bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed dust surface density across cosmic times
Authors: Péroux Céline , De Cia Annalisa , Howk J Christopher 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Our ability to interpret observations of galaxies and trace their stellar, gas, and dust content over cosmic time critically relies on our understanding of how the dust abundance and properties vary with environment. Here, we compute the dust surface density across cosmic times to put novel constraints on simulations of the build-up of dust. We provide observational estimates of the dust surface density consistently measured through depletion methods across a wide range of environments, going from the Milky Way up to z = 5.5 galaxies. These conservative measurements provide complementary estimates to extinction-based observations. In addition, we introduce the dust surface density distribution function – in analogy with the cold gas column density distribution functions. We fit a power law of the form log f(ΣDust) = −1.92 × log ΣDust − 3.65, which proves slightly steeper than that for neutral gas and metal absorbers. This observed relation, which can be computed by simulations predicting resolved dust mass functions through 2D projection, provides new constraints on modern dust models.
Apparent dispersion in pulsar braking index measurements caused by timing noise
Authors: Vargas Andrés F , Melatos Andrew 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Stochastic temporal wandering of the spin frequency ν of a rotation-powered pulsar (i.e. the achromatic component of timing noise unrelated to interstellar propagation) affects the accuracy with which the secular braking torque can be measured. Observational studies confirm that pulsars with anomalous braking indices $\vert n \vert = \vert \nu \ddot{\nu } / \dot{\nu }^2 \vert \gg 1$ exhibit elevated levels of timing noise, where an overdot symbolizes a derivative with respect to time. Here it is shown, through analytic calculations and Monte Carlo simulations involving synthetic data and modern Bayesian timing techniques, that the variance 〈n2〉 of the measured n scales with the square of the timing noise amplitude $\sigma _{\ddot{\nu }}$ . The anomalous regime 〈n2〉 ≫ 1 corresponds to $\sigma _{\ddot{\nu }}^2 \gg 10^{-60} (\gamma _{\ddot{\nu }}/10^{-6} \, {\rm s^{-1}})^2 (\dot{\nu } / 10^{-14} \, {\rm Hz \, s^{-1}})^4 (\nu / 1 \, {\rm Hz})^{-2} (T_{\rm obs} / 10^8 \, {\rm s}) \, {\rm Hz}^2{\rm s}^{-5 }$ , where $\gamma _{\ddot{\nu }}$ is a stellar damping time-scale, and Tobs is the total observing time. When the inequality in the earlier condition is reversed, n is dominated by the secular braking torque, and timing measurements return n ∼ 3, if the secular braking torque is electromagnetic. The variance 〈n2〉 is greater, when the stochastic process driving spin fluctuations differs from the red noise model (e.g. power-law spectral density) assumed in the timing solution.
Orbital precession of stars in the Galactic Centre
Authors: Capuzzo-Dolcetta R , Sadun-Bordoni M 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The region around the centre of our Galaxy is very dense of stars. The kinematics of inner moving stars in the Galaxy (the so-called S-stars) has been deeply studied by different research groups leading to the conclusion of the existence of a very compact object (Sgr A*, likely a supermassive black hole) responsible for their high speed. Here, we start from the observational evidence of orbital apsidal line precession for the S2 (also called S0-2) star to investigate on a theoretical side what level of quality in such regime of relatively strong gravitational field is reached in the orbit angular precession determination when using a direct orbital integration of the star motion subjected to an acceleration computed in the post-Newtonian (PN) scheme up to different orders. This approach, although approximated and limited to particle speed not exceeding ∼ 0.3c, allows the inclusion of various effects, like that of a possible spin of the central massive object. Our results show that the inclusion of PN terms above the standard 1PN term (the one corresponding to the classic Einstein–Schwarzschild estimate of pericenter advance) is compulsory to determine angular precession at sufficient level of accuracy for those penetrating stars that would allow to pick contemporary the value of the mass and of the spin of a rotating (Kerr-like) supermassive black hole (SMBH). We discuss how future observational data, together with a proper modelization, could allow the determination of both mass and spin of the SMBH of our Galaxy.
A variable active galactic nucleus at z = 2.06 triply-imaged by the galaxy cluster MACS J0035.4−2015
