bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Domain Hypothesis: Location of the Site of Cytophilic Activity toward Guinea Pig Macrophages in the CH3 Homology Region of Human Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Yasmeen D. , Ellerson J. R. , Dorrington K. J. , Painter R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most of the effector functions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG), such as complement fixation, transplacental transfer, cytophilic activity toward macrophages and control of catabolic rate are mediated through the Fc region of the molecule. Some of these functions have been shown more recently to be associated with particular subfragments of the Fc region corresponding to either the CH2 or CH3 homology regions of the IgG1 heavy chain. Minta and Painter (1) showed that the pFc' fragment which comprises the CH3 homology region was able to interfere with the passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs, presumably by competing with antibody for sites on the cutaneous mast cells. Kehoe and Fougereau (2) showed that fragments from the CH2 region of a mouse immunoglobulin were able to activate the complement system when suitably aggregated. More recently Ellerson et al. (3) showed that a fragment comprising the whole CH2 homology region of human IgG was able to activate the complement system when aggregated on polystyrene latex.
Thymus Dependency of Antibody-Mediated Helper Effect
Authors: McBride Raymond A. , Schierman Louis W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In chickens the immune response to haptenic A alloantigens is markedly enhanced if the inoculated erythrocytes also possess foreign B alloantigens which are coated with specific antibody. In the present study the ability of anti-B alloantibody to augment the anti-A immune response is shown to be thymus-dependent.
On the Nature of the Presumed Receptor for IgE on Mast Cells
Authors: Bach Michael K. , Brashler John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The preparation of mixed rat peritoneal cells for antigen-induced release of histamine by IgE-rich antibody preparations is accompanied by the removal of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis-reactive antibodies from the antibody solution. This removal of antibody from the solutions is directly related to the mast cell content of the mixed cell suspension: little antibody is removed when cells from distilled water-treated rats are used, and the amount of antibody removed by isolated mast cells accounts for the antibody-binding activity of mixed cell preparations. Lysis of isolated mast cells in distilled water or their disruption by mild sonication does not destroy their apparent IgE antibody-binding capacity. Frozen, washed particulate preparations from isolated mast cells retain their ability to bind IgE. Binding of IgE is time dependent. The binding is inhibited by IgGa antibody preparations in a manner which is consistent with competitive inhibition.
Mitogenicity of Bacterial Endotoxins: Characterization of the Mitogenic Principle
Authors: Peavy Duane L. , Shands Joseph W. , Adler William H. , Smith Richard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Endotoxins from smooth strains of Salmonella typhimurium and from rough variants of Ra, Rc and Re chemotype were mitogenic for mouse spleen cells. Haptenic polysaccharides and native protoplasmic polysaccharides possessed very little mitogenicity. Lipid A was strongly mitogenic. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of complete endotoxin or lipid A, a procedure which cleaves off ester-linked fatty acids, caused a substantial loss of mitogenic activity. These data indicate that endotoxin acts as a nonspecific or general mitogen and that the mitogenic response is not mediated by immunologic mechanisms.
Pulmonary Host Defenses
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Thompson Russell E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The opsonic properties of immune bronchial secretions and IgA and IgG antibodies separated from them were assessed in an in vitro alveolar macrophage system for their effect on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although IgA and IgG antibodies had specific agglutinative activity, IgG had superior opsonizing properties when compared with IgA. Also, it seemed to be the principal opsonin in normal respiratory secretions. Immune IgG whether isolated from bronchial fluid or serum was indistinguishable in its opsonic activity; however, the intact IgG molecule was required for optimal function. Opsonins specifically facilitated the phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages; once ingestion had occurred, intracellular killing of Pseudomonas organisms was rapid and seemingly unrelated to the immune status of the opsonins.
