bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elementary Overview of Heavy Metals
Authors: Jannetto Paul J , Cowl Clayton T 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundExposure to heavy metals is common as a result of environmental contamination of air, water, and soil as well as accumulation in food, tobacco, herbal medicines, and occupational contact. However, clinically relevant toxicity is much less prevalent. Toxic effects, when they occur, may present with non-specific symptoms, resulting in a very large differential for clinicians to consider.ContentArsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are four heavy metals with no biological role in humans. However, these metals are commonly used in industrial applications and consumer products. Since these elements are not biodegradeable, their potential toxic effects may be long-lasting within the environment. These heavy metals have the potential to accumulate in vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidney where they may disrupt normal cellular functioning and if exposures are repetitive or of high concentration, toxicity may result.SummaryThe objective of this review is to provide an overview of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury physical properties, common sources of exposure, basic toxicokinetics and health effects, and to review clinical guidelines and treatment strategies. Acute and chronic symptoms and recommended laboratory biomarker testing are also discussed.
Post-transcriptional control of haemostatic genes: mechanisms and emerging therapeutic concepts in thrombo-inflammatory disorders
Authors: Danckwardt Sven , Trégouët David-Alexandre , Castoldi Elisabetta 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The haemostatic system is pivotal to maintaining vascular integrity. Multiple components involved in blood coagulation have central functions in inflammation and immunity. A derailed haemostasis is common in prevalent pathologies such as sepsis, cardiovascular disorders, and lately, COVID-19. Physiological mechanisms limit the deleterious consequences of a hyperactivated haemostatic system through adaptive changes in gene expression. While this is mainly regulated at the level of transcription, co- and posttranscriptional mechanisms are increasingly perceived as central hubs governing multiple facets of the haemostatic system. This layer of regulation modulates the biogenesis of haemostatic components, for example in situations of increased turnover and demand. However, they can also be ‘hijacked’ in disease processes, thereby perpetuating and even causally entertaining associated pathologies. This review summarizes examples and emerging concepts that illustrate the importance of posttranscriptional mechanisms in haemostatic control and crosstalk with the immune system. It also discusses how such regulatory principles can be used to usher in new therapeutic concepts to combat global medical threats such as sepsis or cardiovascular disorders.
Medical advice for sick-reported students in a Dutch vocational school: a process evaluation
Authors: Jenniskens Kristel , Meis Jessie Jacoba Maria , Zijlstra G A Rixt 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Medical Advice for Sick-reported Students (MASS) is an intervention that aims to reduce medical absenteeism and prevent dropout among students. The current study reports on a process evaluation of the implementation of MASS at a vocational school in the Netherlands. The evaluation included the implementation process, fidelity, context, and participant satisfaction. The study had a qualitative case study design. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders, including a child and youth healthcare physician, MASS coordinators, career advisors, mentors, and students with concerning sickness absence. MASS was largely implemented as intended, but some deviations from the original intervention were found. For example, not all mentors identified concerning sickness absence through recommended criteria. A fit between the intervention and the values of the involved organizations was found. Facilitating contextual factors were identified, such as a perceived need for reducing school absence recognized within the care network, as well as hampering contextual factors, for example the limited visibility of students’ absence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were generally satisfied with MASS and its implementation. Overall, MASS was implemented well according to interviewees, but several improvement points for both the implementation and execution of MASS were identified. These include full implementation across the setting, providing and repeating necessary trainings, minimizing administrative burden, and securing financial and human resources for sustainment of the intervention. These points could help to guide future implementation efforts, as they may help to overcome common barriers to implementation.
