bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Classified Boards Deter Takeovers? Evidence from Merger Waves
Authors: John Kose , Kadyrzhanova Dalida , Lee Sangho 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe exploit the arrival of industry-wide synergistic merger waves to identify whether classified boards deter takeover bids. In a stylized model, we show that when target classified boards are costly to bidders, their negative effect on takeover likelihood should be more pronounced during merger waves. Using a sample of takeover bids in the United States between 1990 and 2016, we find strong evidence supporting this prediction. The results are robust to accounting for the benefits of classified boards and controlling for other antitakeover provisions. Our findings suggest that classified boards effectively reduce a firm’s exposure to the takeover market.
Legitimate child protection interventions and the dimension of confidence: A comparative analysis of populations views in six European countries
Authors: Loen Mathea , Skivenes Marit 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The legitimacy of welfare state institutions is a key question in public policy research. In this study we examine population’s confidence in child protection systems, the role of institutional context and moral alignment. Analysing representative samples of survey data (N=6,043) of citizens in six European countries (Czechia, England, Finland, Norway, Poland and Romania), we find that overall people express confidence in their child protection system. Differences between populations are correlated with institutional context, i.e. the type of child protection system in place – that is, if people live in a country with a risk-oriented system or a family service-oriented system. People’s view on their moral alignment with the system (or not) only shows minor differences in support of interventions. However, a tendency towards polarisation is detected in Finland and Norway with clear differences in support of interventions that restrict parental rights: individuals who state they are in alignment with the system favour stronger interventions than those who say they are not.
Outcomes of truncal valve replacement in neonates and infants: a meta-analysis
Authors: Hardy William A. , Kang Lillian , Turek Joseph W. , Rajab T. Konrad 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackground:Infants with truncus arteriosus typically undergo repair by repurposing the truncal valve as the neo-aortic valve and using a valved conduit homograft for the neo-pulmonary valve. In cases where the native truncal valve is too insufficient for repair, it is replaced, but this is a rare occurrence with a paucity of data, especially in the infant population. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to better understand the outcomes of infant truncal valve replacement during the primary repair of truncus arteriosus.Methods:We systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL for all studies reporting infant (<12 months) truncus arteriosus outcomes between 1974 and 2021. Exclusion criteria were studies which did not report truncal valve replacement outcomes separately. Data extracted included valve replacement type, mortality, and reintervention. Our primary outcome was early mortality, and our secondary outcomes were late mortality and reintervention rates.Results:Sixteen studies with 41 infants who underwent truncal valve replacement were included. The truncal valve replacement types were homografts (68.8%), mechanical valves (28.1%), and bioprosthetic valves (3.1%). Overall early mortality was 49.4% (95% CI: 28.4–70.5). The pooled late mortality rate was 15.3%/year (95% CI: 5.8–40.7). The overall rate of truncal valve reintervention was 21.7%/year (95% CI: 8.4–55.7).Conclusions:Infant truncal valve replacement has poor early and late mortality as well as high rates of reintervention. Truncal valve replacement therefore remains an unsolved problem in congenital cardiac surgery. Innovations in congenital cardiac surgery, such as partial heart transplantation, are required to address this.
Risk perception of cardiovascular disease among Turkish adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Topçu Sevcan , Ardahan Melek 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Aim:
The aim of the study was to determine in adults the risk perception for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the associated factors.

Background:
CVDs are the leading cause of death globally. In adults, perceptions related to the risk for CVDs have a considerable effect on decision-making processes related to one’s own health.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 453 adult people from April to June 2019 in İzmir, Turkey. Data were collected with a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, perception of risk of heart disease scale (PRHDS), and health perception.

Findings:
The mean PRHDS score of adults was 48.88 ± 8.12. The risk perception for CVD was influenced by variables that were age, gender, education, marital status, employment status, health perception, familial cardiovascular disease history, chronic disease status, smoking status, and body mass index. Although CVDs are the most prominent cause of disease-related death in the world, risk perception for CVD was found to be low among the individuals included in this study. This finding indicates the importance of informing individuals about CVD risk factors, raising awareness, and training.
