bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Separation of a Protective Antigen from a Toxin-Producing Strain of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological characteristics of a toxin producing strain of H. pertussis, # 29, are compared with a typical phase I strain, # 18-323. A water extract of strain # 29 organisms, heated at 56 C for 45 minutes, contains a protective antigen against a typical phase I strain, # 18-323, the challenge organism in the mouse protection test. The protective antigen can be partially separated from the heated, non-toxic, water extract by fractionation with methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature.
Effects of Purine Derivatives and Analogues on Multiplication of the Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Thompson Randall L. , Price Marian L. , Minton Sherman A. , Elion Gertrude B. , Hitchings George H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
2,6-diaminopurine inhibits multiplication of the vaccinia virus in an in vitro system containing chick embryonic tissue. This inhibition is abolished by adenine at an equivalent concentration, and by adenylic and guanylic acids, yeast nucleic acid, diphosphopyridine nucleotide and hypoxanthine at somewhat higher concentrations. Guanine, xanthine and uracil are inactive.
Several halogenated purines appear to be virostatic in the same system, but adenine did not prevent the inhibition of viral growth produced by 2,6,8-trichloropurine.
Three triazolopyrimidines, including 8-azaguanine, failed to prevent multiplication of the virus.
Benzimidazole is inhibitory but the toxicity is not abolished by adenine, guanine or yeast nucleic acid.
Mice inoculated intracerebrally with a neurotropic strain of vaccinia virus (IHD) were not protected by 2,6-diaminopurine, 2,6-dichloro-7-methyl purine or benzimidazole.
Persistence of Antibodies in Human Subjects Injected with Pneumococcal Polysaccharides
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Dilapi Marie M. , Siegel Morris , Walter Annabel W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human subjects injected 3, 5 to 6, or 8 years previously with type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharides usually showed measurable and sometimes relatively high antibody levels when their sera were analyzed after the periods indicated. In instances in which an antibody had disappeared or remained only in small quantity, reinjection of the homologous polysaccharide usually caused antibody to reappear or to increase, although rarely to the original maximum. The lowered secondary response does not amount to a “paralysis” of antibody function and does not extend to primary formation of antibodies to polysaccharides not previously injected.
Studies on the Hemagglutinin of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Thiele Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Hemagglutinin activity can be demonstrated in the early phases of cultivation of Hemophilus pertussis but disappears as the cultures approach maximal density. Previous work has shown that cells from cultures that have reached maximal density have high immunizing potency. Absorption of supernatants from sonically disrupted H. pertussis cell concentrates with chicken red blood cells removes all of the hemagglutinating activity without diminution of toxicity or agglutinogen titer. Supernatants, after complete removal of hemagglutinating activity by absorption on chicken cells, still retain a considerable portion of their protective antigenicity. A spontaneous precipitate that develops in supernatants contains hemagglutinating activity but does not actively immunize mice. Certain properties of the hemagglutinating principle have been described, and the suggestion is made that there may be at least two hemagglutinins. It is concluded that the hemagglutinating substance of H. pertussis cultures is not identical with the toxin, the agglutinogen, or the immunizing antigen.
Agglutinin Nitrogen in Staphylococcus Antisera
Authors: Kahnke M. Jeanne 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantitative determination of antibody nitrogen was applied to staphylococcus antiserum. Test tube agglutinations suggested a low antibody level, but quantitative evidence showed a high level of antibody nitrogen. The homologous strain of Staphylococcus aureus removed a substantial amount of antibody nitrogen; an air-isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus showed no appreciable cross reactions with the sera.
The Light-Scattering Properties of an Antigenantibody Reaction
Authors: Goldberg Richard J. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The utility of light scattering measurements on protein systems is discussed. Light scattering data for bovine serum albumin and its homologous rabbit antibody are presented. They describe the turbidity of the system as a function of time. It was found that the rate of aggregation of antibody and antigen molecules into large complexes is dependent on the antibody-antigen ratio. The existence of soluble aggregates in the antigen excess region is verified. Evidence is discussed which indicates that all reactions occurring in an antibody-antigen system are bimolecular.
