bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connectives in French
Authors: Zufferey Sandrine , Degand Liesbeth 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The study of French connectives has undergone significant evolution since the 1970s, with foundational research paving the way for the development of key concepts in discourse and pragmatics. This contribution provides an in‐depth examination of various French connectives, focusing on their linguistic functions, syntactic behaviors, and cross‐linguistic comparisons. It highlights the distinction between objective and subjective discourse relations, particularly in the usage of causal connectives like car, parce que, and puisque, and discusses their impact on language processing and comprehension. The article also explores the semantic differences and processing costs associated with these connectives, particularly in the context of native and non‐native speakers. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of prosodic cues in disambiguating the meanings of polyfunctional connectives and calls for further research into the complex form‐function mappings of connectives across languages. This comprehensive analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of how French connectives function within discourse and how they compare to their counterparts in other languages.
The Acquisition of Emotional Words
Authors: Ferré Pilar , Rodríguez‐Cuadrado Sara , Hinojosa José Antonio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Research on multilingualism and emotion has mostly evidenced a larger effect of emotional content of words in the first language (L1) respective to other languages known by the speaker (LX). In this entry, we review studies on the acquisition of emotional words in LX, addressing four issues that have sparked interest in researchers: the effect of emotional content in the acquisition of LX words in adult speakers; the role of acquisition context and teaching strategies on the emotionality of the new LX words; the effect of the conceptual/structural (non)equivalence across languages in the acquisition of emotion words; and the development of emotional vocabulary in monolingual and bilingual children. These studies show that emotional content facilitates LX word acquisition in adult learners, especially when the attachment of the new word labels to emotions is strengthened. However, the acquisition of emotion LX words can be hindered in cases of structural and conceptual non‐equivalence with the L1. Emotional content also facilitates word acquisition in the case of children's L1. Bilingual children develop their emotional language largely as monolinguals do, both when they are exposed to the two languages from birth and when they are immersed in a majority LX. These findings suggest the most determining factor in conferring the emotional tone to a language is not the L1‐LX status, but rather the context of acquisition and use. They also have important implications for LX teaching, suggesting strategies with which to facilitate the acquisition of new words and their attachment to emotions.
Listening as a Pedagogical Target
Authors: Goh Christine C. M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Listening and speaking are two language skills for second language (L2) oral communication. Yet listening does not often get the attention it deserves because it is speaking that is often emphasized in oral communication activities. Many teachers believe that listening is a skill that learners can easily “pick up” if they spend sufficient time learning the language. At the same time, listening remains a skill that many teachers lack confidence in teaching. They lack theoretical understanding of L2 listening and pedagogical knowledge for it. This article explains what L2 listening entails and why it is important that listening is systematically taught and learned. It provides an overview of listening instruction approaches in the past six decades that respectively focused on text comprehension, oral communication, and learners and the learning process. It surveys some research that provides insights into factors that affect learners' listening comprehension and pedagogical interventions that hold promise for translation in day‐to‐day teaching in the classroom. Future directions for teaching and learning are highlighted.
Grammar and Applied Language Typology
Authors: Filipović Luna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This contribution introduces the framework of applied language typology (ALT). It focuses on certain typological contrasts between languages that pose difficulties in cross‐linguistic communication and in different practical contexts of language use. As such, ALT draws on many theoretical and applied linguistic insights about language contrasts at different levels of analysis (morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic) in order to help us predict when, where, and why miscommunication may occur due to these contrasts and how to prevent or remedy this in concrete situations. The discussion includes different grammatical features, namely, the grammatical category of evidentiality, word order rules, construction meanings, and patterns for event lexicalization. Concrete examples are provided for the feature types in focus and their relevance is exemplified in different communicative contexts (e.g., legal or pedagogical). This paper also documents actual or potential difficulties that arise on occasions when these contrasting grammatical features are not adequately addressed or brought to awareness in real‐life situations (e.g., when interpreting for the police or in second language teaching). Further avenues are proposed for continuing research of this kind that includes more language pairs and more linguistic features. The conclusion offers arguments in favor of including ALT in the education of not only applied linguists and language professionals, such as translators and interpreters, but also of legal, medical, and other practitioners whose work is heavily reliant on appropriate language use, which in turn would be beneficial for users of various public services and for our increasingly multilingual and multicultural societies in general.
