bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Composition of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Authors: Evans E. Edward , Kessel John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Procedures for the isolation and purification of the capsular polysaccharide(S) of Cryptococcus neoformans were described.
The antigenic relationships among capsular polysaccharides of C. neoformans, Types A, B, and C were studied by means of the precipitin test. Results of typing by this method are analogous to those obtained earlier with the agglutination and capsular reactions.
Absorption of antiserum with S of homologous type removed antibodies producing the “capsular reaction” with intact cells. Cross-reacting antibodies were removed from antiserum by absorption with heterologous S.
Metabolic Studies of Rickettsiae
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Hahn Fred E. , Ley Anita C. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of purified suspensions of Rickettsia mooseri in a metabolically active state has been described. A rough correlation was found to obtain between total nitrogen content of the suspensions and (a) rate of glutamate oxidation, (b) amount of complement-fixing antigen, and (c) toxin titer. An attempt has been made to estimate the relative amount of certain host cell contaminants in the rickettsial suspensions by assay of an enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, which is associated with specific particulate fractions of the yolk sac material. These particles are concentrated by differential centrifugation along with the rickettsiae and are reduced in amount by subsequent procedures. The residual cytochrome oxidase measured is probably not a constituent part of the rickettsiae. Catalase and adenosinetriphosphatase are present in both rickettsial and control preparations. The former is reduced in amount during the purification process at roughly the same rate as cytochrome oxidase, whereas the latter appears in both normal and infected preparations in amounts greater than would be anticipated were it entirely associated with the same particulate matter as cytochrome oxidase. Studies in the analytical centrifuge have demonstrated the presence of a particulate contaminant in the final rickettsial suspensions. Optimal concentrations of substrate, PO≡4, Mg++ and Mn++ as well as optimal hydrogen ion concentration have been determined for the oxidation of glutamate by these suspensions. The gross effects on glutamate oxidation of a number of antimicrobial agents and of certain enzyme inhibitors have been studied. The antibiotic substances with marked therapeutic value in rickettsial diseases do not affect appreciably this metabolic function. On the other hand, certain common enzyme inhibitors, such as, arsenite, malonate, cyanide, fluoride and selenite, produced variable degrees of inhibition.
Antigen Elimination from the Blood as an Early Manifestation of the Immune Response
Authors: Talmage D. W. , Dixon F. J. , Bukantz S. C. , Dammin G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The elimination from the blood of I131 labelled bovine gamma globulin has been followed in 75 rabbits under nine different experimental conditions, and the rate of elimination of this antigen has been found to be an early and sensitive manifestation of the immune response.
A Study of Cold Hemagglutinins for Normal and Trypsinized Red Blood Cells in the Serum of Normal Individuals and of Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: Bouroncle Bertha A. , Dodd Matthew C. , Wright Claude-Starr , Bunner Alvinza E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Classical cold agglutinins in low titer demonstrable in saline dilutions of serum were found in all of the 30 normal individuals studied. Incomplete cold agglutinins demonstrable by trypsinized red blood cells or by albumin diluted serum were also present in all these normal persons. No abnormal increase in cold agglutinins occurred in 11 patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Increase above normal in the titer of saline cold agglutinin occurred in only 22 per cent of 18 cases of acquired hemolytic anemia. In each case, this was accompanied by increases in the titers of incomplete antibodies in the cold. On the contrary, incomplete antibody was demonstrable by the trypsinized red blood cell or albumin tests at 37 C in all 18 cases of acquired hemolytic anemia, in 78 per cent of which no abnormal increase of titer appeared at 4 C. It was suggested that the immunologic phase of certain hematologic diseases is characterized by antibody usually demonstrable at 37 C, which may be accompanied by abnormal cold agglutinins in a small percentage of cases of acquired hemolytic anemia. It was further suggested that this antibody is a hemagglutinin which sensitized normal cells and agglutinated trypsinized red blood cells over a temperature range from 4 C-37 C; was better absorbed at 4 C, and acted as an “auto” agglutinin in vivo as well as in vitro. By analogy with data presented on the course of immunization with Rh antigen, it was postulated that the “cold” aspects of the serology of acquired hemolytic anemia occurred only with maximal quantitative and/or qualitative immunization.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Hamre Dorothy , Brownlee K. A. , Donovick Richard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of thiosemicarbazones were studied for antivaccinial activity in chick embryos and in mice. Of those studied, benzaldehyde, 3-thiosemicarbazone, its p-acetamido, p-amino, p-methoxy, p-propoxy and p-ethylsulfonyl analogs were the most effective against vaccinia in chick embryos.
