bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Friendships and peer groups in the teen years—our perspective
Authors: Osgood D. Wayne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the volume by describing the origins of the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers project and presenting the conceptual framework for studying the connections between friendships and risky behavior across adolescence. It begins with the story of the project’s origin as a fortuitous outgrowth of the PROSPER community-level prevention trial. Next, the importance of the topic is discussed in terms of the simultaneous growth during adolescence in the prominence of peers and in many risky behaviors. This in turn has led to an emphasis on peer influence in both explanations of those behaviors and efforts to prevent them. The remainder of the chapter introduces a network-based conceptual framework. It begins with the ways in which a network perspective broadens understanding of peer influence, especially by directing substantive attention to selection processes. The remainder of the chapter presents concepts of network structure and position and of individual, group, and network levels of analysis.
The role of parenting in shaping the friendship context of adolescent substance use
Authors: Rulison Kelly L. , Chahl Avery , Hoeben Evelien M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines three ways parents can shape the peer context of adolescent substance use: (1) Parents shape who their children select as friends and spend (unsupervised) time with; (2) parents shape how susceptible their children are to influence from these friends; and (3) parents influence their children’s friends’ attitudes and behaviors. This chapter starts by reviewing what is known about family-peer relationships, then describes three empirical studies that utilized social network data from PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers to examine how parents shape the friendship context. Study 1 demonstrated that parenting practices can shape both friendship selection and influence. For example, adolescents who reported consistent parental discipline and those who spent less unsupervised time with friends were less likely to select alcohol-using peers as friends. Adolescents who reported experiencing more consistent parental discipline and better parental knowledge were more likely to be influenced by their friends’ alcohol use. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that friendship groups and friends link adolescents to the influence of their friends’ parents. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of these findings for family-focused interventions, as parents not only directly influence adolescent substance use, but also indirectly influence substance use by shaping adolescents’ friendship context.
Variation in network processes across community and school district contexts
Authors: McMillan Cassie , Ragan Daniel T. , Colindres Alana 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
An established line of research finds that adolescent networks both shape and are shaped by individual participation in problem behaviors, such as delinquency, drinking, and smoking. However, less work considers whether the processes linking risky behaviors and peer networks differ across community and school district contexts. This chapter considers whether there are significant differences in four network processes related to friend selection and peer influence across the large sample of longitudinal networks from the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers study. Overall, we find limited evidence for meaningful variations in processes across networks, suggesting that interventions designed to promote positive behaviors in the context of peer networks can be applied similarly across communities. However, we also find important exceptions. For instance, in schools with larger student bodies, students engaged in delinquency and past-month drinking send more friendship ties than would otherwise be expected. We discuss the implications of our findings for school-based intervention programs and conclude with suggestions for future work.
Future directions for research on networks and adolescent health
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the major contributions the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers study has made to understanding how adolescents’ social networks influence their health behaviors. The chapter then discusses four areas in which network research is expected to expand: (1) measurement, (2) intervention, (3) moderation/mediation; and (4) analytic strategies. Given the strong influence networks have on many behaviors, network intervention applications are likely to expand, thus providing the impetus to improve network measurement by going beyond a single adolescent friendship question. This will in turn give rise to more attention to incorporating network variables as moderators and/or mediators as a supplement to standard evaluation methods. Finally, attention is turned to network analytic strategies and observations how the PROSPER Peers team has employed many different approaches, from the calculation of simple network metrics such as centrality to complex stochastic-oriented models as estimated in Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis (SIENA). Future research in these areas can extend the impressive list of PROSPER findings and expand both the reach and the impact of our efforts on improving health and understanding the social contextual conditions to maximize them.
The Modi Government and the Uses and Limits of India’s Religious Soft Power
Authors: Ganguly Sumit 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The election of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, with a clear-cut majority for his nativist, Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), marked a watershed in Indian politics. This chapter traces the evolution of Indian soft power since the premiership of Jawaharlal Nehru, who, as the country’s first prime minister, situated Indian soft power as a primarily secular tool that sought to capitalize on the country’s civilizational heritage rather than its religious traditions. However, under Modi, India has chosen to utilize and emphasize particular religious traditions in its soft-power strategy, including Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Ultimately, India’s attempts to burnish its global image through the use of religious soft power will be tarnished because of its sharp turn toward illiberalism under Modi and its mistreatment of religious minorities, particularly Muslims.
