bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complement Fixation in Human Malaria
Authors: Stratman-Thomas Warren K. , Dulaney Anna Dean 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Analyses of our data show that the complement-fixation test in malaria is very closely correlated with the presence or recent presence of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood. In sera from individuals known to be infected with malaria a strongly positive complement-fixation test means the presence or recent presence of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood. A negative complement-fixation does not rule out the presence of malarial parasites. From the standpoint of diagnosis the complement-fixation test in malaria would appear to be especially valuable in infection with Plasmodium falciparum wherein malarial parasites appear in the peripheral blood only on alternate days during the acute clinical attack.
All the analyses tend to show that the standardized antigen used in our second series of complement-fixation tests is more sensitive than the antigens prepared after the methods of other workers.
Positive complement-fixation is more closely correlated with the presence or recent presence of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood than with the presence of chills or fever. In the individual patient the test tends, as a rule, to become more strongly positive as the number of parasites increase in the blood. As the parasites disappear, the antibody-titer of the serum decreases. In the second series of 18 cases of induced malaria, 17 showed, at one time or another during the course of the disease, strongly positive complement-fixation, and no strongly positive reaction was obtained in patients without malaria.
We wish to thank Dr. F. L. Roberts, Professor of Preventive Medicine at the University of Tennessee, for his kindness in making a statistical analysis of these data. All this work was under a cooperative grant from the Tennessee Valley Authority, The Tennessee State Department of Public Health, the University of Tennessee and the Commissioners of Shelby County.
The Relationship between Neutralizing Antibodies against Influenza A Virus in the Sera of Mothers and Infants
Authors: Rickard Elsmere R. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative neutralization-tests with influenza A virus and the serum of mothers and their infants at varying periods after birth have been carried out. During the first 2 months of life infants possess antibody levels almost identical with those of their mothers. During the 3rd and 4th month antibody levels rapidly decrease in infant serum, and from the 4th to the 16th month almost no infants possess demonstrable concentrations of antibodies against this virus.
Immunological Studies of Pollinosis
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1937 Cooke, Loveless and Stull (1) reported that normal individuals respond to pollen-inoculations by forming immune antibody.
This antibody can inhibit the urticarial response of sensitized skin to pollen by interfering with the pollen-reagin reaction. (In the absence of immune antibody, skin inoculated with reagin-bearing serum from a hay-fever patient promptly develops erythema and a wheal when pollen-antigen is introduced.) Subsequent studies (2) showed that the cutaneous response fails to occur in the presence of immune serum because pollen is bound and inactivated by the immune antibody. This antibody was found to differ from reagin not only in its greater avidity for pollen-antigen and in its ability to unite with antigen without irritating surrounding tissue, but also in its rapid disappearance from skin into which it had been injected and in its capacity to resist temperatures that inactivate reagin.
Studies on the Mechanism of Species-Specific Immunity against Pneumococcal Infection
Authors: Street Julia A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
There is demonstrable in rabbits an active, non-type-specific immunity against intrapleural infection with a highly virulent strain of Pneumococcus Type 1. This immunity may be produced by prolonged immunization with rough Pneumococcus Type 2. This non-type-specific immunity could not be passively transferred to normal rabbits. However, the immunity could be passively transferred by serum to other rabbits if the site of infection (pleural cavity) were already the site of a 72-hour aleuronat-starch inflammation. This active immunity seems to depend on the ability of the tissues of the immunized animal to dispose of the injected organisms promptly. While neither blood nor serum from actively immunized animals would kill virulent pneumococci, the pleural exudate from rough Pneumococcus 2 immune rabbits was markedly bactericidal for virulent Type 1 pneumococcus. Exudate from animals immunized with virulent Type 1 organisms was not bactericidal to a significantly larger degree. Normal exudate was not bactericidal. Minced splenic tissue from animals immunized with rough Pneumococcus Type 2 was bactericidal for large numbers of virulent Type 1 pneumococci. Normal splenic tissue was only feebly bactericidal. Cells obtained from immunized animals, when transferred to normal animals, would not protect against infection with Pneumococcus 1, whereas normal rabbit-cells, resuspended in supernate from the pleural exudate of Pneumococcus 2 (rough) immune animals produced a high degree of protection against Pneumococcus 1. Immune supernate, when passively transferred, did not protect. Pleural exudates from immunized animals showed a higher percentage of macrophages than did normal exudates. These macrophages were more highly phagocytic than the macrophages of normal exudate; however, this increased phagocytic power was non-specific. The antiserum produced by immunization with rough Type 2 pneumococcus had no opsonic effect on the highly virulent Pneumococcus Type 1 used for infection. The protective value of species-specific antiserum could not be related either to the “C” polysaccharide antibody or to heterophile antibody present in rough pneumococcal antiserum. The possible manner in which species-specific antibody exerts its protective power is discussed.
