bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old Legends of England
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses five plays that extend the late medieval amalgamation of romance and hagiography to Stuart tragicomedy. It explores how Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1608) by Shakespeare and Wilkins introduces itinerant sanctity in the ancient Mediterranean and how four less canonical plays similarly materialize sanctity at specific English and Welsh sites and thereby plot sainthood along a map of legendary shrines, cathedrals, and castles. A Shoemaker, A Gentleman (c.1618) and The Birth of Merlin (c.1622) both by William Rowley, The Tragical History of Guy of Warwick (c.1620), possibly by John Day and Thomas Dekker, and the Seven Cham pions of Christendom (c.1635) by John Kirke celebrate English saints of the soil and anchor the Stuart present to the sanctity of the ancient ecclesiastical past.
Practical Takeaways
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores strategies for individuals and policymakers to address weak-willed action and flawed discounting. We may adapt strategies we employ to address biased behaviour to tackle weak-willed action as well. The first is to change the incentives in common decision problems, e.g. diminishing less delayed rewards by increasing their costs. Second, we may change delay or the uncertainty associated with it. For example, nudges may affect when we make decisions about delayed rewards so that, e.g. we precommit to a healthier option early on rather than when we are under the immediate temptation of an unhealthier alternative. Third, by decreasing uncertainties and risks on the societal level, institutions can decisively change how sensitive to risks and uncertainties individuals or entire nations are. For instance, providing social safety measures increases economic security and in turn allows individuals to commit to long-term investments like education or retirement savings.
Symmetry and Curvature
Authors: Belot Gordon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys some results concerning symmetry and spaces of constant curvature. It begins with a review of Riemannian curvature, sectional curvature, and the relation between them, before turning to highly symmetric Riemannian and Lorentz spaces of constant sectional curvature. The primary goal is to equip readers with concepts and results that will play a role in later chapters. Another goal is to place de Sitter spacetime in context: a theme of this chapter is that de Sitter spacetime has a near relative, elliptic de Sitter spacetime, that is in several senses its rival-each has a claim to be the most natural general relativistic geometry in the context of a positive cosmological constant.
Stability, Instability, and Hair
Authors: Belot Gordon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the global non-linear stability of de Sitter spacetime and with the cosmic no-hair conjecture (according to which de Sitter spacetime is a powerful dynamical attractor when a term with a positive cosmological constant is included in the Einstein equation). By way of context, it includes some background about the notion of global non-linear stability. And by way of contrast it also considers the global non-linear instability of the Einstein static universe, the global non-linear stability of Minkowski spacetime and the global non-linear (in)stability of anti-de Sitter spacetime.
Introduction
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Introduction discusses the emerging commercial theatre around 1600 and its exploration of a changing socio-economic reality in an ambivalent mode, combining critique with the cultural work of accommodation. It introduces as a unifying theme of the book the ongoing revaluation of private interest and the transformation performed on the early modern stage of prudence from an ethical to a pragmatic faculty. Bacon’s notion of ‘wisdom of business’ provides a historical expression for this transformation and helps in recreating a historical context for the plays. Furthermore, the Introduction delineates the connections between early modern plays and practical mercantile and oeconomic discourses of the time, and provides a brief sketch of city comedy and tragedy to explain the book’s cross-generic approach.
Mind, Meaning, and Behavior
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars addresses the “Mind-Body problem,” specifically whether intentional concepts can be reduced to nonintentional ones. Sellars outlines two notions of reducibility. According to logical reducibility, intentional concepts are definable in terms of nonintentional descriptions of bodily states. Casual reducibility involves only material equivalences (not identity statements) between intentional expressions and extensional descriptions of bodily states. Both naturalists and nonnaturalists, according to Sellars, hold that causal reducibility entails logical reducibility, but Sellars disagrees, arguing that intentional vocabulary is causally reducible but logically irreducible. An analogous solution can be offered concerning the reducibility of “ought” to “is,” although a different version of causal reducibility is involved with normative vocabulary as opposed to intentional vocabulary.
