bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protected area planning to conserve biodiversity in an uncertain future
Authors: Schuster Richard , Buxton Rachel , Hanson Jeffrey O. , Binley Allison D. , Pittman Jeremy , Tulloch Vivitskaia , La Sorte Frank A. , Roehrdanz Patrick R. , Verburg Peter H. , Rodewald Amanda D. , Wilson Scott , Possingham Hugh P. , Bennett Joseph R. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractProtected areas are a key instrument for conservation. Despite this, they are vulnerable to risks associated with weak governance, land‐use intensification, and climate change. We used a novel hierarchical optimization approach to identify priority areas for expanding the global protected area system that explicitly accounted for such risks while maximizing protection of all known terrestrial vertebrate species. To incorporate risk categories, we built on the minimum set problem, where the objective is to reach species distribution protection targets while accounting for 1 constraint, such as land cost or area. We expanded this approach to include multiple objectives accounting for risk in the problem formulation by treating each risk layer as a separate objective in the problem formulation. Reducing exposure to these risks required expanding the area of the global protected area system by 1.6% while still meeting conservation targets. Incorporating risks from weak governance drove the greatest changes in spatial priorities for protection, and incorporating risks from climate change required the largest increase (2.52%) in global protected area. Conserving wide‐ranging species required countries with relatively strong governance to protect more land when they bordered nations with comparatively weak governance. Our results underscore the need for cross‐jurisdictional coordination and demonstrate how risk can be efficiently incorporated into conservation planning.Planeación de las áreas protegidas para conservar la biodiversidad en un futuro incierto
Effect of IUCN Red List category on public attention to mammals
Authors: Van Huynh Alex 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCultural data is a powerful tool to analyze public awareness of key societal issues, including the conservation of nature. I used two publicly available repositories of cultural data, Google Trends and Google Ngram, to quantify the effect of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List conservation status on public attention toward 4539 mammal species. With Google Trends, I calculated whether Google searches for their common and scientific names have been increasing or decreasing over time. I also ran an anomaly detection analysis to investigate whether a change in red‐list status directly results in an increase in Google searches. Additionally, I quantified the mentions of species’ common and scientific names in English texts with Google Ngram. Overall, Google searches for most mammal species remained at similar levels or increased since 2008. The severity of species’ IUCN Red List status was a significant predictor of increasing Google searches, although the effect size was relatively small. Red‐list status seemed strongly confounded with mammal body size. Species that moved to a higher‐risk category spiked significantly in Google searches directly after the new designation. The mention of species’ common names in the Google Ngram's English 2019 corpus significantly increased as the red‐list category increased. These results provide valuable insight into the importance of the IUCN Red List for increasing public awareness and the usefulness of publicly available cultural data on examining the effectiveness of specific conservation efforts and thus evaluating targets for support and funding.
Identifying socioeconomic and biophysical factors driving forest loss in protected areas
Authors: Powlen Kathryn A. , Salerno Jonathan , Jones Kelly W. , Gavin Michael C. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractProtected areas (PAs) are a commonly used strategy to confront forest conversion and biodiversity loss. Although determining drivers of forest loss is central to conservation success, understanding of them is limited by conventional modeling assumptions. We used random forest regression to evaluate potential drivers of deforestation in PAs in Mexico, while accounting for nonlinear relationships and higher order interactions underlying deforestation processes. Socioeconomic drivers (e.g., road density, human population density) and underlying biophysical conditions (e.g., precipitation, distance to water, elevation, slope) were stronger predictors of forest loss than PA characteristics, such as age, type, and management effectiveness. Within PA characteristics, variables reflecting collaborative and equitable management and PA size were the strongest predictors of forest loss, albeit with less explanatory power than socioeconomic and biophysical variables. In contrast to previously used methods, which typically have been based on the assumption of linear relationships, we found that the associations between most predictors and forest loss are nonlinear. Our results can inform decisions on the allocation of PA resources by strengthening management in PAs with the highest risk of deforestation and help preemptively protect key biodiversity areas that may be vulnerable to deforestation in the future.
Sentiment analysis of the Twitter response to Netflix's Our Planet documentary
Authors: Acerbi Alberto , Burns John , Cabuk Unal , Kryczka Jakub , Trapp Bethany , Valletta John Joseph , Mesoudi Alex 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe role of nature documentaries in shaping public attitudes and behavior toward conservation and wildlife issues is unclear. We analyzed the emotional content of over 2 million tweets related to Our Planet, a major nature documentary released on Netflix, with dictionary and rule‐based automatic sentiment analysis. We also compared the sentiment associated with species mentioned in Our Planet and a set of control species with similar features but not mentioned in the documentary. Tweets were largely negative in sentiment at the time of release of the series. This effect was primarily linked to the highly skewed distributions of retweets and, in particular, to a single negatively valenced and massively retweeted tweet (>150,000 retweets). Species mentioned in Our Planet were associated with more negative sentiment than the control species, and this effect coincided with a short period following the airing of the series. Our results are consistent with a general negativity bias in cultural transmission and document the difficulty of evoking positive sentiment, on social media and elsewhere, in response to environmental problems.
