bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duck Immunoglobulins
Authors: Grey Howard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the metabolism of duck 7.8S and 5.7S γ-globulins indicated that the 5.7S protein was present in large quantities in fresh duck serum and that there was no detectable in vivo conversion of the 7.8S protein into the 5.7S protein. It was concluded from this that the 5.7S protein was a de novo synthesized protein. Anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was 75 to 85% 5.7S γ-globulin after the 3rd week of immunization and 15 to 25% 7.8S.
Reduction of the 5.7S and 7.8S duck antibodies led to a 75% decrease in the half dissociation time of preformed antigen-antibody complexes whereas rabbit antibody was not affected by this treatment. Reduction also decreased the antigen binding capacity of the 5.7S antibody but had little effect on the 7.8S antibody. Passive hemolysis of BSA-coated sheep erythrocytes indicated that only the 7.8S antibody was able to fix duck complement. Also, the 7.8S antibody and not the 5.7S antibody was capable of eliciting a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in duck skin.
The X-Y-Z Scheme of Immunocyte Maturation
Authors: Dowden Stanley J. , Sercarz Eli E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice receiving a total of 16 to 18 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) during the first 3 weeks of life, including 2 mg of alum-precipitated BSA as a last injection, displayed so-called “spontaneous escape.” A very small percentage of animals receiving only soluble BSA exhibited this phenomenon during the time course of these studies. Spontaneous escape was delayed in animals which were challenged 1 or 2 weeks postregimen. Spontaneous escape was hastened in animals which were challenged 3 or 4 weeks postregimen by means of alum-precipitated BSA. After the administration of a supposedly hyperimmunizing series of injections from the 2nd to the 6th week postregimen, paralysis was prolonged with respect to onset of response and the level of antibody produced. From these studies it is concluded that one important route of “spontaneous escape” involves a sequence of paralysis, the generation of memory cells, and contact of these cells with endogenously retained antigen, followed by extensive antibody formation. A dualistic view of escape was supported in the discussion toward which both reversibly paralyzed X cells and virgin competent immunocytes make a contribution.
The X-Y-Z Scheme of Immunocyte Maturation
Authors: Sercarz Eli E. , Byers Vera S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is shown that the capacity for rapid and augmented recall of cellular IgM antibody production (“IgM memory”), in the sheep red cell system of the mouse, can be detected as early as 1 day after an initial dose of 2 × 106 SRBC, and reaches a peak concomitant with the peak of the IgM response. The transitory nature of this capacity is indicated, firstly, by its eight-fold decrease 1 month after priming. Secondly, if the net excess secondary response is induced 1 day or 1 month following priming, rather than at the optimal time, the “memory” increment falls to zero quickly.
These findings have given rise to an altered view of the heterogeneity of the Y or memory cell which is discussed at length.
Uptake by Mononuclear Phagocytes of Protein-Coated Bentonite Particles Stabilized with a Carbodiimide
Authors: Carpenter Robert R. , Barsales Petronilo B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of phagocytosis and digestion of inert particles by cultured mononuclear phagocytes can be conveniently measured with bentonite particles which are readily coated with antigenically defined, iodine-125 labeled protein. Reaction of the protein coat with 1-ethyl,3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide limits release of protein from particles in cell suspensions. The mechanism by which the carbodiimide stabilized the particle coat is not certain.
Large mononuclear phagocytic cells developed within 7 days in cultures of guinea pig splenic leukocytes in isologous serum. These cells phagocytized protein-coated particles more slowly than did freshly isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The per cent of particles phagocytized depended upon the nature of the particle coat. Particle uptake by cells cultured on a glass surface was difficult to demonstrate in the absence of opsonin. Uptake was stimulated by nonspecific heat-labile opsonins of normal serum and by specific, heat-stable opsonins of immune serum. Evidence is presented that isolated antibovine γ-globulin antibody obtained from an immune adsorbent, is such a specific opsonin. The nonspecific opsonins of normal serum shared several properties of the serum complement system.
Within 60 min, 10-2 M sodium iodoacetate, sodium fluoride or sodium azide inhibited phagocytosis by cultured guinea pig mononuclear phagocytes.
An Alteration of Secreted Immunoglobulin in Serum
Authors: Kölsch Eckehart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Microsomal and cell-sap antibody titers in the spleen were compared with serum antibody levels for 18 days following the intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes into rabbits. The microsomal fraction was isolated from individual spleens, sonicated and treated with DOC to release antibody. Both released and unreleased microsomal antibody was titrated. Titers were determined by a modification of the standard, 50% photometric assay for hemolytic antibody.
