bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio‐temporal variability and intra‐event variation of throughfall ammonium and nitrate in a pine plantation
Authors: Wang Chunyu , Sun Xinchao , Fan Chunbin , Wei Yixin , Jia Guangkai , Cao Yanhong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractForest canopies are the functional interface between ecosystem and the atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the sources of spatio‐temporal variability and intra‐event variation of N deposition via throughfall (TF) remain ambiguous. Here, we analysed TF samples for concentrations and fluxes of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) using an array of 20 fixed‐position collectors on an event and within event basis throughout the 2019 growing season in a Chinese pine plantation, Northern China. Results showed that the volume weighted mean concentrations of NH4+ and NO3− in TF were significantly higher than those in bulk precipitation (BP) during the study period. A canopy budget model indicated that canopy uptake was more dominant than dry deposition for NH4+, while the reverse was true for NO3−. This caused a comparable TF NH4+ flux but an enhanced TF NO3− fluxes compared to BP. The intra‐event trend and magnitude of TF NH4+ and NO3− concentrations were influenced by the antecedent dry period and rainfall intensity, and indicated that biological nitrification may occur in the canopies. In addition, due to the larger of canopy NH4+ uptake that counteracted the amplifying effect of dry deposition, the spatial variability of TF NH4+ concentration was significantly lower than that of TF NO3− concentration, and exhibited more temporal persistence. No relationship was found between the spatial distribution of TF NH4+ concentration and the TF amount, the distance to the nearest trunk, nor the canopy cover, whereas the TF NO3− concentration was significantly related to the TF amount and the canopy cover. These findings can enhance our understanding of N processes within canopies, and have important implications for evaluating the impacts of N deposition in forest ecosystems.
A comparative analysis of the Australian and New Zealand liquidation schemes
Authors: Taylor Lynne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOn September 28, 2022, Australia announced an inquiry into the effectiveness of its corporate insolvency laws. The Australia and New Zealand corporate insolvency frameworks have similar objectives and operate in a similar context where, as is the case the world over, most companies are small to medium enterprises. Despite liquidation being just one of several collective and formal corporate insolvency procedures, it is the most frequently occurring procedure in both countries by a large margin. The Australian and New Zealand liquidation schemes have many similarities but also some key differences. Differences include the structure of the respective schemes; the levers prompting liquidation of companies in appropriate circumstances; the role of creditors, the court and the regulator; and the management of low‐value and assetless liquidations. These differences are analysed to determine what, if anything, the New Zealand scheme might contribute to development and/or reform of Australian corporate insolvency law. As consistency and coordination with Australian insolvency law is a New Zealand policy aim, the lessons the Australian scheme might have for New Zealand are also considered. Many of the points on which the Australian and New Zealand liquidation schemes differ are of universal concern (such as the management of low‐value liquidations), meaning that the nature and success (or otherwise) of the Australian and New Zealand responses are of wider, comparative interest.
Gender bias in postgraduate year one pharmacy letters of recommendation
Authors: Sahlstrom Drury Anna , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Chang Kevin , Cook Aaron M. , Hobbs Brandon , Leung Jonathan , Moon Jean , Nei Scott , Schadler Aric , Witenko Corey , Bissell Brittany D. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionLetters of recommendation (LORs) are important in pharmacy residency applications. Applicant gender, among other variables, may result in implicit biases that could impact LORs and/or residency attainment. This study hypothesized that LORs have linguistic gender differences in pharmacy residency applications.ObjectivesThe primary objective was to determine if gender‐linguistic differences exist in applicants' LORs. Gender was assessed via the pronouns utilized within the applications. The secondary outcome was to assess LOR linguistic and demographic differences between candidates who did and did not receive interviews.MethodsThis was a multiyear, multicenter study involving postgraduate year one (PGY1) applicants to participating pharmacy residency programs. Demographic data were extracted using the PhORCAS (Pharmacy Online Residency Centralized Application Service) WebADMIT (Admissions Management System) portal, and LORs were analyzed by validated linguistics processing software.ResultsA total of 7529 LORs and 2383 applicants (28.5% men, 71.5% women) were included. Women candidates had higher mean number of awards (4.71 vs. 4.1, p = 0.001) and leadership positions (4.87 vs. 4.48, p = 0.019). Compared with men candidates, women had statistically significantly higher levels of clout (p < 0.001), positive emotion (p = 0.01), social processes (p < 0.001), prosocial behavior (p = 0.002), and social referents (p < 0.001). Women also had lower authenticity compared with men candidates (p < 0.001). Two thousand and one hundred twenty applicants included in the secondary analysis found no difference in offer to interview between women and men candidates (odds ratio [OR] 1.173 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.895–1.57], p = 0.247).ConclusionsMen and women applicants' LORS differed in specific linguistic variables, although offer to interview was not significantly different based on gender. LOR writers and programs should consider implicit biases that could affect residency offers to interview.
