bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronicle of a crisis foretold: how the WTO Appellate Body drove itself into a corner
Authors: Miranda Jorge , Sánchez Miranda Manuel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
With 146 decisions delivered since 1995, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) stands as one of the world's most prolific and accomplished international courts. However, the Appellate Body finds itself currently embroiled in a crisis that has crippled it. This article delves into the reasons that may account for this state of affairs. We examine a sample of Appellate Body decisions, that, on the one hand, had significant policy and systemic implications for WTO dispute settlement, but on the other hand, are beset with notable flaws. While it is human to err, and there is no reason why this old adage should not be applicable to international tribunals, by developing an overly dogmatic jurisprudential tradition that has the potential to perpetuate even the most deficient rationale, the Appellate Body invited at least some of the criticism that escalated into political maneuvering that rendered it inoperative. Our aspiration is that this crisis can serve as a source of valuable lessons regarding how to mitigate the risks that international adjudicators must inevitably bear when interpreting international treaties. In an effort to trigger a scholarly discussion on how to make the work of the Appellate Body more sustainable, we outline a possible blueprint to resolve the current deadlock.
Aedes yunnanensis (Diptera: Culicidae): transferred from the subgenus Hulecoeteomyia to Orohylomyia subg. nov., with descriptions of the species and the new subgenus
Authors: Somboon Pradya , Zhou Li , Phanitchakun Thanari , Saingamsook Jassada , Harbach Ralph E 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Aedes yunnanensis (Gaschen), currently classified in the subgenus Hulecoeteomyia Theobald, is transferred to a new monobasic subgenus, Orohylomyia Somboon & Harbach, subg. nov., based on morphological assessment of adults, male and female genitalia, larvae, and pupae, and phylogenetic analysis. The new subgenus and its type species are described in detail.
Disability, Transition Costs, and the Things That Really Matter
Authors: Ness Tommy , Barclay Linda 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This article develops a detailed, empirically driven analysis of the nature of the transition costs incurred in becoming disabled. Our analysis of the complex nature of these costs supports the claim that it can be wrong to cause disability, even if disability is just one way of being different. We also argue that close attention to the nature of transition costs gives us reason to doubt that well-being, including transitory impacts on well-being, is the only thing that should determine the wrongness of causing or removing disability. Non-welfare considerations also defeat the claim that it is always wrong to cause disability. The upshot of these conclusions is that closer attention to the nature of transition costs supports disabled people who strenuously contest the assumption that their well-being is lower than nondisabled people. It also suggests that, in addition, disabled people should contest their opponents’ narrow account of how we should make ethical decisions regarding causing or failing to prevent disability.
The decision aid is the easy part: workflow challenges of shared decision making in cancer care
Authors: Salwei Megan E , Ancker Jessica S , Weinger Matthew B 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Delivering high-quality, patient-centered cancer care remains a challenge. Both the National Academy of Medicine and the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend shared decision making to improve patient-centered care, but widespread adoption of shared decision making into clinical care has been limited. Shared decision making is a process in which a patient and the patient’s health-care professional weigh the risks and benefits of different options and come to a joint decision on the best course of action for that patient on the basis of their values, preferences, and goals for care. Patients who engage in shared decision making report higher quality of care, whereas patients who are less involved in these decisions have statistically significantly higher decisional regret and are less satisfied. Decision aids can improve shared decision making—for example, by eliciting patient values and preferences that can then be shared with clinicians and by providing patients with information that may influence their decisions. However, integrating decision aids into the workflows of routine care is challenging. In this commentary, we explore 3 workflow-related barriers to shared decision making: the who, when, and how of decision aid implementation in clinical practice. We introduce readers to human factors engineering and demonstrate its potential value to decision aid design through a case study of breast cancer surgical treatment decision making. By better employing the methods and principles of human factors engineering, we can improve decision aid integration, shared decision making, and ultimately patient-centered cancer outcomes.
