bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Neutralization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Kumagai Keiko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of two strains of JEV to react to antibody changed during passage of the virus in PS cell cultures. The amount of virus neutralized was much smaller with low passage than with high passage virus even when plaque-purified strains were used. The antibody titer of a given antiserum measured with high passage virus was always higher than that obtained with low passage virus. This phenomenon may possibly be based on differences in the avidity of virus for antibody and should be investigated further. The results suggest that antigenic characterization of isolates of JEV should be performed with virus which has been passaged at least eight times in PS cell cultures, if PS cell cultures are employed in the assay system.
In Vitro studies with “Transfer Factor”: Transfer of the Cell-Migration Inhibition Correlate of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Humans with Cell Lysates from Humans Sensitized to Histoplasmin, Coccidioidin, or PPD
Authors: Paque Ronald E. , Kniskern Peter J. , Dray Sheldon , Baram Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When “nonsensitive” cells from skin test negative donors were incubated with specific antigen and specific cell lysates obtained from strongly skin test-positive histoplasmin, coccidioidin, or tuberculin skin test donors, the “nonsensitive” cells were “sensitized” and liberated a substance which specifically inhibited the migration of guinea pig macrophages. Cell lysates, antigen, or nonspecific combinations of both, either in the presence or absence of “nonsensitive” cells, failed to inhibit the migration of guinea pig macrophages.
Comparison of Various Avian and Mammalian IgG Immunoglobulins for Salt-Induced Aggregation
Authors: Kubo Ralph T. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Salt-induced aggregation of chicken, pheasant and quail IgG has been demonstrated by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. Avian IgG immunoglobulins had sedimentation coefficients of 11–14S in 1.5 M NaCl (high salt), and 7S in 0.15 M NaCl. The aggregation of chicken IgG was reversible. Rabbit, porcine, bovine, sheep and human IgG immunoglobulins did not form aggregates in high salt. The Fc fragments of chicken and pheasant IgG were precipitated by high salt, whereas the Fab fragments were not aggregated by high salt. The salt-induced aggregation of chicken IgG antibodies was suggested as an explanation for the enhanced precipitation of chicken IgG antibodies by antigen in high salt.
Evaluation of the Immunosuppressive Properties of Ribonuclease Complexes
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Cooperband Sidney R. , Mannick John A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complexes were prepared by bisdiazobenzidine coupling of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) and human serum albumin (HSA). These preparations prolonged skin allograft survival in mice and inhibited phytohemagglutinin stimulation of human lymphocytes in vitro. The HSA-RNase complexes that were most active in inhibiting lymphocyte stimulation failed to interfere with immune specific macrophage immobilization. The immunosuppressive potency of HSA-RNase complexes did not correlate with their measurable RNase enzyme activities. Furthermore, HSA-RNase complexes of widely differing immunosuppressive potency could not be distinguished by differences in molecular size or charge.
The Antigenic Subunits of Influenza Viruses
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas , Webster R. G. , Davenport F. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic subunits were prepared from nine strains of influenza virus by treatment with deoxycholate. The immunogenicity of these preparations for rabbits was compared with equivalent doses of whole virus vaccines. The primary response to the subunit vaccines was found to be delayed, with little or no production of macroglobulin antibodies. The total quantity of primary antibody at 21 days was about half of that produced by whole virus vaccines. The quality (average equilibrium constant) of the antibodies was the same after the two kinds of vaccine. Anamnestic responses to subunit and whole virus vaccines were indistinguishable both kinetically and in terms of the number or quality of antibody molecules produced.