Thought and Action
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars analyzes a number of concepts related to the philosophy of action. For Sellars, practical reasoning is reasoning among intentions, and culminates in an intention to act (which itself ripens into a volition). He begins by laying out some core principles of the logic of intentions. Sellars next analyzes preference and desire, and develops an account of desire making sense of its dual connection to action and to enjoyment. Sellars concludes by clarifying the relation of intention to belief; explaining the linguistic role of the “shall” operator; arguing for a relation between intention and enjoyment that further resolves the puzzle about desire; clarifying the stages of deliberation (involving intentions); examining what is involved in acting on a policy; and offering some “Hegelian” reflections regarding we-intentions and their relation to I-intentions.
On Knowing the Better and Doing the Worse
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars frames the problem of akrasia as an inconsistent triad: (1) We know the better yet do the worse; (2) When we know A is better than B, we have a conclusive reason for doing A rather than B; and (3) When we have a conclusive reason for doing A rather than B, we will do A rather than B. Sellars distinguishes two senses of “having a reason” in (2) and (3), but the “extreme internalist” argues that conclusively good reasons are, when known, conclusively powerful. Through discussing Plato, Sellars locates the problem’s origins in the assumption that there is only one standpoint from which to judge reasons for action: the personal standpoint of self-interest. Instead, there is another standpoint from which to evaluate reasons for action: the interpersonal standpoint or moral point of view. Thus, akrasia involves acting from a self-interested motive when the moral point of view demands a contrary action.
The Hare–Sellars Correspondence, 1953–1980
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Most of this correspondence between Sellars and Hare takes place between 1953 and 1959, in the context of Hare’s The Language of Morals (1952) and the early (Methodos) version of Sellars’s “Imperatives, Intentions, and the Logic of ‘Ought’” (1956). Both Hare and Sellars are trying to articulate a form of expressivism according to which moral judgments (a) have a conceptual tie to action, and (b) are cognitive in the sense that they can be involved in valid inferences, etc. Sellars is critical of Hare’s prescriptivism, arguing (among other things) that imperatives, like expressions of promises, cannot be essentially involved in valid inferences. While offering his own critical commentary on Sellars’s brand of expressivism, Hare offers various rebuttals to Sellars’s arguments—but he also, in the course of this correspondence, revises his view in ways that mark a significant departure from The Language of Morals.
The Dimensionality of Plant Strategy Theory
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The intrinsic dimensionality of any multivariate dataset is the minimum number of parameters needed to describe it, and dimensional analysis of a theory identifies the base quantities, their units of measure, and causal relations among them. The strength of plant strategy theory will be judged by its ability to predict whether a phenotype can maintain a viable population in a given environment. Life history traits are functions of demographic rates spanning at least three dimensions: a fast–slow continuum, reproductive strategies, and lifespan. Functional traits are morphological, physiological, or phenological traits that potentially impact fitness. Plant strategies have evolved in response to the complex interactions of density-independent and frequency-independent selection pressures (i.e., temperature, disturbance regimes, and resource availability), and density-dependent (i.e., vegetation density) and frequency-dependent selection pressures (i.e., the presence of other strategies). Resources can be conceptualized as a three-dimensional cube representing variation in light, water, and mineral nutrients, where different corners of the cube represent either abundance, limitation, or co-limitation of these resources. Disturbance types can be arrayed along two dimensions: a gradient of frequency and severity, and a gradient of disturbance extent. Temperature is the ultimate regulating factor because it governs non-linear reaction rates for all biological processes.
Plant Demography
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It is not sufficient to merely observe a species in a habitat and assume its traits confer fitness in those environmental conditions. Strong tests of plant strategy theory must demonstrate that phenotypes can predict demographic outcomes in a given environment. Stage-based population models are often more useful for modular organisms like plants given that survival and reproduction are more strongly related to size than age. We can determine the relative importance of each demographic rate on its impact on population growth rate by computing vital rate elasticities, which quantify the impact of a vital rate on population growth rate. Seed banks can be modeled as discrete stages in population models by knowing the probability of entering, remaining in, and emerging from the soil seed bank. Models can incorporate density dependence by allowing transition probabilities and demographic rates to be functions of local neighborhood density. Integral projection models have recently been developed that treat size as a continuous variable rather than needing to bin plants into arbitrary size classes. This flexible approach allows us to estimate population growth rates by building vital rate regression models that include any number of covariates as predictors. This approach is necessary to explore how traits determine individual demographic rates across species.
