bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective Effect of Stachytarpheta angustifolia Methanol Extract Against Aluminium Chloride (AlCl3) Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Albino Rats
Authors: Ashikaa Benedict A. , Zaruwa Moses Z. , Muhammad Bawa Y. , Bamidele Titilayo O. , Daikwo Moses A. 
Published: April 2023

Aim: This study was aim to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Stachytarpheta angustifolia methanol extract on aluminium chloride induced Alzheimer’s disease in Albino rats.
Study Design: This is an experimental study.
Location and Duration of the Study: The research was conducted at the Central Research Laboratory of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria from 7th October, 2022 to 12th January, 2023.
Methodology: The whole plant was extracted using soxhlet extraction method with methanol as solvent. Thirty Albino rats of both sexes were divided into six groups with five rats in each. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) was used to induced Alzheimer and treated with vitamin E and various doses of the plant extract. Behavioural test was carried out using T-maze to assess learning and memory. Antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, MDA and NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined using ELISA kits. Histopathological examination was carried out using hematoxylin and eosin.
Results: The results showed a significant (p = .05) decrease in the correct percentage number of alternations and a significant (p = .001) increase in latency time spent in the maze in the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced and untreated group compared to the control. There were significant (p = .05) decreased in SOD, CAT activities and GSH (p = .001) level. While, there were significant increase in MDA (p = .001), NO (p = .01), COX-2 (p = .05) and AChE (p = .05) compared to the control. Treatment with the plant extract significantly (p = .001) increased the SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH compared to the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) group. While, MDA, NO, COX-2 and AChE decreases significantly (p = .001) compared to the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) group. Histopathological examination of hippocampus sections tallied with the biochemical parameters.
Conclusion: These results may justify the ethnomedicinal use of Stachytarpheta angustifolia, especially in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Ultrasound Therapy as an Adjuvant in Management of Myofascial Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Valluri Harini , Manne Rakesh Kumar , Kannan N. , Sarath P. Venkata , Sridevi B. Swapna , Vemareddy Sravya 
Published: April 2023

