bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Inherited Retinal Disease Pathway in the United Kingdom: a Patient Perspective and the Potential of AI
Authors: Wong Wendy , Sumodhee Dayyanah , Morris Tiyi , Tailor Bhavna , Hollyhead Catherine , Woof William A , Archer Stephen , Veal Carl , Lobo Loy , Al-Khuzaei Saoud , Varela Malena Daich , De Guimaraes Thales Antonio Cabral , Gomes Manuel , Shah Mital , Downes Susan M , Madhusudhan Savita , Mahroo Omar A , Webster Andrew R , Michaelides Michel , Pontikos Nikolas 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundInherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs) are the leading cause of blindness in young people in the UK. Despite significant improvements in genomics medicine, diagnosis of these conditions remains challenging, with many patients enduring lengthy diagnostic odysseys and even after genetic testing around 40% of them do not receive a definite genetic diagnosis. This survey aims to explore the experience of individuals affected with IRDs, their relatives, friends and caregivers, and the potential acceptability of an AI technology, such as Eye2Gene.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically using the Qualtrics-encrypted platform between April to August 2024. The mixed-methods survey included Likert-scale and open-ended queries. Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and content methods.ResultsThe survey was answered by 247 respondents of which 79.8% were patients and the remainder were relatives, friends and caregivers. There was substantial variability in patient diagnostic journeys in terms of waiting times to see a specialist (IQR 1 to 4 years), commute required (IQR 10 to 74 miles) and number of visits to reach a diagnosis (IQR 2 to 4). A substantial proportion of patients had a change in diagnosis had a change in diagnosis (35.8%). The majority of respondents were overwhelmingly in favour of the integration of AI into the IRD pathway to accelerate genetic diagnosis care (>90%).ConclusionThis survey identifies several key gaps and disparities in the IRD pathway which can be addressed in part by the integration of AI for more equitable care. Survey also revealed a favourable attitude towards incorporating AI into the diagnostic testing of IRDs.SynopsisA survey by 247 people directly or indirectly affected by inherited retinal diseases in the UK reports substantial gaps and disparities in the patient diagnostic pathway which could in part be addressed by Artificial Intelligence.
Impact of nozzle pressure ratio and convergent-divergent length on the exit Mach number of supersonic jet
Authors: Subramani Nithya , M. Sangeetha , G. Gowtham 
Published: January 2025

Purpose
The purpose of the study is to find the effect of convergent and divergent section length on the exit flow characteristics. Converging-diverging (CD) nozzle design can be difficult because of the necessity for precise geometry and an understanding of compressible fluid flow dynamics. To obtain the ideal supersonic speeds, it is challenging to make sure that the flow chokes at the throat, where the Mach number approaches one and then expands appropriately in the diverging region. The design needs to take into consideration things like the relationship between the area and Mach number, the impact of various pressure ratios and the flow’s isentropic interactions.

Design/methodology/approach
An ideal thrust production is achieved through the effective acceleration of exhaust gases through proper nozzle design. This paper numerically investigates impact of convergent, divergent length and nozzle pressure ratio on the exit Mach Number of CD nozzle supersonic jet. Exit Mach Number 1.6 convergent-divergent nozzle was used. In total, five cases were taken as the length of the both the convergent-divergent sections were modified with 50% of increment and decrement in its base length. At four different NPR, the analysis was carried out in over-expanded, correctly expanded and under-expanded conditions. The NPR used were 2, 3.2, 4 and 5.

Findings
From the results, it is found that the convergent length linearly affects the exit Mach number, while the divergent length variation is not in order. Both the decreased and increased divergent length reduce the supersonic jet exit Mach number. The subsonic region is not majorly affected by the length. There is no rapid change in the flow properties whether the length is reduced or increased. Maximum of 2% to 3% variation is only noticed. On the contrary, a small change in supersonic region or divergent section makes major modification in the flow.

Originality/value
To achieve the desired Mach number, not only the area of the nozzle but also the length affects it. In terms of divergent angle and area ratio, only most of the studies on nozzle have been focused. This study aims to find the impact of convergent length and divergent length on the exit Mach number. This could be used in a wide range of applications, including laser cutting, thermal spraying, gas turbines for power generation, rocket and jet engines, supersonic wind tunnels and turbo chargers in automotive engineering, because of their capacity to accelerate fluids to supersonic speeds.
Social entrepreneurship through ecofeminism: a case of Piplantri, India
Authors: Paliwal Udai Lal , Bhatt Nityesh 
Published: January 2025

Learning outcomes
This case highlights the social entrepreneurship exhibited by Dr Shyam Sunder Paliwal, former Sarpanch (head of village council) of Piplantri Gram Panchayat of Rajsamand district of Rajasthan State in India. After completion of the case study, the students will be able to identify the factors that enabled social change, discuss the role of women in the social change at Piplantri and how their participation can be leveraged in similar contexts, evaluate the measures for addressing the ethical dilemma faced and develop strategy for sustaining and augmenting social change.

