bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Treponemal Immobilizing Antibodies in Syphilis
Authors: Nelson Robert A. , Diesendruck Judith A. , Zheutlin Harold E. C. , Stack Page S. , Barnett Martha 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The titer of treponemal immobilizing antibody in syphilis serum may be determined by measuring the serum dilution which produces immobilization of 50 per cent of the treponemes after 18 hours incubation at 35 C.
The occurrence of false positive and false negative results described in the text may be detected and avoided by careful attention to: 1) removal of rabbit testicular syphilomas in the stage of early orchitis; 2) adequate controls in each individual experiment, consisting of known negative and known positive serum controls; and 3) examination for the presence of residual C′ in all test mixtures in which immobilization fails to occur.
Modifications in the medium used for isolating and sustaining Treponema pallidum in vitro are described.
Studies on the Immunization of Guinea Pigs and Mice to Brucella Infection by Means of the “Native Antigen”
Authors: Elberg S. , Herzberg M. , Schneider P. , Silverman S. J. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The “native antigen” of Brucella suis is capable of inducing immunity in guinea pigs and mice to 10–200 minimal infective doses. The degree of immunity conferred on both animal species was, under certain conditions, such that between 75 and 80 per cent of the animals subsequently cleared their tissues of cultivable Brucella within one month of infection. No single variable in the administration of the vaccine was specifically effective in altering the results. Hypotheses are offered to account for this. The bactericidal action of whole blood of vaccinated guinea pigs has not as yet served as a reliable index of the immune state of the animal. Vaccination with “native antigen” did not confer a state of cutaneous hypersensitivity on the guinea pigs.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Sherman Beila 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When the radioiodinated globulin fraction of anti-rat-kidney or anti-rat-lung serum is injected into rats, there is some localization of radioantibodies in other than the homologous tissues or organs. The radioantibodies localizing in the different organs show differences depending upon the organ in which they localize.
The iodinated antibodies from anti-rat-kidney serum which localized in the kidneys, liver and lungs of donor rats were eluted with sodium hydroxide from the insoluble sediments obtained from the homogenates of the tissues of the donor rats, and these purified antibody preparations were tested for localization properties by injection into recipient rats. It was found that the purified radioantibodies from all three tissues localized to some extent in the kidney, but the antibody isolated from each organ also showed some preference for localization in the organ of initial localization. Liver-isolated anti-kidney antibody localized in the kidney and in the liver, but to a greater extent in the liver than did kidney-isolated antibody. Likewise, lung-isolated anti-kidney antibody localized to a greater extent in the lung than kidney-isolated antibody.
Radioiodinated antibody from anti-rat-lung serum was similarly purified from the kidneys, liver and lungs of donor rats, and here again the three preparations localized to some extent in the lungs of recipient rats, but the antibody isolated from each organ again showed a preference also for the organ of initial localization.
From the very rapid rates of localization of the antibodies it has appeared that the localization must take place on the vascular bed of the organ, and that the fractionation by heterologous organs of the antibodies prepared against one organ demonstrates serological specificities or differences in the vascular beds of these organs.
It is suggested that if certain perivascular diseases, such as glomerulonephritis or multiple sclerosis, are caused by a process of autoimmunization, it is probably the localizing antibody which is the damaging agent and the organ which is attacked is determined by the specificity of the vascular bed of that tissue.
Heterologous Strain Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Magnuson Harold J. , Thompson Frederick A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative techniques previously employed to measure homologous strain immunity in experimental syphilis have been extended to the measurement of heterologous strain immunity among three strains of Treponema pallidum in the rabbit. Definite heterologous strain immunity has been shown to be developed three months after immunizing infection. The greatest immunity developed following infection with the most virulent (Nichols) strain of organism.
