bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Mouse Spleen Cells Involved in the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction and Graft-Vs-Host Disease
Authors: El-Arini M. O. , Osoba David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated some of the physical properties of mouse spleen cells involved in the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and in graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). When “transformed” cells were separated by velocity sedimentation they were found to be large cells sedimenting at 6.1 mm/hr. On density centrifugation, these cells are found in the light density region of the gradient (modal density, 1.055 g/cm3). In contrast, --positive cells and the precursors of “transformed” cells, i.e., cells capable of responding in the MLR and to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), are found in a higher density region (modal density, 1.071 g/cm3). Transplantation of cells from this region into appropriate recipients produces death from acute GVHD. However, cells from regions deficient in MLR- and PHA-responsive cells, but rich in hematopoietic colony-forming cells (modal density, 1.060 g/cm3), do not produce acute GVHD. Therefore, the density characteristics of ϑ-positive cells and of cells responding in the MLR and to PHA are similar to those of cells producing acute GVHD. This result is in keeping with the possibility that these classes of cells are either identical or subpopulations of a relatively homogeneous single population of cells.
Ontogeny of the Release and Reactivity to the Mediators of IgE-Induced Acute Allergic Reactions in the Rabbit: The Homologous PCA Reaction
Authors: Meng Aniko L. , Pinckard R. Neal , Halonen Marilyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative abilities of rabbits to elicit homologous passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA)2 reactions, and their reactivity to exogenously administered bradykinin, histamine, and compound 48/80, were studied as a function of age. Fourteen-day-old rabbits did not respond to PCA, histamine, or 48/80, whereas 74% responded to bradykinin. The lack of PCA reactivity could not be ascribed to lack of functional receptor sites for IgE antibody since skin mast cells and blood basophils of neonatal rabbits demonstrated the capacity for in vivo sensitization. Twenty-eight-day-old rabbits showed maximum incidence of response to PCA; however, PCA titrations demonstrated that adult levels of reactivity had not developed by this time. The incidence of PCA in 28-day-old rabbits was significantly greater than their response to either histamine or 48/80 (p &lt; 0.0005). Forty-two days after birth the incidences of response to homologous PCA, histamine, 48/80, and bradykinin were no longer statistically different. These data indicate that the homologous PCA reaction in the young rabbit cannot be ascribed to the release of and reactivity to histamine alone, and that other mediators must be considered. Furthermore, the above observations suggest that the ontogeny of the homologous PCA reaction in the rabbit is likely due to a sequential maturation of factors responsible for the reactivity to mediators capable of inducing increased capillary permeability.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Sjöholm Ingvar , Bjerkén Anders , Sjöquist John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein A from the cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus reacts with the Fc part of certain immunoglobulins from several species. Tetranitromethane has been used for the quantitative nitration of the four tyrosyl residues in protein A. The nitrotyrosines formed were subsequently reduced to the corresponding amino-tyrosyl groups with sodium dithionite.
After nitration, protein A lost almost completely its original reactivity towards the Fc fragments of IgG while amino-protein A retained about 40% of its activity, as estimated by quantitative single immunodiffusion tests against normal dog serum. The activity towards rabbit anti-protein A serum was not changed, while neither nitro protein A nor amino protein A agglutinated sensitized sheep red blood cells. The significance of the tyrosines in the active sites of protein A is discussed.
Prevention of Mif Activity by Agents Known to Increase Cellular Cyclic Amp
Authors: Koopman William J. , Gillis Marcia H. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Agents known to increase intracellular levels of cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), in a variety of tissues were examined for their effect on migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. β-Adrenergic agents (isoproterenol and epinephrine) and prostaglandins E1 and E2 consistently prevent MIF activity on macrophage migration. Aminophylline also prevents MIF activity. These observations suggest a possible role for cyclic AMP in modulating the biologic activity of MIF. The finding that dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibits MIF activity supports this view.
