bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asserting Ignorance
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores to what extent ignorance can be asserted. It first discusses whether one can express objectual and practical ignorance. It then investigates whether each of the six varieties of ignorance—disbelieving, suspending, undecided, unconsidered, deep, and complete ignorance—can be expressed. It also considers what adherents of the Standard View take to be an additional variety of ignorance, namely, unwarranted ignorance, and what adherents of Duncan Pritchard’s Normative View could call ignorance that issues from the violation of an obligation to inquire. It is argued that only two out of these six or eight kinds of ignorance are assertable and that the remaining varieties of ignorance are unassertable for rather different reasons. It is then explored whether this conclusion also holds for asserting group ignorance. Finally, this chapter discusses two ramifications of the thesis that some versions of ignorance can be asserted whereas others cannot: the debate about inexpressible ignorance and the Transparency View on self-knowledge.
Holy Cross Monastery
Authors: McGraw Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The monks at Holy Cross Abbey in Berryville, Virginia, follow an ethical system that is based on the Rule of Saint Benedict. By exercising the situated reasoning demanded by Benedict’s complex “rule,” the monks can apply what they have learned through listening and singing together in the practice of everyday life. Their experience of music as ethics guides the monks to understand their singing as a collective offering to God and as diagnostic of the health of their relationships. Through a continual feedback loop, the virtues of listening and interdependence honed within their sonic practices help shape the ethical life of their community. In this context, singing is a form of collective prayer that can make the individual monk receptive to the gift of grace. When they can overcome musical and social challenges, they may discover that, as a group, they can reach a depth of prayer that they are unable to realize as individuals.
Using DNA Ancestry Evidence to Retrace History
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order to illustrate how DNA can be used to infer ancestry, I look at some of the early investigations that aimed at relying on DNA and ancestry to retrace history, resolving long-standing historical mysteries. I consider three cases: whether Martin Bormann, “Hitler’s executioner,” fled Berlin in 1945 (the evidence supports the conclusion that he did not); whether Thomas Jefferson was the father of Sally Hemings’s children (the evidence supports the conclusion that he could be, but it is not definitive that he was); and whether the bodies found in two graves near Ekaterinburg were those of the Romanovs, the last royal family of Russia (the evidence supports the conclusion that they were). There are two important conclusions: that DNA evidence cannot answer all questions definitively; and that it cannot answer those questions alone, as it is always necessary to consider genealogical and historical information.
The Persistence of the AFSPA
Authors: Bhonsle Anubha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, or AFSPA, is a small, short law, just seven sections that hold within it great powers. For large parts of the country where AFSPA is a television debate and not a lived experience, the law, the need for it and how its extraordinary powers sometimes go awry is a simple reality of life, particularly of life in some regions. For those who live under its shadow, AFSPA plays out in every facet of life. The rules of law, governance, state, non-state, access to justice, or to even walk down the street are not the same. This chapter uncovers the arrogance of this law, its application, and how it continues to persist despite many high-powered recommendations for its repeal. The remedy to AFSPA, if and when there is agreement that it is draconian within a democracy, may not be that hard.
Protective Labor and Its Correlates
Authors: Nath Paaritosh , Jayadev Arjun 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution of the security worker landscape in India and identifies some of the correlates of protective security work. Over the past twenty-four years, protective security work has grown at a rapid pace, particularly in the private sector, although the public sector continues to remain an important employer. Protective security work varies substantially across geographical regions and social identity groups. A typical security worker is noted to be slightly older than the average worker, disproportionately male, and earns higher than average wages if employed in the public sector. The average private security worker, on the other hand, belongs to the “doorkeeper” category and has lower than average wages and skill. Of some of the obvious correlates of the extent of protective services in the labor force, only urbanization appears to be a robust correlate, suggesting that growth in protective service work may be driven by the rapid changes occurring in urban India. We end by considering some welfare implications.
Weanling pigs consume more feed if hybrid rye replaces corn in diets, but average daily gain and fecal scores are not impacted by hybrid rye
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Acosta Jessica P , Stein Hans H 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that growth performance and health status of pigs will not be reduced if hybrid rye is included in diets at the expense of corn during the initial 5 wk post-weaning. A total of 128 weanling pigs (5.6 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly allotted to 32 pens and 4 dietary treatments. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 35 d in three phases with days 1 to 7 being phase 1, days 8 to 21 being phase 2, and days 22 to 35 being phase 3. Within each phase, a control diet primarily based on corn and soybean meal was formulated, and three additional diets were formulated by including 8.0, 16.0, or 24.0% (phase 1), 16.0, 32.0, or 48.0% (phase 2), and 20.0, 40.0, or 60.3% (phase 3) hybrid rye in the diet at the expense of corn. Pig weights were recorded at the start and conclusion of each phase, fecal scores were visually assessed every other day on a pen basis, and blood samples were obtained from 1 pig per pen on days 21 and 35. Results indicated that average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) as the inclusion of hybrid rye increased, but no other differences in ADG were observed. Average daily feed intake linearly increased in phase 1, phase 3, and overall (P &lt; 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased in the diets, and gain:feed was negatively impacted by the inclusion of hybrid rye in the diet (phase 1, linear, P &lt; 0.05; phases 2, 3, and overall, quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). No differences in average fecal scores or diarrhea incidence were observed. On days 21 and 35, blood urea N increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) as hybrid rye increased in the diets; and on day 21, serum total protein also increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) with increasing hybrid rye inclusion in the diet. Mean blood hemoglobin concentration on day 35 increased and then decreased as hybrid rye inclusion increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). On day 21, interleukin (IL) 2 and IL 10 decreased and then increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased. On day 35, IL 8 and IL 12 increased and then decreased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and interferon-gamma decreased and then increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.01) as hybrid rye inclusion increased. In conclusion, the ADG of pigs was not different among treatments, but at the highest hybrid rye inclusion level, pigs consumed more feed than if corn was fed and gain:feed was reduced with increasing hybrid rye in diets. Differences in blood serum cytokines indicate the immune system was affected differently when hybrid rye instead of corn was fed.
A Physician’s Sense of Responsibility to Address Disparities: Does It Relate to Reported Behaviors About Screening for and Addressing Social Needs?
Authors: Peek Monica E. , Wan Wen , Noriea Ashley 
Published: February 2023

