bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Binding Cells
Authors: Unanue E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen, thymus and peritoneal cells of immunized mice were incubated with radioactive antigens and studied by autoradiography. A small number of lymphocytes in the spleen (0.1% to 0.5%) but very few in the thymus (0.01%) bind radioactive hemocyanin. The binding of antigen to lymphocytes apparently takes place by antibody receptors on their membranes. Exposure of most lymphocytes to antibodies to Ig blocked the binding. It was also found that the number of cells binding weak or strong immunogens was similar. Lymphocytes have been found that bind an autologous antigen, murine growth hormone. No lymphocytes bind mouse albumin. Incubation of spleen cells from immune or non-immune mice with highly radioactive KLH in vitro suppressed the capacity of the cells to adaptively transfer an immune response in x-irradiated mice. The inactivation of the adoptive immunity was specific since the treated cells made antibody to unrelated antigens. Macrophages took up radioactive antigen and this uptake was not blocked by exposure to anti-Ig.
Univalent Arsanilic Acid Derivatives as Elicitors of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Amkraut Alfred A. , Corp Richard B. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of monovalent p-azobenzenearsonate derivatives of tyrosine elicit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions in guinea pigs sensitized with some, but not all, rabbit or guinea pig antisera raised by immunization with haptenated protein. Our data suggest that certain populations of cell-binding antibodies mediate these reactions. Reversibility of antibody-hapten interaction is indicated by failure of an eliciting injection of hapten to desensitize a site. In two hapten systems so far studied, this one and a series of dinitrophenylated compounds, certain monovalent antigens were found to be capable of eliciting cutaneous anaphylactic reactions.
Mechanisms of Passive Sensitization
Authors: Tomioka Hisao , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
E myeloma protein was injected intracutaneously into monkey skin to produce passive sensitization. The sensitized and nonsensitized sites were challenged with 125I-labeled purified anti-IgE. The results of autoradiography of the tissues indicated that IgE was present on mast cells. When the E myeloma protein was injected intravenously into monkeys, the antigen was detected on mast cells in small intestine, bronchi and omentum but not on other tissue cells. The E myeloma protein was detected on basophil granulocytes in the blood, but not on other leukocytes. Evidence was obtained that both mast cells and basophil granulocytes contain monkey IgE, and that E myeloma protein combines with the same cells upon passive sensitization. IgG was detected on neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages but not on mast cells.
Transformation of Lymphocytes from Animals Sensitized to Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Kim C. W. , Jamuar M. P. , Hamilton L. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs sensitized once or hypersensitized four times at bi-weekly intervals in the footpads with Trichinella extract, emulsified in complete adjuvant, were examined for serum antibody content and tissue cellular changes. The following modifications were found in the two groups. Those sensitized, when homologously skin-tested at 1 week, showed a typical delayed hypersensitivity reaction, whereas the hypersensitized group, when similarly skin-tested 2 weeks after the fourth injection, showed an accelerated reaction which appeared somewhat like the Arthus type. The difference in skin reactivity of the two groups was not associated with the kind of cells present at the site but rather with a marked difference in antibody content of the serum and in the absolute and relative number of mononuclear cells present at the site and in the lymph nodes. The cellular content of the subcutaneous tissue at the site of the skin test was characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity in both groups as evidenced by a predominant perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells. The hypersensitized group, as compared with the sensitized group, showed 1) more circulating antibody, as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and the precipitin ring test, 2) a greater proportion, as compared to small lymphocytes, of mediumand large-sized lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and eosinophils, 3) a greater antibody content per mononuclear cell in the lymph nodes, as measured by fluorescent staining, and 4) more deaths (50% vs 0%) when tested by active systemic anaphylaxis. The four differences between the sensitized and hypersensitized groups were evident whether the groups were homologously skin-tested or not. Primed lymphocytes when incubated for 5 days in vitro with the Trichinella antigen, however, showed more transformation into “blast-like” cells in the skin-tested as compared with the non-skin-tested groups of both sensitized and hypersensitized guinea pigs; but there was no difference between the sensitized and hypersensitized groups.
