bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in a 5-Week-Old Male
Authors: Silverman Montane B , Tuckerman Reece E , Fisher Joseph 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Pediatric osteomyelitis is a rare diagnosis associated with devastating consequences when treatment is delayed. We report a case of hematogenous osteomyelitis in a 5-week-old male presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a flaccid right upper extremity. In the ED, the patient was evaluated with comprehensive infectious and trauma workups. Initial CT imaging of the head and X-ray imaging of the extremity were unremarkable. C-reactive protein was elevated at 0.8; all other laboratory markers were within normal range. Over the course of the ED evaluation, the extremity weakness spontaneously resolved; however, the infant developed a fever of 100.5 F. Empiric broad spectrum antibiotics were initiated, and the infant was admitted to the pediatric service. At 48 hours following presentation, cultures resulted positive for Staphylococcus aureus and MRI imaging revealed osteomyelitis of the proximal right humeral metadiaphysis. Given the subtle presentation of early hematogenous osteomyelitis, emergency providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for infection as the underlying cause in infants presenting with a flaccid extremity.
Intraoperative language mapping guided by real-time visualization of gamma band modulation electrocorticograms: Case report and proof of concept
Authors: Noll Kyle R , Asman Priscella , Tasnim Israt , Hall Matthew , Connelly Katherine , Swamy Chandra , Ene Chibawanye , Tummala Sudhakar , Grasu Roxana M , Liu Ho-Ling , Kumar Vinodh A , Muir Matthew , Prinsloo Sarah , Michener Hayley , Wefel Jeffrey S , Ince Nuri F , Prabhu Sujit S 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Electrocorticography (ECoG) language mapping is often performed extraoperatively, frequently involves offline processing, and relationships with direct cortical stimulation (DCS) remain variable. We sought to determine the feasibility and preliminary utility of an intraoperative language mapping approach guided by real-time visualization of electrocorticograms.

Methods
A patient with astrocytoma underwent awake craniotomy with intraoperative language mapping, utilizing a dual iPad stimulus presentation system coupled to a real-time neural signal processing platform capable of both ECoG recording and delivery of DCS. Gamma band modulations in response to 4 language tasks at each electrode were visualized in real-time. Next, DCS was conducted for each neighboring electrode pair during language tasks.

Results
All language tasks resulted in strongest heat map activation at an electrode pair in the anterior to mid superior temporal gyrus. Consistent speech arrest during DCS was observed for Object and Action naming tasks at these same electrodes, indicating good correspondence with ECoG heat map recordings. This region corresponded well with posterior language representation via preoperative functional MRI.

Conclusions
Intraoperative real-time visualization of language task-based ECoG gamma band modulation is feasible and may help identify targets for DCS. If validated, this may improve the efficiency and accuracy of intraoperative language mapping.
Using Rapid-Cycle Experiments to Improve Labor Programs in the United States
Authors: Nightingale Demetra Smith , Amin Samia , Perez-Johnson Irma 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The US Department of Labor initiates rapid-cycle evaluations to refine procedures and operations and to improve program outcomes. Applying principles from behavioral economics combined with results from rigorous net impact evaluations, rapid-cycle experiments have been conducted in a range of programs, including unemployment insurance, job training, and compliance with labor laws and standards in the workplace such as occupational safety and health. This chapter discusses the department’s rationale for pursuing such experiments in the context of evidence-based policy, the various designs and methodologies used, and the results of major experiments. The studies suggest that small, low-cost changes to operational procedures can improve program outcomes.
Driving Performance in the EU Context
Authors: Vidoni Daniele , Stryczynski Kai 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Regional Policy is the investment strategy for strengthening economic and social cohesion by reducing disparities in the level of development between European regions. Responsibility for the strategy is shared among the European Commission, the Member States, and stakeholders at the local and regional levels. From the perspective of evaluation, deploying Regional Policy includes three main challenges: (1) to develop an assessment system that is useful for the needs of the Member States, give sufficient flexibility to programming authorities, and allow stakeholders to understand clearly the expected objectives of the programmes; (2) to devise a monitoring system that provides relevant information for the European Commission and for the citizens on the policy being delivered; and (3) to understand how the effectiveness of the policy should be assessed, what the tasks would be for national and regional authorities, and how the European Commission could support them. This chapter discusses the characteristics of Regional Policy and the solutions identified to address the above challenges.
