bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Immune Reactivity by Phenylimidothiazole Salts in Mice Immunized by Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Renoux Gerard , Renoux Micheline 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two phenylimidothiazole salts, racemic tetramisole and l-isomer, levamisole, modulate mouse immune responsiveness. They produce either enhancement or depression of the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), depending on the dose and on time of administration of the drugs in relation to antigenic stimulus. They can render antigenic a quantity of SRBC which was insufficient in itself to immunize mice. These effects are not accompanied with an increase of serum antibody level. Immunostimulation does not modify the horse red cell background response. Enhanced immune responses are associated to splenocontraction, whereas the number of nucleated cells per spleen remains unchanged. Steric configuration of phenylimidothiazole salts plays a role, in that the d-optic isomer is almost completely devoid of immuno-modifying activities. The possible relationships between immunologic and pharmacologic activities of phenylimidothiazole salts are discussed.
Evidence for the T Cell Specificity of Sodium Periodate-Induced Lymphocyte Blastogenesis
Authors: Thurman Gary B. , Giovanella Beppino , Goldstein Allan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sodium periodate (NaIO4) treatment of lymphocytes can induce blastogenic transformation similar to that caused by plant lectins. In this study we have found that spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nude) mice do not undergo blastogenesis when treated with NaIO4, in contrast to the extensive blastogenesis observed with NaIO4-treated spleen cells from normal littermates (heterozygous for the nude gene) and CBA/J mice. Prior treatment with NaIO4 only partially reduced the capacity of nude spleen cells to respond to a B cell mitogen. Lack of stimulation of nude spleen cells treated with NaIO4 indicates the possible T cell specificity of this mitogenic agent.
Evidence That Different Antibodies Are Involved in the Production of Immunologically Induced Teratogenesis and Nephritis
Authors: Leung Christopher C. K. , Urdaneta Antonio , Jensh Ronald P. , Jensen Marcela , Brent Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since it has been well established that heterologous antiserum against whole rat kidney is both teratogenic and nephrotoxic, it is important to determine if these two separate pathologic effects are caused by the same or a different group of antibodies. Two antisera were prepared from the following groups of soluble antigens: (1) GBM antigens were obtained by solubilizing isolated rat glomerular basement membrane with trypsin, (2) PBS-soluble kidney antigens were obtained from the supernatant of homogenized, perfused whole rat kidneys following centrifugation at 105,000 × G. Both antisera were assayed for teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity of the antisera was evaluated by measuring proteinuria and examining light and electron microscopic preparations of kidneys following the injection of antisera into male rats and pregnant rats. The antiserum to trypsin-solubilized GBM antigens was nephrotoxic but not teratogenic while the antiserum to PBS-soluble kidney antigens was teratogenic but not nephrotoxic. In addition, the results of absorption studies utilizing antiserum against whole rat kidney indicate that a) the teratogenic effect of the antiserum against whole rat kidney can be abolished by incubating the antiserum with PBS-soluble kidney antigens, b) the nephrotoxic effects of the antiserum against whole rat kidney still persists after absorbing the antiserum with PBS-soluble kidney antigens. In vivo immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that the antibodies to PBS-soluble kidney antigens localized in the maternal GBM, Reichert's membrane, and visceral yolk sac endodermal cells whereas the antibodies to trypsin-solubilized GBM antigens localized only in the maternal GBM. These data indicate that the teratogenic antibodies present in the classical (Masugi) nephrotoxic serum are not the same group of antibodies that are responsible for nephrotoxicity.
The Role of Suppressor Cells in Avian Allogeneic Tolerance: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Marek's Disease
Authors: Rouse Barry T. , Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chicken embryos injected with pooled spleen cells from outbred embryos are tolerant to histocompatability antigens of the donor population. Tolerance can be shown by the failure of peripheral blood cells (PBC) from tolerant birds to produce graft versus host lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of outbred chicken embryos. It is shown that PBC from tolerant chickens can reduce by up to 85% the GVH reactivity of PBC from normal chickens. These results are interpreted to indicate that the PBC of birds tolerant to allogeneic cells contain active suppressor cells that can reduce the activity of normal cells in their response to allogeneic stimulation.
