bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting the imprints of past clear‐cutting on riparian forest plant communities along a Mediterranean river
Authors: Angiolini Claudia , de Simone Leopoldo , Fiaschi Tiberio , Cifaldi Giuseppe Pio , Maccherini Simona , Fanfarillo Emanuele 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn riparian forests, clear‐cutting causes long‐lasting changes in both riparian and aquatic biota. In this work, we examined if past clear‐cutting events occurred at different times have imprints on riparian forests in a Mediterranean river in central Italy. We carried out a randomized, plot‐based vegetation survey of riparian forests in systematically sampled 500 m‐long sectors along the whole river, dividing the riparian zone into two internal and two external strips. From historical aerial photos, past clear‐cutting events within plots were detected and classified in age classes: (i) cut in the past 8 years (recent); (ii) cut between 8 and 19 years ago (intermediate); (iii) no signs of clear‐cutting in the last 19 years (distant). We analyzed the responses of vegetation to clear‐cutting and strip position. Alien species richness was higher and woody species richness was lower in recently clear‐cut areas compared to those with a distant clear‐cutting event. Moreover, recently cut woods had more alien and synanthropic species. Intermediate clear‐cut areas had higher levels of invasion by alien species compared to areas with distant cut. Riparian forests of internal strips are impacted by clear‐cutting, but seem to recover in 8–19 years thanks to their natural resilience. Conversely, recent or intermediate clear‐cutting events did not affect any of the investigated vegetation attributes in the external strips since such forests were already invaded by alien and synanthropic species after human disturbance. Our results confirm that clear‐cutting events can have long‐lasting effects on Mediterranean riparian forests, confirming the vulnerability of river ecosystems to clear‐cutting and suggesting the need for more caution in management practices to improve the conservation status of riparian forests.
Accurate delineation of individual tree crowns in tropical forests from aerial RGB imagery using Mask R‐CNN
Authors: Ball James G. C. , Hickman Sebastian H. M. , Jackson Tobias D. , Koay Xian Jing , Hirst James , Jay William , Archer Matthew , Aubry‐Kientz Mélaine , Vincent Grégoire , Coomes David A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTropical forests are a major component of the global carbon cycle and home to two‐thirds of terrestrial species. Upper‐canopy trees store the majority of forest carbon and can be vulnerable to drought events and storms. Monitoring their growth and mortality is essential to understanding forest resilience to climate change, but in the context of forest carbon storage, large trees are underrepresented in traditional field surveys, so estimates are poorly constrained. Aerial photographs provide spectral and textural information to discriminate between tree crowns in diverse, complex tropical canopies, potentially opening the door to landscape monitoring of large trees. Here we describe a new deep convolutional neural network method, Detectree2, which builds on the Mask R‐CNN computer vision framework to recognize the irregular edges of individual tree crowns from airborne RGB imagery. We trained and evaluated this model with 3797 manually delineated tree crowns at three sites in Malaysian Borneo and one site in French Guiana. As an example application, we combined the delineations with repeat lidar surveys (taken between 3 and 6 years apart) of the four sites to estimate the growth and mortality of upper‐canopy trees. Detectree2 delineated 65 000 upper‐canopy trees across 14 km2 of aerial images. The skill of the automatic method in delineating unseen test trees was good (F1 score = 0.64) and for the tallest category of trees was excellent (F1 score = 0.74). As predicted from previous field studies, we found that growth rate declined with tree height and tall trees had higher mortality rates than intermediate‐size trees. Our approach demonstrates that deep learning methods can automatically segment trees in widely accessible RGB imagery. This tool (provided as an open‐source Python package) has many potential applications in forest ecology and conservation, from estimating carbon stocks to monitoring forest phenology and restoration.Python package available to install at https://github.com/PatBall1/Detectree2.
