bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Cell Wall-Like Soft Materials: Micro- and Nanoengineering, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Koshani Roya , Pitcher Mica L. , Yu Jingyi , Mahajan Christine L. , Kim Seong H. , Sheikhi Amir 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPlant cell wall (CW)-like soft materials, referred to as artificial CWs, are composites of assembled polymers containing micro-/nanoparticles or fibers/fibrils that are designed to mimic the composition, structure, and mechanics of plant CWs. CW-like materials have recently emerged to test hypotheses pertaining to the intricate structure–property relationships of native plant CWs or to fabricate functional materials. Here, research on plant CWs and CW-like materials is reviewed by distilling key studies on biomimetic composites primarily composed of plant polysaccharides, including cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose, as well as organic polymers like lignin. Micro- and nanofabrication of plant CW-like composites, characterization techniques, and in silico studies are reviewed, with a brief overview of current and potential applications. Micro-/nanofabrication approaches include bacterial growth and impregnation, layer-by-layer assembly, film casting, 3-dimensional templating microcapsules, and particle coating. Various characterization techniques are necessary for the comprehensive mechanical, chemical, morphological, and structural analyses of plant CWs and CW-like materials. CW-like materials demonstrate versatility in real-life applications, including biomass conversion, pulp and paper, food science, construction, catalysis, and reaction engineering. This review seeks to facilitate the rational design and thorough characterization of plant CW-mimetic materials, with the goal of advancing the development of innovative soft materials and elucidating the complex structure–property relationships inherent in native CWs.
Himitsu Bako of NO2 Mixtures: Characterization of NO2 Reference Material Using FTIR Spectroscopy in Middle Infrared Region
Authors: Kim Mi Eon , Berezkin Kirill , Saturno Jorge , Werwein Viktor , Li Gang , Domanskaya Alexandra 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn this work, we investigate how much information a conventional infrared spectroscopic technique (FTIR) can yield for NO2 reference materials in the range of concentrations between 100 to 2500 μmol/mol. The amount fraction of 100 μmol/mol corresponds to the actual maximum for NO2 emissions by modern Euro 6 vehicles and is suitable for Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) calibration. A set of measurements of four reference mixtures was performed. For the analysis, we developed an efficient and simple algorithm, based on the integration of rovibrational bands, yielding the molar fractions of NO2 (including dimer) and several impurities, such as N2O and HNO3. It resembles a Japanese puzzle box, Himitsu Bako, since different mixture components should be addressed in a certain order to unravel a complete composition. The algorithm was successfully applied to the recorded spectra. For example, the uncertainties for low NO2 amount fractions were shown to be limited essentially by the quality of reference spectroscopic data for the monomer (HITRAN database in the current work), and not by the measurement procedure. Shortcomings, further development, and improvements of the experimental set-up as well as of the evaluation algorithm are addressed.
Adjudicating Climate Protest as a Tool of Modern Republicanism
Authors: Kuznetsov Dmitrii 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThrough the prism of republican theory, the paper discusses the nature of environmental protests and the judiciary’s responses to the related cases. The text argues that climate protesters act not solely to realise their freedom of assembly but also to understand their obligations to the environment and the community of citizens. An argumentation grounded in their belief that they were obliged to protest against climate change and even commit certain unlawful acts due to the state of necessity could give their defence more strength, on the one hand, and inspire the courts to be more active in forcing governments to act on the climate cause, on the other hand. The paper consists of two sections, with the first discussing theoretical approaches to environmental citizenship, the alleged duty to protest against climate change, and their relationships with republicanism. The second section scrutinises case law from selected domestic and international courts dealing with climate protests. Specifically, it analyses the justifications for the right to protest against climate change presented in the submissions of applicants or defendants before the courts and the reasoning employed by the courts.
Effects of Stockpiling on Topsoil Biogeochemistry for Semiarid Mine Reclamation
Authors: Ledesma Jessica , Neilson Julia W. , Maier Raina M. , Babst-Kostecka Alicja , Rasmussen Craig 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Stockpiling and storage of topsoil for use in reclamation and revegetation are common practices for many mining operations. However, stockpiling can lead to significant changes in topsoil physical and biogeochemical properties that may be detrimental to reclamation. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of long-term stockpiling on soil biogeochemical properties in a semiarid region. We hypothesized that soil properties would change systematically with depth reflecting a shift to anaerobic conditions and resulting in a general decrease in soil health. To address this hypothesis, boreholes > 20-m deep were drilled into a 14-year-old topsoil stockpile at a copper mine in Arizona and samples collected every ~ 75 cm. Samples were analyzed for soil DNA biomass, texture, general agronomic properties, mineral composition, oxalate and dithionite extraction of active mineral phases, and total elemental composition. Depth profiles revealed non-systematic changes in biogeochemical variables with depth, including variation in soil DNA biomass, organic matter (OM), extractable nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) nitrogen, plant-available manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), and oxalate-extractable Mn and Fe. Differences in biogeochemical properties were associated with zones of variable redox state mediated by OM content and layer depth. Anaerobic zones were observed at depths greater than 4 m where OM > 1%, and aerobic zones were observed at depths up to 15 m where OM < 1%. This study demonstrates the importance of stockpile composition on biogeochemical processes during storage and contributes to improved understanding of topsoil management as a resource for reclamation of degraded mine lands in semiarid environments.
