bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Business Associations and Right-wing Populism
Authors: Kinderman Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Right-wing populists present a difficult challenge for business associations. This chapter discusses business association responses to the populist right, beginning with the rationales for support and opposition. The interests of business associations and right-wing populists overlap in certain ways. However, right-wing populists threaten the interests of trade-dependent firms and weaken or undermine the lobbying strategies upon which business associations have long relied. Because some of their policy positions are attractive to business while others are problematic, right-wing populists can lead to growing divisions and disunity in business associations. The chapter provides case studies of business association responses to right-wing populism in Germany, France, and Switzerland. German business associations have been loud and outspoken critics of the AfD. The Swiss People’s Party is a formidable force in Swiss politics, yet Swiss business associations have found a campaign strategy to win trade, EU, and immigration-related referenda in the Brexit-Trump era. French business associations are struggling to find an effective mode of engagement with the National Rally and its small-business supporters. While there is considerable variation across and within cases, business associations have a tense and difficult relationship with right-wing populists.
Populism and Trade
Authors: Curran Louise , Eckhardt Jappe 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the strategic responses of trade dependent firms (TDFs) to growing populism and trade protectionism, focusing on the EU business elite over the period 2016–2020. It firstly highlights the threats posed to TDFs by several protectionist shifts (primarily Brexit, US protectionism under the Trump administration and its threat to the WTO). It then explores their strategic responses in the EU, mobilizing interviews with policy makers and trade associations in sectors which are highly dependent on trade. It finds that, overall, the mobilization of EU business elites was relatively low profile. In most cases, firms relied on their associations to lobby on their behalf. Although, in the case of Brexit, a very clear and present threat, these associations created quite extensive coalitions, including with civil society, individual company mobilization was still relatively limited. In the case of the more generic threats we explored, although associations were very active, individual TDFs were not. Interviewees attributed this passivity to concerns about reputation effects from supporting a controversial issue (free trade), limited understanding of the extent of the threat, and lack of capacity in many smaller companies.
Populism, Risk and Business
Authors: Feldmann Magnus , Morgan Glenn 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the main findings of the volume and their implications for understanding the relationship between populism and business in comparative perspective. It analyses the main risks that populism poses to business by distinguishing between the risks associated with populism as a political style, the impact of populism on electoral politics, and political systems and the associated policy risks. By building on the framework developed in Chapter 1, this chapter discusses the most common business responses to these challenges, whilst highlighting the ambivalence many businesses feel about populism given the contradictory elements of the populist agenda and the complex strategic considerations surrounding the choice of the most appropriate response. This chapter also reflects on the broader significance of the populist turn, including its likely durability and its long-term impact on business, especially in the face challenges surrounding economic management, political legitimacy, and various contingent events.
Introduction
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sketches the central ideas of the study and offers summaries of its five Parts. It distinguishes the book from various quantitative approaches to the problem of inequality. It introduces notions such as empathy gulf, relative feelings, relational democracy, imaginary equality, union of social unions, narrative scenario, and it discusses some methodological questions. The notion of political psychology is introduced. Further, the book’s main aim of delineating various forms of emotional inequality is distinguished from approaches focusing on epistemic inequalities. Miranda Fricker’s reading of To Kill a Mockingbird is analyzed in terms of the emotions structuring many of the conversational exchanges in the novel.
Empathy as Non-Moral Psychological Mechanism
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains why empathy is important for a study of the emotional impacts of inequality. The growing literature on the topic is selectively discussed, but also sifted for lacunae and shortcomings. Empathy is treated as an imagination-based and active matching of feelings; it contains evaluative judgments concerning the normative appropriateness of observed or contemplated responses to situations. In general terms, the chosen approach follows Adam Smith’s account of sympathy in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Many recent accounts of empathy, by contrast, offer a conceptually reductive approach to the topic; they thus overlook the various complex conditions that need to exist if empathy is to get off the ground at all. The role that imagination plays in empathy is emphasized. It is suggested that many authors pay lip service to the role of imagination but shy away from studying its implications.
