bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graft-Vs-Host Reactivity of Mouse Thymocytes: Effect of Cortisone Pretreatment of Donors
Authors: Tigelaar Robert E. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The graft-vs-host (GVH) activity of thymocytes from BALB/c mice treated 48 to 72 hr previously with 2.5 mg cortisone acetate has been studied with both a spleen weight assay and a mortality assay. Although the cortisone-resistant (CR) thymocytes were 10 times as active as normal thymocytes in the spleen weight assay, they were only 4 to 5 times as active in the mortality assay, and the yield of thymus cells from cortisone-treated donors was only 1/25 that from normal donors: such pretreatment thus resulted in over 50% loss of total GVH reactivity recoverable from the thymus when measured by the spleen weight assay, and approximately 80% loss when measured by the mortality assay. In contrast to normal thymocytes, CR-thymocytes were unable to interact synergistically with normal peripheral lymph node cells; they were also unable to interact synergistically with normal thymocytes. The kinetics of cumulative mortality induced by CR-thymocytes were identical to those of normal thymocytes and strikingly different from those produced by various peripheral lymphoid cell populations. These results suggest that CR-thymocytes represent a unique population of thymus-derived cells and lend support to the concept that different expressions of cell-mediated immune reactions may be initiated by distinct cell types.
B-Cell Differentiation in the Splenic Environment: Acquired Susceptibility to the Helper Function of Irradiated T Cells
Authors: Ito Takaaki , Kino Toshiya , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The in vivo helper function of specific thymic inducer cells in anti-sheep hemolytic responses was retained after exposure to 1000 rads of γ-rays, but not after 3000 rads. A prerequisite for B-T cell interactions involving irradiated T cells was the residence (i.e., differentiation) of bone marrow-derived precursor cells outside the bone cavities, e.g., in the spleens of irradiated nonthymectomized mice. It is suggested that reproductive viability of T cells is not essential for inducing γM or γG responses in vivo, and that the properties acquired by B cells in the splenic environment confer susceptibility to the effects of nonantigen-specific T-cell mediators.
Antibodies against Sporozoites of Human and Simian Malaria Produced in Rats
Authors: Nussenzweig R. S. , Montuori W. , Spitalny G. L. , Chen D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The various methods commonly used for the detection of antimalarial antibodies employ, in nearly all instances, the erythrocytic stages of these parasites as antigen source (1). The antigenic components of the different stages of development of the malaria parasites, however, differ considerably, in spite of the existence of some shared or common antigens (2, 3). Furthermore, the common antigens do not account for all of the antigenic components of the parasites, nor do they include the functional, i.e., protective, antigens of the various developmental stages. This is suggested by the finding that rodents immunized with attenuated sporozoites become totally resistant to an otherwise lethal sporozoite inoculum, but remain fully susceptible to challenge with erythrocytic stages of the same parasite strain (4).
Anti-sporozoite antibodies, i.e., antibodies directed against the infective stages of all malaria parasites, have previously been shown to occur in avian and rodent malaria. In both instances, these antibodies were observed upon immunization of the animals with attenuated, irradiated sporozoites.
A Measurement of the Specificities of Antibodies to Morphine-6-Succinyl-BSA by Competitive Inhibition of 14C-Morphine Binding
Authors: Wainer Bruce H. , Fitch Frank W. , Fried Josef , Rothberg Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera reacting with morphine were produced in rabbits by immunization with morphine-6-succinyl-bovine serum albumin. The antibody assay employed ammonium sulfate precipitation of antibody-14C-morphine complexes. The specificities of the sera were measured by prior incubation of appropriate serum dilutions with increasing concentrations of various unlabeled opioids before the addition of 14C-morphine. Opioids differed in their ability to inhibit interaction of 14C-morphine and antibody; concentrations inhibiting binding of 88 pmol/ml of 14C-morphine by 50% were: morphine-6-hemisuccinate, 0.052 nmol/ml; heroin, 0.10 nmol/ml; morphine, 0.11 nmol/ml; codeine, 0.16 nmol/ml; hydromorphone, 0.50 nmol/ml; nalorphine, 2.1 nmol/ml; meperidine, 80.0 nmol/ml; naloxone, 30% inhibition at 1.0 × 103 nmol/ml. Variations in the ability to inhibit 14C-morphine binding were related to the nature of the structural dissimilarities between the competing compound and the homologous hapten. Differences in I50 values for the opioids studied were reflections of inhibition curves with differing slopes. Such observations allow the possibility of both qualitative and quantitative analyses in assay systems.