Effects of Gliotoxin and Other Sulfur-Containing Compounds on Tumor Cells in vitro
Authors: Mason John W. , Kidd John G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Gliotoxin in concentrations of 1 μg/ml or more regularly inhibited the subsequent growth of mouse lymphosarcoma cells after contact with them in vitro during a period of 1 hour at 37 C. Desthiogliotoxin, by contrast, had no effect on the tumor cells in concentrations of 800 μg/ml in comparable tests. All of five synthetic compounds having cyclic disulfide components like that of gliotoxin inhibited the tumor cells in concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 μg/ml. In similar tests these compounds and gliotoxin likewise inhibited the growth of mammary carcinoma cells of C3H mice, though in all instances concentrations several times greater than those inhibitory for the lymphosarcoma cells were required.
The inhibitory effect of gliotoxin was abolished when it was mixed before being brought into contact with tumor cells with high concentrations of cysteine, glutathione, or monothioglycerol at pH 7.4. When gliotoxin was allowed to react with the tumor cells first, however, the sulfhydryl compounds applied subsequently in high concentrations did not alter its inhibitory effect, and this was not prevented when the tumor cells were treated with the sulfhydryl compounds beforehand.
Gliotoxin was found to be equally effective against tumor cells under aerobic and partially anaerobic conditions in vitro. BAL, however, was considerably less effective against tumor cells when air was excluded from the mixture.
The findings as a whole indicate that the cyclic disulfide linkage is essential for the effect of gliotoxin on tumor cells in vitro. Their implications are briefly considered.
A Hemolysis Inhibition Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Kahnke M. Jeanne 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Within given conditions, the greater the concentration of Newcastle Disease Virus, the greater was the hemolysis produced in chicken red cells, and the greater the amount of immune serum added to the virus, the greater was the inhibition of hemolysis. Based on these findings, a laboratory test for NDV antibodies is presented. The results of the hemolysis inhibition test correlated with a hemagglutination inhibition test.
Effect of X Rays upon Hemolysin Production in the Rat
Authors: Kohn Henry I. , Smyser Mary P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rats were irradiated once with X rays (250 kvp, LD50 of 725 r) at various times during the week before and the 5 days after an injection of sheep erythrocytes, and the hemolysin titer followed.
Normally, the peak titer occurred 5 to 6 days after antigen injection. Following irradiation, three principal effects were noted. The peak titer was reduced. The attainment of the peak was delayed. The decline in titer after the peak was delayed. No evidence was obtained that irradiation released appreciable and lasting amounts of hemolysin, or accelerated its disappearance.
Exposure at 1 to 3 days before antigen injection was the most effective per unit dose, 175 r causing marked inhibition.
Exposure within several hours of antigen injection was less effective, and the results tended to be more variable than in other experiments.
Exposure at 1 or 2 days after antigen injection required 350 r to produce an inhibition. Although delay in reaching the peak titer was marked, reduction in the peak was not great. As a result, the titers of the irradiated animals were below the controls during the first 10 days, equal to them during days 10 to 14, and above them thereafter.
Exposure to 350 to 600 r on the second to fourth days after antigen injection, when measurable titers were about to appear or had appeared in the plasma, led to inhibition within 24 hours.
