bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sovereign Lender of Last Resort Role of the ECB: Rules, Choice, and Time
Authors: Quinn David 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article argues that the European Central Bank (ECB), supported by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), can be perceived to have functionally softened the no sovereign lender of last resort (LOLR) rule originally implied by Articles 123 and 125 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) towards a rule-with-exceptions and, increasingly, towards a presumption: The ECB will act as sovereign LOLR to a constituent Member unless and until that Member is insolvent or unwilling to cooperate with measures designed to restore market confidence. This functional moderation of a rule, from an ex ante specification of an outcome towards the exercise of greater choice at the point of application, carries with it contentious normative questions. To motivate discussion thereof beyond a largely ahistorical, non-indexical, rules versus discretion debate, the rules of the currency union are located within the genealogy of international exchange rate regimes. The “convertibility” rule of the gold standard and the “parity” rule of the Bretton Woods system are contrasted with their Eurozone equivalent. A consequentialist standpoint is sketched out from which the interventions of the ECB, in light of their available alternatives, appear broadly consistent with welfarist cost-benefit analysis and less normatively worrisome than by reference to evaluative criteria that emphasize a narrowly rule-bound conception of the rule of law.
Aerospace reconnaissance and its exploitation
Authors: Oxlee G.J. 
Published: March 2023

May I say that I consider it a great privilege to be asked to give this lecture to honour the memory of such a distinguished leader in the Aviation Industry.Of the principles of war defined by Clausewitz the element of surprise has probably made the greatest contribution to success. In the military context therefore denial of surprise to a potential aggressor is paramount. Equally, the acquisition of intelligence to ensure surprise is a vital factor in any operational venture. As General Lemnitzer said in 1963, when Supreme Allied Commander Europe, ‘Aerial reconnaissance permits the effective use of valuable resources and forces and can easily spell the difference between the success and failure of any military operation’. These words underline the importance of reconnaissance to the successful conduct of war. This has been true throughout the history of warfare and perhaps never more so than during the Arab/Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973.
Application of internal singularity distribution approach to multi-element aerofoil problems
Authors: Bandyopadhyay G. , Singh B. K. , Basu B. C. 
Published: March 2023

A number of panel methods are now currently in use for solving potential flow about single and multi-element aerofoils. All these methods use a combination of singularities, both source and vorticity, on or inside the aerofoil surface and solve the singularity strengths by satisfying the boundary condition of zero normal flow on the surface of the aerofoil.In this note the method developed by Basu for solving single aerofoil problem using the concept of internal singularity distribution has been applied to the case of multi-element aerofoil problem.
Oblique shock wave—turbulent boundary layer interaction with suction
Authors: Lee D. B. , Leblanc R. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe interaction of an incident oblique shock wave with the turbulent boundary layer with suction is investigated. Wall streamline and schlieren photograph visualisations as well as the pressure measurements on the wall are made. Boundary layer surveys with pressure probes and hot-wire probes are also done. The suction downstream of the interaction almost nullifies the shock reflection while the higher suction up and downstream of the interaction results in a reflection similar to that in inviscid flow.
Forecasting in air transport — a critical review of the techniques available
Authors: Hofton A. N. 
Published: March 2023

An understanding of the market and the way it is likely to change with time is central to the planning of any business enterprise. Forecasting in air transport is particularly difficult because of the number of factors which influence the potential market (political, economic, social, environmental and technological) and because demand itself is very much influenced by the range of prices and qualities offered to the consumer. The lecture will review the purpose of forecasting and then examine the techniques of forecasting that are available in order to assess their usefulness in airline planning.The preparation of a forecast is not an end in itself: rather it should be an essential and central element of the business activity. It should be part of the systematic search for opportunities and an aid to giving an overall direction to a business enterprise. For these reasons, forecasting should be seen as part of the mainstream of the planning activity and should not be left to isolated individuals in ‘backwater’ departments. Part of its value is in the formal evaluation of market intelligence and the understanding of the forces which are at work in the market place. Much of the benefit of a forecasting exercise will be lost if the ‘intelligence’ it generates is not diffused into the rest of the organisation. Similarly, line departments need to be involved in the forecasting process to help forecasters avoid ‘wishful thinking’ and pure ‘star gazing'.
Choice of optimal cabin capacity
Authors: Yeomans D. G. 
Published: March 2023

