bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional and Biochemical Properties of the Early Classical Complement System of Mice
Authors: Goldman Margaret B. , Bangalore Shrikar , Goldman John N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse serum and EDTA plasma were subjected to low ionicity precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography in an attempt to purify C1, C4, and C2 to functional and chemical homogeneity. In marked contrast to human and guinea pig components, those of the mouse could not be separated by these techniques. Except for partial separation of C1 from C4 and C2 on DE-52 cellulose columns with EDTA in the eluting buffers, there was no separation of those three components on ion exchange chromatographic columns, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration columns, or with precipitation of euglobulins from serum or plasma. Generation of EAC142 by incubation of EA in whole serum followed first order kinetics when mouse serum was used and second (or greater) order kinetics when human or guinea pig sera were used. Generation of EAC142 by incubation of EA in whole mouse serum followed by incubation in EDTA containing buffers resulted in rapid loss of all three activities from the cell. These experiments indicated that there were significant differences between the early classical C system of mice and those of human and guinea pig. In addition, they indicated that under a variety of in vitro conditions, murine C1, C4, and C2 behaved biochemically and functionally as a unit. The reasons for the major differences in behavior of the murine C components will not become clear until methods to stabilize their function are found so that they can survive multiple purification steps.
Immunochemical Properties of the Murine Ss Protein
Authors: Goldman John N. , Gleason Kristine R. , Goldman Margaret B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine Ss protein was found to exist in two forms, distinguishable by electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. Mouse blood collected directly into EDTA yielded electrophoretically slow Ss protein which eluted from DE-52 cellulose in fractions that also contained C3 and eluted from Sephadex G-200 in fractions containing molecules of 160,000 daltons when high ionicity buffers were used. Mouse serum yielded an electrophoretically faster Ss protein that eluted from DE-52 cellulose well after C3 and eluted from Sephadex G-200 in fractions containing molecules of approximately 128,000 daltons when buffers of high ionicity were used. Incubation of serum led to increasing proportions of the smaller form with time. With appropriate conditions, Ss protein antigen could be separated from C4 functional hemolytic activity on ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. EAC142 that had been generated by incubation of EA in fresh B10.D2 new serum lost all functional C1, C4, and C2 but not Ss protein from their surface when incubated in EDTA-containing buffers. Treatment of mouse serum with the anti-complementary factor of cobra venom left the C1, C4, and C2 titers unchanged but caused the serum to lose its ability to generate cells that could be agglutinated with anti-Ss antiserum. Similarly treated human serum retained its C1, C4, and C2 activity and its ability to generate cells agglutinable with anti-C4 antiserum. Treatment of mouse serum with NH4OH caused only minimal loss of C4 function but caused the serum to lose its ability to generate cells that could be agglutinated with anti-Ss antiserum. Similarly treated human serum lost both C4 function and the ability to generate cells that could be agglutinated with anti-C4. Thus, mouse Ss protein, an antigenic homologue of human C4, was shown to have several functional and physicochemical differences from human C4. Genetic, evolutionary, and immunologic aspects of this are discussed.
Detection and Partial Characterization of Human T and B Lymphocyte Membrane Antigens with Antisera to HSB and SB Cell Lines
Authors: Anderson Joy K. , Metzgar Richard S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera were produced in rabbits and monkeys by immunization with either HSB (T cell) or SB (B cell) lymphoblastoid cell lines. With a C-dependent microcytotoxicity assay, appropriately absorbed antisera to HSB were strongly reactive with human thymocytes, T lymphoblastoid cell lines, and some acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (&gt;90% lysis). Approximately 75% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were lysed by the antisera. Reactivity was at background level when monocytes and cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and most acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) were tested against the antisera. Further absorption of anti-HSB sera with CML cells or platelets did not remove serologic reactivity, whereas absorption with thymus, PBL, or concanavalin A- (Con A) stimulated PBL removed reactivity against all cells tested. Antisera produced to SB and absorbed with HSB were strongly reactive with B cell lines, CLL cells, tonsil, adenoid, enriched B cell preparations from normal PBL, and cells from most AML and AMML patients. Additional absorption of anti-SB sera with thymus, CML cells, or platelets did not remove reactivity. Anti-SB sera that were additionally absorbed with CLL cells were negative against all cells tested.
