bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the role of interpreters during the Portuguese expansion through Africa (1415–1600)
Authors: Sarmiento Pérez Marcos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Portugal’s great breakthrough between 1415 and 1499 during the Age of Discovery was rounding the African coastline, from Ceuta in the Strait of Gibraltar to Mogadishu in the Horn of Africa. The current chapter, founded on prior research, advances an overview of the strategies adopted by the Portuguese to obtain linguistic mediators as well as the patterns of mediation they applied throughout the successive zones of contact. After a brief presentation of the different historical contexts, the study delves into the types of scenarios that required interpreters, as well as their status and compensation throughout both the initial explorations and the subsequent stages extending to the final years of the 16th century.
Mediating a complex cultural matrix
Authors: M’bayo Tamba 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The complex cultural matrix within which Muslim interpreters mediated between French colonizers and colonized Africans offers a window through which we see how both unequal relations of power and cultural capital shaped the intercessions of indigenous intermediaries in colonial Senegal. Despite their subordinate position in the French colonial administration, the interpreters held sway over information/knowledge conveyed to their kinfolk, which could influence perceptions about the dynamics of power relations between the French authorities and Africans. Drawing on the mediations of Muslim interpreters in colonial Senegal from 1850 to 1920, this chapter engages broader issues about the provenance of sources, retrieving indigenous voices in historical reconstruction, and producing knowledge and counternarratives in African history.
Interpreting with “human sympathy”
Authors: Takeda Kayoko 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Utilizing language skills and cultural knowledge obtained through their time proselytizing or by virtue of growing up in Japan, a number of repatriated Christian missionaries and their children took part in the Allied war effort during the Pacific War (1941–1945) and the postwar occupation of Japan (1945–1952), including as interpreters and trainers of interpreters for military intelligence. By examining what language-related activities these missionary-connected Americans and Canadians engaged in and how they viewed their own participation in the defeat and occupation of communities among which they had recently lived and worked, this chapter adds to the discussion of roles missionaries play as linguistic mediators, informants, and advisors in colonization, trade, diplomacy, and conflict.
The colonized in conflict
Authors: Lan Shichi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As Japanese military expanded into Southeast Asia and its need for interpreters increased dramatically after 1941, the Taiwanese – who were subjected to Japan’s colonial rule (1895–1945) and proficient in both the languages of the Japanese colonizer and of overseas Chinese and Malay population under Japanese occupation – undertook a conspicuous role as military interpreters. By delineating the career trajectories of eighteen Taiwanese interpreters who were put on trial as war criminals by the British in postwar Malaya and Singapore, this chapter argues that working as interpreters put the colonized Taiwanese into direct conflict with the colonized Chinese and Malay. This work condition made the Taiwanese bear a disproportionally high responsibility in postwar war crime trials, and best illustrated the dimension of “colonized in conflict” of WWII.
Interpreters of mission
Authors: Rademaker Laura 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the histories of interpretation in mission contexts across Australia and the Pacific, this chapter reveals that wherever they operated, missionaries depended on the cooperation of local intermediaries. Interpreters were vital. While this has long been noted in Pacific histories, scholars are only recently discovering similarities in Australia. Recent scholarship is also considering what Indigenous people themselves sought to achieve for their communities through interpreting, beyond resistance to or management of colonisers on their lands. The chapter concludes with three examples of Aboriginal interpreters who shaped the establishment of missions on their Country in various parts of North Australia in the twentieth century. It finds that interpreters upheld their cultural obligations to Country through their linguistic work.
Domesticating dragomans
Authors: Rothman E. Natalie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1660 the Venetian bailate (diplomatic residency in Istanbul) was shaken by an attempted work stoppage involving its dragomans (diplomatic translator-interpreters). This essay situates the aborted work stoppage in relation to dragomans’ deep embedding in Istanbul’s courtly society, their trans-imperial relational resources, and Venetian efforts to mold dragomans into loyal political subjects. It further considers how the disparate archival traces of this singular event underscore tensions between loyalty, secrecy, and dragomans’ writerly habitus that often breached the bailate’s affective and mediatized boundaries. In conclusion, the essay considers how dragomans’ subjectivities and practices of mediation were shaped through emergent technologies of governmentality, such as the controlled circulation of particular knowledge and bodies inside and outside the space of the bailate.
