bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ЕВРОПА ИТТИФОҚИ ТАШҚИ СИЁСАТИНИНГ ЎЗИГА ХОС ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ: ИТТИФОҚНИНГ “НОРМАТИВ ҚУДРАТИ”
Authors: Ҳайдарали Ю. 
Published: April 2023

Ушбу мақолада Европа Иттифоқи ташқи сиёсатининг ҳуқуқий асослари, институцио-нал тизими ва ўзига хос хусусиятлари таҳлил қилинган. Муаллиф томонидан Европа Иттифоқи “нор-матив қудрати”нинг асосий моҳияти, воситалари ҳамда намоён бўлиш шакллари тадқиқ этилган. Му-аллифнинг фикрига кўра, Европа Иттифоқининг “норматив қудрати” унинг “юмшоқ қудрати”ни тўлди-ради ҳамда халқаро муносабатлар тизими ва жаҳон сиёсатидаги мавқеини мустаҳкамлашга хизмат қилади.
This article analyzes the legal framework, institutional system and specific features of the EU foreign policy. The author explores the essence, means and manifestations of the “normative power” of the European Union. According to the author, the “normative power” of the European Union complements its “soft power” and serves to strengthen its position in the system of international relations and world politics.
В статье анализируются правовая база, институциональная система и особенности внешней политики Европейского Союза. Автор исследует сущность, средства и проявления «норма-тивной власти» ЕС. По мнению автора, «нормативная сила» Евросоюза дополняет его «мягкую силу» и служит укреплению его позиций в системе международных отношений и мировой политики.
THE ROLE AND STATUS OF HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION IN THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS BY THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION: MODERN TRENDS
Authors: Oybek A. 
Published: April 2023

The article analyzes the place, condition and development of Human Rights education in the member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, as well as the tendency to bring its statutes, declarations and all documents of the organization in line with generally recognized international norms and standards in the field of Human Rights
Мақолада Ислом ҳамкорлик ташкилотига аъзо давлатларда инсон ҳуқуқлари соҳасидаги таълимнинг ўрни, ҳолати ва ривожланиши, шунингдек ташкилот низомлари, декларациялари ҳамда бошқа барча ҳужжатларини инсон ҳуқуқлари соҳасидаги умумэътироф этилган халқаро ҳуқуқий норма ва мезонларга мувофиқлаштириш тенденцияси таҳлил қилинган.
В статье анализируются место, состояние и развитие образования в области прав человека в государствах-членах Организации исламского сотрудничества, а также тенденция к приведению ее уставов, деклараций и всех документов организации в соответствие с общепризнанными международными нормами и стандартами в области прав человека.
SC Claudianum and Levitas Animi – a Gender Issue?
Authors: Erdődy János 
Published: April 2023

During the reign of Emperor Claudius, a senatusconsultum from 52 AD contained provision concerning free women sustaining a relationship with the slave of another. In accordance with these provisions should she fail to abandon the relationship after the denouncement of the slave’s master, will become the slave of the master denouncing her deed. The senatusconsultum also contains rules regarding the status of the children born from such a relationship. Some scholars tend to label this decree of the Roman Senate a “gender issue” despite the obvious anachronism of the statement. This paper aims at unfolding the sustainability of such a label. In the scope of this endeavour the common and generally known phrases, levitas animi and infi rmitas sexus are also examined. Connected to tutela feminarum, the locutions levitas animi and infi rmitas sexus turn out to contribute to a common, but mistaken opinion how women were regarded in ancient Roman society. Placed properly amongst primary sources, it turns out that they refl ect an attitude stemming from Greek philosophy, and therefore not common throughout the entire history of Rome. As for the approach of male and female roles in Roman society, mores maiorum plays an undoubtedly important part in determining the actual content of social customs. There’s also a strong endeavour to protect women in certain situations, and this is where tutela mulierum is supposedly originates from. Secondary literature does not rank SC Claudianum among “gender issues”. In addition, the term “gender issue” as such covers a modern concept, and therefore anachronistic in Roman law research, as a consequence its use is at least doubtful.
The Effectiveness of Telerehabilitation for Post Stroke Patients
Authors: Glenis Gabrielle , Setiawan Regina Caecilia , Ulianna Tambunan Tresia Fransiska 
Published: April 2023

