bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive Hemagglutination Procedures for Protein and Polysaccharide Antigens Using Erythrocytes Stabilized by Aldehydes
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Brandriss Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Chicken, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes were stabilized with formaldehyde, pyruvic aldehyde or both, for use in passive hemagglutination reactions. Bovine serum albumin, insoluble BSA, ovalbumin, rabbit γ-globulin, chicken γ-globulin, bovine γ-globulin, E. coli endotoxin, acetylated endotoxin, de-esterified endotoxin, de-esterified and bromacetylated endotoxin, succinylated endotoxin and synthetic polyglucose were found to adsorb firmly on the stabilized cells.
For optimal coating of stabilized cells with antigens, critical factors included pH, antigen concentration and the duration of contact with antigen. These conditions differed somewhat from one antigen to another.
Coated cells could be stored frozen or lyophilized.
Approximately 1 × 10-7 to 1 × 10-8 mg of anti-BSA antibody were detected by using rabbit erythrocytes coated with BSA. This level of sensitivity compares favorably with tannic acid or BDB procedure for cell coating.
Antiglobulin tests were applicable in all of the cases tested and were found to increase the hemagglutination titers 10- to 30-fold.
Immune Response to Anti-Lymphocyte Globulin
Authors: Jasin Hugo E. , Lourie Seth H. , Currey H. L. F. , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The appearance of antibodies to rabbit IgG in rats injected with the IgG fraction of rabbit anti-lymphocyte serum was examined. While 13 of 24 animals injected with ALG developed significant anti-rabbit IgG titers, only 2 rats of 18 injected with comparable amounts of normal rabbit IgG developed antibody, and in these it was present in relatively low titer. Evidence of immunosuppression was observed in the ALG treated animals in a reduction of antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes and a suppression of Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis.
In a group of animals simultaneously injected with bovine γ-globulin, the immune response to this protein was similar in both the experimental and control groups. The enhancement phenomenon observed, therefore, appeared to be specific for IgG with anti-lymphocyte activity.
A Demonstration of the Coprecipitation of β-Lipoproteins with Specific Precipitates of Chicken Antibodies and Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Van Orden Dianna E. , Treffers Henry P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The coprecipitation of β-lipoprotein with specific precipitates of HSA and chicken antibodies (8% NaCl) has been demonstrated by gas chromatography. The precipitin curves obtained with the β-lipoprotein-depleted sera in the presence of EDTA were reproducible despite aging at refrigerator or freezer temperature. The curves for the depleted sera had the same macroglobulin-type contour as the untreated serum, but had lower values throughout the antigen range tested. β-Lipoprotein depletion produced no change in equivalence point, but it appeared to decrease the sensitivity of the antibody to 2-ME.
Localization of 11 S External Secretory IgA by Immunofluorescence in Tissues Lining the Oral and Respiratory Passages in Man
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Morgan Councilman , Hsu Konrad C. , Butler William T. , Rose Harry M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The tissue localization of cells containing 11 S external secretory IgA was investigated using rhodamine- or fluorescein-labeled antisera specific either for the heavy polypeptide chain of 7 S serum IgA (anti-IgA) or for the characteristic extra-antigenic determinants of 11 S secretory IgA (anti-Piece). Both anti-Piece and anti-IgA caused fluorescence of: 1) cells at the periphery of lymphoid follicles and lining the crypts of the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils, and 2) scattered interstitial and serous acinar cells of the compound alveolar glands in the nasal submucosa and in the submaxillary and parotid salivary glands. Anti-IgA alone stained occasional cells in the lymphoid follicles of spleen and of lymph nodes taken from the lung, submandibular tissue and periaortic chain. Anti-Piece stained none of the latter tissues, and neither anti-Piece nor anti-IgA caused fluorescence of liver, pancreas or pulmonary alveolar cells.
When anti-IgA and anti-Piece, one labeled with fluorescein and the other with rhodamine, were applied to the same tissue sections, cells stained by anti-Piece were also stained by anti-IgA. Occasional cells in all tissues stained with anti-IgA alone when both conjugates were applied to the sections. These findings suggest that the complete 11 S external secretory IgA is formed in many cells lining the oral and respiratory passages. It is not necessary to postulate selective transport of 7 S serum IgA either from the interstitial fluid surrounding nasal and salivary glands or from the plasma to account for the high concentrations of 11 S IgA in external excretions.
