bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
44 Impacts of Pre- and Postpartum Heat Stress Abatement on Physiology and Performance of GrazingBos Indicus -Influenced Cow-Calf Pairs
Authors: Izquierdo Vinicius , Lazarin Joao , Silva Hiran , Ranches Juliana , Carroll Jeff A , Burdick Sanchez Nicole C , Bittar Joao , Vendramini Joao , Moriel Philipe 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of heat abatement during pre- and postpartum periods on physiology and performance of beef heifers and their calves. On day 0, 64 Brangus beef heifers (21 mo of age) were stratified by their initial body weight (BW; 454 ± 37 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 6.3 ± 0.28) and then were allocated into of 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures (1 ha and 4 heifers/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (8 pastures/treatment) and consisted of heifers provided (SH) or not (NSH) access to artificial shade from day 0 to 33 (83 ± 4 d prepartum until 50 ± 4 d postpartum). Shade structures were removed on day 33. Calves were weaned on day 203 (119 ± 9 d of age), and then transferred to 1 of 16 drylot pens (3 to 4 calves/pen) and limit-fed a soybean hulls-based diet (3.25% of BW) until day 268. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures for non-binary and binary variables, respectively. Heifer BCS on days 55, 133 and 203 were greater (P ≤ 0.01) for SH vs. NSH heifers. Plasma glucose did not differ (P ≥ 0.29), whereas plasma IGF-1 were greater (P ≤ 0.05) on days 55 and 133 for SH vs. NSH heifers. Calf BW was less (P = 0.05) for NSH vs. SH calves at birth, did not differ (P = 0.44) at weaning, and was less (P = 0.05) for SH vs. NSH calves on day 268. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) and serum titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus tended (P = 0.10) to be less for SH vs. NSH calves after vaccination. Serum titers against all remaining viruses did not differ (P ≥ 0.24) between treatments. Therefore, heat abatement during pre- and postpartum increased heifer BCS and plasma IGF-1 during late-gestation, increased calf birth BW, reduced calf post-weaning growth, and had minor changes to calf humoral immune function.
51 Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites and Impact on Beef Cattle Production
Authors: Flythe Michael D , Harlow Brittany 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The objective of the presentation is to describe the beneficial roles of plant secondary metabolites in beef production with special attention to mode of delivery. Plant and fungal secondary metabolites are responsible for many well-known problems in beef cattle production, such as acute or chronic intoxication. Fescue toxicosis is an example of the latter. However, there are also beneficial effects of secondary metabolites. Plant extracts (e.g., essential oils) that are rich in phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites have been explored as alternatives to veterinary prophylactic antibiotics, growth promoting antibiotics, and enteric methane suppressants. An example of extracted botanicals is beta-acid from the hops plant. Beta-acid could be considered a model rumen-active phytochemical because of a similar mechanism of action to ionophores, which allows direct comparison with well-studied, microbially produced drugs. The route of delivery of extracted phytochemicals can also be similar to that of other commercial products. In contrast, other beneficial plant secondary metabolites can be delivered without extraction. Anthelmintic forages have been extensively studied for use in small ruminants. These forages contain concentrations of plant secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins or sesquiterpene lactones, that reduce parasite load without processing the plant. Similarly, health and production benefits were shown in cattle consuming isoflavones by grazing forage legumes (red clover) or by supplementation with hay or other minimally processed legumes (red clover, white clover, soybean meal). The term, functional feeds, borrows from the idea of functional foods in human nutrition, this is, foods that have a benefit traditionally ascribed to medicine. Functional feeds may have advantages over commercially extracted and processed phytochemicals, not the least of which is the ability of cattlemen to produce their own feed. However, to fully take advantage of beneficial forage plant secondary metabolites more research is needed in animal nutrition, plant sciences, and chemical analysis.
