bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closing the gap:
Authors: KATURAMU RICHARD , LAW JEANNA WALLENTA , SEMITALA FRED C , AMANYIRE GIDEON , KAMPIIRE LEATITIA , NAMUSOBYA ENNIFER , KAMYA1 MOSES R. , HAVLIR DIANE , GLIDDEN DAVID V. , GENG ELVIN 
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND
Interventions to improve performance of global programs in the HIV cascade of care are widespread and increasing the focus of implementation science. At present, however, there is no clear consensus on how to conceptualize their improvement at the program level. The commonly used measures of association, based on ratios of probabilities (or odds), have well-known defects in public health applications. They yield large effect sizes even when the absolute effects, and therefore the public health impact, are small. On the other hand, risk differences create problems because settings with higher baseline values are penalized. We aim to examine ways of quantifying improvement in each health center of a cluster-randomized trial in Uganda to accelerate antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-infected adults.
METHODS
We formalize the concept of the ‘improvement index,’ defined as the fraction of gaps closed as a metric of improvement, and suggest that it has unique features and strengths when compared to risk ratios and risk differences.
RESULTS
Overall agreement between the different indices was not high, especially among health centers that were among the top 5 or 10. However, all ranking showed broad similarities at the far ends of the spectrum. On scatter plots, there was a positive linear relationship between the metrics, and the Bland Altman (B-A) plots were in agreement.
CONCLUSION
The improvement index can be used as an alternative measure of association in implementation science interventions. It can be useful for public health purposes as it demonstrates how much can be covered from the baseline.
Prevalence and factors associated with khat use among minibus workers in northern Tanzania
Authors: MBOYA INNOCENT B. , JOHN BEATRICE , CLEMENT JULIUS , MBONEA FADHILI , MOSHA NEEMA R. 
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND
Khat use is a growing public health concern. Chewed for its stimulant effect, khat can have serious negative social, economic, psychological and health consequences. Little is known about the epidemiology of khat use in Tanzania. This study aimed to determine prevalence and factors associated with khat use among minibus workers in Moshi Municipality, northern Tanzania.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 254 minibus workers between May and July 2015 in Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania. Respondents were sampled from commuter bus stations and interviewed. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with khat use.
RESULTS
Prevalence of khat use among minibus workers in Moshi Municipality was found to be 46.5%. Age (OR= 4.68, 95% CI 1.47-14.92), hazardous alcohol use (OR=3.39, 95% CI 1.09-10.53), current cigarette smoking (OR=10.41, 95% CI 2.99-36.26) and having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.04-3.53) were factors associated with khat use.
CONCLUSION
Nearly half of minibus workers used khat. Age, hazardous alcohol use, cigarette smoking and having multiple sexual partners were associated with khat use. These findings call for awareness creation about health and social consequences of khat use in line with other risk behaviors like alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, especially when linked with public transportation services.
Provider-initiated testing and counselling reaches persons who may not otherwise test for HIV in Zanzibar, 2010-2011
Authors: Ali Tatu B. , Amour Tuwera A. , Omar Safia  A. 
Published: March 2023

Introduction:
In 2007 Zanzibar included provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) in their HIV testing and counselling programme to diagnose new infections earlier and to increase access to persons who would not otherwise get tested. Our objective was to assess the uptake of PITC and the proportion of HIV-positive tests through PITC in Zanzibar.
Methods:
Our team examined 2010-2011 programmatic data to assess how many people were tested through PITC compared to other testing approaches. We also compared the rates of HIV positivity through PITC and non-PITC programmes to assess the relative yield of case detection.
Results:
From 2010 to 2011, 6.1% of tests were recorded as PITC. PITC served relatively more females (7.6%), persons aged under 15 (24.8%) and over 35 (9.1%), and widowed (12.2%) and married (8.4%) persons, and reached relatively more persons on Pemba Island (12.2%) compared to Unguja Island (5.0%). The rate of HIV seropositivity for PITC testers was 4.1%, nearly twice the rate of non-PITC testers (2.1%, p-value<0.05). The percentage of HIV-positive tests was significantly higher for PITC compared to non-PITC for all categories of testers except clients aged 15 to 24 years compared to other age groups (1.5% vs. 1.0%, p=0.224) and clients who were widowed compared to other marital statuses (4.9% vs. 5.8%, p=0.106). Conclusion:
Despite challenges, PITC reaches persons who may not otherwise test for HIV. PITC may remove barriers to HIV testing for some populations and therefore result in earlier diagnosis of HIV.
Promoting a culture of data use for evidence-based decisions in HIV programming:
Authors: TIBERIO JENNY , SAID CHRISTEN , NDAYONGEJE JOEL , KIVENULE DELFINUS , KOMBA TEOPISTA , WELTY SUSIE 
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION
Background: Quality data is critical for public health decision-making; however, adequate, high-quality data required to answer public health questions is not always available, particularly at sub-national levels. Triangulation is the practice of arraying different types of existing data from diverse sources to answer public health questions.The Tanzanian Triangulation Project was implemented to enhance understanding of the HIV epidemic at sub-national levels and promote a culture of data use among providers.
Methods:We conducted triangulation workshops with regional-, district-, and facility-level HIV/AIDS service providers. Workshops included building capacity in MS Excel, DHIS2, and mapping software to produce visual data displays; support in carrying out the triangulation process; and the development of regional HIV triangulation reports to assess and address challenges affecting service provision.Results:Twenty-one workshops were completed covering 24 regions of Tanzania (mainland and Zanzibar) from 2009-2016. Participants were enthusiastic about seeing their data displayed visually in tables, charts and maps, often for the first time. Every workshop had data quality challenges and resulted in recommendations to improve data quality. Most (83%) participants reported learning new Excel skills, and among those, 86%reported using these skills after the workshop. Decision-makers at regional and district levels reported using their triangulation reports for strategic planning and decision-making.
Conclusion: Triangulation is an effective means of using existing data when exhaustive data is not available to understand the HIV epidemic at sub-national levels. While more work is needed, triangulation promotes a culture of data use for evidence-based decisions in the HIV response in Tanzania.
Microfinance and health services:
Authors: KESSY JOACKIM P , STRAY-PEDERSEN BABILL , MSUYA SIA E. , MUSHI DECLARE L. , GRETE BOTTEN 
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION
Village Community Banks (VICOBA) is a grassroots group-based microfinance model designed to support viable income-generating activities for the poor, especially women excluded from the formal sector. Integration of microcredit programs with health services is reported to have improved health and social outcomes in other contexts. This study aims to understand the experiences of women involved in VICOBA programs in the Moshi District of Tanzania and to explore their views regarding the potential for integration of VICOBA
with health services, including health education.
METHODS
We conducted detailed interviews with 16 women involved in VICOBA to explore their views on the VICOBA model, including potential for integration with health services.
RESULTS
Women reported increased savings and more support for their children’s education as a result of their involvement in the VICOBA program. With increased income, these women and their family members had better access to health care and improved housing and sanitation. In addition, the women felt empowered due to greater decision-making power and increased networking opportunities, including the sharing of information related to business practices and social welfare. They agreed the VICOBA program provides a unique opportunity to integrate microcredit with health education programs, which can lead to behavioral changes in health practices, promote uptake of preventive interventions and facilitate timely access to curative services among clients.
CONCLUSION
VICOBA improves the welfare of its clients and has the potential to be used as a platform for providing health-related services to members from hard-to-reach communities.
Ocular Symptoms and Associated Factors among Hairdressers in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: BALDWINA TITA OLIRK , JONATHAN MREMA EZRA , MAMUYA SIMON 
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION
Hairdressers are exposed to chemicals from hair products such as hair dyes, glues, sprays, and relaxants, which increase risks for ocular diseases. There are limited studies assessing ocular diseases among hairdressers in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ocular symptoms and associated factors among hairdressers in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
METHODS
This study employed an analytical cross-sectional study design. Data were collected from 300 hairdressers from 157 salons selected from ten wards of Kawe and Magomeni divisions of Kinondoni Municipality. Data on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, years of work experience, occupational activities, use of protective equipment, hazard awareness, training on chemicals use, types of hair products used, and self-reported ocular symptoms were gathered by using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, partial correlation and logistic regression were performed to understand the prevalence of ocular symptoms and association with other study variables.
RESULTS
The study enrolled a total of 300 participants who were primarily female (92%). The mean age (±SD) of the participants was 28 (±7) years. The prevalence of ocular symptom was 78.7%. The most prevalent symptoms reported were headache (68.7%) and itching (60.0%). There was a statistically significant association between years of work experience (r = 0.314, p < 0.0001), lack of training on chemical use [AOR = 0.0203 (0.01 - 0.054)], lack of hazard awareness [AOR = 0.05 (0.02 - 0.094)] and ocular symptoms.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of ocular symptoms was high among the study participants. The variables associated with ocular symptoms were lack of training on chemical use, inadequate hazard awareness and years of work experience. The Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA) of Tanzania should facilitate and conduct health promotion to hairdressers on protective measures and frequent breaks to reduce chemical exposure.
Trend and predictors for early infant diagnosis by PCR among HIV-exposed infants in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania, 2014-2016
Authors: MBOYA MICHAEL F. , NJAU PROSPER , TODD JIM , LERAYO BEATRICE JOHN , LYATUU GOODLUCK WILEY , MACHUMI LAMECK , MSUYA SIA E. , MAHANDE MICHAEL J. , RENJU JENNY 
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND
Early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV and timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected infants and children. Although the WHO had a global target for 2018 that 90% of HIV-exposed infants (HEI) should be tested by the age of 8 weeks, by 2015 only half were being tested. This study describes trends and predictors for HIV first testing in HEI in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from 2014 to 2016.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study of HEI attending HIV services using secondary data collected at health facilities and collated at the national level. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for factors affecting uptake of HIV testing.
RESULTS
Of 12,117 HEI, the proportion tested for HIV by age 8 weeks increased from 53.2% in 2014 to 69.2% in 2016; 2.3% were HIV-positive. Replacement feeding (aOR=2.94, 95% CI 2.31 – 3.74) and receiving nevirapine prophylaxis (aOR=1.55, 95% CI 1.28-1.88) were predictors for EID testing uptake. HEI born to mothers with WHO stage II (aOR=0.53, 95% CI 0.41 – 0.67), stage III (aOR=0.64, 95% CI; 0.52 – 0.79) and stage IV (aOR=0.58, 95% CI 0.34 – 0.99) were less likely to be tested than those born to mothers with WHO stage I disease progression.
CONCLUSION
There was an increasing trend in the uptake of HIV testing of infants at age 8 weeks during the study period. However, it is still below the global target. Efforts to promote EID testing are still needed.
Factors Associated with Willingness to Pay for Social Health Insurance among Government Employees in Tigrai Region, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: GESSESSE ATAKLTI T. , BERHE ABERA A. , TILAHUN MULUGETA G. , TEKLEMARIAM TESFAY W. 
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTIONDeveloping countries seldom use social health insurance (SHI), and their healthcare finances mostly rely on general revenues and direct out-of-pocket payments. This study investigated the level and factors associated with willingness to pay for SHI among government employees in Tigrai region, North Ethiopia.
METHODSAn institution-based quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out from June to July 2018 among government employees in Tigrai, Ethiopia. Sample size was determined using single population proportion formula, and multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select the study participants. Data collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire was analyzed using SPSSVersion 20.
RESULTSThere were 544 (64.5%) respondents who were not willing to pay for SHI. Respondents age older than 39 years were 2.2 times more likely to be willing to pay for SHI, as were those who disagreed with the binding rule of referral system (1.4 times), and with exclusion of periodic medical checkup from the SHI (1.4 times), those who didn’t consider health service quality to be poor (1.6 times), and those who disagreed with the presence of financial insecurity in health institutions (1.7 times).
CONCLUSIONThis study revealed that government employees’ willingness to pay for SHI was low. SHI agencies should publicize the proclamation for SHI and induce employees with SHI referral system, services excluded, and health facilities’ readiness and service quality to increase willingness to pay. In addition, the government should reconsider the implementation of the proclamation for SHI accordingly.
Use of Data in Health Planning Process:
Authors: Anasel Mackfallen , SWAI IDDA LYATONGA 
Published: March 2023

Introduction
In Tanzania, the provision of primary health care services is vested to Local Government Authorities. Council Health Management Teams prepare Comprehensive Council Health Plans to guide the provision of health services within the authorities. The purpose of this study was to describe the process of preparing CCHPs, including the data sources used.
Methods
Three focus group discussions were conducted with 15 CHMT members. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Thematic analysis was conducted after discussions that were translated into English and transcribed.
Results
The focal person and coordinators for the Health Management Information System were cited as the main sources of data for planning. District Health Information System (DHIS2) was the main source of data used in planning although there were some indicators reported, which were far from reality, and therefore, considered unreliable.
Conclusion
CHMT members should be trained in the basic analysis, and use of DHIS2 data. This would improve their data analysis, and use skills since are imperative to developing a culture of data use in planning.
BENDERLİ CESÂRÎ DİVANI’NDAKİ ŞEHİR ŞİİRLERİ
Authors: FARAŞOĞLU Yılmaz 
Published: March 2023

Her şair içinde yaşadığı ortamın kültüründen etkilenir. Geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılan, içinde pek çok kültür barındıran Osmanlı Devleti’nin aydın kesimini oluşturan divan şairleri de çevrelerine duyarsız kalmamış şiirlerinde bu unsura doğrudan veya dolaylı yer vermiştir. Klâsik şairlerin coğrafyayla ilişkisi farklı türlerde metinlerin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamış, coğrafya dekoratif bir öğe olarak kullanımı yanında gerçek yönüyle de metinlerde yer almıştır.
Edebî eserler belli bir tarih ve coğrafya içinde oluşur. Bu sebeple edebiyatı iyi anlamanın bir yolu da coğrafyayı iyi tanımaktan geçer. İnsan hayatının bir parçası olan coğrafya edebî eserlere mekân ve içerik sağlar. Şairin hayatını şekillendiren temel etkenlerden olan coğrafya onun hayatında önemli bir yere ve etkiye sahiptir. Edebî eserler bize şairin içinde yaşadığı coğrafya, toplumun örf, adet ve gelenekleri, sanat anlayışı ve döneminin bazı olayları hakkında da önemli ipuçları sunar.
Divan şairleri doğdukları, bulundukları veya bir müddet yaşadıkları yerler, kasaba ve şehirler hakkında onları övücü tarzda şiirler kaleme almışlardır. Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı’nda bir şehri veya yerleşim yerini konu edinen bu şiirler edebî eser olmanın yanında o şehrin tarih ve kültürüne de kaynaklık eder. Bu eserlerde genellikle söz konusu şehir, tabiat güzelliklerinden mimarî eserlerine, güzellerinden meşhur kişilerine kadar birçok yönüyle methedilir. Ancak şehir konulu eserler içinde az da olsa mersiye ve hicivler de bulunmaktadır.
Bu makalede şehir kavramı ve şiirle olan ilişkisi hakkında kısa bilgi verildikten sonra divan şiirinde bir gelenek haline gelen şehir şiirlerine değinilecektir. Daha sonra şiirlerinde gerçek coğrafyayı işleyen 19. Yüzyılın Rumelili şairlerinden Benderli Cesârî tanıtılıp divanında şehirler için yazdığı 11 şiir yorumlanarak şairin şehir algısı anlamlandırılmaya çalışılacaktır.
“BİZİM YUNUS”UN ŞİİRLERİ HAKKINDA GENEL DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: YILDIRIM Yusuf 
Published: March 2023

Tasavvufî şiirleriyle asırlarca Anadolu insanının ruh ve düşünce dünyasına seslenen Yunus Emre, yaşadığı asırdan ve muhitten konuşan ama sözleriyle hala bu tazeliği koruyan ender Türk sûfilerinden biridir. Fikirlerini şiirin imkânlarından yararlanarak iletmesi açısından tasavvufi düşünce tarihindeki konumu kadar edebiyat tarihi yönüyle de önemli bir değerdir. İnandığı değerler ve peşinde olduğu hakikat Türk şiirinin en berrak ve duru haliyle fakat güçlü birer deyiş olarak halkın ruhunda asırlarca yankılandı. O kadar sevildi ki şiirleri Anadolu’nun en ücra köşelerinde elden ele gezdi, sevilen her şiir ona mal edilir oldu. Birçok şiiri bestelenerek tekkelerde ve mahfillerde dinî duyguları besleyen önemli bir enstrüman haline dönüştü. Ne var ki onun tarihi şahsiyeti hakkında bilinenler oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu bilinenlerin çoğu da “Bizim Yunus”u masalların ardındaki solgun bir görüntüye dönüştüren çelişkili detaylardan ibarettir. Bu yüzden hayatı hakkında verilen her bilgi tarihte yaşamış “ete kemiğe bürünen” Yunus Emre’den çok zihinlerde inşa edilmiş birer Yunus imajıdır.
Yunus Emre’nin karanlıkta kalan tarihi şahsiyeti gibi bugün mevcut şiirlerin ona aidiyeti meselesi de oldukça sorunludur. Sözlü kültür içinde dilden dile dolaşan ve sonraki nesle aktarılan Yunus Emre şiirlerine Yunus mahlaslı başka şairlerin manzumelerinin karıştığı bilinmektedir.
Bu makalede Yunus Emre’ye isnat edilen şiirlerin muhtevaları göz önünde bulundurularak genel bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Bunu da neşredilen Yunus Emre divanları ve şiirlerin ona aidiyetine dair verilen bilgiler esas alınacaktır.
Sequências e projetos didáticos no Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa: uma leitura (2018)
Authors: Castro Joaquim Junior da Silva 
Published: March 2023

De modo geral, o livro mostra-se bem alinhado com sua proposta inicial, debruçando-se adequadamente aos constructos teórico-metodológicos. As autoras utilizam uma linguagem objetiva, clara e acessível a todos e todas que se interessam pelo ensino de Língua Portuguesa, com vistas ao desenvolvimento humano e à criticidade das relações mediadas, sobretudo, pela linguagem.
Tendo em vista esses elementos, indicamos esta obra para professoras alfabetizadoras e interessadas/os em discutir o procedimento da SD em sala de aula de qualquer nível, inclusive estudantes de Letras que se voltam para o ensino de língua materna e estrangeira. O livro contribuirá não apenas para leituras a mais das teorias estudadas, como o ISD e os letramentos, mas também como possibilidade de utilização de alguns procedimentos didáticos para o ensino-aprendizagem de língua, em uma perspectiva discursiva e social, que considere as variadas práticas sociais humanas. Vale destacar que a obra encontra-se acessível gratuitamente ao leitor.
Vacíos y residuos urbanos
Authors: Guzmán Ramírez Alejandro 
Published: March 2023

Partiendo de la idea de lo público como libre acceso a la población, sin distinción de edad, condición social o de género, y considerando que el espacio público abarca desde edificios cerrados y lugares abiertos hasta espacios virtuales como el caso de internet. El arte público será entonces el arte desarrollado en estos sitios y que favorece la apropiación del mismo, sin distinción de lenguajes y modos de producción.
A pesar de la creciente virtualización de nuestros mundos en el internet, la ciudad todavía es una sustancia física no-reemplazable, ya que su atracción cómo máxima expresión cultural y social perdura. Ahora, más que nunca, los artistas deben reflexionar sobre su contribución a la imagen de la urbe, ya que esta cobra una importancia innegable para la identificación del habitante con su ciudad y en el fortalecimiento de la cultura urbana.
المساواة في شريعة الإسلام وأثرها في الروابط الاجتماعية قراءة فقهية تحليلية معاصرة
Authors: لأشموري علي محمد عبدالله 
Published: March 2023

في هذا البحث يحاول الباحث أن يسهم برؤية لأهمية المساواة مدعومة بالنصوص المعصومة بالقرآن والسنة التي تكفل
للإنسانية العيش المشترك، والبناء الحضاري المترقي في الكمالات ليحقق الاستخلاف الالهي للإنسان في هذا الكوكب الذي
يحتوي على الخيرات والنعم التي تجعل من الإنسان إنساناً محورياً في هذا الوجود من خلال المشروع الإلهي الذي رتب حركة
المخلوق بناءً على التوحيد المطلق لله، والمساواة ونسخ الألوهية البشرية وإيقاف تسلط الانسان على أخيه الإنسان الذي تشتد
الحاجة إليه أكثر فأكثر من أي وقت مضى، بعد أن صار العالم قرية واحدة. حيث كثرت الانتهاكات الفاضحة لحقوق الانسان
والفلسفات المنحازة لصالح الهيمنة والتسلط والإقصاء والتهميش، لهذا يجب إبراز المنهج القرآني والحديث النبوي في التحرير
والتغيير، ودور الايمان بالله الواحد في تحقيق المساواة أساس حقوق الانسان، واستشعار المسؤولية تجاه كرامة الإنسان حيثما
كان وبناء انسان الفكرة المنتج ليكون البديل عن إنسان الغريزة المستهلك، تلك الغريزة التي كانت السبب الرئيس في التيه
المتلاحق عبر قرون عديدة للإنسان البشري المُكرم من الله، ذلك أن خلود القيم الإنسانية يعني القدرة على الانتاج في كل زمان
ومكان، وتوليد رؤى قادرة على انتشال الإنسان من أزمته، وتخليصه من الانشطار الثقافي.