bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De los balnea a los hammams. ¿El diseño del baño tardoantiguo en la Cirenaica como inspiración para los primeros baños árabes?
Authors: Maréchal Sadi 
Published: August 2023

Este artículo examina la manera en que el diseño específico de las casas de baños de la Antigüedad tardía en la provincia romana de la Cirenaica, base de operaciones para la conquista islámica de Ifrīqiya, influyó en el desarrollo de los hammams en el norte de África y en al-Andalus. Los restos arqueológicos de los baños bizantinos/tardoantiguos y los primeros hammams son puestos en comparación para demostrar las grandes similitudes de su trazado general y dentro de este, del diseño del caldarium en particular, lo que apunta a la pervivencia de los esquemas de construcción que sobreviven hasta el día de hoy en los hammams marroquíes. La característica más distintiva era la estancia rectangular para el baño de calor, calentada por un solo horno, y flanqueada por dos exedras que albergaban sendas bañeras rectangulares. Este diseño de hammam «occidental» era marcadamente distinto de los hammams contemporáneos en Oriente, que a su vez continuaron con el diseño tradicional de los baños públicos romano-bizantinos orientales. Contrariamente a lo que se presuponía, este artículo demuestra que el diseño «occidental» no se originó en los primeros momentos del Marruecos medieval y de al-Andalus, extendiéndose posteriormente hacia el Mediterráneo oriental, sino que se originó en el norte del África romano-bizantino, extendiéndose hacia el Oeste, para regresar, a través de la circularidad cultural, al lugar de origen con nuevas adaptaciones.
Scultura dipinta o pittura a rilievo ? Riflessioni sulla policromia nel Quattrocento fiorentino
Authors: Gentilini Giancarlo 
Published: August 2023

L’intervento intende ristabilire il ruolo paritario, se non spesso prioritario, affidato e riconosciuto nel Quattrocento alla policromia nella qualificazione formale di opere che oggi definiamo “sculture dipinte”, prima che il dibattito cinquecentesco sul ‘paragone’ e sul ‘primato’ delle arti ne decretasse la sfortuna.Nella parte introduttiva, attraverso una casistica esemplificativa, verranno pertanto ricordate le varie motivazioni espressive, culturali e tecniche che garantirono la persistenza di una qualificata finitura pittorica nella scultura del primo Rinascimento toscano, soprattutto per le immagini in terracotta, stucco, legno destinate alla devozione domestica e alla religiosità popolare. Nella seconda parte, ci si propone invece di esaminare in modo più sistematico, attraverso una selezione delle principali tipologie, i rilievi raffiguranti la Madonna col Bambino replicati in modo seriale a calco in materiali ‘poveri’ (terracotta, stucco, cartapesta) nelle botteghe dei più celebri maestri fiorentini (Ghiberti, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Della Robbia, Desiderio, Rossellino, Da Maiano etc.), impreziositi, diversificati e qualificati, anche sul piano formale ed iconografico, attraverso elaborate, spesso sontuose policromie affidate a pittori specializzati (Lo Scheggia, Neri di Bicci, lo Pseudo Pierfrancesco Fiorentino, il Maestro di San Miniato, Bernardo Rosselli etc.) : intervento che, per il maggiore tempo richiesto e il costo dei materiali impiegati, veniva a costituire il momento più complesso, oneroso e qualificante nell’intero processo di produzione, al punto da indurre alcuni pittori ad assumere la gestione commerciale del prodotto finito. Opere che, pertanto, in una corretta valutazione storica e metodologica, sia formale che economica, si qualificano più come “pitture a rilievo” che come “sculture dipinte”, rimettendo in discussione la tradizionale separazione dei ‘generi’ e sollecitando nuove indagini attributive e tecniche più attente a tali pregnanti valenze pittoriche.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Gorthi Sankar P. , Gupta Dulari 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims:
The scope of treatment in Alzheimer’s Disease has widened in recent times with FDA approval of new drugs. This review looks at established treatments in AD as well as critically analyses the newer drugs available.

Methods:
Data in this review was gathered from PubMed; Google Scholar and MEDLINE from January-March 2023. Search words used were ‘Alzheimer’s Disease treatment’ and ‘Dementia treatment’.

