bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flight simulation at Cranfield Institute of Technology
Authors: Golding R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Is flight simulation of academic interest? As we have a fairly substantial involvement at Cranfield, the answer must be ‘Yes'—although the amount of student involvement is small and our main activity is in contract work. This is explained later in the paper.Most of the flight simulation work takes place in the Aeronautical Instrumentation and Data Processing Laboratories of the College of Aeronautics. Some takes place in the School of Electronic Systems Design.
Views of air carriers British Airways
Authors: Stuart Charles 
Published: March 2023

This last year has shown how delicate a balance exists between all constituent parts of our travel industry. Airlines, airports, air navigation, governments, travel trade, hoteliers, tourism institutions, aircraft manufacturers and above all, consumers have faced uncertainty and change. Most changes have been sudden, some have been successful, and others have proved difficult.Main beneficiaries of recent relaxations in price and entry rules have, so far, been some scheduled airlines (through increased revenue) and some passengers (through lower fares). Airports, charter airlines, people living near airports, tourism institutions, even governments, have all shown less enthusiasm (especially at peak times).
British Caledonian Airways
Authors: Thomson Adam 
Published: March 2023

It is said that 1978 was a great year for the consumer: IATA's face was pushed in the mud; President Carter had a great new freedom of the skies policy; and the CAB had a new deregulation policy. At long last the consumer benefited from the massive new spread of low fares.This is a gross exaggeration; low fares have been around for a long, long time. European inclusive tours, for instance, through the fifties, sixties and seventies, through trials and disasters, have grown to be a new way of life for the holidaymaker and vacationer from Northern Europe, who vacates Northern Europe en masse in the spring, in the summer, through the autumn and goes to the Mediterranean. No other way could that have been done without the promotion of low fares as part of a total package.
Aeroport de Paris
Authors: Ailleret F. 
Published: March 2023

To begin I should like to point out that Aeroport de Paris is a public establishment, somewhat similar in structure to the British Airports Authority, whose role is to conceive, study, build and operate civil airports in the Paris region. Our two major commercial airports are Orly and Roissy-Charles de Gaulle. In 1978 their cumulated traffic amounted to 23·5 million passengers, 500 000 metric tons of freight and 290 000 aircraft movements.The recent history of world air transport is marked with profound upheavals: the advent of jet aircraft, then of jumbo jets, the growth of charter airlines, the creation of airlines by countries having obtained their independence, oil crises, … the latest of these events laden with consequences is without doubt the fundamental questioning of the tariff system as demonstrated by IATA's breakdown, the American deregulation and the re-negotiation of bilateral agreements.
Effects on tourism British Tourist Authority
Authors: Lickorish L. J. 
Published: March 2023

'Low-Fares’ is a misleading term. Low compared with what? It certainly implies change. Perhaps ‘lower’ fares are what the debate is all about. There are tourism as well as aviation conditions.Fares are vital to tourism. A quarter of a century of low fares has supported the world tourism boom, making tourism the biggest single factor in world trade, and produced a growth rate of 8-9%, considerably higher than that for world trade as a whole. In particular, the trans-Atlantic fare revolution is not new.The journal of the ITA gave an illustration of this, comparing a package tour New York/Rome for Holy Year 1950 priced at $585 and the same offer for the second Holy Year 1975 at $580. Taking into account the equivalent dollar purchasing power, the 1950 offer represented a price of $1400. ‘Eternal bliss', said the ITA reporter, ‘at half the price!’
Aerospatiale AS.350 and AS.355
Authors: Boulet J. 
Published: March 2023

The five-six seater single-engine helicopters represent a large share of the civil market. The market studies show that the main target to be reached in this field is to succeed in having a purchase price and operating costs significantly lower than those of current aircraft.But the quality aspect of the helicopter should not be overlooked: the comfort and performance data should remain at a competitive level; the helicopter should have a high reliability level and offer easy maintenance characteristics.Therefore the light advanced helicopter should represent an excellent cost efficiency compromise. This was the constant target kept in mind all along the design, development and production phases of the AS.350 (see Fig. 1).
Supersonic combat aircraft design
Authors: Fletcher J. , Burns B. R. A. 
Published: March 2023