The interpreter as “anti-hero”
Authors: Wolf Michaela 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Research on interpreters as authors of autobiographies has typically focused on the interpreting activity in authoritarian regimes, in trials, or diplomacy. A great number of the author-interpreters portray a hero figure positioned in often close relationship with the person in power. This chapter deals with another kind of interpreter figure who I will call “anti-hero”. The settings explored are the Great War, the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, and Nazi concentration camps, as depicted in the interpreters’ memoirs. The chapter aims to elaborate on the main features of these anti-hero interpreters based on the framework proposed by Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson (2010), who suggest a set of concepts helpful for understanding the dynamic processes of autobiographical subjectivity, including memory, experience, or agency.
When the armies went back home
Authors: Footitt Hilary 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Research on interpreting in war has investigated the role played by local civilians recruited by the Army as linguistic mediators. This chapter explores the aftermath of war for these local interpreters in the case of the conflict in Afghanistan, using the seven-year long debates on their fate in the UK, France and Denmark. In the arguments around the politics of protection, interpreting is located in three discursive spaces: at the supranational level, within the specificities of NATO multilateral operations on the ground, and in the space of individual nation-state agendas. In the aftermath of the war in Afghanistan, the Chapter argues, the greater public visibility of local interpreters did not materially change the ways in which interpreting in war was perceived.
Conclusion
Authors: Baigorri-Jalón Jesús 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The conclusion reflects very briefly on some of the main elements that emerge from the book, which is, ultimately, a crossroads of disciplines, where the importance of historical change is highlighted. Some of the main traits are the variety of geographical areas and historical periods covered in the volume, the overwhelming gender imbalance in favor of male interpreters, as well as the heterogeneity of their duties and statuses, which vary widely between and within the case studies, and the usually subaltern nature of the interpreters, which, at times, questioned power relations. Links between the past and the present are suggested, regarding, for instance, reinterpretations of historical events and the geopolitics of languages.
Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research
Authors: Napier Jemina , Hale Sandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Much of the research into community interpreting has used different methodologies in order to test or explore the same phenomena from different perspectives (Hale and Napier 2013). This approach is typically referred to as mixed-methods or multi-method research. Pöchhacker (2011) considers that the use of mixed methods in interpreting research is appropriate in order to account for the complexity of interpreting processes and practices. This chapter presents an overview of interpreting research methodologies and explores the meaning of mixed methods. It then discusses a mixed-methods, longitudinal multi-stage project comprising a series of studies conducted by the authors that investigated the feasibility of deaf signers serving as jurors using professional sign language interpreting services. By showcasing our own studies and why these interlinked projects employed mixed methods, we highlight the benefits of exploring various approaches to interpreting research generally.
User expectations research revisited
Authors: Liu Minhua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Survey-based user expectations research is an important line of research on quality in the domain of simultaneous conference interpreting. Its methodology has often been criticised for a lack of rigour. However, few have treated methodology as the focus of their discussion. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the methodological issues of survey-based user expectations research is provided, with topics covering the construct, criteria, instrument, response format, levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and sampling. As an illustration for the methodology under discussion, the results of the classic study by Bühler (1986) are reanalysed by using different measures of central tendency. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of incorporating users’ actual experience to make user-related research on interpreting more relevant.
A review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker
Authors: Pradas Macías Macarena 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on interpreting quality research, one of the many topics studied by Franz Pöchhacker. First, two of his models will serve as tools for analysing the conditioning factors which have been addressed in this field. It is shown how individual research and broader project1 and research team2 contributions have yielded new insights by introducing innovative research methods in expectation and evaluation studies.
More recently, quality research has incorporated interdisciplinary perspectives to explore the factors that condition evaluators’ perceptions. After discussing some key studies in this regard, the chapter describes a research project which applies implicit theories to reveal the impact of the receiver’s perspective on his or her evaluation of a given interpretation.
“Is there anybody out there?” – “It’s happening, it’s out there. A lot is going on”
Authors: Ahamer Vera , Dabić Mascha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Franz Pöchhacker is one of the most prominent scholars to address the importance of non-professional interpreting and community interpreting. Not only did he identify interpreting services for socially vulnerable and underserved groups of clients as an object of study, he also contributed to raising a general awareness of the significance of interpreting when it comes to granting access to services in institutional settings. He was one of the first to link the question of interpreting to the issue of linguistic social rights, and to advance professionalisation in this field, linking it to academic research. In this article, Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to the visibility of community interpreting in research and practice will be highlighted with a focus on Austria.