The Enhancing Effect of Bone Marrow Cells on the Immune Response of Irradiated Mice Reconstituted with Spleen Cells from Normal and Immunized Donors
Authors: Radovich Jevrosima , Hemingsen Helen , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The injection of 5 million normal bone marrow cells into cobalt-60 irradiated mice produced a striking effect on the size of the spleen and greatly enhanced the number of antibody-forming cells found in the spleen 6 days after the injection of sheep RBC and small numbers of spleen cells from normal or preimmunized mice. The experiments are interpreted as indicating a nonspecific effect of bone marrow cells on the localization or proliferation of antibody-forming cells. They negate previous claims that bone marrow enhancement can be considered evidence for a multipotential antibody-forming cell precursor.
Note Added in Proof: In the Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 59: 296, 1968, G. F. Mitchell and J. F. A. P. Miller reported experiments indicating that in the thymus-bone marrow interaction the antibody was made in a cell derived from the bone marrow. That is indeed a remarkable nonspecific effect. If it can be shown that in the interaction between normal bone marrow and immune spleen cell the antibody is made in the bone marrow cell, then this would raise the question of how the memory was transferred.
Communications
Authors: Scott David W. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies of immune responses induced in vitro suggest that close contact between phagocytic cells and immunologically competent cells, phagocytosis of antigen, and possibly a “processing step” may be necessary elements of the immunologic induction mechanism (1–3). Several workers have proposed that, in the absence of a phagocytic step, antigen may interact directly with immunologically competent cells and produce tolerance (4, 5). If this is the case, it should be possible to induce tolerance in vitro by exposing lymphoid cells to a non-phagocytizable antigen. We present here data which test this hypothesis and describe some of the conditions under which tolerance can be produced in vitro.
Male Lewis rats were thymectomized as young adults, irradiated (900 r, central axis dose) 3 weeks later, and injected intravenously with 7 to 10 × 108 viable, syngeneic lymph node (LN) and spleen (S) cells, treated in various ways.
Structure of Human Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Onoue Kaoru , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pepsin fragmentation of a purified IgM obtained from a patient with macroglobulinemia was studied.
Three fragments were obtained. These fragments were all related structurally to the Fab-(IgMs) fragment obtained by papain digestion of the subunit of IgM. The first, 5.6 S fragment (F(ab′)2(IgM)), was converted quantitatively to 4.2 S fragments (Fab′(IgM)) by mild reduction and alkylation. No change in antigenicity was observed by this treatment. Thus the 5.6 S fragment seemed to be a dimer in which two monomeric 4.2 S fragments were linked by a disulfide bond.
The second, 3.3 S fragment (Fab pep(IgM)), was similar to the Fab(IgM) obtained by papain digestion of the IgM or its subunit. It lacked a part of the µ chain portion (Fd′µ) of F(ab′)2(IgM) on which the particular disulfide bond linking the two Fab′ fragments seemed to be located. It was noted that the part of Fd′µ mentioned carried some antigenic determinants of the µ chain.
The third, 2.4 S fragment (Fab piece(IgM)), was a part of the Fab pep(IgM) consisting of a part of κ chain and a part of µ chain. It seemed to lack a part of the Fab pep(IgM) on which the disulfide bond(s) linking a κ chain and a µ chain portions are located.
Time study of the digestion showed that pepsin first cleaved off the Fc portion of the IgM and yielded the 5.6 S dimeric fragment, F(ab′)2. Then the F(ab′)2 was degraded to the 3.3 S monomer, Fab pep, and further to the 2.4 S fragment, Fab piece.
Modification of the Amino Groups of Rabbit γG-Globulin
Authors: Ljaljevic M. , Ljaljevic J. , Parker C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Conditions which led to inactivation of rabbit γG-globulin in direct passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) experiments in guinea pig skin also produced inactivation in reverse PCA experiments. Thus acetylation, carbamylation, picrylation and phthylation of reverse PCA antigens (rabbit Fc or dinitrophenylated rabbit γ-globulin) caused loss of skin-sensitizing activity whereas amidination did not. These results strongly favor the possibility that inactivation of skin-sensitizing activity is due to loss of fixation in guinea pig skin. In further support of this view no correlation was seen between complement-fixing activity and skin-sensitizing activity. Amidinated preparations of rabbit antibody which retained their ability to sensitize guinea pig skin fixed very little complement.
