bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Nelson David L. , Bundy Bonita M. , Strober Warren 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With isolated subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were demonstrated to be functions of a population of surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-negative, Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes. Organ distribution studies revealed that SCMC and ADCC effector cell activity occurred in parallel, being present in spleen and absent in tonsils. Treatment of effector cells with trypsin significantly inhibited SCMC but not ADCC and this inhibition was not reversed by short-term incubation in autologous plasma. These results demonstrate that SCMC and ADCC involve different cytotoxicity mechanisms and are consistent with two subsets of effector cells with separate functional capabilities or a single effector cell mediating both forms of cytotoxicity through separate mechanisms.
A Mycoplasma Mutant Resistant to Lysis by C: Variations in Membrane Composition and Altered Response to the Terminal C Complex
Authors: Dahl Jean S. , Hellewell Susan B. , Levine R. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mutant strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii resistant to immune lysis by the classical C pathway have been obtained after the exposure of wild-type cells to nitrosoguanidine. The lysis of one mutant strain, comr-328 is less than 20% of that of the wild-type strain when incubated with antiserum prepared against wild-type cells and guinea pig serum as a source of C. The osmotic stability of comr-328 is similar to that of the wild-type strain. Absorption of anti-wild-type antiserum with mutant or wild-type cells results in the complete loss of C fixing antibody as shown by the inability of the absorbed antiserum to sensitize wild-type cells for immune lysis. Both strains convert 125I-labeled C3 to C3b to the same extent and bind equivalent amounts of 125I-C3b. Whereas the wild-type strain is sensitive to lysis by reactive lysis, comr-328 is resistant. Although both cell types are lysed equally well by amphotericin B, comr-328 is less sensitive than the wild-type strain to lysis by melittin.
The membrane lipids of both strains are qualitatively identical, as judged by thin-layer chromatography of chloroform-methanol extracts, but the amount of each lipid varies according to the strain. The most significant variation is found in the glycolipids; the monoglucosyldiglyceride to diglucosyldiglyceride ratio of comr-328 is 2-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The difference in the phospholipids is less marked. While more than 35 Coomassie Blue-stained polypeptides are detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized membranes, major quantitative differences occur in only three of these bands. Band 11 is more prominent in comr-328 than in the wild-type strain whereas bands 14 and 26 appear to be less abundant in the mutant.
Characterization of Antigen-Binding Receptors in Vitro
Authors: Benfari Mary Jane F. , Cooperband Sidney R. , Moolten Frederick L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study reports a novel method for studying the binding of soluble antigen (bovine serum albumin, BSA) to surface receptors on lymphoid cell populations under equilibrium conditions in the presence of 10% normal rabbit serum or 20 mg/ml of ovalbumin. Virtually no nonspecific uptake was demonstrated to nonlymphoid tissues. Detectable quantities of BSA could be found on both nonimmune and immune lymphoid populations. The binding of BSA was demonstrated to be antigen specific and to be proportional to the numbers of binding cells. The quantity of antigen bound was proportional to the free antigen exposed to the population and saturation could be achieved with 1 to 2 µg of antigen/1.2 ml of culture, per 10 × 107 cells. The kinetics of antigen binding was very rapid and occurred within 10 min at 4, 27, and 37°C. The binding was independent of the viability of cells. Binding was antigen specific and could be partially blocked by cross-reacting serum albumins, but not by non-cross-reacting albumins. Binding was independent of cytophylic antibody concentrations in the serum.
Abnormal Polyclonal B Cell Activation in NZB/NZW F1 Mice
Authors: Cohen Philip L. , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from autoimmune (10-month-old) NZB/NZW (B/W) mice failed to generate appreciable numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in vitro to TNP-substituted sheep erythrocytes in response to the polyclonal B cell activators (PBA), LPS and PPD, despite normal DNA synthetic responses to these agents and normal AFC responses to TNP-Ficoll. The failure to respond to PBA in old B/W mice was not due to suppressor T cells since anti-brain-associated-θ-treated spleen cells still failed to generate AFC in response to PBA. The defect was age-related since cells from young B/W mice generated vigorous AFC responses to PBA. It is suggested that the failure of the spleen cells of old B/W mice to generate AFC is a result of in vivo polyclonal B cell activation in the course of autoantibody formation.