Non-standard court interpreting as risk management
Authors: Pym Anthony , Raigal-Aran Judith , Salinas Carmen Bestué 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Most codes of ethics stipulate that court interpreters should give verbatim renditions, should not have side conversations with the witness or the defendant, and should use the alien-I. However, when we find these maxims flouted by outsourced interpreters working in trials in Barcelona, the observed practices may be considered non-standard and yet constitute an expected and even accepted social practice. Here we attempt to understand why interpreters sometimes abandon all illusion of equivalence, why side conversations occur in certain hearings, and why interpreters sometimes speak in their own voice, becoming direct participants in discursive exchanges. Risk analysis enables us to model ways in which these practices can ensure that cooperation is achieved and time is not wasted. In one case study, side conversations between the defendant and the interpreter serve to inform the defendant of the possible consequences of a plea. Such a practice nevertheless requires that the officers of the court trust interpreters to exceptionally high degrees. In a second case study, disagreements between the judge and the interpreter, technically over issues of translation equivalence, lead to distrust in the interpreter to the point where cooperation becomes impossible. In this instance, a non-standard practice that might be efficient elsewhere leads to communicative failure. It is thus found that non-standard interpreting can be efficient when the participants’ risk-management strategies are aligned and trust is operative; on the other hand, it can also convert trivial differences into high-stakes disputes that throw risk-management strategies out of alignment.
Women as interpreters in colonial New Netherland
Authors: Kolb Waltraud , Pöllabauer Sonja 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This contribution presents a case study of Sara Kierstede (aka Roelof, Van Borsum, Stouthoff), a Dutch-speaking New Netherland settler and 17th-century interpreter who was proficient in Dutch and Native American languages and served as interpreter in a male-dominated colonial environment in settings that today would be labeled as public service interpreting (PSI) or, in some instances, diplomatic interpreting. Following a microhistorical approach, rooted in Translator Studies, we discuss the agency and positioning of Kierstede as one of the few female interpreters in a multilingual colonial contact zone. We use different historical and secondary sources and reinterpret them from a translatological perspective to explore Kierstede’s interactions and relations with other stakeholders as linguistic go-between and official provincial interpreter in Dutch colonial encounters and her role as an influential woman and cultural mediator in the self-contained network of relationships that characterised Dutch colonial society in New Amsterdam.
Systemic modelling
Authors: Behr Martina 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This article explains how systems theory can be used for a profound understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting. An online tool based on systems theory for the analysis and simulation of complex situations and processes was used in class for training students on how to do research in Interpreting Studies. It was found that such an approach helps to better understand and reflect the complexity of interpreting and to familiarise the students with research on interpreting. Moreover, this approach seems to be promising for interpreting research as a whole. Such a tool could be beneficial for structuring, fostering and performing interpreting research if an online model of interpreting is created jointly by the interpreting research community.
Interpreting for access
Authors: Romero-Fresco Pablo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Whereas prototypical conceptions of translation and interpreting as two separate and distinct entities are still being upheld in different contexts, the professional reality shows a less clear-cut picture, where the boundaries between translation, interpreting and accessibility are increasingly blurring. A case in point is Speech-To-Text Interpreting (STTI), which allows the production of written access to live events or programmes for people with and without hearing loss. This paper introduces STTI for readers who may not be familiar with it and addresses the quality of its final product and its recognition at the European Union and the ISO normalisation committees. The article ends on a personal note dedicated to Franz Pöchhacker, whose work is fundamental to support STTI as a new form of communication that can help bring down barriers.
Are interpreters and interpreting technology ready for the post-Covid era?
Authors: Salaets Heidi , Balogh Katalin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
From its onset in early 2020, the Covid-19 (hereafter Covid) crisis has uncovered both the insecurity about new technologies and their flexibility. In this chapter, we will attempt to provide a non-exhaustive map of the field of interpreting technology in different settings, of research on these new technologies and research using them. Tools and resources that enhance an interpreter’s performance will also be discussed as part of technological evolution, while the final question to be answered is whether “interpreters [can] survive in an AI-dominated world” (Downie 2020). This contribution wants to be a call to do more large-scale research and to inform future interpreters better about technological development and opportunities in the classroom.