Assessment of Interactional Competence
Authors: Dai David Wei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Interactional Competence (IC) describes a language user's ability to interact with others in real‐world contexts that have rich social, cultural, and interpersonal cues. The notion of IC has attracted particular interest from language assessment researchers since existing speaking tests tend to focus on discrete linguistic abilities such as grammar and vocabulary while how these abilities are used for real‐world interpersonal communication is less emphasized. This entry discusses how an IC test construct can be defined, drawing on IC's constructivist epistemology and methodologies in Conversation Analysis and Membership Categorization Analysis. I present three current approaches to IC rubric development: the discourse approach, the synthesis approach, and the universal approach. As to IC task development, I first discuss what dialogic and monologic tasks can offer to IC assessment. This is followed by explaining two principled approaches to IC task development: the IC‐additive approach and the IC‐centered approach. There is a discussion on the value of needs analysis for developing IC tasks that are meaningful to test users. This entry concludes with three future research directions for IC assessment: (a) developing and validating more comprehensive IC constructs that cover the sequential, emotional, logical, moral, and categorial dimensions of IC; (b) investigating to what extent IC is influenced by general language proficiency and if IC is an ability that both L2 and L1 speakers need to be taught and assessed on; (c) exploring what technological advances such as artificial intelligence can offer to make IC assessment more accessible, especially to test‐takers of disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds.
The Moderating Role of Psychological Distress in the Relationship Between Postmodernism and Left‐Wing Authoritarianism
Authors: Deverson Sebastian , Delfabbro Paul , Georgiou Neophytos 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn recent years increased interest towards the growth of political polarisation in many Western countries has focussed on extreme conservative views. However, less is known about ideologies on the opposing end of the spectrum that may also lead to antisocial activist behaviour and suppression of dissenting viewpoints. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with these beliefs with a particular focus on postmodern beliefs and the role of psychological distress as predictors of what has been termed left‐wing authoritarianism. A total of 365 participants completed measures of ideological beliefs, left‐wing authoritarianism and psychological distress. The study found that postmodern beliefs and distress predicted left‐wing authoritarianism. Contrary to expectations, the effect of postmodernism on left‐wing authoritarianism was stronger when distress was low. Future studies could extend these findings through a greater focus on other potential influences, and the possible moderating role these have on belief development.
Highly Flexible, Stretchable, and Compressible Lignin‐Based Hydrogel Sensors with Frost Resistance for Advanced Bionic Hand Control
Authors: Yang Jian , Yang Kang , An Xingye , Fan Zeyun , Li Yan , Yin Lingyu , Long Yinying , Pan Gangyuan , Liu Hongbin , Ni Yonghao 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBio‐based hydrogels, valued for their flexibility, tunable mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, are promising materials for wearable skins and sensing devices in bionic hand control systems. Lignin, a biopolymer rich in functional groups, can be modified into UV‐curable monomers, enabling the development of 3D‐printed hydrogels via photopolymerization. However, the inherent rigidity of lignin's aromatic rings, coupled with covalent cross‐linking between lignin and other monomers, often limits the hydrogel's stretchability (poor strain) and compressibility. Additional challenges, including poor moisture retention and freeze resistance, further hinder their wider application. In this study, a lignin‐based hydrogel is developed with high flexibility, tensile strain (≥350%), compressive strain (≈95%), and fatigue resistance (up to 10 000 cycles under 50% strain, and 200–800 cycles under 95% compressive strain), which is achieved by incorporating glycerol and lithium chloride to facilitate dynamic hydrogen and lithium ion bonds, while accordingly reducing covalent cross‐linking sites between monomers. The enhanced moisture retention and freeze resistance of hydrogels allow effective sensing performance at −40±1 °C. Afterward, using 3D printing technology, wearable tensile strain sensors and ripple‐shaped 3 × 3 Matrix hydrogel pressure sensors are fabricated, which demonstrated uniform stress distribution and improved performance in controlling complex bionic hand movements, underscoring their application in advancing human–machine interfaces.
