bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The necessity of construct and external validity for deductive causal inference
Authors: Esterling Kevin M. , Brady David , Schwitzgebel Eric 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Credibility Revolution advances internally valid research designs intended to identify causal effects from quantitative data. The ensuing emphasis on internal validity, however, has enabled a neglect of construct and external validity. We show that ignoring construct and external validity within identification strategies undermines the Credibility Revolution’s own goal of understanding causality deductively. Without assumptions regarding construct validity, one cannot accurately label the cause or outcome. Without assumptions regarding external validity, one cannot label the conditions enabling the cause to have an effect. If any of the assumptions regarding internal, construct, and external validity are missing, the claim is not deductively supported. The critical role of theoretical and substantive knowledge in deductive causal inference is illuminated by making such assumptions explicit. This article critically reviews approaches to identification in causal inference while developing a framework called causal specification. Causal specification augments existing identification strategies to enable and justify deductive, generalized claims about causes and effects. In the process, we review a variety of developments in the philosophy of science and causality and interdisciplinary social science methodology.
Antioxidant effects of sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanin on chilled pork meat
Authors: Zang L. , Jin X.-P. , Xu Y. , Zhang D. , Liang R.-R. , Wu Y.-Y. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSorghum is rich in phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Among them, 3-deoxyanthocyanin (3-DXA) is a rare subclass of anthocyanins, which has not only antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer functions, but also good thermal stability, colouring effect, as well as unique properties of acid and alkali resistance. In this study, we extracted 3-DXA from sorghum grains and analysed its composition. Component analysis indicated that the purified 3-DXA mainly contained apigenin and luteolin, with the contents of 1.46 μg g−1 and 1.38 μg g−1, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 3-DXA in vitro was between vitamin C (Vc) and rutin based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging rate and Fe3+ reducing power. Different concentrations of purified 3-DXA were applied to pork meat stored at 4 °C. After 11 days of storage, physiological and biochemical indices related to antioxidant and meat quality were determined. The results showed that 0.02% 3-DXA had the best antioxidant effects on pork meat within 11 days of storage at 4 °C based on a* value, pH value, purge loss, TBARS value, and total number of bacteria. The results in this study are helpful for the application of 3-deoxyanthocyanin to maintain the quality of pork meat and prolong the storage time at 4 °C.
Creation of a general mathematical model of Torsen T-2 differential units for kinematical analysis, geometric design and CAD modelling
Authors: Bodzás Sándor , Tiba Zsolt 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe power can be taken from the ICE crankshaft is a function of the continuously changing adhesion coefficient between the tire and the road surface and the normal force of the wheel. In order to maximize vehicle dynamic performance, Torsen differentials were developed change the power transmission ratio between the wheels or axles depending on the tractive force can be transmitted. The Torsen T-2 differential having internal kinematic ratio i = −1, can be used both as a front and rear as well as a central differential. The torque ratio between the axles connected via Torsen T-2 differential is ensured by the high internal mechanical friction, can be derived from the axial tooth force component of the helical gear drive applied.The aim of this study is to create a general mathematical model of the Torsen T-2 standard construction. Using this model enables to perform a detailed kinematic analysis of the operation of the entire mechanism. This model will be created by the motion of the gears since coordinate systems are ordered to each moving gears. Based on the Connection I statement the conjugated gear profiles of the gear pairs can be determined by mathematical and computational ways. After that, the CAD models of the gears can be created using 3D software for further finite element analysis. These CAD models are also required for computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and CNC programming. We prove the usefulness of the model in the case of creating a concrete geometric facility produced by 3D printing.
Applied analysis of the legal and economic context of freedom of contract – A case study
Authors: Török Éva 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis paper examines a civil law legal institution, contractual freedom, from an economic perspective in connection with economic freedom. The paper investigates the following cases, as the economic freedom of a given national economy is measured in four main areas: the size of government, legal system and property rights, sound money, freedom to trade internationally and regulation of credit, labour markets and business life. In the Economic Freedom of the World 2022 Annual Report, Hungary ranked 55th in the global ranking with an overall score of 7.12, compared to 44th in 2000, with a score of 7.03. Neither the change in score nor the ranking is significant. However, the fact that the country has fallen further behind in this international ranking is not encouraging.
