bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Syphilis: Immunoglobulins Reactive in Immunofluorescence and other Serologic Tests
Authors: Julian Alfredo J. , Logan Leslie C. , Norins Leslie C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sera and serum fractions from 41 patients with darkfield-positive untreated primary and secondary syphilis were studied to reveal the immunoglobulins that are reactive in immunogluorescence and other serologic tests for syphilis.
A monospecific indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay revealed that IgG is the major immunoglobulin class reactive with Treponema pallidum, and that smaller amounts of IgM and IgA antibodies may also react. IgG is the principal immunoglobulin operative in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test, and in its predecessor tests, the fluorescent treponemal antibody 1:5 (FTA-1:5), and the fluorescent treponemal antibody-200 (FTA-200).
“Sorbent,” or a sonicate of Reiter treponemes, which is used in the FTA-ABS test to distinguish syphilitic from nonsyphilitic sera, operationally acts mainly to prevent “natural” IgG antibodies in nonsyphilitic serum from reacting with T. pallidum. It does not prevent syphilitic IgG antibodies from reacting, and apparently it enhances their role relative to IgM and IgA antibodies.
Reactivity in the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test and the Reiter protein complement-fixation (RPCF) test was found mainly in the 7 S fractions of sera as compared to the 19 S fractions.
Absorbing a syphilitic serum with T. pallidum did not produce a measurable decrease in total levels of IgG, IgM, or IgA.
Antilipoidal antibodies detectable in the VDRL slide test were found in both the 19 S and 7 S fractions of sera; the antibodies associated with primary syphilis were not confined to the IgM class.
In the course of these studies, 19 S and 3.5 S IgG-related substances were noted to possess anti-T. pallidum reactivity, and IgA in the 7 S fraction of serum was observed to be functionally silent in contrast to IgA of higher weight.
Induction of Immunity and Immunologic Paralysis in Mice against Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone
Authors: Andersson Birger 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immunity against polyvinyl pyrrolidone in mice was demonstrated by serologic methods and by the immune elimination technique. Preparations with molecular weights of 24,000, 40,000 and 360,000 were immunogenic. The serologic reactions could be inhibited by the non-immunogenic monomer and by a non-immunogenic preparation with a molecular weight of 10,000. Immunologic paralysis could be easily obtained in adult mice. Dose ranges for the induction of immunity and paralysis are described.
Evaluation of Human Rabies Immune Globulin and Homologous and Heterologous Antibody
Authors: Winkler William G. , Schmidt Robert C. , Sikes R. Keith 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A safe, effective rabies immune globulin of human origin (HRIG) is needed for rabies post-exposure treatment. Several lots of HRIG were prepared and evaluated. The results indicate that although the three lots of HRIG used in this study did not pass the National Institutes of Health's minimum potency requirements, the manufacture of an acceptable HRIG is feasible. In comparative protection tests in three species, rabies antibody of human origin was shown to be as effective as equine antibody. A comparison of homologous and heterologous rabies antisera revealed that homologous serum used for post-challenge treatment appeared to be more effective than heterologous serum in dogs, but not in mice. Although large doses of equine antibody given to dogs caused marked interference with active immunization, smaller doses of homologous antibody caused no interference whatever.
Studies on Antibody Class and Avidity and Their Effects on the Fixation and Transfer of C′la
Authors: Linscott W. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Separated 7 S and 19 S rabbit antibodies against boiled stromata of sheep erythrocytes were tested for their ability to bind to intact sheep erythrocytes, by washing sensitized cells at different temperatures and ionic strengths and measuring the number of C′1a-fixing sites before and after washing. It was found that 7 S antibodies were of very low avidity for several weeks after the start of immunization, since a high proportion of such antibodies could be removed from sensitized cells by a single wash at room temperature. After 8 to 15 weeks the avidity was much higher, but some losses still occurred. With 19 S antibodies the avidity was relatively high even as soon as 6 days after the start of immunization, and increased thereafter. Antibodies of low avidity were best retained on sensitized cells by washing at 0°C, ionic strength 0.037.
Using procedures which allowed maximal retention of antibody on sensitized cells, the effects of antibody class on C′1a fixation and transfer were studied.
