bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimonopoly, in the Country and the City
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Opposition to corporate control of US telecommunications expanded soon after the originating Bell telephone patents were filed in 1876. In one reform thrust, antimonopolists threw support to independent—that is, non-Bell, or AT&T—suppliers after Bell’s patents lapsed in 1894. Between the 1880s and the 1910s, loose coalitions of farmers, workers, businesses, and middle-class reformers also repeatedly mobilized in support of a Post Office takeover of telegraphs and telephones. Finally, political campaigns for municipal ownership of local telephone systems also gained traction during the 1910s. Relentlessly opposed by AT&T, however, the antimonopoly coalition eroded. Settlements were reached with the giant telephone company by, respectively, large business users and many independent telephone companies. These agreements subjected AT&T to government regulation and stripped away support for postalization; but they did not touch the interests of restive telecommunications workers. As World War I approached, therefore, the political economy of telecommunications remained unstable.
Business Realignment, Federal Intervention, Class Confrontation
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Federal intervention in telecommunications escalated in the 1910s as both business conflict and class confrontation intensified. On the eve of World War I, meanwhile, telecommunications workers continued to struggle for postalization, believing that it would improve working conditions and enhance service. A threatened telegraph strike in 1918 precipitated an actual takeover of the nation’s networks by the Post Office on grounds of wartime necessity. Unionized women telephone operators in particular, however, found government control a bitterly antagonizing experience; their spring 1919 strike brought postal operations in New England to a halt, and helped precipitate a reprivatization of telephones, telegraphs, and submarine cables mere months later. The Post Office’s year-long stint running the nation’s wireline systems brought a halt to decades’ of antimonopoly effort as, amid the repression that followed World War I, telecommunications was restabilized around those—suppliers and business users alike—who could demonstrate a property interest.
Reactivating Reform
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reform found a different footing as AT&T undertook a costly modernization of its network during the 1920s. Because they were legally classed as public utilities, telegraph and telephone carriers were subject to government regulation; however, as leading state regulators objected, AT&T’s integrated interstate structure frustrated effective oversight at every turn. As AT&T multiplied its demands for rate hikes, criticism of the company flared in commission proceedings and court cases. AT&T kept challenges tangled in the courts; reformers nonetheless persevered. With the 1932 election of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency, they carried reform ideas to Washington. Telecommunications regulation was restructured by the Communications Act of 1934, and the new Federal Communications Commission hit AT&T as a bitterly unwelcome imposition. A campaign to develop greater accountability became, for several years, a wider sociopolitical struggle. By the late 1930s AT&T had reversed some of the proposed structural changes—but abided by others.
The Punishing Passage to Telephone Unionism
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Unionizing the dispersed, divided, and relatively conservative telephone workforce was a daunting task. Workers nevertheless began to form independent organizations, which affiliated into a weak National Federation of Telephone Workers (NFTW) during World War II. While the NFTW became a more centralized Communications Workers of America (CWA), the ACA also was organizing telephone locals. CWA leaders and many telephone workers were hostile to the Communist-led ACA and, as the US adopted a global Cold War policy between 1946 and 1948, the CIO abandoned its big-tent social unionism. It formed a Telephone Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC) to establish an avenue of affiliation with the CIO that bypassed the left-led ACA and subsumed ACA’s jurisdiction over telephony. CWA was admitted as a CIO affiliate while ACA was expelled from the federation. This process exacted a steep price, as social unionism was supplanted by a business unionism allied to US foreign policy.
Conducting a Review of Related Literature
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores approaches for reviewing and synthesizing research literature. Authors conduct reviews of literature in order to provide a context within which to place their study. A literature review can provide background information necessary for a reader to understand a study. Furthermore, syntheses of findings from related literature will reveal what is known about a topic and allow researchers to identify the gaps or weaknesses in the knowledge base, which can help to establish a rationale for a study. Quantitative, qualitative, and action research studies always include a review of related literature; historical and philosophical studies may not. Modern search engines make finding related literature easy but correspondingly difficult in that they return so many possibilities that it can take considerable time and effort to sort through and identify the most relevant sources. Using a reference management system can save many hours of labor in organizing and formatting references. Organizing information under various headings based on important elements of a study will help the reader understand how previous studies are related to the current study. A literature review should also entail critique; researchers are expected to point out weaknesses in data collection or analysis or discrepancies among various findings. Most important, a researcher must demonstrate how previous research is connected to their own. Perhaps they are attempting to fill in gaps in the literature, extend previous findings, or contradict prevailing notions.
