bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hutbeja si bartëse e mesazhit hyjnor në botën moderne
Authors: Rizai Husein 
Published: June 2023

Komunikimi është bërthama elementare e shpalljes hyjnore e po ashtu edhe e dërgesës pejgamberike. Teksti i shpalljes dhe porositë profetike janë të thëna, me qëllim që t’i komunikohen në trajta të ndryshme gjinisë njerëzore. Pikërisht për këtë, metodologjia e komunikimit të diskursit hyjnor dhe atij profetik ka ngjallur interesin e veçantë të filozofisë së gjuhës kuranore dhe të haditheve të Pejgamberit (a.s.). Gjithashtu edhe një nga problemet dhe defektet kryesore të gjuhës fetare në botën bashkëkohore, është mangësi (defekt) e komunikimit joadekuat dhe i trajtës jofetare të përdorimit të gjuhës së shpalljes dhe bisedës profetike.
Hutbeja është media më e përhapur dhe më e rëndësishme islame. Vlera e hutbes pasqyrohet në faktin se ka një rëndësi të veçantë në thirrjen islame. Ajo është një mjet i saj tradicional, mirëpo njëkohësisht edhe bashkëkohor. Për shkak të lidhjes me namazin e xhumasë, ku bëhet takimi javor i myslimanëve, ajo vazhdon t’i mbijetojë çdo kohe dhe çfarëdo zhvillimi. Madje, për shkak të karakteristikave që disponon, vazhdon të mbetet si mjeti më efikas në bartjen e mesazhit islam te besimtarët. E kjo, në njëfarë forme, na detyron që hutbes, në përgjithësi, t’i kushtojmë vëmendje dhe rëndësi.
Duke pasur parasysh se institucioni i hutbes është paraqitur menjëherë pas paraqitjes së Islamit dhe vetë i Dërguari i Allahut, Muhamedi (a.s.), ka qenë hatib-ligjërues, vlera historike e këtij lloji të komunikimit i tejkalon të gjitha llojet e tjera specifike të retorikës islame (vazet, derset etj.), për shkak se, krahas bisedës dhe komunikimit të realitetit fetar, ngërthen edhe përmasën e adhurimit dhe përkushtimit ndaj Zotit.
Hutbeja është komunikim i drejtpërdrejtë që i bashkon jo vetëm fjalët dhe mendimet e njerëzve, por edhe frymën dhe gjallërinë e tyre, prandaj edhe mund të konsiderohet si forma më me ndikim në besimin dhe etikën e njerëzve, në krahasim me mediat e shkruara dhe elektronike. Përpos kësaj, ligjëratat verbale kanë fuqi që të kaluarën ta “konservojnë” dhe ta transformojnë sipas nevojës. Duke i pasur parasysh mangësitë dhe përparësitë e diskursit të përdorur në komunikimin e hutbes, gjithsesi, çdo hatib duhet që, krahas diturive fetare, të ketë edhe njohuri elementare të komunikologjisë bashkëkohore
Kriza financiare globale dhe ndikimi i saj në bankat konvencionale dhe ato islame
Authors: Bahtijari Xhylferie 
Published: June 2023

