bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of physical stimulation for reducing injection pain in adults receiving intramuscular injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: CMC Serena , Lord Heidi , Vargese Saritha Susan , Kurian Nisha , Cherian Sunu Alice , Mathew Elsheba , Fernandez Ritin 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
The objective of this review was to synthesize the best available research evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical stimulation for reducing injection pain in adults receiving intramuscular injections.

Introduction:
Pain associated with intramuscular injections continues to be a challenge for nurses. Various physical stimulation methods to alleviate pain and improve satisfaction for patients receiving intramuscular injections have been reported; however, the evidence surrounding the effectiveness of these methods remains inconclusive.

Inclusion criteria:
This systematic review considered randomized and quasi-experimental studies that used any physical stimulation strategies (eg, skin tapping, manual pressure, massage, pinch, traction) for adults aged 18 years and over receiving intramuscular injections. Studies that evaluated pain using validated instruments were considered for inclusion.

Methods:
A three-step search strategy was conducted. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library (Cochrane CENTRAL), Google Scholar, Dissertation Abstracts International, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and MedNar were searched from inception until 2020. We restricted the inclusion of studies to trials published in English. Two independent reviewers conducted the critical appraisal of eligible studies using the JBI checklists for randomized controlled and quasi-experimental trials. Data were extracted using the JBI data extraction tool, and meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were undertaken, where appropriate.

Results:
Twenty-five studies were included with a total sample size of 1956 patients. Pooled results demonstrated that pain was significantly less with the use of the Helfer skin tap technique compared to no intervention (two studies; RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.66, 0.81; P<0.00001) or standard intervention (three studies; SMD –2.25; 95% CI –3.65, –0.85; P=0.002). Intervention with acupressure using standard treatment as control showed significant reduction in pain intensity (MD –4.78; 95% CI –5.32, –4.24; P<0.00001). Similarly, pain was significantly lower with manual pressure (two studies; SMD –0.42; 95% CI –0.69, 0.15; P=0.002) when compared to standard treatment. Pain scores were significantly lower in patients who received pinch technique, ShotBlocker, massage, or combination intervention (skin traction, pressure, and rapid muscle release) compared with no intervention, standard treatment, or placebo control.

Conclusions:
The evidence from this review demonstrates that physical stimulation – particularly the Helfer skin tap technique, acupressure, manual pressure, pinch technique, ShotBlocker, massage, and combination – can significantly lower intramuscular injection pain; however, this is based on low or very low certainty of evidence.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42020168586
Roller-Bearing Service in Locomotive, Passenger, and Freight Equipment
Authors: Buckwalter T. V. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Modern civilization is based on transportation, and the fundamental prime mover in transportation is the steam locomotive. Improvements in the steam locomotive affecting its efficiency and reliability are reflected in a corresponding manner in the entire transportation industry. The loads and stresses developed in locomotive service on bearings are exceptionally severe, and the consequences of failure are far reaching, and these conditions together have militated against rapid introduction of the roller bearing in locomotive service. The application of the roller bearing in passenger service has progressed in an encouraging manner over a period of years, but efforts to interest railroad men in application of roller hearings to a complete locomotive were unsuccessful, and finally convinced the Timken company of the desirability of building a locomotive equipped on all wheels with roller bearings and loaning it for an extended period of service to the railroads of the United States. The Timken locomotive was designed for application of Timken bearings on all of the drivers, engine-truck, trailer, and tender-truck wheels, on the Franklin booster, and on various elements of the control mechanism. The introduction of roller bearings on the drivers permits of higher rotative speeds, as the bearings surround the drivers completely, and eliminates pounds within the bearing boxes. Heating is eliminated, as the temperature rise does not exceed 25 deg above atmosphere. The wheel diameter was therefore selected between that prevailing for modern high-speed freight locomotives, averaging 70 in., and high-speed passenger locomotives, with 80-in. drivers. The economy in friction, estimated at 12 to 15 per cent, was utilized in increasing the diameter of the drivers over that of the modern freight locomotive, and developing through the saving in friction a drawbar capacity equivalent to the latter. The 73-in. wheel was therefore selected. The 4-8-4 wheel arrangement with four-wheel trailer truck was favored.
