bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desensitization to Local Action of Antigen (Arthus Phenomenon)
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sensitization to the local action of protein may be transferred to a normal animal by injecting the serum of an animal which has received repeated injections of the antigen. This observation may be explained by the assumption that the serum of the immunized animal contains an antibody upon which the local reaction (Arthus phenomenon) depends. Analogy with other reactions in which antigen and antibody are concerned suggests the possibility that saturation of the antibody with antigen may obliterate the phenomenon. Attempts have been made to desensitize animals which as the result of immunization exhibit acute inflammation and necrosis when injected with the antigen employed for immunization.
No desensitization of rabbits repeatedly injected with horse serum was observed by Knox, Moss and Brown (1) when they injected intravenously or into the peritoneum large quantities (5 to 10 cc.) of horse serum.
The Gradual Decrease of the Active Immunizing Value of Toxin-Antitoxin Mixtures Stored During One Year
Authors: Banzhaf Edwin J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
About two years ago when the active immunization from the 3 and 5 L+ toxin-antitoxin mixtures were compared the results showed that the 5 L+ did not give any greater percentage of active immunity in children than the 3 L+. The 5 L+ however, did give a higher percentage of local and constitutional reactions in children and adults. These were due to the greater amount, of protein substances in the mixture. The 5 L+ mixtures were made with the aged diphtheria toxin without any dilution other than that due to the addition of the proper amount of antitoxin, whereas the 3L+ mixtures were prepared from the 5 L+ toxin, diluted with water to contain 3 L+ and therefore had 40 per cent less of the reacting substances. Even with this lesser amount of reacting substances, the 3 L+ mixtures gave annoying reactions.
The Characteristics of Lipid-Adsorbed Virus Vaccines
Authors: Youngner J. S. , Axelrod Velma 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A detailed study has been made of the properties of lipid-adsorbed virus vaccines. The influence of route of inoculation, suspending medium, and loading of lipid with antigen on antibody response were determined. Species differences in response to lipid-adsorbed vaccine were encountered; marked adjuvant action occurred in guinea pigs and mice but not in rabbits or chickens.
The toxicity and tissue reactions produced by lipid-adsorbed vaccines and the rate of disappearance of the antigen depot from the site of inoculation also were studied.
A series of water-insoluble lipids with different polar groups and sidechains were tested for their ability to act as immunologic adjuvants in order to determine the importance of available polar groups to the adsorbent and adjuvant properties of a lipid.
Specificity of Antisera to Mouse Ascites Tumor in Rabbits Immunologically Depressed with Mouse Red Cells
Authors: Reif Arnold E. , McVety Lora M. , Klein Esther R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The concept tested is whether antisera showing increased specificity against a mouse ascites tumor can be obtained by immunizing with this tumor rabbits that were immunologically depressed by injection of mouse red cells when newborn.
One-half the young in three litters of rabbits (depressed) were injected with washed mouse red cells on the day of birth and several times thereafter until day 38 after birth. The other half (controls) were left uninjected. At 9 ½ to 12 months, one-half the rabbits in both depressed and control groups were immunized with mouse red cells, the other half with L4946 mouse tumor.
Antisera from depressed rabbits finally immunized with red cells had hemagglutination, hemolysin and cytolytic titers respectively 17, 6 and 6 times lower than their controls, indicating considerable immunologic depression. Antisera from depressed rabbits finally immunized with tumor cells had titers respectively 6, 2 and 2 times lower than their controls, indicating some cross-depression against tumor cells. The specificity of antisera against L4946 tumor was precisely the same in depressed rabbits and in nondepressed controls; absence of results for the latter control group in recent studies by Levi et al. and by Garb et al. throws serious doubt on a positive interpretation of their data.
