bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's new in childhood tuberculosis
Authors: Finlayson Heather , Lishman Juanita , Palmer Megan 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
The current review identifies recent advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of childhood tuberculosis (TB) with a focus on the WHO's updated TB management guidelines released in 2022.

Recent findings
The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected global TB control due to the diversion of healthcare resources and decreased patient care-seeking behaviour. Despite this, key advances in childhood TB management have continued. The WHO now recommends shorter rifamycin-based regimens for TB preventive treatment as well as shorter regimens for the treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB. The Xpert Ultra assay is now recommended as the initial diagnostic test for TB in children with presumed TB and can also be used on stool samples. Point-of-care urinary lipoarabinomannan assays are promising as ‘rule-in’ tests for children with presumed TB living with HIV. Treatment decision algorithms can be used to diagnose TB in symptomatic children in settings with and without access to chest X-rays; bacteriological confirmation should always be attempted.

Summary
Recent guideline updates are a key milestone in the management of childhood TB, and the paediatric TB community should now prioritize their efficient implementation in high TB burden countries while generating evidence to close current evidence gaps.
Effect of Repeated Multipatient Simulations on Professional Readiness Among Senior Nursing Students
Authors: Tarhan Merve , Yıldırım Aytolan 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Senior nursing students are expected to be ready in terms of professional decisions and practices as soon as possible after graduation. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) is a framework to prepare nursing students for practice in the health care system.

Purpose:
This study aimed to explore the effect of repeated exposure to multipatient simulations on senior nursing students' pregraduation transition views, QSEN knowledge level and self-competency, professional readiness, and postgraduation transition shock.

Methods:
A randomized controlled trial of intervention and control groups with pretest, posttest, and a follow-up was conducted with 78 senior nursing students at a private, accredited, nursing program in Istanbul, Turkey.

Results:
There was a statistically significant improvement in the intervention group between the pretest and the posttest for self-confidence (P < .01), QSEN knowledge level (P < .01), and professional readiness (P < .01). The QSEN knowledge level (P < .01) and professional competency (P < .05) of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group.

Conclusion:
These results suggest that multipatient simulations may be an effective strategy to better prepare students for the health care system's demands.
Association of Prehospital Physician Presence During Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest With Neurologic Outcomes
Authors: Obara Takafumi , Yumoto Tetsuya , Nojima Tsuyoshi , Hongo Takashi , Tsukahara Kohei , Matsumoto Naomi , Yorifuji Takashi , Nakao Atsunori , Elmer Jonathan , Naito Hiromichi 
Published: February 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To examine the association of prehospital physician presence with neurologic outcomes of pediatric patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Data from the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine-OHCA Registry.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

PATIENTS:
Pediatric patients (age 17 yr old or younger) registered in the database between June 2014 and December 2019.

MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS:
We used logistic regression models with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to estimate the associated treatment effect of a prehospital physician with 1-month neurologically intact survival. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and 1-month survival after OHCA. A total of 1,187 patients (276 in the physician presence group and 911 in the physician absence group) were included (median age 3 yr [interquartile range 0–14 yr]; 723 [61%] male). Comparison of the physician presence group, versus the physician absence, showed 1-month favorable neurologic outcomes of 8.3% (23/276) versus 3.6% (33/911). Physician presence was associated with greater odds of 1-month neurologically intact survival after stabilized IPTW adjustment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.98, 95% CI 1.08–3.66). We also found an association in the secondary outcome between physician presence, opposed to absence, and in-hospital ROSC (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08–2.04). However, we failed to identify an association with 1-month survival (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 0.97–2.88).

