bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Turbulent Dissipation Rate in a Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer
Authors: Fang Qingguo , Chu Kekuan , Zhou Bowen , Chen Xunlai , Peng Zhen , Zhang Chunsheng , Luo Ming , Zhao Chunyang 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Based on turbulence measurements from sonic anemometers instrumented at multiple levels on a 356-m-tall meteorological tower located on the south coast of China, an observation study of the turbulent dissipation rate (ε) in a landfalling tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) is conducted. Three indirect methods (i.e., the power spectra, the second- and the third-order structure functions) are compared for the calculation of ε. The third-order structure function computes the smallest ε among the three methods, but shows the largest uncertainty. The second-order structure function gives similar ε estimates as the power spectra, and is adopted for its reduced uncertainty. The measured ε in the landfalling TCBL is O(10−1) m2 s−3, much greater than typical atmospheric boundary layer values as well as oceanic TCBL values. The value of ε is found to scale with the local friction velocity rather than the surface friction velocity, implying a highly localized nature of turbulence. Conventional parameterizations of ε are evaluated against observations. Process-based ε models assuming a local balance between shear production and dissipation prove inadequate, as shear production merely accounts for half of the dissipation away from the surface. In comparison, scaling-based ε models used by planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes are more advantageous. With both tuning of the model coefficients and adjustment of the dissipation length scale, the performance of an ε model in a widely used PBL scheme is shown to produce similar values to the observations.

Significance Statement
Dissipation in a turbulent flow refers to the conversion of kinetic energy to heat through molecular viscosity, and is of key dynamic and thermal–dynamic importance in the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL). Past observations of ε in the TCBL have been rare. Few existing ones are based on surface and flight measurements that are either constrained in height or limited in time. This study utilizes turbulence measurements taken from a 356-m meteorological tower to study dissipation of a landfalling TC. The tall tower platform offers a valuable turbulence dataset that extends beyond the surface layer of the TCBL. The observations are used to improve the physical understanding of dissipation, and to evaluate diagnostic ε models for numerical weather prediction.
Predictable and Unpredictable Components of Cape Town Winter Rainfall
Authors: Cash Benjamin A. , Burls Natalie J. , Howar Laila V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In early 2018, due in part to a severe and extended meteorological drought, Cape Town was at risk of being one of the first major metropolitan areas in the world to run out of water. The magnitude of the crisis was exacerbated by the fact that such a prolonged and severe drought was both unanticipated and unpredicted. In this work, we analyze data from both observations and seasonal forecasts made as part of the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) to better understand the predictability of rainfall in the Cape Town (CT) region. We find that there are statistically significant correlations between observed CT rainfall and sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (∼0.45) as well as a pattern of 200-mb geopotential height (z200) anomalies resembling the Southern Annular Mode (SAM; ∼0.4). Examination of hindcasts from the NMME demonstrates that the models accurately reproduce the observed correlation between CT rainfall and z200 anomalies. However, they fail to reproduce correlations between CT rainfall and the tropical South Atlantic. Decomposition of the correlations into contributions from predictable and unpredictable components indicates that CT rainfall in the models is dominated by unpredicted atmospheric variability (correlation ∼ 0.84) relative to predicted (correlation ∼ 0.14), which may be related to the failure to simulate the connection with the tropical Atlantic.

Significance Statement
Water crises are occurring with increasing severity and frequency around the globe. The ability to accurately forecast wet season rainfall would be invaluable to water managers and other decision-makers. Here, we explore the reasons behind the failure of a suite of operational seasonal forecast models to accurately predict rainfall in the Cape Town region of South Africa.
Incidence and Reflection of Offshore Subinertial and Barotropic Pressure Signals in Wide Shelf Seas
Authors: Wu Hui 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The response of a wide shelf to subinertial and barotropic offshore pressure signals from the shelf edge was investigated. By relaxing the semigeostrophic approximation, an elliptical wave structure equation was formulated and solved with the integral transform method. It was found that when the imposed offshore signal has an along-shelf length scale similar to the shelf width, it can efficiently break the potential vorticity barrier and propagate toward the coast, producing a significant coastal sea level setup. Thereafter, the pressure signal reflects from the coast or the sloping topography, producing a transient eddy and propagates to the downshelf. The intensities of the coastal setup and the eddy increase as the along-shelf scale of the subinertial signal decreases or when its time scale is close to the inertial period. For a signal with longer time scale, the eddy is insignificant. The nature of the shelf response is controlled by the shelf conductivity κ ≡ r/(fsB), in which r is the Rayleigh friction coefficient, f is the Coriolis parameter, s is the shelf slope, and B is the shelf width, respectively. For a given offshore signal, coastal setup increases with κ. For large κ, the eddy energy is concentrated at low modes, producing a large eddy, whereas a small κ produces a small eddy. The proposed theory can explain coastal sea level fluctuations under eddy impingement in the Mid-Atlantic Bight or other similar areas.