Estimating Program Costs
Authors: Long David A. , Thornton Craig 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how to measure the costs of a program or policy and then present the resulting cost measures effectively to decision-makers. The authors recommend starting with a conceptual framework to understand the decisions a cost analysis will inform, including a comprehensive view of costs and how costs are distributed among policy-relevant populations. Understanding total resources costs needed to operate a program (including underlying subsides and program interdependencies), and how the cost is distributed among various stakeholder groups, is important for decision-makers even if a funder is not paying for all of it. Estimating costs is inherently imprecise, and the chapter highlights the importance of giving decision-makers a clear sense of the overall uncertainty in any estimate and the specific issues that create the most uncertainty. The chapter ends with some suggestions about specific tools that cost analysts should find useful.
Using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Inform Decision-Making
Authors: Carter Samantha , Dathan Anupama , Murphy Kyle , Tangoren Caroline 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
When a funder or policymaker wants to achieve a certain goal—for instance, improving student test scores—it is not always obvious which strategy will have the largest impact. Randomized evaluations can generate insights into the effectiveness of various potential strategies, but it can be difficult for policymakers to choose among multiple effective interventions. One way to make this easier is to present evidence in the form of comparative cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). This chapter discusses how CEA can help inform policy in developing countries and the underlying methodological assumptions necessary for performing such analysis. The authors provide practical guidance for cost collection, describing the major cost categories to consider and how to address common costing challenges. The authors also discuss prospective cost analyses to estimate costs across contexts or at a new scale, or to decide among a menu of programs in a specific context. Examples are drawn from the education field to illustrate key issues and focus on specific applications to education policy.
Theory of Change and Logic Models
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Theory of change and logic models are foundational to evaluation. Yet these concepts are also the source of much confusion and are increasingly under fire for reinforcing existing biases in evaluative processes. Developing a theory of change requires evaluators to put forth the underlying aims of a program and to create a map that shows how program activities connect to program deliverables and impacts. A theory of change supports the definition of evaluation questions and priorities, builds the scaffolding for a measurement system, and provides a framework for interpreting results. This chapter defines the basic concepts involved in a theory of change and logic models and walks through the steps involved in building them. The chapter concludes by examining the process and technical challenges that evaluators must confront in developing a theory of change and suggests ways in which theory of change processes can better confront systematic bias and center equity.
Developmental Evaluation Designs and Methods
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Developmental evaluation provides evaluative information and feedback to social innovators, and their funders and supporters, to inform adaptive development of change initiatives in complex, dynamic environments. Developmental evaluation processes include asking evaluative questions, applying evaluation logic, and gathering and reporting evaluative data, to inform and support the development of innovative projects, programs, initiatives, products, organizations, and/or systems change. Eight guiding principles inform all aspects of developmental evaluation design and implementation: (1) having a developmental purpose, (2) rigorous evaluative thinking, (3) focusing on utilization, (4) documenting aspects of innovation, (5) taking place in complex dynamic systems, (6) systems thinking and synthesis, (7) co-creation by evaluators and social innovators, and (8) timely feedback. This chapter concludes with some new directions in developmental evaluation designed to evaluate global systems transformation in the context of accelerating global climate energy.
Derek Parfit’s Non-Naturalist Cognitivism
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns Derek Parfit’s development and defence of a form of non-naturalist realism or cognitivism, according to which normative properties exist and must be understood using concepts which form a category of their own, such that they and the facts they may be used to state cannot be explained reductively, in non-normative or ‘naturalist’ terms. After explaining Parfit’s earlier work in metaethics, the chapter turns to Parfit’s On What Matters. His criticism of analytical naturalism, nonanalytical naturalism, and noncognitivism are elucidated. The chapter ends with a discussion of Parfit’s response to objections in four broad areas: metaphysics, epistemology, rationalism, and agreement. The chapter refers throughout to many of the critical responses to Parfit’s views.
Prospects for a Quietist Moral Realism
Authors: Warren Mark D. , Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Quietist Moral Realists accept that there are moral facts and properties, while aiming to avoid many of the explanatory burdens thought to fall on traditional moral realists. This chapter examines the forms that Quietist Moral Realism has taken and the challenges it has faced, in order to better assess its prospects. The best hope, this chapter argues, lies in a pragmatist approach that distinguishes the different functions of diverse areas of discourse. This paves the way for a form of Quietism that does not simply remain quiet about the explanatory demands of metaethics, but rather is able to diagnose where they go wrong. By combining a neo pragmatic analysis of the discourse with an easy approach to ontology, we can develop a form of Quietist Moral Realism that is far stronger than critics of quietism have appreciated.