In mice infected intranasally with vaccinia, benzaldehyde, 3-thiosemicarbazone, its p-acetamido analog and the N4 isobutyl derivatives of these two compounds were the most effective, but only at doses near the maximal tolerated dose administered in the diet two days prior to infection and for ten days after infection.
High Intensity Electrons As a Tool for Preparation of Vaccines
Authors: Traub Frederick B. , Friedemann Ulrich , Brasch Arno , Huber Wolfgang , Kaplan Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A high degree of antigenicity is retained in rabies virus inactivated by high energy electrons. The vaccines thus prepared are bacteriologically sterile, superior to phenolized vaccines and compare well with vaccines prepared by ultraviolet inactivation. A fourfold increase in the irradiation dose does not lower the potency of the vaccine appreciably. The advantages of high energy electrons for the preparation of viral vaccines are discussed.
Pig Complement and Its Fractionation for the Production of Reagents Containing Third Component
Authors: Jonsen Jon , Manski Wladyslaw , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are given for the fractionation of pig serum so that fractions rich in the activity of the third component of complement might be obtained. One useful fraction contains nearly all of the first component and about one-half of the third component, another shows only third component activity. Complete purification has not yet been achieved.
Values are reported for the uptake of nitrogen and the fixation of components in the action of specific precipitates on pig serum.
Mouse-Egg Neutralization
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new procedure is described for the measurement of the concentration of neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses which have not been adapted to the mouse. The method is dependent on the demonstration, by subinoculation of eggs, of un-neutralized virus in the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally with virus-serum dilution mixtures. The appearance of hemagglutinating virus in eggs thus inoculated constitutes the serum titration endpoint. The mouse-egg neutralization method obviates the adaptation of influenza viruses to mice, and permits the precise measurement of neutralizing antibody responses in patients against their own virus strains unaltered by murine passage.
A Comparison by Means of the Complement-Fixation Test of the Relative Potencies of Chloramphenicol, Aureomycin, and Terramycin in Experimental Q Fever Infections in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Pickens Edgar G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of screening a series of compounds for anti-rickettsial activity, a procedure was investigated which takes advantage of the complement-fixation test as a means of estimating rickettsial growth in chick embryos.
The anti-rickettsial activity of compounds has previously been assessed in infected chick embryos either by measuring the increase in prolongation of life or by determining the infectiousness of the yolk sacs of treated embryos at various times after treatment or by a combination of these two methods (1–6). The anti-rickettsial effectiveness of compounds has also been estimated in terms of the numbers of organisms observed in stained smears made from infected tissues (7, 8).
These methods have their limitations and defects. A test for antibiotic activity should measure, as directly as possible, the effect of the test substance on the numbers of organisms present at any time following treatment, as compared with the untreated controls.
On the Chromatographic Behavior of the T Coliphages in Paper Strips
Authors: Shepard Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mixtures of pairs of the various members of the seven coliphages were partially separated chromatographically in paper strips which had been treated with hydrochloric acid. The solvent employed was 0.1% bovine plasma albumin in 0.1 M sodium chloride.
T2 and T4 showed the least adsorption and the greatest movement up the paper strips, whereas T6, T3, and T7 showed the greatest adsorption. T1 and T5 exhibited an intermediate degree of adsorption.
Immunogenic and Chemical Properties of Fractions Prepared from Ten Types of Group A Streptococci
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Warner H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fractions of low toxicity have been prepared from 10 types of group A streptococci. Small amounts of these fractions confer active protection in mice against 100 to 1000 average lethal doses of homologous bacterial challenge. Passive protection in mice is demonstrated by rabbit antiserum to type 3 fraction.
The Dick reaction in 6 out of 10 human beings changed from positive to negative after 3 injections of type 3 fraction totalling 155 mg. Pooled sera of certain individuals after immunization with type 3 fraction, showed passive protection in mice.
Chemical analyses show that the ribonucleic acid appears to be distributed uniformly in both the cytoplasm and in the surface of the streptococcal cell, whereas the desoxyribonucleic acid is present in higher concentration in the surface.
