bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the sensing characteristics of two‐dimensional material WTe2 to toxic gases HF and Cl2
Authors: Su Shuo , Chen Li , Yang Maoyou , Zhang Mingjian , Wang Junmei , Shi Jiakuo , Zhang Duo , Hou Weimin , Wu Hongping 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe adsorption characteristics of gas molecules HF and Cl2 on monolayer WTe2 surface are studied by first‐principles calculation method. The results show that monolayer WTe2 is more sensitive to gas molecule Cl2. The adsorption performance of monolayer WTe2 to gas molecule HF cannot be improved by doping atoms. When the upward vertical electric field is applied, the sensitivity of monolayer WTe2 to gas molecule Cl2 is improved, and when the downward vertical electric field is applied, the monolayer WTe2 shows an obvious desorption trend to gas molecule Cl2. The vertical electric field cannot significantly enhance the interaction between gas molecule HF and Ag‐doped monolayer WTe2. Our research confirms that monolayer WTe2 is more sensitive to gas molecule Cl2 and can be improved or desorbed by the vertical electric field, while that of monolayer WTe2 for gas molecule HF cannot significantly change. Furthermore, the electrical transport characteristics of monolayer WTe2 and Cl2‐WTe2 system are studied to better explain the reason for the higher sensitivity to gas molecule Cl2. The research results of this paper provide theoretical guidance for the experimental preparation of high sensitivity gas sensor based on two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide WTe2.
Mixed Micellization of Promazine Hydrochloride with Cholinium‐Based Anionic Surface Active Ionic Liquids and their Potential Application for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Arif Rabia , Dhanagar Arun , Shaheen Arifa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis work is aimed to study the interaction of an amphiphilic drug, promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) and two anionic surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), cholinium laurylsarcosinate [Cho][Sar] and cholinium deoxycholate [Cho][Doc] using conductivity, UV‐visible spectroscopy and fluorescence techniques. The results obtained by all three techniques indicated non‐ideal behavior and synergistic interactions between the PMZ drug and SAIL mixed systems. Further, the drug‐SAIL mixtures were used to stabilize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in aqueous solution. The results of UV‐visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that PMZ and SAILs had strong electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions which played a significant role in the stabilization of Ag NPs. The morphological analysis of the Ag NPs showed the formation of various types of aggregates controlled by the internal packing of PMZ‐[Cho][Sar]/[Cho][Doc] mixed systems. These drug‐SAIL based NPs could be used in separation and synthesis applications in nanotechnology by altering the structure of drugs and SAILs.
Atypical Metal‐Center Coordination in Two Cyanide‐Based Coordination Polymers
Authors: Vázquez Monica C. , Avila Yosuan , Mojica Rodrigo , Ávila Manuel , Reguera Edilso 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis contribution reports the crystal structure, solved and refined from single crystal XRD data, of two cyanide‐based coordination polymers, with K[Cu2(CN)3] ⋅ H2O (1) and [Cd(H2O)]2Cd(H2O)2[Cu(CN)3Cu(CN)2]2 ⋅ 8H2O (2) as formula units. These coordination polymers are characterized by metal‐metal bonds between copper atoms. In 1, the framework is formed by Cu−Cu(CN)3 pseudo tetrahedral blocks linked by planar Cu2(CN)3 units. In this material, a defined Cu−Cu bond was identified, which is congruent with the corresponding Raman spectrum. The K atom and water molecule occupy the framework cavities. In 2, the Cu−Cu bond is observed in Cu2(CN)6 blocks which remain linked to Cd(NC)2(H2O)4 and Cd(NC)4(H2O)2 units occupying their axial and equatorial coordination positions, respectively. The solid framework is completed by the −N=C−Cu−C=N− chains linked to Cd(NC)4(H2O)2 moieties. The crystal structure for 2 contains two different sites for the metal centers. The structural study was complemented by recording IR, Raman, and UV/Vis spectra. These two coordination polymers behave as semiconductor materials with a band gap of 2.79 and 3.43 eV, respectively, as derived from the Tauc plot of the corresponding UV/Vis spectrum. Band structure calculations properly supported these values. 1 is a material of an indirect band gap, while 2 has a direct band gap.
Mapping Heterogeneity of Pristine and Aged Li‐ and Na‐Mnhcf Cathode by Synchrotron‐Based Energy‐Dependent Full Field Transmission X‐ray Microscopy
Authors: Maisuradze Mariam , Li Min , Mullaliu Angelo , Sorrentino Andrea , Tonti Dino , Passerini Stefano , Giorgetti Marco 
Published: August 2023

