bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gross and Histopathological Changes in Gastrointestinal Tract in Cases of Acute Transoral Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Bala Moumita , Dutta Sayak Sovan , Roy Anup Kumar , Chattopadhyay Saurabh , Chunakar Ankita 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background and Justification
Paraquat is one of the easily available household poisons and has become an easy source of committing suicide, especially in rural India including in West Bengal where it is used as a “weedkiller.” Out of the fatal 272 poisoning cases where autopsies were done at NRSMCH Morgue in the year 2019, 56.6% of cases died due to transoral paraquat poisoning. Though adequate literature is available showing gross and microscopic changes in lungs, liver, and kidneys following transoral paraquat poisoning, data showing the effect of the poison in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is limited though its detrimental effects on the GI tract are associated with increased morbidity.

Objectives
The objectives of the study were to assess the gross and histopathological changes in different parts of the GI Tract involving lips, tongue, esophagus, and stomach in paraquat death cases brought for autopsy in NRSMCH Morgue, Kolkata, to fill the gap in the existing literature to a certain extent.

Methods
The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was done over 5 months and during which we got 38 cases based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results
Macroscopically Congestion with erosion and hemorrhage was seen mostly in the stomach followed by the esophagus. Histopathologically desquamation was the consistent finding in all organs attributed to the corrosive property of the paraquat solution. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrations are predominantly seen in the tongue followed by the esophagus and lips. Hyperplasia of the surface epithelium was noticeable mostly in the esophagus followed by the tongue and lips but not in the stomach. Involvement of Distortion of glandular architecture in the stomach outnumbers the other organs, followed by the tongue. Necrotic changes were limited to the stomach and esophagus only. Both ulceration and necrotic changes were predominantly limited to the lowermost part of the esophagus than its rest portion, mainly at the junction of the esophagus and stomach where the surface epithelium shifted from squamous to columnar variety.

Conclusion
The result of the study can be utilized by healthcare professionals to prepare proper medical/surgical interventions to reduce mortality and morbidity in transoral paraquat poisoning cases concerning GI complications.
Patterns of Violence Experienced by Women Victims of Domestic Violence in Bengaluru City: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Jyothsna K. A. , Shetty Kannappa V. , Kumar Sanjeev , Ganeshan Mahesh 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Domestic violence has negative effects on the physical health and mental health of women. Domestic violence takes various forms physical, psychological, sexual, and emotional abuse. Many organizations are working with women and their families to prevent and reduce instances of violence. The current study aimed to understand the various patterns of violence among women victims of domestic violence.

Materials and Methods
The sample of 30 women approaching the women’s helpline, in Bengaluru was considered for the study using a cross-sectional design. The interview schedule for assessing patterns of violence was used. Descriptive statistics were used for analyzing the data.

Results
The majority of the respondents (50%) were in the age group of 20–29 years, more than half (53.3%) were homemaker and the majority (70%) stayed in nuclear family structures. More than one-fourth reported severe physical violence such as pushing, slapping, and punching. Most of the respondents reported husbands to be perpetrators of violence, 60% reported violence as a habit, and the majority reported dowry harassment as the reason for violence.

Conclusion
Mental health professionals need to work on the root cause of habitual violence and dowry harassment perpetrated by the spouse and empower the victims.
The Fellow Eye of Retinal Detachment Patients: Vision and Clinical Presentation
Authors: Ibanga A , Okonkwo ON , Ovienria W , Oyekunle I , Akanbi T , Nkanga D , Agweye C , Adenuga O , Udoh M , Collaborative Retinal Research Network (CRRN) Study Report  
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
The fellow eye of a retinal detachment is at risk of developing a retinal detachment and other visually debilitating disease.

Aim:
To investigate the rate of bilaterality of retinal detachment (RD), the presenting visual acuity (VA), and the presence of ocular morbidity in the fellow eye of patients with RD.

