bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weather and Susceptibility in Relation to the Spread of Common Cold; Effect of Ascorbic Acid, in Massive Dosage, on Duration
Authors: Brown WM. B. , Mahoney F. , Niedringhaus A. , Locke Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the spread of common cold through a group of 1600 girls of college age, as affected by the weather, use of cigarettes, and relative susceptibility to common cold; of the season-to-season changes in physiological fitness as appraised by a modified Flack test; and of the effect, on duration of common cold, of early recognition and care, and ascorbic acid in massive dosage.
Sharp increases in number of new colds per day occurred during periods of falling temperature accompanied by heavy rain. The increases began and were most steadily sustained in the girls with a total of 4 or more colds for the year. The smokers, also, had a tendency to precede the nonsmokers. The weather-precipitated rises in colds-incidence tended to begin 24 to 48 hours after the beginning of the weather change and to persist for 24 to 48 hours after its cessation. The total number of colds, for the September wave, reached its halfway-point 2 days earlier for the more-susceptible fraction than for the less-susceptible fraction.
Only a slight deterioration in average physiological fitness occurred with the progress of the year. The deterioration was not uniform but restricted to a small fraction, partially balanced by a smaller group showing improvement. The smokers appeared to be slightly less fit, on the whole, than the nonsmokers. Nose involvement predominated in the fall colds and throat involvement in the winter colds which were, mainly, seconds and thirds rather than first colds.
A total of 298 colds was studied for the ascorbic acid appraisal; 119 of which were controls given placebos of citric acid. Approximately 60 per cent of the colds with throat involvement only appeared to respond to the basic management given both the control and ascorbic acid groups—restriction of activity, precaution against chilling, and increased fluid intake—with a spontaneous checking of further development. The colds with nose involvement were equally responsive to management, alone, if recognized and submitted to care within 7 hours of presumed onset. For those not recognized and submitted to care until 8 to 28 hours after presumed onset, the percentage of spontaneous checking of further development was, for those given one gram of ascorbic acid at time of first examination and again 24 hours later, 59 ± 5 and, for those given citric acid, 21 ± 4.
Combined Active—Passive Re-Immunization against Tetanus in Previously Immunized Individuals: Experimental and Clinical Evidence
Authors: Miller John J. , Ryan Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Combined active-passive re-immunization against tetanus was studied in 29 previously actively immunized rabbits by means of tetanus antitoxin titrations. Both fluid and alum-precipitated tetanus toxoids in doses of 0.05 or 0.1 ml were used. Commerical tetanus antitoxin was employed in a dose of 150 units (except as in (c) below). When these doses of antitoxin and toxoid were injected into opposite extremities, the initial increase in titer due to the injected antitoxin was followed in 3 to 6 days by a higher and prolonged secondary increase. This latter could only be a true secondary immune response. When toxoid and antitoxin were mixed in the same syringe no response occurred. Increasing the dose of separately injected antitoxin 3.3 fold led to higher initial titers but did not suppress the secondary immune response. The addition of hyaluronidase to the toxoid did not speed the secondary immune response but appeared to increase the total amount of homologous antitoxin produced by the animals. Four previously immunized individuals, two children and two adults, were studied following accidental wounding. They were injected with the usual prophylactic dose (1500 units) of tetanus antitoxin and, in the opposite extremity, either fluid or alum-precipitated tetanus toxoid. Following initial increases in titer due to the antitoxin, three of the four exhibited secondary immune responses to the toxoid 4 to 5 days later.
Q Fever in California
Authors: DeLay Paul D. , Lennette Edwin H. , DeOme Kenneth B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Coxiella burneti, the causal rickettsia of Q fever, has been recovered from dustladen air on a dairy in Southern California, and from dust-laden air on a sheep ranch in Northern California.
The signficance of these recoveries of the organism from a contaminated environment is discussed.
