bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Milk yield and pasture nutrient availability associated with milking order in commercial dairy herds
Authors: Berkhout Monique J. , Auldist Martin J. , Douglas Meaghan L. , Thomson Anna L. , Giri Khageswor , Jacobs Joe L. , Wright Marlie M. 
Published: January 2025

Context On pasture-based dairy farms, herd behavioural dynamics result in a milking order that remains consistent over time. Previous research has demonstrated that cows that are consistently early in the milking order routinely access pasture of greater biomass and nutrient density than do later-milked cows, because they access the paddock first. This effect is likely to explain why early cows commonly produce more milk than do later cows. We hypothesised that in commercial dairy herds, milk yield would decline as milking order progressed, and there would be a reduction in pasture mass and nutritive value before the last cows returned to the paddock. Aims This study aimed to validate observations previously demonstrated under controlled experimental conditions, in commercial dairy herds in Gippsland, Victoria. Methods This research was repeated across three commercial farms, with four grazing sessions observed per farm. Cows were milked twice daily, with daily individual milk yields and milking times obtained. Pasture measurements were collected pre-grazing, hourly for the first 3 h of grazing after the morning milking (while cows progressively entered the paddock), and post-grazing after the cows exited the paddock. At each sampling, pasture mass was estimated using a calibrated rising-plate metre, and pasture samples were collected for analyses of nutritive characteristics. Key results Milking order was consistent, and the last cows produced on average 4.7 L/cow.day less milk than did the first cows. As grazing progressed, pasture mass, crude protein concentrations and metabolisable energy declined and fibre concentrations increased. Conclusions This study demonstrated a decrease in pasture mass and nutrient density as grazing progressed. The earliest cows had access to more pasture of higher nutrient density and produced more milk than did later-milked cows. Implications This study validated that the milk yield of cows in commercial herds is influenced by milking order, which is likely to be mediated at least in part by the quantity and nutrient density on offer to earlier versus later-milked cows. Other factors may also influence milking order and milk yield, but these factors were not accounted for in this research. Future research should focus on mitigation strategies to negate this effect by improving nutrient intake of later-milked cows.
Mapping knowledge structure and research frontiers of underwater acoustic tomography: a scientometric study
Authors: Bahreinimotlagh Masoud , Roozbahani Reza , Fayz Chakab Mohammad Amin , Al Sawaf Mohamad Basel , Eftekhari Mortaza , Sajjadi Seyyed Ahmad 
Published: January 2025

Context Underwater acoustic tomography (UAT) is a powerful tool for monitoring oceans, seas and inland waters. Aims This study presents a scientometric analysis of UAT and examines future research trends. Methods A comprehensive analysis of 449 Scopus-indexed publications across 135 journals from 1979 to 2023 was conducted to provide an in-depth examination of UAT. Results More than 760 researchers from 18 countries have contributed to UAT research, resulting in ~40 distinct applications (e.g. four-dimensional (3-D + time) measurement of sound speed, temperature and flow velocity, as well as the localisation of autonomous underwater vehicles). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America accounts for nearly 30% of these publications. Four major organisations have provided ~80% of the funding for the UAT research, namely, the US Office of Naval Research (31%), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (25%), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (13%) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (11%). Conclusions Despite its unique capabilities, UAT technique still faces significant challenges to widespread adoption. Implications Overcoming obstacles such as mass production, the development of high-frequency systems (exceeding 60 kHz) for laboratory-scale experiments and the creation of user-friendly software is essential for advancing UAT technology.
Les « droits fondamentaux linguistiques » existent-ils ?
Authors: Clément-Wilz Laure 
Published: January 2025

Résumé
Au-delà du droit, le registre des droits fondamentaux linguistiques est à la croisée de nombreuses disciplines. Ce
numéro thématique vise à montrer comment chaque discipline fait exister ces droits en adaptant leur définition. Dans
l’article de Maria Margherita Mattioda, ils sont traités comme une référence dans les outils de traduction automatique
neuronale ; pour Vicent Climent-Ferrando, ils justifient un appel à une plus grande reconnaissance des langues régionales et
minoritaires, l’Union européenne se présentant à chaque fois comme débitrice de ces droits. Juridiquement, les droits
fondamentaux linguistiques existent dans la mesure où ils sont juridiquement garantis et effectifs. La jurisprudence de la Cour
européenne des droits de l’homme (Cour EDH) montre que tel est parfois le cas, témoignant de son rôle créateur en la
matière. Cette introduction met en évidence les limites du mouvement des Linguistic Human Rights (LHR), ainsi que
celles du registre des droits fondamentaux ayant une dimension linguistique mobilisé en droit. Par exemple, l’invocation
de cette dimension ne résout pas le problème des arbitrages politiques que la communauté doit opérer, ce qui renvoie à la question
des coûts et des bénéfices d’une politique linguistique, et dans sa contribution, Bengt-Arne Wickström montre comment
l’économie peut fournir des outils de mesure utiles à leur évaluation. Dans les pages qui suivent, nous montrons que la
logique des droits fondamentaux linguistiques repose, plus ou moins explicitement, sur des considérations morales et des réalités
de terrain. En conséquence, la définition de ces droits varie en fonction de l’interprétation du juge, en particulier de
la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme.
Scientific Tourism Leveraging Resilience: An Initiative on Providence and Ketlina Islands, Colombia
Authors: Ramírez Daniel Calderón , Gardella Narcís Bassols , Castellanos López Juan Esteban , Garavito González Leonardo 
Published: January 2025

