bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioimmunoassay for the Detection of Hepatitis e Antigen (HBeAG) and Antibody (Anti-HBe)
Authors: Fields Howard A. , Bradley Daniel W. , Davis Candace L. , Murphy Bert L. , Schable Charles A. , Maynard James E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A solid phase micro-immunoradiometric assay (micro-SPIRA) for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody has been developed. Chimpanzee anti-HBe/2 was developed by repeated immunizations with purified antigen containing HBeAg/1 and HBeAg/2. An anti-HBe/2 titer of 1:4 was determined by immunodiffusion (ID) analysis. Anti-HBe/1 was not detected. The anti-HBe IgG used in the assay was purified from plasma by a combination of DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography. The sensitivity of the micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody was 193 ng/ml and 65 ng/ml, respectively. By comparing relative endpoint titers obtained by ID to micro-SPIRA, it was determined that micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody is 320 and greater than 1300 times more sensitive, respectively, than ID. The specificity of the assay was ascertained by the examination of various non-B specimens. The application of the assay to a panel of 50 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive specimens resulted in an increase in positivity of 18% for antigen and 22% for antibody.
Distinct Subpopulations of IgG Memory B Cells Respond to Different Molecular Forms of the Same Hapten
Authors: Tittle Thomas V. , Rittenberg Marvin B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice primed with the thymus-dependent antigen trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin several months earlier can be cultured in vitro to give vigorous IgG antihapten PFC responses to thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) forms of the same hapten. Here we show that the IgG memory precursors that respond to these two forms of the hapten constitute functionally distinct subpopulations. We have designated these subpopulations as B1γ and B2γ to represent secondary precursor cells responding to TI and TD antigens, respectively. Three types of evidence for these subpopulations are presented: 1) In vitro secondary IgG responses to TD and TI forms of the TNP hapten are additive when both forms are added to the same culture. 2) The precursor frequencies for the TD and TI antigens are additive, but addition is not observed between two TD or two TI antigens. 3) Each population can be selectively eliminated by BUdR and light treatment without affecting the other population. The ontogenetic relationships between these subpopulations are discussed in relation to all presently proposed subpopulations B1µ, B2µ, B1γ, and B2γ.
Structural Studies on Induced Antibodies with Defined Idiotypic Specificities
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Ju Shyr-Te , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies in this series have been directed toward the elucidation of the heavy and light chain variable region structures of antibodies raised in A/J mice to the p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten, certain of which bear a cross-reacting idiotype. The present study concerns an analysis of anti-Ar antibodies that arise in A/J mice suppressed for a cross-reacting idiotype. The results indicate that when an idiotype is suppressed and the animal subsequently hyperimmunized, the resultant antibodies are “deviated” into different V-region subgroups, both in the heavy and light polypeptide chains. The study presents the first primary structural analysis of a humoral immune response that has been manipulated by an idiotypic reagent.
Characterization of a B Cell Defect in the NZB Mouse Manifested by an Increased Ratio of Surface IgM to IgD
Authors: Cohen P. , Ziff M. , Vitetta E. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an effort to define the cellular basis of abnormalities in polyclonal B cell activation previously noted in NZB mice, the surface immunoglobulin (sIg) isotypes of spleen cells from NZB mice were examined. After lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, the cell surface immunoglobulins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Spleen cells from 8- to 10-week-old NZB mice were found to have an increased ratio of cell surface IgM/IgD compared to cells from 11 control strains. The altered ratio of sIg isotypes was not a consequence of increased proteolytic activity present in NZB cell suspensions or of the presence of cytophilic antibody or autoantibody.
Ontogenetic studies of the sIgM/sIgD (µ/δ) ratio on splenocytes from NZB and BALB/c mice revealed that the former cells had higher µ/δ ratios as early as 2 weeks after birth. By 4 weeks of age the µ/δ ratios were equivalent. Between 4 weeks and 1 year of age, the µ/δ ratios on NZB splenocytes remained constant whereas those on BALB/c splenocytes decreased and reached adult levels at 6 weeks.