Guinea Pig Lymphotoxin (LT)
Authors: Coyne John A. , Remold Heinz G. , Rosenberg Steven A. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig lymphotoxin (LT) produced by stimulation of sensitized lymph node cells, specifically by antigen or non-specifically by concanavalin A, was studied by methods previously used to characterize guinea pig migration-inhibitory factor. The results showed that LT induced by either antigen or mitogen was heat labile, eluted from Sephadex columns with peak activity in fractions containing molecules of 35,000 to 55,000 m.w., had an electrophoretic mobility at pH 9.1 similar to albumin and a buoyant density on CsCl similar to protein. It was destroyed by chymotrypsin but not by neuraminidase. These studies show that guinea pig LT can be readily differentiated from guinea pig migration-inhibitory factor. On the other hand, the LT produced by antigen stimulation has many features in common with LT produced by stimulation with concanavalin A.
Immunochemical Study of Group a Streptococcus Peptidoglycan Solubilized by 8 M Urea
Authors: Goldstein Israël , Caravano René , Parlebas Janine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Group A streptococcal cell walls, after extraction by formamide, may be partially solubilized in aqueous 8 M urea. This soluble peptidoglycan is not immunogenic, but contains material which precipitates strongly with group A streptococcus polysaccharide antisera as well as with antipeptidoglycan antisera. This immunologic reactivity is due to a free N-acetyl-glucosamine grouping. Coupling urea-soluble peptidoglycan with bovine serum albumin makes it immunogenic on the rabbit. Antibodies produced are directed to the peptidic moiety of peptidoglycan.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Plaut Marshall , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Gillespie Elizabeth , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inhibition of thymus-derived lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis by histamine has been studied in a cytolytic system with immune C57BL/6 effector cells and DBA/2 mastocytoma target cells. Histamine inhibited cytolysis in a reversible manner, and stimulated intracellular cyclic AMP levels in the effector cell. Histamine inhibition was specifically antagonized by burimamide but not by other antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine. The specificity of this antagonism suggests that the histamine receptor on effector thymus-derived cells is of the histamine2 type only.
Proliferation of Stimulated Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: Preferential Incorporation of Concanavalin a by Stimulated Cells and Mitogenic Activity
Authors: Pauli Richard M. , DeSalle Louis , Higgins Patrick , Henderson Earl , Norin Allen , Strauss Bernard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Binding of concanavalin A (conA) to human peripheral blood lymphocytes or to lymphoblasts is inhibited by α-D-mannopyranosides or α-D-glucopyranosides. After 1 hr incubation of cells with con A over 80% of the bound con A can be washed off with methyl-α-D-mannoside; after 24 hr only about 25% of the cell associated con A can be removed by competitor. This sequestration is temperature dependent. Cells which have been treated with con A for 20 hr still have as many combining sites for freshly added con A as do non-pretreated cells, even though about 75% of the previously added con A remains associated with the cells. Con A stimulated cells can be separated from non-stimulated cells on Ficoll gradients. Irreversibly bound con A is preferentially accumulated in the stimulated cells. However, this irreversibly bound con A does not stimulate. We suggest that irreversibly bound con A is inside the cell and that internalization is a result of the early activation of energy generating reactions by the mitogenic stimulus. The stimulatory effect depends on reactions at the cell surface.
Synthesis, Assembly and Secretion of γ-Globulin by Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Baumal Reuben , Scharff Matthew D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal lymphoid cells obtained from hyperimmunized BALB/c mice and cells from most but not all IgG-producing mouse myeloma tumors and cell lines synthesized more light (L) than heavy (H) chains. While most myeloma tumors secreted their excess L chains, two tumors, MOPC 21 and MOPC 173, degraded the excess L chains and did not secrete them. A third group of tumors produced the same number of H and L chains. In the case of the MPC-11 tumor, excess L chains were synthesized by cloned tumors and cell lines.
