bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigations on composite stub columns: hollow sections with embedded solid core made of HSS
Authors: Janiak Till , Nonn Jonas , Wolters Kevin , Classen Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA new composite column system using a solid core and an encasing jacket made from (ultra‐)high‐strength structural steel filled with concrete is presented in this paper that can serve as a promising alternative to prefabricated reinforced concrete columns from an economic and constructive point of view. Within the scope of a research project, this topic is being investigated in more detail by means of numerous experimental and theoretical investigations to enable the use of (ultra‐)high‐strength steels in the future. In this article, stub column tests were carried out to assess the resistance to pure compression and to gain insights into the structural performance of this new composite column system. Novel measurement techniques are used to evaluate the different normal force bearing components of the steel core, the hollow steel section, and the filled concrete over the entire loading process. A clear dependence of the load‐bearing behaviour on the cross‐sectional shape and the load introduction form (full‐surface load introduction vs. load introduction via the core surface) was observed.
Buckling tests on I‐section steel columns strengthened by additive manufacturing
Authors: Gardner Leroy , Li Jin , Meng Xin , Huang Cheng , Kyvelou Pinelopi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal 3D printing which, when strategically combined with traditional methods of manufacture, has the potential to make a significant impact on the construction sector. To illustrate this potential, an experimental investigation into the flexural buckling response of 13 hot‐rolled I‐section columns, strengthened by WAAM, has been undertaken and is presented herein. The WAAM material was added at the flange tips and distributed non‐uniformly along the member length. Complementary material tests on the conventional and WAAM steels were also carried out. 3D laser scanning was employed to determine the geometry and global geometric imperfections of all specimens, while digital image correlation measurements were taken to provide a detailed insight into the surface deformation characteristics of the specimens during testing. The beneficial effects of the WAAM stiffeners were an increased cross‐sectional area and second moment of area, enhanced local buckling capacity and a more favourable residual stress pattern. Increases in axial capacity of between 17% and 54% for increases of mass between 2% and 26% were achieved, highlighting the tremendous potential in terms of structural efficiency and material savings that can be realised by the combination of WAAM with traditional manufacturing methods.
Modelling and response of composite steel‐concrete members under cyclic loading
Authors: Sahin Burak , Bravo‐Haro Miguel Angel , Elghazouli Ahmed Y. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper deals with the modelling and assessment of the inelastic cyclic behaviour of composite members consisting of steel beams and reinforced concrete slabs, designed to European standards. The work involves the development of detailed continuum models that can simulate the asymmetric behaviour and cyclic degradation characteristics of composite members. The generated model is first validated against available experimental results then used to investigate the influence of important parameters affecting the moment‐rotation relationships at the dissipative composite beam ends under cyclic loading. Based on the results, nonlinear relationships for modelling the response of composite members are proposed. It is shown that the degradation modelling parameters are most influenced by the cross‐section slenderness of the structural steel and the depth of the composite beam. Together with significant asymmetry in cyclic behaviour, around 20% higher cyclic degradation is observed in composite members compared to their bare steel counterparts. In addition to providing information required for the seismic design and assessment, the proposed expressions are utilised for the calibration of lumped plasticity models with cyclic degradation suitable for computationally efficient frame‐level analysis.
Buckling resistance of stiffened panels subjected to constant transverse compression stresses
Authors: Pourostad Vahid , Kuhlmann Ulrike 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn a box girder cross‐section with inclined web panel, transverse compression may be introduced into the bottom panel from both sides in addition to constant longitudinal compressive stresses. In EN 1993‐1‐5, the only analytical method for determining the resistance of panels to biaxial compression is the Reduced Stress Method (RSM). However, the current rules were mainly derived for longitudinal stresses. Due to missing rules, in practice the longitudinal stiffeners need being verified according to flexural member buckling considering the transverse updrift forces.Therefore, in order to assess the real behaviour, a large parametric study of stiffened panels with closed longitudinal stiffeners under transverse compressive stresses was carried out using a verified numerical model. LBA and GMNIA are performed for each case. To apply the RSM, all critical buckling stresses were determined considering the torsional stiffness of stiffeners. According to EN 1993‐1‐5, the support of the edges of the panels parallel to the load direction should be set free when determining the critical stress for column‐like behaviour. In the case of a longitudinally stiffened panel under transverse stresses, it is not clear whether the support of the plate and the stiffeners or only the plate should be released. In this paper, these interpretations are discussed and results are compared. Finally, a simplified procedure to determine the global reduction factor of plate buckling for transverse stresses in a single step is proposed.
