bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale) Leaves Extract On The Histology Of The Liver, kidney, and Small Intestine of Wistar Rats.
Authors: Anaziah Grace 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Anacardium occidentale leaf is consumed in Nigeria and other parts of the world as a refreshing drink, for culinary purposes in delicacy and for therapeutic purposes. This study was to examine the effects of Anacardium Occidentaleleave extract on the histology of the Kidney, the Liver and the Small intestine of wistar rats to determine the empirical and physical measurement of wistar rats treated with oral administration of Anacardium Occidentale leaves extract. The acute toxicity of Anacardium Occidentale dose (L.D50) tolerable by the rat is 4,525mg/kg body weight. Twenty (20) male wistar rats of average weight of 172.6g± 4.8 (Means ± S.E.M) were assigned to a control group (A) and test group (B,C, and D,E). They were administrated with varying concentrations (200 to 800mg/kg) for 28days daily. On day 29, all rats were sacrificed by cranial-spinal dislocation. The kidney, liver and small intestine were excised, grossed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 48hrs prior to histological processing. Sections were obtained at 3-5 microns and stained with hematoxylin and Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff solution for light microscopy. No changes were observed grossly and histologically. However, the empirical measurement showed significant reduction in weight in low dose treated animals (group B and C) and negligible weight loss in high dose (Group D and E) treated animals. The histopathology of the Kidney, Liver and Small intestine after the administration of Anacardium Occidentale leaves extract, showed no toxic effects exerted on the wistar rat. This study suggests that since there is no toxic effect exerted on the Kidney, Liver and Small intestine, Anacardium Occidentale leave remains suitable for consumption (as a pleasure drink, for culinary purposes, in delicacies or for therapeutic use).
Learning Automata based Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm for Adaptive data forwarding and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Karmakonda Karthik , M Swamy Das , Guguloth Ravi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Reducing the packet count transmitted within a wireless sensor network is one method for decreasing the consumption of energy. In order to reduce the quantity of transmitted packets, many nodes may have substantially identical information and can be combined in intermediary nodes. Sensor networks typically deploy many redundant nodes to address the issue of node failures. When data packets from all nodes with same information are aggregated together, the aggregate ratio is maximized. Nodes should forward their packets along a path where there are as many nodes as possible that have information similar to that of the sender node. In many real-world scenarios, these path changes frequently and do not remain constant throughout the network lifetime. These changes, which typically cannot be anticipated in advance, may have occurred as a result of alterations to the environment of operating sensor network. In this study, a LA (learning automata) based solution to the aforementioned issue is given. For each node to broadcast its packets towards the sink, the learning automata collectively learn the path and choose the one with the highest aggregation ratio. Initially, the neighbor list of the sensor nodes is estimated using grey wolf optimization (GWO) technique with distance to sink & aggregation cost parameters to identify the paths with fewer count of hops to the sink. This proposed work utilized Adaptive forwarding (AF) factor in LA to determine intermediate nodes for data transmission. The decision about adaptive forwarding and aggregation based on the parameters: load factor & connectivity ratio was taken by LA configured in the sensor nodes makes. Performance assessments and analyses show that the suggested approach decreases energy usage, delays in data delivery, data transfers, and network lifespan.
Online sales and promotion of E-cigarettes in India: A Cross-sectional study
Authors: Bahl Deepika , Bassi Shalini , Thapliyal Nishibha , Aneja Kashish , Sinha Praveen , Arora Monika 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Introduction: India is one of the countries to have banned the production, manufacture, import, export, transport, sale, distribution, storage and advertisement of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). With the advent of technology, e-cigarettes are being marketed extensively on the internet despite the ban
Objective: To assess online sales and promotion of e-cigarettes on the internet, and social networking sites (SNS) to identify violations of the current restrictive policies by the e-cigarette industry, SNS platforms and influencers.
Methodology: A survey with youth (18-24 years), along with a desk review was conducted to identify influencers promoting and e-stores selling e-cigarettes in India. Further, a content analysis of the identified influencers and online stores was conducted, along with a analysis of the policies banning online e-cigarette sales and advertisements.
Results: 370 youth with a mean age of 21.1±1.7 years ,participated in the survey. 66.6% of participants reported being aware of e-cigarettes through social media. Instagram (46%) was identified as the most popular social networking platform for promoting e-cigarettes. A total of 189 influencers promoting e-cigarettes on Instagram were identified and their posts positively portrayed e-cigarettes (trendy/cool, flavours, hedonic value, features cessation aid and cost-effective). In addition, 83 e-stores (49 Indian and 34 international) were identified selling e-cigarettes in India. Findings from content analysis of both influencers and e-stores also highlighted the issue of cross-border marketing. Collected data showed a violation of the restrictive policies by the influencers and e-stores.
Conclusion: To safeguard the youth and move towards Tobacco Endgame; there is a dire need for empowering youth and the community via sensitization programs on the detrimental effects and existing policies related to e-cigarettes in India. Furthermore, strengthening the enforcement of PECA 2019 is the need of the hour to address cross-border advertisements and sales of e-cigarettes, as well as establish strong reporting violation mechanisms.
Subgraphs of $\rm BV$ functions on $\rm RCD$ spaces
Authors: Antonelli Gioacchino , Brena Camillo , Pasqualetto Enrico 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this work we extend classical results for subgraphs of functions of bounded variation in $\mathbb R^n\times\mathbb R$ to the setting of ${\rm X}\times\mathbb R$, where ${\rm X}$ is an ${\rm RCD}(K,N)$ metric measure space. In particular, we give the precise expression of the push-forward onto ${\rm X}$ of the perimeter measure of the subgraph in ${\rm X}\times\mathbb R$ of a ${\rm BV}$ function on ${\rm X}$. Moreover, in properly chosen good coordinates, we write the precise expression of the normal to the boundary of the subgraph of a ${\rm BV}$ function $f$ with respect to the polar vector of $f$, and we prove change-of-variable formulas.
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 53C23, 26A45, 49Q15, 28A75
Bengali Text Classification: A New multi-class Dataset and Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models
Authors: Roy Amartya , Sarkar Kamal , Mandal Chintan Kumar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

