bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Approaches to Reparations
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reparations are justified on several theoretical bases, the most common are justice, recognition, and reconciliation. This chapter addresses these different theoretical accounts to provide some analytical insights into the phenomenon in the aftermath of conflict, as well as to challenge normative assumptions. It starts with a broad survey of some of the key theoretical justifications for reparations. This chapter begins by exploring the concept of reparations before going into more depth on three broad theoretical accounts: justice; morality and recognition; and reconciliation or relational. The first section assesses the traditional notions of justice as corrective and distributive, but given their limits, turns to how justice has increasingly been expressed in terms of transformative or transitional when it comes to reparations for war. The second section examines the moral basis of reparations, the more expressive dimensions of acknowledgement. The third section evaluates the place of reconciliation with reparations and the importance of relational aspects between victims, responsible actors, society, and States. This chapter argues that these different theoretical accounts of reparations inadequately grapple with the practice of reparations, which creates a normative account that is either too utopian to be realized or inadequately provides the conceptual tools to navigate moral challenges to realize effective redress. Throughout this book a socio-legal approach in drawing from empirical data and the rich literature on reparations aims to chart how reparations can be better understood as seeking balancing between competing aims within a fuzzy normative framework.
Reparations as Balance
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Building on the common theoretical justifications of reparations, this chapter makes an original contribution with its theoretical framing of reparations as balance. For the purposes of this book, reparations are situated on the notion of ‘finding balance’ between different interests, appreciating the power dynamics and structures of violence. A balance perspective interrogates the settlement point in which reparations occur, between competing interests, power dynamics, and structures of violence. In many ways this is about finding ‘a sense of justice’ in redressing the consequence of conflict. This chapter elaborates what a socio-legal approach to reparations entails, in particular how reparations as finding a balance helps us to better understand them in normative and analytical terms. The discussion in the previous chapter on the different legal, philosophical, and moral approaches to reparations still has a strong purchase, if anything the socio-legal approach appreciates how different justifications and disciplines tackling the phenomenon from distinct angles can have elements that resonate across them all. Accordingly, the purpose of a socio-legal approach is to engender a better insight into the lived experience and social construction of legal norms. This chapter begins by outlining a socio-legal approach to reparations, before moving on to discuss the role of the law and legalism in reparations, along with its limits. The final section of this chapter expands the concept of finding a balance of reparations, delineating the tools of proportionality and feasibility.
Administering Redress: State Capture, Domestic Reparation Programmes, and Resistance
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Often in the aftermath of war, where reparations are implemented, it is through a domestic administrative programme. This chapter unpacks some of the problems and challenges of such domestic reparation programmes. While this book argues for a balance to be struck between victims’ rights and society’s interests, the implementation of such measures can be a site of contestation, resistance, and secondary victimization that is often overlooked in policy and the literature on reparations. An added challenge is that the place of the State and its power to shape reparation implementation often suits its changing political priorities, which can diminish victims’ benefits and rights. Such political manipulation of reparation can undermine the initial equilibrium reached to implement reparations, meaning that victims often have to continue to monitor the delivery of reparations. This is particularly acute around three areas where reparations are used to extend political power through State capture of reparations, their use as social control, and clientelism; where reparations are instrumentalized as a means of retribution or as a weapons-system; or where they are diluted due to the impact of the passage of time and loss of institutional memory. This chapter begins by outlining what is meant by a domestic reparation programme and the itemization of suffering, before turning to these three areas.
In the Absence of Reparations—Victim Agency, Mobilization, and Repair
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reparations come about not through the generosity of States or other responsible actors, but by the struggle of victims and their allies. This chapter begins by looking at how victims navigate the consequences of their harm through silence, voice, and agency, paying particular attention to how they self-exclude themselves and even compete. It also addresses the challenge of speaking for victims and who can represent their heterogenous experience in advocating for reparations. It then addresses the role of victim movements in claiming redress through victim mobilization. The final section turns to how victims themselves manage their own repair process through the notion of ‘self-repair’ and with civil society allies as ‘informal repair’. This shows some of their resilience, but such measures are often inadequate by themselves to repair the grievous nature of their suffering.