Method For Determining the Cross‐Sectional Resistance of Transversely Corrugated Cold‐Formed Steel Arches Under Compression
Authors: Al‐Maisari Abdullah , Ma Zhongcheng , Havula Jarmo , Lu Wei , Puttonen Jari 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTransversely corrugated cold‐formed steel (CFS) arch elements are widely used as self‐supporting building roofs. The transverse corrugations and the unusual cross‐section shapes complicate the design of such members under compressive loading. Since the current Eurocode does not cover the design rules for CFS arches with transverse corrugations, the objective of this study is to develop a method for determining the effective cross‐section of such members under compression load. In total 36 stiffness tests and 27 compression tests were carried out on the corrugated CFS arches with different thicknesses and curvatures. Steel arch profiles with thickness of 1.5 mm has 55% higher ultimate load value than the profiles with 1.1 mm thickness due to a bigger effective area to resist the axial compressive forces. The smaller the steel arch radius is, the more susceptible it is to buckle and stability failure due to the eccentricity of compression load along the curvature. The stiffness is directly proportional to the thickness and inversely proportional to the radius of the steel arches. Based on the thickness and the radius, the correction factors between 0.90 and 1.37 are proposed for determining the resistance of curved steel arches with corrugations. The method developed in this research can be used for designing similar types of arches.
Flexural resistance of Cold‐formed steel‐lightweight concrete (CFS‐LWC) composite beam
Authors: Rahnavard Rohola , Craveiro Hélder D. , Simões Rui 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper discusses the flexural behaviour of innovative built‐up cold‐formed steel lightweight concrete (CFS‐LWC) composite beams through an experimental study. Two full‐scale CFS‐LWC composite beams were tested. The specimens included two distinct configurations of the innovative CFS composite beams. The tested CFS‐LWC composite beams consisted of a lightweight concrete slab supported by profiled metal decking, connected to a CFS built‐up using bolted shear connectors. Two degrees of shear connection were considered. The specimens were uniformly loaded, and the load was increased until failure occurred. The test procedure, setup, and results were recorded in detail, including load‐bearing capacity, deformation, and failure modes. The validity of the design predictions following EN 1994‐1‐1 for the innovative CFS‐LWC composite beams was investigated. Both equilibrium and simplified methods were used to predict the bending resistance of the CFS‐LWC composite beam. The results showed that the design predictions following EN 1994‐1‐1 (equilibrium method) accurately predicted the bending resistance of the CFS‐LWC composite beam, while the simplified method underpredicted the experimental results.
Design and weight optimisation of Offshore Topside platforms using High Strength Steel
Authors: Candeias Miguel , Di Silvestro Elena , Wain Geraldine , Ville Wishnu , Cecchini Luca 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCurrent offshore topside platforms are steel intensive structures, made of a variety of steel products such as plates, rolled beams, welded plate girders, and welded and seamless tubes. These structures are complex and generally designed using S355 steel grade mainly due to raw material availability, experience and knowledge when using this steel grade. In this study an optimisation of two offshore platforms is made by replacing the standard S355 steel with high strength steel in order to achieve a lightweight and optimised design with the same structural performance. The study has been carried out considering the full life cycle of an Oil&Gas topside platform and an Offshore substation topside, using as reference two topside structures built in the North Sea. Results indicate that for the same structural performance, by using high strength steel there is a reduction of the total weight which may reduce the overall life cost of the topside platforms, in particular fabrication and installation costs.
Proposal and experimental verification of additive manufactured beam‐column connection designed by topological optimization
Authors: Gil Beatriz , Goñi Rufino , Fábregas María , Bayo Eduardo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe aim of this research is to provide an alternative for the conventional design of beam‐to‐column connections in building structures. The new design is performed by means of Structural Topological Optimization and executed by means of additive manufacturing with steel.Regarding the methodology, the joint that would be manufactured by conventional methods (i.e. welded and bolted plates) is modelled by means of finite elements in the first place. Its behavior is obtained, as well as the boundary conditions and the loads to be applied to the part that is going to be optimized. Subsequently, a solid part is defined and optimized by means of the optimization module TOSCA. Then, the complete joint is simulated with the optimized connection, and the behavior and the weight of the material used are compared with those of the conventional joint. Some modifications are made to improve some aspects of the design.Afterwards, the optimized joint is printed with steel S316L, the connection is assembled with the columns and beams, and it is tested. The experimental results are analyzed to be able to make the necessary adjustments both in the connection and in the design methodology.