Separation and Function of the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Shimada K. , Sekine T. , Mayumi M. , Miyakawa Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various methods of purification of C′4 have been reported; however, hemolytic activity of C′4 was occasionally lost during purification and it was difficult to separate C′4 from the C′1 inactivator. The following new method of purification of C′4 was then developed: By salting out serum with sodium sulfate, C′4 activity was separated from the C′1 inactivator; loss of C′4 activity was prevented by blocking the action of C′4 inactivating substances with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)- and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose columns, and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200.
Guinea pig, human and rat C′4 were separated by this new process and the effects of C′4 sites on the formation of C′3 sites and C′5 sites were investigated.
Human C′3 was more reactive with EAC′1gp4hu2gp than with EAC′1gp4gp2gp as detected by immune adherence; guinea pig C′3 was equally reactive with the two kinds of cells.
Chemical and Biological Studies of the Reactions of Complement Components C′2, C′3 and C′5
Authors: Mayer M. M. , Shin H. S. , Miller J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the past 6 years it has been learned that activated C′1 acts enzymatically on C′4 and C′2, cleaving the latter molecule and producing a complex, C′42a, which is a new enzyme possessing the capacity to cleave the C′3 molecule. One of the fragments of C′3 becomes fixed at or near the cell-bound C′42a to yield the complex C′42a3 which possesses the capacity to react with C′5. Another fragment, molecular weight ca. 10,000, is spasmogenic for guinea pig ileum. The C′42a3 complex cleaves C′5. One of the fragments becomes fixed to the cell-bound C′42a. Another fragment, molecular weight ca. 15,000, is spasmogenic for guinea pig ileum and chemotactic for rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
At ionic strength 0.15, the cell-bound C′5 will dissociate from EAC′42a35 in active form and can be transferred to EAC′42a3. The dissociated C′5 is extremely unstable in the fluid phase.
Differential Leakage of Enzymes from Escherichia coli During Immune Bacteriolysis
Authors: Inoue K. , Yonemasu K. , Takamizawa A. , Amano T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Escherichia coli B and its mutants were converted to BAC′ cells by lysozyme-free antiserum and lysozyme-free complement. BAC′ cells had normal morphologic rod shape, and lost little β-d-galactosidase, an intracellular enzyme.
With lysozyme BAC′ cells were converted to serum spheroplasts and lost β-d-galactosidase. The liberation of the enzyme was inhibited in hypertonic medium. In contrast, plakin, a phospholipase A from rabbit blood platelets, converted BAC′ cells to non-stainable rod-shaped ghosts and liberated β-d-galactosidase even in hypertonic sucrose medium.
Alkaline phosphatase, a surface-bound enzyme, was released from bacteria during the formation of BAC′. The release was accelerated by addition of either lysozyme or plakin.
It was also demonstrated that lysozyme could act on its substrate to form serum spheroplasts only after BAC′1a42a356789 had formed.
Effect of Complement Upon Viral Neutralization
Authors: Yoshino K. , Taniguchi S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Viral neutralization tests are usually performed without paying attention to the effect of complement upon viral neutralization. An exceptional case was the use of unheated normal human serum for the potentiation of human anti-dengue antibody. Several workers indicated that the use of unheated sera may enhance virus-neutralizing action of antibody to some extent, but the degree of enhancement was in general too small to necessitate the change of the neutralization test procedure. We found in 1964 that early immune sera of rabbits infected or immunized with herpes simplex virus contained a neutralizing antibody (CRN antibody) that could be detected only in the presence of complement. The same phenomenon was also found in cases of human infections with herpes virus. Other workers found a similar effect in the case of rabbits immunized with vaccina virus. We also found that neutralization of virus by CRN antibody required C′1, C′2, C′3 complex, and C′4.
