bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Immunologic Injury of Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Valentine Martin D. , Bloch Kurt J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits injected with concentrated rat peritoneal mast cells emulsified with Freund's adjuvant produced an antiserum, Ra anti-RMC, capable of sensitizing peritoneal mast cells for histamine release by complement in normal serum. An absolute requirement for second component and sixth component of complement was established by demonstrating that serum genetically deficient in these components failed to produce histamine release unless reconstituted with the respective purified component. The cytotoxic nature of the reaction was indicated by the association of histamine release with the uptake of vital dye.
The specificity of Ra anti-RMC for mast cells was indicated by: the ability of the antiserum to sensitize concentrated mast cells (90% purity) for complement-dependent histamine release, the removal of sensitizing activity by absorbing the antiserum with concentrated mast cells, and the immunofluorescent demonstration that the antiserum interacts with antigen(s) on the surface of the mast cell.
The capacity of Ra anti-RMC to sensitize rat mast cells for cytotoxic histamine release was demonstrated in vivo in skin and peritoneal cavity.
Human Reactions to Staphylococcal Antigens
Authors: Martin R. Russell , Crowder Jackson G. , White Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Skin hypersensitivity to two isolated staphylococcal antigens, protein antigen A and teichoic acid, was demonstrable in all adult subjects.
Immediate hypersensitivity was not correlated with the presence of or high titers of precipitating antibody.
Delayed central necrosis following the injection of teichoic acid occurred only in subjects with high levels of antibody to teichoic acids. Release of a lysosomal enzyme, lysozyme, from leukocytes into supernatants occurred following incubation of these cells and high titered teichoic acid antibody with teichoic acid. The concentrations of antibody required for the greatest release of lysozyme were present infrequently in normal sera but were found frequently in patients with active staphylococcal diseases.
In contrast the delayed skin reactions to antigen A were not correlated with the titer of serum antibodies. Release of lysozyme did not occur following incubation of antigen A and leukocytes with high titered human sera.
California Group Arboviruses: Immunodiffusion Studies
Authors: Murphy Frederick A. , Coleman Philip H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Differentiation of members of the California group of arboviruses was accomplished using the double diffusion in gel technique of Ouchterlony. Eight antigenic subgroups were defined on the basis of unique antigenicities. These groupings confirmed the individuality of isolates described in the literature and allowed classification of new isolates. Unique, yet identical, patterns of antibody specificity were found in convalescent sera of 11 individuals with central nervous system disease.
Production of Immunoglobulins and Their Subunits by Human Tissue Culture Cell Lines
Authors: Wakefield J. D. , Thorbecke G. J. , Old L. J. , Boyse E. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tissue culture cell lines established from Burkitt's lymphoma tissue or from peripheral blood of patients with various forms of leukemia were examined for their ability to incorporate C14-labeled amino acids into serum proteins. Autoradiographs of immunoelectrophoretic patterns showed that the great majority of these cell lines synthesized immunoglobulin(s). The use of antisera specific for individual classes and types of immunoglobulins demonstrated a wide variety in the immunoglobulins produced by the various cell lines. The characteristics of the globulin produced by any given cell line were remarkably constant.
Some lines synthesized more than one class of immunoglobulin, often IgM and IgG, though usually only one type of L-chain was produced. The immunoglobulins were frequently of restricted electrophoretic mobility. Analysis of culture fluids in the ultracentrifuge showed that in many cases subunits rather than intact immunoglobulin molecules were produced.
Burkitt's cell lines produced proteins of µ- or L-chain specificities, or combinations of these two, but never proteins with other H-chains. Cell lines derived from patients with lymphatic or myeloid leukemia, however, formed proteins of α-, µ- or γ-, and of L-chain specificities.