As compared with the serum hemolysin response, the response measured on the subcellular level displayed a marked shortening of the interval between antigen injection and rise in titer. This interval was 4 days in the serum, 3 days in the microsomal fraction and 1 day in the cell-sap fraction. Subsequently, the subcellular antibody levels increased logarithmically, reached peak titers between days 6 and 12 and then declined. The data suggest an earlier peak titer in the cell sap and a more rapid titer decline in both the cell-sap and microsomal fractions than in the serum.
The apparently earlier titer rise in the subcellular fractions than in the serum may be attributed to the masking effect of natural hemolysin levels in the serum, while the earlier appearance of antibody in the cell sap as compared with the microsomal fraction suggests the existence of an antibody pool in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Colostrum-deprived, germfree piglets devoid of all known immunoglobulins and antibodies have varying amounts of a serum component designated X; this component has an electrophoretic mobility and ion exchange characteristics identical to 7SγG but is antigenically distinct from all known immunoglobulins including γG, γA and γM. The electrophoretic mobility of X is modified by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and its concentration remains constant regardless of antigenic stimulation. Evidence is presented and discussed to support our previous concept that antibody globulins are 19SγG and 7SγG immunoglobulins synthesized sequentially during ontogenic development which is initiated only by specific antigenic stimuli; in contrast, X as well as γM has no antibody activity and may arise spontaneously without antigenic stimulation.
The Behavior of Autologous Thyroglobulin in the Circulation of Rabbits Immunized with Either Heterologous or Altered Homologous Thyroglobulin
Authors: Weigle William O. , High Gloria J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of adequate doses of NaI131 into iodine deficient but otherwise normal rabbits results in disruption of thyroid structure with release of I131 thyroglobulin into the circulation. In these rabbits, the I131 thyroglobulin is eliminated at an exponential rate with a half-life of 2.3 days. The release of autologous I131 thyroglobulin in rabbits previously immunized with either arsanil-sulfanil-thyrogobulin (homologous) or a heterologous thyroglobulin causes a secondary stimulation resulting in an immune elimination of the I131 thyroglobulin and production of antibody to native rabbit thyroglobulin. Complexes formed between the circulating I131 thyroglobulin and the newly synthesized antibody deposit along the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney resulting in mild glomerular inflammatory changes and proteinuria.
“Protein A” from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Gustafson G. T. , Sjöquist J. , Stålenheim G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Arthus-like reactions in rabbits are produced by the interaction of human γG-globulin and a cell wall protein (protein A) from Staphylococcus aureus. The skin lesions are produced either by intradermal injection of preformed protein A-γ-globulin precipitates or by intradermal injection of protein A into rabbits that had previously received human γG-globulin intravenously. The skin reaction is regarded as not due to an antigen-antibody reaction but rather to a pseudo-immune reaction between protein A and human γG-globulin.
Experimental Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in Rats
Authors: Lindberg Lois H. , Vosti Kenneth L. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The induction of experimental glomerulonephritis was attempted by exposing female Sprague-Dawley rats to intraperitoneal diffusion chambers containing viable hemolytic streptococci of group A, types 1, 6, and 12 and of groups C and G for 60 days.
Only two of the seven strains of streptococci used in these studies were associated with significant proteinuria at the termination of the experiment. A strain of group A, type 12 (A12n) which had been demonstrated clinically to be “nephritogenic” for man, induced significant proteinuria in 21 of 33 rats. In most instances proteinuria was correlated with the presence of bound γ-globulin and M protein in the region of the basement membrane of renal glomeruli. Two of four rats exposed to a strain of group C streptococci also had significant proteinuria. Three of these animals had fixed γ-globulin in the glomeruli, but none had demonstrable bound streptococcal antigen.
Although histologic evidence of glomerular disease was not found at 60 days, other similarities of the disease suggest that this may provide a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Studies on the Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness
Authors: Golub E. S. , Weigle W. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The time course of the inhibition of establishment of immunologic unresponsiveness to human γ-globulin (HGG) in adult mice by endotoxin (ET) has been studied. ET prevents the establishment of unresponsiveness in C57BL/6J and A/J mice only if given up to 2 days after injection of HGG. ET given before or 3 or more days after HGG is ineffective. The effect of ET on induction of unresponsiveness is apparently independent of the granulopectic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), as measured by clearance of colloidal carbon from the circulation, since ET is effective when the activity of the RES is either elevated or depressed. One dose of ET before HGG eliminates the ability of the ET given after HGG to prevent the establishment of immunologic unresponsiveness, although the granulopectic activity of the RES is elevated. The amount of HGG associated with spleen cells is comparably elevated above controls in animals treated with ET before or after HGG. The effect is not the result of complex formation between ET and HGG. Cortisone given at the time of ET does not alter the effect of ET.
