bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seizing the opportunity for digital reform
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a political economy framework that understands digital transformation as an instance of reform. It identifies three conceptual approaches that help policymakers understand the conditions under which digital reform is likely to succeed or fail: these are bureaucratic politics, special interest groups, and the nature of the elite bargain. And it shows how these three approaches resonate with the design of the Kit and the theory of change embedded in it. Based on in-country experience, the chapter then discusses the three preconditions mentioned above, and it shows how the Oxford team together with implementing partners aimed to identify those preconditions in potential partner countries. In one or two countries we possibly misread the runes and were over-optimistic in deciding to work there.
Assessment
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter critically evaluates the first stage of the Digital Economy Kit, the assessment phase. It opens with an assessment of diagnostics themselves: their past use in development has been chequered. It makes the case that a sensible diagnostic should not just identify some abstract need but instead be clear about what investments and other actions should be taken to unlock the next stage of digital potential. It explains the significance of the Kit’s design: why infrastructure, people, finance, and policy and regulation are the key pillars in which a minimum level of implementation is a prerequisite for economy-wide digital transformation. It goes on to assess three related challenges this phase encountered in actuality in the seven countries: poor quality quantitative data; absence of such data in the first place; and where it does exist, their contested nature.
Multi-stakeholder dialogue
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Digital Economy Kit’s multi-stakeholder dialogue phase. It sets out why this was deemed to be so important: along with the government champion and steering committee, participants would form a loose coalition for sustained change, vital once the Oxford team had left. The chapter compares the theoretical design (the multi-stakeholder groups would hold the difficult conversations, rehearsing and resolving the tensions or trade-offs) with the expediencies of a relatively short process in practice. The chapter then discusses how this played out, with successes, shortcomings, and lessons learned for future efforts in digital transformation in other countries and for government reform initiatives more broadly.
Strategy primer
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the theory and reality of the Digital Economy Kit’s final stage, the development of the strategy primer. It argues that outsider-led processes should not deliver recommendations, but rather should suggest priority actions or areas that can be properly debated and taken up into policy and strategy by the appropriate domestic process. Otherwise, this stage at best bypasses and at worst undermines domestic ownership and policy processes. This was a complex phase of the Kit which entailed boiling down an extensive enquiry into an implementable list and getting the balance right between incorporating pre-existing priorities and letting the Kit process determine them. The chapter then explains what was needed beyond a strategy primer for its actions to take root.
Herbert’s Eucharist
Authors: Ross Shaun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how a Calvinist understanding of the eucharist provides George Herbert with a model for valuing human agency and poetic creativity. Through an extended examination of The Temple, it shows that Herbert understands the eucharist as a repeated sacrifice of thanksgiving, rather than a propitiatory sacrifice, and that he sees poetry as an analogous form of gratitude. It also identifies how the eucharist shapes three key features of Herbert’s poetry: its tendency to return to the same words, images, and themes; its creation of a unique poetic persona; and its careful attention to the aural and visual aspects of poetic language. These features of Herbert’s poetics correspond with three related ways the Protestant eucharist emphasizes the many over the one: its repeatability, its capacity to make God intimately known to each communicant, and its treatment of the elements as supplemental to the presence they signify.
Donne’s Communions
Authors: Ross Shaun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces two different eucharistic modes or attitudes apparent in John Donne’s writing: one mode that figures poetic language as a way to guard the poet’s subjective identity, and another mode interested in language as a conduit for connection between self and other. This chapter relies on Donne’s explications of the eucharist in his sermons to argue that the second of these two sacramental modes is ultimately more important to Donne, because it reads the eucharist as defined by an essential doubleness, that is, by its insistence on the presence of two things at once. To make this argument, this chapter attends closely to three pairs or dyads that are the object of recurrent consideration in Donne’s poetry and prose: sex and love, soul and body, and author and text.
