bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemagglutinins Among Higher Fungi
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Farkas Mary Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Examination of saline extracts of 70 species of fleshy fungi, chiefly Basidiomycetes, revealed the presence of hemagglutinins in 15 and hemolysins in 6 species. The agglutinins were nonspecific in that they did not permit differentiation of the ABO blood groups.
Complement Fixing Antibodies against Coxsackie Viruses in Mice
Authors: Contreras Guillermo , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The temporal development of complement fixing antibodies against Conn-5 and Easton-2 Coxsackie (C) viruses in the mouse has been studied. These antibodies reach their peak about one month after vaccination and then fall more rapidly than neutralizing antibodies. The adjuvants Arlacel A and Bayol F, when mixed with vaccine, resulted in the maintenance of high complement fixing antibody titers for longer periods (up to 6 months).
No anamnestic complement fixing antibody response occurred in immune mice revaccinated with heterotypic strains, in contrast to previous findings in man and chimpanzees.
Following vaccination of adult mice with infected torsos of infant mice, an antibody developed which fixed complement with antigen prepared from torsos (chiefly muscle and bone) of normal infant mice. The antibody was stable at 56 C for 30 minutes, but was inactivated at 60 C for 20 minutes. The normal tissue antigen could be removed from suspensions by precipitation with protamine.
Bovine Erythrocyte Antigens
Authors: Cohen Carl , Ferguson L. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reactivity of selected serum reagents used in identifying certain bovine erythrocytic antigens was studied quantitatively by varying the concentrations of antibody and complement independently. The serum reagents examined in this way ranged from those which act rapidly to those which failed to produce complete lysis even after extended incubation. The presence of an inhibitor, possibly a nonhemolytic antibody, is postulated to explain the more slowly acting serum reagents. A comparison of rabbit and guinea pig serums as sources of complement suggests that compatibility is a matter of unit specificities rather than of species specificity.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Bashe Winslow J. , Gotlieb Tamar , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vaccination procedures for the prevention of mumps have been evaluated in the light of results obtained with neutralization tests in chick embryos.
Only 25% of individuals judged susceptible responded with neutralizing antibodies following the subcutaneous inoculation of inactivated mumps virus in contrast to the development of complement-fixing antibodies to the V antigen in 70 to 100% of the vaccinees. Production of neutralizing antibodies appeared to be closely related to immunity to mumps in an epidemic which occurred 8–11 months after vaccination while many cases were recorded in those who failed to reveal a measurable response. These data indicate that the vaccine or the method of vaccination requires improvement. The oral spraying of active attenuated virus failed to yield better responses in neutralizing antibodies as compared to subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated virus.
The neutralization test did not appear superior to the complement-fixation reaction or the skin test as a method of determining susceptibility when related to the history of past mumps or subsequent incidence of mumps. On behalf of greater simplicity and speed the complement-fixation reaction and the skin test will remain useful tools in evaluating the state of immunity.
A correlation of the titers in all types of sera obtained by the neutralization test, the complement fixation with the virus antigen and the hemagglutination inhibition, indicated that these three technics measured different antibodies.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin: Neutralization by Rabbit Antiserum
Authors: Surgalla M. J. , Bergdoll M. S. , Dack G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The gel-diffusion precipitin technic has been used for enumeration of precipitating antigens present in a partially purified enterotoxin sample, and for determination of approximate equivalence ratios for these antigens. These ratios were used to calculate the amount of serum necessary for precipitation of all antigens in neutralization tests. Neutralization of enterotoxin was accomplished.
Tissue Cultures in the Study of Immunity: Retrospection and Anticipation
Authors: Enders John F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To construct a presidential address around a technique might perhaps be taken as indicative of infertility of mind and limited imagination. While freely acknowledging these defects, I have, nevertheless, chosen this theme after a consideration of many others, because of my conviction that in companies of this kind the old dictum “Die Methode ist alles,” although admittedly an overstatement as well as a platitude, cannot be too frequently emphasized.
I have always been struck by the example the progress of our own discipline affords of the rich harvest both of purely scientific as well as practical results that may be obtained essentially through the intelligent application of a very few basic procedures. One has only to think of the extensive array of contributions deriving from the test for precipitin, illuminating not only immunology but other realms as diverse as taxonomic relationships and the metamorphosis of insects, to be impressed by the endless fecundity of a simple technique.