Stroke rehabilitation is an essential component of post-stroke care and is more effective if started sooner. Stroke rehabilitation therapy aims to improve motor function, psychological well-being, cognitively, emotionally, and in terms of social well-being. Telerehabilitation allows communication between medical staff and patients and can be a suitable alternative to usual rehabilitation care in poststroke patients. This method may have potential implications for patients, especially in remote or underserved areas. Future trials are needed on telerehabilitation’s feasibility, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness in other low and middle-income countries where the stroke burden is burgeoning.
Rehabilitasi stroke merupakan komponen penting dalam tatalaksana pasca-stroke dan lebih efektif untuk dimulai lebih awal. Tujuan terapi rehabilitasi stroke adalah untuk meningkatkan fungsi motorik, kognitif, emosional, kesejahteraan psikologis dan sosial. Telerehabilitasi memungkinkan komunikasi antara staf medis dan pasien dan dapat sebagai alternatif yang sesuai untuk perawatan rehabilitasi biasa pada pasien pasca-stroke. Metode ini mungkin memiliki implikasi potensial bagi pasien, terutama di daerah terpencil atau kurang terlayani. Penelitian masih diperlukan untuk kelayakan, kemanjuran, dan keefektifan biaya telerehabilitasi di negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah dengan beban stroke meningkat.
Trombosis pada Pasien COVID-19
Authors: Tan Christine 
Published: April 2023

Penyakit Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) memiliki spektrum klinis yang luas. Salah satu gejala berat penyakit ini dan menunjukkan prognosis buruk adalah trombosis. Risiko tinggi trombosis pada COVID-19 ditunjukkan dari peningkatan D-dimer yang merupakan perubahan paling signifikan parameter koagulasi, yang menandakan produksi trombin dan aktivasi fibrinolisis. Namun, D-dimer adalah reaktan fase akut nonspesifik dan dapat meningkat karena penyebab dan inflamasi lain. Identifikasi risiko dini dan tanda trombosis pada pasien COVID-19 dapat mencegah kejadian trombotik dan gagal organ lainnya, memandu tenaga kesehatan pada strategi intervensi awal, dan fokus pada kelompok pasien yang berisiko prognosis buruk.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a broad clinical spectrum. Thrombosis may herald severe symptom and indicates a poor prognosis. Risk of thrombosis in COVID-19 is indicated by increased D-dimer, which is the most significant change in coagulation parameters, indicating thrombin production and fibrinolysis activation. However, D-dimers are nonspecific acute-phase reactants and may increase due to other causes and inflammation. Identifying early risks and signs of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients to prevent thrombotic events and other organ failure, may guide health professionals on early intervention strategies, and to focus on groups of patients at risk of poor prognosis.
Antidiabetik Oral Kombinasi Penghambat DPP-4 dan Penghambat SGLT-2
Authors: Lukito Johan Indra 
Published: April 2023

Dalam tatalaksana diabetes melitus tipe 2, terapi kombinasi dua obat antidiabetik disarankan jika dengan monoterapi gagal mencapai target kontrol glikemik. Pemilihan jenis obat antidiabetik tergantung kondisi pasien dan profil obat. Kombinasi obat antidiabetik oral golongan penghambat DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) dan penghambat SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2) dapat menjadi salah satu pilihan.
Combination of two antidiabetic drugs is recommended in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus if monotherapy fails to achieve glycemic control targets. Choice of antidiabetic drugs depends on the patient's condition and drugs’ profile. Combination of oral antidiabetic drugs DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) class and SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2) inhibitors can be an option.
Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh dan Usia Menarche dengan Pola Siklus Menstruasi Siswi SMA di Pontianak
Authors: Monica Meilany Gultom  , Agus Fitriangga  , Ilmiawan Muhammad In’am 
Published: April 2023