Patients and Methods:
A multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional study examining the fellow eye of consecutive patients who were diagnosed with different types of RD. The patients were seen within one year and examined in four Nigerian eye hospitals and clinics. Demographics, VA, and clinical findings at the presentation were reported on examination of the fellow eyes.

Results:
Twenty-seven (11.4%) out of 237 patients (264 eyes) had an RD in the fellow eye. The mean age of all study patients was 46.2 ± 16.8 years, M/F: 161 (67.9%)/76 (32.1%). The rates of bilaterality for rhegmatogenous, exudative, and tractional RDs were 4.2%, 11.1%, and 31.1%, respectively. Diagnosis of RD in an eye was associated with a risk of developing fellow eye rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (P < 0.001) and tractional RD (P < 0.001), respectively. RRD in an eye was associated with a 17% risk of developing RD in the fellow eye (β = −1.6, OR = 0.202, P < 0.001). The BCVA in the fellow eye of the three types of RD varied significantly (P < 0.001). The fellow eye was blind in 25.2% of RRD, 54.1% of tractional retinal detachment (TRD), and 11.1% of exudative retinal detachment (ERD). Bilateral RD eyes were blind in RRD (85.7%), TRD (71.1%), and ERD (50%). One hundred and seven eyes (40.5%) of the total 264 RD eyes studied had other fellow eye events at the presentation.

Conclusion:
A patient with an RD in one eye is at significant risk of developing a blinding RD in the fellow eye. This risk varies with the type of RD and is highest with TRD. However, RRD, the commonest type of RD, can benefit from prophylactic treatment to the fellow eye RD predisposing lesions.
Is Testicular Tissue Resection Effective in Testicular Compartment Syndrome?
Authors: Caniklioğlu M , Oztekin Ü , Fırat F , Ataç F , Doğanyigit Z , Oflamaz A Okan 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
There have been many testicular losses due to testicular compartment syndrome (TCS). Studies are ongoing to lower the pressure within tunica vaginalis during TCS.

Aims:
To provide enough space for reperfusion of the testicular tissue and to reduce intratesticular pressure by resecting testicular tissue in the affected testis for treatment of TCS.

Materials and Methods:
The study was designed as a prospective randomized animal study. A total of 24 Wistar albino adult rats were randomly divided into three groups. After torsion surgery group 1 underwent detorsion + testicular tissue resection (TTR), while only detorsion was performed in group 2. The control group did not undergo any procedures. At the postoperative 5th day all subjects were sacrificed, and their testes were evaluated in terms of histologic findings, apoptosis, and microangiogenesis. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for analysis.

Results:
According to Johnsen scores, all the groups were statistically different from each other and the damage in group 1 was less than in group 2 (P < 0.05). Factor VIII expressions in surgical groups were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). However, the surgical groups did not show any significant difference between each other (P > 0.05). Apoptotic cell counts were higher in both surgical groups than in the control group. Also, there was significantly higher apoptotic cell count in group 2 than in group 1 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The injury secondary to TCS is lower when TTR is performed. In the cases in which tunica vaginalis graft could not be obtained or in the delayed cases, TTR may be useful.
Scaling Up Numbers and Competency of Graduating Medical and Dental Students in Nigeria: Need to Improve Medical Trainers’ Competency in Teaching
Authors: Yarhere IE , Ogundipe O , Williams A , Farouk AG , Raji Y , Makanjuola V , Adeboye MAN 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
With the increasing medical brain drain in Nigeria, there is a need to train and graduate more doctors to fill in the gaps created to mitigate the effects. To meet this goal, the trainers need to evolve and have the competency to deliver quality training for many more enrollees in medical schools.

Aim:
This study aimed to gather information about the perception of medical teachers’ need to obtain certification in medical education and what this will achieve in scaling up the competency and number of graduating medical doctors.

