bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect nanoscale characterization of polymer photoresist wetting using ultra-high frequency acoustic waves
Authors: Salhab A , Carlier J , Toubal M , Troadec D , Garnier P , Mercadier T , Campistron P , Thomy V 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The wetting of surfaces with patterns in the order of a hundred nanometers is often a complex phenomenon to analyze and control. In the semiconductor industry, whether it is during the surface cleaning steps or the deposition of the protective mask (photosensitive liquid resin that is then cross-linked), the conformity of the deposit of the liquid layer on the patterned surface must be perfect or else the functionality of the targeted electronic component will be compromised. Thus, understanding the surface wetting of these liquids allows the implementation of optimized processes. In this paper, we present a method of indirect wetting characterization of a photoresist based on ultra-high frequency (# GHz) acoustic waves. This resin is a commercial product called GKR 4602 (belonging to the KrF series of positive photoresists), which is coated in two different ways: either directly onto the surface of a patterned silicon wafer, or after application of a solvent, Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether (PGEE), which then acts as a pre-wetting layer. The patterned wafer, playing the role of electrical insulation (Deep Trench Isolation, DTI) are 200 nm wide, deep trenches with a high aspect ratio (> 50). The originality of this paper lies in the validation of the acoustic characterization by direct observation of the wetting of the cross-linked resin. To do so, we used a FIB (Focused Ion Beam) microscope which allowed us to make cuts and capture localized images of the wetting state of the photoresist. Moreover, all the results obtained (resins and patterned silicon surfaces) are directly from the microelectronics industry (STMicroelectronics), showing that our method is fully compatible with an industrial approach.
GPS PPP-AR frequency transfer and its application for comparing atomic fountain primary frequency standards between NRC and PTB
Authors: Jian Bin , Beattie Scott , Weyers Stefan , Rahm Johannes , Donahue Brian , Gertsvolf Marina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We report on the first characterization of the frequency transfer performance of the GPS precise point positioning with carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) implemented by the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) online service CSRS-PPP. We show that continuous PPP-AR links of multiple days can be formed by carefully fixing the day boundary phase discontinuity. The stability of the links can reach

