bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Influence of Local Physical Stimuli on Chondrocyte Behavior
Authors: Kim Byumsu , Bonassar Lawrence J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInvestigating the mechanobiology of chondrocytes is challenging due to the complex micromechanical environment of cartilagetissue. The innate zonal differences and poroelastic properties of the tissue combined with its heterogeneous composition create spatial- and temporal-dependent cell behavior, which further complicates the investigation. Despite the numerous challenges, understanding the mechanobiology of chondrocytes is crucial for developing strategies for treating cartilage related diseases as chondrocytes are the only cell type within the tissue. The effort to understand chondrocyte behavior under various mechanical stimuli has been ongoing over the last 50 years. Early studies examined global biosynthetic behavior under unidirectional mechanical stimulus. With the technological development in high-speed confocal imaging techniques, recent studies have focused on investigating real-time individual and collective cell responses to multiple / combined modes of mechanical stimuli. Such efforts have led to tremendous advances in understanding the influence of local physical stimuli on chondrocyte behavior. In addition, we highlight the wide variety of experimental techniques, spanning from static to impact loading, and analysis techniques, from biochemical assays to machine learning, that have been utilized to study chondrocyte behavior. Finally, we review the progression of hypotheses about chondrocyte mechanobiology and provide a perspective on the future outlook of chondrocyte mechanobiology.
Multiscale In Silico Modeling of Cartilage Injuries
Authors: Korhonen Rami K. , Eskelinen Atte S. A. , Orozco Gustavo A. , Esrafilian Amir , Florea Cristina , Tanska Petri 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInjurious loading of the joint can be accompanied by articular cartilage damage and trigger inflammation. However, it is not well-known which mechanism controls further cartilage degradation, ultimately leading to post-traumatic osteoarthritis. For personalized prognostics, there should also be a method that can predict tissue alterations following joint and cartilage injury. This chapter gives an overview of experimental and computational methods to characterize and predict cartilage degradation following joint injury. Two mechanisms for cartilage degradation are proposed. In (1) biomechanically driven cartilage degradation, it is assumed that excessive levels of strain or stress of the fibrillar or non-fibrillar matrix lead to proteoglycan loss or collagen damage and degradation. In (2) biochemically driven cartilage degradation, it is assumed that diffusion of inflammatory cytokines leads to degradation of the extracellular matrix. When implementing these two mechanisms in a computational in silico modeling workflow, supplemented by in vitro and in vivo experiments, it is shown that biomechanically driven cartilage degradation is concentrated on the damage environment, while inflammation via synovial fluid affects all free cartilage surfaces. It is also proposed how the presented in silico modeling methodology may be used in the future for personalized prognostics and treatment planning of patients with a joint injury.
Gene Delivery to Chondrocytes
Authors: Nagelli Christopher V. , Evans Christopher H. , De la Vega Rodolfo E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDelivering genes to chondrocytes offers new possibilities both clinically, for treating conditions that affect cartilage, and in the laboratory, for studying the biology of chondrocytes. Advances in gene therapy have created a number of different viral and non-viral vectors for this purpose. These vectors may be deployed in an ex vivo fashion, where chondrocytes are genetically modified outside the body, or by in vivo delivery where the vector is introduced directly into the body; in the case of articular and meniscal cartilage in vivo delivery is typically by intra-articular injection. Ex vivo delivery is favored in strategies for enhancing cartilage repair as these can be piggy-backed on existing cell-based technologies, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation, or used in conjunction with marrow-stimulating techniques such as microfracture. In vivo delivery to articular chondrocytes has proved more difficult, because the dense, anionic, extra-cellular matrix of cartilage limits access to the chondrocytes embedded within it. As Grodzinsky and colleagues have shown, the matrix imposes strict limits on the size and charge of particles able to diffuse through the entire depth of articular cartilage. Empirical observations suggest that the larger viral vectors, such as adenovirus (~100 nm), are unable to transduce chondrocytes in situ following intra-articular injection. However, adeno-associated virus (AAV; ~25 nm) is able to do so in horse joints. AAV is presently in clinical trials for arthritis gene therapy, and it will be interesting to see whether human chondrocytes are also transduced throughout the depth of cartilage by AAV following a single intra-articular injection. Viral vectors have been used to deliver genes to the intervertebral disk but there has been little research on gene transfer to chondrocytes in other cartilaginous tissues such as nasal, auricular or tracheal cartilage.
