bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of heat input on the microstructure and impact toughness of submerged arc weld metal for high-performance weathering steel
Authors: Li Fangmin , Li Jinjian , Hu Bing , Yi Yuzhu , Wang Qiuming , Wang Qingfeng 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the appropriate heat input (E

j
) range for submerged arc welding (SAW) of high-performance weathering steel. Generally, by increasing E

j
, the welding efficiency can be improved, but the toughness of the weld metal may be deteriorated. Therefore, SAW was employed to produce the weld microstructure under varying E

j
from 20 to 50 kJ cm−1. The Charpy V-notch impact tests were conducted at −40 °C, and the weld microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that the weld microstructures consist of polygonal ferrite (PF), acicular ferrite (AF), granular bainitic ferrite (GBF), and martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents under each E

j
. With the increase in E

j
, the proportion of PF increases, while AF and GBF are coarsened, and the area fraction (f
M/A) and mean size (dM/A) of M/A constituents increase monotonically. Further, the fraction (f
MTA>15°) of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) with the misorientation tolerance angles (MTAs) greater than 15° is reduced, while the mean equivalent diameter (MEDMTA≥15°) of ferrite grains with HAGBs increases. Accordingly, with the increase in E

j
, the impact toughness of weld degrades from 128.4 to 47.6 J. The higher degree of micro-strain concentration caused by the increase in M/A size and area leads to the formation of larger microcracks under small plastic deformation, while the reduced HAGBs have a lower inhibition effect on crack propagation. Finally, the impact toughness decreases with the increase of E