In Vitro Reactivity in Allograft Tolerance: Persistence of Mixed Leukocyte Culture Reactivity in Highly Tolerant Rats
Authors: Wright Peter W. , Loop Stephen M. , Bernstein Irwin D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mixed leukocyte culture reactivity was studied in adult W/Fu rats judged to be highly tolerant after the inoculation of (W/Fu × BN)F1 hybrid spleen and bone marrow cells at birth. Reactivity was observed in a majority of tolerant donors tested and documented by quantitative dose-response and kinetic studies. Allograft tolerance cannot be explained by a complete lack of specific immune reactivity to tolerated alloantigens.
Two Cytotoxic Cells in Peritoneal Cavity of Virus-Infected Mice: Antibody-Dependent Macrophages and Nonspecific Killer Cells
Authors: Macfarlan Roderick I. , Burns William H. , White David O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two new types of cell-mediated immune cytolysis of togavirus-infected cells are compared. The peritoneal cavity of mice 2 days after infection contains a nonadherent, non-phagocytic, non-θ-bearing, trypsin-resistant, EDTA-sensitive cell displaying broadly specific cytotoxicity for uninfected or virus-infected syngeneic or xenogeneic cell lines. Peritoneal macrophages from normal mice are cytotoxic to infected target cells sensitized with minute amounts of homologous antiviral IgG.
An in Vitro Model of Lymphocyte Homing
Authors: Woodruff Judith J. , Katz Ira M. , Lucas Linda E. , Stamper Hugh B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) are capable of selective adherence to the endothelium of high-endothelial venules (HEV) when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed sections of lymph nodes. The data presented indicate that lymphocyte adherence is an energy-dependent, calcium-requiring event that involves membrane determinants on TDL which are sensitive to trypsin. Surface sialic acids on lymphocytes are not essential and treatment of the cells with neuraminidase does not interfere with their attachment to HEV. There was no evidence that microtubule-associated functions play a role in binding. Adherence, however, is abolished by cytochalasin B, indicating that the cytoplasmic contractile microfilament system exerts an important effect. The results imply that lymphocyte surface membrane modulation is involved in the development of strong adhesive forces that bind the cells to the endothelium. In addition, lymphocyte-HEV adherence is reduced by ionophore A-23187, an agent known to inhibit surface membrane receptor movement. It is suggested that specific binding of recirculating lymphocytes to HEV is not a passive event, but that activation of cytoplasmic contractile forces in the lymphocyte is required for the formation of stable lymphocyte-HEV binding.
Effects of Ionic and Nonionic Detergents on Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Authors: Qualtiere Louis F. , Anderson Amil G. , Meyers Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using highly sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay procedures we have measured the effects of different concentrations of three commonly used detergents, SDS, DOC, and Triton X-100, on antibody-antigen reactions. Triton X-100 had a relatively mild effect on primary antigen-antibody bindings, the precipitin reaction, and a double antibody RIA as evidenced by only an 8 to 10% inhibition of binding or precipitation. These results were not detergent concentration dependent, as Triton concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.1% had virtually no differential effects. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) had a more profound effect on both primary antigen-antibody binding and the precipitin reaction than did Triton X-100, and its effects, unlike those of Triton X-100, were concentration dependent. There was a direct relationship between concentration of DOC and degree of inhibition of both primary binding and immune precipitation especially in antigen excess. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), at concentrations 10- to 100-fold less than either Triton X-100 or DOC, had profound inhibitory effects on primary antigen-antibody binding, the precipitin reaction, and a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Generally, at concentrations greater than 0.01% SDS, almost all immunochemical reactivity is destroyed.
