bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza virus suppresses the adaptive immune response leaving immune hosts vulnerable to influenza and other respiratory pathogens
Authors: Bohannon Caitlin D , Ende Zachary , Cao Weiping , Mboko Wadzanai , Ranjan Priya , Kumar Amrita , Mishina Margarita , Amoah Samuel , Gangappa Shivaprakash , Mittal Suresh K , Garcia-Sastre Adolfo , Pfeifer Blaine , Davidson Bruce A , Knight Paul , Sambhara Suryaprakash 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Influenza infections are associated with several million cases of severe respiratory illness, hospitalizations, and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. Secondary infections further complicate influenza’s high morbidity and mortality, and significantly factored into the severity of the 1918, 1968, and 2009 pandemics. The most common coinfections are bacterial, leading to bacterial pneumonia, though viral secondary infections also occur. Previous studies have shown that influenza can target innate responses and damage affected tissues, allowing for secondary infections. In this study we show that influenza virus targets not only innate immune responses but also the adaptive responses - specifically activated B cells, T cells, and NKT cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that infection with influenza virus can attenuate the adaptive responses to prior influenza vaccination and to other respiratory pathogen vaccinations, in humans and in mouse models. This occurs through a viral hijacking of the normal immune responses by taking advantage of elevated expression of sialic acid receptors on activated lymphocytes to preferentially infect and kill immune responders. Our findings provide a novel potential mechanism for the high incidence of secondary respiratory infections due to bacteria and other viruses, as well as for vaccine failures against other infectious agents during influenza seasons.
Human influenza A-specific memory T cells reside within multiple tissues and elicit a tissue-specific antiviral response when presented with viral antigens
Authors: Poon Maya M. , Meng Wenzhao , Dogra Pranay , Lam Nora , Szabo Peter A , Grifoni Alba , Tian Yuan , Kubota Masaru , Matsumoto Rei , Sette Alessandro , Prak Eline T Luning , Farber Donna L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Generation of memory T cells specific for conserved viral epitopes provides heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection. Previous mouse studies have shown that tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are critical for optimal protection. However, knowledge of human antiviral response is largely derived from blood. With our unique human donor tissue resource established in collaboration with LiveOnNY, we investigate the maintenance of influenza-specific T cells across diverse tissue sites and their response when presented with viral antigens. Using multimer staining and flow cytometry, we show that influenza-specific CD8 T cells are maintained in the lung tissue site of infection, as well as in blood, bone marrow, multiple lymph nodes, and small intestines. Compared to T cells recognizing persistent cytomegalovirus infection, influenza-specific T cells display higher levels of canonical residency markers—CD69 and CD103. Additionally, deep sequencing of the T cell receptor CDR3b repertoire reveals that influenza-specific T cells isolated from human tissue donors without active infection are clonally expanded and display a high degree of clonal overlap across tissue sites. When presented with viral antigens, influenza-specific T cells in all sites are polyfunctional and rapidly respond through cytokine production. Together, these studies reveal the dynamics of immune memory maintenance and antiviral response across tissues in the human body in response to influenza A virus.
Studies on Crystalline Urease
Authors: Hotchkiss Margaret , Tauber Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Crystalline urease in solution produced agglutination of the erythrocytes of the rabbit and of the mouse, but not of the sheep.
In the tests where high concentrations of urease were used hemolysis occurred, complicating the results. This was subsequently controlled by the use of a buffer solution, when agglutination could be readily seen.
After agglutination the urease was found to be active.
Agglutination could not be demonstrated in the whole blood of rabbits dead after urease injection.
Crystalline urease represents a highly purified form of toxic hemagglutinin (10).
The Use of Ethyl Alcohol as Precipitant in the Concentration of Antipneumococcus Serum
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Studies of the solubility of the pneumococcus antibody in alcohol reveal the following:
Practically all the protective substance present in the original serum is insoluble in 15 to 20 per cent alcohol at 0°C. The precipitated protein containing both water-soluble and water-insoluble protein can be washed with water to remove the former, and the latter dissolved in salt solution is found to contain protective antibody in practically the same concentration as the original serum. Precipitation with 10 per cent alcohol gives a product in which the immune protein is approximately 80 per cent of the total protein. Irrespective of hydrogen ion concentration from pH 5 to pH 9, if the precipitate is neutralized before diluting, the pneumococcus antibody is insoluble in 20 per cent alcohol. In more alkaline solutions a greater concentration of alcohol is necessary to cause precipitation. Water-alcohol mixtures precipitate the antibody but with an increased amount of inert protein as compared to the precipitate obtained with alcohol mixed with undiluted serum. The use of alcohol as a precipitant in the concentration of anti-pneumococcus serum gives a yield of at least 80 per cent of the protective substance found in the original serum. It has been found possible to dry the active material with retention of immunological characteristics.
