bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromatius vs. Jerome: The Origenist Controversy Reconsidered
Authors: Hanaghan Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chromatius, bishop of Aquileia, was closely acquainted with Jerome and Rufinus, the two main protagonists of the Origenist controversy in the Latin west. When hostilities between Jerome and Rufinus were renewed in 397 ce, Chromatius wrote to Jerome, urging him to be silent. Jerome demurred. In the years that followed, Chromatius continued as Rufinus’ patron, first asking Rufinus to translate Eusebius’ Ecclesiastica Historia and then requesting that Rufinus translate Origen’s Homilies on Joshua. Scholars have viewed Chromatius’ role in two ways, as either a pacific intermediary or subtly inclined towards Rufinus. This article argues that Chromatius was far more sympathetic to Rufinus. It examines first the relationship between Jerome and Chromatius prior to 397, then Jerome’s use of Chromatius’ name in his Apology and his epithets for Chromatius after Rufinus’ translation of Origen’s Περὶ ᾽Αρχῶν in 397, which markedly change, losing the honorifics typical for the address of a bishop. This is set against Chromatius’ continued patronage of Rufinus, including his request in 403/404 for Rufinus to translate Origen’s Homilies on Joshua, and Chromatius’ use of Origenist ideas in his own work. Together, these arguments indicate that Jerome’s relationship with Chromatius increasingly deteriorated as the Bishop of Aquileia’s actions continued to favour Rufinus and his pro-Origenist position.
Introduction
Authors: Katsos Isidoros C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter revisits the traditional debate over the ‘metaphysics of light’, offering a critical overview of its subject matter and history. It classifies the language of God as ‘light’ under three models (literal, metaphorical, and analogical) and shows that scholarship never investigated the ground of meaning of this language, the concept of light itself. It states the purpose of this study, namely to investigate the concept of light in early Christian late antiquity, and proceeds with: the necessary redefinition of the scope of enquiry; an outline of the subsequent chapters; and the recourse to the hexaemeral literature, in its reception history from Philo of Alexandria to Gregory of Nyssa, as a genre of early Christian literature most suitable for the task at hand.
The Light of the World
Authors: Katsos Isidoros C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the exegetical significance of the ancient physics of light. First, it shows how the pagan philosophers attacked the Christian doctrine of creation ex nihilo as deficient because of the concomitant displacement of materiality from the list of causal principles. It then examines how Origen vindicated the role of mechanical causation for Christian metaphysics and how Basil and Gregory gave to the Origenian programme exegetical contours by fleshing out the akolouthia and skopos of the scriptural text. The Cappadocian brothers were able to translate ancient physics into biblical hermeneutics by deriving a coherent theory of change from the hexaemeral narrative. In hexaemeral physics, fire and light are ontologically and semantically interlinked. This causal link is the key to the premodern physics of light.
Ramanujar
Authors: Parthasarathy Indira , Indra C.T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Indira Parthasarathy’s Tamil play Ramanujar, which won the K.K. Birla Foundation’s Saraswati Samman in 1999, presents the medieval Vaishnava acharya not only as an exponent of the Visishtadvaita philosophy but even more strikingly as a radical social reformer with an inclusive vision. The play strives to demonstrate that he redefined the very idea of a Vaishnava. The play also takes a balanced view of the hagiographic and historical accounts on the controversial events in his long life, such as Chola persecution, Ramanuja’s exile, conversion of the Hoysala King from Jainism, and the meeting with the Delhi Sultan. The Epilogue, a playlet included in this new edition, presents an imaginary meeting of the aged renunciant with his long-separated wife. The searching questions she poses make the savant reflect upon and evaluate himself, his past and the impact he has made on society. The present translation of the play, which includes the Epilogue, makes the work available to a wider audience. The Introduction and Commentary point out how Indira Parthasarathy employs the traditional hagiographic accounts as a critical tool to probe issues of social and religious amity and gender equity.
Asylum Adjudications on the Basis of Religious Conversion
Authors: Rose Lena 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Among recent forced migrations, asylum claims on the basis of fear of religious persecution following a religious conversion are frequent. In these asylum adjudications, decision-makers employed by secular states usually have to assess the genuineness of the respective conversion, and the risks of practicing the religion (or non-religion) in the country of origin of the applicant. The phenomenon of asylum adjudications based on religious conversion or de-conversion raises a number of important questions: For example, how can one adequately assess the genuineness of a religious conversion or de-conversion? Can, or should, this be the role of the secular state and its legal decision-makers? If so, how does the state decide which forms and practices of a particular religion or non-religion are “acceptable”? In particular, asylum processes in Europe that are based on conversion to Christianity (the author’s research area) highlight the tension between religion, culture, and power: they point to much broader debates regarding the way European legal authorities conceive of their own historically Christian identity, and the processes of inclusion and exclusion that result from it. This contribution provides an overview of the current state of research concerning asylum adjudications based on religious conversion in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world. It examines recent primary research, assesses the contributions and directions of debates, and provides an outlook regarding future directions the research in this emerging field might take.
