bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Customization of spectacle frames for individuals with facial deformities by altering conventional spectacle frames – Phase I
Authors: Sageer Husna , Maseedupalli Srikanth , Krishnaiah Sannapaneni 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
Manufacturing a spectacle frame for a facially deformed individual is challenging because of facial asymmetry. One of the solutions is the customization of spectacle frames. Customization of spectacle frames for facially deformed individuals requires a better understanding of the facial anthropometry of deformed faces. This study aimed to analyze the facial anthropometry of deformed faces to understand the range of variability. The results of this study will be used to find customization methods in the future.

Methods:
We measured and analyzed the 12 facial parameters of individuals with facial deformities using the ImageJ software.

Results:
The data collected were normally distributed. Paired sample test revealed a statistically significant difference between innercanthus distances (right innercanthus distance [RICD] and left innercanthus distance [LICD]). Correlation analysis showed a positive difference between horizontal and vertical pupillary distance-innercanthus distance (PD-ICD) (0.68, 0.75, and 0.81) and pupillary distance-helix distance (PD-HD) (0.57, 0.68, and 0.59) relations. PD-ICD correlations are stronger compared to the PD-HD relation.

Conclusion:
Altering the frame center distance and the temple heights are the most important for asymmetric faces. Large population-based data are required to make concrete decisions to design a spectacle frame for asymmetric faces.
Impact of individual counseling on the knowledge and attitudes of type 2 diabetics regarding diabetic retinopathy: The Aditya Jyot Diabetic Retinopathy in Urban Mumbai Slums Study – Report 3
Authors: Kim Eric J , Rana Viren K , Araia Ermias , Jain Astha , Krishnan Radhika , Natarajan Sundaram 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
Baseline knowledge and attitudes regarding diabetic retinopathy (DR) have not been previously reported for type 2 diabetes mellitus adults (T2DM) in Dharavi, one of the largest slums in Mumbai. Furthermore, a pre- and post-intervention survey study regarding this topic has not been conducted to date in Dharavi. This pre- and post-intervention survey study analyzes the impacts of DR counseling sessions administered individually on the knowledge and attitudes of T2DM participants recruited from Dharavi.

Methods:
Potential subjects (>30 years old) from Dharavi were enrolled by community workers and screened for T2DM. Those with confirmed T2DM were each registered for an individual DR counseling session. A survey was distributed to participants before the counseling session to determine their baseline knowledge and attitudes. The same survey was distributed after the counseling session, and changes in pre- and post-survey responses were analyzed.

Results:
Exactly 1718 T2DM study participants were given pre- and post-surveys. Before the counseling, T2DM participants showed low baseline knowledge and attitudes regarding DR, with only 30.8% (530/1718) participants being aware that diabetes can affect the eye. Participants showed significant improvements after the counseling session, with more participants showing willingness to attend DR screenings (pre: 38.3.%, post: 56.8%; P < 0.0001) and more becoming aware that diabetes can affect the eye (90.4%, 1553/1718; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
Targeted educational interventions for T2DM individuals from the slums of western India, such as Dharavi, can lead to significant improvements in knowledge and attitudes, representing a promising avenue in tackling the burden of avoidable blindness caused by DR in India.
Optical coherence tomography-based assessment of macular vessel density, retinal layer metrics and sub-foveal choroidal thickness in COVID-19 recovered patients
Authors: Karkhur Samendra , Chauhan Khushboo , Soni Deepak , Sharma Bhavana , Yadav Nikita , Banerjee Lagnajeeta , Nyodu Richa , Verma Sunil 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
The primary objective of the study was to assess the macular retinal vessel density, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and retinal layer metrics by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively, in recovered COVID-19 patients and its comparison with the same in control subjects. The secondary objective was to evaluate differences in OCTA parameters in relation with the severity of COVID-19 disease and administration of corticosteroids.

Methods:
A case–control study was performed that included patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and age-matched healthy controls. Complete ocular examination including OCTA, SD-OCT, and EDI-OCT were performed three months following the diagnosis.