Summary
This case study is a report which sums up a recent initiative on nature conservation and tourism. It discusses a low degree of resilience observed on Providence and Ketlina Islands (Colombian Caribbean) in the aftermath of COVID-19 and the devastating hurricanes which have hit them in past years. The impact of COVID-19 and recent meteorological events have revealed a low degree of community resilience because of a lack of solid infrastructures and low community cohesion. Consequently, proposals have emerged for community-led tourism, including a bottom-up initiative for scientific tourism which is outlined in this case study. The project will train and empower the community, who ultimately are the guardians of the destination. In this context, the project revolves around reinforcing the conservation of endangered species such as local sea turtles. More visitor involvement is also proposed, as tourists are encouraged to become guardians of the destination and its natural environment. With a more focused strategy on tourism fostering social cohesion and generating higher revenue, the islands’ resilience is expected to improve in the future.

Information
© The Authors 2025
Pushing limits: probing new gravity using a satellite constellation
Authors: Toth Viktor T 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Building upon earlier work, we explore the limits of using a configuration of satellites to measure the trace of the gravitational gradient tensor using intersatellite laser ranging and timing observables without relying on high-precision external observables such as deep space radio navigation or astrometry with unrealistic accuracy. A refined model, calculated with extended numerical precision, confirms that exceptional sensitivity is possible, placing within reach observational tests of certain modified gravity theories (e.g. Yukawa terms, Galileons) using heliocentric orbits in the vicinity of the Earth. The sensitivity of the experiment improves at larger heliocentric distances. A constellation placed at 30 astronomical units, still well within the domain of feasibility using available propulsion and deep space communication technologies, may approach sensitivities that are sufficient to detect not just the gravitational contribution of the interplanetary medium but perhaps even cosmological dark matter and dark energy constituents.
An analytic model for climate and climate change suitable for advanced physics education
Authors: Embacher Franz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A simple analytic model for climate and climate change suitable for physics education in upper secondary and tertiary education is presented. It falls into the class of zero-dimensional energy balance models, comprises five independent variables and uses mathematical techniques only at a moderate level. It allows for the definition and discussion of key concepts of climate science such as radiative forcing, climate sensitivity and feedback factors, including an elementary feedback analysis for the four most important fast climate feedbacks. To round off the text, it is briefly shown how the model can be coupled to the ocean as a heat reservoir, providing a rough estimate for the characteristic time scales of climate change. The analysis is formulated rigorously in terms of the model variables.
Norms in sinogram space and stability estimates for the Radon transform
Authors: Kindermann Stefan , Hubmer Simon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We consider different norms for the Radon transform Rf of a function f and investigate under which conditions they can be estimated from above or below by some standard norms for f. We define Fourier-based norms for Rf which can be related to Bessel-potential space norms for f. Furthermore, we define a variant of a total-variation norm for Rf and provide conditions under which it is equivalent to the total-variation norm of f. To illustrate potential applications of these results, we propose a novel nonlinear backprojection method for inverting the Radon transform and present numerical results on simulated and experimental data.
The effects of surface kink nucleation on the dislocation mobility for bcc metals: a kinetic Monte Carlo study
Authors: Tang Xiaochuan , Brumblay Hunter K , Thompson Gregory B , Weinberger Christopher R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Dislocation plasticity in bcc metals at low temperatures and stresses is well known to be controlled by screw dislocation mobility. Screw dislocations move by the nucleation of kink-pairs on the dislocation line and is a relatively well studied phenomenon. However, how screw dislocation mobility is influenced by interfaces and surfaces has not been well-studied. To provide insight into the role interfaces play in screw dislocation mobility, this study proposes an empirical model to treat a grain boundary as a dislocation source, which is then implemented into kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for body-centered-cubic (bcc) metals. This effort focuses on the roles of kink nucleation and migration processes at the interface, comparing the energetics of these events on interfaces versus those on the interior of the dislocation line. The findings reveal that interfaces can either enhance dislocation motion or not affect it at all, depending on temperature, stress, and dislocation length. This work provides insights into the mesoscale behavior of bcc metals and bridges the gap between experimental observations and computational models at small scales.
Finite time mixing and enhanced dissipation for 2D Navier-Stokes equations by Ornstein–Uhlenbeck flow
Authors: Liu Chang , Luo Dejun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We consider the vorticity form of 2D Navier–Stokes equations perturbed by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck flow of transport type. Contrary to previous works where the random perturbation was interpreted as Stratonovich transport noise, here we understand the equation in a pathwise manner and show the properties of mixing and enhanced dissipation for suitable choice of the flow.
GENE simulations of GAM-turbulence interactions in FT-2 tokamak
Authors: Albert F , Kiviniemi T P , Chôné L , Janhunen S , Leerink S , Hirvijoki E , Iorio R N 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In an experiment conducted in the FT-2 tokamak, intermittencies in the GAM (Geodesic Acoustic Mode) and turbulence intensities were observed over a 13 ms time interval. Notably, the changes in the density and temperature profiles were insignificant. Two reflectometers recorded a 21

