bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of Species with Trait-based Interactions
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Models for the coevolution of traits in interacting species produce theoretical expectations with the potential to guide empirical research on adaptive radiation. The nature of the interspecies interaction (e.g., antagonistic versus mutualistic, a basis in trait differences versus matching, etc.) profoundly affects coevolutionary trajectories and outcome. Mutualistic interaction produces a coevolutionary outcome with a single, stable outcome. In contrast, antagonistic interactions (e.g., between predators and prey) can result in an unstable arms race. Interactions based on trait matching exaggerate curvature of coevolutionary trajectories and delay approach to a stable equilibrium. In contrast, interactions based on trait differences produce less curvature in trajectories and a more rapid approach to equilibrium. The interactions that specify key parameters for coevolution also shape geographic mosaics and community structure. For example, the strength of interspecific interactions affects equilibrium rates of interaction which in turn affect the degree of connectivity and modularity in the community interaction network. In other words, the models reviewed in this chapter successfully fuse evolutionary and ecological visions as they illuminate processes of coevolution and their effects on adaptive radiation. They also lay the groundwork for empirical studies that will place bounds on key parameter values.
Appearance as a Reaction Qualification
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Appearance is a reaction qualification for a range of jobs, that is, it is a qualification that counts as such in virtue of the preferences and responses of ‘recipients’, where recipients are those, such as customers or clients, who interact with the job holder. But some reaction qualifications are illegitimate in that there is a strong moral reason not to count them. This chapter develops a theory of when a reaction qualification is illegitimate that it then applies to a range of cases concerning appearance. It argues that a reaction qualification is illegitimate if counting it would (i) condone disrespectful behaviour or attitudes on the part of recipients; or (ii) give insufficient weight to the interests of some of the candidates; or (iii) tend to exacerbate the disadvantages experienced by members of an unjustly disadvantaged group.
Introduction
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In public law, standing is a well-known concept, and the existence of standing rules well recognized. Yet to the private lawyer, standing is a relatively foreign concept. It even appears to have gone missing. It seems conventional wisdom that private law does not have, or need, standing rules. This book goes against that conventional wisdom. This introductory chapter introduces the backdrop to the book, positioning its central argument in relation to existing debates within private law theory. It then outlines its structure, explaining how the overall argument of the book is advanced in three broad steps, so the book is correspondingly structured in three parts: Part I ‘Conceptualizing Standing’; Part II ‘Standing’s Doctrinal Distinctiveness’; Part III ‘Justifying Standing’. An overview of the book’s key claims, broken down by individual chapters, is provided.
Justifying the General Standing Rule
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that even though the standing rule is general in the sense that it is applicable across a large range of private law, in particular the law of obligations—conceived here as including the traditional subcategories of contact, torts, and unjust enrichment—there need not be a singular justification for this rule. Multiple reasons, each with different scope, and which could overlap, could together justify having such a rule. Twelve are raised and discussed. Except for one, the non-instrumental reasons share a common normative shape or form. They are values which would be undermined, were standing extended to others (ie a non-right-holder). Thus, a legal system which commits to a general standing rule that preserves enforcement exclusively for right-holders protects and contributes to these values. The chapter also argues that purely analytic accounts are unsatisfactory, in part because they cannot accommodate the doctrinal possibility of right-less enforcers, discussed in Part II. It ends by discussing moral standing, and its possible relations to legal standing, concluding that while comparisons with accountability relations between right-holder and duty-bearer in morality can yield some helpful insights, the analogy has limits. There are structural differences between law and morality: it may be truism that ‘all legal systems have judges’, but not so in morality. Instrumental justifications can play more of a role within the law.
Centripede
Authors: Jackson Alvin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Drawing on the case studies defined earlier in the book (as well as other evidence), this chapter identifies and evaluates a wide range of agencies and institutions which served to bind complex union states. It looks first at monarchy and the set of institutions interlinked with monarchy: the aristocracy and crown forces. The focus of the chapter then shifts to consider the administration of union, examining its bureaucracies, representative institutions (especially parliaments) as well as state churches. The penultimate section of the chapter looks at the economic forces serving to bind union states, as well as the interrelated influences of class and civil society. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the repressive instruments of complex union states.
