bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing past extreme floods on an alluvial fan using geophysical surveying
Authors: Arboleda‐Zapata Mauricio , Guillemoteau Julien , Lucía Ana , Eberle Joachim , Tronicke Jens , Korup Oliver 
Published: September 2023

SummarySedimentary units in alluvial fans may record gradual transport and deposition during multiple floods or sediment‐laden flows or, conversely, during few catastrophic events. While outcrops are a valuable source of direct information to constrain past geomorphic and hydrologic processes, such exposures are scarce, especially along aggrading rivers or those that have been subject to recent catastrophic sedimentation. In this context, near‐surface geophysical techniques can constrain the dimensions, internal architecture, composition, and petrophysical properties of different sedimentary units. We consider the Grimmbach alluvial fan in the cuesta landscape of southwestern Germany, which was heavily impacted by sediment and wood loads during a flash flood in 2016; published radiocarbon dates indicate that at least three floods similar to the one in 2016 may have occurred since the 17th century. To test whether and to which detail near‐surface geophysics might reveal the sedimentary legacy of these floods, we survey the Grimmbach alluvial fan using detailed topographic data and geophysical imaging based on electromagnetic induction, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and ground‐penetrating radar. Our geophysical results indicate former channel courses and two coarse bar deposits up to 3 m below the surface, which are comparable with the more extensive bar deposits of the 2016 flood. From the ERT models, we interpret coarse, up to 5 m thick, gravel lag overlying bedrock at a maximum depth of 10 m. Our geophysical results also highlight patches of finer materials derived from gradual sedimentation and soil development. Overall, our results show that the Grimmbach alluvial fan may have formed and reshaped during catastrophic flows, which likely caused channel avulsions. Our findings point to the need to reconsider flash flood and debris‐flow hazards in similar headwaters and fans of this seemingly quiescent cuesta landscape in southern Germany.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING METHODS COMPARED
Authors: Armstrong James R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractConsiderable confusion exists concerning the various methods used in the Function‐Requirement‐Architecture‐Test (F‐R‐A‐T) activities of systems engineering. Functional Flow Block Diagrams, Requirements Allocation Sheets, State Diagrams, N2 Charts, Schematic Block Diagrams, Behavior Diagrams, and others are common. IDEF adds Data Flow Diagrams, Context Diagrams, and Relationship Diagrams. Software analysts have recently created Object Oriented Analysis. From Japan, we get Quality Functional Deployment.These various methods can be compared and contrasted by first using systems engineering to functionally analyze engineering, then looking at the function each method performs. The methods can then be compared and analyzed for the strengths, weaknesses, and application of each.An important conclusion is that the new approaches focus on significantly small subsets of the overall systems engineering analysis tasks. Consequently, serious shortfalls in overall understanding of the system may result if they are the only form of analysis used.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING EDUCATION A NEW PARADIGM
Authors: Unwin Ernest A. , Wymore A. Wayne , Scherer William T. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTThis paper suggests that the time is right for the adoption of a position by NCOSE to define and defend a strong undergraduate Systems Engineering curriculum. This would lead to the formal definition of SE career paths directly out of college which, in turn, should reduce the net time required to become a viable senior Systems Engineer. The paper proposes a broad‐based curriculum which, coincidentally, meets many of the requirements espoused today by engineering educators (but essentially ignored by the implementors) for modernizing the traditional engineering programs. Since we are starting from scratch, we have an excellent opportunity to define and implement a curriculum to take us into the 21st century.
EDUCATING SYSTEMS ENGINEERS FOR AN IMPENDING METATECHNOLOGY IN PRODUCT AND PROCESS SYSTEMS
Authors: Kendree Thomas L. McKendree 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of metatechnologies—technologies which have substantial effects on and through other technologies. It then discusses molecular nanotechnology, a major impending metatechnology that systems engineers need to understand. What they need to know, including a survey of minimum performance characteristics, is reviewed. Finally, several educational strategies which systems engineers might use to educate themselves about molecular nanotechnology are discussed.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DESIGN OF A SUBURB
Authors: Heidel Karen , Wymore Wayne 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Office of Energy and the Environment of the City of Tucson chose 900 acres in the Tucson metropolitan area for the purpose of developing the Solar Village, a showcase for the adaptation of urban development to the desert environment through appropriate technology. Requirements for the Solar Village include: minimal impact on the desert environment, maximal utilization of local building materials in architecture adapted to the desert climate, maximal recycling of waste products, conservation of water and harvest of rain, maximal use of solar energy, economic, social, ethnic and religious integration without ghettoes, and more: requirements for health, education, transportation, security and other quality of life aspects ‐ and costs of all kinds. This paper discusses how systems engineering, in system life cycle phase 1, captured, quantified, organized, precisely defined and recorded this plethora of requirements and rendered them operational for decision making in subsequent life cycle phases.
