bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergencies: Waiting and Watching in the Palliative Present
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that digital interfaces alter the temporalities of humanitarianism through their reshaping of humanitarian emergencies. That is, digital interfaces modulate: the time frame within which an emergency is perceived; the pace and intervals at which action is invited in and on that emergency; and its apparent relation to past, present, and future times. Watching and waiting in the near term is, above all, the activity that digital humanitarian interfaces are shown to encourage. Further action is always anticipated by them, mainly in the interests of idealized future beneficiaries. Yet humanitarian emergencies are made cyclical and recurrent by these interfaces and demanding of continual vigilance. Through the emphasis that they place on continual watchfulness and forbearance in the present for the benefit of future generations, the digital interfaces described in this chapter are shown to foster practices of deferral, expectations of self-reliance, and conditions of “chronic waiting.” This may incline users toward acceptance of moderate management over agitation for change.
Conclusion
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What may have seemed a peripheral problem in the distant Andes region today threatens to engulf Western liberal democracies around the world. The conclusion discusses the relevance of South America and extraordinary adaptation for the present. Citizens are convinced that the system is rigged and are calling upon populist leaders to scrap them in favor of more direct forms of governance. Extraordinary adaptation began in the United States before migrating centuries later to South America. With the current crisis of liberalism, it may be time for it to return home to the United States and onto Europe. If popular constitutional change becomes inevitable in these countries, extraordinary adaptation will be the appropriate response. Extraordinary adaptation provides hope that the yearning for revolution can be fulfilled without a descent into chaos or authoritarianism.
Internal Security and India’s Constitution
Authors: Vakil Raeesa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The law governing India’s internal security framework occupies the interstices of the Indian Constitution. Conscious acts of deferral during the drafting of the Constitution created room for the Indian executive branch to fill constitutional gaps with laws that frequently contradict the exercise of constitutional rights. The Supreme Court is compliant with this expanding executive power, rarely holding the government to account, and the central legislature is often engaged in short-sighted, reactionary law-making, rarely deliberating on such expansion before allowing it. The consequence has been a severe compromise of civil liberties, now exacerbated by modern security measures that include mass surveillance. A re-commitment to constitutionalism will require the courts and legislature to stand for individual civil rights, not only in their own efforts, but also as a counterbalance to the executive.
Security Labor and State Suppression of Police Worker Politics
Authors: Jauregui Beatrice 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter conceives police constables in India as security laborers who suffer exceptionally poor living and working conditions with few viable avenues to critique or transform those conditions. Drawing on ethnographic and historical data sources, I demonstrate how the everyday experiences of insecurity by police personnel themselves work to reproduce insecurity among the public at large. This structure of relations is rooted in colonial forms of knowledge and administration that figure rank-and-file police as expendable “security laborers” and reflect broader forms of structural violence and social inequality. Analyzing how the Indian state has continuously suppressed attempts by police to unionize or find other avenues for voicing labor concerns, the chapter concludes by suggesting that fundamental changes in relational structures may realize substantive improvements in police practice and effectiveness, which in turn could enhance both “internal security” and social justice in the world’s most populous democracy.
Yearning and Refusal
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , de Sardan Jean-Pierre Olivier 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWomen’s fertility in Africa has been a major concern of demographers, global health organizations, and national governments. Yearning and Refusal sheds light on reproductive health issues that affect many women and couples but are overlooked, underestimated, or hidden: infertility, the challenges of accessing contraception, and abortion. Society often places the blame and responsibility on women to find solutions to infertility, and governments and global health organizations provide minimal support to them. At the same time, other women wish to limit their fertility, at least temporarily, and find themselves negotiating with a wide range of actors and institutions, each with their own assumptions and priorities. More common than publicly recognized, inhospitable medical personnel and social norms limiting access to contraception sometimes leave women with no choice but to induce abortion. The problems faced by those with fertility conditions are particularly profound in the Republic of Niger, where producing children is central to being considered a woman, a wife, and a person. Drawing on rare first-hand observations in health clinics and in-depth interviews with women seeking reproductive health services in Niamey, Yearning and Refusal examines the emotional and social consequences of yearning for children and refusing to bear them and the ways women use their agency to maneuver through a patriarchal medical system and society.
