bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of a Fibrin-Gel Investment: An Early Event in Line 10 Hepatocarcinoma Growth Mediated by Tumor-Secreted Products
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Orenstein Neil S. , Carvalho Angelina C. , Churchill W. Hallowell , Dvorak Ann M. , Galli Stephen J. , Feder Joseph , Bitzer Ann M. , Rypysc Jane , Giovinco Patricia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Within a few hours of implantation in the subcutaneous space of strain 2 guinea pigs syngeneic line 10 tumors became invested in a fibrin-gel. We hypothesized that tumors might induce and modulate this fibrin-gel by secreting molecules capable of activating the host's clotting and fibrinolytic systems. To test this possibility, line 10 tumor cells, and several non-neoplastic control cells, were cultured for 2 to 4 hr in serum-free medium and the culture supernatants were assayed for their capacity to activate host inflammatory pathways. Four distinct mediator activities were recognized in line 10 tumor cell culture supernatants: a vascular permeability factor (VPF), a procoagulant (PC), a plasminogen activator (PA), and a macrophage-migration inhibitory activity (MIF). Nonmalignant control cells secreted none of these activities with the exception of rabbit kidney cells that not unexpectedly released a PA activity, presumably urokinase.
Based on conditions of culture, physical and chemical properties, inhibitor studies, and kinetics of secretion, it is likely that four distinct molecules are responsible for these activities. The complexity of the culture medium was not critical but low pH was an important variable favoring PA secretion. Secretion of all mediators was inhibited by cold and that of VPF and PA by puromycin. Cytochalasin B and EDTA caused significant increases in PA secretion. The line 10 PA, like that from other sources, was irreversibly inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and is probably a serine esterase.
The capacity to secrete mediators that activate important host inflammatory pathways provides tumors with a mechanism for stroma induction and may be an important factor in determining a tumor's histologic pattern and degree of malignancy.
Augmentation of Mouse Natural Killer Cell Activity by Interferon and Interferon Inducers
Authors: Djeu Julie Y. , Heinbaugh Jeffrey A. , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Interferon (IF), in addition to its anti-viral capacity, is increasingly being found to be a regulator of cell division, cell surface antigens, and cell function. To determine whether IF also plays a role in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice, the in vivo and in vitro effects of IF and IF inducers on NK activity were studied. We observed that pyran, lipopolysaccharide, and polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid (poly I:C) as well as crude and purified IF preparations significantly elevated splenic NK levels in normal mice within 3 to 24 hr of i.p. administration. Normal spleen cells treated with poly I:C or IF in vitro also had augmented NK activity. Poly I:C and IF were themselves not cytotoxic and their presence was not required during the lytic process, indicating that IF acts on lymphocytes to activate NK function. The addition of anti-IF in the incubation medium completely blocked the boosting of NK activity by poly I:C or IF. The characteristics of the effector cells activated by IF were consistent with those of NK cells rather than macrophages, since the boosted effector cells were not retained by a rayon column or removed by carbonyl iron. Moreover, they were resistant to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement, which eliminated mature T cells.
Role of Macrophages in the Augmentation of Mouse Natural Killer Cell Activity by Poly I:C and Interferon
Authors: Djeu Julie Y. , Heinbaugh Jeffrey A. , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mouse natural killer (NK) cell activity is readily augmented by interferon (IF) and IF inducers. To further our understanding of the regulation of NK activity by IF and poly I:C, we have investigated the cell types involved in in vivo and in vitro augmentation by these agents. Removal or inactivation of macrophages by silica, carrageenan, passage through rayon columns, or by the carbonyl iron-magnet technique before poly I:C treatment significantly depressed the augmentation of NK activity. In parallel, such treatments also decreased the level of IF induced by poly I:C. These observations were made in both conventional and nude mice. After induction of NK activity and IF by poly I:C, the removal of macrophages had no effect on the outcome of the activity. When a macrophage cell line, PU5 1.8, was treated with poly I:C, the culture fluid contained high concentrations of IF that were able to boost substantially NK activity in fresh spleen cells above the control level. Moreover, normal macrophages pretreated with poly I:C were able to produce IF by themselves and boost NK activity in fresh spleen cells. All these data taken together indicated that the requirement for macrophages in the boosting of NK activity by poly I:C was related to the need for these cells for the production of IF.
In contrast, removal or inactivation of macrophages had no effect on the induction of NK activity by IF. Therefore, it appears that IF acts directly on NK cells to increase their function and that macrophages may play a secondary role, by production of IF, in response to inducers such as poly I:C.
Lymphocyte Binding and T Cell Mitogenic Properties of Group A Streptococcal Lipoteichoic Acid
Authors: Beachey Edwin H. , Dale James B. , Grebe Stephen , Ahmed Aftab , Simpson W. Andrew , Ofek Itzhak 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We previously reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of group A streptococci binds spontaneously to mammalian cell membranes via lipid moieties ester-linked to the LTA molecule. We now describe biochemical and immunologic evidence that LTA binds to human and murine lymphocytes as an early event in the induction of mitogenesis in T lymphocytes. The biochemical studies showed that binding of radiolabeled LTA to lymphocytes was lymphocyte-concentration, and temperature dependent, and it reached a maximum in 15 min. Binding was reversible and specific with a dissociation constant of 89 μM for adult lymphocytes and 57 μM for cord blood lymphocytes. Immunologic studies showed that the LTA was mitogenic only for T lymphocytes. Dose response curves of lymphocyte mitogenesis induced by LTA and the binding of LTA to intact lymphocytes were shown to be related. The results suggest that LTA binds to specific receptor sites on T lymphocytes to trigger the mitogenic response.
H-2-Nonrestricted Cytotoxic Responses to an Antigen Encoded Telomeric to H-2D
Authors: Kastner Daniel L. , Rich Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in secondary in vitro cultures against H-2-identical allogeneic stimulators. In some strain combinations, such as C57BL/10 (B10) responding to C3H.SW, cytolysis was restricted to target cells bearing the H-2 antigens of the immunizing strain. However, B10.BR effectors sensitized to C3H, AKR, or CBA efficiently lysed targets of several H-2 haplotypes, including B10 targets congenic with the B10.BR responders. The activity of these CTL was totally abrogated by anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement. Lysis of 51Cr-labeled B10 targets by B10.BR anti-AKR CTL was inhibited by unlabeled B10 and AKR targets equally well, thus showing that the clones killing B10 are included in the AKR-specific clones. In addition, both B10 and B10.D2 stimulator cells were effective in the in vitro boosting of the B10.BR anti-AKR cytotoxic response. Mapping experiments using B10, B10.A, B10.A(2R), B10.A(5R), C57BL/6, and B6-Tlaa mice indicated that the locus relevant to these phenomena maps to the right of H-2D. Since both Con A and LPS blast targets were susceptible to the activity of the nonrestricted CTL, antigens encoded by this locus are not unique to the T or B cell lineage.
