bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Isoimmunization to Hemoantigens in Man
Authors: Stern Kurt , Goodman Harold S. , Berger Maya 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Expanded data have been presented and analyzed concerning interference of ABO incompatibility with formation of Rh antibodies in Rh-negative men injected with Rh-positive blood. ABO-incompatible Rh-positive blood appeared to be also less capable of stimulating secondary responses to Rh antigen. Forty per cent of the men who had failed to form Rh antibodies after injection with ABO-incompatible blood did form Rh antibodies after subsequent injection of ABO-compatible blood. Injection into A Rh-negative recipients of A Rh-positive blood coated in vitro with anti-A was an efficient stimulus for formation of Rh antibodies. Injection into O Rh-negative men of O Rh-positive blood coated in vitro with Rh antibodies was completely ineffective in inducing Rh antibodies. Subsequent injection of such recipients with noncoated Rh-positive blood led to the development of Rh antibodies in 50%. These data were interpreted as compatible with the hypothesis of “clonal competition for antigen,” namely, that presence of large numbers of antibody-forming cells for one red cell factor may interfere with antibody response to another blood factor contained in the same red cell. On the basis of preliminary experiments the possibility was considered that, even without preformed antibody in the host, presence of more than one difference in blood factors between recipient and donor may lessen likelihood for isoimmunization in certain circumstances.
Immunological Paralysis and Adoptive Immunity
Authors: Brooke Marcus S. , Karnovsky Morris J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Utilizing the adoptive technique of Mitchison, it has been shown that spleen or lymph node cell suspensions of paralyzed mice do not protect normal mice from subsequent challenge with the homologous pneumococcus, suggesting that there are no antibody forming cells in the donated suspensions. Paralyzed mice can be protected by the transfer of spleen or lymph node cells from immunized mice. Immune mice, injected with a paralyzing dose of SSS, are no longer immune.
Antibody Synthesis by Transplanted Heterologous Chimera Spleen Cells in Irradiated Recipients
Authors: Gengozian N. , Carter R. , Peterson W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lethally irradiated mice treated with heterologous rat bone marrow (950-r RBM chimeras) were either splenectomized or sacrificed for spleens at various intervals after treatment. Injection of these chimera spleen cells into lethally irradiated recipients resulted in the production of antibody to rat RBC antigen detectable in the serum 7 days after transfer. Under the appropriate experimental conditions this antibody-forming activity was attributable to the chimera spleen, and not the irradiated recipient, which served primarily as an in vivo tissue culture for the cells. In contrast, injection of the chimera spleen cells into midlethally (800 r) irradiated rats did not result in agglutinin formation to mouse RBC antigen when the serum of the recipients was tested at intervals from 3 to 10 days after transfer. These data support the thesis that in the heterologous chimeras there exists an immunologic reaction of the irradiated host against antigens of the foreign graft, and this in vivo antigen-antibody reaction is the underlying mechanism of the secondary disease syndrome observed in these animals. Evidence for graft reactivity against the host was not apparent in this experimental design.
Organ Specificity of the Heart
Authors: Gery Igal , Davies A. Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with preparations of rabbit heart with adjuvant. Only 4 of 20 animals responded with high titers of hemagglutination antibodies. No response was obtained without adjuvant. In the tanned cell hemagglutination test, antisera showed cross-reactions only with hearts of other species and the organ specificity was confirmed by inhibition and neutralization tests. Other serological methods failed to demonstrate this. Reactions of antisera to homologous heart are compared with those of antisera to heterologous hearts. The importance and possible mechanism of production of organ specific autoantibodies in animals and humans are discussed.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Inhibition Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Collins William S. , Akeroyd Joseph H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative hemagglutination inhibition technique for the precise determination of the relative effectiveness of the inhibitory strength of substances possessing blood group A activity has been developed. The method was shown to be highly reproducible and valid for blood group A substances from a variety of sources. A reversible equilibrium existing among the components of the system comprised of A substance, group A1 cells and human anti-hog A serum was demonstrated.
