bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated miRNA–mRNA analysis reveals candidate miRNA family regulating arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of Poncirus trifoliata
Authors: Ji Chuanya , Song Fang , He Chuan , An Jianyong , Huang Shengyu , Yu Huimin , Lu Hang , Xiao Shunyuan , Bucher Marcel , Pan Zhiyong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractOver 70% land plants live in mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and maintenance of symbiosis requires transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation. The former has been widely studied, whereas the latter mediated by symbiotic microRNAs (miRNAs) remains obscure, especially in woody plants. Here, we performed high‐throughput sequencing of the perennial woody citrus plant Poncirus trifoliata and identified 3750 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 42 miRNAs (DEmiRs) upon AM fungal colonization. By analyzing cis‐regulatory elements in the promoters of the DEGs, we predicted 329 key AM transcription factors (TFs). A miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network was then constructed by integrating these data. Several candidate miRNA families of P. trifoliata were identified whose members target known symbiotic genes, such as miR167h‐AMT2;3 and miR156e‐EXO70I, or key TFs, such as miR164d‐NAC and miR477a‐GRAS, thus are involved in AM symbiotic processes of fungal colonization, arbuscule development, nutrient exchange and phytohormone signaling. Finally, analysis of selected miRNA family revealed that a miR159b conserved in mycorrhizal plant species and a Poncirus‐specific miR477a regulate AM symbiosis. The role of miR477a was likely to target GRAS family gene RAD1 in citrus plants. Our results not only revealed that miRNA‐mRNA network analysis, especially miRNA‐TF analysis, is effective in identifying miRNA family regulating AM symbiosis, but also shed light on miRNA‐mediated post‐transcriptional regulation of AM symbiosis in woody citrus plants.
Nurses' perception of pediatric pain and pain assessment in the Japanese PICU
Authors: Tsuboi Kaoru , Tsuboi Norihiko , Yamashita Kana , Nakagawa Satoshi , Yotani Nobuyuki 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackground: Nurses play an essential role in pain management in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). However, their perceptions regarding pediatric pain and current practice of pain assessment in Japanese PICUs remain unknown.Methods: In January 2021, we conducted a multicenter, cross‐sectional survey across 35 PICUs in Japan. A structured questionnaire which focused on nurses' perceptions of pediatric pain and pain assessment was developed, pilot‐tested, and revised. Twenty copies of the questionnaire were sent to each institution and were distributed to the nursing staff.Results: A total of 356 nurses from 22 institutions responded. Median age of the respondents was 33 years and 84.6% were female. Median length of nursing experience and PICU experience were 10 and 4 years, respectively. Use of pain scales for assessing pain in children who can self‐report pain, preverbal children, and children unable to self‐report pain due to cognitive impairment were 90.7%, 55.9%, and 50.0%, respectively. Nurses' satisfaction regarding pain management in their PICU was 31.9% and their confidence in pain assessment and management were 32.6% and 44.9%, respectively. Lack of knowledge (95.8%), difficulty assessing pain in children (95.2%), and delay in physician's action (91.8%) were the most perceived barriers to optimal pain management.Conclusions: The use of pain scales is insufficient and nurses' satisfaction proved to be extremely low in the Japanese PICUs. Substantial effort is required to enhance the level of current pain management and improve outcomes.
Automatic detection of thin oil films on water surfaces in ultraviolet imagery
Authors: Xie Ming , Zhang Xiurui , Li Ying , Han Bing 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAmong the various remote sensing technologies that have been applied to monitor oil spills on the sea surface, passive ultraviolet (UV) imaging is a controversial one that has raised some disputes in the community of oil spill remote sensing. As a result, the research and applications of oil spill detection using passive UV imaging have not been as developed as other methods. In order to clarify some existing questions on oil spill detection using passive UV remote sensing technology, this paper discusses the needs of thin oil film detection, examines the feasibility of thin oil film detection using passive UV imaging through field experiments under controlled conditions and validates it with the UV imagery derived from the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) observation of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Two types of fully automatic models are designed to extract the thin oil films on the water surface: (1) a binary classification model based on an adaptive threshold; (2) an unsupervised image segmentation model based on image clustering and greyscale histogram analysis. The two models are tested on the UV imagery obtained through both field experiments and AVIRIS observations. The results indicate that the binary classification model can extract the thin oil films with reasonable accuracy under stable imaging conditions, while the unsupervised image clustering model can robustly detect the thin oil films at the cost of higher computational complexity. These results infer that passive UV imaging is an effective way to detect thin oil films and could be applied to provide early warning at the beginning stage of oil spills and reduce further damage. It may also be applied as a supplementary method for oil spill detection to achieve comprehensive oil spill monitoring.