Cabin capacity is the number of seats available. If there are too few seats too many potential passengers are turned away, potential revenue is not realised and the proper service is not provided to the travelling public. If there are too many seats a lot of them will be unused when demand is low and costs will be high in relationship to revenue.Cabin capacity is a consideration when aircraft are being procured but at that stage it need not be calculated very precisely. Once the aircraft is in service quite small adjustments may make the difference between profit and loss, a particular problem being where to divide the cabin between the different classes.
The stiffness of transport wings for minimum weight
Authors: Hitch H. 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this note is to bring to attention a result which seems to have been long forgotten — indeed it may never have been widely known — and to present a parallel new result.The ‘long forgotten’ result is that, for a simple cantilever thin walled torsion tube of area A(y) the torsional deflection θ at the tip when subjected to a torque T(y) is a minimum, for constant tube weight, if the skin thickness t(y) is proportional to , where y is the spanwise co-ordinate.
Shaping the technology of aircraft propulsion
Authors: Newton Alan G. 
Published: March 2023

The following papers describe developments which are projected in the various areas of the aero-engine scene. I do not wish to pre-empt or overlap these papers but instead propose to attempt to paint a general strategic picture.Both commercial and military aviation have been transformed by the emergence of the jet engine in the early 1940s. On the civil side, aircraft have become larger, more economical, faster, more comfortable, more reliable and safer. On the military side, the jet engine has made supersonic operation possible and has enabled aircraft size to be reduced even with enhanced mission capability. Also, the small turboshaft engine has enabled the helicopter to be developed to be an integral part of any defence system.Until the mid-1960s, the civil engines were determined by a need to progressively improve SFC, reduce noise, increase reliability and, at the same time, increase thrust (Fig. 1). We saw only minor changes in cycle and configuration up to the low bypass ratios of JT3D, JT8, Conway and Spey. In more recent times, the large fan engines, JT9, CF6 and RB 211, led to a step-change in both SFC and noise level and the subsequent 10-15 years has yielded progressive refinements of these engines.
Hypersonic large-deflection similitude for quasi-wedges and quasi-cones
Authors: Ghosh Kunal 
Published: March 2023

SummaryGhosh's large-deflection hypersonic similitude and piston theory for plane flows have been extended to axisymmetric flows: a new piston motion in conico-annular space as an extension to Sedov's axisymmetric piston has been proposed and a set of ordinary differential equation for 1-D unsteady motion obtained. Wedge and cone flow solutions are obtained without the constant-density assumption of the earlier theory; the pressure ratio is expressed as a closed form function of the similarity parameter whereas the previous constant density theory gave an iterative procedure. The present theory unifies small disturbance theory and constant density theory.
On the calculation of some two-dimensional inviscid jets
Authors: Sheu M. J. , Hancock G. J. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryVorticity panel methods are applied to solve the interacting flow between an outer stream and a two-dimensional jet exhausting into that stream; both are assumed to be at low speed. The cases include a jet emerging from a thick afterbody and an inclined jet. The work is intended as a prelude to obtaining initial values for calculating the mixing of a jet with an outer stream.
High frequency properties in the unsteady linearised potential flow of a compressible fluid
Authors: Salmond D. J. , Smith F.T. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThe unsteady planar flow of inviscid compressible fluid past an oscillating aerofoil is considered. Many recent computational studies have experienced difficulties in obtaining accurate, or any, results at medium or higher frequencies of oscillation. This may well be due to the emergence of multi-scaling and multi-regions according to the present analytical study which concentrates on the large frequency properties of the linearised flowfield. Multi-scaled dependence in the solution is found to occur in both the streamwise and transverse directions. Comparisons are made with computational results.
Hypersonic large-deflection similitude for oscillating delta wings
Authors: Ghosh Kunal 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA similitude has been obtained for delta wings with attached leading edge shock at large incidence in hypersonic flow. A strip theory in which flow at a spanwise location is two-dimensional has been developed. This combines with the similitude to lead to a piston theory which gives closed form solutions for unsteady derivatives in pitch and roll. The derivatives in pitch are independent of and the roll damping derivative varies linearly with the aspect ratio. Substantially the same results as the theory of Liu and Hui are obtained with remarkable computational ease.
A new approach to the solution of the boundary layer equations of an ideal compressible flow over a flat plate
Authors: Yakhot A. , Ben-Dor G. , Rakib Z. , Igra O. 
Published: March 2023

The problem of finding the temperature and velocity distribution inside the boundary layer of a compressible flow over a flat plate is a well-known problem which has been discussed by many distinguished investigators in the past five decades.Excellent reviews of the work done on this classical hydrodynamic problem are available, for example, in the monographs of Schlichting, Loitsyanskii and Stewartson.
Stress concentration in rectangular cut-outs under pure shear
Authors: Bandyopadhyay B. , Karmakar R. 
Published: March 2023

The presence of cut-outs in shell structures causes perturbations in the original stress system, so that in the region of the cut-out the local stress level in the sheet may be increased many times. These stress concentrations can be considerably reduced, and in some cases entirely eliminated by the use of a suitably chosen shape of cut-out, and by the use of a suitable reinforcing member around the edge.The factors which influence the magnitude of these stress concentrations are the shape of the cut-out and the dimensions of the reinforcement. The geometry of the shell itself is generally of only secondary importance, provided that the size of the cut-out is small compared with the radius of curvature of the shell.
Civil aircraft design for fuel reduction
Authors: Tye Walter 
Published: March 2023

