bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Antibodies and other Immunologically Reactive Substances from Rejecting Renal Allografts
Authors: Hampers Constantine L. , Kolker Paul , Hager Edward B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tissue bound, complement fixing (and presumably cytotoxic) antibodies were regularly found in rejecting canine renal allografts. Techniques for the elution and characterization of these antibodies and other immunologically reactive substances from kidneys undergoing rejection are described.
Physicochemical characteristics of the antibodies eluted from rejecting homografts conform to the electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal criteria for 19 S (IgM) and 7 S (IgG) immunoglobulins.
Biologic activity of these antibodies includes a preferential affinity for donor kidney antigen as well as cross-reactivity with antigen from “indifferent donors.” Consistent demonstration of affinity for host antigen helps substantiate the concept of autoimmunity in allograft rejection. Antibody cross-reacted best with donor lung and platelets and had lesser reactivity against donor bladder, liver and spleen.
A small molecular weight complement fixing substance was found in all rejecting kidneys, but it was not present in normal tissue. This dialyzable substance inactivates complement when reacted with kidney or platelet “antigen” but exhibits no donor specific affinity.
A large molecular weight inhibitor of complement hemolytic activity was regularly found in all kidney tissue, rejected or normal.
Purified Rabies Vaccine: Development and Comparison of Potency and Safety with Two Human Rabies Vaccines
Authors: Sikes R. Keith , Larghi O. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A purified rabies vaccine was prepared using centrifugation and chromatographic techniques to separate rabies antigen from suckling mouse brain tissue used to grow the virus. The vaccine was free of encephalitogenic activity and was devoid of virtually all tissue components that might cause local reactions. It was more potent than either of the two commercial anti-rabies vaccines used in these tests.
The Dependence of Cold Agglutinin Activity on K Chains
Authors: Costea Nicolas , Yakulis Vincent , Heller Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cold agglutinins obtained from patients with infectious mononucleosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, systemic lupus erythematosus and naturally occurring cold agglutinins are bitypic IgM containing K and L type light chains in the same molecule. Cold agglutinins produced by patients with chronic cold agglutinin disease contain exclusively K type light chains. In vitro hybridization studies suggest that cold agglutinin activity is proportional to the number of K type 7S-subunits contained in the IgM molecule.
Three Naturally-Occurring Inhibitors of Components of Complement in Guinea Pig and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Tamura Noboru , Nelson Robert A. , Haugland Elaine , Paterson Leslie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
At the present time, the complement (C′) system may be defined as consisting of nine hemolytic components and of at least three inhibitors or inactivators of specific components (1). In this report, some properties of three naturally-occurring inactivators of components in guinea pig and rabbit C′ are described. One is similar to a heat labile α-globulin of human serum which inhibits C′1 esterase (2–4) and to an ether labile factor in guinea pig serum which was shown by Klein in 1960 (5) to inactivate C′1 bound to sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EAbC′1). The existence of an inactivator with different specificity originally was suggested in experiments of Nishioka and Linscott (6). In 1965, we isolated and characterized this substance as a specific inactivator of C′3 (7). In 1966, one of us discovered yet another naturally-occurring inactivator in rabbit serum which is specific for C′6 (8).
Localization and Quantitation of Transplantation Antibodies
Authors: Perper Robert J. , Najarian John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum of animals sensitized with intrafamilial xenografts can passively transfer transplantation immunity. The IgG of this serum specifically fixed in renal xenografts in amounts 6 to 12 times greater than in the normal recipient's kidneys. Fixation was independent of serum protein precipitins, hemagglutinating and organ specific antibodies. Autoradiographic analysis showed that the IgG was fixed primarily in the walls of the small blood vessels. The technique that was used was proved to be a sensitive and specific means of detecting tissue fixation of transplantation antibodies.
Sites of Synthesis of Serum Proteins
Authors: Stecher V. J. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Incorporation of C14-amino acid into serum proteins by cell lines and strains in vitro was studied using the technique of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Fibroblast-like cells of both human and murine origin produced serum proteins associated with complement activity. Epithelial-like cells of several established cell lines produced β1C. Lymphoblastic cells of murine origin synthesized transferrin. A rat hepatoma cell line produced strong labeling of albumin, β1C and transferrin.
The dissociation between production of β1C and transferrin in murine cell lines is discussed in relation to the production of both these proteins by mouse lymphoid tissue and peritoneal macrophages.
A few fresh tumor tissues were also studied. Of them, an epithelioma of the thymus was particularly interesting, since it actively produced both β1C and β1E.
Immunoglobulin Isoantigens (Allotypes) in the Mouse
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three heavy chain allotypic specificities have been found on two of the mouse immunoglobulin classes, γG2a and γG2b. The other described immunoglobulin allotypic specificities in the mouse are restricted to one or another H-chain class. The possible evolutionary origins of shared or common specificities are discussed.
