bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audiences’ Role in Generating Moral Understanding
Authors: Harold James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the roles that audiences play in generating moral understanding in relation to screen stories. It first reviews Jacqueline Bobo’s study of Black women audience members’ response to the 1985 film The Color Purple. This is a case study in what bell hooks has called the “oppositional gaze.” It shows that we can learn from morally flawed movies. Next, the chapter considers the objection that viewers of such films cannot be said to have gained moral understanding from the movie. It discusses Noël Carroll’s concept of clarificationism and Peter Kivy’s notion of the “reflective afterlife” of films. Finally, the chapter considers the role of audiences as interpretative communities in making moral understandings together.
The Reflective Afterlife and the Ends of Imagining
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the “mood-stance” approach to fiction and nonfiction, it is held that nonfiction invites viewers to take the states of affairs represented as asserted, while fiction invites viewers to take the represented states of affairs as presented for our imaginative consideration. The relevant distinction then is belief versus imagination. This chapter demonstrates that this distinction harbors important ambiguities in that both fiction and nonfiction elicit imagination and belief. The idea of fiction as a prompt to imagination also does not sufficiently account for the importance of fictions in human life. Imagination to what end? One of the primary functions of fiction, this chapter argues, is to scaffold our exploration of the space of possibilities, such that we are able to discover and formulate new hypotheses about moral understanding.
Between Sayyid Qutb and Malek Bennabi
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay discusses two very important influences on Ghannouchi’s thought: the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood theorist Sayyid Qutb and the Algerian historian Malek Bennabi. Given the notoriety of Qutb and the question of how Ghannouchi’s thought diverges from other Islamist trends, this is a very important discussion of two influential thinkers. Important themes include the legacy of fourteenth-century North African historian Ibn Khaldun and his influence on Bennabi and the question of what counts as “civilization.” Of particular importance is Bennabi’s rejection of the idea that Islam is synonymous with civilization itself, and his claim that non-Muslim societies can represent advances in civilization not antagonistic to Islam. This essay thus channels two central preoccupations of modern Islamic thought since the nineteenth century: the question of progress and development, on the one hand, and exclusive fidelity to revelation, on the other.
Islam and Citizenship
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay expounds an Islamic argument for equal citizenship by moving beyond the classical model of Muslims and dhimmis (non-Muslims). As in many of his later essays, Ghannouchi turns to the Prophet’s covenant of Medina (the Sahifa) as a model for granting equal political membership to non-Muslims while preserving distinct religious communities, arguing that the non-Muslim residents of Medina enjoyed citizenship rights, including the right to protection by the state, in return for fulfilling their obligation to defend the state. In addition to drawing on the tradition of granting non-Muslims protection as members of groups, Ghannouchi seeks to stress a deeper importance that human beings hold in the structure of Islam: that humans of every color, sect, ethnicity, and economic or social status enjoy divine respect and dignity. Importantly, a politics of equal respect and dignity requires not secularism, but rather a grounding in Islamic ethics.
Terms of Exclusion
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTerms of Exclusion uses intersectionality to develop a new theory of political identity construction that directs attention to the effects of within-group marginalization on what comes to be known of identity-based groups and their agendas. Examining social movement activism and interest group advocacy on behalf of LGBT people from 1968 to 2001, this book argues that “rightful citizenship claims”—or the contention that certain lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender people are denied rights owed to them as citizens—created the conditions for recognizing White, gender-normative, and monogamously partnered gay men and lesbians in institutions of citizenship, such as marriage and the military. The in-depth historical analysis of social movement and interest group primary source documents and publications reveals that the inclusion of these groups was secured through countless decisions to foreclose representation of interests that are most pressing for those members of the LGBT group who are Black, Latine, Asian, Native, transgender, non-Christian, undocumented, incarcerated, and/or subjected to intensified forms of surveillance. Terms of Exclusion shows that the marginalization of these members is not an accident of political expediency, relatively fewer resources, or lack of political sophistication on the part of those excluded, but the result of discursive strategies to make the group palatable to lawmakers and the general public through the language of rights and citizenship.
