bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the pH effect on the optical and morphological properties of S, N self-doped carbon dots applied as fluorescent anti-counterfeiting ink and pH sensor
Authors: Nascimento Sendy Melissa Santos do , Sonsin Artur Falqueto , Barbosa Cintya D’ Angeles do E S , Fonseca Eduardo Jorge S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The pH value is an important parameter as it is part of several processes, whether environmental or biological. In this report, S, N self-doped carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using cysteine (cys) and citric acid as precursors for a detailed investigation of size, morphological, photoluminescent, and structural changes at different pH values and its use as pH sensor and fluorescent ink. The fluorescence intensity of cys-CDs was dependent on the pH, presenting a linear relationship with pH values in the range of 2.0–9.0. Using spectroscopic techniques, a mechanism for the pH-dependent fluorescence is proposed, based on the aggregation of cys-CDs and also protonation/deprotonation of surface functional groups that change the excited state. The cys-CDs were found to be efficient as fluorescent pH sensors using real samples (distilled water and tap water). Furthermore, the pH changes in cys-CDs can be used for the visual enhancement of anti-counterfeiting technologies. Thus, the results of this study show that cys-CDs can act as an efficient and pH sensitive fluorescent sensor, which can be used to measure the pH value of water samples, due to its high fluorescence intensity, and can be applied successfully as a fluorescent ink.
Determining the effect of cardiac blood volume on accuracy of uptake rate constants by simulation
Authors: Johnson L C , Guerraty M A , Moore S C , Metzler S D 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective. There is great interest in better understanding coronary microvascular disease using mouse models. Typical quantification requires dynamic imaging to estimate the rate constant K
1 of the tracer moving from the blood into the myocardium. In addition to K
1, it is also desirable to determine blood volume fraction V, which if known allows for more accurate fitting of K
1. Our previously published kinetic modeling software did not consider the effect of V. To ensure a better fit of experimental data to the model for myocardial

μ

SPECT imaging, in this work we updated our kinetic modeling software to include a blood volume fraction V, which adds a fraction of the arterial activity concentration into the tissue concentration. Approach. The tissue and blood time-activity curves (TACs) used for fit input were generated using ideal equations with known values in MATLAB. This allowed post-fit results to be compared to known values to determine fit errors. Parameters that were varied in generating the TACs included blood volume fraction (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3), K
1 (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 ml min−1 g−1), frame length (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 s), FWHM of the input Gaussian (10, 20, 40 s), and time of the injection peak relative to frame duration. Blood volume-fraction results have low error when blood volume is lowest, but results worsen as frame length and K
1 increase. Main results. We demonstrated that blood volume can be accurately determined, and also show how fit accuracy varies across TACs with different input properties. Significance. This information allows for robust use of the fitting algorithm and aids in understanding fit performance when used in animal studies.
Improvement of the hybrid approach between Monte Carlo simulation and analytical function for calculating microdosimetric probability densities in macroscopic matter
Authors: Sato Tatsuhiko , Matsuya Yusuke , Ogawa Tatsuhiko , Kai Takeshi , Hirata Yuho , Tsuda Shuichi , Parisi Alessio 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective. Estimation of the probability density of the microdosimetric quantities in macroscopic matter is indispensable for applying the concept of microdosimetry to medical physics and radiological protection. The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) enables estimating the microdosimetric probability densities due to its unique hybrid modality between the Monte Carlo and analytical approaches called the microdosimetric function. It can convert the deposition energies calculated by the macroscopic Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation to microdosimetric probability densities in water using an analytical function based on the track-structure simulations. Approach. In this study, we improved this function using the latest track-structure simulation codes implemented in PHITS. The improved function is capable of calculating the probability densities of not only the conventional microdosimetric quantities such as lineal energy but also the number of ionization events occurring in a target site, the so-called ionization cluster size distribution, for arbitrary site diameters from 3 nm to 1 μm. Main results. The accuracy of the improved function was well verified by comparing the microdosimetric probability densities measured by tissue-equivalent proportional counters with the corresponding data calculated in this study. Test calculations for clonogenic cell survival using the improved function coupled with the modified microdosimetric kinetic model suggested a slight increase of its relative biological effectiveness compared with our previous estimations. As a new application of the improved function, we calculated the relative biological effectiveness of the single-strand break and double-strand break yields for proton irradiations using the updated PHITS coupled with the simplified DNA damage estimation model, and confirmed its equivalence in accuracy and its superiority in computational time compared to our previously proposed method based on the track-structure simulation. Significance. From these features, we concluded that the improved function could expand the application fields of PHITS by bridging the gap between microdosimetry and macrodosimetry.
Validity of ActivPAL CREA software detection of sitting and lying during free-living conditions
Authors: Shivgulam Madeline E , Frayne Ryan J , Schwartz Beverly D , Wu Yanlin , Daley W Seth , Kimmerly Derek S , O’Brien Myles W 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective. Approaches to differentiate sitting and lying are available within the default activPAL software from a single thigh-worn monitor. Dual-monitor methods use multiple monitors positioned on the thigh and torso to characterize sitting versus lying. We evaluated the validity between these two methods to measure waking, sitting, and lying time in free-living conditions. We also examined if the degree-threshold distinguishing sitting/lying for the dual-monitor (<30° and <45°) impacted results. Approach. Thirty-five young adults (24 ± 3 years, 16 females) wore an activPAL 24 h per day on their thigh and torso during free-living conditions (average: 6.8 ± 1.0 d, 239 total). Data were processed using the default activPAL software (thigh-only) or a custom MATLAB program (dual-monitor). Main results. The single-monitor recorded less lying time (59 ± 99 min d−1) and more sitting time (514 ± 203 min d−1) than the dual-monitor method regardless of 30° (lying: 85 ± 94 min d−1; sitting: 488 ± 166 min d−1) or 45° lying threshold (lying: 170 ± 142, sitting: 403 ± 164 min d−1; all, p < 0.001). The single monitor lying time was weakly correlated to the dual-monitor (30°: ρ = 0.25, 45°: ρ = 0.21; both, p < 0.001), whereas sitting was moderate-strong (30°: ρ = 0.76, 45°: ρ = 0.58; both, p < 0.001). However, the mean absolute error was 81 min d−1 (30°) and 132 min d−1 (45°) for both lying and sitting. Significance. The method of differentiating sitting/lying from a single thigh-worn activPAL records more sitting time and less lying time compared to a dual-monitor configuration (regardless of degree-threshold) that considered the position of the torso. A further refinement of algorithms or implementation of multiple-monitor methods may be needed for researchers to derive detailed sedentary positions.
Critical assessment of the applicability of the Child-Langmuir law to plasma ion source extraction systems
Authors: Kosonen S T , Kalvas T , Toivanen V , Tarvainen O , Faircloth D 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Applicability of the classical one-dimensional and the recently developed multi-dimensional Child-Langmuir (CL) laws to plasma ion source extraction systems is studied. Experiments with a filament-driven multicusp ion source using a simplified extraction system, and comprehensive simulations with two different software packages, suggest that ion beams, which are typically assumed to be space charge or CL limited, are actually divergence-limited. In addition, it was observed that the dynamic plasma meniscus and geometric effects of the extraction system have a greater impact on the ion beam behavior than the effects predicted by the multi-dimensional CL law. Nevertheless, it was found that ion beams produced by the ion source exhibit space charge limited behavior, the beam current scaling with the extraction voltage as

