bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUNDIALS
Authors: Savoie Denis 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a description of the technical development of the drawing of Sundials between the fourteenth and the twentieth centuries. It covers the various types of dials, including horizontal, vertical, declining/inclining, table dials, and portable (pocket) dials It discusses the change from geometric to trigonometric methods. It tracks this change through a close analysis of the main textbooks written by mathematicians during these centuries, and it then provides examples of surviving dials. Next it examines the social and pedagogic uses of dials. Lastly it explores the wide variety of ingenious solutions found for the construction of these dials.
CLOCKS AS ASTRONOMICAL MODELS
Authors: Gaulke Karsten , Korey Michael , Gessner Samuel 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn two sections, this chapter offers a survey through selected examples of clocks that model a theory of the cosmos. It describes planetary clocks ranging from the mid-fourteenth century and Giovanni de’ Dondi to the eighteenth century. It includes information on the technical makeup of the few surviving planetary clocks and stresses the intrinsic nature of mathematics in their conception. It covers the importance of astronomic displays, discusses the main old public astronomical clocks that have undergone major or complete changes in recent times, and underlines the influence of the Strasburg clock on later productions. Finally, it reveals the astonishingly complex products of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
CLOCK- AND WATCHMAKING FROM THE NINETEENTH TO TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES
Authors: Nye James 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter charts the rise of horological industrialization in Britain, the United States, Switzerland, Germany, and France. France moved to standardized production techniques in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly with the development of the blanc roulant. German and American clockmaking also benefited from large-scale industrialized production methods. In Germany, Black Forest factories supplanted the independent workshops that had produced cheap wooden clocks. In the United States, particularly in Connecticut, pioneers succeeded in creating a volume production industry, at first in wooden clocks, and later in brass. Differentials in labour costs and currencies allowed for sizeable flows from the United States and Germany to Britain, undermining the British trade, which failed to adapt and modernize. A revival in British horology occurred briefly after the Second World War. The Swiss reorganized their industry in the late nineteenth century, mechanizing établissage and emphasizing interchangeability of parts.
PRECISION ATTAINED
Authors: Betts Jonathan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWith a standard chronometer established in use, the world’s navies were supplied with British chronometers for most of this period, but with rival manufactures in Switzerland (Ulysse Nardin), Germany, and the United States (Hamilton) developing in its closing decades. Some of the many innovations made to improve the standard machine, in particular in its temperature compensation, and the testing and rating of machines is described. Astronomical regulators changed little for most of the nineteenth century, but with the development of ‘free pendulums’, electric drive, vacuum environments, and metals with low thermal coefficients, such as Invar and Elinvar, were spectacularly improved in the early twentieth century before being replaced by atomic clocks.
RESPONDING TO CUSTOMER DEMAND
Authors: Cardinal Catherine 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis wide-ranging survey explores the decoration of clocks and watches in the stylistic context of different periods. It links the decoration and embellishment of watches to those prevalent for the decoration of other small objects of personal use, and those of clocks to architectural trends. The chapter then examines the use of different materials, including gold, silver, jewels, and enamel, as well as engraving. It then discusses the important part played by the use of pattern books, and describes in detail the growth in importance of the concept of ‘design’ in twentieth-century production.
KEEPING CLOCKS AND WATCHES
Authors: Betts Jonathan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter underlines the importance of repairing and maintenance of clocks and watches in the history of horology, a subject very little studied until now. It discusses the role of the activity in the economic life of horologists, as well as several of the methods used across the centuries, and the difficulties involved. It discusses the question of lubrification in detail. It covers the deontology of clock and watch restoration in the twentieth century. In conclusion, it then outlines the manner in which this practice has developed in the context of wider considerations of the conservation of art and archaeological objects.
The (Positive) Complementarity Turn in International Criminal Justice
Authors: Labuda Patryk I. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter explains the origins of today’s emphasis on domestic accountability in international criminal law and its rhetorical association with complementarity. It traces the ascendancy of (positive) complementarity as a vocabulary of global governance before introducing the book’s tripartite analytical framework—accommodation, iteration, and isolation—for analysing tribunal–state relations. The chapter ends with the ideational implications of prioritizing state-driven accountability and embracing the language of positive complementarity for the evolving justifications of international criminal law. It suggests that the turn to complementarity may epitomize deeper transformations in the discipline which has evolved from a counter-hegemonic to a statebuilding project.