Aims: To determine ultrasound therapy as an effective adjuvant for the management of myofascial pain involving masticatory muscles.
Study Design: Randomized clinical trial study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of oral medicine and radiology, Narayana dental college and hospital between March 2021 to November 2022.
Methodology: We included 30 patients (20 females and 10 males; age group >18 years) clinically diagnosed with Myofascial pain who were randomly assigned into two groups each comprising of 15 patients. Group A patients received ultrasound therapy along with tizanidine 2mg twice a day for 14 days while group B patients received tizanidine alone. All the patients were evaluated for maximum inter-incisal distance, tenderness of muscles of mastication on palpation, pain while chewing, and pain during mandibular movements at baseline, 7th and 14th day.
Results: A significant pain reduction and improvement in mouth opening was found in both the groups. However, patients who received both tizanidine and ultrasound therapy had greater relief compared to other group from 7th day to 14th day and the results were statistically significant.
Conclusion: No side effects were observed in Group A during or after ultrasound therapy. As it is a non-invasive therapeutic modality and offers good patient compliance, ultrasound therapy can be used as an effective therapeutic adjuvant for the management of myofascial pain.
Automated Production Support for the Bioprocess Industry
Authors: Lennox Barry , Kipling Kathryn , Glassey Jarka , Montague Gary , Willis Mark , Hiden Hugo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the application of Artificial Intelligence and Multivariate Statistical Techniques to two industrial fermentation systems. In the first example, an Expert System is shown to provide tighter control of an important process parameter. This is shown to lead to improved consistency of operation. In the second application, Principal Component Analysis is applied to a final stage fermentation production facility. The results presented indicate that the algorithm can provide concise indicators of process faults that can be presented to the operators to assist them in taking suitable corrective actions.
Development of a Bioartificial Nerve Graft. I. Design Based on a Reaction–Diffusion Model
Authors: Rutkowski Gregory E. , Heath Carole A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA simple reaction–diffusion model has been developed to describe the mass transport of nutrients and nerve growth factor within a bioartificial nerve graft (BNG). The BNG consists of a porous polymer conduit that is preseeded with Schwann cells in its lumen. The Schwann cells produce growth factors to stimulate nerve regeneration within the lumen of the conduit. The model can predict the wall thickness, porosity, and Schwann cell seeding density needed to maximize the axon extension rate while ensuring that sufficient nutrients, especially oxygen, are made available to the neurons until the formation of the neovasculature. The model predicts a sixteen‐fold increase in the levels of nerve growth factor by dropping the porosity from 95 to 55% but only at the expense of reducing the oxygen concentration. At higher porosities, increasing the wall thickness and increasing the Schwann cell seeding density both have the same effect of increasing the concentration of nerve growth factor within the lumen of the conduit. This model provides a simple tool for evaluating various conduit designs before continuing with experimental studies in vivo.
Model System for Heat‐Induced Translocation of Cytoplasmic β‐Galactosidase across Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Umakoshi Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Makoto , Shimanouchi Toshinori , Kuboi Ryoichi , Komasawa Isao 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe possibility of the translocation of the enzyme across the phospholipid bilayer membrane was investigated by using the liposomes prepared by 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POPC) in which β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) was entrapped. Exposing the POPC liposomes entrapping β‐gal inside to heat treatment (40–50 °C, 1–60 min) was found to induce its translocation across the liposome membrane. The translocated activity of β‐gal from inner to outer aqueous phase of liposomes indicated the maximal value when the liposomes entrapping β‐gal were heated at 45 °C for 30 min. The gel permeation profiles of the liposomes before and after heat treatment (45 °C, 30 min) also supported the translocation of β‐gal across the liposome membrane. The membrane fluidity of liposomes was found to be increased with increasing temperature, so that the hydrophobicity of liposome membrane was also increased. The local hydrophobicity of β‐gal was maximized at the temperature of 40–50 °C. The mechanisms of β‐gal translocation have been suggested to be triggered by the enhancement of hydrophobic interaction between the liposome surface and β‐gal molecules. Finally, a minimal scheme of possible mechanism on the heat‐induced translocation of β‐gal has been presented on the basis of the hydrophobic interaction between the liposome and the proteins. The experimental data on the heat‐induced translocation of β‐gal were well corresponding to those from model calculation.
Public health impact of adverse bone effects of oral corticosteroids
Authors: Van Staa T. P. , Abenhaim L. , Cooper C. , Zhang B. , Leufkens H. G. M. 
Published: July 2002

Aims  The objective of this study was to estimate the number of fractures attributed to oral corticosteroid use.Methods  Information was obtained from the General Practice Research Database which contains medical records of general practitioners in the UK. The total number of corticosteroid‐related fractures during a course of treatment was estimated using the formula for attributable risk among the exposed.Results  A total of 244 235 patients was prescribed an oral corticosteroid. The rate of hip fractures increased exponentially with age in both males and females. The excess number of hip fracture cases among females aged 85 years or older using 7.5 mg prednisolone per day or more was 1.4 cases per 100 patients per year. About 47% of all hip and 72% of all vertebral fractures that occurred can be attributed to oral corticosteroid use. Among 10 000 female users of higher doses, 99.7 nonvertebral, 31.6 hip and 45.8 vertebral fractures can be attributed to use of oral corticosteroids.Conclusions  The targeting of high‐risk patients will be important for implementing preventative strategies in a cost‐effective manner.
Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): importance of vegetation structure on seasonal NPP estimates
Authors: Bondeau A. , Kicklighter D. W. , Kaduk J. , Intercomparison ThE. Participants OF. ThE. Potsdam NpP. Model 
Published: July 2002

