bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Brill Selling , Boyd Walter H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The portal blood pressure increases about 7 mm. Hg during the first forty-five seconds of peptone shock. The pressure then gradually falls, reaching normal in from eight to twelve minutes. Perfusions of isolated livers show an increased resistance to perfusion flow as a result of the action of peptone or of peptone-blood mixtures. The resistance reaches a maximum during the second minute, and then gradually decreases, being restored to approximately normal by the tenth minute. Mechanically increased resistance to hepatic outflow sufficient to raise the portal blood pressure 10 mm. Hg, the maximum rise during peptone shock, does not cause the hepatic-intestinal cyanosis characteristic of the peptone reaction, nor the characteristic fall in carotid blood pressure. Theories of peptone shock based solely on the hepatic mechanical factor are, therefore, no longer tenable.
The Prophylactic Action of Atropine Sulphate upon the Anaphylactic and Allergic Reactions of the Excised Uterus of Virgin Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Stoland O. O. , Sherwood N. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
That the response of uteri from sensitized guinea-pigs is specific for antigen has been verified. Doses of atropine from 1 to 4 cc. of a 1 per cent solution added to 25 cc. Tyrode's solution prevents the action of otherwise reactive doses of an antigen when applied to the horns of the uterus of a virgin guinea-pig. Smaller doses of atropine produce an increase in the tone of the uterine muscle, but larger doses (4 cc. 1 per cent) inhibit spontaneous contractions or decrease the tone slightly. That the atropine does not paralyze the uterine muscle is shown by the fact that pituitrin added to the solution invariably results in contraction following the administration of atropine. It is suggested that the antigen acts upon the same mechanism in the neuromuscular complex of the uterus as does pilocarpine. Its action is therefore neutralized by atropine. From the foregoing data we would seem warranted in assuming that that portion of the neuromuscular mechanism known as the myoneural junction plays an important ròle in specific response of uterine strips from sensitized virgin guinea-pigs.
Studies on the Toxicity of Human Blood Plasma for Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Levinson S. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
As a result of tabulating the findings in the various stages of activity, it appears that the suspension stability of the blood in pulmonary tuberculosis parallels the activity of the process.
With an increase in the pulse rate and temperature, there is also an increase in the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes.
The toxicity of the blood plasma in pulmonary tuberculosis is also increased for the guinea-pig. The pulse, temperature, suspension stability of erythrocytes, and toxicity of the blood plasma are parallel with each other.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , French W. O. , Brill Selling 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The dominant factor increasing resistance to blood flow through the liver during canine peptone shock is a suddenly increased permeability of the sinusoidal endothelium. This produces an explosive hepatic edema accompanied by swelling of the parenchymatous cells, increasing local tissue pressure sufficient to cause passive sinusoidal vasoconstriction and passive constriction of the hepatic veins. The sudden loss of fluid from the sinusoidal blood increases local blood viscosity sufficient to cause temporary sinusoidal stasis, and even stasis in the narrowed hepatic veins. A minor factor contributing to this increased resistance, is sinusoidal narrowing from leucocytic deposits. We have no evidence thus far that active hepatic vasoconstriction is a factor in this reaction.
On the Biochemical Race-Index of Koreans Manchus and Japanese
Authors: Fukamachi Hozumi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The studies of Landsteiner (1), Decastello and Sturli (2), Jansky (3), Moss (4), von Dungern and Hirschfeld (5) and others, have established the fact that there are four different groups of human individuals with respect to the isoagglutinating and isoagglutinable blood elements. In 1919, L. Hirschfeld and H. Hirschfeld (6) studied a number of soldiers belonging to the Allied Armies in Macedonia, and found that there was a remarkable difference in the blood grouping in the different races. The proportion of A (in the corpuscles of groups II and IV1) to B (in the corpuscles of groups III and IV); i.e., was called by them “the biochemical race-index,” and the race, in which the index amounted to more than 2.0 was called “of European type,” and that, from 2.0 to 1.0, “of intermediate type” and that, less than 1.0 “of Asio-African type.”