Sympathy and Imagination
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
David Hume’s concept of sympathy is introduced and discussed. Sympathy is distinguished from being itself a feeling and treated as psychological mechanism. Of particular interest are its close link to our imaginative capacities and its treatment of comparison as the central mental mechanism involved in both sympathy and imagination. Hume introduces imagination as having an unregulated and a regulated variant and embeds both variants in his larger account of psychological association and habit. This account opens up the analysis of imagination to the many “gentle forces” that shape the concrete workings of our associational capacities. Hume, it is suggested, has an intricate theory of the various factors influencing sympathy and its associated feelings such as pride, love, humility, and hatred.
Does the Comparative Urge Disrupt Sympathy?
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The relation between sympathy and comparison in David Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature is further specified in this chapter. The question considered is under what circumstances sympathy is able to break the comparative mode’s spell, and what the effects of this mode are on the sympathizing self. It is suggested that the comparative mode adds positionality, an identifiable emotional default stance, and a competitive outlook to whatever feelings are communicated by the sympathetic process. Sympathy’s effects on us are always modulated by where we stand relative to others, how we feel, and how we relate to others. Thus, how we feel is often determined to a great extent by where we stand relative to others. Sympathy is never naked or pure; it always occurs within a concrete and socially inflected relationship.
Going Along with the Rich and Powerful
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter questions interpretations of Adam Smith that treat him as an early proponent of moral egalitarianism. It proves that the impartial spectator, often seen as voice of equal respect, does condone various forms of social inequality. Also, Smith’s notion of sympathy is open to corroborate given structures of inequality; sympathy with the rich and powerful establishes inequality and stabilizes the social system. Sympathy thus becomes the motor of social differentiation. Although, in his more Stoic moments, Smith considers sympathy with the rich and powerful to be illusory, he does provide abundant psychological material to describe this very same sympathy as fully normal, to be expected, and socially and politically functional.
Absolute versus Relative Inequality
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter considers the frequently made distinction between absolute and relative standards of inequality. Considering the many facets of the recent egalitarianism debate in political philosophy, the opposition between absolute and relative standards of inequality has not taken center stage. The chapter, however, reveals that this opposition sits at the heart of some of the debate’s most influential positions (David Miller, Elizabeth Anderson, Derek Parfit, Joseph Raz, Harry Frankfurt). By “absolute standards,” authors usually refer to standards whose validity or plausibility does not depend on comparison. “Relative standards,” on the other hand, depend on comparative measures to gain informational value. Whether I am considered wealthy may depend on my society’s general income level. The point of the chapter is that distinguishing between relative and absolute levels of inequality provides the conceptual means for understanding a specific kind of empathy gulf: one I label “conceptually inspired,” but which could also be taken to inspire a firm denial of relationality.
Material Mathematics
Authors: Lambert Kevin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Victorian algebra has been described as a kind of “algorithmic mathematics.” That label has not always been meant positively but this chapter proposes embracing it as both useful and accurate. Algorithmic processes are finite and that finitude calls attention to the materials needed to pursue them. The interest here, then, will be in investigating the materiality of Victorian algorithmic mathematics. Perhaps the most substantial material resources Victorian mathematicians needed in order to pursue their work was a library, and how that resource was obtained and used is the chapter’s central concern. It focuses on two Victorian mathematicians, George Boole and Augustus De Morgan, and how they pursued pure mathematics research with books obtained in and through the resources available in and through, respectively, a Mechanics’ Institute and a personal library. The books and materials they assembled are imagined as creating a kind of virtual reality structured by the particular forms of reasoning they contain and the particular mathematical practices and library procedures the mathematicians employed. The chapter shows how Boole and De Morgan thought with their libraries in order to make new algebras and mathematical objects.
Public Health Law in Practice
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R.J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book is a public health law textbook specifically for U.S. public health practitioners, advocates and students at the undergraduate, master, and doctoral level. It is the only public health law textbook for a public health audience that includes case law and provides practical information on the practice of public health. This book provides necessary background into law as it relates to the practice of public health, including the government’s authority to promote public health through policies and programs, and limitations on the government’s authority to protect public health. The book also addresses specific topics of deep interest and concern to public health readers and provides information on the mechanics of public health policymaking.
