bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of the Three-part Structure of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Song Hongqiang , Zhang Jie , Li Leping , Yang Zihao , Xia Lidong , Zheng Ruisheng , Chen Yao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) result from eruptions of magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) and can possess a three-part structure in white-light coronagraphs, including a bright front, dark cavity, and bright core. In traditional opinion, the bright front forms due to the plasma pileup along the MFR border, the cavity represents the cross section of the MFR, and the bright core corresponds to the erupted prominence. However, this explanation on the nature of the three-part structure is being challenged. In this paper, we report an intriguing event that occurred on 2014 June 14 that was recorded by multiple space- and ground-based instruments seamlessly, clearly showing that the CME front originates from the plasma pileup along the magnetic arcades overlying the MFR, and the core corresponds to a hot-channel MFR. Thus the dark cavity is not an MFR; instead it is a low-density zone between the CME front and a trailing MFR. These observations are consistent with a new explanation on the CME structure. If the new explanation is correct, most (if not all) CMEs should exhibit the three-part appearance in their early eruption stage. To examine this prediction, we make a survey of all CMEs in 2011 and find that all limb events have the three-part feature in the low corona, regardless of their appearances in the high corona. Our studies suggest that the three-part structure is the intrinsic structure of CMEs, which has fundamental importance for understanding CMEs.
Samostalniške tvorjenke in določanje iztočnic v obrnjenem Hipolitovem slovarju
Authors: Jelovšek Alenka 
Published: December 2022

V prispevku je predstavljeno vprašanje določanja iztočnic za izbrane samostalniške tvorjenke (izpeljanke iz glagolskih kalkov, sestavljenke s predpono iz prislova, zloženke) glede na zapis skupaj ali narazen v obrnjenem slovarju Hipolita Novomeškega. Primerjalno je pregledana obravnava izbranih primerov teh tvorjenk v obstoječih slovenskih zgodovinskih slovarjih, na podlagi gradiva za obrnjeni slovar pa so izpostavljene dileme pri določanju iztočnic, zlasti vprašanje ločevanja zloženk od besednih zvez z netipično stavo samostalniškega prilastka.
Kidney Lesions in Chronic Anaphylaxis
Authors: Boughton T. Harris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The subject of the tissue lesions in anaphylaxis, and especially in chronic anaphylaxis, has attracted the attention of but few investigators. The phenomenon of Arthus (1) is well known. He found that the repeated subcutaneous injection of small amounts of horse serum into rabbits at intervals of five to seven days eventually produced infiltration, edema, sterile abscesses, and gangrene of the part, even though the injections were given in different locations. This effect was noted without the definite production of anaphylactic shock. Gay and Southard (2) studied the lesions of acute anaphylaxis. They reported finding three types of lesions. The first was hemorrhage, and in many cases this was plainly due to lesions of capillary endothelium. The second was fatty changes, principally in capillary endothelium, but also noted in voluntary muscle, heart muscle, nerve fibres, and in some epithelial structures.
The Relation of the Typhoidin Skin Reaction to Immunity in Typhoid Fever
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Berge James H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
While the bactericidal power of human sera over B. typhosus is increased in a proportion of persons following typhoid fever or active immunization with a vaccine, there is no direct relation between the typhoidin skin reaction and the results of bactericidal tests in vitro. Agglutinins or complement-fixing antibodies or both are present in the blood serum of the majority of persons reacting positively in the skin test and particularly among those actively immunized, but there is no definite relation between these as either may be in evidence in the absence of the other. Powdered typhoidin and its control produces severe reactions when injected intracutaneously in doses of 0.0005 to 0.001 mgm.; these reactions and particularly that produced by the control, render the reading and interpretation of the test quite difficult and subject to much error. Cutaneous anaphylaxis to typhoidin was found apparently to persist for a longer time among those who have had typhoid fever than among those actively immunized with the vaccine. Among the latter the highest percentage of reactions was found during the first year following immunization. While the typhoidin reaction indicates sensitization to typhoid protein, there is not yet sufficient evidence to warrant its acceptance as an index of immunity in typhoid fever.
The Antigenic Properties of Tubercle Wax
Authors: Lucke Balduin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tubercle wax is the name applied to fatty and waxy substances extracted from tubercle bacilli with fat solvents such as alcohol, ether, benzol, chloroform, etc.
Historical and Nature of Tubercle Wax. Hammerschlag was first to show that tubercle bacilli contained a large amount of fatty and waxy substances, and that in this respect they differ from other vegetable microörganisms. De Schweinitz and Dorset confirmed Hammerschlag's results, and since then a great deal of attention has been paid to this subject. All investigators agree that it is difficult to extract the fatty substances entirely, and that the amount is influenced by the culture media upon which the bacilli are grown and by other factors mentioned below. Proskauer and Beck have demonstrated that bacilli cultivated on fat free media are also able to produce wax, although in smaller amount (10 per cent of dried bacillary substance).