I
∝

V

3

/

2

, provided that the entire beam is measured and its divergence is kept small and constant for each extraction voltage. This implies that the applicability of the CL law on a specific extraction system cannot be resolved by a straightforward voltage sweep and beam current measurement but instead, the plasma parameters must be adjusted for each extraction voltage. By shifting the focus from the CL limited framework to the divergence-limited framework, a clearer interpretation of the beam current–voltage characteristics of extraction systems can be achieved. This shift in perspective may also lead to the development of new design paradigms that can further enhance the performance of plasma ion source extraction systems.
Detection of hydrated electrons in water-jet immersed in low-pressure plasma by laser-induced desolvation
Authors: Inagaki Yoshinobu , Sasaki Koichi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We detected hydrated electrons in a micrometer-size water jet immersed in a low-pressure plasma by laser-induced desolvation. When we irradiated the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics of Nd:YAG laser pulses to the water jet, we detected the pulsed current which indicated the transport of electrons from the water jet to the plasma. We observed a proportional relationship between the amplitude of the pulsed current and the laser energy, which is consistent with the conversion from hydrated to free electrons by laser-induced desolvation. The amplitude of the pulsed current increased with the negative bias voltage between the plasma and the water jet. The most remarkable result was found in the relationship between the photon energy and the quantum yield of the electron transport. The experimental quantum yield was orders of magnitude higher than that predicted by a Monte Carlo simulation in a low photon energy region, suggesting the possibility that hydrated electrons we detected in the present experiment have much lower hydration energies than well-known hydrated electrons.
On-demand tuning of mechanical stiffness and stability of Kresling origami harnessing its nonrigid folding characteristics
Authors: Li Zhen , Agarwal Vipin , Wang Liangmo , Wang K W 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Being adaptive with respect to changing operating conditions and the environment is an imperative demand for advanced engineering structures. In this research, two Kresling origami units are stacked together to form an online and on-demand tunable dual-Kresling origami structure (D-KOS), allowing easy and significant change in the multistability profile and apparent stiffness without redesign. Specifically, by harnessing its nonrigid folding nature together with geometric characteristics, the D-KOS can be programmed to follow distinct paths of its strain energy contour as varying

