bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scenarios of Inequality
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter spells out the various distances that make it difficult to empathize with differently situated and located individuals. The chapter explains what kinds of distance are important; it begins by delineating the “phenomenology of empathy gulfs” by sketching scenarios that reveal such gulfs. In doing these things, it follows a relational theory of equality. The scope of what such a theory might look like is broadened. To do so, it will be necessary to concentrate on the various distances that shape our capacity to empathize with others. These distances are mostly distances that are created or upheld by inequality. The scenarios introduced are mostly “real” scenarios of inequality. Literature by Ian Shapiro, Luc Boltanski, Pierre Bourdieu, and Jon Krakauer is discussed and integrated into the account. This literature is meant to create a certain sensitivity to various forms of research-based imputation processes.
The Materiality of Moral Distance I
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The notion of objectivized or materialized social distance is introduced. Objectivization of social distance suggests that spatial distances, architectural structures, or marriage and tax regimes can facilitate or impede empathic stances across class divides. The approach is distinguished from the more ideological ways of encouraging or discouraging empathy also discussed in the study. To introduce the perspective adopted, Tocqueville’s reflections on pre-revolutionary France in his The Ancien Régime and the French Revolution are drawn upon. Tocqueville is highly aware of the material basis of inequality; he attaches it to specific emotional registers that help to locate individuals and groups on the social scale of a hierarchical society.
Algorithm and Demonstration in the Sixteenth-Century Ars Magna
Authors: Kaplan Abram 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a study of the use of algorithms, by sixteenth-century French and Italian algebraists, to persuade and to prove. It argues that practitioners of the ars magna saw the generality and persuasiveness of demonstrations in the repeatability of procedures. The crucial locus of persuasion was the worked example, which played a key role in both arithmetical and geometrical demonstration in the mid-sixteenth century. Discussing examples from Girolamo Cardano, Guillaume Gosselin, and Simon Stevin, the chapter shows how mathematicians of the late sixteenth century assimilated algorithms to regnant literary forms of geometrical demonstration so that worked examples could take the argumentative place of diagrams. François Viète, in turn, employed the range of persuasive techniques offered by his predecessors.
Inference Rituals
Authors: Phillips Christopher J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Modern algorithms are often based on some form of statistical processing, mechanical methods derived from statistical models that reveal patterns or make inferences based on huge amounts of data. This chapter historicizes algorithms by showing how statistical tests themselves became algorithmic, applied by rote rule-following to ascertain whether a measured difference was “significant” or whether a particular effect was unlikely to have arisen by chance. For decades, practitioners in fields such as psychology and education have lamented the “ritualistic” and “mechanical” use of statistical tests. At the start of the twentieth century, however, statistics was neither algorithmic nor mechanical: statisticians claimed their tests needed careful attention and judgment to deploy. This chapter traces how inference testing became algorithmic at mid-century by reconnecting statistics to the history of Cold War science and to a shift in statistics from the realm of observation to that of experiment. Statistical testing became a tool for objective decision-making, particularly in fields like psychology where subjective judgments were unavoidable. While computers have played an important role in facilitating the dissemination of algorithms, algorithmic notions of decision-making through statistical testing predated electronic computers. Long before computer algorithms became commonplace, statistics itself—despite the opposition of professional statisticians—had been made algorithmic.
“You Have to Hear What’s Being Said to You”
Authors: Beard Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a linked set of appeals by civil rights and Black Lives Matter activists addressing the urgency of ending anti-Black violence. Specifically, the chapter turns to James Baldwin’s May 1963 telegram to Robert Kennedy; the May 1963 summit they convened with prominent Black civil rights advocates (with a focus on Lorraine Hansberry’s remarks at the meeting); and an August 2015 encounter between Hillary Clinton and Black Lives Matter activists Daunasia Yancey and Julius Jones—first, to elucidate the ways in which appeals to boundness intervene in distancing practices of white identifications, and second, to theorize the point of entry presented in these exchanges for a politics of responsibility to and identification with the work of ending anti-Black violence. In reading the activists’ confrontations with state officials, the chapter also examines the relationships between hearing, feeling, knowledge production, and action in political identification.
