bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Requirement of Viable Thymocytes for Species-Specific Attachment to and Release from Macrophages
Authors: Lopez Luis R. , Vatter Albert E. , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of the thymocyte in its species-specific binding to macrophages has been explored. Although formalin treatment of macrophages resulted in loss of binding to thymocytes, formalin treatment of thymocytes did not have this effect. However, two differences between living and formalin-treated thymocytes were noted. Formalin-treated thymocytes bound to macrophages of any species whereas the binding of living thymocytes was species specific. Living thymocytes attained maximum binding in approximately 1 hr and then the fraction bound gradually diminished. Formalin-treated thymocytes remained bound to the macrophage and appeared to be phagocytized. Released thymocytes did not bind to fresh macrophages, but released macrophages bound to fresh thymocytes. The results suggest that the binding of thymocytes to macrophages results in maturation of thymocytes.
Spontaneous Cytotoxicity of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Toward Red Blood Cell Targets
Authors: Muchmore Andrew V. , Decker Jean M. , Blaese R. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper we demonstrated that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells become strikingly cytotoxic toward a wide variety of red blood cell targets after 7 days of in vitro culture. The cell responsible for cytotoxicity does not rosette with SRBC and demonstrates both surface adherence and phagocytic properties. In this paper we wish to show that development of spontaneous cytotoxicity is due to a time-dependent loss of suppressor cell function. Fresh autologous lymphocytes, when added to cultured cells, abrogate the subsequent expression of spontaneous cytotoxicity toward RBC targets. The suppressor cell is radioresistant; requires 24 hr to suppress optimally; is inactivated by heating at 56°C for 15 min, and is enriched in the non-T interface after SRBC rosette depletion over a discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Furthermore, the addition of a cell-free sonicate of fresh lymphocytes is capable of inhibiting spontaneous cytotoxicity toward RBC targets. However, if mononuclear cells are allowed to incubate in tissue culture medium for 7 days they are no longer suppressive after sonication. These data suggest that fresh mononuclear cells exert a potent negative regulatory influence on monocyte killing. Our culture conditions by removing this negative influence have produced a new model of spontaneous nonspecific killing by monocytes.
Genetic Control of Immune Response to the H-2Dk Private Specificity, H-2.32
Authors: Shinohara Nobukata , Ricks John , Hansen Ted H. , Sachs David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A variety of congenic resistant strains of mice sharing the B10 background have been examined for humoral responsiveness to the H-2D region private specificity H-2.32. All of these strains were found to produce little or no anti-H-2.32 antibody, confirming previous indications that the B10 background is defective with respect to this response (1). However, both strain B10 (H-2b) and strain B10.D2 (H-2d) did produce reasonable titers of antibodies reactive with public H-2D region specificities of H-2k. In the case of B10.D2, this response could be shown to be due to a response to the D region product itself rather than a cross-reaction with public specificities shared in both K and D regions. By using sera to public and private H-2Dk specificities sequentially to precipitate radiolabeled solubilized H-2 antigen preparations, both private and public specificities were shown to be present on the same molecules. Thus, the failure of B10 background mice to respond to the private specificity H-2.32 appears to be peculiar to this specificity and not to all specificities on the H-2Dk molecule. Analysis of (AKR.M × B10.AKM)F1 × B10.AKM backcross mice revealed that the magnitude of the antibody response to H-2d antigens did not correlate with that of the anti-H-2.32 response, indicating the specific nature of the anti-H-2.32 low responsiveness of B10 congenic mice.