The Effect of Human Serum Upon the Agglutination of Enzyme-Treated Erythrocytes
Authors: Hoyt Robert E. , Zwicker Helen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since Morton and Pickles (1) showed that enzyme-treated red cells are agglutinated by “incomplete” antibodies in the absence of hydrophilic colloids the observation has been put to practical use in the detection of “incomplete” antibodies in the maternal blood. In comparing techniques for demonstrating “incomplete” antibodies, using pooled human serum, 30% bovine albumin and enzyme-treated group O, Rh positive erythrocytes, Kuhns and Bailey (2) found the method using papain-treated cells to be the most sensitive, with pooled human serum as a diluent giving the lowest titres. Other reports are in general agreement and it is believed that the test using enzyme-treated cells gives reliable information regarding the presence of “incomplete” anti-Rh antibodies.
In a study of the agglutination of enzyme-treated red cells we have compared the titres of anti-Rho agglutinating sera and anti-Rho blocking sera when measured against treated and untreated cells.
The Effect of Trypsin on Hemagglutination by Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (GDVII)
Authors: Morris Marion C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The GDVII strain of murine encephalomyelitis virus has recently been shown to cause agglutination of human red cells at 4 C (1). This reaction did not occur at room temperature or at 37 C, and the agglutination occurring at 4 C was dispersed when the temperature was raised. This reversal of hemagglutination was due to elution of the virus but was not accompanied by a destruction of cell receptors as occurs with viruses of the mumps-influenza group. Of a variety of red blood cells examined, only human cells were found susceptible to agglutination by GDVII virus.
The report of Rheims, Dodd and Hudson (2), that treatment of human group O cells with trypsin increased their agglutinability by mouse lung infected with PR8 influenza virus, suggested the present study. In anticipation of the results to be reported, it may be said that exposure of the cells to trypsin did not affect hemagglutination by GDVII virus.
Studies on Bacterium Tularense Antigens
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Larson Carl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An investigation of the chemical and physical characteristics of purified B. tularense antigen preparations indicated the presence of at least four and possibly six antigenic components probably derived from the cell wall. The treatment of aqueous suspensions of whole organisms with ethyl ether, and the purification of the extract by salt precipitation, differential centrifugation, and dialysis produced a product which possessed uniform immunogenic activity and reproducible ratios of the various chemical constituents. Electron microscope photographs of such a purified preparation indicated that the material was indistinguishable in electron density from pure cell-wall material prepared by other methods. Lipid extraction of purified preparations yielded an immunogenically active preparation composed of a polysaccharide and an amino acid complex and containing organic P. The reducing sugar value found was almost identical with the calculated value for N-acetyl-glucosamine. Various qualitative tests suggest that the N-acetyl derivative of D-glucose (-D-glucopyranoside) may be the sugar resulting from acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide moiety. The lipid-free purified antigen preparations were indistinguishable from the initial crude extracts in their immunogenic or serologic activity, except for the greatly increased activity per unit weight of antigen.
Immunological Properties of a from of Non-Precipitating Diphtheria Antitoxin Which Does Not Sensitize Human Skin
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A type of human non-precipitating diphtheria antitoxin is described which is not able to cause immediate wheal reactions in appropriate recipients. Individuals who form this antitoxin following a booster dose of toxoid develop no immediate reactivity upon subsequent testing with intradermal toxoid.
The sera of ten persons who formed only non-precipitating non-skin-sensitizing antitoxin were studied in detail and the following characteristics were observed. No fixation of complement occurred unless large amounts of antitoxin were used, and specific coprecipitation of antitoxin in two high titered sera resulted upon the addition of precipitating antitoxin and toxin. None of the sera tested were able to sensitize human skin, nor was there any evidence that this antitoxin remained at intradermal sites. When three sera containing the highest titers were separated electrophoretically, the antitoxin was found to migrate as a slow-moving gamma globulin (γ2). Three of seven sera were able to inhibit immediate reactions at sensitized sites when combined with equivalent amounts of toxoid. Four sera could not be evaluated for this property because they had an irritative effect when injected alone in the skin.
