bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Growth of Guinea Pig Line-10 Hepatocarcinoma
Authors: Brunda Michael J. , Minden Percy , Heusser Christoph H. , Ferguson H. Rodney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suppression of growth of the line-10 hepatocarcinoma in strain-2 guinea pigs occurred when line-10 cells were injected intradermally together with sera or immunoglobulins derived from normal rabbits. A significant number of animals were resistant to subsequent rechallenge with tumor cells. This immunity was specific, depended on contact of immunoglobulins with tumor cells and on the concentration of immunoglobulins. Repeated injections acted as potent vaccines and resulted in the development of immunity in 84.6% of recipients. Fc receptors were not detected on line-10 cells. Antibodies reacting with line-10 cell unique antigens as well as with antigens common to line-10, line-1 and normal guinea pig spleen cells were found in NRS. Injection of line-10 cells together with rabbit immunoglobulins from which antibodies reacting with antigens derived from line-10 cells had been removed did not resulted in tumor suppression. The specific antigen(s) recognized by antibodies that suppressed growth of the line-10 tumor in vivo was not determined.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Tamura Shin-Ichi , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of IgE antibody response to alum-absorbed dinitrophenyl derivatives of ovalbumin (DNP-OA) was dependent on the dose of immunogen. A persistent IgE antibody response was obtained when high responder BDF1 mice were immunized with a minimum (0.05 µg) dose. An increase of the immunogen to 10 µg depressed IgE antibody responses but enhanced IgG antibody responses of both hapten and carrier specificities. Determination of T helper cell activity and B memory cells after immunization with different doses of antigen indicated that minimum immunogen was favorable for developing helper activity, whereas 1 to 10 µg immunogen were more favorable than a 0.05-µg dose for developing both IgE and IgG B memory cells. Nevertheless, neither helper T cells nor B memory cells in the spleen explains a transient IgE antibody response to a high (10 µg) dose of DNP-OA. Evidence was obtained that immunization with 10 µg OA induced generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells, which were not detectable after immunization with 0.05 µg OA. Transfer of suppressor T cells to DNP-OA-primed mice depressed both anti-hapten and anti-carrier IgE antibody responses. The results suggested strongly that suppressor T cells are involved in a transient IgE antibody response to a high-dose immunogen.
Tolerance Induced by TNP-Derivatized Syngeneic Erythrocytes: Evidence for Cooperation between Hapten-Specific T and Hapten-Specific B Lymphocytes in the Immune Rensponse
Authors: Moody Charles E. , Innes Judith B. , Siskind Gregory W. , Weksler Marc E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance to the DNP haptenic determinant was induced with a single i.v. injection of trinitrophenylated syngeneic red blood cells. The tolerant state lasted 1 month and was stable on transfer to irradiated thymectomized syngeneic recipients. Suppressor activity was found soon after injection of tolerogen but was lost before the termination of tolerance. The unresponsive state could be reversed by adding normal thymus cells to tolerant spleen cells but not by normal bone marrow cells. LPS when given with immunogen restored the normal immune response in tolerant mice.
Thus the injection of TNP-MRBC induced partial immune unresponsiveness which was characterized by the induction of T cell suppressor activity and by a hapten-specific helper T cell tolerance. Finally, these studies suggest a cooperative interaction between DNP-specific T lymphocytes and DNP-specific B lymphocytes in the immune response to DNP-BGG.
Intrinsic Tritium Labeling of the Capsular Polysaccharide Antigen of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
Authors: Anderson Porter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b was intrinsically labeled with tritium by a microculture technique with 6-3H-d-glucose and was isolated in radioantigenically pure form by a combination of selective precipitation and molecular sieve chromatography. Labeling with tritated sugar residues approached one-fourth maximum and produced a specific activity 10-fold that previously described for extrinsic labeling methods. In radioantigen-binding assays for antibody, sensitivity depended on the size of the antigen; preparations were readily made that could detect 0.01 µg Ab/ml in serum samples of 25 µl. Stability of the labeled antigen appears limited only by the primary radiodecomposition of tritium.
