bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prebiotic landscape: history, health and physiological benefits, and regulatory challenges – an IPA perspective part 1
Authors: Saville S.H. , Younes J.A. , Paraskevakos G. , Venema K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Prebiotics are becoming increasingly recognized by consumers, health care professionals and regulators as important contributors to health. Nonetheless, the development, progress, and adoption of prebiotics is hindered by loose terminology, various misconceptions about sources and types of compounds that may be classified as prebiotics, and the lack of consensus on a definition that satisfies regulators. Evolving knowledge of the microbiome and its effects on host health has generated opportunities for modulation of the microbiota that can support host health. Various types of biotics – probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, are compounds that either modulate the microbiota or arise from the microbiota, affecting health locally and distally. Each of these classes of biotic compounds have distinct, yet complementary benefits. While many scientists have proposed definitions for prebiotics, and there have been attempts by selected scientists to develop a ‘consensus definition’, the fact remains that globally, scientists, manufacturers, and marketers have adopted different definitions to suit their own interests and purposes, leading to confusion among consumers and health care professionals. The pathway to regulatory acceptance and to reduce/eliminate confusion is a definition that puts the focus on the consumer, and the benefits that consumers can realise from consumption of prebiotics. This consumer-focused approach, supported by science, will also align with regulators and support broader regulatory approval of prebiotics as a category. In this review, we discuss the history of prebiotics, and introduce criteria and a decision tree to classify compounds as prebiotics, supported by the scientific literature to date. This includes a summary of compounds that have been clearly recognised as prebiotics. We also review the microbiota, microbiome, and the various ways in which prebiotics can beneficially affect the microbiota and health. The safety and efficacy of prebiotics is also reviewed, along with effective doses and limitations associated with prebiotic use. This includes scientific tools and methods that help to establish the function, safe use and efficacy of a prebiotic. We also identify misconceptions that can be addressed in communications to consumers and health care professionals. Manufacturing guidelines and the current regulatory status of prebiotics in various jurisdictions are also reviewed. Collectively, this review provides an in-depth overview of the role for prebiotics to support the health of consumers. This consumer-focused approach provides clear criteria for the product category, safe use, effective communication of health benefits and limitations, and a pathway towards regulatory approval.
The red colour in chinicuil (Comadia redtenbacheri (Hammerschmidt)) is due to rhodommatin pigment
Authors: González-Cruz L. , Sardina-Almanza P. , Torres-Valencia M. , Bernardino-Nicanor A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In Mexico, Comadia redtenbacheri (Hammerschmidt) is called chinicuil or agave red worm which is highly appreciated since pre-Hispanic period and was considered a delicacy greatly accept by the Aztec. At present, chinicuil is highly valued not only for its culinary value but also as an ornamental in the mezcal industry, although it has not been possible to preserve its intense red colour. One reason for this is probably that the pigment responsible for the reddish coloration of the chinicuil has not yet been identified, making it difficult to find a possible alternative for its preservation. For this reason, the aim of this research was to elucidate the chemical structure of the pigment responsible for the reddish coloration of chinicuil in order to expand knowledge of its properties and offer alternatives for colour preservation.. According to the results of this study, the size is decisive for the colour of the larvae. The small larvae are white, while the large larvae are reddish in colour. The results of the colour characteristics of the larvae showed that the large larvae tend to have a reddish coloration, while a yellowness or white coloration is observed in the other larval sizes. The chromatographic UV-Vis profile of the pigment in the large larvae showed signals characteristic of the ommochromes, which was confirmed by the 1H NMR spectra, in which characteristic signals of the aromatic rings, glycosides, carboxyl and amine groups were detected. These results lead to the conclusion that the principal pigment that gives the chinicuil its red colour is rhodommatin.
7. Introduction to probability
Authors: Navarro Danielle , Foxcroft David 
Published: January 2025

This chapter serves as a foundational exploration of probability, bridging the gap between descriptive statistics and the deeper domain of inferential statistics. Beginning with a reflection on the interplay between probability and statistical inference, it emphasises the importance of understanding probability theory as the backbone of statistical reasoning. Through examples such as polling data and the representativeness of samples, the chapter demonstrates how probability allows us to make informed inferences about populations from limited data. It differentiates probability from statistics, defining probability as the study of chance events under known conditions, while statistics seeks to infer unknown truths from observed data. By contrasting the two, the chapter prepares readers to appreciate probability as a tool for robust scientific inquiry.
The chapter delves into the philosophical underpinnings of probability, introducing the frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. While the frequentist approach views probability as a long-run frequency of events, the Bayesian perspective interprets probability as a degree of belief, contextualised by prior knowledge. Both viewpoints are explored with examples to illustrate their practical implications and limitations. Additionally, the chapter introduces key probability distributions, including the binomial and normal distributions, highlighting their relevance in statistical applications. By covering the fundamental rules of probability and addressing nuances like probability density, the chapter equips readers with the conceptual clarity needed for subsequent discussions on statistical inference.
12. Correlation and linear regression
Authors: Navarro Danielle , Foxcroft David 
Published: January 2025

