bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of Treats and Treaties: The Forgotten Chapter of European Geographical Indications Law
Authors: Dijkman Léon E 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Histories of geographical indications (GI) law tend to jump from an early ‘national’ phase to an ‘international’ phase characterized by multilateral treaties and culminating in post-TRIPS agreements. These accounts often overlook a critical phase in the European history of geographical indications: the practice of countries, from the 1960s onwards, of entering into bilateral treaties on the protection of geographical indications. This chapter shows that these treaties offered a unique protection mechanism that was the basis for decades of national jurisprudence on the protection of geographical indications throughout Europe. The chapter proceeds to examine the influence of these treaties on the EU regime of geographical indications. It critically assesses the decoupling of standards for the exploitation of the reputation of a geographical indication and its evocation, and argues that a uniform standard along the lines of national practice under the bilateral treaties is preferable. Lastly, the chapter ponders another hitherto overlooked aspect of the EU’s harmonized regime of geographical indications: the leeway afforded to GI holders in composing the product specification and the effect of national legislation cited therein.
Rewriting European Patent Law by the Back Door: On Patents, Politics, and Peppers
Authors: Hughes Rose 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
European patent law is subject to political pressures which operate from both outside and within the European Patent Organisation. Two recent examples which clearly illustrate this principle are the legal disputes over the patentability of essential biological processes (G3/19), and the legality of the mandatory holding of oral proceedings by video conference (G1/21). Both of these disputes culminated in decisions from the Enlarged Board of Appeal that were based as much on political expediency as they were on legal reasoning. In this chapter we take a deeper dive into these decisions and their consequences for the EPO and its users.
A New Industrial Property Law in Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Arguijo Verónica 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Mexican legal framework on industrial property has been strengthened substantially over the past two decades through the introduction of new features and the codification of existing domestic practices. Substantial changes have taken place in the context of Trade Agreements between Mexico and other countries, harmonizing Mexican IP legislation and reflecting international practices. The chapter presents the most significant changes introduced by the new Federal Law on the Protection of Industrial Property, which regulates, inter alia, patents, utility models, industrial designs, trade marks, appellations of origin, geographical indications, trade secrets, and enforcement matters, highlighting the repercussions and challenges of this new Law.
How the World Sees Intelligent Machines
Authors: Cave Stephen , Dihal Kanta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This first chapter explains the fundamental role narratives play in the understanding, development, and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) across the world. It then cites four motivations for this volume: understanding the diverse contexts in which AI is developed; introducing more diverse perspectives into global debates on AI governance; opening new comparative perspectives for the study of AI discourse; and facilitating the reimagining of mainstream Western narratives of AI. Although scholarship on AI narratives is nascent across many parts of the globe, this volume introduces the many distinct visions of AI that exist independently of, in dialogue with, or in explicit rejection of the hegemonic narratives of the anglophone West. The chapter concludes by introducing the structure of the volume, its themes, and its contributors.
Artificial Intelligence in the Art of Latin America
Authors: Cruz Raúl 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces and exhibits a series of artworks fusing science fiction tropes of AI with the art of Mesoamerican cultures, in particular the Maya and Aztecs. Although new technologies can cause global homogenization, they will not erase the traditions, myths, and customs of Latin America. The cultural legacy of the peoples of this continent will merge with technological advances, giving rise to distinctive visions of intelligent machines, real and fictitious. This might include robots with Aztec aesthetics, cybernetic catrinas, Quetzalcóatl ships, and many other fusions of technology and tradition as yet unimagined. The works introduced in this chapter are distinctively Latin American visions of intelligent machines that merge the fantastic, the literary, the mythic, and the mechanical.
From Tafa to Robu
Authors: Mukherjee Upamanyu Pablo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Most conventional histories of artificial intelligence (AI) take the famous 1956 Dartmouth conference as the ‘Big Bang’ moment. During this and the subsequent decade—the height of the Cold War—path-breaking research confirmed the relationship between reason, logic, intelligence, and cognition in the grand European philosophical tradition of Descartes, Hobbes, and Leibniz. At the same time, much of Asia and Africa sought to emerge from the centuries-long shadow of colonial and imperial rule with formal declarations of independence. The Indian writer, filmmaker, musician, and designer Satyajit Ray experimented with such independence, using science fiction (SF) to interrogate the key premises of European ‘Enlightenment’. In his robot stories, Ray complicated the presumed link between reason and intelligence by introducing emotions as a key but variable component. This chapter examines Ray’s SF to ask whether a different account of AI can be sketched from the post-colonial moment of the mid-twentieth century.
