bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economies of Early Modern Drama
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The monograph explores early modern theatre’s fascination with economic praxis and affords new insights into how it responded to changing economic practices. It reviews discourses on household management and commerce to create a rich context for the discussion of socio-economic actions and transactions in Macbeth, Othello, and Timon of Athens, as well as in city comedies by Ben Jonson and Thomas Middleton. By approaching discourses on oeconomy and commerce as complementary, the book opens up a diverse field of socio-economic practices, including the gendered division of duties in the household, new modes of valuation, and evolving credit instruments. Theatre provides unique access to this field. In contrast to practical and policy-orientated discourses, it addresses socio-economic change and its vicissitudes in a spirit of experimentation, testing the ethical limits of socio-economic action and accustoming audiences to the demands of a changing socio-economic reality. Theatre thus offers a vital contribution to the prehistory of political economy. On the London stages, self-interest emerges as a key motive of socio-economic action and theatre playfully explores its ambiguous status as a partly rational and partly excessive force that is both a new ordering force and has huge potential for social conflict. At the same time, by staging the conflicting demands of ethics and efficiency in economic decision-making, early modern plays offer access to a changing understanding of prudence that has a Machiavellian touch: by aligning with the pursuit of private interest, prudence sheds some of its ethical content and becomes foremost an instrumental faculty.
Household Management and Commerce in Early Modern England
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses classical and early modern discourses on household management and commerce to establish a historical context for the socio-economic concerns that the theatre around 1600 addresses. The turn of the seventeenth century saw the publication of the early mercantilists and bullionists, but also a steady flow of sermons and advice books on oeconomy and commerce. The chapter reviews newly written and republished works as well as classical sources that shaped early modern thought, highlighting connections between household and business. Together, oeconomic and mercantile discourses reflect the economic concerns of the time and the ongoing negotiation of the connections between ethics, oeconomy, and politics. Although necessarily selective, the chapter contextualizes the theatrical representation of economic practices and traces the revaluation and reinterpretation of private interest and practical rationality in early modern practical writings.
Mercantile Agency and Service in Othello and The Alchemist
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter shifts the earlier focus on gender relations to insubordinate servants who pursue their own private interests and social advancement. It employs Jonson’s The Alchemist and Shakespeare’s Othello to continue the exploration of a mercantile form of rationality that values efficiency over ethics and services private interests. The chapter uses Bacon’s notion of ‘wisdom of business’ as well as writings on rhetoric and commerce to render the manipulative skills of self-interested servants intelligible and to highlight the socio-economic contexts in which they prove effective. The chapter also recognizes crucial differences between the plays: whereas Jonson’s comedy performs plotting as a joint enterprise that demands tactical alliances and establishes the pursuit of profit as a general aim, Shakespeare casts Iago as a solitary agent who develops destructive force through manipulating credit and harnessing affect.
Asynchronous Exchanges in Volpone and Timon of Athens
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter interrogates the asymmetrical economies in Timon of Athens and Jonson’s Volpone. It focuses in particular on the temporality of socio-economic exchange. Both plays implicitly address the question of how to respond to and even exploit contingent events and circumstances in a changeable world. Specifically, the chapter explores the management of time as a crucial skill in a culture of credit and investment: in both plays, entrepreneurial figures—tricksters and false friends—seek to capitalize on the uncertainty of the future and to render the interval between payment and recompense productive. Both plays use the gift to interrogate an economic calculus of obligation and delayed reciprocity. At the same time, in both plays the management of time, in the form of dilation, plays a crucial role in the organization of plot. As in economic transactions, dilation of the interval becomes productive: it raises suspense and amplifies affective involvement.
Conclusion
Authors: Enderwitz Anne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion reviews key insights of the preceding chapters through the lens of genre to help initiate a broader discussion of how tragedy and city comedy approach and mediate socio-economic relations and exchanges. The chapter outlines some of the concerns and priorities of these genres and shows how inherited dramatic forms adapt to changing social frameworks. It reviews theatrical representations of oeconomy in relation to ethics, politics, and the market, discusses the discontents of social mobility, and explores the tension between the promise of a future that can be shaped (as expressed in the Baconian notion of the ‘Architecture of Fortune’) and time as the dimension of contingent events.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Wilfrid Sellars’s practical philosophy was absolutely central to his overarching philosophical project of situating persons qua practically rational, norm-governed animals within the world as described by an ideal science. The Editors’ Introduction offers an overview of Sellars’s metaethics, detailing its key features and explaining how these features are supposed to solve outstanding metaethical problems that faced not only Sellars?s contemporaries, but which continue to create lively debate among contemporary theorists. The Introduction also offers summaries of each of the twenty-four chapters in The Metaphysics of Practice, indicating the main lines of argument and where each piece fits into Sellars’s overall picture.
