bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Meritocratic House and the Dignity of Legislation
Authors: Kim Sungmoon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to illuminate what it means for free and equal citizens in a Confucian democracy who enjoy the equal right to political participation to collectively make law, to which they are equally subject. After highlighting the pivotal importance of the people’s political right to participate in the most authoritative public decisions, it contends that legislation becomes dignified only if the polity in question is a constitutional democracy that acknowledges the independent moral worth of political equality and the right to political participation. The chapter’s central claim is twofold: first, that the politics of public reason Confucianism makes legislation centrally important in a Confucian constitutional democracy, and second, that in Confucian constitutional democracy, the dignity of legislation is expressed in terms of (1) respect of human dignity and plurality, (2) trust-building political relationships, (3) protection of minorities, and (4) the constitutional power to impeach high-level public officials.
Introduction
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As famous—legendary, even—as Marilyn Monroe was during her short lifetime, she has become more famous and iconic since her death. So much of that fame has come by way of her personal life, real or speculated. Yet, as a working actor, she sought continually and constantly to improve and refine her craft. This introduction describes how the book seeks to correct the sensationalistic imbalance by focusing on her films and performances. She has seldom been given the credit she warrants for her intensive approach toward her work and in seeking out worthy material. Yet, as is clear from a close look at her films, she created both an irresistible persona and indelible characterizations. As a comedian, singer, and often a dramatic performer, she remains a unique treasure.
Off Broadway
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Still owing Fox more films, Monroe was compelled to return to her home studio for perhaps her least propitious starring film. Let’s Make Love was a lifeless, pointless backstage musical in which Monroe came alive only when singing and dancing. The script, written in part by an uncredited Arthur Miller, was unfunny and ill focused, and Monroe had virtually no on-screen rapport with costar Yves Montand. (Off-screen was another story.) Director George Cukor, with an enormous roster of fine films to his credit, could do little to give the film any point. Production was additionally hampered by a writers’ strike and by the now-worse-than-ever roster of Monroe indispositions. Even dance director Jack Cole, normally a staunch ally, was upset with her—although her work with him formed the main basis for whatever quality the film would possess.
Mining Conflict and Policy Alternatives
Authors: Spalding Rose J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes mining processes and maps their recent expansion in Latin America in both neoliberal and post-neoliberal settings. It examines the conflicts that have erupted between national governments, which commonly encourage mining investment in the name of economic growth and job creation, and local communities, which often view mining as a threat and seek alternative development strategies based on agriculture, ranching, and ecotourism. To frame the resulting policy debate, this chapter constructs a six-part typology populated by clusters of reform proposals, which range from adjustments that address routine worker compensation and royalty disputes to full-fledged mining prohibitions that freeze production and prevent future mine development. This chapter concludes with discussion of the controlled comparison methodology employed in this book, and offers a chapter-by-chapter overview of the story to come.
Prison Islamist Jamaats
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
At the same time the vory criminal organization was experiencing difficulties, a new and different group of inmates began to appear. These were radical Islamists arrested after the Second Chechen War and sent all over Russia to serve their sentences. There, these Islamists became the seed for a new power structure inside the prisons. These Muslim inmates formed their own groups called jamaats. But unlike everyone else in a criminal-controlled prison, these jamaats refused to follow vory prison rules or operate under the vory criminal organization leadership. Rather they established a parallel structure with the long-term goal of taking total control of vory controlled prisons.
Adverbial Resumption in V2 Languages: The Background
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , De Clercq Karen , Lohndal Terje , Meklenborg Christine 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter lays out the background assumptions underpinning the discussions in this volume, setting “adverbial resumption,” the core issue addressed in this volume, against the general background of the Verb Second (V2) pattern. The chapter covers the main ideas present in the literature on V2 and the co-occurrence of left dislocation and resumptive patterns in V2 languages. This chapter provides a novel synthesis of the available literature on this topic and identifies areas in need of additional research. The optionality of the resumptive pattern, the status of the generalized resumptive, and the implications for the syntax of V2 and the left periphery more generally are important avenues for future work.
A Generalized Resumptive in the Ghent Variety of East Flemish?
Authors: De Clercq Karen , Haegeman Liliane 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a set of data from the Flemish dialect of Ghent (East Flanders), in which root clauses with an initial adjunct feature an optional element, die, separating the initial adjunct from the finite verb, leading to a linear V3 order. The Ghent data shed new light on the V2 phenomenon in general and reveal the nonuniformity of (unexpected) V3 orders in the Germanic V2 languages. Adopting the articulated CP structure as proposed by Rizzi (1997) as integrated in the typology of V2 by Poletto (2013) and Wolfe (2016b), the chapter analyzes die as a root complementizer, spelling out a [+ declarative] Force head. As such, the analysis entails that the label “resumptive” is a misnomer for the Ghent invariant die pattern, and the chapter illustrates that what looks like a V3 resumptive pattern at first sight may turn out to be a different phenomenon.
