bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity of Antibody Proteins in Rabbit Anti-p-Azobenzenearsonate Sera
Authors: Onoue Kauro , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antibodies against the p-azobenzenearsonate (Rp) group were studied with respect to their immunoelectrophoretic and chromatographic properties as well as their molecular size. Anti-Rp antibody activity was found in three different protein components of the antisera by the use of radioimmunoelectrophoresis with I131-Rp-insulin as a test antigen. The three antibody components, although all were directed against the same determinant group, differed in their reaction with horse antiserum against rabbit globulin. They were partially separated by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 according to their molecular size and by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The antibodies of three different protein types were identified as the γ-type (6 S), the β2-type (16 S) and the β1-type (probably 9 S and 6 S).
The γ-type contains γ-globulins of a wide range of electrophoretic mobility, but can be fractionated by chromatography into two distinct fractions which differ in their mobility, γ2 and γ1. It was present in all the antisera tested and carried a major part of the antibody activity.
The β2-type appears to be the same as the β2 or γ1maeroglobulin previously found in rabbit serum. It was detected in most of the antisera tested.
The β1-type is probably associated with the 9 S component and possibly also with the 6 S component. It seems to be the counterpart of β2A-globulin in the human. It was detected in only two of the six individual antisera tested.
Effects of Heterologous Antileukocyte Serum on Leukocyte Metabolism
Authors: Kritzman Julius , McCarthy John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera to guinea pig granulocytes have been shown to inhibit cell respiration, amino acid uptake and incorporation without effecting lipid synthesis. These effects are complement dependent. These inhibitory effects could not be entirely explained by loss of cell viability.
Studies on Human C′1-Esterase
Authors: Haines Anne L. , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified C′1-esterase inactivated both C′2 and C′4 in solution. Esterolytic activity and the ability to inactivate C′4 could not be dissociated by inactivation of the enzyme with C′1-esterase inhibitor or DFP, or by denaturation at extremes of temperature or pH. It was concluded that these activities were in all probability properties of the same molecular species. Inhibition of enzymatic activity by DFP blocked both the ability to inactivate C′4 and the ability to bind C′1-esterase inhibitor, suggesting in addition that esterolytic activity and C′4 inactivation may be functions of the same catalytic site
Purified C′1-esterase was capable of substituting for C′1s in the formation of EAC′1 with C′1q and C′1r. EAC′1 prepared with C′1-esterase was capable of forming EAC′1,4 with partially purified C′4. It was therefore concluded that C′1-esterase is a functional component of complement.
Serologic Properties of Phaseolus Lunatus Lectin and Other Anti-A Reagents
Authors: Scheinberg S. L. , Wong D. T. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Serologic and radioassay methods using I131 have been developed for studies of absorption and elution of anti-A agglutinins in Phaseolus lunatus extracts and human immune anti-A sera. These are a continuation of studies on purification of agglutinins and the heterogeneity of agglutinins as manifested by differential thermal dissociation. The I131 labeling has shown that the absorption and elution from erythrocyte stroma provided substantial increases in purity of immune anti-A agglutinins.
Effect of Internal Irradiation from Colloidal Chromic Phosphate (P-32) on the Primary Immune Response in Rabbits
Authors: Yohn David S. , Saslaw Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Effects of internal irradiation from intravenously administered radioactive colloidal CrP32O4 on the primary immune response of rabbits to sheep erythrocytes and typhoid H-antigen were described. Test rabbits were given various µc amounts of CrP32O4. Immunization, either a single antigen injection or a series of three or four injections, was begun either 24 hr, 14 days or 36 days later. Radiation for 24 hr from 31, 60, 105, 120 or 488 µc of CrP32O4 did not alter the immune responses of rabbits given three or four intravenous antigen injections over a 9- to 14-day period. However, when 14 days of internal radiation from 520, 624 and 780 µc preceded a single immunizing injection, antibody responses to both antigens were significantly depressed. These effects included delayed appearance of antibody, decreased antibody synthesis rates, and lowered maximum antibody titers. When similar amounts of radiation, 488, 624 and 780 µc for 14 days, preceded a series of three antigenic stimuli given within 11 to 14 days, prolonged antibody induction periods were the only apparent evidences of radiation injury. The depressive effects observed herein paralleled those obtained by others with certain regimens of external x- and γ-radiation and internal β-irradiation.
The nearly complete reversal of immunologic impairement by additional antigen stimulus was discussed and attributed to compensatory hyperactivity of nonsplenic antibody synthesis sites. Splenic participation in the immune response of rabbits given 488 µc or more was judged non-operative. The spleens of these rabbits were estimated to have adsorbed 7000 to 14000 rep during the 14 days preceding immunization. The resultant immunologic impairement and its reversal with multiple antigen injections paralleled results obtained by other investigators studying surgically splenectomized rabbits. Cognizance of these immunologic-radiation relationships in clinical use was emphasized.