The Effect of ε-Aminocaproic Acid on Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Authors: Wold Richard T. , Reid Robert T. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) treatment of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied in vitro. Primary binding and spontaneous precipitation of I131 BSA by rabbit anti-BSA were not affected by EACA concentrations as high as 7 × 10-3M, but were partially inhibited by 3 × 10-2M and higher. The inhibitory effect of the higher concentrations of EACA was completely reversible by dialysis of the treated antisera, indicating no permanent alteration of the BSA binding or precipitating capacity. Anti-BSA hemagglutination titers were not altered by EACA concentrations as high as 7 × 10-2M and we were unable to confirm the reported inhibitory effect of EACA upon human isoagglutinins. Thus, if EACA in a concentration comparable to current human therapeutic plasma levels of 10-3M has any effect on immune mechanisms, it does not affect the primary binding or secondary manifestations of the antigen-antibody reaction as measured by the in vitro techniques employed.
Characteristics of Antibody Response in Young or Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Takeya Kenji , Nomoto Kikuo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newborn mice immunized at the 3rd day of life did not produce ME-resistant antibody to sheep erythrocytes throughout the observation period of 31 days, although half of them produced ME-sensitive antibody. The interval between the appearance of ME-sensitive and ME-resistant antibodies became shorter as mice were immunized at an older age. The mice immunized at 25 days of age showed an almost completely matured type of immunologic response to sheep erythrocyte antigens. In neonatally thymectomized mice not only were the capacities for immunologic response generally suppressed, but ME-resistant antibody appeared much later than it did in control mice after injections of sheep erythrocytes. The time-course of the ME-resistant antibody response of neonatally thymectomized mice resembled that of young mice. The size of hemolysin plaques produced by spleen cells of mice 10 days of age was smaller than that observed with the spleen cells of adult mice. It is concluded that in extremely young mice the number of hemolysin plaque-forming cells is small, and also that the capacity of each antibody-producing cell is less than it is in adult mice.
In neonatally thymectomized mice injected repeatedly with sheep erythrocytes, hemagglutinin titers increased to levels almost as high as those in sham-thymectomized mice that were immunized according to the same schedule. This increase in ME-resistant antibody production after repeated injections in neonatally thymectomized mice was specific for the antigen that was given.
Serum Autoantibodies in Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma: Selective Affinity for I-Bands of Striated Muscle As a Guide to Identification of Antigen(s)
Authors: Strauss Arthur J. L. , Kemp Pierson G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A panel of sera from 90 persons was studied with respect to sites of binding of γ-globulins to striated muscle in vitro. The indirect and direct fluorescent antibody techniques were employed and compared. Sera from 51 individuals including 47 selected patients with myasthenia gravis, when tested with the indirect technique, reacted consistently with skeletal muscle I-bands in cryostat sections and myofibril suspensions of bovine, human and rabbit origin in a titer range 1:120 to 1:1920. H-zone (M-line) staining was a frequent associated finding. Sera from 49 control individuals reacted with the same morphologic loci, within limits determinable by light microscopic techniques, in a titer range 1:15 to 1:30. Individual and pooled serum globulins from patients with myasthenia gravis, which had been conjugated directly with fluorescein isothiocyanate, also reacted with I-bands and H-zones in a titer range 1:40 to 1:80. Directly conjugated serum globulins from normal controls failed to produce striational staining. The pattern of staining seen with both indirect and direct fluorescent antibody techniques strongly resembles that produced upon treatment of striated muscle with fluorescent antibodies against purified actin and tropomyosin. The present findings strongly suggest that A-band and Z-line staining with human sera on a specific immunologic basis, as described or inferred in previous reports, is an uncommon effect, if indeed it occurs at all. It is more likely that previous descriptions or interpretations of A-band staining by sera from patients with myasthenia gravis can be explained on the basis of procedural flaws and limitations. The possible staining of narrow zones of A-bands immediately adjacent to stained I-bands cannot be totally excluded because of the limits of resolution of the fluorescent antibody technique.
The Effects of Bacterial Endotoxin on Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Des Prez Roger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The heat-labile plasma factor (HLPF) necessary for endotoxin-induced platelet injury in citrated plasma has been investigated. HLPF does not appear to be complement since no complement fixation occurs during the course of the platelet-endotoxin interaction. A functionally similar factor removed from plasma by zymosan appears to be the same in substitution experiments. The conditions employed in the zymosan adsorption also differentiate the adsorbed factor from complement. The relationship of this factor to properdin is discussed.
