bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Groups and Subgroups of the Newborn
Authors: Engasser Lillian M. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cord blood cells of group B and adult blood cells of group B are agglutinated by native immune anti-B antibodies of human origin practically to the same extent when saline solution is used as the diluent. If physiological saline solution is replaced as the diluent by normal adult serum of group B or group AB, slight differences in agglutinability become apparent. The addition of solutions of the purified B or AB substance to an immune anti-B antibody of human origin, diluted in physiological saline solution, results in the partial or complete neutralization of the antibody content, depending upon the titer of the antibody, on one hand, and the amount of B substance added, on the other. Partially neutralized immune anti-B antibodies regain their capacity for agglutinating B cells when normal adult serum replaces physiological saline solution as the diluent. This reagent reveals considerable differences between adult blood cells of group B and cord blood cells of group B. About half of the cord blood cells that were tested reacted as weakly as might be expected for adult B2 cells, while the other half reacted similarly to but not quite as strongly as adult B1 cells. The differences between the B blood cells of the newborn and the B blood cells of the adult are similar to those which have been found to exist within the blood group A. However, these differences are less impressive from the quantitative point of view than they are in the case of blood cells of group A.
The Effect of Salt Concentration on the Interaction of Influenza a Virus and Erythrocytes
Authors: Flick John A. , Sanford Barbara , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Using formolized human erythrocytes and influenza A virus, it has been shown that the amount of adsorption of virus to the cells is related to the sodium chloride concentration of the system over a limited range. At very low salt-concentrations, practically no virus is adsorbed, while concentrations of salt around 0.9 per cent permit nearly maximal adsorption. The amount of cell receptor substance inactivated by virus at 37 C in a given time period is related similarly to the sodium chloride concentration over the range tested.
Virus adsorbed to cells can be eluted quickly by salt-free water at 4 C, probably without appreciable disruption of the red cell receptor. As the salt-concentration increases to that considered physiologically normal, the amount of adsorbed virus removed from the cells decreases markedly.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Tepper Jack , Keller Helen M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 60 children 15 to 18 years of age were injected subcutaneously with polyvalent Shigella vaccines in order to obtain information regarding toxic reactions, stimulation of serum protective power and agglutinative titers.
The polyvalent vaccines used were: bivalent, Sh. flexneri II and III; trivalent, Sh. flexneri II, III and VII; pentavalent, Sh. flexneri I, II, III, VI and Sh. sonnei; and hexavalent, Sh. flexneri I, II, III, VI, Sh. sonnei and Sh. ambigua.
Two vaccines standardized to contain 10 billion bacteria per ml and one vaccine standardized to contain 10 mg of bacterial nitrogen per 100 ml produced local and systemic reactions which were too severe to justify their use. They did stimulate significant increases in protective power of sera which persisted 10 to 52 weeks. They also stimulated increased agglutinative titers which were maximal one week after completion of vaccination and which varied over a wide range.
Vaccines standardized to contain 8.1 mg and 8.7 mg of bacterial nitrogen per 100 ml produced local and systemic reactions which were not too severe to justify their use. They did stimulate significant increases in protective power of sera which persisted 18 to 52 weeks. The vaccine containing 8.7 mg of nitrogen per 100 ml stimulated increased agglutinative titers which were maximal one week after completion of vaccination and which varied widely.
Tests of sera for increases in protective power were, in general, more sensitive for detecting humoral antibodies than were tests for agglutinative titers.
Comparison in two groups of children of weekly and biweekly injections of pentavalent Shigella vaccine on the production of local and systemic reactions and antibody responses did not indicate any superiority of one interval of vaccination over the other.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Dilks Eleanor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of eight species of birds to produce precipitins was studied. Two species which responded weakly or failed to respond to the precipitinogen, were further injected in an attempt to produce agglutinins or antihormones. The owl, pheasant and partridge were classified as good precipitin producers, but average and maximum titers were well below those given by the chicken which constantly yields excellent precipitating antisera. A few individual owl and pheasant antisera showed definite in vitro titer increases similar to those regularly shown by chicken antisera upon standing under refrigeration. The majority of the antisera, however, failed to show changes in their original titers. The ducks and turkeys yielded antisera with very low precipitin titers and several animals failed to respond at all. In addition, no antihormone activity could be shown in the turkeys injected with gonadotrophin hormone. No precipitins could be demonstrated in any of the guinea fowl and pigeon antisera, but slightly enhanced agglutinating reactions over that of normal guinea fowl were secured by injection. The implications of these results are discussed.
