bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tric Type K, a New Immunologic Type of Chlamydia Trachomatis
Authors: Kuo Cho-Chou , Wang San-Pin , Grayston J. Thomas , Alexander E. Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twelve Chlamydia trachomatis strains have been isolated from cervical and urethral swabs in a venereal disease study in Seattle that are identical immunologically in the micro-immunofluorescence-(micro-IF) typing test. These strains are closely related immunologically with the LGV type-L3 but easily separable from the other 12 TRIC and LGV types. Cross-absorption removed micro-IF heterologous antibody between the new strains and L3. A series of studies of biologic characteristics (infection of cell culture, mouse brain, and monkey eye) showed clearly that the new strains were not LGV but were similar to other TRIC strains. It is proposed that a new immunologic type be established—TRIC type-K.
Enhancement of Immune Response Potential of Mouse Lymphoid Cells Fractionated over Insolubilized Conjugated Histamine Columns
Authors: Shearer G. M. , Weinstein Yacob , Melmon Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from (BALB/c C57BL/6)F1 mice which had been immunized 7 days earlier with SRBC were either fractionated over columns of histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose beads or were untreated. Equal numbers of filtered and unfiltered cells were injected into irradiated, syngeneic recipients with SRBC. The kinetics of direct and indirect PFC generated by the two groups of transferred cells were similar. However, 4.5 more direct and 5.8 more indirect PFC were detected per unit number of spleen cells injected in the recipients of the filtered than in those of the unfiltered cells. In addition to enhanced PFC responses, spleen cell fractionation over the histamine-coated beads also resulted in slight but significant increases in the numbers of nucleated cells per recipient spleen. These findings indicate that removal of cells adherent to histamine-coated beads enhances the humoral immune response potential of mouse spleen cells. A similar result was obtained when histamine column-fractionated thymocytes were injected together with unfractionated bone marrow cells. In contrast, no enhancing effect was observed when fractionated marrow cells were mixed with unseparated thymocytes. Fractionation of spleen cells over poly-L-lysine-Sepharose columns, which bind mouse spleen cells and are similar in charge to histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose, had no detectable immunologic effect on transferred spleen cells. The possibility that the columns of insolubilized conjugated histamine retain thymus-derived lymphocytes which express amine receptors and function to regulate humoral immunity is considered.
Spontaneous “Autoimmune Disease” in Nude Mice
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Schur Peter H. , Reed Norman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from 1- to 4-month-old congenitally athymic “nude” mice and their phenotypically normal littermates (LM) were tested for their capacity to bind double-stranded DNA and RNA. Sera from nudes bound significantly more DNA than did LM sera with no differences in RNA-binding capacity being demonstrable. Decline in the clinical state of nude mice was associated with increased serum DNA-binding capacity. Nude mice grafted with thymi at 1 month of age had reduced serum DNA-binding capacities when compared to non-grafted nudes. Immunofluorescent staining of kidneys from nude mice revealed the presence of significant amounts of IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA immunoglobulins in the glomeruli of nudes but not LM mice. In some cases, immunoglobulin was associated with complement (β1c) deposition. The relevance of these findings to theories of autoimmunity is discussed.
In Vitro Studies on Allotype Suppression
Authors: Adler Louise T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from heterozygous rabbits with b locus immunoglobulin allotypes b4 and b5 which had been exposed in utero to maternal antibodies against the paternal allotype (b4) were stimulated in vitro with solubilized T2 phage antigen. The cells of thoroughly suppressed rabbits formed T2 neutralizing antibodies which were identifiable only as having allotype b5. The presence of anti-b5 serum in the cultures inhibited b5 expression and resulted in the formation of antibodies having the previously suppressed allotype, b4. Normal rabbit serum of the same allotypic specificity as the anti-b5 serum (b4) had no effect on the allotype distribution of anti-T2 antibodies. Although partial inhibition of b5 production occurred when the anti-b5 serum was removed from cultures after 5 hr, no reversal of b4 suppression was observed. Possible mechanisms accounting for these results are discussed.
