bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The invention of Volta’s Pile and its diffusion in Europe at war in the year 1800
Authors: Fabbrizzi Luigi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Alessandro Volta built his pile in the winter of 1799 in his country house with no lab and no technical staff because, due to the war against Napoleon, the Austrians had closed the University of Pavia and fired the professors. Volta sent the article on the pile to the Royal Society in March 1800, and through the long process of publication in the journal Philosophical Transactions (September 1800), the news spread through the London scientific community. The physician Anthony Carlisle and the chemist and editor William Nicholson were the first to build a battery and used it to decompose water. The great news that electricity could be generated by a simple and easily constructed device was also printed in the daily newspapers, which helped to spread the word throughout Europe and inspired scientists and practitioners to build their own pile and carry out the electrical decomposition of various electrolytes, thus creating the basis for the new discipline of electrochemistry.
Inspection of Couette and pressure-driven Poiseuille entropy-optimized dissipated flow in a suction/injection horizontal channel: Analytical solutions
Authors: Song Min , Sukumar M. , Raju C. S. K. , Varma S. V. K. , Ijaz Khan M. , Awwad Fuad A. , Ismail Emad A. A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this study is to analyse the electrically conductive flow of compressible liquids by two infinitely permeable surfaces. The distance between the two surfaces is

h

h

. Thermal relation consists of viscous dissipation. The entropy features along with magnetic force and dissipation are taken into account. The x-axis extends in the flow path along the bottom stationary plate, whereas the y-axis is orthogonal to the surfaces. The channel plates are subjected to a consistent transverse magnetic field that is implemented perpendicularly. Herein, two scenarios are investigated: the first is the Couette flow, and in the second scenario, both porous surfaces are parallel and fixed at a distance of 2h, and the motion is a Poiseuille flow controlled by pressure. The flow across the

x

x

-axis is supposed to be generated and dependent on

y

y

exclusively. The governed system is solved using analytical solutions. It is found that the entropy formation is higher near the cloud porous plate in comparison to the hot porous plate and the increasing values of the suction/injection parameter increase the fluid temperature. The increase in the magnetic field parameter decreases the momentum boundary layer thickness. The Brinkman number improves the thermal boundary thickness. The magnetic field parameter, suction/injection, and the Brinkman number accelerate the entropy formation in both cases.
Kinetic studies of catalytic and antioxidant activities of biosynthesized franklinite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract
Authors: Younas Umer , Fatima Zumer , Saleem Aimon , Zaki Zaki I. , Ali Faisal , Pervaiz Muhammad , Ashraf Adnan , Fallatah Ahmed M. , Iqbal Munawar , Ibrahim Mohamed M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Industrialization and urbanization have now become major factors in damaging different segments of the environment. Synthesis of novel nanomaterials for the removal of dyes and free radicals from aqueous medium has become a challenge for the researchers. The present work describes formation of novel-franklinite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles (FNPs) which have been synthesized adopting economical route of green method using extracts of fresh and dried leaves of Coriandrum sativum. The fabricated NPs were characterized employing state of the art analytical techniques including UV-visible, FTIR, SEM and XRD. The nanocatalyst exhibited excellent catalytic properties for the degradation of eosin yellow up to 86 % in 22 min and 90 % in 16 min using zinc-ferrite NPs synthesized using dried and fresh leaves respectively. Antioxidant activity of ZnFe2O4 in terms of DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging was also determined. Nanoparticles synthesized using fresh leaves exhibited better antiradical potential in comparison to NPs synthesized dried leaves. Therefore, synthesis of FNPs with active features can be achieved using extract of fresh plant. Franklinite NPs can be used as promising photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants and scavenging of free radicals.
Dopamine Receptor Type 2-Expressing Medium Spiny Neurons in the Ventral Lateral Striatum Have a Non-REM Sleep-Induce Function
Authors: Kato Tomonobu , Tanaka Kenji F. , Natsubori Akiyo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDopamine receptor type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) in the medial part of the ventral striatum (VS) induce non-REM (NREM) sleep from the wake state in animals. However, it is unclear whether D2-MSNs in the lateral part of the VS (VLS), which is anatomically and functionally different from the medial part of the VS, contribute to sleep-wake regulation. This study aims to clarify whether and how D2-MSNs in the VLS are involved in sleep-wake regulation. Our study found that specifically removing D2-MSNs in the VLS led to an increase in wakefulness time in mice during the dark phase using a diphtheria toxin-mediated cell ablation/dysfunction technique. D2-MSN ablation throughout the VS further increased dark phase wakefulness time. These findings suggest that VLS D2-MSNs may induce sleep during the dark phase with the medial part of the VS. Next, our fiber photometric recordings revealed that the population intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signal in the VLS D2-MSNs increased during the transition from wake to NREM sleep. The mean Ca2+signal level of VLS D2-MSNs was higher during NREM and REM sleep than during the wake state, supporting their sleep-inducing role. Finally, optogenetic activation of the VLS D2-MSNs during the wake state always induced NREM sleep, demonstrating the causality of VLS D2-MSNs activity with sleep induction. Additionally, activation of the VLS D1-MSNs, counterparts of D2-MSNs, always induced wake from NREM sleep, indicating a wake-promoting role. In conclusion, VLS D2-MSNs could have an NREM sleep-inducing function in coordination with those in the medial VS.
Spontaneous α Brain Dynamics Track the Episodic “When”
Authors: Azizi Leila , Polti Ignacio , van Wassenhove Virginie 
Published: September 2023

