bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-World Lessons on Stakeholder Capitalism: How B Lab and B Corp Movement Catalyze Change in Society
Authors: Normand Jonathan , Devenin Veronica 
Published: December 2022

AbstractB Lab started in 2006, developing standards, a legal framework and certification to take into account all stakeholders for businesses that wanted to be not only the best in the world but also the best for the world. The objective was finding a way to harness capitalism’s positive elements while also protecting individuals and society from its negative aspects and, at the same time, helping scale businesses while remaining true to their social or environmental mission and creating a credible system of social and environmental transparency and accountability to engage consumers. Fifteen years later, B Lab and the B Corp movement are considered relevant actors in the purpose ecosystem, which are actively creating favorable framings, systems, policy change, and infrastructures to support the development of purpose-driven businesses. B Lab considers that businesses can act as a starting point to catalyze systemic change, given their direct relationship with multiple stakeholders within the economic system and society at large in order. This chapter presents B Lab’s theory of change and how it is developing its corresponding global strategies in practice.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Colombia
Authors: Villamizar Francisco Reyes 
Published: December 2022

AbstractColombian corporate law has been at the forefront of Latin American systems for the last decade. In 2008, it introduced the simplified corporation (SC), becoming the first country in the region to adopt a hybrid company form. The Colombian legislator has also been a pioneer in the enactment of norms related to benefit corporations introduced by Law 1901 of June 18, 2018 (referred to under the law as benefit and collective interest companies (BICs). Colombian legislation has adopted a highly flexible model of a benefit and collective interest company that does not represent high transaction costs for those entrepreneurs who wish to adopt it. The BIC model has been very successful in Colombia. In fact, the growth of this business model has been exponential within the last few years. It remains to be seen if there will be a convergence between Colombian BIC companies and the few corporations that have been certified by System B in this country.
Social Enterprises and Certified B Corporations in Hong Kong: Development, Key Lessons Learnt, and Ways Forward
Authors: Tse Ka Kui , Choy Yung Rebecca , Chandra Yanto , Lee Gilbert 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSocial enterprise (SE) has experienced rapid development over the last 15 years in Hong Kong both in quantity and quality of its solutions and models and the diversity of social issues tackled. In this chapter, we reflect on the journey of the rise of this sector in Hong Kong, the key drivers of and players in the sector, and some of the encouraging and discouraging lessons we learned so far––as observers and operators––in the sector. However, SE are not alone since there are other newer developments such as Certified B Corporation (B Corp)––starting six years ago in Hong Kong––which has a shared interest but follows a different trajectory and model closer to the business world. Following these insights, we conducted focus groups to further understand key businesspeople and social enterprise players’ views about what B Corp can do to achieve “shared prosperity” in Hong Kong. While this chapter does not offer a formula to resolve Hong Kong’s problems, it provides some useful recommendations on the applicability of B Corp as a framework to inspire and guide mainstream businesses to become purpose-driven companies that strike a healthy balance of people, profit, and planet.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in the United States
Authors: Plerhoples Alicia E. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe United States is the birthplace of benefit corporations precisely because of American society’s over-reliance on the private sector to solve societal problems. U.S. federal and state regulation continuously fails to provide robust social safety nets or prevent ecological disasters. American society looks to companies to do such work. U.S. social enterprise entities attempt to upend the U.S. legal framework which binds fiduciaries to focus on shareholder value. These entities are permitted, and sometimes required, to consider environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) impacts of their operations, essentially internalizing ESG costs that would otherwise be paid by American communities and the environment. This chapter traces social enterprise development under U.S. law, starting with a brief discussion of corporate law as a creature of state law. It then provides an overview of the two major types of social enterprise entities in the United States: (1) the Delaware Public Benefit Corporation, and (2) the California Social Purpose Corporation. The chapter briefly discusses other types of U.S. social enterprise entities, including hybrid ventures, worker cooperatives, and the low-profit liability company. The chapter concludes with a discussion of responses to companies’ ESG efforts by legal scholars, asset managers, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These responses and the uptake of publicly traded public benefit corporations indicate a seismic shift forward in the use of ESG frameworks in the United States.
Legal Regulation of Social Enterprises in Other European Countries
