bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in two novel nicotine pouch products in comparison with regular smokeless tobacco products and pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs)
Authors: Back Susanne , Masser Anna E. , Rutqvist Lars E. , Lindholm Johan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Tobacco-free nicotine pouches is a novel category of oral nicotine-delivery products. Among current tobacco users such pouches may serve as a low-risk alternative to cigarettes or conventional, tobacco-based oral products e.g., snus and moist snuff. In the United States (U.S.), the market leading nicotine-pouch brand is ZYN®. However, no data on the chemical characteristics of ZYN have been published.

Methods
We screened for 43 compounds potentially present in tobacco products in seven oral nicotine-delivery products: ZYN (dry and moist), snus (General®), moist snuff (CRP2.1 and Grizzly Pouches Wintergreen), and two pharmaceutical, nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs, Nicorette® lozenge and Nicotinell® gum). Thirty-six of the tested compounds are classified as harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) by the Center for Tobacco Products at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA-CTP). Five additional compounds were included to cover the GOTHIATEK® product standard for Swedish snus and the last two compounds were chosen to include the four primary tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs).

Results
The tested products contained nicotine at varying levels. The two ZYN products contained no nitrosamines or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) but low levels of ammonia, chromium, formaldehyde, and nickel. In the NRT products we quantified low levels of acetaldehyde, ammonia, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium-235, and uranium-238. The largest number (27) and generally the highest levels of HPHCs were quantified in the moist snuff products. For example, they contained six out of seven tested PAHs, and seven out of ten nitrosamines (including NNN and NNK). A total of 19 compounds, none of which were PAHs, were quantified at low levels in the snus product. NNN and NNK levels were five to 12-fold lower in snus compared to the moist snuff products.

Conclusions
No nitrosamines or PAHs were quantified in the ZYN and NRT products. Overall, the number of quantified HPHCs were similar between ZYN and NRT products and found at low levels.
The effect of diurnal light cycles on biohydrogen production in a thermosiphon photobioreactor
Authors: Bosman Catharine Elizabeth , van Wyk Petrie , Pott Robert William McClelland , Bradshaw Steven Martin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHydrogen production via microbial photofermentation shows great promise as a method for sustainable hydrogen production; however, operating costs associated with photofermentative hydrogen production need to be reduced. Costs can be reduced using a passive circulation system like the thermosiphon photobioreactor, and by operating it under natural sunlight. In this study, an automated system was implemented to investigate the effect of diurnal light cycles on the hydrogen productivity and growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and on the operation of a thermosiphon photobioreactor, under controlled conditions. Diurnal light cycles, simulating daylight times, were found to reduce hydrogen production in the thermosiphon photobioreactor demonstrating a low maximum production rate of 0.015 mol m−3 h−1 (± 0.002 mol m−3 h−1) as compared to 0.180 mol m−3 h−1 (± 0.0003 mol m−3 h−1) under continuous illumination. Glycerol consumption as well as hydrogen yield also decreased under diurnal light cycles. Nonetheless, hydrogen production in a thermosiphon photobioreactor under outdoor conditions was demonstrated as possible avenue for further investigation.
Antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective in Zambia: a systematic review
Authors: Nowbuth Avis A. , Asombang Akwi W. , Tazinkeng Nkengeh N. , Makinde Opeoluwa Y. , Sheets Lincoln R. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global health problem, yet its extent is not well evaluated, especially in low-middle income countries. It is challenging to promote policies without focusing on healthcare systems at a local level, therefore a baseline assessment of the AMR occurrence is a priority. This study aimed to look at published papers relating to the availability of AMR data in Zambia as a means of establishing an overview of the situation, to help inform future decisions.MethodsPubMed, Cochrane Libraries, Medical Journal of Zambia and African Journals Online databases were searched from inception to April 2021 for articles published in English in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Retrieval and screening of article was done using a structured search protocol with strict inclusion/exclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 716 articles were retrieved, of which 25 articles met inclusion criteria for final analysis. AMR data was not available for six of the ten provinces of Zambia. Twenty-one different isolates from the human health, animal health and environmental health sectors were tested against 36 antimicrobial agents, across 13 classes of antibiotics. All the studies showed a degree of resistance to more than one class of antimicrobials. Majority of the studies focused on antibiotics, with only three studies (12%) highlighting antiretroviral resistance. Antitubercular drugs were addressed in only five studies (20%). No studies focused on antifungals. The most common organisms tested, across all three sectors, wereStaphylococcus aureus, with a diverse range of resistance patterns found; followed byEscherichia coliwith a high resistance rate found to cephalosporins (24–100%) and fluoroquinolones (20–100%).ConclusionsThis review highlights three important findings. Firstly, AMR is understudied in Zambia. Secondly, the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics is significant across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. Thirdly, this review suggests that improved standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Zambia could help to better delineate AMR patterns, allow comparisons across different locations and tracking of AMR evolution over time.
Farmer and market vendor perceptions of COVID-19 impacts on horticultural fresh food systems in Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa
Authors: Underhill Steven J. R. , Patolo Soane , Molimau-Samasoni Seeseei , Kumar Salesh , Burkhart Sarah 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
When the global COVID-19 pandemic and state of emergency was declared in early 2020, South Pacific Island nations rapidly closed their borders resulting in significant socio-economic upheaval. With the South Pacific region highly vulnerable to external shocks, there was concern amongst Pacific governments and international donors as to the implications of COVID-19 restrictions on the local food system.