Increase in Titer of the Naturally Occurring Human Antibody to Neuraminidase-Treated Lymphocytes After Influenza
Authors: Rogentine G. N. , Doherty C. M. , Pincus S. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nine of 25 (36%) humans suffering from naturally acquired influenza A infection developed significant increases in the titer of a “naturally” occurring antibody to neuraminidase-treated human lymphocytes. Only two of 43 normal and noninfluenza respiratory infection controls showed titer changes of this antibody, p &lt; 0.001. The antibody was not directed at influenza virus C fixation, hemagglutination inhibition, or neuraminidase antigens. Three of 10 normals given a highly immunogenic, formalin-killed influenza A vaccine developed significant titer rises. These results suggest that influenza virus, live or dead, can provoke an increase in antibody to a cross-reacting antigen present on neuraminidase-treated human lymphocytes.
Kinetics of the in Vitro Lymphocyte Response to Myelin Basic Protein in the Lewis and Brown Norway Strains of Rat
Authors: Sheffield Warren D. , Gonatas Nicholas K. , Kim Seung U. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several parameters of the in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to myelin basic protein (BP) in Lewis (Le) and Brown Norway (BN) rats were examined. The results demonstrate that BN rats, a strain normally resistant to BP-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and Le rats, a strain readily susceptible to the disease, have similar patterns of the proliferative response to BP. An important difference, however, is that BN lymphocytes, although responding significantly to BP, are unable to proliferate to the same level as Le lymphocytes. In experiments measuring the lymphocyte response as a function of antigenic stimulus, days of culture, or type of adjuvant used, the BN rat peak response was in general 70% or less of the Le rat peak response. Furthermore, the BN lymphocyte response was reduced when B cells were removed whereas there was no effect in the Le rat. A negative feedback mechanism, possibly suppressor cells, has been suggested to explain these differences.
Suppressor T Cells: Presence in Mice Rendered Tolerant by Neonatal Treatment with Anti-Receptor Antibody or Antigen
Authors: Du Clos Terry W. , Kim Byung S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific tolerance to phosphorylcholine (PC) was induced in BALB/c mice by two methods. Neonatal mice received a single injection of either: 1) PnC, the C-polysaccharide from S. pneumoniae, R36a vaccine which has PC as a major antigenic determinant or 2) ARA, an homologous antibody directed against the receptor for PC. Spleen cells from animals treated as neonates with either PnC or ARA were specifically suppressed for the response to PC antigens in vitro. In addition, cells from either group of unresponsive animals co-cultured with spleen cells of normal BALB/c mice markedly suppressed the response of the normal cells to PC. Greater than 90% inhibition of the plaque-forming cell response was obtained when unresponsive cells were mixed with normal cells in ratios of 1:1 or greater. Equal numbers of cells from animals made unresponsive by PnC or ARA produced an equivalent degree of suppression. Neither supernatants of cultures nor sera of animals of either unresponsive group suppressed the response of normal spleen cells to PC. Suppression by cells from both groups of tolerant mice was eliminated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and C. Presumably, a common cell is responsible for suppression caused by cells from mice made unresponsive by either procedure.
Suppression of Stimulation in Mixed Leukocyte Culture by Newborn Splenic Lymphocytes in the Mouse
Authors: Bassett Mary , Coons Teresa A. , Wallis Wayne , Goldberg Ellen H. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent evidence (1, 2) has suggested that newborn human lymphocytes exert a suppressive effect on proliferation of adult lymphocytes in mixed luekocyte culture (MLC). Using mitotic indices as a measure of cell proliferation Olding et al. (1) have shown that 80% of the dividing cells in MLC containing male cord blood lymphocytes and adult female peripheral blood lymphocytes are of cord blood origin. An attractive explanation for this phenomenon is that newborn lymphocytes are capable of suppressing proliferation of the adult lymphocyte population. More recently Olding and Oldstone (2) showed that newborn cells which were responsible for suppressing proliferation of maternal lymphocytes resided in the T lymphocyte population. The objective of the present study was to determine in a murine system the effect of newborn versus adult stimulatory cells on the proliferation of responder cells in MLC.
