bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Linear Coronal Knee Offset (LCKO)—Preliminary Study of New Method of Measuring Knee Varus/Valgus Malalignment
Authors: Saad Ahmed , Nischal Neha , Sharma Akash , Agrawal Yuvraj , Iyengar Karthikeyan P. , Botchu Rajesh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Introduction Considerable attention is focused on preoperative templating of radiological images in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty to obtain optimal alignment and outcome. Several radiological measurements have been described.
Purpose In this study, we illustrate a new linear measurement: The linear coronal knee offset (LCKO) that can be used to analyze the coronal configuration on long leg alignment radiographs commonly undertaken during preoperative templating.
Methods A retrospective search was performed of our Picture Archiving and Communication System and Radiology Information System to identify 100 lower limbs anteroposterior, weight bearing, long leg alignment view radiographs of patients referred to knee clinics over 1 year with knee pain.Demographic details, clinical indication, standard radiological measurement of the anatomical tibiofemoral angle, and the LCKO were measured and data were analyzed using Student's t-test. In addition, intraclass correlation coefficient was used to analyze for intraclass reliability.
Results The average age of patients was 36.3 years (range: 12–80 years) with a male predominance. The LCKO was statistically significant between the three cohorts of patients. The mean LCKO in normal cohorts was 0.24 cm, varus was −0.6 cm, and valgus was 1.72cm. There was good inter and interobserver reliability (Kappa of 0.8 and 0.8, respectively).
Conclusion The novel LCKO measurement provides a simpler method in assessing coronal lower limb malalignment and can easily identify a normal, varus, or valgus knee deformity.
Sedimentation from landscape clearance-induced soil erosion threatens waterhole persistence in a semi-arid river system, southern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Tibby John , Marshall Jonathan C. , Lobegeiger Jaye S. , Amos Kathryn J. , Pickering Giselle , Myburgh Theresa 
Published: June 2023

Context In arid and semi-arid river systems, waterholes are often the only refugia for aquatic organisms during no-flow spells. Sediment accumulation in waterholes reduces their persistence. Aims To assess this threat, we surveyed the depth of, and dated, waterhole sediments from the Moonie River, a northern tributary of Australia’s largest river system, the Murray–Darling Basin. Methods Fine-sediment depth was determined in three of the deepest waterholes in 2010 and 2011 before, and after, the largest flood in over a century. The rate of sediment build up in two waterholes was also determined. Key results In the deepest sections (>75th percentile depth), there was between 0.7 and 2 m of fine sediment in 2010. Following flooding, sediment depth reduced by 24–54%, with the largest proportional reductions in sediment occurring in the shallowest waterhole. However, net sediment accumulation is still 1.4–2.0 cm year−1 since the 1950s. Conclusions Sedimentation has reduced the persistence of the deepest waterholes by over 200 days, representing an up to 30% reduction. During the longest droughts known in the Moonie River, this would dry many otherwise permanent waterholes. Implications Sedimentation is a marked threat to waterhole persistence even following large floods.
Accuracy and precision of sea-finding orientation as a function of dune proximity in hatchlings of two species of sea turtles
Authors: Hirama Shigetomo , Witherington Blair , Hirsch Sarah , Sylvia Andrea , Carthy Raymond 
Published: June 2023