Biological Activity of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aggregated human γ-globulin, obtained by heating, inactivated C′1 and/or C′4, as well as C′2 and C′3. With respect to the successive steps of the complement inactivation, the aggregated γ-globulin fixed C′1,4, followed by inactivation of C′2. Inactivation of C′3 in whole complement by the aggregated γ-globulin was inhibited in the presence of EDTA, due to blocking of the preceding steps. The similarity in the mechanism of complement fixation by antigen-antibody systems and by aggregated γ-globulin was discussed.
Interaction of Rickettsiae and Phagocytic Host Cells
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified preparations of yolk sac-grown virulent (Breinl strain) and attenuated (Madrid E strain) Rickettsia prowazeki and the Wilmington strain of Rickettsia mooseri were found to exert a positive chemotactic effect upon migrating human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in an in vitro test system. Normal yolk sac material failed to influence leukocyte migration.
Characterization and Purification of Ferritin-Antibody Globulin Conjugates
Authors: Borek Felix , Silverstein Arthur M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Investigation of a number of agents for the conjugation of ferritin with antibody globulin showed m-xylylene diisocyanate to be the only satisfactory reagent examined by us thus far.
Conjugates of ferritin with fractionated rabbit antiovalbumin, antibovine γ-globulin, and antisouthern bean mosaic virus sera were prepared and characterized.
Taking advantage of electrophoretic mobility differences, we fractionated the crude conjugates by means of continuous-flow paper electrophoresis. Purified conjugates were obtained, free of uncoupled ferritin and uncoupled globulin.
Biological Properties of the Cross-Reactions between Anti-BSA and Heterologous Albumins
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The in vivo reaction between rabbit anti-BSA and cross-reacting serum albumins produced systemic anaphylaxis, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and the Arthus phenomenon. In some situations, the biological effects produced by the cross-reactions were comparable to the biological effects produced by the homologous reaction, provided that the amount of cross-reacting antibody involved in the cross-reactions was the same as the amount of antibody involved in the homologous reactions. To obtain biological effects with the cross-reactions of severity comparable to the effects obtained with the homologous reaction, larger amounts of the cross-reacting antigens were required than of the homologous antigen. As judged by the in vitro and in vivo properties of the BSA-anti-BSA reaction and the cross-reactions, it appeared that the cross-reactions were usually less avid than the homologous reaction.
Studies on the Immune Response of Guinea Pigs to the Envelope Substance of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Walker Richard V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
According to fluorescent antibody study of the distribution and fate of Fraction I, it may be absorbed by a variety of fixed tissues, such as endothelium of blood vessels, dead striated muscle or reticular tissue in spleen and lymph nodes. It may be absorbed by fibroblasts, fixed reticulum cells in lymph nodes and bone marrow and fat cells. It may be transported by one of two means: A large portion may flow freely in lymph or plasma, or it may be adsorbed as a thick coating on circulating erythrocytes or phagocytes. It is ingested by few mobile macrophages or microphages in quantity detectable with this method. Its presence in Bowman's capsule and convoluted tubules suggests elimination in urine. Its last site of appearance in antibody-producing organs is the germinal centers of Flemming. Its prolonged presence as a thick coating or lining in various structures suggests numerous areas of local excess that might absorb circulating antibody for a prolonged period, thus explaining the long-delayed immunity in guinea pigs given an excess of Fraction I in oil adjuvant.
Studies on the Immune Response of Guinea Pigs to the Envelope Substance of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Walker Richard V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Given a weight-adjusted dose, mice excreted an excess of Fraction I two to three times faster than guinea pigs, which explains former difficulties in detecting immunounresponsiveness in mice.
The rapidity of elimination of further Fraction I by immunounresponsive guinea pigs 90 days after a primary excess in oil may prevent further stimulation of antibody production in some animals, thus resulting in partial, rather than complete, immunity.
