bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared Roles and Responsibilities of Older Adults in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Authors: Sivakumaran Shamila , Jeevasuthan Subramaniam 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a qualitative study with 20 older adults and their family members who are from different economic backgrounds in Jaffna District in northern Sri Lanka. The participants were members of the Church of American Ceylon Mission of Sri Lanka. This study was conducted to shed light on the unacknowledged roles and contributions of older adults in a Sri Lankan Tamil Indigenous community. It is significant that Indigenous older adults contributed to the well-being of their families and communities in many ways but were rarely recognized and appreciated by the younger generation. Due to the impact of globalization, Indigenous family systems are changing, and a nuclear family system is being adopted. The study showed that the Indigenous elderly contributed to their families by looking after their grandchildren and taking on responsibility for household chores. Some of the older persons financially supported their children by giving some or all of their pensions to them. Some participants stated that they sold their own properties to support their adult children. Their children believed that in their community, looking after the grandchildren is traditionally performed by grandparents. The adult children, reported older adult participants, did not value their parents’ contributions because they believed that their parents depended on them.
Narrating India in/and the World
Authors: Abraham Itty 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In contrast with its postcolonial “narratives of the global” aiming at the realization of an anti-colonial and non-nuclear One World, India appeared in the past three decades to have favored more familiar precepts of power and influence, notably via its 1998 decision to declare itself a nuclear state. The liberal and secular legacy of Gandhi and Nehru has apparently also given way to the rise of an illiberal domestic social movement seeking to identify India as a Hindu majoritarian nation. Such an account, however, overlooks the complexity of both the origins and the relative influence of dominant streams of thinking about India and the world. It also obscures the deeply ambivalent relations of India with the world, mixing desire and outrage, and where the idea of (a great) civilization has been a primary axis of reference. The ambivalence also reflects an unresolved tension between global and territorial/national claims.
Bucking the Buck
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The US dollar is the world’s indispensable currency. The dollar’s preeminent status gives the United States enormous coercive powers which it flexes in the form of financial sanctions to punish its adversaries. Over the last twenty years, Washington has relied on financial sanctions with greater and greater frequency. Bucking the Buck argues that the more the United States wields the dollar as a weapon of foreign policy, the more its adversaries will move their international economic activities into other currencies to avoid Washington’s coercive reach. Through a combination of case studies and statistical analysis, the book establishes a relationship between US financial sanctions and the rise of “anti-dollar” policies, which are designed to reduce an economy’s reliance on the US currency. Though some anti-dollar policies fail to achieve this goal, McDowell’s analysis indicates that in many cases they are successful. Patterns of “de-dollarization” following sanctions are clear. In some cases, the anticipation of future sanctions may provoke similar policy measures. Though McDowell does not conclude that sanctions threaten the dollar’s status as the world’s key currency, the potential consequences of sanctions overuse remain important. Most notably, the use of sanctions may, over time, weaken their effectiveness as US adversaries develop systems and methods to minimize costs associated with such measures. If the United States wishes to preserve the potency of financial sanctions and protect the dollar’s dominant position in the world economy, Bucking the Buck argues that Washington’s approach to sanctions use should become more discerning.
Financial Sanctions and the Dollar’s Rivals
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores whether US sanctions incited potential rivals to further internationalize their national currencies, focusing on the two economies that present the greatest possible challenge to the dollar’s pre-eminence: the European Union (EU)/the euro, and China/the renminbi. Historically, the EU has done little to actively promote the euro’s global popularity. China has pursued contradictory policy paths, implementing some measures aimed to internationalize the renminbi alongside others that stunted its international appeal. Yet, as Washington enacted sanctions more frequently, both economies developed a new perspective on the value of issuing international currencies. The calculus they use to determine the costs and benefits of currency internationalization expanded to include the political risks of dollar dependence. That may tip the scale in favor of a more robust set of policies designed to weaken the dollar’s grip on their economic relations and, in turn, the world economy.