The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of Marek's disease—a common herpes virus-induced lymphoid neoplasm of chickens. It is suggested that resistance to neoplasia in this disease occurs because of the establishment of a population of active suppressor cells that prevents a neoplastic lymphoid proliferation.
Identification of a Highly Specific Memory T Cell Population: Lack of a B Cell Counterpart
Authors: Krüger Jürgen , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We immunized chimeric mice, which had chromosomally marked (T6) T cells, with sheep red cells (SRBC) or saline and then gave them injections of 3H-thymidine every 6 hr for 4, 8, or 12 days. At intervals thereafter, we reimmunized them with SRBC, horse RBC (HRBC), KLH, or saline, and did autoradiographic and karyotypic studies of their spleen cells. We identified a population of T cells which synthesize DNA within the first 4 days after immunization and then remain relatively quiescent until a further immunization, at which time they divide again. No B cell population behaves similarly, even when the period of labeling is extended to 12 days. The T cell response is highly specific in that HRBC immunization fails to activate cells labeled after SRBC immunization. A major portion of the T cells dividing in the secondary response are unlabeled. Control studies indicate that most of these unlabeled cells did not divide in the primary response nor were they naive T cells making a simple concomitant primary response. We conclude that some long-term memory T cells are generated by antigen-induced division of precursor cells. The cellular basis for T cell memory, however, cannot be ascribed entirely to the proliferation of a clone of cells. Either memory cells are generated by nonproliferative mechanisms and/or T memory cells recruit other T cells to respond.
The VHIII Subgroup of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains: Phylogenetically Associated Residues in Several Avian Species
Authors: Wasserman Richard L. , Kehoe J. Michael , Capra J. Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pooled IgG immunoglobulin heavy chains from five avian species were subjected to Edman degradation on an automated protein sequencer. Over 50% of each preparation was “unblocked” and suitable for automated sequencing. A single amino acid was present in greater than 90% of the positions studied. Analysis to position 24 or beyond showed unequivocally that these proteins belong in the VHIII subgroup.
The sequence studies allowed the derivation of a prototype avian sequence for the VHIII subgroup. When this avian prototype was compared with the mammalian prototype VHIII sequence, a high degree of sequence conservation was apparent. Such conservation, considered with the presence of phylogenetically associated residues in both the avian and mammalian proteins, strongly suggests that only limited numbers of germ line genes code for proteins of the VHIII subgroup.
Migration Inhibition Test in Leukocytes from Patients Allergic to Penicillin
Authors: Ortiz-Ortiz Librado , Zamacona Guillermo , Garmilla Clara , Arellano Maria T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocytes from patients with an allergy to penicillin failed to migrate when exposed in vitro to penicillin coupled to human γ-globulin. On the other hand, leukocytes from nonallergic individuals showed no inhibition of migration when exposed to the same antigen.
The sera from the allergic patients were able to sensitize leukocytes obtained from nonallergic individuals. Inhibition of migration of these sensitized leukocytes is produced upon exposure to penicillin-γ-globulin. However, a reversal of the latter inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed when the allergic sera were previously treated with penicillin G alone. The allergic sera able to sensitize leukocytes contained antibodies to penicillin. These antibodies were demonstrated by their ability to neutralize bacteriophage T4 coated with penicillin.
Peculiar Secretory IgA System Identified in Chickens
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Kobayashi Kunihiko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgA was purified from chicken bile and intestinal secretions by using Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The molecular structure of biliary IgA in chickens resembled the serum type of high polymeric IgA since it lacked a secretory component (SC), and had a molecular weight of 800,000 to 900,000. On the other hand, IgA in chicken intestinal secretions was different from the biliary IgA but was quite similar to mammalian secretory IgA (SIgA) since it was associated with a protein homologous to mammalian SC and had the value of 300,000 to 500,000. It can be predicted that the two types of chicken IgA show phylogenically intermediate characteristics of SIgA system.
