bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateral‐Torsional Buckling of welded I‐members with flame‐cut flanges: Experimental and numerical studies
Authors: Lebastard Maxime , Couchaux Maël , Bureau Alain , Hjiaj Mohammed 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEurocode 3 design rules for the lateral stability of welded I‐members are based on the assumption of hot‐rolled flanges. In practice, a large amount of welded I‐section members is made of flame cut flanges. However, residual stresses of hot‐rolled and flame‐cut flanges are quite different. The latter are more favourable with respect to out‐of‐plane buckling. The beneficial effect of flame‐cuts commonly performed at the flanges tips is then neglected in design standards. A literature review of lateraltorsional buckling tests on welded I‐members with flame‐cut flanges highlights a scarcity of results on mono‐symmetric and/or non‐uniform members. In addition, tests are generally performed on stocky cross‐sections while welded members are usually slender. Lateral‐torsional buckling tests have thus been conducted on four S355 slender welded members made of flame‐cut flanges: two uniform beams and two tapered beams. Within both couples of beams, one had a doubly symmetric cross‐section, the other one being mono‐symmetric. Experimental results highlight the impact of tapering and/or increasing the compression flange thickness whatever the beam type.These experimental tests are then modelled with shell finite elements considering imperfections, residual stresses and material laws measured experimentally. The results are in good agreement with experimental tests. Additional finite element analyses are performed varying the residual stresses distribution. A significant impact of the flange fabrication process is confirmed, flame‐cuts increasing substantially the lateral‐torsional buckling resistance.
Structural Response of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steel T‐stub Connections
Authors: Guo Xi , Kyvelou Pinelopi , Ye Jun , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation into the structural response of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) steel T‐stub connections subjected to tension. A total of fifty‐two T‐stub specimens of different printing strategies and geometric configurations were tested to failure. 3D laser scanning was employed to determine the specimen geometry, while digital image correlation was used to monitor the strain and displacement fields during testing. The structural response exhibited by the tested specimens was more complex than that reported in the literature for conventionally fabricated T‐stubs. Therefore, a new approach for the determination of the plastic resistance and failure modes of WAAM T‐stub connections was developed. Finally, the obtained results were used to evaluate the applicability of current design equations to WAAM T‐stub connections.
Sandwich Panels as Building Envelope under In‐Plane Deformation: Experimental Program and Monotonic / Cyclic Response
Authors: Bittner Lara , Vulcu Cristian , Hoffmeister Benno 
Published: September 2023

AbstractStrong earthquake loads can cause significant damage to buildings, but even moderate earthquakes with higher return periods are socially relevant as they may cause both infrastructure and economic failures. In an ongoing German nationally funded research project, the behavior of facade elements in lightweight metal construction under in‐plane deformation is currently being investigated with the aim to assess the response and the energy dissipation capacity in the case of seismic events. As past research results indicate the contribution of wall and roof elements to the stiffening of buildings, with the possible consequence of increased earthquake loads due to the natural frequency change, a novel approach for increased resilience of structures with building envelopes in lightweight metal construction may be developed. On the basis of a series of experimental tests, under monotonic and cyclic loading, the effects of in‐plane deformation were studied separately from external influences such as wind and thermal loads. This paper presents: (i) a brief state of the art; (ii) a description of the research framework; (iii) the experimental program; (iv) the specimen configuration, test set‐up, loading protocol and instrumentation; (v) the response under monotonic and cyclic loading; (vi) the main conclusions, as well as the ongoing and future research activities.
Shear transfer at the steel‐concrete interface using different mechanical connectors
Authors: Bogdan Teodora , Degee Herve , Dragan Dan , Obiala Renata 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe present article is dealing with an assessment of the longitudinal shear at the steel‐concrete interface using several types of mechanical connections. Experimental and numerical tests have been performed to understand better the short and long‐term effects of the influence of the newly defined connectors.Experimental tests consisted of 12‐column push‐out tests (CoPOT). In the test campaign, four types of surface finishing have been tested: i) reference tests (0v2) without any mechanical shear connectors, (ii) angled, V‐shaped, variant of the novel flat shear connector (Av2), (iii) transversal variant of the novel flat shear connector (Bv2) and (iv) multiple ribs on the flanges having a height of 0.7mm (Cv2). Three specimens for each configuration were tested in short‐term loading. The loading procedure defined in EN1994‐1‐1:2004 Annex B was applied for all the tests. Also, one of each specimen was tested in long‐term loading to observe the effect of concrete shrinkage on the quality of bond performance. No significant differences in behavior were observed between both load sequences and the test results after shrinkage is within the short‐term tests’ margin of variation. Numerical simulations performed using FE software Abaqus®, while applying a simplified definition of the bond, supported the results of the previous investigation.
