bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OptImal Gamma kNife lIghTnIng sOlutioN (IGNITION) score to characterize the solution space of the Gamma Knife FIP optimizer for stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Tolakanahalli Ranjini , Wieczorek D Jay J. , Lee Yongsook C. , Tom Martin C. , Hall Matthew D. , McDermott Michael W. , Mehta Minesh P. , Kotecha Rupesh , Gutierrez Alonso N. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study is to evaluate the user‐defined optimization settings in the Fast Inverse Planning (FIP) optimizer in Leksell GammaPlan® and determine the parameters that result in the best stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) plan quality for brain metastases, benign tumors, and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).MethodsThirty patients with metastases and 30 with benign lesions—vestibular schwannoma, AVMs, pituitary adenoma, and meningioma‐treated with SRS were evaluated. Each target was planned by varying the low dose (LD) and beam‐on‐time (BOT) penalties in increments of 0.1, from 0 to 1. The following plan quality metrics were recorded for each plan: Paddick conformity index (PCI), gradient index (GI), BOT, and maximum organ‐at‐risk (OAR) doses. A novel objective score matrix was calculated for each target using a linearly weighted combination of the aforementioned metrics. A histogram of optimal solutions containing the five best scores was extracted.ResultsA total of 7260 plans were analyzed with 121 plans per patient for the range of LD/BOT penalties. The ranges of PCI, GI, and BOT across all metastatic lesions were 0.58–0.97, 2.1–3.8, and 8.8–238 min, respectively, and were 0.13–0.97, 2.1–3.8, and 8.8–238 min, respectively, for benign lesions. The objective score matrix showed unique optimal solutions for metastatic lesions and benign lesions. Additionally, the plan metrics of the optimal solutions were significantly improved compared to the clinical plans for metastatic lesions with equivalent metrics for all other cases.ConclusionIn this study, FIP optimizer was evaluated to determine the optimal solution space to maximize PCI and minimize GI, BOT and OAR doses simultaneously for single metastatic/benign/non‐neoplastic targets. The optimal solution chart was determined using a novel objective score which provides novice and expert planners a roadmap to generate the most optimal plans efficiently using FIP.
Californian, The Third Way
Authors: Kuo Max 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThere are three ways to be Californian, suggests UCLA lecturer Max Kuo. In determining that Alvin Huang, principal of Synthesis Design + Architecture, is a third‐way Californian, he charts his emergence as an architect via his postgraduate studies at the Architectural Association in London and working at the esteemed offices of Zaha Hadid and Amanda Levete, before moving to California to start his own practice and finding China particularly hospitable to his architecture.
Material Imageability: The Architecture of Façades and Envelopes
Authors: Brownell Blaine 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOrchestrating façades and fenestration has become a much elevated art in contemporary California. Highly articulating the way a building faces onto the street is an expertise of Oakland‐based architect Thom Faulders. Blaine Brownell, architect, educator and researcher in emergent materials, examines Faulders Studio's recent oeuvre and its audacious and attractive material expression.
Do Dream Landscapes Have Earthquakes?
Authors: Meyer Nicole 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOnce there was a certainty about the world and how architecture might be created and read. Nicole Meyer, archivist at Morphosis, believes this is no longer true, and that individual perspectives and the navigation of reality and various media platforms is akin to dreaming, causing an evolving plasticity in our perceptions of architecture. She investigates these propositions through the work of LA‐based Preliminary Research Office.
