bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Merleau‐Ponty and Nagarjuna – Ethics Within the Self of the No‐Self
Authors: Michaels Rayme 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis essay explores the concept of the self in the philosophies of Nagarjuna and Merleau‐Ponty by examining how it is that, according to them, the self is empty and only conventionally real rather than intrinsically so. By analyzing the similarities between their philosophies, the essay aims to shed light on new ways of understanding perception, ethics, and our relationships with others. It will include an analysis of the no‐self and the emptiness of entities, as well as an analysis of Merleau‐Ponty's writings and philosophy to see how it is that, according to him, in order to better understand ourselves, we must understand the reality of our intersubjectivity and intertwining with the world. It will clearly be shown that Merleau‐Ponty's existential phenomenology and the Madhyamikan school of thought coincide and offer powerful moral philosophies, while seeing the world as being completely separate from the self, distorts both our notions of ourselves and the world we are interconnected with. Virtue must be sought in samsara (perpetually being born into the world) and sunyata (emptiness that is itself empty of inherent existence), for samsara and nirvana (the end of karma) are one.[Correction added on 03 April 2023, after the first online publication: First two sentences of the Abstract have been modified.]
Causal effect of lower birthweight on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and mediating roles of insulin resistance and metabolites
Authors: Kong Lijie , Ye Chaojie , Wang Yiying , Zheng Jie , Zhao Zhiyun , Li Mian , Xu Yu , Lu Jieli , Chen Yuhong , Xu Min , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang , Bi Yufang , Wang Tiange 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackground & AimsThe causal association of lower birthweight with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the mediating pathways remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the causal, independent association of lower birthweight with NAFLD and identify potential metabolic mediators and their mediation effects in this association.MethodsWe performed two‐step, two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for birthweight from the Early Growth Genetics Consortium of 298 142 Europeans, NAFLD from a GWAS meta‐analysis of 8434 NAFLD cases and 770 180 controls of Europeans, and 25 candidate mediators from corresponding reliable GWASs.ResultsGenetically determined each 1‐SD lower birthweight was associated with a 45% (95% CI: 1.25–1.69) increased risk of NAFLD, and this causal association persisted after adjusting for childhood obesity or adult adiposity traits in multivariable MR. Two‐step MR identified 6 of 25 candidate mediators partially mediate the effect of lower birthweight on NAFLD, including fasting insulin (proportion mediated: 22.05%), leucine (17.29%), isoleucine (13.55%), valine (11.37%), alanine (10.01%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 7.23%). Bidirectional MR suggested a unidirectional effect of insulin resistance on isoleucine, leucine and valine and a unidirectional effect of alanine on insulin resistance.ConclusionsThis MR study elucidated the causal impact of lower birthweight on subsequent risk of NAFLD, independently of later‐life adiposity and identified mediators including insulin resistance, branched‐chain amino acids, alanine and MUFA in this association pathway. Our findings shed light on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and imply additional targets for prevention and intervention of NAFLD attributed to low birthweight.
Discourse‐level adaptation in pronoun comprehension
Authors: Ye Yining , Arnold Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIt is well established that people adapt to statistical regularities at phonological, lexical, and syntactic levels. Much less is known about adaptation to discourse‐level structures, such as adaptation to structures defined as the relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent. To fill this gap, this paper reviews studies on the learning of referential patterns by asking (1) do people represent referential structures, (2) how long do discourse‐level representations last, (3) how specific are representations that are used for referential adaptation, (4) what mechanisms underlie this adaptation, and (5) what the current methods are used to test referential adaptation. This paper also briefly summarises the work on adaptation at other linguistic levels. This line of work extends adaptation to higher‐level structures and demonstrates how people learn language patterns that drive successful communication and reading skills.