Inactivation of Malignant Tissue in Tumor-Immune Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , Aptekman Paul Myron , King Helen Dean 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A method (1 and 2) of producing oncolysis of homologous sarcoma growing in strictly inbred rats, made it possible to obtain rats cured of malignant growths that originated in their own strain and that otherwise would have ultimately caused the death of the animals. Rats treated in this manner proved to be resistant to the growth of transplanted tumors. Further tests, using increasingly larger grafts of sarcoma, showed that they developed an immunity from further growth of the same sarcoma (3). It therefore seemed important to study the nature of the change that takes place in rats, following recovery from sarcomatous growth, which protects them from further tumor growth.
The investigations described in the present report are concerned with the length of sojourn required to inactivate transplanted tumor tissue in immune rats, and with an attempt to ascertain the role of various tissues in this inactivation.
The Effect of a 42 Day Course of Treatment on the Sensitivity of the Tubercle Bacillus to Streptomycin
Authors: Swift William E. , Beardsley Frederick A. , Maruschak Adolph , Vadney John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using a modified Dubos-Davis medium, in vitro streptomycin sensitivities of tubercle bacilli from 36 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis receiving 1.0 gm of streptomycin daily for 42 days were determined.
Strains of organisms isolated in all 36 cases prior to treatment were sensitive to 5.0 micrograms or less of streptomycin per ml.
Twenty-seven per cent of the original group treated were found to have tubercle bacilli resistant to 10.0 micrograms or more of streptomycin in vitro after treatment was completed.
Several patients had tubercle bacilli which exhibited a delayed appearance of resistance to streptomycin. This occurred after treatment with streptomycin had been completed.
Immunogenetic Studies of Drosophila Melanogaster. I. The Development of Technics and the Detection of Strain Differences
Authors: Fox Allen S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Flies from mass cultures of Drosophila melanogaster laboratory-strains of wild, white, and vestigial were collected, starved for 24 hours, and lyophilized while still alive. The dried flies were then homogenized in 0.85 per cent NaCl buffered at pH 7.4, and the resulting suspensions used to immunize rabbits by means of four intraperitoneal injections of increasing dose. No demonstrable differences between the resulting antisera were found in complement-fixation tests against the whole antigens. Optimal-proportion precipitin tests were performed using the clear supernates of the centrifuged antigens. No differences were found in these tests. The tubes from the exact optimal-proportion tests were centrifuged after 24 hours at 6 C, and the supernates used as absorbed sera in precipitin-ring tests against the antigens dissolved in 5 per cent gelatin. If absorption proved incomplete, reabsorptions were performed. By these means the three strains were demonstrated to possess the great bulk of their antigens in common. Wild was demonstrated to possess an antigenic fraction in common with white but not vestigial, a fraction in common with vestigial but not white, and a fraction specific to itself. White was demonstrated to possess antigens in common with each of the other strains, and a fraction specific to itself. Antiserum to vestigial demonstrated that vestigial possesses an antigenic fraction in common with white to the exclusion of wild and a fraction in common with wild alone, but failed to demonstrate a fraction specific to itself. These antigenic differences are not thought to be due only to the single major genic differences between these strains, but rather to multiple genic differences which exist between such unrelated stocks.
Some Quantitative Aspects of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Morris Marion C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Factors responsible for failure of lysis of sensitized red blood cells by complement have been investigated. Sensitized cells have been shown to be heterogeneous with respect to lysis by complement. Such heterogeneity may be due in part to a variation in the degree of sensitization of individual cells with antibody. Lysis will cease whenever complement is exhausted, but may become too slow to measure because of heterogeneity of the cells even when large amounts of complement are present. Cells sensitized with large amounts of antibody deplete the complement activity rapidly. Equilibrium is attained quickly and the reaction fails mainly because of complement exhaustion. Heterogeneity of the remaining cells is of secondary significance. Cells sensitized with small amounts of antibody react more slowly with complement, and lysis continues over a longer period. Accompanying decrease of complement activity is of secondary importance because of the heterogeneity of the remaining cells which react more and more slowly with complement. Lysis may continue slowly as long as active complement remains and as long as there are present cells capable of reacting with this complement in the time allowed.
Rift Valley Fever
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Mahaffy A. F. , Haddow A. J. , Kitchen S. F. , Smith J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eight laboratory-contracted infections in man with Rift Valley fever virus are reported. The outstanding symptoms were headache, backache, anorexia, prostration and fever. The duration of fever ranged from 2 to 6 days. All the patients recovered without exhibiting any permanent sequelae, but the rapidity of convalescence was variable. The enforced total or partial cessation of normal activities varied from 2 to 28 days.
Rift Valley fever virus was isolated from the blood of each patient during the febrile stage of the illness. The development of neutralizing antibody during convalescence was demonstrated in all the cases.
Two of the patients, one of whom had had vivax malaria 4 months previously, had malaria parasites in their blood at the onset of illness.
