bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of macrophage protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation by Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan.
Authors: Descoteaux A , Matlashewski G , Turco S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG) from Leishmania donovani promastigotes is a potent inhibitor of purified protein kinase C (PKC) activity in vitro. In this study, we have investigated the effect of LPG on the activation process of PKC in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The extent and kinetics of calcium ionophore A23187-induced [3H] phorbol dibutyrate binding to macrophages were not affected by LPG pretreatment or infection with either wild-type or LPG-deficient promastigotes, indicating no effect on the association of calcium-dependent PKC with the plasma membrane. In contrast, LPG inhibited the phosphorylation of both the PKC-specific VRKRTRLLR substrate peptide and MARCKS, and endogenous PKC substrate, in 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol-stimulated macrophages. These observations provide direct evidence that LPG effectively inhibits PKC activity in intact macrophages. Finally, depletion of PKC rendered macrophages more permissive for the proliferation of L. donovani, suggesting that inhibition of PKC-dependent events contributes to the survival of this parasite within its host cell.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The assumption that hay-fever could be explained on the basis of anaphylactic hypersensitiveness (1) and the suggestion (2) that the dyspnea of the asthmatic patient resembles the bronchospasm of the guinea pig in severe anaphylactic shock, were the starting points of a number of investigations into the mechanism of human hypersensitiveness.
Many workers claim to have demonstrated anaphylactic antibodies in the serum of human individuals afflicted with the diverse forms of hypersensitiveness (3, 4, 5, 6, 7), but the results are in general unconvincing (8, 9).
In 1921 Prausnitz and Küstner (9) discovered an important feature of atopic hypersensitiveness in a case of an individual sensitive to fish. They were able to demonstrate sensitizing substances in the blood of this individual by local passive transfer not to the skin of the guinea pig but to the skin of another human individual not sensitive to fish.
A most interesting and suggestive case was reported by Ramirez (12).
The Effect of Formaldehyde on Specific Complement Fixation Systems
Authors: Reyner C. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In work already reported (1) (2) it has been shown that formaldehyde added in the proper concentration to diluted Wassermann antigen has a uniformly constant effect in enhancing the capacity of the system to fix complement. Under such conditions not only is the total amount of complement to be fixed very definitely increased, but the velocity at which the fixation takes place is markedly accelerated. These effects can not be demonstrated through any action of the formaldehyde upon the antigen, the reagin, or the complement alone, but are only manifest when the formaldehyde operates upon the entire antigen-reagin-complement complex and even here a period of incubation is essential. Wassermann systems so enhanced in activity lose none of their apparent specificity and if quantitative relationships are properly adjusted there is no evidence that false reactions take place.
With the antigen-reagin complex as used in the Wassermann system it seemed to be impossible to demonstrate the mechanism through which the formaldehyde acted.
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Downs Cornelia M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Turtles may be actively sensitized to mammalian serum. The heart in situ responds in a specific characteristic way to injection of the antigen used for sensitization. Desensitization can be demonstrated. Precipitins are present in the serum of a certain number of the actively sensitized animals and this serum seems to confer passive anaphylaxis. The specific response resembles vagus stimulation of the turtle heart.
Experimental Inoculation of Chickens with Hodgkin's Nodes
Authors: L'Esperance Elise S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Five healthy chickens were inoculated intravenously with emulsions of lymph nodes from 2 cases of clinically and histologically characteristic Hodgkin's disease.
All of these chickens developed either a typical or an atypical tuberculosis and in the tissue smears, stained by Ziehl-Neilsen method, acid-fast granules and rods, extra- and intracellular, were demonstrated in two of them, and non-acid-fast granules in one of them.
Reinoculation of material from the lesions of one of these chickens into another chicken produced an identical though more extensive manifestation of the disease.
An atypical tuberculosis developed in a guinea pig by inoculation of the tissue from the fourth chicken. A pure growth of bacteria with the staining and cultural characteristics of the avian tubercle bacillus was produced on egg media from material from this guinea pig.