Human Eosinophil Adherence to Serum-Treated Sepharose: Granule-Associated Enzyme Release and Requirement for Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway
Authors: Metcalfe Dean D. , Gadek James E. , Raphael Gordon D. , Frank Michael M. , Kaplan Allen P. , Kaliner Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human eosinophils, obtained in greater than 90% purity from patients with idiopathic hypereosinophilia, were found to adhere to serum-treated Sepharose beads and to release granule-associated enzymes. The release of aryl-sulfatase, an eosinophil-specific enzyme, was found to occur during a 60-min time period and to be dependent upon the presence of serum or a component of serum coating the Sepharose beads. IgG was examined as a possible opsonic factor and no significant role was evident. The factor in serum responsible for inducing eosinophil adherence and enzyme release was heat-labile and was not generated in C3-deficient serum, but was formed upon reconstitution of C3-deficient serum with purified human C3. The activation of the Sepharose particles by normal human serum was found to be dependent upon the presence of magnesium but not calcium, and to occur normally in C2, C4, C5, and C6-deficient sera, suggesting a requirement for the activation of C by the alternative pathway. With 125I anti-C3b/c, serum-exposed Sepharose was shown to exhibit C3b/c on its surface. Furthermore, human RBC were observed to adhere to serumtreated Sepharose consistent with the presence of C3b on the bead surface. Although the opsonic factor has not been directly identified, the concordance appreciated between the loss of immune adherence and the capacity of serum-treated Sepharose to generate aryl-sulfatase release after heating in 2 M salt as well as after trypsin treatment suggests that both phenomena may be related. Thus, eosinophils encountering a noningestible surface capable of activating the alternative C pathway may adhere to that surface and release granule-associated enzymes.
Interaction of T Cells with Allogeneic Macrophages in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures in Rats
Authors: Oehler J. Ronald , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of macrophages in rat mixed leukocyte cultures was investigated. Previous studies indicated that macrophages in the responding cells suppressed the proliferative and cytotoxic responses. When, in the present study, macrophages were depleted from the stimulating cells, the proliferative and cytotoxic responses were greatly depressed. Reconstitution of the macrophage-depleted cultures with low concentrations of irradiated peritoneal exudate cells of the stimulator but not the responder haplotype resulted in the generation of strong cytotoxic responses. Further, highly purified stimulator peritoneal macrophage populations induced the generation of strongly cytotoxic effector cells, which suggested that macrophages are the predominant stimulating cells in rat mixed leukocyte cultures.
Cortisone As a Probe for Cell Interactions in the Generation of Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: Lee Kwok-Choy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of cortisone on the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic response was investigated with respect to the participating cell types, viz., the cytotoxic T cell precursor (CTP), the helper cell, and the accessory (A) cell. Spleen and thymus cells from cortisone-treated CBA/CaJ mice were unable to generate alloreactive cytotoxic T cells when cultured with semiallogeneic (CBA/CaJ × DBA/2JF1) spleen cells or allogeneic (P815) tumor cells. This immunosuppression could be reversed by the addition of 2-Me to the cultures, which suggests that the CTP and helper cells were present but unresponsive. Measurements of the CTP frequency and helper activity in cultures containing 2-Me confirmed this possibility. Thus, limiting dilution analysis of spleen and thymus cells from cortisone-treated mice showed that they contained higher frequencies of CTP than cells from normal mice. Helper cell activity, as measured by the secretion of helper factor by primed cells, was found to be higher after cortisone treatment. The possibility of a defect in A cell function in spleen cells of cortisone-treated mice was suggested by 1) the ability of irradiated peritoneal macrophages to reconstitute the response, and 2) the greatly reduced efficiency of irradiated spleen cells (adherent or nonadherent) from cortisone-treated mice to restore responsiveness to nonadherent, A cell-deficient normal spleen cells. Although cortisone may exert its immunosuppressive effect on helper cells and CTP directly, it is likely that the deficiency in A cell function is at least partially responsible for the unresponsiveness of cortisone-treated cells.
Cellular Events in Tolerance
Authors: Venkataraman M. , Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The numbers and fate of antigen-binding cells (ABC) in neonatal and adult mice rendered tolerant to fluorescein (FL)-labeled heterologous γ-globulins were studied. Similar numbers of FL-ABC were observed 1 day after tolerogen in both adult and neonatal mouse spleens; by 7 days after tolerization, no FL-ABC were observed in either case. Reinjection with FL-tolerogen at 7 days led to the detection of normal numbers of ABC in adult mice but significantly reduced numbers in neonates. This suggests that neonatal ABC either have been deleted or have failed to resynthesize surface receptors.