Purpose
It is widely accepted that negative social determinants of health (e.g., poverty) are underlying drivers of poor health and health disparities. There is overwhelming support among physicians to screen for patient-level social needs, but only a minority of clinicians actually do so. The authors explored potential associations between physician beliefs about health disparities and behaviors to screen and address social needs among patients.

Method
The authors used 2016 data from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile database to identify a purposeful sample of U.S. physicians (n = 1,002); data obtained in 2017 were analyzed. Chi-squared tests of proportions and binomial regression analyses were employed to investigate associations between the belief that it is a physician’s responsibility to address health disparities and perceptions of physician behaviors to screen for and address social needs, accounting for physician, clinical practice, and patient characteristics.

Results
Of 188 respondents, respondents who felt that physicians have a responsibility to address health disparities were more likely than their peers (who did not feel that physicians have such a responsibility) to report that a physician on their health care team would screen for social needs that were psychosocial (e.g., safety, social support) (45.5% vs 29.6%, P = .03) and material (e.g., food, housing) (33.0% vs 13.6%, P < .0001). They were also more likely to report that a physician on their health care team would address both psychosocial needs (48.1% vs 30.9%, P = .02) and material needs (21.4% vs 9.9%, P = .04). With the exception of screening for psychosocial needs, these associations persisted in adjusted models.

Conclusions
Engaging physicians to screen for and address social needs should couple efforts to expand infrastructure with educational efforts about professionalism and health disparities, especially underlying drivers such as structural racism and the social determinants of health.
Prophylactic Antibiotics for Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction: A Comparison between Three Different Duration Approaches
Authors: Changchien Chih-Hsuan , Fang Chien-Liang , Tsai Chong-Bin , Hsu Chin-Hao , Yang Hsin-Yi , Chen Ming-Shan , Lin Yi-Ling 
Published: February 2023

Background:
There is no consensus on the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use for autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy. We attempted to standardize the use of prophylactic antibiotics after mastectomy using a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for the breast reconstruction procedure.

Methods:
This retrospective case series included 108 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap at the Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital between 2012 and 2019. Patients were divided into three groups based on the duration of prophylactic antibiotic administration (1, 3, and >7 days) for patients with drains. Data were analyzed between January and April 2021.

