bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Differences Between the 19 S and 7 S Components of Normal Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Franklin E. C. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence in normal human γ-globulin of molecules with an S20,w = 19 S in addition to those with an S20,w = 7 S is again demonstrated. Antigenic differences between these molecules are shown by agar diffusion studies. Quantitative precipitin studies confirm these differences and demonstrate that the “7” and “19” components partially cross react and are antigenically related. The possibility is raised that the larger molecules are polymers of a smaller unit similar to 7 S γ-globulin but richer in carbohydrate and that antigenic differences may be due to the higher carbohydrate content as well as differences in size and shape.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Neff J. C. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the Oudin serum agar technique, at sufficiently low antigen (Ago) and high antibody (Ab), Oudin showed empirically that the equation k = m (log Ago - log R′ Ab) holds. In this equation, k is the slope of the straight line obtained by plotting x, the distance which the leading edge of the band moves in time, t, against t½. An equation of this same form had been derived previously in which m was equal to 4.08 √DA. This led to the belief that m might be proportional to √D where D is the diffusion coefficient of the antigen. This possibility was confirmed when it was shown that the increase of nonspecific protein affected m in the same way that an increase of nonspecific protein would affect D. In addition a direct proportionality between m and √D for egg albumin, human serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin, thyroglobulin and hemocyanin was demonstrated. Some possible uses for and limitations of the determination of m were briefly discussed.
Comparative Susceptibility of Kidney Cells from Different Monkey Species to Enteric Viruses (Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and Echo Groups)
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Kidney tissue cultures of 13 species of monkeys and 4 species of baboons were tested for comparative susceptibility to the enteric viruses belonging to the poliomyelitis, Coxsackie and echo groups.
Cells from sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus), white-crowned mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus), and diana (Cercopithecus diana roloway) monkeys from Africa, and cynomolgus (Macaca cynomolgus) monkeys from Singapore and the Philippine Islands, closely resembled the cells of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from India in their high susceptibilities to the viruses tested.
Cells from the African red grass monkey (Erythrocebus patas) were found to be twice as susceptible as rhesus cells to polioviruses, and about equally susceptible to echo types 7, 8, and 12, and Coxsackie group B viruses. However, patas cells were resistant to plaque production when exposed to Coxsackie A9, and echo virus types 1, 3, 4, 6′, 9, and 14. Similar results were obtained with African white-nosed (Cercopithecus nictitans buttikoferi), mona (Cercopithecus mona campbelli) and mustache (Cercopithecus cephus) monkeys.
African green (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and tantalus (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) monkeys yielded cells highly susceptible to all three groups of viruses tested, showing even greater susceptibility than rhesus cultures to the echo viruses.
Four species of baboon (Papio papio, P. cynocephalus, P. doguera, and Mandrillus leucophaeus) yielded kidney cultures almost equal to rhesus cultures in susceptibility to poliovirus. Coxsackie virus A9 and echo virus type 1 were not cytopathogenic in yellow baboon (P. cynocephalus) cultures, while drill baboon (M. leucophaeus) cells proved highly susceptible to echo viruses. Poliovirus plaques were produced in the lemur, Perodicticus potto.
The suggestion is made that cells of differing susceptibilities might offer advantages for isolations of enteric viruses from clinical specimens; they might be used as differential media are in the isolation of enteric bacterial colonies. Because of the greater susceptibility of patas cells over those of rhesus or cynomolgus, they also offer an advantage for the detection of small amounts of poliovirus.
The Quantitative Precipitin Reaction of Type 19 M Protein Antigen of Group A Streptococci and Antistreptococcal Rabbit Sera
Authors: Schmidt Willard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantitative precipitin technique has been employed to study the reaction of the M protein antigen of type 19 streptococci and its antibody in antistreptococcal rabbit sera. The specificity of the reaction was found to be dependent upon appropriate absorption of the antistreptococcal sera. The details of the absorption methods, the characteristics of the M antigen-antibody reaction, and the basis of its application to the estimation of type 19 antibody in weight units in antistreptococcal sera are presented.
The Number of Allantoic Cells in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. , de St.Groth S. Fazekas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The number of allantoic cells in the chick embryo has been determined for each day of the second week of incubation. Between the eighth and thirteenth day the number rises from 2.3 × 107 to 1.0 × 108.
Part of the increase in number of cells per unit area of membrane is by the formation of a second deeper layer of cells.
Certain virologic implications of these findings are discussed.
Hemagglutination with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Scott L. Vernon , Felton Frances G. , Barney Jack A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Herpes simplex virus, which by the usual technique of hemagglutination is inactive, has been shown to produce hemagglutination in the presence of specific immune serum.