Calibration‐Free and High‐Sensitivity Microwave Detectors Based on InAs/InP Nanowire Double Quantum Dots
Authors: Cornia Samuele , Demontis Valeria , Zannier Valentina , Sorba Lucia , Ghirri Alberto , Rossella Francesco , Affronte Marco 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAt the cutting‐edge of microwave detection technology, novel approaches which exploit the interaction between microwaves and quantum devices are rising. In this study, microwaves are efficiently detected exploiting the unique transport features of InAs/InP nanowire double quantum dot‐based devices, suitably configured to allow the precise and calibration‐free measurement of the local field. Prototypical nanoscale detectors are operated both at zero and finite source‐drain bias, addressing and rationalizing the microwave impact on the charge stability diagram. The detector performance is addressed by measuring its responsivity, quantum efficiency and noise equivalent power that, upon impedance matching optimization, are estimated to reach values up to ≈2000 A W−1, 0.04 and ≈, respectively. The interaction mechanism between the microwave field and the quantum confined energy levels of the double quantum dots is unveiled and it is shown that these semiconductor nanostructures allow the direct assessment of the local intensity of the microwave field without the need for any calibration tool. Thus, the reported nanoscale devices based on III‐V nanowire heterostructures represent a novel class of calibration‐free and highly sensitive probes of microwave radiation, with nanometer‐scale spatial resolution, that may foster the development of novel high‐performance microwave circuitries.
Ultralow‐Salt‐Concentration Electrolyte for High‐Voltage Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries
Authors: Qian Long , Zhu Haojie , Qin Tingting , Yao Rui , Zhao Jianwei , Kang Feiyu , Yang Cheng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAqueous Zn metal batteries are regarded as a promising pathway for large‐scale energy storage systems due to their green, low‐cost, and intrinsically safe characteristics. However, they have long been suffered from narrow voltage windows and severe parasitic reactions (e.g., hydrogen evolution, corrosion, etc.), which hinder their further development. The above challenges are essentially related to the existence of hydrated ions (i.e., Zn(H2O)x2+ and SO42−·(H2O)x), which are highly reactive species. Herein, a counterintuitive ultralow‐salt‐concentration electrolyte strategy to solve the aforementioned problems by decreasing Zn salt concentration to reduce active hydrated ions is presented, so as to minimize water‐induced side reactions and thus anomalously enlarge the electrolyte splitting voltage window. Additionally, the gap between the charge and discharge medium voltages of full cells is also narrowed due to the reduced polarization in the ultralow‐salt‐concentration electrolyte. By adopting this strategy, the Zn‐Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 full cell stably works at a high‐voltage of 1.40–2.30 V with a high cathode loading of ≈7 mg cm−2 and the Zn‐polyaniline full cell can stably work at 0.50–1.50 V with a high cathode loading of ≈11 mg cm−2.
Ferromagnetic Cytocompatible Glass‐Ceramic Porous Microspheres for Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications
Authors: Molinar‐Díaz Jesús , Woodliffe John Luke , Milborne Benjamin , Murrell Lauren , Islam Md Towhidul , Steer Elisabeth , Weston Nicola , Morley Nicola A. , Brown Paul D. , Ahmed Ifty 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHighly porous, ferromagnetic glass‐ceramic P40‐Fe3O4 microspheres (125–212 µm) with enhanced cytocompatibility have been manufactured for the first time via a facile, rapid, single‐stage flame spheroidization process. Dispersions of Fe3O4 and Ca2Fe2O5 domains (≈10 µm) embedded within P40 (40P2O5‐16CaO‐24MgO‐20Na2O in mol%) phosphate‐based glass matrices show evidence for remanent magnetization (0.2 Am2 kg−1) and provide for controlled induction heating to a constant level of 41.9 °C, making these materials highly appropriate for localized magnetic hyperthermia applications. Complementary, cytocompatibility investigations confirm the suitability of P40‐Fe3O4 porous microspheres for biomedical applications. It is suggested that the flame‐spheroidization process opens up new opportunities for the development of innovative synergistic biomaterials, toward bone‐tissue regenerative applications.
