bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lucus Pisaurensis and the Romanization of the Ager Gallicus
Authors: Coarelli Filippo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses palaeographic and linguistic considerations on sacred dedications, including the group of inscribed stones found by Annibale degli Abati Olivieri Giordani and preserved in the Museo Oliveriano. Peruzzi disregarded some vital palaeographic characteristics such as the absence of quadrature and apicatura, and the bending of certain letters. The chapter also recognizes the frequently ignored information from the stips votiva. It examines the inscribed stones alongside the natures of the divinities involved within the text, some of which included Apollo, Fides, Iuno, Mater Matuta, and Diva Marica. The sanctuary’s documentation seemed to dry up by the time of the colony’s foundation as it involved transferring the same cults into the new entity. The chapter then expounds on the structure of lucus and the conquest of ager Gallicus.
What is the Psychology of Competition?
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Tor Avishalom , Elliot Andrew J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Common definitions of competition tend to emphasize its objective features, which produce a zero-sum interaction whereby the outcome establishes winners and losers based on more than mere chance. The psychological study of competition, however, is primarily concerned with individuals’ behavior and their subjective feelings, perceptions, motivations, and intentions. As such, this chapter defines competition more broadly to include all manifestations of individual competitive behavior or competitive psychological state, even when they occur outside of overtly competitive institutional arrangements or explicitly competitive interactions. The authors then outline the chapters in this volume to showcase the study of competition across the broad spectrum of psychology.
Hide a Dagger Behind a Smile: A Review of How Collectivistic Cultures Compete More Than Individualistic Cultures
Authors: Wu Kaidi , Talhelm Thomas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we review cultural differences in people’s attitudes about competition, why cultures differ in competition, and how they compete in different ways. Researchers have long associated collectivistic culture with harmony and cooperation. However, the bulk of the evidence suggests that collectivistic cultures compete more, and more intensely, than individualistic cultures. Collectivists are more likely to see competition as zero-sum, engage in social comparison, and base their self-worth on common standards rather than self-defined goals. This raises a paradox: where does the popular conception of harmony in collectivism come from? In reviewing prior studies, we find that people in collectivistic cultures tend to use indirect, hidden methods to compete against others. This allows for an outward harmony, without negating competition. We ask whether competition in collectivistic cultures is only stronger when competing with outsiders. Studies reject this speculation. Rather, people in collectivistic cultures compete more with in-group members and are more vigilant toward classmates and co-workers. Next, we explore how people from different cultures decide to enter into competition. We find that collectivists’ tendency to enter into prestigious competitive environments might end up harming them. Finally, we discuss whether there can be versions of collectivistic groups without competition or whether this is a utopian dream.
The Postindustrial Limits of Professionalization
Authors: Starr Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Mid-twentieth-century theories of the professions and postindustrial society expected that the two would grow together. Instead, developments blocking professionalization in some areas and extending it in others have occurred together, raising the question: Why have some institutional fields, such as high-tech, seen little professionalization even though they demand levels of expertise comparable to such fields as healthcare, where professional institutions became entrenched and have continued to expand? This chapter reviews a series of hypotheses (historical patterns of entrenchment, counter-entrenchment, organizational flexibility, neoliberal policy, and entrepreneurial ideology) that might explain the differences. The contrast between high-tech and healthcare suggests a key causal role for historically entrenched institutional forms, as well as organizational and ideological change. Older theories of the professions failed to anticipate how technology could erode professional autonomy and authority, but the sociology of the professions still has a jurisdiction that is distinct from the sociology of expertise.
EMDR Therapy with Military Veterans
Authors: Whybrow Dean , Kitchiner Neil , Williams Victoria , Graham Julie , Hurley Elisha Columbus , Kiernan Matthew D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Military veterans are a unique clinical population who share a common experience of once serving in the armed forces. There is growing recognition of the need to account for this group within mental health service provision. This chapter aims to provide the reader with additional resources to inform clinical practice when working with veterans. The term veteran has changed with time; at its most inclusive, it means a person who has served a minimum of one day in the armed forces. Veterans will have internalized military norms and values, and may experience culture shock when reintegrating into civilian communities. This chapter describes treatment considerations; for example, combat trauma is remembered by the chaos and distress that accompanies it. Formulating a therapeutic plan to treat combat- or military-related trauma is a crucial step to mitigate this sense of chaos and confusion.
