bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on Leptospira hardjo-bovis Control in Beef Herds
Authors: Wikse Steven E. 
Published: February 2023

Leptospira hardjo bovis has emerged as the most common leptospiral infection of cattle in the United States and Canada. Its new name is Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo (hardjo bovis), referred to as 'hardjo-bovis'. The main reason for the widespread prevalence of hardjo-bovis is that it is very efficiently transmitted by a chronic renal carrier/shedder state lasting a year or more. Also, traditionaJ 5-way leptospira vaccines have provided poor protection against hardjobovis because they contain a different hardjo organism, L. hardjo prajitno, which is not found in North America.
Experimental and natural infections of cattle with hardjo-bovis result in reproductive losses including embryonic death, abortion, stillbirths and weak calves. In addition, involvement of the mammary glands in hardjobovis infections can result in the "mastitis/flabby bag syndrome" of beef cattle. In the field, it has been extremely difficult to diagnose hardjo-bovis because traditional use of serology to diagnose leptospiral infections works very poorly for diagnosis of hardjo-bovis. As the maintenance host for hardjo-bovis, cattle mount a weak and transitory antibody response to infection. Identification of leptospires in urine correlated with antibody titers to hardjo-bovis and several other serovars of leptospira can overcome that obstacle to diagnosis. The combination of losses typically not noticed by ranchers, such as embryonic deaths, and the difficulties in diagnosing hardjo-bovis as the cause of obvious losses like abortions have made hardjo-bovis a "hidden disease".
Programs to control hardjo-bovis in beef herds are now possible because of the identification of two antibiotics that can clear the renal carrier state of hardjo-bovis and the availability of new leptospira vaccines that contain hardjo-bovis. Hardjo-bovis control programs have four parts: 1) enhancement of general herd resistance; 2) biosecurity; 3) antibiotic treatment to eliminate the renal carrier state; and 4) vaccination. The primary consideration in the decision on whether to implement a control program for hardjo-bovis in a beef herd is how great is the disease threat?
There are still gaps in our understanding of hardjo-bovis infection of beef herds. Diagnostic testing is still cumbersome. Hardjo-bovis-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests now being perfected will make possible accurate, fast diagnoses of hardjobovis in urine or tissue samples. That will greatly aid in identification of problem herds and in monitoring the success of control programs. Like most infectious diseases of cattle, clinical trials are needed in United States beef cow/calf operations to determine the herd-level economic impact of hardjo-bovis infection and efficacy of control programs.
Update on Parasite Control in Small Ruminants 2006
Authors: Kaplan Ray M. 
Published: February 2023

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are the single most important health problem of sheep and goats. Traditionally, parasites have been controlled by frequent administration of anthelmintic drugs. However, the emergence of multiple-drug resistant parasites now threatens this paradigm of control and new approaches are required.
Anthelmintics can no longer be thought of as an inexpensive management tool to be used as needed to maximize animal productivity. Instead anthelmintics must be thought of as extremely valuable and limited resources that should be used prudently. In response to this changing paradigm of anthelmintic use, new recommendations for parasite control have been proposed. The basis of this approach is to use the knowledge we have about the parasite, the animal, and the drugs to develop strategies that maximize the effectiveness of treatments while also decreasing the development of drug resistance. The term "Smart Drenching'' is often used to describe this approach to worm control. Due to the complexities ofinstituting such a program, successful implementation will only be possible with the help and active involvement of small ruminant veterinarians and other animal health professionals. Additionally, new innovative schemes using novel and sustainable approaches must be implemented. There are a number of new non-chemical technologies that will become increasingly important in GIN control programs both in the short and long term future. However, it is highly likely that any new technologies or developments in non-chemical GIN control methods will be less effective than chemical control has been (prior to emergence of drug resistant parasites). Therefore, as novel non-chemical control modalities become available and widely applied, anthelmintics will still be required for life-saving therapy when control fails. Unless veterinarians take an active and leading role in the education of small ruminant owners and help to implement these new approaches to parasite control, there may be no effective anthelmintics remaining when that time comes.
Investigation of the Role of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Undifferentiated Fever of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Guichon P. T. , Haines D. , Jim G. K. , Booker C. W. , Schunicht O. C. , Wildman B. K. , Pittman T. J. , Perrett T. , Morley P. S. , Ellis J. , Appleyard G. , West K. 
Published: February 2023

