bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the immunosuppressive effect of fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) vs conventional immunosuppression (CI) in renal cadaveric allotransplantation.
Authors: Waer M , Vanrenterghem Y , Ang K K , Van der Schueren E , Michielsen P , Vandeputte M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Beginning in November 1981, eight patients with end stage diabetic nephropathy underwent renal cadaveric transplantation after TLI. Transplantation was done between 2 to 11 days after the end of a fractionated TLI to a total dose of 20 to 30 Gy. During the same observation period, 60 nondiabetic patients with end stage renal disease of different origin also received a cadaveric kidney graft, with a conventional regimen of immunosuppression that consists of anti-lymphocyte-globulin, tapering high doses of prednisone, and azathioprine. In the TLI-treated group only a low maintenance dose of prednisone (15 mg) was given. Immunologic monitoring was performed after transplantation at regular intervals and was compared in both groups. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-, concanavalin A (con A)-, and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced blastogenesis, as well as the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and the cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) decreased progressively during the first months after conventional immunosuppression to 50% of the pretransplantation level, and remained there for the first year after transplantation. These tests were much more impaired after TLI (less than 15% of pre TLI value) and again no recovery occurred during the first year. Natural killer (NK) cell activity progressively decreased from a mean value of 53% lysis before transplantation to 15% lysis at the end of the first year after transplantation in the conventionally treated patients. In TLI-treated patients, however, the NK activity, which declined during irradiation from 46% specific lysis to 12%, recovered rapidly after TLI to reach levels of 35 to 40% of specific lysis from the second month on after TLI. In both groups of patients the ratio of helper-inducer (TH) to suppressor-cytotoxic (TS) lymphocytes, as determined with monoclonal antibodies, progressively declined during the first 2 mo after transplantation to a low value of about 1.2. In TLI-treated patients however, this fall progressed further, so that very low levels (less than 0.6) were noticed from the third month on after TLI. The decline of the TH:TS ratio after TLI is due to an absolute increase in the number of suppressor cells. This is in contrast with the conventionally treated patients, where the low ratio is mainly provoked by a more important decrease of the helper cell population. These changes in the balance between TH and TS subpopulations are more frequently associated with positive functional suppressor cell assays in the TLI-treated patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Beta-interferon inhibits cell infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.
Authors: Kierszenbaum F , Sonnenfeld G 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Preparations containing alpha/beta-interferon produced by L-929 cells were found to inhibit the capacity of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi to associate with and infect mouse peritoneal macrophages or rat heart myoblasts. Marked reductions in the number of parasites per cell as well as in the percentage of cells associated with the trypanosomes were systematically observed in cultures of these cells that contained interferon. The inhibitory effect was abrogated in the presence of specific antibodies against alpha/beta-interferon, and purified beta-interferon induced a similar inhibitory effect, indicating that the active principle in the preparation was indeed interferon. Pretreatment of the parasites with alpha/beta-interferon reduced their infectivity for untreated host cells, whereas pretreatment of either type of host cell had no consequence on the interaction. The effect of interferon on the trypanosomes was reversible; the extent of the inhibitory effect was significantly reduced after 20 min, and was undetectable after 60 min when macrophages were used as host cells. Longer periods of time were required for the inhibitory effect to begin to subside (60 min) and to become undetectable or insignificant (120 min) when rat heart myoblasts were used. The results of additional studies performed with purified preparations of alpha- or beta-interferon revealed that only the latter was inhibitory of cell-parasite association. Because interferon is known to be produced shortly after T. cruzi infection and its administration has been shown to have a marked protective effect against this infection, our results suggest that the latter may involve inhibition of cell infection by interferon.
Assessment of antigen-specific restriction sites on Ia molecules as defined by the bm12 mutation.
Authors: Kanamori S , Walsh W D , Hansen T H , Tse H Y 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To further delineate the functional defects of bm12 mice in antigen presentation, we analyzed antigen-specific T lymphocyte clones derived from B6 or bm12 for their ability to recognize antigens presented on either B6 or bm12 APC. Both complex antigens, such as PPD and GAT, and restricted antigens, such as beef insulin, were used. Our results indicate that for complex antigens, more than 50% of the B6 T lymphocyte clones recognized antigens only if presented by B6 APC, whereas the rest could not discriminate B6 from bm12 APC. Similarly, bm12 T lymphocyte clones responding to complex antigens could be divided into two groups depending on the sources of the APC. We have also isolated B6 T lymphocyte clones specific for the more restricted antigen, beef insulin, to which bm12 failed to respond. All B6 T lymphocyte clones could be stimulated only with B6 APC and not with bm12 APC. These data are consistent with the notion that there are antigen-specific association sites on the Ia molecule, and that complex antigens have more than one such association site. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that both the gain and loss determinants associated with the bm12 mutation are recognized by a significant number of bm12 and B6 antigen-specific T lymphocyte clones, respectively, thus defining the importance of this region of the A beta polypeptide chain in antigen presentation.
Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: the cellular requirements for in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish leukocytes.
Authors: Sizemore R C , Miller N W , Cuchens M A , Lobb C J , Clem L W 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cell separation and enrichment techniques were employed to isolate three distinct leukocyte subpopulations present in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) peripheral blood. Surface immunoglobulin-positive (sIg+) and sIg- lymphocytes were separated by an indirect "panning" technique employing monoclonal antibodies reactive with channel catfish Ig. A third cell population composed of macrophages was isolated by adherence to baby hamster kidney cell microexudate-coated surfaces. Functional features of these three subpopulations were assessed by in vitro mitogenic responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (Con A). The results that were obtained indicated that the sIg+ cells responded only to LPS stimulation regardless of the presence or absence of macrophages. The sIg- subpopulation, however, responded to neither LPS nor Con A unless macrophages were present, in which case responses were obtained to both mitogens. The accessory cell nature of the macrophages was shown by experiments utilizing fixed numbers of one cell type mixed with varying numbers of another cell type. Furthermore, the accessory cell function was abrogated by passage through Sephadex G-10 and preincubation with L-leucine methyl ester. These studies provide further evidence that teleosts not only contain B and T cells akin to those in mammalian systems, but contain accessory cells (macrophages) as well.
H-41, a new minor histocompatibility locus. I. Histogenetic analysis.
Authors: Juretić A , Vucak I , Malenica B , Nagy Z A , Klein J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The B10.STA12 mouse congenic line inherited from the wild mouse parent not only the H-2w13 haplotype but also an allele at a minor H locus, which we designate H-41. This allele (H-41a) differentiates the B10.STA12 line from B10.STA10 and B10.LIB55, which carry identical H-2w13 haplotypes but a different H-41 allele (the H-41b, also present in the background strain C57BL/10Sn). The B10.STA12 and B10.STA10 lines reject each other's skin grafts and generate cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) after in vivo immunization and in vitro restimulation with cells of the partner strain. The B10.STA12 anti-B10.STA10 CTL react with B10.STA10, B10.LIB55, and B10.STA39 target cells and with cells of F1 hybrids between the responder strain B10.STA12 and strains C57BL/6, C57BL/10, C57L, BALB/c, A, AKR, WB, DBA/1, and DBA/2 but fail to react with (C3H x B10.STA12) F1 and (CBA x B10.STA12) F1 cells. The B10.STA10 anti-B10.STA12 CTL react with B10.STA12, B10.P, and C3H.NB cells but fail to react to (B6 x B10.STA10) F1 target cells. The CTL reactivity in both combinations is Dp restricted. The B10.STA10 anti-B10.STA12 CTL exhibit, in addition, a cross-reactivity with B10.SAA48 cells that may be directed at one of the alloantigens controlled by the H-2 haplotype of this strain.
The response of gut-associated T lymphocytes to intestinal viral immunization.
Authors: Issekutz T B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response by the gut-associated lymphoid tissues to antigens within the intestinal tract is poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate the antigen-specific T cell proliferative response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response of cells from the GALT after enteric immunization with vaccinia virus. Lymphocytes able to proliferate in the presence of vaccinia virus in vitro were found in large numbers in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) 6 days after the injection of vaccinia virus into the lumen of the small bowel. The MLN at this time also contained vaccinia-specific CTL, but unlike the proliferating cells, which were found for several weeks after immunization, the CTL were demonstrable in the MLN for only a few days. Peyer's patches were found to contain neither antigen-stimulated proliferating cells nor CTL. The viral-specific proliferating lymphocytes from the MLN 10 days after immunization were sIg-, monoclonal antibody W3/25+, MRC OX-8- large lymphoblasts. The vaccinia-specific CTL were also large lymphoblasts, but they belonged to the W3/25-, OX-8+ subset. Thus, a strong T helper and cytotoxic T lymphoblast response is generated within the MLN after viral challenge of the gut.
A human hybrid myeloma for production of human monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Kozbor D , Tripputi P , Roder J C , Croce C M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We produced somatic cell hybrids between human myeloma cells and a lymphoblastoid cell line that is hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient and ouabain-resistant. These hybrids were phenotypically similar to the human myeloma parental cells and grew as well as the human lymphoblastoid parental cells. After counterselection in 6-thioguanine, mutants that were 6-thioguanine-and ouabain-resistant were obtained, one of which was used as a fusion partner with lymphoblastoid B cells that produce anti-tetanus toxoid (TT) antibodies. These hybrids secreted human anti-TT monoclonal antibodies in much larger amounts than the parental lymphoblastoid cells, and were stable for a period of over 10 mo until the present time. Thus, by hybridizing plasmacytomas with lymphoblastoid cells, we constructed a fusion partner that secretes large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig), grows at a fast rate, has a high fusion frequency, and supports the production of monoclonal antibodies over long periods of time. Moreover, anti-TT antibody-producing hybrids have been grown as solid tumors in irradiated BALB/c nude mice and then adopted to ascites growth, producing 1 to 8 mg of human immunoglobulin per 1 ml of ascites fluid.