Scholarly Writing
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Scholarly writing is markedly different from the kinds of writing that might be found in nonresearch venues (e.g., newspapers), requiring precise and often technical language, support from many citations, a nonbiased tone, and the communication of complex ideas in the clearest and most concise manner possible. Developing scholarly writing skills takes patience and dedication over time and is aided by having a committed schedule and a dedicated space free from distractions. Another key component of scholarly writing involves setting clear goals, both large and small. Effective small goals are specific, measurable, and easily achievable within the time that an author allots for them. Keeping their large goal in mind, authors might continually revise their small goals in light of changing circumstances and reward themselves for their accomplishments. Perhaps one of the biggest differences between student writing projects and articles written for submission is the process of revision. Revising and polishing a manuscript before submission to a journal is crucial. Scholarly writing is difficult, and all writers experience days when they feel frustrated with their work. The aims and desires that motivated you to continue engaging in musical tasks that did not yield immediate joy may parallel those that can energize your ongoing commitment to scholarly writing.
Wild Democracy
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is a manifesto for a wilder democracy. This is an ethic for free, courageous and anarchic democrats. Courage is necessary because fear is the death of democracy. Fear -fear for personal security, fear of change and loss- leads to fascism and authoritarianism. Anarchy protects us. Anarchy is not a license, anarchy is the shadow and salvation of democracy, the discipline of the free. Wild democracy is nurtured in anarchic spaces. The Western canon taught that true democracy is dangerous, and that the people are a problem to be managed. This book argues that people have not only the right but the ability to rule themselves. The law should not rule them, they should rule the law. The book offers a critique of liberalism, the rule of law, and the Western canon. The anarchy that the book advocates is not a rejection of politics, solidarity, or cooperation: it is the rejection of any ruler but oneself. Wild democrats speak freely and deliberately. They are unafraid of difference, diversity and pluralism. They take risks. They experiment with new forms of government and the abandonment of governance. They dare to live with their enemies, to become new people and make new worlds. They recognize that when liberty is gone they have not only the right but the duty to rebel. This book, composed of a series of brief theses, offers a braver, more daring ethic for democrats, one that values courage more than civility, places respect above tolerance, and rejects authoritarianism decisively.
Anarchy, courage, democracy
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This set of theses explores the relationship between anarchy, courage, and democracy. Fear of anarchy shadows democracy, but it is authoritarianism we should fear. Authoritarians prey on the desire for protection, on suspicion of foreigners, and a fear of violence. Surveillance programs, like the Prevent program in the UK, make people more fearful and more willing to submit to power. Authoritarianism is the enemy of democracy, anarchy is its shadow and salvation. Anarchy protects free people, making them self-reliant, and able to work together. Democracy belongs not to elites but to the poor and shabby, and to the rebellious. Politicians imitate that shabbiness. Pirates, bandits, outlaws, and rogues are closer to democracy than men in suits. They have the daring that democrats need to rule themselves. They have the shabby, unruly courage characteristic of rebels everywhere. That courage is necessary because democracy is always a risky business.
Rights are born in the body
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
These ten theses offer a simple and powerful theory of natural rights. Rights, Norton argues, are not abstract. They are not given by law. Instead they are born in the flesh of living bodies. They are held in common. They are inalienable and cannot be sold or contracted away. Rights are carried by every living person not only into politics, but into where they work and worship. Rights are above the law. These theses discuss specific rights: to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; to speak, to be silent and to heckle; to migrate; and to assemble where they choose; not merely where the state permits. The rights of other bodies, of animals and natural bodies, are also discussed here.
Democrats live with open hands
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This section of theses explores the generosity of free people and democratic life. The opening theses show how Plato’s criticism of democracy is challenged by the Muslim theorist al Farabi. Farabi sees democracy as wild, diverse, excessive and generous: generating more and more diversity. The section critiques the idea of “social trust” and ethnic homogeneity as necessary (or even desirable) for democracy. Instead, specific theses argue that democrats can tolerate the undemocratic, asking with Nietsche “What are my parasites to me?” The closing theses of the section argue that nothing is needed for democracy but humanity. Working with Ibn Khaldun, Norton argues that poverty and anarchy teach not only fortitude and self-reliance, but solidarity. These theses challenge fears of migration and immigrants, and anxieties over integration.
