bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transition to a Hybrid Scribal Culture
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe English tradition of amateur manuscript culture spread at an ever-accelerating pace, producing an ever greater volume of documents written in the vernacular by scribes from ever less affluent social strata The new tradition did not grow out of the medieval one but was instead grafted onto it. At the same time, Church and state took advantage of cheap paper to expand their record keeping. The proliferating texts expanded the need for scriveners and secretaries. On the official level, this increase led to the creation of a national repository of records and a national system of posts augmenting the traditional services of private servant-messengers. Print greatly expanded the production of texts in multiple copies, but was otherwise merely another innovation made possible by the availability of cheap paper. And while this study is only concerned with the textual nature of paper’s impact on English culture, it infiltrated daily life in myriad other ways where it was used for bandages, to store medicines, spices, tobacco, and foods, to strain liquids, and to line baking pans. The new product was soon pervasive in society as it is today.
Amateur Handwriting and Document Formats
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 2 deals with the complexities of handwriting with pen and ink. It surveys the time, effort, and materials amateur scribes needed to produce handwritten texts on paper or parchment. An overview of the various hands taught to amateur scribes, and the personal adaptations of these model alphabets, shows how the amateur tradition in all its variety was far more susceptible to misinterpretation and the transmission of error in the texts it produced than was the case for either professional copy or printed texts. A survey of the kinds of document formats cultivated during the age of paper concludes with an analysis of how paper influenced personal correspondence.
Personal Notebooks
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 3 describes the kinds of personal notebooks that paper encouraged including student notebooks, commonplace books, books on specialized topics such as recipes and alchemy, and various different types of anthologies. A sampling of these notebooks serves to emphasize the variety of their contents and the fact that almost anyone could afford to compile such documents. Texts of all kinds were accessed by amateur scribes who collected and transmitted them with few limitations regarding where they lived or their economic or social status. This survey of representative manuscript notebooks highlights the democratizing power of the amateur scribal tradition based on paper.
The Circulation of Texts
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 4 concerns the circulation of texts in the new hybrid scribal culture with particular attention to how paper encouraged both production and widespread circulation. Exclusive coteries played a very small role in this circulation, which was dominated by an informal national network made up of what Harold Love has termed “scribal communities.” In aggregate, these interconnected, overlapping communities transmitted manuscripts rapidly to all parts of the kingdom. Compilers of manuscripts received and sent texts by regularly scheduled carriers as well as by informal means. Sites of composition included inns, taverns, and alehouses as well as the court, universities, and Inns of Court. The scribal culture nurtured by these scribal communities connected through a national network of textual exchange ignored class barriers, bringing transcribed texts of all kinds to audiences that, historically, had been largely cut off from literate culture of any kind.
Loss Rates and the Skewed Patterns of Survival
Authors: May Steven W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 5 considers the impact of loss rates on our understanding of scribal culture. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, the English Civil War, and the Great Fire of London were three major events that caused catastrophic destruction of manuscripts during the Renaissance. The very high rates of loss for such documents, especially those from the amateur tradition, led to skewed patterns of survival that do not always receive much attention in considerations of scribal culture. The circumstances of manuscript survival guarantee that what survives cannot leave us with a representative cross-section of the overall culture of writing in which they were produced. What we have lost is difficult to assess or reconstruct, but has a significant bearing on the actual nature of Renaissance literate culture.
Real Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Forgiveness is supposedly the key to regaining happiness and escaping cycles of blame and revenge, but is it true that we always ought to forgive those who wrong us, even if they are unrepentant repeat offenders? In forgiving them, would we be failing to stand up for ourselves and letting them off the hook? These questions are complicated by the fact that no one can agree on what forgiveness is supposed to be. Is forgiveness an emotional change within the victim, including the loss of resentment? Is forgiveness a change in the way that the victim treats the wrongdoer, perhaps including reconciliation or the merciful withholding of punishment? Is forgiving a performative speech act, similar to making a promise or to cancelling a debt? Is forgiveness a moral virtue? This book identifies the tensions within our thinking about forgiveness and explains why there is endless disagreement on this issue. Many assume that forgiveness is permissible whenever it is possible, that forgiveness is available to every victim, and that forgiveness allows victim and perpetrator to move on peacefully. It turns out that forgiveness cannot be all of these things simultaneously, so we must reject one of these common assumptions. Arguably, real forgiveness results in intrapersonal and interpersonal peace and is available to every victim. This means that real forgiveness is frequently beneficial and morally admirable, but in some cases is irrational, dangerous, and impermissible. Sometimes the victim morally ought to remain in conflict with the wrongdoer, and so should not forgive.
