bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Problems in Pulverizing and Burning Midwest Coals
Authors: Foster A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author cites the characteristics of Midwest coals which require special consideration in the design of pulverizers and boiler furnaces to meet the conditions of combustion. The principal items to be provided are (1) large furnace volume with moderate heat-release rates, (2) ample furnace cooling surface, (3) preheated air at sufficient temperature to enable pulverizer to pulverize coal with maximum moisture content which may be encountered, (4) ample mill capacity. The paper includes a discussion of these various elements in the solution of the problem of burning Midwest coals efficiently.
The Calculation of Critical Speeds of an Oil-Well Pumping System
Authors: Freberg C. R. , Kemler E. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of the increasing economic necessity for using light oil-well pumping equipment, steps must be taken to keep loads and stresses at a minimum. Loads can be controlled to some extent by using proper speeds, stroke, and plunger size. Proper counterbalancing has a greater influence on peak loads and stresses than any other item of equipment design. Vibration and critical-speed problems are among the most difficult experienced in pumping systems. Such systems do not lend themselves to mathematical analyses so the authors have undertaken to solve the more complicated problems by replacing such involved systems by an equivalent system, which will have the same capacity for storage of kinetic and potential energy. A mathematical explanation of the procedure used in reducing a pumping system to equivalent mass, and equivalent elastic systems, followed by calculations of typical elements of the system and examples illustrating specific applications of the method, are given.
Air-Heater Facts: 1926–1941
Authors: Hopping E. L. , Schick D. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1926, data were presented by N. E. Funk covering several types of air heaters used on boilers equipped with economizers and on some not so equipped. The equipment selected for discussion at the Chester and Richmond Stations of the Philadelphia Electric Company was relatively new at the time, but provided a valuable basis for future selection of air-heater units. The present paper gives facts pertaining to experience gained in operation of the air heaters previously mentioned; applications of new heaters to recently installed generating equipment; applications in associated industries; and trends evident in an analysis of new units. Further detail is given covering the selection of air heaters, corrosion problems, methods of eliminating corrosion, cleaning air-heater units, and troubles experienced with air-heater installations.
Burning Pulverized Anthracite in Steam Power Plants
Authors: Frick C. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After citing early installations for burning pulverized anthracite in steam power plants, the author describes in some detail the present Pine Grove installation of the Pennsylvania Power & Light Company. This plant incorporates three boilers using pulverized anthracite exclusively, each boiler having a capacity of 180,000 lb of steam per hour. They have been operating successfully since 1927. A proposed two-boiler pulverized-fired installation at the Hauto plant of the company is also described. Each boiler, which is now on order, will be capable of producing 365,000 lb of steam per hour at 1325 psi and 930 F total temperature. Economic considerations entering into the decision to use this type of fuel are also considered in the paper.
Experience With Intercrystalline Cracking on Railroads
Authors: Bardwell R. C. , Laudemann H. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With 60 per cent of the steam-boiler horsepower of the United States in locomotives, which operate under widely diverse conditions and with waters of many compositions, this field offers extensive opportunity for the study of embrittlement cracking. The authors present a record of the experience of The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway with intercrystalline cracking as representative of the more recent work being done by the railroads to combat this form of metal deterioration. The paper deals with the investigation of various inhibitors, covering a period from 1933 to the present time, based on extensive testing with the embrittlement detector applied to locomotives in service. It was found that sodium sulphate does not prevent or even delay embrittlement cracking; that waste sulphite liquor will prevent cracking of detector specimens on many boiler waters, failing in but few cases; and that sodium nitrate has essentially eliminated cracking of detector specimens on the entire system of The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway.
Energy Transfer Between a Fluid and a Rotor for Pump and Turbine Machinery
Authors: Moss Sanford A. , Smith Chester W. , Foote William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paper presents an analytical treatment of the energy transfer between a working fluid and a rotor for pump and turbine machinery, which affords means for selection of the particular sort of vane angles and general arrangements best for a machine for a particular service, and for determination of the detailed dimensions of a machine for particular pressure conditions. A single general formula is given which applies to every sort of machine and which is reduced to a particular form for every particular machine.
