bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction and Purification of Soluble HL-A Antigens from Exhausted Media of Human Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Pellegrino Michele A. , Pellegrino Anna , Ferrone Soldano , Kahan Barry D. , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
HL-A alloantigens could be isolated in soluble form by 3 M KCl extraction of membranous debris present in the exhausted, cellfree media of several cultured human lymphoid cell lines. These antigens were highly specific, possessed good immunologic potency, and could be obtained in high yield from this source material. Purification of HL-A antigens could be readily achieved by preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis resulting in the isolation of an electrophorectically homogeneous moiety with a 20-fold increase in serologic reactivity. Yield and immunologic potency of HL-A antigens from exhausted culture media did not vary during different phases of the cell growth cycle in contrast to whole lymphoid cells where optimal yields were achieved in the late log or resting phase. The condition of the cell membrane, cell metabolism, and membrane turnover seemed to have an appreciable influence on the yield and immunologic potency of soluble antigens that can be extracted with 3 M KCl from cultured human lymphoid cells.
Technical Aspects of the Rosette Tests Used to Detect Human Complement Receptor (B) and Sheep Erythrocyte-Binding (T) Lymphocytes
Authors: Mendes Nelson F. , Tolnai Marina E. A. , Silveira Nelson P. A. , Gilbertsen Richard B. , Metzgar Richard S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The conditions for rosette formation between normal human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and unsensitized sheep erythrocytes (E) and between bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes and sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit antibody and mouse complement (EAC) have been examined in detail in this collaborative study. Mean percentage values for E and EAC obtained at Duke University were 55.4 and 13.3, and at the Escola Paulista de Medicina were 30.4 and 26.2. Eighty-nine to 98% of thymus cells formed E rosettes. Another method for detecting complement receptor lymphocytes utilizing human erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and complement (HEAC) was compared with the EAC indicator. At Duke University the mean percentage value for HEAC was 14.4 and at the Escola Paulista de Medicina that value was 18.3. The variation in rosette percentages when the same normal donor was tested on different days and the effect of storage of blood and/or lymphocytes on rosette formation were also examined. Rosette formation between T lymphocytes and E was found to be temperature dependent, with maximum values occurring between 10°C and 25°C with no rosette formation occurring at O°C or 37°C. Some thymocytes, however, were capable of forming E rosettes at 37°C. When EAC peripheral blood lymphocyte rosettes were determined below 37°C, some T lymphocytes were able to form rosettes with E receptors on the EAC indicator cells. Use of HEAC instead of EAC eliminated the interference of E rosette formation with the latter indicator. When centrifugation was compared with rotation in the procedures to detect complement receptor lymphocytes, it was found that fewer B cells were detected when the centrifugation procedure was omitted. This paper further demonstrates the use of rosette formation and gradient centrifugation for the specific depletion of B or T cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes.
A Neutrophil Immobilizing Factor Derived from Human Leukocytes
Authors: Goetzl Edward J. , Gigli Irma , Wasserman Stephen , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The neutrophil-immobilizing factor (NIF) derived from human leukocytes inhibited the random migration and chemotactic response of purified human neutrophils and eosinophils but not of monocytes. Concentrations of NIF sufficient to suppress mobility did not diminish phagocytic capacity or adherence to plastic Petri dishes of human neutrophils; the increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt associated with either phagocytosis or direct interaction with chemotactically active concentrations of kallikrein or C5a was also not suppressed. It is postulated that the in vivo role of NIF may relate to its ability to concentrate neutrophils in inflammatory foci without depressing their phagocytic potential or metabolic activation.