Antigen-Initiated B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Howard Maureen C. , Fidler John M. , Hamilton John , Shortman Ken 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of injection of unrelated antigens on the sedimentation velocity and buoyant density characteristics of specific “virgin” or “memory” adoptive transfer AFC-progenitors in unprimed or long-term hapten-primed adult mouse spleen were examined to determine if the physical properties of these B cells could be altered by nonspecific stimulation. Spleen cells from normal unprimed adult CBA mice (as a source of virgin B cells) or from long-term hapten-primed CBA (as a source of memory B cells) were separated and the fractions were tested for NIP-specific AFC-progenitor activity with an adoptive immune assay system that gave a direct linear measure of B cell activity. If the donor mice were injected 1 day previously with POL or HRC, the NIP-specific virgin IgM AFC-progenitor activity shifted from medium sized, medium-light density lymphocytes to larger, much lighter cells. The same 1-day nonspecific stimulation had little effect on the physical properties of either IgM or IgG memory AFC-progenitors, although a small increase in the size of such cells was observed 2 days post immunization with unrelated antigens. Nonspecific stimulation caused identical physical changes in the virgin AFC-progenitors of athymic nude mice, but only partially altered the physical properties of virgin AFC-progenitors in neonatal mice. In the latter case, a normal transformation occurred if adult, radioresistant macrophages were injected with the stimulating antigens.
These results indicate that a particular subset of virgin B cells responds nonspecifically to antigenic injections, becoming larger cells of lighter density. The mechanism of this effect appears to involve mature macrophages, but not functional T lymphocytes. Memory B cells do not readily respond in this way.
Electrophoretic Mobility Distributions of Normal Human T and B Lymphocytes and of Peripheral Blood Lymphoblasts in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Effects of Neuraminidase and of Solvent Ionic Strength
Authors: Smith Barton A. , Ware B. R. , Yankee Ronald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T and B lymphocytes were found to be distinguishable on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, with the T cells having the higher mobility, in agreement with previous reports. The effects of the enzyme neuraminidase on the electrophoretic mobilities of T and B lymphocytes were determined. T lymphocytes showed a greater decrease in electrophoretic mobility after neuraminidase treatment; the relative mobilities of T and B cells were reversed by neuraminidase treatment, and the electrophoretic distinguishability was enhanced. The electrophoretic mobility distributions of lymphoblasts from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia were found to differ from those of normal cells in their response to neuraminidase treatment and to changes in solution ionic strength. These results imply that the surface structure of the leukemic cells differs from that of either T or B lymphocytes from normal donors.
Aging and the Immune Response
Authors: Gardner Ian D. , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were performed to determine the effect of aging on the antibody response and cyst formations after infection with a relatively avirulent strain of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. When compared with young mice (4 months), aged mice showed a significant decrease in the magnitude of humoral immune response to infection. This decrease was observed at the peak of the acute infection and also during chronic infection. Evaluation of the presence of Toxoplasma cysts, a measure of the latent infection, revealed that the numbers of tissue cysts present 11 weeks after infection increased with the age of the mice at time of infection. The larger numbers of cysts in older mice which had received the same inoculum size of T. gondii as young mice, together with our previous observations of increased susceptibility of these older mice to T. gondii, suggest that an age-related decrease in the early immune response to this infection allows an increased multiplication of the organism in vivo, leading to increased cyst numbers or death.
Opsonic Activity of Guinea Pig Serum Is Reduced by in Vivo Administration of Carcinogenic Nitrosamines
Authors: Marom Zvi , Brade Volker , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of each of four carcinogenic nitrosamines to normal guinea pigs resulted in decreased opsonic activity of their sera but did not affect the capacity of their peritoneal macrophages to phagocytize particles opsonized with normal serum. Diphenylnitrosamine, a noncarcinogenic analogue, had no significant effect on opsonic or phagocytic activity.
