bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Relative Humidity on Water Content and Volume Change in Buffer Blocks in Geological Repositories
Authors: Feng Yuan , Eun Jongwan , Kim Seunghee , Kim Yong-Rak 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Buffer materials are critical for engineered barrier systems (EBS) to handle high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in geological repositories. The water content and volume change of the buffer block during storage and installation are affected by environmental conditions, such as relative humidity and the initial water content of blocks. This paper investigated the drying process of bentonite buffer blocks by using a water transport model coupled with the capillary liquid flow and vapor diffusion, and the process was experimentally verified by desiccation tests. The model represents vapor-liquid equilibrium as the driving force for vapor diffusion, considering the effect of pore capillaries on thermodynamic activity. The theoretical relationship between relative humidity and water saturation is basically consistent with experimental measurements, and the established model can predict the drying rate under different relative humidity conditions. At the same time, the volume change of the buffer block during the drying process was analyzed. Based on the results, the effect of different environmental relative humidity and initial moisture content on block drying was evaluated. The results show that the block with lower initial saturation is less affected by the relative humidity of the environment than the block with higher initial saturation, and the environment with lower relative humidity is more likely to change the moisture content and volume of the block. This study can be used to predict the effect of different environmental conditions on the distribution and deformation of soil interior saturation.

INTRODUCTION
The disposal of spent fuel from nuclear power plants is a global concern, and the deep geological repository is widely considered to be the solution for the long-term storage of nuclear waste, as shown in Fig. 1 (Choi et al., 1999; Fukuda et al., 2003; Cho and Kim, 2016; Salonen et al., 2021). Spent fuel is stored in specially designed containers and placed in tunnels dug deep in stable geological formations (Hedin & Olsson, 2016). The buffer material between the canister and the bedrock prevents groundwater from flowing into the deposition holes and keeps the canister centered in the hole, the buffer material also prevents the diffusion of radioactive material into the bedrock in the event of a canister rupture (Salo & Kukkola, 1989; Lee et al., 2007; Yoon et al., 2018; Larson et al., 2020). Bentonite or its modified soil is often used as a buffer material because of its extremely low permeability in the saturated state (Suzuki et al., 2013; Choi et al., 2022).
Stability Evaluation of the Constructed Salt Cavities of Jintan Gas Storage in China
Authors: Jianan Wu , Dewen Zheng , Guosheng Ding , Qiqi Wanyan , Kang Li , Lina Ran , Yanxia Kou , Song Bai , Haitao Li 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Learning from the operation experience of built salt cavern gas storages is necessary for new cavity construction. Jintan Gas Storage is the first salt cavern underground gas storage in China and Asia. Since the pilot experiment in 2003, it has been put into operation for about 20 years, with over 29 caverns built and a working gas volume of 800 million cubic meters formed. Due to the complexity of geological conditions and lack of building experience, the shape of some constructed salt cavities is irregular or even deformed, facing stability risks. Based on the geological information and sonar data, the geomechanical model of every constructed cavity is established to evaluate its stability and the possibility of expanding the operating pressure. According to the cavern shape from sonar measurement, all built cavities are divided into three types of trapezoidal roof, large flat roof and abnormal roof. The simulation results and sonar measuring data of different time show that the cavity with a large flat top is the most unstable, and this kind of cavity has a roof collapse with a displacement of 2-8m. The trapezoidal roof cavity is the most stable and has the largest volume, while the abnormal roof cavity has a larger range of plastic damage around the cavity, and the most serious waste in the use of salt rock resources. In addition, based on the stability assessment, the operating pressure of trapezoidal cavity can be appropriately expanded by 1-2MPa, while the minimum pressure of large flat roof cavity should be appropriately enhanced, and the gas production rate should be reduced to maintain the stability of the gas storage. This study can provide guidance for the construction of other salt cavern gas storages.

INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of economy and the fast growth of natural gas demand, underground gas storage (UGS), as one of the five links including production, transportation, storage, sale and use in the natural gas chain, is becoming increasingly important (Ding, 2015; Zhang, 2017). As a cost-effective, safe and stable gas storage model at present, salt cavern storage is not only an important facility for natural gas supply, but also a significant guarantee for national energy security (Gabrielli, 2020; Yang, 2022). Most of North America's strategic oil reserves are stored in salt caverns. In recent years, natural gas demand in China has rapidly developed, and salt cavern UGS have entered a golden period of development (Ding, 2023; Gao, 2022).
Neural Network Model to Predict Pore Pressure and Wellbore Stability from LWD Log and Drilling Parameter
Authors: Bruna Teixeira Silveira B. S. , Claudio Rabe C. R. , Cristian Mejia C. M. , Deane Roehl D. R. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
In well construction, well stability is needed to predict drilling time, costs, and risk management accurately. Several models have been developed in the last 60 years to estimate rock parameters and stress magnitudes from well logs. However, this involves uncertainties due to rock heterogeneity, lack of information due to high data acquisition costs, and indirect measurements. Drilling monitoring has been used to mitigate instability occurrences by updating the geomechanics model while drilling. Nevertheless, monitoring highly depends on the analyst's experience and immediate interpretation of available information. Artificial Intelligence algorithms have been used to improve efficiency in many different technologies, but they depend on good predictions to learn from experience. In order to build an accurate and generalist ANN model, this paper uses the real case study experience of the analysis of offshore wells in Brazil calibrated with drilling events. Data is provided by the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP) and used to build an ANN model. The available drilling parameters are used, such as weight on bit, torque, rate of penetration, log data and well reports. Neural networks were applied to the available data to build a model. Model output includes pore pressure and collapse pressure for the survey. The proposed model can be an additional tool to help well construction operations.

INTRODUCTION
The maximum value of pore or collapse pressure defines the lower boundary of the drilling mud window. Using mud weights below those values can lead to several problems, such as inflows, excess reaming, poor hole cleaning conditions, excess cavings, pack-offs, stuck pipe, and more severe issues, such as loss of the hole or uncontrolled blowouts.
Methods to estimate pore pressure, in-situ stresses, and collapse curves were developed and improved over many years (Barton et al., 1997a; Eaton, 1972, 1975a, 1976; Fjaer et al., 1992; Zoback et al., 1985; Zoback, 2007). Most pore pressure methods are applied to argillaceous rocks assuming under-compaction mechanisms (Vernik, 2016). Pore pressure in permeable environments is generally measured using well pressure tests or inflow events.
In-Situ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detection and Visualisation of Hydraulic Fracture: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Giwelli A. , Esteban L. , Banks S. , Kiewiet L. , Sun H. , Sarmadivaleh M. , Al-Yaseri A. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
A novel approach to study hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation inside Nuclear Magnetic Resonance core flooding system (NMR) was examined on 38 mm diameter (1.5") outcrop sandstone rock plugs. A 3.4 mm diameter and about 35 mm long borehole (two-third of the plug's length) was drilled at the center of the plugs, and then a 3.17 mm diameter (1/8") PEEK tube was carefully inserted and glued. Dry plugs were assembled and loaded into the NMR confining system, and then hydrostatically pressurised to 500 psi (∼3.5 MPa). Potassium iodide brine was slowly injected into the borehole, while the increasing injection pressure was monitored throughout the experiment using an independent pressure sensor positioned near the borehole's inlet face. NMR-T2 relaxation and saturation profile measurements were conducted at different pore pressure stages to locate and quantify any pore size changes. Both X-ray CT images and NMR spatial T2 measurements were only acquired before and after hydraulic fracture was created to support its location, aperture closure and growth. The results proved that NMR core flooding system is sensitive to any porosity or pressure changes induced by hydraulic fracture development.

