Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies
Authors: Mason James Paul , Werth Alexandra , West Colin G. , Youngblood Allison , Woodraska Donald L. , Peck Courtney L. , Aradhya Arvind J. , Cai Yijian , Chaparro David , Erikson James W. , Ganesan Koushik , Geerdts T. R. , Hoang Thi D , Horning Thomas M. , Jin Yan , Liu Haixin , Lordi Noah , Luo Zheng , Menon Thanmay S. , Meyer Josephine C. , Nelson Emma E , Oliver Kristin A. , Ramirez Ortiz Jorge L , Osborne Andrew , Patterson Alyx , Pellatz Nick , Pitten John , Shitara Nanako , Steckhahn Daniel , Visal Aseem , Wang Hongda , Wang Chaoran , Wickenden Evan , Wilson John , Wu Mengyu , Yegovtsev Nikolay , Zimmermann Ingrid H , Aaron James Holland , Abdullah Jumana T. , Abrams Jonathan M. , Abrashoff Riley , Acevedo Andres B. , Acha Iker , Meza Acosta Daniela M. , Adam Megan M. , Adams Dante Q. , Adams Kalvyn N , Adams Elena R , Akbar Zainab A. , Akruwala Ushmi H. , Al-Ghazwi Adel , Alabbas Batool H. , Alawadhi Areej A. , Alharbi Yazeed A. , Alahmed Mohammed S. , Albakr Mohammed A. , Albalushi Yusef J. , Albaum Jonathan , Aldhamen Ahmed , Ales Nolan , Alesmail Mohammad , Alhabeeb Abdulelah , Alhamli Dania , Alhuseini Isehaq , Alkaabi Suhail , Alkhezzi Tameem , Alkubaisi Mohamed , Allanqawi Nasser , Allsbrook Martin , Almohsen Yousef A. , Almquist Justin Thomas , Alnaji Teeb , Alnasrallah Yousef A , Alonzi Nicholas , Alosaimi Meshal , Alqabani Emeen , Alrubaie Mohammad , Alsinan Reema A. , Altenbern Ava L. , Altokhais Abdullah , Alyami Saleh A. , Ameijenda Federico , Amer Hamzi , Amos Meggan , Anderson Hunter J. , Andrew Carter , Andringa Jesse C , Angwin Abigail , Van Anne Gabreece , Aramians Andrew , Arango Camila Villamil , Archibald Jack. W. , Arias-Robles Brian A. , Aryan Maryam , Ash Kevin , Astalos Justin , Atchley-Rivers N. S. , Augenstein Dakota N. , Austin Bryce W. , Avula Abhinav , Aycock Matthew C. , Baflah Abdulrahman A. , Balaji Sahana , Balajonda Brian , Balcer Leo M , Baldwin James O. , Banda David J , Bard Titus , Barmore Abby , Barnes Grant M. , Barnhart Logan D. W. , Barone Kevin M. , Bartman Jessica L. , Bassel Claire , Bastias Catalina S , Bat-Ulzii Batchimeg , Batra Jasleen , Battist Lexi , Bay Joshua , Beach Simone , Beard Sara , Beato Quinn I , Beattie Ryan , Beatty Thomas , De La Beaujardiere Tristan , Beauprez Jacob N. , Beck M. G. , Beck Lily , Becker Simone E. , Behr Braden , Behrer Timothy A. , Beijer Joshua , Belei Brennan J. , Belknap Annelene L. , Bell Aislyn , Bence Caden , Benke Evan , Berhanu Naomi , Berriman-Rozen Zachary D. , Bertuccio Chrisanna , Berv Owen A. , Biediger Blaine B. , Biehle Samuel J , Billig Brennen , Billingsley Jacob , Billman Jayce A. , Biron Connor J. , Bisacca Gabrielle E. , Blake Cassidy A. , Blandon Guillermo , Blevins Olivia , Blouin Ethan , Bodzianowski Michal , Boeyink Taylor A. , Bondar Matthew , Bone Lauren , De Los Monteros Bonilla Alberto Espinosa , Borelli William T , Borgerding Luke R. , Bowen Troy , Boyer Christine , Boyer Aidan , Boyle Aidan P. , Boyne Tom , Branch Donovan , Brecl Ariana E. , Brennan