bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in metacognition between multiple sclerosis phenotypes: cognitive impairment and fatigue are key factors
Authors: Coll-Martinez Clàudia , Salavedra-Pont Judit , Buxó Maria , Quintana Ester , Quiroga-Varela Ana , Robles-Cedeño René , Puig Marc , Álvarez-Bravo Gary , Ramió-Torrentà Lluís , Gich Jordi 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundCognitive impairment is present in 40–65% of patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Objectively measured cognitive performance often does not match patients' subjective perception of their own performance.ObjectiveWe aimed to compare cognitive performance and subjective perception of cognitive deficits between pwMS and healthy controls (HCs), as well as the accuracy of subjective perception.MethodsIn total, 54 HC and 112 pwMS (relapsing–remitting, RRMS, and progressive PMS) underwent neuropsychological evaluation and completed perceived deficit, fatigue, and anxiety–depression scales. Participants were classified according to their consistency between subjective self-evaluation of cognitive abilities and objective cognitive performance to assess accuracy. Regression models were used to compare cognitive performance between groups and explore factors explaining inaccuracy in the estimation of cognitive performance.ResultsPMS showed greater and more widespread cognitive differences with HC than RRMS. No differences were found between pwMS and HC in the perception of deficit. PMS had higher ratios of overestimators. In explaining inaccuracy, fatigue and cognitive preservation were found to be risk factors for underestimation, whereas physical disability and cognitive impairment were risk factors for overestimation.ConclusionPwMS have metacognitive knowledge impairments. This study provides new information about metacognition, data on the prevalence of impairments over a relatively large sample of PwMS, and new insights into factors explaining it. Anosognosia, related to cognitive impairment, may be present in pwMS. Fatigue is a key factor in underestimating cognition.
Exploring the effects of 3D-360°VR and 2D viewing modes on gaze behavior, head excursion, and workload during a boxing specific anticipation task
Authors: Loiseau Taupin Mildred , Romeas Thomas , Juste Lauryn , Labbé David R. 
Published: August 2023