Development of a classification of anesthetic management methods and protocols for calculating financial costs
Authors: Lukyantseva D. V. , Agafonova J. A. , Omelyanovskiy V. V. , Kovaleva S. A. , Fedyaev D. V. , Pasechnik I. N. , Schukin V. V. , Blinov D. S. , Abrosimov A. B. 
Published: February 2025

Background. The costs of anesthetic support represent a significant and essential component in the expense structure of medical services, diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), and high-tech medical care (HMC) that involve anesthesia. Consequently, there is a need to develop a unified methodology for calculating such costs, which ensures transparency and objectivity in the expense structure data. Developing appropriate protocols for each anesthesia method will enable their use in future calculations when updating and forming new medical services, DRG methods, and HMC that incorporate anesthesia.Objective: to standardize approaches to calculating costs of anesthetic support.Material and methods. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a classification (list) of anesthesia methods was developed for use in calculating the financial costs of anesthetic management. In the second stage, the structural and financial detailing of protocols for anesthesia methods was carried out in accordance with the classification. At each stage, the work of specialists from the Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control was validated by external experts, including anesthesiologists and intensivists.Results. The developed classification of anesthesia methods for calculating financial costs of anesthetic management, validated by external experts, included nine main methods. For each method, protocols were created for the first hour, the second, and each subsequent hour. These protocols facilitated the calculation of direct costs associated with providing anesthetic management, including labor costs for personnel directly involved in the medical service, costs of consumables, pharmaceuticals, depreciation, and indirect costs excluding the payroll of additional staff. The largest share of costs was attributed to consumables (over 50% for each anesthesia method). Additionally, calculations were made for indirect costs necessary to support the overall activities of medical organization.Conclusion. The developed protocols for each anesthesia method can be applied in future calculations when updating and forming new services and methods for DRGs and HMC that include anesthesia.
A study to compare efficacy of subconjunctival anesthesia with lignocaine vs topical paracaine with intracameral lignocaine in small incision cataract surgery in terms of patients cooperation score and surgeon’s comfort
Authors: Huda Rubina , Tadala Reshma Sen , Rinita R Deborah , Waris Syed Ali Nasar , Ramkumar Mohan , Nandini Neelakantharao 
Published: February 2025

To compare patient cooperation score and surgeon’s comfort between subconjunctival anesthesia vs topical anesthesia with intracameral lignocaine. This is cross sectional observational study involving 72 patients who have been diagnosed to have cataracts in either of the eyes with no underlying complication undergoing small incision cataract surgery in our study, 36 cases were assigned randomly for subconjunctival anesthesia and 36 for topical paracaine with intracameral lignocaine. Small incision Cataract Surgery was done for all the patients. Patients cooperation during the surgery was scored into excellent, good and sufficient cooperation based on patients cooperation score. The two groups were compared in terms of baselined clinical examination variables.: In our cross sectional observational study of 72 cases with 36 in each group, the mean age was 62.83 ± 7.74 years (p=0.085). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, sex, operating eye, and complications. The mean patient cooperation score was significantly higher in Group 2 (1.16 ± 0.37) compared to Group 1 (1.77 ± 0.41), with a p-value of 0.00001. In Group 1, 34% showed good cooperation and 66% showed sufficient cooperation, whereas in Group 2, 72% showed good cooperation and 28% showed sufficient cooperation (p &#60; 0.005). The mean surgeon’s comfort score was significantly better in Group 2 (1.02 ± 0.55) compared to Group 1 (1.38 ± 0.71), with a p-value of 0.015.The mean duration of surgery was 25.55 ± 7.35 minutes in Group 1 and 24.02 ± 6.05 minutes in Group 2, with no significant difference (p=0.172). This study showed that patient cooperation score and surgeon’s comfort score was observed to be better in topical with intracameral lignocaine group to subconjunctival anesthesia.