Latar Belakang: Pola siklus menstruasi disebut normal apabila tidak kurang dari 21 hari serta tidak melebihi 35 hari. Tujuan: Diketahuinya hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh dan usia menarche terhadap panjangnya siklus menstruasi pada siswi SMA di Pontianak. Metode: Penelitian analitik observasional cross-sectional. Variabel bebas penelitian adalah indeks massa tubuh dan usia menarche, variabel terikat adalah panjangnya siklus menstruasi. Total sampel penelitian 40 orang. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh dan panjangnya siklus menstruasi (uji Fisher’s Exactp = 0,02). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara usia menarche dan panjangnya siklus menstruasi (uji Chi-Square p = 0,305). Simpulan: Indeks massa tubuh berhubungan dengan panjangnya siklus menstruasi siswi.
Background: Menstrual cycle pattern is normal if not less than 21 days and not exceed 35 days. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between bodies mass index and age of menarche on the menstrual cycle among female senior high school students in Pontianak. Method: Observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The independent variables were body mass index and age of menarche, the dependent variable was menstrual cycle. Total sample were 40 students. Results: There is a relation between body mass index and the menstrual cycle (Fisher’s Exact test p = 0,02). No relation between age of menarche and the menstrual cycle (Chi-Square test p = 0,305). Conclusion: Body mass index has a relation toward the menstrual cycle among female senior high school students in Pontianak.
Tatalaksana Pasca-Henti Jantung
Authors: Willim Herick Alvenus , Ketaren Infan , Supit Alice Inda 
Published: April 2023

Sindrom pasca-henti jantung merupakan keadaan kompleks dan kritis dengan mortalitas tinggi. Tatalaksana pasca-henti jantung membutuhkan pendekatan multidisiplin meliputi stabilisasi status kardiopulmoner, penanganan penyebab, strategi neuroproteksi dini, dan pencegahan berulangnya henti jantung. Pendekatan multimodal diperlukan untuk prediksi keluaran neurologis.
Post-cardiac arrest syndrome is complex and critical condition associated with high mortality. Post-cardiac arrest management needs multidisciplinary approach including stabilization of cardiopulmonary status, managing the underlying cause, early neuroprotective strategy, and prevention of recurrent cardiac arrest. Multimodal approach is needed to predict neurological outcome.
Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: Siauw Cecile 
Published: April 2023

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) merupakan kelainan sel hematopoesis didapat yang menyebabkan hemolisis intravaskular dan berisiko tinggi trombosis. PNH terdiri dari PNH klasik, PNH terkait kegagalan sumsum tulang, dan PNH subklinis. Diagnosis PNH dengan flow cytometry (FCM). Terapi PNH saat ini menggunakan eculizumab, ravulizumab, dan transplantasi sel punca alogenik.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder of hematopoietic stem cell causing intravascular hemolysis and high risk of thrombosis. It can be differentiated into: classical PNH, PNH associated with bone marrow failure, and subclinical PNH. Diagnosis is made by flow cytometry. PNH is treated with eculizumab, ravulizumab, and allogenic stem cell transplantation.
Hubungan antara Konstipasi dengan Akne Vulgaris dan Derajat Keparahannya pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran di Jakarta
Authors: Renate Anastasia Rena , Tanjung Julia Rahadian 
Published: April 2023