The Spontaneous Induction of Anamnestic Antibody Synthesis in Lymph Node Cell Cultures Many Months after Primary Immunization
Authors: Tew John G. , Self Colin H. , Harold Weldon W. , Stavitsky Abram B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro model system was developed in which interactions between persisting antigen, humoral antibody, and the various lymphoid cells involved in the immune response may be analyzed. In this system IgG antibody synthesis was spontaneously induced—no extrinsic antigen required—simply by transferring lymphoid cells from a human serum albumin (HSA) immunized rabbit into cell culture. Vigorous spontaneous antibody responses were obtained in cell cultures from 1 month up to a year after immunizing with 1 mg of polymerized-HSA. Induction of the spontaneous antibody response requires a 2- to 3-day period in vitro. The quantity of antibody synthesized per day, for a 3-day period after induction, was as high as 1000 times the amount obtained on the 1st day of culture. Addition of specific antibody to cultures inhibited the inductive but not the synthetic phase of the response. Addition of microgram quantities of antigen inhibited spontaneous induction, whereas nanogram quantities inhibited in some experiments and induced additional antibody synthesis in others. Initiation of the spontaneous in vitro response was attributed to cell-associated persisting antigen, whose activity is subject to an antibody feedback mechanism.
Treatment of E. Coli and Klebsiella Bacteremia in Agranulocytic Animals with Antiserum to a UDP-GAL Epimerase-Deficient Mutant
Authors: Ziegler Elizabeth J. , Douglas Herndon , Sherman James E. , Davis Charles E. , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to produce antiserum with broad protection against different Gramnegative bacteria we immunized rabbits with a UDP-galactose-deficient mutant (J5) of Escherichia coli O111 that is unencumbered by O antigen since it cannot incorporate galactose into core LPS. Without O side chains, core is accessible for producing antiserum to a wide range of bacteria with similar cores. Such antiserum has previously been shown to prevent unrelated endotoxins from producing dermal and generalized Shwartzman reactions, and death. The current study reports the results of treating bacteremia with this antiserum.
Bacteremia was produced in rabbits made granulocytopenic with nitrogen mustard and fed either Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli O17 (multiply antibiotic-resistant), or E. coli O4. Since most rabbits are coliform-free, the organisms colonized the gut and overwhelming bacteremia occurred as granulocytes disappeared. When nonimmune serum was given intravenously (i.v.) at the onset of bacteremia with any of these three organisms, only 3.1% to 5.7% survived. In contrast, survival rates in animals given antiserum to the J5 mutant were 33.3% from E. coli O4, 40% from Klebsiella, and 69.2% from the multiply antibiotic-resistant E. coli O17 (combined p &lt; 0.0005). Antiserum to the parent E. coli O111, (with O antigen intact) provided no significant protection. The protection against death from E. coli O17 by J5 antiserum was greater than that obtained from gentamicin (50%), the only antibiotic to which this strain was sensitive. Rabbits given J5 antiserum cleared labeled bacteria more rapidly than those given nonimmune sera. Antiserum to the J5 mutant is thought to prevent lethal bacteremia from unrelated Gram-negative bacteria by acting as both antitoxin and opsonin.
Use of an Aqueous Polymer Phase System as an Assay for Antibodies to Escherichia Coli Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Reese R. T. , Treffers H. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase in both crude and purified forms was used to produce antibody in rabbits. With this antigen-antibody system it was demonstrated that a polyethyleneglycol-dextran aqueous polymer phase system could be used as a rapid, sensitive and precise means of measuring quantitatively the interaction of antibodies and biologically active macromolecules. Similar results were obtained whether crude or highly pure forms of the enzyme were used. In experiments using nanogram quantities of both antigen (190 ng) and antibody (27 to 32 ng), it was possible to demonstrate differences between the three electrophoretic forms of this enzyme which are thought to be coded for by a single structural gene. Serologic phase system analysis was shown to be versatile enough to compare the native enzyme with forms of the enzyme which were virtually inactive (CRM) as well as with the Zn(II) and Co(II) reconstituted apoenzyme.
