bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
سلطة القاضي الجنائي في تقدير الأدلة المتحصلة من الطرق غير المشروعة
Authors: المالكي جبر , بنى إسماعيل 
Published: July 2023

أن البحث يوضح سلطة القاضي الجنائي في الأدلة الجنائية الحاصل من طريق غير مشروع , إضافة إلى أنه يدعم كل المختصين من القانونيين سواء كانوا قضاة او محققين جنائيين أو باحثين في مجال الأدلة الجنائية , حيث ازدادت أهمية الأدلة الجنائية مع التطور التكنولوجي وأصبحت أكثر اهتمام في العصر الحديثة , وفي هذا المجال اتضح لدى المنظومة العدلية ظهور أدلة جديدة تحتاج إلى تنظيم وتشريع تواكب التطور العلمي والتكنولوجي و استخدام التطورات السريعة المتنوعة بطرق علمية حديثة لمحاولة التخلص من الجرائم يصعب على الطرق القديمة كشفها ( الأدلة الجنائية الكلاسيكية ) ,كما أن هذه الموضوع لم يتم تناوله بشكل واضح ومعمق من الجانب العلمي والقانوني في الدولة العراقية , وعدم إعطاء تكييف قانوني دقيق لسلطة القاضي في للأدلة الحاصلة من طريق غير مشروع , بالإضافة إلى ذلك فان أجهزة العدالة بحاجة إلى سند قانوني وعلمي لدعم الأدلة الجنائية لتكون عادلة إمام الجميع وبعيدة عن التضليل إضافة إلى إعداد آلية معتمدة وموحدة في الإجراءات للإستحصال على الأدلة بطرق رسمية قانونية تحترم هيبة وكرامة الإنسان.
أن تغير نواحي الحياة الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية وما يرافقها من تطور حضاري مصحوب بتطور تقني وتطبيقي للإنسان واحترام كرامته جعل الدول وأجهزتها الأمنية عدم الاعتماد بشكل كلي على الوسائل القديمة لكشف الجرائم الجنائية لذلك وفرت دول العالم إمكاناتها المادية والبشرية جميعها للاعتماد على أساليب جديدة لكشف مرتكبي الجرائم الجنائية وضبطهم وفي العصر الحديث اتجهت أجهزة العدالة الجنائية في دول العالم إلى التركيز على الآثار والأدلة المادية الملموسة (الأدلة الحقيقية )التي لا يمكن أن تخطئ ولا تقسم يميناً كاذبة ولا تغيب عن الحدث.
أما في الوقت الحاضر توسعت مجالات التحقيق لمعرفة حجية الدليل الجنائي بوسائل وطرق حديثة في التحقيق واستعملته كأدلة إدانة في المحاكم وأحدثت تغييرات جذرية في التحقيق الجنائي لم تكن معروفة من قبل اعتماداً على النظريات العلمية الحديثة.
فإن البحث عن حجية الدليل الجنائي يعتمد على أسس قانونيه نافذة , لكي تكتمل الإجراءات الجنائية في التحقيق للوصل إلى الحقيقة باعتبارها غاية العدالة الجنائية.
المطلوب هو الوصول إلى الحقيقة في قالب قانوني محدد يعتمد علية في الإجراءات الجنائية ويعتد به إمام القاضي الجنائي بحجية دليل واضح مستندة إلى قانون مشرع نافذ بعيد عن التظليل ,هذا ما سنوضحه في حجية الدليل الجنائي ونظام الأدلة القانونية ,ونتطرق إلى الاقتناع الذاتي للقاضي ويكون القانون هو المصدر التنظيمي الإجرائي لدى القاضي الجنائي ورجال التحقيق الجنائي أما التطور العلمي في التكنولوجيا لم يمر على العالم بسلام لأنه بقدر ما أحدث تقدم ايجابي وغير نمط حياة المجتمعات وساهم في التطور والرقي لأنه له أثر سلبي على حياة الناس ومصالح الدول كل هذا تجلى في تطور عوالم الجريمة , وأصبح الجناة يتفننون في ارتكاب الجرائم بطرق جديدة لم يذكرها القانون في الطرق الكلاسيكية , ومن ذلك يقتضي توسيع دائرة التحقيق متوافقة مع التطور التكنولوجي والعلمي وإعداد محققين في جميع المجالات والاختصاصات التي تغطي الجريمة في جميع مراحلها على وفق أسس قانونية مشروعة.
Comparison of Mean Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Patients of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) After Trabeculectomy vs Anti Glaucoma Medication
Authors: Latif Sidra , Riaz Rashida , Qamar Anjisha , Anjum Misra , Bibi Irfana , Shoukat Tahir , Zafar Humera 
Published: July 2023