The exact interval of immunologic impairement was not established. Rabbits which received 650 µc of CrP32O4 36 days prior to three antigen injections, responded essentially normally even though lymphopenic during immunization. Lymphopenias were found to increase in intensity and duration with increased CrP32O4 dose.
Radioimmunoelectrophoresis of Thyroid Antigens and Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies in Clinical and Experimental Thyroiditis
Authors: Goodman Howard C. , Exum E. Dubois , Robbins Jacob 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Techniques combining immunoelectrophoresis with autoradiography have been used to study antigens and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in human beings and guinea pigs. One of these utilized a double precipitation method in which the labeled antigen reacted with antibodies previously precipitated by antibodies to the serum proteins. The multiple precipitin lines which sometimes form between thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin were all found to be radioactive and this, together with other observations, suggests that immunochemical heterogeneity exists among the antigen molecules. Thyroid extracts also contained iodoalbumin in both species, and one extract from a patient wtih chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis also contained iodo-γ-globulin. Three classes of antibodies in human sera were found to react with thyroglobulin: slow γ-globulin (γ or γ2), fast γ-globulin (β2A or γ1A) and a macroglobulin (β2M or γ1M). Three similar classes of immunoglobulins could be distinguished by immunoelectrophoresis of guinea pig sera, but the macroglobulin in guinea pig sera was not shown to be an anti-thyroglobulin.
Use of Dried Whole Blood Collected on Filter Paper Disks in Adenovirus Complement Fixation and Measles Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
Authors: Brody Jacob A. , McAlister Robert , Haseley Ruth , Lee Pauline 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for utilizing blood collected by hemolet puncture on filter paper disks and dried before storage was shown to be feasible in routine complement fixation tests for adenoviruses and hemagglutination inhibition tests for measles. Laboratory tests were performed using antigens from commercial sources. The technique appears to be usable in other complement fixation and hemagglutination in hibition systems and greatly facilitates collection of blood specimens, especially from small infants.
Relation of Physiologic Conditions to Variations in Susceptibility of Mother Mice to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Campbell Charles H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mother mice, in contrast to nonbred adult mice, are susceptible to FMDV obtained by passage in primary cultures of calf kidney cells. Factors which might affect the susceptibility of mother mice were investigated in an effort to obtain knowledge on the mechanism of this decrease in natural resistance.
Mother mice from another breeding colony were was susceptible as mother mice from the colony at this laboratory. Mother mice with litters of 3, as well as mice without litters, were more resistant than were mothers with litters of 6 or 12 young. As postpartum time increased, the susceptibility of mother mice decreased. After receiving foster litters of young mice at 5- to 7-day intervals to prolong lactation, mother mice were more susceptible at 21 and 28 days postpartum than similar mice with original litters. Mice which received the foster litters, however, were less susceptible than 6-day postpartum mice. Remated mother mice were as susceptible 5 to 8 days following second pregnancy as they were 5 to 8 days after completion of their first pregnancy.
Role of the Sulfhydryl Group in the Denaturation of Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Gerber Donald A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sulfhydryl group appears to take part in the denaturation of human γ-globulin by heat and urea. The presence of reagents that react with the sulfhydryl group during the denaturation of human γ-globulin by heat does not significantly alter reactivity with rheumatoid factor and does not alter digestibility by trypsin.
Separation and Purification of β-Lysin from Normal Serum
Authors: Donaldson David M. , Ellsworth Barbara , Matheson Audria 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By use of Seitz filtration, elution, back filtration, and differential ultracentrifugation techniques, it has been possible to purify β-lysin. The degree of purification when measured as specific bactericidal activity/unit nitrogen was from 1000 to 5000 times that of normal serum.
Separation of β-lysin from serum or purified preparations by Millipore filtration was primarily a mechanical process. A comparison of Millipore and Seitz filtration procedures revealed that the latter technique was more efficient for the purification of β-lysin.
β-lysin was separated from both agglutinating antibody and complement and was not dependent on either of these serum components for bactericidal activity.
Aggregation and Activity of Forssman Hapten in Dilute Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Megli Eula C. , Mallette M. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results obtained in this study support the hypothesis that activators in the inhibition assay act as dispersing agents for the Forssman hapten. When phrenosin was used in this role, the activation was not persistent and activity decreased significantly when the aqueous system was allowed to stand for 24 hr. The possibility that the loss of activity was due to atmospheric oxidation of the hapten was eliminated by means of storage experiments under conditions avoiding such oxidation. Centrifugation of solutions that had reached a low activity on standing lowered the activity even more, indicating that the dispersed material had coalesced to form larger particles. The aggregates were shown to be composed of both phrenosin and hapten. Activity was restored to solutions whose activity had thus declined by lyophilization, re-solution in methanol, and dilution in the aqueous assay system. This treatment apparently results in a dispersion state similar to that in the original solution. Phrenosin served as an activator for the hapten by delaying its micellar formation. Several other materials were used as activators but only one, a fraction from the purification procedure, was as effective as phrenosin.