Mechanical Articular Cartilage Injury Models and Their Relevance in Advancing Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Kurz Bodo , Hart Melanie L. , Rolauffs Bernd 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter details how Alan Grodzinsky and his team unraveled the complex electromechanobiological structure-function relationships of articular cartilage and used these insights to develop an impressively versatile shear and compression model. In this context, this chapter focuses (i) on the effects of mechanical compressive injury on multiple articular cartilage properties for (ii) better understanding the molecular concept of mechanical injury, by studying gene expression, signal transduction and the release of potential injury biomarkers. Furthermore, we detail how (iii) this was used to combine mechanical injury with cytokine exposure or co-culture systems for generating a more realistic trauma model to (iv) investigate the therapeutic modulation of the injurious response of articular cartilage. Impressively, Alan Grodzinsky’s research has been and will remain to be instrumental in understanding the proinflammatory response to injury and in developing effective therapies that are based on an in-depth understanding of complex structure-function relationships that underlay articular cartilage function and degeneration.
Introduction – Education, Competence Development and Career Trajectories
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Blossfeld Gwendolin Josephine , Weinert Sabine 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA lifespan perspective on development and education and corresponding longitudinal studies have long been proposed scientifically in many disciplines. However, even in the 2000s, little was known about education as a lifelong process or about the cumulative and interactive effects of learning that takes place in different educational settings across the lifespan and comprehensive longitudinal studies were rare. The German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) was therefore designed to provide longitudinal data on educational trajectories and competence development from infancy to old age, and to make it possible to examine inter- and intraindividual changes and pathways in relation to family, educational institutions, workplaces, private life, and individual characteristics of the target persons. The data also addresses the institutions of the German educational system such as crèches and preschools, primary and secondary schools, vocational training, tertiary education, and opportunities of further learning in adulthood. It further enables the analysis of relevant monetary and non-monetary returns to education over the life course. The chapter briefly introduces important features of the multi-cohort sequence design of the NEPS and discusses the relevance of longitudinal data. Furthermore, it outlines Germany as a special case by introducing specific features of the German education system as well as some international comparative findings. Finally, an overview of the following chapters is given.
Low-Achieving School-Leavers in Germany: Who Are They and Where Do They Go?
Authors: Holtmann Anne Christine , Menze Laura , Solga Heike 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn light of educational expansion in Germany, school-leavers with a lower secondary school certificate or less are at risk of being left behind. In this chapter, we first compare their parental resources, cognitive skills, and non-cognitive skills to those of school-leavers with an intermediate school certificate. Second, we investigate whether these low achievers can improve their educational attainment after school by either catching up on school certificates or entering vocational training. We analyse their transitions to vocational education using “With” hier streichen sequence analyses. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we show that although low-achieving school-leavers are, on average, not as well-endowed with agentic and social resources as other groups, they are otherwise quite heterogeneous. Many have similar cognitive and non-cognitive skills to school-leavers with an intermediate school certificate who usually manage to enter vocational training. However, this potential often remains undiscovered, because considerable proportions of low achievers do not improve their school certificates and do not manage to enter vocational education—even several years after leaving school. We also show that transition patterns vary by school type, with students from special needs schools being especially disadvantaged compared to those from regular schools.