Interspecies Variability in Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Authors: Zighelboim Jacob , Gale Robert P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid effector cells and antisera from several species were evaluated in allogeneic or xenogeneic test systems for their ability to mediate the cytolysis of radiochromium-labeled target cells, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Interspecies variation was observed at both the effector cell and antibody level. Species-dependent variability in either the structure or function of the effector cell receptor, the structure or function of the antibody molecule binding site for the effector cell, or a combination of these factors may be reflected in interspecies variability in ADCC activity.
Effector Cell Activity in Antibody-Mediated Cell-Dependent Immune Lympholysis
Authors: Kovithavongs Thavisakdi , Hottman Werner C. , Dossetor John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from 52 normal individuals with ages ranging from 11 months to 92 years were determined for their effector cell activity, the ability to lyse an antibody-coated lymphocyte target, in the antibody-mediated cell-dependent immune lympholysis (ABCIL) system. Prepubertal males and females, and females in their active sexual age, have significantly lower effector cell activity than sexually active males or postclimacteric individuals. These findings suggest that male and female hormones may have some influence on effector cell activity in normal individuals.
The Synthesis of Secretory Component by Lymphoid Tissues in Vitro
Authors: Lai A Fat Rudy F. M. , McClelland David B. L. , van Furth Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results obtained with an in vitro culture technique demonstrate that free secretory component (SC) is synthesized by lymphoid tissues such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids, but not by the thymus. In most of the SC-positive cultures, bound SC (IgA-SC) is also found. These findings mean that the IgA-SC (secretory IgA) present in small amounts in the serum does not derive solely from spillover of secretory IgA and/or SC formed in the mucous membranes and glandular tissues, but that at least a part is derived from the lymphoid tissues. Cultures of thoracic duct lymphocytes and peripheral blood leukocytes from normal and pathological conditions (monocytic and chronic lymphatic leukemia) did not show synthesis of SC. The cellular localization of SC synthesis could not be determined, but it is conceivable that a common cell present in mucous membranes as well as in glandular and lymphoid tissues is the producer of SC.
Relationship of Carcinoembryonic Antigen to Blood Substances a and i: Evidence That the Antigenic Sites Are on Different Molecules
Authors: Cooper Amiel G. , Brown Michael C. , Kirch Mary E. , Rule Allyn H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extracts of human colon carcinomas have been assayed for the presence of blood group substance A and i activities using an automated quantitative hemagglutination-inhibition system. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity was simultaneously assayed by the zirconyl phosphate gel radioimmunoassay. Isoelectric focusing of a perchloric acid tumor extract containing all three antigen activities indicated a similar pK1 for the three antigens. However, A- or i-specific affinity gel adsorption experiments showed that only the corresponding blood group antigen activity was removed from tumor extracts. CEA activity remained essentially the same after adsorption by these gels. Significant blood group activity could not be demonstrated in preparations of highly purified CEA or in CEA from which N-acetylneuraminic acid and fucose had been removed. Conversely, CEA activity was absent from preparations of purified blood group antigens and could not be unmasked by removal of the immunodominant β-galactose of the i antigen with β-galactosidase. These data provide evidence that the antigenic sites for CEA and blood group A and i antigens are located on different molecules in colon carcinoma extracts.
Leukocyte Aggregation: An in Vitro Assay for Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Tom Baldwin H. , Jakstys Milda M. , Kahan Barry D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro leukocyte-aggregation assay was developed to assess cell-mediated immune reactivity by hosts against their allotransplants. The assay, which measures the adhesion of host leukocytes to target cells, is caused by a specific recognition of donor antigens by sensitized lymphocytes. The formation of aggregates may reflect the release of chemotactic and migration inhibition factors following recognition of specific target cell antigens, thereby attracting nonimmune bystander cells to the reaction foci. The test is simple to perform, brief, and requires small amounts of materials. Analysis of the patterns of reactivity of host cells suggests that the immunological specificity of the recognition event is consistent with the HL-A system in 80% of cases. Instances of disparities between predicted and observed reactions were attributed to lack of host sensitization, differences between serological and cellular HL-A cross-reactivities, and the potential participation of other histocompatibility systems.
