bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements of an Approach to the Assessment of Systematic Uncertainty in Transient Measurements
Authors: Maciejewski Paul K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Although there has been an increasing interest in experimental research investigating time-dependent fluid phenomena, accepted methods for assessing and reporting measurement uncertainty, i.e., those contained in ANSI/ASME PTC 19.1 (1985), are restricted to time-independent measured variables. Complementing the work of Maciejewski (1996), which presents a method for assessing the random component of uncertainty in transient measurements, this paper presents a method for assessing the systematic component of uncertainty in transient measurements.
Inflectional Profile Boundary Layer Interaction With a Surface Mounted Circular Cylinder
Authors: Colton Mark B. , Decker William , Klewicki Joseph 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The interaction between an inflectional boundary layer and a surface-mounted circular cylinder was investigated. A cylinder of height H and diameter d was placed downstream from a splitter plate placed at a height h above the floor of the wind tunnel test section, where h/H was 0.25. Velocity profiles were obtained for cases both with and without the plate. These profiles were examined for momentum content. Surface streaking and smoke injection visualizations were performed, indicating the presence of a horseshoe vortex around the base of the cylinder. Additionally, a second vortex of opposite sign vorticity was found upstream of and above the principal vortex. The results suggest that vortex roll-up in front of a bluff-body may have greater dependence on the inflow vorticity distribution than boundary layer separation phenomena.
A Two-Dimensional Demonstration Smoke Tunnel
Authors: Vaughn David N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This project was the design and construction of a two-dimensional smoke tunnel, for use in the teaching of fluid mechanics courses as well as use in laboratory experimentation. Also part of the project was construction of the smoke generation system, inserting smoke into the flow such that flow characteristics could be observed. Finally, models for use with the tunnel were constructed.
Populating Product Data for Engineering Analysis With Applications to Printed Wiring Assemblies
Authors: Tamburini Diego R. , Peak Russell S. , Fulton Robert E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The engineering data for products such as Printed Wiring Assemblies (PWAs) is a complex aggregation of heterogeneous information generated by a variety of design tools. At certain stages of the product development cycle this information is used to perform engineering analyses in order to validate the design against several criteria.
This paper addresses the problem of populating product data from several heterogeneous sources in order to support the informational needs of given engineering analyses. This is usually a tedious and error-prone process, which involves accessing the data — often manually — from different repositories. stored in different formats and in different locations. After the data is retrieved, it must be integrated in a way that is meaningful to the analysis models employed. This integration is unique in that much of the data representing the design of the complete product is not used at all in the analysis, while the data that is used has to undergo significant transformation and/or idealization before being fed into the analysis models.
This work proposes an object-oriented architecture to automate the data retrieval and population process. It generates a semantically meaningful set of data from which the analysis applications can extract the information they need more easily. The emerging Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) provides the neutral mechanisms needed by this architecture for describing and exchanging product data. The design and analysis of Printed Wiring Assemblies was chosen to test the concepts developed in this work. In this example, the goal is to assemble PWA product data created by several E/MCAD tools into a single integrated schema that supports the informational needs of specific thermomechanical analyses.
Novel Epoxy Compositions for Microelectronic Packaging Applications
Authors: Sambasivam Mahesh , Ghoshal Ram , Mukerji Proshanto 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Using proprietary epoxies, new formulations have been developed for use in microelectronic packaging applications. The key features of these formulations are short cure cycle, long term stability at 25° C, very low cure volatile, low moisture absorption, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), excellent adhesion to various substrates. The CTE does not change appreciably with temperature between 0–200°C. This unique behavior is attributed to the interpenetrating network-like (IPN) structure of the base resins in the cured state. Further evidence of the IPN structure is the broad loss modulus and tan 6, observed between −150°C and −150°C, in dynamic mechanical tests. The extensive curing reaction in these catalyst-cured systems results in a highly crosslinked polymer network with good moisture resistance (&lt; 0.2°o after 14 days in 85°C/85% RH) and thermal stability (&lt; 0.3 wt % at 300°C of the cured material). Under 85/85 conditions, no appreciable changes in modulus was observed. Extent of cure studies in a dynamic scanning calorimeter (DSC) show a complete cure with no postcure requirements. Cure cycles for these formulations range from 1 hour at 140°C to about 1 minute @170°C. Currently, cure stresses, fracture toughness (bulk and interfacial), and various reliability tests are being performed to characterize the underfill, glob top encapsulants, and die-attach adhesives.