Serum Expression of a VK Structure, VK-11, Associated with Inulin Antibodies Controlled by Gene(s) Linked to the Mouse IgCH Complex
Authors: Slack John H. , Shapiro Marjorie , Potter Michael 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Inulin, β(2 → 1) linked fructofuranan, antibodies (INU-Ab), and a cross-specific idiotype, VK-11, present on the κ-chain of BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma proteins (INUBMP) are detected in mouse serum by solid phase radioimmunoassay systems. BALB/c normal serum contained 5 to 6 μg of VK-11 and INU-Ab/ml, whereas serum from bacterial levan-immunized BALB/c contained 28 to 30 μg of VK-11 and INU-Ab/ml. In contrast, serum from normal and immunized C57BL/6N contained less than 0.25 and 1.0 μg of VK-11 and INU-Ab/ml, respectively. Although not detected in serum by radioimmunoassay technique, INU-Ab was absorbed from large volumes of ascites induced in C57BL/6N by the Tung-Nisonoff method that contained the VK-11 idiotype. INU-Ab and VK-11 levels comparable to BALB/c were found in the Ig congenic strain BC-8 carrying the BALB/c allotype and low-intermediate levels were found in the Ig congenic strain CB-20 (C57BL/6N allotype). INU-ab and VK-11 serum levels comparable to BALB/c were observed in the Bailey RI strains C×BG and C×BJ (BALB/c allotype) whereas the RI strains C×BD (E, H, I and K) with the C57BL/6N IgCH had INU-Ab and VK-11 serum levels comparable to C57BL/6N. Since the BC-8 with the C57BL/6N CK-VK complex must have the VK-11 gene, the BALB/c-C57BL/6N VK-11 strain difference cannot be due to a polymorphism in a VK-11 structural gene. Other genes linked to IgCH appear to control VK-11 and INU-Ab serum expression. Possibly, allelic polymorphism in the VH-5 homolog influences the affinity of the VH-5-VK-11 determined binding site for β(2 → 1) fructofuran and hence the maturation of INU-Ab B cell clones. Alternatively, INU-Ab expression may be regulated by non-Ig structural genes linked to the mouse IgCH complex locus.
Suppressor Cell Induction in Vitro
Authors: Kontianen Sirkka , Howie Sarah , Maurer Paul H. , Feldmann Marc 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The capacity of responder and nonresponder strains of mice to generate suppressor cells and factors to two antigens under MHC linked Ir gene control was investigated. Eight different H-2 types (H-2b,d,f,k,p,q,r,s) as well as seven independently derived strains (B10, BALB/c, CBA/Ca, A/St, DBA/2, P/J, SJL) were tested, and all yielded suppressor factor (SF) to (T,G)-A--L and GAT. This indicated that the genetic control of SF production was different from that of helper cell induction. Unlike previous reports of GAT suppressor extracts the GAT-specific suppressor factors acted equally on both responder and nonresponder strains. As reported earlier with in vitro induced protein- (KLH) specific suppressor factors, GAT and (T,G)-A--L specific suppressor factors failed to show any genetic restriction in their function. The implications of these results for the general mechanism of Ir gene control are discussed.
Serologically Defined Subpopulations of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Brouet Jean-Claude , Chevalier Annette 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several rabbit antisera to T cells obtained from various sources (thymus, peripheral blood, brain, T-derived leukemias) were studied with the aim to obtain reagents specific for a subset of T cells. Sera were first absorbed on human tissues and B cells; thereafter these T cell-specific sera were additionally absorbed with T cells of different origin and especially with leukemic T cells, which are likely to represent a clonal expansion of a subset of T cells with potentially unique antigenic markers. Three antigenically distinct subpopulations of T cells were delineated. The relationship of these subsets with previously defined human T cell subpopulations (T subsets with a receptor for the Fc or IgG or IgM or with a receptor for a lectin from wheat germ agglutinin) was investigated.
Demonstration of Hepatitis B e Antigen in the Core of Dane Particles
Authors: Takahashi K. , Akahane Y. , Gotanda T. , Mishiro T. , Imai M. , Miyakawa Y. , Mayumi M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dane particles were isolated in a large scale from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. The core of Dane particles was exposed by treatment with NP-40 and 2-mercaptoethanol. The antigenicity of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was not detected on the surface of Dane particles or of their cores. However, when Dane particle cores were treated with Pronase, some activity of HBeAg was liberated from them as a small molecule. When the cores were further treated with SDS, they revealed a high activity of HBeAg, indicating that HBeAg existed in the core of Dane particles in a cryptic form, which can be exposed by treatment with proteolytic enzyme or SDS. Dane particles and their cores were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS. After electrophoresis, the gel was cut into two halves, and each half was determined for polypeptide composition and for HBeAg activity. Both of Dane particles and their cores disclosed two peaks of HBeAg activity associated with molecules with a size of 19,000 and 45,000 daltons. These two polypeptides were the major constituents of the cores. Dane particles revealed several polypeptides in addition to the HBeAg polypeptides, which were identified as hepatitis B surface antigen components. On the basis of the results obtained, HBeAg is an integral component of Dane particles, the presently accepted hepatitis B virions. These results provide the basis for the close correlation between HBeAg and Dane particles in the serum of persons infected with hepatitis B virus.