Introduction
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
What is forgiveness, and when should we forgive? Victims are often praised for forgiving, but sometimes to forgive appears to be weak, dangerous, or unjust. To make matters worse, there is enormous disagreement as to what forgiveness is supposed to be. Does forgiveness entail mercy and reconciliation? Is forgiveness compatible with continued punishment? Is forgiveness a moral virtue? This introduction sets out the structure of the book Real Forgiveness chapter by chapter, showing how it will survey philosophical views of forgiveness, provide an underlying explanation of the disagreements, and conclude by setting out a novel and attractive account of forgiveness.
The Philosophy of Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter maps out the history of the philosophy of forgiveness and considers whether contemporary philosophers can provide us with an adequate definition. How is forgiving related to various other ways of responding to wrongdoing, including resenting, blaming, rebuking, punishing, pardoning, excusing, and forgetting? While some contemporary philosophers refer back to Bishop Butler’s comments on forgiveness, philosophical work on interpersonal forgiveness did not begin in earnest until the second half of the twentieth century, when several influential papers set the parameters for the current debate and helped to solidify some common assumptions about the nature of forgiveness. There is a lot of disagreement on this issue, but this chapter focuses on the common ground. The vast majority of contemporary philosophers who write about this topic agree that forgiving is a response to wrongdoing that is incompatible with excusing and with justifying, and, in slightly different way, incompatible with forgetting. Most philosophers think that forgiveness is connected in some way to blame and the reactive attitude of resentment. Furthermore, contemporary philosophers agree that forgiving is distinct from but compatible with institutional pardoning and acts of mercy.
Prioritizing the Unrestricted Availability of Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the options that are available to philosophers who claim that forgiveness is an act that is available to all victims, and that forgiving is under the victim’s direct voluntary control. These philosophers suggest that forgiving is a performative speech act, similar to the making of a promise, via which the forgiver exercises a normative power. According to this view, a victim who forgives thereby waives some obligations and creates others. This chapter examines several performative accounts of forgiveness, some of which suggest that the forgiver abandons the right to blame the wrongdoer, and others which suggest that the forgiver also abandons her right to keep punishing or resisting the wrongdoer. Performative commitments of this kind are a genuine and important moral phenomenon, but ultimately it is not plausible that they are an essential part of forgiveness. It is also problematic to make the weaker claim that one kind of forgiveness is performative, but another kind is not. The performative act that these philosophers are talking about is not forgiveness itself, but something that sometimes occurs in association with it.
Prioritizing the Peaceful Functionality of Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends the Peaceful End Point account of forgiveness, prioritizing the idea that forgiving results in intrapersonal and interpersonal peace. On this model, forgiveness is primarily conceived of as the stable end state in which the victim no longer holds hostile reactive attitudes towards the perpetrator, and in which victim and perpetrator are no longer in conflict, even though the victim still judges that she was culpably wronged by the perpetrator. With this end state as our anchoring point, we can then define forgiving as the process via which the victim moves into that end state. This comparatively expansive conception of forgiveness allows that there are many different ways of forgiving, some active and reason-driven, some passive, some correctly targeted at culpable wrongdoing, some mistargeted at actions that were not even wrong. What it takes for a victim to forgive depends on that victim’s particular starting point. The Peaceful End Point account makes sense of the fact that forgiveness is frequently sought by both victims and by wrongdoers, and why it is sometimes easy but other times very difficult for a victim to forgive. It also helps us to see why some cases of forgiveness are morally wrong, and why the relevant moral virtue in this domain is not best described as the virtue of forgiveness.
Entrepreneurial Journalism
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The advent of the new media technologies effected a tectonic shift in the perception of what constitutes capital. Until then, the word ‘capital’ referred to tangible wealth required for launching a business enterprise. The New Information and Communication Technologies transmuted the character of capital from tangible to intangible wealth. Information was no more only a facilitating communicational requirement for the success of a business organization. It became the new capital. As an intellectual product, it could power into existence of new service-based business ventures. Hence, the mushrooming of the tech-based business ventures by people who could lay no claim to big ticket investments, the sole preserve of the legacy entrepreneurs of the post-industrial revolution period. Post the financial meltdown of 2007, it even took on the shape of a new kind of money, the crypto currencies, free from governmental, as if cocking a snook at the financial mess created by the central banks. Soon, a whole new industry came up using the crypto currencies not just as store of value but also as a medium of exchange, the function that currencies have been performing. This marginalization of physical wealth and centre staging of intellectual wealth, rather capital, has made the ground even for the entry of the knowledge-entrepreneur in various sectors of the economy, including the business of news. Welcome to the age of digital media organizations that depend for their success on the ingenuity of content creators and content designers on multiple digital platforms! This book details the digital entrepreneurial journalistic endeavours in India.
