bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovering Cell‐Targeting Ligands and Cell‐Surface Receptors by Selection of DNA‐Encoded Chemical Libraries against Cancer Cells without Predefined Targets
Authors: Gui Yuhan , Hou Rui , Huang Yuchen , Zhou Yu , Liu Shihao , Meng Ling , Li Ying , Sang Lam Fong , Ding Ruoyun , Cao Yan , Li Gang , Lu Xiaojie , Li Xiaoyu 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSmall molecules that can bind to specific cells have broad application in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Screening large chemical libraries against live cells is an effective strategy for discovering cell‐targeting ligands. The DNA‐encoded chemical library (DEL or DECL) technology has emerged as a robust tool in drug discovery and has been successfully utilized in identifying ligands for biological targets. However, nearly all DEL selections have predefined targets, while target‐agnostic DEL selections interrogating the entire cell surface remain underexplored. Herein, we systematically optimized a cell‐based DEL selection method against cancer cells without predefined targets. A 104.96‐million‐member DEL was selected against MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, representing high and low metastatic properties, respectively, which led to the identification of cell‐specific small molecules. We further demonstrated cell‐targeting applications of these ligands in cancer photodynamic therapy and targeted drug delivery. Finally, leveraging the DNA tag of DEL compounds, we identified α‐enolase (ENO1) as the cell surface receptor of one of the ligands targeting the more aggressive MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Overall, this work offers an efficient approach for discovering cell‐targeting small molecule ligands by using DELs and demonstrates that DELs can be a useful tool to identify specific surface receptors on cancer cells.
Asymmetric Heck Silylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Wang Bingcheng , Zhao Jiajin , Ying Jiale , Cheng Biao , Lu Zhan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHeck silylation of unactivated alkenes is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of useful organosilicon compounds. However, extensive efforts have been dedicated to only achieving achiral molecules. Herein, a highly regio‐ and enantioselective cobalt‐catalyzed Heck silylation of unactivated alkenes with hydrosilanes is reported for the first time, providing access to axially chiral alkenes in good to excellent yields with 87–98 % ee. Aryl and alkyl groups as well as quaternary carbon centers at the 4‐position of vinylcyclohexane could be well tolerated, featuring good functional group tolerance. The gram‐scale reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions even with 0.5 mol % catalyst loading. A possible mechanism has been proposed, in which enantioselectivity is controlled by alkene insertion. A templating strategy that enhances weak bond interaction is employed to control regioselectivity by modifying the substituents on the ligand and silane.
High‐Performance Polyurethane Coatings From Cardanol‐Derived Polyols: A Sustainable Approach for Mild Steel Protection
Authors: Patil Himanshu A. , More Aarti P. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study of the ring‐opening process for production of polyols, including diols (two hydroxyl groups), triols (three hydroxyl groups), and tetra‐ols (four hydroxyl groups). These cardanol‐based polyols were subsequently used as important precursors in the formulation of PU coatings, which were cured on mild steel substrates using a polyisocyanate hardener. The synthesized PU coatings had exceptional mechanical qualities, including maximum pencil hardness (6H), high flexibility with minimal breaking during conical mandrel bending, and superb impact resistance. The coatings were also highly chemically resistant, withstanding immersion in acid (0.5 N HCl), alkali (0.5 N NaOH), and organic solvents (xylene, MEK) without degradation. Notably, the PU coating made from tetra‐ol polyol had the maximum thermal stability (T50% = 445°C), gel content (96%), and water resistance (1.4% absorption). This enhanced performance is due to the increased cross‐linking density caused by the four reactive hydroxyl groups of tetra‐ol. The salt spray analysis demonstrated that the tetra‐ol‐based PU coating outperformed its diol and triol counterparts, with negligible pitting and blistering after 500 h of exposure to a 3.5% NaCl solution. This indicates its superior barrier qualities and tolerance to corrosive conditions.
Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Polyvinyl Alcohol‐Based Hydrogels Containing Astragalus Polysaccharide for Cartilage Repair
Authors: Kang Ju , Dong Mengzhen , Wang Zhenlong , Li Jiacheng , Wang Kaiyue , Yang Simin , Ju Ruijun , Peng Xiaoming , Wang Ruijie , Guan Jie 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have been extensively utilized in cartilage repair due to their hydrophilicity and superior biocompatibility. However, achieving cartilage repair materials with optimal mechanical, structural, and biological properties has remained challenging. In this study, multiple groups of composite hydrogels were prepared using PVA, chitosan, and agarose via a freeze–thaw cycle method, and their performances were comprehensively evaluated. We identified that a composite hydrogel consisting of 15 wt% PVA, 1.5 wt% chitosan, and 1 wt% agarose possessed a porous structure, high tensile strength, suitable water content, and swelling rate, alongside excellent blood compatibility and noncytotoxicity. Building on this formulation, a novel hydrogel was developed by incorporating astragalus polysaccharide. This new hydrogel was assessed for its biocompatibility and anti‐inflammatory properties in vitro. The findings revealed that this enhanced hydrogel significantly promoted cell growth and adhesion, inhibited the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide, positioning it as a promising candidate for cartilage repair materials.
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Offered by Waterborne Poly(Urethane‐Imide) Composites Reinforced With Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lung , Cheng Yen‐Yu , Rwei Syang‐Peng 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTElectromagnetic waves are produced in large volumes by the increasing number of electronic devices, and some devices must be shielded from these waves to prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI). Traditional metals are effective shielders but have limitations in modern electronics, so researchers have proposed the use of polymers containing conductive fillers. In the present study, waterborne poly(urethane‐imide) (WPUI) composites reinforced with conductive carbon nanostructures (CNS) are developed for EMI shielding applications. NCO‐terminated imide oligomers are successfully synthesized, so a solvent is not needed to incorporate imide structures into polyurethane. Additionally, a reactive nonionic dispersant is employed to prevent emissions from amine neutralizers. The proposed WPUI, which has high thermal stability and heat resistance, is thus environmentally friendly. The composites are experimentally evaluated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile stress–strain analysis and furthermore subjected to an EMI shielding test. Compared with polyurethane, the WPUI–CNS composite has considerably superior tensile strength and flexibility. Incorporating 5 wt% CNS into WPUI results in an EMI shielding effectiveness of 50 dB and does not negatively affect the WPUI's favorable physical properties, which is not the case for current alternatives. The optimal WPUI composite is found to have excellent performance under high‐temperature conditions.
High‐Performance PLA Foam Blocks Prepared From Beads Modified by Chain Extension and Heterogeneous Nucleation
Authors: Li Jiaxun , Zhang Jing , Xu Liang , Qian Junfeng , He Mingyang 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTSupercritical CO₂ foaming effectively forms a uniform cellular structure in polylactic acid (PLA) beads by utilizing the high diffusion rate and solubility of CO₂ in polymers. In this study, PLA beads are modified with a chain extender (CE) composed of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate, while thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) serves as a heterogeneous nucleating agent. After being foamed with supercritical CO, the modified PLA beads are compression molded into foam blocks. The volume expansion ratio of PLA/TPU/CE foams increases by 12.5‐fold, and the resulting foam blocks exhibit a high compressive modulus of 21 MPa. The enhanced compressive strength results from the synergistic effects of chain extension and heterogeneous nucleation, which enhance the material's cellular structure and internal crosslinking. This study offers an effective strategy to enhance the compressive properties of PLA foam blocks, expanding their applications in high‐performance industries. In addition, the use of eco‐friendly PLA and the potential for scalable production make this approach a promising alternative for sustainable materials.
