bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Central Sensitization on Pain Intensity, Pain-Related Symptoms, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chronic Pain Outpatient Department
Authors: Lall Deep Divanshu , Gupta Rajat , Dadu Nandini , Jain Ashu 
Published: April 2023

Context:
Central sensitization (CS) has been proposed as a common underlying pathophysiology to explain poorly understood pain-related syndromes. This is termed under central sensitivity syndromes (CSSs), for which no specific organic cause has been found.

Aims:
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is an association between the CS Inventory (CSI) score, pain-related symptoms, pain-related disability, health-related quality of life (QOL), and poorly understood pain-related syndromes and whether they differed by disease type. This study also evaluated the association between severity of CS and the associated CSSs.

Methods:
A total of seventy patients who attended a pain clinic (chronic pain outpatient department) were assessed randomly. CSI score, CSSs, EuroQOL-5 Dimension-5 Level, Brief Pain Inventory, and Fibromyalgia (FM) Severity Scale were assessed and compared.

Statistical Analysis:
Univariate correlation analysis was performed in each group to evaluate: (1) severity of CS, (2) presence/absence of CSSs, (3) pain intensity and pain interference, and (4) CSI score and FM Severity Scale.

Results:
CSI score has a significant association with CSSs, pain-related symptoms such as pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, mood, and sleep.

Conclusions:
In our study, CS has been shown to have a significant impact on mean pain score and QOL by strongly impacting mobility, mood, and sleep. CS is the underlying root cause of various CSSs. This study concludes that CS should be evaluated as a routine in all chronic pain patients.
Effect of High Altitude on the Incidence of Postdural Puncture Headache in Young Males
Authors: Parikh Badal , Pande Tanmay , Dua Amit , Sikdar Indranill 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a serious and debilitating complication and a major cause of postoperative morbidity occurring after spinal anesthesia (SA) or inadvertent dural puncture after epidural anesthesia. The understanding of pathophysiology of PDPH has improved over the last few decades and its occurrence is now on decrease with use of better techniques and smaller gauge needles. Over the past several years, many of the risk factors attributable to PDPH have been identified and studied extensively, but only few studies have evaluated the effect of increasing altitude on the occurrence of PDPH. As a significant proportion of population undergo surgery in such elevations, we retrospectively evaluated the effect of high altitude on the incidence of PDPH following SA.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted at a single center, retrospective observational study in the high altitude and cold climate region, for a period of 5 years. The data collected were evaluated for the occurrence of PDPH.

Results:
The total number of cases undergoing surgery under SA in our center was 440 over a period of 5 years. The cumulative incidence of PDPH in this cohort was 6.6%. The incidence was 7.15% and 5.56% with use of 26G and 27G Quincke needle, respectively, which is higher than that observed in the low-lying areas.

Conclusions:
The incidence of PDPH is higher in patients undergoing surgery under SA at high altitude.
A Cross-Sectional Study for Correlation of Kinesiophobia with Low Back Disability and Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Mishra Manisha , Naik V. Rajashree 
Published: April 2023

Context and Aim:
Evasion of activity is an elemental reaction that normally allows an injury to heal, but among patients with chronic pain, avoidance behavior is found to persist longer than it takes for the actual injury to heal. This may lead to kinesiophobia which is an irrational, weakening, and devastating fear of movement and activity stemming from the belief of fragility and susceptibility to injury. Studies have shown that older people with low back pain (LBP) demonstrate high levels of kinesiophobia with prevalence ranging up to 80%. Despite the pain and fear that they experience, advising them to avoid painful movements or activities may actually be counter-productive as it will decrease their functional independence. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the impact of kinesiophobia on disability and quality of life (QOL) in elderly LBP patients.

Subjects and Methods:
With ethical permission and informed consent from 125 elderly patients with chronic LBP fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three scales were administered to assess kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), and QOL (WHO QoL scale).

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were collected and statistically analyzed for correlation using Spearman's correlation coefficient.

Results:
Sixty-five percent of the study population were male of which 82% had clinically significant kinesiophobia and 45% were female of which 85% had clinically significant kinesiophobia. Kinesiophobia was found to have a moderate positive correlation with disability (r = 0.6061) and a strong negative correlation with QOL (r = −0.7598).

