bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEDISIPLINAN GURU
Authors: Utomo Ragil 
Published: February 2023

Kepala sekolah memiiki peran penting dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan dan mendeskripsikan peran kepala sekolah dalam membantu para guru meningkatan kedisiplinan hadir tepat waktu di sekolah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi. Adapun obyek penelitian adalah kepala sekolah dan guru bahasa Indonesia kelas 5 sebagai informan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan peran kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kedisiplinan guru adalah terdapat peran kepala sekolah sebagai manager, peran kepala sekolah sebagai supervisor dan peran kepala sekolah sebagai teladan (role model).
Sorotan Teologis Terhadap Paradigma & Praktik Misi Kaum Pluralis
Authors: Melyanti Nabuasa Kamenia , Asmo Tobing Mintoni 
Published: February 2023

The issue of religious pluralism becomes a hot topic for discussion among Christian theologians. The ecumenical views pluralism as a good bridge to respond to the differences in faith amid pluralism. Thus, there is a term of pluralists. Pluralism is considered the right step for the church to present God's shalom in the middle of the world. The pluralist paradigm affects their view of God's mission and the practice of the mission. The mission is not about proclaiming the Gospel but looking at the truth and salvation that God has provided for other beliefs. Thus, the practice of preaching the Gospel is replaced by dialogue and social service. This is in contrast with the Great Commission of Jesus Christ which emphasizes the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ as the core of God's mission.
ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA
Isu pluralisme agama merupakan topik yang hangat untuk diperbincangkan dikalangan teolog Kristen. Kaum Oikumenikal memandang pluralisme sebagai suatu jembatan yang baik dalam menyikapi pebedaan iman di tengah kemajemukan. Karena itulah dikenal sebutan kaum pluralis. Pluralisme dianggap sebagai langkah yang tepat bagi gereja untuk menghadirkan shalom Allah di tengah dunia. Paradigma kaum pluralis terhadap perbedaan ini berdampak pada pandangan mereka terhadap misi Allah dan praktik misi itu sendiri. Misi bukan tentang poklamasi Injil namun melihat kebenaran dan keselamatan yang Allah sediakan pada kepercayaan lain, karena itu praktik pemberitaan Injil diganti dengan dialog dan pelayanan sosial. Hal ini tentunya bertentangan dengan Amanat Agung Yesus Kristus yang menekankan proklamasi Injil Kristus sebagai inti misi Allah.
Acute myeloid leukaemia: an update for dentists
Authors: Byrne Harriet , Zhang Hengjia , Baig Kaumal , McCarthy Caroline , Brady Paul 
Published: February 2023

Many systemic diseases exhibit oral involvement. These intra- and extra-oral signs can have diagnostic weighting. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is just one of a number of conditions that can present in the mouth. AML is a haematological malignancy, seen generally in the older population. Cervical lymphadenopathy and gingival enlargement, attributed to AML are the two most common signs that may present in a dental setting. The case report also demonstrates that the treatment of systemic diseases can resolve the oral complications of the particular disease. In this case report, the treatment of the AML resulted in a resolution of the gingival hyperplasia.
Foundational Rules of Interpretation of Statute
Authors: Ambreen Aslam  
Published: February 2023

This article reconnoiters of connotation and significance of foundational rules of interpretation of statute in judicial system these fundamental rules enables the legal fraternity including beginners and specially the judges to persuade the intention of lawmaker in its true sense and determine the fate of subject by contemplating the object ,comprension of statue is expertise and aptitude through competence the complexity of expressions can be understood as many of the statute crafted in simple grammatical order and some of them have complex expressions and have profundity and complexity and those expressions one who has expertise in a subject can effortlessly interpret,appreciate the purpose of the text and intention behind the expressions used in statute, besides this every word and expression which is used in statute has multiple meanings and to interpret or perceive those expressions in a systematic way by the common person is an enigmatic perseverance and while interpretation of statute any obscurity or ambiguity emerges than the interpretation which support the objective of legislation would be adopted in this study the important rules have been highlighted alongwith details of their application while administering the justice .
A Cultural Responses to Entrepreneurial Activities in Pashtun Society of Pakistan
Authors: Jehad Ali  , Muhammad Israr  , Zafar Khan  , Yousaf Ali  
Published: February 2023