Obligation and Motivation
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars offers an account of moral judgments according to which they are cognitive, motivating, but also ontologically modest. Sellars denies that “ought” claims assert a relation between an agent and an obligation, and defends a nonrelational account of ought-statements (just as he defends a nonrelational account of meaning claims): I ought to do X in C =Df tokens of “Everybody ought to do X in C, and I am in C” tend to evoke my doing X in C. “Ought” plays a role in the moral syllogism, as the rationalist claims; it is cognitive. But through training and conditioning, the thought of “ought” motivates us to act.
“Ought” and Moral Principles
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The “ought” of means-ends reasoning is the “ought” of logical consistency: If bringing about A entails bringing about B, then you cannot consistently will A but not B. Can the moral “ought” be an “ought” of consistency—a matter of what one wants to do, all things considered? It would seem not, because the moral “ought” should be univocal, but from the perspective of individual means-ends reasoning, consistency doesn’t determine a unique “ought”: Rather, we are confronted with the “ought” of self-interest and that of altruism. Sellars’s solution is to locate the moral point of view not in individual means-ends reasoning, but in reasoning as one of us—from the point of view of the “we.” There is a unique, all-things-considered “ought” from this point of view. Sellars concludes by suggesting there might actually be significant overlap between the points of view of morality and rational self-interest.
Reason and the Art of Living in Plato
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Plato’s notion of a craft involves a recipe for producing a product such as a house or a shoe. Given a determinate description of the end of the craft (and the available ingredients), factual principles govern the craft and the production of its end. These principles of the craft must be distinguished from mere conventions (e.g., imperatives enforced by a guild). Similarly, given the end of a satisfying life and certain “ingredients” for such a life, there are objective principles for how one ought to live—and these may diverge from positive law. Sellars’s interpretation of Plato’s thesis that “the form of the Good is the Form of Forms” is that it is only in light of some practical end that any sort of reasoning is intelligible at all—that rationality essentially includes practical rationality. For the world to have an intelligible structure, not all reasoning can involve hypothetical imperatives.
Metaphysics and the Concept of a Person
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars argues that all concepts pertaining to mental acts are functional. This allows him to defend a Kantian concept of personhood, which is neutral as to the underlying substance constituting the experiencing subject. However, Sellars wants to reconcile this with an Aristotelian metaphysics of the person, according to which it is the same thing, a person, which both thinks and runs. Sellars argues that modern postulational science reveals persons to us as constituted by swarms of microparticles. This swarm constitutes the being “which both thinks and runs,” per Sellars’s Aristotelian metaphysics. Sellars also offers a criticism of agent causation and the dualism often associated with this view.
Volitions Re-Affirmed
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars clarifies his notion of a volition: volitions are a species of intention; they are essentially involved in practical reasoning; they are not a part of an action but instead are the cause of actions; and there is a conceptual connection between volition and action. Sellars also introduces several clarifications regarding the logic of practical reasoning: reiterates the important connection between “shall be” and “shall do,” which reflects his distinction between “ought-to-bes” and “ought-to-dos”; he formally introduces the “So-be-it” principle, which allows states of affairs that are not up to one to enter the scope of the “Shall” operator and hence be taken up in one’s practical reasoning; he develops his notion of a conditional intention; and he discusses the sense in which reasons can be the causes of actions.
Reply to Alan Donagan
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sellars is replying to Donagan’s criticism of the reconciliationist compatibilism he articulated in FD and MP. In “Determinism and Freedom: Sellars and the Reconciliationist Theory,” Donagan rejects Sellars’s account of the ability to will otherwise. In reply, Sellars distinguishes between conditions that result in x’s failure to do A and those which cause x to lose the capacity to will A. Sellars also reiterates his claim in “Fatalism and Determinism” (FD, 1966) that the manifest image cannot produce a deterministic model of human action. Finally, Sellars reaffirms his rejection of C.D. Broad–type agent causation, but grants that agents can be “immanent causes” of actions in the sense that an action’s proximate cause is within the agent (viz., a volition). This allows us to view reasons for actions as causes of actions, and, thus, to view an appeal to reasons when explaining action as a special case of causal explanation. This last point illustrates Sellars’s recurring theme of integrating the natural and the normative or fusing together into a synoptic vision the scientific and manifest images.