Considerations for assessment of measurement quality of mid‐upper arm circumference data in anthropometric surveys and mass nutritional screenings conducted in humanitarian and refugee settings
Authors: Bilukha Oleg , Kianian Behzad 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDespite frequent use of mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) to assess populations in humanitarian settings, no guidance exists about the ranges for excluding implausible extreme outliers (flags) from MUAC data and about the quality assessment of collected MUAC data. We analysed 701 population‐representative anthropometric surveys in children aged 6–59 months from 40 countries conducted between 2011 and 2019. We explored characteristics of flags as well as changes in survey‐level MUAC‐for‐age z‐score (MUACZ) and MUAC means, SD and percentage of flags based on three flagging approaches: ±3 and ±4 MUACZ z‐scores from observed MUACZ survey mean and a fixed interval 100–200 mm of MUAC. Both ±4 and 100–200 flagging approaches identified as flags approximately 0.15% of records; about 60% of all surveys had no flags and less than 1% of surveys had >2% of flags. The ±3 approach flagged 0.6% records in the data set and 3% of surveys had >2% of flags. Plausible ranges (defined as 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) for SD of MUACZ and MUAC were 0.8–1.2 and 10.5–14.4 mm, respectively. Survey‐level SDs of MUAC and MUACZ were highly correlated (r = 0.68). The average SD of MUACZ was 0.96 using the ±4 flagging approach and 0.94 with ±3 approach. Defining outliers in MUAC data based on the MUACZ approach is feasible and adjusts for different probability of extreme values based on age and nutrition status of surveyed population. In assessments where age is not recorded and therefore MUACZ cannot be generated, using 100–200 mm range for flag exclusion could be a feasible solution.
Hypothiocyanite and host–microbe interactions
Authors: Meredith Julia D. , Gray Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe pseudohypohalous acid hypothiocyanite/hypothiocyanous acid (OSCN−/HOSCN) has been known to play an antimicrobial role in mammalian immunity for decades. It is a potent oxidant that kills bacteria but is non‐toxic to human cells. Produced from thiocyanate (SCN−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a variety of body sites by peroxidase enzymes, HOSCN has been explored as an agent of food preservation, pathogen killing, and even improved toothpaste. However, despite the well‐recognized antibacterial role HOSCN plays in host–pathogen interactions, little is known about how bacteria sense and respond to this oxidant. In this work, we will summarize what is known and unknown about HOSCN in innate immunity and recent advances in understanding the responses that both pathogenic and non‐pathogenic bacteria mount against this antimicrobial agent, highlighting studies done with three model organisms, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Viral immunity: Basic mechanisms and therapeutic applications—a Keystone Symposia report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Balachandran Siddharth , Daley‐Bauer Lisa P. , Rustagi Arjun , Antony Ferrin , Frere Justin J. , Strampe Jamie , Kedzierska Katherine , Cannon Judy L. , McGargill Maureen A. , Weiskopf Daniela , Mettelman Robert C. , Niessl Julia , Thomas Paul G. , Briney Bryan , Valkenburg Sophie A. , Bloom Jesse D. , Bjorkman Pamela J. , Iketani Sho , Rappazzo C. Garrett , Crooks Chelsea M. , Crofts Kali F. , Pöhlmann Stefan , Krammer Florian , Sant Andrea J. , Nabel Gary J. , Schultz‐Cherry Stacey 
Published: January 2023

AbstractViruses infect millions of people each year. Both endemic viruses circulating throughout the population as well as novel epidemic and pandemic viruses pose ongoing threats to global public health. Developing more effective tools to address viruses requires not only in‐depth knowledge of the virus itself but also of our immune system's response to infection. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium “Viral Immunity: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications.” This report presents concise summaries from several of the symposium presenters.
