bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Courts and Politics in the European Legal Space
Authors: Huber Peter M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Due to the particular role constitutional courts play—on a national level but also specifically within the multi-level cooperation of the European legal space—their relationship to politics is complex and multifaceted. The contribution reflects on various aspects and factors determining the relations between constitutional courts and politics from a comparative perspective, including notably the recruitment, status and professional ethics of justices, institutionalized and informal contacts between the actors on both sides, the public’s influence, and the political dimension of constitutional jurisprudence. Its objective in doing so is to map the specific role of the constitutional courts in the European legal space and to identify common challenges. Despite considerable differences between different national States, constitutional courts generally act as a sort of ‘structural opposition’ against the (national) legislature and government because they enforce the protection of minority rights against the democratic majority. Within the process of European integration, constitutional courts additionally fulfil a specific task, namely, to safeguard—where necessary—the conditions and limits of their state’s integration into the European Union. Overall, the idea of constitutional adjudication has expanded throughout the European legal space, and Europeanization has contributed to a noticeable enlargement of the powers of the third branch. Constitutional courts have in that course partially emancipated themselves from politics. However, their success has given rise to backlash and—partly exaggerated—criticism, which pose new challenges in the relationship between constitutional courts and politics.
Innovative Policies and Technologies to Achieve Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
With challenges to the water sector increasing over the course of the century, there is an expectation that demand for innovative water management solutions will increase—in particular, solutions that enable the more efficient use of available water resources, enhance the quality of water for humans and nature, improve water resource planning to balance rising demand with limited, and often variable, supplies of water, enhance resilience to extreme weather events, and mitigate carbon emissions. This chapter will first define the concept of innovative water management before discussing the various innovative policies and technologies available to achieve water security and green growth, including demand management, smart digital water management, alternative water supplies, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, and resource recovery.
Exploring characteristics and outcomes of UN military protection operations
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides descriptive statistics of the key characteristics of military operations from 1999 to 2017 where Blue Helmets used force to protect and it estimates the outcomes of operations across time and missions in Africa. The basic statistics are valuable to better understand the phenomenon at the center of this book—the application of force by Blue Helmets—and point to where we should look to learn more about successes and failures. The outcome estimations are a first attempt at analyzing the effectiveness of UN troops’ military efforts to protect civilians from violence across time and place. It finds that UN troops succeed about as often as they fail when they use force to protect, indicating that there is reason for optimism in their ability to provide physical protection to threatened populations, under the right conditions.
Discovering causal pathways to successful protection outcomes
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores combinations of conditions—so-called “causal recipes”—that may systematically explain variations in outcomes of UN military protection operations across time and UN missions, applying fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to 126 cases from the UNPOCO dataset. The cases are studied along four conditions frequently identified as causally relevant in existing literature: deterrent presence, willingness to accept risk, pre-emption, and matching. It finds that matching and pre-emption unite in the most promising recipe to explain positive outcomes across cases. Still, many cases remain unexplained, demanding other methods to search for other possible causal conditions, which is performed in later chapters.
Protecting Civilians from the M23
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies a typical case where Blue Helmets matched the perpetrators’ use of violence against civilians, the 2013 joint operations conducted by the Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo (FARDC) and the UN’s Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) against the armed insurgent group Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23) in the eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Under an exceptionally strong mandate—where the UN Security council expected the Force Intervention Brigade to use of force to protect civilians—Blue Helmets and Congolese armed forces deterred, coerced, and destroyed the armed group’s ability to conduct operations, ceasing its threats and attacks against civilians. While the case underscores the need for tailored and timely operations to protect, other factors emerge to explain successful outcomes.
The Long Beginning
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the hunter-gatherer communities who spread to all parts of Northern Africa from the time of the early hominids up to about 6000 bc. Climate change played a vital role. Cyclic changes in climate conditioned the spread of Homo sapiens throughout the continent. During warm, humid periods hunter-gatherers could move fairly freely crossing the Sahara and could flourish in the more congenial regions but with the onset of hot, dryer periods the desert became a barrier to movement, separating the communities of the south from those of the North African zone which experienced an inflow of population from the Levant. The last of the Humid periods, when the Sahara region became habitable, c. 10000–6000 bc, - a period known as the greening of the Sahara – saw hunter-gatherers colonizing many parts of what had been desert, adapting to the different micro-environments, hunting wild animals, fishing in the lakes and rivers and gathering plant food. For some life became more sedentary.