Zap Flaps and Ailerons
Authors: Joyce Temple N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The early history of the Zap development is covered, including work done on the Flettner rotor plane in 1928. Because of phenomenal lift obtained by changes in flow around a cylinder, investigations were begun on improving existing airfoils. This led to preliminary work on flapped airfoils in the tunnel of New York University, and later its application to an Aristocrat cabin monoplane presented to the B/J Aircraft Corporation early in 1932. A chronological record of the reactions of the personnel of the B/J organization to the Zap development is set forth, particularly the questions regarding lift and drag coefficients, effect upon stability and balance, and the operating forces necessary to get the flaps down. The effectiveness of lateral control, particularly with regard to hinge moments and whether the rolling moments were obtained primarily through spoiler action or positive lift increases and the relative percentage of spoiler rolling moments to positive rolling moments, is also included. Comparative data of forces and lift and drag coefficients of several types of flaps are given, with a discussion of the relative practical results. There is a discussion of the practical flying problems in which engineers and pilots are interested, including the effect upon landing and take-off, reactions in a stall, and lateral control below minimum flying speed, as well as the anti-spinning characteristics which have been displayed in actual flight tests.
Problems of Modern Pump and Turbine Design
Authors: Spannhake Wilhelm 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is a general review of the present status of design principles which apply equally to centrifugal pumps and hydraulic turbines. The author first develops step by step the fundamental ideas underlying the theoretical behavior of a runner having an infinitely large number of thin blades which guide the fluid perfectly. The resemblance between the blading ordinarily used and the wing of an airplane has led to analysis on the basis that each blade acts as an airfoil. The author points out the many limitations of this theory and advocates a new beginning, taking as a starting point the theoretically perfect runner. By decreasing the number of blades first from infinity to a finite but very large number, he analyzes the forces and influences that are at work. Although he does not claim to have arrived at a final solution, he demonstrates the play of one effect upon another, and suggests that further experimentation should assist in making proper allowances for the uncertainties not subject to strict analysis and which become more and more important as the number of blades is reduced. The final section deals with the best conditions for the design of high-speed runners. The influence of the principal figures of layout upon which both efficiency and cavitation are dependent are discussed, and complete curves for efficiency and cavitation coefficient are given for three different specific speeds. This speed is defined by the same figure for pumps and turbines. He feels that both theories in spite of their defects can be used to advantage as experimental knowledge is progressively increased, and demonstrates that mathematics will throw light on a number of vital problems dealing particularly with efficiency and cavitation. He suggests for consideration a special type of profile, and expresses the hope that by combining the laboratory with theory, it will be possible to realize improvements in existing equipment, and finally to build up a strict method for pump and turbine design meeting properly and satisfactorily all of the requirements for high specific speed and small number of blades.
Power Supplies for Suction-Driven Gyroscopic Aircraft Instruments
Authors: Draper C. S. , Spilhaus A. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
At the present time gyroscopic instruments constitute an essential part of the equipment in any well-equipped airplane. The “turn indicator,” the “artificial horizon,” and the “directional gyro” are three widely used gyroscopic aircraft instruments which have reached a very satisfactory state of development. However, in order that proper results may he attained in practise, it is necessary that some reliable and sufficient source of suction he provided. It is the object of this paper to present a study of the various devices used in operating the gyroscopic instruments.
Improving Airship Performance
Authors: Fulton Garland 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The economic advantages of the large airship as a long-distance carrier depend to a great extent upon its useful-load capacity, its speed and its cruising radius. Improvement in design or in auxiliary equipment, therefore, which will increase materially any or all of these three factors, is of prime importance.
This paper touches on the fundamentals underlying the carrying capacity of lighter-than-air craft and points out possible changes in construction, means of ballasting, power-plant equipment, and fuel characteristics whereby substantial economic and operating advantages may be effected in future designs.
The Principles of Underfeed Combustion and the Effect of Preheated Air on Overfeed and Underfeed Fuel Beds
Authors: Nicholls P. , Eilers M. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is based on investigations conducted at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. It shows that in underfeed burning the factor of rate of ignition is much more important than it is in overfeed fuel beds and that it fixes limits to the outputs that can be obtained. It uses the principles determined from the experimental results to interpret the much more complex action in fuel beds of commercial underfeed stokers. It also shows what effect preheated air has on overfeed and underfeed fuel beds and how this preheat is utilized. The results from burning a number of fuels on the underfeed principle, both without and with preheat, are given. The variables investigated were kind and size of fuel and rate and temperature of the air supplied.
The Economic Significance of Replacement Cycles in Demand
Authors: McNiece Thomas M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For many generations, the even flow of trade among peoples has been interrupted by recurring depressions. Abnormally high levels of commerce have always preceded the serious declines. It is neither logical nor sufficient to explain a disastrous decline in business by stating that the levels before the decline were too high and characterized by excessive inflation. What produced these latter conditions?
