bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refugees and Football in the Global and Middle East Contexts
Authors: Spaaij Ramón 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the nexus between football and forced displacement in the global and Middle East context. It examines the meaning of sport and football for refugees in the global context, and positions forced displacement and refugee resettlement within the global “football for development” movement. I critically examine the instrumentalization of sport for development purposes. The dearth of academic research on refugees and football in the Middle East and some of the challenges and shortcomings of existing international research are highlighted. Drawing on empirical data from sport/football programs that work with refugees, I reflect on how the identified global trends and issues apply to the Middle East context, with a particular focus on program objectives, the types of actors involved, and the extent to which football is deployed as a means for progressing development objectives. I conclude by formulating some directions for future research on football and refugees in the Middle East.
Betrayal
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The second chapter traces how the provincial debate between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Lekh Ram, two men largely absent from scholarly reconstructions in South Asian history, spiraled into national importance. By excavating the history of the Indian educator and politician Swami Shraddhanand, this chapter maps how the conceptual terms of the Lekh Ram–Mirza Ghulam Ahmad debate, prefigured much of Hindu-Muslim antagonism to come. Shraddhanand's large-scale efforts to convert Muslims to Hinduism, a continuation of Lekh Ram's early shuddhi efforts, and the print war with blasphemous content, turned him into a target for Indian Muslims.
Redemption
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The sixth chapter takes the legal case of Asia Bibi's alleged blasphemy, a case that produced global headlines, as a narrative background to explore the murder of the Governor of Punjab, Salman Taseer, who had criticized Pakistan's blasphemy laws. The chapter tracks Asia Bibi's legal trial, the arguments presented therein, and the eventual death sentence she received. It then goes on to examine the trade-offs involved for the Supreme Court of Pakistan to overturn the death penalty prescribed by the lower courts. This chapter then sheds light on the dynamic intellectual genealogy of Mumtaz Qadri, the man who had shot Salman Taseer. It traces the similarities and divergences between his ascent to martyrdom with those of Ilm Din and Abdul Rashid, whom Qadri claimed as his spiritual role models.
Transitional Bodies, Party Politics, and Anti-Democratic Potential in Tunisia
Authors: Klaus Enrique 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the High Independent Authority for Audiovisual Communication (known as the HAICA), a transitional body in charge of regulating the Tunisian audiovisual sector. The study offers a critical analysis of audiovisual regulation in post-revolutionary Tunisia, and pinpoints the less than democratic dimension associated with this transitional body. The legitimacy of the HAICA rests on its independence and neutrality, which were largely undermined by business and political interests shaping and defining the media sector. From the outset, the objective was not so much to nurture a regulatory body that could help align the media system during the country's transition with democratic norms than to serve business and political interests. The inability to preserve the autonomy of the media field from political interference resulted in what Hallin and Mancini call a polarized pluralistic political-media system. The dynamics have implications not only on the country's evolving media sector but on the prospects of democratic governance and, in fact, on the future of Tunisia's democratic transition as a whole.
The Violence of Endurance
Authors: Miller Alyssa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Tunisia's 2011 "Dignity Revolution" was an uprising of precarious youth. Members of a surplus population hailing from the marginalized interior regions, they wagered their lives in the hopes of securing full economic citizenship in the future, which had been denied to them through structural unemployment and systematic underdevelopment. Yet, due to the failure of successive transitional governments to imagine an inclusive strategy of national development, these marginal youth have yet to see any material dividend from their revolution, either in terms of job creation or regional development. In a time of renewed austerity following the advent of revolution, precarious youth must draw on multiple, grueling strategies of endurance to keep their heads above water as they struggle to obtain secure employment. Focusing on the governorate of Kasserine in the wake of the 2016 uprising as a paradigmatic example, this chapter describes the peripatetic trajectories of youth through informal labor, hyper-exploitation, and protest.
Introduction
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Religions have anchored human cultures throughout history and in all parts of the world, grounding moral/ethical understandings that are essential for social coherence. Religions encourage the adoption of moral edicts by linking them to spiritual experiences, such as reverence, awe, gratitude, compassion, and humility, in the context of their cosmologies and rituals. Our global environmental and societal concerns now call for a planetary ethic, but a shared global religious orientation is lacking. The author suggests that our science-based understandings of nature—“Everybody’s Story”—offer deep resources for the cultivation of such spiritual experiences, and hence the grounding of a global ethic, a sensibility that is called a religious naturalist orientation.