The Effect of Excess Antigen on the Anaphylactic Reaction
Authors: Liacopoulos P. , Halpern B. N. , Frick O. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following methods were used to determine the effect of large amounts of antigen in the eliciting of anaphylactic reactions: a) anaphylactic contraction of strips of ileum passively sensitized in vitro; b) liberation of histamine by slices of guinea pig lungs passively sensitized in vitro; and c) passive anaphylactic shock in mice. Rabbit anti-ovalbumin or anti-bovine serum albumin was used in the studies of isolated tissues, and mouse anti-ovalbumin was used for passive sensitization of mice. These three types of anaphylactic reaction could be specifically inhibited when a large quantity of antigen was used as the eliciting dose. The eliciting dose of antigen (ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin) was 1000 to 10,000 times higher than the minimal amount of antigen necessary to produce a maximal anaphylactic reaction or fatal anaphylactic shock. In this inhibition of anaphylactic reactions by excess of antigen, the larger the quantity of antibody used for passive sensitization, the greater the dose of the antigen necessary for inhibition.
The Temporal Relationship of Acquired Tolerance and the Immune Response Following Injection of Bovine Serum Albumin into Neonatal Mice
Authors: Sorem Gail L. , Terres Geronimo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the present study the temporal relationship of acquired immune tolerance and the immune response was determined in mice injected at birth with BSA. It was found that both were finite in time and that their degree and duration were determined by the amount of BSA injected. The results also demonstrated that the acquired tolerance and the immune response that followed were due to the same antigen.
Antiglobulins in Normal Serum
Authors: Watson R. Glenn , Collins Nancy M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Waaler-Rose activity previously noted in normal rabbit sera was studied. The factor responsible for this activity was found in all normal rabbit sera tested in titers of 1:64 to 1:2048. This factor was primarily localized in the water-soluble fraction of rabbit serum, was heat-stable at 56°C, and could be absorbed from rabbit serum with sheep erythrocyte stroma highly sensitized with rabbit hemolysin. No detectable amount of the Waaler-Rose factor could be removed from the serum by absorption with latex particles coated with human Cohn Fraction II. The Waaler-Rose factor in rabbit sera was differentiated from the Forssman heterophile antibody and the rheumatoid factors and was not associated with conglutinin activity.
A latex-fixation factor was demonstrable in all normal rabbit sera tested in titers of 1:20 to 1:512. This factor differed from the rabbit Waaler-Rose factor in that it was primarily confined to the water-insoluble fraction of the sera and was completely inactivated when the sera were heated at 56°C for 14 min. The latexfixation factor could be completely absorbed from rabbit sera by latex particles coated with human Cohn Fraction II. However, the absorption of rabbit sera with sheep erythrocyte stroma highly sensitized with rabbit hemolysin did not remove all of this factor but did remove about 75% of it. The latex-fixation factor in rabbit sera was differentiated from the Forssman heterophile antibody and the rheumatoid factors and was not associated with conglutinin activity. The addition of small amounts of normal human serum to rabbit serum containing high titers of latex-fixation activity caused inhibition of latex-fixation activity. The inhibitory substance in human serum responsible for the inhibition could be inactivated by heating the serum at 56°C for 30 min.
Studies on an Endotoxin of a Group C Neisseria Meningitidis
Authors: Mergenhagen S. E. , Martin G. R. , Schiffmann E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The lipopolysaccharide endotoxin of a Group C Neisseria meningitidis strain 1908 has been isolated by phenol-water extraction and further purified by differential ultracentrifugation of the water soluble lipopolysaccharide-nucleic acid complex. The lipopolysaccharide was found to contain 20% lipid (composed of cephalin, fatty acids and plasmalogen) with polysaccharide constituents identified as glucose, galactose, glucosamine and sialic acid. The endotoxin contained less than 1% protein, and less than 1% nucleic acid. Hemagglutination inhibition tests revealed that this meningococcal lipopolysaccharide was able to inhibit antibodies from agglutinating sheep erythrocytes sensitized with Group C specific capsular polysaccharide composed principally of units of sialic acid. The converse was not found, however. Analytical ultracentrifugation and the separation of lipopolysaccharide and of capsular polysaccharide by gel filtration provided evidence that the sialic acid formed an integral part of the biologically active lipopolysaccharide. “Crude” and “purified” lipids extracted from parent lipopolysaccharide failed to demonstrate lethal activity in high dosages in normal or pertussis-sensitized mice. They were found to be nonpyrogenic and nonpreparing for the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits in comparison to the native lipopolysaccharide. In rather small dosages, however, they were capable of increasing nonspecific resistance in the mouse to a lethal E. coli infection.
