bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space of Dark States in Tavis-Cummings Model
Authors: OZHIGOV YU.I. 
Published: January 2025

The dark states of a group of two-level atoms in the Tavis-Cummings resonator with zero detuning are considered. In these states, atoms can not emit photons, despite having non-zero energy. They are stable and can serve as a controlled energy reservoir from which photons can be extracted by differentiated effects on atoms, for example, their spatial separation. Dark states are the simplest example of a subspace free of decoherence in the form of a photon flight, and therefore they are of interest to quantum computing. It is proved that a) the dimension of the subspace of dark states of atoms is the Catalan numbers, b) in the RWA approximation, any dark state is a linear combination of tensor products of singlet-type states and the ground states of individual atoms. For the exact model, in the case of the same force of interaction of atoms with the field, the same decomposition is true, and only singlets participate in the products and the dark states can neither emit a photon nor absorb it. The proof is based on the method of quantization of the amplitude of states of atomic ensembles, in which the roles of individual atoms are interchangeable. In such an ensemble there is a possibility of micro-causality: the trajectory of each quantum of amplitude can be uniquely assigned.
Рассматриваются темные состояния группы двух-уровневых атомов в резонаторе модели Тависа-Каммингса с нулевой расстройкой. В этих состояниях атомы не могут испустить фотона, хотя обладают ненулевой энергией. Они устойчивы и могут служить управляемым энергетическим резервуаром, из которого можно извлечь фотоны путем дифференцированного воздействия на атомы, например, их пространственного разделения. Темные состояния - простейший пример подпространства, свободного от декогерентности в виде улета фотонов, и потому представляют интерес для квантовых вычислений. Доказано, что а) размерность подпространства темных состояний атомов есть числа Каталана, б) В RWA приближении любое темное состояние есть линейная комбинация тензорных произведений состояний синглетного типа и основных состояний отдельных атомов. Для точной модели в случае одинаковой силы взаимодействия атомов с полем справедливо то же разложение, причем в произведениях участвуют только синглеты и темные состояния не могут ни испустить фотона, ни поглотить его. Доказательство основано на методе квантования амплитуды состояний атомных ансамблей, в которых роли отдельных атомов взаимозаменяемы. В таком ансамбле имеется возможность микро-причинности: траекторию каждого кванта амплитуды можно определить однозначно.
Blockchain Protocol Study
Authors: Giliazov R.R. 
Published: January 2025

Blockchain has great advantages over existing payment systems (bank cards, electronic money, etc.), such as decentralization and auditing capacity. There is a wide range of blockchain applications, ranging from cryptocurrency, financial services, risk management, the Internet of things and ending with public and social services. A number of studies had focused on the use of blockchain technology in various applications. We are doing research of blockchain technology soundness. In particular, this article focuses on analyzing the safety of using a blockchain, represents typical attacks on a protocol, examines blockchain applications and discusses technical problems, as well as recent innovations in solving difficult problems. It also provides an analysis of the two most popular cryptocurrencies and smart contracts, as well as the safety problems associated with them.
Блокчейн имеет множество преимуществ по сравнению с существующими платежными системами (банковских карт, электронных денег и пр.), таких как децентрализация и возможность аудита. Существует широкий спектр приложений блокчейна, начиная от криптовалюты, финансовых услуг, управления рисками, Интернета вещей и заканчивая государственными и социальными услугами. В ряде исследований основное внимание уделяется использованию технологии блокчейна в различных прикладных аспектах. Мы проводим исследование безопасности технологии блокчейна. В частности, эта статья уделяет внимание анализу безопасности использования блокчейна, представляет типичные атаки на протокол, рассматривает приложения блокчейна и обсуждает технические проблемы, а также последние достижения в решении проблем. Также приводятся анализ двух наиболее популярных криптовалют и смарт-контрактов, а также проблем безопасности связанных с ними.
Physical Dimension of Sciences
Authors: Ozhigov Yu.I. 
Published: January 2025