Antigenicity of β-Propiolactone-Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Authors: LoGrippo Gerald A. , Hartman Frank W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple and rapid procedure for the preparation of inactivated virus vaccine is described using β-propiolactone (BPL), an agent not previously employed in the preparation of vaccines. β-propiolactone is capable of inactivating viruses in 10–15 minutes at 37°C whereas formalin and phenol require days for the same degree of inactivation under parallel conditions. Satisfactory inactivated vaccines can be prepared with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, rabies virus and MM-virus with the use of BPL. A significantly higher degree of antigenicity is demonstrated with β-propiolactone-inactivated virus vaccines than with formalin- and phenol-inactivated virus vaccines. Two to four times the minimal effective viricidal concentration of BPL can be used in the preparation of virus vaccines without critical loss in antigenicity.
An Investigation of Some of the Factors Determining the Decrease in Complement Activity in Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs actively sensitized to egg albumin mixed with adjuvants developed more acute symptoms of shock and showed a more pronounced and rapid fall in complement titer when challenged intravenously 6 weeks later than did similar groups sensitized to egg albumin without adjuvants. The change in C′ titer tended to be greatest in the guinea pigs exhibiting very severe respiratory symptoms.
Fatal protracted shock followed the intraperitoneal injection of large amounts of antigen in highly sensitized guinea pigs, but the decrease in complement activity was usually less pronounced than in the intracardially-challenged animals dying within a 10-minute interval.
Actively and passively sensitized guinea pigs in which fatty livers and a marked fall in C′ titer had been induced previously through repeated injection of ethionine, exhibited respiratory symptoms as acute as the sensitized controls. Less severe respiratory symptoms were recorded on challenge in actively-sensitized guinea pigs that had been treated with gum acacia for several weeks to induce low C′ titers; symptoms of initial excitement with subsequent weakness were more conspicuous. In both groups of sensitized guinea pigs, complement titers declined further on challenge.
In passively sensitized guinea pigs, challenged soon after intraperitoneal injection of antiserum, the change in C′ titer was negligible, even though some of these animals developed symptoms of slight to moderate shock. A rapid and striking fall in C′ titer occurred in guinea pigs of the same groups that experienced acute shock following intravenous challenge 18 hours to 7 days after injection of antiserum.
The Effect of Ficin on the Agglutination of Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Macris Nicholas T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A concentration of 1.5 mg of ficin per ml of packed cells, a pH range from 4.7 to 7.8, an incubation temperature of 22° to 37°C and an incubation period of 10 to 30 minutes were found to be the optimum conditions for making A, B and Rh-positive cells agglutinable by the homologous “complete” and “incomplete” antibodies. Ficin was found to be more efficient than trypsin and papain for increasing the sensitivity of O Rh-positive, A and B cells in hemagglutination. The intracellular protease activator, L-cysteine-HCl, accelerated significantly the rate of sensitization of O Rh-positive cells by papain, but not by ficin.
Agglutinin Production in Normal, Sublethally Irradiated, and Lethally Irradiated Mice Treated with Mouse Bone Marrow
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Gengozian Nazareth , Congdon Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Maximum agglutinin production was attained when the mice were 12 weeks of age. The optimum antigen dose to induce the maximum agglutinin response was found to be 1 ml of a 1.0% RBC suspension. Isologous bone marrow suspension protected 95% of the lethally x-irradiated mice (950 r). The ability to produce sheep agglutinin was recovered 30 days after the lethal irradiation-bone marrow treatment, whereas 60 days were required to produce rat agglutinin.
The Detection of Antibodies in Hayfever Sera by Means of Hemagglutination
Authors: Feinberg Richard J. , Davison Joan D. , Flick John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies in the sera of hayfever patients against pollen antigens can be measured, in vitro, by adsorbing the antigen onto tanned erythrocytes and using such antigen-coated cells with the patient's serum in a hemagglutination test. This technique detects antibodies mainly in the sera of hayfever patients who have received specific hyposensitization, but occasional untreated hayfever subjects also possess antibody detectable by this method. Probably both multivalent- and univalent-acting types of antibodies can be measured by this technique. Evidence is presented which indicates that the hemagglutinating antibody found in these hayfever sera is not identical with the reagin type of antibody.
