bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural and Antibody-Induced Adherence of Guinea Pig Phagocytic Cells to Autologous and Heterologous Thymocytes
Authors: Siegel Israel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adherence of macrophages and thymocytes occurs in cell mixtures containing untreated guinea pig macrophages and autologous or homologous thymocytes. Morphologically the reaction resembles the adherence of guinea pig macrophages to heterologous lymphocytes which has been induced by moderate concentrations of antilymphocyte serum. There is relatively little natural adherence of guinea pig macrophages to rat, mouse, and rabbit thymocytes or to extra-thymic guinea pig lymphocytes. Adherence of autologous or homologous guinea pig macrophages and thymocytes occurs in the absence of serum but is augmented when guinea pig serum or gelatin is present. At high serum concentrations the adherence is often followed by phagocytosis of autologous thymocytes by the macrophages. When serum is incubated at 57°C for 30 min its ability to induce phagocytosis is abolished but its ability to enhance adherence is not. Dialysis of serum against salt solution does not affect its ability to enhance adherence or phagocytosis. Treatment of macrophages with trypsin completely abolishes the adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes. The degree of adherence of guinea pig neutrophils and eosinophils to autologous and homologous thymocytes exceeds their adherence to extra-thymic guinea pig lymphocytes or heterologous thymocytes but is less than the adherence of guinea pig macrophages. Comparative studies have indicated that the adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes does not occur through any of the known opsonic actions of circulating antibodies. It is postulated that adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes may participate in mechanisms which limit the number and circulation of thymocytes.
Immunologic Responses of Pacific Hagfish
Authors: Linthicum D. Scott , Hildemann W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hagfish serum contains naturally-occurring agglutinins which react to different degrees with heterogenetic, but non-Forssman antigens on the erythrocytes of various vertebrates. These antibodies of generally low activity were found to reside in the macroglobulin (IgM) fraction, but became undetectable after heating serum at 56°C for 30 min. Specific production of antibodies against sheep erythrocytes was regularly inducible, given suitable tactics of immunization. Hagfish which received weight-adjusted dosages every 14 days over a 70-day period at 18° showed 23- to 25-fold rises in specific hemagglutination titers. Induced antibodies were heat stable and displayed a high degree of specificity for sheep cell antigens. Chromatographic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses showed the naturally-occurring and induced antibody activity to be limited to a major macroglobulin fraction similar to but distinguishable from the IgM of higher vertebrates. Hagfish, despite their ‘most primitive vertebrate” status, are capable of vigorous production of antibodies to at least certain cellular and soluble antigens. The extent of their immunogenetic library and immunologic memory invites further investigation.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Canine Macroglobulin
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Hurvitz Arthur I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A monoclonal γM immunoglobulin was isolated from the serum of a dog with a disease that resembled Waldenström's macroglobulinemia clinically and pathologically. The protein was characterized by physical, chemical and immunologic analysis. The molecular weight was 880,000, thewas 17.6, and it contained 6.80% carbohydrate. The amino acid content was similar to that of rabbit γM and quite different from human γM, but the amino acid content of the canine light chains was very similar to the composition of human λ chains. Antisera prepared against human λM proteins reacted in gel diffusion studies with the canine immunoglobulin and some antisera prepared against the canine λM reacted with certain human λM preparations.