Authors: Furtak Lukas J , Mainali Ramesh , Zitrin Adi , Plat Adèle , Fujimoto Seiji , Donahue Megan , Nelson Erica J , Bauer Franz E , Uematsu Ryosuke , Caminha Gabriel B , Andrade-Santos Felipe , Bradley Larry D , Caputi Karina I , Charlot Stéphane , Chevallard Jacopo , Coe Dan , Curtis-Lake Emma , Espada Daniel , Frye Brenda L , Knudsen Kirsten K , Koekemoer Anton M , Kohno Kotaro , Kokorev Vasily , Laporte Nicolas , Lee Minju M , Lemaux Brian C , Magdis Georgios E , Sharon Keren , Stark Daniel P , Su Yuanyuan , Suess Katherine A , Ueda Yoshihiro , Umehata Hideki , Vidal-García Alba , Wu John F 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a triply imaged active galactic nucleus (AGN), lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J0035.4−2015 (zd = 0.352). The object is detected in Hubble Space Telescope imaging taken for the RELICS program. It appears to have a quasi-stellar nucleus consistent with a point-source, with a de-magnified radius of re ≲ 100 pc. The object is spectroscopically confirmed to be an AGN at zspec = 2.063 ± 0.005 showing broad rest-frame UV emission lines, and detected in both X-ray observations with Chandra and in ALCS ALMA band 6 (1.2 mm) imaging. It has a relatively faint rest-frame UV luminosity for a quasar-like object, MUV, 1450 = −19.7 ± 0.2. The object adds to just a few quasars or other X-ray sources known to be multiply lensed by a galaxy cluster. Some diffuse emission from the host galaxy is faintly seen around the nucleus, and there is a faint object nearby sharing the same multiple-imaging symmetry and geometric redshift, possibly an interacting galaxy or a star-forming knot in the host. We present an accompanying lens model, calculate the magnifications and time delays, and infer the physical properties of the source. We find the rest-frame UV continuum and emission lines to be dominated by the AGN, and the optical emission to be dominated by the host galaxy of modest stellar mass $M_{\star }\simeq 10^{9.2}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ . We also observe some variation in the AGN emission with time, which may suggest that the AGN used to be more active. This object adds a low-redshift counterpart to several relatively faint AGN recently uncovered at high redshifts with HST and JWST.
(130) Elektra Delta – on the stability of the new third moonlet
Authors: Valvano G , Oliveira R Machado , Winter O C , Sfair R , Borderes-Motta G 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The aim of this work is to verify the stability of the proposed orbital solutions for the third moonlet (Delta) taking into account a realistic gravitational potential for the central body of the quadruple system (Alpha). We also aim to estimate the location and size of a stability region inside the orbit of Gamma. First, we created a set of test particles with intervals of semimajor axis, eccentricities, and inclinations that covers the region interior to the orbit of Gamma, including the proposed orbit of Delta and a wide region around it. We considered three different models for the gravitational potential of Alpha: irregular polyhedron, ellipsoidal body, and oblate body. For a second scenario, Delta was considered a massive spherical body and Alpha an irregular polyhedron. Beta and Gamma were assumed as spherical massive bodies in both scenarios. The simulations showed that a large region of space is almost fully stable only when Alpha was modelled simply as an oblate body. For the scenario with Delta as a massive body, the results did not change from those as mass-less particles. Beta and Gamma do not play any relevant role in the dynamics of particles interior to the orbit of Gamma. Delta’s predicted orbital elements are fully unstable and far from the nearest stable region. The primary instability source is Alpha’s elongated shape. Therefore, in the determination of the orbital elements of Delta, it must be taken into account the gravitational potential of Alpha assuming, at least, an ellipsoidal shape.
lemon: LEns MOdelling with Neural networks – I. Automated modelling of strong gravitational lenses with Bayesian Neural Networks
Authors: Gentile Fabrizio , Tortora Crescenzo , Covone Giovanni , Koopmans Léon V E , Li Rui , Leuzzi Laura , Napolitano Nicola R 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The unprecedented number of gravitational lenses expected from new-generation facilities such as the ESA Euclid telescope and the Vera Rubin Observatory makes it crucial to rethink our classical approach to lens-modelling. In this paper, we present lemon (Lens Modelling with Neural networks): a new machine-learning algorithm able to analyse hundreds of thousands of gravitational lenses in a reasonable amount of time. The algorithm is based on a Bayesian Neural Network: a new generation of neural networks able to associate a reliable confidence interval to each predicted parameter. We train the algorithm to predict the three main parameters of the singular isothermal ellipsoid model (the Einstein radius and the two components of the ellipticity) by employing two simulated data sets built to resemble the imaging capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope and the forthcoming Euclid satellite. In this work, we assess the accuracy of the algorithm and the reliability of the estimated uncertainties by applying the network to several simulated data sets of 104 images each. We obtain accuracies comparable to previous studies present in the current literature and an average modelling time of just ∼0.5 s per lens. Finally, we apply the lemon algorithm to a pilot data set of real lenses observed with HST during the SLACS program, obtaining unbiased estimates of their SIE parameters. The code is publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/fab-gentile/LEMON).
