bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Modeling for Metal Removal Operations
Authors: Bailey Trevor E. , Jenkins Derek M. , Spence Allan D. , Elbestawi M. A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An integrated CAD/CAM and machine tool control system is implemented to automate tool path generation, cutting condition optimization, and online supervisory control for semi-finishing and rough milling. The part is designed using a solid modeler, and tool paths are generated using a CAM system. A process simulator developed at McMaster University is then used to automatically schedule cutting conditions that maximize the Material Removal Rate (MRR) subject to cutting force, power, and chip load constraints. During actual cutting, the measured spindle power is compared to reference data supplied by the simulator. As the tool wears, the slow increase in spindle power consumption is used to override the scheduled feed rate without operator intervention. All components of the integrated system are designed around industry standard computer hardware, operating systems, solid modelers, and cutter location file representations.
Diagnosing Spindle Defects Using 4D Holospectrum
Authors: Chen Yuedong , Du R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Spindle is one of the most commonly used mechanical devices in many industry sectors, such as large rotating machinery industry and machine tool industry. Diagnosing spindle defects, such as unbalance, misalignment, and crack, plays a very important role in reducing operation cost and maintenance cost. This paper presents a new method of diagnosing spindles using a newly developed sensor signal processing technique called four dimension (4D) holospectrum. The experiment results show that the spindle defects, including unbalance, misalignment and crack, have distinct features in the 4D holospectrum. These features have clear physical meanings and is quantitatively related to the spindle defects. Compared to the conventional spectral analysis and/or modal analysis methods, the new method is more suitable for computer automated diagnosis.
An Open Architecture Model of System Development
Authors: Birla Sushil , Egdorf Harry , Igou Richard E. , Michaloski John L. , Sweeney Douglas J. , Weinert George , Uchida David , Yen C. Jerry 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Application of Open Architecture (OA) technology is a fledgling practice within the controller industry. OA solutions offer great potential and flexibility in the design and implementation of controllers. Yet, as an evolving technology OA controller development offers unique challenges compared with traditional project development. This paper will present an OA Life Cycle developed by the TEAM/ICLP API workgroup to assist its specification efforts. A high-level view of the Life Cycle will study the differences between a traditional and an OA Life Cycle model. A detailed Life Cycle model will present a practical treatment to the OA development activities and present the type of information required. The detailed OA Life Cycle model will study the development process from the perspective of the end user, the system integrator, and the component developer.
Multivariate Cross-Coupling Adaptive Control Schemes to Reduce Contour Error in Multi-Axis Positioning Systems: Part I — Design and Stability
Authors: Rober Stephen J. , Shin Yung C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The majority of motion control systems in use today employ fixed controllers, such as PID, which are tuned for nominal system conditions. Such systems, however, suffer from performance degradation as the system dynamics vary from the nominal conditions. Furthermore, cross-coupling among axes of motion also affect the positioning accuracy in contouring, particularly as the speed increases. This paper describes adaptive control strategies to alleviate this problem by adapting controller parameters on-line to compensate for changing system dynamics. Control strategies for both minimum and nonminimum phase systems are presented including cross-coupling control between axes. Part I of two papers presents the design of the multivariate adaptive control laws with stability proofs and part II describes the implementation results for an end milling process. The control schemes presented here can be utilized for a wide range of tracking control problems.
Numerical Methods for the Haptic Presentation of Contact: Theory, Simulations, and Experiments
Authors: Ellis R. E. , Sarkar N. , Jenkins M. A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An important problem in the field of haptic display devices and telerobotics is poor force reflection of contact, particularly of contact with stiff surfaces. There are numerous possible sources of poor performance, including poor contact models, sampling errors, and delays due to computation or data transmission. In this paper we examine effects due to sample-and-hold, which is a fundamental property of both the discrete domain and also of the sensors and power amplifiers used in a haptic-interface system.
We propose that the sample-and-hold concept be generalized to sample-estimate-hold. We show why ordinary zero-order hold generates an active contact interface, and provide ways of improving the feeling of the interface. We have developed a suite of numerical methods for improving the performance of haptic presentation of surfaces. We have conducted both simulations and experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme. Our contributions are a new method of digitally processing force data, and a systematic method for coupling force-processing systems that run at different rates.