Context Sea turtle hatchlings generally emerge at night from nests on sand beaches and immediately orient using visual cues, which are believed to entail the difference in brightness between the light seen in the seaward direction and that seen in the duneward direction. Aim The aim of this study was to understand how dune proximity affected hatchling orientations in two sea turtle species that share a nesting beach 15 km long and 25.3 ± 9.4 m (N = 215) from dune to waterline, with low to moderate artificial light nearby. Methods For hatchling loggerhead and green turtles, we measured accuracy and precision of orientation, tested differences in distance from nest to dune, and investigated the effect of dune proximity on hatchling orientation. Key results We found a significant decrease in hatchling orientation accuracy and precision in both species as the distance increased from nests to dune. Loggerhead and green turtles showed similar orientation ability when in the same proximity to the dune. Conclusions We conclude that dune features provide important cues for hatchling orientation on sea turtle nesting beaches. Implications Restoring and maintaining natural beach profiles, especially dune systems, is likely to increase the accuracy and precision of sea finding in hatchling sea turtles.
Exploring the role of beyond mean-field interaction in the structure and dynamics of one-dimensional quantum droplets
Authors: Gangwar Sonali , Ravisankar Rajamanickam , Muruganandam Paulsamy , Kumar Mishra Pankaj 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We present simulation results of the ground state structure and dynamics of quantum droplets (QDs) in one-dimensional spin–orbit coupled binary Bose–Einstein condensates. We have considered two cases for this analysis, such as (i) the mean-field term has a vanishingly small contribution utilizing the equal and opposite inter- and intraspecies interactions and (ii) unequal inter- and intraspecies interactions. The QD exhibits remarkably different natures in each case. In the former case, it exhibits a bright sech-like droplet nature, while in the latter case, we find the flattened sech-like shape of the droplet. Further, we analyze the effect of velocity perturbation on the dynamics in both cases. For the first case, we find a systematic change from the solitonic droplet nature to the breathing droplet, which finally has a moving droplet feature upon increasing the velocity. However, the second case shows similar dynamics except having more dynamically stable features than the first. Finally, we present various dynamics that ensued in the QD due to the quenching of the interaction parameters, coupling parameters or allowing the droplet to undergo collisions.
Small gas adsorption on 2D material SnSe: a first-principles study
Authors: Hung Chia-Hsiang , Jiang Yun-Cai , Lei Shuang-Ying , Gao Ran , Tao Xu-Wen , Wan Neng , Yu Hong 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
SnSe not only has a large surface-to-volume ratio, but also provides enough space to adsorb small-molecule gases owing to its unique wrinkled structure, so it exhibits great application prospects in gas sensing. In this study, we have comprehensively investigated the adsorption properties of H2, N2, CO, CO2, H2S, H2O, NH3, NO, SO2, and NO2 on SnSe by the first-principles density functional theory, and have analyzed the sensing potential of SnSe for these small gas molecules. It is found that only NO and SO2 have suitable adsorption energies, showing that they can be stably adsorbed on the SnSe substrate and easily desorbed under certain conditions. Moreover, NO adsorption introduces a magnet moment that can be differentiated from SO2 and NO2. Additionally, according to the calculation results of the statistical thermodynamics model and nonequilibrium Green’s function method, SO2 possesses enormous adsorption density and larger current than NO under the same condition. Therefore, SnSe is promising for reversible SO2 sensing.
Phase coupling of acoustic and optical modes in antiferromagnetic materials CrCl3
Authors: Wang Yaquan , Li Huanan , Liu Yan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In layered antiferromagnetic material CrCl3, due to the antiferromagnetic coupling between two magnetic sublattices, there are two antiferromagnetic resonance modes, called acoustic mode with in-phase precession and optical mode with out-of-phase precession. By using Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, we study the magnetization dynamics of the two sublattices in CrCl3. A coupling resonance mode appears at the coupling point when the acoustic and optical magnon modes are tuned by an applied magnetic field, which is called ‘coupling mode’. In this paper, we present an explanation for the coupling of the acoustic and the optical mode. Our calculation shows that the coupling of the acoustic and optical mode is accomplished by change of the precession phase-difference between two magnetic sublattices.
Resonant electron confinement and sheath expansion heating in magnetized capacitive oxygen discharges
Authors: Sun Jing-Yu , Zhang Quan-Zhi , Schulze Julian , Wang You-Nian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In weakly magnetized capacitive radio frequency (RF) plasmas electrons accelerated into the plasma bulk by the expanding RF boundary sheath at one electrode can be returned to this electrode due to their gyromotion around an externally applied magnetic field oriented parallel to the electrodes. If the driving frequency and magnetic field are chosen so that the electron cyclotron frequency, ω
ce, equals half of the driving RF, ω
rf, such energetic beam electrons will be returned to the sheath during its expansion phase and, thus, will be confined and heated resonantly. This magnetized RF sheath resonance (MRSR) effect is studied based on kinetic particle-in-cell simulations in weakly magnetized capacitively coupled oxygen plasmas. In comparison with electropositive argon plasmas, this resonance mechanism is found to be affected strongly by the electronegativity of oxygen discharges. In the unmagnetized case, low-pressure capacitive oxygen discharges operate in an electropositive mode, where nonlinear high-frequency sheath oscillations play an important role similar to previous observations in electropositive discharges with low electron densities. If the resonance condition is fulfilled (

