bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HLA A2 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to multiple hepatitis B surface antigen epitopes during hepatitis B virus infection.
Authors: Nayersina R , Fowler P , Guilhot S , Missale G , Cerny A , Schlicht H J , Vitiello A , Chesnut R , Person J L , Redeker A G , Chisari F V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inasmuch as the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not directly cytopathic for the infected hepatocyte, it is generally presumed that viral clearance and liver cell injury during viral hepatitis are due to a CTL response to HBV encoded Ag presented by HLA class I molecules. We have previously examined the peripheral blood CTL response to two HBV nucleocapsid epitopes in patients with acute and chronic viral hepatitis, one of which is restricted by HLA-A2, whereas the other is dually restricted by HLA-A31 and Aw68. In this study, we defined the HLA-A2-restricted CTL response to the hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) by using a panel of HBsAg-derived synthetic peptides containing the ideal HLA-A2.1 binding motif (-L------V). Several novel aspects of HBV immunobiology and pathogenesis are evident from this study. First, the peripheral blood CTL response to HBV-encoded Ag is remarkably polyclonal and multispecific in most patients with acute hepatitis. Indeed, HLA-A2-restricted CTL specific for as many as four envelope epitopes and one nucleocapsid epitope were found to be present simultaneously in individual patients with acute viral hepatitis. Second, HBV-specific CTL are not detectable in the peripheral blood in a minority of patients with acute hepatitis, nor have we detected a CTL response in any of the patients with chronic hepatitis that we have studied thus far. Although the cellular and molecular basis for CTL nonresponse remains to be determined, the data suggest that it may contribute to viral persistence. Third, the diversity and the specificity of the CTL response is determined in part by the coding sequence of the viral genome present in each infected patient. Indeed, the apparent nonresponse of some acutely infected patients to at least one HBsAg-specific CTL epitope actually reflects infection by a viral variant that contains a critical substitution in one of the anchor residues within the epitope. Finally, at a fundamental level, the data suggest that the presence of the HLA-A2.1-binding motif in a peptide may not be sufficient for binding; and the capacity of a peptide to bind the class I molecule does not guarantee that it will be immunogenic.
The same epitope on CD22 of B lymphocytes mediates the adhesion of erythrocytes, T and B lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes.
Authors: Engel P , Nojima Y , Rothstein D , Zhou L J , Wilson G L , Kehrl J H , Tedder T F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CD22 is a B lineage-restricted member of the Ig superfamily that serves as an adhesion receptor expressed by mature B lymphocytes. In this study, the ability of different cell types to attach to COS cells transiently transfected with a full-length CD22 cDNA (COS-CD22) was examined to determine the cellular distribution of the ligand for CD22. T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and neutrophils formed specific rosettes with COS-CD22 cells at 4 degrees C. A panel of 33 new mAb directed against CD22 were developed to examine the regions of CD22 that mediate adhesion. Four of these mAb, HB22-7, -22, -23, and -33 (at 1 to 5 micrograms/ml) specifically blocked adhesion (75 to 95%) of all cell types to COS-CD22 cells. Each of these mAb cross-blocked each other's binding, suggesting that ligand binding occurs through a single region of CD22. These mAb also identify a region of CD22 distinct from those defined by previously described CD22 mAb. CD22-mediated adhesion of cell lines to COS-CD22 cells was independent of CD45RO and CDw75 expression, and it was not inhibited by mAb against known integrins. Although alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid expressed on the surface of COS cells did not serve as a ligand for CD22, the CD22 ligand may contain a critical sialic acid determinant, as neuraminidase treatment of all target cells eliminated CD22-mediated adhesion. CD22-mediated adhesion was Ca2+/Mg2+ independent, again suggesting that integrins were not involved. An inhibitory substance for CD22-mediated adhesion was found to be present in FCS and some ascites fluid. Analysis of CD22 mRNA and protein revealed that although multiple mRNA splice variants of CD22 mRNA can be detected, only a single protein isoform was detected on the cell surface. Therefore, although the identity of the CD22 ligands remains incompletely characterized, it is possible that a single major ligand is expressed by RBC and leukocytes, which binds to a single region of CD22.
Direct effects of IL-10 on subsets of human CD4+ T cell clones and resting T cells. Specific inhibition of IL-2 production and proliferation.
Authors: de Waal Malefyt R , Yssel H , de Vries J E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The direct effects of IL-10 on the proliferation and lymphokine production of human peripheral blood T cells and CD4+ T cell clones representing the Th0, Th1-like, and Th2-like Th cell subsets were investigated in the absence of professional APC. IL-10 partially inhibited the proliferative responses of CD4+ human T cell clones induced by anti-CD2 or anti-CD3 mAb cross-linked on CD32 (Fc gamma RII)-transfected mouse L cells. Transfection of ICAM-1 or LFA-3 in CD32+ L cells resulted in enhanced proliferative responses of CD4+ T cell clones after activation by anti-CD3 mAb, whereas transfection of B7 in CD32+ L cells enhanced proliferative responses of CD4+ T cell clones after activation by anti-CD2 mAb. In addition, B7 expression on CD32+ L cells was required for activation of small resting T cells by anti-CD3 or anti-CD2 mAb. IL-10 inhibited the proliferation of T cell clones induced by anti-CD2 or anti-CD3 mAb on CD32+ L cells expressing these accessory molecules, indicating that interactions of LFA-3, ICAM-1, and B7 with their ligands on T cells did not overcome the inhibitory effects of IL-10. Inhibition of proliferation of T cell clones by IL-10 was in all instances completely neutralized by relatively low concentrations of IL-2, whereas IL-4 was ineffective. IL-10 did not affect the expression of the TCR/CD3 complex, CD2, LFA-1, CD28, or IL-2R alpha- or beta-chains, nor did it inhibit the induction of the latter two molecules on T cells after activation. Inhibition of proliferation was found to be the result of specific inhibition of IL-2 production by the responding T cell subsets, which occurred at the mRNA level. The production and mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma, and granulocyte/macrophage-CSF were not affected by IL-10. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-10/IL-10R interaction on CD4+ T cell clones and peripheral blood T cells results in signaling pathways that specifically interfere with activation processes leading to IL-2 production. These direct inhibitory effects on IL-2 production by activated T cells may contribute to the general immunosuppressive activities of IL-10.
Activation of CD8-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte adhesion and degranulation by peptide class I antigen complexes.
Authors: Kane K P , Mescher M F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of CTL requires engagement of both the TCR and the CD8 coreceptor. Immobilized class I proteins and in vitro-formed peptide class I Ag complexes have been used to examine the relative contributions of TCR and CD8 to the adhesion and response of cloned, class I-restricted CTL. The extent of degranulation was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of peptide used to pulse class I, suggesting that activation is a direct function of TCR occupancy level. In contrast, activation of degranulation as a function of the amount of class I on the surface displayed a marked threshold density dependence. Essentially the same density dependence was found for the response of CTL to fluid phase anti-TCR mAb and non-Ag class I, indicating that CD8-class I interaction must exceed a threshold before effective cosignaling can occur. Adhesion and degranulation of CTL was minimal in response to in vitro peptide-class I complexes prepared at a class I density below the threshold. However, the same density of peptide class I initiated both adhesion and response if additional non-Ag class I was coimmobilized on the same surface at levels above threshold. Thus, when surface levels of peptide class I complex are low, as is likely to be the case under physiologic conditions, the level of TCR occupancy achieved is, by itself, insufficient to mediate cell adhesion or activate degranulation. The results demonstrate, however, that low TCR occupancy is sufficient to provide the signal to prime CD8. Provided that the surface density of class I is sufficiently high, CD8 then mediates strong adhesion and provides the costimulatory signal(s) to activate response.
Detection of a glycosylation-dependent ligand for the T lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule CD2 using a novel multimeric recombinant CD2-binding assay.