Fatigue strength assessment of riveted shear splices
Authors: Lettieri Annarosa , Latour Massimo , Rizzano Gianvittorio , Milone Aldo , D'Aniello Mario , Landolfo Raffaele 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOld‐steel riveted bridges are part of the heritage asset in many countries. Assessing the remaining life and fatigue strength of their structural riveted details is crucial in managing these structures. According to JRC‐ECCS document Assessment of Existing Steel Structures: Recommendations for Estimation of Remaining Fatigue Life, fatigue class 71 is recommended to estimate the fatigue strength of riveted details. However, the predicted fatigue behaviour can lead to excessively conservative estimates. Hence the research community is still focusing on the suitability of current recommendations. This work performs a numerical study to evaluate the fatigue strength of riveted double‐shear splices. Experimental fatigue test results are collected from the literature, and some are used to develop a finite element model in ABAQUS and Fe‐Safe. The adopted modelling fatigue approach is applied to investigate the fatigue behaviour of double‐shear riveted connections with different geometrical properties. The numerical results are compared with all collected data, showing the procedure's effectiveness in predicting the fatigue strength of double‐shear riveted splices. Finally, the numerical and experimental results are compared with the recommended S‐N curves.
Truss bridge design with reclaimed steel elements by performing a stock‐constrained shape and topology optimisation
Authors: van Lookeren Campagne Fé , Sonneveld Michelle , van der Meer Frans , Noteboom Chris , Kavoura Florentia 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTo move up the circular economy hierarchy steel profiles should be reused instead of recycled. To efficiently utilise the limited availability of reclaimed steel elements in new structures, a different approach is required: form follows availability. This paper presents an algorithm for generating truss bridge designs using only reclaimed steel, which optimises material efficiency and avoids cut‐off waste. The algorithm does not require an initial design or a grid of possible positions like the commonly used ground structure method. Instead, it lets a truss geometry grow from start to end. The algorithm was developed using Python in Grasshopper, resulting in a user‐friendly parametric design process. By defining the width and span of a truss bridge and providing a stock of reclaimed elements, a solution cloud of locally optimal truss bridge designs in terms of capacity utilisation is generated, which comply to Eurocode provisions. An optimal design can be selected with given objectives, e.g. the lowest environmental impact. A case study showed that the developed growth method can lead to a truss with 63% less embodied carbon than conventionally designed new steel trusses and 17% less embodied carbon than optimised standard truss designs with retrofitted reclaimed steel elements.
Design optimisation of welded I‐beams made of high strength steels
Authors: Saufnay Loris , Renotte Tom , Mahieu Ludovic , Demonceau Jean‐François 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNowadays, hot rolled steel sections are used in practice. The cross‐sectional dimensions are therefore fixed and catalogued by the steel manufacturers. However, when the span of the members and/or the applied load becomes significant, such hot rolled steel sections can no longer meet the ultimate and/or service design criteria and the use of a built‐up welded I‐beam should be considered. They are typically made of three steel plates welded together to form a monolithic I‐beam. By varying the dimensions of these plates, an infinite amount of cross‐section geometries can be defined. But face to this high variability of solutions, the designers encounter difficulties in identifying the most appropriate combination of geometrical and mechanical properties for the constitutive plates.To study and optimise these profiles, a MATLAB® routine has been developed at the University of Liege. It allows, for different load cases, to find suitable cross‐sectional dimensions that minimise the weight and/or the total cost of the element. This routine follows the current recommendations prescribed in prEN1993‐1‐5 and evaluates the possibility of using transverse stiffeners along the web to further reduce the weight and cost of the element. The so‐developed routine is presented in the present paper. Also, the advantage of considering the use of high strength steels for such structural members is discussed to propose recommendations to the designers for the selection of the most appropriate steel grade.
Robot supported Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Steel Columns
Authors: Waldschmitt Benedikt , Lange Jörg 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a robot‐controlled welding process used to build up three‐dimensional structures in steel. Like other Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, WAAM allows for geometrically‐complex structures to be manufactured which may be unfeasible using conventional methods. Over recent years, WAAM has also gained prominence in the fields of architecture and civil engineering, with applications ranging from fully‐printed steel bridges to individualized steel components. This paper presents the additive manufacturing process of large‐scale applications, focusing on steel columns with circular hollow cross‐sections (CHS). The paper highlights the specific features of the necessary welding and process parameters before the manufacturing process is described in detail. Digital models and welding trajectories are generated with Parametric Robot Programming (PRP) and serve the robot‐controlled printing process. The AM itself is monitored by multiple process‐control checks giving information about resulting weld thicknesses, heights and welding errors influencing the manufacturing strategy of the CHS columns. To be able to make a closing statement about the load‐bearing capacity of the WAAM‐manufactured CHS, final load tests on (stub) columns are carried out.