Act I—Before the Storm, 1981–1985
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The next three chapters under the broad label “Blood Stories” are crisis narratives. They tell the stories of HIV contamination of the blood supply, of how it became a full-blown political crisis in France (and not in the United State), and of the social mobilization of the afflicted (principally hemophiliacs but in France transfusees as well). Chapter 3, “Before the Storm,” is about the pathways to discovery of the AIDS/blood connection in each country, initial uncertainties and controversies around this connection (did it exist at all, how dangerous was it and to whom, strategies for prevention), the actors that emerged in each country as major players in the AIDS/blood drama, and the meanings attributed to the disease itself and to its victims. A key difference between the two countries was the active role of organized gay physicians at the national policy table in the United States and their absence as policy actors in France.
Litigation
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapters 6 through 8 are labeled Blood Epistemology. Epistemology is defined as the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity. These chapters examine and compare how various parties (courts, official commissions, political bodies, the press, academics) in the two countries framed what was known about HIV in the blood supply, when it was known, the limits and validity of that knowledge, and who (if anyone) among the multiple actors in this drama was responsible—for knowing and for acting on that knowledge. This chapter focuses on the courts. It begins with the trial of French blood bank and public officials in the summer of 1992 that was a public spectacle from its outset. Ironically, the blood bank officials were convicted under a theory of product liability that required defining blood as a consumer product, in direct contradiction to the French conception of blood as entirely outside the market. For reasons this chapter details, few court cases in the United States came to trial and almost none were successful.
Conclusion
Authors: Nathanson Constance A. , Bergeron Henri 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The book concludes with three sets of reflections: first, on the long-term consequences of the blood scandal in France; second, on the reach of the proposed conceptual framework; and third, on the contingent politics of epidemics. The blood crisis produced massive change in French conceptions and practices of public health but left its closed and highly centralized policymaking regime essentially intact. Turning to the United States, we test the framework for the production of crisis by using it to account, first, for the absence of crisis in 1972 when the blood system was first on the public agenda and, second, for the AIDS crisis in 1990 that led to passage of the Ryan White Act. Finally, the chapter reflects on the blood crisis as political drama drawing on Charles Rosenberg’s “What Is an Epidemic?” published at the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1989.
Racial Realism and Essentialism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
What is “racial realism”? I distinguish a taxon issue from a category issue. I take both issues to be about whether kinds are explanatory. Looking to biology, I argue that Racial Taxon Realism is clearly true. There are infraspecific kinds, differing in minor ways, that biologists often call “races”. These kinds are biologically explanatory in virtue of having part intrinsic and part historical essences This doctrine extends to humans. Turning to Racial Category Realism, I reject the objection that the alleged biological races are not “worthy of the name” ‘race’. The more serious objection is that the category Race is not explanatory. If it is not, it is in the same boat as the higher Linnaean categories. I argue that all of these categories are “minimally” explanatory in marking out, in a rough and ready way, levels in the taxon hierarchy.
The Matter of Consciousness
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book defends Frank Jackson’s knowledge argument against physicalism. According to physicalism, consciousness is a physical phenomenon. The knowledge argument stars Mary, who learns all objective, physical information through black-and-white media and yet acquires new information when she first sees colors for herself: information about what it is like to see in color. Based partly on that case, Jackson concludes that not all information is physical. The book argues that the knowledge argument succeeds in refuting all standard versions of physicalism: versions on which consciousness is grounded by what objective science reveals. It also argues that given further, plausible assumptions, the knowledge argument leads to Russellian monism, on which there are intrinsic properties that both constitute consciousness and underlie properties physics describes, such as mass and charge. It explains how the knowledge argument establishes those two conclusions and defends the argument against numerous objections.
Phenomenal Knowledge without Experience
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends the premise that Mary gains knowledge when released from the black-and-white room from an objection presented by Dennett and Mandik. They argue that the intuition driving that premise derives from the mistaken assumption that knowing what it is like to see in color requires having color experiences. But that intuition does not derive from that assumption. To suppose it does is to miss the key role of a priori deducibility in the knowledge argument. The epistemic gap has the form one cannot learn Q in way Wd (viz., by deduction from physical information), not the only way to learn Q is in way We (viz., by having relevant experiences).
