bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute effects of conventional versus wide‐pulse neuromuscular electrical stimulation on quadriceps evoked torque and neuromuscular function
Authors: Espeit Loïc , Luneau Eric , Brownstein Callum G. , Gondin Julien , Millet Guillaume Y. , Rozand Vianney , Maffiuletti Nicola A. , Lapole Thomas 
Published: April 2023

PurposeThe effectiveness of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) program is proportional to the level of evoked torque, which can be achieved with either conventional or wide‐pulse stimulations. The aim of this study was to compare evoked torque, objective fatigability, and related peripheral and central alterations, as well as changes in central nervous system (CNS) excitability induced by an acute session of conventional versus wide‐pulse NMES.MethodsSeventeen young men underwent three 20‐min NMES sessions: conventional (0.2 ms/50 Hz), wide‐pulse at 50 Hz (1 ms/50 Hz), and wide‐pulse at 100 Hz (1 ms/100 Hz). Neuromuscular measurements (i.e., maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary activation, evoked responses to femoral nerve stimulation, and CNS excitability) were performed on the right quadriceps femoris muscle before and after each NMES session. CNS excitability was measured using transcranial magnetic, thoracic, and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulations.ResultsThe level of evoked torque was not significantly different between conventional and wide‐pulse protocols applied at the maximal tolerable current intensity. All NMES protocols induced objective fatigability (~14% decrease in maximal voluntary contraction torque, p < 0.001) associated with peripheral (decrease in doublet torque and potentiated M‐wave amplitude, p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) but not central (unchanged voluntary activation, p = 0.79) alterations. However, these acute changes did not differ between NMES protocols and none of the NMES protocols modified markers of CNS excitability.ConclusionThese results may allow to conjecture that chronic effects and treatment effectiveness could be comparable between conventional and wide‐pulse NMES.
Nuclear envelope dynamics in connection to chromatin remodeling
Authors: Dupouy Gilles , Dong Yihan , Herzog Etienne , Chabouté Marie‐Edith , Berr Alexandre 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe nucleus is a central organelle of eukaryotic cells undergoing dynamic structural changes during cellular fundamental processes such as proliferation and differentiation. These changes rely on the integration of developmental and stress signals at the nuclear envelope (NE), orchestrating responses at the nucleo‐cytoplasmic interface for efficient genomic functions such as DNA transcription, replication and repair. While in animals, correlation has already been established between NE dynamics and chromatin remodeling using last‐generation tools and cutting‐edge technologies, this topic is just emerging in plants, especially in response to mechanical cues. This review summarizes recent data obtained in this field with more emphasis on the mechanical stress response. It also highlights similarities/differences between animal and plant cells at multiples scales, from the structural organization of the nucleo‐cytoplasmic continuum to the functional impacts of NE dynamics.
Automobile exports: Exchange rate, export price and retail price
Authors: Yoshida Yushi , Sasaki Yuri 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBy using information on the geographical locations of exporting firms, we transform a national‐level dataset into a quasi‐firm‐product‐level dataset. First, by restricting the dataset to the two exporting ports out of over 100 ports, consistent with the multiproduct exporter model, we find heterogeneity in the exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) among the auto models of a single automaker. We find weak evidence that the core product has a lower ERPT. Second, coupled with the manufacturer's suggested retail price in the US market, we find that the sales margins of US distributors have shrunk substantially, particularly when the US dollar depreciated after the global financial crisis. We find supporting evidence that a higher‐quality product has a lower ERPT.
Description and efficacy of a response‐based “QUAD” cyclical hypofractionated palliative‐intent radiation protocol in dogs with macroscopic solid tumours: 108 cases
Authors: Sylvester Skylar R. , Henry Joshua G. , Basran Parminder S. , McEntee Margaret C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPalliative‐intent radiation therapy can alleviate pain and clinical signs in dogs with cancer, but optimal fractionation scheme is unknown. The objective of this retrospective case series is to evaluate clinical benefit, objective response, adverse effects, and outcomes in 108 dogs with macroscopic solid tumours treated with a cyclical “QUAD” hypofractionated palliative‐intent radiation therapy protocol. Median QUAD dose was 14 Gy (14–16 Gy). Median total dose was 28 Gy (14–48 Gy). Clinical benefit rate was 93%, with median onset of subjective palliation 21 days after the first QUAD, lasting a median of 134 days. Tumour volumetric objective response was assessed with CT prior to the third QUAD in 36 dogs, with stable disease in 24 dogs (67%) and partial response in 9 dogs (25%). Sinonasal and oral were the most common tumour locations in 32 and 30 dogs, respectively. Median progression‐free survival was 153 days (95% CI 114–200). Median overall survival was 212 days (95% CI 152–259). Number of QUAD cycles completed, clinical benefit achieved, anti‐inflammatory received, total radiation dose, time to maximum clinical benefit, and response duration were positively associated with progression‐free and overall survival. Acute toxicities were observed in 15 dogs (14%) with 3 high‐grade (grade 3) toxicities (3%). Low‐grade (grade 1 and 2) late skin and ocular toxicities were observed in 31 dogs (29%), predominantly leukotrichia, alopecia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and cataracts. This report demonstrates that QUAD radiation is an alternative protocol to be considered for palliation of dogs with inoperable or advanced stage solid tumours.
