bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastatic renal cancer
Authors: Neves Joana B. , Tran Maxine G. B. , Bex Axel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This case describes a young previously fit male diagnosed with a large but localized epithelioid angiomyolipoma, a rare variant of angiomyolipoma. Epitheloid angiomyoliponas are classified as benign tumours, but are known to potentially behave aggressively and one year after surgical excision, the patient developed metastatic disease. The case discusses the challenges faced with the management of large, localised renal tumours, and the difficulty in managing rare manifestations of metastatic disease when there is a paucity of clinical trial data. The discussion offers real-life comparison to what is currently recommended in international guidelines for the management of metastatic, mostly clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Genitourinary prolapse
Authors: Krishnaswamy Priyanka H. , Jha Swati 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPelvic organ prolapse is an increasing problem in the ageing population. Although not life-threatening, it can impose a significant burden of social and physical restrictions of activities, impact on psychological well-being, and decrease overall quality of life. In this case, an example of a woman with pelvic organ prolapse is discussed, including defining what pelvic organ prolapse is, and how and why it occurs. Classification, symptoms, and signs on examination including various management options, conservative and surgical, are also discussed. Urinary incontinence is covered elsewhere in this book and is beyond the scope of this case.
Urethral diverticulum
Authors: Ranasinghe Anudini , Greenwell Tamsin , Ockrim Jeremy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Urethral diverticula are rare entities and their diagnosis can be challenging and often delayed. The symptom complex can be hugely variable, and diagnosis is mostly dependent on imaging. Fine-slice magnetic resonance imaging has become the modality of choice to gain anatomical information, and (video) urodynamics is useful in assessing bladder and outlet function. Once a diagnosis is made, most opt for surgical excision for symptom resolution and the small, but significant risk (1–9%) of malignancy arising in the urethral diverticulum. Diverticulum size, position, and configuration (simple, partial, or complete horseshoe configurations) are important in surgical planning. In experienced hands, even the most complex diverticula can be approached ventrally through an anterior vaginal incision. The authors opt for Martius fat pad interposition in most patients as this has been shown to reduce the risk of urethrovaginal fistula formation and preserves the plane for future anti-incontinence surgery if required.
Male factor infertility: management of the azoospermic patient
Authors: Young Matthew , Kayes Oliver 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMale factor infertility (MFI) plays an important role in up to 50% of cases where couples struggle to conceive naturally. It is essential that the male partner is accurately assessed by a specialist in MFI to identify potential causes and to guide the couple regarding treatment options for natural or assisted conception. This case explores the systematic approach to assessing men referred with subfertility. It expands on the importance of taking a detailed clinical history and performing a focused examination alongside interpreting mandatory laboratory investigations in order to establish a diagnosis. The contemporary evidence relevant to this case is discussed, while considering all treatment options available to similar couples in order to achieve a pregnancy. The case ends with a discussion regarding the future developments and controversial topics within the field of male factor infertility.
Priapism
Authors: Ellul Thomas , Bullock Nicholas , Younis Ayman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Priapism is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 5.34 per 100,000 men in the US. It is subdivided into ischaemic, non-ischaemic, and stuttering priapism. Ischaemic priapism is the commonest type and is a urological emergency. A case is presented of recurrent ischaemic priapism secondary to illicit drug use and the different treatment options available. The management of priapism is mainly to resolve pain in the short term and to maintain erectile function in the long term. The treatment of priapism depends on its onset and type, and an algorithm for each type is detailed in the main body of this case. Awareness of basic management of priapism and early discussion with a specialist centre is vital to minimize the risk of irreversible consequences such as corporal fibrosis, subsequent penile shortening, and erectile dysfunction.
Black hole discs and spheres in galactic nuclei – exploring the landscape of vector resonant relaxation equilibria
Authors: Máthé Gergely , Szölgyén Ákos , Kocsis Bence 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Vector resonant relaxation (VRR) is known to be the fastest gravitational process that shapes the geometry of stellar orbits in nuclear star clusters. This leads to the realignment of the orbital planes on the corresponding VRR time-scale tVRR of a few million years, while the eccentricity e and semimajor axis a of the individual orbits are approximately conserved. The distribution of orbital inclinations reaches an internal equilibrium characterized by two conserved quantities, the total potential energy among stellar orbits, Etot, and the total angular momentum, Ltot. On time-scales longer than tVRR, the eccentricities and semimajor axes change slowly, and the distribution of orbital inclinations are expected to evolve through a series of VRR equilibria. Using a Monte Carlo Markov Chain method, we determine the equilibrium distribution of orbital inclinations in the microcanonical ensemble with fixed Etot and Ltot for isolated nuclear star clusters with a power-law distribution of a, e, and m, where m is the stellar mass. We explore the possible equilibria for nine representative Etot–Ltot pairs that cover the possible parameter space. For all cases, the equilibria show anisotropic mass segregation, where the distribution of more massive objects is more flattened than that for lighter objects. Given that stellar black holes are more massive than the average main-sequence stars, these findings suggest that black holes reside in disc-like structures within nuclear star clusters for a wide range of initial conditions.
