bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convergence or redundancy: alternative views about the evolutionary genomics of character displacement
Authors: Crawford Douglas L , Thompson Max C , Conn Trinity , Kaufman Madeline , Voytko Trenton , Merritt Anna M , MacKay Heather , Billings Tessa , Chng Yi , Stuart Yoel E , Oleksiak Marjorie F 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
An evolutionary debate contrasts the importance of genetic convergence versus genetic redundancy. In genetic convergence, the same adaptive trait evolves because of similar genetic changes. In genetic redundancy, the adaptive trait evolves using different genetic combinations, and populations might not share the same genetic changes. Here we address this debate by examining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the rapid evolution of character displacement in Anolis carolinensis populations inhabiting replicate islands with and without a competitor species (1Spp and 2Spp islands, respectively). We identify 215-outliers SNPs that have improbably large FST values, low nucleotide variation, greater linkage than expected and that are enriched for genes underlying animal movement. The pattern of SNP divergence between 1Spp and 2Spp populations supports both genetic convergence and genetic redundancy for character displacement. In support of genetic convergence: all 215-outliers SNPs are shared among at least three of the five 2Spp island populations, and 23% of outlier SNPS are shared among all five 2Spp island populations. In contrast, in support of genetic redundancy: many outlier SNPs only have meaningful allele frequency differences between 1Spp and 2Spp islands on a few 2Spp islands. That is, on at least one of the 2Spp islands, 77% of outlier SNPs have allele frequencies more similar to those on 1Spp islands than to those on 2Spp islands. Focusing on genetic convergence is scientifically rigorous because it relies on replication. Yet, this focus distracts from the possibility that there are multiple, redundant genetic solutions that enhance the rate and stability of adaptive change.
Feedback reports to the general practitioner (GP) on the patients’ experiences: are GPs interested, and is this interest associated with GP factors and patient experience scores?
Authors: Bjertnæs Øyvind A , Norman Rebecka M , Eide Torunn B , Holmboe Olaf , Iversen Hilde H , Telle Kjetil , Valderas Jose M 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Patient experience feedback is key in patient centred health systems, but empirical evidence of general practitioner (GP) interest in it is sparse. We aimed to: (i) quantitatively estimate the level of GP interest for feedback reports on patient experience; (ii) explore determinants of such interest; and (iii) examine potential association between a priori interest and patient experience.

Methods
The patient experience survey included maximum 300 randomly selected patients for each of 50 randomly selected GPs (response rate 41.4%, n = 5,623). GPs were sent a postal letter offering feedback reports and were grouped according to their replies: (i) interested in the report; (ii) not interested. Associations between interest and GP variables were assessed with Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression, while associations between interest and scores for 5 patient experiences scales were assessed with multilevel regression models.

Results
About half (n = 21; 45.7%) of the GPs showed interest in the report by asking to receive the report. The only GP variable associated with a priori interest was being a specialist in general practice (58.6% vs. 23.5% for those without) (P = 0.021). Interest was significantly associated with the practice patient experience scale (4.1 higher score compared with those not interested, P = 0.048). Interest in the report had small and nonsignificant associations with the remaining patient experience scales.

Conclusions
Almost half of the GPs, and almost 3 in 5 of specialists in general practice, were interested in receiving a GP-specific feedback report on patient experiences. Interest in the report was generally not related to patient experience scores.
Change in Decision-Making Analysis and Preferences in Old Age
Authors: Wilson Robert S , Yu Lei , Stewart Christopher C , Bennett David A , Boyle Patricia A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To test the hypotheses that decision making ability declines in old age and that a higher level of cognitive reserve is associated with a reduced rate of decline.

Methods
As part of an ongoing cohort study, 982 older adults without dementia at study enrollment completed measures of purpose in life and cognitive activity which were used as markers of cognitive reserve. At annual intervals thereafter, they completed 6 tests of decision making.

Results
In a factor analysis of baseline decision making scores, 3 measures (financial/health literacy, financial/health decision making, scam susceptibility) loaded on an “analytic” factor and 3 (temporal discounting small stakes, temporal discounting large stakes, risk aversion) loaded on a “preferences” (for temporal discounting and avoiding risk) factor. During a mean of 4.7 years of follow-up (standard deviation = 2.9), analytic factor scores decreased (mean = 0.042-unit per year, standard error [SE] = 0.006, p &lt; .001) and preferences factor scores increased (mean = 0.021-unit per year, SE = 0.006, p &lt; .001), with a correlation of 0.13 (p &lt; .001) between rates of change. Evidence of an association between cognitive reserve and decision making was mixed with purpose in life related to change in analytic decision making, whereas past (but not current) cognitive activity was related to change in decision making preferences.