Tracking mathematics achievement gaps in England: Gender, socioeconomic status and ethnicity
Authors: Coates Adam 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEducational inequality and mathematics achievement have been long‐term concerns in England. However, most studies of inequalities focus on achievement across multiple‐subjects, and studies of mathematics achievement gaps tend to look at a single test in a single year. This study provides an overview of mathematics achievement gaps in the last 13 years. Aggregate data for nearly 13 million pupils for Key Stages 1, 2, 4 and 5 are used to explore the achievement gaps by gender, Free School Meal (FSM) eligibility and ethnicity. The Common Language Effect Size is used as a measure of relative achievement for the different groups. The findings show virtually equal overall achievement in mathematics between boys and girls, but boys achieve more highest and lowest grades. In contrast, the gap for FSM eligible pupils is immense: at KS4 the average FSM pupil achieves lower grades than 66% of other pupils. Ethnicity achievement gaps show a generally consistent order, with Chinese achieving the highest average grades and Gypsy/Roma achieving the lowest. The gaps for ethnicity expand as pupils progress through their schooling. All achievement gaps have fundamentally remained constant over time, with the exception of a few ethnic groups whose relative achievement has increased. Overall, this study hopefully provides a reference point for future research that explores causes and ways to reduce the identified achievement inequalities.
Realizing Antithermal Quenching Red Emission in Mn4+‐Activated Rb2NaVF6 for Optical Thermometry Sensor Application
Authors: Jia Hui , Liao Hanrui , Zhang Weilun , Wang Wei , Sun Jinxuan , Li Wei , Wei Yi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTCurrently, the development of red Mn4+‐activated fluoride luminescent materials attracts a lot of attention in optical thermometry sensors, solid lighting, display, and plant growth areas. Nevertheless, the thermal stability of Mn4+‐activated fluoride luminescent materials is still a crucial issue. Herein, a new red Rb2NaVF6:Mn4+ luminescent material with outstanding thermal stability was successfully synthesized through the facial coprecipitation method. Mn4+ ions prefer to occupy VF6 octahedra based on the accurate Rietveld refinement results. Accordingly, the as‐prepared Rb2NaVF6:Mn4+ exhibits a broad absorption region from 300 to 500 nm with a maximum of 468 nm, matching well with the near‐ultraviolet and blue InGaN chip. Upon 468 nm excitation, Rb2NaVF6:Mn4+ can emit narrow‐band red light at 632 nm. Notably, Rb2NaVF6:Mn4+ shows superior antithermal quenching properties, of which the integrated intensities at 175°C can realize as high as 140% than that at 25°C. Owing to the diverse thermal quenching behavior between anti‐Stokes and Stokes emission, Rb2NaVF6:Mn4+ displays promising candidates in optical thermometry sensors with a relative sensitivity Sr of 0.49%. This study offers new insight into developing antithermal quenching red Mn4+‐activated fluoride luminescent materials.
Protein thermal stability in the undergraduate biochemistry laboratory: Exploring protein thermal stability with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase
Authors: Bates Alison , Williams Kathryn M. , Hagerman Ann E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe created a novel laboratory experience where undergraduate students explore the techniques used to study protein misfolding, unfolding, and aggregation. Despite the importance of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, protein unfolding is not typically explored in undergraduate biochemistry laboratory classes. Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) is used in the undergraduate biochemistry laboratory course at Miami University as the model system to explore protein overexpression and purification, bioinformatics, and enzyme characterization. Using one model protein across the entire semester allows the students to independently link topics introduced in the individual experiments; for example, students might draw connections between the thermal denaturation experiment and the requirement to keep the enzyme cold during a kinetics experiment. Students quantitated changes in secondary structure resulting from thermal denaturation by analyzing circular dichroism data. Monitoring the turbidity of a YADH solution with a temperature‐controlled UV–Vis spectrometer was a reliable and easy method for undergraduate students to observe the thermally‐induced aggregation of YADH. Together these experiments provide undergraduate students with first‐hand experience in techniques to study protein unfolding and aggregation.
