bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochar improves the growth and physiological traits of alfalfa, amaranth and maize grown under salt stress
Authors: Jabborova Dilfuza , Abdrakhmanov Tokhtasin , Jabbarov Zafarjon , Abdullaev Shokhrukh , Azimov Abdulahat , Mohamed Ibrahim , AlHarbi Maha , Abu-Elsaoud Abdelghafar , Elkelish Amr 
Published: August 2023

Purpose
Salinity is a main factor in decreasing seed germination, plant growth and yield. Salinity stress is a major problem for economic crops, as it can reduce crop yields and quality. Salinity stress occurs when the soil or water in which a crop is grown has a high salt content. Biochar improve plant growth and physiological traits under salt stress. The aim of the present study, the impact of biochar on growth, root morphological traits and physiological properties of alfalfa, amaranth and maize and soil enzyme activities under saline sands.

Methods
We studied the impact of biochar on plant growth and the physiological properties of alfalfa, amaranth and maize under salt stress conditions. After 40 days, plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot and root fresh weights), root morphological traits and physiological properties were measured. Soil nutrients such as the P, K and total N contents in soil and soil enzyme activities were analyzed.

Results
The results showed that the maize, alfalfa, and amaranth under biochar treatments significantly enhanced the plant height and root morphological traits over the control. The biochar on significantly increased the total root length, root diameter, and root volume. Compared to the control, the biochar significantly increased the chlorophyll a and b content, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content under salt stress. Furthermore, the biochar significantly increased enzyme activities of soil under salt stress in the three crops.

Conclusions
Biochar treatments promote plant growth and physiological traits of alfalfa, amaranth, and maize under the salt stress condition. Overall, biochar is an effective way to mitigate salinity stress in crops. It can help to reduce the amount of salt in the soil, improve the soil structure, and increase the availability of essential nutrients, which can all help to improve crop yields.
Factors Influencing the Electronic Textbooks Adoption in Tanzanian High Schools
Authors: Bukagile Godfrey , Ngirwa Coletha 
Published: August 2023

Aim: Despite the availability of electronic textbooks via mobile device applications in Tanzania, students in high schools are still adopting them slowly for their day-to-day studies. From the literature reviewed, no study has examined the influencing factors for adopting e-textbooks at this level of education in Tanzania. Therefore, this study, in particular, fills that gap by extending the UTAUT model's key constructs of Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, and Facilitating Conditions to include the type of school (private or public) as a new moderating variable in predicting the adoption of electronic textbooks in Tanzania.
Methodology: The study employed survey research designs and strategies to collect data via questionnaires from 370 respondents using simple, stratified, proportional random sampling procedures. To test the validity, publishing and research professionals were consulted. For instrument reliability, a Cronbach value from 0.858 to 0.863 was achieved. A 0.05 threshold of significance was applied to evaluate the study hypotheses.
Findings: Effort Expectancy (.506 (95% CI:.404,.607)), Social Influence (.129 (95% CI:.046,.212), and Facilitating Conditions (.273 (95% CI:.167,.379) significantly and positively influenced the adoption of e-textbooks. The type of school negatively moderated the relationship between Facilitating Conditions and BI to electronic textbook adoption (-.211 (95% CI: -.361 to -.061)). Through the multi-regression technique, the interactions revealed differences in private and public-school students’ BI towards e-textbook adoption, where private scholars signify more effect than public schools. In particular, this study's findings are a stepping stone for students, teachers, app developers, e-textbook publishers, school administration, and policymakers to adopt electronic textbooks.
Recommendation: With these findings, the government, school administration, and e-textbook developers should improve the e-textbook adoption infrastructure and distribution by providing user-friendly platforms and services that effortlessly and quickly fulfil the expectations of high school students.
Response of Biofertilizer and Foliar Spray of Boron on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Dhote Pranay P. , Mehera Biswarup , Kumar Prateek , Kumbhare Sahil , Nachiketa  
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Crop Research Farm, Naini Agriculture Institute, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi, 2022 on sandy loamy soil. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, Replicated thrice, consisting of ten treatments i.e., Rhizobium 20 g + Boron 0.25%, Rhizobium 20 g + Boron 0.5%, Rhizobium 20 g + Boron 0.75%, PSB 20 g + Boron - 0.25%, PSB 20 g + Boron - 0.5%, PSB 20 g + Boron – 0.75%, Rhizobium 10 g + PSB 10 g + Boron - 0.25%, Rhizobium 10 g + PSB 10 g + Boron - 0.5%, Rhizobium 10 g + PSB 10 g + Boron - 0.75%, and Control Plot. The field experiment result revealed that Rhizobium 10 g + PSB 10 g + Boron - 0.75% has significantly increased the growth parameters viz., Plant height (46.54 cm), Number of nodules/plant (16.44), Plant dry weight (15.37 g/plant), pods/plant (55.61), seeds/pod (2.52), test weight (265.6 g), Seed yield (1.99 t/ha), Stover yield (5.95 t/ha) and Harvest index (25.06%). The economics of experiment, i.e., maximum gross return (106464.00 INR/ha), net return (76796 INR/ha) and B:C ratio (2.58) was also recorded in Rhizobium 10 g + PSB 10 g + Boron - 0.75%.