Two weeks after tolerance induction, spleen cells from these tolerant mice were cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a polyclonal B cell mitogen, or with specific antigen. Tolerant adult spleen cells made an equivalent anti-FL response to that of the uninjected controls when stimulated with LPS, but were unresponsive to specific antigenic triggering. In contrast, spleen cells from neonatally tolerized mice were unresponsive to either specific or nonspecific (LPS) stimulation. Thus, these neonatally tolerized spleen cells lose sensitivity to polyclonal-stimulating agents (along with their receptors), or more simply, are deleted.
A New Method for Evaluation of Intracellular Inhibition of Multiplication or Killing by Mononuclear Phagocytes
Authors: McLeod Rima , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new method for evaluation of the capacity of mononuclear phagocytes to inhibit intracellular microorganisms is described. The system provides a means for assessing this effect of macrophages without concern for multiplication of extracellular organisms, effect of antibiotics, and the potential observer bias which may result from visual evaluation. It involves measurement of amount of [6-3H]UdR incorporated by Toxoplasma gondii. Differences between uptake of [6-3H]UdR by infected and uninfected macrophages can be augmented by cytosine arabinoside as this agent inhibits macrophage DNA synthesis but does not substantially alter DNA synthesis by the test organism, T. gondii.
Genetic Analysis of Generation of Serum Interferon by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Apte Ron N. , Ascher Orna , Pluznik Dov H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to mice causes interferon (IF) to appear in their blood stream. The generation of this serum IF is “early” and its maximum concentration appears 2 hr after an inoculation of a single optimal dose of LPS (100 µg). Two inbred strains of mice differing in their ability to generate LPS-induced serum IF were used: a high responder strain (C3H/eB), which generates high levels of IF (about 100 IF units/ml serum), and a low responder strain (C3H/HeJ), which fails to generate any detectable amounts of IF in the serum. A genetic analysis was carried out and circulating IF production was determined in the F1 hybrid, in the F2 generation, and in the progeny of backcrosses of F1 hybrids to either parent strain. The results indicate that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for the difference in circulating IF production between both parent strains. In addition it was shown that this type of IF is stable to treatment at pH 2 for periods of time as long as 48 hr, but is labile to heating at 56°C for 30 min.
Histocompatibility-2 System in Wild Mice
Authors: Zaleska-Rutczynska Zofia , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sixteen B10.W congenic lines carrying on C57BL/10Sn or B10 background H-2 haplotypes extracted from wild mice are described. The lines were tested serologically in two ways: first by antisera against known H-2K and H-2D private antigens of inbred strains, and second by antisera made in inbred strains against antigens carried by the B10.W lines. Both direct cytotoxicity and absorption tests were used. The analysis resulted in the serologic identification of the H-2 haplotypes carried by the 16 B10.W lines. Lines B10.STA10 and B10.STA12 are serologically indistinguishable; so are lines B10.KPA42, B10.KPA132, and B10.SNA57, whose H-2 haplotypes resemble the H-2v haplotype of B10.SM; all other B10.W lines are different from one another and different from all inbred strains known. In total, 10 new H-2 haplotypes (H-2w11 through H-2w20) and 16 new H-2 antigens (H-2.110 through H-2.125) were identified. One haplotype was discovered carrying new combination of known H-2 antigens: H-2w19, which is H-2K.19, H-2D.2. Known H-2 antigens in combination with new one were discovered in haplotypes H-2w8 (H-2.23 and 110), H-2w12 (H-2.23 and 112), and H-2w11 (H-2.26 and H-2). The first two of these three haplotypes are probably the result of intra-H-2 crossing over that occurred during the production of B10.W lines; the last one (and the H-2w19 haplotype) is probably a natural recombinant.
