bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interreligious Engagement in the Gulf
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of two prominent, state-based interreligious dialogue initiatives from the Middle East, KAICIID and DICID, and examines their goals and activities. The chapter argues that KAICIID and DICID have helped legitimize new ideas about religious pluralism and citizenship in the region and have connected multireligious collaboration to concrete policymaking efforts in the process. Although many members of these institutes recognize a paradox inherent in their work, they tend to see themselves as participating in a process of historic change in their own countries and in the region, one which is in tune with both the history of their nations and a more inclusive, religiously plural future. The case study offers a broad portrait of interreligious dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and highlights the dynamics and desires which have enabled various actors and institutions to support common positions on religious pluralism, solidarity, and citizenship despite their myriad differences.
Democracy Unmoored
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The end of the 20th century marked a triumphant moment for liberal democracies, which sold their vision of governance on the basis of their strong markets, economic redistribution to their citizens, and a robust constitutional order. But today democracies young and old, fragile and resilient alike are under threat—not from military conflict, nor from autocracies beyond their borders, but primarily from within. New tactics employed by would-be autocrats, whether in Hungary, India, Brazil, or the United States, exploit cracks that have emerged in democratic institutions since the 2008 financial crisis. Why have democracies weakened, how has populism emerged in its place, and what are its implications for the long-term future of democratic governance around the world? Democracy Unmoored: Populism and the Corruption of Popular Sovereignty examines these questions in three parts. The first addresses the recent ascendancy of populism around the world, arguing that populism has emerged as democracies have grown less able to deliver on their promises and the economic, social, and cultural narratives underpinning democracy unraveled amidst economic dislocation, migration, and demographic change. The second explores how populists govern when they take power and the intralegal ways that populists wield democratic institutions against democratic governance. The third and final part offers suggestions to better insulate democracies against the populist tide, including the application of ordinary tools of criminal and administrative law; improving state capacity, checks on the executive and citizen participation; and exploring novel electoral frameworks.
Introduction: The Populist Challenge
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Democracy Unmoored begins with personal observations. A trip to Argentina revealed uses of executive power to tilt elections, from massive doles on election eve to hijacking the stage of football competitions. In Venezuela, a trip to lecture on press freedom overlapped with the destruction of media offices. Whether caudillo politics in Latin America or attempts at election interference by President Trump, authoritarian populists’ tactics around the world are not the blunt tools of 20th-century military rulers and other tyrants. This introduction defines populism as a movement based on political mobilization in disregard of institutions, focused on society rather than institutions of the state. Populism is not a challenge of new, fragile democracies—young and mature democracies around the world are confronting similarly motivated populist movements using similar, often intralegal, tactics to consolidate power and wear down opposition. These new challenges and the new solutions they demand are discussed in the following chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the purpose and main arguments of the book and outlines the space environment. First, the book argues that space technologies have not been inherently developed for the benefit of all humankind. Space technology’s original sin is its militarized origin and heritage, which continues to drive space activities today. Second, we are living in a Global Space Age where all countries have a stake in it and not only the biggest powers of the international system. Third, Earth orbit should be viewed more as a coastline rather than a new ocean of the “ultimate high ground.”
The Dawn of the Global Space Age
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The original sin of space technology can be charted through the foundational developments in the United States and the Soviet Union to demonstrate the technologies proliferated and perpetuated injustices and inequalities on Earth. On a visceral and essential level, this chapter shows how ahistorical and incorrect it is to accuse certain states of “militarizing” space today. Space was always militarized. It is no coincidence that the major space powers also have significant nuclear and missile infrastructures. Both superpowers, despite their anti-colonial beliefs about themselves, conducted imperial practices or took advantage of historic territorial gains from settler-colonialism in setting up and supporting their space programs.
Beyond Bipolarity
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Neither superpower nor the Germans before them had a complete monopoly on practical and theoretical space technology. Europe, China, Japan, and India have their own journeys into orbit and beyond. This chapter explores the genesis of these space powers and entrenches a global space historical perspective that is so fundamental to understanding the major contours of power and technological spread or diffusion in the twenty-first century. In addition, the legacy of empire continues as multiple space powers benefitted from previous imperial gains on Earth as the Global Space Age took root.
