bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravascular Effects of IgE Antibody upon Basophils, Neutrophils, Splatelets and Blood Coagulation in the Rabbit
Authors: Halonen Marilyn , Pinckard R. Neal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits synthesizing only IgE antibody to BSA were challenged intravenously with 50 mg BSA and the associated blood cell and coagulation alterations were examined. Basophils decreased by 90% within 1 min of challenge. This was followed by a 70% decrease in neutrophils and a 50% decrease in platelets by 15 min. These changes were found to be highly significant when compared to control unimmunized rabbits similarly challenged. By 60 min, the neutrophils and platelets in the experimental rabbits had returned to 50 and 80% of their prechallenge levels respectively, but no basophils were demonstrable by toluidine blue staining. Lymphocyte counts in the experimental rabbits did not differ from controls at 0, 1, 15, or 60 min after challenge. Blood coagulation alterations also occurred after BSA challenge in the rabbits synthesizing IgE. A significant shortening of the whole blood clotting time in plastic tubes at 25°C occurred in blood samples taken at 30 sec after antigen challenge. Similarly, in vitro addition of BSA to blood samples taken prior to challenge significantly shortened the whole blood clotting time. In addition, significant prolongation of whole blood clotting times was observed in blood obtained 60 min after challenge, but only among the rabbits positive for systemic anaphylaxis. This in vivo study corroborated the known in vitro effects of IgE upon the rabbit blood basophil and platelet. In addition, the results indicate that the intravascular interaction of antigen with specific IgE antibody induced neutrophil and blood coagulation alterations.
A Simple Radio-Immunoassay for the Measurement of Human and Rat IgE Levels by Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation
Authors: Carson Dennis , Metzger Henry , Bazin Herve 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple assay for quantitating IgE levels has been developed based on the observation that antibody-bound IgE is insoluble in 33% saturated (NH4)2SO4 whereas unbound IgE is not. The method has been applied to human and rat IgE. Some preliminary results on IgE levels in parasite-injected rats are presented.
Cell Surface Immunoglobulin. XIV. Synthesis, Surface Expression, and Secretion of Immunoglobulin by Peyer's Patch Cells in the Mouse
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , McWilliams Michael , Phillips-Quagliata Julia M. , Lamm Michael E. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peyer's patches (PP)5 have characteristics distinguishing them from both central and peripheral lymphoid tissues. In contrast to central lymphoid tissue, PP are antigen-dependent for their development (1, 2); they contain T as well as B cells (3, 4), and the mitotic rate of their cells is too low for them to be a major source of peripheral B cells during ontogeny (5). Nevertheless, PP also differ from typical peripheral lymphoid tissues in several respects: PP are adjacent to specialized portions of intestinal epithelium (6); they contain few plasma cells (7, 8); they do not make antibody in vivo unless antigen is introduced directly into their parenchyma (9, 10); and they are comparatively rich, in common with other gut-associated lymphoid tissues (4, 11–13), in lymphoid cells bearing surface IgA.
Immunoglobulins produced by PP cells are of interest because of these unusual characteristics and because of the proposed role of the PP as a major source of precursors of IgA-secreting plasma cells (11, 14).
Humoral Immunostimulation
Authors: Shearer William T. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intracellular incorporation of radioactive nucleoside into mouse L cells was stimulated by rabbit anti-L cell IgG antibody and by its divalent pepsin F(ab′)2 fragment but not by univalent pepsin Fab′ or papain Fab fragments. Divalent antibody also caused the cells to grow in an aggregated pattern and undergo capping, but univalent antibody did not. Prevention of aggregation of antibody-treated cells by growth in agar abrogated immunostimulation. Univalent antibody fragments partially blocked stimulation of cells by divalent antibody and binding of 125I-labeled divalent antibody to cells. These results suggest that immunostimulation of cell growth is dependent upon divalent antibody and that aggregation of cells is an associated event.