SYSTEM INTEGRATION VIA TELECOMMUNICATION
Authors: Andresen Morten , Asbjornsen O. Andreas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe paper shows a case history on system inte‐gration by telecommunication between a research institute and an industrial system development. The system is a multipurpose furnace for steel and metal recovery from scrap iron dust. The furnace design, the metallurgical operation, with its control system, are under evaluation and testing. The research group is located in Norway, far away from the furnace location in Alton, Illinois. The distance between the two locations is about 4,500 miles.The paper shows the practical integration of the two distant locations, how data are transmitted and used, how models are developed and checked, and how human communication is accomplished. The cost savings in the telecommunication process are astounding. The principles of systems engineering are applied to the configuration of the communication system and to evaluate the performance of both the production system under development, and the telecommunication system for testing.
INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT—PROCEDURES AND TOOLS
Authors: Brekka Lawrence T. , Vlay George J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRisk management is an essential ingredient of effective program management. At each phase of a program, information available to the responsible engineers and managers provides needed identification and understanding of the risks facing the program. Close monitoring of significant risk areas as part of the normal reporting and review process provides the tracking needed to determine when a potential problem has turned into a real problem and action has to be taken. The information must be reported to the right level of management to permit the needed redirection of the program. Effective analysis of the risks identified in this process requires the combined use of engineering, schedule and cost analysis tools at each level of management. This paper describes procedures for planning and executing effective risk management, and the tools that are needed for the supporting analyses.
CONTRACT RISK EXPOSURE
Authors: Riggs Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOf all the characterizations of the world in which we live and work, uncertainty is one of the most pervasive. The interaction between uncertainty or probabilistic outcomes and that which is at stake, such as cost (dollars), schedule (time), and technical performance have precipitated the increasing importance of risk management.This paper addresses the identification of risk sources in the context of contract management. “Clusters” of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) elements are analyzed to determine which WBS elements are exposing the contract to the most risk. Identification and prioritization of the relative contract risk exposure for the WBS elements of the cluster results in a risk assessment of the contract at the WBS element level.
AUTOMATED GENERATION OF THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PLAN BASED UPON AN EXECUTABLE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS MODEL
Authors: Skipper J. Franklin , Shier Randy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe objective of the SEMP document is to provide a single integrated plan which describes specifically how the system engineering organization plans to manage and control the evolution of a design through the various phases of a specific program. Programs change over time, therefore to become a useful plan, the SEMP must be capable of constant update and regeneration.
Distributed Design of Computer‐Based Systems: Needed Academic Programs
Authors: Holtzman Julian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper summarizes the portion of the panel session on Distributed Design of Computer Based Systems devoted to a discussion of academic programs. Some of the key elements identified by the CBSE Task Force for Distributed Design of Computer Based Systems in both research and practice are briefly reviewed. Academic programs and some comments on supporting research follow. The basic conclusion is that current teaching programs are inadequate in content and emphasis on the Systems Engineering aspects and that university‐based research, in general, lacks a focus on solving problems of significance to practitioners and rarely is “scaleable” to real‐world situations.
4.2.3 COST ENGINEERING WITHIN A MODEL‐BASED DESIGN PROCESS FOR SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Authors: Quirmbach O. , Wilke M. , Igenbergs E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper describes a method to integrate cost analysis, cost planning, accounting and systems engineering within one integrated system model. It is called Integrated System Cost Model — ISCOM. This model has been implemented in a tool supporting the important early phase of satellite design. The tool is called MuSSat – Modelling and Simulation of Satellite Systems – provides the user with the means to easily and quickly model all aspects – and the various interdependencies between them – of a satellite system and to compare various alternative designs (Wilke, Quirmbach et al. 1999). Basis of the software tool is a modelling methodology developed at the Institute of Astronautics at the Technical University of Munich, which allows an integrated way of product, process and cost planning.MuSSat supports Target Costing process by allocating Target Costs to functions, objects and processes. Therefore it provides creation of cost tables for all kind of system elements in order to get element specific and actual cost estimation relationships. Thus MuSSat enables a company to improve its performance in the new market segment of commercial satellite applications by supporting integrated concurrent engineering.
