bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Wind, Speed and Ice Pressure on PC3 Module Carriers During Winter Northern Sea Route Transits
Authors: Adkins Philip Jeffrey , Van Lievenoogen Rinse Adrianus 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Two historical voyages were completed in December 2021 and January 2022 over the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in a westerly direction. A lack of accurate real time data regarding ice conditions and the influence of changing meteorological conditions severely complicated voyage planning.
Normal voyage planning for the Northern Sea Route is based on historical satellite data. The objective is to extrapolate possible ice conditions throughout the planned route. This historical data has not been taken into account changes in wind, current and relative ice pressure. In addition, the effect of wind drag on the "sail area" of modules being transported has a significant influence on the application of the power necessary to penetrate ice at the speed and fuel consumption calculations stipulated by the Vessels’ design.
The safe transit of the Northern Sea Route from the beginning of December to the end of March cannot be accurately predicted by using the historical data available today. This significantly increases the risk factors considered not only in pre-voyage planning but throughout the voyage itself. The application of the current regulatory regime requirements to navigate via the Northern Sea Route during the December-March period by no means eliminates the possibility of vessels becoming beset by ice.
Close communication with Rosatomflot prior to entering the Northern Sea Route is a necessity in order to appraise the ice conditions in higher risk areas as well as to optimized route planning. Furthermore, operational experience during periods of nuclear icebreaker support is critical to maintain safe progress on the Northern Sea Route.
This Paper will address these challenges, as well as attempt to quantify: The effect on wind pressure and wind direction on icebreaking capabilitiesThe effects of wind speed and direction on ice pressure relative to coastal geography.The effects of changing ice conditions on fuel consumption with- and without icebreaker support.
Vito Project: A Case Study Between a Development Operator and Pipeline Operators Advancing Deep Water Together
Authors: Preli Tom Anthony , Shirolikar Alok Dilip , Dick William Thomas , Thurston Kevin Wallace , Bougai Daria Igorevna , Cordoway Joseph , Dauterive David Michael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 4,000 ft of water approximately 150 miles offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana. The project produces from reservoirs nearly 30,000 feet below sea level. This paper will discuss how a Deep Water development operator ("Development Operator") worked with two pipeline operators ("Pipeline Operators") to enable the Vito project and advance Deep Water together through care and simplicity. While the three companies had independent scopes of work, there were many opportunities for synergies during the project execution to deliver a cost competitive and integrated export solution. A "fit for purpose" approach was applied to achieve a common goal. The Vito project went through an optimization process called Minimum Technical Scope (MTS) to enable expected enhanced safety performance, better environmental performance, and lower unit development costs.
The topics discussed in this paper can be applied to future deep-water developments around the globe where the development operator does not have a direct ownership interest in the export pipelines. In addition, certain concepts could be applied on projects where the development operator is responsible for the entire deep-water development.
This paper discusses the scoping decisions taken across the integrated export system and how trade-offs were assessed to arrive at the MTS solution. The benefits that a common strategy can deliver for materials and installation, common construction equipment mobilizations and demobilizations, and the safety and environmental benefits from the coordination are addressed. Lastly, the paper discusses the working relationship between the Operators.
Cost competitiveness can be a challenge for every deep water project. Many of the items discussed in this paper hopefully provoke future development operators to apply some of the concepts so that deep-water can advance with care and simplicity.
This paper is part of a Vito Project series at OTC 2023, and the other papers are listed in the references.
Optimizing Subsea Processing for Deep and Long Step-Out Gas Fields
Authors: Pire-Le Gal Maëlle , Snoussi Wafa , Rondon Marianna , Laffray Gaëlle , Laudet Jean-Benoit , Palermo Thierry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the current energy shortage and transition context, gas represents an alternative to provide an affordable, reliable and less GHG emissions issuing energy than other available fossil energies.
Flow Assurance studies have been launched for a series of gas fields to identify optimal subsea processing functional requirements for a subsea to shore export. The objective is to confirm the robustness of subsea processing architectures identified in previous studies and to evaluate their sensibility towards water depth, step-out, fluid composition and bathymetry.
First, real gas fields were selected, the portfolio was completed with notional cases constructed on analogs to reach a good mapping in depth and distance to shore. For each case, bathymetries and PVT models were established.
Ledaflow® was used to construct flow models and define the necessary pipeline size based on early and late life flowrates (based upon Erosion Velocity Ratio, Turn down and hydrate risk).
