bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility Test Methods: Viruses
Authors: Pinsky Benjamin A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Testing for viral susceptibility, primarily via genotypic drug resistance mutation testing, is now standard practice for the management of viral infections for optimum patient care. Antiviral resistance is expressed as a drop in the efficacy of a drug to inhibit viral replication. The virus being treated is inherently resistant to the drug(s) being given. Alternatively, host biological and socio‐behavioral factors or inadequate dosing may influence therapeutic success. Host physiologic factors can interfere with a successful clinical response. Viral susceptibility testing can identify resistance and guide patient management strategies. The clinical category and status of the patient are important in determining whether antiviral resistance testing is indicated. Genotypic viral susceptibility testing requires knowledge of the mutations that confer antiviral resistance. FDA‐cleared genotypic antiviral resistance tests include software to analyze the raw sequence and render a resistance interpretation. The pharmaceutical industry is actively investigating and developing new antiviral drugs.
Taxonomy, Classification, and Nomenclature of Fungi
Authors: Cañete‐Gibas Connie F. , Wiederhold Nathan P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fungi form a clade of eukaryotic organisms that differ from other groups in several aspects. Fungi can be either multicellular or unicellular. The basic structural unit of multicellular fungi is a chain of multinucleate, tubular, filament‐like cells. Fungi that exist in the form of microscopic multicellular mycelium are commonly called molds. Identification of fungi solely by phenotypic characteristics requires familiarity with a range of different structures and terminology. However, the advent of rapid molecular and proteomic assays have transformed this process, facilitating the accurate identification of clinical isolates. In addition, these new methods of analysis are having a substantial impact on the taxonomy and nomenclature of fungi, including many medically important species. The advent of molecular phylogenetics has led to a revolution in microbial taxonomy. Yeasts are neither a natural nor a formal taxonomic group but are a growth form found in a wide range of unrelated ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi.
Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Mycology
Authors: Berkow Elizabeth L. , Sexton D. Joseph 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As in bacteriology, the goals of a good mycology laboratory are to accurately isolate and identify fungi suspected of causing infection. It is the laboratory's responsibility to ensure that specimens are appropriate for the requested test and to provide submitters with the guidelines for proper specimen selection, collection, and transport to the laboratory. This chapter provides general information related to fungal culture from various specimens and is based on historical practice that has been successful. Pretreatment of several specimen types is necessary to maximize the recovery of fungi. Abscess specimens should be collected from the active peripheral edge of open abscesses or aspirated from closed abscesses by use of a syringe. There are presently a wide variety of manual, biphasic, automated, and continuously monitoring systems for blood cultures, but no single commercial system or culture medium can detect all potential blood pathogens.
Reagents, Stains, and Media: Mycology
Authors: Lindsley Mark D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

A variety of stains, media, and reagents are available to the mycology laboratory for the detection, isolation, characterization, and identification of yeasts and moulds. Familiarity with the composition and characteristics of these materials is critical to the diagnostic approach when processing specimens from patients with suspected mycotic diseases. Many media are available for the primary inoculation and cultivation of fungi from clinical specimens. Chloramphenicol or gentamicin inhibits most bacterial contaminants, while cycloheximide inhibits most saprobic moulds. Dithiothreitol is a mucolytic agent that can be purchased commercially and has been used to prepare sputum specimens for detection of
Pneumocystis jirovecii
. Alcian blue is a mucopolysaccharide stain useful for visualizing the polysaccharide capsule produced by
Cryptococcus
species in histological sections of tissue. Methenamine silver stains are the most useful stains for visualizing fungi in tissue. Acetate ascospore agar is used for the cultivation of ascosporogenous yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
.