ϕ
p

(rotational angle of the top plate of the D-KOS), which can be utilized to explicitly derive different mechanical properties. The D-KOS with identical Kresling origami units can exhibit various symmetric bistable behaviors with different energy barriers via adjusting

ϕ
p

. Such a structure becomes a monostable system as the tuning variable reaches a critical value. This change in the energy landscape and stability profile gives rise to a change in stiffness at its stable equilibria, which, as a result, creates a wide range of stiffness value one can achieve, including quasi-zero stiffness. Such tuning of

ϕ
p

does not require redesign of the structure and thus can achieve online and on-demand tailoring. To verify the concept, proof-of-concept prototypes are developed and utilized to validate the D-KOS’s mechanical tunability experimentally. Moreover, the different design parameters of the D-KOS can change its tunability. For example, the D-KOS with nonidentical Kresling origami units can possess even richer stability properties (being asymmetric bistable, symmetric bistable, and monostable) with various energy landscapes. In addition, one can also tailor the range of the adjustable stiffness by changing the design parameters, such as the ratio of the angle between the polygon side and the valley crease of the triangular facets, and the height of the Kresling origami unit.
Non-Markovianity in the time evolution of open quantum systems assessed by means of quantum state distance
Authors: Mouloudakis G , Stergou I , Lambropoulos P 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We provide a quantitative evaluation of non-Markovianity (NM) for an XX chain of interacting qubits with one end coupled to a reservoir. The NM of several non-Markovian spectral densities is assessed in terms of various quantum state distance (QSD) measures. Our approach is based on the construction of the density matrix of the open chain, without the necessity of a master equation. For the quantification of NM we calculate the dynamics of the QSD measures between the Markovian-damped and various types of non-Markovian-damped cases. Since in the literature several QSD measures, appear in forms that imply trace preserving density matrices, we introduced appropriate modifications so as to render them applicable to the case of decaying traces. The results produce remarkable consistency between the various QSD measures. They also reveal a subtle and potentially useful interplay between qubit–qubit interaction and non-Markovian damping. Our calculations have also uncovered a surprisingly dramatic slowing-down of dissipation by the squared Lorentzian reservoir.
Condensation phases in a non-Hermitian optical lattices system
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Ru , Yang Shi-Jie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We explore the condensate phase of single-species bosons in an optical lattice through the use of dissipative Bose–Hubbard models. The ground state of system possesses a real-energy, which corresponds to non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with non-reciprocal hopping phase factors. Through the application of inhomogeneous dynamical Gutzwiller mean-field theory (DGMFT), we predict a fascinating phenomenon: the ground state displays a periodic arrangement of superfluid islands amidst a Mott insulator sea. Additionally, the number of superfluid islands is proportional to the spatial period squared.
Multiple silicon dangling-bond charge qubits for quantum computing: a Hilbert-space analysis of the Hamiltonian
Authors: Shaterzadeh-Yazdi Zahra , Kazemikhah Payman 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Silicon-based dangling-bond charge qubit is one of the auspicious models for universal fault-tolerant solid-state quantum computing. In universal quantum computing, it is crucial to evaluate and characterize the computational Hilbert space and reduce the complexity and size of the computational space. Here, we recognize this problem to understand the complexity and characteristics of the Hilbert space in our dangling-bond qubit model. The size of the desired Hilbert space can prominently be reduced by considering assumptions regarding the qubit loss. Moreover, the dimension of the desired subsets in the space shrinks by a factor of two due to the spin preservation property. Finally, the required classical memory for storage of the qubit information, Hamiltonian and Hilbert space is analysed when the number of qubits grows.
Effect of rare earth oxide (Y2O3) addition on wear characteristic of TiB2 ceramic reinforced Mo-based composite coating fabricated by Argon shielded Arc cladding
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Das Anil Kumar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, Mo-based composite coatings with 1 wt.% of rare Earth oxide (Y2O3) contents were successfully manufactured on AISI SS304 (stainless steel) by argon shielded arc (ASAC) cladding method. The effect of Y2O3 on phase composition, microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of Mo-based coatings were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), micro-Vickers hardness apparatus and pin-on-disc type wear tester. The result demonstrates that the upper surface of composite coating with and without addition of Y2O3 were mainly comprised of TiB2, Ni3Ti, Fe3Mo, MoNi4, NiTi, Mo2B, Y2TiO7, Cr2Ti, Fe3B, Y2O3, and MoNi4 appeared. The constituent phase components in the coated layer were found to be beneficial for the enhancement of the microhardness and wear resistance. The maximum value of average micro-hardness and wear resistance was observed in samples having 1 wt.% of Y2O3 as a precursor. The average microhardness of Mo-based coatings with Y2O3 addition was in the range of 1599 to 2170.4 HV0.1 and wear resistance increases from 1.41 to 6.36 × 10−8 g/N-m. The pronounced effect of Y2O3 addition on microhardness and wear resistance of coatings were consistent with the calculation results of applied multivariate statistical analysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the addition of Y2O3 is effective and achievable way to solidate hardness and wear resistance of Mo-based coatings.
