bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of other forms of SpA and “look-alikes”
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Asymptomatic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be present in close to 60% of all patients with AS, and 5– 20% of such patients develop Crohn’s disease (CD) within the first 5 years of AS presentation. Patients suffering from psoriasis, IBD, acute uveitis, and reactive arthritis have increased risk of development of AS or related forms of SpA. For example, up to 30% of people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a form of SpA, and anywhere between 10% and 40% of people with IBD (especially CD) develop SpA. The reverse is also true: patients with AS/axSpA are more likely than the general population to suffer also from IBD or psoriasis. Luckily, patients with these various forms of SpA that share many clinical features respond very well, with very few exceptions, to many of the currently available biologics and some of the JAK-inhibitors.
Exercise and physical therapy
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Regular range of motion exercise is of fundamental importance in preventing or minimizing stiffness and deformity. A life-long regular physical exercise regimen and proper posture control are of fundamental importance in the successful long-term management of AS/axSpA. Unsupervised exercises at home or supervised single or group physical exercises (on ground and/or in water) are necessary to complement the increasing number of currently available and remarkably effective pharmacological therapies. But such physical exercises and other non-pharmacological measures are generally under-utilized by both patients as well as their healthcare providers. Randomized controlled trials have shown that physiotherapy with disease education is effective in the treatment of people with AS, and group physical therapy is cost-effective compared to individualized therapy. Patients’ posture problems and difficulties in performing activities of daily living should be identified, and workplace modifications may be needed.
Management
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In most countries, rheumatologists are board-certified internists with additional two or more years of fellowship training to diagnose and treat arthritis and other musculoskeletal diseases. Their most important role is to decide on the diagnosis and then educate the patient about the disease for which they prescribe appropriate treatment and monitor and adjust it when appropriate. They may also work closely with other health professionals such as orthopedists and physiatrists, physical therapists (physiotherapists), psychiatrists, psychologists, podiatrists, and dieticians. Well-established rheumatology centers also have trained professionals, such as nurse practitioners, specialist nurses, and medical social workers. It is important for the rheumatologists to let the patients’ primary care physicians (PCPs) or general practitioners (GPs) know that their perspectives are also incorporated in a “shared decision-making” process.
NSAIDs and conventional DMARDs
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) reduce pain and inflammation that are different from cortisone and, unlike narcotics, they are not habit-forming. Some NSAIDs are available without a doctor’s prescription (“over-the-counter”) but at a lower dose. Their use should be based on the person’s prior tolerance, risk factors for adverse effects, for example, on the stomach, heart, liver, or kidneys, and any coexisting illnesses, such as hypertension. There is an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding from gastritis and ulcers, especially in the elderly population and those with a previous history of peptic ulcer disease. Women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding should not take them without their doctor’s advice. Sulfasalazine and methotrexate are DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, also called slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs because any benefit from these drugs takes some time to manifest) but they are not particularly effective in managing spinal disease of patients with AS/axSpA.
Charisma
Authors: Lloyd Vincent 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Religious and political awakenings have been central features of US democratic life, with the Second Great Awakening and the abolition movement sharing important features. Charismatic movements pull in a democratic direction, activating mass participation and engagement in questions of common life, but they also pull in an anti-democratic direction, habituating subordination to unelected leaders. At the heart of this tension is the concept of charisma, at once religious and political, at once a tool of mass mobilization and empowerment of elites. Moving between conceptual reflection and analysis of Herman Melville’s The Confidence Man, this essay explores the centrality and ambivalence of charisma—and urges us to shift focus from the charismatic performer to democratic virtues of attention to be found in charisma’s audience.
Settlement
Authors: Roberts Alaina E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Native Americans have often been left out of discussions about American democracy. Attempting to correct that, this essay uses Congressional records, federal treaty negotiation documents, and letters to and from the Department of the Interior to argue that an examination of the Five Tribes (the Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole Nations) in the post-Civil War period demonstrates that our modern democracy is inseparable from the settler-colonialist system that allowed for its formation. More specifically, the United States voided its own treaties and sanctioned mass white settlement on land it had promised indefinitely to Native people; this is key to understanding the extent of the contradictions inherent in this country’s supposed founding upon self-evident truths of liberty and equality for all.