Although quantitative tests for virus were not made on freshly drawn blood specimens, the first-day serum of one patient contained 1,458,540 intracerebral LD50 of virus after 82 days' storage in the refrigerator. The presence of viable Rift Valley fever virus was demonstrated in this same blood after storage for 2 years in the fluid state. The sera of other patients exhibited viable virus after even longer periods of storage in the refrigerator (up to 1,048 days).
Three African employees who were not known to have had Rift Valley fever were found to be immune. In the absence of evidence showing recent activity of the virus among human beings residing in this locality, this was interpreted as indicating that the 3 individuals had experienced subclinical infections as result of contact with the virus in the laboratory.
The experiences reported indicate that the risk of infection is very great among persons engaged in investigations on Rift Valley fever virus, but they also show that the probability for complete recovery from the disease is high.
Serological Reactivity of Mucoid Strains of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Henriksen Sverre Dick 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two mucoid, inagglutinable strains of Escherichia coli were found to be almost as reactive as the capsule-free forms in respect of their capacity to bind complement and to absorb antibody. A study by means of titrations of agglutinins and complement fixing antibodies, and by quantitative agglutinin determinations, showed that the inagglutinability of these two strains must be due to inhibition of aggregate formation and not to reduced combining power.
Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis
Authors: Meiklejohn Gordon , Rust Elva , Brunetti Oscar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The usefulness of intracerebral neutralization, intraperitoneal neutralization, and complement-fixation tests for the diagnosis of human cases of western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis was compared. In cases of western equine encephalomyelitis it was found that the use of all three tests assisted in making the diagnosis, but that each method failed to demonstrate a significant antibody increase in more than one-fifth of the cases. In cases of St. Louis encephalitis the intraperitoneal neutralization test was the most useful method. The intracerebral neutralization test showed an increase in antibody in only 7 of 20 cases. Complement-fixation tests were valuable in the diagnosis of both western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis.
Purification, pH Stability and Sedimentation Properties of the T7 Bacteriophage of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Kerby G. P. , Gowdy R. A. , Dillon E. S. , Dillon M. L. , Csâky T. Z. , Sharp D. G. , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Concentration and purification of the T7 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli, strain B, has been effected through the combined procedures of preliminary centrifugation in the Sharples supercentrifuge, filtration of the concentrate through a Mandler candle and two cycles of alternate low- and high-speed spinning in the vacuum ultracentrifuge. Preliminary chemical analysis showed contents of N 12.3; P, 3.8; and carbohydrate, 16.5 and 16.8 per cent, the latter values obtained by copper-reduction and orcinol methods, respectively. The nucleic-acid content calculated on the basis of P was about 38 per cent. The diphenylamine reaction was positive, and evidence of the presence of glucose and ribose was obtained by paper chromatography. The apparent partial specific volume was dependent on virus concentration. The value of the partial specific volume obtained with 12.1 mg virus per ml was V = 0.68. The average yield of phage was 0.61 mg per liter of lysate, giving a total of 197 mg phage from 323 liters of lysate. The lytic unit of the purified material was 10−15.4 g.
The pH-range optimum for stability of infectivity was 6 to 8, and that for physical stability of the virus particles, studied in the ultracentrifuge, was 5 to 10. In the range of stability, a single sharp boundary was observed and the sedimentation-rate was essentially constant in this region, having a value of about 470 S. Beyond this range at both ends, degradation occurred giving rise to two components, 464 S and 19 S on the alkaline side and 381 S and 35 S on the acid side. The sedimentation-constant at pH 6.9 was dependent on virus concentration, declining from values of about 470 S at concentrations of 4.7 to 0.25 mg per ml to 325 S at 0.021 mg phage per ml.
Electron-micrographs revealed essentially spherical particles with a bilobular arrangement of internal structures; the diameter of the images in conventional micrographs was 51 mμ and that in shadowed preparations 73 mμ.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Cytochrome C
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two preparations of bovine cytochrome c, one of 0.34 per cent, the other of 0.35 per cent iron content, were shown to be antigenic in rabbits. By the technique of “antigen absorption” it was shown that this antigenicity was not due to the presence of the colored moiety of cytochrome c but to the colorless fraction present in the cytochrome c preparation of 0.34 per cent iron content. This colorless fraction contains at least two and possibly three or more separate antigens. The bearing of these findings on the question of the purity of samples of cytochrome c containing 0.34 per cent iron is indicated. A porcine cytochrome c preparation of 0.38 per cent iron content was shown to be antigenic, whereas no evidence for the antigenicity of a sample of equine cytochrome c containing 0.43 per cent iron could be obtained. A technique of “antigen absorption” is described and its possible applications indicated. Oudin's new technique for the qualitative analysis of antigen-antibody systems was employed in demonstrating the antigenic heterogeneity of cytochrome c preparations.
