bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landmarks in Roundhouse Studies
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Stone-built roundhouses in upland Britain were recognized as a surviving feature of the later prehistoric landscape from the nineteenth century, with prominent hut circle groups in hillforts in Wales and the west. In Atlantic Scotland especially brochs and related sites attracted the attention of early antiquaries. Among timber roundhouses, crannogs in Scotland and ‘lake-villages’ in the Somerset levels were the focus of pioneer fieldwork. In Wessex, generally regarded as the home of prehistoric archaeology in Britain, modern studies of roundhouses began relatively late with excavations at Little Woodbury in the late 1930s, which established large timber roundhouses and grain storage in pits and upstanding square granaries as archetypical elements of the Southern British Iron Age. Further excavations in the 1960s and 1970s amplified detailed understanding of these roundhouses, together with experimental reconstructions at Butser Ancient Farm. In the north, traditional interpretations of brochs, based on typology and the concept of diffusionism, were superseded by new programmes of field research in the Western and Northern Isles, resulting in clarification of the chronological sequence of Atlantic roundhouses.
Introduction
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction of the book sets the stage for the book by providing empirical evidence of growing instability in election outcomes and electoral behaviour across established democracies. To do so, it shows trends in net electoral volatility, and uses election survey data from eight countries to show trends in party switching between elections and trends in campaign deciding. These countries are Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States. The chapter then introduces the intuition behind the theory that connects group-based cross-pressure and volatility and clarifies what empirical approaches are used to test the theory. The introductory chapter ends with an overview of the plan for the book.
Sources of instability
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first chapter of the book's second part. It introduces the theoretical argument that is proposed to explain volatility and that is empirically tested in the following chapters. The chapter first introduces the intuition behind the argument: that group-based cross-pressures are a source of volatility because they imply unconstrained voting decisions. In a next section, it is clarified what theoretical mechanisms underly this connection between group-based cross-pressures and unconstrained voting decisions. A third section of this chapter contextualizes the argument and points to sources of change that can serve as a breeding ground for higher levels of group-based cross-pressure in the electorate: a change in the number of cleavages and change in terms of the extent to which there is cleavage-based encapsulation in societies.
Cross-pressured voters
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cross-pressures are the central concept in the theoretical argument that is introduced and tested in this book. This chapter first elaborates on the concept and discusses how previous work has described and studied cross-pressures. A second section provides more details on how the construct is measured empirically, relying on a method that was proposed by Brader, Tucker and Therriault (2014). In the next two sections, the measure is further validated by means of an assessment of how high- and low cross-pressured voters in Germany motivate their vote choices in open-ended questions and by means of an examination of how group-based cross-pressure correlates with party evaluations. The latter test, that relies on voter survey data from the European Election Studies project, provides clear evidence that voters who are cross-pressured, based on their socio-demographic characteristics, consider voting for more than one party. This is clear from the fact that cross-pressured voters are more ambivalent between parties.
Increasingly cross-pressured
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
If group-based cross-pressures are key to explaining the surge in electoral volatility, there should be evidence of an over-time increase in levels of cross-pressure too. This chapter provides a test of this intuition. In a first section, the longitudinal election survey data from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States is used to assess, in a bivariate way, how levels of group-based cross-pressure vary over time. This descriptive analysis suggests much change, especially in countries characterised by an increase in electoral volatility. In a next section, this over-time trend is scrutinized more - with specific attention for evaluating the extent to which this change is driven by generational change or reflects period effects. The third section of this chapter evaluates the role that party-system change plays for the trend toward higher levels of group-based cross-pressure. In a final section, it is verified whether focusing on a main correlate and outcome of group-based cross-pressure, i.e., party ambivalence, similarly shows evidence of over-time change. Overall, the results in this chapter provide much evidence of change. In countries that have been marked by a surge in volatility, there also is evidence of increased levels of group-based cross-pressure. This change appears to affect voters of all generations, and even holds when the increased fragmentation of party systems is accounted for
Stevie Smith and the Aphorism
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis monograph draws up a new theory of the aphorism, a form which has received limited critical treatment in literary and philosophical studies. It uses this model of aphorism to frame an original approach to the enigmatic poetry and novels of Stevie Smith (1902–1971). The monograph suggests that aphorism represents a tool for the social management of emotion. Rhetorically corralled into a slick, collectable shape, the aphorism promises arresting and instantaneous epiphany. However, the accomplished elegance which positions the aphorism’s message as self-evidently true in fact works to repel further enquiry, and ultimately ensures that it will be forgotten or bypassed in favour of another aphorism: no less eagerly embraced for the earlier disappointment. Aphorism, therefore, is a form in which dangerous ideas and emotions can be safely displayed and, simultaneously, effaced. Because aphorism’s style defuses the imperative to act on what is clearly known, writers like Stevie Smith can use the form to stage a withdrawal from the burden of making an impact on the world. The book finds that Smith’s use of aphorism and its related forms (proverb, epitaph, caption, and fragment) offers a route into her texts. Drawing on hitherto unpublished archival material, this project argues that Smith’s texts resist analysis because, like the aphorisms embedded throughout them, they offer and exemplify a mode of clearly-declared revelation which, at the same time, makes itself unusable.