In the analytical study a kinematic treatment of rotor energy is first given, which is followed by a hydraulic and thermodynamic treatment of fluid energy. The relations set forth are then applied to pumps and turbines of the axial-flow and of the radial inward- and outward-flow types.
Some of the matter here set forth has been given before, in discussion of particular machines; some of this old matter is here presented in a new way. However, it is doubtful if there has hitherto been presented a general expression for energy transfer correlated with its various applications and physical interpretations. It is the primary purpose of this paper to give such a presentation from many years of practical experience of the authors. In order to give an orderly presentation, the new and old matter are so intermingled to form a complete whole that it is difficult to make distinction and to give reference for the old matter.
Test Stand for Centrifugal and Propeller Pumps
Authors: Wislicenus G. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a new test stand for experimental investigations on centrifugal- or propeller-type pumps, as well as on pump installations. The test stand is particularly suited for a complete determination of the cavitation characteristics of the test pump and for reliable control of the flow conditions at the pump inlet.
Mercury for the Generation of Light, Heat, and Power
Authors: Hackett H. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper outlines the principles upon which the mercury boiler was first developed and tested in a small unit in 1912. Many difficulties were experienced in units built in succeeding years, the full importance of which was not apparent until the two 20,000-kw units at Schenectady and Kearny were placed in operation in 1932 and 1933, respectively. The major problem from then on was the elimination of mercury attack on the steel tubes, which after short periods of operation became plugged with an iron crystalline deposit. As a result of extensive research, a mercury-sodium-titanium amalgam was discovered which solved the problem of dissolution of the steel. This development combined with the exclusion of oxygen from the boiler, piping, and valves greatly improved the situation. The final solution came in the redesign of the Schenectady plant in 1937 and the construction of an entirely new mercury-vapor unit at Marcus Hook in 1939, in which magnesium and titanium were used in the boiler mercury. Details are also given of the more recently rebuilt plant at Kearny, incorporating all known improvements. This unit, producing 21,000 kw per hr from the mercury turbine and 30,000 kw per hr from by-product steam, operates on 0.5 lb of fuel oil per kwhr. During more than 15 months of operation, this boiler has carried an average hourly load of 205 per cent of the national average for steam-generating units for 1940.
Wind-Tunnel Tests to Establish Stack Height for Riverside Generating Station
Authors: von Hohenleiten H. L. , Wolf E. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of its proximity to a residential area and to the municipal airport, the Consolidated Gas Electric Light and Power Company of Baltimore, in the construction of its new Riverside Generating Station, found it necessary to give careful consideration to the flue-gas problem and the height of stacks. The problem resolved itself into three distinct phases: (a) to establish the wind and weather conditions which would produce the most serious smoke annoyance; (b) to determine the effect of adding units to the plant; (c) to investigate all possible means for improving dissipation of flue gases. The model-test procedure followed, in studying these elements, in the wind tunnel of the Allied Aviation Corporation, the results attained in comparison with known data from the Westport Plant of the company, and the decisions reached in designing and arranging stacks at Riverside are thoroughly discussed.
Protecting Buried Metals Against Corrosion
Authors: Thayer Starr 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author mentions briefly the various types of corrosion from the standpoint of methods used to combat it. His main concern, however, is with underground structures, such as pipe lines, which suffer a corrosion loss of upward of $100,000,000 yearly. Protective coatings have been developed which constitute a long step toward elimination of pipe-line corrosion, when applied to new pipe. Older lines can be protected by a cathodic process, based on correcting the galvanic differences in potential between small sections of the pipe wall, or changes in soil conditions. The process of making the pipe cathodic to the surrounding soil is described, illustrations of the practical effects of the method being given.