When the multiphase export required several pipelines in parallel, an alternative architecture was studied consisting of multiphase pipeline at early life and then gas/liquid separation plus single phases export (separated gas pipeline and liquid pipeline) for late life. Compression and boosting requirement were evaluated.
More than one configuration is technically possible. The solution of "multiple multiphase export pipelines" is usually in competition with a "single multiphase pipeline at early life coupled with a subsea separation at late life". The first configuration favors operational flexibility, while the second one favors reduced installation time and cost and allows decreasing the well head back pressure to increase reserves. However, this last solution still requires the installation of a liquid line at late life.
Regarding boosting requirements, each configuration has compression needs at late life. The first architecture allows to optimize the compression requirements and increase the process efficiency, while the second one present the drawback of high boosting requirements for the liquid line for great depth and longer step out.
For the multiphase export, and a field with very low CGR, the governing parameter for the pressure loss and the compression requirements is the step-out, not the water depth, while, for the subsea separation scheme, the water depth becomes detrimental for the boosting requirements of the liquid line for the great water depths.
This large study confirms the feasibility of subsea to shore architectures for gas fields and allows identifying the limitations of the existing technologies and anticipating future technological developments.
Designing A Data Buoy Network To Support Offshore Wind Energy Development In Southern New England
Authors: Kritzer Jake , Bland Katy , Shyka Tom , Motyka Jackie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Capitalizing on the considerable economic value and climate change mitigation benefits of offshore wind energy (OSW) while minimizing and mitigating its impacts on other ocean users and the marine environment requires a robust foundation of information. The Massachusetts/Rhode Island Wind Energy Area (MA/RI WEA) on the Southern New England Shelf is the first site of industrial-scale OSW development in the United States, and therefore where these challenges are first being confronted. Several sustained ocean observing buoys in the region provide valuable information for mariners, policymakers, and scientists, but additional data streams are needed in light of the forthcoming changes in use of the ocean. Therefore, we are investigating end-user data needs related to OSW development to inform the working design of a purpose-built buoy network structured around five priority issues: Navigation Safety, Marine Pollution, Fisheries Management, Wildlife Conservation, and Climate Tracking. Network design attributes sought by users include high-density measurements of the most important variables likely to be affected by turbines within the WEA while streamlining installation of additional infrastructure to the extent possible, a trade-off that calls for optimization analyses. Users also stressed the need to expand coverage of the shelf ecosystem given the bidirectional oceanographic, ecological, and economic interactions between the WEA and surrounding areas. We therefore identify an initial set of nine priority locations for ecosystem-scale observations. Observing in nearshore areas will be particularly important given the prevalence of vessel traffic, sensitive habitats, and human use close to shore. Priority measurements included a modest set of variables that characterize sea state conditions and weather to support Navigation Safety, along with a broader suite of ecosystem variables measured throughout the water column to inform other issues. As our research continues the working design will evolve, with the process ultimately aiming to provide lessons and precedent for how to build a robust information base for OSW development across the nation.
Diverless Solutions in a Diver Assisted Manifold for Readjustment of the Marlim Gas Mesh in Campos Basin
Authors: Santana Andre Luiz Bevilaqua , Da Silva João Luis Batista , De Souza Douglas Oliveira Correa , Cardoso Joaquim Pereira , Paixão Luiz Felipe dos Santos , Suci Felipe Mendes , Corrêa Ygor Fernandes Dos Santos Manhães 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As in the world, the increase in the number of platform decommissioning projects in Brazil is directly influenced by the advanced age of some of the facilities, especially in the Campos Basin. Although the decommissioning phase is part of the life cycle of an oil development project and several similar projects have already been carried out in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea, the challenges in this sector are still enormous, especially in reducing operational risks, environmental impacts and financial costs.
Over the last few years, the company has sought to reduce divers' exposure to risk, as well as reduce this dependence on human diving in its underwater activities and reducing critical resources that impact underwater connections.
This article investigates the diverless trend in the global oil industry, demonstrating relevant aspects of this transition that involves replacing human diving in subsea operations with specific tools and ROV. In this sense, the operational and security aspects related to the theme will be explored. Using the descriptive methodology and considering the Marlim Gas Mesh Readjustment Project.
The objective of this work is to present the diverless solution that is being implemented for readjustment of the Marlim Gas Mesh in Campos Basin in a PLEM called MIS-MRL-1. As brief history is that the Manifold that was installed in a Water Depth of about 200m and was initially designed to be operated by saturated divers.