This study focuses on Bengali text classification using machine learning and deep learning techniques. Text classification is a fundamental task in natural language processing (NLP) that involves categorizing text documents into predefined categories or classes. While text classification has received considerable attention in the English language, there is a limited amount of research specifically addressing Bengali text classification. This gap in the literature highlights the need for exploring and developing effective techniques tailored to the Bengali language. Furthermore, although some datasets for Bengali text classification tasks have been produced, most of the datasets have a limited number of labels. In our work, we introduce a new dataset for the Bengali text classification task, which has 38 class labels. The dataset includes data from the leading Bengali newspapers. We have evaluated many state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning classification methods on our dataset to construct a benchmark that will facilitate future research.
Assessing prevalence of knee injuries among athletes
Authors: Kabbani Tamer , Shibli Ali 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
The knee joint is the largest joint in the body. It contributes to a large part of the skeletal function of supporting movement, bearing body weight and performing basic movements with muscular and neural control. Complex injuries of the knee joint are common and result from accidents or sports injuries in various fields. This study aims to direct interest in sports medicine towards this type of injury, which is considered an important matter in reducing the burden of injuries on the sports community, as the target group represents athletes of ages ranging between 15 and 40 years.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2022 using a sample-appropriate sampling pattern. A self-administered, self-filled questionnaire in Arabic was distributed to the participants, after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB), College of Medicine. Syrian Private University.
Results
Out of 903 participants, 58% were male and 42% were female. Their mean age was 27.23 years (± 9.1). The prevalence of one-time knee injuries was 25% among the participants. More than half of them exercise between 2 and 5 hours a week. Participants who participated more in sports, especially competitive ones, were associated with a higher rate of knee injuries. Knee pain was the most common complaint. Of those who sought medical attention, most were treated conservatively with analgesia, physiotherapy, and knee braces.
Conclusions
Knee injuries are common in our community. Football was the dominant sport associated with knee injuries, and most of these injuries were treated conservatively. Stretching and warming up did not help reduce the incidence of injuries. We need to increase awareness and knowledge about these injuries. A comprehensive research must be conducted on prevention methods and factors and studied in order to know and apply effective measures in reducing the rate of these injuries and their complications. In addition, more research is needed to estimate the prevalence of these injuries among females in our population and whether they have different patterns of injuries compared to males.
Comparison of leg muscle oxygenation, cardiorespiratory responses, and blood lactate between walking and running at the same speed
Authors: Stathopoulos Alexandros , Petridou Anatoli , Kantouris Nikolaos , Mougios Vassilis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Purpose: Muscle oxygenation, expressed as muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), is being increasingly measured in exercise. Whether different gait modes, or movement patterns, of the same load elicit differences in muscle oxygenation is not known. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the oxygenation of two leg muscles (vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis), heart rate, respiratory gases, and blood lactate between two gait modes (walking and running) of the same speed and duration.
Methods: Ten men walked and run for 30 min each at 7 km/h in random, counterbalanced order. SmO2, heart rate, and respiratory gases were monitored continuously. Blood lactate was measured at rest, at the end of each exercise, and after 15 min of recovery. Statistical analysis was performed through repeated-measure ANOVA. Significance was declared if p < 0.05.
Results: Heart rate and oxygen consumption were higher in running compared to walking. Respiratory exchange ratio did not differ between gait modes. SmO2 was lower during exercise compared to rest and recovery, in gastrocnemius medialis compared to vastus lateralis, and in running compared to walking. Blood lactate increased during exercise but did not differ between gait modes.
Conclusion: Running caused higher deoxygenation in leg muscles (accompanied by higher whole-body oxygen uptake and heart rate) than walking at the same speed (one that was comfortable for both gait modes), thus pointing to a higher internal load despite equal external load. These findings may form the basis for similar comparisons in other healthy or diseased populations.
Effect evaluation of decentralized domestic sewage treatment facilities in rural areas – a case study of Nantong City, China
Authors: Tian Jun , Ji Jiaying , Liu Zhiqi , Huang Juan , Xue Wentao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Rural domestic sewage has the characteristics of large and scattered discharge, as well as complex components; thus, how to effectively and efficiently manage rural domestic sewage is a big challenge for policy makers. Current decentralized domestic sewage treatment facilities (DDSTF) involve different treatment processes and power drive modes; at the same time, the treatment effect is also affected by a variety of local factors. However, there is a lack of research to explore the implementation performance of the DDSTF from a comprehensive perspective. In this study, we took Nantong City, China, as a case study and conducted field investigations of 79 DDSTFs in seven counties from July 2021 to September 2022. We then made an in-depth analysis of the implementation performances of the DDSTF from an internal and external perspective. The results indicate that low temperature will reduce the DDSTF's treatment capacity, and the operation and maintenance mode affect the treatment effect of the facilities significantly. In addition, the non-standardized design for small-capacity facilities commonly results in lower compliance rates. Based on the results, we suggest that improving the quality of design and construction and adopting specialized operations are important ways to improve the treatment efficiency of rural DDSTF.
High-efficiency cleaning technology and lifespan prediction for the ceramic membrane treating secondary treated effluent
Authors: Lv Zongwei , Zhang Shoubin , Jiao Wenhai , Zuo Xinyi , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Yutian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Chemical cleaning is one of the key technical means to control membrane fouling, restore membrane flux and ensure the stable operation of membrane systems. In the experiment, the six most representative chemical cleaning agents for ceramic membranes, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na2), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-10), were used as research objects. The cleaning effect of the two-step combined cleaning of chemical cleaning agents on the fouled membrane was systematically investigated. Results showed that the order of the chemical cleaning agent had a significant effect on the cleaning effect. The best chemical cleaning program was determined to be NaClO first and then SDS: the fouled ceramic membrane was soaked in NaClO solution at 0.15% for 2.5 h and further soaked in SDS solution at five times its own critical micelle concentration for 2.5 h. The predicted long-term lifespan of the ceramic membranes was 4.91 years. Scanning electron microscopy–energy spectrum analysis showed that the surface roughness of the cleaned ceramic membrane was slightly higher than that of the new membrane. The contact angle was slightly lower than that of the new membrane.
Exploring the Incentive Function of Virtual Academic Degrees in a Chinese Online Smoking Cessation Community: Qualitative Content Analysis
Authors: Qian Yuxing , Liu Zhenghao , Lee Edmund W J , Wang Yixi , Ni Zhenni 
Published: July 2023

