bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complement-Fixing Antibodies in Sera of Sheep Affected with Visna and Maedi
Authors: Gudnadóttir Margrét , Kristinsdóttir Karólína 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-fixing antibodies in sera of sheep infected with mædi and visna virus were demonstrated by using as antigen infected tissue culture fluid containing titers of 5 × 105 or more virus particles/ml. Complement-fixing antibodies in these two clinical conditions appear shortly after experimental infection, rise to a high titer and remain at a high level for years. Such antibodies can be found in sera from mædi-infected sheep without detectable neutralizing antibodies.
Charcoal As a Carrier in a Rapid Slide Agglutination Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Adenoviruses
Authors: Klein Morton , Deforest Adamadia , Satz Jay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specially prepared charcoal particles have been found to promptly adsorb specific adenovirus antigens to give a stable charcoal-antigen complex that is agglutinated by type specific antiserum in a rapid slide agglutination test. The titers obtained in the agglutination tests were closely correlated with the titers of the neutralization tests with 45 human sera. Charcoal particles are suggested as carriers for other antigens.
The Identification of Low Molecular Weight Bentonite Flocculating Antibodies in the Serum of the Rabbit, Monkey and Man
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Wolff Sheldon M. , Butler William T. , Vannier Wilton E. , Ward Stanley B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Small molecular weight antibodies, capable of specifically flocculating antigen-coated bentonite, have been identified in antisera prepared against endotoxins in the rabbit, monkey and man and against human serum albumin in the rabbit. These antibodies sediment at less than 2S by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, have a molecular size slightly larger than that of lysozyme (MW 14,000 to 18,000).
By radioimmunoelectrophoresis and zone electrophoresis in starch, these proteins migrate with the more negatively charged antibodies. The low molecular weight antibodies in sera from three volunteers were consistently removed by co-precipitation with antisera specific for γM-globulin and, also, in one specimen with antisera specific for γG-globulin.
The Association of Increased Spontaneous Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro with Clinical Manifestations of Drug Hypersensitivity
Authors: Gill Fred A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation was measured in peripheral-blood lymphocyte cultures obtained from patients who developed clinical manifestations of drug allergy related to penicillin therapy. Control observations were made on cultures obtained from healthy individuals not receiving drugs and patients receiving penicillin without signs of drug allergy. The proportion of transformed cells in cultures obtained from the allergic patients before or after allergic drug reactions was similar to the proportion of transformed cells in cultures from the control groups. However, cultures obtained from the allergic patients during episodes of allergic drug reactions contained significantly more transformed cells than cultures obtained from the control groups. Spontaneous transformation was not decreased in cultures of washed lymphocytes obtained during an allergic drug reaction and was not increased by addition of plasma obtained during allergic reactions to cultures obtained after the allergic reactions. Addition of penicillin to lymphocyte cultures resulted in suggestive evidence of a correlation between penicillin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation and penicillin allergy.
The Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge to Detect Primary Interactions between I131-Labeled Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Rothberg Richard M. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The different sedimentation characteristies of free I131-labeled antigen (I*antigen) and I*-antigen-antibody complexes in the preparative ultracentrifuge have been used as the basis for a test to detect and measure the primary interaction between antigen and antibody. When serial dilutions of 10 different rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin sera were studied the results obtained with the ultracentrifuge method correlated well with data obtained by the ammonium sulfate technique. The broad applicability of the ultracentrifuge method is illustrated by studies of the use of the method to detect antibody against bovine γ-globulin, and antigen difficult to study by most other primary binding techniques.
Rabbit Antibodies Induced by Calf Thymus Histone-Serum Albumin Complexes
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Liss Maurice , David Stollar B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies that react in C′ fixation with calf thymus histone determinants have been produced in two rabbits by immunization with whole histone coupled to human serum albumin with a carbodiimide reagent. The sera containing these antibodies reacted directly with the coupled whole histone (whole histone-HSA) and with the histone fractions coupled to HSA. The sera did not react directly with free whole histone, but both unconjugated histone and the fractions inhibited the reaction with coupled histone. Slight direct reactivity was observed with protamine-HSA. The histone-HSA did not react with either a nonimmune serum or an unrelated immune serum, and the free whole histone did not inhibit the reaction of an unrelated antigen-antibody system. In direct reactions with the conjugated histone fractions, the greatest reactivity occurred with F1(A)-HSA, followed by F2b-HSA, Fw-HSA, and F2a-HSA. This same order of effectiveness of the free fractions was observed in inhibition of the reaction of this serum with whole histone-HSA. Fraction F1(A) was also the most effective inhibitor of the reaction with any of the coupled fractions. The order of direct reactivity with the coupled fractions and inhibition by the free fractions each paralleled the lysine-arginine ratios of these fractions but not those of the whole histone preparation. Other basic polypeptides such as polylysine (MW 100,000), poly-arginine, and methylated bovine serum albumin also inhibited this system but failed to inhibit a nonrelated C′-fixing immune system. Monomeric lysine and arginine neither inhibited nor reacted directly when conjugated to HSA.