GHG Emissions: Evaluation, Reduction, and Reporting
Authors: Turner William Judson , MacKay Alexander Donald , Khurana Sandeep 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic approach to verify and validate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions for a typical Gulf of Mexico (GoM) offshore oil and gas production facility. The paper discusses ways to reduce GHG emissions at the facility level and examines an approach to assess an energy company's emission reporting methods and, where applicable, its target to achieve net zero emissions.
The paper reviews the regulatory framework for GHG emissions reporting and estimation guidelines. It identifies emission sources for a typical offshore facility and groups these emission sources into defined categories. A simplified model is created to estimate total emissions for offshore facilities. The model results are used to evaluate inherent uncertainty in emissions estimation techniques and also provide a basis to reduce emissions. Furthermore, the paper reviews sustainability reports of select energy companies, and analyzes these companies’ reporting methods, targets, and strategies to reduce emissions at the corporate level.
In summary, the paper provides insights and guidance in estimating GHG emissions at the offshore facility level and subsequent reporting at the company corporate level with the following:
Review of the regulatory framework, estimating methods, and reporting for an offshore facility level emissions. Organize emission sources into defined categories in order to comprehend major emission sources for an offshore facility. Analyze inherent uncertainty in emissions estimation. Discuss ways to reduce emissions at the facility level and its limitations. Analyze select energy companies’ corporate sustainability reports and cover ways to standardize emissions reporting so it is easier to evaluate and compare a company's performance with its peers. Identify energy company strategies and associated risks to achieve net zero emissions.
Predicting Reservoir Presence from Seismic Velocity Mapping and Pore Pressure Prediction
Authors: Legg Matthew James 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Enhanced seismic velocity models (e.g. semblance or tomography) are key inputs for greenfield pore pressure prediction (PPP) in clastic basins, enabling velocity extraction along the planned well-path and also from a 3d earth-model surrounding the drill-site to test sensitivities and ranges. If velocity model resolution is sufficient, the resultant pressure gradients extracted along interpreted stratigraphic horizons from one of these three-dimensional (3D) earth models yields valuable insights into lateral pressure transfer efficacy, thus informing the net-to-gross (e.g. reservoir presence or absence) for the interval. The following inputs are required: 1) 3D seismic velocity model; 2) locally calibrated transforms for Compressional Velocity (Vp) to Vertical Effective Stress (VES) to generate a 3D pressure model from seismic velocities; 3) high-quality seismic interpretation horizons. The critical step is to extract from the 3D pressure model the pressure along each mapped horizon and plot the pressure with depth for each. For a shale horizon, the result reflects a linear shale gradient (e.g. ~0.83 psi/ft) consistent with restricted lateral pressure communication. Conversely, extraction along sand-interval yields a brine gradient (e.g., ~0.47 psi/ft) indicative of effective lateral pressure communication. Two Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) salt-withdrawal clastic mini-basins are depicted in seismic cross-section, each with representative suite of interpreted seismic horizons for pressure analysis within the depth-range of interest. It is not apparent to the uncalibrated-eye, in lieu of well data, which of the two is reservoir-prone and which is reservoir-absent. A detailed summary of methods and assumptions will follow, including empirical transforms, seismic earth cube generation, map-based extraction, and pressure gradient plots. The resultant gradient plots reveal one basin with uniform brine gradients and ubiquitous lateral pressure communication, compared with a suite of exclusively shale gradients in the other. Finally, well results, one test from each basin, confirm ubiquitous reservoir in the basin with the predicted brine gradients, contrasted with absence of reservoir in the basin with shale gradients. Following the presentation, the audience will require nothing more than graphical inspection of the event-extracted pressure gradient plots to discriminate a sand interval from a shale, and a reservoir-prone mini-basin from a reservoir-lean one.
Risk Based Verification for Subsea Pipeline Repair Connectors and a Case Study
Authors: Ouyang Simon , Tang Fei , Shavandi Mohsen , Cheng Chen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In Oil and Gas industry the Subsea Pipeline Repair Connectors have been developed to provide an effective sealing and installation on damaged or leaking pipelines. This paper presents a verification methodology for Subsea Pipeline Repair to confirm a product design compliance to DNV standards. It also introduces a case study for detailed design and qualification program approach for subsea pipeline repair connector to mitigate installation and operational risks. The purpose is to assist industry to mitigate operational risks and enhance safety.
