bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soluble Protective Antigen from Bordetella Pertussis Prepared with Sodium Desoxycholate
Authors: Barta George 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of Bordetella pertussis with sodium desoxycholate caused lysis of cells and liberation of the mouse protective antigen in soluble form and with a good yield. Optimum conditions for solubilization of protective antigen were 0.5 to 1% desoxycholate, pH 8.5, 0 to 2°C and a reduction in optical density of 40 to 50%. Approximately 75% of the bacterial dry weight was dissolved under these conditions. However, the soluble fraction was virtually nontoxic in contrast to ultrasonic extracts of the same cells. Millipore filtration was an effective method of sterilizing solutions of protective antigen.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An improved method is described for producing in guinea pigs sera which contain antibodies only to the soluble (S) antigens of type A influenza viruses and none to the viral (V) antigens. The critical modification was the introduction of S antigen derived from A/equi to serve as the booster injection to recall anti-S which was initially stimulated by active Swine/Cam virus. Since A/equi shares no V antigen relationship with either swine or human influenza strains, concomitant recall of anti-V in animals in which this antibody had already disappeared, by any undetectable V components remaining in the S antigen, was avoided.
The anti-S sera thus produced reacted the same in the complement fixation test, whether titrated against S antigens derived from A/equi, S/Cam or three prototype human strains. Similarly, no strain-specific differences could be demonstrated among the S antigens prepared from these five type A viruses.
Studies on the Relationship of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Gordon Milton 
Published: January 2023

Summary
During the first 3 months of infection of guinea pigs with living attenuated Pasteurella tularensis, the delayed hypersensitive response to killed organisms and the resistance of the animals to challenge with virulent organisms followed a parallel course. Guinea pigs immunized by vaccination with attenuated organisms were appreciably immune and highly hypersensitive by the end of the 1st month. Desensitization by daily injections with heat-killed organisms for 2 weeks reduced the hypersensitivity to a minimal level. When desensitization was discontinued reactivity gradually returned. Resumption of desensitization again caused a loss of reactivity. During the desensitizing procedures, immunity remained unchanged as determined by the mean survival time after challenge.
Immunization with heat-killed organisms in oil adjuvant by the intraperitoneal route produced a moderate degree of hypersensitivity after 3 weeks. These animals demonstrated, at most, a minimal level of acquired resistance. Immunization with specific antigen-antibody complex in oil adjuvant resulted in similar findings. By the 6th day after four simultaneous injections into the four footpads of guinea pigs, a moderate degree of hypersensitivity and a minimal level of resistance were evoked.
The lack of correlation between delayed hypersensitive and immune responses observed in this study indicates that these manifestations are probably independent immunologic phenomena, and it is concluded that the delayed hypersensitive response does not always reflect immune status.
Specificity of Phagocytosis as It May Relate to Antibody Formation
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Leonard M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The more distant the genetic relationship between erythrocyte and phagocyte, the greater the per cent phagocytosis. Unabsorbed mouse serum contained phagocytosis-enhancing factors; however, erythrocytes from more distantly related species were phagocytized in the absence of these serum factors. Erythrocyte specific antisera increased the degree of phagocytosis. Simultaneous incubation of two different species of erythrocytes with phagocytic cells demonstrated that phagocytosis is highly selective with regard to erythrocyte antigens. In the absence of type specific antisera, the more distantly related erythrocytes were preferentially engulfed. This selectivity could be modified by the addition of specific erythrocyte antibodies. Under conditions in which one erythrocyte was phagocytized maximally, small numbers of cells retained a specificity for, and engulfed exclusively, the second type erythrocyte. There was an apparent exclusion of a second type erythrocyte after engulfment of the first when one type of erythrocyte was incubated for 30 min before the second type was introduced. Only a small percentage of phagocytic cells engulfed two types of erythrocytes. The possible significance of phagocytic cells in antibody formation has been discussed.