The Influence of X-Irradiation on the Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Cummings Martin M. , Hudgins Paul C. , Patnode Robert A. , Bersack Solomon R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Total body X-irradiation (130 r) diminishes the tuberculin skin reaction in guinea pigs sensitized by the injection of Freund adjuvant either 31 days prior to or 3 days subsequent to irradiation and impairs the ability of the leukocytes to transfer passively tuberculin hypersensitivity to normal recipient animals. Comparable X-irradiation of recipient animals 4 days before cell transfer from irradiated (prior to sensitization) or non-irradiated sensitized donor animals also produces a diminution in the tuberculin reactivity of the recipient animals. When both recipient and sensitized donor animals are exposed to 130 r of X-ray 4 days prior to cell transfer passive transfer of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity was not demonstrable.
Experimental Observations on a Skin-Test Antigen for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Shinefield Henry R. , Lennette Edwin H. , Longshore W. Allen , Wiener Anna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Allantoic and amniotic fluids infected with WEE virus were treated with formalin and examined for possible usefulness as skin-test antigens to detect immunity to this virus.
Rabbits immunized to the WEE virus reacted to intracutaneous inoculation of the antigen with the production of erythema and induration at the site of injection. The reaction reached its maximum at 24 to 36 hours. Non-virus-containing material did not elicit a comparable reaction.
Nonimmune rabbits showed little dermal reaction to the specific viral antigen. Intracutaneous injection of the material (0.1 ml), however, resulted in the appearance of neutralizing antibodies.
Application of the antigen to epidemiologic studies is suggested by the experimental data presented but its usefulness for this purpose has yet to be determined.
Micro-Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis and Herpes-B Infections
Authors: Black Francis L. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The micro-epidemiology of poliomyelitis and of herpes-B in tissue culture, the mechanisms by which the viruses pass from one cell to another, have been studied. Poliomyelitis virus is not capable of spreading to new cells at an appreciable rate after immune serum has been added to the system.
B virus is disseminated most rapidly by passage directly from infected to neighboring cells and thus forms plaques even when bathed in a fluid medium. After a latent period of 16 to 20 hours virus also passes through the culture medium to cause infection some distance from the original host cells. The addition of immune serum blocks the second method of dispersion, but not the first, and infection proceeds in the presence of antibody by means of steadily expanding foci.
The results of these studies are taken as evidence that poliomyelitis virus chiefly passes through a free extracellular phase before infecting new cells, while B virus may make use of an alternative route in which it is not exposed to the action of immune serum. Even when no immune serum is present, this second route is the one by which most dissemination of B virus occurs.
Comparative Effects of Infection and of Immunization on Serum Glycoprotein Concentrations
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Redlich-Moshin Jean , Nelson Eric L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of infection and of immunization on the serum concentrations of total glycoprotein, seromucoid, γ-globulin polysaccharide, total protein, and γ-globulin protein have been investigated. Statistically significant increases occurred in the serum components in Brucella-infected and in Brucella-immunized groups with the single exception of the total protein values of the immunized guinea pigs. The conclusion was drawn that the increased concentrations of serum glycoproteins observed in infection are due in part to the antibody response.
Studies on Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Jawetz E. , Coleman V. R. , Merrill E. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eight strains of herpes simplex virus, recently isolated from a variety of human sources, were compared to three well-established reference strains. Both egg-adapted and mouse-adapted lines of these viruses were studied in cross-neutralization and cross-protection tests.
While there was considerable uniformity in the immunological reactions of all strains, some could be differentiated from the rest. When compared to the reference strain HF, at least two strains showed antigenic differences in excess of 50% by the constant virus-serum dilution technique of neutralization tests in mice. These “atypical” herpes viruses did not resemble one recently isolated strain of B virus. It is concluded that in spite of the relative antigenic uniformity of herpes viruses, differences in immunological behavior can be demonstrated with occasional strains. The nature of these differences is discussed.
Inhibition of Blood-Group Agglutinins by Substances Occurring in Plants
Authors: Springer Georg F. , Feeny Kathryn 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nondialyzable substances capable of inhibiting anti-A, anti-B and anti-H(O) specific blood-group agglutinins have been found in higher and lower plants. In higher plants, they were encountered almost regularly and nearly exclusively in the Gymnospermae. Partial purification showed the active principle to be in the carbohydrate fraction and practically free of nitrogen.
Bacteria grown on completely synthetic media usually contained the most potent material in their somatic carbohydrate antigens but often were found to be active as such.
Specific action was exhibited by Taxus twig extracts, the purest fraction of which was considerably more active against eel anti-H(O) serum than any known mammalian blood-group mucoid. Escherichia coli 086 exhibited high and E. coli 026 moderate B activity exclusively and Salmonella poona and S. atlanta neutralized eel anti-H(O) serum only while a strain of Escherichia freundii inhibited anti-A sera only. Many other preparations were less specific and neutralized antibodies against blood group A, B and H(O). The exact mode of action of these latter substances will have to be established individually.