Allotype Preference in Human Rh Antibodies
Authors: Litwin S. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gm(a) and Gm(f) genetic factors of human IgG1 heavy chains were quantitatively determined in Rh eluates isolated by the digitonin elution method. Thirteen Rh preparations from heterozygous subjects Gm(a+f+) showed a ratio of allotypes differing sharply, in many cases, from the individuals' own serum. Six eluates had twofold or greater differences in Gm allotype values; in five of these six, Gm(a) was the predominant genetic antigen.
Subpopulations of Rh antibody presumably selected for binding avidity were prepared by reacting progressively larger volumes of Rh sera with a fixed number of erythrocytes. Serial eluates prepared from single Rh sera showed stepwise changes in the proportions of Gm antigens. The most frequent pattern noted was an increase in Gm(a) concentration while Gm(f) remained stable.
The data indicated that Rh antibodies frequently showed allotype predominance with Gm(a) occupying a preferential but not exclusive position in Rh antibody bound to red cells under conditions of antibody excess. The results were interpreted as supporting an association between certain variable region genes determining Rh antibody and the Gma gene determining the constant region of IgG1 γ chains.
Variations in Complement Levels during Active and Adoptive Immunization
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Molotchnikoff Marie-F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Active immunization of inbred Lewis rats with a foreign antigen (bovine serum albumin) or an autoantigen (rat thyroid extract) in complete Freund's adjuvant or Bordetella pertussis vaccine increased progressively the complement level to a maximum after 21 days. Active immunization with Freund's adjuvant and B. pertussis or Freund's adjuvant alone also raised the complement level. Adoptively transferred thyroiditis with lymph node cells from Lewis rats actively immunized with rat thyroid extract reduced the complement 7 days after the transfer. This drop of complement was not found when donors were adoptively immunized with bovine serum albumin.
Cross-Reactions of Hl-A Antibodies
Authors: Dorf Martin E. , Eguro Setsuko Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cross-reactive HL-A antibodies were initially produced by subject BC in response to alloimmunization with leukocytes from a single donor. After six cycles of immunization with leukocytes from the original donor a second immunizing cell was substituted. A brisk anamnestic response resulted. The antibody response was primarily associated with antigens found on the original immunizing cells, but not present in the second donor.
Sera obtained after immunization with each donor were further compared. Both samples contained high titered cross-reactive HL-A3 antibodies and HL-A3 platelets could completely absorb cytotoxins from both serum samples. In addition, pH gradient elution studies indicated that the serum obtained after challenge with the second cell donor had a lower binding avidity for the HL-A3 antigen. These results extend the observations of the original antigenic sin phenomenon to include such responses with major histocompatibility antigens.
Rabbit Antiserum to Brain-Associated Thymus Antigens of Mouse and Rat
Authors: Peter Hans-Hartmut , Clagett James , Feldman Joseph D. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of rabbits with either mouse (CBA/ST) or rat (Le) brain homogenates results in the production of antisera which upon appropriate absorptions are T cell-specific for both mouse and rat. These antisera may be used effectively for direct cytotoxicity and detection of rat and mouse T cells by direct immunofluorescence. Furthermore, in the rat, it was demonstrated that antimouse brain serum, in the presence of complement, abrogates cell-mediated immunity in vitro, but does not affect antibody-forming cells.
