bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
My Job and Its Requirements
Authors: Smith Thomas H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the ethics and metaphysics of occupations, such as teacher, waiter, and priest. It argues that teacher is a functional kind, but teachers are not functional objects. If you are a practising teacher, it is likely that you perform a function and serve a purpose, that of imparting knowledge and cultivating minds and skills. This is what teachers, generically, are for, and it is what your school is for. But it is not what you are for. Easily confused senses of ‘job’ are distinguished: occupation, position, requirement, and function. The chapter explains that the requirements of your position and occupation do not entail ability, reasons, or fault (if not complied with), and that if you are not as your position and occupation require, you are not as you ought to be, but it does not follow that there is anything wrong with you. The chapter includes some metaphysical speculation about positions, and examines some sources of, and remedies for, workplace alienation and anxiety.
Three Relations Between Roles and the Good
Authors: Clark Samuel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
What is the relation between roles and the human good? Between our construction, maintenance, and enaction of institutions, and the life which goes well for the person whose life it is? This chapter reads selected martial autobiographies to explore three relations and what they mean for the nature of the good: 1. Tools for self-shaping: roles are social technology for shaping ourselves towards good understood as fulfilment of desires which are independent of those roles. 2. Good-making practices: roles are parts of good-making practices which transform individuals by creating goods and initiating individuals into them. 3. Self-discovery: roles are a method for gaining self-knowledge. They help each of us discover her unchosen, seedlike, initially opaque self, and thereby discover her particular good, which is that self’s realization. The chapter concludes that some roles’ relation to the good is that they test and reveal the self and therefore its good.
Frequency comb-based multidimensional coherent spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this chapter a novel approach of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy is described. This approach uses multiple optical frequency combs and enables the measurement of comb resolution multidimensional coherent spectra in seconds. This chapter also shows how this new method can probe critical and fundamental processes in samples that have long dephasing times as well as can be used for practical applications such as chemical sensing and imaging.
Three-dimensional coherent spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Three-dimensional coherent spectroscopy techniques and experiments are presented in this chapter. The chapter begins with a discussion of different implementations of three-dimensional spectroscopy. The technique can be used to unravel contributions from different quantum pathways, providing a clear picture of the nonlinear response of complex systems. Application of the technique is discussed for three specific systems, including atomic vapors, semiconductor quantum wells, and light-harvesting complexes.
Overview
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of both the Ikpana language and the book. It includes a discussion of Ikpana’s genetic classification, its endangerment status, the language’s speakers and their geographical distribution, the dialects of Ikpana, and a brief review of existing Ikpana literature. The chapter sketches a basic overview of the grammar, touching on aspects that will be relevant in later chapters, and concludes with a preview of the findings presented in the remaining chapters of the book. The chapter also introduces a recurrent theme of the book, which is that by bringing formal/theoretical concerns to the fore when documenting a language, a richer description of the grammar is reached in ways that would have been impossible if the task had been approached from a purely descriptive perspective.
Wh- questions
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses wh- questions in Ikpana. Although Ikpana is a wh- in situ language, it employs three surface-distinct peripheral wh- constructions: “bare wh- movement constructions,” in which a moved interrogative expression is unaccompanied by a particle in the left periphery; “wh- focus movement constructions,” in which a moved wh- item is followed by a focus marker; and “wh- cleft constructions,” in which a clause-initial wh- element serves as the subject of a null-headed specificational copular clause whose predicate complement is a potentially null-headed relative clause. A number of theoretically relevant wh- structures are documented, including long-distance wh- in situ; partial wh- movement/clefting; and multiple wh- questions. Several other significant theoretical issues are discussed, including: formation of ‘why’ wh- clefts on non-restrictive relative clauses; mapping of the clausal left periphery with respect to wh- items ‘how’ and ‘why’; immunity of wh- movement to superiority effects; intervention effects; and absence of adjunct islands.
Interrogative intonation
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Ikpana interrogative intonation. It provides a description of the intonation of declarative sentences as a frame of reference for the intonation of polar and wh- questions. A typologically rare pattern typifies Ikpana declarative intonation—at the right edges of Intonational Phrases, Low tones are depressed and a High/Mid tone reversal takes place. In polar questions, final High and Mid tones maintain their lexical tones, edge-final Low tones rise to sub-Mid levels, and final vowels are lengthened. The intonation of wh- questions and polar interrogatives is comparable, with two exceptions: 1) wh- questions lack final lengthening and 2) final Low tones remain Low. Typologically, the combination of final lengthening and final High maintenance/rising intonation is rare and areally distinctive. Furthermore, Ikpana bucks the cross-linguistic trend for wh- questions and declaratives to have similar intonational profiles, as the intonation of wh- questions is more similar to that of polar questions.
