bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Better Care Plan: a blueprint for improving America's healthcare system
Authors: Shortell Stephen M , Toussaint John T , Halvorson George C , Kingsdale Jon M , Scheffler Richard M , Schwartz Allyson Y , Wadsworth Peter A , Wilensky Gail 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The United States falls far short of its potential for delivering care that is effective, efficient, safe, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. We put forward the Better Care Plan, an overarching blueprint to address the flaws in our current system. The plan calls for continuously improving care, moving all payers to risk-adjusted prospective payment, and creating national entities for collecting, analyzing, and reporting patient safety and quality-of-care outcomes data. A number of recommendations are made to achieve these goals.
Parastomal hernia containing the stomach—a rare complication
Authors: Bodimeade Chris , Troller Rebekka 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A lady in her 70s presented to hospital with sudden onset nausea and excessive vomiting. She had a constant and worsening abdominal pain that radiated to the back but was focused on her stoma in the left iliac fossa. The patient had bilateral hernias and colostomy following a Hartman’s procedure for perforated diverticulosis in 2018 and had presented twice before in the last 6 months with similar symptoms. CT abdomen pelvis showed a large portion of the stomach in the parastomal hernia leading to a narrowing of the stomach at the hernia neck but no ischaemic changes. She was diagnosed with bowel obstruction and successfully treated with fluid resuscitation, proton pump inhibitors, analgesia, antiemetics and decompression of the stomach using large bore nasogastric tube. A total of 2600 ml fluid was aspirated in 24 h and her stoma restarted normal output. After 10 days she was discharged home.
On the expected purity of photometric galaxy surveys targeting the Cosmic Dawn
Authors: Furlanetto Steven R , Mirocha Jordan 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Over the last three decades, photometric galaxy selection using the Lyman-break technique has transformed our understanding of the high-z Universe, providing large samples of galaxies at $3 \lesssim z \lesssim 8$ with relatively small contamination. With the advent of the JWST, the Lyman-break technique has now been extended to z ∼ 17. However, the purity of the resulting samples has not been tested. Here, we use a simple model, built on the robust foundation of the dark matter halo mass function, to show that the expected level of contamination rises dramatically at $z \gtrsim 10$, especially for luminous galaxies, placing stringent requirements on the selection process. The most luminous sources at $z \gtrsim 12$ are likely at least 10 000 times rarer than potential contaminants, so extensive spectroscopic follow-up campaigns may be required to identify a small number of target sources.
The Last Books of the Dead
Authors: Albert Florence 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Book of the Dead was used from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period. Even if its content and typological evolution of the corpus begin to be well known for earlier periods (New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, Late Period, and the first part of the Ptolemaic Period), it is still difficult to understand the last developments of the Book of the Dead because of the rarity of dated and well-preserved manuscripts. Nevertheless, recent studies have focused on that specific funerary literature, highlighting several representative sources and some of their structural features. Thus, based on concrete examples, this chapter aims to draw an evolving picture of the Book of the Dead corpus in the last years of its use.
The Book of the Dead Papyri in the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty
Authors: Gülden Svenja A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the sources and composition of the Book of the Dead papyri of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty based on selected examples. The analysis focuses on the formal design of the manuscripts, which is mainly determined by format and layout. However, the choice of script as well as the combination and relationship of text and vignettes are also part of the formal design of Book of the Dead papyri. The selection of the Book of the Dead spells and their specific sequence is another distinctive feature of the papyrus manuscripts of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. In an excursus, the history of the present-day numbering of the Book of the Dead spells is also described. Further topics are the provenance of the sources and the owners of the Book of the Dead papyri. Finally, the (stock) production of manuscripts and the question of whether Book of the Dead papyri were produced especially for one person or were pre-produced and individualized for the owner in a later step are discussed.
The Conservation of Book of the Dead Papyri
Authors: Krutzsch Myriam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The material condition of Book of the Dead papyri kept in ancient Egyptian collections and museums around the world is affected by historical treatments and the accompanying dissection of often several-meters-long scrolls out of convenience. The papyrus sections that came out from the dissection were afterward laminated onto bases of different materials. Today, it is necessary to correct the alterations and damage that has been done and, if possible, to repair them. This article will demonstrate how to proceed in order to correct papyrus alterations through several examples. Furthermore, observations regarding the papyrus material and its structure as well as further technical details will be illustrated.
Thematic Groups and Sequences of Spells
Authors: Weber Felicitas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
More than two hundreds Book of the Dead chapters were available to be copied on papyrus, tomb walls, and other objects to ensure eternal existence for the deceased in the ancient Egyptian netherworld. Which chapters were finally chosen and how they were arranged depended not only on individual decisions, but also on the general zeitgeist and religious beliefs, of the time as well as on the personal taste of the owner. However, certain chapters tend to be grouped together in certain manners forming complex themes. Such common sequences are elucidated in this chapter, together with the general idea behind the composition of Book of the Dead manuscripts.
The International Legal Basis of Nuclear Security
Authors: Balci Yasemin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines nuclear security from the perspective of international law. It is intended for those interested in the international legal basis of the subject area, whether they are legally trained or not. The chapter identifies treaties as the main source of international law on nuclear security. It examines the amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) and International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (ICSANT) as well as related obligations in other treaties and UN Security Council resolutions. The chapter also analyses how ‘soft law’ and judicial decisions form a part of the international legal basis. It discusses proposals to strengthen the international legal basis of nuclear security and addresses the importance of universalization and the relationship with national legal frameworks through legislative implementation of international obligations.