Cultures from these birds on egg media were contaminated in all instances. In one there was a symbiotic growth of a blastomyces-like organism with an acid-fast bacillus.
Studies on the “Toxins” of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Ando K. , Kurauchi K. , Ozaki K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Hemolytic streptococci isolated from pathologic foci, scarlatinal and non-scarlatinal, produce a toxic principle capable of evoking a cutaneous reaction in human subjects. Production of toxin varies considerably according to strains. Generally speaking, strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever and erysipelas cases have been found to produce a toxic principle capable of evoking a marked cutaneous reaction in a larger proportion of human subjects tested than in the case of the toxins produced by suppurative streptococci. The toxins produced by various strains isolated from the same pathological conditions, e.g., scarlet fever, erysipelas or other suppurative lesions, may differ qualitatively when tested simultaneously on the same subject. If, therefore, only a small number of persons were tested simultaneously with two monovalent toxins of streptococcus hemolyticus from the same pathological conditions, the reactions to both toxins might be entirely similar or entirely dissimilar to each other. This dissimilarity may become more marked, if scarlatinal, erysipelas and suppurative toxins were compared in their monovalent form. But, in comparing the scarlatinal, erysipelas and suppurative toxins by skin reaction, we employed polyvalent toxin and demonstrated that the reactions to them were similar to the majority of cases tested. This similarity was marked in the greatest degree in the case of scarlatinal and erysipelas toxin, and marked in a lesser degree in the case of erysipelas and suppurative toxin, while it was not marked in the case of scarlatinal and suppurative toxin. The effectiveness of the toxin for both Dick test and preventive immunization depends largely on the selection of suitable strains. It seems to be reasonable to use polyvalent toxin by mixing toxins of several strains which are most potent in strength and inclusiveness.
Studies on the “Toxins” of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Ando K. , Kurauchi K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
We have prepared three sorts of polyvalent toxins, scarlatinal, erysipelas and suppurative, by mixing several toxic preparations selected through skin reactions on human subjects and three sorts of antitoxin by immunization with these toxins. From the neutralization tests of polyvalent and monovalent toxins by these antitoxins on white pigs the following conclusions may be drawn: Scarlatinal, erysipelas and suppurative antitoxic sera equally neutralize scarlatinal, erysipelas and suppurative toxins.The neutralizing action of these sera is most marked in the case of homologous toxin.Scarlatinal antitoxic serum prepared by us is more comprehensive in its neutralizing action than the erysipelas serum.The results of the neutralization tests with antiscarlatinal serum of monovalent toxins of various strains have shown that the majority of toxic preparations (32 out of 34 strains), regardless of their sources, were neutralized with the exception of that produced by one erysipelas and one scarlatinal strain.
A part of the expenses of this investigation was defrayed by a grant from the Antiscarlatinal Committee of the Kwantung Government.
Studies on the Antigenic Properties of the Ultraviruses
Authors: Schultz E. W. , Bullock L. T. , Brewer H. V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
No evidence for the presence of specific complement fixing antibodies against the virus of rabies was found in the serum of rabbits which had been immunized in various ways with fixed virus brains. These immune sera also failed to present any evidence of specific precipitins. Rabicidal antibodies were demonstrated in all of the immune sera tested for this property.
The Primary Toxicity of Goat-Serum
Authors: Aronson Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
That the serum of certain normal animals may prove toxic when injected into normal animals of another species has long been known and a number of explanations have been offered of the mechanism involved.
Landois (1) believed that the toxicity of the serums of sheep, man, dog and cat is due to their ability to produce intravascular hemagglutination and intravascular coagulation. Leob, Strickler and Tuttle (2) concluded that the toxic action of beef-serum for rabbits is due to its hemagglutinating action, but that the toxic action of dog-serum for rabbits is due to its hemolytic action. Coca (3) believed that hemagglutination is responsible for the shock that follows the injection of washed heterologous cells.