Sodium deoxycholate- (DOC) solubilized membrane preparations from a variety of cells were labeled with 125I and subjected to radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) techniques. Unlabeled DOC-solubilized membrane antigens of HSB were able to inhibit the cytotoxic reaction of antisera to HSB with PBL and thymocytes. The reactivity of SB antisera with CLL target cells was not affected by the solubilized HSB antigens. Unlabeled DOC solubilized membrane preparations from HSB, PBL, and thymocytes were able to block the RIP activity of anti-HSB sera.
One major peak of radioactivity (m.w. approximately 150,000 daltons) was consistently observed during PAGE of reduced immunoprecipitates of either monkey or rabbit anti-HSB sera and labeled surface antigens from HSB, PBL, or thymus. Treatment of the immunoprecipitates with additional 2-mercaptoethanol or reduction with dithiothreitol failed to alter the observed m.w. of the antigen. No significant peaks were observed in PAGE when the same antigens were precipitated with either normal sera of antisera to SB.
PAGE of reduced immunoprecipitates of absorbed anti-SB sera and labeled SB membranes revealed two peaks of radioactivity, corresponding to m.w. of 38,000 and 30,000 daltons. When labeled membrane preparations from SB, K562, or CLL cells were precipitated with absorbed antisera to HSB, no significant peaks were observed.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Guinea Pig Lymphotoxin
Authors: Okamoto Mitsuhiro , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of various pharmacologic agents on lysis of L cells by guinea pig lymphotoxin (LT) was studied. Among the many drugs tested, only those that affect plasma membrane functions were found to interfere with the cytolytic action of LT. Dimethyl sulfoxide or lidocaine potentiated L cell resistance against lysis. Stronger protection was provided by ouabain. Addition of ouabain to cells previously injured by LT was also effective in reducing cell death. Attempts to detect metabolic disturbances in cells before LT cytolysis were unsuccessful. The biosynthetic rate of DNA, RNA, or protein, and the total cellular content of ATP were not significantly changed in LT-treated cells. The results suggest that LT disturbs some plasma membrane functions of the target cell, perhaps ion transport systems, and consequently induces ionic imbalances between the intra- and extracellular milieu which eventually cause cell death.
The Selective Binding of Aggregated IgG to Lipid A-Rich Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Ginsberg Mark H. , Morrison David C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To explore the mechanism by which certain bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) enhance platelet stimulation by aggregated IgG, we studied potential interactions between the two ligands. Lipid A or the lipid A-rich LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 (LPS R595) selectively increased the sedimentation of aggregated rather than monomer IgG in sucrose density gradients. Insolubilized IgG aggregates adsorbed LPS R595 from solution. These two experiments suggested binding of IgG aggregates to LPS R595 or lipid A and this was confirmed by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation studies. The presence of R595 LPS shifted the equilibrium density profile of aggregated IgG from its usual equilibrium density at 1.30 g/ml to a new position superimposable with that of the LPS R595. The possibility that a selective binding of IgG aggregates to LPS may represent a fundamental mechanism of the action of LPS on cellular mediation systems is proposed.
