bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dilution on the Reaction between Pneumococcus and Its Specific Antibody
Authors: Morris Marion C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Attempts to ascertain the mode of inactivation of viruses by their specific antiviral antibodies have sometimes led to the conclusion that the mechanism of inactivation differs from that observed with bacteria and their specific antisera. While many investigators hold the view that a loose and dissociable union of virus with antibody occurs (1, 2), some (3) have been led to conclude that no “in vitro” union between the virus and the so-called neutralizing antibody exists. Such a concept is based on experimental findings of the following nature: 1) a neutral mixture of virus and antiserum becomes infective upon dilution, i.e., the “dilution-phenomenon” (4, 5); 2) from neutral mixtures, virus or antiserum may be recovered, sometimes apparently quantitatively (3, 6); 3) a mixture which is neutral by one route may be infective by another (5, 6); 4) absorption of neutralizing antibodies from an antiviral serum by virus preparations is usually difficult and frequently impossible (3).
The Rôle of Diffusion in the Pneumococcus-Antipneumococcus Reaction
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The absolute rate of the pneumococcus-antipneumococcus reaction predicted by diffusion-theory has been found to agree with the results of protection-experiments. Apparently each molecule of antibody impinging upon the free cell-surface is irreversibly bound. The indifference of the reaction to temperature provides independent confirmation of this conclusion concerning the mechanism of the reaction.
The Mechanical Properties of Thin Films of Serologically Active Substances Prepared from Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Bateman J. B. , Chambers L. A. , Calkins H. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nucleoproteic agglutinogen (NPA), Lancefield's “M,” and their proteic components have been spread in thin films on 0.01 M buffer solutions. The process of spreading resembles that observed with globular proteins, in that the films are characterized by their extreme insolubility. The resemblance extends also to the fact that for each of these substances a series of films, graded with respect to their mechanical properties, can be prepared by suitable choice of conditions. The possibility of such a gradation in properties, referred to as the transition between “completely” and “incompletely” spread films, is of significance in connection with observations of the serological properties of these films. The force-area-curves of films of “M” show at certain pH values a characteristic inflection not encountered in films of other proteins. The inflection tends to become less pronounced upon repeated compression and can be removed by spreading upon solutions of high electrolyte-content. Characteristic quantitative differences in the force-area-curves for films of NPA and M with pH, together with differences in other mechanical properties, appear to indicate that M is chemically distinct from NPA, and that the major difference resides in the proteic components. The nucleic acid present in varying degree in these substances has only a minor influence on the properties of the films.
Passive Sensitization of Rabbit's Blood
Authors: Dragstedt Carl A. , De Arellano Max Ramirez , Lawton Alfred H. , Youmans Guy P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In early studies upon anaphylaxis in rabbits it was reported by Friedemann (1) and by Scott (2) that no latent period was necessary for the passive sensitization of these animals to the subsequent intravenous injection of antigen such as has been shown to be necessary for the guinea-pig and dog. These observations have been rather generally discounted or explained as being anaphylactoid reactions not truly anaphylactic in character. Such an explanation fails to explain why the simultaneous injection of antigen and antiserum does not provoke reactions in either guinea-pigs or dogs with equal facility to that in rabbits and has no bearing at all upon the observations of Opie (3) and others that the Arthus phenomenon can be produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of antigen either before, simultaneously or after the injection of antiserum.
Antibody Production in Rabbits Following Injection with Pancreatic Ferments
Authors: Wago Heinosuke 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Accumulated investigations give evidence that ferments when injected into suitable animals display antigenic properties in that they stimulate the production of specific antibodies. Thus:
Hildebrandt (1) in 1893, produced specific antibodies to the enzyme emulsin. Morgenroth (2) in 1899 and Briot (3) in 1900, were both successful in producing a specific antibody to rennin. In 1901 Achalme (4) produced certain specific antibodies to pancreatin, while Sachs (5) a year later produced similar antibodies to pepsin. In 1903 Levene and Stooky (6) increased the antitryptic action of serum by the experimental injection of pancrease extract, and Halpern (7) in 1911 claimed similar results from the injection of dog pancreas into dogs. Most recently (1914) Marras (8) obtained precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies to trypsin.
In the course of experiments directed toward further determination of the antibodies produced to pancreatic ferments, I have made observations that possess a bearing upon the production of antibodies in general and which it is the purpose of this paper to present.
The Production of Anti-Human Haemolysin
Authors: Vedder Edward B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-human haemolysin may be produced readily by the injection of stroma. Stroma may be more easily prepared by first saturating the cells with illuminating gas. The lipoid fraction of the cell is totally ineffective. The proteid fraction of the stroma unites with haemolysin, and on injection produces haemolysin. The globulin fraction of the stroma failed to produce haemolysin, whereas the proteid fraction from which all globulins were removed did produce haemolysin.