Resumptive Adverbs in Old French and Old Occitan
Authors: Vance Barbara 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter investigates adverbial resumption in superficially verb-third clauses introduced by various types of subordinate clauses in thirteenth-century Gallo-Romance. The adverbs si (Old French and Old Occitan), lors, donc (Old French), and pueis (Old Occitan)—called “particles” in the traditional literature—are shown either to participate in D(iscourse)-Linking, in which they make direct reference to the initial subordinate and co-occur with a postverbal subject clitic (Old French) or object clitic (Old Occitan), or to demonstrate a more neutral type of resumption in which a null subject (Old French) or a preverbal object clitic (Old Occitan) occurs. The data show that these lexical items cannot be divided neatly into “generalized” and “specialized” resumptives, but rather each is D-linked in certain contexts, in which case it behaves like a specialized resumptive, and neutral in other contexts, behaving like a generalized resumptive. The analysis places D-linked resumptives in Spec TopicP and neutral resumptives in a lower left-periphery position.
Adverbial Resumption in German from a Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective
Authors: Axel-Tober Katrin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with adverbial resumption and clausal correlation in Present-Day German and historical German. In Present-Day German, various types of adverbials, including adverbial clauses, can be dislocated in a construction that can be parallelized with the German Left Dislocation construction that has been discussed for nominal arguments. Furthermore, the chapter argues that in cases where adverbial clauses are seemingly resumed by the adverb so, so is an expletive-like element that fills the matrix prefield after a syntactically unintegrated clause. In historical German, adverbial clauses were obligatorily base-generated in a peripheral, matrix-“external” position. Examples that look similar or identical to a left-dislocated integrated adverbial clause of the modern type were formerly instances of correlative clauses, and adverbial clauses were largely free relative clauses. The surface similarity between a complex sentence with a left-peripheral correlative clause and a dislocated integrated clause probably enabled a reanalysis and the development of clausal integration.
Adverbial Resumption and Scope: A Case Study of Norwegian
Authors: Meklenborg Christine , Lohndal Terje 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with adverbial resumption in Norwegian, in particular based on data regarding the generalized resumptive marker så. Based on a detailed overview of verb second and adverbial resumption, including the question of whether or not the general resumptive marker så is a clitic, the chapter focuses on adverbial resumption and scope. Based on previous work on West Flemish which demonstrates that adverbial resumption restricts scope, it is shown that if Norwegian så is present, the fronted adverbial can only scope over the main clause verb. The chapter provides an analysis of the data in terms of phase theory, suggesting that så-resumption is restricted to movement within the same phase.
Noncanonical V3 and Resumption in Kiezdeutsch
Authors: Sluckin Benjamin Lowell , Bunk Oliver 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an investigation of V2 violations in the German contact variety Kiezdeutsch, making comparison with spoken and written Standard German (SG). We undertake a corpus study analyzing the distribution of V3-inducing resumption strategies otherwise unproblematic in SG: adverbial resumption, Left Dislocation, and Hanging Topic Left Dislocation. Unlike for SG, little is known about resumption strategies in Kiezdeutsch, yet we find similar behavior for spoken SG and Kiezdeutsch. We attempt to reconcile such V3 with a well-known noncanonical V3 pattern in Kiezdeutsch following the order Frame Setter &gt; SubjectTOPIC&gt; finite verb. We employ the framework proposed by Sam Wolfe in which strict-V2 systems have high locus of V2 in Force allowing V2 violations involving resumption and, for some languages, initial Frame Setters but not other violations. We suggest that microvariation in and between Kiezdeutsch and SG results from lexicalization of Frame Setters above ForceP in Kiezdeutsch and below it in SG.
Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655)
Authors: Begley Justin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Seventeenth-century French priest, mathematician, historian, and philosopher Pierre Gassendi has been the subject of increased scholarly attention recently. But studies of Gassendi have consistently bypassed a major component of his thought: his defense of a vegetarian diet. Conversely, because of the density of his Latin tomes, historical surveys of vegetarianism have mostly overlooked his views on the topic. By neglecting such a prominent institutional figure, historians of vegetarianism have, in turn, tended to reinforce a progressivist narrative that orbits around “radical” reformers. Based on an analysis of Gassendi’s arguments for a vegetable-based diet, this chapter argues that his defense of abstention from meat consumption was far more than a peripheral reaction to the intellectual mainstream. Indeed, it demonstrates that his case for vegetarianism was taken seriously by a range of contemporaries, from the famous Flemish physician and medical reformer Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580–1644) to prominent early Royal Society associates.