A Mirroring Brain
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a definition of the mirror property and provides evidence that far from merely identifying a small subset of neurons in a small area of the premotor cortex, this property can be considered a fundamental principle of the functioning of the entire nervous system. The chapter includes reviews of the early studies leading to the discovery of mirror neurons in the macaque, of subsequent research revealing the presence of mirror neurons in other areas of the frontal, parietal, and prefrontal lobes, and of the vast literature that contributed to individuating human brain areas endowed with the mirror property in structures such as the insula, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus. Finally, it offers a panorama of the research done on other species such as marmosets, birds, rats, and bats, providing an initial characterization of the mechanism underlying what can justifiably be called a mirroring brain.
The Importance of Sentimental Values
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The sentimental values play an important role in moral psychology even when they conflict with each other, and with morality. All natural emotions are sometimes fitting, even such morally dubious ones as envy. Hence, all the sentimental values are sometimes instantiated. These values entail practical reasons to act in service of an emotional goal, though the reasons may be overrident or silenced by moral concerns. For instance, fitting anger implies the existence of retributive reasons to blame and punish. Finally, the nature of guilt, as well as the positive moral emotions, constrains which moral theories are tenable for human beings. Strictly impartial theories, such as those given by Sidgwick’s axioms of ethics, cannot be internalized by even admirable people and are therefore alienated from some of the most important sources of human motivation.
Mathematics and Society
Authors: D. Senthil Babu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mathematics and Society studies a regional tradition of mathematics in Tamil-speaking South India. It questions a received picture of Indian history of mathematics. It reflects on how specific, historically situated mathematical practices reveal the limitations of nationalist frameworks of narrating histories of science. But it shall not endorse a Tamil nationalist reading of this tradition either. On the contrary, this book explores the history of mathematics in south India in terms of its varied public circulation. It tries to capture imagined audiences for various experiments and investigates modes of mathematical practice, teaching and learning. It engages with historical sources as records of practice, and brings the world of the practitioners as central to a social history of mathematics in India. It demonstrates how such an approach would help us depart from the cultural and intellectual preoccupation with dualisms of theory and practice, nation and region, Sanskrit and the vernacular, pure and applied. Rather, it situates practices and pathways of mathematization in early modern south India within the political economy of resource distribution to interrogate the character of abstraction in and from practices. It asks how do we understand and contend with the quest for universalism in knowledge amidst social segregation and fragmentation and caste-bound occupational hierarchies. How could such an inquiry help us with the task of annihilation of hierarchies in knowledge, work, and in society to re-imagine modes of democratisation and freedom in our own pedagogic practices.
Record Labels and Value Creation in the Streaming Economy
Authors: Miller Larry S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines critical changes in the recorded music industry during its transition from physical products to on-demand streaming services in the way record labels create value for artists and fans. In the modern streaming-driven music industry it has become optional for artists to sign with labels. Artists without a label can independently self-release and make their music available on streaming services and become theoretically discoverable at the touch of an upload button. Record labels today discover and develop artists, connect them with creative collaborators and make great records, promote and position them wherever fans go to discover music, and reward successful outcomes—but how labels perform those functions has changed forever. This chapter distills nearly fifty conversations with senior executives from across the U.S. recorded music business to describe the transformation of value creation in the recorded music industry.
Race and Clinical Work
Authors: Archer Deborah N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on clinical legal education, which plays an increasingly central role in legal education as it was founded on the goal of providing professional education in the interests of justice. It describes the broadly applicable and intensely personal skills taught in clinical programs that guide students to their own personal understanding of the social responsibilities of lawyers and issues of social justice and equality. It also defines social justice advocacy as advocacy on behalf of poor or marginalized individuals or communities that advances liberty, privacy, autonomy, and equality. The chapter highlights how race continues to have a profound impact on life in America, such as on housing, education, health care, and the criminal legal system. It emphasizes the opportunity that clinical legal education offers in teaching the skills of cross-cultural, cross-racial, and racially conscious advocacy.