Hyperimmune animals were not easily made immunounresponsive. Immunity to Fraction I once established was solid and not easily overwhelmed.
Serologic response of guinea pigs to graded doses of Fraction I approaching excess 21 days after injection or over a long period after a single large excess indicates a limited plateau of antibody production to excess Fraction I.
This and previous studies indicate immunounresponsiveness of guinea pigs to excess Fraction I in oil adjuvant to be a temporary long delay in immunity resulting from a prolonged blockade of elements of the RES by finely divided state of the antigen, producing a saturation of a limited plateau of antibody production by this system. These inhibiting factors are partially overcome 3 to 6 months later by a gradually appearing antibody excess stimulated from within or by booster inoculation from without. Complete immunity was not obtained because of the rapidity of excretion of later immunizing doses, appearing slowly from the encapsulated injection site or as booster injections.
Application of a Microtechnique to Viral Serological Investigations
Authors: Sever John Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A microtechnique (modified Takatsy) is described which can be applied to complement fixation, hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition and metabolic inhibition tests. The system permits an 8-fold saving of reagents and rapid performance of microdilutions. The specific methods and modifications of equipment necessary to obtain reliable results are presented in detail. Comparative data obtained with the micro- and standard systems establish the reliability and validity of the microsystem.
Differences in Trypsin Susceptibility Among Influenza Viruses and Relationship of the Susceptibility to the Antigenic Type of Subtype of the Virus
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Cleeland Roy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of crystalline and of crude trypsin on the hemagglutinins of 35 strains of influenza A and B and one strain of swine influenza virus has been determined under different test conditions. The swine influenza virus was completely resistant in all tests. The susceptibility of the strains of human origin varied with the medium in which the virus and enzyme were contained and with the kind of trypsin preparation employed. Under the most favorable conditions the hemagglutinins of all human strains were at least partially inactivated. By proper selection of test conditions patterns of trypsin-sensitivity were established which, in general, corresponded to the antigenic type or subtype of the virus.
With the exception of PR8, the pattern of trypsin-sensitivity of the A strains isolated before 1937 was, on a group basis, indistinguishable from that of the A1 or A-prime strains, and the pattern of PR8 and the A strains isolated from 1940 to 1945 was similar to but readily distinguishable from that of the A2 or Asian strains.
Antibody Production by Hypogammaglobulinemic Patients
Authors: Baron Samuel , Nasou John P. , Friedman Robert M. , Owen George M. , Levy Hilton B. , Barnett Eugene V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some properties of the viral neutralizing activity in the serums of hypogammaglobulinemic patients were studied. The neutralizing activity was sometimes detected by standard viral neutralization tests but was more often detected by extremely sensitive tests; neutralization of virus was time-dependent and was not reversed by dilution; the activity was stable at 56°C for 30 min; neutralizing activity was located almost exclusively in the 7S γ-globulin fraction of serum; poliovirus neutralizing activity appeared or was stimulated following inoculation of poliomyelitis vaccine; and the maximum neutralization titer observed, following strong antigenic stimulation, was very low. The neutralizing activity in the serums of “agammaglobulinemic” patients neutralized virus directly; was not reversed by dilution; and was heat stable. The results suggest that hypogammaglobulinemic and “agammaglobulinemic” patients are able to produce antibody to a variety of antigens but only in abnormally small amounts.
Immunologic Studies of Heart Tissue
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Meyeserian Mary 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of rabbits with whole homogenates of heterologous heart from beef or rat, incorporated in aluminum hydoxide gel adjuvant, induced antibodies strongly reactive with saline extracts of normal rabbit heart by precipitation and complement-fixation tests. These antisera were not reactive in precipitation tests with extracts of other rabbit organs except for occasional weak reactions with skeletal muscle. Absorption tests with skeletal muscle indicated antigenic activity specific only for heart tissue. In two-dimensional complement-fixation tests with antisera to heterologous heart, rabbit heart extract showed far higher titers of reactive antigen than extracts of other rabbit organs. This heart-related antigenic material was sedimentable at high speed (56,500 × G) as determined by both precipitation and complement-fixation, and its cellular localization was correlated, as determined by immunofluorescent staining, with material in myocardial cells distributed between myofibrils. These observations are consistent with origin of the above antigen or antigens from sarcoplasmic reticulin or mitochondria.