Highly Flexible Electroluminescent Devices Based on Super Durable AlN‐Dispersed Ag Ultrathin Films
Authors: Han Zhi , Li Jia , Xia Peng , Huang Jinhua , Tan Ruiqin , Zhang Jinlong , Song Weijie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHigh performance and durable electrodes are prerequisites for the stable operation of various optoelectronic devices, such as alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) applications. As for the flexible electrodes based on ultrathin metals, which have attracted much attention in recent years, stability problems as evidenced by optically lossy and electrical degradation of the silver (Ag) layer in the service environment are the key issues to be solved before its practical application. This work prepares ultrathin and stable doped silver films by introducing a small amount of AlN during the sputtering process. The Ag‐AlN thin films exhibit a comprehensive stability promotion in terms of high temperature (250 °C in the air) and damp‐heat (85 °C, 85% relative humidity (RH) for 12 h) test compared with pure Ag counterpart. In addition, flexible ACEL devices based on AZO/Ag‐AlN/AZO/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films with a luminance of 176.1 cd m−2 at 300 V and 400 Hz and excellent luminescence performance and mechanical flexibility under operating conditions are developed. Such ACEL devices based on these ultrathin and durable Ag‐AlN films are up‐and‐coming in practical, flexible electronics applications.
The Polysulfide‐Cathode Binding Energy Landscape for Lithium Sulfide Growth in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Kim Kiwon , Kim Jaehyun , Moon Jun Hyuk 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA cathode substrate with strong adsorption of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) has been preferred for lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. However, the recent finding that controlled growth of lithium sulfides (Li2S) during discharge is crucial for S utilization stimulates improvement of this preference. Here, the Li2S growth and cell capacity in the LiPS binding energy landscape of cathode substrates are investigated. Specifically, Co‐based ternary oxides are employed to obtain binding energies in the range of 4.0–7.4 eV. Of these substrates, only the MnCo2O4 substrate with moderate LiPS affinity exhibits 3D Li2S growth. The MnCo2O4 cells achieve high sulfur utilization up to 84% at 0.2 C and excellent performance even under high sulfur loading/lean electrolyte conditions. In contrast, weak affinity substrates such as ZnCo2O4 and strong affinity substrates such as NiCo2O4 and CuCo2O4 exhibit low discharge capacity with 2D Li2S growth. For optimal LiPS affinity driving 3D growth, a balance between promoting LiPS adsorption and diffusion limitation in the LiPS adsorption layer is suggested.
Direct Observation of Transition Metal Ions Evolving into Single Atoms: Formation and Transformation of Nanoparticle Intermediates
Authors: Han Zheng , Wang Yi , Zheng Jiming , Li Ren , Jia Boqian , Li Dingding , Bai Lei , Guo Xuting , Zheng Lirong , Bai Jinbo , Leng Kunyue , Qu Yunteng 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamical evolution from metal ions to single atoms is of great importance to the rational development of synthesis strategies for single atom catalysts (SACs) against metal sintering during pyrolysis. Herein, an in situ observation is disclosed that the formation of SACs is ascertained as a two‐step process. There is initially metal sintering into nanoparticles (NPs) (500–600 °C), followed by the conversion of NPs into metal single atoms (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu SAs) at higher temperature (700–800 °C). Theoretical calculations together with control experiments based on Cu unveil that the ion‐to‐NP conversion can arise from the carbon reduction, and NP‐to‐SA conversion being steered by generating more thermodynamically stable Cu‐N4 configuration instead of Cu NPs. Based on the evidenced mechanism, a two‐step pyrolysis strategy to access Cu SACs is developed, which exhibits excellent ORR performance.
A Multimodal Sensing CMOS Imager Based on Dual‐Focus Imaging
Authors: Dong Hao , Zheng Xubin , Cheng Chen , Qian Libin , Cui Yaoxuan , Wu Weiwei , Liu Qingjun , Chen Xing , Lu Yanli , Yang Qing , Zhang Fenni , Wang Di 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAdvanced machine intelligence is empowered not only by the ever‐increasing computational capability for information processing but also by sensors for collecting multimodal information from complex environments. However, simply assembling different sensors can result in bulky systems and complex data processing. Herein, it is shown that a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) imager can be transformed into a compact multimodal sensing platform through dual‐focus imaging. By combining lens‐based and lensless imaging, visual information, chemicals, temperature, and humidity can be detected with the same chip and output as a single image. As a proof of concept, the sensor is equipped on a micro‐vehicle, and multimodal environmental sensing and mapping is demonstrated. A multimodal endoscope is also developed, and simultaneous imaging and chemical profiling along a porcine digestive tract is achieved. The multimodal CMOS imager is compact, versatile, and extensible and can be widely applied in microrobots, in vivo medical apparatuses, and other microdevices.
