bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Electromyographic on Electroencephalogram-Based Monitoring: Putting the Forearm on the Forehead
Authors: Lichtenfeld Felicitas , Kratzer Stephan , Hinzmann Dominik , García Paul S. , Schneider Gerhard , Kreuzer Matthias 
Published: September 2023

BACKGROUND:
Monitoring the electroencephalogram (EEG) during general anesthesia can help to safely navigate the patient through the procedure by avoiding too deep or light anesthetic levels. In daily clinical practice, the EEG is recorded from the forehead and available neuromonitoring systems translate the EEG information into an index inversely correlating with the anesthetic level. Electrode placement on the forehead can lead to an influence of electromyographic (EMG) activity on the recorded signal in patients without neuromuscular blockade (NMB). A separation of EEG and EMG in the clinical setting is difficult because both signals share an overlapping frequency range. Previous research showed that indices decreased when EMG was absent in awake volunteers with NMB. Here, we investigated to what extent the indices changed, when EEG recorded during surgery with NMB agents was superimposed with EMG.

METHODS:
We recorded EMG from the flexor muscles of the forearm of 18 healthy volunteers with a CONOX monitor during different activity settings, that is, during contraction using a grip strengthener and during active diversion (relaxed arm). Both the forehead and forearm muscles are striated muscles. The recorded EMG was normalized by z-scoring and added to the EEG in different amplification steps. The EEG was recorded during anesthesia with NMB. We replayed these combined EEG and EMG signals to different neuromonitoring systems, that is, bispectral index (BIS), CONOX with qCON and qNOX, and entropy module with state entropy (SE) and response entropy (RE). We used the Friedman test and a Tukey-Kramer post hoc correction for statistical analysis.

RESULTS:
The indices of all neuromonitoring systems significantly increased when the EEG was superimposed with the contraction EMG and with high EMG amplitudes, the monitors returned invalid values, representative of artifact contamination. When replaying the EEG being superimposed with “relaxed” EMG, the qCON and BIS showed significant increases, but not SE and RE. For SE and RE, we observed an increased number of invalid values.