Modelling populations of kilonovae
Authors: Setzer Christian N , Peiris Hiranya V , Korobkin Oleg , Rosswog Stephan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe 2017 detection of a kilonova coincident with gravitational-wave emission has identified neutron star mergers as the major source of the heaviest elements and dramatically constrained alternative theories of gravity. Observing a population of such sources has the potential to transform cosmology, nuclear physics, and astrophysics. However, with only one confident multi-messenger detection currently available, modelling the diversity of signals expected from such a population requires improved theoretical understanding. In particular, models that are quick to evaluate and are calibrated with more detailed multi-physics simulations are needed to design observational strategies for kilonovae detection and to obtain rapid-response interpretations of new observations. We use grey-opacity models to construct populations of kilonovae, spanning ejecta parameters predicted by numerical simulations. Our modelling focuses on wavelengths relevant for upcoming optical surveys, such as the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). In these simulations, we implement heating rates that are based on nuclear reaction network calculations. We create a Gaussian-process emulator for kilonova grey opacities, calibrated with detailed radiative transfer simulations. Using recent fits to numerical relativity simulations, we predict how the ejecta parameters from binary neutron star (BNS) mergers shape the population of kilonovae, accounting for the viewing-angle dependence. Our simulated population of BNS mergers produce peak i-band absolute magnitudes of −20 ≤ Mi ≤ −11. A comparison with detailed radiative transfer calculations indicates that further improvements are needed to accurately reproduce spectral shapes over the full light curve evolution.
Sources, Aesthetics, and Performance in Rădulescu’s Piano Sonatas
Authors: Pace Ian 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter constitutes a form of analysis, both based upon the scores and coming out of and reflecting back upon practice, from one who has regularly performed Horaţiu Rădulescu’s six piano sonatas for almost two decades. The chapter considers the sonatas from various angles—their titles, musical borrowings, textures, harmonic language, form (especially the use of sonata form), use of mensuration canons—and considers the implications for touch, rhythm, tempo, rhetoric, rubato, virtuosity, while also adding observations on how particular approaches to various of these parameters can affect the projection of various possible conceptions of the work. Focusing in particular upon the Third and Sixth Sonatas, the chapter also situates these relatively late works in the context of the composer’s wider aesthetic developed since the late 1960s, and considers his use of Byzantine chant and consequent implied musical provenance in the context of the cultural and political milieu in which he grew up, in communist Romania. It also compares his use of Romanian melodies, most of which were collected by Béla Bartók, with the older composer’s own settings of some of the same melodies. It draws upon, but modifies, the analytical strategies developed for engaging with the works’ harmonic language developed by Bob Gilmore, while arguing for a greater consideration of linear progression. Rejecting a prescriptive approach to the relationship between analysis and performance, the chapter elucidates some of the range of creative but intelligent possibilities available for interpreting these works.
Confucianism and Education
Authors: Walton Linda 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Education is integral to Confucianism. Beginning with compilation of the Analects by Confucius’s students recording their teacher’s sayings, the teacher-student (or master-disciple) relationship has been central to the transmission of Confucian teachings. After the development of formal schooling by the state, Confucian education was also closely aligned with government. Recruitment, training, and selection of government officials was dominated by Confucianism, inspiring the civil service examination system and determining its content. Yet Confucian values were also deeply rooted in the family. Children learned the core values of filial piety (xiao 孝) and gender roles through both the study of texts and ritual practices in the setting of family life. Despite harsh rejection of Confucianism in the course of twentieth-century revolutions, Confucian education experienced a resurgence in the twenty-first century in both public and private realms as a means to restore connections with Chinese cultural identity and to achieve a “harmonious society” (hexie shehui 和諧社會).
The Construction of Confucianism in Europe and the Americas
Authors: Jensen Lionel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This is an essay in global intellectual history told through the figure of Confucius and the manifold figurations of “Confucianism.” It reflects on the conditions and consequences of the naming of Kong Fuzi 孔夫子/Confucius and the energetic early modern transmission of the moral sayings that came to be—and remain—known as Confucianism. In the course of attending to the wider economic, intellectual, religious, social, and technical changes of 1550–1870, the chapter presents the premodern and early modern circulation of ideas embedded in the cargo of hundreds of vessels calling at ports like Goa, Malacca, Macao, and on into the European humanist enterprise of philology, which is at the root of the modern humanities. The concept of “Confucius and sayings” then circulated further into the Americas, being taken up as part of the global font of wisdom drawn on as new nations attempted to generate their own institutional and ideological foundations for a new order of the world (novus ordro seclorum).