Immunogenic Properties of Liposomal Model Membranes in Mice
Authors: Yasuda Tatsuji , Dancey George F. , Kinsky Stephen C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Liposomal model membranes, which were prepared with sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, and sensitized by incorporation of either dinitrophenyl-ε-aminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) or fluoresceinthiocarbamylphosphatidylethanolamine (Fl-PE), can induce a hapten-specific humoral response when administered to AKR mice in saline. The magnitude of the response (as measured by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells in the spleen and/or serum antibody titer) is dependent on liposomal dose, the epitope density of the PE derivative in the liposomes, and the time after immunization.
In the case of DNP-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes, only a minor IgG response (as measured by the production of indirect plaques or mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody) could be detected after either primary or secondary immunization. Together with the finding that mice deficient in, or depleted of, thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes respond to liposomes containing DNP-Cap-PE, the available data indicate that these liposomes are primarily T cell-independent immunogens. The liposomes are also immunogenic in other inbred mice strains (differing in H-2 haplotype), although the magnitude of the response varies sufficiently to suggest the existence of high, intermediate, and low responders. On the basis of this preliminary survey, further examination of the possibility that the immunogenicity of liposomes may be under genetic control seems warranted.
Enhancement of Liposomal Model Membrane Immunogenicity by Incorporation of Lipid A
Authors: Dancey George F. , Yasuda Tatsuji , Kinsky Stephen C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incorporation of lipid A into sphingomyelin-cholesterol-dicetylphosphate liposomes stimulates the humoral response of AKR mice (and other inbred strains) to model membranes that are also sensitized with the synthetic amphipathic antigen, dinitrophenyl-ε-aminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE). This effect is observed with liposomes containing varying amounts of DNP-Cap-PE and the magnitude depends on the quantity of lipid A that is incorporated. No significant increase in the frequency of direct anti-DNP plaque-forming cells (PFC) is apparent in the spleens of mice immunized with a mixture of DNP-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes (lacking lipid A) and liposomes prepared with lipid A (lacking DNP-Cap-PE). Thus, enhancement of liposomal immunogenicity by lipid A is contingent on its presence in the same bilayers that contain DNP-Cap-PE. These results further indicate that covalent attachment of lipid A to an antigenic determinant is not required to obtain an increased hapten-specific response.
Three lines of evidence support the conclusion that stimulation can be attributed to the known mitogenic effect of lipid A on bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. 1) Incorporation of alkali-treated lipid A, which is nonmitogenic, does not enhance the immunogenicity of DNP-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes in AKR mice. 2) Conversely, lipid A incorporation had no effect on anti-DNP PFC production in C3H/HeJ mice, a strain possessing B cells that are not responsive to this mitogen. 3) In contrast, lipid A did increase the response to DNP-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes in either nude or thymectomized mice that are deficient in thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes.
The available data suggest that modulation of liposomal immunogenicity by lipid A may be an effective method for enhancing antibody formation against lipid antigens.
Immunologic Properties of Purified Sendai Virus Glycoproteins
Authors: Örvell Claes , Norrby Erling 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Egg-grown Sendai virus was used for purification of the glycoproteins of the virus. The two glycoproteins, HN glycoprotein (VP 2) and F glycoprotein (VP 4), were separated by filtration on DEAE-Bio-Gel A columns and by sucrose density electrofocusing and were used for preparation of rabbit hyperimmune sera. Rabbit hyperimmune sera directed against the HN and F glycoproteins were immunologically distinct. Antiserum directed against the HN glycoprotein inhibited hemagglutination (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activity and had high neutralizing capacity. Antiserum against the F glycoprotein inhibited hemolysis but did not inhibit HA, NA activity, or virus infectivity. Rabbit hyperimmune sera against untreated, Tween 80-ether, and formalin-treated purified virions were also studied. These sera contained antibodies against both glycoprotein structures, but antibodies against the F glycoprotein blocking hemolysis could not be demonstrated. The two specific glycoprotein antisera were used to estimate the relative amount of hemagglutinin and hemolysin exposed on the envelope of Sendai virions from Vero cells by means of competition studies with 125I-labeled purified rabbit γ-globulin directed against egg-grown whole virions. Anti-HN and anti-F sera gave 60 to 70% and 30 to 40% inhibition, respectively, under conditions of antibody excess. Passive immunization with antisera against the two glycoproteins protected mice against natural Sendai virus infection.
