bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A type II solar radio burst without a coronal mass ejection
Authors: Morosan D. E. , Pomoell J. , Kumari A. , Kilpua E. K. J. , Vainio R. 
Published: June 2023

Context. The Sun produces the most powerful explosions in the Solar System, solar flares, which can also be accompanied by large eruptions of magnetised plasma, coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These processes can accelerate electron beams up to relativistic energies through magnetic reconnection processes during solar flares and CME-driven shocks. Energetic electron beams can in turn generate radio bursts through the plasma emission mechanism. CME shocks, in particular, are usually associated with type II solar radio bursts.
Aims. However, on a few occasions, type II bursts have been reported to occur either in the absence of CMEs or shown to be more likely related with the flaring process. It is currently an open question as to how a shock generating type II bursts forms without the occurrence of a CME eruption. Here, we aim to determine the physical mechanism responsible for a type II burst that occurs in the absence of a CME.
Methods. By using radio imaging from the Nançay Radioheliograph, combined with observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory spacecraft, we investigate the origin of a type II radio burst that appears to have no temporal association with a white-light CME.
Results. We identify a typical type II radio burst with band-split structure that is associated with a C-class solar flare. The type II burst source is located above the flaring active region and ahead of disturbed coronal loops observed in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) images. The type II burst is also preceded by type III radio bursts, some of which are in fact J bursts, indicating that accelerated electron beams do not all escape along open field lines. The type II sources show single-frequency movement towards the flaring active region. The type II burst is located ahead of a faint EUV front propagating through the corona.
Conclusions. Since there is no CME detection, a shock wave is most likely generated by the flaring process or the bulk plasma motions associated with a failed eruption. The EUV front observed is likely a freely propagating wave that expands into surrounding regions. The EUV front propagates at an initial speed of approximately 450 km s−1 and it is likely to steepen into a shock wave in a region of low Alfvén speed as determined from magneto-hydrodynamic modelling of the corona.
Irregular grids for 3D NLTE radiative transfer in stellar atmospheres
Authors: Udnæs Elias R. , Pereira Tiago M. D. 
Published: June 2023

Context. Three-dimensional non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) radiative transfer calculations are a fundamental tool for a detailed spectral analysis in stellar atmospheres, but require vast amounts of computer power. This prevents their broader application.
Aims. We undertake a first exploration of the use of 3D irregular grids in stellar atmospheres. In particular, we aim to test whether irregular grids can be used to speed up the 3D NLTE problem, in the same way as depth optimisation can lead to faster running times in 1D.
Methods. We created irregular grids based on 3D Voronoi diagrams, sampling different distributions from a 3D radiation-magnetohydrodynamic Bifrost simulation. We developed a method for solving radiation on the 3D irregular grid and implemented a simple NLTE solver using Λ-iteration and statistical equilibrium. We applied this to a simplified hydrogen-like atom and studied the convergence properties and accuracy of the irregular grid methods. For reference, we compared them to a standard short-characteristics solver on a regular grid.
Results. We find that our method for radiation in irregular grids gives similar results to those from regular grids, and that it is possible to obtain nearly the same results with about ten times fewer points in the irregular grid for the continuum intensity in local thermo-dynamical equilibrium. We find that the irregular grid can give good results for the NLTE problem, but it takes four times longer per iteration than the regular grid, and it converges in about the same number of iterations. This makes it particularly inefficient. Our formulation therefore does not lead to an improvement. We also find that the design of the irregular grid is crucial for accurate results, and find it non-trivial to design an irregular grid that can work well across a wide range of heights.
Turbulence in surgical suction heads as detected by MRI
Authors: Hanekop Gunnar , Kollmeier Jost M. , Frahm Jens , Iwanowski Ireneusz , Khabbazzadeh Sepideh , Kutschka Ingo , Tirilomis Theodor , Ulrich Christian , Friedrich Martin G. 
Published: June 2023

Background: Blood loss is common during surgical procedures, especially in open cardiac surgery. Allogenic blood transfusion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Blood conservation programs in cardiac surgery recommend re-transfusion of shed blood directly or after processing, as this decreases transfusion rates of allogenic blood. But aspiration of blood from the wound area is often associated with increased hemolysis, due to flow induced forces, mainly through development of turbulence.Methods: We evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a qualitative tool for detection of turbulence. MRI is sensitive to flow; this study uses velocity-compensated T1-weighted 3D MRI for turbulence detection in four geometrically different cardiotomy suction heads under comparable flow conditions (0–1250 mL/min).Results: Our standard control suction head Model A showed pronounced signs of turbulence at all flow rates measured, while turbulence was only detectable in our modified Models 1–3 at higher flow rates (Models 1 and 3) or not at all (Model 2).Conclusions: The comparison of flow performance of surgical suction heads with different geometries via acceleration-sensitized 3D MRI revealed significant differences in turbulence development between our standard control Model A and the modified alternatives (Models 1–3). As flow conditions during measurement have been comparable, the specific geometry of the respective suction heads must have been the main factor responsible. The underlying mechanisms and causative factors can only be speculated about, but as other investigations have shown, hemolytic activity is positively associated with degree of turbulence. The turbulence data measured in this study correlate with data from other investigations about hemolysis induced by surgical suction heads. The experimental MRI technique used showed added value for further elucidating the underlying physical phenomena causing blood damage due to non-physiological flow.