Multiple multi‐sample testing under arbitrary covariance dependency
Authors: Vutov Vladimir , Dickhaus Thorsten 
Published: May 2023

AbstractModern high‐throughput biomedical devices routinely produce data on a large scale, and the analysis of high‐dimensional datasets has become commonplace in biomedical studies. However, given thousands or tens of thousands of measured variables in these datasets, extracting meaningful features poses a challenge. In this article, we propose a procedure to evaluate the strength of the associations between a nominal (categorical) response variable and multiple features simultaneously. Specifically, we propose a framework of large‐scale multiple testing under arbitrary correlation dependency among test statistics. First, marginal multinomial regressions are performed for each feature individually. Second, we use an approach of multiple marginal models for each baseline‐category pair to establish asymptotic joint normality of the stacked vector of the marginal multinomial regression coefficients. Third, we estimate the (limiting) covariance matrix between the estimated coefficients from all marginal models. Finally, our approach approximates the realized false discovery proportion of a thresholding procedure for the marginal p‐values for each baseline‐category logit pair. The proposed approach offers a sensible trade‐off between the expected numbers of true and false findings. Furthermore, we demonstrate a practical application of the method on hyperspectral imaging data. This dataset is obtained by a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) instrument. MALDI demonstrates tremendous potential for clinical diagnosis, particularly for cancer research. In our application, the nominal response categories represent cancer (sub‐)types.
Multivariate single index modeling of longitudinal data with multiple responses
Authors: Tian Zibo , Qiu Peihua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn medical studies, composite indices and/or scores are routinely used for predicting medical conditions of patients. These indices are usually developed from observed data of certain disease risk factors, and it has been demonstrated in the literature that single index models can provide a powerful tool for this purpose. In practice, the observed data of disease risk factors are often longitudinal in the sense that they are collected at multiple time points for individual patients, and there are often multiple aspects of a patient's medical condition that are of our concern. However, most existing single‐index models are developed for cases with independent data and a single response variable, which are inappropriate for the problem just described in which within‐subject observations are usually correlated and there are multiple mutually correlated response variables involved. This paper aims to fill this methodological gap by developing a single index model for analyzing longitudinal data with multiple responses. Both theoretical and numerical justifications show that the proposed new method provides an effective solution to the related research problem. It is also demonstrated using a dataset from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging.
Leveraging Ligand and Composition Effects: Morphology‐Tailorable Pt–Bi Bimetallic Aerogels for Enhanced (Photo‐)Electrocatalysis
Authors: Xue Geng , Li Yueqi , Du Ran , Wang Jinying , Hübner René , Gao Meng , Hu Yue 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMetal aerogels (MAs) are emerging porous materials displaying unprecedented potential in catalysis, sensing, plasmonic technologies, etc. However, the lack of efficient regulation of their nano‐building blocks (NBBs) remains a big hurdle that hampers the in‐depth investigation and performance enhancement. Here, by harmonizing composition and ligand effects, Pt‐ and Bi‐based single‐ and bimetallic aerogels bearing NBBs of controlled dimensions and shapes are obtained by facilely tuning the metal precursors and the applied ligands. Particularly, by further modulating the electronic and optic properties of the aerogels via adjusting the content of the catalytically active Pt component and the semiconducting Bi component, both the electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic performance of the Pt–Bi aerogels can be manipulated. In this light, an impressive catalytic performance for electro‐oxidation of methanol is acquired, marking a mass activity of 6.4‐fold higher under UV irradiation than that for commercial Pt/C. This study not only sheds light on in situ manipulating NBBs of MAs, but also puts forward guidelines for crafting high‐performance MAs‐based electrocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts toward energy‐related electrochemical processes.
Improving Néel Domain Walls Dynamics and Skyrmion Stability Using He Ion Irradiation
Authors: Balan Cristina , van der Jagt Johannes W. , Fassatoui Aymen , Peña Garcia Jose , Jeudy Vincent , Thiaville André , Bonfim Marlio , Vogel Jan , Ranno Laurent , Ravelosona Dafiné , Pizzini Stefania 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIon irradiation with light ions is an appealing way to finely tune the magnetic properties of thin magnetic films and in particular the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). In this work, the effect of He+ irradiation on the magnetization reversal and on the domain wall dynamics of Pt/Co/AlOx trilayers is illustrated. Fluences up to 1.5 × 1015 ions cm−2 strongly decrease the PMA, without affecting neither the spontaneous magnetization nor the strength of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI). This confirms experimentally the robustness of the DMI interaction against interfacial chemical intermixing, already predicted by theory. In parallel with the decrease of the PMA, a strong decrease of the domain wall depinning field is observed after irradiation. This allows the domain walls to reach large maximum velocities with a lower magnetic field compared to that needed for the pristine films. Decoupling PMA from DMI can, therefore, be beneficial for the design of low energy devices based on domain wall dynamics. When the samples are irradiated with larger He+ fluences, the magnetization gets close to the out‐of‐plane/in‐plane reorientation transition, where ≈100nm size magnetic skyrmions are stabilized. It is observed that as the He+ fluence increases, the skyrmion size decreases while these magnetic textures become more stable against the application of an external magnetic field, as predicted by theoretical models developed for ultrathin films with labyrinthine domains.