Automatic synthesis of insects bioacoustics using machine learning: a systematic review
Authors: Kyalo Henry , Tonnang Henri , Egonyu James , Olukuru John , Tanga Chrysantus , Senagi Kennedy 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe application of machine learning has received increasing attention in the synthesis of insect sounds to preserve biodiversity. This study reviewed current literature on the application of these techniques in the automatic synthesis of insect bioacoustic and their applications in insects as food and feed, improving pest management, and as well as managing pollinators. To achieve this, the study used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to identify, screen, and include the final articles used in this review, based on criteria such as papers addressing machine learning in insect acoustics, biodiversity, ecology conservation, etc. This study revealed that most of the researchers used secondary data and the microphone was the common tool used to record sound signals. Sound signals were mainly pre-processed using techniques such as denoising, segmentation, and windowing. Sound signal classification algorithms were categorized mainly as shallow and deep machine learning algorithms. In the shallow machine learning algorithms, the most common method of feature extraction was the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) was the most commonly used algorithm. In deep learning, spectrogram image features were widely extracted and the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was mostly used to synthesize the spectral features. This paper also reviewed recent developments in insect bioacoustics signals processing, applications, and future directions. Generally, machine learning algorithms can be applied and deployed successfully to different insects’ automatic synthesis problems to improve the production of insects (as food and/or feed), and improve/preserve diversity and life on Earth.
Waging warfare against states: the deployment of artificial intelligence in cyber espionage
Authors: Rosli Wan Rosalili Wan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cyber espionage has significantly been viewed as a risk towards nation-states, especially in the area of security and protection of Critical National Infrastructures. The race against digitisation has also raised concerns about how emerging technologies are defining how cyber activities are linked to waging warfare between States. Real-world crimes have since found a place in cyberspace, and with high connectivity, has exposed various actors to various risks and vulnerabilities, including cyber espionage. Cyber espionage has always been a national security issue as it does not only target States but also affects public–private networks, corporations and individuals. The challenge of crimes committed within the cyber realm is how the nature of cybercrimes distorts the dichotomy of state responsibility in responding to cyber threats and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the veil of anonymity and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence have further provided opportunities for a larger scale impact on the state for such crime. The imminent threat of cyber espionage is impacting the economic and political interactions between nation-states and changing the nature of modern conflict. Due to these implications, this paper will discuss the current legal landscape governing cyber espionage and the impact of the use of artificial intelligence in the commission of such crimes.
MORKO: A Multi-objective Runge–Kutta Optimizer for Multi-domain Optimization Problems
Authors: Kalita Kanak , Jangir Pradeep , Pandya Sundaram B. , Alzahrani Ahmed Ibrahim , Alblehai Fahad , Abualigah Laith , Ezugwu Absalom E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn the current landscape, there is a rapid increase in the creation of new algorithms designed for specialized problem scenarios. The performance of these algorithms in unfamiliar or practical settings often remains untested. This paper presents a new development, the multi-objective Runge–Kutta optimizer (MORKO), which is built upon the principles of elitist non-dominated sorting and crowding distance. The goal is to achieve superior efficiency, diversity, and robustness in solutions. MORKO effectiveness is further enhanced by incorporating various strategies that maintain a balance between diversity and execution efficiency. This approach not only directs the search toward optimal regions but also ensures that the process does not become stagnant. The efficiency of MORKO is compared against renowned algorithms like the multi-objective marine predicator algorithm (MOMPA), multi-objective gradient-based optimizer (MOGBO), multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) on several test benchmarks such as ZDT, DTLZ, constraint (CONSTR, TNK, SRN, BNH, OSY and KITA) and real-world engineering design (brushless DC wheel motor, safety isolating transformer, helical spring, two-bar truss, welded beam, disk brake, tool spindle and cantilever beam) problems. We used unique, non-overlapping performance metrics for this comparison and suggested a fresh correlation analysis technique for exploration. The MORKO algorithm outcomes were rigorously tested and confirmed using the non-parametric statistical evaluations. The MORKO algorithm proves to excel in deriving comprehensive and varied solutions for many tests and practical challenges, owing to its multifaceted features. Looking ahead, MORKO has potential applications in complex engineering and management tasks.
Data-driven multifidelity surrogate models for rocket engines injector design
