bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling supermassive primordial stars with mesa
Authors: Herrington Nicholas P , Whalen Daniel J , Woods Tyrone E 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Supermassive stars forming at z ∼ 15–20 are one of the leading contenders for the origin of the first quasars, over 200 of which have now been discovered at z &gt; 6. These stars likely form in pristine, atomically cooled haloes immersed in strong Lyman–Werner ultraviolet backgrounds or in highly supersonic baryon streaming flows. Atomic cooling triggers catastrophic baryon collapse capable of building up stars at rates of up to ∼1 M⊙ yr−1. Here, we examine the evolution of supermassive stars with a much larger and finer grid of accretion rates than in previous studies with the mesa stellar evolution code. We find that their final masses range from 3.5 × 103 to 3.7 × 105 M⊙ at accretion rates of 0.001–1 M⊙ yr−1, respectively. We also find that supermassive star evolution diverges at accretion rates of 0.01–0.02 M⊙ yr−1, above which they evolve as cool red hypergiants along the Hayashi track and collapse via the general relativistic instability during central hydrogen burning, and below which they evolve as hot blue supergiants and collapse at the end of their nuclear burning lifetimes after exiting the main sequence.
The origin and fate of the Gaia phase-space snail
Authors: Tremaine Scott , Frankel Neige , Bovy Jo 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThe Gaia snail is a spiral feature in the distribution of solar-neighbourhood stars in position and velocity normal to the Galactic midplane. The snail probably arises from phase mixing of gravitational disturbances that perturbed the disc in the distant past. The most common hypothesis is that the primary disturbance resulted from a passage of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy close to the solar neighbourhood. In this paper, we investigate the alternative hypothesis that the snail is created by many small disturbances rather than one large one, that is, by Gaussian noise in the gravitational potential, probably due mostly to substructures in the dark-matter halo. We show that this hypothesis naturally reproduces most of the properties of the snail. In particular, it predicts correctly, with no free parameters, that the apparent age of the snail is $\sim 0.5{\rm\ Gyr}$. An important ingredient of this model is that any snail-like feature in the solar neighbourhood, whatever its cause, is erased by scattering from giant molecular clouds or other small-scale structure on a time-scale $\lesssim 1{\rm\ Gyr}$.
Great balls of FIRE II: The evolution and destruction of star clusters across cosmic time in a Milky Way-mass galaxy
Authors: Rodriguez Carl L , Hafen Zachary , Grudić Michael Y , Lamberts Astrid , Sharma Kuldeep , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Wetzel Andrew 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
The current generation of galaxy simulations can resolve individual giant molecular clouds, the progenitors of dense star clusters. But the evolutionary fate of these young massive clusters, and whether they can become the old globular clusters (GCs) observed in many galaxies, is determined by a complex interplay of internal dynamical processes and external galactic effects. We present the first star-by-star N-body models of massive (N ∼ 105–107) star clusters formed in a FIRE-2 MHD simulation of a Milky Way-mass galaxy, with the relevant initial conditions and tidal forces extracted from the cosmological simulation. We select 895 (∼30 per cent) of the YMCs with &gt;6 × 104 M⊙ from Grudić et al. 2022 and integrate them to z = 0 using the cluster Monte Carlo code, CMC. This procedure predicts a MW-like system with 148 GCs, predominantly formed during the early, bursty mode of star formation. Our GCs are younger, less massive, and more core-collapsed than clusters in the Milky Way or M31. This results from the assembly history and age-metallicity relationship of the host galaxy: Younger clusters are preferentially born in stronger tidal fields and initially retain fewer stellar-mass black holes, causing them to lose mass faster and reach core collapse sooner than older GCs. Our results suggest that the masses and core/half-light radii of GCs are shaped not only by internal dynamical processes, but also by the specific evolutionary history of their host galaxies. These results emphasize that N-body studies with realistic stellar physics are crucial to understanding the evolution and present-day properties of GC systems.
Response to: Comment on ‘Orbital precession of the S2 star in scalar–tensor–vector gravity’
Authors: Della Monica Riccardo , de Martino Ivan , de Laurentis Mariafelicia 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
The explicit derivation for the orbital precession of the S2 star in the Galactic Centre in the scalar–tensor–vector gravity is discussed and compared with previous research. The two different predictions are validated by numerically integrating the geodesic equations for a test particle.