Rodent Malaria: BCG-Induced Protection and Immunosuppression
Authors: Smrkovski Lloyd L. , Strickland George T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One dose of 107 viable units of Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, protected a significant number of Swiss mice from a primary challenge with 104 thoracic sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Immunization with irradiated sporozoites induced greater protection than that observed in BCG-treated animals. Mice treated with BCG and surviving a primary sporozoite challenge were not protected from rechallenge, whereas mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites and surviving initial challenge of sporozoites were solidly immune to further challenge. Immunizing mice with BCG and irradiated sporozoites simultaneously resulted in a synergistic effect of increased protection against a primary challenge of sporozoites only if the two immunogens were administered on the same day and if the mice were challenged 1 to 3 days later. Mice given BCG and irradiated sporozoites and surviving a primary challenge of sporozoites were unable to survive rechallenge. BCG given to mice previously immunized with irradiated sporozoites suppressed their protective immunity against sporozoite challenge.
The Effect of Complement Depletion on the Course of Sindbis Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Hirsch Robert L. , Griffin Diane E. , Winkelstein Jerry A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The course of Sindbis virus infection in 12-day-old BALB/c mice was altered significantly in animals depleted of the third component of complement (C3) by treatment with purified cobra venom factor (CoVF). Although the same percentage of C3-depleted and normal animals died (30%) after the subcutaneous inoculation of 1000 PFU Sindbis virus, the mean day of death was later in C3-depleted mice (8.4 days) than in controls (6.5 days). In addition, morbidity was prolonged in C3-depleted mice. Growth of virus at the inoculation site in the foot was not different; however, viremia was prolonged and the amount of virus in the brain was 1000-fold greater 6 days after infection in C3-depleted animals. These studies demonstrated that complement plays an important role in the host's response to Sindbis virus infection by participating in both beneficial and immunopathologic responses to the infection.
The Fc Receptors of Primary and Cultured Phagocytic Cells Studied with Homogeneous Antibodies
Authors: Diamond Betty , Bloom Barry R. , Scharff Matthew D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cell-myeloma hybrids were produced that secreted monoclonal antibodies to SRBC of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclass. These homogeneous antibodies were used to examine the Fc receptors for mouse IgG2a and IgG2b on resident and thioglycollate-induced macrophages and on two continuous macrophage-like cell lines (J774.2 and FC-1). By cross-inhibition experiments, we have shown that all four of these cell types have separate receptors for aggregated IgG2a and IgG2b. Both receptors bind heterogeneous rabbit antibody complexed to antigen. Large amounts of soluble proteins do not inhibit the binding of antigen-antibody complexes to either receptor. The rosetting of IgG2a-coated SRBC, but not of IgG2b-coated SRBC, is inhibited by treating all four cell types with trypsin or cytochalasin and is decreased at 4°C. Both the IgG2a and IgG2b receptors will mediate phagocytosis in all four cell types. Mutants of the FC-1 cell line were obtained that can bind both IgG2a and IgG2b antibody-antigen complexes but phagocytize only through the IgG2b receptor. We conclude from these studies that naturally occurring complexes between antigen and mouse IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies are bound to mouse macrophages and phagocytized through functionally distinguishable Fc receptors. The use of homogeneous monoclonal antibodies facilitates such studies and avoids some of the ambiguities that arise when artificially aggregated immunoglobulins or heterogeneous antibodies are used.
Biochemical Relationship of Thymocyte Mitogenic Factor and Factors Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
Authors: Farrar John J. , Simon Philip L. , Koopman William J. , Fuller-Bonar Janet 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants from concanavalin A-induced mouse spleen cells contain soluble factors which: 1) augment the anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolytic plaque-forming cell response of nude mouse spleen cells, 2) facilitate the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic cells by alloantigen-stimulated thymocytes, and 3) enhance the mitogenic response of thymocytes in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin. The uninduced control spleen cell supernatants contained variable but significantly less biologic activity within the different assay systems. The principal enhancing activity (apparent m.w. 35,000 to 38,000) in each of the assay systems was found to be inseparable after a multiple step purification scheme involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, two-cycle gel filtration, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose. These results indicate that either a single factor (designated thymocyte mitogenic factor) augments both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses or, alternatively, the different biologic activities are mediated by different factors that share a common core structure.
