bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neither Enhanced Nor Lost: The Unique Role of Attention in Children's Neural Representations
Authors: Jung Yaelan , Forest Tess Allegra , Walther Dirk B. , Finn Amy S. 
Published: April 2023

A defining feature of children's cognition is the especially slow development of their attention. Despite a rich behavioral literature characterizing the development of attention, little is known about how developing attentional abilities modulate neural representations in children. This information is critical to understanding how attentional development shapes the way children process information. One possibility is that attention might be less likely to shape neural representations in children as compared with adults. In particular, representations of attended items may be less likely to be enhanced relative to unattended items. To investigate this possibility, we measured brain activity using fMRI while children (seven to nine years; male and female) and adults (21–31 years; male and female) performed a one-back task in which they were directed to attend to either motion direction or an object in a display where both were present. We used multivoxel pattern analysis to compare decoding accuracy of attended and unattended information. Consistent with attentional enhancement, we found higher decoding accuracy for task-relevant information (i.e., objects in the object-attended condition) than for task-irrelevant information (i.e., motion in the object-attended condition) in adults' visual cortices. However, in children's visual cortices, both task-relevant and task-irrelevant information were decoded equally well. What is more, whole-brain analysis showed that the children represented task-irrelevant information more than adults in multiple regions across the brain, including the prefrontal cortex. These findings show that (1) attention does not modulate neural representations in the child visual cortex, and (2) developing brains can, and do, represent more information than mature brains.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChildren have been shown to struggle with maintaining their attention to specific information, and at the same time, can show better learning of “distractors.” While these are critical properties of childhood, their underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. To fill in this critical knowledge gap, we explored how attention shapes what is represented in children's and adults' brains using fMRI while both were asked to focus on just one of two things (objects and motion). We found that unlike adults, who prioritize the information they were asked to focus on, children represent both what they were asked to prioritize and what they were asked to ignore. This shows that attention has a fundamentally different impact on children's neural representations.
Effect of insulin-like growth factor system on luteinising angiogenesis
Authors: Nwachukwu Chinwe U , Robinson Robert S , Woad Kathryn J 
Published: April 2023

Preovulatory follicle growth and the luteal transition require intense angiogenesis. This enables progesterone production to increase sufficiently to support a pregnancy. Inadequate follicular or luteal vascularisation can lead to reduced ovarian function and thus compromise fertility. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF2 regulate multiple ovarian processes and are key links between an animal’s reproductive and metabolic status. This study investigated the role that the IGF system plays in regulating luteinising follicular endothelial cell (EC) networks and progesterone production in vitro. Bovine luteinising follicular angiogenesis cultures were treated with (i) LR3-IGF1 (10 or 100 ng/mL) under basal and angiogenic-stimulated conditions or (ii) IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) inhibitor (picropodophyllin (PPP); 1 µM) in the presence or absence of LR3-IGF1, IGF2 or combined LR3-IGF1 + IGF2 (10 ng/mL). EC networks were quantified by von Willebrand factor immunohistochemistry. Progesterone production was analysed by ELISA, and cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. LR3-IGF1 had limited effects on EC growth parameters, whilst PPP (P < 0.001) markedly reduced EC growth parameters (by 60–70%). Cell proliferation was slightly increased (by 3–5%) by LR3-IGF1 (P < 0.001). LR3-IGF1 had variable effects on progesterone production, whilst PPP reduced progesterone concentration (P < 0.001) with or without LR3-IGF1 or IGF2 alone or in combination. IGF1 was detected in cell-conditioned media and was increased by LH (50 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, exogenous IGF1 and IGF2 had minimal effects on luteinising follicular angiogenesis and progesterone production, but the inhibitory effect of the IGF1R inhibitor (PPP) suggests that IGF1R signalling is critical for the development of EC networks and progesterone production in luteinising follicular cells.