The Immune Response of Random-Bred Hartley Strain Guinea Pigs to 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Conjugates of a Copolymer of l-Glutamic Acid and l-Lysine
Authors: Lamelin Jean-Pierre , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A study of the role of the PLL gene in controlling the anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-GL was performed. Equilibrium dialysis of serum globulin against 3H-DNP-EACA demonstrated a binding capacity corresponding to less than 0.55 µg/ml of serum antibody in guinea pigs lacking the PLL gene. The binding capacities of serum globulin from these animals did not differ appreciably and consistently from that observed with control serum globulin fractions from guinea pigs immunized with unconjugated GL. On the other hand, guinea pigs possessing the PLL genetic factor had serum anti-DNP antibody concentrations of from 0.18 to 2.20 mg/ml at 2 weeks after DNP-GL immunization. These data are compatible with the dependence of a significant antibody response to DNP-GL on the presence of the PLL genetic factor.
Studies of the Proteins of Lacrimal Secretions
Authors: Josephson Alan S. , Weiner Roy S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The major immunoglobulin of tears is IgA globulin, which is recovered in the external volume when subjected to Sephadex G 200 gel filtration. This protein contains “transport” or “secretory” piece as does the IgA globulin of other secretions.
Another protein in tears, the anodal tear protein, is not related to albumin but is electrophoretically a “prealbumin.” It has gel filtration characteristics consistent with a molecular weight intermediate between that of serum albumin and of lysozyme, and has not been identified in serum, spinal fluid, saliva or urine.
The protein content of tears shows an inverse relationship to the volume of lacrimal fluid obtained during a collection period of less than 5 min.
The Agglutinating and Bactericidal Activity of IgM and IgG Antibodies to the 9 and 12 Factors of Salmonella Typhi O 901
Authors: Daguillard Fritz , Edsall Geoffrey 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By the methods of absorption, elution and column chromatography separation, IgM and IgG antibodies to either one or both 9 and 12 O factors of S. typhi O 901 were isolated. On a molar basis IgM antibodies were always more active than IgG. IgM antibodies directed against the 12 antigenic sites were more active in both agglutination and complement-dependent bactericidal killing. Mixture of preparations containing antibodies to different specific sites of the bacterial cell wall did not react synergistically in bactericidal reactions. In all tests the different antibody preparations reacted more strongly with the homologous antigen than with the cross-reacting organisms. A prozone, i.e., a pronounced inhibition of the bactericidal activity, was elicited by both types of immunoglobulins at higher concentrations, and was attributed to antibodies specifically attached to either one or both antigenic sites.
Equine Antibodies to Human γG-Globulin
Authors: Johnston Sarah L. , Allen Peter Z. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Several antisera to human γG-globulin obtained from a single horse and isolated γ1- and γ2-antibody fractions prepared from these antisera were compared in complement fixation studies. C′-fixing ability of each successive bleeding progressively increased, paralleling an apparent increase in the proportion of γ2-antibody in the whole serum. Isolated γ2-antibody fractions fixed complement when tested at a level of 1 µg antibody N and greater. There were no significant differences in complement-fixing ability on an antibody N weight basis among γ2 fractions from the same or different bleedings. Isolated γ1-antibody fractions possessed no complement-fixing ability but could inhibit fixation by the γ2-antibody.
Both γ2 and γ1 preparations exhibited similar end points (0.04 µg antibody N) when employed as anti-globulin reagents in the Coombs test. In comparison, the γ1-antibody fractions gave a prozone in the antibody excess region, whereas no prozone was noted with the γ2 fractions. The specificity of antisera and antibody fractions from successive bleedings for antigenic determinants on the human γ-globulin molecule was established by reacting these preparations with several antigens related to the heavy and light chains of human γ-globulin.