Does violent conflict affect the distribution of social welfare? Evidence from India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
Authors: Koyuncu Murat , Yörük Erdem , Gürel Burak 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhat are the contentious political dynamics of the largest workfare program in the world, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) of India? Combining quantitative analysis with a close reading of government documents and a survey of the existing literature, we suggest that the Indian government's counter‐insurgency strategy against the Maoist unrest is a significant dynamic shaping the distribution of MGNREGA benefits. In our empirical analysis, we examine the effect of Maoist incidents on household income due to MGNREGA by merging a nationally representative household survey (Indian Human Development Survey‐II) and a Maoist incidents dataset. Controlling for relevant household and district characteristics, we show that higher intensity of violent conflicts is associated with higher MGNREGA benefits. This result is robust to using a variety of alternative specifications and estimation methodologies.
The Effect of Openings in Pressure Vessels
Authors: Taylor J. Hall , Waters Everett O. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Openings in pressure vessels, either reinforced or unreinforced, have presented to the engineering profession a difficult problem, and outside of a few isolated tests there appears to be little information available to the designing engineer. The authors set out in June, 1930, to establish by tests the stress relations existing about unreinforced holes, and in addition to determine the reinforcing effect of nozzles and other outlets of the type generally used for attachments to pressure vessels, and to make this information available to the engineering profession. Three commercial-sized pressure vessels were constructed, and readings were obtained on ten unreinforced openings and on fourteen openings with nozzles attached. There are many local conditions that have a great effect on results. The tests as a whole indicate (1) the necessity of reinforcing all holes above a minimum diameter, because the stress concentration becomes much higher than that due to a hole in a stretched flat plate as the diameter increases; (2) the desirability of attaching the reinforcement as near the edge of the hole as practicable, on account of the local character of the stress concentration; (3) the danger of excessive stiffening when heavy, large-diameter reinforcing pads or saddles are used. A few numerical examples are given to illustrate the principles outlined.
Determination of Initial Stresses by Measuring the Deformations Around Drilled Holes
Authors: Mathar Josef 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Methods have been proposed for determining the inherent stresses in structural components by disturbing their stress equilibrium through some mechanical device and measuring the resulting deformations. This principle is the basis of the stress methods of E. Heyn and O. Bauer, the casting of stress grids for determining the tendency of various cast irons to develop stresses, and the drilling methods of G. Sachs. These methods have the disadvantages, however, that they can be successfully used only with specially shaped pieces (e.g., those with round or rectangular cross-sections), that every form of test piece requires another kind of injury and hence of calculation, and that the tested parts are rendered useless. In part, moreover, only mean stresses can be determined, which may differ greatly from the maximum stresses. The new test method, which seeks to eliminate these disadvantages, is likewise based on a disturbance of the equilibrium of forces, and is done by drilling a hole, which, however, is so small that the part can be used again. This method serves, among other things, for determining the inherent stresses in castings, welded parts, rolled structural shapes, and finished structures.
Burning Characteristics of Pulverized Coals and the Radiation From Their Flames
Authors: Sherman Ralph A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with a laboratory investigation of Hocking, Pocahontas, Illinois No. 6, and Pittsburgh No. 8 coals to determine the relation of the rate of burning of pulverized fuels and of the radiation from their flames, to the type of coal and the fineness of pulverization. The principal conclusions drawn from the results of this investigation are: That fineness of grinding becomes increasingly important as the combustion space is restricted; that the type of coal influences the rate of combustion; that increased furnace temperature increases the rate of combustion; and that, although the temperature and total radiation of the flame are affected by fineness of grinding, excess air, and rate of firing, the emissivity of the flame at any position is affected to a marked degree only by the type of coal.
Stress Concentration Produced by Holes and Notches
Authors: Wahl A. M. , Beeuwkes R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The problem of stress-concentration effects, produced by holes and notches in bars under tension is, of interest to machine designers. The present paper describes photoelastic tests and strain measurements to determine these effects more accurately than has been done heretofore, a more accurate extrapolation method being employed in connection with fringe photographs. Stress-concentration factors thus determined were, in general, higher than those obtained by previous investigators. In cases where mathematical calculations were available, the tests checked these. Empirical equations for use in calculation are also given.