Occupational Sex Segregation and its Consequences for the (Re-)Production of Gender Inequalities in the German Labour Market
Authors: Kleinert Corinna , Leuze Kathrin , Bächmann Ann-Christin , Gatermann Dörthe , Hägglund Anna Erika , Rompczyk Kai 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn Germany, the structuring principle connecting the educational system and the labour market is occupations. In theory, this occupational principle is gender-neutral, because both women and men are channelled into jobs according to the occupations for which they are trained. In practice, however, it means that patterns of occupational sex segregation in the education system are reproduced in the labour market. As a consequence, occupational sex segregation has important consequences for the subsequent employment biographies and life courses of women and men. In this chapter, we study the relevance of occupational sex segregation for the (re-)production of gender inequalities in the German labour market. More specifically, we examine long-term trends in occupational sex segregation, how occupational sex segregation is causally linked to other occupational characteristics, how these occupational characteristics translate into gender inequalities regarding non-monetary labour market outcomes, and how these occupational characteristics affect the gender wage gap.
Ethnic Differences in Social Capital Mobilization at the Transition to Vocational Training in Germany
Authors: Roth Tobias , Weißmann Markus 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we provide an in-depth analysis of the differences between students with and without a migration background in Germany in mobilising social capital during the transition to vocational education and training (VET) after lower secondary education. Besides retrospective information, we analyse (hypothetical) prospective information. Furthermore, we distinguish between different kinds of social contacts and different types of support. Using data from the first five waves of starting cohort 4 (9th graders) of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) we find that students rely heavily on their social contacts, with parents playing the most important role. Regarding general information and support, we find only small ethnic differences in the mobilization of non-institutional social contacts. In contrast, adolescents with a migration background tend to receive specific assistance less often from relatives outside the nuclear family and substantively less often from parents. Our results suggest that the general motivation of non-institutional social contacts to provide support at the transition to VET does not differ between natives and migrants, but that the ability of these ties to provide more specific, instrumental assistance depends on their receiving-country-specific resources and thus on their migration history.
Quality of Early Learning Environments: Measures, Validation, and Effects on Child Development
Authors: Weinert Sabine , Attig Manja , Linberg Anja , Vogel Franziska , Rossbach Hans-Günther 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIndividual differences and disparities in educationally relevant competencies and skills evolve from the very beginning of a child’s life. This chapter focuses on early learning environments as an important basis for acquiring those competencies and skills that depend and impact on education. Drawing on the Newborn Cohort Study of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-SC1) and additional validation studies, we address and empirically evaluate different quality measures of parenting behaviour and extrafamilial childcare along with their effects on early child outcomes. Results highlight the importance of considering differentiated measures of early learning environments such as indicators of cognitive-verbal stimulation or parental responsive emotional support from the very beginning, because these relate differentially to various domains of early child development. Furthermore, although different facets of interaction quality are associated with socio-economic family characteristics (SES), they relate to each other only moderately. In addition, we report on the validity and effects of quality measures of early external childcare in the NEPS-SC1 and discuss the emergence of individual differences and SES-related disparities in early child development.
Erhebung und Reduktion der Abfallproduktion im Augenoperationsbereich
Authors: Lever Mael , Smetana Nicolai , Bechrakis Nikolaos E. , Foerster Andreas 
Published: April 2023

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der Gesundheitssektor steht aufgrund der gesundheitlichen Folgen des Klimawandels vor neuen Herausforderungen. Gleichzeitig trägt dieser selbst zur schweren Klimabilanz unserer Gesellschaft bei. Die erhebliche Produktion von Abfällen durch Krankenhäuser ist hierfür ein wichtiger Aspekt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Masse an Abfall, die durch Augenoperationen anfällt, zu quantifizieren und – als Optimierungsmaßnahme – den Effekt der Glastrennung zu evaluieren.

Material und Methoden
Über 2 Wochen wurde der Abfall, der durch Augenoperationen im Operationsbereich der Universitätsklinik anfiel, gewogen. Eine erneute 2‑wöchige Erhebung erfolgte nach Einführung der Trennung von Glas vom Restabfall. Die gewonnenen Daten wurden zwischen den 2 Zeiträumen sowie nach Abfall- (Rest- und Wertstoffabfall) und Eingriffsart (intra-, extraokular) vergleichend analysiert. Durch Anwendung von regionalen Abfallentsorgungskosten war auch ein ökonomischer Vergleich möglich.