Enhancing Photostability of Sn‐Pb Perovskite Solar Cells by an Alkylammonium Pseudo‐Halogen Additive
Authors: Wang Jiantao , Uddin Md Aslam , Chen Bo , Ying Xingjian , Ni Zhenyi , Zhou Ying , Li Mingze , Wang Mengru , Yu Zhenhua , Huang Jinsong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHigh‐performance tin‐lead perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are needed for all‐perovskite‐tandem solar cells. However, iodide related fast photodegradation severely limits the operational stability of Sn‐Pb perovskites despite the demonstrated high efficiency and thermal stability. Herein, this work employs an alkylammonium pseudo‐halogen additive to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and photostability of methylammonium (MA)‐free, Sn‐Pb PSCs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the pseudo‐halogen tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) has strong binding capacity with metal ions (Sn2+/Pb2+) in the Sn‐Pb perovskite lattice, which lowers iodine vacancy formation. Upon combining BF4− with an octylammonium (OA+) cation, the PCE of the device with a built‐in light‐scattering layer is boosted to 23.7%, which represents a new record for Sn‐Pb PSCs. The improved efficiency benefits from the suppressed defect density. Under continuous 1 sun illumination, the OABF4 embodied PSCs show slower generation of interstitial iodides and iodine, which greatly improves the device photostability under open‐circuit condition. Moreover, the device based on OABF4 retains 88% of the initial PCE for 1000 h under the maximum‐power‐point tracking (MPPT) without cooling.
Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant
Authors: Hersh Evan Whitney , Medina Alberto Ruiz‐Larrea , Whitton Jeannette 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPremiseApomictic plants (reproducing asexually through seed) often have larger ranges and occur at higher latitudes than closely related sexuals, a pattern known as geographical parthenogenesis (GP). Explanations for GP include differences in colonizing ability due to reproductive assurance and direct/indirect effects of polyploidy (most apomicts are polyploid) on ecological tolerances. While life history traits associated with dispersal and establishment also contribute to the potential for range expansion, few studies compare these traits in related apomicts and sexuals.MethodsWe investigated differences in early life history traits between diploid‐sexual and polyploid‐apomictic Townsendia hookeri (Asteraceae), which displays a classic pattern of GP. Using lab and greenhouse experiments, we measured seed dispersal traits, germination success, and seedling size and survival in sexual and apomictic populations from across the range of the species.ResultsWhile theory predicts that trade‐offs between dispersal and establishment traits should be common, this was largely not the case in T. hookeri. Apomictic seeds had both lower terminal velocity (staying aloft longer when dropped) and higher germination success than sexual seeds. While there were no differences in seedling size between reproductive types, apomicts did, however, have slightly lower seedling survival than sexuals.ConclusionsThese differences in early life history traits, combined with reproductive assurance conferred by apomixis, suggest that apomicts achieve a greater range through advantages in their ability to both spread and establish.