Antigen Stimulation of 3H Thymidine Incorporation by Subpopulations of Human Peripheral Blood Cells
Authors: Eisen Seth A. , Lyle Leon R. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using human peripheral blood lymphocytes at various stages of purification we have re-examined the question of whether foreign proteins and hapten-protein conjugates to which the cell donor has no known previous immunization can stimulate in vitro 3H thymidine incorporation. Responses were examined in dextran-sedimented mixed leukocytes, purified lymphocytes isolated by isopycnic centrifugation in a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient (FH cells), and FH cells that had been further purified by passage through a short nylon wool column (nylon purified cells). The dextran sedimented, FH, and nylon purified cells were cultured in autologous serum with various antigens for 5 days and the increase in 3H thymidine incorporation was measured. In mixed leukocytes and FH cells all of the antigens examined (bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin, Candida albicans, histoplasmin, trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, and fluorescein-bovine γ-globulin) produced a significant increase in 3H thymidine uptake. Appropriate controls indicated that the response could not be ascribed to endotoxin. Serum protein and fungal antigens stimulated nylon purified cells as well or better than the leukocyte or FH populations. Contrariwise, the three hapten-protein conjugates inhibited 3H thymidine incorporation by nylon-purified cells. Although there are several alternate possibilities, we favor the interpretation that the in vitro response to serum protein and fungal antigens represents a secondary immune phenomenon in which few if any monocytes are required, whereas stimulation by hapten-protein conjugates involves a primary immune (monocyte dependent) response. However, the possibility that the hapten-protein stimulation is a secondary response involving cells sensitized to cross-reacting antigens is by no means excluded. The inhibition of nylon-purified cells by hapten-protein conjugates may conceivably represent an in vitro correlate of tolerance.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Guinea Pigs to the Known Sequence Polymer (Tyr-Glu-Ala-Gly)n
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Odstrchel Gerald , Merryman Carmen F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response in guinea pigs against the known sequence polymer, (tyr-glu-ala-gly)n has been studied. Hartley guinea pigs and inbred strain 13 guinea pigs react against the polymer (cellular and humoral responses) but strain 2 guinea pigs do not. Breeding studies have established that the response is controlled by a single dominant gene and that the locus involved is also linked to the major histocompatibility locus of the species.
Failure to Obtain Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells Exposed to Human Allergic Serum and Specific Antigen or IgE Myeloma Protein and Anti-IgE
Authors: Plaut Marshall , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attempts were made to induce histamine release from rat mast cells exposed directly to serum from allergic patients plus specific antigen (one-stage procedure) or from mast cells initially exposed to such serum and subsequently challenged with antigen (two-stage procedure). Varying conditions of incubation, type of buffer and pH were tested; negative results were obtained. Similar attempts were made using IgE myeloma protein and rabbit antibody to IgE to induce histamine release from rat mast cells; these experiments were also unsuccessful.
IgE myeloma protein did not prepare rat skin for reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mediated by anti-IgE. IgE myeloma protein which is capable, at low concentration, of inhibiting the sensitization of human basophils by IgE antibodies, failed to inhibit sensitization of rat mast cells by rat IgE antibodies both in vivo and in vitro despite its use in very high concentration. While some inhibition of the IgGa antibody-mediated release of histamine was obtained with IgE myeloma protein, large amounts of this protein were required, and some inhibition was achieved with human IgG as well, making it difficult to evaluate the inhibitory effect. The findings suggest that human IgE does not compete with rat IgE for receptors on rat peritoneal mast cells.
Thymus Function in Spontaneous Lymphoid Leukemia
Authors: Nagaya Hiroshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
More than 90% of AKR mice died of spontaneous lymphoid leukemia before the age of 12 months. However, the mice did not develop leukemia until the age of 6 months suggesting that a latent period or aging was necessary for the development of leukemia. Moreover, the incidence of leukemia was reduced to nil when the mice were thymectomized before the age of 6 months.
For studying the thymic influence on leukemogenesis, 1- or 5- to 6-month-old AKR mice were thymectomized and received syngeneic 5- to 6- or 1-month-old thymus grafts. When 1-month-old mice were thymectomized and grafted with thymus glands from 5- to 6-month-old mice, 13 of 21 (62%) died of leukemia before the recipient mice reached the age of 6 months. Only 3 of 17 control mice thymectomized at the age of 1 month and grafted with 5- to 6-month-old spleens died of leukemia. When 5- to 6-month-old mice were thymectomized and grafted with thymus glands from 1-month-old mice, none of 19 mice developed leukemia for at least 5 months or until the recipient mice were 11 months old. The latent period for leukemogenesis appears to be required by the reticular epithelial cells of the thymus grafts rather than by the lymphoid cells of host origin migrating from bone marrow to thymus.
