bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-Dimensional Consolidation Test with Pore Pressure Measurements — An Accelerated Procedure
Authors: Moozhikkal Raheena , Robinson Retnamony G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Consolidation properties of cohesive soils are often determined using the controlled-strain loading (CSL) consolidation test. It was well recognized in the literature that the consolidation properties, such as compression index (Cc), coefficient of consolidation (cv), and preconsolidation pressure (σc′), depend on the axial strain rate adopted for conducting the CSL test. Fixing the appropriate axial strain rate is often a challenge in CSL tests. The conventional incremental load (IL) consolidation test suffers from the limitation that it takes long time to complete the test. In the present study, an accelerated IL consolidation testing procedure with pore water pressure measurements is developed in an attempt to overcome the limitations of the CSL and conventional IL consolidation tests. The duration of the IL is controlled such that the subsequent IL is applied once the excess pore pressure dissipates to 15 % of the total applied stress (pore pressure ratio, Ru, is 0.15). The testing procedure is validated by performing a series of experiments on six reconstituted and four intact soil samples. The consolidation parameters obtained from the proposed method compares very well with conventional IL test as well as with the CSL consolidation test, suggesting its validity. The proposed method is about 3 times faster when compared with the standard CSL test. Therefore, the proposed method is a viable alternative to the CSL consolidation test.
Mechanisms Underlying the Recruitment of Inhibitory Interneurons in Fictive Swimming in DevelopingXenopus laevisTadpoles
Authors: Ferrario Andrea , Saccomanno Valentina , Zhang Hong-Yan , Borisyuk Roman , Li Wen-Chang 
Published: January 2023

Developing spinal circuits generate patterned motor outputs while many neurons with high membrane resistances are still maturing. In the spinal cord of hatchling frog tadpoles of unknown sex, we found that the firing reliability in swimming of inhibitory interneurons with commissural and ipsilateral ascending axons was negatively correlated with their cellular membrane resistance. Further analyses showed that neurons with higher resistances had outward rectifying properties, low firing thresholds, and little delay in firing evoked by current injections. Input synaptic currents these neurons received during swimming, either compound, unitary current amplitudes, or unitary synaptic current numbers, were scaled with their membrane resistances, but their own synaptic outputs were correlated with membrane resistances of their postsynaptic partners. Analyses of neuronal dendritic and axonal lengths and their activities in swimming and cellular input resistances did not reveal a clear correlation pattern. Incorporating these electrical and synaptic properties into a computer swimming model produced robust swimming rhythms, whereas randomizing input synaptic strengths led to the breakdown of swimming rhythms, coupled with less synchronized spiking in the inhibitory interneurons. We conclude that the recruitment of these developing interneurons in swimming can be predicted by cellular input resistances, but the order is opposite to the motor-strength-based recruitment scheme depicted by Henneman’s size principle. This form of recruitment/integration order in development before the emergence of refined motor control is progressive potentially with neuronal acquisition of mature electrical and synaptic properties, among which the scaling of input synaptic strengths with cellular input resistance plays a critical role.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms on how interneurons are recruited to participate in circuit function in developing neuronal systems are rarely investigated. In 2-d-old frog tadpole spinal cord, we found the recruitment of inhibitory interneurons in swimming is inversely correlated with cellular input resistances, opposite to the motor-strength-based recruitment order depicted by Henneman’s size principle. Further analyses showed the amplitude of synaptic inputs that neurons received during swimming was inversely correlated with cellular input resistances. Randomizing/reversing the relation between input synaptic strengths and membrane resistances in modeling broke down swimming rhythms. Therefore, the recruitment or integration of these interneurons is conditional on the acquisition of several electrical and synaptic properties including the scaling of input synaptic strengths with cellular input resistances.
Loss of Motor Cortical Inputs to the Red Nucleus after CNS Disorders in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Borgognon Simon , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: January 2023

