bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sprengler Christine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction establishes the parameters of this study and, specifically, accounts for the social, political, and cultural contexts that shape its corpus: films released since 2010 (with a few earlier exceptions as well as some examples from television). This context involves two forces that are imbricated with one another but also which, independently, hold a degree of explanatory power for the examples pursued: (1) the continuing shifts away from postmodern precepts as the determining logic for cultural production and toward metamodern tendencies and (2) the political context entrenched—though by no means originated—by the 2016 US presidential election. The first has inflected the affective character of cinematic representations of the 1950s while the second is responsible for, among other things, its latest surge. This introduction offers a cursory sketch of each here.
The Fifties Reframed
Authors: Sprengler Christine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8, “The Fifties Reframed,” is less a distinctive type than suggestive of an approach, an investment in expansion that builds on retromediation in certain regards. It is one that seeks to admit into the purview of postwar engagements both hitherto neglected subjects and modes of representing them. This chapter explores how the Fifties have been reframed in two ways: by moving the camera’s lens to focus on subjects often excluded and by recalibrating the lens itself to see its subjects differently. That is, it focuses on films that account for experiences that fall outside the mythical purview of white, middle-class, patriarchal consumer capitalism in different respects. In some cases, this shift in focus is realized in geographical, gendered, or class terms as in the harrowing Bastard out of Carolina (1996), set in the poverty-stricken rural south or The Reflecting Skin (1990), set in the prairies. While Fences (2016) contends with the intersection of class and racialized identities, another boundary rendered porous by this film is one between art forms: cinema and theater. International borders are at stake in Brooklyn (2015). The concern here, though, is not with the vast number of Irish and British films set in the 1950s in the British Isles, but rather instances where a British heritage or Irish period film texture has been transplanted into narratives defined by an American experience. That is, it considers how Brooklyn imports select heritage conventions into a film about a young Irish woman’s postwar migration to America.
Beer
Authors: Ungermann Scott K. , Bamforth Charles W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Irrespective of the scale on which brewing is performed, the same basic processes are used. The challenges arise during scale up. Making beer on a “stove-top” as opposed to on a smaller production scale and through to larger commercial operations is very different in terms of issues such as mixing, temperature exchange, and hydrostatic pressure. Translating a homebrew recipe through to a global brand is not achieved easily. Small-scale commercial operations are usually relatively manual, serving a local clientele, and characterized by ongoing emergence of many new products and a rotating roster of ales and lagers. On the larger scales there is more automation, strong laboratory-based quality support, and a focus on large volumes of tried and trusted brands, with new product development being more strategic. The best brewers on all scales are artisans and dedicated to producing consistent beers to delight the customer.
Artisanal Chocolate
Authors: Tunick Michael H. , Toth Jerry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
All chocolate is made from sugar and cocoa, but artisanal chocolate is produced on a small scale and has a high cocoa content, resulting in an enhanced sensory profile. Starting when the cacao beans are harvested, all the people involved in the artisanal manufacturing process exert their own influences over the flavors and aromas of the consumer. The beans are carefully allowed to ferment and dry before being painstakingly sorted. The beans are then roasted at a particular time and temperature to bring out optimal flavor and aroma. Commercially produced cocoa may be treated with alkali to counteract high acid and bitterness levels, but artisanal chocolate is made from superior beans and does not require this step. Finally, the product is meticulously tempered to obtain the proper melting and textural characteristics. The care used in producing artisanal chocolate results in an exceptional product.
Artisanal Cheese
Authors: Tunick Michael H. , Doughty Seana , Chombo Morales María Patricia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Artisanal cheese is produced primarily by hand with little mechanization and in small batches using traditional methods. The milk comes from grazing animals and is often not pasteurized, giving the resulting cheese additional flavors from pasture plants and enzymatic action of naturally occurring bacteria. Many times, the fat and protein levels are not adjusted, resulting in seasonal variations in the cheese. Pressing of the curd is commonly performed overnight under relatively low pressure, resulting in a less dense texture and more whey, which increases the amount of ripening. Artisanal cheese differs from the mass-produced product because of the milk and the procedures used to treat it. Cotija, an artisanal cheese from Mexico, is a popular variety in that country and a special focus in this chapter.