Discussion
Decision making analysis and preferences change over time in late life. Change over time in decision making components is relatively independent and differentially related to age and cognitive reserve.
Will political disagreement silence political expression? The role of information repertoire filtration and discussion network heterogeneity
Authors: Zhang Xinzhi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe present research aims to extend the literature on the effects of interpersonal political disagreement on political expression on social media. It investigates how disagreement-motivated information repertoire filtration and discussion network heterogeneity play a role in the disagreement–expression nexus. A two-wave online panel survey (n = 791) implemented in Hong Kong finds that encountering disagreement during political conversations is associated with filtering the information repertoire. While information repertoire filtration itself may not lead to political expression, political disagreement influenced political expression via information repertoire filtration, and this effect was stronger when network heterogeneity was low. The result indicates that politically motivated selectivity makes already-homogeneous online networks even more fragmented. The present study enriches the literature regarding how digitally mediated disconnectivity creates a personalized, homogeneous private sphere during interpersonal political communication, which may fail to nurture an open and inclusive society.
Petrificando la rama judicial en Colombia: autointerés judicial y control de constitucionalidad inapropiado de reformas constitucionales a la justicia
Authors: Benítez-R Vicente F 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article analyzes the judicial review of constitutional amendments aimed at modifying the judiciary in Colombia. It holds that when the Supreme Court of Justice (under the previous Constitution) and the Constitutional Court (under the Constitution currently in force) have quashed acceptable amendments to the judiciary, they have probably exercised such a review in a self-interested way, that is, in a non-impartial manner. Building upon the notion of “inappropriate judicial review,” the article argues that this potential lack of impartiality deepens traditional objections associated with judicial review of amendments (like democratic, interpretive and petrification issues) and undermines courts’ credibility before public opinion, thus risking their independence. After diagnosing this constitutional pathology and showing it has spread to some other jurisdictions, this research suggests that judicial review of amendments should continue in place to neutralize abusive constitutional changes. Nevertheless, regarding reasonable amendments to the judicial branch, it proposes a set of institutional and behavioral alternatives that could help mitigate the difficulties that underly a judicial scrutiny of a constitutional amendment that impacts the judges in charge of such a scrutiny.
Immunity of Heterologously and Homologously Boosted or Convalescent Individuals Against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 Variants
Authors: Jäger Michael , Diem Gabriel , Sahanic Sabina , Fux Vilmos , Griesmacher Andrea , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Wilflingseder Doris , Tancevski Ivan , Posch Wilfried 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
The emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 demonstrate higher transmission and infection rates than previous variants of concern. To evaluate effectiveness of heterologous and homologous booster vaccination, we directly compared cellular and humoral immune responses as well as neutralizing capacity against replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 wild type, Delta, and Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5.

Methods
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum samples from 137 participants were investigated, in 3 major groups. Individuals in the first group were vaccinated twice with ChAdOx1 and boosted with a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273); the second group included triple mRNA­–vaccinated participants, and the third group, twice-vaccinated and convalescent individuals.

Results
Vaccination and convalescence resulted in the highest SARS-CoV-2–specific antibody levels, stronger T-cell responses, and best neutralization against wild type, Delta Omicron BA.2, and BA.4/5, while a combination of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 vaccination elevated neutralizing capacity against Omicron BA.1. In addition, heterologous booster regimens, compared with homologous regimens, showed higher efficacy against Omicron BA.2 as well as BA.4/5.

