bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVACIONES DE EVENTOS DE DISPERSIÓN DEL PATO DE LOS TORRENTES (MERGANETTA ARMATA)
Authors: Cerón Gerardo , Capllonch Patricia 
Published: February 2023

Resumen ∙ El Pato de los Torrentes (Merganetta armata) es un ave especialista de ríos de aguas rápidas que se distribuye por la cordillera de los Andes desde el sur de Argentina y Chile hasta Venezuela. Aquí aportamos nueva información sobre eventos de dispersión a través de un registro casual y seguimiento de ejemplares anillados en Argentina. Nuestras observaciones sugieren eventos de dispersión crepusculares y nocturnos, un juvenil fue registrado volando de noche sobre tierra firme, a 300 metros del cuerpo de agua más cercano. Las distancias de dispersión fueron en general bajas (2–9 km). Sin embargo, un macho anillado se desplazó entre 22 y 84 km de distancia, dependiendo de si la ruta empleada fue volando sobre tierra firme o realizada siguiendo cursos de agua, respectivamente. Es necesario estudiar la capacidad dispersiva de esta especie para determinar el potencial de aislamiento genético entre poblaciones y probables barreras geográficas.Abstract ∙ Observations on dispersal events of Torrent Ducks (Merganetta armata) The Torrent Duck (Merganetta armata) is a white‐water river specialist distributed along the Andes from southern Argentina and Chile to Venezuela. Here we provide new information on dispersal based on ringed individuals and occasional records from Argentina. Our observations suggest nocturnal or crepuscular dispersal events, a juvenile was recorded flying at night on land, 300 m away from the nearest shore. Dispersal distances were in general low (2–9 km). However, one ringed male dispersed between 22 and 84 km, depending on whether it flew over land or followed watercourses, respectively. It is necessary to study the dispersal ability of this species to determine the potential for genetic isolation between different populations and likely geographical barriers.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE YELLOW‐TUFTED WOOD‐ PECKER (MELANERPES CRUENTATUS) IN NAPO PROVINCE, ECUADOR
Authors: Van der Hoek Yntze 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ The Yellow‐tufted Woodpecker (Melanerpes cruentatus) is common and conspicuous across most of tropical South America. Nevertheless, there is little information available on its breeding behavior. I describe observations of a breeding pair, made between 15 February and 10 March 2016, near the Biological Reserve Colonso Chalupas in the province of Napo, Ecuador. I observed aggressive interactions between M. cruentatus and Masked Tityras (Tityra semifasciata), likely as a result of competition for nest‐holes. I did not observe cooperative breeding. My observations suggest that breeding in Ecuador may commence as early as February, and that M. cruentatus requires dead, standing tree snags, an element often eliminated from anthropogenic landscapes. The availability of snags should be part of ecosystem management, especially in the buffer zone of a protected area.RESUMEN ∙ Observaciones del comportamiento de anidación del carpintero azulado (Melanerpes cruentatus) en la provincia de Napo, EcuadorEl Carpintero Azulado (Melanerpes cruentatus) es una especie común que se encuentra en gran parte de América del Sur tropical. Sin embargo, hay poca información disponible sobre su comportamiento reproductivo. Detallo observaciones hechas entre el 15 de febrero al 10 de marzo de 2016, sobre una pareja reproductora, cerca de la Reserva Biológica Colonso Chalúpas en la provincia de Napo, Ecuador. Observé interacciones agresivas entre M. cruentatus y Tityra semifasciata, probablemente como resultado de la competencia por huecos aptos para anidar. No observe indicios de reproducción comunal o cooperativa. Mis observaciones sugieren que el periodo reproductivo puede comen‐ zar en febrero en el este de Ecuador y que M. cruentatus requiere árboles muertos en pie para nidificar. Asegurar la disponibilidad de estos árboles debe ser parte del manejo del ecosistema, especialmente en la zona de amortiguamiento de un área protegida.