The Effect of Antilymphocytic Serum on Circulating Antibody Levels
Authors: Woodruff M. F. A. , Forman Bruce , Fraser K. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Administration of antilymphocytic serum to rats previously immunised with Salmonella paratyphi B failed to produce a rise in flagellar agglutinin titres despite a profound fall in the number of circulating lymphocytes. This fall in lymphocyte count occurred even in adrenalectomised animals, suggesting that it is not dependent on an adrenal mechanism.
Changes in the Properties of the Coagulase-Reacting Factor of Plasma After Separation from Prothrombin by Seitz Filtration
Authors: Tager M. , Lodge A. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Successive filtration of plasma through Seitz asbestos pads separates coagulase-reacting factor (C.R.F.) and prothrombin by differential adsorption. Although both substances are adsorbed, repeated filtration essentially eliminates demonstrable prothrombin activity from the filtrate, but allows the recovery of 50% or more of the C.R.F. Seitz filtration of plasma significantly alters the properties of C.R.F. in that it becomes more heat labile, adsorption on alumina is reduced, and precipitation by the Mellanby technique markedly impaired.
Surface Phagocytosis in Vivo
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Perry William D. , Berry John W. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of the rabbit ear-chamber technique it has been possible to visualize in individual capillaries the phagocytosis of encapsulated Friedlander's bacilli within a few minutes after they have been injected into the blood stream. This immediate intravascular ingestion of bacteria has been shown to be due to surface phagocytosis, a cellular defense reaction that operates in the absence of antibody.
What Is Immunology?
Authors: Edsall Geoffrey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This morning I stand here in a double role—obliged by tradition to address you as President of this Association, but faced at the same time with the pleasant duty of discussing our Journal with you, as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Immunology. What I have to say concerns primarily the Journal, but since the interests of the two are identical, no sharp attempt will be made to distinguish between them.
Some 36 years ago, when Dr. Coca asked Theobald Smith to assist at the birth of the Journal of Immunology by serving as an advisory editor, Smith “accepted willingly, but warned that ‘Immunology is dead’” (1). Dr. Smith was a very astute man; and I imagine therefore that, if he were to appear before the American Association of Immunologists today to defend this rather startling statement, he might reply with a question: “What is immunology?”
Studies on Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Jawetz Ernest , Coleman Virginia , Allende M. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Whole allantoic fluid from herpes-infected embryonated eggs contains a substance capable of eliciting delayed skin reactions in persons infected with herpes virus. This substance can readily be separated from infective virus by centrifuging allantoic fluid at high speed. The skin-reactive material is then found mainly in the supernatant whereas washed concentrated virus particles do not elicit skin reactions. It is suggested that the skin reaction to herpes virus is due to a soluble antigen.
This antigen develops in herpes-infected embryonated eggs early during incubation, and is present in demonstrable amounts at least 48 hours before significant titers of infective virus develop. The concentration of skin-reactive material increases relatively little between the 2nd and 5th days of incubation, whereas the concentration of infective virus rises over 1000 fold between the 3rd and 5th days. The skin reactive substance has broad antigenic specificity and may represent a building stone of infective virus particles.
The soluble antigen is relatively heat stable, and does not deteriorate on storage at 4 C. The delayed skin reactions induced by it may be suppressed by the administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone or cortisone.
Differences in the Degree of Infectiousness of two Related Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus Following their Oral Administration to Monkeys
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although belonging to the same antigenic type of poliomyelitis virus, the Lansing and Y-SK strains differ in their capacity to produce antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys by the oral route. Of 21 monkeys fed Lansing virus, none developed antibodies. On the other hand, of 20 monkeys fed Y-SK virus, one evidenced paralysis and, of the remaining 19 animals without obvious paralytic disease, 12 developed antibodies.
Following the repeated feeding of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis to 6 cynomolgus monkeys, antibodies failed to appear. When these same monkeys were subsequently fed the Y-SK virus, antibodies were found in the sera of 5 of the 6 animals. Six cynomolgus monkeys fed heat-inactivated Lansing followed by heat-inactivated Y-SK virus did not develop antibodies.