Smith’s Hard Language
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe introduction establishes Stevie Smith as an aphoristic writer. It contrasts her use of aphorism in her poetry and prose with that of her contemporaries, arguing that her use of the form foregrounds a particular aspect of the aphorism: its double movement between declarative self-emphasis and stylistic self-effacement. This phenomenon becomes fundamental to the monograph’s theorization of the aphorism: rather than a form which necessarily claims discursive authority, it may safely accommodate affects which are marginal, embarrassing, irrational, or socially rejected, allowing them full display while managing them out of view.
Fragments ‘Going On’
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter Five explores the ambiguous relationship, in Smith’s writing, between aphorism and fragment. Smith stages the transformation of one form into another, where she lengthens an apparently-complete text further (aphorism turns into fragment, the self-contained into the sequential), or prematurely terminates one which seemed to have more to convey (fragment turns out to be aphorism). Smith’s work presents itself as an addictive, collectable commodity. Her long-form writing is itself a site of collection; it offers the reader a chance to return to a poem again and again. The chapter explores, furthermore, how in poems such as ‘Our Bog is Dood’, the opening tends towards an aphorism which reluctantly allows itself to be misidentified as a fragment (something which could and therefore does go on, as the poem continues) but retains its aphoristic resistance to interrogation. Continued past an initial punch of wordplay, these poems become, in part, texts about the failure of levity to last. The chapter draws on archival materials to read ‘Thoughts about the Person from Porlock’ as a text flagging up its own over-extension. The poem explores what happens when closure becomes unavailable to the writer. Rather than the tactful rhythm of burgeoning offered by the collection of solid, enclosed units like aphorisms—where one may come and go, and freely add more texts—this is the ‘more’ of the fragment: gaping open, eliciting an anxious obligation to lengthen and lengthen it until an appropriate ending is found.
Piracy off the Coast of Somalia and the Role of Informal Lawmaking
Authors: Jacobsson Marie , Klein Natalie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA notable example of informal lawmaking in the law of the sea context concerns piracy off the coast of Somalia. The right to combat piracy rests on a firm foundation in customary international law, reflected in the LOSC. In the early 2000s, when the international community had to face piracy as a threat to international peace and security, it became obvious that the LOSC did not meet contemporary legal requirements. States had to develop new ways of cooperating. Cooperation ensued between diverse actors within the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, involving different intergovernmental organizations (IMO, UNODC) and private actors (notably the shipping industry). Efforts led to agreements including the Djibouti Code of Conduct, best management practice guidance for shipowners, and prisoner transfer agreements, to address the many practical issues being faced. The duty of cooperation in the face of piracy was, therefore, partly met through informal lawmaking.
Marine Scientific Research and Informal Lawmaking
Authors: Kojima Chie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhile the LOSC promotes the development and conduct of marine scientific research, the LOSC does not provide a definition of marine scientific research. Instead, the LOSC requires states to promote the establishment of general criteria and guidelines through competent international organizations. General criteria and guidelines on marine scientific research, together with programs to implement them effectively across different actors, have been developed, to some extent, in international and regional legal instruments, as well as in voluntary codes of conduct established by non-state actors. This chapter examines the processes of such informal lawmaking in marine scientific research, and analyses the interrelationship between these processes and the LOSC from the perspective of ocean governance.