First-Dose Antimicrobial Infusion Reactions in Patients Enrolled in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Services
Authors: Kovacik Carrie N , Shah Megan D , Thomas Tania A , Eby Joshua C 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After receiving a monitored first-dose antimicrobial infusion at an infusion center, 6 of 93 (6%) patients enrolled in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy services experienced an immediate reaction, none of which were consistent with immunoglobulin E-mediated reactions. These findings suggest it would be reasonable to forgo monitoring for most patients receiving first-dose intravenous antimicrobials outpatient.
CYCLOIDEA-like genes control floral symmetry, floral orientation, and nectar guide patterning
Authors: Yang Xia , Wang Yang , Liu Tian-Xia , Liu Qi , Liu Jing , Lü Tian-Feng , Yang Rui-Xue , Guo Feng-Xian , Wang Yin-Zheng 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Actinomorphic flowers usually orient vertically (relative to the horizon) and possess symmetric nectar guides, while zygomorphic flowers often face horizontally and have asymmetric nectar guides, indicating that floral symmetry, floral orientation, and nectar guide patterning are correlated. The origin of floral zygomorphy is dependent on the dorsoventrally asymmetric expression of CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like genes. However, how horizontal orientation and asymmetric nectar guides are achieved remains poorly understood. Here, we selected Chirita pumila (Gesneriaceae) as a model plant to explore the molecular bases for these traits. By analyzing gene expression patterns, protein–DNA and protein–protein interactions, and encoded protein functions, we identified multiple roles and functional divergence of 2 CYC-like genes, i.e. CpCYC1 and CpCYC2, in controlling floral symmetry, floral orientation, and nectar guide patterning. CpCYC1 positively regulates its own expression, whereas CpCYC2 does not regulate itself. In addition, CpCYC2 upregulates CpCYC1, while CpCYC1 downregulates CpCYC2. This asymmetric auto-regulation and cross-regulation mechanism might explain the high expression levels of only 1 of these genes. We show that CpCYC1 and CpCYC2 determine asymmetric nectar guide formation, likely by directly repressing the flavonoid synthesis-related gene CpF3′5′H. We further suggest that CYC-like genes play multiple conserved roles in Gesneriaceae. These findings shed light on the repeated origins of zygomorphic flowers in angiosperms.
The miR165/166–PHABULOSA module promotes thermotolerance by transcriptionally and posttranslationally regulating HSFA1
Authors: Li Jie , Cao Yiming , Zhang Jiaxin , Zhu Cuijing , Tang Guiliang , Yan Jun 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) adversely affects plant growth and productivity. The Class A1 HS transcription factors (HSFA1s) act as master regulators in the plant response to HS. However, how HSFA1-mediated transcriptional reprogramming is modulated during HS remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that a module formed by the microRNAs miR165 and miR166 and their target transcript, PHABULOSA (PHB), regulates HSFA1 at the transcriptional and translational levels to control plant HS responses. HS-triggered induction of MIR165/166 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to decreased expression of target genes including PHB. MIR165/166 overexpression lines and mutations in miR165/166 target genes enhanced HS tolerance, whereas miR165/166 knockdown lines and plants expressing a miR165/166-resistant form of PHB were sensitive to HS. PHB directly repressed the transcription of HSFA1s and globally modulated the expression of HS-responsive genes. PHB and HSFA1s share a common target gene, HSFA2, which is essential for activation of plant responses to HS. PHB physically interacted with HSFA1s and exerted an antagonistic effect on HSFA1 transcriptional activity. PHB and HSFA1s co-regulated transcriptome reprogramming upon HS. Together, these findings indicate that heat-triggered regulation of the miR165/166–PHB module controls HSFA1-mediated transcriptional reprogramming and plays a critical role during HS in Arabidopsis.
Implementation of a Comprehensive Anti-Racism Plan in an Academic Physical Therapy Department: An Administrative Case Report
Authors: Matthews Ndidiamaka D , Rowley K Michael , Dusing Stacey C , Krause Libby , Yamaguchi Noriko , Gordon James 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective
Transforming the University of Southern California health care system requires that institutions and organizations position equity, diversity, inclusion (EDI), and anti-racism as central to their missions. The purpose of this administrative case report was to describe a systematic approach taken by an academic physical therapy department to develop a comprehensive antiracism plan that engages all interested and affected parties and includes processes for sustainable, long-term engagement.