Authors: Parish C R , Recny M A , Knoppers M H , Waldron J C , Warren H S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The CD2 molecule plays an important role in T cell adhesion by interacting with the ligands CD58 (LFA-3) and CD59. In order to detect additional ligands for CD2, potentially of low binding affinity, we have prepared a highly fluorescent, multimeric form of rCD2 whose binding to cells can be quantified by flow cytometry. Initial studies demonstrated that binding of multimeric rCD2 to cells was CD2-specific, concentration and time dependent, and saturable. The negative charge on cells was also found to play a critical role in the efficiency of multimeric rCD2 binding. Analysis of binding of multimeric rCD2 to 17 CD58+ cell types revealed that only 8 of the cells exhibited binding. Failure of multimeric rCD2 to interact with the other cells could not be explained by differences in CD58 expression, suggesting that, in terms of CD2 binding, there are qualitative differences in CD58 on different cell types. Binding of multimeric rCD2 to six of the seven reactive cells was virtually totally inhibited by CD58 mAb pretreatment, whereas binding to the erythroleukemic line K562 was only partially blocked, suggesting the existence of another CD2 ligand. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the putative new ligand is not CD59, and that it interacts with a different region of the CD2 molecule than CD58, probably a site located between the T11(1) and T11(2) epitopes. The binding affinity of CD2 for the new ligand is 10-fold lower than for CD58 and, based on studies with truncated rCD2, the binding site for the new ligand is located within the amino-terminal 105 amino acids of the CD2 polypeptide. Unlike CD58, the new ligand is tunicamycin sensitive suggesting that it contains a N-linked carbohydrate structure that is essential for functional activity.
Regulation of the tyrosine kinase-dependent adhesion pathway in human lymphocytes through CD45.
Authors: Wagner N , Engel P , Tedder T F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-cell adhesive interactions involve numerous receptor/ligand interactions that play a crucial role in the development of immune function. Engagement of multiple cell-surface molecules on B lymphocytes generates intracellular signals through a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway that activates cell-surface adhesion receptors and thereby induces homotypic cell-cell adhesion. Homotypic adhesion is mediated in part through LFA-1/ICAM-1 and other heretofore unknown adhesion receptors. In this study, evidence of a regulatory role for CD45 in the induction of homotypic adhesion is suggested. A new mAb (HAB-1) was developed that inhibits homotypic adhesion in B cell lines induced through MHC class I and class II, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, and Leu-13 cell-surface molecules. Although binding of this mAb strongly inhibited cell-surface Ag-induced homotypic adhesion at mAb concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram/ml, it exhibited no effect on homotypic adhesion induced by phorbol esters. Binding of the HAB-1 mAb to lymphocytes altered the pattern of cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation, but did not have a global inhibitory effect on cell activation because it did not have major effects on the growth of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that the HAB-1 mAb identified an epitope present on all isoforms of CD45. The HAB-1 mAb may identify a unique epitope of CD45 because this mAb had a unique staining pattern when assessed by indirect immunofluorescence staining. The HAB-1 mAb was similar to some other CD45 mAb that have the capacity to amplify CD2-induced proliferation of blood lymphocytes. However, only 1 of 12 other anti-CD45 mAb tested had a similar inhibitory effect on adhesion. Homotypic adhesion of lymphocytes may therefore be governed by a regulatory system of cell-surface molecules that generate positive and negative signals that either trigger adhesion or, like CD45, directly down-regulate adhesion. This highlights the significance of adhesive events that result from surface molecules being engaged by their natural ligands during lymphocyte activation.
Developmental and cytokine-mediated regulation of MHC class II gene promoter occupancy in vivo.