Study of prevalence and systemic association of pseudoexfoliative syndrome in tertiary care centre of India
Authors: Gulwani Sania Rajesh , Prajapati Kamini 
Published: February 2025

: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is characterized by the deposition of fibrillar material in ocular and extraocular tissues. It originates from various ocular structures such as the lens capsule, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, zonules, and iris, with deposits found in extraocular tissues like liver, lung, kidney, gall bladder and meninges. The study provides valuable insights into the occurrence and impact of PEX on both ocular and systemic health, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of this condition.: It is a hospital-based prospective observational cross-sectional study. 200 eyes were examined and classified based on the presence of features of PEX syndrome with or without glaucomatous change in relation to any systemic conditions if present. A comprehensive history,assessment of best-corrected visual acuity and anterior segment evaluation was conducted using slit lamp biomicroscopy. Detailed glaucoma examination was done using Ultrasonic pachymeter (corneal thickness, Goldman applanation tonometer (intraocular pressure), Zeiss 4 mirror gonioscopy (angles examination), Octopus automated static perimeter (900) for Visual field testing and optic nerve head evaluation using slit lamp biomicroscopy with a 90D lens. Furthermore, routine blood investigations, diabetic profile, ECG, 2D echo, chest X-ray, thyroid profile, serum immune profile, audiometry, and the collection of CT and MRI imaging reports, if available with patient, were included in the overall assessment.: Over the span of two years, 2489 patients were screened and PEX syndrome was found in 100 patients (200 eyes) making it 4% prevalent, revealing a peak incidence in the 61-70 age group, with female predominance being 57%. 50 eyes (26%)were diagnosed with angle closure glaucoma, 28 eyes (14%) with open angle glaucoma,72 eyes (36%) were glaucoma suspects and rest 50 eyes (26%) did not have any glaucomatous changes.Systemic associations ranked as follows: Hypertension (76%) &#62; Diabetes Mellitus (62%) &#62; Sensorineural Hearing Loss (38%) &#62; Ischemic Cardiac Condition (34%)&#62;Alzheimer's Disease(14%) &#62; Bronchial Asthma (7%) &#62;thyroid issues (6%)&#62;HIV(3%), and prostate cancer (1%).: The conclusion underscored PEX as a definite risk factor for glaucoma development, consolidating insights into demographic patterns,ocular complications,and systemic associations in PEX patients.
Sediment Mercury and Methylmercury Dynamics During Reservoir Operation
Authors: Liu Shuai , Liao Lei , Liu Jing , Wei Xianglong 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) are highly neurotoxic substances, and reservoirs play a critical role in Hg storage while providing geochemical environments conducive to MeHg production. However, the mechanisms of Hg transport and methylation during reservoir regulation remain poorly understood. This study investigates the spatial distribution of sediment Hg and MeHg in both horizontal and vertical profiles within the Nuozhadu Reservoir, located in the upper Mekong River. Using the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique, we observed that sediment Hg and MeHg concentrations initially increased and then slightly decreased from the tail to the dam front of the reservoir. This trend is primarily attributed to the transport of fine sediment particles influenced by reservoir interception. MeHg production was observed during sediment transport, but hydraulic conditions driving sediment accumulation emerged as the dominant source of sediment MeHg. Furthermore, vertical fluctuations in DGT-Hg and DGT-MeHg values were noted, likely caused by periodic reservoir operations. Our findings indicate that sediments release Hg into the overlying water, establishing sediments as a significant source of Hg pollution in reservoirs. This study enhances our understanding of Hg transport and methylation processes under the influence of reservoir regulation.