1.3.3 Are Formal Methods Ready for Prime Time?
Authors: Ankrum T. Scott 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFormal Methods is a term used to describe the use of a formal language for the specification of a software product at some level. The use of a formal language allows requirements to be specified more crisply and less ambiguously than a textual document. It can also allow the developers to formally prove that an implementation meets the specified requirements. Some formal languages can even be transformed into executable code. The use of formal methods is explored for large software projects in commercial enterprises, government, and the military. A comparison is made of the attributes and results of these projects. A table at the end supports the conclusion that formal methods can be successful on a large scale.
1.4.3 Safety assessment of system architectures
Authors: Murdoch John , Kirkham Peter , McDermid John A. , Wilkinson Philip 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEmerging standards and guidelines in the safety engineering field call for the application of safety assessment techniques throughout the development cycle of systems. Since much early work on design projects falls within the discipline ofsystems engineering, questions arise about the applicability of safety assessment techniques to system architectural descriptions and about the role of such analyses. A safety assessment technique applicable to system architectures is proposed, based on the classic concept ofinterfacesand derived from the HAZOP techique widely used in the process industries. The role of the technique in the wider integration of safety and design processes is discussed. A prototype tool to support the analysis is described and a trial of its use in an industrial application is reported. A concluding discussion considers the integration of safety and design processes.
4.4.1 A Collaborative Systems Engineering Approach For Achieving Early Landing Gear Systems Maturity
Authors: Mussad Aymen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper describes the systems methodology created to exploit in‐service aircraft experience to influence the design of a new landing gear system.The paper opens with an overview of systems requirements, evolution of the design loop, followed by the tools and techniques developed to ensure early product maturity at Entry Into Service (EIS).Key concepts such as the philosophy of approach, ‘why & how‘, process drivers to implement experiential knowledge into the design and the relationship between maturity and reliability will be discussed.
8.4.2 Enabling Changes in Systems throughout the Entire Life‐Cycle – Key to Success ?
Authors: Schulz Armin P. , Fricke Ernst , Igenbergs Eduard 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTIn the past decades the world has been changing in almost every aspect. Systems development is facing rapidly changing and increasingly global environments in markets, competition, technology, regulatory and societal systems. Systems to be delivered must be designed not only to meet customer or market needs, but increasingly to meet requirements and constraints of systems sharing its operational context and throughout their entire lifecycle. The design of a system must provide for a continuous evolution of its architecture either by upgrading a system already in service or releasing a new version.Based on these key challenges imosed on development systems, this paper will evolve the idea of incorporating changeability into a systems architecture. Flexibility, agility, robustness, and adaptability as four key aspects of changeability will be defined and described. Design principles to enable flexibility, agility, robustness, and adaptability within integrated systems are proposed and described. A measurement of a degree of implementation of certain aspects of changeability as well as cost associated with it are addressed with metrics. A basic process outlining and guiding an application of the framework described concludes this paper. Examples from varying industries will illustrate the applicability and implementation of selected principles.Thus this paper spans a view from why, when and where, what, and how changeability has to be incorporated into a systems architecture.
6.6.2 An Ontology For Standards
Authors: Velman J. R. , Widmann E. R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe paper continues the exploration of standards that the authors initiated in [1] and continued in [2] and [3]. It provides an ontology for standards—a specification of the things and relationships relevant to the topic of standards. The ontology is presented using the ISO standard graphical language, EXPRESS‐G. It uses concepts from mathematical logic to clarify the content, meaning, and use of standards. Characteristics and elements of standards that are independent of any particular usage of the standard are defined. The subject matter of standardization is classified and a taxonomy is presented. Instances of earliest use of each part of the taxonomy are described. The means of establishing standards is discussed, together with the question of voluntary versus mandatory compliance. The paper closes with a set of conclusions regarding management process standards. The paper concentrates on those aspects of standards of importance to systems engineering, and includes numerous illustrative examples.