Taking Advantage of Activation Potential Coincidence to Unlock Stable Direct Seawater Splitting
Authors: Yu Yang , Zhou Wei , Zhou Xiaohan , Yuan Junshu , Zhang Xuewei , Meng Xiaoxiao , Sun Fei , Gao Jihui , Zhao Guangbo 
Published: January 2025

AbstractElectrochemical seawater splitting faces competing chlorine evolution reactions and chlorine corrosion, proposing significant obstacles to commercial applications. In this work, a feasible strategy is developed for the simultaneous oxidation of SO42− and CoFe LDH to form an intercalation SO42−/CoFe LDH, which achieves excellent OER performance (265.2 mV@100 mA cm−2) and satisfactory stability (1000 h@500 mA cm−2). The presence of SO42− is found to enhance the intrinsic activity of CoFe LDH and reduce the corrosion tendency of CoFe LDH. In situ Raman and selected area electron diffraction results demonstrated that CoFe LDH and SO42− are simultaneously generated and inserted into the LDH interlayer. DFT calculations further confirmed that the insertion of SO42− reduced the tendency of Cl− adsorption, which improved the OER selectivity. Finally, in the flow AEM electrolyzer, the SO42−/CoFe LDH and Pt/C system exhibited a voltage of only 2.264 V at 500 mA cm−2 and achieved stable operation in natural seawater for 150 h. The working efficiency in natural seawater is as high as 55.0% with the price per GGE H2 as low as $1.211, which is promising for a wide range of applications.
Revisiting Cobalt Dopability in GeTe System to Design Modulation‐Doped Thermoelectrics
Authors: Hu Ming‐Hang , Li Meng , Wang De‐Zhuang , Yin Liang‐Cao , Wu Hao , Liu Wei‐Di , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Wang Yifeng , Liu Qingfeng , Chen Zhi‐Gang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDopability plays a pivotal role in determining the limit of carrier concentration and the chemical potential of semiconductor thermoelectric materials, which are directly related to the figure of merit. Here, the doping behavior and mechanism of cobalt (Co) in GeTe‐based thermoelectric materials are first investigated. According to theoretical calculations and tentative experiments, the extremely hard Co dopability in GeTe system is ascribed to the formation of an insoluble intermetallic phase in eutectics, even though the point defect formation energy and charge transition level indicate a 3at.% doping limit. A two‐step method is developed to synthesize (CoGe2)xGe0.85Sb0.10Te composited thermoelectric materials and use synchrotron technologies to investigate both average and local structures. CoGe2 nanoprecipitates are observed endotaxially and uniformly embedded in Ge0.85Sb0.10Te matrix, which acts as an electron reservoir to optimize carrier concentration without deteriorating carrier mobility, conceiving an ideal modulation doping scheme. Moreover, the phonon mismatch at the semi‐coherent CoGe2/Ge0.85Sb0.10Te interfaces gives rise to the Kapitza resistance to impede phonon propagation. The synergistic manipulation of electronic and thermal transport leads to a desirable figure of merit of 2.2 at 775 K and a conversion efficiency of 8.2% under a temperature difference of 420 K, representing a promising performance in this field and providing a benchmark workflow to design composited thermoelectrics.