INTRODUCTION
The oil and gas industry has widely adopted Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement for reservoir characterization and monitoring. NMR detects the relaxation times of hydrogen nuclei in a rock's pore spaces, providing valuable information on petrophysical properties such as fluid(s) volume, porosity and pore-size distribution. Both laboratory and field-scale studies have extensively employed NMR, and its reliability and accuracy have been well-documented in various petrophysical research (Kleinberg and Horsfield, 2003; Blümich et al., 2007).
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a common technique used to increase the permeability of tight reservoirs that are uneconomical to produce otherwise. High-pressure fluids are injected into the reservoir to create fractures that facilitate the flow of hydrocarbons to the wellbore. Despite extensive research on hydraulic fracturing, the actual fracturing process remains poorly understood, particularly at a laboratory scale.
Efficient Simulation of Well Production with Multi-Scale Complex Natural Fractures
Authors: Junira Adi , Xie Hongbing , Liu Chuxi , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Yu Wei , Miao Jijun 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
In general, natural fractures are favorable for hydrocarbon-producing enterprises in low-permeability unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs with higher permeabilities on the other hand, such natural fractures could be counterproductive since it can be used by water to bypass oil. This study is concerned with natural fractures in a conventional gas reservoir with porosity and permeability of 20% and 10 md, respectively. Natural fractures with different scales are incorporated into the numerical reservoir model in order to investigate the effects of various natural fracture scales to the recovery. Here, the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) is used to insert a couple natural fractures sets to the numerical reservoir models. With EDFM, the natural fractures in the model can be slanted, randomly placed across the reservoir volume, and varied in dimensions which are more likely the traits of natural fractures found subsurface. Seemingly, the larger the natural fracture scale is, the higher its gas estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). This is probably due to the larger scale natural fractures having greater total fracture area and vice versa. Furthermore, the small-scale natural fractures contribution to the EUR in 20 years of primary production seems rather minimal. Omitting natural fractures of such scale in the reservoir model used in this study that translates to about 20% reduction in total fracture area, reduces the EUR of about 3% which means the omission might be acceptable to some extent. The connectivity of the fractures does not seem to play a significant role for the EUR. In summary, it does not really matter which fractures scale is used, as long as the total area is significant, those fractures should be included in the reservoir model. However, this is true for the model used in this study where the reservoir has relatively high permeability and natural fractures have a relatively low conductivity.
Physical Properties and Fracture Network Characteristics of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks
Authors: Zhang Tiansheng , Huang Haiying 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Mineral carbon storage in mafic and ultramafic rocks is a novel concept for CO2 sequestration. In contrast to carbon sequestration in sedimentary formations, where structural and residual trappings are the primary mechanisms of storage, solubility and mineral trappings are expected to be the dominant storage mechanisms in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Mafic and ultramafic rocks are rich in calcium, magnesium and iron. Mineral carbonation occurs when these rocks are exposed to an environment with CO2 and water. Feasibility of mineral carbon storage has been demonstrated in field trials in Iceland and eastern Washington state. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive literature review on the properties of mafic and ultramafic rocks such as basalt, gabbro and peridotite. We examine the ranges of material properties and their correlations as well as rock mass characteristics and their implications in terms of carbon sequestration. Comprehensive knowledge of intact rocks and rock mass properties will be essential for research and development of carbon storage in these rocks.

INTRODUCTION
Mineral carbon storage in mafic and ultramafic rocks is a novel concept for CO2 sequestration. In contrast to carbon sequestration in sandstone formations, where structural and residual trappings are the primary mechanisms of storage, solubility and mineral trappings are expected to be the dominant storage mechanisms in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Mafic and ultramafic rocks are rich in calcium, magnesium and iron. Mineral carbonation occurs when these rocks are exposed to an environment with CO2 and water.
Pilot field studies have been previously conducted - the Wallula Project in eastern Washington state (McGrail et al., 2017) and the CarbFix and CarbFix2 Project in southwest Iceland (Matter et al., 2016; Clark et al., 2020; Ratouis et al., 2022). These projects aimed at capturing CO2 permanently through mineral carbonation in basalt. Nearly 1,000 tons of supercritical CO2 were injected over a three-week period in summer 2013 in the Wallula Project. Two permeable basalt interflow reservoir zones with a combined thickness about 20 m within a layered basalt sequence at a depth of 830 − 890 m below the surface were chosen as the target zone. Field monitoring and characterization were carried out over a two-year period post injection. Isotope analysis of carbonate minerals from side-wall cores sampled post injection showed isotopic signatures of injected CO2. Presence of free-phase CO2 was detected from wireline logging at the top of the two injection interflow zones, likely due to buoyancy driven flow. But no vertical migration of CO2 above the injection zones was observed. These evidences suggest that storage and rapid mineralization of CO2 in a suitable basalt formation are feasible.
Onset of reproductive capacity in unowned free-roaming cats
Authors: Bohrer Ellie , Billings Devany , Patton Kristin , Kutzler Michelle 
Published: September 2023

