bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressive Effect of Interferon on the Humoral Immune Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells in Mice
Authors: Brodeur Bernard R. , Merigan Thomas C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Swiss-Webster mice injected intravenously with interferon preparations 2 days before primary or secondary immunization with sheep erythrocytes showed a significant suppression of their hemolysin and agglutinin responses as measured in microtiter assays. Interferon treatment in vivo also inhibited DNA synthesis induced in mouse lymphocytes studied in vitro by concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide. In addition, it suppressed the in vitro primary and secondary response to sheep erythrocytes. It is possible that this inhibition of the immune response by interferon is significant in the immunosuppression observed during viral infection or after administration of nonspecific mitogens, or perhaps even in the control of the normal immune response.
Development of Humoral Immunity in Lethally Irradiated Mice Reconstituted with Fetal Liver
Authors: Sherwin William K. , Rowlands David T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A model system of ontogeny was utilized to investigate the development of humoral immunity. Lethally irradiated adult C3H mice were reconstituted with syngeneic fetal liver. These mice were immunized at various times after reconstitution with a series of eight antigens: the bacteriophages F2 T4 and øX-174; the hapten carrier complexes 2,4 dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin and fluorescein bovine serum albumin; and the small proteins, hen egg lysozyme, sperm whale myoglobin, and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Subsequent antibody production to the bacteriophage was assayed using a bacteriophage neutralization technique. To detect antibody directed against the haptens or small proteins, the appropriate hapten or protein was first coupled to T4, and then a modified bacteriophage neutralization technique was employed. Individual mice responded to the various antigens in a sequential pattern which was basically the same for all mice within the strain. This hierarchy of responsiveness could not be explained on the basis of different immunogenicities of the antigens nor on different sensitivities of the antibody assays. Instead, we propose that the hierarchy results from the ordered maturation of lymphopoietic elements in the fetal liver inoculum.
Complement-Induced Histamine Release from Human Basophils
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Hook William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The activation of human serum complement by incubation with zymosan generates C5a which releases histamine from autologous basophils. The characteristics of the C5a-induced histamine release were investigated. It is similar to IgE-mediated reactions in requiring Ca++ and in being inhibited by EDTA. However, it has marked differences from IgE-mediated reactions. C5a, at all concentrations, released histamine completely in less than 2 min. The C5a reaction has a narrower pH optimum than antigen-induced release and occurs well at 17° to 37°C but not at 0°C. The optimal reaction temperature is 25° to 30°C. Unlike the antigen-induced release, no two-stage activation with C5a for the release of histamine could be demonstrated. There was additive release between C5a- and IgE-mediated reactions. Leukocytes could be desensitized to the C5a-mediated reaction by 1) incubating the cells at 37°C for 45 min, 2) pretreating the leukocytes with activated serum in the presence of EDTA, and 3) adding the activated serum to the leukocytes at 0°C before transferring to the optimal reaction temperatures. Cells desensitized to the complement-induced release have normal reactions to IgE-mediated histamine release. In parallel experiments, cells from allergic donors desensitized for IgE-mediated reactions by incubation with antigen under sub-optimal conditions release histamine normally upon the addition of C5a. The results indicate that histamine release by C5a involves a mechanism of basophil activation that is different from the pathway involved in the IgE-induced reaction.
Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to DNFB in Mice
Authors: Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic unresponsiveness (tolerance) was induced in a mouse model of contact sensitization to DNFB. The ability to induce tolerance varied with the chemical reactivity of the tolerogen; DNFB was highly tolerogenic, DNBSO3 was moderately tolerogenic, and DNP-lysine was not tolerogenic. Although DNFB is considered a highly reactive compound, tracer studies of injected DNFB* showed that it was rapidly excreted. Further studies were therefore done with DNFB attached to mouse erythrocytes. Tolerance to DNFB-RBC was highly specific in vivo; mice tolerant to DNFB showed normal reactivity to TNCB (picryl chloride). Cells of mice tolerant to DNFB-RBC were also unresponsive to DNBSO3 in vitro. Tolerance to DNFB, DNBSO3, and DNFB-RBC all required time to develop, suggesting that an active process was involved.
