bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
16 Supplement Type Influenced the Immune Response of Nursing Ewes to the Natural Challenge of Gastrointestinal Parasites While Grazing in Woodlands
Authors: Chaudhary Santoshi , Karki Uma , Shrestha Bhuwan , Lamsal Sadikshya 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nutritional status influences the immune response of grazing animals to naturally occurring diseases and parasites. Provision of supplementary nutrients may enhance the resiliency of grazing animals to gastrointestinal parasites, which are posing a major health problem in small ruminants raised in Southeastern pastures. Information is limited on the role of supplement type in influencing the immune response of grazing animals to natural health challenges. This study tested the hypothesis that the immune response of nursing ewes to gastrointestinal (GI) parasites would be the same irrespective of the supplement type. The objective of the study was to evaluate the cellular and humoral immune response of nursing ewes naturally infected with GI parasites when supplemented with energy- or protein-rich feeds. Katahdin-St. Croix cross-nursing ewes (n = 18) were divided into two groups. Each group was assigned to separate sets of woodland plots (3 plots/group) and rotated in the respective plots throughout the study period with ad libitum hay from May to August 2022. Group-1 ewes were supplemented with whole corn and Group-2 ewes with whole soybean (0.5% of body weight). Fecal samples and blood samples were collected on days 1, 45, and 70. Fecal samples were analyzed for the type and quantity of GI parasites using the McMaster technique. Blood samples were analyzed for WBC (Total WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) using the Procyte-Dx Analyzer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on serum samples to quantify immunoglobulins (Ig): IgA, IgG, and IgE. Data were analyzed using GLM Procedure in SAS 9.4. Haemonchus contortus was the major GI parasite affecting ewes. No difference was found between groups for GI parasites, WBC, and IgE. However, IgA and IgG concentrations were less in Group-1 than in Group-2 ewes (P &lt; 0.0001). Overall, the supplement type did not affect the GI-parasite load and the immune response in terms of cellular and IgE. However, the immune response in terms of IgA and IgG was amplified with protein-rich supplements.
25 Effect of Cyclic Monensin Feeding onin Situ Degradability of Low-Quality Forage Fed to Ruminally Cannulated Beef Steers
Authors: Smyth Lauren , Foster Jamie , Hook Kayla , Mast Natasha L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Effects of cyclic monensin feeding on in situ disappearance kinetics of low-quality forage (LQF; 4.9% CP) were evaluated. Ruminally cannulated steers (n = 12; Bos taurus; 260 kg BW) consuming LQF were randomly assigned to of 3 treatments in a completely randomized design: CON (0 mg∙animal-1∙day-1 monensin; Rumensin 90, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) MON (200 mg∙animal-1∙day-1 monensin), or 3) CYC (200 mg∙animal-1∙day-1 monensin for 4 d and 0 mg∙animal-1∙day-1 monensin for subsequent 4 d). Steers were fed dried distillers’ grains with solubles (1 kg∙animal-1∙day-1) for monensin inclusion. Four 28-d replicated cycles were used allowing 9 days for treatment adaptation, 4 days for sampling, and 4 days for withdrawal of monensin within the CYC treatment group. Low-quality forage samples were weighed into 0 × 20 cm polyester bags in replicates of four for each sampling hour. On d 0, all replicates were placed into the ventral area of the rumen and replicates were removed 0, 4, 8,6, 24, 48, and 72 hours post feeding. Upon removal, bags were rinsed in ice water, and frozen until final replicates were removed. Subsequently, bags were washed utilizing a commercial washing machine, dried at 55°C to a constant weight and dried residues were analyzed for DM. Ruminal in situ DM degradation data over time were fitted to the first-order exponential model with discrete lag using the NLIN procedure of SAS 9.4, then model parameters were compared with PROC GLIMMIX model to compare dietary treatments with period included as a random variable. There was no effect of treatment (P ≥ 0.22) on potentially degradable DM, rate of DM degradation, DM residue, DM lag, or wash loss of DM. Results are consistent with findings in the concurrent in vivo study conducted by Hook et al. (2022). Further evaluation of NDF degradability is required to determine a clear effect of cyclic monensin feeding on steers consuming an LQF.