An axe to grind: Family outsiders and firms doing good
Authors: Jiang Fuxiu , Jiang Ping , Zheng Xiaojia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis paper examines the relationship between having nonfamily members (i.e., family outsiders) as board chairs and corporate philanthropy.Research Findings/InsightsIn a hand‐collected dataset of Chinese family firms, we find that firms invest less in philanthropy when the board chair is a nonfamily member. However, this impact is mitigated when the chair's discretion is restricted, as in highly visible firms or firms controlled by the founding family. The negative relation between nonfamily chairs and corporate philanthropy is also weaker when the interest of chairs is more aligned with that of the controlling family, where chairs are inside‐promoted or members of founding team, when board chairs and the families have more goal consistency, when stakeholders have higher demands for corporate social responsibility or investors care less about profitability. Further analysis shows that nonfamily chairs help firms reduce overinvestment in philanthropy, the board chair has a more salient effect than the CEO on philanthropic giving, and the results are not driven by expropriation issues of the controlling family.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study highlights the heterogeneity of board chairs in family firms, board chair's significant influence on a firm's social performance, and the agency problem related with the board chair, which are all underexplored topics in prior literature.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur evidence offers insights to practitioners about the impact of board chairs on corporate philanthropy. Family firms need pay attention to the recruitment of board chairs and hold a comprehensive view of family firm professionalization as a nonfamily board chair might negatively affect firms' stakeholder relationship management but bring benefits by mitigating excess philanthropic activities. Besides, practitioners shall be aware of agency problems originating from board chairs. Incentives or monitoring over chairs might be useful to address potential conflicts of interest.
Responses to exercise in systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Donnelly Ronan P. , Smyth Anita E. , Mullan Charles , Riley Marshall S. , Nicholls D. Paul 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionPulmonary complications in systemic sclerosis (SSc) significantly increase morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to determine the factors limiting exercise capacity in SSc patients with and without interstitial lung disease (ILD), and to identify and quantify abnormalities during exercise that might assist in clinical assessment of this complication.MethodsFifteen patients with SSc and ILD (SSc‐ILD) were compared with 10 patients with SSc without ILD and 9 age‐ and sex‐matched normal volunteers. Subjects performed symptom‐limited incremental treadmill exercise with online measurement of respiratory gas exchange, arterial blood gas sampling and measurement of neurohormones in venous blood.ResultsPatients with SSc‐ILD had lower exercise capacity than SSc patients without ILD or normal subjects (peak oxygen consumption (PV̇O2) (17.1 [4.2] vs. 22.0 [4.7] and 23.0 [5.4] ml kg−1 min−1, respectively, mean [SD], p < 0.01 ANOVA), but PV̇O2 did not correlate with static pulmonary function measurements. Ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (V̇E/V̇CO2; nadir) was higher in SSc‐ILD patients than the other two groups (36.6 [8.0] vs. 29.9 [4.4] and 30.0 [2.5], p < 0.005) as were peak exercise dead‐space tidal volume ratio (0.44 [0.06] vs. 0.26 [0.09] and 0.26 [0.05], p < 0.001) and peak exercise alveolar–arterial difference (28.9 [16.9] vs. 18.8 [14.0] and 11.5 [6.9] mmHg, p < 0.05). Atrial natriuretic peptide was elevated in both SSc patient groups.ConclusionsSSc‐ILD results in lower exercise capacity than SSc without ILD, and abnormalities of gas exchange are seen. The possible use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify disease and quantify impairment in SSc‐ILD merits further study.
Professional continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Di Molfetta Sergio , Caruso Irene , Cignarelli Angelo , Natalicchio Annalisa , Perrini Sebastio , Laviola Luigi , Giorgino Francesco 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect on glucose control of professional continuous glucose monitoring (p‐CGM)‐based care as compared with standard care in the management of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Materials and methodsThe PubMed database was searched comprehensively to identify prospective or retrospective studies evaluating p‐CGM as a diagnostic tool for subsequent implementation of lifestyle and/or medication changes and reporting glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as an outcome measure.ResultsWe found 872 articles, 22 of which were included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, the use of p‐CGM was associated with greater HbA1c reduction from baseline (−0.28%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.36% to −0.21%, I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001) than usual care, irrespective of type of diabetes, length of follow‐up, frequency of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use and duration of CGM recording. In the few studies describing CGM‐derived glucose metrics, p‐CGM showed a beneficial effect on change in time in range from baseline (5.59%, 95% CI 0.12 to 11.06, I2 = 0%, P = 0.05) and a neutral effect on change in time below the target range from baseline (−0.11%, 95% CI −1.76% to 1.55%, I2 = 33%, P = 0.90).ConclusionsIn patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, p‐CGM‐driven care is superior to usual care in improving glucose control without increasing hypoglycaemia.