Immunogenicity of Lowly and Highly Derivatized Dinitrophenyl-Bovine γ-Globulin in Different Strains of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Quijada Luis , Kim Young T. , Siskind Gregory W. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs immunized with lowly derivatized dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin produced large amounts of antibody directed against the carrier molecule and large amounts of antibody directed against the hapten. Guinea pigs immunized with a highly derivatized preparation did not produce antibody against the carrier but produced large amounts of antibody directed against the hapten. Both preparations provoked the production of about the same amount of anti-hapten antibody, but the lowly derivatized antigen provoked the production of anti-hapten antibody of higher average affinity.
Selective Impairment of Cell Antigenicity by Fixation
Authors: Gatti Richard A. , Östborn Anita , Fagraeus Astrid 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of fixation by formaldehyde, p-formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde on H-2a and Moloney leukemia virus (MLV)-associated antigens were evaluated. Two cell types were employed: a) a MLV-induced lymphoma, YAC, which is passaged in ascites form in A/Sn mice or grown in long-term culture, and b) MLV-infected A/Sn and BALB/c mouse fibroblast monolayers. Antigenicity of the suspension cells was assessed by conventional absorbtions of antisera of predetermined titers to H-2a and MLV, and subsequent titration of these absorbed antisera by the 51Cr release cytotoxicity test against pertinent target cells. Antigenicity of fibroblast monolayers was assessed directly by a mixed hemadsorption technique. At low concentrations and short fixation periods, p-formaldehyde selectively impaired MLV antigens, preserving H-2a. At high concentrations and longer fixation periods, p-formaldehyde markedly reduced H-2a antigenicity while preserving MLV antigens. Fixation of either suspension cells or monolayers with glutaraldehyde (0.25% for 5 min at 20°C) markedly impaired both types of antigenicity.
Effects of Neoplasms on Inflammation: Depression of Macrophage Accumulation after Tumor Implantation
Authors: Snyderman Ralph , Pike Marilyn C. , Blaylock Barbara L. , Weinstein Phillip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The local accumulation of macrophages at sites of neoplasms may be a critical event in immunologically mediated tumor killing. Individuals with neoplasms, however, have been noted to have depressed monocyte chemotactic responsiveness in vitro. To determine the effect of neoplasms on macrophage migration, mice were implanted subcutaneously with either sarcoma or hepatoma cells and their macrophage migratory function quantified in vivo and in vitro. The ability of tumor-bearing animals to mobilize macrophages to an inflammatory site in vivo was depressed by as much as 61% by 6 days after tumor implantation. The in vitro chemotactic responsiveness of macrophages recovered from the peritoneal cavities of tumor-bearing animals was also markedly depressed. Macrophage migration was not affected by implantation of normal syngeneic or allogeneic tissues. In addition, the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vivo was not depressed in tumor-bearing animals. These findings suggest that neoplasms themselves may depress the host's ability to localize macrophages at inflammatory sites in vivo and thereby hinder immunologically mediated tumor destruction.
A Simple Method for the Determination of Complement Receptor-Bearing Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Gelfand Jeffrey A. , Fauci Anthony S. , Green Ira , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple method is described for the identification of mononuclear cells bearing the complement receptor. Gram-negative bacteria are directly fluoresceinated and then incubated in non-immune human serum, which leads to complement fixation via activation of the alernative complement pathway. Complement receptor-bearing mononuclear cells (CRMC) will form easily readable rosettes with these bacteria. The method requires no antibody preparation or purification, uses human serum rather than purified complement components or mouse serum, and gives results that correlate closely (r = 0.9015) with the EAC method of identifying CRMC. Furthermore, these indicator cells cannot bind to mononuclear cells via the E or IgG Fc receptors, eliminating this source of possible error. This method may be used for the identification of CRMC in suspension or frozen tissue sections.
