bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In a Bad State
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What should the federal government do if a state like Illinois or a city like Chicago threatens to default on its debts? In a Bad State explores the history of, and theory behind, federal government responses to state and local governmental fiscal crises. It argues that federal officials face a “trilemma” when a state or city nears default, as they generally have three incompatible goals. Faced with such a crisis, federal officials want to avoid creating moral hazard in state budgeting, prevent macroeconomic distress, and encourage lending to states and cities to build infrastructure. But whether they provide bailouts, demand state austerity, or permit state defaults, federal officials can only achieve two of these three goals, at best. From Alexander Hamilton’s plan to assume state debts to the Supreme Court’s repeated efforts to address the “railroad bond” crisis of the mid-to-late nineteenth century, from “Ford to City: Drop Dead” to Detroit’s municipal bankruptcy case, federal officials have cycled through options, never settling on one type of response to the trilemma. In a Bad State then suggests some ways the federal government could ameliorate the problem of state and local fiscal crises by conditioning federal aid on future state fiscal responsibility, spreading losses across governments and interests, and building resilience against crises into cooperative federalism and tax programs. Taking these steps wouldn’t fix everything, of course, but they could turn a fiscal crisis in a major state or city into a painful but manageable problem, rather than an unmitigated disaster.
The Great Recession and State and Local Fiscal Crises
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the federal government’s response to state and local fiscal problems during and after the Great Recession of 2008. It starts by analyzing the state and local aid provisions of the “stimulus,” President Barrack Obama’s legislative response to the Great Recession, and how state and local budget cuts contributed to the slow recovery from the recession. It then covers the City of Detroit’s bankruptcy, the Puerto Rico fiscal crisis, and the problem of pension underfunding. The chapter also addresses debates over reforms to law of municipal bankruptcy, the standard for determining “service delivery insolvency,” and whether it makes sense to fully fund public employee pensions.
An Introduction to the Principles for Responding to State and Local Fiscal Crises
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 proposes a set of values that should undergird federal policy responses to state and local budget crises. Broadly, federal responses should seek to encourage prudent budgeting by states going forward; the spreading of harms across as many governments and groups as possible; and balance, by allowing for modest amounts of austerity, defaults and bailouts rather than all of one or another response as there are marginally increasing harms to each. Federal policy responses should also try to build resilience against future crises by developing tools that limit contagion and encourage inter-state mobility. It also makes a methodological argument about what readers should and should not expect from the policy reform sections of books.
Why States Are Often Bad
Authors: Schleicher David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 discusses how problems in state politics lead to state fiscal crises. Voters are largely ignorant of state and local officials and politics. As a result, they largely rely on their national-level partisan preferences to guide their voting decisions in state and local general elections. There is little competition in state elections on the issues actually facing states. Absent competition in general elections, state officials must cater to the relevant electorates and interests, whether they are unrepresentative primary election voters or lobbyists, and have little ability to resist their demands for spending or targeted tax relief by appealing to popular sentiment. Solving this problem would go a long way to preventing state and local fiscal crises.
A Tripartite Self
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book argues for a divergence in early China between two views of the self. In one view, the heart–mind (xin心) and spirit (shén神) are closely aligned and rule the body as a rule rules a state. In the other, the person is tripartite. Mind and spirit are independent, and in some cases body and spirit align in opposition to mind. Chapter 1 surveys the Classical Chinese semantic field for terms for body, mind, spirit, and soul, and the psychological and physical faculties associated with them. Chapter 2 examines the relations of body, heart–mind, and spirit in the Shijing詩經 (Book of Odes). Chapter 3 uses the Analects, Mencius, and Xunzi to describe a (dominant) mind-centered view in which mind and spirit together rule the body. Chapter 4 draws on the Guanzi, Zhuangzi, and Huainanzi to describe a spirit-centered, tripartite view in which spirit is largely independent of the mind. Chapter 5 describes the interactions of mind, body, and emotions in two texts excavated from Guodian 郭店: “Five Kinds of Action” (Wuxing五行) and “Human Nature Comes from the Mandate” (Xingzi mingchu性自命出). Chapter 6 examines body, mind, and spirit in medical texts, especially the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine (Huangdi neijing). It describes the heart (xin) as an organ of the body, but also focuses on the “storage” of psychological faculties such as spirit, intentions (zhi志), or awareness (yi意) in other organs.
