bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Immunogenic Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate
Authors: Fielder R. J. , Bishop C. T. , Grappel S. F. , Blank F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A galactomannan isolated from the dermatophyte Epidermophyton floccosum was covalently linked to bovine γ, globulin by reaction with 2, 4,6-trichloro-s-triazine (cyanuric chloride). This polysaccharide-protein conjugate induced humoral antibody formation in the rabbit. The antibodies gave precipitin reactions with the polysaccharide, with the conjugate and with the 7 globulin. Absorption of the antiserum with γ globulin left. a preparation of antibodies that were specific for the polysaccharide. Hyperimmunized rabbits also developed cutaneous hypersensitivity to the polysaccharide.
Antigenic and Immunogenic Properties of Components Contained in Rabies Virus-Infected Tissue Culture Fluids
Authors: Schlumberger H. Dieter , Wiktor Tadeusz J. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Following differential centrifugation or zinc acetate precipitation, it was possible to fractionate rabies-infected tissue culture fluids into components which exhibited different complement-fixing, protective and immunogenic activities. The virion-depleted fraction showed higher complement-fixing activity than the fraction which contained essentially all the virions. The virion-depleted fraction obtained after precipitation of the virus with zinc acetate showed, in addition to complement-fixing activity, good protective activity. Thus, it is possible to produce material which contains a minimum quantity of infectious virus, is immunogenic and induces protection against challenge with virulent virus.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Ellison George W. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult rats received 750 or 800 R of whole body x-irradiation with simultaneous thymic or splenic shielding and immediately thereafter were given intrathymic, intrasplenic, or intraperitoneal injections of suspensions of rat spinal cord or acid-extracted rat cord encephalitogen. Three weeks later the animals were challenged with the corresponding antigen in Freund's adjuvant. Animals receiving intrathymic encephalitogenic material showed a slight but definite decrease in the severity of experimental autoallergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The acid-extracted encephalitogen showed four components after filtration through Sephadex G-200. Electrophoresis on 5% acrylamide gel in the presence of 8 M urea revealed at least four cathodally migrating and four anodally migrating bands.
Physicochemical and Antigenic Studies on Human γE in Respiratory Fluid
Authors: Newcomb Richard W. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The γE in sputum and nasal fluid specimens from asthmatic children behaves like the γE in serum on ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and ultracentrifugation. No secretory piece antigen was demonstrable on the γE in respiratory exocrine fluids. Like the γE in serum, sputum γE sensitized monkey skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
Immunosuppressive Effect of Serum from CBA Mice Made Tolerant by the Supernatant from Ultracentrifuged Bovine γ Globulin
Authors: Tong James L. , Boose Dorothy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In studies on tolerance to bovine γ globulin (BGG) induced in CBA mice by injection of the supernatant fraction of ultracentrifuged BGG, tolerance was not terminated by adoptive transfer of 108 spleen cells from normal or immune mice. Moreover, the serum of tolerant mice passively transferred to normal mice inhibited the immune response to BGG. This inhibition was attribute 1 to the presence of specific antibody in the serum of tolerant mice.
Mechanisms of Release of Constituents from Rabbit Platelets by Antigen-Antibody Complexes and Complement
Authors: Henson Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two mechanisms have been described by which antigen-antibody complexes in the presence of complement induce release of vasoactive amines from rabbit platelets. The reaction of soluble antigen, antibody in excess, normal rabbit plasma and platelets caused adherence of the platelets to the immune complexes (which required the action of C3) and lysis of the platelets (which required the action of C6). The lysis was observed microscopically and was accompanied by release of vasoactive amines, nucleotides and cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzymes. The release did not require active participation of the platelet and was postulated to result from cell lysis by complement components activated by the immune complexes in or on the platelet membrane. A nonlytic, complement-dependent release of vasoactive amines resulted from immune adherence of platelets to erythrocytes or zymosan that had fixed complement components through C3. Vasoactive amines and nucleotides were released by the reaction, but not intracellular enzymes or potassium (measured with rubidium 86). Platelet energy and activated platelet esterases were required for the release, which appeared to result from the C3-induced adherence of the platelets to the particulate antigens.