Isogeneic Lymphocyte Interaction: Responsiveness of Murine Thymocytes to Self Antigens
Authors: Howe Michael L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that thymocytes from neonatal CBA/J mice will undergo in vitro blastogenesis in culture with isogeneic spleen cells of adult origin. The present investigation demonstrates that thymocyte reactivity in this isogeneic lymphocyte interaction (ILI) is maximal at 2 to 3 days of age and declines thereafter, whereas the stimulatory capacity of spleen cells is minimal in the neonate but increases with increasing age of the cell donor. Data are also presented which suggest that soluble factors are not responsible for stimulation in the ILI. The results of breeding studies indicate that the capacity of spleen cells to stimulate in this reaction is probably controlled by more than one gene. An evaluation of the capacity of various adult lymphoid tissues to stimulate in the ILI indicates that cells from the spleen and to a lesser extent from lymph nodes are capable of stimulation while those from the thymus and bone marrow are devoid of stimulatory activity. Finally, an examination of several strains of mice indicates that most exhibit weak but positive responses in the ILI.
Delayed Hypersensitivity, as Manifested by Granuloma Formation, Dermal Reactivity, Macrophage Migration Inhibition and Lymphocyte Transformation, Induced and Elicited in Guinea Pigs with Soluble Antigens of Schistosoma Mansoni Eggs
Authors: Boros Dov L. , Schwartz H. J. , Powell A. E. , Warren K. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) was induced in guinea pigs 3 to 6 days after immunization with microgram quantities of soluble antigens derived from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (SEA). Sensitization was achieved by incorporating SEA into complete Freund's adjuvant, but remarkably, animals could also be sensitized by intraperitoneally injected live eggs, or by direct injection of SEA alone into the footpad. DH was measured by comparing dermal and granulomatous reactivity in vivo and 3H-thymidine incorporation and macrophage migration inhibition (MI) in vitro. SEA could be employed successfully also for the elicitation of the different immune responses. The parameters appeared in parallel, MI preceding the rest by 1 day. Granuloma formation, which occurred within 24 hr in the lungs of sensitized animals, correlated well with other parameters of DH. During the 1st 10 days of immunization, when DH was already fully developed, γ1 or γ2 antibodies could not be detected in the circulation of immunized animals.
The Effect of Irradiation on the Immune Response to the Private H-2 Specificities of the H-2K and H-2D Loci
Authors: McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The H-2 locus in the mouse gives rise to the most immunogenic antigens in an allogeneic transplantation system (1). The locus can be subdivided into two major regions, H-2K and H-2D, each giving rise to private and public specificities, although other regions may exist (2, 3). Private specificities, with few exceptions, are found only in one H-2 allele, or recombinants derived thereof, there being one private specificity for the H-2K locus and one for the H-2D locus (2) for each allele. The H-2 private specificities are considered to be analogous to the HL-A specificities in man (3). The public specificities, which tend to be weaker, have a broad distribution and are found in many alleles. In a recent study (4) it was apparent that the immunogenicity of single, private antigenic specificities of the H-2K locus was greater than those of the H-2D locus. This was demonstrated by both skin grafting and testing for antibody formation.
The First Component (Cln) of the Complement System of the Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma
Cirratum)
Authors: Ross Gordon D. , Jensen Joerg A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sedimentation coefficient of Cln varied inversely with the ionic strength in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Natural antibody contamination was removed from impure Cln preparations by zonal ultracentrifugation in a high ionic strength (µ = 0.70) sucrose gradient, in which the Cln was 13.9S. The purified Cln gave a single precipitin line in Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoresis with anti-whole nurse shark serum. Rabbit antibody against this preparation agglutinated cell-bound Cln, gave a single precipitin line of identity with purified Cln and whole nurse shark serum, and single precipitin arcs immunoelectrophoretically. At 0°C, 0.04 M EDTA inactivated Cln slowly and did not prevent Cln-site formation. EDTA inactivation was irreversible. In the presence of EDTA, immunoelectrophoresis of purified Cln gave three precipitin arcs. Esterase activity, present in the partially purified (urea-precipitated) Cln preparations, was absent in purified Cln with N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester, or N-carbobenzoxy-l-tyrosine p-nitrophenyl ester as substrates.