Resistance to tolerance induction is not prerequisite to development of murine SLE.
Authors: Izui S , Masuda K 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Four different SLE-prone mice, NZB, (NZB x NZW)F1, MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr, and male BXSB/MpJ, resisted the induction of tolerance to human IgG (HGG) at 5 wk, but not before 3 wk of age. However, female F1 hybrids between NZW and BXSB mice were easily made tolerant to HGG, although they develop an acute form of typical SLE similar to that seen in (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid females. In addition, C57BL/6 mice bearing a mutant gene, lpr (lymphoproliferation), which produced significant amounts of various autoantibodies characteristic of murine SLE, were still as susceptible to tolerance induction as control C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, both (NZW x BXSB)F1 and (C3H x BXSB)F1 hybrid males carrying the abnormal Y chromosome of BXSB mice failed to become tolerant to HGG, although the extent of resistance to tolerance induction was less significant in (C3H x BXSB)F1 males than in (NZW x BXSB)F1 males. Our results suggest that 1) the defect in tolerance induction to heterologous IgG such as HGG is not necessarily required for the development of an SLE-like syndrome in mice; 2) the induction or enhanced production of autoantibodies by the lpr gene is not related to this cellular abnormality; but 3) a Y chromosome-associated factor from BXSB mice plays a significant role in the abnormality to resist tolerance induction as well as the acceleration of SLE. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that SLE may be based on highly specific abnormalities of immune responses to particular autoantigens, but not on a generalized breakdown of a tolerance mechanism.
Ly-2+ T cell enlargement and null cell proliferation occur at the onset of splenomegaly and autoantibody production in New Zealand Black mice.
Authors: Manohar V , Brown E M , Leiserson W M , Edison L J , Chused T M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Splenic T and B lymphocyte and null cell populations were analyzed in NZB mice as autoimmune disease developed during the first year of life. In the B lymphocytes, a progressive shift occurred from the surface IgD bright subset to the surface IgM bright subset. There was a slight increase in the ratio of Ly-2- to Ly-2+ T cells. Splenomegaly was not detected until after 40 wk of age and was primarily due to an increase in the number of null cells. This change was accompanied by an increase in the size, as determined by narrow-angle forward light scatter, of the Ly-2+ but not the Ly-2- T cells, an elevation of IgG-containing plasma cells, and the appearance of anti-erythrocyte autoantibody. The splenic B cell subset distribution and the enlargement of the Ly-2+ T cells were reflected in the peripheral blood, whereas the T cell subset ratio was not. The B cell subset alteration did not correlate with any of the other changes observed. Statistical associations were found between the ratios of T cell subsets, the enlargement of the Ly-2+ T cells, and the increased number of null cells, suggesting a linkage among those late changes that immediately precede the development of overt autoimmune disease.
Immunologic differentiation between E. coli and CHO cell-derived recombinant and natural human beta-interferons.
Authors: Colby C B , Inoue M , Thompson M , Tan Y H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The products of the human IFN-beta gene expressed in E. coli, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and human fibroblasts appear similar when purified on a monoclonal antibody column and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC, indicating little difference in their hydrophobic nature. SDS-PAGE differentiates E. coli-rHuIFN-beta ser (Mr = 17,000) from CHO-rHuIFN-beta and HuIFN-beta (Mr = 23,000), with glycosylation accounting for 26% of the apparent m.w. of the latter two proteins. CHO-rHuIFN-beta is preferentially neutralized by mouse monoclonal and monospecific rabbit polyclonal anti-HuIFN-beta antibodies, whereas E. coli-rHuIFN-beta ser is preferentially neutralized by goat polyclonal anti-E. coli-rHuIFN-beta antibodies. Adsorption measurements by a sensitive radioimmunoassay indicate that the binding of the three proteins to anti-HuIFN-beta antibodies is similar. The results show that all three molecules can be differentiated by the heteroclitic cross-reactivities of anti-HuIFN-beta and anti-E. coli-rHuIFN-beta antibodies to the antigens.
Mechanism of action of Cyclosporin A: inhibition of lymphokine secretion studied with antigen-stimulated T cell hybridomas.