Effect of Tunicamycin on IgM, IgA, and IgG Secretion by Mouse Plasmacytoma Cells
Authors: Hickman Scot , Kornfeld Stuart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tunicamycin, an antibiotic that prevents glycosylation of glycoproteins by blocking the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, was used to study the importance of glycosylation for the secretion of immunoglobulins by mouse plasmacytoma lines that produce immunoglobulins of different classes. Biosynthetically labeled secreted and intracellular immunoglobulins were measured by immunoprecipitation assays. Tunicamycin, at a concentration of 0.5 µg/ml produced an 81% inhibition of IgM secretion by MOPC 104E plasma cells without significantly affecting the initial rate of synthesis of intracellular IgM. No increase in the intracellular degradation of nonglycosylated IgM could be demonstrated. Tunicamycin also produced a 64% average inhibition of IgA secretion by several mouse IgA-secreting plasmacytoma lines. In contrast, despite inhibiting the incorporation of D-[14C] glucosamine into newly synthesized IgG, tunicamycin only produced a 28% average inhibition of IgG secretion, which was only slightly more than the nonspecific inhibition of secretion of the normally nonglycosylated λ2 light chains by variant MOPC 315 plasmacytomas. These data indicate that the extent of inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion produced by tunicamycin depends on the immunoglobulin class produced by the plasma cell.
Relationship Between Trinitrophenol and H-2 Antigens on Trinitrophenyl-Modified Spleen Cells
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Hart David A. , Forman James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Splenic lymphoblasts or normal spleen cells were treated with varying concentrations of TNBS in order to assess whether cell membrane H-2 molecules were derivatized with TNP. Cells treated with high concentrations of TNBS had their cell membrane H-2 molecules derivatized and functioned antigenically as inhibitors in a cold target TNP-CML competition assay. In contrast, cells derivatized with lower concentrations of TNBS had a significant proportion of their membrane proteins derivatized with TNP but did not have their H-2 molecules derivatized. These latter cells were unable to block anti-TNP cytotoxic effector cells in the competition assay. When cells were treated with 3H-TNBS, it was observed that TNP couples to cell membrane H-2, Ia and Ig molecules, and an estimate of the number of TNP molecules bound per cell at varying concentrations of TNBS was determined.
The data obtained are consistent with there being a requirement for TNP to directly derivatize H-2 molecules on the cell membrane in order to create antigenic determinants that can be recognized by cytotoxic anti-TNP effector cells. As an alternative, there may be a requirement for the presence of a high density of TNP molecules per cell rather than direct H-2 derivatization by TNP in order to account for activity.
Age-Related Changes in the Subsets and Functions of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kishimoto Susumu , Tomino Shinhachiro , Inomata Koichiro , Kotegawa Shoji , Saito Taro , Kuroki Masahide , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Hisamitsu Shotaro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in immunocompetence associated with aging in humans by the use of various immunologic parameters. Volunteers examined in this study were healthy or apparently healthy without diseases affecting the immune system and ranged from 14 to 89 years of age. The results of this study are summarized in Table I.
The absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) decreased with aging. The mean count was 2043 in the adult group (less than 60 years of age) and 1659 in the aged group (over 60 years of age). When T lymphocytes were assayed by rosette formation with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes in the presence of fetal calf serum after 1 hr incubation at 4°C, there was no difference in the proportions of T lymphocytes between the groups, whereas the proportions of T cells as assayed by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes in the absence of fetal calf serum were significantly depressed in the aged group (p &lt; 0.01). On the other hand, the proportion of T lymphocytes assayed by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes after centrifugation at 1500 RPM for 5 min at room temperature was higher in the aged group than in the adult group (p &lt; 0.02). The proportion of IgG-Fc receptor-bearing T lymphocytes detected by double rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and chicken erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit IgG antibody was also higher in the aged than in the adult group (p &lt; 0.05). The proportion of complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes did not change with aging. In addition, the proportion of surface Ig-bearing lymphocytes examined after being treated in pH 4.0 acetate buffer for 1 min to remove nonspecifically bound Ig from the cell surface showed no differences between the two groups.
