bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wheat germ agglutinin specifically inhibits formyl peptide-induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis.
Authors: Perez H D , Ong R , Khanna K , Banda D , Goldstein I M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence that surface membrane glycoproteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are involved in stimulus-response coupling prompted us to examine effects on these cells of various plant lectins. We have found that wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) (1.0 microgram/ml) completely, specifically, and irreversibly inhibits directed migration (chemotaxis) of human PMN toward the synthetic peptide, N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) (0.1 to 100 nM). This effect of WGA was not shared by subagglutinating concentrations of either concanavalin A or Bandeirea simplicifolia lectin. In contrast to its effects on FMLP-induced chemotaxis, WGA did not influence other FMLP-induced PMN responses (i.e., selective discharge of lysosomal enzymes from cytochalasin B-treated cells, generation of superoxide anion radical(s). WGA also did not influence PMN chemotactic responses to either the complement-derived peptide, C5a, or the lipoxygenase product, leukotriene B4. Inhibition of FMLP-induced chemotaxis by WGA was not reversed by washing WGA-treated cells, but was reversed (and prevented) by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (not by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or mannosamine). WGA did not affect either orientation or stimulated random motility of PMN, and did not interfere with specific binding to PMN of (3H)-FMLP. A derivative of WGA with 10-fold less agglutinating activity for human erythrocytes was prepared by treating the native lectin with cyanogen bromide and formic acid. The derivative also inhibited FMLP-induced PMN chemotaxis specifically and selectively. These data suggest that WGA specifically inhibits FMLP-induced PMN chemotaxis by attaching to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues at a locus on the PMN plasma membrane that is distinct from the binding site of the FMLP receptor.
Chemotactic factors trigger their own oxidative inactivation by human neutrophils.
Authors: Clark R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human neutrophils exposed to phagocytosable particles or soluble activating agents are able to inactivate chemotactic factors. The present experiments demonstrate that the peptide chemoattractant, f-met-leu-phe, serves as a sufficient secretory stimulus to trigger its own functional inactivation by neutrophils. This phenomenon is dependent on the concentration of the chemoattractant and the duration of its exposure to neutrophils. It requires low numbers of viable neutrophils and physiologic concentrations of chloride and is blocked by addition of azide, cyanide, catalase, or methionine, but not methionine sulfoxide, superoxide dismutase, or heated catalase. Neutrophils from patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency of chronic granulomatous disease are not able to inactivate the chemotactic factor unless purified myeloperoxidase or hydrogen peroxide, respectively, is added. Thus, chemotactic peptides can trigger neutrophils to secrete myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, which together with a halide destroy the biologic activity of the peptide, probably by oxidizing a methionine residue. These observations support the pathophysiologic significance of oxidative inactivation of humoral mediators as a negative feedback inflammatory control mechanism.
The Influence of Age on the Skin Sensitiveness of Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Freund J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Young experimentally infected guinea pigs show slight if any reaction to the injection into the dermis of a watery extract of B. tuberculosis despite the presence of gross lesions of tuberculosis in the regional lymph nodes and in the spleen. The adult mother pigs infected under the same conditions when injected with the same extract show at site of injection marked redness, edema and necrosis.
Prothymocytes in postirradiation regenerating rat thymuses: a model for studying early stages in T cell differentiation.
Authors: Castellanos R C , Leizerovitz R , Kaiser N , Galili N , Polliack A , Korkesh A , Galili U 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Prothymocytes were obtained from regenerating thymuses of intrathymic-irradiated, bone marrow-shielded rats. In contrast to cortical thymocytes, which are small nondividing cells containing nuclear TdT, prothymocytes are characterized by their large size, high mitotic activity, lack of natural attachment, absence of PNA-binding capacity, nonexpression of membranal thymic specific antigens, and absence of nuclear TdT. In addition, these cells are capable of responding to the mitogens Con-A and PHA, and are sensitive to in vitro lysis by physiologic concentrations of corticosterone and cortisol. Prothymocytes incubated for 3 days on thymic monolayers differentiated into small lymphocytes expressing cortical thymocyte characteristics. Light and electron microscopy studies demonstrated the infiltration of prothymocytes from the circulation via the thymic blood vessel wall into the perivascular sinuses. Prothymocytes isolated from the thymuses, however, did not exhibit specific "homing" to the thymus when transfused back into the animals. In view of the observed accelerated thymic repopulation in adrenalectomized rats, and the high in vitro glucocorticoid sensitivity of the prothymocytes, it is suggested that thymic homeostasis is regulated by specific effect of adrenocortical hormones on the prothymocyte subset.