AbstractManganese hexacyanoferrate is a promising cathode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries, however, it suffers of capacity fading during the cycling process. To access the structural and functional characteristics at the nanometer scale, fresh and cycled electrodes are extracted and investigated by transmission soft X‐ray microscopy, which allows chemical characterization with spatial resolution from position‐dependent x‐ray spectra at the Mn L‐, Fe L‐ and N K‐edges. Furthermore, soft X‐rays prove to show superior sensitivity toward Fe, compare to hard X‐rays. Inhomogeneities within the samples are identified, increasing in the aged electrodes, more dramatically in the Li‐ion system, which explains the poorer cycle life as Li‐ion cathode material. Local spectra, revealing different oxidation states over the sample with strong correlation between the Fe L‐edge, Mn L‐edge, and N K‐edge, imply a coupling between redox centers and an electron delocalization over the host framework.
Toward design a secure protocol for updating remotely stored credentials of a crypto‐biometric framework for multi‐server environment
Authors: Barman Subhas , Chattopadhyay Samiran , Samanta Debasis 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntegration of biometric data with cryptography is gaining importance to develop a secure distributed communication system. The main issue with this strategy is updating a biometric template and other credentials (like a cryptographic key) and sharing the same in a secure manner. This paper proposes a novel approach to protect a credential under the security of biometric data using fuzzy commitment so that it can be securely stored on a remote server. Furthermore, a protocol has been proposed to update the cryptographic key and biometric data online and share the same among communicating parties through a network channel. A rigorous security analysis of the scheme establishes the robustness of the scheme against many known attacks. In addition to this, to substantiate that the protocol is provably secure, it has been critically verified with two protocol verification tools, namely, the RO (Random Oracle) Model and the AVISPA (automated validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications) tool. The proposed protocol is useful to design a multiparty system having a multi‐user and multi‐server environment.
Water stress and sustainability challenges: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Salman Abdou Doaa M. , Rajab Mohamad Mussad Ibrahim 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa is considered one of the hotspots most likely to be affected by water problems due to the region's heavy reliance on agriculture. This study has three objectives. First, it aims to assess the driving factors that influence environmental performance in Sub‐Saharan countries. Second, it investigates the impact of water scarcity on sustainable development in sub‐Saharan nations by utilizing available data on the environmental performance index (EPI) from 2000 to 2010, which is the only complete and accessible time series. Third, it seeks to identify the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the EPI. To achieve these objectives, the study employs an empirical dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and a panel of selected countries in sub‐Saharan Africa to examine long‐term equilibrium and short‐term adjustments. The results indicate a positive correlation between population growth and EPI in Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, and South Africa. In the long term, the population coefficient exhibits a negative and significant relationship with EPI. Maternal mortality rates were found to have 1% relevance, while health spending was deemed irrelevant. Both carbon emissions and the proportion of the population with improved water sources had a negative and significant impact on the environmental index. The findings underscore the conflicts between water demand and other explanatory variables on water stress in sub‐Saharan countries. Thus, the study recommends the urgent formulation of regional policies to effectively safeguard future generations from the threat of water poverty.
Parareal with a Physics-Informed Neural Network as Coarse Propagator
Authors: Ibrahim Abdul Qadir , Götschel Sebastian , Ruprecht Daniel 
Published: August 2023

