bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Serum Vibriocidal and Agglutinating Antibodies in Cholera Cases and in Normal Residents of the Endemic and Non-Endemic Cholera Areas
Authors: Ahmed Ansaruddin , Bhattacharjee A. K. , Mosley Wiley H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Vibriocidal and agglutinating antibodies in sera from acute cholera cases, normal residents of endemic and non-endemic cholera areas and maternal and cord blood were characterized by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitivity and density gradient fractionation. In acute cholera there was a rapid and parallel rise in whole serum and 2-ME-resistant vibriocidal and agglutinating antibodies, peaking in 7 to 10 days, and then a parallel fall in titers in whole serum and 2-ME-resistant antibodies. Density gradient studies confirmed this pattern, demonstrating the rise and fall of vibriocidal and agglutinating titers in both the IgM and IgG-IgA fractions. The apparent independence of the vibriocidal and agglutinating activity in the IgG-IgA fractions suggested that IgA as well as IgG might be contributing to the agglutinating titers. The presence of vibriocidal and agglutinating titers on admission in many adult cholera cases, coupled with a rapid rise in IgG antibody, indicates that this is a secondary response in individuals already primed by natural infection or cholera vaccine. Most residents of the endemic cholera area (East Pakistan) had high vibriocidal and agglutinating titers with activity in both IgM and IgG, in contrast to sera from residents of non-endemic areas (U. S. A. and Czechoslovakia) who had non-detectable or low titers with vibriocidal activity in most cases exclusively in IgM. Transplacental transfer of IgG vibriocidal antibody was demonstrated.
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: Liakopoulou Athanasia , MacPherson Catherine F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The major species-restricted antigen of rat nervous tissue (SRANT) exists in saline extracts of rat brain in two molecular forms that have the electrophoretic mobilities of an α1 globulin and an albumin. The more acidic form of the protein predominates. This was obtained free from admixture with other brain proteins and serum proteins by the following steps: a) ammonium sulfate fractionation, b) preparative electrophoresis in starch gel, c) removal of rat serum albumin by specific precipitation, and d) preparative electrophoresis in 9% polyacrylamide gel. Although SRANT is electrophoretically heterogeneous it appears to be homogeneous in size and to have a molecular weight of about 70,000. SRANT was found in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of adult rats. After the 1st week of life it becomes one of the major antigens of the soluble fraction of rat brain.
Reaction of Serum from Pregnant Hamsters with Surface of Cells Transformed by SV40
Authors: Duff Ronald , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract contain common “tumor-specific” antigens (1). These antigens have also been found to cross-react with antigens found in embryonic and fetal tissue but not with normal tissue (2). Sera from pregnant women appear to contain antibodies directed against these antigens (Gold, personal communication). Hamster cells which have been transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) have a surface (S) antigen which has been found to be specific for cells transformed by the virus (3). This report describes observations that suggest that the surface antigen on SV40-transformed Syrian hamster cells may be immunologically related to an antigen found during embryonic development.
Materials and Methods. Immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of SV40 S antigen have been previously described (3, 4). Antisera reacting specifically with the S antigen were prepared by two methods. In the first method weanling hamsters (Con Olsen) were injected with 106 SV40-transformed marmoset monkey cells at weekly intervals for 4 weeks.
Reciprocal Neutralizing Cross-Reaction between Rhinovirus Types 9 and 32
Authors: Cooney Marion K. , Kenny George E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rhinoviruses are a large group of small, acid-labile RNA viruses which presently are classified in 55 serotypes and one subtype (1). Some 30 additional types are being considered for admission as new serotypes.