Quantitative Studies of a Conglutinating System in Normal Bovine Serum
Authors: Sage Harvey J. , Ransby Arnold , Leon Myron A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A conglutinating system present in normal bovine serum has been shown to consist of antipolysaccharide, conglutinin and complement. Conglutinated dextran yielded conglutinin, C′1 and C′4 on extraction with EDTA, and both high and low molecular weight antidextran on extraction with maltose. Details of the chromatographic purification of conglutinin and the high and low molecular weight antidextran are given. The isolated conglutinin was essentially homogeneous by free electrophoresis and by ultracentrifugation, but was heterogeneous immunochemically. Conglutinin migrated as a γ-globulin, had a sedimentation constant of 6.6 and a molecular weight of 650,000.
Recognition of Foreign Erythrocytes by the Liver in Mice
Authors: Nelson Eric L. , Buras Netty S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An experimental model has been developed for the study of recognition by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). A quantitative method employing Cr51 labeled cells has been devised for studying phagocytosis of homologous and heterologous erythrocytes. Homologous and heterologous red blood cells are phagocytized at different rates. The spleen primarily takes up homologous (mouse) red cells and the liver removes foreign (human, guinea pig, rabbit) erythrocytes. Genetic differences among strains of mice may be reflected in their ability to take up in the spleen red cells of nonrelated donor mice. The ratio of recovery of radioactivity (RR ratio) between the blood, spleen and liver may be used to characterize a system employing erythrocytes of a particular donor in any given recipient. A comparison of RR ratios obtained under varying experimental conditions may be expected to reflect responses in the recognition mechanism of the RES.
Studies on the Specificity of the Cellular Infiltrate in Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: McCluskey Robert T. , Benacerraf Baruj , McCluskey Jean W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In actively immunized guinea pigs given H3 thymidine during the 2 days preceding skin testing, delayed hypersensitivity reactions contained a high percentage (87 to 92%) of labeled mononuclear cells.
Experiments were performed in which two noncross-reacting sensitivity systems were transferred by lymph node cells to single recipient guinea pigs, with the donors sensitized to one of the antigens having received H3 thymidine, whereas the donors to the other system supplied unlabeled cells. Delayed sensitivity reactions elicited by each of the antigens at separate sites in these recipients were found to contain comparable numbers of labeled cells. The average percentage of labeled mononuclear cells in the infiltrate was 4%.
Experiments were performed in which delayed sensitivity was transferred by unlabeled lymph node cells from actively immunized donors into nonimmunized guinea pigs which had received H3 thymidine during the 2 days preceding transfer. Delayed sensitivity reactions in these recipients contained a high percentage of labeled mononuclear cells (68 to 91%).
The observations indicate that the great majority of mononuclear cells which comprise the infiltrate in delayed sensitivity reactions are not specifically sensitized cells. In addition, the findings show that almost all of the mononuclear cells comprising the infiltrate are cells which have recently proliferated. The observations fail to provide evidence for the specific attraction of sensitized cells to the antigen. It is suggested that the delayed hypersensitivity reaction is initiated by the random arrival of a small number of specifically sensitized cells at the antigen site.
Development of Viral Antigen and Infectious Virus in HeLa Cells Infected with Reovirus
Authors: Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H. , Knight Charles O. , Chin Jean N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Development of viral antigen and infectious virus were followed in HeLa cells infected with type 1 reovirus. The antigen was found to go through a sequence of four stages determined by shape and intracellular location. Six to eight hours after infection, antigen appeared in particulate form in the cytoplasm. The particles coalesced to form a reticulum-like structure disseminated throughout the cytoplasm; the reticulum in most cases subsequently became perinuclear. In the final stage, the antigen lost much of its reticular structure and spread confluently throughout the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm began “bubbling” and cell processes containing viral antigen constricted and pinched off from the cell.