Results:
Older time tested drugs like Acetyl Choline Receptor Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor antagonists remain the mainstay of pharmacological treatment in AD. Despite a lot of excitement about newer FDA approved drugs; we have to be cautious in their use. Aducanumab showed good reduction in CSF amyloid levels (biomarker of AD); but this did not necessarily translate into better clinical outcomes of patients.

Conclusion:
Despite the recent advances and approval of drugs in treatment of AD, we have to exhibit caution while prescribing these drugs. Even with a sound mechanism of action, these drugs do not always show improvement in clinical outcomes. More clinical trials are required for development of drugs in treatment of AD which explore various different mechanisms of action.
Five-Year Outcomes and Predictors of Mortality following Sepsis in a Large Cohort of Patients in a General Medical Ward: A Cohort Study from South India
Authors: Kalimuthu Murugabharathy , Chandiraseharan Vignesh Kumar , Sunny Ansa , Lakshmanan Jeyaseelan , Babu Malavika , Turaka Vijay Prakash , George Tina , Mishra Ajay Kumar , Gowri Mahasampath , Sudarsanam Thambu David 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Although sepsis is a well-known cause of in-hospital mortality, data on long term outcomes are scarce.

Aim:
This study aims to estimate the cumulative 5-year mortality among patients with infection requiring admission.

Methods:
This was a cohort study done in tertiary care center in South India, with recruitment of those admitted with an infection between January 1st, 2009 and July 31st, 2014 in a medical unit. The patients were followed up by telephonic call or case record review. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was plotted and Cox-proportional hazard model was used as multivariable analysis to identify the independent risk factors of long-term mortality.

Results:
One thousand four hundred and fifty three patients were followed up in this cohort study. The mean survival by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was 3.78 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.33, 4.22) in quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score positive patients and 6.07 years (95% CI 5.73, 6.41) in qSOFA negative patients which was statistically significant by the log-rank test. The cumulative 1-year mortality was 44.9% and 21.8% for qSOFA score of 2 or more and nonsepsis patients, respectively. The median survival of qSOFA score of 2 or more patients was 0.75 years (95% CI 0–2.1 years). The mortality among sepsis patients at discharge, 1 year, 5 and 8 years was 38.2%, 44.9%, 47.4%, and 47.8%, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed age hazard ratio (HR) 1.02 (1.01, 1.04), male gender 1.45 (1.03, 2.04), >qSOFA score HR 1.89 (1.32, 2.72), Charlson Comorbidity Index HR 1.29 (1.14, 1.46), respiratory tract infection HR 1.81 (1.10, 2.95), and inotrope requirement HR 3.24 (1.98, 5.29) were the independent predictors of long-term mortality.

Conclusions:
The median survival of patients with possible infection with qSOFA score of 2 or more patients was 0.75 years (95% CI 0–2.1 years). Older age, male gender, qSOFA score of 2 or more, Charlson Comorbidity Index, respiratory tract infection, and inotrope requirement HR 3.24 were the independent predictors of long-term mortality.
Antitoxic Principles from Moringa oleifera (Mo11) and Musa sapientum (Ms06) Ameliorated Cadmium Chloride-Induced Renal Hyperplasia and Apoptosis through Ki67/P53-Mediated Pathway in Rats
Authors: Akinlolu Adelaja , Ameen Mubarak , Ebito Gabriel , Asogwa Nnaemeka , Akindele Raheem , Fagbohunka Bamidele , Arowolo Zainab , Garuba Taofeeq 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Cadmium (Cd) is an established carcinogen. Cd-induced renotoxicity resulted in oxidative stress, loss of excretory kidney functions, and apoptosis of murine kidney cells.

Objectives:
This study evaluated renoprotective potentials of MO11 (isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves) and MS06 (isolated from Musa sapientum suckers) against Cd chloride (CdCl2)-induced renotoxicity, renal hyperplasia, and apoptosis in rats.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (average weight of 155 g) were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 4). Group 1 received physiological saline. Groups 2–4 and 6 received single intraperitoneal (i.p) administration of 1.5 mg/kg body weight of CdCl2 (i.p) (Day 1). Groups 3–4 and 6 were posttreated with 15 mg/kg body weight of MO11, 15 mg/kg body weight of MO11 +7 mg/kg body weight of MS06, and 3.35 mg/kg body weight of doxorubicin, respectively (days: 1–17). Group 5 received only olive oil dose (vehicle), respectively (days: 1–17). Kidney histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin technique) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay concentrations of biomarkers of proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (p53) in kidney homogenates of rats of Groups 1–6 were evaluated.