Selective Loss of H-2 Antigenic Reactivity after Chemical Modification
Authors: Pancake Samuel J. , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine H-2 alloantigen glycoproteins were subjected to chemical modification by different modifying reagents and the effects of such modification on antigenic reactivity were evaluated. Modification of tyrosine residues using N-acetylimidazole or tetranitromethane was followed by loss of antigenic reactivity of all H-2 glycoproteins with reagents thought to be specific for amino groups, i.e., reductive alkylation and acetamidination, revealed a clear dissimilar susceptibility to inactivation. For example, for the H-2d alloantigens, specificity H-2.4 was almost totally lost and H-2.31 was almost completely retained. For the H-2b alloantigens, H-2.33 was almost completely inactivated, whereas H-2.2 and H-2.5 were affected to a much lesser degree.
The reductive methylation procedure was found to change about 90% of the lysine residues to dimethylysine. The alteration of these amino groups with a direct effect on the antibody binding properties of some of the antigenic determinants on the antigen provides additional support for the view that protein structure determines antigenic H-2 reactivity.
Transient Appearance of Cells Secreting Antibody of Different Specificities after Immunization of Mice with Trinitrophenylated Erythrocytes
Authors: Couderc Jacques , Bleux Christian , Birrien Jean-Louis , Liacopoulos Panayotis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive variant of the method detecting hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) was used to study the possibility of production of antibody of two different specificities by single cells. 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl (TNP), conjugated pigeon erythrocytes (PRBC) were given in a single immunizing injection to mice, and their spleen cells were plated on days 3, 4, and 5 after this injection with both PRBC and TNP-sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). A significant number of PFC lysing both erythrocytes (3.24 × 106 cells) was found on the 3rd day after immunization. On the 4th day, out of 13.39 × 106 cells examined in all experiments, 6.260 (468 × 106 cells) monospecific PFC and 137 (10.2 × 106 spleen cells) bispecific PFC were found, whereas on the 5th day, only 0.74 × 106 cells were bispecific. Studies on cross-reactivity between PRBC and SRBC or TNP-SRBC showed that only 0.11 to 0.2 × 106 cells produce cross-reacting antibody. Furthermore, inhibition studies with TNP-bovine albumin or TNP-ε-aminocaproic acid showed that these inhibitors did not influence anti-pigeon PFC at all, but sharply reduced the number of anti-TNP-SRBC PFC and provoked a disappearance of bispecific PFC. On the other hand, short term incubation with puromycin also caused disappearance of bispecific PFC. The same proportion of double PFC was found after immunization of mice with native PRBC and SRBC. It can be inferred, therefore, that shortly (on the 3rd and 4th day) after primary immunization with two unrelated antigens, a low but significant percentage of cells simultaneously produce and secrete antibody of two different specificities.
Antigen-Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Osborne David P. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic response of mouse spleen cell cultures has been studied after stimulation with the soluble antigens, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and dinitrophenyl (DNP)-KLH. KLH was capable of inducing mitosis in normal as well as KLH-primed mice, the greater reactivity in primed mice apparently reflecting a specific anamnestic response. The kinetics of KLH antigen-induced DNA synthesis showed an earlier peak response (48 hr) than that induced by the mitogen concanavalin A (72 hr). In contrast, spleen cell cultures from normal mice failed to respond to DNP-KLH while DNP-KLH-primed spleen cells produced a highly significant DNA synthetic response. This response was dose-dependent and required the presence of the intact priming conjugate, since DNP-ovalbumin, DNP-bovine γ-globulin, DNP-lysine, and DNP-ε-amino caproic acid failed to stimulate such DNP-KLH-primed cells. To a great extent, the response was hapten-specific, since dissociated KLH, the form conjugated to DNP, stimulated only low levels of DNA synthesis. Moreover, the DNP-KLH-induced response could be inhibited more than 50% by the presence of the univalent DNP-ligand, DNP-ε-amino caproic acid. Finally, DNP-copolymer of d-glutamic acid and d-lysine, a molecule for which no thymus-derived lymphocytes exist, induced a DNA synthetic response in both normal and DNP-KLH-primed spleen cell cultures, and priming with DNP-KLH failed to increase the level of response to this molecule over that seen in normal spleen cells.