24 Effects of Oral Supplementation of Cannabidiol on Young Stallion Behavior
Authors: Cheyenne Mason A , Byaers Payton C , Jones Trinette N , Jones Barbara , Guay Kimberly A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has become a popular product in the recent months due to change in legislation with the passing of the Agricultural Improvement Act in 2018. Cannabidiol comes from the plant Cannabis sativa L. and binds to cannabinoid receptors throughout the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are located throughout the body and are prominent in the brain and reproduction tract. Although the effects of CBD on physiology have been researched, little data on the behavioral effects exist, even less so in horses. Calming supplements that may negate aggressive stallion behavior are not suitable due to potential soporific effects that can affect libido. In addition to the effectiveness of CBD to modify behavior in horses, it is also unclear if CBD influences stallion libido. The objective of this study was to evaluate sexual behavior in stallions given a daily CBD supplement for 70 days. Two-year old stallions (n = 8) were assigned to either a Control (CON; n = 3) or Cannabidiol (CBD; n = 4) treatment groups. Cannabidiol was administered at a rate of 0.6 mg/kg BW daily, and equal volume of olive oil was given as a placebo to CON. Horses were weighed every Monday at which time dosages were recalculated to adjust for body weight changes. Behavior data collection occurred twice per week during semen collections. Video data were recorded by placing two cameras, one placed in view of the tease area, and one placed in view of the mount, for behavior data backup. Behavioral data was tallied by handlers calmly calling each behavior as it occurred during collection. The behaviors collected included Flehman’s response, bites, strikes, mounts, high pitch vocalizations, and low pitch vocalizations. Data were analyzed using a Chi Square Test within R Statistical Program (R Core Team). Results were considered significant at P &lt; 0.05. Throughout the duration of the study, all stallions exhibited normal sexual behavior, regardless of treatment. Results showed that total low and high pitch vocalizations, bites, and Flehman’s were affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.01). Cannabidiol-treated stallions had more low pitches (60), compared to CON (58). Cannabidiol-treated stallions had fewer bites (145) compared to the CON (146). Cannibidiol stallions displayed Flehman’s more frequently (270) than CON (236). Flehman’s response and bites were lower for stallions on cannabidiol in Week 1 but increased by Week 10 (P &lt; 0.01), while only Flehman’s response increased in the CON group over time (P &lt; 0.01). These findings indicate that CBD may influence breeding behavior in young stallions specifically when supplemented over time. Further research should focus on the impact of CBD on breeding behaviors in mature stallions and the longevity of the behavioral response to CBD.
50 Gene Editing Applications in Livestock Production
Authors: Garcia Andre 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Gene editing is a technology that allows changes in the DNA of organisms from plants to animals, to humans. Its application in research has been around for a long time, and different techniques were developed over the years such as Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs and more recently the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The latter has gained popularity for being much simpler to implement and at the same time being able to perform more precise edits with less off targets. Scientists and farmers have been using genetics selection to improve productivity and sustainability of agriculture for many decades using information from phenotypes, pedigrees, and more recently genomic information. With the increasing demand for food production, the investigation and adoption of new technologies will continue to drive and accelerate genetic improvement in animals and plants to meet consumer demands and expectations. A lot of effort has been devoted to developing gene editing research and applications for a variety of traits to improve production, health, and wellbeing of farmed animals. Although gene editing and more specifically the CRISPR technology was met with great expectations for genetic improvements in animals, a few challenges are still unresolved and are under constant research and development. For instance, many of the economically relevant traits for animal production are controlled by many genes with small effects (polygenic traits). For these traits, editing many loci would be required to make significant improvements, which adds a lot of complexity for the current technologies. Another challenge for further development, and deployment of this technology has been on the regulatory side, in which legislation for the use of gene edited animals for food production is still under development, and many regulatory aspects are not clear. These have been largely addressed on case-by-case basis, with recent approvals for Atlantic Salmon (fast growing), swine (hypoallergenic) and beef cattle (slick coat) being granted for specific use cases. Other examples of applications of gene editing are the coat color change, and creation of polled animals in cattle, which target improvements on environmental adaptability and animal welfare. In swine, researchers have been working on developing pigs that are resistant to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) which could lead to a great health and economic benefits for the swine industry. These are a few examples of how gene editing could help improve disease resistance, well-being and climate adaptation traits for many livestock and aquaculture species in the future. Further refinements of the technology, the development of policies and legislation, and strategies for deployment in commercial applications will continue to be key aspects to guide a safe and responsible use of gene editing in livestock production.