Measurements of Aerosol Particle Size Distributions and INPs Over the Southern Ocean in the Late Austral Summer of 2017 on Board the R/V Mirai: Importance of the Marine Boundary Layer Structure
Authors: Miyakawa Takuma , Taketani Fumikazu , Tobo Yutaka , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Yoshizue Momoka , Takigawa Masayuki , Kanaya Yugo 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Southern Ocean (SO) is a unique region with rich ecosystems and minimal anthropogenic and terrestrial natural impacts especially during austral summer. We conducted measurements and sampling of aerosol particles to investigate the characteristics and role of aerosol particles in cloud formation on Japanese research vessel Mirai over the SO in the late austral summer of 2017. Observations of air masses with minimal terrestrial impacts indicated that bimodal aerosol particle size distributions were mostly observed over the SO and relative abundances of two modes varied with the changes in the structure of the marine boundary layer (MBL) such as surface mixing layer. As the local minimum diameter between two modes (DH) is considered a critical size for cloud‐droplet activation in the MBL, we analyzed the aerosol particles with diameter larger than DH (CNAcc) as a proxy for cloud condensation nuclei. Variations in the concentrations of aerosol particles with diameter larger than 300 nm were accounted for by the sea‐spray source function, whereas it substantially underestimated those of CNAcc. This implies the significance of the nonsea‐spray sources of CNAcc in the MBL over the SO. The concentrations of ice nucleating particles (NINPs) active at −25°C were 20–100 m−3, consistent with recent observations over the summertime SO. The observational evidence of very low NINPs relative to the CNAcc concentrations (40–110 cm−3) over a wide area of the SO is important for predicting the effects of cloud radiative properties on the radiative balances over the SO using climate models.
Increased Utilization of Storm Surge Barriers: A Research Agenda on Estuary Impacts
Authors: Orton Philip , Ralston David , van Prooijen Bram , Secor David , Ganju Neil , Chen Ziyu , Fernald Sarah , Brooks Bennett , Marcell Kristin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRising coastal flood risk and recent disasters are driving interest in the construction of gated storm surge barriers worldwide, with current studies recommending barriers for at least 11 estuaries in the United States alone. Surge barriers partially block estuary‐ocean exchange with infrastructure across an estuary or its inlet and include gated areas that are closed only during flood events. They can alter the stratification and salt intrusion, change sedimentary systems, and curtail animal migration and ecosystem connectivity, with impacts growing larger with increasing gate closures. Existing barriers are being used with increasing frequency due to sea level rise. New barrier proposals typically come with maximum closure frequency recommendations, yet the future adherence to them is uncertain. Given that the broader environmental effects and coupled‐human dynamics of surge barriers are not well‐understood, we present an interdisciplinary research agenda for this increasingly prevalent modification to our coastal zone.
Retro‐Foredeep Basin Evolution in Taiwan: Zircon U‐Pb and Hf Isotope Constraints From the Coastal Range
Authors: Chen Tsai‐Wei , Chu Mei‐Fei , Chen Wen‐Shan , Chung Sun‐Lin , Lee Hao‐Yang , Iizuka Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe evolution of the Taiwan orogen, an active arc–continent collision zone between the North Luzon Arc (NLA) and the Eurasian continent, is recorded in arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks from the Taiyuan retro‐foredeep basin of the Coastal Range, eastern Taiwan. Arc volcanism in the northern NLA experienced a magmatic culmination at 9–7 Ma and a cessation at 5.3–4.3 Ma, based on new U‐Pb zircon ages. Young zircon U‐Pb ages (1.74, 1.58, and <1.2 Ma) and low Hf isotope signatures also indicate that three biotite‐bearing lapilli tuff layers deposited in the retro‐foredeep basin are associated with eruptions of the Lutao volcano in the southern NLA. NLA volcanism terminated progressively from ∼5.3 to <1.2 Ma in response to a southward‐propagating collision zone that followed the uplift of the orogenic wedge by <3 myr. The detrital zircon U‐Pb age spectra suggest no significant shift in provenance during the Plio‐Pleistocene period and indicate that the synorogenic sediments in the Taiyuan Basin were mainly derived from the Yuli Belt, a Miocene accretionary complex in the eastern Taiwan orogen. The accumulation rate of synorogenic deposits varies from 0.53 to 5.14 km/myr, with an abrupt increase at ∼2 Ma. This new rate is higher than the previously proposed rates and that of the pro‐foreland basin to the west, suggesting asymmetric and rapid uplift of the Taiwan orogen.