Molecular Synergistic Passivation for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Self‐Powered Photodetectors
Authors: Chen Chunlei , Zhu Yunfei , Gao Deyu , Li Mengjia , Zhang Zuolin , Chen Hongjian , Feng Yinsu , Wang Chen , Sun Jie , Chen Jiangzhao , Tian He , Ding Liming , Chen Cong 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe interface between the perovskite and electron‐transporting material is often treated for defect passivation to improve the photovoltaic performance of devices. A facile 4‐Acetamidobenzoic acid (containing an acetamido, a carboxyl, and a benzene ring)‐based molecular synergistic passivation (MSP) strategy is developed here to engineer the SnOx/perovskite interface, in which dense SnOx are prepared using an E‐beam evaporation technology while the perovskite is deposited with vacuum flash evaporation deposition method. MSP engineering can synergistically passivate defects at the SnOx/perovskite interface by coordinating with Sn4+ and Pb2+ with functional group CO in the acetamido and carboxyl. The optimized solar cell devices can achieve the highest efficiency of 22.51% based on E‐Beam deposited SnOx and 23.29% based on solution‐processed SnO2, respectively, accompanied by excellent stability exceeding 3000 h. Further, the self‐powered photodetectors exhibit a remarkably low dark current of 5.22 × 10−9 A cm−2, a response of 0.53 A W−1 at zero bias, a detection limit of 1.3 × 1013 Jones, and a linear dynamic range up to 80.4 dB. This work proposes a molecular synergistic passivation strategy to enhance the efficiency and responsivity of solar cells and self‐powered photodetectors.
Innovation offshoring and reshoring with fully endogenous growth
Authors: Davis Colin , Hashimoto Ken‐ichi 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis paper studies the implications of innovation offshoring and reshoring for long‐run productivity growth in a North–South framework that features a tension in the firm‐level innovation location decision between accessing technical knowledge in an asset‐wealthy country and sourcing low‐cost high‐skilled labor in an asset‐poor country. We show that, with trade costs and imperfect international knowledge diffusion, industry and innovation tend to concentrate geographically in proximity to the larger market of the asset‐wealthy North when trade costs are high. Investigating the effects of greater economic integration, we find that an improvement in knowledge diffusion increases the share of firms offshoring innovation to the asset‐poor South to take advantage of lower high‐skilled wages, potentially raising the rate of productivity growth. A decrease in trade costs, however, induces firms to reshore innovation to the asset‐wealthy North to take advantage of greater knowledge spillovers, with rising high‐skilled wages potentially lowering the productivity growth rate.
Genetic loci regulating the concentrations of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in the pericarps of purple and red rice
Authors: Chen Ming‐Hsuan , Pinson Shannon R. M. , Jackson Aaron K. , Edwards Jeremy D. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe pigmented flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, have health promoting properties. Previous work determined that the genes Pb and Rc turn on and off the biosynthesis of anthocyanins (purple) and proanthocyanidins (red), respectively. Not yet known is how the concentrations of these pigmented flavonoids are regulated in grain pericarps. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in a population of rice (Oryza sativa L.) F5 recombinant inbred lines from white pericarp “IR36ae” x red+purple pericarp “242” revealed three QTLs associated with grain concentrations of anthocyanins (TAC) or proanthocyanidins (PA). Both TAC and PA independently mapped to a 1.5 Mb QTL region on chromosome 3 between RM3400 (at 15.8 Mb) and RM15123 (17.3 Mb), named qPR3. Across 2 years, qPR3 explained 36.3% of variance in TAC and 35.8% in PA variance not attributable to Pb or Rc. The qPR3 region encompasses Kala3, a MYB transcription factor previously known to regulate purple grain characteristics. Study of PbPbRcrc progeny showed that TAC of RcRc near isogenic lines (NILs) was 2.1–4.5x that of rcrc. Similarly, study of PbPbRcRc NILs, which had 70% higher PA than pbpbRcRc NILs, revealed a mutual enhancement, not a trade‐off between these compounds that share precursors. This suggests that Pb and Rc upregulate genes in a shared pathway as they activate TAC and PA synthesis, respectively. This study provides molecular markers for facilitating marker‐assisted selection of qPR3, qPR5, and qPR7 to enhance grain concentrations of pigmented flavonoids and documented that stacking Rc and Pb genes further increases both flavonoid compounds.