The Preparation of a Reagent for the Titration of Human Complement Components C′8 and C′9
Authors: Zarco R. M. , Schultz D. R. , Cort R. A. , Grasselli E. D. , Geffen R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When applied to human serum, the methods previously described by Nelson, Rommel and Stolfi for the preparation of a mixture of complement (C′) components from guinea pig serum suitable for the titration of C′8 and C′9 proved unsatisfactory. The reagents so obtained were contaminated with considerable quantities of C′8 and C′9 and were deficient in C′2. Three methods have been developed to separate a suitable human complement reagent mixture, using serum essentially free of C′1 as starting material. 1) Column chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose at 0.07 M relative salt concentration (RSC), pH 5.0, followed by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose at 0.16 M RSC, pH 7.5; 2) hydroxylapatite chromatography at 0.10 M PO4, pH 6.9, followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration; 3) DEAE-cellulose chromatography at 0.035 M RSC, pH 7.0, followed by G-200 gel filtration.
These methods have yielded reagents containing sufficient C′4, C′2, C′3, C′5, C′6 and C′7 for the generation of the stable cellular intermediate (EAC 1423567).
Studies on Mouse Complement
Authors: Fujii G. , Goto S. , Ishibashi Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse complement titrations require large amounts of rabbit antibody. Mouse complement activity can be measured easily by the use of mouse anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum lacking Forssman type antibody. With this antibody, however, guinea pig complement was less effective.
Based on these observations, non-Forssman and Forssman rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte anti-sera were compared in mouse complement titrations. C3H/He mouse serum with non-Forssman type antibody contained 147 C′H50 units, whereas no hemolysis was observed at 1:20 dilution with Forssman type antibody.
Fixation of mouse C′1 by EA or EAC′4gp did not show a significant difference between non-Forssman and Forssman type antibodies. Generation of EAC′1m4m proceeded with non-Forssman antibody and was virtually lacking with Forssman type antibody.
These observations suggest that the low reactivity of Forssman type antibody in measurement of mouse complement is due to failure of generation of EAC′1m4m and not due to failure of fixation of C′1.
Auto-Antibodies to Leukemic Cells Detected by Immune Adherence
Authors: Yoshida T. O. , Imai K. , Sugiyama T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sixteen Long-Evans rats with leukemias induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene were studied for evidence of naturally occurring immunologic responses to their own leukemic cells using an immune adherence hemagglutination technique which was designed to detect fresh serum auto-antibodies to the membrane of the leukemic cells. Auto-antibodies to the cell membranes were found in 14 out of 16 rats, but were not demonstrable in the other two rats. Autochthonous thymus cells used as controls did not show positive immune adherence hemagglutination reactions with their own sera, nor did the leukemic cells show positive reactions with the pooled normal rat serum. These findings suggest a possibility that the leukemic rats are able to produce humoral antibodies against membrane-specific antigens of autochthonous leukemic cells.
The demonstration of auto-antibody to human leukemic cells was attempted in 23 patients with leukemia using the immune adherence hemagglutination technique.
Studies on Thyroglobulin Immunity
Authors: Margherita S. S. , Premachandra B. N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Inhibition of rabbit antibovine thyroglobulin-bovine thyroglobulin interaction was examined by immunodiffusion and quantitative precipitin techniques with compounds structurally related to thyroxine. In addition, a sensitive electrophoretic technique has been described for studying inhibition of antithyroglobulin by compounds with serologic similarity to thyroxine. In this method equilibration of antisera with small amounts of the test inhibitor (100 µg or less/ml), prior to the addition of radiothyroxine, prevented or reduced the binding of radioactivity at the γ globulin region as seen in the paper electrophoretogram: the extent of displacement of γ globulin-bound radioactivity in comparison to the control indicated the degree of inhibition. Thyroglobulin antibody inhibition by T4 and T2 was demonstrable by both serologic and electrophoretic techniques. Besides, in the more sensitive electrophoretic method, minor degrees of inhibition were noted with various mono- and diiodinated thyronines as well as with analogs, the only exception being 3,3′-diiodothyronine which showed a significant inhibitory activity. No inhibition was noted with l-thyronine. Diiodotyrosine was inhibitory in two of the sera tested, suggesting that it may also partially contribute to the specificity of thyroglobulin under certain circumstances. The findings suggest that the iodinated thyronines make up a portion of a determinant group in thyroglobulin and evidence is presented to show the greater importance of the iodine-substituted phenolic ring of the thyronine structure for the inhibition, as studied in active thyroglobulin immunity. The significance of these observations in relation to the occurrence of thyroglobulin and thyroxine antibodies in active and natural thyroid immunity is briefly discussed.
Reactivity of Human Lymphocytes to Autologous and Homologous Serum
Authors: Bredt Allen B. , Mardiney Michael R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mixed lymphocyte reaction initially described by Bain et al. (1) and Hirschhorn et al. (2) is currently being evaluated as a tool in many laboratories for histocompatibility testing. Johnson and Russell (3) have demonstrated that fetal calf serum, penicillin and streptomycin—substances routinely part of the culture media used in this reaction—may be stimulatory to lymphocytes. Such stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction may mask fine differences which are essential in choosing a suitable donor for tissue transplantation.
The present experiments were designed to investigate whether pooled human serum might also be a factor responsible for increased proliferative activity of human peripheral white blood cells. Heparinized blood (1000 units/60 ml of whole blood) drawn by venipuncture from normal human donors was allowed to sediment at room temperature for 2.5 hr. The leukocyte-rich plasma was aspirated and cell counts were carried out with cetrimide diluent (Fisher Scientific) in a model B Coulter Counter.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and Inhibition of Macrophage Spreading: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies of Tuberculin and Streptococcal Hypersensitivities in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dekaris Dragan , Fauve Robert M. , Raynaud Marcel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In Hartley guinea pigs sensitized with killed highly virulent group A type 24 Streptococcus pyogenes in Freund's complete adjuvant it was found that there was no marked difference in the cellular composition of peritoneal washings from normal and sensitized guinea pigs, and that macrophage spreading was inhibited in vitro by adding tuberculin and antigenic material from the streptococcus. In contrast, melitin or antigenic material from heterologous streptococci caused only slight inhibition of macrophage spreading. A very significant positive correlation was found between intensity of the cutaneous reaction and the degree of inhibition of macrophage spreading.
“Sandwich” Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for the Quantitative Deteriminaton of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Salmon Sydney E. , Mackey Gail , Hugh Fudenberg H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes a sensitive, relatively simple solid-phase “sandwich” radioimmunoassay and its application to the quantitative measurement, and antigenic analysis, of immunoglobulin components, using antisera to the heavy chains of IgG, IgA and IgM. With this technique, the solid-phase, consisting of disposable plastic tubes or commercial isothiocyanate-substituted plastic discs, is sensitized by sequential binding of pure antigen to the plastic polymer, antibody to the antigen, and unlabeled or labeled antigen to the antibody. The quantitative binding of labeled antigen by the sandwich-sensitized solid-phase is greatly enhanced as compared with tracer binding by solid-phase polymer coated only with antibody. The sandwich technique allows quantitation of immunoglobulins in the nanogram to microgram range, and is applicable to a variety of immunologic studies where this range of sensitivity is required.
Specific antisera to C̄1̄s̄: Detection of different electrophoretic species of C1s
Authors: Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently developed specific antisera to a highly homogeneous form of active C1 esterase (C1̄s̄)2 from human sera, and have shown by immunoelectrophoresis that three electrophoretic positions of C1s can be detected, changing with various experimental conditions. As the results are compatible with the macromolecular nature of the first component of complement, C1(1), and with the hypothesized structural alteration that occurs when C1s is activated from its proesterase form (2), we believe that these findings are of sufficient importance to be described in this communication.
Highly purified C1̄s̄, prepared by the method described recently (3), was emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, and 50 µg was injected directly into popliteal nodes of adult rabbits. Three weeks later a second injection of 30 µg was given i.m. and the rabbits were bled one week later.