Left Versus Right Hand Differences in Exploratory Strategies: Facts and Relevance to the Development of Haptic Devices
Authors: Lacreuse Agnès , Fagot Joël , Vauclair Jacques 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The literature provides conflicting results with regards to hand/hemisphere lateralization in haptic perception; while some papers report a left hand advantage for recognizing haptic forms, other studies indicate either a right hand advantage or no hand difference at all. Four experiments with right handed subjects will be presented, in which scanning strategies and performance were investigated when subjects touched nonsense forms by either the left or right hand. The research involved a novel apparatus and composite stimuli made of cubes whose junctions were not haptically discernible. During the inspection of the shape, the location and duration of any hand contact with the cubes comprising the stimulus were recorded, allowing thus an analysis of exploratory strategies. The first experiment implied the inspection of a target stimulus with either the left or right hand. Thereafter, subjects were requested to identify the drawing of the target stimulus displayed among different drawings. No hand differences were obtained in terms of scores. It was found, however, that in men the left hand touched the stimuli more globally than the right. In the second experiment, subjects were requested to inspect in simultaneity two forms with two hands (i.e., dichhaptic task), before recognizing the forms on the visual array. Here, the left hand outperformed the right hand. Moreover, as in the previous experiment, the left hand touched the shape more globally than the right. Results also demonstrated that only 20% of the total exploration time was devoted to a simultaneous inspection of the two forms. The two additional experiments focused on hand performance and exploratory strategies for recognizing the stimuli, instead of learning them. No hand differences were observed in strategy, whatever the mode of exploration (either dichhaptic or monohaptic). By contrast, recognition achieved by the left hand was better than that of the right hand, but this effect was restricted to dichhaptic recognition only. Overall, we conclude that this series of experiments demonstrates the reality of hand/hemispheric differences in the processing of haptic information by men. We argue, moreover, that these findings are of particular relevance for the development and use of haptic devices that are designed to display haptic information on body segments (e.g., tactile or force feedback devices). Firstly, they suggest a serious consideration of the laterality factor for stimulating subjects, in order to enhance pattern recognition. Secondly, they suggest that information presented to the left hand would be more easily processed if it was displayed globally, whereas information presented to the right hand would be more easily and efficiently processed when made available in a sequential manner. Finally, the results show a limited capacity to process two distinct sources of haptic information at the same time.
Estimation and Modeling of Human Hand Impedance During Isometric Muscle Contraction
Authors: Tsuji Toshio , Kaneko Makoto 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The present paper examines human hand impedance characteristics with consideration of effects of muscle activity. While a subject maintains a given hand location with a specified muscle activation level or a hand force, small external disturbances are applied to his hand. The corresponding force-displacement vectors are measured to estimate the hand impedance by means of a second-order linear model. The main results of the experiments can be summarized as follows: (1) geometrical parameters of the hand stiffness and viscosity ellipses change depending on the muscle activation levels of the subjects, (2) both the stiffness and the virtual equilibrium point of the subject’s hand change depending on the amplitude of the generated hand force, and (3) hand stiffness and viscosity can be predicted from the joint angles and EMG signals of the subject’s arm.
State Feedback Control of Electrorheological Fluids
Authors: Radcliffe Clark J. , Lloyd John R. , Andersland Ruth M. , Hargrove Jeffrey B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Electrorheological (ER) fluids have electrically controllable stiffness, viscosity, and heat transfer properties. Since the 1940s researchers have attempted to model the properties of ER fluids and have proposed applications which attempt to utilize their special characteristics in the operation of hydraulic valves, soft clutches, and active suspension systems. Early attempts to make these applications commercially successful were hampered by the relatively slow, nonlinear response of ER fluids under on-off control of high electric fields. Successful applications will require fast, precise control of the response of ER fluids, independent of application at low field strengths.
This study presents a new approach to the control of ER fluids that overcomes the problems of imprecise, slow, nonlinear response and high electric fields. An optical sensor was used to indicate the ER fluid state in a layered composite window. Feedback control of ER fluid state was developed and compared to conventionally actuated ER fluids. Feedback control employs the state sensor and high initial electric field strength to speed ER state response, then lowers the field strength to the minimum level required to achieve the desired ER fluid state. Predicted responses were compared to experimentally measured responses and showed excellent agreement. Laboratory measurements showed a proportional state feedback control system yielded an electrorheological fluid that responded 35 times faster and 21 times more accurately than possible with a conventional open-loop fluid control system. Although the use of ER fluids in feedback control systems have been proposed in the past, this work is the first application of feedback control to the fluid itself.
