bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peter French
Authors: MacLeod Nicci 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Peter French (1953–) is one of the world's most experienced practitioners in forensic speech science, having worked in the field for over 30 years and provided forensic speech and audio analysis expertise in over 6,000 cases. He has also frequently appeared as an expert witness in court, both in the United Kingdom and internationally. These court appearances have ranged from Magistrates court trials to appearances at the International War Crimes Tribunal. He holds the positions of Emeritus Professor of Forensic Speech Science at the University of York, Honorary Visiting Professor of Forensic Speech Science at the University of Huddersfield, and Honorary Visiting Professor at York St John University. In 1987, he founded J P French Associates, which is the UK's oldest and largest independent provider of forensic speech and audio analysis for criminal and civil cases. More recently, he was a co‐founder of the Centre for Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics at the University of Zurich, where he was also awarded an honorary doctorate in 2022 in recognition of his achievements in forensic phonetics and acoustics.
Grammar and Discourse
Authors: Dontcheva‐Navratilova Olga 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Grammar and discourse are interconnected but distinct notions associated with two different aspects of linguistic analysis. While grammar refers to the system of rules and principles underlying the form and meaning of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, the study of discourse explores how language is used in human interaction to convey meaning in context. Discourse studies of grammar analyze the structure of words, phrases, and sentences in specific communicative contexts in order to explain how they are used in actual communication. This entry offers an overview of the most important aspects of the interface between grammar and discourse. It focuses on functions of grammatical structures in discourse, the emergence of new grammatical forms as a result of grammaticalization and variation in pragmatic functions of discourse markers in different contexts of use. Another aspect of the grammar–discourse interface discussed in this entry concerns information processing and the contribution of grammar to discourse organization, cohesion, and coherence.
Grammar in Language Teaching and Education
Authors: Slater Tammy , Li Jinrong 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The concept of “grammar” has shifted in meaning from an initial focus on writing to its current reference to the rules of language, or language form. Throughout history, issues have persisted regarding the best approach to teaching and learning grammar, and such issues have been reflected in the various methodological approaches that have been introduced as well as in the research carried out on the ways grammar has been and can be taught. This entry presents a chronology of grammar teaching in second and foreign language education. It also discusses technological innovations that teachers and learners have at their disposal to hone their second and foreign language grammar skills.
Modality
Authors: Boye Kasper 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As a term relating to linguistic categories, modality is used in its most narrow sense to refer to categories that can be defined in terms of the notions of necessity and possibility. A number of broader uses are also common, however. For instance, the term is used also for categories that have to do with the indication of degree of certainty and possibly the indication of information source (a notion associated with the category of evidentiality). Some use it in an even broader sense as related to mood (including notions like indicative, subjunctive, imperative, declarative, and interrogative), or for linguistic elements that have to do with the indication of speakers' attitude or stance toward what they describe. Narrow‐sense modality may be seen as organized in three dimensions. (a) Modal strength basically covers a distinction between necessity (strong) and possibility (weak). (b) Modal source concerns a distinction between necessities and possibilities originating within the entity for which something is necessary or possible, and necessities originating outside this entity. (c) Modality type covers a distinction between, among other things, “dynamic” (physical), “deontic” (social), and “epistemic” (reasoning‐related) necessities and possibilities.
Qualitative Corpus Analysis
Authors: Hasko Victoria 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The article offers a brief overview of qualitative approaches to corpus analysis. Qualitative corpus analysis is introduced as a methodology for pursuing in‐depth investigations of authentic language use representative of purposefully selected communicative situations that are digitally captured, documented as to their origins and ecology, stored as electronic language corpora, annotated as needed, and made available for digital access, retrieval, and analysis grounded in theory‐informed descriptive and explanatory accounts of the language samples under analysis. The article notes the evolution of both qualitative and quantitative approaches to corpus analysis and the emerging importance of the latter to a range of professional fields. Methodological foundations of conducting qualitative corpus analysis are reviewed, with a particular focus on the deliberate and specialized corpus markup, annotation, retrieval, and interpretation that are required for the in‐depth and grounded investigations carried out by linguists interested in qualitative approaches to corpus studies.
