bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher Education in Hong Kong
Authors: Jiang Jin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As an Asian cosmopolitan city, Hong Kong has a higher education system that is highly internationalized and is well-recognized for its international standing and reputation. In recent years, the city has been developing Hong Kong’s higher education system into an education hub in the Asia-Pacific region. Against this background, this chapter discusses the recent development and challenges of the higher education sector in Hong Kong. After providing an overview of the current higher education system in Hong Kong, this chapter analyzes recent structural changes to the higher education sector as a result of marketization and diversification strategies, the impact of dramatic expansion of the higher education sector, and the ongoing movement to internationalize higher education in Hong Kong. This chapter also investigates the impact of such changes on social inequality and mobility, as well as university governance in higher education.
Education for All?
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn A. , Marshall Stephen J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
New Zealand’s university system is barely 150 years old and in that time has experienced significant growth and change, sharing challenges with universities worldwide in addressing social, cultural, economic, technological, and educational change. The system operates in a highly neoliberal policy space with an emphasis on direct economic impact, shaped strongly by global rankings and their influence on the attractiveness of universities to international students and their associated export earnings. A major issue facing the country is the systematic inequality experienced by indigenous Māori and by Pacific Island communities and this is being addressed through policies mandating performance targets on educational institutions. Associated with this are ongoing issues in building a domestic academic workforce, particularly in the Māori academic community, in the face of research performance systems that focus on international impact. The future state of the system is unclear. This chapter considers a range of strategies for leaders.
Higher Education in Myanmar
Authors: Lall Marie , Kandiko Howson Camille , Tun Aye Aye 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Historically, Myanmar had a leading higher education system in the Asian region. Civil strife over the past 70 years has led to deterioration, with universities having faced long periods of closure in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s. Students’ engagement in pro-democracy movements led to the government tightening control and limiting funding, curtailing higher education’s ability to be an engine for economic and social change. Reforms started in 2012, supported by international development partners, focusing on key issues of university autonomy, the right to form unions and formulate their own curriculum. The National Education Strategic Plan in 2015 developed sector bodies to address governance and management capacity, quality and equitable access to higher education. A coup on February 1, 2021 has plunged the country back into civil unrest, with closures and academics participating in protests. With reforms curbed and retrenchment from international engagement, the future direction of higher education remains uncertain.
Queering the Psyche Through Music
Authors: Weigel Leif 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Music is an essential muse in developing our understanding of queer and trans music therapy in theory and clinical application. Through philosophical ruminations that stem from an intimate auto theoretical lens, this chapter explores how music emulates queerness by operating outside binary structures. Music imposes an innate queering on our psyche, as well as offers a fundamentally queered social framework that primes us for full spectrum thinking, variability, and inclusivity. This chapter invites readers to adopt a musicological framework to gain insight on how queer and trans identity can be embraced in the field of music therapy. In response to efforts queering the field, this chapter flips the question to ask ‘How does music queer us?’
The Role of Religion for the Development of Work-Family Policies
Authors: Peng Ito , Payette Alex 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main focus of the chapter is on the role of Confucianism for cross-national differences in the contemporary work-family policies in East and Southeast Asian countries. The policies of these welfare states, which represent the “Confucian” welfare regime, are characterized by family policies that traditionally are strongly based on family obligations for care and a weak welfare state. However, more recently, many of these countries have begun to strengthen the role of welfare states in order to support families’ care needs. In order to answer their research question, the authors compare current work-family policies in China, Singapore, and Japan, using a Most Similar System Design (MSSD) method. They find that these countries are charting distinct family policy paths by “handling” Confucian ideas differently. The differences can be explained, according to the findings, by these countries’ policy legacies and social and institutional contexts.
Change and Variety in Family Forms
Authors: Stearns Peter N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a sweeping historical review of the structure and patterns of family relations from the agricultural age (roughly 3500 BCE to the 18th century) to the 21st century. It examines how structures have responded to the two most fundamental changes in human life: the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, and the more recent shift from agriculture to urban/industrial—a shift still underway in many parts of the world, and still prompting adjustments even in advanced industrial societies. In sketching the basic features of agricultural, and then industrial, families, this chapter captures key aspects of the family dynamic over time. It also analyzes how families have responded to major differences in social structure, such as how birth rates, marriages ages and other crucial patterns have varied considerably between upper and lower classes.