Conclusions:
Kinesiophobia has a moderate-to-severe impact on disability and QOL and should be addressed as a separate symptom and adequate intervention strategies should be incorporated so as to minimize its impact.
Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Nurses Regarding Pain Management
Authors: Khetarpal Monica , Dubey Rashmi , Dey Samarjit , Arora Prateek 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Pain is the primary symptom that brings patients to seek health care and is considered a global health problem. Thus, pain control is a fundamental goal in the management of the hospitalized patients. Despite the development of analgesics and advancement in pain management, the pain remains undermanaged. The untreated pain has a detrimental effect on the patient's quality of life, affects their outcomes, delays recovery, and increases the hospital stay. Nurses play a significant role in pain management as they spend a considerable portion of their time with the patients and deal with all their complaints, including pain. One of the significant obstacles to effective pain management among nurses is their limited knowledge and negative attitudes towards pain management. The primary purpose of this study was to explore nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practices toward pain management.

Methods:
An online survey was conducted for 224 nurses of various departments to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding pain management using a 30-item questionnaire in Google Forms.

Results:
Our survey shows a deficiency in knowledge related to the basics of pain, opioid use, and pain management in the elderly and pediatric age group.

Conclusions:
It may be prudent to consider training programs regarding opioid use and pain management as a part of continuous education and nursing undergraduate curricula.
Demonstration of the Decrease in Locomotor Activity and Central Nervous System in the Demyelination Model, in Which the Toxic Agent is Realized by Gavage
Authors: Ozturk Serra , Aytac Gunes , Karadas Asiye Kubra , Danisman Betul , Tanriover Gamze , Derin Narin , Akkoyunlu Gokhan , Kizilay Ferah , Sindel Muzaffer 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The cuprizone model is a well-established instance to study demyelination and remyelination in rodents. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the loss of function in motor activity. Second, it was evaluated together with the changes in the amount of myelin in the ongoing process.

Materials and Methods:
This study is based on the administration of the cuprizone model in male C57BL/6 mice by oral gavage. The advantage of the oral gavage model is that mice were subjected to the equal dose of cuprizone. For this reason, the nonequal in demyelination was minimized. We have designed four groups, including demyelination/control and remyelination/control.

Results:
The results of the walking test and open field test showed that locomotor activity in the demyelination group deteriorated. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein and decreased myelin basic protein expressions were shown in the corpus callosum of the demyelination group compared to the control and remyelination groups. The g-ratio of the demyelination group was calculated 0.86 ± 0.07, the g-ratio of the demyelination control group was calculated 0.66 ± 0.1, the g-ratio of the remyelination group was calculated 0.83 ± 0.06, and the g-ratio of the remyelination control group was calculated 0.76 ± 0.09.

Discussion and Conclusion:
In conclusion, in this demyelination model, which was applied differently from the literature, in our study, the behavioral effect on motor activity and to what extent it appeared histologically was evaluated. Thus, investigating the loss of function in motor activity as well as histological examination increased the reliability of the model we created in our study.
Effects of Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia on Placenta and Cord Blood Iron Status with Specific Reference to the Iron Transport Protein Ferroportin 1
Authors: Gadhiraju Shravanthi , Sujatha Thathapudi , Putcha Uday Kumar , Surekha Mullapudi Venkata 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder in pregnant women. During pregnancy, nutrients, including iron, are transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, in which the placental transport protein Ferroportin1 (FPN1) plays a crucial role. It has been frequently observed that developing fetus is immune to anemia despite the presence of anemia in the mother, the mechanisms underlying which have not been identified. We, therefore, planned the present study to explore the effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on the expression of FPN1 in the placenta.

Material and Methods:
Two hundred pregnant women recruited were divided into anemic and nonanemic groups based on their predelivery hemoglobin levels (<11 g/dl and ≥11 g/dl, respectively). After delivery, placental expression of FPN1 was studied by immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis, and neonatal anthropometry was performed.

Results:
Of the 200 women, 59% were anemic. FPN1 protein immunohistochemical staining in placenta showed a statistically significant increase with increasing severity of anemia. Similarly, placental mRNA expression levels of the FPN1 gene were observed to be higher in anemic mothers when compared with nonanemic mothers.

Discussion and Conclusion:
Thus, our study for the first time shows that maternal iron deficiency increases placental FPN1 protein and mRNA expression, thereby probably facilitating increased transport of iron from the mother to the fetus.
Histopathological Evaluation of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Lippia adoensis on the Liver, Kidney, and Biochemical Parameters in Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Tunta Abayneh , Ekanem Peter Etim , Hailu Tesfamichael Berhe 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Eighty percent of Ethiopians use traditional medicine, one of which is the leaf of Lippia adoensis.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to investigate subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of L. adoensis leaves on the liver, kidney, and some biochemical parameters in Swiss albino mice.