Functional roles of nematodes associated with the walnut twig beetle and eastern black walnut in the inland northwest
Authors: Williams Geoffrey M. , Ginzel Matthew D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBeetles (Scolytinae) form intimate associations with a taxonomically and functionally diverse suite of nematodes that are phytopathogens, fungal feeders, and entomoparasites. Despite their ubiquity, the ecological significance of nematodes in the lifecycles of economically important bark and ambrosia beetle species (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and associated plant diseases remains largely unexplored. Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is caused by the walnut twig beetle (WTB, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) and the fungus Geosmithia morbida (Kolařík, Freeland, Utley & Tisserat; Ascoymycota: Hypocreales) and causes foliar senescence, progressive crown dieback, and mortality in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) throughout western North America. In this study, nematodes recovered from P. juglandis and J. nigra in Idaho (ID) and Washington (WA) were identified morphologically and by constructing multilocus phylogenies to infer taxonomic relationships to taxa for which molecular data were available. We conducted assays to determine the extent to which nematodes feed and reproduce on G. morbida and other fungi commonly found in galleries of P. juglandis. Inoculation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nematodes on the area of subdermal necrotic lesions (cankers) caused by G. morbida in branches of mature J. nigra and stems of seedlings. The phoretic nematode Bursaphlenhus juglandis (Ryss, Parker, Alvarez‐Ortega, Nadeler & Subbotin) was frequently found under elytra of WTB in all locations, and a free‐living nematode (Panagrolaimus sp.) was also widespread and found in the bark of mature trees. Both B. juglandis and Panagrolaimus sp. reduced the size of cankers caused by G. morbida in seedlings and branches of mature trees, respectively. However, these species may play opposite roles as disease synergists and antagonists based on the observation that exudates and/or microbiota associated with Panagrolaimus sp., but not B. juglandis destroyed G. morbida colonies in culture. Furthermore, B. juglandis contributed to foliar symptoms in seedlings inoculated with G. morbida. An entomoparasitic nematode (Aphelenchoididae), most closely resembling an Ektaphelenchus sp., was also found in the haemocoel of WTB. Infection rates were positively related to beetle population sizes as inferred from emergence rates. Ditylenchus sp. was also found in incubated walnut wood in WA and Rhabtidolaimus sp. was phoretic on P. juglandis and found in incubated walnut wood in WA and ID. The community of nematodes in J. nigra in WA and ID differed substantially from what has been observed associated with J. nigra in its native range.
Transcranial direct current stimulation for focal status epilepticus or lateralized periodic discharges in four patients in a critical care setting
Authors: Fisher Robert S. , McGinn Ryan J. , Von Stein Erica L. , Wu Teresa Q. , Qing Kurt Y. , Fogarty Adam , Razavi Babak , Venkatasubramanian Chitra 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectiveTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been advocated for various neurological conditions, including epilepsy. A 1–4‐mA cathodal current applied to the scalp over a seizure focus can reduce spikes and seizures. This series of four patients with focal status epilepticus is among the first case series to demonstrate benefit of tDCS in the critical care setting.MethodsPatients in the intensive care unit were referred for tDCS treatment when focal status epilepticus or clinically relevant lateralized periodic discharges did not resolve with conventional antiseizure medications and anesthetics. Battery‐powered direct cathodal current at 2 mA was delivered by an ActivaDose (Caputron) tDCS device via a saline‐soaked sponge on the scalp over the seizure focus. Anode was on the contralateral forehead or shoulder. Treatment was for 30 min, repeated twice in a day, then again 1–4 times more over the next few days.ResultsThree females and one male, aged 34–68 years, were treated. Etiologies of status epilepticus were posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in association with immunosuppressants for a liver transplant, perinatal hypoxic–ischemic injury, a prior cardioembolic parietal stroke, and central nervous system lupus. tDCS led to significant reduction of interictal spikes (.78 to .38/s, p < .0001) in three cases and electrographic seizures (3.83/h to 0/h, p < .001) in two cases. Medication reductions were enabled in all cases subsequent to tDCS. The only side effect of tDCS was transient erythema under the sponge in one case. Two patients died of causes unrelated to tDCS, one was discharged to a nursing home, and one became fully responsive as seizures were controlled with tDCS.SignificanceSpikes and electrographic seizure frequency significantly improved within 1 day of tDCS. Results are potentially confounded by multiple ongoing changes in medications and treatments. These results might encourage further investigation of tDCS in the critical care setting, but verification by controlled studies will be required.