The Committee on the Rights of the Child’s Admissibility Decisions in the ‘Syrian Camps Cases’ against France: a Critique from the Viewpoint of Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Emberland Marius 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The article deals with three admissibility decisions by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child where it found that it was competent to consider the merits of individual complaints against France submitted by relatives of French children staying in Syrian prison camps. Paving the way for the Committee subsequently to hold that France had violated the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the decisions are noteworthy for the Committee’s expansive notion of extraterritorial jurisdiction, which also has been adopted in other cases on the same subject, but also beyond. The article highlights two methodological features of the decisions that are closely related, notably their departure from generally accepted principles of treaty interpretation and their alignment with arguments submitted by the third-party interveners. It is argued that these features effectively undercut the authority of the Committee’s practice as source material when subjecting the treaty to legal interpretation.
The Underappreciated Role of Secretory IgA in IBD
Authors: Bamias Giorgos , Kitsou Konstantina , Rivera-Nieves Jesús 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEighty percent of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are found in the intestine, where they produce grams of immunoglobulin (Ig) A daily. immunoglobulin A is actively transcytosed into the lumen, where it plays a critical role in modulating the gut microbiota. Although loss of immune tolerance to bacterial antigens is the likely trigger of the dysregulated immune response that characterizes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), little effort has been placed on understanding the interface between B cells, IgA, and the microbiota during initiation or progression of disease. This may be in part due to the misleading fact that IgA-deficient humans are mostly asymptomatic, likely due to redundant role of secretory (S) IgM. Intestinal B cell recruitment is critically dependent on integrin α4β7-MAdCAM-1 interactions, yet antibodies that target α4β7 (ie, vedolizumab), MAdCAM-1 (ie, ontamalimab), or both β7 integrins (α4β7 and αE [CD103] β7; etrolizumab) are in clinical use or development as IBD therapeutics. The effect of such interventions on the biology of IgA is largely unknown, yet a single dose of vedolizumab lowers SIgA levels in stool and weakens the oral immunization response to cholera vaccine in healthy volunteers. Thus, it is critical to further understand the role of these integrins for the migration of ASC and other cellular subsets during homeostasis and IBD-associated inflammation and the mode of action of drugs that interfere with this traffic. We have recently identified a subset of mature ASC that employs integrin αEβ7 to dock with intestinal epithelial cells, predominantly in the pericryptal region of the terminal ileum. This role for the integrin had not been appreciated previously, nor the αEβ7-dependent mechanism of IgA transcytosis that it supports. Furthermore, we find that B cells more than T cells are critically dependent on α4β7-MAdCAM-1 interactions; thus MAdCAM-1 blockade and integrin-β7 deficiency counterintuitively hasten colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. In both cases, de novo recruitment of IgA ASC to the intestinal lamina propria is compromised, leading to bacterial overgrowth, dysbiosis, and lethal colitis. Thus, despite the safe and effective use of anti-integrin antibodies in patients with IBD, much remains to be learned about their various cell targets.
Shadow effect and source overprint effect of short-offset transient electromagnetic method
Authors: Lei Kangxin , Shi Jinjing , Chen Weiying , Song Wanting 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn artificial-source electromagnetic explorations, the shadow effects and source overprint effects are two of the key factors to affect the detection reliability. Compared with frequency-domain electromagnetic methods, the transient electromagnetic (TEM) shadow effect and source overprint effect are more complex, especially for the short-offset TEM (SOTEM) observed in the near-source region. However, there is less relevant research. Therefore, in this paper, we first realize 3D SOTEM simulations based on the vector time-domain finite element method, then further analyze the generation of SOTEM shadow effect and source overprint effect from view of the diffused electromagnetic fields, as well as their influence on ground horizontal electric field Ex and vertical induced voltage dBz/dt responses. Results show that the attraction or repulsion of the electrical inhomogeneity would affect the diffusion speed of the electromagnetic fields, which is the essential in the two source effects. Besides, from view of the ground Ex and dBz/dt responses, the relative anomaly of SOTEM shadow effect is almost twice those of the SOTEM source overprint effect, i.e. the SOTEM shadow effect is easier to record, especially for dBz/dt responses. In addition, owing to the shadow effect, SOTEM may fail to identify the real target anomaly, whereas the influence of the source overprint effect for recognizing the target anomaly mainly occurs on all-time dBz/dt responses and early-time Ex responses (before about 10 ms), that is, observing late-time SOTEM Ex responses can effectively avoid such influence. Hence, to fully ensure avoiding the influence of the source overprint effect, we suggest adopting high-power transmission to increase the late-time signal-to-noise ratio in field measurements.