Luxuria: A Short History
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a history of the term and concept of luxuria from the origin of Latin literature (Cato the Elder) to the late first century ce (Pliny the Elder, Quintilian), with a specific section on sumptuary laws. The analysis is conducted through a close reading of several passages, with attention to each author’s peculiarities, to the specifics of certain periods (e.g. the Augustan Age), and to literary genres, especially historiography and satire. Besides the pervasiveness of some commonplaces, which are particularly frequent in historiography (luxuria as a vice came from the East, expressed in banquets, linked to greed and waste of money, and as a cause of fatal decline), and of some recurrent historical examples (Cleopatra and Marc Antony, Apicius, and so on), some other conclusions can also be drawn: satire generally avoids this term, even if dealing with the subject, in that it is more focused on the phenomenology of vices than on labelling them; poetry, and especially Augustan poetry, does not talk about luxuria, which was a compromising subject if considered in light of the emperor’s propaganda; epic poetry ignores it, with the exception of Lucan, whose moralistic concern shows affinities with historiography.
Seneca’s Luxuria
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the charges of immorality made against Seneca, as reported by historical sources and by the author himself in De vita Beata, and his defence, advanced in the same dialogue. The charges hit specifically Seneca’s immense wealth and luxury, which contradicted the philosophical principles he himself proposed. Grounded in Stoic philosophy, and switching from the morally labelled word luxuria to the objective term divitiae, ‘wealth’, Seneca argues that money, as any other exterior thing or event, is completely indifferent to the philosopher, and so he may or may not use it, since he does not care. The final section of the chapter explores Seneca’s attitude towards frugality, with special regard to Cynic philosophy. With regard to this school of thought, Seneca admires its detachment from material goods, but despises its anti-social attitude.
EARTHSEA REVISITED
Authors: Plotz John 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Looks at Le Guin’s own rereading—and rewriting—of her world after a decades-long hiatus. This second trilogy is not so much an undoing or an apology as it is a new circumnavigation. Suddenly, unexpected second and third angles alter the look of everything you thought you knew from that first view. Trauma rears its head, and history too—and fluidity replaces the seeming solidity of certain fixed differences: between genders, between species, between the living and the dead. She put it well: “It’s been a joy to me to go back to Earthsea and find it still there, entirely familiar and yet changed and still changing.”
Language for (im)possible worlds
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter focuses on thinking and talking about (im)possible worlds—eventualities which may or may not take place in the future—so moving to irrealis mood. It begins by considering the role of predicting and contemplating future possibilities in everyday life and in scientific study, then moves to the linguistic forms and the different grammatical resources that languages use for talking about future contingencies: lexical and syntactic constructions that indicate whether an utterance is factual, and so has a truth value, or whether it makes a modal judgment (expressing desire, doubt, hypothetical reasoning, etc.) and so can only be evaluated for its feasibility. We then review correlates of idea-generation and prediction in the brain and the neurological networks involved in factual, hypothetical, and counterfactual conditional statements. And we conclude by describing how, over time, children show increasing command of the linguistic forms that mark different types of unrealized possibilities—initially for instrumental purposes of expressing wishes and requests, moving to deontic, socially-prescribed modality (should, have to, can’t) and later-acquired epistemic modality expressing individual predictions and contingencies (may, likely, possible), shifting from use of future forms to hypothetical and counterfactual eventualities (if x happened, y would come about versus if x had happened, y would have come about). To conclude, we discuss how these age-related shifts reflect socio-cognitive development in the propositional attitudes that they express.
Language for literacy and literacy for language
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAs the title of this chapter suggests, we argue here that achieving literacy for writing, reading, and digital communication is a two-way process of conveying and of gaining knowledge about language and about the world. Following a brief survey of writing systems from the papyrus scrolls of ancient Greece to digital screens, we underline the differences and interrelations between script-literacy (acquiring the alphabetic principle and basic reading and writing skills) on the one hand, and text-literacy (being able to produce and understand pieces of printed and digital discourse from personal notes via school materials and on to research reports) on the other. We then then consider characteristics of writing in academic settings, where expository-type prose is analyzed at the different but interrelated levels of genre appropriateness, global structure, syntactic packaging, and lexical selection. We show that these processes are affected by different rhetorical traditions, comparing the Anglo-American goal-oriented practices to the more philosophically oriented writing of continental and Latin-American usage. Attention then shifts to the interrelations between writing and reading as the two major facets of literacy, to psycholinguistic and pedagogical models proposed to explain these processes, and on to the composition and processing of digital texts. The concluding sections deal with the neurological underpinnings of text composing and reading, developmental trajectories in attaining text-literacy, and the shift in individuals from native to proficient use of language as functioning members of knowledge-based literate societies.
