bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of thoracic trauma
Authors: Lodhia J. V. , Eyre L. , Smith M. , Toth L. , Troxler M. , Milton R. S. 
Published: December 2022

SummaryManaging major thoracic trauma begins with identifying and anticipating injuries associated with the mechanism of injury. The key aims are to reduce early mortality and the impact of associated complications to expedite recovery and restore the patient to their pre‐injury state. While imaging is imperative to identify the extent of thoracic trauma, some pathology may require immediate treatment. The majority can be managed with adequate pleural drainage, but respiratory failure and poor gas exchange may require either non‐invasive or invasive ventilation. Ventilation strategies to protect from complications such as barotrauma, volutrauma and ventilator‐induced lung injury are important to consider. The management of pain is vital in reducing respiratory complications. A multimodal strategy using local, regional and systemic analgesia may mitigate respiratory side effects of opioid use. With optimal pain management, physiotherapy can be fully utilised to reduce respiratory complications and enhance early recovery. Thoracic surgeons should be consulted early for consideration of surgical management of specific injuries. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms of injury and the appropriate use of available resources, favourable outcomes can be reached in this cohort of patients. Overall, a multidisciplinary and holistic approach results in the best patient outcomes.
Consistent Estimation of the Number of Communities via Regularized Network Embedding
Authors: Ren Mingyang , Zhang Sanguo , Wang Junhui 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The network analysis plays an important role in numerous application domains including biomedicine. Estimation of the number of communities is a fundamental and critical issue in network analysis. Most existing studies assume that the number of communities is known a priori, or lack of rigorous theoretical guarantee on the estimation consistency. In this paper, we propose a regularized network embedding model to simultaneously estimate the community structure and the number of communities in a unified formulation. The proposed model equips network embedding with a novel composite regularization term, which pushes the embedding vector toward its center and pushes similar community centers collapsed with each other. A rigorous theoretical analysis is conducted, establishing asymptotic consistency in terms of community detection and estimation of the number of communities. Extensive numerical experiments have also been conducted on both synthetic networks and brain functional connectivity network, which demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method compared with existing alternatives.
Pupillometric and blink measures of diverse task loads: Implications for working memory models
Authors: Chen Siyuan , Epps Julien , Paas Fred 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundInconsistent observations of pupillary response and blink change in response to different specific tasks raise questions regarding the relationship between eye measures, task types and working memory (WM) models. On the one hand, studies have provided mixed evidence from eye measures about tasks: pupil size has mostly been reported to increase with increasing task demand while this expected change was not observed in some studies, and blink rate has exhibited different trends in different tasks. On the other hand, a WM model has been developed to integrate a component to reconcile recent findings that the human motor system plays an important role in cognition and learning. However, how different tasks correlate with WM components has not been experimentally examined using eye activity measurements.AimsThe current study uses a four‐dimensional task load framework to bridge eye measures, task types and WM models.SampleTwenty participants (10 males, 10 females; Age: M = 25.8, SD = 7.17) above 18 years old volunteered. All participants had normal or corrected to normal vision with contact lenses and had no eye diseases causing obvious excessive blinking.MethodsWe examined the ability of pupil size and blink rate to index low and high levels of cognitive, perceptual, physical and communicative task load. A network of the four load types and WM components was built and analysed to verify the necessity of integrating a physical task‐related component into the WM model.ResultsResults demonstrate that pupil size can index cognitive load and communicative load but not perceptual or physical load. Blink rate can index the level of cognitive load but is best at discriminating perceptual tasks from other types of tasks. Furthermore, pupil size measurement of the four task types was explained better during structural and factor analysis by a WM model that integrates a movement‐related component.ConclusionsThis research provides new insights into the relationship between eye measures, task type and WM models and provides a comprehensive understanding from which to predict pupil size and blink behaviours in more complex and practical tasks.