The cosmic timeline implied by the JWST high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Melia Fulvio 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
The so-called impossibly early galaxy problem, first identified via the Hubble Space Telescope’s observation of galaxies at redshifts z &gt; 10, appears to have been exacerbated by the more recent JWST discovery of galaxy candidates at even higher redshifts (z ∼ 17) which, however, are yet to be confirmed spectroscopically. These candidates would have emerged only ∼230 Myr after the big bang in the context of Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM), requiring a more rapid star formation in the earliest galaxies than appears to be permitted by simulations adopting the concordance model parameters. This time-compression problem would therefore be inconsistent with the age–redshift relation predicted by ΛCDM. Instead, the sequence of star formation and galaxy assembly would confirm the timeline predicted by the Rh = ct universe, a theoretically advanced version of ΛCDM that incorporates the ‘zero active mass’ condition from general relativity. This model has accounted for many cosmological data better than ΛCDM, and eliminates all of its inconsistencies, including the horizon and initial entropy problems. The latest JWST discoveries at z ≳ 14, if confirmed, would add further support to the idea that the Rh = ct universe is favoured by the observations over the current standard model.
Basolateral secretions of human endometrial epithelial organoids impact stromal cell decidualization
Authors: Fitzgerald Harriet C , Kelleher Andrew M , Ranjit Chaman , Schust Danny J , Spencer Thomas E 
Published: February 2023

AbstractUterine glands and, by inference, their secretions impact uterine receptivity, blastocyst implantation, stromal cell decidualization, and placental development. Changes in gland function across the menstrual cycle are primarily governed by the steroid hormones estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) but can also be influenced by extrinsic factors from the stroma. Using a human endometrial epithelial organoid system, transcriptome and proteome analyses identified distinct responses of the organoids to steroid hormones and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Notably, P4 and PGE2 modulated the basolateral secretion of organoid proteins, particularly cystatin C (CST3), serpin family A member 3 (SERPINA3), and stanniocalcin 1 (STC1). CST3, but not SERPINA3 or STC1, attenuated the in vitro stromal decidualization response to steroid hormones and PGE2. These findings provide evidence that uterine gland-derived factors impact stromal cell decidualization, which has implications for pregnancy establishment and fertility in women.
The development of a rapid patient-derived xenograft model to predict chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity/resistance in malignant glial tumors
Authors: Charbonneau Martine , Harper Kelly , Brochu-Gaudreau Karine , Perreault Alexis , Roy Laurent-Olivier , Lucien Fabrice , Tian Shulan , Fortin David , Dubois Claire M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
High-grade gliomas (HGG) are aggressive brain tumors associated with short median patient survival and limited response to therapies, driving the need to develop tools to improve patient outcomes. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, such as mouse PDX, have emerged as potential Avatar platforms for personalized oncology approaches, but the difficulty for some human grafts to grow successfully and the long time required for mice to develop tumors preclude their use for HGG.

Methods
We used a rapid and efficient ex-ovo chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) culture system to evaluate the efficacy of oncologic drug options for HGG patients.

Results
Implantation of fresh glioma tissue fragments from 59 of 60 patients, that include difficult-to-grow IDH-mutated samples, successfully established CAM tumor xenografts within 7 days, with a tumor take rate of 98.3%. These xenografts faithfully recapitulate the histological and molecular characteristics of the primary tumor, and the ability of individual fragments to form tumors was predictive of poor patient prognosis. Treatment of drug-sensitive or drug-resistant xenografts indicates that the CAM-glioma assay enables testing tumor sensitivity to temozolomide and carboplatin at doses consistent with those administered to patients. In a proof-of-concept study involving 14 HGG patients, we observed a correlation of 100% between the CAM xenograft response to temozolomide or carboplatin and the clinical response of patients.

Conclusion
The CAM-glioma model is a fast and reliable assay that has the potential to serve as a complementary model to drug discovery and a real-time Avatar platform to predict the best treatment for HGG patients.
Learning physical characteristics like animals for legged robots
Authors: Xu Peng , Ding Liang , Li Zhengyang , Yang Huaiguang , Wang Zhikai , Gao Haibo , Zhou Ruyi , Su Yang , Deng Zongquan , Huang Yanlong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Physical characteristics of terrains, such as softness and friction, provide essential information for legged robots to avoid non-geometric obstacles, like mires and slippery stones, in the wild. The perception of such characteristics often relies on tactile perception and vision prediction. Although tactile perception is more accurate, it is limited to close-range use; by contrast, establishing a supervised or self-supervised contactless prediction system using computer vision requires adequate labeled data and lacks the ability to adapt to the dynamic environment. In this paper, we simulate the behavior of animals and propose an unsupervised learning framework for legged robots to learn the physical characteristics of terrains, which is the first report to manage it online, incrementally and with the ability to solve cognitive conflicts. The proposed scheme allows robots to interact with the environment and adjust their cognition in real time, therefore endowing robots with the adaptation ability. Indoor and outdoor experiments on a hexapod robot are carried out to show that the robot can extract tactile and visual features of terrains to create cognitive networks independently; an associative layer between visual and tactile features is created during the robot’s exploration; with the layer, the robot can autonomously generate a physical segmentation model of terrains and solve cognitive conflicts in an ever-changing environment, facilitating its safe navigation.