Experimental Investigation of Sheathed Cold‐Formed Steel Sigma Studs Under Compression Loading
Authors: Yousefi Amir M. , Samali Bijan , Yu Yang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCold‐formed steel sections are used to form various components of low‐and medium‐rise buildings. Such sections are commonly constructed with sheathing board, providing thermal and acoustic separation between interior partitions. In contemporary projects, these sheathing boards have been used to provide bracing and increasing lateral stiffness. The strength and stiffness of sheathing‐braced structural assemblies is governed by connections between framing elements and sheathing components. This paper describes an experimental investigation of stability and strength of sheathed cold‐formed steel lipped sigma wall studs under compression loading. A total of 35 experimental tests conducted covering various parameters including, sheathing plasterboard thickness, stud and track thickness, plasterboard configuration and density. Sheathing density and thickness are found to be significant in impacting the compression strength of the sheathed cold‐formed steel lipped sigma studs. A clear pattern was noted between plasterboard material and thickness on the stability and strength of the sheathed stud. It is found that higher density boards provided the greatest restraint against buckling, as did increased thicknesses. Isolating direct loading of the sheathing, and Composite action between the stud and sheathing are shown to be significant in determining the strength and controlling limit state of the stud.
Parametric design and dynamic analysis of a hybrid steel‐FRP bridge.
Authors: van IJselmuijden Kees , van Schaik Rik , Cornelissen Lieuwe , de Leur Merijn , Schakel Dennis , Christensson Pontus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn Gothenborg, Sweden a new pedestrian bridge was needed. In the proposed design, the bridge was composed of a Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer (FRP) deck and a main steel structure, which provided two intermediate supports to the deck. The design of the main steel structure was the responsibility of Systra AB in Sweden, while the FRP deck was designed by Royal HaskoningDHV in the Netherlands. The main design challenge met was the dynamic behaviour of the bridge due to human induced vibrations. Besides the technical challenges, there were also challenges to find a reliable and efficient way to for the two companies to collaborate while in two different countries. To accommodate these challenges, it was decided to create a parametric coordination model, in Rhino/Grasshopper, from which the design and calculation models were generated. This coordination model served as the single source of truth ‐ ensuring that at any time both companies had an up‐to‐date version of the model. This proved crucial as the dynamic behaviour of the bridge was significantly influenced by the interaction between the steel and FRP components. Due to the parametric nature of the model, a variation study was possible, where a total of 200 variants were produced to find an optimal design.
Investigations on the stability behaviour of axially loaded sandwich panels with integrated longitudinal profiles
Authors: Janczyk Kevin , Kuhnhenne Markus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents investigations on the load‐bearing behaviour of sandwich panels under bending load and axial load. The sandwich panels investigated here have the special feature that they consist of two face sheets, a polyurethane core and two integrated reinforcement profiles. These integrated profiles allow the stiffness of the panels to be significantly increased, resulting in a delayed wrinkling failure and thus opening up new fields of application. Experimental results from bending tests are presented. From these results, analytical approaches are then described that can be used to predict the load‐bearing behaviour under axial loading. In addition, the test setup is described, which will be used in the future for the experimental investigation of the panels under axially loading.
Testing and analysis of optimised wire arc additively manufactured steel trusses
Authors: Kyvelou Pinelopi , Spinasa Athina , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal additive manufacturing (AM) that can be used to fabricate optimised large‐scale structural elements of complex form in a cost‐effective manner, opening up opportunities to unleash the true potential of structural optimisation. To demonstrate this potential, two optimised steel cantilever trusses were fabricated by means of WAAM and tested to investigate their structural performance. The tested specimens comprised members of tubular cross‐section of varying diameter and thickness. The geometric features of the tested specimens were determined using 3D laser scanning, while digital image correlation was employed to monitor the displacement and strain fields during testing. Full details of the experimental programme are provided; the obtained results are analysed and comparisons against equivalent conventional reference designs are made. The results of complementary numerical simulations, undertaken to gain further insight into particular features of the structural response of the examined specimens, are also presented. The structural efficiency of all optimised trusses, as measured by the capacity‐to‐mass ratio, was found to be at least 80% higher than that of the corresponding reference designs, underlining the benefits in terms of structural efficiency that can be achieved by the combination of WAAM with advanced optimisation methods.