The Effects of Cortisone and Acth on Toxins of Rickettsiae and Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Jackson Elizabeth B. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A number of the bacterial, rickettsial and viral diseases of man are characterized by severe toxemia. Furthermore, toxins capable of producing obvious lesions in animals, or their death, are obtained from many of the pathogenic microbial agents (1, 2). Recent reports have indicated that increased amounts of adrenal cortical hormones have beneficial effects on the clinical course of several infectious diseases (3–6). Moreover, Lewis and Page (7) have observed that adrenalectomized rats are more resistant to the shocking action of typhoid toxin if they are under treatment with cortisone. With these points in mind, we undertook an investigation of the possible antitoxic action of cortisone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in mice inoculated with lethal amounts of the toxins of rickettsiae of epidemic typhus and of scrub typhus. Subsequently, experiments of a similar nature were conducted with mice inoculated with the toxin of Salmonella typhosa.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Reaction of Mice to Tetanus Toxin
Authors: Ipsen Johannes 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In two consecutive summer weeks, pronounced differences in survival time were noted for mice subjected to identical doses of tetanus toxin. Room temperatures at the time of the two observations were 25 C and 35 C, respectively (Experiments 2 and 3, Table IV). Survival times are ordinarily reproducible when the same dose is used. One possible explanation of the observed differences was the environmental temperature. Variation in inherent susceptibility between two lots of mice rarely causes such differences, as judged by experience with mice from the same laboratory stock (4), or from different laboratories in various parts of the world (6).
The effect of environmental temperature on resistance to infection has been studied experimentally through temporary chilling (2) of animals subjected to fixed doses of a pathogenic agent (5). Momentary exposure of infected animals to extreme variations in temperature is seemingly less comparable to natural conditions than where experimental animals are maintained at uniform raised or lowered temperatures that are consistent with the survival of normal animals.
Relationship between Treponemal Immobilizing Antibodies and Acquired Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Magnuson Harold J. , Thompson Frederick A. , McLeod Charlotte P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Measurement of circulating “immobilizing antibody” has proved to be a poor measure of the resistance of immune rabbits to challenge infection with three strains of Treponema pallidum. Crude correlation between the results of the immobilization test and the resistance to challenge was demonstrated only when challenge shortly followed termination of the immunizing infection. Strain 20A may be a more sensitive antigen than the Nichols strain of Treponema pallidum in the demonstration of the immobilization phenomenon. The in vitro immobilization test failed to demonstrate strain differences among three strains of T. pallidum. The mechanism of acquired immunity in syphilis is still poorly understood.
The Size of Coxsackie Viruses and Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus Determined by Sedimentation and Ultrafiltration
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Rhian Morris , Warren Joel , Breese Sydney S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sizes of 6 members of the Coxsackie, or C, group of viruses, representing 4 antigenic types, have been determined by filtration through gradocol membranes and by sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. Filtration end points and sedimentation constants were measured by following the activity of the infectious particles.
The Conn.-5, Ohio-1, High Point, and Texas-1 C viruses and the Lansing poliomyelitis virus are of comparable size: 15 to 23 mμ according to filtration data and approximately 24 to 32 mμ from sedimentation data. By optical analysis in the sector cell of the ultracentrifuge, the purified Texas-1 strain yielded a value of about 33 mμ. These results are also in agreement with those found by electron microscopy of purified Texas-1 strain.
The TT strain (Type 1) yielded a value of 7 to 10 mμ from the filtration experiments and of about 27 mμ from the sedimentation data.
The complement fixing antigen was found to sediment at about the same rate as the infectious particle for the High Point strain.
The Production of Antibody by Patients with Chronic Hepatic Disease
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Shaffer James M. , Hopke Charles J. , Eichman Hazel L. , Williams W. Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The amounts of antitoxin produced by 27 Schick-negative patients with chronic hepatic disease and 36 Schick-negative patients with other acute and chronic diseases following the intramuscular injection of 50 Lf purified diphtheria toxoid were measured by titration in the skin of rabbits. When the maximum measured amounts of antitoxin were compared, the patients with chronic hepatic disease were found to have made, on the average, three times as much antibody as the controls. There was no apparent relationship between the amounts of antitoxin produced and the age, clinical condition, degree of malnutrition, amounts and partition of serum proteins, and resistance to intercurrent infections. The synthesis of antibody appeared to be a highly preferential function resulting in certain cases in a replacement of a large percentage of the globulin previously present. On occasion, it appeared to be operative at the expense of the production of serum albumin.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. , Quan S. F. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure for the complement-fixation test with plague Fraction I as antigen and specific high-titered antiplague (by preference anti-Fraction I) serum as antiserum has been described.