In the Court’s Shadow
Authors: Labuda Patryk I. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of the (positive) complementarity turn, this chapter examines trends in the field of international criminal justice and offers lessons to guide the design of future international criminal tribunals. It analyses the turn from ‘coercive’ and ‘top-down’ intervention to ‘cooperative’ and ‘bottom-up’ rule-of-law strategies and the phenomenon of ‘unintended diversionary complementarity’, where states nominally appropriate international norms but systematic crimes committed by incumbent government actors go unpunished. After identifying three intervening factors in tribunal–state relations—temporal constraints, intrastate politics, and prosecutorial leadership—the chapter turns to reforms that can be implemented at the International Criminal Court to avoid complementarity’s authoritarian shadow and enhance the enforcement of international criminal law in an increasingly illiberal political climate.
EpilogueInterrogating the Ideology of (Positive) Complementarity: Should the Future of International Criminal Justice Be Domestic?
Authors: Labuda Patryk I. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Epilogue considers the wider implications of the rise of domestic accountability in international criminal law. It argues that the vocabulary of (positive) complementarity has revolutionized how civil society, scholars, states, and tribunals think, talk, and act in regard to serious crimes. Altering the imaginary of international criminal law stakeholders, complementarity’s emphasis on the domestic sphere has evolved into an ideology extending beyond the ICC with the turn away from international to domestic trials transforming the ontology of international criminal law from a counter-hegemonic project to a consent-based statebuilding enterprise geared to consolidating the authority of governments and directed against non-state actors.
The Role of Creativity in Granting and Limiting Trademark Rights
Authors: Fromer Jeanne C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of creativity in trademark law’s grant and limitation of rights. Trademark law—unlike patent and copyright law, its intellectual property cousins—is not structured to reward creators for producing particular content. That is unsurprising because trademark law and theory is significantly different than that of patent and copyright. As the U.S. Supreme Court has remarked, trademark law was “not designed to protect originality or creativity,” while patent and copyright law were. Nonetheless, there are critical ways in which trademark law, like patent and copyright law, seeks to encourage creative activity, even without directly rewarding marks’ creators. At the same time, trademark law discourages certain types of activity thought to lack creativity, which are deemed to be less deserving of protection. This underappreciated current of incentive to be creative in certain ways courses through trademark law in ways that complement trademark law’s basic purposes. At the same time, however, trademark law has a particular vision of creativity that might or might not align with society’s. In addition, the law’s drive to reward creativity has also paradoxically helped justify its expansion in certain ways unmoored from core trademark theory.
Limitations on Pharmaceutical Trade Marks in Britain in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bently Lionel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The story of the treatment of pharmaceutical trademarks in twentieth-century Britain highlights that not all trademarks function in the same way; the linguistic, cultural, scientific, and commercial context may matter. The specific context may enhance the costs of trademarks and limit their social benefits, or reinforce their value, with costs and benefits changing over time. While international law governing trademarks may require that the goods or services are not to be an obstacle to registration as trademarks, some of the social disadvantages in the way trademarks operate in different contexts can be accommodated through limitations. The story also highlights that limitations on the practical impact of the legal protection of trade marks may be found outside, as well as within, trademark laws. The emasculation of pharmaceutical trademarks was achieved piece by piece, through the construction of a system of generic nomenclature, the establishment of governmental controls over product quality, through education and incentivization of doctors, and has been driven by a persistent government interest in minimizing the cost of health care.