Conclusions
We showed that twice-vaccinated and convalescent individuals demonstrated the strongest immunity against Omicron BA.2 and BA.4/5 variant, followed by those receiving heterologous and homologous booster vaccine regimens.
How Motivation, Nomophobic Design and Environmental Demands Predict Students’ Media Multitasking when Participating in Online Courses During COVID-19: An Empirical Study with a HCI Time and Temporality Lens
Authors: Qin Xiangang , Clemmensen Torkil , Xin Hongqin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There is an emerging shift in human–computer interaction (HCI) research from things to events and towards time and temporality as a design material, which is made even more urgent by the unique time of the COVID-19 period. This paper pushes this shift forwards by investigating factors and the way that these shape online media multitasking behaviour over time during COVID-19. We model the factors along the WHAT and HOW dimensions of the HCI-over-Time model (HCIoT) with self-report data from 117 university students and objective behavioural data from 40 university students, who participated in an online course over 2 weeks during COVID-19. The results indicated a pervasiveness of media multitasking behaviour over time in an online course, driven by individual factors and enhanced by their mutual fit. Based on interpretation of our data, we suggest conceptualizing the COVID-19 period as the larger temporal environment in the HCIoT model. The discussion further explains how the broader idea of human–computer-environment fit is significant to understand HCIoT through an interaction lens. We discuss methodological issues related to differentiating between self-report and behavioural measures when applying the HCIoT model. The conclusion supports the feasibility and significance of conceptualizing media multitasking during COVID-19 as temporal HCI and of further developing and operationalizing the HCIoT model by using both behavioural and self-report measures.
Population pharmacokinetics and CSF penetration of flucytosine in adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Authors: Stott Katharine E , Ahmadu Ajisa , Kajanga Cheusisime , Moyo Melanie , Gondwe Ebbie , Chimang’anga Wezzie , Chasweka Madalitso , Unsworth Jennifer , Jimenez-Valverde Ana , Jagota Bhavana , Shah Reya V , Lawrence David S , Lalloo David G , Harrison Tom , Jarvis Joseph N , Hope William , Mwandumba Henry C 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data describing clinical flucytosine pharmacokinetics (PK). The variability of flucytosine partitioning into the CNS is not known. We described the interindividual variability in flucytosine PK in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. In addition, we quantified the extent and variability of CSF partitioning of flucytosine.MethodsA PK study was conducted in 64 patients with confirmed HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in Blantyre, Malawi. A four-compartment PK model was developed, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed with flucytosine administered at different doses and in different schedules.ResultsThe estimated mean apparent volume of the central compartment was 17.50 (SD 9.99) L; mean apparent clearance was 5.88 (SD 3.35) L/h; mean apparent volume of the CNS compartment was 41.73 (SD 13.66) L. From the Bayesian posterior estimates, AUC24 values at steady state (144–168 h) with doses of 25 mg/kg q6h were median (IQR) 890.38 (603.81–1213.70) mg.h/L in plasma and 595.66 (425.69–776.64) mg.h/L in CSF. The ratio of CSF:plasma AUC24 was 0.69 (IQR 0.58–0.82).ConclusionsThis study revealed significant interindividual variability in flucytosine PK in plasma and CSF in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. The population PK model is a first critical step for revised flucytosine regimens that maximize fungal killing and minimize toxicity and the emergence of resistance.
Maternal Mortality and Women’s Political Power
Authors: Bhalotra Sonia , Clarke Damian , Gomes Joseph Flavian , Venkataramani Atheendar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Millions of women continue to die during and soon after childbirth, even where the knowledge and resources to avoid this are available. We posit that raising the share of women in parliament can trigger action. Leveraging the timing of gender quota legislation across developing countries, we identify sharp sustained reductions of 7%–12% in maternal mortality. Investigating mechanisms, we find that gender quotas lead to increases in percentage points of 5–8 in skilled birth attendance and 4–8 in prenatal care utilization, alongside a decline in fertility of 6%–7% and an increase in the schooling of young women of about 0.5 years. The results are robust to numerous robustness checks. They suggest a new policy tool for tackling maternal mortality.
Visual misinformation on Facebook
Authors: Yang Yunkang , Davis Trevor , Hindman Matthew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We conduct the first large-scale study of image-based political misinformation on Facebook. We collect 13,723,654 posts from 14,532 pages and 11,454 public groups from August through October 2020, posts that together account for nearly all engagement of U.S. public political content on Facebook. We use perceptual hashing to identify duplicate images and computer vision to identify political figures. Twenty-three percent of sampled political images (N = 1,000) contained misinformation, as did 20% of sampled images (N = 1,000) containing political figures. We find enormous partisan asymmetry in misinformation posts, with right-leaning images 5–8 times more likely to be misleading, but little evidence that misleading images generate higher engagement. Previous scholarship, which mostly cataloged links to noncredible domains, has ignored image posts which account for a higher volume of misinformation. This research shows that new computer-assisted methods can scale to millions of images, and help address perennial and long-unanswered calls for more systematic study of visual political communication.
Network Effectiveness in Context
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Dougherty Shaun M , Miles Joshua-Paul , Boyer Anne-Marie , Wang Rong , Gibson Zachary M , Cooper Katherine R 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, scholars and practitioners are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of interorganizational networks. We use a configuration approach to study network effectiveness. This research is a mixed-method study of 26 education networks in the United States. We measure network effectiveness by comparing 4th-grade literacy, 8th-grade literacy, and high-school graduation rates. We compare these scores with all school districts in the state using interrupted time series or parametric difference-in-differences approaches. Then, drawing from qualitative data from interviews and archives, we investigate the network governance, environmental characteristics, and theories of change associated with greater student achievement. We find three configurations associated with network effectiveness using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. One configuration combines decentralized governance with a project theory of change in the context of resource munificence. A second configuration associated with network effectiveness is to combine learning and systems alignment theories of change with smaller network size and resource munificence. The final configuration combines decentralized governance, a learning theory of change, less resource munificence, and larger network size and does not use a systems alignment theory of change. The results support the configurational approach, which suggests multiple configurations of factors in combination may result in network effectiveness.
Paul Hirst and religious education’s curriculum question: or how Hirst never thought religion was a form of knowledge at all
Authors: Aldridge David 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
Hirst consistently listed religion as a form of knowledge. He had numerous chances to revise this position, but did not. However, whenever Hirst actually considered religion and the curriculum in specific detail, either he did so without reference to the curriculum principles of liberal education, or he implicitly or explicitly rejected his own claim that religion was a form of knowledge. In this article I hope to contribute to an appreciation of Hirst’s work by showing how attempting to understand his thinking on religious education against the background of forms of knowledge both adds to confusion about what Hirst intended the forms of knowledge to be, and hinders an understanding of what his explicitly stated curriculum position on religion actually was. I speculate that Hirst included religion as a form of knowledge only as an ‘agnostic placeholder’ acknowledging the possibility that religion might turn out to be a form of knowledge. I then offer a brief assessment of this revised interpretation of Hirst’s position from the perspective of contemporary scholarship in the philosophy of religious education.
The plant vampire diaries: a historic perspective onCuscutaresearch
Authors: Hartenstein Maleen , Albert Markus , Krause Kirsten 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe angiosperm genus Cuscuta lives as an almost achlorophyllous root- and leafless holoparasite and has therefore occupied scientists for more than a century. The ‘evolution’ of Cuscuta research started with early studies that established the phylogenetic framework for this unusual genus. It continued to produce groundbreaking cytological, morphological, and physiological insight throughout the second half of the 20th century and culminated in the last two decades in exciting discoveries regarding the molecular basis of Cuscuta parasitism that were facilitated by the modern ‘omics’ tools and traceable fluorescent marker technologies of the 21st century. This review will show how present activities are inspired by those past breakthroughs. It will describe significant milestones and recurring themes of Cuscuta research and connect these to the remaining as well as newly evolving questions and future directions in this research field that is expected to sustain its strong growth in the future.
Comparison of IgG Against COVID-19 Between Postmenopausal and Nonmenopausal Women Vaccinated With Sinopharm Vaccine
Authors: Nabatchian Fariba , Pakbaz Fatemeh , Cheshrokh Mostafa , Sajadi Maryam , Sharbati Shadi , Afrisham Reza 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective
Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease has spread among the people of the world. Past studies have shown that viral diseases are more common and the immune response is stronger among menopausal women than nonmenopausal women. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the amount of immunoglobulin (Ig)G against COVID-19 between postmenopausal and nonmenopausal women vaccinated with Sinopharm vaccine.

