bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Studies of Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Fletcher Mary Ann , Lo Timothy M. , Graves William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A glycoprotein was isolated from goat erythrocyte membranes by extraction with hot 75% ethanol. The glycoprotein was purified by ethanol precipitation, phosphocellulose chromatography gel filtration, ethyl:ether and chloroform:methanol extraction. In aqueous phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7, the glycoprotein was in an aggregated state with a sedimentation coefficient (Sobs) of 21. Addition of 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) lowered Sobs to 1.5. Electrophoresis of the glycoprotein on polyacrylamide gels containing phosphate-buffered 0.1% SDS gave a single band, staining with both periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Coomassie Blue (CB). The apparent m.w., calculated from retardation coefficient, was 25,000. Electrophoresis of the glycoprotein on 1% SDS gels buffered with Tris-acetate (pH 7.4) showed a major band of similar (23,500) apparent m.w. plus four other PAS- and CB-staining bands of lower mobility. With 131I-labeled glycoprotein, recovery of bands from gels, sialic acid analysis, heterophile antigen activity, and re-electrophoresis, it was shown that these additional bands were aggregated forms of a single or closely related glycoprotein species. The purified glycoprotein contained 50% carbohydrate with molar ratios of sialic acid: galactose: mannose: galactosamine: glucosamine of 3.1:2.1:0.1:1.6:1. The glycoprotein was highly reactive with the Paul-Bunnell heterophile antibody in the sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis, with Limulus polyphemus lectin and weakly ractive with wheat germ agglutinin. These reactivities were destroyed by neuraminidase treatment or by alkaline sodium borohydride. The native glycoprotein did not react with lectins from Canavalia enisformis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis, or Vicia graminea although it was reactive with the latter two after neuraminidase treatment.
Influence of H-2 on the Ontogenesis of a Spleen Cell Population Which Lacks C3 Receptors and Thy-1 Antigen
Authors: Ferreira Arturo , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During ontogeny there are marked differences in the cellularity of the spleen of mice from different inbred strains. Data from segregation analysis demonstrate that one of the genes involved in the control of the size of the spleen at 15 days lies in the H-2 region. In contrast to previous reports, we find that the cell population under H-2 influence lacks complement receptors.
Nicotinamide: Suppression of Lymphocyte Transformation with a Component Identified in Human Transfer Factor
Authors: Burger Denis R. , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Daves Doyle , Anderson William A. , Mark Vetto R. , Finke Patricia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The component in human transfer factor (TF) (Fraction IV, from exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25) responsible for suppression of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation was previously identified as nicotinamide. Commercially available nicotinamide was subsequently shown to produce suppression of antigen-induced responses in vitro previously observed with TF Fraction IV. Nicotinamide was found to be nontoxic at the highest concentrations employed (10-2 M) and suppressive over a relatively broad range (10-5 to 10-2 M). The suppression appeared to be related to the magnitude of antigen- or mitogen-induced transformation and was apparent even when nicotinamide was added as late as 48 hr after stimulant addition.
Purification, Specificity, and Hypervariable Region Sequence of Anti-Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Antibodies Elicited in a Single Rabbit
Authors: Chen Francis W. , Edward Cannon L. , Margolies Michael N. , Donny Strosberg A. , Haber Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four homogeneous antibodies to type VIII pneumococcal polysaccharide (S8) were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit (3322) by affinity chromatography on an S8 immunoadsorbent by utilizing gradient elution with cellobiose and NaCl. The binding properties of these antibodies were determined by a radioimmunoassay with 125I-bovine γ-globulin-S8. Cellobiose (a disaccharide unit of S8) was the immunodominant group of each of the four antibodies, but each antibody bound to this disaccharide with different relative affinities. The amino acid sequences (positions 0–40) of three of the four antibody light chains were each different both in framework and first hypervariable region sequences. The fourth antibody light chain has a blocked amino terminus. These findings indicate that antibodies elicited by a relatively simple antigen and examined at one time during the course of immunization in a single rabbit may exhibit common specificities for an oligosaccharide determinant, yet have different binding affinities for that determinant as well as different primary structures in the complementarity (hypervariable) regions and framework regions.