Industrial and Artisanal Olive Oil
Authors: Madison Mike 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Industrially produced olive oil sources olives from many different farms, but the artisanal producer, including the author, is an individual working on a small scale with olives from a single grove. Artisans are likely to make several oils that differ in flavor and intensity according to the cultivar of olives and their maturity at harvest. Most artisans hand-harvest the olives, permitting careful selection of the fruit. As opposed to industrial operations, artisans must either reserve time on a public mill or own a small mill to extract the oil. All but about 1% of olive oil consists of triglycerides, but this small fraction, which includes polyphenols, determines most of the flavor and many of the health benefits. The cultivar also affects the intensity of the flavor. Artisans control olive growing and production of the bottled oil from beginning to end, and it shows in the final product.
Chemical Neurotransmission and Neuropsychopharmacology
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of chemical neurotransmission at the synapse, the major neurotransmitters, mechanisms of drug action, and neuropsychopharmacology. Abnormalities in the function of neurotransmitter systems contribute to a wide range of brain disorders, and many neuropharmacological agents work by altering neurotransmitter release, neurotransmitter receptor binding, and/or neurotransmitter removal from the synapse. A basic knowledge of the neurotransmission processes therefore serves as a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of many neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as the mechanisms of pharmacological intervention. Common psychotropic drug classifications discussed in the chapter include the antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antimanics, psychostimulants, and sedative-hypnotics.
Alexia, Agraphia, and Acalculia
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Reading, writing, and math are cultural inventions of comparatively recent development in the history of human behavior. They are also skills that are acquired through formal education. Brain injury and disease can disrupt these abilities. Alexia is an acquired disorder of reading, agraphia is an acquired disorder or writing, and acalculia is an acquired disorder of number-processing and/or calculation skills. Each disorder has several distinct subtypes, each associated with a distinct set of characteristics and a distinct lesion location, implicating that they each involve disruption of a distinct underlying neurocognitive process. Some of the disorder subtypes, however, do not represent a distinct syndrome, but rather are secondary to a more general syndrome that extends beyond the realm of reading, writing, or number processing/calculation. This chapter discusses the various forms of these disorders, their classification, and their neurological bases.
Brain Imaging
Authors: Uysal Suzan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Neuroimaging is a branch of medical imaging that involves the in vivo depiction of central nervous system anatomy and function. Structural imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provides anatomic detail of the brain and structural abnormalities (e.g., tumors, herniation, hemorrhage, developmental abnormalities). Functional brain imaging, such as single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) and proton emission tomography (PET), measures and visualizes the physiological activities of the brain. This chapter provides a basic overview of the structural imaging modalities of plain film X-ray, angiography, CT, MRI, and cranial ultrasound, as well as the functional imaging modalities of SPECT, PET, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Franz Boas’ ‘purely analytical approach’ to language classification in the backdrop to American structuralism
Authors: Thomas Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this essay, Franz Boas (1858–1942) summarizes his position on how to classify Native American languages. For linguists, the issue gave them a chance to promote the integrity of Native American languages, by demonstrating that techniques of analysis developed in the study of Indo-European languages could be applied to Chinook or Algonquian. For ethnologists, classification was essential in sorting out historical relationships among multiple tribes. These data were of practical value to the US government as it struggled to assert its hegemony over the many indigenous groups that inhabited the land now claimed by European immigrants. The essay illustrates many facets of Boas’ linguistics: the high value he placed on inspection of connected texts; his facility with multiple Native American languages; his conservatism in establishing genetic relationships. The text also displays some of the limits of Boas’ philological training, and his reluctance to generalize in favor of treating every language as a unique case. Moreover, this essay illustrates how Boas, without fully realizing the features of a structuralist approach, prepared the way for American structuralism by rejecting classification of languages into a priori categories such as ‘isolating’ versus ‘agglutinative’. Instead, Boas promoted what he called a ‘purely analytical’ approach, which described languages as individual phenomena from the (synchronic) point of view of a native speaker with no knowledge of any other language. Importantly, Boas’ emphasis on the individuality of languages stopped short of understanding them as systems of elements balanced internally against each other wherein everything hangs together.