Concurrent Care as the Next Frontier in End-of-Life Care
Authors: Ernecoff Natalie C. , Anhang Price Rebecca 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceHospice care is a unique type of medical care for people near the end of life and their families, with an emphasis on providing physical and psychological symptom management, spiritual care, and family caregiver support to promote quality of life. However, many people in the US who could benefit from hospice have very short stays or do not enroll at all due to current hospice policy. Changing policy to allow for concurrent availability of disease-directed therapy and hospice care—known as concurrent care—offers an opportunity to increase hospice use and lengths of stay.ObservationsUnder Medicare payment policy, hospices are responsible for covering all costs related to patients’ terminal conditions under a per diem rate. This payment structure has led to a de facto requirement that patients forgo costly therapies (including life-prolonging treatments or those with palliative intent) on enrollment in hospice because they are prohibitively expensive. In other countries, in Medicaid for children, and in the Veterans Health Administration in the US, there is greater flexibility in providing hospice services alongside life-prolonging care. Often paired with innovative payment models, concurrent care smooths practical, psychological, and physical care transitions when patient goals prioritize comfort. For example, allowing simultaneous receipt of hospice care and dialysis for people living with end-stage kidney disease—a group with relatively low hospice enrollment—can act as a bridge to hospice and potentially promote longer lengths of stay.Conclusions and RelevanceMedicare and health care delivery systems are increasingly testing payment and care delivery models to improve hospice use via concurrent care, offering an important opportunity for innovation to better meet the needs of people living with serious illness and their families.
Accumulation
Authors: Butler Gregory S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A common theme in political philosophy is the relationship between property accumulation and questions of morality and the common good. Aristotle explains interest in the subject: “pleasure … is thought to be most intimately connected with our human nature.” The accumulation of wealth becomes the obvious means, then, to a certain kind of pleasure. But many thinkers (Aristotle included) have concluded that the pursuit of mere bodily pleasure is only a part of the good. For the classical thinkers generally, accumulation is not the highest end and ought to be limited. The life of virtue is of more lasting value and, ultimately, offers up the highest form of pleasure. Aristotle recommends that, for the sake of happiness, we accumulate only so as to be “moderately furnished with externals,” which is sufficient for performing “the noblest acts.”
Adorno, Theodor W. (1903–69)
Authors: Young Katherine E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Theodor Adorno is among an astute group of scholars commonly referred to as the Frankfurt School, who as a set were deeply concerned with human liberation and, more importantly, were participants in Western Marxism. Critical theory refers to the Frankfurt School's heterodox and open reading of the Hegelian‐Marxist tradition, which takes seriously the use of theory to transform the social sphere including, and especially, politics. Adorno's work, in particular, emphasizes the tense and irresolvable relationship of theory and action, which produces the relentless critique of both and, as a result, critique becomes politics. In this sense, Adorno effectively radicalizes political theory as a form of revolutionary political action. Moreover, one could argue that his interpretation of critique as praxis renders his work
sui generis
in comparison to his Frankfurt School colleagues. On one hand, Adorno's revaluation of theory, coupled with his own apparently moderate political views, would eventually sit in tension with the New Left radicals of the 1960s. On the other hand, it is the very untimely character of Adorno's sense of praxis, which appeared ironic and contradictory during his own lifetime, that points to the limits of practical politics and anticipates the theoretical challenges of postmodernism.
Americanization
Authors: Solomon M. Scott 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The complex and disparate processes associated with contemporary globalization have produced a vigorous debate about the significance, novelty, and reach of globalization. A key element of these debates centers on questions of homogeneity versus difference/hybridity. In other words, does globalization increasingly result in a world that is economically, politically, and culturally the same, or does globalization produce hybrid forms resulting in more diversity and difference? The concept of “Americanization” often stands in for the term “globalization” in these debates. There are at least three variants of what could be called an Americanization thesis.