Cellular Recognition by Mouse Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Adler W. H. , Takiguchi T. , Marsh B. , Smith R. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro stimulation of mouse spleen cells by foreign histocompatibility antigens is described. Spleen cells from mice less than 3 weeks of age could not be stimulated in mixed lymphocyte cultures. They were also deficient in their ability to stimulate adult allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The ability of the cells to be stimulated by histocompatibility antigens was correlated in time with their ability to stimulate allogeneic cells. Stimulation of mouse spleen cells was accomplished by allogeneic spleen cells with differences at the H-2 locus or at the H-3, H-13 loci, and with soluble H-2 antigen. F1 hybrid spleen cells were stimulated by parental strain spleen cells or by parental strain red blood cell stroma. Immunization with allogeneic spleen cells was found to transiently affect the degree of stimulation obtained in mixed lymphocyte cultures of spleen cells from the immunized mice mixed with mitomycin-treated cells of the strain used for immunization. The cells from immunized animals also showed an increased degree of stimulation when reacted in MLC with allogeneic cells sharing some of the H-2 antigens of the strain used for the immunization. Immunization did not affect the degree of stimulation obtained in MLC of cells from strains with weak histocompatibility differences. The possible explanations of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by histocompatibility antigens of allogeneic or semi-allogeneic cells are discussed.
Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of Rat IgE
Authors: Koopman William J. , Orange Robert P. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigen-induced release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) in rats prepared with IgE antibody is markedly influenced by agents which act to increase or decrease the levels of cellular cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic-AMP). Three lines of evidence indicate that the intracellular accumulation of cyclic-AMP suppresses SRS-A release: β-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol or epinephrine is inhibitory; methylxanthine derivatives inhibit in a dose-response fashion; and synergism is observed when isoproterenol and aminophylline are used together. Conversely, depletion of cellular cyclic-AMP through direct α-adrenergic stimulation with norepinephrine enhances IgE-mediated SRS-A release. Agents known to be specific α- or β-adrenergic antagonists were employed to establish the specificity of the effects observed with the catecholamines. The β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, prevents the inhibition observed with isoproterenol but has no effect on that observed with aminophylline. The α-adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine prevents the enhancement of SRS-A release achieved with norepinephrine and enhances the inhibition produced with epinephrine. The implication that the intracellular accumulation of cyclic-AMP inhibits the IgE-mediated release of SRS-A is further supported by the observation that exogenous administration of dibutyryl cyclic-AMP inhibits SRS-A release in a dose-response fashion.
Apparent False-Positive Reactions in a Serologic Test for Syphilis and Presence of Antinuclear Factor in Hybrids of NZB and A/J Mice
Authors: Norins Leslie C. , Logan Leslie C. , Lantz Marjorie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NZB mice and their hybrids develop many features resembling human autoimmune disease. Apparent false-positive reactions in a routine cardiolipin-antigen serologic test for syphilis (rapid plasma reagin (18-mm circle) card test) were found in 32.3% of male and 2.0% of female (A/J × NZB)F1 mice, and also in a small percentage of NZB mice and F2 hybrids. Antinuclear factor was also found in the serum of a significant percentage of the animals. The (A/J × NZB)F1 hybrids may be useful as models for the study of the false-positive serologic tests for syphilis which occur in autoimmune disease.
Protein a Reactivity with Mouse Immunoglobulins
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Grey Howard M. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reactivity with staphyloccal protein A in normal mouse serum was localized to the electrophoretic γ region. After absorption of normal mouse serum with a protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus strain, Cowan I, the γ globulin line could not be detected by immunoelectrophoresis. Similar absorption of a mixture of Fab and Fc fragments from mouse γG localized the activity in the Fc piece. To define this protein A reactivity further, M-components isolated from various mouse plasma cell tumor lines were studied. All six γ2a, γ2b and γ3 mouse myeloma globulins tested reacted with protein A, whereas four M-components of the γ1, γA and γM mouse immunoglobulin classes did not react. One human IgD and one IgE myeloma globulin were also tested. Neither reacted with protein A. Protein A reactivity thus seems to be a characteristic of mouse γ2a, γ2b, γ3 globulins as well as human IgG-1, -2 and -4 globulins.
