bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inoculation of Cynomolgus Monkeys with Coxsackie Virus Alone, Combined, or with Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F. , Nichols Velma J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although three serologically distinct types of Coxsackie viruses of the A Group were not pathogenic for cynomolgus monkeys, these viruses could be recovered from sera, nasal washings, and feces after inoculations by the intracerebral, intracutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, and intravenous routes. Viruses were isolated within 7 hours after inoculation and were demonstrable, in most instances, five to seven days later.
When intranasal instillations were made, neither the virus nor the neutralizing antibodies remained demonstrable for as long as when other routes of inoculation were employed.
Following simultaneous injection of two types of Coxsackie virus both could be demonstrated in certain animals; in others, only one.
Inoculation of mixtures of Coxsackie and poliomyelitis virus did not prevent infection with the latter agent. Both viruses were recovered from the nervous tissue of animals that succumbed to poliomyelitis after intracerebral or intranasal injection. Coxsackie virus, as well as poliomyelitis virus, was recovered after inoculation of the nervous tissue, but not the intestinal contents, of first passage animals to a second group of monkeys. Monkeys injected by various routes with Coxsackie viruses were not immune to a subsequent intracerebral inoculation of Brunhilde or Lansing poliomyelitis strains.
Antibodies neutralizing the Coxsackie strains usually appeared soon after the virus disappeared from the blood stream and persisted for at least one month, and in some cases up to 18 weeks, after the initial injection. When Coxsackie and poliomyelitis viruses were injected simultaneously, antibodies for both viruses appeared in the blood stream.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague
Authors: Silverman M. S. , Elberg S. S. , Meyer K. F. , Foster L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A water soluble carbohydrate-protein immunizing antigen, Fraction IA isolated from Pasteurella pestis, was studied for its electrophoretic and serological homogeneity. Determination of the 50% immunizing dose of Fraction IA in mice showed that Fraction IA was a potent immunizing agent against infection with P. pestis. Twelve to 22 micrograms of the antigen were sufficient to protect 50% of the mice against 100 MLD of a highly virulent strain of the organism. The antigen preparations were electrophoretically inhomogeneous. Quantitative precipitin reactions showed that although the Fraction IA preparations were homogeneous on the basis of the analysis of the supernates, a serologically active minor component could be detected by absorption studies. However, the portion of the curves of the reaction for the zones of antibody excess and equivalence are believed to be the results essentially of the precipitation of Fraction IA and its antibody. The lack of complete inhibition of precipitation in the extreme antigen excess zone in the Fraction IA system was probably due, in part, to the serological activity of the minor component. However, removal of this component resulted in an increased but still incomplete inhibition of precipitation. This suggests that the carbohydrate moiety may be serologically active and may act in a manner similar to that of the pneumococcus polysaccharide. It is believed that the quantitative precipitin test, using a standard serum, can be used to assay preparations of P. pestis antigen by determining the amount of antigen required to bring the system to equivalence.
Evaluation of Serological Methods for Demonstrating Antibody Responses to Group A Coxsackie (Herpangina) Viruses
Authors: Beeman Edward A. , Huebner Robert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus neutralization and complement-fixation techniques were compared to evaluate their usefulness for demonstrating the serologic response of persons infected with some Group A Coxsackie viruses. Cases of herpangina and contacts harboring virus developed type specific neutralizing antibodies against the immunologic types responsible for the infections. The cases developed heterotypic complement-fixing antibody elevations against types not responsible for their infections. Similar elevations were not encountered in serums from other febrile illnesses. The presence of complement-fixing antibodies did not confer protection on several of the contacts in whose serums they occurred prior to infection. In paired serum specimens drawn at yearly intervals from control individuals there was little correlation between the presence of neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies. The significance of these observations has been discussed.
Studies on Vi Antigen
Authors: Webster Marion E. , Landy Maurice , Freeman Monroe E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple ethanol-salt fractionation procedure followed by acetic acid hydrolysis is described which yields a purified Vi antigen from saline extracts of acetone dried Escherichia coli, strain 5396/38. The various stages in the purification were accompanied by increased serological activity. The final product was the only fraction that was free from contamination with E. coli somatic antigen. This fraction showed a high degree of serological activity and specificity.
The residue left after extracting the bacterial cells with saline contained only 1% of the original activity as determined by mouse protective potency tests. On a dry weight basis, however, the saline extract was consistently less active than the intact bacteria. It is suggested that the presence of other antigens in the whole organisms may have influenced the response to the specific Vi antigen. Alternatively, the insoluble cellular components may have functioned as a depot substance which indirectly stimulated the production of Vi antibody.