Histocompatibility-2 System in Wild Mice
Authors: Klein Jan , Zaleska-Rutczynska Zofia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sixteen B10.W congenic lines carrying wild derived H-2 haplotypes on C57BL/10Sn or B10 background were typed by the allogeneic cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assay; in addition, selected lines were also typed by the TNP-CML assay and by skin grafting. The analysis revealed similarity or identity of two strain pairs: SNA57 (H-2w21) seems to carry a similar haplotype as B10.SM (H-2v), and STA10 and STA12 seem to share the same H-2K and H-2D alleles. All other B10.W strains were different from each other and from B10 congenic lines carrying inbred-derived H-2 haplotypes. These results agree with the results of the serologic typing with two exceptions: the KPA42, KPA132, and SNA57 lines, which were serologically indistinguishable from each other and from B10.SM, were distinguished by histogenetic typing. The presence among wild mice of a haplotype (H-2w21) that appears to be very similar to a haplotype (H-2v) carried by an inbred strain (B10.SM) has some interesting implications for considerations of H-2 gene mutability. The finding that haplotypes derived from different localities are different provides further evidence that the H-2 polymorphism is extensive, indeed.
Functional Differentiation of B Lymphocytes in Congenital Agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Percy Maire E. , Dosch Hans-Michael , Gelfand Erwin W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in which specific hemolytic plaque-forming cells (HcPFC) had been induced were labeled with 14C-amino acids. Antigen-specific products in the culture supernatants were characterized by using indirect immune precipitation in conjunction with specific immunoabsorbents and/or gel filtration followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After 5 days of culture with antigen (sheep red blood cells or ovalbumin) newly synthesized IgM and specific IgM antibody were demonstrated in culture supernatants from normal donors and from four out of five patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia (cAγ). Secreted products bound specifically to antigen and pretreatment of labeled supernatants with anti-µ and anti-L chain antisera, but not with anti-γ anti-serum, prevented binding. Typical µ- and L chains constituted only a proportion of the antigen-binding peptides recognized by the anti-µ reagents. Induction of IgM antibody synthesis was dependent on the presence of antigen and was correlated with the generation of HcPFC. No major differences between the antigen-induced products of cAγ and normal PBL were observed. These findings suggest that in the absence of terminal B cell differentiation in vivo, certain patients with cAγ possess precursor cells that can respond to antigen in vitro with the synthesis of specific humoral products, including IgM antibody.
Different Sensitivities to Hydrocortisone of Natural Killer Cell Activity and Hybrid Resistance to Parental Marrow Grafts
Authors: Hochman Paula S. , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural killer cells and cells mediating F1 anti-parent responses in vivo and in vitro differ in their sensitivity to hydrocortisone acetate. NK cell activity is sharply decreased after in vivo drug administration whereas induction of specific F1 anti-parent or anti-allogeneic cytotoxicity and hybrid resistance to parental marrow grafts are not impaired. Because of several other properties shared by the NK and anti-Hh host reactivities, it is still suggested that the effector cells are generated from a single differentiation pathway, but that they differ with respect to specificity and sensitivity to hydrocortisone.
The SC5b-7 Complex: Formation, Isolation, Properties, and Subunit Composition
Authors: Podack Eckhard R. , Kolb William P. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of C in C8-depleted serum results in the formation of a soluble complex containing C5, C6, and C7. The complex has an electrophoretic mobility of an α-globulin, an s-rate of 18.5S, and a m.w. of 668,000 daltons. This complex was isolated and upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was found to contain, in addition to C5b, C6 and C7, an 88,000 dalton glycoprotein. The protein was identified as the band V protein of the soluble C5b-9 complex. It is referred to as SIIIs-protein, or S-protein. Since the S-protein does not bind to C5b-6, it is concluded that it is incorporated during the fusion of C5b-6 with C7. The SC5b-7 complex exhibits the same neoantigen as the SC5b-9 complex, but compared to the C5b-6 complex it appears to contain an additionally qualitatively distinct neoantigen.