bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmology and Fundamental Physics
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses cosmology and fundamental physics. Physics and astronomy done from space lead to challenges to the fundamental science that applies on Earth, sometimes with significant practical consequences. For example, bombardment of iron by X-rays in stars and near black holes led to destruction of cancer tumors without damage to surrounding tissue. According to space science, the matter-energy of the universe consists of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%), whereas the Standard Model explains only 5%. Because of Earth’s atmosphere and radioactivity, we need telescopes in orbit. The study of the heavens at all levels has been a driving force in the development of fundamental science. The Standard Model might benefit: a particle accelerator could circle the Moon. And many new tests of the general theory of relativity have been done, with more to come, including gigantic gravitational wave detectors on the Moon and in orbit.
Humankind in Outer Space
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses humankind in outer space. Teleoperators and robots do some aspects of space exploration more efficiently; humans have advantages in other aspects. The poorly designed Space Shuttle set back both machine and human exploration. Large-scale human colonization will need faster spaceships, or large exploring O’Neill “colonies” with artificial gravity (from rotation). The obstacle to light-speed spaceships is Einstein’s velocity-addition formula, not Einstein’s mass equation. For near-relativistic spaceships, the obstacle is the gigantic amount of fuel it would carry. The Bussard ramjet would scoop hydrogen ions from space as fuel. Whitmire catalytic nuclear ramjet would be more efficient. Thorne proposes using Wheeler wormholes to travel faster than light, but his proposal is mired in time-travel paradoxes. Alcubierre argued that an engine that contracts space-time in front of the starship and expands space-time behind it (general theory of relativity) would allow the starship to go arbitrarily faster than light.
Moral Feelings, Moral Reality, and Moral Progress
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book consists of two essays that are related to each other: “Gut Feelings and Moral Knowledge” and “Moral Reality and Moral Progress.” The longer second essay has not been previously published. Both are concerned with moral epistemology and our means of access to moral truth; both are concerned with moral realism and with the resistance to subjectivist and reductionist accounts of morality; and both are concerned with the historical development of moral knowledge. The second essay also proposes an account of the historical development of moral truth, according to which it does not share the timelessness of scientific truth. This is because moral truth must be based on reasons that are accessible to the individuals to whom they apply, and such accessibility depends on historical developments. The result is that only some advances in moral knowledge are discoveries of what has been true all along.
Freedom, Representation, and Consciousness
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter’s terminology, belief is a first-order state, which is not something we freely choose. By contrast, acceptance is a higher-order state, something we may freely choose. Acceptance is within the power of freedom of choice and ultimate preference. This chapter explores the role of consciousness and the exemplar representation of consciousness in artistic and/or scientific construction of our world, ourselves in our world and our world in ourselves. Exemplar representation requires a special direction of attention to the exemplar. The special role of such representation in science is illustrated with a scientific example of the image of ribosomes. This representation may require a bracketing of background assumptions to gain the new exemplarization of a world.
Mutual Endangerment in Indonesia
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While Suharto’s New Order began with distrust between Chinese capitalists and the regime, its first few decades were characterized by mutual alignment. Chinese conglomerates pursued profits with political protection from the regime, but they were also constrained in their actions by the regime’s tight control of the financial system. When fiscal pressures motivated Suharto’s government to liberalize the financial system in the 1980s, however, insecure capitalists established their own banks and securities firms and state-business relations were characterized by mutual endangerment. Conglomerates engaged in asset expatriation and looting (fraud and mismanagement), and elites weaponized information about corruption against one another. These relationships culminated in, and accelerated, the Asian Financial Crisis that destroyed the New Order in the late 1990s.
Mutual Alignment and Competitive Clientelism in Malaysia
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Malaysia’s Barisan Nasional regime extracted political fealty from business while also pursuing the regime goals of ethnic redistribution and economic growth. Business elites’ historic fear of ethnic mobilization and unpredictable redistribution led them to capitulate to the regime’s program of Malay dominance and coercive, but predictable, redistribution. Before liberalization in the 1980s–1990s, the state had the power to both allocate capital and monitor its recipients. Financial liberalization, however, produced economic elites with political patrons and little oversight. Malaysia’s regime survived the Asian Financial Crisis with the political loyalty of business elites who supported the regime in the midst of economic and political crisis. In the aftermath, the regime reconstituted state control through corporate governance mechanisms, especially government-linked investment companies. But long-term mutual alignment in Malaysia has eroded both the power of business elites to allocate investments based on the pursuit of profit and the ability of the state to achieve its economic goals.