Further Studies on the Infectivity of Ribonucleic Acid Prepared from Influenza-Infected Cells
Authors: Maassab Hunein F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A combination of ether and phenol treatment of cells infected with an Asian strain of influenza virus was a more efficient method for isolating infectious ribonucleic acid than was treatment with phenol alone. The phenol extracted material possesses many of the properties of nucleic acid as measured by physical and chemical means. Virus yielded by an RNA-infection grows in chick kidney cells to a much lower titer than the original strain and must be passaged amniotically before it will grow in the allantoic cavity of embryonate eggs. The antigenic characteristics of the RNA-derived virus are indistinguishable from those of the parent virus.
Immunochemistry of Coagulated Antigen-Antibody Complex
Authors: Sutherland G. Bonar , McDuffie Norman M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been presented which deals with factors influencing the adsorption of antigen by the coagulated antigen-antibody complex and the subsequent elution of the antigen. Certain speculations about the loss of combining capacity through denaturation have been put forward.
Continuous Cobalt-60 Irradiation and Immunity to Influenza Virus
Authors: Quilligan J. J. , Boche R. D. , Carruthers E. J. , Axtell S. L. , Trivedi J. C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A survey of the literature on the effects of irradiation on influenza virus growth shows marked differences in the recorded results. The reports may be divided into those showing no effect (1–4); enhanced growth of virus (5, 6); and diminished growth of virus (7, 8). Most recently, there has been evidence that irradiation is associated with increased susceptibility to infection with influenza virus (9).
The majority of the work done in this area has been with short-term irradiation exposure. Some data on the effect of continuous exposure to small amounts of irradiation from cobalt sources have been mentioned in the literature. Nevertheless, a detailed study in this direction, particularly with reference to influenza infection, has not been recorded. We have investigated some aspects of the influence of continuous cobalt-60 irradiation on the course of influenza infection in mice. This report will deal with some of our findings.
Materials and Methods
Effect of Whole Body X-Irradiation on Induction of Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Beisaw Norman E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Allergic encephalomyelitis (AE) is suppressed in rats given whole body x-irradiation prior to sensitization with spinal cord plus adjuvant. Suppression of the disease is paralleled by reduced production of complement-fixing antibrain antibodies. There is little, if any, suppression of delayed-type immunologic reactivity, based on tuberculin skin testing. X-irradiation after sensitization does not suppress AE. The meaning of these findings with respect to pathogenesis of AE is discussed.
Experimentally Induced Alterations of the Bactericidal Property of Rabbit Serum for Bacillus Subtilis
Authors: Hunder Gene G. , Jacox Ralph F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal property of rabbit serum consists of two protein components derived from rabbit platelets. These are designated components 1 and 2. Total body x-ray irradiation of 700 r causes a striking reduction of platelets and of components 1 and 2. As little as 100 r of x-ray irradiation produce a decrease of component 1 without causing a decrease of the platelets.
Specific antiserum for rabbit platelets causes a rapid decrease in platelets and in components 1 and 2, when injected intravenously into rabbits. Studies in vitro reveal that normal rabbit serum loses its bactericidal property when antiplatelet serum is added. Highly bactericidal rat serum is not inhibited by anti-rabbit platelet antibody.
Intravenous injection of thorotrast into rabbits causes a precipitous decrease in platelets and of components 1 and 2 without producing any decrease in leukocytes or hematocrit.
The Role of the Mitotic Apparatus in the Intracellular Location of Reovirus Antigen
Authors: Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H. , John A. Charlotte 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Type 1 reovirus (Lang strain) antigen, demonstrated by fluorescent antibody in dividing human amnion cells (FL), localizes in the areas occupied by the spindles and centrioles. The developmental cycle of viral antigen in interphase cells involves the formation of a reticulum in the cytoplasm that shifts into a perinuclear position as the infection progresses. In the presence of mercaptoethanol, colchicine, podophyllin, and vincaleukoblastine, antimitotic agents known to affect metaphase spindle organization, the network formation is prevented and the antigen is localized as small to large spheres. It is proposed that the spindle material is present throughout the cytoplasm during the interphase of growth as a filamentous reticulum; due to an affinity between spindle components and viral antigen the antigen is oriented by the spindle into a network-like structure. Studies of this phenomenon have the potential of contributing to a better understanding of many basic problems involved in hostvirus interaction and spindle formation.