Government Authorities
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the authorities of the federal and state governments to support public health. The U.S. Constitution granted the federal government specific powers to pass laws that Congress has used to affect public health. Federal public health policymaking has grown through expanded use of its powers to tax and spend and to regulate interstate commerce. The federal regulatory agencies use their expertise to address public health, the environment, and safety. The states, however, continue to have primary responsibility for protecting the health of their inhabitants through their police power. The Constitution reserved this power for the states. Each state enacts laws pursuant to the police power to protect the public health, safety and welfare, and they additionally have an agency that is responsible for protecting public health. The chapter discusses Jacobson v. Massachusetts, an important Supreme Court decision that affirms the right of the states to pass laws that protect public health. The chapter also covers the authorities utilized by local governments.
Tobacco
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In many ways the success of tobacco control provides a framework for other public health challenges. This chapter describes how tobacco industry strategies led to the creation of the deadliest consumer product in history. As the toll of tobacco use came into focus, litigation was used to reign in the tobacco industry. Although it was largely unsuccessful for decades, persistent efforts and the involvement of the state attorneys generally ultimately culminated in the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement. The chapter describes the history of these litigation strategies and the Food and Drug Administration’s efforts to regulate tobacco use. In 2009, the federal government passed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, which changed the regulatory federal framework for tobacco. State and local governments continue to regulate, tax and create innovative methods to address tobacco use. The introduction of electronic cigarettes created a more complex tobacco marketplace and increased challenges for tobacco control.
Opioids
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 describes the opioid epidemic from several legal perspectives. It defines opioids and explains how opioid use and abuse, including legal and illegal products, have evolved over time. For more than a century, opioids like morphine, heroin, and oxycontin, have been heralded as nonaddictive, painkilling wonder-drugs. Those initial impressions did not pass the test of time. This chapter describes how ongoing opioid litigation resembles, and differs from, previous public health litigation. It also describes drug courts. Finally, this chapter discusses legal challenges faced by safe injection sites designed to minimize risks related to overdose deaths.
Sexual Health and the Law
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There are a number of legal issues affecting sexual and reproductive health, gender identity, sexual orientation, and transgender health. The law related to these issues is also rapidly evolving and the relevant issues create public health and social justice concerns for people based on their sex, reproductive health, gender expression, sexual orientation, and related identity. Supreme Court cases have shaped individual rights and limitations on government action related to gender, sex, and reproduction in fundamental ways, both for better and for worse in terms of public health and social justice. This first part of this chapter delves into public health law as it relates to abortion, including the Supreme Court’s 2022 decision finding that there is no constitutional right to abortion. The second part of this chapter provides an overview of public health law issues relating to sex, including contraception, HIV criminalization, civil rights, and transgender healthcare coverage.
Geopolitics and Democracy
Authors: Trubowitz Peter , Burgoon Brian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A large and widening gap has opened between Western democracies’ international ambitions and their domestic political capacity to support these objectives. Drawing on an array of cross-national data on Western governments, parties, and voters, Geopolitics and Democracy traces this ends-means divide back to decisions that Western governments made after the Cold War. The key decisions were to globalize markets and pool sovereignty at the supranational level, while at the same time reducing social protections and guarantees at home. This combination of foreign and domestic policies succeeded in expanding the Western liberal order in the quarter century after the Cold War, but at the cost of mounting public discontent and political fragmentation within the advanced industrial economies. The analysis reveals the large extent to which domestic support for international engagement during the long East-West geopolitical contest had rested on social protections within the Western democracies. At a time when problems of great power rivalry, spheres of influence, and reactionary nationalism have returned, Geopolitics and Democracy reminds us that the liberal order rose in an age of social democracy as well as Cold War. In the absence of a renewed commitment to those social purposes, Western democracies will struggle to find a collective grand strategy that their domestic publics will support.