Differentiation of Cross-Reacting Simian Cytomegalovirus Strains by Late 19S Rabbit Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Hampar Berge , Martos Lidia M. , Ablashi Dharam V. , Siguënza Robert F. , Wells Gladys A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of studies reported previously (1–3) demonstrated heterogeneity in the neutralizing properties of early (7-day) and late (hyperimmune) 7S and 19S antibodies prepared in rabbits against human herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the simian herpesvirus SA8. In the case of the late antibodies, we showed reciprocal cross-neutralization with the 7S antibodies, whereas neutralization by the 19S antibodies was limited essentially to the immunizing virus (3). Recent studies in this laboratory have been concerned with determining antigenic relationships between cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains using late immune rabbit sera (4). Evidence is presented here that the properties of late 7S and 19S rabbit antibodies prepared against simian CMV strains are similar to those reported previously for late 7S and 19S anti-HSV and anti-SA8 antibodies with respect to their specificity for the immunizing virus.
Three simian CMV strains were employed. Strain SA6 was isolated from a naturally infected vervet monkey (5), and strains CV-207 and CV-209 were isolated from African green monkeys which had been inoculated with human CMV (6).
Immunoglobulin Responses in Serum and Nasal Secretions after Natural Adenovirus Infections
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Artenstein Malcolm S. , Brandt Brenda L. , Klutinis Barbara S. , Buescher Edward L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum antibody response of 23 individuals with adenovirus infection (types 4, 1, 6 and 7) was studied. Neutralizing antibody tests correlated well with radioimmunodiffusion; the latter technique, however, offered the advantages of simplicity and distinct separation of specific immunoglobulin antibodies. The antigen used in radioimmunodiffusion measured group—rather than type—specific adenovirus antibody.
Only four patients exhibited the early appearance of macroglobulin antibody in the serum followed by and then replaced by IgG. The majority of individuals showed a prolonged IgM response accompanied by high titered IgG antibody. IgA serum antibody developed in almost all the patients. Following type 4 adenovirus infection, nasal secretory antibodies, both IgA and IgG but not IgM, were detected at the same time or within a week of the detection of serum antibody, and were universally found in the 35 individuals who were studied.
The IgM Response of Children to Salmonella Typhosa Vaccine
Authors: Altemeier William A. , Bellanti Joseph A. , Buescher Edward L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amounts of IgM specific for the O somatic, H flagellar and Vi antigens of typhoid were compared in the sera of eight immunized children. The assay involved measuring the concentrations of IgM that various antigens absorbed from sera that were obtained near the height of the immune response. The concentrations specific for Vi were probably quite low, the amounts directed to the O antigen were measurable in two of eight children but constituted less than half of their anti-typhoid antibodies while IgM anti-H predominated in the response. The polymerized flagellin absorbent containing H and O antigens removed 22 to 76 mg IgM antibody/100 ml from sera taken within two weeks of immunization. This accounted for as much as 50% of all serum IgM globulins and in seven of the eight children for essentially all of the total IgM globulin increase that followed immunization.
Immunochemical Studies on the Poly-γ-D-Glutamyl Capsule of Bacillus Anthracis
Authors: Roelants Georges E. , Whitten Laura F. , Hobson Ann , Goodman Joel W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fate and distribution of tritiated poly-γ-d-glutamic acid in immunogenic and nonimmunogenic forms in rabbits with circulating anti-polypeptide antibody was compared with that in normal animals, in order to assess the role of antibody in the splenic retention of immunogens. The presence of circulating antibody did not appreciably modify the retention of either form of the polypeptide. The feature which was consistently associated with immunogenicity of the antigen was the retention in spleen of appreciably more labeled material, chemically identified as undegraded poly-γ-d-glutamic acid. In conjunction with other studies, these results suggest that the trapping in lymphoid organs of intact antigen molecules may be of crucial importance for immune induction.
Assay for the Immunosuppressive Capacity of Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Martin William John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
51Cr-labeled thymus cells exposed in vitro to 1:1000 dilution of rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum (RAMLS) and injected into mice localized in the livers of recipient mice to a greater extent than cells exposed to normal rabbit serum (NRS). The increased liver uptake was due to phagocytosis of a proportion of the injected cells. The percentage of thymus cells opsonized by RAMLS could be calculated from a knowledge of the relative liver-to-spleen localization ratios in mice injected with cells preincubated in NRS and in RAMLS. The percentage is given by

The percentage of cells opsonized by different preparations of RAMLS varied widely (5% to 90%). There was a good correlation between the ability to opsonize thymus cells and to depress the immune response to sheep erythrocytes.