Dynamics of Robot Arms and Chains via Kane’s Equations
Authors: Müller-Karger Carmen M. , Townsend Miles A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A new derivation of the equations of motion for robot arms and other dynamical chains is presented using the methodology of Kane’s equations. This approach combines the ease and intuition of Newtonian analysis with the capability to eliminate all non-working forces of constraint. The “monotony” of the system’s configuration is used to define the generalized coordinates and generalized speeds such that a universal and compact equation of motion was found which applies to any chain or robot arm configuration. This general, explicit closed-form eliminates much of the “overhead” of Kane’s methodology. A two-link manipulator example shows the implementation.
Wavelet Representation of the Ground Reaction Force Data
Authors: Sloboda William , Zatsiorsky Vladimir M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The use of the wavelet transformation for analyzing ground reaction force (GRF) data is proposed and demonstrated. The method permits: (a) time localization of the wavelet coefficients which represent the contributions of varying frequency, e.g. high frequency oscillations are mainly present immediately after foot contact with the ground; (b) reconstruction of the signal from the coefficients; (c) estimation of the contribution of the low and high frequency components of the signal, in particular the percentage of energy in the original system accounted for by an individual frequency bandwidth, (d) document the differences in two vertical GRF signals through the energy at various frequency bands.
Robust Stabilization of Large Amplitude Ship Rolling in Regular Beam Seas
Authors: Chen Shyh-Leh , Shaw Steven W. , Khalil Hassan K. , Troesch Armin W. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The dynamics and control of a strongly nonlinear 3-DOF model for ship motion are investigated. The model describes the roll, sway, and heave motions occurring in a vertical plane when the vessel is subjected to beam seas. The system is installed with active anti-roll tanks as a means of preventing large amplitude roll motions. A robust state feedback controller for the pumps is designed that can handle model uncertainties, which arise primarily from unknown hydrodynamic contributions. The approach for the controller design is a combination of sliding mode control and composite control for singularly perturbed systems, with the help of the backstepping technique. It is shown that the current method can effectively control roll motions of large amplitude, including capsize prevention. Numerical simulation results for an existing fishing vessel, the twice-capsized Patti-B, are used to verify the analysis.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition: An Efficient Means of Controlling Self-Excited Vibrations of Long Torsional Strings
Authors: Kreuzer Edwin , Kust Oliver 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Self-excited vibrations of torsional strings can cause considerable problems during operation and in severe cases, they could damage the string. As an example for an extremely slender structure we consider a drill string for deep drilling for the exploration and production of oil and gas. The modeling and numerical simulation of the system will be given and the mechanisms of self-excited vibrations will be discussed by means of stability and bifurcation analysis.
In very long strings the dynamics is characterized by different trajectories over the length. For the analysis of the spatio-temporal properties and to gain insight into the complex dynamics we introduce proper orthogonal decomposition.
In order to minimize self-excited vibrations in torsional strings we present an active damping system by controlling the drive via feedback of the system’s state. The feedback law is formulated by a projection of the infinite-dimensional system state onto a real input variable. The basis of the projection is determined by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The design of the controller and the determination of the controller parameters by optimization are presented. The improvement of the dynamics is verified by simulations.
Nonlinear Dynamics of a Rotating Shaft Subject to Periodic Perturbations
Authors: McDonald Robert J. , Sri Namachchivaya N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we study the global dynamics of a rotating shaft parametrically excited by a time-dependent rotation rate. The partial differential equations of motion for the shaft are first discretized using the Galerkin procedure. The equations are rewritten as Hamiltonian equations in order to study the global dynamics of the system using the methods of perturbed Hamiltonian systems. After performing un-foldings and determining the normal form, the equations are put into action-angle coordinates, the most suitable form for a study of the global dynamics. The unperturbed system is found to contain both homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits for different parameter values. By considering the perturbation of the unperturbed Hamiltonian system, we can determine whether chaotic behavior is present.
An Improved Transfer Matrix Method for Nonlinear Rotor-Bearing Systems
Authors: Zu Jean W. , Ji Zhenyi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An improved transfer matrix method is developed to analyze rotor-bearing systems with nonlinear bearings. The rotating shaft is modeled by Timoshenko beam. The harmonic balance method is incorporated in the transfer matrix equations to obtain steady-state response of synchronous, subharmonic and superharmonic whirls.
A Mindlin Plate Element for Distributed Sensing and Control Using a Linear/Nonlinear Dynamic Coupling Strategy
Authors: Fariborzi Fariborz , Golnaraghi Farid , Heppler Glenn R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The intention of this work is to generate a mathematical model of a plate with collocated piezoelectric actuators/sensors to be used for control purposes. The proposed control method is a linear/nonlinear dynamic coupling technique developed by the ConStruct group at the University of Waterloo.