How We Hurt
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
How We Hurt dives into the institutional and cultural dimensions of the ongoing opioid epidemic. In a detailed analysis of pain management, opioid regulation, pharmaceutical branding, self-help, and public discourses on opioid addiction, it argues that the linchpin underlying the opioid epidemic’s evolution in North America is the problem of pain. By unpacking the politics of pain in different domains, How We Hurt shows how the crisis emerged and why it looks the way it does today. The book’s chapters begin by tracing the trajectory of opioids in pain management, where decisions regarding the measurement of pain led to relief becoming wedded to opioids in medicine. The following chapters examine the problem of pain in opioid regulation, pharmaceutical branding, and the chronic pain self-help industry. In these areas, a disastrous combination of strategic ignorance and deep-seated ties between public health entities and pharmaceutical companies drove the influx of opioids onto the market and into our medicine cabinets. The book’s penultimate chapter applies the analysis of pain to the problem of opioid addiction in popular discourse and shows how the opioid crisis has evolved alongside new conceptions of people who use opioids. These conceptions have conditioned whose pain is seen as legitimate and whose is not. Finally, the book concludes by considering the implications of its findings for the development of drug policy and future research on public health disasters, insisting on an interdisciplinary and multifaceted approach to the study of pain and its place in American culture.
Self-Help and the Rise of the Pain Patient-Expert
Authors: Sherman Melina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the ways in which the discourses that mark the pharmaceutical branding of opioids have become integrated into and reworked in the nonpharmaceutical self-help industry, which many people in pain often turn to when attempting to stop using opioids. This chapter traces self-help’s entrance into pain management through theories and programs of chronic pain “self-management.” It discusses how the rise of self-help in the domain of chronic pain has also paralleled the creation of a new kind of pain patient—the pain patient-expert. In both the pharmaceutical industry and the self-help industry, pain is constructed as the antithesis to leading a good life, which itself is cast in terms of individual productivity and the ability to restore and then enhance one’s own capacities. Such a discourse is fundamentally incompatible with the reality that pain is a deeply social phenomenon—with socially informed causes and, potentially, solutions.
Military intervention in Syria
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Military intervention in Syria” analyzes factors that shaped the positions of Democrats and Republicans on US military involvement in the Syrian civil war that began in 2011. Across the presidencies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the Democratic and Republican Parties were both internally divided over whether the United States should intervene in the Syrian conflict. These intra-party divisions were facilitated by the ideological and advocacy landscapes on the issue. The positions of US voters and elites on intervention in Syria lacked a left-right ideological fault line. At the same time, advocacy activity on the issue was largely limited to groups that lacked a partisan orientation. These conditions gave Democratic and Republican elected officials considerable discretion to cooperate across the aisle in competing pro-intervention and anti-intervention bipartisan coalitions, while making it difficult to forge consensus in support of any particular policy option.
Implications and bipartisanship under Biden
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Implications and bipartisanship under Biden” summarizes the book’s findings, examines their continued relevance during Joe Biden’s presidency, and discusses their implications for the effectiveness of US foreign policy and efforts to foster bipartisanship today. Under Biden, Democrats and Republicans have formed bipartisan coalitions on a variety of foreign policy issues, even as overall polarization in American politics has remained sky-high. Yet bipartisanship in Congress on international issues has continued to coexist often with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president, making it more difficult for the United States to carry out a coherent and effective foreign policy. The book’s findings further suggest that people at all levels of American society, from voters to advocacy groups to elected officials, can be forces for bipartisanship, but that their capacity to bring Democrats and Republicans together varies depending on the extent of pre-existing ideological cleavages on an issue.
Baptism and Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter delves deeper into Gregory’s understanding of baptism, and his use of baptismal exegesis to articulate his trinitarian theology. First, this chapter investigates ep. 5, ep. 24, and Adversus Macedonianos, where it analyse Gregory’s arguments for the unity of the trinitarian persons, derived from his exegesis of the baptismal formula. This uncovers what is termed Gregory’s ‘linear’ and ‘circular’ models of trinitarian unity of activity. Second, this chapter investigates two of Gregory’s Epiphany sermons, Adversus eos qui baptismum differunt and In diem luminum, which focus upon the baptism Christ’s as the ‘first-fruit’ of the ‘common lump’ of restored humanity. These sermons, which view Christ as the prototypical recipient of the unified activity of the Father, Son, and Spirit through baptism, help to construct an emerging picture of the underlying structure of Gregory’s doctrine of human transformation and union with God.