Property Rights
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The institution of private property is one of the pillars of the market economy. The question, how it contributes towards economic efficiency, has proven a challenge to economic theory. One suggestion is that it helps to overcome frictions in the drafting of commercial contracts. The analysis is intimately related to another question, how joint ownership of several assets by a single entity, a company, say, contributes to economic efficiency. Abstract as these questions may seem, they do have important practical implications for the analysis of mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs, etc. Another important application is the analysis collateralized lending, that is securing debt repayments by the pledge of property. The chapter concludes with a brief analysis of reputation-based trade in an environment with no rule of law.
The Market for Risk
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Remarkably, a theory of trade in risky securities can be derived through a simple reinterpretation of Chapter5’s theory of competitive markets, in particular the notion of a commodity. The chapter presents the three motives for trade in risky securities, when players have different exposure to non-systemic risk, different attitudes to risk, and different beliefs about asset returns. The theory provides a unified conceptual framework for some of the main results in asset-pricing theory: the Modigliani–Miller Theorem, option pricing and CAPM. The chapter presents the equity-premium puzzle: assuming complete markets, risk aversion, as measured in micro-economic data, fails to predict the long-term yield premium of equity over government bonds.
Trading with the Better Informed
Authors: Sussman Oren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The economic theory of asymmetric information deals with situations where one party to a deal has relevant information that the other party has not. Such settings are investigated using two types of models: adverse selection (hidden type) and moral hazard (hidden action). In the former case, the chapter investigates both pooling and separating equilibria. The latter case provides rigorous foundations to an economic theory of contracts. While the results clearly deviate from the perfect-competition model, some of the implications are somewhat counter-intuitive: the party to the contract who is uninformed is not being cheated, the cost of information asymmetry falls on the informed party and the effects of the asymmetry cannot be ameliorated, in the Pareto sense, through an intervention of a third party such as a judge or a legislator. Embedding the contract problem in a market setting can generate a credit-rationing equilibrium.
Nomenclature
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that the terms scholars have used to describe most Middle English manuscripts (e.g., amateur, professional, commercial, provincial, urban) are overly impressionistic and do not arise from a historical grounding in the actual practices of writing that were operative in late medieval England. This chapter offers a critique of existing terminology, after which a new set of terms is introduced as an alternative. These new terms propose categorizing manuscripts based on how much distance lay between their producers and consumers. Chapter 1 then concludes with a detailed outline of the research questions guiding an analysis of each manuscript in the corpus.
Abelian gauge field equations
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the Abelian gauge field theory. It starts with a discussion of covariance, contravariance, and invariance, which provide the necessary foundations to develop relativistic field theory. Next, it introduces the Klein-Gordon equation and then it explores what the symmetry of the underlying theory offers. In particular, we see that gauge field and electromagnetism arise as a natural consequence of the need to preserve local internal symmetry. It then considers various notions of symmetry breaking, especially spontaneous symmetry breaking. It shows in such a context that gauge field again plays an important role through the celebrated Higgs mechanism
Ginzburg–Landau equations for superconductivity
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are the core of the phenomenological theory of superconductivity of Ginzburg and Landau. First it follows the historical path to describe the formalism of F. and H. London and derive their equations. It also gives a brief introduction to the nonlocal generalization of one of the London equations by Pippard. It then presents the Ginzburg-Landau equations, and discusses the classification of superconductivity by surface energy by virtue of a two-point boundary value problem. The chapter ends with a brief overview of some extended Ginzburg-Landau equations along several directions of research.
Charged vortices and Chern–Simons equations
Authors: Yang Yisong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether it is possible to construct electrically and magnetically charged static solutions, known as dually charged vortices, of gauge field equations. It begins by discussing the Julia-Zee theorem, which says that solutions such as these are not allowed in conventional situations, in other words, they are not permitted in the classical Abelian Higgs model. It then looks at the existence of dually charged vortices when a Chern-Simons topological term is added to the Lagrangian action density. Finally, it presents a related problem in three dimensions linking the Chern-Simons theory to the Ginzburg-Landau equations.
Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tests the theory through a cross-national analysis of all countries from 1946 to 2010. It first shows that dictators can indeed coup-proof their regimes by pursuing empowerment or marginalization, reducing the risk of a coup four-fold. It explores how dictators’ threat perceptions, personal preferences, and most importantly, path-dependence, shapes their choice of strategy. The bulk of the chapter then examines the consequences of these strategies, showing that empowerment makes democratization far more difficult. Empowered militaries are significantly more likely to repress mass uprisings and revolutions and less likely to defect during them. During transitions to democracy, empowered militaries are about four times more likely than marginalized ones to stage coups to end the transition. At the same time, marginalized militaries carry heightened risks of incumbent takeovers and civil wars. Overall, the chapter shows that each of the hypotheses generated in the theory chapter find empirical support cross-nationally.