Treat All Families Equally?
Authors: Miho Antonela , Thévenon Olivier 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Growing family complexity and diversity has increased uncertainty about family relationships and weakens the private safety net provided by families for their members. In order to respond to such uncertainty, it is necessary that the legal obligations of family members and the rules providing access to public benefits and safety nets are adapted to the diversity of family living arrangements. This chapter highlights challenges raised by the increasing informality and complexity of family living arrangements in ensuring that all children have equal access to the same level of social support. It discusses policy developments that can be adopted to ensure that parents of children in nontraditional family settings get access to social protections that fully suit their family living arrangements.
Social Investments in Early Childhood
Authors: Jeroslow Phyllis 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Phyllis Jeroslow surveys family policies that are seen as providing “social investments” in early childhood, which are divided into three types of benefits: children’s allowances, paid parental leave, and early childhood education and care (ECEC). The survey examines the historical development of these early childhood benefits and the pattern of expenditures on these benefits in 10 advanced industrialized countries that represent alternative welfare regimes. In analyzing the expenditure trends, Jeroslow suggests that the policies developed less in response to unified principles and well-defined goals than to political contingencies and challenges arising at different times. In closing, she contrasts the social investment perspective, designed to meet the needs of the market economy, to an alternative view that promotes the humanistic goal of developing children’s potential to the fullest without regard to market demands.
Childcare Policies and Fertility Considerations
Authors: d'Addio Anna Cristina 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the multiple determinants of declining fertility rates in many countries throughout the world and the family-friendly policies designed in response to this trend. The major factors identified as driving down fertility include the delay of childbearing related to increasing years of education, at the end of which expanding opportunities in the labor market further postpone childbirth. In addition, women’s childbearing decisions are constrained by the fact that the indirect costs of raising children fall more heavily on mothers than fathers. A reading of the research suggests that economic conditions and government support for early childhood care and education (ECCE), which promote greater gender balance between family life and work, are likely to play an important role in boosting fertility rates.
Raising Children in Stepfamilies
Authors: Stykes J. Bart 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Stepfamilies are a form of family diversity, which is increasing alongside the climbing rates of divorce in modern times. Describing the demographic trends related to the formation and magnitude of stepfamilies, J. Bart Stykes observes that in many Western societies approximately 10–15% of children experience life in a stepfamily. Stykes notes that ambiguous legal rights and obligations, which challenge stepfamily relations among married couples, are further complicated in cohabiting stepfamilies. In the United States, cohabitating stepparents’ economic contributions are not formally considered in the definition of family income when assessing eligibility for public assistance. The ambiguity of family policy concerning stepparents’ rights has resulted in legal decisions that define stepparents’ relationships as ranging from that of a de facto parent to that of a legal stranger to their stepchildren.
Cross-Border Marriages and Marriage Migration
Authors: Le Bail Hélène 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the advent of globalization, family diversity is further advanced by the rates of marriage migration, which are rising in Europe, the Americas, and most prominently in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and other countries of Northeast Asia. Hélène Le Bail explores the geography and routes of cross-border marriages along with the positive and adverse consequences of this trend. She highlights the contradictory discourse surrounding cross-border marriages, which on one hand is seen as a cultural threat to a homogenous society, and on the other hand as a favorable solution to declining fertility rates in places such as South Korea, where public policy now lends support to the “multicultural family.”
Family Change in the Context of Social Changes in Asia
Authors: Gietel-Basten Stuart A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the family’s social and demographic changes since the mid-20th century in the East and Southeast Asian territories of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The demographic trends of family life in these regions have produced some of the lowest fertility rates and the longest life expectancies in the world, which has created issues that could not be imagined in the late 20th century. Gietel-Basten points out that the rapid decline in family size and increased aging of the population has occurred while social norms and values concerning intergenerational responsibilities have been slower to change. Under these circumstances the traditional filial obligation to care for parents has led to a “4-2-1” system for many (particularly in China), in which two parents end up caring for one child and two sets of grandparents. As mothers increasingly enter the labor force, the social and demographic trends in the East Asian territories create rising pressures on family resources and welfare state provisions for the long-term care of older persons.