68 Characterization of Bovine Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Colostrum
Authors: Brown Audrey , Santos Rafaela , Ahn Yeseul , Bickel Ulrich , Rosa Fernanda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Bovine colostrum is composed of a variety of biologically active compounds including microRNAs (miRNA), which are found within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Newborn calves are agammaglobulinemic. Hence, the ability of the bovine neonate to fight off pathogens is therefore almost entirely dependent upon colostrum ingestion. Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs may have a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response. Thus, we aimed to characterize the EVs morphology from bovine colostrum using stimulated emission depletion (STED) super resolution microscopy. Bovine colostrum samples (approx. 3-4 h after parturition) were collected from primiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 10) at a commercial dairy farm. Colostrum samples (15 mL) were subjected to a series of centrifugation steps to achieve defatted supernatant and to label EV pellets with EV specific markers. The EV pellets were resuspended in 100µL of 1 x PBS for EV staining methods or resuspended in 1 mL of trizol reagent for further miRNA isolation. The EVs suspensions were incubated with a primary polyclonal antibody anti-CD63 and with a secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 594) for approximately 90 minutes each. Labeled EV-antibody complex were analyzed using confocal and STED microscopy. Based on the confocal and super resolution STED imaging capability obtained from the EVs-derived from bovine colostrum (Figure 1), labeled EVs with anti-CD63 and the enhanced resolution of STED over conventional confocal imaging, allowed to image the EVs at their actual size (30-200 nm). Further in-depth view on EV morphology, marker proteins expressed on the membrane, and size will contribute to our understanding of EVs-derived from colostrum and their functions. This will be crucial in studies to evaluate EVs uptake by intestinal cells for the correct identification of compartments involved in subcellular trafficking.
71 Effects of Periparturient Vaginal Betadine Lavages on Dam and Neonatal Immune Responses
Authors: Messman Riley D , Swanson Rebecca M , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The vaginal microbiota (VM) is one of the initial contacts of the neonate with microorganisms and can attribute to neonatal health outcomes. The impacts of an altered VM on post-partum dam and neonatal immune responses has not been evaluated. Betadine lavages (BL) have been used to mitigate bacterial infections within the reproductive tract by ablating the VM. Thus, this study aimed to determine if an altered VM impacts passive transfer and immune responses in post-partum dams & calves. Commercial beef cows (n = 22) were randomly assigned to either the control group (CON) or BL treatment group (BTL) two weeks before calving. Treatment BL bags were infused into the anterior vagina and cows received 1 of 3 treatments depending on calving date. Blood samples were gathered from the dam and calf at 0, 5, 30 and 60 days post-partum. Processed blood serum and dam colostrum samples were stored at -80°C. Calf serum (0 d) and dam colostrum were analyzed for immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration via a commercial ELISA. A D2Dx testing kit was used to determine immune status in both dam and calves at 1,5, 30, and 60 days by using gold nanoparticles as a pathogen substitute to identify immune system factors within serum samples. The test produces a numerical score that can be correlated to immune response strength. All IgG data were analyzed using R software. All D2Dx data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA (SAS software version 9.4). There was no difference in passive transfer status between CON and BTL calves, represented by no significant differences in calf serum (P = 0.62) or dam colostrum (P = 0.32) concentrations of IgG. In dams, there was a main effect of day with immune responses decreasing at 60 days postpartum compared with 0d (P &lt; 0.001),5d (P &lt; 0.001), and 30d (P &lt; 0.001). In calves, there was a main effect of day where immune responses were increased on5d compared with 30d (P = 0.046) but decreased on d 5 compared with d 60 (P = 0.005). Moreover, there was a decreased immune response in calves at d 0 (P &lt; 0.001) and d 30 (P &lt; 0.001) compared with d 60. In calves, there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for BTL calves to have a decreased immune response compared with CON. Interestingly, immune status fluctuated in both dams and calves from calving to 60 d post-partum. While full elucidation of causes behind these fluctuations is limited, more research evaluating their implications is warranted.