7
×

10

−
16

and

1
×

10

−
16

(Allan deviation) at 1 d and 7 d averaging times, respectively, and mid to low 10−17 at 20 d–30 d. We compared the atomic fountain primary frequency standards (PFS) between NRC in Ottawa, Canada and PTB in Braunschweig, Germany for 135 d via GPS PPP-AR and precise point positioning links. The NRC and PTB PFS agree within a few parts in 1016, which is well below the combined systematic uncertainty. It is expected that with uncertainty at 10−17, the PPP-AR links will become a powerful tool for remote comparisons of atomic optical clocks, essential for the future redefinition of the SI second.
The CYGNO experiment: a directional Dark Matter detector with optical readout
Authors: Amaro F.D. , Antonietti R. , Baracchini E. , Benussi L. , Bianco S. , Borra F. , Capoccia C. , Caponero M. , Cardoso D.S. , Cavoto G. , Costa I.A. , D'Imperio G. , Dané E. , Dho G. , Di Giambattista F. , Di Marco E. , Iacoangeli F. , Kemp E. , Lima Junior H.P. , Lopes G.S.P. , Maccarrone G. , Mano R.D.P. , Marcelo Gregorio R.R. , Marques D.J.G. , Mazzitelli G. , McLean A.G. , Meloni P. , Messina A. , Monteiro C.M.B. , Nobrega R.A. , Pains I.F. , Paoletti E. , Passamonti L. , Pelosi S. , Petrucci F. , Piacentini S. , Piccolo D. , Pierluigi D. , Pinci D. , Prajapati A. , Renga F. , Roque R.J.d.C. , Rosatelli F. , Russo A. , Saviano G. , Spooner N.J.C. , Tesauro R. , Tomassini S. , Torelli S. , Tozzi D. , dos Santos J.M.F. , da Silva Lopes Júnior A. ,   The CYGNO collaboration
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We are going to discuss the R&D and the prospects for the CYGNO project, towards the
development of an innovative, high precision 3D tracking Time Projection Chamber with optical
readout using He:CF4 gas at 1 bar. CYGNO uses a stack of triple thin GEMs for charge
multiplication, this induces scintillation in CF4 gas, which is readout by PMTs and sCMOS
cameras. High granularity and low readout noise of sCMOS along with high sampling of PMT allows
CYGNO to have 3D tracking with head tail capability and particle identification down to O(keV)
energy for directional Dark Matter searches and solar neutrino spectroscopy. We will present the
most recent R&D results from the CYGNO project, and in particular the overground commissioning of
the largest prototype developed so far, LIME with a 33×33 cm2 readout plane and 50 cm of
drift length, for a total of 50 litres active volume. We will illustrate the LIME response
characterisation between 3.7 keV and 44 keV by means of multiple X-ray sources, and the data
Monte-Carlo comparison of simulated sCMOS images in this energy range. Furthermore, we will
present current LIME installation, operation and data taking at underground Laboratori Nazionali
del Gran Sasso (LNGS), serving as demonstrator for the development of a 0.4 m3 CYGNO
detector. We will conclude by mentioning the technical choices and the prospects of the
0.4 m3 detector, as laid out in the Technical Design Report (TDR) recently produced by our
collaboration.
Record-breaking and unprecedented compound hot and dry summers in Europe under different emission scenarios
Authors: Dosio Alessandro , Spinoni Jonathan , Migliavacca Mirco 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
After analysing observed summer compound hot and dry (CHD) events over Europe from 1950 to 2022, we employ a large ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model simulations to investigate CHD events under different emission scenarios. By the end of the century, even under a low-emission scenario, model results show a likely increase in the frequency and extension of CHD events over most (60%) of Europe. In particular, the fraction of land projected to be hit once every two years nearly doubles (at least 15%, likely range 6–21) compared to the historical period (8%, 6.5–10), and at least 5,3% (1–7) of land will be hit every year. Under a high-emission scenario, 50% of the Iberian Peninsula is projected to be hit at least twice every three years (20.3 times in 30 years, likely range 17.2–24.2), compared to 1 in ten years in the historical period, whereas 50% of the British Islands, France, and the Mediterranean will be hit more than once every two years. Moreover, 10% of European land will be hit nearly once every 7 years (4.2 times, 3.2–5.6) by CHD events whose intensity equalled or even surpassed the maximum recorded during 1950–2022, and 20% of the Iberian Peninsula once every 5 years. The increase in record-breaking or unprecedented CHD events is mostly related to the increase in record-breaking heatwaves, which is likely over most regions even for the low-emission scenario. In contrast, the increase in record-breaking drought events is limited to southern Europe under the medium- and high-emission scenarios.
On the weak Lefschetz property for height four equigenerated complete intersections
Authors: Boij Mats , Migliore Juan , Miró-Roig Rosa , Nagel Uwe 
Published: September 2023

We consider the conjecture that all artinian height 4 complete intersections of forms of the same degree

d
d

have the Weak Lefschetz Property (WLP). We translate this problem to one of studying the general hyperplane section of a certain smooth curve in

P

3

\mathbb P^3

, and our main tools are the Socle Lemma of Huneke and Ulrich together with a careful liaison argument. Our main results are (i) a proof that the property holds for

d
=
3
,
4

d=3,4

and 5; (ii) a partial result showing maximal rank in a non-trivial but incomplete range, cutting in half the previous unknown range; and (iii) a proof that maximal rank holds in a different range, even without assuming that all the generators have the same degree. We furthermore conjecture that if there were to exist any height 4 complete intersection generated by forms of the same degree and failing WLP then there must exist one (not necessarily the same one) failing by exactly one (in a sense that we make precise). Based on this conjecture we outline an approach to proving WLP for all equigenerated complete intersections in four variables. Finally, we apply our results to the Jacobian ideal of a smooth surface in

