Functional analysis of tumor-derived immunoglobulin lambda and its interacting proteins in cervical cancer
Authors: Wang Juping , Huang Jiangni , Ding Hao , Ma Jing , Zhong Haohua , Wang Fanlu , Chen Yupeng , Peng Hui 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Immunoglobulin lambda (Igλ) has been reported to be expressed in many normal and tumor tissues and cells. However, the function and clinical significance of tumor-derived Igλ remain unclear.
Methods: The differential expressions of IGLCs in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) were examined with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. The effects of IGLCs on patient clinical phenotypes and prognosis were explored via bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA databases. We used the bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA and GTEx databases to elucidate the correlations among IGLC expressions, immunomodulator expressions, tumor stemness, and infiltration scores of tumor infiltrating immune cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and silver staining combined with and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)were used to obtained potential tumor-derived Igλ-interacting proteins. Functional annotation of candidate proteins identified by MS was performed in Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The bioinformatics analysises of 7 IGLCs in CESC and normal cervical tissues was performed based on TCGA, GTEx, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was analyzed based on tumor-derived Igλ-interacting proteins in Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to validate the expressions of IGLCsin CESC.
Results: we found that the expressions of the majority of Igλ constants (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC4, IGLC5, IGLC6, and IGLC7) were upregulated in CESC tissues, compare with those in normal cervical tissues. The expressions of all IGLCs had no significant difference in different pathological variables (stages, grades, age, and TNM) of CESC. Except for disease-free interval (DFI), 4 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC7) expression levels were positively associated with patient overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI) respectively in CESC tissues. 5 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC6, and IGLC7) expressions were positively correlated with the expressions of a majority of immunomodulators respectively in CESC tissues. Tumor stemness was negatively correlated with the expressions of 4 IGLCs (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC7) respectively in CESC tissues. Except for IGLC4, IGLC5, and IGLC7, 4 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC6) expressions were positively correlated with infiltration scores of 6 tumor-infiltrating immune cells (B cell, T cell CD4, T cell CD8, neutrophil, macrophage, and DC). After analysisesof the above bioinformatics data of tumor-derived Igλ, Co-IP and LC-MS/MS were used to confirm that 4 proteins (RPL7, RPS3, H1-5, and H1-6) might interact with tumor-derived Igλ in cervical cancer cells. Functional analysises of these candidate proteins showed that they interacted with many proteins and were involved in various cellular biological processes. Finally, IHC was used to further confirm the above bioinformatics results, it was indicated that the expression level of Igλ in cervical adenocarcinoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in normal cervical tissue.
Conclusion: This study comprehensively investigated the functions of tumor-derived Igλand its interacting proteins based on bioinformatics analysisand the potential value of Igλ as a prognostic and therapeutic marker for CESC, providing new direction and evidence for CESC therapy.