A Comparison of Three Radioimmunoassay Techniques for the Measurement of Serum IgE
Authors: Polmar Stephen H. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three radioimmunoassay techniques [double antibody, Sepharose-bound antibody and bromacetylcellulose (BAC)-bound antibody] were compared. These three methods were used to measure the immunoglobulin E levels in sera of patients with schistosomiasis with very high IgE levels, in sera from normal adults, and in sera that were presumed to have very low IgE levels, including sera from immunodeficient patients and from a variety of non-primate species. There was, in general, good agreement among the three methods when the IgE concentration was elevated, as in patients with schistosomiasis and in some normal adults. In contrast, very significant differences in the estimates of the IgE concentration of the same serum were observed with the different techniques when the serum IgE levels were low. IgE was very low or undetectable in sera of many patients with immunodeficiency when studied by the double antibody technique, but these IgE deficiencies were often missed when the Sepharose or BAC techniques were used. For example, the IgE levels were found to be less than 15% of normal for 80% of the patients with ataxia telangiectasia studied by the double antibody technique, but IgE levels appeared to be normal when assayed by the Sepharose and BAC techniques. The IgE levels determined by the Sepharose method in patients with immunodeficiency were intermediate between the lower double antibody and the higher BAC values. Similarly, sera of various non-primate species were found to inhibit significantly the binding of radiolabeled IgE to the insoluble anti-IgE antibody and gave significant appearent IgE concentrations when the BAC or Sepharose techniques were used, but not when the double antibody technique was used. Thus, the BAC and, to a lesser extent, the Sepharose technique appeared to give falsely high IgE estimates when the levels of human IgE in the serum were low. The double antibody radioimmunoassay appears to be the method of choice for the measurement of serum IgE because it has greater sensitivity and reproducibility, and especially because it gives meaningful estimates for IgE in the critically important low IgE range observed with immunologic deficiency.
Effect of Chronic Viral Infection on the Immune System
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Tishon Antoinette , Chiller Jacques M. , Weigle William O. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoresponsiveness has been compared in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus and in noninfected mice. The antigens used were sheep red blood cells, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, human IgG (HuIgG), bovine IgG, chicken IgG, and turkey IgG. LCM-infected mice were found to have normal immune responses to sheep red blood cells and keyhole limpet hemocyanin over wide dose ranges, whereas against mammalian and avian IgG, LCM-infected mice showed depressed immune responsiveness. This depression in immune responses was not associated with differences in antibody avidity or antigen handling but with decreased numbers of antibody-forming cells. Unresponsiveness to HuIgG was difficult to induce with deaggregated antigen in mice chronically infected with LCM virus.
Studies on Tetanus Antitoxins
Authors: Nagel J. , Cohen H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper the antigenic structure of tetanus toxin is described. It was shown that the toxin as well as the toxoid is carrying at least four antigenic determinants. In addition to antigen-[2] already described in a previous paper, two new degraded antigens could be isolated: antigen-[1] by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of spontaneously degraded toxin, and antigen-[3] by pH treatment of toxin. All degraded antigens are immunogenic and nontoxic. The presence of a fourth antigenic determinant on tetanus toxin could be demonstrated only after successive absorption of rabbit antitoxic serum with the antigens-[1], -[2] and -[3]. Toxin-neutralizing antibodies remained in the absorbed serum which reacted only with tetanus toxin and tetanus toxoid. Antibodies against the four antigenic determinants are present in antitoxic serum from rabbits and horses. Human antiserum, however, contained antibodies to these determinants, anti-1 antibodies being absent. All four antitoxins could neutralize tetanus toxin in vivo.