Effects of Bursectomy and Thymectomy on Ontogeny of Fowl IgA, IgG, and IgM
Authors: Perey Daniel Y. E. , Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of the thymus and bursa in the ontogeny of IgA, IgG, and IgM was studied in fowl by using isolated or combined bursectomy (Bx) and thymectomy (Tx) at hatching. Bx birds had markedly elevated serum IgM levels together with moderately decreased IgG and IgA. Tx birds had normal IgM levels but moderately decreased IgG and IgA. BxTx birds had normal IgM levels but markedly depressed IgG and lacked IgA totally even when followed to 5 months of age. The predominant IgA-containing cells in the duodenal lamina propria of normal birds were completely replaced by IgM-containing cells in BxTx birds. These experimental models document the requirement for normal thymus-derived and bursa-derived cell interactions in the ontogeny of both IgG and the IgA system and should provide useful approaches to studies of the post bursal differentiation of the plasma cell lines.
Competitive Effect of Homologous IgG or Fc in Sensitization of Rabbits for PCA Mediated by Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Revoltella Roberto , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit IgG or their Fc fragment inhibit sensitization for homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by rabbit IgE. Fab fragment from rabbit IgG had no inhibitory effect.
RNA-Mediated Immunologic Depression
Authors: Colmerauer M. E. M. , Rumi Lia , Saal Fortuna , Pasqualini Christiane Dosne , Rabasa S. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
RNA extracted from normal liver had a specific immunodepressive effect in syngeneic BALB mice when administered 1 or 5 days before the antigen, as demonstrated in three different systems: 1) syngeneic leukemic colonization was accelerated and death anticipated; 2) spleen lymphocytes cultured in vivo within Millipore chambers showed a lower rate of spontaneous blastogenesis and lack of response to phytohemagglutinin; 3) after immunization with sheep red blood cells, spleen lymphocytes had a decreased rosette-forming capacity and the titer of hemagglutinins in serum was lower. It can be concluded that RNA pretreatment affects both cellular and humoral components of the immunologic system; the effect would be exerted on macrophages and/or lymphocytes.
Expression of the a, x, and y Variable Region Genes of Heavy Chains among IgG, IgM, and IgA Molecules of Normal and a Locus Allotype-Suppressed Rabbits
Authors: Kim Byung S. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The contribution of the VH subgroup genes, a, x and y, to the formation of individual IgG molecules has been studied in normal and a locus allotype-suppressed rabbits. Using anti-x32, anti-y33 and antisera to the a locus allotypes (anti-a1, anti-a2 and anti-a3), we used indirect precipitation of 125I-labeled IgG or Fab of specific allotype or inhibition of precipitation for the quantitative analyses. In normal rabbits homozygous with respect to the a locus, about 70 to 90% of the total IgG molecules possess the a locus allotypic specificities and most or all of the remaining molecules, depending on the genotype, could be accounted for as x32 or y33 molecules. Additional IgG molecules with unknown allotypic specificities for the VH region were found in two normal a3 rabbits and in an a1 allotype-suppressed rabbit; these molecules are probably the products of allelic alternatives to x32 and/or y33. Allotype-suppression of a locus molecules was compensated for by an increase in the number of molecules synthesized by closely linked VH subgroup genes, x and y. A similar ratio of the a2, x32, and y33 molecules was observed among Ig fractions with different net electrical charges. In a partially a2-suppressed rabbit, the results of indirect precipitation and sequential precipitation indicated that no two of the allotypic specificities, a2, x32, or y33, are located on the same IgG molecule or on the same Fab fragment. In homozygotes, a locus suppression was found for IgM and IgA as well as for IgG. The expression of a selected VH gene in a cell synthesizing Ig molecules results from linked gene exclusion apparently independent of CH gene selection.
