bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable effects of vegetation characteristics on a recreation service depending on natural and social environment
Authors: Aiba Masahiro , Shibata Rei , Oguro Michio , Nakashizuka Tohru 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this study, we examined roles of three vegetation characteristics in provisioning of a recreation service by applying a machine-learning method to 4,708,229 spatially-explicit records of hiking activity in Japan. Then, expected impacts of land-use changes assessed and mapped based on the model. Associations between a recreation service and three vegetation characteristics were considerably variable depending on the social and natural environment such as accessibility and altitude. As a consequence, expected impacts of unit changes in vegetation characteristics on the service flow were considerably heterogeneous throughout the study area. The signs (positive or negative) of the impact can be reversed depending on the contexts even among nearby sites. Such notable but variable contributions of vegetation on a recreation service should be carefully reflected in landscape management. Even moderate changes in either the quantity or quality of vegetation can have a considerable impact on the frequency of hiking activity. Landscape management for promotion of the recreation service should be carefully designed for each locality on the grounds of the context-dependent effects of vegetation.
Sources of water vapor and their effects on water isotopes in precipitation in the Indian monsoon region: a model-based assessment
Authors: Tharammal Thejna , Bala Govindasamy , Nusbaumer Jesse M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClimate records of ratios of stable water isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) are used to reconstruct the past Indian monsoon precipitation. Identifying the sources of water vapor is important in understanding the role of monsoonal circulation in the δ18O values, to aid in monsoon reconstructions. Here, using an isotope-enabled Earth system model, we estimate the contributions of oceanic and terrestrial water vapor sources to two major precipitation seasons in India—the Southwest monsoon and the Northeast monsoon, and their effects on the δ18O in precipitation (δ18Op). We find that the two monsoon seasons have different dominant sources of water vapor because of the reversal in atmospheric circulation. While Indian Ocean regions, Arabian Sea, and recycling are the major sources of the Southwest monsoon precipitation, North Pacific Ocean and recycling are two crucial sources of Northeast monsoon precipitation. The δ18Op of the Southwest monsoon precipitation is determined by contributions from the Indian Ocean sources and recycling. Despite reduced precipitation, more negative δ18Op values are simulated in the Northeast monsoon season due to larger negative δ18Op contributions from the North Pacific. Our results imply that changes in atmospheric circulation and water vapor sources in past climates can influence climate reconstructions using δ18O.
Scapulohumeral kinematics and neuromuscular control during scaption are associated with passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles in competitive adolescent swimmers
Authors: Chen Po-Tsun , Wang Po-Kai , Chen Ting-Ting , Tuan-Mu Ho-Yi , Chiu Chih-Hao , Liu Kuan-Lin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles may affect scapulohumeral control, especially in overhead athletes due to sports-specific training. This study tried to assess the relationship between the passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles, scapulohumeral kinematics and neuromuscular control during scaption in swimmers. Ten male adolescent competitive front-crawl swimmers were recruited. The passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles were measured in standard postures by a hand-held myotonometer and dynamometer, respectively. Surface electromyography and electromagnetic tracking systems were synchronized to record the muscle activities and scapulohumeral kinematics during scaption. Correlations between the passive stiffness or strength of periscapular muscles and the kinematics or muscle activity were examined by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The maximal strength of periscapular muscles correlated positively with the ranges of upward and external rotation of the scapula and negatively with muscle activity during scaption. Passive stiffness of periscapular muscles was associated with the downward rotation of the scapula and triggered an increase in muscle activity. Increased passive stiffness or decreased strength in the periscapular muscles may affect their role in controlling the scapular rotation and contribute to compensation from adjacent muscles. Our findings suggest that when attempting to evaluate scapular behavior, it may be beneficial to examine muscle strength and passive stiffness of periscapular muscles.
Developments in rapid hydrogen–deuterium exchange methods
Authors: Chow Vimanda , Wolf Esther , Lento Cristina , Wilson Derek J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBiological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, contain heteroatom-bonded hydrogens that undergo exchange with solvent hydrogens on timescales ranging from microseconds to hours. In hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), this exchange process is used to extract information about biomolecular structure and dynamics. This minireview focuses on millisecond timescale HDX-MS measurements, which, while less common than ‘conventional’ timescale (seconds to hours) HDX-MS, provide a unique window into weakly structured species, weak (or fast cycling) binding interactions, and subtle shifts in conformational dynamics. This includes intrinsically disordered proteins and regions (IDPs/IDRs) that are associated with cancer and amyloidotic neurodegenerative disease. For nucleic acids and carbohydrates, structures such as isomers, stems, and loops, can be elucidated and overall structural rigidity can be assessed. We will provide a brief overview of technical developments in rapid HDX followed by highlights of various applications, emphasising the importance of broadening the HDX timescale to improve throughput and to capture a wider range of function-relevant dynamic and structural shifts.