This virus was adsorbed onto sheep erythrocytes which had been treated with tannic acid. These tannic acid-virus treated cells agglutinated in the presence of specific immune serum.
The amount of virus used in the adsorption process had a direct effect upon the hemagglutination titers of the sera.
The preparation of reagents and the procedures are described.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
Authors: Liu Oscar C. , Malsberger Richard G. , Carter Joseph E. , DeSanctis Armand N. , Wiener Frank P. , Hampil Bettylee 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the effect of caprochlorone on influenza virus infection in the de-embryonated egg. The compound is not virucidal nor does it affect the adsorption of influenza virus on susceptible cells (35). A true virustatic action of the compound has been revealed. When treatment was given early in the growth cycle, maximal inhibition was produced by 2 mg per egg. Dosage above this level did not increase the extent of inhibition. When treatment was administered later in the growth cycle of the virus, increased inhibition was obtained as exposure to the compound was prolonged. With the maximal dose of the compound that is nontoxic to the chorio-allantoic membrane a small amount of viral reproduction can still occur. Washing the cavities of de-embryonated eggs with glucosol during exchange of fluids or reducing the residual virus level by RDE treatment in the early stage after de-embryonation did not alter this result. Caprochlorone was active on the intracellular phase of the influenza virus in both the early and late stages of the growth cycle. A more pronounced inhibition was found on hemagglutinin formation and on the infective form of the virus than on soluble antigen formation. The reversibility of the suppressive effect was shown by treatment of the infected membranes with the compound for short periods of time.
The Early Phase of the Antibody Response
Authors: McKenna John M. , Stevens Kingsley M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen fragments from both primarily and secondarily injected rabbits produced antibody to protein antigens when cultured in a suitable medium. The longer the antigen remained in vivo, the higher were the antibody titers in extracts and in cultured material. The antibody produced was specifically neutralized by the homologous antigen. Antibody synthesis seemed to occur intracellularly with little or no induction phase, with release into the surrounding medium occurring at a later time.
The titers of culture fluids and serums were shown to be about 8-fold higher when S. typhosa endotoxin was given 24 hr in advance of the primary antigen injection, but not when the endotoxin was given simultaneously with the antigen. In both cases, spleens were removed 2 hr after antigen injection.
Studies with Measles Virus
Authors: Ruckle Gisela 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The isolation and propagation of the agents recovered from patients with measles were carried out in 3 different tissue culture systems: human amniotic membrane, human kidney, and monkey kidney cultures.
Human amniotic membrane tissue was found as suitable for isolation and propagation of measles virus as was human kidney tissue. Monkey kidney tissue was useful; the difficulties involved in using kidney tissue from monkeys are stressed, since it has been shown that monkey kidney cultures occasionally harbor a virus indistinguishable from measles virus and also frequently contain the “foamy agent.”
Details of cytopathogenic changes associated with measles virus are described for cultures of human amniotic membrane.
Indirect Hemagglutination Studies on Salmonellosis of Chickens
Authors: McNeill Sieburth John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An indirect hemagglutination study on salmonellosis of chickens was conducted with chicken erythrocytes modified with practical-type crude antigens prepared by heating Salmonella cell suspension. Hemagglutinin titers appeared earlier, were consistently higher, and persisted longer than agglutinin titers. Serologic and cultural responses of chickens marginally infected with S. typhi-murium did not always correlate. The course of agglutinins and hemagglutinins roughly paralleled each other in S. pullorum and S. typhi-murium infected cockerels. Polyvalent modified erythrocytes produced titers similar to those of monovalent modified erythrocytes to sera from chickensexperimentally infected with organisms from 4 Salmonella serogroups. The spread in polyvalent indirect hemagglutinin titers between uninfected chickens and those from a flock naturally infected with S. typhi-murium appeared adequate for diagnostic purposes.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Mueller August , Neess John , Tempelis Constantine 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response of chickens of various ages and different breeds to a single injection of bovine serum albumin was studied. The response is expressed as micrograms nitrogen per ml serum. Statistically significant increases in response occurred between 6 and 12 weeks and between 12 and 22 weeks. The average titer of 56-week-old birds was greater than the 22-week-old animals but the difference was not statistically significant. Three- to 8-year-old animals gave high titered antisera. There were large variations in antibody response in all age groups. A statistically significant difference due to breed was found only in the 6-week-old chickens. The responses of the males were not significantly different from those of the females.
Vascularization of the Cornea During Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schlossman Stuart , Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vascularization of the cornea occurs following intracorneal test injections. In guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity, positive corneal reactions occur at a time when this vascularization is well developed. The corneal reaction of delayed hypersensitivity thus does not occur in an avascular tissue, and blood vessels may participate in this immunologic reaction as they do in others.
