bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Approach to Fault Sealing Capacity Evaluation in Underground Gas Storage: A Case Study from China
Authors: Wang Rujun , Zhou Wei , Zhou Daiyu , Wu Zangyuan , Lian Liming , Yan Gengping , Shao Guangqiang , Zhang Chao , Li Jun , Bian Wanjiang , Jin Quan , Zhao Zitong , Zhang Yong , Deng Yantao , Huang Xingning 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFault stability refers to the risk level of reactivation of the pre-existing fault in the stress field. Fault reactivation within the oilfield is mainly caused by the increase of fluid pressure in the fault zone. The quantitative evaluation index of the fault stability is the critical fluid pressure (that is, additional fluid pressure) required for fault reactivation under the current pore fluid pressure. When the formation pore pressure reaches the critical value, the corresponding fault part will be in the critical stress state. The sliding of the fault in the critical stress state will easily cause oil and gas leakage and casing damage at the edge of the fault. Therefore, it is of great significance to study fault stability for oilfield production. Ground stress is a key parameter for fault stability evaluation. There are many methods to calculate the geomechanics including hydraulic method, acoustic emission method, and the use of the logging data, among which the hydraulic fracturing method can be used to obtain the most accurate horizontal minimum principal stress. This paper calculates the continuous geomechanics by using the logging data. There are many methods available for evaluating fault stability, among which fault sealing analysis technology (FAST) method is most widely used. FAST can be used to not only quantitatively evaluate fault stability, but also evaluate the impact of fault cohesion on fault stability. There are many factors affecting fault stability. The relationship between the differential stress and tensile strength of the fault rock will affect the trend of the fault reactivation.The direction of the stress field also affects the fault stability greatly. The argillaceous material weakens the strength of fault rock. When a large amount of argillaceous material enters the fault zone, the fault tends to reactivate. The change of reservoir fluid pressure will also lead to the change of horizontal stress to affect the stability of the fault. In addition, the accuracy of seismic interpretation will also affect the evaluation results of fault stability. Based on the geological model framework and one-dimensional geomechanical model calibration, this paper establishes a three-dimensional geomechanical model by using the finite element simulation method to carry out four-dimensional geomechanical research to evaluate the fault stability in the development of the Donghe 1 Reservoir in Tarim basin. The research results show that the fracture sealing gradually strengthens during the development of Donghe 1 Reservoir, and the quantized critical fracture opening pressure is 67.38MPa.
3D Geomechanical Modelling for Complex Geological Setting: A Case Study from XGS Field
Authors: Luo Yu , Li Long Xin , Zhao Yu Chao , Wang Rong , Younessi Ahmadreza , Zhou Yongsheng , Burns Chris 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A 3D geomechanical model is built for the XGS field, located in Sichuan province, onshore China. The field is in a faulted anticline consisting of three main reservoir layers. The main reservoirs are in the crest of an anticline structure bounded between major revers faults. The model captures all the structural complexities and the spatial variation of the geomechanical properties and parameters for the entire XGS field. The structural model is built using the interpreted horizons and faults form the surface seismic tied to the markers interpreted from the well data. The 3D grid is constructed for the entire field, extended to the ground level, to use as a framework for the 3D geomechanical model. The well-centric geomechanical models prepared for the 14 offset wells are used in combination to the surface seismic attributes to model the lithology and petrophysical properties for the entire grid. These data are then used to calculate and propagate the geomechanical properties and parameters. The 3D geomechanical model is designed to captures the spatial variation of pore pressure, in-situ stresses, the rock mechanical properties and parameters. The grid has higher resolution in the main target for the underground gas storage (UGS) operation and its immediate overburden caprock layer. This is done to capture and investigate the vertical and lateral variations in the vicinity of the UGS reservoir in more detail. The rock mechanical properties and parameters are dominantly governed by the lithology. This is while the pore pressure and the in-situ stresses are mainly governed by the geological structure. That has been said, a stress contrast is observed between the shale and carbonate layers. The model suggests that the field is in a strike-slip stress regime. The reservoir rock which consists of fractured dolomite is competent and stiff while the shale caprock is relatively weaker. A comprehensive approach is developed to capture the complexities of the structure and properties of the XGS field. A robust workflow is implemented to propagate the geomechanical properties and parameters to maintain their consistency for the entire studied area.
