bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the efficiency of chemically activated palm frond carbon in heavy metal adsorption a modeling approach
Authors: Hammad W. A. , Darweesh M. A. , Eweida Basant , Amr M. H. A. , Bakr Ahmed 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The industry’s unregulated discharge of unprocessed trash is a major contributor to environmental contamination. Drinking water contaminated by heavy metals is a serious environmental and public health problem. Cadmium (Cd (II)) is one heavy metal frequently found in wastewater. Adsorption is the most widely used method for treating water contaminated with heavy metals due to its great performance, affordability, and ease of use. This work examined the potential for heavy metal adsorption in palm fronds, a chemically treated agricultural waste, using H3PO4-derived activated Carbon (also known as chemically treated Carbon from palm fronds, or CTCPFs) for Cd(II) adsorption. Extensive batch tests investigated the effects of pH, initial metal concentration, dosage of CTCPFs, and contract duration on adsorption at room Temperature (25 ± 1 °C). Using BET techniques, the surface area and porosity of the sample were measured, and the surface morphology was examined using SEM. FT-IR and XRD measurements were made. After 90 min, 99.65% of the Cd (II) had been removed. Cd (II) was efficiently adsorbed by CTCPFs (> 99%) at pH = 5,C0 = 50 mg/l, CTCPFs dosage 1 g /250 ml at 45 ℃ and contact time 90 min. According to the findings, CTCPFs are a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly adsorbent that can treat heavy metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as impure water. They also show promise in removing Cd (II) under neutral conditions.
Disruption of functional network development in children with prenatal Zika virus exposure revealed by resting-state EEG
Authors: Omurtag Ahmet , Abdulbaki Samah , Thesen Thomas , Waechter Randall , Landon Barbara , Evans Roberta , Dlugos Dennis , Chari Geetha , LaBeaud A. Desiree , Hassan Yumna I. , Fernandes Michelle , Blackmon Karen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Children born to mothers infected by Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy are at increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes including microcephaly, epilepsy, and neurocognitive deficits, collectively known as Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome. To study the impact of ZIKV on infant brain development, we collected resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from 28 normocephalic ZIKV-exposed children and 16 socio-demographically similar but unexposed children at 23–27 months of age. We assessed group differences in frequency band power and brain synchrony, as well as the relationship between these metrics and age. A significant difference (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected) in Inter-Site Phase Coherence was observed: median Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.15 in unexposed children and 0.07 in ZIKV-exposed children. Results showed that functional brain networks in the unexposed group were developing rapidly, in part by strengthening distal high-frequency and weakening proximal lower frequency connectivity, presumably reflecting normal synaptic growth, myelination and pruning. These maturation patterns were attenuated in the ZIKV-exposed group, suggesting that ZIKV exposure may contribute to neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities that can be detected and quantified by resting-state EEG.
Assessment of biocompatibility for citric acid crosslinked starch elastomeric films in cell culture applications
Authors: Pooja N , Ahmed Nafisa Yeshmin , Mal Sib Sankar , Bharath Prasad A. S , Zhuo Guan-Yu , Noothalapati Hemanth , Managuli Vishwanath , Mazumder Nirmal 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis of potato starch elastomers reinforced with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and citric acid as a crosslinking agent to enhance their mechanical and barrier properties. Surface morphology analysis using optical microscopy revealed that pure potato starch films had uneven surfaces. However, higher SiO2 concentrations increased roughness, while citric acid crosslinked films displayed smoother surfaces overall. Water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) indicated that native starch films were highly hydrophilic, while SiO2 incorporation and citric acid crosslinking significantly reduced WVTR of 17% (30% lower than native film), enhancing the barrier properties. Tensile strength testing revealed that citric acid crosslinking increased the tensile strength by 25%, while SiO2 further reinforced the films but decreased elasticity by 15%. SiO2 had little impact on degradation rates, while citric acid crosslinking delayed microbial growth, extending film longevity by 20%. Biocompatibility assays using SiHa, HT-29, and HEK 293 cell lines revealed that the films had varying degrees of cell confluency. Films with both SiO2 and citric acid showed improved confluency (20% higher) compared to films containing only SiO2. However, citric acid alone resulted in the highest confluency (95% viability), suggesting its significant role in biocompatibility. This eco-friendly approach demonstrates substantial advancements in film properties, offering potential applications in diverse biomedical industries.
