bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cadaveric Prehospital Amputation: Which Reciprocating Saw Blade Offers the Most Efficient Amputation
Authors: Baker Russell , Popieluszko Patrick , Mitchell Sara , Baker Sunny , Weiss William 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjective:Field amputations are a low-frequency, high-risk procedure. Many prehospital personnel utilize the reciprocating saw. This study compares the efficiency, speed, and degree of tissue damage of different reciprocating saw blades found commercially.Methods:Amputations were performed on two human cadavers at different levels of the upper and lower extremities. Four different blades were used, each with a different teeth-per-inch (TPI) design. The amputations were timed, blade temperature was recorded, subjective operator effort was obtained, amount of splatter was evaluated, and an orthopedic physician evaluated the extent of tissue damage and operating room repair difficulty.Results:The blade with fourteen TPI was superior in overall speed to complete the amputations at 1.07 seconds per one centimeter of tissue (SD = 0.49 seconds) and had the lowest fail rate (0/8 amputations). The three TPI, six TPI, and ten TPI blades all required a “rescue” technique and were slower. The blade with fourteen TPI caused the least amount of tissue damage and was deemed the easiest to repair. Secondary outcomes demonstrated the fourteen TPI blade had generated the least amount of heat and produced the least amount of splatter. All blades had a perceived effort of “easy” to complete the amputation.Conclusion:While all blades were able to achieve an amputation, the overall recommendation is use of a fourteen TPI blade. It did not require any rescue techniques, provided the most straightforward amputation to repair, had the least amount of biohazard splatter and temperature increase, and was the fastest blade overall.
Identifying γ-ray emitting blazars in the PASIPHAE era: polarimetry as a unique probe
Authors: Mandarakas Nikolaos 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Fermi γ-ray telescope has detected 6658 sources, with 1845 of them remaining unidentified. We show that polarimetry of γ-ray fields is a powerful asset in the hunt of active galactic nuclei (AGN) as potential optical counterparts for γ-ray sources. We have studied an unidentified Fermi field (3FGL J0221.2+2518) and found a previously-unknown highly-polarized extragalactic object as a potential optical counterpart within the 1-sigma error ellipse of the corresponding γ-ray source. Based on a collection of data, we find that it most probably is a composite object: a star-forming galaxy accompanied by AGN. PASIPHAE is a large polarimetric experiment which will measure the polarisation of sources away from the galactic plane. This will provide an excellent opportunity to study hundreds of unidentified γ-ray sources and unveil potential optical counterparts, using polarimetry.
The Microvariability and Wavelength Dependence of Polarization Vector of BL Lacertae in the Outburst 2020 to 2021
Authors: Imazawa Ryo , Sasada Mahito , Hazama Natsuko , Fukazawa Yasushi , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Akitaya Hiroshi , Kawabata Koji S. , Bohn Thomas , Gangopadhyay Anjasha 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe performed photo-polarimetry observations for the blazar BL Lacertae (BL Lac) in 2020 to 2021, in which BL Lac showed historical outburst. As a result, we obtained microvariability with a timescale about five minutes and wavelength dependence of polarization degree and angle. These results indicate multiple emission regions and turbulent magnetic field structure.
Scientific Potential of MeV Polarimetry for Relativistic Jets
Authors: Zhang Haocheng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRelativistic jets from supermassive black holes or stellar mass black holes are among the most powerful astrophysical phenomena. Magnetic field plays an important role in the jet launching and propagation, as well as particle acceleration and radiation. Polarimetry is the only way to observe the magnetic field evolution. The recent launch of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) has opened up the X-ray polarization window, which has revealed very interesting phenomena for relativistic jets. However, the field of MeV gamma-ray polarimetry remains largely unexplored. This paper aims to summarize key scientific potentials for MeV polarimetry for blazars and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from recent theoretical modeling. These predictions, which are closely related to the cosmic ray acceleration, neutrino production, radiation mechanism, and the jet evolution, can be examined by future MeV polarimeters, such as the Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI), the LargE Area burst Polarimeter (LEAP), and the All-sky Medium-Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X).
