bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient Rapid Radiation Explains Most Conflicts Among Gene Trees and Well-Supported Phylogenomic Trees of Nostocalean Cyanobacteria
Authors: Pardo-De la Hoz Carlos J , Magain Nicolas , Piatkowski Bryan , Cornet Luc , Dal Forno Manuela , Carbone Ignazio , Miadlikowska Jolanta , Lutzoni François 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Prokaryotic genomes are often considered to be mosaics of genes that do not necessarily share the same evolutionary history due to widespread horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). Consequently, representing evolutionary relationships of prokaryotes as bifurcating trees has long been controversial. However, studies reporting conflicts among gene trees derived from phylogenomic data sets have shown that these conflicts can be the result of artifacts or evolutionary processes other than HGT, such as incomplete lineage sorting, low phylogenetic signal, and systematic errors due to substitution model misspecification. Here, we present the results of an extensive exploration of phylogenetic conflicts in the cyanobacterial order Nostocales, for which previous studies have inferred strongly supported conflicting relationships when using different concatenated phylogenomic data sets. We found that most of these conflicts are concentrated in deep clusters of short internodes of the Nostocales phylogeny, where the great majority of individual genes have low resolving power. We then inferred phylogenetic networks to detect HGT events while also accounting for incomplete lineage sorting. Our results indicate that most conflicts among gene trees are likely due to incomplete lineage sorting linked to an ancient rapid radiation, rather than to HGTs. Moreover, the short internodes of this radiation fit the expectations of the anomaly zone, i.e., a region of the tree parameter space where a species tree is discordant with its most likely gene tree. We demonstrated that concatenation of different sets of loci can recover up to 17 distinct and well-supported relationships within the putative anomaly zone of Nostocales, corresponding to the observed conflicts among well-supported trees based on concatenated data sets from previous studies. Our findings highlight the important role of rapid radiations as a potential cause of strongly conflicting phylogenetic relationships when using phylogenomic data sets of bacteria. We propose that polytomies may be the most appropriate phylogenetic representation of these rapid radiations that are part of anomaly zones, especially when all possible genomic markers have been considered to infer these phylogenies. [Anomaly zone; bacteria; horizontal gene transfer; incomplete lineage sorting; Nostocales; phylogenomic conflict; rapid radiation; Rhizonema.]
Transcriptional reprogramming during recovery from drought stress in Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Teshome Demissew Tesfaye , Zharare Godfrey Elijah , Ployet Raphael , Naidoo Sanushka 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The importance of drought as a constraint to agriculture and forestry is increasing with climate change. Genetic improvement of plants’ resilience is one of the mitigation strategies to curb this threat. Although recovery from drought stress is important to long-term drought adaptation and has been considered as an indicator of dehydration tolerance in annual crops, this has not been well explored in forest trees. Thus, we aimed to investigate the physiological and transcriptional changes during drought stress and rewatering in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. We set up a greenhouse experiment where we imposed drought stress on 2-year-old seedlings and rewatered the recovery group after 17 days of drought. Our measurement of leaf stomatal conductance (gs) showed that, while gs was reduced by drought stress, it fully recovered after 5 days of rewatering. The RNA-seq analysis from stem samples revealed that genes related to known stress responses such as phytohormone and reactive oxygen species signaling were upregulated, while genes involved in metabolism and growth were downregulated due to drought stress. We observed reprogramming of signal transduction pathways and metabolic processes at 1 day of rewatering, indicating a quick response to rewatering. Our results suggest that recovery from drought stress may entail alterations in the jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene and brassinosteroid signaling pathways. Using co-expression network analysis, we identified hub genes, including the putative orthologs of ABI1, ABF2, ABF3, HAI2, BAM1, GolS2 and SIP1 during drought and CAT2, G6PD1, ADG1 and FD-1 during recovery. Taken together, by highlighting the molecular processes and identifying key genes, this study gives an overview of the mechanisms underlying the response of E. grandis to drought stress and recovery that trees may face repeatedly throughout their long life cycle. This provides a useful reference to the identification and further investigation of signaling pathways and target genes for future tree improvement.
Biomechanical Analysis of Multilevel Posterior Cervical Spinal Fusion Constructs
Authors: Murphy Timothy P. , Colantonio Donald F. , Le Anthony H. , Fredericks Donald R. , Schlaff Cody D. , Holm Erik B. , Sebastian Arjun S. , Pisano Alfred J. , Helgeson Melvin D. , Wagner Scott C. 
Published: February 2023