With drastic increases in oil prices fresh in our memories, with a world recession in full swing, and with two Middle-East countries at war, this is not an auspicious time to speak about the future of civil aviation. But I am following an excellent precedent. In 1940, in circumstances of unrelieved gloom, Dr. Roxbee Cox, now Lord Kings Norton, addressed this Society on ‘Looking Forward’. His lecture was a message of confidence in the long term future of civil aviation, fully justified by later events. Though the energy threat is barely comparable with the state of affairs in 1940, its potential is very serious.I am wholly confident that aviation can once again rise to the occasion. But this by itself is a small part of a big picture. We need to be satisfied that the world will cope sufficiently well with the energy situation that our future way of life will not be so impoverished that flying becomes an unjustifiable luxury.
Cost control requirements: estimating impact
Authors: Jacobs G. P. 
Published: March 2023

A successful project outcome requires that the ‘right’ product, (from an overall ‘performance’ viewpoint), should be available when the market place needs it, for a price it is prepared to pay.To satisfy ‘performance’ requirements, (in the widest sense), the task is broken down into manageable elements, and requirements/specifications are formulated. As the design/development proceeds, progress towards achievement is monitored, with eventual verification through ground and flight testing. On ‘timescale’, we develop inter-locking ‘line of balance’ programmes covering all manufacture inputs, such that the effects on total programme achievement of local gains or shortfalls can be seen.
A large executive jet design project
Authors: Fielding J. P. 
Published: March 2023

The College of Aeronautics performs an annual group project as a major part of its Aircraft Design MSc programme. Projects are chosen to be representative of current areas of interest and the programme carried out in a manner which is as close as possible to that of aircraft manufacturers.The chosen projects alternate annually between civil and military types to give breadth to the course. It was decided that an executive jet would be a suitable subject for examination and a market study was performed. The small capacity end of the market was served by such aircraft as Learjets and medium capacity by BAe 125s and Citations. The top end of the market was of more interest because suitable aircraft could also perform other roles. The main reason for this was that market pressure for unrestricted headroom pointed towards larger diameter fuselages which could also be used for commuter aircraft.
High pressure fuel pumps—their design and evolution
Authors: Bottoms H. S. 
Published: March 2023

I would in the first place express my appreciation of the honour conferred upon me by the invitation to deliver the J. D. North memorial lecture, on a subject with which I have been engaged for the past 37 years.The subject is very wide, covering many types of pumps, and to do it full justice would require far more space and time than can be covered in a single paper. I have therefore attempted to bring out the reasons why we followed certain paths and the problems which caused significant design changes. If I appear to have given undue prominence to the work of the Lucas team, and made insufficient mention of the work of others, I would ask their forgiveness. The pumps used for reheat have been omitted as they are in a field of their own. The future may see a drawing together of the engine and reheat pump practices, although it is too soon to make a meaningful presentation, an indication of the most likely path is shown.
Achievement of aerial flight: an engineering assessment
Authors: Gibbings J. C. 
Published: March 2023

The main runway on the aerodrome at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough, Hampshire, occupies land that at the turn of the century was always known as Laffan's Plain.From this plain in 1908, S. F. Cody had made the first aeroplane flight in the British Isles. Four years later two subalterns of the Royal Flying Corps, a Corps that had been fathered by the Corps of Royal Engineers, were walking across this same land. As they walked, the officers discussed the choice of a motto for the Royal Flying Corps, for its Commanding Officer had sent out a general call for proposals. One of the subalterns, J. S. Yule, proposed a Latin tag that had been used by Sir Rider Haggard in his book People of the Mist. That proposal was, ‘Per Ardua ad Astra’, the motto of the Royal Flying Corps and later of the Royal Air Force. It has a supreme advantage among mottoes that all Latinists seem to agree that it cannot be translated! But at least most interpret it as ‘Through struggles to the stars’; and that is the theme of this paper.
The application of improved aluminium alloys and steels in aircraft structures
Authors: Peel C. J. , McDarmaid D. S. 
Published: March 2023

This paper deals, in the main, with aluminium alloys and steels that are currently available on a commercial basis or are likely to become available in the near future. It highlights the more significant improvements made during the past two decades.Aircraft structures have been built predominantly of aluminium alloys since the Second World War and, although certain improvements have been made over this period, the alloy systems used have changed little essentially because the alloys available have been limited by the solid solubilities of the selected solute elements at safe solution temperatures. The slow but certain development of novel production routes including fibre and whisker reinforcement of metals, powder production and rapid solidification techniques will circumvent this limitation by the turn of the century.
Co-operation in engineering between universities and industry
Authors: Caldecote Lord 
Published: March 2023

