bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Catechols
Authors: Godfrey H. P. , Baer Harold , Watkins Roy C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the fate of two chemicals related to poison ivy catechols after their administration to guinea pigs by the topical and oral routes. Tritiated pentadecylcatechol (PDC), a sensitizer and a tolerogen, and tritiated pentadecylveratrole (PDV), a nonsensitizer and nontolerogen, were rapidly absorbed into the serum after administration by either route and were also found in tissues in excess of their serum content. Although serum levels of PDC were higher than those of PDV after topical administration, the reverse was true after the oral route. Excretion of both chemicals was mainly via the feces but some was also found in urine. Because of the persistence of PDC (and to a lesser extent of PDV) in the bile (but not the serum and urine) an enterohepatic circulation of these materials was felt to exist and to be related to the induction of tolerance.
After topical administration of PDC a biphasic pattern of radioactive uptake was found in the draining but not the opposite inguinal lymph nodes. Radioactivity rapidly declined in the draining nodes after the onset of sensitivity. The draining lymph nodes of PDV-treated animals showed a saturation-like uptake of radioactivity with only slight decline over the month after administration. There was no difference between draining mesenteric and nondraining inguinal nodes after oral PDC or PDV; after oral PDC, however, a rapid uptake and loss of radioactivity occurred which was not due to serum entrapment by the nodes. This data suggests that the induction of tolerance is associated with the entry of free PDC or its metabolites into the lymph nodes via the blood stream whereas sensitization is associated with entry via the lymphatics.
PDC was rapidly cleared from the site of application after the onset of sensitivity; the rate of PDV skin clearance was constant. It is possible that delayed contact sensitivity is associated with a phenomenon similar to the immune clearance of soluble antigens.
Human Secretory Immunoglobulins
Authors: Brandtzaeg Per 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A serum component with disulfide-linked secretory piece (SP) was detected. It was comparable to native secretory IgA in size and immunoelectrophoretic mobility, and also because its quaternary structure was highly stabilized, thus rendering an antigenic determinant of the bound SP inaccessible. Pools of normal human sera did not contain detectable amounts of this component; but single radial immunodiffusion revealed 59% positive sera in a control group (average concentration: 3.4 mg/100 ml), and 78% positive sera in an A-myeloma group (average concentration: 10.0 mg/100 ml). It was concluded that any condition that increases the permeability of glandular and mucosal tissues may raise the “spill-over” or absorption of secretory IgA into the circulation.
Prevention of Death from Endotoxin with Antisera
Authors: Brown Kenneth R. , Douglas Herndon , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fatal passive anaphylaxis to endotoxin was induced in mice given rat antiserum to endotoxin. In order to remove this dangerous property of antiserum, measures were taken to eliminate anaphylaxis and restore protection. Anaphylaxis to endotoxin was prevented by Isuprel, epinephrine and reserpine and by physicochemical alteration of the serum by dilution or UV irradiation. When anaphylaxis was avoided by any of these maneuvers, the antisera prevented death from endotoxin. Separation of immune globulin fractions on Sephadex columns also eliminated the anaphylactic property and the 19S and 7S fractions of immune serum prevented death from endotoxin. The observed anaphylaxis is thought to result from antigen-antibody complexes releasing vasoactive amines. Cytophilic antibody was not involved. This solution of the problem of passive anaphylaxis to endotoxin is an essential step in preparing a safe antiserum for preventing death from endotoxin in man.
Properties of the Combining Sites of Rabbit IgM Antibodies
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hapten-binding properties of the rabbit IgM antibodies obtained by immunizing rabbits with salmonella cells coupled with 1-azo-naphthalene-4-sulfonate group were determined. It was reconfirmed that the IgM antibodies had 10 detectable combining sites and that half of the total combining sites in the preparation were much higher in affinity for hapten than the other half. The antibodies were separated into two fractions by adsorption with an insoluble immunoadsorbent. The results of hapten-binding experiments with these antibody fractions by equilibrium dialysis showed that each fraction contained the high- and low-affinity sites in about equal numbers, and that equal numbers of high- and low-affinity sites appeared to be present on a single molecule of the antibody. The F(ab′)2 fragment prepared by peptic digestion of the IgM antibody showed similar hapten-binding properties to those of the native antibody, indicating that the observed difference in the affinity of the combining sites was not related to the state of assembly of the subunits in the native molecule. A significant decrease of the combining sites was observed with the peptic monomer fragment, Fab pep, and it seemed that the low-affinity sites were more affected than the high-affinity sites in the process of peptic digestion.
Protein Biosynthesis in the Spleen
Authors: Selawry Helena S. , Starr Jason L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen microsomes and ribosomes are more efficient for the incorporation of amino acids after primary immunization. Studies undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism responsible for this observation demonstrated that the functional change is not an integral part of the ribosomal unit, since it can be altered with salt washes. It was postulated that the process of immunization affects the concentration of factors in close association with the ribosomes and thus exerts a control at one of the steps in the mechanism of protein synthesis.