High Pressure 2×2 Screen Development for Extended-Reach, Open-Hole Shunted Gravel-Pack Wells
Authors: Sladic John , Brasseaux Jason , McNamee Stephen , Hodge Robert 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe industry has a long history of Shunt Tube Technology (STT) used in Gravel Pack operations. The traditional 2x2 configuration of two transport tubes and two pack tubes for long horizontal openhole shunted gravel pack screens worked well for applications upto 1,000 meters, however in the age of extended reach offshore gravel pack wells, modifications to the existing system were required to deal with higher surface pumping pressures, higher screenout pressures, and increased sand placement requirements of the longer extended wells.The new system was designed to provide the industry a minimum openhole shunted gravel pack length of 1,500 meters based on customer targets. The target design parameters for the high-pressure extended reach system were set at 7,000 psi operating pressure, 150,000 pounds of proppant and a minimum overall gravel-pack length of 1,500 meters.To achieve this, the existing low-pressure system was evaluated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, actual pressure and erosion testing to determine ultimate limitations of the existing architecture. Upon the conclusion of baseline testing, a multi-facetted system improvement plan was developed to create a new system for high-pressure extended reach applications. Areas identified as leading elements for improvement in a long reach high-pressure system were the top rings which divert flow from the transport tubes into the pack tubes at each screen joint, nozzle placement on the pack tube, enhanced nozzle erosion resistance, and the jumper tube assembly with its connectors and seals. Additional improvements to the connector retention system, robust protective split cover, and improved connection dehydration screens would serve to improve run rate, increase RIH durability and improve gravel-pack quality across the non-permeable connection.After design and qualification of individual pressure retaining components, all system elements were combined, and complete system testing was performed. The system performance testing centered on four test subjects. These were 4-point bend testing, multi-joint erosion testing, multi-joint gravel-pack testing, and rig makeup testing.This paper will summarize the testing involved in individual component development, system qualification and results of the first field installation.
Efficient Stimulate Long Horizontal Well of Carbonate by Accurately Acid Placement Technology: Case Study from Deep Carbonate Reservoir, Sichuan, China
Authors: Jichuan Ren , Chencheng Guan , Jianchun Guo , Bo Dong , Jie Zeng , Songgen He , Junfeng Wang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe length of horizontal wells in deep carbonate reservoir (5000∼6000m) in Sichuan Basin of China has exceeded 2000 meters. Both generating acid-etched fractures and acidizing the dispersed pay-zone are the key to achieving optimal production. The complex conditions of multilayers make it difficult to use open hole packers, instead, sliding sleeves are used in liner completions. However, the layers show strong heterogeneity, which makes it difficult to realize efficient acid stimulation.This paper presents a technology that stimulates such wells to achieve full acidizing of drilled reservoirs, and optimize the fracturing fluid system and acid-fracturing parameters to achieve longitudinal fracture penetration based on the sweet spot recognition.Firstly, in order to describe reservoir characteristics and identify sweet spots along the well, an evaluation model was established based on the correlation evaluation parameters of the gas-bearing properties, petrophysical properties, natural fractures, and fracability. The high sweet spot coefficient (HSSC) section and low sweet spot coefficient (LSSC) section were recognized. Then, based on the section classification and the optimal fracture spacing, the position of sliding sleeves is optimized. Sleeves were mainly set at the highest points of sweet spot coefficients in the nearby section.For different sections, different acid stimulation strategies are proposed respectively. For the HSSC, it is necessary to increase the coverage of acid in the wellbore to realize the efficient acid stimulation of sweet spots alone the wellbore. However, the LSSC sections are mainly caused by the deflection of well, creating artificial fractures and making fractures propagate along the height direction into TL43-3 are needed.In HSSC sections, the acid coverage increases with the increase of acid volume and injection rate, and it is preferred to use temporary plugging to obtain the wide acid coverage when half of the acid is pumped making the two fractures obtain efficient stimulation with the acid absorption ratio of 1.47 and acid coverage of 207.1mIn LSSC sections, it is still difficult to make artificial fracture break through the upper and lower layers by only use gelled acid even if the acid injection rate is greatly increased. A high viscosity fluid was introduced in acid stimulation treatments could make artificial fracture vertical propagating to break through the upper layers of 16 MPa stress difference with injection rate ≥ 5 m3/min and volume of 100m3.The productivity of 5 applicated wells increased 66.28%, which proved that the stimulation strategies of HSSC sections and LSSC sections are successful.