9.5 A Systems Comparison of Public Perception and Policy towards Genetic Engineering in the EU and the US
Authors: Kraus Florian , Negele Herbert , Bereano Philip L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThere has been a steadily increasing debate during the last years about how to regulate genetically modified organisms and their use in food processing and agriculture. As the discussion advanced, one could identify two fundamentally different positions, represented by the United States and the European Union.The goal of this work was to figure out possible reasons for the obvious differences in public perception and policy between the EU and the US. The approach to the problem is based on Peter Checkland's “Soft Systems Methodology”, which was adopted to the specific problem situation. It revealed a fair number of factors which are contributing to the different development of the situation in the EU and in the US. Nevertheless, the interaction of those reasons appears to be even more important than each single reason. Systemigrams, developed by Boardman, were used to further analyze and display those interactions in a transparent manner.
Self‐ambivalence: Naming a contemporary work–family problem that has no name
Authors: Hoobler Jenny M. , Masterson Courtney R. , Rogers Kristie 
Published: September 2023

SummaryAs workers and family members, individuals ought to celebrate seemingly positive events (e.g., a promotion and the purchase of a home). Yet, the numerous identities that contemporary workers hold increase the likelihood of an event that is pleasant in one domain being problematic in another and more cognitively and affectively complex than anticipated. We theorize that these events are likely to prompt self‐evaluations that are positive (“I'm a success!”) and negative (“I'm a failure.”) across one's identity set, with questions such as “Who have I become?” and “Is this who I ought to be?” The result is self‐ambivalence, that is, a simultaneously oppositional orientation toward oneself. We view this as a contemporary cognitive and affective experience for which theorizing in work and family is largely absent. Our conceptual model begins with “work–family ought events,” events accompanied by both possibilities and limitations that prompt identity‐related self‐examination. We acknowledge the influence of multi‐level social systems including organizational, societal, individual, and partner factors, which can intensify self‐ambivalence. We propose the experience of self‐ambivalence has implications for self‐concept clarity and ultimately well‐being in both the work and family domains and extend theory on this problem of self‐ambivalence, a problem that heretofore “had no name.”
Safety and efficacy comparisons of intravenous trastuzumab biosimilars to the reference product medicine in treatment‐naïve and switch‐over patients with breast cancer: a systematic and meta‐analysis
Authors: Song Nina K. , Musa Hala , Soriano Michael , Batger Mellissa , Hawkins Bryson , Ramzan Iqbal , Hibbs David E. , Ong Jennifer 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAimTo compare the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab biosimilars to reference trastuzumab in patients with breast cancer. Trastuzumab, a biologic pharmaceutical product, has improved survival in hormone‐oestrogen receptor 2 positive breast cancer. However, due to its high economic burden, ‘highly similar’ products known as biosimilars have been developed. Yet, concerns remain around the equivalency of efficacy and safety between biosimilars and their reference biologic.Data SourcesA systematic review with meta‐analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central databases were searched from inception to 26 April 2021 to obtain all randomised control trial data reporting on safety and efficacy outcomes of patients with breast cancer treated with trastuzumab biosimilars.Study SelectionStudies were required to investigate and report on the safety and/or efficacy of trastuzumab. No restrictions were placed on study setting or intervention type and any study which reported at least one efficacy or safety outcome was included. A head‐to‐head comparison between the biosimilar and its reference biologic was not required for inclusion in the results. Only studies using randomised control trials were included. There was no restriction on the language the study was published in, and all abstracts, raw clinical trial data, and full‐text studies were eligible.ResultsForty‐one studies were identified to report on patients treated with trastuzumab. The odds of achieving an overall response rate in patients treated with a trastuzumab biosimilar compared to the reference over at least 24 weeks of treatment was 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–1.29). The proportion of patients experiencing any treatment emergent adverse events were comparable between the two study arms, 1.07 (95% CI 0.87–1.32). The switching group contained one study with 342 patients in the meta‐analysis.ConclusionTrastuzumab biosimilars have comparable efficacy and safety to reference trastuzumab in treatment‐naïve patients. However, evidence is lacking for switching patients from reference trastuzumab to biosimilars, so further work is required in the switch‐over population.
Delta‐shock for a class of systems of conservation laws of the Keyfitz–Kranzer type
Authors: Li Shiwei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRiemann problem for a class of systems of conservation laws of Keyfitz–Kranzer type is solved. The Riemann solutions contain three kinds of interesting structures, two of which contain vacuum and the other includes delta‐shock. The generalized Rankine–Hugoniot relation and improved entropy condition are proposed to solve the delta‐shock. Besides, with the use of the vanishing viscosity method, all of the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solutions involving the delta‐shock are proved.