Semantic Fields of Body, Mind, and Spirit
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Chinese semantic fields for the key constituents of a “person.” Although Classical Chinese has no near equivalents for terms such as body, mind, and soul, I divide my discussion into three sections based on terms for bodies, minds or heart–minds, and spirits, in several senses of the term. A range of philological studies have examined terms for the body, mind, and self or person, especially. These studies explore and disambiguate the semantic fields of key terms for body, mind, and person or self. Some are broad surveys of the range of terms for body and mind.
Virtue, Body, and Mind in the Shijing
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the location of virtue within a virtuous person. It examines the relations of body (shēn 身, ti 體, xing 形, gong 躬), heart–mind (xin 心), and spirit (shén 神) in the Shijing 詩經 (Book of Odes), which describes virtue (de 德) in terms of the embodied persons and heart–minds of virtuous agents, men and women. This text is particularly important because of accounts of the high regard in which Confucius held it. Confucius accorded the greatest importance to the Odes, which, in his view, distilled the moral wisdom—or virtue—of antiquity. The chapter argues that virtue is attributed to outward behavior rather than to an inner state and that this behavior is described via the performance of the embodied person (shēn) or ritual person (gong).
Mind and Spirit Govern the Body
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a series of texts that emphasize the importance of the heart–mind as the locus of feeling, moral judgment, and cognition, leading to claims that the heart–mind rules the body and senses. This “mind-centered view” has two separable components: claims for the hegemony of the mind over the body or senses and claims for correspondence or alliance between the heart–mind (xin 心) and spirit (shén 神). The mind-centered view identifies virtue with the heart–mind, portraying it as the ruler of the body in metaphors that analogize the body and state. Mind-centered texts also argue for the importance of spirit and claim that self-cultivation procedures enhance the internal spirit within the body. They identify spirit with virtue and with the heart–mind, in a hierarchically superior relation to the body. Together, mind and spirit rule the body much as the ruler rules the people or a state. The result is a binary view of a person as a polarity between the body and the mind/spirit. The chapter examines accounts of body, mind, and spirit in the Analects, Mozi, Guanzi, Mengzi, Xunzi, Huainanzi, excavated texts from Guodian, and “The Heart–Mind Is What Is at the Center,” one of the excavated texts published by Tsinghua University.
Chronology
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A year-by-year, sometimes day-by-day chronology of Marilyn Monroe’s professional life and most significant personal events. Although most of the “larger” incidents of Monroe’s life have been recounted ad infinitum, a great deal of her activity as a working actor has gone somewhat unrecorded. This chronology is among the first to list the shooting dates of her films, key incidents connected with contracts and studios, and the most important events related to her work. In many cases, surviving documents were instrumental in correcting the official record about much of Monroe’s life as a studio contractee. Of particular interest is a close timeline for her final, uncompleted film, Something’s Got to Give.
Apprenticeships
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Marilyn Monroe’s unsettled early years and her ongoing fascination with film. From foster homes to an early marriage and wartime work, the former Norma Jeane Mortenson progressed to work as a model and, finally, as a lower-rung contract player at Twentieth Century-Fox. Her “discoverer,” Ben Lyon, saw to her renaming, and she had at least two fleeting film roles plus a brief, high-profile radio appearance. After Fox dropped her, she moved to a six-month contract at Columbia Pictures, where she costarred in a low-budget musical, Ladies of the Chorus. That film provides an early extended look at Monroe as actor, singer, and dancer, and it introduced her to a major early mentor, acting coach Natasha Lytess.
No Name Required
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Monroe moved forward to a role she coveted: “The Girl Upstairs” in Billy Wilder’s comedy The Seven Year Itch. She garnered enormous publicity for her skirt-blowing scene shot in New York City, which was then quickly followed by the breakup of her marriage to DiMaggio. In spite of her personal difficulties, she had an exceptionally good and creative rapport with Wilder and worked well with costar Tom Ewell. The result was a completely beguiling performance in one of the decade’s key works: a timidly forward look at adultery and mid-century sexuality. Even as she did her best work to date, she was contemplating some major career changes.
Wait for Sugar
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Monroe took time off from filmmaking as she and Miller divided their time between a Connecticut home and a New York apartment. Rejecting film offers from Fox, she finally agreed to a comedy proposed by Billy Wilder. The result, Some Like It Hot, would be her greatest film and best performance. As with The Prince and the Showgirl, high quality (this time of both her work and the film as a whole) came at a high price: there were extended times of forgotten lines—even simple ones—and examples of bad temper and unprofessionalism. Ultimately, what mattered most was the quality of the work, and Monroe’s Sugar Kane would be one of the most brilliant creations in the annals of screen comedy.