Kanë kaluar shumë vite që nga shfaqjet e para të krizës financiare, e cila burimin e ka nga vendi më i zhvilluar ne botë, nga Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës (SHBA), dhe gjendja vazhdon të jetë ende alarmante. Kjo krizë erdhi për shumë arsye, por duke e përfshirë në një fjali të vetme mund të themi se flukset dalëse të parasë ishin më të mëdha se flukset hyrëse të saj dhe kjo uli aftësinë blerëse në treg, e cila po shkon drejt një recesioni të plotë në të gjithë botën. Në këtë mënyrë, shtrirja gjithnjë e më e gjerë e kësaj krize ka tërhequr zvarrë shumë banka e institucione financiare, duke i çuar ato drejt një kolapsi përfundimtar.
Kriza financiare globale ishte një tronditje e rëndë e të gjitha ekonomive, qoftë edhe e atyre më të zhvilluara botërore të cilat konsideroheshin të pamposhtura. Si pasojë e saj, pësuan humbje shumë biznese të mëdha dhe, si rrjedhojë, shumë njerëz i humbën vendet e tyre të punës. Kriza financiare mendohej se nuk do të zgjerohej jashtë SHBA-ve, por ajo shumë shpejt e kaploi Europën dhe shumë vende të zhvilluara të kontinentit aziatik, si Kina, Japonia etj. Kështu, rritja ekonomike në nivel global vlerësohet të jetë ngadalësuar gjithnjë e më shumë pas krizës globale. Ky ngadalësim ishte më i theksuar në vendet europiane, ku rënia e kërkesës së brendshme si dhe pasiguria e shkaktuar nga sektori fiskal, gjatë vitit 2012, kanë ndikuar në rënien e konsumit dhe të investimeve. Ndikimi i krizës, përveçse në ekonominë e shteteve në përgjithësi, u bë më i dukshëm në sistemet e tyre bankare. Por, a do të ishte ky ndikim i njëjtë në të dy sistemet bankare, si në atë konvencional, ashtu edhe në atë islam, do të vërehej më së miri po të bënim një krahasim ndërmjet këtyre dy sistemeve. Kështu, fokusi i vështrimit është vendosur në performancën e dy llojeve të bankave, atyre islamike dhe atyre konvencionale në nivel shtetëror, në shtetet, ekonomitë e të cilave operojnë me të dyja këto sisteme bankare, në mënyrë që të kontrollohen ekseset e parakrizës, dobësitë dhe reagimet politike. Për të vlerësuar këtë ndikim të krizës, janë marrë katër indikatorë për të dy grupet e bankave, përkatësisht ndryshimet në (I) Përfitim, (II) Kreditim apo huadhënie nga ana e bankave, (III) Asetet e bankës; (IV) Normat bankare.
Vepra “Areali gjuhësor i Istogut me rrethinë” e autorit Dr. Sejdi Gashi, vlerë e re për gjuhësinë shqiptare
Authors: Ibrahimi Mustafa 
Published: June 2023

Monografia me titull “Areali gjuhësor i Istogut me rrethinë”, e autorit Dr. Sejdi Gashi, në plan të parë, është një vazhdimësi e kërkimeve prej dekadash në studimet dialektologjike (Shqipëri, Kosovë, Maqedoni), të cilat kanë filluar në vitet ’60. Studimet e kësaj natyre kanë filluar shumë më herët edhe në kolonitë e vjetra ndër arbëreshët e Italisë e të Greqisë dhe vazhdojnë të studiohen e rivlerësohen ende me metodat më bashkëkohore shkencore.

Dalja në dritë e veprës së Dr. Sejdi Gashit, “Areali gjuhësor i Istogut me rrethinë”, zgjeron edhe më tej studimet e dialektologjisë shqiptare. Studimi për të folmen e Istogut vjen pasi autori kishte bërë shumë studime, që kur ishte student dhe më vonë, duke botuar me dhjetëra artikuj nëpër gazeta e revista shkencore, në të cilët janë trajtuar dukuri dialektore për të folmen e kësaj krahine.

Autori Gashi, kërkimet e tij në fushën e dialektologjisë i bashkon sa me ruajtjen e traditës së kërkimeve dialektore në Kosovë, aq edhe me metodat bashkëkohore të traditës së kërkimeve dialektore, duke sjellë analiza dhe përshkrime deskriptive të përmasës fonetike dhe morfologjike, të fjalë- formimit, si dhe të strukturës së formimeve sintaksore. Monografia e Dr. Sejdi Gashit paraqet një pamje të plotë mbi arealin gjuhësor të Istogut, si një prej të folmeve më periferike të gegërishtes .
فكرة الدولة بين النظرية الإسلامية والنظرية الغربية: (ابن خلدون وهوبز أنموذجا)
Authors: العرقان عبد الله 
Published: June 2023

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أصل نشوء الدولة وآلياتها وأهدافها في فكر كل من ابن خلدون وتوماس هوبز، والفرق بينهما مع استجلاء الواقع العلمي التطبيقي لفكر الدولة بين النظريتين الإسلامية والغربية وللوصول إلى نتائج ذات أثر واقعي، استخدم الباحث المنهج التاريخي ومنهج تحليل المضمون والمنهج المقارن. وكذلك برزت مشكلة الدراسة في سؤالها الرئيس والذي تم الإجابة عنه والذي تم فيه مقارنة فكر ابن خلدون وهوبز في فكرة الدولة.
The Micropolitics of Class and Class Consciousness:
Authors: Rahman S A M Raihanur 
Published: June 2023