A classification of scientific fields by the place that their typical objects occupy in three-dimensional space of physical dimensions: length, mass and time - in a logarithmic scale is proposed. Classification includes some areas of physics, chemistry, biology and geology, as well as history. The role of the areas that are not subject to the physical classification, for example, quantum mechanics is also discussed. Natural interdisciplinary connections are established, as well as the gaps – the regions of space in which there are no objects of modern science. Conclusions about the comparison of scientific fields on the index of interdisciplinarity are made and recommendations on the assessment of scientific achievements by a wide audience are given.
Предлагается классификация научных областей по тому месту, которое занимает их предмет в трехмерном пространстве физических размерностей: длины, массы и времени - в логарифмической шкале. Классификация включает некоторые области физики, химии, биологии и геологии, а также историю. Рассмотрена также роль областей, не подлежащих физической классификации, например, квантовой механики. Установлены естественные междисциплинарные связи, а также лакуны - области пространства размерностей, в которых отсутствуют предметы современного естествознания. Сделаны выводы об оценке научных областей по индексу междисциплинарности и даны рекомендации по оценке научных достижений широкой аудиторией.
THE IMPACT OF OFFICIAL EXTERNAL FINANCING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES: A CASE STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES FOR THE PERIOD 2007-2022
Authors: Imed Berkane , Djamel Mattoug 
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aims to examine the impact of official external financing on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in industrial countries over the period 2007-2022. SME performance is measured using turnover and added value, while official external financing is represented by outstanding business loans, government loan guarantees, and venture capital.

Theoretical Framework: The study highlights the significant role of SMEs in economic support and emphasizes financing as a key factor affecting their performance amidst challenges.

Method: A descriptive-analytical approach is adopted, collecting data on financing mechanisms and SME performance. A case study methodology is used for practical insights, and quantitative methods analyze the relationship between financing and SME performance.

Results and Discussion: The results show a significant positive impact of outstanding business loans on both turnover and added value of SMEs. Specifically, an increase of one million USD in business loans leads to increases of 0.22347 million USD in turnover and 0.272525 million USD in added value. Government loan guarantees and venture capital had no statistically significant effect.

Research Implications: The study emphasizes the importance of outstanding business loans as a financing mechanism and advocates for policy development to enhance access to financing, as well as improving government loan guarantees and venture capital.

Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of financing mechanisms on SME performance in industrial countries. It offers insights for policymakers to drive economic performance and enhance SME competitiveness.
प्रगति राईका कवितामा पहिचानको स्वर
Authors: गौतम Gautam तुलसीप्रसाद Tulasiprasad 
Published: January 2025

प्रस्तुत लेख प्रगति राईका कवितामा पहिचानको स्वरसम्बन्धी अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको रहेको छ । यस अध्ययनका लागि सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट गरिएको छ । यसमा बादी विज्ञप्ति कवितासङ्ग्रहका कवितालाई प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको छ भने पहिचानको सिद्धान्तसँग सम्बन्धित पुस्तक तथा लेखहरूलाई द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको छ । यसमा प्रगति राईका कवितामा पहिचानको स्वर के कसरी मुखरित भएको छ भन्ने कुराको विश्लेषण पहिचानको अवधारणा र सिद्धान्तका आधारमा गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनले नेपालका आदिवासी जनजाति, महिला आदिलाई सबै क्षेत्रमा समान अवसर दिई एउटै मूलधारमा समेट्नुपर्छ भन्ने बहुलवादी, समावेशी विचार स्थापित गरेको निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ ।
काव्यतत्त्वका दृष्टिले जागृतिराग महाकाव्य
Authors: खतिवडा Khatiwada नित्यानन्द Nityananda 
Published: January 2025