Study Design:
Controlled Laboratory Study

Objective:
To compare multilevel posterior cervical fusion (PCF) constructs stopping at C7, T1, and T2 under cyclic load to determine the range of motion (ROM) between the lowest instrumented level and lowest instrumented-adjacent level (LIV-1).

Summary of Background Data:
PCF is a mainstay of treatment for various cervical spine conditions. The transition between the flexible cervical spine and rigid thoracic spine can lead to construct failure at the cervicothoracic junction. There is little evidence to determine the most appropriate level at which to stop a multilevel PCF.

Methods:
Fifteen human cadaveric cervicothoracic spines were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: PCF stopping at C7, T1, or T2. Specimens were tested in their native state, following a simulated PCF, and after cyclic loading. Specimens were loaded in flexion-extension), lateral bending, and axial rotation. Three-dimensional kinematics were recorded to evaluate ROM.

Results:
The C7 group had greater flexion-extension motion than the T1 and T2 groups following instrumentation (10.17±0.83 degree vs. 2.77±1.66 degree and 1.06±0.55 degree, P <0.001), and after cyclic loading (10.42±2.30 degree vs. 2.47±0.64 degree and 1.99±1.23 degree, P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the T1 and T2 groups. The C7 group had greater lateral bending ROM than both thoracic groups after instrumentation (8.81±3.44 degree vs. 3.51±2.52 degree, P=0.013 and 1.99±1.99 degree, P=0.003) and after cyclic loading. The C7 group had greater axial rotation motion than the thoracic groups (4.46±2.27 degree vs. 1.26±0.69 degree, P=0.010; and 0.73±0.74 degree, P=0.003) following cyclic loading.

Conclusion:
Motion at the cervicothoracic junction is significantly greater when a multilevel PCF stops at C7 rather than T1 or T2. This is likely attributable to the transition from a flexible cervical spine to a rigid thoracic spine. Although this does not account for in vivo fusion, surgeons should consider extending multilevel PCF constructs to T1 when feasible.

Level of Evidence:
Not applicable.
Clinical Significance of Lateral Pedicle Screw Malposition in Lumbar Spine Fusion
Authors: LeRoy Taryn E. , Smith Isabel C. , Kim David H. , Golenbock Samuel W. , Baker Kevin C. , Arnold Paul M. , Sasso Rick C. , Park Daniel K. , Fischgrund Jeffrey S. , Zaidi Qasim H. , Hwang Raymond W. 
Published: February 2023

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
Our objective was to determine whether lateral pedicle screw breach affects fusion rates and patient-reported outcomes in lumbar fusion surgery.

Summary of Background Data:
Although lateral pedicle screw malposition is considered relatively benign, few studies have focused specifically on clinical outcomes or fusion rates associated with lateral screw malposition.

Methods:
Twelve-month postoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed for lateral breach, severity of breach, and fusion status. Patients with lateral breach were compared with patients with no breach. Outcome measures included Numerical Pain Rating Scale for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and SF-36 physical function (SF-36 PF). Multivariable linear and logistic regression and were adjusted for age, procedure, level, and/or baseline pain score.

Results:
Forty-five patients (31%) demonstrated 1 or more lateral breaches as compared with 99 patients without breach. After adjusting for baseline scores and fusion level, patients with 2 or more screw breaches experienced SF-36 PF score improvements that were 3.43 points less (P=0.016) than patients with no lateral breach. After adjusting for baseline Numerical Pain Rating Scale, there was also a significant decrease in the odds of achieving minimally clinical important difference in back pain relief in these patients. There was no observed effect of lateral breach on the odds of successful fusion.