The Construction of Confucianism in East Asia
Authors: Zufferey Nicolas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Confucianism has largely been a Western construction. In ancient Chinese, the closest match to “Confucians” was ru, “literati” or “classicists” but the term is not a perfect equivalent. Thus the subject of this chapter will be the construction of the ru rather than the construction of Confucianism. The chapter will outline the history of the ru from their emergence in antiquity to later developments; however, it will focus on the formative stage, namely pre-imperial times and the Qin and Han dynasties. In conclusion, the status and identity of Confucianism in the “Sinosphere” (Korea, Japan, and Vietnam) will be briefly described.
The Confucian Legendary Past
Authors: Pines Yuri 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The paragon rulers, ministers, and villains became stock figures in Confucian political discourse since the Warring States period and for millennia to come. This essay explores three sets of legendary and semi-legendary figures that were used by Confucian thinkers to put forward controversial political ideas. The morally impeccable Zhou dynastic founders, Kings Wen and Wu, who were mandated by Heaven to replace the depraved last ruler of the Shang dynasty, exemplified the idea of righteous rebellion. The sage monarchs, Yao and Shun, who allegedly abdicated in favor of their meritorious ministers, were presented to promote the daring notion of meritocratic power transfer as advantageous to the hereditary principle of rule. And the early Zhou regent and model minister, the Duke of Zhou, who acted as de facto ruler in his nephew’s stead, epitomized the Confucian aspiration to have real—albeit not nominal—power concentrated in the hands of wise ministers.
Mencius
Authors: Behuniak Jim 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mencius 孟子 (c.391–308 BCE) and his text have exerted a profound influence on the Confucian tradition. The meaning of Mencius’s philosophy, however, has always been contested. The core message of the Mencius was debated not long after the text was composed, and it has been subject to various interpretations in China ever since. Debates over Mencius’s philosophy have occupied Western scholars as well. In the latter half of the twentieth century, Greek-medieval virtue ethics emerged in Western scholarship as a paradigm in which to understand its teachings. Certain aspects of this paradigm are currently being challenged—specifically, where it assumes human destiny to be transcendentally ordained (“Heaven’s plan”) and understands human nature (renxing 人性) to be teleological. Such challenges signal the emergence of new approaches to Mencius’s philosophy, as contemporary scholars recover its more dynamic and naturalistic elements.
The Confucian Classics
Authors: Van Auken Newell Ann 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Five Classics, which formed the core of the Confucian canon. These works are the Classic of Poetry, Classic of Documents, Rites Classic, Classic of Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Classic. Although the Five Classics came to be regarded as “Confucian” works, none was written by Confucius. They were officially established as the basis of state-sponsored learning during the Western Han dynasty. The chapter gives an overview of the titles, dates of composition, content, and commentarial interpretations of each work and discusses their putative connection to Confucius, along with the subsequent reception and expansion of the canon and its later replacement with the Four Books.
The Formation of Neo-Confucianism in the Song
Authors: Hon Tze-ki 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Neo-Confucianism of the Song dynasty (960–1276) was a philosophical movement of dual nature. It was a response to Buddhism and Daoism on the one hand, and a reinterpretation of classical Confucianism on the other. As such, Neo-Confucianism included the psychological depth of Buddhism, the metaphysical sophistication of Daoism, and the socio-political vision of classical Confucianism. This chapter analyzes Neo-Confucianism from three perspectives: its origin, its main philosophical argument, and its impact. It demonstrates that the Confucianism of the Song dynasty can be called “Neo-Confucianism” because it clearly contained elements different from classical Confucianism. This new vision of Confucian learning was based on a moral metaphysics connecting what is mundane and ordinary to what is spiritual and transcendental.
Late Imperial Neo-Confucianism
Authors: Lee Pauline C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces late imperial Neo-Confucianism from the Yuan (1260–1368) through the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) periods. The study examines select significant themes including self-cultivation 修身, desire 情, classics 經, and family 家, and focuses on particular diachronic and synchronic intellectual conversations including between Xu Heng and Wu Cheng on the significance of texts and intuition; Wang Yangming and Taizhou thinkers such as Wang Longxi and Wang Bi on the role of the emotions in the moral life; Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng on the significance of historical and classical texts in moral development; and Li Zhi and Kang Youwei on the definition of a family.