Becoming Phoenix Song
Authors: Myerscough Francis 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Phoenix Song Project (PSP) is a community-led music therapy organization that focuses on voicework for and by members of trans and non-binary communities. The grounded theory methodology research described in this chapter is developed from the minutes of a development meeting that considered the organization’s work and the potential of these results to affect its future direction. The key category that emerged from the results was that of liminality. Reflecting further on subsequent engagement gave rise to a proposed theory of liminal experience and the therapeutic paradox this poses. This chapter suggests that while the experiences of liminality are common to trans lives and could have direct implications for queer and trans music therapy, these experiences can also function as a barrier to therapeutic engagement.
Somānanda’s Śivadṛṣṭi as an Argument against Dharmakīrti
Authors: Nemec John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the philosophy of the Buddhist epistemologist Dharmakīrti pervasively influenced the Kashmirian Pratyabhijñā philosopher Utpaladeva (fl. ca. 925–975 CE) and, through him, his grand-disciple Abhinavagupta (fl. ca. 975–1025 CE). This chapter will demonstrate the centrality of the same in the thinking of Utpaladeva’s teacher, Somānanda (fl. ca. 900–950 CE), the founding author of the Pratyabhijñā. Somānanda’s magnum opus, the Śivadṛṣṭi, though it is an eclectic and ranging work that engages a great variety of esoteric religious traditions and orthodox Hindu and Buddhist philosophical schools, takes as a central task the parrying of Dharmakīrti’s antipersonalist philosophy, this by engaging many of its elements in order to articulate a hyperpersonalist and realist, if simultaneously monist, Śaiva ontology. This chapter traces these Buddhist influences in Somānanda’s text and establishes thereby a basis for weighing its legacies in the writings of those who follow him in the guru-śiṣya lineage of the Kashmiri Pratyabhijñā.
The Neuroscience of Tantric Practice
Authors: Samuel Geoffrey , Kozhevnikov Maria 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter is primarily concerned with tantric practice as spiritual training or self-cultivation within Buddhist and Hindu traditions. This process involves cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of an integrated body-mind, and it appears to enable the achievement of exceptional levels of human ability. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a key part of this process. A series of neuroscientific studies has clarified the role of the neural system in tantric meditation, showing how tantric practice differs in fundamental ways from previously studied non-tantric forms of Buddhist and Hindu practice. This research opens the way to a new and more solidly grounded approach to the analysis and understanding of both tantric and non-tantric meditation techniques.
Schutz
Authors: Barber Michael D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Alfred Schutz in “Making Music Together” limits himself to studying social interactions in the musical process, but he also attends to the phenomenology of musical experience elsewhere. After a clarification of some of the genetic presuppositions of musical experience (the animate body, movement, temporality, passive syntheses), the essay considers the tuning-in moment as the context for musical communication before turning to the intersubjective dimensions of listening to music and making music together. The modes of intersubjectivity in music illuminate key structures of social relationships and communication in general. To understand the experience of music, one can understand it in terms of its finite province of meaning, characterized by a distinctive epoché, form of spontaneity, and tension of consciousness, all of which produce a more receptive intersubjectivity than that of everyday life. Finally, musical experience can reveal unnoticed asymmetrical dimensions of “tuning-in” and communication in general.
Positive Valence Systems and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Claes Laurence , Luyckx Koen , Kiekens Glenn 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The present chapter focuses on reward sensitivity and positive emotionality in the development and maintenance of NSSI. The chapter discusses several theoretical models that explain specific mechanisms that may contribute to the positive reinforcement qualities of NSSI. Additionally, it considers whether the association between NSSI and other harmful emotion regulating behaviors—that is, eating disorder behaviors (EDs) and substance use behaviors (SUDs)—can be partially explained by different characteristics of the positive valence systems. The chapter concludes that NSSI, ED, and SUD have both shared and distinct correlations with measures of reward sensitivity. All three behaviors seem to be triggered by specific cues, and patients show attentional bias toward these cues. NSSI, ED, and SUD can be automatically/socially positively reinforced, which explains their continuation for some people. Furthermore, on the neurobiological level, all three behaviors seem—at the starting phase—to be related to a hyperreactivity of the reward-related systems in the brain that is driven by dopamine release. However, over time, dysregulation of the dopaminergic system leads to a hyporeactivity of the reward-related systems, which may increase susceptibility for the use of NSSI, ED, and SUD behaviors to increase positive emotional experiences. On the level of temperamental features, the findings are more mixed. It seems that NSSI and ED behaviors have more common temperamental features than SUD. Additionally, the chapter discusses transdiagnostic interventions. Finally, it provides suggestions for future research and summarizes the main findings here. To conclude, research on the reward system is challenging, and requires further research.