Load‐carrying capacity of MAG butt and fillet welded joints on high‐strength structural steels of grade S960QL and S960MC
Authors: Brätz Oliver , von Arnim Mareike , Eichler Stefan , Gericke Andreas , Henkel Knuth‐Michael , Hildebrand Jörg , Bergmann Jean Pierre , Kuhlmann Ulrike 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe use of high‐strength structural steels brings great advantages in constructions regarding material requirements, weight reduction and productivity. Different steel grades within the S960 range are commercially available but not yet represented in Eurocode 3. The weldability of these steels is limited to smaller process windows to ensure the high material properties. In contrast to steels with moderate strength, there is a considerable risk of softening in the heat‐affected zone causing a strength reduction of the connection. By now, the current EN 1993‐1‐12 only extends the design rules to cover steel grades up to S700. Therefore, the potential of these high‐strength steels cannot be used to its full extent in structural engineering. This study, made within a steel application research project (FOSTA P 1507), deals with the weldability and load‐carrying capacity of butt and fillet welded joints of S960QL and S960MC produced by gas‐shielded metal arc welding. The influence of different bevel geometry, filler metal, and plate thicknesses was investigated. To extend the design rules up to S960, a need of an amendment was found for some combinations.
Monotonic and cyclic response of mild, stainless, and high‐strength steels, and their welded connections
Authors: Ene Anna , Stratan Aurel , Both Ioan , Abrudan Ovidiu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the last decades, a significant number of studies have been devoted to the use of high‐performance steels in construction industry, due to their superior mechanical properties. High‐performance steels include, among others, austenitic stainless steel for its large ductility and excellent toughness and high‐strength steel for its high proof stress. When several steel grades are adopted in the same structural component, welded connections between dissimilar steels have a decisive importance in the seismic performance of a dissipative member. An experimental assessment of the monotonic and cyclic response of the of S235 mild‐carbon steel, 1.4404 austenitic stainless steel and S690 high‐strength steel is presented in this paper. The experimental program concerns a series of tensile tests and low‐cycle fatigue tests in several different protocols, performed both on base materials specimens, and on welded connections between dissimilar steels. Besides the material characterization which could provide reliable data for further calibration of the numerical models, the investigation of welded connections allows assessing the feasibility of combining dissimilar steels in dissipative structures.
Influence of load and high temperature on the post‐fire behaviour of high‐strength structural steels
Authors: Lapuebla‐Ferri Andrés , Pons David , Romero Manuel L. , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this work, an experimental campaign was carried out to evaluate the post‐fire mechanical performance of high‐strength steel specimens (grade S700) when being subjected simultaneously to different combinations of tensile load and elevated temperature. To this end, transient‐state tests were firstly carried out to obtain the ‘critical temperature’, i.e., the temperature at which a specimen failed while being simultaneously subjected to tensile load and heated at a constant temperature rate. Secondly, post‐fire tests were performed on unloaded as well as loaded specimens. For that purpose, specimens were heated to temperatures below the critical temperature, cooled down in air and finally submitted to tensile testing. In order to investigate the influence of production route, specimens were extracted from cold‐formed circular hollow sections and hot‐rolled sheets. Moreover, coupons with five different thicknesses were tested to investigate the influence of section thickness on the post‐fire behaviour. Residual values of yield strength, ultimate strength, elastic modulus and ductility were determined from the tests and discussed.
New developments in heavy plates for offshore structures
Authors: Lehnert Tobias , Graf Tobias 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWind energy is one of the most important pillars in the urgently needed transformation to a more renewable and sustainable world. Electricity demands as well as hydrogen demands are growing and therefore more and more wind turbines will be installed on‐ as well as offshore. To the success of wind energy steel is indispensable and especially heavy plates play a crucial role in the production and installation of offshore wind farms, e.g. for the towers, the foundations of bottom‐fixed turbines or for the strongly growing demand of floating offshore wind turbines. New developments in heavy plate production can therefore help fulfilling the demands for new and larger turbines as well as to bring overall construction cost down by improving the fabrication of these structures. These developments can be related to plate dimensions, tougher materials and steel grades with higher strength or the weldability of the steel in use. This paper will include some of these developments for offshore wind turbines as well as offshore wind business in general and will give an overview on their benefits.
