bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogical Composition of Some Iraqi Soil Samples
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Taha , AL-Bassam Khaldoun , Al-Hazaa Sawsan 
Published: March 2023

Twenty five soil samples were collected from various parts of uncultivated areas in Iraq including Rabe'a, Mosul, Hatra, Beygee, Balad, Radhwnaia, Abu Graib, Wasit, Anbar and Basrah. These samples were examined by XRD to determine the mineral constituents. Clay fractions were separated for clay mineralogy.
The results showed that the clay minerals represent about 40% of the mineral constituents of the samples, dominated by montmorillonite, illite, palygorskite and chlorite having various proportions. The non-clay minerals are represented by calcite and dolomite which present as detrital grains and representing about 32% of the mineral constituents. Quartz comes with about 22% and feldspars with about 5%. The water-soluble salts in the soil samples varied according to the sampling location and represented about 0.3% on average, increasing from north to south.
The study showed the relation of the soil mineralogy with source rocks, and the most of the Iraqi soils are the results of erosion, weathering and transported by rivers. The authigenic minerals are locally precipitated from near-surface saline ground waters.
Study of 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol Effect on Corrosion of Boiler Low Carbon Steel Pipes in Presence of Sodium Sulfite
Authors: Jafar Saad Ahmad 
Published: March 2023

This paper studies the effect of 2-Amino-2-mthyl-1-propanol (C3H11NO) on corrosion behavior of boiler steel pipes with low carbon content at sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) in the additive mixtures form as oxygen scavengers in the boiler feed water.
Experiments were done at temperatures (100 - 150) ºC and pressures (5 - 9) × 101.3 KN/m² in cylinder autoclave with 7.4 ppm dissolved oxygen in used water, then the corrosion rate is measured by weight loss technique and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in feed water was determined before and after the experiment by Winkler method (Titration).
This analysis can provide valuable information for mixture scavengers and corrosion behavior on boiler steel pipes with range of used temperature and pressure. The better ratios found is 60 ppm for every one of amine and sulfite, with the best result in decreasing corrosion rate in acceptable way. The above mentioned ratio is optimal and recommended. This opens up the field for formulation synergetic packages of additives as O2 scavengers.
Keywords: Oxygen Scavenger, Na2SO3, C3H11NO, Boiler Steel Pipes, NA-Sulfite & 2-Amino-2-mthyl-1-propanor Additive Package
Malignant Hypertension in the Al-Thawarah Hospital-Sana’a
Authors: Al-Zendani Aziz S. 
Published: March 2023

Background: Malignant hypertension (MHTN) is characterized by very high blood pressure (BP), and organ damage. It is a complication of uncontrolled hypertension. Malignant hypertension requires immediate treatment and admission to the hospital to manage and control the high elevation of the blood pressure. Systemic hypertension is increasing in our society in recent years due to the changes in the lifestyle of the Yemenis and chewing Khat in large scale in most governments than before. Hypertension is a silent disease in which the majority of patients do not have symptoms. Lack of early detection, proper management of hypertension, routine medical check up and awareness of the society, lead to the malignant hypertension and its end organ damage.
Aim of the study: To study the clinical presentation and complications of the malignant hypertension in patients admitted to the cardiac centre at Al thawrah hospital (TMGH), Sanaa in one year time (May 2009-May 2010)
Method of the study: Descriptive Study including all patients admitted to the cardiac centre at TMGH, Sanaa with a diagnosis of MHTN between May 2009-May 2010.
Results: 16 cases were reported, with a mean age of 54.7± 7.8 years. 65.3% of them were male. A 62.5% (10 patients) discovered to have HTN on admission, and 37.5 % (6 patients) were presented with history of hypertension, only 2 of them (12.5%) were on antihypertension medication but with improper doses and 25% (4 patients) refused to take medications. The measurement of the systolic BP on admission showed 81.2% (13 cases) had systolic BP between 180-200 mmHg ,12.5% (2cases) were between 210-220 mmHg and 6.25%(1case) the reading was 240mmHg , 50% (8 patients) had a diastolic BP of 130 mmHg, 25% (4 cases) had >130mmHg and 18.7% (3 cases) was
Bacterial Etiology of Acquired Community Pneumonia Among Yemeni Patients Whose Diagnosed Clinically as A Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Al-Mahbashi Anas A. , Al-Mahdi Abdullah Y. , Al-Jaufy Ahmed Y. 