Corruption and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Corruption is a pervasive problem across the world and is regularly ranked as among the greatest global challenges. Furthermore, considering the role that corruption plays in exacerbating deprivation and fueling social tension, peaceful and just societies are unlikely to come about without tackling corruption. Addressing corruption should be a high priority for those concerned with poverty eradication, peace, security, and justice. Yet, curiously, corruption has not yet been the focus of any books by philosophers working on global justice topics. This book does so. The book offers a normatively justified account of how to allocate responsibilities for addressing corruption across the many agents who can and should play a role. In order to know who should take responsibility and how they should do so, we need to understand multiple forms of corruption, the corruption risks associated with various activities, the interventions that tackle corruption effectively, and current policy and legal frameworks in place for addressing corruption, all topics covered in the book. In addition, the book offers a new framework for navigating responsibility to address injustice, one that is action-oriented and forward-looking. Adopting an agent-empowering approach, this book addresses a significant global problem in a comprehensive way, providing the tools we need for progress as we collaborate to tackle this global scourge.
Corruption, Responsibilities, and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to many of the core issues necessary for the normative work to follow and offers an indication of how the argument unfolds. Studying corruption comprehensively is a multi-disciplinary endeavor. We need to understand some of the complex forms corruption takes and its facilitators to have any hope of reducing it. These topics are introduced in this chapter. In addition, the chapter offers two kinds of maps that will guide the reader through the book’s project, including a chapter-by-chapter overview that summarizes key themes from each of the chapters to come. The chapter also clarifies why normative theorists should find this book valuable, highlighting several original aspects to the project. In addition, the chapter clarifies Brock’s position on complex conceptual issues concerning corruption, some of which are further discussed in Chapter 8 and the Appendix.
Sharing Responsibilities for Action
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the normative issue of who ought to take actions to combat corruption. The chapter offers a framework that assists with particular agent’s responsibility assignments. It involves a new and complex model of responsibility that is action-oriented and forward-looking. We can use it in determining responsibility for a wide range of actors including local officials, CEOs of multinational corporations, lawyers, accountants, bankers, engineers, citizens, and many more diverse agents. The chapter discusses some of the factors relevant to sharing responsibility for tackling corruption fairly. Responsibilities track a variety of factors including specific corruption risks that we are directly able to address, capacity to assist, contributions to the corruption, benefits derived from corruption, role-related responsibilities, and assistance already provided. The chapter offers textured analysis of how agents have different roles to play in tackling responsibilities to reduce corruption. The chapter also argues that we have obligations to enlarge capacities to address corruption. Our different capacities, roles, and situations can also be grounds for obligations to assist in creating capacity in different ways as well. As I argue, the different ways of creating capacity also amplify responsibilities. We should aim to create resilient communities and mechanisms that are human rights supporting. Forming broad coalitions and joining up with others often makes our task more manageable while at the same time amplifying our efforts. Joining up with others making complementary efforts increases our power to create corruption-curbing capacity.
Addressing Common Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses some key objections to my approach and policy recommendations and it also discusses some notable areas for future work. One set of important objections concerns the view that cultural differences should be more relevant to the arguments of the book, such as in identifying what corruption is and appropriate tools for addressing it. Several responses to these concerns are discussed. There are issues about just how widely accepted some purported cultural norms are and whether ordinary citizens from those cultures really do endorse particular norms as appropriate ones for the public sphere, when they deprive citizens of their basic entitlements and human rights. Furthermore, in places where corrupt norms do seem widespread, people often comply with them because they believe they are too difficult to change, given how deeply embedded they seem to be and perceptions about their actions’ efficacy. In such cases we have collective action problems and we have a number of resources that can be, and have been, brought to bear in challenging those cultural norms and reforming them. The chapter discusses some of these resources, shows how they have contributed to progress around the world, and identifies some of their core features that can be applied to other contexts. The chapter also outlines some areas that might be the focus of future research in this complex terrain.
Equivalence in the EU: Key Requirements, Equivalence Decision, and Legal Consequences
Authors: Schürger Jonas 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe second chapter provides an in-depth analysis of EU equivalence regimes and is divided into three parts. The first part identifies the key requirements of equivalence provisions and discusses whether equivalence can be referred to as a uniform concept. The second part deals with the equivalence decision as the core prerequisite of each mechanism. First, it is examined what is to be understood by the term ‘equivalent’ and how equivalence can be determined in theory and practice. Afterwards, the focus shifts to the European Commission as the key player in equivalence assessments and the question of discretionary elements in the decision-making process. Subsequently, potential grounds for withdrawal decisions and their administrative as well as constitutional limits are analysed. Thereafter, the possibilities of judicial review of equivalence-related decisions are outlined. The third part concludes with a description and categorization of the legal consequences of equivalence.