Juxtaposition of different-grade metamorphic rocks in an ancient orogen: Evidence from the Chengde Complex of the Trans-North China Orogen, North China Craton
Authors: Zhang Hui C.G. , Zhao Guochun , Wang Chao , Xu Nanqing , Yao Jinlong 
Published: December 2022

Juxtaposition of different-grade metamorphic slices is a typical feature of Phanerozoic orogens but is relatively scarce in Precambrian orogens. Here, we focus on the Chengde Complex at the northern segment of the late Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen, the North China Craton as a case, to explore how different-grade orogeny-related metamorphism was juxtaposed in Precambrian orogens. The Trans-North China Orogen is a typical Precambrian collisional orogen and records abundant information about the Paleoproterozoic orogeny. High-pressure (HP) mafic granulite and two types of amphibolite samples were collected from the Chengde Complex, and we conducted a combined study involving litho-structural assemblage investigation, metamorphic petrology, and geochronology to decipher their metamorphic P-T−t history.
HP mafic granulite and amphibolite occur as enclaves or dikes within felsic gneisses. HP mafic granulite records clockwise P-T paths with isothermal decompression (ITD) segments, and the peak metamorphic P-T conditions are 13.0−14.9 kbar/790−830 °C. Peak metamorphic P-T conditions retrieved from garnet-bearing amphibolite are 8.3 kbar/675 °C, whereas peak metamorphic P-T conditions retrieved from garnet-free amphibolite are 4.0−5.5 kbar/500−510 °C. Zircon U-Pb dating of HP granulite and amphibolite yield different prograde (1914−1871 Ma), peak (1869−1816 Ma), and retrograde (ca. 1830 Ma) metamorphic ages, and all of these data indicate that these metamorphic rocks were diachronously transferred to different depths in the subduction channel and subsequently exhumed at shallower crustal levels. Therefore, we conclude that the Chengde Complex is composed of imbricate rocks with different metamorphic grades and ages, and such an unordered juxtaposition of diverse metamorphism could also be a typical feature of Precambrian orogens.
Study protocol: a randomised controlled proof-of-concept real-world study – does maximising time in range using hybrid closed loop insulin delivery and a low carbohydrate diet restore the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes?
Authors: Baxter Faye , Baillie Nicola , Forbes Shareen 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionPeople with type 1 diabetes (T1D) develop an impaired glucagon response to hypoglycaemia within 5 years of diagnosis, increasing their risk of severe hypoglycaemia. It is not known whether eliminating hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia allows recovery of this glucagon response. Hybrid closed loop (HCL) technologies improve glycaemic time in range (TIR). However, post-prandial glycaemic excursions are still evident. Consuming a low carbohydrate diet (LCD) may minimise these excursions.Methods and analysisThis feasibility study will assess if maximising TIR (glucose ≥3.9 mmol/L≤10 mmol/L) using HCL systems plus an LCD (defined here as <130 g carbohydrate/day) for >8 months, restores the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Adults (n=24) with T1D (C-peptide <200 pmol/L), naïve to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and HCL systems, will be recruited and randomised to: group 1 (non-HCL) to continue their standard diabetes care with intermittent blinded CGM; or group 2 (HCL-LCD) to use the HCL system and follow a LCD. Baseline data on diet and glycaemia will be collected from all participants. The HCL-LCD group will then enter a 2-week run-in to acclimatise to their devices. Throughout, the HCL-LCD group will have their glucose closely monitored and adjusted aiming for glycaemic TIR >70%. Participants will have their glucagon response to hypoglycaemia measured at the beginning and 8 months later at the study end using a stepped hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemic clamp, in combination with the stable isotopes 6,6-2H2-glucose (D2-glucose) and 1,1,2,3,3-2H5-glycerol (D5-glycerol) to assess glucose and glycerol kinetics. The impact of hypoglycaemia on symptoms and cognitive function will be assessed during each clamp study. The primary outcome is the difference in the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia between and within groups at baseline versus study end.Ethics and disseminationEthical (20/SS/0117)/institutional review board (2021/0001) approval has been obtained. The study will be disseminated by peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT04614168.
