bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing a new recycling network for post-demolition autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) in Europe
Authors: Steins Justus J , Volk Rebekka , Stallkamp Christoph , Schultmann Frank 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a widely used building material for masonry blocks. Its porous structure and mineral composition lead to low thermal conductivity and fire resistance. European AAC production and usage strongly increased in the 1960s and 1970s. Therefore, assuming limited buildings’ lifetimes, significant post-demolition AAC volumes can be expected in the following decades. However, post-demolition AAC recycling in high-value environmentally friendly applications is still to be established as most post-demolition AAC is currently landfilled. Different recycling options for post-demolition AAC are presently being researched. However, a recycling network to implement these options is neither designed nor established. This contribution focuses on creating a European recycling network, including mathematical modelling, data acquisition, and solving the model. i.e. minimising the total costs. The mathematical modelling uses a capacitated warehouse location problem with multi-sourcing and direct delivery. Results show that recycling plants of smaller capacity (100,000 t input/a) are placed in the recycling networks in 2020 and 2025. With higher waste quantities being expected from 2030 onwards, plants with a larger capacity (200,000 t input/a) are added, especially in Poland, where the highest pd-AAC amount in Europe is expected. The recycling network shows a decentralised structure with numerous recycling plants to keep transport costs low. Most network costs result from variable processing costs, showing the highest cost increases from 2020 to 2050. Fixed costs increase with the higher number of recycling plants and account for the second-largest share of total network costs. Transport costs are comparatively low thanks to the decentralised structure of the network. Overall, waste generation is expected to increase by 226% from 2020 to 2050, while the total costs of the recycling network are expected to rise by 151% only. The results support decision-makers in fostering recycling and implementing a circular economy for post-demolition AAC.
Application of power algorithm optimization for optimal placement of BRB in 3D shear wall frame building structure
Authors: Nikzad H , Yoshitomi S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper examines the optimal placement, optimal numbers, and the optimal shape of Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) for a 3D shear-wall frame building structure based on linear static analysis utilizing ETABS software. The total amount of BRBs referred to as the number of BRBs are considered as design variables and the objective function to be minimized is the maximum story displacement and inter-story drift. The diagonal shape (D), X-shape (X), V-shape (V), and Inverted V-shape (Inv-V) of BRBs are installed between shear walls simultaneously with initial stiffnesses of 1K0, 2K0, 4K0, and 8K0, respectively. Then, the performance efficiency analysis is carried out to identify the effectiveness of initial stiffness, BRB shapes, and optimal stories. Based on the results of the optimization procedure and efficiency analysis, it is found that the performance of the structure can be improved by optimizing BRB placement within the optimal stories rather than using the maximum amount of BRBs in all stories. The most optimal location to install BRBs is the middle stories and the BRB placement at the upper and lower stories is shown to have minor or no effects on reducing story responses of the structure. Furthermore, the model with Inv-V, V, and X shapes of BRB have almost the same maximum efficiency performance, while the model with diagonal shapes has the lowest performance efficiency. Additionally, the maximum performance of the structure can be achieved by using larger initial stiffness. The proposed method is further validated by comparing the results of ETABS with MATLAB programming. It concludes that the method proposed in this study saves 40% of the total amount of BRBs used in the structure by optimal placement of BRBs within the height of the structure. This method of optimization allows the structural designer to decide the optimal placement, optimal shape, and optimal stiffness of BRBs either by the predetermined performance level of the structure or based on experiences in RC shear wall-frame building structures.
Influence of 3D microstructure for improving the thermal performance of building façades
Authors: Lopes L , Almeida M , Reis D 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The thermal performance of a building is highly dependent on the heat transmission through the envelope. On the other hand, additive manufacturing has been increasingly used in several industrial applications due to its possibility to produce complex structures. However, most studies of the 3d printing process focused on mechanical performance. This study aims to evaluate how the internal 3D-printed microstructure affects thermal performance. Twelve infill patterns were analysed, including Gyroid, Grid, Hilbert curve, Line, Rectilinear, Stars Triangles, 3D Honeycomb, Honeycomb, Concentric, Cubic, and Octagram spiral. Using fused deposition modelling (FDM), the samples were printed with polyethene terephthalate-glycol (PET-G) thermoplastic filaments. Thermal tests were conducted using a calibrated hotbox, following the recommendations of ASTM C1363-11:2014. The results obtained show a variation of 70% by changing the internal microstructure using fix infill density of 25%. Concentric, Gyroid and Hilbert curve achieved the best thermal insulation properties.