Conclusions:
The current study did not observe an association between laterally malpositioned pedicle screws and nonunion. However, results are consistent with a negative effect on SF-36 PF scores and self-reported back pain at 12 months.
Cervical Disk Arthroplasty and Range of Motion at 7 Years
Authors: Satin Alexander M. , Rogers-LaVanne Mary P. , Derman Peter B. 
Published: February 2023

Study Design:
Secondary analysis of data collected in a prospective, randomized, noninferiority Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) clinical trial.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of range of motion (ROM) following single-level cervical disk arthroplasty (CDA) on the development of radiographic adjacent level degeneration (ALD).

Summary of Background Data:
The rationale for CDA is that maintenance of index-level ROM will decrease adjacent level stresses and ultimately reduce the development of ALD compared with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. However, little information is available on the impact of hypermobility on the development of ALD after CDA.

Materials and Methods:
Radiographic assessments were evaluated for index-level flexion-extension ROM and ALD. Continuous data was assessed using 1-way analysis of variance. The relationship between ALD progression and ROM was evaluated using χ2 tests. The α was set at 0.05.

Results:
More ALD progression was observed after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion than CDA (P=0.002 at the superior and P=0.049 at the inferior level). Furthermore, there was an association between ALD progression and ROM (P=0.014 at the superior level and P=0.050 at the inferior level) where patients with mid-ROM after CDA experienced the lowest frequency of ALD progression at the superior and inferior levels. Patients with the lowest and highest ROM after CDA experienced a greater increase in ALD score at the inferior level (P=0.046). Sex and age were associated with ROM groups (P=0.001 and 0.023, respectively).

Conclusions:
While maintenance of index-level ROM is protective after CDA, patients with the highest ROM after CDA have similar rates of ALD progression to the lowest ROM and greater increases in ALD compared with mid-ROM after CDA. High ROM after CDA may contribute to ALD progression.
Determinants of Mortality for Ventilated Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Motowski Hayley , Ilges Daniel , Hampton Nicholas , Kollef Marin H. , Micek Scott T. 
Published: February 2023

IMPORTANCE:
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the most common hospital-acquired infection, accounting for 22% of all nosocomial infections. The available studies to date have not attempted to assess whether confounding factors may account for the observed difference in mortality for the two forms of nosocomial pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, namely ventilated HAP (vHAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

OBJECTIVES:
To determine if vHAP is an independent predictor of mortality among patients with nosocomial pneumonia.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
Single-center retrospective cohort study conducted at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, between 2016 and 2019. Adult patients with a pneumonia discharge diagnosis were screened and patients diagnosed with vHAP and VAP were included. All patient data was extracted from the electronic health record.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality (ACM).

RESULTS:
One thousand one-hundred twenty unique patient admissions were included (410 vHAP, 710 VAP). Thirty-day ACM was greater for patients with vHAP compared with VAP (37.1% vs 28.5%; p = 0.003). Logistic regression analysis identified vHAP (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.77; 95% CI, 1.51–2.07), vasopressor use (AOR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.94–2.82), Charlson Comorbidity Index (1-point increments) (AOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.18–1.24), total antibiotic treatment days (1-d increments) (AOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.11–1.14), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (1-point increments) (AOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03–1.06) as independent predictors of 30-day ACM. The most common bacterial pathogens identified as causes of vHAP and VAP were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacterales species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
In this single-center cohort study with low rates of initial inappropriate antibiotic therapy, vHAP had greater 30-day ACM compared with VAP after adjusting for potential confounding variables including disease severity and comorbidities. This finding suggests that clinical trials enrolling patients with vHAP need to account for this outcome difference in their trial design and data interpretation.
Safety and Efficacy of a Thermomechanical Fractional Injury Device for Periorbital Rhytides
Authors: Wang Jordan V. , Bajaj Shirin , Orbuch David , Lapidoth Moshe , Klein Ifat , Gerstein Yael Agmon , Geronemus Roy G. , Levi Assi 
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND
Periorbital rejuvenation is a common cosmetic concern. A fractional thermomechanical skin rejuvenation system was developed to offer clinical improvements from direct heat transfer.

