bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introspective Elusiveness
Authors: Howell Robert J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Philosophers as diverse as Hume, Sartre and the Buddha have argued that no self or subject can be found in experience. Try as we might, among the thoughts, feeling and conscious experience, we cannot catch a glimpse of the thing having them. Chapter 3 explains and defends this elusiveness thesis. Though some philosophers consider it obvious, others find it nearly incoherent. On one challenge, for example, we are aware of the subject by being aware of those thoughts and feelings, just as we are aware of other objects by being aware of their properties. In a sophisticated version of this challenge, Sidney Shoemaker argues that it all comes down to what is meant by inner perception. On one natural view, he argues, the subject is not elusive, but on a narrower view it is elusive but so are phenomenal states. The subject is therefore not particularly elusive. In response, four senses are articulated in which the subject is particularly elusive.
Backbenchers ‘Seize Control’
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the government’s default control of the House of Commons agenda, which came under increasing pressure after the deal had been defeated when other MPs sought to build alternative majorities. The defeat of Theresa May’s deal in the first meaningful vote sparked an increasingly bitter political period, which triggered further division between both the main parties. Moreover, MPs expressed clear opposition to a no-deal exit and supported a doomed attempt to send the government back to the negotiating table. The chapter explains the Commons asking the Prime Minister to extend the Article 50 period. It also deals with May’s subsequent resignation.
Shut Down Parliament! Boris Johnson and the Prorogation Crisis
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the Conservative leadership contest, which resulted in the rise to the premiership of Boris Johnson. It acknowledges the fragility of the government’s position in parliament following Theresa May’s resignation. Parliamentarians sought to take action and prevent a no-deal Brexit as the Article 50 period was due to end. MPs voted for an extension of Article 50, but Johnson responded by threatening not to comply. The chapter discusses the concept of populism and democratic backsliding. It also expounds on the announcement of prorogation and parliament’s response, which included the Benn–Burt Act. The chain of events pushed the flexibility of the UK constitution to the limits since Johnson seemed to reject the fundamental constraints inherent in parliamentary democracy. The chapter then covers the arguments over the correlation between parliament and sovereignty.
Conclusion: Brexit, Parliament, and the Constitution
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter gives an overview of Brexit, which meant that the UK formally left the European Union in January 2020. It cites how the Brexit issue highlighted some key aspects of UK politics. Theresa May initially proposed a deal that was generally not accepted by Brexiteers, while Boris Johnson boosted the anti-parliamentary rhetoric. Moreover, most of the Brexit process was fundamentally affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, which drew attention away from Brexit and the government’s manifesto pledges of constitutional reform. The chapter looks into the cultural changes triggered by Brexit in UK politics and its subsequent influence on democratic pressures across the world. It also acknowledges how the Johnson regime ended in summer 2022.
Growing into Language
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe argue that children undergo significant linguistic and socio-cognitive developments from childhood to adolescence and beyond, and that these derive from a combination of changes in the brain (based on genetic endowment) and environmental factors like ambient language(s), SES background, and literacy. Based on our own research backed up by findings of philosophers, (psycho)linguists, neurobiologists, and cognitive scientists, the book traces neurological underpinnings and developmental trajectories in authentic language use in diverse communicative contexts from storytelling and peer talk to writing academic essays. Following a brief prologue and a review of how the brain drives language at different periods in development (Chapter 1), Chapters 2 through 7 each embrace a particular world of knowledge and use of language. Beginning along a timeline, the book deals with using the past for narration (Chapter 2), talking and writing about events in the present (Chapter 3), and relating to (im)possible eventualities in the future (Chapter 4); it then proceeds to the domains of figurative language (Chapter 5), metalinguistic activities (Chapter 6), and gaining literacy in writing, reading, and digital communication (Chapter 7). Chapters 2 through 7 are constructed around an introduction to the domain, followed by a description of linguistic means of expression, neurological underpinnings, and developmental trajectories. The book concludes with an overview of fresh insights shed on these topics and the factors that booster development, finally pointing to questions for future study.