Grammaticalization and the sentimental evolution of Antoine Meillet
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the work where the term grammaticalisation (‘grammaticalization’) first appeared in print, for the process through which an independent word becomes a bound morpheme, or otherwise loses its morphological and semantic autonomy, usually with concomitant phonological reduction. Grammaticalization has recently become a central topic in historical linguistics, and the 1912 paper in which Meillet (1866–1936) introduced it is ritually cited, although the lack of an English translation has kept it inaccessible to linguists who do not read French. Even those linguists who read French know the paper exclusively from its reprinting in a 1921 compendium of Meillet’s work. Rarely does one get the sense that they have read it with due diligence, let alone understood it in the context of its place within Meillet’s intellectual trajectory, which the introductory essay and notes to this translation lay out. This chapter aims to help linguists who work with grammaticalization to see what their conception of it does or does not share with Meillet’s original version. The introduction considers how the article relates to a long-standing tradition of treating grammar as natural, and lexicon as artificial, and it weighs up the significance of Meillet’s concern with the role of expressive force, together with his use of the political metaphor of autonomy and how it may connect with his later views on languages in the ‘new Europe’. It proposes a homology between the grammaticalization process and the development of linguistics, which has aimed to transfer as much as possible from the realm of parole to that of langue, with evidence cited from recent controversies over the possibility of ‘degrammaticalization’.
The phonological loop as a neural network
Authors: Hitch Graham J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The phonological loop was the first subsystem to be explored in the multicomponent model of working memory and remains arguably the best understood. This chapter describes how evidence about verbal short-term memory converged on the idea of the loop as a rapidly decaying phonological store refreshed by subvocal rehearsal. It describes how the loop accounts for systematic cross-linguistic differences in digit span, is used to store temporary information in cognitive skills such as mental calculation, and, most importantly, vocabulary acquisition. However, the initial description did not specify how the loop maintains information about serial order and mediates long-term learning. The bulk of the chapter describes progress in answering these questions through attempts to model the loop computationally as an artificial neural network. The results point towards a mechanism for serial order in which the elements of a sequence are simultaneously active and a process of ‘competitive queuing’ selects them one by one in the correct way. The results also suggest that learning a novel verbal sequence involves a combination of matching current input to prior knowledge and creating new long-term chunks, though there remains more to do to apply these insights to vocabulary acquisition. Separating out processes governing order and item information in the loop has been fruitful in contrasting different patterns of neuropsychological impairment in the verbal domain and taking forward the investigation of arithmetical skills. More generally, there is growing evidence for competitive queuing processes and their neural underpinnings in a range of non-verbal domains, including visual and spatial short-term memory, motor planning, and control.
Working memory in language learning and bilingual development
Authors: Bunting Michael F. , Wen Zhisheng (Edward) 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Working memory and language are integrated and intertwined to such an extent that it has become imperative to understand their interactions. Given their close association, this chapter aims to provide a thorough and critical review of the theoretical links between the more specific system of working memory and its relation to native and second language learning and development. To this end, the chapter first traces the conceptions of working memory from Baddeley’s seminal multicomponent model to Cowan’s embedded-processes model and Engle’s attentional control model, in tandem with their specific theoretical and methodological implications for nuanced language learning and processing domains as well as bilingual development. The chapter concludes by calling for a shift of paradigm from the previous focus on working memory components to the current enthusiasm over executive functions and the emerging construct of attentional control in language and bilingualism research.
Memory rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Memory rehabilitation is part of cognitive rehabilitation, which in turn is part of neuropsychological rehabilitation. This chapter considers ways in which theories, models, and frameworks have enhanced our attempts to rehabilitate those who have sustained an organic memory deficit. It first considers how theory has influenced the understanding of memory by addressing time-based memory, semantic and episodic memory, explicit or implicit memory, recall versus recognition, and anterograde or retrograde memory. Next, it reflects on how theory has enabled memory difficulties to be better assessed. The chapter examines standardized versus behavioural measures and suggests that information from both disciplines complement the understanding of the difficulties faced by memory-impaired people, and should be regarded as the most influential fields here. Treatment is focused on next and theory is questioned as to how its influence reduces memory problems in everyday life. Reduction of environmental demands, helping people to learn more efficiently, and the provision of compensatory aids can improve everyday life. Models and frameworks from each of these methodologies are addressed. The final sections of the chapter look at ways to plan and how best to evaluate rehabilitation. Theoretical attempts to tackle these issues are considered, including cognitive behaviour therapy and single-case experimental designs. The conclusions are that rehabilitation should focus on everyday life, address cognitive, emotional, and behavioural problems, and integrate both theory and practice.