Hyperspectral imaging of lipids in biological tissues using near‐infrared and shortwave infrared transmission mode: A pilot study
Authors: Golovynskyi Sergii , Golovynska Iuliia , Roganova Olena , Golovynskyi Andrii , Qu Junle , Ohulchanskyy Tymish Y. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLabel‐free hyperspectral imaging (HSI) of lipids was demonstrated in the near‐infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions (950–1800 nm) using porcine tissue. HSI was performed in the transmission light‐pass configuration, using a NIR–SWIR camera coupled with a liquid crystal tunable filter. The transmittance spectra of the regions of interest (ROIs), which correspond to the lipid and muscle areas in the specimen, were utilized for the spectrum unmixing. The transmittance spectra in ROIs were compared with those recorded by a spectrophotometer using samples of adipose and muscle. The lipid optical absorption bands at 1210 and 1730 nm were first used for the unmixing and mapping. Then, we performed the continuous multiband unmixing over the entire available spectral range, thereby, considering a combination of characteristic absorption bands of lipids, proteins, and water. The enhanced protocol demonstrates the ability to visualize small adipose inclusions of 1–10 μm size.
Corrosion resistance of amorphous AlPO4 coating in salty atmospheres
Authors: Sayyedan Fatemehsadat , Enayati Mohammadhossein , Taghipour Masoud , Ghasemizadeh Pegah 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to introduce a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly coating to improve the corrosion resistance of the structures located in salt water. The coating solution, based on amorphous aluminum phosphate composition, was synthesized by sol–gel process and applied to AISI 304 stainless steel by dip coating technique. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses were employed to investigate the phase composition and morphology of the coating. Corrosion behavior of the uncoated and coated samples was investigated using standard salt spray test, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Salt spray test results for the bare substrate revealed a corrosion rate of six‐time greater than that of the coated surface after 168 hr exposure time. Electrochemical test results declared that the amorphous AlPO4 coating decreased the corrosion current density of the AISI 304 stainless steel by 10 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, according to the corresponding EIS measurements, the coated surface exhibited a superior anti‐corrosion performance than uncoated sample. Overall, the results declared that the amorphous AlPO4 coating could be a good choice for surface protection of stainless steel against electrochemical corrosion in salty environments.
State of research in adult Hospital Medicine: Updated results of a national survey and longitudinal analysis of national data
Authors: Pappas Matthew A. , Jenkins Ashley M. , Horstman Molly J. , Rohatgi Nidhi , Press Valerie G. , Prochaska Micah T. , Michtalik Henry J. , Sigmund Alana , Pavon Juliessa M. , Bhandari Sanjay , Gupta Vineet , Taylor Stephanie Parks ,   the Society of Hospital Medicine Research Committee
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe sought to understand the current state of research in adult Hospital Medicine by repeating a 2018 survey of leaders in Hospital Medicine with changes to improve the response rate of surveyed programs. We also analyzed the public sources of federal research funding and MEDLINE‐indexed publications from 2010 through 2019 among members of the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM). Of the 102 contacted leaders of Hospital Medicine groups across the country, 49 responded, for a total response rate of 48%. Among the 3397 faculty members represented in responding programs, 72 (2%) of faculty were identified as conducting research for more than 50% of their time. Respondents noted difficulties at every stage of the research development pipeline, from a lack of mentors to running a fellowship program to a lack of applicants seeking further research training. Improvements to our research training pipeline will be essential to the long‐term improvement of our profession.