Subjects and Methods:
LD50 was conducted with nine experimental and one control groups of adult female Swiss albino mice. In the subacute study, 40 mice of both sexes were randomly divided into four groups of ten mice per group. Group I served as control and received distilled water. Groups II–IV were used as treatment groups. They received aqueous leaf extract of L. adoensis orally at 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and, 2000 mg/kg per body weight, respectively. SPSS version 20 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Differences at P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results:
In the subacute test, general signs of toxicity such as piloerection, lethargy, and convulsion were observed at 2000 mg/kg. From the 3rd week of administration, both male and female mice receiving 500 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg and all treatment groups in the 4th week showed significant (P < 0.05) weight loss compared to control groups. Biochemical parameters under study were found to increase in all treatment groups. Several histopathological changes such as congestion, hemorrhage, severe necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in both liver and kidney in the L. adoensis-treated rats were observed at all doses of treatments.

Conclusion:
In the present study, the ethanolic leaf extract of L. adoensis produced dose-dependent changes such as weight loss and histopathological and biochemical changes in Swiss albino mice.
The Relationship between Isolated Unilateral Concha Bullosa and Mastoid Air Cell Volumes
Authors: Yüksel Fatih , Kahraman Mehmet Erkan , Deniz Isa 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pneumatization of mastoid air cells (MACs) and isolated unilateral concha bullosa (CB) using computed tomography (CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses (PNS).

Material and Methods:
A retrospective review of PNS CT scans from 53 patients was performed. Cases with nasal septum angulation >5° were excluded from the study. CT evaluations were made with a 128-slice multislice CT scanner in two projections, axial and coronal. Slice thickness was taken as 1 mm for volumetric analysis. Volume measurements were calculated using the syngo.via software program by selecting the relevant anatomical region and using step-by-step addition and expansion processes. Volumes of the MACs (right and left) and isolated unilateral CB (right and left) were obtained and compared using statistical analysis.

Results:
The volume of MACs and isolated unilateral CB did not change with age; however, the volumes of male participants were larger than that of women. It was observed that the pneumatization of MACs on the side with isolated unilateral CB was significantly greater than for opposing MACs.

Discussion and Conclusion:
In our study, it was concluded that the isolated unilateral CB caused a significant increase in the MACs volume on the same side of CB.
Ossification of Calcaneal Tendon
Authors: Kaushal Parul , Roy Tara Sankar , Jacob Tony George , Srivastava Deep N , Sahni Chetan , Rani Neerja 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:Tendons may rarely be ossified. The calcaneal tendon (CT) is the largest in the body. The incidence and mechanism of ossification of CT is not known.Material and Methods:We carried out a morphological, radiological, histological, and immunohistochemical study on the CT of 50 (30 – male and 20 – female) human cadavers.Results:The mean length (cm) of the CT was 27.60 ± 2.30 (right) and 27.51 ± 2.60 (left) in males and 25.43 ± 0.77 on both sides in females. The contribution to the formation of the CT from the two heads of gastrocnemius muscle was greater from medial head in 84%, lateral head in 12%, and equal in 4%. On screening the CT by C-arm radiography, slight opacification at the site of insertion of CT (bilaterally) was noted in an elderly male. Large, bilateral opacification was seen in another elderly male cadaver. Well-defined lamellar bone with osteocytes lying in lacunae and bone marrow amid the tendon collagenous tissue was noted in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections. The osteocytes expressed hypoxia-induced factor 1 alpha.Discussion and Conclusion:In this study, we confirmed that the radiological opacification in the CT was ossification that may have been triggered by hypoxia.
Estimation of Length of Femur from its Distal Segment
Authors: Oommen Aswathy Maria , Joseph Sarasammal Suja Robert , Sukumaran Sheena Kalyani 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The stature of an individual, one of the key elements of identification, can be calculated from the length of long bones in the body, of which the femur has the highest correlation with stature. Many a times, forensic anthropologists have to identify unknown dead bodies from fragments of bones that are available. Studies have proven that the total length of a bone can be estimated from fragments using population-specific regression equations. In the present study, the objective was to estimate the total length of the femur (TFL), in an Indian population, from measurements of its distal segment, using regression equations.

Material and Methods:
One hundred and twenty-one intact adult femurs were studied. The TFL and four variables from its distal segment were measured. Linear regression analysis was performed, and regression equations were derived to calculate the TFL from each of the variables.

Results:
The mean TFL was 41.9 ± 3.4 cm. All the four parameters of the distal segment showed a significant positive correlation with the total femoral length (P < 0.001), and of these, the width measured between the two epicondyles showed the maximum correlation. Multivariate and univariate regression equations were derived to estimate the TFL from these variables.