Immunologic Deficiency Associated with Mammary Tumor Virus (MTV) Infection in Mice: Hemagglutinin Response and Allograft Survival
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Kripke Margaret L. , Lappé Marc A. , Bonhag Rose S. , Young Larry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice infected with the mammary tumor virus (MTV) are less vigorous in their humoral antibody response and cell-associated immune response to unrelated antigens than are isogenic MTV-free controls. The deficiency in both types of immunologic reactivity is most pronounced in the older MTV-infected animal, at 10 months of age and later, but statistically significant differences in hemagglutinin titers can be obtained even in young adult females. Immunologic deficiency can be detected not only in animals neonatally infected with MTV but also in young adult and mature adult females within several days after the introduction of the virus.
Isolation of Rabbit Anti-Rhesus Lymphocyte Antibody Using a Specific Immunoadsorbent
Authors: Wilson B. J. , Malley A. , Cook M. W. , Mackler B. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes a rapid, one-step method of purifying both anti-rhesus and anti-human lymphocyte antibodies using a specific immunoadsorbent. The immunoadsorbent was prepared by chemical conjugation of rhesus lymphocyte stroma to Sephadex G-100. Specifically purified antilymphocyte antibody eluted from the immunoadsorbent represented 6% to 9% of the total protein applied to the column. The antibody preparations showed a 10- to 15-fold increase in specific activity (leukoagglutinins/milligram IgG).
The Antigen Receptor in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Hill William C. , Nissen Barbara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Low molecular weight fractions from sensitive lymphoid cells were shown to sensitize normal guinea pigs by three different routes. Two antigens were used, one of which was an artificial contact-sensitizing agent (dinitrofluorobenzene) and the other a protein antigen from mycobacteria.
The Effect of Physical and Chemical Properties of the Sensitizing Substance on the Induction and Elicitation of Delayed Contact Sensitivity
Authors: Godfrey H. P. , Baer Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The quantitative relationship between induction and elicitation of delayed contact sensitivity by chemically reactive sensitizers and some of the physicochemical properties of these compounds was investigated. Guinea pigs were sensitized with 5 µmols of compound in complete Freund's adjuvant and skin tested to determine specific and cross-reactivity. The plot of specific sensitivity against a calculated reactivity coefficient was a parabola. Similar plots of specific sensitivity against nonaqueous solubility or oil-buffer partition coefficients were less significant. For a restricted group of sensitizers, the halodinitrobenzenes and dinitrobenzene thiocyanate, specific sensitivity was negatively proportional to chemical reactivity, solubility, and the atomic parameters of the 1-substituent of the benzene ring (atomic number, atomic weight, radius, surface area, volume). Cross-reactions between substituted 2,4-dinitrobenzenes were extensive but not reciprocal, delayed reactions often being elicited best by heterologous compounds. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride was a poor sensitizer and showed little cross-reactivity with 2,4-dinitrobenzene derivatives. The mechanisms underlying these observations may be the interaction between the amount of reactive chemical lost from sensitizing depot or skin test site into the blood by solution in plasma and/or reaction with serum protein and the amount remaining capable of reacting with body cells or tissues. The material lost from the sensitizing depot or skin test site may be or become tolerogenic and influence induction and elicitation of delayed hypersensitivity.
The Fifth Component of the Guinea Pig Complement System
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Pickering Richard J. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of the reaction between EAC1̄, and C5 has been studied by kinetic analysis of C5 consumption and formation of SAC1̄,,5b with variation of the concentration of reactants, temperature, pH and ionic strength. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that EAC1̄, enzymatically cleaves the C5 molecule into two fragments, one of which, C5b, then becomes fixed to the cells. The minimal hemolytic efficiency of purified guinea pig C5 is about 10%. As expected, the rate of C5 consumption by EAC1̄, and that of formation of SAC1̄,,5b diverge as temperature or ionic strength are allowed to vary. N-acetyl-l-tyrosylethylester blocks C5 consumption and SAC1̄,,5b formation; on the other hand, phloridzin inhibits SAC1̄, formation but not C5 consumption. Cell-bound C2 and C3 are required for consumption of C5 and these components have to be located on the same cell, probably in close proximity to one another.