“My Friends, These People Are Our People”
Authors: Beard Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Interlude takes a turn from sites in race and gender justice politics to examine intimate registers of address in an identificatory appeal on the Far Right. Specifically, in a reading of Pat Buchanan’s speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention, the chapter traces the construction of ideas of white nationalist kinship through webs of demonological and intimate political appeals; explores the role of racialized and gendered nostalgia and myth-making in claims to a we; theorizes the layers of identificatory appeals in party politics; and examines how struggles over identification defy formal measures of political “victory” or “failure.” It also historicizes how discourses of identity politics have been mobilized by the Right.
The Last Kings of Macedonia and the Triumph of Rome
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book is a history and reassessment of the last three Antigonid kings of Macedonia: Philip V (r. 221–179), his son Perseus (r. 179–168), and the pretender Andriscus or Philip VI (r. 149–148). They are not as immediately known as their predecessors Philip II (r. 359–336) and Alexander the Great (r. 336–323), who established a Macedonian empire that extended as far as India. By the time Philip V became king, Macedonia was no longer an imperial power and Rome was fast growing its dominance over the Mediterranean. Hostile ancient writers denounced the last kings for self-serving ambitions, flawed policies, and questionable personal qualities. They are condemned for defeats by Rome that saw both the end of the Antigonid monarchy and the fall of the formidable Macedonian phalanx before the Roman legion. They are viewed as postscripts to the kingdom’s heyday and even subsumed within Rome’s expansion in the east. All these views are untrue, as this book shows—the first full-scale treatment of Philip V in eighty years and the first in English of Perseus and Andriscus in fifty. In bringing them together within one set of covers, this volume argues that this period was far from a postscript to Macedonia’s Classical greatness or that the last Antigonid kings were merely collateral damage in Rome’s ascendancy in the east. Despite Roman manpower and resources always putting them at a disadvantage Philip and Perseus often had the upper hand in their wars against Rome and won victories over Roman troops. They deserve to be rated highly for striving to preserve their kingdom’s independence no matter the odds.
Taking on Rome and the First Macedonian War
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter ends the account of the Social War, including the Peace of Naupactus. The text introduces Hannibal’s exploits against the Romans and Philip’s interest in him against the background of Philip’s alleged ambition to invade Italy, which is disputed here. Philip’s declining relations with Rome over Illyria are detailed, as is his formal treaty with Hannibal against Rome in 215. Then there is discussion of the Polybian phrase “darling of the Greeks” before the chapter ends with detailing the outbreak and early stage of the First Macedonian War.
Andriscus aka Philip VI and the Fourth Macedonian War
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The final chapter of the book gives an overview of Perseus’ reign and discusses Macedonia after the ending of the Antigonid dynasty and Rome’s attitude to the Greek mainland. Then it traces the rise of a new threat to Rome and its Macedonian settlement: the pretender Andriscus, who seized the throne and called himself Philip VI. Little is known of him, and he was in power only a short time before Rome declared war on him, the Fourth Macedonian War, ending in his defeat at the second battle of Pydna against a Roman army led by Metellus. After discussing all this, the chapter concludes with the view that Rome probably now turned Macedonia into a province and also absorbed Greece into its empire following clashes with the Achaeans ending in the destruction of Corinth. The chapter ends with some broad-brushstroke comments on Macedonia under Roman rule.
Alcohol
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The regulation of alcohol has a unique history in the United States. This chapter discusses methods the government has used to control alcohol use. It reviews the history of the temperance movement which led to Prohibition and the adoption of the 18th Amendment which banned the sale of liquor in the country for 13 years. It looks at why Prohibition failed, leading to the passage of the 21st Amendment. Each state now has laws regulating the sale of liquor within its borders. The chapter explores how these laws differ, and what role if any states have given to local governments. Finally, while liquor control is now primarily a state function, the chapter reviews the role the federal government maintains.
Food and Nutrition
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Suboptimal diet is a substantial contributor to weight gain, heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. The food environment, and thus food choices, are shaped by policies, programs and the food industry, all of which influences the availability and price of both healthy and unhealthy food products and information available to consumers about those products. Each are amenable to regulation, and such regulations are subject to opposition by the food industry. This chapter discusses the government’s authority and limitations on its ability to address diet-related disease, food insecurity, agricultural issues, food labeling, and food marketing. In addition, the chapter discusses litigation in the context of food and nutrition.
The Gulf Crisis and the New World Order
Authors: Helfont Samuel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Gulf Crisis was not simply a regional war to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. It was an important global moment marking the transition from the Cold War to the post–Cold War, and it was where George H. W. Bush planted the flag of his new world order. Yet, despite what seemed like a quick decisive victory for the coalition, the heady rhetoric of Bush and his allies did not match the destructive reality on the ground in Iraq. This disparity gave Saddam ammunition for a heavily politicized strategy which American leaders had trouble understanding during the war and which plagued them in the years ahead.