Direct demonstration of the human suppressor inducer subset by anti-T cell antibodies.
Authors: Morimoto C , Reinherz E L , Borel Y , Schlossman S F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Prior studies indicated that sera of patients with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) contain anti-T cell antibodies reactive with the T4+ inducer population. More important, depletion of this T cell subset with JRA anti-T cell antibodies (JRA+ T cells) and C abrogated T5/T8+ suppressor T cell function. In the present study, we utilized Ig-coated plate techniques and JRA anti-T cell antibodies to fractionate the T4+ population into T4+JRA+ and T4+JRA- subsets and characterize the individual T4+ inducer subset. It was shown that whereas only the T4+JRA- population responded maximally to the soluble antigens, TT and mumps, both T4+JRA+ and T4+JRA- subsets proliferated equally well to mitogens and alloantigens. Furthermore, B cell immunoglobulin production induced by T4+JRA- T cells was approximately twice that induced by the reciprocal T4+JRA+ subset. In contrast, the T4+JRA+ subset alone activated T8+ T cells to become suppressor effector cells. These results suggest that the T4+JRA+ subset is the inducer of suppressor subpopulation whereas the T4+JRA- subset functions maximally as the inducer of B cells. It is believed that the suppressor inducer population may have a central role in the immunoregulatory network in man.
Immunohistologic analysis of lymphoid infiltrates in primary Sjogren's syndrome using monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Adamson T C , Fox R I , Frisman D M , Howell F V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characterization of lymphocytes infiltrating salivary glands in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (1 degree SS) yields insights to disease pathogenesis that are not revealed by studies of the corresponding peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) alone. We analyzed salivary gland lymphocytes (SGL) and PBL in 14 patients with untreated 1 degree SS using monoclonal antibodies that detect T cells, T cell subsets, B cells, and antigens associated with lymphocyte activation. A four-step biotin-avidin immunoperoxidase technique was used for salivary gland frozen sections; cell suspensions and PBL were stained cytofluorographically. A predominance of T cells (Leu 1 = L17F12; Leu 4 = OKT3) was found in SGL (greater than 75%) and PBL (76 +/- 9%) with the majority belonging to the Leu 3a (OKT4) subset. A minority of B cells (anti-delta, -kappa, -lambda) was present in both SGL and PBL; however, a subset of B cells defined by monoclonal antibody B532 was present in SGL (5 to 20%) but was absent from PBL. An increased prevalence of activation antigens (Ia; OKT10) was found on SGL T cells (greater than 50% positive) compared to PBL T cells (less than 15% positive). These studies demonstrate that specific antigenic markers on lymphocytes at the site of inflammation in 1 degree SS differ significantly from those of the corresponding PBL. These differences emphasize that theories of disease pathogenesis of 1 degree SS must include studies on SGL.
In vivo interleukin 2 administration augments the generation of alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocytes and resident natural killer cells.
Authors: Hefeneider S H , Conlon P J , Henney C S , Gillis S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL 2) is a T cell growth factor that has been shown to modulate several in vitro immune responses. Produced by T cells, the lymphokine has been highly purified and used in a series of in vivo studies to examine the effect of IL 2 on murine cytotoxic T cell (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell reactivity. By employing an immunization protocol known to generate CTL activity against allogeneic tumors, in vivo administration of highly purified IL 2, either in concert, with or 2 days after, tumor administration, resulted in an augmented CTL response as compared to effector cells harvested from untreated, alloimmunized control animals. Characterization of the effector cells responsible for the augmented cytolytic activity showed them to be of the T cell lineage and to be specific for the appropriate immunizing tumor cell. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that administration of purified IL 2 to naive, non-antigen-challenged recipients resulted in substantial potentiation of NK cell activity. The augmented cytolytic reactivity was mediated by NK cells as evidenced by effector cell lysis of NK-susceptible but not NK-insusceptible tumor targets. The results of these studies suggest IL 2 functions in vivo as an immune response regulator and may have a beneficial effect as an in vivo immunopotentiator.