Stiffness of L‐stubs loaded in compression
Authors: SAROU Lynita , COUCHAUX Maël , HJIAJ Mohammed , SIRE Stéphane , DOUROUX Jean‐François 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe stiffness of T‐stubs in compression is generally assumed infinite except for column base plates. For bolted circular flange connections and double web angle connections, the stiffness of L‐stubs and T‐stubs in compression should be determined to accurately calculate the position of the center of compression. Simple expressions have been recently proposed for these components in contact with a rigid foundation. However, the end‐plate can be in contact with a flexible foundation.The objective of the present paper is to propose simple expressions of the compressive stiffness of L‐stubs in contact with rigid or flexible foundations. A refined beam model resting on Winkler foundations is derived and applied to the L‐stub model. To facilitate the practice of engineering, simplifications are proposed for the contact pressure distribution and the compressive stiffness. The analytical results are then compared against finite element calculations performed with ANSYS APDL
Experimental investigation on cyclic behaviour of wire arc additively manufactured carbon steel
Authors: Wang Zhongxing , Hou Yuhang , Xu Fangda 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal 3D printing technique that has attracted significant interest from the construction industry for its ability to efficiently and rapidly build large‐scale component. However, there is currently limited information on the cyclic performance of WAAM metal materials. To address this gap, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the cyclic behaviour of WAAM carbon steel. The investigation involved the testing of forty specimens with two nominal thicknesses and two surface finishes under ten cyclic loading protocols. Following this, the failure modes, cyclic performance, and elastic modulus degradation were analysed. The results indicate that WAAM carbon steel exhibits excellent ductility under cyclic loading. The phenomenon of Bauschinger effect, cyclic hardening and elastic modulus degradation were observed in the experiment. The cyclic performance of WAAM carbon steel was found to depend on strain amplitude and strain history.
Resistance and behaviour of carbon steel and stainless steel columns with axial and rotational end‐restraints in fire
Authors: Quan Chunyan , Murtaza Hasan , Kucukler Merih 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDue to the presence of neighbouring structural elements, carbon steel and stainless steel columns are typically axially and/or rotationally restrained at their ends in fire. Despite the significant influence of the axial and rotational end‐restraints on the behaviour, the fire design rules for steel columns provided in the European structural steel fire design standard EN 1993‐1‐2 were originally developed considering the structural response of axially unrestrained steel columns with pin‐ended support conditions. Thus, EN 1993‐1‐2 may provide inaccurate ultimate resistance predictions for axially and/or rotationally restrained steel and stainless steel columns in fire. Considering this, this paper investigates the behaviour and design of carbon steel and stainless steel columns with axial and/or rotational end‐restraints at elevated temperatures. A number of carbon steel and stainless steel I‐section columns are considered, taking into account different axial and rotational end‐restraint stiffnesses, room temperature loading ratios, member and cross‐section slendernesses. A new design method for the fire design of axially and/or rotationally restrained steel and stainless steel columns is put forward. The accuracy of the proposed new design method is extensively verified against the results from nonlinear shell finite element modelling.
Residual Stresses in Cold‐Formed Square Hollow Sections of High Strength Steel
Authors: Petukhovskaia Iuliia , Saremi Pooya , Lu Wei , Puttonen Jari 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this study, the residual stresses were experimentally studied for cold‐formed square hollow section (CFSHS) with dimensions of 150×150×10 mm. The residual stresses were measured in both longitudinal and transverse directions for S355J2H/S420MH and S700MLH tubular sections. The results showed that measuring the longitudinal residual stresses on the outer and inner surfaces at a distance of 60‐70 mm from the end of the tubular specimen is an accurate and convenient method. For both steel grades studied, the highest residual stresses on inner and outer surfaces were on the flat regions close to corners. On the face opposite to the weld seam, the residual stresses scattered clearly among different repetition tests and differed from values reported in the literature. The influence of the steel grade on the residual stresses was more observable on the faces with the weld and opposite to the weld. As on the face with the weld, the combined effect of cold forming and temperature affect residual stresses, it is recommended to quantify residual stresses separately for the face with the weld and other faces. In the flat regions, the longitudinal residual stresses were so dominating that the transverse residual stresses can be neglected. The scatter of the longitudinal residual stresses on the face opposite to the weld and the irregular values of the transverse residual stresses in the corners indicate that additional tests are needed to quantify the randomness characteristic of local residual stresses.
Uncertainties in the structural design of the high‐bay cold storage warehouses
Authors: Sánduly Annabella , Kelemen Andrea , Nagy Zsolt 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe paper presents the structural analysis and critical evaluation of the modelling process of a high‐bay cold storage warehouse structure, which is a clad rack structure, composed of cold‐formed steel members, with different profile shapes and thicknesses. A major issue of the global structural analyses of these types of steel structures is the mixed application of design rules since the design is governed by racking structural rules, seismic design rules and cold‐formed steel design rules. To manage this problem, the structure's spatial model was divided into characteristic partial models, and spring supports were used to make the behavior of the partial models more realistic. The influence of the gravity loads (self‐weight, show), horizontal loads (wind and seismic action), geometrical imperfections, and loads induced by the temperature variation on the structure was investigated in the structural design. Even the wind actions resulted as dominant, some uncertainties related to the seismic analysis of these structures are presented in the paper.