IntroductionRecent evidence has started to demonstrate that 360°VR, a type of VR that immerses a user within a 360° video, has advantages over two-dimensional (2D) video displays in the context of perceptual-cognitive evaluation and training. However, there is currently a lack of empirical evidence to explain how perceptual-cognitive strategies differ between these two paradigms when performing sports-related tasks. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine and compare the impact of different viewing conditions (e.g., 3D-360°VR and 2D video displays), on gaze behavior and head excursions in a boxing-specific anticipatory task. A secondary objective was to assess the workload associated with each viewing mode, including the level of presence experienced. Thirdly, an exploratory analysis was conducted to evaluate any potential sex differences.MethodsThirty-two novice participants (16 females) were recruited for this study. A total of 24 single-punch sequences were randomly presented using a standalone VR headset (Pico Neo 3 Pro Eye), with two different viewing modes: 3D-360°VR and 2D. Participants were instructed to respond to the punches with appropriate motor actions, aiming to avoid punches. Gaze behavior was recorded using a Tobii eyetracker embedded in the VR headset. Workload and presence were measured with the SIM-TLX questionnaire. Fixation duration, number of fixations, saccades, search rate and head excursions (roll, pitch, yaw) were analyzed using linear mixed models.ResultsThe results revealed significant shorter fixation durations and more head excursions (roll, pitch) in 3D-360°VR, compared to the 2D viewing mode (ps &lt; 0.05). The sense of presence was found to be much higher in the 3D-360°VR viewing mode (p &lt; 0.05). No sex differences were observed. These results demonstrate that 360°VR elicited shorter fixation durations but mostly greater head excursions and immersion compared to a 2D projection in the context of a boxing-specific task.DiscussionThese findings contribute to the understanding of previous evidence supporting the possible advantages of using 360°VR over 2D for perceptual-cognitive evaluation and training purposes. Further validation studies that compare behaviors and performance in 360°VR with those in the real-world will be needed.
Schizophrenia plausible protective effect of microRNA-137 is potentially related to estrogen and prolactin in female patients
Authors: Peng Qian , Dai Zhun , Yin Jingwen , Lv Dong , Luo Xudong , Xiong Susu , Yang Zhijiang , Chen Guangmin , Wei Yaxue , Wang Ying , Zhang Dandan , Wang Lulu , Yu Debo , Zhao Yusheng , Lin Dele , Liao Zhiyu , Zhong Yongxi , Lin Zhixiong , Lin Juda 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundSchizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious chronic mental disorder. Our previous case–control genetic association study has shown that microRNA-137 (miR-137) may only protect females against SCZ. Since estrogen, an important female sex hormone, exerts neuroprotective effects, the relationship between estrogen and miR-137 in the pathophysiology of SCZ was further studied in this study.MethodsGenotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1625579 of miR-137 gene in 1,004 SCZ patients and 896 healthy controls was conducted using the iMLDR assay. The effect of estradiol (E2) on the miR-137 expression was evaluated on the human mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and the mouse hippocampal neuron cell line (HT22). The relationships between serum E2, prolactin (PRL), and peripheral blood miR-137 were investigated in 41 SCZ patients and 43 healthy controls. The miR-137 and other reference miRNAs were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.ResultsBased on the well-known SNP rs1625579, the distributions of protective genotypes and alleles of the miR-137 gene were not different between patients and healthy controls but were marginally significantly lower in female patients. E2 upregulated the expression of miR-137 to 2.83 and 1.81 times in MCF-7 and HT22 cells, respectively. Both serum E2 and blood miR-137 were significantly decreased or downregulated in SCZ patients, but they lacked expected positive correlations with each other in both patients and controls. When stratified by sex, blood miR-137 was negatively correlated with serum E2 in female patients. On the other hand, serum PRL was significantly increased in SCZ patients, and the female patients had the highest serum PRL level and a negative correlation between serum PRL and blood miR-137.ConclusionThe plausible SCZ-protective effect of miR-137 may be female specific, of which the underlying mechanism may be that E2 upregulates the expression of miR-137. This protective mechanism may also be abrogated by elevated PRL in female patients. These preliminary findings suggest a new genetic/environmental interaction mechanism for E2/miR-137 to protect normal females against SCZ and a novel E2/PRL/miR-137-related pathophysiology of female SCZ, implying some new antipsychotic ways for female patients in future.
Correlation among sleep quality, physical frailty and cognitive function of the older adults in China: the mediating role
Authors: Peng Shuzhi , Chen Yanping , Li Jie , Wang Yan , Liu Xingyue , Wang Ying , Gu Sainan , Pei Mengyun , Zhang Peng 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveTo explore the correlation among sleep quality, physical frailty, and cognitive function in the older adults in community, and to explore the mediating role of sleep quality.MethodsA total of 1,182 community-based older adults were investigated with frailty phenotype (FP), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PISQI), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and self-made general information questionnaire.ResultsThe incidence of physical frailty among the older adults in the community was 25.8% and the incidence of cognitive decline was 19.5%. Cognitive function was negatively correlated with physical frailty (r = −0.236, p &lt; 0.01) and sleep quality (r = −0.558, p &lt; 0.01). Sleep quality was positively correlated with physical frailty (r = 0.337, p &lt; 0.01).ConclusionThe physical frailty of the older adults has a direct prediction effect on cognitive function, and is regulated by the mediating role of sleep quality. Sleep quality partially mediates the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and physical frailty, which is a new insight into the study of cognition and physical frailty in the older adults. In the future, we can take measures to improve the sleep quality of the older adults, so as to reduce the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction and physical frailty of the older adults.
Association of retinopathy with risk of all-cause and specific-cause mortality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2008
Authors: Gui Si-Yu , Wang Xin-Chen , Qiao Jian-Chao , Lin Si-Yu , Wang Qian-Qian , Zhang Meng-Yue , Xu Yue-Yang , Huang Zhi-Hao , Tao Li-Ming , Hu Cheng-Yang , Tao Fang-Biao , Jiang Zheng-Xuan , Liu Dong-Wei 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveThis study aimed to elucidate the relationship between retinopathy status or severity and the all-cause and specific-cause mortality risk based on the updated National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database and 2019 Public Access Link mortality file.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, a total of 6,797 participants aged over 40 years based on NHANES 2005–2008 were analyzed. The severity of retinopathy was classified into 4 grades-no retinopathy, mild non-proliferative retinopathy (NPR), moderate to severe NPR, and proliferative retinopathy (PR). Multiple covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models and Fine and Gray competing risk regression models were used to assess the all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks, respectively. The propensity score matching (PSM) approach was also applied additionally to adequately balance between-group covariates to validate our findings.ResultsA final total of 4,808 participants representing 18,282,772 United States (US) non-hospitalized participants were included for analysis, 50.27% were male (n = 2,417), 55.32% were non-hispanic white (n = 2,660), and mean [SE] age, 56.10 [0.40] years. After a median follow-up of 12.24 years (interquartile range, 11.16–13.49 years), 1,164 participants died of all-cause mortality, of which 941 (80.84%) died without retinopathy and 223 (19.16%) died with retinopathy at baseline. The presence of retinopathy was associated with increased all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and diabetes mellitus (DM)-specific mortality, and the results remain consistent after PSM. Severity analysis showed that only mild NPR was associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00–4.03), while increased CVD and DM-specific mortality risk were associated with all grades of retinopathy and were exponentially greater with increasing retinopathy severity, and the trend test was also significant (P for trend 0.004 and 0.04, respectively).DiscussionOur findings suggest that the diagnosis of retinopathy is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in people over 40 years old. Retinopathy grading is significantly associated with the survival risk of patients with CVD or DM, it can be a valuable predictor in the stratified management and risk warning of CVD or DM patients, as well as in the monitoring of systemic vasculopathy status.
Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork
Authors: Centeio Jorge Carolina , Bouman Nikki H. , Jonker Catholijn M. , Tielman Myrthe L. 
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Collaboration in teams composed of both humans and automation has an interdependent nature, which demands calibrated trust among all the team members. For building suitable autonomous teammates, we need to study how trust and trustworthiness function in such teams. In particular, automation occasionally fails to do its job, which leads to a decrease in a human’s trust. Research has found interesting effects of such a reduction of trust on the human’s trustworthiness, i.e., human characteristics that make them more or less reliable. This paper investigates how automation failure in a human-automation collaborative scenario affects the human’s trust in the automation, as well as a human’s trustworthiness towards the automation.Methods: We present a 2 × 2 mixed design experiment in which the participants perform a simulated task in a 2D grid-world, collaborating with an automation in a “moving-out” scenario. During the experiment, we measure the participants’ trustworthiness, trust, and liking regarding the automation, both subjectively and objectively.Results: Our results show that automation failure negatively affects the human’s trustworthiness, as well as their trust in and liking of the automation.Discussion: Learning the effects of automation failure in trust and trustworthiness can contribute to a better understanding of the nature and dynamics of trust in these teams and improving human-automation teamwork.
Body mass Index does not impact long-term survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation
Authors: Lushaj Entela B. , DeCamp Malcolm M. , Maloney James , Leverson Glen , De Oliveira Nilto , McCarthy Daniel 
Published: August 2023