Egypt: Repression and Revolution
Authors: Grewal Sharan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Egyptian military’s behavior during the 2011 Arab Spring revolution. While initial accounts claimed that the military resented Mubarak and thus was eager to oust him, this chapter instead shows how its calculations were far more hesitant and begrudging. Due to Mubarak’s efforts to invest the military into his regime, the military was reluctant to let him go. At the same time, the military was conscious of how its domestic and international legitimacy would be tarnished if it publicly repressed protesters, which in turn would threaten its corporate interests. Instead, the military throughout the uprising engaged in low-level repression of the protesters, and when that failed, begrudgingly decided to jettison Mubarak in order to preserve his regime. Finally, in contrast to the Tunisian military’s passive and professional approach, the Egyptian military’s politicized nature led it to seize power in order to preserve its interests during the subsequent transition to democracy.
On Being a Christian in Late Antiquity
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The importance for Christian ideals in late antiquity of the rise of monasticism is widely recognized. However, Basil the Great’s life and writings tend to be relocated to some kind of second-generation status, despite the fact that his writings on the monastic life are the earliest such testimony that we have. There are several factors in Basil’s understanding of monasticism to be noted: first, the importance of his sister Makrina (not acknowledged by Basil himself) in setting him on the monastic path, and herself (with her mother) pioneering a form of ‘house-monasticism’; second, Basil’s stance in relation to classical ideals of contemplative otium and the Christian ideals he derived from the NT; third, how this played out in his balancing the ideal of the desert with the demands of the city—a balance witnessed in the liturgy ascribed to him.
St Gregory the Theologian and St Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Maximos the Confessor’s Ambigua, ‘Difficulties’, consists almost entirely on discussion of difficulties encountered in reading Gregory of Nazianzus: ‘Gregory the Theologian’. What is it that Maximos finds difficult about Gregory? One underlying difficulty lies in Gregory’s affinity with Origenism, for as a young man he had compiled, together with his friend Basil, a kind of digest of Origen’s works, the Philokalia. By Maximos’ time, two and a half centuries later, Origenism had come to be regarded as heretical. But not all ‘difficulties’ fit that overriding problem. Different kinds of difficulty Maximos faced are explored, drawing on George Steiner’s taxonomy set out in his essay, ‘On Difficulty’, which identifies four types: contingent, tactical, modal, and ontological. The ‘modal’ difficulty, found in the shift from rhetoric to logic between the two thinkers, is identified as widely prevalent, but examples are found of the others, including examples of the ‘ontological’ category of difficulty.
Augustine on Language
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Augustine’s understanding of language is derived from his understanding of signs, signa, itself based on his distinction between res and signum, ‘thing’ and sign, developed especially in De Doctrina Christiana, I. The way signs refer to things is mostly a matter of convention—wholly so in the case of words (which is what his understanding of language largely amounts to). Language communicates by using words for concepts, and the Platonist in Augustine is inclined to mistrust it, for communication by language seeks to convey the intelligible, perceived internally, across the external by the sensible, and so doubly prone to misunderstanding. The Platonist in Augustine is, however, caught out by the Christian in Augustine, for whom the pre-eminent means of communication in God’s by means of the Incarnate Word. As Augustine contemplates this, he discerns a means of communication by means of a communion in love, which frustrates his Platonic scepticism.
Eucharist and Church According to St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The most considered discussion of ecclesiology in Maximos occurs in his Mystagogia which focuses on the Divine Liturgy. From this emerges a sense of the Church as imaging God’s activity in the cosmos, and the structure of the church building, into nave and sanctuary, mirrors the various realms in which the Church’s Eucharistic activity resonates—from the cosmos to the human soul and intellect. His exposition of the action of the liturgy gives an eschatological dimension to his Eucharistic ecclesiology. Alongside this one can set Maximos’ own relation to the institutional Church of his day in which his witness to a true understanding of the Incarnate Word led him to seek support from the bishop of Rome and led him (and Pope Martin) to the way of martyrdom. The essay seeks to lay bare the way in which these dimensions of his ecclesiology coinhere.