A Radio System for Flying and Landing Aircraft in Fog
Authors: Diamond H. , Dunmore F. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While scheduled air transportation has been immeasurably aided by the provision of radio-direction facilities on the fixed airways, interruption of scheduled flying is still the rule whenever the landing field lies in an area completely inclosed by fog. The results secured by the development of instrument flying and of radio navigational aids to point-to-point flying are then nullified through the lack of means for safe landing under adverse conditions of visibility. The rigorous maintenance of scheduled flying by day or night requires the removal of this last great hazard to the reliability of air travel and transportation. This paper describes a radio system of blind landing aids, developed by the Aeronautics Research Division of the Department of Commerce at the National Bureau of Standards, which gives good promise for the solution of this difficult problem. The results already obtained with this system indicate that it will soon be ready for use under the severe conditions encountered in commercial air transportation. The system has been developed to be adaptable for use in conjunction with the radio navigational aids already being provided for point-to-point flying on the civil airways of the United States, and for this reason requires a minimum of additional equipment both on the ground and on the airplane.
Supercharging the Airplane Engine and Increasing Speed With Altitude
Authors: Nebesar Robert J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
On longer distances a high cruising speed is a necessity. As the speed increases with the cube root of the horsepower, high-speed transportation would not be economical. Flying at higher altitudes with supercharged engines would greatly increase the efficiency. A simple mathematical equation for close estimation of the increased speed in altitude is developed, and the merits of the size of an efficient plane are discussed.
Special Methods of Testing Aircraft Materials
Authors: Warner David M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a study of special methods employed at Wright Field in the mechanical testing of characteristic aircraft materials and construction, together with a practical exposition of the special equipment developed. The testing of welded joints, riveted joints and fittings, and of parts such as axles, wheels, and brakes has been discussed, together with the combined loading of struts, columns, and beams. The proportional loading of wing ribs, the elimination of low-strength steel tubes, the reverse bending of streamline wires, the superiority of preformed cable, the determination of an economic pulley-cable diameter ratio, and the fatigue testing of streamline wires and of extra-flexible control cable are taken up in detail. The advisability of testing aircraft-engine materials over the temperature ranges to which they are subject in service is emphasized by the tension and Brinell results obtained on typical light piston alloys. The importance of simulating service conditions, especially in all tests involving endurance in any form, is heavily stressed.
A Study of Light Signals in Aviation and Navigation
Authors: Langmuir I. , Westendorp W. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Laboratory experiments have been devised to make measurements of the visibility of light signals under conditions essentially similar to those encountered by the aviator or the navigator. Data have been collected on the direct visibility of flashing-point sources of light of different colors, flash lengths, and intervals, against different backgrounds. The time taken to locate a visible beacon was studied as a function of the beacon intensity and frequency of flashing.
The threshold candlepower required for visibility of a point source against a background is given by an empirical equation. Colored point sources were not found to be useful except in the case of red lights with background intensities above moonlight. For an airplane approaching a beacon it is advantageous to use frequencies of flashing as high as 12 to 30 per min., although with exceptionally clear atmosphere, lower frequencies may be better. In a study of the visibility of flashes of diffused light superimposed on a steady white background, white-light flashes gave the best results. A selective differential photoelectric receiver is described which detects signals of modulated diffused light of low intensity. This sensitivity is independent of the steady background brightness up to 100 times moonlight, and is from 6 to 13,000 times as great as that of the eye in the range of background intensity from darkness up to moonlight. The greatest difficulty in transmission of light signals through fog lies in the loss of advantages of the point source. Dense fog may increase the distances at which diffused-light signals may be detected. The range depends to a considerable extent on the reflectivity of the ground. A theoretical treatment of the diffusion of light through fog, based on the scattering of the light rays by fog particles, indicates that airplanes can be guided through fog at distances of several miles by means of diffused modulated light acting on a differential photoelectric receiver.