Authors: Vasserot Carlos Vargas 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter deals with the legal regulation of social enterprises in several European countries not analyzed in the previous chapters. These countries adopted specific laws to regulate this type of entity. Nine countries were studied: Finland, Slovenia, Denmark, Romania, Greece, Latvia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Lithuania. Most of these countries are small sized economically but have been very active in enacting special legislation on social enterprises. Hence, it would be interesting to briefly describe their respective legal regime.
Models and Trends of Social Enterprise Regulation in the European Union
Authors: Fici Antonio 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the regulation of social enterprises in the EU Member States. After highlighting the essential role of government regulation in promoting social enterprise, the chapter presents two different models of social enterprise legislation. The first model is that according to which social enterprise is a specific legal form, in most cases a social cooperative. The second model is that according to which social enterprise is a legal qualification or accreditation that can be obtained by organizations that satisfy certain requirements, regardless of their legal form of incorporation, which may be that of a cooperative, a company, or even an association or a foundation. This second model is becoming increasingly popular. The chapter analyzes and compares these different models and describes the most recent legislative trends.
Social Enterprises in the Social Cooperative Form
Authors: Hernández Cáceres Daniel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDespite the many similarities, cooperatives cannot be considered directly as social enterprises because they do not meet all the requirements to be so. However, within this type of entity, a type of cooperative has emerged—the social cooperative. It adapts some of the attributes of the social enterprise while respecting cooperative principles, and is considered by many to be a type of social enterprise. This type of cooperative is increasing its presence by leaps and bounds worldwide, especially in Europe, where more than ten states have already adjusted their legislation to introduce them. However, the regulation of this type of cooperative has been carried out unevenly, using different names to refer to them and without a clear consensus on how they should be configured. This study analyzed the different legislations of the main countries that regulate this type of cooperative to establish some common characteristics that may allow the identification of the distinctive features of this type of cooperative.
The large D effective theory of black strings in AdS
Authors: Licht David , Suzuki Ryotaku , Way Benson 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We study black strings/funnels and other black hole configurations in AdS that correspond to different phases of the dual CFT in black hole backgrounds, employing different approaches at large D. We assemble the phase diagram of uniform and non-uniform black strings/funnels and study their dynamical stability. We also construct flowing horizons. Many of our results are available analytically, though some are only known numerically.
Fibrations and Hasse diagrams for 6d SCFTs
Authors: Bourget Antoine , Grimminger Julius F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We study the full moduli space of vacua of 6d worldvolume SCFTs on M5 branes probing an A-type singularity, focusing on the geometric incarnation of the discrete gauging mechanism which acts as a discrete quotient on the Higgs branch fibered over the tensor branch. We combine insights from brane constructions and magnetic quiver techniques, in which discrete gauging is implemented through the concept of decoration introduced in [1]. We discover and characterize new transverse slices between phases of 6d SCFTs, identifying some of them with a family of isolated symplectic singularities recently discovered in [2], and conjecturing the existence of two new isolated symplectic singularities.
Tachyon-dependent Chern-Simons terms and the V-QCD baryon
Authors: Järvinen M. , Kiritsis E. , Nitti F. , Préau E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The structure of the five-dimensional Tachyon-Chern-Simons action and its relevance to single-baryon states in the context of the V-QCD models for holographic QCD with backreacting flavor are analyzed. The most general form of the Tachyon-Chern-Simons 5-form, compatible with symmetries and flavor anomalies is determined. It is the sum of a non-trivial gauge-invariant 5-dimensional form and a non-invariant closed 5-form that reproduces the flavor anomalies. Single-baryon solutions of the gravity theory, arising from the DBI plus Tachyon-Chern-Simons actions are considered. The baryon is realised as a bulk axial instanton. The baryon ansatz and the field equations are derived and the boundary conditions are determined, which ensure that the solution has finite boundary energy and unit baryon charge. The boundary baryon number, which is computed from the universal (closed) part of the Tachyon-Chern-Simons action, is shown to coincide with the bulk axial instanton number.
Holographic RG flows on Squashed S3
Authors: Kiritsis E. , Litos C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Holographic RG flows dual to QFTs on a squashed S3 are considered in the framework of Einstein dilaton gravity in four dimensions. A general dilaton potential is used and flows are driven by a scalar relevant operator. The general properties of such flows are analysed and the UV and IR asymptotics are computed. Exotic asymptotics are found, that are different from the standard Fefferman-Graham asymptotics.
Screening vs. no screening for preterm delivery in low-risk singleton pregnancies: comparison by propensity score analysis
Authors: Souka Athena P. , Maritsa Vasiliki Areti , Eleftheriades Makarios 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To compare the effect of a policy of screening for spontaneous preterm delivery (SPD) by transvaginal cervical length (CL) measurement versus a no screening policy in the prevention of severe prematurity.