David J. , Brimhall Alexander J , Brockman Jennifer L. , Brookins Sarah , Brown Gabriel T. , Brown Cameron L. , Brown Ryan , Brownlow Jordi , Brumage-Heller Grant , Brumley Preston J. , Bryan Samuel , Brzostowicz A. , Buhamad Maryam , Bullard-Connor Gigi , Bunsow J. R. Ramirez , Burns Annemarie C. , Burritt John J. , Burton Nicholas David , Burton Taylor , Busch Celeste , Butler Dylan R. , Buxton B. W. , C. Toups Malena , Cabbage Carter C. , Cage Breonna , Cahn Jackson R. , Campbell Andrew J , Canales Braden P. , Cancio Alejandro R. , Carey Luke , Carillion Emma L. , Carpender Michael Andrew , Carpenter Emily , Chadda Shivank , Chambers Paige , Chanders Jasey , Chandler Olivia M. , Chang Ethan C. , Chapman Mitchell G. , Chapman Logan T. , Chavali S. , Chavez Luis , Chen Kevin , Chen Lily , Chen Sam , Chen Judy , Chhetri Jenisha , Chiles Bradyn , Chizmar Kayla M. , Christiansen Katherine E , Cisne Nicholas A. , Cisneros Alexis , Clark David B. , Clarke Evelyn , Clarkson Peter C , Clausi Alexis R. , Cochran Brooke , Coe Ryan W. , Coleman-Plante Aislinn , Colleran Jake R. , Colleran Zachary , Collier Curran , Collins Nathaniel A. , Collins Sarah , Collins Jack C. , Colozzi Michael , Colter Aurora , Cone Rebecca A. , Conroy Thomas C. , Conti Reese , Contizano Charles J. , Cool Destiny J. , Cooper Nicholas M. , Corbitt Jessica S , Courtney Jonas , Courtney Olivia , Cox Corben L. , Craig Wilmsen B. , Creany Joshua B. , Crews Anastasia , Crocker K. A. , Croteau A. J. , Crow Christian J. , Cruse Zoe , Cruz Avril , Curnow Tyler L. , Current Hayden , Curry Riley T. , Cutler Libby , Cyr Aidan St. , Dabberdt Frederick M. , Daboub Johnston , Damgaard Olivia , Das Swagatam , Davis Emma A. B. , Debarros Elyse , Deel Sean , Delasantos Megan E. , Deng Tianyue , Derwin Zachary , Desai Om , Dewey Kai , Dias John S. , Dice Kenzie A. , Dick R. , Dicken Cyrus A. , Dietrick Henry , Dinser Alexis M. , Dixon Alyssa M. , Dixon Thomas J. , Do Helen C. , Doan Chris H , Doane Connor , Dodrill Joshua , Doermer Timothy , Dominguez Lizbeth Montoya , Dominguez J. , Domke Emerson N. , Doran Caroline R. , Dorr Jackson A. , Dorricott Philip , Dresdner Danielle C. , Driscoll Michael , Driscoll Kailer H. , Duncan Sheridan J. , Dunlap Christian , Dunn Gabrielle M. , Duong Tien Q. , Dupeyron Tomi Oshima , Dvorak Peter , East Andrew , East Andrew N. , Edwards Bree , Ehrlich Lauren , Elbashir Sara I. , Engelhardt Rasce , Engelstad Jacob , England Colin , Enrich Andrew , Erickson Abbey , Erickson Benjamin , Evans Nathan , Ewing Calvin A , Eyeson Elizabeth A. , Faber Ian , Fails Avery M. , Fauntleroy John T , Fell Kevin , Feng Zitian , Fenwick Logan D. , Feoktistov Nikita , Fife Ryann , D. Figueirinhas John Alfred , Fisch Jean-Paul , Fischer Emmalee , Fischer-White Jules , Fitton Aidan F. , Fix Alexander , Flackett Lydia , Flores Fernando , Floyd Aidan , Del Foco Leonardo , Folarin Adeduni , Forbes Aidan E. , Fortino Elise , Fougere Benjamin L. , Fowler Alexandra A. , Fox Margaret , French James M. , French Katherine V. , Frick Florian G. , Fuchs Calvin