The Indian Trailblazers
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The digital revolution is accentuating and leading to a metamorphosis of the society. The world is getting closer due to digitization with ventures innovating and merging the virtual with the real world. Journalism cannot stay bereft of this digitization, nor can the media industry subsist without the ultimate transformation. Many opinions have been put forth regarding the unique amalgamation of traditional and modern-day dissemination of news, the onset of innovative ventures, and the rise of the new and dynamic business/economic environment. In this chapter, the author explains international trends: celebrity journalists shifting to digital start-ups, in line with online: digital metamorphosis of traditional Indian media, online presence of foreign media in India, and emergence of the trailblazers: digital Indian media giants. Some of the digital journalism trailblazers in India that the author has covered in detail in this book are ThePrint, ScoopWhoop, Inshorts, IndiaSpend, Boomlive, Alt News, Youth Ki Awaz (YKA), Democracy News Live, Beyond Headlines, Better India, The Quint, PARI, The Wire, exchange4media, Newslaundry, Scroll, The Logical Indian, etc. Many others such as Editorji, Khabar Lahariya, and CGNet Swara have been discussed briefly in a separate chapter.
ScoopWhoop
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
ScoopWhoop (SW) is a digital media start-up headquartered in New Delhi with offices in Mumbai and Bengaluru. In 2019, Oxford University’s Reuters Institute placed ScoopWhoop among the ten most trusted online news websites in India. ‘It’s the only new media company in the top 10’, according to Sattvik Mishra. The author takes on board the inception of this organization that was started as an experiment by three classmates of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication. The author also uncovers the genesis, strategic intent, growth and development, editorial policies, revenue, funding, and business model of the organization. The chapter sheds light on their creative and unique content and product development that helps them in keeping Indianness alive via their stories. The chapter unfolds how SW represents and celebrates the unique culture of the young Indian—which is multicultural in itself.
Youth Ki Awaaz
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Youth Ki Awaaz (YKA) is an open publishing platform which lets people post about issues that they are passionate about. Started in 2008 by Anshul Tewari, currently the online portal boasts of over 160,000 writers and 4 million views every month. It also promotes young people to write about critical issues, ranging from education and gender to politics and culture. The chapter outlines the ability of the youth to talk about anything that they feel about and the persistent issues in the country and the world on the online platform that has been provided by YKA. The organization is also promoting mobile journalism for easy accessibility. Therefore, the chapter discusses about this organization that is aiming to build a democratic and participatory society. The aim of the organization, which is further elaborated in the chapter, is to build a democratic and participatory audience via community-led product model. The chapter focuses on the vision, mission, strategy, ideation, genesis, editorial policies, technology used, revenue and funding, and the business model of the organization.
The Quint
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘The Quint tells stories no one else is willing to tell’—that’s how the digital media organization describes itself. The author discovers their journey of ‘FOMO’ (fear of missing out) that makes them stand distinct in the pack of varied digital platforms. In the chapter, the author embarks on the journey of the genesis and growth of the organization which claims, ‘We are the signal above the noise’. With the strong background of its founders, the organization is appealing to the audience with innovative experiments like WebQoof, a fact-check programme. Their slogan is ‘Truth for the Youth’ that suggests their appeal to the millennial by providing them with supreme technological experience along with factual content. They are expanding digitally with their social media handles and also by partnering with other media outlets for platforms such as BQ Prime (formerly BloombergQuint) and Quintype.
Newslaundry
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter outlines the birth and growth of Newslaundry, an organization backed up by renowned journalists. It unravels their motive to present analytical reports on the basis of investigative journalism to the citizens of a democratic country. A peep into the journey of Newslaundry explains their establishment both as a media watchdog and a news site that follows the path of truth and transparency and has been committed to presenting current affairs stories in innovative and engaging formats including media critique and reportage. The chapter sketches the enunciation of the organization defining its mission and vision statements, content, editorial and business policies, unique characteristics, and how it competes with its rivals with alacrity. Exclusive interviews with the founders of the digital venture reveals the challenges and emerging business model of the organization. Depending solely on its subscribers for the revenue has been a dicey way to run an organization, but it has collaborated with some giants who have invested a handsome amount in the organization. The author wants to take the readers through the odyssey of Newslaundry—the watchdog of watchdogs.