The Reactions of Pepsin and Pepsin-Trypsin Digestion Products of Bovine Serum Albumin with Antisera from Rabbits Ingesting This Protein
Authors: Wright Ruel N. , Rothberg Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of digestion by alimentary enzymes on the antigenicity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by the sequential exposure of this food antigen to pepsin and trypsin under conditions simulating mammalian digestion. The physical degradation was assessed by G-100 chromatography which demonstrated three different molecular weight groups. The first peak of the pepsin digest eluted in the same area as undigested BSA and the last peak was composed mainly of dialyzable peptides. The major alteration caused by trypsin digestion was a decrease in the amount of peak 1. A comparison of the antigenicity of these digests with that of BSA demonstrated that they contained all the antigenic sites of BSA, but in concentrations approximately 1/100 that in the intact molecule. Peak 1 also appeared to have all these sites in an unaltered form whereas the sites in peak 2 appeared to be altered by the digestion. New antigenic sites were demonstrated in peaks 1 and 2 by using antisera from rabbits parenterally immunized with the pepsin digest. However, antisera from animals orally immunized to BSA reacted with the intact protein and the digestion products in a manner identical to antisera from rabbits subcutaneously immunized with BSA. These data suggest that enough surface antigenic sites survive alimentary digestion to sensitize the lamina propria of rabbits. In addition, the recognition of only surface antigenic sites by antisera from orally immunized rabbits implies that these animals are not immunized to the internal determinants uncovered by alimentary digestion.
Effect of Selected Lipids and Surfactants on Immunogenicity of Several Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Agarwal Manjul K. , Neter E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several biogenic and non-biogenic lipids and two surfactants were tested to determine their effect on the immune response to two common bacterial antigens. After incubation in vitro, antigen and test substances were injected intravenously into groups of rabbits, and the antibody response was quantitated by means of the passive hemagglutination test. The effect on priming was ascertained by the documentation of an enhanced antibody response 3 or 4 days following the secondary injection of a minimally effective dose of immunogenic antigen. The following results were obtained: (1) Triton X-100, in amounts of 4 to 500 µg/ml, when injected together with the common enterobacterial antigen, inhibited the immune response as well as immunologic priming. Immunosuppression also occurred when antigen and Triton X-100 were administered separately, although concurrently. However, the compound was ineffective, or only minimally effective, when given 24 hr before or after the antigen. (2) Methyl palmitate also inhibited the primary immune response, when administered together with the antigen. In contrast to Triton X-100, an undiminished immune response followed separate, albeit concurrent, injection of drug and common enterobacterial antigen. (3) Cholesterol reversed the immunosuppressive effect of both Triton X-100 and methyl palmitate. (4) Triton X-100 suppressed the antibody response also to the common antigen of Gram-positive bacteria, but reduced only slightly the antibody response to O antigen of Escherichia coli O111. (5) Both Tween-20 and gangliosides also interfered with the hemagglutinin response of the rabbit to common enterobacterial antigen, but neither of these two agents, nor Triton X-100 and methyl palmitate, inhibited attachment of the common enterobacterial antigen to red blood cells. Furthermore, these compounds did not alter the antigenic determinant, as indicated in hemagglutination inhibition tests by undiminished antibody-neutralizing capacity of the antigen in the presence of the drugs. (6) Glyceryl trioleate, sphingomyelin, B-carotene, cerebrosides, and cephalin (brain extract) did not significantly inhibit the hemagglutinin response to common enterobacterial antigen. (7) It is concluded that gangliosides, Triton X-100, methyl palmitate, and Tween-20 belong to the group of antigen-associated immunosuppressants, and the former two compounds, in addition, inhibit immunologic priming by certain bacterial antigens.
Noncovalent Interaction Between Immunoglobulin (Ig) Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Zimmerman Barry , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of recombining light and heavy chains from a variety of different sources to yield four chain molecules having a conformation indistinguishable from native molecules by several independent criteria. Thus, although competitive recombination experiments have demonstrated preferential reassociation of autologous chains (1–4), hybridization with heterologous light chains, including light chains derived from Igs of different mammalian species, was also readily accomplished (5).
Other experiments have shown that the reconstitution of rabbit half molecules results in random hybridization of γ heavy chains creating heteroligating 7S antibody molecules (6) and hybrid H chain allotype pairings (7).
The present investigation grew out of published data supporting the concept that during its antibody-secreting lifetime a single cell may be capable of “switching” the class of its antibody product from IgM to IgG (8, 9). This premise raised the possibility that during the period of “switching over” immunoglobulin “monsters” might be synthesized containing both µ and γ heavy chains.