Subjects and Methods:
Medical teachers in Nigeria participated in this mixed (quantitative and qualitative) study. Four hundred medical consultants and teachers were randomly selected and sent a semi-structured pre-validated questionnaire; also, a panel discussion was conducted with six medical teachers with other special assignments in universities and postgraduate colleges. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 24, differences in proportions were calculated using the Chi-square test, and P values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results:
Two hundred and thirty-eight (59.5%) participants completed the form, 63 (26.5%) had practiced for <5 years, and 114 (47.9%) had >10 years of practice experience. A majority of 168 (70.6%) were physician lecturers in federal or state universities, and 15.5% had obtained certifications of any kind in medical education. Over 80% perceived that medical education training should not be a prerequisite to teach, but a similar percentage believed that faculty medical education training can help scale up the training competency and the number of graduating medical doctors.

Conclusion:
To scale up the number and competency of graduating medical doctors, medical teachers need to acquire core teaching competency. The respondents and discussants believe that when these core teaching competencies have been fully developed, it will be easier to increase the number of medical students’ enrollees, teach them their curriculum through innovations, and graduate them with improved competencies.
Effect of Chlorhexidine and Benzalkonium Chloride on the Long-term Push-out Bond Strength of Fiber Posts
Authors: Hazar A , Akgül S , Hazar E 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim:
Fiber posts are widely used in endodontically treated teeth with extensive loss of coronal structure. The purpose of this study was to investigate immediate and the long-term effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) application, on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts.

Material and Methods:
Sixty mandibular premolars were decoronated, and root canal treatment was performed. After post space preparation, the specimens were divided into three groups according to the post space-surface pretreatment (n = 20); no surface treatment (control group—Group 1), 2% CHX application (Group 2), and 1% BAC application (Group 3). A self-curing adhesive cement and an etch and rinse adhesive were used for the cementation of posts. Three sections (one cervical, one middle, and one apical) of 1 mm thickness were prepared from each specimen. A push-out test was performed immediately on the half of the specimen sections (n = 10). The other half of the specimen sections were subjected to 20.000 thermal cycles before applying the push-out test (n = 10). The failure mode of each specimen was observed under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification.

Results:
The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey Honestly significant difference (HSD), and Tamhane tests (P = 0.05). The cervical thirds displayed the highest, and the apical thirds showed the lowest values in all groups (P < 0.05), except the control-aged group (P = 0.554). The aged control groups’ values were found to be significantly lower than the aged CHX and BAC groups (P < 0.001). Aging significantly reduced the bond strength values of specimens in control groups (P < 0.001). However, aging did not significantly affect the push-out bond strength values of CHX and BAC groups (P > 0.050). The failure types were adhesive between the post and cement (type 1) in all groups, except control-aged group (type 2).

Conclusion:
The application of 2% chlorhexidine or 1% BAC may be an essential step that can be taken to preserve the bond strength of fiber posts.
The Relationship between Social Achievement Goals and Self-Esteem, Depression and Anxiety among Medical School Students
Authors: Başkaya O , Baykan H , Can M Şahin 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Social achievement goals such as the desire to receive positive feedback from the social environment or avoid negative feedback are situations that affect an individual’s quality of life and predispose them to mental disorders.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between social achievement goals and self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in medical school students.

Materials and Methods:
400 participants, 201 of whom were female volunteers, between the ages of 18-30, studying at the Faculty of Medicine were evaluated. Sociodemographic Data Form, Social Achievement Goal Orientation Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory Sub-Scale were applied to the participants.

Results:
A negative correlation between social development goals and depression (rs = -0.218, P < 0.001) and anxiety (rs = -0.188, P < 0.001), and a positive correlation with self-esteem (P = 0.002) were found. A statistically significant and positive correlation between social performance-avoidance goals and depression (rs = 0.233, P < 0.001) and anxiety (rs = 0.245, P < 0.001), and still statistically significant, and negative relationship with self-esteem (P = 0.001) were found. While social performance-approach goals were positively correlated with anxiety (rs = 0.192, P < 0.001) and depression (rs = 0.108, P = 0.03), no statistically significant correlation was found with self-esteem (P = 0.129).

