bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Varying Frequencies
Authors: Mishra Indira Sushil , Shingne Ranjana , Roy Nitu Kumari 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
As per the World Health Organization, in 2005, more than 180 million people had diabetes worldwide. This figure will be more than double by 2030. Neuropathy is common and late complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Sensory neural hearing loss which is severe at higher frequencies has been reported in Type 2 DM patients. Auditory nerve tract damage increases the latency and reduces the amplitude of the response. Evoked potential recordings evaluate the neural pathways in the central nervous system. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) localize anatomic structures using different waves and detect acoustic and central neuropathy (CN). Hence, brainstem evoked response of audiometry (BERA) is used widely in clinical set up.

Aims: Primary:
1. To record BERA waves in normal subjects with normal blood sugar levels (hemoglobin A1C [HbA1C] <5.4. 2. To record BERA waves in Type 2 DM patients. (HbA1C >6.5).

Secondary:
To study the BERA parameters with the normal subjects with blood sugar subjects and compare them with Type 2 DM patients.

Materials and Methods:
n = 30, Type 2 DM patients between the age of 35–50 years of either sex were chosen from the Diabetic Clinic of GMC, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. HbA1C test for glycemic control and BERA waves to assess CN were recorded. n = 30 normal subjects with normal blood sugar with age and sex-matched above tests were performed.

Statistical Analysis:
Unpaired Student's t-test.

Results:
Mean ± Standard deviation of the absolute latency and interpeak latency of BERA waves at 2, 4, and 6 KHz at 80 dB in Type 2 DM patients were delayed and found to be significant as compared to control group.

Conclusion:
The above study explains that if BAEP is recorded at higher frequencies like 6 KHz and at 80 dB, CN involvement can be detected earlier in diabetic patients. Hence, it is recommended to carry out BERA in diabetic patients at least once in a year.
Nontubercular Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Patients of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Khandelwal Akash , Chaudhary Shyam Chand , Verma Ajay Kumar , Sawlani Kamal Kumar , Gupta Kamlesh Kumar , Himanshu Dandu , Sonkar Satyendra Kumar , Verma Sudhir Kumar 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), frequently due to respiratory tract infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality, and estimate suggests that it is currently the third leading cause of death worldwide.

Aims and Objectives:
This study aims to study the prevalence of nontubercular bacterial and fungal infections in patients of COPD.

Materials and Methods:
It is an observational study done for 1-year period from August 2017 to July 2018. A total of 100 COPD patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed in the present study. These cases were classified according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) combined assessment criteria and subjected to sputum or in some cases Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid examination for nontubercular bacterial and fungal pathogens. Serum galactomannan assay, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography chest were done in selected cases.

Results:
The age of the study population ranged from 40 to 85 years and the mean age was 60.01 ± 9.85 years. Majority of the patients were male (81.0%) and most (78.0%) of them were smokers. Most of the patients belonged to GOLD Grades 2 and 3. Forty-six percent of the patients did show pathogenic organisms in sputum examination. Out of these, 80.4% were bacterial, mainly Gram-negative organisms (Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Citrobacter) and 19.6% of cases were having fungal infections (Candida and Aspergillus).

Conclusions:
Increasing patient age, smoking habit, and severity of COPD were related to an increasing frequency of bacterial and fungal infections. Early detection and proper treatment could help in preventing the morbidity and mortality related to COPD.
Prevalence and Knowledge of Kidney Disease Risk Factors among Nigerians Resident in Lagos State Metropolitan District, South West Nigeria
Authors: Akokuwebe Monica Ewomazino , Idemudia Erhabor Sunday 
Published: April 2023

Objective:
The objective is to determine the prevalence of kidney disease (KD) risk factors and their knowledge among Nigerians aged 15–64 living in the Mainland and Island metropolitan districts of Lagos State, South West Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 1171 respondents between 15 and 64 years of age were recruited for the measurements of prevalence and knowledge of KD risk factors using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression statistical analyses were employed.