Multimodal Metabolomics Analysis Reveals That Classic Decoction Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia‐Induced Damage by Modulating Energy and Branched‐Chain Amino Acid Metabolism
Authors: Ying Zhimin , Pu Junling , Hu Yingying , Qian Junxiong , Luo Shengdong , Ni Feizheng , Tao Yi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTGualou‐Xiebai‐Banxia (GXB) decoction shows potential for treating myocardial ischemia (MI), although its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, a multimodal metabolomics approach, combining gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 1H‐NMR, was employed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of GXB in a rat model of myocardial ischemia induced by ligation. ELISA assays and HE staining demonstrated that GXB effectively reduced myocardial injury, oxidative stress markers, and myocardial fibrosis. Orthogonal partial least‐squares discriminant analysis identified 62 biomarkers, 20 of which were confirmed using standard compounds. The GC–MS method showed excellent linearity across a wide concentration range (0.004–29.7 μg/mL, R2 > 0.9995), with intra‐ and inter‐day precision RSD values below 4.72% and 4.96%, respectively. Method recoveries ranged from 95.40% to 104.83%, with RSD values under 4.84%. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that GXB decoction alleviates myocardial ischemia‐induced damage primarily by modulating energy metabolism and branched‐chain amino acid metabolism. These findings provide valuable support for the clinical application of GXB decoction in treating myocardial ischemia.
The Impact of Family Determinants on the Media Coverage of Family Business Activism in Sustainability
Authors: Ginesti Gianluca , Ossorio Mario 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTMedia coverage is a key factor in increasing the flow and accessibility of information among the firm's stakeholders. Drawing on the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective, we investigate the antecedents of the level of media coverage of family firms' activism in sustainability. Using hand‐collected data from a sample of public Italian family firms, we provide several novel contributions to the academic debate. First, we find that family involvement on the board of directors is negatively associated with the level of media coverage of the family firm's engagement in sustainability. Conversely, we find that later generational stages of the family business are positively associated with the level of corporate media coverage on sustainability. Our study advances the literature on both corporate sustainability issues and media coverage in the context of family businesses.
Evaluation of Anti‐Obesity Potential of Isolated Bioactive Fractions From Justicia Adhatoda Leaves: An In Vitro, In Vivo, and 3T3‐L1 Cell Line Approach Using High‐Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectrometry for Compound Identification
Authors: Mohanty Satyajit , Pattnaik Ashok 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to investigate the anti‐obesity effects of bioactive fractions JAF2 and JAF3 from Justicia adhatoda (JA) in vitro using enzymatic assays, 3T3‐L1 cells, and in vivo using a monosodium glutamate‐high‐fat diet (MSG‐HFD) model. High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPTLC‐MS‐MSn) was finally utilized to analyze bioactive fractions for the compounds responsible for the activity. In vitro, the anti‐obesity effects of JAF2 and JAF3 were assessed in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, revealing that JAF2 significantly reduced lipid and triglyceride levels. In the in vivo MSG‐HFD‐induced obesity model, JAF2 improved hepatic profiles, countered oxidative stress, enhanced lipid profiles, and reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the assessment revealed a significant reduction in adipose tissue content in the treated groups, keeping other organ profiles safe. As per future perspectives, these cocktail fractions can be used in the context of genetically predisposed obesity in modern days.
Click Hydrogels to Assess Stiffness‐Induced Activation of Pancreatic Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts and Its Impact on Cancer Cell Spreading
Authors: Chang Chun‐Yi , Lin Chien‐Chi 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is marked by significant desmoplastic reactions, or the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrices. PDAC stroma has abnormally high stiffness, which alters cancer cell behaviors and creates a barrier for effective drug delivery. Unfortunately, clinical trials using a combination of chemotherapy and matrix‐degrading enzyme have led to disappointing results, as the degradation of stromal tissue likely accelerated the dissemination of cancer cells. High matrix stiffness has been shown to activate cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), increasing their interaction with pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) through promoting proliferation, migration, and resistance to chemotherapy. With the advance of biomaterials science and engineering, it is now possible to design chemically defined matrices to understand the role of stiffness in activating pancreatic CAFs and how this may alter cancer cell migration. Here, we developed a norbornene‐based click hydrogel system with independently tunable stiffness and cell adhesive ligand to evaluate stiffness‐induced activation of CAFs and migration of PCCs. Our results show that matrix stiffness did not alter matrix deposition from CAFs but affected nuclear localization of Yes‐associated protein (YAP). Our results also verify the role of CAFs on promoting PCC migration and an elevated substrate stiffness further increased PCC motility.
