bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are there Other Reasons to Believe?
Authors: Wendler David S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Granting that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter considers two arguments which suggest that we should believe in them anyway, for pragmatic reasons. First, it considers whether belief in degrees of moral status is a useful heuristic which increases the chances that we act appropriately. It argues that humans’ past treatment of animals provides compelling evidence that belief in degrees of moral status is more likely to decrease rather than increase the chances that we act appropriately. The chapter then considers whether the belief that we are more important than animals reflects appropriate partiality toward fellow humans, concluding that partiality toward humans cannot justify actively harming animals, and it also violates conditions of fairness.
Conclusion
Authors: Wendler David S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a summary of the argument of the book. It explains why degrees of moral status depend on moral status enhancing properties and summarizes the arguments for why no properties are moral status enhancing. It then considers the challenges we face in learning how to live in a world without degrees of moral status. While this is a more complicated world, it offers the opportunity to appreciate the many and varied capacities of different individuals and consider what appropriate treatment for them involves. It also discusses the challenges inherent in determining what constitutes a flourishing life for animals and the fact that we currently may not be in a position to know what that is. This discussion highlights the importance of learning to accept a significant degree of uncertainty in pursuit of a moral life.
Introduction
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Existing research has established that public confidence in the military is high, but that research raises more questions than it answers. What drives public confidence, does high confidence matter for other things we care about, and where is public confidence in the military headed? The military is a salient institution in American society, but the public knows very little about the military except that other members of the public seem to hold the military in high regard. The public is not highly inclined to join the military nor to learn more about the military. Taken together, the picture is one of high regard at high remove. The topic is ripe for a deeper examination.
Confidence and the Gaps
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Closer connections to the military are associated with higher levels of confidence in the military. However, this pattern depends on which of four ways one measures connection. First, those who think the military looks like them are more likely to have higher confidence in the military than are people who think the military does not look like them. Second, people who appear to know more about the military and have higher education levels also have higher confidence in the military. Third, people who trust conservative-leaning outlets, or distrust left-leaning outlets, have higher levels of confidence than people with the opposite media trust profile. Moreover, people who learn about the military from the media have lower levels of confidence than those who learn about the military from first- or secondhand exposure. Finally, people with a personal connection to the military have higher levels of confidence than those without such connections.
Comparing Public Confidence across the Military and Other Institutions
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
People who have confidence in the military also perceive that the military works better than other institutions, and that it does so more competently and ethically than other US institutions. Americans are also less likely to express confidence—at least in general—in an institution they believe is too partisan, and they are more likely to express confidence in an institution when they believe other citizens also have confidence in it. In sum, the public is engaged in a two-step thought process when comparing across institutions. One step involves taking an overall affect measure of the institution—how well it functions, with what level of perceived ethics, and with what level of connection (through shared values and representativeness) to the American people; step 2 involves assessing the perceived level of partisanship that the institution displays. Together, these two steps lead to collective rankings of institutions, with those ranking high on overall affect and low on perceived partisanship coming out on top.
Whether and How Confidence Shapes Intangible Benefits Enjoyed by the Military
Authors: Feaver Peter D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
If the public did not have such high confidence in the military, then the public would be less inclined to defer to the military as much as it does—and the military would likely lose some of the privileges and pedestalizing and influence and insulation that it currently enjoys. After nearly two decades of frequent deployments in support of the nation’s post-9/11 wars, some service members look down from their pedestal onto members of the public who have not served in the military. There is not much evidence of militarism, however. Military opinion does not drive public attitudes on other topics. There is evidence, however, of a partisan blame game, one in which partisans credit their own party and blame the other party—and assess the military to be about the same as (or even a little better than) they assess their own party. Most of these effects are more pronounced among those in the public who express a high degree of confidence in the military.
Leviathan and the Temple
Authors: Orlov Andrei A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The fourth chapter, “Leviathan and the Temple,” deals with the cultic significance of the Leviathan tradition and the monster’s roles as the sacred courtyard of the cosmological sanctuary and the Foundation Stone of the Temple of Creation. This emphasis on the sacerdotal role of the sea monster is not coincidental in the Apocalypse of Abraham, a text that was written shortly after the destruction of the Second Jerusalem Temple amid the challenging efforts to preserve and perpetuate cultic practices in the absence of the terrestrial sanctuary. The idea of the cosmological temple with its sacred courtyard in the form of primordial monster provides a sacerdotal alternative that allowed Jewish apocalypticists to perpetuate their cultic vision when the earthly Temple was no longer standing.
