bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticle‐Embedded pH‐responsive Polymeric Microbeads for Drug Delivery and Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Rathnam Sepuri Ranga , Reddy Obireddy Sreekanth , Gaikwad Rajendra S. , Patwari Shivaji B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCopper nanoparticles have been utilized in a variety of therapeutic applications because of their inexpensive manufacturing and unique characteristics. In the current study, novel nanocomposites are developed to carry bioactive agents in a controlled manner. Copper nanoparticles (Cu‐NPs) were synthesized from copper sulfate using a leaf extract of Phyllanthus virgatus as a reducing agent. The obtained Cu‐NPs are loaded into the polymeric matrix of sodium alginate and locust bean gum to generate microbeads. The developed microbeads were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Swelling and in vitro release studies were performed at pH 2.0 and 7.4 at 37 °C. Metronidazole (MTD) was used as a model agent, and the antibacterial activity of microbeads was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis. The release kinetics and MTD release pattern were analyzed by employing the MTD release data into Korsmeyer‐Peppas equation and other kinetic models.
Spiropyrrolizidine Analogues of Rosuvastatin from N‐(4‐(4‐Fluorophenyl)‐5‐formyl‐6‐isopropylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐N‐methylmethanesulfonamide
Authors: Gorli Venkata Nookaapparao , Srinivasan Rajagopal 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA series of spiropyrrolizidine analogues have been synthesized through 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide generated from isatin and L‐proline with dipolarophile which is prepared from Rosuvastatin intermediate N‐(4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐formyl‐6‐isopropylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐N‐methylmethanesulfonamide and acetophenones. The stereochemistry of the cycloadduct was assigned based on the single‐crystal X‐ray structure.
Synthesis and Application of New Benzophenone Photoinitiators
Authors: Feng Chao , Wang Qin Lin , Liu Feng , Zhang Bianxiang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA series of new benzophenone derivatives were synthesized by the esterification reaction of hydroxy‐benzophenone and acyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride. All the compounds were characterization by NMR and MS spectroscopy technology. The resulting products exhibited efficient UV light absorption in the range of 225–325 nm, leading to excellent photoinitiating effects as photoinitiators in light‐cured coatings. The cured film showed comparable mechanical performance with the commercial product. Moreover, we discussed the photoinitiation mechanism of the new benzophenone derivatives, which would promote the further development of novel photoinitiators for industry application.
A Sustainable Protocol for C=C Bonds Synthesis Using Water Extract of Annona squamosa Fruit Shell Ash (WEASF)
Authors: Ettam Ashok , Rao L. Vaikunta 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe use of bioresource‐derived wastes to valuable organic reactions is a new and fascinating trend in the current‐day chemistry which aims at the decrease/elimination of the use of depleting resources based chemicals. This article discusses a sustainable protocol for the synthesis of C=C bonds via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of α‐cyano esters with aldehydes using water extract of Annona squamosa fruit shell ash (WEASF) as catalyst. These reactions have been conducted at room temperature (RT) in aqueous media and the products are purified by recrystallization. WEASF acts as biorenewable base and the process avoids the organic solvents and column‐based purifications of products. The bio‐derived WEASF also showed its high reusability in the current protocol and is a sustainable alternative to existing methods of making polysubstituted olefins.
π‐hole driven N⋅⋅⋅O/N⋅⋅⋅π Pnicogen and C⋅⋅⋅O Tetrel Bonding inNitromethane‐Carbonyl Dimers: Comprehensive Study using Matrix Isolation Infrared Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Computations
Authors: Mahapatra Nandalal , Chandra Swaroop , Ramanathan Nagarajan , Sundararajan Kalyanasundaram 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe geometries of nitromethane‐carbonyl dimers were investigated comprehensively with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone as model Lewis bases. Pnicogen bonding involving nitrogen of nitromethane was discerned to be a stabilizing interaction along with hydrogen and tetrel (carbon) bonding interactions in all these dimers. The structures of the dimers generated at low temperatures under isolated conditions were established using infrared spectroscopy with the aid of ab initio and DFT computations. The existence of C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen, O=N⋅⋅⋅O, O=N⋅⋅⋅π pnicogen and O=C⋅⋅⋅O tetrel bonding was asserted from Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules (QTAIM), Natural Bond Orbital (NBO), Electrostatic Potential (ESP) mapping and Non‐Covalent Interaction (NCI) analyses. Methyl substitution on formaldehyde results in the instigation of steric effect which was found to have a profound influence on the geometries of heterodimers of nitromethane‐acetaldehyde and nitromethane‐acetone. The plausible role of steric effect on pnicogen and tetrel bonding was probed through the analysis of nature of interactions in these nitromethane‐carbonyl dimer systems.