Shi’i Diplomacy
Authors: Wastnidge Edward 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Iran, since its attempts to export the Islamic Revolution in the 1980s, has invested in building diplomatic and religious infrastructure, expanding its religious outreach activities across the Shi’i world in a demonstration of its growing religious soft power. This chapter starts by contextualizing Iran’s religious soft power by exploring the role of religiously informed notions of justice that are foundational to the Islamic Republic’s foreign policy. It then examines how elements of Shi’i identity are utilized to provide justification for Iranian strategic and military engagements in the Middle East, as well as how Iran’s cultural and soft-power strategies play out in Lebanon through various state-sponsored outreach and development initiatives.
The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World, Volume II
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book introduces the history and archaeology of ancient Athens in the period 800–500 bce. Following the standard arrangement of the Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World series, it deals successively with the sources; environmental setting; material culture (settlement pattern, burial customs, ceramic production); political, legal, and diplomatic history; economy and demography; social and religious customs; and cultural history (including history of sculpture) of archaic Athens. It provides not only a full and up-to-date guide to all these various aspects of Athenian history and archaeology, but also an integrated history that shows how the different aspects fit together. The reader is guided through an exciting story of the way in which the territory of Attica was re-occupied after the collapse of Bronze Age civilization; how Athens emerged as the dominant settlement; how the claims of family, place, and wealth were played out against one another; and how the Athenians came to place themselves both in relation to the wider Greek world and in relation to the gods. The account is illustrated with abundant maps and photographs that bring the world of Athens to life and enable the reader to recreate life on the ground. The political and cultural achievements of classical Athens (democracy, tragedy, the Parthenon, and its sculpture) rested upon the foundations created in the archaic period, but this book shows that archaic Athens did not merely provide foundations for what came later, but it offered a fascinating history and culture of its own.
Diplomatic History and External Relations
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces Athenian relations with a wider world from the end of the seventh century to the Persian wars. Athens’ first recorded intervention outside Attica was the occupation of Sigeion, which marked the beginning of a long-continued close interest in the north Aegean and Hellespont; the connections of this settlement with Athenian trade and interest in the Black Sea are discussed. The chapter further explores the connections of the tyrant Peisistratos, which were arguably largely personal in nature, and the relations with Persia of post-Kleisthenic Athenian democracy. The chapter outlines Athens’ military history and military organization and discusses Athenian settlements abroad and their circumstances.
Cultural History
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 addresses the question of whether there was a distinctive Athenian culture. This is explored briefly with regard to the local alphabet and Athenian pottery, which has been more extensively discussed in Section 4.5, and then extensively through a history of Athenian sculpture. Athenian sculpture is traced through the great series of kouroi and korai from Athens and Attica, from the Dipylon and Sounion kouroi to the Anavyssos kouros, Aristodikos, and the Kritian Boy, and from the “Berlin Standing Goddess” and the funerary kore of Phrasikleia through the extraordinary sequence of korai from the Athenian acropolis. It is also traced through the architectural sculpture on temples (already discussed in Section 11.3), and through sixth-century grave reliefs. Among minor arts, jewelry is discussed. A short history is also provided of Athenian literature,
Historical Culture in Iron Age Italy
Authors: Bernard Seth 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Long before the emergence of Roman historical writing, the indigenous societies of Iron Age Italy were actively engaged in the transmission and use of the past. This book draws innovatively from anthropological and archaeological theory to provide a first account of this early historical interest. Key is an expansion from history narrowly defined to historical culture: the forms of written, narrative history familiar to us today are by no means the only manner in which societies articulate past and present. A new and more expansive understanding of what history is helps us recognize pervasive historical interests across a wider range of media. From the Early Iron Age to the third century BCE, Italian communities used a rich variety of burial practices, objects, calendars, and images to record and transmit their history. This book brings all this material together under the rubric of historical culture. The assembled evidence shows how Italy’s historical culture transformed over time as a reflection of broader changes in Italian social structure. The historical culture of Early Iron Age communities in Italy was transformed by the emergence and development of urban society before ultimately being absorbed by Roman imperial power. As the case of Iron Age Italy shows, different societies had different customs, and this applies to the ways in which communities engaged with their past. The account provides readers with an accessible presentation of several recent and important archaeological discoveries from Pre-Roman Italy.
The Radical Imagination of Black Women
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Radical Imagination of Black Women: Ambition, Politics, and Power explores how elite Black women decide to seek political office. Despite their marginalized existence, Black women engage in robust political participation that includes seeking elected office. Utilizing interviews of Black women who currently or have served in office and focus group data of Black women, the manuscript bridges the literatures of ambition theory and marginalization through a theory referred to as “ambition on the margins.” Black women’s resistance to marginalization informs us about the conditions that shape Black women and their political socialization, while ambition theory helps us understand what they do in response to marginalization. The socialization process fosters the decision-making process of Black women. This framework moves the extant literature beyond the premise that the political ambition of Black women is less than white women or men. Political science’s approach to ambition negates and disregards mechanisms beyond voting that Black women often engage in, such as doing political work through community and civic organizations. That data provided from interviews reveal the complex dynamics that contribute to the nuanced process that Black women emerge as candidates and engage as politicians.
Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Porter Louis Howard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why the USSR went from almost withdrawing from UNESCO at the end of the 1950s to regarding participation in the agency as its best bet to succeed in the international organizational system by the end of the next decade. Focusing on Soviet involvement in UNESCO’s educational technical assistance activities in the decolonizing world from the “Year of Africa” in 1960 to the eve of détente in 1967, it provides an overview of Soviet aid through the organization in the context of the UN’s “Decade of Development.” Although Soviet officials considered UNESCO an instrument for Western “neo-imperialism,” they defended it in the midst of American efforts to undermine its centrality by looking to other, exclusively Western institutions to send aid to “weakly-developed countries.” This defense contributed to the normalization of Soviet membership in the organization, making the USSR and UNESCO strange bedfellows in a rapidly pluralizing world order.
Introduction
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains that the entire history of the music industry is one of repeated technological disruption. It lays out the 10 formats that we will examine in detail, starting with the invention of the phonograph through the streaming era and today’s emergence of voice control and artificial intelligence. It describes how multiple innovations come together to enable the creation of new formats for experiencing music—and how once that new format occupies a dominant market position, the other elements of the business shift as well. It introduces the framework we use to analyze each of these disruptive changes, called the 6Cs, and its components: cutting-edge technology, creators, channels, cash, consumers, and copyright.
Streaming Video
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise of streaming video services and apps as popular means of distributing and consuming music. It details the rapid rise of both YouTube in the mid-2000s and TikTok in the late 2010s. The chapter covers the roles of user-uploaded content, audio recognition technology, and laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), all of which enabled services like YouTube and TikTok to leverage “opt-out” music licensing as opposed to the “opt-in” licensing used by services like Spotify. It discusses the various attempts to address the so-called value gap that has resulted from opt-out licensing, and the global nature of opt-out licensing facilitating the rise of global megastars like Justin Bieber and Luis Fonsi. The chapter also covers phenomena such as viral hits on YouTube, back-catalog music that has been revitalized on TikTok, and the increasing influence on the creative process of user-selected short clips on TikTok.
Coda
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies in two ways the lessons of the 6C Framework described in the book. First, it considers each of the 6Cs (cutting-edge technology, creators, channels, consumers, cash, and copyright) across the music distribution formats discussed in the book. These discussions include the triumph of convenience over quality in music formats; economic difficulties giving rise to risk tolerance; artists discovering the creative possibilities in new formats; the law’s growing struggle to keep up with technological advances; and record labels’ constant underestimation of fans’ tolerance for racial diversity. Second, the chapter considers how each of the 6Cs applies to another industry. Industries covered here include coffee, textbook publishing, newspapers, ride-sharing services, professional basketball, and movies.