Several of these serologic blood-group active materials, some of them essentially physicochemically homogeneous, possess other biologic activities as well. There is indication that at least those substances from plants which are disproportional in their action bear an immunologic relationship to mammalian blood-groups mucoids. The possible significance of these findings especially for the problem of “natural iso-antibodies” has been mentioned.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Saline extracts prepared from the thyroid glands of rabbits injected into the footpads with rabbit thyroid extract plus Freund adjuvants contain considerably smaller amounts of thyroid antigen than do identically prepared extracts from thyroid glands of normal rabbits. There seems to be some correlation between the titer of circulating antibodies and the decrease in antigen content. The reduction in specific thyroid antigen content can be demonstrated best by complement fixation tests but it can be confirmed by precipitation tests using in both instances a rabbit antiserum containing a potent rabbit thyroid antibody as a reagent. It is possible to coat erythrocytes modified by diluted tannic acid with rabbit thyroid extract. Extracts of the thyroid glands of immunized rabbits inhibit the agglutination of tanned cells coated with thyroid extract to a lesser degree than do normal thyroid extracts. Results obtained with this hemagglutination-inhibition test run parallel to those obtained by direct complement fixation and precipitiation tests. Immersion of the crude thyroid extracts in a boiling water bath for 2 min considerably increases the extent of agglutination of tanned red blood cells coated with thyroid extract by rabbit thyroid antiserum. Histologic examination of thyroid glands from rabbits treated with rabbit thyroid extract injected together with Freund adjuvants, in the manner described, revealed considerable changes. There was partial replacement of the thyroid tissue by cellular elements. The extent of the changes seen histologically again exhibits a certain relationship to the titer of circulating antibody against rabbit thyroid extract. The maximum changes observed were seen in rabbits with the highest antibody titer in contrast to less marked changes with rabbits of low antibody titer.
Comparative Measurements of Antigenic Differences among Human and Swine Influenza Viruses
Authors: Jensen Keith E. , Peterson Ward D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic variations among strains of three families of type A influenza virus have been quantitated and compared by computing reaction indices based on the number of cross reactions obtained with multiple hemagglutination-inhibition (H-I) tests. Antigenic heterogeneity among earlier type A strains was of the same magnitude found among A′ strains isolated during an equal number of years. In contrast, swine influenza viruses were demonstrated to be generally more closely related antigenically. Data developed during these studies emphasized a randomicity of variation within each group rather than a directed mutation in specific chronologic order.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Combined Prophylactics: Effect of Poliomyelitis Vaccine on Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Levine Leo , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the effect upon the primary and secondary immunizing efficiency of diphtheria toxoid for guinea pigs, after admixing varying concentrations of poliomyelitis vaccine, was presented. No significant effect on the response of the animals to the toxoid, due to the vaccine, could be demonstrated.
Human Cells in Continuous Culture
Authors: McLaren Leroy C. , Syverton Jerome T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human epithelial cells of established and clonal strains in continuous culture, and cynomolgus monkey kidney cells, were studied for comparative susceptibility to Types 1–3 poliovirus, herpes simplex and vaccinia virus. For practical purposes comparative susceptibility was defined as the relative efficiency of cell cultures as instruments for virus assay. This property was evaluated by tube-dilution titers (TCID50) or plaque counts (relative plating efficiencies) obtained with several cell types for a single virus. All cells tested were grown and maintained in yeast-extract medium (YEM) by standardized methods. No titer differences as great as one log were found when: a) two independently prepared pools of each of the five viruses were titrated with parental or clonal strains of HeLa, Maben, conjunctiva, liver, and esophageal epithelium; b) the five viruses were each titrated with four clonal sublines of liver epithelium derived from successive passages of the parental line; c) the five viruses each were passed in liver cells and independently in esophageal epithelial cells to a cumulative log dilution of at least -18, then were titrated with cells of the passage strain, HeLa and monkey kidney cells; or d) all cells were used for assay of Types 1–3 polioviruses by plaque count. Plating efficiency of Maben strains for polioviruses appeared somewhat greater than that of other cells tested. Growth behavior of parental and clonal lines of the newly derived strain of esophageal epithelium resembled that of HeLa cells. The viral spectrum of esophageal epithelial cells included Types 1–3 polioviruses, herpes simplex and vaccinia virus.