The stages up to and including ethanol-salt concentration effected a 10-fold purification of the Vi antigen on a dry weight basis and a 25-fold purification on the basis of total nitrogen content. Chemical analysis at this stage revealed the presence of phosphorus, protein and carbohydrate. No differences were observed in the antibody response of rabbits to the various fractions up to this stage.
The next stage, shaking with chloroform-ethanol, removed only trace amounts of inactive material, yet the antigenicity of the product for rabbits was significantly reduced. No comparable reduction in antigenicity for mice was observed. Acetic acid hydrolysis liberated the Vi antigen from its complex without further impairing its antigenicity.
Chemical analysis of the purified Vi antigen showed that it is a fairly strong acid but that it does not contain uronic, sulphuric or phosphoric acid residues. Both nitrogen and acetyl groups are present, but apparently not in the usual form of N-acetylhexosamine.
Studies on Vi Antigen
Authors: Landy Maurice , Webster Marion E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the immunological properties of the Vi antigen obtained from Escherichia coli 5396/38 by a NaCl-ethanol fractionation procedure. The purified Vi antigen could be absorbed on collodion particles or on erythrocytes which then became specifically agglutinable by Vi antisera. It possessed excellent serological activity and specificity in these tests and also in the quantitative complement-fixation and quantitative precipitin tests. In the range of antibody excess the Vi antigen precipitated in a uniform manner the Vi antibody in coli, ballerup, typhoid and purified Vi-antisera. Supernatant fluid analysis in the quantitative precipitin test with E. coli antiserum indicated that the purified antigen approached but did not quite meet this criterion of immunological homogeneity.
The antigen was markedly effective in the protection of mice against challenge with virulent strains of Salmonella typhosa. It was antigenic for mice, rabbits and man, evoking the production of antibody reactive with both Vi antigen and with Vi strains of S. typhosa. The antibody produced in rabbits possessed mouse protective potency and in vitro activity essentially comparable to the Vi antibody obtained by immunization with Vi strains of S. typhosa, although certain differences in these activities were pointed out. The antigen was as effective as V form S. typhosa in the removal of mouse protective potency from various Vi antisera.
Quantitative Aspects of Influenza Virus Multiplication
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas , Edney Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both live and inactivated influenza viruses when introduced into the allantoic cavity are distributed at random among the cells. The distribution is independent of the size of the inoculum. A single particle of inactive virus per cell completely prevents the multiplication in that cell of subsequently entering infective heterologous virus. A comprehensive theory is presented by which the regularities of heterologous interference can be predicted. Methods are described by which the number of available cells, the number of interfering particles, cycle time and the operative cyclic increment of virus can be measured.
Electron Microscopic Counting of Elementary Bodies of the Virus of Meningo-Pneumonitis
Authors: Crocker T. Timothy , Bennett Blair M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The counting method of Backus and Williams is described as applied to enumeration of the elementary bodies of the agent of meningo-pneumonitis. The necessity of counting particles of biologic origin but of “indeterminate” nature, present in elementary body suspensions, is described. Homogeneity of the distribution of latex spheres, elementary bodies and other particles of biologic origin appears to be present in the results of this counting technic, at several concentrations of the elementary body suspensions. The estimates of concentration of biologic particles generally, or of elementary bodies alone, have a minimum standard deviation of about 3% resulting from instrumental limitations in determining diameter of latex spheres. Values for concentrations of elementary bodies, and of biologic particles generally, are reported, in which one standard deviation represents approximately 5% of the figure for concentration.
Influence of Preservatives, of Heat, and of Irradiation on Mouse Protective Activity and Detoxification of Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Pittman Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Portions of pertussis vaccines, prepared from cultures of one strain of Haemophilus pertussis grown on Bordet-Gengou medium for 48 hours were treated with 3 preservatives, heat at 34 and 56 C, and ultraviolet irradiation. After treatment all were held at 6 C. During the first year after preparation, frequent protective activity tests were made by the intracerebral method and again at the end of 3 years. Toxicity was determined at intervals, by intradermal reaction in rabbits and by death of or weight loss in mice, until each fraction was relatively atoxic. The best detoxification and stabilization of potency was obtained by heating the vaccine at 56 C for 30 min. or 1 day at 34 C and preserving it with merthiolate. Merthiolate alone had the least effect on both toxicity and potency. Phenol caused the most rapid loss in both properties. Formalin also reduced toxicity, caused some loss in potency and in addition clumping of the bacteria. Heating of the vaccines containing the 3 preservatives at 34 C for longer than 1 day and up to 7 days increased the rate of loss of potency, as the vaccines aged, in direct relation to the time of heat exposure. The amount of irradiation required to destroy toxicity markedly diminished the potency of the vaccine.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Immune Response of Mice to Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Ipsen Johannes 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were immunized with single doses of fluid tetanus toxoid, from 5 to 20 flocculation units, and divided in groups which were maintained for 14 days at respectively 6 C, 25 C and 35 C. Subsequently, the animals were all transferred to room temperature and challenged with 20 lethal doses of tetanus toxin. Highest immunity was shown in the mice submitted to the warmer atmospheres during immunization, the difference being most distinct with a low dose of toxoid. Variation in response to toxoid occurred among animals of different litters, and necessitated equal distribution of litter mates over the treatments.