Evaluation of Sexual Function in Patients with Lower Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Comparison of Pre- and Postoperative Status
Authors: Günerhan Göksal , Aykanat Can , Uçkun Ozhan Merzuk , Aslan Yılmaz , Divanlıoğlu Denizhan , Işıtan Egemen , Tunç Bekir , Tuncel Altuğ , Belen Ahmet Deniz , Dalgıç Ali 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background Neuroregulation of sexual functions requires coordination of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatosensory neuronal pathways. The nerves formed by the lower lumbar plexus provide the innervation of the urogenital organs. Lower lumbar disc hernias (LDHs) might impair the neuroregulation of sexual functions by compressing the neural structures. This prospective study aims to evaluate the effect of lower LDHs on libido and sexual dysfunctions.
Methods A total of 61 sexually active patients diagnosed with single-level LDH who underwent unilateral microdiscectomy were included in the study. The patients' healthy sex partners were included in study as controls. The International Sexual Function Index-5 (IIEF-5) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were used for sexual assessment of male and female participants, respectively. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used for pain assessment.
Results According to the FSFI scores, all 20 female patients had preoperative sexual dysfunction, which improved in 15 (75%) patients after surgery (p < 0.001). According to the IIEF-5 score for men, 38 of 41 male patients had preoperative sexual dysfunction, which improved in 26 (68.4%) patients postoperatively (p < 0.001).
Conclusion The preoperative sexual dysfunctions of LDH patients improved significantly after the microdiscectomy.
Role of Lactate Measurement in Flap Monitoring: An Useful Adjunct
Authors: Singh Karan , Shah Sheerin , Mittal Rajinder K. , Garg Ramneesh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background Detection of vascular compromise in flap is often a challenging task for reconstructive surgeons. A timely salvage procedure depends on objectivity and reliability of postoperative flap monitoring. This study determined if flap capillary lactate helps in prediction of flap viability in first 48 postoperative hours of surgery.
Methods We conducted this study on all flaps with accessible skin paddle where capillary lactate values were assessed along with clinical observation to check viability of flap at 0, 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours of surgery. The data was statistically analyzed for significance and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used for calculating cutoff value for lactate.
Results Out of a total of 30 patients included in this study, 25 were males and the mean age was 45.03 years. Fifteen patients underwent free flap and rest pedicled. Highly significant association of role of clinical observation in the outcome of flap was found. The average of lactate values for survived and distally ischemic flap was 5.32 ± 1.91 and 8.38 ± 1.81, respectively, which was highly significant. The cutoff value of lactate below which all flaps survived was found to be 6.09 mmol/L.
Conclusion Flap capillary lactate measurement is an easy, quick, cost-effective, and objective tool for checking viability of flaps.
Expectation versus Reality on Basic Research Topics in Plastic Surgery Conferences: Gap Analysis
Authors: Vathulya Madhubari , Mohapatra Deviprasad 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe idea of attending conferences in our specialty is defeated if the demands are not met. Hence, the authors have tried to sum up the feedback after attending such conferences to give future organizers an insight into the same and ways to rectify the pitfalls by giving guidelines to amend them.
Accessory Tibionavicular Muscle: An Unusual Cause of Medial Ankle Pain
Authors: Iyengar Karthikeyan P. , Sharma Gaurav Kant , Botchu Rajesh 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAccessory or anomalous muscles around the ankle are not uncommon and are usually asymptomatic. They are traditionally encountered during imaging undertaken for evaluation of ankle pain. We reported the first case of a new accessory muscle in the anteromedial part of the ankle with associated partial thickness tear in an 18-year-old football player presenting as symptomatic pathology. In this article, we described the role of cross-sectional imaging in its diagnosis including successful management of the condition with ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma therapy and review-associated literature.