A Study of Countermeasures for Upper Interior Head Impact
Authors: Deb Anindya , Calso Stephen M. , Saha Nripen K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Impact-resistant trim covers on vehicle pillars can aid in reducing HIC(d) (Head Injury Criterion, dummy) during upper interior headform impact. Reductions in HIC(d) also can be aided by an air-gap (i.e. packaging space) between trim and a typical pillar inner panel usually made of steel. For a given packaging space, further lowering of HIC(d) is possible using additional countermeasures such as crushable foam and integrally molded trim ribs which are discussed in this paper. The potential effectiveness of foams of different strengths and integrated ribs for trim is assessed via nonlinear finite element modeling and transient dynamic analysis using a commercial package (RADIOSS). Some comparisons between analysis and test results are also presented.
Laser-Induced Desorption and Ablation From Calcite by Visible and Mid-Infrared Lasers
Authors: Park Hee K. , Haglund Richard F. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We have compared desorption and ablation of calcite (CaCO3) when irradiated by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser — which can excite optically active defects — and by a tunable infrared free-electron laser (FEL) (wavelength range λ = 2.5 – 8 μm) which can excite vibrational modes of the calcite without exciting defects by electronic transitions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to study the topography of the laser irradiated spot and plume emission spectroscopy was used to characterize plasma plumes. The dynamics of plume formation was investigated by probe beam transmission measurements. Ablation by visible laser light causes cracks a few mm long due to the excitation of defects inside the material and the accompanying mechanical stress on the crystal. On the other hand, the FEL-irradiated spots exhibited well-defined holes with carbonized walls and scattered droplets in the ablation crater, clear evidence of melting.
Influence of Joule Heating on EDM Processes of High-Electric-Resistivity Materials
Authors: Saeki Takefumi , Kunieda Masanori , Ueki Masanori , Satoh Yutaka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We investigate the removal mechanism of high-electric-resistivity materials in electrical discharge machining (EDM) processes by calculation of the workpiece temperature taking the Joule heating in the workpiece into account. The distribution of Joule heating inside the workpiece is calculated from the calculated electric potential distribution. Then considering both the heat flux from the arc column and the Joule heating, the time-dependent workpiece temperature is computed using the finite-difference method. From the computed temperature distribution it is found that the Joule heating causes a much greater temperature rise around the discharge spot in the machining of high-electric-resistivity materials than in the machining of metallic materials. This indicates that the removal of high-electric-resistivity materials in a single discharge is greater than that of metallic materials. However, it is found that a longer pulse interval is necessary to deionize the arc plasma and recover the insulation of the gap after each discharge, which results in a lower material removal rate in a series of pulse discharges.
Nucleation in Thin Film Processing
Authors: Hijikata Kunio , Miyazaki Koji , Inoue Takayoshi , Nakabeppu Osamu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this study, the stability of a very thin film at the initial stage of deposition was investigated using perturbation theory. It is assumed that the critical wave length of perturbation on a continuous thin film corresponds to the nuclei diameter and we also propose that the surface tension of a thin film changes with the film thickness. With these assumptions, it can be shown that the nucleus diameter grows linearly with deposition time. It is interesting to note that the resulting equation is similar to the well-known contact angle equation. To confirm the result of the analysis, a vacuum deposition experiment was conducted. Copper nuclei on the substrate were observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and diameters of island nuclei were measured. The results clearly show that the effective nuclei diameter grows linearly with deposition time. The good agreement between analysis and the experiment suggests the validity of this analysis.
A Metal-Droplet Deformation and Solidification Model With Substrate Remelting
Authors: Rangel R. H. , Bian X. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Metal droplet deposition is an important process with several applications in manufacturing. Some of these applications are encountered in spray and plasma-spray deposition and in micro-casting and net-shape manufacturing. The present work describes a model of droplet deformation and solidification which includes a solution of the mechanical energy equation containing kinetic and potential energy as well as viscous dissipation. In addition, the transient, convective-diffusive energy equation including viscous dissipation is solved in the deforming liquid phase by means of finite differences after appropriate coordinate transformations. The solid-phase transient energy equation is also solved in a transformed domain and the liquid and solid solutions are coupled to predict the actual growth of the solidification front. Because the solid energy equation is solved in the complete domain, which includes the substrate, it is possible to predict the behavior when remelting of the substrate occurs. Parametric studies are presented for a variety of relevant processing parameters.