The First Complement Component: Evidence for an Equilibrium between C1s Free in Serum and C1s Bound in the C1 Complex
Authors: Bartholomew Richard M. , Esser Alfred F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An equilibrium between free C1s and C1s bound in macromolecular C1 exists in human serum. This equilibrium can be utilized to incorporate radioiodinated C1s into serum C1. Human sera were incubated for 40 hr at 4°C with 125I-C1s to allow the exchange between free and bound C1s to reach equilibrium. The C1 complex labeled in this manner was separated from the majority of serum proteins by centrifugation in linear 10 to 30% sucrose density gradients. The resulting fractions containing 125I-C1 can be used directly and conveniently in C1 activation assays that detect the cleavage of proenzyme C1s. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels showed the presence of only proenzyme 125I-C1s in serum C1, whether or not the applied labeled material contained 125I-C1s̄ or other labeled proteins. The inability of C1 to incorporate C1s̄ was shown to be the result of decreased stability of C1 upon activation.
Murine B Lymphocyte Heterogeneity: Distribution of Complement Receptor-Bearing and Minor Lymphocyte-Stimulating B Lymphocytes among Cells with Different Densities of Total Surface Ig and IgM
Authors: Scher Irwin , Ahmed Aftab , Sharrow Susan O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of complement receptor-bearing (CR+) and minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls)-defined lymphocyte-activating determinants (LAD) among B lymphocytes with different densities of total surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and sIgM was determined. B lymphocytes that bore intermediate densities of sIg and low densities of sIgM had the highest frequency of CR+ cells and were the most active in expressing Mls-defined LAD. The distribution of these and other surface markers on B-lymphocyte subpopulations is discussed.
Changes of Fcγ Receptor-Related Properties Induced by Interaction of Human Lymphocytes with Insoluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Cordier Geneviève , Samarut Christiane , Revillard Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro model was designed to investigate the fate of membrane receptors for Fcγ (FcγR) on human lymphocytes after a first interaction with antigen-antibody complexes or aggregated immunoglobulins. After the binding of erythrocyte-antibody (EA) complexes to FcγR, a process of dissociation occurs. It is temperature dependent and faster at 37°C than at 4°C. In addition, the dissociation becomes progressively irreversible as shown by the inability of dissociated cells to reform EA rosettes or to act as effectors in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. Similarly, inhibition of EA rosette formation by aggregated human IgG could be reversed by trypsinization after incubation at 4°C but not at 37°C. Several mechanisms that might have accounted for the irreversible dissociation of EA rosettes could be excluded: no antibody fragments could be evidenced at the cell surface, trypsinization did not restore the capacity to form EA rosettes, and lymphocytes were shown to be alive, to incorporate amino acids, and to release β2 microglobulin. The phenomenon was therefore termed modulation of FcγR. Finally, FcγR was not detectable at the cell surface after culture for up to 3 days, suggesting that FcγR was rapidly shed and/or slowly resynthetized after modulation.
Local Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity and Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity
Authors: Stashenko Philip P. , Bhan Atul K. , Schlossman Stuart F. , McCluskey Robert T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the capacity of unfractionated cells, or of purified populations of T and B cells, prepared from the lymph nodes of sensitized guinea pigs with classical delayed hypersensitivity (DH) or with cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), to induce reactions in normal syngeneic guines pigs after intradermal injection with antigen (ovalbumin, DNP-BGG, or α,DNP-Lysine11).
Injections of cells or antigen alone produced little or no reaction. Injections of antigen and cells from DH donors resulted in delayed onset reactions, which were indurated and which usually contained only a few basophils. With cells from CBH donors, delayed onset reactions were also produced, but these were less indurated and the infiltrate generally contained higher percentages of basophils. Thus, the reactions resembled those in actively immunized animals.