A Comparison of the Theoretical Models of NSSI
Authors: Hird Kirsty , Hasking Penelope , Boyes Mark 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the leading models of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and synthesizes what is known from relevant research. These include the four-function model, the experiential avoidance model, the emotional cascade model, the integrated model, the cognitive-emotional model, and the barriers and benefits model. While each model differs in the suggested processes by which the behavior is developed and maintained, there are commonalities between the theories. Each theorist agrees that self-injury serves an affect regulation function, a finding that has been central to most of the NSSI literature to date. They also share the concept of behavioral reinforcement, in which the outcomes of self-injury reinforce the behavior as an effective strategy for achieving a desired function. Ultimately, the balance of barriers and benefits that a person experiences will determine whether or not they might self-injure.
Epidemiology of Opioid Use and Smoking, Alcohol, and Polysubstance Use Among Persons Using Opioids
Authors: Parker Maria A. , Cordoba-Grueso Whitney S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Over the past several decades, opioid overdose deaths have become an increasing issue in the United States, contributing to the opioid epidemic and challenging the health system and the economy nationwide. This chapter explores the epidemiology of prescribed and nonprescribed opioid use, including initiation, opioid use disorder, and trends over time. The authors begin by introducing opioids, their classification, therapeutic uses, consequences of use, and routes of administration. The authors discuss empirical findings for prescription opioids, heroin, nationwide opioid prescription guidelines, and morbidity/mortality at the individual and societal levels. Lastly, the authors present common comorbidities for persons with opioid use (e.g., other substance use, polysubstance use).
Inter-American Feminism’s Influence on International Law
Authors: Marino Katherine M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores inter-American feminism’s influence on international law from the 1920s to the 1940s, when the Inter-American Commission of Women (Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres (CIM)), the first intergovernmental organization for women’s rights in the world, propelled innovative women’s rights treaties into the Pan American Union and League of Nations. This activism promoted married women’s nationality rights around the world and spurred Latin American and Caribbean feminisms. In the 1930s and 1940s, anti-fascism influenced inter-American goals for women’s economic and social rights and for international human rights. In 1945, a group of Latin American and Caribbean feminists who had cut their teeth on decades of inter-American activism was responsible for pushing women’s rights into the United Nations (UN) founding charter and for creating the UN’s Commission on the Status of Women. They also shaped international human rights in the Charter and in the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Americas in and before a Century of International Criminal Law
Authors: Quintana Francisco-José , Uriburu Justina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Dominant accounts have largely excluded actors from the Americas, other than the United States, from the history of international criminal law. This chapter does not attempt to introduce these exclusions into the established celebratory narrative. Instead, it explores how and why American actors have promoted, resisted, ignored, been affected, or been ignored by different efforts to implement or expand criminal justice in and through international law since the end of World War I until the present. In this way, this chapter presents a counter-history of international criminal law in and from the Americas, unveiling overlooked discontinuities and illuminating the changing political stakes involved in these projects.
Gender, sexuality, and CAT
Authors: Benson Anne , Discepolo Ahmadi Josephine F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter suggests that people inhabit living bodies that are dynamic systems developing in relationship with their social and historical context. There is a live relationship between societal norms and expectations of how our bodies are defined, what we do with them, and how power is exercised. Throughout history different practices have been variously criminalized, pathologized, marginalized, celebrated, and legitimized. Current debate creates a dichotomy between personal relationships based on individual choice rather than on gendered roles. The former risks ignoring societal and political power dynamics, and the latter perpetuates norms established within the heterosexual nuclear family. Meg-John Barker’s reworking of Gayle Rubin’s charmed circle offers a more progressive, less reductionist model. This chapter argues that sexuality and gender have not always attracted the attention and the debate they require within the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) community. A substantial shift is critical for CAT therapists to develop specific and up-to-date competencies in this field. An approach informed by diversity, and intersectional thinking and adopting affirmative practice provides the foundation. Understanding the relationship to these issues enables the therapist to be consciously aware of what they are bringing to the therapeutic process and of how different factors intersect in shaping the relationships of power in the therapy room. There is a need to promote collaborative, consensual practices that normalize differences without invalidating the unique ways in which people define and express their embodied presence in the world.