Revealing magnetic field structure at the surfaces of protoplanetary disks via near-infrared circular polarization
Authors: de Langen I. , Tazaki R. 
Published: January 2023

Context. Magnetic fields play a fundamental role in the dynamical evolution of protoplanetary disks, in particular via magnetically induced disk winds. The magnetic field structure at the disk surface is crucial for driving the disk winds; however, it is still poorly understood observationally.
Aims. We explore a new method to probe the magnetic field structure at the disk surface using near-infrared (NIR) circular polarization. Near-infrared circular polarization arises when unpolarized stellar light is scattered by magnetically aligned grains at the disk surface. In this study, we aim to clarify to what extent the observed circular polarization pattern can be used to diagnose the magnetic field structure.
Methods. We first calculated light scattering properties of aligned spheroids, and the results were then used to create expected observational images of the degree of circular polarization at a NIR wavelength.
Results. Magnetically aligned grains can produce circular polarization, particularly when the field configuration deviates from a purely toroidal field. We find that disk azimuthal dependence of the degree of circular polarization tends to exhibit a double peaked profile when the field structure is favorable for driving disk winds by centrifugal force. We also find that even if the disk is spatially unresolved, a net circular polarization can possibly be nonzero. We also show that the amplitude of circular polarization is strongly dependent on grain composition and axis ratio.
Conclusions. Our results suggest that circular polarization observations would be useful to study the magnetic field structure and dust properties at the disk surface.
Academic Practices before, during and after Covid
Authors: Deena R. 
Published: January 2023

A reflective paper talks exclusively about the experiences of a person and the learning that is derived from it. This paper gives a detailed insight into the experiences of self before, during and after the pandemic. The Psychological impact of the Covid and the aftermath of the Covid is discussed as well. The issues are looked at from three perspectives – the student perspective, Staff perspective and the institution perspective as well.
This paper is more of a reflection of how a teacher has handled the different situations before Covid, during Covid and post Covid as well.
As a teacher I have had the opportunity to handle many different situations, particularly during the COVID period. It was in fact an eye opener, an answer to many questions about the adoption of various methodologies during the given time period. Since the start of Covid A Reflective report on the previous academic year and what I was able to do through the year will help me to analyze what I have done and how I can proceed further to develop a better teacher in me.
Recent Advances on the Carboxylations of C(sp3)–H Bonds Using CO2 as the Carbon Source
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Pradhan Suman 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is widely known as being a sustainable C1 synthon for the synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives, including essential natural and unnatural amino acids. While it is sustainable, the high thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the CO2 molecule is a major drawback to its wider use in organic synthesis. However, the reduction of this inert and highly stable CO2 molecule has been carried out successfully over the past few years using various stoichiometric as well as catalytic approaches. Initially, chemists employed transition-metal/transition-metal-free thermochemical methods for the incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds, however, gradually, the introduction of greener approaches such as visible-light-induced photoredox catalysis and electrocatalysis became revolutionary for the synthesis of carboxylic acids under mild reaction conditions. In this short review, we discuss the recent advances in carboxylation reactions via functionalization of the (sp3)C–H bonds of various organic molecules with CO2 using thermochemical, photochemical and electrochemical methods.1	Introduction2	Transition-Metal/Transition-Metal-Free Thermochemical Carbox	ylations of C(sp3)–H Bonds2.1	C(sp3)–H Bond Carboxylation of Carbonyls2.2	Allylic, Benzylic and Alkyl C(sp3)–H Bond Carboxylation3	Photochemical C(sp3)–H Bond Carboxylation3.1	Allylic C(sp3)–H Bond Carboxylation3.2	Benzylic C(sp3)–H Bond Carboxylation4	Electrochemical Carboxylation of C(sp3)–H Bonds5	Conclusion and Outlook
Single-Center Study Evaluating Long-Term Major Adverse Outcomes with the Use of Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons in Treating Infrainguinal Arterial Disease
Authors: Shammas Nicolas W. , Sharis Elizabeth , Shammas Gail A , Jones-Miller Susan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPaclitaxel drug-coated balloons (DCB) have been shown to reduce target lesion revascularization (TLR) rate, but recently an association between paclitaxel and an increase in mortality at 5-year was reported. We reviewed the 5-year mortality and freedom from TLR rates from a single center among patients that received DCB. Consecutive patients that received DCB from July 8, 2015 to November 27, 2019 with follow-up obtained from medical records and review of official death certificates were reviewed. The primary objective was total mortality and TLR rates with cumulative exposure to paclitaxel-coated balloons. Demographic, angiographic, clinical, and procedural variables were collected. Causes of mortality were classified according to death certificates. Descriptive analysis was performed on all variables. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the total length of DCBs in those who were alive and those who died by the end of study. Kaplan–Meier (KM) was used to plot the freedom from mortality up to 5 years. A total of 91 symptomatic patients received the Lutonix balloon at index to treat femoropopliteal arterial disease and subsequently received either Lutonix or in.PACT during the follow-up phase for additional procedures. Age was 68.4 ± 10.8 years (56.0% males). Critical limb ischemia was present in 20.9%. There was no statistical difference in mortality between the median total number of balloons used among patients who were alive versus those who died (2.5 vs. 3.0, p-value = 0.89). Also, there was no statistical difference in the total length of DCB balloons used between those who were alive and those who died at the end of the study (p-value = 0.39). There were no in-hospital amputation or death. At 5-year follow-up KM freedom from TLR was 78.5%. A total of 13 patients died during follow-up. Of these 10 received only the Lutonix balloon and 3 did receive both Lutonix and In.PACT. The yearly KM freedom from mortality for the Lutonix only cohort were 92.7, 89.1, 85.5, 83.6, and 81.8% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Freedom from TLR and mortality at 5 years appears to be favorable with the use of DCB, predominantly Lutonix balloon in this cohort. This data needs to be supported prospectively by a larger number of patients.