Across species, neurons track time over the course of seconds to minutes, which may feed the sense of time passing. Here, we asked whether neural signatures of time-tracking could be found in humans. Participants stayed quietly awake for a few minutes while being recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG). They were unaware they would be asked how long the recording lasted (retrospective time) or instructed beforehand to estimate how long it will last (prospective timing). At rest, rhythmic brain activity is nonstationary and displays bursts of activity in the alpha range (α: 7–14 Hz). When participants were not instructed to attend to time, the relative duration of α bursts linearly predicted individuals' retrospective estimates of how long their quiet wakefulness lasted. The relative duration of α bursts was a better predictor than α power or burst amplitude. No other rhythmic or arrhythmic activity predicted retrospective duration. However, when participants timed prospectively, the relative duration of α bursts failed to predict their duration estimates. Consistent with this, the amount of α bursts was discriminant between prospective and retrospective timing. Last, with a control experiment, we demonstrate that the relation between α bursts and retrospective time is preserved even when participants are engaged in a visual counting task. Thus, at the time scale of minutes, we report that the relative time of spontaneous α burstiness predicts conscious retrospective time. We conclude that in the absence of overt attention to time, α bursts embody discrete states of awareness constitutive of episodic timing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe feeling that time passes is a core component of consciousness and episodic memory. A century ago, brain rhythms called “α” were hypothesized to embody an internal clock. However, rhythmic brain activity is nonstationary and displays on-and-off oscillatory bursts, which would serve irregular ticks to the hypothetical clock. Here, we discovered that in a given lapse of time, the relative bursting time of α rhythms is a good indicator of how much time an individual will report to have elapsed. Remarkably, this relation only holds true when the individual does not attend to time and vanishes when attending to it. Our observations suggest that at the scale of minutes, α brain activity tracks episodic time.
Inhibitory Gating of Thalamocortical Inputs onto Rat Gustatory Insular Cortex
Authors: Haley Melissa S. , Fontanini Alfredo , Maffei Arianna 
Published: September 2023