Open University Systems
Authors: Bandalaria Melinda dela Peña , Ivanovic Alexandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Open University (OU) systems provide an alternative option for learners who cannot enter or participate in traditional or conventional higher education institutions. Open Universities are characterized by their open access to education, flexible learning and scheduling, and online and distance modes of educational delivery. This chapter considers the philosophies of, and imperatives which led to the establishment of OU systems worldwide. It then describes the development of different OUs in Asia and the Pacific, where the majority of OUs are located. The chapter also explores the challenges and opportunities faced by OU systems to measure and maintain quality of education. The chapter concludes with an examination of the sustainability and continued relevance of OUs, including evaluating how changes in ICTs have shaped these institutions, and, finally, considers the impacts that future trends in higher education may have on OUs in the region.
Private Universities in India
Authors: Bhanu Mehta Pratap 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The rapid expansion of private higher education over the past four decades in India has transformed Indian higher education. This chapter has three aims. It provides the historical, economic, and political context for the privatization of higher education in India. It then examines the legal, regulatory, and institutional framework in which private education operates in India, and how these shape the opportunities and constraints for private education institutions. It then looks at the governance challenges of a new generation of private universities that might help increase the breadth and depth of private higher education in India. The chapter concludes with a prediction that the future success of private higher education in India will depend on two factors: broader growth of the Indian economy and willingness to expand and invest in education, and political and administrative choices over the regulation of the higher education system in India.
Productive Workers or Better Citizens?
Authors: De Meyer Arnoud 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Higher education has many objectives in Asia, but most can be categorized under four headings: grooming teachers and professionals needed for the development of society (and by extension creating the capabilities for innovation and productivity enhancement), offering development options for young citizens, grooming better citizens, and, more recently, shaping lifelong learning. However, as indicated in this chapter with some concrete examples from East Asian countries, there may be trade-offs, even conflicts between these objectives. For example, investing in the development of productive workers may not necessarily lead to more citizens who develop a strong sense of belonging to the nation and are willing to contribute to its development. The chapter suggests that such conflicts can be managed through implementing good governance, by creating diversity in the system of higher education, and by developing a long-term vision of the dynamics in that system of higher education.
Access
Authors: Buasuwan Prompilai , Leksansern Arisara 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Higher education (HE), as a whole throughout Asia-Pacific, has grown rapidly, resulting in greater opportunities for access to higher education. The rapid increase in access to HE over the past two decades has come at a tremendous cost of a severe and pervasive decline in academic quality. It is unclear whether all qualified students have access to quality higher education. HE in Asia-Pacific has had much success in terms of availability and to some extent, accessibility, but not horizontally, in that universities are mostly stratified and not every individual has equal access to quality HE. More attention, therefore, should be given to the qualitative factors that affect the equity of access to HE, such as values and attitudes toward education and job opportunity, learning performance, parental education, test and admission systems, and the cumulative effects from achievement gaps created from early childhood education through to high school sectors.
The Politics of Work-Family Policies
Authors: Boling Patricia 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMany comparative studies about family polices have found that the Nordic social-democratic countries have developed the most effective, generous family support policies in the world. The chapter asks why most other welfare states in the advanced industrial countries do not have such generous family policy. It argues that we can better understand cross-national differences in the development of family policies if we pay attention to politics and cultural ideas that limit the space for family political innovation. On the basis of a case study on the evolution of work-family policies in the United States since the Great Depression, which is characterized by a low level of generosity in work-family policies, the chapter illustrates the utility of such an approach. The author concludes that an approach that aims to explain cross-national differences in family policies with politics and ideas helps us understand the specific development in the United States.
The Politics of Ideas in Family Policy
Authors: Fleckenstein Timo , Mohun Himmelweit Samuel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues that a focus on cross-national explanations for change in family policies requires an examination not only of the political dynamics of ideational change but of the content of that change as well. The chapter addresses this gap, providing an overview of the politics of ideas in family policy, with a particular focus on variation in recent changes, based on a comparative study that includes welfare states in the Scandinavian countries, Continental Europe, the liberal countries, East Asia, and the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. It highlights how a relatively homogenous “old” politics of ideas has given way to a variety of “new” politics, which vary in terms of the extent and direction of policy change. On the basis of the findings, the authors conclude that a focus on the politics of ideas can help to understand cross-national differences in family policy reform.
