bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Volatile Optical Switch Element Enabled by Low‐Loss Phase Change Material
Authors: Yang Xing , Lu Liangjun , Li Yu , Wu Yue , Li Ziquan , Chen Jianping , Zhou Linjie 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) integrated with phase‐change materials have attracted great interest due to their low power consumption and ultra‐compact size, which are favored for reconfigurable photonic processors. However, they suffer from a low optical extinction ratio and limited switching cycles due to high material loss and poor reversible repeatability caused by material degradation. Here a non‐volatile electrically reconfigurable 2 × 2 MZI integrated with a low‐loss phase‐change material Sb2Se3 encapsulated in Al2O3 layers is demonstrated. The phase change is electrically actuated by a forward‐biased silicon p‐i‐n diode. The switch extinction ratio is more than 20 dB due to the low‐loss Sb2Se3‐based phase shifter. By dividing the Sb2Se3 patch into small sub‐cells to restrict the material reflow, more than 10 000 reversible phase‐change cycles and 6‐bit multilevel switching states are achieved by programming the electrical pulses. Its non‐volatility, high endurance, and fine‐tuning capability makes the device promising in large‐scale low‐power reconfigurable photonic processors.
Surface Passivation with Selected Phosphine Oxide Molecules for Efficient Pure‐Blue Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chen Fang , Zhang Dingshuo , Cui Qiaopeng , Dai Xingliang , Cai Peiqing , Ye Zhizhen , He Haiping 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPassivation of defects in halide perovskite using phosphine oxide or alkyl‐phosphonate has recently obtained a few remarkable achievements. However, effective application of phosphine oxide or alky‐phosphonate in passivating perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are seldom reported due to solubility issue or difficulty of amount control. In this work, two bifunctional organic molecules containing phosphine oxide groups, 2,4,6‐Tris[3‐(diphenylphosphinyl)phenyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine (PO‐T2T) and 2,7‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (SPPO13), are deposited on QDs films by thermal evaporation. The molecules, both as passivation agents as well as electron transporting materials, exhibit stark contrast in passivating QDs and in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) performance. A competition between charge transfer and defect passivation between the QDs and the molecules is proposed. In film, electron transfer from the QDs to PO‐T2T dominates and quench the QDs, while the passivation effect of PO‐T2T on the QDs dominates in driving device and enhances luminance of the LEDs. In contrast, passivation effect of SPPO13 on the QDs dominates both in films and in LEDs. A maximum EQE of 2.67% is obtained for the pure‐blue LED based on SPPO13‐passivated QDs films. This work provides a guide on the selection of passivation agents based on phosphine oxide and a promising passivation method for high‐efficient perovskite QD LEDs.
Influence of the Morphology on the Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelets Analyzed by Comparative Photoelectron Spectroscopy with Soft and Hard X‐Rays
Authors: Chemello Giovanni , Knigge Xenia , Ciornii Dmitri , Reed Benjamen P. , Pollard Andrew J. , Clifford Charles A. , Howe Tom , Vyas Neil , Hodoroaba Vasile‐Dan , Radnik Jörg 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSince its isolation, graphene has received growing attention from academia and industry due to its unique properties. However, the “what is my material” barrier hinders further commercialization. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is considered as a method of choice for the determination of the elemental and chemical composition. In this work the influence of the morphology of graphene particles on the XPS results is studied and investigated as a function of X‐ray energy, using conventional XPS with Al Kα radiation and hard X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) using Cr Kα radiation. Thereby, the information depth is varied between 10 and 30 nm. For this purpose, two commercial powders containing graphene nanoplatelets with lateral dimensions of either ≈100 nm or in the micrometer range are compared. These larger ones exist as stack of graphene layers which is inspected with scanning electron microscopy. Both kinds of particles are then functionalized with either oxygen or fluorine. The size of the graphene particles is found to influence the degree of functionalization. Only the combination of XPS and HAXPES allows to detect the functionalization at the outermost surface of the particles or even of the stacks and to provide new insights into the functionalization process.
