bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State power in the age of offshore finance
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Studying the relationship between state power and offshore finance creates conceptual and empirical issues. First, state power is an essentially contested concept. It can only be interpreted in its historical and geographical context. Offshore finance, on the other hand, is a new concept in international studies. We thus need to spell out what exactly it is and to what extent it is a specific and influential phenomenon in the international political economy. Second, empirically, we must pinpoint state power in the real world, despite its contested nature. Likewise, we must find a way to make offshore financial flows visible despite their obscure legal nature. The chapter addresses these conceptual issues as a foundation for the book’s subsequent empirical analysis. It argues that what is inherent in and important for state power and offshore finance—the glue that holds them together—is money. The chapter therefore develops a ‘money view’ on state power and offshore finance. If Charles Tilly argued that war made states and states made war, the money view contends that money creates states and states create money. It has three core propositions. First, money is a social relation. Second, the modern state’s mutual dependency of ruler and ruled can be specified as the creditor–debtor relationships that constitute money. Third, the power position of the state depends on its ability to successfully mediate the political conflict over the distribution of the costs and benefits of taxation and money creation within a society.
The Genesis of World War
Authors: Clavin Patricia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the global origins of World War II by looking at the widespread crisis that followed 1918, both political, economic and ideological in origin. The coming of war was not simply a result of Hitler and German revisionism, but resulted from complex issues in East Asia, the Mediterranean and in Europe. Among these issues the economic crisis of 1928–32 was critical, paving the way for the ambitions of Japan, Italy and Germany to overturn the existing geopolitical order.
The Japanese Empire at War, 1931–1945
Authors: Lee Steven Hugh 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the background to Japanese aggression in the 1930s and the early stages of Japan’s imperialism in East Asia. The war with Nationalist China from 1937 and the resistance to Japanese aggression are put in the context of China’s recent past. The war led to the wider clash with the European empires and the United States, which ended with complete Japanese defeat in 1945. The dropping of the two atomic bombs it is argued here was a wartime atrocity but it contributed to forcing Japan’s surrender.
The German Wars
Authors: Overy Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter looks at the role of Hitler in the 1930s in planning a new German empire and gambling on achieving it without intervention from the major powers. Once World War II had begun, German forces won startling victories, but the chapter shows that the Barbarossa campaign against the Soviet Union in 1941 was a gamble that failed to pay off. Germany was difficult to defeat but the last years were wars of desperate defence, not German wars of aggression. Throughout, the chapter argues, the war against the Jews of Europe was carried on alongside the military conflict.
The Allies from Defeat to Victory
Authors: Mawdsley Evan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Allied war effort, looking at the early failures with the defeat of France and the expulsion of Britain from Europe, then at the effort to blunt further Axis advance in 1942 until the tide was turned in 1943. Much emphasis is put on the German-Soviet war, for it was here that the German armed forces were fatally weakened. Western bombing did not significantly affect the German war effort before 1944, and not until then did a Western front open in France. The argument here is that the Soviet forces learned the hard way to become much more effective at operational warfare after Stalingrad.
Front Line II
Authors: Overy Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of war on civilians in World War II. It focuses first on civil defence against bombing raids, one of the most dangerous activities civilians could take part in. Over one million civilians were killed by bombing during the war. It also explores the conditions faced by civilians with food shortages and evacuation, reaching an extreme situation in Japan by 1945. The final sections look at ‘civilian wars’, insurgencies against occupation in Europe and Asia, and the civil wars in China, Greece, Ukraine and Italy that found civilians fighting each other to decide on the post-war future of the state.
The Birth of Israel
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The biblical story about the origins of Israel begins with patriarchs (Abraham and his family) and then the Exodus and the conquest of the land under Joshua. Many aspects of these narratives raise problems in that they are not always internally coherent, while other components are not verifiable and some seem to clash with the results of archaeological research. Several very different historical theories have been advanced to account for all this, and these are evaluated in the light of recent discoveries. The maximum that can be stated with some confidence about the origins of Israel in the thirteenth century bce and onward is then cautiously presented, focusing on the emergence of Israel as a distinct group in Canaan and its self-identification vis-à-vis other groups.