The Evolution of Global Nuclear Security Governance
Authors: Bowen Wyn Q. , Cottee Matthew , Tzinieris Sarah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The architecture of global nuclear security governance comprises a complex set of treaties, international agreements, policy instruments, and guidance documents—some of which are formal and legally binding, and others that are informal and dependent on state-level commitment for their application. These instruments are broadly designed to prevent, deter, and respond to non-state actor acquisition of nuclear material for malign purposes. The chapter provides an overview of the evolution of global nuclear security governance. Employing a chronological approach, the chapter charts the formulation of international instruments on nuclear security and seeks to shed light on the international negotiations and policy debates that preceded important developments in the governance architecture. As will become clear, the evolution of global nuclear security governance has often been driven by policy responses to perceived threats or gaps in existing structures.
Nuclear Security for Next-Generation Reactors
Authors: Aghara Sukesh K. , Peel Ross 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Today’s operating nuclear power plant fleet is primarily composed of ageing Generation II reactors, these predominantly being in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, significant new build activity over the past two decades, primarily in Asia and in non-OECD countries more widely, is adding new Generation III and III+ reactors to a more globally distributed fleet. Previous construction, maintenance, and operational experience is now informing the development of the next generation of reactors, which are expected to be smaller and make use of novel technologies. To be operable in a free-market energy system, these novel nuclear power plants must be economically competitive with both large established nuclear power technologies and low-carbon energy generating options. Security accounts for a significant proportion of today’s nuclear power operating costs, including capital expenditures for expensive retrofits into existing plants. Consequently, to remain competitive, new approaches are needed to build security into the fabric of the plant during the design phase. The chapter introduces the evolutionary and innovative reactor designs (EID) under development. Detailed consideration of the many individual technologies is not feasible here; instead the chapter discusses some of the common elements relevant to many technologies, which can provide insights for the majority of EIDs, and considers the key areas that lead to changes in the security features of EIDs. It focuses on security-by-design approaches in the development of the next generation of nuclear reactors and addresses some safeguards-by-design elements where these link to security. It also covers the underlying frameworks of nuclear security and its suitability for EIDs.
Addressing the Confidence Gap in the Security of Military Nuclear Materials
Authors: Roecker Scott , Roth Nickolas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
All weapons-useable nuclear materials and facilities with such materials must be protected from theft or attack. For decades, countries have worked together through bilateral government channels, multilateral groups, and international organizations to strengthen nuclear security around the world. Over time, countries have made significant progress on reducing the likelihood of nuclear material theft or sabotage. Despite significant accomplishments, these efforts have primarily focused on a small subsection of the global supply of nuclear materials. More than 80 per cent of the world’s stocks of nuclear weapons-useable materials exist within nuclear weapons (or nuclear submarines) and the programmes that develop, build, and dispose of them. Nuclear security cooperation has largely focused on nuclear materials in civilian use; for political, cultural, and security reasons, very little is known about military nuclear security in countries that possess military nuclear materials. These materials are largely set apart from international laws and institutions and beyond the reach of existing mechanisms for international nuclear security cooperation. Moreover, current geopolitical trends are making cooperation between countries with military nuclear materials more difficult. Yet, strengthening international confidence in security for military materials is a critical element of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. The chapter describes what military materials are, discusses the legal mechanisms and international institutions that support strengthening security for military materials around the world, identifies why confidence in military materials security is important, and provides recommendations for the further strengthening of security for military materials and increasing broader confidence in that security.
Open Source Intelligence and Investigative Techniques for Locating Radioactive Materials
Authors: Duitsman Michael , Kalinina-Pohl Margarita 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Radioactive sources outside of regulatory control pose a wide range of safety and security threats to people and the environment. The chapter examines how traditional methods of administrative and physical searches to locate radioactive sources outside of regulatory control can be complemented by using open source intelligence (OSINT) techniques. The chapter discusses several types of open source data and analytical methods for locating radioactive sources outside of regulatory control and explains how the authors and others have used them as part of efforts to locate such material. A facility suspected to contain radioactive sources serves as an organizational hub for data and analysis. Different types of data, including satellite and ground truth imagery, academic and grey literature, news reports, and press releases are employed to learn about the facility, while social media provides information about current and former employees. The discussion of these data types is accompanied by examples and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the various OSINT techniques. While open source data cannot replace traditional methods, it can play an invaluable role in supplementing additional information to national inventories of radioactive sources.
Prediction of GutCheckNEC and Its Relation to Severity of Illness and Measures of Deterioration in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Gephart Sheila M. , Fleiner Michelle , Msowoya Amy , Rothers Janet 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) risk has been shown to arise from multiple sources and risk awareness may be supported using bedside tools.