Methods
In this case-control study, 90 females vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine were randomly selected from February to April 2022: 45 menopausal participants as the case group and 45 nonmenopausal controls. Demographic characteristics were obtained and blood samples were taken from all subjects. A complete blood count was carried out and the levels of IgG against COVID-19 were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results
The mean age was 33.3 ± 7.3 years and 60.2 ± 7.02 years for control and menopausal women, respectively. A significant difference was found between the 2 groups for the levels of IgG antibodies against COVID-19 (P = .002, 17.2 ± 9.83 relative unit for case group and 10.2 ± 9.80 relative unit for control subjects). After adjusting, IgG against COVID-19 was significantly correlated to the menopausal state (odds ratio [confidence interval] = 1. 08 [1.03–1. 15]; P = .003).

Conclusion
The results of this study showed that menopausal women had higher levels of IgG against COVID-19 in comparison with nonmenopausal females. However, more complementary studies are needed in this regard.
The quiet chromosphere: differential rotation
Authors: Li K J , Wan M , Feng W 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTThe solar chromosphere was daily observed in the Ca ii K line at the Mount Wilson Observatory from 1915 August to 1985 July. A digitized data base was created, which includes synoptical maps of the chromosphere in Ca ii intensity from Carrington rotations 827 to 1764. We have used the data base to investigate rotation and its differential of the chromosphere and the quiet chromosphere. The chromosphere is found to rotate faster than sunspots, but the difference in their rotation rates decreases with decreasing latitude, and near the equator they rotate at nearly the same speed. The chromosphere is obviously faster than the quiet photosphere and slightly faster than the quiet chromosphere at low latitudes, but slightly slower than the quiet chromosphere at middle latitudes. The differential degree of the rotation rate at low latitudes, ranging from largest to smallest in order, is found to be: sunspots, the chromosphere, the quiet photosphere, and the quiet chromosphere. The differential of the rotation rate is found to be different in different solar cycles for the chromosphere and the quiet chromosphere. Helioseismology observations suggest that these findings are plausible.