The Bactericidal Action of the Whole Blood of Rabbits Following Inoculations of Pneumococcus Bacterins
Authors: Heist George D. , Solis-Cohen Solomon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Journal of Immunology, volume 3, number 4, contains an account of our earlier studies of the bactericidal action of whole, uncoagulated blood on pneumococci. In the same paper, in association with Myer Solis-Cohen, we described a similar bactericidal action of certain whole bloods upon the globoid bodies of acute anterior poliomyelitis, and Matsunami and Kolmer (2), using our method, found that the blood of certain animals was bactericidal for meningococci. In our first paper we gave the details of the method by which we were able to bring the blood, before it had time to coagulate, into contact with bacteria.
The essential feature of the method, suggested by Benjamin F. Lacy, is that a capillary glass tube be filled, by capillary attraction, up to a fixed mark, with broth culture of pneumococci, and then emptied. A certain number of pneumococci remain sticking to the wall of the tube.
A New Method of Testing Antityphoid Serum
Authors: Fukuhara Yoshimoto , Yoshioka Masaaki 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Our experiments have shown that the virulence titer of the living typhoid bacilli is very variable according to the strain and that no quantitative relationship exists between the virulence titer and the binding power with relation to the protective unit of antiserum. For this reason the lethal dose of the bacteria is not a reliable measure of a protective unit of an antityphoid serum. A reliable test of a bacterial antiserum can be made only through the use of a standard serum. Our new method of testing typhoid antisera is as follows: with the use of an arbitrary protective unit of antiserum (standard serum) the L+ dose of a typhoid culture is determined; with this L+ dose the serum to be tested is mixed in varying quantities; the largest amount of the serum which will just permit the death of a guinea-pig of 250 grams weight within twenty-four hours after the mixture has been injected into the peritoneal cavity is taken as the protective unit. The value of an antityphoid serum is expressed by the number of such protective units contained in 1 cc. of the serum. Any strain of typhoid bacteria can be used for the test. The virulence control is not important. It is also unnecessary to attempt to increase the virulence of the cultures. Efforts in this direction have failed in our hands. The general adoption of our method and particularly of our protective unit will naturally permit, for the first time, a quantitative comparison of the antityphoid sera prepared with different strains and in various laboratories.
Observations on the Production of an Antihaemotoxin for the Haemotoxin of Bacterium Welchii (Bacillus Aerogenes Capsulatus)
Authors: Ford William W. , Williams George Huntington 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has previously been shown by Ford and Lawrence (1) that the hemolytic property of milk cultures of Bacterium welchii is to be attributed to the production of a true bacterial haemolysin or haemotoxin by this organism. The opinion previously held that the destruction of blood corpuscles in cultures of this species is due to the presence of acids (butyric and lactic) is not justified, since milk cultures retain their blood-laking powers after complete neutralisation. In tests with the neutralised whey the discoloration of the corpuscles due to the production of methaemoglobin from acids is not seen and the haemolysed blood takes on the brilliant red color usual with true bacterial haemotoxins. Furthermore, cultures of the gas bacillus lose their haemolytic activity on being heated to 62–63°C., while solutions of both butyric and lactic acids can be boiled some time without losing their power to destroy blood corpuscles.
The Influence of Desiccation Upon Natural Hemolysins and Hemagglutinins in Human Sera
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As part of a series of studies upon natural hemolysins and hemagglutinins in human sera (1), the influence of desiccation upon these substances has been investigated and the results have proven of particular interest in reference to the method of Sanford (2) of using normal human sera dried on cover glasses for the purpose of conducting microscopical agglutination tests in the classification or typing of blood; these studies have proven especially interesting and of practical importance since Sands and West (3) have found in these laboratories, that drying rabbit antihuman serum in paper and dishes results in the destruction or inactivation of a portion of the immune hemagglutinins and suggesting that the practice of using dried human sera for agglutination tests after the methods of Sanford (2) and Hartman (4), may be open to error due to deterioration of the normal isoagglutinins.
Immunity in Monkeys Recovered from Paralytic Attacks of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kessel John F. , Stimpert Fred D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Monkeys recovered from paralytic attacks of poliomyelitis, induced by six different strains of virus, were subsequently inoculated by the intracerebral route with homologous and heterologous strains. Of 149 animals tested 61 per cent exhibited complete immunity and an additional 30 per cent partial immunity. The death-rate of the series was 9 per cent while 50 per cent would be the estimated death-rate in a similar series of animals receiving first injections with the same strains of viruses.
On the whole a greater degree of immunity was observed in recovered animals when tested with a homologous strain than when tested with a heterologous strain.
Variations in the resultant immunity to different strains of virus are noted, the percentage ranging from 47 per cent in one strain to 86 per cent in another.