Why Read The Transformation of Europe Today?
Authors: Komárek Jan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article argues that reading Joseph Weiler’s The Transformation of Europe can enhance our understanding of the limits of liberal constitutional imaginary on which Transformation builds, and which it helped to establish in the 1990s. Now, when ‘Western liberalism’ is in retreat, such critical reading may be indispensable for those who seek alternatives. The chapter is structured as follows: it briefly defines the concept of ‘constitutional imaginary’, then provides a brief genealogy of Transformation and offers a critical reading of the whole essay, which prepares the ground for an outline of Transformation’s constitutional imaginary based on liberal-legalist ideology combined with a communitarian utopia. It is shown how each of them contradicts the other, but at the same time none can exist without the other. The chapter then reveals what Transformation (and its imaginary) hides from sight: how its rendering of European integration’s history, reduced to the narrative of Europe’s founding fathers’ reflective choice for Europe, and the ignorance of political economy overlooks the complex and complicated histories of the states that came to form the Union. The conclusion finally connects these findings to the current issues facing the EU and liberal constitutionalism as such.
VITALITY
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Brownean perspectives and ruminations on the origins of life. The German novelist W.G. Sebald did much to promote the value of Browne’s writings, and Sebald’s perspective on Browne is introduced. The views on the origins of life and heredity among nineteenth-century writers are examined (Charles Darwin, Mary Shelley), as well as Browne’s vision of the great chain of being: mineral, plant, animal, human, spirit. Browne believed that human lives track that evolution from the mineral to the spiritual. Finally, more modern perspectives of the origins of life on Earth are examined, as well as the prospects for life’s evolution elsewhere or sustenance elsewhere in the solar system.
PIETY
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Browne studied medicine in Leiden in the Netherlands, a city of piety where he adopted the modest style of dress he adopted ever after. Through a visit to Amsterdam and Leiden the author explores this aspect of Browne’s character, its influence on his work, and the way that ‘piety’ had a different sense in the seventeenth century, before Victorian perspectives transformed it to more closely resemble the sense it holds today. The word appears only rarely in the Bible and ‘piety’, for Browne, was as much about honouring tradition, as it was about a living faith. The chapter examines Browne’s great essay on faith Religio Medici and the role of faith in the art of healing as practised by Browne.
A CONCLUDING LETTER TO DR BROWNE
Authors: Francis Gavin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
An appraisal of the territory that has been covered by the book is made, and some brief, concluding statements about its themes are offered. The enduring value of Browne’s books is considered and his posthumously published works such as Christian Morals are discussed in the context of Browne’s advice on living well in the knowledge of the inevitability of death.
Nuclear deterrence
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
How might AI-enabled capabilities weaken or strengthen deterrence? The chapter considers the potential implications of AI and autonomy for nuclear deterrence theory and practice. It argues that AI and autonomy could decrease nuclear stability and increase the tendency for escalation to nuclear use, thereby undermining deterrence. A growing number of great military powers are investing political capital and financial resources to develop the field of AI technology and AI-enhanced “autonomous” weapon systems to derive the maximum potential military benefits—at a tactical, operational, and strategic level—that these systems offer. As a result, the ubiquity of these new classes of advanced capabilities—and the incentives for militaries to adopt them—on the future battlefield is fast becoming a foregone certainty. Given the recent genesis of AI and autonomy in a military context, and the rich body of work that describes these trends, this research is premised on the assumption that AI and autonomy technology will continue to be embraced—at different speeds and for different goals—by global militaries.
Inadvertent escalation
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
How might AI-enabled capabilities increase inadvertent escalation risk? This chapter revisits Cold War-era thinking about inadvertent escalation to consider how AI technology—especially AI augmentation of advanced conventional counterforce weapons—might influence inadvertent escalation risk between nuclear-armed adversaries during a conventional crisis or conflict through different mechanisms and pathways. Are existing notions of inadvertent escalation still relevant in the digital age? We are now in an era of rapid disruptive technological change, especially in AI technology. This technology is already being infused into military machines, and global armed forces are well advanced in their planning, research and development, and, in some cases, deployment of AI-enabled capabilities. Therefore, the embryonic journey to reorient military forces to prepare for the future digitized battlefield is no longer merely speculation or science fiction.
