bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canopy cover is correlated with reduced injurious feather pecking in commercial flocks of free-range laying hens
Authors: Brigh A , Brass D , Clachan J , Drake KA , Joret AD 
Published: January 2023

AbstractInjurious feather pecking in non-cage systems is a serious economic and welfare concern for the egg-producing industry. Here, we describe the first results from an ongoing collaborative project to improve range environment and welfare of laying hens(Gallus gallus domesticus)within the McDonald's Restaurants Ltd, UK supply base. The objective of this study was to investigate, in a commercial situation, the correlation between: i) proportion of range cover and ii) proportion of canopy cover, with plumage damage of end-of-lay hens. The assessment of plumage damage due to injurious feather pecking is a key animal-based welfare indicator for laying hens in non-cage systems. In 2007 and 2008, all laying-hen producers within the McDonald's Restaurants Ltd egg-supply base, were required to plant (if not present already), 5% of the total range area with blocks of trees ether side, and between 20-25 m from the laying hen house. Plumage damage at end of lay was positively correlated with mortality and flocks depleted in summer had less plumage damage at end of lay than flocks depleted in autumn or winter, possibly because of weather conditions at the time of placement. There was no correlation between the proportion (5-90%) of range cover and plumage damage at the end of lay, however, plumage damage was negatively correlated with percent of canopy cover within tree-planted areas. Providing a minimum of 5% tree cover, planted close to the house but with good canopy coverage, may be a feasible and practical method enabling producers to reduce plumage damage due to injurious feather pecking in their laying-hen flocks. Tree cover provision may also provide environmental benefits, such as soil stabilisation, reduced nutrient leaching and carbon sequestration.
Environmental enrichment for captive Eastern blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides)
Authors: Phillips CJC , Jiang Z , Hatton AJ , Tribe A , Le Bouar M , Guerlin M , Murray PJ 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEastern blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides) are kept in zoos and increasingly commonly as exotic pets, but little is known about improving their welfare by enrichment of their environment. Using nine animals kept individually in cages provided with a brick for basking and a pipe for hiding, we initially investigated enriching their environment with mealworms, either scattered on the floor or inserted into a foodball. The mealworms increased the time that the lizards spent feeding on both their ration and the mealworms and increased liveweight gain. Scattering the mealworms on the floor of their cages increased the time taken to eat them, compared with taking them from the foodball. Mealworms also reduced the time that the lizards spent hiding. Second, using eight individually housed lizards and replacing the pipe with a log which could be used both for basking and hiding, we investigated whether increasing the size of their enclosure and its temperature affected their behaviour, in a two-factor changeover design with two-week periods. When lizards were moved from small to large enclosures, they greatly increased the time that they spent walking on the first day, and they walked longer and further for the rest of the period. Lizards in big enclosures also spent more time hiding in the log and less time inactive on the log or the brick. Lizards in hot enclosures spent more time basking on the log and less time hiding in it, which would be valuable for display animals. The benefit of enriching the captive environment of Eastern blue-tongue lizards by scattering mealworms in their cage may depend on the effect on the lizards’ weight and the cage's conditions, as captive lizards often become obese, and inactivity and weight loss are normal in their natural habitat during the dry season. Increasing the size of enclosures increases walking activity and reduces weight gain, which similarly will have variable effects on welfare depending on the impact on their bodyweight. Lizards in large enclosures have an increased propensity to hide so it is important that opportunities for this are provided.
Development and testing of a novel instrument to measure health-related quality of life (HRQL) of farmed pigs and promote welfare enhancement (Part 1)
Authors: Wiseman-Orr ML , Scott EM , Nolan AM 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHealth-related quality of life (HRQL) was defined for farmed animals and identified as an appropriate focus of integrative welfare measurement for farmed pigs that embraces measurement of positive welfare. The instrument for HRQL measurement was developed specifically for use by farmers and stockpersons, the prime carers of pigs, to increase ownership of welfare improvement amongst those groups. Using a psychometric approach to instrument development, relevant observations were determined by consultation with experienced farmers and stockpersons. These observations included causal variables (cause changes in HRQL) and indicator variables (manifest changes in HRQL). The variables selected as items in the structured questionnaire instrument were those most commonly applied by farmers and stockpersons and also were assigned similar quality-of-life impact by a range of experts including pig veterinary specialists and welfare scientists. The prototype instrument comprises a questionnaire with 98 causal variable items (covering five domains of welfare according with the Five Freedoms) and 30 indicator variable items. It was pre-tested with farmers and stockpersons on commercial farm units and was found to have content (face) validity and high utility. This tool is a novel measure of HRQL in farmed pigs that encompasses the measurement of positive welfare and promotes a move from welfare assurance to welfare enhancement. Further validation of the instrument is described in a companion paper in this issue.