Framing Unity
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 6 examines the period between 1996 and 2001, when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender political actors began to work in concert to develop a unified interest group presence in national politics. Through a detailed exploration of the conflicts that took place over these negotiations regarding what they variously described as coalition formation or identity construction, this chapter traces the ongoing emphasis on rightful citizenship claims from some political actors and the objections raised by those who repeatedly explained that such a political strategy would leave them behind. Over time, this latter group used “queer” to describe not only their sexuality and/or gender identities but also their views on political praxis. This chapter shows how the departure of queer-identified people and proponents of queer politics from the increasingly rights-based mobilizations of LGBT interest groups, such as the Human Rights Campaign, resulted in the construction of two interlinked identity groups and political agendas: LGBT and queer.
Rightful Citizenship Claims, Then and Now
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents three case studies that show the persistent exclusionary effects of rightful citizenship claims. The first explores the meanings of Pride flags, specifically the 2017 introduction of black and brown stripes to the rainbow Pride flag to represent the contributions of Black and Brown people to the LGBT movement. The second turns to popular culture and representations of LGBT life in Taylor Swift’s 2019 music video You Need to Calm Down to examine the ways that rightful citizenship logic has infiltrated everyday understandings of political action and who is a member of the LGBT group. The third returns to formal politics and analyzes the 2022 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization alongside the corresponding uptick in political attacks against transgender people. The chapter uses these case studies to offer three alternatives to rightful citizenship claims for scholars and practitioners to consider as they develop political agendas.
Environmental Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After an overview of contemporary scholarly attention to the Bible and ecology, this chapter provides several case studies from the Hebrew Bible including passages in Jonah, work with imagery of chaos and creation, and attention to motifs of apocalypticism, focusing finally on imagery of plagues. After an analysis of biblical material, the chapter turns to popular culture, exploring the 2002 British horror film “28 Days Later,” its treatment of the plagues motif, and its ecological implications, describing the insights that can be drawn of this sort of comparative work. The chapter concludes by examining the ways in which concerns with environmental ethics have come to inform contemporary Jewish practice, as well as reflections upon and the framing of traditional ritual celebrations.
Emerging Topics
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To help supply networks be more resilient, the chapter proposes a series of concepts that need to be considered further. The use of incomplete contracts and jury-rigging is brought to the fore. The chapter argues that buyer-supplier relationships may be defined not so much by what exists at the interface between two companies but by the supporting social networks that operate within each of the two companies. The digitization of supply chains and digital supply chains are compared. The chapter proposes the unique characteristics of tetrads that are instrumental in studying supply networks further. Introduced is the concept of supply chain financing to avail liquidity to suppliers and, in particular, to deep-tier suppliers. Discussed is how cybersecurity is a supply chain problem. It is pointed out how a focal company needs to scan across supply networks to find innovation. Moving forward, supply networks need to be modularized to operate more resiliently.
Policy Legacies, Welfare Regimes, and Social Policy Responses to COVID-19 in Europe
Authors: Béland Daniel , Cantillon Bea , Hick Rod , Greve Bent , Moreira Amílcar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Much has been written since the publication in 1990 of Esping-Andersen’s The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism on the concept of welfare regime as an analytical tool to study policy stability and change in Europe and beyond. As a concept, welfare regime emphasizes both stability over change and divergence between country clusters over convergence. Studying concrete policy instruments rather than spending patterns and focusing on policies introduced to protect workers against the risk of unemployment and the loss of income, this chapter explores potential patterns of convergence and divergence in the social policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in four distinct welfare regimes: the Bismarckian regime, the Nordic regime, the liberal regime, and the Southern European regime. The main conclusions of our analysis are twofold. First, we show that regardless of the regime in which they belong, countries have generally enacted emergency measures to expand and/or supplement existing policy instruments. Second, we show that existing national policy legacies help explain key differences in the design of the policies adopted as a consequence of this imperative.
Austerity and Adjustment from the Great Recession to the Pandemic—and Beyond
Authors: Armingeon Klaus , Sacchi Stefano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In 2010–2015 almost all democratic countries pursued austerity. Then countries exited austerity, although following different paths. The onset of the pandemic brought about a hike in public spending to cope with its social and economic consequences that does, however, plant the seeds of future economic adjustments. In this chapter we study the political strategies and options of governments during austerity periods using a new dataset for 30 democratic nations, from 2010 to 2019. We ask where and when democratic politics mattered for austerity policies from the Great Recession to the Covid-19 pandemic. Our main finding is that austerity policies were mostly driven by economic forces. Focusing on the process of exiting austerity, we show that such policies cannot be sufficiently explained by changed economic fundamentals. Rather, the longer governments pursue austerity the more likely they are to exit it, even if the economic fundamentals do not support it.