Immunoglobulin Production in Synchronized Cultures of Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines
Authors: Watanabe Shinichiro , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphoid cells in established culture have been shown to synthesize immunoglobulins (Ig). Utilizing a lymphoid cell line (RPMI 1788) from a normal individual, we have now examined the synthesis and secretion of λ-IgM during various phases of the cell cycle. The cells were synchronized by double treatment with excess thymidine, or by a combination of treatments with thymidine and colcemid. After synchronization, the cells were collected at 1- or 2-hr intervals and pulse-labeled with 14C-leucine for 1 hr. The rate of IgM secretion was determined by assaying total IgM secreted during the pulse period. The rate of IgM synthesis was determined by specific precipitation of the labeled IgM which accumulated in the medium after culturing the pulse-labeled cells for an additional 24 hr in the regular medium. The results showed that there are two peaks of the synthetic activity during the cell cycle, one in the late G1 or early S and the other in the G2 phase. Thus, the expression of Ig genes appears to be limited to certain portions of the cell cycle as has been found for enzymes and other cell products. On the other hand, the rate of secretion does not vary as much during the cell cycle, although both the rate of synthesis and of secretion are at the lowest level in the mitotic phase.
Antigen-Macrophage Interaction
Authors: Cohen Benjamin E. , Rosenthal Alan S. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The macrophage appears to bind and present antigen to the lymphocyte in the induction and elicitation of the immune response. We have studied the nature of the interaction between dinitrophenyl-guinea pig albumin (DNA-GPA) and macrophage-rich peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in vitro. PEC from non-immune guinea pigs are not capable of binding sufficient DNP-GPA to induce DNA synthesis in vitro by immune lymphocytes when low (10-2 µg/ml) concentrations of DNP-GPA are employed although PEC from immune animals function quite well under these conditions. At high antigen concentrations (10+2 µg/ml) PEC from both immune and non-immune animals function equally well. Incubation of non-immune macrophages in serum from immune animals causes a marked increase in the sensitivity to low antigen concentrations on the part of non-immune PEC. There is a parallel increase in the amount of DNP-GPA bound to the PEC and the degree to which these cells can stimulate immune lymphocytes to divide. This enhanced capacity of PEC to stimulate lymphocytes can be inhibited by DNP-ovalbumin (OVA), a hapten on a heterologous carrier. Also, the binding of DNP-GPA, at low concentrations, to immune PEC can be blocked by anti-immunoglobulin sera. Neither of these agents has a significant effect on the binding of DNP-GPA at high concentrations to immune macrophages or on the binding of DNP-GPA, at either low or high concentrations, to non-immune macrophages. We conclude that there are at least two mechanisms of antigen binding to the macrophage surface. One involves sites of low avidity which are effective only at relatively high antigen concentrations and which appear not to be immunoglobulin. These sites dominate at high DNP-GPA concentration for both the immune and the non-immune PEC populations. In addition, cytophilic antibody, which in hapten-carrier systems is hapten-specific and of high avidity, is present on PEC from immune animals and is the primary means by which small amounts of antigen are concentrated by immune macrophages in quantities sufficient to stimulate lymphocytes.
The Homing Pattern of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes in Calf and Neonatal Mouse Peyer's Patches
Authors: Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Differential morphologic criteria are summarized which permit distinction of three basic elements of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT): the dome, follicle, and “thymus-dependent” area (TDA). These criteria were applied to a reexamination of Peyer's patches from calves and newborn mice, in which 3H-thymidine had been administered by perfusion via the thymic artery or by a single intrathymic injection at birth, respectively. In calves, heavily labeled cells were found exclusively in regions morphologically identified as TDA and, in mice, there was a great preponderance of labeled cells in the TDA and the adjacent lateral dome epithelium. These observations confirm the description of the TDA as containing T cells and suggest that the migration of these cells, first to the TDA and then to the lumen via the lateral dome epithelium, may provide a major pathway of T cell migration in both newborn and older animals.
The Number of Reactive Cells in Mouse Lymphocyte Cultures Stimulated by Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin a or Histocompatibility Antigen
Authors: Jones G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse lymphocytes were cultured with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or allogeneic cells. The number of cells entering DNA synthesis was determined by pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine at various times. Phytohemagglutinin induced 11 to 26% of the initial population to enter the proliferative cycle over 1 to 4 days. Concanavalin A induced 29 to 46% of the initial population to enter proliferation over 1 to 5 days. In mixed leukocyte cultures approximately 1% of BALB/c or CBA lymphocytes responded to F1 cells over 1 to 5 days and in two-way mixed cultures between BALB/c and CBA cells a similar proportion, 1% of the initial population, responded. Variations in the total cell concentration or the ratio of parental to F1 cells in mixed leukocyte cultures produced no change in the percentage of reactive cells. The number of reactive cells was increased approximately 7-fold, nearly 8% of the initial population, in BALB/c mice that had been pre-sensitized with F1 cells. These findings are discussed in relation to the recognition of antigen by thymus derived lymphocytes.
