bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Factors and the Overall Variability of Stuttering
Authors: Hendrick Raylynn , Irani Farzan , Schwarz Amy Louise , Azios Michael 
Published: July 2023

Purpose:
The initial diagnosis of stuttering is based on stuttering-like disfluencies. This approach fails to capture the variability in overt stuttering behaviors of persons who stutter across speaking tasks and over time. This preliminary study explored the relationships between day-to-day variability of stuttering and several commonly used self-report and behavioral outcomes used to diagnose and monitor stuttering in clinical and research settings.

Method:
Five adults who stutter participated in this study. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire; the Overall Assessment of the Experience of Stuttering, State, and Trait Anxiety Inventory; and the Brief Version of Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering (UTBAS), followed by six (i.e., twice weekly) online sessions where conversation and reading samples were video-recorded to determine stuttering frequency and severity. Participants also rated their stuttering severity, variability, stress, anxiety, and sleep on a 7-point Likert scale for each session.

Results:
No self-report measures correlated with stuttering frequency or severity measures determined at each twice-weekly online session. Positive correlations were observed between self-rated stuttering severity and stress, anxiety, and normal disfluencies. Stuttering variability across tasks and sessions was positively correlated with the one-time Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES) and UTBAS-6 scores.

Conclusions:
Stuttering frequency was found to vary to different degrees for individual participants, and preliminary data suggest that scores on standardized assessments such as the OASES and UTBAS-6 are predictive of stuttering variability. Objective data on stuttering frequency may not capture the entire experience of stuttering.
Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Alkyl Carbonochloridates and Aryl Iodides
Authors: Yao Ken , Chen Yunrong , Liu Chonghuo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkyl carbonochloridates and aryl iodides for the synthesis of aromatic esters has been developed. The present method is a new type of reductive coupling for building Csp2–CO bonds, and it avoids using toxic carbon monoxide gas. It tolerates various aryl iodides, and a coordinating group in alkyl carbonochloridates is key to improving the yield of the reaction.
Boronic Acids and Beyond: ROS-Responsive Prodrugs as Tools for a Safer and More Effective Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Gois Pedro M. P. , António João P. M. , Monteiro Sofia A. G. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDespite significant scientific advances and the wide variety of available treatments, cancer remains a major cause of death worldwide. Chemotherapy, which is frequently one of the first-line treatments, frequently suffers from low selectivity to cancer cells, leading to the appearance of important side effects. Thus, it becomes imperative to develop a new generation of targeted alternatives that spare the healthy tissues by delivering the cytotoxic payloads safely and selectively to cancer cells. In this respect, prodrugs that are activated by tumor-specific stimuli have attracted significant attention. Despite being a hallmark of cancer and present in high concentrations in cancer cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been rather underexplored as a stimulus for the preparation of targeted prodrugs, particularly when compared with an acidic pH or glutathione. Despite their lower expression, ROS have recently been gaining substantial consideration, with various ROS-responsive prodrugs already reported with meaningful performances both in vitro and in vivo. This review aims to provide critical insights into this strategy by discussing the various available functional groups (with an important focus on boronic acids and their esters), their mechanisms of action, examples of their applications, advantages, limitations, and future challenges.1	Introduction2	Boronic Acids and Boronate Esters2.1	Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors2.2	DNA Alkylating Agents2.3	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders2.4	ROS Inducers2.5	Prodrugs Based on Other Types of Anticancer Drugs3	Other ROS-Responsive Moieties3.1	Thiazolidinones3.2	1,3-Oxathiolanes3.3	Selenium Ethers3.4	Sulfur-Containing ROS-Responsive Moieties4	Summary and Future Perspectives
Synthesis of Superarmed Thioglycosides via the Ring Opening of 1,2-Orthoesters
Authors: Zhu Xiangming , Beato Zoe 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSince the advent of the armed–disarmed strategy, thioglycosides have become essential tools in one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis. The continuum of glycosyl donor reactivity has since been expanded to include so-called ‘superarmed’ thioglycoside donors whose reactivity relies on more than just the inductive effects of protecting groups. Here we report a new method for the synthesis of superarmed thioglycosides via the ring opening of 1,2-orthoesters. This method ensures the necessary 1,2-trans stereochemistry, and importantly, makes use of trimethylsilyl thioethers as sulfur nucleophiles to avoid the use of unpleasant free thiols. Ten examples of ethyl and phenyl thioglycosides of mono- and disaccharides were synthesised from their orthoesters using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) as the Lewis acid promoter and were obtained in good yield and purity.
X-FAST: A versatile, high-throughput, and user-friendly XUV femtosecond absorption spectroscopy tabletop instrument
Authors: Ash Ryan , Abhari Zain , Candela Roberta , Welke Noah , Murawski Jake , Gardezi S. Minhal , Venkatasubramanian Nikhilesh , Munawar Muneeza , Siewert Frank , Sokolov Andrey , LaDuca Zachary , Kawasaki Jason , Bergmann Uwe 
Published: July 2023