Integration of Human Serum and Serum Fraction Diffusion Patterns
Authors: Glenn William G. , Garner Anna C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Direct photometry of human serum and plasma fractions, using the serum agar measuring integrator (SAMI), is described.
In diffusion patterns of human serum reacting with anti-human rabbit sera, the fastest zone was consistently an albumin system and the next major dense zone was β globulin.
A discussion of the zonal characteristics of albumin and γ globulin is included.
The Elimination of Heterologous Serum Proteins and Associated Antibody Responses in Guinea Pigs and Rats
Authors: Weigle William O. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of elimination of I* protein antigens was used as a method of observing immune responses in guinea pigs and rats when single, spaced injections of antigens (7.5 mg/kg) were administered. Animals exhibiting immune responses eliminated the labelled antigens at accelerated, immune rates similar to those described in rabbits. Also, the relationship of the rapid, immune elimination of antigen to the subsequent appearance of antibody was similar to that seen in the rabbit. However, the immune responses to soluble protein antigens in guinea pigs had longer induction periods and slower immune elimination of antigen than in rabbits.
The slower immune elimination of antigen in guinea pigs than in rabbits was presumably the result of a slower appearance of antibody in guinea pigs since antigen-antibody complexes once formed were rapidly eliminated. In guinea pigs injected with I*BSA and I*RSA, circulating antigen-antibody complexes could only be demonstrated during the phase of rapid, immune antigen elimination.
On the basis of observations in the guinea pig and rat, there is no apparent correlation between the type of protein antigen and the rate of nonimmune elimination or the length of the induction period prior to antibody synthesis.
Determination of the rates of elimination of antigen was found to be as sensitive a method of testing for an immune response to BGG, HGG, and RGG in guinea pigs as was anaphylaxis.
Studies on the Viral Spectra of Tissue Culture Lines of Human Cells
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison was made of 12 tissue culture cell lines of human origin with respect to their susceptibilities to a limited number of viruses. On the basis of the viral spectra obtained the lines could be divided into 2 groups corresponding to those established in morphological grounds. The observed interactions of the various viruses with the different cells fell into 4 categories: (1) viral multiplication with development of cytopathogenic effects; (2) propagation of virus in the absence of cellular destruction; (3) cytopathogenicity without viral replication; and (4) no growth of virus nor cellular damage. The implications of some of these findings have been discussed.
Only cells of one of the groups (I) were susceptible to poliomyelitis, Coxsackie B and adenoviruses. None within group I were more sensitive to poliomyelitis than HeLa cells.
Inoculation of cells of both groups with specimens from cases of infectious or serum hepatitis failed to yield evidence of infection.
Studies on Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Sehon A. H. , Richter M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An allergenically active fraction was isolated from ragweed pollen which was 50 times as active, on a weight basis, as the dialyzed residue of the whole water soluble extract of ragweed pollen. This material consisted of a straw colored pigment and peptide(s) composed of eight amino acids: lysine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, valine, alanine and norleucine. It did not contain any carbohydrate. The allergenic activity was destroyed after hydrolysis with 6 N HCl at 100°C for 15 min, but was not diminished on standing in 6 N HCl at 25°C for 8 hr or if heated in boiling water at pH 7.0 for 14 hr. The active material gave positive ring tests with both rabbit and goat antiragweed pollen sera. The available evidence suggests that peptide(s) may account for all the allergens in ragweed pollen.
