458 Medicines management of long-term conditions during the COVID19 pandemic: a narrative systematic review
Authors: Mullen L , Richardson C , Gardner A , Jones T , Tolley C 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Due to lockdown measures associated with the COVID 19 pandemic (1), there were substantial changes to healthcare delivery, including the suspension of face-to-face medical appointments, expansion of telehealth and changes to medication protocols.(2) It is important to learn from the successes and challenges of this period to ensure we adapt and improve how we support people to take medicines in the future.

Aim
We sought to conduct a systematic review to explore the different approaches used to deliver medicines management services for people living with long term conditions (LTCs) during the pandemic and identify strategies that could be integrated into standard care.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review across 3 large databases: MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Our research question and search strategy was developed using the PICO framework (Population: adults with LTCs, Intervention: medicines management during the COVID 19 pandemic; no comparison group. Outcome: any aspect relating to medicines management. Search terms relating to ‘long term conditions’, ‘medication management’ and ‘COVID-19’ were used. One reviewer (LM) screened all titles, abstracts, and full texts. We included studies discussing medication management of LTCs, in patients of all ages and healthcare settings, throughout the pandemic. Primary literature sources, feasibility studies and case studies, were included. We excluded studies solely focusing on disease monitoring, or the treatment of COVID/ ‘long Covid’. One reviewer performed a thematic analysis, synthesising the findings into themes and sub-themes, which were discussed with a further reviewer (CT). A critical appraisal was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists.

Results
The search returned 2365 results. After deduplication, articles were removed at the title (n=1070) abstract (n=813) and full text (n=232) stages. 31 studies were included. Studies were conducted in India (n=6), US (n=5), international (n=4), France (n=2), Italy (n=2), and one each from China, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Spain, UK, UK and US, and location not specified. Most studies (n=17) employed subjective methods of data collection (surveys/ questionnaires). We identified 6 themes. These were: changes in consultation type, for instance using teleconsultations and smartphone apps to monitor glucose control and diabetic management. Studies described temporary changes to treatment protocols e.g., using oral chemotherapy to reduce the need for in-person appointments and reduce the infection risk associated with intravenous administration. Control of certain conditions for example epilepsy was reduced in some studies. Patients missed doses due to drug shortages associated with disruptions in the medication supply chain, particularly in low-income countries. Finally, we identified prescribing trend changes in certain classes of medicines (e.g. reduced biologic usage due to immunosuppression risk) and an increase in patients self-medicating conditions including anxiety and depression, with associated safety risks.

Conclusion
This review suggested that certain medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension were more suited to remote monitoring with technological interventions such as smartphone apps. While other conditions e.g., cancer and epilepsy, demonstrated a greater need for in-person care. Countries of lower socioeconomic status were disproportionately affected by the pandemic.

References
1. World Health Organisation (2020). WHO Director General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID 19 11 March 2020. Retrieved 22/11, 2021, from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
2. Onyeaka, H., et al. (2021). COVID 19 pandemic: A review of the global lockdown and its far reaching effects. Science Progress 104(2): 003685042110198.