A Sensitive Microassay System for Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity Induced by PHA and PPD
Authors: Amino Nobuyuki , Degroot Leslie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive in vitro microassay for lymphocyte cytotoxicity and lymphotoxin (LT) modified from the method of Takasugi and Klein has been characterized in detail. The cytotoxicity assay (nonspecific target cells + activator + lymphocytes) was performed by using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative (PPD). Human skin fibroblasts were not useful as target cells because of insensitivity, but L cells (mouse fibroblasts, subline 5b) proved satisfactory. The fractional survival rate of target cells incubated with activated lymphocytes, relative to incubation with non-activated lymphocytes, was calculated. This discounted nonspecific lymphocyte toxicity.
The sensitivity of four variations of the microassay systems was compared and a “mixture assay” (preincubation of L cells and lymphocytes before addition to the microplate) was found to be most sensitive. Lymphocytes at a concentration of 0.02 × 106/ml (activated by PHA) and 1.0 × 106/ml (activated by PPD) showed nearly 100% target cell destruction. This assay was approximately 50 times more sensitive than the standard incubation of lymphocytes on L cell micromonolayer for 2 days.
Cytotoxicity of the assay performed with direct contact of lymphocytes and target cells was constantly higher than cytotoxicity of the culture supernatant. However, cytotoxicity was strongly correlated in the two, indicating that LT or LT-like materials might be the mediator in this system.
The population of PPD-sensitive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of a tuberculin skin test positive donor was calculated to be 2.0%.
A Latex Agglutination Test for Measuring Antibodies to Streptococcal Mucopeptides
Authors: Heymer Berno , Schachenmary Walter , Bültmann Burkhard , Spanel Reinhard , Haferkamp Otto , Schmidt Willard C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The preparation and application of mucopeptide (MP)-coated latex particles for determining antibody to streptococcal group A MP is described. Anti-MP hyperimmune sera, normal animal and human sera, and commercial antisera to various antigens were tested. MP-latex agglutination proved to be both specific and highly sensitive, permitting the detection of low antibody levels in 20 to 40% of normal sera; these antibodies were not demonstrable by means of other serologic techniques. Data confirming the specificity of the reaction are presented. No cross-agglutinations were observed with the exception of commercial anti-C reactive protein (CRP) serum. This latter phenomenon may be due to traces of MP present in the preparations used to produce anti-CRP serum.
Latex agglutination should prove useful for establishing the occurrence of anti-MP antibody and for elucidating the role of anti-MP antibody in the various toxic or inflammatory reactions induced by MP in vitro and in vivo.
Hyperacute Rejection of Skin Allografts in the Mouse by the Administration of Alloantibody and Rabbit Complement
Authors: Koene Robert A. P. , Gerlag Paul G. G. , Hagemann Jacq. F. H. M. , van Haelst Urbaan J. G. , Wijdeveld Paul G. A. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B6AF1 recipients of B10.D2 mouse skin grafts were treated with anti-lymphocyte serum to prolong graft survival. On day 10 after transplantation, when the grafts were well healed in, the hosts received a single intravenous injection of B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 serum (= antiserum to H-2.31) together with rabbit complement. This treatment was followed by hyperacute rejection of the grafts within 24 to 48 hr. Guinea pig complement was ineffective if used instead of rabbit complement. if, in the same model, graft survival was prolonged by treating the hosts with antiserum to H-2.31 (enhancement), hyperacute rejection could be produced on day 10 by the injection of rabbit complement alone. At this time circulating antibody to H-2.31 was demonstrated in the serum of the enhanced mice. The results suggest that mouse skin allografts are completely sensitive to the cytotoxic action of alloantibody in vivo provided an effective species of complement is present at the same time.