Blunted reward responsiveness prospectively predicts emotional distress when exposed to a naturalistic stressor
Authors: Yan Linlin , Kohn Nils , Yi Wei , Wang Naiyi , Duan Hongxia , Wu Jianhui 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBoth stress and blunted reward responsiveness have been identified as core risk factors of depression. Whether blunted reward responsiveness increases psychological vulnerability to real‐life stress from a dynamic perspective (from stress reactivity to recovery) has not been investigated. By utilizing a real‐world stressful event (i.e. the final examination), this study aimed to explore the role of reward responsiveness in the stress‐emotional distress relationship during stress reactivity and recovery phases. We followed 57 undergraduates with three assessments, from six weeks before examination weeks (T1, baseline), one day before the examinations (T2) to two weeks after the examinations (T3), therefore, covering stress reactivity (T1 to T2) and recovery (T2 to T3) phases. At baseline, reward responsiveness was measured as the Reward Positivity (RewP) in the doors task. Stress and emotional distress (anxiety and depression) were reported at T1, T2 and T3 to capture their dynamic changes. Results showed that self‐report stress levels significantly increased from T1 to T2 (stress reactivity phase) and decreased from T2 to T3 (stress recovery phase). Furthermore, blunted reward responsiveness at baseline prospectively predicted emotional distress during the stress reactivity phase but not the recovery phase. Specifically, during the stress reactivity phase, higher perceived stress was associated with greater anxiety and depression only in participants with relatively smaller residual RewP amplitudes but not in participants with relatively larger residual RewP amplitudes. Our study demonstrated that a blunted reward responsiveness is a vulnerable factor of depression, especially when exposed to stress. Our findings provide insights into prevention and intervention for stress‐related disturbance.
Complementary mRNA expression of enzymes producing nitric oxide and prostaglandin in ductus arteriosus with respect to their role in maintaining patency
Authors: Yamana Rei , Kadota Shogo , Ishii Kazuaki , Suzuki Takehito , Miyazaki Yoko , Tanaka Kazuaki , Usami Makoto , Takizawa Tatsuya 
Published: December 2022

AbstractmRNA expression of molecules related to the activity of nitric oxide or prostaglandin E2, the critical regulators maintaining the ductus arteriosus patency, was examined in rat ductus arteriosus at preterm (days 18.5 and 19.5 of pregnancy) and near term (days 20.5 and 21.5). The endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA level increased transiently at preterm and then decreased at near term. The cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA increased gradually from near‐term to the term complementary to the reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA. These results suggest that the role shift between nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in maintaining ductus arteriosus patency at preterm and near term may be due to complementary expression changes of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 at the transcriptional level.
Risk scores for predicting incident heart failure admission in patients with chronic coronary syndromes: Validation in a prospective, monocentric, long‐term, cohort study
Authors: López‐Baizán Josué , Ruiz Ortiz Martín , Delgado Ortega Mónica , Rodríguez Almodóvar Ana , Esteban Martínez Fátima , Sánchez Fernández Carlos , Sánchez Fernández José Javier , Mateos de la Haba Leticia , Barreiro Mesa Lucas , Ogayar Luque Cristina , Romo Peñas Elías , López‐Aguilera José , Carrasco Ávalos Francisco , Castillo Domínguez Juan Carlos , Anguita Sánchez Manuel , Pan Manuel , Mesa Rubio Dolores 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure (HF) admission in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients has a prognostic impact. Stratification schemes have been described for predicting this endpoint, but none of them has been externally validated.ObjectivesOur aim was to develop point scores for predicting incident HF admission with data from previous studies, to perform an external validation in an independent prospective cohort and to compare their discriminative ability for this event.MethodsIndependent predictive variables of HF admission in CCS patients without baseline HF were selected from four previous prospective studies (CARE, PEACE, CORONOR and CLARIFY), generating scores based on the relative magnitude of the coefficients of Cox of each variable. Finally, the scores were validated and compared in a monocentric prospective cohort.ResultsThe validation cohort included 1212 patients followed for up to 17 years, with 171 patients suffering at least one HF admission in the follow‐up. Discriminative ability for predicting HF admission was statistically significant for all, and paired comparisons among them were all nonsignificant except for CORONOR score was superior to CLARIFY score (C‐statistic 0.73, 95%CI 0.69–0.76 vs. 0.69, 95% CI 0.65–0.73; p = 0.03).ConclusionAll tested scores showed significant discriminative ability for predicting incident HF admission in this independent validation study. Their discriminative ability was similar, with significant differences only between the two scores with higher and lower performance.