Complexity of Factors in Sera of Different Mice That Affect MTV-Induced Mammary Tumor Cells
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Lane Mary-Anne , Mar Pearl 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific spleen cell activity in microcytotoxicity assay can be altered by pretreatment of target mammary tumor virus (MTV)-induced mammary tumor cells with serum. Serum from both BALB/cfC3H females neonatally infected with MTV and BALB/c females horizontally exposed to MTV antigens will block specific spleen cell activity against isologous mammary tumor cells. On fractionation of sera, blocking factors are localized in the 7S fraction. The 19S fraction contains recruiting factors that are not detectable in the unfractionated serum; these factors are active against isologous tumors and are thus distinct from the tumor-specific recruiting factors previously described in the sera of tumor-bearing females, which are active only against the autologous tumor. Antibodies mediating complement-dependent cell lysis are also detectable after serum fractionation.
Resistance to Murine Leukemia in Mice Rejecting Syngeneic Somatic Hybrid Cells
Authors: Liang Weitze , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
(A/J × C3H/HeJ) F1 mice reject somatic cell hybrids of ASL-1 cells (A origin) and LM (TK)- cells (C3H origin), but die from leukemia within 10 days after the inoculation of approximately 106 viable ASL-1 cells. Mice rejecting hybrid cells survive for prolonged periods after challenge with otherwise lethal numbers of ASL-1 cells. The hybrid cells, rejected by syngeneic F1 recipients, retained their oncogenic potential as determined by the appearance and progressive growth of tumors in immunologically deficient nu/nu mice injected with the cells. Similar results were obtained using hybrids of a radiation-induced cell line (RADA-1), maintained by serial transfer in strain A mice and LM(TK)- cells. Syngeneic mice injected with RADA-1 × LM(TK)- cells failed to form tumors. Mice rejecting RADA-1 × LM(TK)- hybrid cells survived for prolonged periods after challenge with otherwise lethal numbers of RADA-1 cells.
Role of Mercaptoethanol and Endotoxin in Stimulating B Lymphocyte Colony Formation in Vitro
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mercaptoethanol is necessary to permit B lymphocyte colony formation in semi-solid agar cultures of cells from normal mouse lymphoid organs. Transfer studies on developing colonies showed that, in part, this was a direct action on B lymphocyte colony cells but evidence was produced that in the presence of mercaptoethanol lymphoid organ cells release a factor promoting colony growth.
Endotoxin strongly potentiated B lymphocyte colony formation in vitro by a direct action on colony cells but in the absence of mercaptoethanol did not allow cell survival or proliferation.
Kinetics of the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Jones Jeffrey M. , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Stashak Philip W. , Prescott Benjamin , Baker Phillip J. , Alling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For the first 126 hr after immunization of mice with an optimally immunogenic dose (0.5 µg) of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III), splenic antibody-forming PFC and serum antibody levels were measured at 2- and 8-hr intervals, respectively. PFC were detected at 28 hr after immunization and then increased through 86 hr after immunization; thereafter, the number of PFC remained nearly constant for the next 20 to 24 hr, and then began to decline. By contrast, serum antibody was first detected 60 hr after immunization. The accumulation of serum antibody continued to lag behined the increase in numbers of PFC by 16 to 20 hr until maximal serum antibody levels were attained; curves fitted to the values obtained for each parameter were nearly parallel. Further analysis of the data indicated that PFC increased in a stepwise fashion, producing a staircase pattern that would be expected for a synchronous proliferation of PFC with multiple recruitment events. Experiments in which mice were injected with a mitotic inhibitor at time intervals after immunization indicated that those precursor cells, capable of differentiating into PFC, were proliferating already by 12 to 24 hr after immunization. The size of the stepwise increases in the number of PFC decreased with time after immunization, indicating that recruitment from this pool of precursor cells decreased with time. By contrast, when PFC were measured in ALS-treated mice at 2-hr intervals after immunization, PFC were found to increase in a stepwise fashion; however, damping of the size of the stepwise increases did not occur and four additional rounds of recruitment and proliferation were observed after the first 86 hr after immunization. These findings allowed construction of a mathematical model to describe the effect of suppressor cells on the PFC response to an optimally immunogenic dose of antigen. In this model, the negative effect of suppressor T cells began 24 hr after immunization, increased progressively with time, and functioned to decrease the birth rate of PFC. This suggested the hypothesis that the negative effect of suppressor T cells was directed primarily toward B cell precursors of PFC, diminishing recruitment of PFC from this pool of cells by either halting proliferation of the precursor cells or preventing their differentiation into PFC.