Cell-associated virus and viral antigen appeared simultaneously after 6 to 8 hr of infection and increased to a maximal concentration at 24 hr. The rate of virus release was slow and appeared to be related to the “bubbling” phenomenon. The effect of the location of antigen and its slow release from the cell may be related to the slow spread of virus in plaques.
Cellular Localization of Radioactive Antigen in Immunized and Nonimmunized Mice
Authors: Speirs R. S. , Speirs E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified tritiated tetanus toxin was injected intraperitoneally into 42 mice previously immunized with tetanus toxoid. An equivalent amount of tritiated tetanus toxin neutralized with mouse antitoxin was injected intraperitoneally into 28 nonimmunized mice. Animals were autopsied at various intervals, and autoradiograms made of the peritoneal exudate, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and thymus.
Neutrophils containing radioactive antigen were observed in all animals autopsied between 2 and 24 hr after injection, following which there was a marked reduction in number. Many of the neutrophils were phagocytized by macrophages. Lymphocytes and macrophages containing radioactive antigen were present in the inflammatory exudate 2 hr after injection. In the immunized animals injected with tritiated toxin, there was a progressive increase in the number of macrophages containing antigen, up to the 4th day. In the nonimmunized animals injected with neutralized toxin fewer labeled macrophages were observed, and there was a progressive decrease in their number after the 1st day of inflammation. Labeled eosinophils were observed between the 2nd and 8th days of inflammation. The eosinophils did not engulf antigen directly but appeared to receive it from disintegrating labeled mononuclear cells. Certain mononuclear cells became swollen, highly vacuolated, and acted as a center around which other cells became attached, forming a rosette of cells. The number and cellular composition of these rosettes varied at different stages of inflammation. Macrophages and basophilic mononuclear cells containing radioactive material were observed in the spleen, mediastinal, inguinal, axillary, mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes. These cells were also observed in the bone marrow and occasionally in the thymus. Consistently greater numbers of eosinophil and mononuclear cells containing radioactive material were found in the inflammatory exudate and lymphoid tissues of animals which had been immunized to tetanus toxoid prior to the injection of the radioactive toxin.
These results indicate that antigen localizes in different cells during various stages of an inflammatory response, but eventually becomes concentrated in macrophages. It was suggested that the role as well as the fate of the antigen in a macrophage varies depending upon the manner in which it reaches the macrophage.
The Opsonic Effect of Complement on the Phagocytosis of γ-Globulin-Coated Bentonite Particles
Authors: Rytel Michael W. , Stollerman Gene H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented which indicates that opsonization of γ-globulin-coated bentonite is diminished in sera lacking C′1, C′2 and C′4, but not in sera lacking C′3. These observations provide additional evidence for the similarity of γ-globulin-coated particles and specific antigen-antibody complexes in their interactions with the complement system.
Electrophoretic Boundary Disturbances as a Test for Antigen-Antibody Interaction and Some Observations on the Production of Nonspecific Boundary Disturbances
Authors: Farr Richard S. , Campbell Dan H. , Vinograd Jerome 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The addition of antigen to the buffer over the ascending and descending limbs of a free boundary electrophoresis cell containing antiserum results in an immunologically specific disturbance of the γ-globulin boundary. This technique provides a sensitive method for detecting either antigen or antibody. The antigens studied have been bovine serum albumin, Pneumococcus polysaccharide (SSSII), Boivin-type antigen from E. coli and bovine serum globulin. The disturbance may develop in the ascending and/or descending limb depending upon whether the antigen migrates slower, faster, or at the same rate as the antibody component. The method detects as little as 0.1 µg of antigen/ml in the buffer and as little as 10 µg of precipitating antibody/ml in the serum compartment of the cell. The E. coli antigen differed from the others in that it induced γ-globulin boundary disturbances when tested against normal sera, providing further evidence for the presence of antibodies against E. coli in normal sera. The descending β-boundary disturbance frequently observed during routine free-boundary electrophoretic analysis can be eliminated by adding as little as 0.24 mg of albumin/ml to the buffer over the descending limb. Some nonspecific boundary disturbances which may be encountered when attempting to apply this method to detect antigen and antibody are discussed.
