bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of Kratom Opioids
Authors: Kim Kyunhee , Shahsavarani Mohammadamin , Oswaldo Garza-García Jorge Jonathan , Carlisle Jack Edward , Guo Jun , De Luca Vincenzo , Qu Yang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMitragyna speciosa(kratom) derived monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) such as mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are a new class of opioids with a corynanthe MIA pharmacophore that is responsible for their significantly reduced side effects and superior safety profiles. While botanical kratom has been historically used for stimulation and pain management in Southeast Asia, the biosynthesis of kratom MIAs is not known. In this study, we identified and characterized 9 reductases bearing various degrees of demethyldihydrocoryanthine/demethylcorynantheidine synthase activity and a new SABATH type methyltransferase that catalyzes highly unusual non-aromatic enol methylation from kratom and several other species, which are required in kratom opioids biosynthesis. With unnatural substrate 4-hydroxytryptamine, we further showed the biosynthesis of mitragynine and its epimer speciogynine using these characterized enzymes. The promiscuity of kratom opioid biosynthetic enzymes suggests that derivatives and analogs of kratom opioids may be manufactured in heterologous systems with appropriate enzymes and substrates.
Quantitative measures of topographic and divergent/convergent connectivity in diffusion MRI of the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Shi Liang , Woodward Alexander , Igarashi Jun 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTSpatial features of connections, such as topography and divergence/convergence, reflect the information-processing mechanisms crucial for understanding and modeling the brain. However, this has not yet been comprehensively investigated. Using diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) data, we developed a topographic factor (TF) and divergence/convergence factor (DC) to quantitatively explore the spatial connectivity patterns of one entire hemisphere of the human cerebral cortex. In the analysis, the early sensory areas, which are located far away from the center of the cerebral cortex, exhibited high topographic connectivity. In contrast, the limbic system, which is located proximal to the center, showed high divergence/convergence in two types of connectivity: one region to another region at the region-to-region level, and one region to all other regions at the global level. Topography had anti-correlation with divergence/convergence over the cerebral cortex, and the two types of divergence/convergence displayed positive correlation with each other. These results suggest that topographic and divergent/convergent connectivity are spatially organized with respect to cytoarchitecture over the cerebral cortex to optimize energy efficiency and information transfer performance in the cerebral cortex.
Peering down the sink: A review of isoprene metabolism by bacteria
Authors: Dawson Robin A. , Crombie Andrew T. , Jansen Robert S. , Smith Thomas J. , Nichol Tim , Murrell Colin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIsoprene (2‐methyl‐1,3‐butadiene) is emitted to the atmosphere each year in sufficient quantities to rival methane (>500 Tg C yr−1), primarily due to emission by trees and other plants. Chemical reactions of isoprene with other atmospheric compounds, such as hydroxyl radicals and inorganic nitrogen species (NOx), have implications for global warming and local air quality, respectively. For many years, it has been estimated that soil‐dwelling bacteria consume a significant amount of isoprene (~20 Tg C yr−1), but the mechanisms underlying the biological sink for isoprene have been poorly understood. Studies have indicated or confirmed the ability of diverse bacterial genera to degrade isoprene, whether by the canonical iso‐type isoprene degradation pathway or through other less well‐characterized mechanisms. Here, we review current knowledge of isoprene metabolism and highlight key areas for further research. In particular, examples of isoprene‐degraders that do not utilize the isoprene monooxygenase have been identified in recent years. This has fascinating implications both for the mechanism of isoprene uptake by bacteria, and also for the ecology of isoprene‐degraders in the environments.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its multiple strategies to access iron
Authors: Schalk Isabelle J. , Perraud Quentin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium found in many natural and man‐made environments. It is also a pathogen for plants, animals, and humans. As for almost all living organisms, iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of P. aeruginosa. The bacterium has evolved complex systems to access iron and maintain its homeostasis to survive in diverse natural and dynamic host environments. To access ferric iron, P. aeruginosa is able to produce two siderophores (pyoverdine and pyochelin), as well as use a variety of siderophores produced by other bacteria (mycobactins, enterobactin, ferrioxamine, ferrichrome, vibriobactin, aerobactin, rhizobactin and schizokinen). Furthermore, it can also use citrate, in addition to catecholamine neuromediators and plant‐derived mono catechols, as siderophores. The P. aeruginosa genome also encodes three heme‐uptake pathways (heme being an iron source) and one ferrous iron acquisition pathway. This review aims to summarize current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in all the iron and heme acquisition strategies used by P. aeruginosa.