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख भानुभक्त पोखरेलद्वारा रचिएको जागृतिराग महाकाव्यको काव्यगत विश्लेषणमा आधारित रहेको छ । यसका लागि पूर्वीय महाकाव्यको तत्त्वगत सिद्धान्तलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । यसमा काव्यतत्त्वका दृष्टिले जागृतिराग महाकाव्यलाई मुख्य शोधसमस्याका रूपमा लिइएको छ । पूर्वीय महाकाव्य सिद्धान्तअन्तर्गत काव्यतत्त्वलाई एक महत्त्वपूर्ण अवधारणा मानिन्छ । काव्यतत्त्वका दृष्टिले जागृतिराग महाकाव्य के कस्तो देखिन्छ भन्ने प्राज्ञिक समस्याको निरूपण गर्नु प्रस्तुत आलेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान तथा विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको यस लेखमा पुस्तकालयीय स्रोतअन्तर्गत जागृतिराग महाकाव्यलाई प्राथमिक सामग्री र महाकाव्य सिद्धान्तसँग सम्बन्धित रहेका अन्य सामग्रीलाई द्वितीय स्रोतसामग्रीका रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा महाकाव्यको काव्यतत्त्वगत रूपमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस आलेखमा पूर्वीय काव्यतत्त्वका दृष्टिले जागृतिराग मध्यमस्तरको महाकाव्य बन्न पुगेको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
Professional Development Activities: Perception and Experiences of Secondary Level Teachers
Authors: Parajuli Raju 
Published: January 2025

Due to the changing nature of time, learners' varied needs and explosion of new knowledge and scientific invention, our usual teaching techniques might not function efficiently to enhance better learning environment. Effective teaching-learning can be maximized when teachers continuously involve themselves in professional development activities. However, the activities that teachers employ to be professionally equipped have not been explored in the context of study area. In this regard, this study aims to explore the activities related with the professional development adopted by secondary level teachers. The researcher adopted survey design (census data) under quantitative research method. It is based on the data from structured-questionnaire among 122 secondary level teachers from 31 secondary level schools of Tansen Municipality of Palpa district. The sample size is confined to those who are teaching Science, Math, Nepali and English subject in secondary level. Univariate analysis is used to explore the socio-demographic and professional development characteristics of the respondents. The results revealed that seven out of ten teachers are associated with professional development. And bivariate analysis is used to assess the effect of school type, and gender on professional development. Four out of five female teachers are associated with professional development. Results further showed that most of the teachers have enrolled in education faculty which helps teachers to be pedagogically competent. Most of the teachers are professionally aware to update themselves for teacher development. This study provides new insight on professional development in the sense that all the teachers have adopted fundamental strategies of professional development.
Perceptions Towards English Education Program Offered by Open and Distance Education Centre at Tribhuvan University: A CIPP Evaluation
Authors: Bhusal Durga Raj , Bhandari Laxman Prasad 
Published: January 2025

The evaluation system of university education has drawn increasingly significant attention to greater accountability and enhancement of student learning outcomes, as well as the overall effectiveness of educational programs in achieving their intended objectives. Using Stuffle beam's context, input, process, and product (CIPP) Model (1983), this study evaluates the Master’s of Education (M.Ed.) English Program offered by the Open and Distance Education Centre (ODEC) at Tribhuvan University. Employing case study inquiry as a research methodology, the study delves deep into exploring teachers and students’ perceptions and practices through unstructured interviews with four teacher and student participants. Data collected from interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis techniques outlined by Schreier (2012) and thematic analysis methods proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006). The findings highlight that the primary motive for choosing an open and distance learning program is the opportunity to pursue a degree while continuing a job for the students. Furthermore, the ODEC found emphasizing the delivery of quality education through relevant coursework and effective teaching strategies aiming to enhance knowledge and pedagogical expertise in English language education. However, participants revealed several challenges, including their inefficiency in using technological devices, excessive workloads, unreliable electricity and internet connectivity, and the requirement to attend traditional pen-and-paper assessments at the end of each semester, among others. Consequently, the study recommends that the evaluation system be adapted to accommodate the geographical diversity of students, their employment commitments, and technological limitations, thereby ensuring greater flexibility and accessibility.
DETERMINANT FACTORS OF CASH HOLDING: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA
Authors: Gracias Dominico Laudentio , Osesoga Maria Stefani 
Published: January 2025