Results:
The respondents’ mean age was 33.83 ± 11.54, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.54:0.46. Respondents without KD have lower knowledge of KD risk factors (38.26; 37.27[FIGURE DASH]39.25) than those with KD (45.00; 38.84[FIGURE DASH]50.16) with an overall knowledge score of 38.39 (37.41[FIGURE DASH]39.36). The prevalent risk factors include indiscriminate use of analgesics and frequent use of traditional remedies (P < 0.05). Knowledge predictors of KD risk factors among respondents were older age (≥30 years) (with KD–Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.06: 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82[FIGURE DASH]1.98; without KD–AOR 2.10: 95% CI: 1.52[FIGURE DASH]2.25) and chronic ailments (with KD–AOR 1.51: 95% CI: 0.28[FIGURE DASH]2.93; without KD–AOR 3.03: 95% CI: 0.04[FIGURE DASH]7.49).

Conclusion:
The study revealed a lower knowledge of KD risk factors exists in respondents without KD, but the prevalence of risk factors was higher among both cohorts of respondents. Therefore, concerted efforts should be made to sensitize strategic public health programs to expand accurate and adequate awareness and understanding of KD risk factors and their implications for well-being, and to possibly avoid the risk of the disease later in life.
Spatiotemporal Analysis and Seasonality of Tuberculosis in Algeria
Authors: Selmane Schehrazad , L'hadj Mohamed 
Published: April 2023

Background:
This study aimed to describe the spatiotemporal distribution, to build a forecasting model, and to determine the seasonal pattern of tuberculosis (TB) in Algeria.

Methods:
The Box–Jenkins methodology was used to develop predictive models and GeoDa software was used to perform spatial autocorrelation.

Results:
Between 1982 and 2019, the notification rate per 100,000 population of smear-positive pulmonary TB (SPPTB) has dropped 62.2%, while that of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) has risen 91.3%. For the last decade, the mean detection rate of PTB was 82.6%. At around, 2% of PTB cases were yearly reported in children under 15 years old, a peak in notification rate was observed in the elderly aged 65 and over, and the sex ratio was in favor of men. Between 52% and 59% of EPTB cases were lymphadenitis TB and between 15% and 23% were pleural TB. About two-third of EPTB cases were females and around 10% were children under the age of 15. The time series analysis showed that (1,1, 2) × (1, 1, 0)4 (respectively (0, 1, 2) × (1, 1, 0)4, (3, 1, 0) × (1, 1, 0)4) offered the best forecasting model to quarterly TB (respectively EPTB, SPPTB) surveillance data. The most hit part was the Tell followed by high plateaus which accounted for 96.6% of notifications in 2017. Significant hot spots were identified in the central part for EPTB notification rate and in the northwestern part for SPPTB.

Conclusions:
There is a need to reframe the set objectives in the state strategy to combat TB taking into account seasonality and spatial clustering to ensure improved TB management through targeted and effective interventions.
Evaluation of Intracranial Vasculitis in Tuberculous Meningitis using Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging Technique
Authors: Vanjare Harshad Arvind , Gunasekaran Karthik , Manesh Abi , Mishra Ajay Kumar , Mannam Pavithra , Iyadurai Ramya , Jasper Anitha , Mani Sunithi 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a global health problem with important complications such as acute infarcts secondary to vasculitis contributing to adverse outcomes. The objective of this study is to assess intracranial vasculitis in patients with TBM, either during their initial diagnosis or during follow-up while on standard antituberculous therapy.

Methods:
Ten patients with TBM underwent magnetic resonance (MR) based vessel wall imaging (VWI) to identify intracranial vasculitis (five patients during their initial presentation and the other five patients during their follow-up visit).

Results:
Vasculitis was seen in 60% of the patients wherein 70% of their intracranial vessels were affected. Acute and chronic infarcts were seen in four and two patients respectively, one of whom had both acute and chronic infarcts. Leptomeningeal enhancement and basal cisternal tuberculomas were frequently seen in patients with vasculitis. Vasculitis was also seen many days after the commencement of the antituberculous therapy thus explaining late-onset infarcts in this disease.