SummaryEstimates of the seasonal absorbed fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and net primary productivity (NPP) are compared among four production efficiency models (PEMs) and seven terrestrial biosphere models simulating canopy development. In addition, the simulated FPARs of the models are compared to the FASIR‐FPAR derived from NOAA‐AVHRR satellite observations. All models reproduce observed summergreen phenology of temperate deciduous forests rather well, but perform less well for raingreen phenology of savannas. Some models estimate a much longer active canopy in savannas than indicated by satellite observations. As a result, these models estimate high negative monthly NPP during the dry season. For boreal and tropical evergreen ecosystems, several models overestimate LAI and FPAR. When the simulated canopy does respond to unfavourable periods, the seasonal NPP is largely determined by absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR). When the simulated canopy does not respond to unfavourable periods, the light use efficiency (LUE) influences the seasonal NPP more. However, the relative importance of APAR and LUE can change seasonally.
Prognostic factors in ovarian carcinosarcoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 23 cases
Authors: Ariyoshi K , Kawauchi S , Kaku T , Nakano H , Tsuneyoshi M 
Published: July 2002

Carcinosarcoma of the ovary is a rare, highly aggressive neoplasm comprising histologically of both epithelial and mesenchymal components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological prognostic factors in ovarian carcinosarcoma, including the immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein and Ki67.Methods and results: Twenty‐three cases of carcinosarcoma of the ovary were studied retrospectively. The clinicopathological and immunohistochemical parameters including p53 and Ki67 staining were statistically analysed to investigate the prognostic significance of this tumour. The overall 5‐year survival rate was 27.1%; 100% for stage I, 31.3% for stage II, 10.9% for stage III and 0% for stage IV. The low‐stage group (stages I and II) was found to be a significant prognostic factor for patient survival (P = 0.0113). None of the other factors (tumour size, histological type of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, mitotic count, vascular space invasion and immunoreactivity for p53 protein and Ki67) was found to be a statistically significant prognostic indicator.Conclusions: Ovarian carcinosarcoma is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. In this study, advanced stage appears to be poor prognostic indicator of survival in patients with ovarian carcinosarcoma.
The effectiveness of manual and rotary techniques in the cleaning of root canals: a scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Ahlquist M. , Henningsson O. , Hultenby K. , Ohlin J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAimThe purpose of this scanning electron microscope (SEM) study was to compare the cleanliness of the root canal walls following either a manual or a rotary technique of canal instrumentation. The hypothesis was that a rotary technique would produce a cleaner root canal.MethodologyManual filing was performed on 10 extracted teeth using stainless steel S‐files (Sjödings, Sendoline, Sweden). Powered instrumentation was carried out on a further 10 extracted teeth, using ProFile® rotary nickel–titanium files in a handpiece (250 r.p.m.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A solution of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite was used for irrigation. The roots were cut longitudinally and the canal walls were examined for debris and smear layer at the apical, middle and coronal level.ResultsSignificantly less debris was found in the apical region using the manual filing technique (P < 0.05); no significant differences could be found at the other levels. Overall, significantly less debris was found on the root canal walls using the manual technique when the data from the three levels were compared (P = < 0.05).ConclusionsThe manual technique employed in this study produced cleaner root canal walls than the rotary ProFile® technique.
Insulin aspart vs. human insulin in the management of long‐term blood glucose control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Home P. D. , Lindholm A. , Riis A. ,   for the European Insulin Aspart Study Group
Published: July 2002