Some Observations on the Immunopathology of Virus-Induced Tumors
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For me, this afternoon represents an important and significant occasion, and I should like, first and above all, to express my thanks and gratitude to the members of this Association for the honors they have bestowed upon me, first by electing me to the governing Council, and now to serve as President of the Association, which permits me to appear before this assemblage today. The Presidential Address of this Association, which has become a tradition, has not, fortunately, followed any set pattern—the speaker has always been free to go where fancy or whim suggest. Even so, my presentation for this afternoon was prepared with some misgivings, inasmuch as the studies and investigations with which I have been concerned over the course of my professional career have been in the fields of virology, experimental pathology and epidemiology, and not primarily in immunology, albeit they have been appreciably more than casually influenced by this tremendously important discipline.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Kim Charles W. , Savel Herbert , Hamilton L. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs were sensitized with crude saline extract of Trichinella spiralis larvae in combination with complete adjuvant, and skin-tested 5, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days later. A 7-day latent period proved optimal for establishing a delayed response in donors without production of precipitating antibody. When lymph node cells from these sensitized donors were transferred to normal recipient animals by the intraperitoneal route, the optimal latent period proved to be 3 days after transfer, at which time the delayed skin reaction was maximal in area.
Specificity of the Anamnestic Response to a Double Hapten Conjugate in Guinea Pigs Primed with a Single Hapten
Authors: Levine Bernard B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Genetic responder guinea pigs primed with either benzylpenicilloyl-poly-l-lysine (BPO13-PLL287) or dinitrophenyl-polylysine (DNP13-PLL287) and boosted with the double hapten conjugate BPO13-DNP14-PLL287 gave an anamnestic response to the priming hapten and a primary response to the new hapten. Primary and anamnestic responses were clearly differentiated on the basis of antibody titers, time of attainment of maximal titers, and mercaptoethanol sensitivity of the antibodies. Both haptens were shown to be present on the double conjugate molecule. The absence of a booster response to the new hapten did not appear to be due to antigenic competition. These findings indicate for the present system, that the specificity of the anamnestic response relates only to individual antigenic determinants of a complex antigen, and not to the entire antigen molecule. These results would tend to exclude an enhanced processing of the antigen molecule as the crucial mechanism of the anamnestic response. The relationship between these results and the apparently discordant results of others is discussed.
Immunochemical Quantitation of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Components of Human Complement: Concentrations in the Serum of Healthy Adults
Authors: Kohler Peter F. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunochemical quantitation of the third, fourth and fifth components of human complement is feasible with the single radial immuno-diffusion technique. Serum component concentrations (mg/ml) in 25 healthy adults were: C′3, 1.23 ± 0.26 (0.86 to 1.84); C′4, 0.436 ± 0.118 (0.240 to 0.800) and C′5, 0.076 ± 0.024 (0.042 to 0.140). The experimental error of the quantitation was 10% for C′3 and C′4 and 15% for C′5.
The immunochemical quantitation is influenced by in vitro conditions which allow physicochemical alterations in complement proteins; inclusion of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the agar and the use of fresh serum or serum stored at -70°C circumvents this problem.
Prevention of SV40 Virus Oncogenesis in Hamsters. II. The Effect of Thymectomy on Induction of Tumor Resistance by SV40-Transformed Human Cells
Authors: Girardi Anthony J. , Roosa Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
SV40 was inoculated into newborn hamsters and, 7 days later, some of the animals were thymectomized. On day 21 all hamsters received 350 r total body irradiation. Prior to the development of SV40-induced tumors, the thymectomized and non-thymectomized sets were subdivided further into two groups; one subgroup of each set was injected with SV40-transformed human cells; the other subgroup remained as controls. All animals were observed for development of SV40-induced tumors.
The transformed cells induced tumor resistance only in the non-thymectomized host, thus indicating dependence on an intact lymphoid system for expression of tumor immunity, and showing that the cells most likely acted through their ability to stimulate a homograft rejection response.
Collaborative Pedagogies: Seeking and Finding Truth Within Indigenous Children’s Literature Through Multiliteracies
Authors: Burke Anne , Boison Benjamin , Toope Deborah 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we highlight the work of two teachers as they engaged in collaborative practice while designing a curriculum that incorporated Indigenous perspectives and ways of knowing through a multiliteracies approach. We describe how these teachers used postcolonial Indigenous children’s literature as a launching point to explore historical and critical issues of Indigenous peoples with their students in an elementary classroom. We use data generated from interviews, focus group discussions, children’s drawings, journal writings, and photographs of classroom sessions. Using a multiliteracies pedagogical framework (situated practice, overt instruction, critical framing, and transformative practice), we show how these teachers transformed their practice and students’ understandings as they participated in learning events together. We also share some possible practices for incorporating Indigenous perspectives and ways of knowing into elementary classrooms. In conclusion, we discuss implications for teachers’ practice and the need for further research as we continue the important work towards truth and reconciliation.