Characterization of Hamster Antibody Reacting with Papovavirus SV40 Tumor Antigen
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fractionation of sera obtained from hamsters bearing tumors induced by SV40-transformed cells by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and Sephadex G 200 chromatography yielded an antibody with sedimentation coefficient of 7 S. This antibody reacted specifically with SV40 tumor antigen in complement-fixation and immunofluorescence tests. The antibody in whole serum and in isolated fractions also sedimented as 7 S when centrifuged in sucrose density gradients; antibody obtained from animals bearing tumors of various size had similar properties. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antibody isolated on DEAE-cellulose revealed the presence of two 7 S γ-globulins; antibody activity has been associated with the slower migrating globulin. The antibody activity was resistant to inactivation by 0.1 M mercaptoethanol.
Highly Specific Lung Localizing Antibodies
Authors: Tsuzuku Osamu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antibodies against rat lung or kidney were labeled with 125I and injected into rats. The distribution of the antibodies on cellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation was different for the lungs and kidneys. In lung, the antibody was found in the microsome fraction. In contrast, the antibodies localized in kidneys were associated mostly with a fraction sedimentable at 700 RCF. Both anti-lung and anti-kidney antibodies behaved very similarly in this respect.
Antibodies associated with cellular fractions of lungs and kidneys were eluted and the localizing properties of the eluates were determined. The microsome fraction of lung gave the eluate which showed the highest as well as the most preferential localization in lungs. On the other hand, the low speed sediment fraction of kidney gave the eluate which showed the highest as well as the most preferential localization in kidneys.
Exhaustive absorption of in vivo purified anti-lung antibodies with sediments of kidney and liver revealed that 20% of the antibodies were lung specific localizing antibodies. A smaller proportion of kidney specific localizing antibody was isolated from an anti-kidney antibody preparation.
The Immune Response of the Bovine Species Infused Intramammarily with a Semi-Purified Preparation of the Flagella of Salmonella Bacteria
Authors: Smith K. L. , Porter R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using the methods of immobilization and bacterial chaining (somatic agglutination) for the determination of Salmonella anti-H and anti-O titer respectively, the cow was found to have an initial blood serum anti-H titer of 10 to 80 and anti-O titer of 20 to 320. Similar initial anti-H and anti-O titers were not always found in the milk.
Infusion of the mammary gland with a semi-purified preparation of Salmonella flagella brought about an acute inflammation of the gland, a high systemic temperature, a drop in milk production and a shift to a more alkaline pH of the milk. An anti-H and anti-O titer response was stimulated in both the blood serum and the milk. The titer of the blood serum was invariably higher than that of the milk and the anti-O response was dominant to the anti-H response. The greatest increase in titer followed within 6 to 10 days of the first antigen infusion. Subsequent antigen infusions only maintained the response from the first infusion. The titer of the blood remained much more constant than that of the milk with the milk returning to initial titer levels within 7 to 8 days postinfusion. There was a definite titer response in the milk of the noninfused quarters; however, it was not as marked or as persistent as the titer of the infused quarters.
Intramammary infusion of a semi-purified preparation of Salmonella flagella brought about a definite systemic antibody response. The marked anti-O titer indicates that part of the cellular somatic antigen remains attached to the flagella when they were removed from the cell wall.
In the blood serum the anti-O antibody was predominantly IgG while anti-H antibody was about 50% IgG and 50% IgM.
Semi-purified flagellar antigen of Salmonella infused intramammarily at a level of 1.0 µg/kg body weight elicited antibody response, but a dose of 9.71 µg/kg suppressed antibody response.
With intravenous injection of the same antigen preparation in rabbits, a higher anti-H titer was obtained than anti-O titer.
The Titer and Avidity of Natural Antisheep Hemolysins in X-Irradiated Rabbits
Authors: Draper Laurence R. , Owens John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Natural hemolysin titer and avidity were followed in intact and in splenectomized rabbits not irradiated or irradiated with one or more doses of 500-r x-rays to the total body.