First Worldwide Development and Deployment of a Uniquely Designed Blowout Stopper
Authors: Buali Mustafa , Al-Zaid Mustafa , Abdulghaffar Thamer , Gallagher Billy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the increasing challenges in gas well interventions, especially with the need to intervene in wells with extreme sour gases called "high and ultra-high H2S wells," it became vital to have improved safety standards; including, but not limited to, pressure control equipment (PCE). Also, it became necessary to add an extra barrier to shear and seal under any conditions to safeguard against the risk of such toxic release. This improvement and new additional capability have been achieved by developing and successfully deploying a new technology for high risk completion and intervention applications.
This new blowout stopper is an electrically initiated, pyro-mechanical gate valve that performs the critical function of shearing and sealing during drilling, completions and intervention operations. It may be added to the stack or retrofitted to an existing blowout preventer (BOP) cavity. The new BOP is designed to shear anything above the bit and seal instantly even after full flow has been established, with the ability to instantly and reliably stop the release of toxic sour gas regardless of what may be across the BOP. This technology is considered the industry's first true blowout "stopper," as opposed to current "preventers."
The working components of this BOP are isolated from the wellbore fluids before activation to provide unmatched component integrity. In an emergency, such as a work string bottom-hole assembly (BHA) stuck across the BOP, it can shear anything and seal instantly to avert a potentially devastating release of toxic sour gas.
This technology has gone through an extensive qualification program on an international scale. This program was designed to satisfy well control manual requirements, API 16A PR2 and DNVGL-OS-E101. All applicable tests were witnessed and approved by oil and gas well intervention specialists in both the field and yard tests. This paper will describe the technology in greater detail, and talk about the qualification program, including the yard test and first worldwide field trial testing.
Integrated Engineering Solutions for Drilling Extended Reach Multilateral Wells with Lateral Sections More Than 2000 Meters with the Use of Mud Motor. Successful Experience in Tazovskoye Field
Authors: Abaltusov Nikolay , Tensin Sergey , Zibrov Mikhail , Emshanov Anatoliy , Khayvarin Eldar , Sharipov Rafael 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRotary Steerable Systems (RSS) are, in general, more efficient versus Positive Displacement Motors (PDM) when drilling the wells under complicated geological conditions. Thousands of operations, performed all over the world, clearly confirm this statement (Wardana, R, 2019). However, this paper will demonstrate that there are geological features where the main advantage of RSS – drilling with constant rotation – is not efficient and may result in emergency situations.Specifically, under such geological conditions it is necessary to drill in Tazovskoye field which is developed by extended reach horizontal and multilateral wells.This paper will cover integrated engineering solutions, which made it possible to overcome geological challenges to reduce the costs of drilling extended reach multilateral wells by a deliberate engineered change from RSS to PDM application.The approach was confirmed in 11 multilateral wells, drilled with the use of PDM. In this case the length of each horizontal hole totaled 2000 meters and more.An all-time record was achieved in Russia in terms of the length of horizontal wells, drilled with PDM motors without using oil-based mud: a horizontal section 2,520 meters in length with DDI – 6.72, ERD – 2.67 was drilled.
Application of Fracture Propagation and Production Simulation Technology to Multi-Stage Length Optimisation in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Ding Xiaojun , Zhou Wei , Bai Jinlian , Yuan Dongjiao , Lian Liming , Chen Jinghua , Zhao Haizhu , Li Xianming , Yang Xiao , Deng Yantao , Huang Xingning 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLow-permeability reservoirs are characterized by low oil and gas abundance, poor permeability, natural productivity lower than the lower limit of industrial oil flow, and rapid decline of formation energy. Hydraulic fracturing technology is widely used for the development of low-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs. The hydraulic fractures formed by using the hydraulic fracturing technology are the "underground highway" for oil and gas flowing from the deep reservoir to the wellbore. The combination between the long well section of the horizontal well in the reservoir and the wellbore can greatly improve the utilization of oil and gas resources in the reservoir. Therefore, hydraulic fracturing is the key technology to improve the production of low-permeability reservoirs. This paper establishes a volume fracturing propagation model by using the finite element method and discrete element method, and conducts the fracture propagation simulation of multi cluster fracturing in horizontal wells of low-permeability Nanyishan reservoirs in Qinghai Oilfield. The results show that when the stress difference (Difference between the maximum horizontal principal stress and the minimum horizontal principal stress) is less than 4 MPa, volume cracks tend to be generated. When the stress difference is higher than 5 MPa, plane cracks are mainly generated. The natural fracture density affects the volume fracturing effect only under the condition of low stress difference. When the stress difference is 3 MPa, the number of perforating clusters is increased, the cluster spacing is reduced, the improvement area is not significantly increased, the cracks between clusters are seriously interfered, and local cracks are merged. When the stress difference is 5 MPa, there is relatively weak interference between clusters. The increase of perforation clusters promotes the communication between natural fractures, volume fracture development, and expansion of reconstruction area. The research results of this paper provide strong technical support for optimizing the fracturing scheme, improving the single well productivity of low-permeability reservoirs, and developing low-permeability reservoirs in a cost-effective way.