Enduring Antibody Responses in “Normal” Rabbits to Maternal Immunoglobulin Allotypes
Authors: Adler Frank L. , Noelle Randolph J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A majority of rabbits born to mothers heterozygous with respect to the b locus allotypic markers “spontaneously” develop antibodies against the noninherited maternal allotypes. Such antibodies generally appear in the 4- to 5-month-old rabbit, after what may be a transient period of tolerance, and persist at constant levels for at least 5 to 6 months. The finding of a high incidence of measurable antimaternal allotype responses in “normal” rabbits, added to similar findings by others in mice, pigs, and man, underscores the generality of this rather unexpected phenomenon and invites further inquiries into biological significance.
Influence of Divalent Cations upon Complement-Mediated Enzyme Release from Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Goldstein Ira M. , Hoffstein Sylvia T. , Weissmann Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complement component, C5a provokes the selective release of granule-associated enzymes from intact, viable cytochalasin B-treated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the absence of phagocytosis or cellular adherence to surfaces. Consequently, in this experimental system the influence of divalent cations on these two processes can be disregarded and their effects on enzyme secretion can be studied directly. Cytochalasin B-treated PMN exposed to C5a in calcium and magnesium-free media consistently secreted significant amounts of the granule-associated enzymes, β-glucuronidase and lysozyme. This basal secretory response was not diminished if cells were preincubated with 5.0 mM EDTA, nor was it influenced if 1.0 mM or 2.0 mM EDTA were present in the reaction mixtures. The addition of calcium (up to 1.5 to 2.0 mM) produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of β-glucuronidase release, whereas increasing amounts of calcium (above 2.0 mM) inhibited secretion of this enzyme. Lysozyme release was similarly enhanced by the addition of calcium, but inhibition with high concentrations was not observed. Calcium per se, in the absence of C5a, provoked only the release of lysozyme from these cells. The effects of calcium upon enzyme release were not associated with alterations in the state of assembly of cytoplasmic microtubules. These findings provide another example of the role of calcium in “stimulus-secretion coupling” and provide evidence that exocytosis of various granules in human PMN is regulated by independent mechanisms involving calcium.
Receptors for C3 and IgG on Macrophage, Neutrophil and Eosinophil Colony Cells Grown in Vitro
Authors: Rabellino Enrique M. , Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil colony cells from bone marrow culture in semisolid agar medium were studied for membrane C3 and IgG receptors. The capacity of these cells to bind either erythrocytes-19S antibody-complement (EAC) or erythrocyte-7S antibody (EA7S) complexes was measured using the rosette method. Whereas macrophage and neutrophil colony cells showed receptors for both C3 and IgG, eosinophil colony cells appear to bear only IgG receptors. Studies correlating colony age and the presence of receptors showed that 60 to 70% of the cells from 3-day-old macrophage colonies were reactive for EAC and EA7S contrasting with 80 to 90% of the cells from 6- to 12-day-old colonies. Neutrophils behaved somewhat differently: EAC and EA7S reactive cells were seen in colonies after 4 or 5 days in culture and comprised only 50 to 60% of the colony population. Eosinophilic colonies showed 50 to 60% EA7S reactive cells after 6 to 7 days in culture, but no EAC reactive cells were found among these colonies at any time. The characteristics and properties of the receptors detected on colony cells were similar to those on macrophages and neutrophils from normal peritoneal fluid or bone marrow. Most macrophage colony cells were actively phagocytic whereas neutrophils and eosinophilic colony cells failed to show phagocytosis under the same conditions.
Antigen-Antibody Complexes Produced in Chickens Tolerant to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Eardley Diane D. , Tempelis Constantine H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay for circulating soluble antigen-antibody complexes is described. The assay detects complexes either in antigen or antibody excess. Soluble complexes were found in the sera of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The complexes appeared in the serum as soon as 7 days following neonatal induction of tolerance. The amount of complexes reached a peak between 1 to 2 weeks of age and disappeared by 6 weeks when responsiveness returned. The complexes were found in the bottom third of a 10 to 40% sucrose density gradient and by analytical ultracentrifugation indicated a size of 22.8S.