Methods
Horticultural farmers and market vendors (n = 825) were surveyed in Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, using local enumerators, over a five-month period (July to November 2020), which represented the initial phase of COVID-19 restrictions in the region. Data were disaggregated based on location, farmer and vendor impacts, and postharvest loss.

Results
Farmers in Fiji (86%) were more likely to experience difficulties in selling their crops during the initial stages of COVID-19 restrictions, compared to farmers on the smaller Pacific Island nations of Tonga (10%) or Samoa (53%). While market vendors in Fiji (73.2%) and Tonga (56.8%) were similarly impacted, few vendors (22%) in Samoa were affected. Farmers and market vendors on the islands of Viti Levu (Fiji) and Upolu (Samoa), specifically those supplying or located in the key urban centres were more likely to experience elevated postharvest loss. Elevated postharvest loss due to COVID-19 was more prevalent amongst municipal market vendors, peri-urban farms and vendors sourcing from larger commercial farms. Road-side vendors and vendors in the rural areas were less likely to incur elevated loss.

Conclusions
While fresh horticultural food systems in Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa were all adversely effected by COVID-19 restrictions, these impacts were more acute in Fiji. Given value chains associated with main urban centres were more likely to incur elevated postharvest loss, this would imply consumers were avoiding town centres and alternatively sourcing fresh fruit and vegetable from rural road-side vendors. Pacific road-side vendors appear to have provided an important fresh food distribution capacity during local COVID-19 travel restrictions.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of two Voriconazole formulations after intravenous infusion in two doses in healthy Chinese subjects
Authors: Li Xin , Wang Chenjing , Shi Ping , Liu Yanping , Tao Ye , Lin Pingping , Li Ting , Hu Haixun , Sun Feifei , Liu Shuqin , Fu Yao , Cao Yu 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Voriconazole is a second-generation triazole that is used to prevent and treat invasive fungal infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic equivalency of a test formulation and reference formulation (Vfend®) of Voriconazole.

Materials and methods
This was a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, two-cycle, crossover phase I trial. The 48 subjects were equally divided into 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg groups. Within each group, the subjects were randomized 1:1 to the test or reference formulation.. After a 7-day washout period, crossover formulations were administered. The blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1.0, 1.33,1.42,1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0 h later in the 4 mg/kg group, while at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.08, 2.17, 2.33, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0 h later in the 6 mg/kg group. The plasma concentrations of Voriconazole were determined by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The safety of the drug was evaluated.

Results
The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the ratio of geometric means (GMRs) of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ in both 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg groups were within the prespecified bioequivalence limits between 80 ~ 125%. In the 4 mg/kg groups, 24 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. The mean Cmax was (2.552 ± 0.448) μg/mL, AUC0-t was (11.875 ± 7.157) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (12.835 ± 9.813) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 4 mg/kg test formulation. The mean Cmax was (2.615 ± 0.464) μg/mL, AUC0-t was (12.500 ± 7.257) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (13.416 ± 9.485) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 4 mg/kg reference formulation. In the 6 mg/kg groups, 24 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. The mean Cmax was (3.538 ± 0.691) μg/mL, AUC0-t was (24.976 ± 12.364) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (26.212 ± 14.057) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 6 mg/kg test formulation. The mean Cmax was (3.504 ± 0.667) μg/mL AUC0-t was (24.990 ± 12.455) h*μg/mL and AUC0-∞ was (26.160 ± 13.996) h*μg/mL after a single dose of 6 mg/kg reference formulation. Serious adverse event (SAE) was not observed.

Conclusion
In both 4 mg/kg group and 6 mg/kg group, equivalent pharmacokinetic characteristics that satisfied the criteria of bioequivalence for both test and reference formulations of Voriconazole.