Thy-1 Antigenicity Is Associated with Glycolipids of Brain and Thymocytes
Authors: Wang T. J. , Freimuth W. W. , Miller H. C. , Esselman W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Glycolipids with Thy-1 activity have been isolated from mouse brain and thymocytes. An immune response assay has been found to be effective in the identification of these glycolipids. The addition of brain or thymocyte glycolipids from AKR (Thy-1.1) or C3H (Thy-1.2) mice to spleen cells resulted in the generation of antibody-forming cells specific for Thy-1.1 or Thy-1.2, respectively. This response was investigated with a modified plaqueforming cell (PFC) assay by using thymocyte target cells in agarose. Incubation of C3H brain glycolipid or Thy-1.2 brain glycoprotein with AKR spleen cells resulted in an anti-Thy-1.2 PFC response when assayed for PFC in a lawn of C3H thymocytes. Controls in which equivalent amounts of AKR glycolipid were added to these cultures resulted in no PFC response. On the other hand when C3H or AKR glycolipid or Thy-1.2 glycoprotein was incubated with C3H spleen cells, the AKR glycolipid induced an anti-Thy-1.1 PFC response in a lawn of AKR thymocytes, but C3H glycolipid and Thy-1.2 glycoprotein elicited no PFC response. These experiments demonstrated the Thy-1 specificity of the glycolipids. Absorption of the antigens with either anti-Thy-1.1 or anti-Thy-1.2 sera before addition to the cultures also demonstrated Thy-1 antigen specificity.
Development of the immune response assay has permitted further purification of Thy-1 active glycolipids and has led to the following conclusions. Brain GMl ganglioside purified by column and thin layer chromatography from AKR or C3H mice contained Thy-1.1 or Thy-1.2 active glycolipids, respectively. The Thy-1.1 or Thy-1.2 active glycolipids could be separated from GMl by a third thin layer chromatography system. The Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2 glycolipids were estimated to be only a small percentage of the total AKR or C3H brain GMl preparations. Thy-1 active glycolipids isolated from thymocytes had similar thin layer mobility and exhibited Thy-1 specificity in the system described. We suggest that Thy-1 antigenicity lies in carbohydrate structures that are conjugated to either lipid or protein carriers because we observed Thy-1 specificity associated with both glycolipids and glycoprotein.
Macrophage Migration Inhibition Factor: Interactions with Calcium, Magnesium, and Cyclic AMP
Authors: Block Lutz H. , Aloni Beny , Biemesderfer Daniel , Kashgarian Michael , Bitensky Mark W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human migration inhibition factor (MIF), at concentrations that inhibit guinea pig macrophage migration, do not alter the cytoplasmic levels of cAMP. However, modest elevations of intracellular cAMP, achieved either with isoproterenol or by the addition of db cAMP, markedly interfere with the action of MIF. This effect is, however, very time dependent. Elevation of macrophage cAMP 1 hr after the addition of MIF has no effect on MIF action. The addition of isoproterenol or db cAMP, caused a brief rise of macrophage cAMP levels, and this was followed by a period of unresponsiveness to MIF that lasts for at least 1 hr. In addition, we find that nonphysiologic increases in cAMP (caused by the addition of 1 mM db cAMP) can also interfere with macrophage migration.
We have also studied the dependence of MIF action and binding on divalent cations. The calcium ionophore A23187 (which causes a 3-fold increase in the uptake of calcium by the macrophages) resembles MIF in preventing macrophage migration. However, MIF itself does not increase calcium uptake. Calcium and magnesium do appear necessary, however, for binding MIF to the macrophage cell surface and possibly for the continuing action of MIF.
Finally, examination of the macrophage surface with the scanning electron microscope reveals that the inhibition of migration by MIF, cAMP, or A23187 are all accompanied by different morphologic arrangements of the macrophage cell membrane. We conclude that the inhibition of macrophage migration produced by these three agents depends on different underlying mechanisms.