Analysis of Friction-Induced Self-Excited Vibration of Contact Recording Head Slider
Authors: Ono Kyosuke , Suzuki Atsushi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the friction-induced self-excited vibration of a contact head slider that is one of the head design candidates for future high density recording disk storage. In order to understand the fundamental destabilizing mechanism of the contact slider, the slider-suspension system is modeled as a two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) system. The instability of this system is caused by the asymmetry of the stiffness matrix due to the friction force. The unstable region of this system is examined in terms of the normal and angular natural frequencies, frictional coefficient, slider mass center position and the contact and suspension stiffnesses. The destabilizing mechanism of friction force is made clear by illustrating the mode shape of the complex number. From this model, it is found that the system always becomes stable if the center of mass of the slider is located ahead of the torsional center of slider suspension.
On the Whirl Dynamics of Hydrodynamic Bearing Spindle in Information Storage Systems
Authors: Zang Yan , Hatch Michael R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Hydrodynamic bearing (HDB) spindles currently being developed for information storage systems such as hard disk drives (HDDs) typically consist of two journal bearings with herringbone grooves. In this work, translational and conical motions of lightly loaded herringbone groove journal bearings are analyzed. For translational motion, the full eigenvalue solution for a typical HDB in a small form factor HDD may be simplified using scaling analysis. Perturbation equations for the stiffness and damping coefficients are derived from the Reynolds equation and solved for the lightly loaded herringbone groove bearing. The resulting analysis shows that the translational motion consists of a forward whirl mode and a backward whirl mode. The whirl frequencies of the two modes have the same magnitude but opposite sign. In addition, a simplified analysis shows that for a no-load herringbone groove journal bearing the in-line stiffness is not trivial while the cross coupling damping vanishes. On the other hand, for the conical mode eigenvalues, the same scaling analysis only applies when the bearing span is large. For typical HDB in HDDs, the conical whirl frequencies depend strongly on bearing and rotor geometries. Numerical calculations were carried out to demonstrate the validity and limitation of the theoretical analysis.
Flow Past Large Obstructions Between Corotating Disks in Fixed Cylindrical Enclosures
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Humphrey Joseph A. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Numerical calculations have been performed for isothermal, laminar, three-dimensional flow past one or two fixed obstructions radially aligned and symmetrically located between a pair of disks corotating in a fixed cylindrical enclosure. The single-obstruction cases respectively model the influence on the flow of (a) a magnetic head arm support and (b) an air lock. The dual-obstruction cases model the simultaneous presence of these two objects. The air lock produces an interdisk cross-stream plane blockage of 62% while the two head arm supports produce blockages of 31% and 62%, respectively. For the cases with the air lock and arm support simultaneously present, the circumferential angle between them is fixed to 40° or 80°. Velocity, pressure, shear stress and the disk torque coefficient are predicted mostly for a Reynolds number (Re = Ω R22/v) corresponding to 10,000, approximately, where R2, Ω, and v are the disk radius, the disk angular velocity in rad/s, and the kinematic viscosity of air at 300 K, respectively. The calculations show that a large blockage significantly alters the interdisk flow characteristics by markedly raising the pressure ahead of an obstruction and accelerating the flow through the empty space around it. This induces a detached reversed flow region ahead of the obstruction quite distinct from that in its wake. The disk surface pressure distributions point to a potential source of dynamical instability in rotating disk flows with obstructions. The variations of the disk torque coefficient with Re and geometry generally agree with the theoretical expression of Humphrey et al. (1992). It is shown that the bulk of the drag on an obstruction is form drag as opposed to friction drag.
Dynakey Ergonomics: Physical Use Envelope for Retail Environments
Authors: Lehman Katherine R. , Sutarno Chrisanto G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Few ergonomic guidelines or standards for integrated key panel and display units exist. Ergonomic VDT standards all discuss use of keyboards and displays as separate entities (ISO 9241 (4 and 5), HFES 100-1988, and CSA-Z412-M89). NCR’s new DynaKey™ product incorporates the operator display and key panel in a side-by-side fashion to take advantage of its original human interface. A recommended envelope model (REM) was developed in order to provide positioning guidelines for the use of this product in retail environments requiring low-intensity keying. The theoretical basis for this envelope model, model validation experiment, and constrained environment test are discussed in this paper.
A New Approach Towards Robot-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery Based on Human Factor Analysis
Authors: Brandt Guido , Radermacher Klaus , Erbse Stephan , Rau Günter , Lavallée Stéphane , Staudte Hans-Walter 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There is an increasing discrepancy between the accuracy of surgical planning based on modern diagnostics like bi-planar x-ray imaging, computertomography (CT) or Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the accuracy achieved by the surgeon performing a free-hand execution of the surgical plan.