Agents of Systemic and Subcutaneous Mucormycosis and Entomophthoromycosis
Authors: Garcia‐Hermoso Dea , Alanio Alexandre , Lanternier Fanny , Lortholary Olivier 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Mucormycosis and entomophthoromycosis are invasive fungal infections caused by environmental pauciseptate filamentous fungi. Entomophthoromycosis presents as subcutaneous infections with favorable outcome after prolonged azole therapy without surgery, although it is potentially associated with disfiguring lesions. Mucormycosis can develop in HIV‐infected patients and in intravenous‐drug users. The diagnosis of mucormycosis should be considered an emergency, because delaying therapy will affect outcome. One of the major differences between mucormycosis and entomophthoromycosis is that the former occurs mainly in predisposed individuals, whereas the latter occurs mostly in apparently immunocompetent hosts. Culture results should always be interpreted in light of the clinical presentation and along with the results of direct examination and/or histopathology. Therapeutic strategies for basidiobolomycosis and conidiobolomycosis are not standardized because of the lack of clinical trials for these rare infections.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic Agents
Authors: Bradbury Richard S. , Talundzic Eldin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Parasitic diseases rank among the most prevalent and severe diseases worldwide. The danger of depending on drugs as one of the primary tools for control is compounded by the relatively limited number of antiparasitic agents available. The complex biologic interactions between parasites and their hosts (and, at times, their vectors) significantly influence the emergence and expression of drug resistance. The development of resistance to all antimalarial drugs poses the greatest challenge for malaria control and prevention globally. Praziquantel is the only drug currently being used for treatment of schistosomiasis. The widespread use of albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel in preventive chemotherapy programs to control soil‐transmitted helminth infections has raised concerns regarding the potential for the development of resistance in this group of intestinal nematodes. Public health interventions to correct these factors have not always been successful and would benefit from a better understanding of the drug resistance mechanisms used by parasites.
The Photoinduced Response of Antimony from Femtoseconds to Minutes
Authors: Walfort Sebastian , Holle Nils , Vehndel Julia , Yimam Daniel T. , Vollmar Niklas , Kooi Bart J. , Salinga Martin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAs a phase change material (PCM), antimony exhibits a set of desirable properties that make it an interesting candidate for photonic memory applications. These include a large optical contrast between crystalline and amorphous solid states over a wide wavelength range. Switching between the states is possible on nanosecond timescales by applying short heating pulses. The glass state is reached through melting and rapid quenching through a supercooled liquid regime. While initial and final states are easily characterized, little is known about the optical properties on the path to forming a glass. Here we resolve the entire switching cycle of antimony with femtosecond resolution in stroboscopic optical pump‐probe measurements and combine the experimental results with ab‐initio molecular dynamics simulations. The glass formation process of antimony is revealed to be a complex multi‐step process, where the intermediate transient states exhibit distinct optical properties with even larger contrasts than those observed between crystal and glass. The provided quantitative understanding forms the basis for exploitation in high bandwidth photonic applications.
Iron‐Nitrogen‐Carbon Aerogel for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media: The Influence of Temperature
Authors: Yao Xichen , Xia Qiang , Zhang Chuang , Wang Shuxian , Nie Jinquan , Liu Dezheng , Patil Girish P. , Jadhav Chandradip D. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an acidic environment is crucial for fuel cell technology. Understanding its complex kinetics and developing advanced catalyst materials have the potential to drive significant improvements in energy efficiency, paving the way for sustainable, green energy solutions. In this work, Iron‐Nitrogen‐Carbon@aerogel (Fe(FcP)x‐N‐C@Aerogel) catalysts are developed by carbonizing polypyrrole (PPy) and ferrocene. The ORR performance of these catalysts is investigated across different annealing temperatures. The catalysts’ shape and structure are validated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), revealing that changes in annealing temperature affect morphology and nitrogen‐containing functional groups of the catalyst. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) studies demonstrated that Fe(FcP)800‐N‐C@Aerogel catalysts exhibit excellent performance, with a half‐wave potential of 0.687 V and an average electron transfer number of 3.98 under acidic conditions. These findings suggest a near‐four‐electron reaction pathway, highlighting the catalyst's strong ORR activity, high efficiency, and durability, with only 17.4 mV LSV curve decay after 10,000 cycles. In conclusion, Fe(FcP)x‐N‐C@Aerogel advances ORR catalysis in acidic media by delivering exceptional performance and durability, driven by its innovative architecture and precisely engineered active sites, setting a new benchmark for high‐efficiency energy conversion.