Spectral transmittance changes in a PCM glass block affected by an artificial radiation source
Authors: Cabanová T , Čekon M , Bevilacqua P , Čurpek J 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Adaptive principles based on latent thermal energy storage together with its optimal modulation of optical properties in transparent façade systems represent one of the challenging solutions for reducing the energy consumption of buildings. Properly incorporated phase change material (PCM) may be a potential technique for passive solar system applications. This study focuses on the analysis of PCM’s optical changes on innovative building envelope components. A stable radiation source that most closely approximates the conditions of sunlight is essential for the characterization of new solar thermal systems. Hence the intensity and spectral distribution of the light source are the most important factors corresponding to natural sunlight. This contribution stems from previous experimental research focused on the investigation of the changes in the transparency of the PCM material, which is the result of the phase transformation from solid to liquid and vice versa under radiation exposure. The main challenge is to characterize the spectral optical properties in the PCM glass system. Accordingly, optical changes were analyzed experimentally using the spectrometry method. The measurements are based on a comparison of clear and PCM-filled glass blocks, affected by artificial radiation in a laboratory. The results revealed that PCM glass block may act as near-infrared absorbing and at the same time a highly transparent system in the visible region compared to the conventional air-based systems.
Residential Brick Buildings in Flanders: materials and techniques in the 19th century
Authors: Oelbrandt B , Allacker K 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper aims at gaining insight in the various elements and compositions of walls with facing bricks built in the 19th century in Belgium to understand the renovation potential and challenges, with the goal of safeguarding brick architecture. The first step outlines the evolution of building facing brick walls by tracing the technical, territorial, and cultural changes. Timeframes are identified and presented alongside pictures of facades and facade details of reference buildings, using the housing stock in the city centre of Antwerp as an example. In a second step, technical changes and material properties of bricks and mortars will be investigated using literature sources. These insights will offer practical knowledge to recognize and preserve historic characteristics and a starting pointing to predict potential risks of internal insulation.
Developing approaches and strategies to promote increased active mobility in urban city neighbourhood
Authors: Afshari M , Temeljotov Salaj A , Johansen A , Lohne J 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
With the world’s population expanding quickly, cities must deal with problems such as traffic jams, air pollution, car accidents, and urban sprawl. Walking and cycling are non-motorized modes of transport that require little infrastructure and don’t utilize any fossil fuel energy. In comparison to motorized modes, they are easily adaptable and inexpensive to maintain for both users and governments. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to identify strategies for greater active mobility through non-motorized modes of transport. Through a document study, methods that can be utilized as incentives to improve walkability and bikeability in the Elgeseter neighbourhood of the City of Trondheim, Norway have been identified. The analysis addresses following research question: “What may persuade Elgeseter district commuters or travellers to modify their behaviour toward more walking and biking?” This study reveals five topics of interest: Identifying existing difficulties in the district, Evaluation of current pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicle links, as well as meeting places and open spaces, and identification of opportunities to improve them, How to outline planning concepts, Methods and design recommendations for enhancing walking and micro transportation, as well as The importance of accessibility, safety, and comfort in attracting people to active mobility. The main argument is that a multi-dimensional approach is required to persuade more people to choose environmentally friendly, sustainable modes of transportation as a lifestyle choice, and function better than compulsion. The research presented in this paper contributes to our understanding of the factors that influence commuters’ decision to engage in active mobility in their urban city neighbourhood.
The city of tomorrow: Challenges and Solutions. A case study of a coastal town.
Authors: Voukkali I , Papamichael I , Loizia P , Stylianou M , Zorpas AA 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Urbanization trends and environmental concerns are interconnected due to the increased demand of natural resources, waste production and greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most important anthropogenic factors affecting ecosystems and sustainability is the rapid growth of cities in both size and complexity. According to United Nations as at mid-2017, the global population was an estimated 7.6 billion people, and it is expected to reach 9.8 billion (2050). As the world urbanizes, the role of cities in defining sustainability outcomes increases in importance. Even though cities expansion contributes to economic prosperity and social growth, at the same time, it poses severe challenges both to the environment and social system. The changing from “unsustainable cities” to “sustainable, green and smart cities”, has become a major topic in research community and policy making for endorsing urban sustainability. As a result, the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals were developed as an ambitious blueprint for achieving peace and prosperity while also protecting the environment. Especially SDG 11 is dealing with making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Moreover, Circular Economy is receiving increasing attention globally as a way to overcome the current production and consumption model based on continuous growth and increasing resources input, with aim to increase the efficiency of resource use in order to achieve balance and harmony between economy, environment and society. The objective of this paper was to identified the major challenges occurred due to the rapid urbanization in a coastal area giving emphasis to Particulate Matters Emissions PM2.5, and how the use of the PM2.5 emission index could be used as an indicator for determining the urban metabolism of an island area taking into account that the increase in the concentration of PM in an area is directly related to the increase of anthropogenic activities resulting from population growth and consequently the increase in flows of materials and services and at the same time the increase in the production of solid and liquid waste and gaseous emissions. The higher the index, the greater the degree of metabolism of an area and the impact on air quality.