Published: March 2023

This study was conducted to determine the incidence of bacterial pneumonia among Yemeni patients whose diagnosed clinically as a pulmonary tuberculosis infection attending the National Tuberculosis Control Center in Sana’a city, Yemen.
All patients were out patients and sent to the laboratory for laboratory investigation. Patient’s age ranged from 6 to 56 years and were from both sexes.
Three hundreds and eighty eight sputum samples were collected from the patients, stained and cultured on the appropriate media. Sociodemographic and health information were collected using questionnaire filled by the patients.
Results showed that the rate of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 13/388 (3.4%) whereas the infection by bacterial pneumonia other than tuberculosis was 166/388 (42.8%).
Isolated bacterial etiologies were; Staphylococcus aureus (17.5%), Streptococcus pneumonia (12.4%), Klebsiella pneumonia (9.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.1%).
Pneumonia was most predominant among the age group 46-55 years and occurred more commonly among females (44%) than males (41.4%). There was statistically significant correlation between family size and pneumonia infection but the correlation between pneumonia and other predisposing illness like diabetes mellitus, arthritis, Kidney and liver diseases were not significant.
رؤية مستقبلية لاستراتيجية التنمية العمرانية لمديرية عتمة محافظة ذمار - اليمن
Authors: يفاعة أحمد محمد 
Published: March 2023

يأتي هذا البحث ليناقش مجموعة من الرؤى والتصورات لاستراتيجية التنمية العمرانية في مديرية عتمة, محافظة ذمار, الجمهورية اليمنية اعتمادا على الدراسات والبيانات والمعلومات والإحصاءات, سواء من الجهات الرسمية ذات العلاقة أو من الدراسات والأبحاث التي تناولت بعض الجوانب المتعلقة بموضوع البحث.
ويهدف البحث إلى وضع الملامح الأساسية والخطوط العريضة لرؤية مستقبلية لاستراتيجية التنمية العمرانية لمديرية عتمة بناءٌ على دراسة وتحليل كافة الأنشطة والمقومات الاقتصادية التي تتمتع بها المديرية, والعمل على الاستفادة من المقومات والإمكانات الطبيعية والاقتصادية بهدف تحقيق التوازن بين عدد السكان والموارد المتاحة, وتوفير الخدمات للمجتمع, والارتقاء بالقائم منها مع مراعاة حماية البيئة الطبيعية وتحقيق التوازن البيئي في المديرية.
وقد اعتمدت منهجية البحث على:
- دراسة وتحليل الأنشطة الاقتصادية (زراعية, سياحية, تنوع بيئي وثروة حيوانية).
- دراسة أهم المشاكل التي تعيق عملية التنمية, وذلك من خلال جمع وتحليل المعلومات والبيانات حول الوضع الراهن من كافة الجهات الحكومية والمنظمات ذات العلاقة.
- دراسة الاعتبارات الرئيسية لإنشاء التجمعات العمرانية.
- دراسة الإمكانات المتاحة وتحديد المشاريع اللازمة وطرق التمويل بالإضافة إلى توجهات التنمية العمرانية بالمديرية (المركز والمخاليف).
Tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap Pelaksanaan Arisan Kurban Studi Kasus Di Desa Pamijahan Kecamatan Pamijahan Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Armen Rio Erismen , Mualim Mualim , Rukiah Rukiah 
Published: March 2023

Saat ini berkembang ada satu tradisi di mana masyarakat melakukan arisan agar dapat melaksanakan ibadah kurban, mengigat bahwa ibadah kurban memerlukan biaya yang tidak sedikit. Salah satunya adalah seperti yang dipraktikkan oleh masyarakat di Desa Pamijahan Kecamatan Pamijahan Kabupaten Bogor. Mereka telah melaksanakan kegiatan arisan kurban tersebut sejak tahun 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan arisan kurban dan bagaimana tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap pelaksanaan arisan kurban yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat di Desa Pamijahan Kecamatan Pamijahan Kabupaten Bogor.