Ergebnisse
Im ersten Messzeitraum (196 Eingriffe) fielen insgesamt 549,6 kg Abfall an, 87 % (478,3 kg) davon als Restabfall, entsprechend 14,3 t Gesamtabfall jährlich. Durch intraokulare Eingriffe fielen durchschnittlich 80 % mehr Abfall an als durch extraokulare Eingriffe: 18,1 ± 3,9 respektive 11,4 ± 4,0 kg pro Tag und Operationssaal. Durch die Trennung von Glas aus dem Restabfall konnte im zweiten Messzeitraum (197 Eingriffe) die Restabfallmasse um 7,2 % reduziert werden. Da die Entsorgung von Glas in Essen kostenlos ist, entstand hierdurch ein geringer ökonomischer Vorteil (hochgerechnet 112 € jährlich).

Schlussfolgerung
Die Menge an Abfall, die durch Augenoperationen entsteht, ist erheblich, mit einem überwiegenden Anteil an nicht wiederverwertbarem Restabfall. Vor allem intraokulare Eingriffe sind für die Abfallmengen verantwortlich. Einfache Maßnahmen wie die Trennung von Glas sind hilfreich und günstig, um die Menge an Restabfall zu reduzieren.

Graphic abstract
Citric Acid Leaching of Industrial BOF Slags
Authors: Boehm Andreas , Hartig Gerald , Schinnerl Georg 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAbout 800,000 t of BOF slag are generated per year during the steel production process by Austrian steel plants of voestalpine. Austrian legislative authorities restrict the use as recycling construction material in road building to the bituminous binder course, which additionally includes a lifetime responsibility of the producer for possible future contaminants that currently have not been considered.Alternative routines of recycling of BOF slag are thus addressed in a project of K1-MET within the COMET funding program of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), financed by the Austrian government and industry. Selective leaching processes are investigated by the Chair of Mineral Processing, Montanuniversität Leoben to recover the iron bearing oxides contained in the slag (i.e. magnesio wuestite, Ca- and Mg ferrites) with the lowest amount of phosphorous possible, which is contained in larnite (dicalciumsilicate) only.Common mineral processing methods obtained only poor results due to intergrowth conditions. Selective leaching of P containing larnite by citric acid may provide an alternative.Systematic tests for optimum leaching conditions concerning optimum mass ratio of agent to industrial slag, volume of eluate, leaching time, leaching temperature, and pH were performed. As the acid consumption is comparatively high, a special effort was spent on the regeneration of citric acid.
A decade of aging in healthy older adults: longitudinal findings on cerebrovascular and cognitive health
Authors: Weijs Ralf W. J. , Oudegeest-Sander Madelijn H. , Vloet Janneke I. A. , Hopman Maria T. E. , Claassen Jurgen A. H. R. , Thijssen Dick H. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Research suggests an association between cerebrovascular health and cognitive decline, but previous work is limited by its cross-sectional nature or short (< 1–2 years) follow-up. Our aim was to examine, across 10 years of follow-up in healthy older adults, changes in cerebrovascular health and their relationship with subjective memory complaints as an early marker of cognitive decline. Between 2008 and 2010, twenty-eight healthy older adults (69 ± 4 years) underwent baseline blood pressure and transcranial Doppler measurements to assess middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRi), and measures of cerebral autoregulation (CA). After 9–12 years of follow-up, these measurements were repeated, and presence of memory complaints was evaluated. Linear mixed-model analyses explored effects of aging on cerebrovascular parameters and whether memory complaints were associated with cerebrovascular changes. Across a median follow-up of 10.9 years, no changes in MCAv, CVRi, or CA were found. At baseline, these parameters were not different between subjects with (n = 15) versus without (n = 13) memory complaints. During follow-up, subjects with memory complaints showed larger decreases in MCAv (− 10% versus + 9%, P = 0.041) and increases in CVRi (+ 26% versus − 9%, P = 0.029) compared to other peers without memory complaints, but no distinct changes in CA parameters (P > 0.05). Although a decade of aging does not lead to deterioration in cerebral blood flow or autoregulation, our findings suggest that reductions in cerebral blood flow and increases in cerebrovascular resistance are associated with early subjective cognitive decline.