Rediscovering the Early Medieval Past in Wales
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main themes of the book and the multidisciplinary methodology which focuses on the archaeological evidence for early medieval Wales with an analysis of changing approaches to its study from antiquarians to the twenty-first century together with a discussion of the major written sources for the period. It considers the ways in which the material record has been studied from the sixteenth century onwards and the impact of these on how our understanding has developed. It also highlights the growing archaeological resource resulting from modern research and developer-led investigations and the increasing impact of scientific and other archaeological techniques that allow a much broader and chronologically better-defined interpretation of the evidence. Secondly, it introduces the written sources concerned with early medieval Wales, including an assessment of what has survived, before a chronological discussion of the main genres and some of the difficulties associated with using them. It also considers relevant sources written beyond Wales and key later medieval sources that can shed light on the early Middle Ages together with research on place names.
Power and Authority
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the changing nature of power, authority, and cultural identity in early medieval Wales, focusing on the archaeological evidence for assembly sites, meeting places, and increased administrative complexity, as well as the evolution of a frontier between Wales and England following construction of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, and the Viking impact on different regions of Wales. It begins with consideration of evolving secular power structures, the role of the Church, and evidence of violence and conflict. Assembly sites, for example that associated with the Pillar of Eliseg, are discussed and set into the broader context of research on these elsewhere in Britain and Ireland. Changing relations with England are then analysed, focusing on the impact of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, their routes, chronology, and functions in a wider frontier landscape that included English bids for control of Tegeingl in the north-east. Finally, from the ninth century onwards, the Scandinavian impact on Wales is considered—raiding, settlement focused on Anglesey, the integration of settled landholding communities, and the significance of the development of trading routes between Dublin and Chester and along the south Wales coast. Overall the Viking impact on Wales is clearly related to the wider Scandinavian impact on the Atlantic seaways and the Irish Sea region as well as attacks on England and settlement of the Danelaw.
Justifications and Legal Framework
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes civil recovery in terms of broader national and transnational ‘follow the money’ approaches to targeting criminal assets. It then details how civil recovery was both enacted and justified in Ireland and England & Wales. The chapter outlines contentions that civil recovery is compensatory, reparative, preventive, non-punitive, and/or disincentivizing. Finally, the chapter provides a comprehensive account of the legal framework in both jurisdictions.
Explaining Ourselves in Court
Authors: Edwards James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Justifications and excuses figure in our lives apart from the law. Why, if at all, should they figure in the life of the criminal law? John Gardner offers us an arresting answer to this question: eliciting justifications and excuses from responsible agents, he claims, is the primary function of the criminal law. This chapter offers some reasons to doubt that the arresting answer is the right one. It does not deny that eliciting rational explanations from responsible agents is a function of the criminal law. It does claim, however, that the explanatory function is parasitic on others, and that it lacks primacy in two senses of that term. The chapter concludes by suggesting that we should agree with HLA Hart. Criminal law’s primary function, it is claimed, is not explanatory but preventive: it is fulfilled by criminal laws that harness our responsible agency in ways that help reduce the incidence of wrongdoing.
Private, Public, and Punitive Blame
Authors: Dahan Katz Leora 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses a broad trend in the literature on blame, taken up in John Gardner’s later work, which suggests that if blame is to be endorsed it must be safely divorced from punishment, its brutal brother-in-arms. The chapter examines Gardner’s particular defence of blame and blaming, and its accompanying rejection of reproach and punishment. It suggests that the position Gardner motions towards—in defence of private, attitudinal blame and in opposition to public blame—is an unstable one. It proposes that we can nonetheless make sense of Gardner’s attraction to the suggested view if we recognize the essentially punitive nature of public blame despite efforts in the literature to deny this. The chapter argues, however, that accepting the punitivity of blame does not mean we should come out against public blame, as intimated by Gardner. Rather, attending to the excesses and pathologies of public blame, we can proceed with the necessary caution with respect to blaming practices while defending not only the significance of private blame, but that of public blame as well. The chapter suggests that Gardner would thus have done well to push his reconsidered position even further, in defence not only of private blame, but of public blame as well.