Conclusion:
Intracranial vasculitis is common in the patient with TBM. MR-based VWI technique has the potential for infarct risk assessment and to help guide the treatment for its possible prevention.
Prediction of Treatment Failure of Tuberculosis using Support Vector Machine with Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Kanesamoorthy Keethansana , Dissanayake Maheshi B. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that mainly affects human lungs. It can be fatal if the treatment is delayed. This study investigates the prediction of treatment failure of TB patients focusing on the features which contributes mostly for drug resistance.

Methods:
Support vector machine (SVM) is a relatively novel classification model that has shown promising performance in regression applications. Genetic algorithm (GA) is a method for solving the optimization problems. We have considered lifestyle and treatment preference-related data collected from TB-positive patients in Yangon, Myanmar to obtain a clear picture of the TB drug resistance. In this article, TB drug resistance is analyzed and modelled using SVM classifier. GA is used to enhance the overall performance of SVM, by selecting the most suitable 20 features from the 35 full feature set. Further, the performance of four different kernels of SVM model is investigated to obtain the best performance.

Results:
Once the model is trained with SVM and GA, we have feed unseen data into the model to predict the treatment resistance of the patient. The results have shown that SVM with GA is capable of achieving 67% of accuracy in predicting the treatment resistance in unseen data with only 20 features.

Conclusion:
The findings would in turn, assist to develop an effective TB treatment plan in future based on patients' lifestyle choices and social settings. In addition, the model developed in this research can be generalized to predict the outcome of drug therapy for many diseases in future.
Microbiome in Sputum as a Potential Biomarker of Chronicity in Pulmonary Resistant to Rifampicin-Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant-Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Wiqoyah Nurul , Mertaniasih Ni Made , Artama Wayan Tunas , Matsumoto Sohkichi 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Cases of tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in South-east Asia including Indonesia are still high. The presence of mixed infections in TB cases has been reported. Several studies revealed the role of the human microbiome in TB. This study purposes to characterize microbiome which can be a potential biomarker of chronicity in TB or MDR-TB.

Methods:
Sputum samples of pulmonary TB patients confirmed MDR-TB and resistant to rifampicin TB (RR-TB) were conducted Metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Principal coordinate analysis of UniFrac's showing the community structure of microbiome in MDR-TB comorbid diabetes mellitus (DM) is different from RR-TB noncomorbid DM (P = 0.003).

Results:
Proteobacteria microbiome in MDR-TB comorbid DM was more abundant than in RR-TB noncomorbid DM. Actinobacteria found in the small quantity in RR-TB and MDR-TB. Diversity of microbiome genera was greater in RR-TB. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis represents a genus biomarker whose abundance shows significant differences between groups, genus Rothia as a potential biomarker for RR-TB noncomorbid DM.

Conclusions:
Interesting findings is the community structure of microbiome in MDR-TB and RR-TB. In chronic TB such as recurrent, associated MDR-TB should attention to the findings of a small number of Actinobacteria could be a biomarker of TB which is also a determinant in patient taking combined anti-TB drugs of choice.
Sera from Patients with Tuberculosis Increase the Phagocytic-Microbicidal Activity of Human Neutrophils, and ESAT-6 is Implicated in the Phenomenon
Authors: Rojas-Espinosa Oscar , Rivero-Silva Miguel Angel , Hernández-Solís Alejandro , Arce-Paredes Patricia , Arce-Mendoza Alma Yolanda , Islas-Trujillo Sergio 
Published: April 2023

Background:
It has been reported that sera from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (APT) induced nuclear changes in normal neutrophils that included pyknosis, swelling, apoptosis, and production of extracellular traps (NETs). Similar changes were observed with some sera from their household contacts but not with sera from healthy, unrelated individuals. It was suggested that those sera from household contacts that induced neutrophil nuclear changes might correspond to people with subclinical tuberculosis. Thus, our experimental approach might serve to identify individuals with early, ongoing disease.