Sociopragmatics
Authors: Eslami Zohreh R. , Guo Weiqi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The term “sociopragmatics” was initially proposed by Leech (1983) to describe (the study of) how pragmatic meanings reflect “specific ‘local’ conditions on language use” (p. 10). Emphasizing the social side of pragmatics (sociopragmatics), compared to its linguistic side (pragmalinguistics), indicates the primacy of speakers over utterances. Focusing on interlocutors in the process of interaction relates to social identities, positioning of interlocutors, and the role of agency during interaction as participants shape their identities and positionality dynamically and strategically as members of a speech community. In this entry, we first discuss the distinction between pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics based on Leech's (1983) perspective. Next, context as an important defining aspect of sociopragmatics is discussed to clarify where the boundaries of context can be placed in relation to sociopragmatics. We then discuss how the conceptual foundations of this distinction can clarify research related to issues such as pragmatic transfer and pragmatic failure and teaching of L2 pragmatics. In the last section, remarks related to future areas of research and inquiries will be shared.
Common European Framework of Reference
Authors: Huhta Ari 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment
(CEFR) by the Council of Europe (CoE) and gives an account of how the new version of the CEFR (CEFR—Companion Volume, or CEFR/CV) published in 2020 updates and expands the original version. The CEFR/CV focuses on providing both conceptual and practical tools that can be applied in the classroom and in teacher education in order to increase the application of the framework in those areas of language education where the influence of the original CEFR was quite modest compared with its impact on assessment. To achieve this, the CEFR/CV includes significant new content such as validated scales for mediation, plurilingual language use, online language use, and for sign language. The CEFR/CV also aims to improve the clarity and usefulness of the framework by providing metatext and summaries to guide the reader and by removing some of the previous content to an online source. In fact, the CEFR comprises not only the main document but also a considerable number of additional sources via a dedicated website that assists in applying the framework in new contexts.
Communicative Grammar and Communicative Competence
Authors: Kern Richard , Kramsch Claire 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter explores grammar from multiple perspectives: as an abstract set of mental rules that shape language performance, or conversely, as a by‐product of discourse, or as a dynamic interaction among message, code, and context (which we refer to as “communicative grammar”). It then considers implications of these different views of grammar for the ways we conceive of communicative competence and educational goals for language learners. The evolution of the notion of communicative competence is traced from the 1970s to the present, with emphasis on the influence of cross‐cultural pragmatics, conversational analysis, discourse studies, and critical discourse analysis. These influences have led to an ecological grammar of language use that operates on multiple scales—from the microcosm of individual conversational encounters to larger geopolitical exchanges between collective entities and their political representatives. Our understandings of communicative competence are further complicated by the Internet, racial and gendered identity claims, political power struggles, and the use of digital algorithms to manipulate information and behavior. Notions such as
translanguaging
,
multimodality
,
inclusive and non‐binary language
,
algorithmic awareness
, and
symbolic competence
have now become central to knowing how to communicate with people from different languages and cultures. The third section of the chapter presents implications for educational practice, tracing movements from a pedagogy of correctness to a pedagogy of discourse/context relations that puts linguistic structures in relation with social and cultural discourses and beliefs, social and historical events in relation with their representations in various modalities, and discourse genres in relation with one another.
Process Research Screen Capture
Authors: Mroz Aurore P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In teaching, learning, and research that focus on a mediated process, screen capture has become a key instrument. Consisting in the recording of multiple channels of information happening simultaneously in‐ and off‐screen (e.g., typing, clicking, navigating, speaking, ambient noises, gestures, eye movements, and props used), screen capture provides a rich multimodal audiovisual rendering of an unfolding event. Once restricted to computer‐based interactions, screen capture is now available on most mobile devices and on virtual or augmented reality headsets. Originally used for step‐by‐step tutorial videos, screen capture has since become an important tool to create pedagogical materials, support asynchronous teaching, or help learners revisit their own learning strategies. Research‐wise, it primarily serves process‐oriented studies by providing access to hidden learning events, allowing to reconstruct a sequence of events, and documenting the multimodality of mediated interactions. Although predominantly employed to investigate text‐based computer‐mediated processes (reading and writing), its use has more recently expanded to also examine oral, aural, and nonverbal activities (eye‐tracking and gesture studies more specifically). Particularly well suited for research grounded in task‐based, ecological, or complex dynamic systems theory approaches, screen capture can be employed for quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods studies. The greatest challenge of its use resides in the analysis and representation of data due to the sheer volume and richness of information contained in the recordings, requiring overt methodological decisions anchored in theory, and a systematic annotation and transcription system.