Male‐specific nocturnal song functions similarly to day song in a diurnal bird species
Authors: Dickerson Ashton L. , Jones Therésa M. , Moore Kaya B. , Hall Michelle L. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHistorically, birdsong research has been biased towards song of male birds at dawn and during the day, even though some diurnal birds sing at night. To address this gap, we studied how song in the willie wagtail, Rhipidura leucophrys—a diurnal species with prolific male‐specific nocturnal song during the breeding season—varies with time of day, breeding status and simulated intrusions. We recorded male nocturnal and dawn song over three breeding seasons and examined how this related to fertile and non‐fertile breeding stages of females. To test whether song functions for territory defence, we simulated territorial intrusion experimentally in both sexes with daytime and nighttime playback of male and female song. To test whether nocturnal song could function for mate guarding or post‐pairing mate attraction, we describe the mating system of willie wagtails using molecular genetic methods. We showed that both nocturnal and day song of male willie wagtails has roles in mate attraction and territory defence, while day song by females functioned primarily for territorial defence. Males increased song behaviour during fertile periods of resident females, suggesting possible roles in mate stimulation and mate guarding. Males and females responded similarly to simulated daytime intrusions and no differences were seen in male responses dependent on the time of day. We found 10%–14% of offspring were fathered by extra‐pair males, suggesting song may also function for mate guarding and post‐pairing mate attraction. In a species with small repertoires and simple songs like the willie wagtail, differences between males in overall song output achieved through nocturnal singing may be important in mate attraction and territory defence.
Environmental microbiome engineering for the mitigation of climate change
Authors: Silverstein Michael R. , Segrè Daniel , Bhatnagar Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEnvironmental microbiome engineering is emerging as a potential avenue for climate change mitigation. In this process, microbial inocula are introduced to natural microbial communities to tune activities that regulate the long‐term stabilization of carbon in ecosystems. In this review, we outline the process of environmental engineering and synthesize key considerations about ecosystem functions to target, means of sourcing microorganisms, strategies for designing microbial inocula, methods to deliver inocula, and the factors that enable inocula to establish within a resident community and modify an ecosystem function target. Recent work, enabled by high‐throughput technologies and modeling approaches, indicate that microbial inocula designed from the top‐down, particularly through directed evolution, may generally have a higher chance of establishing within existing microbial communities than other historical approaches to microbiome engineering. We address outstanding questions about the determinants of inocula establishment and provide suggestions for further research about the possibilities and challenges of environmental microbiome engineering as a tool to combat climate change.
Adult spawners: A critical period for subarctic Chinook salmon in a changing climate
Authors: Howard Kathrine G. , von Biela Vanessa 
Published: January 2023

AbstractConcurrent, distribution‐wide abundance declines of some Pacific salmon species, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), highlights the need to understand how vulnerability at different life stages to climate stressors affects population dynamics and fisheries sustainability. Yukon River Chinook salmon stocks are among the largest subarctic populations, near the northernmost extent of the species range. Existing research suggests that Yukon River Chinook salmon population dynamics are largely driven by factors occurring between the adult spawner life stage and their offspring's first summer at sea (second year post‐hatching). However, specific mechanisms sustaining chronic poor productivity are unknown, and there is a tremendous sense of urgency to understand causes, as declines of these stocks have taken a serious toll on commercial, recreational, and indigenous subsistence fisheries. Therefore, we leveraged multiple existing datasets spanning parent and juvenile stages of life history in freshwater and marine habitats. We analyzed environmental data in association with the production of offspring that survive to the marine juvenile stage (juveniles per spawner). These analyses suggest more than 45% of the variability in the production of juvenile Chinook salmon is associated with river temperatures or water discharge levels during the parent spawning migration. Over the past two decades, parents that experienced warmer water temperatures and lower discharge in the mainstem Yukon River produced fewer juveniles per spawning adult. We propose the adult spawner life stage as a critical period regulating population dynamics. We also propose a conceptual model that can explain associations between population dynamics and climate stressors using independent data focused on marine nutrition and freshwater heat stress. It is sobering to consider that some of the northernmost Pacific salmon habitats may already be unfavorable to these cold‐water species. Our findings have immediate implications, given the common assumption that northern ranges of Pacific salmon offer refugia from climate stressors.