Significance Statement
Coastal sea level and shelf circulation are greatly affected by offshore pressure signals, e.g., mesoscale eddy impingements or boundary current fluctuations. It is often assumed that the along-shelf length scale of the forcing is much larger than the shelf width, i.e., the semigeostrophic approximation. Here in this study, we found this approximation significantly underestimates the shelf–ocean interaction. A general shelf wave equation was developed that relaxed the semigeostrophic approximation and was solved analytically with a novel mathematical method. The solution can characterize the shelf response to subinertial offshore forcing at arbitrary spatiotemporal scales. It was found that for a subinertial signal with scale close to or smaller than the shelf width, significant coastal sea level setup and transient eddy can be formed, which was consistent with realistic phenomena. The new theory could promote the understanding of coastal sea level variations and along-/cross-shelf transports at synoptic and intermediate scales.
Characteristics of Diagnostics for Identifying Elevated Convection over the British Isles in a Convection-Allowing Model
Authors: Flack David L. A. , Lehnert Matthew , Lean Humphrey W. , Willington Steve 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Identifying modes of convection can be useful in both forecasting and research. For example, it allows for potentially different impacts to be determined in forecasting contexts and stratification of model behavior in research contexts. One area where identification could be particularly beneficial is elevated convection. Elevated convection is not routinely examined (outside of an operational environment) within a physical-process perspective in operational numerical weather prediction model evaluation or verification. Using convection-allowing model (CAM) output the characteristics of four elevated convection diagnostics [based on boundary layer, convective available potential energy (CAPE) ratios, downdraft, and inflow layer properties] are examined in operational forecasts during the U.K. Testbed Summer 2021 run at the Met Office. A survey of the practical use of these diagnostics in a simulated operational environment revealed that diagnostics based on CAPE ratios and inflow layer properties were preferred. These diagnostics were the smoothest varying in both space and time. Treating the CAPE ratio and downdraft properties diagnostics as proxies for updrafts and downdrafts, respectively, showed that updrafts were slightly more likely to be resolved than downdrafts. However, a substantial proportion of both are unresolved in current CAMs. Filtering the CAPE ratios by the inflow layer properties led to improved spatial and temporal characteristics, and thus indicates a potentially useful diagnostic for both research and forecasting.

Significance Statement
Understanding diagnostics is important to be able to analyze model data. Four diagnostics to identify elevated convection are characterized from kilometer-scale operational forecasts. Diagnosing elevated convection from model data is important as these events are often associated with impactful forecast busts. Therefore, being able to identify how the model is representing these events could lead to model improvements. Two diagnostics were deemed to be of practical use based on current kilometer-scale forecasts: convective available potential energy ratios and inflow layer properties. These diagnostics varied smoothly in space and time. The two diagnostics were combined to produce a filtered diagnostic that could be useful in both research and operations.
Legitimizing political power from below. A reinterpretation of the founding myths of Thebes, Athens, and Rome as a critique against private and public violence
Authors: Calloni Marina 
Published: April 2023

What do we mean when affirming ‘the powerful return of the state’? Do we have in mind the jus ad bellum employed by aggressive states, or are we thinking of the duties that a state has towards its citizens? Starting from these questions, this article aims to reconceptualize the issue of the political legitimacy of a state by reconsidering the relationship between power and violence. Among other forms of emergencies and violence, then, a legitimate state needs to be capable of responding to gender-based (sexual and domestic) violence. To reinforce my suggestion, I will reinterpret some Greek and Roman myths related to the founding of cities (Thebes, Athens and Rome). Through these myths, we will be able to illustrate, in particular, the necessity for a state to be capable of combating both public and private violence, reframing the notion of nemesis (as a fate that can be changed by descendants) and fear (as a status that can be stopped in the present).
Constructing Relative Effect Priors for Research Prioritization and Trial Design: A Meta-epidemiological Analysis
Authors: Glynn David , Nikolaidis Georgios , Jankovic Dina , Welton Nicky J. 
Published: April 2023

