bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Specific Mechanism of Serum Sickness
Authors: Karelitz Samuel , Glorig Aram 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This report deals with the demonstration of specific transferable antibodies in the sera of patients convalescing from serum sickness. Such serum will be referred to as S.S.C.S.
Spain (1) using the Prausnitz-Kuestner (2) technic succeeded in passively transferring antibodies to horse serum from the blood of one individual “naturally sensitive” to horse serum and from “the blood obtained from another individual who was convalescing from serum sickness.” Tuft (3) by the same technic demonstrated skin-sensitizing antibodies in 16 of 25 patients recovering from serum sickness. Tuft did not find adequate correlation of those antibodies with the precipitating or anaphylactic antibody and concluded that they were distinct. Voss (4) demonstrated what he called the anaphylactic antibody in the serum (S.S.C.S.) obtained from individuals convalescing from serum sickness by the production of “inverse anaphylaxis in the human” or a localized form of “passive serum sickness.” (5)
The Inheritance of an Agglutinogen of the Chicken Erythrocyte
Authors: Olson Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An agglutinogen of erythrocytes in a family of chickens has been studied by means of agglutinins present in normal bovine serum. Cross absorption tests indicated three types of erythrocytes. Two types were quantitatively dissimilar and the third was qualitatively different. The inheritance of the agglutinogen could be explained on the basis of a single pair of allelic genes, one dominant and one recessive.
Inactivation of Phage by Aldehydes and Aldoses and Subsequent Reactivation
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Oleinik E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Inactivation of phage by aldehydes and other substances depends on the concentration of the reacting substances, the time, the temperature and the pH of the substrate. At 37 C and pH = 7.5 a given volume of an undiluted broth phage was completely inactivated by an equal volume of a 0.05 percent solution of formaldehyde in 24 hours. Increasing concentrations of formaldehyde, or increasing dilutions of phage reduce the time of inactivation. The reaction starts immediately and its rate is an exponential function of time. Glyceraldehyde inactivated phage in the same molecular concentration as formaldehyde. Addition of formaldehyde or glyceraldehyde to phage in broth increases the acidity of the solution. Glucose, glucoseamine and fructose also inactivate phage if proper concentrations are used. The process of inactivation of fructose differs radically from that with glucose. Maltose, sorbitol and sucrose do not inactivate phage. On diluting inactivated phage before or shortly after inactivation is completed, in a substrate consisting of a solution of peptone or aminoacids, free active phage is liberated. The reaction, phage-formaldehyde, proceeds apparently in two stages, and is reversible only after the first stage. The amount of phage recovered depends on the types of aminoacids or polypeptide present in the diluent. When pure aminoacid solutions were used, the maximal reactivation was given by diaminoaminoacids, followed by the aliphatic monocarboxylic aminoacids. The least effective were the di-carboxylic aminoacids. The group attached to the NH2 apparently influences the reactivating capacity. When phage is inactivated by other aldehydes or by aldoses the reactivation is slower and less complete than when inactivated with formaldehyde. Reactivation after inactivation with glucose or glyceraldehyde is much less complete, while with glucoseamine and acetaldehyde it occurs only when the reaction of inactivation is interrupted before it is completed. Evidently there is a difference in the intensity of action of the various substances. The phenomenon of reactivation may be accounted for on the basis of dissociation. It is assumed that in the first phase, at least, the aldehyde combines with the NH2 group of the phage (or virus) and that on dilution this compound dissociates, liberating both aldehyde and phage. By introducing appropriate aminoacids into the diluting substrate, the equilibrium is disturbed, aldehyde is bound by the NH2 group of the aminoacid and more phage dissociated. This process continues until a new equilibrium is reached or until all the phage is liberated. The reaction thus seems to correspond with that between the aldehydes and polypeptids.