Supramolecules Containing Homogeneous Electron‐rich Cu Sites for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to C2H6
Authors: Yang Tingyu , Dong Yuming , Liu Chunyu , Zhong Jun , Sun Xinyu , Zhang Jiawei , Cao Xin , Chen Xinying , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLight‐driven CO2 reduction to multi‐carbon (C2+) products is ideal but remains challenging. This paper anchors the metal active center on the electron‐rich capabilities 4‐(diphenylamine)‐thiophene carboxylic acid supramolecular receptor unit. Then a novel supramolecular catalyst that satisfies the optimal distance of C–C coupling is constructed utilizing the π‐conjugated group stacking effect. The activity of this catalyst is superior to most photocatalysts reported for the reduction of CO2 to C2H6, with a C2H6 yield of 250.9 µmol h−1 g−1, a selectivity of 64.2%. In situ spectroscopic and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the photogenerated electrons accumulate at the adjacent metal active center, thereby effectively CO2 activation and *CO capture. This process reduces the reaction energy barrier of C–C coupling. In addition, constructing controllable and homogeneous Cu active sites improved the selectivity of CO2 reduction to C2H6. This study provides a new way to design photocatalysts with precisely controllable electron‐enriched metal active sits to realize photo‐driven reduction of CO2 to C2+ products.
Porous Materials for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Arghavani Payam , Daneshgar Hossein , Sojdeh Soheil , Edrisi Mohammad , Moosavi‐Movahedi Ali Akbar , Rabiee Navid 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, present formidable challenges in modern medicine due to their complex pathologies and the absence of curative treatments. Despite advances in symptomatic management, early diagnosis remains essential for mitigating disease progression and improving patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as MRI, PET, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis, are often inadequate for the early detection of these diseases. Emerging porous materials, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), MXene, zeolites, and porous silicon, offer promising new approaches for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. These materials, characterized by highly tunable physicochemical properties, have the potential to capture and concentrate disease‐specific biomarkers such as amyloid‐beta (Aβ), tau protein, and alpha‐synuclein (α‐Syn). The integration of these materials into advanced biosensors for real‐time detection holds the promise of revolutionizing neurodiagnostic, enabling non‐invasive, highly sensitive, and specific detection platforms. Furthermore, the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques into the analysis of sensor data enhances diagnostic accuracy and allows for more efficient interpretation of complex biomarker profiles. AI and ML can optimize feature selection, improve pattern recognition, and facilitate the prediction of disease progression, making them indispensable tools for personalized medicine. This review explores the potential of porous materials in neurodegenerative disease diagnostics, emphasizing their design, functionality, and the synergistic role of AI and ML in advancing clinical applications.
Elastocaloric Thermal Battery: Ultrahigh Heat‐Storage Capacity Based on Generative Learning‐Designed Phase‐Change Alloys
Authors: Dang Pengfei , Hu Jinlong , Xian Yuehui , Li Cheng , Zhou Yumei , Ding Xiangdong , Sun Jun , Xue Dezhen 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAn elastocaloric thermal battery based on generative learning‐designed phase‐change alloys is developed to facilitate the efficient recycling of low‐temperature waste heat. This battery stores thermal energy as latent heat in a phase‐change alloy and releases it on demand through applied stress at ambient temperature. Alloy compositions and corresponding processing parameters, tailored to desired transformation characteristics, are efficiently discovered through a generative learning‐enabled inverse design framework, which converts the hand‐drawn target heat flow curve into tangible compositional and processing designs. The designed battery achieves an ultrahigh figure of merit for heat storage capacity, surpassing existing thermal batteries, and boasts a work‐to‐heat efficiency exceeding 9. This opens up exciting possibilities for manipulating thermal energy in diverse applications such as low‐temperature waste heat recycling, solar thermal collection, and heat management in electric vehicles and data center facilities. The inverse design framework promises to expedite the development of various materials with tailored property curves.