Effective Optimization Strategy for Electron Beam Lithography of Molecular Glass Negative Photoresist
Authors: Gao Jiaxing , Zhang Siliang , Cui Xuewen , Cong Xue , Guo Xudong , Hu Rui , Wang Shuangqing , Chen Jinping , Li Yi , Yang Guoqiang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAs the crucial dimension (CD) of logic circuits continues to shrink, the photoresist metrics, including resolution, line edge roughness, and sensitivity, are faced with significant challenges. Photoresists are indispensable in the integrated circuit manufacturing industry, and specifically in achieving smaller critical dimensions. In this study, the effects of two categories of photosensitive compounds on lithography performance are explored, through a series of sulfonium salt‐based photoacid generators (PAGs) with diverse reactivity and photodegradable nucleophiles (PDNs) with varying nucleophilicity. The detailed characterization and exposure experiments suggest that the reactive alterations of different PAGs are mostly associated with the amount of phenyl composed of cations in PAGs. The “PDN first, PAG second” strategy, which employs a combination of low reactivity PAG and high reactivity PDN and involves PDN decomposition first and PAG decomposition second in the electron beam lithography process, achieves high sensitivity (100–270 µC cm−2), high resolution (25 nm 1:1 line/space, L/S), and low line edge roughness (LER ≤ 3.3 nm) stripes. This approach outperforms conventional formulations and may provide a potentially effective and useful strategy to improve electron beam photoresists.
Programmable Granular Hydrogel Inks for 3D Bioprinting Applications
Authors: Ribeiro Lucas S. , Gaspar Vítor M. , Sobreiro‐Almeida Rita , Camargo Emerson R. , Mano João F. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractGranular inks comprising jammed hydrogel unit building blocks are emerging as multiprogramable precursors for 3D/4D printing nonbulk hydrogel constructs. In addition to their injectability, they also exhibit high porosity when compared to bulk hydrogels, allowing more efficient nutrient transport and cell migration through the scaffold structure. Herein, the key steps in the production of these inks, from the fabrication of the microgels, the jamming process, and how fabrication affects final material properties, such as porosity, resolution, and fidelity is reviewed. In addition, the main techniques used for the stabilization of scaffolds after the printing process and the assessment of cell viability, in the case of bioinks, are meticulously discussed. Finally, the most recent studies in the application of granular hydrogels for different biomedical applications are highlighted. All in all, it is envisioned that 3D‐printed granular constructs will continue to evolve towards increasingly stimuli‐responsive platforms that may respond in a spatiotemporally controlled manner that matches that of user‐defined or biologically encoded processes.
Human Pulse and Respiration Monitoring: Reconfigurable and Scalable Balloon‐Shaped Fiber Wearables
Authors: Mishra Pratik , Sahu Prasant Kumar , Kumar Hemant , Jha Rajan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWearable technologies have achieved tremendous success in medical‐grade human vital signal monitoring. Herein, a unique geometry (balloon shaped) and usage of very economical polymer embedded single mode fiber based modal interferometry that not only overcome the mechanical strength restrictions of most of the fiber wearables but also fulfil the two most important and necessary requirements of any wearable system: flexibility and stretchability are reported. Here, the human pulse rate and respiration rhythm are successfully monitored by placing the wearables at appropriate positions on different human subjects. The wearable system when compared with the other two commercial approaches: piezoelectric and Photoplethysmography shows better results in terms of pulse visibility. The wrist pulse detection by the proposed system shows 72 bpm and can distinguish different human pulse parameters such as main peak, tidal peak, dicrotic wave peak, and dicrotic notch. Further, three volunteers’ heart beat values obtained from the proposed system very well match with the commercial heart‐rate meter thereby showing the alternative and better approach for futuristic health monitoring wearable device.
Exploring Conducting Polymers as a Promising Alternative for Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Van , Le Quyet Van , Peng Shengjie , Dai Zhengfei , Ahn Sang Hyun , Kim Soo Young 
Published: June 2023

AbstractElectrochromism is a unique phenomenon based on the ability to change the optical properties or color of a material when an external potential is applied. Conventional electrochromic materials are based on inorganic materials. In particular, transition metal oxides, such as tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide, are extensively investigated for use in commercial electrochromic devices (ECDs). However, these devices have several drawbacks including single color change, expensive materials, and a slow switching speed. To overcome these challenges, new substitute materials need to be investigated with the advantages of multicolor, fast response, low cost, ease of processing, and environmentally friendly materials. Among the many great candidates, conducting polymers (CPs) have emerged as a prominent approach. In this review, the current state‐of‐the‐art development of ECDs based on the three most popular CPs, namely, polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, is introduced, with emphasis on their synthetic approaches and electrochromic performance.
