bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GEDI waveform metrics in vegetation mapping—a case study from a heterogeneous tropical forest landscape
Authors: Dwiputra Adrian , Coops Nicholas C , Schwartz Naomi B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The distribution of different vegetation types is important information for landscape management, especially in the context of tackling global environmental change. Vegetation types can be mapped using satellite and airborne passive remote sensing. However, spectrally similar yet structurally different vegetation types, like different tree-dominated land covers, are often challenging to map using spectral information alone. We examined the potential of vertical vegetation structure acquired in the global ecosystem dynamics investigation (GEDI) mission that harnesses a space-borne waveform lidar sensor in vegetation mapping across a heterogeneous tropical landscape in Cambodia. We extracted 121 waveform metrics from Level-1B and Level-2A data products at 1062 locations across five key vegetation types. After reducing the relative height variables’ dimensionality through simple linear regressions, we developed a Random Forest classifier to predict vegetation classes based on 23 GEDI metrics. We then used this model to classify the vegetation types across more than 77 000 GEDI footprints in the study area. GEDI metrics alone were useful in identifying vegetation types with 81% accuracy. Cropland/grassland class had the highest prediction accuracy (user’s accuracy [UA] = 89%; producer’s accuracy [PA] = 91%), while dry deciduous forest had the lowest accuracy (UA = 73%; PA = 69%). By comparing the GEDI-only classification with an optical-radar map, we found that structural and topographic information from GEDI Level-1B and Level-2A can complement the spectral information in assessing natural habitats that neighbor other vegetation types in a heterogeneous landscape. The highest classification accuracy at the footprint scale was obtained from the combination of GEDI, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 (88.3%). We also demonstrated how wall-to-wall vegetation mapping is possible by combining the three data sources. These findings expand the potential use of GEDI waveform lidar data in supporting the development of policy-relevant maps that depict the distribution of forests together with other vegetation types.
Future fire risk under climate change and deforestation scenarios in tropical Borneo
Authors: Davies-Barnard Taraka , Catto Jennifer L , Harper Anna B , Imron Muhammad Ali , Frank van Veen F J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Fire in the tropical peatland forests of Borneo is an environmental issue interactioning with climate change and deforestation, and the consequences have local and global implications. While research has shown that fire severity and frequency are expected to increase with climate change, there is conflicting model and observational data as to the effect of deforestation on precipitation, which is a key metric for fire risk. To better understand the changes in fire risk from deforestation and climate change we ran simulations of the climate scenario RCP8.5 with and without total deforestation using regional climate model RegCM4. The output was then used for calculations of the fire weather index. We find that annual temperature change from deforestation at elevations above 500 m is 53% of the change over the 21st century in RCP8.5. Fire risk is significantly affected by both climate change and deforestation, despite some increases in precipitation from deforestation. While the multi model dry season (June–August) mean increases in fire risk are larger from elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, the increases in maximum fire risk are larger from deforestation. The altitude is a good predictor of fire risk change, with larger increases at more densely populated lower elevations where the peatlands are concentrated and smaller increases at higher elevations. Therefore, while deforestation generally causes a smaller increase in climate-related fire risk than climate change, its local control and heterogeneous effects compared to global carbon emissions makes it critical for climate mitigation policy. These high-resolution simulations provide a guide to the most vulnerable areas of Borneo from climatic increases in fire risk.
Tipping point in North American Arctic-Boreal carbon sink persists in new generation Earth system models despite reduced uncertainty
Authors: Braghiere Renato K , Fisher Joshua B , Miner Kimberley R , Miller Charles E , Worden John R , Schimel David S , Frankenberg Christian 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Estimating the impacts of climate change on the global carbon cycle relies on projections from Earth system models (ESMs). While ESMs currently project large warming in the high northern latitudes, the magnitude and sign of the future carbon balance of Arctic-Boreal ecosystems are highly uncertain. The new generation of increased complexity ESMs in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC AR6) is intended to improve future climate projections. Here, we benchmark the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) 5 and 6 (8 CMIP5 members and 12 CMIP6 members) with the International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMB) tool over the region of NASA’s Arctic-Boreal vulnerability experiment (ABoVE) in North America. We show that the projected average net biome production (NBP) in 2100 from CMIP6 is higher than that from CMIP5 in the ABoVE domain, despite