Leveraging Meta‐Learning for Enhanced False Data Injection Detection in Smart Grids: The ONF‐ML Approach
Authors: Pourshirazi Mohammadreza , Simab Mohsen , Mirzaee Alireza , Fani Bahador 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTWhile digitalization promotes grid management efficiency, it also makes power systems more vulnerable to a variety of anomalies, especially false data injection (FDI) anomalies. FDI intrusions pose a serious threat to the security of smart grids. The existing approaches, like machine learning, have certain limitations, which can be addressed by proposing the optimized neuro‐fuzzy meta‐learning (ONF‐ML) model. This model combines several machine learning classifiers serving as a two‐step optimization process including hyperparameter optimization for individual classifiers and simulated annealing for tuning neuro‐fuzzy parameters. Simulation results conducted on the IEEE 14‐bus system using MATPOWER demonstrate the superior performance of ONF‐ML in detecting FDI intrusions compared to baseline models, especially for subtle injections. In every bus, FDI intrusion has occurred and average performance metrics are considered. The results illustrate an average detection rate of 91.7% and 81.9% for intrusion samples and 99.9% and 99.8% for normal instances in cases of −3% and +3% occurrences, respectively. While baseline models illustrated critical performance degradation during robust analyses, this technique was remarkably stable, maintaining a detection rate of over 75%, outperforming the second‐best technique by up to 45% in worst‐case scenarios. By addressing real‐world challenges such as sensitivity to noise, inflexibility and incompetence in detecting subtle intruders, the ONF‐ML approach enables continuous learning from new data, ensuring adaptability to new threats. Taken together, these features make ONF‐ML a practical and scalable solution to overcome the limitations of traditional FDI detection techniques and provide a path to improved smart grid security.
Habitable Zone and Atmosphere Retention Distance (HaZARD)
Authors: Van Looveren Gwenaël , Boro Saikia Sudeshna , Herbort Oliver , Schleich Simon , Güdel Manuel , Johnstone Colin , Kislyakova Kristina 
Published: February 2025

Context. Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), observations of the secondary atmospheres of rocky planets have become possible. Of particular interest are rocky planets orbiting low-mass stars within the habitable zone (HZ). However, no thick secondary atmospheres have been found around Earth-sized planets to date. This leaves open the question of whether secondary atmospheres are rare around Earth-sized rocky exoplanets.
Aims. In this work, we determine the distance at which an Earth-sized planet orbiting a variety of stellar hosts could retain a CO2- or N2-dominated atmosphere and compare this atmospheric retention distance (ARD) with that of the liquid-water HZ.
Methods. We combined planetary atmosphere models with stellar evolution models. The atmospheric models produced by the thermochemical Kompot code allowed us to calculate the Jeans escape rates for different stellar masses, rotation rates, and ages. These loss rates allowed us to determine the closest distance a planet is likely to retain a CO2- or N2 -dominated atmosphere. Using stellar rotation evolution models, we modelled how these retention distances evolve as the X-ray and ultraviolet activity of the star evolves.
Results. We find that the overlap of the HZ and the ARD occurs earlier around slowly rotating stars. Additionally, we find that HZ planets orbiting stars with masses under 0.4 M⊙ are unlikely to retain any atmosphere, due to the lower spin-down rate of these fully convective stars. We also show that the initial rotation rate of the star can impact the likelihood of a planet retaining an atmosphere, as an initially fast-rotating star maintains high levels of short-wavelength irradiance for much longer.
Conclusions. The orbits of all Earth-like rocky exoplanets observed by JWST in cycles 1 and 2, including HZ planets, fall outside the ARD. Our results will have implications for future target selections of small exoplanet observing programmes with JWST or future instruments such as the Ariel space mission.
Deterministic Mean Field Games with jumps and mixed variational structure
Authors: Dumas Annette , Santambrogio Filippo 
Published: February 2025

We consider Mean field Game problems where the agents have an individual cost composed of an action penalizing their motion and a running cost depending on the density of all players. This running cost involves two parts: one which is variational but possibly non-smooth (typically, a local cost of the form $f'(\rho(x))$) and one which is smooth but non-variational. We consider both the case where the action is of kinetic energy type (integral of a power of the velocity), and the case where it counts the number of jumps of the curve. We provide an existence result of a ``formal'' equilibrium by Kakutani fixed point. We then rigorously prove that optimizers of this variational problem areconcentrated on optimal curves for an individual problem, both in the kinetic and in the jumps case. We then prove that the opimization among measures on curves can be reduced to a minimization among curves of measures (the Eulerian framework) and that the solution of the variational problem expressed in Eulerian language depends in a Lipschitz continuous way on the data. Under smallness assumptions, the equilibrium can be found by Banach fixed point. This allows for efficient numerical computations, based on non-smooth convex optimization algorithms.