Dwelling in epistemic disobedience: A reply to Go
Authors: Meghji Ali 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn Thinking Against Empire: Anticolonial Thought as Social Theory, Julian Go continues his vital work on rethinking and redirecting the discipline of sociology. Go’s piece relates to his wider oeuvre of postcolonial sociology – found in works such as his Postcolonial Thought and Social Theory (2016) as well as multiple journal articles on epistemic exclusion (Go 2020), Southern theory (Go 2016), metrocentrism (Go 2014), and the history of sociology (Go 2009). In this response article, my aim is to think alongside some of the central themes outlined in Go’s paper rather than offering a rebuttal of any sorts. In particular, I want to think through how the recent work on ‘decoloniality’ may play more of a central role in Go’s vision of sociology and social theory than he acknowledges. In doing so, I hope to engage in Go’s prodigious scholarship through centering discussions of the geopolitics of knowledge, double translation, and border thinking. Before proceeding to this discussion, I will offer a brief review of my reading of Go’s paper.
A social identity perspective on interoperability in the emergency services: Emergency responders' experiences of multiagency working during the COVID‐19 response in the UK
Authors: Davidson Louise , Carter Holly , Amlôt Richard , Drury John , Haslam S. Alexander , Radburn Matthew , Stott Clifford 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRecent research has shown that multiagency emergency response is beset by a range of challenges, calling for a greater understanding of the way in which these teams work together to improve future multiagency working. Social psychological research shows that a shared identity within a group can improve the way in which that group works together and can facilitate effective outcomes. In the present study, 52 semistructured interviews were conducted with 17 strategic and/or tactical responders during the COVID‐19 pandemic to understand the possible role of shared identity in the multiagency response to COVID‐19 and whether this was linked to factors that facilitated or challenged interoperability. Findings show evidence of a shared identity at a horizontal intergroup level among responders locally. However, there was limited evidence for a shared identity at the vertical intergroup level between local and national responders. Three key factors linked to shared identity appeared to contribute to effective multiagency working. First, pre‐existing relationships with other responders facilitated the ease with which responders were able to work together initially. Second, a sense of ‘common fate’ helped bring responders together, and finally, group leaders were able to strategically reinforce a sense of shared identity within the group.
Multi‐center experience in an optimized right upper lobectomy surgical procedure in China
Authors: Mei Long‐Yong , Liu Wen‐Zhou , Xiu Yu‐Chi , Tao Shao‐Lin , Feng Yong‐Geng , Tan Qun‐You , Xu Shi‐Guang , Xian Lei , Deng Bo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis multi‐center study was aimed at retrospectively evaluating the feasibility, safety, clinical outcomes, and surgical learning curve of an optimized procedure for right upper lobectomy (RUL), which is challenging because of the anatomical structures and features of this lobe.MethodsThis study included 45 RUL cases of robot‐assisted thoracoscopy (RATS) in a pilot cohort and 187 RUL cases of video‐assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) in three cohorts. A total of 121 and 111 patients underwent traditional and optimized RUL, respectively. The optimized surgical procedure was performed to consecutively transect the superior arterial trunk and bronchus, and finally disconnect the pulmonary vein and posterior ascending artery with interlobar fissures. Clinical and radiological data were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsOptimized RUL can be performed successfully by RATS or VATS. The optimized procedure yielded better clinical outcomes than the traditional procedure, including shorter operation times, less blood loss, fewer complications, shorter hospital times, lower costs, and a lower likelihood of postoperative intermedius bronchial kinking. Additionally, for calcified interlobar lymph nodes, the optimized VATS group was less likely to be converted to thoracotomy than the traditional group. The skills required to perform optimized VATS RUL can be gained by surgeons after 12 to 15 cases. The two RUL procedures in the pilot cohort showed similar disease‐free survival.ConclusionsThe optimized RUL was safe, economical, and feasible, with a short learning curve and satisfactory disease‐free survival.