How This Book Is Put Together
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The book is organized into 13 chapters. Each chapter offers an accessible science-based narrative of Nature followed by a spiritual reflection in a religious naturalist voice. An explanation is offered for the use of anthropomorphic language. Readers lacking familiarity with scientific concepts are urged to not be concerned about remembering the accounts and to focus instead on experiencing them.
Origins of Life
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the chapter’s Narrative, the concept of a planetary matrix and the basic principles of chemistry are first presented. There follows a model for the origins of life, taking the form of a hypothetical entity called the autogen, within the planetary matrix, a model offered in the context of emergent properties and emergent dynamics. This is followed by consideration of the basal molecular components—DNA, RNA, and protein—of present-day lifeforms. All organisms are emergent selves with aims, goals, and purpose. In the chapter’s Reflections, selves are considered not only to strive to be fit and hence to flourish, but also to fit in within the ecosystem where they find themselves. Also considered is the perspective known as animism that considers geological entities to alive.
The Evolution of Biodiversity
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative considers how the three supergroups of modern organisms—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes—arose from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) and diversified to generate the millions of kinds of present-day creatures and countless predecessors that have gone extinct. Eukaryotes originated as a fusion between a bacterium and archeon, creating a lineage with a mitochondrion; later, an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium was converted to a chloroplast to found the green eukaryotic lineage of algae and land plants. Key features of each supergroup are explored: The chapter’s Reflections consider how the outpouring of biological diversity calls us to deep abiding humility within the Earthly whole.
Multicellularity and Death
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative considers how single-celled organisms have no obligate death built into their life cycles—they divide in two—whereas multicellular organisms produce a mortal soma and an immortal germ line that produces the next generation. This arrangement allows the soma to adopt highly specialized traits, including animal brains and behaviors. The chapter’s Reflections consider how the death of loved ones and untimely or senseless deaths bring us deep sorrow, and anticipation of our own death can bring fear and, in many, a belief that an immortal soul will persist. The perspective is offered that it was the invention of death, of the germ/soma dichotomy, that makes possible the existence of our brains and hence our experiential modalities.
Motivation Processes and Outcomes
Authors: Schunk Dale H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation refers to the internal processes that energize, direct, and sustain human actions. These processes include a person’s thoughts and emotions, especially their goals and evaluations of goal progress, perceived capabilities (self-efficacy), values, expectations about outcomes of actions, interests, perceived causes of outcomes (attributions), and comparisons of themselves with others (social comparisons). These processes are affected by one’s behaviors and environmental influences. Motivational outcomes include choice of activity, effort, persistence, and achievement. All motivational processes are important, but for motivation to energize and direct actions requires that we have a goal and evaluate our progress toward that goal.
Motivation Is the Interaction Between Dispositions and Context
Authors: Stipek Deborah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation is the interaction that occurs between personal dispositions and environmental context. Motivation can be assessed by observing behaviors, emotional expressions, and cognitions. People often view motivation as a quality of individuals, but motivation also depends on the context. The dispositions that underlie motivation include the person’s beliefs, values, and interests. The contexts that affect motivation include expectations and demands, social interactions, opportunities to learn, and how much a person’s autonomy is supported as they work. Together, dispositions and contexts explain motivation: context provides an opportunity to be motivated, but disposition is necessary to capitalize on that opportunity.
Motivation Is the State of Wanting Something . . . But Do We Want the Right Things?
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation is the state of wanting something. But there are two basic ways to want something: non-consciously and consciously. Non-conscious (“implicit”) motivations are nonverbal and push us toward experiences and incentives without our awareness. Conscious (“explicit”) motivations can be expressed verbally and are the specific goals we think we are trying to achieve. Unfortunately, the conscious self may be clueless about what is really going on under the surface, and thus people may spend years pursuing “non-concordant” goals that are not really wanted. One needs to learn how to recognize this condition and how to open oneself up to deeper yearnings and potentials. Recognizing these deeper motives is a first step. The second step is to find the courage to take action to reorganize one’s life. Doing so is one of the best ways to find happiness.