Global Trends in Cohabitation
Authors: Sánchez Gassen Nora E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cohabitation has become more common across almost all parts of the world since the mid-20th century. Nonetheless, the onset of this trend and the uptake of cohabitation have differed substantially. A growing body of literature has described and analyzed cohabitation trends in different countries. Based on this material, this chapter describes cohabitation trends around the world and highlights some of the key reasons that explain why trends developed the way they did on different continents. Demographers have also discussed whether countries in Europe and around the world follow a similar pathway whereby cohabitation gradually becomes more popular and accepted until it becomes indistinguishable from marriage. This chapter summarizes the main arguments and findings from this discussion, concluding that a convergence in cohabitation behaviors across countries is not yet in sight.
The Various Roles of Cohabitation in the United States
Authors: Sassler Sharon , Cooperstock Alexandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As cohabitation has become more prevalent, the role that living together serves has expanded. Early research on union formation generally depicted cohabitation as a precursor to marriage. However, the growing complexity of family formation patterns highlights the need to re-examine this presumption. Various factors contribute to the growing heterogeneity in the role served by cohabitation, and a more expansive framework for understanding new functions that living together serves can take several forms: as a precursor to marriage, as a trial for marriage, as an alternative to marriage, or as an alternative to dating and being single. Rather than assuming a static function, evidence points to a more dynamic role: the meaning of cohabitation can change over time, over the course of relationships, and within couples.
The Legal Framework of Cohabitation
Authors: Ryznar Margaret , Stępień Anna 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite the increase in cohabitation around the world in recent years, cohabitants in many countries do not have any legal remedies upon the end of their relationship, particularly when it comes to property division. In other countries, however, cohabitants do receive certain legal protections. These legal protections of cohabitants depend on the country and widely range from the enforcement of cohabitation contracts upon separation of the cohabitants to the legal treatment of cohabitation similarly to marriage. This chapter examines the various legal approaches that countries take toward cohabiting couples, focusing on the United States and Poland as two case studies.
Framing Reproductive Policy
Authors: Green Ronald Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Addressing another consequence of the postponement in childbearing, Ronald Green observes that the increasing rates of infertility associated with this delay have been accompanied by a rise in the use of in vitro fertilization and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Green explores policies governing ARTs in many of the economically advanced nations, noting significant variations based on a country’s history, fiscal capacity, and politics. At the same time, his analysis emphasizes the significant role of the religious factor in shaping a country’s policy response to new assisted reproduction technologies. Policymakers dealing with ARTs are advised to carefully consider the religious orientations of their constituencies.
Same-Sex Unions and Childrearing
Authors: Cahill Sean R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how religion and politics play an important role in the increasing recognition of diverse family forms, such as same-sex marriage, and policies that acknowledge the rights of LGBT parents. Sean Cahill reviews the prevalence and current state of affairs regarding same-sex marriage and parenting in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and East Asia. He notes that while studies have found that children of LGBT parents are not disadvantaged in their development compared to their peers, only 28 countries allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. Cahill reports that family policies that promote marriage equality for LGBT people are associated with better health and well-being for same-sex couples and their children.
Transition to Adulthood and the Emancipation Process
Authors: López Peláez Antonio , Erro-Garcés Amaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Based on an analysis of data from the European Social Survey, Antonio López Peláez and Amaya Erro-Garcés describe the main features of the transition from youth to adulthood and the process of emancipation. Their findings show a universal trend of late emancipation whereby, compared to the past, young people today are taking longer to leave their parents’ homes, get their first job, live with a partner, marry, and have children. The delays are most pronounced around decisions concerning marriage and having children. This general trend is evident throughout Europe among countries with a wide range of differences in social policies. However, the authors note that some heterogeneous patterns can be found. For example, young people tend to remain in the family home longer in Southern European countries than in Northern European countries. In response to the consequences of late emancipation, López Peláez and Erro-Garcés note the need for social policies, such as the European Youth Employment Initiative, that promote independence and self-sufficiency among youth.