Methods
Retrospective study on low-risk singleton pregnancies examined at 20–24 weeks. Two cohorts, one with SPD screening and the other without screening, were matched using propensity analysis to create the study groups. Women with short CL were treated with vaginal progesterone and/or cervical cerclage/pessary. The outcomes examined were SPD < 32 weeks (SPD 32) and SPD between 20 and 32 weeks (SPD 20–32).

Results
Screening for SPD was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of SPD at less than 32 weeks (0.3 vs. 0.8%, p = 0.001 in the screened and no screened pregnancies, respectively) and in the rate of SPD 20–32 (0.3 vs. 0.9%, p = 0.005 in the screened and no screened pregnancies, respectively). After adjusting for maternal age, parity, body mass index, smoking and mode of conception, the screening group had significantly lower hazard for SPD 20–32 (HR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18–0.75, p = 0.006) and SPD32 (HR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82, p = 0.013).

Conclusion
Screening for SPD by transvaginal CL measurement in mid-pregnancy may reduce the incidence of severe prematurity in low-risk singleton pregnancies.
Myokardinfarkt als Lebenschance
Authors: Broschmann Daniel , Herrmann-Lingen Christoph 
Published: December 2022

ZusammenfassungEinen Myokardinfarkt zu er- und überleben stellt für die Betroffenen häufig eine vital und emotional bedrohliche Situation dar. Copingmechanismen im Umgang mit der Herzerkrankung können z. B. eine komplette Verleugnung oder psychische Dekompensation bewirken. Dagegen kann ein Verständnis des Myokardinfarktes als Grenz- oder Kairós-Situation eine theoretische Bereicherung für Kliniker*innen darstellen und auf einen dritten Verarbeitungsweg hindeuten: Dieser wurde als „posttraumatisches Wachstum“ beschrieben und wird von Betroffenen selbst als ein Weckruf bezeichnet. Für Behandler*innen ist das Wissen bedeutsam, dass sich nach einem Myokardinfarkt nicht selten ein Zeitfenster öffnet, das eine Möglichkeit sowohl für Lebensstilveränderungen als auch persönliche und emotionale Wachstumschancen der Patient*innen bietet. Ein solches Zeitfenster entsteht, sobald das akute und lebensbedrohliche Herzereignis bewältigt wurde und ein Veränderungsspielraum durch die Infragestellung der bisherigen Lebensführung entsteht. Als „teachable moment“, der von der*dem Behandler*in erkannt werden sollte, ist diese Phase nicht quantifizierbar und unterliegt intra- und interindividuellen Schwankungen. Daher soll im Folgenden der Versuch unternommen werden, die Frage zu beantworten, inwiefern das Wissen um philosophische und ethische Konzepte (z. B. gutes Leben, Grenzsituation und Kairós-Situation) und ein deliberatives Gesprächsmodell der Behandler*in-Patient*in-Kommunikation dazu beitragen kann, die Patient*innen in dieser vulnerablen Zeit nach der akuten Bewältigung eines Myokardinfarkts zu begleiten und – im Sinne eines posttraumatischen Wachstums – zu neuen Sichtweisen auf ein für sie gutes Leben zu befähigen.
How I do it—Helsinki style mini-pterional craniotomy for clipping of middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms
Authors: Veldeman Michael , Rossmann Tobias , Niemelä Mika , Lehecka Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background
Different versions of the mini-pterional (MPT) approach have been described often with the idea the smaller the better. Attempts to reduce incision and craniotomy size for better cosmetic results should not be performed at the expense of safety.