The city race to carbon neutrality; a realistic dream or a chimera?
Authors: Alexandri E 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper examines whether carbon neutrality of a city like Athens could be an achievable target, concentrating on energy induced greenhouse gas emissions. The main focus is on buildings, but the trends in transport are also investigated. Taking into consideration these examined trends, emphasis is given on technologies that have been put forward for the decarbonisation of cities, such as energy savings and electrification of all energy consuming activities. The incorporation of these technologies is examined within a time frame of approximately 30 years, in order to investigate how, with which technologies and synergies the city can reach carbon neutrality by 2050, taking into account the effect of the undergoing energy crisis. In these projections, various scenarios are examined, taking into consideration not only the effect of national plans for the decarbonisation of electricity production, but also the current energy crisis, which might lead to an increase in the carbon footprint of electricity. Optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, regarding the decarbonisation of electricity, energy demand trends, energy costs that lead to the rise of energy poverty within the city are investigated. Conclusions are drawn on the synergies that must take place so that energy efficiency technologies that have been put forward can be effective for the transformation of Athenian buildings and activities into carbon neutral ones, or can lead to the failure of such a goal.
Assessing the fragmentation-barrier effect in urban areas: The case study of Thessaloniki, Greece
Authors: Sdoukopoulos A , Pitsiava-Latinopoulou M , Politis I 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Transport infrastructure is an integral part of every urban area serving the accessibility and mobility needs of people and goods. However, despite its significant role, transport infrastructure, due to its geometric and functional characteristics, can sometimes act as a physical or psychological barrier to the movement of vulnerable road users, thus fragmenting the urban space. The fragmentation of the built environment, or in other words, the “barrier effect”, is a problem that has attracted growing attention during the last decades as a consequence of its severe negative impacts, the entailing social and economic inequalities, and the increasing population ageing. In this context, the current paper presents a methodological approach for assessing the degree of fragmentation of urban areas. The proposed methodological approach utilises the well-established landscape fragmentation indicator “effective mesh size - meff” and attempts to adapt it to the urban environment. Moreover, it presents a slight modification in its structure, thus leading to values ranging from 0 to 1, to facilitate comparative analyses between different areas and favour the easier interpretation of the results. In order to highlight any issues of usability and credibility, the methodological approach presented in the paper was also applied to the seven municipalities that comprise the Metropolitan Area of Thessaloniki. The pilot implementation underlined significant differences between the aforementioned cases and highlighted the value and reliability of the methodological approach.
Non-visual daylight potential in offices: a parametric study
Authors: Gkouvelou E , Moskoveli D , Khanie M S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A building design where appropriate daylighting is considered from early stages can enhance the building’s energy performance, as well as human well-being and productivity. Daylight naturally regulates our daily biological clock, which synchronizes our circadian rhythms. This paper presents a simulation-based parametric study to evaluate the non-visual daylight potential. A side-lit single office room in the Danish climate was simulated in Grasshopper 3D. Using the Lark plug-in, grid-based and image-based workflows were created to generate illuminance, circadian light and Equivalent Melanopic Lux. In this study we compared two design cases with extremely high and low thermal and daylighting conditions. The impact of orientation on the circadian rhythms of a sitting person with a pre-defined view-direction under an overcast and a clear sky was investigated. The results indicate that certain design combinations can minimize daylight access up to three times leading to a higher risk of circadian disruption. These disruptions were the highest in winter and under the overcast sky. No clear impact of the building-orientation on the circadian stimulation for the defined view-direction was observed. Hence, it is essential that the view-direction is set optimally. Evaluating circadian response in early phases can lead to inclusive decision-making for enhanced indoor conditions.