the model spread being slightly narrower. Overall, CMIP6 shows better agreement with contemporary observed carbon cycle variables (photosynthesis, respiration, biomass) than CMIP5, except for soil carbon and turnover time. Although both CMIP ensemble members project the ABoVE domain will remain a carbon sink by the end of the 21st century, the sink strength in CMIP6 increases with CO2 emissions. CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensembles indicate a tipping point defined here as a negative inflection point in the NBP curve by 2050–2080 independently of the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) for CMIP6 or representative concentration pathway (RCP) for CMIP5. The model ensembles therefore suggest that, if the carbon sink strength keeps declining throughout the 21st century, the Arctic-Boreal ecosystems in North America may become a carbon source over the next century.
Effects of Comprehensive Background-Check Policies on Firearm Fatalities in 4 States
Authors: Kagawa Rose , Charbonneau Amanda , McCort Christopher , McCourt Alexander , Vernick Jon , Webster Daniel , Wintemute Garen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite promising results from individual-level studies, state-level studies of the effectiveness of comprehensive background-check (CBC) policies in reducing firearm fatalities have yielded null results in multiple states. These prior studies focused on CBC laws adopted in the 1990s, when record keeping was far less complete. We estimated the effect of the implementation of CBC policies on state-level firearm homicide and suicide rates in states implementing CBC policies from 2013 to 2015 (Colorado, Delaware, Oregon, and Washington). We compared age-adjusted firearm homicide and suicide rates, measured annually from 15 years prior to policy implementation until 2019, in each treated state to rates in control groups constructed using the synthetic control group method. Differences in firearm homicide rates for Colorado, Oregon, and Washington post treatment were all small (0.09 to 0.18 per 100,000 residents per year) and not well distinguished from natural variation. Oregon had on average 0.80 per 100,000 fewer firearm suicides per year than did synthetic Oregon post treatment. However, these results were inconsistent across modeling approaches and not well distinguished from natural variation. Our models produced poor fit for Delaware. Coupled with previous null results from Indiana, California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, the present results suggest that extending background check requirements to private transfers alone and implementing these policies as is currently done is not sufficient to achieve significant state-level reductions in firearm fatalities.
Invited Commentary: Stop Analyzing Suicides, Drug-Related Deaths, and Alcohol-Related Deaths Together
Authors: Tilstra Andrea M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the accompanying article, Spark et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(5):720–731) estimate the undercounting of deaths due to suicide, drug use, and alcohol use in a Colorado veteran population and argue for a standardized case definition for the 3 causes of mortality. Use of a case definition for these 3 causes of death combined implies that they should be analyzed together. This is problematic, given the disparate trends in and historical contexts behind these 3 different causes of death.
Invited Commentary: Algorithmic Dementia Classification—Promises and Challenges
Authors: Mayeda Elizabeth Rose , Shaw Crystal 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dementia is a complex, progressive syndrome characterized by cognitive decline and disability. Gold-standard dementia diagnosis requires several hours of cognitive and clinical assessment and review by a panel of clinicians and is infeasible in large population-based cohort studies. Alternatively, algorithmic dementia classification methods, which use models that take into account measures of cognition and functional limitations or cognitive and functional-limitation score cutoffs, have been developed to predict dementia status for participants in large studies. Developing accurate dementia classification algorithms is crucial for high-quality studies of the distribution and determinants of dementia. The accompanying article by Nichols et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(4):520–534) assesses differences in associations of measures of cognition and functional limitations with prevalent dementia versus incident dementia and discusses implications for algorithmic dementia classification in research studies. This work highlights important opportunities for tailoring measures of cognition and functional limitations to study goals by selecting optimal measures and developing and validating algorithms specific to study needs. Combining efficient, high-quality assessments of cognition and functional limitations with innovative study designs will facilitate collection of higher-quality measurements in larger samples and support future development of accurate dementia classifications, ultimately leading to more impactful epidemiologic studies.
Impacts of Cold-Stress Stimulation On Mice Pregnancy
Authors: Pan Zhengjun , Zhuang Juan , Zhu Chuankun , Li Caisheng , Zhao Haitao , Ding Huaiyu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Animals exposed to cold stress develop hypertension; however, the effects of cold-induced hypertension on pregnancy remain unclear. We therefore, aimed to investigate the impacts of cold-stress stimulation on mice pregnancy.