OBJECTIVE
A prospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the device for periorbital fine lines and wrinkles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects with moderate-to-severe periorbital rhytides were enrolled and underwent 4 monthly treatments with a novel device using thermomechanical fractional injury (Tixel 2; Novoxel, Netanya, Israel).

RESULTS
Fifty-one subjects were enrolled. Mean age was 56.8 years, and 88.2% were women. Fitzpatrick skin Types I to IV were included. For Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Classification System (FWCS), mean baseline score was 5.7. Per investigator, there was a mean 2.0-grade improvement in FWCS at 3-month follow-up (p < .0001). Per 3 blinded physician raters, there was a mean improvement of 2.2 (p < .0001), 2.0 (p < .0001), and 1.2 (p < .0001) in FWCS at 3-month follow-up. Each of the raters correctly identified posttreatment images for 87.5%, 77.1%, and 75.0% of subjects. At least 2 raters agreed on grading 83.3% of subjects as responders. There were no severe adverse events. Subjects experienced minimal pain and downtime.

CONCLUSION
A novel device using thermomechanical fractional injury was demonstrated to be safe and effective in the treatment of periorbital rhytides.
Treatment for Myocardial Infarction: In Vivo Evaluation of Curcumin-Loaded PEGylated-GQD Nanoparticles
Authors: Rostamzadeh Farzaneh , Jafarinejad-Farsangi Saeideh , Ansari-Asl Zeinab , Farrokhi Mitra Shadkam , Jafari Elham 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Curcumin (Cur) has been suggested as a complementary treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Its efficiency, however, is modest due to poor biocompatibility. This study examined the effects of curcumin loaded on polyethylene glycol–graphene quantum dots (Cur-PEG-GQDs) on hemodynamic and cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). The study groups included control, MI, MI+Cur-3, MI + Cur-7, MI + Cur-15, MI + PEG-GQDs-5, MI + PEG-GQDs-10, MI + Cur-PEG-GQDs-5, and MI + Cur-PEG-GQDs-10. MI was established by left anterior descending artery ligation. Two weeks after intraperitoneal administration of vehicle, Cur, PEG-GQDs, and Cur-PEG-GQDs, blood pressure and heart contractility indices were measured. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, colorimetry, and clinical laboratory methods were used to measure the infarct size, the oxidant and antioxidant content, and the kidney and liver function parameters, respectively. In the MI animals, Cur-7, PEG-GQDs-10, Cur-PEG-GQDs-5, and Cur-PEG-GQDs-10 recovered systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, and ±dp/dt max disturbances and reduced myocardial infarct size, fibrosis, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Curcumin lowered antioxidant markers and elevated 1 oxidant marker in the heart in a dose-dependent manner. Although Cur-PEG-GQDs-5 and Cur-PEG-GQDs-10 reduced curcumin's oxidative stress effects, the superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity levels were significantly lower in Cur-PEG-GQDs-5 and Cur-PEG-GQDs-10 groups compared with the MI group. Malondialdehyde levels were lower in Cur-PEG-GQDs-5 and -10 groups compared with the Cur-3, Cur-7, and Cur-15 groups. The glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio improved in the groups treated by Cur-7, PEG-GQDs-10, Cur-PEG-GQDs-5, and Cur-PEG-GQDs-10. The findings indicated that Cur-PEG-GQDs mitigated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction. However, because of the increase in oxidative stress in the heart, nonclassic mechanisms may be involved in the beneficial effect of Cur-PEG-GQDs on MI-induced cardiac dysfunction.
A Retrospective Review of Cardiogenic Shock Development in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Receiving Early Beta-Blockers
Authors: Lacoursiere Lauren , Woodruff Ashley E. , Mills Kevin , Chilbert Maya R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Beta-blockers (BBs) have proven to improve morbidity and mortality in patients after an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Guidelines suggest initiating a BB within 24 hours, except in those with risk factors for developing cardiogenic shock, although published literature is conflicting regarding the true association of these risk factors with shock. This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess whether the presence of defined risk factors was associated with cardiogenic shock after early BB administration in patients with a STEMI and percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary outcome determined the rate of cardiogenic shock development and secondarily determined any characteristics associated with cardiogenic shock in patients who received beta blockers. The population included 299 patients and cardiogenic shock occurred in 8 patients (2.7%). There were no median (interquartile range) differences in age [63 years (60–71) versus 62 years (52–71); P = 0.4965], systolic blood pressure [110 mm Hg (105–115) versus 109 mm Hg (103–114); P = 0.6027], or heart rate [90 (78–104) versus 76 (64–90); P = 0.0697] before BB administration in patients who developed shock versus those who did not, respectively. Hours to BB administration from arrival [15.6 (6.0–54.8) versus 21.9 (10.6–42; P = 0.6968] and the number (%) with anterior infarction [3 (37.5%) versus 107 (36.8%); P = 1.000] were similar between groups. There was a statistically significant higher median (interquartile range) peak troponin [140 ng/mL (54–304) versus 49 ng/mL (16–132); P = 0.0354] in patients who developed shock. Early initiation of a BB in patients with STEMI and percutaneous coronary intervention with risk factors for cardiogenic shock does not seem to be associated with shock in most patients.
Risk of Major Malformations Following First-Trimester Exposure to Olanzapine
Authors: Viguera Adele C. , Freeman Marlene P. , Kobylski Lauren A. , Rossa Ella T. , Gaccione Peter , Chitayat David , Hernández-Díaz Sonia , Cohen Lee S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Purpose/Background
Since its US Food and Drug Administration approval in 1996, olanzapine has been one of the most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics, making a better understanding of its reproductive safety profile critical. The goal of the current analysis was to determine the risk of major malformations among infants exposed to olanzapine during pregnancy compared with a group of nonexposed infants.