Algorithmic Colonization of Africa
Authors: Birhane Abeba 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Western tech monopolies, with their desire to dominate, control, and influence social, political, and cultural discourse share common characteristics with traditional colonialism. Traditional colonialism has been driven by political and government forces; algorithmic colonialism, on the other hand, is driven by corporate profits. While the former used brute force domination, colonialism in the age of AI takes the form of ‘state-of-the-art algorithms’ and ‘AI solutions’ to social problems. Not only is Western-developed AI unfit for African problems, but also the West’s algorithmic invasion simultaneously impoverishes development of local products while leaving the continent dependent on Western software and infrastructure. By drawing examples from various parts of the continent, this chapter illustrates how the AI invasion of Africa echoes colonial era exploitation. This chapter then concludes by outlining a vision of AI rooted in local community needs and interests,
Attitudes of Pre-Qin Thinkers towards Machinery and their Influence on Technological Development in China
Authors: Baichun Zhang , Miao Tian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Machinery, weapons, and other technologies developed rapidly during the Spring and Autumn Periods (771–476 bce) and the Qin (221–206 bce) and Han (202 bce–220 ce) dynasties. Scholars of Mohism, Daoism, Confucianism, and other schools differed in their receptions of these new inventions. The Taoist sage Zhuangzi disapproved of machinery entirely. Mozi, the founder of Mohism, was a pacifist, and consequently was keen on designing defensive facilities but opposed to developing offensive weapons. He criticized the famous technician Gongshu Ban for making siege ladders and other machines for offensive use. According to legend, Gongshu Ban had also been censured for making automata, such as wooden bird-like kites. This reflected public suspicions at the time about automation and ‘supernatural’ devices. These negative attitudes towards new technologies, however, did not have profound impacts: the development of science and technology in pre-modern China had systemic support by the Warring States Period. Pragmatic motivations therefore trumped philosophical concerns.
Introduction
Authors: Saksena Priyasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The book is a history of the ways in which the doctrine of sovereignty was defined during the course of debates over the legal status of the princely states of colonial South Asia. This introductory chapter sets out the main themes of the book—the idea of the princely states being notable legal actors; the polysemic nature of sovereignty; the role played by sovereignty in efforts to demarcate the domestic, imperial, and international spheres; and the importance of understanding broader political projects for exploring the approaches of varied colonial actors to defining sovereignty. The chapter then provides an overview of the world of the princely states, contrasting them with British India and setting out the main princely actors involved in the debates over legal status. It concludes with a sketch of the book’s narrative, laying out brief outlines of each of the chapters.
Political Negotiations
Authors: Saksena Priyasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on princely strategies during negotiations over the establishment of a federation of British India and the princely states during the 1930s. Both British and princely officials relied on divisible sovereignty to redraw the boundaries among the domestic, the imperial, and the international spheres. Some British officials considered the division of sovereign powers in a federation to be a means to extend British authority over South Asia while others regarded it as a disastrous policy that would result in the loss of imperial territory. The princes were also divided about federal proposals. Although they considered the divisibility of sovereignty in federal arrangements to be a useful mechanism to allow the states to maintain their autonomy while cultivating relationships with the Crown and with British India, they disagreed on the implications of federation for state sovereignty. The federationists argued that the federal structure would legalize the existing mechanism of paramountcy by minimizing British and nationalist interference in state affairs to issues that were specifically set out in negotiated constitutional documents. The anti-federationists feared being constitutionally united with anticolonial nationalists in British India and instead favoured a looser model of confederation with British India together with the provision of imperial guarantees for the protection of state affairs from nationalist interference. This chapter examines three key moments in the federal debates—the birth of federation, the fracas over federation and confederation, and the final federal offer—to trace the princes’ varied political projects that were supported by articulations of divisible sovereignty.