Diversity of Childcare Policies in Nordic Welfare States
Authors: Duvander Ann-Zofie , Nyberg Anita 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the development of publicly financed childcare (PFC) and cash for care in Finland, Norway, and Sweden, from the 1960s until today. These three countries show quite different development trajectories over time. In all three, but especially Finland and Sweden, women entered the labor market before the PFC services had developed and childcare was initially often arranged privately. Informal family day care was eventually replaced by formal family day carers being employed by the municipality. This happened less in Norway, where women entered the labor market later. Preschool activity then expanded over time, first in Sweden and somewhat later in Finland and Norway. Over time the preschools became the dominant form of childcare, but the prevalence of cash for care differentiates the situation in the three countries, especially regarding children’s age at start of PFC. Today, Finland is the country where cash for care is still widely used and children start later in preschools. The chapter also describes the comparative cost and subsidized fees of PFC, when various parental groups got access to PFC, and indicators of quality in the three countries. The authors draw the conclusion that the motivation to expand PFC to facilitate women’s work has today been replaced by a motivation centered around children’s needs, a move in which informal caregivers have largely been replaced by educated preschool teachers.
Varieties of Public Policy toward Domestic Violence
Authors: Sack Emily J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Similar to child maltreatment, domestic violence is a problem that devastates family life. These two problems often co-occur and a child’s exposure to domestic violence is considered a form of child abuse in some states. Noting that domestic violence accounts for approximately 38% of the murders of women worldwide, Emily Sack surveys an array of measures dealing with domestic violence from criminal law to child custody policies. She explores controversial issues such as respecting the autonomy of victims who do not support arrest or prosecution of an abusive partner, while insuring their safety and enforcing community norms. Sack questions the practice of removing children from their mothers on charges of child neglect due to exposure to domestic violence. Presenting diverse arguments made for criminalization and decriminalization of domestic violence, she highlights the basic issues surrounding the state’s role in protecting victims and argues for policies that give greater consideration to the victims’ varying needs and diverse circumstances.
The Growth and Consequences of Quasi-markets in Long-Term Care
Authors: Palomera David , León Margarita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the extension of markets in Western Europe’s long-term care (LTC) systems has shaped the provision of care over the most recent decades. The chapter pays attention to the provision of formal LTC, with a special focus on public and private relationships, taking into consideration the relevance of national and regional contexts. The chapter outlines relevant conflicts that quasi-markets and New Public Management (NPM) logics have brought to care economies. It shows the extent to which the impact of quasi-markets on care provision is mediated by specific market dynamics, such as who is available to provide good quality care and political economy contexts, including power relations between different actors. The chapter’s last section explores the introduction of quasi-markets in nursing homes in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in relation to two main issues: the impact of market structures and concentration dynamics on determining outcomes and the capacity to monitor, regulate, and hold private actors accountable in these four countries. The authors draw the conclusion that concentration dynamics in the nursing home sector should be carefully assessed, especially when it comes to understanding how investment capacity and capital accumulation affect public control. The exploration of recent quasi-market dynamics in the nursing home sector of the four countries studied here poses the fundamental question of how to reconcile the interests of powerful market actors and the responsibility of the state toward providing for good social care for all.
Intergenerational Resource Transfers in the Context of Welfare States
Authors: Vanhuysse Pieter , Gál Róbert Iván 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The main focus of the chapter is on “inter-age transfer,” or the resources reallocated among different age groups at a given moment in time. The welfare state is, in fact, primarily an inter-age, rather than an inter-class, redistribution vehicle. The chapter introduces a new approach to the measurement of such inter-age transfers that includes, besides welfare state public transfers and market-based private transfers, the transfer of unpaid household labor within the family ( time). The chapter uses a recently developed methodology, National Transfer Accounts (henceforth NTA) and National Time Transfer Accounts (henceforth NTTA), that includes familial transfers of money and of time into the calculation of the amount of inter-age transfers in a society. It shows that, once all three transfer types are taken into account, Europe proves to be a continent of elderly-oriented welfare states embedded within societies composed of strongly child-oriented families. By comparing the inter-age transfer systems of Sweden and Taiwan, the authors show that their overall transfer burdens are surprisingly similar.