Methods:
Nuclear changes in neutrophils were fully evident by 3 h of contact and beyond. Circulating mycobacterial antigens were the most likely candidates for this effect. We wanted to know whether the nuclear changes induced on neutrophils by the sera of APT patients would negatively affect the phagocytic/microbicidal ability of neutrophils exposed to APT sera for short periods.

Results:
We now provide evidence that short-term contact (30 min) with sera from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis increases several phagocytic parameters of normal neutrophils, including endocytosis, myeloperoxidase levels, production of free reactive oxygen species, phagolysosome fusion, and microbicidal activity on Staphylococcus aureus, with these effects not being observed with sera from healthy donors. We also give evidence that suggests that ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are involved in the phenomenon.

Conclusion:
We conclude that activation is a stage that precedes lethal nuclear changes in neutrophils and suggests that autologous neutrophils must circulate in an altered state in the APT patients, thus contributing to the pathology of the disease.
Computer-Assisted Screening of Mycobacterial Growth Inhibitors
Authors: Kuriki Kohei , Taira Junichi , Kuroki Masato , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Aoki Shunsuke 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The emergence of frequent hitters (FHs) remains a challenge in drug discovery. We have previously used in silico structure-based drug screening (SBDS) to identify antimycobacterial candidates. However, excluding FHs has not been integrated into the SBDS system.

Methods:
A dataset comprising 15,000 docking score (protein–compound affinity matrix) was constructed by multiple target screening (MTS): DOCK–GOLD two-step docking simulations with 154,118 compounds versus the 30 target proteins essential for mycobacterial survival. After extraction of 141 compounds from the protein–compound affinity matrix, compounds determined to be FHs or false positives were excluded. Antimycobacterial properties of the top nine compounds selected through SBDS were experimentally evaluated.

Results:
Nine compounds designated KS1–KS9 were selected for experimental evaluation. Among the selected compounds, KS3, identified as adenosylhomocysteinase inhibitor, showed a potent inhibitory effect on antimycobacterial growth (inhibitory concentration [IC]50 = 1.2 M). However, the compound also showed potent cytotoxicity.

Conclusion:
The MTS method is applicable in SBDS for the identification of enzyme-specific inhibitors.
Validation of a Novel Medium for Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against First- and Second-Line Drugs
Authors: Coban Ahmet Yilmaz 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The aim of this study was the validation of AYC.2.2 agar and AYC.2.1 broth for the breakpoint values of first- and second-line drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Method:
A total of 12 isolates including 5 reference strains and 7 well-defined clinical isolates were tested for their antituberculosis susceptibilities. Inhibitory effects of first- and second-line antituberculous drugs including isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, amikacin, capreomycin, kanamycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, ethionamide, rifabutin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin were tested.

Results:
According to the minimal inhibitory concentration values obtained in 7H10 agar, 7H9-S broth, AYC.2.2 agar, and AYC.2.1 broth, category agreement is 100%, and very major discrepancy (MAD), MAD, and minor discrepancy ratios were determined as 0 for all drugs.

Conclusion:
It was concluded that breakpoint values by CLSI recommendation for 7H10 agar can be also used for AYC.2.2 agar and AYC.2.1 broth. In addition, further multicenter studies are needed to use the new medium in routine mycobacteriology laboratories.
Antituberculosis Activity of Polyphenols of Areca Catechu
Authors: Raju Archana , De Subrata Suparna , Ray Mukti Kanta , Degani Mariam Sohel 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Polyphenols have been studied for their potential involvement in the prevention of various chronic diseases as well as for their antimicrobial potential. The crude extracts of arecanut have been reported to have antiinfective properties. We aimed to explore the endosperm of Areca catechu (arecanut) for the extraction of polyphenol components and to study the antituberculosis activity of these polyphenol against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

Method:
A comparative extraction was performed using microwave and Soxlet apparatus. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used for the estimation of the extracted polyphenols. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against M.tuberculosis H37Rv stain, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were estimated by resazurin microtiter assay.