A Liberal Access to Financial Markets in Switzerland: Equivalence and Appropriateness
Authors: Schürger Jonas 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe third chapter leaves the legal framework of the EU. Deference is not a particular European phenomenon. Instead, it is advocated at the G20 level, and various countries have implemented this concept. Among these jurisdictions, this chapter concentrates on Switzerland due to its unique role for the European financial sector, which does not only derive from its location in the heart of Europe. The chapter describes the Swiss approach regarding the regulation of foreign financial service providers. The author demonstrates that Switzerland pursues a more liberal policy with extensive market access rights compared to the EU and the US. The chapter then derives characteristics of the Swiss regulatory approach from this analysis and develops a systematic framework for the Swiss regulation of foreign financial firms. Finally, it attempts to explain this regulation against the background of Switzerland’s economic and geographic situation.
General Sociological Foundations
Authors: Rucht Dieter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The study of social movements is linked to general sociological theory in an attempt to avoid the problematic dichotomies of structure vs. agency, functions vs. norms, and strategic vs. communicative action. In this regard, Habermas’ theory of modern society serves as a starting point. Four revisions of this approach are proposed: (1) to relativize the rigid juxtaposition of functional systems and lifeworld; (2) to enrich the concept of systems by adopting some of Bourdieu’s ideas on fields and struggles over various forms of capital; (3) to narrow Habermas’ broad concept of lifeworld; and (4) to introduce the public sphere as a separate third societal sector next to functional systems and the daily lifeworld. In addition, concepts offered by Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens will be considered.
The Historical and Process Dimension
Authors: Rucht Dieter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The process dimension is crucial to understanding social movement structures, activities, and outcomes. Processes should be studied with attention to brief interactions, protest campaigns, and the longue durée of societal developments in which social movements are involved. This last aspect in particular has been largely neglected by the minority of historians who dare to cover very long periods but tend to overlook the role of social movements. Even when writing about upheavals and revolutions, most historians ignore the sociological toolkit that would enrich their analyses. At the same time, sociologists are generally fascinated by contemporary conflicts. Therefore, they do not make use of the rich material that historians have unearthed. This material would be useful for broadening the empirical perspective and could be used to test theories on social movements, including their generalizability.
Outcomes of fracture surgery in patients with escalating hemoglobin A1C in the setting of unmanaged diabetes
Authors: Lawson Michelle M. , Stuart Ariana , Ramsey Katrina L , Friess Darin , Working Zachary M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective:
To determine if there is a threshold of elevated HbA1c above which the complication risk is so high that fracture fixation should be avoided.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Academic, level I trauma center, 2008-2018

Patients/Participants:
A cohort of 187 patients with Hgb A1c values >7 and operatively treated extremity fractures.

Intervention:
Surgical fixation of extremity fractures.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Rate of major orthopedic complication (loss of reduction, nonunion, infection, and need for salvage procedure)

Results:
34.8% demonstrated HgA1c >9 and 12.3% with HgA1c>11. Major complications occurred in 31.4%; HgA1c values were not predictive. We found no evidence of a clinically or statistically significant relationship between HbA1c and risk of major complication. The odds ratio for a one-point increase in HbA1c was 1.006 (p=0.9439), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), which reflects the average probability that someone with a major complication will have a higher HbA1c than someone without, was 0.51 (95% CI 0.42 – 0.61), equivalent to random chance.

Conclusion:
Diabetic fracture patients demonstrated an extremely high overall rate of complications, with 30.5% experiencing a major complication. However, patients with extreme diabetic neglect did not have higher complication rates after extremity fracture fixation when compared to patients with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes. There was no correlation between rate of complication and level of HbA1c. In addition, there was no difference in complication rate between upper and lower extremity fractures, or between fractures treated with open or percutaneous fixation. This suggests that fracture treatment decision-making should not be altered for patients with poor diabetic control, and that surgery is not contraindicated in patients with an extremely high HbA1c.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.