ObjectiveWe investigated the impact of body mass index (BMI) on post-operative outcomes and survival of patients with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) undergoing lung transplantation.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 222 patients with IPF that underwent lung transplant (LT) at our institution from 2005 to 2019. Recipients were divided in 4 groups: group-1 consisted of underweight patients (BMI ≤18.5 kg/m2), group-2 of normal weight patients (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2), group-3 of over-weight patients (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) and group-4 of obese patients (BMI ≥30 kg/m2).ResultsGroup-1 consisted of 13 (6%) patients, group-2 of 67 (30%) patients, group-3 of 79 (36%) patients, group-4 consisted of 63 (28%) patients. Median BMI for group-1 was 17 [interquartile range (IQR): 17, 18], for group-2 was 23 (22, 24), for group-3 was 29 (28, 29.5) and group-4 was 32 (31, 33). Patients in group-1 were significantly younger (p &lt; 0.01). Single LT comprised the majority of operation type in group-2 to group-4 and it was significantly higher than group 1 (p &lt; 0.01). Median follow-up time was 39 months (13–76). A total of 79 (35.5%) patients died by the end of study. Overall, five deaths occurred in group-1, 17 in group-2, 33 in group-3, and 24 in group-4. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that mortality was not statistically significant between the groups (p = 0.24). Cox-regression analysis was used to assess other possible risk factors that could influence the effect of BMI on mortality, including transplant type (single, double), lung allocation score, and age, diabetes and creatinine levels at surgery. None of these factors were shown to affect patient mortality (p &gt; 0.05). Overall reasons for death included graft failure (24%), infection (23%), respiratory failure (14%), and malignancy (13%).ConclusionsBody mass index does not impact long-term survival of patients with IPF undergoing lung transplantation.
In-silico modelling of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in colorectal cancer: mutations and targeted therapy
Authors: Sommariva Sara , Berra Silvia , Biddau Giorgia , Caviglia Giacomo , Benvenuto Federico , Piana Michele 
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are powerful tools for describing the complex nature of cancer’s onset, progression, and therapy. The main reason for their effectiveness is in the fact that these networks can be rather naturally encoded as a dynamical system whose asymptotic solution mimics the proteins' concentration profile at equilibrium.Methods and Results: This paper relies on a complex CRN previously designed for modeling colorectal cells in their G1-S transition phase and presents a mathematical method to investigate global and local effects triggered on the network by partial and complete mutations occurring mainly in its mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Further, this same approach allowed the in-silico modeling and dosage of a multi-target therapeutic intervention that utilizes MAPK as its molecular target.Discussion: Overall the results shown in this paper demonstrate how the proposed approach can be exploited as a tool for the in-silico comparison and evaluation of different targeted therapies. Future effort will be devoted to refine the model so to incorporate more biologically sound partial mutations and drug combinations.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy in the Renal Allograft: Results of the TMA Banff Working Group Consensus on Pathologic Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Afrouzian Marjan , Kozakowski Nicolas , Liapis Helen , Broecker Verena , Truong Luon , Avila-Casado Carmen , Regele Heinz , Seshan Surya , Ambruzs Josephine M. , Farris Alton Brad , Buob David , Chander Praveen N. , Cheraghvandi Lukman , Clahsen-van Groningen Marian C. , de Almeida Araujo Stanley , Ertoy Baydar Dilek , Formby Mark , Galesic Ljubanovic Danica , Herrera Hernandez Loren , Honsova Eva , Mohamed Nasreen , Ozluk Yasemin , Rabant Marion , Royal Virginie , Stevenson Heather L. , Toniolo Maria Fernanda , Taheri Diana 
Published: August 2023