The Infertile Body
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses popular understandings of the infertile body and the social representations that surround it in the city of Niamey in Niger. Women are held responsible for a couple’s infertility, while men’s sterility is shielded from view. Fertility is positively associated with the female body and with agricultural abundance. Infertility is associated with death. A sterile woman is the object of both sympathy and condemnation. The stigma of infertility invites accusations of witchcraft, masculinity, and selfishness. The marriage contract implies that in exchange for material support from the husband’s family, in particular food, the wife must provide the family with children. Women who fail to produce children are assumed to have transgressed social norms in some manner. The burden of responsibility for infertility falls heavily upon women as wives.
Negotiating Biomedical Contraception
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the microstrategies women employ to gain access to biomedical contraception despite spousal, familial, and religious opposition to its use. Social institutions in Niger privilege a pro-natal impulse. Politicians yield to the demands of vocal Islamist groups opposed to contraception, which they cast as an immoral Western intrusion. Opposition makes it difficult for women to openly use contraception without suspicion of adultery, particularly on the part of in-laws. Women make use of “women’s tricks” to circumvent the conjugal debt: illness, fake menstruation, fatigue, and, more rarely, sex strikes. They may take the pill on the sly with the assistance of relatives, friends, and itinerant pharmacists. Some prefer injectable contraception because of its greater convenience and discretion. However, none of these strategies openly confronts the power and domination of husbands.
Conclusion: Fertility Management in Niger
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe conclusion brings together the findings of Yearning and Refusal about infertility and contraception use in Niamey, Niger, to offer a more holistic study of women’s reproductive health for scholars and practitioners in anthropology, demography, public health, and sociology. The interview, ethnographic, and linguistic analyses allow the author to shed light on the challenges that women encounter in managing their fertility. The author observes that women’s bodily autonomy is likely to continue to be contested with the ascendance of conservative interpretations of Islam. Women have agency in seeking less-than-ideal solutions—including adultery, sexual abstinence, and abortion—albeit sometimes with tragic consequences; and some pursue alternative visions of womanhood, but the weight of childlessness in a country where assisted reproductive technology is not commonly available is a heavy burden.
Prisoners of War (POWs) in Proxy Warfare: The Application of Geneva Convention III to Organized Armed Groups Detaining POWs of Territorial States or Detained as POWs by Territorial States
Authors: Sassòli Marco , Duss Eugénie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An armed group that is under overall control of a foreign state fighting against the territorial state is required to comply with international humanitarian law of international armed conflicts. This chapter raises the question whether this is realistic concerning the treatment of prisoners of war (POWs), both by the proxy-armed group and by the territorial state. This implies an inquiry whether soldiers of the territorial State who have fallen into the power of the proxy are POWs; and how the Third Geneva Convention has to be interpreted to allow the proxy to respect it. Next, there is an analysis whether members of the proxy-armed group who have fallen into the power of the territorial States are POWs; and, if so, how they can be treated in conformity with the Third Geneva Convention. In both situations, particular attention is paid to the question when and how such POWs are to be released and repatriated.
Detention of Suspected Terrorists in Connection with Armed Conflict: A Focus on Release and Repatriation
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle , Gaggioli Gloria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Detention of suspected terrorists in times of armed conflict poses a unique challenge because of the difficulties in discerning the end of armed conflicts involving designated terrorist groups. Doctrinal works have largely focused on the applicable framework, legal basis, and grounds for detention and internment in such situations, but the question of release and repatriation of detainees has been largely neglected. These issues are crucial to avoid potentially indefinite deprivation of liberty. The chapter looks into the different stages of security detention and the relevant procedural safeguards from the perspective of different legal frameworks, namely the international humanitarian law of international and non-international armed conflicts, human rights law, and counterterrorism law, and offers practical guidance for a law-compliant internment regime that also allows States to protect their legitimate security concerns.