Can a Specific Neurotoxin Be Obtained from the Corpus Striatum?
Authors: Moore Lillian M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a study of the thermogenic functions of the corpus striatum I have been led into a reinvestigation of the question of the occurrence of specific neurotoxins. Certain substances bring about a marked change of body temperature when applied to the corpus striatum and do not produce this effect when applied to other parts of the brain (1). This would indicate a difference in chemical composition between the corpus striatum and the other parts. It is conceivable that the characteristic differences should depend upon the protein constituents and hence it might be possible, by suitable methods, to induce the formation of specific neurotoxins in case such substances really occur.
Delezenne (2) described a neurotoxic serum obtained from a rabbit by repeated intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of an emulsion of dog brain. This serum, when injected into the marginal vein of a dog's ear, proved fatal in 5 to 10 minutes in doses of 0.2 cc. per kilo of body weight.
A Study of the Complement Fixation Reaction in Tuberculosis
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study was started in 1917 for the purpose of ascertaining the practical value of the complement fixation reaction in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. From the outset, it was realized that a systematic and thorough investigation would involve experimental research into the mechanism of the immune reaction which might bring out new facts of fundamental significance. Two important observations have already been published: the adsorption by globulin and the extraction from the precipitated globulin of substances in bacterial cultures which possess antigenic activity (1); and the relationship of fibrinogen to certain agglutinative and lytic properties of the blood (2).
It is the purpose of this paper to record the results of further study. First, analyses of cultures of the tubercle bacillus by methods of extraction, to determine the distribution of the antigenic properties, were undertaken.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Hosepian V. M. , O'Neill F. I. , Moy H. Bing 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immediate reactions between specific foreign protein and anaphylactic blood are in themselves usually insufficient to cause recognizable anaphylactic phenomena in normal dogs. If the liver of an anaphylactic dog is transplanted into a normal dog, the normal dog will show all of the characteristic features of canine anaphylaxis on intravenous injection with specific foreign protein. If specific foreign protein is injected into a mesenteric vein of an anaphylactic dog and shock blood collected as it escapes from the liver, this blood, transfused into a normal dog, will reproduce all of the characteristic features of canine anaphylaxis. Blood drawn from the carotid artery from two to five minutes after throwing a dog into anaphylactic shock, usually shows little or no toxic action, when transfused into a normal dog The hepatic anaphylatoxin is not the only factor operating in canine anaphylaxis.
A Study of the Agglutination Reactions of the Diphtheria Group of Organisms
Authors: Bailey G. Howard 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Results
A summary of all the agglutination tests is given in condensed form in table 1. It will be observed that a large number of cross-reactions occurred among the strains of avirulent diphtheria bacilli. Thus sera 1549, 1875, 387-2, B370-1, 6391, 6439, 6466, “Denberg,” “Farise,” “Pizano,” and “Car” gave about the same number of cross-agglutinations for the various heterologous cultures, while sera 2098, B196-1, B1746 and “Abramowitz” gave fewer cross-reactions. Since strains 6439 and 6466 were agglutinated in the lower dilutions by normal serum, their agglutination by some of the heterologous sera is of little significance. The anti-Hofmann bacillus serum “Gracia” gave significant cross-agglutination only for another strain of this organism, and the same is true of serum “Bruce” (anti-Xerosis bacillus) for two other strains of B. xerosis. No agglutination was shown by any of the above sera for the two cultures (8D and 2) of virulent diphtheria bacilli tested. According to their fermentative reactions, these cultures were representatives of the first and second serological groups of these organisms respectively. In every case the serum and its own culture gave the highest titer. Although no absorption tests were made, the large number of cross-reactions, especially among the strains of avirulent diphtheria bacilli, would indicate the presence of common agglutinins.
Immunologic Specificity of the Localized Shwartzman Phenomenon Induced in Guinea Pigs by Simple Chemical Haptens
Authors: De Weck A. L. , Frey J. R. , Geleick H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs possessing delayed-type hypersensitivity to haptens such as Neoarsphenamine (NEO) or to 2-4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) show a hemorrhagic reactivation of the inflammatory lesions caused 48-hr before by the intradermal injection of the hapten, when challenged intravenously with those haptens. This hemorrhagic reactivation closely resembles the localized Shwartzman phenomenon to bacterial endotoxins. By varying the type of sensitization (single or double sensitization, tolerance or absence of sensitization), the type of intradermal preparatory injection (delayed-type allergic or primary toxic reaction) and the hapten used for intraveneous challenge, it is possible to demonstrate unequivocally a close relationship of the localized hemorrhagic reactivation phenomenon with specific immunologic reactions.