Studies on Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Douglas Steven D. , Borjeson Jan , Chessin Lawrence N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a fine-structural study of the immunoglobulin-producing EB-2 and nonimmunoglobulin-producing AL-1 cell lines of Burkitt lymphoma a similar distribution of cell types was observed. Both cell lines contained a spectrum of blast-like cells ranging in type from cells which displayed a well developed Golgi apparatus, nonaggregated ribosomes and sparse endoplasmic reticulum to cells containing numerous aggregated ribosomes and an extensively developed, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum forming large dilated cisternac. In both Burkitt cell lines, cell types were present which resembled, phyto-mitogen-transformed blast cells. There was no consistent association of cytoarchitectural features with the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulin.
Comparison of Ability of Defective Foreign Genomes (Para and Mac) Carried by Human Adenoviruses to Induce SV40 Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Rapp Fred , Butel Janet S. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The induction of SV40 transplantation resistance in weanling hamsters by PARA-adenovirus 7 (SV40-adenovirus “hybrid”) was confirmed and extended. Transcapsidant populations, PARA-adenovirus 2 and PARA-adenovirus 12, were also able to confer SV40 transplantation immunity. Progeny derived from PARA-adenovirus 7 by plaque purification in human cells and no longer able to induce the synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen were not able to protect animals against the production of tumors by SV40-transformed cells. These results indicate that the information for SV40 tumor antigen and for SV40 transplantation antigen are genetically linked in the PARA particle.
Adenovirus populations carrying the defective monkey cell-adapting component (MAC) and unable to induce SV40 T antigen failed to induce SV40 transplantation resistance. This is further evidence that MAC is not defective SV40.
In Vitro Demonstration of Suppressive Antibody in Mouse Antisera vs. Allogeneic Spleen Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. , Ogburn Clifton A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera produced by the injection of inbred mice with spleen cells of another inbred mouse strain were examined for cell-suppressive antibody against donor strain spleen cells by an in vitro test, using the hemolytic antibody plaque technique. Suppressive antibodies were detected by a reduction in plaque number, so that an endpoint of 50% plaque reduction could be determined for each serum. The plaque-reducing titers were found to be maximal in the 2nd or 3rd week after a second injection of allogeneic spleen cells. Some effects of dose and of time interval between injections were studied.
In mice given an intraperitoneal irritant as well as being immunized with allogeneic spleen cells, plaque-reducing antibody was also found in ascitic fluids, at first considerably below the concentration in the serum but reaching approximately log2=0.5 below the serum titer after the 10th day.
The plaque-reducing effect of the antisera could be inhibited by prior incubation of the sera with antigens from cell fragments of donor-strain liver or spleen solubilized by triton and butanol. The specificity of both the plaque-reducing antisera and the inhibiting soluble cell-antigen was demonstrated.
Studies on the Transfer of Myeloma Protein Synthesis with RNA Isolated from the C3H Plasma Cell Tumor (X5563)
Authors: Chin Paul H. , Silverman Myron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Uptake of exogenous RNA by normal lymphoid cells amounted to only 0.2% of the input RNA. Pretreatment of the cells with protamine sulfate, however, resulted in a 20- to 30-fold enhancement in uptake. A further additional increase was observed when cells from mice injected with phytohemagglutinin were treated with the basic protein. Uptake by protamine-treated cells was very rapid and a nearly maximal amount was taken up after only 15 min of incubation. With a given RNA concentration, increasing the number of cells in the incubation mixture diminished the amount of RNA incorporated. Similarly, an inverse relationship was found between RNA concentration and uptake. Comparable amounts of RNA were taken up by lymph node and spleen cells and no difference was observed in the uptake of the different molecular species of RNA. However, rapid intracellular degradation of the RNA of exogenous origin was found. Uptake by peritoneal cells was marginal even after treatment with protamine. The cells involved in the uptake of exogenous RNA appeared to be lymphoblasts.