Method
We present our take on the MPT as a balance between size and safety which can be adopted by vascular neurosurgeons in training. The craniotomy stays within the confines of the superior temporal line and is completely covered by temporal muscle after closure.

Conclusion
This approach is cosmetically superior while still offering anatomical familiarity and sufficient instrument maneuverability.
Characteristics and changes in the atmospheric water cycle of the Tibetan Plateau Vortex
Authors: Cheng Qiaoxi , Fan Guangzhou , Zhu Lihua 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau Vortex (TPV) is an important low-pressure system that affects the weather and climate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is of great importance to study the water cycle of the TPV to further understand the TPV and its resulting disastrous weather. This study is different from the previous studies of TPV cases or of the atmospheric water cycle of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Focusing on the moving TPV weather system, from the perspective of climatology, the characteristics of the atmospheric water cycle of the TPV and the atmospheric circulation that affects the activity of the TPV water cycle are studied using statistical methods based on the reanalysis data. The results show that the TPV water cycle is mainly affected by external circulation. The overall water vapour utilization efficiency of the TPV water cycle first decreases and then increases, and its activity degree first decreases and then increases. The high-value area of TPV precipitation is located in the middle of the plateau and annual TPV precipitation has a good correlation with TPV water cycle activity. The large-scale system is closely related to the vortex water cycle of the plateau. When the intensity of the South Asian high (SAH) is relatively strong, the West Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) advances westward, and there is a stronger warm rising area over the main body of the plateau. When the southerly airflow on the south side of the low-level plateau is strong, the water cycle of the TPV is more active, easily moves eastward and produces more precipitation, and vice versa.
Biosensoren bei Multipler Sklerose
Authors: Altmann Patrick , Stark Rosa , Fasching Bernhard 
Published: December 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Begriff „Biosensoren“ ist ein Sammelwort für tragbare Anwendungen, die biologische Funktionen erfassen. Die gängigsten Biosensoren sind Akzelerometer mit zunehmenden Anwendungsbereichen als Multi-Sensor-Anwendungen oder elektrodermale Sensoren. Akzelerometer nehmen eine Bewegung bzw. Beschleunigung von Objekten im Raum wahr und im Zuge der technischen Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre werden sie heutzutage bereits in viele „smart devices“ eingebaut (z. B. in Smartphones, Smartwatches etc.). Für Menschen mit Multipler Sklerose (MS) gibt es mittlerweile zahlreiche Studien, die eine Korrelation von Akzelerometriedaten mit der körperlichen Behinderung, insbesondere der Gehfähigkeit, nachweisen können. Sind differenziertere Analysen eines möglicherweise pathologischen Gangbilds notwendig, werden mit modernen dreidimensionalen Ganganalysen einzelne betroffene Muskelgruppen identifiziert. Gezielten Therapien etwa mit Botulinumtoxin oder angepassten Sprunggelenksorthesen werden auf Basis dieser Analysen durchgeführt bzw. angefertigt. Dieser Artikel beschreibt exemplarisch moderne Konzepte digitaler Bewegungsanalysen und gibt einen Ausblick auf mögliche digitale Anwendungsverfahren in der Betreuung von Menschen mit MS.
Regionale Dynamik der Pestizid-Konzentration unterhalb der Wurzelzone
Authors: Lischeid Gunnar , Steidl Jörg , Engelke Clemens , Koch Franka 
Published: December 2022