In‐vitro toxicity of cyclophosphamide and etoposide intermediates/metabolites produced by three white rot fungi
Authors: Yadav Ankush , Rene Eldon R. , Mandal Mrinal Kanti , Dubey Kashyap Kumar 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAim of the present study is to determine the in‐vitro cell cytotoxic effect of native and transformed cancer drugs (cyclophosphamide and etoposide) using three different white rot fungi (Ganoderma lucidum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor). At 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days, experiments were done on a mouse monocyte macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7). After biodegradation, the altered compounds were found to be harmful to the Raw 264.7 cells. The maximal cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide transformed products (TPs) were determined to be 2.4%, 7.3% and 7% respectively, against G. lucidum, P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, respectively. With G. lucidum, P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, the etoposide toxicity was 1.5%, 8% and 2.7% respectively. P. chrysosporium‐mediated biodegradation resulted in the maximum toxicity, at 8%, on the 12th day for etoposide and 7.3% on the 3rd day for cyclophosphamide. After biodegradation by fungi, the toxicity of these two anticancer agents was reduced in the form of metabolites, but each fungus showed unique capacity for toxicity removal.
Towards understanding the TiO2 doping at the surface and bulk
Authors: Wach Anna , Zou Xianshao , Wojtaszek Klaudia , Kayser Yves , Garlisi Corrado , Palmisano Giovanni , Sá Jacinto , Szlachetko Jakub 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAnatase titanium dioxide is a common photocatalyst with limited application scope due to its wide band gap energy. Valence and conduction band doping have long been used to narrow TiO2 band gap energy. The effectiveness of the process is highly dependent on the procedure adopted, and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Importantly, optical changes caused by bulk doping are not always represented at the surface where the catalysis occurs. Therefore, methodologies sensitive to bulk and surface modifications are key for a holistic understanding of the doping mechanism and its effect on photocatalysis quantum yield. Herein, it is proposed the use of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with different probing depths to elucidate the chemical composition of bulk and surface. Soft XAS was employed to determine the chemical state of typical dopants (N and Cu) in TiO2 thin films. The XAS measurements at N K‐edge and Cu L2,3‐edge were performed in surface and bulk‐sensitive detection modes, providing direct insight into the surface‐bulk effects caused by the dopants. In the case of copper doping in the TiO2 conduction band, the data show the formation of Cu2+ in the bulk states. In contrast, the surface states are dominated by Cu+ components resulting from surface termination geometries. Moreover, X‐ray absorption spectra confirmed that the substitutional mechanism is the dominant process in Cu doping. The nitrogen doping was found to be interstitial, causing minor changes to the band structure but affecting the photoluminescence. The proposed methodology closes the gap in knowledge between materials design and photocatalytic performance by establishing atoms' disposition in bulk that affects electronic properties and on the surface that impacts the catalytic cycle.