Application of Electroimmunodiffusion and Crossed Electroimmunodiffusion to the Comparative Serology of a Microorganism (Histoplasma Capsulatum)
Authors: Sweet George H. , Wilson Donna E. , Gerber Jay D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Electroimmunodiffusion and crossed electroimmunodiffusion were evaluated and compared to immunodiffusion with respect to their resolution capabilities and their abilities to detect antigenic relationships, both qualitative and quantitative, among yeast-phase growth filtrates of eight strains of Histoplasma capsulatum. Electroimmunodiffusion was judged superior to immunodiffusion and crossed electroimmunodiffusion in all respects. A comparison was also made between burro and rabbit antisera and the former was found to resolve a larger number of antigens. By electroimmunodiffusion considerable antigenic variation among strains was detected and correlations were noted between the antigenic properties and length of time in culture and geographic origin of the strains.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Beryllium Compounds
Authors: Marx James J. , Burrell Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Assessment of delayed hypersensitivity to beryllium compounds was made by using in vivo and in vitro techniques in sensitized and normal guinea pigs. Hartley strain guinea pigs could be sensitized by repeated intradermal injections over a 6-week period, but not by single injections of beryllium intraperitoneally or intramuscularly. Maximum subtoxic doses of BeSO4 (5 µg) and BeF2 (2.5 µg) were determined for the intradermal skin test in normal guinea pigs. When these doses of salts were used to challenge sensitized animals, classical delayed hypersensitive skin reactions ensued. When normal and sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with an insoluble form of beryllium (BeO), the reactions obtained were considered typical of classical beryllium granulomata in only the sensitized animals.
Soluble mediators of cellular hypersensitivity were assayed as in vitro correlates of delayed hypersensitivity. There was a 74% positive correlation of migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) and skin test results in sensitized animals. This sensitivity to beryllium was transferable by cells when assessed by both in vivo and in vitro techniques in the passively sensitized recipients. Lymphocytotoxin was also demonstrable in cell suspensions from sensitized animals when exposed to beryllium, but not in unsensitized controls.
Patients with diagnosed chronic pulmonary berylliosis were assessed for sensitivity by in vitro inhibition of peripheral blood leukocyte migration and showed MIF production when exposed to BeSO4 in vitro. An unexplained inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed when peripheral leukocytes from these patients were exposed in vitro to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), even though the patients were all skin test-negative before steroid therapy. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with chronic lung disease other than berylliosis and no history of exposure to beryllium were MIF-negative to BeSO4, but positive to PPD.
The available data support the hypothesis that reactivity to beryllium compounds is due to classical delayed hypersensitivity, and the techniques that were used may be applicable as diagnostic tools.
Homocytotropic Autoantibodies in Rabbits Subjected to Cryosurgery
Authors: Riera Clelia M. , Faillaci María G. , Yantorno Carlos 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homocytotropic antibodies can be induced in rabbits by parasite infection (1, 2) or by immunization with heterologous antigens (3, 4). The presence of such antibodies in primary responder and hyperimmune animals was recently demonstrated (5, 6).
This study reports the induction of homocytotropic autoantibodies in male rabbits subjected to injury of the accessory glands by in vivo freezing. It is known that such treatment is able to evoke a specific hemagglutinating autoantibody response of the 19S and 7S type (7, 8).
Materials and Methods. Thirty-five adult rabbits, cross-bred from various generations of New Zealand and Flemish Giant were used. Rabbits were subjected to one or several freezings of the accessory glands following a procedure previously described (8). Bleedings were performed approximately at 3, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after each cryogenic treatment.
Semen was obtained from normal animals by means of the artificial vagina (9).
Supressor Cells in the Graft vs Host Reaction
Authors: Hardin John A. , Chused Thomas M. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The importance of cellular interaction in the regulation of the immune response has become apparent in recent years. The first example of such interaction to be observed was synergy between bone marrow and thymus cells in the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (1). Subsequently, two subpopulations of thymicderived (T)1 cells have been shown to cooperate positively in cellular immune responses such as graft-vs-host disease (GVH) (2, 3) and allograft rejection (4). A negative or inhibitory interaction has recently been described in humoral immunity (5–8) mediated by “regulator” or “suppressor” T cells which interact with bone marrow-derived (B) cells to reduce the antibody response. The cell-mediated GVH reaction is reduced in the presence of antigenic competition (9). Evidence has been presented to implicate suppressor T cells or a product thereof as the cause of antigenic competition (10, 11). These and other observations (12) suggest that the GVH reaction might be inhibited by suppressor T cells.
The Responsiveness of Tolerant Lymphocyte Populations after Transfer to Normal Recipients
Authors: McGregor D. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thoracic duct lymphocytes taken from Lewis rats exhibiting tolerance of F1 hybrid skin grafts can recirculate from blood to lymph in recipients syngeneic with the skin donors. They do so in a functionally active condition as evidenced by the ability of recirculating donor cells to cause a graft-vs-host reaction in recipient rats belonging to a second F1 hybrid cross. This phenomenon was exploited in experiments designed to detect tolerant lymphocytes within cell populations that were either unresponsive or only feebly responsive to BN alloantigens. The results demonstrate that lymphocyte populations from tolerant donors retain approximately the same level of unresponsiveness when housed for up to 2 weeks in normal, non-tolerant recipients. Failure of the transferred cells to regain an appreciable level of responsiveness in these circumstances implies that tolerance to major histocompatibility antigens is a stable property of circulating lymphocytes, and lends support to the concept that tolerance induction involves either the selective deletion or permanent inactivation of antigen reactive cells.
Heart Autoantibodies in Mice: Genetic, Bacterial, and Age Determinants
Authors: Schwab John H. , Brown Roger R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgM autoantibody specific for heart sarcolemma can be induced in the mouse by immunization with protoplast membranes from group A streptococci. An IgM autoantibody of similar specificity develops “spontaneously” with increasing age in non-immunized normal mice and reaches a very high incidence in old mice of certain inbred strains. Comparison of strains of A-congenic mice indicates that the production of this “spontaneous” autoantibody is associated with the H-2 locus. The genetic control is apparently dominant since the F1 hybrid of high and low incidence strains is also of high incidence. This antibody is independent of sex. IgM antisarcolemma antibody can be absorbed from both immunized and “spontaneous” sera with protoplast membranes from group A streptococci but not with group D membranes or group A cell walls. Antibody against group A streptococcal membranes, measured directly by membrane agglutination, is present in the serum of all old normal mice tested. These agglutinin titers do not correlate with heart autoantibody. The autoantibodies give no reaction with membranes in liver or kidney and much less reaction with skeletal muscle compared to heart. An IgM antinuclear autoantibody which gives a distinctive diffuse pattern of staining by indirect immunofluoresence is also induced by immunization with group A streptococcal protoplast membranes.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were primed with DNP-coupled Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) precipitated with aluminum hydroxide gel, received a supplemental immunization with bovine γ globulin (BGG) or ragweed Fr. D (Rag), and their mesenteric lymph node cells were stimulated in vitro with DNP-Asc or DNP-secondary carrier conjugate (DNP-BGG or DNP-Rag). IgM, IgG, and IgE antibodies were all formed in vitro, when the cells were stimulated with DNP-Asc. Stimulation of the same cells with DNP-secondary carrier also resulted in the formation of anti-DNP-antibodies of the three immunoglobulin classes, when donors of lymphocytes received the carrier with alum. Carrier-specific cells generated by the supplemental immunization with the same carrier in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) showed helper function for IgM and IgG antibody response but not for IgE antibody response. Similarly, lymph node cells from the rabbits primed with DNP-Rag and receiving supplemental immunization with Asc in alum responded to DNP-Asc to form IgM, IgG and IgE antibodies. In this system, supplemental immunization with CFA was occasionally effective for IgE antibody response to DNP-Asc, however, alum was a more effective adjuvant than CFA to prepare a carrier-specific cell population having helper function for IgE antibody response. The helper function of the carrier specific cell population for IgE antibody formation did not have any relationship with either the helper function of the same cell population for IgG antibody response or with the size of the carrier-specific cell population estimated by 3H-thymidine uptake. Evidence was obtained that lack of IgE antibody response to DNP-secondary carrier with the lymphocytes from the CFA group was not due to an increase of precursors of carrier-specific antibody-forming B cells. The results indicated that carrier-specific helper cells for the IgE antibody response were different from those for IgG/IgM antibody response.