bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staff Approaches Towards Electronic Learning for Palestinian Higher Education Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analytical Descriptive Study
Authors: Shunnar Samar , Sayeh Sarab 
Published: August 2023

Objectives: This research aims to identify the trends of teaching staff towards e-learning in Palestinian higher education institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic, record their responses towards it, measure the quality of e-learning outcomes from their perspective, and anticipate future visions and mechanisms for developing this type of learning to meet their needs and expectations.
Methods: The research adopted an analytical descriptive approach, which was deemed suitable for the problem at hand. Two tools, namely interviews and questionnaires, were utilized. The interviews targeted a sample of academic staff from various Palestinian universities, while the questionnaires were distributed among 214 academic staff members who were involved in the e-learning experiment during the pandemic, representing seven universities.
Results: Notable findings indicated that staff members encountered numerous difficulties with e-learning, including the significant effort and time it required, as well as psychological and personal barriers. However, some positive aspects of e-learning emerged, such as the ability to record lectures for students to review at their convenience. Additionally, the study found that the quality of e-learning was lower compared to face-to-face learning.
Conclusions: The study provides several recommendations, with the most important one being that each Palestinian higher education institution should develop its own strategy encompassing a detailed and clear plan for e-learning during emergency situations.
The Impact of Iran's Nuclear Program on Iranian-American Relations (2010-2021)
Authors: Mahasneh Shera , Al-Mashaqbeh Amin 
Published: August 2023

Objectives: This paper explores the relationship between Iran and the U.S., focusing on Iran's nuclear program. It examines how successive U.S. administrations have addressed the issue and analyzes the responses of newly elected Presidents of the U.S. and Iran, as well as the Prime Minister of Israel, to the ongoing Iran Nuclear Deal negotiations using an analytical approach.
Methods: The study employs an analytical methodology derived from the fields of political and social sciences, moving beyond traditional approaches in international relations.
Results: The paper argues that Iran's development and acquisition of nuclear weapons, as a regional power, pose a direct threat to regional stability and may trigger a nuclear arms race. The interests of the U.S. and its allies in the region would also be endangered.
Conclusions: The paper concludes that both Washington and Tehran should reach a mutually beneficial agreement to maintain regional power balance and prevent the potential for an arms race, especially with the seventh round of negotiations approaching. As Iran pursues destabilizing regional ambitions in the Middle East, posing a strategic threat to U.S. interests and allies, the U.S. should reassess its Middle East policy to ensure that Iran does not exploit sanctions relief and its remaining nuclear energy capacity to expand its revolutionary agenda throughout the region.
The Role of the Virtual Social Network (Facebook) in Spreading Verbal Abuse: A Perspective of Jordanian University Students
Authors: Alkhaddam Hamza Khalil 
Published: August 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and analyze the role of the virtual social network, specifically Facebook, in spreading verbal abuse among Jordanian university students. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the concept and types of "verbal abuse" prevalent on Facebook, as perceived by Jordanian university students.
Methods: The study employed a descriptive analytical approach to achieve its objectives. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to 371 male and female students in public universities.
Results: The results revealed that the students believe Facebook contributes to the spread of verbal abuse, evident in the language used in users' tweets and posts. Moreover, the study found no statistically significant differences in the role of Facebook in spreading verbal abuse among the study sample based on gender or educational level.
Conclusions: Based on these findings, the study recommends conducting further research on the role of Facebook in perpetuating verbal abuse.
Digital technologies in the means of communication
Authors: Rasmi Musa Intisar 
Published: August 2023