The Banff community summoned the TMA Banff Working Group to develop minimum diagnostic criteria (MDC) and recommendations for renal transplant TMA (Tx-TMA) diagnosis, which currently lacks standardized criteria. Using the Delphi method for consensus generation, 23 nephropathologists (panelists) with &gt;3 years of diagnostic experience with Tx-TMA were asked to list light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic, clinical and laboratory criteria and differential diagnoses for Tx-TMA. Delphi was modified to include 2 validations rounds with histological evaluation of whole slide images of 37 transplant biopsies (28 TMA and 9 non-TMA). Starting with 338 criteria in R1, MDC were narrowed down to 24 in R8 generating 18 pathological, 2 clinical, 4 laboratory criteria, and 8 differential diagnoses. The panelists reached a good level of agreement (70%) on 76% of the validated cases. For the first time in Banff classification, Delphi was used to reach consensus on MDC for Tx-TMA. Phase I of the study (pathology phase) will be used as a model for Phase II (nephrology phase) for consensus regarding clinical and laboratory criteria. Eventually in Phase III (consensus of the consensus groups) and the final MDC for Tx-TMA will be reported to the transplantation community.
ﺍﻟﻬﺭﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻼً
Authors: ﺩ. ﺑﺎﺳﻡ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﻣﻳﺩ  
Published: August 2023

ﻴﺘﻨـﺎوﻝ ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث ظـﺎﻫرة ﻓﻨﻴـﺔ ـ ﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟرواﻴـﺔ اﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ ﻫـﻲ ظـﺎﻫرة اﻟﻬـرب
ﻤن اﻟواﻗﻊ. وﻗد ﺤﺎوﻝ اﻟﺒﺎﺤث ﺒﺴط ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻟﻬرب ﻤن اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘدﻤﺔ ٬ وأﺤﺎﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ

أﻨﻤﺎط ﻫﻲ:
.١ اﻟﻨﻤط اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ .
.٢ اﻟﻨﻤط اﻟﻤﻴﺜوﻟوﺠﻲ .
.٣ اﻟﻨﻤط اﻟدﻴﻨﻲ .