Factors Affecting Primary and Secondary Antibody Production by Splenic Tissues
Authors: Kong Yi-Chi M. , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity of isolated rabbit splenic tissues to form antibody was investigated by using tissue culture and cell transfer procedures. Hemagglutinating antibodies to bovine γ-globulin (BGG) were regularly demonstrated when splenic tissues were cultured in vitro three or more days following a single injection of antigen. After a second injection of BGG, splenic tissues produced antibodies in vitro when removed two or three days after antigen administration. Bacterial endotoxin given simultaneously with antigen did not increase the primary or secondary antibody levels of splenic tissues cultured in vitro. The addition of BGG in vitro to splenic explants from normal or previously immunized rabbits failed to initiate a primary or a secondary antibody response.
The capacity of splenic tissues to form antibody after a single injection of BGG into rabbits was transferrable to x-irradiated recipients on days 1, 2, and 3 after antigenic stimulation. The enhancing effect of endotoxin, given either to the donor simultaneously with BGG or to the recipient immediately following cell transfer, was equivocal.
Fluorinated pyrimidines, 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, inhibited secondary antibody formation when added to splenic tissues obtained 2 days after a second injection of BGG. Preliminary experiments indicated that thymidine partially reversed the inhibitory effect of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine.
Competition of Soluble Antigens by Tissue Culture Assay
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intravenous injection of 10 mg of hemocyanin (KLH) simultaneously with or 24 hr after intravenous injection of 10 mg of bovine serum albumin labeled with S35 (S35-BSA) into rabbits hyperimmunized to both antigens resulted in antibody formation to both antigens by spleen cells in vitro. However, intravenous injection of 10 mg of KLH 9 to 24 hr prior to S35-BSA into similar rabbits caused inhibition of BSA antibody production in vitro. The inhibitory effect was diminished if KLH was given 48 hr or 72 hr prior to S35-BSA and no inhibition occurred if KLH was given 6 days prior to S35-BSA.
The inhibition did not appear to be dependent upon excess concentration of S35-BSA in the inhibited cultures and could not be correlated with circulating serum titers just prior to challenge over the period tested or to depletion of nutrients in the medium. The inhibition was dosage-dependent, 10 µg of KLH being inadequate to cause inhibition.
The primary or secondary response to KLH was insufficient to cause inhibition of BSA antibody production in vitro by spleen cells from rabbits hyperimmunized to BSA only.
Studies on Immunity to Toxins of Clostridium Botulinum
Authors: Fiock Mary A. , Cardella Matteo A. , Gearinger Naomi F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified toxins of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and E were converted to toxoids and adsorbed on aluminum phosphate; four preparations of pentavalent toxoid were investigated in groups of 15 to 30 volunteers. Each pentavalent product contained 1.7 Lf of type A, 0.54 Lf of type B, 50,000 LD50 equivalents of type C, 4 Lf of type D, and 0.5 Lf or 100,000 LD50 equivalents of type E toxoid/ml. All flocculation potencies are referred to standard antitoxins prepared by the Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, England. Doses of the first preparation of pentavalent toxoid (0.5 ml) were administered subcutaneously at 0, 2 and 10 weeks; the other preparations were given in the same way except that a 0-2-12 week schedule was used. Booster doses of 0.5 ml were given 1 year after the initial injection. Serum antitoxin titers of individuals were determined 12 to 14 and 52 weeks after the initial injection, and again 8 weeks after the booster, by neutralization titrations in mice. After the initial series of injections a considerable proportion of the individuals developed antitoxin titers for all or most of the five toxins; the proportion of satisfactory titers varied with the type and also with the preparation. Good booster responses were obtained with all preparations, and antitoxin titers to each of the five types were found in 86 to 100% of the individuals immunized. Stability studies with one preparation showed that the toxoids retained considerable antigenicity for at least 16 months at 4°C.