bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidental hepatitis B virus in Sudanese patients and relative risk factors: Why more screening is needed in primary care?
Authors: Hassan Haifaa A. M. , Nail Abdelsalam M. A. , Babiker Nassir A. , Ahmed Mohamed H. , Konozy Emadeldin Hassan E. , Ahmed Musaab , Abuzeid Nadir 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered one of the most paternally transmissible viruses. Therefore, education about its risk factors and transmission is vital in decreasing the prevalence of the disease burden in Sudan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative risk factors of HBV and its impact on the society.

Materials And Methods:
A facility-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among those who were incidentally detected with HBV surface antigen (HbsAg) and their contact family members by ICT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Tropical Diseases Teaching Hospital, Omdurman locality, Khartoum state, Sudan.

Results:
The study recruited 112 participants, among whom 63 individuals incidentally attended for screening for HBV and this led to contact tracing of 49 individuals (contact relative group). Among 63 patients of the incidental group, there were 83.9% males and 16.1% females. In the contact tracing group consisting of 49 individuals, there were 83.3% males and 16.7% females (odds ratio [OR] = 1.375, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14–13.6; P = 0.000). All the participants were screened for HBsAg. HBV was found to have a significant association with male gender (OR = 1.375, 95% CI = 0.14–13.6; P = 0.000), marital status (OR = 627.084, 95% CI = 48–8195; P = 0.000), working as police officers (OR = 524.2, 95% CI = 43.5–6314; P = 0.000), residing in Khartoum (OR = 520.173, 95% CI = 43–6290; P = 0.000), being illiterate (OR = 558.4, 95% CI = 47.7–6544.7; P = 0.000), vaccination status (OR = 625.4, 95% CI = 48.9–7996.3; P = 0.000), and with some concomitant diseases (OR = 559.193, 95% CI = 47.7–6561.5; P = 0.000).

Conclusion:
The HBV is still considered a very critical, highly infectious disease; therefore, primary care physicians have an important role in the investigation, prevention, and health education, in order to prevent the viral spread.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Oral Methylcobalamin Tablets vs. Nasal Spray (NASO B12) in Diabetic Patients on Metformin Therapy
Authors: Salman Farookh Syed , Jayanti C. R. , Geetha A. 
Published: December 2022

Context:
Metformin is known to increase in the risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of nasal spray of methylcobalamin (NASO B12) and methylcobalamin tablets for treating vitamin B12 deficiency in diabetic patients receiving metformin.

Materials and Methods:
In this parallel-group, comparative, open-label clinical study, patients (n = 100) were assigned to two groups: nasal spray of methylcobalamin (NASO B12) (methylcobalamin 250 µg/spray), sprayed in each nostril every alternate day for a total of seven doses (Group 1: a total of 3500 µg methylcobalamin per patient) and oral methylcobalamin tablets, a single daily dose of 1500 µg for a total of seven doses (Group 2: a total of 10,500 µg methylcobalamin per patient). The assessment of efficacy was carried out by measuring serum vitamin B12 levels at baseline, day 7, and day 14.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The analysis used is Student’s unpaired t-test.

Results:
NASO B12 treatment resulted in vitamin B12 levels of ≥400 pg/mL (recently updated normal levels as per American Academy of Family Physicians) in 86% and 92% of patients, on day 7 and day 14, respectively, whereas no patient attained ≥400 pg/mL with oral therapy. NASO B12 therapy resulted in higher mean vitamin B12 levels of 485.88 and 570.16 pg/mL when compared with 172.26 and 185.44 pg/mL with oral tablets on day 7 and day 14, respectively.

Conclusion:
NASO B12 provided much superior absorption of vitamin B12 when compared with oral vitamin B12 tablets and can be used as an effective alternative.
Built Environment Correlates of Diabetes and Obesity
Authors: Aarthi Garudam R. , Pradeepa Rajendra , Mohan Viswanathan , Venkatasubramanian Padma , Anjana Ranjit M. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
A city’s planning, design, and construction can have a profound influence on health, specifically on non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity, which are often referred to as “diabesity.” This study describes the designs and methods to understand the relationship between food and physical activity environments on diabesity.

Materials and Methods:
This study was a community-based cross-sectional door-to-door survey conducted as part of a large National Institute of Health and Care Research-funded surveillance project. For this study, two wards in Chennai were selected randomly. In each ward, five community enumeration blocks were selected using systematic random sampling technique. A consecutive sampling approach was used to select the study participants. Two categories of data were collected: (1) health data and (2) built environment (BE) data. Health and lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected from all the study participants. For categorizing BE, an online questionnaire was developed using the KoBo toolbox to collect information about food and physical activity environments, as well as geographic locations.

