bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Colley Christopher K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Naval modernization is not a common phenomenon. Most states do not feel the need to build powerful blue water navies. The contemporary cases of China and India are different. Both states are currently building powerful blue water navies. Multiple theories have been put forward to explain naval modernization, however in the cases of China and India the best explanation is strategic rivalry. Specifically, China is building a powerful navy to counter the American military and increases in Chinese maritime power are causing its rival India to embark on its own naval modernization programme. Importantly, these rivalries experience critical junctures where threat perceptions spike, thus leading to greater calls for naval modernization.
Main Themes and Competing Arguments
Authors: Colley Christopher K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Naval modernization has many causes, but the primary driver of modernization is strategic rivalry. This chapter critically reviews the literature on naval modernization and how it is manifested in the case studies of India and China in the modern era. The literature on Chinese naval modernization is more sophisticated than that focused on India. However, scholars in both fields have made important contributions to our understanding of these developments. This chapter also demonstrates that while the literature speaks of rivalry as a main driver in the two states, no study has yet to offer granular analysis of how rivalry actually drives leaders to pursue naval modernization.
Online Social Aggression
Authors: Fox Jesse 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the emotional experiences associated with a broad range of online aggressive behaviors. The authors begin by conceptualizing online social aggression (OSA) and providing an organizational framework for types of OSA including cyberbullying, online harassment, online incivility, online sexual harassment, online hate speech, online shaming, cyberstalking, digital dating abuse, flaming, trolling, griefing, doxing, and image-based sexual abuse (i.e., “revenge porn”). They explain how technology affordances, such as anonymity, visibility, and social presence, distinguish OSA from aggression in other environments. They discuss relevant theoretical models, including the social identity model of deindividuation effects and the online disinhibition effect. They then review research on emotions in OSA considering perpetrators, targets, and observers (e.g., anger, frustration, jealousy, envy, fear, disgust, sadness, loneliness, amusement, and boredom). After discussing methodological challenges of studying OSA and describing some interventions, they conclude with suggestions for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Melissa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The introduction establishes the historical context and analytical framework of the book, distinguishing it from the numerous other studies of gender relations in Timor-Leste. It briefly outlines the Timorese case as the setting in which gender interventions are examined and argues that analyses of peacebuilding interventions grounded in “local turn” literature are insufficient because they fail to examine the dynamics of power. Instead, this section introduces a synthetic approach of structural and feminist political economy which allows the examination of class and gender power relations within and across national and international groups.
Microfinance Interventions
Authors: Johnston Melissa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Donors have framed microfinance as a gender-sensitive technology of financial inclusion to reduce poverty at the individual and community levels, yet microfinance has little to show for all the donor intervention. This chapter explains the poor results in feminist political economy terms that focus attention on historically specific class and gender relations, asserting that interveners’ ideologically driven promotion of microfinance has continued without robust evidence of its effectiveness in poverty reduction and women’s empowerment. But microfinance did not arrive in Timor-Leste with UN peacekeepers, although the small body of writing on microfinance by practitioners has tended to underhistoricize it as the creation of international interveners. This chapter contends that Indonesian-era microfinance shaped the Timorese political economy under conditions of violence and coercive militarized conflict. The Indonesian military, its supporters, and village elites have all benefited from microfinance initiatives.
Gendered Circuits of Debt and Violence
Authors: Johnston Melissa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The chapter first contextualizes class-based accumulation by describing village political economy in some depth. It then describes village-level credit-led accumulation. Microfinance occurs within a complex network of social and kin obligations and exchange that coerces repayment in the form of meager belongings, land, labor, or promissory notes. As microfinance programs reconfigure these heavy social debts into interest-bearing loans, small but significant sums are transferred from poorer to relatively wealthier sections of Timorese communities through sky-high interest rates. Self-help group and microfinance institution initiatives overlap with one another and with moneylending, and none are properly regulated. Moreover, social and gender relations within Timor-Leste are expressed in terms of debt. The chapter outlines how debt and financial exchange are fundamental to power in villages that have low levels of monetization and economies rooted in brideprice transactions. Because microfinance is complicit in maintaining—and relies on—social hierarchies in order to function, it fails to help the poorest, who experience these initiatives as extractive.
Immigration and Social Equality
Authors: Lim Désirée 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Skill-selective immigration policies, through which states favor the admission of highly skilled migrants over low-skilled migrants, are a familiar component of the immigration landscape. Wealthy Western states, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, have explicitly declared their desire to attract the “best and the brightest.” On the other hand, attitudes toward low-skilled migrants could not be more different. They have consistently been portrayed as dangerous and undesirable, a drain on social welfare, and economically threatening to citizens. This book argues that we ought to rethink this stance. Beginning from the widely shared principle of equal respect for all persons, it proposes that equal respect requires the recognition of each person’s pro tanto right to social equality, regardless of their citizenship status. Even if states have the right to exclude noncitizens, they cannot do so in a way that is demeaning or subordinating to excluded persons. The right to social equality gives us a richer picture of why certain instances of immigrant selection, such as the United States’ recent ban on citizens from Muslim-majority countries, are unjust. However, it also has troubling implications for skill-selective immigration policies, as they are currently practiced: the book reveals that they ought to be regarded as a form of wrongful discrimination. Drawing on the framework of social equality, the book goes on to consider the problem of colonial injustice and how it may be reproduced by skill-selective immigration policies, as well as migratorial disobedience.
Elevated brain natriuretic peptide in a patient with metastatic cancer without heart failure: A case study
Authors: Chen Leon L. , Dulu Alina O. , Pastores Stephen M. 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a well-established biomarker for heart failure (HF). However, its diagnostic utility can be limited in patients with comorbidities that independently elevate serum BNP levels, including chronic renal failure and sepsis. We describe a rare occurrence of significantly elevated serum BNP levels in a patient with metastatic urothelial cancer without HF or obvious signs of sepsis. The report highlights the need for considering alternative causes for increased serum BNP levels, especially in the presence of malignancy.
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Versus Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Locally Advanced Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in the European Multicenter ENSURE Study
Authors: Elliott Jessie A. , Klevebro Fredrik , Mantziari Styliani , Markar Sheraz R. , Goense Lucas , Johar Asif , Lagergren Pernilla , Zaninotto Giovanni , van Hillegersberg Richard , van Berge Henegouwen Mark I. , Schäfer Markus , Nilsson Magnus , Hanna George B. , Reynolds John V. ,   ENSURE Study Group**
Published: July 2023