Separate heterogenetic organ-related antigenic activity of rabbit skeletal muscle was demonstrated with rabbit antisera to heterologous skeletal muscle from beef or rat by precipitation tests. Complement fixation tests were inconclusive. This skeletal muscle antigen was not sedimented following centrifugation at 56,500 × G and could not be localized with certainty in tissue sections, presumably because of its solubility.
Weak Histocompatibility Genes: The Effect of Dose and Pretreatment of Immunizing Cells
Authors: McKhann Charles F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In coisogenic strains of mice differing by a single histocompatibility gene at the H-3 locus it was found that the immune response to intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected spleen cells was influenced by the dose of cells injected. Small doses induced immunity to subsequent skin grafts, large doses gave prolonged graft survival, and intermediate doses had no effect on the duration of graft survival. The effectiveness of intermediate doses was increased by pretreating the spleen cells with trypsin or by using spleen cells specifically immunized against the recipient. Similarities between the prolonged graft survival following large doses of spleen cells and “enhancement” of tumor homografts is discussed.
Cell Culture Reactivity to Diphtheria, Staphylococcus, Tetanus and Escherichia Coli Toxins
Authors: Gabliks Janis , Solotorovsky Morris 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cell cultures derived from host species sensitive and resistant to diphtheria toxin were submitted to reaction with the toxin. Primary kidney cultures of rabbit, guinea pig, dog, monkey and human were susceptible, as were the human HeLa, HEp #2, HE-76 and rabbit kidney cell lines. Mouse kidney, rat kidney, and mouse L strain were unaffected by high concentrations of toxin. All embryonic rat cultures tested were resistant and all embryonic chicken cultures tested were sensitive. These results indicated that cells in primary and established cultures, used in this study, maintained the sensitivity or resistance observed for whole animal. The level of comparative cell susceptibility is indicated and the effective concentrations of diphtheria toxin extends from 0.0003 MLD for primary human or guinea pig cells to 0.3 MLD/ml for human HE-76 cells. It was also evident that established cell strains are less sensitive than primary cultures derived from the same species, and may even become completely resistant.
Staphylococcus alpha toxin destroyed cell cultures derived from susceptible species, mouse, rabbit and man. Tetanus exotoxin did not show any observable cytopathogenic effect against cultures derived from mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, chicken, dog, monkey and man. E. coli endotoxin was not toxic for cell cultures derived from mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, chicken and man.
The Action of Various Snake Venoms and Their Chromatographic Fractions on Animal Cells in Culture
Authors: Gaertner Clara , Goldblum Natan , Gitter Simon , de Vries Andre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of various snake venoms and their chromatographic fractions was tested on different animal cells in vitro. A broad range of susceptibility of the various cell lines to the destructive effect of the venoms was observed.
Minute amounts of the venoms of Vipera palestinae and of Walterinnesia aegyptia caused destruction of chick and mouse embryonic cells, whereas no cytopathic activity was observed on monkey kidney cells. Echis colorata venom showed a similar effect on the former two cell types, exerting, in addition, a pronounced cytopathic effect on monkey kidney cells. The venom of Pseudocerastes fieldii exhibited no cytopathic effect on any of the cells.
The susceptibility of cell cultures to the destructive action of the venoms of Vipera palestinae and Echis colorata was a hundred times higher than that of mice in toxicity tests.
The cytopathic effect of the chromatographic fractions of Vipera palestinae and Echis colorata venoms on cells in culture was correlated with their hemorrhagic activity and their in vitro proteolytic activity, more so with the latter.