Function, Fitness, Flourishing
Authors: Bloomfield Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A naturalistic theory of moral realism, based on ancient Greek eudaimonism, is presented using concepts from biological and evolutionary theory. The general empirical claim is that each species evolves traits which promote flourishing in those individual members who develop them. Using biological analogies, Plato (Repub 352d–354c) and Aristotle (NE 1097b21–1098a20) gave their ergon arguments defending the functional excellence of the virtues and their central role in making human lives flourish. A new version of these arguments is based on a contemporary understanding of biological function and individual fitness, and a definition of “eudaimonia” constructed from this naturalistic basis. Human beings will live as well as possible by developing the virtues, for these traits allow us to act as well as possible regardless of the individual circumstances. Many standard objections are resolved, including Enoch’s “just too different” objection, Millgram’s Pollyanna objection, Copp and Sobel’s objection from relativism, and Watson’s gangster objection.
Self-Injury in Prison Populations
Authors: Winicov Natalie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the common phenomenon of self-injury in prison populations. It notes that rates of self-injury are significantly higher among the detainees compared to the general population, referencing that self-injurious behavior is one of the primary causes of morbidity in correctional facilities. One of the most pressing concerns surrounding self-harm in prisons is the strong link between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and the risk of suicide attempts and completions. The chapter explains how prison deprives its detainees of the freedom to cope with healthy strategies, leading to consequential feelings of loneliness and hopelessness. Numerous research calls for improved prison mental health care and advancement in treatments focusing on NSSI.
Understanding Online Self-Injury Activity
Authors: Pritchard Tyler R. , Lewis Stephen P. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the implications of online self-injury activity for research, practice, and outreach. It acknowledges how social media and online platforms have become highly salient means of connecting individuals and obtaining information around the world. Thus, online communication has emerged as particularly relevant among people who have lived experience of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The chapter looks into the motives of individuals with lived experience of NSSI to go online, such as acceptance, validation, curiosity, understanding, self-expression, help-seeking, and help-giving. It discusses the incorporation of online NSSI activity into assessment and intervention potential in an effort to augment treatment outcomes.
Managing NSSI Across Different Treatment Contexts
Authors: Rockstroh Franziska , Kaess Michael 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common transdiagnostic behavior which can be observed in different clinical contexts and is associated with phenomena such as severe emotion dysregulation, suicidality, and other high-risk behaviors. This chapter gives an overview of the common challenges before and in treatment, and presents recent research on treatment programs on different interventional levels. Core elements and goals of treating NSSI are outlined. In order to gain a clear understanding of the behavior and to establish a transparent treatment plan, the importance of a thorough diagnostic evaluation is discussed. After patients present with self-injuries and acute wound care is provided, an assessment of the behavior itself but also comorbid psychopathology and (acute) suicidality by specifically trained clinicians is always indicated. This chapter presents guidelines for assessing and working with NSSI across different settings to facilitate clinical decision-making. Over the past years, efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers to advance the treatment of NSSI with a particular focus on reaching a wider at-risk population through low-threshold interventions and stepped-care approaches, developing evidence-based treatment programs, and improving recommendations for handling NSSI in inpatient settings. The last section discusses current challenges and future directions for managing NSSI, and a clinical case report sets the chapter’s content into context.
Family Therapy for NSSI
Authors: Baetens Imke , Van Hove Lisa , Buelens Tinne 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Over the past few decades, an increasing number of researchers have studied the treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent and adult samples in both clinical and nonclinical settings. Various scholars have emphasized the importance of a motivated family, satisfactory attachment relationships, and family support in obtaining a desirable NSSI treatment outcome. Also, several forms of family-based/systemic therapies, hereinafter identified as family therapy (FT), have shown relative efficacy for the treatment of NSSI (and broader self-injurious thoughts and behaviors). Therefore, the current chapter presents an overview of the available methods and evidence for using family-based approaches (e.g., attachment-based family therapy, emotionally focused family therapy) to treat NSSI. The chapter includes guidelines for FT based on both common elements for psychotherapy (e.g., countertransference) and FT elements (e.g., addressing attachment ruptures and supporting parents or caregivers suffering from secondary stress). Challenges and future directions for clinical practice and research on FT and NSSI are discussed in the concluding paragraph, stressing the need for more tailored interventions and critical view on outcome measurements.
