bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Initiated B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Howard M. C. , Fidler J. M. , Baker J. , Shortman K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The primary “virgin” B lymphocyte population of adult CBA mouse spleen was separated on the basis of physical properties and AFC response kinetics into two distinct functional subsets. The biphasic nature of the primary splenic AFC response to NIP-POL reflected the separate expression of these two subpopulations. The least mature subset consisted on atypical, medium to large sized B cells, which took 8 days after stimulation to produce a peak IgM AFC response, and which were preferentially responsive in adoptive transfer assays. The more mature subset consisted mainly of typical, small B cells, which took only 3 to 4 days after stimulation to produce a peak IgM AFC response, and which were preferentially responsive in cell culture assays. There was no evidence that these subsets represented T-independent versus T-dependent B cell subgroups. It is proposed that these subsets are sequentially related, and that they be termed “preprogenitor” and “direct AFC-progenitor” B cells. Their distinction from earlier, “pre-B” cell forms is discussed.
Secondary, “memory” B lymphocytes from long-term hapten primed adult CBA mouse spleen, initiating IgM or IgG responses to NIP-POL, could not be physically separated into two distinct subgroups, although some aspects of the kinetics of AFC-production suggested such a division might exist. Subsets of B cells initiating kinetically distinct “primary” responses to SRC were separable by physical criteria, and were compared with the B cells initiating primary and secondary responses to NIP-POL.
An important conclusion is that different assays, all designed to measure the ability of B cells to develop into AFC, can reflect the expression of quite different B cell subsets. The kinetics of the AFC responses are crucial to the interpretation of the results of such assays. Many differences in results between different laboratories may have their origin in this problem.
Immunochemical Characterization of the Ly-8.2 Murine Lymphocyte Alloantigen: Possible Relationship to Actin
Authors: Delovitch Terry L. , Fegelman Alan , Barber Brian H. , Frelinger Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An immunochemical analysis of the Ly-8.2 antigen was performed. Reactivity of B10-radiolabeled T and B cell lysates with a C3H anti-AKR serum immunoprecipitates a major 43,000 m.w. protein detectable by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This protein can be radioiodinated, however, it does not appear to bind to lentil lectin. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide-mapping studies indicate that this protein is structurally very similar to lymphocyte actin. The possible molecular relationship between Ly-8.2, other lymphocyte membrane antigens, and actin is discussed.
In Vivo Activity of a Nonspecific T Cell-Replacing Factor
Authors: Kindred Berenice , Bösing-Schneider Rita , Corley Ronald B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nonspecific T cell-replacing factors prepared as supernatants from mixed lymphocyte cultures or concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells are active in vivo if injected into nude mice at least 3 days before antigen. The supernatants appear to act by enhancing the weak IgM responses that occur in untreated nudes. Secondary responses and IgG antibody were not found.
Structural Studies of Fc Receptors
Authors: Yagawa Katsuro , Onoue Kaoru , Aida Yoshitomi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The binding properties, solubilization, and sensitivity to enzymatic treatment of the Fc receptors of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages were studied. The receptors on the cell surface were saturable with soluble immune complexes, and the binding showed linearity in the Scatchard plot. The observed linearity probably reflected preferential binding of the immune complexes of relatively large sizes. When receptors on the cells were operationally saturated, the number of antibody molecules in the cell-bound complexes was calculated to be 6.5 × 105/cell. By inhibition test on the binding of 125I-labeled soluble immune complexes to macrophages, receptor activity was found in the 20,000 × G supernatant fraction of sonically disrupted macrophages, which was precipitable at 100,000 × G. Treatment of the 20,000 × G supernatant or intact cells with Nonidet P-40 solubilized Fc receptors. In the presence of detergent, these receptors existed as molecules with a Stokes radius somewhat larger than that of IgG but they reaggregated when the detergent was removed.
Treatment of the sonic lysate of macrophages with phospholipase C revealed that Fc receptor activity on 100,000 × G-percipitable cell fragments was lost as indicated by the binding inhibition test. The loss of activity was shown to be not due to release of the receptors from the cell fragment. By using surface-labeled macrophages it was demonstrated that the activity of the receptors was restored by treating the phospholipase C-inactivated cell fragments with Nonidet P-40 as indicated by direct binding of solubilized receptors to insoluble immune complexes. This restoration of activity was probably brought about by binding of detergent to the receptors. These results suggest the possibility that Fc receptors on cell membranes require the structural support of phospholipids for their activity.
