bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared Antigens between Human Malignant Melanoma Cells and Mycobacterium Bovis (BCG)
Authors: Minden Percy , Sharpton Thomas R. , McClatchy J. Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the antigenic relationships between human malignant melanoma cells and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Rabbits were immunized with sonicates of BCG or with malignant melanoma cells from different patients and the resulting antisera were tested for their capacity to bind radiolabeled soluble extracts prepared from BCG and melanoma cells.
The binding of antibodies to radiolabeled antigens was studied by precipitation of radiolabeled antigen-antibody complexes by anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. Antibodies in sera from rabbits immunized with either BCG (anti-BCG) or melanoma cells (anti-melanoma) bound both the labeled BCG and melanoma antigens. Control antisera, from rabbits immunized with human acute or chronic lymphatic leukemia cells or with normal human spleen cells, did not bind significant amounts of radiolabeled BCG. Antibodies in sera from rabbits immunized with normal spleen cells bound small but significant amounts of radiolabeled melanoma antigens. Binding by anti-BCG and anti-melanoma to the radiolabeled antigens was studied before and after absorption of antisera with cells from human melanoma, leukemia, guinea pig hepatoma, and normal human spleen cells. Inhibition studies using unlabeled BCG extracts also were carried out. The absorption and inhibition studies confirmed that the binding reactions were specific and that antigens from five melanoma patients shared antigenic determinants with BCG.
The Relative Paucity of IgE in Human Milk
Authors: Underdown Brian J. , Knight Allan , Papsin Fred R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The levels of IgE were determined in paired samples of serum and milk whey obtained 3 to 8 days of postpartum, from 16 human lactating mothers who had reported a history of allergy to a variety of common allergens. Two assay procedures were employed to measure total IgE, a double-antibody assay and a commercially available solid phase assay (RIST). In addition, each sample of serum and whey was tested for specific IgE antibodies to a variety of allergens by the RAST test. The levels of total serum IgE were between 30 and 2300 I.U./ml and relatively good agreement was observed for both the double-antibody and RIST methods. In contrast, total IgE levels in milk whey were either undetectable (&lt;3.0 I.U./ml in 14 of 16 subjects) or very low when analyzed by the double-antibody method, but were very high (400 to 1650 I.U./ml when analyzed by the RIST method. However, IgE added to milk whey could be measured by the double-antibody procedure indicating that the low levels detected in milk were not a fault of the double-antibody assay. It was assumed that the RIST test was subject to nonspecific interference by factors in milk whey which caused the determination of high, but incorrect, levels of IgE.
Specific IgE antibodies were detected in the serum of 10 of 16 subjects but were not present in milk whey. A comparison of the whey/serum ratios of albumin, IgA, and IgE suggested that little, if any, IgE is selectively synthesized or secreted in the mammary gland.
Motheaten: An Immunodeficient Mouse with Markedly Less Ability to Survive Than the Nude Mouse in a Germfree Environment
Authors: Lutzner Marvin A. , Hansen Carl T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The motheaten mouse is an immunodeficient mutant which has been found to have elevated immunoglobulin levels, to exhibit autoimmunity, and early death. Since survival is not improved by a germfree environment, it appears that some mechanism other than infection results in its early demise.
Relationship of CIF, LT, and PIF Released in vitro by Activated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Jeffes Edward W. B. , Granger Gale A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT), and proliferation inhibition factor (PIF) activities found in 5-day supernatants of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes (SAL) were further compared. In agreement with previous results, the activities could not be distinguished functionally. Quantitative differences in the amount of activity detected in the SAL could be accounted for on the basis of target cell differences, concentration of the lymphocyte effector molecules in the supernatant, and the parameter employed to assess cell function. Growth inhibitory activity detected at high supernatant dilutions was completely reversible, whereas the cytotoxic activity detected at low supernatant dilutions was irreversible. When the active medium was fractionated on DEAE, two peaks of inhibitory activity were detected. Depending upon the amount of activity and target cell, both peaks of activity were growth inhibitory or cytotoxic. Since both peaks of material affected HeLa and L-929 cells, the materials were not species specific. Thus, it appears that cloning inhibitor factor, LT, and PIF activities may actually be measures of the same stable materials found in 5-day activated lymphocyte supernatants.
