bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Binding Lymphocytes in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Prange Charles A. , Green Christopher , Nitecki Danute E. , Bellone Clifford J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The monofunctional antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium chloride, tyr(TMA), and the polyfunctional antigen, TMA-human γ-globulin (TMA-HGG), were used to investigate the antigen structural requirements necessary for clonal proliferation of B cells. This clonal expansion was characterized with respect to receptor immunoglobulin class and affinity maturation. Antigen-binding analysis revealed that inoculation of tyr(TMA), although only of m.w. 344, triggers clonal expansion of B lymphocytes 9-fold in the absence of any apparent antibody production. There does not appear to be any maturation with respect to antibody class since τ;90% of the tyr(TMA)-specific B cells bear the μ receptor in the nonimmune and immune state. However, the average avidity of the B cells for this antigen increases with time after immunization. In contrast, immunization with TMA-HGG results in an 18-fold increase in B lymphocytes with significant amounts of anti-TMA antibody production. With time after immunization, both maturation of average avidity and class of Ig receptor (μ → γ shift) occur. These findings indicate that the functionally T cell-specific antigen tyr(TMA) can trigger clonal B cell expansion and affinity maturation at the receptor level in the absence of detectable antibody production.
Use of Bovine Conglutinin for the Assay of Immune Complexes
Authors: Eisenberg Robert A. , Theofilopoulos Argyrios N. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have used purified bovine conglutinin to develop a solid state radioimmune assay for immune complexes. Employing aggregated human IgG incubated with fresh normal human serum (complement) as a model for immune complexes, we have shown that our conglutinin assay is sensitive and highly specific for immune complexes that have fixed complement. The assay preferentially detects large complexes, is minimally influenced by monomeric IgG, and can be inhibited by high ionic strength, calcium chelation, and acetamido sugars. In addition, we have surveyed several hundred clinical sera from patients with various immunopathologic disorders and find evidence of immune complexes in some.
Morphology of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions in the Guinea Pig Cornea
Authors: Friedlaender Mitchell H. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs sensitized with several soluble protein antigens in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and tested at 5 to 7 days developed basophil-rich corneal reactions characterized by minimal edema and fibrin deposition. These lesions resembled the skin reactions of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) in their immunization requirements, time course, and character, but differed in that basophils were relatively less frequent and eosinophils and neutrophils more numerous in ocular than in cutaneous reactions developing simultaneously in the same animal.
In contrast, animals immunized with antigens such as ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) developed much more severe delayed-type ocular reactions whether tested at early or late intervals after sensitization. These intensely injected, chemotic reactions exhibited an extensive cellular infiltrate of mononuclear cells as well as marked corneal edema accompanied by extensive fibrin deposition. Hence, these ocular reactions were similar to the classic indurated tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin reactions except that neutrophils were more numerous.
These data indicate that in the eye as in the skin two distinct patterns of delayed-onset, cell-mediated hypersensitivity may occur to the same antigen, depending on the mode of immunization and the time of testing. However, significant differences were found in the frequency with which the various granulocytes infiltrated reactions elicited simultaneously in the eye and skin. Therefore, the character of immune expression may vary in different parts of the body and local factors, such as the local microvasculature, evidently contribute to these differences.
Inflammatory Cells in Solid Murine Neoplasms
Authors: Russell Stephen W. , Gillespie G. Yancey , McIntosh Ann Tozier 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages (Mø) were recovered from disaggregated, spontaneously regressing Moloney sarcomas for in vitro testing of their cytotoxic capabilities. At a 3:1 ratio, Mø in monolayers efficiently killed (51Cr release) a variety of tumor target cells without regard to antigenic specificity. Within 24 hr most of their cytolytic potential was lost. Killing could be restored, however, if Mø were replated at higher cell densities. A soluble, heat-stable, dialyzable inhibitor of thymidine incorporation, which did not interfere with cellular proliferation, also was produced by Mø recovered from Moloney sarcomas. The finding of such a competitive inhibitor, probably cold thymidine, in supernatants further opened to question the validity of radioisotope incorporation into DNA as a measure of Mø-mediated cytostasis. The data presented suggest that Mø may participate in the regression process by directly killing tumor cells, thus complementing the antigen-specific cytolytic capabilities of the T lymphocytes that are also found in large numbers within regressing Moloney sarcomas.