85 Evaluation of an Oral Supplemental Cannabidiol Product for Acceptability in Mature Horses
Authors: Leatherwood Jessica L , Leise Julia , Paris Brittany L , George James M , Martinez Rafael , Glass Kati G , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Thirty stock type geldings (15 ± 3 y; 556 ± 63 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete design for a 28-d trial to evaluate the influence of cannabidiol (CBD) oil supplementation on health of mature horses by conducting a blood chemistry panel and evaluating the presence of banned substances. Horses were stratified by BW and age, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments formulated with canola oil to provide.50 mg CBD/kg BW (TRT1; n = 10), 0.75 mg CBD/kg BW (TRT2; n = 10), or 0.00 mg CBD/kg BW (canola oil; CON; n = 10) only as determined by manufacturer (Arrowhead Labs). Treatments were individually fed and top-dressed onto a commercially available concentrate twice daily at 12 h intervals using attachable feed bags. Diets were formulated to meet or slightly exceed nutritional requirements for mature horses at maintenance. Between meals, horses were maintained in adjacent dry lots and received coastal bermudagrass hay ad libitum. Body weight was obtained, and body condition scores (BCS) were assigned every4 d. On d 0 and 28, blood was collected via jugular venipuncture and serum was harvested to perform a blood chemistry panel and drugs of abuse screening at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL; College Station, TX). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (v9.4), and the model included treatment, time, and the treatment × time interaction for BW and BCS. Blood chemistry variables on d 0 were used as a covariate and the main effect tested was treatment. Linear and quadratic orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to partition sum of squares. Analysis of supplement samples revealed supplemented products contained lower CBD concentrations then indicated from initial testing. Therefore, horses in TRT1 and TRT2 received an average of 0.13 mg CBD/kg and 0.12 mg CBD/kg BW, respectively. Dietary treatments did not affect concentrate intake, BW, or BCS. Supplementation of CBD did not result in the presence of any banned substances in serum, including CBD, 7-carboxycannabidiol, 7-Nor-7-carboxycannabidiol, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Following 28 d of supplementation, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) responded quadratically (P = 0.06) to treatment, with a peak in GGT in horses receiving TRT2. Serum creatinine concentration tended (P = 0.06) to decrease with increasing inclusion of CBD in the diet. In contrast, the main effect of treatment on Ca concentrations was linear (P = 0.01) and characterized by decreased Ca values for TRT1 compared with TRT2 and CON. Canola based CBD oil was well-accepted by mature horses, banned substances were not detectible in blood, and blood chemistry parameters were not adversely affected as a result of supplementation; however, more information is needed to improve stability of CBD used in dietary products.
90 Exposure to Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Negatively Impacts Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Beef Cattle
Authors: Rajo Edwin Benjamin , Williams Katherine , Weaver Andrew R , Pickworth Carrie L , Foster Derek , Poole Daniel H 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis negatively impacts cattle productivity. Previous data from our laboratory has demonstrated that cattle within a herd respond differently when grazing tall fescue, thus variation within a breed may provide genetic tolerance to the negative effects on performance. Fescue toxicosis results in major impacts on the cardiovascular system, thus it was hypothesized that exposure to ergot alkaloids negatively impacts pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). The objective of this study was to examine changes in PAP and other production parameters in cattle consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue. Pregnant Angus cows (2 to 4 years; n = 65) were randomly divided to graze either endophyte-infected (EI) or novel endophyte (EN) pastures for4 consecutive weeks starting in April. Weekly measurements were collected to monitor physiological responses to consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue. In addition, PAP was measured every 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS, and statistical significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.10, and evaluated the effects of treatment, age, week, and its interactions on BW, ADG, BCS, HCS, HSS and PAP. Exposure to EI did not affect BW, ADG, or BCS (P &gt;0.05). Whereas, hair coat scores (1-5 scale) were significantly less for cattle consuming EN pastures (2.15 ± 0.05) compared with consuming EI pastures (2.31 ± 0.05; P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, shedding scores (1-5 scale) were reduced in cattle consuming EN pastures (2.3±0.05) compared with consuming EI pastures (2.5±0.05; P&lt; 0.05). There was a significant difference in PAP measurements in cattle exposed to EN pastures (37.16 ± 0.59 mm Hg) compared with EI pastures (31.31 ± 0.56 mm Hg; P &lt; 0.0001). Additionally, PAP scores tended to deviate over the 14-week study between treatment groups (P = 0.0677). As expected, exposure to EI tall fescue resulted in greater HCS and HSS. However, the decrease in PAP in cattle consuming EI fescue was unexpected. Thus, further investigations are needed to examine the interaction between ergot alkaloid exposure on cardiovascular parameters such as PAP to potentially predict genetic differences in beef cattle to identify animals that would have a lower risk of developing fescue toxicosis.