Advanced Solid Lubrication with COK‐47: Mechanistic Insights on the Role of Water and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Li Hanglin , Sui Xudong , Ayala Pablo , Marquis Edoardo , Rabl Hannah , Ertl Adrian , Bilotto Pierluigi , Shang Yazhuo , Li Jiusheng , Xu Lu , Righi Maria Clelia , Eder Dominik , Gachot Carsten 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMetal–organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles have attracted widespread attention as lubrication additives due to their tunable structures and surface effects. However, their solid lubrication properties have been rarely explored. This work introduces the positive role of moisture in solid lubrication in the case of a newly described Ti‐based MOF (COK‐47) powder. COK‐47 achieves an 8.5‐fold friction reduction compared to AISI 304 steel‐on‐steel sliding under room air. In addition, COK‐47 maintains a similarly low coefficient of friction (0.1–0.2) on various counterbodies, including Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC, and Si3N4. Notably, compared to other widely studied MOFs (ZIF‐8, ZIF‐67) and 2D materials powder (MXene, TMD, rGO), COK‐47 exhibits the lowest friction (≈0.1) under the same experimental settings. Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the tribofilm is an amorphous film obtained by hydrolysis of COK‐47 in the air with moisture. Density functional theory further confirms that water catalyzes the decomposition of COK‐47, a crucial step in forming the tribofilm. This study demonstrates the idea of utilizing MOF and water‐assisted lubrication mechanisms. It provides new insights into MOF applications in tribology and highlights interdisciplinary contributions of mechanical engineering and chemistry.
Phenanthrene Treatment for O‐xylene‐Processed PM6:Y6‐Based Organic Solar Cells Enables Over 19% Efficiency
Authors: Fan Hongyu , Yang Hang , Wu Yue , Cui Chaohua , Li Yongfang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAchieving excellent charge transport properties in high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) generally requires photovoltaic materials to have strong crystallinity. Meanwhile, non‐halogenated solvent processing is very important for future application of the OSCs. However, highly crystalline materials will pose challenges for the control of molecular aggregation behavior in donor/acceptor blend films processed with high boiling point non‐halogenated solvents. Herein, a new approach to effectively regulate the aggregation of represented strong crystallinity material Y6 in high boiling point processing solvents is developed by employing phenanthrene (PAT) with unique crystallinity and relatively loose molecular stacking as volatile solid additive. It is elucidated that PAT treatment shows a significant effect in inhibiting the excessive self‐aggregation of Y6 in high boiling point solvent during the film formation process and reducing the crystallization rate of Y6 molecules under thermal annealing, resulting in highly ordered molecular packing and favorable phase‐separated morphology. As a result, the PM6:Y6‐based device processed with chlorobenzene, toluene, and o‐xylene achieve excellent power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17.71%, 17.99%, and 19.04%, respectively. The efficiency of 19.04% represents the highest value so far for the PM6:Y6‐based binary OSCs processed with high boiling point non‐halogenated solvents.
A mouse coccygeal intervertebral disc degeneration model with tail‐looping constructed using a suturing method
Authors: Xie Wei , Huang Zemao , Huang Ziyang , Luo Deqing , Chen Zhangxin , Xie Li , Zhu Lingqi , Liu Hui , Lian Kejian , Alberton Paolo , Docheva Denitsa , Lin Dasheng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroudIntervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the common degenerative diseases. Due to ethical constraints, it is difficult to obtain sufficient research on humans, so the use of an animal model of IDD is very important to clarify the pathogenesis and treatment mechanism of the disease.MethodsIn this study, thirty 2‐month‐old mice were selected for operation to establish a coccygeal IDD model. The distal tail portion of the tail (beyond the 17th coccygeal vertebra) and a small piece of skin above the 8th coccygeal vertebra were excised, and the two incisions were brought together after flexion, and secured with sutures. The heights and signal intensities of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) were assessed using microcomputed tomography (μCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0, 6, 12 weeks postoperatively. The overall tissue morphology, cell distribution and density, and extracellular matrix of the IVDs were also assessed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Safranin O‐Fast Green and immunohistochemical staining.ResultsAll mice in the experimental group survived after the operation, and there were no complications such as wound infection, tail necrosis and suture shedding. The experimental results demonstrated that the suturing method can successfully initiate IDD. Different severity levels of IDD can be induced by controlling the bending angle of the IVDs within the tail loop; however, for consistency, histologic and imaging results should be obtained at the same bending angle and looping period.ConclusionsThis IDD model is an effective method for studying the etiology and treatment of degenerative IVD disease.