Results:
Histopathological analyses showed normal kidney histology in the rats of Groups 1–6. Posttreatments of CdCl2-induced renotoxicity with MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin resulted in downregulations of Ki67 and p53 in Groups 3, 4, and 6 as compared with Group 2.

Conclusion:
MO11 and MS06 possess renoprotective, anti-proliferation, and anti-apoptosis potentials.
Standardization of Objective Structured Practical Examination in Terms of Validity and Reliability in Biochemistry: Our First Experience
Authors: Suneja Shilpa 
Published: August 2023

Objective:
The present study is an effort to standardize and establish the validity and reliability of objective structured practical examination (OSPE) as a formative assessment tool in biochemistry.

Materials and Methods:
After institutional ethical clearance, brainstorming was done to plan the logistics necessary for the standardization of OSPE in biochemistry at undergraduate level. An assessment blueprint was established, structured checklists for individual procedure stations along with the student’s and examiners’ instruction manuals were designed. Review and revision of the planned OSPE stations were done and the validity and reliability of the tool were established. The internal reliability of the OSPE stations was determined by calculating Cronbach’s alpha from the mean scores obtained by the students in each station during the formative assessments. A pilot study was conducted on a group of 14 volunteer students to establish the homogeneity of the study. The content validity index (CVI) and the coefficient of reliability of the feedback questionnaire for faculty and students were calculated. Feedback taken from students and faculty was analyzed through the Satisfaction Index for 5-point Likert Scale questions and thematic analysis for open-ended questions.

Results:
Cronbach’s alpha of the OSPE questions, during the four formative assessments in sessional examinations, showed high internal consistency of 0.832, 0.861, 0.796, and 0.845. Homogeneity was determined by a split-half estimate of pilot OSPE with Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.9. The S-CVI/Ave scores for the students and faculty questionnaire were 0.86 and 0.91 respectively with the internal consistency of 0.83 and 0.89.

Conclusions:
OSPE is a valid and reliable assessment tool after standardization that provides a structured approach to assessment and can be used for formative assessments of medical undergraduate students in biochemistry.
Assessment of Foot Pressure in Patients with Diabetes by Using Mat Scan in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in North India
Authors: Totaganti Manjunath , Kant Ravi , Yadav Raj Kumar , Khapre Minakshi 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
Diabetic foot ulcers are a common diabetic complication that can be lethal. Abnormal plantar pressures are hypothesized to influence the pathogenesis of neuropathic ulcers in the diabetic foot.

Aim:
To analyze the maximum plantar pressures and average plantar pressures in diabetic patients.

Materials and Methods:
The study used 62 diabetes individuals as participants. Body mass index was calculated, as well as illness duration and hemoglobin A1c. Plantar pressure was measured in static (standing) and dynamic (walking/taking a step on the mat) settings for all patients using the BTS (BTS is a bioengineering company based in Italy) walk system. The plantar pressures (kPa) at the five metatarsal regions, the mid-foot region, and the medial and lateral heel regions were measured.

Results:
We found that the maximum dynamic pressures were higher in at metatarsal region, which were above 600 kPa, which were considered a risk for ulceration.

Conclusion:
Persons with diabetes have higher maximum plantar pressures. These people are at high risk for foot ulceration in the metatarsal and mid-foot regions. This can be used as an indicator of the development of ulcers.
A Comparative Clinical Study of Marham-e-raal and Povidone-Iodine 5% Ointment in Nonhealing Ulcers
Authors: Ahmad Waseem , Alam Saiyad Shah , Sahibole Suhail Yunus 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
Nonhealing ulcers are those that have not proceeded through timely and orderly reparation to produce anatomic and functional integrity. Povidone iodine is widely used ointment among physician and surgeons globally for wound dressings. In texts of Unani medicine literature, Marham-e-raal has been described as a potent ointment for gaining timely healing of wounds. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of povidone iodine and Marham-e-raal in nonhealing ulcers/chronic wounds.

Methods:
A randomized controlled study was carried out in the Department of Jarahat (Surgery) in National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru. A total of 45 subjects were included and randomized into Marham-e-raal and betadine dressing groups based on inclusion criteria. Dressing was done on daily basis and subjects were assessed on every 15 day from baseline to day 45 for primary outcomes (appearance of healthy granulation, epithelialization, and reduction in wound surface area) and secondary outcomes (decreases in tenderness score and depth of wound).