The undifferentiated fever (UF)/bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex continues to be the single most important infectious disease entity in beef feedlot production. Current management practices have focused on successfully managing this disease complex through the use of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial strategies, as well as vaccination programs targeting common viral and bacterial etiologic agents of feedlot UF/BRD described in the veterinary literature. In spite of these preventive and control strategies, there are substantial amounts of concrete and circumstantial epidemiologic, pathologic, serologic, and immunologic evidence that BVDV infection continues to play an important role in UF/BRD in commercial feedlot production, even though BVDV vaccination programs are in use.
The purpose of the project reported herein was to improve our understanding of the role that BVDV plays in the pathogenesis of pen-level UF/BRD. The specific objectives of this study were: to describe the frequency and character (Type I or Type II) of BVDV infections both persistent infection (PI) and acute infection (AI)) at feedlot arrival and at the time of initial UF diagnosis; to investigate the effects of BVDV PI animals on pen-level animal health and feedlot performance; to investigate the effect of BVDV viremia on subsequent animal health outcome; and to describe the frequency of BVDV identification in postmortem tissue samples using immunohistochemistry.
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis by PCR Testing of Nasal Swabs
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Braziel Barbara , Kautz Kira , Burge Lurinda J. , Weaver Gaylen D. , Hessman Bill 
Published: February 2023

Diagnosis of viral infections has traditionally used viral isolation in cell culture and serologic testing (antibody levels) to detect active infection (rising antibody levels). These procedures require considerable time for the results, especially cell culture isolation (days to weeks for multiple passages). Serology requires the host response post infection (3-4 weeks for acute to convalescent samples), plus the antibody test performance. Use of cell culture systems for viral diagnostics is useful for selected viruses, yet some viruses may not be readily identified in cell culture or may require unique cell cultures not normally maintained in diagnostic laboratories. Also, some viruses may be quite labile and have reduced chance of recovery due to time and conditions of shipment. There are a limited number of rapid antigen detection systems available for diagnoses of viruses causing BRD. An antigen capture ELISA test for BVDV, used primarily as a test for persistently infected (Pl) BVDV cattle using fresh ear notches, is a newer and more rapid test.
Molecular diagnostic testing, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), offers a rapid means and greater sensitivity than the traditional tests like cell culture assay and serology. The nucleotide sequences for primer selection for the RT-PCR are available. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) implement RT-PCR tests for BRSV, BCV and BVDV using nasal swab samples from cattle; and 2) compare the RT-PCR results for BRSV, BCV and BVDV with cell culture assay results.
Analysis of the Association between ELISA and Nested PCR on Blood and Milk for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Detection in Holstein Cows
Authors: Pinedo P. J. , Rae D. O. , Williams J. E. , Donovan G. A. , Melendez P. , Buergelt C. D. 
Published: February 2023

