bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemato-biochemical responses, worm burdens and Haemonchus contortus ultrastructural changes in lambs fed diets containing graded inclusion levels of sericea lespedeza
Authors: Mahachi Leo Nyikadzino , Chikwanha Obert Chenjerayi , Katiyatiya Chenaimoyo Lufutuko Faith , Marufu Munyaradzi Christopher , Aremu Adeyemi Oladapo , Mapiye Cletos 
Published: July 2023

Context Globally, sheep productivity is constrained by scarcity of high-quality feed and haemonchosis. These challenges may simultaneously be addressed by valorisation of nutraceutical forage legumes such as sericea lespedeza (SL) into sheep diets. Aim The current study determined the effects of feeding diets containing increasing inclusion levels of SL (0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.75% and 25%) as replacement for lucerne on haematological, biochemical, and parasitological parameters in Haemonchus contortus-infected and non-infected lambs. Methods Bodyweights, body condition scores (BCS), FAMACHA© scores, faecal worm egg counts (FWEC), and haematological and biochemical parameters were recorded from 80 Dohne Merino intact male lambs assigned to diet-by-infection status-based treatments in a completely randomised design, with a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments comprising of eight lambs per treatment during a 42-day feeding trial. Adult worms were collected, enumerated, and their ultra-structure was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy after slaughter. Results Diet, and diet × infection status had no effects on red blood-cell parameters of the lambs (P > 0.05). Eosinophils were affected by diet × infection status, being highest in non-infected lambs fed the control diet and lowest in infected lambs fed the 25% SL diet (P ≤ 0.05). Serum albumin, calcium and body condition scores declined (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of SL in the diet. There was no influence of diet on lamb bodyweights, FAMACHA© scores, FWEC, and worm burdens. Dietary increments of SL disrupted the structural integrity of the head (χ2 = 28.43; ϕc = 0.493; P ≤ 0.05) of adult worms. Conclusions Sericea lespedeza may replace lucerne up to 25% in lamb feedlot diets, with minor negative effects on haematological and biochemical parameters, but offers little benefits for modulating Haemonchus contortus infection. Implications Beneficiation of biologically active alternative feed resources such as sericea lespedeza could help farmers adapt better to market changes through the development of enhanced livestock feed and pharmaceutical products, which could help alleviate losses associated with impoverished nutrition and gastrointestinal health of lambs.
Explicit pronunciation instruction in the second language classroom
Authors: Stratton James M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The present study uses an acoustic analysis to examine the effects of implicit and explicit pronunciation
instruction on the acquisition of German final devoicing in the L2 classroom. Twenty-nine English-speaking L2 learners of German
at a North American university were assigned to an implicit or explicit condition. Learner speech samples were recorded, following
a pre/post/delayed-post-test design. Four acoustic correlates of final and medial obstruent voicing were analyzed to establish the
degree to which underlyingly voiced word-final stops were phonetically devoiced. Results indicate that learners in the explicit
condition significantly outperformed learners in the implicit condition, with all four acoustic measures signaling significantly
greater word-final devoicing by the post-test in the explicit condition. Orthography, declarative knowledge, and level of
awareness are hypothesized as factors that influenced the acquisition process. The study calls for additional acoustic work on the
effects of different instructional practices on German L2 pronunciation.
Criminalizing Acts of Rebel Governance as War Crimes
Authors: Marchesi Diletta 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This article explores whether it is appropriate on legal and policy grounds to criminalize as war crimes the acts of governance performed by non-state armed groups controlling territory. Using the administration of justice by armed groups and the Al Hassan case before the International Criminal Court as a reference point, it sheds light on the problems raised by the adoption of an overly broad definition of the war crimes’ nexus to the armed conflict. When the definition of ‘nexus’ is stretched to cover also rebel governance activities, the outcome is at odds with international humanitarian law’s provisions and nature. This approach also has detrimental consequences, including exposing non-state armed groups to unfair and asymmetric criminalization. This article submits that acts of rebel governance should not be criminalized as war crimes — other legal frameworks may be more suitable from a legal and policy standpoint to compel armed groups to comply with international standards and engage with them fruitfully.
Remaking Heterodoxy
Authors: Peck Jamie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a take on economic geography as a distinctive form of heterodox political economy. This goes beyond a simple aversion to the central tendencies in orthodox, mainstream economics—with its universalistic take on “the economy,” its methodological individualism, and its trivialization of the difference that space makes—extending to a series of constructive affinities with numerous strands of heterodox economics, including economic anthropology, feminist and environmental economics, economic sociology, and so on. The chapter takes a fresh look at economic geography from the perspective of these constructive affinities, characterizing its distinctive approach and pointing to opportunities for future development and collaboration.