Buried Interface Modulation Using Self‐Assembled Monolayer and Ionic Liquid Hybrids for High‐Performance Perovskite and Perovskite/CuInGaSe2 Tandem Photovoltaics
Authors: Feng Zihao , Liu Xinxing , Tian Ting , Zhu Zewei , Jiang Ruixuan , Li Jing , Yuan Ye , Gong Junbo , Gao Guanbin , Tong Jinhui , Peng Yong , Bai Sai , Huang Fuzhi , Xiao Xudong , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Bu Tongle 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEffective modifications for the buried interface between self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and perovskites are vital for the development of efficient, stable inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and their tandem photovoltaics. Herein, an ionic‐liquid‐SAM hybrid strategy is developed to synergistically optimize the uniformity of SAMs and the crystallization of perovskites above. Specifically, an ionic liquid of 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐iumbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide (BMIMTFSI) is incorporated into the SAM solution, enabling reduced surface roughness, improved wettability, and a more evenly distributed surface potential of the SAM film. Leveraging this optimized substrate, a favorable growth of high‐quality perovskite crystals is achieved. Furthermore, the introduced functional ions readily bond with the perovskites, effectively passivating undesirable cation or halide vacancies of the perovskite near the buried interface. Remarkably, high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.68% and 22.53% are obtained for normal‐bandgap (≈1.55 eV) and wide‐bandgap (WBG) (≈1.66 eV) PSCs along with improved operational stability. Additionally, a champion PCE of 19.50% is achieved for semitransparent WBG PSCs, further delivering an impressive PCE of 28.34% for integrated four‐terminal tandem photovoltaics when combined with CuInGaSe2 solar cells.
Enhancing Photovoltaically Preferred Orientation in Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite for Efficient All‐Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Zhanghao , Zhao Yue , Wang Changlei , Ma Tianshu , Chen Chen , Liu Yuhui , Jia Tianci , Zhai Yuhang , Chen Cong , Zhang Cheng , Cao Guogyang , Yang Zhenhai , Zhao Dewei , Li Xiaofeng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) have promising applications in tandem devices yet suffer from low open‐circuit voltages (VOCs) and less stability. To address these issues, the study introduces multifunctional nicotinamide derivatives into WBG PSCs, leveraging the regulation on photovoltaically preferential orientation and optoelectronic properties via diverse functional groups, e.g., carbonyl, amino. Isonicotinamide (IA) molecule emerges as the most effective agent, enhancing crystallization kinetics and defect passivation due to its unique planar spatial configuration. Incorporating IA into WBG perovskites improves the (100) preferred crystal orientation, reduces trap density, and enables well‐matched energy band alignment. High‐performance 1.77 eV WBG PSCs are achieved with a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.34% and a VOC of 1.342 V, leading to the fabrication of the best‐performing all‐perovskite tandem solar cell with a PCE of 28.53% (certified 28.27%) and excellent operational stability, maintaining over 90% of the initial efficiency under 1 sun illumination for 600 h.
Extending Exciton Diffusion Length via an Organic‐Metal Platinum Complex Additive for High‐Performance Thick‐Film Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zou Wentao , Sun Yanna , Sun Lingya , Wang Xunchang , Gao Chuanlin , Jiang Dongcheng , Yu Jinyang , Zhang Guangye , Yin Hang , Yang Renqiang , Zhu Haiming , Chen Hongzheng , Gao Ke 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe long exciton diffusion length (LD) plays an important role in promoting exciton dissociation, suppressing charge recombination, and improving the charge transport process, thereby improving the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs), especially in thick‐film OSCs. However, the limited LD hinders further improvement in device performance as the film thickness increases. Here, an organic‐metal platinum complex, namely TTz‐Pt, is synthesized and served as a solid additive into the D18‐Cl:L8‐BO system. The addition of TTz‐Pt enhanced the crystallinity of blends, reduced energy disorder, and trap density, and decreased non‐radiative recombination and exciton binding energy, which is conducive to prolonging the LD in the TTz‐Pt‐treated film, thereby facilitating the exciton dissociation and charge transport process along with inhibiting the charge recombination. Consequently, the TTz‐Pt‐treated D18:L8‐BO:IDIC device (100 nm) exhibits a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.12% (certified as 19.54%), one of the highest PCEs reported for OSCs to date. Remarkably, a record‐breaking PCE of 18.84% is yielded for the active layer thickness of 300 nm. Furthermore, the TTz‐Pt exhibits superior universality in improving the performance of OSCs. This work provides a simple and universal approach to extending LD by introducing an organic‐metal platinum complex as a solid additive to achieve highly efficient thick‐film OSCs.