Cyber Operations and the De-Escalation of International Crises
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers whether cyber operations can act as accommodative signals and contribute to the de-escalation of international crises by reviewing geopolitical crises with and without cyber operations. Three sets of cases are considered: geopolitical crises during which states used cyber operations as accommodative signals; crises with no evidence of cyber operations; and international crises during which cyber operations signaled resolve rather than accommodation. The cases reviewed in the chapter exhibit variation across the dyads in terms of the participants involved, the specific type of event that triggered the crisis, and the type of cyber behavior, if any, observed. In particular, comparing crises with and without cyber operations helps to assess whether states see cyber operations as potential signaling tools. Altogether, the six cases provide granularity in terms of how states may see different types of cyber operations as serving varying signaling purposes, illustrating the characteristics of cyber operations as signals of accommodation versus resolve. They also suggest the conditions under which accommodative cyber signaling is more likely to be observed: in crisis where leaders strive to balance nationalist domestic sentiments while avoiding actions that would exacerbate the situation and where other forms of private communications may not be as viable.
Plausible Escalation Scenarios for the Future
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
While this book is predominantly focused on the lack of cyber escalation, there is a narrow set of plausible circumstances under which cyber operations could be more likely to exacerbate relations between rivals. Chapter 7 draws on arguments in the literature on inadvertent escalation, particularly the concepts of windows of vulnerability and first strike incentives, and the interdependence of cyberspace with kinetic capabilities to identify specific scenarios that could result in escalation. Specifically, the chapter argues that cyber escalation risks are most salient when cyber operations have an effect on a state’s warfighting capabilities—especially during the course of conflict. In other words, escalation is most likely to take place not through the independent employment of cyber power but, rather, when cyber operations are perceived to affect the use of kinetic military capabilities. The analysis in this chapter is hypothetical, based on scenarios that could conceivably take place between rival states but which have not yet occurred, with a focus on the unintended consequences of perceptions and misperceptions surrounding strategies for force employment and the implications of offensive cyber operations. That said, the highly contingent nature of these scenarios—coupled with the difficulties of cyber operations and their limited effects—strongly suggests caution about drawing overly pessimistic assessments about escalation risks from these scenarios. However, systematically assessing plausible use cases is important for policymaking, especially given their potential consequences.
Behind the Screen
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Introducing a new theory of covert minstrelsy, this book illumines Hollywood’s practice of capitalizing on the Africanist aesthetic at the expense of Black lived experience. The book looks at how and why outdated racial content, and specifically blackface minstrelsy, was not only permitted but in fact thrived during the 1930s and 1940s, despite the rigid motion picture censorship laws enforced during this time. The musicals made during this period show that Hollywood utilized a series of covert “guises” or subterfuges to distract both censors and audiences from seeing the ways they were being fed a nineteenth-century White narrative of Blackness. Drawing on the annals of Hollywood’s most popular and its extremely rare films, Behind the Screen uncovers a half century of blackface application by removing the individual layers of disguise through close analyses of films that paint tap dance, swing, and other predominantly Africanist forms in a negative light. The book goes beneath the image of recognizable White performers, exploring the high cost of their onscreen representational politic. The book also recuperates the stories of several of the Black artists whose labor was abused during the choreographic and filming process. Behind the Screen recovers the visibility of Black artists whose names Hollywood omitted from the credits and whose identities America has written out of the national narrative.
With a Glory Be
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Storylines that relied on overblown racial caricature had mostly disappeared by the end of 1934. What remained was a strong use of the citational guise in the form of “Black heaven,” a subset of covert minstrelsy I refer to as the Gabriel variation. Chapter 5 returns to both the sonic and citational guises, examining a general shift in attitude toward syncopated rhythms and the significance of blacksound when offered in a “holy” context. Beginning in 1934, Hollywood’s White stars began flirting with an increasingly popular swing aesthetic, one that had hitherto been tied to the devil and been subject to unforgiving censorship laws. To circumvent the Code, directors utilized two primary strategies: the first was to cast Black actors and White actors in blackface within a White conception of Black heaven that not only housed dozens of minstrel caricatures but also foregrounded these fictions in a swing aesthetic. The Gabriel variation allowed Hollywood to sidestep many of the rules surrounding racial representation while simultaneously pulling “hot” rhythms out of the depths of hell. The second circumvention was to use a swing-inspired scene or film that would encode a classic primitivist framework—often using brownface—into its overarching narrative. This chapter tracks how, during the Code’s most unforgiving period, the transit narrative functioned in the background to help establish a racial in-between-ness or “safe” exoticism, and to assist in the passage of swing from the audibly Black to the visibly White.