Epilogue
Authors: Saksena Priyasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The epilogue examines the contemporary implications of the long history of debates over the legal status of the princely states, both for the postcolonial Indian state and for the history of international law. The international law language of sovereignty was one of the principal means for the negotiation of political power in colonial South Asia. The doctrine of sovereignty was defined and redefined by multiple actors, including princes, bureaucrats, colonial officials, anticolonial nationalists, and international lawyers, and formed the basis of a variety of political projects and purposes. This reliance on the vocabulary of sovereignty continues in the context of the organization of the postcolonial Indian state and of the international sphere more broadly. The history of the princely states highlights the complexities of demarcating boundaries among the domestic, imperial, and international spheres, the struggle over which persists even today.
Historicizing Polycentric Governing
Authors: Schneider Nina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter adopts a historical perspective on polycentric governing, taking into consideration a hitherto under-addressed question: to what extent are the characteristics of polycentric governing a new phenomenon? Most scholars regard polycentric governing to be a novel form of governance, often associated with the 1980s or even later. Can we however identify past forms of governing with comparable features to those ascribed to the umbrella term of polycentric governing today? While it is true that few historians have used the term polycentric governing, this chapter demonstrates that the substantive features of polycentric governing are nothing new, but have a long though little-acknowledged past. Drawing on three examples—the global history of the world church, the history of governance in early modern Spain and Portugal, and power relations in early modern Spain and its overseas territories—this chapter shows that polycentric forms of governing can be traced back many centuries. Polycentric governing’s long history offers new research avenues; besides providing ample empirical material for diachronic comparisons, it also raises a whole series of new questions: has polycentric governing in the past necessarily led to fragmentation or dismemberment? What have been the advantages and disadvantages of historical examples of polycentric governing, given that we can look at those instances with the benefit of hindsight? Overall, this chapter pursues a twofold aim: it details instances of polycentric governing in the past and identifies a series of new research enquiries that follow from it.
An Actor-Network Perspective on Polycentric Governing
Authors: Esguerra Alejandro 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses polycentric governing with concepts from actor-network theory (ANT). ANT explains how and with what effects contemporary governing is increasingly performed through seemingly neutral socio-material practices of expertise, such as indicators, standards, or assessments. ANT originated in the 1980s, when sociologists started ethnographic examinations of the mundane laboratory practices of natural scientists. Already this early work proposed certain radical claims: for example, that objects have agency, that science is politics by other means, and that micro-practices have macro effects. These propositions have subsequently inspired scholars across the social sciences and humanities. Reflecting ANT’s focus on case studies, this chapter provides three inroads into polycentric governing. First, it elaborates on the novel techniques of governing-by-expertise, such as certification schemes or experiments in polycentric governing which draw heavily on black-boxed expert knowledge. Second, inquiring into forms of power, the chapter examines how science-policy networks generate and fix knowledge about global environmental problems. In so doing, they engage in ‘ontological politics’ that describe the power to normalize specific constructions of reality and inevitably exclude other actors and other governing logics. Third, a vignette regarding the United Nations Security Council elucidates the politics of legitimation when Colin Powell tried to convince the world of the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. This case exemplifies how legitimation is closely coupled with practices of evidence making.
Polycentric Governing: A Marxist Interpretation
Authors: Overbeek Henk 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A structural, Marxist, Gramscian approach brings a historical materialist understanding to polycentric governing. It highlights the class character of social relations, of the state, and of governing more generally, all within the context of capital accumulation on a world scale. The chapter argues that polycentric governing is historically specific, closely (albeit not exclusively) associated with the countries of advanced capitalism. Moreover, polycentric governing affects some issue areas more than others. Polycentric governing is primarily defined by its social purpose to promote maximum freedom of movement for capital. Polycentric governing has not always had its current prominence, nor will it remain so forever. From a historical-materialist perspective, power is the most fundamental of the three issues highlighted in this volume: the art of governing is the art of reproducing class power. If done skilfully, most people see the resulting social order as legitimate, which following Gramsci entails hegemony. Techniques refers to how polycentric governing is done concretely; and how the ruling class arranges its hegemony. The organization of hegemony enables specific class coalitions to pursue their interests as if they constitute the ‘general interest’. The chapter identifies three exemplary ‘techniques’ class influence over state policy; the role of the (largely corporatized) media (both old and new); and the disciplinary power that control over finance (in particular through debt) allows the ruling class to reproduce its class power. The chapter illustrates how these insights apply in the context of both the national state and the transnational level of the global political economy.