j
. Overall, the findings suggest that the E

j
of SAW should not exceed 40 kJ cm−1 in the construction of high-performance weathering steel.
Population genetics of recent natural colonization by the bull-headed shrike (Lanius bucephalus; Aves) suggests the importance of recurrent immigration on remote islands
Authors: Aoki Daisuke , Matsui Shin , Esashi Mari , Nishiumi Isao , Nagata Junco , Takagi Masaoki 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Founder effects and recurrent immigration are two major factors that might potentially contribute to genetic differentiation and population persistence in the early stage of remote island colonization. However, their relative importance remains controversial. By conducting population genetic analyses of four remote island populations of the bull-headed shrike (Lanius bucephalus) established naturally within several decades in Japan, we examined the contributions of founder effects and recurrent immigration to these island populations. Based on the standard genetic indices and population structure analyses using 15 microsatellite loci, we suggested island-specific scenarios of colonization. Notably, the founder effect strongly influenced genetic differentiation in the population on the most remote oceanic island, Chichi-jima Island, which, however, became extinct 20 years after colonization, possibly owing to a lack of recurrent immigration. In contrast, another oceanic island, Minami-Daito Island, was probably subjected to multiple recurrent immigration events from the mainland, which obscured any genetic differentiation previously established by the founder effect. Temporal samples collected over 8 years on this island confidently supported this scenario. Underlying the island-specific scenarios of colonization, we provide evidence that recurrent immigration strongly affected the population persistence, overwhelming the initial founder effects. We argue for the importance of recurrent immigration even in colonization of highly remote islands.
A Novel RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Vilanterol Trifenatate, Umeclidinium Bromide and Fluticasone Furoate in Inhalation Dry Powder Formulation
Authors: Yadav Shweta , Jain Vandana , Magar Hemant , Kumar M Vijay , Warde Sayali , Singh Raman Mohan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The dry powder inhalation formulation containing vilanterol trifenatate, umeclidinium bromide and fluticasone furoate intended for the therapy of bronchospasm related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma was selected for the development and validation of a novel, selective, accurate, precise, quick and cost-efficient reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography method. Neither an official monograph nor a single method has yet been published for the simultaneous estimation of these three compounds, which makes this method novel. The stationary phase of an ACE-C18-PFP column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) was used with a mobile phase of 25-mM sodium perchlorate buffer (pH 2.5 adjusted with ortho-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (40:60% v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min to optimize chromatographic variables. The column temperature was kept at 40°C, and detection was at 224 nm, which was the isosbestic point of these three drugs. Well-resolved good peak symmetry was obtained for all three molecules by isocratic elution in less than 10 min, and the retention times of vilanterol trifenatate, umeclidinium bromide and fluticasone furoate were found to be 3.7, 5.4 and 8.3 min, respectively. The proposed method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines, and the calibration curves were linear in concentration ranges of 5–35 μg/mL for vilanterol trifenatate, 5–80 μg/mL for umeclidinium bromide and 5–150 μg/mL for fluticasone furoate, with mean % recoveries of 99–100%. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.15 and 0.45 μg/mL for vilanterol trifenatate, 0.58 and 1.77 μg/mL for umeclidinium bromide and 0.32 and 0.96 μg/mL for fluticasone furoate, respectively. Hence, the proposed RP-HPLC technique was successfully used to quantify the inhalation formulation containing all three compounds.
Inscribed Trefoil Knots
Authors: Hugelmeyer Cole 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Let $K$ be a knot type for which the quadratic term of the Conway polynomial is nontrivial, and let $\gamma : {\mathbb {R}}\to {\mathbb {R}}^{3}$ be an analytic ${\mathbb {Z}}$-periodic function with non-vanishing derivative that parameterizes a knot of type $K$ in space. We prove that there exists a sequence of numbers $0\leq t_{1} &lt; t_{2} &lt;... &lt; t_{6} &lt; 1$ so that the polygonal path obtained by cyclically connecting the points $\gamma (t_{1}), \gamma (t_{2}),..., \gamma (t_{6})$ by line segments is a trefoil knot.
Multivariate spatial modelling for predicting missing HIV prevalence rates among key populations
Authors: Lan Zhou , Bao Le 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEnding the HIV/AIDS pandemic is among the sustainable development goals for the next decade. To overcome the problem caused by the imbalances between the need for care and the limited resources, we shall improve our understanding of the local HIV epidemics, especially for key populations at high risk of HIV infection. However, HIV prevalence rates for key populations have been difficult to estimate because their HIV surveillance data are very scarce. This paper develops a multivariate spatial model for predicting unknown HIV prevalence rates among key populations. The proposed multivariate conditional auto-regressive model efficiently pools information from neighbouring locations and correlated populations. As the real data analysis illustrates, it provides more accurate predictions than independently fitting the sub-epidemic for each key population. Furthermore, we investigate how different pieces of surveillance data contribute to the prediction and offer practical suggestions for epidemic data collection.
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) Appendicitis: The Real Vermiform Appendix
Authors: Getzlaff Jared M , Fulghum George H 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Enterobius vermicularis is the most common helminthic infection in the United States, infecting an estimated 40 million persons. A rare complication of E. vermicularis infestation is appendicitis. The diagnosis must be considered during pathologic examination to ensure appropriate treatment with anti-helminthic therapy.
Market Power in Coal Shipping and Implications for U.S. Climate Policy
Authors: Preonas Louis 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Economists have widely endorsed pricing CO2 emissions to internalize climate change-related externalities. Doing so would significantly affect coal, the most carbon-intensive energy source. However, U.S. coal markets exhibit an additional distortion: the railroads that transport coal to power plants can exert market power. This article estimates how coal-by-rail markups respond to changes in coal demand. I identify markups in a major intermediate goods market using both reduced-form and structural methods. I find that rail carriers reduce coal markups when downstream power plant demand changes due to a drop in the price of natural gas (a competing fuel). My results imply that decreases in coal markups have increased recent U.S. climate damages by $11.9 billion, compared to a counterfactual where markups did not change. Incomplete pass-through would likely erode the environmental benefits of an incremental carbon tax, shifting the tax burden towards upstream railroads. Still, a non-trivial tax would likely increase welfare.
Comparative oxidative damages induced by silver nanoparticles with different sizes and coatings in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Niu Shuyan , Wang Junjun , Chang Xiaoru , Shang Mengting , Guo Menghao , Sun Zuoyi , Li Yunjing , Xue Yuying 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in many commercial and medical products. Serious concerns are paid on their adverse potentials to the environment and human health. In this study, toxic effects and oxidative stress induced by AgNPs with different sizes and coatings (20 nm AgNPs, 20 nm polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) -AgNPs and 50 nm AgNPs) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were investigated. The toxic effects including the shortened lifespan and decreased frequency of head thrashes and body bends of C. elegans were induced in a dose-dependent manner by AgNPs. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the oxidative stress-related indicators including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in nematodes were changed after exposure to three kinds of AgNPs. These effects were the most obvious in a 20 nm PVP-AgNPs exposure group. AgNPs could also induce the expression of genes related to oxidative stress in nematodes. In addition, the up-regulation of mtl-1 and mtl-2 in nematodes might reduce the oxidative damage caused by AgNPs, by using transgenic strains CF2222 and CL2120 nematodes. Metallothionein (MT), an antioxidant, could relieve the oxidative damage caused by AgNPs. These results suggested that 20 nm PVP-AgNPs with a smaller particle size and better dispersion have stronger toxic effects and the oxidative damage to nematodes. Mtl-1 and mtl-2 might be involved in alleviating the oxidative damage caused by AgNPs. Our findings provide clues for the safety evaluation and mechanism information of metal nanoparticles.
Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes
Authors: Alesci Alessio , Albano Marco , Fumia Angelo , Messina Emmanuele , Miller Anthea , Di Fresco Dario , de Oliveira Fernandes Jorge M , Spanò Nunziacarla , Savoca Serena , Capillo Gioele 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The shell of bivalves acts as structural support, defence against predators, stressors, and maintenance of homeostasis. Haemocytes and mantle epithelial cells participate in shell formation. Mantle epithelial cells produce the organic matrix of the shell and are associated with biomineralization because of their proximity to the shell surface and ability to maintain shell deposition ex vivo. Haemocytes play an immunological role and are involved in Ca2+ and CO32- intracellular transport implicated in shell mineralization. This study aims to evaluate the expression of molecules that play key roles in internal defence and the nervous system, in epithelial cells and haemocytes of the outer mantle margin of two species of bivalves, Polititapes aureus Gmelin, 1791 and Cerastoderma glaucum Bruguière, 1789, to highlight their collaborative role in shell formation. Our data show for the first time the presence of serotonin/S100 protein, and TLR2/iNOS colocalization in the haemocytes and mantle epithelial cells of P. aureus and C. glaucum, suggesting that the mantle cells perform their canonical role of sensory and biomineralizing activity, while the haemocytes perform their typical immune function, and their collaboration in shell formation, providing new information on cellular interactions in shell formation and giving more details for taxonomical studies.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Anemia and Severe Maternal Morbidity
Authors: Igbinosa Irogue I. , Leonard Stephanie A. , Noelette Francecsa , Davies-Balch Shantay , Carmichael Suzan L. , Main Elliott , Lyell Deirdre J. 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate antepartum anemia prevalence by race and ethnicity, to assess whether such differences contribute to severe maternal morbidity (SMM), and to estimate the contribution of antepartum anemia to SMM and nontransfusion SMM by race and ethnicity.