Identification and Genetic Control of the n83 and n84 Allotypes of Rabbit IgM
Authors: Gilman-Sachs Alice , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two additional allotypes of rabbit IgM, n83 and n84, have been identified and characterized with antisera obtained by cross immunization of rabbits with IgM. These allotypic specificities were not detected on IgG or IgA by double diffusion in agar gel and by quantitative radioprecipitin analyses. This finding implies that the specificities reside in the CH region of the µ-chain. Most of the IgM (88%) from an n83 homozygote reacted with anti-n83 Ab and most of the IgM (79%) from the n84 homozygote reacted with anti-n84 Ab. The IgG or IgA from n83 or n84 rabbits did not precipitate to a significant extent (&lt; 6%) with the anti-n83 or anti-n84 Ab, respectively. That the n83 and n84 specificities are controlled at the n locus was verified by genetic analysis. Thus, four alleles are now known at the n locus, n81, n82, n83 and n84. The n locus is closely linked to the other six defined loci in the heavy chain chromosomal region and the allelic alternatives for each of the seven loci are coinherited by gene combinations called allogroups. Ten such allogroups are now defined with respect to the allele at the n locus.
Purification and Properties of Human Lymphocyte Activating Factor (LAF)
Authors: Blyden G. , Handschumacher R. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) has been shown to be produced by LPS-stimulated human adherent cells (monocytes) and peripheral leukocytes, but many non-macrophage cell lines failed to produce LAF. Other macrophage activators including latex microspheres, antigen-antibody complexes, and barium sulfate induce the production of LAF. There is a delay of 6 hr before significant amounts of LAF activity appear in the supernatant medium and maximum activity is found after 12 to 24 hr.
Chromatography of concentrated crude supernatant fractions containing LAF activity on Sephadex G-100 gave two peaks of activity (approximately 85,000 and 13,000 daltons). The latter constitutes the major activity and has been purified at least 500-fold with Sephadex G-100, anion exchange, and adsorption chromatography. Optimal stimulation with LAF induces mitosis in 10% of murine thymocytes. The purified activity is sensitive to chymotrypsin and is not affected by treatment with sodium periodate, sulfhydryl reagents, and phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride.
The response of thymocytes to LAF decreases with age after 10 weeks and thymocytes obtained from animals injected with cortisone or tumor-bearing animals have an increased responsiveness to LAF.
Specific Binding of T Lymphocytes to Macrophages
Authors: Lipscomb Mary F. , Ben-Sasson Shlomo Z. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes obtained from immune guinea pigs and cultured for 1 week on antigen-pulsed autologous macrophages were tested for their ability to bind to fresh antigen-pulsed autologous macrophages or to macrophages pulsed with an irrelevant antigen. Up to 30% of the lymphocytes bound to macrophages bearing the relevant antigen whereas only 2 to 5% remained nonspecifically bound to macrophages after vigorous washing. Specific binding was observed in cultures as early as 1 hr. Analysis of the kinetics of binding suggests that the observed nonspecific binding is not a step in specific binding. The possibility that weaker antigen-independent association between lymphocytes and macrophages precedes specific binding cannot be excluded. No evidence was obtained that serum antibody adsorbed to the macrophage or T cell plays a role in this cell interaction or that the T cell can bind antigen directly. We suggest that the observed specific binding represents the initial event in stimulation of T lymphocytes by antigen.
Disulfide Bonding of Secretary Component to a Single Monomer Subunit in Human Secretory IgA
Authors: Underdown Brian J. , De Rose Joseph , Plaut Andrew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The arrangement of disulfide bonds joining secretory component (SC) to the α chains in secretory IgA was studied by determining the molecular size of the principal fragments resulting from CNBr digestion of secretory dimeric Fc fragments from IgA ((Fc)2α fragments). In vitro complexes formed by incubating 125I-free SC and myeloma 131I-(Fc)2α fragments were isolated by gel filtration and subsequently digested with cyanogen bromide. The CNBr digests of SC·(Fc)2α fragments were analyzed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine. Two principal fragments were obtained, one containing a monomeric Fc fragment from IgA (Fcα) associated with SC (m.w. ≃ 110,000) and a second containing the second Fcα monomer (m.w. ≃ 50,000) from the dimeric SC·(Fc)2α. Similar results were obtained when secretory (Fc)2α fragments isolated from native secretory IgA dimer were subjected to CNBr digestion.