Enhancing Mentorship Networks through the Experiences of Women Professors of Ophthalmology
Authors: Hoyer Amanda , Randolph Amber , Syed Misha F. , Afkhamnejad Elahhe , Mirza Rukhsana G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to identify and characterize women professors in ophthalmology to enhance professional development and equity of women in academic ophthalmology.
Design Cross-sectional descriptive survey study.
Participants Participants in the survey were women in ophthalmology departments who have obtained full professor rank at their respective institutions.
Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from an electronic survey of women ophthalmologists and researchers who had obtained full professorship rank in ophthalmology. The survey included questions about degree obtained, training path, fellowship, length and trajectory of academic career, family or medical leave participation, previous positions, and mentorship involvement. Statistical comparisons were made based on response.
Main Outcome Measures Survey responses to questions pertaining to three domains: education and training, academic career, and mentorship.
Results Women that obtained the professor title within ophthalmology largely held Doctor of Medicine/Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degrees, were more likely to have completed fellowship training, and on average took 11 to 15 years to obtain the full professor title. The participants held a variety of other positions and titles throughout their academic careers. The vast majority of women reported having between 1 and 3 mentors during their careers with the majority also noting they currently participate in mentoring programs. Surveys were completed by 62 (30% response rate) women full professors of ophthalmology.
Conclusion The experiences women have along the academic path to professorship are described in this survey and can help to inform junior faculty. Literature review highlights the importance of mentorship for work productivity, retention, and promotion within academic medicine which is an element seen in the vast majority of our participants' career paths. Guided by the identification of women professors within departments of ophthalmology and characterization of their experiences, a new initiative called Women Professors of Ophthalmology was formed under the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology's organizational structure in 2021. This group that is tailored for women professors of ophthalmology to foster peer mentorship and guidance is poised to increase the retention and promotion of women in academic ophthalmology.
Comparison of MRI Findings among Osteofibrous Dysplasia, Fibrous Dysplasia, and NonOssifying Fibroma of the Long Bone
Authors: Kato Hiroki , Kawaguchi Masaya , Miyase Rena , Iwashima Ken , Nagano Akihito , Matsuo Masayuki 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Background The characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings among osteofibrous dysplasia (OFD), fibrous dysplasia (FD), and nonossifying fibroma (NOF) have yet to be determined.
Aims This study determines the differences of MRI features among OFD, FD, and NOF of the long bone.
Patients and Methods This study included 39 patients including 10 OFD, 13 with FD, and 16 with NOF of the long bone. All patients underwent preoperative MRI and histological examination. We retrospectively reviewed the MRIs and compared the imaging findings among the three pathologies.
Results The maximum diameter was significantly different among OFD (47.0 ± 18.6 mm), FD (59.0 ± 35.0 mm), and NOF (33.3 ± 15.0 mm) (p < 0.05). Multiplicity (60%, p < 0.01), eccentric distribution (100%, p < 0.05), septation (70%, p < 0.01), homogeneous intensity on T2-weighted images (70%, p < 0.01), homogeneous contrast enhancement (63%, p < 0.05), and intense contrast enhancement (88%, p < 0.01) were significantly more frequent in OFD. Centric distribution (69%, p < 0.01), cyst formation (54%, p < 0.01), and fluid-fluid level formation (31%, p < 0.01) were significantly more frequent in FD. Eccentric distribution (100%, p < 0.01), heterogeneous on T2-weighted images (100%, p < 0.01), predominant hypointensity on T2-weighted images (44%, p < 0.01), and the presence of intralesional hypointensity on T2-weighted images (88%, p < 0.01) were significantly more frequent in NOF.