Results:
Three hundred sixty eyes of 180 subjects were enrolled between the two groups. A decreased mean foveal avascular zone area in both superficial capillary plexuses (P = 0.03) and deep capillary plexuses (P < 0.01), reduced average ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness (P = 0.04), and increased subfoveal choroidal thickness (P < 0.001) were observed among cases in comparison to the control group. A significant correlation was found between sectoral macular vessel density in relation to disease severity and a decrease in vessel density with greater severity of the disease.

Conclusion:
OCTA detected retinal microvascular alterations following SARS-CoV-2 infection in subjects with the absence of any clinical ocular manifestation or systemic thrombotic events. These parameters could be used to help identify patients with a higher incidence of systemic thromboembolism on longer follow-ups and identify the impact of corticosteroids on retinal architecture.
Clinical profile, demographic distribution, and outcomes of ocular siderosis: Electronic medical record–driven big data analytics from an eye care network in India
Authors: Parameswarappa Deepika C , Das Anthony Vipin , Venugopal Ragukumar , Karad Madhuri , Tyagi Mudit 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
To describe the demographics, clinical profile, and outcomes of ocular siderosis in patients presenting to a multi-tier ophthalmology hospital network in India.

Methods:
This cross-sectional and hospital-based study included 3,082,727 new patients who presented between August 2010 and December 2021. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ocular siderosis in at least one eye were included.

Results:
Overall, 58 eyes of 57 patients (0.002%) were diagnosed with ocular siderosis. The majority were men (96.49%) and had unilateral (98.25%) affliction. The most common age group at presentation was during the third decade of life with 24 patients (42.11%). A clear history of ocular trauma was documented in 47 patients (81.03%). Major clinical signs included corneal pigment deposition in nearly half of the eyes (27/58 eyes, 46.55%), corneal scar (20/58 eyes, 34.48%), cataract (22/58 eyes, 37.93%) and retinal detachment (11/58 eyes, 18.96%). The intraocular foreign body (IOFB) was anatomically localized in a majority of the eyes (i.e., 45/58 eyes, 77.59%). The most common location of the IOFB was in the posterior segment (22/58 eyes, 37.93%). The eyes that underwent a vitreoretinal surgery with removal of IOFB had a slightly better BCVA (1.0 ± 1.01) when compared to eyes with non-removal of IOFB (1.58 ± 1.00).

Conclusion:
Ocular siderosis is a rare sight-threatening entity, with half of the affected eyes exhibiting severe visual impairment. Majority of the eyes in ocular siderosis will have a detectable IOFB. Surgical removal of IOFB may lead to a better visual gain when compared to non-removal.
Integrated aqueous humor ceRNA and miRNA–TF–mRNA network analysis reveals potential molecular mechanisms governing primary open-angle glaucoma pathogenesis
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Chen Ming , Liu Longqian , Zeng Liuzhi 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
To conduct an integrated bioinformatics analysis of extant aqueous humor (AH) gene expression datasets in order to identify key genes and the regulatory mechanism governing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) progression.

Methods:
Two datasets (GSE101727 and GSE105269) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and the messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified between controls and POAG patients. Differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and DElncRNAs were then subjected to pathway enrichment analyses, after which a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was generated. This network was then expanded to establish lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA and miRNA–transcription factor (TF)–mRNA networks.

Results:
The GSE101727 dataset was used to identify 2746 DElncRNAs and 2208 DEmRNAs, while the GSE105269 dataset was used to identify 45 DEmiRNAs. We ultimately constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network incorporating 47 lncRNAs, six miRNAs, and 17 mRNAs. The proteins encoded by these 17 hub mRNAs were found to be significantly enriched for activities that may be linked to POAG pathogenesis. In addition, we generated a miRNA–TF–mRNA regulatory network containing two miRNAs (miR-135a-5p and miR-139-5p), five TFs (TGIF2, TCF3, FOS, and so on), and five mRNAs (SHISA7, ST6GAL2, TXNIP, and so on).