The Supervenience Requirement on Physicalism
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends the knowledge argument’s third main step: the inference from the modal gap to a corresponding ontological gap. It argues that physicalism requires that the physical grounds the mental, which in turn requires that the physical necessitates the mental. Then it defends that argument against objections due to Zhong, Montero, and Brown. According to Zhong, ontological dependence is like causal dependence: such dependence relations can obtain in the absence of necessitation. In response, the chapter argues that Zhong’s analogy is inapt. It then turns to hypothetical scenarios in which, it is claimed, ontological dependence obtains without necessitation. Zhong, Montero, and Montero and Brown each make versions of that claim. However, each version rests on mistakes. Zhong’s version commits an equivocation fallacy. Montero and Brown fail to account for the fact that physicalism is a version of monism—and they make unwarranted assumptions about the modal relationship between fundamental physics and higher-level sciences.
Two Final Objections
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers two final objections to the knowledge argument: one based on Quinean considerations; and one based on combining different objections. The Quinean strategy has versions that correspond to familiar strategies. The chapter argues that those versions face many of the same problems as their non-Quinean analogues, and that Quinean doctrines supply physicalists with no new resources for solving those problems. The chapter also argues that the prospects for hybrid strategies are poor. The hybrids that have been attempted have not proven any more viable than their component strategies, and there is no reason to think any alternative hybrid will fare better.
Imperium and Dominium
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the structure of liberal legal thought through exemplary works from Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It explores the grammatical base of liberal legalism, including the theses of individual right, social control, and naturalizing juridical science. The chapter then moves on to the legal concept of sovereignty and the role of the right to exclude in the constitution of that concept. The discussion highlights the doubled aspect of the right to exclude, examining the sovereign’s twin rights of imperium and dominium.
On the Ideological Threshold
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses the transition point between a mature modern racial ideology and the contemporary structure of postracial xenophobia. This point of passage is notable for the dominant hold on antiracist sensibility by a colorblind antidiscrimination principle, and the rise of human rights instruments like the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).
The Structure and Main Features of the Austrian General Administrative Procedure Act (AVG)
Authors: Storr Stefan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Austrian General Administrative Procedure Act (Allgemeines Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz—AVG 1925) came into force in 1925 to modernise the outsized Austrian bureaucracy initially founded for a multi-ethnic State but abundant for the Austrian Republic after 1919. The AVG 1925 was the first administrative procedure law worldwide. It is still in force today, shapes the Austrian administrative system, and serves as a model for administrative procedure laws of many other countries. The Austrian legislator developed the previous jurisprudence of the Austrian Supreme Administrative Court on the requirements for the legality of administrative proceedings (1890–1910). The idea was to create uniform, pragmatic procedural rules throughout Austria. Thereby it was essential to shape the administrative procedure to be as simple as possible and to respect the rights of parties. This chapter focuses on and explains the development of several legal principles such as the ex officio principle, and principles of determining the proceeding by authority, efficiency, rapidity, substantive truth, the free judgement of facts, and the right to be heard.
Administrative Procedure Legislation in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Potěšil Lukáš , Křepelka Filip 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter analyses the influence of the Austrian model on administrative procedure in Czechoslovakia. The new republic emerged after the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. Similar developments—enactment of the code of administrative procedure as government regulation in 1928 were more the continuation of practices and theories than inspiration abroad, despite apparent attention to developments in Austria. Interwar Czechoslovakia also established an administrative judiciary, with the Supreme Administrative Court relying on partial personal continuity and retained expertise. The situation changed significantly after the Second World War. The Czechoslovak Communist regime intentionally abandoned legal traditions when enacting new laws, presented as a new Socialist framework. Despite it, tacit return to tried-and-tested models characterised subsequent decades when the regime embraced ‘Socialist legality’—regarding administrative procedures with the 1967 Code of Administrative Procedure, initially adopted as a parliamentary statute. Nevertheless, admitting or highlighting inspiration by a capitalist country would always be inappropriate. Recognition of national and central European traditions was possible after 1989 thanks to liberalisation and democratisation, as with the 2004 recodified Code of Administrative Procedure.