The term immunizability is proposed to describe the inherent attributes of the host which determine the intensity of the immune response. Immunizability is distinct from factors of resistance which determine intensity of reaction to infection in non-immune animals.
Use of Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar to Follow the Progress of Fractionation of Antigenic Mixtures: Application to Purification of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
Authors: Surgalla M. J. , Bergdoll M. S. , Dack G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigen-antibody reactions in agar, modified from the technic of Oudin, have been used to determine the minimum number and to some extent relative concentrations of antigens in enterotoxic solutions at various stages of purification. A simple technic has been devised for direct identification of antigens responsible for bands appearing in different tubes. Resolution of superimposed bands has been accomplished by diluting the antigen mixture. An example of quantitative data which can be used to determine relative concentrations of antigens in fractions of a mixture is presented. Some aspects of practical application in the fractionation of mixtures of antigenic materials are discussed. Staphylococcal enterotoxin has not as yet been identified with a precipitating antigen demonstrable by these methods.
Identification of Coxsackie Viruses by Immunological Methods and Their Classification into 16 Antigenically Distinct Types
Authors: Contreras Guillermo , Barnett Vohammie H. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
232 strains of Coxsackie or C viruses isolated in widespread areas in this country and abroad, from patients, flies, and sewage, have been identified by the complement fixation and neutralization tests, and classified into 16 different immunological entities. The antigenic identification was done chiefly by using the unknown strains as complement fixing antigens. The results thus obtained were checked by neutralization tests. Seven immunological types were known at the beginning of the study, and nine additional ones have been recognized as a result of this work. Their classification was established by cross complement fixation and cross neutralization tests with all sixteen known C viruses. In 95 cases, the isolations had been made from individual patients, and in all, a strain crossing with a single type was recovered. In 5 instances in which the isolations had been made from pooled human stools, 3 crossed with more than one type. In 17 of 52 isolates recovered from flies, and in 8 of 80 from sewage, this multiplicity was also present. The separation of multiple strains into their individual components was accomplished in 10 cases. In the remaining 18, the results of the complement fixation and neutralization tests are indicative of multiplicity. The component viruses were identified, but separation of the strains was not attempted.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Goodman Morris , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The similarity of pheasant and owl antibeef-albumin precipitins to chicken precipitins was demonstrated. At low salinity, about 1%, precipitation of these antibodies was very incomplete; on increasing the salinity the precipitation became more complete. The inhibition of precipitation in low salinity could readily be reversed by raising the sodium-chloride content of the reaction mixtures. Conversely, the maximal precipitates formed in high salinity, 8% to 12%, could be partially dissolved by resuspension in 1% saline. The precipitation patterns were interpreted primarily in terms of a decrease of the dissociability of the initially formed antigen-antibody compounds on increasing the salinity of the reaction mixtures.
The Role of Heat-Stable Antigen in Serological Identification of Proteolytic Clostridia
Authors: Mandia James W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is suggested that the somatic antigen of the proteolytic Clostridia be regarded as made up of a heat-stable and a heat-labile fraction. The heat-stable fraction of the 4 cultures studied was identical with that of group III organisms. The heat-labile fraction was identical with that of group II organisms. According to the reactions of the heat-stable fraction the organisms described were placed in group III; given the formula Prot. Cl. III: 5, 6 and identified as a new serotype of Clostridium parabotulinum.
Deposition of Small Doses of Injected Antigen in Rabbits
Authors: Crampton Charles F. , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When rabbits are injected with very small amounts of I131-iodo-ovalbumin (0.01 to 0.05 mg per kg body weight), the highest concentration of the antigen is found in the proteins of the lung. The intracellular distribution in liver and spleen is the same as that when the dose is 1000 times higher, most of the antigen being deposited in the cytoplasmic granules.
California Encephalitis Virus, a Newly Described Agent
Authors: Reeves William C. , Hammon William McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four species of mosquitoes, Aedes dorsalis, Aedes varipalpus, Culex tarsalis, and Culiseta inornata, remained infected with California encephalitis virus for at least 7 to 8 days after an infective meal.
In the laboratory Aedes dorsalis transmitted this virus to a rabbit on one occasion.