Imperatives, Intentions, and the Logic of “Ought”
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter (IIOR, 1963), a revised and expanded version of an earlier article with the same title (IIO, 1957)), is the earliest expression of Sellars’s metaethical theory, which he presents as an alternative to intuitionism and emotivism. Contrary to intuitionism, moral judgments are analytically connected to moral motivation. Contrary to emotivism, moral judgments are intersubjective. After rejecting other alternatives, including R.M. Hare’s prescriptivism, Sellars articulates his own intention-based view. According to Sellars’s metaethical intentionalism, “ought” is a special case of “shall,” where “shall” expresses intentions, or, in the logic of intentions, is an operator to render a sentence an intention-expressor. By treating moral judgments as intentions, Sellars assigns them two dimensions of intersubjectivity: first, intentions occupy inferential roles; second, diverging expressions of intention can be genuinely contradictory rather than merely like disagreement in attitude. Although Sellars does not use the term “we-intention” in IIOR, the concept is on display here and in the contemporaneous SE.
On Reasoning about Values
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay is a contribution to the logic of intentions, and to Sellars’s project of interpreting the moral “ought” in terms of “shall.” Using “shall” as an operator to denote the expression of an intention (e.g., “Shall [I go to the park]”), Sellars outlines a number of logical principles which must govern inferences among such intention-expressions. However, the moral “ought” cannot be analyzed in terms of ordinary intention-expressions, for the latter lack the necessary elements of intersubjectivity. Sellars argues that a particular kind of intentions—we-intentions—can have the requisite kind of intersubjectivity, and offers an account of what distinguishes we-intentions from ordinary, egocentric intentions. He concludes with reflections on the moral community, arguing that it is in virtue of sharing the intrinsically reasonable intention Shall [each of us do that which, in the circumstances, promotes the happiness of each and every one of us, all relevant things considered]. that one is a member of the moral community, a community we must treat as comprising rational beings, generally.
Practical Reasoning
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This is an essay fragment, likely related to “Thought and Action” (TA). One issue Sellars addresses in detail, more so than in TA, is implication relative to an assumption, which he discusses here under the heading of “derivable intentions”: Given “Shall [P] implies Shall [Q]”, “Shall [Q]” expresses a derivable intention—derivable relative to the assumption “Shall [P].” Sellars uses this conception of a derivable intention to analyze what it is to have and act on a policy. Additionally, Sellars reflects on the concept of self-love, and its relation to the moral point of view.
Practical Reasoning Again
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this unpublished manuscript, Sellars updates his theory of the logic of intentions. Sellars endorses the principle of conjunction introduction—the rule that from “Shall [P]” and “Shall [Q]” you may infer “Shall [P and Q]”—a principle he denied in “Thought and Action” (TA). He also explains how, using his principles of inference, you can form the contrapositive of “Shall [P] implies Shall [Q]”—something he also denied was possible in TA, since “Shall” has no external negation. Sellars introduces a new principle, So-be-it, which allows us to introduce the agent’s factual beliefs into the scope of the shall-operator so that they may be taken up in practical reasoning; and he explains the important relationship between So-be-it and conditional implication (e.g., “Shall [If it rains, I will study]”).
The Castañeda–Sellars Correspondence, 1956–1967
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This correspondence consists of letters exchanged between Sellars and Hector-Neri Castañeda in 1956 and 1967. The 1956 correspondence deals primarily with the early (Methodos) version of “Intention, Imperatives, and the Logic of ‘Ought’” (IIO). Castañeda argues (contra Sellars) that there are valid inferences not only among intentions, but also among commands, promises, and other nonassertoric speech acts; and he further offers criticisms of various aspects of Sellars’s logic of intentions such as the requirement that the “shall”-operator may not appear within the scope of logical operators. The later correspondence concerns “Form and Content in Ethical Theory,” most of which was incorporated into Chapter 7 of Science and Metaphysics. Castañeda addresses what he takes to be ambiguities and weaknesses in Sellars’s logic of intentions, such as whether Sellars’s notion of “reasonableness” is a semantic or pragmatic value, why the shall-operator cannot embed, and whether Sellars is consistent in his projection of nomologicals into the practical realm. Both sets of correspondence contain Sellar’s replies to Castañeda’s arguments.
