bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of T lymphocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies: discovery of a distinct marker, Ly-m22, of T suppressor cells.
Authors: Chan M M , Tada N , Kimura S , Hoffmann M K , Miller R A , Stutman O , Hämmerling U 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study of cell surface antigens has accelerated in the few years since the advent of hybridoma technology to the point where many dozens of such markers have now been described. The functional heterogeneity of post-thymic T cells in the immune response, however, still exhibit complexities beyond the resolving power of our current repertoire of marker antigens. In this study, we investigated the surface phenotype of three types of effector T cells: helper cells, nonspecific suppressor cells, and cytotoxic T cells, using four recently discovered alloantigen systems of T cells: Ly-m10, Ly-m18, Ly-m19, and Ly-m22. SRBC-primed spleen cells were used as a source of specific helper T cells, and they were tested by their ability to promote antibody synthesis by B lymphocytes. Concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells were assayed by their ability to inhibit that response. Cytotoxic T cells were activated by alloantigen. We found Ly-m10 to be expressed on all three cell types tested, whereas Ly-m18 and Ly-m19 were absent from all three. Ly-m22, whose controlling locus is closely linked to the Mls region, had a unique distribution, being present solely on suppressor cells. Thus Ly-m22 emerged as a new marker that distinguishes nonspecific T suppressor cells (Ly-m22+) from T helper as well as cytotoxic T cells (Ly-m22-). Ly-m22 is the only antigen besides I-J so far known to be restricted to suppressor cells.
Tissue distribution of human NK cells studied with anti-Leu-7 monoclonal antibody.
Authors: Si L , Whiteside T L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution and numbers of human natural killer (NK) cells in different lymphoid tissues and several tumors were determined with the use of monoclonal antibody to the Leu-7 antigen and immunohistologic methods. Anti-Leu-7 reacts with large granular lymphocytes containing most of NK activity in the peripheral blood. The Leu-7+ cells were found mainly in the germinal centers of secondary follicles in lymph nodes, spleens, and tonsils. The mean number of Leu-7+ cells in 40 germinal centers was 223 +/- 103 SD. Only rare cells were found in the thymus. In the follicles studied in serial sections, the distribution of the Leu-7+ cells was distinctly different from that of T cells, B cells and Ia+ cells. The Leu-7+ cells did not react with OKT 6 antibody specific for immature (control) thymocytes and Langerhans' cells. By double staining techniques, two populations of Leu-7+ cells were identified in lymphoid tissues: those that did and did not express the Ia-like antigen. The numbers and localization of the Leu-7+ cells varied in different tumors, but often the Leu-7+ cells surrounded the neoplastic nodules or were seen in contact with individual cancer cells. Anti-Leu-7 may be a useful reagent for monitoring the presence and localization of NK cells in normal and malignant human tissues.
Differentiation-associated alteration in human monocyte-macrophage accessory cell function.