Background Bayesian methods have potential for efficient design of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) by incorporating existing evidence. Furthermore, value of information (VOI) methods estimate the value of reducing decision uncertainty, aiding transparent research prioritization. These methods require a prior distribution describing current uncertainty in key parameters, such as relative treatment effect (RTE). However, at the time of designing and commissioning research, there may be no data to base the prior on. The aim of this article is to present methods to construct priors for RTEs based on a collection of previous RCTs. Methods We developed 2 Bayesian hierarchical models that captured variability in RTE between studies within disease area accounting for study characteristics. We illustrate the methods using a data set of 743 published RCTs across 9 disease areas to obtain predictive distributions for RTEs for a range of disease areas. We illustrate how the priors from such an analysis can be used in a VOI analysis for an RCT in bladder cancer and compare the results with those using an uninformative prior. Results For most disease areas, the predicted RTE favored new interventions over comparators. The predicted effects and uncertainty differed across the 9 disease areas. VOI analysis showed that the expected value of research is much lower with our empirically derived prior compared with an uninformative prior. Conclusions This study demonstrates a novel approach to generating informative priors that can be used to aid research prioritization and trial design. The methods can also be used to combine RCT evidence with expert opinion. Further work is needed to create a rich database of RCT evidence that can be used to form off-the-shelf priors. Highlights Bayesian methods have potential to aid the efficient design of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) by incorporating existing evidence. Value-of-information (VOI) methods can be used to aid research prioritization by calculating the value of current decision uncertainty. These methods require a distribution describing current uncertainty in key parameters, that is, “prior distributions.” This article demonstrates a methodology to estimate prior distributions for relative treatment effects (odds and hazard ratios) estimated from a collection of previous RCTs. These results may be combined with expert elicitation to facilitate 1) value-of-information methods to prioritize research or 2) Bayesian methods for research design.
Integrating Civic Engagement Into a Lifestyle Intervention for Rural Women – A Mixed Methods Process Evaluation
Authors: Sriram Urshila , Graham Meredith L , Folta Sara , Paul Lynn , Seguin-Fowler Rebecca A 
Published: April 2023

Purpose The present study aimed to evaluate the implementation of a civic engagement curriculum (HEART Club) designed to catalyze positive environmental change in rural communities. Design The HEART Club curriculum was integrated into a six-month community-based health behavior intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Setting Participants were recruited from eight rural towns in Montana and New York. Subjects 101 midlife and older women. Intervention Participants worked to address an issue related to their local food or physical activity environment and establish progress monitoring benchmarks. Method Evaluation components included after-class surveys, program leader interviews ( n = 15), participant focus groups ( n = 8), and post-intervention surveys. Results Intervention sites reported high fidelity (78%) to the curriculum. Average attendance was 69% and program classes were rated as highly effective (4.1 out of 5). Despite positive participant feedback, low readiness for civic engagement and insufficient time were implementation challenges. The majority of HEART Club groups had accomplished two or more benchmarks post-intervention. Facilitators of progress included community support, effective leadership, and collective effort. Participants also indicated that trying to affect community change while simultaneously making personal health improvements likely stalled initial progress. Conclusion These findings highlight the potential and challenges associated with civic engagement within the context of rural lifestyle interventions. Future implementation efforts should focus on reframing civic engagement as an approach to support and maintain behavior change.
Effects of Palmijihwang-hwan: A Herbal Formula on the Pharmacokinetics of Tamsulosin in Rats
Authors: Jin Seong Eun , Jeon Woo-Young , Hwang Youn-Hwan , Seo Chang-Seob , Shin Hyeun-Kyoo , Jeong Hye Gwang , Ha Hyekyung 
Published: April 2023

Background Tamsulosin is an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Palmijihwang-hwan (PMJHH) is a traditional herbal formula for treating prostatic disorders and is often used with tamsulosin for treating LUTS/BPH. The co-administration of herbal medicines and conventional drugs increases the potential for clinically considerable herb−drug interactions. Hence, it is important to evaluate the safety of such combinations of drugs. This study aimed to investigate the influence of PMJHH on the pharmacokinetics of tamsulosin in rats. Materials and Methods We developed and validated a simple and rapid method to determine the plasma levels of tamsulosin in rats using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system. After oral administration of tamsulosin (2 mg/kg), either alone or in combination with PMJHH (930 mg/kg), to rats, blood samples were collected at various times and used for pharmacokinetic studies. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non-compartmental model. Results Compared to tamsulosin alone, co-administration of PMJHH had no significant effects on any pharmacokinetic parameters of tamsulosin, including maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), terminal elimination half-life ( t1/2), AUC from time 0 to the last observation (AUC0−t), mean residence from time 0 to infinity (MRT0−∞), apparent oral clearance (Cl/F), and apparent volume of distribution during terminal elimination (Vz/F). Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of tamsulosin were not affected by the co-administration of PMJHH. Our findings, therefore, validate the safety of the combination of tamsulosin and PMJHH commonly used for treating LUTS/BPH.
Antiproliferative Activities of Acetone Extract From Canarium Odontophyllum (Dabai) Stem Bark Against Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Ishak Siti Fairuz , Rajab Nor Fadilah , Basri Dayang Fredalina 
Published: April 2023