Assay for the Immunosuppressive Capacity of Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Martin William John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The opsonizing antibody of both rabbit and horse anti-mouse lymphocyte sera was demonstrated to be predominantly IgG. The antilymphocyte opsonins in rabbit serum showed no strain specificity when tested against thymus cells of several mouse strains. Moreover, the percentage of thymus cells opsonized was similar to the percentages of thoracic duct lymphocytes and lymph node lymphocytes opsonized. Rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte sera had variable cross-reactivity against rat thymus cells, with no correlation between the percentage of mouse and rat cells opsonized.
The Presence of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies in Peripheral Blood
Authors: McPhaul J. J. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of immunofluorescent assay for circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti GBM) antibodies is described. Groups of people studied for the presence of anti-GBM antibody included: a) normals; b) immune-complex glomerulonephritic patients; c) anti-GBM antibody-mediated nephritic patients; d) a hemodialysis-maintained group of kidney disease patients; and e) an allergy clinic group. Anti-GBM antibodies were found in the circulation only in patients with anti-GBM antibody-mediated nephritis. Paired-label isotopic studies to determine the percentage fixation of kidney-fixing antibodies, combined with serial dilution of the same anti-GBM antibody-containing sera, allowed estimation of the sensitivity of the assay to be in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 µg/ml antibody content. Despite the sensitivity of the technique and its specificity, two principal handicaps were encountered: a) only 40% of people known to have anti-GBM antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis were shown to have circulating anti-GBM antibodies, and b) several sera were encountered which fixed with wide anatomical definition to the target substrate and made it difficult to recognize the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in such sera.
Differences in Antigenicity of Human IgG Produced by Three Established Lymphocytoid Cell Lines from a Single Individual
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three lymphocytoid cell lines established from peripheral leucocytes of a single individual were found to produce IgG of the kappa light chain type and of the G1-heavy chain subclass. These IgG globulins showed a limited electrophoretic mobility in slow γ2 region. Rabbit antisera against each IgG revealed the presence of idiotypic determinants in each IgG indicating the clonal nature of IgG-producing cells in these cell lines. The idiotypic determinants in one IgG were clearly distinguishable from those in the other two IgG globulins, while those in the latter two could not be distinguished one from the other. Thus, the two cell lines producing these mutually indistinguishable IgG globulins seem to have been derived from stem cells belonging to the identical or very closely related clones although they were established from different blood samples. The idiotypic determinants were found to be present in the Fab portion of the IgG molecules.
Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Young Edward J. , Carozza Frank A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By serial quantitation of tolerance following a single intravenous injection of a Boivin-prepared Escherichia coli endotoxin into rabbits, pyrogenic tolerance could be readily separated into two distinct phases, early (waning within 48 hr) and late (increasing after 48 hr). The early phase of tolerance a) exhibited no inter-endotoxin specificity, b) was not associated with detectable increments in circulating anti-“O” antibody and c) within the sensitive dose-response range was directly proportional to the intensity of the initial pyrogenic response. It was not, however, a generalized refractory state since full responsiveness persisted to an unrelated pyrogen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B. In contrast, the late phase of pyrogenic tolerance a) exhibited a high degree of inter-endotoxin specificity, b) coincided with the appearance of detectable increments in circulating anti-“O” antibody, and c) within the sensitive dose-response range bore no direct relationship to the initial pyrogenic response. This latter characteristic was also demonstrated in man. The specificity of late tolerance was not demonstrable if the initial immunizing endotoxin preparation possessed poor “O” antigenicity (highly purified Westphal preparations), or if the endotoxin preparation employed for testing tolerance was derived from mutant strains lacking “O” specific terminal polysaccharide side chains.