Correlation of Lymphocyte Transformation with the In Vivo Immune Responsiveness of Rabbits
Authors: Jevitz M. A. , Ekstedt R. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A comparative study of in vitro induced lymphocyte transformation with cultures of peripheral blood cells from rabbits immunized to favor delayed sensitivity or antibody production was done. Cultures made at intervals during the animals' primary, secondary, or hyperimmune in vivo response to the C-RBC antigen were studied for the transformation phenomenon morphologically and by monitoring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine and uridine. The responses as judged by these characteristics indicate that the transformation process correlates with both types of distinct immune responsiveness. The appearance of large transformed cells with characteristic pyroninophilic cytoplasm and increased thymidine incorporation upon specific stimulation can be taken as evidence for immunologic activation. Animals minimally immunized to produce antibody alone or to exhibit delayed hypersensitivity without detectable humoral antibody incorporated less isotope into lymphocyte cultures than did either hyperimmune or boosted delayed sensitive animals. That these boosted animals were also exhibiting a single immune state was shown as definitively as possible by hemagglutinin titers and skin testing done at times of culture. Stimulation of cell cultures could be evoked with chicken erythrocytes or a urea extract but not with homologous erythrocytes. Cells cultured for prolonged periods in vitro and with varied concentrations of both the cellular and soluble forms of the antigen reflect differences in the transformation response of delayed and antibody-producing animals.
DNA Degradation in Mammalian Cells Following Complement-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Shipley William U. , Baker Alan R. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immune cytotoxic damage of Chinese hamster cells in tissue culture leads to enzymatic degradation of target cell DNA, which results in a greater than 10-fold reduction in molecular weight of the single-stranded DNA fragments. The amount of DNA degradation is a function of antiserum concentration and correlates with lethal injury as measured by loss of colony-forming ability.
Modification of Bone Marrow Induced GVH Disease with Heterologous Antisera to γ Globulin or Whole Serum
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent clinical successes in organ transplantation have reawakened interest in the use of bone marrow grafts for the production of chimerism and specific homograft tolerance, and, perhaps more importantly, for the treatment of aplastic and genetically determined anemias, leukemias and congenital and acquired immunologic deficiency states. It has been found to be relatively easy to induce chimerism and specific tolerance in mice and rats with acute whole-body irradiation (1, 2) or short-term immunosuppressive therapy (3) coupled with the transfusion of allogeneic hemopoietic and lymphoid stem cells obtained from bone marrow. However, bone marrow from adult donors contains mature lymphoid cells that are able to recognize and react against foreign transplantation antigens of the host, producing a syndrome of delayed deaths as a result of the graft-vs-host (GVH) immune reaction (4). In primates and in man the transfusion of foreign bone marrow cells results in an acute and severe form of GVH disease (5, 6).
A Study of Mixed Cell Interactions between Sensitized and Allogeneic Mouse Spleen Cells in Vitro Using the Hemolytic Plaque Assay
Authors: Hirano Shinji , Uyeki Edwin M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using the in vitro production of PFC (plaque-forming cells) as an indicator of cytotoxic potency, allogeneic spleen cell interactions were investigated. Dispersed spleen cells from two allogeneic mouse strains were mixed at the beginning of the culture period, and a wide range of interaction was observed (i.e., suppression or stimulation of PFC production). The degree of suppression of PFC was generally related to the disparity of the H-2 allele. In some combinations of normal allogeneic lymphoid cells, moderate stimulation of PFC production was observed and was associated with allogeneic strains of weak histoincompatibility. Suppression of PFC production in mixed cultures by effector cells (spleen cells from pre-sensitized animals) had the following characteristics: a) marked suppression of PFC production was observed only when effector cells were combined with specific donor cells, b) initial cell-cell contact was necessary and c) the factor(s) responsible for the suppression of PFC production did not depend on the action of complement and was not detectable in aqueous extracts from effector cells. This factor(s) appeared earlier than humoral antibodies in mice sensitized against target lymphoid cells.
Passive Serologic Transfer of Allograft Immunity in Immunologically Suppressed Mice
Authors: Kinne David W. , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum (RAMLS) plus cortisone to secondary C57 hosts prolonged the survival of A skin grafts transferred from untreated C57 primary hosts 48 hr after initial grafting. The administration of C57 anti-A immune mouse serum (IMS) to the primary C57 hosts reversed the RAMLS-cortisone induced prolongation in the secondary C57 hosts. The prolonged survival of BALB/c grafts on RAMLS plus cortisone-treated secondary C57 hosts was not influenced by administration of C57 anti-A IMS to the primary C57 hosts. A circulating lymphopenia of similar degree was noted in RAMLS plus cortisone-treated secondary C57 hosts after receiving A grafts from either IMS-treated or untreated C57 primary hosts. The administration of IMS to primary C57 hosts resulted in the rejection of a significant number of A skin grafts which had been transferred to A secondary hosts. The results support the thesis that humoral antibody bound to the graft can participate in allograft rejection, perhaps in synergism with a nonspecific cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes.