Romani (Gypsy) Music in Bulgaria and Macedonia
Authors: Peycheva Lozanka 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of Romani (Gypsy) music in Bulgaria and Macedonia from the Ottoman period and first decades of the nineteenth century to the present day. The time span covered is divided into four periods, each of which is associated with specific contexts and media in which Romani musicians have performed. The chapter seeks to explore and map some of the evolutionary changes and transformations in the genres, instruments, and performance of Romani music as well as the vitality and resilience of the professional Romani musician’s craft in Bulgaria and Macedonia—two different contemporary states, each with its own character yet with geographical and historical contiguities and some common trends or patterns of development in Romani (Gypsy) music. The evolution of Romani music in Bulgaria and Macedonia is presented as a continuous, vibrant process marked by commercialization, institutionalization, adaptation, and dynamic, post-socialist change.
Risk and Resilience in the Age of Algorithmic Governance
Authors: Rogers Peter , Bohland James R. , Rechkemmer Andreas 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Targeted applications of algorithms and artificial intelligence are becoming more common in the governance and management of disaster risks and in developing resilience to crises of all kinds. As technical tools, algorithms have unlimited potential to improve the agility, velocity, variety, scale, and volume of data accessed, managed, and used. Less often discussed is the nature of normative, ethical, legal, and policy tools (re)shaped by algorithms. The nature of algorithms—as diverse, codified ways of working—can lead to unforeseen consequences when they are uncritically adopted into public governance and the core business of the prevention, mitigation, and management of hazardous risks, particularly within a democracy. There are unresolved tensions in the design ethics applied to private- versus public-sector uses. Ensuring the accountability of designers, corporate tool developers, and public end users requires appropriate oversight and regulatory instruments, a challenge both nationally and internationally. Generic, market-ready tools need to be carefully tuned to the public governance of risk and resilience, not to market opportunities but to preserve democratic values.
Stochastic Modeling of Possible Pasts to Illuminate Future Risk
Authors: Woo Gordon , Johnson Neil F. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Disasters are fortunately uncommon events. Far more common are events that lead to societal crises, which are notable in their impact, but fall short of causing a disaster. Such near-miss events may be reimagined through stochastic modeling to be worse than they actually were. These are termed downward counterfactuals. A spectrum of reimagined events, covering both natural and man-made hazards, are considered. Included is a counterfactual version of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Attention to this counterfactual coronavirus in 2015 would have prepared the world better for COVID-19.
Latin Bibles as Linguistic Documents
Authors: Stotz Peter 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: The linguistic form of Latin biblical texts is strongly conditioned by its Greek models and exhibits postclassical and subliterary traits. It became an important component of the crystallization of Christian Latinity in Late Antiquity, was crucial in ecclesiastical life throughout the Middle Ages, and continued to wield great influence into the Modern era. This chapter considers the technical aspects of Latin biblical language: the borrowing of Greek and Hebrew words; the creation of semantic calques and other coinages; the addition of nuances to existing Latin words. Many peculiarities of grammar, morphology, and syntax may be traced to the Latin Bible, especially the Vetus Latina; such developments are frequently reflected in Romance languages. Certain constructions, mostly of Hebrew origin, gave rise to a “biblical style,” which was deliberately deployed by certain writers. The failure of Humanist attempts to classicize the Latin Bible show how deeply its language had become embedded in Christian discourse.
The Council of Trent and the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
Authors: Gerace Antonio 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter outlines the history of the Latin Vulgate in the sixteenth century, from the discussions leading to the Fourth Session of the Council of Trent (1546), when it was proclaimed as the “authentic” edition, up to the eventual publication of the Sixto-Clementine edition in 1592. It sets out the four abuses of the Scriptures condemned by the Council and the responses that addressed them as well as the two Tridentine decrees on Scripture. The important work in Louvain of John Henten and Francis Lucas of Bruges on editions of the Vulgate is described, which played a key role in the activity of the five Roman Committees for the Emendation of the Vulgate. Information is also given on the membership of these committees and the failure of the Sixtine Vulgate of 1590.
The Latin Bible and Liturgy
Authors: Beck Ashley 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: For substantial periods in the history of Christianity, the primary medium through which Christians encountered the Latin Bible was in the public liturgy of the Church, particularly in periods when most worshippers would have been unable to read or write. This chapter looks at some aspects of the use of the Latin Bible in the public worship of the Roman Catholic Church; it also offers a brief account of the provision, often not considered nowadays, for Latin Eucharistic worship in the Church of England. In the Roman Catholic Church, Latin is still used in public worship, both in the Latin official version of the principal liturgical rite and in some use of the older form of Mass. These draw on the Vetus Latina, Vulgate, and Nova Vulgata versions.