P

3

\mathbb P^3

.
Bald sea urchin disease shifts the surface microbiome on purple sea urchins in an aquarium
Authors: Shaw Chloe G , Pavloudi Christina , Barela Hudgell Megan A , Crow Ryley S , Saw Jimmy H , Pyron R Alexander , Smith L Courtney 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Bald sea urchin disease (BSUD) is most likely a bacterial infection that occurs in a wide range of sea urchin species and causes the loss of surface appendages. The disease has a variety of additional symptoms, which may be the result of the many bacteria that are associated with BSUD. Previous studies have investigated causative agents of BSUD, however, there are few reports on the surface microbiome associated with the infection. Here, we report changes to the surface microbiome on purple sea urchins in a closed marine aquarium that contracted and then recovered from BSUD in addition to the microbiome of healthy sea urchins in a separate aquarium. 16S rRNA gene sequencing shows that microhabitats of different aquaria are characterized by different microbial compositions, and that diseased, recovered, and healthy sea urchins have distinct microbial compositions, which indicates that there is a correlation between microbial shifts and recovery from disease.
The Case for Interfaces in International Relations
Authors: Maia Pedro 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article aims at expanding current debates on technology in international relations (IR) by pointing toward an underexplored actor: the interface. The interface is a zone of contact, experience, and communication between users and computer technology. Although part of many engagements with world politics—e.g., security software and market analytics dashboards—interfaces remain underexplored in the discipline. This work first introduces what are interfaces and then presents two ways in which they matter for the discipline of IR by using the Frontex Joint Operations Reporting Application as an example. First, interfaces are a relevant—although not yet systemically analyzed—place to explore how politics is performed and staged, since their fluidity allows for different engagements with political matters and leads to multifaceted political formations. Second, interfaces introduce a distinct topology of governance. One of neither centralization nor decentralization—as pointed out by recent debates on political governance—but rather centralization and decentralization. In the conclusion, I introduce questions and concerns that could move the research of interfaces in IR forward.
Identifying Students’ Group Work Problems: Design and Field Studies of a Supportive Peer Assessment
Authors: Saccardi Isabella , Veth Danny , Masthoff Judith 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Group projects are part of the core educational experience in higher education, but many students report bad experiences with them, characterized by negative emotions and group problems. Group problems may undermine learning and cause stress and frustration. This may be prevented by monitoring and supporting groups, but this is often not feasible for teachers, who lack time and resources. This research aims to find a method for early identification of group work problems via computer-supported assessment. First, interviews and focus groups provided insights into the most common group problems and which visual features students preferred in a peer assessment. Next, two assessment versions were created: a simple, time-efficient version, and a more engaging, interactive one. We also created an initial version of E-Mate, a virtual agent that provides feedback on the assessment. These were tested in a field study. Most students reported a positive experience with the peer assessment, regardless of the version used. Teachers were also positive about its usefulness. Based on the feedback received, new features were added to the peer assessment survey and the E-Mate was redesigned; this new version was tested in a second field study. The results are in line with the previous field study and confirm the positive reception and usefulness of the survey, supporting the use of five attributes to evaluate group collaboration and the usage of a peer assessment survey to assess group work.
Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on plasma and follicular fluid resolvin D1 concentration and mRNA abundance in granulosa cells in ewes