Constitutions and Constructional Choice
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the idea of constitutional constructional choice, and the role of constitutional values (including democracy) as potentially informing that process of choice. It discusses Ely’s own understanding of these questions, as well as the criticisms and limits of Ely’s account, and suggests that democracy and sources of democratic dysfunction need to be understood in ways that build on but go beyond the ideas set out in Democracy and Distrust. It considers the range of “comparative political process theories” that engage in this task, and situates the idea of responsive judicial review within this broad school of ideas.
Democratic Dysfunction and the Effectiveness of Responsive Review
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the degree to which courts are able effectively to identify and counter the relevant three risks to democracy, but also the preconditions for judicial review of this kind. It notes the challenges courts face in identifying democratic dysfunction, but also the principles and sources they can draw on in doing so—including principles of publicity and reversibility, and evidence provided by legislative trends, opinion polls, amicus briefs, and comparative developments. It notes the institutional strengths of courts in responding to democratic blockages, but also the necessary degree of legal authority, remedial power, judicial independence, and political support for judicial review for courts to play a role of this kind. The chapter also notes the additional challenges facing courts as they seek to counter risks of political monopoly.
Risks to Democracy
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the inevitable limits to a court’s actual and perceived legitimacy, and the risks this can pose to a constitutional system’s overall democratic responsiveness. It explores the idea of reverse burdens of inertia, democratic backlash, and democratic debilitation as relevant forms of risk, and illustrates each by reference to examples found in earlier chapters. It notes the differences as well as similarities between these different risks to judicial review, and the degree to which they depend on reasonable versus unreasonable disagreement, and involve courts predicting the impact of their decisions on their own institutional position versus broader electoral outcomes.
Genres of Emergency
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Genres of Emergency offers literary genre as a way to understand and negotiate the varied states of emergency and crisis that have become a fixture of our contemporary world. Building on a critical study of the literature written during and about the State of Emergency declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in India (1975–7), the book establishes emergency and its genres as an important interpretative site: an exceptionally violent episode marked as a one-off crisis, which also functions as a locus for an ongoing renegotiation of a modern polity and culture. Reading a wide-ranging archive of English-language texts—from prison memoir to popular magazine, from high-brow literary fiction to boilerplate thriller, from the unrelentingly realistic to the mythically allegorical—Genres of Emergency traces the tension between crisis and continuity that these genres mediate. In addressing this tension, the authors of Emergency fiction take seriously the genres in which they write and use them to mobilize literary conventions as political interventions. More specifically, these novels use the conventions of realism, epic, allegory, and the thriller to reach back in time and across cultures and languages, invoking past iterations of these genres and histories and anticipating those to come. Combining literary criticism with cultural history, Genres of Emergency thus has implications for the study of literary genre, for the historical events that these genres recount, and for understanding the politics of literary form.
Thriller
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Manohar Malgonkar’s The Garland Keepers (1980), a little-known, fast-paced, and highly entertaining political spy thriller, provides an entry point to show how the crisis of the Emergency—which conventional literary wisdom has led us to believe demands a similar crisis in form—elicits here a derivative reification of crisis, in the form of boilerplate genre fiction. Situating the novel within its multiple historical and literary contexts, including the various genealogies of the spy thriller in India, the chapter argues that genre fiction counter-intuitively clues us in to the tense negotiations between crisis and continuity, critiquing both the one-off Emergency, and the iterative emergency of ongoing corruption.
Prehistory
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While the history of impossibility theorems begins properly with the ancient Greeks, the Babylonians and the Egyptians encountered impossible problems more than a millennium earlier. That cautioned them to formulate their mathematical problems, such that they could be solved. The Babylonians, in particular, discovered that they could not always divide two numbers exactly using their sexagesimal number system.
Diorisms
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Some problems have solutions if and only if a certain condition is fulfilled. Such a condition is called a diorism. The Greek mathematicians often formulated such diorisms and proved that if they were not satisfied, the problem was impossible to solve. After the presentation of a few examples, we address the following question: Why did the Greeks prove impossibility theorems in connection with their diorisms but failed to contemplate proving the impossibility of solving the classical problems with ruler and compass? The Medieval Arabs gave a great deal of thought to the question of possible and impossible problems and discovered some remarkable diorisms, e.g., in connection with the solution of the cubic equation.