Guinea Pig Macrophage Agglutination Factor Is Antigenically Distinct from Migration Inhibition Factor and Immunoglobulin
Authors: Godfrey H. P. , Geczy Carolyn L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cells from guinea pigs with specific delayed hypersensitivity release macrophage agglutination (MAggF) and migration inhibition factors (MIF) upon exposure to antigen or concanavalin A in serumfree medium. MAggF in culture supernatants was absorbed neither by immunoabsorbents made with a rabbit anti-guinea pig lymphokine serum that removed MIF, nor by immunoabsorbents made with rabbit anti-guinea pig Ig. These results suggest that MAggF is antigenically distinct from MIF and Ig.
Lymphocyte-Activating Factor
Authors: Economou James S. , Shin Hyun S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide-activated murine peritoneal macrophages elaborate lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) which is mitogenic for murine thymocytes. A method of LAF production is presented that permits the generation of a relatively homogeneous molecular species. LAF has an isoelectric point of 4.8 (range 4.7–4.9). The m.w. was determined by using several physical techniques. The apparent sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) was determined to be 2.0S by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The Stokes (molecular) radius was determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 to be 22 Å (range 21.5 to 22.5); the calculated diffusion coefficient (D20,w) was 9.7 × 10-7 cm2/sec (range 9.5 × 10-7 to 9.9 × 10-7). The buoyant density of LAF is 1.30 g/cm3 (range 1.27 to 1.33) as determined by CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation; the partial specific volume was estimated to be 0.72 (range 0.70 to 0.74). From these data, the m.w. was calculated to be 18,000 daltons (range 16,400 to 19,600) with the Svedberg equation. The frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.25.
Evidence for Close Linkage of a Mouse Light Chain Marker with the LY-2,3 Locus
Authors: Gibson David M. , Taylor Benjamin A. , Cherry Marianna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Light chains associated with normal serum immunoglobulin can be resolved into a finite number of discrete focusing bands by isoelectric focusing. Four distinct light chain patterns can be distinguished among the inbred mouse strains. In the present studies inheritance of the characteristic light chain patterns has been studied in the AKXL recombinant inbred lines (derived from C57L/J and AKR/J parental lines) and in the inbred Ly-2a,3a congenic line B6.PL-Ly-2aLy-3a/Cy as well as in individual backcross animals of an incipient Ly-2a,3a congenic strain. Virtually complete concordance was observed for the expression of light chains characteristic of phenotype B (AKR/J-like) and the expression of the Ly-2a,3a allele. This observation indicates that a locus controlling light chain structure and/or expression is closely linked (less than 2.6 map units) to the Ly-2,3 locus on mouse Chromosome 6. The locus controlling normal light chain IF-patterns has been designated Ef1.
Regulation of the IgE Antibody Response in Mice
Authors: Peeters Suzanne H. , Carter Brian G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An adoptive cell transfer system was defined for studying the long-term IgE anti-ovalbumin (OA) response of B6D2F1 mice. The primary IgE anti-OA response given by this strain persisted for more than 8 months and the half-life of the IgE anti-OA in circulation was 10.5 hr as measured by residual passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rat skin. The system described for studying cell recruitment patterns in this response involves the transfer of primed spleen cells to irradiated recipients and the production in these recipients of IgE and hemagglutinating antibody without further overt antigenic challenge. The capacity of primed spleen cells to transfer the response was detectable 10 days after immunization and increased for the next 6 weeks. After this time the ability of primed cells to transfer the response declined steadily, but was still evident 8 months after immunization of the donor animals. The transferred response itself persisted in the recipients for many months. The anti-OA response in recipient mice was dependent on the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) in the medium in which the cells were suspended. Primed spleen cells suspended in serum-free medium containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also transferred the anti-OA response without requiring antigenic challenge of the recipients. No antigenic similarity could be shown to exist between OA, FCS, and LPS in either PCA or HA assay. The transfer of the response in the absence of exogenous antigen evidently depended on a mitogenic stimulus to the primed spleen cells. However, anti-OA antibody injected into irradiated recipients immediately before transfer of primed cells suppressed the production of both IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies to OA in the recipient. This implied that antigen was present in cell-bound form on primed cells. Possible application of this model to the study of the regulation of IgE production in an ongoing response is discussed.