Gracious Forgiveness
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Divine forgiveness is expressed in biblical and liturgical contexts through a variety of metaphors—canceling debts, covering stains, forgoing or stopping litigation, forgetting iniquities, and more. This study retrieves a theologically paradigmatic, liturgically deep, and symbolically evocative image of divine forgiveness that has received little attention: bearing burdens. A central argument of the book articulates a divine disposition to forgive starting from this metaphor. Embedded in a larger covenantal-relational framework where sin is a cosmic sickness, humans are targets of divine healing, and divine transcendence is expressed through inexhaustible gracious commitments to redress brokenness, divine forgivingness finds its most lucid, tangible, and full expression in the life and work of Jesus Christ. In the person of Jesus Christ, we see most clearly how a gracious God is committed to separating sinners from their sin, and how God heals people by absorbing into God’s own being the consequences of their offense. A second main argument of the book is that sin-bearing Christological forgivingness has ethical and relational ramifications. The study articulates a human disposition to forgive—forgivingness—that involves both a certain conception of one’s participation in Christ and a certain formation of one’s sensibility. Entrenching forgivingness depends at once on developing gracious, hopeful, and merciful dispositions, but also on seeing oneself as a continuant of God’s cosmic story of redressing brokenness. The study concludes with a defense of the surprising claim that curative forgivingness is compatible with apt anger, and even recommended to people living under oppression.
Christ and Healing with Goats
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the nature and work of Christ. Key parts of the NT look to Jesus as the ultimate continuant of God’s drama of bearing burdens and healing sinners. As the quintessential divine agent, Christ keeps loyalty with Israel and beyond, continuing God’s healing work by embodying divine presence among blighted persons and by enacting and completing the scapegoating ritual of Yom Kippur. Christological forgiveness seamlessly fulfills both divine commitments of gracious forgivingness: on the one hand a new humanity, separate from the sin-sickness, is reworked from within, as it were, in Christ’s own humanity; on the other, as God’s unique representative, Christ absorbs into his being humanity’s sin-sickness, without passing on the contagion. Embodying God’s graciousness, completing temple-related rituals, and acting as a double-representative, Christ’s actions and dispositions also paint for believers an ambitious normative ideal for responding to evil. The chapter traces two theological ramifications. The first is an expression of the doctrine of the Incarnation. In Christ, God offers forgiveness through embodied immersion in the sin-stricken environments and histories of sinners. Contrasting the mindreading account of sin-bearing, it proposes a ritualistic, representative, recapitulationist, and physically immersive interpretation. The second theological implication sketches a framework for participating in Christ’s work of forgiveness through incorporation into divine agency. Just as God incorporates God’s agency into humanity through the Hebrew sacrificial system, we are incorporated into the agency of God when we lovingly immerse our imagination into the grace-filled narratives of Christ’s actions.
Introduction
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Renaissance humanists, such as Thomas More and Erasmus of Rotterdam, rediscovered and embraced the classical legacy, conferring a new and heightened status on good books, or bonae litterae. The value of these good books was thought to lie not only in their content, their wisdom and eloquence, but also in their effect on Christian readers, their usefulness in instructing them in morality: right and wrong behavior, thoughts, and feelings. To highlight the moral interests of humanism is to see this literary and cultural movement less as a rupture with the medieval past and more as a continuing conversation and shift in emphasis about the value of writing: its efficacy in shaping readers.
The New, the Medieval, and the Renaissance
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Renaissance humanism has long been understood as offering a new, independent, even secular idea of literature, a valuing of literature on its own terms for its eloquence and wisdom. A review of medieval and humanist approaches to the classical legacy, from Geoffrey Chaucer to Roger Ascham, indicates that the novelty of humanism is not exactly where it has been thought to be. Humanists certainly theorized literature anew, generating a more coherent idea than that held by their medieval counterparts. At the same time, however, their confidence was rooted in a certainty about moral usefulness that earlier, medieval authors did not share.
Humanism and the Morality Play
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The popularity of the morality play genre belongs to the first half of the sixteenth century, and these plays thus coincide with and offer insight into the flourishing of humanism. Two sixteenth-century plays—Everyman, which is commonly and incorrectly identified as medieval, and Mundus et Infans—demonstrate not only that the morality play is a humanist not a medieval genre but also that morality is precisely what is new about it. Both plays demonstrate a new text-based, humanist perspective on morality: that right and wrong can be learned from books.
The Uses of Good Literature
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In revaluing the classical legacy for their contemporary readership, humanists discovered the independence of these texts from Christianity, even their secularism. That independence could, at times, become oppositional, a means of limiting and containing Christian morality, as apparent in Sir Thomas Elyot’s Boke of the Governour. This influential educational treatise attempts to train its readers in right and wrong behavior, along the lines of Erasmus’s work. Elyot’s Erasmianism is not, however, a happy harmony of classical and Christian but responds instead to a particularly fraught historical moment: fears about the social and political effects of the Reformation. Elyot uses pagan, classical texts to redefine Christian behavior, removing the socially radical possibilities that can be found in conventional teachings on charity and patience.
