bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin Expression of Cells from Human Lymphoblastoid Lines
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. , Hütteroth Thomas H. , Lin Por K. , Kennard Janis , Cleve Hartwig 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface Igs of eight different human established lymphoblastoid lines were investigated by means of a radioassay method and cytotoxicity testing. The number of surface Ig sites varied from 1.0 to 4.5 × 105 per Ig positive cell in different lymphoid lines. µ heavy (H) chain and κ light (L) chains were the predominant surface Ig antigens encountered in most but not all cases. A molar excess of L chains was observed in five out of eight lymphoid lines. Multiple factors contributed to the excess of L chains. In certain lines a L chain excess was also present in secreted and in cellular Ig favoring an interpretation of unbalanced oversynthesis of L chains. Two lines, however, had the L chain excess restricted to surface Ig. Experiments on two of the lines with L chain excess demonstrated that while most Ig positive cells had both L and H chain surface antigens, a minor proportion of cells had only L chains detectable on their surface.
Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes as Effectors of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Syngeneic and Allogeneic Transplants in the Rat
Authors: Tucker Derek F. , Dennert Gunther , Lennox Edwin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the cells effecting in vitro cell-mediated immunity has been examined and compared in a syngeneic and allogeneic tumor system. The tumors used for these different models were the syngeneic W/Fu rat transplantable lymphoma (C58NT)D, induced by Gross virus, and the allogeneic DMBA#8 cell line derived from a chemically-induced F334 rat mammary carcinoma.
In both systems, time course experiments show that cytotoxic effector cells recirculate through the thoracic duct. Maximum cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the lymph occurs at day 7 after immunization, which is close in time to peak cytotoxic activity in the spleen.
Since treatment of spleens immunized with the syngeneic or allogeneic cell line with specific anti-T cell serum markedly decreases cytotoxicity, we conclude that the major effector cell is a thymus-derived lymphocyte.
We did some experiments to decide whether, in addition to T cell killing, there was antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the allogeneic system in particular there was some indication that the antibody-directed mechanism may play a role. Following primary (as well as repeated) immunization, a high proportion of allogeneic sera have the capability of inducing specific tumor target lysis by normal spleen cells. In a few instances, similar but weak antibody activity appeared in syngeneic sera only after a booster injection of tumor cells and if harvested after 30 to 50 days. In the syngeneic system it therefore seems likely that only T cells are concerned in the rejection process following primary inoculation of tumor cells, whereas in the allogeneic systems, in addition to cytotoxic T cells, antibody-dependent effector cells also may be involved in tumor cell destruction. This latter conclusion is supported by the finding that anti-T cell serum completely abrogates cytotoxicity in the syngeneic system, while the inhibition is sometimes incomplete in the allogeneic one.
Immunity to C-Type RNA Viruses: Antibody Formation after Natural or Deliberate Infection
Authors: Schwartz R. S. , Donnelly J. , Melief C. J. M. , Louie S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A combined virologic and immunologic study was done in mice that were either naturally or deliberately infected with C-type RNA viruses. In about 60% of B10.A mice, natural infection was accompanied by detectable anti-VEA antibodies in the serum. The absence of such antibodies was a reliable indicator of the absence of virus in B10 mice. Deliberately infected young adult B10 mice failed to eliminate the virus completely, despite high titers of anti-VEA antibodies. B10 mice exposed to B tropic viruses at birth made anti-VEA antibodies but failed to eliminate the virus. By contrast, some NIH Swiss mice exposed to N-tropic virus at birth made anti-VEA antibodies and eliminated the virus.