Structural heterogeneity of the human Ia molecular pool as detected by cross-reacting mouse monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Accolla R S , Pierres M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three monoclonal antibodies (Mab), H39.49.5, H40.242.3, and H40.164.3, produced in an A.TH anti-A.TL system and reacting with determinants expressed either on I-Ak, on I-Ek, or on I-Ak and I-Ek molecules, respectively, have been used to analyze, at the structural level, the molecules of the human Ia pool against which they cross-react. The results indicate that the human Ia pool can be dissected out by the use of the A.TH anti-A.TL Mab in distinct families, which display structural variations not only among each other but also with respect to the previously defined NG1 and NG2 Ia subsets. In two distinct Ia pools analyzed (from Raji cells: HLA-DR 3,W6, and from LG-2 cells: HLA DR 1,1), the three A.TH anti-A.TL cross-reacting antibodies recognized molecules in which the allelic polymorphism was confined to the beta subunits. Moreover, within the same Ia pool, the alpha subunits as well as the beta subunits were shown to be different from each other. These results are discussed in the context of the present knowledge of the heterogeneity of the human Ia pool and of the possible similarity between gene products of the mouse H-2-I region and the human HLA-D counterpart.
Immunoregulatory factors derived from human tumors. II. Partial purification and further immunobiochemical characterization of a human sarcoma-derived immunosuppressive factor expressing HLA-DR and immunoglobulin-related determinants.
Authors: Roth J A , Osborne B A , Ames R S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunoregulatory factor (IRF) that suppresses Con A-mediated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBM) proliferative responses was partially purified by DEAE anion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography from a 3 M KCl extract of a human liposarcoma. The factor (m.w. = 70K) co-purified with albumin, monitored by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and demonstrated a heterogeneous isoelectric point (pI 7.6-7.8). Xenoantisera produced against the DEAE-purified fraction and coupled to Affigel 10 removed suppressive activity that could subsequently be eluted by glycine-HCl, pH 3.5. An anti-albumin column partially removed activity, but the unbound 70K factor could still be detected in the column effluent. A xenoantiserum to this 70K effluent coupled to acrylamide beads completely removed the immunosuppressive activity in immunodepletion experiments. Further direct binding enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA) and solid-phase immunoabsorption experiments with monoclonal antibodies to human anti-HLA-DR framework determinants and a constant region of the IgM mu-chain demonstrated determinants on the 70K factor recognized by these antibodies.
Purification and biochemical characterization of human liver-derived inhibitory protein (LIP).
Authors: Grol M , Schumacher K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The liver-derived inhibitory protein (LIP), described by us in 1974 (1), has now been purified and biochemically characterized. LIP was purified 166-fold from liver extract (LE) by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, using AcA 44, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite and Sephadex G-150 superfine. The m.w. of purified LIP was determined by gel filtration to be 67,000 daltons and by SDS-PAGE to be 37,000 daltons. The pI was in the range of 8.83 to 8.96. The protein is temperature labile (60 to 70 degrees C) and acid labile (pH 4). The specific lymphocyte inhibitory activity of the purified protein is 0.15 microgram/culture. LIP is distinct from other liver-derived inhibitory proteins.
The interaction of human and rodent IgE with the human basophil IgE receptor.