Individual Differences in Bilingual Language Experience: Overview and Assessment
Authors: Kałamała Patrycja , Castro Sofía , Wodniecka Zofia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
“Bilingualism” is an umbrella construct that encompasses individuals with different language experiences. The diversity of these experiences generates the need for a paradigm shift from testing group effects to studying individual differences within and between different bilingual communities. In this entry, we discuss the most recognized dimensions of bilingual language experience, the most common methods of their measurement, and the current methodological challenges faced by researchers who aim to describe and understand the language variation of bilinguals. While recent calls to consider individual differences in language experience have already greatly advanced our understanding of the bilingualism phenomenon, this line of research is only gaining momentum. Ultimately, collaborative research efforts to develop a comprehensive measurement toolkit and trace the relationships between different language dimensions should help to determine how individual language experiences translate into bilingual profiles within and across different bilingual communities.
Multimodal Processing in Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Morett Laura M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of how multimodal processing benefits communication between L2 and L1 speakers and bilinguals. The impacts of text, images, facial cues, and hand gestures are considered in combination with speech, as are hand and air writing. Thus, this entry reviews multimodal L2 processing across the auditory, visual, and haptic modalities, providing insight into how it can be conjointly leveraged by bilinguals, L2 learners, and their L1 interlocutors to communicate effectively.
Engineered IL‐21‐Expressing Nanovesicles for Co‐Delivery of GOX and Ferrocene to Induce Synergistic Anti‐Tumor Effects
Authors: Li Chao , Zhou Mengyang , Li Yang , Jia Haojie , Huang Lin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractGlucose oxidase (GOX)‐induced starvation is a safe treatment for tumor. However, the non‐specific targeting of GOX and the plasticity of tumor metabolism lead to toxic side effects and low tumor mortality. Thus, it is necessary to develop a synergistic strategy with high tumor targeting specificity to enhance the mortality of GOX. In this study, a genetically engineered CD44 targeting peptide (CP) and IL‐21 fusion protein‐displaying nanovesicles platform (mCP@IL21‐Fc‐GOX) are designed to efficiently encapsulate GOX and ferrocene (Fc). After reaching the tumor site, IL‐21 can be precisely released and targeted to NK cells through the cleavage of MMP‐2, thus achieving precise anti‐tumor immunotherapy of IL‐21. Second, the exposed CP enable mCP‐Fc‐GOX to be further targeted to tumor cells, completing the synergistic anti‐cancer effects of starvation and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) triggered by GOX and Fc. In situ breast cancer models, the results show that mCP@IL21‐Fc‐GOX not only enhances NK and T cells aggregation in tumor tissue but also achieves precise nutrition deprivation and abundant reactive oxygen species production, thus significantly inhibits tumor growth based on the synergistic function of the immunotherapy, starvation and CDT. Therefore, this work provides a smart nanovesicle platform for achieving precise and safe synergistic anti‐tumor therapy.
Arrhenius Activation Energy Impact on 3D Unsteady Carreau Nanofluid Flow with Joule Heating and Nonlinear Thermal Radiation by Taylor Wavelet
Authors: Preetham M. P. , Kumbinarasaiah S. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis investigation focuses on the unsteady 3D electrically conducting Carreau nanofluid (CNF) flow over a bilateral nonlinear stretching sheet. In this study, a new mathematical model is developed that includes the effects of Arrhenius activation energy, nonlinear thermal radiation, and Joule heating, analyzed using the Taylor wavelet series collocation method (TWSCM). An appropriate similarity transformation is applied to transform the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These ODEs are tackled using TWSCM to explore the physical parameters' impact on fluids demonstrating shear thinning (SThin) and shear thickening (SThick) behavior. The investigation's findings indicate that the activation energy parameter and thermal Biot number amplify the concentration field. Furthermore, it is observed that the Nusselt number intensifies for the temperature ratio and thermal Biot parameters while it declines for the thermophoresis parameter and Eckert number.