Metode penelitian yang diambil yaitu metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Jenis penelitian yang akan diambil yaitu penelitian lapangan (field research). penelitian ini sumber data yang akan digunakan adalah sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder sekaligus. Sumber data primer berupa wawancara, dokumen dan dokumentasi. Sumber data sekunder berupa buku-buku, jurnal yang berkitan dengan arisan kurban. Teknik pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Adapun analisis data dilakukan dengan cara mereduksi data, mendisplay data, dan penarikan kesimpulan.
Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah menurut Hukum Islam terhadap pelaksanaan arisan kurban oleh masyarakat di Desa Pamijahan Kecamatan Pamijahan Kabupaten Bogor ini fasad (rusak) karena terdapat permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan objek akad yaitu hewan kurban, objek tersebut dinilai tidak memenuhi syarat dalam perjajian (akad) karena adannya kenaikan harga hewan kurban setiap tahunnya sehingga menimbulkan penambahan dan perbedaan yang tidak menentu pada iuran setiap anggota hal ini bisa menimbulkan sifat riba dan gharar.
Pre-departure psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress and perception of risk factors at workplace among migrant workers of Nepal: A pilot study
Authors: Poudel Om Prakash , Thapa Bijay , Bhandary Shital 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Migration is a stressful process and perception regarding risk factors at workplace can impact the mental health of migrant workers early from pre-departure phase. Around 23% percent of returnee migrants of Nepal reported having mental problems. Yet, only few researches were conducted on the mental health of Nepali migrant workers during pre-departure phase and this study aims to fill that gap.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 migrant workers during the pre-departure phase to measure the level of psychological distress, depression, anxiety and stress. It was also used to validate the locally developed pre-departure risk factor perception scale (PD-RFPS) at workplace. Validated DASS-21 and PD-RFPS tools in Nepali language were self-administered in two pre-departure orientation institutes of Kathmandu valley. Consensus index was used to summarize the perception of migrant workers on the possible risk factors at workplace.
Result: Prevalence of psychological distress, depression, anxiety and stress were identified as 28.21%, 35.9%, 41.03% and 20.51% respectively. The DASS-21 scale and sub-scales were found to have good internal consistencies. DASS-Depression and DASS-Anxiety subscales showed concurrent validity with Beckâ€™s Depression Inventory (BAI) and Beckâ€™s Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The PD-RFPS tool also showed good internal construct reliability. Migrant workers perceived differently about the risk factors at workplace as consensus index ranged between 41.61% and 73.96%.
Conclusion: Prevalence of psychological distress, depression, anxiety and stress among the migrant workers at pre-departure phase suggests the presence of symptoms of mental health problems. It also warrants further study with large sample size and representative sampling methods.
Knowledge and attitude of visitor on triage system in emergency room at Patan hospital, Nepal
Authors: Rijal Suraj , Adhikari Sunil 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Though Triage is a crucial part of every modern emergency room, it is not well informed to patient parties which sometimes create a problem. Emergency triage is the process by which patient is classified according to the type and urgency of their conditions to get the right patient to the right place at the right time with the right care provider. It effectively reduces the manpower in the resource poor settings like ours and helps to decrease the crowd. The most important part of it is it helps to identify sick patient early with prompt initiation of adequate management, thus decreasing mortality and morbidity of the patients. Contrary to its importance, its knowledge to visitors is very low.
Method: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Patan Hospital Emergency Room for two and half monthâ€™s duration. The sample size is 384 participants. It is a self structured questionnaire study done on patient parties who met the inclusion criteria. Stratified random sampling was carried out by dividing participants into three strata viz. morning, evening and night shifts.
Results: Total 384 participants were given self structured knowledge and attitude questions and descriptive analysis done using SPSS-17. There seems to be a fair association between the correct answers and the different variables used. Education level of the participants, age, address, religion and previous visit to emergency room have positive association with the knowledge and attitude of the participants about triage.
Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude of the visitor about triage is fairly good contrary to assumption probably due to limitations. In spite of the importance of the triage, we have done too little to educate about triage and its importance to the patient parties.
Pneumonia a major pediatric disease admitted from emergency department of Patan Hospital
Authors: Shrestha Sitaram 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: In Nepal, annual incidence of pneumonia in under- five years children is 90/1000. So, this study is done to see thepediatric admission from emergency with the diagnosis of pneumonia in comparison to other admitting diagnosis.