New Method of Calculating Longitudinal Shear in Checked Wooden Beams
Authors: Newlin J. A. , Heck G. E. , March H. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a rational method of design of wooden structural beams containing checks or fissures in the vertical faces. A safe design assumes that such checks are present. The method proposed will lead to a considerable saving of the material required by over-conservative methods of design now in common use. It is well known that the usual method of calculating the longitudinal shearing stress in the neutral plane of such beams is in error, as it predicts in certain cases stresses two or three times the ultimate shearing stress of the material in beams which are carrying their loads without failure. In the present study, made at the United States Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wis., the elastic behavior of a loaded checked beam is examined in order to explain the discrepancy existing between the facts of experience and the predictions of the usual methods of calculating shear. The essential features of this explanation were established by an approximate mathematical analysis of the problem and a series of about 200 tests. It is found that the upper and lower halves of such a beam act to some extent as independent beams, thereby relieving the shearing stress in the neutral plane. This independent or “two-beam” action increases rapidly as the point of application of a concentrated load approaches a support. As a consequence, the point of application of the minimum concentrated load to produce failure by shear in a checked beam is not just inside a support, as is commonly assumed as a result of the usual simple beam theory, but is at some distance from a support. Accordingly, recommendations for calculating the strength of a timber in shear are made that allow a considerable saving of material.
The Intake Orifice and a Proposed Method for Testing Exhaust Fans
Authors: Ebaugh N. C. , Whitfield R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of laboratory tests which were made to determine the characteristics of large thin-plate orifices mounted on the intake end of a pipe, when low differential pressures of the order of 0.1 to 2.0 in. of water were used, and then suggests the use of such orifices in fan testing.
The characteristics presented are the variation of the pressure below the orifice plate, the shift of the vena contracta with size and with differential pressure, and the coefficient of discharge.
Tests were made on five different sizes ranging from 20 to 100 per cent of pipe area. One of the plates was cut with a cold chisel to test the effect of roughness in large sizes. The pressure gradient below the plate was measured with a micromanometer which gives a direct reading of 0.001 in. of alcohol. The air flow was measured with a calibrated venturi meter.
The results obtained indicate that the intake orifice is a very satisfactory metering element for differential pressures as low as 0.05 in. of water. Although the location of the vena contracta shifts both with orifice size and with differential pressure, a single pressure tap located 40 per cent of the pipe diameter downstream from the orifice plate may be used for orifice sizes of from 20 to 80 per cent of the pipe area and for differential pressures above 0.1 in. of water, with a coefficient of discharge of 0.601. The coefficient of the large orifice was not appreciably affected by rough edges.
A bibliography and an appendix on the calibration of instruments, and comparison of pitot tubes are appended.
New Spring Formulas and New Materials for Precision Spring Scales
Authors: Sayre M. F. , de Forest A. V. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes development work on springs for precision measuring instruments in which the various errors or deviations from desired behavior of the springs were studied separately. These errors were then compensated for by the design of a new-type helical spring, the combined error of which was reduced to well within 0.05 per cent.
Variations due to change in elastic modulus with changes in temperature were eliminated essentially by the development of a special alloy of a modified elinvar type containing 36 per cent nickel; 8 per cent or more chromium; 4 per cent of other elements including manganese, silicon, molybdenum, copper, and vanadium; and the remainder iron. By making use of a high degree of cold drawing followed by a moderate-temperature heat-treatment and by other special processing, safe working stresses were raised to 60,000 lb per sq in. in shear, while the error due to creep under working loads was reduced to less than 0.02 per cent and the error due to “back error” or hysteresis was reduced to less than 0.04 per cent.
Due to changes in pitch angle of wire and in radius of the coil as the load is applied, the load-deflection curve for a truly elastic helical spring of round wire deviates slightly from a straight line. Accurate formulas for the curve are developed in the paper. Using wires with the proper rectangular cross section, the resulting helical springs will theoretically have an exact straight-line rate. Actual behavior of these springs approximates very closely their theoretical behavior. An error results from the twisting of the springs under load. This has been corrected by using two springs in series, oppositely wound.
Various other means of compensating for the various errors were also studied, some of which are mentioned in the paper.
Experimental Determinations of the Flow Characteristics in the Volutes of Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Binder R. C. , Knapp R. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of an exhaustive study which was made to determine internal-flow characteristics of two high-efficiency, high-head centrifugal pumps of commercial design. Special equipment was constructed to measure instantaneous values of pressures and velocities at various stations in the volutes. The authors discuss previous work of a nature similar to their study. They describe briefly the apparatus used in their tests, the arrangement of the test equipment, and the accuracy of the equipment used to measure the instantaneous values of pressures and velocities in the volutes. The results of the tests are presented in graphical form.