Anti‐Federalists
Authors: Duncan Christopher M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe anti‐Federalists were citizens in postrevolutionary America who opposed, for varying reasons, the construction and ratification of the United States constitution. The Federalists were those who supported its adoption. While it was in many ways a negotiated settlement, the standard historical narrative has always declared the Federalists the winners. This is a vast oversimplification even though technically true. Believing the Constitutional Convention was intended to make revisions to the first US constitution, the Articles of Confederation, those who became the anti‐Federalists, were instead presented with a radical and even revolutionary document that would become the new American constitution without a shot being fired.
Antiglobalization Movements
Authors: Funke Peter Nikolaus 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAntiglobalization movements is an umbrella term for the diverse set of organizations, groups, and movements including labor, environmental, feminist, indigenous, and student groups that oppose neoliberal globalization from the political left. Also referred to as the global justice movement, the alterglobalization movement, the movement of movements, or globalization from below, antiglobalization movements are distinguishable from a right‐wing critique of globalization that emphasizes the importance of parochial national identities. As such, the termantiglobalization movements is a misnomer and often used in a derogative sense. The loosely networked groups of antiglobalization movements are not against globalization per se but rather oppose the particular neoliberal, market‐driven type of globalization and the subsequent expansion of corporate power. According to antiglobalization movements, neoliberal globalization benefits multinational corporations and finance capital at the expense of human rights and democracy, basic labor laws and environmental codes, fair trade, and sustainable development.
Arab Political Thought
Authors: Karoui Hichem 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBecause of the deep impact Islam has had on Arab society since its dawn in the eighth century, most Arab political thought in modern and medieval times relates to Islam as a frame of reference. From tribes constantly fighting one another, Arabs rose to the level of IslamicUmma(nation) when they embraced Islam, which expanded into an empire. The leaders who tried to unite Arab tribes before Islam, such as King Nuʾman ibn al‐Mundhir or Zuhair al‐Jennabi (leader of Qudhaʾa), left little impact on Arab thought.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1921–)
Authors: Chichilnisky Graciela 
Published: August 2023

AbstractKenneth Joseph Arrow is a great American economist, a founder of post‐World War II economic theory. Arrow drew the foundations of market economics, created social choice theory, defined the economics of risk and uncertainty, and provided fundamental concepts of financial economics, and of welfare and environmental economics. Arrow is known as one of the most important economists of the twentieth century. Born in 1921 in New York City to Harry and Lilian Arrow, he graduated from Townsend Harris High School and earned a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York studying under Alfred Tarski. After graduating in 1940, he went to Columbia University and after a hiatus caused by World War II, when he served with the Weather Division of the Army Air Forces, he returned to Columbia to study under the great statistician Harold Hotelling.
Aurelius, Marcus (121–80)
Authors: Caverly Matthew M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus was a Roman emperor (161–80
ce
) and Stoic philosopher who authored the
Meditations
between 170 and 180
ce
. Marcus Aurelius is principally remembered for articulating late Stoical values through the lens of his own experience as a political leader. These values are best summarized as promoting the virtue of individual will within an otherwise deterministically structured universe. To Marcus Aurelius, man existed in a natural order wherein it was his own responsibility to find and embrace his place within it. Aurelius further claimed that good action was undertaken for its own sake. For Marcus Aurelius, as for other ethical thinkers in antiquity, happiness is indeed the goal of human life.
Authenticity
Authors: Varga Somogy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAll philosophical conceptions of authenticity relate to some extent to the basic meaning of the word “authentic,” which is used either in the strong sense as being “of undisputed origin or authorship,” or in the weaker sense of being “faithful to an original” or a “reliable, accurate representation.” While such a distinction is perfectly intelligible when an original entity is compared to potential copies or composites, matters are complicated when discussing authenticity as a characteristic attributed to human agents. What is it to be oneself, or to be at one with oneself? Any reflection on “who one really is” discloses a multiplicity of puzzles connecting to metaphysics, semantics, and epistemology. In a straightforward sense, being oneself is inescapable, since whenever one thinks a thought, makes a decision, or acts in a certain way, one is identical with the subject of those thoughts, decisions, and acts. They are one's own. But in a more sophisticated sense, while someone may acknowledge being identical with the subject of those thoughts, decisions, or acts, she may be inclined to say that some of those are “not really hers,” thus denying that they are expressive of who shereallyis. At this point, the “mineness” in question goes beyond metaphysical issues, and acquires its meaning by connecting to a moral‐psychological dimension.