In primary gustatory cortex (GC), a subregion of the insular cortex, neurons show anticipatory activity, encode taste identity and palatability, and their activity is related to decision-making. Inactivation of the gustatory thalamus, the parvicellular region of the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPMpc), dramatically reduces GC taste responses, consistent with the hypothesis that VPMpc-GC projections carry taste information. Recordings in awake rodents reported that taste-responsive neurons can be found across GC, without segregated spatial mapping, raising the possibility that projections from the taste thalamus may activate GC broadly. In addition, we have shown that cortical inhibition modulates the integration of thalamic and limbic inputs, revealing a potential role for GABA transmission in gating sensory information to GC. Despite this wealth of information at the system level, the synaptic organization of the VPMpc-GC circuit has not been investigated. Here, we used optogenetic activation of VPMpc afferents to GC in acute slice preparations from rats of both sexes to investigate the synaptic properties and organization of VPMpc afferents in GC and their modulation by cortical inhibition. We hypothesized that VPMpc-GC synapses are distributed across GC, but show laminar- and cell-specific properties, conferring computationally flexibility to how taste information is processed. We also found that VPMpc-GC synaptic responses are strongly modulated by the activity regimen of VPMpc afferents, as well as by cortical inhibition activating GABAAand GABABreceptors onto VPMpc terminals. These results provide a novel insight into the complex features of thalamocortical circuits for taste processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report that the input from the primary taste thalamus to the primary gustatory cortex (GC) shows distinct properties compared with primary thalamocortical synapses onto other sensory areas. Ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus afferents in GC make synapses with excitatory neurons distributed across all cortical layers and display frequency-dependent short-term plasticity to repetitive stimulation; thus, they do not fit the classic distinction between drivers and modulators typical of other sensory thalamocortical circuits. Thalamocortical activation of GC is gated by cortical inhibition, providing local corticothalamic feedback via presynaptic ionotropic and metabotropic GABA receptors. The connectivity and inhibitory control of thalamocortical synapses in GC highlight unique features of the thalamocortical circuit for taste.
Escuela y comunidad. Observaciones desde la teoría de sistemas sociales complejos
Authors: Pereda Cecilia 
Published: September 2023

Este artículo presenta la relación entre escuela y comunidad como una autoobservación de los centros educativos. La manera en cómo se define la escuela a sí misma está directamente relacionada con el modo en que ésta observa a su comunidad y con las características del sistema educativo. La perspectiva de los sistemas sociales complejos planteada en este artículo es especificada con los resultados de una investigación de caso. A su vez, esta perspectiva se analiza desde distintas experiencias de trabajo social desarrolladas por la autora en escuelas situadas en barrios pobres de Montevideo. El artículo aporta elementos para la comprensión de los condicionamientos, los límites y las posibilidades de la relación entre la escuela y la comunidad.Descriptores: sistemas sociales - escuelas - comunidad - pobreza School and community. ?Observations from teory of complex social systemsThis article presents the relationship between school and community as a school's self-observation relationship. The way a school defines itself is related to how it observes its community and to the educational system characteristics as a whole. The complex social systems perspective is illustrated in this article through a case research and the author's social work experiences in schools situated in contexts of poverty in Montevideo. The article contributes to the understanding of the conditions, limits and possibilities in the school-community relationship.Keywords: social systems - schools - community – poverty
El movimiento teórico-práctico de Mejora de la Escuela. Algunas lecciones aprendidas para transformar los centros docentes
Authors: Murillo Torrecilla F. Javier 
Published: September 2023

Desde su nacimiento hace más de 35 años, el movimiento teórico-práctico de Mejora de la Escuela reúne a docentes, directivos e investigadores de todo el mundo que buscan conocer cómo ha de cambiar un centro para ser de calidad; pero, sobre todo, buscan transformar los centros, mejorarlos. Sin embargo, a pesar de su larga tradición e influencia en países de nuestro entorno, apenas ha calado en los países de Iberoamérica. En este artículo, de carácter introductorio se ofrece un resumen de las lecciones aprendidas a partir de las miles de experiencias de cambio escolar desarrolladas en todo el mundo y de cientos de investigaciones empíricas realizadas sobre el tema. El texto aborda cuatro elementos interrelacionados. En primer lugar, se ofrece una breve discusión terminológica sobre el concepto de mejora de la escuela y otros relacionados. En segundo lugar, se presenta una concisa revisión histórica de lo que ha sido y ha ido aportando este movimiento en sus distintas fases de desarrollo. A continuación se recogen, de forma ordenada, algunas de las lecciones aprendidas, cerrando el artículo unas palabras conclusivas acerca del futuro de esta línea de trabajo.Descriptores: mejora de la escuela - calidad educativa - escuela - revisión de investigación The theoretical and practical movement of School Improvement. Some lessons learned to transform schoolsSince its inception over 35 years ago, the theoretical and practical movement School Improvement brings together teachers, administrators and researchers around the world who seek to know how must change a center for quality; but above all, they seek to transform the centers, improve them. However, despite its long tradition and influence in neighboring countries, it has just permeated the Latin American countries.In this article, a summary of introductory lessons learned from the thousands of school change experiences developed worldwide and hundreds of empirical research on the subject is offered. The text addresses four interrelated elements. First, there is a brief terminological discussion of the concept of school improvement and other related. Second, a concise historical review of what has been and has been providing this movement in its different stages of development is presented. Here are collected in an orderly fashion, some of the lessons learned, closing the article is a few final words about the future of this line of work.Keywords: school improvement - quality education - school - research review
Clima Organizacional en las escuelas. Un enfoque comparativo para México y Uruguay
Authors: Fernández Aguerre Tabaré 
Published: September 2023

