bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Antibody-Induced Stimulation and Inhibition of the Immune Response
Authors: Dennert Gunther 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of passively administered specific IgG and IgM antibodies on the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes is described. The stimulation of the immune response to a given dose of antigen by partially purified IgM is proportional to the square root of the concentration of antibody injected. Labeling experiments show that this stimulation is caused by an enhanced concentration of antigen in the spleen. Low doses of IgG produce the same effects, namely antigen concentration in the spleen and stimulation of the number of plaque-forming cells. But in contrast to IgM, high doses of IgG do not concentrate the antigen in the spleen and severely inhibit the immune response. It is therefore suggested that antibody may have two effects: IgM and low doses of IgG stimulate an immune response by concentrating the antigen, whereas high doses of antibody inhibit by coating the antigen or by competing with the antigen receptor sites.
Specificity and Immunoglobulin Characteristics of Autoantibodies in Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Vos Gerard H. , Petz Lawrence D. , Hugh Fudenberg H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a study of 55 red cell eluates obtained from patients with acquired hemolytic anemia of the warm type (AHA), it was established that antibodies of varying Rh specificities can be involved in the disease. Some were specifically reactive against well defined red cell antigens of the Rh system (anti-e, anti-C, and the like), some against all normal Rh red cells (anti-nl), some against partially deleted Rh red cells (anti-pdl), and some against fully deleted Rh red cells (anti-dl).
Antibodies against well defined Rh antigens (CDEce) were not often found in the red cell eluates. In contrast, anti-nl, anti-pdl and anti-dl autoantibodies were frequently present in the red cell eluates.
The demonstration of serum complement components on the red cells of patients seemed to be associated exclusively with autoantibodies of multiple immunoglobulin classes or multiple red cell specificities. The structural heterogeneity of immunoglobulin types (IgG, IgM and IgA) for the various varieties of autoantibodies (anti-nl, anti-pdl and anti-dl) can be pictured as arising from multiple antibody-forming cell lines.
The findings suggest that the initial site of action of autoantibody development in AHA results from a defect of the structural composition of the Rhesus genome, which is thereafter rejected by a normal immune mechanism. The subsequent development of a more generalized auto-immune abnormality involving the formation of multiple autoantibody-forming cell lines does not necessarily indicate the establishment of an aberrant immune apparatus.
Deposition of Immune Complexes in the Kidneys of Mice Infected with Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus
Authors: Porter David D. , Porter Helen G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice showed renal glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement as early as 7 days after infection with lactic dehydrogenase virus, concomitant with the appearance of circulating antibody. Immunoglobulin eluted from the kidneys contained virus-specific antibody. A minimal histologic alteration of glomeruli was observed despite the immune complex deposition.
Pharmacologic Inhibition of the Antigen-Induced Release of Histamine and Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from Monkey Lung Tissues Mediated by Human IgE
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Orange Robert P. , Frank Austen K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence was presented that agents capable of increasing intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (AMP) also inhibit the direct, antigen-induced and reversed-type release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from monkey lung fragments sensitized in vitro with human atopic serum and E myeloma protein, respectively. Beta-adrenergic agents such as isoproterenol and epinephrine, which interact with β-receptors in tissues and thus activate adenyl cyclase, inhibited the release of both chemical mediators, and this inhibition was prevented by the β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. The methylxanthine, theophylline, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, also inhibited the release of both histamine and SRS-A. A marked synergism was observed when β-adrenergic agents and theophylline were used together. Finally, an alkylated derivative of cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, also inhibited the release of both mediators in a dose-response fashion. Agents that increase cellular levels of cyclic AMP appeared to inhibit the release of histamine and SRS-A at some point subsequent to antigen-antibody interaction and prior to the release of the mediator and in acting at such a site permitted desensitization of the sensitized tissues by specific antigen. Diethylcarbamazine was also found to inhibit the release of both histamine and SRS-A from sensitized monkey lung tissues. This agent demonstrated a remarkable synergism with the β-adrenergic agent isoproterenol, but the inhibitory activity of diethylcarbamazine was not prevented by the β-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol.
Variation in Immunosensitivity of SV40-Transformed Hamster Cells
Authors: Tevethia S. S. , McMillan V. L. , Kaplan P. M. , Bushong S. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two cell lines were derived from a hamster tumor induced by SV40 which differ in their ability to form tumors in SV40-immunized animals. Both lines contained SV40 T and S antigens. The immunosensitive cell line (H-50 IS) was rejected by SV40-immunized animals, whereas the immunoresistant cell line (H-50 IR) produced tumors in SV40-immunized animals. H-50 IR cells contain SV40-specific transplantation antigens since they immunized hamsters against a challenge by the immunosensitive line; these cells were highly transplantable, and tumors appeared earlier than did those produced by the H-50 IS line. Both cell lines grew at similar rates in vitro, and were inhibited equally by SV40 immune sera in the colony inhibition test.