The Oral Immunization of Trout Against Bacterium Salmonicida
Authors: Duff D. C. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Prolonged feeding of a Bacterium salmonicida vaccine to groups of cutthroat trout, at temperatures varying between 2.2 C and 14.4 C, resulted in: (a) a mortality of the order of 25 per cent in vaccinated trout, compared to a mortality of the order of 75 per cent in untreated fish, when infection was attained by adding a suspension of the virulent organism to the tank water, at 19 C; (b) a marked increase, in the vaccinated groups, in the numbers of fish showing specific agglutinins, and a tendency in this group toward higher agglutinin-titres. A lesser increase in survival-numbers following the same treatment occurred where trout were infected by intramuscular inoculation.
Neutralization-Tests against Neurotropic Viruses with Sera Collected in Central Africa
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. , Jacobs Henry R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One thousand four hundred and twenty-eight sera from as many residents of 63 localities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, the Belgian Congo and Spanish Guinea have been studied with reference to their power to neutralize the West Nile virus. Some of the sera were also studied with reference to their capacity to neutralize the viruses of St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis, both of which are related immunologically to West Nile virus. The results show that antibody against this group of viruses exists in the serum of residents of every country included in the survey except Spanish Guinea, for which the data are inadequate. The West Nile virus has apparently been active in the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and in the Congo. The St. Louis virus has apparently been active in Kenya and the Congo and possibly also in the Sudan. The Japanese B virus has apparently been active in the Sudan and the Congo. In several areas the incidence of humoral immunity to this group of viruses is compatible with recent epidemic activity, but in most of the areas there is evidence that more than 1 of the 3 viruses has been active. In the region where the West Nile virus was isolated in 1937, a survey carried out 2 years later showed that 16 per cent of the sera of residents contained neutralizing antibody, and so far as was determined this humoral immunity was entirely specific against the West Nile virus. The serum of 1 of 4 “blue monkeys” caught in the Kakamega forest in Kenya neutralized both West Nile and St. Louis viruses. The cross-neutralizing power of St. Louis antisera against West Nile virus and the capacity of Japanese B antisera to neutralize St. Louis and West Nile viruses at present seriously complicate immunological studies with the agents mentioned; but the same methods used for the differentiation of the viruses are applicable in determining the specificity of humoral antibody.
Additional Variants of the Rh Type Demonstrable with a Special Human Anti-Rh Serum
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Sonn Eve B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serum is described from the mother of an erythoblastotic baby, which in addition to the usual anti-Rh agglutinins contains a special agglutinin of high titer which agglutinated only about ⅓ of all bloods. The agglutinin in question proved to be a special type of anti-Rh agglutinin reacting with about ¾ of Rh2 bloods and only about ¼ of Rh1 bloods. The special agglutinogen detected by the serum is apparently inherited as a simple Mendelian dominant, presumably due to the action of a special allelic gene.