Antigenic Properties of Chemically Modified Collagen
Authors: Timpl R. , Wolff I. , Meigel W. , Pontz B. , Steffen C. , Kühn K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acid-soluble calf collagen was modified by succinylation, methylation or deamination. These modified collagens showed no loss of serologic activity when investigated with antibodies detecting three distinct groups of antigenic determinants on unmodified collagen. A single antiserum exhibiting a very rare specificity did not, however, react with methylated collagen. Treatment of collagen with strong alkali which results in a complete deamidation and probably also in a removal of terminal peptide sequences caused the destruction of the protease-labile antigenic determinants but had no effect on the other. In rabbit antisera to methylated or succinylated collagen mainly antibodies specific for the modified collagen were detectable. These antibodies are adapted to haptenic structures since they could be effectively inhibited by γ-methyl glutamic acid and succinylated ε-amino caproic acid, respectively. In antisera to deamidated collagen, antibodies of this kind could not be demonstrated.
Hydrocortisone Resistance of Graft vs Host Activity in Mouse Thymus, Spleen and Bone Marrow
Authors: Cohen J. John , Fischbach Michael , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of corticosteroids on the graft vs host activity of thymus, spleen and bone marrow were studied. Adult BALB/c mice were given 2.5 mg of hydrocortisone intraperitoneally 2 days before killing. The number of nucleated cells in their spleens was 21% of control values; in bone marrow, 79%; and in thymus, only 6%. When equal numbers of thymus cells from hydrocortisone-treated and control animals were administered to neonatal CAF1 recipients, the hydrocortisone-thymus was by far the more active at initiating the graft vs host (GvH) reaction, as measured by splenomegaly. Similarly, when equal numbers of spleen or bone marrow cells from hydrocortisone-treated or normal mice were transferred to normal adult CAF1 recipients, the hydrocortisone-spleen and hydrocortisone-bone marrow were significantly more active at initiating GvH. It is suggested that a population of cells which is not involved in GvH is preferentially destroyed by hydrocortisone in each of these organs. The corticosteroid-resistant thymus cells, which have previously been shown to exist in the medulla, thus have characteristics of peripheral lymphoid cells.
Characterization of Surface Antigen on Cells Infected by Fibroma Virus
Authors: Tompkins Wayne A. F. , Crouch Norman A. , Tevethia S. S. , Rawls William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells infected with fibroma virus developed a surface antigen which could be detected by immunofluorescence. Sera from rabbits with regressed fibroma-induced tumors reacted with the surface of viable fibroma-infected cells, but not with cells infected with vaccinia virus or herpesvirus. Serum prepared against vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, SV40 virus and rabbit papilloma virus failed to react with fibroma-infected cells. The surface antigen appeared to be a late antigen and was dependent upon viral DNA synthesis. The antibody reaction was not to intact virions attached to the cell surface. The antigen persisted in association with the cell membrane long after infectious virus had decreased to low levels. A temporal relationship existed between the surface antigen measured by the fluorescent antibody technique and the antigen measured by the macrophage migration-inhibition test. Antibody reactive against the surface antigen developed in rabbits with growing fibromas and the antibody titer increased as the tumors regressed. The possible role of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against this membrane-associated antigen in tumor regression is discussed.
Antibody Responses to Two Synthetic Polypeptides: The Role of the Thymic Epithelial Reticulum
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice that normally respond well to the synthetic polypeptide (T, G)-A—L but poorly to (H,G)-A—L were protected with liver cells and a thymus graft from fetal mice of a strain that responds to these antigens in the opposite manner. All chimeras failed to respond to (T,G)-A—L, but 24 of 27 responded well to (H,G)-A—L. Moreover, when thymectomized mice that respond well to (H,G)-A—L but poorly to (T,G)-A—L were lethally irradiated, protected with syngeneic fetal liver cells, and grafted with thymus from newborn mice of a strain that normally responds well to both antigens, the resultant chimeras responded to (H,G)-A—L only. These data indicate that the control of the antibody response to these two antigens is expressed through a cell type(s) present in the liver during embryonic life. while it is apparent that the presence of the thymus was essential for a detectable response to these synthetic polypeptides, the phenotypic expression of the response was independent of the genotype of the thymic epithelial reticulum.