Mean hemolysin titers and avidity in unirradiated groups of intact and splenectomized rabbits remained more or less constant. Hemolysin titer in intact rabbits declined for about 12 days after irradiation. Recovery then ensued and usually led to enhanced titers during the 3rd and 4th weeks. Recovery was delayed but not impaired by a second dose of 500 r 7 days after the first one. Reirradiation during the recovery period (16 or 32 days after the first one) prompted, often after a lag of several days, a second titer decline followed by a second recovery. Hemolysin titers after irradiation of splenectomized rabbits followed the same sequence as in intact rabbits, but the decline persisted for several more days, recovery was more sluggish and significantly enhanced titers were not found 39 days after a single irradiation or 23 days after the second of two irradiations. Avidity of hemolysin, as measured by intercellular transfer, was typically low, varied widely both within groups and with time and was independent of titer. The variability and fluctuations suggested that natural hemolysin levels are maintained by a series of small, independent γM responses yielding hemolysin of varying degrees of specificity for sheep ervthrocytes.
“Protein A” from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne , Sjöquist John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus precipitates in agar gel normal rabbit γG-globulin and a rabbit anti-protein A γG preparation. In both cases there seem to be reactive regions located in the Fc fragments of the γG-globulin molecule, i.e., structural parts which currently are not believed to contain true antibody active sites. We did not observe a reaction between protein A and the Fab fragments of normal rabbit γG-globulin or rabbit anti-protein A. It is possible that soluble complexes were formed which were not detectable by the methods used.
The Influence of the Dose of Thyroid Extract and Mycobacteria Upon Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Inbred Histocompatible and Random-Bred Guinea Pigs
Authors: McMaster Philip R. B. , Lerner Edwin M. , Kyriakos Michael , Mueller Peter S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The frequency and severity of allergic thyroiditis in guinea pigs appears to be a function of the dose of thyroid extract, the dose of mycobacteria given in the immunizing emulsion and the strain of guinea pig inoculated. High doses of both thyroid extract and of mycobacteria lead to severe disease, whereas moderate doses of one along with high doses of the other cause moderate disease. Low doses of one or of both produce minimal disease. The degree of delayed sensitivity and the amount of serum anti-thyroid antibody are also regulated by these factors. The genetic constitution of the guinea pigs is also a controlling factor in the susceptibility to and the severity of experimental allergic thyroiditis. The Hartley strain animal develops thyroiditis more readily than does the strain 13 animal in response to low doses of thyroid antigen and develops it more severely in response to higher doses.
Disaggregated Human Erythrocyte Membranes and Blood Group Activity
Authors: Green Floyd A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twice lyophilized human erythrocyte membranes were solubilized or disaggregated with an anionic detergent, sodium duodecyl sulfate, and the latter completely removed by anionic exchange chromatography with Dowex 2. Gel filtration of the solubilized material in detergent showed multiple peaks indicating a diversity of molecular size. Gel filtration of the solubilized material after detergent removal showed a single sharp peak coming off with the void volume (molecular weight equal or more than 300,000). After detergent removal, blood group A, B and O (H) activities were shown to be present by hemagglutination inhibition experiments. M and N activities were also seen, but not Rh antigen activity.
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells in Unsensitized Mice
Authors: Hege John S. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using the standard antibody plaque technique, numbers of background anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cells (PFC's) in spleens of unsensitized mice were determined after neonatal thymectomy, after whole body x-irradiation and after injection of phytohemagglutinin-M or typhoid parathyphoid vaccine. The results show that numbers of background PFC's are not affected by neonatal thymectomy or by whole body x-irradiation at dose levels known to inhibit cellular proliferation, but that they are significantly increased (10 to 20 fold) by phytohemagglutinin, typhoid vaccine and other unrelated antigens.
Simultaneous determinations of background anti-sheep erythrocyte and anti-horse erythrocyte PFC's indicate that these two populations are independent of one another.
From these and other studies it is concluded that background PFC's 1) produce specific hemolysin, 2) are thymus independent, 3) are relatively long lived (average life time τ; 7 days) and 4) are not related to the antigen-sensitive precursor cells of the primary response PFC's.
Biologic Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Salmon S. , Fudenberg Hugh 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human myeloma proteins, γ2a, γ2b, γ2c, γ2d and γA, normal γA-globulin and γM-globulin from normal individuals and from Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients were aggregated by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine. The aggregates and the untreated proteins were studied for complement-fixing properties and skin reactivity in normal guinea pigs. Neither untreated nor aggregated γ2d- and γA-globulins showed either activity. The other immunoglobulins, e.g., γ2a, γ2b, γ2d and γM, induced C′ fixing properties upon aggregation. The results were confirmed by C′1 fixation tests. The aggregated γ2b- and γ2c-globulins induced increased permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries, whereas neither aggregated γ2a- nor γM-globulin did. These activities of aggregated γ-globulins were independent of types of light chains and of the presence of Gm factors (a) (b) and (f). The results indicate that the heavy chain structures which are essential for C′1 fixation are different from those involved in fixation of the γ-globulin molecules to guinea pig tissues for passive sensitization.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Germfree, colostrum-deprived piglets obtained by hysterectomy 3 to 5 days prior to term were free of detectable immunoglobulins in their sera and appeared to be “immunologically virgin.” This model was used, therefore, to determine whether “natural” antibodies are required for induction of antibody formation and for the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Within 2 hr, 99.9% of actinophage MSP-2, 85% of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and 50% of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were eliminated from the blood of these “immunologically virgin” animals. After 48 hr the rate of clearance of MSP-2 increased markedly, indicating immune elimination. This correlated with the time of the onset of the true primary immune response involving 19 S γG. Comparable immune elimination within the same period was not observed with soluble BSA and KLH. With the more antigenic particulate phage, the lag or inductive period in the true primary immune response was probably less than 36 hr.