Emerging States
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The ethnic mix in North Africa was now complex. An influx of Arabs and Persians introduced new value systems and new knowledge but the greater part of the population clung to its Berber heritage. The political unity, introduce after the Arab invasion, soon fragmented in the face of Berber revolts breaking out in 740, and tribal confederacies took over ruled by the Idrisids, Rustamids, Aghlabids and Tulumids, and later the Fatimids. The Fatimids, controlling Egypt, encouraged trade with the East Coast of Africa. In the western parts of the Sahara, Berber tribes, the Zanta and Sanhaja, were instrumental in organizing trade between the North African states and the western Sahel, which was now dominated by the empire of Ghana. Salt from the desert was exchanged for gold from the southern goldfields. The empire of Ghana, benefitting from the increased volume of trade which passed through its territory, became large and powerful. In the woodlands and forests to the south of the Sahel, local elites, commanding resource, were also able to engage in the trading systems, some growing rich on the proceeds. The disparate Berber tribes in the western were unified by charismatic religious leaders into a powerful state, the Almoravids, who established their authority over a vast tract from the river Senegal to the river Ebro in the second half of the twelfth century.
“Stronger”
Authors: Stocking Charles H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 builds on the work of Émile Benveniste, Pierre Bourdieu, and Richard Martin on authoritative speech in Homer in order to further explore the relationship between force and speech in the Iliad. This chapter focuses specifically on the role of the comparative term “stronger”—pherteros/karteros—in speeches pertaining to the genealogy of Achilles. Based on the speeches of Nestor (1.247–84), Apollo (20.104–9), Aeneas (Iliad 20.200–58), and Achilles himself (Iliad 21.184–91), one may observe how the seemingly “natural” force that comes with genealogy is often invoked as though it were a function of external, objectively determined conditions of inheritance. Yet the larger narrative contexts of the speeches demonstrate that the supposedly inherited force of genealogy is itself forged through performative speech.
Conclusion
Authors: Stocking Charles H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter revisits the problem of force and the Homeric subject initiated by Weil and Snell within the context of the major findings of the previous chapters. The chapter interprets the language of Homeric force in light of a posthumanist subjectivity distinct from the idea of the individual inherent in Weil’s Judeo-Christian model and Snell’s Hegelian model. Relying on the work of Donna Haraway and anthropological precedents such as that of Louis Dumont and Marylin Strathern, this chapter suggests that the Homeric subject be considered not merely as a negated or failed individual, but as an intersubjective dividual, one who is defined by a human-divine symbiosis. Furthermore, this chapter shows that the symbiotic relationship between human and divine remains a point of contention and frustration for humans throughout the poem, and especially for Achilles, from Athena’s prevention of Achilles’ murder of Agamemnon in Iliad 1 to Achilles’ vain attempts at mutilating the corpse of Hector in Iliad 24.
Evolution and historical biogeography
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The origin and phylogeny of the Carnivora is inferred from fossils, their geological contexts, and genetic data. Modern estimates of divergence times of lineages employ both kinds of evidence. While the earliest eutherians pre-date the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, the major eutherian radiation followed the bolide impact on the coast of Yucatan around 66 million years ago. The immediate fossil ancestor of the earliest carnivoran is now uncertain; the most closely related lineage to the Carnivora is Pholidota, the pangolins. Carnivorans arose in North America, and all family-level diversification occurred in North America and Eurasia. Suborder Caniformia underwent its earliest radiations in North America; Feliformia did so in Eurasia. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum may have been the impetus for the radiations of Carnivorans and other mammalian lineages. Subsequent dispersals of carnivorans between continents depended on episodic land bridges resulting from continent drift and sea level fluctuations. The bridge between North and South America caused highly asymmetrical exchanges of carnivorous eutherian lineages; lineages from South America made few and brief colonizations in Central America, whereas North American lineages colonized southward very successfully, displacing the dominant carnivorous forms. The morphological disparity of carnivorans varies strongly across families. Considering only the skull, the lowest disparity is found in the Felidae, and the highest in the Eupleridae. Post-cranial morphology varies strongly across the Mustelidae, but only little across the Canidae. Competition was a strong structuring force in paleocommunities of Carnivorans as it is in modern ones.
Community ecology
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carnivorans interact in diverse ways with other community members, in addition to eating them. All heterotrophs cycle nutrients; carnivorans cycle animal bodies and deposit carrion and waste in patterns that structure vegetation communities. The best-documented case of transporting nutrients across ecological boundaries involves bears moving carcasses of spawning salmon from stream beds to adjacent forest along the North Pacific Rim. Salmon carcasses increase soil concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous, stimulating woody plant growth. Badgers affect soils directly by mixing soil layers and providing aeration. Predaceous species play important roles in pathogen life cycles, affecting the incidence and virulence of diseases in prey and non-prey hosts. That carnivorans occur at lower densities and are mostly asocial does not result in lower prevalence or parasite loads; in fact, the opposite pattern has been reported. The potential for carnivorans to decrease disease prevalence via predation on symptomatic animals depends on disease characteristics. Carnivorans facilitate access to carrion; access is strongly structured by body size. Pollination of flowering plants is suggested by some carnivoran behaviors, but seed dispersal is much more common and is better documented. This function is enhanced by large carnivoran home ranges and movement rates and their lack of grinding dentition, which tends to reduce germination of medium-sized seeds.
Interactions with non-prey animals
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carnivorans interact with community members via channels other than killing them. They hunt cooperatively with other carnivorans and some predaceous birds and share burrows and vigilance duties with some rodents. There is evidence of exploitation competition between carnivoran species, but interference competition is more common. In the latter, one species harasses or threatens another species, in the most extreme cases killing it. Interspecific killing is common between carnivoran species and can have important demographic effects on the victim species. Attacks tend to be carried out by species 2.5–8 times the size of the victim species, with a factor of 4 leading to the highest likelihood of killing. Secondary effects of benefitting still smaller species have been reported. Conflict between sympatric carnivoran species is influenced by the number of large carnivorans in the community, morphological and dietary similarity of potential competitors, the robustness of the canine teeth, adaptations to climbing trees or burrowing underground, habitat heterogeneity, and the spatial and temporal scale of the analysis. Abiotic factors can mediate competitive interactions, as when snow attributes affect species differently. Humans strongly mediate competition–coexistence interactions, favoring some species over others. Domestic dogs likewise participate in and mediate these relationships.
Refugee Protection and Duties among States
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of what general reciprocal duties states have towards each other in relation to refugee protection. Firstly, the chapter defines who should count as refugees and why states owe anything to them. It then turns to the grounds of states’ collective responsibility for discharging these obligations. The third part of the chapter deals with how individual states are assigned perfect duties to discharge their collective responsibility for asylum, and the associated moral and practical challenges. In the concluding part, the author brings together the results of the previous steps and proposes a reasoned set of duties that states have towards each other in relation to the protection of refugees.
WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?
Authors: Donald Athene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Why do women not prosper in the scientific workforce? Why are girls discouraged from ever embarking on science at university in the first place, let alone beyond? This chapter outlines the myriad points in a scientist’s career where men and women can experience differences, differences that can derail the woman’s progression. Society cannot afford to keep (or actively drive) women out of science if it is to find global solutions to the problems the world faces. Diversity of background brings diversity of thought. The best solutions require bringing many perspectives to find the solution and gender diversity is just one strand of this. The world is changing, as the impact of bias and worse is increasingly recognized, but change is far too slow.
CAN YOU THINK OF A FEMALE SCIENTIST?
Authors: Donald Athene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Most adults are unable to name a single female scientist. Somehow women pass under most people’s radar, even when they are as successful as Marie Curie. Looking back, even though there were not many women able to penetrate the male domain of science, historically there has been a trickle. Women like Emilie du Châtelet, who translated Newton into French, Caroline Herschel, who initially worked closely with her brother William but ultimately became recognized as an astronomer in her own right who discovered several comets, or Mary Somerville, who translated Laplace’s work from the French. By the 20th century, increasing numbers of women were being educated in the sciences but they would then come up against further barriers: universities that would not appoint them to faculty, learned societies that would not admit them. Even the most brilliant women of this period suffered under enormous disadvantages. Yet some persevered, even if their names are not as well-known as their achievements should have ensured.
Overture
Authors: Fradinger Moira 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Overture offers a close reading of Argentine Juan Cruz Varela’s 1824 drama Argia, situating it in its postrevolutionary context. The play was written the same year as the last two battles that expelled the Spaniards from South American territory; soon after the local Creole elites launched a genocidal campaign against indigenous peoples living in the plains south of Buenos Aires, known as the Pampas. The elites were concerned about maternal politics as they wanted to populate the southern territories. The chapter argues that the main character, Argia, emerges in the book’s Antígona corpus as the first mother who must decide whether to save her biological child or fight for the freedom of the nation and thus offers a blueprint for many mother-Antígonas to come. The close reading of Argia’s motherhood, in its historical context, counters the standard interpretation of this play as “an imitation” of European sources, particularly of two of Italian Vittorio Alfieri’s tragedies.
Revolutionary Shame in the Year 2000
Authors: Fradinger Moira 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the 2000 poem-play Antígona cowritten by Peruvian José Watanabe and the Peruvian theater collective Yuyachkani for a single actress in all roles. The analysis is based on Peruvian actress Teresa Ralli’s performance. Here, Ismene is a protagonist for the first time in this book’s corpus. Similar to the Haitian Antigòn’s itinerary, the play went from Peru’s capital city of Lima to the peasant Quechua-speaking communities of the Peruvian Andean South, who had been most affected by the twenty-year armed conflict between the national army and left-wing guerrillas in the late twentieth century. Studying how the play addresses two audiences and close reading the play’s end, this chapter counters international critics’ interpretations that deracinated the play, seeing it as a “universal” testimony of a sister’s guilt. The chapter argues that the main emotion conveyed by Ismene is shame, which, in the context of its Andean peasant audience, shifts the emphasis from invisible private feelings to visible feelings of communion with the other. Not even the appearance onstage of a mortuary mask can easily be deracinated in this play: the target audience of Andean Quechua speakers, who had never seen Greek tragedy before, do not conceive of festivities and funerals without masks. The chapter shows how the play quilts tragedy and testimonial literary and political rituals in the context of the national mandate to testify in front of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up to investigate crimes against humanity during the armed conflict.
How Rock ’n’ Roll Invented the Teenager
Authors: Tochka Nicholas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Rock ’n’ roll seemed to come out of nowhere, causing otherwise normal adolescents to behave in ways that deeply concerned parents and experts during the Fifties. This chapter examines debates about so-called rock ’n’ roll riots, situating this anxiety-inducing phenomenon within a longer history of “the teenager” and contemporary Cold War anxieties about social order. Focusing on Alan Freed’s variety shows and mainstream coverage of American youth culture, it explains how “the big beat” helped generate new theories about the psychopolitical effects of mass culture on adolescent bodies and minds. These expert pronouncements in turn would create powerful new narratives about what it meant to be a teenager in the postwar United States—and what this portended for liberal democracy in the “free world.”
18 and Out
Authors: Schelbe Lisa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the statistics about the number of youth aging out in the United States each year. A broad overview of federal policies relevant to aging out is presented before a detailed description of the state and county context where the study took place. The chapter describes the services available to youth aging out in Keystone County and details youths’ options about leaving or staying in foster care at age 18. The chapter highlights the programs that are focused on in the book: YouthFirst, A Spot of my Own (ASOMO), and Launch. The final section of the chapter articulates how agencies and programs conceptualize the problem of aging out as one of increasing youths’ self-sufficiency with the goal of independence. This aligns with federal and state policy which also prioritizes education and employment for youth aging out.
“I just can’t shake it”: Feeling Trapped by Circumstances
Authors: Schelbe Lisa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 begins with an exploration of mental health issues with youth aging out. It includes Malaya’s story, which includes a mental health crisis. The chapter examines how accessing mental health and health services can create extensive stress and debt for youth aging out. Without health insurance the youth can amass substantial debt. The health and mental health concerns that youth experienced were related to living in poverty. The chapter argues that poverty both caused and exacerbated the stressful circumstances. Closely coupled with poverty is the racism that youth aging out faced. The chapter provides multiple examples of how poverty and racism hurt youth aging out.
Now and Later
Authors: Schelbe Lisa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 16 incorporates a life course perspective to explain how the hardships faced in both the past and the present impact the future of youth aging out. The life trajectories of youth aging out are greatly altered by the things that are happening to them as they leave foster care. The chapter argues what happens during aging out may have lasting effects, and these beginning years in early adulthood set the stage for the rest of their lives. The chapter explains the fluidity of success, the concept that even when youth have successes, they are often close to catastrophic hardships or tragedy. The chapter applies the life course perspective to the lives of Jaden, Plato, Solana, Matty, and Titi. It concludes with an update on their lives.