Vascular Compression of Medulla Oblongata by Non-Dolichoectatic Vertebral Artery
Authors: Nitheesha Reddy V. , Nagarajan K. , Midhusha Reddy V. , Ramesh A.S. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractNeurovascular conflicts are common in the posterior fossa and basal cisterns due to coexistence of important neural and vascular structures. Neurovascular conflict arising from compression of the cranial nerves by pulsatile flow in the adjacent atherosclerotic arteries is well known and is associated with conditions like trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. The medulla is known to be affected by dilated tortuous (dolichoectatic) vertebrobasilar arteries in the elderly or hypertensive. The vertebral artery causing the compression can be dolichoectatic or normal dominant vertebral artery or an elongated tortuous artery. Very few cases of medullary compression by non-dolichoectatic elongated tortuous or dominant vertebral artery were reported in the literature. In this article, we report three cases of medullary compression by the dominant and angulated vertebral artery. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with MR angiography showed indentation of the anterolateral aspect of the inferior medulla by the vertebral artery. The patients are managed conservatively and on regular follow-up.
Understanding the illegal drug supply chain structure: a value chain analysis of the supply of hashish to Europe
Authors: Sánchez-Pérez Manuel , Marín-Carrillo María Belén , Illescas-Manzano María Dolores , Souilim Zohair 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDespite the social, health, law enforcement, and economic importance of illegal drug supply, the lack of information and understanding regarding these supply chains stands out. This paper carries out a disaggregated analysis of the structure of the hashish supply chain from Morocco to Europe to explain the value contributions at each level, the end-price formation, and the supply chain management practices. The methodology adopted is based on a mixed method of data collection where the primary data are gathered from field interviews with cannabis producers and dealers and secondary information is obtained from official statistics, research papers, informational reports, and documentaries. We review supply and value chain frameworks through the lens of cost–benefit analysis. Our main findings show an unequal contribution on the part of the different levels of distribution, with end-user prices increasing by 7000% of the cost of production during the supply chain. The chain also has high variable costs but limited fixed ones, exacerbating the lack of stability and fostering continuous adaptation. We also detect a reluctance to raise end-user prices but a great propensity to change quality. This research may have implications for several stakeholders. In the case of dealers, we find that they have created a supply-push system thanks to their dominant power, leaning on information sharing as a source of resilience. In the case of law enforcement, we delve into the operational functioning of the drug chain and the reasons for its survival. For financial investigation operations, unknown or unrealized economic parameters are quantified. For development agencies, the need to implement alternative development programs for producers is evidenced. Finally, for health authorities, we highlight the consequences of seizures and prohibitions of hashish trafficking on the deterioration of the quality of hashish and the subsequently added health hazards for end-users.
Efficient and tunable liquid crystal random laser based on plasmonic-enhanced FRET
Authors: Qu Guangyin , Zhang Xiaojuan , Lu Liang , Li Siqi , Du Wenyu , Cao Zhigang , Li Chao , Zhang Lin , Zhou Kaiming , Wu Si , Ma Jiajun , Gao Jiangang , Yu Benli , Hu Zhijia 
Published: June 2023

Random lasers (RLs), which possess peculiar advantages (e.g., emission and coherence tunable) over traditional lasers with optical resonators, have witnessed rapid development in the past decades. However, it is still a challenge to tune the lasing peak of an RL over a wide range. Here, a temperature-dependent Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) RL is demonstrated in pyrromethene 597 (PM597, “donor”) and Nile blue (NB, “acceptor”) doped chiral liquid crystals. By changing the temperature that drives the liquid crystal bandgap shift, our RL device exhibits a lasing output change from 560 nm (yellow) to 700 nm (red). While the intrinsic FRET efficiency between PM597 and NB is relatively low, the red lasing is weak. By introducing gold nanorods (GNRs) into these RL devices and utilizing GNRs’ localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, the efficiency of FRET transfer is increased by 68.9%, thereby reducing the threshold of the RL devices. By tuning the longitudinal LSPR to match the emission wavelength of NB, the best 200-fold lasing intensity enhancement is recorded. Our findings open a pathway toward realizing LSPR-enhanced FRET tunable RLs and broaden the range of their possible exploration in photonics research and technologies.
Teaching eco-translation
Authors: Kölling Angela , Lieb Melina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has kept us individually as well as publicly in a state of preoccupation that prohibited
us from staying with the trouble of an ecologically damaged planet. The authors of this contribution are sharing their experience
and reflections upon teaching, as an active intervention to this absent presence in everyday Covid-19 lives, an eco-translation
course. For this we will first offer a short discussion of our scholarly backgrounds and biases. Second, we will describe our
efforts in translating these biases into concrete teaching. The course that serves here as a case study was taught in a project
format in the 2021 winter term 2 at the Faculty for Translation Studies, Linguistics and Cultural Studies at Mainz University. It
was a five-day course which blended localisation and nature writing framed by a holistic approach to scholarship and teaching.