Conclusion:
It has been seen that our study generally supports the other studies in the literature concerning the relations between social achievement goal subgroups and self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in university students. It will be possible to contribute to the findings with studies encompassing university students from different cities and departments and studies with a large number of participants other than students.
44-Year Temporal Trends and Causes of Maternal Mortality at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, LUTH, Lagos, Nigeria (1976-2019)
Authors: Olamijulo JA , Olorunfemi G , Osman HA , Ugwu AO , Omole-Mathew J 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Nigeria has committed to global initiatives aimed at improving maternal and child health. Institutional audit of maternal mortality over a long period can provide useful information on the trends in maternal death and the impact of interventions.

Aim:
To evaluate the trends in annual deliveries, maternal mortality ratio and causes of maternal death at a tertiary institution in Nigeria over a period of 44 years (1976–2019).

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a temporal trend analysis of annual births, maternal deaths, maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and ranking of causes of maternal deaths at a Teaching Hospital, in Southwest Nigeria using available data from 1976 to 2019. Overall and segmental annual percent change (APC) of the observed trends were conducted using Joinpoint version 4.5.0.1 software.

Results:
Over the 44-year study period, 1323 maternal deaths occurred at approximately 30 maternal deaths per annum. There was a four-fold increase in MMR from 881/100,000 total births in 1976 to 3389.8/100,000 total births in 2019, at an average increase of 3.1% per annum. (APC: 3.1%; P value < 0.001). The leading causes of maternal mortality were hypertension, sepsis, haemorrhage, and abortion, which together contributed to more than 70% of maternal deaths. All the leading causes of maternal deaths except abortion had constant ranking during the study period.

Conclusion:
The four-fold increase in MMR at our hospital from 1976–2019 is worrying and may suggest that previous efforts at reducing maternal mortality in our institution did not lead to significant improvement toward the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3). The hospital increasingly managed complex cases especially the unbooked patients who were referred to the hospital as a last resort.
COVID-19 in Renal Transplant Patients – A Narrative Review
Authors: Valecha Jayesh , Gupta Vasu , Mendpara Vaidehi , Snyder Carson Eric , Anamika Fnu , Parikh Kinna , Mahmood Talha , Garg Shreya , Jain Rohit 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The World Health Organisation declared the novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 a pandemic in March 2020. This virus has led to the deaths of more than 6 million people worldwide. Besides causing pneumonia, COVID-19 is linked to multiple organ dysfunction, including the kidneys, especially in individuals whose immune systems are already compromised. Consequently, individuals who are currently on a waiting list for a kidney transplant or who have recently received a kidney transplant are at a significantly increased risk for developing acute kidney injury and are severely impacted by the COVID-19 infection. The pandemic has negatively affected the transplantation process and led to a decrease in the number of organ donations as well as the volume of renal transplants. This review summarises the outcomes of COVID-19 infection in renal transplant patients, its pathophysiology, the challenges faced by the transplant community, and the management of immunosuppression.
Prevalence, Outcome, and Predictors of Placenta Migration among Pregnant Women with Placenta Praevia in Enugu Nigeria
Authors: Umeh Uchenna Anthony , Umeh Chioma Roseline , Obi Samuel Nnamdi , Nwankwo Theophilus Ogochukwu , Obuba Chudi Igwe , Ezugwu Euzebus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background:
Placenta praevia is one of the leading causes of obstetric haemorrhages and a major contributor to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Although low-lying placentae are common during routine midtrimester anomaly scans, the incidence of placenta praevia at term remains low, probably due to placenta migration. It is important to follow-up pregnant women with low-lying placentae to identify the few whose placenta will remain in the lower segment and hence at risk of major obstetric haemorrhage.

Aim:
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, predictors, and pregnancy outcome of low-lying placenta diagnosed in the midtrimester.