Modern digital technologies have affected the means of communication in terms of structure, function and methods of dealing with them, and the communication process has changed, becoming bilateral, reciprocal and interactive, after it was one-way and limited in circulation and the roles changed, so the receiver became the sender and reversed is correct, and the culture of the active user and the participant spread, and the communication process became continuous.The international information network has provided new electronic channels in the media and communication that are not known and opened a new era for these means, which led to a trend towards digital media in an unprecedented way.The new communication platforms are the result of modern digital technologies, represented by Facebook, WhatsApp, Telegram, Twitter, blogs and other electronic platforms, and they have an important communication role in societies, therefore societies have become open after they were closed to themselves, and this in turn affected the process of communication, contact and the formation of public opinion, whether was it negatively or positively.The innovations that were reinforced by digital technologies and modern technology, began to lead us towards a new arrangement of the communication system, where the traditional communication process was transformed and the information transmission process became involving new digital communicative interaction processes, previously uncharacteristic, in this regard, the researcher noticed the importance of this topic in highlight on these drastic transformations in the process of communication and digital contact, and the research problem was identified.
Through the following questions:
1. What is digital technology, the new structure of modern means of communication.2. What are the changes and the new environment brought by digital technology and its role in the process of digital communication and contact.
ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺑﺭﺹ "ﻣﻣﻬﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﺭﻳـﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ" (١٩٦٣-١٩٦٠ )
Authors: ﻡ.ﺩ.ﻣﻧﺗﻬﻰ ﻋﺫﺍﺏ ﺫﻭﻳﺏ  
Published: August 2023

ﺘﺼـور اﻟﻌـﺎﻟم أن اﻟﻘﻀـﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺒرﺼـﻴﺔ ﺤﻠـت ﺒﺘوﻗﻴـﻊ اﺘﻔـﺎﻗﻴﺘﻲ زﻴـورخ – ﻟﻨـدن ٬ اﻟﻠﺘـﺎن
وﻀﻌﺘﺎ اﺴﺎس دوﻟﺔ ﻗﺒرص ٬ اذ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺘﺎ دﺴﺘور اﻟﺠزﻴـرة ٬ اﻟـذي ﺤـدد ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺸـﻛﻝ ﻨظـﺎم اﻟﺤﻛـم
٬ ﻓــﺄﻋﻠن اﺴــﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻬورﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺴــﺎدس ﻋﺸــر ﻤــن آب ٬ ١٩٦٠ وﻟﻛــن ﻤــﺎ ﺤﺼــﻝ ﻫــو
اﻟﻌﻛـس ٬ ﻓﻘـد ﻛـﺎن ذﻟـك ﺒداﻴـﺔ ﻷزﻤـﺔ ﺠدﻴـدة ﺤـوﻝ ﺒﻌـض ﺸـروط اﻟدﺴـﺘور ٬ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـم ﺘﻛـن
ﻟﺘرﻀـﻲ طﻤـوح اﻟﻘﺒﺎرﺼـﺔ اﻟﻴوﻨـﺎﻨﻴﻴن ٬ ﻛﻤـﺎ أﻨﻬـم ﻋـدوﻫﺎ اﺠﺤﺎﻓـﺎ ﺒﺤﻘـوﻗﻬم ﻛﺄﻏﻠﺒﻴـﺔ. وﻗـد ﺠـﺎء
ﻤوﻀــوع ﻫــذا اﻟﺒﺤــث "اﻻزﻤــﺔ اﻟدﺴــﺘورﻴﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻗﺒــرص ﻤﻤﻬــداﺘﻬﺎ وﻤﺤﺎوﻟــﺔ ﻤﻛــﺎرﻴوس اﻟﺜﺎﻟــث
اﻟﺨـروج ﻤـن ٬ "١٩٦٣-١٩٦٠ رﻏﺒـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺴـﻠﻴط اﻟﻀـوء ﻋﻠـﻰ طﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺘﻠـك اﻻزﻤـﺔ ٬ ﻤﺤﻠـﻼً