Full Stop
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Following The Misfits, her divorce, and a subsequent breakdown, Monroe reassessed her career goals. After a failed attempted to play Sadie Thompson in a televised Rain, she reluctantly returned to Fox. The film next film would be a comedy with the somewhat ominous title Something’s Got to Give, to be directed by George Cukor. Monroe rejected scripts right and left, and by the time production started in the spring of 1962, she was beset by ongoing illness. Although she looked spectacular, she missed many shooting days and delivered an uneven performance. Fox was especially displeased when she left the shoot to go to New York to sing “Happy Birthday” to President Kennedy. Finally, she was fired. A few months later, with plans in the works to resume production, she would be dead.
Epilogue
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Why has Marilyn Monroe endured to so astonishing an extent? There are many theories, some more grounded in reality than others, many of them based on our ongoing obsession with celebrity and even the link between entertainment and politics. What matters most, at present, is that Monroe constantly searched for the most valid means to express herself and in so doing delivered a number of major and outstanding performances. If many of them are even now not sufficiently appreciated, Monroe the artist should have the last laugh and the final say. She was, at her finest, a performer of vast resource, great intelligence, and extraordinary instinct. Her work is timeless, and her legacy will remain permanent.
The Buddhist Movement in America
Authors: Mitchell Scott A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Japanese immigrants to North America were among the first to establish Buddhist communities outside Asia. The majority of these immigrants were affiliated with the Jōdo Shinshū school of Pure Land Buddhism. Despite this affiliation, much of the scholarship on early American Buddhism has downplayed this sectarian affiliation. This chapters offers a corrective to this view by locating early Japanese Buddhist immigrants within the larger cultural and religious contexts of pan-Pacific Buddhist modernist and missionary projects. These missionaries, it is argued, were simultaneously practicing a sectarian Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism, promoting Buddhist modernism, and creating cosmopolitan communities. The chapter opens with a discussion of normative Jōdo Shinshū history and thought to orient the reader to this understudied Buddhist tradition.
A House for Our Hopes
Authors: Mitchell Scott A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Religious infrastructure is a necessary precondition for the spread of persons, ideas, artifacts, and practices, and ultimately makes possible shared social imaginaries. This chapter begins with a discussion of early twentieth-century Buddhist exchange and propagational projects that allowed for the emergence of what Michael Masatsugu has called the pan-Pacific Buddhist world. This transnational social world allowed Nisei Buddhists to cross the Pacific in the postwar years, travel to Allied-occupied Japan, and create a sense of identity not limited to a single nation-state. At the same time, Nisei were still invested in the promotion and development of a distinctly American Buddhism and thus dedicated significant resources toward publishing, educational, and scholarly projects that support the work of other midcentury Buddhist modernists such as D. T. Suzuki and Alan Watts. This chapter centers the religious labor of heretofore understudied Asian American Buddhists.
Congress and COVID
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8, examining Congress’ coronavirus response, shows the societal costs of Congress abandoning its central policymaking role. The coronavirus emergency provoked a historic flurry of congressional activity. By uniting behind deals negotiated by their leaders, legislators rapidly mobilized trillions of dollars of massive deficit spending unprecedented in peacetime. However, the legislation they passed in March and April 2020 was accompanied by little meaningful public deliberation about the difficult tradeoffs that COVID-19 forced onto American society. As the acute phase of crisis response abated, lawmakers never seriously pursued broadly acceptable compromises on crucial issues such as lockdowns, testing, and vaccine regulations. A more active legislature that took into account all manner of considerations, including but not limited to public health concerns, would have been better equipped to broker compromises backed by broad coalitions than public health bureaucrats. Such work could have secured better policies and a less rancorous politics.
The Is-Ought Problem
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After Mill separated production from distribution and Sidgwick separated egoism from utilitarianism, another towering philosopher, G. E. Moore, drove a comparably momentous wedge between “is” and “ought” in his Principia Ethica (1903). Moore transformed the Is-Ought problem into one of philosophy’s core puzzles, stumping us to this day. David Hume, by contrast, articulated the Is-Ought problem more as a way of defending scientific reasoning than as a way of attacking moral reasoning. Notoriously withering skeptic though Hume may have been, his project here was to motivate skepticism not about moral reasoning but about deductive reasoning. A skeptic about the project of deducing causation from correlation, Hume was trying to articulate a vision of science inspired not by geometry but by observation.