Analysis of the Restricted Dinitrophenyl (DNP) Antibody Response to the DNP Conjugate of Poly-(L-Glu56, L-Lys35, L-Phe9)
Authors: Kipps Thomas J. , Benacerraf Baruj , Dorf Martin E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) response in B10 congenic mice to the DNP conjugate of the random linear terpolymer of L-Glu, L-Lys, L-Phe (GLØ) is restricted in the number of DNP-specific antibody-producing clones expressed as determined by the technique of isoelectric focusing. A limited strain survey indicated that a gene(s) outside the major histocompatibility complex may influence the degree of restriction in the DNP response to DNP-GLØ. Evaluation of sera run in juxtaposition established that a high percentage of B10 congenic mice express a common clone of anti-DNP antibody-producing cells in response to DNP-GLØ. The expression of this clone is independent of H-2 haplotype. These findings contrasted with the extremely heterogeneous populations of anti-DNP antibodies produced in these strains when immunized with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OVA). Adoptive transfer experiments revealed, however, that unprimed or GLØ-primed T cells can cooperate with syngeneic DNP-OVA-primed B cell clones to generate a heterogeneous anti-DNP response upon challenge with DNP-GLØ.
Rejection of Allo- or Xenografts of Lymphoid Cells by Nude Mice: T Cell Suicide as a Result of Cooperation between Histoincompatible T and B Cells
Authors: Piguet P. F. , Vassalli P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Athymic nude mice with a BALB/c or C57BL/6 genetic background were given an i.v. injection of allo- (e.g., CBA-T6T6) or xenogeneic (rat) lymphoid cells or purified T lymphocytes. About 1 week after a phase of graft-vs-host reaction, which was manifested by an increase in size of the lymphoid organs and a proliferation of donor T cells (detected by combined immunofluorescence and autoradiography and by caryotypic analysis), the grafted cells were rejected as indicated by 1) reversion of the lymphoid organs to their original size and to the very low initial T cell content or 2) by absence of donor cell mitoses. This was closely correlated with the appearance in the nude mice sera of high titers of cytotoxic antibodies of the IgG class, specifically directed against cells of the donor strain; these sera also seemed to contain anti-donor Ia antibodies. When the allogeneic or xenogeneic lymphoid cell graft was performed on nude mice bearing two foreign skin allografts, one syngeneic and the other allogeneic to the lymphoid graft, no gross signs of skin graft rejection were observed, except after injection of rabbit serum as a source of C. This was followed by an hyperacute rejection of the skin graft syngeneic to the lymphoid graft whereas the unrelated skin graft was unaffected.
Living T cells play an essential role in the strong antidonor humoral response of the nude mice, since nude mice injected with histoincompatible B cells or with lymphoid cells inactivated with slight formaldehyde fixation showed only an inconstant, very weak, and transient humoral response. The reaction of nude mice to foreign lymphoid grafts therefore implies a peculiar form of T-B cell cooperation across the histocompatibility or species barrier, in which the grafted T cells, recognizing the nude mice antigens, help the nude B cells make antibodies against the graft, thus leading to their own rejection.
On the Cross-Reactivity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B, and C
Authors: Spero Leonard , Morlock Beverly A. , Metzger Joseph F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strong cross-reactions were demonstrated for staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) and C1 (SEC1) by antigenbinding capacity and by competitive binding ability. Both SEB and SEC1 combined completely with the heterologous antibody although requiring four times as much antiserum as the homologous enterotoxin and both displaced about one-third of the other enterotoxin from a heterologous antigen-antibody system. It is proposed that one of the three major antigenic determinants of these enterotoxins possesses a significant similarity but probably not an identity of structure.
SEB and SEC1 did not combine with antiserum to enterotoxin A nor inhibit the reaction of SEA with anti-SEA. SEA had no intrinsic binding capacity for anti-SEB or anti-SEC1 nor did it inhibit the binding of either enterotoxin to its own antibody. Affinity chromatography was employed to demonstrate that a small apparent binding of SEA to anti-SEB was due to antibody to SEA in the anti-SEB serum and that an almost complete displacement of SEC1 binding to anti-SEC1 was caused by contaminating SEC (about 0.01%) in preparations of enterotoxin A.