Latin Bibles
Authors: Brown Michelle P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter deals with the materiality and art history of illuminated manuscript books of the Bible and its component parts in Latin, with some reference to their Western vernacular language derivatives. It covers the late Roman and Early Christian period to the Reformation. The arrangement is broadly chronological, addressing themes including the codicological format, scripts, artistic style, iconography, devotional intent, performative liturgical use, patronage, and context of production and use. The sociohistorical contextualization of Bibles is also discussed. The chapter also considers the role of illumination as a form of visual biblical exegesis and its value and functions in the complex literacy of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
The Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels
Authors: Persig Anna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: The Vulgate Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypse are first attested in manuscripts dated around the sixth century: these texts, united with Jerome’s revision of the Gospels, have been transmitted in the manuscript tradition under the name of Jerome. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the attribution to Jerome was questioned and Pelagius was proposed as the reviser of these writings. Another hypothesis, that the reviser was Rufinus the Syrian, a member of the Pelagian circle, was advanced on the basis of the dating of the Primum quaeritur, the prologue to the Vulgate Pauline Epistles, and the correspondence of Rufinus’s citations to the Vulgate. However, this theory is founded on uncertain grounds. This chapter assesses earlier hypotheses and underlines the necessity of addressing the problem of the authorship of the Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels from different perspectives and employing new methodologies.
The Nova Vulgata
Authors: Zilverberg Kevin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: The Nova Vulgata, or Neo-Vulgate, is a revised Vulgate Bible published in 1979 by the Catholic Church for use principally in Latin-language liturgies, and as a template for vernacular lectionaries. The Second Vatican Council’s 1963 call for a revised Latin Psalter led to the formation of a committee that was soon expanded to undertake a revision of the entire Bible. The dozen committee members and their collaborators used modern editions of biblical texts in the original languages to correct the Vulgate when it significantly diverged from these. The near-total collapse of the use of Latin in Catholic liturgies after the Council has meant that the Neo-Vulgate is read mostly by a minority of clergy and laypeople, still numbering in the thousands, who daily pray the Liturgy of the Hours in Latin.
The Minor Sources and Their Role in the Synoptic Problem
Authors: Foster Paul 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This discussion traces the history of scholarship surrounding the so-called minor sources, postulated in various solutions to the Synoptic Problem. In particular, it focuses upon the proposals concerning the M source and the L source, as well as the Proto-Luke theory. The demise of these source-critical theories is also discussed. Apart from the decline in interest in source criticism, it is also noted that there has been a greater realism in scholarship concerning the ability to discern theological differences between traditions and a recognition of the limitations in detecting the prehistory of individual synoptic traditions. Notwithstanding this decline in interest, previous studies on the minor sources have resulted in an increased focus on sets of traditions that were seen to have constituted these hypothetical sources.
Oral Performance of the Synoptics
Authors: Johnson Lee A. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Performance criticism of the Bible is a rising methodology that challenges long-held assumptions about biblical interpretation, the roots of which lie in the academic fields of theater studies and communication studies. Biblical scholars have adopted methodology from performance criticism to address the limitations of textual studies such as form, source, and redaction criticisms and to shape a methodology that reflects the dominance of oral communication in the ancient Mediterranean world. Performance criticism of the Bible poses questions about performers, audience, and setting and challenges the hegemony of the written text as the authentic and authoritative word. Attention to PC as an interpretive methodology was initially shaped by biblical scholars’ performance of the Synoptic Gospels, exposing the limitations of a nonvocalized gospel message. Performances of the Synoptic Gospels led to critical questions about the discrete, narrow arenas in which biblical studies were conducted and suggested moving in ever-widening circles of discourse and analysis.
The History and Prospects of the Synoptic Problem
Authors: Kloppenborg John S. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Synoptic Problem owes its birth to the complex array of agreements and discrepancies that exist among the Synoptic Gospels: two, and sometimes three, of the Synoptics display a very high degree of verbatim agreement in the telling of some stories or sayings. In other cases, the agreement is very low. Matthew and Luke, for example, agree almost completely on the wording of the saying on God and Mammon (Matt 6:24 // Luke 16:13) but show wide disagreement in their infancy stories. Matthew, Mark, and Luke generally agree in the sequence of stories, especially after Mark 6:6. But significant discrepancies are also found in the relative sequence of other stories and sayings. While Matthew and Mark locate the anointing of Jesus during the last week of his life (Mark 14:3–9 // Matt 26:6–13), Luke locates it in the midst of Jesus’s activities in the Galilee (Luke 7:36–50).