CONCLUSIONS:
Among pediatric patients with OHCA, prehospital physician presence, compared with absence, was associated almost two-fold greater odds of 1-month favorable neurologic outcomes.
Region-specific homeostatic identity of astrocytes is essential for defining their reactive phenotypes following pathological insults
Authors: Makarava Natallia , Mychko Olga , Molesworth Kara , Chang Jennifer Chen-Yu , Henry Rebecca J. , Tsymbalyuk Natalya , Gerzanich Volodymyr , Simard J. Marc , Loane David J. , Baskakov Ilia V. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe transformation of astrocytes into reactive states constitutes a biological response of the central nervous system under a variety of pathological insults. Astrocytes display diverse homeostatic identities, which are developmentally predetermined and regionally specified. Upon transformation into reactive states associated with neurodegenerative diseases and other neurological disorders, astrocytes acquire diverse reactive phenotypes. However, it is not clear whether their reactive phenotypes are dictated by regionspecific homeostatic identity or, alternatively, by the nature of an insult. To address this question, regionspecific gene expression profiling was performed for four brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus) in mice using a custom Nanostring panel consisting of selected sets of genes that report on astrocyte functions and their reactivity for five conditions: prion disease, traumatic brain injury, brain ischemia, 5XFAD Alzheimer’s disease model and normal aging. Upon transformation into reactive states, genes that are associated predominantly with astrocytes were found to preserve region-specific signatures suggesting that they respond to insults in a region-specific manner. A common gene set was found to be involved in astrocyte remodeling across insults and normal aging. Regardless of the nature of an insult or insult-specificity of astrocyte response, strong correlations between the degree of astrocyte reactivity and perturbations in their homeostasis-associated genes were observed within each individual brain region. The insult-specific populations did not separate well from each other and instead partially overlapped, forming continuums of phenotypes. The current study demonstrates that astrocytes acquire their reactive phenotypes according to their region-specific homeostatic identities. Within these region-specified identities, reactive phenotypes show continuums of states, partially overlapping between individual insults.
Escherichia coliisolated from commercial layer hens in Australia remain susceptible to critically important antimicrobials
Authors: Abraham Rebecca , Allison Hui San , Lee Terence , Pavic Anthony , Chia Raymond , Hewson Kylie , Lee Zheng Z , Hampson David J , Jordan David , Abraham Sam 
Published: February 2023

AbstractControlling the use of the most critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) in food animals has been identified as one of the key measures required to curb the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from animals to humans. Expanding the evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of restricting CIA usage for preventing the emergence of resistance to key drugs amongst commensal organisms in animal production would do much to strengthen international efforts to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As Australia has strict controls on antimicrobial use in layer hens, and internationally comparatively low levels of poultry disease due to strict national biosecurity measures, we investigated whether these circumstances have resulted in curtailing development of critical forms of AMR. The work comprised a cross-sectional national survey of 62 commercial layer farms with each assessed for AMR inEscherichia coliisolates recovered from faeces. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis using a panel of 13 antimicrobials was performed on 296 isolates with those exhibiting phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones (a CIA) or multi-class resistance (MCR) subjected to whole genome sequencing. Overall, 52.0% of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and all isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur, chloramphenicol and colistin. Resistance was observed to ampicillin (16.2%), cefoxitin (1.4%), ciprofloxacin (2.7%), florfenicol (2.4%), gentamicin (1.0%), streptomycin (4.7%), tetracycline (37.8%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10.5%). Multi-class resistance was observed in 23 isolates (7.7%), with one isolate (ST746) exhibiting resistance to five antimicrobial classes. Whole genome sequencing found that ciprofloxacin-resistant (fluoroquinolone) isolates were devoid of both known chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance determinant regions and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnr) - other than in one isolate (ST155) which carried theqnrSgene. Two MCRE. coliisolates with ciprofloxacin-resistance were found to be carrying known resistance genes includingaadA1, dfrA1, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), blaTEM-1B, qnrS1andtet(A). Overall, this study found thatE. colifrom layer hens in Australia have low rates of AMR, likely due to strict control on antimicrobial usage achieved by the sum of regulation and voluntary measures.
No Evidence in Favour of the Existence of ‘Intentional’ Binding
Authors: Kong Gaiqing , Aberkane Cheryne , Desoche Clément , Farnè Alessandro , Vernet Marine 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntentional binding refers to the subjective temporal compression between a voluntary action and its subsequent sensory outcome. Despite some studies challenging the link between temporal compression and intentional action, intentional binding is still widely used as an implicit measure for the sense of agency. The debate remains unsettled primarily because the experimental conditions used in previous studies were confounded with various alternative causes for temporal compression, and action intention has not yet been tested comprehensively against all potential alternative causes in a single study. Here, we solve this puzzle by jointly comparing participants’ estimates of the interval between three types of triggering events with comparable predictability - voluntary movement, passive movement, and external sensory event - and an external sensory outcome (auditory or visual across experiments). The results failed to show intentional binding, i.e., no shorter interval estimation for the voluntary than the passive movement conditions. Instead, we observed temporal (but not intentional) binding when comparing both movement conditions with the external sensory condition. Thus, temporal binding appears to originate from sensory integration and temporal prediction, not from action intention. As such, these findings underscore the need to reconsider the use of “intentional binding” as a reliable proxy of the sense of agency.Public Significance StatementWhen we press a light switch and observe a bulb lightening, we experience a sense of agency, a feeling of control over these events. We often perceive the temporal interval between our voluntary action and its consequence as shorter compared to the same interval between two events we are not involved. Such temporal binding has commonly been taken as a measure of the sense of agency. However, our study reveals that voluntary actions are neither necessary nor sufficient for temporal binding. Instead, temporal binding relies on predicting and integrating information. The sense of agency can be disturbed in various psychiatric disorders, and its brain mechanisms are currently being actively explored. Our study urges amending how it is measured.
The maize preligule band is subdivided into distinct domains with contrasting cellular properties prior to ligule outgrowth
Authors: Neher Wesley , Rasmussen Carolyn G. , Braybrook Siobhan A. , Lažetić Vladimir , Stowers Claire E. , Mooney Paul T. , Sylvester Anne W. , Springer Patricia S. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe maize ligule is a fringe of epidermis-derived tissue, which arises from the preligule band (PLB) at a boundary between the blade and sheath. A hinge-like auricle also develops immediately distal to the ligule and contributes to blade angle. Here, we characterize the stages of PLB and early ligule development in terms of topography, cell area, division orientation, cell wall rigidity, and auxin response dynamics. Differential thickening of epidermal cells and localized periclinal divisions contributed to the formation of a ridge within the PLB, which ultimately produces the ligule fringe. Patterns in cell wall rigidity were consistent with the subdivision of the PLB into two regions along a distinct line positioned at the nascent ridge. The proximal region produces the ligule, while the distal region contributes to one epidermal face of the auricles. Whereas the auxin transporter PIN1 accumulated in the PLB, observed differential auxin transcriptional response did not underlie the partitioning of the PLB. Our data demonstrate that two zones with contrasting cellular properties, the preligule and preauricle, are specified within the ligular region prior to ligule outgrowth.Summary StatementChanges in cell geometry, division orientation, and cell wall mechanics underlie maize ligule morphogenesis. The establishment of mechanically distinct epidermal domains coincides with topographical changes during early ligule outgrowth.
A Zika virus-responsive sensor-effector system inAedes aegypti
Authors: Basu Sanjay , Reitmayer Christine M. , Lumley Sarah , Atkinson Barry , Schade-Weskott Mathilde L. , Rooney Sara , Larner Will , Montiel Eugenia E. , Gutiérrez-López Rafael , Levitt Emily , Munyanduki Henry M. , Mohamed Ahmed M. E. , Clarke Andrew T. , Koit Sandra , Zusinaite Eva , Fragkoudis Rennos , Merits Andres , Alphey Luke 
Published: February 2023