POLYDACTYLY IN AN INDIVIDUAL OF THE WHITE MONJITA (XOLMIS IRUPERO)
Authors: Perin Marcon Amanda 
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Polydactyly is a skeletal malformation which is evidenced by the presence of extra digits in hands or feet. A polydactylous White Monjita (Xolmis irupero) was photographed at Xangri‐Lá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil on 8 February 2015. An additional inverted hallux was present on each foot, located distally relative the original digits. The bird could perch properly, did not seem distressed, and was in apparent good health. This anomaly could have been caused by spontaneous mutation due to teratological conditions, environmental factors, or by the lack of essential nutrients during development.Resumo ∙ Polidactilia em um indivíduo de noivinha (Xolmis irupero) Polidactilia é uma má‐formação esquelética que é evidenciada pela presença de dígitos extras em mãos ou pés. Uma noivinha (Xolmis irupero) polidáctila foi fotografada em Xangri‐Lá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil em 8 de fevereiro de 2015. Um dedo hálux adicional invertido estava presente em cada um de seus pés. A ave conseguia pousar propriamente, não parecia estar em condições de estresse e aparentava estar em boa saúde. A anomalia pode ter sido causada por mutação espontânea devido a condições teratogênicas, fatores ambientais ou pela falta de nutrientes essenciais durante o desenvolvimento.
NOTES ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOR OF THE GRAY‐MANTLED WREN (ODONTORCHILUS BRANICKII)
Authors: Johnson Oscar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ The Gray‐mantled Wren (Odontorchilus branickii) is a poorly‐known inhabitant of the canopy of mid‐elevation Andean forest, and is a difficult species to study because it occurs at low densities. Almost no natural history information is known for the species, including its nest. In September and October 2016, I observed a pair of wrens actively building a nest in the sub‐canopy of upper montane rain forest in the Cordillera Azul of northeastern Peru at an elevation of 1230 m a.s.l.. The nest of O. branickii consisted of a cavity‐like structure formed by a dried and curled palm frond, into which the wrens were carrying nest material. I also compare the nest of O. branickii to that of the Tooth‐billed Wren (O. cinereus) and to other genera of cavity‐nesting wrens. The nests of O. branickii and O. cinereus are similar, and share characteristics with the nests of Salpinctes, Catherpes, Hylorchilus, and Microcerculus, providing taxonomic support for a relationship between these genera. Resumen ∙ Notas sobre el comportamiento de reproducción del Soterrey Dorsigris (Odontorchilus branickii) El Soterrey Dorsigris (Odontorchilus branickii) es un ave poco conocida del dosel de bosque andino de altura media que es difícil de estudiar porque se encuentra en bajas densidades. Por lo tanto, casi no existe información sobre la historia natural de esta especie, incluyendo el nido. En septiembre y octubre de 2016 observé una pareja de O. branickii construyendo un nido en el sub‐dosel de selva alto‐montana en la Cordillera Azul del noreste de Perú a una altura de 1230 m s.n.m.. El nido de O. branickii consistía de una cavidad formada por una hoja de palmera enrollada, dentro de la cual los individuos depositaban material para la construcción del nido. También comparo el nido de O. branickii con el nido del Soterrey Dientepico (O. cinereus), y con otros géneros de soterreyes que anidan en cavidades. Los nidos de O. branickii y O. cinereus son similares y comparten características con los nidos de especies de los géneros Salpinctes, Catherpes, Hylorchilus y Microcerculus, lo que sugiere que están relacionados taxonómicamente.
FOOD HABITS OF THE MAGELLANIC HORNED OWL (BUBO MAGELLANICUS) IN A COASTAL ISLAND OF PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA
Authors: Udrizar Sauthier Daniel , Formoso  Anahí E. , Cheli Germán , Pazos Gustavo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ The Magellanic Horned Owl (Bubo magellanicus) is one of the most common nocturnal raptors in Patagonia. The aim of this note was to analyze the food habits of this species in a small island from the Patagonian Atlantic coast. Four nesting areas and eight adults of Bubo magellanicus were found; 217 pellets plus disaggregated material were collected. We identified 2774 individual prey items. Insects were the most consumed prey (63.56%), followed by reptiles (13.73%), arachnids (10.92%), mammals (10.42%), and birds (1.37%). Our study show B. magellanicus feeding mainly on arthropods and introduced species, a fact that was not previously reported for this species in Patagonia. Resumen ∙ Hábitos alimenticios del Tucúquere (Bubo magellanicus) en una isla de Patagonia, Argentina El Tucúquere (Bubo magellanicus) es una de las rapaces nocturnas más comunes de la Patagonia. El objetivo de esta nota fue analizar los hábitos alimenticios de esta especie en una pequeña isla de la costa atlántica de la Patagonia. Se encontraron cuatro áreas de nidificación y ocho adultos de Bubo magellanicus y se recolectaron 217 egagrópilas además de material disgregado. Identificamos 2774 individuos presa. Los insectos fueron la presa más consumida (63,56%), seguidos por los reptiles (13,73%), los arácnidos (10,92%), los mamíferos (10,42%) y las aves (1,37%). La relevancia de este estudio reside en que B. magellanicus se alimenta principalmente de artrópodos y especies introducidas, hecho que no se había reportado previamente para esta especie en la Patagonia.