Introduction
Authors: Swaminathan N. , Parente A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe annual data published by IEA is analysed to get a projection for the combustion share in total primary energy supply for the world. This projection clearly identifies that more than 60% of world total primary energy supply will come from combustion based sources even in the year of 2110 despite an aggressive shift towards renewables. Hence, improving and searching for greener combustion technologies would be beneficial for addressing global warming. Computational approaches play an important role in this search. The large eddy simulation equations are presented and discussed. Potential terms which are amenable for using machine learning algorithms are identified as a prelude to later chapters of this volume.
Functionalized zein nanoparticles targeting neonatal Fc receptor to enhance lung absorption of peptides
Authors: Hameedat Fatima , Pinto Soraia , Marques Joana , Dias Sofia , Sarmento Bruno 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Peptides have a distinguished therapeutic potential for several chronic conditions, and more than 80 peptides exist in the global market. However, most of these marketed peptide drugs are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to their fast degradation and limited absorption through non-invasive routes. The pulmonary route is favored as a non-invasive route. Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is expressed in adult human lungs and has a role in enhancing the pulmonary absorption of monoclonal antibodies. In this work, we developed and characterized candidate protein delivery systems for the pulmonary administration of peptides. The prepared bare and loaded zein nanoparticles (ZNPs), targeted, physically, and covalently PEGylated ZNPs showed hydrodynamic diameters between 137 and 155 nm and a narrow distribution index. Insulin, which was used as a protein model, showed an association efficiency of 72%, while the FcRn-targeted peptide conjugation efficiency was approximately 68%. The physically adsorbed poloxamer 407 on insulin-loaded ZNPs showed slower and controlled insulin release. The in vitro cell culture model consists of the NCI-H441 epithelial cell line, which confirmed its expression of the targeted receptor, FcRn. The safety of ZNPs was verified after incubation with both cell lines of the in vitro pulmonary model, namely NCI-H441 and HPMEC-ST1.6R, for 24 h. It was observed that targeted ZNPs enhanced insulin permeability by showing a higher apparent permeation coefficient than non-targeted ZNPs. Overall, both targeted PEGylated ZNPs showed to be suitable peptide carriers and adequately fit the demands of delivery systems designed for pulmonary administration.
Graphical Abstract
Label-free impedimetric immunosensor for point-of-care detection of COVID-19 antibodies
Authors: Shoute Lian C. T. , Abdelrasoul Gaser N. , Ma Yuhao , Duarte Pedro A. , Edwards Cole , Zhuo Ran , Zeng Jie , Feng Yiwei , Charlton Carmen L. , Kanji Jamil N. , Babiuk Shawn , Chen Jie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed enormous challenges for existing diagnostic tools to detect and monitor pathogens. Therefore, there is a need to develop point-of-care (POC) devices to perform fast, accurate, and accessible diagnostic methods to detect infections and monitor immune responses. Devices most amenable to miniaturization and suitable for POC applications are biosensors based on electrochemical detection. We have developed an impedimetric immunosensor based on an interdigitated microelectrode array (IMA) to detect and monitor SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human serum. Conjugation chemistry was applied to functionalize and covalently immobilize the spike protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of the IMA to serve as the recognition layer and specifically bind anti-spike antibodies. Antibodies bound to the S-proteins in the recognition layer result in an increase in capacitance and a consequent change in the impedance of the system. The impedimetric immunosensor is label-free and uses non-Faradaic impedance with low nonperturbing AC voltage for detection. The sensitivity of a capacitive immunosensor can be enhanced by simply tuning the ionic strength of the sample solution. The device exhibits an LOD of 0.4 BAU/ml, as determined from the standard curve using WHO IS for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins; this LOD is similar to the corresponding LODs reported for all validated and established commercial assays, which range from 0.41 to 4.81 BAU/ml. The proof-of-concept biosensor has been demonstrated to detect anti-spike antibodies in sera from patients infected with COVID-19 within 1 h.
Endophytes as nature’s gift to plants to combat abiotic stresses
Authors: Godara Himanshi , Ramakrishna Wusirika 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, scientists have recognized that plants’ distinct and immensely dynamic microbial communities are more than just “passengers,” but instead, play an important role in their development, and shielding against abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes comprise fungi and bacteria that live within plant tissues and support growth when plants are under stress. All plants in nature are considered to have symbiotic association with endophytes. A comprehensive review of the accessible data suggests that mobility, cell-wall degradation capacity, and reactive oxygen species scavenging are critical attributes for the successful colonization of endophytes. Plants encounter several abiotic stresses caused by climate change and global warming, which have an effect on their growth and production. Abiotic stress like high temperature, salinity, and high precipitation can severely affect plants compared to biotic stress. This review aims to highlight what role endophytes play to aid plant growth under abiotic stress conditions like heat, salinity, and drought. In the current review, we discuss how endophytic microbes can be efficiently used for the improvement and promotion of plant growth and crop production under abiotic stress conditions.