Tethers of Modernity
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Spacepower provides what are now considered essential military and economic infrastructures, and they have matured and long moved on from their “emergent” phases. With that comes familiarity, path dependencies, and higher costs of switching to alternatives as certain infrastructures become “sunk costs” and shape successive behavior and choices around their technical features and capabilities. This chapter focuses on three general classes of space systems that make up major orbital infrastructures: communications satellites (SATCOMs), space situational awareness (SSA) and space tracking systems, and satellite navigation technologies. They have become essential for modern military power, civil infrastructure and the digital networks that underpin the modern global economy, data-dependent systems, and computerized electricity and production systems.
Leaked Celebrity Tirades and the Primal Scene of Racism
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with an examination of a series of racist celebrity tirades by actor Mel Gibson, comedian Michael Richards, and WWE Wrestling and reality television star Hulk Hogan. I argue that these three racist events restage the primal scene of U.S. colonialism, or the racist psychosexual dynamics of the nation’s origins. Rather than unmask and indict overt racism, the wide circulation of such outbursts does the work of postracial culture by staging an encounter with lack but with significant distance between hearing and understanding of the primal scene of U.S. racism. This chapter illustrates how racist irruptions of sustain anxiety over and fascination with miscegenation as a threat to white purity.
Consolidating the Islamic Republic
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractOnce the Islamic Republic accomplished the initial process of political institutionalization, it set out to consolidate itself. This consolidation was accomplished through a reign of terror and the elimination of enemies. At the same time that fear and terror reigned supreme in Iran, the emergent state was busy ensuring that only the "right" vision of the revolution prevailed and that alternative ideologies, those blueprints for action and outlines of the future, did not pollute the revolution's proper path. Efforts were made, therefore, to ensure that Khomenism, and all its jurisprudential and institutional accoutrements, were unchallenged. Once ideological orthodoxy was finally secured, the constitution was tweaked to accommodate the revolution's post-charismatic era, that inevitable period when Khomeini would no longer be around. The compound effects of these developments—terror and violence, the sidelining of ideological rivals, and revising the constitution—was the consolidation of the system.
Authoritarian Retrenchment
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, from 2005 to 2013, was a period of authoritarian retrenchment in Iran. Iran was subject to a populist president that became increasingly reliant on the Revolutionary Guard (IRGC). Ahamadinejad's contested re-election led to the emergence of the Green Movement. Khamenei initially supported the president, but the two had a falling out when Ahmadinejad proved too much of a maverick.
The Transition Period
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines nuclear decisions in Sweden, South Korea, and India. Opening with the start of the negotiations that would culminate in the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and ending with India’s peaceful nuclear explosion, the transition period (1965–1974) spans the years in which an international nuclear nonproliferation regime began. The increased difficulty of procuring unsafeguarded nuclear materials, equipment, and technology delayed progress and raised the costs of nuclear weapons pursuit, which affected decision-making. However, the nonproliferation regime was only in its initial stages during this period. In each of the three cases, significant program development and decision-making took place during the transition period. Each state faced serious security threats but did not wholly turn to nuclear weapons to counter those threats. Domestic experts that were able to exert influence on leaders attempted to portray the security environment in ways that would promote their nuclear program preferences but were not always successful.
Holding the Jalopy Together
Authors: Powers John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines low-budget optical printers, rephotography devices that allowed experimental filmmakers to repeat, combine, or otherwise transform their images. It argues that experimental optical printing germinated from the material contours of the JK optical printer and other bricolaged tabletop devices that circulated within DIY tech culture. These printers nurtured practices and ideas that encompassed not only the specific operations of the device, but also a diversity of conceptual orientations to the image. This was a technology at once alchemical, bricolaged, physical, and hermetic. With the optical printer, filmmakers such as Pat O’Neill, Craig Baldwin, Michelle Citron, Phil Solomon, Coleen Fitzgibbon, Peter Rose, and Barbara Hammer constructed spatial and temporal paradoxes from fragments of images, excavated and interred personal and cultural histories, and explored the phenomenology of artist, image, and viewer.