In classical Marxism, the logic of class struggle is located in the antagonism between two major classes of the capitalist system. However, the “agrarian question,” and uneven development of capitalism across the globe – along with colonial and postcolonial realities – have problematized the bipolar idea of class and revolutionary politics. Bangladeshi writer Akhtaruzzaman Elias’ fictions embody the contradictions arising from the disparity between the structural dimension of class and its articulation in emancipatory movements. This paper, focusing its investigation on Elias’ magnum opus Khoabnama, explores the micropolitical and dynamic dimensions of class by addressing Elias’ depiction of the inner contradictions of subjective experiences and internal dialectics of class struggle. The micrological divisions within a class and the implications associated with such divisions are outlined here. Besides, the paper also offers an organic understanding of class consciousness which develops from the subjective experience of exploitation and resistance and the negotiation with the immanent potential of social transformation.
The Scarlet Letter and New England’s Witchcraft Beliefs
Authors: Choudhury Zareen 
Published: June 2023

The witch trials and the mass execution of women branded as witches throughout the 17th century New England were meant to serve an ideology designed for the world the Puritans were attempting to create. The Puritan witchcraft beliefs are inextricably related with their religious and social word-view as well as with their negative image of woman. Witches were the most powerful symbol of human evil—seductive and threatening to the moral and social order. Witchcraft has compelled the attention of a long and almost continuous line of American writers, Nathaniel Hawthorne being one of them. The Scarlet Letter, set against the background of the 17th century Puritan New England, deals mostly with the guilt-ridden aspect of human psyche and the Puritan society’s unredemptive doctrine of sin and punishment. However, the frequent references to witches, to the Black Man in connection with the dense forest, to the historical witch figures like Hutchinson and Hibbens, connect the novel with the dark episode of the Puritan witchcraft. The constant presence of the witch in both physical and spiritual form throughout the novel shows that Hawthorne refers to these supernatural beings not merely as a passive element of his novel’s plot, but rather as a strong component of the historical context in which the story of the novel unfolds itself. it makes the novel an even more authentic document of the Puritan era. My paper attempts to explore, in the context of The Scarlet Letter, the much condemned yet an inseparable chapter of the New England history-the witchcraft beliefs and how they had justified and at the same time subverted the Founders’ vision and their goals.
The Use of Land in Momaday’s House Made of Dawn and Silko’s Ceremony
Authors: Mortuza Shamsad 
Published: June 2023

Both Natachee Scott Momaday and Leslie Marmon Silko ale American Indian storytellers. Their stories involve a narrative based on the people and place that exist in the archetypal consciousness of the American southwest. On the surface, these stories are concerned with spiritual, hence apolitical, atonement. The recognition and accolades from the mainstream for these two writers of ethnic origins are tinged with possibilities of patronization: Momaday is the first male and Silko is the first female American Indian authors to receive Pulitzer Prizes. Their recognition in the late sixties and early seventies can be justified in terms of the general swinging mood after the Civil Rights Movement. However, without taking any credit from these two authors, it can be argued that the strength of these two authors lie in identifying the evil in the white encroachment and the violation of the land. The spiritual healings of the protagonists of Momaday’s House Made of Dawn and Silko’s Ceremony come through their return to the traditional ways that are ultimately rooted in the land. At a deeper level, these narratives engage critically with the political treaties that reduce the first nation and the rightful owners of the land as mere ethnic minorities. Hence, the stories offered by these two authors are alternative discourses in which the ownership of land assumes new meaning, which demands a redefinition of morality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the political dimension of the treatment of land in two pioneering Native American texts, and understand as to why spiritual healing features so prominently in these two authors with their supposed apolitical and pseudo-religious overtone.
Book Review
Authors: Mohit Ul Alam Mohit Ul Alam 
Published: June 2023

Keeping in view the motto of Crossings being dedicated to generate discussions on cultural interfacing, I’ve included in this Book Review section my commentary on a review, published in the London Review of Books, of a book by Naipaul, and two reviews by myself, one on Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake, and another on Shirshendu’s travelogue on his tour of America
“Some Qualities of Permanence”:
Authors: Alam Fakrul 
Published: June 2023