Introduction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Peirce on Inference: Validity, Strength, and the Community of Inquirers presents a charitable, retrospective perspective on Peirce’s theory of inference. Peirce’s reflections on inference span the entirety of his philosophical career, over fifty years. The present book brings together his remarks to explain his theory of inference and to show that he had well-considered replies to objections that might be raised against it. Chapter 1 clarifies Peirce’s distinction between inference and argument as well as his doctrine of leading principles. Chapter 2 examines Peirce’s classifications of inferences. Chapter 3 explains Peirce’s theory of validity. Chapters 4 through 7 explicate Peirce’s accounts of deduction, induction, and abduction. These chapters explain why each form of inference is valid, how each form of inference can be made strong, and examines objections and replies to their validity.
Finding Its Voice?
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys this period of tremendous change heralded by the coming of synchronized sound. Early histories of film sound created opposing camps of thought based on whether one embraced or dreaded the new technology and what it meant for cinema as an art form. What was cinema circa 1927? The answer to this question depended on the genealogy that writers and filmmakers chose for the moving image. Debates about cinema’s ontology were thus increasingly mediated by discussions of its pedigree in theatrical amusements or technologies of vision and hearing. The transition to sound confronted those inside and outside the industry with the first of many crises that bisected the history of medium and provided an opportunity for retrospection at a time of bold predictions and generalized anxiety.
Exhibitions and Museums
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that exhibitions of devices were part and parcel of efforts at improving public perceptions of motion pictures and placing them next to art forms with a longer track record. Case studies of exhibitions at the Smithsonian and the Science Museum in London during the 1910s and 1920s and industry-led displays at World’s Fairs were the highbrow counterparts of early filmic cabinets of curiosity like the short-lived but fascinating movie museums of Harry Crocker and J. Tarbotton Armstrong. Such object-based histories bring us face-to-face with dilemmas about curatorship, education, and material culture that are as relevant today as they are unresolved.
From Deprivation, Discrimination, and Inequality to Grievances
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops and tests the first part of our two-step model for conflict by religious minorities—how discrimination, deprivation, and inequality (DDI) leads to grievances. While few disagree that DDI ought to lead to grievances, few actually test this proposition. This is because few studies actually measure grievances. We test this DDI-to-grievances relationship and find that DDI does lead to grievances, but there is considerable nuance in this finding regarding which types of DDI leads to which types of grievances. Other factors such as group capacity and group political power also influence this process.
Dignity as an Efficient Indicator of Social and Moral Integration
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of survey response patterns for subjective dignity from 2017 to 2021. Rates of “dignity threat” increased in the American population by about 50%. Next, the chapter tests whether dignity is linked to relevant measures of social and moral functioning. Dignity bears expected associations with respect from others and specific people such as employers and doctors, and it also varies strongly with perceived discrimination. While dignity bears some association with general or specific moral principles such as accountability to others or to God or one’s happiness, the links are not particularly strong, consistent with the fact that dignity perceptions do not tether to any one moral code in America. Mastery, or a sense of control over this life, and mattering to others and perceiving meaning in life constitute what the chapter calls the “three Ms” when it comes to understanding a large portion of the variation in dignity.
Days, Years, Decades, and Conferences on Racial Discrimination
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The United Nations has declared a series of days, years, and decades devoted to racial discrimination and related issues. These involve a range of initiatives, from seminars and conferences to the issuance of postage stamps. Three world conferences on racism and racial discrimination have been held, of which the 2001 Durban Conference was the most important. In the post-apartheid context, the Durban Declaration confronted the issue of historic injustice and the entitlement to reparations for slavery, the slave trade, and colonialism. Initiatives dealing with racial discrimination have also emerged from regional organizations, notably the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Organization of American States.