DLP 4D Printing of Multi‐Responsive Bilayered Structures
Authors: Mainik Philipp , Hsu Li‐Yun , Zimmer Claudius W. , Fauser Dominik , Steeb Holger , Blasco Eva 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAdvances in soft robotics strongly rely on the development and manufacturing of new responsive soft materials. In particular, light‐based 3D printing techniques, and especially, digital light processing (DLP), offer a versatile platform for the fast manufacturing of complex 3D/4D structures with a high spatial resolution. In this work, DLP all‐printed bilayered structures exhibiting reversible and multi‐responsive behavior are presented for the first time. For this purpose, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are used as active layers and combined with a printable non‐responsive elastomer acting as a passive layer. Furthermore, selective light response is incorporated by embedding various organic dyes absorbing light at different regimes in the active layers. An in‐depth characterization of the single materials and printed bilayers demonstrates a reversible and selective response. Last, the versatility of the approach is shown by DLP printing a bilayered complex 3D structure consisting of four different materials (a passive and three different LCE active materials), which exhibit different actuation patterns when irradiated with different wavelengths of light.
Photonic Structure Induced Enhancement in the Triplet State Dynamics of Organic Phosphors at Room Temperature
Authors: Behera Sinay Simanta , Ghorai Anaranya , Garain Swadhin , Nair Rajesh V , George Subi J , Narayan K S 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTriplet state modification in organic phosphorescence molecules for a desired color and quantum yield is typically pursued by chemical modification. A facile methodology is introduced to tune the triplet state dynamics of a phosphorescent molecule by changing the host‐matrix parameters. An organic phosphor, Br2PmDI (2–Bromo pyromellitic diimide), dispersed at dilute levels (1.5 wt.%) in a semicrystalline high‐κ relaxer ferroelectric host matrix emit room‐temperature phosphorescence accompanied by a delayed fluorescence component. The host relaxer ferroelectric polymer film can be engineered to form a photonic matrix with a regular micropore structure of refractive index contrast ≈0.6 that can increase the density of optical states and introduce photonic coupling. The phosphorescence quantum yield of Br2PmDI in this photonic matrix increases by ≈2.3 fold, and the lifetime reduces by a factor of three. The coupled quantum states are investigated by time‐resolved spectroscopy at different temperatures and pump intensities.
3D Porous Oxygen‐Doped and Nitrogen‐Doped Graphitic Carbons Derived from Metal Azolate Frameworks as Cathode and Anode Materials for High‐Performance Dual‐Carbon Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Jung Yong Min , Choi Jong Hui , Kim Dong Won , Kang Jeung Ku 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSodium‐ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) in principle can utilize the advantages of batteries and supercapacitors and satisfy the cost demand of large‐scale energy storage systems, but the sluggish kinetics and low capacities of its anode and cathode are yet to be overcome. Here, a strategy is reported to realize high‐performance dual‐carbon SIHCs using 3D porous graphitic carbon cathode and anode materials derived from metal–azolate framework‐6s (MAF‐6s). First, MAF‐6s, with or without urea loading, are pyrolyzed to synthesize MAF‐derived carbons (MDCs). Then, cathode materials are synthesized via the controlled KOH‐assisted pyrolysis of MDCs (K‐MDCs). K‐MDCs, 3D graphitic carbons, resulting in a record‐high surface area (5214 m2 g−1) being ≈four‐fold higher than pristine MAF‐6, oxygen‐doped sites for high capacity, rich mesopores affording fast ion transport, and high capacity retention over 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, 3D porous MDC anode materials are synthesized from N‐containing MAF‐6 and exhibited to allow cycle stability over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, dual‐carbon MDC//K‐MDC SIHCs with different loadings (3 to 6 mg cm−2) are demonstrated to achieve high energy densities exceeding those of sodium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors. Additionally, it allows an ultrafast‐chargeable high power density of 20000 W kg−1 and robust cycle stability overcoming those of a typical battery.