Conclusion MRI features could differentiate OFD, FD, and NOF of the long bone.
Mitigation and Outcomes of Difficult Bag-Mask Ventilation in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Daigle C. Hunter , Laverriere Elizabeth K. , Bruins Benjamin B. , Lockman Justin L. , Fiadjoe John E. , McGowan Nancy , Napolitano Natalie , Shults Justine , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Nishisaki Akira ,   for the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children: NEAR4KIDS Investigators Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Sepsis Investigators (PALISI)
Published: January 2023

AbstractDifficult bag-mask ventilation (BMV) occurs in 10% of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) tracheal intubations (TI). The reasons clinicians identify difficult BMV in the PICU and the interventions used to mitigate that difficulty have not been well-studied. This is a prospective, observational, single-center study. A patient-specific data form was sent to PICU physicians supervising TIs from November 2019 through December 2020 to identify the presence of difficult BMV, attempted interventions used, and perceptions about intervention success. The dataset was linked and merged with the local TI quality database to assess safety outcomes. Among 305 TIs with response (87% response rate), 267 (88%) clinicians performed BMV during TI. Difficult BMV was reported in 28 of 267 patients (10%). Commonly reported reasons for difficult BMV included: facial structure (50%), high inspiratory pressure (36%), and improper mask fit (21%). Common interventions were jaw thrust (96%) and an airway adjunct (oral airway 50%, nasal airway 7%, and supraglottic airway 11%), with ventilation improvement in 44% and 73%, respectively. Most difficult BMV was identified before neuromuscular blockade (NMB) administration (96%) and 67% (18/27) resolved after NMB administration. The overall success in improving ventilation was 27/28 (96%). TI adverse outcomes (hemodynamic events, emesis, and/or hypoxemia <80%) are associated with the presence of difficult BMV (10/28, 36%) versus non-difficult BMV (20/239, 8%, p< 0.001). Difficult BMV is common in critically ill children and is associated with increased TI adverse outcomes. Airway adjunct placement and NMB use are often effective in improving ventilation.
Ultrasonic treatment to enhance seed germination and vigour of wheat (Triticum durum) in association with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt pathway
Authors: Samarah Nezar H. , AL-Quraan Nisreen A. , Al-Wraikat Batool S. 
Published: January 2023

Treatments of wheat (Triticum durum L.) seeds with sonication or hydropriming may enhance seed germination and vigour in association with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the effect of sonication and hydropriming treatments on seed germination of wheat through the characterisation of seed germination performance, GABA shunt metabolite level (GABA, glutamate, and alanine), and the level of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA transcription. Wheat seeds were exposed to three treatments for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min: (1) sonication with water; (2) sonication without water; and (3) hydropriming without sonication. Treated seeds were evaluated for germination percentage, mean time to germinate, germination rate index in the warm germination test, and seedling emergence and shoot length in the cold test. GABA shunt metabolites level (GABA, glutamate, and alanine), and the level of GAD mRNA transcription were measured for the seeds after treatments and for seedlings during germination and cold tests. Seeds treated with sonication or hydropriming treatments had a higher germination rate index (faster germination) in the standard germination test, and higher seedling emergence and shoot length in the cold test. Seeds treated with sonication or hydropriming treatments showed an enhancement in GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate), and GAD mRNA transcription level compared to untreated-control seeds. In conclusion, the sonication or hydropriming treatments significantly improved the germination performance of wheat and enhanced GABA metabolism to maintain the C:N metabolic balance, especially under cold stress.
Spectral decomposition of atomic structures in heterogeneous cryo-EM
Authors: Esteve-Yagüe Carlos , Diepeveen Willem , Öktem Ozan , Schönlieb Carola-Bibiane 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We consider the problem of recovering the three-dimensional atomic structure of a flexible macromolecule from a heterogeneous cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) dataset. The dataset contains noisy tomographic projections of the electrostatic potential of the macromolecule, taken from different viewing directions, and in the heterogeneous case, each cryo-EM image corresponds to a different conformation of the macromolecule. Under the assumption that the macromolecule can be modelled as a chain, or discrete curve (as it is for instance the case for a protein backbone with a single chain of amino-acids), we introduce a method to estimate the deformation of the atomic model with respect to a given conformation, which is assumed to be known a priori. Our method consists on estimating the torsion and bond angles of the atomic model in each conformation as a linear combination of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator in the manifold of conformations. These eigenfunctions can be approximated by means of a well-known technique in manifold learning, based on the construction of a graph Laplacian using the cryo-EM dataset. Finally, we test our approach with synthetic datasets, for which we recover the atomic model of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flexible structures from simulated cryo-EM images.