Abstract— This study analyzed the effect of profitability, net working capital, cash conversion cycle, dividend policy, and leverage on cash holding in consumer goods industry companies’ period 2019-2021. Determining the optimal level of cash holding is essential for a company, as excessively high cash holding can result in missed investment opportunities and returns, while low cash holding can disrupt operational activities and debt default or bankruptcy. The sample in this study was taken using a purposive sampling method. The objects in this study are 20 consumer goods industry companies that were listed on the IDX consecutively during 2019-2021. Secondary financial report data was evaluated using multiple linear regression. The result of this research indicates that profitability (ROA), net working capital (NWC), and dividend policy (DPR) have a significant positive effect on cash holding, leverage (DTA) has a significant negative effect on cash holding, and cash conversion cycle (CCC) has no effect cash holding. According to the findings, profitability, net working capital, dividend policy, and leverage can be used as a point of reference to predict a company’s cash holding. We suggest the company more effectively and efficiently manage its assets to generate substantial profits and consequently optimize its cash holding. This study was conducted in the consumer goods industry sector, which had the greatest average level of cash holding. This research differs because it estimates cash holding by combining financial ratios primarily from an asset perspective and management policy (dividend policy).
Keywords: Cash; Dividend; Leverage; Net Working Capital; Profitability
KUNCI SUKSES MIGRASI DATA SALDO AWAL BARANG MILIK NEGARA PADA SISTEM SAKTI
Authors: Iskandar Iskandar , Marsono Agung Triyanto Joko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract—This research aims to determine the key factors for successful migration of state-owned asset data from the previous system to the SAKTI system. This research paradigm is a qualitative type which is aimed at gaining insight through exploring the complexity of phenomena in data migration programmes, in the form of initial balances of state-owned asset data from existing applications to SAKTI. Data collection was carried out through literature study and observation. The research results showed that the key factors that determine the success of migrating state-owned asset data to SAKTI are mechanisms including centralized data migration, phasing the migration process, correcting data anomalies in existing applications, increasing human resource capacity related to the data migration process, assisting users with the migration process, reconciliation, providing follow-up application features for data anomalies and normalization residues and technical instructions, providing migration monitoring tools, and increasing IT infrastructure capacity/bandwidth. The research results are useful as lessons learned about organizational aspects in the data migration process, both in the public/government and private domains.
Keywords: Data Migration; State-Owned Asset; Fixed Assets; Critical Success Factors; Data Anomaly; Initial Balance
Effectiveness of pumpkin cultivation in crop rotation on forest brown soil
Authors: Beglaryan Inga , Eloyan Arevik , Daveyan Sevak , Jhangiryan Tatevik , Yeritsyan Seryoja , Gasparyan Gayane 
Published: January 2025