Distribution of 19S and 7S IgM Antibodies during the Immune Response in the Nurse Shark
Authors: Voss Edward W. , Michael Sigel M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
19S and 7S IgM nurse shark antibodies were purified by immunoadsorption specific for the 2,4-dinitrophenyl haptenic group. Purification of antibodies from bleedings at various times after immunization revealed that the two forms were present in varying proportions dependent on the time elapsed after the administration of antigen. Late bleedings showed elevated levels of 19S IgM, suggesting a final enrichment for the more efficient antibody molecule.
Immunosuppressive Effects of Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant on Hemolytic Antibody-Forming Cells in Spleens of Immunized Mice
Authors: Chakrabarty Asit K. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of mice with an emulsion of incomplete Freund's adjuvant before challenge immunization with sheep erythrocytes markedly inhibited the appearance of 19S and 7S hemolysin-forming cells. The time of administration of the oil adjuvant, relative to the day of immunization, was an important factor. Mice injected with 0.5 ml of oil emulsion 1 to 4 days before immunization had 85% to 95% fewer plaque-forming cells/spleen than did untreated controls. Injection of oil the same day or 5 to 6 days before immunization resulted in a slight to moderate immunologic depression. Imunologic suppression persisted in these animals throughout the time when antibody-forming cells were appearing in spleens of control animals. Both the magnitude of the response and the rate at which antibody-forming cells appeared were suppressed. Oil injection 7 days or more before immunization had no effect. The serum antibody response to the red blood cells was depressed during the 1st week after immunization, but generally increased to control titers by day 12. Most of the serum antibody in mice treated with oil was resistant to mercaptoethanol treatment, even late in the response. The results of these studies suggest that immunosuppression induced by incomplete Freund's adjuvant may be similar to that occurring in mice inoculated with classic RES blockading agents such as colloidal carbon or Thorotrast.
The Number of Antibody-Producing Cells in the Parathymic Lymph Nodes and the Spleen Following Intraperitoneal Injection of Antigen
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Steward John P. , Amkraut Alfred A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Following i.p. injection of antigen in the rat, the parathymic lymph nodes are α major, if not the major, site of antibody-producing cells. Though they contain only one-tenth the number of nucleated cells, these nodes have essentially as many antibody-forming cells as does the entire spleen. Technical limitations that occur when the spleen is employed for such studies are also minimized or absent when the PLN are used to determine the number of PFC by the modified Cunningham technique. Thus, the parathymic lymph nodes should receive increased attention in investigating the cellular kinetics of the immune response.
The Effect of Sensitized Lymphocytes on Peritoneal Exudate Macrophages in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Sonozaki Hidekichi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The injection of antigen into the peritoneal cavity of delayed hypersensitive guinea pigs bearing peritoneal exudates leads to a marked reduction in the macrophage content of these exudates. Lymphocytes from immunized donors can confer this property on glycogen-induced exudates in non-immunized recipients. The reaction appears to represent an in vivo analog of the well-known migration inhibition reaction.
Cross-Reactions between 2,4-Dinitrophenyl and 5-Acetouracil Groups
Authors: Underdown Brian J. , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit and guinea pig antibodies to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group were separated into two subsets, one of which (subset 1) precipitated with 5-acetouracil-human serum albumin (5AU-HSA). The two subsets had similar affinities for DNP ligands, but only the subset that precipitated with 5AU-HSA had measurable affinity for the 5AU determinant. The precipitation of anti-DNP antibodies by 5AU-HSA was observed only in sera containing antibodies with high average affinity for the homologous (DNP) determinant; these antibodies had much lower average affinity for the 5AU determinant (10,000- to 100,000-fold less). The affinity of anti-DNP antibodies for a number of pyrimidines, purines and related compounds was also very weak as compared with that for the DNP determinant. Cross-reactions of anti-5AU antibodies, induced by immunization with 5AU-proteins, corresponded roughly to those for anti-DNP antibodies, i.e., the affinity of anti-5AU antibodies was much greater for 5AU than for DNP. In spite of the ease with which these weak cross-reactions with “strange” (i.e., structurally unrelated) ligands were demonstrated, differences in affinity of antibody for homologous and strange ligands were pronounced. Thus, anti-DNP and anti-5AU antibodies had the high level of specificity expected of antibodies in general. The results are relevant to some of the difficulties in interpreting weak binding reactions displayed by many myeloma proteins.