Latar Belakang: Teori koneksi organ otak-usus-kulit menunjukkan hubungan erat antara kondisi usus dan kondisi dermatologis. Keadaan konstipasi dapat menyebabkan produk sekretori usus menuju peredaran sistemik yang dapat meningkatkan inflamasi organ kulit, sehingga rentan terhadap akne vulgaris. Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional pada 100 mahasiswa laki-laki usia 17-22 tahun dengan metode stratified random sampling. Penilaian konstipasi menggunakan kuesioner gejala konstipasi berdasarkan Kriteria Rome III dan penilaian derajat keparahan akne vulgaris menggunakan Evaluator Global Severity Score (EGSS). Hubungan antara variabel independen dan dependen diuji menggunakan Chi-Square dan Fisher-exact. Hasil: Didapatkan 100 responden, usia terbanyak yang mengalami akne vulgaris adalah 19 tahun dan usia terbanyak yang mengalami konstipasi adalah 20 tahun.Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara konstipasi dan akne vulgaris (p=0,012). Berdasarkan derajat keparahannya, tidak terdapat hubungan antara konstipasi dan akne vulgaris derajat ringan (p=0,973) namun terdapat hubungan antara konstipasi dan akne vulgaris derajat sedang – berat (p=0,048). Simpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara konstipasi dan akne vulgaris.

Background: The theory of brain-intestinal-skin connections shows a relationship between intestinal and dermatological conditions. Constipation stimulate the intestine secretory products towards systemic circulation and increase inflammation of the skin, acne vulgaris. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 100 male students aged 17-22 years with stratified random sampling method. Constipation assessment used constipation questionnaire based on Rome III Criteria and assessment for severity of acne vulgaris used Evaluator Global Severity Score (EGSS). The relationship between independent and dependent variables was tested using Chi-Square and Fisher-exact. Result: Majority respondents who have acne vulgaris is 19 year-old and constipation is mostly found in 20 year-old. There is significant relationship between constipation and acne vulgaris (p=0.012). No significant relationship between constipation and mild acne vulgaris (p=0.973) but there is a significant relationship between constipation and moderate to severe acne vulgaris (p=0.048). Conclusion: This study shows possible role of digestive organ health in acne vulgaris incidence.
Sindrom Rapunzel – Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana
Authors: Apriliana Hardika Putu Stephanie 
Published: April 2023

Sindrom Rapunzel merupakan kondisi medis terdapatnya massa (gumpalan) rambut yang terperangkap di gaster atau sampai menuju usus halus. Gangguan psikiatri trikotilomania dan trikofagia menjadi faktor predisposisi gastric trichobezoar. Kondisi ini dominan ditemukan pada remaja perempuan. Manifestasi klinis biasanya non-spesifik berupa nyeri abdomen, mual, dan muntah. Endoskopi menjadi baku emas diagnosis. Metode endoskopi dan open surgery merupakan pilihan modalitas pengangkatan massa (trichobezoar). Pendekatan multidisiplin evaluasi psikiatri berkala sangat perlu guna mencegah berulang.

Rapunzel Syndrome is a medical condition of solid mass (accumulation) of hair in stomach and may extend to small intestine. Psychiatric disorders, such as trichotillomania and trichophagia, are two predisposition factors for gastric trichobezoar. This condition is predominantly found in young female. Clinical manifestation is usually non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms, like abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Endoscopic examination is the gold standard for diagnosis. The main management is removal by endoscopy or open surgery. Multidiscipline approach including regular follow up and psychiatric evaluation is required to prevent its recurrence.
Vaksinasi SARS-CoV-2 dalam Perspektif Hukum di Indonesia
Authors: Purnomo Ika Cahyo , Suharto Gatot 
Published: April 2023