R. , Fuhrman Bethany E. S. , Furney Sebastian , Gabir Moutamen , Galarraga Gabriela , Gale Skylar , Gapin Keala C. , Garscadden A. J. , Gasser Rachel , Gayou Lily , Gearhart Emily E. , Geisman Jane , Geneser Julianne R. , Genne Sl , Gentile Julia G , Gentry Eleanor , George Jacob D. , Georgiades Nathaniel James , Gerhardstein Phillip , Gersabeck Clint , Ghaith Bandar Abu , Ghiassi Dorsa , Giebner B. C. , Gilmartin Dalton , Gilpatrick Connor B. , Gjini Michael , Golden Olivia , Golding Nathan T. , Goldsberry C. A. , Gomez Angel R. , Gomez Angel A. , Gopalakrishnan Sean , Gopalani Mariam , Gotlib Nicholas , Graham Alaina S. , Gray Michael J , Gregory Alannah H. , Gregory Joshua A. , Grell Kristyn , Griego Justus , Griffin Nicholas F. , Griffin Kyle J. , Guerrero Matt , Gunderson Nicole , Guo Mutian , Gustavsson E. R. , Hach Grace K. , Haile L. N. , Haines Jessica , Mc Hale Jack J. , Hales Ryder Buchanan , Haley Mark S. , Hall Jacqueline L. , Hamilton Sean R. , Han Soonhee , Hand Tyler , Hanley Luke C. , Hansen Connor M , Hansen Joshua A. , Hansson Jonathan , Hao Tony Yunfei , Haratsaris Nicholas , Hardie Isabelle , Hardwick Dillon F. , Hares Cameron T. , Harris Logan Swous , Harris Coyle M. , Hart Omer , Hashiro Kyle , Hattendorf Elsie , Haubrich Calder , Hawat Elijah , Hayrynen Griffin A. , Heintz Danielle A. , Hellweg Tim , Hernandez Angel , Herrera Emanuel , Herrington Robert N. , Herwig Tim , Hesse Troy M. , Hiatt Quinn , Hibbard Lea Pearl , Hicks Imari R. , Hicks Andrew J. , Highhouse Nigel , Hildebrand Annalise K. , Hill Paula , Hill Hallie , Hintsa Evan , Hirschmann Anna E. , Hitt Travis , Ho Ella , Hoff Isabelle J. , Hoffman Alex , Hogen Blake A. , Horne Linda , Houck Timothy J , Howell Noah H. , Hrudka E. M. , Hu J. , Huang Jianyang , Huang Chenqi , Huang Shancheng , Hudson Zachary A. , Hudson Nathan C. , Huebsch Tyler J. , Hull Owen , Hunter Samuel C , Husted Troy , Hutabarat Abigail P. , Huynh Leslie , Samour Ii Antonio E. , Idoine Yolande , Ingram Julia A. , Iovan Taro , Isert Samuel A. , Salcido-Alcontar Antonio , Jacobsen Thomas , Jaimes Alan A , Jameson Connor , Jarriel J. R. , Jarvis Sam , Jenkins Josh , Jensen Alexander V. , Jeong Jacob , Jeseritz Luke A. , Jesse Trevor , Ji Soo Yeun , Jiang Yufan , Johnson Owen , Johnson Matthew , Johnson Sawyer , Johnston Julia , Johnston Braedon Y. , Jones Olivia M. , Jones M. R. , Jourabchi Tara , House Tony A. , Juels Parker , T. Kainz Sabrina J. H. , Kaiser Emily , Kallemeyn Nicolas Ian , Kalmus Madison H. , Kalra Etash , Kamenetskiy Margaret , Kanokthippayakun Jeerakit , Kapla Shaun D. , Karsh Brennan J. , Keating Caden J. , Kelley Morgan A. , Kelley Michael P. , Kelly Nicholas , Kelly James , Kelly Teagan , Kelly Christopher M , Kennedy Kellen , Kennedy Cayla J. , Kennedy Forrest , Kennedy Abigail , Kerr-Layton Liana , Ketterer Marilyn , Khan Ibraheem A. , Khan Usman , Khanal Sapriya , Kiechlin Jack L. , Killian Dominic , Kim Kevin , Kim Brian T. , Kim Matthew M. , Kim Jake , Kimlicko Aspen , Kipp Isabel M , Kirkpatrick Hunter B. , Kissner Natalie , Kite Emily R. , Kleinhaus