VLBI Scrutiny of a New Neutrino-Blazar Multiwavelength-Flare Coincidence
Authors: Eppel F. , Kadler M. , Ros E. , Rösch F. , Heßdörfer J. , Benke P. , Edwards P. G. , Fromm C. M. , Giroletti M. , Gokus A. , Gómez J. L. , Hämmerich S. , Kirchner D. , Kovalev Y. Y. , Krichbaum T. P. , Lister M. L. , Nanci C. , Ojha R. , Paraschos G. F. , Plavin A. , Readhead A. C. S. , Stevens J. , Weber P. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn recent years, evidence has started piling up that some high-energy cosmic neutrinos can be associated with blazars in flaring states. On 2022 February 26, a new blazar-neutrino coincidence was reported: the track-like neutrino event IC220225A detected by IceCube is spatially coincident with the flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 0215+015. Like previous associations, this source was found to be in a high optical and γ-ray state. Moreover, the source showed a bright radio outburst, which substantially increases the probability of a true physical association. We have performed six observations with the VLBA shortly after the neutrino event with a monthly cadence and are monitoring the source with the Effelsberg 100m-Telescope, and with the Australia Compact Telescope Array. Here, we present first results on the contemporary parsec-scale jet structure of PKS 0215+015 in total intensity and polarization to constrain possible physical processes leading to neutrino emission in blazars.
Particle acceleration via magnetic reconnection in large-scale MHD jet simulations
Authors: Nurisso Matteo , Celotti Annalisa , Mignone Andrea , Bodo Gianluigi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe present a new algorithm for the identification and physical characterization of current sheets and reconnection sites as well as the update of post-reconnection particles spectra in 2D and 3D large scale relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Lagrangian particles, which follow the fluid, are used to sample plasma parameters before entering the reconnection sites that form during the evolution of the different configurations considered. With the sampled parameters and a subgrid model based on results of Particle-in-Cell simulations we introduced in the PLUTO code an algorithm able to describe the post-reconnection spectra associated to the non-thermal component.
New governance of the digital health agency: a way out of the joint decision trap to implement electronic health records in Germany?
Authors: Schmitt Tugce 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFragmentation in health systems leads to discontinuities in the provision of health services, reduces the effectiveness of interventions, and increases costs. In international comparisons, Germany is notably lagging in the context of healthcare (data) integration. Despite various political efforts spanning decades, intersectoral care and integrated health data remain controversial and are still in an embryonic phase in the country. Even more than 2 years after its launch, electronic health record (elektronische Patientenakte; ePA) users in Germany constitute only 1 per cent of the statutorily insured population, and ongoing political debates suggest that the path to broader coverage is fraught with complexities. By exploring the main stakeholders in the existing (fragmented) health system governance in Germany and their sectoral interests, this paper examines the implementation of ePA through the lens of corporatism, offering insights based on an institutional decision theory. The central point is that endeavours to better integrate health data for clinical care, scientific research and evidence-informed policymaking in Germany will need to address the roles of corporatism and self-governance.
Carbon Biogeochemistry and Export Governed by Flow in a Non‐Perennial Stream
Authors: Bretz Kristen A. , Murphy Natalie N. , Hotchkiss Erin R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNon‐perennial headwaters experience extremes in flow conditions that likely influence carbon fate. As surface waters contract through dry periods, reconnect during storms, and re‐expand or dry again, there is a great deal of variability in carbon emissions and export. We measured discharge, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) continuously in a persistent pool at the base of a non‐perennial, forested headwater stream in the southeastern United States to characterize how flow changes affect carbon emissions and export as the stream expands and shrinks. We also compared carbon concentrations and export during different stream flow categories before and after fall wet‐up. CO2concentrations were high when discharge was lowest (median = 10.2 mg L−1) and low during high flows (3.2 mg L−1) and storms (1.1 mg L−1). High CO2concentrations led to high emissions on a per area basis during low flow times, but whole‐channel stream CO2emissions were limited by the small surface area of the stream during periods of surface water disconnection. DOC concentration varied by season (range = 0.1–16.2 mg L−1) with large pulses during smaller summer storms. We found that CO2and DOC concentrations differed among binned stages of stream flow. As non‐perennial streams become more prevalent across the southeastern United States due to shifts in climate, the relationships between flow and carbon movement into and out of stream networks will become increasingly critical to understanding stream carbon biogeochemistry.
Characterizing Tidal Currents and Guangdong Coastal Current Over the Northern South China Sea Shelf Using Himawari‐8 Geostationary Satellite Observations
Authors: Hu Zifeng , Li Huadong , Wang Dongxiao 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObtaining high spatiotemporal resolution surface currents with wide coverage is of great importance for understanding marine physical and biogeochemical processes, as well as practical applications. This study utilizes the sequential hourly images from the Himawari‐8 geostationary satellite to map the semidiurnal M2 surface tidal current pattern over the shallow shelf (<100 m) of the northern South China Sea. The comparison between the satellite‐derived tidal currents and the High‐Frequency Radar observations shows good agreement. The satellite‐derived tidal currents are also fairly comparable to the prediction of the regional tidal model from Oregon State University. The detided daily mean surface flows provide an apparent representation of the spatial pattern of the Guangdong Coastal Current (GCC) and its synoptic variability, well consistent with the simultaneous sea surface temperature and salinity satellite observations. The observed surface flows are compared to the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service daily model currents, and the model findings are in good agreement with the observations, indicating the sensitivity of the GCC to rapid changes of northeasterly winds. This study highlights the potential of the Himawari‐8 geostationary satellite in measuring sea surface currents over a broad, shallow continental shelf.