Evaluative Illusion in Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Obdrzalek Suzanne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the Protagoras, Socrates argues that what appears to be akrasia is, in fact, the result of a hedonic illusion: proximate pleasures appear greater than distant ones. On the face of it, his account is puzzling: why should proximate pleasures appear greater than distant ones? Certain interpreters argue that Socrates must be assuming the existence of non-rational desires that cause proximate pleasures to appear inflated. This paper argues that positing non-rational desires fails to explain the hedonic error. However, careful consideration of Socrates’ treatment of appearances reveals that he is not without resources to explain the illusion. The paper argues that in the Protagoras, appearances are imagistic mental representations that appear true but tend to be false. It suggests that proximate pleasures produce inflated hedonic predictions because we represent them more vividly than distant ones, which yields greater anticipatory pleasure, causing us to overestimate their magnitude.
The Decline of the Old Monetary Order
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the restoration of the monarchy, the English, Scottish, and Irish monetary systems were as far apart as they had ever been. They nevertheless cannot be understood in isolation from each other. This chapter traces the entwined, yet distinct, paths taken from dysfunction to crisis by each kingdom’s monetary order in the final decades of the seventeenth century. It identifies differing attitudes to the relationship between money and national prestige among monetary writers and political actors in each kingdom. In particular, Scotland and Ireland were often obliged to respond to monetary challenges resulting from English developments and policies. The monetary orders of all three kingdoms showed clear signs of profound structural crisis. As debates over monetary problems raged, authorities in all three kingdoms limped from one expedient to another to try to manage the problems. For Scottish authorities, and even more for Irish, their capacity to do so was severely constrained by the fact that money remained a royal prerogative, exercised primarily in England’s interest. Scotland’s monetary problems were further exacerbated by long-running corruption at the mint under the regime of its politically powerful head, leading many influential Scots to advocate complete monetary assimilation with England. In each kingdom, monetary crisis reached its tipping point in the wake of the revolution of 1689 and the consequent war with France.
Things Fall Apart
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the long monetary crisis that began with the outbreak of the First World War and ended with the UK’s final abandonment of the gold standard in 1931. In the process, the monetary order of the UK was radically and irrevocably transformed. The chapter highlights the mobilization of patriotism to enjoin specific monetary behaviours during the war and to enlist support for efforts to restore and maintain the gold standard after it, even when these came at significant cost in the form of high unemployment and severe cuts to wages, welfare, and education. For its supporters, which included most leaders of opinion across the political spectrum, the gold standard had become an end above all others, essential to national prosperity and honour. The sterling crisis of 1931, which destroyed the second Labour government, was widely regarded as a test of British honour and patriotism. Accordingly, Britain’s departure from the gold standard was experienced as a national humiliation. The gold standard consensus embraced the leaders of the newly established Irish Free State, who believed that nationalism was out of place in matters of currency. Although committed to creating a separate national currency, Ireland’s new leaders saw the gold standard as the embodiment of ‘sound’ monetary internationalism. Understanding the UK’s commitment to the gold standard as unshakeable, they willingly pegged their new currency to sterling on a pound-for-pound basis.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the pervasiveness of spectrality for modernist writers, growing up as most of them did during the heydays of spiritualism and occultism. For Conrad, Forster, Butts, and Bowen among others the spectral was not merely accidental, ornamental, or symptomatic. It was a privileged way of thinking, of working through the problems they faced. It moves on to outline the author’s approach to spectrality as a mode of thinking through rhetoric, with ethical and political dimensions. The literature review covers studies of spectrality in modernist writing, as well as cultural histories of spiritualism, occultism, and the uncanny, to establish how what is undertaken here is new. In a similar vein, it surveys key contexts—spiritualism, occultism, and the ghost story—to show that the book’s approach to the rhetoric of spectrality diverges in productive ways, as did the modernist use of that rhetoric. The introduction concludes by outlining the author’s method in the book, explaining his choice of authors, and centring his driving question about tropes of spectrality in modernist fiction: not why are they there, or where do they come from, but what do they do once they appear?