Disc Electrophoretic Patterns of the Polypeptide Chains of Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Aron Ber , Lamm Michael E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extensively reduced and alkylated polypeptide chains of guinea pig γ1 and γ2 anti-hapten antibodies have been examined by disc electrophoresis in the presence of urea at acid and alkaline pH. L-chains of different specificity yielded different banding patterns. At alkaline pH the patterns of H-chains from γ1 and γ2 antibodies varied with specificity. The H-chain differences were parallel in both Hγ1 and Hγ2, i.e., in both populations HARS migrated faster than HDNP and Hpipsyl.
Studies on the Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness
Authors: Golub E. S. , Weigle W. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The kinetics of induction of immunologic unresponsiveness to human γ-globulin (HGG) were studied in the adult C57BL/6 mouse using a cell transfer system. Either 0.5 or 5.0 mg soluble HGG was injected into mice and spleen cells transferred to lethally irradiated, isologous recipients which were then challenged with HGG in adjuvant. When the cells of the donor had been in contact with soluble HGG for 5 or more days, they did not respond to challenge after transfer. Cells transferred before 5 days were able to make an antibody response indicating that there is an induction period of at least 4 days in the establishment of immunologic unresponsiveness. Cells transferred before 5 days, but not challenged in the recipient until well after the induction period, i.e., 8 days, were still able to respond, indicating that extracellular antigen is needed throughout the induction period.
The induction period is not observed when soluble form of HGG is followed by HGG in adjuvant in the same animal. This is probably due to a competition between soluble and adjuvant forms of the antigen.
Sites of Synthesis of Serum Proteins
Authors: Stecher V. J. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various cell types from adult rats, including thoracic duct cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, fractions of peritoneal exudate cells rich in mast cells, eosinophils or macrophages (monocytes), were examined for their ability to incorporate C14-amino acid into serum proteins. Autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns prepared with concentrated culture fluids demonstrated that macrophages, isolated by means of their adherence to glass, were much more active than any other cell type in the production of β1C and transferrin.
Peritoneal and lung macrophages from various other species, including mice, rabbits and guinea pigs, invariably produced β1C, and in the case of primates also β1E. The role of macrophages in the production by various tissues of serum proteins associated with the complement system was discussed.
Rats and mice were the only species studied in which transferrin was produced by lymphoid tissue and peritoneal macrophages.
Suppression of Allogeneic Rabbit Lymph Node Cells: Antigen-Bearing Cell Membrane Fragments and the Specifically Purified Suppressive Antibody
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Ogburn Clifton A. , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
For study of the suppressive antibody in rabbit anti-rabbit-leukocyte serum, a fraction of lymph node cells was sought which could bind this antibody. In preliminary serologic exploration, complement fixation vs. the anti-leukocyte serum was used. On sonic disruption of washed cells, differential centrifugation yielded a fraction—a high-speed sediment of the supernatant of lower speed centrifugation—which had almost all of the complement-fixing activity of the original suspension of whole cells. A far better source of material of the same centrifugal properties and serologic activity was unexpectedly found in the cell wash fluids, where detached cell membrane fragments could be found in 4 to 5 times the yield obtained from disruption of the same cells after washing.
The association of the antigenic material in cell membrane fragments with suppression of allogeneic lymph node cells was shown by ability of these fragments to absorb the suppressive antibody from an anti-leukocyte serum, to induce actively, on injection into rabbits, the suppression of antibody synthesis by subsequently transferred lymph node cells, and to stimulate the production of suppressive antibody on injection into normal rabbits.
From the specific complexes produced by absorption of the allo-antibodies in anti-leukocyte serum on cell fragments, it was possible to elute the suppressive antibody with recovery of about 25%. The antibody was found to be a water-soluble γ-globulin of 6.6 S.