A Study of Action of Saliva and Extract of Tonsils Upon Diphtheria Bacillus and Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Bézi István 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
This preliminary report records the results of experimental tests of the action of saliva and extracts of tonsils and other organs upon diphtheria bacilli and diphtheria toxin. Evidence is presented which seems to indicate that some specimens of saliva may exert an anti-bacterial action against diphtheria bacilli and that saline extracts of tonsils and lymph nodes may inhibit the necrotizing action of diphtheria toxin. Whether or not these reactions are specific, has not been determined and the experiments do not permit the drawing of definite conclusions at this time.
The Effect of Alum on Horses Used for the Production of Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Leonard George F. , Varley James R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Three groups of horses were immunized for the production of diphtheria antitoxin. Group 1 received toxoid containing 0.5 per cent potassium alum, followed by diphtheria toxin containing alum. Group 2 received diphtheria toxoid, followed by diphtheria toxin—both without alum. Group 3 received diphtheria toxin-antitoxin, followed by diphtheria toxin—both without alum. As a result of the marked intolerance of the horses of group 1 toward alum antigens, they received less than threetenths of the antigen dosage given to the horses of Group 2. At trial bleedings after three months the average antitoxin titers per cubic centimeter for the horses of groups 1 and 2 were practically the same, namely, 360 units and 350 units, respectively; while the average titer of group 3 was 580 units. Based on the relative antigen doses and the subsequent antitoxin titers, the antigenic effectiveness of immunization with alum-treated toxoid and toxin was about three times as great as that of toxoid and toxin without addition of alum. A cumulative toxic effect was observed in the horses of group 1 after repeated doses of alum combined with diphtheria antigens. During a period of several weeks after injections containing alum had been discontinued, most of the horses in this group gradually declined and two-thirds of them died with symptoms of alum poisoning. The disastrous late after-effects upon horses of repeated injections of alum along with diphtheria antigens completely overshadow any increase in immunizing power attributable to the addition of the alum. It appears improbable, however, that the addition of a small amount of alum to the two or three doses of toxoid used for human immunization would exert any harmful effect.
Serological Studies on Iodinated Sera
Authors: Jacobs John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When iodine is added to animal sera without the presence of acid or alkali, substances are formed which precipitate with antisera prepared from iodinated sera. This change takes place in the presence of aqueous solutions as dilute as n/32. Wormall's observation that diiodotyrosine, but not potassium iodide, inhibits precipitation specifically in systems of iodinated proteins and their antisera, was confirmed. The specificity of substances formed in sera iodinated in neutral solutions was tested in several ways. Their specificity is similar to that of other iodinated proteins.
Additional Note to the Article “Studies on Tobacco Hypersensitivity”
Authors: Sulzberger Marion B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In my article entitled “Studies on Tobacco Hypersensitivity,” appearing in the January, 1933, issue of the Journal of Immunology, the third and fourth paragraphs refer to my suggestions to Dr. Silbert in June, 1931, concerning skin tests with tobacco in thromboangiitis obliterans, and to the experiments which were published about a year and a half later by Harkavy, Hebald and Silbert. My object was simply to report the facts concerning the chronological sequence of events.
I realize now that these paragraphs may be susceptible to mis-interpretation. I therefore state that, to the best of my knowledge, Dr. Harkavy may not have known of my previous conversation and arrangement with Dr. Silbert. I feel it only just to affirm that it was not my intention to suggest, either directly or by implication, that Dr. Harkavy, when he commenced his investigations at a later date, knew of my own or any one else's previous interest or ideas in this field, nor did I mean to imply that he did not subsequently conceive and undertake his research independently.
Inheritance as a Factor in Resistance to an Infectious Disease
Authors: Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Genetic and immunological tests gave no indication of an influence of passive immunity in the experiments.
The progeny from either carrier or non-carrier parents tended to be resistant only if so determined by their line of descent.
There was no difference in the proportions of carriers within the surviving litters of carrier or non-carrier parents.
The Effect of Staphylococcus Bacteriophage Lysin on Resistant Strains of Staphylococci
Authors: Rakieten Morris L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A large proportion of the investigations dealing with bacteriophage have been concerned with the isolation of an active lytic principle against many different strains of bacteria. These studies, in general, have varied but little from the classic experiments of d'Herelle dealing with the isolation and development of several true bacteriophages (1917). This phenomenon is now so well known to most students of bacteriology that there are relatively few laboratories where the reaction between a susceptible strain of bacteria and a potent bacteriophage has not been observed. Since the initial discovery was described an enormous literature has accumulated bearing upon the relationship between bacteria and bacteriophage. As early as 1920 d'Herelle had shown that this infravisible being is responsible for bringing about marked changes in bacteria. Subsequently, he, as well as many others, have studied the transformations of various bacterial species brought about through the agency of bacteriophage.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The desensitization of rabbits sensitized to complex proteins, such as human serum, was considered in a previous article (1). It was shown that, after an intravenous injection of a moderate amount of specific protein in a sensitized animal, no skin sensitivity reactions are obtained and the serum precipitins apparently disappear from the circulation; also that this desensitization phase is of comparatively short duration, that within twenty-four hours after the intravenous injection the animal begins to show a tendency to return to the sensitized state. Early experiments dealing with specific desensitization of rabbits that are sensitized (or immunized) to different organisms led to several observations which were not identical to those made in connection with desensitization to proteins. It was noted, for example, that an intravenous desensitizing injection of a suspension of typhoid bacilli in rabbits sensitized to these organisms, caused a reduction in the skin sensitivity response, but produced no apparent effect on the serum agglutinins.