The Local Response of Tissue Mast Cells to Antigen in Sensitized Mice
Authors: Carter Paul B. , Higginbotham R. D. , Dougherty Thomas F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was observed that locally injected antigen initiates a more wide-spread degranulation of local tissue mast cells in sensitized mice than in controls. The fate of the shed mast celt granules in the tissues is described and the significance of various aspects of mast cell degranulation is discussed.
The Rate of Localization of Anti-Rat Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Blau Monte , Day Eugene D. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rate curves for rabbit anti-rat kidney sera, localizing in rat kidney and cross-localizing in rat liver, indicate two distinct antibody components. The major fraction (80%) localizes quite rapidly, probably on antigens located in the vascular bed. The remainder of the antibody localizes more slowly either because of the low concentration or inaccessibility of the antigen.
Immunization of Man against Epidemic Typhus by Infection with Avirulent Rickettsia Prow Azeki Strain E
Authors: Fox John P. , Jordan Martha E. , Gelfand Henry M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In continuation of previous observations made at intervals up to 3 yr after immunization of 125 prisoner volunteers with strain E vaccine, tests have been made for the persistence of both sero-immunity and ability to resist virulent challenge at 4, 5 and 5 ½ yr after immunization. These tests are considered to represent the maximum possible extension of our observations since there remain accessible no more willing but unchallenged vaccinees. Eight vaccinated volunteers were challenged (4 at 48, 1 at 60 and 3 at 66 months) and 6 resisted, including all of the 3 tested at 66 months. The 2 exceptions were both individuals who had failed to manifest serologic response to vaccination. Assuming parallelism between ability to resist challenge infection and the presence of neutralizing antibody, it is predicted, in the light of the negligible decline in antibody level during the preceding 4 years, that the capacity to resist infection will persist for many years to come.
Sera collected following challenge infection of vaccinated volunteers and normal controls were tested for CF antibody using 2 and 8 units of antigen. In confirmation of the results obtained by other workers (9, 10) it was found that use of the larger amount of antigen resulted in the demonstration of significantly higher CF reactivity in the sera from persons who had not had prior contact with the antigen and that this newly formed antibody was relatively thermolabile since inactivation at 60°C usually caused definite reduction in titers. This phenomenon also was observed when a primary antigenic stimulus was supplied by infection with avirulent strain E but was not demonstrated after non-infective Cox-type vaccine. In sera from persons who had been immunized prior to challenge, the phenomena of difference in antigen requirements and thermolability could not ordinarily be demonstrated.
Quantitative Studies of the Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions between Serum of Patients with “Connective Tissue” Diseases and a Preparation (Cohn Fraction II) of Human Gamma Globulin
Authors: Epstein Wallace V. , Engleman Ephraim P. , Ross Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation of precipitates on the addition of γ globulin (Fraction II) to the serum of most patients with rheumatoid arthritis is in general correlated with the FII agglutination titer of the serum.
The quantitative precipitation curve of this reaction is dependent on the FII agglutination titer of the sera, the lot of Fraction II and the volume in which the reaction is performed.
It is likely that the rheumatoid factor and what has been termed the γ globulin factor coexist in serum. A simple precipitation method for the detection of large quantities of rheumatoid factor has been reported.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Brill Selling 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Simons' theory as to the nature of the fundamental reaction in canine anaphylaxis was tested by perfusion methods with isolated tissues. Distinct vaso-constriction can be demonstrated in the canine lungs by perfusion with a mixture of barium chloride and adrenalin chloride, and marked vaso-constriction by perfusion with ergotin or with Vaughan's protein split-product. No veno-constriction can be demonstrated in canine livers however by perfusion with any of these agents. Simons' hepatic veno-constrictor theory, therefore, does not appear to represent a physiologic possibility.
Bacterial Anaphylaxis
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Stoland O. O. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1900 Lustig and Galeotte (1) apparently demonstrated that clinical anaphylaxis could be produced in experimental animals using bacterial proteins. They worked with nucleo-proteins from B. pestis and Microspira comma prepared by the Wooldridge method and the use of strong KOH to dissolve the cell membranes. Their results were confirmed by many workers among whom were, Del Conte, Heller, DeBonis, Tiberti, Savagnone. The European work up to 1913 is well summarized by Lustig (1). In America Rosenau and Anderson (2) were pioneers in the field of bacterial anaphylaxis.