Evidence for the Presence of Components of the Alternative (Properdin) Pathway of Complement Activation in Respiratory Secretions
Authors: Robertson J. , Caldwell J. R. , Castle J. R. , Waldman R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of the alternative complement pathway by respiratory secretory IgA was demonstrated by incubating purified, aggregated preparations of serum and secretory IgA with neat human serum. No depletion of the early components (C1-4) was observed, but 63 and 70% of C3-9, respectively, were consumed. The C3-9-consuming capacity of heat-aggregated nasal secretions from an IgA-deficient volunteer was compared with heat-aggregated nasal secretions from a normal volunteer known to have secretory IgA. The normal nasal secretions consumed C3-9, whereas the IgA deficient secretions did not. Reconstitution of the nasal secretions from the IgA-deficient volunteer with purified secretory IgA produced alternative pathway activation.
Factor B of the alternative complement pathway was found to be present in 16 of 18 bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BALF) from normal volunteers. Simultaneous measurement of lavage and serum albumin and Factor B concentrations rendered it unlikely that Factor B was merely a transudative product from serum in half the samples but rather suggested that it may be a component of lower respiratory tract secretions. The presence of an intact alternative complement pathway in BALF was indicated by showing that cobra venom factor and endotoxin cleaved functionally pure human C3 when mixed with BALF, but had no effect on C3 in the absence of BALF.
An in Vitro Immuno-Enzymatic Assay of Tumor Antigens in the Mouse with β-Galactosidase
Authors: Celada Franco , Giorgio Natali Pier , Radojkovic Jasna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for detection of the primary binding of soluble tumor-associated antigens by antibodies has been developed by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A heteroantiserum was produced by injecting tumor cells from a chemically induced murine sarcoma into rabbits, and antibodies reacting with most normal tissue components were removed by exhaustive in vivo absorption. A soluble preparation of tumor cells, obtained by 3 M KCl extraction, was conjugated to β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The antibody binding was measured by determining the enzyme activity that could be separated by anti-antibody coprecipitation. The reaction follows saturation kinetics, and nonlabeled antigen can be readily quantitated by inhibition. The present method detects determinants common to several MC-induced tumors on the same mouse strain but absent in normal cells and nonrelated tumors in addition to individual tumor-specific transplantation antigens. The sensitivity and simplicity of the new method compare favorably with a binding assay that utilizes radioactive iodine as a label. Thus, EIA becomes a flexible tool for the further characterization and purification of these antigens.
Suppression of Reaginic Antibody Formation
Authors: Lee Weng Y. , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reaginic antibodies to the benzylpenicilloyl determinant (BPO) and ovalbumin (OA) were induced readily in B6D2F1 mice by a single i.p. injection of either 1 or 10 µg of BPO4-OA suspended with 1 mg of Al(OH)3 in 0.5 ml of saline. Administration of conjugates consisting of the hapten coupled to the isologous, nonimmunogenic murine γ-globulins (MγG), i.e., BPO9-MγG, BPO11-MγG, or BPO12-MγG, resulted in complete and specific suppression of the induction of the anti-BPO reaginic antibody response without affecting, however, the level of reaginic antibodies to OA. Further study of the effect of epitope density on the immunologic properties of BPOx-MγG revealed that a) the lightly haptenated conjugates, BPO1-MγG and BPO2.9-MγG, were not immunosuppressive, b) the conjugates, BPO4.3-MγG and BPO19-MγG, were partially tolerogenic, and c) the heavily haptenated conjugate, BPO31-MγG, was nontolerogenic. Moreover, most importantly, the ongoing anti-BPO response in sensitized mice was readily abrogated by either four daily or four weekly injections of BPO9-MγG. The immunosuppressive effect of BPO12-MγG conjugates was dose dependent, complete suppression being achieved with 200 µg of the tolerogen. The unresponsiveness to BPO of spleen cells from immunosuppressed donors was also maintained in adoptive cell transfer experiments in spite of the additional administrationof the immunizing antigen under conditions expected to yield a secondary IgE response. Hence, it is suggested that, with special precautions to prevent unleashing an anaphylactic shock, treatment of penicillin-sensitive individuals with polyvalent conjugates of an appropriate number of BPO groups per human γ-globulin molecule would constitute a rational immunotherapeutic procedure for the abrogation of the allergic response to BPO.