These experiments indicate that the localized hemorrhagic reactivation depends on different molecular mechanisms from those of the Arthus reaction. They establish an obligatory relationship with delayed-type reactivity in the preparation of susceptible skin sites, although the elicitation of the phenomenon itself may be nonspecific.
Rhinoviruses: Basis for a Numbering System
Authors: Conant Robert M. , Hamparian Vincent V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In comparative neutralization tests to enumerate serotypes among 68 rhinovirus strains, many one-way heterotypic reactions were encountered. Heterologous serum titers of 64 and above were not uncommon. This heterologous reactivity could be removed from antisera by absorption with human liver powder without altering homologous neutralizing antibody levels. It was concluded that these inhibitors were not specific for rhinoviruses and most likely are antibodies directed against host cell components.
Following the removal of nonspecific inhibitors from antisera by absorption with human liver powder, cross-neutralization test results were more readily interpreted. Fifty-five distinct serotypes and one subtype were found among the 68 rhinovirus strains.
A Cellulose Mercurial: Preparation, Properties and Use in Antibody Purification
Authors: Shainoff John R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A cellulose mercurial has been developed and applied as an aid to the antibody isolation method that is based on use of thiolated antigens as retrievable harvesting agents. The mercurial was prepared by etherifying cellulose with 1-allyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane, and subsequently mercurating allyl groups with mercuric acetate. The mercurial had properties of an ion exchange resin with covatently bound, monofunctional HgII as exchanging group. In 0.05 M chloride at pH near 2.4, the resin seemed to bind protein only by forming mercaptides and, then, only with particular thiol groups. Native thiol groups of serum albumin or ovalbumin did not react, but groups added de novo by thiolating protein with N-acetyl homocysteine thiolactone did. In enabling separation of thiolated from non-thiolated proteins in presence of chloride, the resin provided an important advantage over a previously described mercurial. The resin was applied to isolation of anti-bovine γ-globulin antibody. In this application, thiolated bovine γ-globulin was used to precipitate the antibody. The precipitate was dissolved, and the thiolated antigen subsequently removed with the resin, leaving purified antibody in solution.
Structure of Human Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A 10.6 S fragment with an approximate molecular weight of 320,000, which represented the Fc portion of the human IgM was isolated by digesting the IgM in the absence of cysteine with activated papain. Comparison of antigenic properties, amino acid composition and carbohydrate content of this fragment with those of the Fc fragment obtained from the subunits of IgM previously, indicated that this 10.6 S fragment was composed of the Fc portions of IgM subunits. The 10.6 S fragment dissociated into 3.2 S Fc units by mild reduction followed by alkylation. Thus it was evidenced that the intersubunit disulfide bonds of IgM are located on the Fc portions of the subunits.
A New Basic Protein in Rabbit Serum Unrelated to Immunoglobulin
Authors: Nash Donald R. , Schwab John H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immunoelectrophoresis of whole serum, developed with a sheep antiserum, reveals the presence in all rabbit sera of a precipitin are which is located in the slow γ-globulin region of the pattern. This post-γ-globulin antigen (PGGA) is not antigenically related to IgG globulin or subunits of this protein. Absorption studies indicate that no antigenic relationship exists between PGGA and any other serum constituents. It is also distinct from rabbit lysozyme, ribonuclease and desoxyribonuclease.
This heat stable serum protein exhibits distinctive solubility properties when serum is fractionated with (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, alcohol or rivanol. Elution of PGGA from Sephadex G 200 occurs after albumin, indicating a molecular weight ranging between 15,000 and 50,000. Data obtained by elution from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose show that PGGA may form complexes with itself or other serum proteins.
PGGA is not found in urine, colostrum or cerebrospinal fluid. Neonatal rabbit sera contain this antigen but in considerably lower concentrations than the adult.
Many IgG globulin preparations contain PGGA as a contaminant, but no antibody activity has been associated with this serum protein.
There is measurable ribonuclease activity in γG-globulin preparations isolated by DEAE-Sephadex or DEAE-cellulose chromatography, as well as by alcohol precipitation.
Immunochemical Comparison of β-Lactoglobulins
Authors: Phillips Nancy I. , Jenness Robert , Kalan Edwin B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The genetic variants of cow β-lactoglobulin are indistinguishable by Ouchterlony double diffusion and the quantitative precipitin test. They are distinguishable from each other by complement and micro-complement fixation tests.
Goat and sheep β-lactoglobulins are identical to the cow β-lactoglobulin variants by the Ouchterlony test, but are distinguishable by quantitative precipitation, complement and micro-complement fixation.