A Class Functionalist Theory of Race
Authors: Calnitsky David , Billeaux Martinez Michael 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis article makes a case for weak class reductionism. In particular, we advance a theoretical account that largely “reduces” a social construct called race to another social construct called class. Once you acknowledge that race is not itself a prime mover, but rather something to be explained, class as an explanans turns out to be a strong candidate. Before making this case, we distinguish our account from three alternative forms of class reductionism, which we reject: the notions that (1) class is a more fundamental form of identity than race; (2) class is of greater normative importance than race; and (3) race is an epiphenomenon of class, without independent effects. We then argue for one form of class reduction that establishes race as causally dependent on class. In particular, we provide a general defense of functional explanations, argue that capitalist class relations can functionally explain the persistence of race, and finally, delineate the limits of that explanation. Because the nature of functional explanation requires the explanandum to have important effects in the world, this argument puts race at the center of any discussion of capitalist class relations in racialized societies and explains it on the basis of its effects rather than its causes. Nonetheless, as we show in our conclusion, none of these arguments imply that race or racism is inherent to capitalist class relations. Racism may be explained by capitalism, even if it is not necessary for it.
One-reason decision making in risky choice? A closer look at the priority heuristic
Authors: Hilbig Benjamin E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAlthough many models for risky choices between gambles assume that information is somehow integrated, the recently proposed priority heuristic (PH) claims that choices are based on one piece of information only. That is, although the current reason for a choice according to the PH can vary, all other reasons are claimed to be ignored. However, the choices predicted by the PH and other pieces of information are often confounded, thus rendering critical tests of whether decisions are actually based on one reason only, impossible. The current study aims to remedy this problem by manipulating the number of reasons additionally in line with the choice implied by the PH. The results show that participants’ choices and decision times depend heavily on the number of reasons in line with the PH — thus contradicting the notion of non-compensatory, one-reason decision making.
Debiasing context effects in strategic decisions: Playing against a consistent opponent can correct perceptual but not reinforcement biases
Authors: Vlaev Ivo , Chater Nick 
Published: January 2023

AbstractVlaev and Chater (2006) demonstrated that the cooperativeness of previously seen prisoner’s dilemma games biases choices and predictions in the current game. These effects were: a) assimilation to the mean cooperativeness of the played games caused by action reinforcement, and b) perceptual contrast with the preceding games depending on the range and the rank order of their cooperativeness. We demonstrate that, when playing against choice strategies that are not biased by such factors, perceptual biases disappear and only assimilation bias caused by reinforcement persists. This suggests that reinforcement learning is a powerful source of inconsistency in strategic interaction, which may not be eliminated even if the other players are unbiased and the markets are efficient.
Possession, feelings of ownership and the endowment effect
Authors: Reb Jochen , Connolly Terry 
Published: January 2023

AbstractResearch in judgment and decision making generally ignores the distinction between factual and subjective feelings of ownership, tacitly assuming that the two correspond closely. The present research suggests that this assumption might be usefully reexamined. In two experiments on the endowment effect we examine the role of subjective ownership by independently manipulating factual ownership (i.e., what participants were told about ownership) and physical possession of an object. This allowed us to disentangle the effects of these two factors, which are typically confounded. We found a significant effect of possession, but not of factual ownership, on monetary valuation of the object. Moreover, this effect was mediated by participants’ feelings of ownership, which were enhanced by the physical possession of the object. Thus, the endowment effect did not rely on factual ownership per se but was the result of subjective feelings of ownership induced by possession of the object. It is these feelings of ownership that appeared to lead individuals to include the object into their endowment and to shift their reference point accordingly. Potential implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Affect, risk perception and future optimism after the tsunami disaster
Authors: Västfjäll Daniel , Peters Ellen , Slovic Paul 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEnvironmental events such as natural disasters may influence the public's affective reactions and decisions. Shortly after the 2004 Tsunami disaster we assessed how affect elicited by thinking about this disaster influenced risk perceptions and future time perspective in Swedish undergraduates not directly affected by the disaster. An experimental manipulation was used to increase the salience of affect associated with the disaster. In Study 1 we found that participants reminded about the tsunami had a sense that their life was more finite and included fewer opportunities than participants in the control condition (not reminded about the tsunami). In Study 2 we found similar effects for risk perceptions. In addition, we showed that manipulations of ease-of-thought influenced the extent to which affect influenced these risk perceptions, with greater ease of thoughts being associated with greater perceived risks.