It should be fairly obvious that, in contemplating the design of a future combat aircraft, it is important at the outset to relate the effort to some forecast definition of what is needed. This may take the form of an official or an unofficial requirement; however, its precise form is immaterial to the central argument. Either way, it is necessary to recognise several limitations to a so-called requirement:i)the chances of it being ‘right’, some 10-20 years before the realisation of its potential wartime application, is fairly remote. This is particularly true with today’s rapid advancement in, for example, weapons and sensor technology. These developments make it doubly difficult to predict the nature and strength of the threat force;ii)the postulated scenarios will change from day to day, and indeed, during the day–according to the course of the main battle; therefore the military commander's requirements of the forces at his disposal can change by the hour;iii)the environment, both militarily and climatically, plays a large part in the definition of a design. The variability of the environment is neglected only with grave risk to the eventual utility of the weapon system.
Combat aircraft development–looking backward to look forward 1935–1990
Authors: Boot R. D. 
Published: March 2023

It is traditional in looking to the future to analyse past experience. In this paper the processes of development of 25 UK combat (or fighter-bomber) types covering a period of 45 years have been analysed and compared with available data on 20 US types.In this analysis:(i)Date of the project has been taken as date of Instruction to Proceed rather than the more usual first flight or entry into service dates, as it is felt that this more accurately represents technological projections involved.(ii)Of necessity aircraft empty weight has been used as a basic parameter. While AMPR weight is more conventional in modern estimating, it is impossible to obtain such data for older types, but in a broad review such as this empty weight would seem to be an acceptable parameter.(iii)Costs have been corrected to 1978 monetary values using curves deduced from cost of living and aerospace product data for both UK and USA.
Continuing structural airworthiness of civil transport aircraft
Authors: Richards P. F. 
Published: March 2023

The keynote address given by Mr. Chouffot to this convention summarises the reasons for the growing concern of the airworthiness authorities and industry alike for the structural integrity of ageing civil transport aircraft and the measures taken to ensure their continued safety.This paper explains in greater depth the background for these concerns and the actions taken.I would like first to briefly review the airworthiness philosophy underlying the structural development of presentday aircraft.
Airworthiness of long-life jet transport structures
Authors: Goranson U. G. , Hall John 
Published: March 2023

Boeing has recently completed a structural integrity reassessment of 707 aircraft models, and released a Supplemental Inspection Document (SID). Similar activities are now progressing for model 727. Structural reassessments are continuous over the operational life of all Boeing aircraft models and used for developing inspection information directed toward detecting structural damage before it becomes a serious problem in the fleet.The fail-safe design concept requires interaction between the designer /manufacturer and the airline operators. Within this concept, maintenance and inspection are equally important as the basic design. It is important for operators to provide continuous vigilance of aircraft structure to detect damage and perform timely maintenance. Knowledge of damage that is occurring in the fleet is essential to the manufacturer to provide timely advice through service bulletins or other publications. This interchange is depicted in Fig. 1, and is the foundation of the fail-safe design concept.
MRCA Tornado: Achievement by international collaboration
Authors: Heath B. O. 
Published: March 2023

In this lecture I wish to cover:1.What the Tornado is.2.What the starting conditions for it were.3.Overall formal management aspects.4.Detailed and pragmatic aspects of management.5.Achievement.6.General remarks.It is usual to say that views expressed are personal and do not necessarily represent those of the Companies concerned. This seems somewhat ironic to me, involved in international collaboration, where most statements of any definition do have international agreement, but reference in depth to my many colleagues on such a wide aspect has not been possible.
Producing light aircraft: three viability case studies
Authors: Robertson J. M. 
Published: March 2023