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a recently re-emerged flavivirus transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito,Aedes aegyptibeing the main vector. ZIKV infection is associated with a range of adverse effects; infection during pregnancy can lead to foetal abnormalities, including microcephaly. Lacking a licensed vaccine, or specific therapeutics, control of ZIKV transmission focuses on vector control. However, in most transmission settings, current methods are insufficient to successfully control ZIKV, or other similarly-transmitted arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. This has stimulated interest in genetics-based methods, either to reduce the number of mosquitoes (“population suppression”), or to make mosquitoes less able to transmit (“population modification”). Here, we describe a method to selectively eliminate infected mosquitoes, using a virus sensor inserted into the mosquito genome and coupled to a quorum-counting lethal effector. In mosquitoes, ZIKV normally establishes persistent, lifelong infection; survival of these infected mosquitoes is crucial to transmission potential. Correspondingly, removal of infected mosquitoes can reduce vectorial capacity of a mosquito population, i.e. ability to transmit. Since relatively few mosquitoes become infected, typically <2%, engineered hypersensitivity to ZIKV would have only a modest population-level fitness cost, and lower still if transmission were successfully reduced by such means.
TFEB-vacuolar ATPase signaling regulates lysosomal function and microglial activation in tauopathy
Authors: Wang Baiping , Martini-Stoica Heidi , Qi Chuangye , Lu Tzu-Chiao , Wang Shuo , Xiong Wen , Qi Yanyan , Xu Yin , Sardiello Marco , Li Hongjie , Zheng Hui 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTranscription factor EB (TFEB) mediates gene expression through binding to theCoordinatedLysosomeExpressionAndRegulation (CLEAR) sequence. TFEB targets include subunits of the vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) essential for lysosome acidification. Single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of wild-type and PS19 (Tau) transgenic mice identified three unique microglia subclusters in Tau mice that were associated with heightened lysosome and immune pathway genes. To explore the lysosome-immune relationship, we specifically disrupted the TFEB-v-ATPase signaling by creating a knock-in mouse line in which the CLEAR sequence of one of the v-ATPase subunits,Atp6v1h, was mutated. We show that the CLEAR mutant exhibited a muted response to TFEB, resulting in impaired lysosomal acidification and activity. Crossing the CLEAR mutant with Tau mice led to higher tau pathology but diminished microglia response. These microglia were enriched in a subcluster low in mTOR and HIF-1 pathways and was locked in a homeostatic state. Our studies demonstrate a physiological function of TFEB-v-ATPase signaling in maintaining lysosomal homoeostasis and a critical role of the lysosome in mounting a microglia and immune response in tauopathy and Alzheimer’s disease.
Pupil dilation and microsaccades provide complementary insights into the dynamics of arousal and instantaneous attention during effortful listening
Authors: Contadini-Wright Claudia , Magami Kaho , Mehta Nishchay , Chait Maria 
Published: February 2023