Informal International Lawmaking as a Panacea in the Absence of Regime Focus? Marine Debris, Plastics, and Microplastics
Authors: Rayfuse Rosemary 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIncreasing levels of marine debris, including plastics and microplastics, pose a serious global environmental problem, negatively affecting the entire marine ecosystem and all ocean users. Given the plethora of actors and activities involved, developing regimes for the reduction, prevention, elimination, and control of both vessel-based sources and land-based sources of marine plastic debris is as difficult as the problem is ubiquitous. Land-based sources, in particular, pose serious challenges, due to the lack of regime focus in the law of the sea, and the diffuse nature of the sources. This chapter examines the role of informal lawmaking in filling the void between the law of the sea relating to ship-source marine plastic debris and the control of marine plastic pollution from land-based sources. In doing so, it aims to provide an illustration of both the power and the pretence of this approach to lawmaking.
In space, nobody can copyright your scream
Authors: Schafer Burkhard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of intellectual property law for the question of space liberty. It brings together two discourses that despite their obvious practical relevance have not yet been conjoined: the status of artistic works and innovations created or discovered on celestial bodies, and the status of artistic works and innovations made by AI systems and robotic devices. Combining the two discussions allows us to explore two dimensions of space liberty, the role of intellectual property to promote the sustainability, independence and liberty of space colonies, and the possible role in the debate surrounding robot rights.
On libertarian communities in/around outer space
Authors: Vidmar Matjaz 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When discussing institutions governing (future) outer space utilization/inhabitation, an age-old tension remerges between systemic interdependence, singularity of motivation, and commonality of criticality. Within any closed ecological system, ‘activities of life’ are interrelated in a way that contradicts the singular motivation of any individual one. When moving away from the originating environment, this interdependence is underlined further by the emerging challenges to life’s survival. This chapter examines the interplay between a potential configuration of these tensions based on recognizing ecological systemization as a way to mediate between individual visions and common challenges and the opportunities and threats to liberty it presents through techno-ecological perspective.
The Culture Trap
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In The Culture Trap, Derron Wallace argues that the overreliance on culture to explain Black students' achievement and behavior in schools is a trap that undermines the historical factors and school processes that shape how Black students experience schooling. This trap is consequential for racial and ethnic minority youth in schools, including Black Caribbean young people in the United States and Britain. Since the 1920s, Black Caribbeans in the United States have been considered a high-achieving Black model minority. Conversely, since the 1950s, Black Caribbeans in Britain have been regarded as a chronically underachieving minority. In both national contexts, however, it is often suggested that Caribbean culture informs their status, whether as a celebrated minority in the US or as a demoted minority in Britain. Using rich fieldwork, interview and archival data in London and New York City public schools, Wallace interrogates the fault lines of these claims, and highlights the influence of colonialism, class and context in shaping Black Caribbeans' outcomes. Wallace shows how culture is at times used as an alibi for racism in schools, and what educators, parents and students can do change it.
Valuing Humanity in “Common Life”: Grotius and Pufendorf on Equal “Sociable” Dignity
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Respect for the equal dignity of human persons is a distinctively deontic way of valuing humanity. This chapter explores two early attempts to develop this distinctively modern idea in the thought of Grotius and Pufendorf. Dignity is no form of good, which might be appreciated through desire or esteem, but a form of value that calls for, indeed demands, respect (what Pufendorf calls “esteem”). Respect is an attitude we manifest in the formation of our wills by governing our deliberations by the constraints of right (Pufendorf’s “rights of equality”), which the dignity of persons places on us, and by holding ourselves accountable to one another for compliance with these. What is especially remarkable in Grotius’s and Pufendorf’s developments of this idea is the way both tie it to “sociability,” our capacity to engage with and relate to one another from a second-person standpoint.
Great Beyond All Comparison
Authors: Walden Kenneth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many people find comparisons of the value of persons distasteful, even immoral. But what can be said in support of the claim that persons have incomparable worth? This chapter considers an argument purporting to show that the value of persons is incomparable because it is so great—because it is infinite. The argument rests on two claims: that the value of our capacity for valuing must equal or exceed the value of things valued and that our capacity for valuing is unbounded in a very strong sense. After laying out this argument, I consider its implications for how we should regard each other. In particular, I suggest that it complicates efforts to understand morality as a system of principles. Instead, I propose that an aesthetic attitude, not unlike our experience of the sublime, is an apt response to humanity’s infinite value.