Benzenesulfonic acid-grafted UIO-66 with improved hydrophobicity as a stable Brønsted acid catalyst
Authors: Kou Zongliang , Sun Guanlun , Ding Qiuyan , Li Hong , Gao Xin , Fan Xiaolei , Ou Xiaoxia , Pan Qinhe 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHydrothermal and catalytic stability of UIO-66 MOFs with defective structures are critical aspects to be considered in their catalytic applications, especially under the conditions involving water, moisture and/or heat. Here, we report a facile strategy to introduce the macromolecular acid group to UIO-66 to improve the stability of the resulting UIO-66—PhSO3H MOF in aqueous phase catalysis. In detail, UIO-66—PhSO3H was obtained by grafting benzenesulfonic acid on the surface of the pristine UIO-66 to introduce the hydrophobicity, as well as the Brønsted acidity, then assessed using catalytic hydrolysis of cyclohexyl acetate (to cyclohexanol) in water. The introduction of hydrophobic molecules to UIO-66 could prevent the material from being attacked by hydroxyl polar molecules effectively, explaining its good structural stability during catalysis. UIO-66—PhSO3H promoted the conversion of cyclohexyl acetate at ca. 87%, and its activity and textural properties were basically intact after the cyclic stability tests. The facile modification strategy can improve the hydrothermal stability of UIO-66 significantly, which can expand its catalytic applications in aqueous systems.
Modular supervisory control for multi-floor manufacturing processes
Authors: Koumboulis Fotis N. , Fragkoulis Dimitrios G. , Michos Aristides A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDue to space availability limitations and high land costs, there is an increasing development of multi-floor manufacturing (MFM) systems in urban and industrial areas. The problem of coordination in a multi-floor manufacturing process, in the Ramadge Wonham framework, is introduced. The manufacturing chain of each floor and the elevator system are modeled in the form of finite deterministic automata. The models of the multi-floor manufacturing process are parametric with respect to the number of floors and the number of manufacturing machines on each floor. The coordination desired performance is formulated in the form of desired regular languages in analytic forms. The languages are realized by appropriate supervisors in the form of finite deterministic automata. The models of the supervisors are also parametric with respect to the number of floors and the number of manufacturing machines on each floor. The total control of the coordination of the multi-floor manufacturing process is accomplished via a modular supervisory control architecture. The complexity of the supervisors as well as the complexity of the total modular supervisory architecture are determined in analytic forms with respect to the number of floors and the number of manufacturing machines on each floor. The special case of a two floor manufacturing process is presented as an illustrative example.
30 Jahre Nanobodies: Neues von kleinen Helfern mit großem Potenzial
Authors: Wagner Teresa R. , Burgstaller Sandra , Frecot Desiree I. , Lukowski Robert , Rothbauer Ulrich 
Published: April 2023

Abstract2023 marks the 30th anniversary of the discovery of single-domain antibody fragments in camelids, better known as nanobodies. This was the starting point for their tremendous success story in biomedicine. Here we highlight recent advances in the development of nanobodies for the detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, as biosensors for monitoring extracellular metabolites and as tracer molecules for non-invasive imaging of immune cells.
Primatenspezifische Gene als Determinanten der Neokortexmorphologie
Authors: Esiyok Nesil , Tynianskaia Lidiia , Heide Michael 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe neocortex is the brain structure that is characteristic of all mammals. Primates in particular have a distinct neocortex, which is attributed to their high cognitive performances. However, there are significant differences in the morphology of the neocortex between different primate species. Here, we present an overview of primate neocortex development and the functional analysis of genes regulating the activity of cortical progenitor cells, which primarily underlie neocortex morphology.