Results:
Nineteen out of 27 subjects in Marham-e-raal dressing group achieved complete healing as compared to one in povidone-iodine dressing group. There was significant reduction in wound surface area, median tenderness score and depth of wounds among subjects in Marham-e-raal dressing group at 0.05 level of significance.

Conclusion:

Marham-e-raal is an effective wound dressing and healing agent as compared to povidone-iodine ointment.
Nonorthogonal multiple access multiple input multiple output communications with harvested energy: Performance evaluation
Authors: Le‐Thanh Toi , Ho‐Van Khuong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis paper demonstrates improved throughput and energy efficiency of wireless communications by exploiting nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), multiple input–multiple output (MIMO), and radio frequency energy harvesting (EH) technologies. To assess the performance of NOMA MIMO communications with EH (MMe), we consider the nonlinear characteristics of EH devices and propose explicit expressions for throughput and outage probability. Based on our results, the system performance is significantly mitigated by EH nonlinearity and is considerably improved by increasing the number of antennas. Additionally, by appropriately adjusting the system parameters, our NOMA MMe innovation can avert complete outages while optimizing system performance. Moreover, the results demonstrate the superiority of the NOMA MMe over its orthogonal multiple access MMe counterparts.
IT and territory : the location paradox
Authors: Savy Michel 
Published: August 2023

As their development gets stronger, the influence of IT on location of activities gets weaker : this effect will be called the "paradox of location". But the role of IT is essential in the setting up of a new spatial organisation of production, according to a network scheme, where the connection between functions and between firms is more important than their physical vicinity. The territory of flows restructures the territory of places.
Au fur et à mesure que leur usage se renforce, l'influence des Techniques d'Information et de Communication (TIC) sur l'implantation d'activités s'affaiblit : c'est le "paradoxe de localisation". Leur rôle est toutefois primordial dans la mise en place d'une nouvelle organisation spatiale de la production, fonctionnant en réseau, où la connexion entre fonctions et entreprises importe plus que leur proximité. Le territoire des flux reconfigure le territoire des lieux.
Motorways, activities and regions: Results and methodological proposals for research
Authors: Faivre Emmanuel 
Published: August 2023

Can a motorway fix activities? In order to answer this question, three research directions were investigated :- spatial analysis of business location dynamics,- opinion poll of motorway perception by firms,- study of the interplay of the regional bodies.This information we gathered have been organized in a location system for understanding the machinery impacted by a new motorway. This leads to a research proposal where one does not try to isolate the motorway factor anymore, but rather considers the system conditioning business location, and analyses the role played by the motorway therein. The result is a systemic analysis board for understanding and explaining the business location machinery impacted by a new motorway.
L'autoroute est-elle capable de fixer des activités ? Afin d'y répondre, trois angles de recherche ont été abordés :- analyse spatiale des dynamiques de localisation d'établissements,- enquête de perception de l’autoroute par les entreprises,- étude du jeu des acteurs territoriaux et de leurs projets (ZAE).Les connaissances ainsi recueillies ont été organisées au sein d’un système de localisation afin de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu par l’arrivée d’une autoroute. Aussi, la proposition de recherche qui en découle consiste à ne plus essayer d’isoler le facteur autoroutier mais à tenter de se fixer sur le système qui conditionne les localisations d’activités pour y analyser le rôle joué par l’autoroute. L’aboutissement de nos recherches se matérialise par la réalisation d’une grille d’analyse résolument systémique visant à comprendre et expliquer les interactions entre autoroutes et système de localisation des activités.
Urban road pricing and equity: a survey of literature
Authors: Souche Stéphanie 
Published: August 2023