These findings support the concept that the pyrogenic tolerant state following intravenous endotoxin administration is mediated by two distinct mechanisms, an early transient cellular refractory state and a later production of antibody which assists the reticuloendothelial system with clearance and destruction of the molecule. “O” specific antibodies appear to play the major role in mediating the late phase of pyrogenic tolerance following a single intravenous injection of endotoxin.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in an Obese Strain of Chickens
Authors: Kite Joseph H. , Wick Georg , Twarog Bettina , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of spontaneous chronic thyroiditis in the Obese Strain (OS) of White Leghorn chickens was analyzed chronologically by serologic and histologic studies covering a period from 1 to 24 weeks of age. Histologic changes appear within 2 weeks after hatching, reaching a maximum after 4 to 5 weeks. The infiltration of the thyroid glands consists mainly of large mononuclear cells and many germinal centers are present. Circulating antibodies against thyroglobulin were demonstrated in the sera of OS chickens by passive hemagglutination and by agar gel diffusion. Antibody titers demonstrated by passive hemagglutination increased with age. There was some, but not absolute correlation between the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies and the severity of thyroid lesions. One chicken from a “normal” White Leghorn strain revealed a slight degree of thyroid infiltration, while animals from a pathogen-free “normal” strain were completely free of thyroid alterations. On the other hand, the parent Cornell C-strain of White Leghorn chickens occasionally showed weak degrees of thyroid infiltration. Neither sera of the Cornell C-strain nor of the two normal control strains contained antibodies against thyroglobulin.
The Reaction of Immunoglobulin-Coated Bentonite and Radioiodinated Antigen as a Basis for Antibody Detection and Antigen Binding
Authors: Cheng William C. , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A colloidal suspension of bentonite particles prepared on the basis of differential sedimentation was found to adsorb irreversibly about its own weight of rabbit immunoglobulin G. The immunoglobulin-coated bentonite formed a colloidal suspension readily in normal rabbit serum and easily sedimented upon centrifugation. Thus, from a reaction mixture of adsorbed antibody and a radioactively-labeled antigen, the separation of free and bound antigen can be accomplished by centrifugation. When the adsorbed antibody to an albumin antigen was used, the antigen-binding characteristics of the adsorbed antibody were found to be essentially similar to those of the free or unadsorbed antibody as demonstrated by the Farr method; however, the Farr method was two to four times more sensitive in estimating antigen-binding. It is suggested that the present method of using inert particles coated with antibodies for detecting these antibodies may be extended to the detection of antibodies of other immunoglobulin classes or of antibodies in antiserum.
The Effect of Heterologous Antigenic Stimulation on Antibody Synthesis in Vitro
Authors: Krueger Robert G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen and lymph node cells from rabbits immunized with the RNA phages MS-2 and fr synthesized neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody after in vitro antigenic stimulation with related heterologous RNA phages. In the presence of more distantly related heterologous phages, a relatively small amount of 7S antibody specific for the phage used to immunize the intact rabbit was synthesized. However, in the presence of very closely related heterologous phages, relatively large amounts of 7S antibody highly cross-reactive for these heterologous phages was produced. Unrelated phages did not elicit any immune response at all. Possible explanations of this apparent alteration of the immunologic specificity of the in vitro secondary immune response are discussed.
Communications
Authors: Vaerman J. P. , Heremans J. F. , van Kerckhoven G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The best criterion for establishing homologies between immunoglobulins from different animal species would certainly be the demonstration of similarities between their amino acid sequences. Such an investigation, although becoming less problematic with the advances in modern protein chemistry, can only be undertaken in a small number of specialized laboratories. It would, however, seem that a valuable substitute for such chemical information is available in the form of immunologic analysis. Serologic cross-reactions between related proteins are known to be due to structural similarities between the antigens and, by extension, to correspondence of their amino acid sequences. There is good justification, therefore, to regard the evidence of clear-cut serologic cross-reactions as a very strong criterion of homology between two polypeptide chains.