OsFTL12, a member of FT‐like family, modulates the heading date and plant architecture by florigen repression complex in rice
Authors: Zheng Rui , Meng Xiangbing , Hu Qingliang , Yang Bo , Cui Guicai , Li Yingying , Zhang Siju , Zhang Yu , Ma Xuan , Song Xiaoguang , Liang Shanshan , Li Yunhai , Li Jiayang , Yu Hong , Luan Weijiang 
Published: January 2023

SummaryFLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a florigen in Arabidopsis, plays critical roles in floral transition. Among 13 FT‐like members in rice, OsFTL2 (Hd3a) and OsFTL3 (RFT1), two rice homologues of FT, have been well characterized to act as florigens to induce flowering under short‐day (SD) and long‐day (LD) conditions, respectively, but the functions of other rice FT‐like members remain largely unclear. Here, we show that OsFTL12 plays an antagonistic function against Hd3a and RFT1 to modulate the heading date and plant architecture in rice. Unlike Hd3a and RFT1, OsFTL12 is not regulated by daylength and highly expressed in both SD and LD conditions, and delays the heading date under either SD or LD conditions. We further demonstrate that OsFTL12 interacts with GF14b and OsFD1, two key components of the florigen activation complex (FAC), to form the florigen repression complex (FRC) by competing with Hd3a for binding GF14b. Notably, OsFTL12‐FRC can bind to the promoters of the floral identity genes OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 and suppress their expression. The osmads14 osmads15 double mutants could not develop panicles and showed erect leaves. Taken together, our results reveal that different FT‐like members can fine‐tune heading date and plant architecture by regulating the balance of FAC and FRC in rice.
In Vitro Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy with 980 nm Diode Laser on Gene Expression of Key Regulators of Bone Remodeling by Human Periodontal Ligament Cells under Mild Orthodontic Forces
Authors: Tabatabaei Seyyedeh Niloufar , Hodjat Mahshid , Hakimiha Neda , Akhoundi Mohammad Sadegh Ahmad , Kharazifard Mohammad Javad 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) with 980 nm diode laser as monotherapy and in combination with compressive and tensile orthodontic forces on expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL), sclerostin (SOST) and periostin (POSTN), by human periodontal ligament cells. Isolated cells were cultured and subjected to either tensile (10% elongation) or compressive forces (25 g cm−2) for 24 and 48 h. Subsequently, the cells received PBM (100 mW power, 3 or 6 J cm−2 energy density) immediately after load cycle. RT‐PCR was applied to assess the genes expression. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). We found that PBM in combination with orthodontic forces led to upregulation of bone resorption genes (RANKL and SOST) at the pressure side and their downregulation at the tension side. The expression of osteogenic genes (OPG and POSTN) increased at the tension side and decreased at the pressure side. PBM alone did not affect gene expression. In conclusion, these findings suggest that this PBM protocol may be effective in enhancement of the gene expression in favor of bone remodeling acceleration that should be confirmed in future animal and human studies.
Germination of shrub species from Chinese subtropical forests: implications for restoration
Authors: Bhatt A. , Daibes L. F. , Chen X. , Gallacher D. J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIncorporating native shrubs into restoration projects can improve biodiversity conservation and enhance the sustainability of ecosystem functions. Shrubs grow under different forest canopy structures, having varied microclimatic conditions according to forest type and composition. Currently, there is a lack of information on propagation from seed and planting material availability for the utilization of shrubs in forest restoration.In the present study, we evaluated the effects of temperature and light on germination of ten shrub species (Ardisia japonica,Callicarpa cathayana,Callicarpa giraldiivar.subcanescens,Deutzia schneideriana,Fraxinus sieboldiana,Hydrangea chinensis,Maesa japonica,Rhododendron simsii,Spiraea japonicavar.fortuneiandWeigela japonicavar.sinica) occurring in subtropical forests in China.No seeds of any species germinated in the coolest thermal regime (5/10 °C), while optimal temperature requirements varied from 10/20 °C to 25/35 °C. Seeds of small‐seeded species had higher germination percentages in the light treatments, while larger seeds were not photoblastic. There was no relationship between germination in the light and the seed shape index.Our results may assist in identification of seed traits and suitable shrub species for restoration in specific forest types, thus aiding native forest recovery of structure and composition. Successful recovery leads to enhanced biodiversity, reestablishment of microhabitats and ecological interactions in the forest understorey.