Purpose:
The purpose of this research was to examine the extent to which GutCheckNEC was associated with scores for clinical deterioration, severity of illness, and clinical outcome, and further to examine how scores might improve NEC prediction.

Methods:
A retrospective, correlational case-control study with infant data from 3 affiliated neonatal intensive care units was conducted.

Results:
Of 132 infants (44 cases, 88 controls), most were 28 weeks of gestation at birth and less (74%). Median age at NEC onset was 18 days (range: 6-34 days), with two-thirds diagnosed before 21 days. At 68 hours of life, higher GutCheckNEC scores were associated with NEC requiring surgery or resulting in death (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.06, P = .036), associations that persisted at 24 hours prior to diagnosis (RRR = 1.05, P = .046), and at the time of diagnosis (RRR = 1.05, P = .022) but showed no associations for medical NEC. GutCheckNEC scores were significantly correlated with pediatric early warning scores (PEWS) (r > 0.30; P < .005) and SNAPPE-II scores (r > 0.44, P < .0001). Increasing numbers of clinical signs and symptoms were positively associated with GutCheckNEC and PEWS at the time of diagnosis (r = 0.19, P = .026; and r = 0.25, P = .005, respectively).

Implications for Practice and Research:
GutCheckNEC provides structure to streamline assessment and communication about NEC risk. Yet, it is not intended to be diagnostic. Research is needed on how GutCheckNEC impacts timely recognition and treatment.
Comparing Patient-Reported Outcomes, Complications, Readmissions, and Revisions in Posterior Lumbar Fusion With, Versus Without, an Interbody Device
Authors: Steinle Anthony M. , Vaughan Wilson E. , Croft Andrew J. , Hymel Alicia , Pennings Jacquelyn S. , Chanbour Hani , Asher Anthony , Gardocki Raymond , Zuckerman Scott L. , Abtahi Amir M. , Stephens Byron F. 
Published: June 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective analysis on prospectively collected data.

Objectives.
To compare posterior lumbar fusions with versus without an interbody in: 1) patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at 1 year, and 2) postoperative complications, readmission, and reoperations.

Summary of Background Data.
Elective lumbar fusion is commonly used to treat various lumbar pathologies. Two common approaches for open posterior lumbar fusion include posterolateral fusion (PLF) alone without an interbody and with an interbody through techniques like the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Whether fusion with or without an interbody leads to better outcomes remains an area of active research.

