bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Organism in Evolutionary Explanation: From Early Twentieth Century to the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis
Authors: Baedke Jan , Fábregas-Tejeda Alejandro 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn recent years there have been a number of calls for integrating developmental and organismal phenomena into evolutionary theory. This so-called Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) argues that evolutionary theory should not primarily explain certain evolutionary phenomena by highlighting genes and populations but organisms instead, in particular how their development and behavior biases and drives evolutionary change. Here, we offer a new historiography that focuses less on the differences between the EES and the Modern Synthesis but seeks to provide a better understanding about which theoretical and explanatory traditions the organism-centered framework of the EES draws on. This concerns especially three currently resurfacing explanatory roles granted to organisms in evolution: organisms should allow (1) contextualizing parts in development, especially genes, (2) focusing on reciprocal organism-environment relations (in contrast to, e.g., gene-environment interactions), and (3) understand the role of agency in evolution. Through this analysis, we show that the EES advances a revival of older explanatory roles granted to the organism in evolutionary research, which became marginalized in the second half of the twentieth century. This new perspective helps to re-center contemporary theoretical debates towards relevant questions of explanatory standards in evolutionary biology.
Excavation Simulations and Cutting Tool Wear
Authors: Brackmann Lukas , Röttger Arne , Bui Hoang-Giang , Butt Sahir , Hoormazdi Golnaz , Leon Bal Abdiel Ramon , Priebe Sebastian , Wingender Dennis , Yang Hongwei , Balzani Daniel , Hackl Klaus , Meschke Günther , Mueller Inka , Renner Jörg 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe mechanized tunnel construction is carried out by tunnel boring machines, in which the soil in front of the working face is removed, and the tunnel lining is carried out with shotcrete or the setting of segments and their back injection. Advancements in this field aim towards increase of the excavation efficiency and increase of the tool lifetime, especially in rock-dominated grounds. The latter is achieved by understanding the wear mechanisms abrasion and surface-fatigue, and by knowledge of the microstructure-property relation of the utilized materials. Improvements for tool concepts are derived, based on experiments and simulations. A key parameter towards efficient rock excavation is the shape of the cutting edge of the utilized disc cutters. Sharp cutting edges have proven to generate higher rock excavation rates compared to blunt ones. The compressive strength of the utilized steel has to be high, to inhibit plastic deformation and thereby to maintain sharp cutting edges. This requirement competes with the demand for toughness, which is necessary to avoid crack-growth in the case of cyclic loading. Solutions for this contradiction lie in specially designed multiphase microstructures, containing both hard particles and ductile microstructural constituents. Besides adapting the alloying concept, these required microstructures and the associated properties can be adjusted by specific heat-treatments.
Between Integration and Dissociation: Intra-European Immigrants’ Life Experiences in Romania
Authors: Voicu Bogdan , Croitoru Alin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIncreasingly visible migrant communities that coexist within transnational spaces (Vertovec, 2009) are part of a contemporary world marked by a changing political approach to immigration, in which integration is the key word. The vagueness of the term (Schinkel, 2017) is compensated by the potential benefits derived from its usage. Given its multidimensionality (Harder et al., 2018; Voicu & Vlase, 2014), integration allows observing a liquid migration. The term was developed in relation to intra-European migration (Engbersen, 2018), to stress the encapsulation of such spatial movement into a more complex set of social changes, and to stress the flexibility of migration itself. Such fluidity implies a series of temporary states in the personal life, that is appropriate for the case of high-skilled intra-European migrants.
EU Citizenship: A Tool for Integration?
Authors: Goodman Sara Wallace 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEuropean Union citizenship conveys important rights and opportunities to the almost 450 million citizens of EU Member States. European citizens are first and foremost citizens of their respective member states, but EU citizenship is designed to complement national citizenship, enabling individuals to move and live across the EU, participate in the political life of the EU, and exercise meaningful rights (e.g., diplomatic and consular protection in third countries). For instance, EU citizenship enables participation in local elections of an individual’s their country of residence (independent of national citizenship), as well as vote for members of the European Parliament. Voting in these types of elections promises to increase the political legitimacy of the EU and, in principle, diminish the democratic deficit of this supranational institution. And through political participation that builds political legitimacy, EU citizens push this institution toward an “ever closer Union.”