Jihadi Politics
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In February 2014, al-Qaida issued a statement that shocked the entire Jihadi movement. For the first time in its history, the group declared that a local affiliate, the Islamic State in Iraq, was no longer part of al-Qaida. The renegade Iraqi group, led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, had expanded its operations to Syria, taking over the regional branch Jabhat al-Nusra; but in the process, the group had defied orders from al-Qaida's amir, Ayman al-Zawahiri. Islamic State's actions, and increasingly aggressive posture towards fellow Jihadis, eventually ignited a Jihadi civil war--a period defined by internal tensions that ultimately turned global. With devastating impact, this fitna left the Jihadi movement more polarized and fragmented than ever, seriously threatening its internal cohesion. Jihadi Politics is the first book to present an exhaustive account of conflict and infighting within the global Sunni Jihadi movement. Based on years of digital anthropology, hundreds of primary documents, and interviews with Jihadis, it offers an unprecedented glimpse into historic and current conflicts between and within Jihadi groups. This thorough examination of the years 2014–2019 opens the black box of Jihadism's internal affairs and offers a more nuanced understanding of the current state of Jihadism, with important insights into its future evolution.
Growing Apart
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Economic inequality in the United States has grown significantly since the late 1970s. Globalization and technological change are not the full explanation, because inequality in the United States has risen much more than in any other high-income democracy. Many measures are used to estimate the amount of economic inequality in a society, including the Gini index and calculations of the shares of income or wealth owned by particular segments of the population. Recent methods based on tax and other administrative records at the household level show an extreme concentration of growth at the highest end of the distribution. Inequality matters in its own right. It worsens public health, reinforces political polarization, and lowers economic mobility. Economic inequality is also reinforcing inequality across places, creating poverty traps in some areas and widening the gap in living standards and opportunities across them.
Financialization, Rents, and Inequality
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The US financial sector has acquired immense market and political power. Its rents raise the incomes of executives and shareholders while depressing productive investment and wages in other sectors. The financial industry is to the American economy roughly what the natural resource sector is to Russia: a massive source of rents and inequality that blocks opportunities for broadly distributed economic growth. Although financial markets are essential to a market economy, beyond a given threshold their development can hamper productive activity and deepen economic inequality. The United States has passed that point as a result of a series of policy decisions deregulating finance and rewarding unproductive financial activity. The rents the industry has extracted from manipulating the policy environment have enabled its shareholders and executives to appropriate a growing share of national income for themselves.
Some Salient Approaches to Omissive and Commissive Moore-Paradoxical Assertion
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 surveys, in roughly historical order, the salient approaches to omissive and commissive Moore-paradoxical assertion that have been proposed since Wittgenstein, including proposals from Hintikka, Shoemaker, and Sorensen, among others. A complete account of Moore-paradoxical assertion should be able to deal with a number of puzzle cases that have emerged in the recent literature; these are summarized here.
The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Disease
Authors: Gilbert Gregory , Parker Ingrid 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Understanding the symbiosis between plants and pathogenic microbes is at the core of effective disease management for crops and managed forests. At the same time, plant–pathogen interactions comprise a wonderfully diverse set of ecological relationships that are powerful and yet so commonplace that they often go unnoticed. Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are increasingly exploring the terrain of plant disease ecology, investigating topics such as how pathogens shape diversity in plant communities, how features of plant–microbe interactions including host range and mutualism/antagonism evolve, and how biological invasions, climate change, and other agents of global change can drive disease emergence. Traditional training in ecology and evolutionary biology seldom provides structured exposure to plant pathology or microbiology, and training in plant pathology rarely offers depth in the theoretical frameworks of evolutionary ecology or includes examples from complex wild ecosystems. This novel text seeks to unite the research communities of plant ecology and plant pathology by bridging this gap using the framework of an advanced course on plant–microbe interactions and plant disease. It provides succinct and unified introductions to the organisms involved in plant disease interactions, introduces the key biological aspects of plant–pathogen interactions framed by ecological and evolutionary theory and illustrated by examples from both agriculture and wild ecosystems, and supplements conceptual content with short primers on field and lab techniques and analytical approaches used in contemporary studies in plant pathology and evolutionary ecology.
Poetic Manuscripts
Authors: Boffey Julia , Edwards A. S. G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the various forms in which the manuscripts of fifteenth-century poetic texts were produced. It describes the rapidly expanding commercial markets for such texts initially as they circulated in London and subsequently regionally. It also examines other forms of poetic production in religious houses and households as well as those that appear in collections made for personal use. The emergence of the single-poem and single-author manuscript form is explored, as well as the continuing development of earlier forms such as the anthology and more miscellaneous compilation. The chapter concludes with discussion of the relationship between manuscript production and the newly emerging print culture.