The Flexibility of Corrugated Pipes Under Longitudinal Forces and Bending
Authors: Donnell L. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Pipes with circumferential corrugations are being used in expansion bends in steam lines and in other applications where the maximum longitudinal or bending flexibility is required. In the present paper the longitudinal flexibility is calculated for several types of corrugations, and from this a “reduced modulus of elasticity” is derived by which corrugated pipes can be calculated as if they were smooth. It is then proposed to use this same reduced modulus for calculating the bending of corrugated pipes. A set of experiments is described which check these results.
Photoelastic Study of Shearing Stresses in Keys and Keyways
Authors: Solakian Arshag G. , Karelitz George B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The technique of photoelastic determination of stresses in structural members using bakelite as the transparent medium is described. The mechanical properties of this material and the process of annealing it for the removal of the internal stresses are given. The shearing stresses in keys and keyways are investigated. It is shown that it is desirable to round the corners of the keyway, with a corresponding chamfering of the key. The use of color fringes called isochromatics for the determination of shearing stresses has been found very helpful and is highly recommended.
The Center of Torsion for Angle and Channel Sections
Authors: Schwalbe W. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author presents a method of determining the position of the center of torsion in a channel section when the bar, held at one end, is subjected to a torsional couple. The case of the angle section is first investigated and an expression for the distance from the center line of leg to the center of torsion is determined. The case of the channel section is then analyzed by the same method.
The Propeller-Type Fan
Authors: Tietjens O. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a method is given showing how it is possible to present the complete characteristics of fans in a very concise manner. This is usually done by giving pressure-volume curves for different sizes and speeds. Here this relationship for all sizes and speeds is shown by three curves.
Theory is developed according to which all data for designing a fan can be determined if the volume per minute and the pressure rise, i.e., the power output of the fan, are given. In addition, it is shown how the efficiency due to air friction can be calculated, and in what way the loss due to the rotational velocity of the air behind the fan is determined by the pressure increase produced by the fan.
The limitation of the theory is then dealt with, and various restrictions regarding the validity of the assumptions made are discussed. Finally a short description of a test equipment for fans is given.
Design of Spring Gears for Exhaust-Turbine Installations
Authors: Ormondroyd J. , Kuchler T. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper outlines the necessity for flexibility in the coupling linkage of a turbine with a reciprocating engine driving the same shaft. A résumé of the history of the problem is given. The conditions which must be fulfilled for satisfactory operation and the details of the calculation to fulfil these conditions are discussed. For simplicity the design chosen relies on propeller damping to hold the torque oscillations within safe limits. Tests with and without flexibility in the turbine gearing are described. It is shown that the problem depends on the vibration characteristics of the system and that a solution can be made if the drawings of the rotating parts and a few engine indicator cards at different speeds are available.
The Use of Models in Aerodynamics and Hydrodynamics
Authors: Tietjens O. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the present paper the author endeavors to present in a simple manner the various laws of similarity and to indicate the ways in which they may be applied to model-testing practice. After explaining the principles of mechanical similarity, he describes different methods of deriving its laws, following which he discusses the functions of Reynolds’, Froude’s, and Mach’s numbers. The closing section of the paper deals with special applications of the laws set forth to fluid resistance, propellers and fans, cavitation in ship propellers, hydraulic turbines and pumps, flow through pipes and channels, and to fluid problems related to acoustic velocity.
Air Resistance of High-Speed Trains and Interurban Cars
Authors: Tietjens O. G. , Ripley K. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper a study is made of the economics possible by reducing air resistance of high-speed passenger trains and interurban cars. A critical survey is given of the train-resistance formulas used hitherto and of the various methods of determining the coefficients of these formulas. It is shown that the general ideas on which the train-resistance formulas are based have to be corrected according to the more modern aerodynamic conceptions on air resistance.
Data on the air resistance of train models of various shapes recently obtained in the Westinghouse wind tunnel are given in a number of curves. The methods employed and the experiment set-up are fully described. It is shown that a considerable reduction of air resistance of the present types of trains and interurban cars can be obtained by streamlining.
The fundamental laws of air resistance are stated, and it is shown on what air resistance mainly depends. The importance of the critical Reynolds number is explained, particularly in connection with the reliability of model tests. A striking example is given showing how, by means of streamlining, the air resistance of a body can be reduced to 1/20 of its original value. A more rational method of determining the total resistance of trains and interurban cars is given, and it is shown that the streamlining of present-type cars for high-speed service is more justifiable from an economical standpoint than the streamlining of the fuselage of an airplane.
Strength of Semicircular Plates and Rings Under Uniform External Pressure
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The exact solution of the problem of a semicircular ring subjected to uniform pressure involves the solution of a fourth-order partial-differential equation, in conjunction with certain specific boundary conditions. As an exact solution could not be found, the author has developed approximate methods which tests show are sufficiently accurate for practical use in cases where the inner radius of the ring or plate is over 0.4 that of the outer radius. These methods, it is believed, will be found useful by machine designers in the calculation of thrust-bearing plates, split-ring keys, semicircular split diaphragms, and similar mechanical structures.
Slag Tap Furnaces
Authors: Baker A. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The molten-slag tap furnace is followed from its original application to a power-plant boiler and brought up to date. The troubles which have developed in operating large furnaces with this type of ash removal are discussed, with the remedies applied. A comparison is made between similar boilers equipped with a hopper bottom and a slag bottom, and some experimental data are given.
Design Features and Operating Results of Fairfield Blast-Furnace Power Plant
Authors: Cutler F. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses one of the latest blast-furnace power plants, built at the Fairfield Steel Plant of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, and shows that by the improvement in efficiency in general it was possible to increase the electric power generated from surplus blast-furnace gas per ton of product about 50 per cent over what was average practice nine years ago, this result being due to increased efficiency of boiler plant, as well as to the increased amount of blast-furnace gas available. The operating results for a week’s period are given, as well as descriptions of the automatic combustion control employed, the system of utilizing surplus steam from an adjacent plant, the method of handling water systems, and other unusual features.
Grindability of Coal
Authors: Hardgrove R. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper points out the need for a method of determining the grindability of coal and outlines a method by which a prepared sample is partly pulverized and the new surface produced is measured in accordance with Rittinger’s Law. Two types of grindability machines, the mortar and pestle and the ball mill, are described, and test data obtained from both types are compared. The relation between pulverizer capacity and grindability is discussed. A representative list of the coals of the United States and Canada is presented showing their grindabilities and the relation between grindability and volatile content. The relation between the grindability of petroleum coke and its method of manufacture and volatile content is discussed.
Radiant-Superheater Developments
Authors: Drewry M. K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sustained high steam temperatures at all operating ratings, not peak readings at one narrow load range, are being sought in the industry’s quest for higher operating efficiencies. Uniform average temperatures, not maximum values, determine commercial economy and even safety of higher steam temperatures. Since premiums are paid for high-temperature equipment on the basis of maximum temperatures, it is important that operating temperatures be uniformly high. Decreasing trends of boiler duty and increasing tendencies of superheater and reheater duty, plus multi-valving of turbines, emphasize the inadequacy of purely convection surfaces for maintaining uniform temperatures. A 200-deg. fahr. drop in reheated-steam temperature from full load to quarter load when using only convection surfaces was diminished to 20-deg. fahr. decrease in the planning of a recent large 1200-lb., 850-deg. fahr., single-turbine, single-boiler installation, simply by prescribing two-thirds radiant-superheating equipment. Objectives of this paper are:
1 To tell of considerable experiences with radiant superheaters in a station operating many since 1923, showing that their design and operation are based upon sound fundamental principles that have been proved by successful service.
2 To give operating data evaluating the desirable “rising” radiant characteristic at lower loads and to state basic differences of radiant and convection superheaters.
3 To treat the proper applications and to list the incidental merits of radiant superheaters.
4 To treat desirable application of radiant superheaters and reheaters in future large high-temperature, high-pressure, single-boiler, single-turbine installations, illustrating with calculated data based upon experience that essentially constant temperature can be obtained at all ratings.
Experiences in only one station are cited, yet developments of the industry prompting use of all designs of radiant superheaters are treated.
Performance of Modern Steam-Generating Units
Authors: Hirshfeld C. F. , Moran G. U. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is based on data collected upon the operation of 244 large steam boilers over a period of three years. A paper was presented at the 1929 Annual Meeting of the A.S.M.E. covering one year’s records, but it was thought advisable to continue for at least two years in order to obtain more conclusive results. The primary object was to study boiler outages with special attention given to causes, frequency, and duration, and the effect of such factors as severity of use, design, fuels, and methods of firing on boiler reliability. This paper gives a general summary of the data and a short discussion of results. It will be followed by a more complete analysis of the individual records in the near future.
Turbulence in Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Macmeeken J. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses whirlpool or vortex energy in centrifugal pumps, the harnessing of this energy for useful work, and the effect of different kinds of inequalities in vortices. He deals respectively with (1) inequalities in the forced vortex of an impeller in a simple centrifugal pump; (2) waste energy in a centrifugal pump impeller; and (3) the synchronization of parallel vortices in mixed-flow impellers. The treatment of the subject is prefaced by a brief description of a method of calculating head losses in river bends when the radius of curvature is known, the results obtained with which led to the development of the pump study presented.