bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stability of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Lazda Velta , Starr Jason L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen fragments obtained from hyperimmune rabbits 3 days after secondary immunization continued to form antibody in vitro for at least 18 hr after preincubation with actinomycin D. Total cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was decreased by about 75% and was limited to nucleotide incorporation into soluble RNA. Antibody synthesis in actinomycin-treated cells was markedly diminished after 24 hr, at which time RNA synthesis was beginning to increase. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of a relatively stable messenger in mammalian protein synthesis, in contrast with the unstable messenger RNA observed in bacterial cells. A revision in the concept of nonspecific ribosomes may be necessary for animal cells.
Mercaptoethanol-Sensitive Antibody Production in Germ-Free Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sell Stewart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Germ-free and nongerm-free guinea pigs and mice were injected intraperitoneally or in the footpads with soluble I131 bovine γ-globulin (BγG) or BγG precipitated with alum. The germ-free guinea pigs responded to these injections in a manner similar to the nongerm-free guinea pigs. Germ-free mice injected intraperitoneally also responded in the same manner as nongerm-free mice, but germ-free mice injected in the footpads produced only a delayed 19 S antibody response while nongerm-free mice injected in the footpads demonstrated a prompt antibody response with a 19 S-to-7 S conversion. It is suggested that this difference in antibody response in germ-free mice after different routes of injection indicates that the number of “potentially competent” cells available to a given antigen may determine the type of antibody produced.
Roles of the Liver and Appendix in the Serum Hemolysin Response in Rabbits
Authors: Draper Laurence R. , Sussdorf Dieter H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The roles of the liver and appendix in the serum hemolysin response in rabbits immunized with one or more injections of sheep erythrocyte stromata were studied. The effects of extirpation of these organs were observed both in the presence and absence of the spleen. Antibody titers were determined photometrically in 50% hemolysin units, and the serum hemolysin response was analyzed with respect to the lengths of the latent period and rise to peak titer, day and magnitude of peak titer, and rates of hemolysin rise and decline.
Using this approach, no antibody contribution by the appendix or liver to the serum hemolysin response was detected. These organs apparently were inactive even after repeated injections of antigen which overrode the depressive effect of splenectomy by inducing increased nonsplenic activity.
Changes in the hemolysin response observed following immunization via the portal vein and in partially hepatectomized animals injected via the ear vein could be attributed to the liver's capacity to remove significant amounts of antigen from the circulation. Increased disappearance rates of passively transferred hemolytic antiserum in partially hepatectomized and liver-irradiated rabbits suggest that the regenerating or recovering liver catabolizes antibody faster.
The Effectiveness of Acriflavine and Ineffectiveness of Proflavine as Immunosuppressant Agents
Authors: Samuelson Joel S. , Stewart P. Brian , Kraft Sumner C. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acriflavine hydrochloride N.F. is an immunosuppressant agent containing approximately 80% acriflavine and 20% proflavine. The structures of these two diaminoacridines differ only with respect to a methyl group at the 10-position of the acridine nucleus. Antibody production to BSA in rabbits was suppressed by acriflavine but not by comparable or higher doses of proflavine. The degree of immunosuppression was related to the amount and duration of acriflavine administration. One course of acriflavine treatment during the first exposure to BSA was sufficient to induce a degree of immune paralysis to a subsequent dose of BSA. Acriflavine administered via the oral route was absorbed poorly and resulted in a high mortality.
Influence of Antigen Dosage on Kinetics of Hemagglutinating Antibody Production
Authors: Albright J. F. , Evans T. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
We have studied the effects of antigen dosage upon the kinetics of hemagglutinating antibody production by both primed and nonprimed spleen cells. For these studies the method of in vivo culture of spleen cells was employed, thus avoiding many of the complicating factors which have attended previous studies in intact animals. A broad range in both competent spleen cells and antigen dosage (rat erythrocytes) was examined. Antibody response was characterized by regions of antigen insufficiency, optimum antigen and antigen excess. Detailed response profiles indicated that the slopes of the logarithmic phase of antibody production were independent of antigen dosage and characterized by antibody-doubling times of about 8 hr, a figure which is consistent with the known cell cycle time of 9 hr of blast cells involved in antibody response. Thus, marked variation in either the cell cycle time or the amount of antibody produced per functional cell per cell cycle during a given response appeared not to occur with variation in antigenic stimulus. The variable factors which seem most likely to be affected by antigen dosage were concluded to be: a) variation in the number of activated progenitor cells, b) variation in the number of functional progeny generated by progenitor cells, and c) variation in the initial, but subsequently constant, amount of antibody produced per functional cell per cell cycle. It was further concluded that variation in antigen dosage is not simply all-or-none activation of progenitor cells.