Trabeculotomy is a surgical procedure in which a fistula is created between anterior chamber and sub-conjunctival space for drainage of aqueous. Glaucoma is a chronic disease. Objective: To compare the mean retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in patients of primary open angle glaucoma after trabeculectomy versus anti glaucoma medication. Methods: This Randomized controlled study done in Institute of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit III, KEMU, Mayo Hospital, Lahore from 10th Nov 2021 to 10th May 2022. Non-Probability Convenient Sampling technique used for sample size calculation. 60 patients were selected fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group A patient were given topical anti-glaucoma treatment while Group B patients underwent trabeculectomy. Pre and three months post anti-glaucoma medication/trabeculectomy, OCT test was done and thickness of retinal nerve fibre layer documented. Results: In group A, mean post-treatment RNFL thickness was 0.076 ± 0.052 microns after three months of topical treatment. In group B, mean post-treatment RNFL thickness was 0.080 ± 0.0048 microns three months after trabeculectomy. Conclusions: Trabeculectomy increases the mean retinal nerve fibre layer thickness more than anti-glaucoma medication when measured on OCT.
Impact of Endurance Exercises on Knocked Knees as a General Health Concern
Authors: Munzer Muhammad , Khan Alamgir , Jamil Muhammad , Iqbal Butt Muhammad Zafar , Soomro Javed Ali , Basit Abdul , Inamullah . , Ahmad Adnan 
Published: July 2023

Knocked knees are a problem in children and adults, making it challenging to walk or run and causing knee pain. In this problem, the knees gradient inward while the ankles remain spaced apart. Objective: To analyse the impact of endurance exercises on knocked knees as a general health concern. Methods: The study participants were randomly selected from the department of sports science and physical education, University of Punjab, Pakistan. Subjects were categorized as a control group (CG) and an experiential group (EG). Each group was comprised of twenty subjects. All the subjects were informed about the risk and benefits of participation in the study. Thus, written informed consent was taken from each subject. In addition, Ethical approval (293/SPS) was also obtained from the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Results: The mean and standard deviation during the pre-test were 50.60±2.35, and the mean and standard deviation during the post-test was 53.05±2.33. The t value was 1.788, and Sig was .96. Therefore, the table shows no significant difference in CG in knee-knocking before and after training sessions imposed upon EG. The mean and standard deviation of EG during the pre-test was 50.00±2.07, and the mean and standard deviation of EG during the post-test was 58.35±2.20. The t value was 17.376, and Sig was .000. Therefore, there was a significant difference during pre- and post-test EG analysis in knee-knocking. Conclusion: Based on the analysis, the researcher concluded that exercise has a vital role in rehabilitating the knocked knee.
Guía metodológica para mejorar el uso de las TIC del docente en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Unidad Educativa “Rosa Herlinda Zambrano Ganchozo”
Authors: Vélez Bravo Pepina Elizabeth , Santana Sardi Gustavo Adolfo 
Published: July 2023