PRIMERA DESCRIPCIÓN DEL NIDO DEL CHIRIGÜE DE RAIMONDI (SICALIS RAIMONDII) EN AREQUIPA, PERÚ
Authors: Ortiz Cesar Adolfo 
Published: February 2023

RESUMEN ∙ El conocimiento de la ecología reproductiva del Chirigüe de Raimondi (Sicalis raimondii) es incompleto. Aquí proporciono información nueva y detallada del nido y algunos aspectos del cuidado parental. El nido fue encontrado el 9 de abril del 2016 en las afueras de la ciudad de Arequipa, en el departamento de Arequipa, Perú, a 2153 m s.n.m., localizado al interior de una grieta de una pared rocosa. Tenía forma de copa abierta y robusta, elaborada principalmente de ramitas y fibras sintéticas y estaba ubicado a 2,45 m del suelo. Ambos padres se encargaron de la alimentación de las crías, la hembra realizaba la búsqueda de alimento en un área más próxima al nido en comparación con el macho y permanecía por más tiempo en el interior del mismo durante cada visita.ABSTRACT ∙ First description of the nest of Raimondi’s Yellow‐Finch (Sicalis raimondii) in Arequipa, Peru Knowledge of the reproductive ecology of Raimondi’s Yellow‐Finch (Sicalis raimondii) is incomplete. Here I provide new detailed information of the nest and some aspects of parental care. The nest was found on 9 April 2016 on the outskirts of the city of Arequipa, in the department of Arequipa, Peru, at 2153 m a.s.l. located in a crack between rocks. It was a robust open cup consisting mainly of little branches and synthetic fibers, located 2.45 m above the ground. Both parents fed the young, but the female searched for food in an area closer to the nest compared to the male and stayed longer inside the nest during each visit.
A NEW BEHAVIOR AT THE LEK BY MALE VIOLET‐CROWNED PLOVERCRESTS (STEPHANOXIS LODDIGESII)
Authors: Bosholn Mariane , Vargas-Peixoto Dilson , Sobroza Tainara Venturini , Nunes Jean Fernando 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ Males of the Violet‐crowned Plovercrest (Stephanoxis loddigesii) exhibit a lekking reproductive system where agonistic interactions are relatively common. Here we describe a new behavior performed when Violet‐ crowned Plovercrest males are alone on perches. This study was conducted in 2011 at two Violet‐crowned Plovercrest leks located in semi‐deciduous forests of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We performed ad libitum observations on seven males. The new behavior is always performed by solitary males. During the displays the hovering male with raised crest, pointed the beak towards the display perch while flying sideways in semicircles or circles. This behavior is similar to aggressive displays performed in front of perched rival males. Such a display is also present in other species of hummingbirds and may help to prepare males for aggressive aerial exhibitions or, alternatively, may represent a displacement behavior.RESUMO ∙ Um novo comportamento em leques de Beija‐flor‐de‐topete (Stephanoxis loddigesii) Machos do Beija‐flor‐de‐topete (Stephanoxis loddigesii) se agregam em leques, onde interações agonísticas são relativamente comuns. Aqui, nós descrevemos um novo comportamento que é realizado quando machos do Beija‐flor‐de‐ topete estão sozinhos nos leques. O estudo foi conduzido em 2011 em dois leques do Beija‐flor‐de‐topete localizados em uma Floresta Semidecidual, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Nós utilizamos o método de ad libitum para observar sete machos. O novo comportamento é realizado por machos solitários. Durante as exibições, os machos pairam no ar com os seus topetes eriçados, dirigindo seus bicos para o poleiro de corte enquanto voam lateralmente formando círculos e semicírculos. Este comportamento é similar às exibições agressivas realizadas na frente de poleiros de machos rivais. Essa exibição também está presente em outras espécies de beija‐flores, e podem colaborar para preparar os machos para exibições agressivas aéreas ou, alternativamente, podem representar um comportamento de deslocamento.