A Type-Specific Immunodiffusion Technique for the California Encephalitis Virus Group
Authors: Wellings F. M. , Sather G. E. , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development and evaluation of a California encephalitis virus (CEV) typespecific immunodiffusion (ID) technique is described. Agreement between this typing method and the more conventional complement-fixation test ranged from 96.2% to 100%. To date, type-specific rabbit antisera used in the system have been prepared against Keystone, trivittatus, BFS 283, snowshoe hare, LaCrosse and Jamestown Canyon antigens. A type-specific reaction was obtained with rabbit anti-San Angelo serum following absorption with BFS 283 antigens. However similar absorption of rabbit anti-Tahyna, anti-Lumbo and anti-Jerry Slough sera failed to produce a type-specific response. By screening isolates initially in the ID test using a CEV grouping serum, reacting isolates can quickly be identified by the typespecific antisera in the ID test. The technique is relatively inexpensive and can be performed readily by a technically competent technician in a modicum of time.
Studies on Equine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Helms Charles M. , Allen Peter Z. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A comparative antigenic analysis of horse IgG, IgG(T) and γ1-component was carried out by immunodiffusion. In addition to sharing antigenic determinants in common with the L chain and Fab fragment of IgG, IgG(T) and γ1-component each share a similar set of antigenic determinants in common with the Fc fragment of horse IgG. γ1-Component can be further shown, however, to share an additional set of antigenic determinants in common with the Fc fragment of IgG-globulin which is absent from IgG(T). Based on the immunologic data, schematic models for the antigenic structures of horse IgG, IgG(T) and γ1-component are proposed.
Biological and Chemical Properties of Natural Antibodies in the Nurse Shark
Authors: Rudikoff Stuart , Voss Edward W. , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin was purified from serum of the nurse shark by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified immunoglobulin was used in a mixed agglutination assay by sensitizing chicken or pigeon erythrocytes and reacting the sensitized cells with unsensitized erythrocytes from other species. Strong positive reactions were obtained with erythrocytes from several species.
Further studies revealed the presence of a natural antibody to DNP. The antibody activity was associated primarily with 19S immunoglobulin and was characterized by low affinity. Although it did not bind to a DNP immunoadsorbent, it could be adsorbed following precipitation with DNP-BSA (bovine serum albumin). Enzymatic digestion yielded 5S subunits which showed the same DNP-binding activity as the intact molecule. Antibody purified by precipitation with DNP-BSA was found to agglutinate red blood cells and bind guanosine monophosphate.
Immune Hemolysis and the Functional Properties of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence is presented that EAC4 (one of the intermediate products of immune hemolysis: E, sheep erythrocytes; A, hemolytic antibody; C4, the fourth component of complement) carry at least five types of SAC4 (S, a single site of initiation of C fixation) on their surface. Four of these SAC4 can be distinguished from one another by their activity with C1 (the activated first component of complement), C2 (the second component of complement) and the late acting components. The four types are: SAC4 hemolytically competent with guinea pig and with rat C-EDTA serum diluted with Na-ethylenediaminetetraacetate); SAC4 competent with rat C-EDTA only; SAC4 capable of utilizing C2 but not leading to a lytic site; and SAC4 capable of leading to lysis only in the presence of IgM hemolysin. The fifth type of site can be detected by the uptake of radiolabeled C4 and is probably not hemolytically active.
Production of Interferon in Primary Chick Embryonic Cells Infected with Rickettsia Mooseri
Authors: Kohno Seiya , Kohase Masayoshi , Sakata Hiroko , Shimizu Yukiko , Hikita Michiko , Shishido Akira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rickettsia mooseri was found to stimulate the production of a viral inhibitory factor in primary chick embryonic cells. This factor possesses the major properties of interferon. Avian leukosis-free chick cells and chick cells carrying RAV-1 are equally potent producers of rickettsial interferon, suggesting that the interferon production is not mediated by viral factors persisting in the cells. The molecular weight of rickettsial and viral interferon was approximately 35,000.