Thomas Tryon (1634–1703)
Authors: Bridgen Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Thomas Tryon was one of the foundational voices of ethical vegetarianism. In his famous work The Way to Health, Long Life, and Happiness (1683), he stressed the Bible’s injunctions against violence toward animals as well as the negative effects of carnivorism on human health and society. Today, he is also recognized for his vocal antislavery tract, “The Negro’s Complaint” (1684). Scholars frequently underline the contribution of Tryon’s vegetarianism to this critique, particularly in his visualization of the “vast Consumption or Destruction” of enslaved Africans, who were “Butcher’d” in the violent sugar-making process. Reading this macellogia as more than just rhetoric, however, this chapter explores Tryon’s broader articulation of the primordial relationship between flesh-eating and human slavery. As it demonstrates, Tryon’s outspoken response to the violence of plantation slavery is in fact part of a broader, biblical conception of humankind’s all-destructive enslavement of animals, and subsequently humans, to satisfy unnatural appetites.
Humphry Primatt (1735–1777)
Authors: Bridgen Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Humphry Primatt was a Church of England clergyman and author of A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and the Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals (1776), one of the earliest and most influential works of animal protectionism. However, remarkably little is known about Primatt himself. This chapter seeks to remedy this, addressing a range of unexamined materials in order to reconstruct the wider contexts of Primatt’s thinking. In view of his break from the Anglican Church in 1774 and his involvement in Unitarianism, the chapter analyzes a constellation of Dissenting influences on Primatt. Resisting, however, any straightforward characterization of him as a “revolutionary” member of the establishment church, the chapter argues that Primatt occupied a moderate and mediating position, and that his influence was due less to his perceived singularity as to his ability to incorporate some of the more esoteric ideas of animal theologians, Anglican and Dissenting, into the public mainstream.
William Bartram (1739–1823)
Authors: Gilmour Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The naturalist William Bartram published an account of his travels in southeastern North America in 1791. Though ostensibly a scientific research project, he introduces biblical material to his study of flora and fauna in the region. By likening his journey to “the first appearance of the earth to man at the creation,” he assumes an Adamic role, naming what he observes and asserting white, European dominion over nonwhite, non-European civilizations. In addition to the colonial assumptions implied by this posturing, Bartram’s presence in this new-world Eden alludes to the positive image of tending God’s garden. He expresses deep respect for nonhuman life, which is also the work of “the great Author” and a manifestation of “the divine and inimitable workmanship.” This chapter examines Bartram’s uses of the Bible, with attention to his views on human responsibilities in the “glorious apartment of the boundless palace of the sovereign Creator.”
Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905)
Authors: Friedlander Nuri 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter raises the question of what it means to be a Muslim animal theologian through an examination of the writings of Muhammad ʿAbduh (d. 1905). Two works are considered: The Theology of Unity and the fatwa that ʿAbduh issued to Muslims in South Africa regarding the ways in which Christians slaughtered animals. In The Theology of Unity, ʿAbduh is clear in expressing his regard for nonhuman animals and his belief that they possess important emotional and rational faculties. In his fatwa he endorsed practices of animal slaughter that many of his contemporary Muslims regarded as unacceptable because of the suffering they might cause the animal. Putting these two works in conversation complicates what we might mean in referring to a Muslim scholar as an animal theologian and highlights a tension between values that a scholar might hold as a theologian and practices the scholar might endorse as a jurist.
Josiah Oldfield (1863–1953)
Authors: Bates A. W. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To Josiah Oldfield—medical graduate, barrister, and doctor of law—belongs the distinction of having founded the first antivivisection hospital, the Hospital of St Francis, which opened in London in 1898. Better known today as a pioneer of dietary reform, whose many projects included a vegetarian hospital, a fruitarian colony, and an educational program in dietetics, Oldfield was also secretary of the Order of the Golden Age, a utopian Christian evangelical group, which drew on transcendentalism, Eastern religions, and classical philosophy to develop an ambitious program of social reform. What looked to some like a whimsical plan to live off fruit and nuts was for its participants the path to a new age of science that proclaimed, “all life is one” and saw nonhuman animals as “living souls . . . similar to our own.”
Martin Buber (1878–1965)
Authors: Brand Ryan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Do animals have a companion in the religion scholar Martin Buber? His earlier work posits a qualitative difference between humans and animals, viewing the human as special, transcending animality. However, this chapter argues, his contact with and reflection on animals, both personal and professional, belie this hierarchical divide. Maurice Friedman, Buber’s biographer, suggests it was Buber’s intimate relationships with other animals that made it impossible for him to cull them entirely from his philosophy of dialogue, even in the face of dogged, collegial discontent (e.g., Bergmann and Levinas). This chapter argues that his rich reflections on animals allow us to read Buber against his own humanist (re)capitulations. Buber’s animals, corralled by a humanist legacy, bite back. Attending to Buber’s animal encounters augments his relational ethics, framing this religious resource for our communities to better understand not only ourselves but the variety of ways animals comport themselves within our more-than-human world.