Mycoplasma Species Identification Based upon Growth Inhibition by Specific Antisera
Authors: Clyde Wallace A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of mycoplasma species identification is described, based upon inhibition of the PPLO growth on solid media around antiserum-impregnated filter paper disks. In comparison to the classical serologic identification method using complement fixation, the technique described was completely species-specific for identification of unknown antigens, but was less sensitive for detection of antibodies in sera. Examination of several variables influencing this reaction indicated that factors relating to the ratio between the number of organisms used and the amount of antiserum were more important determinants than were factors concerned with antiserum diffusion through the media. The ability of the antisera to produce growth inhibition by the means described was a stable property, being retained after long periods of storage at -20°C and 4°C, and after heating at 56°C.
Application of the inhibition technique permitted successful identification of 150 pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) isolated from the human pharynx in health and disease, and five strains recovered from tissue cultures. The method was simpler to perform and to interpret than species identification based upon the complement fixation technique.
In the course of these studies, a PPLO isolated frequently from the normal human pharynx was defined which was distinct from the classified mycoplasma species of human derivation by both the complement fixation and growth inhibition methods. This emphasizes the need for recognition of this and other ubiquitous PPLO species by investigators studying human respiratory tract disease.
The Effect of Sodium Dodecylsulfate on Intact and Insoluble Papain Hydrolyzed Immune Globulin
Authors: Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Limited hydrolysis of rabbit immune globulin by insoluble papain converts the γ-globulin into a form that can be fragmented by reduction. After undergoing this critical proteolysis the immune globulin could be dissociated into subunits by sodium dodecylsulfate acting at pH 6.8 in the absence of reducing agents. The two major products of this dissociation were a soluble component having a molecular weight of about 85,000, which could be further fragmented by reduction, and a component which was insoluble in aqueous buffer solutions. The detergent sodium dodecylsulfate was shown to reversibly inhibit antigen-antibody precipitation. Removal of detergent from intact immune globulin restored its ability to precipitate homologous antigen. Likewise, removal of detergent from the products of the consecutive action of insoluble papain and dodecylsulfate on immune globulin resulted in the recovery of a component, having a molecular weight of 85,000, which still specifically precipitated with antigen. Thus this component appeared to be immunologically divalent. Treatment of immune globulin with either insoluble papain or detergent alone did not appreciably alter its ability to “fix” components of the complement system upon interaction with antigen. In contrast, the component having a molecular weight of 85,000, obtained by the consecutive action of papain and detergent, did not “fix” complement upon precipitation with its homologous antigen. Thus the detergent dissociation of hydrolyzed immune globulin appeared to be along functional lines. The absence of the Fragment III moiety of γ-globulin from the component having a molecular weight of 85,000 was demonstrated by antigenic analysis and by sedimentation analysis of the reductively dissolved immune precipitates formed by its reaction with antigen. The dissociation of hydrolyzed immune globulin was found to proceed slowly in the presence of detergent. The yield of the component of MW = 85,000 was greatest after incubation for 14 to 16 hr. Dissociation was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and p-chloromercuribenzoate, suggesting the involvement of the disulfide bonds of the globulin in this process.
Acquired Tolerance to Skin Homografts in Mice
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newborn C3H mice were rendered tolerant to CBA skin homografts by neonatal injection of CBA spleen cells. The offspring of these tolerant C3H mice were slightly more susceptible to a tolerance-inducing stimulus of CBA spleen cells than were the offspring of nontolerant C3H mice. The immunologic competence of normal C3H spleen and lymph node cells, as measured by the graft-versus-host assay in newborn C57BL/6J mice, continued to increase with age, exhibiting peaks of immunologic reactivity at 3 and 6 months for spleen, and at 7 months for lymph node cells. The increased immune potential of C3H mice with age could, at least in part, be responsible for the delayed loss of tolerance in C3H mice. The immunologic reactivity of C3H spleen and lymph node cells, during the various phases of tolerance, as measured by the graft-versus-host assay in newborn CBA mice, was subnormal but increased during graft contraction and graft rejection. The prolonged survival of second and third CBA skin grafts and the relative ease by which tolerance could be reinduced, were additional evidence for the subnormal immunologic status of post-tolerant C3H mice.