Exploring the neuroprotective benefits of phytochemicals extracted from indigenous edible fruits in Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Sumon , Roy Sajib Chandra , Zehravi Mehrukh , Sweilam Sherouk Hussein , Das Rajib , Palanisamy Mylsamy , Dantinapalli Venkata Lakshamana Sagar , Elumalai Selvaraja , Gupta Jeetendra Kumar , Alshehri Mohammed Ali , Asiri Mohammed , Ahmad Irfan , Nafady Mohamed H. , Emran Talha Bin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and the constraints of existing treatment methods have spurred a keen interest in investigating alternative therapies. Medicinal plants, renowned for their long‐standing use in traditional medicine, offer a hopeful avenue for discovering new neuroprotective agents. This study emphasizes the potential neuroprotective characteristics of edible fruit plants in Bangladesh, specifically focusing on their traditional folk medicine uses for neurological disorders. This study provides an in‐depth overview of the different types of edible fruit trees in Bangladesh and their phytochemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. This work examines the scientific data supporting the neuroprotective properties of bioactive chemicals from plants. It further explores the mechanisms by which these compounds work to counteract oxidative stress, decrease inflammation, and stimulate neurogenesis. Moreover, the study investigates toxicological characteristics and bioactive components of some fruits, emphasizing the importance of further investigation to measure their safety profile comprehensively. This thorough study highlights the potential benefits of Bangladesh's edible fruit trees as a rich source of neuroprotective chemicals. It also shows that additional research might lead to novel approaches for improving brain functioning and preventing NDs.
Tiny‐Ligand Solvation Electrolyte Enabled Fast‐Charging Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Shang Yanxin , Chen Nan , Li Yuejiao , Chen Shi , Li Zhujie , Li Shengxi , Ren Xuening , Ye Yusheng , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe H‐bond network among H2O molecules enables ultrafast diffusion of H+ and OH− via a hopping mechanism, making aqueous batteries attractive competitors for next‐generation fast‐charging energy storages. Ideal aqueous electrolyte for the widely used lithium‐ion batteries is expected to have the wide electrochemical stability window (>5 volts), fast charging (≤15 minutes) without gas evolution, and low cost. However, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) associated with narrow voltage window of water (1.23 V) limits their practical applications. Herein, we built a new guideline for designing tiny‐ligand electrolytes by utilizing sterically hindered groups with low binding energy. Cosolvent tetraethyl orthocarbonate (TEOC), with large‐sized ethoxy groups and hydrogen‐bond‐captured ability, forces free H2O and anion TFSI− into the Li+ first solvation shell. Hence, inhibition of HER takes place by means of immobilized H2O activity and formation of hydrogen‐bonding networks —C−O⋅⋅⋅H between TEOC and H2O. This unique structure with ultra‐small sheath volume thereby facilitates the formation of LiF‐rich SEI and fast ion‐conduction. The lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in TEOC/H2O electrolyte exhibits wide electrochemical window of 5.7 V, enabling LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 pouch cells to achieve 1200 cycles under rapid 10 C rate. This engineering of tiny‐ligand solvation opens new pathways for developing advanced electrolyte that balance performance with sustainability.