Global Disease Patterns
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the changing pattern of health and disease worldwide. It first presents the ten leading causes of death globally, before narrowing the focus to the leading causes of death among children under five years old as an indicator of the most at-risk populations. Disease patterns in underdeveloped countries are compared with those of European countries in the nineteenth century and we see that many diseases that we now regard as ‘diseases of poverty’ were once prevalent in the northern hemisphere. Why is this so? Different theories have been put forward to explain the change in disease patterns that countries follow as they urbanise and modernise. Instead of poorer countries following the same epidemiological transition as rich countries, another type of transition is evolving. In this new transition, countries are struggling with more than one dominant disease pattern at the same time—there is often a double, triple and sometimes even a quadruple burden of disease. Importantly, this is increasingly polarised across income groups, occurring not only between rich and poor countries, but also across social classes within poor and rich countries.
Cultural Heritage Protection and the Reconciliation Thesis
Authors: Bülow William , Thomas Joshua Lewis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter critically analyses what we label the Reconciliation Thesis, which holds that cultural heritage should be protected during armed conflict because of its instrumental use in promoting peace and reconciliation between warring groups. We begin by arguing that combatants and military decision makers have strong reasons to fight in ways that uphold the prospects of future peace. We then identify several ways in which the safeguarding of cultural heritage might plausibly contribute to post-war peacebuilding. Nevertheless, we ultimately argue that there are reasons to be sceptical of the Reconciliation Thesis, especially when it is evoked as a justification for imposing serious risks or costs on persons, or sacrificing other significant military objectives.
Architecture and Cultural Memory
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Does historic architecture enable a form of collective memory? Taking a lead from John Ruskin, I argue yes. Memory is representing the past to oneself. The representations one uses to do this need not be mental, and the memories for which they are the vehicles can be collective. Despite the widely held view of architecture as an abstract art, some buildings do represent, symbolising what Susanne Langer called ‘an ethnic domain’—the distinctive form of life of a society or culture. In allowing us to experience their meaning, those buildings act as vehicles of collective memory for earlier forms of life. Given this, their loss in war (or otherwise) amounts to loss of shared memory for the cultures from which they sprang. We may still have knowledge of those cultures—there are many ways to retain information about them. But we will, as Ruskin says, no longer remember them.
The Stuart State and Its Peripheries
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of its predecessor by examining efforts to bring disorderly peripheral regions—specifically the Anglo-Scottish Borders, the Scottish Isles and Highlands, and Ireland—under more effective state control. Initial efforts to create a uniform administrative system over the Borders failed to eliminate basic differences in the enforcement of criminal justice between English and Scottish counties, but the region did gradually become more settled. James abandoned schemes for civilizing the Scottish Isles by planting colonies and imposing changes on clan leaders, opting instead to delegate the task to the earl of Argyll. In parts of Ireland, especially Ulster, he similarly sought to impose order indirectly through reliance on the defeated Irish earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell, and new lordships erected by English and Scottish planters, in Antrim and elsewhere. But English officials in Dublin pursued a different approach of trying to establish English-style assizes and county magistracies throughout the island. These efforts had some success in dampening disorder, but were hindered by a paucity of substantial freeholders, on whose participation English methods of governance depended, and by Catholic resistance that erupted in a rebellion of Munster towns in 1603 and persisted thereafter. In Scotland James’s attempts to impose royal control over the Kirk also encountered opposition that intensified after 1617, in controversy over the Five Articles of Perth. Religious dissonance and the king’s lack of adequate revenues meant that the state remained fragile, despite progress in combating disorder.
The Problem of Religious War and the Structure of Politics at the Accession of Charles I
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A previous half-century of efforts to deal with problems of religious war and violence structured the political environment Charles inherited in multiple ways. In starting a new war with Spain, he and his favorite, George Villiers duke of Buckingham, attempted to replicate the strategy of leading through bold action that the earl of Essex had advocated a generation before. But their military ventures failed and confidence in their leadership quickly declined, exacerbating factional divisions that spilled into parliaments. This made it impossible to address the crown’s lack of adequate resources to fight a war, except through irregular and arbitrary taxation that further increased political divisions. Mutual recriminations provoked by these failures were shaped by a legacy of earlier polemical disputes over puritanism, Arminianism, and Catholicism. By withdrawal from foreign wars Charles restored stability after 1629. But in 1637 he triggered a new crisis by resuming his father’s efforts to impose liturgical changes on the Scottish Kirk. The resulting armed revolt and the king’s determination to crush it threatened to militarize the polities of both British kingdoms, especially as soldiers who had enlisted in foreign armies returned home in large numbers. It simultaneously intensified pre-existing religious divisions within all three kingdoms. The state in Britain and Ireland collapsed under these strains.