Authors: Mayernik D G , Ul-Haq A , Rinehart J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human monocyte (Mo) to macrophage (Mx) differentiation is associated with marked and well studied changes in morphology, biochemical parameters, and effector cell function. Nevertheless, the comparative accessory cell (AC) function of blood Mo and differentiated Mx has not been carefully studied. We, therefore, examined the kinetics and mechanisms of change in AC function during in vitro Mo to Mx differentiation. The system utilized has two distinctive features: blood Mo and resultant cultured Mx represent a cohort of cells derived from the bone marrow within a 12-hr period. Moreover, the in vitro derived Mx utilized herein have been characterized extensively and are functionally and biochemically similar to pulmonary macrophages (PMx). In the experiments reported, AC functions of blood Mo, Mx derived from Mo after 1 to 6 days of culture, and PMx was compared. AC were cultured with nylon wool column-purified autologous T cells and were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) or streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD). Blood T cell proliferation to Con A or SKSD was inhibited greater than 90% by the removal of Mo and was reconstituted by 20% Mo. Mx derived from Mo by culture for 1 to 3 days exhibited the same (or better) AC function as Mo when T cells were stimulated with either SKSD or Con A. In marked contrast, Mx derived from 6-day cultures exhibited less than or equal to 15% of Mo (i.e., control) capacity to support T cell proliferative response to SKSD. Six-day Mx support T cell proliferation to Con A was somewhat variable. Similar to 6-day cultured Mx, PMx failed to function as AC. The mechanism of loss of AC function was examined: a) cultured Mx maintained Ia antigen positivity for greater than 8 days; b) mixing experiments with Mo + 6-day cultured Mx or Mo + PMx demonstrated no T cell suppression; c) the normal capacity of most 6-day cultured Mx to support Con A but not SKSD induced T cell proliferation, apparently ruled out the loss of the ability to deliver a nonspecific "second signal" as the involved mechanism; d) inhibition of Mo to Mx differentiation by dexamethasone preserved AC activity. Thus, human culture-derived Mx and PMx exhibit deficit AC function through loss of an undefined mechanism. However, loss of AC antigen processing or presentation may occur.
Enhancement of macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis by resident thymocytes: effect of a unique heat-stable lymphokine.
Authors: Coleman D L , Root R K , Ryan J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes, activated by lectins or specific antigens, have been shown to enhance macrophage phagocytosis through the elaboration of a heat-labile soluble factor(s). Recent evidence from our laboratory revealed that resident (nonactivated) murine thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes increase peritoneal macrophage glucose metabolism through the elaboration of a heat-stable soluble factor(s). Therefore, we investigated the effect of resident lymphocyte subpopulations on macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis. Thioglycollate-elicited and resident peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were cultured in serum-free media with syngeneic resident thymocytes or splenic T lymphocytes. Macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis was assayed by measuring the ingestion of 51CrSHEA. After 4 days in vitro, resident thymocytes produced a mean 160 (+/- 31) and 136% (+/- 22) increase in Fc-dependent phagocytosis by thioglycollate-elicited (thio-macrophages) and resident peritoneal macrophages, respectively. Splenic T lymphocytes increased thio-macrophage phagocytosis by 112% (+/- 41) under similar conditions. Macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis was increased after 24 hr of co-culture by supernatant derived from resident thymocytes and could be further enhanced by supernatant from Con A-activated thymocytes. Supernatant from guinea pig embryo fibroblasts did not increase macrophage phagocytosis. The soluble factor(s) was produced by resident thymocytes after 24 hr of preculture. This factor was active despite heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min whereas the effect of Con A-activated thymocyte supernatant was heat-labile. The stimulatory effect of resident thymocyte supernatant was not observed when the macrophages and supernatant were cultured in 2% FCS. In contrast to the factor(s) produced by resident thymocytes, the factor(s) in FCS that increased phagocytosis was heat-labile. These data suggest thymocytes and splenic T lymphocytes promote macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis in the absence of antigenic or lectin stimulation. This previously unrecognized effect of resident thymocytes is due to a unique heat-stable soluble factor(s) that is concealed in the presence of serum.
Cloned T cells with "co-helper" activity. I. Biologic activities of the clone.
Authors: Eardley D D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Clones of sheep erythrocyte-(SRBC) specific helper T cells with the surface phenotype Thy-1+, Ly-1+, Ly-2- have been derived that grow in vitro in the absence of exogenous antigen or added growth factors. The IL 2-independent clone, 101.6 has been shown to produce a supernatant factor that augments the primary anti-SRBC but not anti-burro RBC responses of whole spleen cells or Ly-1 T plus B cell cultures. The supernatant does not help B cells directly. This augmenting activity is terminated "co-helper" because the enhancement requires the presence of normal Ly-1 T cells. The supernatant of 101.6 was not shown to contain IL 2; co-helper activity was distinguishable from IL 2 activity by absorption with SRBC but not with Con A blasts, and we observed that co-helper activity does not act on spleen cells that differ at the major histocompatibility complex.