Wanting to Feel Effective in Our Goal Pursuits for Both Outcomes and Process
Authors: Tory Higgins E. , Nakkawita Emily 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This essay explains that to be motivated is to have preferences that direct how we think, feel, and behave. These motivational preferences come from three sources. For value, people want to feel successful in attaining desired outcomes even though outcomes aren’t everything. For truth, people also want to feel effective in how they pursue these outcomes—in doing what is real and doing what is right. For control, people want to make things happen. Using Plato’s allegory of the Charioteer, the authors discuss how value, truth, and control motives work together in an integrated manner during goal pursuit, although truth plays a special role in the partnership.
Can We Really Say that Motivational Processes Are Universal Across Cultures and Contexts?
Authors: Green Briana P. , Gray DeLeon L. , Hope Elan C. , Matthews Jamaal S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Universal perspectives risk minimizing key differences in context and culture because they assume that motivational processes operate similarly across learning environments. In this essay, the authors challenge the notion of motivation as universal by discussing, first, how educators should embrace, recognize, recommend, and enact context-specific motivational strategies; second, how motivation constructs are defined and understood across different cultural groups and contextual settings; and, third, how each individual’s knowledge and evaluation of their social roles provide critical information about motivation processes. There is much to be gained when educators and researchers contextualize learning and achievement to respect how learning environments support motivation.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Motivation
Authors: Ntoumanis Nikos 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
People are constantly bombarded by books, blogs, videos, and other self-help resources produced by “motivational gurus” that promise to teach consumers how to increase their motivation to achieve daily and long-term goals. The assumption is that the more motivated people are, the better the outcomes. In many cases this is true, but is higher motivation always desirable? No, because it is important to look not only at the amount of motivation one has, but also at the quality of that motivation. Using a self-determination theory perspective, three different types of quality motivation can be differentiated. Some motivations foster positive behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. However, other motivations are indifferent to a person’s personal development and well-being. And still other motivations actively undermine one’s potential.
Less Is Sometimes More
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Soenens Bart 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation plays a key role in individuals’ persistence, well-being, and performance. A common assumption is that everyone fares better when strongly motivated. Yet, as the authors of this essay point out, this is not always true. Although a lack of motivation is problematic, more motivation is not necessarily better. According to self-determination theory, autonomous motivation (“wantivation”) represents ideal motivation with a clear-cut pattern of desirable effects, while controlled motivation (“mustivation”) represents a mixed bag, yielding both desirable and undesirable outcomes. Extensive research now allows motivational researchers to safely conclude that “not all types of motivation are created equal.” Although a lack of motivation is problematic, for motivation to carry durable positive effects, it is strongly desirable that individuals display high wantivation instead of high mustivation.
Good Versus Bad Motivation? Avoiding the Lure of False Dichotomies
Authors: Alexander Patricia A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Within the social sciences, there is a tendency to treat complex differences among constructs, including motivation constructs, as if they were true dichotomies. They are not. Indeed, a false dichotomy is implied by the question of whether there is such a thing as “good” or “bad” motivation. The only answer that can be proffered to this question is “it depends.” It depends on how “good” or “bad” is being interpreted, by whom, and for what reason. It also depends on the context in which this judgment is being rendered and on the consequences that accompany that judgment. A good or bad designation would thus appear to be a matter of perspective. Treating complex motivation variables and constructs in such overly simplistic, dichotomous ways can potentially do more harm than good.
Extrinsic Rewards Undermine Motivation in the Classroom . . . Sometimes
Authors: Anderman Eric M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Teachers commonly give students rewards. The teacher’s assumption is that rewards reliably motivate greater effort and behavior. But is this always the case? Rewards do increase extrinsic motivation, but they often decrease intrinsic motivation. When the teacher gives the student a reward for doing an interesting activity, that reward can decrease the students’ interest (intrinsic motivation) for that task. This phenomenon is known as the overjustification effect. Overjustification raises the question of whether it is a good idea or not for teachers to give students rewards. If not used thoughtfully and carefully, rewards can actually diminish, rather than enhance, motivation.
Extrinsic Incentives/Rewards
Authors: Grolnick Wendy S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Parents, teachers, coaches, physicians, and others often try to motivate others to act. Rewards, punishments, and other contingencies can get people to behave in particular ways, but that motivated action is often short-lived because these strategies do not facilitate individuals acting from their own interests or sense of value and goals. In contrast, setting up a motivationally facilitative environment means creating conditions in which individuals can satisfy their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Teachers, parents, and others in authority can learn to provide autonomy support, structure, and involvement to help people satisfy these needs. Numerous interventions show how this may be done effectively and productively.