Brookite TiO2 Nanorods as Promising Electrochromic and Energy Storage Materials for Smart Windows
Authors: Xing Congcong , Yang Linlin , He Ren , Spadaro Maria Chiara , Zhang Yu , Arbiol Jordi , Li Junshan , Poudel Bed , Nozariasbmarz Amin , Li Wenjie , Lim Khak Ho , Liu Yu , Llorca Jordi , Cabot Andreu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractElectrochromic smart windows (ESWs) offer an attractive option for regulating indoor lighting conditions. Electrochromic materials based on ion insertion/desertion mechanisms also present the possibility for energy storage, thereby increasing overall energy efficiency and adding value to the system. However, current electrochromic electrodes suffer from performance degradation, long response time, and low coloration efficiency. This work aims to produce defect‐engineered brookite titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods (NRs) with different lengths and investigate their electrochromic performance as potential energy storage materials. The controllable synthesis of TiO2 NRs with inherent defects, along with smaller impedance and higher carrier concentrations, significantly enhances their electrochromic performance, including improved resistance to degradation, shorter response times, and enhanced coloration efficiency. The electrochromic performance of TiO2 NRs, particularly longer ones, is characterized by fast switching speeds (20 s for coloration and 12 s for bleaching), high coloration efficiency (84.96 cm2 C−1 at a 600 nm wavelength), and good stability, highlighting their potential for advanced electrochromic smart window applications based on Li+ ion intercalation.
Preliminary evaluation of the impact of periodontal treatment on markers of glycaemic control in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A prospective, clinical case series
Authors: Nivy Ran , Bar‐Am Yoav , Retzkin Hanny , Bruchim Yaron , Mazaki‐Tovi Michal 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundPeriodontal disease (PD) can adversely affect glycaemic control in humans. However, it is unknown if a similar association exists in dogs.MethodsTen client‐owned dogs with poorly regulated diabetes mellitus (DM) and PD were prospectively enrolled. A complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis and measurement of C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor‐α, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fructosamine concentrations were performed before periodontal treatment (PT) and monthly thereafter for 3 months. A periodontal disease severity score (PDSS) was determined during PT. The effects of time post‐PT and PDSS on markers of inflammation and glycaemic control were determined by generalised estimating equation analysis.ResultsHbA1c (mean; 95% confidence interval [CI]) decreased 3 months post‐PT (32.1 mmol/mol; 21.1–43.1 mmol/mol vs. 44.3 mmol/mol; 36.4–52.0; p = 0.003). PDSS at enrolment was significantly (p = 0.031) positively associated with HbA1c concentration. Due to a significant (p < 0.001) interaction between PDSS and time post‐PT in the analysis of fructosamine, dogs with low (1–3) PDSS and high (7–9) PDSS were analysed separately. Fructosamine (mean; 95% CI) significantly decreased 1 month post‐PT (570 μmol/L; 457–684 μmol/L vs. 624 μmol/L; 499–748; p = 0.001) in the high PDSS group but not in the low PDSS group. Fructosamine concentration upon enrolment and PDSS were correlated (r = 0.73, p = 0.017). IL‐6 concentration significantly decreased 3 months post‐PT (9.9 pg/mL; 8.5–11.3 pg/mL vs. 11.2 pg/mL; 9.7–12.7; p = 0.002).LimitationsLimitations of the study included the small number of dogs, the lack of a control group and the inability to assess PDSS during follow‐ups.ConclusionsThese findings support a potential detrimental interaction between PD and DM. The apparent beneficial effect of PT on markers of glycaemic control was most conspicuous in dogs with more severe PD.
A review on triclosan in wastewater: Mechanism of action, resistance phenomenon, environmental risks, and sustainable removal techniques
Authors: Jabłońska‐Trypuć Agata 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTriclosan, belonging to the bisphenols, is a known antiseptic broad‐spectrum biocide. It has a very wide range of applications, both in health care and in the household. Triclosan enters the environment, both water bodies and soil, because of its high prevalence and the ability to accumulation. Excessive use of antimicrobial formulations may cause the generation of resistance among microorganisms. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is observed more frequently and in an expanded group of microorganisms and is conditioned by a number of different mechanisms occurring on the molecular level. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Therefore, additional advanced treatment technologies are being considered in areas, where a triclosan contamination problem has been identified. Removal of triclosan from wastewater is carried out using different biological and chemical techniques; however, it should be pointed out that physico‐chemical methods often generate toxic by‐products. Toxicity of triclosan and its degradation products, bacterial resistance to this compound, and evident problems with triclosan elimination from wastewater are currently the main problems faced by companies creating products containing triclosan.Practitioner Points
Triclosan is an emerging pollutant in the environment because of its ability to accumulation and high prevalence.
Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is being observed more frequently.
Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan.
Additional advanced treatment technologies should be implemented to remove triclosan from wastewater.
Sememe-Based Lexical Knowledge Representation Learning
Authors: Qin Yujia , Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLinguistic and commonsense knowledge bases describe knowledge in formal and structural languages. Such knowledge can be easily leveraged in modern natural language processing systems. In this chapter, we introduce one typical kind of linguistic knowledge (sememe knowledge) and a sememe knowledge base named HowNet. In linguistics, sememes are defined as the minimum indivisible units of meaning. We first briefly introduce the basic concepts of sememe and HowNet. Next, we introduce how to model the sememe knowledge using neural networks. Taking a step further, we introduce sememe-guided knowledge applications, including incorporating sememe knowledge into compositionality modeling, language modeling, and recurrent neural networks. Finally, we discuss sememe knowledge acquisition for automatically constructing sememe knowledge bases and representative real-world applications of HowNet.
Ten Key Problems of Pre-trained Models: An Outlook of Representation Learning
Authors: Ding Ning , Chen Weize , Zhang Zhengyan , Hu Shengding , Cui Ganqu , Yao Yuan , Qin Yujia , Zeng Zheni , Han Xu , Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe aforementioned representation learning methods have shown their effectiveness in various NLP scenarios and tasks. Large-scale pre-trained language models (i.e., big models) are the state of the art of representation learning for NLP and beyond. With the rapid growth of data scale and the development of computation devices, big models bring us to a new era of AI and NLP. Standing on the new giants of big models, there are many new challenges and opportunities for representation learning. In the last chapter, we will provide a 2023 outlook for the future directions of representation learning techniques for NLP by summarizing ten key open problems for pre-trained models.
Word Representation Learning
Authors: Hu Shengding , Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWords are the building blocks of phrases, sentences, and documents. Word representation is thus critical for natural language processing (NLP). In this chapter, we introduce the approaches for word representation learning to show the paradigm shift from symbolic representation to distributed representation. We also describe the valuable efforts in making word representations more informative and interpretable. Finally, we present applications of word representation learning to NLP and interdisciplinary fields, including psychology, social sciences, history, and linguistics.
Pre-trained Models for Representation Learning
Authors: Lin Yankai , Ding Ning , Liu Zhiyuan , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPre-training-fine-tuning has recently become a new paradigm in natural language processing, learning better representations of words, sentences, and documents in a self-supervised manner. Pre-trained models not only unify semantic representations of multiple tasks, multiple languages, and multiple modalities but also emerge high-level capabilities approaching human beings. In this chapter, we introduce pre-trained models for representation learning, from pre-training tasks to adaptation approaches for specific tasks. After that, we discuss several advanced topics toward better pre-trained representations, including better model architecture, multilingual, multi-task, efficient representations, and chain-of-thought reasoning.
Graph Representation Learning
Authors: Yang Cheng , Lin Yankai , Liu Zhiyuan , Sun Maosong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGraph structure, which can represent objects and their relationships, is ubiquitous in big data including natural languages. Besides original text as a sequence of word tokens, massive additional information in NLP is in the graph structure, such as syntactic relations between words in a sentence, hyperlink relations between documents, and semantic relations between entities. Hence, it is critical for NLP to encode these graph data with graph representation learning. Graph representation learning, also known as network embedding, has been extensively studied in AI and data mining. In this chapter, we introduce a variety of graph representation learning methods that embed graph data into vectors with shallow or deep neural models. After that, we introduce how graph representation learning helps NLP tasks.
Bond–Slip Model of Corroded Strand Considering Rotation Effect
Authors: Wang Lei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCorrosion leads to the cracking of concrete cover and degrades the bond strength of strand. This chapter theoretically analyzed the bond strength model of corroded strands by considering the rotation characteristics. First, an analytical model is developed to predict the bond strength of uncorroded strands by considering strand rotation. Then, the effect of corrosion-induced concrete cracking on the ultimate bond strength of corroded strand is analyzed theoretically. Finally, the theoretical model of bond strength of corroded strands is obtained.