Conclusion:
The SHISA7, ST6GAL2, TXNIP, FOS, and DCBLD2 genes may be viable therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of POAG and are regulated by the TFs (TGIF2, HNF1A, TCF3, and FOS).
Intra-operative aberrometry versus conventional biometry for intraocular lens power calculation: A prospective observational study from a tertiary referral center
Authors: Gaur Sandhya , Dhull Chirakshi , Khokhar Sudarshan K 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
To evaluate the per operative intra-ocular lens (IOL) power calculation using intra-operative aberrometry (ORA) and its comparison with conventional methods.

Methods:
Patients with cataract planned for phacoemulsification by a single surgeon under topical anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective observational study in this prospective observational study. All patients underwent pre-operative biometry (Manual SRK-II and IOLMaster® 500) to determine the intra-ocular lens (IOL) power. Intra-operative aberrometry using ORA was also performed; however, IOL was inserted according to IOLMaster® (SRK/T). Spherical equivalent (SE) was recorded on post-operative days 1, 7, and 30. Patients were divided into three groups based on axial lengths for analysis. Comparative analysis was performed for the calculated IOL powers and prediction errors of ORA with conventional methods. Adjusted IOL power to calculate the emmetropic IOL using the LiHue formula was also determined and was compared with existing methods. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 115 eyes from 113 patients were included, with a median age of 54.90 ± 14.3 years. The mean axial length was found to be 23.94 ± 2.3 mm. There was good agreement (87%) between ORA and IOLMaster® for calculated IOL powers with a mean difference of 0.047 ± 0.5D between the two (P = 0.33). A positive correlation was found between IOL power calculated using ORA, IOLMaster®, SRK-II, and adjusted IOL.

Conclusion:
The use of intra-operative aberrometry (ORA) to calculate IOL power in patients undergoing uncomplicated phacoemulsification is non-inferior relative to standard pre-operative measurement and planning.
Retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants born following assisted conception versus spontaneously conceived pregnancies – A 2-year retrospective observational study from an urban tertiary eye care referral center in South India
Authors: Dabir Supriya , Mohankumar Arthi , Srivatsa DV , Munusamy Sivakumar , Berendschot TTJM , Rajan Mohan , Azad Rajvardhan 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
The aim of this study is to determine if in vitro fertilization (IVF) is associated with an increase in the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among preterm infants.

Methods:
This retrospective, comparative study included all the preterm babies who were screened under an urban multicentric outreach project between April 2019 and August 2022. Infant details including gender, birth weight, mode of conception, single or multiple gestation, gestational age and post-menstrual age in weeks, age at presentation, and any presence of risk factors were recorded and analyzed.

Results:
Among 444 preterm babies included in the study, 373 (84%) were conceived normally and 71 (16%) were conceived by IVF. ROP was found in 99 (22.29%) babies in total. There was no significant difference in the incidence of any stage of ROP between the two groups; however, higher stages of ROP were found to be relatively more frequent in the spontaneous conception group in our study. We also found a statistically significant difference in the presence of ROP among singletons, twins, and triplets.

Conclusion:
IVF was found not to independently increase the risk of ROP in preterm infants. More prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the relationship between the mode of conception and development of severe ROP in preterm infants.
In vitro assessment of the severity of deoxyribonucleic acid damage in different types of cataracts directly in lens epithelial cells
Authors: Sorte Gawali Kranti S , Jadhao Avinash N 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
This study aimed to assess the severity of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in lens epithelial cells (LECs) of senile cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts.

Methods:
LECs were obtained from senile cortical, nuclear, and subcapsular types of cataracts after surgery. DNA damage in the cells was immediately assessed quantitatively using the CometScore™ software.

Results:
Comets were found in cataractous LECs. The formation of “comets” in the DNA of LECs can be visualized using single-cell gel electrophoresis and indicates DNA strand breaks because the damaged DNA migrates at a different rate than the nondamaged DNA. Maximal damage was observed in Grade 3 cortical, nuclear, and subcapsular forms of cataracts. Statistically significant DNA damage was seen between grades 1 and 3 of cortical type of cataract, grades 1 and 3 of nuclear type of cataract, and grades 2 and 3 and grades 1 and 3 of posterior subcapsular type of cataract.