Entrepreneurship is playing a vital role in national socioeconomic development. Entrepreneurial endeavors are significantly influenced by culture. In this study, the cultural barriers to entrepreneurship in Pashtun tribal society are examined. The tribal society of the Pashtuns was used as a case study. To carry out this study, a qualitative research paradigm was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with those involved in business activities. Respondents to the study were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The thematic analysis method was employed to investigate the social barrier to entrepreneurship in Pashtun tribal society. The results showed that, in contrast to the formation, business is not a socially respectable job in a tribal setting. Individuals in Pashtun society were reluctant to create businesses because of the negative attitudes certain people had regarding specific entrepreneurial endeavors. The information shows that Pakhtunwali, or Pashtun culture's moral code, hinders entrepreneurship in Pashtun society. It has hampered the process of socioeconomic development and people are reluctant to start entrepreneurial activities in Pashtun Society. The government must encourage young people to start their businesses and identify Pashtun society's cultural hubs that encourage commerce.
Comparative chloroplast genomics of three species of Bulbophyllum section Cirrhopetalum (Orchidaceae), with an emphasis on the description of a new species from Eastern Himalaya
Authors: Li Mengkai , Tang Lu , Deng Jianping , Tang Hanqing , Shao Shicheng , Xing Zhen , Luo Yan 
Published: February 2023

Background
Chloroplast (cp) genomes are useful and informative molecular markers used for species determination and phylogenetic analysis. Bulbophyllum is one of the most taxonomically complex taxa in Orchidaceae. However, the genome characteristics of Bulbophyllum are poorly understood.

Methods
Based on comparative morphological and genomic analysis, a new species Bulbophyllum pilopetalum from eastern Himalaya belonging to section Cirrhopetalum is described and illustrated. This study used chloroplast genomic sequences and ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) analysis to distinguish the new Bulbophyllum species and determine its phylogenetic position. An additional phylogenetic analysis was conducted using 74 coding sequences from 15 complete chloroplast genomes from the genus Bulbophyllum, as well as nrDNA sequences and two chloroplast DNA sequences from 33 Bulbophyllun species.

Results
The new species is morphologically similar to B. pingnanense, B. albociliatum, and B. brevipedunculatum in vegetative and floral morphology, but it can be distinguished by its ovate-triangle dorsal sepal without a marginal ciliate. The chloroplast genome of the new Bulbophyllum species is 151,148 bp in length, and includes a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,833 bp, a large single-copy region (LSC) of 86,138 bp, and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 13,300 bp. The chloroplast genome includes 108 unique genes encoding 75 proteins, 30 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. Compared with the cp genomes of its two most closely-related species, B. pingnanense and B. albociliatum, this chloroplast genome exhibited great interspecific divergence and contained several Indels that were specific to the new species. The plastid tree showed that B. pilopetalum is most closely-related to B. pingnanense. The phylogenetic tree based on combined nrDNA and chloroplast DNA sequences indicated that section Cirrhopetalum was monophyletic and B. pilopetalum was a member of this section.

Discussion
The taxonomic status of the new species is strongly supported by cp genome data. Our study highlights the importance of using the complete cp genome to identify species, elucidate the taxonomy, and reconstruct the phylogeny of plant groups with complicated taxonomic problems.
Case Study of Patients Using Injectable Trancinolone Acetonide with Neurological Complications
Authors: Qi E. , Jiayi Peng , Ziyin Zhou , Xianjie Wen 
Published: February 2023

Aim: Through the analysis of two cases of serious neurological complications after triamcinolone acetonide use, this case study warns that the risk of serious neurological complications should be paid attention to when triamcinolone acetonide is used clinically.
Presentation of Case: In this paper, we reported two cases of severe neurological complications caused by triamcinolone acetonide. One case was severe hearing loss on the same side after triamcinolone acetonide was injected around the ear to treat scars. After 2 months of treatment, the patient's nausea, vomiting and vertigo improved, but the hearing damage did not improve. The other case was severe complications of lower limb paralysis after triamcinolone acetonide was injected into the spinal canal. Two hours after the injection of the drug, the patient developed paraplegia of both lower limbs. After three months of treatment, it still did not improve.
Discussion and Conclusion: Triamcinolone acetonide is a suspension, insoluble in water, with a large number of particles gathering, and the largest particle is greater than 500μm. It has been reported that the medium-sized particles of adrenocortical hormone with a diameter of 51-1000μm can easily block the blood vessels, especially the anterior spinal artery. In clinical practice, we should pay attention to the disastrous neurological complications caused by triamcinolone acetonide hydrochloride, and take relevant preventive and coping measures.
Trends in Out-of-Pocket Costs for and Characteristics of Pharmacy-Dispensed Buprenorphine Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment by Type of Payer, 2015 to 2020
Authors: Strahan Andrea E. , Desai Shaina , Zhang Kun , Guy Gery P. 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceBuprenorphine has been approved for opioid use disorder treatment, yet remains underutilized. Cost may present a barrier; little is known about how out-of-pocket costs vary.ObjectiveTo determine if out-of-pocket costs and prescription characteristics for buprenorphine varied by type of payer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used all-payer data on retail pharmacy–dispensed buprenorphine prescriptions from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2020, for adults (aged ≥18 years) in the US, excluding formulations primarily used to treat pain. Data were analyzed from July 2021 to June 2022.ExposuresType of payer (private and commercial, self-pay, Medicaid, Medicare, assistance, and unknown) for dispensed prescription.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAll outcomes are prescription-level. Mean and median daily out-of-pocket costs were calculated overall and by payer type. Prescription characteristics (days supplied, patient age and sex, generic vs name brand formulations, and prescriber’s location) were examined by payer type.ResultsAlthough mean daily out-of-pocket costs decreased overall from $4.79 (95% CI, $4.79-$4.80) in 2015 (7 375 508 prescriptions) to $1.91 (95% CI, $1.90-$1.91) in 2020 (13 486 822 prescriptions), out-of-pocket costs continued to vary by payer in 2020. Medicaid had the lowest mean daily out-of-pocket cost across all years—$0.18 (95% CI, $0.18-$0.18) in 2015, and $0.10 (95% CI, $0.10-$0.10) in 2020. Private and commercial paid prescriptions fell from $4.80 (95% CI, $4.79-$4.81) per day in 2015 to $1.82 (95% CI, $1.82-$1.83) in 2020. Self-pay and assistance categories had the highest mean daily out-of-pocket costs across study years ($9.76 [95% CI, $9.74-$9.78] and $8.72 [95% CI, $8.71-$8.73], respectively, in 2015; $8.44 [95% CI, $8.43-$8.46] and $6.31 [95% CI, $6.30-$6.31], respectively, in 2020). Medicaid paid prescriptions had a mean supply of 15.59 days (95% CI, 15.58-15.59 days) and the lowest percentage of generic prescriptions (57.88%; 95% CI, 57.84%-57.92%). Out-of-pocket cost varied by prescriber location and patient characteristics; mean costs were highest for prescriptions written in the South ($2.91; 95% CI, $2.90-$2.91), metropolitan counties ($1.93; 95% CI, $1.93-$1.93), and for individuals aged 35 to 44 years ($2.10; 95% CI, $2.09-$2.10).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study found that mean daily out-of-pocket costs for buprenorphine were lower in 2020 than in 2015, but variation by payer existed in all study years. Financial barriers to accessing and maintaining buprenorphine for opioid use disorder treatment may exist and differ by type of prescription coverage. Future research could monitor costs and identify potential barriers that may impact access and retention in care.
Trends in In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Mortality Among Children With Cardiac Disease in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sperotto Francesca , Daverio Marco , Amigoni Angela , Gregori Dario , Dorste Anna , Allan Catherine , Thiagarajan Ravi R. 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceData on trends in incidence and mortality for in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in children with cardiac disease in the intensive care unit (ICU) are lacking. Additionally, there is limited information on factors associated with IHCA and mortality in this population.ObjectiveTo investigate incidence, trends, and factors associated with IHCA and mortality in children with cardiac disease in the ICU.Data SourcesA systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and CINAHL, from inception to September 2021.Study SelectionObservational studies on IHCA in pediatric ICU patients with cardiac disease were selected (age cutoffs in studies varied from age ≤18 y to age ≤21 y).Data Extraction and SynthesisQuality of studies was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tools. Data on incidence, mortality, and factors associated with IHCA or mortality were extracted by 2 independent observers. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to compute pooled proportions and pooled ORs. Metaregression, adjusted for type of study and diagnostic category, was used to evaluate trends in incidence and mortality.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes were incidence of IHCA and in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were proportions of patients who underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and those who did not achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).ResultsOf the 2574 studies identified, 25 were included in the systematic review (131 724 patients) and 18 in the meta-analysis. Five percent (95% CI, 4%-6%) of children with cardiac disease in the ICU experienced IHCA. The pooled in-hospital mortality among children who experienced IHCA was 51% (95% CI, 42%-59%). Thirty-nine percent (95% CI, 29%-51%) did not achieve ROSC; in centers with ECMO, 22% (95% CI, 14%-33%) underwent ECPR, whereas 22% (95% CI, 12%-38%) were unable to be resuscitated. Both incidence of IHCA and associated in-hospital mortality decreased significantly in the last 20 years (both P for trend &amp;lt; .001), whereas the proportion of patients not achieving ROSC did not significantly change (P for trend = .90). Neonatal age, prematurity, comorbidities, univentricular physiology, arrhythmias, prearrest mechanical ventilation or ECMO, and higher surgical complexity were associated with increased incidence of IHCA and mortality odds.Conclusions and RelevanceThis systematic review and meta-analysis found that 5% of children with cardiac disease in the ICU experienced IHCA. Decreasing trends in IHCA incidence and mortality suggest that education on preventive interventions, use of ECMO, and post-arrest care may have been effective; however, there remains a crucial need for developing resuscitation strategies specific to children with cardiac disease.
Long‐term clinical, imaging and cognitive outcomes association with MS immunopathology
Authors: Kalinowska‐Lyszczarz Alicja , Tillema Jan‐Mendelt , Tobin William Oliver , Guo Yong , Weigand Stephen D. , Metz Imke , Brück Wolfgang , Lassmann Hans , Giraldo‐Chica Monica , Port John D. , Lucchinetti Claudia F. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveIn this observational study on a cohort of biopsy‐proven central nervous system demyelinating disease consistent with MS, we examined the relationship between early‐active demyelinating lesion immunopattern (IP) with subsequent clinical course, radiographic progression, and cognitive function.MethodsSeventy‐five patients had at least one early‐active lesion on biopsy and were pathologically classified into three immunopatterns based on published criteria. The median time from biopsy at follow‐up was 11 years, median age at biopsy ‐ 41, EDSS ‐ 4.0. At last follow‐up, the median age was 50, EDSS ‐ 3.0. Clinical examination, cognitive assessment (CogState battery), and 3‐Tesla‐MRI (MPRAGE/FLAIR/T2/DIR/PSIR/DTI) were obtained.ResultsIP‐I was identified in 14/75 (19%), IP‐II was identified in 41/75 (56%), and IP‐III was identified in 18/75 (25%) patients. Patients did not differ significantly by immunopattern in clinical measures at onset or last follow‐up. The proportions of disease courses after a median of 11 years were similar across immunopatterns, relapsing–remitting being most common (63%), followed by monophasic (32%). No differences in volumetric or DTI measures were found. CogState performance was similar for most tasks. A slight yet statistically significant difference was identified for episodic memory scores, with IP‐III patients recalling one word less on average.InterpretationIn this study, immunopathological heterogeneity of early‐active MS lesions identified at biopsy does not correlate with different long‐term clinical, neuroimaging or cognitive outcomes. This could be explained by the fact that while active white matter lesions are pathological substrates for relapses, MS progression is driven by mechanisms converging across immunopatterns, regardless of pathogenic mechanisms driving the acute demyelinated plaque.
MRI and fluid biomarkers reveal determinants of myelin and axonal loss with aging
Authors: Walker Keenan A. , Duggan Michael R. , Gong Zhaoyuan , Dark Heather E. , Laporte John P. , Faulkner Mary E. , An Yang , Lewis Alexandria , Moghekar Abhay R. , Resnick Susan M. , Bouhrara Mustapha 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveWhite matter damage is a feature of Alzheimer's disease, yet little is known about how facets of the Alzheimer's disease process relate to key features of white matter structure. We examined the association of Alzheimer's disease (Aß42/40 ratio; pTau181), neuronal injury (NfL), and reactive astrogliosis (GFAP) biomarkers with MRI measures of myelin content and axonal density.MethodsAmong cognitively normal participants in the BLSA and GESTALT studies who received MRI measures of myelin content (defined by myelin water fraction [MWF]) and axonal density (defined by neurite density index [NDI]), we quantified plasma levels of Aβ42, Aβ40, pTau181, NfL, and GFAP. Linear regression models adjusted for demographic variables were used to relate these plasma biomarker levels to the MRI measures.ResultsIn total, 119 participants received MWF imaging (age: 56 [SD 21]), of which 43 received NDI imaging (age: 50 [SD 18]). We found no relationship between plasma biomarkers and total brain myelin content. However, secondary analysis found higher GFAP was associated with lower MWF in the temporal lobes (ß = −0.13; P = 0.049). Further, higher levels of NfL (ß = −0.22; P = 0.009) and GFAP (ß = −0.29; P = 0.002) were associated with lower total brain axonal density. Secondary analyses found lower Aβ42/40 ratio and higher pTau181 were also associated with lower axonal density, but only in select brain regions. These results remained similar after additionally adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors.InterpretationPlasma biomarkers of neuronal injury and astrogliosis are associated with reduced axonal density and region‐specific myelin content. Axonal loss and demyelination may co‐occur with neurodegeneration and astrogliosis ahead of clinically meaningful cognitive decline.
Additive Manufacturing of Carbon Using Commodity Polypropylene
Authors: Smith Paul , Obando Alejandro Guillen , Griffin Anthony , Robertson Mark , Bounds Ethan , Qiang Zhe 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCarbon materials are essential to the development of modern society with indispensable use in various applications, such as energy storage and high‐performance composites. Despite great progress, on‐demand carbon manufacturing with control over 3D macroscopic configuration is still an intractable challenge, hindering their direct use in many areas requiring structured materials and products. This work introduces a simple and scalable method to generate complex, large‐scale carbon structures using easily accessible materials and technologies. 3D‐printed, commercial polypropylene (PP) parts can be thermally stabilized through cracking‐facilitated diffusion and crosslinking. The newly elucidated mechanism from this work allows thick PP parts to yield carbonaceous products with complex structures through a subsequent pyrolysis step. The approach for enabling PP‐to‐carbon conversion has consistent product yield and controlled dimensional shrinkage. Under optimized processing conditions, these PP‐derived carbons exhibit robust mechanical properties and excellent joule heating performance, demonstrated by their versatile use as heating elements. Furthermore, this process can be extended to recycled PP, enabling the conversion of waste plastic materials to value‐added products. This work provides an innovative approach to create structured carbon materials with direct access to complex geometry, which can be transformative to, and broadly benefit, many important technological applications.