METHODS:
We conducted a population-based cohort study using linked vital record and birth hospitalization data for singleton births at or after 20 weeks of gestation in California from 2011 through 2020. Pregnant patients with hereditary anemias, out-of-hospital births, unlinked records, and missing variables of interest were excluded. Antepartum anemia prevalence and trends were estimated by race and ethnicity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria were used for SMM and nontransfusion SMM indicators. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) for SMM and nontransfusion SMM by race and ethnicity after sequential adjustment for social determinants, parity, obstetric comorbidities, delivery, and antepartum anemia. Population attributable risk percentages were calculated to assess the contribution of antepartum anemia to SMM and nontransfusion SMM by race and ethnicity.

RESULTS:
In total, 3,863,594 births in California were included. In 2020, Black pregnant patients had the highest incidence of antepartum anemia (21.5%), followed by Pacific Islander (18.2%), American Indian–Alaska Native (14.1%), multiracial (14.0%), Hispanic (12.6%), Asian (10.6%), and White pregnant patients (9.6%). From 2011 to 2020, the prevalence of anemia increased more than100% among Black patients, and there was a persistent gap in prevalence among Black compared with White patients. Compared with White patients, the adjusted risk for SMM was high among most racial and ethnic groups; adjustment for anemia after sequential modeling for known confounders decreased SMM risk most for Black pregnant patients (approximated RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.42–1.53 to approximated RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.22–1.37). Compared with White patients, the full adjusted nontransfusion SMM risk remained high for most groups except Hispanic and multiracial patients. Within each racial and ethnic group, the population attributable risk percentage for antepartum anemia and SMM was highest for multiracial patients (21.4%, 95% CI 17.5–25.0%), followed by Black (20.9%, 95% CI 18.1–23.4%) and Hispanic (20.9%, 95% CI 19.9–22.1%) patients. The nontransfusion SMM population attributable risk percentages for Asian, Black, and White pregnant patients were less than 8%.

CONCLUSION:
Antepartum anemia, most prevalent among Black pregnant patients, contributed to disparities in SMM by race and ethnicity. Nearly one in five to six SMM cases among Black, Hispanic, American Indian–Alaska Native, Pacific Islander, and multiracial pregnant patients is attributable in part to antepartum anemia.
Living liver donor pain management
Authors: Kang Ryung A. , Ko Justin Sangwook 
Published: September 2023

Purpose of reviewOptimal pain control in living liver donors undergoing hepatectomy is strongly recommended considering their unique status as healthy individuals willingly undergoing surgery for the benefit of the recipient. This review aims to examine and evaluate different strategies aimed at ensuring effective postoperative pain management in living liver donors.Recent findingsEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have proven effective in optimizing patient outcomes, including in living liver donor hepatectomy. By implementing these protocols, healthcare professionals can enhance postoperative pain control and accelerate recovery. Multimodal analgesia, which combines different techniques and agents, is crucial in pain management for living liver donors. Regional analgesia techniques, such as spinal anesthesia and various peripheral nerve blocks, have shown efficacy in reducing pain and facilitating early recovery. Systemic nonopioid analgesics, including acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ketamine, lidocaine, and dexmedetomidine act synergistically to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. Minimizing the use of opioids is important to avoid adverse effects, and they should be reserved for rescue medication or breakthrough pain.SummaryApplying the principles of ERAS and multimodal analgesia to living liver donors can effectively control pain while promoting early recovery.
Is It Safe to Omit the 1-week Post-operative Examination after Uncomplicated Phacoemulsification?
Authors: McLaughlin Mallory , Salazar Patricia , Piser Danielle , Bands Tenley , Shpountova Kristina 
Published: September 2023