Interest and Its Relation to Rewards, Reward Expectations, and Incentives
Authors: Hidi Suzanne E. , Ann Renninger K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The role of rewards in human functioning is one of the most contentious issues in educational and social psychology. Hundreds of studies and numerous meta-analyses showed that extrinsic rewards undermine individuals’ learning and performance and thus are detrimental to intrinsic motivation. However, these early studies did not have access to neuroscientific data on brain functioning. In the past decade, findings emerged to demonstrate similar brain activation for extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. This new neuroscientific-informed landscape suggests new conclusions. This essay shows how extrinsic rewards do not necessarily have negative effects on memory and performance, and they may even be essential for triggering interest and the search for new information.
Competition Can Enhance Motivation—But Typically Undermines It
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Competition means “beat the other.” As an environmental event, competition offers a curious mix of attractive and exciting versus pressuring and demoralizing aspects. In competition, there is something to gain, such as an optimal challenge and a goal to strive for, but also something to fear, such as evaluative pressure, poor sportspersonship, and ruptured relationships. Thus, competition is a complex social event that features numerous motivational crosscurrents. Competition can be motivationally constructive—when offered in an informational, needs-supportive, and intrinsic motivation-friendly way, but competition can also be motivationally destructive—when offered in a pressuring, needs-thwarting, ego-involving, and extrinsic motivation-promoting way.
The Unconscious Sources of Motivation and Goals
Authors: Bargh John A. , Gollwitzer Peter M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivational systems are present in all animals, even in the tiniest one-cell paramecia. With few exceptions, these systems operate largely unconsciously and mechanically in response to external threats and opportunities and to internal need states such as food and warmth. People possess these unconscious motivational guides, but we also possess the marvelous capacity to consciously choose and plan behavior in strategic ways. Goals and motives operate in both conscious and unconscious modes, and they use the same underlying brain regions and produce the same behavioral effects. Contemporary research on planning, implementation intentions, and the development of habits shows how people gain greater control over their often unconscious motivational states.
The Uneasy Relationship Between Conscious and Non-Conscious Motivation
Authors: Urdan Tim 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We all want to believe that we are in control of our decisions and behaviors, but psychologists have long understood that non-conscious processes have a strong influence on our behavior. As we learn more about how the brain works, we gain a better understanding about how unconscious neural processes often motivate our behavior. This essay explores how these two different kinds of motivation—conscious and non-conscious—work together to affect our behavior and our explanations for our behavior. Conscious constructs like goals, beliefs, and attitudes sometimes complement neural process to motivate behavior. At other times, conscious and non-conscious processes contradict each other (e.g., some addictive behaviors). Awareness of non-conscious processes allows for greater understanding and control over our behavior.
Are Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion the Same or Different?
Authors: Murayama Kou 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is a popular idea to divide psychological processes into cognition, emotion, and motivation. However, these categorizations existed long before researchers started scientific investigations. As such, there is no logical reason to believe that these categories exist a priori. Instead, researchers should focus on the psychological and neural processes that underlie human decision-making without being constrained by these naïve categories. A reward-learning framework of autonomous knowledge acquisition illustrates such a new direction. The categories of cognition, emotion, and motivation are useful and have some practical values, but to reach a comprehensive and integrative understanding of human functioning, researchers should forget about these categories.
Understanding Motivation
Authors: Urdan Tim 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Four big questions in motivation science have yet to be adequately answered. First, what are some of the cultural and ethnic differences in the meaning and function of motivation constructs? Second, how do characteristics of individuals (e.g., personality, beliefs, attitudes, abilities) combine with factors in the environment to affect motivation? Third, how will advances in brain imaging technology influence our understanding of the neurological influences on motivated behavior? And, fourth, how can we take advantage of all of the data being collected from people to gain a better understanding of how what people say (i.e., their beliefs) relates to what people actually do (i.e., their behavior)?
Is There a Need for Psychological Needs in Theories of Achievement Motivation?
Authors: Wigfield Allan , Koenka Alison C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Some motivation theories consider psychological needs to be central explanatory constructs. Two current need-based theories of motivation include self-determination theory and the unified theory of motivation, personality, and development. However, other motivation theories do not include psychological needs, and it is not clear if these motivation theories would gain greater explanatory power by adding the need construct to their frameworks. As the authors of this essay explain, this disagreement raises key questions, such as whether needs are universal, how many needs there are, and does the inclusion of these needs actually improve our understanding of human motivation and action?