The structure and content of phonological primitives
Authors: van ’t Veer Marijn , Botma Bert , Breit Florian , van Oostendorp Marc 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of our current understanding of the nature of the phonological primitives, the smallest units at the core of phonological representation and computation. We argue that there are many more open questions about the primitives than there is agreement. We discuss many of the fundamental questions faced by phonological theory on various aspects of phonological features, ranging from their formal structural properties (e.g. types of opposition, valency, atomicity), to their relationship with phonetic correlates (e.g. representationalism, articulatory vs acoustic correlates, substance), to their origins (e.g. innateness, emergence), taking into account a large range of positions on each of the issues discussed. We show that despite significant fragmentation on many of these issues, there is also much common ground which should leave us optimistic about progress on the many questions that remain open.
On the atoms of phonological representation
Authors: Vaux Bert , Miller Brett 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIs the phonetic form of human language underlyingly organized in terms of words, distinctive features, elements, or articulatory gestures? After setting out the basic properties of the two leading responses to this question, couched within Distinctive Feature Theory and Articulatory Phonology, we argue that although the two are essentially interchangeable in many ways, they differ significantly with respect to several important empirical predictions, some resulting from the nature of features and gestures and some from the theoretical frameworks within which they are generally embedded. In both regards Distinctive Feature Theory is to be preferred, insofar as (at least when situated within a conventional generative model such as Rule-Based Phonology) it correctly predicts the distribution of labial vs labiodental consonants; the existence of relativized locality, inversion, enhancement, and suprasegmental processes; autonomy of stricture and manner vs place of articulation; and phonological manipulations of individual segments such as insertion and non-assimilatory mutation.
On the phonological interpretation of |A|, |I|, and |U|
Authors: Baroni Antonio 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter offers a detailed investigation into the phonetic exponence and the phonological behaviour of the elements |U|, |I|, and |A| as used in Element Theory and related approaches. Much work has shown that the elements do not all behave the same way, suggesting that there must be a divide between place and manner elements. Further, it appears that the distribution of the place elements across different types of segments is also in some way restricted. Looking at a host of phonological phenomena, drawn from a wide range of languages, it is argued here that |U| is a property of both labials and velars, in line with Backley (2011), but contrary to earlier work. Further, |A| is argued to be a vocalic element, making its presence in consonants marked. Elemental markedness appears to be relative to position more generally, with |U| preferred word-initially and word-finally, and |I| intervocalically.
Consonants, vowels, and nasality
Authors: Lahiri Aditi , Kotzor Sandra 
Published: July 2023

AbstractContrastive features establish phonological contrasts. FUL assumes that a small number of features, defined by articulatory and acoustic correlates, suffice to represent all phonological contrasts. A fundamental aspect of the model is that place features are identical for consonants and vowels. There are no dependencies between features except for class features. Focusing on features for nasal vowels and consonants, their sufficiency to account for phonotactic constraints and assimilations, particularly for place, is established. Evidence comes from synchronic and diachronic analyses (including loan adaptation) and experimental evidence for processing and representation. Evidence comes largely from Bengali, which has an equal number of nasal and oral vowels and five places of articulation, providing a rich repertoire of neutralization contexts and representational constraints. The lack of dependent features, shared features for vowels and consonants, and underspecification appears to be supported from phonotactic constraints and assimilations of nasal–obstruent sequences as well as experimental evidence.
The phonetic underpinnings of phonological specifications
Authors: Schwartz Geoffrey 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, I argue that due to their acoustic complexity, the phonetic properties associated with manner of articulation are more conducive to a ‘phonological’ interpretation than gradient detail associated with place or laryngeal specifications. This idea is implemented in the Onset Prominence representational framework, in which prosodic constituents and segmental representations are constructed from the same materials, encoding manner of articulation as active structural nodes in a given segmental tree. From the perspective of OP we consider the phonological origins of two phenomena that have received phonetically based explanations: the fronting of vowels in the context of coronal consonants, and gradient aspects of consonant lenition. In both areas, OP representations will offer purely phonological explanations, which nonetheless incorporate the phonetic insights underlying the previous approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Calvo Kerman , Segatti Paolo , Montero José Ramón 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter sets out the book’s main questions. This volume seeks to identify the links between different manifestations of religiosity and voting in different countries, paying attention to longitudinal and cross-sectional variations in these linkages. It also explores the multidimensionality of the process of secularization. The chapter argues that religious voting differs from the historical patterns of associations between religion and electoral politics, such as religious cleavage and religious coalescence. It defines religious voting as a form of electoral behaviour in which the impact of individual religiosity is conditioned across elections by the strategies of several actors, political and social, religious and secular, in contexts that vary according to the configuration of party systems, the prevailing religious traditions, and the salience in the public sphere of disputes on moral issues. On these bases, it provides an interpretation of the variations in the direction and intensity of religious voting in the evolution of religious conflicts. The chapter ends with a summary of the main themes addressed in each of the following chapters.
