bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Journey of Parents
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes us into the widely varied experiences of families as they go through the emotional stages that accompany their child’s gender journey. Personal histories help us understand the stages of growth, acceptance, and grief. This chapter helps us understand the crucial nature of familial support and delves into the psychosocial and physical dangers that transgender and nonbinary youth face. In this chapter, we are also introduced to the crucial, evidence-based work of the Family Acceptance Project, which provides clear guidance regarding rejecting behaviors that harm youth and accepting practices that increase their well-being and resilience.
Strategies for Families
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the common questions families have as they navigate their child’s gender journey, including how to handle relationships with extended family and siblings. While every family’s circumstances will be different, the emphasis in this chapter is that a child’s journey is their own and it is not a fixed destination. This chapter discusses strategies for developing a supportive network and for making decisions regarding disclosure. As families negotiate within their particular school, faith, and cultural communities, this chapter reminds them that they are not alone.
Transition Considerations for Children
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the simple steps that are part of a child’s social transition, while also providing a more in-depth discussion of the medical components that may or may not be part of that child’s overall gender transition. While this information may seem less relevant to a teacher or principal in their day-to-day experience with students, it is important because it serves to clarify the possible steps a youth may undergo as they explore and define their gender over time. Just as importantly, this information addresses the intense curiosity often associated with a child’s transition. The emphasis in this chapter is to provide adults with a more comprehensive picture of the many variables that could be part of a child’s transition in the hopes of greatly diminishing the fear that comes with the inaccurate and indiscriminate approach of “Do I or don’t I allow my child to transition?”
Challenges Faced by Trans Children
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on the experiences of gender-diverse children as they explore and/or embrace their gender identity. While much of this book addresses the societal tension that is prevalent today, the daily pressures, barriers, and challenges these children face is often overlooked, diminished, or misunderstood. This chapter brings these challenges into focus and allows us to see the impact of the internal and external pressures on a child’s health and well-being. Educators and parents will better understand the significant burden that is inadvertently placed on the child and gain increased awareness of the need for adults to begin to shoulder the lion’s share of that burden.
How to Talk to Children about Gender
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 guides us on a path of remembering what gender meant to us when we were children. The reader is able to return to the simplicity of how any of us experienced gender at the youngest of ages and how that evolved, shifted, and gained complexity as we matured. A return to that simplicity provides us with the tools needed to discuss gender—and gender differences—with children of any age and in developmentally, age-appropriate ways. With concrete examples provided throughout, we better understand not only how to meet children where they are but also provide them context for the experiences of their transgender peers. This chapter guides the reader on how to not only discuss gender diversity but how to create an expansive conversation that includes the experiences and identities of all children.
How to Talk to Parents about Gender
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 delves into an area of top concern—the parents of school-aged children. Addressing the questions and inquiries of youth regarding their transgender peers is largely a matter-of-fact dialogue compared to navigating the complexities that adults bring to the table. In this chapter, we explore these complexities, some of which include parents with heightened emotions, apprehension, and misperceptions, and how to acknowledge and respond to them. The author identifies many of the common areas of contention that arise and provides concrete steps to engage in respectful dialogue with parents that centers the needs, safety, and privacy of all students.
Parental Advocacy for Gender-Diverse Children in School
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 delivers essential guidance for parents who are navigating their child’s gender journey. This chapter provides unique standalone content, including a checklist of questions to ask school administrators. As crucial as family support is for children, parents also need to build a strong network of support and this chapter outlines resources that will assist parents in building a foundation of support as they advocate for both their children and themselves. This foundation will give parents the confidence to successfully advocate for their child’s safety, privacy, and well-being.
Epilogue
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The epilogue challenges the notion of a post-gender world. Learning is a process of discovery—for educators, for families, and for the children themselves. What comes next is listening and learning. This book can help educators, families, and teaching institutions to look beyond personal experience, belief systems, and familial constructs to see the world in a much more empathic way. This chapter is really a call for new beginnings, for embracing change.