Event-by-event approach to the oxygen-effect-incorporated stochastic microdosimetric kinetic model for hypofractionated multi-ion therapy
Authors: Inaniwa Taku , Kanematsu Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An oxygen-effect-incorporated stochastic microdosimetric kinetic (OSMK) model was previously developed to estimate the survival fraction of cells exposed to charged-particle beams with wide dose and linear energy transfer (LET) ranges under various oxygen conditions. In the model, hypoxia-induced radioresistance was formulated based on the dose-averaged radiation quality. This approximation may cause inaccuracy in the estimation of the biological effectiveness of the radiation with wide variation in energy deposited to a sensitive volume per event, such as spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) beams. The purpose of this study was to apply an alternative approach so as to consider the energy depositions on an event-by-event basis. The production probability of radiation-induced lesions per energy was formulated with oxygen partial pressure to account for the hypoxia-induced radioresistance. The reduction in the oxygen enhancement ratio for high-LET radiations was modeled by reducing the sensitive-volume size and increasing the saturation energy in microdosimetry. The modified OSMK model was tested against the reported survival data of three cell lines exposed to six species of ions with wide dose and LET ranges under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. The model reasonably reproduced the reported cell survival data. To evaluate the event-by-event approach, survival distributions of Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to SOBP beams were estimated using the original and modified OSMK models. The differences in the estimated survival distributions between the models were marginal even under extreme hypoxia. The event-by-event approach improved the theoretical validity of the OSMK model. However, the original OSMK model can still provide an accurate estimation of the biological effectiveness of therapeutic radiations.
A rare case of femoral hernia containing a strangulated appendix: a case report, operating techniques and literature review
Authors: Jebamani Jennifer , Ivanov Bogdan , Ejtehadi Farshid 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Femoral hernias accounting for 2–4% of all hernias rarely involve appendicitis, known as De Garengeout hernia, with only a few reported cases. We present a case of a 66-year-old woman with acute right groin pain but no signs of intestinal obstruction. Physical examination revealed a tender, partially reducible mass in the right groin. Computed tomography scan confirmed a femoral hernia containing incarcerated bowel loops, leading to urgent surgical intervention. The McEvedys approach was used for appendicectomy and hernia repair. The patient recovered without complications. Strangulated femoral hernia with the appendix is a rare condition posing diagnostic challenges. Early recognition is crucial to prevent complications like perforation and abscess formation. Cross-sectional imaging aids in diagnosis. Surgical intervention, either open or laparoscopic, is the preferred treatment, based on surgeon expertise and patient-specific factors. Timely diagnosis and prompt surgery minimise complications.
Signal communication during microbial modulation of root system architecture
Authors: Li Yucong , Chen Yu , Fu Yansong , Shao Jiahui , Liu Yunpeng , Xuan Wei , Xu Guohua , Zhang Ruifu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Every living organism on Earth depends on its interactions with other organisms. In the rhizosphere, plants and microorganisms constantly exchange signals and influence each other’s behavior. Recent studies have shown that many beneficial rhizosphere microbes can produce specific signaling molecules that affect plant root architecture and therefore could have substantial effects on above-ground growth. This review examines these chemical signals and summarizes their mechanisms of action, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of plant–microbe interactions and providing references for the comprehensive development and utilization of these active components in agricultural production. In addition, we highlight future research directions and challenges, such as searching for microbial signals to induce primary root development.
On the Construction of Jewishness and the Inescapable Jewish Fate: The Cases of Werner and Gershom Scholem
Authors: Zadoff Mirjam , Zadoff Noam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The two youngest brothers of the Scholem family, Werner and Gerhard (later Gershom), became prominent personalities, each in his field. Werner was one of the leaders of the KPD, the German Communist Party, and Gershom became the founder of the field of Kabbalah research at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. As a result of this prominence, both brothers were confronted throughout their lives with reactions to their physical appearance, which was perceived by the people they met as typically Jewish. These reactions came to reflect their exceptional position as political, philosophical and scholarly vanguards. Both Werner and Gershom were well aware of the reactions that their faces evoked, and each of them dealt with these ascriptions in different ways at different times: by either ignoring or employing them as they pursued their social and political goals, the brothers defined—and redefined—their relationship to Germany and developed a performative level of Jewishness. This article explores the questions: in what sense did their physical appearance in the eyes of others shape the self-perception of the two youngest Scholem brothers? And to what extent did this perception influence their complex relationship to Germany and Germans during the height of their public fame in Germany—in Werner's case the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany, and for Gershom the post-war period? Although both of them were proponents of utopian ideas that offered a kind of salvation to the Jewish condition in turn-of-the-century Europe, this article argues that their looks and habitus determined their German-Jewish fate.