These experiments would seem to point to a difference in the peripheral invasiveness of these two immunologically related strains.
Determination of Antibody through the Use of I131 Label: Experiments with Equine Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Cohen Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Equine diphtheria antitoxin has been labelled with iodine containing I131 in the ratio of 0.25 to 13.0 atoms of iodine per globulin molecule. The smaller amounts of iodine produce little or no change in precipitable antitoxin. The rate of iodination of equine antitoxic globulin is 90 to 94 per cent of that of the average serum protein. The feasibility of direct measurement of antibody protein by means of an I131 label is supported.
Studies on Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Briody B. A. , Stannard Claudia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The growth of four strains of vaccinia virus in the epithelial cells of the chorioallantois of the chick embryo was found to occur in a step-wise fashion. Immediately following the initiation of infection there was a sharp reduction in the amount of virus in the membrane, and no increase was detectable for approximately 8 hours. At this time virus could be released from the cells, and it did not increase further in concentration until 16 hours following the initiation of infection. After the completion of the second infectious cycle, virus was found in higher concentration in the chorioallantoic membrane. Vaccinia hemagglutinin was detected for the first time at about 16 hours following the inoculation of virus. At this time its presence was correlated with a second increase in viral concentration. It has been assumed that vaccinia hemagglutinin was released along with virus at 8 hours, but in such minute amounts that it could not be measured by the technics employed.
Studies of Antibody Distribution in the Serum Proteins of Several Rh Antisera
Authors: Cann John R. , Brown Raymond A. , Kirkwood John G. , Sturgeon Phillip , Clarke Donald W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three Rh-antisera have been fractionated by electrophoresis-convection and the fractions characterized electrophoretically and immunologically. The Rh antibodies have been found to be distributed throughout the serum globulins. The distribution of a particular antibody depends upon the serum type and exhibits individual variations in sera of the same type. Alpha globulin has been found to contain Rh antibodies.
Metabolic Studies of Rickettsiae
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Hahn Fred E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Bozeman F. Marilyn , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The oxidation of glutamic acid by purified suspensions of Rickettsia mooseri has been traced through a series of reactions involving α-ketoglutaric, succinic, fumaric, malic, oxalacetic, and pyruvic acids as intermediate steps. No evidence has been obtained for the participation of any of the tricarboxylic acids in this process, though such participation cannot be excluded with certainty at the present time.
Studies on the Mode of Action of Aromatic Diamidines on Influenza and Mumps Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Perry Maude E. , Levenson Charlotte G. , Gocke Ila M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mumps virus was inhibited in tissue cultures by concentrations of pentamidine and stilbamidine in the range of 0.5 to 5 γ/ml added at the same time or before the virus. Under similar conditions the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the viruses of influenza A and B were 5 to 20 γ/ml of pentamidine and 20 γ/ml of stilbamidine.
The amount of pentamidine necessary for inhibition increased with the initial amount of virus and with the time after inoculation. The inhibitor acted by prolonging the lag period and decreasing the total amount of virus. An alkaline pH favored the action of pentamidine.
Reversal of the effect of pentamidine could be produced by repeated changes of solution using amidine-free medium of an alkaline reaction with or without addition of egg yolk. When the solution was changed to one of an acid or neutral reaction, the amidine was apparently not washed out of the tissue and its effect persisted.
Pentamidine inhibited the growth of fibroblasts and epithelium and retarded oxygen consumption by the tissue at concentrations from 200 γ/ml down to 5 γ/ml, depending upon the number of days the drug was incubated with the tissue. Low concentrations of the inhibitor produced an increase in aerobic glycolysis accompanied by partial inhibition of respiration without important changes in glucose utilization.