Behavioralism
Authors: Gunnell John G. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhen political scientist Pendelton Herring became president of the Social Science Research Council in 1948, he urged the scientific study of political “behavior.” The term “behavioralism,” however, was first adopted by political scientists when a group of social scientists at the University of Chicago, who were devoted to developing a general interdisciplinary theory of human behavior, chose, in 1949, the label “behavioral sciences.” This designation seemed both to suggest an attitude of scientific objectivity and, during the Cold War, to avoid an accentuated worry about confusing “social science” with “socialism.” The first significant statement of the behavioral position may reasonably be attributed to David Easton's 1951 article on the “Decline of Modern Political Theory” in which he attributed the “poverty” of theory in the discipline to an absorption with the study of the history of past ideas and to the failure to take on the “task of building systematic theory about political behavior.” In the article, he put equal emphasis on the need for creative “value theory,” but behavioralism increasingly became identified, by both proponents and opponents, with a commitment to a scientific approach to the study of politics and to a depreciation of normative, historical, and institutional forms of research.
Bolingbroke, HenrySt. John, 1st Viscount (1678–1751)
Authors: West Chris 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, 1st Viscount (1678–1751) was an influential British politician, diplomat, and political essayist of the early eighteenth century who contributed to the transformation of early modern civic humanism into the “country” ideology of eighteenth‐century American and British politics. His thinking has had far‐reaching influence on such movements as British radicalism, the American founding, and the French Revolution. His most famous works,
A Dissertation upon Parties
(1733–4), the letter “On the Spirit of Patriotism” (1736), and
The Idea of a Patriot King
, journalistic pieces written after his exit from official power, were authored in response to the newly emerging constitutional dynamics set into motion by the Glorious Revolution and the Settlement of 1688–9. Chief among these dynamics was the emergence of what might be called the first system of modern political parties. The major themes of his essays – corruption, partisanship, the nonpartisan executive, public virtue, and the separation of powers – center around the project of forging an ideology around which an organized opposition to prime minister Sir Robert Walpole and his Whig oligarchy might form.
Camus, Albert (1913–60)
Authors: Bronner Stephen Eric 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEvery great writer touches the young, and Albert Camus was no exception. He spoke to his generation, which came of age in the 1940s and 1950s. But he was also the most popular writer among the students of the 1960s. His work offered a strange mixture of pessimism and optimism, and he engaged himself politically without forgetting about the desire for personal happiness. Even today, every high school student is introduced to one or another of his works. Camus was an artist who dealt with the perennial concerns of philosophy. He was a man of the Mediterranean who lived in Europe. He was a hero of the antifascist Resistance, but also a pacifist. He will always be remembered as part of the existentialist circles of postwar Paris, which included Jean‐Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, and yet he was an intensely private person. Camus was a celebrity with many lovers, who liked to style himself after Humphrey Bogart. But he was also a serious intellectual and the second‐youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was a problematical man. He made many enemies. Yet there is something on which all agree: Camus was a writer of remarkable integrity, who lived an extraordinary life, and who offers a moral outlook that speaks to our time.
Capitalism
Authors: Ascher Ivan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe term capitalism refers to a system of production characterized by the following: (1) production and distribution are organized through a system of monetized exchange; (2) property is privately held; (3) labor can be freely bought and sold; and (4) the productive activity of society is oriented toward the pursuit of individual profit. Thus understood, capitalism is principally an economic system, but it is one that is characterized by particular social, cultural, and political relations, and tends to benefit the owner of capital.
Causation
Authors: Landemore Hélène 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Causation (or causality) is the relationship of cause and effect. Depending on the goal of the philosophical inquiry – whether we mean to determine the nature of causation on the basis of an a priori analysis valid for all possible worlds, or to determine the nature of causation on the basis of an a posteriori investigation about its properties in the real world – the definition of causation will vary in scope, ambition, and content. Broadly speaking, one can distinguish between an epistemic concept of causation, which refers to our knowledge about the world, and a more ontological concept, which refers to causation as a natural species, like water or iron. Modern science also distinguishes between a deterministic and a probabilistic account of causation.
Christianity
Authors: Pecknold C. C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The influence of Christian theology upon political thought is pervasive and undeniable. As Carl Schmitt once put it, “all significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts” (Schmitt 2005: 36). Christian teaching on God, creation, conscience, good and evil, freedom of the will, atoning sacrifice, service, salvation, worship, virtue, authority, hierarchy, church, law, grace, happiness, eschatological time, community, and vision all find their way into western political thought.