ω

ce

/

ω

rf

=
1

/

2

), the discharge efficiency is enhanced due to the MRSR effects, resulting in an increase in plasma density. Our numerical results demonstrate that this resonance effect is particularly efficient at low pressure and low electronegativity. However, in strongly electronegative discharges, the time it takes a typical resonant electron to return to the expanding sheath edge is found to be affected by drift and ambipolar electric fields in the plasma bulk, which cause a deviation from the resonance condition, resulting in a reduction of this type of resonance effect.
Effects of magnetic nozzle strength and orientation on radio-frequency plasma expansion
Authors: Caldarelli A , Filleul F , Charles C , Boswell R W , Cater J E , Rattenbury N 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To improve the efficiency of radio-frequency magnetic nozzle plasma thrusters, it is important to better understand the coupling between plasma expansion and a convergent–divergent magnetic field. This study explores the effects of magnetic field strength and orientation on plasma expansion in a magnetic nozzle. Two-dimensional measurements of the plasma characteristics obtained both in the source and in the expansion region are presented to investigate the influence of magnetic field strength on the formation of high-density conics in a symmetric magnetic nozzle. The measurements are repeated in a deflected magnetic nozzle using a novel magnetic steering system. Measurements of the ion saturation current and floating potential profiles are used respectively to qualitatively assess the plasma density distribution and the presence of high-energy electrons for the magnetic field configurations analysed. In the symmetric magnetic nozzle configuration, it is observed that the ion saturation current peaks on axis in the plasma source, but downstream of the nozzle throat, a double-peaked hollow profile is observed for all cases studied. The location of the high-density conics structure matches the most radial field lines that intersect the antenna and can freely expand downstream outside the source. Negative values of the floating potential are measured in the same peripheral regions, which could be a sign of the presence of high-energy electrons. When the magnetic field is deflected, the ion saturation current profile shows only a single peak centred around the bent field line that reconnects to the antenna. Again, a region of negative floating potential is measured at the location of the maximum ion current. Thus, it is shown how, independent of magnetic field strength and orientation, the magnetic field lines interacting with the antenna dictate the local plasma profiles downstream from the magnetic nozzle.
Classification of single-wave and bi-wave motion through fourth-order equations generated from the Ito model
Authors: Alquran Marwan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Recently, two fourth-order integrable equations were established by Wazwaz using the Boussinesq model. Tian and Zhang subsequently demonstrated that both equations are potential forms of the Ito model. This study investigates the dynamics of these equations using three effective schemes: the modified rational sine-cosine functions, Kudryashov-expansion, and the Hirota bilinear forms The study reports novel findings, including the observation that although these equations were derived from the same model, one propagates as a single-wave while the other propagates as a bi-wave. Additionally, some solutions of one equation can be obtained from the solutions of the other equation. These results are expected to be highly significant in the study of propagation solitary wave-solutions for nonlinear equations.
Semi-classical description of electrostatics and quantization of electric charge
Authors: Bhattacharya Kolahal 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this work, we present an explanation of the electric charge quantization based on a semi-classical model of electrostatic fields. We claim that in electrostatics, an electric charge must be equal to a rational multiple of the elementary charge of an electron. However, the charge is quantized if the system has certain boundary conditions that force the wavefunction representing an electric field to vanish at specific surfaces. Next, we develop the corresponding model for the electric displacement vector. It is demonstrated that a number of classical results, e.g. bending of field lines at the interface of two dielectric media, method of images, etc are all consistent with the predictions of this model. We also present the possible form of Gauss's law (or Poisson's equation), to find the wavefunctions of the field from a source charge distribution, in this model.
A molybdenum nanostructured-film target for tunable x-ray sources: surface-structure controllable preparing and radiation intensity selecting
Authors: Shi Jia , Shen Yan , Cheng Ao , Jiang Yingyi , Zhang Hu , Cui Tao , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Tunable x-ray sources have attracted interest due to providing selective focal spots and radiation intensities for different specific uses. Surface-structure of the anode target has a non-negligible impact on the radiation intensity of x-ray sources. The metal molybdenum (Mo) Lα characteristic x-ray exhibits great potential in solving key scientific problems of material analysis. However, there is still a lack of research on how to flexibly use Mo structure targets to meet the application requirements of different x-ray radiation devices. The reliable preparation of Mo targets with suitable surface-structure is also a significant challenge, particularly for those nanostructured-film targets that cannot be machined. In this study, we successfully prepared a series of self-assembled Mo nanostructured-films with controllable surface structures as a class of reflection-type x-ray sources’ anode target. The structure-activity relationship between the Mo surface nanostructures and the radiating Lα x-ray performance at different anode target angles was studied in a reflecting device layout. Mo nanostructures with smoother surface typically show better radiation performance at small inclination angles (0° to 30°), while the Mo films with a large number of nanoparticles and rough surface exhibit advantages at large inclination angles (60° to 80°). The results provide a feasible scheme for the future application of multi-functional tunable x-ray sources.
Unpacking the black box of deep learning for identifying El Niño-Southern oscillation
Authors: Sun Yu , Habibulla Yusupjan , Hu Gaoke , Meng Jun , Lu Zhenghui , Liu Maoxin , Chen Xiaosong 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
By training a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, we successfully recognize different phases of the El Niño-Southern oscillation. Our model achieves high recognition performance, with accuracy rates of 89.4% for the training dataset and 86.4% for the validation dataset. Through statistical analysis of the weight parameter distribution and activation output in the CNN, we find that most of the convolution kernels and hidden layer neurons remain inactive, while only two convolution kernels and two hidden layer neurons play active roles. By examining the weight parameters of connections between the active convolution kernels and the active hidden neurons, we can automatically differentiate various types of El Niño and La Niña, thereby identifying the specific functions of each part of the CNN. We anticipate that this progress will be helpful for future studies on both climate prediction and a deeper understanding of artificial neural networks.
Freeze-in dark matter in EDGES 21-cm signal*
Authors: Wu Shengyu , Xu Shuai , Zheng Sibo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The first measurement of the temperature of the hydrogen 21-cm signal reported by EDGES strongly favors the Coulomb-like interaction between freeze-in dark matter and baryon fluid. We investigate such dark matter in both the one- and two-component context with the light force carrier(s) essential for the Coulomb-like interaction being other than photons. Using a conversion of cross sections used by relevant experiments and Boltzmann equations to encode the effects of the dark matter-baryon interaction, we show that both cases are robustly excluded by the stringent stellar cooling bounds in the sub-GeV dark matter mass range. The exclusion of the one-component case applies to simplified freeze-in dark matter with the light force carrier as dark photons, gauged