Introduction
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What is the role of the law in relation to the treatment of the most vulnerable workers in society? How does it affect those who are often in a position of disadvantage for reasons such as race, gender, or poverty, and who may sometimes also not be unionised or otherwise represented in politics or in the workplace? Even though areas such as labour law and social security law typically intervene to protect these workers from market powers, we also observe that specific provisions in these and other areas of law that regulate labour establish the background conditions for vulnerable people to be exploited. Instead of strengthening the rights of workers, these laws create opportunities for those who have advantages to exploit those who are in a position of disadvantage by making them more vulnerable to exploitation than they might otherwise be. In this way, structures of exploitation are created, maintained, and increased, which are described here as ‘state-mediated’. This chapter presents an outline of the key questions, topics, and themes of the book. It introduces the problem of legal rules with an appearance of legitimacy that place large numbers of workers in a position of disadvantage through the story of Toni, an agency worker, and explains how the problem of ‘state-mediated structural injustice’ will be addressed in the chapters that follow. The chapter also introduces the role of human rights law in this context.
Structures of Injustice at Work
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical framework of ‘state-mediated structures of exploitation’ at work, namely legal rules with an appearance of legitimacy that increase workers’ vulnerability that is then systematically exploited, primarily by private actors. It builds on the work of Iris Marion Young on structural injustice, but focuses on the political and legal responsibility of the state. It discusses the story of Sandy that Young used in her work, and explains that Young may have underestimated the role of the law in this context. It uses a different story to explain this, that of Marcell. The theoretical framework of state-mediated structures of injustice helps identify examples where the state through legislation takes identifiable special measures which promote a prima facie legitimate aim, yet in practice increase the vulnerability of workers to exploitation by employers. The vulnerability created by these measures is systematic. We observe a pattern of exploitation that emerges as a result—a structure—and not just some occasional or isolated cases. The chapter presents the theoretical framework, explains how it is different to Young’s account, and what insights this offers.
Captive Workers
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Prisoners, those who are sentenced to community work, and people in immigration detention are often in a position of disadvantage because of poverty or race. Having work opportunities while deprived of their physical freedom can serve important purposes, such as learning new skills that can be useful for their societal reintegration after captivity. However, they are often forced to work while also being excluded from the protection of labour rights, such as the right to a minimum wage or the right to organise, as well as social security rights. Legal rules exacerbate their vulnerability by removing fundamental protections that other workers enjoy, and are connected to widespread structures of exploitation. This chapter examines these rules and finds that even though they may have an appearance of legitimacy, they increase or perpetuate people’s vulnerability, thereby making them prone to exploitation, while both profit-making entities and the state systematically exploit them. There is a continuum of exploitation in all these settings which are either central to, or associated with, criminal justice and immigration controls.
Welfare-to-Work
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The focus in this chapter is on strict schemes of welfare conditionality that force and at times trap people in precarious work and in-work poverty. There is growing evidence that schemes are becoming increasingly punitive and, in this way, they force individuals into exploitative work and in-work poverty instead of supporting them to find a route out of poverty through paid work. Welfare-to-work schemes thereby often turn the unemployed or underemployed poor into working and exploited poor. By deploying coercive conditionality, legal rules push people into precarious work and generate state-mediated structures of injustice. These schemes can be viewed as having an appearance of legitimacy, as their stated purpose is to promote employment and hence social inclusion and also support people out of poverty. However, they create patterns that are very damaging for large numbers of people, while employers benefit from this situation. The problem here is not that activation policies or non-standard work arrangements can never be legitimate. The claim is that the state creates and sustains a system that can be viewed as legitimate in its aims but problematic when it becomes particularly punitive whilst also forcing the poor into exploitative employment relations that are (mostly) lawful, making exploitation standard and routine. Even though welfare-to-work schemes and non-standard work arrangements, taken separately, might not be necessarily unjust, the overall structure that forces people into workplace exploitation is unjust.