176 Evaluation of Meloxicam Plasma Concentrations Using a Microneedle Patch for Drug Delivery
Authors: Midkiff Kirsten A , Miranda-Munoz Katherine , Weber Wyatt E , Cheek Robin A , Reynolds Jana L , Tsai Tsungcheng Cheng , Bear Misty , Coetzee Johann F , Kegley Elizabeth B , Almodovar Jorge , Powell Jeremy G 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To evaluate meloxicam plasma concentrations using a microneedle patch, 12 pigs (initial BW = 2.5 ± 0.53 kg) were stratified into of 4 treatment groups. Treatment groups were: 1) pigs (n = 2) received 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam via oral drench (oral); 2) pigs (n = 2) received a patch with no meloxicam (placebo); 3) pigs (n = 4) received microneedle patch dosed at 2.5 mg/kg (low dose); and 4) pigs (n = 4) received 2 microneedle patches dosed at 5 mg/kg (high dose). Blood was collected for plasma analysis at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours. Microneedle patches were adhered on the pinna of the ear after blood collection at 0 hour. Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, assessing effects of treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05, with tendencies at 0.05 &lt; P ≥ 0.1. There was a treatment × time interaction (P &lt; 0.0001), with the oral treatment group having greater meloxicam plasma concentrations at 2, 4, and 8 hours than placebo, low dose, and high dose treatment groups (P &lt; 0.0001), but there were no differences for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours (P &gt; 0.1). The oral treatment group tended to have greater meloxicam plasma concentrations at 12 hours compared with placebo (P = 0.09), low dose (P = 0.054), and high dose (P = 0.054) treatment groups. There were no differences between placebo, low dose, and high dose treatment groups for any blood collection timepoint (P &gt; 0.1). Meloxicam concentrations in plasma were detectable but low for both the low dose treatment group (0.21 ng/mL) and high dose treatment group (1.14 ng/mL). Research is continuing to determine the ideal meloxicam dosage needed on the patch to deliver desired plasma concentrations.
135 Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Methane Emissions of Feedlot Young Bulls
Authors: Rodrigues Barbara , Sarturi Jhones , Samia Leandro , Alvarenga Ramon C , Berndt Alexandre , Souza Fernando , Reis Beatriz Q , Silva Kaliu G 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The growth performance, carcass characteristics, and methane emissions from feedlot beef cattle fed a high-lipid finishing diet (7.3% of ether extract) were evaluated. Fifty long-yearling young bulls were divided into two groups following their breed composition: Nellore (n = 25) and Angus × Nellore crossbred (n = 25), and randomly assigned into 4 pens (12 or 13 animals/pen) following a completely randomized design. Animals were sourced from the same breeding season and endured a grazing growing phase in Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça pasture, with protein and energy supplement offered at 0.2% of body weight (BW). The feedlot phase comprehended 105 days of feed, and the diet (80% concentrate) was formulated to meet or safely exceed the beef cattle requirements to target an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.6 kg/day, in which major ingredients were represented by (% DM basis): sorghum silage (20%), ground corn (57.6%), ground soybean seed as the lipid source (20.4%), and a mineral/vitamin premix (2%). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as an external marker to estimate dry matter intake (DMI), while 10 g was administered to 12 animals of each group, once daily, for 10 d. Animals were weighed every 30 d after a 16-h fasting period, and the day before slaughter to obtain the final body weight (FBW). Enteric methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique in the same animals used for intake measurements. The animals were equipped with gas collection halters attached to pre-evacuated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sampling canisters with a capillary tube (0.127 mm diameter), made to permit 50% filling in 24 h, for five consecutive days. Data were analyzed using the statistical analysis software R (R CORE TEAM, 2021), and the effect of breed on carcass traits and methane emissions was evaluated using the completely randomized design one-way, in which treatment means were compared by the F test (P &lt; 0.05). The crossbred animals had a greater DMI (12.6 vs.0.6 kg/d), gain efficiency (0.16 vs. 0.14), initial BW upon feedlot phase (509.8 vs. 444.7 kg), FBW (720.8 vs. 595.6, kg), ADG (2.01 vs..44 kg), and hot carcass weight (404.7 vs. 345.0 kg; P &lt; 0.01) compared with Nellore cattle. No difference was observed in dressing percentage between genetic groups (P = 0.28). Nellore animals produced more methane expressed as CH4 g/kg ADG (266.0 vs.73.4; P &lt; 0.01), and tended to produce more methane expressed as CH4 kg/DMI (35.4 vs. 27.7; P = 0.08), and CH4 g/kg CW (1.09 vs. 0.87; P = 0.11). Crossbred F1 Nellore/Angus young bulls showed improved feedlot performance and carcass weight, while not negatively affecting total CH4 production, but rather lessening CH4 emissions per unit of beef produced.