Characterization of Complexes Which Contain Diphtheria Toxin and Human Nonprecipitating Antitoxin
Authors: Kuhns W. J. , Masouredis S. P. , Swabey L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complexes which contained nonprecipitating diphtheria antitoxin and I131 toxin were analyzed for sedimentation behavior in the ultracentrifuge. When high-speed centrifugation was employed using a separation cell, it was found that sedimentation of the complex was fastest at six-fold antibody excess and slowest at antibody equivalence as judged by relative percentages of I131 in upper and lower portions of the cell. When studied electrophoretically using the technique of zone electrophoresis, it was found that complexes at equivalence or in antibody excess remained close to the point of application, but migrated toward the anode when in antigen excess. Approximate sedimentation constants for the different toxin-antitoxin combinations are presented. The use of labelled antigens and physicochemical methods in the purification of nonprecipitating antibody are discussed.
Failure of Mumps Virus to Inactivate Agglutinogens M, N and Rho (D) of Human Red Cells
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Cantell Kari , Penttinen Kari 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was found that even intense treatment with mumps virus did not cause inactivation of M and N agglutinogens in human red cells, though this was brought about by influenza viruses. Such treatment was found not to damage Rho (D) agglutinogen, which is contrary to an earlier report (8). The implications of these observations are discussed as well as different factors capable of inactivating virus receptors and blood group agglutinogens.
Experimental Comparison of the Immunogenicity of Antigens in the Residue of Ultrasonated Avirulent Pasteurella Pestis with a Vaccine Prepared with Killed Virulent Whole Organisms
Authors: Chen T. H. , Foster L. E. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several P. pestis cell wall antigens were prepared by repeated ultrasonation, and their toxicity and immunogenicity were studied and compared with killed virulent whole organism vaccine by means of toxicity, serologic and immunogenicity tests in guinea pigs and mice. The antigenic components were determined with the gel diffusion test. Preparation of the residue antigens requires a large quantity of starting material and is complicated in comparison with the preparation of killed whole organism vaccine. The solubility of the final material was less than that reported elsewhere.
Only a small amount was available for toxicity tests, and this was toxic to neither mice nor guinea pigs. Guinea pigs inoculated with TJW or E. V. 76 in distilled water preparations had rather severe local reactions. The immunogenicity of the tested vaccines was satisfactory and similar except in a few tests in which the whole organism vaccine was superior to the others. In the test system, in which the interval between immunization and challenge was rather short, the antibody response expressed in serologic tests was not pronounced, but in some instances it gave a rough prediction of immunity. The virulence antigens V and W did not play an essential role in these tests. The immunity was directly related to Fraction I antibody. The administration of the whole organism vaccine in oil adjuvant to guinea pigs enhanced and sustained Fraction I antibody formation.
Technical Factors Affecting the Preparation of Fluorescent Antibody Reagents
Authors: Kaufman Leo , Cherry William B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Interference due to ammonium sulfate contamination of globulin, resulting from the serum fractionation procedure, was eliminated by dialyzing 5- to 10-ml samples of the antiglobulin in dialysis tubing 20/32 in. in diameter for 4 hr against 2 liters of 0.85% sodium chloride. Contamination of Brucella abortus antiglobulin by 0.08 M or greater concentrations of ammonium sulfate caused interference with the biuret estimation of the protein and its subsequent conjugation to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Conjugates prepared in the presence of graded concentrations of the salt showed proportionally greater fluorescence and greater light absorption values prior to dialysis than did conjugates prepared in the absence of this salt. The results suggested that ammonium sulfate reacted with free fluorescein isothiocyanate to form an unstable dialyzable complex which was more brilliant than the conjugate alone. Ammonium sulfate-contaminated conjugates from which salt and free dye were removed by dialysis fluoresced weakly and showed poorly staining titers as compared to salt-free controls.
Solutions of fluorescein isothiocyanate stored in the dark at 4°C for 70 days show a marked reduction in fluorescence intensity, whereas the light absorbing component remained stable. On the other hand, Brucella melitensis antiglobulin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and similarly stored for 74 days showed no significant changes in fluorescence intensity. The colorant concentration of the conjugate was similar in stability to that of the fluorescein isothiocyanate solution.