The ethylene receptor mutation etr2b reveals crosstalk between ethylene and ABA in the control of Cucurbita pepo germination
Authors: Iglesias‐Moya Jessica , Cebrián Gustavo , Garrido Dolores , Martínez Cecilia , Jamilena Manuel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe enhanced salt tolerance of squash ethylene‐insensitive mutants during germination and early stages of seedling development suggested that abscisic acid (ABA) could mediate this tolerance. To gain insight into the crosstalk between ethylene and ABA in seed germination, the germination rate and early seedling growth of wild type (WT) and ethylene‐insensitive etr2b mutant were compared in seeds germinated under water and exogenous ABA treatment. The etr2b seeds germinated earlier than WT under both water and ABA, and the effect of ABA on radicle length and seedling growth of etr2b was lower than in WT, indicating that etr2b is also insensitive to ABA. The comparison of ABA and ethylene contents and ABA and ethylene gene expression profiles in WT and etr2b dry and imbibed seeds in either water, NaCl or ABA demonstrated a clear crosstalk between ethylene and ABA in germination. The expression profiles of ethylene genes in WT and etr2b indicated that the role of ethylene in seed germination does not appear to follow the canonical ethylene signaling pathway. Instead, etr2b reduces ABA content during formation of the seeds (dry seeds) and in response to seed imbibition and germination, which means diminished dormancy in the ethylene mutant. The etr2b mutation downregulated the expression of ABA biosynthesis and signaling genes during germination, demonstrating the positive role of ethylene receptor gene CpETR2B on seed germination and early seedling growth in squash is mediated by ABA. The reduced effect of exogenous ABA on ethylene production and ethylene gene expression in etr2b seeds suggests that this regulation is also dependent on ethylene.
Alf Ross on the Nature of Law
Authors: Bix Brian H. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn his work, On Law and Justice, Alf Ross sought to explain law in scientific/empirical terms, in terms that would require no recourse to what he called “metaphysics” or “idealism.” The result is a sort of translation of legal rules and official actions into propositions of behavior, predictions of behavior, and shared ideology. The present work raises questions about the tensions within Ross's work(s), and discusses the places where Ross's analysis seems to fall short of its ambitions. In the course of the discussion, the article considers issues relating to legal mistake, explanations of judicial behavior, and different types of normativity.
Comparison of whole blood concentrations of oral human generic modified ciclosporin capsules with microemulsified ciclosporin capsules approved for canine atopic dermatitis following a single oral administration to healthy dogs
Authors: Vargo Cheryl , Austel Michaela , Banovic Frane 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundThere have been no comparative bioavailability studies between the microemulsified ciclosporin formulation, approved for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), and the generic modified formulation of ciclosporin for humans.ObjectivesTo compare whole blood ciclosporin concentrations of oral generic modified ciclosporin (Treatment A; Teva Pharmaceuticals) and ciclosporin brand Atopica (Treatment B; Elanco Animal Health) in healthy dogs at 1 and 1.5 h following a single oral administration.MethodsWhole blood concentrations were evaluated at 1 and 1.5 h post‐oral administration of treatments A and B in a randomised, blinded, cross‐over study with an 8‐day wash‐out, after a single administration at 4.4–5.3 mg/kg/day in eight healthy, male‐castrated research beagle dogs. Ciclosporin blood concentrations were measured through the Auburn University Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory.ResultsCiclosporin blood concentrations were below the detection limit before the start of treatment for both groups. Blood ciclosporin concentrations for Treatment A (median 1192 ng/ml) were significantly higher at 1 h post‐oral administration than those for Treatment B (median 499 ng/ml;p = 0.001). However, no significant differences (p = 0.75) in ciclosporin values were observed at 1.5 h post‐administration between treatments A (median 945 ng/ml) and B (median 809 ng/ml).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceGeneric modified ciclosporin achieved higher blood concentrations at 1 h post‐administration than Atopica after a single oral administration in healthy dogs; no difference was noted at 1.5 h. Further clinical studies using generic modified ciclosporin in client‐owned dogs affected with cAD are advocated to confirm its therapeutic efficacy.