The Effects of the Upper Atmosphere and Corona on the Solar Wind Interaction With Venus
Authors: Ma Y. , Combi M. R. , Tenishev V. , Shou Y. , Bougher S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSince Venus has no substantial planetary magnetic field, the fast‐flowing solar wind plasma interacts directly with its ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and corona. The thermal atmosphere and hot oxygen corona of Venus are expected to play essential roles in the interaction process. To quantify their effects, we combine three major state‐of‐the‐art three‐dimensional numerical models, including (a) The Venus thermosphere general circulation model (VTGCM), (b) The adaptive mesh particle simulator (AMPS), and (c) A multi‐species Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model of Venus based on Block Adaptive Tree Solar‐wind Roe Upwind Scheme. The global multi‐species MHD model is used to simulate the planet's interaction with the ambient solar wind, where the background neutral densities are provided by VTGCM and AMPS. Using the above‐mentioned numerical models, the effect of the upper atmosphere and corona on solar wind driven ion escape rates are examined for three typical solar cycle conditions, including solar maximum, solar median, and solar minimum conditions. The model results suggest that even though the hot oxygen corona only has a minor effect on the ion density profiles in the ionosphere, it can enhance ion loss rate up to ∼25% for high solar activity.
A Geodynamic Investigation of Plume‐Lithosphere Interactions Beneath the East African Rift
Authors: Rajaonarison Tahiry A. , Stamps D. Sarah , Naliboff John , Nyblade Andrew , Njinju Emmanuel A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe force balance that drives and maintains continental rifting to breakup is poorly understood. The East African Rift (EAR) provides an ideal natural laboratory to elucidate the relative role of plate driving forces as only lithospheric buoyancy forces and horizontal mantle tractions act on the system. Here, we employ high‐resolution 3D thermomechanical models to test whether: (a) the anomalous, rift‐parallel surface deformation observed by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data in the EAR are driven by viscous coupling to northward mantle flow associated with the African Superplume, and (b) the African Superplume is the dominant source mechanism of anomalous rift‐parallel seismic anisotropy beneath the EAR. We calculate Lattice Preferred Orientations (LPO) and surface deformation from two types of mantle flow: (a) a scenario with multiple plumes constrained by shear wave tomography and (b) a single superplume model with northward boundary condition to simulate large‐scale flow. Comparison of calculated LPO with observed seismic anisotropy, and surface velocities with GNSS and plate kinematics reveal that there is a better fit with the superplume mantle flow model, rather than the tomography‐based (multiple plumes) model. We also find a relatively better fit spatially between observed seismic anisotropy and calculated LPO with the superplume model beneath northern and central EAR, where the superplume is proposed to be shallowest. Our results suggest that the viscous coupling of the lithosphere to northward mantle flow associated with the African Superplume drives most of the rift‐parallel deformation and is the dominant source of the first‐order pattern of the observed seismic anisotropy in the EAR.