Innovative Fireproof Insulation for Safe Operation of Non-Metallic Pipe
Authors: Jinarakpong Suthasinee , Punpruk Suchada , Kumseranee Sith , Sanitmuang Thirawat , Rattanasombattawee Nopphan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) is one of the solutions considered using instead of metal pipe to avoid the corrosion problem. As RTP is a non-metallic pipe that is subjected to damage or deformation when get fire. A protective fireproof system is required to protect RTP from cellulosic fire for at least 2 hours. and pipe surface temperature not over 82 °C per RTP specification and should be reusable and has a long service life.
From the performance test results, there are two materials of PFP (Passive Fire Projection) that passed the requirement. One is intumescent (Composite fiber glass fabric with external polyurethane "PU" coating 0.7 mm.) and the other one is rockwool insulation (Reflective heat guard 3 mm. + Rockwool insulation 50 mm. + Aluminium 1 mm.). The rising of the surface temperature of the Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) is in the acceptable criteria. The RTP pipe appearance is still in good condition. For PFP appearance, the intumescent will be damaged after burning while rockwool insulation is not changed and is reusable. In terms of material cost, the price of intumescent including material cost and installation cost is lower by about 20%. Both options are interesting and shall be considered again for usage purposes. Replacement of metal pipe with spoolable pipe with PFP has advantages in terms of low maintenance cost and higher corrosion resistance. The Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe with PFP can be installed on existing pipe support with enough space for inspection. This solution can eliminate the weak point of RTP and allows the application of RTP without pull through carbon steel pipe. The PFP rockwool insulation is a good option to protect pipeline damage from unpredictable fire with low material and installation costs.
New Hybrid Technology and Sensing at the Bit Sensors Utilized in Directional Applications at North to Kuwait to Help to Identify and Minimize Disfunctions
Authors: Pan Yi , Vrnak Kyle , Fierro Juan Carlos , Shehab Meyar , Arora Saurabh , Al-Mutawa Faisal , Al-Barazi Nasser 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Access to develop new drill bit technologies are increasing the capabilities to improve performance in the most challenging directional applications, where the focus is to reduce any type of disfunctions that will be generated due to the interaction between the drill bit, drill string and formation compressive strength. A case study is presented to demonstrate the liability and consistency of this new technology.
This paper discusses the sensing at the bit technology that has different capabilities that can be used to improve drilling performance, combining the new cutting structure in the drill bit that keeps in series the shearing and breaking actions generated by the new cutting elements, at the same time those actions are recorded by the drill bit sensor. The generated information is used to compare standard drill bits with modified designs where the advantages can be seen clearly, and at the same time new engineered technologies can be put in place to have further improvements in performance.
In Kuwait, the 12 ¼" section is a challenging application in terms of directional requirements, rate of penetration and is mandatory to have the necessary stability to be able to increase the required drilling parameters that will end up with outstanding performances.
A compressive engineering analysis of a customized drill bit and the implementation of the sensing at the bit data capture was used to understand the drilling parameters, drilling disfunctions and the interaction between the engineered cutting structure and the formations drilled. The data was correlated with available data from offset wells and helped to confirm the performances achieved. The detection of different disfunctions and the frequency generated for the added device was the key to understand the functionality of the tool. It showed that the new technology drill bit, in which a rolling crush-and-shear cone is incorporated to the center of a PDC bit, increases bit stability and mitigates lateral vibration while achieving outstanding performance.