Forced migration and integration ‐ comparison of physical fitness of children from Poland and Ukraine as an indicator of general health
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Artymiak Paulina 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the study was to briefly analyze the results of selected fitness tests of Ukrainian adolescents against their Polish counterparts.MethodsThe study was school‐based, carried out between April and June 2022. It included 642 children from Poland and Ukraine (aged 10 to 16) who attended 10 randomly selected primary schools in Kraków (Poland). Analyzed parameters included physical fitness tests: flexibility test, standing broad jump, 10x5m shuttle run, abdominal muscle strength test (sit‐ups, 30 s), handgrip strength (left and right hand) and overhead medicine ball throw (backwards).ResultsThe Ukrainian girls obtained less favorable results of the fitness tests compared to the Polish children, with the exception of handgrip strength. Also the Ukrainian boys were characterized by lower results of the fitness tests, except for the shuttle run and handgrip strength of the left hand, compared to their counterparts from Poland.ConclusionThe Ukrainian children obtained mainly less favorable results of the fitness tests compared to the Polish children. It should be stressed that analyzed characteristics play an important role in childrens' current as well as future health. Considering the obtained results, to properly accommodate to the changing needs of the population, educators, teachers and parents should advocate for more physical activity opportunities for children. Additionally, interventions focused on fitness, health and wellness promotion, as well as risk‐reduction on individual and community levels should be developed and implemented.
A heat transfer model and supporting experiments to guide the uniform gelation of molecular oleogels during scale‐up
Authors: Sagiri Sai S. , Samateh Malick , Pan Shihao , Maldarelli Charles , John George 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe quest for novel vegetable oil structuring strategies has been progressing since the discovery of the deleterious impacts of trans fats. Although oleogelation using bioderived molecular gelators has been proven to be successful as an alternative to traditional hydrogenation methods, efforts are needed to meet the industrial requirements. A major constraint during the fabrication of oleogels is to achieve consistency in physical properties during scale‐up. Experiments showed that gelation fails to occur when larger volumes were prepared based on the minimum gelation concentration (MGC) of gelators, determined using the smallest oil volume (1 ml), a general laboratory practice. This observation was consistent with all the molecular gelators used in this study; sorbitol dioctanoate, mannitol dioctanoate, and 12‐hydroxystearic acid. To understand this behavior, a mathematical model was developed since gelator network propagation is governed by the cooling rate. The model indicates that maintenance of a minimal thermal gradient via uniform heat dissipation and gelation time is necessary to achieve homogeneous gel propagation across the vial. With these predictions, we hypothesized and confirmed that oleogels with constant surface area‐to‐volume ratio could result in identical gelation times and consistent physical properties (MGC, melting temperature, melting enthalpy, yield stress, solid phase content, and oil binding capacity) during scale‐up.
Searching for overlooked TDEs in the 4XMM catalogue
Authors: Sacchi Andrea , Risaliti Guido , Miniutti Giovanni 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTidal disruption events (TDEs) are usually discovered as bright transients, either in the X‐ray or optical/UV band. These events are often characterized by a “super‐soft” emission in the X‐ray band, which has not been observed in any other extragalactic source, with few exceptions (novae and supersoft active galactic nuclei, AGN), which can however be distinguished by their optical behavior. By cross‐correlating optical and X‐ray catalogs and filtering for extremely steep (photon index Γ > 3) and highly luminous (LX > 1041 erg s−1) objects in external galaxies nuclear regions, we aim to detect overlooked TDEs. With our blind search, we retrieved about 60 sources. Among these, 36 sources show steeper‐than‐usual spectra, but, with their optical classification, can be considered standard AGNs. Instead, fifteen are well‐studied supersoft AGNs or TDEs, demonstrating the efficiency of our selection. The remaining 9, are previously unknown sources. Five are extremely soft‐excess dominated AGNs, while 4 sources are optima TDE candidates. In this work, we focus on these 4 latter sources.
Annual progress of clinical research on targeted therapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer in 2022
Authors: Huang Yan , Zhang Li 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWith the rapid development of lung cancer molecular detection and precision therapy, targeted therapy has covered the entire process of diagnosis and treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Overall mortality from lung cancer has decreased significantly over the past 20 years, especially since the introduction of targeted drugs in 2013. In 2022, targeted therapy for lung cancer has developed rapidly. The optimization of treatment modes and the exploration of new target drugs such as antibody‐drug conjugates will broaden the selection range of nonsmall cell lung cancer patients with positive driver genes. This article reviews the latest advances in targeted therapy for driver gene‐positive lung cancer in 2022.