Production of lymphotoxin, IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha, beta by murine T cell lines and clones.
Authors: Conta B S , Powell M B , Ruddle N H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The PCl-6 T cell line, derived from mice sensitized by skin painting with picryl chloride (PCl), shows antigen dependence for DNA synthesis and for lymphotoxin (LT) production. These cells produce LT, but not interferon (IFN), when exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- (TNBS) coupled syngeneic spleen cells. Concanavalin A (Con A) induces IFN production by PCl-6 cells, and IFN levels, but not LT titers, are increased by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). These results support the noncoordinate regulation of these two lymphokines. Line 32, a T cell growth factor- (TCGF) dependent T cell line and its Ly-1.2+, 2.2- derivative clone, 32H1, produce both antiviral and antiproliferative activity after exposure to several different mitogens. Tests for acid lability, sensitivity to anti-mouse IFN-alpha, beta antisera, and antiproliferative activity on non-mouse target cells indicates that an Ly-1+ clone, in the absence of both TCGF and accessory cells, can produce at least three separate lymphokine activities after Con A exposure: IFN-gamma (Type II), IFN-alpha, beta (Type I), and LT.
Exposure of human neutrophils to chemotactic factors potentiates activation of the respiratory burst enzyme.
Authors: Bender J G , McPhail L C , Van Epps D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NADPH oxidase activity in particulate fractions from human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan was enhanced by prior exposure of the neutrophils to chemotactic factors. Enhanced activity was seen measuring both NADPH-dependent chemiluminescence and superoxide anion production. Enhancement was observed to be both time and dose dependent with several chemotactic stimuli, including casein, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP), and C5a. F-MLP and C5a showed similar patterns, with peak enhancement occurring within 2 to 15 min of preincubation and lasting up to 1 hr. In contrast, enhancement of PMA-stimulated oxidase activity by casein was more gradual and sustained, lasting up to 2 hr. Fractions from cells treated only with chemotactic factors and not stimulated with PMA showed no oxidase activity. Kinetic studies of this enhanced activity show that chemotactic factors induce increases in Vmax values but do not significantly alter Km values for the oxidase. Further experiments using agents that modulate degranulation suggest that enzyme release is not involved in this enhancement. These data suggest that pretreatment with chemotactic factors results in an increase in the amount of activated oxidase in membrane fractions obtained from PMA-stimulated neutrophils. This alteration of NADPH oxidase activity provides a subcellular basis for the enhanced bactericidal activity and increased oxidative metabolism seen in neutrophils treated with chemotactic factors.
Studies on the B lymphoblast antigen No. 1 (BB-1) on a series of Burkitt lymphoma lines differing in the expression of the EBV/C3 receptor complex.
Authors: Ehlin-Henriksson B , Clark E A , Jønsson V , Klein G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the Jijoye-P3HR-1 family of Burkitt lymphoma sublines, the expression of the B lymphoblast-1 antigen, BB-1, identified by the monoclonal antibody described by Yokochi and colleagues, was found to be strictly related to the expression of the EBV receptor/C3 receptor (EBVR/C3R) complex. It was absent on the receptor-negative P3HR-1 line, present in the original receptor-positive Jijoye line, and reappeared in nonvirus producer sublines derived from P3HR-1 itself. We suggest the BB-1 antigen is related to the EBVR/C3R complex in the Jijoye family, either at the level of genetic or epigenetic determination or at the level of steric interaction on the cell membrane. In all probability, however, the BB-1 antigen is not identical to the receptor itself. It is also clear that a similar relationship does not necessarily apply to other cell lines. In the course of the studies, it was accidentally discovered that propagation of the P3HR-1 cells on newborn instead of fetal calf serum induces the concomitant expression of EBV receptors, C3 receptors, and the BB-1 antigen. The mechanism of this induction is obscure; it does not appear to be related to any significant change in the frequency of virus-producing cells.