The Updated ICRC Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention
Authors: Arman Jemma , Henckaerts Jean-Marie , Hiemstra Heleen , Krotiuk Kvitoslava 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since their publication in the 1950s and 1980s respectively, the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 have become a major reference for the application and interpretation of those treaties. The International Committee of the Red Cross, together with a team of renowned experts, is currently updating these Commentaries in order to document developments and provide up-to-date interpretations of the treaty texts. This chapter highlights key points of interest covered in the updated Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention. It explains the fundamentals of the Convention: the historical background, the personal scope of application of the Convention, and the fundamental protections that apply to all prisoners of war (POWs). It then looks at the timing under which certain obligations are triggered, those prior to holding POWs, those triggered by the taking of POWs and during their captivity, and those at the end of a POW’s captivity. Finally, the article summarizes key substantive protections provided in the Third Convention.
A Perspective on the Updated Third Geneva Convention Commentary from a United States Practitioner
Authors: Meier Michael W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In June 2020, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) launched its updated Commentary to the Third Geneva Convention. The updated Commentary complements the 1960 Commentary to reflect changes in law and practice over the past seventy years. This chapter examines several aspects of the 2020 Commentary to the Third Convention from the perspective of a U.S. practitioner. The chapter examines the “authoritative” status of the Commentary and the ICRC’s methodology. The chapter also includes a comparison between the ICRC’s interpretation of certain articles with United States state practice, and the implications of the revised Commentary for U.S. military and government practitioners who must interpret the Third Geneva Convention.
Health
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on health care, the sector that is perhaps the most transnational and hybridized. This chapter explores the transnational dynamics of care from six perspectives: (1) health care professionals on the move, (2) medical institutions that operate transnationally, (3) individuals accessing medical care through remittances, (4) the provision of health care for undocumented migrants, (5) medical tourism and travel, and (6) the global governance of health care in the context of transnational migration. This analysis reveals the core tension at the heart of the emergent hybrid transnational social protection regime: increased social protection for some may come at the expense of increased precarity for others, whether a public health system in the Global South decimated by brain drain or the shift of health care resources away from local patients to well-heeled international patients. In the middle of these competing factions lies the state, and as the COVID-19 pandemic has made clear, governments and their citizens ignore the integral role of transnational actors in public health—both as providers and as patients—at their own peril.
Conclusion
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book argues that a new set of social arrangements, hybrid transnational social protection has emerged creating enhanced protections for some, increasing precarity for others, and raising new policy conundrums for governments and citizens around the world. Whatever we, as citizens and policymakers, decide to do moving forward, we must recognize that a fundamental shift in the organization of social life is already well underway. It is up to us to reimagine the communities to which we belong and to which we are responsible and to redefine our rights and obligations accordingly.
Iran
Authors: Volpe Tristan A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractChapter 6 examines Iran’s attempts to leverage latency after the discovery of its covert nuclear program. Compellence was a second-choice strategy for Tehran. The chapter first explores how Iran developed its nuclear program from 1953 to 2002 and then botched a deception campaign before reconfiguring around a safer hedge posture. Iranian leaders also decided to leverage latency against Washington and its nonproliferation partners in Europe. Iran pursued three distinct diplomatic campaigns from 2003 to 2015. The chapter examines whether the success of diplomacy at a high level of latency in 2015 undercuts the book’s claim about the sweet spot for compellence. Despite inching close to the weapons threshold, Iran traded away some nuclear assets and made nonproliferation assurances in exchange for concessions. However, the chapter reveals that Iranian leaders still faced a severe threat-assurance trade-off after the nuclear program left the fissile material sweet spot in 2006.
Zionism, Israel, and the Middle East
Authors: Lederhendler Eli 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Yonatan Mendel’s work Language out of Place: Orientalism, Intelligence and Arabic in Israel, which shows how methods introduced by Hebrew University professors back in the 1920s and 1930s continue to shape the teaching of Arabic in Israeli schools and universities. Mendel exposes and critiques the symbiotic relationship between Arabic studies and the security establishment. It also talks about the opportunity for future service in military intelligence as a prime factor motivating young Israelis to study Arabic. The chapter highlights the the intelligence corps of the Israeli army that has a major role in determining how Arabic is taught and contributes to the militarization of Israeli society and high school students’ education. For the vast majority of Israeli Jews, the army–school symbiosis is natural and necessary, considering Israel’s conflict with most of its neighboring countries.