Development of Human Complement System
Authors: Fireman Philip , Zuchowski Dolores A. , Taylor Paul M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of the human C′ system was studied by quantitation of total serum hemolytic C′ activity (C′H50) and the individual serum protein C′ components, C′3, C′4 and C′5, in premature and term neonates. It was found that term and premature newborns were deficient in C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5 as compared with their mothers and normal adults. In only one instance the neonatal concentrations of C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5 were greater than those in the maternal serum; in this instance mother had a marked deficiency of serum C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5. The ratios of term neonatal-to-maternal serum concentrations were: C′H50, 0.53; C′3, 0.54; C′4, 0.56; C′5, 0.61. The calculated maternal-neonatal correlation coefficients (r) were: C′H50, 0.61; C′3, 0.32; C′4, 0.50; C′5, 0.31. Serum concentrations of C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5 increased proportionally with gestational neonatal age and reached adult concentrations within 3 to 6 months of age. In general, the synthesis of C′3, C′4 and C′5 appeared to develop simultaneously and in sequence with total hemolytic activity (C′H50).
Identification of an Antigen and Specific Antibody in the Sera of Chickens Infected with Plasmodium Gallinaceum
Authors: Smith A. R. , Lykins J. D. , Voss E. W. , Ristic M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study based on a double diffusion gel assay of pre- and post-infection sera with a standard antisoluble antigen serum pool demonstrated antigens in chicken sera during the acute phase of infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum. In a single chicken experiment, an antigen and specific antibody were demonstrated in one individual during the acute and convalescent phases of infection, respectively.
The antigen, designated soluble antigen one (SA 1), was a specific molecular entity associated with the descending portion of the macroglobulin peak. After Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, the purity of the antigen was ascertained by immuno- and disc-electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of SA 1 was estimated at 500,000 to 700,000 on the basis of molecular sieve chromatography, ultracentrifugation and observations with disc-electrophoresis.
Specific antibody which reacted with SA 1 was precipitated from convalescent serum with 12.5% sodium sulfate and then eluted from DEAE in the 0.02 M and 0.10 M phosphate fractions. This antibody was identified as IgG.
Lymphocyte In Vitro Cytotoxicity: Correlation of Derepression with Release of Lymphotoxin from Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Williams Terry W. , Granger Gale A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The release of lymphotoxin by PHA-activated normal human lymphocytes in vitro has the following characteristics: release begins within 2 to 3 hr after derepression, long before any evidence of morphologic alteration; initiation occurs rapidly upon exposure to PHA; once initiated, release continues for long periods in culture; and LT release requires lymphocyte energy metabolism and protein synthesis, but is independent of cellular DNA synthesis. Immune and normal lymphocytes from several animal species can be induced in vitro to release LT-like materials by a variety of agents. It appears that all these reagents react to some degree with structures (receptors) present on the lymphocyte surface, indicating that a common mechanism may operate in cellular responses involving tissue destruction. The relationship between LT release and lymphocyte transformation is discussed, as well as a postulated role for LT as an effector molecule in cellular immune responses.
Human IgG and IgA Diphtheria Antitoxins in Serum, Nasal Fluids and Saliva
Authors: Newcomb Richard W. , Ishizaka Kimishige , DeVald Bonita L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The site of production of γA and γG in human nasal fluids was investigated by measuring antibody responses to diphtheria toxoid injected parenterally or given topically as nose drops. The amount of radioactive toxoid combined with γA or γG was measured separately by precipitating the immonoglobulin from serum or exocrine fluids with rabbit antisera specific for each immunoglobulin class. That this measurement reflected the amount of each class of antibody present was shown by its correlation with neutralization titers and by measurements of antibody avidities. The bulk of γA antitoxin in nasal fluids was demonstrated to be 11 S, exocrine γA by its elution characteristics from Sephadex G-200 and by its reaction with antibody to secretory piece.
Comparisons of γA and γG antibody levels found in serum, nasal fluids, saliva and sputum after parenteral or topical administration of toxoid indicated that most nasal fluid γA and some of the nasal fluid γG were made locally in response to local antigenic stimulation.
Immunochemical Studies of the Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A
Authors: Person Donald A. , Markowitz Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A) has been demonstrated to be antigenic in goats and methods have been described for separating the nonspecific reaction of Con A with polysaccharides from the specific antigen-antibody reaction. Specific precipitating antibody was found to be associated with IgG in the animals studied, and isolated IgG also fixed C′ in the antigen-antibody reaction. The partial inhibition of IgG precipitation of Con A by methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside provides further evidence for the heterogeneity of the immune IgG studied.