Studies of Antipneumococal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In complement-fixation tests of 206 antipneumococcal rabbit-sera, types 1–32, with homologous type-specific carbohydrate, the amount of complement fixed in tests held twenty-four hours at 3–6 C was usually 2 to 3 times that fixed in tests incubated for ninety minutes at 37 C; for seven types, 4 to 6 times; and for two types, 6 to 8 times. The maximally reactive dose of antigen for given quantities of serum in these tests at 3–6 C was usually from 1.5 to 3 times that needed in the tests at 37 C; with sera and antigens of three types, from 5 to 11 times.
When incubated for periods up to twenty-four hours, fixation at 37 C was found for twelve of fifteen sera of various types to be as great as or even slightly greater than in tests held for the same time at 3–6 C. With the remaining three sera, the fixation at 37 C was always less than at the end of a similar period at 3–6 C. The maximally reactive dose of antigen for given amounts of serum was approximately the same after all periods of incubation at the same temperature; the differences in the relative proportions of antigen and antiserum that exhibited maximal fixation at 37 C and 3–6 C were therefore maintained throughout.
Experimental Staphylococcal Infection and Passive Protection
Authors: Julianelle L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Staphylococci are of low virulence for mice and rabbits, and their infectivity is increased with great difficulty, if at all. With appropriate strains, the chick embryo is reasonably susceptible to infection. Localized infections may be induced with greater regularity in the skin and cornea of rabbits, so that protective tests are possible under the conditions stated. In spite of nonspecific protection present in normal and heterologous sera, specific protection can be demonstrated in antistaphylococcal Type A serum.
The Velocities of Inhibition of Bacterial Growth by Sulfonamide and of the Antagonistic Effect by P-Aminobenzoic Acid
Authors: Hirsch Julius 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inhibiting effect of sulfonamide has a lag-period of 1 to 2 hours; in contrast to this, the bacteriostatic effect of sulfonamide is instantly antagonized by addition of p-aminobenzoic acid.
Protection of the Developing Chick Embryo with Specific Serum Against Infection with Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Weil A. J. , McFarlane J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The developing chick embryo is a convenient laboratory animal for the study of passive protection against Shigella paradysenteriæ (Flexner). The immunity depends predominantly on the antibodies against the antigens that determine the type. The implications of these observations upon the question of active (or passive) protection of man against Flexner infection are discussed.
Purification and Character of the Swine-Influenza Virus
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W. , Dingle J. H. , Feller A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the present report there is described the isolation of a particulate component from the chorio-allantoic fluid of chick-embryos infected with the virus of swine-influenza. With these particles in the purified concentrates were associated the hemagglutinative and infectious attributes of the virus-infected chorio-allantoic fluid from which the particles were derived, either by adsorption on and elution from chickens' red blood cells followed by ultracentrifugation or by ultracentrifugation alone. From electron-micrographs the particles appeared to be rounded or ovoid and of variable size. A parallel finding with respect to variation in size was the slightly diffuse boundaries observed in sedimentation-velocity studies. The average diameter of the particles estimated from electron-micrographs was 78.3 mμ. From the sedimentation-constant, S20° = 662 × 10−13, the density, 1.18, determined by pycnometric measurement, and the assumption of spherical shape, the average diameter of the particles was 81.5 mμ. Chemically, the particles were a complex of lipid (24.0 per cent), and non-lipid, carbohydrate and protein (77.76 per cent) containing, on the basis of non-lipid-phosphorus content, about 4.8 per cent nucleic acid, probably of the desoxypentose type. The total carbohydrate-content was 10 per cent, an amount greatly in excess of that which could have been present in the nucleic acid.
Sulfathiazole-Acetaldehyde Sodium Bisulfite in Experimental Group C Streptococcal Infections
Authors: Foley E. J. , Epstein Jeanne A. , Lee S. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sulfathiazole-acetaldehyde sodium bisulfite has been found to effect cures of experimental Group C hemolytic streptococcic infections in guinea-pigs, and to destroy streptococci injected into fertile eggs.