Methods
Four strategies contributed to organizational change toward anti-racism: Holding Ourselves Accountable; Developing a Plan; Building Consensus; and Providing Education, Support, and Resources. The attitudes of faculty and staff about racism and anti-racist actions were assessed through surveys at the start of the process and after 1 year. Engagement in activities, meetings, and trainings related to EDI and anti-racism was logged for faculty and staff.

Results
From November 2020 through November 2021, several outcomes were achieved, including: making structural organizational changes; updating faculty merit review to include EDI; developing a bias reporting mechanism; establishing faculty development activities, resources, and groups; and implementing structured efforts to recruit a diverse cohort. Within that year, faculty and staff engaged in 99.32 hours of EDI and anti-racism trainings, workshops, and resource groups. Survey data showed persistent high support and commitment to EDI and anti-racism. Faculty and staff reported that they felt more equipped to identify and address individual and institutional racism and they reported risking their reputations to talk about race more often. Confidence in their ability to identify and resolve conflicts related to microaggressions, cultural insensitivity, and bias improved. However, their self-reported ability to identify and address structural racism remained unchanged.

Conclusion
By approaching anti-racism as transformative rather than performative, an academic physical therapy department was able to develop and implement a comprehensive anti-racism plan with high support and engagement.

Impact
The physical therapy profession has not been immune to racism and health injustice. Organizational change to become anti-racist is imperative for excellence and a necessary challenge to undertake if the physical therapy profession is to transform society and improve the human experience.
Molecular mechanisms underlying adverse effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone in the developing cardiovascular system
Authors: Garrud Tessa A. C. , Teulings Noor E. W. D. , Niu Youguo , Skeffington Katie L. , Beck Christian , Itani Nozomi , Conlon Fiona G. , Botting Kimberley J. , Nicholas Lisa M. , Tong Wen , Derks Jan B. , Ozanne Susan E. , Giussani Dino A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAntenatal glucocorticoids accelerate fetal lung maturation and reduce mortality in preterm babies but can trigger adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms underlying off‐target effects of the synthetic glucocorticoids mostly used, Dexamethasone (Dex) and Betamethasone (Beta), are unknown. We investigated effects of Dex and Beta on cardiovascular structure and function, and underlying molecular mechanism using the chicken embryo, an established model system to isolate effects of therapy on the developing heart and vasculature, independent of effects on the mother or placenta. Fertilized eggs were treated with Dex (0.1 mg kg−1), Beta (0.1 mg kg−1), or water vehicle (Control) on embryonic day 14 (E14, term = 21 days). At E19, biometry, cardiovascular function, stereological, and molecular analyses were determined. Both glucocorticoids promoted growth restriction, with Beta being more severe. Beta compared with Dex induced greater cardiac diastolic dysfunction and also impaired systolic function. While Dex triggered cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, Beta promoted a decrease in cardiomyocyte number. Molecular changes of Dex on the developing heart included oxidative stress, activation of p38, and cleaved caspase 3. In contrast, impaired GR downregulation, activation of p53, p16, and MKK3 coupled with CDK2 transcriptional repression linked the effects of Beta on cardiomyocyte senescence. Beta but not Dex impaired NO‐dependent relaxation of peripheral resistance arteries. Beta diminished contractile responses to potassium and phenylephrine, but Dex enhanced peripheral constrictor reactivity to endothelin‐1. We conclude that Dex and Beta have direct differential detrimental effects on the developing cardiovascular system.
Effectiveness and Safety of Varenicline for Smoking Cessation: An Overview and Meta-analysis
Authors: Shang Xue , E Fenfen , Guo Kangle , Yang Chaoqun , Zhou Liying , Wu Yanan , Yang Kehu , Li Xiuxia 
Published: May 2023