Relative Stabilities of Complexes of Measles Soluble and Viral Hemagglutinins with 19S and 7S Immunoglobulins
Authors: Schluederberg Ann 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Studies of hemagglutination-inhibition reactions of the antigenically related measles soluble (SDA) and envelope-integrated viral (HA) hemagglutinins have shown the following: Eighty units of SDA failed to compete with 4 units of HA for HI antibodies, although in the same experiment SDA required, unit for unit, an antibody concentration of the same magnitude for inhibition as that required by HA.A negative Danysz effect was demonstrated with SDA and a positive effect with viral HA, which indicates that SDA forms a less stable union with antibody than does HA. Reversibility of SDA-antibody combination was proposed as an explanation for the result above.The ratios of SDA inhibition titer to HI titer varied under different circumstances. Factors included time of serum collection relative to disease onset, class of immunoglobulin predominating, and average size and state of aggregation of the HA preparation used for the comparison.
In Vivo and in Vitro Properties of Intact and Pepsin-Digested Heterologous Anti-Mouse Thymus Antibodies
Authors: Riethmüller Gert , Riethmüller Doris , Stein Hans , Hausen Peter 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit anti-mouse thymus globulin (AMT-IgG) had a strong inhibitory effect of IgM antibody-forming spleen cells of mice when injected prior to the antigen. No effect was observed when AMT-IgG was injected after or simultaneously with the immunizing dose of sheep red cells. Pepsin-digested bivalent antibody did not inhibit formation of antibody-synthesizing spleen cells nor did it prolong survival of allogeneic skin grafts. AMT-IgG as well as the bivalent fragment F(ab')2 stimulated uridine incorporation of thymocytes in vitro. The F(ab) fragment, however, had no stimulatory effect though it protected the cells when exposed to complete cytotoxic antibodies in the presence of complement. The possible mechanism of immediate immunosuppression by which AMT-IgG acts in vivo is discussed. Biologic properties of the Fc fragment are implicated in this action.
Thermostable Kidney Antigen and Its Excretion into Urine
Authors: Intorp Hans W. , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Fractions of bovine and human kidneys obtained by extraction at 100°C followed by ethanol precipitation (BE fractions) were used for immunization of rabbits. Untreated antisera contained many antibodies to bovine or human tissue extracts. Following proper absorption, anti-bovine kidney BE serum detected a kidney-specific antigen in BE preparations of bovine kidney and anti-human kidney BE serum detected a similar antigen in human kidney BE. There was, however, no cross-reaction between these two antigens. The antigens under investigation had an electrophoretic mobility comparable to serum α-globulin. They were demonstrated in separated cortical and medullary portions of kidneys, but were virtually absent from glomeruli isolated by the method of Krakower and Greenspon. Urinary excretion of the kidney-specific thermostable antigen was demonstrated in calves with experimentally induced tubular damage, and in a human patient suffering from acute tubular necrosis.
Studies of the Chicken Immune Response
Authors: Abramoff Peter , Brien Nancy B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
New Hampshire Red chickens (10 to 12 weeks old) were immunized with an intravenous injection of SRBC. By 13 hr, morphologic differentiation was detected in the spleen cell population as indicated by an accumulation of pyroninophilic cells. Differential staining of the nucleic acids indicated that the percentage of plasmacytic cells continued to increase in the spleen for 72 hr, at which time they comprised 17% of the population. The first significant amounts of antibody released by spleen cells were detected by the Jerne plaque technique at this same time suggesting that morphologic differentiation was complete before antibody was released. Maximum antibody-plaque formation occurred at 96 hr and the greatest amount of humoral antibody was detected 72 hr later.
Morphologic changes in the cellular population of the bursa similar to those found in the spleen also occurred after antigenic stimulation. However, no antibody was detected in the bursa. The morphologic changes in the bursa preceded those in the spleen. The possible immunologic implications of these results are discussed.