Results:
The prevalence of surgical site infection in the breast was 0.93% (1/108), and in the abdomen it was 0%. The patient groups did not differ by age, body mass index, smoking status, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Only one patient experienced surgical site infection in the breast after half-deep necrosis of the inferior epigastric perforator flap. There were no significant differences in surgical site infection based on the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use. The operation time, methods of breast surgery, volume of fluid drainage in the first 3 days of the abdominal and breast drains, and day of removal of the abdominal and breast drains did not affect surgical site infection.

Conclusion:
Based on these data, we do not recommend extending prophylactic antibiotics beyond 24 hours in deep inferior epigastric perforator reconstruction.
Promoting Patient-Centered Fasting Through E-Mail Reminders
Authors: Robbins Karen M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Historical fasting practices before 1999 advised that surgical patients should have nothing to eat or drink after midnight to minimize the risk of aspiration. This practice can lead to prolonged fasting from food and liquids, which causes irritability, hunger, excessive thirst, and stress for the child and their caregiver. In addition, an increased inflammatory response and insulin resistance can occur during surgery. Research has demonstrated that fasting from clear liquids for 1–2 hours before surgery does not increase the risk of aspiration in children. A pre- and post-intervention quality improvement project was conducted in a pediatric surgical department in central Florida. From March to August 2022, 346 parents of children scheduled for general surgery were included in the project. Both groups received a reminder phone call the day before surgery with their preoperative instructions. In addition to a phone call, the post-intervention group also received an e-mail summarizing fasting instructions and times. This quality improvement project compared fasting times from food, nonclear liquids, and clear liquids before and after implementing an e-mail message reminder. The mean fasting times for clear and nonclear liquids did not change significantly from the baseline group to the post-intervention group. However, the mean solid fasting times did decrease significantly from 13.8 to 12.9 hours (p < .05) in the post-intervention group. Sending an e-mail reminder the day before surgery significantly reduced the mean fasting times for food. However, additional interventions and parental education may be needed to promote a reduction in fasting from clear and nonclear liquids.
Chronic Intratendinous Tophaceous Gout in Repaired Second Extensor Digitorum Communis and Extensor Indicis Proprius Tendons
Authors: Heo Jae-Woo , Whang Jong Ick , Park Hyun Sik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A 26-year-old male patient visited outpatient clinic for pain and palpable mass at 2nd extensor digitorum communis zone V region since last year. He underwent a posttraumatic extensor tenorrhaphy on the same location 11 years ago. Otherwise previously healthy, his blood test revealed an elevated uric acid level. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan suggested a lesion, such as tenosynovial hemangioma and neurogenic tumor. Excisional biopsy was performed, and total excision of the compromised second extensor digitorum communis and extensor indicis proprius tendons was also necessary. Palmaris longus tendon was grafted to the defect. Postoperative biopsy report confirmed a crystalloid material with giant cell associated granulomas, suggestive of gouty tophi.
Mortality by cause of death in Brazil: effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and contribution to changes in life expectancy at birth
Authors: Fernandes Fernando , Turra Cássio M. , França Giovanny V. A. , Castro Marcia C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe investigate the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on other underlying causes of death in Brazil in 2020 and 2021. We estimate monthly age-standardized mortality rates for 2010-2021 and decompose those time series into three additive components: trend, seasonality, and remainder. Given the long-term trend and historical seasonal fluctuations, we assume that any impact from the pandemic will be left on the remainder. We also decompose the contributions of COVID-19 deaths (direct effect) and those from other causes (indirect effects) to the annual change in life expectancy at birth (𝑒0) from 2017 to 2021. Broadly, the remainder mirrors the trajectory of pandemic waves. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other causes of death was not limited to increases but also decreases. The direct effects of the pandemic reduced 𝑒0by 1.89 years between 2019 and 2020 and 1.77 between 2020 and 2021. Indirect effects increased 𝑒0by 0.44 between 2019 and 2020 and had virtually no impact on 𝑒0between 2020 and 2021. Whether trajectories in mortality rates and annual gains in 𝑒0will quickly return to pre-pandemic levels depends on governmental actions to mitigate the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The prevalence of low dose aspirin use for prevention of adverse cardiovascular events and its associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus: A hospital based cross-sectional study