Italy
Authors: Vampa Davide 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how populism has evolved in Italy since the 1990s, focusing in particular on the political changes occurred after the crisis of 2008. It shows that the collapse of mainstream parties has been accompanied by the rise of the League and the 5 Star Movement (M5S), two populist parties which have challenged EU control over budgets and austerity policies. The League provides an interesting case of populist party characterized by high levels of ideological ‘adaptability’—confirming the ‘chameleonic’ nature of populist parties—and oscillating between support for neo-liberal economic policies and pro-welfare positions (filtered through the lens of its nativist ideology). This is then linked to a discussion of how business associations have responded to the new wave of populist politics started during the Great Recession. It is argued that the ambiguous position of Italian populists on economic issues is mirrored by ambiguous responses from business elites, which also reflect the divide existing between small-/medium-sized enterprises and large industrial and financial companies. Overall, a ‘soft voice’ business response to populism seems to have prevailed—it became louder only when confronted with clearly redistributive policies proposed by the M5S. The last part of the chapter also considers more recent developments following the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, which marks a new critical juncture in Italian (and world) politics and economy.
India
Authors: Wyatt Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
India has a history of populist politics, with its strongest manifestations at the state level of India’s federal system. Recent national governments have displayed populist tendencies. The current Hindu nationalist government, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has personalistic characteristics which echo populist projects elsewhere. Personalist rule creates uncertainty for capital, and it has reduced the political influence of business. Populism in regional politics is a matter of concern for business in India, but it has created less uncertainty. Populist regimes at the state level might encroach on economic freedom but they also manage the social disruption that follows from rapid economic growth and can create conditions conducive for private sector investment.
Populists in Power—the Impact on Interest Representation and Firm-level Nonmarket Strategies
Authors: Sallai Dorottya 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This thematic chapter explores how collective interest representation structures and firm-level corporate nonmarket strategies are affected by exclusionary populists in power. Through the case study of Hungary, the chapter showcases how businesses adapt to the rise and consolidation of populism by shifting strategies from a conflictual style of bargaining when the populist leader takes office, to a quiet but engaged strategy as the regime consolidates its governing power. While collective interest groups adapt and keep the dialogue with the state open by narrowing their negotiating strategies to lower salience issues within the era of formal quiet politics, individual firms increasingly engage in informal quiet politics. The study explores how firms manage their nonmarket strategies through activities that either help them buffer the impact of the threatening external environment or engage in bridging strategies that support their aims to gain legitimacy in the eyes of the government and help them build partnership with the governing elite. The chapter’s findings suggest that in a populist political context firms must negotiate and maintain a legitimate position in their nonmarket environment in order to survive and prosper, and explores how firms in different sectors adapt to populism differently, depending on their legitimacy. The chapter’s empirical evidence illustrates how firms engage with public policy through a variety of bridging and buffering corporate political strategies in the space of formal and informal quiet politics.
The Feeling of Inequality
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book analyzes the impact that large socio-economic inequalities have on how we relate to each other emotionally and intellectually. How, the question is, could these inequalities not influence the goods we aspire to or the content of what we imagine to be (or what could be) the case? How could they not influence our capacity to empathize with those who are either higher or lower on the socio-economic ladder? The book thus sets itself the task of proving that the impact of inequality reaches far beyond measurable differences of income or capital. Inequalities have emotional impacts and influence our aspirational, imaginative, and empathic capacities. Further, the study suggests that feelings do not just passively register given inequalities but serve themselves as engines of social differentiation. This is particularly true of relative feelings such as envy, contempt, shame, or hatred that structure social relations and mark social distance and differentiation. The book sketches a relational theory of democracy that construes equality as a social relationship and thereby questions the strong focus most studies of inequality put on distributional questions. In a wide sense, questions of inequality should be tackled within a frame not just highlighting relative economic standing but also relative emotional standing.
Against Empathy?
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the criticisms levied against empathy. It is meant to further specify the concept of empathy; it will also prepare the ground for the discussion of empathy gulfs. Three kinds of critique are distinguished. The first critique (1) is a critique of models of (higher and lower level) empathy, not of empathy itself. The second critique (2) is more straightforwardly aimed at empathy; it blames empathy for not being what it pretends to be (Peter Goldie). The third critique (3) blames empathy for its moral shortcomings (Paul Bloom). Even if empathy can be what it purports to be, it cannot solve the moral challenges that it pretends to solve. All three critiques are rebutted.