Tailoring Water‐in‐DMSO Electrolyte for Ultra‐stable Rechargeable Zinc Batteries
Authors: Ren Huaizheng , Li Sai , Xu Liang , Wang Lei , Liu Xinxin , Wang Lei , Liu Yue , Zhang Liang , Zhang Han , Gong Yuxin , Lv Chade , Chen Dongping , Wang Jianxin , Lv Qiang , Li Yaqiang , Liu Huakun , Wang Dianlong , Cheng Tao , Wang Bo , Chao Dongliang , Dou Shixue 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRechargeable zinc batteries (RZBs) are hindered by two primary challenges: instability of Zn anode and deterioration of the cathode structure in traditional aqueous electrolytes, largely attributable to the decomposition of active H2O. Here, we design and synthesize a non‐flammable water‐in‐dimethyl sulfoxide electrolyte to address these issues. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ techniques and computational simulations demonstrate that the activity of H2O in this electrolyte is extremely compressed, which not only suppresses the side reactions and increases the reversibility of Zn anode, but also diminishes the cathode dissolution and proton intercalation. The hybrid solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI), formed in situ, helps Zn−Zn symmetric cell a prolonged lifespan exceeding 10000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 600 h at a 60 % discharge depth. The versatility of this electrolyte endows the Zn‐VO2 full batteries ultra‐stable cycling performance. This work provides insights into electrolyte structure–property relationships, and facilitates the design of high‐performance RZBs.
The Meaning of Quasi‐Simultaneous X‐Rays and Gamma‐Ray Observations of RS Oph in Outburst
Authors: Orio Marina , Fang Ke , Gallagher Jay , Luna Gerardo Juan M. , Mikolajewska Joanna 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTShocks in novae outbursts are ubiquitous, but in symbiotic novae, they are particularly powerful, probably because of the surrounding red giant wind. The recurrent nova RS Oph is the best example of this phenomenon. The presence of shocked plasma in outburst was inferred from optical spectra, and it was confirmed by X‐ray observations since 1985. Since 2010, the gamma‐ray observatory Fermi has proven that novae in general are the site of particle acceleration, producing copious gamma‐ray flux in the few‐GeV range. In the last outburst of the symbiotic RS Oph in 2021, gamma‐rays were not only detected with Fermi in the GeV range but also detected in the TeV range of the Cherenkov telescopes, for about 3 weeks. Diesing et al. in 2023 showed that there must have been at least two distinct episodes of shocks, likely of hadronic nature, both generating particle acceleration. We present new NuSTAR data and re‐discuss XMM‐Newton high‐resolution grating spectra and NICER data that we recently published. We concluded that the primary shock causing the particle acceleration observed in the range of TeV gamma‐rays with the Cherenkov telescopes was the same phenomenon observed and studied with the x‐ray observatories. However, the shocked plasma from which the particles were accelerated causing the gamma‐ray flux observed after 1 day with Fermi was—at least initially—unobservable. We suggest that this first episode of shock occurred when the nova ejecta collided with a dense outflow close to the atmosphere of the red giant, with such a high absorbing column that x‐rays were absorbed.
Effects of oxidation inducers on palm, jatropha, and sunflower biodiesel properties during 22‐week storage and improvements with antioxidants
Authors: Laemthong Tunyaboon , Chiarasamran Nutchapon , Saisriyoot Maythee , Thanapimmetha Anusith , Ooi Chien Wei , Chang Yu Kaung , Srinophakun Penjit 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOxidative stability is essential for biodiesel quality. This study examines the effects of copper and water as oxidative inducers on biodiesel derived from palm, jatropha, and sunflower oils. Key properties, including fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, iodine number, kinematic viscosity, and total acid number, were tracked over 22 weeks. The FAME content declined progressively, with palm biodiesel decreasing from 100% to 98.56% after 2 weeks and 95.76% after 22 weeks. Similarly, jatropha biodiesel dropped from 98.44% to 98.40% and 93.87%, and sunflower biodiesel declined from 96.55% to 96.42% and 91.84% over the same periods. The iodine number, kinematic viscosity, and total acid number also showed slight reductions over time and remained within commercial biodiesel standards. Copper had a more significant impact on oxidative degradation than water, with sunflower biodiesel being most affected due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content. Three quadratic equations were developed to model quality changes over time. Adding 1000 ppm of tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) effectively maintained the quality of palm and jatropha biodiesel for up to 18 weeks.