Administrative Procedure in Former Yugoslavia and the Austrian Administrative Procedure Act
Authors: Lilić Stevan , Milenković Marko 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter provides an analysis and overview of major factors that played a role in the development of administrative procedure in Yugoslavia between 1920 and 1970. It particular, the influence of the 1925 Austrian Administrative Procedure Act (AVG) on drafting and adopting the 1930 Law on General Administrative Procedure of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia is examined. General administrative procedure played a significant role in unifying the complex Yugoslav social, political, and religious system, with its manifold legal traditions which existed at the time when the new Kingdom was established in 1918. The results of the research indicate that the Austrian AVG had substantial influence over the Yugoslav law on administrative procedure as, inter alia, authors of the Yugoslav law used the AVG as a model for the structure of the law, as well as a guide for codifying particular procedural issues. The specific feature of the influence of the 1925 AVG is that the blueprint of the 1930 Yugoslav law was taken over when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was succeeded by the Socialist (Communist) Federal Republic in 1945. A ‘new’ law on general administrative procedure was adopted in 1956, basically preserving all procedural institutes of the 1930 Yugoslav law and the 1925 Austrian AVG. The chapter concludes that even after the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the newly formed post-Yugoslav States counted some ten ‘different but matching’ general administrative procedure laws produced by the AVG model and subsequent Yugoslav replicas from the 1920–70 period.
The Austrian 1925 General Administrative Procedure Act
Authors: Chiti Mario P. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter examines the possible influence on Italian law of the Austrian law of 1924 on administrative procedure. A general law on administrative procedure has been in force in Italy since 1990; it is completely innovative for national law (law no 241/1990). Its roots originate from the first administrative reforms at the end of the Second World War and from those following the 1948 Constitution. Law no 241/1990 in its initial version was a law of principles, articulated in a limited number of provisions. Even now, after many changes and additions, this law maintains a relatively light structure, at least in comparison with the laws on the administrative procedure of the major systems. Austrian law had no direct influence on these events, even though it was well known by Italian scholars of administrative law and by the reformers. It can therefore be said that the current Italian legislation is the result of a mainly national discussion, recently opened to European Union law.
Procedures vs Principles
Authors: Pfersmann Otto 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Austrian statute on General Administrative Procedure is not only highly interesting in itself as it succeeds in unifying in a clear and highly condensed way what had previously been largely dispersed in various domains and to provide these advantages at a centralised federal level. It also sets a paradigm in legal conceptions and analysis, which has largely been neglected in comparative scholarship, despite a relatively broad reception in other States. The key to this enigma may be found in part in contingent external causes, but mainly, as this chapter claims, in the fact that the Austrian model hardly fits into the categories of the leading comparative models in administrative law: French administrative justice and common law conceptions of administrative law as an unspecific part of a purportedly general rule of law. From an in-depth analysis of the relevant legal structure, it appears that the French understanding exemplifies the main elements of a common law system, mainly focusing on the elaboration of ‘principles’ through pronouncements on particular cases set by organs of undetermined legal status, sharing this feature with systems considering themselves as ‘common law’. The originality of the Austrian system thus lies less in valuating codification (as the USA ultimately did) as in the weight given to procedure within administration as a way of furthering the general interest in all concrete cases. With respect to other statutes (Spain or the USA), the difference may also reside in a strict discipline of legal hierarchy, differentiating elements that require either constitutional or regulatory norms or rules of primary legislation and where all enactments may finally be reviewed in terms of legality and constitutionality.
Carbon Dioxide through the Ages
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCarbon dioxide has become one of the ‘defining molecules’ of our century, primarily due to its role in Earth’s climate. This book traces the history of our understanding of the gas, from its early discoveries as a separate gas in the middle of the seventeenth century by van Helmont, Black, and Priestley to the recognition of its radiative properties and impact on climate by Fourier, Foote, Tyndall, Arrhenius, and Callendar in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The story of CO2 is however both larger and longer, as it has played a pivotal role in the development of the Earth and its climate. Since around 3 billion years ago, when CO2 became an essential ingredient for photosynthesis, the gas has played a major role in sustaining plant and animal growth on Earth and as a regulator of the Earth’s climate. It addresses the rise in its atmospheric concentration since the nineteenth century when humans started to use fossil fuel for energy production. It ends by setting the stage for the Paris climate accords and subsequent negotiations. The book describes the world’s slow efforts to control the rise in CO2 over the last 50 years. To achieve the goal of limiting the temperature rise to 2°C and preferably 1.5°C, the world has to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide fast, incredibly fast. We discuss some of the options to achieve that.