Role of anisotropic confining potential and elliptical driving in dynamics of a Ge hole qubit
Authors: Dey Bashab , Schliemann John 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The squeezing of a Ge planar quantum dot enhances the Rabi frequency of electric dipole spin&#xD;resonance by several orders of magnitude due to a strong Direct Rashba spin-orbit interaction (DR-&#xD;SOI) in such geometries [Phys. Rev. B 104, 115425 (2021)]. We investigate the geometric effect&#xD;of an elliptical (squeezed) confinement and its interplay with the polarization of driving field in&#xD;determining the Rabi frequency of a heavy-hole qubit in a planar Ge quantum dot. To calculate&#xD;the Rabi frequency, we consider only the p-linear SOIs viz. electron-like Rashba, hole-like Rashba&#xD;and hole-like Dresselhaus which are claimed to be the dominant ones by recent studies on planar&#xD;Ge heterostructures. We derive approximate analytical expressions of the Rabi frequency using a&#xD;Schrieffer-Wolff transformation for small SOI and driving strengths. Firstly, for an out-of-plane&#xD;magnetic field with magnitude B, we get an operating region with respect to B, squeezing and&#xD;polarization parameters where the qubit can be operated to obtain ‘clean’ Rabi flips. On and&#xD;close to the boundaries of the region, the higher orbital levels strongly interfere with the two-level&#xD;qubit subspace and destroy the Rabi oscillations, thereby putting a limitation on squeezing of the&#xD;confinement. The Rabi frequency shows different behaviour for electron-like and hole-like Rashba&#xD;SOIs. It vanishes for right (left) circular polarization in presence of purely electron-like (hole-&#xD;like) Rashba SOI in a circular confinement. For both in- and out-of-plane magnetic fields, higher&#xD;Rabi frequencies are achieved for squeezed configurations when the ellipses of polarization and the&#xD;confinement equipotential have their major axes aligned but with different eccentricities. We also&#xD;deduce a simple formula to calculate the effective heavy hole mass by measuring the Rabi frequencies&#xD;using this setup.
‘ChatGPT did my homework’: lessons learnt from embedding a chatbot in undergraduate coursework
Authors: Elson Lucy , Gaughan Lauren , Hopton Benjamin , LIoyd-Brown Stephen , Briggs Christopher , Gharamti Moustafa , Moriarty Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
OpenAI’s ChatGPT, a formidable large language model (LLM) based on a generative pre-trained transformer architecture, has a remarkable, and rather unsettling, ability to solve conceptually challenging physics problems. One of the more impressive demonstrations of ChatGPT’s capabilities in this regard is its expert-physicist-level performance on the questions that make up the Force Concept Inventory [CG West, https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.01067]. Motivated by the deep implications of these advances in LLM technologies for student learning, attainment, and assessment, we asked a class of undergraduate physics students (N = 119) to use ChatGPT to solve problems, and write Python code, related to the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian of the 1D quantum harmonic oscillator—a staple of introductory quantum mechanics courses. We discuss the significant pitfalls we encountered when incorporating ChatGPT into coursework in this manner, and make recommendations as to how LLMs might be better embedded into the undergraduate physics curriculum.
Multifunctional bio-enzyme sensor empowered by bound states in the continuum via a Si-VO₂ metasurface
Authors: Wu Fengshi , Yu Shilin , He Yang , Gao Ziang , Zhao Tonggang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BIC) present a novel avenue for advancing high-quality factor metasurfaces, promising in high-performance lasers, sensors, and nonlinear optical devices at the nanoscale. Currently, sensors designed based on BIC have achieved good sensing performance. However, the functionality of current metasurface sensors is relatively singular, rendering them less chance in complex sensing scenarios. Specifically, taking a bio-enzyme metasurface sensor as an example, since different bio-enzymes have different optimal reaction temperatures, it is mostly inescapable to design multiple metasurface sensors for different bio-enzyme detection. In this paper, we developed a multifunctional sensor that can adapt to different reaction temperatures of bio-enzymes, meeting the requirements of multiple scenarios. The proposed metasurface consists of two elliptical cylinders, which can excite a high-Q quasi-BIC resonance by changing their rotation angles. By introducing VO₂ film, external ambient temperature can effectively manipulate the transmission modulation depth and quasi-BIC. Simulation results show the maximum relative modulation depth of the metasurface can reach 296%. When combined with bio-enzymes, the metasurface serves as a refractive index sensor with a sensitivity as high as 370 nm/RIU at 30℃ and 80℃. Our work provides insights for the design of highly integrated and tunable devices in the future.&#xD;
Fusion of fractional vortex pairs and their transition to integer vortex controlled by optical power
Authors: Sun Chunzhi , Chen Xiangwei , Xu Huizhong , Liang Guo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The evolution of fractional vortex pairs in free space and nonlocal nonlinear media is studied. In free space, the off-axis fractional vortex pairs of the-same-sign topological charge (TC) will be merged to one integer vortex at the beam center, which is drastically different from the dynamics of integer vortex pairs. In nonlocal nonlinear media, the conversion between the fractional vortex pair and the conventional integer vortex can be readily achieved by only tuning the input optical power. Therefore our approach provides a convenient way to control the number of vortices and thus the number of optical tweezers by adjusting the input optical power. These results may find potential applications in optical manipulation of particles.