The association between adverse childhood experiences and treatment response for adults with alcohol and other drug use disorders
Authors: Borgert Benjamin , Morrison Deborah G. , Rung Jillian M. , Hunt Jason , Teitelbaum Scott , Merlo Lisa J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAdverse events during childhood increase the risk for the development of substance use disorders (SUDs). This study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and SUD treatment response.MethodsThis cohort analysis included data from longitudinal clinical assessments extracted from the records of 438 consenting individuals undergoing SUD treatment (63% male; 88.8% White). Mixed effects models evaluated the relationship between scores on the ACE questionnaire and indicators of treatment response (i.e., alcohol and drug abstinence self‐efficacy; symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) for individuals with alcohol‐related (n = 332) and other drug‐related (n = 275) diagnoses, with some participants included in both groups.ResultsTreatment response varied as a function of ACEs, with the magnitude of differences varying across time in treatment. Relative to those with no ACE history, those who experienced ≥2 ACEs reported worse depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol/drug abstinence self‐efficacy at baseline, with many differences remaining at the 30‐day assessment. All differences abated by discharge, with the exception of PTSD symptoms among those in the drug use group with a history of ≥4 ACEs. Male gender and older age were generally associated with lower symptomology and higher abstinence self‐efficacy.Discussion and ConclusionsAssessing ACE history early in SUD treatment may improve treatment planning and prognosis. Future studies should evaluate the role of trauma‐informed programming and individual interventions to improve treatment response.Scientific SignificanceThis study demonstrates the association between adverse childhood experiences and symptom severity among patients across participation in SUD treatment.
Scalp metastasis of pulmonary blastoma—a rare entity: Cytomorphology with differential diagnoses
Authors: Shastri Malvika , Kundu Reetu 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundPulmonary blastomas are exceptionally rare tumours. These tumours behave aggressively, with a propensity to metastasise to the brain and mediastinum. A definitive diagnosis of pulmonary blastoma is challenging to obtain on cytomorphology alone.Case ReportWe herein describe a case of a 59‐year‐old female who presented with a scalp lesion. The patient was diagnosed to have pulmonary blastoma on histopathology of left lower lobectomy specimen. Fine needle aspiration cytology was done from this recently developed scalp swelling. Cytomorphology supplemented with immunocytochemistry on cell block confirmed the diagnosis of a metastatic pulmonary blastoma.ConclusionsIn a known case of primary pulmonary blastoma, any newly developing lesion at any anatomical site should be carefully evaluated for metastasis. If metastasis is needled and no previous histology is available, it carries a reasonable risk of erroneous interpretation. It is essential not to overlook often subtle biphasic malignant cells on the smears, which otherwise resemble other poorly differentiated tumours. Immunocytochemistry coupled with morphology is confirmatory.
Seeking contact: British horsemanship and stances toward knowing and being known by (Animal) others
Authors: McVey Rosie Jones 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWhat is it like to know and be known by other creatures? And when do people place ethical importance on knowing or being known by other creatures in particular ways? This article brings ethnography of British equestrianism into dialogue with anthropological inquiries into the cultural variability of intersubjective understanding. I will show that riders’ desire for authentic mutual understanding with horses is part of their critical relationship with the concept of representation. At the same time, riders’ efforts to improve their perceptual “feel” in fact reinvigorate their requirement for a representational model of mind and a skepticism about their senses. To do justice to the distinctive experience of other‐mindedness that this brings about, I will argue that comparisons between the knowability of minds in different cultural contexts are best forged in terms of varied stances toward intersubjectivity, rather than in terms of varied ethical expressions of underlying universal intersubjective states.