Pandemi COVID-19 sampai saat ini belum menunjukkan tanda akan berakhir. Vaksin diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi; oleh karena itu, vaksinasi massal dilakukan di berbagai negara, termasuk di Indonesia. Kebijakan imunisasi massal ini menuai pro dan kontra; tidak hanya di masyarakat awam, melainkan juga di kalangan tenaga kesehatan. Penelitian efikasi vaksin, program vaksinasi wajib, pengadaan vaksin, dan efek samping vaksin adalah beberapa hal yang menjadi isu hangat. Sebagai profesional kesehatan, seorang dokter wajib mengetahui perihal vaksin SARS-CoV-2 dalam kacamata hukum positif yang berlaku di Indonesia. Tinjauan pustaka ini membahas vaksinasi SARS CoV 2 dari berbagai perspektif regulasi; sejawat dokter diharapkan dapat mengetahui dasar-dasar hukum kebijakan terkait vaksinasi SARS CoV 2 di Indonesia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has yet to show its end. Vaccines are expected to be a solution; mass vaccination is carried out in various countries, including Indonesia. This policy reaps pros and cons; not only in the general public, but also among health workers. Vaccine efficacy research, mandatory vaccination programs, vaccine procurement, and vaccine side effects have became critical issues. As a health professional, knowledge on the SARS CoV 2 vaccine in the light of Indonesia’spositive laws is mandatory. This literature review discusses SARS CoV 2 vaccination programme from various regulatory perspectives; medical colleagues are expected to understand the legal basis of policies related to SARS CoV-2 vaccination in Indonesia.
Kolestasis Neonatal di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Wangaya, Bali
Authors: Isella Virly , Dewi Made Ratna 
Published: April 2023

Kolestasis neonatal terjadi akibat kelainan sistem hepatobiliar, sering terlambat didiagnosis karena dianggap fisiologis. Identifikasi dini, menentukan etiologi hingga merujuk ke bagian gastroenterologi-hepatologi anak pada saat yang tepat adalah penting untuk keberhasilan terapi dan prognosis yang optimal. Kasus seorang bayi laki-laki usia 3 minggu dengan keluhan muntah, diare, tubuh kuning, dan tinja kuning pucat. Pada pemeriksaan laboratorium didapatkan hiperbilirubinemia disertai peningkatan kadar bilirubin direk, gama glutamil transferase (GGT), peningkatan hitung leukosit dan trombosit; pemeriksaan tinja menunjukkan infeksi bakteri. Diagnosis kolestasis berdasarkan peningkatan bilirubin direk >20% kadar bilirubin total, mengarah pada tipe intrahepatal berdasarkan peningkatan GGT <10 kali lipat batas atas normal. Pasien mendapat terapi antibiotik, disertai terapi suportif stimulasi aliran empedu dan vitamin larut lemak.

Neonatal cholestasis is caused by the abnormality of the hepatobiliary system, often unrecognized and late-diagnosed because of misinterpretation as physiological jaundice. Early identification of the underlying etiology and timely referral to pediatric gastroenterology and hepatology are important for successful treatment and optimal prognosis. We reported a male infant age 3 weeks with vomiting, diarrhea, icterus, and pale stool. Laboratory findings were hyperbilirubinemia with high direct bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), elevated leukocyte and thrombocytes, and stool test indicated bacterial infection. Diagnosis of cholestasis is based on high direct bilirubin >20% total bilirubin, with intrahepatic type based on elevated GGT <10 times from the upper limit. The patient was treated with antibiotics and supportive treatment of bile flow stimulant and fat-soluble vitamin.
Hemofilia dan Perkembangan Terapinya
Authors: Lawrenti Hastarita 
Published: April 2023

Hemofilia A dan B adalah gangguan perdarahan yang diturunkan yang ditandai dengan defisiensi protein koagulasi faktor VIII dan IX. Terapi pengganti dengan faktor pembekuan (konsentrat faktor VIII atau IX dari plasma atau rekombinan) masih merupakan terapi hemofilia baik saat perdarahan maupun sebagai profilaksis. Terapi profilaksis merupakan terapi standar untuk pasien hemofilia berat karena dapat mencegah kerusakan sendi, menurunkan frekuensi perdarahan sendi dan lainnya, serta memperbaiki kualitas hidup. Keputusan memilih terapi harus berdasarkan pertimbangan medis dan klinis, dan bersifat individual.