Tumor-Associated Blocking Factors: Isolation from Sera of Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Tamerius J. , Nepom J. , Hellström I. , Hellström K. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An isolation and partial purification of tumor-associated blocking factors from the sera of tumor-bearing mice is described. Columns for affinity chromatography were prepared by coupling syngeneic tumor-immune antibodies to Sepharose 4B. Passage of serum through such immunoadsorbent columns removed all blocking activity from tumorbearers' sera; subsequent elution of the absorbent with 3 M NaSCN recovered the activity. The blocking material was further purified on Sephadex G-200. The data provide evidence for the presence of antigen in tumor-associated blocking factors and are compatible with the hypothesis that blocking factors often consist of antigen and antibodies in the form of immune complexes.
Influence of Protein Restriction on Immune Functions in NZB Mice
Authors: Fernandes Gabriel , Yunis Edmond J. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of a low protein (6%) diet on the immunologic function of NZB mice was investigated. The low protein intake was associated with decreased weight gain in both male and female NZB mice. The mice fed the low protein diet did not develop splenomegaly, which generally occurs by 7 to 10 months of age in NZB mice fed a normal amount of protein. Further, 7- to 10-month-old NZB mice fed the low protein (6%) diet, maintained: 1) more vigorous antibody production to sheep red blood cells; 2) greater capacity to produce graft-vs-host reactions, and 3) more vigorous cell-mediated “killer” cell immunity after immunization against DBA/2 mastocytoma cells than did NZB mice on a normal (22%) protein diet. The decrease of PHA and Con A response which normally occurs with aging in NZB mice was abrogated to some degree by protein restriction. However, response to LPS, which also declines with age in NZB mice, did not appear to be influenced by diet. The low protein diet inhibited the rise of IgG1 levels, prevented the increase of IgM levels and the fall of IgA levels. The low protein diet, although delaying the onset of hemolytic anemia, did not prevent the development of this autoimmune disease and did not significantly prolong life span.
These findings tend to dissociate the progressive deficit of T cell immunity in NZB mice from the genetically determined propensity to develop autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The findings further indicate that it is not yet possible to generalize concerning the relationship of nutrition to deficiencies in immunologic function.
Regulation of the Immune Response to Tumor Antigens
Authors: Fujimoto Shigeyoshi , Greene Mark I. , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunosuppressor (IS) cells were found to be generated in tumor-bearing animals (TBA) within 24 hr after inoculation of tumor cells of the methylcholanthrene-induced Sarcoma 1509a and appeared to persist in the hosts as long as the tumor was progressing. However, IS cells disappeared with 5 days after extirpation of the tumor.
Increasing doses of thymus cells of TBA increased the degree of suppression of tumor rejection in immune syngeneic animals. Ten million thymus cells of TBA were capable of suppressing significantly the tumor rejection. The IS cells were detected in the thymuses, spleens, and draining lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow of TBA, but could not be detected in the peripheral circulating blood. Since immunosuppressive activity of bone marrow cells from TBA was entirely abolished by the in vitro treatment of the cells with anti-θ serum and complement, the observed immunosuppression appears to be mediated by the T cell population.
Hydrocortisone treatment of TBA did not abolish the suppressive activity of the thymus or spleen cells of the treated TBA, thus suggesting that IS cells were cortisoneresistant.
The suppressive activity was found to be associated with cells of lowest density on centrifugation through a discontinuous density gradient of Ficoll. The results of this study, taken together with those presented in the preceding article, suggest that IS cells belong to a T cell subpopulation (immunosuppressor T cells). The relationships between immunosuppressor T cells and other T cell subpopulations, i.e., cytotoxic (effector) or helper (amplifier) T cells, remain to be elucidated in further experiments.