132 Weight and Reproduction Response to a Peanut Skins Plus Corn Supplement Offered to Heifers Grazing Spring Wheat Pasture During Artificial Insemination Breeding
Authors: Gadberry Shane , Moss Nate T , Hess Tom , Hubbell Don S , Looney Charles R , Weber Wyatt E , Rivera Daniel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The objective was to assess heifer weight and reproduction response to a peanut skins plus corn supplement during spring wheat grazing. In spring of 2021 and 2022, 10 and 8 pastures (1.62 ha/pasture) of fall overseeded wheat were randomly assigned to supplement (SUP) or control (CONT) constrained to the same number of replications per treatment. Pastures were stocked with 6 heifers/pasture each year. The initial goal was to use peanut skins as a single ingredient; however, testing palatability in year 1, before spring grazing, demonstrated a need to create a mixed supplement for improved acceptance. Over 5 weeks from initiation of grazing to breeding, heifers were transitioned from a 33:67 to a 50:50 peanut skins:corn mix. Supplement was offered at 0.5% BW, as-fed, at the start of spring wheat grazing in early March. An additional 2.4% and 8.3% inclusion of dried molasses was incorporated to further enhance acceptance in year 1 and 2, respectively. Estrus synchronization (ES) began March 31 and April 5 for each year. Data were analyzed across year with year considered as a random effect and pasture the experimental unit. Initial weight was 12 ± 5.8kg greater (P = 0.05) for SUP. Weight at ES tended (P = 0.11) to be 9.4 ± 5.55kg greater for SUP. Reproduction tract score was similar (P = 0.55), averaging 4.2 ± 0.13, and heifers were of similar (P = 0.33) age (405 ± 4.1 days) at time of insemination. Average daily gain from initial wheat grazing until removal for natural service breeding did not differ between treatments (P = 0.92) and averaged 1.0 ± 0.21 kg. Body condition score was similar (P = 0.43) at ES and averaged 5.7 ± 0.7. The heavier initial BW of SUP heifers was sustained through wheat grazing (P = 0.05). Ultrasound determined pregnancies averaged 66.7 and 50.0 ± 6.6% for SUP and CONT, respectively, for an odds ratio of 2.1 ± 0.79 (P = 0.08) at 30 days after insemination. Overall pregnancy rates following natural service averaged 88.9 and 79.6 ± 4.88% for SUP and CONT, respectively with an odds ratio of 2.1±1.12 (P=0.19). High dietary protein has been associated with reduced reproductive performance. Using the peanut skins plus corn supplement was hypothesized to improve reproduction on a high protein diet due to the possible effect of peanut skins tannins on dietary protein utilization and corn altering the rumen degradable protein to organic matter ratio. While the fixed time artificial insemination pregnancy rates for CONT would not be considered poor, there was a tendency for SUP to secure more pregnancies among heifers of similar age, reproductive tract score, and body condition.
