bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of in Vitro Virus Infection on Response of Human Monocytes and Lymphocytes to Mitogen Stimulation
Authors: Roberts Norbert J. , Steigbigel Roy T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Viral infection and immunization can depress certain immune functions, including in vitro transformation response of lymphocytes to mitogens and antigens. Since optimal lymphocyte response occurs only in the presence of macrophages, we sought to determine whether the depression of transformation response could result from macrophage dysfunction induced by the viral infection.
Highly purified human macrophages and lymphocytes were infected in vitro with influenza A virus. There was no significant difference in transformation response between uninfected and infected lymphocytes either alone or when combined with uninfected macrophages, suggesting, by exclusion, a macrophage defect. Direct evidence for macrophage dysfunction was provided by the observation that virus-infected macrophages were significantly less effective than uninfected macrophages in enhancing the transformation response of either uninfected (p &lt; 0.025) or infected (p &lt; 0.01) lymphocytes. Adverse effects of virus infection could not be attributed to an effect of the virus cultivation medium, to cell separation procedures, or to changes in cell viability. Adverse effects on macrophage function were evident as early as 24 hr after virus infection and were directly related to the virus inoculum. Depressed enhancement of response by macrophages was demonstrated to a greater extent with suboptimal than optimal dose phytohemagglutinin stimulation, and was shown by using allogenic as well as autologous macrophages. Macrophage phagocytosis of staphylococci was similarly depressed but not eliminated by virus infection. Depressed transformation of unseparated mononuclear leukocytes was only manifested when virus infection occurred before or at the time of phytohemagglutinin stimulation, again suggesting a primary effect on macrophages.
The inability of virus-infected human macrophages to enhance lymphocyte response to mitogen can account for the depression of human lymphocyte transformation seen during influenza virus infection. Viral infection had no adverse effect on lymphocyte response per se.
Cytotoxic Activities of Gut Mucosal Lymphoid Cells in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Arnaud-Battandier Franck , Bundy Bonita M. , O'Neill Michael , Bienenstock John , Nelson David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Populations of lymphoid cells were obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pigs and compared with splenic cells for effector cell activity in assays of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Lymphoid cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), Peyer's patches (PP), and the small intestinal mucosa. Mucosal lymphoid cells were separated into a population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes by a combination of physical and enzymatic methods. All populations of lymphoid cells from the gastrointestinal tract were capable of mediating MICC. Relative to spleen cells, IEL possessed more MICC effector cell activity whereas cells from MLN, PP, and LP possessed less activity. In contrast, SCMC and ADCC effector cell activities were present only in the IEL population and these cytotoxic activities were comparable to that of splenic cells. These results demonstrate that mucosal lymphoid cells possess cytotoxic effector cell activities that may contribute to local mucosal immunologic reactivity.
Autoreactive Antibody-Forming Cells Directed against Thymocytes and Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes
Authors: McHugh Yvonne E. , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-forming cells with specificities against syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes are detected in the spleens of normal mice after activation in vitro or in vivo with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The activity of such cells was measured in a complement-dependent plaque assay employing trypan blue dye to assess zones of lysis. Plaques were rarely seen in the absence of LPS treatment. Anti-immunoglobulin added to the plaque assay abrogated the appearance of plaques, but the addition of LPS had no effect. Furthermore, plaque formation was 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive indicating that the antibody responsible was of the IgM class. Plaque forming cells (PFC) were also detected against syngeneic and allogeneic lymph node cells and to a much lesser extent against splenocytes. The numbers of PFC found against syngeneic, allogeneic, or a mixture of thymocytes was similar and ranged from 1000 to 3000 PFC/108 viable spleen cells tested. All murine strains tested, including congenitally athymic nude mice, exhibited anti-thymocyte PFC after LPS activation. C3H/HeJ mice, genetically unresponsive to LPS, did not respond mitogenically to LPS and no anti-thymocyte plaques were observed. These findings suggest that clones of autoreactive B cells are present in normal mice and can be activated by LPS.