If tolerant chickens were challenged with BSA at 2, 4, or 6 weeks, the disappearance of complexes was not accelerated, and a proportion of the previously tolerant chickens exhibited a heightened antibody response.
Sera and the in Vitro Induction of Immune Responses
Authors: Shiigi Stanley M. , Fujikawa Leslie S. , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of newborn calf (NBC) sera on the in vitro generation of immune responses were studied. NBC sera inhibited the generation of primary humoral responses to SRBC. The inhibitory activity was dose-dependent and diluted out rapidly. Adding inhibitory doses of NBC serum to test cultures at zero or 24 hr resulted in approximately the same amount of inhibition. Pulsing experiments showed that the test cultures were most sensitive to the inhibitory effects of NBC serum during the 24- to 48-hr period. In contrast to its inhibitory effects on primary humoral responses, NBC sera supported the in vitro generation of secondary humoral responses and significantly increased the responses of some of these over control levels.
We found that sera obtained from newborn calves before nursing were not inhibitory for primary responses but sera obtained from the same calves 7 days later did inhibit these responses. We postulate that the inhibitory effects of NBC sera may represent a physiologic control mechanism which becomes active when immunologic maturity develops and that it possibly involves the inactivation of cell mediators.
Alloantibody-Induced Cytotoxicity of Macrophages
Authors: Ptak Wlodzimierz , Hanczakowska Maria 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alloantibodies substantially alter the in vitro nonspecific cytotoxic effect of macrophages on bystanding allogeneic and xenogeneic target cells. Although the specific IgM alloantibody increased significantly the ability of parental macrophages to damage target cells, IgG alloantibody had an opposite effect and suppressed the macrophage cytotoxicity. Macrophages of F1 hybrid mice were less affected by this treatment unless alloantibodies against both parental strains were added together. Parental macrophages exposed in vitro to the concomitant action of both IgM and IgG alloantibodies exhibited a diminished cytotoxicity toward target cells. It is proposed that IgM and IgG alloantibodies induce different conformational changes of the macrophage surface.
Subpopulations of Human Thymus Cells Differing in Their Capacity to form Stable E-Rosettes and in Their Immunologic Reactivity
Authors: Galili Uri , Schlesinger Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The majority of human thymus cells from young donors form stable E-rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) that do not disintegrate after prolonged incubation at 37°C. With advancing age the proportion of thymus cells forming such rosettes decreases gradually. The thymus of a patient receiving prednisone treatment was found to contain only a few cells that formed stable E-rosettes.
The minor population of thymus cells that fails to form stable E-rosettes (non-rosetting or NR cells) was isolated and tested for its cell surface markers and immunologic reactivity in vitro. Most of the NR-cells were capable of forming regular E-rosettes with SRBC at room temperature. Like the majority of human thymus cells they were sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of normal rabbit serum. Lymphocytes with B cell markers constituted less than 0.2% of the original thymus cell suspensions, but about 1 to 3% of the NR-population.
Thymus cells from donors over the age of 36 and from a prednisone-treated child responded in vitro to stimulation with either phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Unfractionated thymus cells from children up to the age of 14 failed to react to either PHA or Con A, but their NR-population responded vigorously to both lectins. In contrast to unfractionated thymus cell suspensions from children, the NR fraction showed a significant reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures with mitomycin-C treated allogeneic lymphocytes.
It is concluded that like the thymus of other species, the human thymus contains a minor population of cortisone-resistant cells endowed with many of the immunologic properties characteristic for peripheral T lymphocytes.
Reactivity of Antihuman Thymocyte Serum with Acute Leukemic Blasts
Authors: Mills Bonnie , Sen Luisa , Borella Luis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) on some leukemic lymphoblasts is suggestive but not conclusive evidence for a thymic origin of these lymphoid cells. Normal and leukemic lymphoid populations were therefore examined to determine if the formation of spontaneous E rosettes correlated with the presence of thymus-associated cell surface antigens.