An Appraisal of Fc Receptors on Human Peripheral Blood B and L Lymphocytes
Authors: Lobo Peter I. , Horwitz David A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human circulating lymphocytes with easily detectable surface immunoglobulin have been divided into two populations, B cells and L cells. This second population lacks membrane-incorporated Ig, but has a receptor for membrane-labile cytophilic IgG. In this study purified B and L lymphocytes were examined for Fc receptors that bind aggregated IgG and IgG complexed to erythrocytes. Purified lymphocyte populations were prepared by nylon columns and by negative selection with rosetting techniques. L lymphocytes bound aggregated guinea pig and human IgG, and formed rosettes with human erythrocytes sensitized with Ripley IgG (EA). Treatment of L lymphocytes with trypsin had no effect on the receptors for IgG. B lymphocytes did not bind EA and attachment of aggregated IgG was variable; up to one-third of these cells fixed aggregated human IgG to the cell membrane. Trypsin treatment abolished binding of Agg-IgG to B cells in sharp contrast to its effect on L cells. Furthermore, double-label immunofluorescence studies showed that cells with both membrane-incorporated Ig and receptors for aggregated guinea pig IgG were rare. These studies indicate that human peripheral blood B lymphocytes lack a high affinity, trypsin-resistant Fc receptor that is present on L lymphocytes.
Replication of Dengue-2 Virus in Cultured Human Lymphoblastoid Cells and Subpopulations of Human Peripheral Leukocytes
Authors: Theofilopoulos Argyrios N. , Brandt Walter E. , Russell Philip K. , Dixon Frank T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We studied the susceptibility of four human lymphoblastoid cell lines (HCL) and of subpopulations of circulating peripheral human leukocytes to dengue-2 virus infection. HCL with B cell characteristics (Raji, Wil 2WT, 8866), B-type peripheral lymphocytes, and macrophages were productively infected by dengue-2 virus. In contrast, an HCL with T cell characteristics (MOLT-4), T type peripheral lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells did not become infected and replicate dengue-2 virus. PMN cells did not adsorb dengue-2 virus, suggesting lack of viral receptors. However, T-type cultured lymphoblasts and T-type peripheral lymphocytes adsorbed dengue-2 virus, suggesting that the block in viral replication involves some stage of infection occurring after adsorption. Permissiveness of B-type HCL to dengue-2 virus infection was dependent on the virus seed used but the virus titers obtained among the susceptible HCL varied. HCL infected persistently with dengue-2 virus have been established. Human peripheral lymphocytes inoculated after cultivation for 3 days in complete medium alone or complete medium supplemented with mitogens replicated dengue-2 virus. In contrast, unstimulated peripheral lymphocytes inoculated immediately after isolation adsorbed dengue-2 but did not support its replication. Mitogen-treated and untreated macrophages replicated dengue-2 virus equally well. The efficiency of dengue-2 virus replication by macrophages was higher than that of peripheral lymphocytes but lower than that of HCL.