Rabbit antisera to 25 rhinovirus types produced in our laboratories (2) were tested for neutralization against 30 to 300 tissue culture infectious doses (TCD50) of the corresponding 24 heterologous rhinovirus types in HeLa cell tubes. Details of the method have been described elsewhere (2). Antisera were tested at a 1:20 dilution, which represented an antibody concentration of 50 to 500 times the 50% neutralization endpoint for the homologous virus. The rhinovirus serotypes tested are listed in Table I. Reciprocal neutralization was shown between rhinovirus types 9 and 32, and four possible one-way cross-reactions (not involving types 9 or 32) were seen. but are not shown in the table since they have not been verified to date.
Frequency of Single Spleen Cells from Hyperimmune Rabbits Producing Antibody of Two Different Specificities
Authors: Benjamin David C. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from rabbits hyperimmune to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were assayed for their ability to produce hemolytically inefficient (7S) antibodies of two specificities by the hemolytic plaque assay. When assayed against a mixture of rabbit red cells conjugated with either of two cyanogen bromide fragments of BSA, only 1 of 37,568 antibody-producing cells could have been a double producer, suggesting that a given single cell can produce antibody of only a single specificity. These results were discussed in the light of previous studies with single cells and in relation to the two main theories of the origin of antibody diversity.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Insulin and Its Component Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Clark Connie , Munoz J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bovine insulin produces a state of pure delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs from the 7th to the 13th days after sensitization with 10 µg of insulin in Freund's complete adjuvant. A delayed response in insulin-sensitized animals was readily elicited with insulin and with the isolated B-chain of insulin, while the A-chain, at equivalent doses, elicited only marginal reactions. Desensitization experiments wherein guinea pigs were immunized with insulin, B-chain or A-chain showed that each of these molecules contains determinants capable of inducing and eliciting a delayed response, and that at least one locus on the isolated B-chain produces delayed reactivity which can be elicited with the intact insulin molecule. Guinea pig anti-insulin serum was not reactive with isolated A- or B-chain. The use of insulin as a model protein for analysis of the relative contribution of stereochemical configuration in producing the immediate as opposed to the delayed immune response is discussed.
The Effect of Cyclophosphamide on the Ontogeny of the Humoral Immune Response in Chickens
Authors: Lerman S. P. , Weidanz W. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody formation and immunoglobulin synthesis were severely depressed in adolescent chickens treated daily with the alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide (Cy), for the first 3 days of extraembryonic life. Most birds failed to produce significant levels of antibodies to three test antigens injected at 7 and 11 weeks of age. Moreover, IgM and IgG levels in the sera of 5 out of 13 Cy-treated birds were less than 0.5% of the immunoglobulin levels found in untreated birds of the same age. The selective nature of Cy suppression on the ontogeny of the humoral immune response was evidenced by the intact graft-vs-host reactivity of peripheral blood cells derived from Cy-treated birds.
Neuraminidase- and Hemagglutinin-Inhibiting Antibodies in Serum and Nasal Secretions of Volunteers Immunized with Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza B/Eng/13/65 Virus Vaccines
Authors: Downie Jean C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response to virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in serum and nasal secretions was studied in 19 volunteers immunized with attenuated or inactivated influenza B/Eng/13/65 virus vaccines. The live attenuated virus given intranasally produced high titers of neuraminidase- and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in nasal secretions and moderate titers in serum. High titers of hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody were also present in nasal secretions and serum after subcutaneous immunization with inactivated influenza virus. However, the inactivated virus was found to produce little or no neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in nasal secretion despite high titers of this antibody in the serum. Absorption studies indicated that the neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in nasal secretion was associated with the IgA class of immunoglobin. These observations indicate that the intranasal administration of live virus was a better route for the stimulation of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in nasal secretion than a single subcutaneous dose of inactivated virus.