Community engagement for birth preparedness and complication readiness in the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Trial in India: a mixed-method evaluation
Authors: Kavi Avinash , Kinshella Mai-Lei Woo , Ramadurg Umesh Y , Charantimath Umesh , Katageri Geetanjali M , Karadiguddi Chandrashekhar C , Honnungar Narayan V , Bannale Shashidhar G , Mungarwadi Geetanjali I , Bone Jeffrey N , Vidler Marianne , Magee Laura , Mallapur Ashalata , Goudar Shivaprasad S , Bellad Mrutyunjaya , Derman Richard , von Dadelszen Peter , Working Group The CLIP India 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveTo describe the process of community engagement (CE) in northern Karnataka, India and its impact on pre-eclampsia knowledge, birth preparedness and complication readiness, pregnancy-related care seeking and maternal morbidity.DesignThis study was a secondary analysis of a cluster randomised trial of Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP). A total of 12 clusters based on primary health centre catchment areas were randomised to intervention or control. CE was conducted in intervention clusters. CE attendance was summarised according to participant group using both quantitative and qualitative assessment. Pre-eclampsia knowledge, birth preparedness, health services engagement and perinatal outcomes was evaluated within trial surveillance. Outcomes were compared between trial arms using a mixed effects logistic regression model on RStudio (RStudio, Boston, USA). Community feedback notes were thematically analysed on NVivo V.12 (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia).SettingBelagavi and Bagalkote districts in rural Karnataka, India.ParticipantsPregnant women and women of reproductive age, mothers and mothers-in-law, community stakeholders and male household decision-makers and health workers.ResultsA total of 1379 CE meetings were conducted with 39 362 participants between November 2014 and October 2016. CE activities may have had an effect on modifying community attitudes towards hypertension in pregnancy and its complications. However, rates of pre-eclampsia knowledge, birth preparedness, health services engagement and maternal morbidities among individual pregnant women were not significantly impacted by CE activities in their area.ConclusionEvaluation of our CE programme in India demonstrates the feasibility of reaching pregnant women alongside household decision-makers, community stakeholders and health workers. More research is needed to explore the pathways of impact between broad community mobilisation to strengthen support for maternal care seeking and clinical outcomes of individual pregnant women.Trial registration numberNCT01911494.
Early Neurological ASsessment with pupillometrY during Cardiac Arrest REsuscitation (EASY-CARE): protocol for an observational multicentre prospective study
Authors: Zerbi Simone Maria , Sandroni Claudio , Botteri Marco , Bellasi Antonio , Latronico Nicola , Rasulo Frank 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest is burdened with a high rate of ineffective resuscitation and poor neurological outcome among survivors. To date, there are few perfusion assessment tools during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and none of them provide reliable data. Despite the lack of information, physicians must decide whether to extend or terminate resuscitation efforts.Method and analysisThis is a multicentre prospective, observational cohort study, involving adult patients, victims of unexpected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Early Neurological ASsessment with pupillometrY during Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation aims to primarily describe the reliability of quantitative pupillometry through use of the Neurological Pupillary Index (NPi) during the manoeuvre of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as a predictor of the return of spontaneous circulation. The second objective is to seek and describe the association between the NPi and neurological outcome in the surviving cohort. Patients will be excluded if they are less than 18 years of age, have sustained traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular emergencies, direct injury to the eyes or have pupil anomalies. Neurological outcome will be collected at intensive care unit discharge, at 30 days, 6 months and at 1 year. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) will be used in the emergency department; modified Rankin Score will be adopted for neurological assessment; biomarkers and neurophysiology exams will be collected as well.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by Ethics Committee of Milano. Local committee acceptance is required for each of the centres involved in the clinical and follow-up data collection. Data will be disseminated to the scientific community through original articles submitted to peer-reviewed journals and abstracts to conferences.Trial registration numberNCT05192772.