The Light Aeroplane Group of the Royal Aeronautical Society was set up with the aim of encouraging activity in the light aeroplane field in Britain and its hope is that production of light aircraft should be restarted in this country. Clearly there are many problems to be faced in setting about the renaissance of an industry which will range far beyond the scope of those encountered in building a ‘one-off’ aeroplane. In this paper I shall present three case studies of light aircraft produced in the recent generation. I hope that this will give a reasonably complete picture of the implications of starting light aeroplane production and will therefore form a good basis for discussion.In formulating the design competition which has just been announced, we have taken note of the market appraisal which Hugh Field presented at Cranfield in September 1977 in which he pointed out that there is still a lack of a really good training aeroplane in the world market and also of the specification that Alan Bramson has put forward for the so called Multi Role Club Aeroplane which is aimed at just that slot in the market. The results from Alan Bramson's survey of opinion from flying instructors showed the acceptability of a low-wing, tricycle undercarriage monoplane with side-by-side seating.
The Effects of a U.S. Approach to Enforcement: Evidence from China
Authors: Duan Tinghua , Li Kai , Rogo Rafael , Zhang Ray 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe examine the effects of implementing a U.S. approach to the enforcement of mandatory disclosure in China. Using a hand-collected sample of comment letters (CLs) issued by the Shanghai Stock Exchange over the period of 2013 to 2018, we show that stock price reactions to CL receipts and replies are negative and significant. Using textual analysis to match issues raised by regulators to targeted firms’ changes in disclosure, we show that these firms do address CL issues point by point, but do not experience significant improvements in their information environments. Our article highlights the importance of incentives rather than regulation/enforcement in reducing information asymmetry.
The Noonday argument: fine-graining, indexicals, and the nature of Copernican reasoning
Authors: Lacki Brian C. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTypicality arguments attempt to use the Copernican Principle to draw conclusions about the cosmos and presently unknown conscious beings within it, including extraterrestrial intelligences (ETI). The most notorious is the Doomsday Argument, which purports to constrain humanity's future from its current lifespan alone. These arguments rest on a likelihood calculation that penalizes models in proportion to the number of distinguishable observers. I argue that such reasoning leads to solipsism, the belief that one is the only being in the world, and is therefore unacceptable. Using variants of the ‘Sleeping Beauty’ thought experiment as a guide, I present a framework for evaluating observations in a large cosmos: Weighted Fine Graining (WFG). WFG requires the construction of specific models of physical outcomes and observations. Valid typicality arguments then emerge from the combinatorial properties of third-person physical microhypotheses. Indexical (observer-relative) facts do not directly constrain physical theories, but instead weight different provisional evaluations of credence. As indexical knowledge changes, the weights shift. I show that the self-applied Doomsday Argument fails in WFG, even though it can work for an external observer. I argue that the Copernican Principle does not let us apply self-observations to constrain ETIs.
The Impact of the First and Second Waves of COVID‐19 Pandemic in Nigeria
Authors: Joshua Benjamin Wisdom , Fuwape Ibiyinka , Rabiu Babatunde , Pires Evanilton E. S. , Sa'id Rabia Salihu , Ogunro Toluwalope T. , Awe Oluwayomi Funmilola , Osunmakinwa Olugbenga Olusegun , Ogunjo Samuel 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn recent times, the COVID‐19 pandemic has been the subject of global concern. It has so far claimed over 5.4 million lives globally, with over 291 million cases recorded worldwide as of 5 January 2022. It is known to have different waves and variants, thus making it difficult to handle/manage. This study investigates the impact of the first and second waves of COVID‐19 in Nigeria, West Africa. The data used is for the 36 states of Nigeria archived at the National Centre for Disease Control from February 2020 to April 2021. Results from the study reveal that the highest number of COVID‐19 cases during the first/second wave was recorded at Lagos (23,238/34,616), followed by the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) (6,770/12,911) and alternates between Plateau (3,858/5,170) and Kaduna (3,064/5,908). Similarly, the