‘What Love Looks Like in Public’
Authors: Ross Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this chapter it is argued that key works of Forster’s articulate a nexus of concerns in which he employs the term ‘friend’ as code for homosexual lover. Anchored by this terminology, Forster navigates the problems of alterity and ethics through figures of unspeakability. The whole is overcoded in terms of an informal Christianity that is in constant dialogue with paganism and presented in a distinctly spectral register, one that accommodates all the various configurations demanded by this overdetermined—at times overwrought—matrix of concerns. Where Conrad deployed a phalanx of spectrality to manage the various concerns in his work, Forster uses surgical strikes, marking out specific elements in Maurice, ‘The Life to Come’, and A Passage to India as interconnected by presenting them under the common sign of the spectral. Central to this chapter is the illustration of how Forster uses spectral rhetoric to navigate the shoals of not just homosexuality, but race and eroticism, with a relentless focus on justice (and its conventionally British miscarriages). Borrowing from Cornell West, the whole is cast in terms that resonate throughout Forster’s oeuvre, as he outlines a vision of justice that is precisely ‘what love looks like in public’. For Forster, though, much of what he called love could not be publicly displayed (as evidenced in the delayed publication of Maurice and ‘The Life to Come’ only after his death). This temporal lag captures precisely the logic of tendential utopianism that adheres to modernist uses of spectrality.
Introduction
Authors: Hildebrand Jayne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This introduction gives an overview of Victorian scientific debates about organism–environment interaction and establishes their implications for understanding description in the nineteenth-century novel. It first traces the emergence of the idea of an environment as an object of knowledge in Victorian science, beginning with the displacement of the notion of the fixed habitat by the transformationist biology of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and followed by the emergence of an abstract, singular “environment” or “medium” in the mid-century organicist philosophy of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer. This discourse led Victorian thinkers to conceive of biological life—including especially human life—as intimately and dynamically entangled with its material surroundings. The introduction concludes with an overview of critical accounts of description, and argues that reading novelistic description and the emergence of the environment concept as interrelated cultural developments enables us to see description as a dynamic and experimental formal feature of the novel.
Properties for and of Better Best Systems
Authors: Schrenk Markus 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Many advocates of the Better Best System Account (BBSA) and variations thereof suggest that Lewis-style best system competitions can, in principle, be executed for any arbitrary but fixed set of predicates/properties. This affords the possibility to launch system analyses separately for each of the special sciences. However, predicates/properties of these sciences are unlike the perfectly natural properties Lewis envisaged in that they are non-fundamental, maybe non-natural, and not intrinsic. Moreover, they might be dispositional, i.e. already equipped with a nomological profile. Further challenges arise for the BBSA when it comes to selecting eligible sets of properties/predicates: What are the boundaries between the different sets of properties that demarcate the sciences? Also, system analyses for different property sets might well be incommensurable. Can a unity or hierarchy of the sciences still be established? These are a number of challenges for the BBSA. This chapter presents and aims to give answers to most of these challenges.
A Discourse on Methods; or, Humean Metaphysics of Science without Best Systems
Authors: Roberts John T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The best-known Humean theory of laws of nature is David Lewis’s best-system analysis. Almost all of the other Humean theories of laws in the literature are also “best-system theories”: like Lewis’s account, they say that to be a law is to belong to a system of statements or propositions that maximizes some desirable feature. In fact, in conversation, philosophers commonly use “the Humean account of laws” and “the best-system account of laws” interchangeably. But Humeanism about laws and the best-system approach to laws are not the same thing: Humeanism imposes a metaphysical constraint on an acceptable theory of laws, and the best-system approach is one strategy for meeting that constraint. There are other theories of lawhood that also meet the constraint. This chapter aims to present a sketch of a new Humean theory that eschews all reference to best systems, and to make it clear that this theory is plausible enough to be worth looking into further.
Archival Voices
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the lifecycle of the corpus of charters: how early medieval birth gave way to centuries of changing hands, passage from archive to archive, until the only homes which have preserved them became ecclesiastical and state institutions. In defining the corpus for study, the chapter casts the widest possible net, ranging over the entirety of northern Iberia (excluding Catalunya), to control for particularities which can distort the overall picture and vagaries which can frustrate understanding an individual text. It surveys all surviving and published charters from 711 to 1031, outlining their geographical diffusion and archival history, their varying modes of textual transmission, their chronological distribution and how it maps onto what else we know of the period, and the range of actors and actions represented in the material. In concluding, the chapter considers the key question of why there is growth over time in the number of charters, and propose a ‘lateral diffusion’ model of literacy. Exposure to charters which conferred advantage on their users engendered adoption of documentary practice and stimulated the development of documentary habits in new quarters: if we apply this model to the contours of the corpus, the expansion of estates becomes the driver of documentation.