Este artículo presenta un enfoque y una metodología para la observación del clima organizacional en las escuelas básicas; un enfoque que se ha desarrollado a través de distintos estudios desde el año 1998. El tema ocupa un lugar destacado en la agenda de investigación sobre eficacia y también es un tema importante en la agenda de las reformas educativas de "segunda generación". Mi tesis es que el clima constituye el trasfondo de sentidos compartidos, precomprensiones que respaldan aproblemáticamente, los acuerdos y las acciones individuales o colectivas que emprenden los miembros de una organización. El análisis empírico se realizó con base a una encuesta aplicada a una muestra de escuelas primarias públicas en México y en Uruguay durante el año 2003. La comparación entre las matrices factoriales de componentes rotados obtenidas para cada país permitió identificar tres factores que se corresponden genéricamente con la dimensión "grupalidad", "cultura" y una tercera dimensión relativa a las relaciones de cuidado de los maestros a los alumnos según la percepción compartida por los primeros. Se concluye que la estabilidad de la estructura subyacente contribuye a hacer razonable la teoría esbozada. También estimula al desarrollo de un trabajo más sistemático que articule esta teoría con los estudios de gestión, otro punto central que ha sido jerarquizado desde la década pasada.Descriptores:clima organizacional - estudios comparativos - educación primaria - México - Uruguay Organizational climate in the schools. A comparative approach for México and UruguayThis article presents an approach for the observation of the organizational climate in the basic schools, that it has been developed through different studies from 1998. This issue occupies a highlighted place in the investigation calendar it has more than enough effectiveness and it is also an important topic in the calendar of the "second generation" educational reforms. My thesis is that the climate constitutes the background of having shared meanings, tacit assumptions that unquestioned support, the agreements and the individual or collective actions that the members of an organization undertake. The empiric analysis was carried out with data collected by a survey applied to a sample of public primary schools in Mexico and in Uruguay at the beginning of 2003. The comparison among the factorial matrixes of rotated components obtained for each country allowed to identify three factors that correspond generically to the dimensions of "group solidarity", "culture" and a third relative dimension to the "ethic of care" from the teachers to the students. I conclude that the stability of the underlying structure contributes to make reasonable the sketched theory. It also stimulates to the development of a more systematic work that articulates this theory with the study of principal leadership, another central point that has been highlighted since last decade.Keywords: organizacional climate - comparative studies - primary education- México - Uruguay
La Cara Oculta de la Luna. Liderazgo y Crítica al Racionalismo en la Formulación e Implementación de Políticas Educacionales
Authors: Rojas Figueroa Alfredo 
Published: September 2023

La última oleada de Reformas en América Latina, iniciadas en los años ochentas y aún en curso, ha significado cuantiosas inversiones, con préstamos del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y el Banco Mundial que suman varios miles de millones de dólares en la región. Si bien las Reformas son procesos que requieren varios años en completarse, y cuya maduración demanda tiempo, sus efectos aún no se hacen visibles. En el presente artículo se argumenta que las debilidades e insuficiencias son el resultado de interpretaciones acerca de la acción humana que suponen que los docentes y directivos en las escuelas van a cambiar prácticas largamente instaladas en la vida cotidiana, sólo por mandato.Dichas interpretaciones suponen que los mandatos y la información son “instructivos”, que producen cambios per se, olvidando dimensiones muy importantes presentes en la acción humana y cuya consideración conduciría directamente a darle tanta importancia al diseño como a la estrategia de implantación de los cambios, y que en dicha estrategia la consideración acerca del liderazgo jugaría un rol central.
Gestão das Escolas em Portugal
Authors: Ventura Alexandre , Castanheira Patrícia , Costa Jorge Adelino 
Published: September 2023