Pathogenesis of Experimental Allergic Orchitis
Authors: Tung Kenneth S. K. , Unanue Emil R. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) was passively transferred among histocompatible guinea pigs (strain 13) by lymph node cells from animals immunized with sperm in complete Freund's adjuvant. Systemic injection of sensitized lymph node cells inconsistently produced at best mild lesions in recipients. However, local transfer of cells into the interstitium of the testes initiated severe changes of EAO within 4 to 8 days. The lesion, identical to that observed in the primary disease, was characterized by an intratubular infiltration by monocytes that preceded degeneration of the germinal epithelium. The monocytes were of host origin and their precursors were radiosensitive. The lymph node cells had to be live and from a guinea pig immune to sperm for transfer of EAO.
Pathogenesis of Experimental Allergic Orchitis
Authors: Tung Kenneth S. K. , Unanue Emil R. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs with experimental allergic orchitis show an acute inflammation in the rete testis and epididymis. At these sites anti-sperm antibody is bound to sperm. The role of antibody in the production of disease was investigated. It was found that guinea pigs immunized to sperm antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant have autoantibodies in serum which bind in in vitro tests to the surface membrane of immature and mature sperm cells. The anti-sperm antibody when injected into normal guinea pigs, either systemically or in the interstitium of the testis, binds to sperm inside the rete testis and produces a mild acute inflammatory reaction at that site. Also, 125I-labeled IgG from normal guinea pigs when injected into the testis can cross the wall of the rete testis into the lumen. Anti-sperm antibody and normal Ig, on the other hand, do not appear to penetrate the seminiferous tubules. The main barrier for the crossing of Ig into the seminiferous tubules may be the layer of cells external to the basement membrane. Thus, antibodies to basement membrane injected locally do not bind to the tubular basement membranes. Hence, the results suggest that antibody, although not directly involved in the production of aspermatogenesis, can produce an acute inflammatory reaction by binding to the sperm in the sperm passage system.
Cross-Reacting and Monotypic T Antigens of Nephritogenic Pyoderma Streptococci: The Type 56 System
Authors: Bisno Alan L. , Svartman Mauri , Stollerman Gene H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
T antigens of “skin strains” of group A streptococci represent important epidemiologic markers for the study of acute glomerulonephritis. Although “skin strains” react with standard reference antisera to T-type antigens, agglutination reactions are in the form of “patterns,” indicating cross-reactivity with several reference antisera. “Skin strains” have been difficult to identify with available anti-M protein-typing sera because many of these strains appear to belong to M-types hitherto unrecognized. We isolated a new nephritogenic pyoderma type, M56, in which T antigens produced many confusing cross-reactions with standard reference sera. M56 strains cross-reacted characteristically with the common “skin” pattern, 3/13/B3264, but also with reference T28 antiserum. It was possible to remove selectively the cross-reactive type 56 antibody without affecting reactions of the reference sera with their homologous serotypes. We then set out to determine whether such “new” strains have their own unique T antigen by which they could readily be identified by properly prepared antiserum. After appropriate absorptions we prepared a T56 slide-agglutinating antiserum that identified M56 strains in various parts of the United States and in Israel. This widely distributed serotype would have been misidentified with currently available international reference sera. The monotypic system of M- and T-type 56, like the “Redlake” M49, T49, appeared to be at least potentially nephritogenic, to be widely distributed geographically and to contain unidentified cross-reacting T antigens.
Antigenic Competition Between Heterologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Kondo Kazunari 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passively administered anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody inhibited the antibody response to an inoculation of 5 × 108 SRBC, although the antigenic competition that results from this immunization was unaffected. Reducing the immunizing dose to 5 × 106 SRBC, on the other hand, resulted in a vigorous antibody response but no antigenic competition. Thus, passive antibody is capable of blocking the antibody response by means other than simple neutralization of antigen. However, by increasing the amount of passive antibody both the antibody response and antigenic competition were eliminated, and therefore antigen neutralization may also occur. The differential effects of passive antibody administration and dose reduction were considered in the light of previously demonstrated thymic dependency of antigenic competition. It was concluded that passive antibody may allow antigen to interact with thymus-derived cells (T cells) while preventing interactions with bone marrow-derived cells (B cells), the precursors of the antibody forming cells.
The Enhancement of Rabbit Anti-BSA IgE, Homocytotropic Antibody Production by Corynebacterium Parvum Strain 10387
Authors: Pinckard R. Neal , Halonen Marilyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The adjuvant properties of Corynebacterium parvum strains 10387, 10390 and 4781 were studied with respect to their ability to facilitate the induction of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) homocytotropic antibody. Ten milligrams dry weight of heat-killed suspensions of C. parvum were injected i.v. 6 days prior to i.v. injections of 5 mg BSA; booster i.v. injections of 5 mg BSA were given 28 and 56 days later. Every 7th day sera were tested for homologous passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) activity. Nine of 12 rabbits that received C. parvum 10387 produced detectable anti-BSA homocytotropic antibody. In contrast only 2 of 12 rabbits given 10390 and none of 12 rabbits in either the group given 4781 or in the control group produced detectable anti-BSA homocytotropic antibody. Physicochemical studies indicated that the homocytotropic antibody was similar to the rabbit IgE class of immunoglobulin. Homologous PCA activity was found only in the 0.10 M NaCl fractions eluted from DEAE-cellulose and was not associated with rabbit IgG, IgA or IgM. The homologous PCA antibody was partially heat-inactivated at 56°C for 4 hr and was completely destroyed by reduction and alkylation; its average molecular weight was estimated to be 240,000. C. parvum strain 10387 appears to have unique adjuvant properties for facilitating the development of rabbit anti-BSA IgE, homocytotropic antibody.