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Autogenous B. Coli Vaccines on the Intestinal Colon Bacilli of Dogs
Authors: Torrey John C. , Rahe Alfred H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
From time to time, within recent years, the use of autogenous B. coli vaccines has been advocated as a therapeutic measure in the treatment of such conditions as chronic intestinal toxaemia (1) and eczema (2) on the assumption that the toxic substances giving rise to these conditions are produced through the activities of certain B. coli vegetating in the intestinal tract, and that these strains may be suppressed or eliminated through specific immunization. Apparently, however, this mode of treatment has not been substantiated by any experimental evidence either that the B. coli of the intestinal tract may be controlled through specific therapy or, if particular strains are reduced in numbers through this procedure, that the effect obtained is more than transitory. The study reported here was undertaken with the hope of throwing some light upon these points.
A Study of the Specificity of the Absorption of Anti-Bacterial Precipitins
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Cooper Georgia M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In planning some experimental work on the immunological identity or non-identity of certain bacteria, it was found that a suitable agglutination antigen, that is, a stable suspension of uniform turbidity, could not be prepared from the cultures under consideration. This difficulty as is well known occurs with some bacterial types. The question therefore arose whether under the circumstances we could employ the precipitin reaction. Should sharp differences be noted with this reaction, non-identity would be established. Should, however, the antigens of two or more cultures be found to give equal or nearly equal precipitation with an immune serum it would be necessary to resort to the antibody absorption method to determine the ultimate identity or non-identity of such strains. How far would such absorptions reveal specific differences?
This question was raised because of the well known tendency of the precipitin-precipitinogen complex to bind immune bodies of all types as well as complement; a phenomenon utilized by Gay (1, 3), Chickering (1, 2) and by Weinstein (4) to separate the antibodies of immune sera.
A Comparative Study of Complement
Authors: Cushing J. E. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The above comparative study of complement in the vertebrates showed that the frog had a hemolytic complement very similar to that of the guinea pig in that four components could be demonstrated using almost the same technics of inactivation as for the guinea pig. It also showed that the carp has at least three components similar in the nature of their specific inactivations to those of the guinea pig and frog. These were represented by a heat-labile fraction, one inactivated by zymin and one by ammonia hydroxide. Of these, the ammonia-inactivated one closely resembled C′4 of the guinea pig in its properties, the zymin-inactivated one was suggestive of guinea pig C′3, but the heat-labile fraction was unlike that of the guinea pig in that it could not be “split” by the carbon-dioxide technic. Reasons are given, however, for believing that this may be accomplished by slight variations in the technic of splitting. In spite of this possible peculiarity of the heat-labile fraction of carp complement, it appears to be quite similar to that of the guinea pig and frog, a similarity that is borne out by the inter-specific reactivations to be reported in part II.
That the differences in the specifications found among the complements of various species are due to variations in hereditary factors seems probable from the demonstration of the presence of a simple recessive gene in guinea pigs that causes a complement deficiency (Moore, 1919). This fact suggests that the serum proteins responsible for the complementary activity of this and other species are probably as subject to the forces of mutation and selection as are the variety of antigenic proteins studied by systematic serologists (see Boyden, 1942, for a general review of this field and Cumley, Irwin, and Cole, 1942, and Cumley and Irwin, 1943, for data on the inheritance of specific antigenic differences in serum proteins).
In closing this paper, I would like to thank Dr. Sterling Emerson, under whom this research was conducted, for his continued help and advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Albert Tyler for his advice, and Mr. Charles Arthur, Health Officer, Pasadena City Health Department for his generosity in supplying the large amounts of sheep erythrocytes used.