Edmund Spenser’s Contemptus Mundi
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser struggled with the idea of good books, or literature, that he inherited from humanism, and in this way he resembles his contemporaries Robert Greene and George Gascoigne. And yet his exploration of the moral value of writing is more hopeful. In his poetry collection, The Complaints (1591), Spenser uses Chaucer both to critique and to remedy the humanist project. First, he portrays the deleterious effect of humanist imitation, its emotional attachment to the past, and then he imagines literature working morally again, as a Christian, social corrective. As is fitting for the most Chaucerian of the Elizabethans, Spenser approaches literary inventiveness as inextricably tied to moral questions, and this tie inspires him as much as it causes him concern.
Afterword
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Humanism invented an idea of literature that was dependent on morality, on the goodness and greatness of books, their capacity to shape readers in right and wrong. This idea persists both in the American university and in more general discussions of education. The debates over the canon, the great books, in the late twentieth-century were morally charged, because both defenders and attackers understood reading as shaping students in morality, in what to think and feel and in how to act. The twenty-first century crisis of the humanities at American universities has once again raised the question of moral value.
Benefit of Clergy in the Reign of Henry VII
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The main argument of the book begins with a statute of 1490 which was the first explicit assertion of royal authority over any form of benefit of clergy, and which extended that right to literate lay men. This statute marks the beginning of Henry VII’s conscious re-purposing of the clerical right for much more secular purposes. Though the evidence is patchy, it points to a greater engagement with the workings of benefit of clergy on the part of the secular courts after 1490, one which was further intensified and refined after 1495, and which forced the lawyers to think more carefully about how benefit of clergy could be used and how it interacted with other forms of mitigation such as turning approver and claiming sanctuary. Across the reign, claims of clergy on the part of lay men vastly outnumbered claims made by clerics, and they rose in the later part of the reign as lay men of middling status found their way into a penal system managed and funded by the Church, but largely, and increasingly, controlled by the common lawyers.
Sanctuary in the Reign of Henry VII
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with an analysis of Stafford’s Case, the most important sanctuary case of Henry VII’s reign, and one that historians have argued marked the beginning of the end of sanctuary. Having contextualized the case carefully, the rest of the chapter will argue that for less-exalted criminals and less-fraught crimes, sanctuary continued to be a vital and flexible part of the legal system through the end of the century and into the next. Not all sanctuaries were equal, and the chartered sanctuaries, unchartered religious houses, and parish churches could all attract different clienteles and play quite different roles for accused felons. There were as many different outcomes to sanctuary claims as there were varieties of sanctuary-seekers, and this was a big part of its value to the system.
Benefit of Clergy 1509–1529
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The early years of Henry VIII’s reign saw a tussle for control of both the political narrative and the practical working of benefit of clergy. The historiography of this period is dominated by a statute passed in 1512, which limited the crimes for which clergy could be claimed, and Standish’s Case, which seems to suggest that benefit of clergy was under siege. This chapter examines how the justices set out to respond to the concerns about benefit of clergy reflected in the 1512 statute and in Standish’s Case by managing the privilege more actively. In the years around 1520 they set out to track criminous clerks more effectively in order to curtail the worst of the traditional abuses of the system: successful claims by repeat offenders, bigamists, and failed abjurers. At the same time, they balanced this strictness by exploring ways to maintain and improve their ability to provide effective mitigation. By the end of that decade the number of men claiming benefit of clergy had increased, while fewer hardened criminals were using it to avoid execution.
Perpetuating Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInjustices are, in the first instance, brute acts of identifiable individuals. But they are typically perpetuated, more subtly, through seemingly innocent workings of innocuous social structures. Critics of structural injustice are quick to call out that ruse. They say much about the sites where such structural injustice resides without saying much, as yet, about how exactly structural injustice actually works. By what specific mechanisms are unfair advantages and disadvantages perpetuated? What, specifically, can we do to interrupt them? That is the focus of this book. In it, Goodin identifies several fundamental mechanisms of structural injustice: social position, networks, language, social expectations and norms, reputation, and organization. Goodin’s discussion is deeply informed by a wide range of social sciences, mined with a philosopher’s sharp eye to what matters and lucidly explained with a deft turn of phrase. Having exposed each of those specific mechanisms of structural injustice, Goodin proceeds to explore what they all have in common. The underlying drivers, he shows, are a combination of scale effects and attention scarcities. That combination limits—but also informs—what can reasonably be done to overcome the various, nefarious mechanisms that perpetuate unfair social advantage and disadvantage.