Enterovirus Immunodiffusion Reactions: A Comparison of Results Obtained in Agarose and Agar Using Two Different Microdiffusion Systems
Authors: Styk Bohumil , Schmidt Nathalie J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two different microdiffusion systems and agar and agarose gels were compared for suitability in immunodiffusion reactions with certain enterovirus types (coxsackievirus type B2 and echovirus type 9) which had given poor resolution in previous immunodiffusion studies. The use of agarose, rather than agar, gels facilitated diffusion of these antigens and permitted resolution of two or more antigen-antibody systems. The “chamber” technique, employing a plastic template over a thin layer of gel, was more sensitive for immunodiffusion tests with these virus types than was the “slide” technique utilizing a thicker layer of gel. Results of tests with echovirus type 9 antigen in an agarose gel suggested the existence in human and monkey sera of “group” antibodies reacting with this antigen type. No “group” reactivity was noted with the other echovirus antigens studied. Guanidine treatment (3.4 molar) abolished precipitating activity of coxsackievirus antigens, but not of echovirus types 9 and 11 antigens, although the “group” reactivity of echovirus type 9 antigen was destroyed by treatment with 4.6 M guanidine.
Comparison of Certain Properties of Naturally Occurring Low Molecular Weight γM and the γM Monomer Derived by Reduction and Alkylation of 19 S γM
Authors: Swedlund Harry A. , Gleich Gerald J. , Chodirker William B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A naturally occurring low molecular weight γM protein (γMN) was isolated from the serum of a patient with type I dysgammaglobulinemia by preparative electrophoresis and gel filtration. This protein was compared to the macroglobulin (γM19) isolated from the patient's serum and to the γM subunit (γMS) prepared by reduction and alkylation of γM19. The results indicate that γMN and γMS are similar in size and have the same antigenic determinants. These observations support the concept that the γMN is a naturally occurring subunit of γM19 and is very similar to γMS, γM19, γMN and γMS were also prepared from the patient's serum after tetanus immunization and were found to bind radiolabeled tetanus toxoid. Most, but not all, controls did not show nonspecific binding of tetanus toxoid. These results suggest but do not conclusively establish the capacity of these γM proteins to bind antigen specifically.
Regulation of Antibody Synthesis Against Escherichia Coli Endotoxin
Authors: Britton Sven , Möller Göran 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cyclical fluctuations of cellular and humoral 19 S antibody synthesis were evoked by one single injection of heat-killed E. coli 055:B5 bacteria into CBA mice. The phenomenon was interpreted as involving feedback suppression of active antibody synthesis by 19 S antibodies. The biologically stable antigen would be prevented from stimulating antibody synthesis by reacting with the initially produced 19 S antibodies. In the absence of further stimulation 19 S-producing cells and serum antibodies would decay, leaving antigen free to initiate a second cycle of antibody synthesis. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that antiserum taken from the time of the first peak could suppress the appearance of a second peak.
Antigen and 19 S antibodies injected simultaneously delayed active antibody synthesis which eventually appeared spontaneously. Presumably this represents a more rapid catabolism of the blocking antibodies than of the antigen.
7 S antibodies were not detected against this antigen during the primary response but appeared after intense hyperimmunization. The most sensitive method for detection of 7 S antibodies was inhibition of antibody synthesis by passive transfer of purified 7 S fractions.
7 S antibodies were more potent in inhibiting active antibody synthesis than 19 S antibodies when equal quantities of hemagglutinins were injected.
Communications
Authors: Feldman Harry A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recently we demonstrated (1) that heparin-MnCl2 removes nonspecific rubella hemagglutinin inhibitor more effectively from serum than does kaolin. Mann et al. (2) previously had reported that the heparin-MnCl2 combination was superior to kaolin in precipitating the nonspecific serum inhibitor for reovirus hemagglutinin. Both of these nonspecific serum inhibitors are β-lipoproteins (1, 2) which kaolin adsorbs irregularly. Heparin-MnCl2 precipitates it uniformly. While kaolin may reduce the concentration of IgG substantially, heparin-MnCl2 does not. Kaolin also introduces a dilution factor which can be difficult to estimate with confidence.
This report is concerned with the extension of the heparin-MnCl2 system to the removal of the nonspecific measles virus hemagglutinin inhibitor (3) from human sera. As the data illustrate, this is accomplished as effectively as in the rubella system. In this investigation, the sera of 50 young children, which had been stored for several years at -20°C, were thawed and 1.0-ml amounts were removed from each.