Situating Method
Authors: Peck Jamie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Taking as its starting point the discussion of capitalist variegation and uneven development in Chapter 9, this chapter focuses squarely on questions of research design and methodology in geographical political economy, focusing in particular on the complementary approaches of relational comparison and conjunctural analysis. Relational comparison and conjunctural analysis each seek to explain, intervene, and theorize through the grounded but also structured contexts of place, positionality, and situation. Relational comparisons engage the stretched-out nature of social relations across space, while conjunctural analyses characteristically engage specific social formations, typically during moments of stress or crisis. They each tend to operate in the middle ranges of the explanatory register, being wary of unprincipled induction on the one hand and unmoored abstraction on the other, seeking instead to engage through situated analyses of articulation, intersection, and contestation. They do this in their somewhat different ways by “analyzing situations,” variously taking account of multiple (and more or less proximate) sources of causality, the mediating roles of politics and social struggle, the complex play of history, and the interdependencies of uneven spatial development.
Blanks, Print, Space, and Void in English Renaissance Literature
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book is an inquiry into blank or empty spaces in primarily English printed books in the period c.1500–c.1700, as well as in Renaissance culture more generally. The book explores the oscillation between print and space in early modern books, as well as the function of empty space in Renaissance culture more generally. In printed books, these spaces are also considered as “gaps” (where text or images are constructed as missing, lost, withheld, or perhaps never devised in the first place). The topics discussed include: space and silence; emptiness and absence; the vacuum; “race” and racial identity; blackness and whiteness together with lightness, darkness, and sightlessness; cartography and emptiness; the effect of typography on reading practices; the social spaces of the page; gendered surfaces; hierarchies of information; books of memory; pages constructed as “waste” or “vacant;” blank forms and bureaucracy; political and devotional spaces; censorship; endings; fragments; terminations; and mortality. The book pays close attention to the writings of many of the familiar figures in English Renaissance literary culture, including (for example) Sidney, Shakespeare, Donne, Jonson, and Milton, and also Aphra Behn, Ann Bradstreet, Margaret Cavendish, Lady Jane Grey, Lucy Hutchinson, Emilia Lanier, Arabella Stuart, Isabella Whitney, and Lady Mary Wroth.
Inky Faces and an Empty World
Authors: Sawday Jonathan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Starting with a discussion of the role of whiteness in typographic layout, and the gradual “opening up” of the page in the Renaissance, this chapter examines the role played by the technology of print in constructing ideas of a racially inflected sense of blackness and whiteness. The chapter looks at the production of black books or pages in England in the early seventeenth century, before considering representations of Blackness on the stage and in court masques (Shakespeare and Ben Jonson). The “inky” language of the print process is related to emerging ideas about race and skin color in the early modern period. In the second half of the chapter, the construction of blank, empty, or white spaces on printed maps in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is examined, showing how these “fictions of emptiness” contributed to the beginnings of European colonialism.
Selection on a Single Trait
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Phenotypic selection can be measured by its effects on trait distributions within a generation. Our approach contrasts trait distribution before and after selection. This contrast is less intuitive than the comparison of traits in survivors and nonsurvivors, but it has an important statistical advantage. The difference in trait means before and after selection is equivalent to the covariance between a trait and fitness. Such selection differentials have been measured in a wide variety of natural populations and show that trait means are usually shifted by less than half a phenotypic standard deviation (mean about 0.6) within generations and that the modal value is close to zero. A similar perspective on trait variances shows that they usually contract by 0–50% within a generation or expand by 0–25% as a consequence of selection, with a mode close to zero.
Selection on Multiple Traits
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The phenotypic effect of selection on multiple traits can be assessed by its effects on multivariate trait distributions. As in the case of a single trait, the fundamental approach is to compare the first and second central moments of trait distributions before and after selection. Such a multivariate comparison of moments represents a major statistical improvement over trait-by-trait comparisons. By taking a multivariate approach we may be able to identify which traits are the actual targets of selection. Analysis of selection in natural systems reveals that the effects of selection on actual targets are often obscured by correlations between traits. In addition to identifying targets of selection, multivariate analysis also gives us a way to quantify functional interactions between traits. Measuring the strength of such interactions is especially important because most traits belong to one or more functional complexes.
