flow Manipulation
Authors: Loganathan Dineshkumar , Hsieh Chia‐Ling , Shi Bo‐Er , Lu Yueh‐Hsun , Chen Chia‐Yuan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe ability to precisely maneuver miniature objects in flow through a well‐controlled manner is envisaged to have an extensive impact in micro manipulation for profound medical and biological applications. In this work, the magnetic microrobots are fabricated by employing a distinct block‐to‐block approach in which the microrobotic structures are developed using several magnetic and nonmagnetic blocks. To demonstrate the on‐board control strategies of the microrobots, two distinct modes of motion are introduced and actuated with the aid of the developed in‐house electromagnetic system. To delve into the physics of microrobot locomotion, theoretical and numerical investigations are performed that further provide practical relevance for extensive applications with profound reliability. A mixing task is conducted to elucidate the enriched controllability of the microrobot in furnishing an on‐demand flow agitation function with high efficiency. Furthermore, the directions of such mixing are engineered using the proposed modes of motion which can unlock the possibilities to precisely control the directional inhomogeneities of the fluids encountered in diversely microfluidic systems. Aside from it, the multidimensional controllability of the microrobot motions exhibiting distinct flow behaviors is further demonstrated to precisely disperse the particles suspended in the fluid medium. Subsequently, such behaviors combined with the adaptive modes of microrobot motion can be potentially employed as one of the strategies to prevent the fouling problems encountered in several microfluidic applications. The presented work provides the feasible functions of the microrobots where they can play a pivotal role in dampening their functional limitations inherent in dynamic environment, and pave to emerge as fully autonomous microrobots for future engineering applications.
Fabrication of Step‐Scheme Heterojunction between Layered MoO3/TiO2 for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution and Study on the Mechanism
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhang Tao , Han Xiaochi , Liu Chong , Zhou Xuemei 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe intimate contact of components in a heterojunction photocatalyst is essential in determining the photocatalytic performance. To build a face‐to‐face interface in a 2D–2D heterojunction is an effective strategy to improve the charge carrier separation and utilization efficiency. In this work, the fabrication of a Step‐scheme heterojunction on thin titania (TiO2) nanosheets with few‐layered MoO3 structures is reported. With a decoration of a low dose of MoO3 layer by ball milling method, TiO2 (B) shows a three‐fold increase in the hydrogen evolution rate. The reaction mechanism and driving force of charge transfer in the S‐scheme heterojunction photocatalyst are investigated and discussed. Such 2D‐2D heterojunction improves photocatalytic reaction rate because photogenerated electrons and holes at the interface can be quickly transferred to the surface. In situ XPS and PL demonstrates that the presence of MoO3 promotes the electron‐hole pair separation via the Step‐scheme heterojunction. Temperature programmed desorption of hydrogen shows that the heterojunction structure facilitates the desorption of hydrogen molecules. The approach used in this work to fabricate 2D–2D assembled structure thus improve the photocatalytic activity can be applied to other 2D metal oxides and sulfides, among others.
Deep Learning for Brain MRI Confirms Patterned Pathological Progression in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Pan Dan , Zeng An , Yang Baoyao , Lai Gangyong , Hu Bing , Song Xiaowei , Jiang Tianzi ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Published: December 2022

AbstractDeep learning (DL) on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data has shown excellent performance in differentiating individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the value of DL in detecting progressive structural MRI (sMRI) abnormalities linked to AD pathology has yet to be established. In this study, an interpretable DL algorithm named the Ensemble of 3‐dimensional convolutional neural network (Ensemble 3DCNN) with enhanced parsing techniques is proposed to investigate the longitudinal trajectories of whole‐brain sMRI changes denoting AD onset and progression. A set of 2369 T1‐weighted images from the multi‐centre Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and Open Access Series of Imaging Studies cohorts are applied to model derivation, validation, testing, and pattern analysis. An Ensemble‐3DCNN‐based P‐score is generated, based on which multiple brain regions, including amygdala, insular, parahippocampal, and temporal gyrus, exhibit early and connected progressive neurodegeneration. Complex individual variability in the sMRI is also observed. This study combining non‐invasive sMRI and interpretable DL in detecting patterned sMRI changes confirmed AD pathological progression, shedding new light on predicting AD progression using whole‐brain sMRI.
Slidable and Highly Ionic Conductive Polymer Binder for High‐Performance Si Anodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cai Yifeng , Liu Caixia , Yu Zhiao , Ma Wencan , Jin Qi , Du Ruichun , Qian Bingyun , Jin Xinxin , Wu Haomin , Zhang Qiuhong , Jia Xudong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSilicon is expected to become the ideal anode material for the next generation of high energy density lithium battery because of its high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1). However, for silicon electrodes, the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) is low and the volume of the electrode changes by over 300% after lithiation. The capacity of the silicon electrode decreases rapidly during cycling, hindering the practical application. In this work, a slidable and highly ionic conductive flexible polymer binder with a specific single‐ion structure (abbreviated as SSIP) is presented in which polyrotaxane acts as a dynamic crosslinker. The ionic conducting network is expected to reduce the overall resistance, improve ICE and stabilize the electrode interface. Furthermore, the introduction of slidable polyrotaxane increases the reversible dynamics of the binder and improves the long‐term cycling stability and rate performance. The silicon anode based on SSIP provides a discharge capacity of ≈1650 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.5C with a high ICE of upto 92.0%. Additionally, the electrode still exhibits a high ICE of 87.5% with an ultra‐high Si loading of 3.84 mg cm−2 and maintains a satisfying areal capacity of 5.9 mAh cm−2 after 50 cycles, exhibiting the potential application of SSIP in silicon‐based anodes.