These results indicate that the initial elimination of antigen in this model is an innate physiologic mechanism independent of antibodies.
Passively immunized piglets eliminated antigen rapidly indicating that specific antibody assists and enhances the function of the RES.
In these “immunologically virgin” animals, the soluble antigens BSA and KLH were eliminated slowly and gave a delayed immune response compared to the rapidly cleared and highly antigenic particulate actinophage. It is suggested that phagocytability and digestability of antigen influence antigenicity.
Changes in Erythrocyte I Agglutinogen and Anti-I Agglutinins During Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection in Man
Authors: Smith Charles B. , McGinniss Mary H. , Schmidt Paul J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Changes in the erythrocyte I agglutinogen and in serum anti-I agglutinins were studied following experimental infection of 27 adult volunteers with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. An increase in thermal amplitude of anti-I agglutinins developed in 12, among whom seven had simultaneous rises in titer of cold agglutinins. The activity of the erythrocyte I agglutinogen was transiently reduced following M. pneumoniae infection in five of the volunteers. These changes were not associated with clinical or laboratory evidence of hemolytic anemia. The possibility that M. pneumoniae organisms directly altered the erythrocyte I antigen leading to the production of anti-I antibodies is discussed.
Presence of Kappa and Lambda Light Chain Determinants in 3 S γ1-Globulins of Pooled Normal Human Plasma
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Schmid Karl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preparations of the plasma 3 S γ1-globulin contain 20% light chain antigenic determinants of kappa and lambda type as measured by antisera to relatively buried light chain determinants. The ratio of kappa to lambda light chains in these preparations was approximately 3 to 1. Analysis of the remainder of the antigenic constituents of the 3 S γ1-globulins by Ouchterlony plates and serologic inhibition studies indicated no relationship to H-chain antigens of γG, γA, γM or γD.
Notation for Human Immunoglobin Subclasses
Authors: Fahey John L. , Franklin Edward C. , Kunkel Henry G. , Osserman Elliott F. , Terry William D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Human immunoglobulin molecules can be divided into at least four major groups or classes referred to either as IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD, or γG, γA, γM and γD, as suggested by a Committee on Nomenclature for Human Immunoglobulins.6
Recent studies in many laboratories have shown that several of these classes can be further divided into subclasses, and consequently, several temporary subclass designations have come into use.
Considerable information has been obtained concerning immunoglobulin G and A subclasses, and it now seems appropriate to 1) initiate a uniform notation for the immunoglobulin G subclasses and 2) propose a general format for notation of additional immunoglobulin subclasses as they are described. The general proposal is as follows.
Subclasses should be indicated by an arabic numeral following letter denoting the class. Arabic rather than Roman numerals are suggested because of their greater simplicity. Confusion with the genetic factors can be avoided by listing genetic factor in parentheses, preferably preceded by the locus.
Studies on the Transfer of Myeloma Protein Synthesis with RNA Isolated from the C3H Plasma Cell Tumor (X5563)
Authors: Chin Paul H. , Silverman Myron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphoid cells, either untreated or pretreated with protamine sulfate, were incubated in vitro with RNA isolated from the C3H plasma cell tumor. The cells were subsequently injected into sublethally irradiated isogenic recipients or cultured in vitro in medium containing C14-L-leucine. Both methods were found to support protein synthesis by the RNA-treated cells. However, in spite of the greatly enhanced uptake of RNA by protamine-treated cells, induced myeloma protein synthesis could not be demonstrated. Electrophoretic analysis of sera from recipient animals showed, in a few instances, the presence of a serum component which has the same electrophoretic mobility as the γ myeloma protein. Immunological analyses, however, indicated the absence of proteins having the specific antigenic characteristics of the tumor protein. Similarly, although radioimmunoelectrophoresis showed de novo synthesis of globulins by RNA-treated cells cultured in vitro, these globulins did not react with the specific antimyeloma globulin serum.