ZusammenfassungIn Ackerbaugebieten werden häufig Belastungen des Grundwassers durch Pflanzenschutzmittel und ihre Metaboliten gefunden. Zur Untersuchung direkter kausaler Zusammenhänge mit einzelnen Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen wurden über sieben Monate hinweg wöchentlich an acht verschiedenen Ackerflächen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern die Ausläufe von Rohrdränen zur Bestimmung der Austräge mit dem Sickerwasser beprobt.Von den 26 untersuchten Substanzen wurden 10 wiederholt und zwei Substanzen in allen Proben nachgewiesen. Die zeitliche Dynamik der Konzentrationen der sechs am häufigsten nachgewiesenen Stoffe konnte mit einem Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens als Funktion der Schüttung der Dräne abgebildet werden. Offensichtlich erfolgt die Mobilisierung dieser Substanzen aus dem Oberboden in einer für alle Substanzen ähnlichen Weise und auf der Skala eines Bundeslandes weitgehend synchron. Das eröffnet die Option, mittels bodenhydrologischer Modelle die Zeiträume hoher Schadstoffeinträge in das oberflächennahe Grundwasser zu bestimmen und somit Monitoring-Kampagnen zu optimieren.
Comparative efficacy of medicaments or techniques for pulpotomy of primary molars: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Guo Jiehua , Zhang Na , Cheng Yuzhao 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectivesWe performed this network meta-analysis to determine the comparative efficacy of formocresol (FC), ferric sulfate (FS), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hydroxide (CH), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), biodentine, and laser for pulpotomy of molar teeth.Materials and methodsAn updated search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before October 30, 2022, after screening previous meta-analyses. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to appraise the methodological quality of included studies. Clinical and radiographic success rates were assessed as outcomes. Random network meta-analysis was performed by using STATA software (version 14.0) with “network” command.ResultsA total of 43 RCTs were included. Network meta-analysis indicated that CH was inferior to other medicaments and techniques in all outcomes, and MTA and biodentine was better than FC, FS, and NaOCl in terms of clinical and radiographic success rates. Results of ranking probabilities suggested that MTA ranked first in all outcomes except for clinical success at both 6 months.ConclusionsOur results suggested that MTA was associated with significant improvement in both clinical and radiographic success than other pulpotomy medicaments and techniques, with the highest probability of being the optimal option.Clinical relevanceThe current network meta-analysis determined the comparative efficacy and safety of 7 common pulpotomy medicaments in molar pulpotomy, including FC, FS, NaOCl, CH, MTA, biodentine, and laser, and the pooled results revealed comparable efficacy in clinical and radiographic success rates at 6 and 12 months between FC, FS, and NaOCl in primary molars pulpotomies. However, MTA, biodentine and laser may have more advantages than other pulpotomy medicaments for clinical and radiographic success. Therefore, in clinical practice, practitioners should select MTA, biodentine, or laser as pulpotomy medicaments in molar pulpotomy.
A validity and reliability study of the formative model for the indicators of STEAM education creations
Authors: Hsu Ting-Chia , Chang Yu-Shan , Chen Mu-Sheng , Tsai I.-Fan , Yu Cheng-Yen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThere is a growing number of products for learning the interdisciplinary application of science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics (STEAM) in K-12. However, there is no general assessment tool for those STEAM creations, so as to help parents or instructors to experience and evaluate the STEAM products created or sold by companies or proposed by academic institutes when they want to introduce one to their children or students. Therefore, this study developed and validated an assessment of STEAM Creation with formative constructs by utilizing the PLS-SEM technique. The four constructs taken into account based on the theoretical foundations were computational thinking (CT) levels, design thinking (DT) levels, STEAM interdisciplinary levels, and literacy-oriented (LO) levels. CT was operationalized as four indicators (i.e., problem decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm steps), and DT was operationalized as another four indicators (i.e., analysis of design requirements, creative brainstorming, hands-on experience, and test and verification). Meanwhile, STEAM was operationalized with five indispensable indicators, where each indicator refers to one discipline. LO was operationalized with three indicators (i.e., cooperation and co-creation, problem solving, and daily application). There were 16 indicators in total. Therefore, the formative relationship was established and evaluated in this study. This paper assessed STEAM creations with a formative measurement model comprising four hypotheses indicating that CT has a significant direct effect on STEAM and LO, DT has a significant direct effect on STEAM while STEAM has a significant direct effect on LO. The results reveal that all four hypotheses were accepted and the paths in the model were confirmed. CT has a significant indirect effect on LO through STEAM, which was also deeply discussed.