The data indicate that SC is disulfide bonded to a single monomer subunit in secretory IgA dimer.
Evidence for A B Lymphocyte Defect Underlying the Anti-X Anti-Erythrocyte Autoantibody Response of NZB Mice
Authors: DeHeer David H. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice is pathogenetically mediated by a genetically prescribed anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response directed to the X erythrocyte autoantigen. The cellular locus of the immunoregulatory defect underlying the anti-X response was explored by adoptively transferring bone marrow cells (BMC) from NZB mice to lethally irradiated histocompatible recipients. Before adoptive transfer, BMC from donor mice were assayed for antigen-binding lymphocytes with receptors for the X autoantigen (X-ABL) by immunocytoadherence assays and for anti-X autoantibody-secreting cells (X-PFC) by plaque-forming cell assays. Twelve weeks after adoptive transfer, splenic lymphocytes from recipient mice were assayed for X-PFC and humoral anti-X autoantibody by Coombs' tests. Transfer of 15 to 30 × 106 BMC containing 6 to 12 × 103 X-ABL but no X-PFC from 6- to 8-week-old NZB mice to lethally irradiated BALB/c, B10.D2, C57BL/Ks, and DBA/2 mice produced X-PFC in 70% of the recipients. Development of X-PFC was not simply dependent upon available X-ABL since transfer of 15–30 × 106 BMC, containing comparable numbers of X-ABL, from BALB/c, B10.D2, C57BL/Ks. or DBA/2 mice to NZB or syngeneic recipients did not produce X-PFC. Transfer of BMC from NZB mice to BALB/c, B10.D2, and DBA/2 mice with weekly administrations of AKR anti-θ antiserum had no effect on the development of X-PFC; T lymphocyte ablation was evidenced by the absence of θ+ spleen cells. These results suggest that the pathogenetic anti-X response is not genetically prescribed at the level of macrophages, humoral factors, or T cells, but rather appears to be a phenotypic expression of a primary B lymphocyte defect permitting or promoting differentiation of NZB X-ABL.
Regulation of Immunoglobulin Production in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes: Cellular Interactions
Authors: Saxon Andrew , Stevens Ronald H. , Ashman Robert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intercellular influences regulating immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were investigated in cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). This ststem was shown to be totally T lymphocyte dependent as purified B lymphocytes (≤1% T lymphocytes) failed to make significant amounts of Ig. No evidence was obtained for an Ig class switch as all classes of Ig (IgM, IgG, IgA) were shown to be produced in increasing amounts over a 6-day time period.
T lymphocytes demonstrated maximum helper effect when mixed with equal numbers of B cells. This helper effect was mediated through the dual mechanisms of increasing the number of B lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic Ig and by increasing the maturity of these B lymphocytes as demonstrated by an increasing Ig production per B lymphocyte. When present in higher numbers, T lymphocytes were also capable of suppressing Ig production. This T-mediated suppression was first evident as a decrease in the Ig produced per B lymphocyte (decreased maturity). With maximum T suppression Ig-containing B lymphocyte numbers were also diminished.
T lymphocyte help was relatively independent of macrophages (phagocytic cells) and did not require DNA synthesis for expression. Both T help and suppression were shown to cross allogeneic barriers. Immature T lymphocytes (thymocytes) were incapable of mediating either activity. Normal human PBL contain T lymphocytes capable of mediating both T help and suppression and the Ig produced by PBL was shown to be the balance of these activities. This balance probably represent the participation of distinct T lymphocyte subpopulations analogous to the T helper (Ly 1+) and T suppressor (Ly 2+, 3+) populatins in the mouse.