The premotor (PM) and primary motor (M1) cortical areas broadcast voluntary motor commands through multiple neuronal pathways, including the corticorubral projection that reaches the red nucleus (RN). However, the respective contribution of M1 and PM to corticorubral projections as well as changes induced by motor disorders or injuries are not known in nonhuman primates. Here, we quantified the density and topography of axonal endings of the corticorubral pathway in RN in intact monkeys, as well as in monkeys subjected to either cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms or primary motor cortex injury (MCI). Twenty adult macaque monkeys of either sex were injected with the biotinylated dextran amine anterograde tracer either in PM or in M1. We developed a semiautomated algorithm to reliably detect and count axonal boutons within the magnocellular and parvocellular (pRN) subdivisions of RN. In intact monkeys, PM and M1 preferentially target the medial part of the ipsilateral pRN, reflecting its somatotopic organization. Projection of PM to the ipsilateral pRN is denser than that of M1, matching previous observations for the corticotectal, corticoreticular, and corticosubthalamic projections (Fregosi et al., 2018, 2019; Borgognon et al., 2020). In all three types of motor disorders, there was a uniform and strong decrease (near loss) of the corticorubral projections from PM and M1. The RN may contribute to functional recovery after SCI, PD, and MCI, by reducing direct cortical influence. This reduction possibly privileges direct access to the final output motor system, via emphasis on the direct corticospinal projection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe measured the corticorubral projection density arising from the PM or the M1 cortices in adult macaques. The premotor cortex sent denser corticorubral projections than the primary motor cortex, as previously observed for the corticotectal, corticoreticular, and corticosubthalamic projections. The premotor cortex may thus exert more influence than primary motor cortex onto subcortical structures. We next asked whether the corticorubral motor projections undergo lesion-dependent plasticity after either cervical spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, or primary motor cortex lesion. In all three types of pathology, there was a strong decrease of the corticorubral motor projection density, suggesting that the red nucleus may contribute to functional recovery after such motor system disorders based on a reduced direct cortical influence.
Ethical problems experienced by nurse managers in the pandemic of COVID-19 in a university hospital
Authors: Cunha Simone Graziele Silva , Deodato Sérgio , Brito Maria José Menezes 
Published: January 2023

Objective: to understand the ethical problems experienced by nurse managers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: qualitative study, conducted with 19 nurse managers. The inclusion criteria were nurses who had held a management position for at least six months, and the exclusion criteria were those who held an assistance position. Data were collected through individual interviews with a semi-structured script and document analysis and analyzed using Content Analysis. Results: the ethical problems were related to duplicity and lack of information about norms and routines; lack of patient flow; routine changes without communication with the nurse coordinators; absenteeism and presenteeism of the nursing team; refusal of reassignment by technicians; nursing professionals who chose to work in the COVID-19 sector and earn additional unhealthy salary and those who did not choose due to fear of disease; and conflicts arising from the patient. Conclusion: the analysis revealed situations marked by ethical problems that compromise the dynamics of work and the quality of care. Contributions to practice: understanding ethical problems contributes to the promotion of improvements in planning, intervention, and preparation of professionals to deal with conflicting issues experienced in hospital management.
Considerable interobserver variation calls for unambiguous definitions of thyroid nodule ultrasound characteristics
Authors: Solymosi Tamas , Hegedűs Laszlo , Bonnema Steen J , Frasoldati Andrea , Jambor Laszlo , Karanyi Zsolt , Kovacs Gabor L , Papini Enrico , Rucz Karoly , Russ Gilles , Nagy Endre V 
Published: January 2023

Objective
Thyroid nodule ultrasound characteristics are used as an indication for fine-needle aspiration cytology, usually as the basis for Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) score calculation. Few studies on interobserver variation are available, all of which are based on analysis of preselected still ultrasound images and often lack surgical confirmation.

Methods
After the blinded online evaluation of video recordings of the ultrasound examinations of 47 consecutive malignant and 76 consecutive benign thyroid lesions, 7 experts from 7 thyroid centers answered 17 TIRADS-related questions. Surgical histology was the reference standard. Interobserver variations of each ultrasound characteristic were compared using Gwet’s AC1 inter-rater coefficients; higher values mean better concordance, the maximum being 1.0.

Results
On a scale from 0.0 to 1.0, the Gwet’s AC1 values were 0.34, 0.53, 0.72, and 0.79 for the four most important features in decision-making, i.e. irregular margins, microcalcifications, echogenicity, and extrathyroidal extension, respectively. The concordance in the discrimination between mildly/moderately and very hypoechogenic nodules was 0.17. The smaller the nodule size the better the agreement in echogenicity, and the larger the nodule size the better the agreement on the presence of microcalcifications. Extrathyroidal extension was correctly identified in just 45.8% of the cases.

Conclusions
Examination of video recordings, closely simulating the real-world situation, revealed substantial interobserver variation in the interpretation of each of the four most important ultrasound characteristics. In view of the importance for the management of thyroid nodules, unambiguous and widely accepted definitions of each nodule characteristic are warranted, although it remains to be investigated whether this diminishes observer variation.
Support Systems of Clinical Decisions in the Triage of the Emergency Department Using Artificial Intelligence: The Efficiency to Support Triage
Authors: Karlafti Eleni , Anagnostis Athanasios , Simou Theodora , Kollatou Angeliki Sevasti , Paramythiotis Daniel , Kaiafa Georgia , Didaggelos Triantafyllos , Savvopoulos Christos , Fyntanidou Varvara 
Published: January 2023