ﻋواﻤﻠﻬﺎ وﻤﺒﻴﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﺒب ﻓﻲ ﺤدوﺜﻬﺎ .
ﺘﻛـون اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻤـن ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻤﻘدﻤـﺔ وأرﺒﻌـﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺤـث وﺨﺎﺘﻤـﺔ ﺘﻀـﻤﻨت اﻫـم اﻻﺴـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت
اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘوﺼـﻝ اﻟﻴﻬـﺎ . ﻓﻘـد ﺘﻨـﺎوﻝ اﻟﻤﺒﺤـث اﻷوﻝ وﺠﻬﺘـﻲ ﻨظـر ﻤﺠﻤـوﻋﺘﻲ ﺴـﻛﺎن ﻗﺒـرص ﻤـن
اﻟﻴوﻨـﺎﻨﻴﻴن واﻻﺘــ ارك ﻓــﻲ اﻻﺘﻔــﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴن . أﻤــﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺤــث اﻟﺜــﺎﻨﻲ ٬ ﻓﻘــد رﻛــز ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺒﻨــود اﻟدﺴــﺘور
اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠـف ﺤـوﻝ ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ﺒـﻴن اﻟﻤﺠﻤـوﻋﺘﻴن اﻟﻘﺒرﺼـﻴﺔ اﻟﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴـﺔ واﻟﻘﺒرﺼـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘرﻛﻴـﺔ . وﺘطـرق
اﻟﻤﺒﺤـث اﻟﺜﺎﻟـث اﻟـﻰ اﻋـﻼن اﻟـرﺌﻴس ﻤﻛـﺎدﻴوس اﻟﺜﺎﻟـث ﻋـن ﻨواﻴـﺎﻩ ﺒﺘﻌـدﻴﻝ اﻟدﺴـﺘور وﺨطـﺔ
اﻛرﻴﺘﺎس. وﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺒﺤث اﻟ ارﺒﻊ "ﻤﻘﺘرﺤـﺎت ﻤﻛـﺎدﻴوس اﻟﺜﺎﻟـث ﻟﻠﺨـروج ﻤـن اﻻزﻤـﺔ ٬" اذ ﺘﻀـﻤن

اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺜﻼث ﻋﺸرة ﻟﺘﻌدﻴﻝ اﻟدﺴﺘور .
أﻓﺎد اﻟﺒﺤث ﻤن اﻟﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻲ اﻏﻨﺘﻪ ﻛﺜﻴ ار ٬ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺤوت ﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
دﻗﻴﻘــﺔ ورﺼــﻴﻨﺔ وﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ٬ ﻛﺘــﺎب ﺨﻠﻴــﻝ إﺒــ ارﻫﻴم ﺼــﺎﻟﺢ ٬ Halil Ibrahim Salih
" Cyprus the Impact of Divers Nationalism on a State " ٬ وﻛﺘـﺎب ﺒﻴﻴـر

أوﺒﻴرﻨﺞ Pierre Oberling " The Cyprus Tragedy " وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر .
ﺃﻭﻻً : ﻭﺟﻬﺗﺎ ﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﺭﺻﻳﺗﻳﻥ ( ۱۱ ) ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻳﺗﻲ ﺯﻳﻭﺭﺥ­ﻟﻧﺩﻥ:
Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Immunity via Targeting Autophagic Process Using siRNA Antagonist Atg-5 in MCF-7 Cells.
Authors: Alian Amira , Guirgis Adel A. , Khalil Hany 
Published: August 2023