Density‐dependent habitat selection alters drivers of population distribution in northern Yellowstone elk
Authors: Smith Brian J. , MacNulty Daniel R. , Stahler Daniel R. , Smith Douglas W. , Avgar Tal 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAlthough it is well established that density dependence drives changes in organismal abundance over time, relatively little is known about how density dependence affects variation in abundance over space. We tested the hypothesis that spatial trade‐offs between food and safety can change the drivers of population distribution, caused by opposing patterns of density‐dependent habitat selection (DDHS) that are predicted by the multidimensional ideal free distribution. We addressed this using winter aerial survey data of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus canadensis) spanning four decades. Supporting our hypothesis, we found positive DDHS for food (herbaceous biomass) and negative DDHS for safety (openness and roughness), such that the primary driver of habitat selection switched from food to safety as elk density decreased from 9.3 to 2.0 elk/km2. Our results demonstrate how population density can drive landscape‐level shifts in population distribution, confounding habitat selection inference and prediction and potentially affecting community‐level interactions.
Maternal BMI in the preconception period, and association with child zBMI growth rates
Authors: Deveci Arin C. , Keown‐Stoneman Charles D. G. , Maguire Jonathon L. , O'Connor Deborah L. , Anderson Laura N. , Dennis Cindy‐Lee , Birken Catherine S. ,   for the TARGet Kids! Collaboration
Published: December 2022

SummaryBackgroundElevated body mass index (BMI) and rapid growth in early childhood are important predictors of obesity risk. The association between maternal preconception BMI and child growth rates is unclear.ObjectivesTo assess the association between measured maternal preconception BMI and child age‐ and sex‐ standardized WHO BMI z‐score (zBMI) growth rates and mean zBMI, in children aged 0–10 years old.MethodsA longitudinal cohort study was conducted with children (n = 499) enrolled in The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) primary care practice‐based research cohort. Maternal BMI was measured during the preconception period, defined as the 2 years prior to pregnancy. Repeated measures of child weight and height were obtained between 0 and 10 years of age. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between maternal BMI and child zBMI growth rates and mean zBMI.ResultsMaternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate during some growth periods, with the strongest association from age 0 to 4 months; a 5 kg/m2 higher maternal BMI was associated with 0.031 zBMI SD unit/mo higher growth rate (p = 0.004), and 0.186 SD unit higher mean child zBMI (p = 0.0002).ConclusionsMaternal preconception BMI was associated with growth rate and mean zBMI in early childhood. The preconception period may be an important target for health interventions to promote healthy child growth rate and weight outcomes.
A systematic review of cost and well‐being in hip and knee replacements surgical site infections
Authors: Hon Yoey Gwan Venise , Demant Daniel , Travaglia Joanne 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis systematic review examined peer‐reviewed literature published from 2010 to 2020 to investigate the health care system costs, hidden out‐of‐pocket expenses and quality of life impact of surgical site infections (SSIs) and to develop an overall summary of the burden they place on patients. SSI can significantly impact patients' treatment experience and quality of life. Understanding patients' SSI‐related burden may assist in developing more effective strategies aimed at lessening the effects of SSI in financial and well‐being consequences. Peer‐reviewed articles on adult populations (over 18 years old) in orthopaedic elective hip and knee surgeries published from 2010 to 2020 were considered. Only publications in English and studies conducted in high‐income countries were eligible for inclusion. A search strategy based on the MESH term and the CINAHL terms classification was developed. Five databases (Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science) were searched for relevant sources. Reviewers categorised and uploaded identified citations to Covidence and EndNoteX9. Reviewers will assess article titles, abstracts and the full text for compliance with the inclusion criteria. Ongoing discussions between reviewers resolved disagreements at each selection process stage. The final scoping review reported the citation inclusion process and presented search results in a PRISMA flow diagram. Four main themes were extracted from a thematic analysis of included studies (N = 30): Hospital costing (n = 21); Societal perspective of health system costing (n = 2); Patients and societal well‐being (n = 6) and Epidemiological database and surveillance (n = 22). This systematic review has synthesised a range of themes associated with the overall incidence and impact of SSI that can inform decision making for policymakers. Further analysis is required to understand the burden on SSI patients.