Regulatory Factors Produced by Lymphocytes
Authors: Lee Sheng-Chung , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatant fluids of mitogen-activated human tonsil lymphocytes contain large amounts of a factor toxic to mouse L cells. This substance, with a m.w. of 80,000 ±5,000 daltons, is called α-lymphotoxin (α-LT), to differentiate it from another toxin elaborated by mitogen-activated human blood lymphocytes, called β-lymphotoxin (β-LT), which differs from α-LT in size (45,000 ±5,000 daltons), antigenicity, and stability. Further purification of α-LT by sequential phosphocellulose and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) identifies a series of cytotoxins differing in ion exchange characteristics and electrophoretic mobilities. The three PAGE fractions (PAGE Ia, Ib and II), recovered in 2, 4.6, and 21% yield from the starting serum-free culture supernatant, represent purifications of 24-, 24- and 1851-fold, respectively. Each cytotoxic fraction has a ribonuclease activity. Comparison of RNase and mouse L cell cytotoxic activities of the three α-LT fractions shows that both activities for all three fractions have a similar temperature stability pattern and that both are similarly inhibited by DNA, single strand forms better than double strands, by glycerol in 5 to 20% concentration, and by protein denaturing reagents. These observations suggest, but do not prove, that mouse L cell toxicity and RNase activity are mediated by the same substance, which appears to occur in multiple or isozymic forms.
Measurement of IgG-Blocking Antibodies: Development and Application of a Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Sobotka Anne K. , Valentine Martin D. , Ishizaka Kimishige , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay for measuring blocking antibodies has been developed. We used the ragweed antigen E system to show that the same blocking antibodies (IgG) measured by inhibition of antigen-induced leukocyte histamine release were precipitated in the binding assay (rs = 0.96, p &lt; 0.001), thus validating a widely applicable technique for measuring blocking antibodies. Binding of phospholipase-A (Phos-A), the major allergen in honey bee venom, was also shown to correlate significantly with inhibition of histamine release.
Hymenoptera (insect) hypersensitivity was used as a model to demonstrate application of the binding assay. Sera obtained from patients undergoing whole body extract therapy contained negligible amounts of specific blocking antibodies. Significantly higher blocking antibody titers to both whole honey bee venom and Phos-A were measured in sera drawn from patients immunized with whole venom. The use of the binding radioimmunoassay should facilitate management of allergic disease processes in which blocking antibodies are thought to be protective.
Low Molecular Weight Immunoglobulins in Rana Catesbeiana Tadpoles
Authors: Green Christopher , Steiner Lisa A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rana catesbeiana tadpoles formed high and low m. w. antibodies in response to immunization with a bacteriophage. Although the neutralizing activity associated with the low m. w. immunoglobulins was relatively weak, the existence of antibodies in this class was clearly demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Moreover, two antigenically distinct variants of the low m. w. antibodies were detected. These were serologically indistinguishable from the two types of low m. w. immunoglobulin previously isolated from the serum of adult frogs of this species.
Cross-Reactive T-Cell Antigens among Mammalian Species
Authors: Balch C. M. , Dagg M. K. , Cooper M. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fluoresceinated heteroantisera prepared against T cells of rats, monkeys, and humans were reacted with thymus and spleen cells from 11 selected species. These reagents recognized cross-reacting T cell antigen(s) among rodent species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, and hamster) and among primate species (monkey and humans). With one exception, the cross-reactivity was restricted to a phylogenetic order. All three antisera required relatively few absorptions to achieve T cell specificity for related species when compared to absorption requirements for the isologous species. Differentiation antigens within a phylogenetic order thus appear to be more homologous than other cell surface constituents on T cells.
B Lymphocytes in the Guinea Pig Thymus Are Specifically Localized in the Central Area
Authors: Baak Jan P. A. , Meijer Chris J. L. M. , Nieuwenhuyzen Kruseman Arie C. , Langevoort Henk L. , Kater Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the central area is an integral part of the guinea pig thymus, the cells in this area were compared with those in the thymic cortex and medulla in cryostat-sections by using methods for demonstration of E-, EA-, EAC-adherence and surface membrane immunoglobulins. In the extra cortical central area (ECCA) 15 to 25% of the lymphocytes showed EAC-adherence and 5 to 10% appeared to bear surface membrane immunoglobulins (SIg). In the lymph sinuses up to 70% of the lymphocytes were EAC- and SIg-positive. A small amount of EAC-adhering cells was present in the medulla of the central area. Cortical lymphocytes were EAC- and SIg-negative.
From these results we conclude that in the guinea pig thymus B lymphocytes are specifically localized in the central area.
Studies on the Genetic Control of Antibody Affinity: The Independent Control of Antibody Levels and Affinity in Biozzi Mice
Authors: Katz Fay E. , Steward Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The levels (Abt) and relative affinity (KR) of antibody produced to protein antigens injected in saline have been measured in the 22nd generation of the Biozzi high (Ab/H) and low (Ab/L) antibody-producing mice.
No significant differences in affinity were observed between the two lines of mice (p 0.10) but the levels of antibody (Abt) differed significantly (p 0.0025) when immunized with antigen in saline; however, both Ab/H and Ab/L mice were able to mount a high affinity response to protein antigens injected in Freund's complete adjuvant.
These results substantiate earlier observations that in mice, antibody affinity (KR) and antibody level (Abt) are under independent genetic control.
Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity Uncovered in the Cell Transfer of Classical Tuberculin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Askenase Philip W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cellular transfer of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) was studied. Guinea pigs immunized for CBH with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) provided cells which could transfer delayed and basophil-rich reactions in skin tests of recipients. Guinea pigs immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and skin tested at 3 weeks have classical tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity reactions (DH), which are characteristically devoid of basophils. However, recipients of cells from donors with DH, surprisingly, were found to have delayed skin reactions containing large basophil infiltrates which were lacking in the donors. Thus, recipients of classical cell transfers of tuberculin-type DH had delayed reactions which resembled CBH. Control experiments verified that the cell transfer of CBH from donors with DH was due to passive transfer with live cells and not transfer of contaminating humoral factors or active sensitization of recipients. It was concluded that cutaneous basophil responses were suppressed in CFA-immunized donors and expressed in cell transfer recipients.
Cells from donors immunized with CFA were enriched for nonadherent and nonimmunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes by passage through nylon wool columns, and these cells transferred conjugate specific CBH reactions. It was concluded that cells mediating these transfers were probably T cells. The finding of basophils in cell transfers of DH and a variety of other findings suggesting complex regulation of basophil numbers in tissue lead to the conclusion that the term CBH be used to simply describe a basophil-containing skin reaction.
HLA-Related Control of Spontaneous and Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity in Humans
Authors: Santoli Daniela , Trinchieri Giorgio , Zmijewski Chester M. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human lymphocyte preparations were tested for their ability to lyse both antibody-coated and unsensitized human target cell lines. The capacity to induce these two types of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent (Ab-CMC) and spontaneous (Sp-CMC), was detected by a 51Cr release assay. The reactivity of lymphocytes from individual donors showed a positive and highly significant correlation between Ab-CMC and Sp-CMC, leading to the hypothesis that the same type of effector cell is involved in the two cytotoxic mechanisms. Lymphocytes from male donors were about twice as effective as those from female donors in both systems. Moreover, the effector cells from male donors carrying HLA antigens A3 and B7 displayed a significantly lower reactivity in both Sp-CMC and Ab-CMC when compared with lymphocytes from male donors bearing any other HLA haplotype. The possible significance of the hyporeactivity of lymphocytes from normal subjects with HLA-A3,B7 haplotype in relation to an increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is discussed.
Human Transfer Factor: Effects on Lymphocyte Transformation
Authors: Burger Denis R. , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Finke Patricia , Nolte James E. , Mark Vetto R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transfer factor preparations from 57 different donors have been compared for effects on mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. Nine of the preparations were mitogenic when added to cultured lymphocytes although the magnitude of this activity was relatively low. The majority of the preparations (48/57) did not affect PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation although augmentation (6 of 57) and suppression (3 of 57) was observed with some. In addition we observed that most of the preparations tested suppressed ConA stimulation and augmented the PWM response.
When selected preparations were evaluated on antigen-responsive cells, there was a correlation between the magnitude of antigen responsiveness and the magnitude of TF augmentation of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation (p &lt; 0.005). Cultures that were not responsive to antigen (KLH-negative or BUdR-treated) could not be stimulated by TF from immune donors and antigen. These data suggest that TF preparations contain either stimulatory or inhibitory components and that TF is not capable of activating naive lymphocytes to undergo transformation in response to antigen.
Human Transfer Factor: Fractionation and Biologic Activity
Authors: Burger Denis R. , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Daves Doyle , Anderson William A. , Mark Vetto R. , Finke Patricia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human transfer factor (TF) was fractionated by exclusion chromatography and the fractions were tested for biologic activity in vivo and in vitro. Specific TF activity in vivo was found to reside in the major UV-absorbing peak (Fraction III). Fraction III eluted at 2.7 × V0 and transferred tuberculin, candida, or KLH-reactivity to previously negative recipients. Fraction III from nonreactive donors was ineffective.
When the fractions were tested in vitro, we found that both the mitogenic activity of whole TF and the suppressive activity to mitogen activation when present in TF was found in Fraction I. Fraction III contained components responsible for augmentation of PHA and PWM responses. In addition, Fraction III contained the component responsible for antigen-dependent augmentation of lymphocyte transformation. Fraction IV was suppressive to antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. These data suggest that TF preparations contain components which can affect immune reactions in both specific and nonspecific ways.
Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to DNFB in Mice
Authors: Moorhead John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance in contact sensitivity to DNFB can be adoptively transferred to normal mice with lymph node cells from tolerant donors. This tolerance is antigen specific and is mediated by T cells, i.e., “suppressor” T cells. Experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism(s) by which the suppressor T cells induce tolerance to DNFB contact sensitivity. The suppressor cells were effective only if they were present during the early stages of the afferent limb of sensitization. As measured by DNA synthesis, cell proliferation in the draining lymph nodes of recipients of suppressor cells was found to be significantly less than in control animals indicating that the suppressor cells acted, at least in part, by limiting or inhibiting DNFB-induced cell proliferation. This inhibition was shown to be antigen specific since the DNFB suppressor cells did not inhibit cell proliferation induced by oxazolone, an unrelated contact sensitizer. The ability to DNFB tolerant cells to block afferent sensitization pathways differs from the mechanism of tolerance to picryl chloride, reported by others, where efferent pathways are blocked.