Studies on Filtrates from Cultures of a Psychrophylic Pseudomonas Sp. Which Inactivate Nonspecific Serum Inhibitors for Certain Hemagglutinating Viruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Filtrates from cultures of a psychrophylic Pseudomonas sp. have been shown to contain an enzyme-like substance or substances which inactivate serum inhibitors of hemagglutination by echoviruses, reoviruses and adenoviruses. The filtrates had no effect on serum inhibitors for WEE and SLE viruses, and the effect on influenza virus inhibitors varied with different virus strains. Treatment of human sera with the filtrates was shown to be less detrimental than kaolin treatment to specific hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibodies. Concentrated filtrates possessed some destructive activity for erythrocyte receptors. Hemagglutinating antigens for the echoviruses, reoviruses, influenza A/PR8/34 and A2/Japan/305/57 viruses and WEE virus treated with the filtrates showed unchanged or elevated titers, whereas treatment of the SLE antigen inactivated its hemagglutinating activity.
Molecular Basis of Passive Sensitization
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of reduction and alkylation of Fr. III (Porter) of rabbit γ-globulin on its biologic properties was studied. The fragment was reduced in 0.1 M mercaptoethylamine in the presence or absence of urea followed by alkylation. The ability of the fragment to give reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and to block passive sensitization with heterologous rabbit antibody was diminished by reduction and alkylation in saline and was nearly lost by the same treatment in 2 M urea. The fragment reduced and alkylated in saline induced an increase of permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries upon aggregation, whereas aggregates of the fragment treated in 2 M urea did not. However, the aggregates produced following reduction and alkylation in 2 M urea inactivated C′ in vitro, indicating that this treatment degrades the sites essential for tissue affinity, but does not appear to impair the sites involved in the fixation of certain C′ components. The latter sites and the antigenic determinants were degraded by complete reduction of the fragment in 6 M urea. The results suggest that the sites in 7 S γ-rabbit antibody, which are essential for tissue affinity and for C′ fixation, are not identical. The role of disulfide bonds in Fr. III on the biological properties of antibody was discussed.
Virulence and Interferon Production of Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Sellers R. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A virulent and an attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus were compared in surviving cultures of bovine tongue epithelium for efficiency of titration, production of infective centers after virus adsorption, virus multiplication and interferon production. Titers of the virulent strain measured in unweaned mice were twice those measured in BTE cultures whereas titers of the attenuated strain were 50 times less in BTE cultures than in mice. Production of infective cell centers after virus adsorption was 24 times less efficient with the attenuated strain than with the virulent. In growth curve studies the virulent strain gave rise to higher virus titers than the attenuated strain but produced less interferon. Measurable interferon was detected in cultures infected by the attenuated strain after a certain level of virus had been reached. These differences in behavior can be used to provide markers for laboratory studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains.
The results were discussed in relation to virulence and production of lesions by strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. It is suggested that only 5% of the attenuated strain of FMDV was competent, i.e., able to initiate successful infection of the bovine tongue epithelial cells with production of new virus, of which only 5% in its turn was competent. The other 95% noncompetent virus entered the cell, inducing cellular resistance and production of interferon—leading to suppression of virus multiplication and arrest of lesion development.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing of Staphylococcus Aureus by Human and Rabbit Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Shayegani Mehdi G. , Kapral Frank A. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus of the ordinary, nonencapsulated kind were examined in systems comprising blood and exudative leukocytes with autologous sera of normal and immunized rabbits, and also in systems comprising blood leukocytes with the autologous plasmas of infants during the first 9 months of life.
In rabbit systems, phagocytosis measured during the first 30 min was reduced (level of significance, 90 to 93%) in the presence of heated serum in both normal and immunized rabbits when compared with that observed using fresh serum. Subsequent intracellular killing by blood leukocytes from normal rabbits in the presence of fresh and heated serum did not differ by amounts conventionally regarded as statistically significant. Intracellular killing by blood leukocytes was reduced in the presence of heated serum from rabbits immunized with staphage lysate and rabbits immunized with live staphylococci when compared with that observed in the presence of fresh serum. This was not the case in rabbits injected with heat-killed staphylococci.
Plasmas and leukocytes from 11 infants in the first months of life, and in the last months of the 1st year of life, and from adults showed significant slowing in rate and amount of phagocytosis and no intracellular killing when plasma had been heat inactivated. The three infants 5 to 6 months of age showed only insignificant differences in phagocytosis and intracellular survival in fresh as compared with heat-inactivated plasma. In these respects the plasmas of the 5- to 6-months-old infants behaved like the sera of normal rabbits; all other plasmas and the plasmas of adult humans behaved like the sera of immunized rabbits.
Neutralization of Bacteriophage by Intact and Degraded Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Donch John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of intact homologous rabbit antibody (7 S), pepsin-digested bivalent antibody (5 S), and pepsin-digested and reduced univalent antibody (3.6 S) to neutralize bacteriophage was compared. It was found that, on a weight basis, the order of neutralizing activity was 7 S &gt; 5 S &gt; 3.6 S. The significance of these findings is discussed.