In Vitro Evaluation of Immunity to Coxiella Burnetii
Authors: Hinrichs David J. , Jerrells Thomas R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rickettsial organism, Coxiella burnetii, is readily phagocytized by macrophages maintained in vitro. This phagocytosis does not lead to destruction of the organism but rather to intracellular multiplication within the macrophage. Specific antiserum added to the macrophage culture before or after infection, or reacted directly with C. burnetii organisms, fails to control subsequent intracellular replication. Macrophage cultures can be treated with lymphocyte products so that intracellular multiplication by C. burnetii is resisted. These lymphocyte products can be obtained from the culture supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes and antigens or from culture supernatants of Concanavalin A and normal lymphocytes. The activation activity of the lymphocyte supernatants paralleled their content of MIF.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Rats to the Known Sequential Polypeptide (Tyr-Glu-Ala-Gly)n
Authors: Luderer Albert A. , Maurer Paul H. , Woodland Robert T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In inbred rats, the antibody response to the known sequential polypeptide (Tyr-Glu-Ala-Gly)n (T-G-A-Gly)n is under the control of two independently assorting loci; (co) dominant, Ag-B-linked Ir-(T-G-A-Gly) I, controlling qualitative responsiveness, and a non-Ag-B-linked modifier locus termed Ir-(T-G-A-Gly) II, controlling the level of antibody produced. The antibody response to (T-G-A-Gly)n was solely IgG and the level of antibody produced was dependent upon Ir-(T-G-A-Gly) II for phenotypic response type.
Depression of Macrophage Function by a Factor Produced by Neoplasms: A Mechanism for Abrogation of Immune Surveillance
Authors: Pike Marilyn C. , Snyderman Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The possibility that macrophages mediate surveillance against the development of neoplasms has been receiving increasing support. The acquisition, by neoplastic cells, of the capacity to subvert macrophage function may be an important mechanism by which they escape destruction by the host and become established tumors. Indeed, animals implanted with syngeneic neoplasms developed depressed macrophage migratory ability in vivo and chemotactic responsiveness in vitro. It therefore seemed plausible that neoplasms might be capable of producing inhibitors of macrophage function. The present report describes the identification of such a low molecular weight (6,000 to 10,000), heat-stable inhibitor of murine macrophage accumulation in vivo and chemotaxis in vitro. The inhibitor of macrophages was present in four different murine neoplasms but not present in normal liver, spleen, or inflammatory exudate cells and did not affect PMN chemotaxis in vitro. When given with low numbers of neoplastic cells, the inhibitor increased both the frequency of tumor development and rate of tumor growth. By producing inhibitors of macrophage function, neoplasms may escape initial host surveillance mechanisms.
Independent Effects of IgG and Complement upon Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function
Authors: Goldstein Ira M. , Kaplan Howard B. , Radin Allen , Frosch Matthew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Particle ingestion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is promoted by cell surface recognition and binding of fragments of the third component of complement (C3) and Fc regions of certain immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules. In order to determine the influence of these specific ligand-surface membrane interactions upon other PMN functions, we have employed nonphagocytosable particles (serum-treated Sepharose beads) coated with fragments of C3 and/or IgG, and have investigated whether these provide a sufficient stimulus for the metabolic changes and degranulation that ordinarily accompany phagocytosis by PMN. Sepharose 4B activates complement in fresh normal serum and consequently is coated with fragments of C3 (confirmed by immunoelectrophoretic evidence of factor B and C3 conversion and by immunofluorescence). Adsorbed IgG could be removed from serum-treated Sepharose by boiling in 2 M NaCl without significantly influencing bound complement. We have found that normal human PMN recognize and adhere to Sepharose beads coated with fragments of C3 and consequently are stimulated to increase their oxidative metabolism (measured as superoxide anion generation). This PMN response occurred in the absence of IgG but could be amplified if this immunoglobulin was also present on the bead surfaces. Both adherence and metabolic stimulation could be blocked by treatment of the beads with F(ab′)2 anti-C3. In contrast to metabolic stimulation, degranulation (selective extracellular release of lysosomal constituents) was observed only when PMN encountered both C3 fragments and IgG on the beads. This response could be blocked by treating beads with either F(ab′)2 anti-C3 or F(ab′)2 anti-IgG. These results indicate that cell surface stimulation of PMN is not an “all or none” phenomenon and that certain vital functions of these cells may be mediated or modulated independently by immunoglobulins and complement.