RET Fusion-Positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: The Evolving Treatment Landscape
Authors: Novello Silvia , Califano Raffaele , Reinmuth Niels , Tamma Antonella , Puri Tarun 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the efficacy and safety of available therapies for rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including in patients with central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Background information is provided on RET rearrangements in NSCLC and the molecular testing options available as well as an overview of clinical guidelines for molecular testing, which recommend broad molecular testing, including for RET rearrangements. The efficacy and safety of potential treatments for RET fusion-positive NSCLC, including multikinase inhibitors, RET-selective inhibitors, pemetrexed-based therapy, and immunotherapies are reviewed from Phase I/II and `real-world’ studies, alongside an overview of primary and secondary resistance mechanisms. The RET-selective inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, are preferred first-line therapy options for patients with RET fusion-positive metastatic NSCLC and are recommended as subsequent therapy if RET inhibitors have not been used in the first-line setting.
The Evidence of Things Not Seen (Through the Things That Are)
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns to materiality, embodiment, and the “stuff of salvation,” and to the negotiated religious practices developed in an around Mātṛ Dhām Āśram, as much a tīrtha as other sacred spaces in Varanasi. To do this, the author draws on recent work by T. M. Luhrmann, especially her theorization on the cultivation of divine-human relationships that she dubs “spiritual kindling” and “faith framing.” In order to understand the development of the relatively new sacred space that is Mātṛ Dhām Āśram and its perception as being “charged,” the author draws on Robert Orsi’s understanding of abundance, offering what he aims to show is a more precise analytical category, that of “abundant place.” Finally, he explains various indigenized saṅskārs, or sacraments being developed in tandem by bhaktas and Catholic religious to either supplement or supplant life-cycle rituals practiced in local villages.
American Cinematic Intervention
Authors: Fu Po-Shek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Drawn from untapped historical sources and the Asia Foundation collection at the Hoover Institution, this chapter reconstructs the brief and yet historically significant efforts of Chang Kuo-sin’s Asia Pictures, which was funded by the US agency to crush Communist influences in Hong Kong’s émigré culture industry. This from-the-bottom-up reconstruction sheds light on the ambivalent history of US covert interventions to enlist the support of the British colony’s Mandarin-language popular cultural figures to compete with Communist China for the hearts and minds of Chinese diaspora in the region.
Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book explains and evaluates the main arguments and themes in Bentham’s Introduction (IPML). It’s designed for upper level undergraduate students of philosophy; it would also be useful for grad students and scholars in philosophy and other disciplines. Each chapter of the book is discussed in sequence. Emphasis is placed on Bentham’s original goal of introducing a utilitarian penal code. His causal theory of action, and account of motives and motivation, are analyzed carefully, so as to lay the groundwork for his treatment of the deterrence of potential offenders, and the punishment of convicted offenders. Bentham’s approach to making acts into legal offenses, or “criminalization,” is also treated. His understanding of the principle of utility, theory of intrinsic value, and claims about the measurement of pleasure and pain, and intrinsic value, are fully discussed. Some attention is given to the features of English criminal law in Bentham’s time, and to its practice in contemporary societies.
Bentham’s Chapter V
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s conception of pleasure and pain is discussed as well as his elaborate classification of pleasures and pains. It’s emphasized that he thinks that many kinds of pleasures and pains can only be experienced by creatures who have complex concepts, thoughts, and beliefs. Bentham’s distinction between extra-regarding and self-regarding pleasures and pains is important, and is discussed carefully. He asserts that only benevolent and malevolent pleasures and pains are extra-regarding. Bentham’s remarks suggest that he thinks that extra-regarding pleasures and pains are taken in the pleasures and pains of others for their own sake, or noninstrumentally, but he doesn’t explicitly say this.
Bentham’s Chapter VI
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham presents generalizations about how various circumstances affect or are correlated with the amount of pleasure or pain a person receives from a given cause. Some concern her psychological tendencies, or bodily conditions. Others concern her situation in society, or large-scale factors like government and climate. Some of his generalizations are true, others false. The relationship between moral claims, and factual or scientific claims, is explained. The principle of utility and Bentham’s theory of value are compatible with factual assumptions different from the ones he makes about “sensibility,” for example. An explanation is given of the sophisticated distinction Bentham makes between the kinds of information available to a utilitarian “legislator,” and the information available to a judge or “executive magistrate,” who applies those laws to identified individuals.