Demokratische Öffentlichkeit – eine medienpolitische Gestaltungsaufgabe
Authors: Jarren Otfried , Fischer Renate 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungDer aktuelle Medienwandel verändert die Struktur der Öffentlichkeit und beeinflusst dadurch auch politische Prozesse, die für die Konstitution der Demokratie relevant sind. Treibende Kraft des Wandels ist der erfolgreiche Zutritt global agierender privater Plattformen in den Medienmarkt. Ausgehend von der These der Gestaltungsbedürftigkeit von Öffentlichkeit systematisiert der Beitrag demokratische Gewinne und Gefährdungen des plattformisierten Mediensystems: Die Artikulationsmöglichkeiten aller steigen, während die Chancen zur nachvollziehbaren Kontextualisierung, Aggregation und Bewertung von Interessenanmeldungen abnehmen und der Gesamtinklusionsgrad der Öffentlichkeit sinkt. Die zukünftige Medienordnung wird daher zu einer demokratiepolitischen Aufgabe ersten Ranges. Sie muss den funktionalen Besonderheiten, Stärken und Schwächen der jeweiligen Medien, allen voran der Plattformen, Rechnung tragen und das Gesamtsystem der Medien bezogen auf seinen Beitrag zu einer vielfältigen und auf Inklusion angelegten Öffentlichkeit regulieren.
Wer beherrscht die Medien? Zur Einfassung des Journalismus durch Technologiekonzerne
Authors: Theine Hendrik , Tröger Mandy , Sevignani Sebastian 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel journalistischer Medien in Deutschland, wie Technologiekonzerne alle Ebenen der journalistischen Informationsproduktion und -distribution beeinflussen. Dazu wird der Begriff des media capture zum Konzept des media environment capture erweitert, welches den zunehmenden direkten und indirekten Einfluss von Technologiekonzernen auf journalistische Medienunternehmen erfasst und systematisiert. Gezeigt werden kann, wie vielfältig Konzernentscheidungen auf Medientechnologie, -innovation, -politik und -recht einwirken, medienrelevante Wissenschaft, Forschung und Förderung beeinflussen und auch weit in das Innere der ökonomischen Organisation des Journalismus hineinreichen. Längst sind nicht nur einzelne Orte, Prozesse und Akteure in der Öffentlichkeit privaten Interessen unterworfen, vielmehr wird zusätzlich der Kommunikationsraum zwischen allen an der öffentlichen Debatte partizipierenden Akteur:innen und um sie herum kommerzialisiert.
Kritik und Vertrauen. Einstellungen zu den Medien und vertrauensbildende Maßnahmen der Redaktionen
Authors: Schultz Tanjev 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungIm demokratischen Rechtsstaat werden Macht und Gewalt des Staates eingehegt. Zu den Mechanismen der Kontrolle gehört eine kritische Öffentlichkeit, in der wichtige Informationen verbreitet, gesellschaftliche Diskussionen organisiert und die Mächtigen kritisiert und zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden. Diese demokratische Rolle können die Medien nur ausfüllen, wenn sie genügend Vertrauen bei den Bürger:innen genießen. Der Beitrag zeigt anhand der Daten der „Mainzer Langzeitstudie Medienvertrauen“, wie es um das Vertrauen in das Informations- und Kontrollsystem „Journalismus“ bestellt ist. Mögliche Konstellationen des Miss- und Vertrauens in Medien werden anhand der Beurteilung der Qualität journalistischer Leistungen durch die Publika systematisiert und vertrauensbildende Maßnahmen skizziert, die Politik, Verlage und Redaktionen ergreifen könnten. Langfristiges Ziel solcher Interventionen muss es sein, die Verbindung zwischen der Qualität der Berichterstattung und dem Vertrauen des Publikums zu stärken.
Tech-Lash, what’s next? Drei Strategien zur Demokratisierung der sozialen Medien
Authors: Piétron Dominik 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungGegenüber der wachsenden Bedeutung von Social-Media-Plattformen und den Großkonzernen, die sie betreiben, hat sich ein allgemeines gesellschaftliches Unbehagen herausgebildet. Sie schaden der Demokratie, fördern Desinformation, verstärken Hetze, manipulieren Nutzer:innen, entziehen der journalistischen Arbeit Werbeeinnahmen und damit finanzielle Ressourcen, lauten einige Vorwürfe. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage nach den technopolitischen Voraussetzungen einer erfolgreichen Demokratisierung der sozialen Medien. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der strukturellen Stärkung demokratischer Grundrechte. Drei komplementäre Strategien – staatliche Regulierung der großen Social-Media-Plattformen, Förderung freier und dezentraler Alternativen, gesetzliche Verpflichtung zur Interoperabilität – könnten Privatsphäre, demokratische Repräsentation und Wahlfreiheiten ins digitale Zeitalter retten.