Trial registration
NCT05330000 (15/04/2022).
Radiocarbon dating of archaeological textiles at different states of preservation
Authors: Margariti Christina , Sava Gabriela , Sava Tiberiu , Boudin Mathieu , Nosch Marie-Louise 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Archaeological textiles are suitable material for radiocarbon dating as they are mainly made of organic matter, such as plant and/or animal fibres. Radiocarbon dating provides objective age estimates of archaeological finds, based on measurements of the carbon-14 isotope present in the organic matter against an internationally used reference standard. However, the quantity and quality of carbon present in the organic matter of archaeological textiles can be affected either by the conditions under which the find was preserved (such as carbonisation, chemical change of organic matter to carbon, and mineralisation, which is the gradual replacement of organic matter by metal degradation products), or by the application of certain interventive methods of conservation (such as, consolidation and the application of organic adhesives that add foreign organic matter/carbon to the textile). Six case studies of archaeological textiles dated using the carbon-14 method are presented here. Two carbonised textile finds, two which were mineralised (one treated with adhesives in the past), and a final two which come from inhumation burials (similar to the textile previously treated with adhesives). This paper includes a discussion and review of the dating method, focusing on sample selection, sample preparation, and by evaluating the efficiency of the technique on textile finds at various states of preservation. This study shows that efficiency of the technique is highly dependable on the amount of carbon present in the finds, which does not seem to be affected by carbonisation, but is greatly affected by mineralisation and the incorporation of foreign organic matter, like synthetic consolidants.
Epidemiology of Football Injuries of the German Bundesliga: A Media-Based, Prospective Analysis over 7 Consecutive Seasons
Authors: aus der Fünten Karen , Tröß Tobias , Hadji Abed , Beaudouin Florian , Steendahl Ida Bo , Meyer Tim 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
This study describes the implementation of a standardised, prospective injury database covering the entire 1st male German football league (“Bundesliga”) based on publicly available media data. For the first time, various media sources were used simultaneously as the external validity of media-generated data was low in the past compared to data obtained by way of the “gold standard”, i.e. by the teams’ medical staffs.

Methods
The study covers 7 consecutive seasons (2014/15–2020/21). The primary data source was the online version of the sport-specific journal “kicker Sportmagazin™” complemented by further publicly available media data. Injury data collection followed the Fuller consensus statement on football injury studies.

Results
During the 7 seasons, 6653 injuries occurred, thereof 3821 in training and 2832 in matches. The injury incidence rates (IRs) per 1000 football hours were 5.5 [95% CI 5.3–5.6], 25.9 [25.0–26.9] per 1000 match, and 3.4 [3.3–3.6] per 1000 training hours. Twenty-four per cent of the injuries (n = 1569, IR 1.3 [1.2–1.4]) affected the thigh, 15% (n = 1023, IR 0.8 [0.8–0.9]) the knee, and 13% (n = 856, IR 0.7 [0.7–0.8]) the ankle. Muscle/tendon injuries contributed 49% (n = 3288, IR 2.7 [2.6–2.8]), joint/ligament injuries 17% (n = 1152, IR 0.9 [0.9–1.0]), and contusions 13% (n = 855, IR 0.7 [0.7–0.8]). Compared to studies using injury reports from the clubs’ medical staff, media data revealed similar proportional distributions of the injuries, but the IRs tended towards the lower end. Obtaining specific locations or diagnosis especially with regard to minor injuries is difficult.

Conclusions
Media data are convenient for investigating the quantity of injuries of an entire league, for identifying injuries for further subanalysis, and for analysing complex injuries. Future studies will focus on the identification of inter- and intraseasonal trends, players' individual injury histories, and risk factors for subsequent injuries. Furthermore, these data will be used in a complex system approach for developing a clinical decision support system, e.g. for return to play decisions.
Boosting the convergence of low-variance DSMC by GSIS
Authors: Luo Liyan , Li Qi , Wu Lei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe low-variance direct simulation Monte Carlo (LVDSMC) is a powerful method to simulate low-speed rarefied gas flows. However, in the near-continuum flow regime, due to limitations on the time step and spatial cell size, it takes plenty of time to find the steady-state solution. Here we remove these deficiencies by coupling the LVDSMC with the general synthetic iterative scheme (GSIS) which permits the simulation at the hydrodynamic scale rather than the much smaller kinetic scale. As a proof of concept, we propose the stochastic-deterministic coupling method based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook kinetic model. First, macroscopic synthetic equations are derived exactly from the kinetic equation, which not only contain the Navier-Stokes-Fourier constitutive relation, but also encompass the higher-order terms describing the rarefaction effects. Then, the high-order terms are extracted from LVDSMC and fed into synthetic equations to predict the macroscopic properties which are closer to the steady-state solution than LVDSMC. Finally, the state of simulation particles in LVDSMC is updated to reflect the change of macroscopic properties. As a result, the convergence to steady state is greatly accelerated, and the restrictions on cell size and the time step are removed. We conduct the Fourier stability analysis and simulate several canonical rarefied gas flows to demonstrate the advantages of LVDSMC-GSIS: when the Knudsen number is lower than 0.1, it can use the grid size about 10 times larger than that in traditional DSMC, and it can reduce the computational cost by two orders of magnitude in the flow regime.
MRI as a one-stop destination for evaluation of CSF shunt malfunction
Authors: Hamed Eman Ahmed , Mohammad Shaimaa Abdelsattar , Awadallah Shrouk M. , Abdel-Latif Assem Mounir Metwalli , Abd-Elhameed Abeer Maghawry 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Despite the high-frequency rate of cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction, radiological evaluation of CSF shunts has remained deficient, focusing mainly on demonstrating secondary signs of shunt failure rather than evaluating the shunt tube itself. We aimed to study the utility of different MR pulse sequences in evaluating the cranial and abdominal ends of CSF shunts in order to identify the potential cause of shunt failure and its impact on patient management.