144 Assessment of Backgrounding Management on Growth Performance and Health in Southeastern Beef Calves
Authors: Justice Maggie M , Mullenix Kim K , Tigue Daniel A , Zessin Peyton , Dillard Leanne L , Rodning Soren P , Chamorro Manuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The backgrounding period is a post-weaning management strategy to add weight and build the health status in beef calves. This phase is used to prepare beef calves to enter the next phase of the production supply chain. Weaning and backgrounding management methods can be strategies to reduce calf morbidity and mortality in the feedlot. The objective of this study was to assess beef calf growth performance based on weaning management strategy and subsequent backgrounding using commonly used forage-based diets by Alabama beef producers. A two-year study was conducted using 427 steers (n = 216, year 1, average BW 306kg; n = 213, year 2, average BW 294kg). Steer calves from three Auburn University research farms were randomly assigned based on weaning weights to one of three different weaning method groups: fenceline weaning, nose-flap weaning, or abrupt weaning. After the weaning period calves were brought to a centralized farm and began a 60-d backgrounding period where they were randomized according to previous weaning management, farm of origin and body weight to one of three nutritional management strategies in a 3×3 factorial design: cool-season baleage (oats, ryegrass and crimson clover) and 1% BW dried distillers’ grains (DDGS), bermudagrass hay and 1% BW DDGS, or grazing mixed warm-season annuals and 1% BW DDGS. Body weights were collected on d 0, 30 and 60 of the backgrounding phase. In both years, fenceline weaned calves had the greatest average daily gain (year 1, 0.76 kg/d; year 2, 1.03 kg/d; P = 0.0225) in the first 30 days of the backgrounding period regardless of backgrounding diet type. Calves fed the bermudagrass hay-based diet also had a greater average daily (year 1, 0.78 kg/d; year 2, 1.24 kg/d; P &lt; 0.0001) than both the grazing and baleage diet groups in the first 30 days of backgrounding. From d 30 to 60 of backgrounding in each year, calves on the hay-based diet had the least average daily gain (year 1, 0.19 kg/d; year 2, 0.42 kg/d; P &lt; 0.0001). Steers on both the warm-season annual grazing and cool-season baleage diets supported greater average daily gains (P =0.0041) during the last 30 days of the backgrounding period (0.74 kg/d and 0.75 kg/d, respectively). Steers in year 2 had a greater total gain (year 1, 45.55kg; year 2, 51.56 kg; P = 0.0042) than steers in year 1. However, results in both years indicate that weaning and backgrounding management strategies may influence calf performance during the transition period into the post-weaning phase.