Response of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Normal, Hypogammaglobulinemic and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Patients
Authors: Rodey G. E. , Davis T. , Quie P. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) derived from Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in vitro with peripheral blood leucocytes of normal donors and of patients with various diseases. Cells from the majority of normal donors proliferate in the presence of SPA. Maximum tritiated thymidine incorporation occurs with 25 to 50 µg SPA per culture and when cultures are incubated 7 to 9 days. Removal of glass adherent cells prior to culture markedly reduces the proliferative response to SPA. Cells of three patients with hypogammaglobulinemia responded vigorously to SPA. These findings suggest that the response to SPA is antigen-specific, rather than nonselective, and that responding lymphocytes are thymus-derived, T-cells. The in vitro model described may provide a tool to study the role of cellular immunity in defense against staphylococci
Anti-Hapten Antibodies of Restricted Heterogeneity: Studies on Binding Properties and Component Chains
Authors: Hoffman Donald R. , Grossberg Allan L. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies against p-azobenzoate (Xp) from two rabbits that exhibited restricted heterogeneity were studied by isoelectric focusing of whole antibody and of light and heavy chains.3 One antibody (2709) showed two light chain bands and five heavy chain bands. Binding studies on 2709 showed two homogeneously binding components with a 100-fold difference in binding constant for p-iodobenzoate. The other antibody (2883) had about 15 components detectable by isoelectric focusing with three major light and five heavy chain bands. A sample of antibody 2883 was fractionated by sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing and seven of the fractions were further characterized. Binding studies with four haptens indicated that fractions A, B and C contained antibodies with similar binding properties and fractions F and G contained other antibodies with similar binding properties. Isoelectric focusing of mildly reduced and alkylated samples of the fractions showed that the antibodies in fractions A, B and C gave a light chain band not found in the other fractions and that the antibodies in F and G gave a large amount of the third light chain band. Although some of the fractions gave a single significant band on gel isoelectric focusing, each of them gave at least three heavy chain bands. This indicated that post-synthetic charge modifications are not necessarily symmetrical. Isoelectric focusing of mildly reduced and alkylated antibodies has much higher resolution than disc electrophoresis of either light or heavy chains.
The Immunosuppressive Effects of Rauscher Leukemia Virus (RLV) upon Spleen Cells Cultured in Cell-Impermeable Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Borella Luis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In mouse spleen cell cultures, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) inhibited the leukemogenic process induced by Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV). Spleen cells obtained from normal or RLV-infected BALB/C mice were cultured with or without KLH in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers that were implanted in isogeneic hosts. The effects of RLV and KLH upon these cells were determined by quantitative analysis of cell morphology and by measurement of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. Increases in blast, myeloid, erythroid and monocytoid cells were found in RLV-infected cultures that were not restimulated with KLH. In RLV-infected cultures that were restimulated with KLH, numbers of blasts and hematopoietic cells were within normal range, but there was a marked increase of plasma cells and of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. It is postulated that antigenic stimulation by KLH of RLV-infected cultures shifts the differentiation pathways of a pluripotent stem cell from a blast-hematopoietic cell line into a lymphoid-plasma cell line.
The finding that antigenic stimulation of infected cell cultures alters the cellular pathway induced by a leukemogenic virus may provide a new approach to the investigation of regulatory mechanisms and control of cell proliferation and differentiation during leukemogenesis.
Differential Stimulation of Precursor Cells and Carrier-Specific Thymus-Derived Cell Activity in the in vivo Response to Heterologous Erythrocytes in Mice
Authors: Falkoff Reuben , Kettman J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have found that sub-immunogenic doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo increase the plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to trinitrophenyl and to SRBC when spleen cells are challenged in vitro using TNP-SRBC as antigen.
By mixing irradiated spleen cells from low dose-primed mice with normal spleen cells, the enhancing activity is shown to be radiation resistant. Treatment with anti-BAϑ abolishes the activity. We therefore infer that it resides in a thymus-derived helper-cell population.
While the enhancing activity is maximal for the carrier to which the mice were low dose primed, priming with SRBC gives a substantial enhancement of the response when burro RBC are used as carrier, but little enhancement when chicken RBC are used as carrier. There is little cross-reactivity between SRBC and burro RBC at the direct PFC level in this system, demonstrating that cross-reactivity at the T cell level need not parallel that at the B cell level.
Cell Interactions in Antibody Formation in Vitro
Authors: Cosenza Humberto , Leserman Lee D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from DBA/2J and CBA/J mice were separated into adherent and nonadherent cell populations; adherent cells obtained from either strain may be recombined with DBA nonadherent cells and the kinetics and magnitude of the plaque-forming cell response to SRBC are equivalent. An alloantiserum directed against CBA spleen cells was used to study the length of time that the adherent population was required for a maximum in vitro response. The alloantiserum abolished the response when added during the first 2 days of culture, indicating that the adherent cell was required at least during the inductive phase of the response. This was true whether adherent cells were prepared from either spleen cells or peritoneal exudate cells of CBA mice.
Nonadherent cells from mice immunized 1 week earlier required the cooperative participation of adherent cells for a shorter period than nonadherent cells from normal or remotely immunized mice. This result is consistent with the idea that most of the adherent cell dependent events have occurred in the nonadherent population following exposure to antigen in vivo. The present study demonstrates that a cell type in the adherent population is an active participant in the cell interactions leading to antibody formation in both primary and secondary in vitro responses. It is proposed that the adherent cell is an “antigen-focusing” cell which functions by providing foci of increased cell density thereby promoting interactions between thymus and bone marrow-derived cells.