“I feel terrible and need to exercise to find any sort of joy”: What COVID stay‐at‐home orders tell us about exercise as vitality politics and entertainment in the United States
Authors: Hejtmanek Katie Rose , Ocobock Cara 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDuring COVID‐19 stay‐at‐home orders (SaHOs), people faced drastic shifts in their work and home lives. These shifts, in combination with the temporary closure of gyms and fitness centers, led to exercise‐routine disruption. We conducted a survey to assess how people were affected by SaHOs in terms of exercise‐routine change, feelings about exercise, perceived physical and mental health, as well as exercise‐routine plans once SaHOs were lifted. In this article, we examine why affluent white American women exercised before and during COVID‐19 SaHOs. The article focuses on the role of pleasure and entertainment as key components of exercise practices for these women. We found that changes in motivation reveal that exercise regimens are part of contemporary vitality politics, or current cultural and subjective desires and abilities to manipulate and optimize biological human processes, that include both health and entertainment. Therefore, we argue that exercise is a meaningful cultural, entertainment, and biopolitical activity.
Carbon pump dynamics and limited organic carbon burial during OAE1a
Authors: Bauer Kohen W. , McKenzie N. Ryan , Bottini Cinzia , Erba Elisabetta , Crowe Sean A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractOceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) are conspicuous intervals in the geologic record that are associated with the deposition of organic carbon (OC)‐rich marine sediment, linked to extreme biogeochemical perturbations, and characterized by widespread ocean deoxygenation. Mechanistic links between the marine biological carbon pump (BCP), redox conditions, and organic carbon burial during OAEs, however, remain poorly constrained. In this work we reconstructed the BCP in the western Tethys Ocean across OAE1a (~120 Mya) using sediment geochemistry and OC mass accumulation rates (OCAcc). We find that OCAcc were between 0.006 and 3.3 gC m−2 yr−1, with a mean value of 0.79 ± 0.78 SD gC m−2 yr−1—these rates are low and comparable to oligotrophic regions in the modern oceans. This challenges longstanding assumptions that oceanic anoxic events are intervals of strongly elevated organic carbon burial. Numerical modelling of the BCP, furthermore, reveals that such low OC fluxes are only possible with either or both low to moderate OC export fluxes from ocean surface waters, with rates similar to oligotrophic (nutrient‐poor, <30 gC m−2 yr−1) and mesotrophic (moderate‐nutrients, ~50–100 gC m−2 yr−1) regions in the modern ocean, and stronger than modern vertical OC attenuation. The low OC fluxes thus reflect a relatively weak BCP. Low to moderate productivity is further supported by palaeoecological and geochemical evidence and was likely maintained through nutrient limitation that developed in response to the burial and sequestration of phosphorus in association with iron minerals under ferruginous (anoxic iron‐rich) ocean conditions. Without persistently high productivity, ocean deoxygenation during OAE1a was more likely driven by other physicochemical and biological factors including ocean warming, changes in marine primary producer community composition, and fundamental shifts in the efficiency of the BCP with associated effects and feedbacks.