Properties of the Cell Surface Fc-Receptor Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiko , Costa Jose , Tralka Tommie Sue , Yee Carole L. , Rabson Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Detection of peroxidase-antiperoxidase soluble complexes (PAP) bound to the surface of herpes simplex virus-infected cells has been used to demonstrate virusinduced Fc receptors and to study their distribution. The PAP method is more sensitive than hemadsorption with immunoglobulin-coated sheep red blood cells, and can be used to study localization by light and electron microscopy. Our results indicate that capping takes place after the receptor is engaged by antigen-antibody complexes and that at least a portion of the bound ligand is internalized.
Monocyte-Mediated Suppression of Human B Lymphocyte Differentiation in Vitro
Authors: Knapp Walter , Baumgartner Gerhard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adherent mononuclear cells (AC) from the peripheral blood of myeloma patients and also of healthy individuals in numbers usually present in mononuclear cell (MNC) preparations isolated by the Ficoll-Hypaque method markedly suppress the in vitro plasma cell response of human B cells to PWM. In myeloma patients the mean number of recovered cytoplasmic Ig-positive cells was 4.3 × 103/culture when unfractionated MNC were cultured with PWM and 24.6 × 103 when partially AC-depleted MNC were used. In healthy individuals the mean total number of recovered cytoplasmic Ig-positive cells increased from 19.1 × 103 to 46.2 × 103/culture. Readding partially AC-depleted MNC to plastic adherent cells and also co-cultivation of strongly adherent MNC with partially AC-depleted MNC led to a significant suppression of plasma cell differentiation. Partial depletion of AC not only led to an increased differentiation and proliferation of human B cells but also to a shift in the Ig class distribution of cytoplasmic Ig-positive cells from IgM to IgG.
A complete removal of AC, on the other hand, completely abrogated PWM-induced B cell differentiation in vitro. Contrary to the significantly increased B cell proliferation and differentiation after partial depletion of AC, no significant difference could be observed when tritiated thymidine incorporation of unfractionated and AC-depleted MNC after stimulation with PWM or PHA was measured.
Adherent mononuclear cells from healthy individuals with suppressor activity for PWM-induced B cell differentiation were shown to be relatively radioresistant. They have to be viable to mediate the suppression; they cannot be removed by depletion of EN-RFC; they are sensitive to carrageenan; and their suppressive activity is not abrogated by treatment with anti-Ia-type serum plus complement under conditions that kill all B cells. These cells therefore were considered to belong to the monocyte/macrophage series.
Biochemical Criteria for Activated Macrophages
Authors: Karnovsky Manfred L. , Lazdins Janis K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The designation “activated macrophage” was originally introduced to describe the state of macrophages that have an enhanced ability to phagocytize microorganisms and exert antimicrobial activity. This effect was found to be dependent upon particular infections and involves the participation of lymphocytes (1, 2). “Activation” has a specific immunologic basis, but its expression is nonspecific. Mackaness has written lucidly about activated macrophages and has referred readers back to the concepts of Lurie in tuberculosis, and further to the fons et origo of thinking in this context, i.e., to concepts of Metchnikoff (3). The latter's oft quoted phrase regarding a “perfecting of the phagocytic and digestive powers of the leukocytes” might well be, broadly speaking, synonymous with “activation.” Once it was determined that macrophages taken from animals at some appropriate time after infection, for example, with Listerria or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin2 (BCG), were superior to control cells with respect to their antimicrobial powers, it was natural for inquiry to be made into the differences between such cells and normal (control) cells, in terms of their morphology, cellular chemistry, and biochemical attributes.
Ig-Isotype Diversity Generated in Antibody-Forming Cells of the Mouse
Authors: Ventura Michel , Bleux Christian , Crepin Yvonne , Liacopoulos Panayotis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Generation of Ig-isotype diversity was studied in hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) of mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Spleen cells were taken at various days after immunization, cultured in vitro for 24 hr in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and PFC occurring in these mass cultures were micromanipulated and individually cultured for 48 hr. Daughter PFC were revealed by direct or indirect procedures in order to study the Ig-isotype they produced.