Separation of Lymphocyte Mitogen from Lymphotoxin and Experiments on the Production of Lymphotoxin by Lymphoid Cells Stimulated with the Partially Purified Mitogen: A Possible Amplification Mechanism of Cellular Immunity and Allergy
Authors: Gately Celia L. , Gately Maurice K. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A mitogenic factor (MF) from guinea pig lymph node cells (LNC), which was produced by stimulating immune LNC with the specific antigen, ovalbumin, was partially purified by the sequential use of Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, CM-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The product was purified at least 100-fold with regard to protein content. In addition, the purified MF was functionally pure with respect to the absence of lymphotoxin (LT), another guinea pig lymphokine.
The possibility that MF, or a substance closely associated with this factor, might serve to amplify cellular immune and allergic reactions by nonspecifically inducing lymphoid cells to produce other lymphokines was then tested by stimulating cells from various lymphoid tissues with the purified MF and assaying the culture fluids for LT activity as a measure of lymphokine production. All the cell types studied incorporated 3H-thymidine in response to purified MF, and some of them produced LT. Thus, spleen cells from normal guinea pigs produced some LT when stimulated with a large dose of MF, but mesenteric LNC produced none. However, mesenteric LNC from guinea pigs that had been immunized by footpad injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 10 or 16 days previously produced LT in amounts that were dependent on the stimulating dose of MF. Substantial quantities of LT were produced by cells from peripheral lymph nodes draining the sites of immunization, as well as by spleen cells, the degree of response being dependent on the stimulating dose of MF and the time span after injection of CFA. These results indicate that purified MF, or a substance closely associated with this factor, is capable of inducing LT production by a subset of lymphoid cells that appears to be expanded after immunization. Electrophoretic observations indicated that the induction of LT production may be due to a factor which is distinct from MF although closely similar in molecular size and charge.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Walker Sharyn M. , Lee Sheng-Chung , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two different lymphotoxins synthesized by human blood lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutin (PHA) are described. The two toxins are called α-LT and β-LT relative to their elution order on gel chromatography. Their m.w. are 75,000 and 45,000 daltons, respectively. Both toxins appear as early as 7 hr after the addition of PHA, with the amount of β-toxin exceeding that of α-LT initially. Both toxins are differentiated from a third toxin (adherent cell toxin, ACT) made by plastic-adherent cells without requiring mitogen-stimulation. Depletion of macrophages or B cells does not affect the synthesis of either lymphotoxin. Monospecific antisera were elicited to α-LT. Antisera elicited to β-LT also neutralized α-LT but to a significantly lesser degree. α-LT appears to be the lymphotoxin described by most other workers. β-LT is unstable at 37°C which may explain why the low m.w. lymphotoxin has not been described previously.
Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Proliferation of Guinea Pig Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes
Authors: Ellner Jerrold J. , Lipsky Peter E. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Accessory cell participation in PHA-induced thymus-derived lymphocyte DNA synthesis encompasses two distinct functions. The first consists of maintenance of the functional integrity of resting lymphocytes, and the second involves the direct induction and/or support of T cell proliferation in response to this mitogen. Whereas the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol can support an Mø-depleted population of resting lymphocytes so that the latent biologic activity is maintained, it is not itself sufficient to allow the induction of lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA. This latter function requires intact accessory cells.
Effects of Bcg on Lymphocyte Trapping
Authors: Zatz Marion M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of Bacillus-Calmette Guerin (BCG) administration upon lymphocyte traffic was studied in BALB/cJ mice. Intravenous or subcutaneous injection of BCG resulted in increased localization (trapping) of 51Cr-labeled syngeneic lymphocytes in the spleen or draining nodes. BCG-induced splenic trapping was biphasic, occurring 1 to 2 days after BCG injection, and reappearing 3 weeks later. Trapping in draining lymph nodes persisted and increased during the 24 days of study. These results are in contrast to those obtained with SRBC, where trapping was evident only within the first few days of antigen injection.
Additional studies revealed that prior injection of BCG influenced the ensuing magnitude of SRBC-induced trapping. Intravenous administration of BCG suppressed SRBC-induced splenic trapping; both intravenous and subcutaneous injection of BCG enhanced trapping to SRBC in the draining lymph nodes.