The Effect of Acth and Cortisone on the Concentration of Circulating Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Shaffer James M. , Hopke Charles J. , Eichman Hazel L. , Williams W. Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
ACTH or cortisone was administered to 31 Schick-negative patients at varying times following the injection of 50 Lf purified diphtheria toxoid, and the amounts of circulating antitoxin produced were measured by titration in the skin of rabbits. There was no alteration in the qualitative pattern of production of circulating antibody when compared with that elaborated by similarly immunized control subjects who did not received ACTH or cortisone. The administration of these substances did not augment the amount of circulating antitoxin when they were given during the period of decline of antibody; nor did they prevent the production of considerable amounts of antibody when they were given early in the period of hyperimmunization. When compared with the results found in hyperimmunized patients not receiving ACTH, there was a greater percentage of reduction in amount of circulating antibody 1 and 2 weeks after therapy with ACTH when treatment was begun as the amount of antibody was approaching its maximum or declining. Similar reductions in amounts of circulating antibody were not found in 3 patients who received cortisone for 13 days, beginning on the 14th day after the injection of diphtheria toxoid. The only significant alteration in amount of antibody found 4 or 8 hours after a single dose of ACTH was a mild reduction in 1 patient.
The Use of Chicken Antiserum in the Immunochemical Studies of Edestin
Authors: Munoz J. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunochemical relationships of edestin and its homologous chicken antiserum using 8% NaCl concentration throughout the system are reported. No significant difference was found between the amount of immune precipitate obtained with chicken anti-rabbit globulin serum incubated at either refrigerator or room temperature. On freezing and thawing chicken antiserum, a non-specific precipitate is obtained in which some antibody is lost. Ten per cent NaCl concentration appears to be slightly better than either 8% or 12% NaCl to carry out the quantitative precipitin test with the edestin-anti-edestin chicken serum system. The significance of the immunochemical relationships obtained with the edestin-anti-edestin system are discussed.
The Effect of a Malaria Infection on the Titer of Complement and its Components in Ducks
Authors: McGhee R. Barclay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using duck serum in the preparation of test reagents, it was possible to determine the titers of components of duck complement. In uninfected animals the average titers of complement and its components were as follows: C′ − 40, C′1 − 1080, C′2 − 100, C′3 − 90, C′4 − 180. In ducks undergoing infections with Plasmodium lophurae there was a reduction in C′ and in all components. The presence of an in vivo hemolysis was always coincident with a decrease in C′ and affected all components on the terminal day of infection. In subterminal hemolysis C′1 and C′3 were little affected in most instances, while C′2 and C′4 were sharply reduced. The drop in complement, the hemolytic reaction, and the destruction of parasites strongly suggest the intense antigen-antibody combination of acquired immunity.
Studies on Certain Viruses Isolated in the Tropics of Africa and South America: Their Growth and Behavior in the Embryonated Hen Egg
Authors: Taylor R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Propagation in embryonated hen egg of Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Bwamba, Uganda S, Zika, Anopheles B, Haemagogus A and B, Leucocelaenus, Sabethes and Wyeomyia viruses is reported, and the propagation in the same medium of Semliki, Mengo, West Nile, Anopheles A and Ilhéus viruses by other investigators is confirmed. With the exception of Wyeomyia, all of the viruses grew readily and could be maintained in serial passage by yolk sac inoculation using a suspension of the brain or body of the embryo for passage material. However, it was necessary to initiate cultivation of Anopheles B virus by intracerebral inoculation. The Wyeomyia virus was carried through 10 brain-to-brain passages in the embryo and was then lost. It was not infectious to embryos when inoculated by other routes. The multiplication of the viruses, their fatality to embryos and the gross lesions they produce when introduced into the yolk, allantoic and amniotic sacs and when dropped upon the chorioallantoic membrane are described. With the exception of Wyeomyia virus and initiation of the cultivation of Anopheles B virus, inoculations into the yolk and amniotic sacs proved to be the most favorable routes for consistently infecting the embryo. After 3 to 10 passages in the embryo, the majority of the viruses were found to be capable of infecting embryos when introduced into the yolk sac in dilutions as high as or higher than those required to produce a fatal infection in mice. Only 4 of the viruses (Semliki, Mengo, West Nile and Ntaya) were consistently fatal to the embryos in high dilutions. Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Bwamba, Uganda S, Anopheles A and B and Ilhéus viruses exhibited neurotropism when inoculated into the yolk sac, in that greater concentrations of the infecting agent were observed in the brain than in the body of the embryo. Semiliki, Mengo, West Nile and Zika viruses may be regarded as pantropic, as the virus concentrations in the body were equal to if not greater than those in the brain of infected embryos. Haemagogus A and B, Leucocelaenus and Sabethes viruses were consistently found in greater concentrations in the body of the embryo than in the brain. They also exhibited other characteristics in common with each other and with FA mouse encephalitis virus. The implications of these observations upon the use of the embryonated egg for the primary isolation of viruses of this category have been briefly discussed.