The Genetics of the Immune Response to a Synthetic Double-Stranded RNA in a Mutant CBA Mouse Strain
Authors: Scher Irwin , Frantz Molly M. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A mutant strain of mice (CBA/HN) was found that did not form antibody to the synthetic double-stranded ribonucleic acid polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid when given with complete Freund's adjuvant. All other strains investigated responded to this antigen. Genetic studies revealed that the inability to respond to this antigen was secondary to a gene on the X chromosome of the CBA/HN strain. Antibody formation could be induced in this strain by giving the antigen with methylated bovine γ-globulin. Immune responsiveness was transferred to nonresponding animals via lymphoid cells. The possible mechanisms of this defect are discussed.
Age-Dependent Changes in Sensitivity to Antigen in the Mouse
Authors: Rector E. S. , Carter B. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The maturation of antibody responsiveness was studied in C57BL/6 mice by comparing the sensitivity to antigen of 12-day-old and 12-week-old animals. Sensitivity was established by constructing dose response curves for the IgM and IgG2a PFC responses. Twelve-day-old animals yielded dose response curves with well defined maxima and relatively narrow band widths (BW). The optimal antigen doses for the two antibody classes studied were different—1.2 × 109 sheep red cells for the IgM response and 3.8 × 109 for the IgG2a response. Adult (12-week-old) animals yielded dose response curves significantly different from those of young mice. Optimal antigen doses were lower in the adult group (2.9 × 108 for the IgM and 1.0 × 109 for the IgG2a PFC response), indicating an increased sensitivity to this antigen. The BW (ratio of the two antigen doses which elicited a response equal to 50% of the maximum) of the adult dose response curves were four times greater than the BW obtained with the 12-day-old group. In addition, a low cross-reactivity was demonstrated between sheep red cells and the lipopolysaccharide antigen prepared from Escherichia coli. The increases which occurred with age in both the sensitivity and BW of the responses are discussed in terms of: 1) a thymus-derived cell deficiency in the young mice; 2) the selection of receptor sites by cross-reacting environmental antigens; and 3) changes in the antigen-processing system. It was concluded that the last of these possibilities formed the basis for the changes in sensitivity which were observed.
On the Nature of the Presumed Receptor for IgE on Mast Cells
Authors: Bach Michael K. , Brashler John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of sialidase and phospholipase C to interfere with the capacity of rat peritoneal cells to release histamine in an antigen-induced, IgE antibody-mediated manner was examined in some detail. Both enzymes cause a loss of histamine from the cells which is dependent on the concentration of enzyme employed. Although the loss of histamine from cells treated with phospholipase C ceases when the enzyme is removed by washing, loss from cells treated with sialidase persists for several hours after the free enzyme has been removed. Superimposed on this loss of histamine from enzyme-treated cells is the ability of both enzymes, under certain circumstances, to inhibit the capacity of the cells to release histamine in an antigen-specific manner after their preparation with IgE antibody. Attempts were made to test the hypothesis that this inhibition is a consequence of the destruction of a mast cell “receptor” for IgE by treatment with the enzymes. Phospholipase C does not appear to act on such a receptor since it was equally inhibitory to nonimmunologic histamine release caused by compound 48/80. Furthermore, treatment with this enzyme inhibited immunologic histamine release equally well when enzyme treatment preceded or followed preparation of the cells with IgE. By contrast, treatment with sialidase only inhibited histamine release when treatment with the enzyme preceded preparation of the cells with IgE, suggesting that it may act on the “receptor.” However, the enzyme failed to inhibit histamine release initiated with IgGa antibody and antigen, a reaction which had previously been presumed to involve the same cell “receptor” as the one involved in the IgE-mediated reaction. Possible explanations for these findings are offered.
Lymphocyte Populations: Separation by Discontinuous Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Yu David Tak Yan , Peter James B. , Paulus Harold E. , Machleder Herbert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for separation of human lymphocytes by discontinuous density gradient is described. The method was simple to carry out and utilized Ficoll-salt solutions which were easily standardized. There was good reproducibility with no toxicity to the cells. On applying this method to human thoracic duct lymphocytes, cells were separated into subpopulations which differed in morphology, basal unstimulated 3H-TdR incorporation and response to stimulation by purified phytohemagglutinin P and pokeweek mitogen.