The Reaction of the Smooth Muscle of the Denervated Iris in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Bender M. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The parasympathetically denervated smooth muscle of iris contracts during in vivo anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig, rabbit, dog, cat and to some extent in the monkey. The extent of miosis varies with the intensity of generalized reaction. The pupil of the completely denervated iris also constricts in anaphylactoid reaction, which occurs in the cat and dog but not in rabbit or monkey. These findings show the independence of the smooth muscle action in anaphylaxis from the nervous system. The miotic effect is probably due to the liberation of a substance which is not histamine. Because the pupillary constriction is not blocked by atropine it is doubtful whether acetylcholine is a factor in the contraction of the parasympathetically denervated smooth muscle in anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions.
A Method for Increasing the Combining Power of Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Koerber Walter L. , Bunney William Edward , Mook Gertrude E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The combining power of tetanal toxins, measured in L+, can be doubled by the presence of activated charcoal during the formation of the toxin in peptone-containing media. For the brands of charcoal used, approximately 0.2 per cent was found to be the optimal amount. A similar effect, but less pronounced, was found if paper pulp or cheesecloth were used in place of charcoal. In the toxoids tested, (toxoids which correspond to charcoal-toxins and controls prepared in the absence of charcoal) an increased antigenicity was found corresponding to the increase of combining power in the toxin. The use of activated charcoal has an additional advantage in that it simultaneously removes colored matter from the medium, so that corresponding alum precipitated toxoids are colorless in appearance.
A New Salmonella Type, Salmonella Claibornei
Authors: Wilcox Kingston S. , Lennox Elizabeth K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new Salmonella type has been isolated from a patient with an acute gastroenteritis. No reference has been found in the literature to an organism possessing the same antigenic structure. The organsim described is designated S. claibornei and has the antigenic formula I, IX, XII…; k; 1, 5….
The Effect of Tuberculous and Sensitized Sera and Serum Fractions on the Development of Tubercles in the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Chick
Authors: Emmart Emily W. , Seibert Florence B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic analyses were made of the amount of albumin, and alpha, beta, and gamma globulins present in tuberculous, “sensitized,” and normal rabbit sera. These whole sera were implanted simultaneously with tubercle bacilli of the A 27 strain on the chorio-allantoic membranes of eight-day-old chicks. The incidence of membranes developing tubercles was calculated and the size and development of the tubercles noted. Under the above experimental conditions, sera, either from rabbits sensitized with a purified tuberculin protein preparation or from tuberculous rabbits, possessed tuberculostatic activities in the chick membrane. Both types of sera had higher gamma globulin contents than sera from normal rabbits. Sera from sensitized rabbits implanted on the chick membrane the day before inoculation with tubercle bacilli also produced partial inhibition in the development of the tubercles in the chick membrane.
Differentiation of Typhus Strains by Slide-Agglutinative Tests
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A slide-agglutinative test is described which simplifies studies on the determination of the type of typhus infection. The antigens are rich suspensions of murine and classic rickettsiae prepared from the lungs of mice intranasally infected with either type of virus and are standardized in order to produce differentiation.
The Relationship Between the Virus of Infectious Ectromelia of Mice and Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Burnet F. M. , Boake W. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus of infectious ectromelia of mice gives rise to a haemagglutinin closely resembling that produced by vaccinia virus. Preparations of infected chorioallantois or mouse liver agglutinate fowl cells from a proportion of birds only, cells which are agglutinable by vaccinia preparations are agglutinable by ectromelia material, cells inagglutinable by one are also inagglutinable by the other. Neither virus acts on rat, rabbit, guinea pig, calf or human cells, but ectromelia virus preparations agglutinate mouse cells against which vaccinia preparations of equal or higher titre are inert. Ectromelia hemagglutinin is completely absorbable with “susceptible” fowl cells but not by “insusceptible” cells. The two types of cell produce equal small reductions in virus titre. This indicates that as is the case with vaccinia the virus itself is not the haemagglutinin. Sera produced by immunization of calves, rabbits, mice and men against one or other virus show specific inhibition of hemagglutination by both types of virus preparation, the titers being usually higher against the homologous type. Rabbits can be infected sometimes fatally by intravenous injection of ectromelia virus, survivors are solidly immune to intradermal infection with vaccinia virus. Mice inoculated intravenously with vaccinia virus develop antibody against both viruses and become resistant to at least 104 infective doses of ectromelia virus. These findings are discussed with reference to— The relationship of ectromelia virus to the mammalian pox viruses. The significance of hemagglutination as a possible index of species susceptibility to the viruses concerned, and a table of the types of virus hemagglutination so far described is presented.