Characteristics of a Hapten-Induced Leukoagglutinin
Authors: Barrett James T. , Rigney Mary M. , Guthrie Richard A. , Metcalfe David S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Picryl Chloride hypersensitization of guinea pigs produced delayed skin reactions to this drug. In the whole blood of such animals leukocyte agglutination occurred upon addition of a picryl-horse serum conjugate in vitro but not with picryl chloride nor horse serum alone. The substance responsible for this agglutination existed in serum as a nondialyzable, heat-labile constituent. Because of the parallel of leukoagglutinating activity of the sera to the ability to induce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, the leukoagglutination phenomenon is believed more closely related to the immediate than the delayed form of hypersensitive response.
In Vitro Production of Antibody by Chicken Spleen Cells
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Pruzansky Jacob J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chicken spleen cells were cultured in vitro after in vivo antigenic stimulation with bovine serum albumin. The production of chicken antibody was detected by several techniques.
Quantitative estimations of antibody by an ammonium sulfate coprecipitation technique provide another method of detection of antibody in tissue culture medium.
Effect of Thymectomy and Bursectomy on Precipitin and Natural Hemagglutinin Production in the Chicken
Authors: Graetzer M. A. , Wolfe H. R. , Aspinall R. L. , Meyer R. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thymectomy of chickens during the first 3 days of age does not consistently affect precipitin production to bovine serum albumin when challenged at 6 to 9 weeks of age. In some cases, thymectomized groups did not differ in mean peak titer from controls; in some cases the response was significantly lower; in one case the response was significantly higher. This variation was not evident for the time necessary to clear antigen from the circulation. Of intact and sham control birds 100% responded by producing precipitins, whereas 6% of the thymectomized birds did not give a detectable response. This frequency of negative responders was statistically significant. There was a tendency for groups with greater amounts of residual thymic tissue to give higher mean precipitin titers. However, the titers of birds with no residual thymus fell in a range very similar to that of the controls. The development of natural hemagglutinins was not affected by thymectomy. Splenectomy performed from 2 to 10 days of age significantly delayed the appearance of precipitins but did not affect the mean peak titer. Bursectomy at 1 to 2 days of age reduced the mean peak precipitin titers and the natural hemagglutinin titers drastically. Most birds did not give a detectable response.
Cellular Demonstration of Antibody Production in Rana Pipiens
Authors: Krueger Robert G. , Twedt Robert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These studies have demonstrated antibody production by splenic red pulp cells isolated from Rana pipiens immunized with Salmonella typhosa and have investigated the effect of temperature upon this production.
Animals immunized and maintained at 26°C demonstrated serum agglutinin titers. Cells isolated from these animals produced antibody when incubated at 26°C. Animals immunized and maintained at 4°C failed to demonstrate serum agglutinin titers. Cells isolated from these animals did not produce antibody when incubated at 4°C; however, cells incubated at 26°C did demonstrate antibody production. A clarified homogenate of cells from animals immunized and maintained at 4°C demonstrated a moderate agglutinin titer.
The mechanism of temperature inhibition of antibody production and release was discussed.