Do no harm
Authors: Parry Glenys 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Although cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) was developed to be a safe first intervention for people with complex mental health problems, like any effective treatment it has the potential to cause harm. The concept of harm is defined and distinguished from a negative therapy experience or ineffective therapy. Research evidence on adverse effects of psychotherapy is summarized to understand what causes harm, and the balance of risk and benefit. I critically examine the CAT model to see how far it lives up to its aspiration to be a safe therapy. Aspects of CAT theory are considered in relation to ways in which the model guards against negative process and outcomes, but also areas where clients can experience negative effects: e.g. the assessment process; the potential for anti-therapeutic or malignant enactments within the therapy relationship; blind spots in reformulation; poor endings. CAT offers clear insights into how therapy fails, so cognitive analytic therapists are well placed to understand these risks and to use CAT to mitigate the risk of harm.
CAT and intellectual disability
Authors: Bork Natalie , Varela Jo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
People with intellectual disabilities experience many barriers to a good quality of life and are more likely to experience the social, relational, and material precursors to mental ill health. Using case examples, this chapter shows how cognitive analytic therapy (CAT), with its dual focus on supporting cognition and relational understanding, can be used effectively with the person and their care system to empathically understand distress and support change. It offers a relational understanding of behaviour that challenge services and describes adjustments to CAT tools to make them more accessible to people with an intellectual disability. To achieve good outcomes, CAT can support the system to think compassionately about behaviours that challenge and support meaningful change for those that are cared for, through care being more attuned to the individual’s needs and those caring for the individual.
A relational approach to working with medically unexplained symptoms (or not yet explained symptoms)
Authors: Bearman Nadine , Jenaway Alison 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
People suffering medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) or yet to be explained symptoms can be a challenging client group to engage in therapy for a number of reasons. Firstly, MUS is a term used to describe a wide range of presentations from short term, stress-related symptoms to functional neurological disorder (FND) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Of emerging importance are persisting physiological symptoms post Covid-19 infection. The aetiology of MUS has wide heterogeneity and there is often poor understanding amongst healthcare professionals about MUS and available support. Clients can feel overwhelmed by a lack of clear diagnosis and care pathway, and are often left feeling dismissed when they are referred for therapy. This chapter provides an overview of how psychological models have contributed to our understanding of MUS and the use of therapies in practice. Considering the challenges for clients attending therapy, we describe how the nature of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT)—to be open, curious, and work collaboratively—can provide a helpful approach with this client group. Using case examples, we describe how CAT enables the therapist to explore many aspects of the individual’s experience, including their early life and their relationships with others, themselves, their symptoms, their body, and their experience of the medical professionals. The process of co-constructed reformulation and self-reflection, creates a dynamic person-centred approach that has the openness, curiosity, and flexibility to explore and learn.
CAT in forensic settings part two
Authors: Manson Kerry , Ryan Sue , Lock Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings together practitioner reflections over the past twenty years of the application of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) to forensic work with individuals within prison and the community. It highlights how CAT can provide a structured yet flexible way to have conversations with individuals that enables hidden and harmful parts of themselves to be explored and reflected upon in a compassionate, containing, and collaborative way. It can enable an individual to be more authentic, less defended and understood as a whole person rather than a fragmented list of risk factors. This chapter brings together different approaches to applying the model, both as a therapy and as a CAT consultation formulation model, which has enabled individuals to reach new awareness and connections that can be shared with the wider systems and staff teams to help enhance relationships and responses. Whilst some individuals have a ‘readiness’ to embark on a CAT, the chapter also considers how some may not feel able to withstand exploration of the past, particularly after release into the community, where increased stressors, expectations, and less external controls can mean that an extended CAT consultation model may be considered.
CAT for long-term health conditions
Authors: Thompson Andrew R. , Fox John R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Long term conditions (LTCs) can be associated with significant psychosocial distress. Psychological distress in LTCs such as diabetes and psoriasis typically not only add to the burden of disease for the individual but also tend to affect the management or even course of the disease itself. This chapter will describe how cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) can be used to assist people living with LTCs with the management of accompanying psychosocial issues. Using CAT in this context requires interprofessional working and some knowledge of the medical aspects of specific diseases. However, a central message within this chapter is to emphasize the value that the reformulatory approach can bring to understanding the complex interplay between the biopsychosocial factors involved in living with a LTC. Further, reformulation that centres on the psychosocial can be a springboard for facilitating a patient’s story to emerge, revealing how reciprocal roles (RRs) shaped by earlier attachments and experiences or by the internalization of wider societal stereotypes might be driving target problem procedures (TPPs) and maintaining target problems (TPs) associated with adjustment. Recognition of this nature can facilitate revision of stuck TPPs and enable the utilization of a range of exit strategies and improve treatment adherence.