The Aune–Sellars Correspondence, 1961–1979
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This extensive correspondence between Sellars and Bruce Aune consists of 20 letters exchanged between 1961 and 1979. It opens with a brief exchange concerning free will; Sellars outlines some of the arguments and definitions which later appear in “Fatalism and Determinism” (1966), and Aune replies with some critical commentary, prompting some clarifications from Sellars. The remaining correspondence chiefly concerns Sellars’s logic of intentions. Aune raises a number of objections to Sellars’s theory: He repeatedly criticizes the notion of dependent implication (or implication relative to an assumption), which is so central to Sellars’s theory; he argues that S-Imp (Sellars’s basic principle for reasoning among intentions) is too strong; he criticizes Sellars’s distinction between shall-be and shall-do; and more. Sellars offers detailed replies, to which Aune offers spirited rebuttals. In the later correspondence, Aune has softened in his stance, claiming closer agreement with Sellars; but he continues to criticize Sellars’s theory on a number of points (offering, for example, additional critical commentary on Sellars’s notion of dependent implication).
Sellars to Solomon, 28 June 1976
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this letter to David Solomon, Sellars is exploring some of the logical implications of both ascriptions and expressions of we-intentions. We can ascribe both intentions and actions to groups, but neither ascription formally entails the corresponding intention or action for any particular member of that group. If, on the other hand, I express a group intention (“We shall disperse”), this doesn’t formally entail “I shall disperse”; but it does have some implication of the form “I shall do A”—at a minimum, “I shall not impede the dispersal.” Sellars emphasizes that we-intentions need not be shared—the point is merely that such intentions are shareable. The categorically valid intention defining the moral community is, “We shall any of us do that which (in his/her circumstances) promotes (maximizes) our common good.” Sharing this intention defines what it is to be a member of the moral community.
The Porta Stabia Neighborhood at Pompeii Volume I
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This volume brings together the results from the University of Cincinnati’s archaeological excavations of the Porta Stabia neighborhood at Pompeii. These excavations targeted two town blocks on either side of the via Stabiana (Insulae VIII.7 and I.1), which comprised modest houses, shops, workshops, food and drink outlets, and hospitality buildings. The present volume describes and documents the phased, structural development of this neighborhood over several centuries. The earliest discernible activity here dates to the sixth century bce, with the insulae taking their definitive shape only in the second century bce. It is from this time that production activities dominate the neighborhood, only to be wholly replaced by retail-oriented street-fronts from the early first century ce. Underpinning this narrative of urban development is a focus on the social and structural making of the Porta Stabia neighborhood, along with an interest in both the micro- (urban site formation processes) and macro-contextualization of the site (setting the results within a larger historic and urban framework).
Making Empire
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Empire and imperial frameworks, policies, practices, and cultures have shaped the history of the world for the last two millennia. It is nation states that are the blip on the historical horizon. This book re-examines empire as process—and Ireland’s role in it—through the lens of early modernity. It covers the two hundred years between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century. How did the English empire actually function in early modern Ireland and how did this change over time? What did access to European empires mean for people living in Ireland? This book answers these questions by interrogating four interconnected themes: first, that Ireland formed an integral part of the English imperial system; second, that the Irish operated as agents of empire(s); third, that Ireland served as laboratory in and for the English empire; finally, it examines the impact that empire(s) had on people living in early modern Ireland. What it meant to be Irish and the ‘trans-imperialism’ of people from Ireland are themes explored throughout. What becomes clear is that colonisation was not a single occurrence but an iterative and durable process that impacted different parts of Ireland at different times and in different ways. That imperialism was about the exercise of power, violence, coercion, and expropriation. Strategies about how best to turn conquest into profit, to mobilise and control Ireland’s natural resources, especially land and labour, varied but the reality of everyday life did not change and provoked a wide variety of responses ranging from acceptance and assimilation to resistance.
Making history
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on Making History, a play by Brian Friel, which was first performed in 1988 to unpack the four themes addressed in this book: first, that Ireland formed an integral part of the English imperial system; second, that the Irish operated as agents of empire(s); third, that Ireland served as laboratory in and for the English empire; finally, it examines the impact that empire(s) had on people living in early modern Ireland. Section I introduces the play which is about Hugh O’Neill and set on the eve of the Nine Years’ War (1594–1603). Section II focuses on the contexts in which the play was set, was performed, and is read today, along with the relevant historiographies. Section III explores the challenges involved in writing a broad history of Ireland and empire and the final section offers an overview of the five remaining chapters in this book.