Method: This is a hospital based retrospective and descriptive study seeing the pediatric admission through emergency from April 2017 to March 2018. This study was conducted at department of general practice and emergency medicine department of Patan Academy of Health Sciences.
Result: During one year period 39349 patients had visited emergency department and among them 5951(15%) got admission in different wards of this hospital and among all admitted patients, 887 got admitted to pediatric department, which is 2.2% of the total patients visiting emergency and 14.9% of admitted patients. Respiratory problem was the most common cause of admission 257(28.9%) amongst all pediatric admission
Conclusion: Pneumonia was the most common cause of hospital admission in this study.
Comparison of CURB 65 and SCAP score in predicting outcome of CAP: A single center study
Authors: Sharma Lucky , Pant Subash , Neopane Arpana 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Community acquired pneumonia is one of the leading cause of death. CURB-65 and SCAP score are tools to measure the severity of disease. CURB-65 uses relatively less variables than SCAP in scoring, this study is designed to measure the usefulness of both score in predicting outcome in our context.
Method: This is descriptive, cross sectional quasi experimental study conducted in Kathmandu Medical College teaching hospital from July 2012 December 2012. Patient more than 18 years were scored and with CURB-65 and SCAP score and followed to see the outcome. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated. Both scores were compared for outcome using McNemerâ€™s test.
Result: Total 127 patient with mean age of 57 years were included. Total number of patient included in the study was 127 Mean age of patient was 57.66 years with two standard deviation of 19.46 years. Mortality rate was 5.5%. Male were 48(37.8%) and female were 79(62.2%). There was positive correlation with both CURB-65 (0.19, p=0.02) and SCAP (0.18, p=0.04) score on level of care required at hospital. There was no difference between CURB 65 and SCAP score in predicting outcome (p>0.05).
Conclusion: There was no significant difference between predicting outcome with CURB-65 and SCAP score. Though CURB-65 uses less variables than SCAP score, it is equally effective in predicting the outcome or severity of disease.
Evaluating maternal mortality ratios of Nepal with 2003 Nepal world health survey estimates
Authors: Bhandary Shital 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Maternal mortality is an important indicator for womenâ€™s health. It is estimated as pregnancy related maternal mortality ratio (PRMR) in Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS). However, 2011 National Population and Household Census (NPHC) gave a very high estimate of this indicator and challenged the 1996 and 2006 NDHS estimates. This warrants the evaluation of these estimates using another reliable source and this study aims to fill that gap.
Method: The 2003 Nepal World Health Survey (WHS) data files were used to get PRMR for 1995-2002. SPSS syntax was used to create sibling history to compute PRMR for the country. Standard error was computed to get 95% confidence interval (CI) and compare it with NDHS and NPHC estimates.
Result: Data quality of sibling history was found to be reliable for getting maternal mortality estimates as age and age at death data was good. Adjusted PRMR of 285 was obtained for 1996-2002 with 95% CI of 161-391. This CI overlapped for 2006 NDHS estimate but it did not overlap the 1996 NDHS and 2011 NPHC estimates.
Conclusion: PRMR from 2003 Nepal WHS were found to be consistent with 1996 and 2006 NDHS as per reported confidence intervals but it was not consistent with the 2011 NPHC estimate. As NPHC used indirect method due to poor data quality of observed deaths and live births, it cannot be considered as a reliable estimate of PRMR. Thus, it is recommended to use surveillance based methods to get valid and reliable estimate of PRMR and MMR for Nepal.
Key words: Maternal Mortality, World Health Survey, Demographic and Health Survey, Census, Nepal
Capillary refill time vs serum lactate measurement in septic shock patients: Which is better in Emergency department?
Authors: Adhikari Sunil 
Published: March 2023

Clinical Question: Does the use of a resuscitation strategy that targets normalization of capillary refill time compared with a strategy that targets serum lactate levels reduce mortality among patients in septic shock?
Article Chosen: Glenn HernÃ¡ndez, Gustavo A. Ospina-TascÃ³n, Lucas Petri Damiani et al. Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum Lactate Levels on 28 Day Mortality Among Patients with Septic Shock. The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(7):654-664.1
Objective: The studyâ€™s objective was to determine if a resuscitation strategy guided by peripheral perfusion using capillary refill time was superior to lactate-guided resuscitation among adults admitted to the intensive care unit with early septic shock.