Two Multiplication Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter concerns the multiplication operators Mx:L2[0,1]→L2[0,1],(Mxf)(x)=xf(x) and Mξ:L2(T)→L2(T),(Mξg)(ξ)=ξg(ξ). We discuss their spectra and invariant subspaces. This requires the introduction of Fourier series and the Hardy space H2.
The Unilateral Shift
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe unilateral shift operator S on ℓ2, defined by Sen=en+1 for n⩾0, is of supreme importance in operator theory. Despite its simple appearance in the setting of ℓ2, this operator is best understood with complex analysis. For example, the lattice of S-invariant subspaces is described by seminal work of Riesz, Smirnov, and Beurling on inner functions.
Subnormal Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA subnormal operator is the restriction of a normal operator to an invariant subspace. This chapter surveys a variety of subnormal operators, a representation theorem that is the analogue of the spectral theorem for normal operators, and a proof of the existence of invariant subspaces for subnormal operators.
Credibility and Testimonial Injustice
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
One of the core components of the concept of agential testimonial injustice developed throughout this book is that speakers are given an excess of credibility, so it is helpful to have a sense of what a sufficient amount of credibility involves. I begin, then, with a discussion of how to best understand proper assessments of credibility. I raise several objections to the standard norm of credibility assessments operative in the philosophical literature, arguing that testimonial injustice can involve both distributive and normative dimensions. A central function of this conclusion is to show that even when the standard conception of testimonial injustice is significantly expanded and revised in these ways, there is a fundamentally distinct notion left entirely unexplained. This will provide the theoretical motivation for the introduction of the concept of agential testimonial injustice, which will be developed in the remaining chapters.
False Confessions and Agential Testimonial Injustice
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines confessions, which have long been regarded in the criminal legal system as the ‘gold standard’ in evidence. Despite this, interrogators in the United States systematically use tactics that are manipulative, deceptive, and coercive, leaving suspects desperate, confused, vulnerable, and ultimately willing to falsely confess to even the most unimaginable crimes. While there are many obvious wrongs suffered by those who falsely confess, this chapter shows that they also face the unique and previously unrecognized epistemic wrong of agential testimonial injustice. In particular, after false confessions are extracted from innocent suspects and defendants, they play a massively oversized role evidentially in the criminal proceedings that follow.
Race, Gender, and the Multi-Directional Model of Credibility Assessments
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a close look at the way biases, prejudices, and myths about race and gender cause, fuel, and exacerbate agential testimonial injustice, leading to a multi-directional attack on the credibility of some of the most vulnerable suspects, defendants, witnesses, and victims in the American criminal legal system. According to this “multi-directional model,” credibility assessments wrong testifiers in a multitude of directions and a variety of ways, all of which can be magnified by other factors at both the intrapersonal and interpersonal levels, such as myths and prejudices that target social identities, other biases, and the content of the testimony in question. What we have, then, is not a linear regression of deficits leading to an ever-increasing discounting of credibility, but a multi-directional attack that twists and turns and, in so doing, maximizes the epistemic wrongs perpetrated within the criminal legal system.
Introduction
Authors: Iversen Astrid 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the topic of the book, intercreditor equity in sovereign debt restructuring, and places it in a broader context of sovereign lending and borrowing and debt crisis resolution. It continues by elaborating the approach and structure of the various chapters of the book. It notes that because the title of the book refers to ‘intercreditor equity’, one might assume that it is mainly concerned with whether a creditor can enforce an intercreditor equity claim against another creditor. However, rights and obligations stemming from a loan instrument exist mainly between each creditor and the respective debtor. The question of intercreditor equity is therefore mainly decided by reference to the rules engaging the debtor state and the extent to which each of the creditors can enforce these rules against the debtor. Last, the chapter clarifies the terminology used in the book, in particular how it may diverge from terminology used in relation to corporate insolvency procedures.
A Right Not to Be Trafficked?
Authors: Jovanovic Marija 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter demonstrates that the human right not to be trafficked is an implied but stand-alone prohibition within the right to be free from slavery, servitude, and forced labour. The reason for that is to be found in the notion of exploitation, which represents a unique wrong this right is meant to protect against, and which underlines different practices that fall under the umbrella term of ‘modern slavery’. The discussion explores the conceptual boundaries of the prohibition of ‘modern slavery’ and elucidates the meaning and relationships between both expressly prohibited and implied concepts in order to determine situations in which the right is or is not engaged. This analysis exposes common misunderstandings about the relationship between human trafficking and practices of slavery, servitude, and forced labour.