Studies in Endothelial Permeability. III
Authors: Petersen William F. , Jaffé R. H. , Levinson S. A. , Hughes T. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the preceding paper we have pointed out that in anaphylactic shock in the dog the lymph proteins show considerable modification, depending to a large extent on the dose used for reinjection. From previous studies that we have made with the enzyme mobilization during anaphylactic shock and from the work of Dale (1), Manwaring (2) and others, it seems most probable to us that the lymph proteins are modified by several factors. First, the alteration in the permeability of the endothelium which permits a large amount of blood plasma suddenly to flood into the lymph spaces of the mesenteric area, especially with the increased intraportal pressure which is at once evident in anaphylactic shock. Second, the proteins derived from the liver and other abdominal viscera under shock conditions; these would include particularly the larger molecular aggregates, fibrinogen, globulins, etc.
Studies on Endothelial Permeability. IV
Authors: Petersen W. F. , Jaffe R. H. , Levinson S. A. , Hughes T. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the preceding paper evidence has been presented which points to the fact that in canine anaphylaxis the endothelium, particularly that of the liver, plays a very prominent rôle in the mechanism of shock. Indeed it might seem that the chief point of attack of the reinjected protein is in this tissue, and that after these cells have been injured and become more permeable the liver is the next organ to be affected. The whole phenomenon is a vascular shock rather than a neuro-muscular one such as we see in the guinea pig. This by no means excludes the possibility that toxic products may arise secondarily from the liver, as Manwaring (1) has contended; or that the mobilization of proteolytic enzymes, which has been previously demonstrated (2) may not act in producing toxic products from the disintegrating liver or other tissue cells.
Studies on Endothelial Permeability. V
Authors: Petersen W. F. , Jaffé R. H. , Levinson S. A. , Hughes T. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During the course of the studies on endothelial permeability made with thoracic duct fistulas we have had occasion to study the effect of varying doses of peptone injected intravenously. The effect of peptone has been studied intensively; usually relatively large doses have been injected and it has been found that there undoubtedly follows an increase in the rate at which colloids (hemolysins, agglutinins, antitoxins, foreign serum, etc.) pass through from the capillary bed to the lymph stream. Yet there seems some doubt whether we are dealing with an actual alteration in the permeability of the endothelium or are dealing purely with an increased intraportal pressure, as Abe (1) suggests. Starling inclines to the view that both an increase in intraportal pressure and an increased permeability of the endothelium must take place (2).
A Hitherto Undescribed Pair of Isoagglutination Elements in Human Beings
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Klein Hyman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new pair of isoagglutination elements is described occurring in a high percentage of all the four blood groups. The agglutinin x was found in about 75 per cent of group I sera, and about 60 per cent of group III sera. The agglutinable X was found in about 75 per cent of group II corpuscles and in both of the two group IV individuals examined. The relation of the isoagglutination elements in the four groups, including the C pair of Guthrie and Huck, may be represented according to the Jansky numbering as follows: The discovery of the new isoagglutination elements in no way alters the practical status of the four original blood groups. The X pair seem not to be inherited as Mendelian allelomorphs. GROUP I GROUP II GROUP III GROUP IV Serum abx (c) b ax (c) Corpuscles AX (C) B ABX
Agglutinins for Bacterium Pullorum in Hens' Eggs
Authors: Beaudette F. R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. In studying the antibodies produced by Bacterium pullorum it occurred to the writer that, since the albumin of the egg may be considered physiologically as a secretion, and that antibodies have frequently been detected in secretions, antibodies for Bacterium pullorum might be present in eggs from hens known to be infected with this organism.
Experimental. Eggs were collected from several hens, the serum of which agglutinated Bacterium pullorum. The albumin of the eggs of some of these hens was used in place of the serum in making the agglutination test. The results of the preliminary tests were so striking and definite as to indicate the possible use of egg albumin in place of blood serum in detecting infected hens. The advantages of such a method are quite evident and a more careful study of the problem seemed desirable.