Lymphoblasts from four of 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) formed spontaneous E rosettes at 4°C and 37°C (E+) and bound rabbit antihuman thymocyte serum, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and by an indirect radiolabeled antibody assay. The blasts from the other eight children did not form E rosettes at 4 or 37°C (E-) and did not bind antithymocyte serum. Absorption of the antiserum with peripheral blood leukocytes removed all detectable reactivity with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, normal bone marrow cells, and E- bone marrow cells, but did not remove all reactivity with thymus cells or E+ leukemic blasts. Absorption of the antiserum with thymus from one donor removed all reactivity against thymus cells from another donor. After absorption with normal peripheral blood leukocytes, the antithymocyte serum reacted with E+ leukemic blasts but not with remission lymphocytes from the same patients. Thus, there are at least two distinct thymus-associated antigens—one that is present on T lymphocytes from peripheral blood as well as thymus and another that is present only on normal thymus and on ALL blasts that are identified by their ability to form E rosettes at 37°C.
Stimulation of Human Lymphocytes by Galactose-Specific Abrus and Ricinus Lectins
Authors: Closs Otto , Saltvedt Erling , Olsnes Sjur 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocyte cultures were incubated with the nontoxic abrus agglutinin and with ricin B chain, and the incorporation of 3H thymidine was measured. Abrus agglutinin stimulated strongly the thymidine incorporation whereas ricin B chain had a much lesser effect.
When galactose or lactose was added to the cultures together with the lectins, the abrus agglutinin and ricin B chain induced thymidine incorporation was strongly reduced. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of lectin and the concentration of lactose required for inhibition of lymphocyte stimulation. N-acetyl-galactosamine had a much lesser inhibiting effect and α-methyl-mannoside did not cause any inhibition.
The abrus agglutinin induced thymidine incorporation was not demonstrable before 36 to 40 hr and reached its maximum after 2 to 5 days. If lactose was added within the first 4 hr of incubation with abrus agglutinin no stimulation was observed.
Rosette Formation of Human Lymphoid Cells with Monkey Red Blood Cells
Authors: Pellegrino M. A. , Ferrone S. , Theofilopoulos A. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of human peripheral lymphocytes (HPL) from healthy subjects and of human lymphoblastoid cell lines (HLC) revealed spontaneous formation of rosettes with Macaca speciosa monkey red blood cells (MRBC). The percentage of HPL forming rosettes with MRBC paralleled the percentage of HPL exhibiting markers ascribed to human B cells. The MRBC-rosetting cells were positive for membrane-bound immunoglobulin (MBIg). Furthermore, by employing a mixed rosette method, lymphocytes carrying both EAC3dmo and FITC-MRBC were encountered. In contrast, no lymphocytes carrying both SRBC and FITC-MRBC were observed. Ninety-six per cent of purified B cells obtained at the interface after interaction of HPL with SRBC and Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation formed rosettes with MRBC. In contrast, only 8% of an enriched population of T cells obtained at the interface after interaction with EAC3dmo and Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation formed MRBC-rosettes. Incubation of HPL with MRBC and subsequent centrifugation on Ficoll-Isopaque resulted in a highly enriched T cell population at the interface. Several lymphoblastoid cell lines with B cell characteristics, but not two cell lines with T cell characteristics, formed spontaneous rosettes with MRBC. Inhibition experiments showed that the structure on the lymphoid cell surfaces mediating the adherence of MRBC was independent of the MBIg as well as the receptors for IgGFc, C3b, and C3d. It appears that rosetting with MRBC will provide a new detection marker for human cells classified as B type and a technique for obtaining an enriched T cell population.