Objective:
This study aimed to compare clinicopathologic, oncologic and health-related quality of life (HRQL) outcomes following neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) and chemotherapy (nCT) in the ENSURE international multicenter study.

Background Summary Data:
nCT and nCRT are the standard of care for locally advanced esophageal cancer (LAEC) treated with curative intent. However, no published randomized controlled trial to date has demonstrated superiority of either approach.

Methods:
ENSURE is an international multicenter study of consecutive patients undergoing surgery for LAEC (2009-2015) across 20 high-volume centers (NCT03461341). The primary outcome measure was overall survival (OS), secondary outcomes included histopathologic response, recurrence pattern, oncologic outcome, and HRQL in survivorship.

Results:
2,211 patients were studied (48% nCT, 52% nCRT). pCR was observed in 4.9% and 14.7% (P<0.001), with R0 in 78.2% and 94.2% (P<0.001) post nCT and nCRT, respectively. Postoperative morbidity was equivalent, but in-hospital mortality was independently increased (HR 2.73, 95%CI 1.43-5.21, P=0.002) following nCRT versus nCT. Probability of local recurrence was reduced (OR 0.71, 956% CI 0.54-0.93, P=0.012), and distant recurrence free survival time reduced (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.37, P=0.023) after nCRT versus nCT, with no difference in OS among all patients (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.98-1.25, P=0.113). On subgroup analysis, patients who underwent R0 resection following nCT as compared with nCRT had improved OS (median 60.7, 95% CI 49.5-71.8 months, vs. 40.8, 95% CI 42.8-53.4, P<0.001).

Conclusions:
In this European multicenter study, nCRT compared with nCT was associated with reduced probability of local recurrence but reduced distant recurrence free survival for patients with LAEC, without differences in overall survival. These data support tailored patient-specific decision-making in the overall approach to achieving optimum outcomes in LAEC.
An econometric analysis of the demand for cigarettes in Italy after the introduction of heated tobacco products in 2016
Authors: Marzioni Stefano , Pandimiglio Alessandro , Spallone Marco 
Published: July 2023