Results
Twenty-five patients (18 males, 7 females, median age 2.5 years, IQR 0.75–15) were enrolled in the study, having 28 ventriculo-peritoneal shunts and single ventriculo-gallbladder shunt. The catheter lumen and fine intraventricular septae were only demonstrated in 3D-DRIVE sequences (p < 0.001). Except for three patients (having cranial end-related complications), all patients with cranial and/or abdominal end-related complications received surgery (p < 0.001, positive likelihood and negative likelihood ratios = 7.27, 0.3, respectively, sensitivity = 0.7 and specificity = 0.9). MRI findings (luminal occlusion, disconnection, CSF collection, or migration) were consistent with operative data. There is no significant difference between patients who underwent surgery and those with conservative management, or symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in terms of the prevalence of ventricular dilatation or white matter signal abnormality. The results of the abdomino-pelvic fat-suppressed T2-WI showed excellent agreement with ultrasound findings (Cohen’s Kappa 0.9). Quantitative PC could give insights into CSF dynamics, which depend on the site and cause of shunt malfunction.

Conclusions
MRI could be a one-stop destination for evaluating patients with suspected non-acute shunt malfunction. It was found to have clinical relevance in terms of accurately locating the exact site and possible cause of shunt-related complications.
Speed tracking control for electro-hydraulic system considering variable load disturbance
Authors: Xu Wenbin , Zeng Le 
Published: March 2023

AbstractForming speed is one of the key factors affecting metal forming performance. Aluminum in different forming stages need to control different extrusion speed, and withstand different extrusion load. The accuracy and stability of forming speed directly affect the quality of aluminum. Aiming to improve the stability of the forming speed under variable load, the paper established segmented model according to the forming speed and load force conditions. And the unified switching control strategy is proposed based on robust feedback linearized control. In order to improve the robustness of the system, the control law adding compensation items to the variable load disturbance is designed based on the sliding mode control. The boundary layer function is introduced instead of the symbolic function to reduce the system flutter. The proportional derivative control (PD) control, robust control and unified switching control are compared with that of simulation and experiment. The results show that proposed method not only maintains good tracking performance but also has strong robustness under external load disturbance.
Inversion of Rayleigh-wave ellipticity for shallow strong-velocity-contrast structures
Authors: Mi Binbin , Xia Jianghai 
Published: March 2023

Rayleigh-wave ellipticity polarization, or horizontal-to-vertical ([Formula: see text]) spectral ratio, is particularly sensitive to shallow earth model parameters (e.g., S-wave velocity). We develop a novel Rayleigh-wave [Formula: see text] inversion method to delineate near-surface strong-velocity-contrast structures. In the new inversion method, the S-wave velocity model is perturbed until the synthetic Rayleigh-wave [Formula: see text] curve is fitted to the observed one based on the crosscorrelation misfit function. This criterion neglects the absolute amplitude of the observed and synthetic [Formula: see text] curves, which can eliminate the amplitude influence caused by inconsistent coupling of the horizontal and vertical geophones. Peaks and/or troughs in the [Formula: see text] curve are inverted with no need of picking. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed [Formula: see text] inversion succeeds for models consisting of unconsolidated sediments overlying stiff bedrock with large velocity contrasts. We also find that the active Rayleigh-wave ellipticity estimation and inversion can be carried out for reconstructing pseudo-2D laterally varying models. Application to a real-world example suggests that a 2D model above 6 m in depth with large velocity contrasts is successfully reconstructed from Rayleigh-wave ellipticity data. This method provides an effective and efficient alternative for near-surface characterization.