Expected Outcome:
This study is expected to reveal data on the relationship between food and physical activity environments and diabesity. It will help policy-makers to understand the importance of access to healthy foods and spaces for physical activity in prevention and control of diabesity. It can also enable community-based interventions to improve health outcomes and help urban planners to plan cities that promote active lifestyles for its residents.
Simulating high-fidelity emergency front-of-neck access
Authors: O'Sullivan Mai , Gaffney Sarah , Free Ross , Smith Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
In a cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate scenario (CICO), emergency front of neck access (eFONA) is the final lifesaving step in airway management to reverse hypoxia and prevent progression to brain injury, cardiac arrest and death. The Difficult Airway Society (DAS) guidelines advise the scalpel cricothyroidotomy method for eFONA. Anatomical and physiological changes in pregnancy exacerbate the already challenging obstetric airway. We aim to assess the impact made by introducing formal eFONA training to the perioperative medicine department of an obstetric hospital.

Methods:
Ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained. 17 anesthetists participated, (two consultants, one senior registrar, four registrars and eight senior house officers). Study design was as follows: Initial participant survey and performance of a timed scalpel cricothyroidotomy on Limbs & Things AirSim Advance X cricothyroidotomy training mannikin. Difficulty of the attempt was rated on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Participants then watched the DAS eFONA training video. They then re-performed a scalpel cricothyroidotomy and completed a repeat survey. The primary endpoint was duration of cricothyroidotomy attempt, measured as time from CICO declaration to lung inflation confirmed visually. After a three-month period, participants were reassessed.

Results:
Four anesthetists had previous eFONA training with simulation, only one underwent training in the previous year. The mean time-to-lung inflation pre-intervention was 123.6 seconds and post-intervention was 80.8 seconds. This was statistically significant (p = 0.0192). All participants found training beneficial. Mean improvement of VAS was 3. All participants' confidence levels in identifying when to perform eFONA and ability to correctly identify anatomy improved. On repeat assessment, 11/13 participants successfully performed a surgical cricothyroidotomy, mean improvement from first attempt was 12 seconds (p = 0.68) which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
This method of training is an easily reproducible way to teach a rarely performed skill in the obstetric population.
Efficacy of in-situ simulation training using evaluation checklists for sudden oxygen supply failure during general anesthesia
Authors: Nishida Keisuke , Watanabe Fumio , Kojima Taiki 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Sudden oxygen supply failure (OSF) is a life-threatening consequence that may be triggered by natural disasters. Anesthesiologists are required to manage OSF promptly in such catastrophic situations. However, the current evidence regarding the efficacy of anesthesia training for sudden OSF is insufficient. This preliminary study aimed to introduce our in-situ simulation training utilizing evaluation checklists for a sudden OSF situation during general anesthesia and to evaluate the efficacy of the training program for anesthesia providers.

Methods:
This is a preliminary single-center, prospective study. We developed an OSF simulation scenario utilizing evaluation checklists with key actions to manage OSF. The training session comprised four components: orientation, benchmark evaluation (pre-test) according to the checklists, a short didactic lecture, and post-lecture evaluation (post-test). The scenario comprised two steps wherein the participants were supposed to utilize different oxygen supply sources immediately after OSF (Step 1) and minimize the amount of oxygen consumption (Step 2).

Results:
Fifteen anesthesia providers were enrolled. The score for all anesthesia providers in the post-test was significantly higher than that in the pre-test (median 8 [IQR: 8, 8], 3 [IQR: 3, 4], P < 0.001, respectively). The successful performance rates of all anesthesia providers in one key action of all the four in Step 1 and four of all the six in Step 2 were significantly higher in the post-test than in the pre-test.

Conclusions:
Our in-situ training method utilizing evaluation checklists for a sudden OSF situation improved overall performance of anesthesia providers.
Silver nanoparticle-modified graphite pencil electrode for sensitive electrochemical detection of chloride ions in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Taha Maaroof Yousif , Mustafa Mahmoud Kamal 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. For the first time, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated with graphite pencil electrode (GPE) by immersing a bare hard black pencil (HB pencil) in AgNO3 solution mixed with extract Quercus infectoria solution, followed by placing directly against to UV lamp (254 nm) and kept for 30 min. Silver modified-GPEs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The silver nanoparticles fabricated with graphite pencil electrode (AgNPs–GPE) showed excellent selectivity to chloride ion, as well as excellent reproducibility, together with it has several advantages such as sensitivity, simplicity, low cost, green, and fast response. The maximum oxidation cyclic voltammogram current of the AgNPs-PGE was found at 160 mV. The linear range of chloride ions detection is between (0.8-52 mmol L-1), and the limit of detection (LOD) of chloride ions is 0.041 mmol L−1. Finally, the Silver fabrication electrode was used to determine the chloride ion concentration in drugs, such as phenylephrine, metformin, procaine, and dopamine formulated with hydrochloride, and satisfactory results were obtained.