Relation of Primary Antigen Injection to Time of Irradiation on Antibody Production in Mice
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Makinodan Takashi 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal (C3H × 101)F1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 ml of 1% sheep red blood cell antigens (RBC) at intervals of from 10 days before to 45 days after exposure to 710 r of x-rays. Antibody response was measured in terms of 1) induction period, 2) rate of appearance of circulating antibody, 3) mean peak titer, 4) time of peak titer, and 5) mean total titer. The immune mechanism was depressed in both the pre- and postirradiation antigen-injection groups. The degree of this inhibition varied for the different criteria of antibody response and was also dependent on the temporal relation of x-irradiation and antigen injection. Maximum immunologic depression occurred in mice receiving antigen 5 min to 1 day after x-irradiation. Although there was a progressive increase in the response to antigen as the interval between x-irradiation and antigen injection was increased, the immune mechanism of irradiated mice never returned to a completely normal status. Converse to the general inhibitory effect of radiation, mice receiving 710 r of x-rays 5 days after antigen injection showed above normal mean peak and mean total agglutinin titers. Irrespective of the temporal relation of x-irradiation and antigen injection, analysis of the data indicates that x-irradiation does not affect the different indices of antibody formation to the same extent.
In VitroUptake by Rat-Tissue Homogenates of Radionated, Purified Antirat-Organ Serum
Authors: Moore Richard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rat-lymph node or rat-kidney homogenates were injected into rabbits to stimulate production of antibodies against the tissue used. The giobulin first obtained from the immunized rabbits was radioiodinated and “purified ” by adsorption on and elution from rat-lymph node homogenate or rat-kidney homogenate respectively. The resulting solution was tested in t~tro by adsorption tests against various organ homogenates. There was more radioactivity in the precipitates formed with rat-lymph node homogenate or with rat-kidney homogenate, respectively, than in the precipitates formed with other organ homogenates.
The solution derived from rabbit antiratlymph node serum contained a labeled component which appeared to be specifically adsorbed by rat-lymph node homogenate. The solution derived from rabbit antirat-kidney serum contained a labeled component which appeared to be specifically adsorbed by rat-kidney homogenate.There were several cross-reactions.
Concerning the Cytopathogenic Effect of Poliovirus; Evidence for an Extraviral Toxin
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Payne Francis E. , Kurtz Hilda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A toxic effect of fluids obtained from tissue cultures infected with type 1 poliovirus was observed when the fluids were introduced into fresh cultures. The destructive activity is distinct from the usual virus-induced cytopathogenic effect in that it occurs rapidly, without a prolonged latent period and without virus production. The infectious activity can be selectively neutralized by antiserum with full retention of the toxicity. However, certain antisera will also neutralize the toxin. Further, the two activities possess differential heat stability. The ability to destroy cells and give rise to detectable amounts of toxin is a characteristic of only certain lines of the poliovirus.
Studies of Rickettsial Toxins
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Wisseman Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intravenous administration of lethal quantities of murine typhus toxin to white rats is followed by a characteristic and reproducible pattern of changes in the meso-appendiceal vascular bed. After a latent period of about ½ hr, the large and small arterioles and precapillaries undergo a constriction that gradually increases in intensity until the animal dies. At the same time, capillary blood flow diminishes progressively finally leaving the capillary bed markedly ischemic. Epinephrine sensitivity of the terminal arterioles and precapillaries does not change throughout the course of the toxemia. Hemoconcentration is generally present terminally. Despite this, systemic arterial blood pressure in the unanesthetized animal remains essentially unchanged until near death. These observations suggest: a) capillary vascular permeability is increased in a remarkably specific manner that leaves unaltered the capacity of terminal arterioles and precapillaries to react to epinephrine or to participate in certain reflex compensatory mechanisms and b) the humoral vasoexcitor mechanism (VEM) usually operative in acute blood loss does not function. The systemic arterial blood pressure in the anesthetized rat falls sharply at about the same time that the visible peripheral arteriolar constriction and slowing of blood flow commence. Unaltered hematocrit values at the time of rapid fall in arterial blood pressure stand as evidence against the occurrence of hemoconcentration at this early stage. These observations strongly suggest that cardiac output, at least in the anesthetized animal, is appreciably diminished early in the course of the toxemia prior to, and initially independent of, a reduction in total blood volume from the loss of plasma into the tissues through excessively permeable vessels. The distinctive pattern of peripheral vascular changes caused by lethal doses of murine typhus toxin in white rats differs in important details from the effects of lethal amounts of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin and from acute blood loss by hemorrhage.
Antigenicity of the Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Strain A/Asia/57
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Hamburg V. P. , Svet-Moldavsky G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inhibitor of influenza virus strain A/Asia/57 possesses antigenic activity. By immunizing chickens, antisera can be obtained which specifically neutralize the inhibitor. The titer of the inhibitor neutralizing antibodies in the anti-inhibitory chicken serum shows no correlation with the titer of the antihorse antibodies in that serum. Within the range of dilutions in which the anti-inhibitory activity of hen serum is manifest, the intrinsic inhibitor of the chicken serum does not exhibit itself.