That hemagglutination cannot be the cause of the toxic action of heterologous serum has been shown by Zinsser (4). This author found that while the hemolytic and toxic property of goat-serum for rabbits was lost when the serum was heated at 56°C. for twenty minutes, the hemagglutinative property was not affected.
General and Local Immunity to Cl. Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Nevin Mary , Hazen Elizabeth Lee 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In spite of the fact that much work has been done on the subject of absorption of Cl. botulinum toxin from the gastro-intestinal tract and the relative susceptibility of various experimental animals to this toxin when administered per os, up to the present time very little work has been reported on the immunization of animals with Cl. botulinum toxin utilizing the gastro-intestinal tract as the route of administration. This is probably due to the very large amounts of the toxin necessary to produce any symptoms by this route together with the fact that although no symptoms of botulism may be evidenced a large percentage of the animals become extremely emaciated and subsequently die with cachetic symptoms.
Van Ermengem (1) made the first observation upon the differences in susceptibility of laboratory animals to obtulinum toxin and the corresponding differences when the toxin was administered by different routes.
A Study of the Reactions between Toxins and Antisera Produced with Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Kirkbride Mary B. , Wheeler Mary W. , Hendry Jessie L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous studies, already reported (1, 2), in which the toxins of over two hundred strains of hemolytic streptococci from various infections including, among others, scarlet fever, erysipelas, tonsillitis, septic sore throat, and otitis media, were tested on goats, it was found that neutralization tests with a monovalent scarlet-fever antistreptococcus serum produced with the Dochez N. Y. No. 5 strain of hemolytic streptococcus failed to demonstrate any fundamental qualitative or quantitative differences between the toxins of the different strains. These results in general have been confirmed by other workers.
Recently in studying the reactions induced in goats with mixtures of a standard concentrated scarlet-fever goat antitoxin and toxins from different hemolytic streptococci marked variations were noted in the proportion of antitoxin required for neutralization of certain heterologous toxins which apparently induced reactions no stronger or in fact less strong than that induced by one skin-test dose of the standard scarlet-fever toxin.
Cis-urocanic acid stimulates human peripheral blood monocyte prostaglandin E2 production and suppresses indirectly tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels.
Authors: Hart P H , Jones C A , Jones K L , Watson C J , Santucci I , Spencer L K , Finlay-Jones J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Photoisomerization of trans-urocanic acid (UCA) in the stratum corneum has been implicated in the immunosuppression detected after irradiation with UVB (UV wavelength of 280-320 nm). In this study, cis-urocanic acid suppressed human monocyte production of TNF-alpha by a PGE2-dependent mechanism. This contrasted with the mechanism involving histamine type 2 receptors by which the UCA structural analogue, histamine, suppressed monocyte TNF-alpha production. Histamine type 1 receptor antagonists were without effect on both the cis-UCA- and histamine-induced suppression of monocyte TNF-alpha levels. As indomethacin can reverse UVB-immunosuppression in murine models, we may have identified one of the cellular mechanisms responsible for reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Decreased TNF-alpha levels, by restricting further cytokine recruitment, may also limit the development of the inflammatory components of hypersensitivity responses.
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in severe combined immunodeficient mice reconstituted with allogeneic or xenogeneic hematopoietic cells.