Conclusion: Assessing capillary refill time is an age-old easy manner to assess tissue perfusion. It is more applicable to our settings where lactate measurement may not be available in all health centres and assessing capillary refill time can guide us in resuscitation and reduce mortality together with or without serum lactate measurement.
Factors affecting post-partum amenorrhea in Nepalese women
Authors: Shrestha Ira , Bhandary Shital 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Postpartum Amenorrhea (PPA) is important method of birth control and birth spacing especially in developing countries. Following a live birth, a woman generally experiences a 6-week period of amenorrhea related to the hormonal concomitants of pregnancy but not much work has been done in Nepal regarding the effects of various demographic factors and socioeconomic statuses of women on their postpartum amenorrhea.
Methods: This study was based on the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) datasets. The duration of PPA was the response variable whereas key demographic and socio-economic variables of women and her children were explanatory variables. Since PPA period was not defined for some of women as they were still going through the PPA at the time of the survey, their data were censored. Therefore, survival analysis techniques: Life Tables and Semi-Parametric Hazard (Cox) Models were used.
Results: All the demographic and socio-economic variables except the sex of child had statistically different median PPA durations. The bivariate cox models also revealed similar result in terms of relative risk associated with the reference categories. However, multivariate cox model revealed breast feeding, parity, birth interval, survival of the child, education of the mother and wealth quintile of the mother influenced the PPA after controlling the effect of other variables.
Conclusions: This study revealed that longer the duration of breastfeeding, greater the delay in the return of menstrual cycle. Survival of child was the most important indicator for PPA among Nepalese women. The gender of the child and place of residence did not make any difference with respect to PPA. Mothers with birth interval of 3-4 years had lesser risk of return of monthly cycle.
Clinico-epidemiological study of Lichen Planus and its association with Hepatitis C
Authors: Shrestha Rima , Shrestha Samir 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: The relationship between lichen planus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains controversial. The aim of this study is to find out the incidence of lichen planus in different age and sex groups, occupation, seasonal variation and familial association. And to correlate any association between lichen planus and hepatitis C virus.
Methods: This case control study was conducted at National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir hospital and Shree Birendra army hospital from July 2006 to Oct 2007. The study included 100 patients with typical feature of lichen planus of skin and mucous membrane.
Results: Out of hundred patients with lichen planus 51% were male and 49% were female, Koebner phenomenon was found in 69%. LP was more commonly found in the extremeties 81.9% in leg, 86.7% in forearms, 51.8% in thigh; followed by dorsa of hands 36.7%, arm 25%, and dorsa of feet 18.1%, Face & scalp were less involved with 15% & 4% only. Most of the LP were encountered during months may to august. Oral lichen planus (OLP) was seen in 7 cases. None of the patient with LP had concomittant HCV infection association.
Conclusion:Lichen planus is one of the common skin disorder encountered in the dermatological practice without association with hepatitis C virus infection in this part of the world.
Efficacy of rubber band ligation in third degree hemorrhoid
Authors: Shrestha S , Shah S , Shrestha J , Shah JN 
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Rubber band ligation (RBL) is an effective treatment in symptomatic 1st and 2nd degree hemorrhoids. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome, effectiveness and complications RBL as out patient procedure for symptomatic 3rd degree hemorrhoids.
Method: Seventy one patients with symptomatic third degree hemorrhoids underwent rubber band ligation in the department of surgery at National Academy of Medical Sciences, Patan hospital and Shree Birendra Army hospital. Nine defaulters were excluded from the study and data on 62 patients were analysed. Outcome measures were symptomatic cure i.e. stoppage of bleeding and reduced mucosal prolapse. Complications were categorized as immediate (within 1 hour), early (within one week) and late (within 6 weeks).
Result: There was symptomatic improvement (stoppage of bleeding and reduced mucosal prolapse) in 47 (75.8%) patients. Four patients required repeat banding. In 15 (24.2%) patients hemorrhoidectomy was performed due to failure of RBL. Pain and bleeding was common immediate and intermediate complication respectively.
Conclusion: Rubber band ligation is an effective, outdoor procedure for symptomatic 3rd degree hemorrhoids with acceptable morbidity.