Graft-vs-Host Reaction in a Xenogeneic Combination: Mechanism of the Reaction
Authors: Constantine Rodrique I. , Nakouz Joseph , Maclean Lloyd D. , Gordon Julius 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The level of host immunosuppression that allowed development of a localized graft-vs-host (GVH) reaction in a xenogeneic combination was shown to be critical. Immunosuppression had to be sufficient to allow donor cell proliferation, yet permit survival of a low level of host mononuclear cells in the circulation. Furthermore, it had to be of short duration to allow recovery of the immunocompetence of the host in 4 to 6 days. These observations, using cyclophosphamide and anti-lymphocyte serum as immunosuppressive agents and normal and primed donor cells in allogeneic and xenogeneic GVH reactions, suggested that the localized xenogeneic GVH reaction is a composite of an initial GVH followed by a host-vs-graft (HvG) reaction.
Induction of Acquired Tolerance in Neonatal Opossums
Authors: Major Pervis C. , Burrell Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The extrauterine availability of what are essentially embryos makes neonatal opossums the animals of choice for studying acquired tolerance. Block (1) discussed the immunologic and hematopoietic characteristics of the opossum and described experiments concerned with the development of immunologic capacity in an embryonic stage which would have been impossible to perform in fetuses from eutherian mammals. La Plante et al. (2) were able to perform skin allografts in neonatal opossums. Such grafts were not rejected by neonates less than 12 days old. When five opossums with permanently surviving allografts were regrafted from the original donor and from a control third party donor, three of the animals retained the allograft from the original donor for over 90 days whereas all control grafts were rejected within 20 days. No change occurred in the original graft in any of the animals.
The present report is concerned with the induction of tolerance in such animals to “laboratory” antigens.
Antigenic Relationship Between Human IgE Immunoglobulin and Rat Homocytotropic Antibody
Authors: Liakopoulou Athanasia , Perelmutter Lewis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homocytotropic antibody was produced in albino Wistar rats following immunization with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and killed Bordetella pertussis. Peritoneal mast cells from the sensitized animals obtained between the 13th and 15th days after primary injection underwent characteristic antigen-induced morphologic changes when they were brought into contact with BSA, anti-human IgE (anti-IgE), or antihuman Bence Jones (anti-BJ) sera. Similarly, lung preparations from the sensitized rats released histamine in vitro upon challenge with the same antigens. Neither the cells nor the lung tissue responded to anti-human IgG (anti-IgG) serum. In addition, cells and lung preparations from normal animals were not altered morphologically nor released histamine on incubation with either BSA or anti-human immunoglobulin sera. The percentage of morphologically altered cells and the amount of histamine released from the sliced lung suspensions by anti-IgE or anti-BJ (κ) sera were comparable to those induced by specific antigen toward which the animals were sensitized. These results indicated that rat homocytotropic antibody has antigenic determinants in common with the heavy chain of human IgE immungolobulin and the Bence Jones protein.
Augmentation of Pha Responsiveness in Mixed Thymus-Marrow Cultures
Authors: Winkelstein Alan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Only minimal increments of 3HTdr uptake were demonstrated in PHA-stimulated cultures of normal guinea pig thymocytes. Bone marrow cultures from both normal and erythroid suppressed animals failed to proliferate in response to this nonspecific stimulus. However, the combination of thymic and marrow cells resulted in significant augmentation of PHA responsiveness. Maximum synergistic activity occurred when thymus and marrow cells were cultured in equal amounts. The in vitro behavior of thymus and marrow cells alone and in combination is consistent with their immunologic activity in the intact animal.
Size and Density Analysis of Rodent Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Murray Caroline 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rat and mouse lymphoid cells have been fractionated on discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradients and analyzed for size with the Coulter counter. The thymocyte is smaller and denser than the small lymphocyte of thoracic duct lymph. If the major fraction of thoracic duct lymphocytes is derived from small thymocytes, then thymus cells must enlarge and become less dense either before or after their release into the circulation. Hemolysin-forming cells of the spleen are much less dense than either small lymphoid cell, but there is no apparent difference between 7S and 19S hemolysin-formers at any time during the 1st month after antigenic stimulation.