Experimental Infection of Parainfluenza Virus Type 5 in Mice, Hamsters and Monkeys
Authors: Chang P. W. , Hsiung G. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental infection of DA virus in mice, hamsters and monkeys has been studied and the pathogenesis of this virus in these animal species has been analyzed. Inapparent infections have been demonstrated in all three animal species. Infection of hamsters and monkeys with DA virus induced high levels of antibody. Such animals were resistant to further infection by the virus. In mice, low level or frequently no detectable antibody was found following infection, and these animals could be reinfected.
DA virus was isolated from a number of organs from infected animals. The appearance of the virus in different organs followed a definite pattern, depending on the route of inoculation. Viremia was detected infrequently following intranasal inoculation, and viremia may have served as a means in the dissemination of the virus from the primary site of infection, i.e., lung and trachea, to the liver, kidneys and brain. Minor histopathologic changes were found in the lung tissue of infected mice, but none was found in the trachea, liver or kidney. Virus was recovered in the urine of mice following intraperitoneal inoculation and in hamsters following intranasal inoculation. DA virus persisted in kidneys of rhesus monkeys, even in the presence of humoral antibodies. Persisting virus could not be detected in the kidneys by the conventional isolation methods, but virus could be recovered by growing the kidney cells in monolayers on glass and maintaining these cultures for a period of 1 to 2 months.
Immunologic Reactivity in Neonatally Thymectomized Rats Receiving Competent Lymphoid Cells during Immunization
Authors: Isaković Katarina , Waksman Byron H. , Wennersten Christine 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adult Lewis rats, injected with bovine serum albumin and complete Freund's adjuvant in a hind footpad, develop intense delayed skin reactivity and both hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody, accompanied by skin reactivity of the Arthus type. Animals thymectomized within 24 hr of birth fail to develop these responses when challenged at 8 to 10 weeks of age. If, however, they receive intravenous infusions of normal isologous lymph node cells at the time of challenge, they react immunologically in a manner closely similar to controls. The intensity and time course of each immune response are correlated with the dose and the time of administration of cells, respectively. The blood lymphocytes and the small lymphocyte population of the spleen and lymph nodes return towards normal levels in transfused animals. The experiment fails in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats, which develop homologous disease when injected with lymph node cells. Adult thymus cells, even in very large numbers, are ineffective in restoring reactivity in Lewis rats, whether given at the time of challenge or 4 to 8 weeks earlier.
Passive Uveal Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lanzieri Mario 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive anaphylactic reactions were obtained in albino guinea pigs by injection of antibody into the vitreous body or into the anterior chamber of the eye.
When the antibody is injected into both the vitreous body and the anterior chamber, only the anterior part of the uvea participates in the reaction. Edema of the tissues, changes in the permeability of the capillaries (especially small veins), presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in large numbers in the anterior chamber and around the ciliary body are observed.
The posterior uvea does not seem to participate in these anaphylactic reactions.
Antigens in Immunity
Authors: Nossal G. J. V. , Ada G. L. , Austin Caroline M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When newborn rats were injected intraperitoneally with 1 µg or more of Salmonella adelaide flagellin on the day of birth and thereafter twice per week until adult life, they developed immunologic tolerance to this powerful bacterial antigen. Similarly, a single injection into newborn rats of a larger amount (100 µg) of flagellin induced complete tolerance, though this was not as long-lasting as the tolerant state following multiple injections.
Rats rendered tolerant to monomeric flagellin also showed a marked degree of partial tolerance to the particulate antigens, polymerized flagellin and intact flagella.
When these particulate antigens were injected repeatedly during the newborn period, it was shown that multiple doses of polymerized flagellin produced nearly complete tolerance; on a weight basis, polymerized flagellin was 10 times less efficient than monomeric flagellin. Only a slight degree of tolerance could be produced by multiple injections of intact flagella.
The chief value of the study was twofold: First, it showed that convincing tolerance can be induced toward highly “foreign” microbial antigens. Second, elucidation of the minimum amount of antigen capable of giving complete tolerance has set the stage for a meaningful study of the cellular distribution and persistence of antigen molecules responsible for tolerance induction, using radioactively-labeled flagellin and autoradiography.
Complement Fixation Studies with a Varicella-Zoster Antigen
Authors: Gold Eli , Godek Geraldine 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
A satisfactory complement-fixing varicella or zoster antigen can be prepared from tissue culture cells infected with these agents. The two agents are antigenically indistinguishable and either antigen may be used to measure the antibody response to either infection. The studies with the complement fixation test are consistent with the results of other investigators (3, 4) and provide the basis for the statement that varicella and herpes zoster viruses are identical.