Methods/Procedures
The National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications is a prospective pharmacovigilance program in which pregnant women are enrolled and interviewed during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Labor and delivery and pediatric medical records were screened for evidence of major malformations followed by adjudication by a dysmorphologist blinded to medication exposure. Infants with first-trimester exposure to olanzapine were compared with controls without second-generation antipsychotic exposure.

Findings/Results
As of April 18, 2022, 2619 women have enrolled in the study. At the time of data extraction, 49 olanzapine-exposed infants and 1156 infants in the comparison group were eligible for these analyses. There were no major malformations associated with olanzapine exposure in the first trimester. The absolute risk for major malformations in the exposure group was 0.00% (95% confidence interval, 0.00–7.25) for olanzapine compared with 1.64% (95% confidence interval, 0.99–2.55) in the control group.

Implications/Conclusions
In this prospective cohort, no major malformations were associated with olanzapine exposure during the first trimester. Although these data are preliminary and cannot rule out more modest effects, they are nonetheless important, adding to the growing reproductive safety data for olanzapine.
The Healthy Work Survey
Authors: Dobson Marnie , Schnall Peter , Faghri Pouran , Landsbergis Paul 
Published: February 2023

Objectives
Work-related psychosocial stressors have been recognized as occupational hazards and assessed in workplaces in many countries for decades. Identifying tools to measure work-related psychosocial hazards to increase awareness in the United States about the impact on employees’ health and safety is critical (J Occup Environ Med. 2021;63:e245–e249).

Methods
We describe the development and psychometric validation of an online tool, the Healthy Work Survey, utilizing items from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Quality of Work Life questionnaire.

Results
There are 55 items in the final core work section of the HWS. Factor analyses confirmed nine factors, and the subsequent multi-item scales had acceptable internal consistency. A user-friendly, online system and automated report compares individual’s and organization’s scores to distributions from a representative US working population (General Social Survey Quality of Work Life).

Discussion
The HWS is a reliable, valid tool for organizations and individuals to assess psychosocial work hazards.