The Territorial Dynamic of Social Policies during COVID-19 Lockdowns
Authors: Saruis Tatiana , Barberis Eduardo , Kazepov Yuri 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The territorial dimension of social policies is key in welfare policymaking. In recent decades, multilevel configurations saw relevant changes in multiple directions, e.g. decentralization, supranationalization, recentralization—changes that implied the involvement of a number of new welfare actors, raising questions about effective subsidiarization and coordination, and the management of spatial inequalities. The multilevel governance of measures aimed at tackling COVID-19 syndemic effects add a new sliding tile to this puzzle: shall emergency measures be implemented with usual configurations? Does the COVID-19 pandemic represent a critical juncture that reframes the multilevel governance of welfare? Does it contribute to path breaks or path continuity in the spatial organization of welfare policies? In this chapter we address how the territorial dimension of social policies intersects with the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a classification of long-term scalar arrangements in welfare policies in five countries (France, Italy, Germany, Norway, Poland), we discuss both the territorial impact and the policy implications of COVID-19 emergency policymaking.
The United Kingdom in Search of a New “Imagined Community”?
Authors: Donoghue Matthew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how the framing of the UK’s social policy response reflects an active change in the UK’s “imagined community,” contextualized by the UK’s new position as an “independent” nation state outside of the European Union. It argues that the COVID-19 pandemic presents the government with an opportunity to renew and bolster a sense of nation, not only in terms of the UK reasserting its position in the international order but also in terms of reasserting what it means to be a British citizen in the post-Brexit era. In doing so the chapter makes a contribution to the literature on social policy and nation building, as well as literatures on the territorial politics of social policy. The chapter draws on an analysis of speeches, media reports, and policy literature focused on the pandemic response, particularly in health care and social protection.
From Crisis to Opportunity?
Authors: Pavolini Emmanuele , Petmesidou Maria , Branco Rui , Guillén Ana M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-2000s Southern European welfare states had to face two major challenges: (a) the financial crisis of 2007–2008, followed by austerity policies and a “Great Recession,” and (b) the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter focuses on the health care sector in Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. At the outbreak of the pandemic, the public per capita expenditure in health care was lower in Southern Europe than in North-Western Europe. The chapter analyzes whether the public health crisis brought about by the pandemic and the recovery prospects—particularly under the Next Generation EU (NGEU) plan—represent a “critical juncture” for health care policy change. Our main findings indicate a variegated picture of piecemeal recalibration trends that, however, fall short of addressing some long-overdue challenges in a comprehensive way.
Is the Recession a “Shecession”? Gender Inequality in the Employment Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany
Authors: Möhring Katja , Reifenscheid Maximiliane , Weiland Andreas , Kuhn Klara 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates gender inequality in employment risks during the first and the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We use individual-level panel data collected weekly between 20th March and 9th July 2020, and again in September 2020 and January 2021, to examine the risks of short-time work, job loss, and unpaid furlough, as well as having to work on-site by means of growth curve modelling. The results reveal no particularly high exposure of women to pandemic-related labor market risks. Access to crisis measures, which serve as buffer against risks of income loss and job loss, does not differ between genders during the observed period. Furthermore, we did not find an increased likelihood of job loss and unpaid furlough among women, and women did not show a significantly higher probability of working on-site during the early phase of the pandemic than men. Regarding the risk of unemployment in the first and second wave of the pandemic, our results rather suggest that individual characteristics such as low income and education are important drivers. This also applies to the likelihood of short-time work during the second wave of the pandemic.
Toward a Real Green Transition?
Authors: Im Zhen Jie , de la Porte Caroline , Heins Elke , Prontera Andrea , Szelewa Dorota 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
37% of the post-pandemic NextGenerationEU (NGEU) is earmarked for projects that tackle climate change. Thus, the NGEU is an opportunity for EU Member States to achieve the EU’s goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Yet, it remains uncertain whether Member States would devote much of this funding to contentious but net zero–critical decarbonization reforms to carbon-polluting industries, or they would allocate more to popular and uncontentious reforms like improving energy efficiency. We develop a conceptual framework that elaborates the conditions under which Member States will adopt industrial decarbonization—reforms that present substantial political risks to governments. These conditions are countries’ macroeconomic vulnerability, reliance on carbon-polluting industries, and social policy institutions’ readiness to help displaced workers adapt to the demands of the green economy. We test this framework first with comparative data and then four case studies to show the necessity of these conditions for Member States to pursue such reforms.