The use of mixed models in a modified Iowa Gambling Task and a prisoner's dilemma game
Authors: Stockard Jean , O'Brien Robert M. , Peters Ellen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractResearchers in the decision making tradition usually analyze multiple decisions within experiments by aggregating choices across individuals and using the individual subject as the unit of analysis. This approach can mask important variations and patterns within the data. Specifically, it ignores variations in decisions across a task or game and possible influences of characteristics of the subject or the experiment on these variations. We demonstrate, by reanalyzing data from two previously published articles, how a mixed model analysis addresses these limitations. Our results, with a modified Iowa gambling task and a prisoner's dilemma game, illustrate the ways in which such an analysis can test hypotheses not possible with other techniques, is more parsimonious, and is more likely to be faithful to theoretical models.
A Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations
Authors: Blais Ann-Renée , Weber Elke U. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis paper proposes a revised version of the original Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale developed by Weber, Blais, and Betz (2002) that is shorter and applicable to a {broader range of ages, cultures, and educational levels}. It also provides a French translation of the revised scale. Using multilevel modeling, we investigated the risk-return relationship between apparent risk taking and risk perception in 5 risk domains. The results replicate previously noted differences in reported degree of risk taking and risk perception at the mean level of analysis. The multilevel modeling shows, more interestingly, that within-participants variation in risk taking across the 5 content domains of the scale was about 7 times as large as between-participants variation. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of the person-situation debate related to risk attitude as a stable trait.
Are maximizers really unhappy? The measurement of maximizing tendency
Authors: Diab Dalia L. , Gillespie Michael A. , Highhouse Scott 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRecent research suggesting that people who maximize are less happy than those who satisfice has received considerable fanfare. The current study investigates whether this conclusion reflects the construct itself or rather how it is measured. We developed an alternative measure of maximizing tendency that is theory-based, has good psychometric properties, and predicts behavioral outcomes. In contrast to the existing maximization measure, our new measure did not correlate with life (dis)satisfaction, nor with most maladaptive personality and decision-making traits. We conclude that the interpretation of maximizers as unhappy may be due to poor measurement of the construct. We present a more reliable and valid measure for future researchers to use.
Speakers' choice of frame in binary choice: Effects of recommendation mode and option attractiveness
Authors: Buiten Marc van , Keren Gideon 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA distinction is proposed betweenrecommending forpreferred choice options andrecommending againstnon-preferred choice options. In binary choice, both recommendation modes are logically, though not psychologically, equivalent. We report empirical evidence showing that speakers recommending for preferred options predominantly select positive frames, which are less common when speakers recommend against non-preferred options. In addition, option attractiveness is shown to affect speakers’ choice of frame, and adoption of recommendation mode. The results are interpreted in terms of three compatibility effects, (i)recommendation mode—valence framing compatibility: speakers’ preference for positive framing is enhanced underrecommending forand diminished underrecommending againstinstructions, (ii)option attractiveness—valence framing compatibility: speakers’ preference for positive framing is more pronounced for attractive than for unattractive options, and (iii)recommendation mode—option attractiveness compatibility: speakers are more likely to adopt arecommending forapproach for attractive than for unattractive binary choice pairs.
Psychophysics and the judgment of price: Judging complex objects on a non-physical dimension elicits sequential effects like those in perceptual tasks
Authors: Matthews William J. , Stewart Neil 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhen participants in psychophysical experiments are asked to estimate or identify stimuli which differ on a single physical dimension, their judgments are influenced by the local experimental context — the item presented and judgment made on the previous trial. It has been suggested that similar sequential effects occur in more naturalistic, real-world judgments. In three experiments we asked participants to judge the prices of a sequence of items. In Experiment 1, judgments were biased towards the previous response (assimilation) but away from the true value of the previous item (contrast), a pattern which matches that found in psychophysical research. In Experiments 2A and 2B, we manipulated the provision of feedback and the expertise of the participants, and found that feedback reduced the effect of the previous judgment and shifted the effect of the previous item's true price from contrast to assimilation. Finally, in all three experiments we found that judgments were biased towards the centre of the range, a phenomenon known as the “regression effect” in psychophysics. These results suggest that the most recently-presented item is a point of reference for the current judgment. The findings inform our understanding of the judgment process, constrain the explanations for local context effects put forward by psychophysicists, and carry practical importance for real-world situations in which contextual bias may degrade the accuracy of judgments.