Study and analysis of the climate in Greek cities with the aid of climatic data: Climate analysis as a design tool in undergraduate students’ projects
Authors: Bougiatioti F , Alexandrou E , Kotsenos A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The analysis of the climate and the microclimatic conditions of a place is directly linked with the principles of bioclimatic architecture and thus provides an insight for the first stages of the design or redesign of buildings. The aim of this article is to provide a methodology for the first stages of building design which as far as bioclimatic and sustainable parameters are concerned, involves the analysis and the comprehension of the climate. Climatic analysis can be done with a combination of different sources, data and software, with the primary aim being the identification of the basic climatic parameters and their effect on comfort and energy consumption. After that, and with the use of psychrometric diagrams, climatic data can be directly linked to bioclimatic design strategies that can be introduced from the very beginning of a design project. The proposed methodology has been developed within the framework of undergraduate architectural technology courses and could be applied not only to undergraduate and postgraduate students’ design projects, but also to professional work, such as architectural competitions around the world and actual projects.
Application of a thermo-physiological model to determine sweating thermo-active zone for a medical staff subject
Authors: Ascione F , De Masi R F , Nižetić S , Šolić P , Tariello F , Vanoli G P 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Thermo-physiological models represent a valid approach for the study of person-environment energy interactions and constitute an alternative and promising methodology for the study of comfort in all those cases in which the Fanger’s statistical model is not applicable. By dividing the body into several segments, and these into several nodes, including physiological variables among the inputs and detailing the representation of clothing, these models are better suited to application in the healthcare sector, as they can take into account pathological states that alter physiological responses (patients) and specific types of clothing and activities (medical staff). In this work, the Tanabe 65 MN model, implemented in the ABICS opensource software, has been used to identify the thermo-active zones in which sweating occurs on at least one section of the body for a person of the medical staff. A parametric analysis was developed by varying the ambient temperature (20 - 36 °C), the relative humidity (40 - 60%), the metabolic rate (1.5 - 2.0 met) and considering a young subject (30 years) and an older one (60 years). These zones were identified on charts correlating the skin temperature to the ambient one. In both cases, a similar trend is observed: the average temperature of the skin, at which sweating occurs, increases as the ambient temperature grows and on average this mechanism is activated for lower skin temperatures in the case of the older individual.
Analysis of Swedish school buildings’ energy performance certificates with focus on ventilation systems
Authors: Cabovská B , Teli D , Dalenbäck J-O 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Energy performance certificates are valuable sources of information about buildings. They are primarily used to assess the buildings’ energy performance, however the data included can also be used for building stock description or analysis from different perspectives. School buildings account for a substantial part of the Swedish public building stock and represent a great opportunity for implementation of energy saving strategies. To improve the energy efficiency, it is first important to analyse and understand the current energy use and identify the key factors responsible for most of the energy use. In Sweden, data used for EPC compilation are in most cases real measured data opposite to other European countries where EPC comprises calculated data practices. Therefore, the energy performance value provides a much more realistic representation of the building energy use. This study analyses certain aspects of school buildings’ energy performance using data available in EPCs, such as year of construction, floor area, heat supply systems and ventilation system. Comparison with data from some other European countries is also presented. The data which could be included in the certificate to extend the potential of EPC use in other areas, such as evaluation of indoor environmental quality, is also discussed.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of ventilation rates and their relation with IAQ and thermal comfort in university classrooms during SARS-COV-2 pandemic
Authors: Papadopoulos Giannis , Nikolentzos Apostolos , Tolis Evangelos I. , Panaras Giorgos 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the pandemic of Covid-19, ventilation rate of buildings and especially in spaces with high occupancy like classrooms, presents high research interest. The ventilation strategies, combined with the use of masks, contribute to the decrease of the infection risk of Covid-19. Also, ventilation improves Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), contributing to the good health of the users and potentially influences their thermal comfort. In the proposed work, the experimental investigation of the ventilation’s adequacy in naturally ventilated classrooms located at the University of Western Macedonia, in Kozani, Greece, took place. Measurements include thermal comfort parameters, as well as IAQ ones, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes and ozone (O3). The air exchange rates were determined according to the tracer gas decay and equilibrium analysis methods, using CO2 as tracer gas, while simulations analysis using appropriate computational approaches was applied. The results between tracer gas method and simulation analysis were compared, allowing the validation of the adopted models. Given that for both approaches natural ventilation proved to be inadequate, different simulated scenarios of ventilation, including natural and mechanical configuration, were investigated; the relation of ventilation rates to IAQ and thermal comfort was investigated. Moreover, the infection risk, given the determined or simulated IAQ, was assessed, according to relevant approaches.