Two sources of error have entered into much of the work reported, namely, methods of preparation of protein which racemized (3) it and the use of the intravenous method of demonstration which has caused to be included anaphylactoid (4) as well as true anaphylactic reactions.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Deibert Olin , Menger E. F. , Wigglesworth A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous paper (1) it was pointed out that certain publications seemed to indicate that some of the forms of hypersensitiveness in human beings (asthma, dermatitis venenata) are rare among the American Indians. It was thought that investigation of this apparent radical difference might produce some information regarding the nature of the different forms of specific human hypersensitiveness as well as some indication of the relation of the American Indian to the other human races. An experimental study of the occurrence of serum disease in 26 volunteer full-blooded American Indians indicated that the Indian race is much less susceptible to that condition than is the white race.
That the American Indian is only slightly susceptible to poison ivy was indicated by the report of Lain (2) in which he states that though the Indians frequently apply quite freely on their faces and other exposed parts paints and dyes made from wild plants, berries, etc., the skin of the Indian is apparently almost immune to the poison ivy.
The Failure of Peptone to Protect against Anaphylactic Shock and Allergic Conditions
Authors: Larsen Nils P. , Haigh A. V. R. , Alexander Harry L. , Paddock Royce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea-pigs sensitized to egg white, receiving peptone intracardially thirty minutes before the shocking dose of egg white, showed no protection against anaphylactic shock in comparison with sensitized guinea-pigs not treated with peptone. Guinea-pigs sensitized to egg white and receiving thereafter serial intracardial peptone injections were similarly found to be unprotected against anaphylactic shock. Peptone in weak concentration did not prevent the specific reaction of the uterine muscle strip to egg white in the Dale experiment. Peptone in strong concentrations produced inhibition of the of the specific reaction of the uterine muscle strip to egg white in the Dale experiment. Inhibition of rhythmic contractions and loss of tone were also observed in the normal unsensitized muscle under the conditions of the Dale experiment when the concentration of peptone was sufficiently strong. Clinically, the use of peptone intravenously in bronchial asthma according to the method of Auld has been disappointing and is considered dangerous.
Observations on the Anaphylactogenic Properties of Rye Pollen (Secale Cereale)
Authors: Alexander M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This paper is based upon observations made on 20 guinea-pigs to determine the anaphylactogenic properties of the pollen of rye (secale cereale). The pollen was obtained from a reliable source and microscopically showed the characteristic features of that pollen. It was extracted with a 2 per cent solution of sodium bicarbonate and the extract contained 2.01 mgm. N to 1 cc. Nine animals received only one sensitizing injection. Four animals received an initial injection of 2 cc. (4.02 mgm. N) and the same amount was repeated five days later. Five animals received an initial injection of 1 cc. (2.01 mgm. N) and a repetition of the same was given three weeks after the primary injection. While normal guinea-pigs were found to survive, and without symptoms, 2 cc. of the rye pollen extract, the sensitized guinea-pigs invariably succumbed to injection of 1 cc. of the extract (100 per cent). Of 4 animals injected with 0.75 cc. of the extract, 3 (75 per cent) succumbed within two minutes of injection exhibiting typical anaphylactic symptoms, while 1 gradually recovered following a severe anaphylactic reaction. Dosages of 0.5 cc., or less, invariably gave rise to marked anaphylactic symptoms, but the animals gradually recovered. These animals invariably showed a subsequent increase of tolerance as is evidenced by their surviving the injection of 1 cc. of the extract on the following day.
Passive transfer was accomplished from the sensitized guinea-pig to a normal one. The injection of 1 cc. of the rye extract intravenously on the day following an intraperitoneal injection of 5 cc. of the sensitized animal's serum, proved fatal within two minutes.
Tissue Culture Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Weiss Gertrud , Lewis Gladys K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
White blood cells from normal individuals and patients with active rheumatic fever have been compared in tissue culture in their responses to crude streptococcal filtrates and to disintegrated streptococci derived from strains presumed to have caused rheumatic fever—both in the presence of pooled serum from normal individuals as well as in serum from rheumatic fever cases. The cells from the two groups were allowed to phagocytize the same strains of heat-killed streptococci. Migration was observed after 1 day and spindle-shaped transformation of certain white blood cells was measured from 6 to 10 days after explantation of these cells.
There was no “all or none” phenomenon that would enable one to distinguish an individual with rheumatic fever from a normal person. In general, there was some depression of migration and spindle-shaped cell transformation in the various experimental systems that included rheumatic fever cells exposed to the test materials. The responses of the normal cells in rheumatic fever serum with the same test materials were influenced in a like manner. There were no consistent significant statistical differences in the comparisons of the normal and rheumatic fever systems. The various individual experiments also showed great variation, which compounded the difficulty of attempting to differentiate between a rheumatic fever patient and a normal individual.
A delayed hypersensitivity of the so-called tuberculin type could not be demonstrated for rheumatic fever white blood cells with the tissue culture experimental systems employed in this laboratory.