Immunologic Tolerance to HGG in Mice
Authors: Jones Tom B. , Kaplan Alan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adoptive transfer of spleen cells or spleen cell lysates from mice tolerant to human-γ-globulin (HGG) specifically suppressed the response of normal syngeneic recipients to HGG. The suppressive activity could be transferred for over 100 days after tolerance induction. The suppression induced by both spleen cells and spleen cell lysate was found to be specific as evidenced by a normal response to a challenge with turkey-γ-globulin or goat erythrocytes. The activity of the suppressive lysate could be removed by passing the material through an HGG immunoadsorbent column but not by passing it through an anti-HGG column or a BSA column. These results indicated that the factor had antigen specificity and was probably not antigen-antibody complexes. That this suppression was not due to a shifting of the kinetics of the antibody response has also been demonstrated. The antigen-specific suppressor factor in the tolerant spleen cell lysates was a protein with a m.w. of approximately 45,000 daltons. The kinetics of the appearance of both suppressor cells and suppressor factor were consistent with a mechanism of active suppression functioning in the maintenance of tolerance to HGG.
Immune Adjuvancy of Lipopolysaccharide and a Nontoxic Hydrolytic Product Demonstrating Oscillating Effects with Time
Authors: Behling Ulrich H. , Nowotny Alois 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the first reports of immune adjuvancy of endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (1, 2), large numbers of such preparations have proven to be effective adjuvants for both soluble and cellular immunogens in a host of laboratory animals (for review, see Neter (3)). Kind and Johnson (4) as well as Franzl and McMaster (5) investigated the effect of time of LPS treatment on the primary immune response.
In earlier investigations on radioprotective properties of LPS, we observed a unique time-dependent survival pattern of lethally irradiated mice pretreated with LPS (6). It was established that two optimal time intervals, peaking at -1 to -3 and -8 to -12 days, existed. A closely parallel time-dependent radioprotective profile of the nontoxic, polysaccharide-rich fraction (PS)3 of LPS could also be established. Quite recently a similar time-dependent, LPS-induced protection against TA3-Ha tumors in mice was also observed by us (7).
Specific Restoration of Delayed Hypersensitivity by Lymphoid Tissue Extracts
Authors: Green Jon A. , Williams Juliann , Levy Hilton B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice lose demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to DNFB, picryl chloride, or sheep red blood cells. Reconstitution of immune responsiveness can be accomplished by administration of cell-free lysates of spleens from mice with active DH to structurally related, but not to unrelated antigens. Peritoneal exudate cell lysates from mice with active DNFB-DH also restore DH to this antigen. Sera from sensitized mice, and sera and lymphoid tissue extracts from unsensitized mice are without activity. The restorative property of splenic lysates from DNFB-sensitized mice is unstable at 56°C, not sedimented at 90,000 × G and inactivated by trypsin or magnesium ions. The presence of unexpressed, restorable DH may provide a biologic basis for the so called “transfer factor” phenomenon.
Effect of LDL-In, a Normal Immunoregulatory Human Serum Low Density Lipoprotein, on the Interaction of Macrophages with Lymphocytes Proliferating in Response to Mitogen and Allogeneic Stimulation
Authors: Curtiss Linda K. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunoregulatory properties of LDL-In, a normal species of human serum low density lipoprotein which suppresses inductive events involved in triggering of lymphoid cells by lectins and antigens, were analyzed in order to distinguish between a primary effect on macrophages and lymphocytes. LDL-In was found to be equally effective in suppression of the response of human lymphocytes to PHA at concentrations of lectin demonstrated to impart apparent macrophage-independence or macrophage-dependence to the culture system. Exposure of only the macrophages to LDL-In was shown to be without effect on subsequent in vitro lymphocyte responses to either PHA or allogeneic cells, whereas exposure of only the lymphocytes to LDL-In was fully effective. The cellular locus was further identified by demonstrating that the responder lymphocytes, but not the stimulator lymphocytes, were the target of the suppressive activity in mixed lymphocyte reactions. These data considered in conjunction with previous studies suggest that the primary untriggered lymphocyte is the most probable cellular target for the bioregulatory effects of LDL-In.