Case overview/synopsis
Dr Paliwal, former Sarpanch (head of village council) of Piplantri Gram Panchayat of Rajsamand, India was having a deeper look at one of the highest civilian award “Padma Shri”, bestowed upon him by the Government of India. Fully immersed in his 18 years of public service, he started recollecting his journey in the chilly winter of November 2023, which began in the year 2005 as the Sarpanch of Piplantri Gram Panchayat. After toiling hard to improve the basic infrastructure of his Gram Panchayat, his focus quickly shifted to plantation of trees, improving the water level and addressing other social issues such as social entrepreneurship through ecofeminism. He had a larger goal of uplifting the Gram Panchayat community in the barren, parched and encroached land. He vividly remembered the public participation in this drive, especially the women. Through effective utilisation of various government schemes, by 2022, the panchayat could witness more than four and a half lac (0.45 million) trees planted and a large number of functional water repositories enabling socio-economic development of the villagers. Numerous accolades displayed in his office; were the testimony of his work and challenges faced on many fronts. He started reflecting about various factors including ecofeminism that led to the success of his social entrepreneurship activities. He was also concerned about the sustainability of his efforts and scalability of activities while ensuring that developmental activities did not harm the natural environment.

Complexity academic level
This case on social change journey at Piplantri village can be taught in MBA programmes in social entrepreneurship course.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS3: Entrepreneurship.
The role of technology in the future of restaurant labor
Authors: Seyitoğlu Faruk , Atsız Ozan , Acar Ayşegül 
Published: January 2025

Purpose
This research aims to explore the role of technology in the future of restaurant labor. It focused on the opinions of restaurant employees, including managers, regarding technological trends such as service robots, self-service kiosks, robot chefs and automated cooking systems and how these may affect the future of restaurant labor.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative research approach was adopted, and interviews were conducted with restaurant employees in the USA.

Findings
The findings uncovered that the benefits, impacts and shortcomings of technological trends in the restaurant industry differ depending on employees’ perspectives. Also, the findings of the shortcomings of each technological trend support the need for human labor as some aspects of technological trends cannot address the requirements of some tasks.

Originality/value
This research proposed a conceptual framework explaining the role of technological trends in the future of restaurant labor. It is one of the first studies to examine the role of technology in the future of hospitality labor, specifically restaurant labor, after the pandemic.
The British Museum and the Abyssinian Campaign, 1867–8
Authors: CORMACK ZOE 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn 1867–8, the British Museum sent a staff member on the Abyssinian Campaign. Richard Holmes, an assistant in the Manuscript Department, was embedded in the military invasion and looted important and sacred objects and manuscripts from the fortress of Emperor Tewodros II at Maqdala. This is one of the most significant examples of a museum colluding in colonial violence to gain objects for its collection. The article re‐examines the case of Holmes, drawing on new research in the British Museum's archive and with important primary documents that have not yet received scholarly attention. The analysis focuses on the museum's objectives for the Campaign, the planning process and the actions of Holmes. I argue that while the museum was complicit in the violence perpetrated at Maqdala, its relationship with the military was complex. Multiple competing agendas became increasingly apparent as the actions of Holmes were progressively militarised. The article also examines the wider institutional links to the Abyssinian Campaign, including close political relationships that are important for understanding the trajectory of events and history of the British Museum's collections. More broadly, it sheds new light on the relationship between museums and colonial‐military interventions in nineteenth‐century Africa, demonstrating the tensions that were inherent in these projects.
Association of ventilation volumes, pressures and rates with the mechanical power of ventilation in patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: exploring the impact of rate reduction
Authors: Buiteman‐Kruizinga Laura A. , van Meenen David M. P. , Serpa Neto Ary , Mazzinari Guido , Bos Lieuwe D. J. , van der Heiden Pim L. J. , Paulus Frederique , Schultz Marcus J. ,   for the NEBULAE,   PReVENT,   RELAx,   investigators
Published: January 2025