FSS-YOLO: The Lightweight Drill Pipe Detection Method Based on YOLOv8n-obb
Authors: Zhao Mingyang , Li Xiaojun , Li Miao , Mu Bangbang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

To achieve fast and accurate identification of drill pipes, we propose FSS-YOLO, which is a lightweight drill pipe detection method based on YOLOv8n-obb. This method first introduces the FasterBlock module into the C2f module of YOLOv8n-obb to reduce the number of model parameters and decrease the computational cost of the model and redundant feature maps. Next, the SimAM attention mechanism is added to the backbone network to enhance the weight of important features in the feature map and improves the model's feature extraction capability. In addition, using shared convolution to optimize the detection head, which not only lightens the detection head but also enhances its ability to learn features of different scales, improving the model's generalization ability. Finally, the FSS-YOLO algorithm is validated on the self-built dataset. The results show that compared with the original algorithm, FSS-YOLO achieves improvements of 5.1% in mAP50 and 11.5% in Recall, reduces the number of parameters by 45.8%, and achieves an inference speed of 27.8ms/frame on Jetson Orin NX. Additionally, the visual detection results for different scenarios demonstrate that the improved YOLOv8n-obb algorithm has promising application prospects
Age and Ethnic Disparities in Postmastectomy Immediate Breast Reconstruction: A cohort study from a Korean single center and National Cancer Database
Authors: Lee Soo-Young , KC Madhav , Han Hyun Ho , Lannin Donald , Kim Leah , Golshan Mehra , Schneider Eric , Greenup Rachel A. , Kim Hyung Bae , Son Byung Ho , Lee Jong Won , Lee Sae Byul , Park Tristen S. , Kim Hee Jeong 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Postmastectomy immediate breast reconstruction (PMIBR) rates in breast cancer patients have increased over recent decades but remain less frequently performed and understudied in elderly patients. We aim to evaluate postmastectomy breast reconstruction trends by age in Korea and the United States, highlighting potential disparities related to age, geography and ethnicity.
Methods
This is a multi-cohort retrospective study analyzing three databases. The Asan Medical Center-Breast Cancer Registry (AMC-BCR) included 13,654 total mastectomy patients from 2001–2021. A subset of patients, separately collected as AMC-plastic surgery registry (AMC-PSR) was used to analyze age-related differences in comorbidities and complications. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) included 966,354 total mastectomy patients with stage 0–3 breast cancer from 2004–2020.
Results
PMIBR rates in AMC-BCR increased from 13–78% in younger patients (< 60 years) and from 0–28% in older patients (≥ 60 years). Patients living in a metropolitan area (49.4% vs. 46.6%, p = 0.001), with higher education (93.2% vs. 66.3%, p < 0.001), unmarried (12.5% vs. 5.1%, p < 0.001), and with no childbirth history (10.5% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.001) were more likely to undergo reconstruction. In the NCDB, the rates were 37% for young (< 60) Asian-Americans, 48% for young non-Asians, 14% for older (≥ 60) Asian-Americans, and 24% for older non-Asians in 2020. Asian-Americans had the lowest reconstruction rates across ethnicities. AMC-PSR data showed no significant difference in major complications by age.
Conclusions
Older patients exhibited lower reconstruction rates than the younger patients and demographic factors differed between age groups, suggesting disparities by age, ethnicity and cultural factors.
LUGAR DE CRIANÇA PEQUENA
Authors: Arduini Guilherme Ramalho , Bittencourt Agueda Bernardete 
Published: February 2025

Nesse artigo, será realizado um estudo de caso a partir de uma rede de educação infantil (no município de Campinas, no Estado de São Paulo) e com ênfase em um feixe de questões, vinculadas às representações e práticas em torno dos desafios de se viver a laicidade nesse ambiente. Com base em imagens fotográficas dos espaços reservados à educação de crianças pequenas, além de entrevistas com agentes atuantes nos centros infantis e dirigentes de instituições municipais, pretende-se analisar o sentido das políticas públicas voltadas à formação para a convivência com a diversidade religiosa, crescente na população brasileira de forma geral, inclusive em Campinas. Nossa proposta tem como fio condutor uma dupla necessidade: 1) circunstancialmente, compreender as relações entre o poder público municipal, as Igrejas e as OSCIPs na implementação da educação infantil; 2) de maneira mais ampla, discutir o papel da escola como representação do mundo (especialmente a escola para a primeira infância). Realiza-se, também, o diálogo entre as declarações colhidas pelas entrevistas e a reflexão acumulada na bibliografia acerca de laicidade, compreendida como um conjunto de características alinhadas à neutralidade do Estado frente a todas as manifestações religiosas e à renúncia deste mesmo ente em justificar suas ações com base em argumentos religiosos. A discussão será enriquecida pela contribuição do pensamento arendtiano sobre o papel da instituição escolar. Nas considerações finais, retomam-se os pontos principais da argumentação desenvolvida no texto e apresenta-se um diálogo com os saberes que nos são transmitidos pelos povos originários.