Task-based L2 skill development for TI trainees
Authors: Marín García Álvaro , Pérez Fernández Tamara 
Published: February 2023

The present chapter reports on the design and implementation of a C2-level English course for TI trainees in an attempt to move away from the more traditional instruction based on linguistic competence. We intend to bring the classroom closer to industry demands by facilitating the students’ language skill development in context-relevant tasks. The course presents students with an expertise-oriented, task-based learning experience that is structured in a portfolio aiming at the development of skills identified as needs in the industry. This shift in focus – from competence to its subsumed skills – allows for more flexibility in addressing identified needs from an L2 training perspective (communication skills, general knowledge, information gathering and processing) in graduates entering the job market.
Altered temporal connectivity and reduced meta-state dynamism in adolescents born very preterm
Authors: Lahti Katri , Setänen Sirkku , Vorobyev Victor , Nyman Anna , Haataja Leena , Parkkola Riitta 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Adolescents born very preterm have an increased risk for anxiety, social difficulties and inattentiveness, i.e. the ‘preterm behavioural phenotype’. The extreme end of these traits comprises the core diagnostic features of attention and hyperactivity disorders and autism spectrum disorder, which have been reported to show aberrant dynamic resting-state functional network connectivity. This study aimed to compare this dynamism between adolescents born very preterm and controls. A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 24 adolescents born very preterm (gestational age &lt;32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤1500 g) and 32 controls born full term (≥37 weeks of gestation) at 13 years of age. Group-wise comparisons of dynamic connectivity between the resting-state networks were performed using both hard clustering and meta-state analysis of functional network connectivity. The very preterm group yielded a higher fraction of time spent in the least active connectivity state in hard clustering state functional network connectivity, even though no group differences in pairwise connectivity patterns were discovered. The meta-state analysis showed a decreased fluidity and dynamic range in the very preterm group compared with controls. Our results suggest that the 13-year-old adolescents born very preterm differ from controls in the temporal characteristics of functional connectivity. The findings may reflect the long-lasting effects of prematurity and the clinically acknowledged ‘preterm behavioural phenotype’.
Nation-destroying, emigration and Iraqi nationhood after the 2003 intervention
Authors: Kadhum Oula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While emigration and population displacements have long been a feature of Iraqi history, this article argues that the 2003 Anglo-American intervention in Iraq and its legacy has contributed to the gradual disappearance of many non-Muslim Iraqi minorities from Iraq. Though the legacy of 2003 can be attributed to a confluence of domestic and geopolitical factors, it is argued here that the 2003 intervention set in motion a process of nation-destroying instead of nation-building, as Iraqi nationhood was divided along primordial lines. Caught between competing ethnic and sectarian nationalisms, Iraqi non-Muslim minorities became targets in the quest for territorial gain and political power heralding an unprecedented and steady level of emigration. This has changed the ethnic and religious demographic of Iraq, the identity of the Iraqi nation-state, as well as fragmented Iraq's multiple ethnic and religious nations both inside and outside the country. Indeed, the effects of nation-destroying have also been transported to the diaspora, strengthening communal identities, altering attachments and creating distance between Iraqi communities abroad. This has led to distanced transnational ethnic and religious Iraqi nations in diaspora who must now also contend with assimilation, a loss of culture and language in the absence of physical links to Iraq. The article offers the first comprehensive and scholarly treatment of the effects of emigration of Iraq's non-Muslim minorities on Iraqi nationhood within the new Iraqi nation-state. It therefore contributes conceptually and empirically to advancing our understanding of the role of nation-destroying and emigration in nationalizing processes, a neglected area in current migration and nationalism scholarship.
Low-carbon warfare: climate change, net zero and military operations
Authors: Depledge Duncan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Defence has a carbon problem. The strengthening of net-zero emissions targets in response to the deepening climate crisis is forcing militaries to find answers to the question of how to wield force effectively within the constraints of a net-zero world. This article introduces the concept of ‘low-carbon warfare’ as a means of capturing recent developments, the extent to which they dovetail with existing concerns regarding the business of war in the twenty-first century, and the prospect of significant changes to how militaries operate in the years ahead as the global energy transition unfolds. The article demonstrates that the pursuit of low-carbon warfare will not be easy owing to the practical challenges of transitioning militaries away from fossil fuels. Moreover, low-carbon warfare will not mitigate all the ethical and environmental concerns associated with military deployments up to and including war. It does nevertheless offer a valuable starting point for conceptualizing how militaries are beginning to address their ‘carbon bootprints’ and what this will mean for future operations.