SUMMARY Aims  To compare the efficacy of insulin aspart, a rapid‐acting insulin analogue, with that of unmodified human insulin on long‐term blood glucose control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methods  Prospective, multi‐centre, randomized, open‐labelled, parallel‐group trial lasting 6 months in 88 centres in eight European countries and including 1070 adult subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Study patients were randomized 2:1 to insulin aspart or unmodified human insulin before main meals, with NPH‐insulin as basal insulin. Main outcome measures were blood glucose control as assessed by HbA1c, eight‐point self‐monitored blood glucose profiles, insulin dose, quality of life, hypoglycaemia, and adverse events.Results  After 6 months, insulin aspart was superior to human insulin with respect to HbA1c with a baseline‐adjusted difference in HbA1c of 0.12 (95% confidence interval 0.03–0.22) %Hb, P < 0.02. Eight‐point blood glucose profiles showed lower post‐prandial glucose levels (mean baseline‐adjusted −0.6 to −1.2 mmol/l, P < 0.01) after all main meals, but higher pre‐prandial glucose levels before breakfast and dinner (0.7–0.8 mmol/l, P < 0.01) with insulin aspart. Satisfaction with treatment was significantly better in patients treated with insulin aspart (WHO Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) baseline‐adjusted difference 2.3 (1.2–3.3) points, P < 0.001). The relative risk of experiencing a major hypoglycaemic episode with insulin aspart compared to human insulin was 0.83 (0.59–1.18, NS). Major night hypoglycaemic events requiring parenteral treatment were less with insulin aspart (1.3 vs. 3.4% of patients, P < 0.05), as were late post‐prandial (4–6 h) events (1.8 vs. 5.0% of patients, P < 0.005).Conclusions  These results show small but useful advantage for the rapid‐acting insulin analogue insulin aspart as a tool to improve long‐term blood glucose control, hypoglycaemia, and quality of life, in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Silicon oxynitride films: Ion bombardment effects, depth profiles, and ionic polarization, studied with the aid of the Auger parameter
Authors: Rivière J. C. , Crossley J. A. A. , Sexton B. A. 
Published: July 2002

Thin films of Si3 N4, SiO2, and of silicon oxynitrides with compositions in the range 0.3≤O/N≤3.6 were deposited on silicon substrates to thicknesses between 20 and 150 nm by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. Auger parameters of the films were measured during the study of ion bombardment effects and depth profiling, and as a function of the O/N ratios.
The particular parameter used was based on the Si 2s photoelectron, and bremsstrahlung-excited Si KLL Auger lines. When normalized to constant ion dose, no significant differences in the effects of bombardment with argon ions in the energy range 0.5–4.0 keV could be found, and the equilibrium O/N ratio measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was close to that measured by Rutherford backscattering and elastic recoil detection analysis. During depth profiling no reduction of the oxynitride to elemental silicon was observed, in contrast to previous work using the low-energy Si LVV Auger peak with electron excitation; it is therefore recommended that to perform depth profiling of these materials while retaining artefact-free compositional and chemical information, the high kinetic energy Si spectral features should be used. At the oxynitride/silicon interfaces in some of the films additional features were found corresponding to intermediate Si chemical states. The widths of the Si 2s, 2p and KLL spectral features were measured at the stages in depth profiling at which equilibrium composition had been reached.
In every case there was an increase in width as a function of oxygen fraction O/(O+N), from Si3 N4, through a maximum at about O/(O+N)≊0.5, followed by a decrease to SiO2. The maximum increase for the KLL Auger peak was ≊0.9 eV, but for the 2s and 2p only ≊0.35 eV, and the peak broadening was uniformly distributed about the peak centroid. The broadening is attributed to the appearance of a number of additional chemical states of Si too closely spaced to be resolvable, and probably arising from a defective film structure. The Auger parameters of the various films, measured also once equilibrium composition had been reached during profiling, showed what appeared to be a monotonic dependence on O/(O+N), thus supporting the random bonding model in which nitrogen atoms are substituted randomly by oxygen in the SiNz O4−z (z=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) tetrahedra.
However, the Auger parameter versus composition plot was displaced slightly from the theoretical one in the direction of higher parameter than expected. When the Auger parameter was plotted against the function (n2−1 )/n2, proportional to the polarization energy, n being the measured refractive index of a film, a linear relationship was found within experimental error, but with a slope different from that for the standards SiO4/2 (silica), SiO6/3 (stishovite), Si3 N4, and Si. This divergence is interpreted in terms of a lower O ionic polarizability in the oxynitrides than in the oxides.
Further studies of liquid-metal flows and power losses in ducts with a moving conducting wall and a skewed magnetic field
Authors: Walker John S. , Brown Samuel H. , Sondergaard Neal A. 
Published: July 2002