Conclusion and Afterword
Authors: Helfont Samuel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Frustrations over the clash with Iraq fostered a changing political discourse on foreign policy in the West, especially in the United States. Dreams of liberalism and the rule of law, which were discussed so hopefully at the end of the Cold War, gave way to talk of power and interests. The latter forces had sunk the world into chaos and bloodshed during the first half of the twentieth century. However, the norms, institutions, and tools that had propped up the post–Cold War order and that were supposed to act as a check on such revisionism were battered after a decade of confrontation with Saddam. The 2003 Iraq War delivered a blow from which the world has yet to recover and may never do so.
A Widening Gyre
Authors: Trubowitz Peter 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the widening gap between Western governments and their voting publics over foreign policy. We show that, starting in the 1990s, Western governments began turning away from a Cold War strategy of liberal internationalism to a more market-oriented and multilateral strategy of globalism. This was true of Western democracies in general, but it was also true of the West’s preeminent power: the United States. America’s commitment to economic integration and multilateral cooperation also increased, albeit less conspicuously and less fully than did Europe’s, Japan’s, and other OECD nations. Western governments’ commitment to globalism also deepened in the 2000s, through the war on terrorism and the 2008 financial crisis. Western voters did not keep pace with their governments, however. We show that, as Western governments turned toward globalism, their foreign policies grew increasingly out of step with what their electorates were willing to support. Anti-globalist sentiment spread.
Roots of Insolvency
Authors: Trubowitz Peter 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sources of Western overreach and the anti-globalist backlash. We argue that Western governments’ turn toward globalism led to a domestic backlash because it was shorn of many of the social guarantees and protections that liberal internationalism originally entailed and that Cold War exigencies reinforced. We show how sensitive Western domestic support for liberal internationalism was to the East-West struggle facing Western democracies and to their governments’ commitment to economic security for their citizens. In the absence of a “clear and present danger” to Western interests and softening government support for social protection, efforts to expand international markets and supernationalism in the 1990s were all but guaranteed to provoke a backlash. We conclude this chapter by considering why, in the face of these anti-globalist pressures, Western leaders did not alter course, by trimming their internationalist sails or providing greater social compensation.
What Is Fearing?
Authors: Harbin Ami 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChapter 2 asks, what is fearing? It engages philosophers of emotion about the causes and objects of emotion. The object and cause of a fear are not always the same, and fearers can be wrong in identifications of both. The chapter then surveys neuroscientific research on the physiological and neurological dimensions of threat detection and how these interact with other cognitive processes. Threat detection can shape visual perception, enhance information processing, increase motivation to learn, increase the likelihood of perceiving risk, and compromise capacities for trusting other people. Insights from both philosophy and neuroscience are highlighted as important for the book’s later claims about the harms of fearing badly and opportunities for fearing better. While philosophers and neuroscientists primarily focus on individual fearers, the chapter contends that the participation of other people to whom fearers can express fear can be central to the formation of the feeling.
Introduction
Authors: Abrams Nathan , Frame Gregory 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This introduction provides a broad discussion of the significance of the Alien franchise as a whole, citing the range of contributions made at the conference held at Bangor University on the occasion of the original film’s fortieth anniversary. It emphasizes the contribution this collection makes in its consideration of the franchise as a whole, and in particular the close attention paid to the prequels and video games. It also provides a brief summation of some of the scholarly literature about the series, how we might consider studies of other transmedia franchises in relation to it, and speculates about its future considering its recent acquisition by the Walt Disney Company. The introduction then provides summaries of the concerns and approaches of each chapter in the collection, concluding that the Alien franchise remains an important popular cultural phenomenon because of its ability to engage scholars across disciplines and encourage levels of intellectual discussion and analysis that demonstrate the continued vitality and importance of the humanities.
Melodrama of the Unknown Woman Lost in Space
Authors: Slugan Mario 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In two of his book-length genre studies, Stanley Cavell reads movies with strong female leads as rare instances of the medium affording women a genuine voice. More specifically, what he dubs the melodrama of the unknown woman, to his mind, provides an answer to the question of what a woman wants—namely, to be known. The Alien tetralogy, its prequels as well as its transmedial offshoots such as the survival horror video game Alien: Isolation, undoubtedly abound with strong female leads. In this contribution I aim to argue that not only that the first installment of Alien can be understood as a melodrama of an unknown woman set in space, but also that a similar description can be applied to its prequels and sequels as well as to the aforementioned video game. Discussing these films in terms of the desire to be known, I argue, also sheds light on the underlying horror in the Alien franchise—the fear of being known without being acknowledged.