Kinematic lensing inference – I. Characterizing shape noise with simulated analyses
Authors: R. S. Pranjal , Krause Elisabeth , Huang Hung-Jin , Huff Eric , Xu Jiachuan , Eifler Tim , Everett Spencer 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
The unknown intrinsic shape of source galaxies is one of the largest uncertainties of weak gravitational lensing (WL). It results in the so-called shape noise at the level of $\sigma _\epsilon ^{\mathrm{WL}} \approx 0.26$, whereas the shear effect of interest is of the order of per cent. Kinematic lensing (KL) is a new technique that combines photometric shape measurements with resolved spectroscopic observations to infer the intrinsic galaxy shape and directly estimate the gravitational shear. This paper presents a KL inference pipeline that jointly forward-models galaxy imaging and slit spectroscopy to extract the shear signal. We build a set of realistic mock observations and show that the KL inference pipeline can robustly recover the input shear. To quantify the shear measurement uncertainty for KL, we average the shape noise over a population of randomly oriented disc galaxies and estimate it to be $\sigma _\epsilon ^{\mathrm{KL}}\approx 0.022\!-\!0.038$ depending on emission-line signal-to-noise ratio. This order of magnitude improvement over traditional WL makes a KL observational programme feasible with existing spectroscopic instruments. To this end, we characterize the dependence of KL shape noise on observational factors and discuss implications for the survey strategy of future KL observations. In particular, we find that prioritizing quality spectra of low-inclination galaxies is more advantageous than maximizing the overall number density.
Probing the IC/CMB interpretation for the X-ray knots of AGNs through VHE observations
Authors: Rahman Amal A , Sahayanathan S , Malik Zahoor , Subha P A 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
The detection of hard X-ray spectra (spectral index &lt;2) from the kiloparsec-scale jet of active galactic nuclei cannot be accounted for by the synchrotron emission mechanism from the electron distribution responsible for the radio/optical emission. Alternate explanations are the inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons (IC/CMB) or synchrotron emission from a second electron population. When the X-ray emission is interpreted as an IC/CMB process, the Compton spectrum often peaks at GeV energy and many sources are predicted to be Fermi candidate sources. The absence of significant gamma-ray flux from some of these galaxies by Fermi disfavours the IC/CMB interpretation of the high-energy emission. We extend this study to predict the very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission due to the IC/CMB model, which can be investigated by the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). The model parameters deciding the broad-band spectral energy distribution are estimated using an analytical approximation of the emissivity functions. The emission model is extrapolated to VHE and then compared with the CTAO sensitivity. For this particular study, we have selected 18 knots with harder X-ray spectra and for which the IC/CMB model for X-ray emission has been suggested.
Modelling dynamically driven global cloud formation microphysics in the HAT-P-1b atmosphere
Authors: Lee Elspeth K H 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
Insight into the formation and global distribution of cloud particles in exoplanet atmospheres continues to be a key problem to tackle going into the JWST era. Understanding microphysical cloud processes and atmospheric feedback mechanisms in three-dimensional (3D) has proven to be a challenging prospect for exoplaneteers. In an effort to address the large computational burden of coupling these models in 3D simulations, we develop an open source, lightweight, and efficient microphysical cloud model for exoplanet atmospheres. ‘Mini-cloud’ is a microphysical based cloud model for exoplanet condensate clouds that can be coupled to contemporary general circulation models (GCMs) and other time-dependent simulations. We couple mini-cloud to the Exo-FMS GCM and use a prime JWST target, the hot Jupiter HAT-P-1b, as a test case for the cloud formation module. After 1000+ of days of integration with mini-cloud, our results show a complex 3D cloud structure with cloud properties relating closely the dynamical and temperature properties of the atmosphere. Current transit and emission spectra data are best fit with a reduced cloud particle number density compared to the nominal simulation, with our simulated JWST NIRISS SOSS spectra showing promising prospects for characterizing the atmosphere in detail. Overall, our study is another small step in first principles 3D exoplanet cloud formation microphysical modelling. We suggest that additional physics not included in the present model, such as coagulation, are required to reduce the number density of particles to appropriately observed levels.