The problem with liberalism
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
These theses are critical of liberalism. Rather than seeing the liberalism in “liberal-democratic” as a protection against the excesses of democracy, these theses argue that liberalism, not democracy, is a problem for free people. Liberalism’s insistence that law, rules, and institutions are good in themselves results not in more but less freedom. Contemporary examples show how liberalism operates as a supplement in the Derridian sense, adding only to replace. We see how often liberal procedures are mistaken for true democracy. Populism, on the other hands, is much maligned, but has a democratic and egalitarian core. One thesis gives a robust defense of populism with historical and contemporary examples. Theses in this section also offer ideas for radical decentralization and defenses of the importance of recall and the imperative mandate.
Democratic times
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section focus on the times and temporalities of democratic self-rule. They show the times of celebration in uprisings and revolutionary successes. They describe the experience of bringing the new into the world. They show people experiencing self-rule as having times of frustration, danger, and loss. They show those times when people experience their own authority as calling forth the sacred and placing them in sacred time. These theses discuss ideas of fugitivity put forward by Sheldon Wolin, for whom democracy was episodic; and Neil Roberts and other Black scholars, for whom it has been tied to flight, exile and fugitive communities. These theses also discuss the joyful experiences of uprisings and revolutions chronicled by Alexis de Tocqueville and Aristide Zolberg.
Friends and enemies
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section identify and discuss the friends and enemies of the democratic. The opening thesis argues that equality provides necessary support to democracy. This is followed by a discussion of the corrupting effects of inequality on democratic life. Fear, authoritarianism, inequality, and claims to power in the blood are all enemies to democracy. The long history of identifying friendship as a democratic practice is discussed. One thesis discusses how friendship teaches people to live as democrats. The enemies of democracy are named, the threats they pose discussed. The final thesis in this section discusses what is to be done with these enemies of democracy, and how friends are to be found and cultivated.
Bass Diminution
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how bass lines may be elaborated through diminution, the difference between structural tones and elaborations (or diminutions), and how to recognize structural tones beneath an elaborated texture. The reader is then introduced to the idea that, unlike in Furno, most partimenti use diminution to “hide” the structural tones to a certain degree. The concept of bass diminution is important not only for further study of partimento, but also for improvisation.
Bicinium
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the concept of bicinium, or keyboard music in only two voices. Because passages in bicinium play a substantial role in fugues, the technique must be studied on its own. Examples from toccatas of Francesco Durante and Alessandro Scarlatti are presented. Further examples from Johann Mattheson, Georg Frideric Handel, J. S. Bach, W. H. Pachelbel, and Fortunato Chelleri also appear. The chapter presents concepts of consonance and dissonance, and provides exercises in constructing effective passages in bicinium.
Pedal Point, Cadenza, Ending
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the techniques of pedal points, cadenzas, and conclusions to a fugue. Topics include Gedalge’s rules for pedal points, the pedal point’s effect, and the pedal point’s location. The chapter contains many examples from music literature. The technique of the cadenza is explained. Exercises guide the reader to try out improvising pedal points at the keyboard.
Have a Life!
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Resilience is an evergreen topic of interest. People are naturally drawn to information on how to improve self-care, develop a rich circle of friends, gain and maintain a healthy perspective, and become more attuned to ways of uncovering and productively spending periods of time alone. Such opportunities help improve self-awareness and understanding. They help improve our emotional intellect so we don’t immediately react but instead pause to reflect and process life as it unfolds. Self-care, friendship, a healthy perspective, and reflective periods also aid us to balance independence and collaboration, as well as know how much psychological safety is needed, so we can risk without being rash. The original edition of Bounce addressed these areas, and much of what was contained in the book is still current and applicable. But then the appearance of Covid-19, increased gun violence, intense political strife, and dramatic divisiveness within countries, families, communities, and even within faith traditions occurred. The need to greet and successfully adjust to unexpected and broad-reaching change, personally threatening challenges, and serious community stress became of even greater import. In addition, styles of living which were taken for granted—that is, adults go out to work and children are educated in an actual classroom—were also radically impacted. As a result, not only were adults asked to adapt to deal with such stress and change but also to deal with the questions and needs raised in the young around the world about their own security and hoped-for normalcy. And so, additional lessons learned from those who effectively mined the often unexpected demands of this difficult period, which remains ongoing in a number of ways, need to be brought forth and added to what we already know. Given this, in this second edition, as well as the updating and expansion of each of the original chapters where needed, a new chapter on what can be drawn from the topic of posttraumatic growth is now included.