This study is concerned not only with the periods of enforced retrenchment but also with those eras of high business levels which invariably precede them. The effort has been made to discover and isolate the underlying causes of these recurring fluctuations. By underlying causes is meant the initial influences, invisible and undetermined at the time, which set in motion the multitude of powerful and obvious forces which are almost instantly transformed into potent sources of further change. The only consistent or normal characteristic of business trends is constant change.
It cannot be seriously doubted that the various indexes of business and the paths described by them are but the composite results of many components. Why, therefore, is it not logical to investigate the movements of general business by analyzing the fluctuations of its principal components?
Locomotive Counterbalancing
Authors: Fry Lawford H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper offers a method for computing and analyzing the counterbalance system of a locomotive. As a result of a straightforward simple series of computations, a clear and exact picture is obtained, showing the resultant forces set up by the rotating and reciprocating parts and the counterbalance in any given locomotive. A method is also provided for determining the proper counterbalance to meet any given conditions. The problems involved are of importance to the designer of modern locomotives of large size. The day has passed when it is satisfactory to provide static balance only for the rotating engine parts of a locomotive. Many locomotives now in service, which are balanced for static conditions only, have the main pair of wheels out of balance dynamically by as much as 400 lb. At “diameter speed,” that is, at as many miles per hour as the driving wheels have inches of diameter, this lack of balance is sufficient to increase and decrease the axle load by over 20,000 lb during each revolution of the wheels. Up to the present there has been no adequate study of the effect of unbalanced horizontal forces on the locomotive. The proposed method of analysis offers a simple but accurate basis for such study. It seems probable that with proper cross-balancing a very large proportion of the mass of the reciprocating parts can be left unbalanced. In the case of the locomotive examined, over 80 per cent of the mass of the reciprocating parts is unbalanced and the locomotive is reported to ride very satisfactorily.
The Thermal Performance of the Detroit Turbine Using Steam at 1000 F
Authors: Carter W. A. , Ellenwood F. O. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of a large number of tests made to ascertain the thermal performance of a 10,000-kw turbine-generator designed for steam at 1000 F. The thermal efficiency was found to be 31.8 per cent and the engine efficiency 76 per cent for the complete unit. A companion paper, entitled “High-Temperature Steam Experience at Detroit” (A.S.M.E.Trans., 1934, FSP-56-9), by P. W. Thompson and R. M. Van Duzer, Jr., deals with the generation and utilization of the steam at this temperature, with special reference to the materials employed.
High-Temperature Steam Experience at Detroit
Authors: Thompson P. W. , Van Duzer R. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is concerned with presenting the experience of The Detroit Edison Company with the various materials used in the construction of an 1100-F superheater and piping system in operation over 23,000 hr, for 21,169 of which the temperature was between 1000 and 1100 F; also a 10,000-kw, 1000-F turbine installation in operation 11, 231 hr, for 7832 of which the temperature was 1000 F. A description of both installations, the reasons for the choice of materials used, and an account of the operating experience are included. The thermal performance of the turbine is dealt with in an accompanying paper (A.S.M.E. Trans., 1934, FSP-56-8) by W. A. Carter and F. O. Ellenwood.
High-Temperature Tensile, Creep and Fatigue of Cast and Wrought High- and Low-Carbon, 18 Cr 8 Ni Steel From Split Heats: Progress Report of the A.S.M.E.-A.S.T.M., Joint Research Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals
Authors: Cross H. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Under the sponsorship of the Joint Committee, a comparison was made, chiefly at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 F, of the resistance to short-time loading, to prolonged loading (creep) and to repeated stress (fatigue) of 18 per cent Cr, 9.5 per cent Ni, 0.5 per cent Mn, 0.6 per cent Si steels of 0.067 and 0.125 per cent C. Both carbon contents were studied in wrought and cast conditions and no “stabilizing” elements were used. Split induction-furnace heats were poured into ingots for rolling and into castings. Material of known melting history and of identical composition was thus available in both the fine-grained (rolled) and the coarse-grained (cast) states. Both cast and wrought materials were quenched from 2000 F.
The author describes in some detail the tests performed in comparing the characteristics of these steels under varied treatment and reports the results obtained together with certain conclusions which may be drawn.
