bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Induction of Sulfanilic Acid-Specific Antibodies by RNA Extracted from Rat Spleen
Authors: Juras D. S. , Abramoff P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rats were immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or sulfanilic acid conjugated to BSA (sa-BSA) and RNA was extracted from spleens that were synthesizing antibody. The extracted RNA was used to induce sulfanilic acid-specific plaque forming cells (PFC) in a population of non-immune isologous cells in vitro. The induction was specific, since a significant number of PFC appeared in the presence of RNA from sa-BSA but not from either BSA-immunized or non-immunized rats. Sucrose gradient analysis of extracted RNA showed most of the immunogenic activity to be associated with light RNA (4 to 12S). The immunogenic activity of RNA was inhibited by RNase, partially inhibited by pronase, and not affected by DNase. Agglutination inhibition used to detect antigen associated with immunogenic RNA gave negative results. Analysis of RNA extracted from spleens of rats immunized with radioactive sulfanilic acid conjugated to BSA showed that radioactivity was not preferentially associated with immunogenic RNA.
Procarbazine As an Immunosuppressant in Animals
Authors: Stewart P. Brian , Bell Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Procarbazine, a methylhydrazine derivative, has been shown to be a potent immunosuppressant in mice, rats and rabbits. Procarbazine was much more effective if given continuously, starting 21 days before exposure to antigen or grafting and for 7 days after (procarbazine day -21 regimen) than if given 2 days before and continued for 13 days after (procarbazine day -2 regimen). Its action was best demonstrated in mice. Procarbazine prolonged the survival of skin grafts in strains incompatible and compatible at the H2 locus. It was also capable of prolonging second set skin grafts in the H2 compatible model, and is the only chemical immunosuppressant that can do this. It also suppressed completely circulating hemagglutinins to SRBC. In rabbits, the procarbazine day -21 regimen produced a prolongation of skin allograft survival and significantly depressed the level of humoral antibodies to bovine serum albumin, but less effectively than in the mouse. This could be due to the fact that rabbits could tolerate only one-twentieth of the procarbazine dosage on a weight basis, as the mouse.
Heterogeneity of Carbohydrate Content of Human IgA Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Wang An-Chuan , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Carbohydrate determinations were performed on seven human IgA myeloma proteins, four of them in both monomeric and polymeric form. The results showed that IgA molecules are hetero-geneons in carbohydrate content, that the carbohydrate portion probably does not contribute directly to the polymerization of IgA molecules, and that the IgA2 subclass does not appear to possess galactosamine.
Canine Secretory Immunoglobulins: Identification of Secretory Component
Authors: Ricks John , Roberts Mary , Patterson Roy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin A was demonstrated in canine tracheal secretions, saliva, tears, nasal secretions and colostrum. Another molecular species, presumably canine secretory component, was demonstrated in colostrum, tracheal secretions and tears. The IgA in colostrum was purified by a combination of Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and an antiserum which reacts with IgA and secretory component was prepared against this purified IgA. Immunoglobulins G, A and M were measured semiquantitatively in colostrum and milk and compared to serum values. Immunoglobulin A has the highest colostrum to serum ratio, IgG has the next highest and IgM is usually found in higher concentration in serum than in colostrum. The actual concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in the colostrum, however, varied widely among the six dogs studied.
Thymus Dependency of the Immune Response to Hemocyanin: An Evaluation of the Role of Macrophages in Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of the thymus in the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was studied in the mouse. Adult mice were thymectomized, lethally irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow cells. The immune response to KLH was greatly impaired by thymectomy. Only some thymectomized mice could respond to large doses of KLH but in low amounts. The thymectomized mice did not respond to KLH bound to live macrophages nor to KLH administered simultaneously with an adjuvant like beryllium. Macrophages from both thymectomized and control mice handled KLH similarly.
Primary Rejection of Homologous Intraperitoneal Fibroblasts: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Weiss Leon , Smyth Prudence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This is an electron microscopic study of the rejection of a simple graft. 2 × 106 L cells (a tissue culture culture strain of fibroblasts derived from C3H mice) are injected intraperitoneally into BALB/cJ mice. Following the injection intraperitoneal nodules 2 to 4 mm in diameter appear by day 2 and remain until days 5 to 7. The surface of the nodules is covered by histiocytes and L cells. These cells bear surface projections and are strikingly similar to mesothelium. Each nodule displays a central zone, and inner and outer shells. The outer shell is dominated by L cells; a few macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and granulocytes are present. The inner shell contains many L cells, many macrophages, and lymphocytes, and relatively few plasma cells and mast cells. Host cells and L cells are in close touch, their contiguity increased by interdigitation of filiform cytoplasmic processes. Cytoplasmic continuity is seldom observed. Emperipolesis is occasionally noted. Especially toward the inner part of this shell both L cells and host cells are vacuolated and show other signs of damage. In certain nodules the L cell surface shows virus-like particles on stalk-like processes. The central zone is necrotic, often caseous. At the junction of the central zone and inner shell fluid necrotic material lies between vital cells and is taken into lysosomes of macrophages and, to a lesser extent, of other cell types. Some collagen is present throughout the nodule. Rarely are the nodules vascularized. During the rejection of the nodules, Peyer's patches, abdominal lymph nodes, and the spleen are enlarged by L cells. Changes similar to those present in the nodules are observed in these lymphatic structures.
An In Vitro Model of the Anamnestic Response of Rabbit Lymph Node Cell Suspensions to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
Authors: Herscowitz Herbert B. , Stavitsky Abram B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suspensions of popliteal lymph node cells from rabbits primed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were stimulated in vitro with KLH to give an anamnestic response. Newly synthesized IgG antibody as determined by the incorporation of radioactive leucine was first detected in the culture medium on days 2 and 3, reached a peak on days 5 to 7 and declined thereafter. The antigen-stimulated cells also synthesized increased amounts of non-antibody proteins, including α, β and γ globulins, which accounted for over 90% of the incorporated radioactivity. Both antibody and protein syntheses were antigen dose-dependent and required contact of primed cells with KLH for several hours. The synthesis of DNA and RNA increased in antigen-stimulated cells and preceded the appearance of radioactive antibody.
Lymphocytotoxic Antibody Response to Cardiac Allotransplantation in Man
Authors: Johnson Armead H. , Butler William T. , Rossen Roger D. , Mittal Kamal K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera of 4 of 7 patients who developed a strong lymphocytotoxic response after cardiac transplantation showed a possible association with known histocompatibility groups. In 3 of these 4 patients the antibodies appeared to have specificity for antigens known to be present in donor but not in recipient lymphocytes. Thirty sera from the 7 cardiac allograft recipients were fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. In each sample lymphocytotoxic activity was detected exclusively in the 19S region. In contrast, 3 sera from 2 renal transplant patients showed detectable lymphocytotoxic activity only in the 7S region. Among possible explanations for these results are that 7S antibodies were preferentially absorbed by the cardiac allografts or that these sera contain substances which block the action of 7S lymphocytotoxins.
Mechanisms of Passive Sensitization
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Tomioka Hisao , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulins E and G were detected on human leukocytes by autoradiography. Evidence was obtained that specifically purified anti-human γE antibody combined with basophilic leukocytes from both normal and atopic individuals, and that anti-γG antibody bound with neutrophils and monocytes. Upon passive sensitization, E myeloma protein bound with basophils and normal γG bound with neutrophils and monocytes. The results show that basophils have receptor sites for γE, and that both neutrophils and monocytes have receptor sites for γG. Binding of the Fc fragments, but not the F(ab′)2 fragments, of E myeloma protein with basophils indicated that γE combines with basophils through the Fc portion of the molecules. The binding of γE with basophils appears to be a process of passive sensitization for both antigen-induced and antibody-induced histamine release from leukocytes.
Precursor Cells in Density Fractions of Lymph Node Cells: Relation to Antibody-Producing Cells
Authors: Moav Neomi , Harris T. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells of mice were transferred intravenously into x-irradiated syngeneic recipients which were also injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The dose of irradiation was sufficient to prevent active immunization by the SRBC injected. At intervals thereafter, spleens of recipients were teased and the cells plated in agar against SRBC, to determine relative numbers of precursor cells for this immunologic response which had been transferred.
In normal mouse spleen cells fractionated by bovine plasma albumin (BPA) density gradient centrifugation, cells pooled from the higher or the lower density range of fractions yielded equal numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the recipients' spleens 6 to 8 days later. The same was found in cells obtained from spleens 30 days after primary injection of SRBC. In cells obtained 5 days after secondary injection of SRBC, however, the low density cells contained more precursor cells per million than cells in the high density fractions. In other portions of such spleen cell suspensions, which had been incubated for the production of anti-SRBC rosettes and then fractionated, the high density fraction again contained fewer precursor cells per million than the low density fraction. In this case, the high density fractions also contained the rosette-forming cells (RFC) because these were now included in rosettes. The latter, the high density, rosette-rich, fraction of the rosette preparation produced no more precursor cells than the similar fraction of the original suspension, indicating that the cells currently producing antibody were not a major source of precursor cells.
Immunoglobulin Elevations in the Serum of Patients with Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: Falk George A. , Siskind Gregory W. , Smith James P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, IgA and IgM) were measured in 49 patients aged 41 to 80 with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis and emphysema) and in 67 normal subjects of similar age and sex distribution. In the normal subjects, concentrations of IgA rose significantly with increasing age whereas concentrations of IgG and IgM remained constant. In contrast, concentrations of IgA and IgM remained constant in the patient group whereas concentrations of IgG rose significantly with increasing age. When patients were compared to normal subjects of comparable age, average serum concentrations of IgA were found to be elevated in the younger patients (ages 41 to 50) whereas average concentrations of IgG were elevated in the older patients (ages 61 to 80). Deficiency in IgG, IgA or IgM was not a feature of chronic bronchitis and emphysema at any age.
Temporal Dissociation of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Transfer Activity and γ Globulin Staining of Lymphoid Cells from Sensitized Lewis Rats
Authors: Richardson Walter P. , Paterson Philip Y. 
Published: December 2022

Discussion and Summary
The occurrence of peak EAE transfer activity in LNC several days after time of maximum staining for γ globulin suggests that the factor(s) responsible for transfer of EAE lesions is distinct from conventional immunoglobulins. This finding provides a clear explanation for our earlier observation, viz., anti-rat γ globulin serum does not alter EAE transfer activity of D9 LNC (1).
We are aware that we have no evidence as to whether any of the γ globulin demonstrated in LNC represents antibody specifically reactive with nervous tissue. Our findings agree with that of Oldstone and Dixon (unpublished) that antibody reactive with brain is demonstrable in thoracic duct lymph of Lewis rats only between 5 and 7 days after sensitization. At no time could they find such antibody in blood serum.