Ankylosing Spondylitis and Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There have been tremendous advances in clinical understanding, early disease recognition, and more effective management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and related diseases. The advent of better imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and very low-dose computerized tomography (CT), have also facilitated their early diagnosis. There are more effective treatment options using “biologics” or another class of novel drugs called JAK-inhibitors that are taken as tablets, not injections. All these new developments have necessitated this second edition that has an updated title “Ankylosing Spondylitis and Axial Spondyloarthritis.” The term “Axial Spondyloarthritis” (axSpA) encompasses AS (that is recognized when there is X-ray evidence of damage) and “non-radiographic” form of axSpA (nr-axSpA). So, this new title reflects the current gradual transition of the name from AS to axSpA, and the next edition’s title, I anticipate, would simply be “Axial Spondyloarthritis.” This book is written in a clear style for patients and their families and friends; and is also ideal for healthcare professionals of all levels. The patients who receive education and counseling about their disease show more self-responsibility and comply better with the recommended treatment. A glossary, a list of abbreviations, some relevant website links, useful references, and an index are also provided.
Disease prevalence
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Disease prevalence answers, “How many people have the disease in a particular population at a given time?” Disease incidence defines the number of new cases that develop during a specified period of time and is a more suitable measure to compare burden imposed by a disease as it is influenced by both the rate at which new cases are occurring (incidence) and the average duration of the disease (time from diagnosis until the patient recovers, dies, or cannot be traced due to various reasons). Large-scale and well-done world-wide epidemiological studies of AS/axSpA are very scant and results vary widely because of the influence of ethnicity, race, general prevalence of HLA-B27, study design, and the methods used for disease ascertainment. Studies of adult populations of European descent suggest a little over 1% prevalence of axSpA, that includes up to 0.5% prevalence of AS. There is minimal sex difference overall, with AS being 2 to 3 times more common in men, whereas nr-axSpA is more common among women.
Eye inflammation (acute anterior uveitis)
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One or more episodes of acute inflammation in one eye can occur at some time during AS/axSpA. Subsequent episodes can involve the same or the other eye. It is the most common site of inflammation occurring outside the musculoskeletal (bones, joints, and tendons) inflammation caused by the disease. Typical eye symptoms include pain and redness of the involved eye, associated with excessive tearing, and an uncomfortable feeling on looking directly at a bright light (photophobia). The patients should promptly see an ophthalmologist (eye specialist) for diagnoses and treatment. If left untreated or treated inadequately, uveitis may cause some degree of permanent impairment of the eyesight. The patients usually respond very well to local eye drops of corticosteroids and medicines that dilate the pupil (mydriatics). Risk of recurrence is markedly decreased in patients receiving monoclonal TNF-inhibitors for their AS/axSpA.
Other manifestations
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Patients with AS/axSpA can have involvement of extra-articular sites, such as the eye (discussed in the previous chapter), skin (psoriasis), and intestine (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, grouped under the term inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]). Approximately 10% of patients get psoriasis and 6% have symptoms resulting from IBD, discussed in other chapters. This chapter deals with very uncommon involvements of the heart, lungs, kidney, and the nervous system. Some patients may show mild scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs, particularly at its uppermost parts (apical fibrosis). Heart may rarely develop slowly progressive fibrosis of the aortic valve, the aorta, or the heart’s electric conduction system. Other rare occurrences discussed in this chapter involve the kidneys and the spinal cord. Post traumatic spinal fractures and resultant surgical fusion in elderly patients carries substantial in-hospital morbidity and mortality.
Physical examination and laboratory tests
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Physical signs for AS/axSpA are sometimes minimal in the early stages and therefore require a comprehensive, including looking for inflamed bony attachment of ligaments (enthesitis). Unless the examiner has ample clinical experience, many cases will be missed at this early stage, but an early diagnosis and proper medical management are crucial for best outcomes. The disease course is quite variable among patients. The typical limitation of spinal mobility and physical deformities of AS usually evolve within the first 10 years. Important predictors of spinal disease progression are baseline presence of bony structural damage in the form of fine bony bridging (syndesmophytes) between adjacent vertebrae visible on X-ray examination, elevated CRP, obesity, male gender, HLA-B27, cigarette smoking, and non-compliance by the patient. There is no specific “diagnostic” laboratory marker for AS/axSpA, and the diagnosis is based on clinical history, physical examination, imaging findings, and exclusion of “disease mimickers”.