Paratuberculosis is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants characterized by progressive weight loss and profuse diarrhea. It is caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), has a worldwide distribution and is categorized by the OIE as a List B disease that has serious economic impact or is a public health concern. Disease diagnosis is hampered by a lack of sensitive tests. Available methods fail to identify all infected animals, and many produce substantial numbers of false positives and false negatives. This is of particular importance, as they relate to detection of the organism in subclinically infected animals. Several commercial, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests are available, but it is generally accepted that their sensitivity in detecting infected animals is only about 50%. In fact, because of its low sensitivity, the ELISA test is rarely positive in animals under two years of age. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests based on the insertion element IS900 have been the most widely used for MAP identification. However, detection of the etiologic agent is limited by frequency and number of organisms present in the fluid or tissue. A combination of serologic tests, such as ELISA, and agent detection through nested PCR could be a useful strategy to improve the sensitivity of paratuberculosis diagnosis, especially when detectable target levels for each test follow different temporal patterns.
The objective of this study was to compare the performance of ELISA testing of sera, and nested PCR in milk and blood, for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in Holstein cows.
Lung Pathology and Infectious Agents in Fatal Feedlot Pneumonias and Relationship with Animal and Treatment Information
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Blood K. S. , Panciera Roger J. , Payton Mark , Ridpath Julia F. , Saliki J. T. , Burge Lurinda J. , Confer Anthony W. , Welsh R. D. , Johnson Bill J. , Reck Amy 
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) occurring in the feedlot represent the major disease entity during the feeding period. Several bacteria, viruses, and Mycoplasma spp are reported as causative agents. Feedlot BRD may occur at various times, although the early disease appearing after arrival and processing often receives the most attention. The diagnostician and clinician are faced with several clinical presentations and agents/lesions in the fatal cases.
The purpose of this study was to chart the fatal pneumonia cases over a one-year period in one Oklahoma feedyard, recording agent identification, observed pathology and animal treatment information. These cattle died either in the sick pen or suddenly in regular feeding pens without treatment. A clinical diagnosis of BRD was assigned to all cases charted. Samples of lung collected at necropsy (fresh and formalin fixed) were submitted for agent identification and histopathology. In the later stages of the study, skin samples were tested for BVDV by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Comparison of Short-Term Health and Performance Effects Related to Prophylactic Administration of Tulathromycin versus Tilmicosin in Long-Hauled, Highly Stressed Beef Stocker Calves
Authors: Nickell J. S. , White B. J. , Larson R. L. , Blasi D. A. , Renter D. G. 
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common disease condition in both the stocker and feedlot stages of beef production. This syndrome causes economic loss in the form of treatment costs, loss of growth performance, decreased quality grade, and higher mortality risk. Metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy upon arrival to a feedlot facility has been intensely studied and repeatedly shown to be a cost-effective practice in many production settings. Two approved metaphylactic drugs, tilmicosin and tulathromycin, are members of the macrolide class of antibiotics. The stocker segment of the beef industry is traditionally a grower phase for young, lightweight calves prior to their entry into a feedlot. However, stocker calves are on feed for a much shorter duration than calves in the finishing period in feedlots. Therefore, maintaining a high level of health and growth performance is imperative. The objective of this research was to determine if health and performance differences were present when comparing a longer-acting (tulathromycin) or shorter-acting (tilmicosin) antimicrobial administered to beef stocker calves at arrival.
Significance of hydraulic complexity parameters M1 and M2 based on the laboratory and field data
Authors: Bahmanpouri Farhad , Termini Donatella , Barbetta Silvia , Dionigi Marco , Moramarco Tommaso 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hydraulic complexity metrics referred to as M1 and M2 play an important role when it comes to the analysis of habitat metrics. In the present paper, the significance of these parameters is analysed by using laboratory data as well as field observations along the Tiber River in Italy. Based on the laboratory data, the estimated parameters allow us to characterise the high/low-velocity areas. Based on field observations, larger magnitudes of M1 are linked to the zones with large changes in cross-sectional flow velocity. Larger magnitudes of M2 are observed at the left bank of the channel for all flow conditions, suggesting locations with larger kinetic energy consumption for aquatic organisms. Overall, the findings of the present research would be of particular interest in quantifying biologically important ﬂow patterns occurring at different spatial scales within different streams and flow conditions.
Microbiological monitoring of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in public drinking water fountains: Pathogenicity factors, antimicrobial resistance and potential health risks
Authors: Santos G. A. C. , Dropa M. , Martone-Rocha S. , Peternella F. A. S. , Veiga Denise P. B. , Razzolini Maria Tereza Pepe 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The presence of opportunistic bacteria such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) in drinking water poses public health concerns because of its potential to cause human infection and due to its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) diversity. This study evaluated the occurrence, virulence markers and AMR of CoNS in 468 drinking water samples from 15 public fountains located in four urban parks of São Paulo city (Brazil). Out of 104 samples positive for the presence of Staphylococcus genus, we detected CoNS in 75 of them (16%), which did not meet the Brazilian sanitary standards for residual chlorine. All isolates were of concern to public health for being responsible for infection in humans from low to high severity, nine of them are considered the most of concern due to 63.6% being multiresistant to antimicrobials. The results demonstrated that CoNS in drinking water must not be neglected. It is concluded that the presence of resistant staphylococci in drinking water is a potential health risk, which urges feasible and quick control measures to protect human health, especially in crowded public places.
The Comparison of Periostin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid among
Patients with Endometrial Cancer and Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Khalajian Azade , Bayani Mojtaba , Nakhostin Afrooz , Abdolalian Fatemeh , Zamani Ashraf 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Serum periostin in cancer patients and chronic periodontitis (CP) is the lowest
and could be linked to the association between CP and endometrial cancer (EC). Periostin is a matricellular
protein secreted by fibroblasts associated with cancer and is also secreted in chronic inflammatory
conditions such as CP.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to compare the GCF periostin level among CP, EC, and healthy
people and the evaluation of the plausible role of periostin in this association.