For this purpose 16 hens, 10 reactors, 5 non-reactors, and 1 questionable reactor, were isolated and, as far as possible, kept under the same environmental conditions during the experiment.
Antigenic Analyses of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S. , Fabiyi Akinyele , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera to the soluble complement-fixing S antigens of influenza viruses were readily produced in guinea pigs. Following intranasal instillation of active virus many animals developed antibodies to the virus V antigen, but the anti-S responses were variable as to incidence and height of titers obtained, depending to some extent upon the strain employed. The anti-S as well as anti-V formation was strikingly improved if the intranasal inoculation was followed in 2 wk or later by intra-abdominal injection of S antigen derived from the homologous strain. Anti-S titers of 1:64 or greater were thus obtained in more than 75% of the animals.
As few as 100 infectious doses for chick embryos induced direct antibody formation in some, and conditioned additional animals to respond to the booster injection of S. Since more than a million times the amount of inactivated virus failed to yield either type of responses it may be assumed that guinea pigs sustain inapparent influenza infections. Intra-abdominal inoculation of active virus also led to anti-S responses, either directly or following secondary injections of S, but less frequently and to lower titers than in the intranasal series.
In confirmation of previous reports no antigenic differences could be detected among S antigens derived from homotypic strains. In contrast, antibodies to the V antigens exhibited a considerable degree of strain-specificity, often to the extent that no cross-reactions could be discerned.
The booster effects observed, both with respect to anti-S and anti-V, could not be ascribed to residual concentrations of hemagglutinating virus particles in the S preparations. It appears (a) that S, although shown to be incapable per se of inducting primary anti-S formation, even after numerous injections, provides an effective secondary antigenic stimulus in animals conditioned by previous infection; and (b) that the booster inocula contained some nondetectable V components, which were not linked to hemagglutinating particles.
Sera containing anti-V in addition to anti-S can safely be used for analysis of S antigens if the test preparations are (a) rendered free of V by appropriate procedures; or (b) derived from strains with antigenically distinct V components. Safer yet, anti-V responses can be avoided in guinea pigs altogether, if strains with unrelated V antigens are employed for the primary infection and the preparation of the booster S antigen, respectively. By use of a small intranasal dose and by delay of the booster injection, high-titered anti-S sera were obtained, devoid of anti-V.
The Reversible and Irreversible Toxic Effects of Antihela Cell Rabbit Serum upon Human Cell Lines in Tissue Culture
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Myrvik Quentin N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum may produce a variety of cytotoxic effects upon the following cell lines in tissue culture: HeLa, AU, T17, and T27. Irreversible cytotoxic changes are produced when anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum and a heat labile substance in normal guinea pig or rabbit serum are added to these cell lines. Reversible morphologic changes in human cell lines are produced when incubated for 2 hr with anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum. Marked depression of the growth rate of HeLa cells occurs when they are propagated in a medium containing anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum. The addition of complement destroys cultures of HeLa cells propagated for up to six months in an excess of anti-HeLa cell rabbit serum.
A Study of the Effect of Antiserum on Poliovirus Infection Induced by the Intraspinal Inoculation of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Liu Oscar C. , Carter Joseph E. , DeSanctis Armand N. , Geating John A. , Hampil Bettylee 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After intraspinal inoculation of the Mahoney strain of poliovirus into rhesus monkeys, the central nervous systems from a number of animals were dissected out at various intervals. TCID50 titrations, histologic examination of such obtained tissues, and clinical observation of the infected animals indicated that the poliovirus spread from cell to cell in the gray matter of the CNS, following a pattern of anatomic contiguity rather than along the nerve fibers. Intravenous administration of specific antiserum into such infected monkeys, immediately following infection and 24- to 48-hr postinfection, reduced the mortality from 75 to 100% down to 0%. The extent of muscles paralyzed also was reduced significantly by the treatment as compared with the corresponding controls. In the treated groups there is a tendency that the more delayed the treatment, the wider the involvement of the skeletal muscles.