Survey of factors related to diabetic foot pruritus in the elderly in Shanghai
Authors: Zhou Lin , Tang Jun , Cai Qing , Wang Yi‐Ru , Wan Yan , Lu Xiang , Bai Jiao‐Jiao 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe objective of the study is to explore the status quo of foot pruritus and related factors in elderly diabetics and provide a reference for targeted preventive measures. The study involved a survey using a self‐designed foot pruritus assessment scale to understand the status quo of foot pruritus among 411 cases of elderly diabetics from 5 communities in Shanghai. The morbidity rate of foot pruritus in elderly diabetics in the community was 20.1%. Good self‐management behaviour was the protective factor, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, and dry skin were risk factors (all P < 0.05). The incidence of foot pruritus in elderly diabetics was high and influenced by several factors. We recommend that self‐management behaviour of patients be improved. Additionally, screening and interventions to address hyperlipidemia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and dry skin should be conducted regularly to prevent diabetic foot ulcers.
Epilepsy Risk and Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Harden Cynthia L. 
Published: December 2022

Risk of Epilepsy in Offspring of Affected Women: Association with Maternal Spontaneous Abortion Schupf N, Ottman R Neurology 2001;57:1642–1649 Background Previously, the authors found that risk of spontaneous abortion was increased in the pregnancies of women with epilepsy compared with their same-sex siblings, which could have implications for risk of epilepsy in their offspring. An association between a history of spontaneous abortion in the mother and risk of epilepsy in her live-born offspring may arise through selective loss of fetuses with a genetic susceptibility to epilepsy or through intrauterine environmental factors that may predispose the mother to a spontaneous abortion and to epilepsy in her live-born children. Method The authors examined the relation of a history of spontaneous abortion to the risk of idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy in 791 live-born offspring of 385 women with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy (probands) ascertained from voluntary organizations. A semistructured telephone interview with probands and additional family informants, supplemented by medical record review, was used to obtain information on seizures and other risk factors in probands and relatives. Results Live-born offspring of women with a history of spontaneous abortion were four or five times as likely to develop epilepsy as were children of women without (12.8% versus 4.7%; rate ratio = 4.6, 95% CI: 2.3–9.0). Cumulative incidence of epilepsy was 21.9% in offspring of women with a history of spontaneous abortion and a family history of epilepsy, compared with 4.7% in offspring of women with neither risk factor. Conclusions These results suggest that a history of spontaneous abortion is associated with increased risk of epilepsy in live-born offspring and may be a marker for genetic susceptibility for epilepsy in the mother.
Sodium Channel Mutations in GEFS+ Produce Persistent Inward Current
Authors: Kapur Jaideep 
Published: December 2022

Molecular Basis of an Inherited Epilepsy Lossin C, Wang DW, Rhodes TH, Vanoye CG, George AL. Neuron 2002;34:877–884 Epilepsy is a common neurologic condition that reflects neuronal hyperexcitability arising from largely unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms. In generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, an autosomal dominant epilepsy syndrome, mutations in three genes coding for voltage-gated sodium channel α or β1 subunits (SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN1B) and one γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-receptor subunit gene (GABRG2) have been identified. Here we characterize the functional effects of three mutations in the human neuronal sodium channel α subunit SCN1A by heterologous expression with its known accessory subunits, β1 and β2, in cultured mammalian cells. SCN1A mutations alter channel inactivation, resulting in persistent inward sodium current. This gain-of-function abnormality will likely enhance excitability of neuronal membranes by causing prolonged membrane depolarization, a plausible underlying biophysical mechanism responsible for this inherited human epilepsy.