Stability of Sensitizing and “Blocking” Antibodies in Allergic Serum Following Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
The effect of ultraviolet rays on the potency of reagins has been judged by the results of serum-neutralization and of serum-dilution in normal human skin. Involved in the study were 6 samples of reagin-bearing serum donated by 3 adults who were allergic to one or more inhalant allergens (ragweed pollen, timothy grass pollen, horse epidermis, dog epidermis and cottonseed). The sera were examined over a long period, ranging from a few days to 2 years or more. Normal recipients of sensitizing mixtures or serum dilutions were restricted to 8 in number, so as to minimize the influence of the individual on the outcome. Thirty sets of experiments were done, each involving some 40 sensitizations.
Comparisons drawn between the light-treated and control portions of the same serum at the conclusion of each experiment revealed that no significant damage had been done by the rays in 17 instances whereas a slight reduction in sensitizing power may have resulted in 4, when the neutralization procedure was employed for the test. With the serum-dilution technic, no difference could be found between untreated and treated portions in 22 trials, a suggestion of lowered potency being noted in 2 experiments. The overall conclusion is that any adverse influence of ultraviolet light on sensitizing antibodies is so slight and infrequently encountered as to be of no practical significance.
In the case of the blocking, heat-stable antibody, limited observations on one timothy-immune serum indicated no loss of antigen-binding power during several experiments on 3 subjects.
The stability evidenced by the reagin, and presumably also the thermostable or blocking antibody, is consistent with the experience of numerous earlier investigators who showed that ultraviolet rays could be employed to inactivate bacteria and viruses (5–8) in the apparatus of either Oppenheimer-Levinson (2) or of Habel-Sockrider (9) without impairment of their immunizing qualities. Blanchard and associates (10) advocated irradiation as a means of protection against homologous serum hepatitis. The procedure has since been adopted by the National Institutes of Health (1) as a minimum requirement for pooled plasma which is destined for use in man. There are no reports in the literature on its application to sera which are to be appraised by tests of the Prausnitz-Küstner variety.
Purification Studies on Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus: pH Stability, CNS Extraction and Butanol Purification Experiments
Authors: Bachrach H. L. , Schwerdt C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lansing poliomyelitis virus in gently clarified homogenates is not measurably inactivated upon exposure to pH values 1.5 or 10.5 at 4 C for at least 24 hours. At pH values 3.6, 4.7, 7.1, and 8.4 this resistance is maintained over the entire 21-day period of observation.
A study of the extraction of the virus from crude homogenates revealed that partial liberation of the virus can be effected at pH 2.0, ionic strength 0.1, but not at ionic strength 1.0 or 5.0. At pH 7.0 the virus is readily extracted at ionic strength 1.0, but is not extracted at ionic strengths 0.01, 0.1, and 5.0. At pH 9.0 the virus is completely liberated at ionic strengths 0.1 and 1.0, but is insoluble at ionic strength 5.0. The degree of extraction effected was paralleled by a correspondingly high or low degree of virus purification. The highest relative infectivity of any of the fractions was 2.5.
The use of n-butanol under specified conditions of ionic strength and hydrogen ion concentration was effective in removing most of the lipid and non-virus protein from homogenates of Lansing-infected cotton rat CNS tissue. Relative infectivities up to forty were obtained without loss of virus.
A Procedure Which Eliminates Nonspecific Inhibitor from Human Serum But does not Affect Specific Antibodies Against Influenza Viruses
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
All influenza virus preparations and red blood cells which were examined in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with normal serum were affected by nonspecific inhibitor. Experiments with human sera, from which influenza virus antibodies had been absorbed, showed that incubation with an equal volume of V. cholerae filtrate at 37 C for 18 hours completely inactivates nonspecific inhibitor. There was no detectable reduction in the titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting or neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses in human serum treated with V. cholerae filtrate. After elimination of nonspecific inhibitor with V. cholerae filtrate, specific antibody responses against influenza or mumps virus were demonstrable with paired sera which yielded negative results when tested in the usual manner.
A Study of the Precipitin and Complement Fixation Reactions with Tuberculous Exudates with Special Reference to Tuberculous Pleuritis
Authors: Ogawa Isamu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This investigation was undertaken for the purpose of determining whether the immunological reactions of precipitation and complement fixation occur with pleural exudates of tuberculous origin, as additional means and aids for the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions. The necessity for diagnostic aids of this character has been impressed upon the writer since 1913, when he found large numbers of Japanese soldiers and many civilians in Mukden, South Manchuria, with mild pleuritis and exudates of unknown origin. At least 52 per cent of a group of forty-two of these individuals yielded negative v. Pirquet tubeculin skin reactions; cultures of the fluids from twenty-one were negative and tubercle bacilli were not found by smear methods. It is commonly believed that these “light pleurisies” (1) are of tuberculous origin but this has not been proven and the exact etiology is unknown.