The Unblocked N-Terminal Sequence of Chicken IgG λ-Like Light Chains
Authors: Kubo Ralph T. , Rosenblum Irwin Y. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The light chains of human and mouse immunoglobulins belong to two antigenically and chemically distinct classes, κ and λ (1, 2). Hood et al. (3) have suggested that the light chains of the immunoglobulins of other animal species can be classified as homologues of the κ and/or λ classes and that the ratios of κ to λ are variable among the species. The κ class has a free (unblocked) N-terminal amino acid and a C-terminal cysteine residue, whereas light chains of the λ class generally have a blocked N-terminal position, usually pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid (PCA), and a penultimate cysteine residue at the C-terminal end (3, 4).
Light chains of both κ and λ classes have a unique structural feature: a variable region of about 107 amino acid residues in the N-terminal half of the light chain, and a common region of approximately residues 108 to 215.
Conversion of Non-Immune Rabbit Spleen Cells by Ribonucleic Acid of Lymphoid Cells from an Immunized Rabbit to Produce IgG Antibody of Foreign Light Chain Allotype
Authors: Bell Clara , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells (SpC) from non-immunized rabbits were converted to antibody “indirect” plaque-forming cells (PFC) by incubating them with ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracts of lymph node cells (LNC) obtained from rabbits 18 to 24 days after they were immunized with several intravenous injections of 4 × 108 sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The RNA extract was inactivated by ribonuclease (RNAse) but not by deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) or trypsin, indicating that the conversion required intact RNA. “Indirect” PFC were developed with optimal amounts of goat anti-IgG-Fc fragment and these were not inhibited by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or goat anti-IgM but were inhibited by excess anti-IgG-Fc fragment. This indicated that the antibodies produced by the PFC are of the IgG immunoglobulin class. The conversion was specific for the SRBC antigen injected. The light chain allotype of the IgG antibody produced by the PFC was identified by use of anti-b4 and anti-b5 to develop the “indirect” PFC, to visualize the PFC by radioautography and to inhibit plaque formation. Most of the “indirect” PFC of the converted SpC (64% to 84%) possessed IgG antibody with the allotype characteristic of the donor of the RNA extract; some of the “indirect” PFC (4% to 32%) possessed IgG antibody with the allotype characteristic of the donor of SpC. When the “RNA-converted” SpC were lysed by freezing and thawing, the anti-SRBC titer of the lysate, measured by the localized hemolysis in gel technique, was 4096 compared to 4 for lysates from the same number of lysed, nonimmune SpC alone. Moreover, anti-SRBC antibody could not be detected in the RNA extracts. These results indicate that a component of the RNA extract, presumably RNA itself, is providing information for the synthesis of at least part of the IgG antibody molecule.
Independence of Allotypic Determinants and Antibody Specificity
Authors: Spring Susan B. , Nisonoff Alfred , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were carried out to ascertain whether the specificity of an IgG antibody molecule influences the expression of the full complement of determinants characteristic of a given allotype. The presence of determinants was measured by the capacity of a given IgG preparation to displace from anti-allotypic antibodies all of a reference 125I-Fab fragment, possessing the same allotype, but derived from a different source. The results indicated that all IgG molecules studied, including specifically purified antibodies, possess a full complement of determinants (a1, a3, b4) and suggest that the portion of the surface of the molecule comprising the antibody-combining site is independent of the region of the surface which combines with anti-allotypic antibodies.