146 Development of a Mathematical Model for Cost Calculation and Sustainability Analysis of Beef Cattle Grazing Systems
Authors: Reis Beatriz Q , Bernardes Elaine , Rodrigues Barbara , Gameiro Augusto , Sarturi Jhones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A mathematical model to estimate: a) the cost of beef cattle production in grazing systems; and b) the environmental sustainability of production systems using the Emergy Synthesis Model was evaluated. All items were considered and allocated, according to the precepts of the Economic Theory, under Fixed Cost (FC), Variable Cost (VC), and Total Cost (TC). The model estimated costs in the case-study for the entire property and the different production lots within the same property. Costs were allocated per animal and per kg of beef cattle produced. The total cost per animal of cattle produced was US$ 416.86. It was observed that the VC represented 66% of the TC. The cattle purchase price, including under VC, was the factor that represented the most significant portion of the production cost, in which the current operation reached 59% of the TC. Therefore, the currently developed tool may be used to facilitate understanding and potentially help to manage risk and profit. To examine from the environmental point of view, the synthesis of emergy was utilized. Emergy is the memory of the available energy used directly and indirectly to produce a service or product. It was observed that the property considered in the current case-study showed a renewability of 47.6%, indicating that less than one-half of all the energy used came from renewable resources. The emergetic yield ratio (EYR), which measures how much natural energy was incorporated into produced goods or services, was 1.91. The survey showed that the emergetic exchange ratio (EER), which indicates how balanced the exchange ratio between the energy in products and the energy gross revenue, was 12.45, showing that the system delivers much more energy than it receives in a monetary form. It seems like the current system analysis was highly dependent on cost-effective resources. The fuel used for pasture management services was the non-renewable resource that mostly affected the design. For the emergy synthesis, such input represented 51.2% of the total energy used, but from the economic point of view, such resource represented only 1% of the total production cost. The system could be less dependent on market variability if good pasture management practices were adopted, such as using a reasonable pasture stocking rate. By using the emergy indexes, it was possible to analyze the cattle system from an environmental perspective, allowing to assist technology/technique adoptions capable of increasing the sustainability indicators, which has been recently valued by worldwide beef consumers.
2 Challenges in Breeding and Genetics
Authors: Mercadante Vitor R G , Dias Nicholas W , Pancini Stefania , Goncherenko Guillermo , Craun Hannah , Vidlund Trinity , Klonicke Zachary 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over the past 50 years tremendous advances were made in reproductive and genetic technologies that are available for beef cow-calf producers. In addition, extensive research has been done to establish the efficacy and economic advantages of adoption of such technologies. Nonetheless, adoption of reproductive and genetic technologies in beef cow-calf operations remain poor, especially when compared with dairy production. The USDA – National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) performs a survey of cow-calf management practices, with the latest survey performed in 2017. According to the NAHMS survey the majority (58.7%) of cow-calf operations in the U.S. do not have a defined breeding season, with 69.5% of operations in the southeast (SE) failing to adopt a defined breeding season. Reproductive technology adoption is poor, with only 37.5% of all operations utilizing at least one reproductive technology, with 78.1% of larger operations (&gt;200 cows) utilizing at least one reproductive technology, compared with 30.4% of small operations (&lt; 50 cows). Semen evaluation was the leading technology with 19.7% overall adoption, followed by palpation for pregnancy with 19.3%, artificial insemination with 11.6% and estrus synchronization with only 7.3%. The SE is behind the rest of the country on adoption of technology with only 22.1% of the operations adopting at least one reproductive technology, with the North-Central region leading the country with 58.3% of operations adopting at least one reproductive technology. Nationally, most heifers and nearly all cows were exposed only to bulls (76.8 and 92.9 %, respectively), with a greater percentage of heifers (15.1 %) than cows (5.5 %) being artificially inseminated and followed by natural service breeding. A total of 90.7% of all beef females were exposed to natural service only, clearly demonstrating that artificial insemination is not widely adopted by U.S. beef operations. Veterinary consultation also remains below expectations, with only 52.8% of operations consulting a veterinarian every year, and disease diagnosis and treatment being the most common reason (37.3%). The East U.S. remains behind the rest of the country with only 41% of beef operations consulting a veterinarian on a yearly basis. When making decisions about breeding and genetics, 21.5% of producers rated Extension services as slightly useful and 22.6% rated Veterinarians as very useful, with most (23.6) producers consulting other producers. Adoption of reproductive and genetic technologies remains below expectations for the entire U.S. with the East and SE regions lagging behind the rest of the country. Perhaps the fact that the vast majority (84.2% in the U.S., and 89.9% in East) of beef cow-calf producers list their operations as a supplemental source of income remains the most difficult challenge to increase adoption of technologies.