PENERAPAN EVENT DRIVEN PADA MODEL PBL MATERI USAHA DAN ENERGI TERHADAP MINAT DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: Siregar Rahmita Wani , Siregar Alkhafi Maas 
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan event-driven dalam model Problem Based Learning (PBL) pada topik usaha dan energi serta dampaknya terhadap minat dan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu dengan desain dua kelompok dengan menggunakan cluster random sampling. Kelas X-8 ditetapkan sebagai kelompok eksperimen, sedangkan kelas X-3 sebagai kelompok kontrol, dengan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 30 siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur hasil belajar adalah tes pilihan ganda dengan 20 butir soal yang telah divalidasi oleh para ahli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata aktivitas belajar siswa adalah 70,5 yang termasuk dalam kategori aktif. Rata-rata minat belajar siswa sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan masing-masing adalah 47,16, dikategorikan rendah, dan 71,16, dikategorikan baik. Rata-rata nilai pretest dan posttest pada kelompok eksperimen adalah 33,83 dan 79,66, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol adalah 44,16 dan 67,66. Berdasarkan hasil temuan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran PBL memiliki pengaruh terhadap minat dan hasil belajar siswa. Kata kunci : Event-Driven, pembelajaran berbasis masalah, aktivitas, minat, hasil belajar
The Use of Geosynthetics in Hydrotechnical Construction
Authors: Lalik Martyna , Dąbrowska Dominika 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A hydrotechnical structure is a structure with devices and technical installations related to them, used for water management and shaping and using water resources. Special attention should be paid to the properties of the used materials, but also to the impact of water and all accompanying processes. Over the years, geosynthetics are increasingly used as a material in construction, including hydrotechnics. The priority aspect when choosing a geosynthetic material is the approach to fulfilling a specific function, reducing investment costs, ensuring stability and strengthening the structure, as well as ease of installation. Due to their wide range of applications and economic advantages, they have gained the reputation of full-fledged building materials. The article presents the most important possibilities of using synthetic polymers in hydrotechnics. The functions and advantages of individual permeable and impermeable materials were taken into account. Most geosynthetics serve as reinforcement, these are geotextiles, triaxial geogrids, geogrids, geocomposites. These materials are used in strengthening the ground and slopes, separating land, as independent drainage and as protection of drainage systems.
The Use of Gold in Cosmetic and Medicinal Products
Authors: Łuczywek Marta , Iwanicki Jan , Nieradko-Iwanicka Barbara 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The use of gold as a cosmetic and medicinal ingredient has a long history that is still developing. Their introduction into use was based on observing the body’s reaction after treatment with these metals, today their action is based on modern, wide-scale scientific research. Scientific literature presents gold as having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-aging properties, but its metabolic functions are still under investigation. The development of technology has led to the production of Au in the form of nanoparticles, which results in their greater efficiency compared to standard forms and new applications. The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of cosmetic and medicinal products containing gold available on the Polish market. In addition, an attempt was made to find an answer to the question what forms of gold are most often used by producers of cosmetics and medicinal products. In the period from September 2023 to February 2024, information was collected on cosmetic and medicinal products containing gold available on the Polish market. Information was obtained on 61 cosmetic products containing gold and 10 medicinal products containing gold.
Conclusions Gold is more often an ingredient of cosmetic products than medicinal products. Medicinal and cosmetic products with gold most often contain it in the form of nanoparticles.