Serologic Studies in Typhus-Vaccinated Individuals
Authors: Zarafonetis C. J. D. , Ecke R. S. , Yeomans A. , Murray E. S. , Synder J. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Weil-Felix tests and complement-fixation tests with purified rickettsial antigens were performed on sera from 31 cases of typhus fever in vaccinated individuals. The results indicate that these tests may be safely used to establish a laboratory diagnosis of typhus fever, providing the possible effects of vaccination per se are evaluated as well. A higher degree of cross-fixation was encountered in tests on the sera from these vaccinated patients than has been found in non-vaccinated cases of epidemic or murine typhus fever. Because of this cross-fixation, it does not appear safe at this time to attempt the differentiation between epidemic and murine typhus in vaccinated individuals on the basis of the complement-fixation test alone. An hypothesis has been advanced as a possible explanation for the increased amount of cross-fixation obtained in tests on sera from vaccinated individuals. Evidence is presented which indicates that infection with typhus can occur in vaccinated individuals despite the presence of demostrable complement-fixing antibodies in their serum.
Spectrophotometric Standardization of Complement for Fixation Tests
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Eaton Beatrice B. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Details are given of a spectrophotometric method for the standardization of complement in terms of the 50% hemolytic unit. The procedure eliminates uncertainties due to subjective factors and yields precise and reproducible determinations of complement activity.
Studies in Complement Fixation
Authors: Kent J. F. , Bukantz S. C. , Rein C. R. , Goodman Rebecca 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The use of a spectrophotometer in determining the percentages of hemolysis obtained in the titration of complement is described. The mathematical treatment of the curve of hemolysis is reviewed, and a method described for the preparation of graphs with the aid of which the 50 per cent hemolytic unit of complement may be determined directly from the percentages of hemolysis observed in a given titration without constructing the curve of hemolysis. The accuracy of such determinations of the 50 per cent unit was calculated for 13 titrations by reference to the standard unit determined by the method of least squares. The mean percentage of error was found to be +0.018, with a standard deviation of 0.29.
On Increasing the Yield and Potency of Typhus Vaccine Prepared from Infected Yolk Sacs
Authors: Groupe Vincent , Nigg Clara , Macfarlane John O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Increased yields of typhus vaccine per inoculated egg may be obtained by: Reducing the number of early non-specific embryo deaths through incubation of the inoculated eggs in the vertical position with the air-sac up.Utilizing the daily increment in weight of the yolk-sac in the course of embryonic development by inoculating eggs on the 7th instead of the 6th day of development and by delaying the peak of deaths through appropriate dilution of the inoculum.Harvesting the membranes from living embryos on the day when the peak of deaths occurs.
Increased potency, as indicated by complement-fixing activity of the vaccine, can be achieved by harvesting yolk-sacs only from embryos dead 1 day before and at the peak of deaths and from embryos still living when the peak of embryo deaths occurs.
The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. Jack O. Davis throughout the course of these studies.
Allergenic and Anaphylactogenic Properties of Vaccines Prepared from Embryonic Tissues of Developing Chicks
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anaphylactogenic properties of 5 typhus-yolk-sac vaccines and one equine encephalomyelitic entire-embryo vaccine were investigated by gross anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs and by the Schultz-Dale reactions on excised smooth muscles from sensitized animals.