With cells from DH donors, reactions were consistently produced with unfractionated cells or T cell preparations, with cell doses as low as 0.5 to 1 × 106. B cell preparations also produced reactions, but only with higher cell doses (2 to 3 × 106); these reactions were probably due to contaminating T cells.
With cells from CBH donors, reactions were consistently produced with unfractionated cells, T or B cell preparations in the dose range of 2 to 3 × 106 cells. There was no lower dose at which reactions resulting from B cell preparations could be eliminated while still retaining T cell reactivity. Moreover, doubly purified B cell preparations, with 98% Ig-positive cells, were as effective as singly purified preparations (95% Ig positive). These findings indicate that both T and B cells can initiate CBH reactions and support the interpretation that CBH reactivity is heterogeneous.
A Cross-Reaction between β2-Microglobulin and κ-Light Chains
Authors: Gottlieb A. B. , Engelhard M. , Kunkel H. G. , Tanigaki N. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Certain antisera to immunoglobulins containing κ-chains show the presence of antibodies that cross-react with β2-microglobulin. This was most apparent with an antiserum made to highly purified F(ab) fragments of Fr II γ-globulin. These cross-reactive antibodies caused positive fluorescence and cytotoxicity reactions with a variety of cell types including T cells. These reactions were completely removed by absorption with highly purified κ-chains but not with λ-chains or λ immunoglobulins. β2-microglobulin preparations also absorbed or inhibited the special cellular reactivities. Evidence was obtained that HLA-bound β2-microglobulin was more efficient in this respect. The possibility is discussed that similar cross-reactive antibodies may have been involved in some previous studies of inhibition of T cell function by immunoglobulin antisera.
Linkage of Guinea Pig Bf and C4 to the GPLA
Authors: Krönke Martin , Hadding Ulrich , Geczy Andrew F. , de Weck Alain L. , Bitter-Suermann Dieter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inbred and partially inbred strains of guinea pigs were typed for their polymorphic Bf and C4 patterns. In crosses and backcrosses of inbred strains of guinea pigs the inheritance of Bf, C4, and GPLA phenotypes was studied. The presented data indicate linkage of the structural Bf and C4 loci to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the guinea pig, the GPLA system. Evidence for a GPLA-B-Ia crossover was obtained. Bf and C4 typing contributes to the characterization of the GPLA region in some inbred strains thus providing a simple method for determining the state of inbreeding on the one hand and providing the necessary third or fourth region within the GPLA for the detection of informative meiosis, on the other.
Mechanism of Histamine Release by Formyl Methionine-Containing Peptides
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Hook William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Small, acylated, methionine-containing peptides release histamine from human basophils. The characteristics of this reaction were compared to that of C5a- and IgE-induced release. fMet peptide-induced release requires Ca++ and is inhibited by EDTA in a manner similar to IgE- and C5a-mediated reactions. The fMet-Phe-Met-initiated reaction is complete within 2 min at temperatures of 25, 30, and 37°C; but does not occur at 0°C. There was a large variation in the capacity of leukocytes from different donors to release histamine with fMet peptides. However, there was no correlation in the capacity of leukocytes to release histamine with fMet-Phe-Met and their release with C5a or anti-IgE. The release by fMet-Phe-Met (but not by C5a or anti-IgE) was reversibly inhibited by a nonreleasing tripeptide. Leukocytes could be desensitized to the action of active fMet-peptide by preincubation with the peptide in the absence of cations. After washing, these cells released normally with C5a or anti-IgE. Conversely, cells desensitized to the action of C5a- or IgE-mediated reactions released normally with fMet peptides. There was cross-desensitization between different active peptides, and inactive peptides could not desensitize the leukocytes. Pharmacologic agents had similar effects on C5a and fMet peptide-induced release (e.g., lack of enhancement with deuterium oxide; enhancement with cytochalasin B; and inhibition with aminophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP). Therefore, histamine release with fMet peptides is initiated by their binding to and activation of a specific receptor on the basophil; the reaction beyond that point is similar to the C5a-mediated reaction.