Lay summary
The corpus luteum is a part of the ovary responsible for producing the critical pregnancy hormone, progesterone. To fulfil this function, the corpus luteum requires an extensive blood vessel network. Here, we investigated whether an important growth factor known to act on the ovary, insulin like growth factor (IGF) 1, critically regulates the formation of this blood vessel network and progesterone production. Cells from the corpus luteum were cultured with combinations of IGF1, a closely related hormone IGF2 and a chemical which stops both IGF1 and IGF2 from working. Afterwards, we measured the size and pattern of blood vessel networks, the production of progesterone and whether cells increased in number. We found adding IGF1 had limited effects, however stopping IGF1 from working had a very negative impact on both progesterone and on the formation of the blood vessel network. This suggests that cells from the corpus luteum were producing IGF1 and that IGF1/2 are critical for both blood vessel growth and hormone production.
In vitro exposure to benzo[a]pyrene damages the developing mouse ovary
Authors: Stefansdottir Agnes , Marečková Magda , Matkovic Magdalena , Allen Caroline M , Spears Norah 
Published: April 2023

Females are born with a finite number of oocytes, collectively termed the ovarian reserve, established within the developing fetal ovary. Consequently, maternal exposure to reproductive toxicants can have harmful effects on the future fertility of her unborn female fetus. The chemical benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a prominent component of cigarette smoke. Despite it being a known ovotoxicant, around 8% of women in Europe smoke during pregnancy.
The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of B[a]P on the developing ovary, using the mouse as a model and with experiments carried out in vitro. B[a]P-exposure to the fetal ovary prior to follicle formation reduced the number of germ cells and subsequently, the number of healthy primordial follicles, by up to 76%; however, while proliferation of germ cells was not affected, the germ cells contained higher levels of DNA double-strand breaks. Exposure to B[a]P also affected the proportion of oocytes progressing through prophase I of meiosis. B[a]P exposure to neonatal mouse ovaries, after follicle formation, resulted in an 85% reduction in the number of healthy follicles, with a corresponding increase in apoptotic cell death and reduction in somatic cell proliferation. Although there was a trend towards a higher level of oxidative stress in B[a]P-exposed ovaries, this was not statistically significant; likewise, the antioxidant melatonin failed to protect against the B[a]P-induced ovarian damage. Together, the results here demonstrate that B[a]P-exposure damages the developing ovary, both before and shortly after follicle formation, an effect that could lead to a subsequent decrease in fertility.

Lay summary
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can affect the fertility of the offspring, yet in Europe around 1 in 12 children born have been exposed to cigarette smoke before birth due to their mother smoking. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), one of the main chemicals found in cigarette smoke, can have damaging effects on the ovary as it develops in the fetus during the time that the population of future eggs, known as ovarian germ cells also develop. In this research, ovaries from mouse fetuses at stages of development, equivalent to the second and third trimesters of a human pregnancy, were cultured with or without B[a]P. Fetal mouse ovaries exposed to B[a]P had fewer germ cells and larger numbers of cells did not survive. Overall, the results suggest that development of the ovary of a fetus could be affected if the mother is exposed to B[a]P, whether that is through cigarette smoke, or other types of exposure.
Depois do frenesi
Authors: Di Fátima Branco 
Published: April 2023

Dez anos depois do frenesi gerado por obras como Snow Fall e NSA files, chega o momento de problematizar a resiliência da reportagem na internet. Este artigo apresenta uma proposta historiográfica do gênero na web. O seu desenvolvimento é organizado em três períodos, marcados pela introdução de aparatos tecnológicos nas rotinas produtivas da redação: Transposição (1996-2001) examina os primeiros anos da reportagem na rede; Renovação (2002-2011) explora rupturas iniciais e como linguagens informáticas foram absorvidas; e Estabilização (2012-2021) analisa o quadro mais atual das práticas do gênero. Para tanto, recorreu-se à observação direta de obras inovadoras e a pesquisas similares ao longo das últimas duas décadas. O objetivo é cartografar os componentes estruturantes que forjaram as bases para que a reportagem pudesse existir na internet.
A Companhia de Jesus e o valor paradigmáticos dos manuais: uma análise a partir de Roger Chartier
Authors: Freitag de Araujo Vanessa 
Published: April 2023

Trata-se de uma análise sobre a utilização dos manuais enquanto fontes de pesquisas. Para exemplificar a possibilidade de investigação, utilizamos um manual de lógica elaborado pelo jesuíta Pedro da Fonseca (1528-1599), o “Institutionum dialecticarum libri octo”, de circulação considerável, tendo mais de 55 edições entre 1564 (ano de sua primeira publicação) e 1625.O referencial teórico utilizado para a verificação de como a circulação de materiais impressos afeta e representa determinada estrutura social baseia-se em Roger Chartier (1987). Ao introduzir modificações metodológicas e incorporar novas fontes, a História Cultural apresenta uma possibilidade de problematização dos objetos culturais produzidos, dos sujeitos produtores e dos receptores de cultura.
Risk factors for breast cancer among adult women residing in rural South Karnataka: a cross sectional study
Authors: Samantha Swaroop Komal  , Srividya V.  
Published: April 2023

Background: There’s a steady increase in breast cancer incidence among rural women since rural women are increasingly adopting urban lifestyles, reproductive habits and are also increasingly exposed to similar environmental factors as urban women due to economic development. Objectives was to assess the prevalence of risk factors of breast cancer among women aged 30 years and above residing in a rural South Karnataka
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to January 2017 in villages under Ittamadu primary health centre area, Ramanagara Taluk, Ramnagara district. A total of 600 women aged 30 years or above participated in the study. A semi structured questionnaire was administered by interview method after getting written consent. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used.
Results: This study revealed that the prevalence of risk factors (reproductive and non-reproductive) of breast cancer among adult women aged 30 years and above was between the least prevalence of 0.7% for family history of breast cancer to highest prevalence of 37.5% for age at menarche at less than 13 years of age.
Conclusions: Indian breast cancer patients present with advanced disease stage and have numerous poor prognostic factors, hence knowledge regarding the prevalence of risk factors is necessary to identify how many women are at risk of developing breast cancer as per the established risk factors to promote early detection and timely treatment for improved survival and quality of life of breast cancer patients.
Homosexuality in Biblical Perspective
Authors: Ellens J.Harold 
Published: April 2023

Przekazy biblijne na temat homoseksualizmu nie są jednoznaczne. Problem poruszony w pracy dotyczy z jednej strony zdefiniowania samego pojęcia homoseksualizmu, z drugiej - dyskusji jego aspektów uwidocznionych w społeczeństwie okresu biblijnego.
Biblia nie odróżnia orientacji homoseksualnej od zachowania homoseksualnego – podobnie jak i inne przekazy literackie świata grecko-rzymskiego.

Autor, dyskutując terminologię z punktu widzenia teologa i psychologa, podkreśla, że w rozważaniach należy wziąć pod uwagę również faktory chronologiczne. Aby w pełni zrozumieć oba aspekty homoseksualizmu w ujęciu biblijnym, odwołuje się on do rozważań kontekstualnych.
Biblia rzadko wzmiankuje homoseksualizm. Autor szczegółowo omawia trzy przykłady z zakresu Starego Testamentu i trzy z zakresu Nowego Testamentu (Genesis 19: 1-29; Leviticus 18: 22-24, 20: 13; Listy św. Pawła: do Rzymian 1: 26-27, Koryncjan 6: 9-10, Tymoteusza 1: 10). Wzmianki te odnoszą się do zachowań homoseksualnych.
Autor zwraca uwagę, że homoseksualizm jest oceniany jako zły, grzeszny i przestępczy w związku z kultem, lecz nie jest jasne, czy też poza nim. Biblia zajmuje się głównie kontekstem religijnym, a tylko pośrednio – etycznym.
Omawiając kontekstualne aspekty przekazów nowotestamentowych, autor przywołuje fakt, że św. Paweł jest zdania, iż kult zwierząt powszechny w okresie hellenistycznym być może wpłynął na deprawujące zachowania seksualne i widzi w odmiennym zachowaniu seksualnym ludzką słabość i zwyrodnienie, więcej – patologię. W liście do Koryncjan homoseksualizm jest zaklasyfikowany do grzechów.
Biblia z zasady jest zorientowana przeciw nierządowi (porneia). Fakt, że księgi Nowego Testamentu powstały w czasach panowania Kaliguli i Nerona, współcześnie z Satyrykonem Petroniusza, dziełami Juwenala i Marcjalisa, kiedy rozluźnienie obyczajów było powszechne, a seks był rozrywką, bez wątpienia wpłynął na sformułowania biblijne (etyka sytuacjonalna).
Autor jest zdania, że reakcjom opisanym w Biblii nie możemy nadać uniwersalnego charakteru. Wskazuje na osiągnięcia nauk medycznych i psychologii, które pozwoliły nam poznać głębiej naturę jednostki. W efekcie, jeśli argumenty św. Pawła w liście do Rzymian opierają się na odrzuceniu tego, co sprzeczne naturze, problem homoseksualizmu w stosunku do przekazów biblijnych wymaga nowych rozważań.
UK and Ireland Street Law Conference 2022 Review
Authors: Nwosu Ruth , Shafi Sabrina , Peel Kristianna , Ng Isabel , Chambisse Heloisa 
Published: April 2023

The UK and Ireland Street Law Conference brings together academics, lawyers, students, and other Street Law enthusiasts to promote, support and celebrate public legal education (PLE) and the progress being made in this important field. Normally held annually, this was the first conference since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, taking place over the 7th and 8th April 2022 and hosted in Edinburgh by the Law Society of Scotland.
The conference was centred around Street Law’s commitment and desire in helping the lay person to ‘understand their rights and responsibilities in a world full of increasingly complex and obtuse legal systems.’ The ethos of the conference was to provide a valuable resource within the PLE community for those who were present across the two-day conference and for future guidance. As students and Street Law initiators, it was gratifying to be a piece and player on the chessboard - to interact, connect and understand the multitude of approaches to teaching and learning in a Street Law context. In accordance with the principle of collaboration and to promote open education, this article aims to collate the insightful topics and discussions from the key-note sessions. This article will then move on to discuss the value of the conference from the perspective of students as well as wider stakeholders in PLE programmes. Further, we will explore how the conference could be improved moving forward with suggestions as to how students and future lawyers and/or professionals, can contribute to PLE in the future.
COVID-19 Risk by Workers’ Occupation and Industry in the United States, 2020‒2021
Authors: Gaffney Adam , Himmelstein David U. , McCormick Danny , Woolhandler Steffie 
Published: April 2023

Objectives. To assess the risk of COVID-19 by occupation and industry in the United States. Methods. Using the 2020–2021 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated the risk of having had a diagnosis of COVID-19 by workers’ industry and occupation, with and without adjustment for confounders. We also examined COVID-19 period prevalence by the number of workers in a household. Results. Relative to workers in other industries and occupations, those in the industry “health care and social assistance” (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.23; 95% confidence interval = 1.11, 1.37), or in the occupations “health practitioners and technical,” “health care support,” or “protective services” had elevated risks of COVID-19. However, compared with nonworkers, workers in 12 of 21 industries and 11 of 23 occupations (e.g., manufacturing, food preparation, and sales) were at elevated risk. COVID-19 prevalence rose with each additional worker in a household. Conclusions. Workers in several industries and occupations with public-facing roles and adults in households with multiple workers had elevated risk of COVID-19. Public Health Implications. Stronger workplace protections, paid sick leave, and better health care access might mitigate working families’ risks from this and future pandemics. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(6):647–656. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307249 )
Variation in End-of-Life Trajectories in Persons Aged 70 Years and Older, Sweden, 2018‒2020
Authors: Ebeling Marcus , Meyer Anna C. , Modig Karin 
Published: April 2023

Objectives. To analyze variation in end-of-life trajectories with regard to elder care and medical care and how they relate to age, gender, and causes of death. Methods. We analyzed all deaths of persons at age 70 years and older between the years 2018 and 2020 in Sweden, using a linkage of population registers. We applied latent class analysis to identify distinct types of end-of-life trajectories. Results. We identified 6 different types of end-of-life trajectories. The types differed substantially in the amount of utilized elder care and medical care before death. Deaths characterized by high levels of elder care and medical care utilization become more common with age. The trajectory types show distinct cause-of-death profiles. Conclusions. Most deaths today do not comply with what is often referred to as a “good” death (e.g., retaining control or requiring low levels of elder care). The results suggest that longer lifespans partly result from a prolonged dying process. Public Health Implications. The current modes of dying call for a discussion about how we want to die in an era of increasing lifespans and aging societies. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(7):786–794. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307281 )
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Patients with Severe Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Tang Haohuan , Zhong Bin-Yan , Liu Fang , Zhao Jian-Bo , Fan Chen , Zhu Xiao-Li , Wang Wei-Dong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundTo compare all-cause rebleeding rates and mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) between severe thrombocytopenia (TCP) and non-severe TCP patients admitted for variceal bleeding.MethodsBetween January 2017 and June 2020, patients with severe TCP (platelets < 50 × 109/L) who received TIPS procedures for variceal bleeding at three medical centers were included. As controls, non-severe TCP patients were matched (1:1) by age, viral hepatitis, splenectomy, white blood cell, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, total bilirubin, and acute variceal bleeding. Primary outcome was 6-week all-cause rebleeding. Secondary outcomes included 1-year all-cause rebleeding, 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality and complications occurred during or after TIPS creation.ResultsA total of 373 patients were included in the study, with 84 patients in each cohort after matching. All-cause rebleeding rates at 6-week and 1-year post-TIPS were similar in cohorts with severe versus non-severe TCP (6.0% vs 4.8% at 6-week and 10.7% vs 10.7% at 1-year; P = 0.962; HR: 1.023; 95% CI, 0.406–2.577). One-year all-cause mortality was also comparable between the two cohorts (10.7% vs 9.5%, P = 0.754; HR: 1.164; 95% CI, 0.449–3.018). The comparison of 30-day post-TIPS mortality was inconclusive due to the relatively small number of positive outcome events. A trend toward slightly higher major complications was observed in the severe TCP cohort (8.3% vs 2.4%, P = 0.078).ConclusionsCompared with non-severe TCP, severe TCP did not increase the risk of early and late rebleeding after TIPS in patients with variceal bleeding.
Prediction of Earth Pressure Balance for EPB Machine: Application of Machine Learning and MVR techniques
Authors: Samadi Hanan , Hassanpour Jafar , Rostami Jamal 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Face stability control of excavation with earth pressure balance machine (EPB) approach is the best available method to reduce the ground deformation and settlement of surface structures in a tunneling project in urban areas. In the present paper, several models have proposed through a statistical method, including multi-variable regression (MVR) and machine learning techniques such as support vector machine (SVM), Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model (TS), and multilayer perceptron neural network (ANN-MLP), to provide a predictive strategy for EPB machine during the tunnel excavation. For this purpose, a monitoring dataset of machine performance parameters including advance speed, screw conveyor speed, screw conveyor torque, thrust force, and cutterhead rotation speed from Tehran Metro Line 6 Southern Extension Sector (TML6-SE) has been compiled. Then, the relation between the performance parameters and target values were investigated to analyze the available inputs and offer a new equation using the MVR. Moreover, statistical indices and loss functions were utilized for the evaluation of the developed models’ efficiency. The results proved the significance of the presented methods in this paper that could be used to predict the earth pressure balance operation with high efficiency.