Neutralization-tests were performed on 100 of the animals in the series and correlation between the neutralization- and immunity-tests was observed in only 50 per cent of the animals.
The Electrophoretic Analysis of Tetanal Antitoxic Horse-Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Clarke Frank H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic analyses have been made of the sera of several horses hyperimmunized against tetanal toxin. Mobility measurements show that each of these sera contains a large new T-component having u = ca −2.0 × 10−5 cm2 sec−1 volt−1. The serum of one horse was studied at various stages of the hyper-immunizing process; this new T-peak became prominent when a large amount of antitoxin appeared in the serum. In spite of this obvious association of antitoxic activity with T, the areas under the T-peaks cannot be taken as proportional to the measured antitoxic activity.
Studies on the Adsorption of Complement
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Jones Chase Breese , Kuehn A. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lead phosphate and titanium dioxide remove the mid-piece of complement.
Kaolin and Mg(OH)2 are less specific in their action and adsorb both mid-piece and end-piece. Small amounts of aluminum hydroxide gel remove the mid-piece of complement while larger amounts remove the total complement-complex.
The action of zymin on serum-complement is of a different nature, inasmuch as zymin in optimal amounts specifically removes the heat-stabile fraction of the mid-piece. Zymin has no adsorptive effect in the presence of 10 per cent NaCl.
Chemical analyses of the serum before and after treatment with adsorbents reveal marked variations in the amounts of calcium and protein removed; however a correlation appears to exist between the amount of euglobulin-phosphorus (cephalin) and the adsorption of the mid-piece of complement.
It is suggested that the mid-piece of complement is closely associated with a phosphatide in the euglobulin-fraction.
An improved method for the separation of complement into its heat-labile components (mid-piece and end-piece) is given.
Long Term Variations in the Titer of Neutralizing Antibody for Influenza Virus in the Sera of Adults and Children
Authors: Hare Ronald , Riehm William C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been shown by Francis et al. (1), Stuart Harris et al. (2, 3), Horsfall et al. (4) and others that the titer of the neutralizing antibody for human influenza virus rises during a clinical attack of influenza. There is also evidence that the titer tends to fall during the post-infection period, and that uninfected contacts may show evidence of subclinical immunization during the time of epidemics. Few or no observations have, however, as yet been made on (1) the variations which may occur in the titer of these antibodies over any extended period of time or (2) the changes which may occur in the antibody for porcine virus. This paper is an account of observations which have been carried out on these two subjects.
For this purpose a group of 22 adults (aged 20 to 45 years) living in Toronto were studied over a period of approximately three years.
Preparation of Protein-Free Scarlatinal Toxin
Authors: Koerber Walter L. , Bunney William Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A proteose-peptone-free medium is described which permits the production of scarlatinal toxin with a potency of 40,000 to 150,000 STD/ml using NY-5 and Dick I–IV strains of hemolytic streptococcus. Crude toxins prepared on this medium can be concentrated and purified by salt-precipitation and dialysis to yield a protein-free antigenic toxin.
Histamine Tolerance and Anaphylactic Death in Sensitized Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Karady Elizabeth Smith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A number of cases have been reported where, due to treatment with histamine, man and animals have shown that subsequent to such treatment they were better able to overcome the effects of histamine injected experimentally, or released in the tissues as the result of cell damage (1–15). Most of the evidence that tolerance is actually produced by such treatment is of an indirect nature. The prevention of anaphylactic shock (5, 6, 9, 10), surgical shock (8), clinical manifestations of various types of hypersensitivity (11–15), and the diminution of uterine muscle response (9, 10) to histamine have been offered as valuable support not only for the theory that the tissues are better able to withstand the release of histamine as the result of pretreatment with this substance, but also that histamine is concerned in the mechanism of these various reactions.
Studies of Hemolytic Streptococcal Antibodies in Control Groups, Rheumatic Fever, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The technical procedures used in this study have been described, the specificity of the tests has been discussed, and the incidence of three types of antibodies to the hemolytic streptococcus in a control group has been reported (1) and will not be further reviewed.
It is the purpose of this and the succeeding papers to describe the methods of study and to present data relating to the antibody-patterns seen in hemolytic streptococcal infections in non-rheumatic and in rheumatic subjects as revealed by several types of analyses. We shall first describe methods of study, then examine and compare the results of analyses relating to the frequency of the occurrence of hemolytic streptococcal antibody-responses in these infections.
Methods of Study. Collection of material. Scarlet fever and hemolytic streptococcal respiratory-tract infection. Non-rheumatic patients with scarlet fever or hemolytic streptococcal respiratory-tract infections were seen within the first few days of their illness whenever possible.