Rh Antigens of Human and Monkey Blood
Authors: Murray John 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Using agglutination and absorption techniques with antisera of human origin it was not possible to detect the presence in rhesus monkey erythrocytes of the Rh antigens C, D, E and c. the Landsteiner group antigens A and B. Absorption tests using salivary gland cells showed complete inhibition of anti-B in every cases, and partial inhibition of anti-D in only two cases out of 31 monkeys. No inhibition of anti-A or anti-C could be demonstrated. It was not concluded that all rhesus monkeys were Group B, but that some B-like substance is contained in their salivary glands. Anti-Rh sera could be prepared in guinea pigs from monkey bloods both individually and bulked. Guinea pig immune sera so prepared reacted identically with known human anti-D sera, after dilution or absorption with Rh negative blood. It was concluded that rhesus monkey blood contains an antigen of D specificity but that the antigen cannot be detected directly, either because it is too deeply situated in the cells to exert an influence, or because for some reason it has no available bonds with which to unite with antiserum. Monkey cells do not contain c substance which is antigenic, although other authors using absorption tests have found its presence in chimpanzee cells. A technique for preparing guinea pig anti-Rh from human Rh antigen is described in the appendix. Guinea pig immune anti-Rh sera prepared from monkey blood and human Rh antigen behaved similarly and contained the following antibodies: Anti-D agglutinating in saline Anti-D agglutinating very strongly in albumin Anti-D sensitising weakly. They also contained three similar antibodies against another antigen shared by monkeys and all humans.
The Effect of Certain Chemical Compounds on the Multiplication of T2 Bacteriophage
Authors: Wooley Jerald G. , Murphy Marie K. , Bond Howard W. , Perrine Theodore D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophages offer a comparatively simple means of studying the effect of chemical compounds on the multiplication of viruses. Many substances have been found capable of inhibiting the development of bacteriophages without greatly affecting the multiplication of the host-cells (1–5). Certain metabolic poisons have been shown to inhibit phage multiplication in the absence of cell growth (6), while others do not. 5-Methyltryptophan (7) has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of T2 bacteriophage, but only at levels that interfere with the growth of the host-cells. We have reported (8) that the multiplication of T2 bacteriophage can be inhibited by desoxypyridoxine. The inhibition is reversed by pyridoxine and by glucose-6-phosphate or several other intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, and by acetic acid or several other short-chain fatty acids.
This report is on the effect of 316 chemical compounds which were selected for testing on the multiplication of T2 Escherichia coli bacteriophage.1
Vaccination Against Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 289 lambs, on farms where Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) of sheep was prevalent, were vaccinated over a period of 3 years with one or two injections of heat killed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis suspended in mineral oil. This type of vaccine was known previously to elicit a powerful and protracted immunological response. A total of 266 lambs on the same farms were left unvaccinated as controls.
During the experimental period 16 of the unvaccinated animals, but none of the vaccinated sheep, succumbed to Paratuberculosis.
The experiment was terminated 3½ years after it was started, and the intestines of the remaining sheep were carefully searched for lesions of Paratuberculosis. Such lesions were found in 4 of the vaccinated animals but in 21 of the unvaccinated controls.
Both these differences are statistically highly significant, and it may be concluded that under the conditions of the present experiment the vaccine has provoked a satisfactory resistance to subsequent infection.
This vaccine does not contain living bacilli, and has proven to be safe for field use also in other respects.
Radiosensitive and Radioresistant Phases in the Antibody Response
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Talmage David W. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The initial antibody response of rabbits to I131 labelled bovine gamma globulin (I*BGG) appears to consist of a brief, radiosensitive phase followed by a radioresistant phase which lasts for the duration of the response. The specific anamnestic response is radioresistant, indicating that the initial contact with the antigen leaves a lasting impression which obviates the radiosensitive phase. The exact nature of the first phase is not apparent. It seems possible, however, that this phase is concerned with a specific adaptation of the gamma globulin synthesizing mechanism to the antigen. If this occurs, the modification of the mechanism is apparently retained even after appreciable amounts of antibody cease to be produced.
Suppression of the Shwartzman Phenomenon by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisone: Quantitative Aspects
Authors: Marcus Stanley , Donaldson David M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pretreatment with ACTH or cortisone alters the Shwartzman phenomenon induced by Salmonella aertrycke filtrate. The size and the degree of edema of the inflammatory reaction in hormone-treated animals was decreased and small petechiae appeared within 24 hours following the intradermal injection of the bacterial filtrate. ACTH and cortisone inhibited the Shwartzman phenomenon; the degree of inhibition was proportional to the amount of hormone administered. Both hormones were more effective in inhibiting the Shwartzman phenomenon when hormone treatment was started prior to the intradermal injection of bacterial filtrate than when treatment was started after this injection. Significant inhibition of the various components of the inflammatory reaction was noted. This inhibition varied with the hormones used as well as with the time and dose schedules.