Parental PFC of all three Ig isotypes studied, IgM, IgG, and IgA, generated daughter PFC, producing the same isotype but with maximum yields on different days: postimmunization day 3 for IgM PFC, day 4 for IgG PFC, and day 5 for IgA PFC. A proportion, but not all, of parental IgM PFC generated daughter IgG producers only during the first 3 days after immunization and IgA producers during the 4th to 6th post-immunization days. Parental, especially 4th day IgG PFC also generated daughter IgA producers, thus showing that IgA producers could stem from both IgM and IgG precursors in addition to IgA-producing precursors. It was also found that IgG PFC could present a reverse switching and generate IgM producers. This suggests that the overall orderly IgM, IgG, IgA conversion is possibly not strictly programmed by an internal control of B cells but submitted to some extent to microenvironmental influences.
Genetic Control of Immune Response to Sperm Whale Myoglobin in Mice
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Christadoss P. Remkumar , Twining Sally , Atassi M. Zouhair , David Chella S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies on the genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin were initiated. As demonstrated in this paper, the T lymphocyte proliferative response to whale myoglobin is under H-2-linked Ir gene control. Mice of H-2d, H-2f, and H-2s haplotypes were high responders to the myoglobin, whereas haplotypes H-2b, H-2k, H-2p, H-2q, and H-2r were low responders. The Ir gene(s) was localized between H-2K and H2D regions, since the recombinant strain A.TL (KsIkSkDd) was a low responder and A.TH (KsIsSsDd) was a high responder. Further studies with recombinant strains revealed that the expression of the high-responder I-Ad or I-As alleles was sufficient to give a good response, since strains D2.GD (d d b b b b b b) and B10.HTT (s s s s k k k d) were high responders. The expression of the I-Cd allele in strains B10.A (k k k k k d d d) and B10.A(5R) (b b b k k d d d) also gave high response, and thus suggested a second Ir gene, derived from the H-2d haplotype. The finding that expression of the I-Cs allele in B10.S(8R) (k k ? ? s s s s) did not result in high response suggests the lack of the second Ir gene in the high-responder H-2s haplotype.
Regulatory Substances Produced by Lymphocytes
Authors: Wagshal Alan B. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of IDS and of other agents that raise intracellular cyclic AMP levels on a variety of lymphocyte functions occurring during various phases of the cell cycle were compared. IDS, which inhibits DNA synthesis as a result of increasing cyclic AMP levels, has no effect on cyclic AMP until 12 hr after adding mitogen. Evidence that IDS does not affect unstimulated lymphocytes or lymphocytes exposed to mitogen for less than 12 hr was obtained by showing that elevated cyclic AMP, but not IDS, caused increased early calcium uptake. IDS failed to inhibit RNA synthesis until 8 to 12 hr after addition of mitogen. Although prostaglandin E1 and dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibited release of lymphotoxin, a lymphokine produced by lymphocytes during the early G1 phase, IDS actually increased lymphotoxin release. IDS was unable to duplicate the effects of other cyclic AMP agents in enhancing mitogen responses of unstimulated spleen and thymus cells via a thymus hormone-like maturational effect. In a comparison of lymphocytes either 3 hr (G0 or early G1) or 20 hr (middle to late G1) after addition of mitogen, only 20-hr lymphocytes were able to absorb IDS. These findings suggest that the cell cycle specificity of IDS may be due to appearance of cell receptors for IDS only during a limited phase of the lymphocyte cell cycle in mature cells, and that this cell cycle specificity may be an important factor regulating IDS activity.