This chapter delves into correlation and linear regression, foundational techniques in statistical analysis for exploring relationships between continuous predictors and outcomes. Beginning with the concept of correlations, the chapter examines how variables relate to each other in data, using scatterplots and descriptive statistics to visualise and interpret the strength and direction of relationships. Pearson’s correlation coefficient r is introduced as a measure ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), alongside practical guidance on its calculation and interpretation. The chapter also highlights limitations of Pearson’s r, such as its assumption of linearity, and introduces Spearman’s rank correlation for assessing monotonic relationships. Throughout, examples are used that underscore practical applications, supported by scatterplots and jamovi analyses.
The latter sections explore linear regression models, a sophisticated extension of correlation analysis. These models estimate the relationship between predictors and outcomes using a regression line, quantified through coefficients such as slope and intercept. Techniques for evaluating model fit are detailed, including R squared and hypothesis testing for coefficients. The chapter extends the discussion to multiple linear regression, examining how multiple predictors interact within a model. It concludes by addressing critical topics such as assumptions (linearity, independence, normality, equality of variance), diagnostics (residual analysis, outlier detection, collinearity), and model selection methods like AIC and hierarchical regression. Practical, hands-on use of jamovi is emphasised throughout, making the concepts accessible and applicable.
Longitudinal Trends in Physical Activity Among Older Adults With and Without HIV in Uganda
Authors: Ratnayake Aneeka , Tong Yao , Reynolds Zahra , Chamut Steffany , Quach Lien T. , Mbabazi Phoebe , Sagar Shruti , Maling Samuel , North Crystal M. , Passell Eliza , Yoo-Jeong Moka , Tsai Alexander C. , Paul Robert , Ritchie Christine S. , Seeley Janet , Hoeppner Susanne S. , Atwiine Flavia , Tindimwebwa Edna , Okello Samson , Nakasujja Noeline , Saylor Deanna , Greene Meredith L. , Asiimwe Stephen , Tanner Jeremy A. , Siedner Mark J. , Olivieri-Mui Brianne 
Published: January 2025

Introduction Physical Activity (PA) and its links to frailty, quality of life (QoL), and other comorbidities in older Ugandans living with HIV remain under-explored. Methods We analyzed data from three annual assessments of older people living with HIV (PLWH) and age- and sex-similar people not living with HIV (PnLWH). We fitted linear generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression models to estimate the correlates of PA, including demographics, frailty, QoL, HIV, and other comorbidities. Results We enrolled 297 PLWH and 302 PnLWH. Older age (b = −157.34, 95% CI [-222.84, −91.83]), living with HIV (b = −979.88 [95% CI: −1878.48, −81.28]), frailty (b = −3011.14 [95% CI: −4665.84, −1356.45]), and comorbidities (b = −2501.75 [95% CI: −3357.44, −1646.07]) were associated with lower overall PA. Higher general QoL (b = 89.96 [95% CI: 40.99, 138.94]) was associated with higher PA. Conclusion PA interventions may support wellbeing of older people in the region, and tailored interventions should be explored.
Effect of Dendrobium Officinale on Radioactive Oral Mucositis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Changes of Oral Microecology
Authors: Yang Jiaying , Liu Yuancai , Yao He , Sun Mengying , Tong Yangbo , Ma Guanjun , Chen Zhuo , Qian Xiang , Zhang Aiqin 
Published: January 2025