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induces an intense proliferation of spleen cells in vivo as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and increase in cell number, but has no effect on the induction of immunologic unresponsiveness.
Neither ET nor PHA affect the unresponsive state which has been induced in neonatal life.
Antigenic and Immunogenic Studies on Purified Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Nielsen P. A. , Ablondi F. B. , Querry M. V. , Gussoni Cecilia , Cooper M. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tetanus toxoids were prepared by two different methods. Toxoid produced in a protein-free medium did not differ in its basic qualities from that produced in a medium containing considerable quantities of protein. When the toxoids were purified by alcohol fractionation and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column chromatography, specific activities of 2500 Lf/mg of nitrogen (infusion medium toxoids) and 2630 Lf/mg of nitrogen (protein-free medium toxoids) were obtained. It was demonstrated that no statistically significant antigenic difference was obtained with toxoid of approximately 2320 Lf/mg of nitrogen as compared with toxoid of 1330 Lf/mg of nitrogen. There was no loss of ability to induce a satisfactory immune response after purification to a high degree. The involvement of toxoids purified to varying degrees in the production of hypersensitivity is discussed.
Antibody Production by Mice Repopulated with Limited Numbers of Clones of Lymphoid Cell Precursors
Authors: Trentin J. , Wolf N. , Cheng V. , Fahlberg W. , Weiss D. , Bonhag R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lethally irradiated (850 r) CBA mice were given intravenous injections of 105 bone marrow cells from normal adult (CBA × T6)F1 donors. Four to 13 discrete colonies, assumedly of clonal origin, developed in their spleens. The colonies were composed of cells of the several hemopoietic cell lines and of a small number of undifferentiated precursor cells; typical lymphoid cells were not seen in the early colonies.
The spleen-colonies were removed on the 10th day after irradiation and repopulation, at a time when immunologically competent cells could not be demonstrated in the spleen by the Jerne technique. Cell preparations derived from the colonies were used to repopulate secondary irradiated CBA mice. The myeloid and lymphoid tissues of some of these hosts were then employed for the repopulation of a third group of lethally irradiated CBA animals (tertiary hosts).
Secondary and tertiary host mice surviving more than 30 days were challenged with sheep red blood cells, bovine serum albumin and killed organisms of a strain of S. typhosa. They produced antibody to these antigens just as well as did appropriate nonclonal control mice. The hemopoietic and lymphoid systems of such clonally repopulated mice were of donor origin as indicated by the presence of the T6 marker chromosome in 100% of the mitotic cells of the bone marrow, spleen and mesenteric lymph node of most of the mice.
The findings are discussed with reference to the question of the nature of the genetic control of immunoglobulin specificity.
Studies on Antigenic Structure of Bovine Aortic Intima
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Intorp Hans W. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were prepared by immunization of rabbits with a suspension of bovine aortic intima incorporated into complete Freund adjuvant. By means of such antisera, several antigens characteristic for intima of aorta as well as for intima of other large vessels and for the endocardium were identified. The major antigenic component was a lipid-containing protein with fast electrophoretic mobility. Upon more careful analysis, this antigen was shown to be composed of two molecular species, one which resisted heating at 100°C and the other which was thermolabile. It was further demonstrated that the thermoresistant component does not belong to the previously described category of thermostable, ethanol-insoluble tissue antigens (BE antigens). However, subsequent studies performed by means of anti-BE sera showed that the BE fraction of aortic intima also contains tissue-specific antigenic components. The relation of these components to antigens detectable in plain intima extract has been discussed.
Some Effects of Antigen-Antibody Complexes Prepared from Heterologous and Homologous Antibody on the Immune Response of Rabbits
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko I. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of passive immune elimination of soluble antigen-antibody complexes and the subsequent active antibody response in rabbits varied with the source of the antibody used for preparation of the complexes. Chicken complexes were retained in the circulation in the initial passive phase but were eliminated more rapidly than rabbit complexes in the second active phase of complex elimination. The chicken complexes stimulated an earlier, higher and more prolonged antibody response, similar to a secondary type of immune response. The antibody response which followed the injection of rabbit complexes in rabbits occurred earlier than that following antigen alone, but was otherwise similar.
No differences in types of immunoglobulins resulting from the different stimuli were observed.
The Role of Antibodies in the Ingestion of Aldehyde-Treated Erythrocytes Attached to Macrophages
Authors: Rabinovitch M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Erythrocytes treated with glutaraldehyde (GRC) were bound to macrophages in saline medium and their subsequent ingestion was quantitatively estimated. Dose-dependent stimulation of GRC ingestion was obtained with antisera against red cell antigens or against bovine albumin or ovalbumin. In the last two instances the GRC were treated with the antigens before attachment to macrophages. Tests with red cells of different species as well as absorption experiments indicated that the stimulatory effect was immunologically specific. Ingestion was stimulated when the antisera were: 1) added to the incubation medium after GRC attachment, or 2) used to treat GRC prior to their attachment to macrophages. In the latter case ingestion proceeded in the absence of serum.