AbstractListening in noisy environments requires effort – the active engagement of attention and other cognitive abilities, as well as increased arousal. The ability to separately quantify the contribution of these components is key to understanding the dynamics of effort and how it may change across listening situations and in certain populations. We concurrently measured two types of ocular data in young participants (both sexes) - Pupil dilation (PD) (thought to index arousal aspects of effort) and Microsaccades (MS) (hypothesized to reflect automatic visual exploratory sampling) whilst listeners were performing a speech-in-noise task under high- (HL) and low-(LL) perceptual load conditions. Sentences were manipulated so that the behaviourally relevant information (keywords) appeared at the end (Exp1) or beginning (Exp2) of the sentence, resulting in different temporal demands on focused attention. In line with previous reports, PD effects were associated with increased dilation under load. We observed a sustained difference between HL and LL conditions, consistent with increased phasic and tonic arousal. Importantly we show that MS rate was also modulated by perceptual load, manifested as a reduced MS rate in HL relative to LL. Critically, in contrast to the sustained difference seen for PD, MS effects were localised in time, specifically during periods when demands on auditory attention were greatest. These results demonstrate that auditory selective attention interfaces with the mechanisms controlling MS-generation, establishing MS as an informative measure, complementary to PD, with which to quantify the temporal dynamics of auditory attentional processing under effortful listening conditions.Significance StatementListening effort, reflecting the “cognitive bandwidth” deployed to effectively process sound in adverse environments, contributes critically to listening success. Understanding listening effort and the processes involved in its allocation is a major challenge in auditory neuroscience. Here we demonstrate that the microsaccade rate can be used to index a specific sub-component of listening effort - the allocation of instantaneous auditory attention - that is distinct from the modulation of arousal indexed by pupil dilation (currently the dominant measure of listening effot). These results reveal the push-pull process through which auditory attention interfaces with the (visual) attention network that controls microsaccades, establishing microsaccades as a powerful tool for measuring auditory attention and its deficits.
Flexible and cost-effective genomic surveillance ofP. falciparummalaria with targeted nanopore sequencing
Authors: de Cesare Mariateresa , Mwenda Mulenga , Jeffreys Anna E. , Chirwa Jacob , Drakeley Chris , Schneider Kammerle , Ghinai Isaac , Busby George B. , Hamainza Busiku , Hawela Moonga , Bridges Daniel J. , Hendry Jason A. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTGenomic surveillance ofPlasmodium falciparummalaria can provide policy-relevant information about antimalarial drug resistance, rapid diagnostic test failure, and the evolution of vaccine targets. Yet the large and low complexity genome ofP. falciparumlimits the scope of genomic surveillance, as whole-genome sequencing approaches are costly and targeted approaches are challenging to develop. Moreover, the majority of the morbidity and mortality caused byP. falciparumoccurs in sub-Saharan Africa, where resource constraints can make implementing genomic surveillance difficult. Here, we demonstrate a flexible and cost-effective approach for targeted nanopore sequencing ofP. falciparumto enable genomic surveillance of malaria in low-resource settings. We release open-source software that facilitates rapid and flexible design of amplicon sequencing panels forP. falciparum, coupled with a simple and cost-effective protocol that uses dried blood spots as input. We use this software to design two amplicon panels. The first, called NOMADS8, targets seven major antimalarial drug-resistance associated genes as well as the highly polymorphic genemsp2. The second, NOMAD16, incorporates an additional eight genes including the vaccine targetcspand genes coding for the antigens detected in rapid diagnostic tests,hrp2andhrp3. The panels generate reads between 3 to 4kbp that span the entire coding sequence of most target genes. We validate the panels and protocol on mock and field samples, demonstrating robust sequencing coverage across targets, high single-nucleotide polymorphism calling accuracy within coding sequences, and the ability to explore the within-sample diversity of mixedP. falciparuminfections.