Science and Information
Authors: Edwards A. S. G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the range of forms of writings in verse designed to serve utilitarian or ‘practical’ needs. The variety of these forms demonstrates the diverse purposes for which such kinds of writings were employed. These purposes include the composition of charms, as well of poems on travel writing, on alchemy, on aspects of science and medicine, on gardening and arboriculture, in addition to larger verse compilations of more encyclopaedic kinds. This chapter also explores the extent to which the composition of verse compositions on these topics stands in contrast to the usually far more widely circulating fifteenth-century prose treatments of them.
Chronicle and History
Authors: Galloway Andrew 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides contexts to appreciate the poetic features as well as the historical and political perspectives of poetry. It also treats particular authors and specific political circumstances. The chapter considers poetry justifying the new Lancastrian regime, the distinctive verse chronicles from early fifteenth-century Scotland, as well the indirectly topical English ‘Digby lyrics’ and beginnings of a mythic view of Henry V, before considering the historical and political poetry of Thomas Hoccleve and John Lydgate, and the partisan poetry of the Wars of the Roses, when new, more nationally unifying uses for long historical poetry also emerged. The century’s final historical poetry by Blind Hary in Scotland, and John Skelton in early Tudor England, marks the final separation of verse from more overtly ‘factual’ English historical prose narrative.
Fictions of Britain
Authors: Byrne Aisling 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA large proportion of fifteenth-century verse romances have come down to us with little information about their authors or readers, and they also tend survive in a small number of manuscripts. Since very few of these verse texts made it into print at an early point, their impact on the broader literary tradition was also rather limited. However, these poems offer distinctive and, sometimes, quite sophisticated approaches to Britain’s past. They are often closely engaged with the national, regional, and dynastic politics of fifteenth-century Britain. Some make links between the legendary past and the contemporary world and enlist figures like Arthur, Gawain, Lancelot, and Guy of Warwick in the service of a range of political interests. Verse romances also present idealistic solutions to conflict based on shared values of piety or courtesy.
Fictions of Christendom and Other Late Romances
Authors: Hardman Phillipa 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe turn to prose romance together with the emergence of print production in the later fifteenth century coincided with a remarkable late flourishing of verse romance, particularly in two fields: heroic narratives of the defence of Christendom, and complex narratives of chivalric self-discovery and dynastic fulfilment. The fifteenth century saw a proliferation of texts dealing with the legendary history of Charlemagne and his encounters with Saracens in Europe. These fifteenth-century texts, revisiting inherited material, share the appeal of some long-established narrative memes, but also speak to a new interest in details of courtly life and manners. The same interplay of narrative tradition and cultural innovation can be seen in Sir Degrevant, an original insular narrative with traditional roots.
Occasional Poetry, Popular Poetry, and the Robin Hood Tradition
Authors: Phillips Helen 
Published: May 2023

AbstractOccasional poetry includes compositions, often accompanying music and visual pageantry, for coronation feasts, royal entries, and other court and civic celebrations. Like poems on historical events, and dedicatory prefaces and envoys, their contexts often called forth deferential and politically astute content and rhetoric. Epitaphs, for the great and increasingly for the middle classes, and verse prophecies on political events, became more prominent literary forms than in earlier centuries. Recorded popular verses may sometimes capture everyday oral entertainment in streets, workplaces, home, and tavern, whether lullabies, Plough-Monday songs, love-songs, political rhymes, or drinking songs, but also poets’ reworking, imitation, or ventriloquism of such poetry. Modern studies of urban and parish institutions, gentry households, guilds, and the organization of their entertainments, dispel simplistic older notions of unsophisticated ‘folk’ poetry. Fifteenth-century popular poetry was poetry everybody knew.
Thomas Hoccleve
Authors: Langdell Sebastian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the poetry of Thomas Hoccleve. His poetic output ranges from advice-to-princes, to ars moriendi, Chaucerian ‘love’ poetry, proto-autobiography, and political verses. It is marked by an interest in formal experimentation. His longest work, the Regiment of Princes, is an advice-to-princes text for the future Henry V. His late work, the Series, witnesses his explorations in a proto-autobiographical mode, as well as his longest work of vernacular spirituality (‘Learn to Die’). This chapter explores the range of his corpus, and indicates how the writer fashions his Hoccleve persona, at times, into a devotional image for use by the spiritually inclined reader. It also explores Hoccleve’s relationship to heresy and orthodox reform during this period, including his poems on heretics like Sir John Oldcastle and John Badby.