Multiple sulphur isotope record of Paleoarchean sedimentary rocks across the Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa
Authors: Grosch Eugene G. , McLoughlin Nicola , Whitehouse Martin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis study presents multiple sulphur isotope (32S, 33S, 34S, 36S) data on pyrites from silicified volcano‐sedimentary rocks of the Paleoarchean Onverwacht Group of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. These rocks include seafloor cherts and felsic conglomerates that were deposited in shallow marine environments preserving a record of atmospheric and biogeochemical conditions on the early Earth. A strong variation in mass independent sulphur isotope fractionation (MIF‐S) anomalies is found in the cherts, with Δ33S ranging between −0.26‰ and 3.42‰. We explore possible depositional and preservational factors that could explain some of this variation seen in MIF‐S. Evidence for microbial activity is recorded by the c. 3.45 Ga Hooggenoeg Formation Chert (HC4) preserving a contribution of microbial sulphate reduction (−Δ33S and –δ34S), and a c. 3.33 Ga Kromberg Formation Chert (KC5) recording a possible contribution of microbial elemental sulphur disproportionation (+Δ33S and –δ34S). Pyrites from a rhyo‐dacitic conglomerate of the Noisy Formation do not plot along a previously proposed global Felsic Volcanic Array, and this excludes short‐lived pulses of intense felsic volcanic gas emissions as the dominant control on Archean MIF‐S. Rather, we suggest that the MIF‐S signals measured reflect dilution during marine deposition, early diagenetic modification, and mixing with volcanic/hydrothermal S sources. Given the expanded stratigraphic interval (3.47–3.22 Ga) now sampled from across the Barberton Supergroup, we conclude that large MIF‐S exceeding >4‰ is atypical of Paleoarchean near‐surface environments on the Kaapvaal Craton.
Comparison of an online versus conventional multidisciplinary collaborative weight loss programme in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Han Yun , Ye Xinhua , Li Xiaona , Yang Ping , Wu Yan , Chen Liye , Wu Haili , He Wenxia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of an online multidisciplinary weight loss management programme.MethodsBetween July 2016 and July 2017 this randomized controlled trial recruited patients in Nanjing, China who were living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and who were obese or overweight and randomized them to online versus conventional groups. All participants were managed by a multidisciplinary team. The experimental group was managed using the Why Wait WeChat Platform for Weight Reduction Management.ResultsThere were 55 and 52 participants in the online and conventional groups, respectively. The decreases in fasting blood glucose (−4.26 vs. −2.99 mmol/L), 2‐h postprandial blood glucose (−4.48 vs. −2.68 mmol/L) and glycated haemoglobin (−22.11 vs. −6.21 mmol/mol) were more pronounced in the online compared to conventional group (all P < 0.05). After the intervention, self‐management ability parameters, including diet control, foot care and total score, were improved in the online group compared with the conventional group, as well as all indexes of quality of life (all P < 0.05).ConclusionThe online multidisciplinary weight loss management programme improved blood glucose in obese or overweight patients living with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Self‐management ability parameters (including diet control, foot care and total score) and quality of life were improved in the online group compared with the conventional group.
Workforce challenges across Victorian medical oncology services
Authors: Collins Ian M. , Blum Rob , Segelov Eva , Parente Phillip , Underhill Craig 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundCancer incidence is growing, with increasing treatment options and durations. This has led to an increase workload on the current oncology workforce. The global pandemic has increased this pressure further.AimsTo determine the current medical oncology workforce in Victoria, current shortfalls and future anticipated shortfalls beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsA self‐reported, cross‐sectional observational study of all current adult Victorian cancer services in June 2020 examining workforce, workload and early effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic.ResultsThe current average workload of 242 new patients per full‐time equivalent consultant in medical oncology across Victoria. This is higher than optimal to deliver a safe and efficient cancer service. The significant variation in workforce between sites highlights the areas in need of most urgent resource allocation. Use of safe prescribing practises such as electronic chemotherapy prescribing are not universal but urgently needed.ConclusionsThe medical oncology workforce in Victoria is inadequate to meet current and future demands. This needs to be addressed urgently to avoid an adverse impact on cancer measures and quality standards. Better, standardised data collection is needed to allow for ongoing measures of workforce activity. Novel workforce solutions will also need to be implemented in the short and medium term in the face of global workforce shortages.