Plant pollen as a resource affecting the development and survival of the mosquitoes Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Taka Nah Jelah , Yee Donald A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Mosquito larvae often subsist on inputs of terrestrial-derived resources, including leaves and dead insects. However, seasonal inputs of plant pollen is an underexplored resource for many species. We compared the effects of three levels (low, medium, high) of two pollen types (corn, pine) on development, mass, and survival in Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culcidae). We also examined the nutrient content of adults (%nitrogen, %carbon, C:N) and stable isotopes (δ15N, δ13C). Culex quinquefasciatus had the highest survival rates when grown on high and medium pine pollen compared with low pine. Survival of Culex quinquefasciatus was generally higher compared to that of An. quadrimaculatus on any level of pine, with the latter species having higher survival in high corn. Nutrient content for An. quadrimaculatus did not vary significantly in either pollen type or amount but were more enriched in δ15N in corn pollen relative to pine pollen. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, %N decreased and C:N ratio increased across low to high amounts of corn. Adults raised in corn had generally more δ13C compared to pine pollen. No developmental differences across diets were observed for either species, however both sexes of Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally larger when grown in high pine and medium and high corn pollen compared with other treatments. The poor performance of An. quadrimaculatus on corn pollen was unexpected, however, we show a benefit of corn pollen to Cx. quinquefasciatus with implications for West Nile virus transmission in the United States, especially around agricultural areas where corn is grown.
Risk prediction of hepatitis B or C or HIV among newly diagnosed cancer patients
Authors: Unger Joseph M , Till Cathee , Hwang Jessica P , Arnold Kathryn B , Leblanc Michael , Hershman Dawn L , Ramsey Scott D 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Screening for viral infection in cancer patients is inconsistent. A mechanism to readily identify cancer patients at increased risk of existing or prior viral infection could enhance screening efforts while reducing costs.

Methods
We identified factors associated with increased risk of past or chronic hepatitis virus B, hepatitis virus C, or HIV infection before initiation of systemic cancer therapy. Data were from a multicenter prospective cohort study of 3051 patients with newly diagnosed cancer (SWOG-S1204) enrolled between 2013 and 2017. Patients completed a survey with questions pertaining to personal history and behavioral, socioeconomic, and demographic risk factors for viral hepatitis or HIV. We derived a risk model to predict the presence of viral infection in a random set of 60% of participants using best subset selection. The derived model was validated in the remaining 40% of participants. Logistic regression was used.

Results
A model with 7 risk factors was identified, and a risk score with 4 levels was constructed. In the validation cohort, each increase in risk level was associated with a nearly threefold increased risk of viral positivity (odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval = 2.26 to 3.60, P &lt; .001). Consistent findings were observed for individual viruses. Participants in the highest risk group (with &gt;3 risk factors), comprised of 13.4% of participants, were 18 times more likely to be viral positive compared with participants with no risk factors (odds ratio = 18.18, 95% confidence interval = 8.00 to 41.3, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
A risk-stratified screening approach using a limited set of questions could serve as an effective strategy to streamline screening for individuals at increased risk of viral infection.
Cannabidiol prevents chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain by modulating spinal TLR4 via endocannabinoid system activation
Authors: dos Santos Rafaela , Veras Flávio , Netto Gonçalves , Elisei Lívia , Sorgi Carlos , Faccioli Lúcia , Galdino Giovane 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on type 4 Toll-like receptors (TLR4), glial cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines during the neuropathic pain induced by the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel (PTX), as well as the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in this process.