Conflicts on moral issues
Authors: Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive historical background to one of the main arguments discussed in this volume, namely, that the varying strength of religious voting over time reflects the pervasiveness of political tensions around traditional religious issues. The chapter overviews the conflicts on moral issues (abortion, gay rights, euthanasia, and stem research) in many European Western countries at the turn of century. The conflicts, however, manifested differently among Catholic, Protestant, and mixed religious countries. In a few cases, religious hierarchies were among the organizers; in others, they just followed. Religious organizations and institutions often intervened directly into the political debate asking lawmakers to inspire their decisions to non-negotiable principles. Conservative parties aligned rhetorically with these points of views or attempted to slow down the legislation. There have been also exceptions. This chapter interprets these conflicts from the point of view of a multilevel theory of secularization. The public opinion divides took place in countries highly secularized at the societal, organizational, and individual level, even in the Catholic countries.
Austria
Authors: Aichholzer Julian , Johann David , Kritzinger Sylvia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between religion and electoral decisions in Austria. First, it looks at the role of the Catholic Church in Austrian politics since the Second World War. Second, relying on exit poll surveys for the 1990–2008 general elections and a post-election survey for the 2008 general election, it explores how religious factors have changed their predictive power for voting decisions. Finally, it also examines how religious indicators directly and indirectly affect electoral decisions. The results show that a relationship between religion and voting decision still exists, as church attendance remains a relevant predictor of voting for the Christian Democratic party, the ÖVP. Interestingly, while the direct influence of religion has declined over the years, it still exerts a large indirect impact on vote choice, mediated through personal values, worldviews, and political attitudes.
Ireland
Authors: Marsh Michael 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with religion and politics in Ireland, a country where the previously dominant position of the Catholic Church has been dramatically eroded in recent decades. Almost a dozen referendums have provided the arena for the political struggle as the major parties generally evaded the difficult issues, not least due to internal divisions. Weekly church attendance was the norm in the 1980s but was the exception by the 2010s, with most people now irregular attenders. The referendums on divorce and abortion that emphasized its influence in the early 1980s were succeeded eventually by more referendums signalling a rejection of the Church’s position on those same issues, as well as later endorsing gay marriage, and encouraged the coalition government of 2011–16 to address the abortion issue directly through legislation.
Portugal
Authors: Jalali Carlos 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the muted political role played by religion for much of the post-1974 democratic period in Portugal, a pattern that belies historical precedent and the country’s comparatively high levels of religious vitality. Previous research has explained this as a result of the deactivation of the religious divide during the country’s revolutionary transition to democracy. The chapter expands on this research in two key aspects. First, it examines how religious deactivation occurred, specifying its processes and mechanisms—how it prevailed when it was not necessarily a unanimous position. Second, it considers the open-ended nature of deactivation. If elites can deactivate religious issues, by the same token they can subsequently activate them, providing cues for greater religious voting. By providing a longitudinal analysis, the chapter assesses how the growing politicization of religious issues from the mid-2000s has contributed to a reactivation of religious voting.
Phonotactics
Authors: Round Erich R. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe phonologies of Australia can now be investigated with new tools for large-scale phonological typology. Here we draw on an empirical dataset covering three hundred thousand lexical entries from over two hundred and fifty language varieties, which enables us to understand continent-level phonological variation in significantly more detail than previously. Variation is observed in terms of major genealogical groupings of languages, comparing the variation among them and within them. Three topics are selected based on their importance to our understanding of continental phonological diversity in Australia, and their potential to shed new light within the space available. They are: the principle characteristics and parameters of variation in consonant phonotactics; vowel phonotactics, specifically statistical harmony between vowels in adjacent syllables; and issues of analysis at the intersection of segment inventories and phonotactics, namely contour segments such as prestopped nasals.