Inheritance of a Single Trait
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
When a trait is affected by many genes, a statistical concept of inheritance can be used to predict how the effects of selection will be transmitted to the next generation. This statistical concept (additive genetic variance) can also be used to model the effects of selection and drift over evolutionary time. Analyses of the best-studied traits show that dozens, if not hundreds of loci contribute to genetic variance in natural populations. The standing crop of genetic variation in a population can be visualized as a balance between the opposing effects of selection and mutation. Genetic variation is nibbled away each generation by selection, but variation is restored by mutation and other processes (recombination and migration). Studies of the mutation process reveal a measurable per-generation input to genetic variation in many traits. Because selection is often weak, mutation in conjunction with recombination and migration can compensate for selective losses. Consequently, the standing crop of genetic variation is substantial in most populations for many kinds of traits. The standardized genetic variance (heritability) of traits is typically in the range 0.2–0.6 (on a scale that ranges from 0–1).
Drift of a Single, Neutral Trait
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Random sampling of parents can change gene frequencies and cause the trait mean to fluctuate. Such fluctuations are most severe in small populations and in the absence of selection. The tendency of the trait mean to fluctuate by drift is captured by Ne, the effective size of a population. Long-term estimates of Ne based on nucleotide diversity range up to tens of millions but are much lower in some species. These numbers represent the effective size of a set of evolving, interbreeding lineages that may compose an entire species. Theory for drift in the trait mean is based on a model in which many replicate populations are derived from a single ancestral population and thereafter evolve independently. Such stochastic models allow us to predict the variation among replicate lineages at any generation in the future, as a function of genetic variance and effective population size. In nature, populations diverge more rapidly in the short term than is predicted by drift. In the long term, populations and species diverge less than is predicted by drift. These considerations indicate that drift is not a sufficient explanation for trait differentiation on nearly all timescales. Nevertheless, it is important to build a model of drift so that we can assess its contribution to diversification in relation to selection and other factors.
Appearance, Race, and Employment
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the morality of lookism in the context of employment decisions. It does so not merely by applying the account of what makes discrimination wrong developed earlier, but also by drawing an analogy between appearance discrimination and racial discrimination. It argues that, like racial discrimination, appearance discrimination can be disrespectful or demeaning, especially when it concerns a stigmatized feature of appearance. Appearance discrimination can also involve deliberative unfairness when selectors are influenced by their prejudices, their non-rational reactions, or their own personal aesthetic or moral judgements concerning appearance features. Furthermore, appearance discrimination may have unjust consequences, especially in relation to its impact on its victims’ interest in autonomous agency. The analogy between appearance discrimination and racial discrimination has limits, however, which come to the fore when we consider appearance discrimination rooted in aesthetic or moral judgements, or discrimination concerning appearance features over which a person has control.
Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that unjust enrichment lawyers should better distinguish between having a right to restitution, versus having the standing to enforce these rights. This would neatly resolve a long-standing debate over the best rationalization of a landmark restitution case, Re Diplock, and rescue it from being overruled in the aftermath of another recent landmark field-defining UK Supreme Court case, Investment Trusts Companies v HMRC, which clashes with it head on. Though not yet realized by unjust enrichment lawyers, nor by the judges within the case itself, ITC has changed the terms of this long-standing debate. It demands a tighter nexus between duty-bearer and holder of the correlative right to restitution, defining more narrowly what it means to be ‘enriched at the expense of another’—a necessary element of any enforceable right to restitution for unjust enrichment. This has also reoriented the larger debate over the scope of unjust enrichment and its future development in English law more generally, creating a real need for this area of law to be reassessed and rationalized. These chapters put forth a standing-based rationalization of the Re Diplock-type situation, building on and fortifying an argument advanced first by Lionel Smith. It is shown how a key misstep, on the restitution orthodoxy, occurred by conflating standing with rights to restitution.
Right-less Enforcers
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes with an attempt to articulate some broader conditions under which clusters of exceptions to the general standing rule might be justified. These are conditions at a more general level which, if obtained, remove or defeat the objections to right-less enforcers. They are: (i) right-holder consent; (ii) right-holder incompetence; and (ii) duty-bound standing. It is argued that for a right to be justifiably enforced by someone else, generally right-holder consent to enforcement should, where possible, be sought. Otherwise, outsider enforcement could be objected to as unjustifiably paternalistic. However, some situations exist in which the right-holder’s consent is either impossible to seek, or even if possible, could be justifiably dispensed with. Examples of such situations are discussed under the broader header of right-holder incompetence, which includes physical incapacity and legal incompetence eg infants and minors or the mentally incapacitated. The last category, ‘duty-bound standing’ refers to a special set of situations where the right-holder does not hold his right beneficially for himself, but for the benefit of others. This could include trustees, and the personal representative of an estate. That this category has been generally overlooked by scholars within private law theory reveals a skewed focus in the field thus far.