Purpose: In the Emergency Departments (ED) the current triage systems that are been implemented are based completely on medical education and the perception of each health professional who is in charge. On the other hand, cutting-edge technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be incorporated into healthcare systems, supporting the healthcare professionals’ decisions, and augmenting the performance of triage systems. The aim of the study is to investigate the efficiency of AI to support triage in ED.Patients–Methods: The study included 332 patients from whom 23 different variables related to their condition were collected. From the processing of patient data for input variables, it emerged that the average age was 56.4 ± 21.1 years and 50.6% were male. The waiting time had an average of 59.7 ± 56.3 minutes while 3.9% ± 0.1% entered the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In addition, qualitative variables related to the patient’s history and admission clinics were used. As target variables were taken the days of stay in the hospital, which were on average 1.8 ± 5.9, and the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) for which the following distribution applies: ESI: 1, patients: 2; ESI: 2, patients: 18; ESI: 3, patients: 197; ESI: 4, patients: 73; ESI: 5, patients: 42.Results: To create an automatic patient screening classifier, a neural network was developed, which was trained based on the data, so that it could predict each patient’s ESI based on input variables.The classifier achieved an overall accuracy (F1 score) of 72.2% even though there was an imbalance in the classes.Conclusions: The creation and implementation of an AI model for the automatic prediction of ESI, highlighted the possibility of systems capable of supporting healthcare professionals in the decision-making process. The accuracy of the classifier has not reached satisfactory levels of certainty, however, the performance of similar models can increase sharply with the collection of more data.
Buprenorphine Dispensing Among Youth Aged ≤19 Years in the United States: 2015–2020
Authors: Terranella Andrew , Guy Gery P. , Mikosz Christina 
Published: January 2023

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Opioid related overdose among adolescents and young adults in the United States is rising. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), including buprenorphine can reduce the risk of overdose, however they are underutilized. A better understanding of buprenorphine prescribing to youth will help inform interventions to expand access to treatment.

METHODS
We used IQVIA data to examine buprenorphine dispensing trends among youth aged ≤19 years from 2015 to 2020. Dispensing was examined by prescriber specialty, age, and sex. Data were weighted to provide national estimates.

RESULTS
The rate of buprenorphine dispensed to youth decreased 25% over the study period, from 0.84 to 0.63 prescriptions per 1000 youth per year. The proportion of youth dispensed buprenorphine also decreased 45%, from 7.6 to 4.2 persons per 100 000 per year. Over the same time, the proportion of adults aged ≥20 years dispensed buprenorphine increased 47%, from 378 to 593 persons per 100 000. Differences in dispensing by sex and temporal trends were also noted. Pediatricians accounted for less-than 2% of all prescriptions dispensed.

CONCLUSIONS
Buprenorphine dispensing to youth is low and declining in recent years. Given rates of opioid use disorder among youth, these findings suggest that many youth who could benefit from MOUD are not receiving it. Pediatricians could play a role in expanding access to MOUD for this high-risk population. Efforts to expand access to MOUD for adolescents could include improving training in opioid use disorder treatment of pediatricians and encouraging all clinicians who care for adolescents and young adults to obtain waivers to prescribe buprenorphine for MOUD.
Functional properties of rough surfaces from an analytical theory of mechanical contact
Authors: Persson B. N. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The basic ideas behind a contact mechanics theory for randomly rough surfaces are presented. The theory is based on studying the interface at increasing magnification. At the lowest magnification, no surface roughness can be detected and the nature of the contact between two solids in this limit can be determined using standard numerical methods (e.g., FEM). The theory predicts how the surface roughness influences (or modifies) the contact stress distribution and the interfacial gap. The theory is flexible and can be applied to elastic, viscoelastic, and elastoplastic solids, as well as layered materials. Applications to leakage of seals, contact stiffness, the electric and thermal contact resistance, rubber friction, adhesion, and mixed lubrication are presented.

Graphical abstract
Impact of Induction Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Devraj Vijaya Madhuri , Taduri Gangadhar , Guditi Swarnalatha , Das Uttara , Shamsudheen MP , Saigal Megha , Kalidindi Karthik 
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs based on the type of induction therapy given to kidney transplant recipients, and determine the occurrence of graft dysfunctions or rejections. We compared the safety and efficacy of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and basiliximab (BAS) in high-risk patients and analyzed the cumulative incidence of immediate, slow, and delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients to determine their initial short-term graft function. Evaluation of the long-term efficacy after 3 years post-transplantation by assessment of patients and graft survival, incidence of infections, and risks of rejection were the primary end-points. Patients with stable graft survival were observed more with ATG (85%) than BAS (70%); in contrast, graft dysfunctions, graft nephrec-tomy, rejection episodes, and patient deaths were more prevalent with BAS than ATG, with statistically significant differences in long-term graft functioning. Patient survival at 3 years in ATG group was 90.4%, compared to 88% in BAS group, and graft survival was 90.4% in the ATG group and 81.3% in the BAS group (P < 0.001). The use of both induction therapies resulted in good patient and graft survival outcomes than placebo, and the results showed that there was a significant difference in both patient and graft survival after 3 years between induction of ATG and BAS, suggesting that ATG can be safer, effective, and preferable drug over BAS for high-risk recipients.
CASE OF TRANSVERSO-SIGMOID THROMBOPHLEBITIS WITH BILATERAL SUBDURAL EMPYEMA
Authors: SHAH SUNEEL , BHAGWAT ANIRUDDHA 
Published: January 2023