Colorectal cancer is the most common malignant cancer in developing countries. Canarium odontophyllum, also known as “Dabai” or “Borneo Olive“ is among the natural plants that can potentially be used as an anticancer agent. This study aims to determine the antiproliferative activities and cytotoxicity effects of acetone extract from C. odontophyllum stem bark against human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT 116 and HT 29. Acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on HCT 116 and HT 29 cells determined by MTT assay at the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours treatment. It was found that acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark inhibited proliferation of HCT 116 with an IC50 value of 184.93 ± .0 μg/mL, 61.24 ± .1 μg/mL, 79.98 ± .029 for 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. The findings also showed that acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark revealed a lower inhibitory effect against HT-29 with an IC50 value of more than 200 μg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 hours. However, acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark at similar concentrations and time points did not show any cytotoxic effect to normal colorectal fibroblast cell CCD18-Co. In conclusion, the acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark exhibited more sensitivity against HCT 116 than HT 29. Its antiproliferative ability towards HCT 116 and HT 29 cells provides insight that this extract may serve as an anticancer agent against colorectal cancer.
Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital: A Real-World Experience
Authors: Spierling Bagsic Samantha R. , Fortmann Addie L. , Belasco Rebekah , Bastian Alessandra , Lohnes Suzanne , Ritko Anna , Sandoval Haley , Chichmarenko Mariya , Soriano Emily C. , Talavera Laura , Philis-Tsimikas Athena 
Published: April 2023

Background: Glycemic control in the hospital setting is imperative for improving outcomes among patients with diabetes. Bedside point-of-care (POC) glucose monitoring has remained the gold standard for decades, while only providing momentary glimpses into a patient’s glycemic control. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to improve glycemic control in the ambulatory setting. However, a paucity of inpatient experience and data remains a barrier to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and expanded/non-research use in the hospital setting. Method: Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA exercised its enforcement discretion to not object to the use of CGM systems for the treatment of patients in hospital settings to support COVID-19 health care–related efforts to reduce viral exposure of health care workers. Following this announcement, Scripps Health, a large not-for-profit health care system in San Diego, California, implemented CGM as the new “standard of care” (CGM as SOC) for glucose monitoring and management in the hospital. Results: The present report serves to (1) detail the implementation procedures for employing this new SOC; (2) describe the patients receiving CGM as SOC, their glycemic control, and hospital outcomes; and (3) share lessons learned over two years and nearly 900 hospital encounters involving CGM. Conclusions: Here, we conclude that CGM is feasible in the hospital setting by using a dedicated diabetes care team and the CGM technology with remote monitoring.
Families and Friends of Homicide Victims’ Experiences With the Healthcare System: A Trauma-Informed Perspective
Authors: Mastrocinque Jeanna M. , Martino Regina S. , Foglia Wanda , Navratil Peter , Metzger Jed , Cerceo Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Families and friends of homicide victims (FFHV) interact with healthcare systems almost immediately after the traumatic event. Their interactions with healthcare providers can either facilitate healing, have a neutral effect, or compound an already painful experience. When trauma victims are admitted to the hospital, resources are necessarily diverted on their behalf with less consistent attention paid to their families and friends. The interactions surrounding the immediate circumstance as well as experiences in the weeks to months after can have significant long-term impact. This study explores the needs and experiences of FFHV when interacting with the healthcare system to inform physicians’ and providers’ interactions and provision of services. Methods: This study of 3 focus groups sought to understand these experiences with the healthcare system to better inform physicians’ and providers’ interactions and provision of services. Results: Using the framework approach, the study ultimately built upon the existing trauma-informed care (TIC) framework to include several emergent themes. Participants discussed the need for death notification sensitivity, benefits of coordinated care, barriers to accessing care, the need for physician empathy and attention, the lack of trauma screening, and hastily prescribing medications. Conclusion: This TIC approach can inform future healthcare interactions with the FFHV as it grounds the patients’ experience in their historical reality and may improve future provider-patient relationship.