Circle Quadrature in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
During the seventeenth century the quadrature of a circle was a controversial problem. Some mathematicians claimed that they had solved it, and others like Descartes declared it to be impossible. The mathematicians involved in the debates did not agree about what constituted a proper solution, and they did not agree what the problem was: was it the quadrature of a whole circle (the definite circle quadrature) or the quadrature of any sector of a circle (the indefinite circle quadrature)? Some mathematicians like Gregory and Wallis claimed that they had proved the impossibility of the problem. Their solutions were rightly criticized by Huygens. Toward the end of the century Leibniz and Newton both came up with arguments to show that it is impossible to find an algebraic formula expressing the area of any sector of a circle as a function of its radius and chord. Although Newton’s and Leibniz’s arguments were not entirely rigorous, they went a long way toward proving that the trigonometric functions are transcendental.
2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter describes 2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch and traces the history of scholarship on it, from the publication of the only full copy of it in the 1860s–70s by Antonio Maria Ceriani until Charles’s examination of it. It then describes the book that Charles wrote about it, including the complicated editorial history he believed was evident in the surviving text, its relation to 4 Ezra, the date he proposed for it, and the language in which the author wrote. For the book there is consideration of the contemporary reviews of Charles’s work and of how his work continues to impact study of 2 Baruch today, a book for which there have been no new manuscript discoveries.
Return to Priestly Service
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe chapter deals with his appointment as canon of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and its history, and the role of a canon in it. It then turns to Charles’s early days as a canon, the difficulties he faced in changing from an academic to an ecclesiastical post, and his determined effort to improve as a preacher. This is followed by some testimonies from those who were familiar with his preaching. Next comes a listing of the four volumes of sermons he published and the three books he wrote on topical matters, two of which were on divorce and one on gambling. There is also a study of the theological perspective embraced by Canon Charles—the perspective of English Modernism, whose most public figure was Henry Major. The chapter offers a survey of Charles’s preaching at Westminster by exemplifying their traits and their themes. It concludes with an overview of Charles’s other activities at Westminster as they can be followed in the pages of The Times of London and with the awarding of two honorary degrees to him—Doctor of Laws, Queens’s University, Belfast, and Doctor of Divinity, University of Oxford.
The Armed Forces Act 2021
Authors: Jeff HHJ , Reed Darren 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is a new chapter which covers the Armed Forces Act 2021. Many sections of the Act are not yet in force but this chapter guides the practitioner through the changes which are expected to be introduced over the next few years. It cross-references the current law in the rest of the book so that practitioners will be able to research the current and future law.
A Metaphysics of Membership
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the proceeding one, addressing the question: if members are mereological parts of organizations, what criteria should we use to pick out the members? The chapter argues that an organization’s members are those entities that meet three conditions: a member has committed to abide by the organization’s decisions; a member has inputs into the organization’s decisions; and a member has the ability to enact at least some of the organization’s decisions. Any entity that meets all three of these conditions is a ‘member’ of an organization, for the purposes of treating that organization as an agent capable of wrongdoing. The chapter then applies this account of membership to two kinds of organization: corporations and liberal-democratic states. The result is that directors, shareholders, and many non-management employees are members of corporations; while the executive, legislature, judiciary, and (almost all) voters are members of liberal-democratic states.
Apportioning Members’ Burdens
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
When organizations do wrong, the correct response is often the imposition of burdens. This chapter addresses the implications such burdens have for members. The chapter begins by outlining a view on which organizations are liable to cost on the basis of varied ‘sources,’ including causing harm, having the capacity to bring about good, benefitting from harm, being in an associative relationship, and so on. The chapter argues that the apportioning of costs among members should, insofar as possible, track the source of the organization’s liability to cost. Shortfalls may result, when an organization’s liability is sourced in a cost that no member instantiates, such as when the organization’s liability is sourced in its historically distant wrongdoing. In these cases, other cost-sources should be used to ‘top-up’ the shortfall.
Conclusions
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This short concluding chapter provides a summary and overview of the book’s conclusions. It then points to some directions for future research. It explains that the book has developed an approach according to which organizations are material objects with humans as material parts; on which organizations can be blameworthy for their volitions, attitudes, and character traits; on which organizations are capable of moral self-awareness; on which members can be implicated in organizations’ wrongdoing in various ways; and on which the costs of organizations’ wrongdoing should be distributed to members in proportion to their level of implication in the organization’s wrongdoing.