Immunologic Evidence for Horizontal Transmission of MTV
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Lane Mary-Ann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult BALB/c female mice raised in the laboratory colony possess spleen cells capable of significant cytotoxic activity against target mammary tumor virus-(MTV) induced mammary tumor cells. If BALB/c females are raised in isolation, their spleen cells are not reactive. Reactivity can be induced in isolated females by caging them with a mouse neonatally infected with MTV. These data provide immunologic evidence for the horizontal transmission of MTV.
The Genetic Control of Antibody Binding Constants and Specificities in Inbred Rats
Authors: Ruscetti Sandra K. , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding constants of antibodies to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) from several strains of high and low responding rats and their various hybrids were measured by equilibrium dialysis. High responders produced antibodies with higher binding constants than low responders. Breeding studies showed that the ability to produce high affinity antibodies is under genetic control and is linked to the major histocompatibility locus. Aggregation of the antigen increased the quantity of antibody and its binding constant in the low responders and decreased both in the high responders. Precipitin reactions using various related synthetic polypeptides indicated that the antibodies produced by the high responders were more cross-reactive than those produced by the low responders. Breeding studies showed that this ability is also inherited in a dominant manner and is linked to the major histocompatibility locus.
Alterations of Murine Immunologic Responses after Silica Dust Inhalation
Authors: Miller S. D. , Zarkower A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The alteration of cell populations and functions related to immunologic responses were examined in the mouse after inhalation of silica dioxide (SiO2). Such exposure produced changes in the T and B lymphocyte population, in the macrophages, and in functions associated with each of these cell types. The possible nature of the immunologic alterations induced by silica dust inhalation is discussed.
In halation of silica dust enhanced the transformation of concavalin A responsive cells, the T lymphocytes, in the spleens of exposed mice, while decreasing the response in the cells of the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN). Mice exposed to silica dust by inhalation for 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after aerosol or subcutaneous immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra exhibited enhanced uptake of 3H-thymidine upon culture of their spleen lymphocytes with purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin.
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsive cell population, B lymphocytes, of both spleen and MLN cultures exhibited decreased uptake of 3H-thymidine at all times of assay after silica dust inhalation. Silica-exposed mice also had much lower numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen, decreased serum agglutinin activity, and generally lower numbers of PFC in the MLN when assayed with Escherichia coli LPS-coated sheep red blood cells after aerosol immunization with whole E. coli O55:B5. Similar immunodepression was noted in exposed mice immunized i.v. with whole E. coli, but to a lesser degree than via aerosol immunization. Depressed B lymphocyte immunocompetence was demonstrated with the adoptive transfer of spleen lymphocytes from exposed and control animals into irradiated recipients.
Alveolar macrophages from silica exposed mice had less ability to phagocytize E. coli, in vitro. Both alveolar and spleen macrophages from exposed animals exhibited decreased capacity to phagocytize antigen and initiate antibody formation, when compared to control animals, upon transfer of in vitro antigen “fed” macrophages from exposed mice to normal syngeneic recipients.
Depression of Human Monocyte Chemotaxis by Herpes Simplex and Influenza Viruses
Authors: Kleinerman Eugenie S. , Snyderman Ralph , Daniels Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine the effect of virus infection on monocyte chemotaxis, we isolated mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from human peripheral blood on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and quantitated the chemotactic responsiveness in modified Boyden chambers. The MNL were exposed to herpes simplex (7 plaque-forming units/MNL) or influenza virus (103.0 hemagglutinin units/106.7 MNL) before quantification of chemotactic responsiveness of the cells to a chemotactic lymphokine. Incubation of these viruses with human MNL depressed monocyte chemotaxis by 62 to 85% (p &lt;0.001) as compared to MNL incubated with non-infectious (UV-irradiated) viruses or a control tissue culture preparation. Similar amounts of vaccinia, polio, and reovirus were not inhibitory, and suggested that the inhibition was not a universal effect of viruses. Depressed chemotaxis was not caused by virus-induced cytotoxicity (as measured by trypan blue exclusion) since greater than 95% of the MNL were viable at the end of the assay period. The data suggest that one mechanism for the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen in certain viral infections can be due to the ability of viruses to inhibit monocyte chemotactic responsiveness.