Production of Goat, Rat, and Guinea Pig Antisera to Murine IgE
Authors: Lang G. M. , Lee W. Y. , Carter B. G. , Sehon A. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study of immunoglobulins (Ig)3 has been facilitated by the production of specific anti-Ig sera (1–4). For each of the six of the known classes and subclasses of mouse Ig, there exists a myeloma synthesizing the corresponding paraprotein, which has been used for the preparation of specific antiserum. Myeloma proteins have also been used to study the IgE class of antibodies in man (5) and in the rat (6), but to date no mouse IgE (IgEm) myeloma has been discovered. Nevertheless, one report has been published in which it was claimed that rat anti-mouse IgEm was produced (7) by immunization of Lewis rats with syngeneic peritoneal cells coated with IgEm; the mouse reagin has been adsorbed onto these cells by incubating them with mouse reaginic serum (MRS). However, in spite of extensive efforts, this procedure could not be reproduced in this laboratory.
Augmentation of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against Syngeneic Gross Virus-Induced Lymphoma in Rats by Phytohemagglutinin and Endotoxin
Authors: Glaser Moshe , Djeu Julie Y. , Kirchner Holger , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal W/Fu rat spleen cells cultured for 1 day with mitogenic concentrations of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or with a wide range of concentrations of endotoxin (LPS) exerted cytotoxic activity against the syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma, (C58NT)D, and also against other tumor cells in a 4-hr 51Cr release assay. This activity did not involve release of detectable lymphotoxins, nor did it require the presence of additional mitogen in the media during the cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxic activity induced by PHA was dependent on the presence of T cells while the activity induced by LPS was not dependent on T cells and appeared to require the presence of macrophages. Both PHA and LPS also augmented the cytotoxic activity of spleen cells immune against (C58NT)D tumor cells. With submitogenic concentrations of PHA, only specific cytotoxicity against (C58NT)D cells was augmented. In contrast, LPS and mitogenic concentrations of PHA caused nonspecific augmentation. Mitogenic concentrations of PHA and LPS also augmented the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of normal W/Fu rat spleen cells against (C58NT)D cells in the presence of syngeneic antiserum.
Anti-Immunoglobulin Stimulation of Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Weiner Howard L. , Moorhead John W. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro proliferative response of normal mouse spleen cells to anti-immunoglobulin (Anti-Ig) reagents was found to be an age-associated phenomenon. The response usually appears in mice when they reach 5 to 7 months of age and is rarely seen in younger animals. Anti-Ig induced proliferation was observed by using two different antisera—one polyvalent, prepared against mouse antibody-antigen complexes and one prepared against mouse IgM myeloma. Both antisera were shown to be specific for B cells by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescent staining. Glassbead separation of spleen cells showed that the anti-Ig-induced proliferation was a B cell response.
Studies on the Antigenic Determinants of the Thy-1.2 Alloantigen as Expressed by the Murine Lymphoblastoid Line S-49.1 TB·2·3
Authors: Johnson Brian J. , Kucich Umberto N. , Maurelli Anthony T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sialic acid has been shown to be part of the antigenic determinant of the Thy-1.2 alloantigen as expressed by the murine cell line S-49.1 TB·2·3 (S-49). This conclusion is based on the loss of cytotoxic inhibitory activity by the action of neuraminidase on the Thy-1.2 alloantigen. Also, sialic acid has the ability to inhibit the cytotoxic assay of AKR anti-C3H Thy-1.2 serum for S-49 cells. Further evidence for the protein nature of the Thy-1.2 alloantigen is apparent by trypsin digestion. Possibly the Thy-1.2 alloantigen as expressed on S-49 cells is a glycoprotein.
Suppression of Antibody Responses in Allogeneic Mice by Products of Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Yonkosky Donna , Buffett Rita F. , Bennett Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were irradiated, infused with thymocytes and immunized with a variety of antigens, i.e., sheep or horse red blood cells (SRBC or HRBC), diphtheria toxoid (DT) or bovine γ-globulin (BGG). The spleen cells (T.Spleen cells) were harvested 5 days later and cellfree extracts were prepared. The extracts contained an allogeneic suppressive factor (ASF) that was capable of inhibiting IgM antibody responses of allogeneic or semi-allogeneic unirradiated mice. ASF had to be injected within 24 hr of immunization to be effective and a single injection delayed, rather than abolished, the antibody response at the cellular level. However, daily injections of ASF resulted in persistent suppression of antibody response. ASF activity was antigen nonspecific, i.e., the antigen used to stimulate ASF production did not have to be the same as the antigen used to test for ASF activity. C3H T.Spleen extracts were even immunosuppressive when prepared by exposure to C3BF1 alloantigens only; such extracts suppressed antibody responses of C3BF1 and DBA/2 mice.