The apparently more rapid development of antibody following zoster in comparison with varicella may represent a secondary or booster response, or may simply indicate that dating the onset by the appearance of the rash may be erroneous. Most patients with zoster have a history of paresthesia or some form of discomfort in the area in which the rash later appears. Perhaps this symptom should be considered the time of the onset of the disease. The failure of antibody to persist for a greater duration following zoster than after varicella makes it even more difficult to support the concept of a secondary immune response.
The fall in antibody levels within 4 years or less following infection was not accompanied by any apparent change in susceptibility to infection; no second attacks of varicella or zoster were observed. Re-exposure of children with a history of chickenpox to that infection did not produce a rise in antibody levels.
Complement-fixing antibodies to the agents of zoster or varicella may fall more quickly than neutralizing or other types of antibody (as occurs with the viruses of mumps, measles, poliomyelitis, and others), or levels of antibody not measurable by present techniques may be sufficient to protect from infection. A sensitive test for neutralizing antibody is needed to resolve this point. It is clear from the studies presented, however, that the CF test may be used to measure the antibody response following zoster or varicella, but it is of little value for determining susceptibility to infection.
Synthesis of Components of Sendai Virus in the Presence of Proflavine
Authors: Azadova N. B. , Uryvayev L. V. , Zhdanov V. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Proflavine sharply alters the processes of transport of S-antigen of Sendai virus from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm, but does not essentially decrease its synthesis. The decrease in synthesis of the V-antigen is proportionately more marked. Retention of S-antigen in the nucleolus leads to the formation of incomplete virus and to a reduction of release of infectious virus from the cell. Interaction of proflavine with the viral RNA does not essentially alter the messenger mechanism responsible for synthesis of protein components of the virus.
Properties of Papain-Digested Chicken 7 S γ-Globulin
Authors: Dreesman Gordon , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Similar to IgG from other animal species, chicken IgG hydrolyzed with papain and reducing agent is split into products with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4 S. Approximately 30 to 50% of the products are dialyzable peptides. The average molecular weight of the subunits calculated from two independent determinations was 49,500 and 54,000.
The amino acid composition of the nondialyzable and dialyzable fractions of the digests were similar except that the values for valine and histidine were lower, and the value for threonine was higher in the nondialyzable fractions.
Immunoelectrophoresis of digested antibovine serum albumin (BSA) IgG revealed two antigenically distinct fragments. The electrophoretically-slow (S) fragment retained the ability to bind antigen specifically and the electrophoretically-fast (F) fragment was inactive in this respect.
An amorphous precipitate and a small amount of crystalline material formed on dialysis of digests against water or low ionic strength acid buffers. The precipitate contained part of the F fraction. No S fraction was detected in the precipitate.
Digests fractionated by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) chromatography using an acetate buffer gradient (pH 5.4) were eluted as two fractions, both containing the S and F fragments. At pH 6.0 only the S fraction was eluted from CMC in the second peak. A better separation of the S and F components was made by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)-cellulose and by starch block electrophoresis. Most preparations were eluted from DEAE-cellulose in three distinct peaks: namely, two active S components (S' and S") and an inactive F fragment.
Studies on Granuloma Formation. IV
Authors: Peterson W. Peter , von Lichtenberg Franz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
“Recipient” mice were sensitized intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with cell-free lung-granuloma homogenates obtained from “donor” mice at variable intervals following a single intravenous injection of purified eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. The recipients were then challenged intravenously with intact schistosome eggs, and the percentages of pseudotubercles reacting with immunofluorescent antibody on the 8th day after challenge were compared a) between sensitized mice and their controls, and b) between recipients of homogenates of lung-granulomas ranging in duration from 1 to 180 days. These results were also compared with earlier data on immunofluorescent antibody titers.
Using the immunofluorescent-stainable PAS-positive antigen produced by miracidia (SSA) in the pseudotubercles as an indicator, it was shown that lung-granuloma homogenates remained sensitizing through the 30th day of the evolution of the primary pseudotubercle, i.e., well beyond the time of appearance of the corresponding antibody in donor sera.
It is proposed that antigen sequestration results in the maintenance of a gradient of antigen concentration between the granuloma center and the milieu interne of the host, so that antigen excess may prevail in situ at a time of systemic antibody excess. The general applicability of this concept to granulomatous tissue responses is discussed.
Inactivated Measles Virus Vaccine
Authors: Lewis L. J. , Carpentier D. C. , Pancic F. , Winnicki E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formaldehyde-inactivated, alum-adsorbed measles virus vaccine is not stable at 22°C for longer than 3 weeks. The vaccine is stable, however, for 16 months at 5°C and stimulates an antigenic response in guinea pigs equal to that of freshly prepared vaccines.