Difficulties with the Theory
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
If modern animals and plants have evolved to their present condition slowly over long periods of time, why are clear intermediate forms between all of the existing species not seen today? And how could incredibly complicated organs like the vertebrate eye possibly have developed gradually by small steps? If the intermediate stages weren’t functional (what good is half an eye?), how could natural selection possibly account for the evolution of such structures to their present state of great complexity? And how could natural selection be at all involved in causing the development of body parts that appear to play no important role in an organism’s life? And how can anyone argue that flowers, diatoms, and other such beautiful organisms weren’t created especially for us to admire? Darwin answers all of these questions patiently, logically, and brilliantly and with one marvelous example after another.
Instinct
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin explains what instinctive behaviors are and how they can be explained by natural selection—by the gradual accumulation of small but beneficial variations in behavior over long periods of time. He begins by asserting that instinctive behaviors vary among individuals and shows that such behaviors—and changes in those behaviors—are passed along to offspring. He then discusses three particular examples in considerable detail: the instinct that leads the cuckoo to lay her eggs in the nests of other birds, the remarkable slave-making instinct found in certain ant species, and the complex honeycomb construction behavior of honeybees. Darwin also shows that different instincts are developed to different degrees in different species, giving us a sense of the steps that they may have gone through before reaching their remarkable state of development in some species today. He also gives us examples of the sorts of pressures that may have selected for the evolution of those instincts in the animals that reveal them today. Finally, Darwin tackles the perplexing problem of accounting for the evolution of sterile worker ants—ants that differ considerably in form and behavior from their parents and yet leave no offspring of their own.
Recapitulation and Conclusion
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter, Darwin reminds of us of the main objections that had been advanced against his and Wallace’s theory of descent with modification and summarizes his responses to those objections. He then summarizes his main argument in favor of the theory, reminding his readers of the importance of natural variability in traits of all sorts, the inheritance of those variations by offspring, the impact of variation on survival and reproductive success, and the evidence in favor of those factors having slowly contributed to the tremendous variety of plant and animal species now existing on the planet. He concludes by describing how future research will lead to a better understanding about this process of natural selection—and its role in creating the diversity of animal and plant species we see around us—and to mankind’s understanding of our place in that world.
Introduction
Authors: Perez Nahshon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction presents the topic of the monograph, the entanglement of religion and state, and provides a road map for the chapters of the book. Entanglement denotes, here, cases in which the government is directly involved in religious affairs and institutions in their religious functions and capacities, that is, with religions as such. This study adopts a bottom-up, casuistic approach that begins with a detailed analysis of given cases. The cases selected involve significant disputes that arise from the entanglement of religion and state, and that typically culminate in controversial decisions by major courts such as the European Court of Human Rights and the US Supreme Court. Such cases are complex, nuanced, and difficult to categorize. The book considers cases that involve the application of or disregard for nondiscrimination rules in religious associations that receive governmental funding; and cases in which a government endorses religious symbols in public spaces.
Songs and Exercises by Tone Set
Authors: Douglass Grana Natalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The first section builds fundamental pitch and solfège skills with music organized by tone set (do-mi-sol, do-re-mi-sol, etc.), starting with three notes and gradually expanding by one new note at a time. Each unit includes folk songs, duets, stick notation and improvisation exercises. The content is inspired by Kodály Methodology, using simple songs as the foundation for pitch training. These songs are also paired by time signature so that they can be sung and played as duets. Each selection includes sequential instructions to transfer singing to playing the horn, including inner hearing, transposition, and polyphonic tasks. Variations are given so that exercises may be done independently or in parts with a second horn player.
Canons, Solfeggi, and Horn Literature
Authors: Douglass Grana Natalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The middle section of the book includes canons, solfeggio, and horn literature of progressive difficulty. Like the songs by tone set, the pieces have sing and play instructions as well as inner hearing, transposition, and polyphonic exercises. Basic harmonic progressions are introduced through the repertoire, with arpeggiations written in solfège and exercises to connect harmonies to horn parts. The canons provide fundamental polyphonic training, beginning with simple songs and moving to compositions by Schubert, Mozart, and Beethoven. The solfeggi are vocal etudes originally for voice and piano, arranged to be sung and played by one or two horns. These lyrical studies refine tone and phrasing while also building solfège fluency. The horn literature includes standard etudes, orchestral excerpts, and solos so that the hornist can apply their musicianship skills to performance. The excerpts and solos are written with significant lines from the orchestra or accompaniment, transposed to be sung and played on horn. This way, hornists can learn standard repertoire while also gaining practical knowledge of the score and refining their sense of pitch. These studies may be done independently or with a partner.