Introducción: El presente articulo está relacionado a las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación donde se consideran en la actualidad un recurso necesario tanto en la educación como para otros ámbitos educativos. Objetivo: diseñar una guía metodológica para mejorar el uso de las TIC del docente en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la Unidad Educativa “Rosa Herlinda Zambrano Ganchozo”. Método: esta investigación posee un enfoque mixto, ya que se utilizaron métodos, técnicas e instrumentos para el procesamiento de la información desde una perspectiva tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron la entrevista y la encuesta, se involucró a 1 directora, 4 docentes y 30 estudiantes de básica superior de la Unidad Educativa. Resultados: Se obtuvo que los docentes a pesar de tener conocimientos básicos de las TIC, no están suficientemente capacitados para darle al estudiante una enseñanza innovadora. Conclusión: el uso de la tecnología en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el apoyo docente es muy fundamental, ya que permite que los conocimientos impartidos hacia los estudiantes sean más productivos y de fácil adquisición.
Criação e validação de podcast educativo “Engolindo Fácil” para idosos sobre Presbifagia
Authors: Almeida Ana Elizângela do Monte , Sampaio Helena Alves de Carvalho , Azevedo Regina Maria , Muniz Maria Cláudia Mendes Caminha 
Published: July 2023

O envelhecimento da população é uma realidade mundial que vem acontecendo de forma heterogênea em vários países, inclusive no Brasil. Com isso, há maior demanda de serviços de saúde, de doenças crônicas, e consequentemente de recursos alocados e de gestão de problemas de longa duração e procedimentos de alto custo. A fim de contribuir com esta demanda, o objetivo deste estudo foi construir um podcast educativo fundamentado no letramento em saúde para orientação de idosos sobre presbifagia. Trata-se de estudo metodológico, cujo desenvolvimento foi apoiado em textos técnicos sobre construção de podcasts e sobre presbifagia, estes no sentido de orientações educativas para idosos. O podcast foi desenvolvido, constituído por 6 episódios, com roteiros apoiados nos fundamentos do letramento em saúde quanto ao uso de linguagem. Os roteiros foram gravados, e submetidos a avaliação por juízes especialistas e pelo público-alvo. Utilizou-se instrumentos validados para a avaliação por ambos os grupos. Definiu-se aprovação do podcast caso houvesse parecer favorável de 80% dos juízes e de 70% do grupo alvo. A gravação e edição do podcast foi efetuada na plataforma Anchor, constituindo-se em ferramenta educativa para este público, se incluindo seu uso como ferramenta complementar por profissionais de saúde em sua prática profissional.
ANALISIS PERILAKU PERUBAHAN PELAKU UMKM PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 GUNA MENINGKATKAN PEREKONOMIAN DENGAN PEMANFAATAN E-COMMERCE DI KOTA MEDAN
Authors: Yosi Annisa  , Achmad Fauzi  
Published: July 2023

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the higher one of pillars of Indonesian economy. MSMEs are the one of the place for employes in Indonesia. There are many MSMEs experienced setbacks during pandemic Covid-19, due to restrictions social activities at outdoor, so many workers also affected and ultimately had an impact on decline in the Indonesian economy. So, there are many MSMEs run their business through e-commerce. In this article, author will discuss about how does it impact the progress of digital economy include e-commerce on developing MSMEs economic growth specially in Medan City on pandemic Covid-19. Qualitative research is the research method that chose by author by descriptive analytic method. There are 8 MSMEs as informan in Medan City during Pandemic Covid-19. The result is 100% informan admits that is easier to make sales and 100% informan admits that is easier to use e-commerce and they can reach more area to sales. E-commerce has a positive effect to MSMEs in Medan City during Pandemic Covid-19

Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) merupakan salah satu pilar sektor ekonomi Indonesia yang paling tinggi. UMKM juga merupakan salah satu wadah pencipta lapangan kerja di Indonesia. Banyak UMKM yang mengalami kemunduran saat Pandemi Covid-19 karena adanya pembatasan kegiatan sosial diluar ruangan, sehingga banyak pekerja yang terdampak juga dan akhirnya berdampak juga ke penurunan perekonomian Indonesia. Untuk itu banyak pelaku UMKM menjalankan bisnisnya melalui e-commerce. Untuk itu dalam artikel ini akan membahas bagaimana dampak perkembangan ekonomi digital termasuk e-commerce dalam mengembangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi UMKM khususnya di Kota Medan pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang dipilih oleh penulis dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Dari 8 orang informan yang tetap menjalankan kegiatan UMKM di Kota Medan selama masa pandemic Covid-19. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 100% informan mengakui bahwa lebih mudah melakukan penjualan dan 100% informan mengakui pemasaran melalui e-commerce juga lebih mudah dan dapat menjangkau pasar yang lebih luas. E-commerce memberikan banyak dampak positif bagi UMKM pada masa pandemi di kota Medan
STRATEGI PEMASARAN YANG DITERAPKAN DI HOTEL SANTIKA KEPULAUAN BANGKA BELITUNG DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN DAN KEPUASAN KONSUMEN
Authors: Seni  , Achmad Fauzi  
Published: July 2023

Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan membahas bagaimana strategi pemasaran yang diterapkan di Hotel Santika Pangkal Pinang Bangka Belitung dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan kepuasan konsumen. Dalam hal ini pelayanan yang baik sangat diperlukan untuk suatu kepuasan konsumen hotel. Dengan pelayanan yang ramah serta bisa memenuhi kebutuhan para tamu maka citra baik hotel Santika akan di kenal dengan pelayanan yang sangat baik. Dengan itu pelayanan adalah kunci utama dari sebuah perusahaan, instansi maupun lainnya. Kualitas hotel serta pelayanan yang baik tidak pernah terlepas dari pengarahan manajemen hotel. Bangka Belitung khsusunya kota Pangkal Pinang memiliki banyak destinasi wisata yang mampu menyediakan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat dan memperluas kesempatan kerja. Tentu saja banyak para wisatawan yang ingin berkunjung ke destinasi wisata di Bangka Belitung khususnya Pangkal pinang sebagai pusat berkumpulnya para wisatawan. Tentunya banyak Hotel-Hotel yang akan di tempati para wisatawan, tentunya para wisatawan mencari Hotel dengan penilaian yang baik dan pelayanan yang bagus, posisi yang strategis, dekat dengan pusat kota dan dekat dengan bandara. Tamu atau pelanggan adalah orang yang paling penting dalam suatu perusahaan. Pelanggan tidak tergantung kepada Idta (Producer), tetapi para pihak hotel yang bergantung kepada pelanggan. Di dalam usaha perhotelan tentu memiliki manajemen tersendiri. Menurut P.Siagan (2002:43) “manajemen tersusun dari beberapa fungsi yaitu planning, organizing, acttuating, controlling dan evaluating. Dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi” salah satu manajemen yang cukup penting dalam usaha perhotelan adalah manajemen pelayanan, karena usaha perhotelan sangat erat kaitannya dengan usaha jasa.
Kata kunci : strategi pemasaran, kualitas pelayanan, kepuasan konsumen
PENGARUH PERSEPSI HARGA DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN DI KAFE SUDUT HALAMAN
Authors: Khaira Nurul , Farhan Saputra  , Faroman Syarief  
Published: July 2023

Artikel Pengaruh Persepsi Harga dan Kualitas Pelayanan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian di Kafe Sudut Halaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif serta menggunakan SPSS version 27 dalam menganalisis data. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 105 responden dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 responden dari pengunjung kafe sudut halaman. Dalam menentukan sampel penelitian, peneliti menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu Simple Random Sampling. Data diperoleh dari kuisioner yang dibuat di google form kemudian disebarkan kepada responden dengan menggunakan skala pengukuran skala likert. Uji yang dilakukan berupa Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas, Uji T, Uji F dan Uji Koefisien Determinasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu: 1) Persepsi Harga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian secara parsial; 2) Kualitas Pelayanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian secara parsial; dan 3) Persepsi Harga dan Kualitas Pelayanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian secara simultan.
Adaptation of an electronic delirium screening tool for use in the medical setting based on a human centered design approach
Authors: Eeles Eamonn , Tronstad Oystein , Flaws Dylan , Teodorczuk Andrew , Worthy Peter , Dissanayaka Nadeeka 
Published: July 2023

Background Delirium is frequently missed in clinical practice. We used a user-centred redesign process to evaluate and adapt an existing electronic delirium screening tool (eDIS-ICU) for use in the medical setting. Methods In phase 1, we conducted a brainstorming session to establish context for delirium screening tools in medicine. In phase 2, a pluralistic walkthrough of eDIS-ICU was performed to identify prospective usability in the medical setting. We then extracted positive and negative qualities of eDIS-ICU. In phase 3, recommendations for change were made. Results Pluralistic walkthrough highlighted that eDIS-ICU related to the key groups of functionality, diagnosis, links with management and potential integration with clinical information. Recommended changes to make eDIS-ICU suitable for use in a medical setting included the need for skip function, prior instructions and streamlined testing. Conclusion A human-centred redesign created a pilot electronic delirium screening tool for use in a general medical setting (eDIS-MED).
HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK PELANGGAN DENGAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN TERHADAP PELAYANAN SWAMEDIKASI DI APOTEK ASIA BARU MAGETAN BULAN MEI TAHUN 2021
Authors: Lestari Tri , Nur Ismiyati  
Published: July 2023

Swamedikasi merupakan salah satu pelayanan yang ada di apotek. Seiring berjalannya waktu terjadi peningkatan kecenderungan masyarakat untuk melakukan swamedikasi.. Oleh karena itu kualitas pelayanan swamedikasi harus terus ditingkatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik pelanggan dengan tingkat kepuasan terhadap pelayanan swamedikasi di apotek Asia Baru Magetan. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap semua pelanggan Apotek Asia Baru yang melakukan swamedikasi. Data diambil menggunakan kuesioner yang sudah divalidasi. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin, umur dan pendidikan dengan tingkat kepuasan pelanggan dalam pelayanan swamedikasi. Namun ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pekerjaan dengan tingkat kepuasan pelanggan terhadap pelayanan swamedikasi di Apotek Asia Baru Magetan..
Hospital utilisation in Australia, 1993–2020, with a focus on use by people over 75 years of age: a review of AIHW data
Authors: Reid Natasha , Gamage Thakeru , Duckett Stephen J , Gray Leonard C 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo assess Australian hospital utilisation, 1993–2020, with a focus on use by people aged 75 years or more.DesignReview of Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) hospital utilisation data.Setting, participantsTertiary data from all Australian public and private hospitals for the financial years 1993–94 to 2019–20.Main outcome measuresNumbers and population‐based rates of hospital separations and bed utilisation (bed‐days) (all and multiple day admissions) and mean hospital length of day (multiple day admissions), overall and by age group (under 65 years, 65–74 years, 75 years or more).ResultsBetween 1993–94 and 2019–20, the Australian population grew by 44%; the number of people aged 75 years or more increased from 4.6% to 6.9% of the population. The annual number of hospital separations increased from 4.61 million to 11.33 million (146% increase); the annual hospital separation rate increased from 261 to 435 per 1000 people (66% increase), most markedly for people aged 75 years or more (from 745 to 1441 per 1000 people; 94% increase). Total bed utilisation increased from 21.0 million to 29.9 million bed‐days (42% increase), but the bed utilisation rate did not change markedly (1993–94, 1192 bed‐days per 1000 people; 2019–20, 1179 bed‐days per 1000 people), primarily because the mean hospital length of stay for multiple day admissions declined from 6.6 days to 5.4 days; for people aged 75 years or more it declined from 12.2 to 7.1 days. However, declines in stay length have slowed markedly since 2017–18. Total bed utilisation was 16.8% lower than projected from 1993–94 rates, and was 37.3% lower for people aged 75 years or more.ConclusionHospital bed utilisation rates declined although admission rates increased during 1993–94 to 2019–20; the proportion of beds occupied by people aged 75 years or more increased slightly during this period. Containing hospital costs by limiting bed availability and reducing length of stay may no longer be a viable strategy.
Reporting characteristics of nonsurgical periodontal therapy trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: an observational study
Authors: Stazić Petra , Jurić Diana , Turić Antonela , Šošić Antonio , Marušić Ana , Roguljić Marija 
Published: July 2023