Endotoxin in Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Salvin S. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-one-day-old female Swiss mice could be killed within 48 hours by intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of dead yeast cells of Candida albicans, especially when an adjuvant such as 1 to 2 mg dried tubercle bacilli was added to each dose. This is the second pathogenic fungus shown to produce a toxic effect after introduction into laboratory animals. This toxic effect was produced by all of six isolates of C. albicans, by isolates of six additional species of Candida, and by an isolate of each of nine additional pathogenic genera. Intraperitoneal injection of the living cells of each of the six additional species of Candida with adjuvant produced death in 21-day-old mice. The virulence of a given isolate was not necessarily related to its toxicity. Soluble endotoxin was prepared from the yeast cells of C. albicans and Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Studies on Reactions of Incomplete Rh Antibodies with Enzyme Treated Rh Positive Red Cells
Authors: Zwicker Helen , Giordano Lucille , Hoyt Robert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cells which previously have been sensitized by incomplete antibody are susceptible to the action of papain and agglutinate when treated by papain. When sensitized cells are mixed with papain-treated cells clumping occurs which involves both treated and sensitized cells. Optimum clumping is observed when the two types of cell are present in equal amounts. It appears that the clumping is due to the linking of treated cells to untreated (previously sensitized) cells by the antibody. Carboxypeptidase is able to render cells agglutinable by incomplete antibody. This fact supports the idea that enzyme treatment removes interfering substances which, if present, prevent sensitized cells from clumping.
Uptake of Labeled Antigens by the Mitochondria of Mouse Liver
Authors: Flelde Max , Libby Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following the intravenous injection of labeled antigens, the ratio of the specific activity of mitochondrial protein to that of whole liver homogenate was determined over periods from 5 minutes to 8 hours for normal and immune mice. The immunized mice yielded mitochondrial to whole liver ratios 10 times greater than the normal animals at the time of maximum ratio. Similar results were obtained with normal and immune rabbits. It is considered that the magnitude of the mitochondrial ratio is a function of many factors, including particle size and circulatory clearance. These are discussed.
Electrophoretic Studies on Hyperimmune Rabbit Sera for Neurotropic Viruses
Authors: De Boer Carl J. , van der Scheer James , Richmond Gilbert , Hazz Edna , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hyperimmune rabbit sera against eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis, St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis and rabies have been fractionated by electrophoresis. Neutralization tests performed on all fractions revealed the antibodies to be present almost exclusively in the gamma globulin. Normal sera and electrophoretically separated fractions thereof appeared to exert some nonspecific masking effect on the virus.
A Study of the Virulence of Meningococci for Man and of Human Susceptibility to Meningococcic Infection
Authors: Heist George D. , Solis-Cohen Solomon , Solis-Cohen Myer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis presents a number of immunological and epidemiological problems. Chief among these are the rôle of the meningococcus carrier in the dissemination of the infection and the factors that make him a distributor rather than a victim.
Why, in an individual who develops meningitis, do the meningococci invade the deep tissues, and in the carrier confine themselves to the surface of the mucous membrane? Morphologically and culturally the cocci from the two sources are identical; both series are capable of setting up infection in susceptible men and animals; both are agglutinated by polyvalent, antimeningococcic serum.
In searching for an explanation, two phenomena must be considered. One is the virulence of the meningococci for human beings; and the other is the susceptibility of human beings to the attacks of meningococci. It is important to recognize that these are two separate and distinct phenomena—that the distinction is not one of phrasing, only.
The Toxicity of Acids for Leucocytes, as Indicated by the Tropin Reaction
Authors: Evans Alice C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Leucocytes absorb H-ions from weakly acid solutions. If the quantity of H-ions absorbed is great enough, the capacity of the leucocytes for phagocytosis is injured.
In addition to the toxicity of the dissociated H-ions, lactic, acetic and butyric acids have a specific toxicity for leucocytes. The order of toxicity of the tested acids is:

When phagocytic tests are carried out in vitro it is necessary to protect the leucocytes against the influence of acid solutions. This is accomplished by the use of a buffered saline solution.
Some of the sodium citrate on the market is of an acid reaction and therefore is not suitable for use in the preparation of leucocytic suspensions for the tropin test.
The union of the immune body (bacteriotropin) with the streptococcus was not influenced by such variations of H-ion concentration as were studied in these experiments.
Antibody Production in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Fink Mary Alexander , Quinn Virginia A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Based on tests involving the use of 5 inbred strains of mice, evidence is presented which indicates that there is genetic variation in the ability of the mouse to produce demonstrable circulating antibody to either egg albumin or pneumococcus polysaccharide. From the results obtained by the use of the two chemically definable antigens, it is suggested that the mouse does not form antibody to antigens of different chemical constitution in an identical manner. Intra-abdominal injection of egg albumin incited the production of more antibody than intramuscular injection. The number of injections of polysaccharide—either 1 or 5—had no significant effect on antibody production. The age of the animals had a highly significant effect on antibody production, animals 2 months old producing much less than animals 4 to 5 months old. The sex of the animals had no effect.