Non-conventional ultrasound transducer geometry facilitates remote light control within samples
Authors: Torres-Durall Jordi , Duocastella Marti 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Light control inside a sample is central in areas as relevant as life sciences and material sciences. Traditionally, this is achieved by using external devices, which can be limited by a short working distance, scattering-limited focusing depth, and other device geometrical restrictions. A widely used solution consists of inserting lenses, optical fibers or mirrors directly inside a sample, as in endoscopy. However, this approach is invasive and can damage the studied medium. Recent advances in acousto-optics have shown promising results in controlling light inside media, but they usually require acoustic cavities, restricting sample geometry or compromising its non-invasiveness. Here, we report on the development of an ultrasound transducer that obviates the use of cavities and allows the external generation of an ultrasound lens inside a medium. When combined with pulsed illumination, the ultrasound lens can focus light down to a line and scan it across a 1.2 mm region in only 0.8 µs, while increasing peak intensities by a factor of 10. Additionally, the focused light shows a high robustness against scattering, as demonstrated when scanning a target sample at up to an optical thickness of 6. We anticipate that this work will be a step towards non-invasive light control inside samples.
Computational Complexity, Algorithmic Scope, and Evolution
Authors: Sidl Leonhard P , Faissner Maximilian , Uhlir Manuel , Velandia Huerto Cristian Arley Arley , Waldl Maria , YAO Hua-Ting , Hofacker Ivo , Stadler Peter F 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Biological systems are widely regarded as performing computations. It is much less clear, however, what exactly is computed and how biological computation fits within the framework of standard computer science. Here we explore the idea that evolution confines biological computation to subsets of instances that can be solved efficiently with algorithms that are "hard-coded'" in the system itself. We use RNA secondary structure prediction as a simple surrogate for developmental programs to demonstrate that the salient features of the genotype-phenotype map remain intact even if ``simpler'' algorithms are employed that correctly compute the structures only for small subsets of instances, albeit quantitative differences depending on the choice of alternative algorithms can be observed.&#xD;&#xD;
Reform politics before 1830
Authors: Aidt Toke S , Franck Raphaël 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the politics of parliamentary reform in Great Britain between 1642 and 1830—that is, before the reform process that culminated in the Great Reform Act of 1832 began. In so doing, it stresses the longer-term trends in the political attitudes to democracy and in the wider debate about the proper role of the elected House of Commons within the unwritten English constitution.
Jewish Law and International Law: The Past
Authors: Broyde Michael J , Elazar-De Mota Yehonatan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter offers a historical survey of the interactions between Jewish law and international law from the sixteenth century until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. It highlights critical moments when Jewish legal thought engaged with emerging international norms, particularly in areas such as trade, diplomacy, and treaties. The chapter details how Jewish communities, despite facing significant legal discrimination, contributed to the broader development of international legal principles. Through a series of historical case studies, the chapter demonstrates how Jewish law adapted to and influenced the evolving international legal landscape, laying the groundwork for modern legal integration.
eNODAL: an experimentally guided nutriomics data clustering method to unravel complex drug–diet interactions
Authors: Xu Xiangnan , Senior Alistair M , Le Couteur David G , Cogger Victoria C , Raubenheimer David , James David E , Parker Benjamin , Simpson Stephen J , Muller Samuel , Yang Jean Y H 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Unraveling the complex interplay between nutrients and drugs via their effects on “omics” features could revolutionize our fundamental understanding of nutritional physiology, personalized nutrition, and, ultimately, human health span. Experimental studies in nutrition are starting to use large-scale “omics” experiments to pick apart the effects of such interacting factors. However, the high dimensionality of the omics features, coupled with complex fully factorial experimental designs, poses a challenge to the analysis. Current strategies for analyzing such types of data are based on between-feature correlations. However, these techniques risk overlooking important signals that arise from the experimental design and produce clusters that are hard to interpret. We present a novel approach for analyzing high-dimensional outcomes in nutriomics experiments, termed experiment-guided NutriOmics DatA cLustering (‘eNODAL’). This three-step hybrid framework takes advantage of both Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)-type analyses and unsupervised learning methods to extract maximum information from experimental nutriomics studies. First, eNODAL categorizes the omics features into interpretable groups based on the significance of response to the different experimental variables using an ANOVA-like test. Such groups may include the main effects of a nutritional intervention and drug exposure or their interaction. Second, consensus clustering is performed within each interpretable group to further identify subclusters of features with similar response profiles to these experimental factors. Third, eNODAL annotates these subclusters based on their experimental responses and biological pathways enriched within the subcluster. We validate eNODAL using data from a mouse experiment to test for the interaction effects of macronutrient intake and drugs that target aging mechanisms in mice.