CONCLUSIONS:
With our approach, we could show that EMG activity during contraction and resting state can influence the neuromonitoring systems. This knowledge may help to improve EEG-based patient monitoring in the future and help the anesthesiologist to use the neuromonitoring systems with more knowledge regarding their function.
Six Decades of Economic Research at the Bank of England
Authors: Acosta Juan , Cherrier Beatrice , Claveau François , Fontan Clément , Goutsmedt Aurélien , Sergi Francesco 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the transformation of the content, role, and status of economic research at the Bank of England in the past sixty years. We show how three factors (the policy functions and missions of the Bank, the attitude of its executives toward economics, and its organizational structure) shaped the evolution of in-house economic research at the Bank during three distinctive periods (1960–91; 1992–2007; 2007–14). Our account relies on a broad set of sources and methods (the Bank's publications, archives, interviews with current and former Bank economists, citation analysis, prosopography, and topic modeling).
Cournot on the Communication of Markets: The Principle of Compensation of Demands and the Effects of International Trade on Social Income
Authors: Béraud Alain , Numa Guy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cournot's views on the effects of international trade on social income have received little attention. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of Cournot's writings, this article shows that Cournot distinguished between variations in nominal income and variations in real income. He introduced the principle of compensation of demands: if the price of a commodity changes, the value of the total demand for other commodities remains unchanged. He relied on this principle to demonstrate that a unilateral removal of trade restrictions can cause real income to fall. Under specific circumstances, protective tariffs may be warranted. Cournot thus endorsed the infant-industry argument without being a die-hard protectionist. The article discusses the arguments of his critics and concludes that many commentators have misrepresented his thinking.
Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie's Enthralling Journeys and His Critique of Ricardianism: From Inductive Political Economy to the Emergence of British Historical Economics
Authors: Manioudis Manolis 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie was one of the founders of British historical economics. He was an important figure in the history of economic thought of the nineteenth century, as he contributed to the critique of Ricardian political economy while at the same time being one of the founders of the British historical school. Cliffe Leslie was influenced by classical economists, such as Adam Smith and J. S. Mill, in calling for a historically and institutionally informed political economy. This article attempts to delineate the evolution of his economic thought by presenting the first phase of his intellectual development, which is marked by his frequent journeys in continental Europe. This phase, which is characterized by his applied political economy, is of considerable importance for understanding the emergence of British historical economics.
Writing Castelessly
Authors: Costa Dia Da 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article combines historical and life-writing approaches to demonstrate how caste is made invisible in histories and structures of education, canonical knowledge, and research. As a dominant-caste (savarna) Bengali academic, the author follows caste-oppressed feminists to offer a methodological intervention that challenges several ways in which castelessness is reproduced in feminist scholarship. The author asks why savarna write castelessly. “Writing castelessly,” wherein caste reflexivity is absented from analysis, solidarity, and teaching, is one manifestation of savarna feminists’ historical-material relation to caste. Narrating regional caste histories of savarna Bengalis, the author shows that her practice of writing castelessly is founded on material structures of power—historically claimed monopolies over culture and education, land, labor, and political representation. Relatedly, another reason savarna write castelessly is that disciplinary training in social sciences in higher education taught the author to think, feel, read, and write castelessly. Finally, the author traces the reproduction of these disciplinary structures in her scholarship. Ultimately, this self-critique grounded in historical and material relations of caste seeks a feminist readership invested in public accountability and denaturalizing Brahminical merit in academia.
The Tbx20-TLE interaction is essential for the maintenance of the second heart field
Authors: Edwards Whitney , Bussey Olivia K. , Conlon Frank L. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
T-box transcription factor 20 (Tbx20) plays a multifaceted role in cardiac morphogenesis and controls a broad gene regulatory network. However, the mechanism by which Tbx20 activates and represses target genes in a tissue-specific and temporal manner remains unclear. Studies show that Tbx20 directly interacts with the Transducin-like Enhancer of Split (TLE) family of proteins to mediate transcriptional repression. However, a function for the Tbx20-TLE transcriptional repression complex during heart development has yet to be established. We created a mouse model with a two amino acid substitution in the Tbx20 EH1 domain, thereby disrupting the Tbx20-TLE interaction. Disruption of this interaction impaired crucial morphogenic events, including cardiac looping and chamber formation. Transcriptional profiling of Tbx20EH1Mut hearts and analysis of putative direct targets revealed misexpression of the retinoic acid pathway and cardiac progenitor genes. Further, we show that altered cardiac progenitor development and function contribute to the severe cardiac defects in our model. Our studies indicate that TLE-mediated repression is a primary mechanism by which Tbx20 controls gene expression.
The Foxi3 transcription factor is necessary for the fate restriction of placodal lineages at the neural plate border
Authors: Thawani Ankita , Maunsell Helen R. , Zhang Hongyuan , Ankamreddy Harinarayana , Groves Andrew K. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
The Foxi3 transcription factor, expressed in the neural plate border at the end of gastrulation, is necessary for the formation of posterior placodes and is thus important for ectodermal patterning. We have created two knock-in mouse lines expressing GFP or a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase to show that Foxi3 is one of the earliest genes to label the border between the neural tube and epidermis, and that Foxi3-expressing neural plate border progenitors contribute primarily to cranial placodes and epidermis from the onset of expression, but not to the neural crest or neural tube lineages. By simultaneously knocking out Foxi3 in neural plate border cells and following their fates, we show that neural plate border cells lacking Foxi3 contribute to all four lineages of the ectoderm – placodes, epidermis, crest and neural tube. We contrast Foxi3 with another neural plate border transcription factor, Zic5, the progenitors of which initially contribute broadly to all germ layers until gastrulation and gradually become restricted to the neural crest lineage and dorsal neural tube cells. Our study demonstrates that Foxi3 uniquely acts early at the neural plate border to restrict progenitors to a placodal and epidermal fate.
Caudal Fgfr1 disruption produces localised spinal mis-patterning and a terminal myelocystocele-like phenotype in mice
Authors: Maniou Eirini , Farah Faduma , Marshall Abigail R. , Crane-Smith Zoe , Krstevski Andrea , Stathopoulou Athanasia , Greene Nicholas D. E. , Copp Andrew J. , Galea Gabriel L. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Closed spinal dysraphisms are poorly understood malformations classified as neural tube (NT) defects. Several, including terminal myelocystocele, affect the distal spine. We have previously identified a NT closure-initiating point, Closure 5, in the distal spine of mice. Here, we document equivalent morphology of the caudal-most closing posterior neuropore (PNP) in mice and humans. Closure 5 forms in a region of active FGF signalling, and pharmacological FGF receptor blockade impairs its formation in cultured mouse embryos. Conditional genetic deletion of Fgfr1 in caudal embryonic tissues with Cdx2Cre diminishes neuroepithelial proliferation, impairs Closure 5 formation and delays PNP closure. After closure, the distal NT of Fgfr1-disrupted embryos dilates to form a fluid-filled sac overlying ventrally flattened spinal cord. This phenotype resembles terminal myelocystocele. Histological analysis reveals regional and progressive loss of SHH- and FOXA2-positive ventral NT domains, resulting in OLIG2 labelling of the ventral-most NT. The OLIG2 domain is also subsequently lost, eventually producing a NT that is entirely positive for the dorsal marker PAX3. Thus, a terminal myelocystocele-like phenotype can arise after completion of NT closure with localised spinal mis-patterning caused by disruption of FGFR1 signalling.
Sodium butyrate does not protect spinal motor neurons from AMPA-induced excitotoxic degeneration in vivo
Authors: Prior-González Mara , Lazo-Gómez Rafael , Tapia Ricardo 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Motor neuron (MN) loss is the primary pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is one of several factors involved in nerve–muscle communication during MN loss, hindering muscle reinnervation, as shown in humans and in animal models of ALS, and may explain the differential progression observed in patients with ALS – rapid versus slow progression. In this work, we inhibited HDAC4 activity through the administration of a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, in an in vivo model of chronic spinal MN death induced by AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity. We infused AMPA into the spinal cord at low and high doses, which mimic the rapid and slow progression observed in humans, respectively. We found that muscle HDAC4 expression was increased by high-dose infusion of AMPA. Treatment of animals with sodium butyrate further decreased expression of muscle HDAC4, although non-significantly, and did not prevent the paralysis or the MN loss induced by AMPA infusion. These results inform on the role of muscle HDAC4 in MN degeneration in vivo and provide insights for the search for more suitable therapeutic strategies.
Histochemical Studies of Lipids in Oocytes: I. Lipids in the Oogenesis ofColumba livia
Authors: Guraya Sardul Singh 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTJudging from their sizes and histochemical reactions, three types of lipid bodies in the form of granules and spheres have been observed in the early stages of oogenesis. The minute granules (L,), belonging to the first type appear to consist of phospholipids, triglycerides, and fatty acids, but the presence of proteins cannot be ruled out. They correspond to the so-called granular mitochondria of other authors of papers on the oogenesis of birds. The second type of lipids (L2) are of medium size and they contain phospholipids and a certain amount of triglycerides. They resemble the so-called ‘Golgi bodies’ of earlier authors in appearance and react like them with osmium tetroxide and silver nitrate. They seem to originate from the granules of the first category (LI). The third type of lipids (Lf) are the AH-negative spheres consisting of triglycerides and cholesterol and its esters. They correspond to the ‘fatty yolk’ of earlier authors. Their origin appears to be from the second type of lipid bodies (L2), as intermediate bodies (ini) of varying chemical composition between the L2 and L3 have been observed. The ‘peripheral lipid bodies’ (pl) found in association with vacuoles are larger than the second type of AH-positive bodies (L2), but they seem to contain different types of phospholipids, triglycerides, and some other substances also. Besides these lipid bodies, a mass of lipoprotein bodies has also been observed. At the time of their origin, the yolk globules of the advanced oocytes do not contain lipids but later on they develop triglycerides and phospholipids. The lipid bodies of the follicular cells correspond very closely to the first two categories of sudanophil AH-positive bodies (L1 and L2) of the oocyte proper.
What do molecular laws of life mean for species: absolute restrictions or mere suggestions?
Authors: Brzęk Paweł 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTEvolutionary biologists are interested in finding universal patterns of covariation between macroscopic and molecular traits. Knowledge of such laws of life can be essential for understanding the course of evolutionary processes. Molecular parameters are presumably close to fundamental limits set to all organisms by laws of physics and chemistry. Thus, laws of life that include such parameters are hypothesized to be similar at both wide interspecific levels of variation and narrower levels of intraspecific and intraindividual variation in different species. In this Commentary, I discuss examples where the significance or direction of such molecular laws of life can be compared at different levels of biological variation: (1) the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism, (2) the correlation between variation in metabolic rate and mitochondrial efficiency and (3) the allometric scaling of metabolism. All three examples reveal that covariations within species or individuals that include molecular parameters do not always follow patterns observed between species. I conclude that limits set by molecular laws of life can be circumvented (at least to some degree) by changes in other traits, and thus, they usually do not impose strict limitations on minor within-species evolutionary changes (i.e. microevolution). I also briefly discuss some of the most promising perspectives for future studies on the universality of molecular laws of life.
An early Indian experience with benralizumab - A compendium on severe asthma cases: a case series
Authors: Talwar Deepak , Yadav Manoj , Maturu Nagarjuna , Sharma Rahul , Meshram Priti , Das Soumya 
Published: September 2023