Chemotactic and Bactericidal Capacities of Human Newborn Monocytes
Authors: Kretschmer Roberto R. , Stewardson Prudence B. , Papierniak Cynthia K. , Gotoff Samuel P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We evaluated the chemotactic and bactericidal capacities of human cord blood monocytes, and the ability of cord lymphocytes and sera to generate chemotactic (LDCF) and opsonic factors for monocytes. Our results suggest that the intrinsic locomotive capacity, and the receptor system for LDCF, are adequately developed in the newborn monocyte. Moreover, newborn lymphocytes appear to produce adequate amounts of LDCF, capable of attracting adult monocytes. Poor chemotaxis was observed only when cord monocytes were exposed to supernatants of cord lymphocytes, which suggests that both contribute to this abnormal response. An inhibitory factor for which only cord monocytes have appropriate receptors, or a subtle difference in sensitivity of monocytes and strength of chemotactic factor between adults and newborns would explain these results. Bactericidal capacity of cord monocytes against Escherichia coli K-12 opsonized by either cord or adult serum was comparable to that of adult monocytes.
Mitogen-Stimulated Glutaraldehyde-Fixed Spleen Cells: Ability to Stimulate in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction and Generate Effector Cells in Cell-Mediated Lympholysis
Authors: Lightbody James J. , Kong Yi-Chi M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells treated with glutaraldehyde lose their stimulating ability in the MLR. If the spleen cells are first converted to a blastogenic state by lipopolysaccharide and subsequently fixed with glutaraldehyde, their stimulating capacity is maintained.
Partial Separation of Human Blood Leukocytes by Density Gradient Electrophoresis: Different Mobilities of Lymphocytes with IgG, Those with IgM and IgD, T Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
Authors: Ault Kenneth A. , Griffith Ann L. , Platsoucas Christos D. , Catsimpoolas Nicholas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies on the electrophoretic separability of human T and B peripheral lymphocytes have produced conflicting results. Vassar et al. (1) using the microscope chamber technique were unable to show any correlation between electrophoretic mobility and degree of enrichment in either T or B lymphocytes. In contrast to the above results, other laboratories (2–6) have shown charge differences between human T and B cells of such magnitude that suggest the possibility of complete separability of these two populations. However, the microscope chamber method does not provide actual physical separation of the electrophoresed cells. Recent attempts by Stein (7) and Häyry et al. (8) to separate physically T and B human lymphocytes by free flow electrophoresis resulted only in partial enrichment of these cells in certain fractions. In consideration of the above findings and in view of the importance of separating human lymphocyte subpopulations by physical methods, we have applied the recently developed technique of density gradient electrophoresis (9, 10), to examine the separability of these cells.
Presidential Address to the American Association of Immunologists, Delivered in Anaheim, California, April 13, 1976
Authors: Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
I faced this Presidential Address to the American Association of Immunologists with both humility and enthusiasm. Humility toward the responsibility, and enthusiasm for being able to speak without immediate rebuttal. I realized I would speak in the Bicentennial Year … the Bicentennial of our country, which can be viewed also as a Bicentennial of Immunology. It seemed appropriate to present an overview of our surging discipline and to analyze its origin and future. I considered and discarded several titles. “Milestones of Progress in Immunology”, for example, seemed both trite (because this year everyone is speaking of milestones), and also overwhelming. We have come too far too fast to permit comprehensive coverage. I decided to try to present an overview from my personal perspective and to inscribe a series of “runestones” to mark the progress of the exciting travels I see as being particularly important in the development of our discourse. Figure 2A and B are photographs of Runestones.