Isolation of a Polysaccharide Antigen from Schistosoma Mansoni Eggs
Authors: Boctor Fouad N. , Nash Theodore E. , Cheever Allen W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A polysaccharide antigen was isolated from Schistosoma mansoni egg homogenates by the phenol procedure. The crude preparation (CPEA) contained at least two antigens. The more purified antigen (PEA) was isolated by sequential enzymatic treatment of CPEA with DNase, RNase, Pronase, and α-amylase. PEA was resistant to boiling, freezing and thawing, mild acid and alkali, and chloroform, but was destroyed with periodate. It gave a positive reaction with anthrone reagent. PEA was eluted in the wash fraction from a DEAE cellulose column and in the void volume of a Sephacryl 200 column. After immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide electrophoresis there was little or no migration. Amino acid analysis failed to reveal ninhydrin-positive material in the a hydrolyzate of PEA. These results suggested that PEA is a neutral polysaccharide with a m.w. of more than 200,000 and contains no amino acids or hexosamine. Antibodies against PEA were detected in sera obtained from mice infected with S. mansoni. PEA is different from previously described antigens derived from schistosome eggs.
Suppressor Activity of Splenocytes from Mice Treated with Ecteinascidia Turbinata Extract
Authors: Lichter Wolf , Wellham Larry L. , Sigel M. Michael , Ghaffar Abdul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Extracts of a marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ete) were previously shown to be capable of suppressing humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro. In the present work we have examined the mechanisms of suppression in Ete-treated DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Treatment with Ete resulted in a significant splenomegaly accompanied by a diminished response to mitogenic stimulation, reaching coincident maxima of effect at days 4 to 6. Spleen size and blastogenic reaction returned to normal at 12 to 21 days. Cells from enlarged spleens inhibited blastogenic responses of normal splenocytes to Con A. Marker studies indicated that the suppressor activity was exerted by cells possessing T lymphocyte characteristics.
Suppression of Antibody-Sensitized Tumor Cells by Macrophages: Insufficient Supply or Activation of Macrophages within Large Tumors
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Siliciano Robert F. , Shin Hyun S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Systemic administration of antibody against the C3H lymphosarcoma 6C3HED caused complete suppression of the growth of 105 tumor cells. When the size of the tumor inoculum was increased to 106 tumor cells, excess antibody was unable to cause complete suppression unless exogenous macrophages were added to the tumor inocula. The decreased effectiveness of antibody was shown to be caused by a local deficiency in the supply or activation of macrophages within the large tumor grafts and not by a systemic deficiency.
Mouse Antibody-Dependent Eosinophil and Macrophage Adherence and Damage to Schistosomula of Schistosoma Mansoni
Authors: Kassis Amin I. , Aikawa Masamichi , Mahmoud Adel A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The effects of sera from S. mansoni-infected mice together with eosinophil- and macrophage-rich peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) on the schistosomula were examined in vitro. Adherence to and killing of the parasite by PEC is mediated through a complement-independent opsonizing IgG. Destruction of schistosomula was assessed morphologically and by evaluating their infectivity to normal mice. By using ferritin-labeled anti-mouse immunoglobulin, the antibody was localized on the surface of the schistosomula and at the cell-organism areas of contact. The serum antibody activity appears with the onset of egg production, does not correlate well with the duration of infection, and is relatively specific among schistosome species. Eosinophils and macrophages were demonstrated by electron microscopy to adhere firmly to the surface of the organisms; the latter cells were shown invading the schistosomula. Furthermore, depletion of eosinophils by prior incubation of PEC with monospecific anti-eosinophil serum blocked the early adherence phase, but a substantial part of PEC ability to kill the schistosomula was retained.
Expression of an Unidentified Immunoglobulin Isotype on Rabbit Ig-Bearing Lymphocytes
Authors: Eskinazi Daniel P. , Bessinger Beverley A. , McNicholas Janet M. , Leary Anne L. , Knight Katherine L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A non-IgM immunoglobulin molecule was found on most rabbit Ig-bearing lymphocytes isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes. Membrane bound immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains were detected by immunofluorescence and by rosetting with antibody-coated erythrocytes on mesenteric lymph node cells stripped of IgM by anti-IgM allotype antibodies. The percentage of cells bearing these residual immunoglobulin molecules was similar to the percentage of cells bearing immunoglobulin before “stripping” with anti-IgM antibody. These residual immunoglobulin molecules were not IgA nor IgG and are believed to be the rabbit analogue of human IgD.
Early Steps in Specific Tumor Cell Lysis by Sensitized Mouse T Lymphocytes
Authors: Gately Maurice K. , Martz Eric 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has previously been shown by several investigators that Mg++ in the absence of appreciable Ca++ is sufficient to support the formation of specific adhesions between cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and tumor target cells but that programming of the targets for lysis is strongly Ca++ dependent. However, we recently found that Ca++, in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of Mg++, is capable of synergizing with Mg++ in supporting adhesion formation. The latter observation raised the possibility that the structure of the adhesion in the absence of Ca++ might be unphysiologic and incompatible with programming for lysis. Thus it was conceivable that the role of Ca++ in programming for lysis might be limited to its demonstrated role in adhesion.