As a case study, recently a type approval certification has been issued to a client for its subsea pipeline repair connector. This paper presents a risk based method towards verification of pipeline repair system, and it is focused on risk based methodology to address potential failure modes. The approach to address structural, sealing and gripping functions of the connector is discussed. DNV standards related to verification of pipeline connectors are also described in the paper.
Through this paper, the potential failure modes are discussed and the design verification process is described for the subsea pipeline repair connectors. The type approval process is introduced which consists of independent design review, sample testing and verification of quality controls. The results prove the approach is effective to assist the designer to bridge the gaps, mitigate the risks, provide the integrated solutions and enhance safety. Furthermore, the end user shall be benefit for mitigating the effects of unplanned repairs, improving the field’s uptime and restoring production quickly.
The novelty of this paper is the risk based verification of the pipeline repair connectors, which cost effectively helps identifying and mitigating the risks associated with failure modes and optimize the design of the pipeline repair system.
Joint Velocity Model and Microseismic Event Location Inversion Benefit the Measure, Monitor and Verify Value Chain
Authors: Le Calvez Joel , Mizuno Takashi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In carbon capture and storage projects, and in unconventional plays, microseismic monitoring and optical fiber are critical components of the measure, monitor, and verify value chain. A velocity model is required to estimate source location (hypocenter), source parameters, and source mechanism of a detected microseismic event. Incorrect event locations are often the result of an inaccurate knowledge of the velocity model. We propose a new method to simultaneously invert for the hypocenter and the velocity model to provide a robust long-term microseismic monitoring workflow.
Such problem has been studied in several areas of seismology over the last few decades. However, those studies focusing on large-scale earthquakes have remained of limited interest to reservoir-scale applications such as short-term and long-term microseismic monitoring and induced seismic monitoring. In such domains, the integration of sonic log-derived information into the joint inversion problem is critical as the scale is fundamentally different. Our algorithm respects the resolution of sonic measurement, while it calibrates the wavelength where microseismic data have sensitivity: the number of unknown parameters in the velocity model is decoupled from the number of layers included in the model. Therefore, we can solve for the velocity and event location inversion problem in a stable manner while respecting the resolution of the initial velocity model. In the present article, we introduce the science and technique behind the simultaneous inversion for the hypocenter and the velocity model and share case study applications based on a synthetic dataset and a real monitoring campaign.
Robotic Fish Enabled Offshore Pipeline Inspection
Authors: Wu Xuqing , Sood Tushar , Chen Zheng , Chen Jiefu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Timely inspection of subsea infrastructure, especially subsea pipelines, is the key to the prevention of oil spills. In this paper, a transformative offshore pipeline inspection technology is presented by using a bio-inspired autonomous robotic system equipped with a processing unit for underwater computer vision processing and edge computing. The goal is to build a time-efficient and cost-effective system for underwater pipeline inspection that can detect oil leakage at early stages and prevent disastrous results. In this paper, we introduced a bio-inspired autonomous underwater vehicle (BAUV) equipped with video cameras and mobile edge computing devices. We deploy a deep neural network (DNN) specially trained for a variety of underwater image/video processing tasks. The intelligent computer vision processing unit allows us to navigate and track objects even when the visibility is poor. This time-efficient and cost-effective solution will detect pipeline leakage and rupture at an early stage and allow operators to make timely and informed decisions to minimize environmental impacts.
Integrated Assessment of Seafloor and Subsurface Site Conditions at Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Farm Development
Authors: Varnell Stephen , Trandafir Aurelian C. , Fortiz Victoria , Broughton Aaron , Scherschel Craig , Hargrave Deanne , Swanson Eric , Fraser Jack 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study illustrates a ground model approach used to characterize the complex site conditions within the Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Farm Lease Area. The ground model is the result of the integration of geophysical, geological, geotechnical, and benthic (environmental) data to evaluate marine geohazards and summarize seafloor and sub-seafloor conditions. The ground model is provided in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) format which can be interactively used for Wind Turbine Generator siting, design, and construction. Various components of the ground model including seafloor sediments and morphology, subsurface geologic features, stratigraphy, soil provinces, and soil profiles are presented and discussed. Soil province variability across the Lease Area has been successfully delineated in detail through the ground model methodology presented in this paper. Geotechnical properties of various identified soil units are generally favorable for a variety of potential foundation types and installation methods. This is one paper in a collaborative series that demonstrates the value of an integrated geoscience approach considering regulatory requirements and project design essentials.