Blame and Punishment: The Difference Duty Makes
Authors: Dempsey Michelle Madden 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses John Gardner’s scholarship on wrongdoing, blameworthiness, and punishment. The motivating question is: What difference does it make if blame and punishment are in response to a breach of duty (a wrong) rather than simply a failure to conform to an ordinary reason (a mistake)? In his later work, Gardner acknowledged that one’s action can be blameworthy even if one commits only a mistake, not a wrong. However, Gardner never recanted his earlier claim that ‘the only actions that deserve to be punished are both wrongful [breaches of duty] and blameworthy’. In this chapter, I start by agreeing with Gardner that breach of duty is not necessary when it comes to blameworthiness. I then argue, contra Gardner, that breach of duty is also not necessary when it comes to punishment-deservedness. Finally, I argue that breach of duty typically does make a difference when it comes to standing to blame and punish.
Never Let Me Go: Private Law and the Conservative Impulse
Authors: Saprai Prince 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In his recent work on private law, John Gardner argues that private law has conservative leanings, which explain its central features. He argues that private law is designed to protect or promote the security interests of victims or likely victims of legal wrongs. Gardner appeals to the thinly conservative value of preserving the lives that people already have to justify this conception. This chapter expresses doubts about whether this thin version of conservativism plays a characteristic or organizing role in private law. Instead, it is argued that a thicker or more deeply conservative outlook according to which the purpose of private law is the preservation of social virtue, or our existing forms of civility, reveals much more about private law. It is the value of these social relations rather than security severally considered which private law refuses to let go.
Audition and composite sensory individuals
Authors: Young Nick , Nanay Bence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It is common in philosophical work on audition to say that we hear not only sounds, but also sound sources: the collisions, rollings, and scrapings which cause objects to vibrate and produce sound waves in the surrounding air. The focus in this chapter is on two questions concerning the sensory individuals of source hearing. First, what aspects of the environment do we represent and attribute properties when we hear sources? Second, how does the representation of sources relate to the representation of sounds? The chapter examines various ways in which these questions have been answered and argues that each faces certain difficulties. The chapter then puts forward a new conception of sensory individuals according to which auditory sensory individuals are composite individuals. A feature shared by all existing accounts of sounds and sources is that they postulate sensory individuals that are non-composite. This chapter questions this assumption and argues that our perceptual systems represent two or more aspects of the environment as a single sensory individual. Finally, this chapter shows that taking auditory individuals to be composite sensory individuals allows for an account of source hearing that is less problematic than existing alternatives.
What is it we touch?
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Among the traditional ‘five senses’, touch is an outlier in more than one respect. For some purposes, it comprises several different sensory systems and it interacts almost inextricably with proprioception and kinaesthesis. After making some needed distinctions, this chapter argues that what touch primarily represents are properties internal to the skin. But tactual representation is unusually layered: by representing the skin properties, an internal tactual state further represents external objects and various of their properties, including hardness, surface texture, shape, heft, vibration, comparative temperature, and such features as being wet or dry, slippery, sticky, or squishy. The chapter closes with some remarks on tactual aspect-perception (‘feeling-as’) and its lessons for aspect-perception generally.
Multisensory feature integration
Authors: Spence Charles 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Several theoretical accounts have been put forward to help explain feature integration, including Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory and Bayesian causal inference. However, there may be some important differences between multisensory feature integration (MFI) in the spatial and chemical senses. While several of the same factors undoubtedly do appear to modulate MFI, regardless of the combination of senses under consideration (such as attention and crossmodal correspondences, or congruency), there are also a number of salient differences; these include the phenomenon of oral referral in the chemical senses, and the fact that olfactory stimuli tend to take on the sensory properties of the tastes with which they happen to be regularly paired. As such, it may not be possible to account for all cases of MFI within a single theoretical framework.
Multimodal binding as mereological co-constituency
Authors: Cohen Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Suppose you perceive a scene with a green triangle and a red square. It is natural to describe your visual system as responding to this scene by organizing the greenness and triangularity together into one bundle, organizing the redness and squareness together into a second bundle, and treating the two as separate. On the standard account, this ‘bundling,' or binding, is to be understood in terms of vision’s representing features as convergently exemplified by a single object. However, this chapter will argue that this standard account, which has proven fruitful in the study of unimodal perception, does not extend smoothly to cases of multimodal perceptual binding (for which there is a large and growing body of evidence). After critically considering alternatives, this chapter will put forward a novel, deflationary account in terms of mereological co-constituency, and argue that it answers to the empirically motivated needs that multimodal binding has been called on to address.