Background: The rapid growth of the global population, coupled with the challenges posed by a changing climate, is creating significant obstacles in food production worldwide. As agricultural practices intensify to meet rising demand, the strain on land resources has increased in recent years, accelerating land degradation processes. Land degradation represents a significant challenge to ensuring global food security. One of the key strategies for promoting sustainable agriculture is crop rotation and the preservation of biodiversity. Properly implemented crop rotation enhances soil fertility, reduces pest populations, and improves nutrient availability. It also enhances food's functional value, supporting environmental and nutritional sustainability.
Objective: The research was conducted in two communities of Syunik Marz, RA, to study the efficiency of pumpkin cultivation in forest brown soils under crop rotation conditions.
Methods: The research was conducted from 2017 to 2024, during which a crop rotation scheme was implemented on 100 hectares of land. Pumpkin yield indicators and functional value were studied under monoculture and crop rotation conditions.
Results: Monoculture pumpkin farming, however, encountered severe issues such as fungal diseases (shriveling and false shriveling) and tick infestations, problems absent under crop rotation conditions. Additionally, the nutritional and functional values of the pumpkin were enhanced. The study revealed that under crop rotation conditions, the content of soluble solids in pumpkin fruits was 1.46%, dry matter 1.63%, reducing sugars 1.63%, and total sugars 1.63% higher than in pumpkins grown under monoculture conditions. In contrast, monoculture pumpkin farming faced significant issues with fungal diseases like shriveling and false shriveling and tick infestations, which were not present when pumpkins were grown using crop rotation.
Conclusion: Under crop rotation conditions in forest brown soils, humus, and water-stable aggregates' content is higher than in monoculture cultivation. The pumpkin yield under crop rotation conditions increased by 5 tons per hectare compared to monoculture cultivation. The functional element levels for the mentioned crop sequence were higher than pumpkins grown in monoculture.
Keywords: Crop rotation, pumpkin, functional food, bioactive compound, intensification.
Pengaruh Seleksi dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus Pada PT. Fatahilah Anugerah Nibras Tangerang Selatan)
Authors: Octaviany Donna Arum , Nurdina Anisa 
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Pengaruh Seleksi dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT. Fatahilah Anugerah Nibras baik secara simultan ataupun parsial. Jenis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 55 responden dengan metode kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan uji instrumen data, uji asumsi klasik, regresi linier sederhana, regresi linier berganda, autokorelasi, koefisien korelasi, koefisien determinasi dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa Seleksi secara parsial berpengaruh secara positif terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan uji t diperoleh thitung > ttabel variabel seleksi sebesar (5,288 > 2,005) . Motivasi Kerja secara parsial mempunyai hubungan positif terhadap Kinerja Karyawan, ditunjukan oleh uji t yang dimana diperoleh thitung > ttabel (3,754 > 2,005). Seleksi dan Motivasi Kerja secara simultan memiliki hubungan positif terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Uji F diperoleh Fhitung > Ftabel (14,404 > 3,17).
Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Penangan Prasarana dan Sarana Umum Kelurahan Tugu Utara – Jakarta Utara
Authors: Haliza Nur , Ma’fiyah Ma’fiyah 
Published: January 2025

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh disiplin kerja dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai pada penanganan prasarana umum Kelurahan Tugu Utara Jakarta Utara. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan rumus slovin dan diperoleh sampel sebanyak 84 responden. Analisis data menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi, koefisien korelasi, koefisien determinasi dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian ini adalah disiplin kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai, dengan hasil uji hipotesis diperoleh t hitung > t tabel atau (11,158 > 1,663). Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai, dengan nilai uji hipotesis diperoleh t hitung > t tabel atau (17,131 > 1,663). Disiplin kerja dan kepuasan kerja secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai, dengan nilai F hitung sebesar 165,635. uji hipotesis diperoleh nilai F hitung > F tabel atau (165,365 > 3,11) dengan nilai koefisien determinasi didapatkan nilai 80,40%, dengan nilai tersebut terdapat pengaruh yang cukup kuat antara disiplin kerja dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai pada penanganan prasarana umum Kelurahan Tugu Utara Jakarta Utara. 19,60% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak masuk dalam pengujian pada penelitian ini.
Pengaruh Promosi dan Kualitas Pelayanan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Agen Ikan UD. Langgeng Pondok Aren
Authors: Wahyudi Rahman Angga , Ningsih Dewi 
Published: January 2025

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Promosi, dan kualitas pelayanan secara simultan terhadap keputusan Pembelian Pada agen ikan UD Langgeng Pondok Aren. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah 100 responden. Teknik analisis data dengan analisis regresi linier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Promosi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian dengan t hitung > t tabel atau (11,181 > 1,98397). Kualitas Pelayanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian dengan thitung > ttabel (12,694 > 3,058). Promosi dan Kualitas Pelayanan secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian nilai Fhitung > Ftabel atau (123,353 > 3,09).