The Effect of Prior Transfusion on Marrow Grafts between Histocompatible Canine Siblings
Authors: Storb Rainer , Epstein Robert B. , Rudolph Robert H. , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twenty-three canine littermate donor-recipient pairs were matched on the basis of histocompatibility typing with four lymphocytotoxic isoantisera. Eighteen of the 23 pairs were also tested in a one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). Recipient dogs were given 1580 R whole body irradiation followed within 4 hr by infusion of marrow from the donor. Group 1 consisted of 10 recipients not given a preceding blood transfusion. Group 2 was made up of 13 dogs given a single transfusion of 100 ml of blood from the donor 10 days before irradiation. Seven of the 10 recipients in group 1 showed prompt and sustained marrow engraftment and survived beyond 70 days. Three died within 22 days of transplantation, two of marrow graft rejection and one of graft-vs-host disease. These three were mismatched with their donors in MLC. Only one of the 13 pretransfused recipients in group 2 lived beyond 70 days. Twelve dogs died within 36 days including eight that were matched by MLC as well as by serologic test. In most of these animals there was evidence of successful marrow engraftment followed by rejection. The results show that, even in histocompatible donor-recipient pairs, a single prior blood transfusion from the donor to the recipient significantly diminishes the chance of long-term survival following the marrow graft (p &lt; 0.01).
Interaction of Lymphocytes and a Radioresistant Cell in PPD-Stimulated Human Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Schechter Geraldine P. , McFarland William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A 5- to 7-day incubation of heavily irradiated (2000 R) human leukocytes yielded a macrophage-rich population which was capable of markedly increasing blastogenic reactivity to PPD (purified protein derivative) of lymphocytes from sensitive donors as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. These radioresistant cells were also demonstrated in some donors to be capable of initiating the blastogenic response after being only briefly exposed to antigen. This activity was demonstrable only when these cells were intact, viable, in direct contact with the lymphocytes and pulsed with antigen sometime within the preceding 72 hr. This ability to initiate blastogenesis in lymphocytes was inhibited if macrophage exposure to antigen occurred at low temperature or in the presence of actinomycin D or cyanide.
Rabbit IgA, IgM and IgG Antihapten Responses Assayed by Cla Fixation and Transfer
Authors: Clough John D. , Zaccari June , Strober Warren 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present report describes an adaptation of the C1a fixation transfer test (C1a FTT) for measurement of rabbit antibody in three immunoglobulin classes—IgM, IgG and IgA—without serum fractionation. IgM antibody was measured directly and IgA and IgG antibodies were measured indirectly using specific antisera against rabbit IgG and IgA to permit complement fixation by antibodies in these immunoglobulin classes. The ability of the test to discriminate among antibodies in these classes was demonstrated by immunochemical examination of the anti-antisera and by use of the C1a FTT to show that 1) the effects of the enhancing anti-antisera could be summated, 2) the enhancing ability of the anti-antisera could be specifically inhibited by purified rabbit immunoglobulins, and 3) antibody activity in rabbit serum could be fractionated by DEAE-cellulose gradient chromatography into its immunoglobulin components. The ability of the test to quantitate antibody in each class was examined by assay of serial dilutions of rabbit antiserum by the C1a FTT; the amount of C1a fixed and quantitated was found to be directly proportional to the amount of antibody present. Primary and secondary humoral responses of rabbits to intravenously administered haptenic arsanilic acid were studied using the C1a FTT. In the primary response, IgA antibody reached an early peak together with IgM antibody. IgG antibody had a more gradual rise and peaked later than IgA or IgM; a small second peak of IgA antibody sometimes accompanied the IgG peak. In the secondary response IgA antibody showed an accelerated onset, rising to an earlier but lower peak than in the primary response. The secondary IgM antibody response was similar to that of IgA while IgG antibody reached an earlier, higher peak level than in the primary response.
Quantitation of Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative immunoglobulins were measured in canine serum, colostrum, milk and intestinal secretions, and normal mean values were established. Two groups of dogs, pure bred and mongrel, were used because of significantly different serum levels of IgG subclasses IgGa,b and IgGd. The immunoglobulin content of breast secretions diminished during the 1st week post-partum and only IgA persisted in appreciable amounts until weaning. Intestinal fluid was immunoglobulin-poor except for high levels of IgA, which reaffirms the secretory origin of the molecule.