Materials and Methods:
The study was a cohort study with longitudinal follow-up of 416 pregnant women from the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, and Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital who had an ultrasound diagnosis of low-lying placentae between 16 weeks and 20 weeks of gestation. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The prevalence of low-lying placenta at 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 weeks of gestation was 51%, 41.3%, 22.3%, 12.7%, and 10.5%, respectively. 87.3% of those with low-lying placenta had normally situated placenta at term. Previous caesarean section and male gender were significant predictors of placenta praevia at delivery (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively).

Conclusion:
Despite the high prevalence of low-lying placenta before 20 weeks of gestation, only a few of these placentas remain low-lying at term. Previous caesarean section and male gender were significant predictors of placenta praevia at delivery. This study recommends a routine ultrasound scan in the second or third trimester for placenta localisation.
Pregnancy-associated Plasma Protein-A, Progesterone, and Oestriol Levels and Some Birth Outcomes in HIV-seropositive Pregnant Women at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
Authors: Okwara John Ekenedirichukwu , Ahaneku Joseph Eberendu , Onyenekwe Charles Chinedum , Udigwe Gerald Okanandu , Ikechebelu Joseph Ifeanyichukwu , Okwara Emmanuel Chidiebere , Okwara Nuratu Adejumoke , Onuegbu Jude Anaelechi , Olisekodiaka Japhet Madu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background:
Pregnancy is associated with biochemical alterations and may be compounded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection potentially affecting pregnancy outcome such as birth weight, Apgar score, and foetal viability (stillbirth or intrauterine foetal death [IUFD]).

Aims:
This prospective case–control study evaluated some biochemical parameters and their possible effects on pregnancy outcome in HIV-seropositive subjects.

Patients, Materials and Methods:
The study involved 136 HIV seropositives on highly active antiretroviral therapy and 137 HIV-seronegative pregnant women, recruited from the Antenatal Clinic of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), oestriol (E3), and progesterone were analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and the delivery outcomes were reported.

Results:
Progesterone was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in HIV-seropositive individuals (59.3 ± 17.84 ng/mL) compared to controls (54.89 ± 8.24 ng/mL). There were no significant differences in the levels of E3 and PAPP-A between the two groups. In HIV seronegatives, there were no significant changes in measured biochemical parameters between trimesters (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in measured biochemical parameters between subjects with IUFD and subjects with live births (P > 0.05) for both the test and control groups. Subjects with significantly lower PAPP-A in HIV seropositives had babies with higher Apgar score. The incidence of IUFD was 7.31% among HIV seropositives and 7.47% among HIV seronegatives.

Conclusion:
HIV infection affects some biochemical indices such as progesterone and PAPP-A but does not adversely affect pregnancy outcomes in HIV seropositives under antiretroviral therapy.
Case Report of Ectopic Pregnancy Occurring in the Tubal Stump after a Previous Salpingectomy
Authors: Isikhuemen Maradona E. , Kubeyinje Weyinmi E. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Tubal stump ectopic pregnancy is rare but a potentially life-threatening condition. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and effective treatment, thereby minimising morbidity associated with this type of abnormal pregnancy. The aim of this report was to document a rare case of repeat ectopic pregnancy in the tubal stump following previous salpingectomy. We report a 35-year-old para 1+1 with one living child who had one previous right salpingectomy for ruptured right ectopic pregnancy. She presented with complaint of abdominal pain of one-day duration following a five-week history of absent menstruation. On presentation, she was in shock and there were features of intra-abdominal fluid (blood) collection. Abdominopelvic ultrasound scan demonstrated intraperitoneal fluid collection with floating loops of bowel. She was resuscitated, had salpingectomy for ruptured tubal stump ectopic pregnancy, and remained stable on follow-up. In conclusion, tubal stump ectopic pregnancy is a rare but possible complication of a previous salpingectomy. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and effective management.