KEY WORDS: Electrochemical sensor, Cyclic voltammetry, Pencil graphite electrode, Chloride ion

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 491-503.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.17
Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition among People Living With HIV at Ngarama Hospital, Rwanda
Authors: Gitego Joselyne , Okova Rosemary , Habtu Michael 
Published: December 2022

Background
Undernutrition is one of the important health problems in developing countries, which has undesirable health effect among people living with HIV (PLWHA).
Objectives
To determine prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among PLWHA in Ngarama District Hospital.
Methods
Cross sectional study was conducted among 267 PLWHA who were selected systematically as they came for care. Questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed.
Result
The prevalence of undernutrition was 22.0%. After controlling all the possible confounders using multivariable analysis, the following variables were predictors of undernutrition: respondents’ age 21 to 30 (AOR = 17.24; 95% CI = 5.55 – 53.56; p < 0.001) and 31 to 40 (AOR = 19.15; 95%CI = 5.97 – 61.40; p <0.001) compared to those aged 41 years and above, social category one (AOR = 3.54; 95%CI = 1.18 – 10.59; p = 0.024); experienced gastrointestinal discomfort (AOR = 19.87; 95%CI = 5.09 – 77.55; p <0.001) and not received dietary counseling (AOR = 7.45; 95%CI = 2.83 – 19.62; p <0.001).
Conclusion
The prevalence of undernutrition among PLWHA was high. Therefore, the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders should campaign, counsel and assist with provision of dietary diversity using locally available foods.
Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(3):291-301
Features of mucosal immunity in the development of periodontal diseases in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Authors: Markelova Elena V. , Golitsyna Anna A. , Yugai Yuri V. , Pervov Yuri Y. , Kovalchuk Victor K. 
Published: December 2022

Chronic generalized periodontitis takes one of the leading places in the structure of dental diseases. Inflammatory periodontal disease is one of the most common complications of diabetes. An important role in the progression of periodontitis in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) belongs to disorders of the immune system that affect the supportive/retaining complex of the tooth. Inflammation of periodontal tissues which occurs in the patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders is characterized by a more severe course, which worsens the condition and quality of life of patients with T2DM thus leading to tooth loss. In this regard, the immunological aspects of developing periodontal pathology under conditions of carbohydrate metabolism disorders are of great interest. Purpose of our study included comparative assessment of local TNF, TNF, IFN, IL-1, IL- 12, IL-17A levels in patients with periodontitis with and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders (type II diabetes mellitus), as well as in patients with type II diabetes mellitus without signs of periodontitis.
127 patients were examined, aged 30 to 59 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups, i.e., group I included patients suffering from periodontitis of varying severity without known comorbidities (47 persons); Group II consisted of patients with T2DM and periodontitis of varying severity (49 persons); Group III included patients with T2DM without symptoms of periodontitis (30 persons). The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy volunteers, matched to the patients for age and sex. Saliva specimens were used for laboratory studies. The levels of TNF, TNF, IFN, IL-1, IL-12, IL-17А were determined by ELISA sandwich technique, with specific reagents purchased from RD Diagnostics Inc (USA).
A significant increase in the IL-1, TNF, IFN and IL-17A levels was found in patients of all groups compared with controls. At the same time, the increased concentrations of IFN, IL-1, IL-17A correlated with increase in periodontitis severity in the patients of both groups. Decreased TNF levels in saliva samples were revealed in the patients from almost all groups, regardless of the periodontitis severity. Significantly increased levels of IL-12 (p40 subunit) were recorded in saliva of the persons from group II and III when compared with controls and the group without diabetes mellitus.
Improving Science Learning Outcomes Using Inquiry Based Learning Contextual Learning Models in Class V SDN Paku Alam Banjar Regency
Authors: Mahrita  , M. Ihsan Ramadhani  , Saidahtunnoor  
Published: December 2022