Examining NHD versus QHD in the GCM THOR with non-grey radiative transfer for the hot Jupiter regime
Authors: Noti Pascal A , Lee Elspeth K H , Deitrick Russell , Hammond Mark 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
Global circulation models (GCMs) play an important role in contemporary investigations of exoplanet atmospheres. Different GCMs evolve various sets of dynamical equations, which can result in obtaining different atmospheric properties between models. In this study, we investigate the effect of different dynamical equation sets on the atmospheres of hot Jupiter exoplanets. We compare GCM simulations using the quasi-primitive dynamical equations (QHD) and the deep Navier-Stokes equations (NHD) in the GCM THOR. We utilize a two-stream non-grey ‘picket-fence’ scheme to increase the realism of the radiative transfer calculations. We perform GCM simulations covering a wide parameter range grid of system parameters in the population of exoplanets. Our results show significant differences between simulations with the NHD and QHD equation sets at lower gravity, higher rotation rates, or at higher irradiation temperatures. The chosen parameter range shows the relevance of choosing dynamical equation sets dependent on system and planetary properties. Our results show the climate states of hot Jupiters seem to be very diverse, where exceptions to prograde superrotation can often occur. Overall, our study shows the evolution of different climate states that arise just due to different selections of Navier-Stokes equations and approximations. We show the divergent behaviour of approximations used in GCMs for Earth but applied for non Earth-like planets.
Inferring Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Proviral Integration Dates With Bayesian Inference
Authors: Jones Bradley R , Joy Jeffrey B 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) proviruses archived in the persistent reservoir currently pose the greatest obstacle to HIV cure due to their evasion of combined antiretroviral therapy and ability to reseed HIV infection. Understanding the dynamics of the HIV persistent reservoir is imperative for discovering a durable HIV cure. Here, we explore Bayesian methods using the software BEAST2 to estimate HIV proviral integration dates. We started with within-host longitudinal HIV sequences collected prior to therapy, along with sequences collected from the persistent reservoir during suppressive therapy. We built a BEAST2 model to estimate integration dates of proviral sequences collected during suppressive therapy, implementing a tip date random walker to adjust the sequence tip dates and a latency-specific prior to inform the dates. To validate our method, we implemented it on both simulated and empirical data sets. Consistent with previous studies, we found that proviral integration dates were spread throughout active infection. Path sampling to select an alternative prior for date estimation in place of the latency-specific prior produced unrealistic results in one empirical data set, whereas on another data set, the latency-specific prior was selected as best fitting. Our Bayesian method outperforms current date estimation techniques with a root mean squared error of 0.89 years on simulated data relative to 1.23–1.89 years with previously developed methods. Bayesian methods offer an adaptable framework for inferring proviral integration dates.
The Enigma of Interpersonal Justice in Private Law Theory
Authors: Tan Zhong Xing 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to establish that contemporary private law theory has located no foolproof conception of interpersonal justice. I examine four accounts and find them wanting: the instrumentalist deterrence and loss-spreading approaches of economists; Kantian right and corrective justice; critical and social justice accounts; and the human flourishing approach. If my critiques are justified, this leaves us with the enigma of ‘interpersonal justice’. I consider three options going forward, rejecting the suggestion that we should abandon the search for a theoretical concept or be content with a modus vivendi. I sketch a third option, ‘emancipating interpersonal justice’, drawing from the resources of contractualist philosophy, to suggest that interpersonal justice is not a unitary concept or single regulative idea but a framework for determining what we owe each other in different spheres of interaction, and propose how this might illume certain questions of private law theory.
The current state and future of T-cell exhaustion research
Authors: Jenkins Edward , Whitehead Toby , Fellermeyer Martin , Davis Simon J , Sharma Sumana 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘Exhaustion’ is a term used to describe a state of native and redirected T-cell hypo-responsiveness resulting from persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infections or cancer. Although a well-established phenotype across mice and humans, exhaustion at the molecular level remains poorly defined and inconsistent across the literature. This is, in part, due to an overreliance on surface receptors to define these cells and explain exhaustive behaviours, an incomplete understanding of how exhaustion arises, and a lack of clarity over whether exhaustion is the same across contexts, e.g. chronic viral infections versus cancer. With the development of systems-based genetic approaches such as single-cell RNA-seq and CRISPR screens applied to in vivo data, we are moving closer to a consensus view of exhaustion, although understanding how it arises remains challenging given the difficulty in manipulating the in vivo setting. Accordingly, producing and studying exhausted T-cells ex vivo are burgeoning, allowing experiments to be conducted at scale up and with high throughput. Here, we first review what is currently known about T-cell exhaustion and how it’s being studied. We then discuss how improvements in their method of isolation/production and examining the impact of different microenvironmental signals and cell interactions have now become an active area of research. Finally, we discuss what the future holds for the analysis of this physiological condition and, given the diversity of ways in which exhausted cells are now being generated, propose the adoption of a unified approach to clearly defining exhaustion using a set of metabolic-, epigenetic-, transcriptional-, and activation-based phenotypic markers, that we call ‘M.E.T.A’.