Moment Resisting Frames under the light of Japanese and European Codes
Authors: Maglio Maria , Nastri Elide , Piluso Vincenzo , Sabatino Simona , Sato Atsushi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe aim of the work is to make a comparison between the European and Japanese approaches to design Seismic‐Resistant Steel Frames (MRFs) in high seismicity areas. Therefore, the design rules for both the seismic codes are analyzed and compared. These design rules are applied to design a benchmark structure in DC3 ductility class (according to the new prEN1998) and following the Route 3 procedure (according to the Building Standard Law in Japan, BSL). The examined structural typology is a Spatial Moment Resisting Frames with regularity in plan and elevation configuration. The Japanese approach is divided in two stages. The first one regards the Allowable Stress Design (Elastic analysis) in which all the parts of the structure must be kept elastic; service and damage limitation requirements are in demand. The second stage regards the Ultimate Strength Design (Plastic Analysis) in which no‐collapse requirement and the protection of the human life are in demand. The seismic performance of the designed structures is evaluated by means of pushover analyses.
A Fourier‐series numerical approach for the analysis of tubular members
Authors: Ádány Sándor , Schafer Benjamin W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper provides an efficient and robust numerical solution for the linear buckling analysis of tubular members, such as the supporting tower structures of wind turbines. The method uses Fourier‐series approximations for the displacement functions. Longitudinal discretization can optionally be applied, i.e., the member can be divided into segments. The strain‐displacement relationship directly considers the curved geometry. The implementation allows for arbitrary support conditions. Four pure loading situations are considered, uniform – in each segment – along the length: normal force, bending moment, torque, and shear force; however, they can arbitrarily be combined, as is commonly occurring in wind turbine towers. The applied methodology results in a computational advantage compared to the shell finite element method, while still maintaining much more generality and applicability compared with common analytical solutions. Furthermore, the method is supplemented with features, as spectral analysis and buckling length calculation.
Bearing capacity of headed studs under combined tension and shear loading in composite beams with large web openings
Authors: Risch Manuel , Kurz W. , Wolters K. , Janiak T. , Christou G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe use of steel‐concrete composite structures with a high installation grade is becoming increasingly popular in building and industrial construction. To reduce construction height building services are routed through web openings in the girders. However, these openings represent local points of interference where, in the case of composite girders, parts of the acting shear forces are transferred from the web of the steel profile into the concrete slab. This results in additional, local stresses in the remaining steel girder and in the concrete chord, which must be considered in the design of the floor girders and shear connectors. Web openings in composite girders are not addressed in the current European design standard for steel‐concrete composite construction (EC 4). Only with the introduction of the second generation of Eurocodes in the coming years this case will be normatively regulated. During the preparation of the standard further questions about the load‐bearing behaviour arose, as the existing design approaches usually only consider a selection of possible failure scenarios or neglect essential verification steps. A joint research project between the University of Kaiserslautern‐Landau and RWTH Aachen University aims to develop a suitable design concept for composite girders with web openings. Model and beam tests accompanied by numerical simulations will provide further information on the complex local and global load‐bearing behaviour of the composite girders.This paper presents the results of experimental investigations and numerical simulations on the influence of large web openings on the global load‐bearing behaviour of the shear connectors in the composite joint. Based on 60 pull‐out tests and numerical simulations, the load‐bearing behavior of head bolt anchors under combined shear and tensile loading was researched and evaluated.
Numerical investigation of a steel tied arch bridge under fire loading
Authors: Covi Patrick , Tondini Nicola 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBridges are strategic infrastructures designed to withstand operating and accidental load conditions. However, among accidental actions, the current structural standards of bridges do not explicitly consider fire actions. However, the fire risk is not negligible, as highlighted by the scientific literature. In fact, despite the probability of occurrence of a fire impacting a bridge is certainly lower than for building, the consequences can be high. Indeed, high vulnerability to the fire of bridges can have a significant impact on the functionality of the infrastructural network. Too high deformations can cause the loss of functionality of the structure with severe repercussions on vehicular traffic and services often incorporated into the structure. The present work fits into this context by analysing the fire vulnerability of a steel tied arch bridge. In most cases, the restraints at the end of the bridge are considered free or fixed‐end conditions. However, the presence of the thermal joints induces restraint conditions that are in between the two limit cases. The modelling of the thermal expansion joints of the bridge was considered. Different plausible fire scenarios were taken into account and were modelled according to natural fire curves. A series of thermomechanical analyses were then developed to identify the failure modes and times of collapse, as well as the deformation behaviour that can cause the loss of functionality.