How good is Tagore’s English prose’? If Tagore himself is to be believed. not good at all! And yet, it must be remembered it has his own 1912 English renderings of his poems in prose, Gitanjali (Songs Offerings) that brought him instant worldwide recognition. It is important to note too that Tagore continued to produce memorable works in English every now and then for almost three decades. We have to only think of a letter like the one he wrote renouncing his knighthood or works such as Nationalism or The Religion of Man ourselves that his achievement in English prose is by no means negligible. Indeed, within a few years of his Gitanjali work, Tagore indicates in a letter that he had actually begun to overcome his limitations and to savor “the wonderful power” of English prose (letter to J. D. Anderson). In the last decade of his life, he was even willing to concede that his prose had managed “to attain some quality of permanence” after the initial help and advice he had got from people like W. B. Yeats and Thomas Sturge Moore and the encouragement he had received from his good friend William Rothenstein. The purpose of this paper is to show how the best of Tagore’s English prose managed to attain “some qualities of permanence” in English because of the artistry with which he used the English language. It will attempt to demonstrate how Tagore endeavored to use the English language flexibly and imaginatively and how he was able to wield the language in diverse ways to suit the occasion, the audience, or the form of expression he had chosen. In the process, I hope to produce a thorough revaluation of Tagore’s contribution to English prose and affirm the value of his prose writings in our time.
Shakespeare’s Great Tragedies
Authors: Islam Md. Shafiqul 
Published: June 2023

Mohit Ul Alam has accomplished a splendid job for those who want to read Shakespeare’s great tragedies in Bangla. He completed with virtuosity his arduous but praiseworthy task by presenting us with Bangla renditions of Shakespeare’s great plays in one edition: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth…
Projection of Women in Disgrace Lucy Lurie:
Authors: Shameem Musarrat 
Published: June 2023

J. M. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace mainly focuses on the violent coexistence of the blacks and the whites in South Africa. A parallel theme, however, that runs through the novel shows the women Characters of the novel as yet another inferior race biologically vulnerable. This process of subjugation basically rests on the view that women are physical entities before anything else which puts emphasis on their sexual role over everything else. The central consciousness of the novel David Lurie retains that the female body of women matters more than the spirit inside. Seen through his eyes, the women in this novel appear to be entities whose identities are constructed by an onlooker rather than by themselves. This questionable construction of identity not only proves women to be vulnerable but also proves them as people whose bodily existence overshadows their cerebral faculties. The characters are projected as being acted upon in the context of the novel. Again, the issue of the re[1]presentation of women shares an intricate fabric of a broader social and cultural perspective with other issues like their position and empowerment. This projection, however, is proved to be dubious through Lucy Lurie, one major female character of the novel who successfully creates an independent self-defying construction of herself. This article focuses on the representation of women it Disgrace along with the resistance against this representation offered by Lucy.
Postcolonial Study of Cameron’s Avatar
Authors: Khan Md. Sadat Zaman 
Published: June 2023

James Cameron’s Avatar (2010) is a movie based on the experiences of different paradigms of post colonialism which emerge as a reaction to the colonial discourses in the history of theory. Post colonial discourse aims at re-reading any text that “… directly addresses the experience of Empire” (Mcleod 2007: 33).It is also “concerned with the workings and legacy of colonialism” (Mcleod 2007: 33). Avatar has been screened with the realities of the colonial history where we discover two groups–oppressors and oppressed. Post colonialism, with its multifarious characteristics, enables us to examine the movie in multidimensional ways. It looks at the colonial discourse as designed by the invaders in the movie and at the same time, it is also critical to the colonial discourse.
Informative Travels:
Authors: Rabbi Shakil 
Published: June 2023