Evidence for the Existence of Two Functionally Distinct Types of Cells Which Regulate the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Stashak Philip W. , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Prescott Benjamin , Barth Rolf F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The administration of various types of syngeneic lymphoid cells to mice immunized with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) and treated with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) revealed that at least two functionally distinct types of presumably thymic-derived cells (a suppressor cell and an amplifier cell) act in an opposing manner to regulate the antibody response to SSS-III. The ability of ALS to increase the magnitude of the antibody response to SSS-III is apparently the result of the inactivation of a cell type that normally suppresses the antibody response produced following immunization with SSS-III.
Immunochemistry of Capsular Glucans Isolated from Streptococcus Bovis
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa W. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dextran-like capsular materials were isolated from the culture filtrates of Streptococcus bovis strains C3, C36, C48, C106, and S19 by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
Quantitative precipitin analysis revealed a marked immunologic relationship among the capsular glucans of S. bovis. Inhibition studies, employing diglucose inhibitors, indicated that isomaltose was the most effective inhibitor of the reaction between the glucans and antiserum. Isomaltose, for example, inhibited 90% of the reaction between C36 glucan and its homologous antiserum. On the other hand, maltose at a concentration of 8 µmol/mg was almost as effective as isomaltose in inhibiting the reaction between C106 glucan and its homologous antiserum. These results indicate that isomaltose is a common feature of the capsular glucans isolated from a few selected strains of S. bovis. Further, the immunologic relationship which exists among the various glucans is, in part, dependent upon the proportion of the α 1–6 linkages as well as α 1–4 linkages in the carbohydrate chains. Evidence has been presented which indicates a chemical analogy between S. bovis glucans and clinical dextran.
Lymphocyte Transformation in Rickettsioses
Authors: Donald Coonrod J. , Shepard Charles C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte transformation was studied with leukocytes from persons who had received rickettsial vaccines or had been infected with rickettsiae. The antigens were prepared from normal yolk sacs or yolk sacs infected with Rickettsia prowazeki (ET), Rickettsia mooseri (MT), Rickettsia akari (RP), or Rickettsia rickettsii (SF). When the antigens were diluted 1:100 and the cultures incubated 5 days, the reactions to normal yolk sac were minimal and the reactions to rickettsial antigens were satisfactory. With persons infected with MT and with those vaccinated with ET vaccine, the reactions to ET and MT antigens were about the same. With persons infected with SF or vaccinated with SF vaccine, the reactions to RP and SF were also about the same. There was some cross-reaction between antigens of the typhus and spotted fever group. Five normal persons were followed during primary immunization with ET vaccine; two gained responsiveness to ET and MT antigens. Incubation in immune serum did not cause normal cells to gain responsiveness. For all donors, there was a rough correlation between complement-fixing antibody titer and lymphocyte transformation. Several persons with antibody titers less than 1:8 had elevated lymphocyte transformation.
Role of the Basophilic Leukocyte in Allograft Rejection
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The histopathology of skin allograft rejection has been studied at both the light and electron microscopic levels in several species including man (1–4). Most authors are agreed that rejection of “first set” grafts is characterized by perivascular accumulations of mononuclear cells which subsequently extend throughout the substance of the graft. The mechanism of graft destruction by these infiltrating cells is uncertain and may involve vessel damage with consequent stasis of blood flow and ischemia (2–4) or direct cytotoxic action on graft parenchymal cells (2, 5). Because of the characteristic histology, and for other reasons, graft rejection has been considered an example of delayed hypersensitivity (5), although it is recognized that circulating antibody may destroy grafts in certain instances (3).
We have recently investigated several lesions which have been generally regarded as delayed hypersensitivity, using refined light and electron microscopic methods (6–8).