Authors: Conrad D H , Wingard J R , Ishizaka T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cross-reactivity of the human IgE receptor with mouse and rat IgE was studied. Using leukocytes from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia, in which the mononuclear fraction contained up to 75% basophils, both rat and mouse IgE were found to inhibit the binding of 125I-human IgE to the human basophilic leukemia (HBL cells). About 15-fold more rodent IgE was required for 50% inhibition of binding than unlabeled human IgE (hIgE). Dose-response studies using increasing amounts of rodent vs human 125I-IgE indicated that the HBL cells had about 8000 receptors per cell for hIgE and 5500 receptors per cell for rodent IgE. When the HBL cells were surface labeled with 125I and subsequently solubilized with non-ionic detergent, the labeled hIgE receptor could be isolated by either affinity chromatography on IgE-Sepharose (either human or rodent) or by immunoprecipitation with hIgE and anti-IgE. By SDS-PAGE on 10% gels, the receptor had a m.w. of 58,000 daltons. The solubilized receptors exhibited some rebinding to hIgE-Sepharose, and this rebinding could be inhibited by either human or rodent IgE but not by human IgG. Both the HBL cells and normal human basophils could be passively sensitized with murine IgE anti-DNP for antigen-induced histamine release. The minimum concentration of the mouse IgE antibody for sensitizing normal basophils was 20 to 200 ng/ml. Pretreatment of basophils with human IgE, but not human IgG, abrogated the capacity of the murine IgE antibody to sensitize the cells for histamine release, which indicated that the human and rodent IgE were interacting with the same receptor.
Phenotypic and functional properties of murine thymocytes. III. Kinetic analysis of the recovery of intrathymic cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors after in vivo administration of hydrocortisone acetate.
Authors: Ceredig R , Cummings D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The phenotypic and functional properties of cells in the C57BL/6 mouse thymus regenerating after a single dose of 100 mg/kg hydrocortisone acetate (H/C) are described. Functionally, the frequency of anti-H-2d cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL-P) in thymuses from individual mice was determined by limit dilution analysis of mixed leukocyte microcultures. The initial increase in CTL-P frequency, seen 48 hr post-H/C, was followed at 6 to 8 days by a phase of rapid decrease. The CTL-P frequency returned to a normal level by 28 days post-H/C. Analysis of the results from individual mice suggested that changes in total thymic CTL-P content were independent of the kinetics of thymus regeneration. Phenotypically, whereas the thymus 48 hr after H/C was considerably depleted of Lyt-2+ cells, there followed a rapid increase in the proportion of such cells to normal levels by 14 days post-H/C. In addition, as measured by FLS, a subpopulation of larger, predominantly Lyt-2+ cells was found during the phase of rapid thymic regeneration. With the use of a monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibody, the weakly Thy-1-staining subpopulation of cells was absent from the thymus at 14 days post-H/C. These changes in the phenotypic properties of the post-H/C regenerating thymus were correlated with changes in their functional properties.
Histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF): inhibition of helper T cell generation and function.
Authors: Garovoy M R , Reddish M A , Rocklin R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF) on the humoral immune response was examined with the model of polyclonal B cell activation induced during a primary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) generated during MLC was measured by a protein A plaque assay. HSF was produced by incubating lymphocytes from normal subjects with 10(-4) M histamine. The addition of HSF on day 0 to MLC-induced plaques reduced the mean number of IgG, IgM, and IgA PFC by 60 to 80%. HSF supernatants were active at a titer of 1/1000 and suppressed IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes equally. To study the effect of HSF on the T helper cell component of this reaction, purified T lymphocytes were activated in undirectional MLC and subsequently combined with unprimed B cells to induce a polyclonal PFC response. HSF present during the generation phase of activated T cells or only at the time of co-culture inhibited the total PFC response by 83 +/- 13% and 76 +/- 23%, respectively. The expression of "Ia" and autologous DR antigens normally detected on 50 to 62% of activated T cells generated during MLC were reproducibly reduced to 20% in the presence of HSF. Similarly, the polyclonal B cell response inducible by MLC-derived helper factors (1500 IgG PFC/10(6)) was markedly inhibited. Thus, HSF inhibits MLC-induced polyclonal B cell activation by interfering with the generation and effector function of T helper cells as well as the B cell response to preformed helper factors.
Changes in intracellular glutathione levels in stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or cysteine.