In the present report we have examined the abilities of other alkaline earth metals to substitute for calcium in supporting adhesion formation and programming for lysis. In the presence of Mg++ at a concentration optimal to support adhesion, Sr++ could replace Ca++ in programming for lysis. The concentration of Sr++ required for maximum cytolysis was 5- to 20-fold greater than the optimum Ca++ concentration; nevertheless when Sr++ was present at an optimum concentration, the amount of lysis was identical to that observed in the presence of an optimum concentration of Ca++. In contrast to its ability to replace Ca++ in programming for lysis, Sr++ could not substitute for Ca++ in potentiating adhesion formation in the presence of suboptimal Mg++. Ba++ could not substitute for Ca++ in either adhesion formation or programming for lysis but inhibited both in the presence of Ca++. Likewise, high concentrations of Mg++ in the absence of Ca++ did not enhance programming for lysis.
The ability of Sr++ to replace Ca++ in cytolysis but not in adhesion formation indicates that the role of Ca++ in programming for lysis is distinct from its demonstrated role in adhesion and the calcium is required only at the former site. It is possible that the role of Ca++ in programming for lysis is to act as a co-factor essential to the activity of a CTL surface protein involved in the lytic mechanism. Alternatively, Ca++ influxes into CTL may trigger activation of the lytic mechanism in a manner analogous to the stimulus-secretion coupling seen in many secretory phenomena. The observation that the order of efficacy of alkaline earth metals is supporting programming for lysis is Ca++ τ Sr++ τ Ba++ or Mg++ is compatible with either possibility.
Adoptive Transfer of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Incubation of Rat Spleen Cells with Specific Antigen
Authors: Richert John R. , Driscoll Bernard F. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Spleen cells from myelin basic protein (BP)-sensitized donor rats appear to be incapable of adoptively transferring experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) directly to normal recipients. It has been reported that in vitro incubation with concanavalin A (Con A) activates rat spleen cells so that they are capable of transferring EAE. We report here that incubation with specific antigen, BP, also permits transfer of disease with spleen cells. Data are presented in which activation of EAE spleen cells by Con A is compared with activation by BP. Cellular proliferation does not appear to be necessary for in vitro activation with specific antigen.
Primary in Vitro Cytotoxic Response of F1 T Lymphocytes against Parental Antigens
Authors: Ishikawa Hiromichi , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Spleen cells from adult female (AKR/J × BALB/c)F1 mice can respond to mitomycin C-treated spleen from AKR/J mice and can generate effector CTL in a 5-day primary in vitro culture. The response is comparable in magnitude to the response to allogeneic H-2K or H-2D antigens. The response is T cell mediated and is directed to antigen(s) present only on the parental cells. The target cell must be homozygous at H-2Kk to be lysed and H-2Dk antigens do not serve as a target in this response. Spleen cells from (B10.BR × B10.D2) hybrids that have been stimulated with AKR/J lyse B10.Br as well as AKR/J target cells. Similar H-2k/d hybrid F1 anti-H-2k parent responses are seen in certain other strain combinations. A number of possible interpretations of these responses are discussed.
An Interpretation of the Apparent Dual Specificity of Some Murine Myeloma Immunoglobulins with Inulinbinding Activity
Authors: Streefkerk Dirk G. , Manjula Belur N. , Glaudemans Cornelis P. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Five murine myeloma immunoglobulins have been studied for their binding with fructose-containing homopolysaccharides. The results indicate that the anti-(2→1)-D-fructofuranans are capable of binding (2→6)-D-fructofuranans with reduced affinity. An anti-(2→6)-D-fructofuranan (U10) was incapable of binding a (2→1)-D-fructofuranan. By using molecular models of fructofuranans of both linkage types, and a hypothetical molecular model of the combining region of E109, an anti-(2→1)-D-fructofuranan, a rationalization of these data can be proposed.
Hyporesponsiveness of Canine Bronchoalveolar Lymphocytes to Mitogens: Inhibition of Lymphocyte Proliferation by Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Ansfield Michael J. , Kaltreider H. Benfer , Caldwell Joseph L. , Herskowitz Fredric N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Unfractionated canine bronchoalveolar cells (65% macrophages, 26% lymphocytes, and 9% granulocytes) obtained by lavage were markedly hyporesponsive to stimulation with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen. The mechanisms responsible for the lack of responsiveness of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes were investigated. Unfractionated bronchoalveolar cells were depleted of adherent cells by sequential adsorption on plastic (nonadherent cells) and by nylon wool filtration (column-purified cells). Nonadherent and column-purified cells were substantially depleted of macrophages, enriched for lymphocytes, and displayed marked increases in their responses to mitogens (up to 7-fold).