In a previous paper the authors initiated studies of fully developed laminar liquid-metal flows, currents, and power losses in a rectangular channel with a moving perfectly conducting wall and with a skewed homogeneous external magnetic field for high Hartmann numbers, high interaction parameters, low magnetic Reynolds numbers, and different aspect ratios. The channel had insulating side walls that were skewed to the external magnetic field, while the perfectly conducting moving top wall with an external potential and the stationary perfectly conducting bottom wall at zero potential acted as electrodes. These electrodes were also skewed to the external magnetic field. A mathematical solution was obtained for high Hartmann numbers by dividing the flow into three core regions, two free shear layers, and six Hartmann layers along the channel walls. The free shear layers were treated rigorously and in detail with fundamental magnetohydrodynamic theory. The previous work, however, left the solution for the velocity profiles in terms of a complex integral equation which was not solved. In the present work the integral equation is solved numerically
by the method of quadratures to give the velocity profiles, viscous dissipation and Joulean losses in the free shear layers. In addition, expressions for the viscous dissipation in the six Hartmann layers are presented. The best approximation to the viscous dissipation in the channel is the sum of the O(M3/2) contributions from the two free shear layers, the O(M3/2) contributions from the two Hartmann layers separating the free shear layers from the insulators, and the O(M) contributions from three of the Hartmann layers separating core regions from the walls. The best approximation to the Joulean power losses in the channel is the sum of the O(M2) contribution from the central core region which carries an O(1) current between the electrodes and the O(M3/2) contributions from the free shear layers. The expressions for the viscous dissipation and Joulean losses in each region involve the products of universal constants, electrical potentials and geometric factors. The theoretical magnetohydrodynamic model presented here was developed to provide data to help in the design of liquid-metal current collectors.
Magnetohydrodynamic liquid-metal flows in a rectangular channel with an axial magnetic field, a moving conducting wall and free surfaces
Authors: Talmage Gita , Walker John S. , Brown Samuel H. , Sondergaard Neal A. , Burt Patricia E. 
Published: July 2002

Fully developed, viscous liquid-metal velocity profiles and induced magnetic field contours were studied for Hartmann numbers of M=2 and 10 and for different load currents for a particular rectangular channel configuration (two-dimensional Couette flow). The rectangular channel was assumed to have a homogeneous external (axial) magnetic field parallel to the moving, perfectly conducting top wall and the stationary, perfectly conducting bottom wall. The two stationary side walls were also perfect conductors. The small gap between the moving wall and each side wall was an insulating, free surface. The method of weighted residuals was used to obtain truncated series solutions for the variables of interest. The heavy load currents across the channel were obtained by simulating an external potential to the conducting moving wall. The load currents in each case were opposed by the induced electric field. Since there is no pressure gradient, the flow along the channel is driven by the viscous effects of the moving wall and the Lorentz body force and is retarded by the stationary walls. In the case where no load current is applied across the channel, the current circulates in the channel.
The circulation is driven by the generator that is due to the axial variation of velocity in an axial magnetic field. The numerical results presented show that the radial gap and the free surface region represent electrical resistances in parallel between the perfectly conducting stationary wall and the perfectly conducting moving wall. The numerical results also show that the resistance of the radial gap increases as M2 while that of the free surface increases by M or M1/2. Thus, as M increases, the division of current shifts to the free surface region and the current density in the radial gap decreases as M−1. The theoretical magnetohydrodynamic model presented here was developed to provide numerical parameters to help in the design of liquid-metal current collectors. Numerical results were computed for one-dimensional Couette flow with no pressure gradient in an external, homogeneous axial magnetic field. One-dimensional Couette flow has no end effects, and thus the numerical results were compared with corresponding numerical results for the two-dimensional Couette flow case to determine end effects.