The Immune Response of the Guinea Pig to the Antigens of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Spivack M. L. , Foster L. , Larson A. , Chen T. H. , Baker E. E. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In experimental antiplague immunization the reaction of the guinea pig has been unique. Of greatest interest have been the difficulties in immunizing this animal either with aqueous suspensions of killed plague bacilli or with antigenic extracts of Pasteurella pestis, both highly immunogenic in the mouse, rat and monkey. The report that follows is an account of the development of the present conclusions about the immune response of this animal.
Materials and Methods. Strains of P. pestis. 1) Yreka, a virulent strain originally isolated from a fatal human infection in Yreka, California. 2) 195/P, a virulent strain from the Haffkine Institute in Bombay, India. It was originally isolated from a fatal pneumonic plague infection, and a sample of the culture was lyophilized and shipped to the Hooper Foundation. 3) Shasta, a virulent strain isolated from a fatal bubonic infection in 1951. 4) 111, a virulent strain isolated from a fatal pneumonic infection in Madagascar.
Anaphylaxis in Hemophilus Pertussis-Treated Mice
Authors: Munoz J. , Schuchardt L. F. , Verwey W. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive anaphylactic shock can be easily produced in mice that have received 250–2,000 million H. pertussis cells four days prior to the administration of 187–200 μ of rabbit antibody nitrogen. Only a few mice died when 108 μ of Ab N were given. In mice receiving 2,000 million H. pertussis cells and sensitized with 187 μ of Ab N an optimal amount of antigen (around 0.04 mg) was found for challenge that if considerably exceeded (5–10 mg/mouse) was actually less effective. Two hundred fifty million H. pertussis cells given four days before administration of 218 μ of Ab N rendered mice highly susceptible to anaphylactic shock, while ten million cells failed to increase their susceptibility. Three to four days after administration of H. pertussis seems to be the optimal time for production of passive anaphylaxis. By the 9th to the 12th day sensitivity has returned to its normal level. After administration of rabbit antibody, sensitivity lasts for three days reaching an optimal point immediately after intravenous injection of the antiserum, and 30 min to 6 hr after intraperitoneal injection. No relationship was obtained between development of anaphylactic sensitivity (active or passive) and development of histamine sensitivity. Adrenalectomy, like H. pertussis treatment, also increases the sensitivity of mice to passive anaphylaxis. Some postulations are made as to the possible mode of action of H. pertussis.
The "Protection" of Sensitized a and b Red Cell Antigens by Water-Soluble a and b Substances
Authors: Vos G. H. , Kirk R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When adult group A1 or B cells are sensitized with anti-A or anti-B antibodies and the thoroughly washed cells incubated with a source of A or B substance the serological reactions of the cells become progressively modified. First they are inhibited from agglutination in saline. Second, they are inhibited from agglutination in serum, and third, the direct antiglobulin reaction becomes negative. Red cells whose serologic properties have been modified in this way are said to be “protected.”
Fully “protected” cells give lower antigen titers when titrated against agglutinating anti-A or anti-B. They react negatively or only weakly with partially-neutralized anti-A or anti-B sera. Sensitized cells are osmotically more fragile than unsensitized cells. But cells after “protection” are more resistant to hemolysis than are normal cells.
Titration of AB substance in aqueous extracts of autoclaved cells shows that more substance is present in “protected” cells than in sensitized cells, in unsensitized cells, or in unsensitized cells which have been incubated with AB substance.
The suggestion is made that this “protection” of sensitized red cells is one way in which both secretor and non-secretor infants incompatible for the ABO blood groups with their mother are prevented from suffering excessive red cell destruction.