Rosette Formation by the Human K Cell
Authors: West William H. , Boozer R. Bryan , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T lymphocytes were separated into two subsets on the basis of relative affinity for sheep red blood cells (E), and these T cell fractions were examined for cytotoxic reactivity against antibody-sensitized Chang liver cells (ADCC). High affinity E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) (55 ± 6% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells), capable of rosette formation despite elevated temperatures of incubation (29°C) and a limited concentration of E, contained few antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells (K cells). In contrast, low affinity E-RFC (23 ± 7% of mononuclear cell suspensions) requiring cool temperatures of incubation (4°C) and an excess of E to form rosettes, were highly enriched for ADCC activity. The majority of K cells exhibited low affinity interactions with E. T cells in thymus, tonsil, and lymph node formed high affinity E-rosettes and exhibited little reactivity in ADCC. Only peripheral blood and spleen contained easily identified low affinity E-RFC and antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells. The proportion of low affinity E-RFC in the peripheral blood of normal subjects correlated closely with reactivity in ADCC, making it possible to predict cytotoxic potential from the E-rosette pattern. These data indicate that the human K cell may belong to a previously unappreciated but functionally important subset of thymic dependent mononuclear cells.
Cell Surface Immunoglobulin
Authors: Yuan Dorothy , Vitetta Ellen S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The differentiation of Ig-bearing lymphocytes in adult mice was studied by monitoring the appearance of IgD relative to IgM on the surface of splenocytes obtained from lethally irradiated animals reconstituted for various periods of time with adult bone marrow cells, neonatal splenocytes, or Ig- adult splenocytes. It was found that IgM appears before IgD on differentiating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the rate of appearance of IgD during differentiation of adult cells is similar to that observed with neonatal cells.
Suppression of the Plaque-Forming Cell Response by Macrophages Present in the Normal Rat Spleen
Authors: Weiss Arthur , Fitch Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Depletion of phagocytic and/or adherent cells from normal rat spleen cell preparations permitted the generation of PFC to SRBC in vitro. Suppressive activity was associated with the presence of macrophages in the normal rat spleen, since irradiated unfractionated or irradiated adherent cells suppressed the PFC response of macrophage-depleted cells. Whereas depletion of macrophages from normal rat spleen cells permitted the PFC response to SRBC to occur, comparable treatment of mouse spleen cells eliminated the PFC response. These results are discussed in relation to the requirement for macrophages in the generation of PFC with rat cells in vitro.
Binding Studies on Heavy-Light Chain Recombinant Hybrid Immunoglobulins a Derived from Murine Myeloma Anti-Fructofuranans
Authors: Streefkerk Dirk G. , Vrana Mark , Glaudemans Cornelis P. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterologous H-L chain recombinants derived from homogeneous murine myeloma immunoglobulins with anti-inulin specificity were found to bind inulin-related oligosaccharides with affinities closely paralleling those of the L chain donors.
Cellular Mechanisms of Cholera Toxin-Mediated Modulation of in Vitro Hemolysin Formation by Mouse Immunocytes
Authors: Lyons Susan F. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cholera exoenterotoxin (CT) from Vibrio bacilli enhances antibody responses when administered together with an antigen such as sheep erythrocytes but suppresses immune responses when given several days before antigen. Although CT is known to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity and alters cyclic AMP levels in lymphoid as well as nonlymphoid tissues, the mechanisms of immunologic modulation by the toxin are unknown. In the present study the in vitro hemolytic antibody plaque response to sheep red blood cells was found to be markedly enhanced when splenocytes were obtained from mice treated with CT on the day of culture initiation or 1 day earlier, similar to the enhancement of antibody formation in vivo when mice were given CT and antigen at the same time. Spleen cells from mice treated 2 to 3 days earlier with CT, however, showed marked impairment of in vitro responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes, similar to the immunosuppression observed in vivo in toxin-pretreated mice. In contrast, CT induced only an enhanced antibody response when added to normal spleen cells in vitro, either on the day of culture initiation and immunization or 2 days earlier, suggesting that suppression of immunity induced by CT pretreatment in vivo is due to an indirect effect on cells other than immunocytes. This was substantiated by experiments with adrenalectomized mice since only enhancement and not suppression of antibody responses occurred. Impairment of spleen cell responsiveness from CT-pretreated mice could be partially restored by addition of PE cells and fully restored by “educated” T cells derived from recipient mice given thymocytes and SRBC. Thus, CT suppression of antibody formation may be due to an indirect effect on specific cell populations, whereas immune enhancement was probably due to a direct adjuvant effect of the toxin on immunocytes or their precursor.