Initiation of Antibody Responses by Different Classes of Lymphocytes
Authors: Strober Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thoracic duct cells from normal and immunized Lewis rats restored the antibody response of x-irradiated hosts to Salmonella typhi flagella and horse spleen ferritin. Elimination of the large dividing lymphocytes by treatment of the cell donors with the mitotic inhibitor, vinblastine, or by in vitro incubation of the thoracic duct cells markedly reduced the responses restored by cells from normal donors. On the other hand, the responses restored by thoracic duct cells from immunized donors were not reduced by elimination of dividing cells and were dramatically enhanced in the case of horse spleen ferritin. These findings suggest that rapidly dividing thoracic duct cells play an important part in the immunologically competent unit for S. typhi flagella and horse spleen ferritin in normal rats but not in immunized rats.
An in Vitro Correlative Assay for the Immunosuppressive Activity of Horse Anti-Rat Lymphocyte Sera: Estimation of Lymphocytophilic Antibody Activity Using 51Cr-Labeled Thymocytes
Authors: Bach Michael K. , Brashler John R. , Perper Robert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro method for determining equine cytophilic antibody activity against rat lymphocytes is presented. Because of its reliance on a radioactive counting end point, the assay is rapid, sensitive and capable of handling large numbers of sera. There is a good correlation between the in vitro activity of these sera and their ability to prolong the survival of skin homografts in rats.
Biologic Activities of Peromyscus 7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2 Globulins
Authors: Coe J. , Peel L. , Smith R. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peromyscus 7Sγ1- and 7Sγ2-globulins which contained antibody to hen egg albumin (HEA) were isolated, quantitated, and tested for their ability to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and to fix complement. Peromyscus antibody of the 7Sγ2 class induced a PCA reaction in guinea pigs with as little as 4.9 ABC units of antibody/milliliter. With 40 times as much 7Sγ1 antibody, however, no PCA reaction was produced in guinea pigs. In contrast, only Peromyscus 7Sγ1 anti-HEA induced the PCA reaction in Peromyscus. Complement fixation and hemolysis of HEA-conjugated erythrocytes were found only with antibodies of the 7Sγ2 class.
Streptococcal M Protein Vaccines, Rheumatic Fever and Human Histocompatibility Antigens
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Peterson Raymond D. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Within the limits of our techniques, we could not demonstrate any serologic cross-reactions between streptococcal M proteins and human histocompatibility antigens, nor could we detect antibodies to human transplantation antigens in persons during the acute or convalescent phases of rheumatic fever, or subsequent to the administration of streptococcal M protein vaccine.
An Immunologic Marker Technique for the Cendehill Vaccine Strain of Rubella Virus
Authors: Oxford J.S. , Potter C.W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with serial, intramuscular doses of low tissue culture passage“wild” and high passage “attenuated” strains of rubella virus. Rubella hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was detected in animals immunized with two serial doses of 3 log10 TCD50/ml of low passage strains. However, no antibody was detected in animals immunized with 3 log10 TCD50/ml of the Cendehill vaccine strain of rubella virus. A reisolate virus from a person immunized with Cendehill rubella vaccine also had markedly reduced immunogenic properties in the rabbit. Experiments indicated that the Cendehill vaccine virus had a markedly decreased ability to infect rabbits by the intranasal route. The technique may be a useful marker test for this strain of rubella vaccine. The RA/27/3 and the HPV 77 rubella vaccine strains also had a reduced immunogenicity for rabbits but the results were too variable to be used as a marker test for these two strains.