Background: Breast cancer initiates when normal breast epithelial cells begin to replicate unusually. These cells divide more rapidly than normal cells and continue to be accumulated and formed a lump or mass. Cells may migrate (metastasis stage) from breast tissues to lymph nodes or other human body parts. Cellular autophagy is one of the most critical mechanisms in breast cancer development. Autophagy plays a dual function as a tumor support process or suppressor mechanism. Accordingly, we aimed to highlight the molecular role of autophagy in breast cancer development and cancer therapy using RNA interference (RNAi).
Material and Methods: MCF-7 cell line was used to investigate the direct connection between breast cancer and the autophagy pathway using a respective siRNA antagonist, Atg-5.
Results: MCF-7 cell morphology was markedly influenced by transfection with siRNA antagonist Atg-5 compared with control-transfected and untreated cells. Likewise, the number of liPleving MCF-7 cells reduced in transfected cells with siRNA that antagonist ATG-5, while the relative lactate dehydrogenates (LDH) production significantly increased compared with control-transfected cells. Notably, the knockdown efficiency of Atg-5 gene expression was almost 60% inhibition when the MCF-7 was transfected with the siRNA antagonist Atg-5. Furthermore, the relative gene expression of interleukin -8 (IL-8) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) downregulated in response to depleted Atg-5 in transfected cells.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that downregulation of Atg-5 leads to sufficient disturbance of autophagic machinery and subsequently regulates breast cancer cell proliferation.
Teachers’ Perception on The Aim of Reading Material in an English Textbook
Authors: Afersa Mona 
Published: August 2023

Teaching material takes an important part to the success of teaching and learning. Moreover, Teachers’ perception on the reading materials is essential because it gives valuable input about teaching materials used in the teaching learning process. The main source of teaching materials comes from textbook. This research analyzes reading materials in students’ English textbook for grade XI semester I. The purpose of this research is to describe how are the reading materials in the aspects of aims viewed from the teachers’ perception. Source of the data in this research is divided into two. First is the analysis checklist of reading materials in the students’ English textbook for grade XI semester I filled by three analysts. Two of the analysts are the English teachers at different schools while the other one is the researcher herself. Second is the interview gotten from the teacher who is also one of the analysts in order get more data about the teacher’s perception on the reading material especially about the strength and weakness of the aims of the material. The analyses found that the aims of the reading material fulfill the good criteria of reading aim.
Model-Based Safe Reinforcement Learning with Time-Varying State and Control Constraints: An Application to Intelligent Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Xinglong , Peng Yaoqian , Luo Biao , Pan Wei , Xu Xin , Xie Haibin 
Published: August 2023

<p>In recent years, safe reinforcement learning (RL) with the actor-critic structure has gained significant interest for continuous control tasks. However, achieving near-optimal control policies with safety and convergence guarantees remains challenging. Moreover, few works have focused on designing RL algorithms that handle time-varying safety constraints. This paper proposes a safe RL algorithm for optimal control of nonlinear systems with time-varying state and control constraints. The algorithm's novelty lies in two key aspects. Firstly, the approach introduces a unique barrier force-based control policy structure to ensure control safety during learning. Secondly, a multi-step policy evaluation mechanism is employed, enabling the prediction of policy safety risks under time-varying constraints and guiding safe updates. Theoretical results on learning convergence, stability, and robustness are proven. The proposed algorithm outperforms several state-of-the-art RL algorithms in the simulated Safety Gym environment. It is also applied to the real-world problem of integrated path following and collision avoidance for two intelligent vehicles – a differential-drive vehicle and an Ackermann-drive one. The experimental results demonstrate the impressive sim-to-real transfer capability of our approach, while showcasing satisfactory online control performance.</p>
Hierarchical State-of-Charge Balancing and Second-Harmonic Current Suppressing Control with a Scalable DC Reconfigurable Battery Pack
Authors: Zheng Chen , Liu Chang , Zhang Yikai , Yang Ranchen , Chen Guozhu 
Published: August 2023