Health, Subjectivity, and Capability
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores another axis along which our understanding of health seems pulled in conflicting directions: the relationship between subjective experience and objective physiological condition. If we overemphasize the objective aspects of health, we miss some of the most crucial aspects of why health matters to us and why loss of health is harmful to us. In contrast, if we overemphasize the subjective, experiential dimensions of health, we miss both the biological importance of health and part of the explanation for the normative significance of health conditions. Strikingly, though, when it comes to understanding what health is, the subjective and objective dimensions aren’t just sometimes in tension with each other; they’re also often mutually dependent on each other, such that you can’t fully separate them.
European Unions and Beyond
Authors: Jackson Alvin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The chapter identifies a range of multinational union polities beyond Britain and Ireland: the Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Canada, Austria-Hungary. It explores these in detail, looking at the origins of each, their survival and adaptation, and (where relevant) their ultimate demise: it also looks at other complex contemporary union states such as Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves and the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia. The chapter argues that these united kingdoms were often connected by legacies of composite monarchy and by shared origins in the context of warfare and insurgency. It argues that, while these unions had different histories, they were often supported by British diplomatic endeavour; and, moreover, they shared a wider variety of characteristics and features. The chapter identifies a range of—frequently shared—agencies and institutions supporting and undermining union in each of the case studies. It argues that for all a capacity to adapt was important to their survival and longevity.
Aristotle on Digestion, Self-Motion, and the Eternity of the Universe
Authors: Wang Wei 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In a famous passage from Physics 8. 6, in order to argue for the eternity of the motion of the universe, Aristotle denies that animate beings, and animals in particular, are self-movers. The denial contradicts what we otherwise know of Aristotle’s theory of soul and biology, and many unsuccessful interpretive attempts have been made recently in this regard. This paper argues that we can solve the problem by distinguishing between the essence and the temporal existence of a self-mover’s activity. On this interpretation, animals remain genuine self-movers in what their activities are, but the temporal duration of their activities is externally determined. It is precisely in this way that Aristotle’s apparently conflicting biological and cosmological commitments are reconciled.
Giving Gifts and Making Friends
Authors: Glasscock Allison Piñeros 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The ethical ideal of the ancient Stoics requires that the virtuous agent care about the good of everyone. Contemporary scholars and ancient commentators have struggled to understand how agents are supposed to progress towards this ideal, much less attain it. The central claim of this paper is that the Roman Stoic Seneca offers a blueprint for ethical progress in On Benefits, one that makes giving and receiving benefits central to ethical development. It argues that, for Seneca, (1) benefaction is a joint activity (i.e. an activity with multiple participants working in relation to one another) and that (2) it is intrinsically oriented towards the good. The special nature of benefaction explains why Seneca regards it as a source of friendship. The paper also shows that Stoic friendship shares its core features with the Stoic ethical ideal. Because benefaction results in friendship, it offers progressors a powerful means of developing ethical concern for others’ good.
Engines of State, Emblems of Nation, Tokens of Trust
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines struggles during the eighteenth century between factions, interests, and nations over the distribution and operation of monetary power in the context of chronic shortages of coin and the growing importance of paper money and other forms of credit. The chapter considers the establishment of an effective gold standard in Britain from 1717 and the elevation of the Bank of England to a largely unquestioned position as a key component of the state apparatus following the bursting of the South Sea Bubble in 1720. In parallel, it examines Ireland’s ongoing monetary crises throughout the century, from the failed attempt to establish a national bank in 1721 to the controversy over the British government’s issue of a patent to provide large amounts of underweight copper coin to Ireland in 1722, to the protracted struggle to settle all Irish coin on uniform sterling standard, to the foundation in 1782 of the Bank of Ireland. These struggles were all framed by the complex and ambivalent relationship of resentful and mutually mistrustful dependency of the Irish protestant elite on the British government. The chapter also examines how people coped with or exploited the chronic shortage of coin—especially copper and silver—in Britain and Ireland, as well as the growing importance of interconnected webs of paper money and paper credit.