Immunoprecipitation Analysis of Soluble Complement-Fixing Antigens of Dengue Viruses
Authors: Russell Philip K. , Chiewsilp Dumrong , Brandt Walter E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble complement-fixing antigens were obtained from brains of suckling mice infected with each of the four dengue serotypes. Brain suspensions were partially purified by clarification with protamine sulfate, precipitation of the antigen with ammonium sulfate, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Antigenic relationships of the partially purified antigens were examined by complement-fixation and Ouchterlony type immunoprecipitation. Discrete precipitin lines were formed with soluble complement-fixing antigens and hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid. An antigenic determinant common to all four dengue serotypes was demonstrated by both complement-fixation and immunoprecipitation. Cross-absorption experiments confirmed the presence of the group antigen. Spur formation indicated the presence of a unique type-specific antigen for each serotype. Immunoprecipitation patterns indicated that both group- and type-specific antigenic determinants were on the same molecule and that separate antibodies were formed to each determinant.
Studies of Maleylated Chains of Human IgM
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An approach to the isolation and physicochemical study of the chains of IgM is presented. The chains were separated after mild reduction in the absence of guanidine as the maleylated derivatives. The maleylated μ and κ chains were isolated in pure form with their intrachain disulfide bonds intact by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in Tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.9. Disulfide bond titration of these modified chains revealed 17 such bonds per 7S IgM subunit (5 interchain + 8 intrachain per 2 μ + 4 intrachain per 2 κ). These findings agreed well with the finding of 18 disulfides per subunit obtained on reduction of 19S IgM for 6 hr in 3M guanidine. The maleylated chains were soluble permitting the determination of the molecular weight from the sedimentation and diffusion coefficients in the absence of denaturing agent. The molecular weight determined from these values for the maleylated μ chain was 80,000 and that for the maleylated κ chain was 23,000. Based on the number of maleyl groups on the respective chains, the molecular weight of unmodified μ chain was 75,000 and that of unmodified κ chain was 22,000.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Mice
Authors: Gasser David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The production of agglutinating antibodies to the Ea-1a erythrocytic alloantigen in Mus musculus has previously been shown to be controlled by a single Mendelian recessive factor when strain YBR was crossed with BALB or CBA. It has now been determined that when YBR is crossed with C57BL/10, responsiveness is dominant and a strong nongenetic effect occurs. When positive assortative matings were made between YBR-B10 F2 segregants, a significant response to selection occurred, and estimates of the heritability of the response could be obtained. After one additional generation of selection the high responder line included 81% responders while the low responder line included no responders.
Antibody Production by Host Cells in X-Irradiated Recipients of Allogeneic Spleen Cells
Authors: Storb U. , Weiser R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that two different cells, a radiosensitive antigen reactive cell and a radioresistant precursor of the antibody producing cell collaborate in antibody synthesis. Twenty-four hours following 500 R x-irradiation, experimental recipient group C mice were injected with normal allogeneic spleen cells and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Control recipients of group A were irradiated similarly and injected with SRBC alone while control recipients of group B were irradiated similarly and injected simultaneously with SRBC and allogeneic spleen cells from heavily irradiated (1000 R) mice. Five to 10 days after antigen injection, the numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of donor and host origin were determined in the spleens of the three groups. The contribution of donor and host PFC was distinguished by the use of anti-histocompatibility sera. On day 5, the spleens of mice in group C contained 26 times as many PFC as did the spleens of mice in group A. Of these, 80% were donor cells and 20% were of host type. Thus more than five times as many host PFC developed in group C than in group A. At least some of the stimulatory effect on host PFC was independent of the normal donor spleen cells because the spleens of control group B contained twice as many PFC as did those of control group A. On days 6 and 7, the PFC in group C decreased, while those in control group A increased, possibly due to alloimmune reactions between donor graft and recipient. The injection of antidonor H-2 serum into group C on day 3 suppressed the development of PFC of both donor and recipient type. Evidently survival of donor cells beyond day 3 was necessary for the enhanced recipient PFC response. It is concluded that existing data establish the importance of cell interactions in the immune response but do not prove the existence of an antigen-sensitive cell capable of transmitting antigen-specific information to the precursor of the antibody-producing cell.