Methods
Four groups of mice were used in the study: non-pregnant control group (NN), non-pregnant cold-stress group (NC), pregnant control group (PN) and pregnant cold-stress group (PC). control groups were kept at 25℃, and the cold-stress groups were kept in a room for cold-stress stimulation (4 ± 2℃) for 4 hours (then back to 25℃) every day from the 1st to the 18th day.

Results
The blood pressure of the PC was the highest among the four groups, and the hypertensive percentage of the PC was significantly increased. However, plasma angiotensinⅡ levels of the PC were the lowest. The weights of the foetus and placenta in the PC were significantly decreased compared to the PN. More apparent changes in kidneys and placenta were observed in the PC compared to the PN. The blood pressure of pregnant mice showed no difference between the PN and PC groups 50 days after delivery.

Conclusions
Intermittent cold-stress stimulation had significantly adverse effects on the pregnant mice, leading to maternal hypertension, renal and placental lesions, body weight and placenta reduction in offspring. The study results may offer a non-invasive method to establish an animal model of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Cold-stress stimulation may be one of the inducible factors of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Cold-stress stimulation may be one of the inducible factors of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Inhibition of P21-activated Kinase 1 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Apoptosis Through Reduction of Phosphorylation of Bad
Authors: Jiao Lin , Yi Wenjuan , Chang Yu-Rong , Cheng Wen-Lin , Cao Jian-Lei , Chao Sheng-Ping , Zhao Fang , Lu Zhibing 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
P21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) has an effect on cell apoptosis and has recently been reported to play an important role in various cardiovascular diseases, in which vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis is a key process. Thus, we hypothesized that Pak1 may be a novel target to regulate VSMC behaviors.

Methods and Results
In the present study, we found that the expression of Pak1 was dramatically upregulated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) on H2O2 administration and was dependent on stimulation time. Through a loss-of-function approach, Pak1 knockdown increased apoptosis of VSMCs, as tested by TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling) immunofluorescence staining, whereas it inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs examined by EdU staining. Moreover, we also noticed that Pak1 silencing promoted the mRNA and protein levels of pro-apoptosis genes but decreased anti-apoptosis marker expression. Importantly, we showed that Pak1 knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of Bad. Moreover, increased Pak1 expression was also noticed in carotid arteries on the wire jury.

Conclusions
Our study identified that Pak1 acted as a novel regulator of apoptosis of VSMCs partially through phosphorylation of Bad.
Just DOAC: Use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in pediatrics
Authors: Mills Kimberly , Hill Carolyn , King Morgan , Pauley Jennifer L , Cober M Petrea , Fenn Norman E , Omecene Nicole E , Smith Tara , Sierra Caroline M 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current literature for direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) use in pediatric patients and summarize ongoing trials.SummaryIn treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric patients, evidence supports use of both dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Dabigatran has been shown to be noninferior to standard of care (SOC) in terms of efficacy, with similar bleeding rates. Similarly, treatment with rivaroxaban in children with acute VTE resulted in a low recurrence risk and reduced thrombotic burden, without increased risk of bleeding, compared to SOC. Treatment of pediatric cerebral venous thrombosis as well as central venous catheter–related VTE with rivaroxaban appeared to be both safe and efficacious and similar to that with SOC. Dabigatran also has a favorable safety profile for prevention of VTE, and rivaroxaban has a favorable safety profile for VTE prevention in children with congenital heart disease. Many studies with several different DOACs are ongoing to evaluate both safety and efficacy in unique patient populations, as well as VTE prevention.ConclusionThe literature regarding pediatric VTE treatment and prophylaxis is growing, but the need for evidence-based pediatric guidelines remains. Additional long-term, postauthorization studies are warranted to further elucidate safety and efficacy in clinical scenarios excluded in clinical trials. Additional data on safety, efficacy, and dosing strategies for reversal agents are also necessary, especially as the use of DOACs becomes more common in the pediatric population.
Sodium Oxybate for Alcohol Dependence: A Network Meta-Regression Analysis Considering Population Severity at Baseline and Treatment Duration
Authors: Guiraud Julien , Addolorato Giovanni , Aubin Henri-Jean , Bachelot Sylvie , Batel Philippe , de Bejczy Andrea , Benyamina Amine , Caputo Fabio , Couderc Monique , Dematteis Maurice , Goudriaan Anna E , Gual Antoni , Lecoustey Sylvie , Lesch Otto-Michael , Maremmani Icro , Nutt David J , Paille François , Perney Pascal , Rehm Jürgen , Rolland Benjamin , Scherrer Bruno , Simon Nicolas , Söderpalm Bo , Somaini Lorenzo , Sommer Wolfgang H , Spanagel Rainer , Walter Henriette , van den Brink Wim 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimsThe estimated effect of sodium oxybate (SMO) in the treatment of alcohol dependence is heterogeneous. Population severity and treatment duration have been identified as potential effect modifiers. Population severity distinguishes heavy drinking patients with &lt;14 days of abstinence before treatment initiation (high-severity population) from other patients (mild-severity population). Treatment duration reflects the planned treatment duration. This study aimed to systematically investigate the effect of these potential effect moderators on SMO efficacy in alcohol-dependent patients.MethodsNetwork meta-regression allows for testing potential effect modifiers. It was selected to investigate the effect of the above factors on SMO efficacy defined as continuous abstinence (abstinence rate) and the percentage of days abstinent (PDA). Randomized controlled trials for alcohol dependence with at least one SMO group conducted in high-severity and mild-severity populations were assigned to a high-severity and mild-severity group of studies, respectively.ResultsEight studies (1082 patients) were retained: four in the high-severity group and four in the mild-severity group. The high-severity group was associated with larger SMO effect sizes than the mild-severity group: abstinence rate risk ratio (RR) 3.16, P = 0.004; PDA +26.9%, P &lt; 0.001. For PDA, longer treatment duration was associated with larger SMO effect size: +11.3% per extra month, P &lt; 0.001. In the high-severity group, SMO showed benefit: abstinence rate RR 2.91, P = 0.03; PDA +16.9%, P &lt; 0.001. In the mild-severity group, SMO showed benefit only in PDA for longer treatment duration: +23.9%, P &lt; 0.001.ConclusionsIn the retained studies with alcohol-dependent patients, high-severity population and longer treatment duration were associated with larger SMO effect sizes.
How do Effort, Reward, and Their Combined Effects Predict Burnout, Self-rated Health, and Work-family Conflict Among Permanent and Fixed-term Faculty?
Authors: Tanimoto Anna Sofia , Richter Anne , Lindfors Petra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Employment conditions and psychosocial factors have been linked to various health-related outcomes in different occupational groups, but few studies focus on the conditions in academia. This study explores the effects of effort, reward, and their interaction to explain health-related outcomes, namely burnout, self-rated health, and work-family conflict among academic faculty in Sweden. We also explore these effects among those with permanent and fixed-term employment contracts. Questionnaire data, collected online in 2016, came from 2335 employees (57% women) with a doctoral degree, working at a Swedish higher education institution. Latent moderation analysis combined with multi-group analysis was conducted. Main effects of effort were found for all health-related outcomes revealing that effort was associated with higher burnout, poorer self-rated health, and greater work-family conflict. Reward was negatively associated with burnout and self-rated health revealing that reward reduced burnout and improved self-rated health. The interaction between effort and reward was significantly associated with all outcomes among permanent contract employees, but was non-significant among those with fixed-term contracts. This may suggest that fixed-term faculty are less affected by the presence or lack of reward. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of the psychosocial work environment to understand health-related consequences for permanent and fixed-term faculty with a doctoral degree.
CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change
Authors: Zotz Gerhard , Andrade José Luis , Einzmann Helena J R 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background and Scope
The epiphytic life form characterizes almost 10 % of all vascular plants. Defined by structural dependence throughout their life and their non-parasitic relationship with the host, the term epiphyte describes a heterogeneous and taxonomically diverse group of plants. This article reviews the importance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) among epiphytes in current climatic conditions and explores the prospects under global change.