Based on the results here reported (Table I), it is conceivable that two different immune responses, i.e., antibody production and delayed-type hypersensitivity, account for development of clinical neurologic signs and lesions, respectively—both being essential for occurrence of typical EAE. Under the conditions we employed for LNC transfer of EAE during the past 8 years, occurrence of paralytic signs has been a rare event in recipient Lewis rats receiving D9 LNC. This is true despite the fact that many animals develop severe lesions of EAE throughout the brain and spinal cord. Recent work has shown that phytohemagglutinin injected simultaneously with spinal cord-adjuvant markedly suppresses clinical signs of EAE in Lewis rats but has little, if any, effect on development of lesions of the disease (G. O. Westenfelter, P. Y. Paterson and D. G. Drobish, to be published). Bornstein and Crain (4) have reported a dissociation between serum factors causing synaptic blockade and those causing demyelination when acute phase EAE serum is added to myelinating and electrically active nervous tissue cultures. Pabst and Dupuy (5) have described production of paralytic, often lethal, disease without appreciable histologic changes in guinea pigs injected with plasma derived from donors sensitized to nervous tissue and given lethal doses of x-irradiation. Finally, Brown et al. (6) and Tung and Unanue (7) have secured strong evidence that in another well established experimental autoimmune disease, allergic orchitis, both antibody and sensitized lymphoid cells must act in concert in order for the full-blown disease to occur.
Immunoenzymology of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Fuller Thomas C. , Marucci Americo A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The factors which govern the interaction and the inhibition of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (H-L-ADH) by specific antibody have been examined in detail. Both guinea pig and rabbit antisera inhibited the enzymic activity of H-L-ADH to varying degrees, with residual activity remaining even in the presence of a large excess of antibody. The inhibitory capacity of the antisera increased with prolonged immunization. The extent of enzymic inhibition was dependent on the molecular composition and the size of the immune complex, the order of addition of the reactants and the concentration of the substrate and the coenzyme. Inhibition of H-L-ADH was instantaneous and was not influenced by the presence of guinea pig complement.
A number of possible mechanisms which could account for the inhibition of H-L-ADH by antibody are discussed.
IgG Subclasses in the Baboon (Papio Cynocephalus)
Authors: Damian Raymond T. , Greene Nathan D. , Kalter S. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneity of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) IgG, attributable to differences in the Fc regions of heavy chains, could be demonstrated by the use of specific antisera made in rabbits to isolated γ-chains. Four components of IgG were discernible in immunoelectrophoretic analysis. These antigenic determinants are not shared with man, as shown by absorption experiments with human globulin. The antigenic determinants are not polymorphic, but are a constant feature of the IgG of baboons from several distinct populations. Antibody activity to bovine serum albumin could be demonstrated in two or possibly all four of the components by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. These data support the conclusion that the baboon has four subclasses of IgG, which are delineated by antigenic determinants different from those delineating the human IgG subclasses. Preliminary evidence that these determinants are found in other monkey species is also presented.
Depressed Cellular and Humoral Hemolysin Responses of Rabbits Injected Intraperitoneally with Mineral Oil before Immunization
Authors: Huard Mary Ida-Jo , Siebeling R. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of rabbits with mineral oil 4 days before challenge immunization with sheep erythrocytes, by the same route, resulted in a delay in appearance of antibody and a significant depression of both the serum antibody response and the number of antibody plaque-forming cells. There was a 90% or greater suppression of the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits pretreated with oil as compared to control animals injected with red blood cells only.
Injection of oil on the same day as the red cells resulted in a marked increase in the serum titer, as well as a moderate increase in the number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Some of the antibody detected 7 days after immunization was of the 7S class, as indicated by 2-mercaptoethanol resistance. Sera from normal animals and animals pretreated with oil contained mainly 19S hemolysins during the first 2 weeks after immunization.
Challenge immunization of rabbits by the intravenous route circumvented the immunosuppression induced by intraperitoneal injection of oil. Rabbits treated with oil either simultaneously or 4 days before intravenous immunization had as good or greater an antibody response than control animals. However, most of the plaque-forming cells appeared in the spleen, with very few in the mesenteric lymph nodes.
Four days after oil injection over 90% of the peritoneal exudate were macrophages. The role of such macrophages in the immune response, as well as the nature of the effect of oil on these cells, is discussed in relation to reticuloendothelial system blockade and antibody formation.
Specificity of Tolerance to Antigens the Immune Response to Which Is Controlled by the PLL Gene
Authors: Selawry Helena , Green Ira , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of guinea pigs to respond immunologically to a group of structurally related, positively charged synthetic polypeptides is under the genetic control of a single dominant autosomal gene (1, 2). All inbred strain 2 guinea pigs and some of the outbred Hartley strain guinea pigs possess this gene, referred to as the poly-l-lysine (PLL) gene, and can respond to several synthetic polyamino acid antigens (poly-l-lysine, poly-l-arginine, a random copolymer of l-glutamic acid and l-lysine (GL), and protamine) and to the hapten conjugates of these materials. Despite the similarity of these antigens, the cellular immune responses elicited by each of these compounds are highly specific (3). All inbred strain 13 guinea pigs and some outbred Hartley's fail to make a strong antibody response and never develop cellular immunity when challenged with these polypeptides: they apparently lack the PLL gene (2).
Localization of b Markers, α-Chain and SC of SIgA in Epithclial Cells Lining Lieberkühn Crypts
Authors: O'Daly José A. , Craig Susan W. , Cebra John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Local synthesis of immunoglobulins (Igs) has been demonstrated in tissues surrounding epithelial cell layers engaged in secretion, such as in salivary glands, gastrointestinal tract, mammary glands and respiratory tract (1–4). Several theories have been put forth (4–6) to explain the passage of Igs, particularly secretory IgA (sIgA), from the plasma cells in the sub-epithelial spaces to the lumen of the various glands and organs. These have also been necessarily concerned with the assembly of the sIgA 11S dimer and its association with secretory component (SC), because the latter component can be localized in epithelial cells (1, 7) rather than in the plasma cells which synthesize the α and light chains of IgA. As yet, the route of the IgA molecule from the plasma cells to the lumen of various secretory glands has not been clearly delineated. However, the presence of IgA in between and/or at the apex both of the absorptive and glandular epithelial cells of the intestine has been described (4, 8, 9).
Studies of Antimuscle Factor in Myasthenia Gravis. II. Reactions of Fragments Produced by Enzymatic Digestion
Authors: McFarlin Dale E. , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antimuscle factor (AMF) is present in the sera of approximately 30% of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and 95% of patients with MG and thymoma (1); it also occurs in 24% of non-MG patients with thymomas (1). Sera from some normals and disease controls also bind to muscle in low titers (1, 2). In an earlier study the AMF in 12 sera from MG patients was found in IgG but not in IgA or IgM (2). However, it has not been established whether the binding of AMF to skeletal muscle represents an antigen-antibody reaction.
Sjöquist and Stålenheim have recently demonstrated that staphylococcal A protein specifically reacts with the IgG of several species to produce the biologic phenomena usually associated with antigen-antibody interactions. However, they have shown that staphylococcal A protein binds to the Fc rather than the Fab fragment of IgG and therefore does not represent a reaction of antigen with antibody (3).
Antigenic Variation of 7Sγ1, 7Sγ2 and γM Globulins Within the Genus Peromyscus
Authors: Coe J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three immunoglobulins were examined for their respective antigenic variation within the genus Peromyscus (white-footed mouse). Antigenic relationships among 7Sγ2, 7Sγ1 and γM globulins of 15 peromyscus species or subspecies were studied by using rabbit antisera specific for immunoglobulin from one of the species, Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae (deer mouse). All peromyscus species tested contained antigenically similar 7Sγ2, 7Sγ1 and γM globulins. The γM globulins of all species or subspecies appeared identical to that of P. m. artemisiae. In contrast, 7Sγ2 globulins antigenically identical to those of P. m. artemisiae were found in only four peromyscus sera, which represented other subspecies of P. maniculatus. The 7Sγ1 globulins were antigenically identical in 12 of the peromycus, although the electrophoretic mobility of the 7Sγ1 globulin and its Fc piece differed from species to species. The results suggest that the structures of these immunoglobulins are evolving at dissimilar rates and 7Sγ2 globulin is undergoing more rapid evolutionary change than γM globulin.