Is the Eberson Colloidal Gold Test Specific for Poliomyelitis Antibodies?
Authors: Schultz E. W. , Clifton C. E. , Gebhardt L. P. , Chambers J. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Colloidal gold tests carried out according to the procedure described by Eberson did not enable us to distinguish between serums collected from poliomyelitis convalescent monkeys and normal monkeys (M. rhesus). The test therefore does not seem to be in any sense specific for the detection of poliomyelitis antibodies. The reactions described are apparently due to an adsorption of gold particles by some unidentified ingredients of the serum with a subsequent “settling out” of these aggregates after becoming “coated” with gold. The substance in the serum which is responsible for this phenomenon seems to fluctuate in amount and may be closely related to food stuffs absorbed by the blood from the alimentary tract.
Studies on Vascularization of the Cornea
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Morris M. C. , Harrison R. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Vascularization of the cornea of rabbits has been studied as a response to bacterial hypersensitiveness. The organisms utilized for inducing hypersensitiveness have been Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumococcus and Bact. granulosis. These bacteria have been administered repeatedly by intracutaneous and sub-conjunctival injections: By conjunctival instillations; a, without corneal scarification; b, with corneal scarification; c, with mixtures of broth cultures and sand; and d, by preliminary instillation of homologous broth filtrates a day preceding the administration of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus has been the most consistent sensitizing antigen, and instillation with corneal scarification, the most effective method of inducing vascularization of the cornea. Direct corneal vascularization occurs only when the cornea is injured slightly but definitely, but similar trauma per se does not cause this reaction. The corneal vascularity observed during early development resembled pannus tenuis of trachoma, and that observed in the latter stages was suggestive of pannus crassus. It was not possible to correlate corneal sensitivity of the inoculated eye with the presence or absence of corneal sensitivity of the uninoculated eye or to heightened skin reactivity to the homologous bacterial nucleoprotein, or to the presence or absence of circulating antibodies. The antibody response following conjunctival instillations in its various forms was slight or entirely lacking. While the indications are that the vascularity described in this study is in response to bacterial hypersensitiveness, no experiments have been undertaken as yet to indicate whether pannus in trachoma is initiated by a similar stimulus.
Group Specificity of Dried Muscle and Saliva
Authors: Boyd William C. , Boyd Lyle G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By differential adsorption both of human and of group-specific immune sera it was possible to demonstrate agglutinogens A and B in dried human muscle in exact conformity to the group previously determined in the erythrocytes. Agglutinogens M and N could not be demonstrated in dried muscle, or in dried or fresh saliva, though in conformity to the reports of other workers, A and B could be found in fresh or dried saliva.
The Effect of Reticulo-Endothelial Cell Blockade Upon Antibody Formation in Rabbits
Authors: Tuft Louis , Mulrooney Mary 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The site of formation of many types of immune antibodies has for many years been a moot question among immunologists. By some it was thought that the blood forming cells of the bone marrow or spleen possessed this function; by others because of its phagocytic properties, the polymorphonuclear leucocyte. In more recent years with the acquisition of more knowledge concerning the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the property of antibody formation has been attributed to these cells and upon this question considerable discussion has arisen in recent literature. The difficulty in proving such an assumption lies in the fact that the reticulo-endothelial cells are widespread throughout many tissues and organs; hence their function cannot be studied experimentally by surgical removal in the same fashion as the function of such an organ as the spleen. One must resort instead to methods designed to suppress or blockade such functions.
Studies of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Follensby Edna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Numerous reliably observed discrepancies to the single-toxin hypothesis of the mechanism of scarlet fever are readily explained by merely assuming that multiple antigenic toxins exist. This report demonstrates the existence of two such toxins, A and B, whose qualitative distinctiveness is evidenced both by immunologic and chemical criteria. These include specific antigenicity, neutralizability, and erythrogenic activity, the effects of dialysis, adsorbents, precipitants, and enzymic digestion. Other erythrogenic streptococcal toxins undoubtedly exist. A single toxigenic strain may produce A or B or both or neither.