Results and Conclusions
We question the view of a disproportionate importance of CAM among epiphytes and its role as a ‘key innovation’ for epiphytism but do identify ecological conditions in which epiphytic existence seems to be contingent on the presence of this photosynthetic pathway. Possibly divergent responses of CAM and C3 epiphytes to future changes in climate and land use are discussed with the help of experimental evidence, current distributional patterns and the results of several long-term descriptive community studies. The results and their interpretation aim to stimulate a fruitful discussion on the role of CAM in epiphytes in current climatic conditions and in altered climatic conditions in the future.
New Child and Adolescent Memory Profile Embedded Performance Validity Test
Authors: Brooks Brian L , Fay-McClymont Taryn B , MacAllister William S , Vasserman Marsha , Mish Sandra , Sherman Elisabeth M S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective
It is essential to interpret performance validity tests (PVTs) that are well-established and have strong psychometrics. This study evaluated the Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP) Validity Indicator (VI) using a pediatric sample with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Method
A cross-sectional sample of N = 110 youth (mean age = 15.1 years, standard deviation [SD] = 2.4 range = 8–18) on average 32.7 weeks (SD = 40.9) post TBI (71.8% mild/concussion; 3.6% complicated mild; 24.6% moderate-to-severe) were administered the ChAMP and two stand-alone PVTs. Criterion for valid performance was scores above cutoffs on both PVTs; criterion for invalid performance was scores below cutoffs on both PVTs. Classification statistics were used to evaluate the existing ChAMP VI and establish a new VI cutoff score if needed.

Results
There were no significant differences in demographics or time since injury between those deemed valid (n = 96) or invalid (n = 14), but all ChAMP scores were significantly lower in those deemed invalid. The original ChAMP VI cutoff score was highly specific (no false positives) but also highly insensitive (sensitivity [SN] = .07, specificity [SP] = 1.0). Based on area under the curve (AUC) analysis (0.94), a new cutoff score was established using the sum of scaled scores (VI-SS). A ChAMP VI-SS score of 32 or lower achieved strong SN (86%) and SP (92%). Using a 15% base rate, positive predictive value was 64% and negative predictive value was 97%.

Conclusions
The originally proposed ChAMP VI has insufficient SN in pediatric TBI. However, this study yields a promising new ChAMP VI-SS, with classification metrics that exceed any other current embedded PVT in pediatrics.