Introduction
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 1 sets the parameters of the book. While its topic is structural injustice, the book is more concerned with the mechanisms by which that occurs than it is with defining what structural injustice is or who, at some high level of generality, bears responsibility for overcoming it. Both of those issues are skirted by focusing, instead, on mechanisms by which advantage and disadvantage are perpetuated. The issue of structure versus agency is dismissed as an illusion, on the grounds there is almost always some human agency at work behind or within any social structure. Two fundamentally different types of advantage—comparative and absolute—are distinguished, the former being of particular interest in this book. A preliminary distinction is drawn between two modes of perpetuation of advantage: ‘flypaper’ (advantage is sticky) and ‘bottlenecks’ (access to advantage is behind gates through which only a few can pass). The emphasis of the book on guiding reform rather than allocating blame is also explained.
Position Confers Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter commences the book’s cataloguing of specific mechanisms for perpetuating advantage. The focus of this chapter is upon positional advantage. Such advantage might be grounded on any of four types of social position: in a status hierarchy; in an institutional hierarchy; in a naked power hierarchy; or in a formally organized competitive hierarchy. Any of those afford a competitive advantage to those in such a position over those lower down in the hierarchy or not in it at all. If different positional hierarchies constitute genuinely ‘separate spheres’ that are wholly independent of one another, it might be possible—although it is probably unlikely, and in any case it is far from certain—for people’s positional advantages to cancel one another out so that a pattern of broad overall equality prevails. Conversely, and more likely, if some positional goods are ‘nearly universal means’ to any ends, then people who enjoy advantage in those respects will enjoy robust positional advantage over others.
Network Confers Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNetworks connect people for purposes of the exchange of valued resources (especially information, but not only that). People gain advantage firstly by being in such a network at all (more advantage the more extensive the network is and the more valued the resources that it conveys) and secondly by being centrally placed within such a network. The tendency of people to form networks with people similar to themselves—based in part on having better information about, and more trust in, such people—tends to perpetuate, reinforce, and expand both advantage and disadvantage. Insofar as people’s networks help them find jobs, that might explain inequalities in the labour market. Insofar as people’s networks help them find rich brides, that might explain why sons and grandsons of ex-slave owners in the American South ended up as wealthy as before so quickly after the emancipation of their slaves. Finally, ‘network externalities’—the tendency of a network to be more advantageous to people the more others there are in it—mean that more people will be attracted to join already large networks, further advantaging those who are already advantaged by belonging to those large networks.
Reputation Confers Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractReputation is a special sort of expectation, based on what the person harbouring the expectation takes to be ‘common knowledge’ about some other person or thing. Unlike a stereotype, a reputation is specific to a particular person or thing. Reputation is another source of advantage, and insofar as reputations are (deservedly or not) ‘sticky’ that advantage is perpetuated over time. Reputations might be of various types: for possessing power; for holding status positions; for enjoying network advantage; or for reliability and trustworthiness. The latter sort of reputational advantage in particular can be exacerbated, insofar as people (perfectly rationally) construct their advantage-conferring networks out of those whom they can trust, excluding from them persons they cannot (or merely do not know whether they can) trust.
Interrupting Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis concluding chapter considers what might be done to interrupt rather than perpetuate advantage and disadvantage. The standard prescription is to ‘disrupt’ the injustice-perpetuating structures. That is fine so far as it goes, but it leaves the question ‘then what?’—which is the focus of this chapter. Two broad types of strategies are considered. The first amounts to head-on attacking the mechanisms perpetuating advantage and disadvantage; destroying them altogether, reducing the need for them or reducing the differential advantages that they confer. While each of those strategies might work in certain situations, more typically they will prove either altogether impossible or come at an unacceptable social cost (given the benefits of scale and of conserving on scarce time and attention that the mechanisms in question confer). The second set of strategies is more purely ameliorative: siphon off the benefits that the mechanisms confer upon the already advantaged and transfer them to those not so advantaged; regulate the processes by which the mechanisms confer undue advantage upon some rather than others; or provide alternative mechanisms that would benefit those not advantaged by the ordinary ones. There is more scope for those sorts of strategies to succeed, albeit in their more limited ways, in restricting the social structural perpetuation of advantage and disadvantage.