The Presence of the Ragweed-Binding Antibodies in the β2A-, β2M- and γ-Globulins of the Sensitive Individuals
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Maier Patricia , Pressman David , Arbesman Carl E. , Reisman Robert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from ragweed-sensitive individuals (two untreated and six treated) were examined by radioimmunoelectrophoresis to detect and identify the serum components possessing the binding activity for a purified fraction of ragweed (ragweed-binding antibodies). The method utilizes the fixation of I131-labeled ragweed antigen on the arcs formed by electrophoresed human antibody components and rabbit anti-human serum. The ragweed-binding activity was detected in the γ-globulin of all the sera and in the β2A-globulin of all but one serum. Two sera showed the activity also in the β2M-globulin. In fact, all the sera contained the activity in the β2A- or in the β2M-globulin in addition to the activity in the γ-globulin. (One serum contained the activity in all three globulins, γ, β2A and β2M.) Such a high incidence of the β2A or β2M-antibody in sera of sensitive individuals suggests the association of the reaginic activity with these antibodies. The ragweed-precipitating antibodies were detected in the γ2-globulin region of some sera including one from an untreated individual. The precipitating antibodies, when present in large amounts, interfered with the identification of antibody components. A modified technique, applicable to such precipitating systems, was described.
Interference and Interferon in Persistent Viral Infections of Cell Cultures
Authors: Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It may not come as a surprise that the subject of this address is concerned with viral interference, since interference phenomena have provided a sort of Leitmotif, with variations, for my laboratory during the past 20 years. It was introduced in 1942 by the repeated loss of the then new influenza B virus on serial transfers in the chick embryo which, rightly or wrongly, was ascribed by my wife and myself to interference by inactive virus particles accumulating in preceding passages under unfavorable conditions (1). To be sure, experimentally inactivated influenza virus particles were found to interfere with the propagation of various viruses in the chick embryo allantois and this and other systems of interference ever since have supplied problems for study, by design or by chance. Of late, interference entered again in the analysis of persistent viral infections of cultured cell populations, a problem which has received considerable attention in recent years because of its possible bearing, among others, on latent viral infections in intact hosts.
The Agar Cell Culture Precipitation Test: Its Application to the Study of Vaccinia Virus, Adenoviruses and Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Mata Leonardo J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An agar substrate consisting essentially of Eagle's basal medium and horse serum was developed to cultivate masses of cells from established mammalian cell lines in wells. The main characteristics of the culture system are: absence of a fluid phase; exposure of the culture to a gas mixture consisting of 1 to 2% CO2 in humidified air; association of the cells in several layers analogous to a bacterial colony; and no replacement of the nutrient medium during the experimental period. Vaccinia virus, adenovirus type 5, herpes simplex virus and poliovirus type 2 multiplied in these cultures and produced cytopathic changes. Titers of the order of 107 to 108 TCID50 per cell culture were achieved in a few days. Production of complement-fixing and precipitable antigen was also demonstrated in cultures infected with adenovirus type 5. Viral antigens, elaborated by cell cultures infected with vaccinia virus, adenoviruses or herpes simplex virus, could be precipitated in the surrounding agar. Two to four vaccinial antigens were demonstrated with human and rabbit vaccinial antisera. With eight types of adenovirus, group-specific reactions consisting of one or two lines were obtained. With four of these, an additional type-specific line was observed in the presence of homotypic rabbit serum. In the case of herpes simplex virus, two precipitin lines appeared with rabbit immune serum. The influence of inoculating dose of virus, and of the time elapsing between viral infection and the addition of antiserum were studied. It was observed that there was an indirect relationship between the size of the infectious dose and the time of appearance of precipitation lines. The distance of the precipitin lines from the infected cell culture which served as the source of antigen varied directly with the time interval between inoculation and the subsequent addition of antiserum.
Biosynthesis and Purification of V and W Antigen in Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Lawton William D. , Erdman Robert L. , Surgalla Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The separation and purification of V and W antigens is described. The methods that gave the best results were: The precipitation of both antigens from the supernatant fluid of a 36°C-grown culture of strain M23 by use of ammonium sulfate.Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
V antigen was eluted with 0.1 M NaCl and W antigen with 0.5 M NaCl. Recycling on DEAE-cellulose resulted in a sample containing approximately 20 units of V antigen/mg of protein (100-fold purification) and no W antigen, and a sample containing 600 units of W antigen/mg of protein (1000-fold purification) and no V antigen.