Authors: Zapata Usandivaras Jose Felix , Bauerheim Michael , Cuenot Bénédicte , Urbano Annafederica 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Surrogate models of turbulent diffusive flames could play a strategic role in the design of liquid rocket engine combustion chambers. The present article introduces a method to obtain data-driven surrogate models for coaxial injectors, by leveraging an inductive transfer learning strategy over a U-Net with available multifidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES) data. The resulting models preserve reasonable accuracy while reducing the offline computational cost of data-generation. First, a database of about 100 low-fidelity LES simulations of shear-coaxial injectors, operating with gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane as propellants, has been created. The design of experiments explores three variables: the chamber radius, the recess-length of the oxidizer post, and the mixture ratio. Subsequently, U-Nets were trained upon this dataset to provide reasonable approximations of the temporal-averaged two-dimensional flow field. Despite the fact that neural networks are efficient non-linear data emulators, in purely data-driven approaches their quality is directly impacted by the precision of the data they are trained upon. Thus, a high-fidelity (HF) dataset has been created, made of about 10 simulations, to a much greater cost per sample. The amalgamation of low and HF data during the the transfer-learning process enables the improvement of the surrogate model’s fidelity without excessive additional cost.
Retrospective Evaluation of Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Surgery after the February 6, 2023 Earthquake in Turkey
Authors: Erkilic Ezgi , Kurtay Mehlika , Yılmaz Gülay , Demirörs Ahmet , Baltacı Esra Mahmut , Sözsahibi Düşüm , Efe Ali Furkan , Gümüş Tülin , Kanbak Orhan , Güleç Handan , Özcan Ayça Dumanlı , Öztürk Levent 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Throughout human history, numerous natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, have caused significant destruction to civilizations. On February 6, 2023, 2 major earthquakes struck Turkey. The first occurred at 04:17 local time with a magnitude of 7.7 (37.288N-37.043E) centered in Pazarcık, and the second at 13:24 with a magnitude of 7.6 (38.089N-37.239E) centered in Elbistan. Both earthquakes affected a vast area encompassing 11 cities. These 2 devastating earthquakes resulted in the destruction and damage of many buildings, affecting over 14 million people. More than 40 000 people lost their lives, and thousands were injured and left homeless. Turkey, a country frequently affected by earthquakes due to its geographical location, experienced 2 consecutive major earthquakes on the same day, marking a tragic event in its history.
Suboptimal household investment and information-processing frictions: Evidence from 529 college savings plans
Authors: Li James J. , Mitchell Olivia S. , Zhu Christina 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe use the 529 college savings plan setting to investigate whether and why households make suboptimal choices to invest in local assets. We estimate that 67% of open accounts between 2010 and 2020 were located suboptimally due to the plans’ tax inefficiencies and high expenses. Over the accounts’ projected lifetimes, such investments yielded expected losses of 8% on average or $15.6 billion in 2020 alone. We then investigate why suboptimal investment is so prevalent. Consistent with households’ lack of understanding of state-level tax benefits, we find that a meaningful proportion of households does not account for the potential tax benefits and costs of local versus nonlocal 529 investment. Household financial literacy and plan disclosure complexity appear to explain suboptimal investment patterns, which further supports the role of information-processing frictions. Our study presents novel evidence on individuals’ preferences for local assets and how information-processing frictions shape their investment decisions, reducing their financial well-being.
Living with psychosis in West and Southeast Africa: SUCCEED Africa’s four-country situation analysis
Authors: Omobowale Olubukola , Greenley Rachel , Ryan Grace , Ogunmola Olusegun , Dzapasi Lloyd , Jimmy Abraham , Sefasi Anthony , Olusanmi Mayowa , Esliker Rebecca , Koroma Alhaji , Afolayan Adeola , Tamambang Rita , Munetsi Epiphania , Mambulasa Janet , Kakuma Ritsuko , Chibanda Dixon , Omigbodun Olayinka , Eaton Julian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As part of the formative work of the SUCCEED Africa consortium, we followed a participatory process to identify existing gaps and resources needed for the development and implementation of a rights-based intervention for people with lived experience of psychosis in Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe.
In 2021, we conducted a desk review of published and grey literature on psychosis in the four SUCCEED countries. Using an adapted version of the PRIME situation analysis template, data were extracted across the five domains of the WHO Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Matrix: health, education, livelihoods, social and empowerment. This was supplemented with insights from personal communications with key stakeholders and the lived and professional experiences of team members.
Findings indicate that people with lived experience of psychosis have limited access to services and opportunities across the five CBR domains. Participation in social, religious, empowerment and political activities is restricted due to stigma and a lack of advocacy.
People with lived experience of psychosis in SUCCEED countries are not generally able to access support in line with essential components of CBR. There is a need for their greater inclusion in policy and advocacy activities.
The fast radio burst population energy distribution
Authors: Arcus Wayne R. , James Clancy , Ekers Ron , Macquart Jean-Pierre , Sadler Elaine , Wayth Randall B. , Bannister Keith , Deller Adam T. , Flynn Chris , Glowacki Marcin , Gordon Alexa , Marnoch Lachlan , Ryder Stuart , Shannon Ryan M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We examine the energy distribution of the fast radio burst (FRB) population using a well-defined sample of 63 FRBs from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope, 28 of which are localised to a host galaxy. We apply the luminosity-volume (