PurposeThis article provides evidence of a long-term structural relationship between demand for heated tobacco products (HTPs) and for combustible cigarettes in a Marshallian demand framework, using data from the Italian market.Design/methodology/approachA cointegration-based approach allows to capture the substitution effects between the two products arising for reasons (possibly) other than price.FindingsThe authors find that such a relationship exists and is sufficiently strong to constitute a cointegration.Social implicationsSince a fully consolidated consensus on reduced harm from smokeless tobacco products is absent, symmetric policies on both markets are therefore necessary in terms of regulation and excise incidence to minimize the social cost of substitution and to maximize government revenues, which are a necessary counterpart to negative externalities that arise with smoking both products.Originality/valueThis paper focuses on the Italian market with product specific volume and price data, both for cigarettes and HTPs. Because of the detected relationship, a regulatory trade-off arises in case of a relatively mild regulation on heated-tobacco products: benefits from decreasing demand for combustible cigarettes may be offset by the social cost of increasing consumption of heated tobacco products. Moreover, a milder regulation makes price related policies to curb smoking less effective.
The juridification of social accounting and the transposition process of the non-financial reporting directive 2014/95/EU
Authors: Moggi Sara , Lehman Glen , Pagani Alessandra 
Published: July 2023

Purpose
This paper aims to critically analyse the transposition implications of Union Directive 2014/95. This Directive identified the need to raise the transparency of the social and environmental information provided by the undertakings to a similarly high level across all Member States.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper considers how the European Member States of the European Union (EU) have transposed Directive 2014/95 into their regulations. The focus is on the juridification of social accounting in the pursuit of creating an overlapping consensus through Habermas’s concept of internal colonisation. The paper uses qualitative content analysis to scrutinise the national laws that transpose Directive 2014/95, discussing both what has been accomplished and what can be achieved by the release of future legislative provisions.

Findings
Despite the aim of Directive 2014/95 to create a common language for disclosing non-financial information, this study shows an implementation gap among and between Member States and an inconsistent picture of the employment of this Directive. Its implementation in the 28 European countries was considered a process of colonisation in implementing Union directives among European undertakings. However, the implementation process, which exemplifies Habermas’s juridification, has failed due to the lack of balance between moral discourse and actions.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the ongoing debates concerning the implementation of mandatory disclosure of environmental and social information in the EU Member States, promoting new directions for the EU’s democratic laws on social accounting. In addition, it offers an example of how internal colonisation only catalyses effects when moral laws are legitimised through the provision of procedures.
Role of splenic and bone marrow uptake at 18F‐FDG PET/CT for the assessment of large vessels vasculitis and the influence of glucocorticoids therapy on their values
Authors: Dondi Francesco , Albano Domenico , Ferrarini Giovanni , Camoni Luca , Bellini Pietro , Treglia Giorgio , Bertagna Francesco 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntroductionTo assess the relationship between splenic and bone marrow (BM) uptake with the presence of large vessel vasculitis (LVV) at 18F‐FDG PET/CT and to evaluate the influence of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy on these uptakes.MethodsOne hundred and one subjects with LVV and 18F‐FDG PET/CT were included in the study. Clinical features, including blood samples and duration of GC therapy, were collected. Standardized uptake value body weight max (SUVmax) of the spleen, BM, liver and arterial walls were extracted; spleen/liver (SL) and BM/liver (BML) ratios were calculated. Chi‐square and T‐test were used to assess the relationship between PET/CT parameters and clinical features with the presence of LVV. Rank correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between PET/CT parameters and clinical parameters. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to find the best parameter able to discriminate between positive and negative PET/CT. All analyses were performed considering the duration of GC therapy.ResultsSignificant correlation for PET/CT results with spleen uptake (P‐value = 0.001), SL (P‐value < 0.001) and BML (P‐value = 0.005) were reported in patients with no more than 3 days of therapy; the correlation with SL was confirmed in the total cohort of patients. A value of 0.92 for SL had an AUC of 0.959, a sensitivity of 92.6% and a specificity of 96.6% (P‐value < 0.001) in predicting PET/CT results.ConclusionHigher splenic and BM uptake in patients with positive PET/CT for LVV were reported. A long duration of GC therapy is able to reduce such uptakes.
Navigating the housing crisis: A comparison of international students and other newcomers in a mid‐sized Canadian city
Authors: Pottie‐Sherman Yolande , Christensen Julia , Foroutan Maryam , Zhou Siyi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article investigates the housing experiences of international students in comparison to other newcomers in the mid‐sized Canadian city of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, with a focus on how they navigate housing crises. Drawing on recent literature on housing justice, a quantitative survey of 188 participants, and 30 qualitative interviews, the findings reveal that international students and other newcomers are at different stages of their housing careers, have different needs and goals, and are experiencing the affordability crisis differently. Housing discrimination is a pressing concern, especially for international students who are subjected to intersectional prejudice, exploitation by landlords, and amplified challenges due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The article argues for inclusive housing and immigration policies that acknowledge international students as part of the Canadian housing market and ensure their rights to housing.
Build it and they will come: Volunteer opportunities and volunteering
Authors: Armstrong Catherine Deri , Devlin Rose Anne , Seifi Forough 
Published: July 2023