Travel writing has played an active role in the discourse of colonialism and the aggrandizements of European empires since the Renaissance. In her book Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Multiculturalism, noted critic Mary Louise Pratt observes that the sentimental travel writings which accompany colonial appropriations functioned as a way of capital infiltrations into the ‘contact zone’ and that even passive European travel writers rely on and extend the reach of colonizing structures. She also observes that the passive travel writers go through a form of anti-conquest based on reciprocity, which function as spreading points of the imperialist economy into the textual landscape of the ‘contact zone’. But the revisions brought about in episteme by post[1]structuralism (more specifically post-colonialism) over the last fifty years have problematized older – or traditional – methods of representation of the ‘contact zone’ in travel-writing. By looking at travel pieces by Pico Iyer, Vikram Seth, and Amitav Gosh in the context of arguments and theories developed by critics such as Said, Bhabha, Lyotard, Pratt, etc., I propose to show how the new hybridized travel writers consciously historicize the ‘contact zones’ they write on (making them texts-in-context), represent the ubiquitous hybrid or mutt presences, and show a form of local determinism and resistance which fits within what Lyotard dubs postmodern paralogy.
Anxiety and Willingness to Communicate in Language Learning:
Authors: Mahmudul Haque Mohammad 
Published: June 2023

This case study attempts to find out the role of individual differences (IDs) in language learning of an advanced Bangladeshi EFL learner who aims to study at a graduate level program in Education at a North American university. A two-phase structured questionnaire interview has been conducted in which phase one comprises 40 openended questions with a general structure that attempts to find out the various personal characteristics of the interviewee, namely ‘personal profile,’ ‘learning history,’ linguistic background, etc. In phase two, there are two sub-phases, and the questionnaire in the first sub-phase focuses on four IDs namely ‘personality,’ ‘learning style,’ ‘anxiety,’ and ‘willingness to communicate,’ with a general research question concerning the effects of these IDs on the interviewee. In the second sub-phase, the researcher narrows down the focus of the research question to the two most important IDs influencing the interviewee’s learning of English, namely ‘anxiety’ and ‘willingness to communicate.’ For the second sub-phase of phase two, the researcher uses four quantitative measurement scales, two measuring the interviewee’s anxiety (adapted from Horwitz and Horwitz, 1986) and the other two measuring her willingness to communicate (adapted from Macintyre, 2001) both inside and outside of classrooms. The results show that the interviewee feels very anxious and addled in the classroom whereas she feels quite the opposite outside the classroom. Naturally, her willingness to communicate in the classroom is very low as she does not enjoy the teacher-centered deductive presentations of grammar rules. Also, the interviewee’s personality has a decisive effect on her language learning. Being an extrovert outside class and quiet in the class, she does not enjoy her academic success per se. Finally, there is a comparison between the researcher and the interviewee’s language learning experience revealing a number of similarities and differences between them.
Fiction into Film 7
Authors: Roy Anjali Gera 
Published: June 2023

R. K. Narayan’s The Guide, considered a masterpiece, was made into an equally successful film. Guide was made in two versions — an English version in collaboration with Pearl S. Buck and directed by Ted Danielewski to introduce Dev Anand to Western audiences and the Hindi version directed by Dev Anand’s younger brother, Vijay Anand. Despite being warned by all and sundry not to touch the project and his brother’s strong reluctance to direct, Anand persisted with the film, which went on to fetch awards in almost all categories and remains a landmark in Indian Cinema. R. K. Narayan was most unhappy with the final film as he felt it deviated too much from his novel, particularly in Anand’s change of setting from Malgudi to Udaipur and the film’s ending, and disowned the film. The author’s disappointment with the cinematic translation of his text is understandable. But it overlooks the difference between fiction and film, the main issue being that the novel is a verbal medium whereas film is primarily a visual genre. What is the process through which the filmmaker translates the verbal into the visual mode? How did Vijay Anand translate Narayan’s complex fictional narrative that weaves in modernization, social reform, and development with spiritual quest in a cinematic code? How did he weave in the emboxed narrative of the unhappy dancer Rosie into the frame story about the Hindu concepts of the power of faith and renunciation? How did he handle descriptions of characters: “complexion not white, but dusky, which made her only half visible, as if you saw her through a film of tender coconut juice” and mood: “‘I’m prepared to spend the whole night here,’ she said. ‘He will, of course, be glad to be left alone. Here at least we have silence and darkness, welcome things, and something to wait for out of that darkness’”; interior monologue; the passage of time; the switch from the frame to the emboxed tale and so on? Through examining The Guide, this paper will engage with the handling of narrative in fiction and film.