AbstractParallel-in-time algorithms provide an additional layer of concurrency for the numerical integration of models based on time-dependent differential equations. Methods like Parareal, which parallelize across multiple time steps, rely on a computationally cheap and coarse integrator to propagate information forward in time, while a parallelizable expensive fine propagator provides accuracy. Typically, the coarse method is a numerical integrator using lower resolution, reduced order or a simplified model. Our paper proposes to use a physics-informed neural network (PINN) instead. We demonstrate for the Black-Scholes equation, a partial differential equation from computational finance, that Parareal with a PINN coarse propagator provides better speedup than a numerical coarse propagator. Training and evaluating a neural network are both tasks whose computing patterns are well suited for GPUs. By contrast, mesh-based algorithms with their low computational intensity struggle to perform well. We show that moving the coarse propagator PINN to a GPU while running the numerical fine propagator on the CPU further improves Parareal’s single-node performance. This suggests that integrating machine learning techniques into parallel-in-time integration methods and exploiting their differences in computing patterns might offer a way to better utilize heterogeneous architectures.
Representation Learning and NLP
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNatural language processing (NLP) aims to build linguistic-specific programs for machines to understand and use human languages. Conventional NLP methods heavily rely on feature engineering to constitute semantic representations of text, requiring careful design and considerable expertise. Meanwhile, representation learning aims to automatically build informative representations of raw data for further application and achieves significant success in recent years. This chapter presents a brief introduction to representation learning, including its motivation, history, intellectual origins, and recent advances in both machine learning and NLP.
Biomedical Knowledge Representation Learning
Authors: Zeng Zheni , Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAs a subject closely related to our life and understanding of the world, biomedicine keeps drawing much attention from researchers in recent years. To help improve the efficiency of people and accelerate the progress of this subject, AI techniques especially NLP methods are widely adopted in biomedical research. In this chapter, with biomedical knowledge as the core, we launch a discussion on knowledge representation and acquisition as well as biomedical knowledge-guided NLP tasks and explain them in detail with practical scenarios. We also discuss current research progress and several future directions.
Sentence and Document Representation Learning
Authors: Ding Ning , Lin Yankai , Liu Zhiyuan , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSentence and document are high-level linguistic units of natural languages. Representation learning of sentences and documents remains a core and challenging task because many important applications of natural language processing (NLP) lie in understanding sentences and documents. This chapter first introduces symbolic methods to sentence and document representation learning. Then we extensively introduce neural network-based methods for the far-reaching language modeling task, including feed-forward neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and Transformers. Regarding the characteristics of a document consisting of multiple sentences, we particularly introduce memory-based and hierarchical approaches to document representation learning. Finally, we present representative applications of sentence and document representation, including text classification, sequence labeling, reading comprehension, question answering, information retrieval, and sequence-to-sequence generation.
Knowledge Representation Learning and Knowledge-Guided NLP
Authors: Han Xu , Chen Weize , Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractKnowledge is an important characteristic of human intelligence and reflects the complexity of human languages. To this end, many efforts have been devoted to organizing various human knowledge to improve the ability of machines in language understanding, such as world knowledge, linguistic knowledge, commonsense knowledge, and domain knowledge. Starting from this chapter, our view turns to representing rich human knowledge and using knowledge representations to improve NLP models. In this chapter, taking world knowledge as an example, we present a general framework of organizing and utilizing knowledge, including knowledge representation learning, knowledge-guided NLP, and knowledge acquisition. For linguistic knowledge, commonsense knowledge, and domain knowledge, we will introduce them in detail in subsequent chapters considering their unique knowledge properties.
Mechanical Behaviors of Corroded Prestressing Strands
Authors: Wang Lei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCorrosion will reduce the cross-sectional area of strands and deteriorate the mechanical property of prestressing strands. In this chapter, nineteen corroded strands are obtained through controlling stress level, corrosion time, and chloride ion concentration under artificial climate conditions. Then, the size and geometry of corrosion pits are measured, and its probability distribution is investigated. Furthermore, static tensile tests are carried out to study the mechanical property of prestressing strands after corrosion. Following this, a constitutive model of corroded prestressing strand is proposed.
Bond Behavior Between Strand and Concrete with Corrosive Cracking
Authors: Wang Lei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBond behavior between strand and concrete plays a decisive role in sustaining the properties of prestressed concrete structures. This chapter mainly discusses the bond behavior between corroded strand and concrete. First, the effects of corrosion-induced crack on the bond between strand and concrete are studied based on the pull-out test; the confinement role of stirrups on the deterioration of bond behavior affected by concrete cracking is addressed. Next, the bond behavior of corroded strand in pretensioned concrete structures is investigated by the bending test; the effects of strand corrosion on force–slip curves, bond strength, and failure mode are discussed.
Large N partition functions of 3d holographic SCFTs
Authors: Bobev Nikolay , Hong Junho , Reys Valentin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We study the S1 × $$ {\Sigma}_{\mathfrak{g}} $$