Augustine, Martyrdom, and Classical Rhetoric
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book places Augustine’s martyr discourse in the context of classical rhetoric in order to flesh out the claim that such discourse is inherently rhetorical. It is argued that Augustine’s martyr discourse can be understood as rhetorical in three ways: First, Augustine develops and deploys his understanding of martyrdom within particular rhetorical contexts. This is the weakest and most general sense of “rhetorical” that will appear in this study, falling short of, yet providing the necessary context for, the more technical analyses that make up the heart of the book. Second, Augustine uses techniques of classical rhetorical argumentation to construct his martyrs and to create their theological significance. This claim refers less to techniques of ornamentation or style than it does to those techniques more associated with the category of inventio and to some degree dispositio. Third, in Augustine’s depiction, the martyrs themselves are ideal Christian rhetors.
The Context of the Martyrs
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter establishes the rhetorical contexts for Augustine’s martyr discourse by tracing the history of the cult of the martyrs in North Africa from the late second century up to Augustine’s own day. It highlights the particular zeal for the cult in this region through discussions of the Scillitan martyrs, Perpetua and Felicity, Tertullian, Cyprian, and the Donatists, as well as excerpts from Augustine’s own testimony to practices related to the cult. The chapter concludes by examining the role of martyr rhetoric in two polemical contexts not usually associated with martyrdom: Manichaeanism and Pelagianism. This analysis provides the background for the chapters that follow.
The Example of the Martyrs
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Augustine’s use of the martyrs as rhetorical exempla, that is, models for virtue. It first explicates the nature of exempla within classical rhetorical theory before analyzing Augustine’s use of Christ as the model martyr, the martyrs as model Christians, and especially the martyrs as models for proper cultic practice. The chapter concludes with a look at nominal etymology—Augustine’s explanation of the significance of the martyrs’ names—as a further illustration of the importance of exempla in his martyr discourse. Exempla represent a primary way in which Augustine deploys the martyrs in his rhetoric and will therefore reappear through the book.
The Rhetoric of the Martyrs
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This final chapter argues that Augustine’s martyrs should be understood as Christian versions of the classical ideal of the rhetor and statesman. After tracing the origins of these civic ideals in Plato, Cicero, and Quintilian, this chapter shows how Augustine transforms his inherited tradition on ideal rhetors and statesmen before arguing that the martyrs, in his telling, conform to this Christian version of the ideal. The chapter concludes by crafting a theological vision of the martyr as a Christian rhetor and statesman calling into being and converting people to the virtues of the church, all as part of God’s providential ordering of salvation.
Conclusion
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The conclusion restates the three main ways in which Augustine’s martyr discourse may be considered rhetorical: (1) it takes place within significant rhetorical contexts; (2) it deploys argumentative techniques drawn from the canon of classical rhetoric; and (3) the martyrs themselves become, in Augustine’s hands, ideal rhetors and statesmen. To demonstrate that Augustine is not entirely unique, the chapter provides a reading of three martyr texts from fourth- and fifth-century Greek Christian authors: Asterius of Amasea, John Chrysostom, and Basil of Caesarea. These comparative examples allow us to see that Augustine is part of a larger rhetorical project in late antique Christian martyr discourse, though his contribution may make the most theologically substantive contribution.
The natural science study of so-called psychic activity in higher animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The specific title of my lecture today, dedicated to the memory of Thomas Huxley—the great natural scientist and a most vigorous champion of the greatest biological concept, the theory of evolution—is The natural science study of so-called psychic activity in higher animals. Allow me to begin from a little story about something that happened in my laboratory several years ago. Among my laboratory colleagues, one young doctor stood out. He showed a lively mind that appreciated the joys and triumphs of research. Great was my astonishment at seeing this true friend of the laboratory reveal a genuine and deep indignation when he first heard of our plans to study canine psychic activity in the same laboratory and using the same methods we had used to solve various physiological questions. No arguments we provided worked with him; he predicted and wished us all sorts of failures. And all this, as we were able to understand, was because in his view those exalted and inimitable things he presumed to exist in the spiritual world of man and the higher animals not only could not be studied effectively in our physiological laboratories, but the crudeness of our actions was practically an insult to them.
On Dr. Gorshkov’s cortical taste centers
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In his 1901 dissertation Dr. Gorshkov reached the conclusion, based on his experiments, that the anterior regions of gg. sylviatici and ectosylvii are the place where the taste centers are located. After the cortex of these gyri was removed bilaterally, claims the author, the dog peacefully ate meat sprinkled with powdered table salt, citric acid, or quinine, or soaked in solutions of 32% salt, 9.6% acid, or 5% quinine. Dr. Tikhomirov, planning to use the results of these experiments for his own analysis of conditional salivary reflexes, began by repeating Dr. Gorshkov’s experiments, but did not find anything of the sort the author had described.