The Moral Science of Adam Smith
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Adam Smith aimed to observe what sort of freedom commercial society makes possible and what sort of challenge this freedom poses. He also sought to explain why opportunities created by commercial society are as liberating as they are, yet not more so. What Smith called “self-love” was not a simple drive to maximize profit that is so unrealistic yet so apt for cranking out theorems. On Smith’s model of a social animal’s self-love, pro-social attitudes don’t correct self-interest; they define it. Neoclassical economists equate self- interest with profit maximization when that helps them crank out theorems, but Smith was not in the business of cranking out theorems. He was describing the human condition.
The Political Economy of Corruption
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After Mill, academic theorizing about justice became an exercise in imagining how, ideally, to slice a pie. Could this be a bias? Imagine concentrated power in the hands of the worst ruler anyone can remember. Now, assume what is known to be true: concentrated power has a history of falling into hands like that. As a preliminary, then, when theorizing about what is politically ideal, philosophers can ask two questions: (1) ideally, how much power would be wielded by people like that? Or, (2) ideally, how much power would be wielded by ideal rulers? Which of these two versions of ideal theory is a real question? Can political philosophy answer the one that truly needs answering? Why isn’t it trying?
The Reconciliation Project
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Before asking “Why be moral?” it is well to ask, “Why be rational?” Both questions are best seen as empirical, to be answered not by sophistry but by seeing how life goes for people who strive to be rational (or moral). What is missed by trying and failing? What is missed by succeeding? If what is called rationality would not survive self-inspection by the lights of a cost-benefit analysis, then it is not necessary to know whether morality can be reconciled with it. If reconciling morality and rationality has a point, the point is to show that morality lines up with something that has reason to be.
Reasons for Reasons
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Suppose Bob says, “I want to have reasons for what I do.” The skeptic replies, “But why do you want to have reasons?” Bob responds, “It’s just a brute fact about me. I want to have reasons for what I do.” The skeptic pounces: “But then you’re unreasonable. You want to have reasons, yet you have no reason for wanting that.” Bob is stumped, then says, “You have a point. And I don’t want to be unreasonable. Thus, I’ll stop trying to have reasons, because merely wanting reasons is no reason for trying to have them.” What went wrong? Consider that a realist story of how far down our reasons can go should be a developmental story. Original ends are given, but original ends are not enduring foundations so much as launching pads. They are not something to build on so much as something to leave behind.
Occupation and Exit beyond Israel
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on the American withdrawal from its occupation of Hispaniola, a process that entails two exits: from the Dominican Republic in 1924 and from Haiti in 1934. It thus serves as a probability probe that tests the utility of the arenas of bargaining framework for understanding occupation and exit beyond Israel. Equally, the relative lack of attention afforded to these early US occupations and exits presents a compelling case for further study. This chapter finds that the patterns of bargaining that characterized each Israeli withdrawal also manifested in Hispaniola. For instance, violence within the occupied territories delegitimized the US presence in Hispaniola, creating a pro-withdrawal consensus in the international and domestic arenas, which in turn led to an exit. Similarly, the US left the Dominican Republic first, while entrenching itself in Haiti. Thus, this chapter illustrates that the arenas of bargaining framework possesses generalizable explanatory value.
The Harm of Death
Authors: Feit Neil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends the view that in cases where death does in fact harm the one who dies, it harms him after he has died. It discusses the timing problem, or the problem of locating the times at which death harms the one who dies. It defends a solution, which implies that the dead have a neutral welfare level, that is, a well-being level of zero. So, the dead would have been better off at those times when they otherwise would have fared well, if not for death. Since this view is controversial, the chapter discusses some alternative views according to which the dead have no level of well-being at all but death can still be a temporal evil. It offers replies to several recent objections to the favored solution and concludes with a discussion of issues concerning the harm of death and the evaluation of counterfactuals.
Reading (and Animating) Physics II 3
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to say what Aristotle’s theory of causality is, and even whether he has one, because of the way his discussion proceeds: he does not problematize causality or argue for his claims about causes. It is unclear whether his main claims in the canonical discussion of causes are supposed to be obvious to everyone or to contain important advances. Here his main claims are highlighted, as well as the difficulties we must acknowledge in understanding what they are supposed to contribute to our philosophical understanding of causality. His claims are then situated against the whole argument of book II of the Physics. The reason Aristotle does not argue for or justify his distinctions is not that they are obvious or self-evident, but that he is applying them here to a specific topic and for a specific purpose.