Immunologic Properties of Mast Cells from Rats Infected with Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , König Wolfgang , Kurata Munetsugu , Mauser Linda , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concentration of IgE in the serum of Sprague-Dawley rats increased after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (NB). The IgE concentration in normal rats was less than 1 µg/ml. After re-infection with NB, the concentration increased to 100 to 300 µg/ml. Mast cells were purified from peritoneal cells of both normal and NB-infected animals. Purified mast cells from the infected animals released histamine upon exposure to NB antigen. The antibody specific for IgE released histamine from purified mast cells of both normal and infected animals. Dose-response curves of histamine release suggested that mast cells from NB-infected animals bear more IgE molecules than normal mast cells. Binding of 125I-labeled rat E myeloma protein with normal mast cells was demonstrated by autoradiography. Under the same experimental conditions, mast cells of infected animals were not labeled with 125I-IgE. Mast cells from both normal and infected animals failed to combine 125I-labeled IgG. The number of IgE molecules bound per mast cell was determined by incubating 125I-labeled IgE with purified mast cells. When mast cells were incubated in 0.6 to 2 µg/ml of IgE, the number of IgE molecules combined with the mast cells from infected animals was about 10% of that bound with normal mast cells. The results indicated that a large proportion of IgE receptors on mast cells of infected animals was occupied by their own IgE. No significant difference was observed between normal mast cells and those of infected animals with respect to histamine content and intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides.
Synergy Between Subpopulations of Normal Mouse Spleen Cells in the in Vitro Generation of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Specific for “Modified Self” Antigens
Authors: Hodes Richard J. , Hathcock Karen S. , Shearer Gene M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Responding lymphoid cells cultured in vitro with irradiated trinotrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells develop direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity which is specific for target cells bearing both the TNP moiety and histocompatibility determinants of the modified sensitizing cell. Two subpopulations of normal mouse spleen cells have been shown to synergize in the in vitro generation of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity to these “modified self” antigens. The synergizing populations are nylon wool column-adherent and column-nonadherent fractions of normal mouse spleen. When mixtures of these two cell populations are cultured in vitro with irradiated TNP-modified syngeneic spleen cells, greater cytotoxicity is generated than would be expected from the sum of cytotoxic activities generated in the two populations sensitized separately. The synergizing cell in the column-adherent population is resistant to lysis by rabbit anti-mouse brain serum, is distinct from the cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte, and is unresponsive to phytohemagglutinin; its synergizing function could not be replaced by peritoneal cells. These results suggest that it is a non-T cell which may be distinct from the macrophage.
Inhibition of Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interaction by Cytochalasin B During Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes
Authors: Rosenthal Alan S. , Blake J. Thomas , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of cytochalasin B on functional and physical macrophage-lymphocyte interaction have been examined. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of a variety of membrane activities blocks antigen-dependent binding of immune lymphocytes to macrophages and antigen-triggered lymphocytes proliferation if added at the initiation of culture. Cytochalasin B becomes progressively less inhibitory if addition is delayed by increasing intervals from the onset of culture. Under these conditions neither antigen handling by macrophages nor the proliferative response of lymphocytes to PHA is inhibited by cytochalasin B. These data are interpreted to suggest that cytochalasin B inhibits antigen-specific macrophage-lymphocyte interaction either by inhibition of an initial antigen-independent phase of macrophage-lymphocyte interaction or by interfering with a lymphocyte membrane event necessary for the interaction of the antigen-specific lymphocyte receptor with the macrophage-bound antigenic signal.
Decreased Antibody Response in the Offspring of Immunized High Responder Rats
Authors: Davis Bridgett K. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in the rat is genetically controlled. Aggregation of this antigen with methylated bovine serum albumin decreases the amount of antibody made by high responder strains and increases that made by low responder strains. Immunization of female high responder rats with aggregated antigen before mating leads to a decrease in antibody formation in their offspring. Aggregation may protect the antigen from degradation and facilitate its transplacental passage so that it can interact with the developing lymphoid tissue of the fetus and alter its immune capabilities.
Lymphocyte Populations of AKR/J Mice III. Changes in the Preleukemic State
Authors: Zatz Marion M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
These studies suggest that the leukemogenic process in AKR mice selectively affects subpopulations of PHA and Con A responsive lymphocytes in the periphery and in the thymus, but that there is no generalized major deficit of T cells before leukemia development. These differential changes in spleen and thymus cell reactivity to mitogens may reflect a differential susceptibility of PHA and Con A responsive cells to infection by murine leukemia viruses.