C3H ASF was removed from extracts after incubation with C3BF1 spleen cells but not after incubation with C3H spleen cells. C3BF1 spleen cells which had been preincubated with C3H ASF were unable to generate antibody-forming cells upon transfer to irradiated C3BF1 host mice. This suggests that the ASF molecule may be or include receptors for alloantigens.
The immunogenetic requirements for ASF activity were evaluated by injecting extracts from C3H, C57BL, C3BF1 and BALB/c T.Spleen cells into C3H, CBA, C57BL, BALB/c, DBA/2, A or C3H.A recipient mice. All extracts tested had ASF activity. However, all allogeneic recipients were not suppressed by the extract material. The suppressive activity of ASF seemed to require two (or more) antigenic differences between donors and recipients of extract material, an H-2K or I antigen difference and a second antigen difference, possibly Ig-1. In the limited numbers of strain combinations tested, T.Spleen extracts suppressed IgM antibody response only if exposed to H-2 and Ig-1 antigens, e.g., BALB/c (H-2d, Ig-1a) ASF suppressed A (H-2a, Ig-1e) but not C3H.A (H-2a, Ig-1a) or DBA/2 (H-2d, Ig-1c). Separate ASF molecules may react with separate antigens on the cell surface, i.e., with H-2 and γG2a. Alternatively, one ASF molecule may react with two structurally associated antigens. If the latter is correct, it is conceivable that the β2-microglobulin which is non-covalently linked to the major component of H-2 molecules expresses allotypic antigens coded for by Ig-1 and β2-microglobulin is one of the antigens recognized by ASF.
A Receptor for Activated C3 in the Normal and Abnormal Human Renal Glomerular Capillary Wall
Authors: Gelfand M. C. , Shin M. L. , Frank M. M. , Nagle R. , Green I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most immunologically mediated renal disease results from the deposition of antigen-antibody-complement complexes within the glomerular capillary wall, yet the cause of this selective deposition is unknown. It has been shown by Gelfand, Frank, and Green that a tissue-bound receptor for activated C3 (C3b) is found in the normal human renal glomerular capillary wall. This receptor binds SRBC coated with IgM and anti-SRBC antibody and complement. The glomerular C receptor is specific for C3b, because EA coated with purified guinea pig or human C1, C14, C142 or C1423d are not bound. In this report we demonstrate the receptor for C3b located in the luminal surface of the capillary wall of the normal human renal glomerulus. We have also examined abnormal human kidneys harboring either immunologically or non-immunologically mediated lesions for the presence of C3b receptor, and the results were correlated with in vivo deposition of immunoglobulins and C3.
Hereditary C2 Deficiency: HLA Gene Complex Associations with Recombinant Events
Authors: Glass D. , Gibson D. J. , Carpenter C. B. , Schur P. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ten families with genetically determined C2 deficiency have been studied for HLA gene complex associations. Nine of the propositi were heterozygous and one homozygous for the deficiency; all 10 also had rheumatic disease. C2 deficiency was found to be associated with the HLA-A10,B18 haplotype in seven families and with A2,B18; AW25,B18; and A10,BW40 haplotypes in the other three. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was used to define the HLA-D locus (MLC, mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR)) among C2-deficient individuals in order to obtain additional information as to the localization of the C2 gene on the HLA chromosome. A sibling pair, identical for the HLA-A and B loci, with the C2 heterozygous-deficient state linked to the A10,B18 haplotype in both, were mutually non-responsive in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Another sibling pair also identical for the A and B loci were, by contrast, mutually stimulatory in MLC. One sibling is C2 heterozygous deficient and the other is C2 normal.