Ascaris and Eosinophil
Authors: Tanaka Jiro , Baba Toru , Torisu Motomichi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the previous study, we found an eosinophil chemotactic factor of the parasite (ECF-P) in extracts from the body cavity fluid of the Ascaris species. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of ECF-P were determined in order to elucidate the relationship between ECF-P and Ascaris antigens. ECF-P was active in both in vivo and in vitro chemotactic assay systems and was found to be heat labile, nondialyzable, and stable to lyophilization. The estimated m.w. was approximately 30,000 daltons. The isoelectric point of ECF-P was 8.5. It was quite different from the Ascaris antigen in the same extract, or various Ascaris allergens that had been reported previously by other researchers. Furthermore, ECF-P did not show any activity in eliciting a guinea pig passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. From these experimental results, we concluded that ECF-P is not identical to Ascaris antigens.
In addition, we found that the neutrophil chemotactic factor of the parasite (NCF-P), with at least two components, is present in the Ascaris extract, and is also heat labile and resistant to dialysis and lyophilization, but separable from coexistent ECF-P by reason of their different physicochemical properties.
Maturation of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Lala P. K. , Johnson G. R. , Battye F. L. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the surface IgM (S-IgM) density and Ia antigens or total S-Ig density and the ability to produce B lymphocyte colonies (BL-C) in agar was examined for small lymphocyte populations in adult CBA bone marrow and spleen. Lymphocyte fractions with various levels of S-IgM sorted by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) were relabeled for Ia antigens with a 125I-labeled Protein A sandwich technique. Similar fractions sorted by the FACS on the basis of different S-Ig levels were grown in agar for generating BL-C. Most or all S-IgM-bearing cells, including those with the lowest S-IgM levels, were found to be Ia + ve in both organs. Thus a lag, if any, between S-IgM acquisition and Ia acquisition by the B cells in the adult marrow must be small. Secondly, the Ia density of Ia + ve cells increased in parallel with IgM density in both the organs, indicating a strong functional association between the two surface markers. Most BL-C-forming cells (BL-CFC) were found to be included in the S-Ig + ve class, but the BL-CFC incidence within this class increased with increasing S-Ig density, possibly suggesting a parallel increase in the putative mitogen receptors on B cells. Null (S-Ig - ve, θ - ve) lymphocytes both in the marrow and the spleen showed a small proportion of Ia + ve cells as well as a small incidence of BL-CFC; these subsets remain to be characterized further. These studies reveal that B cell maturation in the adult animal is associated with a concurrent appearance of increasing Ig, Ia, and mitogen responsiveness.
Generation of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Maryanski Janet L. , Cerottini Jean-Charles , Brunner K. Theodor 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Short-term (15 min) sodium periodate (NaIO4) treatment of mouse spleen cells previously primed in vivo or in vitro against alloantigens induced the formation of secondary (2°) cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for the priming antigens. CTL formation was readily demonstrable within 24 hr after treatment. This early CTL response occurred equally well in the presence or absence of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C), indicating that NaIO4 could induce CTL independently of DNA synthesis. Forty-eight hours after periodate treatment, the lytic activity was similar to that observed in parallel cultures stimulated with irradiated allogeneic spleen cells, although the peak activity was reached earlier (day 4) and was somewhat lower than that induced by alloantigen. The addition of irradiated NaIO4-treated unprimed syngeneic spleen cells to cultures of untreated alloimmune spleen cells also led to CTL formation, which suggests an indirect mechanism of activation. In contrast to alloimmune spleen cells, normal spleen cells treated with NaIO4 developed only very low levels of cytotoxicity after 4 days of incubation. However, in the presence of PHA, such cells were capable of lysing syngeneic and allogeneic target cells.