Detection of Immune Response Against Synthetic Polymers of Amino Acids Employing the Plaque-Forming Cell System
Authors: Egan Marianne , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The secretion of anti-polypeptide immunoglobulins by popliteal lymph node cells from rabbits immunized with synthetic polymers of α-L and α-D amino acids was detected with the localized hemolysis in gel (LHG) assay employing polypeptidecoated tanned sheep erythrocytes. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) were detected 5 to 7 days following primary immunization of rabbits with poly(L-glu42-L-lys28-L-ala30)n, or poly (L-glu36-L-lys24-L-ala35-L-tyr5)n, and with poly (l-glu60-L-lys40)n, and poly (D-glu42-D-lys28-D-ala30)n, when complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). No PFC were detected 5 days after immunization with poly (L-glu42-L-lys28-D-ala30)n, poly (D-glu42-L-lys28-L-ala30)n or poly (D-glu42-D-lys28-D-ala30)n. Cross-reacting antibody was detected at the cellular level. The PFC were due to immunoglobulin secretion since they were inhibited by sheep anti-rabbit globulin and specific anti-allotype serum.
Measurement of IgA Levels in Human Cord Serum by a New Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Faulkner W. , Borella L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new quantitative inhibition immunoassay for measurement of human IgA has been developed, based on the Single Antibody Millipore Filtration (SAMF) method of Borella. IgA labeled with 125I was mixed with anti-human IgA serum, incubated for 24 hr at 37°C and filtered through a 220-mµ pore size Millipore filter. Labeled antigen-antibody complexes were retained by the filter while unbound 125I IgA was filtered through. The concentration of IgA specifically bound to antibody was calculated by the radioactivity retained in the filter. Addition of nonlabeled IgA to the reaction mixture inhibited the binding of 125I IgA by antibody. Between 20% and 80%, this inhibition was a linear function of the concentration of nonlabeled IgA. This immunoassay was used to measure the concentration of IgA in cord serum and all of 60 specimens had measurable levels of IgA. The mean value was 0.8 mg%, ranging from 0.15 mg% to 2.15 mg%. The SAMF immunoassay is rapid, reproducible and highly sensitive and should provide an ideal method for future studies on the ontogenetic development of IgA and its relationship to perinatal infections.
Relationship of Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Membrane Antigens in Lymphoid Cells to Viral Envelop Antigens
Authors: Gerber Paul , Goldstein Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immunofluorescent membrane antigens of Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphoid cells from a normal donor and from a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma appear to be identical and to contain components of the viral envelop.
A Pre-Albumin Activator of Prekallikrein
Authors: Kaplan Allen P. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chromatography of human serum on diethylaminoethyl cellulose reveals five peaks having bradykinin-generating activity. Kallikrein is found in peak 1, Hageman factor is found overlapping peaks 2 and 3, and a prekallikrein activator is found in peaks 2 through 5. Further purification of the prekallikrein activator by gel filtration, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, and elution from unstained sliced disc gels after electrophoresis gave purified material which appeared heterogeneous and had an estimated molecular weight of 30,000 to 40,000. Throughout each step of purification, the prekallikrein activator retained the ability to correct specifically the coagulation defect of Hageman factor deficiency. Prolonged dialysis of a partially purified preparation of active Hageman factor resulted in the development of pre-albumin bands in the position previously noted for the highly purified prekallikrein activator. The development of these bands and their associated clot-promoting and prekallikrein-activating abilities at low ionic strength and the prevention of these events at high ionic strength but under otherwise identical conditions are consistent with the direct derivation of the low molecular weight pre-albumin prekallikrein activator from active Hageman factor.
Persistent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Viral Infection
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice naturally infected transplacentally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus carry high titers of virus in their blood and tissues, make anti-viral antibody, and develop an associated chronic disease. The virus travels in the circulation in virus-IgG-complement(C) complexes. A study of the renal glomeruli of such transplacentally infected mice showed the presence of viral antigen, C3 and Ig at birth, and a progressive accumulation of virus-Ig complexes that led to death from glomerulonephritis in some mice by 2 weeks of age.