Mobilizing Mirabai, Mobilizing Women in the Struggle for Independence
Authors: Martin Nancy M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the key contributions of Rabindranath Tagore, Mohandas K. Gandhi, and Mahadevi Varma to lasting conceptions of the sixteenth-century Hindu woman saint Mirabai, particularly in relation to the involvement of Indian women in the struggle for their own autonomy and freedom as well as that of the nation. Tagore interweaves references to her in fictional works advocating women’s emancipation and self-realization, as a woman who chose to leave husband and home and to live, even as he also understood the darker side of the rhetoric of devotion that might equate husband and God. Gandhi would draw on her as a quintessential example of nonviolent resistance and a model for women’s movement into the political realm as an extension of feminine devotion and self-sacrifice. He would strive in his own life to be as responsive to God as she was, even as he encouraged women to cultivate a Mira-like fearlessness. Mahadevi Varma, lauded as the first modern Hindi poetess, would be called a modern Mirabai and would offer an alternate vision of the saint, remaining unmarried, wearing khadi and living an austere life, and working tirelessly for women’s education and emancipation, the development of Hindi literature, and the constructivist agenda in the Indian struggle for independence. The saint would offer precedent for her choice, making her independent life culturally comprehensible, even as Mahadevi herself modeled new possibilities for women as authors, educators and leaders.
Black, Blues, and America
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Amiri Baraka and Angela Davis were at the forefront of re-envisioning radical black politics during the 1960's and 1970's. Baraka was a founder of the Black Art Movement during the peak of the Black Power Movement and sought to synthesize artistic vision with a political program of black empowerment and resistance to white supremacy. His intellectual contributions depended heavily on his understanding of jazz and blues as art forms historically rooted in slavery and developing alongside American society's contortions over racism. Angela Davis's biography as a promising philosopher turned fugitive from the law motivated her intellectual journeys into describing the ills of white racism. And, like Baraka, she turned to the blues and jazz and importantly focused on the contributions of women artists who were pioneers in confronting the problem of racism while representing the promise of racial and sexual emancipation.
The Church for Others
Authors: Snow Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s, the Episcopal Church went through two major internal shifts: the production and revision of a new Book of Common Prayer, and the ordination of women. These two landmarks in the Episcopal Church’s history, which led to controversy within the denomination and later within the global Anglican Communion, were both connected to the midcentury missional shift to missio dei described in the previous chapter. Those who were oriented toward mission as justice, inclusion, and attending to God’s transformative work in the world supported these changes, while those who saw mission in terms of church-planting and the older assimilative model of mission found it threatening and incomprehensible, leading to early schisms within the church.
Facilitating Dyadic Synchrony
Authors: Atzil-Slonim Dana , Soma Christina S. , Zhang Xinyao , Paz Adar , Imel Zac E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
When humans interact, they tend to coordinate or synchronize their physiology and behavior spontaneously and mutually. This chapter highlights the facilitation of dyadic synchrony as a core psychotherapist skill that occurs at the nonverbal level and underlies many other therapeutic methods. The chapter defines dyadic synchrony, differentiates it from similar constructs, and provides an excerpt illustrating dyadic synchrony in a psychotherapy session. It also conducts a systematic review of studies that have examined the associations between dyadic synchrony and psychotherapy outcomes and conducts a meta-analysis that examines whether there is more synchrony between clients and therapists than would be expected by chance. The chapter includes situations in which synchrony may not be beneficial. It concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices.
Introduction
Authors: Khoja-Moolji Shenila 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Rebuilding Community uncovers the stories of care, help, and support that dozens of Ismaili Muslim women have extended to coreligionists against the dislocating effects of wars and forced migration. The book focuses on two cohorts of women: one that fled East Pakistan in the early 1970s due to civil war, and the other that was forced to leave East Africa during the same time, when Idi Amin expelled Asians from Uganda and anti-Asian sentiments intensified in Kenya and Tanzania. It tells the tale of how these women began the individual and collective work of remaking religious community in the diaspora. In doing so, the author not only writes women into modern Ismaili history but also expands the definition of placemaking—usually about the built environments that displaced people have constructed—to include a consideration of spiritual and sensory dimensions, reclaims care work from productivist frames, and illuminates lived Shia Islam.
Early Regional Dialects
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes language variation in early America. As successive streams of English-speaking immigrants arrived in the colonies, they transplanted the dialects of their home regions to new soil. The chapter focuses on the four main migrations that took place in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries—the Puritans to New England, the Cavaliers to the South, the Quakers to Pennsylvania, and the Scots-Irish to the backcountry—and considers the part each played in laying a foundation for modern regional dialects. It describes the salient linguistic features of each early region. It also discusses what we know about early African American speech.