Preparations of unfractionated bronchoalveolar cells markedly suppressed the responses of blood lymphocytes to mitogens; nonadherent and column-purified cells displayed minimal suppressive activity. Plastic-adherent cells, prepared from unfractionated bronchoalveolar cells, contained up to 93% macrophages and these adherent cells were potent suppressors of mitogen-responses when co-cultured with blood lymphocytes. Suppressor activity of adherent cells was radioresistant and was reversed by the addition to cultures of low concentrations of indomethacin. The data indicate that alveolar macrophages are the adherent cells responsible for this suppressor activity.
The responses of nonadherent and column-purified bronchoalveolar lymphocytes, although substantially greater than those of equal numbers of unfractionated bronchoalveolar lymphocytes, were consistently less than 25% of the responses of similarly prepared blood lymphocytes. Differences in cell viability between blood and lung lymphocytes were not found. Neither the addition of indomethacin nor the addition of mitomycintreated blood mononuclear cells increased the responses of column-purified bronchoalveolar lymphocytes.
Our studies demonstrate two mechanisms that limit the responses of canine lung lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation: a suppression by alveolar macrophages of lymphocyte proliferation and an inherent hyporesponsiveness of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes. These may be of importance in regulating the response of lung to inhaled antigens.
Idiopathic Paraproteinemia
Authors: Radl Jiri , De Glopper Elisabeth , Schuit Henrica R. E. , Zurcher Chris 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Transplantation experiments in the C57BL/KaLwRij mouse model of idiopathic paraproteinemia (IP) showed that an IP-producing clone can be further propagated in young, lethally irradiated mice and also equally as well in nonirradiated recipients by a bone marrow and/or spleen cell transfer. The latency period before the original paraprotein was detected in the sera of recipients varied in different experiments between 1 and 9 months after transplantation. With subsequent transplantations, the “take” frequency gradually decreased. Propagation of IP for three to four generations seems to be the final limit. In comparison to age-matched control groups, no substantial influence of the transplanted IP on the survival of the recipients was observed. In contrast, transplantation of cells from mice with a B cell lymphoma or a myeloma led to continuous propagation of the malignancy, with a high “take” frequency, progressive development of the paraproteinemia, and a shortened survival time of the recipients. These findings indicate that IP represents in its final stage in the aging C57BL mice an intrinsic cellular defect within the affected B cell clone, which is, however, different from that found in B cell malignancies.
Characterization of a Congenitally LPS-Resistant, Athymic Mouse Strain
Authors: Vogel Stefanie N. , Hansen Carl T. , Rosenstreich David L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) mice have B cells and macrophages unresponsive to a phenol-water extracted preparation of Escherichia coli K235 LPS. This unresponsiveness was demonstrated in vitro by the inability of spleen cells to incorporate 3H-thymidine after a 48 hr incubation with LPS (Ph) and by the inability of LPS (Ph) to inhibit macrophage phagocytosis of 51Cr-labeled, opsonized sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, macrophage cultures stimulated with LPS (Ph) produced low levels of LAF and PGE2 when compared with macrophages from the LPS-sensitive C3H/HeN and C3H/HeN (nu/nu) strains. Therefore, the C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) strain is similar in its LPS unresponsiveness to the well-characterized C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR strains. The combination of endotoxin unresponsiveness and the athymic nature of this mouse strain may provide a powerful new tool for studying the cellular events mediating endotoxicity.
Transplantation in Miniature Swine
Authors: Lunney Joan K. , Sachs David H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The complexity of the I region analog associated with the MHC of miniature swine has been probed by sequential antibody precipitation studies of Ia antigens. Treatment of solubilized lymphocyte preparations from MSLA homozygotes of the DD haplotype with excess AA anti-DD alloantiserum led to precipitation of only a portion of the total Ia antigens, as determined by secondary precipitation of the remaining material with CC anti-DD serum. The presumed I region of miniature swine must therefore code for more than one Ia antigen-bearing polypeptide chain. In addition, certain mouse alloantisera that had previously been shown to react with rat Ia antigens were tested for reactivity with swine Ia antigens. Anti-Iak mouse alloantisera precipitated Ia molecules from every swine extract tested, regardless of MHC type, precluding genetic mapping studies. However, sequential precipitation studies demonstrated that the cross-reactive mouse alloantisera reacted only with a subclass of swine Ia antigens, again suggesting genetic complexity of the pig Ia locus.