Immunochemical Studies of Foot and Mouth Disease
Authors: Cowan K. M. , Trautman R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The three known antigenic components demonstrable in foot and mouth disease infectious tissue culture fluids were isolated and examined for complement-fixing activity. Antisera containing antibody to the three antigens titered higher against the 140 S virus particles than with the 12 S protein subunit or infection-associated antigens. The difference in serum titers with the three antigens was more evident using a fixation period of 1 ½ hr at 37°C than one of 20 hr at 4°C. Advantage was taken of this fact to develop a quantitative assay for 140 S antigen. It was found that 0.231 ± 0.035 µg/ml of 140 S antigen fixed 4 of 5 50% hemolytic units of complement with a selected antiserum dilution using a fixation period of 1 ½ hr at 37°C.
Assay for the infection-associated antigen could be performed with heterologous antisera in view of the non-type specificity of this antigen. An assay for 12 S antigen in mixed antigen preparations could not be made. However, an assay with the isolated 12 S component indicated 0.039 µg/ml provided the end point using a fixation period of 20 hr at 4°C.
The implications of the findings with respect to antibody titrations and diagnostic virus typing were discussed. The limitations of the complement-fixation technique as applied to foot and mouth disease were presented and the necessity of preparing specific antisera indicated.
Correspondence of the Relative Cellular Distribution and Serum Concentration of Allelic Allotypic Markers in Normal and “Allotype-Suppressed” Heterozygous Rabbits
Authors: Lummus Zana , Cebra John J. , Mage Rose 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The numbers of splenic plasma cells containing b4 or b5 allotypic markers on light chains were determined in b4b5 heterozygous rabbits and in heterozygotes “allotype-suppressed” for b5. The cell count values were compared to relative serum levels of the allotypic markers in each rabbit. Similar comparisons were made for plasma cell and serum percentage of a1 and a2 in normal rabbits and one rabbit allotype-suppressed for a2. General agreement was found between relative serum levels and relative numbers of plasma cells staining for allelic allotypes. In the splenic plasma cells of these heterozygotes, complete cellular segregation of allelic allotypic markers was observed. The allotype-suppressed animals had correspondingly fewer cells containing the allotypic marker which was deficient in the circulating serum immunoglobulins.
Synthesis of Normal and “Immunogenic RNA” in Peritoneal Macrophage Cells
Authors: Bishop David C. , Pisciotta Anthony V. , Abramoff Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
RNA extracted from rat peritoneal macrophage cells following the phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) caused the synthesis of specific hemagglutinating antibody by normal rat spleen cells. The majority of the biological activity of the RNA was contained in the lightest of three distinct regions, the 6 to 10 S region identified by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. Pulse-labeling studies indicate that synthesis of RNA in the 6 to 10 S region is completed 30 min following the pulse in peritoneal cells during the phagocytosis of SRBC, and 60 min following the pulse in cells not exposed to antigen. Pulse-chase studies show that this RNA remains stable for at least 2 ½ hr following the pulse. Both the antibody response, and the synthesis of RNA in the 6 to 10 S region were inhibited by actinomycin D.
The Hemagglutination Inhibition Test for Rubella: A Comparison of Its Sensitivity to That of Neutralization, Complement Fixation and Fluorescent Antibody Tests for Diagnosis of Infection and Determination of Immunity Status
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for rubella was compared to neutralization, complement fixation (CF) and indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) tests for sensitivity in the serodiagnosis of infection and detection of antibody elicited by past infection (determination of immunity status). The FA and HI tests were the most sensitive techniques for demonstration of significant antibody titer rises in rubella infections, and the combination of the HI and CF tests was the most useful for serodiagnosis. CF antibodies appear more slowly than do HI antibodies, and significant increases in CF antibody may be demonstrated in certain instances in which HI antibody has reached maximum levels at the time the acute-phase serum is collected. Levels of HI antibody produced by rubella infection were higher than those demonstrated in the three other test systems. Correlation between the presence or absence of HI and neutralizing or fluorescent antibody was good, and the HI test was found to be as sensitive as these two tests for determination of immunity status to rubella.