The in Vitro Response of Chicken B Cell Populations to Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Weber W. T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The ability of B cell populations in the chicken to respond in vitro to LPS was evaluated. Chromosomally marked embryonic bursal cells were transferred to B cell depleted chicks and allowed to differentiate in vitro for several weeks. Subsequent evaluation of host and donor cell proliferation in LPS-stimulated spleen and peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures of cell recipients established that bursa-derived donor cells (B2 cells) in spleen and blood were capable of responding to LPS. The results furthermore suggested a weak response of host T cells to LPS. Lymphocytes within the bursa (B1 cells) failed to respond to this stimulant.
Use of Normal Mouse Serum to Detect Indirect Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Silver Donald M. , Winn Henry J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introduction of a plaque technique for the identification and enumeration of cells synthesizing antibodies capable of lysing erythrocytes marked a major technical advance in immunology (1). The potential of the technique was significantly expanded by the introduction of antiglobulin reagents which permit the detection of additional plaque-forming cells (PFC)2 thought to be synthesizing 7S immunoglobulins (2, 3). However, the precise nature of these so-called indirect plaques was established only with considerable difficulty owing in large part to the problem of preparing anti-heavy chain sera of sufficiently high specificity. Indeed, only a fraction of the available antiglobulin reagents is completely suitable for the positive identification of IgG PFC, and those that have proven useful are reliable only at optimal concentrations that must be determined for individual sera. Of special concern in the selection of antisera is their tendency to inhibit the development of IgM plaques, a phenomenon which is observed frequently even with optimal dilutions of the reagents (3).
Specific Antigenicity of Thymic Reticuloepithelial Cells
Authors: Potworowski Edward F. , Borduas Adrien G. , Lussier Gilles 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An antiserum was produced in rabbits against a lymphocyte-free extract of chicken thymus. After appropriate absorptions, the serum reacted by immunofluorescence only with thymic reticuloepithelial cells and with perinuclear areas in the cortex.
Presidential Address
Authors: Campbell Dan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When you so graciously elected me to the Presidency last year, I realized that, according to tradition, I was not expected to give a victory speech but should wait a year and give a Presidential Address when my term in office officially expired. Needless to say, I gave a lot of thought to the problem of what to talk about. I finally came to the rational conclusion that I lacked the ability of my predecessors to present a scholarly discourse on the glorious achievements of immunologists or to paint a speculative rosy picture of the future of immunology.
My thoughts then turned to the problems that have plagued the Association and members since my application for membership was finally approved in 1937, and to consider possible in policies and procedures for the future. The early-day scientists who founded the Association around 1913 could not have envisioned the magnitude and importance which the concepts and methodology of immunology would attain six decades later.
The Role of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes in the in Vitro Activation of Macrophages to Kill Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Krahenbuhl James L. , Rosenberg Leon T. , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When sensitized spleen cells from guinea pigs chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii were cultured with normal guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in the presence and absence of Toxoplasma antigen, macrophage monolayers incubated with sensitized spleen cells and antigen were markedly resistant to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes. Experiments were performed to determine the role of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the in vitro activation of macrophages by pretreating the sensitized spleen cells with an antiserum (ATS) prepared in rabbits against fetal guinea pig thymus cells. In the presence of complement, treatment of sensitized spleen cells with ATS completely abolished their ability to activate normal macrophages in the presence of antigen.