The Epidemiology of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Self-Harm in Nonclinical Samples
Authors: Staring Louise , Kiekens Glenn , Kirtley Olivia J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates current and emerging knowledge about the epidemiology of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and self-harm in nonclinical populations. It begins by discussing epidemiological patterns of NSSI and self-harm, including global prevalence rates across different age groups, the onset, and course, as well as cohort effects. The chapter then summarizes research on sociodemographic correlates and risk factors, including sex, ethnicity and race, and socioeconomic status. It also looks at the correlates of NSSI and self-harm in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, the chapter assesses whether rates of NSSI and self-harm have increased more recently due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, it considers challenges, recommendations, and future directions to advance research on the epidemiology of NSSI and self-harm.
Supervised Consumption Services
Authors: Bowles Jeanette , Thumath Meaghan , Kolla Gillian , Dodd Zoë , Arredondo Sanchez Lira Jaime , Crichlow Frank , Beletsky Leo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Supervised consumption services (SCS) are spaces where people who use drugs can consume pre-obtained drugs under the guidance of personnel trained to mitigate drug-related health harms and provide wraparound services. First developed during the HIV/AIDS crisis, SCS have gained prominence as an instrument of preventing overdoses and bloodborne disease transmission in locales with high prevalence of public drug injection. Globally, there are now over 120 sanctioned SCS across 13 countries, operating under varying degrees of legal authorization. In addition to reducing overdose deaths and HIV transmission, SCS have been shown to prevent soft tissue infections, link clients to needed medical and social services, facilitate substance use treatment uptake, reduce public drug consumption, and reduce improperly discarded injection equipment. Despite a robust evidence base of positive health and public safety impact, SCS remain controversial and under-used.
A New Future for Cultural Union Workers?
Authors: Shane Rachel , Austin Josh 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical and contemporary circumstances impacting theatrical employment for actors in the United States. Utilizing a theoretical framework of collective action, social identity, and punctuated equilibrium, the research examines the behaviors and values of both a cultural union and its membership. The global pandemic in 2020 caused a significant shift within the theatrical industry, and it is possible that the field may transform significantly. The research indicates a major revision of the purpose and role of a cultural union from a union leadership perspective. Yet the question remains whether actors will adopt the same outlook for the future.
Electrophysiological Methods
Authors: Sprouse Jon , Almeida Diogo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the potential value of electrophysiological measures like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) for experimental syntax. Our view is that applying M/EEG research in syntax is high-risk/high-reward: if one believes that cognition is mediated by electrical activity in the cortex, and if one believes that syntactic theories are ultimately theories of cognition, then M/EEG is a potential source of information about syntax. Our goal in this chapter is to introduce syntacticians to the fundamentals of M/EEG so that they can decide if the risk/reward ratio is worth it in their own research. We begin by introducing the three content areas necessary to understand M/EEG methods: the basics of electricity, the neurobiology underlying scalp potentials, and the math necessary to extract useful information from the signal. We briefly review some of the ERP and time-frequency results in the sentence processing literature, in order to provide a foundation for thinking about ways to leverage M/EEG results in service of syntax. And we discuss several recent studies that have attempted to directly link syntactic theories with sentence processing and M/EEG measures.
Aphasia and Syntax
Authors: Matchin William , Rogalsky Corianne 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThere is great potential for research in aphasia to inform the study of syntax, and vice versa. However, there is currently little interaction between these fields. This chapter outlines current methods in aphasia research and their application to syntax. Then, a brief history of the interaction of these two fields is presented, particularly the successes and failures in understanding the nature of syntactic deficits in agrammatism. In light of the failures, we propose splitting agrammatism into at least two separate syndromes: deficits in phonological working memory (WM) and deficits in morpho-syntactic WM. This dichotomization captures both apparent domain-general and language-specific features of agrammatism. We then suggest future steps to reconnect syntactic theory to the study of aphasia.
Acceptability Judgements of Binding and Coreference
Authors: Kaiser Elsi , Runner Jeffrey 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Constraints on binding/coreference are a key component of syntactic theory. However, collecting reliable and interpretable acceptability judgments of binding and coreference in an experimental setting requires a distinct methodology from standard acceptability judgments. This is because the researcher needs to ensure that participants are considering the intended coreference pattern when assessing acceptability. This chapter provides guidance for designing experiments to be used with non-linguistically-trained adult native speaker participants to assess the acceptability of different binding/coreference configurations. The chapter covers issues such as how to ensure participants are considering the intended interpretation, how participants provide their responses (binary choices, multi-point scales, etc.), and how other tasks can complement acceptability-based methods.