The performance of the plate with attached layers of piezoelectric material is evaluated by a finite element model. Test results show that the application of this theory along with an appropriate choice of basis functions allows the analysis of a wide range of thicknesses. This approach avoids shear locking, and provides excellent accuracy, and convergence characteristics.
Determination of Interfacial Fracture Toughness in High Temperature Composites
Authors: Bechel V. , Sottos N. R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Understanding the behavior of the fiber/matrix interface region over a range of temperatures is essential for designing composites that will have a high service temperature. In the current work, the interface failure sequence was observed during fiber pushout tests on two model composites (steel/epoxy and polyester/epoxy) with different Young’s moduli ratio and residual stress values. Novel photoelastic experiments were conducted on the model composites to measure the interfacial crack length versus load during the fiber push-out test. The data were used to better understand the failure mechanisms during the test and to determine the range of applicability of analytical and computational models of the test. Debonding was observed to occur from either the top or the bottom of the sample depending on the ratio of the elastic moduli of the fiber and matrix and the residual stress state. The pushout data from a polyester/epoxy system which debonded from the top was fit to a shear lag solution to obtain the fiber-matrix interfacial toughness (GIIc). The resulting interfacial toughness was then used to check the predicted debond length as a function of pushout force. The debond length calculated from the shear lag model was less than the measured debond length by a nearly constant 1.5 fiber radii which may correspond to the thickness of the surface effects region for polyester/epoxy.
In the future, the results of the model experiments will be used to understand the interfacial properties of two representative high temperature composites, SiC/Ti-Al-V and Al2O3/Ti-Al-V. A special high temperature apparatus was constructed for performing the push-out test at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1000°C under vacuum. Performing interfacial measurements at elevated temperatures can be used to optimize interfacial performance at service temperatures and to better evaluate the effects of residual stresses and matrix ductility on fiber debonding and sliding.
Crack Deflection and Penetration Criteria for Brittle Matrix Composites
Authors: Pagano N. J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this work, we will consider the three most crucial mechanisms that control the behavior of unidirectional brittle matrix composites (BMC) such that they display the desired characteristics of adequate strength and damage tolerance (or toughness). Composites made with uncoated silicon carbide fibers and two different glass matrices which differ principally in their thermal expansion coefficients were made and tested in order to determine matrix crack initiation stress (Fig. 1), fiber fracture (Fig. 2), and a lower bound interface fracture toughness (Fig. 3). Furthermore, these tests provide direct evidence to examine the quality of an axisymmetric damage model (ADM) derived earlier [1, 2]. Although there was no observed damage tolerance in that both stress-strain curves were linear to failure, a stable system of (apparently) full-cell matrix cracks (Fig. 1) develops prior to ultimate failure. It is not clear if the matrix cracks have arrested prior to entering the fiber or if they have penetrated the fiber itself.
Damage in Oxidized Titanium Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Lagoudas Dimitris C. , Xu Shouze , Miller David , Allen David H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The oxidation effects on surface crack development of oxidized Ti 15-3 and Ti β-21S Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) unidirectional laminates under applied mechanical loading are investigated in the present study. Experimental results of surface crack development as a function of applied load are presented. An approximate mechanical model is established and a stress analysis of an oxidized laminate with surface cracks is performed. To simplify the analysis, motivated by experimental observations, a periodic distribution of surface cracks in the oxide layer is assumed. The critical value of the applied mechanical load, which is necessary for the formation of new cracks, as a function of crack density and phase transformation induced eigenstrain are studied.
Critique of Macro Flow/Damage Surface Representations for Metal Matrix Composites Using Micromechanics
Authors: Lissenden Cliff J. , Arnold Steve M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Guidance for the formulation of robust, multiaxial, constitutive models for advanced materials is provided by addressing theoretical and experimental issues using micromechanics. The multiaxial response of metal matrix composites, depicted in terms of macro flow/damage surfaces, is predicted at room and elevated temperatures using an analytical micromechanical model that includes viscoplastic matrix response as well as fiber-matrix debonding. Macro flow/damage surfaces (i.e., debonding envelopes, matrix threshold surfaces, macro “yield” surfaces, surfaces of constant inelastic strain rate, and surfaces of constant dissipation rate) are determined for silicon carbide/titanium in three stress spaces. Residual stresses are shown to offset the centers of the flow/damage surfaces from the origin and their shape is significantly altered by debonding. The results indicate which type of flow/damage surfaces should be characterized and what loadings applied to provide the most meaningful experimental data for guiding theoretical model development and verification.