Conversion of Agglutinins and Precipitins into ‘Univalent’ (Non-Agglutinating or Non-Precipitating) Antibodies by Photodynamic Irradiation of Rabbitantisera vs Pneumococci, Sheep-Red-Cells and Sea-Urchin Sperm
Authors: Tyler Albert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Photo-oxidation of rabbit-antisera against sea-urchin sperm, pneumococci and sheep-erythrocytes converts the antibodies into a non-precipitating or non-agglutinating (‘univalent’) form which still combines specifically with the antigen and inhibits the action of the control antiserum. The inhibitive titers are found to increase initially with increased photooxidation beyond the point when loss of precipitating power of the antiserum is first obtained. High maximal values are reached and differences are observed in the values obtained by precipitative and agglutinative tests with the same system. From a non-precipitating antipneumococcal serum produced by moderate photo-oxidation, precipitating antibody is obtained by fractional salting-out with ammonium sulphate. Determinations of the antibody-nitrogen content of photo-oxidized anti-pneumococcal serum show no significant difference from that of the control antiserum. In anti-sheep-cell sera, photo-oxidized to various degrees, the hemolytic titer falls off rapidly while the agglutination-inhibiting titer rises, indicating that the ‘univalents’ do not function as hemolysin. The results are interpreted on the basis of the mutual-multivalence theory which they tend to support.
Food-Poisoning Staphylococci and the Order of Their Resistance to Penicillin
Authors: Mason Herman C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three food-poisoning strains of staphylococci, “Cow”, “S-229-Z”, and “Spray”, have been found naturally resistant to penicillin by the cup-plate assay. These naturally resistant strains of staphylococcus required between 10,000 to 50,000 Oxford units of penicillin per ml to obtain inhibition zones of between 22.5 and 31.8 mm diameter, as compared to FDA strain 209, which gave inhibition of 23.8 to 23.9 mm with one unit of the same penicillin. The inhibition of coagulase has been studied. Penicillin inhibits staphylocoagulase production in-vitro. The amount of penicillin required to inhibit coagulase ranges between 5,000 to 20,000 Oxford units per ml. Strain C-13344, the most active coagulase-producer required approximately 9,500 units to inhibit tube coagulase formation.
The Phase Variation of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) Type IV
Authors: Weil A. J. , Farsetta K. , Knaub V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The observations of Boyd concerning the occurrence of a phase variation of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) type IV are confirmed. Phase A presents the characteristic type specific phase of type IV. Some strains were found to occur only in this phase, whereas others show beside the type specific phase a second one of different behavior. Whereas phase A may split off colonies of phase B, bacteria of phase B maintain their phase characteristics. The phase B antigen is complex and is different from any of the known primary antigens of the Flexner species. This is particularly true of the primary antigens of the types IV (phase A), VII and VIII. Material similar to the phase B, type IV, antigen forms part of the antigenic mosaic of the several types of the Flexner species enumerated in this paper. And it constitutes the essential part of the secondary antigens of type IV, phase A. Anti-phase B, type IV immune serum affords some protection against infection with Flexner bacilli of types agglutinated by such sera. The complex problems connected with these observations are discussed.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Jansen E. F. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The allergenic proteic-polysaccharidic fractions, CS-1A from cottonseed and CB-1A from castor beans, were precipitinogenic when administered to rabbits. The allergenic fractions were less uniformly effective than ovalbumin in stimulating precipitin-formation.
The passive-transfer technic provided a more sensitive method for detecting antibodies in sera than the precipitin-method.
The passive-transfer sensitizing capacity of antisera, preserved with 0.25 per cent phenol and stored at 6 C, remained essentially unchanged for nearly five years.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group
Authors: Early Robert L. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In mice infected by the intravenous or intraperitoneal routes with psittacosis virus (6BC strain), oral sodium sulfadiazine therapy was followed by the survival of all mice so treated. Penicillin has proven effective therapeutically when given by the oral or subcutaneous routes. In mice infected by the respiratory route, oral therapy with sodium sulfadiazine protected all of the mice while oral administration of penicillin caused a definite delay in death or survival of the mice so treated. With an intracerebral challenge, oral sodium sulfadiazine therapy produced a delay in the time of death of the animals while parenteral penicillin was without effect. Fifty-three to 100 per cent of the mice surviving the intravenous or intraperitoneal challenge following treatment with either sodium sulfadiazine or penicillin or combined therapy with both agents have been demonstrated to be carriers of the virus for from 30 to 65 days after therapy was discontinued. Streptomycin, given by subcutaneous injection, and p-amino benzoic acid, administered in the diet, have shown no significant effects upon the course of psittacosis (6BC strain) infections in mice.