Studies of Toxin of Clostridium Botulinum Type D
Authors: Boroff Daniel A. , Raynaud Marcel , Prévot Andeé R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Clostridium botulinum type D toxin may be obtained directly from washed organisms.
This toxin resembles the toxin of these organisms found in the culture filtrates.
By the method employed the toxin of Cl. botulinum type D is obtainable in colloid (insoluble at pH 7) and soluble forms. The soluble toxin (exotoxin) may be split off the colloidal particle by the action of ultrasonic waves in presence of catalase.
The colloidal toxin is probably the precursor of the soluble form.
Additional evidence is offered for the hypothesis suggesting that so-called exotoxin of Cl. botulinum is a part of bacterial cytoplasm and is liberated when bacteria autolize.
Individual Variation in the Hemagglutinin Content of Yellowfin Tuna and Skipjack Bloods
Authors: Cushing John E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Individual variation has been discovered in the natural antibody content of yellowfin tuna and skipjack bloods collected in the Pacific. Three separate agglutinins, including one specific for human type B substance, are shown to exist in yellowfin tuna and one agglutinin specific for B substance in skipjack.
Postnatal Immunity in Mouse Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Dean Donald J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive immunity to mouse encephalomyelitis virus is transmitted from immune female mice to their offspring both prenatally by placental transmission and postnatally by the mother's milk. The motheR′s milk affords greater protection than placental transmission but resistance is greatest in baby mice acquiring immunity by both routes. The inhibiting agent in mouse milk is associated with the lactoglobulin fraction. The nature of the protective agent acquired by placental transmission is unknown.
Stimulating Effect of Tuberculin upon Production of Circulating Antibodies in Guinea Pigs Infected with Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Boyden Stephen V. , Suter W. Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs infected with small amounts of tubercle bacilli and not subsequently skin tested did not produce, in detectable amount, antibodies which agglutinated sheep erythrocytes sensitized with old tuberculin.
When guinea pigs, previously infected with BCG, were injected with small amounts of old tuberculin, agglutinating antibodies appeared in the blood within 4 to 5 days.
Antibodies agglutinating erythrocytes sensitized with old tuberculin appeared also when BCG infected animals were injected with ovalbumin.
This stimulation by old tuberculin of the production of agglutinating antibodies did not seem to be correlated with the existing degree of skin hypersensitivity to tuberculin. However, the stimulating effect became apparent only after hypersensitivity was established.
The simultaneous injection of old tuberculin and ovalbumin into guinea pigs, either normal or infected with BCG, resulted in considerably higher titres of antibodies to ovalbumin than were produced by the injection of ovalbumin alone.
In order to avoid confusion of substances of bacterial origin which sensitise erythrocytes to agglutination by specific antibacterial serum with bacterial hemagglutinins, which themselves cause agglutination of erythrocytes, the term “bacterial hemosensitins” is proposed for the former.