Quantitative Requirements for C3 in Biologic Reactions: Forssman Cutaneous and Systemic Anaphylaxis, Reversed Passive Arthus Cutaneous Vasculitis, and Bactericidal and Opsonic Activity
Authors: Glovsky M. M. , Newman S. , Ghekiere L. , Alenty A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to block the systemic Forssman anaphylactic reaction, guinea pig C3 activity had to be depleted by greater than 99% by using the C3 inactivator purified from cobra venom. When C3 functional hemolytic activity was greater than 200 units/ml (normal C3 activity = 20,000 to 160,000 units), guinea pigs uniformly died of anaphylaxis. Both the hemorrhagic reaction characteristic of Forssman cutaneous vasculitis and the reversed passive Arthus cutaneous vasculitis were suppressed when C3 activity was reduced to less than 1000 units/ml (approximately 1 to 3% of normal guinea pig C3 activity.) Using homozygous human C3-deficient serum from two separate patients, we studied bactericidal activity against E. coli 0111 and opsonic activity with Escherichia coli K-12, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus albus. Serum bactericidal activity against E. coli 0111 was restored to normal with 50 units of human C3. A more pronounced opsonic defect was found with S. aureus and S. albus than with E. coli.
Cold Activation of the Classical Complement Pathway found in the Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Kitamura H. , Nagaki K. , Inai S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum CH50 of 8 of 61 tested patients with chronic liver diseases were extremely low whereas CH50 of EDTA- or heparin-plasma were within the normal range. Serum and plasma complement profiles of these patients showed that hemolytic activities of C4 and C2 in serum were significantly lower than those in plasma.
When venous blood was obtained from the patient and clotted at different temperatures for 3 hr, C4 activity of serum separated at 37°C was as high as that of EDTA-plasma but C4 activity of the serum separated at 21°C or 4°C was extremely decreased. Also it was found that when patient serum was incubated with the serum of a normal subject, C4 activity in normal serum was decreased at 4°C, but the inactivation was inhibited in the presence of EDTA or heparin or when incubation was carried at 37°C. These results indicated that low serum CH50 found in some of our patients with chronic liver diseases might be due to the cold activation of the classical complement pathway in vitro.
C Dependent Immune Lysis of Virus Altered Plasma Membranes: Dependence on the Alternative C Pathway and Factor B
Authors: Perrin L. H. , Joseph B. S. , Oldstone M. B. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-mediated C dependent lysis of cell lines infected with herpes type 1 (HeLa cells), herpes type 2 (HeLa), influenza Å (Chang), measles (HeLa) and mumps (Vero) were analyzed for C participation. Lysis occurred with immune human sera, Mg++ EDTA immune sera, and immune sera depleted of C4 or treated with Fab anti-C4. Lysis did not occur with non-immune sera, Mg++EDTA sera, sera heated 50°C for 25 min, sera depleted of Factor B, or sera treated with Fab anti-Factor B. Lysis was restored to heated sera and Factor B immunodepleted sera by addition of Factor B but not by C2. Properdin and Factor D depleted immune sera lost significant lytic activity, but to a lesser extent than serum depleted of Factor B. Addition of depleted factors in physiologic concentrations partially restored the lytic activity.
Further studies showed that lysis of measles infected HeLa cells was induced by both immune IgG and F(ab')2 but not Fab' in the presence of a non-antibody containing human C source.
Reaction-Mechanisms Of C3NeF
Authors: Peters D. K. , Amos N. , Sissons J. G. P. , Lachmann P. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cofactor requirements of C3NeF have been examined by using purified factors, C3, B, and D. Our experiments indicate that in the presence of NeF two C3-cleaving enzymes can be generated: when D is not added to the reaction mixture, B cleavage was not observed, whereas the addition of quantities of D sufficient to allow C3b feedback activation by purified C3b or CVF led to B cleavage. Both the B cleaving and the non-B cleaving reactions were inhibited (in a dose and time-dependent fashion) by preincubation of the C3 source with C3b inactivator (KAF) indicating that C3b rather than C3 is required. We envisage two enzymes (NeF) and (NeF), NeF functioning (as suggested by Fearon and Austen) to stabilize them. Thus, in the presence of NeF trace amounts of C3b—provided, for example, by spontaneous C3 breakdown or by other plasma proteolytic enzymes (“C3 tickover”)—would lead to the generation of an efficient C3 convertase.