The Increased Antigenicity of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) in Saline-in-Mineral-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Mudd Stuart , Smolens Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response to Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner vaccines in mice and rabbits may be strikingly prolonged and often elevated by suspension of the vaccine in a saline-in-mineral-oil emulsion. The effectiveness of the oil emulsion menstruum in mice does not seem to be related to the volume of the injected vaccine in the volume range tested, 0.075 to 0.6 ml of emulsion. The oil emulsion menstruum in mice seems to be active only above a critical dosage level of antigen. It is not capable of improving the response to subeffective doses of Shigella vaccines. Evidence has been presented which indicates that active Shigella antigen persists at the site of oil inoculation for at least as long as 22 weeks. It is felt that this is strong circumstantial evidence pointing to prolonged absorption as one of the important mechanisms (or the important mechanism) in the effectiveness of the oil emulsion. The presence of acid-fast bacilli in the oil emulsion is apparently not an important factor in the effectiveness of this menstruum insofar as the antibody response to S. paradysenteriae in mice is concerned.
The Role of Antibodies in Experimental Drug Resistance of Trypanosoma Equiperdum
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. , Lafferty Lillian C. , Buck M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Different methods of inducing drug-resistance of T. equiperdum towards p-rosaniline HCl were compared. The “classical” technic of rendering trypanosomes resistant by treatment of relapses with slowly increasing doses of the dyestuff was inferior to methods which avoid the formation of antibodies (short passage; splenectomy). Drug-resistance was more difficult to achieve in rats than in mice, due to more abundant antibody-formation in rats. Splenectomy and short passage combined gave satisfactory results. The rapid development of p-rosaniline-fastness in splenectomized mice was counteracted by passive immunization with trypanocidal rabbit serum.
Isolation of the Virus of Lymphogranuloma Venereum from Twenty-Eight Patients; Relative Value of the Use of Chick Embryos and Mice
Authors: Wall Margaret J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A reliable technic is described for the isolation of the agent of lymphogranuloma venereum from human material by the combined use of mice and the yolk sac of chick embryos. Mice were more susceptible than chick embryos to initial growth of virus from human material. In addition, bacteria occasionally encountered in bubo pus and lymph nodes interfered with the isolation of virus in chick embryos but not in mice. Identification of the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum was based principally on tissue tropisms and susceptibility to sulfonamide therapy. With the use of the technic described, the virus was recovered from 28 of 33 patients tested.
Alterations in Pathogenesis of Experimental Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Caused by Prepassage of the Virus Through Heterologous Host
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three strains of the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis were maintained by serial passages through mice and guinea-pigs. The substrains thus obtained possessed marked meningo-encephalotropism but differed in viscerotropic affinities. The meningo-encephalotropism was maintained by both species. Viscerotropism was lost in the mouse, but restored or imparted to the virus by the guinea-pig. Significant alterations in the pathogenesis of experimental disease were contingent upon the differences in viscerotropic affinities of the substrains.
The Complement Fixation Test in Yellow Fever Epidemiology
Authors: Perlowagora Alina , Hughes Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of a “globulin antigen” for use in yellow fever complement fixation tests is described. This antigen is both sensitive and specific. By its use it has been shown that complement-fixing antibodies are formed with regularity following observed clinical yellow fever infection. It has been shown that these antibodies are formed regardless of the severity of illness and that they appear following inapparent infections in endemic areas. It has been confirmed that they are not formed following yellow fever vaccination, except possibly in rare instances. The application of the complement fixation test to yellow fever epidemiology, as an indicator of recent infections, is discussed.