Subdural empyema is a life-threatening infection of the intracranial space, with very high rates of mortality if not appropriately diagnosed and treated. When managed well, with surgery and antibiotics, patients usually recover without significant residual deficits. The route of spread of infection and the organism involved needs to be investigated for complete eradication of the disease.
We present the case of a young girl, without any co-morbidities, initially diagnosed as having Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis, and treated accordingly, who later suffered a cascade of complications that proved almost fatal. She was managed successfully at our institution, and recovered completely in the end, and is currently leading a normal life. A pathophysiological analysis of her disease process was made retrospectively, and indicated how a seemingly innocuous dental infection spread over time to produce a life-threatening subdural empyema, involving a fastidious opportunistic commensal organism. We present an account of the same.
Historical milestones of the invention and use of placebo
Authors: Koterov A. N. 
Published: January 2023

The review is based on the originals of nearly all major sources on the history of placebo and the placebo effect for 1945–2020. Data on the etymology and semantics of the term “placebo”, on its introduction into the Catholic service and, then, into everyday English are given. The placebo effect is considered as one of the mechanisms ensuring the “success” of ancient, medieval, old, non-traditional (alternative) and esoteric medicine. It is indicated that the origins of the experimental placebo are exorcism techniques dated from 16th century.Uniform understanding of priorities in the invention and use of both therapeutic and experimental placebo has not been established. In the first case, A. Sutherland (1763) and A. Duncan (1770) from Scotland, but not W. Cullen (1772), as is now given in most sources, should be named as pioneers. In the second case, the priority is given to the Commission of the Franch Academy of Sciences (with the participation of the US Ambassador to France B. Franklin), which investigated the effects of mesmerism (A. Mesmer) in 1784, but not to J. Haygarth's test of magnetism therapy in 1801, not to a comparison of the effects of homeopathy and allopathy in St. Petersburg in 1829–1830 and, moreover, not to the therapy of rheumatism studied by A. Flint in 1863. The last date is often erroneously given in manuals and reviews.From the beginning of placebo use and until the middle of the 20th century, it was considered as an active compound that could theoretically have a therapeutic effect, but since 1937 placebo has been defined in medical dictionaries only as an inactive, inert substance or effect. Data on the inclusion of the term “placebo” in general and medical dictionaries in different languages are presented (priority was given to the new medical dictionary by G. Motherby written in English and published in 1785).The increased interest in the history of placebo in the last one and a half to two decades (relevant reviews from at least 15 countries are known) might be associated not only with its introduction into controlled trials, but also with the current popularity of alternative and even esoteric medicine methods with the penetration of those, at times, into conventional medicine.
Procedure for Providing to Third Parties Restricted Access Information Contained in State Information Systems Monitoring Goods Turnover and Medicines Circulation: Peculiarities of Legal Regulation
Authors: Kuteynikov D. L. , Izhaev O. A. 
Published: January 2023

The paper is devoted to the study of peculiarities of legal regulation of providing restricted access information to third parties contained in state information systems for monitoring the turnover of goods and circulation of medicines. The paper provides an overview of legal acts regulating the functioning of these information systems from the moment of their creation. This made it possible to trace stages of legislative development and demonstrate that the systems under examination were launched as an experiment when a state body acted as an operator. Then there was a change in the approach to determining the operator, and the Government of the Russian Federation, without conducting competitive procedures, defined a commercial organization as an operator of the relevant state information systems.Based on the results of the legal regulation analysis, the authors determined some pecularities of the procedure applied for providing restricted access information stored by the systems monitoring turnover of goods and circulation of medicines. In particular, a closed circle of subjects is entitled to receiving such information; third parties have access to information only to the extent that it relates directly to their activities. Another feature is that the list of mandatory information to be entered into these state information systems by participants in the turnover of goods is quite wide. It is argued that the volume and nature of information contained in information systems indicate their high commercial value. Also, the operator of state information systems is prohibited to provide commercial services to third parties using the restricted access information contained therein. In addition, attention is drawn to the fact that the revision of the current approach prohibiting the monetization of these data will require amendments to federal laws.