Olivia R. , Knott Philip Whiting , Koch Will , Koenig Greta , Koke Emily , Kokes Thomas , Kothamdi Yash S. , Krajnak Zack , Kresek Zoe M. , Kriegman Dylan , Kritzberg Jake E. , Krueger Davis J. , Kubiak Bartlomiej , Kuehl Kirsten , Kuester Chrisanne , Kuiper Nicolas A. , Kumar Aman Priyadarshi , Kuybus Connor , Kwiatkowski Daniel , Lafemina Quintin Y. , Lacjak Kevin , Lahmers Kyle , Lam Antonia , Landrey Kalin , Lantz Maxwell B. , Larter Zachary , Lau Benjamin P. , Lauzon Megan , Lawlor Rian , Learned Tyler , Lee E. C. , Lee Junwon , Lee Adrianna J. , Lee Justin , Lee Alexis Ying-Shan , Lee Christian J , Lee Nathaniel F. , Leiker Linzhi , Lengerich Dylan , Leoni Cecilia , Lezak Adrienne R. , Li David Y. , Li Isaac , Liao Ryan Z. , Linders Bridget , Linger Morgan I , Linnane Katherine B. , Lippincott Sam , Lister Barrett , Litton Shelby D , Liu Nianzi , Liu Steven Y. , Logan Timothy W. , Londres Nathan , Lonergan Mia C. , Lookhoff Emily , Loomis N. E. , Lopez Christian , Loring Justin , Lucca Jeffrey , Lukianow Dax , M. Cheang Nathan , Macdonald William , Madonna Claire A. , Madsen Kasey O. , Maksimuk Tiffany E. , Mallory Macguire , Malone Ryan A. , Maly Blake , Manzanares Xander R. , Maravi Aimee S. , Marcus Serafima M. , Marikar Nasreen , Marquez Josie A. , Marquez Mathew J. , Marsh Lauren , Marsh Toni , Martin Logan S. , Martinez Alexa M. , Martinez Jose R. , Martinez Hazelia K. , Martyr Cara , Masri Mirna , Matessi Giorgio , Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan Adam Izz , Mathieson Randi M. , Mathur Kabir P. , Mauer Graham , Mayer Victoria A. , Mazzotta Liam , Mccammon Glen S. , Mcconvey Rowan , Mccormick Tyler , Mccoy Andrew , Mcentee Kelleen , Mcgarvey Meaghan V. , Mcgill Riley M. , Mcintyre James K. , Mckemey Finbar K. , Mcmorris Zane , Mcmullan Jesse J. , Mcquaid Ella , Mcvey Caden , Mccurry Kyle , Medellin Mateo M. , Medialdea Melissa , Mehidic Amar , Meillon Stella , Meiselman-Ashen Jonah B. , Mellett Sarah , Menassa Dominic , Mendez Citlali , Mendoza-Anselmi Patricia , Menke Riley , Mesgina Sarah , Mewhirter William J. , Meyer Ethan , Miften Aya M. , Miles Ethan J. , Miller Andrew , Miller Joshua B. , Millican Emily B. , Millican Sarah J. , Mills Dylan P. , Minimo Josh , Misener Jay H. , Mitchell Alexander J. , Mizzi Alexander Z. , Molina-Saenz Luis , Moll Tyler S , Moll Hayden , Montano Maximus , Montoya Michael , Monyek Eli , Mora Jacqueline Rodriguez , Morales Gavin , Morales Genaro , Morelock Annalise M. , Morency Cora , Moreno Angel J. , Morgan Remy , Moss Alexander P. , Muckenthaler Brandon A. , Mueller Alexander , Mulcahy Owen T. , Mundy Aria T. , Muniz Alexis A. , Murphy Maxwell J. , Murphy Madalyn C. , Murphy Ryan C. , Murrel Tyler , Musgrave Andrew J. , Myer Michael S. , Nandu Kshmya , Napoletano Elena R. , Naqi Abdulaziz , Narayan Anoothi , Nasser Liebe , Neeland Brenna K , Nehring Molly , Nelson Maya Li , Nguyen Lena P. , Nguyen Lena , Nguyen Leonardo , Nguyen Valerie A. , Nguyen Khoa D , Norden Kelso , Norris Cooper , Nuñez Dario , Nussbaum Rosemary O. , O’Sullivan Cian , O’Neill