Thymus-Derived Peripheral Lymphocytes from Human Newborns Inhibit Division of Their Mothers' Lymphocytes
Authors: Olding Lars B. , Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from human newborns inhibit division of their mothers' lymphocytes. Three days after we cultured equal numbers of cells from a mother and her baby in the presence of PHA, mitosis of the mother's lymphocytes was suppressed 13-fold compared to that of the baby's lymphocytes. At the end of 3 days the number of baby's lymphocytes were double those of the mother's. The survival rates and mean mitotic indexes of both pairs of cells were roughly equivalent (mean ± S.E: baby 2.4 ± 0.8; mother 2.6 ± 0.7), indicating that the lack of dividing lymphocytes from the mother was caused by inhibited division of the mother's lymphocytes, not enhanced growth of the newborn's cells.
The cell population in newborns that is responsible for the inhibition effect resides in the T cell-enriched population. Lymphocytes from one newborn were not able to inhibit division of lymphocytes from another newborn, suggesting that lymphocytes from newborns could continue to divide despite their inhibitory effect. Other experiments showed that actively dividing fetal fibroblasts, amnion cells from the newborn, and continuous T lymphoblastoid cell lines were unable to inhibit mitosis of lymphocytes of the mother.
Degranulation of Basophilic Leukocytes in Allergic Contact Dermatitis Reactions in Man
Authors: Dvorak Ann M. , Mihm Martin C. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Basophilic leukocytes participating in allergic contact dermatitis in man underwent progressive degranulation over the course of several days after skin test. Less than 10% of basophils were degranulated in 24-hr reactions, but more than 60% were degranulated by 72 hr.
In the electron microscope individual basophil granules developed looser packing of their constituent particles, focal replacement of particles by finely granular material, and eventual loss of all visible granule contents, changes that were progressive between 2- and 3-day reactions. However, granules undergoing these changes retained their limiting membranes as well as their identity in the cytoplasm. Empty granules appeared as membrane-bound vacuoles having the size and shape of intact basophil granules. In contrast to the findings in a case of basophilic leukemia, communication of granules with each other was extremely rare and communication of granules with the plasma membrane was not observed. However, membranebound vesicles, the size of pinocytotic vesicles and larger, were abundant in these basophils. Many vesicles were observed free in the cytoplasm, but others were in communication with the cytoplasmic granules or with the plasma membrane. Vesicles often contained finely granular material of the type occurring in altered granules and rarely contained material morphologically similar to the particles of intact granules. These vesicles may provide a transport mechanism for piecemeal release of basophil granule contents, in addition or as an alternative to the commonly accepted exocytotic pathway of basophil degranulation.
Cellular Immunity in Pyelonephritis: Identification of Suppressor Cell Activity of Spleen Cells in Response to Concanavalin A and Inhibition of Lymphocyte-Mediated L Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Williams Terry W. , Friedlander Arthur M. , Lyons Joseph M. , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A population of fast sedimenting spleen cells was identified as the cause of impaired in vitro response of spleen cells to concanavalin A (Con A) in acute pyelonephritis in rats. These fast-sedimenting cells responded to Con A by suppressing the DNA synthetic response of normal spleen cells to Con A. In addition, spleen cells from acute pyelonephritic rats were significantly less able to mediate in vitro cell destruction in xenogeneic aggressor lymphocyte:target L cell mixtures. On the basis of these findings, the hypothesis is proposed that a suppressor cell can protect the pyelonephritic kidney against immunologically mediated tissue damage.