Enhancement of the mixed lymphocyte reaction by in vivo treatment of stimulator spleen cells with anti-IgD antibody.
Authors: Ryan J J , Mond J J , Finkelman F D , Scher I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The injection of anti-IgD antibody into mice has been shown to increase the expression of Ia antigens on splenic B cells. These antigens are the most potent lymphocyte-activating determinants (LAD) that trigger proliferation in an H-2-defined mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and may play a role in the recognition of minor lymphocyte-stimulating (MIs) determinants. Therefore, we wished to investigate a possible correlation between apparent quantitative alterations in B cell Ia expression after anti-IgD activation with changes in the functional capacity to present allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and MIs antigens to responsive T cells. We observed that the capacity of splenocytes removed 24 hr after the in vivo injection of anti-IgD to stimulate T cell proliferation across an H-2 barrier was most frequently enhanced two- to fourfold when a suboptimal concentration of stimulator cells was used or an early time point in the MLR was examined. In contrast, the capacity of splenocytes to stimulate across an MIsa, d difference after exposure to heterologous or hybridoma anti-IgD antibody often was increased 10-fold or more. Optimal MLR stimulatory capacity was induced by injection of 100 to 200 micrograms of heterologous anti-IgD. Augmented MIs stimulatory capacity of spleen cells peaked 24 hr after such treatment and continued to decline from this value at day 3 and at day 7 after injection. In contrast, the H-2 stimulatory capacity increased 1 day after injection of anti-IgD and remained at that elevated level 3 and 7 days after injection. The spleen cells from B cell-defective (CBA/N x DBA/2)F1 male mice were unaffected in their capacity to stimulate across an MIsa barrier after in vivo anti-IgD treatment; however, spleen cells from phenotypically normal (DBA/2 x CBA/N)F1 male mice after exposure to anti-IgD did evidence a considerably enhanced ability to stimulate in an MIsa-defined MLR. Because anti-IgD antibodies presumably have their major initial effect on surface IgD-bearing B cells, these studies suggest that anti-immunoglobulin-activated B cells may have a role (direct or indirect via interaction with accessory cells) in the presentation of allogeneic MHC and MIs antigens to responsive T cells.
Interruption of tolerance toward a haptenic initiator of delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Authors: Yen-Lieberman B , Beckman K , Battisto J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have found that an immunomodulator, dextran, prevents initiation of tolerance for an unrelated haptenic stimulus of contact hypersensitivity, picryl chloride. To prevent tolerance optimally, 1 to 10 mg of dextran per 25g mouse was required to be injected i.v. 2 hr before administering tolerogen. The immunomodulator was seen to be effective in mice with diverse major histocompatibility backgrounds. Furthermore, prevention of tolerance was seen to be independent of the condition of the hapten used to initiate unresponsiveness, since tolerance was abrogated when attempted with uncoupled hapten or with hapten attached to allogeneic or syngeneic spleen cells. In addition, administering dextran before tolerogen did not convert the tolerogenic signal into an immunogenic one so that hapten-specific DTH could be detected. While the precise mechanism of dextran's interruption of immunologic unresponsiveness for DTH has yet to be elucidated, the principle that tolerance can be readily and easily interrupted with this immunomodulating agent has been firmly established.
Contribution of Lyb 5+ and Lyb 5- B cells to the primary and secondary phosphocholine-specific antibody response.