Ideas of Integration in Citizenship Laws and Citizenship Acquisition Procedures in Belgium and the UK
Authors: Sredanovic Djordje 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe sociological study of formal citizenship has been strongly shaped by Brubaker’s (1992) analysis of citizenship legislation in France and Germany. Brubaker’s intuition was that citizenship laws express the conceptions of membership hold by governments and administrations, if not the society at large (although the author dissociated himself from the simplifications that subdivided nations in “ethnic” and “civic” – Brubaker, 1999).
Becoming Dutch at What Cost? Increasing Application Fees and Naturalisation Rates of EU Immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Peters Floris , Falcke Swantje , Vink Maarten 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn Europe there is substantial variation in the costs associated with applying for citizenship both between countries and over time. Yet how the costs of applying for citizenship affect naturalisation rates among immigrants remains remarkably understudied. In the Netherlands, application fees increased markedly in recent years from 336 euro in 2003 to 901 euro in 2020 for a single application, with significant hikes in the fee in 2010 and 2011. While simultaneous policy changes in civic integration requirements for long-term residence obfuscated the effects of higher fees and likely resulted in higher naturalisation rates among non-EU immigrants, we expect that for EU immigrants increased fees directly affected the cost-benefit calculation of applying for citizenship. Hence, in this chapter, we analyse naturalisation rates among EU immigrants in the context of increasing application fees by using longitudinal microdata from administrative registers on the complete immigrant population between 2007 and 2014. We use a two-step identification strategy. First, we apply a single-difference regression, based on a fixed-effects model, to investigate immigrant naturalisation rates in conjunction with increased application costs. We subsequently explore impact heterogeneity by household income and use a double-difference regression, based on a difference-in-differences model, to test whether the relevance of the fee increase is conditioned by income groups. Results show that increased fees are associated with an overall declining trend in naturalisation rates, especially for immigrants from low-income households. The impact of the fee increase for low-income migrants is comparable in magnitude to the relevance of having a low rather than high level of education for the propensity to naturalise. These results contribute to existing research on economic requirements for immigrant naturalisation and highlight the disproportionate consequences of high application fees.
Citizenship and Naturalisation for Migrants in the UK After Brexit
Authors: Fernández-Reino Mariña , Sumption Madeleine 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhile immigration has played a major role in public debate in the UK over the past twenty years, citizenship and naturalisation have received much less attention. Polling data have suggested that the UK public is broadly supportive of the idea of giving long-term migrants the opportunity to become UK citizens (British Future, 2020). The UK Home Office, in its 2019 Indicators of Integration Framework, described citizenship as an “important bedrock to the integration of any individual in a society” (Ndofor-Tah et al., 2019: 18). Indeed, there is some evidence that becoming a citizen has a positive impact on economic and social integration. For example, the OECD (2011) found that naturalisation was associated with labour market outcomes of many groups of foreign nationals in France, Germany, Sweden and the United States, particularly for the most disadvantaged. Studies from Switzerland and Germany have also shown positive social and economic impacts of naturalisation (Hainmueller et al., 2017; Gathmann & Keller, 2018; but see also Bartram, 2019); and that those who naturalise increase their attachment to British Identity (Bartram, 2021).
Immigrant Economic Rights in the European Union
Authors: Alarian Hannah M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEconomic rights in many EU member states no longer distinguish between citizens to non-EU immigrants. How do these non-EU immigrants respond to expansive economic rights? This chapter argues that providing rights below citizenship improves the psychological, political, and social lives of non-EU immigrants within the EU. Combining cross-national surveys with policy indicators, I find that immigrant access to the labour market and social assistance are powerful tools for immigrant integration both above and below citizenship. Specifically, immigrants with equal opportunities to citizens in the labour market appear more satisfied with democracy, government, and their lives overall. Further I find immigrants who are eligible to receive welfare assistance without incurring additional penalties for future citizenship are more likely to naturalize. Together these findings suggest policy inclusion can perpetuate future immigrant integration, providing a clear policy agenda for EU member states committed to promoting non-EU immigrant integration.
Migrants, New Citizens, Co-Citizens and Citizens by Adoption – Regionalist Parties’ Framing of Immigrants in the Basque Country, Corsica, South Tyrol, Scotland and Wales
Authors: Wisthaler Verena 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRelying on a structured comparison of the various Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties (SNRPs) in the Basque Country (Spain), Corsica (France), South Tyrol (Italy), and Scotland and Wales (UK) I show that these parties engage, through processes of ‘othering’, in the creation of a hierarchy of diversities, differentiating between markers of diversity based on the perceived proximity of immigrants to the collective identity of the in-group, as well as their constructed distance to the identity of the state in which the minority region is situated. Hence, the construction of ‘wanted’ and ‘unwanted’ migrants and, in the long run, ‘wanted’ and ‘unwanted’ citizens, reflects the perceived potential of newcomers to strengthen the SNRPs’ vision of the territory, their nationalist mobilization and their nation-building project, which then becomes the salient criterion for the inclusion or exclusion of migrants into the construction of regional citizenship.