Suppression of Growth of Guinea Pig Line-10 Hepatocarcinoma
Authors: Minden Percy , Brunda Michael J. , Rodney Ferguson H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complete or partial protection against the line-10 hepatocarcinoma was conferred to a significant number of strain-2 guinea pigs by the passive transfer of antibodies reactive to antigens from line-10 cells. Immunoglobulins were administered intradermally and injected sites were subsequently challenged with line-10 cells. Immunoglobulins prepared from the sera of rabbits that had been immunized to line-10 cells and from the sera of guinea pigs that had been rendered immune to this tumor by previously described methods were more effective than immunoglobulins obtained from normal rabbit or guinea pig sera. Protection was abolished if immunoglobulins were absorbed with line-10 cells. Antitumor effects were dependent on the close contact of antibodies and tumor cells. Protection was greater if normal syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells were tranferred in addition to the immunoglobulins. A possible mechanism for the antitumor effects observed is that of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Comparison of the Developmental Kinetics of Antibody- and Immunoglobulin-Forming Cells in Normal and Tolerant Mice
Authors: Carelli Claude , Antoine Jean-Claude , Petit Christine , Rodrigot Maryvonne , Avrameas Stratis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The developmental kinetics of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function against the antigen injected (IFC) were compared in lymph nodes of normal mice and tolerant mice receiving an immunogenic challenge. Tolerant states to bovine serum albumin (BSA), induced in adult mice, and to human γ-globulin (HGG), induced in newborn mice, were studied. Whatever the tolerant state induced, the following main results were obtained: 1) both AFC and IFC were suppressed in tolerant mice, and this to approximately the same extent for the two populations; 2) both the suppression of the AFC and of the antigen-induced IFC were specific to the tolerogen used.
Transplantable IgD Immunoglobulin-Secreting Tumors in Rat
Authors: Bazin H. , Beckers A. , Urbain-Vansanten G. , Pauwels R. , Bruyns C. , Tilkin A. F. , Platteau B. , Urbain J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The LOU/C/Wsl rat inbred strain presents a high incidence of spontaneous malignant ileocecal immunocytomas or monoclonal immunoglobulin-secreting tumors. Some tumors have been transplanted in histocompatible animals over years without any change in their secretion products. Among approximately 600 different monoclonal proteins we have studied so far, we recognized six showing properties different from those of rat IgM, IgA, IgE, or IgG classes, and characteristic of the IgD class.
A New Method for the Purification of Human Eosinophils and Neutrophils, and a Comparison of the Ability of These Cells to Damage Schistosomula of Schistosoma Mansoni
Authors: Vadas Mathew A. , David John R. , Butterworth Anthony , Pisani Nancy T. , Siongok Timothy A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Centrifugation of human white blood cells over either Ficoll-Hypaque or slightly hypertonic Metrizamide discontinuous gradients reliably produces separate fractions that are enriched for either neutrophilic or eosinophilic granulocytes. This single step purification routinely yields 90 to 100% pure neutrophils and 85 to 100% pure eosinophils. Metrizamide gradients, in particular, reproducibly provide high yields of 90 to 100% pure eosinophils from normal subjects with 2 to 3% eosinophils in their peripheral blood. The method does not damage cells as judged by morphologic or functional criteria.
The purified cell populations were tested for their ability to damage antibody-coated schistosomula either by the measurement of 51Cr release from labeled organisms, or by direct morphologic assessment. Neutrophils were superior in their ability to release 51Cr from labeled organisms, but eosinophils adhered to the organisms to a greater extent and induced microscopically detectable damage.