Specificity of the Local Secretory Antibody to Influenza a Virus Infection
Authors: Richman Douglas D. , Murphy Brian R. , Tierney Eveline L. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In animals immunization against influenza A virus via the respiratory tract provides protection against homologous virus challenge that is superior to immunization via a parenteral route although equivalent levels of specific serum antibodies are induced by both procedures (1–3). The evidence for superiority of local immunization in man is less definitive but several studies have shown at least comparable, if not superior, effectiveness of immunization with viral antigen via the respiratory route compared with the parenteral route (4–6). With a series of other respiratory tract viruses the local production of neutralizing antibody of the IgA subclass in the respiratory tract appears to be related to resistance to infection and disease in man; however, a definitive demonstration of the biologic role of local IgA antibody in resistance to influenzal disease has not yet been achieved (7–9). Recently, evidence was presented which suggested the respiratory tract possesses a local cell-mediated immune mechanism which is distinct from systemic cell-mediated immunity (10).
Letters To th Editor
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Hapel A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sir: The article by Scibienski, Harris, Fong, and Benjamini in the July issue of your Journal demonstrates suppressor tolerance in a way which is analogous to classical helper experiments: an animal tolerized to A and challenged with A-B dimer responds poorly to B. Since the tolerance was induced neonatally, there is a strong possibility that self-tolerance may operate in the same way, i.e., a foreign molecule coupled to a self antigen would invite a suppressed response. Some evidence exists for poor immunogenicity of haptens attached to self-components.
This has a number of interesting implications. Tumors are autologous cells with (sometimes) new antigens attached. The fact that they so often are poorly immunogenic may reflect a mechanism of the kind described by Scibienski et al.: suppressor cells, recognizing the self antigens, damp down the response to the tumor-specific antigens. Thus the tumor survives.
Variation in T and B Cell Deficiency in Different Mouse Allogeneic Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Urso Paul , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunologic deficiency of allogeneic radiation chimeras was examined in vitro by culturing spleen cells of the chimera with allogeneic or syngeneic (to donor-type cells of the chimera) activated thymus-derived (T) cells (ATC) or bone marrow-derived (B) cells. The plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep RBC of spleen cells from 100% of the CD2F1 → C3BF1 chimeras was improved considerably (27-fold) with allogeneic ATC but syngeneic ATC gave only a 2-fold increase. Allogeneic B cells induced a moderate increase (4-fold) in the response of spleen cells from only 19% of the chimeras while syngeneic B cells were ineffective. With spleen cells from the reciprocal C3BF1 → CD2F1 chimera there was only a 7-fold increase in the response with allogeneic ATC in 38% of the chimeras and only a 2- to 3-fold increase in 18% with syngeneic ATC. In contrast, there was a 27-fold increase in PFC in about 45% of these latter chimeras with allogeneic B cells while syngeneic B cells failed to improve the response. The PFC generated in mixtures involving both types of chimera spleen cells cultured together were typed with specific isoantiserum and shown to be of CD2F1 origin. These results demonstrate that deficiency in the interacting cellular components of the spleen will vary in different chimeras. Thus, CD2F1 → C3BF1 chimeras are primarily T cell deficient while those of the reciprocal combinations, C3BF1 → CD2F1, are deficient primarily in the B cell population.