%

suppression in turbulence fluctuations in the radial region x/a = 0.4 to 0.8 during the GAM period. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind the energy transfer between GAMs and turbulence, several local linear simulations and one global linear and nonlinear simulation were performed using the gyrokinetic code GENE. The global simulations covered the radial range x/a from 0.2 to 0.9. Linear simulations were conducted to identify the dominant instability and its growth rate at various radial locations between x/a = 0.3 and 0.8. The nonlinear simulation results were analyzed to elucidate the interplay between GAMs and turbulence within the FT-2 tokamak. The global nonlinear simulation revealed intermittencies in the GAM activity around the rational surface at x/a = 0.54 with a safety factor q = 3. The nonlinear coupling between GAMs and turbulence was investigated by calculating the cross-bicoherence and Reynolds force at x/a = 0.54. The temporal behavior of these quantities was compared with the observed intermittency.
Scale effects in BEOL compatible ferroelectric field-effect transistor memories with random phase fluctuation
Authors: Yang Yu-Xi , Li Qiang , Li Jia-Cheng , Cheng Tian-Tong , Zheng Zhi-Wei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of dimensional scaling on device variation of back-end-of-line (BEOL) compatible ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) memory with amorphous oxide-semiconductor channel by considering random ferroelectric/dielectric (FE/DE) phase fluctuation. Our study based on TCAD simulation indicates that: (i) For a given FE phase, scaling gate length not only improves memory window (MW) due to the sufficient ferroelectric switching during erase, but also increases MW variation (σ
MW), which is mainly dominated by high-voltage threshold (HVT) variation induced by erase operation. (ii) For a given device size, reducing FE phase results in decreased MW with increased σ
MW. This σ
MW degradation could be suppressed at longer gate length due to the weak erase. (iii) For gate width scaling, it has negligible effect on MW but induces the σ
MW increase, which could be ascribed to the increased probability of forming DE paths with larger grain-to-channel area ratio. Therefore, although scaling BEOL FeFET device size could increase MW, the increased σ
MW due to random FE/DE phase fluctuation may also need to be considered. These findings may provide insights for future FeFET design.
Assessment of flake graphite cathode performance with dissimilar surfaces in relativistic magnetrons
Authors: Chen Tingxu , Li Tianming , Li Hao , Zhou Hao , Wang Haiyang , Wang Jiaoyin , Cheng Renjie , Hu Biao 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In order to achieve better microwave output performance for relativistic magnetrons, cathode material technology for suppressing surface emission defects has been developed significantly. However, for some commonly used materials, such as graphite, the upper and lower limits of its performance in RM operation are still unclear. Therefore, in this paper, the smooth flake graphite cathode and the varying degrees of roughened one are tested in permanent magnet packaging rising-sun relativistic magnetron. Then, particle in cell simulations were performed to evaluate the results of the experiments. The results show that, under a peak voltage of ~400 kV，the peak microwave power of relativistic magnetron with smooth scaled graphite is 156 WM, while that of graphite with completely roughened surface is 335 MW. This work seeks to elucidate the performance level and improvement room of flake graphite in relativistic magnetrons. This work also facilitates relativistic magnetron cathode design and experimental analysis.
Anisotropic temperature dependence of the electronic band structure in black phosphorus
Authors: Zhao Lei , Shi Dandan , Wang Bo , Liu Yi , Sun Zhe , Dong Jingwei , Chen Zhongwei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) has attracted much attention because of its anisotropic layer-dependent optical and electronic structure and ultrahigh carrier mobility. Despite the importance of manipulating the optical and electronic properties of BP by temperature variation, the response of the electronic band structure to temperature and the underlying mechanism which are crucial to understand the related applications haven’t been reported yet. Herein, temperature dependence of the electronic band structure of BP has been measured by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and the band dispersions are quantitatively characterized. While the hole effective mass along k