These studies suggest that one mechanism for potentiation of immune responses by BCG may operate via BCG's effects upon regulation of lymphocyte traffic to the lymphoid tissues.
Continuously Proliferating T Killer Cells Specific for H-2b Targets: Selection and Characterization
Authors: Dennert Gunther , De Rose Margaret 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c (H-2d) thymus-derived lymphocytes sensitized to C57BL/6 (H-2b) alloantigens have been propagated in vitro for over 9 months. These T lymphocytes are specifically cytotoxic to H-2b target cells but are stimulated to proliferate by both H-2b and H-2k spleen cells. This indicates that for these selected cells the antigen requirements for cell proliferation are different from those for cell-mediated cytotoxicity. If not continuously stimulated with allogeneic spleen cells, the cytotoxic cultures fail to divide and rapidly lose their cytotoxic activity. Allogeneic erythrocytes do not stimulate cell proliferation in “quiescent” cell cultures and allogeneic tumor cells do so only in the presence of spleen cells. However, “quiescent” cell cultures display cytotoxicity in the presence of phytohemagglutinin A as do cell cultures which have lost their cytotoxic activity although they proliferate upon allogeneic stimulation. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Merrit Alloantigenic System of Human B Lymphocytes: Evidence for Thirteen Possible Factors including one Six-Member Segregant Series
Authors: Walford Roy L. , Gossett Thomas , Troup G. M. , Gatti Richard A. , Mittal Kay K. , Robins A. , Ferrara G. B. , Zeller Edith 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An analysis of the typing results of a 70-member chronic lymphatic leukemia B cell panel revealed evidence for 13 possible groups of the Merrit alloantigenic system. Six of these appeared possibly allelic and may represent a segregant series. The CLL panel was also fully typed for HLA and some degree of linkage dysequilibrium between Merrit and HLA seemed apparent from the data. Merrit antibodies can be absorbed out with selected surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIG)-positive normal lymphocytes and less so or not at all with E rosette-forming T cells or Fc-positive SMIG-negative lymphocytes
Chemical, Physical and Electron Microscopy Studies of Fragments Produced by Limited Proteolysis of Human C1q by Pepsin
Authors: Reid K. B. M. , Doyle B. B. , Leonard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Digestion of human C1q with pepsin at pH 4.4 fragmented most of the non-collagen-like sequences in the molecule to small peptides whereas the regions of collagen-like sequence were left intact. The collagen-like fraction which accounted for 38%, by weight, of the digest contained 28% glycine, all the hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and was shown to be composed of two major fragments which could be separated on CM-cellulose in buffers containing 7.5 M urea. Human C1q is composed of equimolar amounts of the A and B chains, each of which has a m.w. of approximately 24,000. One of the pepsin fragments, of m.w. 20,000, was shown to be composed of the N-terminal 95 residues of the A chain linked via a single disulfide bond to the N-terminal 91 residues of the B chain. The second pepsin fragment of m.w. 18,200 was shown to be composed of a disulfide-linked dimer of the N-terminal 94 residues of the C chain.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action and Purification of Factor X, an Early Acting Component of the Properdin System
Authors: Smith M. C. , Steiner C. , Novak M. A. , Todd E. W. , Naff G. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have identified a rabbit serum protein, tentatively designated as factor X, that interacts with zymosan (Z) to form a complex (ZX complex) which initiates activation of the properdin (P) system. Factor X was required to measure purified P preparations by the Z assay and reacted directly with Z in the absence of other known constituents of the P system.
We have shown that some mono and disaccharides such as glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose, and sucrose inhibited ZX complex formation whereas lactose did not. Once formed, ZX complexes were dissociated by ribose, sucrose, and lactose, but not by glucose or galactose. Concanavalin A prevented the uptake of Factor X by Z. Wheat germ and castor bean agglutinins, however, did not appreciably inhibit ZX complex formation.