SummaryIntroductionHigh mechanical power is associated with mortality in patients who are critically ill and require invasive ventilation. It remains uncertain which components of mechanical power – volume, pressure or rate – increase mechanical power the most.MethodsWe conducted a post hoc analysis of a database containing individual patient data from three randomised clinical trials of ventilation in patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome. The primary endpoint was mechanical power. We used linear regression; double stratification to create subgroups of participants; and mediation analysis to assess the impact of changes in volumes, pressures and rates on mechanical power.ResultsA total of 1732 patients were included and analysed. The median (IQR [range]) mechanical power was 12.3 (9.3–17.1 [3.7–50.1]) J.min‐1. In linear regression, respiratory rate (36%) and peak pressure (51%) explained most of the increase in mechanical power. Increasing quintiles of peak pressure stratified on constant levels of respiratory rate resulted in higher risks of high mechanical power (relative risk 2.2 (95%CI 1.8–2.6), p < 0.01), while decreasing quintiles of respiratory rate stratified on constant levels of peak pressure resulted in lower risks of high mechanical power (relative risk 0.2 (95%CI 0.2–0.3), p < 0.01). Mediation analysis showed that a reduction in respiratory rate, with the increase in tidal volume, partially mediates an effect of reduction in mechanical power (average causal mediation effect ‐0.10, 95%CI ‐0.12 to ‐0.09, p < 0.01), but still with a direct effect of tidal volume on mechanical power (average direct effect 0.15, 95%CI 0.11–0.19, p < 0.01).DiscussionIn this cohort of patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome, pressure and respiratory rate were the most important determinants of mechanical power. The respiratory rate may be the most attractive ventilator setting to adjust when targeting a lower mechanical power.
Cardiac function and coronary plaque development following masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Buhl Laust Frisenberg , Andersen Marianne S. , Frystyk Jan , Diederichsen Axel , Hasific Selma , Hjortebjerg Rikke , Dahl Jordi Sanchez , Noori Manijeh , Hansen Kirstine Nørregaard , Jørgensen Gitte Maria , Palm Camilla Viola , Kristensen Tine Taulbjerg , Glintborg Dorte , Christensen Louise Lehmann 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIntroductionMyocardial dysfunction and the presence of calcified and non‐calcified coronary plaques are predictors of cardiovascular disease. Masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy may increase cardiovascular risk, highlighting the need for prospective studies to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes during gender‐affirming hormone therapy.ObjectivesTo evaluate changes in cardiac morphology, systolic and diastolic function, and development of coronary plaques after masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy.MethodsProspective study including 47 transmasculine persons (gender‐affirming hormone therapy‐naïve, TransM_TN, n = 15 and gender‐affirming hormone therapy‐ongoing, TransM_TO, n = 32). Included persons were evaluated at study inclusion and after one year of masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy. At baseline, the median age of TransM_TN was 22 years (interquartile range 19–28 years) and TransM_TO 26 years (interquartile range 24–37 years) with a median gender‐affirming hormone therapy duration of 4 years (interquartile range 2–5 years). Cardiac morphology including left ventricular wall thickness, volume, and mass, as well as left ventricular systolic and diastolic function was evaluated using echocardiography. Coronary artery calcifications and non‐calcified coronary plaque were assessed using coronary computed tomography angiography. Paired and unpaired statistical analyses were performed within and between TransM_TN and TransM_TO groups.ResultsIn TransM_TN, diastolic function decreased during follow‐up with decreased septal and lateral left ventricular relaxation (14–11 cm/s, p = 0.04 and 18–15 cm/s, p = 0.02, respectively). No significant changes were observed in cardiac morphology, systolic function, or formation of coronary artery calcifications and non‐calcified coronary plaque in TransM_TN or TransM_TO groups. At baseline, left ventricular end‐diastolic internal diameter was significantly higher in TransM_TO compared to TransM_TN, 4.6 cm (interquartile range 4.3–5.0 cm) versus 4.4 cm (interquartile range 4.2–4.6 cm), p < 0.05. Other baseline cardiac outcomes were comparable between TransM_TN and TransM_TO.ConclusionDiastolic function declined after the initiation of masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy and individuals on long‐term masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy had larger left ventricular dimensions compared to individuals before gender‐affirming hormone therapy initiation. Cardiac morphology, systolic function, and coronary plaque formation remained stable during masculinizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy.