Laboratory Wave and Stress Measurements Quantify the Aerodynamic Sheltering in Extreme Winds
Authors: Tan Peisen , Smith Andrew W. , Curcic Milan , Haus Brian K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn strong winds, air flow detaches from the ocean surface in the lee of wave crests and creates a low‐pressure zone on the wave’s leeward face. The pressure difference between the wave’s rear and front face modulates the momentum input from wind to waves. Numerical wave models parameterize this effect using a so‐called sheltering coefficient. However, its value and dependence on wind speed are not well understood, particularly with background swell waves. To bridge this gap, we conducted laboratory experiments with winds up to Category 4 hurricane force blown over various mechanically generated wave conditions (pure wind sea, mixed waves with directional spreading, and monochromatic unidirectional waves) and measured the wind, waves, and stress at a sufficient frequency to resolve wind‐wave variability over the long‐wave phase. We analyze the results in the context of Jeffreys’s sheltering theory and find two regimes: (a) from low‐to‐moderate wind forcing (10 m s−1 < U10 < 33 m s−1), the aerodynamic sheltering increases with wind speed, consistent with previous studies; (b) in hurricane conditions (U10 > 33 m s−1), the aerodynamic sheltering decreases with wind at a rate depending on wave state. Further, we isolate the short wind waves from the longer paddle waves and find that the aerodynamic sheltering by longer waves leads to a phase‐dependent variability of the short wind‐waves’ local steepness, which is evidenced by the sheltering coefficient’s value derived from wind and wave measurements. Our results emphasize the need for further measurements of aerodynamic sheltering and improving its representation in models.
Global and Regional Characteristics of Radially Outward Propagating Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Pulses
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Ditchek Sarah D. , Corbosiero Kristen L. , Xu Weixin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe radially outward propagating, cloud top cooling, diurnal pulse (DP) is a prominent feature in tropical cyclones (TCs) that has important implications for changes in TC structure and intensity. By using an objective identification algorithm, this study characterizes DPs over various ocean basins and examines their environmental conditions and convective structures. DPs occur on 52% of TC days globally and the occurrence frequency exhibits significant regional variability. The Northwest Pacific (NWP) has the highest DP frequency (60%) and shares the largest fraction of DPs worldwide (34%). The median duration and propagation distance of DPs are 12–15 hr and 500–600 km, respectively. Although the mean propagation speed of DPs is 11–13 m s−1, persistent DPs (lasting >15 hr) mostly propagate at speeds similar to internal inertial gravity waves (5–10 m s−1). Additionally, the longer the pulse duration, the stronger the pulse amplitude. Further, most DPs initiate in the inner core overnight, in phase with inner‐core deep convection. Inner‐core cold clouds, precipitation, and lightning are all markedly enhanced on DP days compared to non‐DP days. Interestingly, the DP signal significantly weakens and becomes slower while propagating through the 200–400‐km annulus during 09–12 local time (LT). Finally, DPs are more likely to occur over warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs), in low shear, and with a moist mid‐to‐upper troposphere. SST plays an important role in DP development over all basins, while shear and humidity are less important in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) and North Atlantic (NA) basins.
Spatial and Longitudinal Distributions of Total Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Together With Water‐Soluble Major Ions in Marine Aerosols Collected From the Western Paciﬁc and Southern Ocean
Authors: Kunwar Bhagawati , Pokhrel Ambarish , Niwai Takeji , Kawamura Kimitaka 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo explore the latitudinal distributions, sources and formation mechanisms of total carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN), sulfur (TS) and water‐soluble major ions (Na+, Cl−, SO42−, K+, nss‐SO42−, NH4+, NO3−, and MSA−), marine aerosol samples were collected over the Western Pacific (WP) and Southern Ocean (SO) from November 1994 to February 1995. Concentrations of TC ranged 30–390 ng m−3 (av. 190 ng m−3) over the SO, which are six times lower than those (1,200 ng m−3) over the WP, whereas concentrations of TN (av. 83 ng m−3) in the SO are three times lower than those (av. 232 ng m−3) over the WP. The highest concentrations of TC and TN were observed near New Zealand (7,000 and 720 ng m−3, respectively), suggesting a continental influence over the marine atmosphere. NO3−, tracer of anthropogenic sources, showed higher concentrations over the WP, whereas NH4+ concentrations over the SO are higher than the WP. The latter may be associated with penguin‐derived guano droppings from Antarctica. The concentration trends and statistical analysis demonstrate that the formation mechanisms of MSA− over the SO and WP is different. We found a strong correlation between MSA− and liquid water content (LWC) over the WP, suggesting the heterogenous aqueous phase production of MSA−, whereas aqueous phase reaction is less important over the SO. The strong correlation (R2 = 0.97) between nss‐Ca2+ and ss‐Ca2+ together with their similar relative abundances demonstrates an influence of CaCO3 eroded from coral reefs and shells and subsequent emission to the atmosphere by bubble bursting process.