142 Influence of Comfort on Growth, Intramuscular Fat Accretion, and Ultrasound Ribeye Area in Akaushi Steers and Heifers at Time of Weaning
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Holloway J W , Beeman Jordan R , Hill W J , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Comfort (Ralco Agriculture; Marshall, MN) is a feed additive that contains essential oils and capsicum which are antioxidants and selectively antimicrobial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Comfort on growth, intramuscular fat (IMF) accretion, and ultrasound ribeye area (REAU) in Akaushi and Akaushi crossbred steers and heifers at time of weaning. Steers and heifers (body weight = 257 ± 26.8 kg; n = 56) were weaned on d 0 at the ranch where they were born (Flatonia, TX). On d 0 animals were weighed, ultrasound scanned, and allocated to treatment. Treatments were a negative control that received no Comfort and a Comfort treatment, received 0.23 kg∙animal-1∙day-1 top-dressed on the ration. An equal number of steers and heifers were allocated to each treatment. Average daily high temperature was 38º C. On d 50, animals were shipped to the West Texas A&M University research feedyard (Canyon, TX); weighed and ultrasound scanned upon arrival. Data reported are the difference between d 0 and d 50 measurements. Data were analyzed using treatment as the fixed effect and individual animal as the experimental unit. Statistical analysis used PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Animal final BW was not different between treatments (285 COMF vs. 282 kg control; P = 0.77). Animal average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater in the Comfort cattle compared with the control (0.61 vs. 0.47 kg/d; P = 0.09). Percentage IMF was significantly different between Comfort and control animals (0.14 vs. -0.12 %; P = 0.02). Animal REAU was not different between the treatments (3.39 for Comfort vs. 3.73 cm2 for control; P = 0.83). Fat thickness was not different between Comfort (0.1397 cm) and control cattle (0.1497 cm; P = 0.74). Data collected in this trial indicate that Comfort increased ADG and fat percentage with minimal changes to fat thickness and REAU.
152 Impact of Early Life Nutrition and Supplementation of a Yeast Derived Product in Growth and Development of Beef Calves
Authors: Pancini Stefania , Goncherenko Guillermo , Craun Hannah , Dias Nicholas W , Vidlund Trinity , Klonicke Zachary , Mercadante Vitor R G 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of a yeast-derived product (Celmanax; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; Princeton, NJ) supplementation on performance of beef calves during the backgrounding phase. A total of 44 male castrated beef calves [249 ± 31 kg body weight (BW), 296 ±8 days of age], were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: supplementation of kg-1calf-1d of corn gluten feed (Control; n = 22); or supplementation of kg∙animal-1∙day-1 of corn gluten feed and 14 g∙animal-1∙day-1 (as fed-basis) of a yeast derived product (Treatment, CEL; n = 22). Steer calves received their treatment for 30 days, using an automated feeding system (SmartFeed PRO, C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Four automated feeders allowed each group to have access to their specific diet, while being managed as a single group during the total duration of the experiment, and daily individual animal supplement intake were recorded. Before the beginning of the experimental period, calves were trained to use the automated feeding system for 30 days. Steer calves also had ad libitum access to a fescue pasture and grass hay. Body weight was measured every 14 days using a livestock scale. At day 30, calves were loaded into a commercial livestock trailer and transported to a feedlot for a total of 6 hours. Feed samples were collected every week, dried to measure dry matter content, and kept for further nutritional composition chemical analyses. Individual daily intake of supplement was similar between treatments (0.82 ± 0.06 and 0.9 ± 0.07 kg/d for CEL and Control, respectively; P = 0.36). Average daily gain (ADG) showed no difference between treatments (0.57 ± 0.05 and 0.61 ± 0.05 kg/d for CEL and Control, respectively; P = 0.59), reaching the same final body weight (256 ± 6.73 kg for CEL and Control; P = 0.98). Body weight loss during transportation (12.6 ± 0.87 kg and 12.4 ± 0.85 kg for CEL and Control, respectively; P = 0.9) was not different between treatments, reaching normal values for that length of transportation. In conclusion, supplementation of a yeast-derived product during 30 days before transportation did not cause any changes in performance of backgrounded beef steer calves.