Ian , Oakes S. H. , Odbayar Anand , Ogle Caleb , Oishi-Holder Sean , Olguin Nicholas , Olson Nathaniel P. , Ong Jason , Opp Elena N. , Orbidan Dan , Oros Ryan , Ort Althea E. , Osborn Matthew , Osogwin Austin , Otto Grant , Oudakker Jessica , Overchuk Igor , Padgette Hannah M. , Padilla Jacqueline , Palizzi Mallory , Palmgren Madeleine L. , Palos Adler , Pan Luke J. , Parker Nathan L. , Parker Sasha R. , Parkinson Evan J. , Parulekar Anish , Pastor Paige J. , Patel Kajal , Patel Akhil , Patel Neil S. , Patti Samuel , Patton Catherine , Payne Genevieve K. , Payne Matthew P. , Pearl Harrison M. , Beck Von Peccoz Charles B. , Pedersen Alexander J. , Pelster Lily M. , Peou Munisettha E. , Perez J. S. , Perez Freddy , Pesce Anneliese , Petersen Audrey J. , Peterson B. , Petric Romeo S. L. , Pettine Joshua , Phalen Ethan J. , Pham Alexander V. , Phan Denise M. , Pherigo Callie C , Phillips Lance , Phillips Justin , Phommatha Krista , Pietras Alex , Pine Tawanchai P. , Pitsuean-Meier Sedique , Pixley Andrew M. , Plantz Will , Plummer William C. , Plutt Kaitlyn E. , Plzak Audrey E. , Pohle Kyle , Polikoff Hyden , Pollard Matthew , Polly Madelyn , Porter Trevor J. , Price David , Price Nicholas K. , Prinster Gale H. , Propper Henry Austin , Quarderer Josh , Quinn Megan S. , Quinonez Oliver , Quispe Devon , Ragsdale Cameron , Rahn Anna L. , Rakhmonova M. , Ralapanawe Anoush K , Ramachandra Nidhi , Ramirez Nathaniel , Ramirez Ariana C. , Ramirez Sacha , Randolph Parker , Ranjan Anurag , Rankin Frederick C , Rapaport Sarah Grace , Ratajczyk Nicholas O , Ray Mia G. V. , Reagan Brian D. , Recchia John C. , Reddy Brooklyn J. , Reed Joseph , Reed Charlie , Reeves Justin , Reh Eileen N. , Von Reich Ferin J. , Reyna Andrea B. , Reynolds Alexander , Reynolds Hope , Rippel Matthew , Rivas Guillermo A. , Rives Anna Linnea , Robert Amanda M. , Robertson Samuel M. , Rodgers Maeve , Rojec Stewart , Romero Andres C. , Rosasco Ryan , Rossman Beth , Rotter Michael , Rounsefell Tyndall , Rouse Charlotte , Routledge Allie C. , Roy Marc G. , Roy Zoe A. , Ruger Ryan , Ruggles-Delgado Kendall , Rule Ian C. , Rumley Madigan , Runyon Brenton M. , Ruprecht Collin , Russell Bowman , Russell Sloan , Ryder Diana , Saeb David , Salazar J. , Salazar Violeta , Saldi Maxwell , Salgado Jose A. , Salindeho Adam D. , Sanchez Ethan S. , Sanchez-Sanchez Gustavo , Sarfaraz Darian , Sarkar Sucheta , Sato Ginn A. , Savage Carl , Schaller Marcus T. , Scheck Benjamin T. , Schlenker Jared A. W. , Schofer Matthew J , Schubert Stephanie H. , Schultze Courtney , Schumacher Grace K , Seglem Kasper , Serio Lauren , Seux Octave , Shahba Hannan , Shannahan Callie D. , Sharma Shajesh , Shaver Nathan , Shaw Timothy , Shelby Arlee K. , Shelby Emma , Shelchuk Grace , Sheldrake Tucker , Sherry Daniel P. , Shi Kyle Z. , Shields Amanda M. , Shin Kyungeun , Shockley Michael C. , Shoha Dominick , Shortman Jadon , Shuttleworth Mitchell , Sibrell Lisa , Sickler Molly G. , Siles Nathan , Silvester H. K. , Simmons Conor , Simone Dylan M. , Simone Anna , Singh Savi , Singh Maya A. , Sinkovic