<p>This paper develops a scalable dc reconfigurable battery pack (RBP) and the accompanying hierarchical balancing algorithm. The battery cells in the RBP are divided into several modules, and each module is equipped with a slave controller that is only responsible for a subset of cells. The system controller performs the closed-loop control and allocates the desired voltage steps into battery modules. The hierarchical algorithm significantly reduces communication and computation requirements for large-scale applications. Moreover, considering the second-harmonic current (SHC) widely existing in a single-phase dc/ac system, which may induce the aging of battery cells, the dc RBP is used to suppress the SHC for the first time without an additional central dc/dc converter. Due to the high output voltage quality and low-frequency operation of the dc RBP, the filter size can be significantly reduced and the efficiency of the system can be improved. Experimental validation of the proposed control scheme is presented using a dc RBP containing 48 3-Ah 18650 lithium-ion cells. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively balance battery cells and suppress the SHC. </p>
Challenges and Opportunities of Computational Intelligence in Industrial Control System (ICS)
Authors: Siddique Sunzida , haque Mohd Ariful , Rifat Rakib Hossain , das laxmi rani , Talukder Sajedul , Alam Syed Bahauddin , Gupta Kishor Datta 
Published: August 2023

<p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is not a fancy term anymore, or not limited to only researchers and academia. AI is currently becoming a part and parcel of our daily life, we are using AI/ intelligent systems by knowing or without knowing. Event product manufacturers are also trying to incorporate AI with their products to make it more preferable to consumers and trying to get the full benefit of using AI in their production and control units even for business decisions. Therefore, In our paper, we give a comprehensive survey of recent advances in Computational intelligence in industrial Control Systems and cover many usages of how industrial Control Systems are getting benefits from using Computational intelligence. We covered multiple domains like Manufacturing, Energy Management, Transportation, Food and Beverage Industry, and Pharmaceutical Industry, how these industries are utilizing multiple CI-based control systems like Programmable Logic Controllers, Distributed Control Systems, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, Industrial Automation, and Control Systems, Intelligent Electronic Devices and found benefits in their operations and manufacturing which helping them to focus more in innovation and improvement of their products. We believe that this survey shall be valuable to researchers across academia and industry.</p>
Politeness in Imam Ali's Letter to Malik Al-Ashtar
Authors: Mirza Ramia Fu'ad 
Published: August 2023

Politeness is a clear enough pragmatic concept that has been dealt with extensively from various points of view. This commonness brings to the forefront the impression that there might be nothing new to add to the topic when a paper makes its appeal to attempt it recently. However, this paper endeavors to prove something different. This is supported by observing that there do exist certain contexts where politeness plays a subsidiary (or no) role in communication (be it written or spoken). The most readily cited example is the institutional contexts whereby issuing an official punishment, for instance, has nothing to do with politeness. Yet, this should not lead to the over-hasty conclusion that such contexts are impolite; it is just that politeness is employed in a rather peculiar way. It is this peculiarity on which the present paper rests. More specifically, this work traces the way by which Imam Ali, being the super-ordinate ruler, makes, when issuing letters to address his co-ordinate rulers, certain alignments between being authoritative and polite at the same time. This alignment is mostly highlighted when noticing that politeness, in one of its instantiations, involves giving the addressee options, whereas authority impedes this freedom. As such, in certain positions, Imam Ali issues mitigated commands to Malik, in other cases, he uses direct counterparts. That is, the strategies of politeness in the aforementioned letter vary according to the issue being discussed, and not according to the addressee himself.
Molecular study of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from skin infection
Authors: Ali Al-Shawi Israa , Hasan Kadhum Sarah , Mohammad Taher Essam 
Published: August 2023

Eight isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were identified among one hundred fifty of Gram-negative bacteria grown on MacConkey agar that was isolated from different clinical skin specimens in Al-Najaf Al- Ashraf province hospitals. A.baumannii identification depends on morphological ,microscopic examination and biochemical tests and confirmed by Api20E .The results showed that 60% of all A.baumannii isolates produce biofilm and carry csuE gene while 40% of all A.baumannii isolates carry ompA gene .
Potential Nephroprotectice Effect of Curcumin against Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity : An Experimental Study In Rats
Authors: A. Majeed Sahar , K.Alhydari Karar , I. Mohammad Bassim 
Published: August 2023