Some most general points regarding the mechanism of the highest parts of the central nervous system as revealed by the study of the conditional reflexes
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Six or seven years ago I and my colleagues made our first attempt to subject the whole nervous activity—without the slightest omission—of higher animals (specifically, dogs) to an objective investigation, absolutely excluding any conclusions whatsoever about animal activity that would be based on an analogy with our inner world. From our point of view, all the nervous activity of an animal could be viewed as a reflex, more specifically, as two types of reflex: the common one, which had been studied for a long time and which we dubbed unconditional, and a new one, which subsumed all the remaining nervous activity and which we called conditional.
Toward establishing the general characteristic of complex-nervous phenomena
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As we work on the conditional reflexes, we have observed for quite some time that various agents that are made into conditional stimuli first work in a more general way and only later, as reinforcement by the unconditional reflex continues, become more and more specialized. This must be considered the rule, the law for all the stimuli that are delivered through all analyzers (sensory organs). This gradual specialization, differentiation of conditional stimulating agents seemed most naturally explained as inhibition of all the remaining parts of the analyzer activity except the given one.
General comments on the centers of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The brain, of course, is a giant topic, which—both the brain structure and brain functions—will obviously keep many, many generations of researchers busy. For this reason, talking about some final conclusions about a certain type or layout of the brain and so on is not only premature now, but will be so for a long time to come. Consequently, at present everything we do amounts to gathering empirical material. At any time, however, we need a certain general conception of the subject, so that we have something to peg our data onto so as to move forward with something in hand, something to hypothesize for the next step in our research. Such hypothesizing is a requirement in scientific endeavor.
The challenges and operation of a state-of-the-art research laboratory for the normal activity of the highest part of the central nervous system in the higher animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
First of all I feel obligated to express my deepest gratitude to the Regents of the Khristofor Semenovich Ledentsov Society for the Advancement of Experimental Sciences and Their Practical Application for the great honor granted me by the invitation to participate in today’s celebratory session of the Society to commemorate its founder Khristofor Semenovich Ledentsov. A year ago, also here in Moscow, at the first plenary meeting of the XIIth Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians, I had the honor and opportunity of drawing the audience’s attention to the question of methods for researching the highest and the most complex activity of animals, which until recent times was usually examined using subjective methods, namely, by analogy with the inner state of man. In my presentation then, based on my decade-long work with my numerous coworkers.
About the food center
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Within these walls, numerous reports on the conditional salivary reflexes have been presented. Our claims about them assume one critical point that so far has remained in the shadows and that is nevertheless always inextricably connected with the conditional reflexes; not a single conditional reflex ever occurs without its participation. This point pertains to one department within the central nervous system that is as real as the respiratory center, to which it is fully analogous, although you will probably never see anything about it in any physiology textbook or even in a professional handbook. Oddly enough, if you ever do come across it, you will find it in old rather than new textbooks.
The dog with the cerebral skin analyzer destroyed
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Our report today will consist primarily of a series of experiments. First let’s familiarize ourselves with and take a careful look at the following situations. The dog is placed on the floor and, as you see, it remains like this in the same spot for a very long time, as if its feet are frozen to the floor. A minute, 5 minutes, 20 minutes can pass like this. The dog moves its head, but does not move its legs or does it very rarely. A very special reason would be needed for the dog to move away from this spot. The next symptom: I stroke the dog very lightly, the dog barks and growls. I can keep doing this for hours, and it will keep evoking this threatening barking reaction. And this is how it has been for months. When this animal was normal, it had a number of conditional reflexes developed: two kinds of skin reflexes—one thermal and one mechanical—and then one sound reflex. The oldest of these conditional reflexes was the one tied to the mechanical skin stimulation, so that at each application of the pricker to the skin, saliva flowed.