Intercultural Citizenship in the Making: Public Space and Belonging in Discriminatory Environments
Authors: Zapata-Barrero Ricard , Hellgren Zenia 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPublic space is essential to foster a sense of belonging among immigrants and racialized groups. This is especially true for groups who are still framed as different in relation to an abstract but taken-for-granted notion of we-ness that remains strongly connected to colonial thinking (Mayblin & Turner, 2021), according to which people perceived as white and western represent the norm in European societies. In this chapter we assume that there is an interrelation between the concepts of discrimination and interculturalism that is essential for the life conditions of immigrants and racialized groups. On the one hand, ethnic discrimination constitutes an impediment for the fulfilment of interculturalist policy goals, while on the other hand, interculturalism, understood as a strategy promoting contact among people from different backgrounds, including nationals, may potentially constitute a fruitful political and discursive tool to combat discrimination (Hellgren & Zapata-Barrero, 2022). In this chapter we defend that intercultural citizenship is a useful conceptual framework to analytically examine how such belonging could be constructed in multiethnic urban neighbourhoods, understanding multiplicity of linkages across ethnic divides as a key element. For such multiple ways of understanding contact (including formal/informal, conventional/unconventional, and also nonverbal communication, body language, eye contact, gestures and even silence (Samovar et al., 2015) to fulfil the conditions of citizenship-making and developing a sense of belonging need to take place under conditions of equality and power-sharing or be discrimination-free. We contend therefore that these people-to-place linkages in diversity settings are even more important than the probably more traditional people-to-people linkages that usually define interculturalism (Zapata-Barrero, 2017). For instance, migrants tend to use open public spaces, community gardens, and parks to gather and congregate in ways that are reminiscent of their home country, transforming the parks of their adoptive community into familiar spaces, creating an “autotopography” that links their daily practices and life experiences to a deep sense of place (Agyeman, 2017).
“In London, I Am a European Citizen”: Brexit, Emotions, and the Politics of Belonging
Authors: Sigona Nando , Godin Marie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLondon hosts by far the largest population of non-national EU citizens in Europe. It is also home to roughly one-third of the entire EU citizen population living in the UK. London’s population changed rapidly following EU enlargement in the 2000s in terms of its size, the variety and number of nationalities it hosts, and its socio-demographic profile (Lessard-Phillips & Sigona, 2018). These changes have intensified and shaped the process of ‘diversification of diversity’ captured in the late 2000s by anthropologist Steve Vertovec in his seminal work on superdiversity (Vertovec, 2007). Despite Britain’s exit from the EU, its new geopolitical orientation (towards a more ‘Global Britain’) and the new immigration regime that has come to replace the EU’s freedom of movement, this diversification process has continued. For example, between 2016 and 2020, live births among EU mothers in London have roughly stayed the same - only marginally declined from 17.52 to 17.18 per cent of the total number of live births in London, with Poland, Romania, Germany and Lithuania among the top 10 countries of birth for non-UK mothers in the city (ONS, 2021; see also Lessard-Phillips & Sigona, 2019).
Present-Day Migration in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Flows and Migration Dynamics
Authors: Capaldi Mark P. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe proportion of people’s movement within Southeast Asia continues to rise with the UN estimating there are over ten million international migrants in the region. The causes of migration are varied and may be due to economic inequalities, environmental degradation, violent conflicts and other forms of human rights violations. Many of the richer countries in the region (where 96% of the region’s migrants are found) depend on human mobility to fill low-wage jobs in agriculture, tourism, construction, domestic help and their plight has been thrust into the spotlight by the COVID-19 pandemic. Forced, irregular and mixed migratory flows are all key trends in Southeast Asia. This chapter aims to explore the dynamics of these mixed migration flows by taking a theoretical approach to analysing migration in the region. The chapter concludes by assessing the effectiveness of existing policies and mechanisms in Southeast Asia in order to provide recommendations for a more rights-based regional approach to migration.