Effects of Elevated Ozone Exposure on Regional Meteorology and Air Quality in China Through Ozone‐Vegetation Coupling
Authors: Jin Zhipeng , Yan Dan , Zhang Zihan , Li Mengmeng , Wang Tijian , Huang Xin , Xie Min , Li Shu , Zhuang Bingliang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOzone is a phytotoxic pollutant that could damage the vegetation growth and lead to complicated impacts on air quality through meteorological and biogeochemical feedbacks. This study implements a semi‐empirical parameterization regarding the impacts of ozone exposure on photosynthesis rate and stomatal resistance into the Noah‐Multi‐parameterization (Noah‐MP) dynamic vegetation module of Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model. The gaseous dry deposition and biogenic emission algorithms are also coupled with Noah‐MP to enable the ozone‐vegetation coupling. This model reproduces the near‐surface meteorology, air pollutants and vegetation physiology in China, with a spatial correlation coefficient more than 0.9 and normalized mean bias from −0.19 to 0.42. The optimized model also improves the simulations of vegetation physiology (e.g., a reduction of model error by 18%–32%) and ozone dry deposition velocity. The elevated ozone damages plant photosynthesis, and decreases the national gross primary productivity (−28.85%) and leaf area index (−17.41%). The plant transpiration and surface heat flux, as well as air temperature (e.g., up to +0.16°C in summer) and other associated meteorological variables are also altered, finally contributing to 0.49 μg m−3 increase of surface ozone. Otherwise, the suppressed vegetation LAI and biogenic emissions, as well as the lower dry deposition velocity in response to the ozone‐vegetation coupling contribute to the remaining ozone changes by −1.07 μg m−3 and 1.18 μg m−3, jointly constituting the complicated ozone‐vegetation feedbacks on air quality. Our results highlight the necessity of including the ozone‐vegetation coupling in models for reliable prediction of regional climate and air quality.
Reconstructing Long‐Term Forest Cover in China by Fusing National Forest Inventory and 20 Land Use and Land Cover Data Sets
Authors: Xia Xiaosheng , Xia Jiangzhou , Chen Xiuzhi , Fan Lei , Liu Shuguang , Qin Yuanwei , Qin Zhangcai , Xiao Xiangming , Xu Wenfang , Yue Chao , Yue Xu , Yuan Wenping 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAs an important type of terrestrial carbon sink, forests play a critical role in offsetting anthropogenic fossil fuel CO2 emissions which should help nations to achieve carbon neutrality goals worldwide. According to National Forest Inventory (NFI), China has experienced substantial increases in forest cover by benefiting from national afforestation projects initiated in the l980s. However, none of the current land use and land cover (LULC) data sets can reproduce the long‐term changes of forest cover derived from NFI in China. Here, by combining NFI and 20 LULC data sets, we developed a new method of reconstructing historical forest cover in China from 1980 to 2015 at 5‐year intervals. The new forest cover data set can accurately reproduce the historical changes of forest cover in China during this period. Validated against 3851 field survey samples covering the study period of 1985–2015, the data sets show high accuracy with overall accuracy varying from 76.9% to 99.4%. Accurate long‐term forest cover maps have great potential for use in estimating terrestrial carbon, tracking forest management, and other scientific research studies.