Keeping Pace with Pacemaker Channels
Authors: Scharfman Helen E. 
Published: December 2022

Developmental Febrile Seizures Modulate Hippocampal Gene Expression of Hyperpolarization-activated Channels in an Isoform and Cell-specific Manner Brewter A, Bender RA, Chen Y, Dube C, Eghbal-Ahmadi M, and Baram TZ J Neurosci 2002;22:4591–4599 Febrile seizures, in addition to being the most common seizure type of the developing human, may contribute to the generation of subsequent limbic epilepsy. Our previous work demonstrated that prolonged experimental febrile seizures in the immature rat model increased hippocampal excitability in the long term, enhancing susceptibility to future seizures. The mechanisms for these profound proepileptogenic changes did not require cell death and were associated with long-term slowed kinetics of the hyperpolarization activated depolarizing current (Ih). Here we show that these seizures modulate the expression of genes encoding this current, the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide–gated channels (HCNs): In CA1 neurons expressing multiple HCN isoforms, the seizures induced a coordinated reduction of HCN1 mRNA and enhancement of HCN2 expression, thus altering the neuronal HCN phenotype. The seizure-induced augmentation of HCN2 expression involved CA3 in addition to CA1, whereas for HCN4, mRNA expression was not changed by the seizures in either hippocampal region. This isoform- and region-specific transcriptional regulation of HCNs required neuronal activity rather than hyperthermia alone, correlated with seizure duration, and favored the formation of slow-kinetics HCN2-encoded channels. In summary, these data demonstrate a novel, activity-dependent transcriptional regulation of HCN molecules by developmental seizures. These changes result in long-lasting alteration of the HCN phenotype of specific hippocampal neuronal populations, with profound consequences on the excitability of the hippocampal network.
More on the Timing and Meaning of FDG-PET Abnormalities in Partial Epilepsy
Authors: Sperling Michael R. 
Published: December 2022

Low Incidence of Abnormal FDG-PET in Children with New-onset Partial Epilepsy: A Prospective Study Gaillard W, Kopylev L, Weinstein S, Conry J, Pearl P, Spanaki M, Fazilat S, Venzina L, Dubovsky E, Theodore W Neurology 2002;58:717–722 Objective Patients with refractory partial epilepsy often exhibit regional hypometabolism. It is unknown whether the metabolic abnormalities are present at seizure onset or develop over time. Methods The authors studied 40 children within 1 year of their third unprovoked partial seizure with EEG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) (mean age at seizure onset, 5.8 years; range, 0.9–11.9 years; mean epilepsy duration, 1.1 years; range, 0.3–2.3 years; mean number of seizures, 30; range, 3–200). The authors excluded children with abnormal structural MRI, except four with mesial temporal sclerosis and two with subtle hippocampal dysgenesis. 18FDG-PET was analyzed with a region-of-interest template. An absolute asymmetry index, |AI|, >0.15 was considered abnormal. Results Thirty-three children had a presumptive temporal lobe focus, five frontotemporal, and two frontal. Mean AI for all regions was not different from that in 10 normal young adults, even when children less likely to have a temporal focus were excluded. Eight (20%) of 40 children had focal hypometabolism, all restricted to the temporal lobe, especially inferior mesial and inferior lateral regions. Abnormalities were ipsilateral to the presumed temporal lobe ictal focus. Conculsions Abnormalities of glucose utilization may be less common and profound in children with new-onset partial seizures than in adults with chronic partial epilepsy. Although these patients’ prognosis is uncertain, resolution of epilepsy after three documented seizures is uncommon. If the subjects develop a higher incidence of hypometabolism in the future with planned follow-up studies, metabolic dysfunction may be related to persistent epilepsy rather than present at seizure onset.