highest number of deaths (during the first/second wave) was also recorded in Lagos (220/219), followed by Edo (112/73), and then FCT (83/81). The Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) was observed to be higher mostly in northern Nigeria during the first wave and the southeast during the second wave of the pandemic. On the average, the number of cases/deaths recorded during the second wave was higher than those of the first wave, but a decrease in the CFR values was observed during the second wave. Higher values of COVID‐19 cases/death were mostly recorded in Nigeria during; maximum relative humidity (RH) (>70%) with minimum Temperatures (<25°C), Low temperatures, and low RH which is mostly observed during the cold/dusty periods.
Evolving Drivers of Brazilian SARS‐CoV‐2 Transmission: A Spatiotemporally Disaggregated Time Series Analysis of Meteorology, Policy, and Human Mobility
Authors: Kerr Gaige Hunter , Badr Hamada S. , Barbieri Alisson F. , Colston Josh M. , Gardner Lauren M. , Kosek Margaret N. , Zaitchik Benjamin F. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBrazil has been severely affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Temperature and humidity have been purported as drivers of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, but no consensus has been reached in the literature regarding the relative roles of meteorology, governmental policy, and mobility on transmission in Brazil. We compiled data on meteorology, governmental policy, and mobility in Brazil's 26 states and one federal district from June 2020 to August 2021. Associations between these variables and the time‐varying reproductive number (Rt) of SARS‐CoV‐2 were examined using generalized additive models fit to data from the entire 15‐month period and several shorter, 3‐month periods. Accumulated local effects and variable importance metrics were calculated to analyze the relationship between input variables and Rt. We found that transmission is strongly influenced by unmeasured sources of between‐state heterogeneity and the near‐recent trajectory of the pandemic. Increased temperature generally was associated with decreased transmission and increased specific humidity with increased transmission. However, the impacts of meteorology, policy, and mobility on Rt varied in direction, magnitude, and significance across our study period. This time variance could explain inconsistencies in the published literature to date. While meteorology weakly modulates SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, daily or seasonal weather variations alone will not stave off future surges in COVID‐19 cases in Brazil. Investigating how the roles of environmental factors and disease control interventions may vary with time should be a deliberate consideration of future research on the drivers of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission.
Double Superposed Epoch Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms and Corresponding Solar Wind and IMF in Solar Cycles 23 and 24
Authors: Manu V. , Balan N. , Zhang Qing‐He , Xing Zan‐Yang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe weakest solar cycle 24 (SC24, 2010–2019) in 100 years was 1/3rd less active compared to the previous solar cycle 23 (SC23, 1996–2009). We identify 135 and 61 ICME (interplanetary coronal mass ejection) driven clear geomagnetic storms (DstMin ≤ −50 nT) in SC23 and SC24, respectively, giving a reduction of 55% storms in SC24, and present the double superposed epoch analysis (DSEA) of the storms/activities in SC23 and SC24 using the Dst, symmetric H (SymH), Kp and AE indices. The DSEA method for the corresponding solar wind velocity V, north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz) and the product VBz are also presented. Compared to SC23, the maximum storm/activity intensity in SC24 reduces by 52%, 12%, and 45% at low, mid and high latitudes and the corresponding maxima in ‐VBz, V, and ‐Bz reduce by 39%, 17%, and 38%, respectively. The epoch average storm/activity intensity reduces by 27%, 11%, and 4% at low, mid and high latitudes and average maxima in ‐VBz, V, and ‐Bz reduce by 24%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. The results seem to reveal that the average reduction in the main driver ‐VBz (∼24%) might have caused nearly the same and equal average storm/activity intensity reductions in all latitudes (∼25%), though the irregular nature of the AE index makes the reduction very small (4%) at high latitudes, and small (∼11%) at mid latitudes mainly due to the small (0–9) quasi logarithmic scale of the Kp index.
Quantum-well states at the surface of a heavy-fermion superconductor