Methods.
The Lumbar Module of the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) was queried for adults undergoing elective primary posterior lumbar fusion with or without an interbody. Covariates included demographic variables, comorbidities, primary spine diagnosis, operative variables, and baseline patient-reported outcomes (PROs), including Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), North American Spine Society (NASS) satisfaction index, numeric rating scale (NRS)-back/leg pain, and Euroqol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D). Outcomes included complications, reoperations, readmissions, return to work/activities, and PROs. Propensity score matching and linear regression modeling were used to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) in order to assess the impact of interbody use on patient outcomes.

Results.
After propensity matching, there were 1,044 interbody patients and 215 PLF patients. ATT analysis showed that having an interbody or not had no significant impact on any outcome of interest, including 30-day complications and reoperations, 3-month readmissions, 12-month return to work, and 12-month PROs.

Conclusion.
There were no discernible differences in outcomes between patients undergoing PLF alone versus with an interbody in elective posterior lumbar fusion. These results add to the growing body of evidence that posterior lumbar fusions with and without an interbody appear to have similar outcomes up to one year postoperatively when treating degenerative lumbar spine conditions.
Associations between long-term aircraft noise exposure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in US cohorts of female nurses
Authors: Grady Stephanie T. , Hart Jaime E. , Laden Francine , Roscoe Charlotte , Nguyen Daniel D. , Nelson Elizabeth J. , Bozigar Matthew , VoPham Trang , Manson JoAnn E. , Weuve Jennifer , Adar Sara D. , Forman John P. , Rexrode Kathryn , Levy Jonathan I. , Peters Junenette L. 
Published: June 2023

Background:
There is limited research examining aircraft noise and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The objective of this study was to investigate associations of aircraft noise with CVD among two US cohorts, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII).

Methods:
Between 1994 and 2014, we followed 57,306 NHS and 60,058 NHSII participants surrounding 90 airports. Aircraft noise was modeled above 44 A-weighted decibels (dB(A)) and linked to geocoded addresses. Based on exposure distributions, we dichotomized exposures at 50 dB(A) and tested sensitivity of this cut-point by analyzing aircraft noise as categories (<45, 45–49, 50–54, ≥55) and continuously. We fit cohort-specific Cox proportional hazards models to estimate relationships between time-varying day-night average sound level (DNL) and CVD incidence and CVD and all-cause mortality, adjusting for fixed and time-varying individual- and area-level covariates. Results were pooled using random effects meta-analysis.

Results:
Over 20 years of follow-up, there were 4529 CVD cases and 14,930 deaths. Approximately 7% (n = 317) of CVD cases were exposed to DNL ≥50 dB(A). In pooled analyses comparing ≥50 with <50 dB(A), the adjusted hazard ratio for CVD incidence was 1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.12). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.96, 1.09). Patterns were similar for CVD mortality in NHS yet underpowered.

Conclusions:
Among participants in the NHS and NHSII prospective cohorts who generally experience low exposure to aircraft noise, we did not find adverse associations of aircraft noise with CVD incidence, CVD mortality, or all-cause mortality.
Learning Curve Analysis of Full-Length Costal Cartilage Harvesting by Plastic Surgery Residents: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Guo Junsheng , Zhang Xulong , Xu Yihao , Zheng Ruobing , You Jianjun , Fan Fei , Wang Huan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract:
Costal cartilage harvesting (CCH) is a fundamental skill for plastic surgery residents to master. Understanding the learning process is essential for optimizing training programs and ensuring patient safety. Previous research on learning curves has been limited. A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent CCH between January 2018 and December 2022. The learning process of 14 inexperienced residents was analyzed using the curve-fitting method, with operative time (OT) and complication rates as outcome measured. Data were compared with 4 attending surgeons who also performed CCH. Resident OTs decreased as experience grew, with the bi-exponential model fitting best. After 10 to 20 cases, the average OT decreased to around 40 minutes. By extrapolation, novice residents require ~50 cases to achieve a plateau of OT similar to the attending surgeons, around 27 minutes. Most complications of the resident group occurred within the first 10 to 20 cases, and the complication rate of attending surgeons was <1%. Harvesting on the left side and a higher body mass index resulted in longer OTs for residents. Harvesting the seventh rib required significantly more time for both residents and attending surgeons. The learning curve for CCH shows that 10 to 20 cases are necessary for residents to perform safely and efficiently. Training should progress gradually, starting with longer incisions and leaner patients, then moving to smaller incisions and more challenging cases.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.