Methods
Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to PTX-induced neuropathic pain. To evaluate the involvement of the TLR4, glial cells and cannabinoid CB2 receptor, specific inhibitors or antagonists were intrathecally administered. The western blotting and immunofluorescence assay was performed to evaluate the spinal expression of TLR4, microglia, astrocytes and cannabinoid CB2 receptor. The levels of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and endocannabinoids were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, respectively.

Key findings
CBD prevented PTX-induced neuropathic pain, and the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 reversed this effect. In addition, CBD treatment inhibited the spinal expression of TLR4 and Iba1 in mice with neuropathic pain. CBD also increased spinal levels of endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and reduced levels of cytokines in mice with neuropathic pain.

Conclusions
CBD was efficient in preventing PTX-induced neuropathic pain, and this effect may involve inhibition of the TLR4 on microglia spinal with activation of the endocannabinoid system.
‘Consider yourself kissed’: Intimacy, Engagement, and Material Culture in Nineteenth-Century &#x2028;Middle-Class English Love Letters
Authors: Kalenak Maggie 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The passage of the Postal Duties Bill in 1840 and the implementation of the penny post expanded the epistolary lives of English men and women, particularly the middle classes, overnight. The affordability of postage, the commercial boom in letter-writing appurtenances, and the increased social pressure for regular correspondence augmented and altered how individuals built all sorts of relationships, especially romantic ones. This paper relies on 45 case studies of middle-class couples’ love letters to examine the role of romantic correspondence, particularly during the life-period of engagement, throughout the nineteenth century. Correspondence collections are used to examine how couples negotiated and built intimate relationships as they progressed (or not) towards their nuptials. Not only valued for their written contents, love letters took on talismanic, fetishistic, and embodied properties representing their senders and the relationships they facilitated. Their comings and goings marked time, their length signified depth of feeling, and their presentation reflected intimacy. As romantic culture adapted to progressions in epistolary technology and assigned meaning to its various aspects, correspondence became a venue for individuals and couples to create and explore their emotional, sensual, and sentimental selves.
Seed germination variability: why do genetically identical seeds not germinate at the same time?
Authors: Sharma Eshan , Majee Manoj 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
For survival in the natural environment, plants have evolved a ‘bet-hedging’ strategy where individual variation is high and a range of phenotypes is produced. When faced with unpredictable environmental conditions, fluctuation in seed behaviour is a beneficial trait that allows plant species to survive, particularly if seedlings from early-germinated seeds die. However, this is not a desired trait from an agricultural perspective, where a set of uniformly growing seedlings is required. Whilst variability in seed behaviour is unavoidable, over the centuries humans have attempted to select seeds with minimum variability for agricultural use. In the model plant Arabidopsis, even non-stratified seeds in the same silique germinate variably, and it remains elusive how this variability is manifested from genes to a physiological outcome and what molecular mechanisms of bet-hedging facilitate this diversity. Will the re-introduction of valuable wild alleles into domesticated crops contribute to this variability between individual seeds by promoting bet-hedging? Recent advances have shed light on possible molecular pathways of germination that are affected at the level of single seeds and single cells. Here, we review the hormonal, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that might affect the germination outcome of individual genetically identical seeds.