The Principle of Comparison and the Peculiar Self
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Hume’s principle of comparison is introduced and discussed in relation to his notion of sympathy. Much ink has been spilled on the role played by the principle of sympathy in Hume’s moral philosophy and his philosophy more generally. This is not true of his principle of comparison, which is surprising given the importance of comparison in Hume’s philosophy, particularly in A Treatise of Human Nature. Hume is the philosopher of comparison: in fact, he suggests in Book One of the Treatise that reasoning consists in nothing but comparison. It is further suggested that comparative feelings such as envy and contempt structure processes of social differentiation and establish seemingly natural distinctions between otherwise equal citizens. Hume’s account of social differentiation is distinguished from Rousseau’s account in the Second Discourse.
Sympathy and the Impartial Spectator
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyzes Smith’s account of sympathy to assess it in terms of the central topic: the question of relational inequality. The egalitarian reading of Smith’s approach to sympathy is contested. While it is true that many of his central moral categories, such as the impartial spectator in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, seem to be designed to prove that humans can treat others with equal dignity and consideration, it is easy to show that Smith writes instructively on inequalities and their emotional underpinnings; the egalitarian reading, it is suggested, tends to downplay these insights. His account can also be taken as presenting some of the shortcomings of sympathy as impartiality. Finally, particularly in the 1790 edition of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith introduces the figure of the “wise and virtuous man” who is clearly distinguished from the “mob of mankind” and thus appears to confute the egalitarian reading of Smith.
The Materiality of Moral Distance II
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In continuation of Chapter 15, the question tackled is which built worlds or designed spaces, habits and languages, tax schemes and marriage patterns, levels of difference in wealth and income, or online “bubble” effects impact on our capacity to empathically enlarge our circle of understanding and feeling. Phenomena like gated communities, the privatization of public space, gentrification, ghettos, marriage patterns, income, wealth and taxation schemes, echo chambers and language barriers are discussed. Apart from discussing various forms of empathy gulf, the phenomenon of unempathizability is introduced as constituting a radical type of non-relation. Jason Stanley’s notion of flawed ideology is taken up and reinterpreted as allowing justification of certain forms of non-relation.
Critique and Comparison
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The question this chapter confronts is this: How do massive socio-economic inequalities shape the ability to criticize just these inequalities? How is privilege downplayed and criticism made difficult? In a reading of Rachel Sherman’s The Anxieties of Affluence, the chapter proposes various strategies of the privileged to divert attention away from given relations and discourage critically inspired processes of comparison. Among these strategies one also finds reference to luck as the one factor helping to establish one’s status. The chapter offers several quotes from the interviews Sherman led with wealthy New Yorkers and interprets them in the term suggested by the study.
Public Health Policymaking
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of various elements involved in public health policy making. It starts with a look at how legislatures develop policymaking priorities. It discusses the tools of policymaking, including laws, rules, executive orders and more, and weighs some of their benefits and shortcomings. It also describes the process of drafting legislation, highlighting a number of factors that should be considered, including strategies regarding coalition building inside government and with external organizations and community groups.
A History of Changing Places for Learning, Creativity, and Care in the City
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the United Kingdom, the “non-formal learning sector” refers to a raft of organizations that offer young people, frequently from low-income families, opportunities to participate, learn about, and possibly be trained in a range of performing and creative arts. This chapter presents an anatomy of an organization to give some sense of the uniqueness of YouthSites. It then provides a brief overview of the size and scope of “the sector,” including a sense of how these organizations contribute to the notion of a discrete “field” of action. It also prefigures some of the debate about what it means to talk about these organizations working as a sector in the service of youth transitions.
The Challenges of Researching the Non-Formal Learning Sector
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This section offers an overview of the scope, range, and reach of the organizations that comprise what should be thought of as a sector or field in the three cities of London, Toronto, and Vancouver. The section provides an explanation of how the authors imagined, found, and excavated these organizations over a period of time since the 1990s to compare and contrast them as a data set. It then offers a synoptic overview of the organizations as a city-by-city story, followed by an attempt to change perspective. Rather than viewing the organizations from a top-down scholarly gaze, explanations from young people’s points of view are presented regarding why they might be interested in attending these organizations, what participation might mean for them—in general, to give some sense of what the point of the experience might be from viewpoints other than those of the funders, leaders, and policymakers.