Bentham’s Chapter VII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In IPML Bentham presents a causal theory of action. In Chapter VII he begins his account of it in the middle of the causal sequence, with the nature of an action. Some of the important distinctions about actions he makes are explained. Human actions are distinct from physical actions. Bentham implies that a human action performed by a given person is causally initiated by an intention of hers. He also discusses an act’s production of consequences, considering this at an abstract level. The causal concepts he uses are explained, as well as how these would be incorporated into a penal code.
Defining, Measuring, and Counting
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines various ways to define and measure poverty. Definitions of poverty can vary, but they all touch on the idea that those in poverty lack the necessities to maintain a minimally adequate life. Several distinctions are discussed with regard to measuring poverty. These include absolute versus relative measures, pretransfer versus posttransfer measures, income versus asset-based measures, earnings versus consumption measures, and yearly versus monthly measures of poverty. The manner in which the official measure is constructed is also discussed, along with a discussion of the overall trends in U.S. poverty and length of poverty spells. The chapter concludes by reviewing the demographic makeup of the poverty population, as well as the geographical distribution of where those in poverty live.
Cumulative Inequality
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the role that cumulative inequality plays in influencing the quantity and quality of human capital individuals acquire. It is argued that social class in particular tends to reproduce itself. The analogy of an altered game of Monopoly is used to illustrate this process. Those growing up with fewer resources and advantages will likely wind up with fewer resources as adults. The process of cumulative inequality results in advantages or disadvantages widening over time. Various stages of the life course are used to illustrate this pattern, including research on the neighborhood that one grows up in, the schools one attends, the type of job and earnings one has, and the quality of one’s health.
Policy Implications
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 uses the structural vulnerability model to help guide what policies and strategies will effectively alleviate poverty. These include increasing access to key public resources such as education, healthcare, and housing; building the assets of lower income households; increasing the number of livable wage jobs as well as providing a robust safety net to protect individuals from falling into poverty; and facilitating organizing efforts aimed at reducing poverty and injustice. It is argued that each of these strategies have the potential to significantly reduce the extent of poverty in the United States. Taken as a whole, they represent a blueprint for addressing poverty in the future.
Athletes and Sport-Related Concussions
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the unique challenges and considerations related to concussion in sport and outlines the guidelines that are used to inform the return-to-play process for athletes with concussion. Participation in contact sports may increase risk of concussion. However, proper use of safety equipment and following safety rules can reduce the likelihood of concussion. Any athlete concerned about the cumulative effects of concussions or exposure to subconcussive forces should seek a comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological evaluation. Evidence of an increasingly prolonged recovery period, or increased symptoms with progressively less impact force, may signal the need for retirement from sport.
Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently there has been a significant increase in public awareness about concussion and its consequences. This has resulted in increased education and training for medical providers, teachers, coaches, and athletes. It has also resulted in more funding for concussion research and more research focused on concussion and how to best manage it. New technology is being developed and tested to help with diagnosis and treatment of concussion. There are advances in the development of event detectors and a variety of biomarkers which may signal that a concussion has occurred. These biomarkers may include specialized proteins detects in blood or spinal fluid, advanced analysis of neuroimaging scans, or measurements of neurophysiology such as brain waves or variation in heart rate. As technology advances, there may be more challenging questions for the future of concussion understanding and management.
Living with Distrust
Authors: Umbres Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Based on two years of fieldwork in a Northeast Romanian village, this book offers an ethnographic, interdisciplinary interpretation of social interactions in a low-trust society. In Săteni, cooperation with unrelated or unfamiliar partners fails to take off while distrust permeates everyday life and cultural representations. This book argues that the costs of misplaced trust restricted Săteni moral expectations and cooperative practices to family, kinship, and friendship ties. Household autarky and personalized morality offered an optimal strategy against political, ecological, or social unpredictability. Trust appears by social agreement around cultural representations of moral behavior, persists by social interdependence, and collapses when interests misalign. Outside family-centric social relationships lies a struggle for scarce resources of land, money, or prestige, with deception or predation lurking around every corner. Kinship, economy, politics, and rituals are organized around the distinction between the mutualism of trusted partners and perennial competition against the rest of the world. This ethnography analyzes the intersection of ecology, history, traditions, social organization, technology, and evolved human dispositions for communication, cooperation, and conflict that generate a culture of distrust.