Effect of Heterologous Antibody on Tolerance to Bovine γ-Globulin in CBA Mice
Authors: Badgett Barbara A. , Tong James L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments to determine the effect of heterologous specific antibody on an established bovine γ-globulin (BGG)-tolerant state and on the induction of tolerance to BGG in CBA mice were performed. The results indicate that passively administered antibody was not able to terminate a tolerant state. The results further indicate that passive antibody interferes with the establishment of tolerance and that this interference was dependent on the dose of antibody. Possible explanations for the observed results and suggestions for experiments to test these explanations were made.
Binding of Albumin to γA-Myeloma Proteins and Waldenström Macroglobulins by Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Mannik Mart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The in vivo complexing of albumin with γA-myeloma proteins and Waldenström macroglobulins was investigated. Such complexes were partially purified. Blocking of free sulfhydryl groups in serum proteins was an essential step to prevent dissociation of these complexes during purification. The γA-myeloma protein-albumin complexes and macroglobulin-albumin complexes were not dissociated by 5.0 M guanidine hydrochloride but were dissociated upon reduction by mercaptoethanol. Thus in vivo formed intermolecular disulfide bonds result in the complexes of albumin and γA-globulins and in the complexes of albumin and γM-globulins.
Enhancement Activity of Mouse Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Irvin George L. , Eustace John C. , Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Enhancing activity of immunoglobulins was studied by means of allogeneic growth of a tumor graft (C57BL tumor EL4 into DBA/2 mice). The active components were obtained by gel filtration followed by electrophoretic fractionation of the 7 S globulins.
Enhancing activity was associated with 7 S γ2-immunoglobulin components of the immune serum. Enhancement activity of the serum was not detected in IgM, IgA or 7 S γ1-immunoglobulins. Cytotoxic antibody activity also was found in the slow migrating electrophoretic immunoglobulin fractions.
Photodynamically Inactivated Vaccines Prepared by Growing Viruses in Cells Containing Neutral Red
Authors: Wallis Craig , Scheiris Charlotte , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three enteroviruses (echovirus type 7, coxsackieviruses B3 and A9), herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus were grown in cells that had been pretreated with neutral red. Even though the harvests were visibly free of dye, the virus progency had become totally sensitive to light. Photodynamically inactivated vaccines yielded immune responses in rabbits superior to those with formalinized vaccines. Neutralizing antibody-combining tests also showed that the photodynamically inactivated vaccines were antigenically more potent, for they bound more antibody than was bound by formalinized preparations.
Characterization and Isolation of Specific Renal Tubular Epithelial Antigens
Authors: Edgington Thomas S. , Glassock Richard J. , Watson J. Ian , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two renal tubular epithelial specific antigens were found to be membrane-bound and localized to the brush border of cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the rat. Cross-reacting or identical antigens were also identified in the brush border of the small bowel mucosa. Both antigens were isolated biochemically and one was highly purified. One antigen, renal tubular epithelium (RTE)-α4, appears to be a lipoprotein, so20w of 28S, and the other a protein, so20w of 9.8S. RTE-α3 is immunogenic but is masked in situ so that direct interaction with humoral antibody does not occur. This antigen does appear in the serum following tubular epithelial injury. Neither of the isolated RTE-specific antigens is the pathogenetic antigen responsible for experimental allergic glomerulonephritis induced with tubular antigen.
Fractionation of Splenic Antibody-Forming Cells on Glass Bead Columns
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Talal Norman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rat spleen cell suspensions were separated into two fractions by passage over glass bead columns. The fraction passing through the column in the presence of divalent cations consisted predominantly of small mononuclear cells and was depleted of antibody-synthesizing cells, as measured by the Jerne technique. The fraction eluted from the beads by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was enriched in antibody-synthesizing and deoxyribonucleic acid-synthesizing cells, granulocytes and large mononuclear cells. Although the enrichment was small, the results revealed an interesting heterogeneity of splenic mononuclear cells.