Authors: Herrera Edwin , Guillamón Isabel , Barrena Víctor , Herrera William J. , Galvis Jose Augusto , Yeyati Alfredo Levy , Rusz Ján , Oppeneer Peter M. , Knebel Georg , Brison Jean Pascal , Flouquet Jacques , Aoki Dai , Suderow Hermann 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTwo-dimensional electronic states at surfaces are often observed in simple wide-band metals such as Cu or Ag (refs. 1–4). Confinement by closed geometries at the nanometre scale, such as surface terraces, leads to quantized energy levels formed from the surface band, in stark contrast to the continuous energy dependence of bulk electron bands2,5–10. Their energy-level separation is typically hundreds of meV (refs. 3,6,11). In a distinct class of materials, strong electronic correlations lead to so-called heavy fermions with a strongly reduced bandwidth and exotic bulk ground states12,13. Quantum-well states in two-dimensional heavy fermions (2DHFs) remain, however, notoriously difficult to observe because of their tiny energy separation. Here we use millikelvin scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) to study atomically flat terraces on U-terminated surfaces of the heavy-fermion superconductor URu2Si2, which exhibits a mysterious hidden-order (HO) state below 17.5 K (ref. 14). We observe 2DHFs made of 5f electrons with an effective mass 17 times the free electron mass. The 2DHFs form quantized states separated by a fraction of a meV and their level width is set by the interaction with correlated bulk states. Edge states on steps between terraces appear along one of the two in-plane directions, suggesting electronic symmetry breaking at the surface. Our results propose a new route to realize quantum-well states in strongly correlated quantum materials and to explore how these connect to the electronic environment.
Brightfield vs Fluorescent Staining Dataset–A Test Bed Image Set for Machine Learning based Virtual Staining
Authors: Trizna Elena Y. , Sinitca Aleksandr M. , Lyanova Asya I. , Baidamshina Diana R. , Zelenikhin Pavel V. , Kaplun Dmitrii I. , Kayumov Airat R. , Bogachev Mikhail I. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDifferential fluorescent staining is an effective tool widely adopted for the visualization, segmentation and quantification of cells and cellular substructures as a part of standard microscopic imaging protocols. Incompatibility of staining agents with viable cells represents major and often inevitable limitations to its applicability in live experiments, requiring extraction of samples at different stages of experiment increasing laboratory costs. Accordingly, development of computerized image analysis methodology capable of segmentation and quantification of cells and cellular substructures from plain monochromatic images obtained by light microscopy without help of any physical markup techniques is of considerable interest. The enclosed set contains human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells microscopic images obtained under various imaging conditions with different viable vs non-viable cells fractions. Each field of view is provided in a three-fold representation, including phase-contrast microscopy and two differential fluorescent microscopy images with specific markup of viable and non-viable cells, respectively, produced using two different staining schemes, representing a prominent test bed for the validation of image analysis methods.
Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis
Authors: Buchner Teodor , Zajdel Maryla , Pȩczalski Kazimierz , Nowak Paweł 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA satisfactory model of the biopotentials propagating through the human body is essential for medical diagnostics, particularly for cardiovascular diseases. In our study, we develop the theory, that the propagation of biopotential of cardiac origin (ECG signal) may be treated as the propagation of low-frequency endogenous electromagnetic wave through the human body. We show that within this approach, the velocity of the ECG signal can be theoretically estimated, like for any other wave and physical medium, from the refraction index of the tissue in an appropriate frequency range. We confirm the theoretical predictions by the comparison with a direct measurement of the ECG signal propagation velocity and obtain mean velocity as low as v=1500 m/s. The results shed new light on our understanding of biopotential propagation through living tissue. This propagation depends on the frequency band of the signal and the transmittance of the tissue. This finding may improve the interpretation of the electric measurements, such as ECG and EEG when the frequency dependence of conductance and the phase shift introduced by the tissue is considered. We have shown, that the ECG propagation modifies the amplitude and phase of signal to a considerable extent. It may also improve the convergence of inverse problem in electrocardiographic imaging.