Some Influences of Antigen Concentration and Nonreacting Additives on Mobility and Diffusion in Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Russell Warren J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A significant linear relationship was found to exist with both albumin (P &lt; 0.05) and γG-globulin (P &lt; 0.001) when mobility (µ) is plotted against the log of antigen concentration. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P &lt; 0.025) between the µ value means of γG-globulin for the range of concentrations studied (0.168 to 5.38 mg N/ml); however, no difference (P &gt;0.05) was detected between the value means for albumin (0.115 to 7.36 mg N/ml).
The only nonreacting component showing a significant effect on µ or p values (diffusivity ratios) was the effect of α1-globulin on the p values of the albumin system. By the separate addition of different concentrations of α1-globulin (0.120 to 3.85 mg N/ml final concentration) to a constant concentration of albumin (0.459 mg N/ml final concentration) the p value means for albumin plus α1-globulin were significantly higher than the p value means for the albumin control. The p value means for albumin plus α1-globulin were also found to be linearly related (P &lt; 0.05) to the log of α1-globulin concentration. The significance of these data is discussed in reference to quantitative determinations by immunoelectrophoretic analysis. No significant effect on the µ or p value of γG-globulin was observed when β2-globulin was added to the γG-globulin-anti-γG-globulin system.
Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Kundin William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pathogenesis of an attenuated and an unattenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus was studied in young adult mice by means of infectivity titrations and fluorescent antibody staining. Tissue infectivity and viral lethality were generally similar in mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with unattenuated virus and i.c. with attenuated virus. The tissues most involved were brain, salivary glands, inguinal nodes and spleen. Mice inoculated s.c. with attenuated VEE virus survived the infection. Little virus was found in the brain.
Specific Proteins in Serum of Total-Body Irradiated Humans
Authors: Luzzio A. J. , Friedman B. I. , Kereiakes J. G. , Saenger E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the quantitative precipitin reaction anti-XI-HSGG is precipitated by sera collected from seven patients at various times before and after treatment with total body radiation. The data are insufficient to determine whether the effects described are due to a direct effect on preformed proteins and/or an effect on the rate of synthesis of pre-existing protein. These studies may provide an approach to a better understanding of radiation-altered immunologic mechanisms in human beings.
Viruria in Herpes Simplex Infection of Mice
Authors: Schultz Irwin , Neva Franklin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Male mice injected intravenously with herpes simplex virus manifested a fatal ascending paralysis which was associated with viruria in 34% of 101 mice tested. Virus recovery was from spontaneously voided as well as directly aspirated urine specimens. Viruria was detected only in paralyzed mice dying of the infection and not in injected mice without paralysis or in uninfected control cagemates. Viruria occurred as early as 4 days and as late as 12 days after injection, depending on the amount of virus injected. Most animals excreted from 10 to 1000 TCID50/ml of urine and, once demonstrated, viruria persisted until death. Simultaneously measured blood levels of virus were not sufficiently high to suggest direct passage of virus from blood to urine. It was concluded, therefore, that viruria occurred as a result of virus multiplication in the genitourinary tract in the course of this disseminated infection.
Evaluation of the Demonstration of Complement-Requiring Neutralizing Antibody as a Means for Early Diagnosis of Herpes Virus Infections
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Taniguchi Sadako 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When guinea pigs were immunized with herpes simplex virus, complement-requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody, which was specific, appeared 1 week later and reached a considerable level before rises of CF and noncomplement-requiring neutralizing antibodies. Examination of patient sera proved that a similar immune response occurred as a result of herpes virus infections. Normal healthy persons showed no neutralizing antibody which could be enhanced by complement to such a marked extent. Hence, the detection of CRN antibody in a single serum sample became a new method for early diagnosis of herpetic infections. Among 53 patients, whose diagnosis was not possible with usual methods, two were diagnosed as being strongly suspected of herpetic infections by the demonstration of anti-herpes CRN antibody.
The Production of Streptococcal Group-Specific Antibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Lackland Henry , Krause Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization of rabbits with a vaccine of either whole Group A streptococci or cell walls is followed by the production of Group A and Group A-variant antibodies.
The cell-wall agglutination procedure has proved a useful method for the detection of both antibodies.
The Groups A and A-variant agglutinins were separated out of an immune rabbit serum by an adsorption-elution procedure which employs Group C-variant cell walls. Agglutinationinhibition studies which employ the soluble Groups A and A-variant carbohydrates confirm the serologic specificity of the two agglutinins recovered from the Group A serum.
Difference in Mechanism of Viral Neutralization under in Vitro and in Vivo Conditions
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. , Lennette Edwin H. , Hagens Shirley J. , Fujimoto Frances Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fab and F(ab′)2 from anti-WEE γ-globulin neutralized WEE virus in vitro but not in vivo. The results could not be explained by differences in heterogeneity of viral preparations or in the species of cell line used in the two assay systems.