Polycentric Governing from an Intersectional and Transnational Feminist Perspective
Authors: Marchand Marianne H. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses polycentric governing from an intersectional and transnational feminist approach. Using the issue of violence against women, in particular the femicides on Mexico’s northern border, the chapter traces how women’s and feminist organizations have navigated polycentric governing constellations to pressure local and federal Mexican authorities to efficiently and seriously address the femicides and disappearances of women. Yet, the chapter also finds that while these organizations have been able to use polycentric governing to place the issue of violence against women on the international agenda, they have also encountered multiple resistances, something referred to as resilient patriarchy. In addition, an intersectional and transnational feminist lens reveals that in particular local women’s voices from the Global South have been marginalized and silenced in the process of agenda-setting and of moving the issue of femicides along polycentric governing structures.The chapter concludes that while polycentric governing has provided some openings for gender issues to be taken seriously in the international arena, they continue to be embedded in (patriarchal) colonial continuities and relations of power.
The Ascertainment of the Legal Frameworks Governing Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The environmental norms streamlined into the Chemical Weapons Convention function as a general and binding legal framework for the environmentally sound destruction of chemical weapons. These provisions may also be regarded as rules of reference akin to the environmental protection provisions found within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. As can be seen in the travaux préparatoires of the Chemical Weapons Convention, the obligation to give the ‘highest priority’ to the protection of the environment during the destruction of chemical weapons and the prohibition of specific destruction methodologies, such as dumping in any body of water, were adopted in direct response to the unsatisfactory manner in which chemical weapons had been dealt with in the twentieth century ce. States took a progressive step forward and set not only minimum normative standards, but also a high benchmark for protection of the environment in connection with chemical disarmament. Nevertheless, the clear language in the Chemical Weapons Convention for the exemption of pre-1985 sea-dumped chemical weapons effectively removes such munitions from the provisions mandating declaration, storage, and destruction of chemical weapons, including old and abandoned chemical weapons.
A Ribbon-Maker’s Cottage on Bridge Street
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of John Knight, one of eight silk-weavers or ribbon-makers in the parish; reconstructs the early history of silk-ribbon manufacture in north-east Warwickshire and analyses the social relations of production between metropolitan silk merchants, Warwickshire undertakers, and immiserated rural ribbon-weavers; identifies the local silk-master who was the likely source of Knight’s silk, and discusses in detail the taxonomy of raw material and finished goods in the silk-master’s inventory; notes Knight’s longevity and uses his will and inventory to discuss the sexual division of labour in a ribbon-making household and to emphasize the genealogical continuities in silk-weaving in a community which was to be transformed by ribbon manufacture over the following century and a half.
A House with a Lean-to in the Heath End
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of the agricultural labourer Abraham Checkly, one of 53 ‘ag labs’ in the village; emphasizes the spatial concentration of labourers in the Heath End at the western margins of the common field system; reconstructs the social and economic characteristics of the agricultural labour force and identifies where they were likely to be working over the course of the harvest year; emphasizes the seasonality of agricultural work (especially for women) and the significance of bi-employment; locates Checkly at the heart of the workforce of men, women, and children working on the Arbury estate, and discusses in detail exactly how he was compensated for particular tasks at specific point in the year; explains the transformation in employment practices on the Arbury estate, especially the expansion of piece-rates and introduction of a primitive truck system of payment by ticket; stresses the difficulty of reconstructing the material culture of labouring people, especially since so many labourers (Checkly included) did not leave inventories; concludes with a discussion of the age structure of the agricultural workforce and speculates that most labourers probably worked themselves to death, living in fear of the parish badge and in terror of the workhouse test.
The Household Staff at Arbury Hall (1678‒1710)
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of the twenty-eight men, women, and children who constituted the household staff at Arbury Hall, the seat of the Newdigate family since 1586; reconstructs the experience of dispensing and receiving hospitality in this gentry household, and emphasizes the sheer size of the staff required to service an establishment of this size; discusses how the staff were recruited and dismissed and emphasizes the significant turnover amongst employees who were subject to an extraordinary degree of supervision and discipline, not all of it consistently administered; analyses the relationship between master and servant and argues that the household was a theatre not only of hospitality among patricians but of conflict between patricians and plebs; traces the fortunes of those who left employment at Arbury and emphasizes the soft power that they enjoyed in influencing the reputation of their former employer.