The objectives of this study are: 1) to find out how the activities of teachers in implementing the Inquiry based learning learning model at SDN Paku Alam, Banjar Regency, and 2) Knowing how the students' learning outcomes in science follow using the Inquiry based learning learning model at SDN Paku Alam, Banjar Regency. The subjects in this study were all students at SDN Paku Alam, Banjar Regency. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling totaling 12 students of class V. The data mining tool used was a test. Data analysis used indicators of success: 1) Teacher activity reaches a good category if it reaches 71 and 2) Students' science learning outcomes are said to be good if mastery reaches 80% of the number of students. Based on data analysis, it is concluded 1) the use of Inquiry based learning in class V at SDN Paku Alam, Banjar Regency, cycle I was in the good category with a percentage of 84.21% and increased in the second cycle to 89.47% in the very good category, and 2) The results of learning science class V at SDN Paku Alam, Banjar Regency, cycle I. 65% and increased in the second cycle to 84.16%.
Implication Of Health Informatics on the Healthcare Workers’ Activities in Saudi German Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors:   kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health-Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah, zipcode:23325, Alzhrani Hassen , Alyoubi Bander ,   kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health-Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah, zipcode:23325, Assiri Mohammed ,   kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health-Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah, zipcode:23325, Aljuaid Ali ,   kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health-Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah, zipcode:23325, Aljohani Sattam ,   kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health-Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah, zipcode:23325, Awaji Khaled ,   kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health-Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah, zipcode:23325
Published: December 2022

Background: health informatics have bene used in the field healthcare for quite a long time. Research investigations have since been conducted to examine various features around the use and application of health informatics. However, there is an apparent gap in the current literature in regard to comprehensive information about the effect of health informatics on the healthcare workers’ practices in Saudi German Hospital, Jeddah. Aim: the aim of this research was to evaluate the implication of health informatics on the healthcare workers’ activities in Saudi German Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: this study applied cross-sectional quantitative research design. Upon seeking and receiving the ethical approval, a sample of 123 sample of healthcare workers in Saudi German Hospital, Jeddah were recruited for data collection. Henceforth, data was collected using survey questionnaires, to which 105 (85.3%) responses were received. The collected data was then analyzed using three statistical tools of SPSS, including the descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression and multiple analysis of variance. Results: this study found out that health informatics has two critical roles regarding the healthcare workers practices. This was indicated by 40.9% of the participants who strongly agreed that health informatics augments quality of healthcare services delivery and 41.9% of the participants who strongly agreed that health informatics enhances information quality. This study further established that health informatics has a statistically significant impact on the quality of patient care (r=502; p=.000), health workers competencies (r=522; p=.000), and patient safety (r=457; p=.000). Further, this research also observed that the perceived roles of health informatics was had statistically significant association with the healthcare workers’ age (p=.023) and education level (p=.033). Recommendation: there is a need for the healthcare administrations units to intensify the use of health informatics to improve the quality of healthcare service delivery as a function of the healthcare workers.
Recruiting and retaining teachers in rural schools in South Africa: Insights from a rural teaching experience programme
Authors: Masinire Alfred 
Published: December 2022

While the Department of Education in South Africa has instituted structural measures to attract the newly qualified teachers in rural schools, these measures have had limited success. This article reports on the changed perceptions on teaching in rural schools of thirty student teachers who participated in a three week rural teaching experience program. Our findings suggest that student teachers who do practicum in rural schools develop a greater appreciation of rurality and are more likely to respond positively to an appointment to teach in rural schools. This study concludes that exposure through a rural practicum could be significant in attracting qualified teachers in rural schools, where these teachers are needed most.
Key words: Rural education, rural teaching experience, teacher education, South Africa
Racism, Cultural Taxation and the Role of an Indigenous Teacher in Rural Schools
Authors: Hogarth Melitta Dorn 
Published: December 2022

The underrepresentation of Indigenous teachers within Australian schools was made evident in the most recent More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Teachers Initiative (MATSITI) project (Johnson, Cherednichenko, & Rose, 2016). The shortfall of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers had been initially identified back in 1975 with the Schools Commission Report (Schools Commission, 1975). The challenge was set by Hughes and Willmot in 1982 to have 1000 trained Indigenous teachers by 1990 within the schooling sector (Hughes & Willmot, 1982). The lack of representation of Indigenous teachers is just one part of the story. In this paper, I share my lived experiences as an Aboriginal classroom teacher in rural schools throughout Queensland. Using an ethnographic narrative approach, I give insight to the realities of the Indigenous classroom teacher in rural schools. In turn, I address some of the inherent institutionalised racism apparent, the assumptions held by others, and the consequential demands placed on the Indigenous teacher. The stories shared are my own and do not insinuate that all other Indigenous teachers have had the same experience. However, by sharing my story, the purpose of this paper is to open dialogue about the role of Indigenous teachers in rural schools and to make schools aware of how they position these rare commodities they have on staff.