x
(m

x
) decreases with temperature, that along k

y
(m

y
) increases with temperature. We argue that the electronic band dispersion along k

x
is decreased because it is dictated by the weakened interlayer and intralayer couplings, and the increase of m

y
with temperature is ascribed to the enhanced electron–phonon scattering. This work reports the anisotropic temperature dependence of the electronic band dispersion of BP and reveals the underlying mechanisms, which will expand the knowledge of electronic structure and benefit the understanding of temperature dependent phenomena in this material.
Implementation of model free fuzzy control on a novel magnetorheological elastomer-based handle for a rotary hammer
Authors: Kamath Nagaraja , Praveen Shenoy K , Susheelkumar GN , Gangadharan K V 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study presents a novel application of a Magnetorheological Elastomer-based handle (MREH) designed to improve the user’s comfort, specifically by reducing hand-arm vibrations. Various control logics were used on the MREH system attached to a rotary hammer to fully utilize the ability to adapt to various operating conditions, and each logic’s performance was evaluated. On/Off, PID, and fuzzy methods have been implemented in real-time. A case-based control logic where the frequency of the rotary hammer is given as an input to the control logic is developed to reduce the decision time as the events occur at a higher rate for on/off and fuzzy. PID gains are obtained directly from the experimental setup through PID autotuning. The performance of these logics is evaluated by performing a drilling operation on a M45 concrete block. Further, the fuzzy logic is investigated by operating at different locations on the same block. Based on the present research, fuzzy logic has demonstrated superior performance in aligning with the system by exhibiting a maximum 3 Hz increase from the natural frequency
A prediction technique based on deep learning for deformation and missing data in the context of insufficient sensor data
Authors: Yan Dongming , Li Ruihang , Xiong Weihua , Huang Xiaotong 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There is some interpretability in predicting deformation based on key control points, but mispredicting the deformation of the test model can result from missing sensor data due to physical obstruction and going outside the equipment’s measuring range. In order to address the issue, we propose a CNN BiLSTM CBAM network architecture. The network has a faster convergence rate, according to experiments, and its maximum deformation prediction deviation is only 0.28 mm. In the meantime, the prediction approach uses standardization to make up for the missing control point data; this results in a corrective impact that ranges from 37.76% to 90.89%. The method proposed in this paper complements the missing sensor data while predicting the deformation in real time, which is essential for establishing an accurate dynamic prediction model and realizing comprehensive data sensing.
Thermal annealing effects on optical and dielectric properties of TiOPc thin films for optoelectronic and photonic applications
Authors: Al-Qarni Amjad M , Darwish A A A , Al-Zahrani Asmaa S , Al-Muaiqly Jalana F , Youssef Nouf K , Hamdalla Taymour A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) is a metal phthalocyanine compound with interesting electronic and catalytic properties, making it useful in various applications. This study investigates the effects of thermal annealing on the optical and dielectric properties of vacuum-evaporated TiOPc films. The optical and structural characteristics were examined before and after annealing. FTIR spectra show a correlation between the peak positions of the films before and after the annealing process. Additionally, the spectra of the annealed sample show a decrease in C=O and the formation of a coordination bond between the Ti dopant and the phthalocyanine molecule. X-ray diffraction shows an amorphous behavior before and after annealing for TiOPc films. The AFM images show the presence of peaks and valleys of varied sizes. This leads to enhanced light trapping and scattering, improving light absorption and optical properties of the film. Thermal annealing at 473 K for 2 h resulted in a significant reduction in the optical energy gap, with E

g1
decreasing by approximately 7% (from 1.58 eV to 1.47 eV) and E

g2
by about 6% (from 3.0 eV to 2.83 eV), which indicates the thermal stability of these films. Moreover, the real part of dielectric constants reached appreciable improvements of about 30% at low frequencies. These changes are ascribed to the decreased structural defects and enhanced molecular ordering induced by annealing. The thermal stability of TiOPc films and improvement in the performance of optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors and optical switches by applying TiOPc films can be understood from these explorations. Moreover, the simple and cost-effective vacuum evaporation and annealing fabrication enable large-scale industrial production that would be attractive for application engineers to fully utilize these films in practice.