Background
Previous studies on online smoking cessation communities (OSCCs) have shown how such networks contribute to members’ health outcomes from behavior influence and social support perspectives. However, these studies rarely considered the incentive function of OSCCs. One of the ways OSCCs motivate smoking cessation behaviors is through digital incentives.

Objective
This study aims to explore the incentive function of a novel digital incentive in a Chinese OSCC—the awarding of academic degrees—to promote smoking cessation. It specifically focuses on “Smoking Cessation Bar,” an OSCC in the popular web-based Chinese forum Baidu Tieba.

Methods
We collected discussions about the virtual academic degrees (N= 1193) from 540 members of the “Smoking Cessation Bar.” The time frame of the data set was from November 15, 2012, to November 3, 2021. Drawing upon motivational affordances theory, 2 coders qualitatively coded the data.

Results
We identified five key topics of discussion, including members’ (1) intention to get virtual academic degrees (n=38, 2.47%), (2) action to apply for the degrees (n=312, 20.27%), (3) feedback on the accomplishment of goals (n=203, 13.19%), (4) interpersonal interaction (n=794, 51.59%), and (5) expression of personal feelings (n=192, 12.48%). Most notably, the results identified underlying social and psychological motivations behind using the forum to discuss obtaining academic degrees for smoking cessation. Specifically, members were found to engage in sharing behavior (n=423, 27.49%) over other forms of interaction such as providing recommendations or encouragement. Moreover, expressions of personal feelings about achieving degrees were generally positive. It was possible that members hid their negative feelings (such as doubt, carelessness, and dislike) in the discussion.