Authors: Jones R E , Bourdette D N , Whitham R H , Offner H , Vandenbark A A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) C.B-17-scid/scid (H-2d) strain mice are deficient for T and B lymphocytes and lack all of the immune functions associated with these cell types. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in chimeric SCID mice that had been previously reconstituted with allogeneic mouse or xenogeneic rat hematopoietic stem cells from EAE-susceptible donor strains. Encephalitogenic, myelin Ag-specific, T lymphocytes selected from SJL mice, Lewis rats, or Buffalo rats transferred passive EAE into chimeric SCID mice reconstituted with SJL mouse, Lewis rat, or Buffalo rat hematopoietic cells, respectively. SCID mice reconstituted with Lewis rat hematopoietic tissue and thymus were also susceptible to EAE induced by active immunization with the myelin proteolipid protein synthetic peptide PLP S139-151. T lymphocytes recovered from the spleens of SCID mouse-rat chimeras with EAE proliferated upon in vitro stimulation with myelin Ag presented by APC syngeneic to the transplant donor, and rat T lymphocytes selected in vitro from SCID mouse-rat chimeras with EAE transferred EAE back into naive recipient rats. Thus, the immunodeficiency present in SCID mice can be overcome at least partially by hematopoietic tissue transplantation from allogeneic or xenogeneic donors. Furthermore, allogeneic SJL mouse and xenogeneic Lewis or Buffalo rat myelin Ag-specific T cells can transfer EAE between strains and species, respectively, into recipient SCID mouse chimeras.
Dipeptidyl peptidase I is enriched in granules of in vitro- and in vivo-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: Brown G R , McGuire M J , Thiele D L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) is the major post-translational processing enzyme responsible for generating activated myeloid and lymphoid granule serine proteases. The current studies assessed the relative levels of DPPI and granzyme A (BLT esterase) in B6 anti-H-2d-specific CTL generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (in vitro-activated CTL), by infusion of B6 spleen cells into irradiated H-2d mice (graft-vs-host, GVH CTL) or by 1 degree and 2 degrees peritoneal immunization of B6 mice with P815 (H-2d) cells (PE CTL). In contrast to low levels of DPPI activity in unstimulated CD4+ spleen T cells, both unstimulated CD8+ spleen T cells and in vitro-activated CTL populations were several-fold enriched in DPPI activity, while PE CTL and GVH CTL expressed even higher levels of DPPI. Depletion of DPPI-enriched cells by treatment with Leu-Leu-OMe resulted in loss of cytolytic effector function from each CTL population. However, PE CTL and GVH CTL were more sensitive to the toxicity of Leu-Leu-OMe than were in vitro-activated CTL. While standard BLT esterase assays detected much higher levels of this serine protease activity in GVH CTL or in vitro-activated CTL than in PE CTL, levels of BLT esterase activity significantly above the basal levels present in unstimulated CD8+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes were found in association with immunoreactive granzyme A in lysates of PE CTL. In both PE CTL and in vitro-activated CTL, DPPI and BLT esterase activity co-localized in the granule fraction of cell lysates, and similar percentages of total cellular BLT esterase and DPPI were exocytosed upon cross-linking of surface CD3. Thus, both in vivo- and in vitro-activated CTL were found to possess functional granules containing readily detectable albeit somewhat different levels of DPPI and granzyme A activity.
Induction of early response genes by cross-linking membrane Ig on B lymphocytes.
Authors: Mittelstadt P R , DeFranco A L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cross-linking of membrane Ig (mIg) on B lymphocytes induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphoinositide hydrolysis, events that are thought to mediate the diverse biologic responses of B cells to Ag binding. mIg stimulation also induces the expression of the putative transcriptional regulators c-myc, c-fos, egr-1, and jun-B. In this report, normal murine B cells and two murine B lymphoma cell lines were examined for the induction of mRNA expression of seven early response genes first identified in fibroblasts. Expression of four of the seven genes (nur77, nup475, pip92, and 3CH134), encoding two putative transcriptional regulators, a protein of unknown function, and a putative protein phosphatase, was induced after cross-linking of mIg in resting B cells isolated from mouse spleen. In the 2PK-3 and WEHI-231 B lymphoma cell lines three and two, respectively, of these four genes were induced. Expression of these genes could be induced in 2PK-3 cells by activating the phosphoinositide-signaling pathway independently of the tyrosine phosphorylation pathway by signaling through an M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor introduced by transfection. Additionally, in all but one case, these early response genes could be induced by directly activating protein kinase C with phorbol esters. In the cell line 2PK-3, the gene 3CH134 was not induced by phorbol ester treatment, but was induced by elevation of intracellular calcium. Thus, a subset of the early response genes identified in serum-stimulated fibroblasts is also induced by Ag-receptor stimulation in B lymphocytes, and this induction appears to be mediated by the phosphoinositide signaling pathway and, for the most part, protein kinase C.