Rbfox3 Promotes Transformation of MDSC‐Like Tumor Cells to Shape Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Authors: Li Zhiyang , Feng Zhuangzhuang , Chen Mengzhan , Shi Xinxiu , Cui Bijia , Sun Yujie , Zhang Heng , Li Yinan , Chen Caihong , Feng Yiqian , Han Jingxia , Xing Xuewu , Liu Huijuan , Sun Tao 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMyeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to the malignant progression of tumors by exerting immunosuppressive effects. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been widely demonstrated in various types of solid tumors. LPS can promote the malignant progression of tumors, which mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, a type of MDSC‐like tumor cells (MLTCs) is found in tumor tissues induced by low‐dose and long‐term LPS stimulation. MLTCs can simultaneously express tumor cell and MDSCs markers. Similar to MDSCs, MLTCs can produce arginine, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species and inhibit the activity of NK and T cells to promote the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. MLTCs can also promote tumor cell proliferation and vasculogenic mimicry formation. CRISPR‐Cas9 activity screening studies identified RNA‐binding Fox‐1 homolog 3 (Rbfox3) as a critical protein for MLTCs formation after LPS treatment. Rbfox3 can transcriptionally regulate the expression of Ass1 in the form of phase‐separated particles. Crocin can inhibit the generation of MLTCs by disrupting phase‐separated particles of Rbfox3 and enhance the anti‐tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
AAVR Expression is Essential for AAV Vector Transduction in Sensory Hair Cells
Authors: Wu Fan , Chen Guisheng , Hu Rui , Liu Peiwen , Lou Jintao , Zhao Wenji , He Zuhong , Sha Suhua , Zheng Yiqing 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAdeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors are a leading platform for gene therapy. Recently, AAV‐mediated gene therapy in the inner ear has progressed from laboratory use to clinical trials, but the lower transduction rates in outer hair cells (OHCs) in the organ of Corti and in vestibular hair cells in adult mice still pose a challenge. OHCs are particularly vulnerable to inner ear insults. In this study, we demonstrated that expression of a key AAV receptor (AAVR, Kiaa0319l, or Au040320) in OHCs and vestibular hair cells decreases significantly in mature mice and AAV particles directly interact with AAVR by forming complexes. Consequently, antibody blockage of AAVR significantly inhibits AAV transduction in sensory hair cells in cochlear explants. Moreover, use of AAVR knockout mice confirms inhibition of AAV transduction in sensory hair cells in vivo. Finally, conditional overexpression of AAVR in sensory hair cells of adult mice successfully restores AAV transduction efficiency in OHCs and vestibular hair cells. In conclusion, this strong evidence that AAVR is essential for AAV transduction in sensory hair cells will help to increase the efficacy of future gene therapy in inner ear.
Defining Structure‐Function Relationships of Amphiphilic Excipients Enables Rational Design of Ultra‐Stable Biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Prossnitz Alexander N. , Nguyen Leslee T. , Eckman Noah , Borkar Suraj , Tetef Samantha , Autzen Anton A. A. , Fuller Gerald G. , Appel Eric A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBiopharmaceuticals are the fastest‐growing class of drugs in the healthcare industry, but their global reach is severely limited by their propensity for rapid aggregation. Currently, surfactant excipients such as polysorbates and poloxamers are used to prevent protein aggregation, which significantly extends shelf‐life. Unfortunately, these excipients are themselves unstable, oxidizing rapidly into 100s of distinct compounds, some of which cause severe adverse events in patients. Here, the highly stable, well‐defined, and modular nature of amphiphilic polyacrylamide‐derived excipients is leveraged to isolate the key mechanisms responsible for excipient‐mediated protein stabilization. With a library of compositionally identical but structurally distinct amphiphilic excipients, a new property is quantified, compositional dispersity, that is key to excipient performance and utilized this property to rationally design new ultra‐stable surfactant excipients that increase the stability of a notoriously unstable biopharmaceutical, monomeric insulin, by an order of magnitude. This comprehensive and generalizable understanding of excipient structure‐function relationships represents a paradigm shift for the formulation of biopharmaceuticals, moving away from trial‐and‐error screening approaches toward rational design.
Wearable Fluidic Fabric with Excellent Heat Transfer Performance for Sports Recovery
Authors: Yang Jing , Xiong Ying , Piao Jinli , Leung Manyui , Liu Guosai , Zhu Mingyue , Tang Shengyang , Zhang Lisha , Tao Xiaoming 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRapid temperature contrast hydrotherapy by water immersion has been utilized by athletes for effective sports recovery. However, its application at some training or competition venues is limited by high water consumption, bucky size, personal hygiene, and inconvenience. Here, a novel portable system equipped with highly effective, lightweight, and hygienic wearable fluidic fabric device is reported, that replaces direct water immersion. The measured heat transfer coefficient between the skin and the fabric is 98.5 W m−2 K−1, which is 92% of that in direct water immersion at 10 °C and significantly higher than that by previously reported cooling garments. The core layer, a flexible heat transfer panel (FHTP), can switch between cold and hot modes (5–40 °C) over an area of 0.3 m2. The contact condition between skin and the deformable FHTP has been considered in a new verified heat transfer model. Optimization of the parameters has resulted in excellent heat transfer performance. This fluidic fabric also holds potential in diverse applications, such as enhancing thermal safety and comfort in extreme environments (e.g., personal thermal management systems and fire‐protection suits), supporting cryotherapy and thermotherapy in rehabilitation and healthcare, and simulation of total tactile sensations in virtual reality.