Precarious lives
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘Precarious lives’ describes how London’s race–class topography developed in the two decades after the end of the Second World War. As London’s multi-ethnic make-up expanded in these years, people of colour were concentrated in just a few of the city’s poorest districts. To their white neighbours they became an index of poverty against which the fragile gains of reconstruction, affluence, and the social-democratic settlement were measured. On-the-ground campaigns to limit black and brown settlement in the city frequently mobilized against the threat to socio-economic status and material prosperity that black settlement was presumed to bring. In this, the politics of race and class became inextricably linked, as, for many white Londoners, the struggles of class status and hierarchy became tied to questions of the proximity of racial otherness. This was the context in which the ideals of civilization and, above all, respectability moved to the heart of anti-immigration politics. It was through race that the politics of respectability lasted in the post-war period, where otherwise it might have more readily declined. This chapter demonstrates its hold.
Bad citizens
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the thinking of integrationists, to be tolerant and indeed to embrace integration was a sign of respectability; to seek segregation or to indulge in racial discrimination, or, worse still, racial hatred, was a sign of roughness. ‘Bad citizens’ explores the reform projects directed towards ‘bad’ white citizens, seeing how the reaction of integrationists to the white violence of the 1958 Notting Hill riots led to a concerted effort to ‘civilize’ the ‘hooligans’ upon whom the violence of the riots was blamed. This was a way of understanding racism that explained it as a product, simultaneously, of ‘roughness’ and primitivity, both of which were understood to be in plentiful supply among the Teddy boys who led the violence in Notting Hill. A good dose of civilization and civility, in this thinking, could transform racists into integrationists and solve the problems posed by the threat of racial violence. The bad white citizen—epitomized in the figure of the Teddy boy, taken to be the typical rioter and race-hater—was repeatedly cast as outside the bounds of civility, respectability, and citizenship, and indeed his unreadiness for life in a multi-ethnic city was spoken of in racial terms as often as was his black neighbours’. Teddy boys were, in the eyes of many integrationists, degenerate whites, simultaneously in need of reform and, in more pessimistic moments, beyond help.
The Metaphysics of Christology in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The late middle ages was a period of great speculative innovation in Christology, within the framework of a standard Christological opinion established by the Franciscan John Duns Scotus and the Dominican Hervaeus Natalis. This book explores ways in which this standard opinion was developed in the period, along with alternative views proposed by Peter Auriol, John Wyclif, and others. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were pre-eminently the age of nominalism, and this book examines the impact of nominalism on Christological discussions, as well as the development of Thomist and Scotist theology in the period. It also provides essential background for the correct understanding of Reformation Christology.
Introduction
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the standard account of the metaphysics of Christology found in the late Middle Ages, according to which Christ’s human nature depends on the divine person in a way akin to that in which an accident depends on a substance. (The view is here labelled the ‘opinio communis’.) The chapter shows that the view was accepted not just in Paris, but universally. It discusses the way in which Franciscan and Dominican approaches to the theory differ from each other in various small details. It contextualizes this Christology relative to the three Christological opinions found in Peter Lombard’s Sentences. It introduces some of the main doctrinal currents, including the traditions of Scotism, Thomism, and nominalism, and with reference to Jean Gerson shows that nominalism was by far the most significant position on the theory of universals in the period.
Christological semantics and the impact of nominalism
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows the impact that nominalism had on Christological semantics. It also attempts to show that this impact, with one possible exception, did not extend to the metaphysics of Christology. The chapter begins with a consideration of a standard realist semantics: that of Scotus, here summarized by his student John of Bassolis. It shows that nominalist metaphysics and semantics was introduced in the early fourteenth century by Hervaeus Natalis, and then becomes the predominant position among both Dominicans and Ockham and his followers. It thus features as a presupposition in the debates between Durand of St Pourçain and his Dominican opponents at Paris. Some Dominicans in the fifteenth century return to Aquinas’s realism, and at the same time some Franciscans adopt aspects of the Christological semantics proposed by Bonaventure. The chapter ends with the speculation that Aquinas’s Christology was not adopted until the fifteenth century because it is metaphysically inconsistent with nominalism.