Madeline , Sipowicz Leo , Sjoroos Chris , Slocum Ryan , Slyne Colin , Smart Korben , Smith Alexandra N. , Smith Kelly , Smith Corey , Smith Elena K. , Smith Samantha M. , Smith Percy , Smith Trevor J , Snyder G. L. , Soby Daniel A. , Sohail Arman S. , Solorio William J. , Solt Lincoln , Soon Caitlin , Spangler Ava A , Spicer Benjamin C. , Srivastava Ashish , Stamos Emily , Starbuck Peter , Stark Ethan K. , Starling Travis , Staudenmier Caitlyn , Steinbarth Sheen L. , Steinsberger Christopher H. , Stepaniak Tyler , Steward Ellie N. , Stewart Trey , Stewart T. C. , Stratmeyer Cooper N. , Stratton Grant L. , Stribling Jordin L. , Sulaiman S. A , Sullivan Brandon J , Sundell M. E. , Sur Sohan N. , Suri Rohan , Swartz Jason R. , Sweeney Joshua D. , Syed Konner , Szabo Emi , Szeremeta Philip , Ta Michael-Tan D. , Tanguma Nolan C. , Taulman Kyle , Taylor Nicole , Taylor Eleanor , Taylor Liam C. , Tayman K. E. , Tellez Yesica , Terrile Richard , Tesdahl Corey D , Thielmann Quinn N. , Thoman Gerig , Thomas Daniel , Thomas Jeffrey J. , Thompson William N. , Thornally Noah R. , Tobin Darien P. , Ton Kelly , Toon Nathaniel J. , Tran Kevin , Tran Bryn , Trank-Greene Maedee , Trautwein Emily D. , Traxler Robert B. , Tressler Judah , Trofino Tyson R. , Troisi Thomas , Trunko Benjamin L. , Truong Joshua K. , Tucker Julia , Umbricht Thomas D , Uphoff C. H. , Upthegrove Zachary T. , Vadayar Shreenija , Valencia Whitney , Vallery Mia M. , Vanetten Eleanor , Vann John D. , Varela Ilian , Vassilyev Alexandr , Vaver Nicholas J. , Velamala Anjali A. , Vendetti Evan , Venegas Nancy Ortiz , Vepa Aditya V. , Vess Marcus T. , Veta Jenna S. , Victory Andrew , Vinson Jessica , Vogel Connor Maklain , Wagoner Michaela , Wallace Steven P. , Wallace Logan , Waller Caroline , Wang Jiawei , Warble Keenan , Ward-Chene N. R. D. , Watson James Adam , Weber Robert J. , Wegner Aidan B. , Weigand Anthony A , Weiner Amanda M. , West Ayana , Wexler Ethan Benjamin , Wheeler Nicola H. , White Jamison R. , White Zachary , White Oliver S. , Whittall Lloyd C. , Wilcove Isaac , Wilkinson Blake C. , Willard John S. , Williams Abigail K. , Williams Sajan , Wilson Orion K. , Wilson Evan M. , Wilson Timothy R. , Wilson Connor B. , Witkoff Briahn , Wolfe Aubrey M. , Wolle Jackson R. , Wood Travis M. , Woodard Aiden L. , Wootten Katelynn , Xiao Catherine , Yang Jianing , Yang Zhanchao , Young Trenton J. , Young Isabel , Zenner Thomas , Zhang Jiaqi , Zhao Tianwei , Zhao Tiannie , Zhao Noah Y. , Zhou Chongrui , Ziebold Josh J , Ziegler Lucas J. , Zygmunt James C. , Zhang Jinhua , Lewandowski H. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counterintuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfvén waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, α = 2 as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed >600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: preflare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that α = 1.63 ± 0.03. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfvén waves are an important driver of coronal heating.