Antes da revolução de 1974, em Portugal, as escolas encontravam-se sob a alçada de um director ou reitor nomeado pelo ministro da educação segundo critérios de confiança política. Depois, nos dois anos que se seguiram à revolução, viveu-se um período de “auto-gestão” das escolas. Actualmente, na grande maioria das escolas secundárias públicas portuguesas, o gestor escolar é visto como um primus inter pares, uma vez que a gestão da escola não se encontra atribuída exclusivamente a uma pessoa, mas a um conselho composto por docentes da escola. Nos últimos anos, temos assistido a um crescente protagonismo dos municípios que se tornam elementos activos na política educativa local com a reorganização da rede de escolas devido à crescente importância atribuída à autonomia e descentralização. Por outro lado, no sistema educativo português, a avaliação dos estabelecimentos de ensino – quer a auto-avaliação, quer a avaliação externa – tem sofrido avanços e recuos, numa clara falta de sentido estratégico e de uma política sustentada e consequente. O sistema educativo português, assim, defronta-se com problemas que resultam da falta de autonomia das escolas, do modelo de gestão adoptado que limita a tomada de decisão ao nível da escola e da inexistência de assessoria externa.
Asesorar o Dirigir. El Papel del Asesor/a Colaborativo en una Formación Permanente Centrada en el Profesorado y en el Contexto
Authors: Imbernon Francesc 
Published: September 2023

En el artículo se realiza un análisis del campo de la formación del profesorado y del modelo de formación permanente de los últimos tiempos, atendiendo los nuevos elementos que actuaron como fuerzas ocultas e impulsoras de un pensamiento formativo innovador. Se analizan también las condiciones para un cambio en la manera de ver la formación permanente del profesorado que, progresivamente, ha pasado de una visión de producto formativo que el profesorado debía asimilar acríticamente, a otra etapa con visiones diversificadas. Posteriormente, se profundiza la función asesora y los modelos que esta nueva concepción de la formación exigen. Se necesitan asesores, formadores que de manera colaborativa ayuden a reconstruir la práctica educativa.Referencia original:Imbernon, F. (2006). Assessorar o dirigir: el paper de l'assessor col-laboratiu en una formació permanent centrada en el professorat i en el context. Temps d'educacio, 30, pp. 65-76.
Reforma Educacional Chilena: El Dificil Equilibrio entre la Macro y la Micro Política
Authors: Raczynski Dagmar , Muñoz Gonzalo 
Published: September 2023

El sistema educacional chileno se encuentra en un momento crítico. Desde la movilización estudiantil de mediados de 2006 la Reforma Educativa Chilena ha sido puesta en cuestión. Dos preguntas son acuciantes: (1) ¿Por qué, a pesar de todos los esfuerzos e inversiones realizadas desde 1990 hasta la fecha, el sistema educativo no ha logrado constituirse en una fuente de desarrollo y de distribución equitativa de oportunidades? y (2) ¿Cuál es el norte que debe guiar a la política educacional chilena futura y, en ese contexto, cuáles son los desafíos prioritarios que es necesario encarar? Este artículo aporta respuestas a ambas interrogantes. En su primera parte revisa las principales transformaciones que se han introducido al sistema educativo chileno en los últimos 25 años. En su segunda parte, el artículo responde a la pregunta sobre como avanzar hacia una educación de calidad para todos. Teniendo como norte las claves fundamentales de la efectividad y el mejoramiento educativo de las escuelas en Chile, la tercera parte y final del artículo, reflexiona sobre las alternativas de política que es necesario considerar para avanzar hacia ese norte.