A Powerful Healing Combination
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One of the key aspects of self-care is having a well-rounded circle of friends. Included in this grouping should be at least four voices: the prophet, the cheerleader, the harasser, and the inspirational guide. Having such friends provides the strength and modeling for becoming a compassionate and resilient friend to others. They also help us appreciate the gift of being a healing presence as well as to understand the psychological dangers to our own sense of self when we reach out to others in need and under stress. Adding to the process of self-care along with friendship is becoming more aware of our own “signature strengths” and the link between happiness and resilience, which is a key element of the approach now known as “positive psychology.” Approaches for appreciating more clearly what are our major, as well as minor, signature strengths are offered.
Populations: From Statistics to Data Science
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that humanitarian investment in and deployment of digital interfaces are transforming how people, places, and things are being collectively made to count, or not, in the global sensory economy—and that these transformations warrant close attention. Whereas international humanitarian work has long been concerned with the condition of a population rendered statistically in conventional demographic terms, digital interfaces are oriented toward analysis of digital aggregates that have not been purposively, systematically, or randomly sampled. Governments, international organizations, and their many private-sector partners are increasingly captivated by the speculative digital aggregates around which digital interfaces revolve. Concern with populations in the traditional sense may only kick in at a lower, later, stage. Power evoked and oriented by the digital interfaces being developed in the international humanitarian field is less a power to “make live and let die”—although it may ultimately have those effects—than a power to make perceive and let pass. And we are only in the earliest stages of developing legal and political vocabularies to engage with these developments critically and creatively.
Uses: Using, Disusing, and Misusing Digital Humanitarian Interfaces
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What else might digital interfaces be called to do other than try to mimic reality, demand resilience, or intone the march of progress in international humanitarian work? This chapter suggests that answers to this question could reside in the politics of digital interfaces’ use, disuse, and misuse. What gains power in contemporary international legal and political relations is what gets used and who or what is deemed useful and how. Things that fall out of use and people who are regarded as useless tend to be treated as superfluous. This chapter explores the politics of what is considered usable or useful in and by digital humanitarian interfaces; who qualifies as a user of them; what range of uses are enacted or invited by them; and how digital interfaces might be generatively disused or misused in international humanitarian work. Use, as queer theorist Sara Ahmed has discussed at length, can be conservative, but can also be ways of stopping, resisting, questioning, reinhabiting practices. This chapter will engage with Sara Ahmed’s work, especially as it probes what this could entail in the context of the making use (or not) of digital humanitarian interfaces. That is, this chapter explores what prospects could be enlivened in global order by the use, disuse, or misuse of digital humanitarian interfaces, drawing out their potential to reshape humanitarianism on the global plane.
The Enemies’ Truce
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter Five focuses on Bolivia, the true test of extraordinary adaptation by fire. Unlike Colombia’s process, Bolivia’s was marked by a full and deep inclusion. The chapter begins by showing how extraordinary adaptation occurred through Congress illegally amending the old constitution to structure the creation of a new one. Since all parties participated in its drafting, the product was a constitution that decentralizes and divides power. However, the cost of including the opposition was the watering down of long-held peasant demands for land redistribution. The changes for the country were significant, but ultimately extraordinary adaptation was unable to fully deliver the radical justice revolutionaries sought.
Who Counts? Effective Altruism and the Problem of Numbers in the History of American Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Wise Michael D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Effective Altruists’ recent interventions into the domain of North American wildlife conservation replicate problems that have long affected the history of wildlife science and management in the United States. A century ago, conservation agencies structured wildlife policies around the efficient management of wild animals as a public resource owned by the state, managing wildlife populations for hunting and tourism, deploying “businesslike regulations, enforced with promptness, effectiveness, and common sense”—as Gifford Pinchot put it in 1905—to maximize “the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run.” Based on transforming wild animals into property, these policies stunted wider discussions about the ethics of wildlife conservation, setting conservation work down a path that diverged from animal advocacy. The economizations of Effective Altruism are rooted in this history of the ownership ideal, and a rejection of that principle is necessary to center the needs of nonhuman animals in conservation discussions.