Summary of results of experiments with extirpation of different parts of the cerebral hemispheres: The conditional reflex method
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When the question of today’s presentation came up, I spent some time pondering what to do: should I focus on a small topic within the subject, should I describe and discuss the results of a series of some related experiments, or should I present a general overview of a large number of our researches? I decided to do the latter. A general survey, it seems, will be more instructive for my listeners, and it will be useful for us as well. It’s surely quite beneficial, after all, to summarize what has been done over the many years of our work, to draw some conclusions, to correlate the results obtained, to think them through, to determine more clearly what’s still lacking, and to set our goals and tasks for the future.
Internal inhibition as a function of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It has been more than ten years since I took my chances and began to study the most complex nervous relations of a higher animal (the dog) to the surrounding world. These relations had normally been understood and analyzed by analogy to our own inner, subjective life, and were therefore called psychic. I set a goal to pursue them objectively, purely from the outside, the way we physiologists do with regard to all other physiological phenomena. For over ten years I and my coworkers have been vigorously working on this problem. We have collected considerable data, but they have been published only in Russian, in the form of doctoral dissertations and not very extensive reports to scientific societies.
Objective research on the higher nervous activity of animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This is the second time that I have been granted the high honor and deep gratification of participating in celebrating the opening of activities of the extraordinary Russian societies born here in Moscow and testifying to the great and active appreciation by the Moscow community of the powerful impact of science on life. I have in mind the Ledentsov Society and the Society for the Institute of Science. At this momentous celebration of Russian science today, I beg your permission to draw your attention to Russian research on one of the most exciting chapters in modern biology.
The laboratory for research on activity of the central nervous system of higher animals constructed according to plans by Academician I. P. Pavlov and E. A. Ganike, using resources donated by the Kh. S. Ledentsov Society
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The said laboratory is attached to the physiology department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine. At present, the building has been roofed. It has three stories. The first and third floors are designated for animal experiments. There are a total of eight laboratory rooms; stalls for the animals are marked on the floor plan with the letter a; b is the corridor with electrical and other equipment. The middle, or second, floor has lower ceilings but an identical floor plan, except for the stalls; it houses the hydraulic and other test instruments. The guiding principles for the construction of the laboratory involved the following measures with the goal of eliminating vibration and extraneous sounds in the rooms where animal experiments take place.
Researching the higher nervous activity
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The year 1870, with the work by Hitzig and Fritsch, was a most remarkable landmark for the physiology of the central nervous system. The research produced by these authors became the starting point for a tremendous number of extremely important experiments in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres. Amazingly, it helped diagnose and even treat some pathological symptoms related to certain illnesses of the cerebral hemispheres in humans. And what made it all possible? It seems to me that the reason was that these were all purely physiological facts, residing fully within the realm of physiologists’ competence.
The special lability of internal inhibition in conditional reflexes
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The theory of conditional reflexes, to which I and my many colleagues have already devoted more than 10 years of our research activity, consists of several chapters. In the chapter dealing with the inhibition of conditional reflexes, we distinguish three types of inhibition: soporific, external, and internal. Today’s report will be on the general characteristics of the internal inhibition. The internal inhibition occurs every time when an established conditional stimulus of some physiological work is temporarily or always (in the latter case, under a certain clearly defined condition) repeated without being accompanied by the unconditional stimulus which was used to develop it.
The “real physiology” of the brain
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The president of the Organizing Committee of this congress has invited me to make a presentation at the psychology section about the research on the activity of the brain carried out in the laboratories I direct. I accepted this invitation with great enthusiasm, feeling a great need to exchange ideas on this burning question of our days with the representatives of psychology. Several years ago our esteemed president wrote these lines: “When physiologists create alongside psychology a physiology of the brain—I mean a real physiology, rather than a copy of psychology they offer to us under this name, a physiology that is capable of speaking for itself and without being prompted by psychology word for word what to say—then we will see if it makes sense to abolish human psychology and, hence, comparative psychology.
Data for the physiology of sleep
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
I have entitled my talk “Conditions for the active and restful states of the cerebral hemispheres”. By the restful state I mean the somnolent state, as opposed to the state of alertness. The whole question is obviously enormous in scope, and all I have in mind here is to formulate it in general terms, to problematize it for science. What I will say will only be small fragments of this vast topic, which will eventually emerge in its full enormity ready to be fully worked on. In his classic work “The Reflexes of the Brain”, 50 years ago, Prof. I. M. Sechenov anticipated the gist of the main requirement implied by this topic with astounding intellectual acuity.