The Demonstration of Two Systems Affecting Blood Leukocytes in the Hypersensitive State with Associated Inflammation
Authors: Hartman John D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The in vitro agglutination of blood leukocytes has been quantitated. With the quantitative technique, 2 systems affecting blood leukocytes can be demonstrated in the hypersensitive state when associated with inflammation. One system is triggered by the presence of antigen and the other functions in the presence of inflammation. The basic reaction is an agglutination of the leukocytes in the presence of antigen. This reaction is accentuated in the presence of plasma taken from animals in which inflammation was present and is due to an altered reactivity of the leukocytes to the antigen leuko-agglutinating mechanism. Hydrocortisone inhibits in vitro the effect of inflammation but not the effect of antigen.
Effects of Certain Antiorgan Sera on Experimental Malaria and Trypanosomiasis in Mice
Authors: Goble Frans C. , Boyd James L. , Singer Ira 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The administration of rabbit antimouse spleen serum to mice on either the day before or the day after infection with Plasmodium berghei did not result in any alterations in the course of the infection as measured by parasitemia, reticulocyte counts or mortality in comparison with controls. The administration of rabbit antimouse spleen serum to mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense may result in an acceleration of the infection, if large quantities are used, or in a delay in the course of the disease, if smaller quantities are used.
The administration of rabbit antispleen sera prepared with heterologous antigens of bovine and human origin results in delays in the course of T. congolense infections, the median survival time of the treated mice sometimes being extended as much as 24 days beyond the median survival time of the untreated controls. Less pronounced extensions of survival time were observed when antilymph node and antithymus sera were used, and antisera prepared against bovine blood and bone marrow were ineffective.
Heterologous antispleen sera which were active in T. congolense infections had only barely detectable influence on infections with T. gambiense, which are more acute. The results obtained are compatible with Bogomolets' explanation of the mode of action of antireticular cytotoxic sera which depress the reticuloendothelial system when administered in large quantities and stimulate the same system when given in smaller amounts. The studies herein reported suggest that interesting observations might be made using other types of antisera in infections which are of a subacute or chronic nature which would allow time for the therapy and show its effect.
Effect of Formalin on in Vitro and in Vivo Antigenicity of Clostridium Perfringens Type D E-Toxin
Authors: Schuchardt L. F. , Munoz J. , Verwey W. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This report may be summarized as follows: a) Toxin-toxoid which failed to combine with antitoxin produced significantly higher antitoxin titers in sheep than did prototoxin-toxoid. b) Toxin-toxoid loses most of its ability to combine with antitoxin in a relatively short period of time (14 days) although some may be retained for as long as 71 days; prototoxin-toxoid, however, retains its combining and precipitating power for a much longer period of time. c) Both toxin and prototoxin combine with antitoxin. d) In the agar diffusion technique a single common zone of precipitation developed between the antitoxin and prototoxin, toxin and prototoxin-toxoid. Toxin-toxoid failed to develop a visible band at a time when prototoxin-toxoid was fully precipitable. e) When either toxin or prototoxin was exposed to 0.5% formalin the toxicity disappeared within 14 days. The combining power and precipitability disappeared relatively soon in the toxin-toxoid but not in prototoxin-toxoid.
Heat Labile Tissue α-Globulin and Its Relationship to the Latex Fixation Test
Authors: Gray J. D. , Tupper Carl , Rowse J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Saline extracts made from placenta, liver, spleen, lung, heart muscle and kidney appear to contain varying amounts of an α-globulin which denatures at 56°C at 2 hr exposure in the presence of 0.85% NaCl to form macroscopic granules. The reaction is proportional to the concentration of extract used. The addition of polystyrene latex to such a mixture changes the granular state to a floccular one. Albumin and some batches of lyophilized γ-globulin inhibit flocculation. Fresh human serum containing a high antibody titer is the most potent inhibitor of flocculatory activity.
Evidence has been presented indicating that the latex fixation test measures the presence in quantity of serum heat labile α-globulin. It has been shown that the addition of lyophilized γ-globulin is unnecessary for the performance of this test. Attention is drawn to the fact that tissue heat labile globulin and the reacting substance in the positive latex fixation test are similar.