Purpose was to investigate if an underlying biological cause exists for the reproductive success in unowned free-roaming (UFR) cats. These cats were presented for surgical sterilization during late summer/early fall. After castration of UFR toms, presence of penile spines was recorded, slides were made from vas deferens secretions for sperm morphology analyses, and testes were hemi-sectioned, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, sectioned, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and seminiferous tubule diameters were measured. After ovariohysterectomy of UFR queens, total ovarian-uterine weights were recorded. Ovaries were hemi-sectioned, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, sectioned, stained, and follicles were counted. Presence of penile spines did not differ (p = 0.07) between toms 2 - 6 (n = 13) and > 6 months (n = 16). Percentage of normal sperm morphology did not differ (p = 0.39) between toms 2 - 6 (n = 11; 77 ± 11%) and > 6 months (n = 9; 81 ± 13%). Seminiferous tubular diameter increased (p < 0.01) in toms 2 - 2.5 (n = 6; 88.1 ± 10.9 µm), 3 - 4 (n = 6; 109.8 ± 8.9 µm), 5 - 6 (n = 6; 142.2 ± 16.9 µm), and > 6 months (n = 6; 237.9 ± 52.5 µm). There was no association (R2 = 0.20; p = 0.07) between age and total ovarian-uterine weight of queens. Number of primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles recorded did not differ (p = 0.08) between queens 2 - 4 (n = 13) and 5 - 6 (n = 4) months. The largest follicle diameter did not differ (p = 0.14) between queens 2 - 4 (581.6 ± 53.7 µm) and 5 - 6 months (469.4 ± 113.9 µm). Results may explain why UFR cat populations continue to increase despite investments in extensive trap-neuter-return efforts. Selective pressure responses to shortened lifespans may contribute to onset of earlier reproductive capacity in UFR cats.
Tetrahedral or square planar? A ten minute exploration.
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

I love experiments where the insight-to-time-taken ratio is high. This one pertains to exploring the coordination chemistry of the transition metal region of the periodic table; specifically the tetra-coordination of the series headed by Mn-Ni. Is the geometry tetrahedral, square planar, or other? One can get a statistical answer in about ten minutes. The (CCDC database) search definition required is shown above.
NCI (non-covalent-interaction) analysis for some π-hydrogen bonded systems.
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

In this post, I looked at some hydrogen bonds formed by interaction of a π-system with an acidic hydrogen. Unlike normal lone pair donors, π-systems can involve more than two electrons, most commonly four or six. Here I look at examples of both these higher-order donors.
<strong>
FIMNEU
</strong>
FIMNEU.
Computers 1967-2013: a personal perspective. Part 5. Network bandwidth.
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

In a time of change, we often do not notice that Δ = ∫δ. Here I am thinking of network bandwidth, and my personal experience of it over a 46 year period. I first encountered bandwidth in 1967 (although it was not called that then). I was writing Algol code to compute the value of π, using paper tape to send the code to the computer. Unfortunately, the paper tape punch was about 10 km from that computer.
Hexacoordinate hydrogen.
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