How Cr doping influences on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles obtained by aqueous synthesis: Exploring at low Cr concentrations
Authors: Iribarren A , González-Hurtado M , George Ponce de León G , Durán-Sosa I , Castro-Rodríguez R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A detailed physico-chemical study of Cr3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) obtained via aqueous synthesis was carried out. The NPs acquire greenish tonality as the Cr concentration increased. High efficiency of Cr incorporation into the ZnO lattice was found up to approximately 1 at% Cr. The ZnO:Cr NPs show wurtzite hexagonal phase with a lattice compressed for low Cr concentration and tensed for higher concentrations. Structural, chemical and optical analyses indicate that for low Cr concentration Cr occupies the Zn vacancy sites, owing to the reduction in acceptor compensation by passivating the Zn vacancies and the contribution of the unpaired electron of Cr3+, which induces an increase of electron concentration, changes in the conductivity, transport of carriers, optical properties and ferromagnetic properties, among others. At higher Cr concentrations, the passivation of Zn vacancies by Cr atoms reduces the acceptor contribution, and substantial substitution of Zn atoms by Cr atoms in the ZnO lattice strengthens the retention of O atoms in the Cr-O bonds. This results in a reduction in O vacancy concentration, donor contribution, strain, electron concentration, and luminescence intensity.
Reconstruction algorithm for the runaway electron energy distribution function of the ITER hard x-ray monitor
Authors: Patel Ansh , Pandya Santosh P , Shevelev Alexander E , Khilkevitch E M , Iliasova Margarita , O’Connor Richard , Tieulent Raphael , Barnsley Robin , Mokeev Alexander N 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Hard x-ray (HXR) spectrometry in ITER can provide information about Runaway Electrons (REs) in tokamak plasmas. Non-trivial reconstruction techniques must be applied to study the Energy distribution of REs in tokamaks since the diagnostic signals are convoluted with the emission of bremsstrahlung radiation from REs reaching the detector and the detector response function. A developed tool, coupled with the PREDICT code, has been described in this report for reconstructing the Runaway Electron energy distribution function (REDF) from HXR spectrum. Bremsstrahlung emission spectra and the detector response function are utilized in a forward modelling process to generate synthetic HXR spectra for different test REDF to which artificial noise is added. These HXR spectra are utilized to reconstruct the REDFs that can provide information about the REs in the plasma. The reconstruction process has been applied to the ITER HXR Monitor configuration for the first time. The effect of reduced optical transmission efficiency is studied on the reconstruction process and the accuracy of the extracted RE parameters. The performance of the reconstruction process is also tested for different amount of photon counts to identify the minimum number of photon counts required for optimal reconstruction. Preliminary results of RE-current estimation using the reconstruction process are also presented.
Structural and optical properties of lithium borate glasses under extreme conditions of ion irradiation
Authors: Karthika S , Asokan K , Marimuthu K , Teresa P Evangelin , Meena Ramcharan , Durairajan A , Valente MA , Meena P , Sankaran Shanmuga Sundari 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lithium borate (LBO) glasses of the composition 10LiO2.90B2O3 were prepared by melt quenching technique and characterized for morphological, structural, and optical properties before and after the exposure to the extreme conditions of 100 MeV Ni ion irradiation. Both the morphological images and structural properties confirm the transformation of LBO glasses from amorphous to polycrystalline nature. This Ni irradiation provides thermal energy that causes the ceramization of glass. The beam interacts with the material where the top layer of the glass remelts, and ultrafast re-solidification occurs after the termination of the ion beams. The Rietveld refinement using the x-ray diffraction data shows that the irradiated LBO possesses a monoclinic crystal structure of lithium pentaborate pentahydrate (B5H10LiO13). The FTIR spectra of Ni ion irradiated glasses show the creation of non-bridging oxygens (NBO) by the formation of BO4 units at the expense of BO3 units. The direct band gap and the Urbach energy of the glasses are affected by the nickel ion irradiation and are in the range 2.73 to 2.55 eV and 0.59 to 0.42 eV. The refractive index also reveals a minor change (1.66 to 1.63). The molar electronic polarizability, metallization criteria, and transmission coefficient were estimated. The coexistence of crystalline and amorphous phases leads to a multiscale phase structure that has multilevel relaxation processes. This is a suitable condition for the improvement of the rheological properties of glass and glass ceramics. Future work involves optimization of the coexistence of these two phases during irradiation.