Examples of the use of the method are given: the determination of Fraction I plague antigen in the bacteria and in tissue extracts of carcasses of mice and guinea pigs that had died of experimental plague. Antibodies to Fraction I were detected in convalescent human sera, in sera of guinea pigs immunized with various living avirulent plague organisms, and of rabbits and monkeys immunized with Fraction I. The titers obtained are in direct agreement with values determined by precipitation, agglutination, immunization and passive mouse-protection tests.
The complement-fixation tests, besides being a valuable addition to research plague studies, also acts as a liaison test for evaluation of plague vaccines, estimation of degree of immunity, determination of potency of antiplague sera, confirmation of recent infection with Pasteurella pestis and help in the positive identification of plague bacilli.
The Interchangeability of the Complement Components of Different Animal Species
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Boulanger Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Horse, cow, and sheep complements, all three of which are “non-hemolytic” for sheep red cells sensitized with specific rabbit antiserum, were found to be hemolytic for rabbit red cells, either untreated or sensitized with specific sheep antiserum. Hence, a sensitized rabbit-red-cell suspension was used as the indicator in the titration of complement in fresh sera of these three species. The titers obtained differed significantly from these determined with the “standard” hemolytic indicator or by conglutination.
Dialysis in the cold in phosphate buffer of pH 5.4 and ionic strength 0.02, separated these complements into insoluble and soluble fractions that were inactive alone but which on admixture showed hemolytic properties for sensitized rabbit-red-cells. Treatment with zymosan or hydrazine in suitable amounts inactivated each of these complements; the hemolytic activity was restored by the addition of heated serum of the same and of certain other species.
Titrations of hemolytic activity for sensitized rabbit-red-cells suggest therefore that the complements of the horse, sheep, and cow, like those of the other complements previously studied, consist of a complex of four major components, which it seems reasonable to designate as C′1, C′2, C′3 and C′4, although, owing to some species incompatibility they may not always prove mutually interchangeable with the corresponding complement components of the guinea-pig or other animals.
Studies of a “Complete” and an “Incomplete” Rh Antiserum with cDe/cde and -D-/-D- Cells
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Brown Raymond A. , Stettner Constance E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Fractions of an Rh antiserum prepared by electrophoresis-convection and titrated with cDe/cde cells revealed no saline agglutination, but incomplete antibodies including saline blocking antibodies were found in high titers. Tests of these fractions with -D-/-D- cells, however, did reveal the presence of saline agglutinins in 5 out of 7 fractions; nevertheless, prozones (up to 1/4 dilution) in the saline agglutination titrations were present, blocking in saline occurred in a low dilution (1/2) of one of the fractions, and incomplete (albumin agglutination and indirect antiglobulin titrations) resulted in endpoints from 16 to 64 times higher than the saline agglutination titers.
The results of this study, therefore, substantiate those of the previous report, which indicated that incomplete antibodies do not react as bivalent (complete or agglutinating antibodies) with -D-/-D- cells. They also indicate that saline agglutination of -D-/-D- cells can be blocked by incomplete antibodies, and that fractions of Rh antisera (as well as native sera) which appear to contain only incomplete antibodies may show the presence of complete antibodies if tested with -D-/-D- cells.
Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies in Cultures of Human Tissue Inoculated with Varicella Vesicle Fluid
Authors: Weller Thomas H. , Stoddard Marguerite B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following the inoculation of varicella vesicle fluid into suspended cell cultures of human embryonic tissues, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were demonstrable in six different experiments. The evidence suggested that the inclusion bodies were induced by the action of varicella virus. No intranuclear inclusions could be demonstrated in subcultures.