Chemotactic and Chemokinetic Stimulation of Human Eosinophil and Neutrophil Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by 12-L-Hydroxy-5,8,10-Heptadecatrienoic Acid (HHT)
Authors: Goetzl Edward J. , Gorman Robert R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Diverse lipid products of arachidonic acid were examined for in vitro human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotactic activity and the ability to enhance PMN leukocyte migration in the absence of a concentration gradient of the stimulus, an effect termed chemokinesis. Highly purified 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), a lipoxygenase product, and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), a cyclo-oxygenase product, were chemotactic for PMN leukocytes in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 25 µg/ml and 2 to 50 µg/ml, respectively, with a preference for the eosinophil series. Preincubation with peak chemotactic concentrations of either hydroxy-lipid product irreversibly suppressed the response of PMN leukocytes to the homologous and other chemotactic stimuli. At minimally chemotactic concentrations, both HETE and HHT were positively chemokinetic and enhanced the chemotactic response of PMN leukocytes to the homologous lipid and to a stimulus derived from human C5 by tryptic digestion. PGE2 and PGF2α lacked chemotactic activity, but exhibited negative and positive chemokinetic activity, respectively, whereas thromboxane B2 had no effect on PMN leukocyte migration. Thus, HHT is the first leukocyte chemotactic factor that is a product of the cyclooxygenase pathway and whose generation would thus be inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Unlike the potently deactivating chemotactic factors, such as the tetrapeptides of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), HHT and HETE are chemokinetic at low concentrations and may enhance PMN leukocyte influx in response to other chemotactic stimuli.
Studies on Cellular Receptors for Lymphokines
Authors: Amsden Adele , Ewan Veeta , Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In contrast to previous reports, L-rhamnose as well as L-fucose is capable of inhibiting guinea pig migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity. These sugars also inhibit the activity of macrophage chemotactic and neutrophil chemotactic factors. Thus, fucose is not a specific inhibitor of MIF, nor is its activity confined to that lymphokine.
Preincubation of L-fucose or L-rhamnose with the lymphokines was required for inhibition of chemotactic activity. This finding, as well as the results of dose-response experiments, suggest that the mechanism of chemotactic inhibition is similar to the mechanism of inhibition of MIF by monosaccharides; i.e., that the lymphokines possess receptor sites that recognize cell sites bearing a structural or conformational similarity to these sugars. In contrast, L-xylose, the only other sugar found inhibitory in the present study, appeared to exert its activity by a direct effect on the target cells themselves rather than by interaction with the mediator.
Dose-response studies demonstrate that the effect of L-fucose on inhibition of either lymphokine activity is inversely proportional to the amount of lymphokine activity initially present.
A major finding that emerged from the present study is that the monosaccharide inhibition of inflammatory mediator activity appears to be confined to either lymphokines themselves or cytokines (lymphokine-like factors derived from nonlymphoid cells). Three other biologic mediators with chemotactic activity, fragments from trypsin-treated C3 and C5, and bacterial factor, could not be inhibited by either L-fucose or L-rhamnose. The apparent inhibitory effect of L-xylose for bacterial factor activity does not negate this conclusion, since as stated above, this sugar appears to interact with the target cell rather than the mediator. Aside from theoretical considerations, this finding may be of considerable practical importance since it could provide a simple way to distinguish different sources of chemotactic activity in complex biologic mixtures such as serum or tissue extracts.
Based upon current data and the results of previous studies, we have postulated that the inflammatory mediators (lymphokines) have two binding sites, one to allow for recognition of the appropriate target cells, and the other which determines the specific biologic activity.