Developing Low‐Likelihood Climate Storylines for Extreme Precipitation Over Central Europe
Authors: Gessner C. , Fischer E. M. , Beyerle U. , Knutti R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHeavy precipitation and associated flooding during the cold season, such as the 1993 flood in central Europe (CEU), are a major threat to society and ecosystems. Due to the lack of long homogenous climate data and methodological frameworks, it is challenging to estimate how extreme precipitation could get and what the physical drivers are. This study presents two complementary strategies to extrapolate beyond the precipitation records: (a) statistical estimates based on fitting generalized extreme value distributions, providing their probabilistic information on return periods and, (b) ensemble boosting, a model‐based re‐initialization of heavy precipitation in large ensembles, providing a physical coherent storyline in space and time, however, with no direct quantification of its probability. Both show that 3‐day accumulated precipitation maxima can be substantially exceeded over CEU of around 30%–40%, but even higher magnitudes cannot be ruled out in the near future. An empirical orthogonal function analysis reveals that certain sea level pressure patterns, partly reminding of atmospheric rivers are more often associated with heavy precipitation than more moderate events. Additionally, ensemble boosting is a suitable tool for case studies to analyze how extreme heavy precipitation as for the event in 1993 can be simulated. By boosting a 1993‐analog, one‐quarter of the resulting storylines show increased rainfall than observed, due to a stronger north‐south pressure gradient that may have exacerbated the flooding. Overall, the precipitation estimates demonstrate that ensemble boosting is a complementary method to statistical tools and suitable for stress testing, for example, infrastructure protection measures against potentially unseen heavy precipitation events.
Data‐Driven Empirical Conductance Relations During Auroral Precipitation Using Incoherent Scatter Radar and All Sky Imagers
Authors: Kaeppler S. R. , Markowski D. G. , Pepper A. M. , Troyer R. , Jaynes A. N. , Varney R. H. , Hampton D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe present empirical conductance relations that are derived from incoherent scatter radar observations and correlated with all sky imager observations to identify the morphology of the aurora. We use 75,461 events collected using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) with associated all sky imagers observations spanning the years 2012–2016. In addition to classifying these events based on auroral morphology, we estimated the Hall and Pedersen conductance and the differential number flux from which the energy flux and the average energy can be calculated. The differential number flux was estimated using the maximum entropy inversion method described in Semeter and Kamalabadi (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RS003042), but now incorporating the Fang et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045406) ionization model. The main results of this investigation are the power law equations that describe the median, 90th, and 10th percentile Hall and Pedersen conductance as a function of energy flux and average energy. These power law fits are performed for different auroral morphology including all events, discrete, diffuse, and pulsating auroral events. The median Pedersen conductance is found to be in good agreement with past empirical conductance specifications by Robinson et al. (1987, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA03p02565); however, the median Hall conductance from the PFISR observations is found to be larger than the empirical Hall conductance formulas by Robinson et al. (1987, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA03p02565). Pulsating aurora is found to be the most frequently occurring auroral morphology. Furthermore, pulsating aurora has an important contribution to Hall conductance since it has higher average energies than discrete aurora. The results from this investigation are applicable to space weather models and may enable better agreement between model‐data comparisons.
Fault Coupling on a Creeping Thrust Fault: Joint Inversion Using Geodetic Data and Repeating Earthquakes
Authors: Peng Wei , Radiguet Mathilde , Pathier Erwan , Chen Kate Huihsuan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDue to the lack of recognized creep on dip‐slip faults, the nature of fault creep and its role in the generation of large earthquakes is largely unexplored. The Chihshang fault in Taiwan serves as one of the best examples of a thrust creeping fault in the world, exhibiting a fast creep rate of 2–3 cm/year and the capability of producing magnitude six earthquakes. Land‐based geodetic measurements are less sensitive to fault slip with depth, especially for the deeper portion of the seaward dipping fault. Taking advantage of slip rates inferred from repeating earthquake sequences (RESs) at greater depths (up to 30 km), we present a method that embeds RES‐derived slip rates into the neighboring fault patch for geodetic data inversion. Using the geodetic and seismological data from 2007 to 2011, we achieve a higher resolution of inter‐seismic slip rate distribution below a depth of 10 km. The inferred low coupling ratio establishes an extensive creeping area that coincides with a location of abundant RES and earthquake swarms. The inferred high coupling ratio, on the other hand, delineates a locked area corresponding to the two co‐seismic slip zones of the 2003 Mw 6.8 Chengkung and 2022 Mw 6.7 Yuli earthquakes. The transition zone marking the gradual change from fully locked to shallow creeping areas appears to coincide with the post‐seismic slip area of the 2003 Chengkung event. Using the fault coupling model, the moment rate deficit measured in the two locked areas is capable of generating a Mw 6.8 event every 78 years to the south and a Mw 6.7 event every 28 years to the north. This moment rate deficit is decreased by 10% when the closely located Central Range fault is considered in a two‐fault model, leading to the slightly longer recurrence interval on the Chihshang fault. The two‐fault model potentially contributes to a better understanding of the regional inter‐seismic deformation, which is recommended to be adopted in the future studies of seismic hazard assessment.