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of Dendrobium officinale in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, and to explore its regulating effect on immune function and oral microbiota by comparing immune-related factors and oral microbiota before and after the intervention. Methods: We conducted a randomized double-blinded controlled trial in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. Sixty patients with nasopharyngeal cancer combined with radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis were randomly divided into a study group and control group, with 30 cases in each group The study group used compound vitamin B12 solution and Dendrobium tea drink, and the control group simply used compound vitamin B12 solution rinse. When the patients developed radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (at the time of 10F radiotherapy), and after 1 month of Dendrobium treatment (at the end of radiotherapy), the salivary flow rate was measured without stimulation to evaluate the degree of oral mucositis and the clinical efficacy. We also detected the content of EGF in saliva and the content of IL-10 and IL-11 in serum, and analyzed the differences in microbial community structure. All patients consented before enrollment. Results: The salivary flow rate and oral mucosal fraction of the study group after treatment were significantly improved, which was better than that of the control group( P < .05). The content of IL-10 in the study group after treatment increased significantly compared with that before treatment( P < .05). There was a significant difference between the oral flora of the study group before and after treatment (Unique OTU counts: 5390 vs 3906), and there was also a difference between the oral flora of the study group and control group after treatment (Unique OTU counts: 5671 vs 5439). After treatment, Erysipelotrichales (Phylum Firmicutes, LDA score = 2.80, P = .034), Leptotrichiaceae (Fusobacteria,LDA score = 3.38, P = .030) and Campylobacteraceae (Proteobacteria, LDA score = 3.35, P = .026) were significantly enriched in the study group. The use of Dendrobium officinale in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis showed little difference in microbial diversity and abundance, but there were significant differences among oral bacteria genera. Conclusions: Dendrobium officinale is effective in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis, which may be related to the improvement of salivary gland function and regulation of the oral microenvironment. Dendrobium officinale may reduce the symptoms of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis by affecting the systemic cellular immune function. It may reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors of the relevant flora by directly changing the oral flora and regulating the oral micro-ecology.
Zeatin Elicits Premature Erythrocyte Senescence Through Calcium and Oxidative Stress Mediated by the NOS/PKC/CK1α Signaling Axis
Authors: Alajeyan Iman A. , Alsughayyir Jawaher , Alfhili Mohammad A. 
Published: January 2025

Objectives: Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate cell growth and differentiation. In particular, zeatin (ZTN) delays cellular senescence of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes and exhibits anticancer activity. Chemotherapy-induced anemia is a major side effect of anticancer therapy secondary to premature senescence of red blood cells (RBCs). Herein, we investigated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying ZTN action in human RBCs. Methods: Colorimetric assays were used to quantify hemolysis and related markers and flow cytometric analysis was applied to examine eryptosis through phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by annexin-V-FITC, intracellular Ca2+ by Fluo4/AM, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by H2DCFDA, and cell size from forward scatter (FSC). Results: ZTN at 200 μM induced significant hemolysis and K+, Na+, AST, and LDH leakage. ZTN also caused a significant increase in annexin-V-positive cells along with increased Fluo4 and DCF fluorescence and reduced FSC. Importantly, L-NAME, staurosporin, D4476, urea, sucrose, and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) significantly ameliorated ZTN cytotoxicity. Conclusion: ZTN stimulates PS exposure, intracellular Ca2+ elevation, oxidative stress, and cell shrinkage. The hemolytic potential of ZTN, mediated through nitric oxide synthase/protein kinase C/casein kinase 1α signaling axis, is sensitive to isosmotic urea, sucrose, and PEG availability. Altogether, the anticancer potential of ZTN must be reconsidered with prudence.
Therapeutic regimens against Helicobacter pylori infection without proton pump inhibitors in patients with corpus atrophic gastritis: a real-life single-centre longitudinal observational study
Authors: Dilaghi Emanuele , Mosciatti Lorenzo , Dottori Ludovica , Ligato Irene , Esposito Gianluca , Pilozzi Emanuela , Annibale Bruno , Lahner Edith 
Published: January 2025

Background: Efficacy of eradication regimens in Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is commonly reported with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). In patients with corpus atrophic gastritis, characterized by impaired acid secretion, PPI treatment is questionable. Objectives: The current study aimed to assess in clinical practice the tolerability and eradication rate of modified eradication regimens without PPI as first-line treatment in patients with histologically Hp-positive corpus atrophic gastritis. Design: Real-life longitudinal observational study. Methods: Overall, 76 patients (77.6% females, age 58.5 (26–88) years) with histologically Hp-positive corpus atrophic gastritis were consecutively diagnosed (2001–2022). First-line eradication treatment was prescribed without PPIs: concomitant or sequential amoxicillin-based therapy (ABT) until 2016 ( n = 30), then single-pill bismuth treatment (SPBT; n = 46). Treatment adherence and adverse events were clinically evaluated and treatment efficacy was assessed by histopathology (updated Sydney system) at 6 ± 3 months after treatment. Results: Only mild adverse events not requiring medical treatment were observed in four patients treated with SPBT without PPIs (vomiting, self-limiting diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort) and in two treated with ABT without PPIs (vomiting and abdominal discomfort). Overall, 71/76 (93.4%) corpus atrophic gastritis patients completed the treatment: 43/46 (93.5%) SPBT without PPIs and 28/30 (93.3%) ABT without PPIs. Successful cure of Hp was observed in 64/71 patients: overall eradication rate 90.1%, 95%CI 69.4%–115.1%. 42/43 corpus atrophic gastritis patients treated with SPBT without PPIs were successfully cured against 22/28 of those treated with ABT without PPIs. The eradication rate was higher for SPBT than ABT: 97.7%, 95%CI 70.4%–132.0% vs 78.6%, 95%CI 49.2%–118.9%, p = 0.013. Conclusion: In clinical practice, Hp cure can be achieved without PPIs as first-line treatment in about 90% of patients with corpus atrophic gastritis.
mHealth-assisted expiratory muscle strength training in Parkinson's disease patients: A proof-of-concept study
Authors: Srp Martin , Ferro Álvaro Sánchez , Ferreira Joaquim , Cacho Ricardo , Antunes Laura , Bouça-Machado Raquel , Gál Ota , Hoskovcová Martina , Kliment Radim , Mužík Jan , Mestre Tiago A , Rangel Daniel Pérez , Růžička Evžen , consortium iCARE-PD 
Published: January 2025