Studies on the Immune Capabilities of Chiroptera
Authors: Hatten Betty A. , Allen Rae , Sulkin S. Edward 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
K values based on 90% neutralization of φX174 indicate that the response of bats held at 24°C and 37°C to immunization with multiple doses of 1010 plaque-forming units (PFU) was less and that production of ME-sensitive antibodies was more pronounced than in rabbits or guinea pigs. Neutralization of φX174 by early bat antibodies was especially dependent upon the presence of a heat-labile serum factor or factors. Once a response was elicited in bats (24°C), antibody production continued at a relatively high level for a long period of time. An anamnestic response was demonstrated at the latter time interval in which the quantity of predominantly ME-resistant antibodies, having minimal requirements for heat-labile factors, approached that induced earlier in guinea pigs. A rapid response with early conversion to ME-resistant antibodies was evoked in bats (24°C) after single doses of 1011 PFU of φX174 (without adjuvant) or 109 PFU of φX174 in complete adjuvant. Considerable dissociation of φX174 from bat antibodies occurred when less than 90% of the phage had been neutralized, but was not remarkable when inactivation was greater than 90%. The proportionate loss of anti-φX174 activity in relation to concentration of antibodies diminished upon dilution of bat plasma pools as the immune response progressed, suggesting that an increase in affinity of antibodies for φX174 had occurred, possibly in association with changes in the major type of antibody being produced. Potential effects of the nature and degree of antigenic stimulation upon immune responses in bats are discussed.
Degradation of Immunoglobulins by Intracellular Proteases in the Range of Neutral pH
Authors: LoSpalluto Joseph J. , Fehr Kurt , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A proteolytic enzyme active in the range of neutral or slightly alkaline pH has been partially purified from a lysosome-containing granule fraction of human spleen. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be in the range of 15,000 to 30,000 by gel filtration, and it has a pH optimum of approximately 7.5 with bovine hemoglobin or human IgG as substrates. Its activity is stimulated by cysteine but is strikingly inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The enzyme is active against a variety of protein substrates including human IgM, IgG, IgA, albumin, and also bovine hemoglobin. The products of IgG and IgM digestion were studied most extensively. IgG was broken down into Fab and Fc fragments, which proved to be very similar in size and immunochemical properties to fragments produced by papain digestion. In addition, a slightly degraded product with a molecular weight in the range of 110,000 to 120,000 was observed, which was not distinguishable from intact IgG by immunodiffusion analysis. IgM was extensively degraded by the neutral protease, a large proportion being broken down to small, dialyzable fragments. Relatively small quantities of large fragments containing Fab and Fc(μ) determinants were found. Evidence was obtained that both Fab and Fc regions of the IgM molecule are degraded by this enzyme.
A Cytolytic System for the in Vitro Detection of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Soluble Antigen
Authors: Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro cytotoxic test is described for the demonstration of cell-mediated immunity to soluble antigen. This system has been used to study the development of a cytotoxic splenic lymphocyte population in the guinea pig after immunization with dinitrophenylated human IgG (DNP-HGG). As “target” cells, 51Cr-labeled mouse mastocytoma cells were used, and were coupled to DNP-HGG with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide HCl. “Target” cell destruction was assessed by comparing the rates of 51Cr release from these cells in the presence of splenic lymphocytes from specifically sensitized animals with that released in the presence of the same number of lymphocytes from unimmunized animals. The mastocytoma cells were found to be preferable to erythrocytes as carriers of antigen, in that they were more sensitive to membrane permeability changes. Splenic lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with DNP-HGG caused specific lysis of DNP-HGG-coated mastocytoma cells. Cells coated with DNP-BSA and HGG were lysed to a lesser extent, while cells coated with antigens immunochemically unrelated to the antigen used for sensitization were not lysed to any greater extent than that observed with lymphocytes from unimmunized animals. Several factors distinguished cytolysis by “sensitized” lymphocytes from that mediated by serum antibody in the presence of complement. Cytolysis by lymphocytes was not inhibited by anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin antisera. The total cytolytic activity of splenic lymphocytes did not parallel measured serum antibody. The specificity of cytolysis by splenic lymphocytes from animals immunized with DNP-HGG was markedly carrier-dependent.