Chemical modification of cow β-lactoglobulin, such as cleavage of the -His-Ile C-terminal sequence of the B variant, crystallization of the A variant with 2 moles of SDS and blocking of the -SH groups of the B variant with DTNB, do not produce molecules which are immunologically distinguishable from the parent molecule.
Susceptibility of Different Mouse Strains to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
There is a wide spectrum in the susceptibility of different mouse strains to Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. This is manifested by different amounts of LCM virus needed to reach an LD50 end point in adult mice of several strains, and in the concentration of infectious virus present in neonatally infected mice of these strains.
The Effect of Benzylation or Sequential Amidination and Benzylation on the Ability of Rabbit γG-Antibody to Fix Complement
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Benzylation of rabbit γG-antibody results in a partial loss of complement-fixing ability, as has been described by others. The greater part of this loss is due to the conjugation of only one or two tryptophan groups. The tryptophan groups which contribute most to the antibody's ability to fix complement are most susceptible to benzylation.
Double conjugation of rabbit γG-antibody, by means of sequential amidination and benzylation, results in an antibody preparation which shows no significant loss in its ability to combine with and precipitate antigen, but which has suffered a 92% reduction in complement-fixing ability. This reduction is probably due to the specific inactivation of complement-fixing sites on the antibody molecule. Moreover, amidination and benzylation affect the same population of complement-fixing sites.
The doubly conjugated antibodies show a diminution in the rate at which they aggregate with antigen. However, double conjugation is more effective at maximizing changes in complement fixation and minimizing alterations in reaction with antigen than either amidination or benzylation alone.
Isolation of a Protein Antigen Following Extraction of Lipids from Sheep Red Blood Cell Stroma
Authors: Santos-Buch Charles A. , Guzmán-Rivero J. René 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two highly purified protein fractions were isolated after lipid extraction of washed sheep red blood cell stroma. One of these acid soluble proteins has an apparent molecular weight of over 200,000 and elicits a marked circulating hemolytic response in rabbits. Following a single intravenous injection of the high molecular weight antigen in particulate form at pH 7.0, a rise in hemolytic IgM was detected as early as 2 days after sensitization. Hemolytic 7 S γ-globulins were not detected up to 24 days following primary sensitization with this antigen. Only after challenge of previously sensitized rabbits was circulating hemolytic IgG in rising levels isolated.
“Protein A” from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Gustafson G. T. , Stålenheim G. , Forsgren A. , Sjöquist J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis-like reactions as well as hemorrhagic reactions were produced in nonimmunized guinea pigs by injection of a bacterial cell wall protein (protein A) from Staphylococcus aureus. These phenomena are believed to be mediated by a reaction between protein A and the Fc region of γ-globulin. Protein A is thus able to produce in normal guinea pigs reactions indistinguishable from immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Direct Demonstration and Quantitation of Aal, Aa2 and Aa3 Allotypic Specificities on Fd-Fragments of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Micheli Antoine , Mage Rose G. , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Fd-fragments were prepared from Fab-fragments obtained by papain digestion of rabbit immunoglobulin-G (IgG). In addition, a 5 S piece was obtained by cyanogen bromide treatment of IgG and an Fd derived from the 5 S piece was prepared. Polyalanylation was carried out in order to solubilize the Fd-fragments. Some masking of a-locus-allotypic specificity was demonstrated when IgG and 5 S piece were polyalanylated. 125I-labeled fragments were allowed to react with either anti-a1, -a2 or -a3 antisera and supernatant portions were precipitated with appropriate anti-allotype antisera specific only for the antibody portion of the soluble complexes. In spite of some probable masking due to polyalanylation, the majority of polyalanylated Fdfragments (generally more than 60%) had demonstrable determinants associated with a-locus-allotypic specificity. Fab-fragment (a2), from which noncovalently linked glycopeptides were removed on Sephadex in 1 M propionic acid, retained a2 allotypic specificity. Fd-fragments derived from CNBr treated IgG, especially those with short polyalanine chains, gave high control values with normal rabbit sera, suggesting either a nonspecific or a specific affinity for immunoglobulins in normal rabbit sera.
The Isolation of Immunoglobulins of the Adult Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana)
Authors: Rowlands David T. , Dudley Mary A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Analysis of the serum and the immunoglobulins of the adult opossum (Didelphys virginiana) suggests that these animals occupy a position intermediate between eutherian mammals and lower vertebrates in terms of their immune system. The serum proteins of the opossum are similar to those of other mammals in their complexity but differ in the relatively small amount of albumin present. Two major classes of immunoglobulins have been isolated which appear to be very similar to those of eutherian mammals. Although a conversion from macromolecular antibodies to smaller molecular weight antibodies has been demonstrated, preliminary studies suggest that the rate of conversion is much more nearly like that seen in lower vertebrates than in other mammals.