We present the X-FAST (XUV Femtosecond Absorption Spectroscopy Tabletop) instrument at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The instrument produces femtosecond extreme ultraviolet photon pulses via high-harmonic generation in the range of 40–72 eV, as well as optical pump pulses for transient-absorption experiments. The system implements a gas-cooled sample cell that enables studying the dynamics of thermally sensitive thin-film samples. This paper provides potential users with specifications of the optical, vacuum, data acquisition, and sample cooling systems of the X-FAST instrument, along with performance metrics and data of an ultrafast laser-induced phase transition in a Ni2MnGa Heusler thin film.
Kernel based quantum machine learning at record rate: Many-body distribution functionals as compact representations
Authors: Khan Danish , Heinen Stefan , von Lilienfeld O. Anatole 
Published: July 2023

The feature vector mapping used to represent chemical systems is a key factor governing the superior data efficiency of kernel based quantum machine learning (QML) models applicable throughout chemical compound space. Unfortunately, the most accurate representations require a high dimensional feature mapping, thereby imposing a considerable computational burden on model training and use. We introduce compact yet accurate, linear scaling QML representations based on atomic Gaussian many-body distribution functionals (MBDF) and their derivatives. Weighted density functions of MBDF values are used as global representations that are constant in size, i.e., invariant with respect to the number of atoms. We report predictive performance and training data efficiency that is competitive with state-of-the-art for two diverse datasets of organic molecules, QM9 and QMugs. Generalization capability has been investigated for atomization energies, highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital eigenvalues and gap, internal energies at 0 K, zero point vibrational energies, dipole moment norm, static isotropic polarizability, and heat capacity as encoded in QM9. MBDF based QM9 performance lowers the optimal Pareto front spanned between sampling and training cost to compute node minutes, effectively sampling chemical compound space with chemical accuracy at a sampling rate of ∼48 molecules per core second.
What do far-infrared spectra of solitary water in “water-in-solvent” systems reveal about water’s solvation and dynamics?
Authors: Palchowdhury Sourav , Mukherjee Kallol , Maroncelli Mark 
Published: July 2023

Classical molecular dynamics simulations of water in ionic and dipolar solvents were used to interpret the far-infrared (FIR) rotation/libration spectra of “solitary water” in terms of water’s rotational dynamics and interactions with solvents. Seven solvents represented by nonpolarizable all-atom force fields and a series of idealized variable-charge solvents were used to span the range of solvent polarities (hydrogen bonding) studied experimentally. Simulated spectra capture the solvent dependence observed, as well as the relationship between the frequencies of water libration (νL) and OH stretching bands (νOH). In more strongly interacting solvents, simulated νL are ∼20% higher than those of experiment. In all solvents, the simulated spectra are composites of rotational motions about the two axes perpendicular to water’s dipole moment, and the different frequencies of these two motions are responsible for the breadth of the libration band and the bimodal shape observed in halide ionic liquids. Simulations overestimate the separation of these two components in most solvents. The character of water rotational motions changes markedly with solvent polarity, from quasi-free rotation in nonpolar and weakly polar solvents to highly constrained libration in strongly hydrogen bonding environments. The changeover to librational motions dominating the spectrum occurs between solvents such as benzene (νL ∼ 250 cm−1) and acetonitrile (νL ∼ 400 cm−1). For solvents in the latter category, the mean frequency of the experimental FIR band provides a direct measure of mean-squared torques and, therefore, force constants associated with interactions constraining water’s librational motion.
Surviving through the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of iFLY Queenstown
Authors: Malthus Tessa K. , Lee Craig , Finkler Wiebke , Walker Lloyd , Carr Neil 
Published: July 2023

Summary

The case study discusses the initiatives a tourism business in New Zealand implemented to survive during the COVID-19 pandemic and the business’ plans towards a post-COVID-19 recovery. iFLY Queenstown is a popular tourism business in Queenstown, New Zealand, offering indoor skydiving experiences. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing lockdowns restricting movement, business was severely disrupted for iFLY Queenstown and the wider New Zealand tourism industry. Despite this, iFLY Queenstown was one of the few businesses that survived and thrived during this disruptive period. This case study discusses the initiatives the Director of iFLY Queenstown, Mr Matt Wong, implemented to ensure his business’ survival during the COVID-19 pandemic and his plans to lead his business towards a post-COVID-19 recovery. The information for this case study is based on a series of one-to-one interviews conducted with Mr Wong during and after the New Zealand border closure driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. This case study is based on a variety of material produced by Culture Ready (Available at:
https://cape.org.nz/culture-ready/
), a programme designed to raise cultural awareness among tourism operators in New Zealand.