Release of Virus Inhibitor from Tuberculin-Sensitized Peritoneal Cells Stimulated by Antigen
Authors: Milstone Leonard M. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tuberculin-sensitized mouse peritoneal cells exposed to purified protein derivative release an interferon-like virus inhibition within 24 hr. Release appears to require the interaction of specifically sensitized lymphocytes and sensitized or unsensitized macrophages.
Heterogeneity of Blastogenic Factors Produced in Vitro by Antigenically Stimulated and Unstimulated Leukocytes
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Blastogenic factor derived from antigenically stimulated or unstimulated leukocyte cultures was studied. Cell-free medium (CFM) from unmixed leukocyte cultures was frequently stimulatory for both autologous and allogeneic cells. However, the blastogenic factor usually stimulated allogeneic cells much more than autologous cells. The blastogenic factor which is stimulatory only for allogeneic cells may be a soluble form of histocompatibility antigen. The CFM preparations that were the most stimulatory toward allogeneic cells were not necessarily the most active toward autologous cells. The two types of stimulatory activity showed no correlation. It seems probable that CFM from unmixed cultures of leukocytes contains at least two components: a) a specific blastogenic factor (histocompatibility antigen), and b) a nonspecific stimulatory factor (probably identical to the “potentiating factor” described by Janis and Bach). Blastogenic factor was produced in vitro by tuberculin-sensitive leukocytes in response to PPD-stimulation. The production of this factor was antigenically-specific, but once produced, it was as active for autologous cells as for allogeneic cells. This factor is not histocompatibility antigen. The continuous presence of antigen was not required for activity. This factor may be different from the “lymphocyte-activating factor” described by Valentine and Lawrence. When the medium was changed every 2 days, the blastogenic factor was produced repeatedly until the culture died. The present findings indicate that the blastogenic factor produced by PPD-stimulation differs from that which is produced in unmixed cultures and which is stimulatory only for allogeneic cells. However, it is not known whether there are differences between the blastogenic factor arising from PPD-stimulation and the factor which is produced in unmixed cultures and which stimulates autologous cells.
Production of Congenital Malformations Using Tissue Antisera
Authors: Bragonier J. Robert , Frank Michael M. , Brent Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies have been performed in a model teratologic system in which congenital malformations are produced in offspring by injecting sheep anti-rat kidney antiserum into pregnant rats on day 8 of gestation. To determine whether the antiserum produces its effects simply by combining with antigen, or whether direct participation of nonspecific mediators of immunologic damage is required, the antibody molecule was structurally altered by two methods: (1) a globulin fraction of the antiserum was reduced and alkylated to dissociate IgM antibody and destroy the complement-fixing ability of IgG antibody, and (2) a globulin fraction was digested with pepsin to destroy the Fc fragment of IgG. Both modified fractions retained the capacity to produce congenital malformations. This result suggests that complement and other nonspecific mediators are not involved in the immunologic damage which results in malformations in this system. The finding lends support to the proposition that this teratogenic antiserum acts by interfering sterically with normal yolk sac function during a critical period of fetal development.
The Prevention of Autoimmunity to the Thyroid and Allergic Thyroiditis by Antigenic Competition
Authors: McMaster Philip R. B. , Kyriakos Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When bovine gamma globulin (BGG) is mixed with thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant, the BGG competes with the thyroid extract and inhibits the development of allergic thyroiditis as well as the production of antibody and delayed sensitivity to thyroid extract. The amount of BGG required to inhibit the production of thyroiditis, anti-thyroid antibody and delayed sensitivity to thyroid extract depends in part upon the amount of thyroid antigen used to immunize and in part upon the location of the two antigens.