Authors: Kara C J , Glimcher L H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex are a family of genes whose expression is regulated developmentally in cells of the B lineage and by IFN-gamma in many other cell types. Using the approach of in vivo footprinting, which allows for the examination of protein-promoter interactions within intact cells, we demonstrated a transition from unoccupied to occupied to once again unoccupied class II promoters in cell lines representing the developmental pathway of B cells. IFN-gamma treatment of HeLa cells led to increased promoter occupancy of the DR alpha and DR beta promoters at the same sites that are constitutively bound in mature B cells. No IFN-gamma-specific binding site was induced. Additionally, an octamer element in the DR alpha gene displayed preferential binding in B cells. These results demonstrate that changes in the transcription of the class II genes are associated with changes in factor binding at the promoter in vivo. Moreover, given the ubiquity of class II promoter binding proteins, these results suggest that throughout B cell development and upon IFN-gamma stimulation, the accessibility of class II promoter DNA is subject to regulation.
Genetic basis of human complement C8 beta deficiency.
Authors: Kaufmann T , Hänsch G , Rittner C , Späth P , Tedesco F , Schneider P M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The eighth component of human complement (C8) is a serum protein consisting of three chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) and encoded by three different genes, C8A, C8B, and C8G. C8A and C8B are closely linked on chromosome 1p, whereas C8G is located on chromosome 9q. In the serum the beta subunit is non-covalently bound to the disulfide-linked alpha-gamma subunit. Patients with C8 beta deficiency suffer from recurrent neisserial infections such as meningitis. Exon-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with primer pairs from the flanking intron sequences was used to amplify all 12 C8B exons separately. No difference regarding the exon sizes was observed in a C8 beta-deficient patient compared with a normal person. Therefore, direct sequence analysis of all exon-specific PCR products from normal and C8 beta-deficient individuals was carried out. As a cause for C8 beta deficiency, we found a single C-T exchange in exon 9 leading to a stop codon. An allele-specific PCR system was designed to detect the normal and the deficiency allele simultaneously. Using this approach as well as PCR typing of the Taql polymorphism located in intron 11, five families with 7 C8 beta-deficient members were investigated. The mutation was not found to be restricted to one of the two Taql RFLP alleles. The mutant allele was observed in all families investigated and can therefore be regarded as a major cause of C8 beta deficiency in the Caucasian population. In addition, two C8 beta-deficient patients were found to be heterozygous for the C-T exchange. The molecular basis of the alleles without this point mutation also causing deficiency has not yet been defined.
Structural similarity of antibody variable regions from immune and autoimmune anti-DNA antibodies.
Authors: Krishnan M R , Marion T N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-DNA antibodies have been successfully induced in normal, nonautoimmune mice by immunization with complexes formed with a DNA-binding peptide, Fus1, and native, B form, mammalian DNA. Fus1 is a 27-amino acid peptide from the internal domain of a ubiquitin fusion protein from Trypanosoma cruzi. The structure of this peptide is homologous to the consensus amino acid sequence for a DNA-binding, "zinc finger" motif, and the peptide binds to DNA. A panel of six anti-DNA antibody-producing hybridomas, two IgM and four IgG2a, have been generated from a single BALB/c mouse immunized with Fus1-DNA. The V region structures for both H and L chains of the induced anti-DNA antibodies are highly homologous if not identical to the V region structures of spontaneous anti-DNA antibodies from autoimmune (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. The DNA specificities of the anti-DNA antibodies were also similar to those of autoimmune anti-DNA antibodies. Three of the four induced IgG antibodies bound equally well to native and denatured DNA. These results demonstrate that antibody specific for nDNA can be induced with immunogenic complexes of native DNA. They also demonstrate that monoclonal representatives of the induced anti-DNA antibodies have serologic and structural characteristics similar if not identical to those of spontaneous anti-DNA antibodies from autoimmune mice. The experimental system described here should provide insight not only about the structural basis for autoimmunity to DNA but also the function of anti-DNA antibody in the immunopathology of SLE.
Monoclonal, anti-domain and anti-peptide antibodies assign the molecular weight 160,000 granulocyte membrane antigen of the CD66 cluster to a mRNA species encoded by the biliary glycoprotein gene, a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen gene family.