Background Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) is acknowledged for its therapeutic benefits in Parkinson's disease (PD), yet long-term adherence remains a challenge. Objective The primary aim of this study was to assess the preliminary effects of EMST coupled with a mobile health app (SpiroGym) on self-efficacy and exercise adherence in PD patients. The secondary aim was to assess the usability of the SpiroGym app. Methods This single-group, multicenter, multinational proof-of-concept study involved 63 PD patients across four tertiary PD centers. Participants were enrolled in either a 1-week (n = 35) or 24-week (n = 28) EMST program coupled with SpiroGym app. Self-efficacy was assessed using the Self-Efficacy for Home Exercise Program scale (SEHEPS) and exercise adherence was monitored by SpiroGym app. Usability was evaluated using the System Usability Scale. Results Post-intervention, significant improvements in SEHEPS were observed in 1-week group (d = 0.48; p = 0.02) and 24-week group (d = 0.57; p = 0.002). Adherence rates in the 24-week PD patient group were high throughout the course of the study. Post-training SEHEPS was found to correlate (rho = 0.55; adjusted p = 0.016) with adherence to EMST during the non-supervised maintenance phase. The SpiroGym app exhibited high usability (>85th percentile score), with no significant differences noted between short-term and long-term use, indicating sustained user satisfaction. Conclusions The results of our study suggest a promising role for SpiroGym app in supporting adherence to home-based EMST in PD patients. Nevertheless, future comparative studies are required to confirm SpiroGym's effectiveness.
Early Impact of Hip Arthroscopy on the Resolution of Symptom Burden in Athletes With Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Filan David , Mullins Karen , Carton Patrick 
Published: January 2025

Background: Coexisting symptoms can confound outcomes after arthroscopic correction of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Symptom burden (SB) represents the cumulative load of patient-reported symptoms. Purpose: To quantify the prevalence of symptoms in athletes before and after arthroscopic correction of FAI and evaluate the impact of independent and cumulative SB resolution on outcomes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Included were 509 hips of 386 athletes (89% men; age, 26.4 ± 6.1 years) who underwent primary hip arthroscopy for FAI between 2011 and 2020. Symptom prevalence was assessed preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively using a 15-item SB survey, with the total number of symptoms reported as the SB score. Minimal clinically important difference (MCID-SB) and substantial clinical benefit (SCB-SB) thresholds according to the proportional pre- to postoperative resolution of SB were calculated, and 1- and 2-year postoperative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)—including the modified Harris Hip Score and 36-Item Short Form Survey—were compared relative to MCID-SB and SCB-SB achievement. Multivariable stepwise regression was used to evaluate the ability of individual symptom resolution for MCID and SCB achievements on PROMs. Results: The SB score was 6 ± 2.9 preoperatively, improving to 2.8 ± 2.7 at 1 year postoperatively ( P < .001). A proportional reduction in symptoms by 48.5% and 70.3% defined the MCID-SB and SCB-SB, respectively; this was achieved by 63.6% and 43.8% of the hips, respectively. Postoperatively, PROMs were superior where clinically meaningful SB resolution thresholds were achieved ( P < .001). A significantly higher proportion of these cases returned to their main sport (79.4% vs 63.1% achieved MCID-SB; 83.8% vs 65.2% achieved SCB-SB) ( P < .001). Odds ratios for symptoms associated with achieving the MCID on PROMs included resolution of groin pain (2.6-5.5), side hip pain (3.4), pain during (3.1) and after (2.6-3.5) activity, hamstring tightness (2.6), and limping after activity (2.6). Symptom resolution associated with achieving SCB included groin pain (3.0-3.1), pain during (3.3) and after (2.7-4.2) activity, and limping after activity (3-6.8). Conclusion: Achieving thresholds of clinically important SB resolution was associated with superior postoperative PROM scores and higher rates of return to sports for this athletic cohort. Resolution of groin pain, pain during/after activity, hamstring tightness, and limping after activity increased the odds of achieving clinically important improvement on PROMs.