Information
© The Authors 2023
Enhancing students’ understanding of vectors through personalized adaptive learning
Authors: Dubey Archana , Barniol Pablo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn introductory college physics courses, it is important that students have a thorough understanding of vectors since several topics depend on vectors. When the test of understanding of vectors (TUV) was administered to the students completing the algebra-based College Physics I course, it was found that students had considerable difficulties in certain vector concepts. To overcome these difficulties, the question-bank for personalized adaptive learning (PAL) was modified. These modifications were implemented in a later semester for the students of the same course. In the current work, we present students’ performance on 12 questions on TUV for two semesters with a focus on improvement in students’ performance on graphic representation and determination of direction and magnitude of a vector presented in unit vector notation, understanding of graphical methods for vector addition, subtraction and multiplication of a vector by a negative scalar. This study presents the development of questions in PAL assignments which may be beneficial for the teaching community.
Tunable electrical contact properties in two-dimensional van der Waals V2C/MoSi2N4 heterostructures
Authors: Zhu Xiangjiu , Jiang Hongxing , Zhang Yukai , Wang Dandan , Yang Lihua , Fan Lin , Chen Yanli , Qu Xin , Liu Yang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Two-dimensional MoSi2N4 is a member of the emerging 2D MA2N4 family, which has been synthesized in experiments, recently. Herein, we conduct a first-principles investigation to study more about the atomic and electronic structures of V2C/MoSi2N4 (1T-phase) van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) and interlayer distance and an external perpendicular electric field change their tunable electronic structures. We demonstrate that the V2C/MoSi2N4 vdWHs contact forms n-type Schottky contact with an ultralow Schottky barrier height of 0.17 eV, which is beneficial to enhance the charge injection efficiency. In addition, the electronic structure and interfacial properties of V2C/MoSi2N4 vdWHs can be transformed from n-type to p-type ShC through the effect of layer spacing and electric field. At the same time, the transition from ShC to OhC can also occur by relying on the electric field and different interlayer spacing. Our findings could give a novel approach for developing optoelectronic applications based on V2C/MoSi2N4 vdW heterostructures.
Modular assembly of microswimmers with liquid compartments
Authors: Hu Minghan , Shen Xueting , Tran Daniel , Ma Zhongqi , Isa Lucio 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Artificial microswimmers, i.e. colloidal scale objects capable of self-propulsion, have garnered significant attention due to their central role as models for out of equilibrium systems. Moreover, their potential applications in diverse fields such as biomedicine, environmental remediation, and materials science have long been hypothesized, often in conjunction with their ability to deliver cargoes to overcome mass transport limitations. A very efficient way to load molecular cargoes is to disperse them in a liquid compartment, however, fabricating microswimmers with multiple liquid compartments remains a significant challenge. To address this challenge, we present a modular fabrication platform that combines microfluidic synthesis and sequential capillarity-assisted particle assembly (sCAPA) for microswimmers with various liquid compartments. We demonstrate the synthesis of monodisperse, small polymer-based microcapsules (Ø = 3–6 μm) with different liquid cargoes using a flow-focusing microfluidic device. By employing the sCAPA technique, we assemble multiple microcapsules into microswimmers with high precision, resulting in versatile microswimmers with multiple liquid compartments and programmable functionalities. Our work provides a flexible approach for the fabrication of modular microswimmers, which could potentially actively transport cargoes and release them on demand in the future.
Rail crack defect recognition based on a multi-feature fusion algorithm using electromagnetic acoustic emission technique
Authors: Chang Yongqi , Zhang Xin , Song Shuzhi , Song Qinghua , Shen Yi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Multi-feature fusion has been widely used to enhance recognition accuracy for different health stages of rails, which may lead to high dimensionality and information redundancy of signals. In addition, conventional supervised methods require plenty of labeled samples with class information, which can take significant time and involve high economic costs. In order to improve the effectiveness of the electromagnetic acoustic emission technique in rail crack defect recognition, a novel method including multi-feature fusion based on weakly supervised learning and recognition threshold construction is proposed in this paper. First, a mechanism consisting of multi-feature extraction and feature selection is developed to fully reflect the information of different health stages of the rail and avoid interference caused by the ineffective features. Then, the effective features and a novel weakly unsupervised label are input into the self-normalizing convolutional neural network and long short-term memory model to construct the rail health indicator (RHI). Finally, the recognition threshold is calculated based on the characteristics of the RHI to achieve crack recognition automatically. Furthermore, the experimental results under different working conditions demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a higher recognition performance than other existing methods in rail crack defect recognition.
Solvothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanospheres for non-volatile memory and synaptic learning applications
Authors: Nikam Ankita S , Kamble Girish U , Patil Amitkumar R , Patil Sharad B , Sheikh Arif D , Takaloo Ashkan V , Gaikwad Pawan K , Kamat Rajanish K , Kim Jin H , Dongale Tukaram D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this study, we used the one-pot solvothermal method to synthesize the TiO2 nanospheres (NSs) and used them for non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing applications. Several analytical tools were used to understand the structural, optical, morphological, and compositional characteristics of synthesized TiO2 NSs. The tetragonal crystal structure of anatase TiO2 was formed, according to the Rietveld refined x-ray diffraction results. The NS morphology was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was probed to understand the elemental composition and electronic states of the TiO2 NSs. We specifically looked at the impact of reaction time on the structural, optical, morphological, compositional, and resistive switching (RS) properties of TiO2 NSs. The fabricated devices (Ag/TiO2 NSs/FTO) exhibit bipolar RS behavior. The optimized RS device shows good endurance (5000 cycles) and memory retention (5000 s) properties. Moreover, fabricated devices showed double-valued charge-flux characteristics, whereas charge transport was caused by the Ohmic and space charge-limited current mechanisms. Additionally, the optimized device can mimic various synaptic characteristics including potentiation-depression, excitatory post-synaptic current, and paired-pulse facilitation.
Exoplanets: an easy, practice-oriented and fun project with Arduino
Authors: Schnider Dorottya , Hömöstrei Mihály 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Planets outside the solar system are not covered in most curricula, but the methods of exoplanet research have already appeared in high school physics education in connection with certain physics matura exam tasks. Exoplanet research is one of the most successful, modern, and evolving fields of today’s astronomy; thus, it is worth addressing in high schools. In the field of physics education, it is necessary to broaden the range of methodologies. The process of educational development and changing curricula requires the use of new ideas in addition to traditional methods. In this paper, we introduce a project-based lesson plan that follows the principles of competence-based physics teaching methodology, which guides high school students from the basics towards more complex and abstract knowledge. The aim of the project is to give students the opportunity to get involved in the classroom work and in their own learning processes, practice through interactive activities, acquire useful and practical knowledge, and develop skills, such as designing a measurement setup, digital data processing, evaluating measurement data and outcomes, and representing data graphically. The existence of these skills is essential for success in the field of engineering, technology and research. Student experimentation with the application of Arduino in the topic of exoplanets provides the opportunity for students to participate actively in the lessons, use digital devices, and develop skills and competences while participating in a fun project.
Isotope dependence of transport in ST40 hot ion mode plasmas
Authors: Kaye S M , Sertoli M , Buxton P , Dnestrovskii A , McNamara S , Romanelli M , Thomas P 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The ST40 compact, high-field spherical tokamak, operating at 2.1 T and with 1.8 MW of neutral beam heating, achieved central carbon impurity ion temperatures in excess of 10 keV, surpassing their business milestone of 100 M ∘C (8.6 keV). The high temperature discharges were in the hot ion mode, with

T
i

≫

T
e

, and they were achieved in both hydrogen and deuterium plasmas with deuterium neutral beam injection. In order to achieve the high temperature scenarios, careful wall conditioning and scenario optimization was carried out in

H
0

→

H
+

,

D
0

→

H
+

, and finally in

D
0

→

D
+

plasmas. The TRANSP transport code was employed to study the dependence of confinement and transport on isotopic mass, and the conditions that led to the high measured central ion temperatures in the

D
0

→

H
+

and

D
0

→

D
+

plasmas. The kinetic profiles input into TRANSP were inferred from line-of-sight and limited radial measurements as well as consistency with a number of other experimental constraints. The TRANSP results first showed that the main species central ion temperature was only 0.5–1 keV lower than the measured carbon impurity temperature, and thus in the high performance plasmas also surpassed the 100 M ∘C level. TRANSP also showed that while the electron thermal conduction loss was dominant, reductions in central ion transport, and an effective decoupling of the ions from the electrons, led to an increase in central ion temperatures with increasing plasma mass. In fact, the associated confinement times exhibited a strong dependence on the isotopic mass of the thermal plasma. These preliminary results are foundations for dedicated experiments with full kinetic profile measurements on ST40 in the next run campaign.