Conclusions
The virtual academic degrees in the OSCC created opportunities for self-presentation for participants. They also improved their self-efficacy to persist in smoking cessation by providing progressive challenges. They served as social bonds connecting different community members, triggering interpersonal interactions, and inducing positive feelings. They also helped realize members’ desire to influence or to be influenced by others. Similar nonfinancial rewards could be adopted in various smoking cessation projects to enhance participation and sustainability.
A Bespoke Electronic Health Journal for Monitoring Response to Botulinum Toxin in Treatment of Cervical Dystonia: Open-Label Observational Study of User Experience
Authors: Edwards Colin , Borton Rebecca , Ross Anita , Molloy Fiona 
Published: July 2023

Background
The mainstay of treatment for cervical dystonia (CD) is regular botulinum toxin injections every 3-4 months. Clinical evaluation of response is dependent on the patient’s recall of how well symptoms responded to the previous injection. A mobile health app could assist both patients and health care professionals to monitor treatment benefits and side effects to assist with the selection of muscle and toxin dose to be injected at the next visit. The DystoniaDiary is a bespoke electronic health journal for monitoring symptoms of CD and response to treatment.

Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the acceptability and utility of the DystoniaDiary in patients with CD treated with botulinum toxins as part of their usual care.

Methods
In this open-label, single-center, single-arm observational study, patients attending a botulinum toxin injection clinic were invited to download the DystoniaDiary app. Patients selected up to 3 of their most troublesome CD symptoms (from a predefined list) and were prompted every 3 days to rate the control of these symptoms on a scale from 0 (very badly) to 100 (very well). Dates of onset and wearing off of response to injected botulinum toxin and responses to the Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile (CDIP-58) questionnaire at baseline and week 6 were also recorded in the app.

Results
A total of 34 patients installed DystoniaDiary. Twenty-five patients (25/34, 74%) recorded data for ≥12 weeks and 21 patients (21/34, 62%) for ≥16 weeks. Median time between the first and last data input was 140 days with a median of 13 recordings per patient. User experience questionnaires at weeks 4 and 12 (20 respondents) indicated that the majority of respondents found the DystoniaDiary app easy to install and use, liked using it, would recommend it to others (19/20), and wished to continue using it (16/20). A smaller proportion indicated that the DystoniaDiary gave a greater sense of control in managing their CD (13/20). There was interindividual variation in patients’ perceptions of control of their symptoms after botulinum toxin injection. Response to treatment was apparent in the symptom control scores for some patients, whereas the severity of other patients’ symptoms did not appear to change after treatment.

Conclusions
This observational study demonstrated that the DystoniaDiary app was perceived as useful and acceptable for a large proportion of this sample of patients with CD attending a botulinum toxin clinic. Patients with CD appear to be willing to regularly record symptom severity for at least the duration of a botulinum injection treatment cycle (12-16 weeks). This app may be useful in monitoring and optimizing individual patient responses to botulinum toxin injection.
Importance Performance Analysis Pelayanan Farmasi Klinik di RS Universitas Sumatera Utara dalam Persepsi Perawat
Authors: Rambe Rima Elfitra , Khairunnisa Khairunnisa , Wiryanto Wiryanto 
Published: July 2023

Clinical Pharmacy Services (CPS) is provided by clinical pharmacists as members of the healthcare team. This is beneficial for hospital care. Therefore, knowing nurses' perception of CPS can determine the quality of healthcare provided and help in its improvement. This study aims to determine nurses' perception of clinical pharmacy services at the Universitas Sumatera Utara hospital, Medan, Indonesia. This is a descriptive study that used the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The data were obtained by interviews and questionnaires to 60 nurses from October-December 2021. Five clinical pharmacy services are patient drug history, reconciliation, drug information services, recommendations and intervention in the integrated medical record, and sterile product dispensing. This study found that nurses have experienced the five clinical pharmacy services for as many as 52-60 people (87%-100%). Reconciliation, recommendations, and intervention in the integrated medical record are in Quadrant I. It shows that the performance of these services has not met the nurses' expectations. Drug information services are in Quadrant II. It shows that the service performance has been in line with the expectations. The patient's drug history is in Quadrant III. It shows low performance and is not expected by the nurse. The sterile product dispensing by clinical pharmacists is in quadrant IV. It shows that even though the perceived performance is good, the respondents do not consider this service to be important.