Authors: Kenny J J , Yaffe L J , Ahmed A , Metcalf E S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Due to a mutation on their X-chromosome, CBA/N mice lack the Lyb-5+ subset of B cells. The loss of this B cell subset results in a profound alteration in the immune response of these mice to the hapten phosphocholine (PC). Thus, when these mice are immunized with high doses of PC-KLH (200 micrograms) in CFA, they: 1) fail to produce IgM anti-PC antibodies; 2) produce little or no anti-PC antibody bearing the normally predominant T15-idiotype; and 3) produce IgG anti-PC antibodies only late in the primary response. In order to more fully delineate this defect in responsiveness to PC, the splenic focus assay was used to analyze Lyb-5- B cell precursors from both normal and immune defective mice. Lyb-5- cells were obtained from normal (CBA/N x DBA/2)F1 (CD) female spleens by treatment with anti-Lyb-5 serum and complement. These normal Lyb-5- cells and Lyb-5- cells from immune defective CD male mice were stimulated in vitro with either PC-Hy or TNP-Hy in the presence of Hy-primed T helper cells. The results demonstrate that primary Lyb-5- PC-specific B cells fail to respond in the splenic focus assay, while secondary Lyb-5- PC-specific precursors respond normally, and that both primary and secondary Lyb-5- TNP-specific precursors respond in the splenic focus assay. These data suggest that Lyb-5- PC-specific precursors must differentiate into memory cells before they can be activated to secrete antibody, and they also indicate that the Lyb-5- B cell subset may be composed of two subsets with different activation requirements.
The role of B cell proliferation in the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in man.
Authors: Jelinek D F , Lipsky P E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship of B cell proliferation and the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) was explored in vitro by examining the effect of hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of cellular DNA synthesis, on the generation of ISC from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). HU completely inhibited the capacity of PBM to generate ISC in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and other polyclonal B cell activators. Inhibition resulted from an effect on B cell proliferation, because HU also prevented the generation of ISC in cultures of purified B cells supplemented with either T cell supernatants or mitomycin C-treated T cells. Inhibiting B cell proliferation by treating them with mitomycin C before culture also abolished the generation of ISC. When ISC were enumerated after a 7-day incubation with PWM, the addition of HU as late as day 6 of culture was found to inhibit responsiveness markedly. This suggested that those cells that had acquired the capacity to secrete lg were actively dividing, and continued division was necessary for ongoing lg secretion. To examine this possibility, experiments were carried out in which responsiveness was assayed on a daily basis. ISC could be detected after a 3- or 4-day incubation and reached maximum at day 6 or 7. Addition of HU on days 3 to 7 caused a highly significant reduction in the number of ISC within 24 hr. ISC did not begin to show resistance to the effects of HU until later in culture. This observation supported the conclusions that ISC were a rapidly cycling cell population and that ongoing lg secretion, as well as expansion in the number of ISC, depended on continued proliferation of the ISC. To confirm directly that ISC were a cycling cell population, PBM were cultured with PWM for 6 days, fixed, stained for both cytoplasmic lg and DNA content, and analyzed on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. This method made it possible to quantitate the DNA content of individual lg-synthesizing cells and thus to determine their position in the cell cycle. As many as 40% of cytoplasmic lg-positive cells were found to be in the S, G2, or M phases of the cell cycle. These data indicate that ISC generated in man after in vitro stimulation with a number of polyclonal activators are not stable terminally differentiated lg-secreting plasma cells but rather an actively cycling lg-secreting population. Furthermore, the results indicate that proliferation of the ISC themselves plays an important role in determining the magnitude of the resultant antibody response.
The mixed epidermal cell-lymphocyte reaction. I. Human epidermal cells elicit a greater allogeneic lymphocyte response than do autologous peripheral blood lymphoid cells.
Authors: Sontheimer R D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In contrast to studies by other investigators, it was observed that epidermal cells isolated from flexor forearm skin of normal adult human volunteers are consistently superior to autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells in triggering allogeneic lymphocytes to undergo blastogeneic transformation. Stimulator cell dilution studies revealed an eightfold greater allogeneic lymphocyte-stimulating potency for epidermal cells when compared to autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This difference was shown not to have resulted from enzyme exposure during cell isolation procedures or suppressor cells present in the stimulator peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations. Our technique for isolating epidermal cells is straightforward and is harmless enough to make it reasonable to consider using the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction in matching human allograft donors and recipients.