Influence of Rate of Shear on Shearing Strength of Lead
Authors: Jamieson James 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For many years the relationship between the velocity of deformation and the resulting stress has been occupying the attention of several investigators. In general, the tests have been made under uniform tensile- or compressive-stress conditions. It was with the object of investigating this relationship when under pure shear conditions that the work outlined in this paper was undertaken. Except for a few isolated cases, there are no results available with which comparisons may be made, but it appears from the tests made that the influence of the rate of deformation upon the ultimate strength is considerable. The results indicate that in all likelihood the same relationship that has been found to exist for conditions of direct stress will hold for conditions of pure shear. That is, the equation proposed by Ludwik, σ = σ1 + C log (v/v1), for the case of pure tension has been found to prove satisfactory for pure shear. Only one metal (lead) has been tested, but the results so found may be taken as representative of those materials with a low melting point. Further, in all probability the behavior of steels, when subjected to constant rates of shear and when maintained at some relatively high temperature, will lead to similar results.
Oil-Film Whirl—A Non-Whirling Bearing
Authors: Newkirk Burt L. , Grobel Lloyd P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The shafts of turbines, generators and other high-speed machines run in journal bearings on films of oil so that there is no metal-to-metal contact between the journal and the bearing. Although the bore of the bearing is only a few thousandths of an inch larger than the diameter of the journal the oil film supports the rapidly rotating journal and holds it steadily in a very definite position within the bearing clearance.
The position which the journal takes within the bearing clearance depends on the viscosity of the oil, the load on the journal, the speed of rotation, and the dimensions of journal and bearing. For example, if the rotation speed is only a few rpm the journal runs near the bottom of its clearance. At higher speeds the journal runs so that its closest approach to the bearing is at some point on the side opposite to that which it climbed at starting. For very high speeds the same journal runs nearly centered in the bearing clearance.
Observation and experience teach that in general the oil film forms a very steady support for the journal and that it even exerts a dashpot action opposing outside disturbances that would cause the shaft to vibrate. This remarkable stability, however, has been found to be subject to a notable exception. When a shaft runs at twice its critical speed or at any higher speed the equilibrium between the load and the lift of the oil film becomes unstable, the journal moves in a minute spiral of increasing radius, and the whole shaft picks up a whirling motion. The whirl has the natural frequency of the shaft and the motion is one of resonance.
This paper deals with a laboratory study of oil-film whirl phenomenon and describes a means for combatting it.
The Burlington Zephyr
Authors: Anderson E. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company’s “Zephyr” comprises three cars supported on four roller-bearing trucks, with articulated joints between adjacent cars. Its load-carrying truss members are of 18-8 stainless steel, as is also its unpainted outside surface. Its roof and belly sheets, and also its steel floor, share in the work of carrying load. All truss members and other stainless-steel parts are tied together by the “shotweld” system, in which a specialized and improved form of spot welding is used under such exact control of pressure, current, and time that the welds do not adversely affect the non-corrosion qualities of metal or joints.
The motive power is furnished by a 660-hp two-cycle Diesel engine driving a generator which produces current for the two traction motors which are mounted on the axles of the front truck. The train is streamlined and smoothed throughout its entire length to reduce air resistance, has automatically controlled steam heat, air conditioning and cooling, and electric buffet service and lighting.
The “Zephyr” has broken all records for long-distance runs, both as to mileage and speed, having made a nonstop run from Denver to Chicago, 1015 miles, in 13 hr and 5 min. Much of this run was at speeds in excess of 100 mph.
The Design of Light-Weight Trains
Authors: Eksergian R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
New materials of construction have permitted the design of passenger trains of exceptionally light weight, which are capable of high speeds. The author discusses the economics of light-weight construction and deals with the relation of horsepower per ton to train performance under varying conditions of streamlining and weight. The importance of low-frequency spring reactions for lightweight cars is stressed. The paper then deals with the physical properties of stainless steel with consideration of the stability of thin-web structures.
It closes with the consideration of the major characteristics involved in the design of light-weight car structures as exemplified by the Burlington “Zephyr” in connection with which an effort was made to develop a rational basis of determining redundant reactions in the several indeterminate features involved in the structure.
Union Pacific High-Speed, Light-Weight, Streamlined Trains
Authors: Fetters A. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Through press, radio, and films, the new Union Pacific trains which this paper describes are more or less well known.
Briefly, the first or three-car train was delivered in February, 1934, and, after a 15,000-mile tour, which extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific, was placed on exhibit at The Century of Progress with a fourth car added, consisting of a Pullman sleeping car of the same structural design as the coaches.
The second train consisting of six cars, three of which are Pullman sleepers, will be powered with a 900-hp Winton, 2-cycle, Diesel engine and is now nearing completion at Pullman, Chicago.
Two additional trains of similar construction are on order for late fall delivery. These latter trains will consist of nine cars, four of which will be Pullman sleepers and bedroom cars, and will be powered with Winton 16-cylinder, 2-cycle, 1200-hp Diesel engines.