When Stroke Disguises as Dementia: A Case of Missed Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Fard Tina Moghadam , Hosseinzadeh Mehrnaz , Shokri MohammadAli , Almasi‐Dooghaee Mostafa , Mirfazeli Fatemeh Sadat 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTCerebrovascular thrombosis is among the most critical medical conditions, making early diagnosis and management crucial. Although some symptoms of cerebrovascular thrombosis are typical and lead to early diagnosis, they can sometimes present with rare and unusual symptoms, complicating the diagnostic process. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with these events, it is important to be aware of unexpected symptoms to diagnose and manage these patients more accurately and rapidly. We report a 74‐year‐old female initially misdiagnosed with Alzheimer's because of cognitive decline and disorganized speech. Her symptoms did not improve with Alzheimer's treatment. She was reevaluated by a neurologist, and her cognitive test results were impaired. Her brain MRI revealed a previously undetected left transverse sinus cerebral venous thrombosis with subcortical white matter lesions. The patient was managed acutely with subcutaneous enoxaparin and transitioned to oral rivaroxaban, resulting in significant improvement. This case report aimed to draw attention to the pitfalls of diagnosing dementia‐like syndromes in the elderly, advocating for a systematic approach to differential diagnosis. It emphasizes that a collaborative effort between psychiatrists, neurologists, radiologists, and other healthcare members is essential for accurate diagnosis and timely intervention, which can significantly alter the management and outcome for the patient.
Invasive Liver Abscess Syndrome in the Immunocompromised: A Case Report
Authors: Joshi Amey , Wari Eki , Ghnaima Harith , Nader Georgette , Chennupati Surya , Jafar Nagham 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTInvasive liver abscess syndrome due to hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae poses significant mortality risk, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Early recognition in non‐endemic regions is crucial for prompt antibiotic therapy and source control, highlighting the need for increased suspicion and aggressive management of this rare disease to improve patient outcomes.
Distinct Clinical Presentations of Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation: A Case Series
Authors: Sheykhian Toktam , Ahranjani Behzad Mohammadpour , Elmi Saghi , Parsaei Mohammadamin 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWe present two cases of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, detected in early life, with differing outcomes. This suggests that early detection of this malformation in fetuses or neonates does not necessarily indicate a poor prognosis, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and timely intervention to optimize outcomes.
Light‐Dependent Amide or Thioamide Formation of Acylsilanes with Amines using Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Li Yuanhang , Ye Haiting , Wang Shaohong , Xu Silong , Lear Martin J. , Houk Kendall N. , Ma Pengchen , Li Jing 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDue to the diverse chemical and physical properties of functional groups, mild and controllable ligation methods are often required to construct complex drugs and functional materials. To make diverse sets of products with tunable physicochemical properties, it is also useful to employ complimentary ligation methods that adopt the same starting materials. Here, we disclose the efficient and modular synthesis of amides or thioamides through the chemical ligation of acylsilanes with amines, simply by turning a light on or off. This method is fast, mild, high‐yielding and displays excellent functional‐group tolerance. The versatility of these reactions is highlighted by their ability to perform post‐synthetic modifications on a variety of marketed medications, peptides, natural substances, and compounds with biological activity. In‐depth computational and experimental studies clarified the photo‐dependent umpolung of reactivity of acylsilanes, namely: photoexcitation leads to nucleophilic O‐silyl carbenes that react with S8 to form O‐silyl thionoesters and eventually amides. In contrast, acylsilanes react as electrophiles with amines thermally in the dark, with C→O silyl transfer, prior to reacting with S8 to form thioamides. These mechanistic details are expected to guide the development of similar coupling reactions.