Shear‐Wave Splitting Reveals Layered‐Anisotropy Beneath the European Alps in Response to Mediterranean Subduction
Authors: Link F. , Rümpker G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe European Alps formed at the boundary between the Eurasian plate and Adriatic microplate within a complex system of collision and subduction. However, the large‐scale three‐dimensional mantle‐flow field related to the underlying geodynamic processes has not yet been resolved in detail. In this study, we present the first comprehensive analysis of layered anisotropy for the complete Alpine range from shear‐wave splitting measurements at 591 seismic stations of the AlpArray experiment. Our findings suggest a combination of asthenospheric and distinct lithospheric contributions to the splitting observations, which can be seen as a generalization of previously reported models of single‐layer anisotropy. The enhanced vertical resolution exposes the impact of successive Mediterranean tectonic episodes, such as the opening of the Provençal‐Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Basins alongside the Adriatic slab retreat, as well as the Pannonian Basin opening and the Aegean slab retreat, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere and flow in the asthenospheric mantle. The dominant role of the larger scale Mediterranean subduction systems on mantle dynamics becomes evident. The observations provide supporting evidence that the Eurasian slab has broken off at its boundaries and that the resulting gaps channel flow from the mantle beneath the Eurasian plate to the Adriatic and Aegean subduction systems. The results provide new constraints on geodynamic processes involved in forming the European Alps, as previous tectonic episodes are preserved in the anisotropic fabric of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system. This raises new questions regarding their geochemical and geophysical conditions, and their larger‐scale impact on the formation of the Alpine orogeny.
The Sensitivity of Southern Ocean Air‐Sea Carbon Fluxes to Background Turbulent Diapycnal Mixing Variability
Authors: Ellison Elizabeth , Mashayek Ali , Mazloff Matthew 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Southern Ocean (SO) connects major ocean basins and hosts large air‐sea carbon fluxes due to the resurfacing of deep nutrient and carbon‐rich waters. While wind‐induced turbulent mixing in the SO mixed layer is significant for air‐sea fluxes, the importance of the orders‐of‐magnitude weaker background mixing below is less well understood. The direct impact of altering background mixing on tracers, as opposed to the response due to a longer‐term change in large‐scale ocean circulation, is also poorly studied. Topographically induced upward propagating lee waves, wind‐induced downward propagating waves generated at the base of the mixed layer, shoaling of southward propagating internal tides, and turbulence under sea ice are among the processes known to induce upper ocean background turbulence but typically are not represented in models. Here, we show that abruptly altering the background mixing in the SO over a range of values typically used in climate models ( m2 s−1– m2 s−1) can lead to a ∼70% change in annual SO air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the first year of perturbations, and around a ∼40% change in annual SO air‐sea CO2 fluxes over the 6‐year duration of the experiment, with even greater changes on a seasonal timescale. This is primarily through altering the temperature and the dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity distribution in the surface water. Given the high spatiotemporal variability of processes that induce small‐scale background mixing, this work demonstrates the importance of their representation in climate models for accurate simulation of global biogeochemical cycles.
Reconfigurable Antennas and Their Practical Applications—A Review
Authors: Subbaraj Sangeetha , Thomas Shweta B. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents the review on the design of various reconfigurable antennas and their applications in the current scenario. There are more challenges involved in the design of these antennas. This paper also describes the various methods used for reconfiguring the frequency bands. The single parameter reconfiguration and hybrid reconfiguration examples are analyzed with their performances. The parameters such as gain, efficiency, and size of the existing antenna is compared. The various switches deployed in the antenna for achieving the reconfiguration are presented in this paper. The switches such as pin diodes, varactor diodes, MEMS, and mechanical switching are also elaborated with their corresponding merits and demerits. The diodes are switched on and off to activate and deactivate the structure of the antenna. Similarly, mechanical actuators are used for mechanical switching mechanism. The polarization reconfiguration mechanism between linear and circular; pattern reconfiguration mechanism between directional and omnidirectional are reviewed with various examples. In addition to that, several designs of reconfigurable filtering antennas, MIMO antennas are also reviewed in detail.