Rabbit factor X was partially purified by fractionating serum euglobulin preparations on DEAE-cellulose columns. These preparations were further purified on dextran gels (Sephadex G-25).
The Role of Properdin Convertase and Properdin in C3NeF Activity: Requirement or Side Reaction?
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Stitzel A. E. , Urmson J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sera of 10 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) demonstrate levels of properdin (7/10) and properdin convertase (7/10) which are 3 standard deviations below the normal mean. These paired levels are significantly related (p &lt; 0.001) in these patients as they are in acute glomerulonephritis, lupus glomerulonephritis and immune complex nephritis. C3NeF was detected in 6 of 10 patients but failed to correlate significantly with either value. In vitro, when C3NeF is added to normal serum, properdin is altered in a time-dependent sequence manifested by a shift in electrophoretic mobility and a redution in the extent of diffusion by Mancini technique. These identical findings also occur on the addition of isolated and activated properdin convertase () to serum. Further, during the reaction of C3NeF, PC is altered in a manner parallel to that of properdin. Finally, sera depleted of PC by antibody adsorption will not support C3–C9 consumption on incubation with C3NeF.
Direct and Cooperative Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Triggering in Liquid and Solid Cultures
Authors: Kondracki Esteban , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of cell interactions in lymphocyte stimulation was analyzed by studying the kinetics of lymphocyte proliferation at different cell concentrations, and also by a lymphocyte microculture technique in solid medium. An absolute requirement for cell interactions was found in lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, sodium periodate, purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and zinc chloride. No requirement for cell interactions was found in lymphocyte responses to calcium ionophore A23187. The existence of lymphocyte subpopulations with different requirements for cell interactions was observed in lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin P, phytohemagglutinin HA 17, tetradecanoyl-phorbolacetate, antiserum to MOLT-4 lymphoblasts, antiserum to B411-4 lymphoblasts, antiserum to human embryo lung fibroblasts, and antiserum to HeLa cells infected with Herpes simplex virus.
Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin P were potentiated by incorporation into the solid cultures of red blood cells or their membrane preparations suggesting that membrane-membrane interactions, either directly, or through soluble mediators are likely to be the basis of cell cooperation in this system. In solid cultures, phytohemagglutinin P, phytohemagglutinin P plus red blood cells, phytohemagglutinin HA 17, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate and antiserum to MOLT-4 lymphoblasts were found to stimulate mainly thymus-dependent lymphocytes, whereas antiserum to HeLa cells infected with Herpes simplex virus stimulated mainly non-thymus-dependent lymphocytes. Antiserum to B411-4 lymphoblasts stimulated both thymus-dependent and non-thymus dependent lymphocytes.
Inhibition of C1s̄-Induced Vascular Leakage in Guinea Pigs by Substituted Benzamidine and Pyridinium Compounds
Authors: Andrews Judith M. , Rosen Fred S. , Silverberg Shonni J. , Cory Michael , Schneeberger Eveline E. , Bing David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A variety of benzamidine and pyridinium compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit irreversibly C1s̄-induced vascular leakage in guinea pig skin. Vascular leakage was compared with esterolysis of N-Z-L-Tyr-Np and catalysis of EAC formation by C1s̄. Vascular leakage correlated significantly better with esterolytic activity than with EAC formation. The presence of a sulfonyl fluoride moiety in the compounds is important in the inhibition of C1s̄-induced vascular leakage.
Antibody-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Growth
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Pasternack Gary R. , Drysdale B-E. , Shin Hyun S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the number of tumor cell-bound IgG1 anti-tumor antibody molecules required to cause suppression of tumor growth in C3H mice. Radiolabeled anti-IgG1 was used to detect cell-bound IgG1 antibody. The assay was calibrated by using TNP-coupled tumor cells that had a known number of bound IgG1 anti DNP molecules. Between 70,000 and 130,000 IgG1 antitumor antibody molecules per tumor cell were sufficient to cause 50% suppression of tumor growth in mice inoculated with approximately 50,000 tumor cells.