Association Between MRI‐Assessed Patterns of Connectome Gradient and Gene‐Expression Profiles in Two Independent Patient Cohorts With Hepatitis B Virus‐Related Cirrhosis
Authors: Lin Shiwei , Qi Rongfeng , Lin Xiaoshan , Chen Shengli , Zhang Longjiang , Qiu Yingwei 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundPatients with hepatitis B virus‐related cirrhosis (HBV‐RC) exhibit progressive neurologic dysfunction from primary sensorimotor to high‐order cognition, as their disease advances. However, the exact neurobiologic mechanisms and the potential association with gene‐expression profiles are not fully understood.PurposeTo explore the hierarchical disorganization in the large‐scale functional connectomes in HBV‐RC patients and to investigate its potential underlying molecular basis.Study TypeProspective.PopulationFifty HBV‐RC patients and 40 controls (Cohort 1) and 30 HBV‐RC patients and 38 controls (Cohort 2).Field Strength/SequenceGradient‐echo echo‐planar and fast field echo sequences at 3.0 T (Cohort 1) and 1.5 T (Cohort 2).AssessmentData were processed with Dpabi and the BrainSpace package. Gradient scores were evaluated from global to voxel level. Cognitive measurement and patients grouping were based on psychometric hepatic encephalopathy scores. The whole‐brain microarray‐based gene‐expression data were obtained from the AIBS website.Statistical TestsOne‐way ANOVA, chi‐square test, two‐sample t‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman's correlation coefficient (r), the gaussian random field correction, false discovery rate (FDR) correction and the Bonferroni correction. Significance level: P < 0.05.ResultsHBV‐RC patients exhibited a robust and replicable connectome gradient dysfunction, which was significantly associated with the gene‐expression profiles in both cohorts (r = 0.52 and r = 0.56, respectively). The most correlated genes were enriched in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA‐related receptor genes (FDR q value <0.05). Moreover, the connectome gradient dysfunction at network level observed in HBV‐RC patients correlated with their poor cognitive performance (Cohort 2: visual network, r = −0.56; subcortical network, r = 0.66; frontoparietal network, r = 0.51).Data ConclusionHBV‐RC patients had hierarchical disorganization in the large‐scale functional connectomes, which may underly their cognitive impairment. In addition, we showed the potential molecular mechanism of the connectome gradient dysfunction, which suggested the importance of GABA and GABA‐related receptor genes.Evidence Level2Technical EfficacyStage 2
Multivariate image analysis applied to quantitative structure–activity relationships and docking studies of recent hydroxyphenylpyruvate deoxygenase inhibitors
Authors: Capucho Luiz R. , Pereira Ingrid V. , de Faria Adriana C. , Daré Joyce K. , da Cunha Elaine F. F. , Freitas Matheus P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundMesotrione is a triketone widely used as an inhibitor of the hydroxyphenylpyruvate deoxygenase (HPPD) enzyme. However, new agrochemicals should be developed continuously to tackle the problem of herbicide resistance. Two sets of mesotrione analogs have been synthesized recently and they have demonstrated successful phytotoxicity against weeds. In this study, these compounds were joined to form a single data set and the HPPD inhibition of this enlarged library of triketones was modeled using multivariate image analysis applied to quantitative structure–activity relationships (MIA‐QSAR). Docking studies were also carried out to validate the MIA‐QSAR findings and to aid the interpretation of ligand‐enzyme interactions responsible for the bioactivity (pIC50).ResultsThe MIA‐QSAR models based on van der Waals radii (rvdW), electronegativity (ε), and the rvdW/ε ratio as molecular descriptors were both predictive to an acceptable degree (r2 ≥ 0.80, q2 ≥ 0.68 and r2pred ≥ 0.68). Subsequently, partial least squares (PLS) regression parameters were applied to predict the pIC50 values of newly proposed derivatives, yielding a few promising agrochemical candidates. The calculated log P for most of these derivatives was found to be higher than that of mesotrione and the library compounds, indicating that they should be less prone to leach out and contaminate groundwater.ConclusionMultivariate image analysis descriptors corroborated by docking studies were capable of modeling the herbicidal activities of 68 triketones reliably. Due to the substituent effects at the triketone framework, particularly of a nitro group in R3, promising analogs could be designed. The P9 proposal demonstrated higher calculated activity and log P than commercial mesotrione. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Theoretical kinetics investigations of the reaction HO + SO ↔ H + SO2 on an accurate full‐dimensional potential energy surface
Authors: Huang Xiaoshan , Qin Jie , Zhang Jianxun , Li Jun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe reaction HO + SO → H + SO2 (Rt) and its reverse (R‐t) play an important role in environment and the combustion of sulfur‐containing fuels. However, their kinetics is of high uncertainty as its reaction profile is complicated with multiple deep complexes and channels. In this work, the kinetics and mechanisms of Rt and R‐t are studied comprehensively based on a newly developed full‐dimensional accurate potential energy surface (PES) with the aid of machine learning. This highly accurate PES is interfaced with the software Gaussian. Then reliable information, including the energy, structures, and vibrational frequencies of the stationary points, as well as the minimum energy path and variational analysis can be efficiently determined. The variational transition state theory (VTST) and Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus (RRKM) theory are employed to obtain the rate coefficients of each elementary reaction. The temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent rate coefficients of Rt are derived by the RRKM‐based master equation with hindered rotor and free rotor model considered. In addition, the effect of isotope substitution for the hydrogen is investigated on the reaction kinetics. Meanwhile, the quasi‐classical trajectory (QCT) calculation is performed on the PES‐2020 to obtain the temperature‐dependent reaction kinetics.
Combined application of controlled‐release phosphate and triple superphosphate improved cotton yield and phosphorus supply in saline‐alkali land: A short‐term trial
Authors: Lv Dongqing , Zheng Wenkui , Feng Haojie , Qiu Tingyao , Bao Xiuying , Liu Yanli , Li Chengliang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDegradation of agricultural productivity in sodic and saline soils is attributed to reducing phosphorus (P) supply capacity. The available P supply intensity and crop yields could be enhanced by artificial P fertilizer application. The effects of blending 70% controlled‐release phosphorus (CRP) and 30% triple superphosphate (TSP) on cotton physiological‐biochemical properties in sodic and saline soils were investigated by a pot incubation trial. A pot experiment was used two types of P fertilizers and three P levels (120, 96 and 72 kg P2O5 ha−1). The results showed that the SPAD value and photosynthetic rate of BBF (blending 70% CRP and 30% TSP) treatments were higher than that of TSP treatments. The root length, root surface area, and root volume of the BBF treatments increased by 10.04% and 5.31%, 3.67% and 6.80%, 3.05% and 13.77% compared to TSP treatments, respectively. In comparison with TSP1 (full‐dose of TSP) and TSP2 (to reduce 20% dose of TSP), the average lint yield of BBF1 (full‐dose of BBF) and BBF2 (to reduce 20% dose of BBF) were significantly increased by 8.35%, 7.39%, respectively. The phosphorus use efficiency of BBF2 treatment was increased by 16.59%–22.87% compared with TSP2 treatment, with the largest increase range. Furthermore, soil available P content of BBF treatments increased by 4.65%–76.77% compared with TSP treatments from the blooming to maturity stage. In a word, with P fertilization rate reduced by 20%, the combination of two P fertilizers (BBF2 treatment) can achieve high quality and high yield of cotton in sodic and saline soil.