AbstractFormal volunteering refers to an individual's unpaid contribution of time to the activities of a charitable or non‐profit organization. While the physical presence of these organizations is usually required for citizens who want to volunteer, neighbourhoods vary with respect to the amount of volunteering opportunities available. We are the first to geo‐code information on the location of registered charities and the location of individuals, using full six‐digit postal codes, to examine how the physical proximity of charities affects the decision to volunteer. We carefully address the possibility that proximity to charities might be endogenous: organizations and volunteers may respond to similar unobservable factors when deciding where to locate. Our results imply that access does matter for the decision to volunteer: one more charity within a 1 km buffer around an individual's residence increases the predicted probability of volunteering by 0.8%. The impact of an additional charity on the likelihood of volunteering decreases with distance from the individual's residence and is more pronounced for urban dwellers, providing further evidence that the location of charities matters when it comes to nudging individuals to volunteer.
Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index has utility as a biomarker of COVID‐19 severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Takaya Hiroaki , Ueyama Shunichi , Osaki Yui , Kaji Kosuke , Kawaratani Hideto , Saito Ko , Aizawa Shigeyuki , Namisaki Tadashi , Morioka Chie , Yoshida Motoyuki , Akahane Takemi , Yoshiji Hitoshi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAimPatients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are reported to have greater coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) severity compared with patients without NAFLD. Previous studies have reported that noninvasive liver fibrosis scores, including the Fibrosis‐4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score, and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), have utility in predicting COVID‐19 mortality and disease severity in patients without NAFLD. However, the utility of liver fibrosis scores in predicting COVID‐19 mortality and disease severity among patients with NAFLD infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 has yet to be evaluated.MethodsThis retrospective observational study comprised 126 patients with NAFLD and active SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Patients were classified into low COVID‐19 severity (mild or moderate I disease) and high COVID‐19 severity (moderate II or severe disease) groups based on the therapeutic guideline implemented by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.ResultsOf the 126 patients, only one had been diagnosed with NAFLD before admission. Age; levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and serum C‐reactive protein; Fibrosis‐4 index; NAFLD fibrosis score; and APRI levels on admission were higher in the high COVID‐19 severity group compared with the low COVID‐19 severity group. Serum albumin levels, platelet counts, and lymphocyte counts on admission were lower in the high COVID‐19 severity group compared with the low COVID‐19 severity group. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that APRI values were significantly associated with COVID‐19 severity and hospitalization duration for COVID‐19.ConclusionsAPRI was independently associated with COVID‐19 severity and hospitalization duration for COVID‐19 in patients with NAFLD.
Government bond rates and interest expenditure of large euro area member states: A scenario analysis
Authors: Grimm Veronika , Nöh Lukas , Wieland Volker 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis paper assesses the possible development of government interest expenditures for Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Until 2021, governments could anticipate a substantial further reduction in interest expenditure. This outlook has changed drastically with the surge in inflation and government bond rates. Assuming that bond rates remain at the levels implied by yield curves from December 2022, interest expenditure rises substantially. We also examined scenarios with a further upward shift in yield curves by one or two percentage points. They indicate major medium‐term risks for highly indebted member states with interest expenditure approaching or exceeding levels last observed on the eve of the euro area debt crisis. Governments should take action to achieve a decline in debt‐to‐GDP ratios towards safe levels. They need to make sure public debt remains sustainable at the higher interest rates that are required to achieve price stability in the euro area.
Having a drink with awkward Brett: Brettanomyces, taste(s) and wine/markets
Authors: Siimes Nikolai 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBrettanomyces (Brett) is an awkward, a yeast subject to much debate in the wine world. Brett changes taste profiles, but not in any simple or stable way. In doing this, Brett is an active agent in the making of wine, the social construction of taste/quality and the social experience of wine drinking/expertise. This article draws on ongoing ethnographic and auto‐ethnographic research to argue that Brett's entanglement in social relations with humans is geographically and socially varied. Brett has different relations in natural wines for example. Coming to know Brett is therefore inherently relational, a sensorial and cultural experience as much as a matter of science.