V antigen is a protein with a molecular weight of 90,000 and W antigen is a lipoprotein with a molecular weight of 145,000.
Both antigens were stable at 60°C, but not at 80°C, for 30 min. W antigen, but not V, was lost upon extensive dialysis against distilled water, or pervaporation. Both antigens were reduced in titer by prolonged storage at 5°C or by lyophilization, but not by storage at -20°C.
Based on the use of rabbit antisera containing only V antibody or only W antibody, the conclusion was drawn that V antibody, but not W antibody, can protect mice against plague.
Isolation of Non-Dialyzable Allergens and Antigens from Low Ragweed Pollen (Ambrosia Elatoir)
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C. , Wu Helen , Baram Peter , Mosko Milton M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A highly allergenic protein-carbohydrate preparation has been isolated from a low ragweed pollen extract (Ambrosia elatoir) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-75, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200. The preparation is skin reactive at 10-9 to 10-10 µg, on intradermal injection, in the treated rag-weed-sensitive patient. Immunoelectrophoretic and gel-diffusion methods show multiple antigens.
Differential Response to Allogenic and Xenogenic Skin Grafts by Sublethally Irradiated (670 RAD) and Nonirradiated Mice Sensitized by Various Means
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented demonstrating in sublethally x-irradiated (670 rad) mice the differential radiosensitivity of the first and second-set responses to allogenic (H-2 difference) and xenogenic (rat) skin grafts. The second-set response is more radioresistant than is the first-set response; the second-set response to a xenogenic skin graft is more radioresistant than is that to an allogenic graft; the converse is true with regard to the first set response. The “homograft sensitivity” induced with xenogenic or allogenic dissociated skin or spleen cells (with the methods used) appears to be “inferior” to or unlike that induced with skin grafts. Sensitization with xenogenic dissociated cells resulted in a more vigorous response (i.e., shorter rejection time) to subsequent appropriate grafts in both nonirradiated and sublethally irradiated mice than did sensitization with comparable allogenic tissues. Allogenic skin grafts survived significantly longer on sublethally irradiated mice, presensitized with allogenic dissociated spleen cells than they did on the appropriate controls. By contrast, presensitization with allogenic dissociated skin cells had essentially no effect on allogenic graft survival in sublethally irradiated mice. Nonirradiated and sublethally irradiated (670 rad) mice previously sensitized with rat skin grafts rejected subsequent first-set allogenic grafts significantly sooner than did their appropriate controls. This effect was not seen when the mice had been previously sensitized with dissociated rat skin or spleen cells. Neither the initial method of sensitization nor sublethal irradiation influenced the sensitization induced by subsequent skin grafts. Certain observations made during the accelerated rejection of allogenic and particularly of xenogenic skin grafts suggested either the presence of a nonspecific agent capable of disrupting the capillary bed at the graft sites or the deficiency of a factor essential to the maintenance of capillary wall integrity.
Primary and Secondary Antitoxin Responses in Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Hess Max W. , Cottier Hans , Stoner Richard D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 68 Swiss albino mice of either sex were thymectomized at the following time intervals after birth: 22 during day 1, 21 during day 2, 17 on day 4 and 8 on day 8. Sixty-one nonoperated littermates served as controls. All mice were given primary antigenic stimulation with adsorbed tetanus toxoid when 4 weeks of age. Three weeks later a booster injection of fluid tetanus toxoid was given. With these time intervals thymectomized mice showed only slightly impaired primary responses but severely repressed secondary responses as compared to nonoperated littermates. This uncommon finding is difficult to explain at present and results are discussed with regard to other reports on the effect of postnatal thymectomy on immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on the unknown effect of post-thymectomy wasting syndrome.