A Tale of Three Cities
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a historical overview of the rise, reach, and fall of YouthSites in the cities of London, Toronto, and Vancouver. The national histories of youth, education, and arts provision in each country manifestly influence the organizations. The political commitments within city politics, which, of course, fluctuate over the period, are equally influential. The chapter discusses the particular kinds of influence that spurred growth—ranging from evangelical youth provision to investments in the creative technology workforce—and shows how these were supported and were equally subject to changes in funding fashions, moral panics, political concerns, and social anxieties in the United Kingdom and Canada.
The Paradox of Enterprise
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
YouthSites consolidated as a “non-formal learning sector” in the wider political context of neoliberal reform of the welfare state. This chapter discusses how this context enabled growth and enterprise supporting visions of service, community, education, and the arts. Changes witnessed since 1990 have come about as a result of a particular kind of struggle over the growth of funding regimes that emerged in response to the privatization of welfare funding. These changes were designed and implemented through forms of new public management and galvanized by the energies of social enterprise. This chapter describes the difficulties that organizations had in morphing into fully fledged businesses and, in particular, the stresses that emerged between organizations forced to diversify and become accountable to different control mechanisms. It is suggested that these tensions are best understood as a form of neoliberal governance that determined some of the key ways organizations shaped themselves to appear fit and competitive in the changing marketplaces of the enterprise state.
Misunderstood Water
Authors: Zeitoun Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the first part of the paradox between the care that many of us think we have about water and the actual way we use it. It suggests two ways of understanding water. The natural scientific method describes the biological and physical reasons for the water cycle, floods, and scarcity. A social science understanding of water reveals how scarcity can be manufactured, how water flows uphill (to money and power) and rain is commodified. It also explains why those who understand the limits and merits of both scientific and social understandings of water may begin to see past the paradox and challenge the status quo.
Conclusion
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The book’s concluding chapter has three tasks. First, by drawing on insights provided throughout the book, I use the entanglement thesis to paint a composite picture of evangelical/gang interactions. Second, I lay out policy recommendations for evangelicals in their efforts to reduce gang violence and prevalence. Workshops are needed, for example, to increase evangelicals’ ability to effectively leverage soft power in their communities, provide trauma counselling to gang members and victims of violence, and to navigate extortion demands and other forms of gang aggression. Finally, I highlight cross-cutting lessons about how contemporary evangelicals interact with society and social problems more generally. Today, evangelicals are more likely to be community leaders in creating solutions to poverty. But evangelicals are also more likely to engage in criminal activity and to be incarcerated. For better and for worse, evangelicals are increasingly part of the fabric of mainstream Latin American society.
Policing in a Complex and Coupled Criminal Legal System
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that just policing requires attention to the complexity of the social world. Attempts at social control are fraught, and we should expect them to produce injustices of their own. But it is important to understand the nature of the injustices. They are often the result of honest political disagreements or the result of small problems in one social system interacting with problems in others and creating new or amplifying existing injustices. Policing is coupled with key social arrangements at all levels of society, so pathologies in other social arrangements can affect the justice of policing and vice versa. Unintended consequences, misaligned incentives, and feedback loops are the rule rather than the exception. This chapter argues that police discretion is an essential tool in avoiding many of the injustices arising from complexity and coupling.
Conclusion
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the foregoing. Social control is an ineliminable part of society and an essential part of a just society. Institutions of social control settle predictable conflicts of legitimate interest that arise in contexts of density and diversity. Unfortunately, that diversity entails that there is unavoidable disagreement over what justice demands of the police and what just social control looks like. The strategic, legitimacy-risk-minimizing use of police discretion is important for just policing. We should accept a framework that encourages police to minimize normative risks rather than pushing them to achieve a fully-formed ideal of justice because the nature of public policing is that there will always be competing visions of justice, and so competing claims on police power. Policing, like all forms of social control, is fraught with injustice.