AGE DETERMINATION BASED ON MOLT PATTERNS AND SKULL OSSIFICATION IN THE BLUE‐AND‐YELLOW TANAGER (PIPRAEIDEA BONARIENSIS)
Authors: Diaz Oscar Alexis , Hernández  Flor , Alza Luis , Chumpitaz  Kevin , Salvador Julio , Berrocal Erika , Tenorio Yaquelin , Poma Tania , Santos Celeste , Iannacone José 
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ We studied molt patterns and age determination based on molt limits, plumage criteria, and skull ossification for the Blue‐and‐yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), a passerine that is commonly distributed along the western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Through careful examination of live individuals in the hand and museum specimens, we suggest that P. bonariensis exhibits a complex alternate strategy with partial preformative and prealternate molts during its first cycle, a complete definitive prebasic molt, and presumably a partial definitive prealternate molt starting with its second cycle. We established the age in 68% of captured individuals using the skulling technique. Most individuals of P. bonariensis were recorded with fully ossified skulls during their preformative molts, whereas some adults in basic plumage had retained small, unossified windows. Our results corroborate those reported for related Neotropical taxa and provide important guidelines that facilitate an accurate and rapid technique for aging and sexing Neotropical tanagers in the hand, an essential requirement in demographic studies and long‐term banding projects.Resumen ∙ Determinación de la edad basado en patrones de muda y la osificación craneal de la Tangara azul y amarilla (Pipraeidea bonariensis) Estudiamos los patrones de muda y la determinación de la edad basados en la identificación de límites de muda, apariencia del plumaje y la osificación del cráneo para la Tangara azul y amarilla (Pipraeidea bonariensis), una ave paserina que se distribuye comúnmente a lo largo de la vertiente occidental de los Andes peruanos. A través de un examen cuidadoso de individuos vivos en especímenes de mano y de museo, sugerimos que P. bonariensis exhibe una estrategia alterna compleja con una muda preformativa y prealterna parcial en su primer ciclo, una muda prebásica definitiva completa y presumiblemente una muda prealterna definitiva parcial a partir del segundo ciclo. Establecimos la edad en el 68% de los individuos capturados utilizando la técnica de observación del cráneo. Además, la mayoría de individuos de P. bonariensis lograron culminar dicho proceso de osificación durante la muda preformativa. Sin embargo, algunos individuos en plumaje básico definitivo pueden retener pequeñas ventanas no osificadas. Los resultados con‐ firman lo reportado para otros taxa relacionados en las zonas tropicales y constituyen una importante herramienta que asegura una certera y rápida identificación de la edad y sexo para tangaras de los trópicos en mano, requisito indispensable en estudios demográficos y programas de anillamiento y monitoreo a largo plazo.
UTILIZACIÓN DE PATRONES DE MUDA PARA DETERMINAR LA EDAD DE LA REINITA DE CORONA ROJIZA (MYIOTHLYPIS CORONATA)
Authors: Chumpitaz Kevin Miguel , Newell Felicity , Ausprey Ian J. 
Published: February 2023

Resumen ∙ Entender las distribuciones de edades y sexos de individuos en poblaciones es importante para describir la dinámica poblacional, demografía y para informar medidas de conservación. A pesar de la utilidad de los patrones de muda, características reproductivas, y la morfología para determinar la edad y sexo de individuos, pocas descripciones publicadas existen para las aves Neotropicales. En este estudio utilizamos la muda, características reproductivas, y morfología para desarrollar criterios confiables de determinar la edad y sexo de la Reinita de Corona Rojiza (Myiothlypis coronata), una especie común a través de los Andes. Entre junio a noviembre de 2015 y 2016 se capturaron 456 individuos de Myiothlypis coronata en los bosques de neblina del norte de Perú, de los cuales 122 presentaron límites de muda. Al igual que otras especies de la familia Parulidae, encontramos que la muda preformativa de Myiothlypis coronata es de extensión parcial e normalmente incluye 6 a 9 coberteras mayores. La muda prebásica definitiva fue de extensión completa sin evidencia de individuos con plumaje alterno. La osificación del cráneo normalmente es completa y representa un método adicional para diferenciar juveniles de adultos. Encontramos evidencia de dimorfismo sexual y la longitud de la cuerda alar de 56 machos midió ≥ 68 mm en comparación de ≤ 68 mm para 12 hembras. Los datos de este estudio demuestran métodos útiles para determinar la estructura de la población de una especie común a lo longitud de la vertiente de los Andes.Abstract ∙ Using molt patterns to age Russet‐crowned Warbler (Myiothlypis coronata) Understanding the age and sex distributions of Neotropical birds is key to describing population dynamics and demographics to inform conservation. Despite the utility of molt patterns, reproductive characteristics, and morphometrics for determining the age and sex of individuals, few published descriptions exist for Neotropical birds. In this study, we use molt, breeding characteristics, and morphometrics to develop reliable ageing and sexing criteria for the Russet‐ crowned Warbler (Myiothlypis coronata), a common species found throughout the Andes. From June to November 2015 and 2016, we captured 456 individuals of Myiothlypis coronata in the cloud forest of northern Peru, and recorded molt limits in 122. As in other warblers, Myiothlypis coronata has a partial preformative molt, and normally 6 to 9 inner greater coverts are replaced. A molt limit in the outer greater coverts was obvious in most individuals. The prebasic molt was complete and we did not observe individuals undergoing a prealternate molt. Skull ossification was typically complete, and serves as an additional tool to age birds. We found evidence for sexual size dimorphism, and wing length of 56 males measured ≥ 68 mm compared to ≤ 68 mm for 12 females. This study provides useful methods to determine population age structure for a common species along the length of the Andes.