,

,

, or axion-like particles, whereas the exclusion of the two-component case applies to simplified freeze-in dark matter with the two light force carriers as two axion-like particles coupled to standard model quarks and leptons.
The CIPM MRA—success and performance
Authors: Werhahn Olav , Olson Douglas A , Kuanbayev Chingis , Henson Andrew 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA) provides a technical framework to the measurement community for comparability of measurement results and international recognition of metrological capabilities declared by the national metrology institutes throughout the globe. Since its founding in 1999, the participating institutes have now published more than 25 700 peer-reviewed calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) in the CIPM MRA database (Key Comparison Database (KCDB)). It is these capabilities and the technical evidence behind them that underpin the international acceptance of measurements around the world. The success and wide adoption of the CIPM MRA indicate the maturity of the arrangement, however, the accompanying increased workload for the participants motivated a review of the practices with the aim to increase the efficiency while maintaining the technical rigor. This review identified a number of key factors that formed the basis of the revision of the modus operandi, including the procedures and the database. The review resulted in recommendations for the CIPM Consultative Committees (CCs), regional metrology organizations (RMOs), participating institutes, as well as the BIPM. The revamped KCDB incorporated the whole lifecycle of CMCs, familiarizing with the new system being supported by the Capacity Building and Knowledge Transfer Programme of the BIPM. The result was an improvement in not only efficiency of the CIPM MRA, but also its effectiveness. For example, the time required for the Joint Committee of the RMOs and the BIPM (JCRB) review of CMCs has dropped by more than 50% to 59 d (median) in 2022, and the number of uncompleted key comparisons (KCs) have been reduced by a factor of three to a total of 38 in March 2023, representing now less than 3% of the total KCs. In this paper we look at the key factors through the various metrological areas addressing practices by each CCs.
Unbalanced Class-incremental Learning for Text Classification Based on Experience Replay
Authors: Chen Lifeng , Zhang Huaping , Wushour Silamu , Li Yugang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
While deep learning has achieved remarkable results for text classification, incremental learning for text classification is still a challenge. The main problem is that models suffer from catastrophic forgetting, which is they always forget knowledge learned before when labelled data comes sequentially and is trained in sequence. In this study, we propose methods of preventing catastrophic forgetting to handle unbalanced increased data. As an improvement over experience replay, our approaches improve the accuracy about 23.3% with 23% of all training data on Yahoo and 9.5% with 12% of all training data and on DBPedia.
CRAT-XML: Contrastive Representation Adversarial Training for Extremely Multi-Label Text Classification
Authors: Zhu Jie , Huang Heyan , Mao Xian-Ling 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Extreme multi-label text classification is a very important and challenging problem in this age of widespread internet access, with a wide range of application scenarios, such as web tagging, legal document annotation, commodity classification, etc. Most of the existing state-of-the-art methods are based on deep learning, however, there are still two problems: 1) the vector representation generated by most pre-trained models suffers from anisotropy and uneven distribution, which has a significant impact on the XMC task. 2) existing models are large in size and use many models for integration. Some of them even took hundreds of hours to train. This seriously affects the efficiency of the experiments. Therefore, in this paper, we propose CRAT-XML, which uses contrast adversarial learning to optimize text representation and enhance the acquisition of dependency relations between text and labels, thus reducing the need for integration at the representation level and achieving relatively high accuracy under low-resource and low-time conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves SOTA results on a single model, while achieving a large reduction in training time and model size.