A Surface Component in Group A, C, and G Streptococci with Non-Immune Reactivity for Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Kronvall Göran 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fifty-seven strains of streptococci belonging to groups A, C, and G were tested for γ-globulin Fc-reactivity with sensitized sheep red cells. Twenty-six per cent of the strains were positive. Forty-four per cent of the strains produced a soluble factor with similar γ-globulin reactivity. With a radioimmunologic assay to detect streptococcal reactivity, human IgG was found to be positive, whereas human IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE were negative. The reactivity was detected in heavy chain preparations but not in light chains, F(ab′)2 fragments nor in Fc fragments. Experiments using isolated myeloma globulins representing the four IgG subclasses indicated that streptococci might react not only with IgG1-, IgG2-, and IgG4-like protein A but also with IgG3 molecules. One of the two IgG3 myeloma globulins studied did react with a group A streptococcus and both myeloma globulins did react with a group G streptococcus. Serum samples from 14 selected animal species also indicated differences between the γ-globulin reactivity of protein A and streptococci. Marsupials as well as the Rhea bird were non-reactive with streptococci. The results obtained with eleven other species indicated that the group A and G streptococcal reactivities were similar but differed significantly from staphylococcal protein A reactivity.
Long-Term Survival of Mouse Thymic Lymphoid Cells in Vitro: Effect of Human Serum
Authors: Ozato Keiko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Long-term survival of mouse thymus cells in vitro was obtained with a medium containing human serum. Almost 90% of floating thymic lymphoid cells continued to live for at least 2 weeks, far longer than the normal life span in vivo. On the contrary, only 0.1% of the cells survived in the medium with fetal calf serum after 2 weeks cultivation. Cultivated thymocytes were markedly stable; the number of viable cells was constant and no proliferation was noted throughout the culture period except during the 1st day. Half of the CBA thymocytes maintained θ isoantigen during the 2-week culture period. They showed very weak responsiveness toward alloantigens which is common in fresh thymocytes. Proliferation was enhanced by either syngeneic or allogeneic stimulation only in neonatal thymocytes after 1-day cultivation but was not observed in fetal or adult thymocytes. The present report also offers evidence that thymocytes specifically stimulate proliferation of allogeneic bone marrow cells.
Presence of Impairment of Humoral Immunity in Nonadherent Spleen Cells of Old Mice
Authors: Heidrick Margaret L. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from aged mice when cultured in vitro with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) generate fewer antibody-forming cells than do cells from young mice. To define further the nature of the decrease in response with age, we separated spleen cell suspensions from young and old mice into two populations on the basis of their ability to adhere to plastic Petri dishes and their activity was assessed in various combinations with SRBC. Old adherent cells cultured with young nonadherent cells responded fully to the antigen, whereas old nonadherent cells combined with young adherent cells gave a response comparable to unseparated old spleen cells. Similar results were obtained when adherent cells were exposed to SRBC, washed free of the antigen, then recombined with the nonadherent cells. The results demonstrate that the adherent cells of old spleens are indistinguishable from those of young spleens in their ability to initiate antibody response, but the activity of nonadherent cells of old spleens is impaired.
Immune Responses in Vitro
Authors: McIntyre John A. , Pierce Carl W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At various intervals after initiation of Mishell-Dutton spleen cell cultures, cell clusters were separated from non-clustered, single spleen cells by sedimentation through a fetal calf serum gradient at unit gravity. Cell clusters collected at all intervals during the initial 48 hr of culture failed to develop subsequently significant plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses. In contrast, the single, non-clustered spleen cells isolated at these intervals subsequently developed PFC responses equal to or greater than responses in unseparated control cultures. Sequential removal of the cell clusters which reformed when the single spleen cells were returned to culture had little or no effect on the PFC responses generated by the remaining single cells. Thus, it appears that the continuous integrity of cell clusters which form in mouse spleen cell cultures has no direct effect on the immune responses which develop in these cultures.