The Use of Killed Vaccines in Immunization against an Intracellular Parasite: Toxoplasma Gondii
Authors: Krahenbuhl James L. , Ruskin Joel , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pretreatment of mice with antigens prepared from killed Toxoplasma gondii induced long term protection against challenge with this organism. Resistance was measured in terms of length of survival and number of deaths following challenge with graded doses of the relatively avirulent C56 strain of Toxoplasma, and was observed when antigen was administered alone or incorporated into Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Freund's complete adjuvant also afforded significant protection. A protective role for humoral antibody was observed as significant resistance following the passive transfer of high titer anti-Toxoplasma antisera.
Immunization with R Mutants of S. Minnesota
Authors: McCabe William R. , Greely Anna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the basal core structure of the lipopolysaccharides of most Gram-negative bacilli are of similar or identical chemical structure. The current investigations evaluate the protective effect of immunization with these shared antigens against challenge with two heterologous Gram-negative bacilli, K. pneumoniae and E. coli 107. Active and passive immunization of mice with the Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd1 mutants of S. minnesota failed to protect against challenge with K. pneumoniae. In contrast, active and passive immunization with the Rd2 and Re mutants of S. minnesota afforded significant protection against challenge with K. pneumoniae. Similarly, active immunization with Re and passive immunization with Ra, Rc, Rd2 and Re provided significant protection against challenge with E. coli 107. In all instances, immunization with Re afforded greater protection than any of the other rough mutants of S. minnesota. Active immunization with the Re mutant was considerably less effective than type specific immunization. Immunization with Re increased the LD50 of E. coli 107 by 10-fold and K. pneumoniae by 100-fold over that of controls, while type specific immunization increased the LD50 to these organisms by greater than 100-fold and 10,000-fold respectively. The specificity of the protection induced was demonstrated by the loss of the protective activity of rabbit antiserum to Re after adsorption of the serum with dead Re mutants.
Cell Surface Immunoglobulin
Authors: Baur Sonia , Schenkein Isaac , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Enzymatic radioiodination has been used to investigate the cell surface of three murine myeloma tumors that secrete Ig. In each cell type studied (IgG1, IgG2a and IgA), radiolabeled Ig can be obtained from the cell surface by specific precipitation. In one cell line, surface IgG was also identified by digestion with trypsin followed by fingerprinting as well as by digestion with papain into characteristic Fab and Fc fragments. The Fc fragment contained a significant amount of radioactivity consistent with the concept that the IgG molecule is fully exteriorized. In each plasma cell line studied, Ig was associated with a molecular weight equal to or greater than 200,000 daltons which may be the complex between Ig and the molecule(s) on the plasma membrane to which it is attached.
Effect of C3 Inactivator on Bound C3 Antigen
Authors: Leonard Edward J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of C3 inactivator (C3ina) in human EDTA plasma on C3 antigen bound to various immune complexes was determined. C3ina greatly decreased the amount of C3 bound to human erythrocytes sensitized with IgM anti-I cold agglutinin, and also decreased erythrocyte-bound C3 of a patient with deficiency of C3 inactivator, but had little effect on C3 bound to human red cells sensitized with Donath-Landsteiner IgG cold agglutinin. C3ina did not alter the amount of human C3 antigen bound to sheep E, to pneumococcal polysaccharide-antibody precipitate and to Sepharose-2B beads. Although C3ina did not alter the amount of C3 antigen on sheep E, a change in the molecule must have occurred since immune adherence was abolished. These data along with evidence from the literature show that several stages of bound C3 inactivation can occur.
Phylogeny of Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Goldshein Stuart J. , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Toad splenic lymphocytes undergo blastogenic conversion in vitro in response to both phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic splenocytes. At 26°C, maximum incorporation of tritiated thymidine occurs on day 3 in response to PHA, and on day 7 in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The response to PHA is concentration-dependent. The maximum response to PHA and to alloantigens varies from toad to toad, and is influenced by the type of serum used to supplement the culture medium. More lymphocytes cultured with xenogeneic serum and PHA undergo mitosis than those cultured with PHA and allogeneic serum. In contrast, allogeneic serum suppresses transformation in the MLC.
Receptors for Immunoglobulin on B Lymphocytes and Cells of a Cultured Plasma Cell Tumor
Authors: Cline Martin J. , Sprent Jonathan , Warner Noel L. , Harris Alan W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mouse B lymphocytes and cells of a plasma cell tumor bound immune complexes and IgG but not IgA or IgM immunoglobulins or light chains. Binding required an intact Fc piece but was independent of complement. T lymphocytes did not bind immune complexes.
The presence of surface receptors for IgG immunoglobulin on B lymphocytes and a plasma cell variant are consistent with the concept of an ancestor-progeny relationship between these cell lines.