Response of human NK cells to IL-6 alterations of the cell surface phenotype, adhesion to fibronectin and laminin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha/beta secretion.
Authors: Rabinowich H , Sedlmayr P , Herberman R B , Whiteside T L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro effects of human recombinant IL-6 (1-1000 U/ml) on highly enriched human NK CD3-CD56+ cells (94% +/- 2; mean +/- SEM; n = 8), obtained from PBL were studied. IL-6 induced low levels of NK cell proliferation (7- to 30-fold during 6-day incubation), which was IL-2-independent, because IL-6 did not induce detectable IL-2 production by NK cells. Two-color flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that incubation of NK cells with IL-6 at the optimal concentration of 250 U/ml for 6 days significantly increased the proportion of NK cells expressing the following activation Ag: CD25 (26% +/- 17, mean +/- SEM vs 4% +/- 1 in control, n = 5), CD54 (44% +/- 17 vs 9% +/- 3), HLA-DR (29% +/- 13 vs 12% +/- 4), CD69 (45% +/- 7 vs 12% +/- 3), and CD71 (34% +/- 17 vs 6% +/- 2). The mean fluorescence intensity of these activation Ag was increased as well. IL-6 induced expression of CD49b (alpha-chain of VLA-2, 20% +/- 11 vs 2% +/- 1) and CD49c (alpha-chain of VLA-3, 43% +/- 17 vs 5% +/- 3), which are not expressed on resting NK cells. IL-6 also enhanced the fluorescence intensity of beta 1 integrins, CD49d, CD49e, and CD49f, expressed on NK cells. IL-6-stimulated NK cells showed significantly increased integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin- or laminin-coated plates (26 +/- 3 mean % cells adhering +/- SEM vs 15 +/- 4 in control for FN and 19 +/- 1 vs 11 +/- 1 for LM, p &lt; 0.05 for both) as determined in a 3 h binding assay. As assessed by inhibition of adhesion using mAb to the VLA-2, -3, -4, -5, and -6, NK cell adhesion to fibronectin was mediated by VLA-4 and 5, and their adhesion to laminin by VLA-3 and -6. NK cells incubated in the presence of IL-6 were found to produce a factor cytostatic to WEHI-164 clone 13 target cells. This effect was partly, although significantly, blocked by neutralizing antibodies to TNF-alpha or TNF-beta. Our data demonstrate that IL-6 can directly activate human NK cells, but is a less potent NK cell activator, for all activation and functional parameters studied, than IL-2.
Human CD4+ cytolytic T cells kill antigen-pulsed target T cells by induction of apoptosis.
Authors: Rahelu M , Williams G T , Kumararatne D S , Eaton G C , Gaston J S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulation of human CD4+ T cell clones with appropriate specific peptides or with lectins in the absence of APC induces a substantial degree of cell death. We have investigated the mechanisms of induction of this cell death and show that it occurs by apoptosis, identified by morphology and the characteristic pattern of DNA degradation. We also investigated whether this T cell death was a result of a suicide process activated in the T cell after "inappropriate" recognition of Ag on the surface of another T cell clone (and in the absence of other accessory signals), or was due to a conventional lethal hit delivered by one cytolytic T cell to another "target" T cell. Our results strongly suggest that peptide-induced cell death of human CD4+ CTL is due to active killing of Ag-presenting target T cells by effector T cells of the same clone. The cell death that is induced in the target T cell occurs via apoptosis that requires de novo RNA transcription and translation in the effector T cell.