Third, we will discuss the teaching experience in terms of the presences and absences it made apparent.
Improved ferroelectric and endurance properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films by a replacement indium-tin-oxide top electrode process
Authors: Liao Jiajia , Yang Tianyue , Ju Changfan , Yang Qijun , Liao Min , Zeng Binjian , Zhou Yichun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The ferroelectricity in HfO2-based thin films offers a potential alternative to non-volatile memories and logic devices. Special top electrodes such as nitride metal serving as a mechanical capping layer are used to induce the ferroelectricity in HfO2, which hinders the extensive application of HfO2 ferroelectrics. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) is a transparent, highly conductive electrode or semiconductor, widely used in microelectronics. Here, we comprehensively investigated the impact of ITO electrodes on the ferroelectric polarization and endurance properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) thin films. The remnant polarization (2P
r) of ∼23.6 μC cm−2 was obtained for the ITO#/HZO/TiN capacitors with an electrode-replacement technique. The relatively enlarged coercive field of ±1.25 MV cm−1 was observed in the ITO/HZO/TiN capacitors compared with TiN/HZO/TiN structures (±0.94 MV cm−1). This might be owing to the work function difference between top ITO and bottom TiN electrodes, as well as the depletion effect of the ITO interface. Furthermore, stable endurance characteristics after 108 cycles were obtained in the ITO#/HZO/TiN capacitors. This work provides a new strategy to obtain excellent ferroelectricity and good reliability in HfO2-based ferroelectric thin film integration with other oxide electrodes.
Numerical simulation of the enhancing effect of micro–nano protrusions on electrostatic fog harvesting
Authors: Zhang Ming , Xiao Menghan , Li Chuan , Li Dingchen , Li Jiawei , Yu Kexun , Pan Yuan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Fog harvesting is one potential approach to provide supplementary water resources in arid areas. Considerable research has been devoted to electrostatic fog harvesting technology, but there are still some problems, such as high voltage, complex structures and expensive cost. Decorating micro–nano protrusions on the electrode is an effective method to lower the operating voltage and improve fog harvesting efficiency, and the enhancement effect of protrusions has already been experimentally demonstrated. However, the enhancement mechanism at the microscopic level is less reported. This manuscript tries to explain why micro–nano protrusions can enhance the discharge and electrostatic fog harvesting, via numerical simulation. Three key processes of corona discharge, fog droplet migration and fog harvesting efficiency are discussed in detail, especially the influence of droplet size, the tip radius of the protrusion, the protrusion–protrusion angle and so on. The numerical simulation results show that the inception voltage of the barbed electrode decreases from 7 kV to 3 kV (a decrease of 57%), and the current increases significantly (e.g. by 68% at 15 kV). At 15 kV, the fog harvesting efficiency of the barbed electrode is higher (29.8%) than that of the smooth wire (25.7%), even with a less-effective collection area. The collection efficiency increases with the droplet size, and there is an optimized ratio (∼1‰) of the protrusion tip radius and wire radius to gain high collection efficiency. These research results are beneficial for understanding the microscopic mechanism of protrusions that enhance electrostatic fog harvesting, and provide guidance for further fog harvesting equipment improvement.
Investigation of the dual-frequency bias effect on inductively coupled Cl2 plasmas by hybrid simulation
Authors: Tong Lei , Zhao Ming-Liang , Zhang Yu-Ru , Song Yuan-Hong , Wang You-Nian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the etching process, a bias source is usually applied to the bottom electrode in inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) to achieve independent control of the ion flux and ion energy. In this work, a hybrid model, which consists of a global model combined bi-directionally with a fluid sheath model, is employed to investigate the dual-frequency (DF) bias effect on the inductively coupled Cl2 plasmas under different pressures. The results indicate that the DC self-bias voltage developed on the biased electrode is approximately a linear function of the phase shift between the fundamental frequency and its second harmonic, and the value only varies slightly with pressure. Therefore, the ion energy on the bottom electrode can be modulated efficiently by the bias voltage waveform, i.e. the fluctuation of the ion energy with phase shift is about 40% for all pressures investigated. Besides, the ion energy and angular distribution functions (IEADFs) in DF biased inductive discharges is complicated, i.e. the IEADFs exhibits a four-peak structure under certain phase shift values. Although the species densities and ion fluxes also evolve with phase shift, the fluctuations are less obvious, especially for Cl2
+ ions at low pressure. In conclusion, the independent control of the ion energy and ion flux are realized in DF biased ICPs, and the results obtained in this work are of significant importance for improving the etching process.