Catalytic nuclear war
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Are existing notions of accidental nuclear war caused by third-party actors still relevant in the age of AI and autonomy? This chapter revisits the Cold War-era concept of “catalytic nuclear war,” considered by many as unworkable, and reconceptualizes it in light of technological change, as well as an improved understanding of human psychology and other factors. It argues that in the modern digital era, the catalyzing chain of reaction and counter-retaliation dynamics set in motion by the deliberate action of a non-state or third-party actor is fast becoming a more accessible and plausible alternative to acquiring a nuclear weapon or manufacturing an improvised atomic device—or “dirty bomb.” The chapter concludes that AI technology is creating new—and exacerbating old—escalation pathways that risk catalyzing accidental nuclear confrontation between nuclear-armed powers, particularly under irrational (or sub-rational) conditions.
Tax Crimes and Illicit Money Flows in the EUs
Authors: Turksen U , Abukari A , Rasmouki F , Kreissl R , Bourton S , Luecke H , Lui A , Mahuta H , Öner S , Grasso C , MacLennan S , Pasculli L 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The European Union (EU) is one of the attractive jurisdictions for illicit money flows (IMFs) in the world. This is due to structural weaknesses and a comparatively stable economic and political environment in the EU. Criminals engaged in IMFs use sophisticated methods such as trusts, shell companies, and VAT carousel to commit crimes such as money laundering and tax crimes. The link between tax crimes and other IMFs is built on the principle that financial criminals will ensure that their criminal proceeds are safely placed, layered, and integrated into the legitimate financial system. In all these processes, as usually associated with money laundering, the proceeds are susceptible to tax crimes since the criminals would evade payment of taxes in most cases. Using case studies in eleven European States, this chapter maps the variety of main legal approaches to countering tax crime in these jurisdictions. Despite EU’s efforts to unify counter-crime measures in its Member States, the national legal frameworks and institutional settings produce different approaches to tackling tax crimes. This chapter concludes that effective domestic and international cooperation in approaches towards mitigating tax crimes and IMFs are evermore needed.
Tax Fraud Investigation Framework
Authors: Turksen U , Vozza D , Abukari A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
One of key obstacles to timely and effective cross-border tax fraud investigations stems from the disparate approaches found across Europe. The Tax Fraud Investigation Framework (TFIF) is a toolkit developed within the PROTAX project. Since one of the aims of this book is to offer practical and user-friendly solutions for key stakeholders in tax enforcement, this chapter is devoted to the TFIF, which combines expertise from academia and law enforcement practitioners. The TFIF is designed to harmonize and support law and tax enforcement agencies in order to facilitate successful investigations and prosecutions against tax fraud at national and transnational levels. It aims at promoting: (i) a consistent and logical procedural approach to countering tax fraud at national and EU levels; (ii) common methods and techniques for investigating and prosecuting tax fraud; (iii) a harmonized standard for working across different agencies (multi-agency working) at national and EU levels; (iv) best practices in order to prevent and counter tax fraud by discouraging the criminals from expanding into new fraud ventures; (v) savings of time and resources during cross-jurisdictional legal analysis thus enhancing initial investigation; (vi) effective pathways for transforming information to intelligence and to build an effective response to transnational VAT fraud; (vii) information on the different types of evidence necessary for securing a conviction in selected EU Member States.
Toeplitz Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys Toeplitz operators Tφ : H2 → H2, Tφf = P + (φf), on the Hardy space H2, where φ ∈ L∞(T) and P+ is the orthogonal projection of L2(T) onto H2. We examine the matrix representations of these operators, their spectral properties, and a characterization of them related to the unilateral shift.
Principle 1: Objective Intention
Authors: Calnan Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The purpose of Chapter 1 is to describe the guiding principle of contractual interpretation. It is concerned with two issues that can sometimes conflict. The key aim of interpretation is to establish the intention of the legislature, but this must be done objectively. The purpose is to establish what a reasonable person would understand the legislature’s intention to be from the words it has used in the statute.
Principle 3: The Whole Text
Authors: Calnan Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the principle that the words of a statute must be read as a whole, and explains how that principle is applied in practice. Where particular words are ambiguous, their meaning can be derived from the rest of the statute. But even clear words that seem to mean one thing only in isolation can mean something different if they are read in the context of the statute as a whole.