Authors: Tukeni Kedir Negesso , Mohammed Ebrahim Umer , Regassa Nigatu Asfaw , Abera Eyob Girma 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among diabetic patients. Aspirin is recommended for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetics who are eligible for therapy based on active international guidelines. However, these active guidelines are underutilized. Hence, this article helps to assess low dose aspirin use and its associated factors in patients with diabetes mellitus on follow-up at the diabetes clinic of Jimma Medical Center (JMC).MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted among 388 diabetic patients on follow-up at the diabetic clinic of JMC during October 1, 2020 to November 15, 2020. The collected data were cleaned and entered into EpiData version 4.6 then exported to STATA version 16.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify the relationship between dependent and independent variables with declaring statistical significance if P value is less than 0.05.ResultOut of the total 388 diabetic patients interviewed, Most of the patients were in the age group of 50-54 (35.8%) with the mean age of 48.8 [48.2, 51.4] years old. About half (48.7%) of them had a history of hypertension. Nearly double of the study participants (47.2%) were utilizing a low dose aspirin. Aspirin was indicated for 80 (20.6%) of the patients despite 21 (26.2%) of them were not using it. It was both indicated and prescribed in 59 (15.2%) of the cases. Older age, longer duration of DM, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were associated with more likely utilization of low dose aspirin.ConclusionAbout half of the DM patients were utilizing low dose aspirin, while only one fifth of them were having indications to do so. Furthermore, one fourth of the patients were not taking low dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events despite they were supposed to use it. Therefore, these findings suggest a greater need for physicians to carefully assess the indications to prescribe aspirin with a clear explanation of the it’s advantages in these specific patient population. Ultimately, future studies should examine the influence of updating guidelines on clinician behaviors to avoid irrational use of aspirin and the association of changing trends in preventive aspirin use with the development of CVD in patients with DM.
Protective effect of plasma neutralization from prior SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection against BA.5 subvariant symptomatic reinfection
Authors: Chen Xiaosu , Xu Yanli , Xie Yan , Song Weiliang , Hu Ye , Yisimayi Ayijiang , Shao Fei , Geng Li , Wang Ying , Gao Hongmei , Shi Yansong , Gao Fei , Jin Ronghua , Shen Zhongyang , Cao Yunlong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFrom December 2022 to January 2023, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections caused by BA.5 and BF.7 subvariants of B.1.1.529 (Omicron) swept across mainland China. It is crucial to estimate the protective effect of the neutralizing antibodies generated by such mass infections against the next potential SARS-CoV-2 reinfection wave, especially if driven by CH.1.1 or XBB.1.5. Previously, we recruited and continuously followed a cohort of individuals that experienced Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 breakthrough infections, as well as a control cohort with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the previously uninfected cohort, the total symptomatic infection rate surveyed during the outbreak was 91.6%, while the symptomatic reinfection rate was 32.9%, 10.5%, and 2.8% among individuals with prior Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 infection, respectively, with median intervals between infections of 335, 225 and 94 days. Pseudovirus neutralization assays were performed in plasma samples collected from previously Omicron BA.1-infected individuals approximately 3 months before the outbreak. Results indicate a robust correlation between the plasma neutralizing antibody titers and the protective effect against symptomatic reinfection. The geometric mean of the 50% neutralizing titers (NT50) against D614G, BA.5, and BF.7 were 2.0, 2.5, and 2.3-fold higher in individuals without symptomatic reinfection than in those with symptomatic reinfection (p< 0.01). Low plasma neutralizing antibody titer (below the geometric mean of NT50) was associated with an enhanced cumulative risk of symptomatic reinfection, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 23.55 (95% CI: 9.23-60.06) against BF.7 subvariant. Importantly, neutralizing antibodies titers post one month after BF.7/BA.5 breakthrough infections against CH.1.1 and XBB.1.5 are similar to that against BF.7 from individuals with prior BA.1 infection while not experiencing a symptomatic BF.7/BA.5 reinfection (plasma collected 3 months before the outbreak), suggesting that the humoral immunity generated by the current BF.7/BA.5 breakthrough infection may provide protection against CH.1.1 and XBB.1.5 symptomatic reinfection wave for 4 months. Of note, the higher hACE2 binding of XBB.1.5 may reduce the protection period since the potential increase of infectivity.