وﺴـﻠط اﻟﻀـوء ٬ ﻓـﻲ ﻤـﺘن اﻟﺒﺤـث ٬ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟـﻨﻤط اﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻲ وﺘﺠﺴـﻴداﺘﻪ ﻓـﻲ اﻟرواﻴـﺔ اﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ
اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ : اﻷﺤـﻼم وأﺤـﻼم اﻟﻴﻘظـﺔ واﻟﻬـذﻴﺎن . ﺤﻴـث ﻴـرى اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث أن ﺸـﻴوع ﻫـذا اﻟـﻨﻤط ﻓـﻲ
اﻟﻔن اﻟرواﺌﻲ اﻟﻌرﺒـﻲ ﺠـﺎء ﺒﺴـﺒب أزﻤـﺔ اﻹﻨﺴـﺎن اﻟﻌرﺒـﻲ اﻟﺤـدﻴث ﻓـﻲ ظـﻝ اﻟﺘﻐﻴـ ارت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ

واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻬدﻫﺎ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻌﺸرﻴن .
وﻤن اﻟﺠدﻴر ﺒﺎﻟذﻛر أن اﻟﺒﺎﺤث ﺤرص ﻋﻠﻰ اﺨﺘﻴﺎر ﻨﻤﺎذج رواﺌﻴﺔ ﻋرﺒﻴﺔ داﻟﺔ ٬ وﻟم ﻴﻌن

ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻘ ارء اﻟﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ ﻟﻠظﺎﻫرة ﻗﻴد اﻟﺒﺤث .
وﻟﻘد ﺘوﺼﻝ اﻟﺒﺎﺤث إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻵﺘﻴﺔ :
.١ ﺸﻴوع ظﺎﻫرة اﻟﻬرب ﻤن اﻟواﻗﻊ ﺒﻨﻤطﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟرواﻴﺔ اﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ .
.٢ اﻟﺘوظﻴـف اﻟﻔﻨـﻲ اﻟـواﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﻨﺸـطﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺠﺴـد اﻟﻬـرب اﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟرواﻴـﺔ

اﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ .
.٣ إن ظﺎﻫرة اﻟﻬرب ﻤن اﻟواﻗﻊ ﺘﺠﺴد ﺜﻴﻤﺔ ( ﻤوﻀوﻋﺔ ) اﻟرواﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ .
.٤ إﺴﻬﺎم ظﺎﻫرة اﻟﻬرب ﻤن اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺘطوﻴر اﻟﺠﺎﻨب اﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟرواﻴﺔ اﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ

.
ﺑﺭﺍءﺓ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺑﻥ ﻣﺎﺟﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻬﻣﺔ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﺑﺭﺗﻐﺎﻟﻳﻳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩ
Authors: ﻡ.ﻡ. ﺗﻣﺎﺿﺭ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﻳﻡ  
Published: August 2023

اﺨﺘـرت ﻤوﻀـوع د ارﺴـﺔ اﻟﻤـﻼح اﺤﻤـد ﺒـن ﻤﺎﺠـد اﻟرﺒـﺎن واﻷدﻴـب واﻟﺸـﺎﻋر واﻟﻔﻠﻛـﻲ
واﻟﺠﻐ ارﻓـﻲ ٬ ﺒﻌـد ان وﺠـدت وﺜﻴﻘـﺔ ﺘﺜﺒـت ﺒـ ارءة اﺒـن ﻤﺎﺠـد ﻤـن ارﺸـﺎدﻩ ﻟﻠﺒرﺘﻐـﺎﻟﻴﻴن ﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺎم
٢٠٠٠ م ٬ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻤن اﻨﺠﺎ ازﺘـﻪ اﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ وﻋﻠوﻤـﻪ وﻤؤﻟﻔﺎﺘـﻪ اﻟﺒﺤرﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘرﻛﻬـﺎ ﻟﻠﻌـﺎﻟم ٬ دون
اﻟﻨﻬرواﻟﻲ ﺒﻌد ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴن ﻋﺎﻤﺎً ﻤن ﻫذا اﻟﺤدث ٬ اﻟرﺤﻠـﺔ وأﻟﺼـق ﺒـﻪ ﺘﻬﻤـﺔ وﺼـوﻝ اﻟﺒرﺘﻐـﺎﻝ اﻟـﻰ
اﻟﻬﻨـد ٬ دون ان ﻴﺴـﺘﻨد ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﺠـﺔ او دﻟﻴـﻝ ﻴﺜﺒـت اﻟﺘﻬﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ اﻟﻤؤرﺨـون اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼـرون
ﻟﻠﺤدث ﻟم ﻴذﻛروا اﺤﻤـد ﺒـن ﻤﺎﺠـد وﻻ ﻓﺎﺴـﻛو دي ﻏﺎﻤـﺎ وﻻ أي ﺸـﻲء ﻋـن اﻟرﺤﻠـﺔ ٬ ﻤﻤـﺎ ادى
اﻟــﻰ ﺘﺤﺎﻤــﻝ اﻟﻌــرب ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ٬ ﺒﻌــد اﻟﺸــﻬرة اﻟواﺴــﻌﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ اﻛﺘﺴــﺒﻬﺎ ٬ وﻤــﺎ ﻴﻤﻴــز اﺒــن ﻤﺎﺠــد
واﻟﻤﻼﺤﻴن اﻟﻌرب ﻋدم وﺠود دوﻟﺔ ﺘؤﻴدﻫم وﺘﻤﻛﻨﻬم ﻤن ﺘوﺴـﻴﻊ ﻨﺸـﺎطﻬم ٬ وﻟﻛـﻨﻬم ﻛـﺎﻨوا ﻟﻴـوث
اﻟﺒﺤـر وﻴﻌﻤﻠـون دون ﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ رﺴـﻤﻴﺔ ﻤـن اﻟدوﻟـﺔ وﻛـﻝ ﻤـﺎ وﺼـﻠوا اﻟﻴـﻪ ﻤـن ﻤﻨﺠـ ازﺘﻬم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ

وﺘوﺴﻴﻊ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻨﺸﺎطﻬم ﻛﺎن ﺒﻔﻀﻝ ﻋﻠﻤﻬم وﺠﻬودﻫم وﺒﺴﺎﻟﺘﻬم .
ﺘﻨﺎوﻟـت ﻓـﻲ ﻤوﻀـوع اﻟﺒﺤـث ٬ ﻤﺒﺤﺜـﻴن : اﻟﻤﺒﺤـث اﻷوﻝ ﺘﻀـﻤن ﺤﻴـﺎة اﺒـن ﻤﺎﺠـد ﺜـم

ﺘطرﻗت ﻻﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ اﻟﺒﺤرﻴﺔ وﻤؤﻟﻔﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎر ﺜم ﺘﻨﺎوﻟت آﻻت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﻨد اﺒن ﻤﺎﺠد .
اﻤــﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺤــث اﻟﺜــﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘــد ﺘطــرق ﻟﻌﻼﻗــﺔ اﺒــن ﻤﺎﺠــد ﺒﺎﻟﺒرﺘﻐــﺎﻝ ٬ وﺤﺎوﻟــت ﻓــﻲ ﻫــذا
اﻟﻤﺒﺤـث ﺘوﻀـﻴﺢ ﻛـﻝ اﻟرواﻴـﺎت واﻷﺤـداث اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒرﺤﻠـﺔ ﻓﺎﺴـﻛو دي ﻏﺎﻤـﺎ اﻟـﻰ اﻟﻬﻨـد ٬ ﺜـم
ﺘﺤـدﺜت ﻋـن آ ارء اﻟﻤـؤرﺨﻴن اﻟﻌـرب ﻓـﻲ دﺤـض ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﺘﻬﻤـﺔ ٬ ﺜـم اﺨـﺘص اﻟﻤوﻀـوع اﻷﺨﻴـر
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺨطوطﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘوﻀﺢ ﻫوﻴﺔ اﻟﻤرﺸد اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎون ﻤـﻊ اﻟﺒرﺘﻐـﺎﻟﻴﻴن ﻤـﻊ اﻟﺤـﺎق اﻟﺒﺤـث ﺒﺎﻟﺘرﺠﻤـﺔ

اﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨطوطﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨص ﻫذا اﻟﻤوﻀوع .
ﺷﻌﺭ ﻫﻼﻝ ﻧﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺑﻳﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺃ.ﺩ. ﺳﻣﻳﺭ ﻛﺎﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﻝ  
Published: August 2023