I greatly appreciate the invitation to give the Handley Page Memorial Lecture. It has not been easy to select a reasonably suitable subject not already covered by some distinguished lecturer and I hope you will not think the subject I have chosen is too far removed from HP's interests.I do not think it is: for he was a great practical engineer and a keen supporter of Cranfield in its early days. I doubt whether he had much time for academics except at Cranfield and maybe not for graduates even of engineering, for he had learnt his trade in a hard school and was justly proud of it. But times have changed, and just as the aircraft he designed changed to meet new markets and take advantage of advancing technology, so I think he would have approved of the new Cranfield Institute of Technology which has developed out of the old Cranfield College of Aeronautics, and particularly the Institute's very practical approach to teaching and research, and its close ties with industry from which it draws over 60% of its income.
Increasing the lift:drag ratio of a flat delta wing
Authors: Mattick A. A. , Stollery J. L. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryLift and drag measurements were made to determine the effects of vertical flaps when positioned along a ray on the upper surface of a sharp-edged, flat, 60° delta wing. Six flap heights were tested at each of four semi-span positions.Results showed that all configurations gave improved lift-drag ratios. The maximum improvement was 33% using a flap of height 6·1% of the local semi-span placed at the 84% semi-span station. The flaps did not affect the lift but reduced the drag by generating a thrust force on the vertical flap surfaces.Flaps at the 84% position were modified to investigate the possibility of obtaining further increases in lift-drag ratio. In practice these modifications, inward inclination of the flaps, and fairing the inboard side of the vertical flaps, slightly reduced the flap effectiveness and were hot pursued further. Part chord flaps were also tried and showed that the reduction in benefit was roughly proportional to the length of flap removed.
A review of UK developments in aircraft fuel management systems
Authors: Beeny M.A. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryThere is a history of criticism from aircraft operators, both civil and military, regarding the poor reliability of fuel associated systems, especially gauging, and the high pilot workloads that can result when a malfunction occurs during flight of light strike aircraft. In response the Ministry of Defence (Procurement Executive) sponsored work, initially at Smiths Industries and later at British Aerospace to investigate improved gauging and fuel management using digital concepts. It is concluded from flight trials that digital gauging will provide increased accuracy over a range of aircraft attitudes and with greater reliability than current analogue systems. Further, in a military aircraft, there are many advantages in a microprocessor based fuel management system which integrates fuel measurement, transfer and warning functions. These include reduced pilot workload, higher system integrity, fault detection, and system reconfiguration following battle damage. The evolutionary process leads naturally towards consideration of the inclusion of the fuel system functions in the centralised management of all the utility systems, based on Def Stan 00-18 data bus. Practical investigations of microcomputer based fuel and other utility systems are required to ensure that their full potential is realised within the limits imposed by the need for cost effective solutions.
Associations between maternal and infant selenium status and child growth in a birth cohort from Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Mehta Rukshan , Krupa Christine , Ahmed Tahmeed , Hamer Davidson H. , Al Mahmud Abdullah 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDeficiency of essential trace element, Se, has been implicated in adverse birth outcomes and in child linear growth because of its important role in redox biology and associated antioxidant effects. We used data from a randomised controlled trial conducted among a cohort of pregnant and lactating women in Dhaka, Bangladesh to examine associations between Se biomarkers in whole blood (WBSe), serum and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) in maternal delivery and venous cord (VC) blood. Associations between Se biomarkers, birth weight and infant growth outcomes (age-adjusted length, weight, head circumference and weight-for-length z-scores) at birth, 1 and 2 years of age were examined using regression analyses. WB and serum Se were negatively associated with birth weight (adjusted β, 95 % CI, WBSe delivery: −26·6 (–44·3, −8·9); WBSe VC: −19·6 (–33·0, −6·1)); however, delivery SEPP1 levels (adjusted β: −37·5 (–73·0, −2·0)) and VC blood (adjusted β: 82·3 (30·0, 134·7)) showed inconsistent and opposite associations with birth weight. Positive associations for SEPP1 VC suggest preferential transfer from mother to fetus. We found small associations between infant growth and WBSe VC (length-for-age z-score β, 95 % CI, at birth: −0·05 (–0·1, −0·01)); 12 months (β: −0·05 (–0·08, −0·007)). Weight-for-age z-score also showed weak negative associations with delivery WBSe (at birth: −0·07 (–0·1, −0·02); 12 -months: −0·05 (–0·1, −0·005)) and in WBSe VC (at birth: −0·05 (–0·08, −0·02); 12 months: −0·05 (–0·09, −0·004)). Given the fine balance between essential nutritional and toxic properties of Se, it is possible that WB and serum Se may negatively impact growth outcomes, both in utero and postpartum.