Family Travel
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapters in this section include: 1. Pregnant Travelers 2. Travel & Breastfeeding 3. Traveling Safely with Infants & Children 4. Vaccine Recommendations for Infants & Children 5. International Adoption 6. Traveling with Pets & Service Animals Preparing people who are pregnant or breastfeeding to travel internationally; traveling with young children internationally, including vaccination recommendations; preparing for international adoption; traveling internationally with pets and service animals
Killer Water
Authors: Zeitoun Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates just how well water fits the logic of war. People who live in everlasting conflicts know that the effects of war start well before and endure long after the missiles are fired. They live in a biosphere of war where every aspect of the water cycle can devastate. Snipers use water sources to attract civilians, officers order the destruction of water towers, politicians deny water to people to cleanse the land they have chosen to occupy. The effects of degraded drinking water services accumulate as armed conflicts endure, and reach perilous levels as sewage gets into the mix. The spread of cholera is not only predictable, but predicted. Genetic resistance to antibiotics can build up, such that we cannot save people today of conditions we could easily treat over a century ago. The Rules of War intend to deny such suffering, though those seeking to reduce the effects of war work on their gaps and inability to see the way that water connects as much as their implementation.
Inverted Images
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Evangelical congregations and gang cliques share common local environments, face similar challenges, and are, in important ways, inverted images of each other. The communities that both groups inhabit have dysfunctional health and education systems, lack basic sanitation infrastructure, create limited economic opportunities, and endure seemingly perpetual cycles of corrupt local governments. All community members—evangelicals and gang members alike—are shaped by such social maladies. Evangelical congregations and gang cliques adapt to such environments in similar ways. They 1) are both hybrid forms of patrimonial systems; 2) use rituals to create group cohesion; 3) recruit members from within communities; 4) generate income locally; 5) maintain internal codes of conduct; 6) exert influence in their communities; and 7) operate within national and transnational networks. Although much distinguishes the two groups, such shared characteristics provide needed context for understanding the nature of evangelical/gang interactions.
Shared Cosmologies
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Evangelicals and gangs share a largely Judeo-Christian religious cosmology that is populated by supernatural beings. Evangelicals generally side with the forces of good; gangs generally side with the forces of evil. But both groups report that God provides healing miracles, protection, and guidance. Both groups also experience Satan’s power: he can dictate, for example, who is released from prison and who is not. Evangelicals and gang members may further fall prey to demonic oppression or witchcraft. Such beliefs and events are commonplace among both groups. When gang members convert to evangelicalism, or vice versa, they relocate themselves within their shared cosmology, but they do not leave it. This means that they do not give up their previous understanding of God. Intergroup mobility within the same cosmology is a major subtheme of the chapter, and I provide examples of individuals who switch in both directions.
Questions of Just Policing
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
When engaged in non-ideal theoretic political philosophy, we face a basic problem of policing. Societies have a widely recognized need for institutions of social control, given various natural and normative problems, but those problems render our institutions of social control fallible and risky from the perspective of justice. This has led some, the police abolitionists, to object to professional policing itself. This chapter argues that some form of policing is inevitable, and the important questions of justice concern what kind of social control we have and how we provide it. Abolitionists and reformists have to answer the same questions about just policing because many of them, especially those concerning the adjudication of disagreements over the use of public space, apply to any mechanism for social control.
The Problem of Police Legitimacy
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the unavoidable reality of discretionary non-enforcement undermines the legalist account of police legitimacy. Comprehensive administrative oversight of officers is unlikely; fully determinate criminal codes are impossible; resource scarcity precludes a stable full enforcement strategy. Societies incur huge normative costs when they turn to actual full enforcement, zero tolerance strategies. This means that the criminal code, surprisingly, is ill-suited to justify police power. It simply underdetermines it. Good faith enforcement requirements leave policing similarly underdetermined. Analogues to positions developed in just war theory, appeals to the rule of law, and proceduralist arguments do not show that police discretion is illegitimate or unjust. If police discretion is unavoidable and in principle permissible, we need an evaluative framework for determining just policing, and for determining how police can legitimately exercise their discretion.