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a serious & common side effect of aminoglycoside and is induced by generation of reactive oxygen species. Emerging evidence reveals that curcumin possesses antioxidant activity, therefore, this research was undertaken to evaluate the potential protective effects of curcumin in amiloration of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in male rats.Materials and Methods:Eighteen male Spraque-Dawley rats were included in this study. They were divided randomly into three equal groups (six rats each). Groups I (Control) received only normal saline i.p, Groups II (GN) received gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day), Group III (GN+CUR) received a combination treatment gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p) & curcumin (200 mg/kg/day p.o). The duration of treatment was eight days and at the end of the study, animals were sacrificed and the blood sample was collected for assessment of renal function, blood urea & serum creatinine. Both kidneys were removed and prepared for a histopathology examination.Results: blood urea and creatinine were significantly higher (P < .05) in gentamycin treated group (group II) as compared to the control group (group I). However, the levels of these parameters in group 3 (co-treatment of gentamicin and curcumin) were significantly lower than those in group 2 (P < .05). Further, the histological score of renal damage was higher in the gentamicin group than in the control group. Combination treatment of curcumin and gentamicin (groupIII) significantly attenuated the histopathological damage.Conclusion: Curcumin attenuated gentamicin-induced renal injury in rats’ models.
Microanatomy and histological study of the Salt Glands of the territorial lovebirds (Agapornis taranta)
Authors: Al-kelaby Waleed J.A. 
Published: August 2023

The present study was conducted to determine the anatomical and histological structure of the salt glands in territorial lovebirds (Agapornis taranta).
In this study used (15) adult birds, which divided in tow groups, the first group contains (5) birds used for anatomical study includes positon, shape, segmentation, weight and width.
The second group includes (10) other birds used for histological study. Two types of stains were used. This study revealed that the lovebirds owns a pair of salt glands, It is well advanced located (left and right), anatomically the salt glands of lovebirds are situated in the supra orbital grooves of the frontal bones and covered by thine connective tissue membrane. The salt glands appear as crescent shape or narrow oval shape with anterior pointed part and posterior broad part. The mean weight (0.25 ) gm. Its mean length gland (2.8 mm and the mean width are (0.26 ) mm.
Histological examination revealed that the functional unit of the salt gland in form of secretory lobule which is represented a tubular structure that radiate around a central canal that drain in a mine duct which is lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium and leads to collecting duct that leads to anterior of the nasal cavity.
Pathological study of alcoholic plant agolanceolata crude extracts effect on some Salmonella species invitro and in vivo
Authors: AL-kafaji Narjis Amer , Zghair Zainab R. , AL-Rubaie MethaqGhlibAbd 
Published: August 2023

This study was designed to explore the pathological effect of alcoholic plant agolanceolata crude extracts effect on some Salmonella species invitro and in vivo study by using laboratory mice .plant agolanceolata crude extract were dealing in vitro study against some virulent bacteria including Salmonella typhimurium ,Salmonella typhiond Salmonella hadar. And using the concentrations (100,150,200,250 and 300) mg for plan tagolanceolata crude extract ,concentration at 300 mg and the highest inhibitory effect on the three types of salmonella ,when compared with the other concentrations .The pathological study of plant agolanceolata crude extract was done against the infection of Salmonella typhimurium as in vivo study by using white laboratory mice.
Twenty four mice were randomly divided into six groups, each group contain four animals. First group was administrated orally o.3 ml of Salmonella typhimuriumof bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally for one week of infection. Second group administrated orally with 0.3 ml of bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally of Salmonella typhimurium for two weeks as infection. Third group administrated orally with 0.3 ml of bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally Salmonella typhimurium for three weeks as infection. Fourth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for one week daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Fifth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for two weeks daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. And sixth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for three weeks daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium.
The histopathological study showed pathological changes in theintestine of the first , second and third groups that infected with Salmonella typhimuriumbacteria, (sixfhgroup)no clear pathological changes were reported except some lesions. For all, the plantagolanceolata extract apparently has therapeutic effect whenused in high concentration invitro and for long time invivo.