UNEXPECTED LACK OF EFFECT OF THE INVASIVE AMERICAN MINK ON NESTING SURVIVAL OF FOREST BIRDS
Authors: Crego Ramiro Daniel , Jara Rocio F , Rozzi Ricardo , Jiménez Jaime E 
Published: February 2023

Nest predation by invasive mammalian predators can cause major impacts on native bird populations. The American mink (Neovison vison) was recently introduced on Navarino Island in southern Chile. The mink established as a new terrestrial mesopredator on the island with documented impacts on waterfowl breeding success. However, little is known about mink effects on forest bird’s reproduction. Here, we investigated nest-predation rate by native predators and the invasive mink on open-cup nesting forest birds by using artificial and natural nests. In six different plots, we deployed a grid (7 x 2) of 14 artificial nests spaced by 50 m and at random heights from the ground. We used camera traps in each nest to identify predators. At each plot, we estimated predator relative abundance using camera traps, Sherman traps, and bird point counts. We estimated nest survival probability as a function of nest age, concealment, distance to the river, and nest height. Additionally, we monitored 43 natural nests of five open-cup nesting bird species. Contrary to expected, mink was not a main predator of nests, depredating only one natural nest. The native raptor Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) was the main nest predator, preying on 39.8% artificial nests and 27.0% natural nests. We also found evidence that Chimango Caracara learned to associate the artificial nests with the egg reward. We argue that the lower abundance of mink in the forest and a mismatch between mink peak activity patterns and bird breeding phenology can result in low depredation. Mink impacts, however, may be more pervasive in summer months and on fledglings when mink activity peaks, and more research should be conducted to assess these questions. Our results are valuable to better understand mink impacts on biodiversity and to prioritize conservation actions on species more severely affected.
NOTES ON THE DISPLAYS AND POSSIBLE LEK BEHAVIOR OF THE FIERY TOPAZ (TOPAZA PYRA) (APODIFORMES: TROCHILIDAE)
Authors: Melo Tomaz Nascimento de , Olmos Fábio , Souza Rita Cerqueira Ribeiro de , Kirwan Guy 
Published: February 2023

The genus Topaza comprises two species of large hummingbirds with allopatric distributions in Amazonia. Lek behavior has already been described in almost 30 species of hummingbirds, including Crimson Topaz Topaza pella, but not for Fiery Topaz T. pyra. We describe male displays by T. pyra and how these might be possibly correlated to lek behavior, based on observations at different locations in Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. These behaviors are compared to the previously described behavior of T. pella and other hummingbirds, but we also describe an extremely unusual upside-down hanging behavior during male to male interactions. Furthermore, some of our observations evidence an apparent tendency for more than one male to converge on a specific perch, perhaps to compete for dominance within a group of otherwise more dispersed, probably linear song territories.
PREFORMATIVE MOLT EXTENT AND AGING AND SEXING CRITERIA FOR EIGHT HUMMINGBIRD SPECIES IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU
Authors: Carnes Blaine , Antezana Aponte Mariamercedes , Huayanca Munarriz Renato , Martínez Ari E. 
Published: February 2023

Little attention has been paid to molt and age criteria in hummingbirds despite the importance of molt and age to numerous behavioral and ecological questions. We examined age-based molt patterns and bill corrugations in eight species of lowland Amazonian hummingbirds. Molt strategies and rates of bill smoothing were similar to those of more well-studied North American species, with all species showing partial preformative molts (replacing only body feathers and some wing coverts and retaining all remiges and rectrices), and bill corrugations reducing to less than 10% of bill length in all species during the first annual cycle. Several species showed evidence of delayed maturation in males in regard to plumage characteristics or bill coloration.