Epilogue: NASAKOM and Its Proponents
Authors: Hongxuan Lin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Hoping to cut the Gordian knot of political dysfunction endemic to the parliamentary democracy period, Soekarno attempted to weld the various parties and intellectual currents of the Indonesian republic through what he called “Guided Democracy” (1959–65) The only recourse Soekarno perceived to legitimate political divergence was imposed unity, deploying charismatic appeals to resurrect revolutionary solidarity while using force to suppress dissenters in the PSI and Masjumi. Soekarno and his supporters sought to lay the foundations of “Indonesian socialism” with the support of the PKI. His slogan was NASAKOM, an ecumenical portmanteau of Nationalism, Religion, and Communism. By calcifying what was once a dynamic field of political discourse, Soekarno discredited himself and his allies, and stimulated resistance across the political spectrum. Drawing on speeches, plays, and newspapers articles, this chapter explores why Soekarno’s Guided Democracy commanded significant appeal even as he eviscerated parliamentary democracy.
Conclusion
Authors: Hongxuan Lin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The book’s conclusion highlights the plurality of inspirations for Indonesian political thought, as well as its fundamentally adaptative and creative character. It identifies the limitations of relying on well-worn categories like santri, abangan, nationalist, or Communist. It also provides a brief explanation of why confluences of Islam and Marxism, so pervasive for so long, eventually became untenable as both the global and domestic situation changed drastically over the course of the 1960s. It provides an overview of each chapter, and how each period examined here evinced continuity and difference from preceding and succeeding periods. Finally, it looks forward to the ways in which such confluences might re-emerge and attain currency again.
What Congress Alone Can Do
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes representation’s distinctive role in our political order. It explains James Madison’s vision of a representative legislature, using both Federalist No. 10 and his career in Congress to show the value and practical difficulties of organizing deliberative interest group competition. The chapter also charts the development of a rival school of American thought, articulated by Woodrow Wilson, which called for strengthened political parties to bring clarity and responsibility to America’s policymaking. It explains that Wilson, like Madison before him, had good reason to worry about chaotic legislative processes, but that his reform program, once combined with an emphasis on presidential representation, opened the door to stifling partisan orthodoxy. The chapter offers a framework for thinking about the importance of legislative organization to the success of representative government, in which legislators must guard against the dangers of disorganized chaos on one side and overbearing centralized leadership on the other.
Cacophony
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 chronicles the overhaul of congressional organization implemented in the 1970s by liberal Democratic reformers, including the fragmentation of power into subcommittees and the radical expansion of legislative staff. It follows these developments into the post-Watergate period, when Congress determined to make itself more capable of checking the “imperial presidency” through measures including the War Powers Resolution, the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, scores of legislative vetoes, and increased oversight. While they empowered the institution in some ways, these reforms left Congress excessively decentralized and organizationally crippled. Subcommittees dedicated themselves to oversight but frequently ended up as tools of well-organized interest groups. New transparency rules incentivized scandal mongering and posturing. A countervailing reform impulse toward centralization mostly failed to take root in the 1970s, but laid the groundwork for later consolidation of leadership power.
Conservatives against Congress
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 explains why Republicans, after decades in the minority, became so hostile to Congress in the 1980s and ’90s. Excluded from power by the reforms of the 1970s, they denounced the institution as corrupted by special interests and preoccupied with harassing the president through overly aggressive oversight. They lost sight of Congress’ deliberative potential and instead embraced a powerful presidency and ideologically polarized parties. In 1994, Republicans’ critical message helped them secure control of both chambers of Congress. They proceeded to overhaul the workings of the legislature, especially the House, creating a more business-like institution run hierarchically by its central leadership. However, this overcentralization left them unable to achieve much of their ambitious legislative agenda. Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich attempted to shape his role into a kind of shadow presidency, with disastrous political consequences.
Decrepitude
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 lays out a future scenario, “Decrepitude,” in which Congress’ current dysfunctions worsen. Simply keeping the government’s lights on becomes a constant struggle, and the expectation that Congress will be a major player in the policymaking process (further) decays. American government develops new ways of working around its broken legislature, which is reduced to a peanut gallery of angry onlookers. The chapter also reflects on the potential of social media discourse to substitute for dialogue centered in the legislature. It argues that the irresponsibility of social media participants, coupled with the tendency for confrontational behavior to achieve virality, makes this a highly undesirable path.