Evaluation of immunoglobulin replacement therapy in secondary immunodeficiency at three British Columbia hospitals
Authors: Tran Ann , Marcon Krista , Zamar David , Mi Jian , Shad Jodi , Zheng Joey , Nicolson Hamish , Onell Rodrigo , Shih Andrew W. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesImmunoglobulin (Ig) usage has ongoing shortage concerns. Secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) account for a major proportion of usage of Igs in Canada. We audited Ig usage in patients with SID at three British Columbia hospitals to determine whether more stringent local guidelines are necessary.Materials and MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed for patients who had Ig ordered between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2019 for any SID indication. Cohorts were stratified into chronic and new users, and the Australian BloodSTAR guidelines were used as the benchmark at the time of conception. Having an eligible primary diagnosis, meeting SID criteria, an appropriate dosage and follow‐up immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels encompassed appropriate usage.ResultsThere were no demographic differences between chronic (N = 81) and new (N = 33) cohorts. The new cohort had a higher rate of appropriate usage (45.7% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.06). The most common reason for inappropriate usage in both groups was the lack of follow‐up IgG level at 6 or 12 months. Factors, displayed by relative risk (RR), associated with appropriateness included the dispensing hospital (RR: 6.60), use of subcutaneous Ig (RR: 3.84), having an IgG level before starting therapy (RR: 3.51) and documentation of clinical benefit (RR: 4.70).ConclusionThere are high rates of inappropriate Ig usage in SID patients in both new and chronically treated groups. More stringent local guidelines and processes for assessing initial and ongoing Ig replacement are warranted.
Performance evaluation of submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment: Experimental study and model validation with GPS‐X software simulator
Authors: Al‐Sayed Aly , Hellal Mohamed S. , Al‐Shemy Mona T. , Hassan Gamal K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this study, flat sheet submerged MBR (FS‐SMBR) was investigated under 6 and 4 h hydraulic retention times (HRT) and 40 days solid retention time with real municipal wastewater. The implementation of the treatment system was evaluated in terms of physico‐chemical and microbial analysis as well as sludge characterization. The permeate of FS‐SMBR complied with the standards for reuse and non‐detectable levels of faecal coliform was achieved at 6 and 4 h HRTs, with pore‐blocking resistances (Rt) of 28 × 1011 and 40 × 1011/m, respectively. Examining another dominant factor, that is, sludge viscosity, the best results were acquired using HRT 4 h for domestic wastewater. Furthermore, the results obtained were validated and calibrated using the GPS‐X software simulator, and the results of modelled data were completely matched with the experimental data under the same conditions.
Objects of Collaboration: Roles and Sequences of Objects in Spanning Knowledge Group Boundaries in Design
Authors: Brubaker Eric R. , Sheppard Sheri D. , Hinds Pamela J. , Yang Maria C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Spanning knowledge group boundaries is both a source of and barrier to design performance and innovation. Objects—from prototypes to kanban boards—are frequently used in cross-functional design practice, but their associated outcomes appear varied and dependent not only on the objects themselves but on how, when, and by whom they are used. We conducted a two-year ethnography within a turbomachinery design company to understand how professional engineering designers span knowledge group boundaries to advance their designs and design processes. Our findings identify three roles of objects of collaboration: routinizing cross-boundary interaction, translating information across boundaries, and motivating joint negotiation or discovery. We illustrate two prominent outcomes—the co-discovery of a design risk, opportunity, or bottleneck and the co-design of a joint integrated solution—and describe two object role sequences from which these outcomes seem to follow. These findings are significant because they suggest ways for designers to effectively use objects to span knowledge group boundaries.
Generative Design: Reframing the Role of the Designer in Early-Stage Design Process
Authors: Saadi Jana I. , Yang Maria C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Generative design tools empowered by recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) offer the opportunity for human designers and design tools to collaborate in new, more advanced modes throughout various stages of the product design process to facilitate the creation of higher performing and more complex products. This paper explores how the use of these generative design tools may impact the design process, designer behavior, and overall outcomes. Six in-depth interviews were conducted with practicing and student designers from different disciplines who use commercial generative design tools, detailing the design processes they followed. From a grounded theory-based analysis of the interviews, a provisional process diagram for generative design and its uses in the early-stage design process is proposed. The early stages of defining tool inputs bring about a constraint-driven process in which designers focus on the abstraction of the design problem. Designers will iterate through the inputs to improve both quantitative and qualitative metrics. The learning through iteration allows designers to gain a thorough understanding of the design problem and solution space. This can bring about creative applications of generative design tools in early-stage design to provide guidance for traditionally designed products.