Electric Field Control of Spin–Orbit Torque Magnetization Switching in a Spin–Orbit Ferromagnet Single Layer
Authors: Jiang Miao , Asahara Hirokatsu , Ohya Shinobu , Tanaka Masaaki 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTo achieve a desirable magnitude of spin–orbit torque (SOT) for magnetization switching and realize multifunctional spin logic and memory devices utilizing SOT, controlling the SOT manipulation is vitally important. In conventional SOT bilayer systems, researchers have tried to control the magnetization switching behavior via interfacial oxidization, modulation of spin–orbit effective field, and effective spin Hall angle; however, the switching efficiency is limited by the interface quality. A current‐induced effective magnetic field in a single layer of a ferromagnet with strong spin–orbit interactions, the so‐called spin–orbit ferromagnet, can be utilized to induce SOT. In spin–orbit ferromagnet systems, electric field application has the potential for manipulating the spin–orbit interactions via carrier concentration modulation. In this work, it is demonstrated that SOT magnetization switching can be successfully controlled via an external electric field using a (Ga, Mn)As single layer. By applying a gate voltage, the switching current density can be solidly and reversibly manipulated with a large ratio of 14.5%, which is ascribed to the successful modulation of the interfacial electric field. The findings of this work help further the understanding of the magnetization switching mechanism and advance the development of gate‐controlled SOT devices.
The First Ring Enlargement Induced Large Piezoelectric Response in a Polycrystalline Molecular Ferroelectric
Authors: Ai Yong , Li Peng‐Fei , Chen Xiao‐Gang , Lv Hui‐Peng , Weng Yan‐Ran , Shi Yu , Zhou Feng , Xiong Ren‐Gen , Liao Wei‐Qiang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractInorganic ferroelectrics have long dominated research and applications, taking advantage of high piezoelectric performance in bulk polycrystalline ceramic forms. Molecular ferroelectrics have attracted growing interest because of their environmental friendliness, easy processing, lightweight, and good biocompatibility, while realizing the considerable piezoelectricity in their bulk polycrystalline forms remains a great challenge. Herein, for the first time, through ring enlargement, a molecular ferroelectric 1‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octonium perrhenate ([3.2.1‐abco]ReO4) with a large piezoelectric coefficient d33 up to 118 pC/N in the polycrystalline pellet form is designed, which is higher than that of the parent 1‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanium perrhenate ([2.2.1–abch]ReO4, 90 pC/N) and those of most molecular ferroelectrics in polycrystalline or even single crystal forms. The ring enlargement reduces the molecular strain for easier molecular deformation, which contributes to the higher piezoelectric response in [3.2.1‐abco]ReO4. This work opens up a new avenue for exploring high piezoelectric polycrystalline molecular ferroelectrics with great potential in piezoelectric applications.
Polymer Chain‐Guided Ion Transport in Aqueous Electrolytes of Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Yan , Zhang Tian , Chen Lina , Zhu Zhaohua , Cheng Lukuan , Gu Shuai , Li Zhiqiang , Tong Zhongqiu , Li Hui , Li Yifan , Lu Zhouguang , Zhang Wenjun , Lee Chun Sing 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAs a promising candidate for next‐generation energy storage devices, Zn metal battery excels with their good safety, high specific capacity, and economic attractiveness. However, it still suffers from a narrow electrochemical window, notorious dendrite formation, and sluggish Zn ion transfer. Aqueous electrolyte engineering has been regarded as an effective way to improve these. It is shown that by adding sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) polymers into a dilute 1 m Zn(OTf)2 aqueous electrolyte, compact water shells with stronger hydrogen bonding and more ordered structures are formed around the polymer chains. As a result, a fast transport channel to the zinc ions is provided. The PSS chains also protect the zinc electrode from directly contacting the water molecules and thus suppress water decomposition. With these merits, a Zn//Cu cell demonstrates a high coulombic efficiency of ≈99% after 1500 h cycling. Meanwhile, a record‐high cumulative Zn plating capacity of 10 000 mA h cm−2 is obtained using a Zn||Zn cell. In addition, the Zn//C@V2O5 full cell achieves almost 100% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. This work provides a new strategy for designing advanced electrolyte systems excelling in ion transport kinetics.