The typhus-vaccines were shown to be capable of fatally sensitizing guinea-pigs with minimal doses ranging from 0.004 to 0.008 ml and containing 1.2 to 3.1 μg of protein-nitrogen. The equine encephalomyelitic vaccine sensitized in doses as low as 0.001 ml, containing 1.6 μg protein-nitrogen. The sensitizing capacities of these two types of vaccines, on a protein-nitrogen basis, were about one-half that of egg-white.
A suspension of purified, formalized rickettsial bodies was shown to contain some egg-protein but in much smaller concentration than in the typhus-vaccines.
Antibodies induced in uterine muscle by sensitization of guinea-pigs with either the yolk-sac vaccines or the entire-embryo vaccine were identified with those induced by antigens of fresh egg and principally with antigens of egg-white.
Precipitin-reactions indicated that about 12 per cent of the protein-nitrogen of typhus-vaccine and about 0.4 per cent of the protein-nitrogen of equine encephalomyelitic vaccine was attributable to crystallizable ovalbumin. It was concluded that antigens of egg-white, other than ovalbumin, and antigens of egg-yolk also contributed to the sensitizing properties of the vaccines.
Allergenic and Anaphylactogenic Properties of Vaccines Prepared from Embryonic Tissues of Developing Chicks
Authors: Stull Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Typhus-yolk-sac vaccine-supernate (2–5) gave positive skin-reactions in high dilution on passively sensitized cutaneous sites prepared in normal test-subjects with sera from egg-sensitive individuals. The typhus-yolk-sac vaccine-sediment (2–5) also gave positive reactions, but of much lesser degree than the supernate (approximately 1/10th the reactivity). Whole typhus-yolk-sac vaccine (-7) gave reactions similar to those of typhus-yolk-sac vaccine-supernate (2–5). Comparative tests with the typhus-yolk-sac vaccine-supernate (2–5), normal yolk-sac, egg-white, and egg-yolk indicated that the vaccine supernate (2–5) contained at least 10 per cent of the reactivity of egg white, when compared on a protein-nitrogen basis. The normal yolk-sac reacted within the same range as egg-yolk and both were slightly less reactive than the vaccine-supernate (2–5). The highly purified rickettsial bodies diluted to 0.1 mg nitrogen/ml gave no skin,reactions in test-subjects sensitized with egg-sensitive sera. The reactions in such passively sensitized sites, showed that equine encephalomyelitic vaccine contained egg-yolk, yolk-sac as well as chick-embryo antigen, but very little egg-white antigen. Sensitivity was probably induced by injection of EE vaccine since the study of Nis serum showed that yolk-sac, egg-yolk, and probably chick-embryo were responsible antigens. There was no sensitivity to egg-white. Since EE vaccine, on first injection, may have induced sensitivity to egg-embryo antigens there may be potential danger of inducing sensitivity by the use of such immunizing agents. These results indicate that the injection of egg-sensitive individuals with typhus-vaccine similar to lot 2–5 might produce serious immediate systemic allergic reactions. The antibodies present in the serum of egg-sensitive individuals are not identical as shown by variations in neutralizing capacity of the different antigens. Qualitative differences in antibodies are present in the naturally sensitive man which are not apparent in artifical sensitization. Analogous differences have been previously noted, particularly in a study of ragweed- (23, 27) sensitive individuals.
Immunologic Studies in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Taran Leo M. , Jablon James M. , Weyr Helen N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antistreptolysin-patterns of 460 rheumatic children were observed during various phases of rheumatic disease. Nine distinct patterns were observed and described. These patterns seem to bear no distinct relationship to the various phases of the rheumatic process. The “classical” antistreptolysin-pattern was observed in a small group of children who suffered a rheumatic recurrence associated with a streptococcal respiratory infection. In the light of our findings, this could be interpreted only as a modified curve in a rheumatic patient suffering a hemolytic streptococcal infection.