Background: Severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA), one of the phenotypes of asthma that is characterized by elevated blood eosinophil counts, is a common cause of uncontrolled asthma. Patients with SEA often experience severe persistent symptoms and have frequent exacerbations despite optimal inhaler therapy. They also have poor lung function and quality of life (QoL). Benralizumab (Fasenra), a monoclonal antibody, has been approved for managing cases of SEA. This series of six cases, the first of its kind from India, aims to add to the real-world evidence of benralizumab in India. Methods: Benralizumab 30 mg (once in four weeks for the first three doses followed by a dose every eight weeks for two years) was administered in six patients with symptoms of cough, breathlessness on exertion, and wheezing, diagnosed with SEA. The following were the endpoints assessed: (i) overlap between high immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophilic asthma; (ii) reduction of exacerbations; (iii) withdrawal of oral corticosteroids; and (iv) improvement in lung function and QoL. Results: In all cases, management with benralizumab resulted in optimal clinical and functional improvement, a decline in systemic steroid use, and improved QoL. Conclusions: The cases presented here are the first of their kind in the Indian asthmatic population with all SEA patients demonstrating significant improvement in symptoms with the use of benralizumab.
Comparison of vitreous/retinal pigment epithelium relative intensity in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and uveitis
Authors: Djatikusumo Ari , Victor Andi Arus , Harahap Alida Roswita , Wibowo Heri , La Distia Nora Rina , Setiabudy Rianto , Sovani Iwan , Edwar Lukman , Permadi Annisa Citra , Ardhia Seruni Hanna 
Published: September 2023

Background: Quantitative measurements of vitreous inflammation using vitreous/retinal pigment epithelium-relative intensity (VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity) have been described recently. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis, inducing retinal fibrosis and contraction. However, no attempts have yet to be made to analyze the severity of inflammation in PVR progression. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing OCT image sets obtained from patients divided into four groups: (1) proliferative vitreoretinopathy, (2) intermediate and posterior uveitis, (3) panuveitis, (4) normal healthy eyes in Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between April 2021 – December 2021. OCT images were then analyzed in the ImageJ software for VIT/RPE-relative intensity. Results: A total of 19 PVR eyes, 12 intermediate-posterior uveitis eyes, 16 panuveitis eyes, and 28 normal healthy eyes were recruited for this study. The VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity was significantly higher in PVR eyes (0.415±0.178) than in intermediate-posterior uveitis (0.236±0.043, p=0.002) and panuveitis eyes (0.30±0.07, p=0.023). Compared to the normal eyes, PVR and both uveitis groups have significantly higher VIT/RPE relative intensity (p = <0.001 in each group). Conclusions: VIT/RPE-relative intensity may offer quantitative measurements of vitreous inflammation in the role of the pathogenesis of PVR. Comparison with cellular inflammation in the vitreous is required to validate this finding.
Pathophysiology of risk factors for post operative complications
Authors: Gharde Pankaj , Manekk Roshani S , Gharde Pramita Muntode , Koul Shalinder 
Published: September 2023

Postoperative complications lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality, increase in hospital length of stay and costs for health care. Understanding the pathophysiology of various risk factors causing post-operative complications, helps in better understanding of the subject and perioperative patient assessment. The risk factors selected for the purpose of the study include modifiable risk factors and includes results from various single centre and multi-centre cohort studies, and systematic reviews and data from various meta-analysis by various authors on different subjects. The importance of optimizing the modifiable risk factors like hypoalbuminemia, anemia, obesity and smoking can be understood from the above study. It is important to remember that morbidity is multifactorial and taking into account only a single risk factor will not improve the outcomes. This signifies the importance of multidisciplinary approach when treating the patient.
Analysis of time-domain indices, frequency domain measures of heart rate variability derived from ECG waveform and pulse-wave-related HRV among overweight individuals: an observational study
Authors: Kumar Sinha Mukesh , Vaishali K. , Maiya G. Arun , Shivashankar K.N. , Shashikiran U. 
Published: September 2023

Background: Research on the compatibility of time domain indices, frequency domain measurements of heart rate variability obtained from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms, and pulse wave signal (pulse rate variability; PRV) features is ongoing. The promising marker of cardiac autonomic function is heart rate variability. Recent research has looked at various other physiological markers, leading to the emergence of pulse rate variability. The pulse wave signal can be studied for variations to understand better changes in arterial stiffness and compliance, which are key indicators of cardiovascular health. Methods: 35 healthy overweight people were included. The Lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) signal was transmitted through an analog-to-digital converter (PowerLab 8/35 software, AD Instruments Pty. Ltd., New South Wales, Australia). This signal was utilized to compute Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and was sampled at a rate of 1024 Hz. The same AD equipment was also used to capture a pulse signal simultaneously. The right index finger was used as the recording site for the pulse signal using photoplethysmography (PPG) technology. Results: The participants' demographic data show that the mean age was 23.14 + 5.27 years, the mean weight was 73.68 + 7.40 kg, the mean body fat percentage was 32.23 + 5.30, and the mean visceral fat percentage was 4.60 + 2.0. The findings revealed no noticeable difference between the median values of heart rate variability (HRV) and PRV. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between HRV and PRV. However, poor agreement was observed in the measurement of PRV and HRV. Conclusion: All indices of HRV showed a greater correlation with PRV. However, the level of agreement between HRV and PRV measurement was poor. Hence, HRV cannot be replaced with PRV and vice-versa.