Heart Rate Variability Does Not Predict Recurrence of Apnoea of Prematurity After Ceasing Caffeine Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kaempfen Siree , Hug Mareike , Sanchez Carlos , Delgado‐Eckert Edgar , Schulzke Sven M. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTAimWe evaluated whether sample entropy of heart rate time series could serve as a biomarker for guiding caffeine cessation in preterm infants treated for apnoea of prematurity (AOP). We also assessed associations of sample entropy with weeks of gestation, clinical morbidity, AOP frequency and caffeine reinitiation.MethodsWe conducted a prospective single‐centre study at the University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland, from July 2019 to June 2020. We included 61 hospitalised preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestation. Heart rate was derived from the clinical standard monitoring system at caffeine cessation, 3 days later, and at discharge. Sample entropy was calculated from 90‐min recordings using custom‐written analytical software.ResultsWe obtained valid data from 44/61 infants (72%) with a mean of 28.4 weeks of gestation (range: 24.0–31.7). Twenty‐eight (64%) were male. Sample entropy at caffeine cessation was positively associated with weeks of gestation (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.01) and negatively with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (R2 = 0.18, p = 0.01). It did not predict AOP frequency or caffeine reinitiation.ConclusionSample entropy at caffeine cessation is associated with maturation at birth and bronchopulmonary dysplasia but does not predict AOP within 3 days of cessation. Further studies should assess longitudinal measurements to predict respiratory control in preterm infants.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04303494
Meta‐Analysis of Placebo‐Treated Patients: Dropout Rates From Treatment in MASH Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Souza Matheus , Amaral Marcio J. M. , Lima Luan C. V. , Villela‐Nogueira Cristiane Alves 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundDropout is common and affects the statistical power and randomization balance of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).AimsTo estimate the dropout rate in RCTs of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and to examine factors associated with dropout in placebo‐treated participants.MethodsPubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for phase 2–4 MASH RCTs with placebo arms through November 24, 2024. Dropout was defined as the attrition of patients included in the intention‐to‐treat analysis but did not complete treatment. RCTs were qualitatively reviewed to assess the expected and observed dropouts. Generalised linear mixed model was used to estimate pooled dropout rates.ResultsSixty RCTs with 3230 placebo‐treated participants with MASH were analysed. Thirty‐three RCTs reported the dropout rate used to estimate the effect size. Of these, 60.6%, 36.4%, and 3.0% had an expected dropout rate that was higher, lower, and similar, respectively, than the observed dropout rate in the placebo arm. Overall, the dropout rate was 11.06% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.07 to 13.42), with a higher rate in phase 3–4 trials than in phase 2 trials. The corresponding rates due to adverse events, loss to follow‐up and patient choice were 2.41% (95% CI 1.67 to 3.48), 1.79% (95% CI 1.06 to 2.99) and 4.06% (95% CI 2.97 to 5.53), respectively. Meta‐regression determined that the dropout rate increased with longer treatment duration.ConclusionPlacebo dropout in MASH RCTs is significant, mainly due to patient choice. Factors such as trial phase and treatment duration should be considered when calculating sample size in future clinical trials.
Elective Aortic Surgery for Prevention of Aortic Dissection in Turner Syndrome: The Potential Impact of Updated European Society of Cardiology and International Turner Syndrome Consensus Group Guidelines on Referrals to the Heart Team
Authors: Bradley‐Watson James , Glatzel Hannah , Turner Helen E. , Orchard Elizabeth 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe risk of aortic dissection is increased in Turner Syndrome (TS). Aortic dilation is thought to contribute to this risk and may be managed with elective aortic surgery. New TS guidance has lowered the aortic size thresholds for consideration of aortic surgery. We investigated the impact of new guidance on potential heart team referrals in a UK cohort of TS individuals.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of 156 individuals with TS was performed. Up to date transthoracic echocardiography or cardiac MRI derived aortic dimensions, anthropometric data and the presence of aortic dissection risk factors were analysed.ResultsTwenty‐one individuals (13%) met updated guideline criteria for consideration of aortic surgery, 15 more than met 2016 TS guideline criteria. Use of aortic size index (ASI) and aortic height index (AHI) together identified additional individuals meeting criteria for surgical consideration compared with the use of ASI or AHI alone. Z‐score identified no additional individuals for surgical consideration, nor did it reclassify any individuals into moderate or severe aortic dilation groups. Twelve of 13 individuals with moderate aortic dilation met criteria for surgical consideration due to the presence of additional risk factors for aortic dissection. There was no positive correlation between height or body surface area and ascending aorta diameter in this cohort.ConclusionsNew TS guidelines are likely to significantly increase the number of individuals with TS who might be considered for elective aortic surgery. Centres caring for individuals with TS should re‐evaluate their TS cohorts for aortic dissection risk considering these new guidelines.