Cavitation on Marine Propellers
Authors: Smith Lybrand P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author defines terms used In connection with cavitation of marine propellers and hydraulic turbines. He points out that cavitation is a problem of growing importance where higher powers and speeds are required, and when cavitation occurs that thrust, torque, and efficiency are reduced and erosion of the hardest metals occurs. Theoretical and experimental research into the mechanics of cavitation and its effect on thrust, torque, and efficiency is reported. The author reports that the standard or usual equations for thrust and torque are merely special cases of a general thrust and torque theorem which he develops. He points out that cavitation on marine propellers is a phenomenon different from anything occurring on aerial propellers.
The author discusses the following items in detail: (a) In the general case, thrust and torque coefficients are functions of slip ratio, rotary speed, and pressure, and are not merely functions of slip ratio alone as is generally assumed. (b) For thrust and torque coefficients to be treated as functions of slip ratio only, the propellers must operate at low rotary speed or under high-pressure conditions. (c) Marine propellers operate under low-pressure conditions. (d) A simple equation indicates where burbling cavitation will begin on the back of any blade element, and what can be done to delay the appearance of such cavitation. (e) A vortex, in which the water particles move in approximately helical paths around the axis, is prerequisite to laminar cavitation. (f) A laminar cavity is not in contact with the propeller blade, but is separated therefrom by a wall of water. (g) Both kinds of cavitation can actually reduce thrust and torque with increasing rotary speed, and not merely reduce the thrust and torque below the values which would have been attained in the absence of cavitation, as is usually assumed. (h) After either type of cavitation completely covers the back of propeller blades, thrust and torque will increase again with increasing rotary speed, although at a lesser rate than in the absence of cavitation. (i) Both kinds of cavitation result in an increase of pressure on the cavitating side of the blade in excess of the pressure which would have existed in the absence of cavitation, and this accounts for the relatively small effect on thrust and torque when cavitation occurs on the face of the blade.
In conclusion, the author shows that previously reported explanations are inadequate to account for all the observed effects of cavitation on thrust and torque. He then develops his own theories to explain such effects, and shows that insight into actual physical phenomena has frequently been obscured by the otherwise useful custom of plotting results in the form of dimensionless, or quasi-dimensionless, coefficients against dimensionless products such as Reynolds’ numbers or slip ratio.
Air Chambers and Valves in Relation to Water Hammer
Authors: Angus R. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author gives equations which are necessary for the complete analysis of surge conditions in pump-discharge lines when data for the discharge-line conditions are presented graphically. He selects several types of discharge line and presents graphs which indicate water-hammer conditions therein. Some of the types discussed are simple discharge lines from pumps, discharge lines with an air chamber some distance from the pump and also from the reservoir into which the line discharges, discharge lines wherein the water column breaks, and discharge lines wherein water hammer occurs due to the chattering or slamming of valves.
Decomposition of Sodium-Sulphite Solutions at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Taff W. O. , Johnstone H. F. , Straub F. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the experimental apparatus and testing procedure used to determine the effect of high temperature on sodium-sulphite solutions as used in boilers to prevent oxygen from the feedwater from attacking the steel.
The results of the experiments are compiled in tables and graphs showing the decomposition of the sodium sulphite for different values of time, temperature, and pH.
The results show that solutions of sodium sulphite decompose into sulphide, sulphate, and thiosulphate at temperatures above 530 F. Variation of the pH of the solution from 9.5 to 11 has no effect on the rate of the reaction or on the proportions of the decomposition products formed. The reaction is determined to be of the first order and the value of the heat of activation is determined.
Quantitative Analysis of Process Lags
Authors: Mason C. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author urges the need for a development of a continuous-process technology resting on quantitative rather than qualitative foundations. He suggests definitions of some of the qualitative terms currently employed in the description of process lag and explains that such generally descriptive terms are not indispensable in process analysis.
To illustrate the quantitative approach, the author derives integrable equations describing the behavior of some elementary thermal systems, and interprets the solutions as the result of definite operations performed on these systems, particular effort being taken to include detailed steps in the mathematical developments.
One type of lag is shown to be expressible, as such, directly in units of time. It is explained that the more general types of lag are best embodied in the structure of a differential equation; while the conventional “time constant” is shown to have meaning only for a restricted class of systems.
A method is suggested for the concrete representation of industrial processes by the easily visualized and comparable form of liquid-level systems. By way of exemplification of this method, such liquid-level equivalents are given for the previously considered thermal processes.
Gradual development of theorems, guided by quantitative mathematical methods, is held as the only sure road to a practical science.