Preparation and Properties of Antibody Directed Specifically Against the Neuraminidase of Influenza Virus
Authors: Webster R. G. , Laver W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antiserum was prepared against a recombinant influenza virus possessing A0 (NWS strain) type hemagglutinin and A2 (RI/5+) type neuraminidase. This antiserum was absorbed sequentially with NWS and A2 viruses and antibody directed against A2 type neuraminidase was then dissociated from the A2 virus.
This antibody had no activity against the hemagglutinin activity of A0, A1 and A2 influenza viruses or against the infectivity of A0 and A1 viruses. It neutralized the enzyme activity of A2 but not A0 or A1 type influenza viruses.
Anti-enzyme antibody caused apparent neutralization of the infectivity of influenza viruses possessing A2 type neuraminidase providing that the antibody was allowed to remain in contact with the cells during the test period. This antibody did not prevent infection of susceptible cells but apparently prevented the release of detectable levels of hemagglutinin. It had no effect on the infectivity of an A2 type recombinant virus that lacked neuraminidase activity.
Immune Hemolysis: A Simplified Method for the Preparation of EaC′4 with Guinea Pig or with Human Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intermediate product of immune hemolysis EAC′4hu was prepared by a new, simplified and rapid method. This stable reagent can be used to titrate the first component of human and guinea pig complement and after conversion of EAC′4hu to EAC′1a4hu can be used to titrate human or guinea pig C′2. The intermediate product EAC′4gp can also be prepared by this new method. Evidence is presented for the existence of two different kinds of SAC′4 both of which are capable of interaction with C′2 but only one of which can be converted to S*.
Dengue Virus Identification by the Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test
Authors: Russell Philip K. , Nisalak Ananda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for identification and serologic classification of dengue viruses using a plaque reduction neutralization test and monkey immune serum is described. Results of typing 40 strains confirm the usefulness of this method for classification of low passage strains. Adaptation of the isolates to suckling mice or tissue culture was not required and strains within each of the four dengue serotypes were readily identified.
Cross neutralization tests using monkey antiserum confirmed the results of the one-way neutralization test using antiserum to reference dengue strains and also indicated antigenic variation within serotypes 1, 2 and 4.
False Positive Radio-Immunoautograph Lines Associated with Immunoglobulins from Normal Sera
Authors: Minden Percy , Grey Howard M. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Radio-immunoelectrophoresis and radio-immunodiffusion are practical methods to detect antigen binding in immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin sub-units. The lower limit of sensitivity of radio-immunodiffusion was 0.003 µg N anti-BSA/ml. The advantages of these sensitive procedures may be limited at times by the occurrence of positive reactions which are not specific, and experiments are described that account for some of these reactions. Recommendations to prevent some nonspecific reactions and to enhance the proper interpretation of positive results are presented.
Induction, Maintenance and Termination of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Bovine Thyroglobulin in Rabbits
Authors: Nakamura Robert M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were rendered unresponsive with periodic injections of very small doses of bovine thyroglobulin starting on the day of birth. All of the animals receiving periodic injections of 0.25 mg (total 6.0 mg), 62% of rabbits given 0.05 mg injections (total 1.2 mg) and 29% of rabbits given 0.025 mg injections of bovine thyroglobulin (total 0.6 mg) were unresponsive. In the latter group, the amount of bovine thyroglobulin in the blood at the time of challenge was below that detectable by a sensitive serologic technique. After no further antigen injection, the induced unresponsive state to bovine thyroglobulin lasted at least 3 months; however, there was a gradual loss of the unresponsive state which began 3 to 4 months after the last injection.
Similar mechanisms appear to be involved in the termination of the acquired unresponsive state to bovine thyroglobulin and production of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. The unresponsive state to bovine thyroglobulin was readily terminated by injections of a serologically related human thyroglobulin, and simultaneous injections of bovine thyroglobulin inhibited this termination.
Factors Affecting the Reactivity of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Moorhead John F. , Connolly John J. , McFarland William 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Quantitative studies of immunologically stimulated blood leukocytes in vitro show that DNA synthesis is affected by variations in cell number, duration of culture and area of the surface on which the cells are cultured. Of particular interest is the demonstration in both mixed leukocyte and antigen-stimulated cultures that as cell proximity increases the synthesis of DNA increases proportionally. It is suggested that this increase in DNA synthesis is the result of recruitment of otherwise nonreactive lymphocytes through the previously demonstrated mechanism of uropodapsis.