In the particular case of IgA, the serologic approach has previously been applied only to the identification of IgA in primates (1–7), dogs (8), rats (9) and the pig (Vaerman and Heremans, to be published).
Role of Serum Protective Factor (SPF) in Langat Virus Infection of Neonatally Thymectomized, Cyclophosphamide-Treated, or Antilymphocyte-Treated Mice
Authors: Thind Inderjit S. , Price Winston H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The host response to viral infection may include stimulation of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms and interferon production. Whether these are causally related or are merely temporally associated with recovery from viral infection remains uncertain partly because of the nature of available evidence (1, 2). Recently we reported that a new specific viral resistance factor called serum protective factor (SPF) played the major role in recovery from primary Langat virus infection and cross-protection with arboviruses in mice in contrast to the insignificant roles of in vivo-produced neutralizing antibody and interferon (3–5). SPF can be distinguished from interferon (3, 4) by a) lability at pH 3.0 after 3 hr at 4°C, b) lability on dialysis against distilled water, c) specific activity in providing protection against very closely related viruses, d) persistence for at least 3 weeks following viral infection, and e) failure of in vivo production when mice are inoculated with inactivated viruses.
Cutaneous Basophilic Hypersensitivity: A New Interpretation of the Jones-Mote Reaction
Authors: Richerson Hal B. , Dvorak Harold F. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A type of delayed skin reaction which occurs transiently after immunization with soluble protein antigens alone or in incomplete Freund's adjuvant is well known (1, 2); its relationship to classic delayed (tuberculin) hypersensitivity, however, has been controversial. Raffel and Newel (3) concluded that the two reactions are different and suggested for historical reasons that the former be termed “Jones-Mote” hypersensitivity to distinguish it from classic delayed hypersensitivity produced by antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant (i.e., containing tubercle bacilli). This distinction has in general not been observed, and a current tendency is to consider Jones-Mote reactivity simply a milder form of classic delayed hypersensitivity (4, 5).
Because of the apparent confusion associated with this reaction, we investigated Jones-Mote hypersensitivity with regard both to its antigenic requirements and its histologic features. We here present clear evidence that the Jones-Mote reaction is a distinct form of immunologic response, which is distinguishable on the one hand from delayed hypersensitivity and on the other from the classic antibody-mediated reactions such as anaphylaxis or the Arthus reaction.
The Comparative Immunosuppressive Effects of Heterologous Antisera to Various C3H Mouse Tissues
Authors: Sloboda A. E. , Landes Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three different batches of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (RAMTS) were consistently more effective than simultaneously prepared antisera to mesenteric lymph nodes (RAMLS) in prolonging survival of ICR skin allografts on C3H mice. Antispleen sera (RAMSpS) were ineffective. It was concluded that cells from different lymphoid organs were not equally effective in evoking antisera capable of prolonging skin allograft survival.
Dose response experiments indicated that differences in the ability of RAMTS or RAMRS to prolong allograft survival were qualitative rather than quantitative.
Neither the time of antiserum collection nor apsorption with mouse erythrocytes affected the ability of RAMTS or RAMLS to prolong allograft survival.
Rabbit antisera to the following mouse tissues were ineffective in prolonging mouse skin allograft survival: liver (RAMLiS), kidney (RAMKiS), transplantable C3H mammary tumor (RAM72jS) and transplantable 6C3HED lymphosarcoma of thymic origin (RAM6C3HEDS).
All antisera showed high leukoagglutination titers against lymphocytes and thymocytes. Leukoagglutination did not, however, correlate with allograft survival.
Lymphopenia induced by either RAMTS or RAMLS treatment did not correlate with effects on allograft survival.
Administration of antisera produced an initial increase in nonlymphocytic leukocytes (monocytes and granulocytes) which seemed related to the length of allograft survival.