Authors: Zmuda J , Friedenson B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Certain low m.w. thiol compounds can enhance various in vitro lymphocyte mitogenic responses, whereas reagents that react with sulfhydryl groups are potent cell poisons. The possible targets for thiols and thiol reagents could include membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, some of which may regulate lymphocyte proliferation. As a step toward understanding how lymphocyte proliferation is enhanced in the presence of thiols, we studied the appearance of both protein and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in stimulated lymphocytes. To help clarify the role of the cellular targets for thiols, we studied the time course of appearance of both protein and non-protein sulfhydryl groups as lymphocytes proliferate under various conditions. In the presence of an appropriate concentration of the thiol 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), there is a substantial rise in the level of intracellular glutathione for lymphocytes stimulated with the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). Otherwise, the level of intracellular glutathione declines, even for Con A-stimulated cells, but the presence of 2-ME partially prevents this decline. Increasing the amount of cysteine in the medium to a level that enhances cell proliferation leads to effects similar to those obtained with 2-ME. Thus, apparently one effect of various thiol reducing agents is to enhance the production of glutathione in lymphocyte mitogenesis and to protect against the loss of glutathione that occurs in resting or proliferating lymphocytes.
Common idiotypic determinant associated with human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen.
Authors: Kennedy R C , Dreesman G R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-Id antisera generated to purified anti-HBs isolated from two different individuals recognized a common idiotype. This idiotype was detected in purified anti-Hbs preparations from three individuals and also in anti-HBs-positive sera obtained from six hemophilic patients. The ability of both HBsAg and a virus-derived HBsAg native polypeptide to inhibit the idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction suggested that the anti-HBs idiotype was associated with the antibody-combining site.
Demonstration of multiple antigenic sites of the SV40 transplantation rejection antigen by using cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones.
Authors: Campbell A E , Foley F L , Tevethia S S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Multiple antigenic sites on the simian virus 40 (SV40) tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) were detected by the use of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones isolated from continuous cultures of SV40-specific CTL (H-2b). Two independently derived clones, K11 and K19, specific for the SV40 TSTA in association with H-2Db, each recognized a different antigenic determinant of the SV40 TSTA. This conclusion was based on the observation that a human papovavirus BK virus (BKV) transformed cell line, which possesses a T antigen serologically cross-reactive with that of SV40, was lysed by a heterogeneous population of SV40-immune lymphocytes and by clone K19 but not by K11. Therefore, these CTL clones must recognize two different antigenic determinants of the SV40 TSTA:K19 recognizes a cross-reactive determinant of the SV40 and BKV TSTA, whereas K11 is reactive against an SV40-specific determinant.
The characteristics of a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to rat T lymphoblasts and inhibits IL 2 receptor functions.
Authors: Osawa H , Diamantstein T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to obtain an anti-interleukin 2 (IL 2) receptor antibody, we immunized mice with phorbol myristate acetate-pulsed rat T lymphoblasts. The spleen cells of the mice were fused with myeloma cells. Several stable clones of hybridoma cells were obtained that produced monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reacting specifically with rat T lymphoblasts. Only one of these mAb, the mAb ART18, showed characteristics of a putative anti-IL 2 receptor antibody. This mAb was produced on a large scale, purified, and characterized. As tested by a binding assay, 125I-labeled mAb ART18 bound to rat T lymphoblasts (7.5 X 10(4) binding sites per cell), but not to thymocytes or spleen cells of rat origin, or to lymphoblasts, thymocytes, or spleen cells of murine origin. Only marginal binding to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat lymphoblasts was detected. The mAb ART18 inhibited in a species-specific and dose-dependent manner i) the capacity of rat T lymphoblasts to absorb IL 2 activity and ii) the capacity of rat T lymphoblasts to proliferate in response in IL 2. The function of T lymphoblasts of murine origin was not affected by the mAb ART18. The time course of the acquisition by mitogen-stimulated spleen cells of the capacity to absorb IL 2 activity was paralleled by that of their capacity to bind 125I-labeled mAb ART18. According to these data, the mAb ART18 seems to be directed against an antigenic determinant of the IL 2 receptor molecule.