Results:
There was a 11-fold increase in the total phenolic content by microwave assisted extraction compared to the Soxhlet extraction. The powdered extract was found to be active with MIC value of 0.975 ± 0.02 μg/mL. Fractionation and HPLC-based estimation of the extract revealed catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate to be the polyphenol components in the ethanol fraction.

Conclusions:
The bioactivity of these polyphenols confirmed their presence and complementary effect in the extract form. Because the toxic alkaloid arecoline, known to be present in arecanut, did not show any activity individually, the bioactivity of the extract was attributed to the nontoxic polyphenols present. This extract also showed selective inhibition of M. tuberculosis over other gram positive and gram-negative bacteria, thereby establishing that arecanut is an exploitable selective source of polyphenols acting against M. tuberculosis.
To Study the Clinico-Radiological Profile of Patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Sethi Prabhpreet , Yadav Anita 
Published: April 2023

Objective:
The objective of the study was to study the clinico-radiological profile of patients of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Method:
This is a prospective cross-sectional observational study from September 2017 to March 2019 on diagnosed patients of pulmonary TB who attended the outpatient department or presented with signs and symptoms of DVT.

Results:
A total of forty patients were included, out of them 57.5% were males. Nearly 45% of the patients belonged to the upper lower class. Nearly 77.5% of cases were undernourished and did not have any comorbid conditions. Sputum smear was reported positive in 92.5% of cases. Bilateral disease was seen in 95% of cases. Far advanced chest X-ray involvement was seen in 72.5% of cases. Newly diagnosed cases of TB were 87.5%. Maximum thrombus formation was seen 97.5% in superficial femoral vein and 92.5% in the common femoral and popliteal vein. Hypoxia was reported in 62.5% of cases. Interval between diagnosis of TB and the development of DVT was 2–3 weeks in a maximum of 35% of cases.

Conclusion:
The clinical profile of TB with DVT shows a male predominance with upper lower class more prone to develop disease and its complications. Poor physical built is seen in the majority of patients with TB and DVT. New cases of TB are still on rise. Single comorbid condition cannot define the increased risk of DVT in TB. Superficial venous system of lower limb is more prone to develop thrombus. Time interval between TB and development of DVT is variable and cannot be predicted.
Genetic Diversity of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria among Symptomatic Tuberculosis Negative Patients in Kenya
Authors: Mwangi Zakayo Maingi , Mukiri Nellie Njambi , Onyambu Frank Gekara , Wallace Bulimo Dimbuson 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) transmission to humans occurs through inhalation of dust particles or vaporized water containing NTM leading to pulmonary manifestations. NTM infections are often misdiagnosed for tuberculosis (TB) due to their similar clinical and radiological manifestations.

Aims and Objectives:
We, therefore, performed a species-level identification of NTM in symptomatic TB negative patients through sequencing of the hsp65 gene.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study at the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in the period between January to November 2020. One hundred and sixty-six mycobacterial culture-positive samples that tested negative for TB using capilia underwent Polymerase Chain Reaction targeting the hsp65 gene. Isolates showing a band with gel electrophoresis at 441 bp position were sequenced using Sanger technology. Geneious software was used to analyze the obtained sequences, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information gene database identified NTM species for each isolate. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the DNA sequences and evolutionary distances computed using the general time-reversible method. Pearson chi-square was used to determine the association between NTM infection and participants' characteristics.

Results:
Our study identified 43 different NTM species. The dominant NTM belonged to Mycobacterium avium complex 37 (31%). Slow-growing NTM were the majority at 86 (71%) while rapid-growing NTM were 36 (29%). A significant association (P<0.05) was observed for regions and age, while patient type had a weak likelihood of NTM infection.

Conclusion:
Our study characterized the diversity of NTM in Kenya for the first time and showed that species belonging to M. Avium Complex are the most prevalent in the country.