Finite Element Analysis of Root Stresses Developed During Endodontic Procedures
Authors: Joyce Timothy P. , Silver-Thorn M. Barbara , Austin B. Peter , Witek Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was used to investigate stresses in the tooth root dentin resulting from the endodontic processes of tooth restoration. The stresses developed during the filling of the root canal, positioning of a metallic post, placement of a ceramc crown, and application of masticatory and occlusal loadings were examined to investigate the causes of vertical root fractures. The areas of stress concentration in the dentin predicted by the models were found near the coronal canal opening and compared favorably with common clinical locations of vertical root failure. In addition, the obturation forces measured experimentally using simulated canals corresponded well (within 15%) with those estimated by the FE analyses.
A Model for Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow
Authors: Dhadwal Amit , Wiggs Barry , Doerschuk Claire M. , Kamm Roger D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Neutrophil concentration in the lung is approximately 60 times greater than in systemic blood (Hogg, 1987). This is a direct consequence of the delay experienced by a neutrophil when it encounters a vessel too small to pass through without first deforming. The process of deformation involves both the fluid dynamic forces and the resistance to deformation associated with neutrophil stiffness. This study develops a new model for flow in the pulmonary microcirculation to examine the distribution of pressure and how it is affected by local blockage by an entrapped neutrophil. The model, which accounts for anatomical and structural variability in the network, indicates that the pressure difference across a single capillary segment increases by ∼ 60% when obstructed. Changes in flow and pressure distribution are highly localized, however, due to the degree of interconnectedness exhibited by the network.
An Axisymmetric Model for Viscous Flow in Tapered Collapsible Stenotic Elastic Tubes
Authors: Tang Dalin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
It has been known that arteries with stenosis may collapse under physiological conditions (Ku et al, 1990; Aoki & Ku, 1993). The mechanism of stenosis-induced collapsing is not yet well understood. Ku et al (1990, 1993) conducted a series of experimental investigations as well as numerical simulations using an inviscid one-dimensional model. Tang (1995) introduced an axisymmetric model for viscous flow in stenotic elastic tubes with a prescribed external pressure and found the tube contractions and expansions are much severe under pulsatile pressure conditions. However, the pressure conditions can neither be realized in the laboratories nor verified under in vivo conditions.
An Elastic Model of a Composite Cell Membrane: Interpretation and Design of Experiments
Authors: Spector Alexander A. , Brownell William E. , Popel Aleksander S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background. We study the elastic properties of the outer hair cell. The outer hair cell is a receptor cell located in the inner ear and recently considered as the major active component in the hearing process. The lateral wall of this cell is able to transmit the changes of the membrane potential into the changes of the length of the cell (Brownell et al., 1985). The outer hair cell is an elongated cylinder filled with a fluid and embedded into a surrounding structure of deformable elements. Through the electromechanical transduction, outer hair cells exert forces on the basilar membrane, the major vibrating element in the cochlea, and are believed to affect the tuning properties of the ear. Therefore, the elastic properties of the outer hair cell are crucial for the analysis of the role of the active element and for understanding the hearing process in general.
Effects of Age on Joint Torques Used to Recover From a Forward Fall
Authors: Wojcik Laura A. , Thelen Darryl G. , Ashton-Miller James A. , Schultz Albert B. , Alexander Neil B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Falls among members of the elderly population are associated with high rates of serious injury. Declines in the ability to recover balance in the early stages of a fall may contribute to this high rate of fall injury. An earlier study of the biomechanics of fall recovery in young subjects (Do et al., 1982) suggests that execution speed is a critical factor in the ability to take rapid steps to prevent a forward fall. It has also been shown that healthy elderly exhibit a significantly reduced capacity for the rapid generation of lower extremity joint torques (Thelen et al., 1995). Given this demonstrated reduction in torque capacity, it was hypothesized that healthy elderly would generate significantly smaller joint torques during attempted fall recoveries than would healthy young.
The Effects of Androgens and Estrogen on the Mechanical Properties of Bone in the Aged Ovariectomized Rat
Authors: Kasra Mehran , Vanin Carla , Casper Robert , Grynpas Marc 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Sex steroids regulate normal bone metabolism. Deficiency of gonadal hormones in both males and females leads to osteopenia and osteoporosis (1,2). Estrogen is necessary for maintaining bone density in pre- and post-menopausal women, but the role of androgen is still unclear. The effects of testosterone and anabolic steroids on bone in women appear to be positive (3). There is also data supporting a positive effect of androgens on bone maintenance in ovariectomized rats. Testosterone can be converted to estrogen in vivo, unlike its metabolite 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which also binds to androgen receptors with high affinity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a non-aromatizable androgen (DHT) alone, or in combination with estrogen, on mechanical properties of cortical and trabeular bone in the aged ovariectomized female rat.