Movies, Examples, and Morality
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Movies can engender moral learning through the viewer’s admiration for characters as examples. The chapter discusses the nature of emotions in life and at the movies. Admiration can be a long-term cognitive state, or it can be an occurrent emotion. Movies are criterially prefocused to elicit admiration for certain characters. The chapter uses the example of the movie Little Women and its elicitation of admiration for Jo. It then discusses the notion of virtue wheels, whereby characters are designed explicitly to be compared and contrasted with one another vis-à-vis virtues and vices. Here the chapter uses the example of Parenthood, influenced by Joseph Kupfer’s discussion of the film in his Visions of Virtue in Popular Film.
Out for Blood
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Although the embryo protection hypothesis can help explain why women’s iron levels are lower, biomedical practitioners tend to favor another explanation: menstruation. This chapter uses both evolutionary and feminist thought to understand menstruation’s relationship to iron deficiency, beginning with its taboo status in many cultures—including the culture of biomedicine. It argues that taboo drove physicians to view menstruation as pathology, casting women as “the weaker sex.” Despite the efforts of early women doctors to explain that menstruation did not make women weak, tired, or drained of blood, the idea of menstruation as a pathology persists, including as a cause of iron deficiency. This sets up the core question of this chapter: If menstruation involves the loss of iron—a precious reproductive resource—why would menstruation evolve? This chapter covers three explanations for the evolution of menstruation and the implications for women, busting misconceptions about its relationship to iron status.
Blood from a Stone
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Racial disparities in iron status persist among U.S. women, a phenomenon with a long social reach. This chapter argues that iron deficiency in the United States is gendered and racialized, tracing the history of two distinct iron-related ailments pre-20th century: chlorosis and Cachexia Africana. Colonialist race science shaped the way each illness was defined; and each illness disappeared as the social need for them changed with time. Iron status was also targeted as the science of heredity exploded in the early 20th century. The chapter discusses the racialization of iron status by scientists and anthropologists who saw racial disparities as genetic, the cause of different bloods, and further proof that Black and White people had fundamentally different genes. This structural racism has profoundly unequal effects on maternal morbidity and mortality, an enduring legacy of a racist science.
Economic Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Questions about people’s uneven access to material and cultural resources are central to contemporary discourse about the nature of society, obligations of the well-off to share the benefits they enjoy, and the role of governments and individuals in approaches to the causes and consequences of wealth and poverty. These questions are increasingly informed by awareness of intersectionality, that is, the ways in which economic status interplays with attitudes toward and conditions experienced by people of various races, genders, classes, and ethnicities, however these are culturally and socially defined. This chapter focuses on attitudes to and recommendations for dealing with poverty in the legal traditions preserved in the biblical books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy, and then turns to a Tannaitic halakik midrash Sifra to explore how the early Rabbinic tradition interprets a few key verses in Leviticus. The preserved legal texts in the Pentateuch admit of variation, nuance, and development.
The Nature of Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Supply chains are networks. Supply chains are a simplification of what actually happens, and supply networks are much closer to what is real. When two companies engage in business as a buyer and a supplier, they form a buyer-supplier relationship. That is a dyad—two entities linked in a relationship. Yet, triads are the smallest unit where we can begin to observe network dynamics. A common triad in supply networks is the buyer-supplier-supplier relationship. If we extend the supplier-supplier relationship horizontally, we get a supply base to a buying company. If we extend the buyer-supplier relationship vertically, we see an extended supply chain. If we combine the supply bases and extended supply chains, we end up with supply networks. Using the network concepts and theories, we study the structural and behavioral patterns of supply networks. Further, using the theoretical lens of complex adaptive systems, we examine the dynamic and evolutionary patterns of supply networks. By doing so, we consider how to help make supply networks become more resilient and robust.
Companies, Supply Chains, and Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Companies transform goods from one state to another state to satisfy customer requirements. To do that, they procure goods and services from their suppliers. These suppliers, as companies, do the same thing with their suppliers. When we line up all buying companies and supplying companies, we end up with a supply chain. Supply chains behave as a system of autonomous companies that exhibit systems-level dynamics. To bring a product to the market, many supply chains that include companies from different industries crisscross one another and form networks of companies we call supply networks. In other words, what we have in reality resembles a network more than a chain. In this regard, supply chains are a simplification of what actually happens. Supply networks are much closer to what is real.