Prestress Loss and Transfer Length Prediction in Pretensioned Concrete Structures with Corrosive Cracking
Authors: Wang Lei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractConcrete cracking caused by strand corrosion reduces bond strength and leads to loss of prestress and changes in transfer length. In this chapter, a model, considering the coupled effects of concrete cracking and bond degradation, is proposed to predict the corrosion-induced prestress loss in prestressed concrete structures at first. Then, an analytical model, considering the coupled effects of the Hoyer effect and corrosion-induced cracking, is proposed to predict the transfer length. The effects of strand corrosion on the effective prestress and transfer length are studied.
Secondary Anchorage and Prestress Loss of Fractured Strand in PT Beams
Authors: Wang Lei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe effect of corrosion-induced strand fracture on residual prestress of post-tensioned concrete beams should be investigated fully to ensure the structural safety. An experimental test with five specimens is designed to investigate the secondary anchorage and residual prestressing force in locally corroded post-tensioned concrete beams after strand fracture. Then, an analytical method is proposed to determine the damage control section of locally corroded post-tensioned concrete beams after strand fracture for the flexural capacity evaluation. Following this, a numerical model is established to predict the secondary transfer length and residual prestress of fractured strand in post-tensioned concrete beams.
3d 𝒩 = 2 theories and plumbing graphs: adding matter, gauging, and new dualities
Authors: Cheng Shi , Sułkowski Piotr 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Recently, a large class of 3d 𝒩 = 2 gauge theories with mixed Chern-Simons levels, corresponding to plumbing 3-manifolds, has been identified. In this paper we generalize these theories by including in their content chiral multiples, and analyze their properties. We find that the content of such theories can be encoded in graphs, which generalize plumbing graphs, and various operations in these theories can be represented in terms of transformations of such graphs. The operations in question include gauging global symmetries, integrating out gauge nodes, which for theories without chiral multiplets corresponds to Kirby moves, and ST-transformations that involve chiral multiplets. The dualities such as mirror triality and SQED-XYZ duality can be also represented in terms of graphs, and enable us to find many new dual theories by gauging global symmetries. In particular, we find that gauged SQED-XYZ duality leads to other dualities, which take the same form as operations of linking and unlinking discussed in the context of knots-quivers correspondence. We also find that the superpotential can be encoded in an interesting class of triangle graphs that satisfy certain consistency conditions, we discuss decoupling and Higgsing of chiral multiplets, as well as interpretation of various phenomena in terms of brane webs.
Weak-strong duality of the non-commutative Landau problem induced by a two-vortex permutation, and conformal bridge transformation
Authors: Alcala Andrey , Plyushchay Mikhail S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A correspondence is established between the dynamics of the two-vortex system and the non-commutative Landau problem (NCLP) in its sub- (non-chiral), super- (chiral) and critical phases. As a result, a trivial permutation symmetry of the point vortices induces a weak-strong coupling duality in the NCLP. We show that quantum two-vortex systems with non-zero total vorticity can be generated by applying conformal bridge transformation to a two-dimensional quantum free particle or to a quantum vortex-antivortex system of zero total vorticity. The sub- and super-critical phases of the quantum NCLP are generated in a similar way from the 2D quantum free particle in a commutative or non-commutative plane. The composition of the inverse and direct transformations of the conformal bridge also makes it possible to link the non-chiral and chiral phases in each of these two systems.
Holographic CFT phase transitions and criticality for rotating AdS black holes
Authors: Ahmed Moaathe Belhaj , Cong Wan , Kubizňák David , Mann Robert B. , Visser Manus R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Employing the novel exact dictionary between the laws of extended black hole thermodynamics and the laws of the dual CFT, we study the extended thermodynamics for CFT states that are dual to neutral singly-spinning asymptotically AdS black holes in d bulk spacetime dimensions. On the field theory side we include two independent pairs of thermodynamic conjugate variables: the central charge-chemical potential term and the pressure-volume term. In this setting we uncover various phase transitions and critical behaviour in the CFT, focusing on three different thermodynamic ensembles. Namely, for fixed angular momentum and central charge, we show there is a Van der Waals-like criticality for d = 4, 5 and reentrant phase transitions for d ≥ 6. At fixed angular velocity and central charge, there is a first-order (de)confinement phase transition in all dimensions d ≥ 3. Finally, at fixed angular momentum and chemical potential we find a plethora of zero-order phase transitions and unstable phases in both d = 4 and d = 6.
Phases of surface defects in Scalar Field Theories
Authors: Raviv-Moshe Avia , Zhong Siwei 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We study mass-type surface defects in a free scalar and Wilson-Fisher (WF) O(N) theories. We obtain exact results for the free scalar defect, including its RG flow and defect Weyl anomaly. We classify phases of such defects at the WF fixed point near four dimensions, whose perturbative RG flow is investigated. We propose an IR effective action for the non-perturbative regime and check its self-consistency.