Presence of Antigen-Binding Cells for Five Diverse Antigens at the Onset of Lymphoid Development: Lack of Evidence for Somatic Diversification during Ontogeny
Authors: Decker Janet M. , Clarke Jessica , Bradley Linda M. , Miller Alexander , Sercarz Eli E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells capable of binding antigen can be detected by half term in mouse, rabbit, and chick embryos, preceding the appearance of most organized lymphoid tissue, some other surface markers, and most immune function (help, antibody synthesis). Binding cells for five diverse antigens are all present at this early stage of development and in approximately the same order of magnitude, depending on the size of the antigen. The number of antigen-binding cells increases during ontogeny, although their frequency in the thymus decreases from the time the organ can first be assayed to the time of birth.
Antigen binding occurs via specific, Ig-like receptors. A proportion of cells is able to bind two antigens noncompetitively when both are added to the cell suspension.
The ability of the lymphoid system to recognize a diverse array of epitopes early in development suggests that genes coding for most antibody specificities are present in the germ-line complement.
Nucleic Acid Antibodies in African Trypanosomiasis: Studies in Rhesus Monkeys and Man
Authors: Lindsley Herbert B. , Kysela Susan , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections in rhesus monkeys led to development of antibodies to nucleic acids. The most dramatic response was to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA); lesser but significant responses were directed to native DNA (nDNA) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Maximum responses occurred at approximately 4 weeks. The antibodies to ssDNA were largely in the 19S fraction early in the course of infection, whereas later they were predominantly in the 7S fraction. Antibodies to nDNA were present almost entirely in the 7S fraction. Trypanosoma gambiense infections in humans were associated with the development of antibodies to ssDNA but not nDNA or dsRNA. These studies demonstrate that antinucleic acid antibodies develop during the course of African trypanosomiasis. The antigenic nucleic acids and any possible relationship to glomerulonephritis remain to be determined.
Relative Insensitivity of Spleen Cells to Interferon
Authors: Gifford George E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cell cultures were markedly resistant to the antiviral effects of interferon. At least 500 times more interferon was required to inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus replication in such cultures as compared to L-929 cells. Inhibition of virus replication was found only when sufficient interferon was employed also to partially inhibit the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The data suggest that the inhibition of virus replication was due to an inhibition of the stimulating effects of the mitogens on the cells as well as an inhibition of the low levels of thymidine incorporation in nonstimulated cells.
The Antibody Response to Myelin Basic Protein (BP) in Lewis Rats: The Effect of Time, Dosage of BP, and Dosage of Mycobacterium Butyricum
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Pitts Olin M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Through the use of a sodium sulfate method of radioimmunoassay the influence of variables such as the dosage of myelin basic protein (BP), the dosage of Mycobacterium butyricum, and the presence or absence of Bordetella pertussis was studied with reference to time of appearance and final level of anti-BP antibody in Lewis rats. Animals injected with constant amounts of mycobacteria (250 µg) and variable amounts of BP (2 to 50 µg) in Freund's complete adjuvant showed antibody levels which were proportional to the dosage of BP injected. The appearance of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) could not be correlated with antibody level. When doses of BP were held constant (2.5 µg) while doses of injected mycobacteria were varied (5 to 500 µg), animals receiving higher amounts of mycobacteria developed antibody later and at lower levels than animals receiving an intermediate dosage of 50 µg. Parameters found to have very little influence upon antibody levels were the administration of 6.4 × 109 B. pertussis organisms as an ancillary adjuvant and the frequency of animal bleeding. Mycobacteria control injections in complete Freund's adjuvant without BP were shown to induce anti-BP antibody formation above normal, particularly at lower doses, but adsorption studies showed no evidence for BP-mycobacteria cross-reactivity. The hypothesis was raised and discussed that a) a normal animal contains a few active B-cells which produce low levels of anti-BP antibody, that b) this non-proliferative B-cell response is antagonistic to and/or competitive with the cell-mediated EAE-producing T-cell response, that c) the injection of BP antigen and mycobacteria in high enough doses in complete Freund's adjuvant simultaneously neutralizes the normal protective responses and sets the stage for EAE, and that d) the later proliferative B-cell response usually comes too late to be inhibitory.