Provision of educational events and subsequent questionnaire response rates in a large-scale birth cohort study from Japan
Authors: Tsuchida Akiko , Kigawa Mika , Matsumura Kenta , Ito Mika , Tanaka Tomomi , Hamazaki Kei , Inadera Hidekuni 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesWe examined whether providing educational events for participants in a birth cohort study would increase the response rates of study questionnaires.DesignBirth cohort study.SettingQuestionnaires were distributed and returned by post twice in 1 year. We developed and implemented two educational sessions; a Baby Food lecture for mothers with children around 8 months old (analysis 1) and a Eurythmic session for mothers with children around 1 year and 8 months old (analysis 2). Mothers with children over the target ages were not invited (not-invited group). The invited participants were divided into three groups: those who did not apply to attend (not-applied group), those who applied but did not attend (applied group), and those who applied and attended (attended group).ParticipantsThe participants were 5379 mother–child pairs registered with the Toyama Regional Center of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS).Outcome measureThe outcome measure was return of the JECS questionnaire for 1 year old sent out after the Baby Food lecture and the JECS questionnaire for 2 years old sent out after the Eurythmic session. The questionnaires were returned to us by post.ResultsThe response rate for the attended group of the Baby Food lecture was 99.7%, and the odds ratio (OR) was significantly higher for this group than for the not-invited group (crude OR 24.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.42 to 176.13; analysis 1). After the exclusion of participants who had previously attended the Baby Food lecture, the response rate for the attended group of the Eurythmic session was 97.8%, and the OR was significantly higher for this group than for the not-invited group (adjusted OR 5.66; 95% CI 1.93 to 16.54; analysis 2).ConclusionProviding educational events that are appropriate to the age and needs of the participants may increase questionnaire response rates in birth cohort studies.Trial registration numberUMIN 000030786.
Predictors of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure among children on antiretroviral therapy at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialised hospital, North-west, Ethiopia: a 14-year long-term follow-up study
Authors: Wondifraw Endalk Birrie , Tebeje Nigusie Birhan , Akanaw Worknesh , Chanie Ermias Sisay 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and predictors of first-line human immune deficiency virus treatment failure among human immune deficiency virus-infected children at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialised hospital in Ethiopia.DesignA retrospective follow-up study.SettingUniversity of Gondar comprehensive specialised hospital, North-west, Ethiopia.ParticipantsChildren were among the HIV infected from January 2005 to December 2018. There were 336 children included in the study. The data were entered into EPi Info V.7.2 and then exported to STATA V.14.0 Software for analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable analyses with Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the predictors of treatment failure.Primary outcome measuresPredictors of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure among children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) during 14 years long-term follow-up study.ResultA total of 336 human immunodeficiency virus-infected children participated in this study with 27 058 child years of observation. The overall incidence rate was 2.1 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.78) per 100 child years. Poor adherence (adjusted HR (AHR); 6.5 (95% CI 2.03 to 21.39)), fair adherence (AHR; 6.55 (95% CI 2.64 to 16.53), the presence of opportunistic infection (AHR; 4.22 (95% CI 1.44 to 12.30), clinical staging of III/IV (AHR; 3.08 (95% CI 1.17 to 8.08) and a baseline CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3(AHR; 3.61 (95% CI 1.12 to 11.54)).ConclusionThe incidence of first-line ART failure was found to be high. Baseline opportunistic infection, poor and fair adherence, advanced WHO clinical staging III/IV and a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3were all predictors of first-line treatment failure. Early identification of associated factors and monitoring treatment failure has to be important for the optimal management of HIV-infected children who are receiving ART and to prevent further complications.