$V/V_{\mathrm{max}}$

) test to examine the distribution of these transient sources, accounting for cosmological and instrumental effects, and determine the energy distribution for the sampled population over the redshift range

$0.01 \lesssim z \lesssim 1.02$

. We find the distribution between

$10^{23}$

and

$10^{26}$

J Hz

$^{-1}$

to be consistent with both a pure power-law with differential slope

$\gamma=-1.96 \pm 0.15$

, and a Schechter function with

$\gamma = -1.82 \pm 0.12$

and downturn energy

$E_\mathrm{max} \sim 6.3 \, \times 10^{25}$

J Hz

$^{-1}$

. We identify systematic effects which currently limit our ability to probe the luminosity function outside this range and give a prescription for their treatment. Finally, we find that with the current dataset, we are unable to distinguish between the evolutionary and spectral models considered in this work.
C/O ratios in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs with dust evolution
Authors: Molyarova Tamara , Vorobyov Eduard , Akimkin Vitaly 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Elemental abundances, particularly the C/O ratio, are seen as a way to connect the composition of planetary atmospheres with planet formation scenario and the disc chemical environment. We model the chemical composition of gas and ices in a self-gravitating disc on timescales of 0.5 Myr since its formation to study the evolution of C/O ratio due to dust dynamics and growth and phase transitions of the volatile species. We use the thin-disc hydrodynamic code FEOSAD, which includes disc self-gravity, thermal balance, dust evolution, and turbulent diffusion, and treats dust as a dynamically different and evolving component interacting with the gas. It also describes freeze-out, sublimation, and advection of four most abundant volatile species: H

$_2$

O, CO

$_2$

, CH

$_4$

, and CO. We demonstrate the effect of gas and dust substructures such as spirals and rings on the distribution of volatiles and C/O ratios, including the formation of multiple snowlines of one species, and point out the anticorrelation between dust-to-gas ratio and total C/O ratio emerging due to the contribution of oxygen-rich ice mantles. We identify time and spatial locations where two distinct trigger mechanisms for planet formation are operating and differentiate them by C/O ratio range: wide range of the C/O ratios of

$0-1.4$

for streaming instability, and a much narrower range

$0.3-0.6$

for gravitational instability (with the initial value of 0.34). This conclusion is corroborated by observations, showing that transiting exoplanets, which possibly experienced migration through a variety of disc conditions, have significantly larger spread of C/O in comparison with directly imaged exoplanets likely formed in gravitationally unstable outer disk regions. We show that the ice-phase

$\textrm{C/O}\approx$

0.2–0.3 between the CO, CO

$_2$

, and CH

$_4$

snowlines corresponds to the composition of the Solar system comets, that represent primordial planetesimals.
Intergenerational trends in body size among Moscow’s young adults: socio-demographic influences of the 20th century
Authors: Khafizova Ainur A. , Negasheva Marina A. , Movsesian Alla A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of socio-demographic and epidemiological factors on the secular changes in body size indicators (height, weight, and BMI) among young adults aged 17–22 years in Moscow from the early 20th century to the present. Published average anthropometric data from screening surveys conducted from 1880/1925–26 to 2020–21 were analysed (4,823 males and 5,952 females), along with demographic data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Findings revealed consistent anthropometric trends and strong associations between secular changes in body size of Moscow youth and socio-demographic indicators such as population size, life expectancy, and infant mortality rates. An increase in height and weight was noted against the backdrop of urbanisation, increased life expectancy, and reduced infant mortality. These results indicate that the urbanisation process and the transformation of the epidemiological landscape in 20th-century Russia – marked by enhancements in public health, modernisation of the healthcare system, and medical advancements – have had a significant impact on changes in body size across generations. Notably, from the mid-20th century onwards, with the exception of the final decade, conditions favourable to growth and development were established, culminating in a significant increase in definitive anthropometric parameters across successive generations. The findings underscore the imperative for policymakers to bolster investments in urban development, healthcare, and education. Such strategic investments are essential for sustaining and amplifying the positive physical development trends witnessed.