Two Migration Inhibitory Factors with Different Chromatographic Behavior and Isoelectric Points
Authors: Remold Heinz G. , Mednis Alma D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration inhibitory factor (MIF), produced by stimulation of guinea pig lymph node cells with concanavalin A, was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, sucrose density gradient electrophoresis, and isoelectrofocussing. Two distinct species were identified and separated. One, pH 3-MIF, has an isoelectric point of 3.0 to 4.5 and elutes from Sephadex G-75 columns with molecules having an apparent m.w. of 65,000 (Kd of 0.05 to 0.12). The other, pH 5-MIF, has an isoelectric point of 5.0 to 5.5 and elutes with molecules having an apparent m.w. between 25,000 and 43,000 (Kd of 0.15 to 0.23).
Studies on the Generation of B Lymphocytes in Fetal Liver and Bone Marrow
Authors: Owen John J. T. , Wright Donald E. , Habu Sonoko , Raff Martin C. , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the use of immunofluorescence techniques, cells containing cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM+), but lacking detectable surface IgM (sIgM+), have been identified in mouse fetal liver and adult bone marrow as a distinct cell population to sIgM+ B lymphocytes. We have shown that there is a considerable difference in the rate of entry of cIgM+ and sIgM+ cells into DNA synthesis in these locations. Moreover, within the cIgM+ population, the largest cells are the main group entering DNA synthesis. Our results are compatible with the notion that a pool of rapidly proliferating, large cIgM+ cells is present in fetal liver and adult bone marrow and that these cells give rise to populations of smaller cIgM+ cells, which move out of cell cycle, and convert to sIgM+ B lymphocytes. However, we recognize that this interpretation is speculative.
Finally, we have shown that fetal bone marrow is a site of generation of sIgM+ B lymphocytes, but the question as to whether these cells are derived from Ig- precursors within marrow itself remains open.
Specific T Cell-Dependent, Antigen-Antibody Mediated Suppression of Macrophages: Abrogation by Nonspecifically Stimulated T Cells
Authors: Rao V. Srinivasa , Mokyr Margalit Birnbaum , Gershon Richard K. , Mitchell Malcolm S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The injection of hyperimmune antibody to leukemia L1210 into allogeneic mice before challenge with L1210 suppressed the ability of their peritoneal macrophages to take up L1210 cells in the presence of specific cytophilic antibody. This suppression has previously been shown to be thymus-dependent. Although the adoptive transfer of syngeneic normal thymocytes i.v. failed to overcome the suppression of macrophages, administration of an unrelated alloantigen, leukemia EL4, together with syngeneic thymocytes, did reverse suppression. The transfer of allogeneic thymocytes, without further antigen, also overcame suppression thereby enabling them to attach L1210 normally. Syngeneic peripheral (splenic) T cells with alloantigen, or allogeneic peripheral T cells, were somewhat less effective than thymocytes at reversal, and non-T cells were completely ineffective. Pretreatment of the donors of syngeneic thymocytes with unrelated alloantigen i.p. from a minimum of 4 hr to 14 days before transfer also restored functional competence to the macrophages. Nonspecific antigenic stimulation of a population of naïve thymocytes appears to prevent their recruitment as suppressor T cells, perhaps by changing the individual cell, by altering the cellular composition of the thymus gland, or by both. These data point up similarities between the “enhancement” phenomenon (immunosuppression caused by antibody and antigen) and “infectious immunologic tolerance,” in both of which T cells are intimately involved. The data also suggest that the macrophage may be a cellular site of specific immunologic unresponsiveness.
Multiple Polysaccharide Antigens of Group B Streptococcus, Type Ia: Emphasis on a Sialic Acid Typespecific Polysaccharide
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa Walter W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Group B streptococci, type Ia (strain 090/14/4), were subjected to sequential extraction procedures and the various extracts were fractionated by a combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel-filtration. Three major antigens were isolated: the conventional group-specific and type-specific carbohydrates and an acidic polysaccharide consisting of galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. Immunochemical data suggest that the acidic antigen, with the exception of the immunodominant sialic acid, is structurally similar to the conventional pH 2.0 extracted type-specific antigen. Removal of the terminal sialic acid residues from the acidic antigen by mild acid hydrolysis resulted in a residual polymer which was chemically and immunologically analogous to the type-specific carbohydrate. Precipitin analysis focused attention to the cross-reactivity between this acidic antigen and anti-types Ib, Ic, and III sera.