Quantitative Analyses by Diffusion Column Reactions
Authors: Glenn William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 100 lines resulting from regression of diffusion (mm) onto √min for SD columns of fraction (II, V)-antifraction homologous reactions, 91% could be adequately expressed by a linear equation (y = K√min + a) when tested for good-of-fit (F-ratio test) over a wide range of antibody concentrations. At specific reactant concentrations, diffusion (mm) vs √min had 57% and 100% reproducibility for two series for Fractions II and V homologous SD reactions respectively (Table I). Analyses of standard curves with slope m, resulting from K regressed on the logarithm of wide ranges of antigen or antibody concentration, indicated that 19 out of 40 (47%) could be adequately expressed by a linear equation (K = m (log concentration + b)) (Table II). Considering only standard curves that gave adequate straight line fits and using stored SD columns, the resulting slopes m had good reproducibility (89%) even on only duplicate series of titrations (Table II).
The Serologic Sequelae of an Influenza A-2 Epidemic Modified by Intercurrent Vaccination in an Insular Eskimo Population Group
Authors: Reinhard Karl R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An epidemic of Influenza A-2 virus infection occurred in an isolated Eskimo population in November of 1957. This was studied serologically, using pre- and postepidemic sera from 183 of the people involved. Approximately 40% of the population had been given a small dose of A-2 influenza vaccine after onset of the epidemic. The general quantitative serologic reaction found post-epidemically in the vaccinated group was significantly lower than that found in unvaccinated, naturally infected individuals. The data did not prove that intercurrent vaccination prevented infection, but did suggest strongly that it altered the morbidity rate and also that it interfered with serologic response to the epidemic virus.
Heterogeneity of Rabbit Antibody Frangments
Authors: Stelos Peter , Radzimski Gerald , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction of radioiodine with fragments obtained by papain digestion of rabbit γ-globulin or rabbit antibody has been studied. The γ-globulin digests were examined in the ultracentrifuge and consisted of a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5 S. The γ-globulin digests were separated into three major fractions by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose columns and were analyzed for radioiodine and protein. In preparations containing whole γ-globulin, Fractions I and II iodinated to about the same extent, whereas Fraction III iodinated to about half the value of I and II. These values were found whether iodination preceded digestion or the reverse.
Results with specifically purified antibody (against the p-azophenylarsonate group) differed from the results obtained with whole γ-globulin in three respects: a) The amount of protein in Fraction II was about twice that of Fraction I. b) Fraction II was iodinated at a level 25 to 30% greater than Fraction I. These two findings are interpreted as indicating that Fractions I and II are derived from different antibody molecules rather than representing the two parts of the same antibody molecule. c) Differences were also observed in the relative iodine contents of the three fractions of specifically purified antibody, depending on whether iodination preceded or followed digestion, indicating differences in orientation of the components of the original antibody molecules.
Immunological Studies on Rat Parabiosis
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Müller-Ruchholtz Wolfgang , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Parabiosis was established between unrelated female albino rats weighing 140 to 200 g, according to the technique of Bunster and Meyer. All serological tests performed in vitro for the detection of antibodies against antigens present in rat erythrocytes, leukocytes, serum, and various organs were negative, or at least not conclusive.
In contrast, sera of 37 out of 91 parabiotic rats induced skin reactions when injected intradermally into normal test rats. The skin reactions became visible after intravenous administration of Evans blue.
The skin reaction producing factor (SRPF) was to be found in the serum as early as 5 to 15 days after parabiotic union. The individuality of the skin-tested animal was of primary importance in obtaining positive reactions, necessitating the examination of more than one test animal for each serum under investigation.
The parabiotic animals sometimes, but not always, exchanged their SRPF. The passively transferred SRPF originating from the partner's serum disappeared within 2 to 3 weeks after the separation of the animals, whereas the actively produced SRPF persisted up to 8 weeks.
On the basis of the experimental data presented, the SRPF was considered an isoantibody directed against group-specific tissue antigens of the parabiotic partner.