Different Mechanisms for the Modulation of TL Antigens on Murine Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Esmon Naomi L. , Russell Little J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect radioimmunoassay has been used to study the antibody-induced changes in expression of TL antigens on mouse thymus and leukemia cells. The results obtained indicate that the incubation of TL+ cells in relatively high concentrations of anti-TL antisera results in a detectable, but not major, loss in the quantity of antigen detected in the plasma membranes. This decrease is not inhibited by azide. Although the antigen loss seems to coincide with the appearance of patching of membrane TL antigens on leukemia cells observed in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, this is not the case when thymocytes are used as targets. Fab fragments prepared from anti-TL antibodies can also induce a quantitative decrease in antigen expression. The major mechanism involved in membrane antigen loss seems to be endocytosis, although some shedding may also occur. Resistance to immune cytolysis (antigenic modulation) occurs during incubation in anti-TL antibodies before either endocytosis or antigen redistribution has progressed enough to be directly responsible. Since antigenic modulation does not represent a depletion in TL antigens being expressed on the cell surfaces, another mechanism must account for the failure of guinea pig complement to achieve cell lysis.
Site of Action of a Soluble Immune Response Suppressor (SIRS) Produced by Concanavalin A-Activated Spleen Cells
Authors: Tadakuma Takushi , Pierce Carl W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular site of action of SIRS, a soluble immune response suppressor released by Con A-activated spleen cells which suppresses antibody responses to heterologous erythrocytes by murine spleen cells in vitro, was investigated. Exposure of spleen cells to SIRS for 2 hr at 37°C or 1 hr at 4°C was sufficient to suppress 5-day antibody responses in vitro. Similar exposure of splenic or peritoneal exudate macrophages to SIRS also suppressed antibody responses by untreated splenic lymphoid cells; exposure of splenic lymphoid cells to SIRS was without effect. SIRS did not act via T cells which might have contaminated the macrophage preparations. SIRS-mediated suppression could be partially overcome by an excess of normal peritoneal exudate macrophages, but not by an excess of T or B cells. These data indicate that the target cell of SIRS activity is the macrophage. The results are discussed in the context of macrophage functions that could be affected by SIRS.
Studies of Idiotypic Antibodies: Reactions of Isologous and Autologous Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies with the Same Antibody Preparations
Authors: Scott Rodkey L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Outbred rabbits were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin diazotized to p-aminophenyl-N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMA). Anti-TMA antibodies were specifically purified and the F(ab′)2 fragments were isolated after pepsin digestion. Glutaraldehyde-polymerized anti-TMA F(ab′)2 fragments were reinjected back into the same animal that synthesized the antibodies to elicit an autologous anti-idiotypic (AAI) antiserum and were also injected into an allotypically matched recipient to elicit isologous anti-idiotypic (IAI) antiserum.
AAI and IAI antisera reactive with the same F(ab′)2 preparation were compared by assaying the populations of anti-TMA molecules reactive with each antiserum. The assays showed that the AAI antiserum reacted with smaller populations of molecules than did the IAI antiserum. The population of molecules recognized by the AAI antiserum was contained within the larger population recognized by the IAI antiserum. Hapten inhibition studies showed that the differences in the populations of molecules recognized by each antiserum were not related to the hapten-binding properties of the idiotypic antibodies: in one case both AAI and IAI reactions were equally inhibited by hapten; in another, the AAI reaction was inhibited more than was the IAI; in another, the IAI reaction was inhibited more.
Characterization of T and B Antigen-Binding Cells for β-Galactosidase
Authors: Swain Susan , Coons Albert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-binding cells to β-galactosidase were enumerated in thymus and spleen of mice of different ages and found to remain at a constant frequency throughout life. Thymic β-galactosidase-binding cells (ZBCs),6 representing T-binding cells, showed no appreciable fluctuation, whereas splenic ZBCs, a mixture of T- and B-binding cells, were slightly depressed at birth but found at normal frequencies by 1 week of age. In addition, germfree mice, both within the 1st week after birth and after maturity, had nearly as many binding cells as did conventionally reared age-matched mice. These results considered together suggest that the ability of cells of both T and B origin to recognize antigen, as revealed by their ability to bind β-galactosidase, arise independently of specific or nonspecific antigenic stimulation, as part of the normal ontogenic sequence of steps of differentiation. This is consistent with the theory of clonal precommitment of T and B cells.