Response to PHA and concanavalin A was impaired in the aged (aged 70 to 83 years) compared to the young adult group (aged 20 to 40 years) (p &lt; 0.01), whereas the response to pokeweed mitogen was of the same magnitude. PHA response was negatively correlated with the proportion of IgG-Fc receptor-bearing T cells. The mixed lymphocyte culture reaction with mitomycin-treated AL1 cells derived from Burkitt's lymphoma was also impaired in the aged group (p &lt; 0.01) as was cell-mediated cytotoxicity to AL1 cells as target cells (p &lt; 0.05).
Levels of IgG and IgA in plasma were significantly higher in the aged than in the adult group (p &lt; 0.001), whereas those of IgM and IgE were not different. Radioimmunoassay determination of Ig classes revealed that the geometric means of IgG, but not IgM or IgA, synthesized in vitro was significantly increased in the aged compared to the young adult group (p &lt; 0.05) when PBL were cultured in the presence of PWM for 7 days. This increase in IgG synthesis in the aged group was attributed to enhanced T helper activity.
Specificity of Antisera from Lewis Rats Immunized with Encephalitogenic Fragment 43–88 of Guinea Pig Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Fritz Robert B. , Jen Chou C.-H. , Randolph Devery H. , Desjardins Anne E. , Kibler Robert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inbred Lewis rats were immunized with encephalitogenic fragment 43–88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. After recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) the animals were given a booster immunization, bled, and the specificity of the individual anti-fragment anti-sera was examined by direct binding assays by using radioiodinated fragment 43–88 and peptides 43–67, 68–88, and 79–88. Competitive-binding experiments with these peptides in competition with labeled fragment 43–88 were also done. The results of these experiments indicated that the immunodominant region of fragment 43–88 was the carboxy-terminal half of the molecule. Individual antisera recognized different antigenic determinants within this region.
Natural Killing and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Are Mediated by Different Mechanisms and by Different Cells
Authors: Koren Hillel S. , Williams Margaret S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural killing (NK) in humans, as well as in other species, has been shown to be specific for antigenic determinants present on the surfaces of a variety of tumor cells. Physical separation of NK cells from K cells, which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), has not been successful; however, there is indirect evidence suggesting that these activities are distinct. To further study the relationship between NK and K cells, competitive inhibition techniques were employed.
NK cells can be blocked via two mechanisms: 1) by direct inhibition with NK-sensitive tumor cells binding to NK receptor sites present on the effector cells and 2) by steric inhibition resulting from the binding of antibody-coated cells to the FcR on the effector cells. K cells, however, lack the NK receptor site(s) but are FcR+, and can therefore be blocked only by antibody-coated cells. We therefore postulate that NK and K cells are two separate lymphoid populations. NK cells bear receptor site(s) for NK determinants and FcR, whereas K cells bear only FcR.
Antigen-Initiated B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Howard Maureen C. , Baker Julie A. , Shortman Ken 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of specific and nonspecific stimuli on the cell cycle status of secondary B cells responding in either an adoptive immune assay or in tissue culture were investigated with a “cell suicide” procedure. Spleen cells from unstimulated or recently stimulated long-term hapten-primed “memory” mice were exposed to high specific activity 3H-TdR before AFC-progenitor assay; in all experiments, AFC-progenitor activity was assessed as a response to NIP-POL antigen.