Conclusion:
In patients with senile cataract, DNA of LECs was randomly damaged, and this type of damage was possibly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Maximum DNA damage was found in patients with Grade 3 senile cortical, nuclear, and subcapsular type cataracts. The pathogenesis of senile cataracts is multifactorial and includes continuous molecular stress resulting from photooxidative stress, UV irradiation, and oxidative reactions.
Observation on the curative effect of horizontal rectus transposition combining recess-resect treatment on monocular elevation deficiency with horizontal strabismus
Authors: Mo Haiming , Chen Dan , Du Qiuling , Tang Fangjiao , Liang Yiming , Chen Jinmao 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
To explore the clinical effect of horizontal rectus transposition combining recess and resect treatment on monocular elevation deficiency (MED) with horizontal strabismus.

Methods:
Ten patients (10 eyes) scheduled to undergo horizontal rectus transposition combining recess-resect surgery to treat MED with horizontal strabismus in the ME Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between July 2016 and February 2022 were included in the study. The degree of vertical and horizontal prism strabismus, the grading of upper movement of the paralyzed eye, and the improvement of binocular vision were evaluated before and after the surgery.

Results:
Horizontal rectus transposition combined with recess and resect treatment was used to treat 10 patients with MED combined with horizontal strabismus. A good curative effect was seen in eight patients. The differences in the degree of vertical strabismus, the degree of horizontal strabismus, and the movement function of the paretic eyes before and after surgery were significantly different (all P < 0.05). The binocular haplopia function in six patients was reconstructed in the primary position after surgery.

Conclusion:
Horizontal rectus transposition combining recess-resect is easy to perform, and the number of recti involved in the surgery is small. This approach can effectively correct the eye position, improve eye movement, and reconstruct binocular vision in patients with MED by combining horizontal strabismus.
Management of recurrent optic disc pit–associated maculopathy with human amniotic membrane graft in a pediatric case
Authors: Kelkar Aditya , Bolisetty Mounika 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Optic disc pit–associated maculopathy (ODP-M) is a rare presentation in children. Therefore, only a few pediatric cases successfully managed have been reported in the literature. This video shows successful management of ODP-M with human amniotic membrane graft in a pediatric case presenting with recurrence with intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Purpose:
To demonstrate a successful management of ODP-M with human amniotic membrane graft in a pediatric case presenting with recurrence.

Synopsis:
A 13-year-old patient who had been previously operated with 25-G pars plana vitrectomy with double internal limiting membrane peel and juxtapapillary endolaser with SF 6 gas tamponade for optic disc pit–associated maculopathy (ODP-M) presented with recurrence 9 months after primary surgery. Three 25-G sclerotomies were made and human amniotic membrane graft was tucked into the ODP; the position of the graft was confirmed with intraoperative ocular coherence tomography. Subretinal fluid rapidly resolved within 48 h and best-corrected visual acuity improved to 0.5 logMAR after one week. Later follow-ups showed no complications or recurrence.

Highlights:
This video shows successful management of ODP-M with human amniotic membrane graft in a pediatric case presenting with recurrence with intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT), without any additional tamponade.

Video Link:
https://youtu.be/rM79P7oU7GE

Key words: Amniotic membrane graft, Optic disc pit, Pediatric Case, Recurrence
Every eye needs a best chance to see: Just give it
Authors: Shivanna Yathish , Gorimanipalli Bhavya , Sanjay Srinivasan 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Anterior staphyloma is defined as a localized defect in the anterior eye wall with protrusion of the uveal tissue due to alterations in scleral thickness and structure. The causes could be congenital, trauma, or following infection. Surgical options include staphylectomy with graft (corneal/corneoscleral), biosynthetic graft, enucleation or evisceration in a painful blind eye).

Purpose:
To demonstrate staphylectomy with careful preservation of ocular structures followed by optical keratoplasty in a single setting.