Conclusions
Authors: Oldfield Paul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This final chapter offers the key conclusions and also synthesizes the evidence by focusing briefly on the multiple competing and interweaving ‘histories’ that were simultaneously being produced in three key Pugliese urban centres: Bari, Brindisi, and Troia. By using documents, filling the absences left by traditional historical writing within Puglia, it becomes palpably evident that individuals and communities were constantly mobilizing the past, in response to the present, and mindful of the future. The conclusion also considers the wider relevance of the book’s findings for studies of regions beyond the kingdom of Sicily.
Hobbes's Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book presents a new interpretation of the seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy of religion. I argue that the key to Hobbes’s treatment of religion is his theory of religious language. On that theory, the proper function of religious speech is not to affirm truths, state facts, or describe anything, but only to express non-descriptive attitudes of honor, reverence, and humility before God, the incomprehensible great cause of nature. The traditional vocabulary of theism, natural religion, and even scriptural religion is preserved intact, but only as a system of natural and conventional signs of honor, as we laud the ‘infinite,’ ‘wise,’ and ‘good’ cause of nature, and speak of it in conventionally-approved scriptural terms—not in an attempt to describe it, but only as a way of expressing our veneration. The proposed reading undercuts the most influential alternative interpretations, revealing that Hobbes is neither an atheist, nor a literal-minded theist with a realist conception of the traditional divine attributes. At the same time, understanding Hobbes’s non-descriptivist approach to religious discourse helps us to see why so many have found either an atheistic or a realist-minded theistic interpretation attractive. The book advances a comprehensive analysis of Hobbes’s highly original philosophy of religion, including both his treatment of natural religion and his treatment of revealed religion and scripture. It also connects his philosophy of mind and language, epistemology, and theory of human nature to his engagé religious politics, including his views on religious toleration, sectarianism, religious education, ecclesiology, and the religious function of the civil state.
The Language of Natural Religion
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I make the case for my expressivist interpretation of Hobbes on the language of natural religion. I argue that Hobbes’s expressivist approach constitutes a new development in philosophical theology, and that it differs in important ways both from negative theology and from the doctrine of analogical predication. I also consider the charge that in emptying talk about the great cause’s attributes and actions of descriptive content, Hobbes’s treatment of religious language amounts to a kind of atheism by implication. Hobbes at least did not accept the purported implication, and mounts a provocative defense of the merits of theological expressivism as against the descriptivism and realism of his critics. I consider how we might best categorize Hobbes’s religious position, given that his expressivist treatment of religious discourse tends to destabilize the traditional classificatory distinctions between theism, atheism, and deism.
Small-deformation theory
Authors: Steigmann David J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The small-deformation theory of elastic-plastic response, due to Prandtl and Reuss, is the basis of most analytical treatments of elastic-plastic behavior. This model is examined from a modern perspective. The shifter concept is combined with the convected coordinate formalism to cast the theory in a manner that ensures its invariance under a change of frame, in contrast to conventional expositions of the small-deformation theories of elasticity and elasto-plastic response
Strain hardening, rate sensitivity, and gradient plasticity
Authors: Steigmann David J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Models of strain hardening and rate sensitivity are described. The classical model of isotropic hardening, applicable to any kind of material symmetry, is discussed, together with the modeling of the elastic-viscoplastic response of isotropic and crystalline materials. Scale-dependent yielding is modeled by including kinematic descriptors of plastic strain incompatibility in the yield function, and an original model of the Bauschinger effect is proposed in the context of recent developments in the field of gradient plasticity for crystalline solids
The Meaning of Life
Authors: Bowler Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ways in which scientific thinkers have developed new theories and new ways of investigating the origins of life during the past two centuries. It draws on Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein as a starting point for a discussion of how new, materialist perspectives on the origins of life became more prevalent at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It charts the ways in which new explanations of mental and nervous phenomena were developed, drawing on ideas about electricity, for example. It shows how evolutionary ideas came to the fore in debates about the origins of life during the course of the nineteenth century, and discusses the emergence of genetics during the early twentieth century.