The Refugees Vanish: Rohingya Movement, Emergency’s Temporality and Violence of the Indonesian Humanitarian Border
Authors: Azis Avyanthi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter calls for more sustained attention to Rohingya movement as an ontological activity that has largely been observed in episodic manner. Subsumed into the limited temporality of emergency, Indonesia’s response to Rohingya boat people has led to an emergent humanitarian border, from which refugees are escaping. Drawing on local media reports, the analysis problematises the recurring arrivals/subsequent disappearances of Rohingya refugees from Aceh (2015–2021), and examines the material and ideational configurations of the violent border assemblage as it becomes entrenched through current regulation. While Indonesia appears to shift closer to international refugee protection norms, the repetition of its bordering practices against the Rohingya raises questions about rescue, and how it potentially entails delimitation of refugee’s futures.
Forgotten Stateless Vietnamese in Thailand
Authors: Napaumporn Bongkot 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMigration of Vietnamese to Thailand is not recent. Thailand has accommodated Vietnamese fleeing violence, political upheavals and religious oppression for over 350 years. Among these Vietnamese, some were able to be integrated into Thai society, others managed to return to their motherland and many rebuilt their lives in a third country. Due to problems between Thailand and Viet Nam that stemmed largely from ideological antagonism characteristic of the Cold War, the Vietnamese refugees fleeing conflicts during that time faced the most difficulties while in Thailand. Their existence and issues surrounding them including their belonging had been politicised throughout. National security was deployed to legitimise restrictions of the group. Their children, even though born and brought up in Thailand, were unable to acquire Thai nationality. Although policies toward this population had been significantly improved since 1992, it took years to resolve their problem. While many remain in Thailand, some tried their luck to move irregularly to seek a better life in other countries such as Japan. There, they ended up living in limbo because of their illegal entry and unsolved statelessness status.
Citizenship and Legal Status in Healthcare: Access of Non-citizens in the ASEAN: A Comparative Case Study of Thailand and Malaysia
Authors: Verghis Sharuna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe international movement of people through voluntary migration and forced displacement in the ASEAN is driven by economic inequalities within and between countries, and political and ethnic conflict. Using case examples of Malaysia and Thailand which espouse the neoliberal model of migration and development, and which are both guided by concerns of national security and economic efficiency in healthcare, this chapter appraises their contrasting models of health systems in the way healthcare access of migrant populations is conceptualised. Examining this issue from a comparative foundation and exploring the entitlement of a range of non-citizens to healthcare through the lens of documentation status, citizenship, and moral deservingness, this chapter demonstrates how borders move within national boundaries as neoliberal policies influence the normative frameworks underpinning health systems and the access of non-citizens to healthcare.
Accounting for Children’s Agency and Resilience in Independent Child Migration in Southeast Asia
Authors: Capaldi Mark P. , Altamura Alessia 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn Southeast Asia, the so-called phenomenon of independent child migration has received growing scholarly attention in the last decade or so. A common element of this body of literature is the questioning of the stereotypical adult-centred representation of children who migrate alone for work as passive victims of trafficking. Whilst not ignoring or downplaying that migrating children are especially vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, a number of scholars have emphasized that if we listen to these children’s voices, an alternative discourse and approach can be proposed. Refusing unidimensional interpretations of what is in fact a complex issue, this work has unveiled several conceptual shortcomings in the conflation of child trafficking and independent child migration. In so doing, increasing emphasis has been placed on the notions of children’s agency, capacities and “childhood as a social construction”. Though only at a nascent state, research has also focused on the often neglected perspective of children’s resilience.Based on a comprehensive literature review, this chapter shows that by looking at independent child migration through these lenses, adolescent migration for work can often be a constructive aspiration of young people’s search for the full realization of their rights and a better life.
Why Should People Outside the Nordic Region Be Interested in Teacher Education in the Nordic Region?
Authors: Elstad Eyvind 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Nordic region consists of five northern European countries—Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland—along with their autonomous territories: Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Åland Islands. The Sámi people also reside in the Nordic region.Large parts of the Nordic region came late to development and prosperity. However, today these countries are some of the happiest and most prosperous, egalitarian and progressive in the world. The societies of the Nordic region are among the world’s most well-organized, and their formidable economic growth is in part due to a longstanding commitment to education.Large parts of the world are looking to the Nordic countries and the Nordic model of social organization, and interest in the Nordic comprehensive school system and teacher education arrangements is no exception. The tenets of Nordic education include the development of social justice, equal opportunities for all learners, participatory democracy and inclusion, all of which foster the development of competence and align with the broader values of the Nordic welfare state. A good education is a key to prosperity and well-being. The quality of education is undoubtedly linked to the quality of teacher education.