Theorizing the Relationship between Family, Gender, and the Welfare State
Authors: Daly Mary 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter, written by Mary Daly, focuses on how the relationship between family, gender, and the welfare state can be and has been theorized and how different modes of this set of relationships are embedded in and realized by social policy. The author’s main purpose is to identify the most useful concepts and lines of analysis that provide a basis for a theoretical and conceptual approach. Considerable attention is therefore devoted to defining key concepts and to reviewing the literature on how the relationships have been conceived. The chapter also examines outcomes, moving beyond the theoretical and conceptual approach to identify the key elements and emphases of policy that make a difference. In terms of policy, the chapter focuses especially on family policy, which is set within the broader parameters of the welfare state, The chapter also focuses on high-income countries, especially the member countries of the European Union (EU).
Putting Philosophy of Political Science on the Map
Authors: Kincaid Harold , Van Bouwel Jeroen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Contrary to economics or history, for example, there does not exist an organized field dedicated to the philosophy of political science. Given that the philosophical issues raised by political science research are just as pressing and vibrant as those raised in these more organized fields, fostering a field that labels itself Philosophy of Political Science (PoPS) is important. PoPS is advanced here as a fruitful meeting place where both philosophers and practicing political scientists contribute and discuss—with philosophical discussions that are close to and informed by actual developments in political science, making philosophy of science continuous with the sciences in line with contemporary naturalist philosophy of science. The topics scrutinized in the different chapters of the Handbook will figure prominently in PoPS, as we lay out in this chapter.
Qualitative Research in Political Science
Authors: Zahle Julie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Abstract: In this chapter, the current state of qualitative research in political science is first characterized through an examination of three forms of research that are widely regarded as qualitative, namely research that employs the methods of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), process tracing, and ethnography. Next, the current state of qualitative research is characterized through a discussion of different conceptions in political science as to what is distinctive of qualitative research in general. Lastly, this twofold characterization is put into perspective by looking into how the current state of qualitative research in political science compares to that in other social sciences.
Interpretivism versus Positivism in an Age of Causal Inference
Authors: Lawler Janet , Waldner David 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders the long-standing opposition to interpretivism and positivism in light of recent methodological developments in statistics and social sciences. We discuss the emergence of “causal inferentialism,” show how it departs from major tenets of positivism and consider the ways in which it rests on tacit interpretivist foundations. We also discuss the emergence of new norms and practices among interpretivists, including a tacit shift toward causal explanations. We reflect on the similarity of question, interest, and form, which inspire both the interpretivist and the inferentialist methodology. In light of these developments, we consider the possibility that old antimonies might give way to collaborative projects.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
Authors: Russo Federica , Rihoux Benoît 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A core methodological approach in political science consists in comparing cases. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a methodology designed to do just that, in a systematic manner and exploiting strengths of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. This chapter presents QCA as a candidate methodology to go beyond the “qualitative-quantitative” divide and discusses whether, and to what extent, QCA helps address both why- and how-questions. Finally, the chapter discusses what it means to combine methods in an approach such as QCA, also implementing a mixed methods research (MMR) protocol. Using Ruphy’s approach of “foliated pluralism,” we explain that, from an epistemological perspective, the added value is that a pluralistic methodological approach such as QCA allows better and richer epistemic access to the phenomenon of interest, and also enables one to produce causal inferences.
Generalization, Case Studies, and Within-Case Causal Inference
Authors: Goertz Gary , Haggard Stephan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Abstract: Experiments no less than case studies always raise the question of generalization. This chapter discusses this problem and reviews a developing qualitative research practice that we call large-N qualitative analysis (LNQA). The core of the methodology lies in exploring postulated causal mechanisms within individual cases, but for a relatively large number of cases or even the entire population. The approach raises wider epistemological questions about how to generalize and the relationship between type and token causal inference.
Randomized Interventions in Political Science
Authors: John Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), whereby subjects are randomly assigned to different conditions and outcomes are compared afterward, have become a very popular method in political science because they offer the possibility of causal inference that is so hard to achieve otherwise. But the method attracts strong criticism, often made from outside political science. It is claimed that trials have poor realism, weak external validity, allow for only a limited range of possible research topics, and throw up unique ethical challenges. While political scientists should take good note of these criticisms when they design trials, they also need to be aware that these kinds of challenges are also faced by social scientists generally. All scholars need to be aware of the limits of the methods they use, which include randomized controlled trials.