Biophysical Studies of Blood Plasma Proteins
Authors: Deutsch H. F. , Nichol J. C. , Cohn Melvin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The serum of chickens lacking a γ-globulin of the normal mammalian electrophoretic mobility offers an unusual system for immunological studies (1–7). In this report there is presented a study of some chemical and biological responses of young chickens to immunization with human serum γ2-globulin (HG). In addition we have investigated the elimination from the circulation of relatively large amounts of homologous serum proteins, obtained by our ethanol fractionation procedures, following their intravenous administration.
Methods and Matherials. Electrophoresis experiments:—These experiments were performed in pH 8.6 veronal buffer of ionic strength 0.1 at a potential gradient of 4.0–4.5 volts/cm. Except as otherwise indicated, the duration of these experiments was three hours. Only descending patterns were used for analyses and for the diagrams to be presented.
Preparation and properties of (HG) and chicken serum protein fractions:—The antigen, HG, was obtained by methods previously described (8).
Chemical and Immunological Properties of Diphtheria Toxoid Purified by Ammonium Sulfate Fractionation
Authors: Levine Leo , Wyman Louise , Edsall Geoffrey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method for the purification of diphtheria toxoid has been presented. The products have been evaluated with respect to purity, antigenicity, and stability. Preparations having a purity in excess of 2000 Lf per mg N have been obtained. Evidence has been presented which indicates that the antigenicity per Lf increases with the purity of the toxoids studied. A linear logarithmic relationship between the flocculation time and titer at the toxoid-antitoxin equivalence point has been shown. Various relations between Lf, Kf, purity, and antigenicity have been studied.
Specific Serological Reactions Which Follow Naturally Acquired Mumps
Authors: Florman Alfred L. , Kutch Joseph H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serial specimens of sera obtained during the acute and early convalescent phases of illness from 8 individuals with clinical mumps were studied for the appearance of specific antibodies. The tests employed were complement fixation with soluble and viral antigens, agglutination-inhibition, and agglutination of human erythrocytes modified by treatment with mumps virus (Burnet test). The individual variations were marked. Nevertheless, in 6 of the 8 patients a complement fixing antibody was the first to be detected, and after 2 weeks all of the 8 patients reacted positively in 2 or more of the tests. There was no correlation in titer nor time of appearance of the complement fixing, agglutination-inhibiting nor modified cell agglutinating factors. It is therefore suggested that these represent distinct and independent responses to infection with the virus of mumps.
Addendum. Since this manuscript was submitted for publication a paper on this same subject by Aikawa and Meiklejohn has appeared. (Aikawa, J. K. and Meikeljohn, G., 1949; The serological diagnosis of mumps. A comparative study of three methods. J. Immunol. 62, 261–270.) These authors also found the three tests studied by us to be valid indicators of the presence of antibody to the mumps virus.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies. IV
Authors: Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were prepared in rabbits against kidney tissue and plasma from the Akm strain of mice and against ovalbumin. The globulin fractions of these sera were radioiodinated and injected into mice of several strains and into rats. It was found that radioactivity localized in the kidneys of the animals receiving the antikidney serum, but not in the kidneys of those receiving the antiplasma serum or antiovalbumin serum. Radioiodide also showed no such localization. This demonstrated that there was some material, presumably antibody molecules, in the antikidney serum and not in the control sera, that localized in the kidney.
The localization of antikidney serum was not strain specific since it took place in mice of other strains. It also took place on the injection of rats with the anti-mouse-kidney preparation.
The duration of the radioactivity in the kidneys of the mice receiving the antikidney serum was measured over a period of 54 days and the radioactivity carrier, presumably the radioiodinated antibody, had a half life of 20 days. Evidence was also found for the presence of a factor in the antikidney serum, presumably antibody to common antigens, which cross reacted with and localized in liver and spleen, but to a much lower extent than in kidney. In liver there was an initially rapid decrease in radioactivity followed by a subsequent slow decrease with a half life of 20 days. The long half life of the antibody in the kidney and liver was probably due to the inability of this tissue to metabolize the antibody.
The half lives of the radioactive carriers in other tissues were blood, 2.3 days; spleen, 2.6 days; and thyroid 6.8 days.
Acknowledgement. This work was carried out with the assistance of Miss Beila Sherman, Miss Rhoda Michaels, Mr. Arthur Silverstein and Mr. Richard Clark.
Infection of Cynomolgus Monkeys with the Ohio Type of Coxsackie Virus (C Virus)
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cynomolgus monkeys may be infected with the Ohio type of C virus; in contrast, rhesus and cercopithecus monkeys show no such susceptibility. This has been shown to be true with 3 different strains of the Ohio type, all immunologically related.
Evidences of infection in the monkey are: the development of fever and a virus carrier state both in the intestines and in the throat. Additional evidence for infection is the formation of neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies.