bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participation of Different Cell Populations in Antigen- and Mitogen-Induced Lymphocyte Proliferation. Evidence That Blastogenic Factor-Sensitive Lymphocytes Are Inactivated by 5-Bromo-2′-Deoxyuridine
Authors: Lazda Velta A. , Baram Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the subpopulations of lymphocytes which respond by blast transformation to stimulation by specific antigens and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated. Leukocytes from rhesus monkeys sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrates (PPD) were stimulated with KLH or PPD in culture. The replacement of medium and the readdition of the same antigen on day 4 did not initiate a second round of DNA synthesis. The addition of a second antigen, however, markedly increased the 3H-thymidine (3H-T) incorporation within 1 day. However, no additive stimulatory effect occurred after simultaneous stimulation with KLH and PPD, possibly indicating competition for a limited cell population.
The lymphocyte proliferative response to KLH and PPD stimulation could be inhibited as much as 95% by treatment from days 2 to 4 with 5 × 10-6 M 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and exposure to visible light. Such treatment also markedly reduced the expected response of the cultures to restimulation with a second antigen, suggesting that the observed response to both antigens was dependent upon the same BrdU-sensitive cells. BrdU-light inactivated cultures lost most of their capacity to respond to blastogenic factor. These results were interpreted as indicating that: 1) a large proportion of the BrdU-sensitive cells are blastogenic factor-reactive and 2) distinct subpopulation of cells is not recruited by blastogenic factor produced by specific antigen-sensitive lymphocytes.
Peak incorporation of 3H-T in antigen-pretreated cultures, when stimulated with PHA, occurred later than in cultures stimulated by a second antigen, suggesting that PHA was stimulating a new population of cells. Moreover, an additive stimulatory effect occurred when PHA and KLH or PHA and PPD were added to cultures simultaneously. BrdU-light treatment of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes had little effect on subsequent stimulation by PHA. Antigen and PHA stimulation, therefore, may involve different cell populations.
Antigen Binding T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Hämmerling Günter J. , McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present investigation describes inhibition by anti-Ig and anti-H-2 sera of 125I-(T,G)-A--L-binding T and B cells from murine lymph nodes. It was found that T-ABC from unimmunized and immunized mice are partially blocked by anti-IgM sera and not by anti-IgG sera. Furthermore, specific anti-H-2 sera block only T-ABC, but not B-ABC. The possible role of cytophilic IgM in the inhibition of T-ABC by anti-Ig, and the meaning of inhibition by anti-H-2 are discussed.
Clonal Nature of the Immune Response to Phosphorylcholine
Authors: Claflin J. Latham , Lieberman Rose , Davie Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The clonal nature of the immune response to phosphorylcholine (PC) was studied at the level of the antibody-producing cell (PFC) with the highly sensitive parameters of idiotypes and binding characteristics as specific markers. As a basis for comparison, the characteristics of the anti-PC IgM antibody produced in different inbred strains of mice were related in PFC inhibition assays with those exhibited by four different PC-binding myeloma proteins, HOPC 8, McPC 603, MOPC 167, and MOPC 511. Each of these myelomas possesses distinctly different idiotypic determinants and binding affinities for PC, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and choline (C). The induced anti-PC antibody in each of the strains tested was solely of the IgM class and bound PC τ; GPC τ; C. In BALB/c and A, but not CBA, no affinity maturation occurred during the immune response which indicates a restriction in the affinity heterogeneity. As determined from the PFC inhibition profiles, BALB/c and A strain anti-PC antibody had the same binding characteristics as HOPC 8 and that of BALB/c possessed the idiotypic determinants of this myeloma protein. As shown in a previous paper, the receptors on PC-specific antigen-binding cells (ABC) possessed the identical characteristics of class, specificity, and idiotypes as shown by the secreted antibody. These results, therefore, provide evidence for a direct link between the antibody secreted by PFC and the receptor molecules on ABC.
In Vitro Studies of Histamine Release from Rabbit Leukocytes by Divalent Haptens
Authors: Magro Albert M. , Alexander Alice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro histamine release by washed leukocytes from rabbits immunized to produce reagin specific for the benzyl penicillolyl (BPO) and the 2,4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) haptenic groups was studied. The animals were immunized to produce reagin specific for one of the haptenic groups (DNP or BPO) and for both haptenic groups (DNP and BPO). The divalent and univalent haptens used to initiate histamine release from the leukocytes were bis-DNP-octamethylenediamine (di-DNP), DNP-n-octylamine (uniDNP), bis-BPO-octamethylenediamine (diBPO), BPO-n-octylamine (uniBPO) and N-DNP,N-BPO, octamethylenediamine (mixed BPO-DNP).
The data indicate that 1) reagin of both specificities is on the majority of the basophils of rabbits immunized to both DNP and BPO; 2) the reagin on the basophil surface is not grouped by specificity; 3) internal bridging between two Fab pieces of a single reaginic antibody molecule is probably not a basic mechanism by which histamine is released; and 4) the hapten must bridge the membrane bound reaginic antibody to another point away from the antibody molecule in order for the hapten specific release of histamine to be initiated.
Evaluation of C3 Receptors on Lymphoid Cells with Different Complement Sources
Authors: Dierich Manfred P. , Pellegrino Michele A. , Ferrone Soldano , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptor activities for cell-bound degradation products of the third complement component, C3b and C3d, were demonstrated on cells from nine cultured human lymphoid lines and spleen lymphocytes from eight strains of mice. These receptor activities were found with rosette formation and immune adherence assays by utilizing sensitized sheep erythrocytes coated with C3 derived from human, mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit serum. Some cultured human lymphoid cells displayed receptor activities for both C3b and C3d, others showed only the one for C3d, and two cell lines reacted negatively. All murine cells examined showed receptor activities for murine C3d and to a lesser extent for human C3d together with receptor activity for guinea pig C3b; however, human C3b-carrying cells could not be attached to murine lymphocytes. Sensitized sheep erythrocytes coated with C1-C5 of rabbit serum deficient in C6 were found to react much like erythrocytes coated with human C3b and thus provided a useful reagent for the detection of C3b receptor activities on human lymphoid cells. There was no correlation between the expression of C3b and C3d receptors and the H-2 or HL-A phenotype or the antigenic determinants of β2-microglobulin which suggests that these complement receptors have unique chemical structures representing additional and useful cell surface markers.
Saturation of the Reticuloendothelial System with Soluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Haakenstad Alan O. , Mannik Mart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The clearance kinetics of passively administered soluble human serum albumin (HSA)antiHSA complexes were studied in mice at varied doses. Complexes with a molecular composition exceeding Ag2Ab2 (τ 11S complexes) were preferentially cleared by the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. As the dose of administered complexes was increased to levels known to induce glomerulonephritis, however, saturation of the reticuloendothelial system occurred. Three lines of evidence supported this conclusion: 1) The proportion of injected complexes cleared with the fastest half-life became less as the dose was increased. 2) Saturation was demonstrated in the first-order reaction that describes the clearance of τ 11 S complexes (τ Ag2Ab2). 3) The specific hepatic uptake of complexes approached a maximum as the dose was increased. Due to saturation of the reticuloendothelial system, the τ 11 S complexes persisted in the circulation and thereby the likelihood of their non-hepatic tissue deposition was enhanced. The possible contribution of saturation of the reticuloendothelial system to the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in experimental serum sickness is discussed.
Studies on Antibody Induction in Vitro
Authors: Schaefer Annette E. , Fishman Marvin , Adler Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The elimination of cells with specific receptors for the solubilized T2 antigen (S-T2) was accomplished by passage of spleen cells from unimmunized rabbits through antigen-coated glass bead columns. This procedure resulted in a population of lymphoid cells incapable of antibody-production in response to S-T2 in vitro. Such a population, devoid of antigen-specific cells, was tested for its ability to produce antibody in response to two fractions of RNA extracted from peritoneal exudate cells exposed to the T2 phage and then fractionated on methylated BSA Kieselguhr columns. The unresponsiveness of the cells filtered through antigencoated glass beads to S-T2 extends to the MAK III fraction containing RNA-antigen complexes, but not the MAK II fraction containing informational RNA. Therefore, the response to the informational RNA is independent of cells possessing specific antigen recognition.
Leukemia Virus-Induced Immunosuppression
Authors: Mortensen Richard F. , Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Measurements of lymphocyte mediated cytolysis of allogeneic target cells (C57BL/6 EL4) by sensitized BALB/c spleen cells revealed a rapid depression of this in vitro correlate of cellular immunity after infection with Friend leukemia virus (FLV). Immunosuppression occurred with infection either before or after alloantigen sensitization. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity by sensitized lymphocytes from the leukemia resistant C57BL/6 strain for DBA/2 mastocytoma cells was unimpaired when FLV was administered after immunization. However, a significant, but transient, depression of the response was observed when C57BL/6 mice were infected 4 days before immunization, but not at 8 or more days before immunization. A kinetic analysis of the cytolysis indicated that there was a decreased number of cytolytic effectors present in the spleens of the FLV-infected BALB/c mice rather than a diminution of the lytic efficiency of the cytolytic cells. The cytolytic activity carried out by the remaining effectors still occurred via a single interaction between a target cell and a sensitized lymphocyte as in the noninfected mice. The lowered cytotoxicity by BALB/c lymphocytes was proportional to the infecting dose of FLV and could not be accounted for by a simple dilution of effector cells with neoplastic cells. The number of cytolytic lymphocytes decreased logarithmically with time after FLV infection. These results demonstrate that FLV is capable of interfering with a T cell (Θ-bearing) dependent event as well as the B cell function of antibody formation. The depression of cell-mediated immunity by infection with FLV after immunization clearly contrasts with the absence of depression of humoral antibody formation when FLV is administered after antigen.
Interaction of C-Reactive Protein Complexes with the Complement System
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Volanakis John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction of C-reactive protein (CRP)-positive sera and crystalline CRP with pneumococcal C-polysaccharide at equivalence induced consumption of human complement and C3 conversion in the absence of detectable antibody. Sera with negative or trace reaction for CRP most often gave no or minimal consumption of complement on addition of C-polysaccharide. Analysis of complement components consumed in the reaction of CRP-positive sera with C-polysaccharide, in the absence of detectable antibody, demonstrated consumption of 80% or more of total hemolytic complement, C1, C4, and C2, and 42 to 66% consumption of C3-9. Quantitative estimates of the minimal amount of CRP in acute phase sera which permitted fixation of complement closely approximated the minimal value obtained with crystalline CRP. All normal human sera tested permitted consumption of complement by CRP complexes, including sera from infants 5 to 7 months of age with physiologic hypogammaglobulinemia and sera previously absorbed with pneumococcal cell walls to remove any presumptive trace of antibody to C-polysaccharide. Both the CRP-C-polysaccharide precipitation and complement consumption reactions were 100% inhibited by phosphoryl choline but were not at all inhibited by N-acetyl galactosamine, the major determinant of antibody specificity. CRP reacted with phosphoryl choline of the choline phosphatides, lecithin and sphingomyelin, by complement fixation and by flocculation. Immunodiffusion analysis of the washed complexes obtained by reaction of CRP-positive sera with C-polysaccharide and with lecithin demonstrated strong lines of precipitation for CRP, C1q, and C3, whereas immunoglobulins were absent or detectable only in faint traces.
These combined data have permitted the conclusion that complement consumption was attributable to CRP complexes and that it proceeded via the classical pathway independent of the presence of specific antibody or immunoglobulin. The specificity of CRP for choline phosphatides and its capacity to activate the complement system are considered in relation to the possible functions of CRP in the inflammatory process.
Acquired Immunity in Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) Embryos
Authors: Rowlands David T. , Blakeslee Dennis , Angala Epifania 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Opossum pouch young were immunized with bacteriophage (f2, øx-174, and T4), haptens (2,4 dinitrophenyl (DNP), fluorescein conjugates (FTC), and 1-dimethylaminophthalene (DNS)), or proteins (ribonuclease (RNAase), sperm whole myoglobin, and lysozyme). The haptens were placed on three carriers (bovine serum albumin, hemocyanin, or bovine γ-globulin. The sera obtained from animals at sacrifice 2 weeks after immunization were studied by bacteriophage neutralization with either the intact organisms or T4 coupled to one of the haptens or to one of the proteins. When the levels of antibodies were compared with the age of the pouch young, a distinct hierarchy of responsiveness was observed. The order of appearance of responsiveness was: bacteriophage f2, DNP, bacteriophage øx-174, FTC, bacteriophage T4, and RNAase. This hierarchy could not be explained as a difference in sensitivity of the assay, since the assays were of similar sensitivity in each case.
Physical and Immunologic Properties of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Produced during Human Infection
Authors: Coonrod J. Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A mean molecular weight of ≥ 100,000 was found for type-specific pneumococcal capsular antigens (PCA) present in sera, bullous fluid, and pleural or cerebrospinal fluids from 11 patients with pneumococcal infection and for type-specific purified pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPP). The molecular weight of serum PCA was not decreased by trypsinization or incubation of the PCA in serum at 37°C. PCA present in the urine of individuals with pneumococcal infection was markedly smaller than PCA present in the other body fluids. Urine PCA had only partial immunologic identity with PPP and reacted differently from PPP or PCA in other body fluids in immunoelectrophoresis. These differences could not be attributed to degradation of PCA by urine per se. The mean molecular weight of circulating PCA and its immunoreactivity in gel diffusion tests did not change with time. PCA present in the urine during periods of prolonged antigenemia was persistently different from the serum PCA in gel diffusion tests and had a low molecular weight. Urine PCA from different patients infected with the same pneumococcal type were immunologically identical in double diffusion tests.
Low molecular weight PCA in the urine of individuals with pneumococcal infection may be derived from eigher selective renal excretion of low molecular weight PCA produced by the infecting pneumococci or from in vivo degradation of large molecular weight PCA produced during infection.
The IgM Antibody Site
Authors: Oriol Rafael , Rousset Monique 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rats immunized with DNP-Salmonella and DNP-BGG were bled at different times ranging from 5 days to 8 months. The 19S and 7S antibody fractions were separated by gel filtration and their binding affinities were measured with tritiated ε-DNP-Lys. Five days after the first injection, both 7S and 19S fractions were heterogeneous and their average K0 was low. The binding affinity of the 7S fraction increased progressively with time. The 19S fraction showed a different pattern of evolution. Two restricted populations of sites evolved from the starting heterogeneous, but normally distributed family. The K0 of the high affinity population of 19S antibodies followed the same maturation process as the corresponding 7S antibodies, whereas the K0 of the low affinity population of 19S antibodies remained fairly constant throughout the whole experiment.
The Binding of α-1 Antitrypsin to Human IgA
Authors: Tomasi Thomas B. , Hauptman Stephen P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complex formation between IgA and several serum proteins including albumin (1), βlipoproteins (2), haptoglobins (3), anti-hemophilic globulin (4) and in one case, to α1 glycoprotein (3) has been previously noted. However, with the exception of albumin, the binding of these proteins to IgA myeloma proteins has not been regularly observed. It has been reported (3) that 53% of IgA myeloma proteins as well as 74% of monoclonal IgM proteins complex with albumin. Subsequently, a thorough study by Mannik (5) demonstrated that the binding of albumin by both IgA and IgM proteins involved covalent disulfide bonds. Presumably, the binding site is located in the heavy chain and could involve the free SH group thought to be present in the α-chain (6), although this has not been directly demonstrated.
During the course of a study attempting to localize the site of albumin binding to IgA proteins, an antiserum to albumin was employed which also contained antibodies to α1 antitrypsin (α1AT).2
Mechanism of Allograft Rejection in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Gelfand Michael C. , Parker Leroy M. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aging New Zealand mice develop impaired cellular immune functions including delayed rejection of primary skin allografts, a model of cellular immunity. In the first paper in this series it was found that old NZB/W mice are deficient in a recirculating T cell subpopulation which is present in young NZB/W mice. This T cell synergizes with a second T cell subpopulation present in both young and old NZB/W mice to effect prompt allograft rejection. The present study investigates the mechanism by which recirculating T cells cooperating in skin allograft rejection are eliminated as New Zealand mice age. It was found that a host factor diverts lymphoid cells from the recirculating pool. This host factor was found to have specificity for an antigen common to thymocyte and brain suggesting that it was similar to antisera to the Thy 1 (θ) antigen; the naturally occurring antithymocyte antibody (NTA) present in New Zealand mice has the same type of specificity. It appears that NTA leads to a reduction in recirculating T cells as New Zealand mice age resulting in impaired cellular immunity.
The Relationship between PF/DIL and Activated Human Hageman Factor
Authors: Johnston Alan R. , Cochrane Charles G. , Revak Susan D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Permeability factor of dilution (PF/dil) activity, prepared by dilution of human plasma in contact with glass, was removed by insolubilized antibody to human Hageman factor. Insolubilized normal globulin or antibodies to prekallikrein failed to remove PF/dil activity. Dilutions of Fletcher trait plasma (a prekallikrein deficiency) failed to generate PF/dil activity but addition of purified prekallikrein reconstituted the capacity to generate PF/dil activity. These data support the conclusion that PF/dil and activated Hageman factor are identical and that generation of PF/dil (HFa) requires fluid phase activation with kallikrein.
The Splenic Suppressor Cell
Authors: Folch Hugo , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study confirms and extends the finding that DA rat spleen cells include a subpopulation of adherent cells which act at high doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin H (ConA) to suppress DNA synthesis by other cells. Suppressor activity is lacking in spleens of doubly thymus-deprived rats. Mitomycin C treatment does not reduce the suppressor activity of normal whole spleen. It is inferred that the suppressor cell is a T lymphocyte or depends for its action on the presence of T lymphocytes and that its action does not require cell proliferation. DNA synthesis is much more affected by suppression at high mitogen levels than RNA or protein synthesis. A parallel is drawn between the separate regulation of DNA synthesis and other macromolecular synthesis in lymphocytes and so-called “pleiotypic” effects in other types of cells.
Spleen cells of young rats give a relatively low response (3H-thymidine uptake) to optimal or supraoptimal doses of PHA, which is markedly increased by removal of adherent cells on glass wool and is not affected by addition of purified macrophages. In contrast spleen cells of older animals give a high response, which falls when adherent cells are removed but is restored to the original level by addition of macrophages. It is concluded that older animals' spleens differ from those of younger rats by a variable loss of suppressor cells and an increasing macrophage dependence of PHA-responsive cells. The former may account for the reported increase in autoantibody formation with age. Reactivity of cells of a given age was not affected by culturing them in young or old rat serum pools, respectively.
Stress or injection of hydrocortisone acetate result in loss of suppressor cell adhesiveness to glass wool and increased macrophage dependence of PHA-responsive cells at 5 days. At 2 to 3 weeks there is a return to normal levels of adhesiveness and macrophage dependence, accompanied by a marked increase of suppressor activity. The 5-day changes are thought to reflect direct effects of steroid on the properties of T lymphocyte membranes, and the later changes altered levels of thymus hormone or possibly a surge of “post-thymic cells” into the peripheral lymphoid organs.