COVID-19: An Accelerating Force for EU Activity in Health?
Authors: Guy Mary 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Prior to COVID-19, EU-level activity in health appeared limited. While the pandemic raised the EU’s health profile, it also questioned future development: crisis response, or a fundamental change in EU Member State health competence? This chapter examines whether COVID-19 can be said to accelerate EU-level activity in health by reference to implementing a European Health Union (EHU) and proposals for Treaty change between May 2020 and September 2021. Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework and “windows of opportunity” model is used to explore the chances for success for the EHU proposals. This frames confluence of the problem stream (COVID-19 crisis response and wider concerns about EU–national competence interaction), the politics stream (the European Commission and national politicians), and the policy stream (Commission proposals, the EHU initiative manifesto, and the Conference on the Future of Europe). This exploration helps shape understanding of how EU health policy evolves, and more specifically whether COVID-19 accelerated change.
The Gold Plates Imaginary
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The earliest names and stories attached to the plates revealed the complexities of their meaning from the beginning. The name “Golden Bible” given to the plates in 1829 embodied a fundamental tension running through American culture. Were Americans a godly people devoted to the Bible or one crassly devoted to wealth and the pursuit of gold? The same tension ran through the Book of Mormon. The Nephites were promised prosperity if they followed God, but that same prosperity corrupted them and led to their downfall. In addition to this polarity, another tension grew out of the story of the plates’ recovery. The plates were both heavenly and earthly. An angel from heaven led Smith to the plates, but he had to clear away the dirt and pry up a rock to get them. This heaven-earth hybridity had its uses in an age that was questioning religion. Like the work of other writers and artists of the time who dealt with the mysterious and the sublime, the plates offered access to another sphere through a material object.
Rationalism
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Early Church members tried to defend their faith rationally, but the testimonies of the three and eight witnesses, seemingly the best evidence they had, figured very little in their arguments. Nor did critics emphasize the absence of the plates in their attacks. The critics focused more on the Mormons’ poverty and low morals and bemoaned the fact that the poor and ignorant were always susceptible to religious fantasies. Other critics tried to trick Joseph Smith into translating bogus plates but, though he took an interest, the schemes never worked out. James J. Strang, a pretender to Joseph Smith’s prophethood, presented his followers with two sets of plates as proof of his divine calling but was successful only temporarily. Evidentiary tests and proofs repeatedly fell short. Instead, the flurry of supposedly ancient texts around Smith points to a problem of a prophet-translator: how was he to know which texts to focus on?
Making the Supreme Court
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Making the Supreme Court: The Politics of Appointments 1930—2020 tells the story of 90 years of Supreme Court appointments. It examines what happened, why it happened, the consequences for the Supreme Court, the future of appointments, and the prospects for reform. In a nutshell, the growth of federal judicial power created a multitude of groups struggling over judicial policy. The activists penetrated the national party system so presidential candidates increasingly pledged to select nominees who conformed to policy litmus tests. Presidents reshaped the executive selection system from casual and haphazard to meticulous and effective. The public face of appointments evolved from a brief and usually closed affair to a highly visible political campaign mobilizing public opinion via intensive media coverage fueled by controversy. Voting in the Senate gained an engaged and attentive audience, pressuring senators into party line votes. The result is a new politics aimed squarely at confirming judicial ideologues and only judicial ideologues, despite public wishes to the contrary. Critically, the events of 2016 locked in place a conservative majority, probably for decades. But, reforms might alter this future. Based on massive data combined with rich qualitative evidence, Making the Supreme Court employs new theories, cutting-edge techniques, and a novel perspective on political institutions. Finally, it provides a sharp lens on the social and political transformations that created a new American politics. It will appeal not only to students of the Supreme Court but to anyone concerned with the future of American politics.
Then and Now
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The politics of Supreme Court appointments changed dramatically over the past 90 years—as did American politics in general. The chapter documents these shifts by presenting data on the growth of the federal government, as well as the rise of interest groups and activists who have pushed American politics to the extremes. It also documents shifts in public opinion over time; the public is now well sorted by party and ideology. Against the backdrop of these changes, the chapter outlines a general theoretical account and provides a roadmap for the rest of the book.