Discussion and Conclusion:
The TFL can be reliably calculated from the measurements of the distal fragments. These measurements can be used by forensic anthropologists for the estimation of the stature of an unknown individual.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil Prevents Renal Histopathological Damage in Arsenic Exposed Albino Rats
Authors: Haq Minahil , Ali Shabana , Cheemal Hira Waqas , Beenish Huma , Sheikh Naseeruddin , Mumtaz Hassan 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
To study the protective effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on histopathological changes induced by arsenic in the kidneys of albino rats. Randomized control trial. November 1, 2017–November 30, 2017 at National Institute of Health.

Material and Methods:
Forty-five male adult albino rats were placed in three cages having 15 rats each. Distilled water was given to the rats of control Group I for 30 days. The dose of sodium arsenite given to rats was 40 mg per kg per day dissolved in drinking water for 30 days. Olive oil of 0.2 ml per day was only given to Group III rats for 30 days along with sodium arsenite. In dissection was done after 30 days and their kidneys were approached and dissected out for histological changes.

Results:
EVOO has ameliorated the microscopic quantitative and qualitative histological changes induced by arsenic on both kidneys of albino rats. Olive oil had significantly prevented the increase in the diameter of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

Discussion and Conclusion:
The present study demonstrates that EVOO prevents the quantitative and qualitative histological changes caused by arsenic on kidneys which include the diameter of PCT and distal convoluted tubule, the diameter of glomeruli, width of bowman’s space, and loss of brush border.
Anatomical Variations of the Human Ossicular Chain in South Indian Population
Authors: Dasegowda Giridhar , Kadirappa Padmalatha , Nanjundaraju Hema , Raja Seema Shimoga , Suresh Rachana 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The middle ear consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes. The otologic surgeons need to have a thorough knowledge of anatomical details and variations to provide better operative results and for surgical maneuvers. The present study aimed to analyze the morphological variation and morphometry of the ear ossicles and compare the parameters with those reported in previous studies.

Material and Methods:
The study was conducted on 28 mallei, 26 incus, and 20 stapes obtained from the cadavers allotted for dissection. Measurements were documented, and the morphological variations were analyzed.

Results:
The average of the parameters showed that the malleus was 7.59 mm in total length with an angle of 130°; the manubrium was 4.65 mm, the total length of the head and neck was 5.01 mm, and the average weight was 21.50 mg. The incus had a total length and width of 6.37 and 4.89 mm, respectively; a maximal distance of 5.97 mm between the tips with an angle of 101° and weighed an average of 23.81 mg. The stapes had a total length of 3.36 mm, with the stapedial base being 2.83 mm in length and 1.41 mm in width, and weighed an average of 3.16 mg.

Discussion and Conclusion:
The ossicular chain shows great variations in measurements and morphology. Hence, a thorough anatomical knowledge of the human ossicular chain is required for clinicians for surgical maneuvers and for designing prosthetics to replace the adult middle ear ossicles.
The Morphological Features of Anencephaly in North Indian Population
Authors: Rashmi  , Singh Nitish Kumar , Ashish  , Yadav Abhay Kumar , Kaur Manpreet , Singh Royana 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Anencephaly occurs due to the complete absence of cranial vault and subsequent disruption of the cerebral cortex with a severely damaged brain. In anencephaly, the forebrain and brain stem are exposed. Forebrain either does not develop or is destroyed, leading to the absence of cerebrum and cerebellum.

Methodology:
Neural tube defects were taken in the study group. During the autopsy, clinical findings, external examination, internal examination, and photography were done along with the histopathology of the specimens to confirm the anomalies at microscopic level using hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Results:
In our study, we observed a simian crease in 4 out of 5 (80%) cases. Furthermore, there was presence of tooth which was not seen in previous studies. Central nervous system anomalies like spina bifida, gastro intestinal tract (GIT) anomalies like cleft palate, intestinal obstruction of megacolon, and malrotation of gut were some of the common anomalies which were observed in our study.

Conclusion:
It may be suggested that Anencephaly shows a female predisposition and the cases seems to be associated more in the primigravida females.The classical phenotypic presentation of anencephaly having absent cranial vault ,low set ears, protruding eyes were present in all subjects studied. In our study, we observed a simian crease in 4 out of 5 (80%) cases. Furthermore, there was presence of tooth which was not seen in previous studies. Central nervous system anomalies like spina bifida, GIT anomalies like cleft palate, intestinal obstruction of megacolon, and malrotation of gut were some of the common anomalies which were observed in our study.