Cet article peut être téléchargé sur le site de la revue : http://www.afitl.com/CST/precedents-numeros/N43/Souch43.pdf (lien visité le 04/04/2007)
The equity of the road pricing focuses many search works: Richardson (1974), Jara-Diaz (1989), Jones (1991, 1992, 2002), Giuliano (1992), Gomez-Ibanez (1992), Banister (1994), Emmerink and alii (1995), Rietveld, Verhoef (1998), Wardman and alii (2002). The high number and their contradictory conclusions of those works imply to tack stock of their main results. The subject of this paper is to make a survey of the literature on the equity of the urban road pricing. Through display of the different search work, firstly we show the different equity senses in the case of road pricing, for finally establish or not a " common learning " on this topic. Then, we detail two central questions to judge the equity of this new measure: ermarking [Goodwin (1989), Jones (1991, 2002), Small (1992, 1993), Hau (1992), Verhoef and alii (1997)], and influence of the liberty of choice [Jones (1991), Baron, Jurney (1993), Frey, Pommerehne (1993), Schlag, Teubel (1997), Jakobsson and alii (2000)]. Finally, it is necessary to take into account the local (existing alternatives, location of households and employments, new infrastructure) and national contexts (national taxes, competitivity of the transport sector, objective of this measure).
La question de l'équité du péage urbain ne cesse de susciter des travaux de recherche : Richardson (1974), Jara-Diaz (1989), Jones (1991, 1992, 2002), Giuliano (1992), Gomez-Ibanez (1992), Banister (1994), Emmerink et alii (1995), Rietveld, Verhoef (1998), Wardman et alii (2002). Le nombre élevé et les conclusions souvent contradictoires de ces derniers impliquent de faire le point sur leurs principaux résultats. L'objet de ce papier est donc de faire une revue de la littérature sur l'équité du péage urbain. A travers l'exposé de différents travaux, nous montrons d'abord les différentes acceptions de l'équité dans le cas du péage urbain, pour finalement établir s'il existe ou non un " savoir partagé " sur cette question. Nous détaillons ensuite deux questions centrales pour juger du caractère équitable de cette nouvelle mesure : l'affectation des recettes du péage [Goodwin (1989), Jones (1991, 2002), Small (1992, 1993), Hau (1992), Verhoef et alii (1997)], et son influence sur la liberté de choix des individus [Jones (1991), Baron, Jurney (1993), Frey, Pommerehne (1993), Schlag, Teubel (1997), Jakobsson et alii (2000)]. Il apparaît finalement qu'il est nécessaire de prendre en compte le contexte local (alternatives existantes, localisations des ménages et des emplois, nouvelle infrastructure) et national (autres taxes existantes, compétitivité du secteur des transports, objectif de la mesure) de cette nouvelle mesure.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey: Global Changes, Regional Gains and Local Challenges in Port Development
Authors: Rodrigue Jean-Paul 
Published: August 2023

The interplay between globalization and maritime transportation has been the focus of much attention. Under such a context, the port authority is often perceived as an entity increasingly under the pressure to cope with the demands of global maritime shippers and with local constraints pertaining to port development (e.g. better terminals, efficient inland distribution and environmental protection). This article investigates the relationships between global changes and the local challenges of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, one of the most diversified port authorities in the world. A wide array of facilities including office space, bridges and tunnels, industrial development zones, waterfront developments, airports, transit systems and, finally, port terminals are under its jurisdiction. It is argued that even if port activities represent a small share of the port authority’s assets, it has an enduring commitment to port development. From traditional responses such as terminal improvements and dredging, the port authority is developing new strategies aimed at port regionalization such as terminal access and inland distribution systems.
La réciprocité entre la mondialisation et le transport maritime a été l’objet de nombreuses recherches. Dans un tel contexte, l’autorité portuaire est souvent perçue comme une entité de plus en plus contrainte de subvenir aux besoins des armateurs et de satisfaire le développement portuaire (meilleurs terminaux, efficacité du système de distribution terrestre, protection environnementale, etc.). Cet article se penche sur les relations entre les changements globaux et la problématique locale de l’autorité portuaire de New York et du New Jersey, une des autorités portuaires les plus diversifiées au monde. Elle a sous sa juridiction une grande variété d’installations incluant de l’immobilier de bureaux, des ponts et tunnels, des zones de développement industriel, des aéroports, des systèmes de transport en commun et, enfin, des terminaux maritimes. Il est souligné que même si les activités portuaires représentent une faible part des actifs de l’autorité portuaire, cette dernière a continué à soutenir le développement portuaire par diverses stratégies. Parallèlement aux réponses conventionnelles pour favoriser le développement portuaire tels que l’amélioration des terminaux et le dragage, l’autorité portuaire développe de nouvelles stratégies de régionalisation portuaire en portant une attention particulière à l’accessibilité des terminaux et au développement de systèmes terrestres de distribution de marchandises conteneurisées.