Suppressor T Cells Arising in Mice Undergoing a Graft-vs-Host Response
Authors: Pickel Karin , Hoffmann Michael K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigated the ability of mice to generate antibody-forming cells when undergoing a graft-vs-host reaction. (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 mice (BDF1) injected with C57BL/6 spleen cells generated suppressor T cells which inhibit antibody synthesis by BDF1 spleen cells in vitro. These T cells arose from the donor inoculum. They differ from helper T cells in size and they act directly on antigen reactive B cells. The suppressor T cells were specifically directed against components of the H-2 region of the reciprocal parental strain (DBA/2 = H-2d) in the hybrid F1 mouse.
Isolation of an Fcγ-Binding Protein from the Cell Membrane of a Macrophage-Like Cell Line (P388D1) after Detergent Solubilization
Authors: Loube Susan R. , McNabb Trudy C. , Dorrington Keith J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, NP-40 lysis, and subsequent affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose were used in an attempt to define some of the molecular properties of the Fc receptor of P388D1, a macrophage-like mouse tumor line. Radioiodinated material retained on columns of Sepharose coupled either to monomeric mouse IgG2a or monomeric human IgG1 appeared on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain principally three labeled components, a major band of about 57,000 m.w., and two minor bands of 28,000 and 24,000 m.w. The mobilities of these components changed little on reduction, which suggested that they represented single polypeptide chains. An identical pattern was obtained with Sepharose-linked Fc fragments of human IgG1, but neither Fab fragments of IgG1 nor IgM appeared to bind these components. Since the specificity of binding to the immobilized proteins is the same as that observed in vivo, it is postulated that these proteins represent either all or some portion of the P388D1 Fc receptor.
Enumeration and Ultrastructure of C4-Producing Free Alveolar Cells from Guinea Pig Lung
Authors: Barber Thomas A. , Burkholder Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Free alveolar cells from guinea pig lung producing the fourth component of C (C4) were identified, enumerated, and characterized by using anti-C4 Fab-peroxidase conjugates in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy. The C4-producing cell population consisted of: 1) alveolar macrophages (AM); 2) less well differentiated phagocytes similar in morphology to exudate macrophages; and 3) weakly phagocytic secretory cells with numerous profiles of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Internal immunolabeling allowed the visualization of C4 in the ER, perinuclear space, and Golgi complex of producer cells and its release at cell surfaces; synthesis of C4 in vitro was sensitive to inhibitors both of protein synthesis and messenger RNA function. The percentage of free alveolar cells from normal animals competent for C4 production as indicated by cell surface immunolabeling was approximately 1% of the total cells obtained by lavage. Transnasal infection with Listeria monocytogenes, generation of a pulmonary granulomatous reaction by i.v. injection of heat-killed BCG, and aerosol infection of nonvaccinated animals with Mycobacterium tuberculosis each resulted in an increase in numbers of AM and exudate macrophage-like free alveolar cells competent for C4-production.
Polyclonal Activation of CR+ and CR- B Lymphocytes: The Kinetics of Initiation of DNA and Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Hämmerling Ulrich , Chua Ramon , Hoffmann Michael K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B cells that carry the complement receptor (CR+) were separated from B cells that lack the complement receptor (CR-) by velocity sedimentation or by passage through C-coated Sephadex columns. The kinetics of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both B cell subpopulations were determined in three assay procedures: 1) incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA; 2) incorporation of radioactive leucine into immunoglobulin; 3) enumeration of cells forming polyclonal antibody to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten.
Although both subpopulations of B cells responded to LPS, they differed in the time course. CR- B cells responded with a delay of approximately 24 hr as compared with the response of CR+ B cells. The implications to the ontogenetic status of CR+ and CR- B subpopulations are discussed.