Immunologic Properties of an Antigenic Material Isolated from Eberthella Typhosa
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antigenic material has been prepared from cultures of E. typhosa grown in a synthetic medium. In small quantities it is lethal for mice and rabbits. In sub-lethal amounts the antigen induces leucopenia and fever in rabbits, and leucopenia in guinea pigs, rats and mice. Upon acid hydrolysis an innocuous acid-soluble material and an acid insoluble fraction possessing toxic properties are released. The intact antigen is heat stable. In immunized rabbits the antigen is still capable of inducing leucopenia and fever. Washed precipitates from mixtures of the antigen and an excess of antibody are still capable of causing these reactions when injected intravenously into normal rabbits. The antigen induces the Shwartzman reaction in rabbits when employed either as the preparatory or eliciting agent. The combination of antigen and antibody in the form of a precipitate will elicit the Shwartzman reaction in animals prepared by intracutaneous injection of the antigen. The precipitate has only relatively slight activity when used as the preparatory agent. The possible relationship of these findings to the immunologic behavior of the somatic antigen and to certain of the manifestations of typhoid fever are discussed.
The Effects of Enzymes on Ragweed-Pollen and Studies on the Iso-Electric Point of Low-Ragweed Antigen
Authors: Rockwell George E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The acid-pepsin digestion of pollen-antigen does result in a definite loss in its activity. This loss is not due to digestion of the protein but to a decrease in the solubility of the pollen-antigen in the hydrochloric acid and to its oxidation. Such oxidation can be prevented by excluding oxygen during the process of digestion, or by the addition of dextrose. The iso-electric point of low-ragweed pollen-antigen, or of the protein which has absorbed large quantities of the active pollen-antigen, is pH 3.5. The preponderance of evidence as shown by this work and by the work of others indicates definitely that the enzymes of the gastro-intestinal tract destroy little, if any, of the pollenantigen. One can therefore reasonably conclude that, as far as its resistance to digestion is concerned, pollen-antigen is well adapted for oral therapy. This is particularly true if dextrose is given with the pollen.
Acquired Adaptation to the Anesthetic Effect of Steroid Hormones
Authors: Selye Hans 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of steroid hormones as well as the artificial estrogen dihydroxydiethylstilbene cause anesthesia if given in sufficient dosage intraabdominally to the rat. The anesthesia thus produced by progesterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate (D.C.A.) is usually not complicated by any untoward overdosage symptoms. On the other hand, anesthetic doses of testosterone and dihydroxydiethylstilbestrol often cause tonic convulsions and sometimes fatal pulmonary edema.
In the case of daily intraabdominal injections, a high degree of adaptation to the anesthetic action of such steroids is rapidly acquired. Of the two most active anesthetic steroids, adaptation to progesterone is much more rapidly acquired than to D.C.A.
Rats which had been rendered resistant to the anesthetic action of a certain steroid usually exhibit a high degree of resistance to other steroids as well. Cholesterol, a steroid compound which does not produce anesthesia, is unable to impart such resistance to anesthetic steroids. These observations confirm the view that adaptation may be acquired not only to certain chemical substances but also to a certain pharmacological action (Selye '40b).
The high degree of resistance to the anesthetic action of steroid hormones, which has thus been produced by prolonged pretreatment, is not accompanied by the appearance in the blood of any demonstrable antihormones. It thus furnishes another example of an acquired hormone resistance without antihormone formation.
The Absolute Rate of the Phage-Antiphage Reaction
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of initial combination of a coliphage and antiphage, as deduced from the rate of neutralization, is slower than that predicted on the assumption of perfect adsorption limited by diffusion. This result is confirmed by the relatively high temperature-coefficient, 2.0 for 10° rise in temperature. It is estimated that about one out of 500,000 collisions between the reactants results in combination at 0°C. Since the fraction of fruitful collisions increases rapidly with temperature, it is unlikely that the slowness of the reaction can be attributed to the requirement of specified mutual orientations between phage and antiphage for combination. The rate of reaction is relatively indifferent to pH and presumably to surface potential in the presence of electrolytes. The assumption that activated collisions consist of unoriented collisions between molecules sharing a minimal total kinetic energy of relative translation, leads to the most satisfactory kinetic formulation compatible with the experimental results. This assumption is incompatible with the mosaic hypothesis applied to the structure of simple antigens, and with any high degree of diversity among antibody-molecules. A hypothesis is suggested to account for some differences between the phage-antiphage and the pneumococcus-antipneumococcus reactions.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anaphylactogenic properties of three products obtained in the fractionation and purification of the principal allergenic component of cottonseed-embryo were investigated. Fractions designated CS-1, CS-5 (a picrate), and CS-13 (proteic component of CS-5 free from picric acid) were shown to cross react with each other and with unfractionated aqueous extract of cottonseed.