Aim:
To evaluate the completeness of the description of nonsurgical periodontal therapy interventions in clinical trials registered in
ClinicalTrials.gov
and correspondence of registered information for trial participants and outcome measures with published articles.
Materials & methods:
We retrieved data from
ClinicalTrials.gov
and corresponding publications. The completeness of intervention reporting was assessed using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist for oral hygiene instructions (OHI), professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR), and subgingival instrumentation, antiseptics and antibiotics. The completeness of registration of trial protocol information was assessed according to the WHO Trial Registration DataSet for participant information (enrollment, sample size calculation, age, gender, condition) and primary/secondary outcome measures.
Results:
79 included trials involved OHI (n = 38 trials, 48.1%), PMPR (n = 19, 24.1%), antiseptics (n = 11, 12.7%), or antibiotics (n = 11, 12.7%). There was a great variety in the terms used to describe these interventions. Most of the analyzed trials (93.7%) were completed and did not provide any data on study phase (74.7%). The description of intervention in the registry in
ClinicalTrials.gov
was inadequate for all analyzed interventions, with description inconsistencies in matching publications. There were also discrepancies in registered and published outcomes: for 39 trials with published results, 18 had different registered and reported primary outcomes, and 29 different registered and reported secondary outcomes.
Conclusion:
The completeness of the description of nonsurgical therapy of periodontitis in clinical trials is unsatisfactory, reducing the quality of translation of the new evidence and procedures into clinical practice. Significant discrepancy in registered and reported trial outcomes calls into question the validity of reported results and relevance for practice.
Cesarean section in camelids: indications, technique, survival, and postoperative fertility
Authors: Waqas Muhammad-Salman , Campbell Alexis , Arroyo Eduardo , Bott Issac , Anouassi Abdelhak , Tibary Ahmed 
Published: July 2023

Cesarean section is the most common surgery of the reproductive tract in camelids. However, limited information is available on indication, surgical approach, dam survival, postpartum complications, and neonatal survival following cesarean section in camelids. The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate medical records on 84 camels, 29 alpacas, and 3 llamas to evaluate the above factors. Incomplete cervical dilatation (56%; n = 65/84) and uterine torsion (59.4%, n = 19/32) were the most common indications for cesarean section in camels and South American camelids (SACs), respectively. The neonatal survival (SAC: 46.9%, n = 15/32; camels: 76.2%, n = 64/84) was acceptable, and postoperative fertility was excellent (SACs = 75.86%, camels = 72.6%).
A. MELLIFERA
Authors: Гулов Алексей Николаевич 
Published: July 2023

Цель данного исследования - изучение морфометрических параметров и морфологических характеристик головок сперматозоидов трутней серой горной кавказской породы медоносных пчел, башкирской, дальневосточной и породы пчел карника. Результаты морфометрического анализа сперматозоидов трутней показывают индивидуальные различия между сперматозоидами внутри каждой из исследуемых пород медоносных пчел.The purpose of this study was to describe the morphometric parameters and morphological characteristics of sperm heads of the Caucasian honey bee, Bashkir honey bee, of the Russian Far East honey bee and Carnica honey bee. The results of the morphometric analysis of drone spermatozoa show individual differences between the spermatozoa dimensions in each group.