Searching for continuous Gravitational Waves in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array
Authors: Falxa M , Babak S , Baker P T , Bécsy B , Chalumeau A , Chen S , Chen Z , Cornish N J , Guillemot L , Hazboun J S , Mingarelli C M F , Parthasarathy A , Petiteau A , Pol N S , Sesana A , Spolaor S B , Taylor S R , Theureau G , Vallisneri M , Vigeland S J , Witt C A , Zhu X , Antoniadis J , Arzoumanian Z , Bailes M , Bhat N D R , Blecha L , Brazier A , Brook P R , Caballero N , Cameron A D , Casey-Clyde J A , Champion D , Charisi M , Chatterjee S , Cognard I , Cordes J M , Crawford F , Cromartie H T , Crowter K , Dai S , DeCesar M E , Demorest P B , Desvignes G , Dolch T , Drachler B , Feng Y , Ferrara E C , Fiore W , Fonseca E , Garver-Daniels N , Glaser J , Goncharov B , Good D C , Griessmeier J , Guo Y J , Gültekin K , Hobbs G , Hu H , Islo K , Jang J , Jennings R J , Johnson A D , Jones M L , Kaczmarek J , Kaiser A R , Kaplan D L , Keith M , Kelley L Z , Kerr M , Key J S , Laal N , Lam M T , Lamb W G , Lazio T J W , Liu K , Liu T , Luo J , Lynch R S , Madison D R , Main R , Manchester R , McEwen A , McKee J , McLaughlin M A , Ng C , Nice D J , Ocker S , Olum K D , Osłowski S , Pennucci T T , Perera B B P , Perrodin D , Porayko N , Possenti A , Quelquejay-Leclere H , Ransom S M , Ray P S , Reardon D J , Russell C J , Samajdar A , Sarkissian J , Schult L , Shaifullah G , Shannon R M , Shapiro-Albert B J , Siemens X , Simon J J , Siwek M , Smith T L , Speri L , Spiewak R , Stairs I H , Stappers B , Stinebring D R , Swiggum J K , Tiburzi C , Turner J , Vecchio A , Verbiest J P W , Wahl H , Wang S Q , Wang J , Wang J , Wu Z , Zhang L , Zhang S ,   IPTA Collaboration
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The International Pulsar Timing Array 2nd data release is the combination of data sets from worldwide collaborations. In this study, we search for continuous waves: gravitational wave signals produced by individual supermassive black hole binaries in the local universe. We consider binaries on circular orbits and neglect the evolution of orbital frequency over the observational span. We find no evidence for such signals and set sky averaged 95 per cent upper limits on their amplitude h95. The most sensitive frequency is 10 nHz with h95 = 9.1 × 10−15. We achieved the best upper limit to date at low and high frequencies of the PTA band thanks to improved effective cadence of observations. In our analysis, we have taken into account the recently discovered common red noise process, which has an impact at low frequencies. We also find that the peculiar noise features present in some pulsars data must be taken into account to reduce the false alarm. We show that using custom noise models is essential in searching for continuous gravitational wave signals and setting the upper limit.
Why and when to expect Gaussian error distributions in epoch of reionization 21-cm power spectrum measurements
Authors: Wilensky Michael J , Brown Jordan , Hazelton Bryna J 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTWe explore error distributions in Epoch of Reionization 21-cm power spectrum estimators using a combination of mathematical analysis and numerical simulations. We provide closed-form solutions for the error distributions of individual bins in 3d-power spectra for two estimators currently in use in the field, which we designate as ‘straight-square’ and ‘cross-multiply’ estimators. We then demonstrate when the corresponding spherically binned power spectra should (and should not) have Gaussian error distributions, which requires appealing to non-standard statements of the central limit theorem. This has important implications for how upper limits are reported, as well as how cosmological inferences are performed based on power spectrum measurements. Specifically, assuming a Gaussian error distribution can over- or underestimate the upper limit depending on the type of estimator and produces overly compact likelihood functions for the power spectrum.
Scaling relations in the network of voids
Authors: Aragon-Calvo M A 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The large-scale distribution of matter in the Universe forms a network of clusters, filaments, and walls enclosing large empty voids. Voids in turn can be described as a cellular system in which voids/cells define dynamically distinct regions. Cellular systems arising from a variety of physical and biological processes have been observed to closely follow scaling laws relating their geometry, topology, and dynamics. These scaling laws have never been studied for cosmological voids, the largest known cellular system. Using a cosmological N-body simulation, we present a study of the scaling relations of the network of voids, extending their validity by over 30 orders of magnitude in scale with respect to other known cellular systems.