The Prozone Phenomenon in Specific Bacterial Agglutination
Authors: Jones F. S. , Orcutt Marion 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of experiments with two agglutination inhibitory sera specific for B. abortus indicate that when proper proportions of either are added to a strong B. abortus agglutinin, agglutination is inhibited or a prozone developed. Bacteria not agglutinated in the prozone serum can be centrifuged and resuspended in the same mixture and remain in suspension. When the original supernatant is replaced with salt solution agglutination usually occurs promptly although where the concentration of prozone serum is considerable an additional washing with sodium chloride may be required to induce clumping.
In respect to electrical charge and migration in an electrical field and increases in antigenic volume, B. abortus behaves similarly in both inhibitory and agglutinating sera. Differences in behavior between antigens sensitized to the two types of sera were brought out in the rate of sedimentation as the result of centrifugation and in the force required to separate films of B. abortus under both conditions.
The failure to agglutinate is attributed to the deposition on the surface of the deposited globulin film of a substance which interferes with the cohesive properties of specifically sensitized organisms.
On Immunization Against Typhoid Fever with Heterobacterigen
Authors: Suzuki Ch. , Sugio K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Utilizing as antigens heat-killed cultures of Bact. pullorum and Bact. sanguinarium, which are probably not pathogenic for man, the authors have succeeded, by the oral method of Besredka, in provoking the production of antibodies against the pathogenic agents of typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and bacillary dysentery (Shiga).
The authors wish to apply this result to the treatment and prophylaxis of these infectious diseases.
The preparation of the two bacteria has been named heterobacterigen for the sake of convenience.
The bacteriological prophylaxis and treatment hitherto applied to various bacillary diseases have been restricted to using preparations of the bacteria causing them, and this is regarded as theoretically the most reasonable measure.
It is the purpose of this paper to call attention to the possibility of establishing immunity against some bacterial diseases with bacteria other than those etiologically concerned in those diseases; and for convenience we shall designate such “other bacteria” as heterobacteria.
Hemolytic Streptococcus Toxins and Antitoxins
Authors: Malcolm Wilbur G. , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The medium and method described here for the preparation of streptococcus toxin has been employed by us since October, 1931. The medium is a modification of the one used for some time for diphtheria toxin production. The streptococcus medium differs chiefly in that Pfanstiehl or Witte peptone has been substituted for Difco Proteose peptone, and it contains dextrose. The adjustment of the reaction during the growth period is considered essential.
Method.
Fresh veal (leg) infusion. One part meat in 2 parts water by weight. Care should be taken to have the meat as free as possible of fat and connective tissue. Refrigerate overnight. Place in double boiler—raise temperature very slowly to 80°C. (Should require between four and five hours.) Filter through one layer of cheesecloth. (Let drain, do not press.) Weigh and make up to the original weight of the water and meat, minus the weight of the cooked meat. Let stand five or ten minutes to settle, and then syphon off the supernatant.
Some Observations on the Relative Importance of the Reticulo-Endothelial Tissues and the Circulating Antibody in Immunity
Authors: Teale F. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The above experiments therefore show that with regard to: The highly virulent streptococcus. The immunised animal can completely clear the peripheral circulation and prevent the occurrence of secondary waves of bacteriaemia, in the absence of (1) agglutinin, (2) any germicidal power of the whole blood, and (3) any protective antibody capable of conferring passive immunity.B. anthracis. The same results as a.Pneumococcus type III. The immunised animal can clear the circulation and prevent the occurrence of secondary waves of bacteriaemia even though (1) the blood cannot confer passive protection on mice, (2) the blood is not germicidal (except occasionally, experiment 25), (3) the blood does not have any appreciable power of conferring passive protection on rabbits (when the results are compared with the effect of the inoculation of normal sera, etc., into normal rabbits), and (4) the serum contains no agglutinin nor precipitin against the organism.Animals immunised a long time previously with pneumococcus type I, where all traces of agglutinin had disappeared and where there was no germicidal or protective power to cause passive protection in mice or rabbits, completely cleared the circulation of the actively growing virulent organism.With the B. Friedländer, the same was noted in animals immunised long previously and which had completely lost their agglutinating antibody.
All these experiments taken together irresistably lead to the conclusion that the chief factor in immunity is the state of the tissues with regard to the infecting bacteria in question.
Agglutinins for Sheep and Rabbit Erythrocytes in Human Sera
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Tallman Juanita , Anderson E. G. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An apparent relationship has been shown between the titers for sheep and rabbit erythrocyte agglutinins in the blood of man. In the 760 human sera examined a relationship has been shown between the agglutinin titers for sheep cells at 37° and at 5°C. This applies also to rabbit cell agglutinins. A statistically significant sex difference was found in both sheep and rabbit agglutinin titers in human sera, with the higher agglutinin content in female sera.