The Gospel of Thomas and the Synoptics
Authors: Sellew Melissa Harl 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article moves away from questions of dependence or autonomy to show that comparison of the texts’ style and content is fruitful for understanding both Thomas and the Synoptic Gospels. When we read the Synoptics against Thomas, some of the central characteristics of Mark, Matthew, and Luke stand out in higher relief. Differences in theology, narrative structures, genre, and approaches to community formation combine to confirm that early gospel writers had a variety of choices about their modes of representation of the meaning(s) of Jesus. As part of its pattern of distance from Judaism, Thomas shows that it was possible to present Jesus as somehow removed from the thought world of Scripture, even as a source of revelatory or prophetic information.
Apocalyptic Eschatology
Authors: Whitaker Robyn J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Through an exploration of key traits such as messianic expectation, dualism, the kingdom or reign of God, determinism, judgment, and afterlife, this essay demonstrates how profoundly apocalyptic the Synoptic Gospels are in their eschatology. It also argues that the Synoptic Gospels show remarkable consistency with one another, and their Jewish precedents, in their presentation of apocalyptic eschatology. While Luke’s Gospel has traditionally been seen to be less eschatological and more historical, recent scholarship shows how Luke’s periodization of history is also deeply eschatological and therefore similar to the eschatology of Mark and Matthew. Despite their commonalities, there are individual emphasis to be found in each Gospel. These are highlighted and compared with one another as well as a wider body of early Christian literature.
The Use of Sources in Ancient Compositions
Authors: Barker James W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This essay contextualizes the Synoptic Gospels in terms of ancient writing materials and processes. Greco-Roman writers predominantly used waxed tablets and bookrolls, although codices emerged in the first century CE. Authors could recall texts from memory, but writers could also maintain visual contact when studying, collating, copying, quoting, or paraphrasing sources. Previous scholarship has highlighted the difficulties of interweaving multiple sources and rearranging their sayings and narratives. However, neither operation was unprecedented or overly complicated, as evinced by Septuagint recensions, Josephus’s Antiquities, and Tatian’s Diatessaron. Some writing processes were more complicated than others, but ancient authors did not always work as simply as possible. Every proposed solution to the Synoptic Problem proves feasible according to ancient compositional practices.
Narrative Design of the Synoptics
Authors: Dinkler Michal Beth 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, discussions of Synoptic narrative design have drawn heavily from the subfield of literary formalism in order to illuminate constitutive components of story like plot, character, setting, and time. This chapter advocates engagement with the so-called New Formalism, which seeks to revive “old” formalists’ attention to narrative form and structure, while addressing critiques of formalism’s earlier iterations. After an introduction to New Formalism, the chapter explores how capacious considerations of the Gospels’ narrative design—and the polyvalent affordances of narrative form—can expand and deepen our conceptions of how the Synoptic Gospels work literarily as narrative structures. The famous Markan suspended ending serves as a case study.
Unpacking Bisexuality+. It’s a Whole Wardrobe, Honey …
Authors: Oswanski Leah , Robinson Beth 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex nature of bisexuality+ as both a sexual minority in heteronormative spaces and within the LGBTQIA2 + community. In this chapter we will refer to bisexuality as bisexuality+ (or bi+) to indicate an umbrella term that includes all facets of being romantically, physically, and/or emotionally attracted to more than one gender (multi genders) which may include the identities: queer, plurisexual, pansexual, and polysexual. There are unique differences between the myriad of identities within the bisexuality+ umbrella, but our intention is to highlight the similarities, rather than the differences. The historical context of bisexuality+ as well as the ‘double closet’, marginalization, and the biological determinism message will be discussed as well as the roles of exhaustion, fear and erasure which are central themes for many bi+ people as it relates to their sexuality. The role of queer and trans music therapy (QTMT) in clinical practice with bi+ people is addressed with intervention strategies that include empowerment and community building and support through music. Issues specific to music therapy practice including performative bisexuality, negative stereotyping, and queerbaiting in music/music videos and their impact on the therapeutic relationship will also be explored.
Child Protection in Belgium
Authors: Vanderfaeillie Johan , Van Dooren Erik , Segers Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the child protection systems in Belgium. The complex structure of Belgium’s three communities has implications for the child protection system, most of which are related to child maltreatment. The regulation and legislation addressing help for child maltreatment differ between the Flemish Community, the German Community, and the Walloon Community. Additionally, child abuse and neglect (CAN) are treated as a criminal act at a federal level. The Belgian child protection systems emphasize the protective function of the government with a more social democratic approach of defamiliarization policies. The characterization of CAN depends on social structures, attitudes, values, norms, and laws.