The Many Deaths of Supercapacitors: Degradation, Aging, and Performance Fading
Authors: Pameté Emmanuel , Köps Lukas , Kreth Fabian Alexander , Pohlmann Sebastian , Varzi Alberto , Brousse Thierry , Balducci Andrea , Presser Volker 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHigh‐performance electrochemical applications have expedited the research in high‐power devices. As such, supercapacitors, including electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors, have gained significant attention due to their high power density, long cycle life, and fast charging capabilities. Yet, no device lasts forever. It is essential to understand the mechanisms behind performance degradation and aging so that these bottlenecks can be addressed and tailored solutions can be developed. Herein, the factors contributing to the aging and degradation of supercapacitors, including electrode materials, electrolytes, and other aspects of the system, such as pore blocking, electrode compositions, functional groups, and corrosion of current collectors are examined. The monitoring and characterizing of the performance degradation of supercapacitors, including electrochemical methods, in situ, and ex situ techniques are explored. In addition, the degradation mechanisms of different types of electrolytes and electrode materials and the effects of aging from an industrial application standpoint are analyzed. Next, how electrode degradations and electrolyte decompositions can lead to failure, and pore blocking, electrode composition, and other factors that affect the device's lifespan are examined. Finally, the future directions and challenges for reducing supercapacitors' performance degradation, including developing new materials and methods for characterizing and monitoring the devices are summarized.
Ploidy effects on the relationship between floral phenotype, reproductive investment, and fitness in an autogamous species complex
Authors: García‐Muñoz Ana , Ferrón Camilo , Vaca‐Benito Celia , Loureiro João , Castro Sílvia , Muñoz‐Pajares A. Jesús , Abdelaziz Mohamed 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPremiseThe relationships between reproductive investment, phenotype, and fitness have been broadly studied in cross‐pollinated plants in contrast to selfing species, which are considered less interesting in this area because they are supposed to be a dead end in any evolutionary pathway. Still, selfing plants are unique systems to study these questions since the position of reproductive structures and traits related to flower size play an important role in female and male pollination success.MethodsErysimum incanums.l. is a selfing species complex that has three levels of ploidy (diploids, tetraploids, and hexaploids) and traits that are typically associated with the selfing syndrome. Here, we used 1609 plants belonging to these three ploidies to characterize the floral phenotype and spatial configuration of reproductive structures, reproductive investment (pollen and ovule production), and plant fitness. Then, we used structural equation modelling to analyze the relationship between all these variables across ploidy levels.ResultsAn increase in ploidy level leads to bigger flowers with anthers exserted farther and more pollen and ovules. In addition, hexaploid plants had higher absolute values for herkogamy, which is positively correlated with fitness. Ovule production significantly mediated the natural selection acting on different phenotypic traits and pollen production, a pattern that is maintained across ploidies.ConclusionsThe changes in floral phenotypes, reproductive investment, and fitness with ploidy level suggest that genome duplication can be a driver for transitions in reproductive strategy by modifying the investment in pollen and ovules and linking them with plant phenotype and fitness.
Harnessing Quantumness of States using Discrete Wigner Functions under (non)‐Markovian Quantum Channels
Authors: Lalita Jai , Paulson K. G. , Banerjee Subhashish 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe negativity of the discrete Wigner functions (DWFs) is a measure of non‐classicality and is often used to quantify the degree of quantum coherence in a system. The study of Wigner negativity and its evolution under different quantum channels can provide insight into the stability and robustness of quantum states under their interaction with the environment, which is essential for developing practical quantum computing systems. The variation of DWF negativity of qubit, qutrit, and two‐qubit systems under the action of (non)‐Markovian random telegraph noise (RTN) and amplitude damping (AD) quantum channels is investigated. Different negative quantum states that can be used as a resource for quantum computation and quantum teleportation are constructed. The success of quantum computation and teleportation is estimated for these states under (non)‐Markovian evolutions.