SIGNIFICANCE
The incidence of cataract surgery is increasing, accounting for a large percentage of eye care expenses. Scientific evidence supporting the medical necessity of the traditional post-operative schedule is lacking. Further studies are needed to optimize post-operative care to reduce the burden on patients and medical providers.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to study the rate of complication 1 week after uncomplicated phacoemulsification to determine if the 1-week post-operative examination can be safely omitted.

METHODS
A retrospective record review was conducted on all consecutive patients who had uncomplicated phacoemulsification between February 1, 2019, and February 1, 2020, at a clinic in an urban setting with a predominantly Black and African American patient population. Subjects were included if they had no complications during the 1-day post-operative examination. Complications at the 1-week and 1-month post-operative examination were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS
Omitting the 1-week post-operative examination would result in missed complications in 4.48 to 15.97% of patients and failure to make unexpected management changes in 1.78 to 13.84% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study do not support omitting the 1-week post-operative examination after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. Further studies are needed to determine whether telemedicine can be safely substituted for post-operative examinations.
Results of Pyrocarbon Disc Interposition Compared to Trapeziectomy with Ligament Reconstruction and Tendon Interposition
Authors: van Laarhoven Cecile M. C. A. , Donners Simone J. A. , van Laarhoven Constance J. H. C. M. , Teunissen Joris , Bieckmann Luc , Schuurman Arnold H. , van der Heijden Brigitte E. P. A. 
Published: September 2023

Background:
To compare pyrocarbon disc interposition arthroplasty (PDI) with trapeziectomy plus ligament reconstruction tendon interposition (LRTI), the authors assessed whether PDI resulted in a higher pinch strength, and compared grip strength, range of motion (ROM), patient-reported outcomes, satisfaction, and complications between the approaches.

Methods:
Because of scarcity of preoperative hand measurements, the authors performed a descriptional cross-sectional cohort study of patients operated on between 2006 and 2014, with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. Patients were treated with PDI or LRTI. The authors determined key pinch strength as the primary outcome, followed by tip and tripod pinch, grip strength, palmar abduction and opposition, Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) and Patient-Reported Hand and Wrist Evaluation (PRWHE) scores, satisfaction level, and complications. Propensity score matching was used to match the study groups on demographic variables. A ratio of 2:1 was used, resulting in inclusion of 62 (of 154) PDI and 31 (of 31) LRTI thumbs.

Results:
Patients in the PDI group showed stronger key and tip pinch strength than did patients in the LRTI group (P = 0.027 and P = 0.036, respectively). Tripod pinch, grip strength, and ROM were equal between the groups. MHQ and PRWHE were comparable, with higher satisfaction levels in the PDI group. Eight patients with PDI were converted to LRTI because of pain.

Conclusions:
This study confirmed the hypothesis that key and tip pinch strength is stronger after PDI compared with LRTI for first carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis. Both techniques have comparable outcomes considering patient-reported outcome (MHQ and PRWHE), ROM, and complications.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Ancient mitogenomes reveal evidence for the late Miocene dispersal of mergansers to the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Rawlence Nicolas J. , Verry Alexander J. F. , Cole Theresa L. , Shepherd Lara D. , Tennyson Alan J. D. , Williams Murray , Wood Jamie R. , Mitchell Kieren J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMergansers are riverine and coastal piscivorous ducks that are widespread throughout North America and Eurasia but uncommon in the Southern Hemisphere. One species occurs in South America and at least two extinct species from New Zealand. It has been proposed that Southern Hemisphere mergansers were founded by independent dispersal events from the Northern Hemisphere. However, some morphological and behavioural evidence suggests that Southern Hemisphere mergansers may be closely related to one another. They share several characteristics that differ from Northern Hemisphere mergansers (e.g., non-migratory vs. migratory, sexual monochromatism vs. sexual dichromatism, long vs. short pair bonds). We sequenced complete mitogenomes from the Brazilian merganser and an extinct merganser from New Zealand—the Auckland Island merganser. Our results show the Brazilian and Auckland Island mergansers form a monophyletic clade with the common merganser, and that a sister relationship between Southern Hemisphere mergansers cannot be rejected. We cannot exclude the possibility that the Brazilian and Auckland Island mergansers descend from a single dispersal event from the Northern Hemisphere at least seven million years ago. Nuclear (palaeo)genomic data may help to resolve the relationship between living and extinct mergansers, including merganser fossils from New Zealand that have not been subjected to palaeogenetic analysis.