Authors: Kaufmann Y , Chang A E , Robb R J , Rosenberg S A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We have employed bifunctional T cell hybridomas, which can be stimulated to secrete lymphokine(s) and lyse specific target cells, to analyze the effect of Cyclosporin A (CsA) on T cell helper and effector functions. We report here the effects of CsA on antigen- and lectin-induced lymphokine secretion. We have found that a pharmacologic level of CsA (10 ng/ml) blocks antigen- and lectin-driven interleukin 2 (IL 2) secretion without affecting cell proliferation. In addition, one monoclonal hybridoma that is induced by concanavalin A to secrete colony stimulating factors (CSF) as well as IL 2 is concomitantly blocked by CsA for production of IL 2 and CSF. Because the hybridomas grow constitutively and are devoid of functional IL 2 receptors, they permit analysis of the kinetics of the inhibitory response. We have shown that CsA blocks not only stimulation of lymphokine secretion but also ongoing IL 2 production, probably by interfering with the effective interaction of receptor and antigen. Thus, blocking of IL 2 secretion from preactivated cells by CsA occurs by 1 to 2 hr, the time required to stop IL 2 production by removal of Ag/Lectin stimulator. The results are consistent with a mechanism of action of CsA on T cells that involves a direct interference of CsA with binding of Ag to Ag-receptor and results in blocking of induction and active secretion of multiple lymphokines.
Lysine residues, but not carbohydrates, are required for the regulatory function of H on the amplification C3 convertase of complement.
Authors: Jouvin M H , Kazatchkine M D , Cahour A , Bernard N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Lysine epsilon-amino groups of human factor H were selectively converted to guanidino groups by treatment with 0.1 M O-methylisourea at pH 10.4. Guanidination resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the capacity of the regulatory protein to accelerate decay dissociation of P-stabilized amplification C3 convertase sites, to serve as a co-factor for cleavage of cell-bound C3b by I, and to compete for binding of 125I-untreated H to C3b. Modification of approximately 75% lysine epsilon-amino groups suppressed 97% of H functional activity. Biochemical analysis of native H demonstrated a total carbohydrate content of 18.5% (w/w) and the presence in the molecule of 11 biantennary oligosaccharidic chains of the N-acetyl-lactosaminic type. Total desialation of H by using Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase, and total deglycosylation of desialated H by using beta-endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase resulted in a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in H activity on a weight basis. Deglycosylation did not alter the capacity of H to discriminate between activating and nonactivating surfaces of the alternative pathway. Thus, lysine residues are important determinants of the binding capacity of H for cell-bound C3b, whereas the carbohydrate portion of the molecule is not required for the regulatory function of the protein on the amplification C3 convertase.
Characterization of the murine TH response to influenza virus hemagglutinin: evidence for three major specificities.
Authors: Hurwitz J L , Herber-Katz E , Hackett C J , Gerhard W 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several hemagglutinin (HA)-specific T cell hybridomas were generated from five PR8 influenza virus-primed BALB/c mice by fusion with the thymoma BW5147 and were tested for IL 2 (interleukin 2) production in response to a large panel of serologically distinct influenza viruses and HA-protein fragments. The hybridomas (provisionally categorized in the helper T cell lineage) could be placed into three major specificity groups based on their reactivity patterns toward 43 antibody-selected PR8 virus mutants that had been shown previously to differ from parental PR8 virus by defined (usually single) amino acid substitutions in the HA1 polypeptide. Three hybridomas with specificity 1 failed to respond to the PR8 mutant RV6 (Glu115----Lys), two with specificity 2 failed to respond to PR8 mutant DV4 (Ser136----Pro), and two with specificity 3 responded to all antibody-selected PR8 mutants without exception. The three reactivity patterns could be used along with further biochemical evidence to demonstrate the presence of three distinct T cell determinants on the HA1 polypeptide. Priming of mice with one of these T cell determinants in the form of a synthetic peptide induced a T cell subset able to proliferate in vitro in response to HA and intact PR8 virus. Further analysis of the T cell hybridomas for reaction with 17 natural influenza virus isolates of the H1 subtype revealed additional differences in fine nominal antigen specificity among these T cells. However, two pairs of T cells whose members were isolated from different mice exhibited indistinguishable fine nominal antigen specificities. The latter analysis showed that natural antigenic drift (i.e., accumulation of point mutations) in the HA occurring between the years 1934 and 1957 and again between 1977 and 1980 altered two T cell determinants but left one T cell determinant unchanged. The shifts from H1 to H2 or H3 subtypes resulted in the alteration of all three T cell determinants. The present findings suggest that 1) immunization with influenza virus induces HA-specific T cells that recognize determinants different from those seen by anti-HA antibodies, and 2) the HA-specific T cell repertoire of adult virus-primed BALB/c mice is more restricted than the B cell repertoire.