A feature of a blog which is quite different from a journal article is how rapidly a topic might evolve. Thus I started a few days ago with the theme of dicarbon (C
<sub>
2
</sub>
), identifying a metal carbide that showed C
<sub>
2
</sub>
as a ligand, but which also entrapped a single carbon in hexa-coordinated mode.
π-hydrogen bonds as a function of ring size.
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

A simple correlation between a ring size and the hydrogen bonding as quantified by the O(Lp)/H-O σ* NBO interaction in that ring, indicated a 7- or 8-membered ring was preferred over smaller ones. Here is the same study, but this time using the π-electrons of an alkene as the electron donor. n E(2), kcal/mol O…H length, Å
Mechanism of the Boekelheide rearrangement
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

A reader asked me about the mechanism of the reaction of 2-picoline N-oxide with acetic anhydride to give 2-acetoxymethylpyridine (the Boekelheide Rearrangement[cite]10.1002/ejoc.201000936[/cite]). He wrote “ I don’t understand why the system should prefer to go
<em>
via
</em>
fragmentation-recombination (… the evidence being that oxygen labelling shows scrambling) when there is an easy concerted pathway available (… a
PELATIHAN BUDIDAYA LARVA HERMENTIA ILLUCENS PADA KELOMPOK PEMBUDIDAYA IKAN “MINA GULE SATU” DESA KEBARONGAN
Authors: Setiyono Eko , Sugiharto Sugiharto , Wijayanti Gratiana Ekaningsih , Heru Budianto Bambang , Susatyo Priyo 
Published: September 2023

merupakan kelompok yang membudidayakan pembesaran ikan gurami dan ikan lele. Kelompok ini memiliki masalah dalam penyedian pakan ikan. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan memberikan ketrampilan dalam budidaya larva Hermentia illucens sebagai pakan alternatif untuk ikan. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah sosialisasi program, paparan materi, pembutan demplot budidaya larva Hermentia illucens, pendampingan, dan evaluasi program. Evaluasi diberikan dengan memberikan pre-test dan post-test. Melalui transfer pengetahun dan praktek langsung dalam bentuk demplot, POKDAKAN memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan dalam cara penetasan telur black soldier fly (BSF), manajemen pemeliharaan larva usia 1-7 hari, larva sebelum fase prepupa dan pupa, menetaskan pupa menjadi BSF, manajemen pemeliharaan BSF, menstimulasi BSF bertelur. Selain itu mitra memiliki ketrampilan dalam pengembangan rak inkubasi telur, modifikasi pembuatan biopond, modifikasi tempat bertelur, dan mampu memilih media yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan larva. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa POKDAKAN sudah memiliki pemahaman dan keterampilan dalam budidaya larva Hermentia illucens. Guna untuk memanfaatkan larva Hermentia illucens sebagai pakan ikan maka POKDAKAN berkomitmen akan menambahkan siklus budidaya larva teserbut agar mempoleh induk yang cukup digunakan menghasilkan telur.
Kata Kunci: BSF, Budidaya Hermentia illucens, POKDAKAN, Pemberdayaan
PENTINGNYA PENGGUNAAN METODE MENGAJAR UNTUK ANAK SEKOLAH MINGGU
Authors: Tarore Debby Margaret 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Christian Religious Education is needed in the role of changing the character of growth behavior of Sunday school children. Jesus considered that children are important as individuals. The importance of teaching children so that they can become individuals who act responsibly so that they find their joy and existence (Woltrestroff, 2007). The hope of a teacher can open up to Sunday school children with full trust and Christian affection (Ismail, 2002). So, a method is needed to apply the Christian Religious Education learning pattern so that the teaching process is more varied and makes the children enjoy the learning materials of God's Word. Because the Word of God is full of riches of truth that requires variety in implementing the truth of God's Word. The role of changing children's behavior is the background of the problem being studied. The method used in this research is qualitative. This research is needed to be more detailed, critical, and explore cases (Lumintang, 2016). The framework of this discussion is the role of changing character. The results and discussion of this journal are about the influence on children, the formation of children's character, well as methods and tools for children's education.
Keywords: Christian Religious Education; role; children; method