Hemophilia A and B are inherited bleeding disorders characterised by deficiency of coagulation protein factor VIII and IX, respectively. Replacement therapy with clotting factors (factor VIII or IX through plasma-derived or recombinant concentrate) is the mainstay of treatment at time of bleeding or as prophylactic based on individual needs. Prophylaxis treatment is standard treatment for patients with severe hemophilia as it prevents joint damage, reduces frequency of joint and other bleeding and improves quality of life. Choice of therapy should be based solely on medical and clinical considerations and individualized.
Aspek Imunitas pada COVID-19
Authors: Nitiyoso Nugroho 
Published: April 2023

Gejala COVID-19 sangat bervariasi dari ringan hingga berat. Selain faktor komorbiditas, reaksi imun yang berbeda-beda antar pasien juga menjadi faktor yang memengaruhi berat-ringannya gejala COVID-19. Kenaikan kadar sitokin diduga menjadi faktor yang memperberat gejala COVID-19. Dalam artikel ini, akan dibahas aspek respons imun serta sitokin yang memengaruhi gejala COVID-19, serta beberapa pengobatan imunologi yang sedang diteliti untuk COVID-19.
Symptoms in COVID-19 patients vary widely from mild to severe. In addition to comorbidities, different immune reactions among patients are also a factor that affects the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. The increase in cytokine levels is thought to be a factor that aggravates the symptoms of COVID-19. In this article, we will discuss aspects of the immune response and cytokines that affect the symptoms of COVID-19, as well as some of the immunological treatments currently being studied for COVID-19.
Hipertrofi Adenoid dan Tonsil sebagai Faktor Risiko Obstructive Sleep Apnea pada Anak di RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang Periode 1 Januari 2015 – 31 Desember 2017
Authors: Tri Wirattami Ayunita , Dwijo Murdiyo H. Muhammad 
Published: April 2023

Pendahuluan: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) adalah bagian dari sleep disorder breathing syndrome. Prevalensi OSA pada anak-anak sekitar 3% dengan frekuensi tertinggi pada usia 3-6 tahun. Penyebab utama OSA pada anak-anak adalah hipertrofi tonsil dan adenoid. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif untuk mengetahui kejadian hipertrofi adenoid dan tonsil pada anak dengan OSA di bagian THT-KL di RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang periode 1 Januari 2015 – 31 Desember 2017. Hasil: Selama periode tersebut tercatat 9 pasien hipertrofi adenoid dan tonsil anak, 4 orang laki-laki dan 5 orang perempuan; terbanyak pada rentang usia 5-10 tahun. Dari 9 subjek, 2 orang dengan hasil PSG normal, 7 orang menderita OSA sedang, 2 orang dengan hasil PSG normal, 7 orang dengan OSA, di mana terbanyak adalah OSA sedang. Ukuran hipertrofi adenoid terbanyak (44,4%), yaitu grade 1, 3, dan 4 dengan OSA, dengan paling banyak OSA sedang, sedangkan ukuran tonsil terbanyak (44,4%) adalah T3-T3 dengan derajat OSA sedang dan berat. Sebanyak 6 orang dengan BMI normal dan menderita OSA sedang, 1 orang dengan obesitas menderita OSA berat. Simpulan: Hipertrofi adenoid dan tonsil tidak berbanding lurus dengan derajat OSA, namun makin meningkatnya BMI dapat meningkatkan derajat OSA.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is part of the complex respiratory syndrome sleep disorder. The prevalence of OSA in children is around 3% with the highest frequency at 3-6 years old. The main cause of OSA in children are tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy. Method: A descriptive study to assess adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy incidence among children with OSA in the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, during 1 January 2015 – 31 December 2017. Results: There were 9 children registered with tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, 4 males and 5 females, mostly within age range of 5-10 years; 2 with normal PSG results, 7 with OSA, mostly moderate OSA. The size of adenoid hypertrophy were grades 1, 3, and 4 (44.4%) with moderate OSA, while 44.4% tonsil size were T3-T3 with moderate and severe OSA. A total of 6 children with normal BMI and moderate OSA, 1 person with obesity suffered from severe OSA. Conclusion: Adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy is not directly proportional to the degree of OSA, but increasing BMI can worsen OSA.