Synopsis:
A 39-year-old Asian Indian lady presented with complaints of blurring of vision and whitish opacity in both eyes since childhood, associated with progressive enlargement and protrusion of the black part of the left eye with severe pain at the time of presentation. Her clinical examination revealed leucomatous corneal opacity in both the eyes and anterior staphyloma and keratinization in the left eye. Visual acuity was counting fingers close to face in the right eye and hand movements close to face in the left eye with projection of rays being accurate in both eyes. Ultrasound B scan showed posterior staphyloma in the right eye with sub-Tenon’s fluid and increased retinochoroidal thickness. The left eye posterior segment with B scan was normal. The available surgical options were evisceration with secondary orbital implant and ocular prosthesis or staphylectomy with corneal transplantation. To provide the best option for the patient in her eye with better visual potential, staphylectomy with corneal transplantation was done.

Highlights:
Painful blind eye is usually dealt with evisceration. This video demonstrates the technique of staphylectomy with corneal graft and restoration of structural integrity. Evisceration is a destructive procedure that involves removal of the intraocular contents. The patient will have to deal with the hassles of prosthesis maintenance and stigma of the artificial eye.

Video link:
https://youtu.be/VoS8Irsh1yY

Key words: Anterior staphyloma, evisceration, eye salvage, painful blind eye, staphylectomy
Sources of errors in measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Mansoori Tarannum 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)–obtained retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements allow for qualitative and quantitative assessment of RNFL thinning in glaucoma. Errors in data acquisition or in software analysis may result in artifacts and erroneous RNFL thickness measurements that may lead to an inaccurate clinical interpretation.

Purpose:
This video describes tips to recognize artifacts in RNFL thickness measurement in various OCT printouts.

Synopsis:
The video presents a series of OCT of optic nerve head printouts with artifacts and useful teaching points to identify the same and its source of error.

Highlights:
The technician must confirm the quality and accuracy of the acquired data before the patient returns to the physician with the final printout. Recognition of artifacts and identifying its source of error is critical to interpret the data accurately, avoiding erroneous clinical interpretation.

Video Link:
https://youtu.be/rRZVeTaivIQ
Implants and spacers for paralytic ectropion: Literature review and assessment of a thin-profile porous polyethylene implant
Authors: Parikh Alomi O , Pfeiffer Margaret L , Yim Cindi K , Burnstine Michael A 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
There is no ideal treatment paradigm for paralytic ectropion. This study evaluated lower eyelid spacers and the efficacy of a novel lower eyelid thin profile, bio-integratable, porous polyethylene.

Methods:
A retrospective review of 15 consecutive patients who underwent thin-profile porous polyethylene implantation and canthoplasty for paralytic ectropion was carried out. A comprehensive literature review of spacers for paralytic ectropion and retraction using the Pubmed database with search terms “[implant or graft or spacer] and [paralytic ectropion or paralytic retraction],” “graft and paralysis and ectropion,” “implant and paralysis and ectropion,” “graft and paralysis and retraction,” and “implant and paralysis and retraction” was carried out.

Results:
The mean patient age was 69 years (range: 50–88). Lagophthalmos improved from a mean of 5.7 mm (SD = 3.3, range 3–14 mm) to 1.4 mm (SD = 1.1, range 0–3.5 mm), P < 0.0001. MRD 2 improved from a mean of 6.7 mm (SD = 2.3, range 2–12 mm) to 4.2 mm (SD = 0.9, range 3–6 mm), P = 0.0005. No patients needed additional lower eyelid surgery. There were no implant exposures at a mean follow-up of 7.6 months (SD = 7.9, range 0.7–21.6 months). Detailed literature review revealed that hard palate and ear cartilage are the most reported spacers, each with unique disadvantages.

Conclusion:
The thin-profile porous polyethylene implant is a useful addition to the management of symptomatic paralytic ectropion. Meaningful comparison of lower eyelid spacers is difficult because of variations in surgical technique, spacer size, and poorly reported outcome data. No spacer proves superior.