Blood Group Activity and Composition of Polysaccharides from Pancreatins
Authors: Verney Ethel , Stock Aaron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A commercial pancreatin contained a polysaccharide with blood group A activity which was similar in composition to other serologically active tissue polysaccharides. A second commercial pancreatin yielded a serologically inactive polysaccharide that appeared to be degraded chemically.
Studies on Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Jawetz Ernest , Allende M. F. , Coleman Virginia R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When examined by an egg-neutralization technique which employed preliminary incubation of virus-serum mixtures (1 hour at 37 C) human sera failed to exhibit “all or none” character of herpes antibody levels. The antibody titers of sera from herpetic individuals extended over more than a one thousandfold range.
Significant fluctuation in herpes antibody titer was demonstrated in sera obtained from such individuals at different times.
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Aladjem Frederick , Lieberman Mirjam 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative study of the precipitin reaction has been made as a function of NaCl concentration. The system used was chicken ovalbumin and the homologous rabbit antibody separated into its eu- and pseudoglobulin fractions and the same antibody fractions and duck ovalbumin as the heterologous system. Using pseudoglobulin antibody, it was shown that in the virtual absence of salt the precipitin reaction not only persists but gives larger amounts of precipitate N in the equivalence and antigen excess zones than when NaCl was added. Furthermore, antigen excess inhibition occurs at much lower antigen concentrations in 9.0 and 0.9% than in 0.09% NaCl. In the 0.00% NaCl series about seven times the antigen N concentration of the equivalence zone is needed for partial inhibition, compared with about twice the equivalence zone antigen N needed for almost complete inhibition with 0.9% NaCl. Some of the possible causes for these differences are discussed. It is suggested and evidence is presented that rabbit pseudoglobulin antibody may contain at least two antibody fractions. One of these precipitates preferentially at the lowest sodium chloride concentration and only to a very small extent in 0.9% or higher salt concentration. For want of further defining criteria this fraction is tentatively called “salt sensitive” antibody. The rest of the pseudoglobulin antibody appears to be much less “salt sensitive.” In the precipitin reaction with euglobulin antibody less nitrogen is precipitated throughout the course of the reaction at the higher salt concentration than at the lower salt concentration. The heterologous reaction between duck ovalbumin and eu- and pseudoglobulin antibody fractions differs somewhat from the homologous reaction. Decreased amounts of precipitation, greater inhibition of the reaction at the higher salt concentrations, and less inhibition in antigen excess were observed.
Quantitative Aspects of Influenza Virus Multiplication
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The multiplication of influenza virus in the cells of the allantois and the resulting increase of virus in the allantoic fluid have been shown repeatedly to be logarithmic (24, 25, 26). This steady exponential increase is presumed to be the result of a succession of multiplication cycles with a constant multiplication factor (“cyclic increment”) and of constant duration (“cycle time”); as the cycles gradually merge into each other the growth process, having been discontinuous in its early stages, becomes approximately logarithmic in its later stages. For the increase of influenza A viruses in the allantoic fluid, the average increment was estimated in Henle's one-step growth experiments (17, 27) to be between 50 and 100. The same experiments showed that liberation of newly formed virus began after a constant period of 5 to 6 hours, although the average time for liberation, namely the time at which half the ultimate first-cycle yield of virus had been liberated, appeared to be about 8 hours.
The Effect of ACTH and Cortisone on the Quantitative Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Malkiel Saul , Hargis Betty Jean 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were treated with ACTH and cortisone given in physiologically significant doses prior to and during the period of immunization with bovine serum albumin. The behavior of the reaction between the antigen and the antibodies thus engendered as studied by the quantitative precipitin technic was not inconsistent with that from control animals. ACTH caused a marked diminution of the antibody titer and cortisone an almost complete suppression.