Exploring the Barriers and Enablers for the Equitable and Accessible Informed Healthcare Consent Process for People with Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Dunn Manjekah , Strnadová Iva , Scully Jackie Leach , Hansen Jennifer , Palmer Elizabeth Emma 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo identify the factors that act as barriers to, or enablers of, proper informed consent for healthcare interventions for people with intellectual disability.DesignSystematic literature review.No funding sources or conflicts of interest are reported.Data sourcesDatabases: Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and CINAHL (last searched January 2022). Additional articles were obtained from an ancestral search of included articles and hand-searching of three journals.Eligibility criteriaIncluded studies must examine the informed consent process for a healthcare intervention, be published from 1990 onwards, available in English, and be original research published in a peer-reviewed journal, and participants must be adults and relevant stakeholders (including people with intellectual disability, health professionals, carers or support people, or relevant professionals).Synthesis of resultsInductive thematic analysis using a six-phase method was used to identify factors affecting informed consent. The QualSyst tool was used to assess quality and biases of included studies.ResultsTwenty-three studies were included, published from 1999 to 2020, with a mix of qualitative (n=12), quantitative (n=6) and mixed-methods (n=4) studies. Study sizes ranged from 13 to 604 (median 23), and participants included people with intellectual disability, health professionals, carers and support people, and other professionals working with people with intellectual disability. Six themes were identified: health professionals’ attitudes towards and lack of education about informed consent, provision of health information, involvement of carers and other support people, systemic constraints, specific care needs due to patient-related factors, and effective communication between health professionals and patients. Limitations included the heterogeneity of studies, the focus on people with mild intellectual disability only, lack of reflexivity, and limited use of inclusive co-design research methods (n=5).ConclusionsHealth professionals’ attitudes and lack of training in informed consent for people with intellectual disability is a major barrier to proper healthcare informed consent for people with intellectual disability. The lack of accessible health information provided for people with intellectual disability also prevents proper informed consent and decision-making. Other factors are the involvement of carers and support people, inherent systemic constraints, failure to meet specific care needs of people with intellectual disability, and ineffective communication by health professionals. Further research, particularly using inclusive co-design methods, is needed to understand these factors. Practical solutions to address these barriers, such as creating accessible information resources and training health professionals, are needed to support improved proper healthcare informed consent for people with intellectual disability.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO number CRD42021290548