Objective
An overview, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation.

Methods
Systematic reviews (SRs) and randomized controlled trials evaluating varenicline versus placebo for smoking cessation were included. A forest plot was used to summarize the effect size of the included SRs. Traditional meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed using Stata software and TSA 0.9 software, respectively. Finally, the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to assess the quality of evidence for the abstinence effect.

Results
A total of 13 SRs and 46 randomized controlled trials were included. Twelve review studies showed that varenicline was superior to placebo for smoking cessation. The meta-analysis results showed that, compared with the placebo, varenicline significantly increased the odds of smoking cessation (odds ratio = 2.54, 95% confidence interval = 2.20–2.94, P < 0.05, moderate quality). Subgroup analysis showed that there were significant differences in smokers with disease and general smokers (P < 0.05). Differences were also found in the follow-up time at 12, 24, and 52 weeks (P < 0.05). The common adverse events were nausea, vomit, abnormal dreams, sleep disturbances, headache, depression, irritability, indigestion, and nasopharyngitis (P < 0.05). The TSA results confirmed the evidence for the effect of varenicline on smoking cessation.

Conclusions
Existing evidence supports the superiority of varenicline over a placebo for smoking cessation. Varenicline had mild to moderate adverse events but was well tolerated. Future trials should investigate varenicline in combination with other smoking cessation approaches and compare it with other interventions.
Pediatric Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures: Discerning Severity by Classification and Clinical Management
Authors: Igboechi Oduche , Purtell Sarah R. , Carry Patrick , Sanders Julia S. 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Existing classification systems may not adequately describe the injury patterns seen pelvic ring and acetabular fractures in the skeletally immature population. Pediatric patients, once stabilized, are often transferred for these injuries. We evaluated which commonly used systems correlate with clinical management in pediatric patients, including transfer patterns based on injury severity.

Methods:
A retrospective review of patients aged 1 to 15 treated for traumatic pelvic or acetabular fractures over a 10-year period at an academic level I Pediatric Trauma Center reviewed demographic, radiographic, and clinical data.

Results:
A total of 188 pediatric patients (average age 10.1 y) were included. Increasing injury severity based on classification Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA P<0.001; Young and Burgess P<0.001; Torode/Zieg P<0.001), increasing Injury Severity Score (P=0.0017), and decreasing hemoglobin levels (P=0.0144) were significantly associated with operative management. Injury characteristics did not differ between patients who were transferred versus patients who were brought in directly from the field. Air transport was significantly associated with surgical treatment, pediatric intensive care unit admission, polytrauma, and Torode/Zieg classification (P=0.036, <0.0001, 0.0297, 0.0003, respectively).

Conclusions:
Although not fully descriptive of skeletally immature fracture patterns, the AO/OTA and Young and Burgess classification systems adequately assess the severity of pelvic rings and injuries in pediatric patients and predict management patterns. The Torode and Zieg classification also predicts management. In a large cohort, air transport was significantly associated with surgical treatment, need for pediatric intensive care unit stay, the presence of an additional injury, and instability in the Torode and Zieg classification. These findings suggest that air transfers are being utilized to expedite advanced-level care in more severe injuries. Further studies with long-term follow-up are required to assess the clinical outcomes of both nonoperatively and operatively treated pediatric pelvic fractures and to guide both triage and treatment decisions for these rare but severe injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Level III