Synergistic effects of vegetation restoration and check dams on water erosion in a slope‐gully system
Authors: Bai Lulu , Shi Peng , Li Zhanbin , Li Peng , Zhao Zhun , Dong Jingbin , Cui Lingzhou , Niu Hongbo , Zu Pengju , Cao Manhong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRestoring vegetation and constructing check dams are important measures for controlling water erosion in slope‐gully systems. However, percolation through the dam body could lead to shortened runoff paths in the gully. Moreover, the synergistic effects of vegetation patterns and siltation‐induced runoff path length decrease (RPLD) in slope‐gully systems on reducing water erosion remain unclear. In this study, 20 physical models of slope‐gully systems were constructed to quantitatively evaluate the synergistic effect of these measures under simulated rainfall. The models included four slope vegetation patterns (no vegetation, up‐slope, middle‐slope, and down‐slope) and five levels of RPLD in the gully (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 m). Owing to synergistic effects, combined measures led to a more considerable reduction in soil and water loss than a single measure. Furthermore, the synergistic effect was related to vegetation patterns and shorter siltation‐induced runoff paths. The mean synergistic effect produced the following runoff yield order: down‐slope (2.84%) > middle‐slope (2.81%) > up‐slope (1.78%); and 4 m (3.18%) > 3 m (2.66%) > 2 m (2.29%) > 1 m (1.78%). The sediment yields were in the following order: down‐slope (18.15%) > middle‐slope (12.63%) > up‐slope (6.67%), and 4 m (14.56%) > 3 m (12.82%) > 2 m (11.73%) > 1 m (10.82%). These results suggest that revegetation of the lower parts of the slope, along with check dams, will be more effective for controlling soil erosion. Such synergistic effects should be considered in future soil erosion modeling.
Active Learning as a Tool for Optimizing “Plug‐n‐Play” Electrochemical Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Zhao Boyu , Cheng Jiahao , Gao Junlong , Haddleton David.M. , Wilson Paul 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA recently reported “plug‐n‐play” approach to simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) is investigated using machine learning. It is shown that Bayesian optimization via an active learning (AL) algorithm accelerates optimization of the polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate)480 (OEGA480) in water. Molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn; dispersity; Ɖm) is the output selected for optimization targeting poly(oligo[ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate]) (POEGA480) with low dispersity (Ɖm < 1.30). Input variables included applied potential (Eapp), [M] and [M]/[I], which led to a potential space of 275 possible reaction conditions. From a training data set of seven reactions, selected to yield uncontrolled POEGA480 with higher dispersities (Ɖm > 1.5), ten iteration loops are performed. During each iteration the algorithm suggests the next reaction conditions. The reactions are then performed and the conversion, number average molecular weight (Mn) and Ɖm values are recorded and the Ɖm values fed back into the algorithm. Overall, 80% of the experiments yield POEGA with Ɖm < 1.30. Conversely, only 30% of experiments performed using reaction conditions selected at random from the possible reaction space yield POEGA with Ɖm < 1.30. This study suggests that adopting AL methods can improve the efficiency of optimizing a given seATRP reaction.
A study on the forecast model of winter precipitation type in Liaocheng based on physical parameters
Authors: Shi Weiheng , Hu Youbin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this study, 46 physical parameters are first calculated by using the hourly ground observational data of Liaocheng Airport station and the daily sounding data of Xingtai station and Zhangqiu station in the winters of 2016–2020. After the significance test of the correlation coefficients between the physical parameters and the precipitation types, six physical parameters that could be used in the operational weather forecast at Zhangqiu station and Xingtai station are selected by the methods of box‐plot and skill score based on the distribution characteristics of physical parameters under different precipitation types. Moreover, the judgment criteria for the winter precipitation forecast in Liaocheng are obtained by analyzing the indication effect and thresholds of each physical parameter in different precipitation types. In addition, a forecast model of winter precipitation type in Liaocheng is established by using the extended membership function transformation method with the sounding data from the nearest upstream and downstream stations. The verification with observations shows that the forecast accuracy is above 85% and the model performs quite well. We hope this study can provide a good reference for related operational forecasts in the areas without local sounding data or numerical forecast product receiving.