Xenogeneic Reactivity of Human Fetal Lymphocytes
Authors: Asantila Tuula , Sorvari Tapani , Hirvonen Toivo , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In a local graft-vs-host reaction under a rat kidney capsule, spleen lymphocytes from 13-week-old human fetuses were capable of a xenogeneic immunologic reactivity. At 18 to 23 weeks of the intrauterine life, the reactivity was of the same magnitude as that of adult human lymphocytes. Fetal thymus cells were less active than fetal spleen cells. The results indicate that immunologic reactivity against xenogeneic cells is a genuine property of virgin unstimulated lymphocytes.
Role of Cyclic AMP in Mitogen Induced Transformation of Human Peripheral Leukocytes
Authors: Krishnaraj R. , Talwar G. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) causes a stimulation of the adenyl cyclase activity of human peripheral leukocytes within 15 min of incubation of cells with the mitogen. An increase in the intracellular content of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was also observed in purified lymphocyte preparations. The blast transformation and the stimulation of the adenyl cyclase by PHA are dose dependent; excessive concentration of the mitogen is inhibitory for both effects. A variety of pharmacological agents (propranolol; chlorpromazine and imidazole) that interfere with the PHA induced activation of adenyl cyclase or that lower the intracellular levels of cAMP at the early stages inhibit also the blast transformation as measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA on the day of peak response. cAMP however does not simulate fully the mitogenic action of PHA. When added to the medium, a maximal stimulation of about 2- to 3-fold over the basal control value is obtained which is far lower than the transformation with PHA (450-fold). Dibutyryl cAMP, cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate and cyclic 3′,5′-cytidine monophosphate were ineffective in the induction of transformation. Moreover, another potent mitogen, concanavalin A, gives only a marginal activation of adenyl cyclase and a moderate increase in intracellular cAMP levels in the initial phases. It is concluded that activation of adenyl cyclase and a rise in intracellular content of cAMP in the early phase are possibly a part (but not all) of the initial effects of PHA on human leukocytes.
Antigen-Induced Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The smaller of the two rat myelin basic proteins (rat-S) was isolated by gel filtration and employed for antigen-induced inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs. Rat-S lacks a sequence of 40 amino acids which are present in the larger myelin basic protein including part of the major determinant which causes EAE in the guinea pig. The results show that non-encephalitogenic rat-S, given before sensitization with the large basic protein, significantly inhibits EAE in the guinea pig, although the protection provided by the large basic protein is somewhat more complete. These findings suggest that different sites on the basic protein molecule are responsible for the immunologic induction and inhibition, respectively, of EAE.
Early Biochemical Alterations Induced by Lymphotoxin in Target Cells
Authors: Rosenau Werner , Goldberg Melvin L. , Burke Gertrude C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte-mediated target cell destruction apparently involves a cytotoxic protein, lymphotoxin, produced by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Various biochemical functions of L cells exposed to purified lymphotoxin were examined. No alterations in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation or Na-K pump were observed. Nor does lymphotoxin-induced cytolysis appear to be mediated by lysolecithin. In contrast to these negative findings, an early decrease in the number of polysomes and a marked increase in the rate of RNA synthesis were detected. The cytotoxic effect of lymphotoxin is greatly potentiated and accelerated by actinomycin D, even at early intervals, when this inhibitor per se causes little cytotoxicity. The ability to potentiate the effect of lymphotoxin would be particularly important in tumor immunity, where accentuation of the relatively weak immune resonse might be beneficial to the host.