Ben Ali's Tunisia
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Based on a wealth of new primary data, Anne Wolf offers the first account of the internal regime factors that—so she demonstrates—ultimately caused the fall of the longtime dictatorship of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia during the Arab Uprisings, challenging studies focusing on the role of mass mobilization alone. She shows that in the last decade of Ben Ali’s presidency, dissent within his ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally, mounted to such an extent that followers began challenging their own powerbroker, culminating in regime figures staging a secret coup d’état against Ben Ali in January 2011—an event which has not been uncovered before. Wolf proposes a new theory of power and contention within ruling parties in authoritarian regimes to explain how dictators seek to fortify their rule and foster party-political stability, but also when, why, and how they succumb to internal contention and with what effect.
The Rebellion
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 shows that, during the 2010–2011 Tunisian uprisings, internecine contention erupted publicly, becoming a key factor behind the regime’s collapse. Instead of organizing rallies in support of Ben Ali, party activists became agents of contention: some joined the mass protests, especially at the grassroots level, whereas others pursued passive forms of resistance. Most Constitutional Democratic Rally followers sought political reforms, calling on Ben Ali to strengthen the party and desist from nepotism; they did not seek the total overhaul of the regime or the dissolution of their party, though some later adopted this agenda. However, their contentious actions exposed Ben Ali’s vulnerability, and the overall fluidity of the moment empowered a small clique of officials to move against the President. In contrast to the widely accepted narrative that Ben Ali fled the mass protests, this chapter provides evidence that he was, in fact, ousted in a secret coup d’état.
Winding Numbers and Topology
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses a simple but immensely powerful concept-the number of times a loop winds around a point. As the name suggests, the winding number v(L, 0) of a closed loop L about the origin 0 is simply the net number of revolutions of the direction of z as it traces out L once in its given sense. A loop is called simple if it does not intersect itself; in the case of a loop that is not simple, it is no longer obvious which points are to be considered inside the loop, and which are outside. The winding number concept allows one to make the desired distinction clearly. The chapter then looks at Hopf’s Degree Theorem; polynomials and the Argument Principle; Rouché’s Theorem; the Maximum-Modulus Theorem; and the Schwarz-Pick Lemma.
Perfectly Understood Problems
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 shows how Descartes’s requirement that the material simple natures be intuited by the intellect aided by the imagination determines the activity of the Cartesian scientific habitus in mathematics. Descartes introduces several problem-solving techniques in Rules 13–21. Sections 9.2–9.3 discuss the reduction of problems about subject-matters to problems about relations between pure magnitudes (Rules 13–14). Section 9.4 discusses the representation of these magnitudes by means of the material simple nature of figure alone via the unit (Rule 15). Section 9.5 discusses Descartes’s algebraic notation, which symbolically represents relations between pure magnitudes (Rule 16). Sections 9.6–9.7 discusses Descartes’s geometrical interpretation of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and root extraction (the “geometrical calculus” in Rule 18). In mathematics, intuition requires the construction of a geometrical figure that embodies the relevant mathematical operations and satisfies the solution criteria expressed in the problem. Section 9.8 discusses how Descartes’s method in mathematics encounters a number of problems that lead him to end the treatise prematurely at Rule 21.
Descartes’s Method after Rules
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 examines Descartes’s method after Rules for the Direction of the Mind. Sections 11.2–11.3 show how problems internal to Rules led Descartes to abandon the treatise and turn to metaphysics and systematic natural philosophy in 1629–1630. Section 11.4 examines whether Descartes’s method continues to play a role in his philosophy in and after 1629–1630. Sections 11.5–11.6 reconstruct the development of the theory of simple natures (mostly in Principles and related texts and correspondence) as well as the relation between Descartes’s theory of simple natures and his ontology of substance, attribute, and mode.
A Kind of Freedom
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Nâzım’s life in the Eastern Bloc from the mid-1950s until the end of the decade. Nâzım was doing well materially and emotionally, traveling frequently throughout the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere, and living with his physician/lover Dr. Galina Kolesnikova. During these years, Nâzım was common-law married to one woman, living with another, and falling in love with a third as he pursued Vera Tulyakova, a married mother thirty years his junior. Nâzım’s triple life was protected by the Iron Curtain, which served as both his narrative foil and a practical instrument. This chapter ends with a discussion of Nâzım’s publications in the Eastern Bloc in the second half of the 1950s.