Secondary adoptive transfer or cell culture AFC-progenitors from animals not receiving immediate prestimulation were not in a state of rapid cell cycle. Secondary AFC-progenitors detected in adoptive immune assays were activated into rapid cell cycle by nonspecific stimuli. Secondary AFC-progenitors responding in cell cultures were not activated by the same nonspecific stimuli, but showed a proliferative response to specific antigen. These results are analogous to those presented in the preceding paper for primary B cells. They suggest that, like primary B cells, secondary B cells contain distinct adoptive transfer AFC-progenitor (termed “preprogenitor”) and culture AFC-progenitor (termed “direct progenitor”) subsets. These various primary and secondary B cell subsets are incorporated into a model of B cell development.
Suppressor Cells Present in the Spleens of Trypanosoma Cruzi-Infected Mice
Authors: Ramos Celso , Schädtler-Siwon Ilse , Ortiz-Ortiz Librado 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi decreases the ability of spleen cells from mice to respond to either T cell, concanavalin A (Con A), or B cell, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mitogens. The effect of infection on the mitogenic response depends on the elapsed time between the day of infection and the time of mitogen presentation. Responses early in infection are normal, whereas later responses to either mitogen are depressed. Spleen cells from late trypanosome-infected mice inhibit the ability of normal spleen cells to respond to Con A or LPS. The cell in the T. cruzi-infected spleen cells responsible for this effect is nonadherent, sensitive to treatment with anti-mouse thymus serum plus complement, but insensitive to treatment with anti-immunoglobulin plus complement. These data indicate that infection with T&gt; cruzi elicits over time the generation of T cells suppressive to T and B cell mitogenic responses.
Immunoregulatory Properties of Human Esophageal Tumor Extract
Authors: Mohagheghpour Nahid , Parhami Behnaz , Dowlatshahi Kambiz , Kadjehnouri Dara , Elder John H. , Chisari Francis V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Noncytotoxic aqueous extracts of esophageal tumors (TEx) inhibit the spontaneous uptake of 3H-thymidine by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). TEx also inhibits mitogen- and antigen-induced PBM blastogenesis, mitogenesis, 3H-thymidine uptake, and 3H-leucine incorporation. Inhibition is reversible and is mediated by a heat-labile protein with a m.w. of approximately 70 to 80,000 daltons. Inhibitory activity is not due to trivial binding of mitogen or nucleotide by the inhibitor, nor is it entirely tumor specific since similar but quantitatively less activity is extractable from adjacent normal esophageal mucosa. Assorted cell surface membrane phenomena such as contact inhibition of in vitro endothelial cell proliferation, lymphocyte E rosette formation, and cap formation are unaffected by TEx. In contrast, immunoglobulin synthesis by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated PBM is enhanced by TEx. The potential importance of the local production of immunoregulatory agents like TEx in the immunologic control of tumor cell growth is discussed.
Immune Responses to Weakly Immunogenic Virally Induced Tumors
Authors: Devens Bruce , Naor David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Splenocytes from A mice injected with YAC-1 or RBL5 could generate, after in vitro culture with or without stimulation, a genetically nonrestricted cytotoxic response against the allogenic tumor RBL5. YAC-1 tumor is an in vitro carried tumor induced in A mice (H-2a) by Moloney virus. RBL5 tumor is a Rauscher virus-induced tumor of C57BL/6 mice (H-2b). These tumors cross-react serologically.
The effector cells that were generated after the in vitro cultivation recognized tumor-associated antigens on the target cells. H-2 alloantigens were not recognized by the effector cells. The effector cells that killed RBL5 tumor in a genetically nonrestricted manner were identified as T cells. The in vivo carried tumor YAC, in contrast to the in vitro carried tumor YAC-1, could not induce anti-RBL5 reactive cells in A mice. Instead, YAC tumor induced suppressor cells in A mice, which could abrogate the anti-RBL5 cytotoxic response of RBL5-primed splenocytes, but not that of YAC-1 primed splenocytes.