Alterations in Isotypic and Allotypic Immunoglobulin Antigens Induced by Chemical Modification
Authors: Messner Ronald P. , Natvig Jacob B. , Ein Daniel , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gamma G myeloma and Bence Jones protein were modified by amidination, a treatment specific for ε-amino groups of lysine, and tested before and after modification for their serologic reactivity with antisera against defined γ and light chain antigens. Gm(a), “non-a”, Gm(z), Inv(a), and Oz(+) reactivity but not that of Gm(f), (b0), (g) or “non-g” were inactivated by this treatment. Lysine residues are known to be directly involved or lie immediately adjacent to the amino acid positions responsible for expression of all the antigens altered by amidination. It is suggested that the use of chemical probes specific for various amino acid resides may be of benefit in defining the structures responsible for the serologically-defined antigens of human immunoglobulins.
Use of Leukocyte Chemotaxis in Vitro to Assay Mediators Generated by Immune Reactions
Authors: Horwitz David A. , Garrett Martha Anne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polycarbonate (Nuclepore) filters were used to develop a rapid, reproducible technique to measure simultaneously mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Both cell types, obtained from guinea pig peritoneal exudates, showed a chemotactic response to an Escherichia coli filtrate. Neutrophils showed a faster, stronger response than did mononuclear cells and seemed to inhibit mononuclear chemotactic activity. Peritoneal exudate stored for 4 days did not lose its chemotactic responsiveness. This technique may be used to detect chemotactic activity generated by humoral and cellular immune reactions and to study the relative responsiveness of various leukocytes to the same agent.
Detection of Antibody-Like Structures on Cell Surfaces with Chemically Modified Bacteriophages
Authors: Sulica Andrei , Haimovich Joseph , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-like structures present on cell surfaces may be detected by means of an assay using chemically modified bacteriophages. Guinea pig spleen and peritoneal cells bound specifically the chemically modified bacteriophage T4. The reaction occurred at low temperatures and in the presence of inhibitors of protein biosynthesis and of pinocytosis. Upon exposure to the corresponding hapten, the dinitrophenyl (DNP)-phages or the penicilloyl (Pen)-phages could be released from cells and subsequently counted. The specific binding of DNP-bacteriophage T4 was almost abolished after prior treatment of cells with an affinity labeling reagent.
The ability of peritoneal macrophage cells to bind the modified phage was due to the cytophilic antibodies passively adsorbed in vivo or in vitro. No such reaction occurred when cells from normal guinea pigs were used. In the spleen suspension, most of the modified phages were bound to non-adhering lymphocytes. Spleen cells from both normal and immunized guinea pigs were capable of interacting specifically with DNP-phage or Pen-phage. This ability was probably due to the receptor sites present on surfaces of lymphoid cells.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response of Mice to Hemocyanin
Authors: Cerottini Jean-Charles , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There were marked differences in the immune responses of inbred strains of mice to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Genetic control of the response was best demonstrated after immunization with small doses of KLH. Differences in antibody titers were not related to differences in class of immunoglobulin or relative avidity of antibody. High responsiveness to KLH appeared to be under control of an autosomal dominant gene(s). High and low responsiveness to KLH was observed among strains of mice which had similar histocompatibility (H-2) antigens. No significant differences were found in the uptake and catabolism of KLH by macrophages from low or high response mice. Moreover, F1 hybrid crosses between low and high response strains responded equivalently to KLH transferred in live macrophages from either parental strain. These findings indicated that the genetic control of the immune response to KLH was not exerted at the level of the cells responsible for antigen handling.
Reappearance and Relative Importance of Immunocompetent Cells in the Thymus, Spleen and Lymph Nodes Following Lethal X-Irradiation and Bone Marrow Reconstitution in Mice
Authors: Blomgren Henric , Andersson Birger 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of the hemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in mice irradiated with 800 R and reconstituted within 2 hr with 107 isologous Studied in mice irradiated with 800 R and reconstituted within 2 hr with 107 isologous bone marrow cells (800 R:BM) as compared with untreated controls. The hemolysin response was absent in 800 R:BM mice when injected with SRBC on day 0 and was appreciably increased by adding thymic cells with the SRBC on day 0. Thereafter, it progressively reached higher peak titers during recovery of the animals from irradiation, as tested by the injection of SRBC alone on days 10, 14 and 25 after irradiation, and reached somewhat higher peak titers by adding thymic cells with the SRBC on the same days after irradiation. The humoral antibody response against SRBC of mice which had previously been thymectomized, 800 R irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted was absent 14 days after treatment. Their hemolysin response could be restored by the injection of cells from thymus, spleen or lymph nodes from normal donors. After 800 R:BM of the cell donors this type of reactivity reappeared first in the thymus and thereafter in spleen and lymph nodes. It was concluded that immunocompetent cells of this type are generated within the thymus and are later seeded into other lymphoid organs.