Authors: Carranza-Martin Ana C , Garcia-Guerra Alvaro , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of increasing dietary omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on plasma and follicular fluid resolvin D1 (RvD1) concentration and the mRNA expression of genes related to RvD1 production, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, hormone receptors and production, and free fatty acid receptors in the granulosa cells of ewes. Dorset × Hampshire ewes (n = 24) aged 2 to 4 yr and with an initial body weight (BW) of 84.08 ± 13.18 kg were blocked by body condition score (BCS) and BW, and randomly assigned to 12 pens. Each pen within each block was randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) diet without fatty acid supplementation (control), 2) diet with 0.5% n-3 PUFA supplementation (PUFA0.5), and 3) diet with 1% n-3 PUFA supplementation (PUFA1). BW, BCS, and blood samples were obtained on day 1 and every 21 d for 3 mo. Ewes were then synchronized, superstimulated, and ovariectomized. Antral follicles were aspirated to evaluate RvD1 concentration in follicular fluid, and granulosa cells were used to determine mRNA abundance. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using a mixed model (MIXED or GLIMMIX with log as a link function when data presented a nonnormal distribution). A polynomial effect of treatments was used to analyze RvD1 concentration and mRNA expression when there was no interaction. In addition, the correlation between plasma and follicular fluid RvD1 concentration was evaluated. We found no differences in BW (P = 0.28) and BCS (P = 0.29) between treatments. The concentration of RvD1 in plasma and follicular fluid linearly increased (P = 0.03) and tended to increase (P = 0.06) concomitantly to increasing PUFA supplementation. Plasma and follicular fluid RvD1 concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.61; P &lt; 0.01). The abundance of GPX1 and GPR32 mRNA tended to increase linearly with increasing PUFA supplementation (P = 0.06). In addition, PUFA supplementation linearly decreased and tended to decrease IL-1β and COX-2 mRNA abundance (P = 0.01 and P = 0.06, respectively). In conclusion, the correlation between plasma and follicular fluid RvD1 concentration indicates a relationship between both compartments. Also, the decrease of IL-1β and the increase of GPX1 mRNA abundance after PUFA supplementation could have beneficial effects on follicle development.
A three-state mechanism for trifluoroethanol denaturation of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP)
Authors: Hossain Mujahid , Huda Noorul , Bhuyan Abani K 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Relating the amino acid composition and sequence to chain folding and binding preferences of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has emerged as a huge challenge. While globular proteins have respective 3D structures that are unique to their individual functions, IDPs violate this structure–function paradigm because rather than having a well-defined structure an ensemble of rapidly interconverting disordered structures characterize an IDP. This work measures 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE)-induced equilibrium transitions of an IDP called AtPP16-1 (Arabidopsis thaliana phloem protein type 16-1) by using fluorescence, circular dichroism, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods at pH 4, 298 K. Low TFE reversibly removes the tertiary structure to produce an ensemble of obligate intermediate ($\mathrm{I}$) retaining the native-state ($\mathrm{N}$) secondary structure. The intermediate $\mathrm{I}$ is preceded by a non-obligate tryptophan-specific intermediate ${\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{w}}$ whose population is detectable for AtPP16-1 specifically. Accumulation of such non-obligate intermediates is discriminated according to the sequence composition of the protein. In all cases, however, a tertiary structure-unfolded general obligate intermediate $\mathrm{I}$ is indispensable. The $\mathrm{I}$ ensemble has higher helical propensity conducive to the acquisition of an exceedingly large level of α-helices by a reversible denaturation transition of $\mathrm{I}$ to the denatured state $\mathrm{D}$ as the TFE level is increased. Strikingly, it is the same $\mathrm{N}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{I}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{D}$ scheme typifying the TFE transitions of globular proteins. The high-energy state $\mathrm{I}$ characterized by increased helical propensity is called a universal intermediate encountered in both genera of globular and disordered proteins. Neither $\mathrm{I}$ nor $\mathrm{D}$ strictly show molten globule (MG)-like properties, dismissing the belief that TFE promotes MGs.
Fertility of immigrants and their descendants in Spain: intergenerational convergence to the native population’s behaviour?
Authors: García-Gómez Jesús , Del Rey Alberto , Stanek Mikolaj 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We study the fertility patterns of first, 1.5, and second-generation immigrants in Spain, analysing a database linking the 2012–15 birth registers to the 2011 census. While first-generation Latin American immigrants have a lower fertility level than the native population, the 1.5 generation arriving between the ages of 9 and 17 years have a higher level. Both the 1.5 generation arriving younger than 9 years and the second generation closely follow the native population’s fertility level. The first and 1.5 generations of Maghrebi immigrants have a much higher fertility level than the native population, and the second generation maintains a slightly higher level. The impact that age, labour market participation, and educational attainment have on the second generation’s level is closer to the Spanish population than among the first generation. Selection and disruption hypotheses help to explain the fertility of Latin American immigrants, while socialization and interrelation of events hypotheses do so for Maghrebi immigrants.
Application of neutron imaging in observing various states of matter inside lithium batteries
Authors: Gao Lei , Han Songbai , Ni Haijin , Zhu Jinlong , Wang Liping , Gao Song , Wang Yonggang , Huang Dubin , Zhao Yusheng , Zou Ruqiang 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Lithium batteries have been essential technologies and become an integral part of our daily lives, powering a range of devices from phones to electric vehicles. To fully understand and optimize the performance of lithium batteries, it is necessary to investigate their internal states and processes through various characterization methods. Neutron imaging has been an indispensable complementary characterization technique to X-ray imaging or electron microscopy because of the unique interaction principle between neutrons and matter. It provides particular insights into the various states of matter inside lithium batteries, including the Li+ concentration in solid electrodes, the Li plating/stripping behavior of Li-metal anodes, the Li+ diffusion in solid ionic conductors, the distribution of liquid electrolytes and the generation of gases. This review aims to highlight the capabilities and advantages of neutron imaging in characterizing lithium batteries, as well as its current state of application in this field. Additionally, we discuss the potential of neutron imaging to contribute to the ongoing development of advanced batteries through its ability to visualize internal evolution.
Organic carbon cycling and black shale deposition: an Earth System Science perspective
Authors: Jin Zhijun , Wang Xiaomei , Wang Huajian , Ye Yuntao , Zhang Shuichang 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Earth has a prolonged history characterized by substantial cycling of matter and energy between multiple spheres. The production of organic carbon can be traced back to as early as ∼4.0 Ga, but the frequency and scale of organic-rich shales have varied markedly over geological time. In this paper, we discuss the organic carbon cycle and the development of black shale from the perspective of Earth System Science. We propose that black shale depositions are the results of interactions among lithospheric evolution, orbital forcing, weathering, photosynthesis and degradation. Black shales can record Earth's oxygenation process, provide petroleum and metallic mineral resources and reveal information about the driver, direction and magnitude of climate change. Future research on black shales should be expanded to encompass a more extensive and more multidimensional perspective.
Persistent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pneumonia in Patients Treated With Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Furie Nadav , Mandelboim Michal , Zuckerman Neta , Belkin Ana , Seluk Lior , Shafran Inbal , Mass Ronen , Levy Liran , Chatterji Sumit , Baltaxe Erik , Peled Michael , Shulimzon Tiberiu , Avigdor Abraham , Amit Sharon , Onn Amir , Marom Edith M , Rahav Galia , Segel Michael J 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We report 8 cases of persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia in patients previously treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 was negative in most cases; viral cell cultures confirmed that viable SARS-Co-2 virus was present. Four patients were treated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulins with rapid resolution of disease.
Riding the COVID-19 Wave? Issue Attention during the Pandemic
Authors: Tornafoch-Chirveches Queralt 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered the political agendas and the existing agenda-setting processes of nations worldwide. While in times of crisis, incumbent parties cannot ignore problems and be purely strategic agenda setters, non-incumbent parties can be more selective and strategise the attention they devote to certain political issues. Based on an analysis of 1507 parliamentary questions posed by the parties in the multi-party parliament of Denmark before and during the first COVID-19 wave (March–June 2020), the present article aims at determining what explains issue emphasis during the crisis. During the first stages of the COVID-19 crisis, parties from both the right and the left of the political spectrum rather than emphasising only issues they ‘own’, devoted special attention to the most salient issues, including those connected to the pandemic. These findings have important implications for political responsiveness in times of crisis.