Characterization of the Immunosuppressive State during Schistosoma Mansoni Infection
Authors: Attallah A. M. , Smith A. H. , Murrell K. D. , Fleischer T. , Woody J. , Vannier W. E. , Scher I. , Ahmed A. , Sell K. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of a murine model of schistosomiasis revealed that both the thymus (T)- and bursa (B)-derived compartments of the immune system are modified during acute infection. The functional capacity of T and B lymphocytes to respond to mitogenic stimuli and the humoral response to thymus-dependent (SRBC) and thymus-independent (DNP-Ficoll) antigens are severely depressed. In addition, it was found that suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the response of normal lymphocytes to SRBC arise during acute infection. Although the splenic frequency of T (ϑ) and B (Ig+) cells remained constant during chronic infection, quantitative changes were detected in each population. In the T cell pool there was a decrease in the percentage of Ly-1+ cells and a concomitant increase in Ly-1+, 2+, 3+ cells, whereas the B cell pool showed a progressive loss of complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes, which apparently was the result of inactivation of surface complement receptor by a serum factor specifically found in infected mice. Characterization of the serum factor strongly suggests it is an immune complex. Thus, it appears that both suppressor cells and immune complexes contribute to changes noted in the immune system during acute schistosomiasis. Additional studies carried out in mice after unisexual infection revealed that egg production is not a necessary prerequisite for several of the immunologic phenomena associated with acute schistosomiasis.
Association between H-2 and Vaccinia Virus-Induced Antigens on the Surface of Infected Cells
Authors: Senik Anna , Neauport-Sautes Catherine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between H-2 molecules and vaccinia virus-induced antigens on the surface of H-2d infected cells was investigated by the differential redistribution method and by the blocking capacity of monospecific anti-H-2 sera on an anti-vaccinia cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). Capping of either H-2K or H-2D molecules upon addition of monospecific anti-H-2 sera was followed by the complete redistribution of viral antigens, suggesting the formation, on the cell membrane, of complexes composed of H-2K, H-2D molecules and vaccinia virus-induced antigens. However, not all H-2 molecules were involved in this association since i) free H-2K and H-2D molecules still moved independently on the cell surface, and ii) capping of vaccinia virus-induced antigens failed to induce the redistribution of all the H-2K and H-2D molecules. In addition, either monospecific anti-H-2K or anti-H-2D antiserum was found to exert potent blocking activity on anti-vaccinia CMC, indicating also a close topographical relationship between H-2K, H-2D molecules and vaccinia virus-induced antigens.
Regulation of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Responses in New Zealand Mice by Alloantigen-Activated Spleen Cells
Authors: Huston David P. , Rich Robert R. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Truitt Gary A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of autoimmune New Zealand mice and control mice to suppress the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes was studied. These experiments demonstrated that allosensitized spleen cells from both 1- and 6-month-old female NZB, NZW, and NZB/NZW F1 mice, or culture supernatants of such cells, could suppress the in vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In addition, the cytotoxic lymphocyte responses of NZW and NZB/NZW F1 mice were suppressed by allosensitized cells and their culture supernatants. In contrast, cytotoxic lymphocyte responses of NZB, as well as CBA/J and CBA/N mice, although readily suppressed by allosensitized spleen cells, were resistant to suppression by the culture supernatants of these allosensitized cells.
To investigate further NZB and CBA resistance to cytotoxic lymphocyte suppressor factor(s), F1 hybrids of resistant × susceptible and resistant × resistant strains were studied. F1 hybrids of strains suppressed by culture supernatants and strains resistant to supernatant suppression were all suppressed, demonstrating suppression to be a dominant phenotypic trait. F1 hybrids of two strains resistant to supernatant suppression were not suppressed; thus, resistance was recessive without gene complementation. Furthermore, all strains resistant to suppression by culture supernatants were suppressed by the allosensitized cells. This cell-supernatant dichotomy suggests that allosensitized spleen cells can suppress several different steps in a cytotoxic immune response.