Causal explanations affect judgments of the need for psychological treatment
Authors: Kim Nancy S. , LoSavio Stefanie T. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractKnowing what event precipitated a client's abnormal behaviors makes the client appear more normal than if the event is not known (Meehl, 1973). Does such knowledge also influence judgments of the need for psychological treatment, and if so, does it matter whether the precipitating event was inside or outside the client's control? We presented undergraduates with cases of hypothetical clients exhibiting abnormal behaviors and manipulated whether they were also told of a precipitating event explaining those behaviors. Knowing the precipitant significantly reduced perceptions of clients’ need for treatment, but only when the precipitating event was outside the client's control. These findings call into question the notion that it need always be beneficial for an outside reasoner to uncover the root cause of a client's psychological problems, particularly when the root cause is still unknown to the client. The rationality of the effect and additional implications for decision-making are discussed.
Gambler’s fallacy, hot hand belief, and the time of patterns
Authors: Sun Yanlong , Wang Hongbin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe gambler’s fallacy and the hot hand belief have been classified as two exemplars of human misperceptions of random sequential events. This article examines the times of pattern occurrences where a fair or biased coin is tossed repeatedly. We demonstrate that, due to different pattern composition, two different statistics (mean time and waiting time) can arise from the same independent Bernoulli trials. When the coin is fair, the mean time is equal for all patterns of the same length but the waiting time is the longest for streak patterns. When the coin is biased, both mean time and waiting time change more rapidly with the probability of heads for a streak pattern than for a non-streak pattern. These facts might provide a new insight for understanding why people view streak patterns as rare and remarkable. The statistics of waiting time may not justify the prediction by the gambler’s fallacy, but paying attention to streaks in the hot hand belief appears to be meaningful in detecting the changes in the underlying process.
Attribute salience in graphical representations affects
evaluation
Authors: Sun Yan , Li Shu , Bonini Nicolao 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
By manipulating the scale in graphs, this study demonstrated a new
evaluation bias caused by attribute salience in graphical representations.
That is, (de)compressing the graph axis scale changed the relative distance
with respect to the options of a given attribute and thus changed the
salience of the information in graphical representations. Experiment 1
showed that the differences in the graphical representations had a
significant impact on the evaluation. Experiment 2 repeated the scale
manipulation effect in a different scenario and extended it to a
multi-options context. Experiment 3 disentangled the effect of scale
distance manipulation from the other variables (e.g., scale resolution and
assignment of attributes to axes) and further supported the finding of
Experiment 1. These results indicated that attribute salience in graphical
representations clearly affects evaluations and that graphs can be
manipulated to cause very different impressions of the same data. This
finding is not consistent with the axioms of normative economic theory.
Experiment 3 also tested the attribute importance hypothesis, but the
evidence indicated that the participants did not regard the longer axis as
the more important attribute. Finally, we related our findings to the impact
of visual processing on decision making and discussed them from the
perspective of two-system cognitive theory.
Ability, chance, and ambiguity aversion: Revisiting the competence
hypothesis
Authors: Klein William M. P. , Cerully Jennifer L. , Monin Matthew M. , Moore Don A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Individuals are often ambiguity-averse when choosing among purely
chance-based prospects (Ellsberg, 1961). However, they often prefer
apparently ambiguous ability-based prospects to
unambiguous chance-based prospects. According to the competence hypothesis
(Heath & Tversky, 1991), this pattern derives from favorable perceptions
of one’s competence. In most past tests of the competence hypothesis,
ambiguity is confounded with personal controllability and the source of the
ambiguity (e.g., chance vs. missing information). We unconfound these
factors in three experiments and find strong evidence for independent
effects of both ambiguity aversion and competence. In Experiment 1,
participants preferred an unambiguous chance-based option to an ambiguous
ability-based option when the ambiguity derived from chance rather than
uncertainty about one’s own ability. In Experiments 2 and 3, which used
different operationalizations of ambiguity in choice contexts with actual
consequences, participants attempted to avoid both ambiguity and chance
insofar as they could. These findings support and extend the competence
hypothesis by demonstrating ambiguity aversion independent of personal
controllability and source of ambiguity.
Are within-subjects designs transparent?
Authors: Lambdin Charles , Shaffer Victoria A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Researchers frequently argue that within-subjects designs should be
avoided because they result in research hypotheses that are transparent to
the subjects in the study. This conjecture was empirically tested by
replicating several classic between-subjects experiments as within-subjects
designs. In two additional experiments, psychology students were given the
within-subjects versions of these studies and asked to guess what the
researcher was hoping to find (i.e. the research hypothesis), and members of
the Society for Judgment and Decision Making (SJDM) were asked to predict
how well students would perform this task. On the whole, students were
unable to identify the research hypothesis when provided with the
within-subjects version of the experiments. Furthermore, SJDM members were
largely inaccurate in their predictions of the transparency of a
within-subjects design.