Methods:
This case-control study was conducted on 80 participants including 20 people with both EC
and CP (EC-CP), 20 only CP cases (H-CP), 20 only EC cases (EC-H), and 20 healthy people (H-H).
Then, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) periostin levels for all the participants were measured
through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the data were analyzed using Stata
software version 11.

Results:
The mean value of periostin levels was significantly different between groups (p < 0.001) and
the lowest and highest mean was observed in EC-CP and H-H groups, respectively. The mean of GCF
periostin before treatment in the EC-CP group was 2.14 which was lower than that after treatment;
however, this difference was not significant (p = 0.086). Also, the mean of GCF periostin in the H-CP
group was 3.96 before non-surgical treatment and after treatment it significantly raised to 6.79 (p =
0.049).

Conclusions:
Periostin is a potential biomarker for CP diagnosis in EC patients and also can be used to
prevent CP. However, further studies are required to confirm this role.
Development of Novel Indole-3-sulfonamide-heteroaryl Hybrids as Carbonic
Anhydrase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and in-vitro Screening
Authors: Chinchilli Krishna K. , Singh Priti , Swain Baijayantimala , Goud Nerella S. , Sigalapalli Dilep K. , Choli Abhishek , Angeli Andrea , Nanduri Srinivas , Yaddanapudi Venkata M. , Supuran Claudiu T. , Arifuddin Mohammed 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to
bicarbonate and a proton. Inhibition of isoforms IX and XII has induced potent anticancer effects.

Objective:
A series of indole-3-sulfonamide-heteroaryl hybrid (6a-y) was synthesized and screened for the inhibition of
human (h) hCA isoforms I, II, IX, and XII.

Methods:
The synthesis of target compounds (6a-y) was carried out in multistep starting from 5-nitro indole as starting
material by using classical reported reaction conditions. The steps involved are N-Alkylation Chlorosulfonation, amination,
reduction, and finally amidation reaction.

Results:
Amongst all the compounds (6a-y) synthesized and screened, 6l was found to be active against all the
screened hCA isoforms, with Ki ranging 8.03 μM, 4.15 μM, 7.09 μM, and 4.06 μM respectively. On the other hand, 6i,
6j, 6q, 6s, and 6t were highly selective against tumor-associated hCA IX, and 6u was selective against both hCA II and
hCA IX with moderate inhibitory activities under the range of 100 μM. These compounds showed good activity
against the tumor-associated hCA IX and might be developed as future drug leads for anticancer drug discovery.

Conclusion:
These compounds may be useful as starting points for the design and development of more selective and
potent hCA IX and XII inhibitors.
A Long-term Study of NeuroAid (MLC601, MLC901) in Patients with
Alzheimer's Disease; An Extension 8-year Follow-up Study
Authors: Pakdaman Hossein , Amini Harandi Ali , Gharagozli Koroush , Siavoshi Fatemeh , Shirzadeh Barough Siavash , Sharifipour Ehsan , Esfandani Akram , Ilkhani Saba , Tabatabaei Fatemeh Sadat , Sobhanian Seyed Ali 
Published: February 2023

Background:
MLC601 and MLC901 showed neuroprotective and neuroregenerative
properties and positive results in the treatment of dementia and cognitive impairment. This study
aimed to investigate the long-term benefits of monotherapy with MLC601 and MLC901 in patients
with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods:
In this study, patients with AD, diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, were enrolled. Patients
have received MLC601 for four years, and their regimen has changed to MLC901 for another four
years. Recruited patients were followed to assess the efficacy and safety first of MLC601 and
MLC901. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-
Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) were used to assess cognitive function. Safety was evaluated by
monitoring adverse events (AEs) and abnormal findings in physical examinations or lab tests.

Results:
At the end of the trial, the changes in the mean (±SD) MMSE and ADAS-Cog scores were
5.1 (3.09) and 12.5 (10.89), respectively. Both scores showed a significant change in repeated
measure analysis, with the ADAS-Cog score indicating a higher change than the MMSE score (P <
0.001).

Conclusion:
For more than eight years, we studied monotherapy with NeuroAid (MLC601,
MLC901) in patients with AD. The study contributes further to the long-term safety and efficacy
data of MLC in patients with AD.