ﺘﻤﻴﻝ اﻟد ارﺴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘدﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺠﻌـﻝ اﻟـﻨص اﻻدﺒـﻲ ﻨﺼـﺎً ﻟﻐوﻴـﺎً أوﻻ ٬ً ٕوان د ارﺴـﺔ
ﻟﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺎت اﻟـﻨص أﻤـر ﻻﺒـد ﻤﻨـﻪ ﻷن وﻗـﺎﺌﻊ اﻻﺴـﻠوب ((ﻻ ﻴﻤﻛـن اﻟﺘﻘﺎطﻬـﺎ إﻻ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺴـﺘوى
اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ)) ٬ (١) وﻟﻘــد ﻤــرت د ارﺴــﺔ اﻻﺴــﻠوب ﺒﻤــرﺤﻠﺘﻴن ﻤﻬﻤﺘــﻴن درس ﻓــﻲ اوﻟﻬﻤــﻝ ﻀــﻤن ﻋﻠــم
اﻟﺒﻼﻏـﺔ وﻛـﺎن ذﻟـك ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺴـﺘوى اﻟد ارﺴـﺎت اﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ أو اﻻورﺒﻴـﺔ ﺤﻴـث ﺘـم ﺘﺤدﻴـدﻩ ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ

ﻤﻌطﻴﺎت ﻋﻠم اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻻ ﻏﻴر .
أﻤﺎ اﻟﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ د ارﺴﺔ اﻻﺴـﻠوب ﻓﻬـﻲ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺤـرر ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ اﻻﺴـﻠوب ﻤـن اﻟﺒﻼﻏـﺔ
ﺘـدرﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﺼـﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﺒﻌـد ﻋﻠﻤـﺎً ﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻼً ﻟـﻪ ﻤﺒﺎدﺌـﻪ وﻤﻘوﻻﺘـﻪ ٕواﺠ ارءاﺘـﻪ اﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ وﻴﻨـزع ﻨﺤـو
اﻟوﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺒدﻻً ﻤن ﻤﻌﻴﺎرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠم اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ (٢) وﻛﻤﺎ ﻤَر اﻷﺴﻠوب ﺒﻤرﺤﻠﺘﻴن ﻀـﻤﻨﻴﺔ واﺴـﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ٬
ﻓﺄﻨﻪ ﻟم ﻴﺴﺘﻘر ﻟﻪ ﺘﻌرﻴف واﺤد ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﻨﻊ ٬ وﻗد ﻨظر إﻟﻴﻪ ﻤن زواﻴﺎ ﻤﺘﻌددة وﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻓـرزت
ﺘﻌرﻴﻔـﺎت ﻛﺜﻴـرة ﻤﻨـذ ان ﻗـﺎﻝ ﺒوﻓـون Buffon ((ان اﻷﺴـﻠوب ﻫـو اﻟرﺠـﻝ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ)) ٬ (٣) ﺤﺘـﻰ
اﻟد ارﺴـﺎت اﻟﻠﻐوﻴـﺔ واﻷﻟﺴـﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗﺎﻟـت ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻟﺴـﺎن ﺘـودروف ﺒـﺄن ((اﻷﺴـﻠوب ﻫـو

اﻟرﺠﻼن)) ﺒﻌد اﻛﺘﺸﺎف دور اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻠوب. (٤)
وﺠﻬـﺎت اﻟﻨظـر ﻫـذﻩ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨــت ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻨظـر اﻟـﻰ اﻻﺴــﻠوب وﻗـد ﺤﺼـرﻫﺎ اﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜون ﻓــﻲ

ﺜﻼﺜﺔ: اﻻوﻟﻰ: ﺘرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺊ او ﻤﺒدع اﻟﻨص اﻻدﺒﻲ .
واﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ: ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ. واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ: ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨص اﻻدﺒﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺎً ﻋن ﻤؤﻟﻔﻪ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘرﻛـز ﻋﻠـﻰ
اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺊ وﺘﻠﺘﻤس ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ اﻻﺴﻠوب ﻓﻲ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ٬ ﻷن اﺴﻠوﺒﻪ ﻴﻛﺸف ﻋن ﻨﻤط ﺘﻔﻛﻴـرﻩ ٬ واﻟﺘـﻲ
ﺘرﻛـز ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘـﻲ ﺘﻠـﺘﻤس ((ﻤﻔـﺎﺘﻴﺢ اﻷﺴـﻠوب ﻓـﻲ ردود اﻻﻓﻌـﺎﻝ واﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﺒـدﻴﻬﺎ