bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between color and gloss in iridescent camouflage
Authors: Thomas Dylan H N , Kjernsmo Karin , Scott-Samuel Nicholas E , Whitney Heather M , Cuthill Innes C 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Iridescence is a taxonomically widespread form of structural coloration that produces often intense hues that change with the angle of viewing. Its role as a signal has been investigated in multiple species, but recently, and counter-intuitively, it has been shown that it can function as camouflage. However, the property of iridescence that reduces detectability is, as yet, unclear. As viewing angle changes, iridescent objects change not only in hue but also in intensity, and many iridescent animals are also shiny or glossy; these “specular reflections,” both from the target and background, have been implicated in crypsis. Here, we present a field experiment with natural avian predators that separate the relative contributions of color and gloss to the “survival” of iridescent and non-iridescent beetle-like targets. Consistent with previous research, we found that iridescent coloration, and high gloss of the leaves on which targets were placed, enhance survival. However, glossy targets survived less well than matt. We interpret the results in terms of signal-to-noise ratio: specular reflections from the background reduce detectability by increasing visual noise. While a specular reflection from the target attracts attention, a changeable color reduces the signal because, we suggest, normally, the color of an object is a stable feature for detection and identification.
Feedback in Batesian mimetic systems
Authors: Kizirian David , Manuel Padial Jose , Povelikin Nicole , Overcast Isaac , Donnelly Maureen A , Quitian Marta , Segall Marion , Kuhn Arianna , Campbell Gwyneth , Saporito Ralph A 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWe propose a feedback model for Batesian mimetic trophic system dynamics that integrates evolutionary and ecological processes including those not directly related to mimicry such as nutrient transfer. The proposed feedback circuit includes a previously overlooked link, specifically: selection for predation on the mimetic phenotype, which results when predators consume palatable mimics, and which perpetuates predation on the mimetic phenotype that drives mimicry. Preservation of variation throughout the feedback loop may also explain polymorphism, suboptimal mimicry, and other aspects of mimetic trophic system evolution.
King Harold’s Sister Gunhild (d. 1087), a Royal Exile in Flanders
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article is a study of the life of Gunhild (d. 1087), sister of King Harold, who, together with her mother Gytha, sought exile in Flanders after the Norman Conquest; it is set in the wider context of the fate of high-status elite or royal women in post-Conquest England. Gunhild’s lead burial plaque with inscription (found in her tomb in the church of St Donatian in Bruges) constitutes a unique testimony to the fate of a royal sister in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest. Her Latin obituary, the longest known on a lead plaque for an eleventh-century woman, consists of a biographical sketch of her and her family, including her brother’s death, and her itinerary in exile, while the second half is a near-hagiographical account of her as a woman religious; a new edition and English translation are included in an appendix. The article analyses the historical, literary and material aspects of Gunhild’s life, including evidence from the archive of St Donatian as to the considerable wealth she bequeathed to the canons in return for her burial in the church’s wall. It is suggested that as a woman religious she lived a penitential life on foreign soil not least to pay for the sins of the English defeated by the Normans. Comparison with other English royal or high-status elite women (and men) suggests that, defiantly and uniquely, Gunhild and her mother Gytha rejected accommodation with the Conqueror and instead followed the path of exile abroad, more commonly chosen by men.
Modelling the potential long-term survival benefit of evinacumab treatment vs. standard of care in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Gu Jing , Kuznik Andreas , Quon Peter , Chauhan Ankita , Sravya Tupili S , Raal Frederick J 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Aims
Despite intensive lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs), most patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HoFH) do not achieve guideline recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets and are at increased risk of premature cardiovascular death. This analysis aimed to predict the impact of evinacumab and standard-of-care LLTs on life expectancy in an HoFH population using mathematical modelling.

Methods and results
Mathematical models were developed using efficacy data for evinacumab from the phase 3 ELIPSE HoFH trial plus efficacy data for standard-of-care LLTs from peer-reviewed publications. Treatment strategies evaluated included (i) untreated, (ii) high-intensity statin (HIS) only, (iii) HIS plus ezetimibe, (iv) HIS plus ezetimibe plus proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor (PCSK9i), and (v) HIS plus ezetimibe plus PCSK9i plus evinacumab. Markov analyses were used to assess differences in survival probability for different LLT strategies. The median survival for untreated HoFH patients was only 33–43 years, depending on different assumptions on baseline untreated LDL-C levels. In the most robust model, we estimated that HIS increased median survival by 9 years and ezetimibe further increased median survival by an additional 9 years. When PCSK9i was added on top of HIS plus ezetimibe, median survival was further improved by 14 years. Finally, the addition of evinacumab to standard-of-care LLTs was estimated to increase median survival by ∼12 years.

Conclusion
In this mathematical modelling analysis, evinacumab treatment could potentially increase long-term survival vs. standard-of-care LLTs for patients with HoFH.
Prevalence and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses among healthcare workers (June 2020–November 2021)
Authors: Barrufet Maria Pilar , Serra-Prat Mateu , Palomera Elisabet , Ruiz Alícia , Tapias Gemma , Montserrat Noemí , Valladares Nicolas , Ruz Francisco Javier , Bolívar-Prados Mireia , Clavé Pere 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
To assess SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in healthcare workers (HCW) with sampling in June and October 2020 and April and November 2021.

Methods
Observational and prospective study in 2455 HCW with serum sampling. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and occupational, social and health risk factors were assessed at each time point.

Results
Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 in HCW increased from 11.8% in June 2020 to 28.4% in November 2021. Of those with a positive test in June 2020, 92.1% remained with a positive test, 6.7% had an indeterminate test and 1.1% had a negative test in November 2021. Non-diagnosed carriers represented 28.6% in June 2020 and 14.6% in November 2021. Nurses and nursing assistants showed the highest prevalence of seropositivity. Close contact (at home or in the hospital) with Covid-19 cases without protection and working in the frontline were the main risk factors. A total of 88.8% HCW were vaccinated, all with a positive serological response in April 2021, but levels of antibodies decreased about 65%, and two vaccinated persons presented a negative serological test against spike protein in November 2021. Levels of spike antibodies were higher in those vaccinated with Moderna compared with Pfizer and the percentage of antibody reduction was higher with Pfizer vaccine.

Conclusions
This study shows that seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCW doubled that of the general population and that protection both at the workplace and in the socio-familial field was associated with a lower risk of infection, which stabilized after vaccination.
Theoretical morphological analysis of differential morphospace occupation patterns for terrestrial and aquatic gastropods
Authors: Araki Amane , Noshita Koji 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDespite the morphological diversity of organisms, they only occupy a fraction of the theoretically possible spectrum (i.e., morphospace) and have been studied on several taxa. Such morphospace occupation patterns are formed through evolutionary processes under multiple constraints. In this study, we discovered a differential morphospace occupation pattern between terrestrial and aquatic gastropods and subsequently attempted to quantitatively understand these differences through morphospace analysis. These differential occupation patterns between terrestrial and aquatic species were observed in the morphospace of spire height and aperture inclination, including a bimodal distribution of shell height in terrestrial species alongside the absence of high-spired shells with high aperture inclination. Although terrestrial species were distributed along optimal lines of shell instability and shell hindrance to locomotion, aquatic species were distributed not only along this line but also within a suboptimal region of the low spire with low inclination. Based on numerical simulation and biometric analysis, here we propose the hypothesis that this difference was caused by the aquatic species being able to adopt a posture with the growth direction perpendicular to the substrate due to reduced functional demands. Our results provided an ultimate explanation for the differential occupation patterns between habitats alongside an overview of the morphospace.
Translating between the lines: the rape of Constance Mauduit and histories of violation
Authors: Weikert Katherine 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article illuminates the life of Constance Mauduit, a twelfth-century Anglo-Norman heiress, patron and rape victim, while problematizing the modern historiography around her. Drawing on feminist theory and gender history, the article recasts her life (and assault) by centring her experiences, elucidating wider social concerns with violent disruptions – actual and metaphorical – to social and spatial hierarchies. Constance’s experiences are finally drawn as important beyond this singular life as her rape speaks of sexual violence in warfare in the period, a topic that needs much more study, particularly as medieval records of sexual violence can be difficult to discern.
An approach to map and quantify the fishing effort of polyvalent passive gear fishing fleets using geospatial data
Authors: Sales Henriques Nuno , Russo Tommaso , Bentes Luis , Monteiro Pedro , Parisi Antonio , Magno Ramiro , Oliveira Frederico , Erzini Karim , Gonçalves Jorge M S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The use of tracking devices, such as vessel monitoring systems or automatic identification system, enabled us to expand our knowledge on the distribution and quantification of fishing activities. However, methods and models based on vessel tracking data are mostly devised to be applied to towed gears, whereas applications to multi-gear and passive fisheries have been underrepresented. Here, we propose a methodology to deal with geospatial data to map and quantify the fishing effort, as soak time, of passive fishing gears used by a multi-gear fishing fleet. This approach can be adapted to other passive multi-or single-gear fisheries, since it requires only three variables that can be extracted from a pre-classified dataset, to identify the beginning (gear deployment) and the end (hauling) of passive fishing events. As far as we are aware, this is the first time a methodology that allows quantifying the soak time of static passive fishing events, within a polyvalent fishery context, is presented. We argue that the information that can be extracted from such approaches could contribute to improved management of multi-gear and static-gear fisheries and the ecosystem-based approach.
A manifold two-sample test study: integral probability metric with neural networks
Authors: Wang Jie , Chen Minshuo , Zhao Tuo , Liao Wenjing , Xie Yao 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Two-sample tests are important areas aiming to determine whether two collections of observations follow the same distribution or not. We propose two-sample tests based on integral probability metric (IPM) for high-dimensional samples supported on a low-dimensional manifold. We characterize the properties of proposed tests with respect to the number of samples $n$ and the structure of the manifold with intrinsic dimension $d$. When an atlas is given, we propose a two-step test to identify the difference between general distributions, which achieves the type-II risk in the order of $n^{-1/\max \{d,2\}}$. When an atlas is not given, we propose Hölder IPM test that applies for data distributions with $(s,\beta )$-Hölder densities, which achieves the type-II risk in the order of $n^{-(s+\beta )/d}$. To mitigate the heavy computation burden of evaluating the Hölder IPM, we approximate the Hölder function class using neural networks. Based on the approximation theory of neural networks, we show that the neural network IPM test has the type-II risk in the order of $n^{-(s+\beta )/d}$, which is in the same order of the type-II risk as the Hölder IPM test. Our proposed tests are adaptive to low-dimensional geometric structure because their performance crucially depends on the intrinsic dimension instead of the data dimension.
O01 The consumption of human antibiotics in veterinary medicine, in Estonia, 2006–22
Authors: Sammul Marju 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives
In the absence of authorized veterinary medicinal products, veterinarians can use authorized human medicines, if necessary. The number of registered veterinary medicinal products, including veterinary antibiotics, has increased, over the years. Reducing the use of medically important antimicrobials in veterinary medicine is increasingly important to avoid the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to analyse 17 year trends in the use of human antibiotics in veterinary medicine, in Estonia.

Methods
The data of human antibiotics used in veterinary medicine are based on wholesaler’s reports collected by the Estonian State Agency of Medicines, in 2006–2022. The sales data include total sales of human antimicrobial medicinal products to veterinarians and are collected at package level per year, including the name of the medicinal product, identification number of the product, active substance, pharmaceutical form, strength, package size and number of sold packages.

Results
Between 2006 and 2022, the overall sales of human antibiotics to veterinarians increased from 40.6 kg in 2006 to 54.4 kg in 2022 (peak 71.6 kg in 2019). In Estonia, based on 17 years of data, 220 different human antimicrobial medicinal products were sold to veterinarians, an average 91 different products per year (range 79–101). The number of different human antibiotic substances used in veterinary medicine was 45 ± 2 per year, 60 in total. The most used antibiotics over the 17 years were orally administered amoxicillin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline and injectable amoxicillin and cefazolin. The turnover of human antibiotics sold to veterinarians increased from 34 000 EUR in 2006 to 99 000 EUR in 2022. Over the years, analysed by the product form, the most sold human antibiotics for veterinary use were products for oral administration, accounted for 90% of total quantity of antibiotics (24 different substances), followed by injections (9%, 19 different substances) and dermatological and sensory preparations (0.6%, 7 and 9 different substances, respectively). From medically important antibiotics, meropenem, imipenem, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin and mupirocin were used in small quantities throughout the years.

Conclusions
Despite the number of registered veterinary antibiotics having increased over the years, the consumption of human antibiotics used in veterinary medicine has increased by the total quantity and by the turnover. The number of human antibiotic substances and sold packages has no significant changes.
P02 Antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated in community-acquired pneumonia in drug-dependent patients
Authors: Viltsaniuk Oksana , Mostovoy Yuriy , Viltsaniuk Oleksandr 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the nature and susceptibility of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) pathogens in drug-dependent patients.

Materials and methods
The susceptibility of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens isolated from sputum was studied in 31 drug-dependent patients. 13 (42%) were women and 18 (58%) were men. The average age of this group was 28.6 ± 1.2 years. The antimicrobial activity of the main groups of antibiotics was studied in comparison with the susceptibility of the archive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 strain.

Results
In total, 51 strains of microorganisms were isolated, among which S. aureus (19 strains, 37.3%) and fungi of the genus Candida (16 strains, 31.3%) prevailed, while in 15 cases, bacteria were inoculated in the form of monoculture, and in 16 cases in the form of associations of bacteria and fungi of the genus Candida. When studying the susceptibility of the isolated strains of microorganisms to the main groups of antibiotics, their high (P ≤ 0.05) resistance to the main groups of antimicrobial drugs used in standard treatment regimens for CAP was established.

Conclusions
CAP in drug-dependent patients has a severe complicated course due to the combination of highly virulent bacterial and fungal infections. The causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia in drug-dependent patients have low susceptibility to the main groups of antibiotics used in the treatment of this pathology.
P07 Use of the Reveal rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing system to shorten time to appropriate antibiotic use: assessment of clinical utility in Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
Authors: Williams Emma , Fowler Joanne , Gray Mary , Tovey Mark , Rayworth Nicole , Tilley Lisa , Parsons Helena 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Gram-negative bacteraemia accounts for significant morbidity and mortality,1 while increasing the prevalence of resistant organisms over the recent years2 highlights the importance of obtaining rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is part of the WHO global strategy on antimicrobial resistance,3 and shortening the length of time a patient is treated with unnecessarily broad-spectrum agents is paramount. Our aim was to review whether the Reveal rapid AST system (bioMérieux) shortened time-to-best-fit antibiotic, and whether this was a spectrum escalation or de-escalation, in Gram-negative bacteraemias in Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.

Methods
The Reveal rapid AST system was used, in conjunction with standard laboratory methodology, to ascertain antimicrobial susceptibilities for Gram-negative bacilli in blood cultures processed at the start of the day between June and August 2022. Data was gathered regarding Medical Microbiology advice issued to clinical teams and the impact the Reveal AST results had on this. For comparison, we retrospectively reviewed microbiology advice given for Gram-negative bacteraemias between April and May 2022, with our routine microbiology testing methods of MALDI-TOF MS and breakpoint agar dilutions AST, to see whether Reveal would have been predicted to have an impact had it been available.

Results
66 bacteraemias were reviewed between June and August 2022, compared with 82 in April and May 2022. Reveal results shortened time-to-best-fit antibiotic in 35/66 (53%) cases. Of these, 8/66 (12%) resulted in antibiotic spectrum escalation and 21/66 (32%) in de-escalation, with 6/66 (9%) resulting in shorter time to an alternative susceptible antibiotic of similar spectrum. In the retrospective cohort, earlier susceptibility results would have been predicted to shorten time-to-best-fit antibiotic in 53/82 (65%) cases [escalation 16/82 (20%), de-escalation 37/82 (45%)], consistent with the study period findings. Extrapolating this to cultures received throughout 2022 in our trust (n = 1722), with a mean AST turnaround time of 491 min compared with 1553 min for standard AST testing, the Reveal system could save 4877 hours in time to escalation and 11 887 hours in time to de-escalation to appropriate antibiotic.

Conclusions
In our experience, Reveal resulted in a shortening of time-to-best-fit antibiotic in the majority of patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia. The impact on escalation may impact on mortality and morbidity, while de-escalation could have significant benefit in terms of AMS, with possible implications for shortened time to oral switch and shortened length of stay, with associated financial, operational and quality of care benefits.
P23 Rates, treatment and outcomes of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia at Addenbrooke’s Hospital
Authors: Barnes David , Blane Beth , Gouliouris Theodore 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE-fm) bacteraemias represent important nosocomial infections with significant associated mortality and morbidity.

Objectives
To (i) describe the rates, treatments, and outcomes of VRE-fm bacteraemia at Addenbrooke’s Hospital in 2020–21 and compare to a cohort from 2006 to 2012 and (ii) describe rates of antibiotic resistance in VRE-fm bacteraemia isolates from 2015 to 2021.

Methods
71 eligible adult patients with positive VRE-fm blood cultures from 2020 to 2021 were compiled, and electronic patient notes were reviewed retrospectively to obtain microbiological and clinical data. These were compared to a cohort of 187 patients from 2006 to 2012. A nine-person paediatric cohort from 2020 to 2021 was analysed separately. Antibiotic resistance rates were calculated among VRE-fm isolates from blood cultures collected from 2015 to 2021.

Results
A non-significant increase in VRE-fm bacteraemia cases was observed in 2020–2021. Patients were on average, older, with different spectrums of comorbidities. Despite similar Charlson Comorbidity Indices and Pitt Bacteraemia Scores, they also demonstrated a significant reduction in 30-day crude mortality from 34% to 18% (P = 0.015). This effect could be accounted for by a lower frequency of risk factors for mortality, such as renal and liver diseases in the 2020–21 cohort. Conversely, treatment with daptomycin was used more commonly among the 2020–21 cohort and was associated with greater survival.

Conclusions
Improved 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with VRE-fm bacteraemia were noted in 2020–21 compared with a historical 2006–12 cohort. High numbers of VRE-fm bacteraemia of nosocomial onset remain a significant concern from both an infection control and antimicrobial stewardship perspective.