Inhibition of Complement-Mediated Lysis of Sheep Erythrocytes by Cell-Free Preparations from Streptococcus Mutans BHT
Authors: Silvestri Louis J. , Knox Kenneth W. , Wicken Anthony J. , Hoffmann Edward M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A cell-free extract from the spent medium of Streptococcus mutans BHT was tested for anti-complementary activity with sheep erythrocytes (E) as target cells. It was determined that this extract was enriched for extracellular lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and that the LTA bound to the surfaces of sheep E. Furthermore, sheep E, sheep E plus antibodies (EA), and sheep cells in the intermediate stage of complement (C) component fixation EAC14̅ became refractory to C-mediated lysis after treatment with the LTA-rich extract. Sheep E in the intermediate states and were unaffected despite the fact that LTA could be detected on the surfaces of these cells with the passive hemagglutination procedure. Preliminary results showed that the C inhibitory activity co-purified with LTA, and LTA (both crude and purified) from other bacteria were anticomplementary. Both crude extracellular material from S. mutans BHT and partially purified extracellular LTA from the same bacteria caused consumption of whole human C activity.
A Receptor for IgA on Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Lum L. G. , Muchmore A. V. , Keren D. , Decker J. , Koski I. , Strober W. , Blaese R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Receptors for IgA antibody-antigen complexes were demonstrated on 2 to 18% (mean 6.7%) of human peripheral blood T cells. The proportion of cells bearing detectable IgA receptors was low in freshly prepared T cells and increased in number after 18 to 24 hr of culture similar to the time course of appearance of the Tμ receptor. These T receptors were shown to be distinctly different from Fc-IgM and Fc-IgG receptors on T cells by blocking studies with purified IgA, IgG, and IgM.
Role of Thymic Hormone (THF) and of a Thymic Plasma Recirculating Factor (TPRF) in the Modulation of Human Lymphocyte Response to Pha and Con A
Authors: Rotter Varda , Trainin Nathan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The results presented here point to the possibility that calf thymus extracts contain, in addition to the thymic hormone (THF), a second component: thymic plasma recirculating factor (TPRF). THF, which is involved in the process of T cell maturation and has been characterized as a protein of m.w. 3000 eluted in the void volume of a G-10 Sephadex column (G-10-I), caused an increased level of intracellular cAMP in umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL). This is in agreement with our previous observation that THF plays a major role in the differentiation of T cells. The second active material, TPRF, also isolated from thymic extract, is of a molecular size below 500 and was eluted in a G-10 Sephadex column at the fourth protein peak; it seems to circulate in the blood. Previously, we had observed an impaired response of UCBL to PHA and Con A stimulation in the presence of dialyzed human plasma (DHP). Our present results indicate that this impaired response is restored exclusively by TPRF. A factor with TPRF-like activity was also isolated from the plasma of normal donors; yet it was not detected in the plasma of thymectomized patients suffering from myasthenia gravis (MG). This suggests that TPRF from plasma is thymus dependent. TPRF does not affect the level of intracellular cAMP in UCBL.
Macrophage Factor Controlling Differentiation of B Cells
Authors: Hoffmann M. K. , Koenig S. , Mittler R. S. , Oettgen H. F. , Ralph P. , Galanos C. , Hammerling U. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages of the mouse produce, in response to cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins), a factor that causes antigen-stimulated B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing cells. Unlike lipopolysaccharide, this factor is not mitogenic for B cells. Production of the macrophage factor does not depend on participation of T cells or other accessory cells since it is readily produced by several cloned macrophage cell lines as well as by peritoneal macrophages of athymic nude mice. The factor is active only in conjunction with antigen. T cells, although apparently not necessary, amplify its effect. The factor induces phenotypic differentiation of B cell precursors as selectively as thymopoietin induces differentiation of prothymocytes.