Plaque-Forming Cell Response in BALB/c Mice to Two Preparations of LPS Extracted from Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Hepper Kelton P. , Garman Richard D. , Lyons Michael F. , Teresa George W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pattern of development of antibody-forming cells in BALB/c mice after immunization with PW-LPS or TCA-LPS was shown to be different. On days 10 and 20, the primary response to PW-LPS was characterized by a low level of IgM synthesis. The plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to TCA-LPS, however, increased from day 10 to day 20. Initially, IgM was the only detectable antibody synthesized but by day 20 a significant number of IgG-producing spleen cells had developed. After a secondary immunization with the appropriate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation, IgG-producing spleen cells were detected in mice immunized with either PW- or TCA-LPS. Partial removal of the LAP of TCA-LPS with phenol or trypsin and pronase significantly reduced the PFC response, suggesting that the protein moiety played an influential role in the immunogenicity of TCA-LPS. The TCA-LPS contained the same antigenic determinants as PW-LPS, so any difference observed between the PFC response was not due to any associated immunogenic moiety.
Helper T Cell-Replacing Factors Secreted by Thymus-Derived Cells and Macrophages: Cellular Requirements for B Cell Activation and Synergistic Properties
Authors: Hoffmann M. K. , Watson J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The biologic activities of helper T cell-replacing factors derived from concanavalin A-stimulated murine T cells (TRF-T) and from lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages (TRF-M) have been compared. TRF-T stimulates immune responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens (SRBC and BRBC) in T cell-depleted spleen cultures but not in macrophage-depleted spleen cultures. TRF-M stimulates immune responses in both T cell-depleted and macrophage-depleted spleen cultures. Under conditions where LPS stimulates the release of TRF-M from cultures of activated macrophages, TRF-T has no effect on TRF-M production. Thus, TRF-T does not appear to function by stimulating the release of TRF-M from macrophages. In macrophage-depleted spleen cultures, saturating concentrations of TRF-T and TRF-M when mixed together exhibit striking synergistic effects on the induction of immune responses to erythrocyte antigens. The kinetics of the synergistic effects of TRF-M and TRF-T are consistent with an effect of TRF-M on the production of TRF-T sensitive B cells.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Schistosoma Mansoni Soluble Egg Antigen with Con A-Sepharose Chromatography
Authors: Carter Clint E. , Colley Daniel G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A crude preparation of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) was subjected to affinity chromatography with concanavalin A (Con A) bound to Sepharose 4B. The resulting Con A fractions (bound and unbound) were characterized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and lymphocyte blastogenesis techniques. In the fraction that did not bind to Con A there were at least two distinct antigens, and there were also at least two distinct antigens in the fractions that did bind to Con A. With SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, at least 20 distinct protein bands (Coomassie blue staining) and three glycoprotein bands (PAS reactive) were present in the unbound fractions from Con A chromatography. The bound fractions separated into at least six distinct glycoproteins with SDS electrophoresis. Although both the bound and unbound fractions contained precipitating antigens, only the bound fractions were capable of eliciting lymphocyte blastogenic responses.
Cyclical Changes in Susceptibility of a Myeloma Tumor (LPC-1) to Immune Destruction
Authors: Celis Esteban , Chang Tse Wen , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies showed that when LPC-1 myeloma cells were grown as ascites tumor cells in syngeneic (BALB/c) mice, the cells harvested after 2 to 4 days of growth (“early” cells) were susceptible to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and highly reactive with anti-H-2d antisera. Cells harvested after 12 to 14 days of growth (“late” cells) were resistant to lysis by CTL and poorly reactive with anti-H-2d antisera. The present study shows that exposure to trypsin or chymotrypsin or subtilisin (but not to thrombin or Staphylococcus A protease) promptly converts LPC-1 cells with the late phenotype into cells with the early phenotype. Comparison of radiolabeled cell surface proteins by gel electrophoresis showed that the late cells possess a prominent trypsin-sensitive, high m.w. (160,000 daltons) surface glycoprotein that is present in smaller amounts on the early LPC-1 cells. This glycoprotein (gp160) was not detectable in four other BALB/c tumors that do not undergo the early-late transition of LPC-1. That gp160 was produced by LPC-1 cells, rather than adsorbed by these cells as they grow in vivo, was evident from the presence of an indistinguishable metabolically labeled glycoprotein on cultured LPC-1 cells.