Authors: Stoffel A , Neumaier M , Gaida F J , Fenger U , Drzeniek Z , Haubeck H D , Wagener C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
mAb directed against the CD66 cluster of granulocyte differentiation Ag recognize Ag of the carcinoembryonic Ag family. A major Ag in extracts from granulocyte membranes bound by CD66 antibodies exhibits a relative molecular mass of 160,000. According to recent data, this Ag may be a product of the biliary glycoprotein (BGP) gene that belongs to the CEA gene family. As a result of alternative splicing, the BGP gene is transcribed into at least seven distinct mRNA species. To identify splice variants of BGP, antisera were raised against the A2 domain expressed in bacteria and to a peptide comprising the C-terminal 23 amino acids encoded by the 3' exon of the BGP gene. The antisera and an mAb specific for members of the BGP family were used to identify potential BGP splice variants in granulocyte membranes. For comparison, the binding of antibodies to Ag purified from human bile was investigated. In the membrane preparation from granulocytes, the only Ag identified by the mAb, the domain antiserum and the peptide antiserum, was the Ag of M(r) 160,000 recognized by a CD66 antibody. These results indicate that the M(r) 160,000 granulocyte membrane Ag of the CD66 cluster is the product of the BGP-specific mRNA containing all coding sequences of the BGP gene. Among two major biliary glycoproteins present in human bile, the M(r) 115,000 Ag contains the A2 domain, whereas the domain is lacking in the "classical" biliary glycoprotein of M(r) 85,000. None of the bile Ag bound the peptide antiserum.
Use of the most JH-proximal human Ig H chain V region gene, VH6, in the expressed immune repertoire.
Authors: Varade W S , Marin E , Kittelberger A M , Insel R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
VH6, the most 3' human H chain V region gene, is preferentially expressed in the preimmune repertoire of the developing human fetus. To determine whether VH6 contributes to the immune repertoire, we amplified and sequenced from human spleen RNA VH6 rearrangements that were isotype-switched to IgG. Eighteen distinct in-frame VH6 clones were sequenced. Definitive assignment to C gamma 1 could be made in the majority of clones, and all had undergone extensive somatic hypermutation in the V region with an average of 14 (range, 2 to 25) mutations/281 bp in the VH6 segment. The overall frequency of somatic mutation was 5.2% of the total nucleotides sequenced. Replacement somatic mutations were targeted to the complementarity determining region, and the complementarity determining region had higher replacement to silent mutation ratios, consistent with antigenic selection. Silent somatic mutations were also significantly more frequent in the complementarity determining region compared to the framework region. Five clones were derived from the same VH6Dxp'1JH6 rearrangement, each containing unique and shared mutations. All DH segments used by independently arising clones were unique, and all DH reading frames were seen. N segments were lacking at either the 5'DH-JH junction or the 3'DH-JH junction in 7 of 13 independent rearrangements. DH-DH recombinations were frequently observed, and there was biased usage of JH3b and JH4b in the clones. The data imply that a high degree of diversity arises from use of this 3'-VH gene in the immune repertoire.
Differences in cytokine response and induction of nitric oxide synthase in endotoxin-resistant and endotoxin-sensitive mice after intravenous gram-negative infection.
Authors: Evans T J , Strivens E , Carpenter A , Cohen J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous reports have suggested that the endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ strain of mouse is more susceptible to infection than is the endotoxin-sensitive parent strain, C3H/HeN, although they have never been compared in an i.v. model of sepsis. We therefore have used these mouse strains in an i.v. model of Gram-negative sepsis to compare their sensitivities to infection, their cytokine responses, and the levels of induction of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase assayed in their livers. By using i.v. infection with Escherichia coli we have found that both strains are approximately equally sensitive to this organism, despite the C3H/HeJ mice having a markedly attenuated TNF-alpha response. IFN-gamma levels after infection were identical in the two strains; the levels of nitric oxide synthase induced in their livers were about fourfold greater in the C3H/HeJ mice. This difference could not be explained by differences in bacterial load. These experiments suggest that factors other than TNF-alpha are important in determining outcome from Gram-negative sepsis and that TNF-alpha is not a major factor in the induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase after infection in vivo.