Confucianism and Gender
Authors: Chan Sin Yee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This essay focuses on the philosophical aspects of the Confucian conception of gender in premodern China. It attempts to reconcile Confucianism with gender equality by examining the basis of the Confucian gender in yinyang (陰陽) and nei-wai (inner-outer 內外) distinctions and show how these two distinctions imply an ambiguous and fluid gender system, thus empowering women and allowing them to negotiate their subordination. Then appealing to the Confucian ideal of junzi 君子 (morally cultivated person), the chapter combines the discussion of masculinity and femininity from the Confucian canons with analyses from the traditional popular literature and drama. Finally the issue of transgender is examined demonstrating its compatibility with the Confucian binary gender system, showing how power plays a more important role than bodily features in the determination of gender for the transgender group.
Confucianism in Republican China, 1911–1949
Authors: Oldstone-Moore Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the Republican era, Confucianism proved to be an adaptable, relevant resource for projects of state building and modernization. Discussions in twentieth-century China concerning Confucianism varied greatly: it was sometimes seen as complementary, sometimes as contradictory to science, nationalism, and other perceived essentials for the new nation. Whether valorized or despised, in this period Confucianism continued to be regarded as a repository of morals, ethics, and metaphysical insights. This chapter surveys the impact of the New Culture and May Fourth Movements that despised Confucianism as an impediment to a modern China; the impact of “New Confucians” like Liang Shuming, Zhang Junmai, and Xiong Shili; and Chiang Kai-shek’s reinterpretation of Confucian ritual as a resource to transform apathetic, slovenly, and weak subjects into strong, hygienic, and loyal citizens. A novel form of Confucianism, a “muscular Confucianism,” emerged in the 1930s, applying Confucian practice and ideas to produce robust physical bodies to “save the nation.”
The Economy of Corruption in Cameroonian’s Cartoons
Authors: Djouldé Christelle Amina 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This contribution analyzes editorial cartoons with a view to decoding paradigms of corruption in Cameroon, a major obstacle to the country’s economic progress. In the light of the “pictorial turn,” it examines how satiric images are material that make it possible to understand the complexity of corruption. Her contribution combines the comparison of various sources to shows how the editorial cartoon offers a painting of corruption. It also discusses the relationship between “the tyranny of corruption” and the persistence of Cameroon’s under-development.
Comparing Nonrenewable Resources Stocks and Capital Goods
Authors: Kakeu Johnson 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that from a social welfare perspective non-renewable natural resource stocks are not like capital goods in capital-resource economies. We use shadow pricing for comparing non-renewable natural resource stocks and capital goods. It is shown that from a social welfare perspective, there are situations where the social worth of non-renewable natural resource stocks is greater than the social worth of capital goods. More generally, nonrenewable natural resource stocks are not equivalent to capital goods from a social welfare perspective. Numerical examples on shadow pricing are provided for illustration. Shadow pricing metric and the market pricing metric do not lead to the same conclusion when it comes to comparing natural resource stocks and capital goods. We contribute to the literature that emphasizes the importance of incorporating information on natural resource stocks in optimally managing a country’s public wealth. Public policy recommendations relating to the optimal management of natural resource stocks in Cameroon are discussed.
Cameroon’s Economic Assets and Production
Authors: Tchana Tchana Fulbert 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter documents and analyzes the mismatch between Cameroon’s perceived “wealth” and economic production. It shows that although not as wealthy as some analysts perceive, Cameroon's natural resource is underused as it is not transformed at its full potential to economic production (GDP). The inadequate level of produced capital relative to the country’s total wealth mainly explains this shortcoming. The country should focus on increasing public and private investments in infrastructure while ensuring greater efficiency and building its human capital to fix the mismatch.
Electricity Supply and Manufacturing Exports
Authors: Amadu Ismaila , Boniface Ngah Epo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Electricity shortages are a serious threat to manufacturing exports. This chapter estimates the impact of power deficits on the manufacturing exports in Cameroon. We mobilized a Vector Error Correction Model and data gotten from the 2018 World Development Indicators data set for the period 1972-2017 for the econometric estimations. Results reveal that a percentage decrease in electricity supply causes a reduction in the exports of manufactured products by a percentage point in the short-term and six percentage points in the long-term. The other covariates suggest that a one percent increase in manufacturing causes labor force to increase by seven percent in the short-term with the long-term value not being significant. The implications of these findings purport that adequate and stable power supply are critical in improving the exports of industrial products. Consequently, increasing electricity supply and making it more affordable and accessible to manufacturing industries should be at the core of the current industrial policy, economic development programs and the national development strategy in Cameroon.