Σ
g

topologically twisted index and the squashed sphere partition function of various 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
≥ 2 holographic superconformal field theories arising from M2-branes. Employing numerical techniques in combination with well-motivated conjectures we provide compact closed-form expressions valid to all orders in the perturbative 1/N expansion for these observables. We also discuss the holographic implications of our results for the topologically twisted index for the dual M-theory Euclidean path integral around asymptotically AdS4 solutions of 11d supergravity. In Lorentzian signature this leads to a prediction for the corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a class of static asymptotically AdS4 BPS black holes.
Canonical purification and the quantum extremal shock
Authors: Parrikar Onkar , Singh Vivek 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We study the canonical purification of pure, bi-partite states (with respect to one of the parties) obtained by turning on sources in the Euclidean path integral. In holographic conformal field theories, the Lorentzian bulk dual of the canonical purification consists of the corresponding entanglement wedge glued to its CRT image at the quantum extremal surface. However, the mismatch in the classical expansions at the QES due to quantum corrections needs to be supported by a shock in the bulk matter stress tensor in order for the bulk to satisfy Einstein’s equations. Working perturbatively to first order in double-trace sources around the thermofield double state, we demonstrate that the state of the bulk matter in the dual to the canonically purified boundary CFT state precisely has this quantum extremal shock in the bulk stress tensor. We interpret our results as the emergence of gravitational physics from the CFT entanglement structure in a context where bulk quantum corrections are important.
Effects of low doses of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on definitive endoderm cell differentiation in human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Li Bai , Jin Xiaolei , Chan Hing Man 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFetal development is one of the most sensitive windows to methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity. Laboratory and epidemiological studies have shown a dose–response relationship between fetal MeHg exposure and neuro performance in different life stages from infants to adults. In addition, MeHg exposure has been reported to be associated with disorders in endoderm-derived organs, such as morphological changes in liver cells and pancreatic cell dysfunctions. However, the mechanisms of the effects of MeHg on non-neuronal organs or systems, especially during the early development of endoderm-derived organs, remain unclear. Here we determined the effects of low concentrations of MeHg exposure during the differentiation of definitive endoderm (DE) cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). hESCs were exposed to MeHg (0, 10, 100, and 200 nM) that covers the range of Hg concentrations typically found in human maternal blood during DE cell induction. Transcriptomic analysis showed that sub-lethal doses of MeHg exposure could alter global gene expression patterns during hESC to DE cell differentiation, leading to increased expression of endodermal genes/proteins and the over-promotion of endodermal fate, mainly through disrupting calcium homeostasis and generating ROS. Bioinformatic analysis results suggested that MeHg exerts its developmental toxicity mainly by disrupting ribosome biogenesis during early cell lineage differentiation. This disruption could lead to aberrant growth or dysfunctions of the developing endoderm-derived organs, and it may be the underlying mechanism for the observed congenital diseases later in life. Based on the results, we proposed an adverse outcome pathway for the effects of MeHg exposure during human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm differentiation.
Magnetoelectric properties of multiferroic ceramic composites
Authors: Bochenek Dariusz , Niemiec Przemysław , Chrobak Artur , Guzdek Piotr 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe paper analyzes the influence of hard and soft admixture on the functional properties of multiferroic ceramic composites. Two composite materials via solid-state reaction route were obtained. PZT-type materials (with hard or soft admixture) were selected as the ferroelectric component (90%), and nickel–zinc ferrite as the magnetic component (10%). The influence of the doping type (soft and hard admixture of the ferroelectric composite component) on multiferroic composites’ dielectric, ferroelectric, electromechanical, magnetic, and magnetoelectric properties were analyzed. Microstructural studies revealed the microstructure of composites with the correct distribution of the magnetic component in the ferroelectric matrix, suitable for maintaining both the ferroelectric and magnetic properties of composite materials. Research has shown that using a ferroelectric component as the PZT (from the morphotropic region and doped with the ferroelectrically soft niobium admixture) shows many advantages, positively influencing the functional properties of the multiferroic composite. It ensures effective polarization of the composite sample, obtaining a high magnetoelectric effect, which is required in sensors or magnetoelectric converters. PZT with a hard admixture shows higher stability of physical parameters, but its characteristic property also hinders the effective polarization of the composite sample.
The impact of colon injuries on the outcome of gunshot wounds to the abdomen
Authors: Singh Yonita , Motilall Sooraj , Khulu Bongani L. , Jackson Brandon S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Factors predicting morbidity and mortality in patients with colon-related gunshot injuries and the management of these injuries are not always straightforward. This aimed to assess the impact of abdominal gunshot wounds with colonic injuries on patients’ overall outcomes.

Methods
This cross-sectional prospective observational study compared patients with colon injuries and without colon injuries. Data was collected from admission, theatre and postoperative care. Patients were recruited between 1 January 2020 and 20 October 2021.

Results
Of 132 patients with abdominal gunshot injuries, 71 (54.0%) had colon injuries. The colon injury group had a higher incidence of laparotomy wound sepsis (p<0.0001), bullet exit wound infection (p<0.0001), tract necrotizing fasciitis (p<0.0001), relook laparotomies (p<0.0001) and a longer hospital stay (p<0.0001). Septicaemia (p=0.002) or anastomotic leak (p=0.041) was associated with a penetrating abdominal trauma index (PATI) ≥25. Most patients who developed tract necrotizing fasciitis did not have their tract debrided/ lavaged (p=0.004). The type of colon repair did not influence the length of hospital stay (p=0.688) or the development of a colon-related complication (p=0.578). Between 18 and 25 years (p<0.0001) and >2 organs injured (p=0.018) were associated with colon-related complications. Patients between 18 and 25 years were 4.748 times more likely to develop a colon-related complication (p=0.046).

Conclusion
Gunshot wounds to the abdomen with associated colonic injuries had a worse outcome with an increased risk of developing wound infections. There is no difference in the operative management of colonic injury. Patients between the ages of 18 and 25 years or >2 organs injured are more likely to develop a complication.