bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Does Perceptual Discriminability Relate to Neuronal Receptive Fields?
Authors: Zhou Jingyang , Chun Chanwoo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPerception is an outcome of neuronal computations. Our perception changes only when the underlying neuronal responses change. Because visual neurons preferentially respond to adjustments in some pixel values of an image more than others, our perception has greater sensitivity in detecting change to some pixel combinations more than others. Here, we examined how perceptual discriminability varies to arbitrary image perturbations assuming different models of neuronal responses. In particular, we investigated that under the assumption of different neuronal computations, how perceptual discriminability relates to neuronal receptive fields – the change in pixel combinations that invokes the largest increase in neuronal responses. We assumed that perceptual discriminability reflects the magnitude of change (the L2 norm) in neuronal responses, and the L2 norm assumption gained empirical support. We examined how perceptual discriminability relates to deterministic and stochastic neuronal computations. In the case of deterministic neuronal computations, perceptual discriminability is completely determined by neuronal receptive fields. For multiple layers of canonical linear-nonlinear (LN) computations in particular (which is a feed-forward neural network), neuronal receptive fields are linear transforms of the first-layer neurons’ image filters. When one image is presented to the neural network, the first-layer neurons’ filters and the linear transform completely determine neuronal receptive fields across all layers, and perceptual discriminability to arbitrary distortions to the image. We expanded our analysis to examine stochastic neuronal computations, in which case perceptual discriminability can be summarized as the magnitude of change in stochastic neuronal responses, with the L2 norm being replaced by a Fisher-information computation. Using a practical lower bound on Fisher information, we showed that for stochastic neuronal computations, perceptual discriminability is completely determined by neuronal receptive fields, together with how responses co-variate across neurons.
A high-level programming language for generative protein design
Authors: Hie Brian , Candido Salvatore , Lin Zeming , Kabeli Ori , Rao Roshan , Smetanin Nikita , Sercu Tom , Rives Alexander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCombining a basic set of building blocks into more complex forms is a universal design principle. Most protein designs have proceeded from a manual bottom-up approach using parts created by nature, but top-down design of proteins is fundamentally hard due to biological complexity. We demonstrate how the modularity and programmability long sought for protein design can be realized through generative artificial intelligence. Advanced protein language models demonstrate emergent learning of atomic resolution structure and protein design principles. We leverage these developments to enable the programmable design of de novo protein sequences and structures of high complexity. First, we describe a high-level programming language based on modular building blocks that allows a designer to easily compose a set of desired properties. We then develop an energy-based generative model, built on atomic resolution structure prediction with a language model, that realizes all-atom structure designs that have the programmed properties. Designing a diverse set of specifications, including constraints on atomic coordinates, secondary structure, symmetry, and multimerization, demonstrates the generality and controllability of the approach. Enumerating constraints at increasing levels of hierarchical complexity shows that the approach can access a combinatorially large design space.
Combining Aperiodic 1/f Slopes and Brain Simulation: An EEG/MEG Proxy Marker of Excitation/Inhibition Imbalance in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Martínez-Cañada Pablo , Perez-Valero Eduardo , Minguillon Jesus , Pelayo Francisco , López-Gordo Miguel A. , Morillas Christian 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAccumulation and interaction of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins during progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are shown to tilt neuronal circuits away from balanced excitation/inhibition (E/I). Current available techniques for noninvasive interrogation of E/I in the intact human brain, e.g., magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), are highly restrictive (i.e., limited spatial extent), have low temporal and spatial resolution and suffer from the limited ability to distinguish accurately between different neurotransmitters complicating its interpretation. As such, these methods alone offer an incomplete explanation of E/I. Recently, the aperiodic component of neural power spectrum, often referred to in the literature as the ‘ 1/f slope’, has been described as a promising and scalable biomarker that can track disruptions in E/I potentially underlying a spectrum of clinical conditions, such as autism, schizophrenia, or epilepsy, as well as developmental E/I changes as seen in aging. Using 1/f slopes from resting-state spectral data and computational modelling we developed a new method for inferring E/I alterations in AD. We tested our method on recent freely and publicly available electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) datasets of patients with AD or prodromal disease and demonstrated the method’s potential for uncovering regional patterns of abnormal excitatory and inhibitory parameters. Our results provide a general framework for investigating circuit-level disorders in AD and developing therapeutic interventions that aim to restore the balance between excitation and inhibition.
Evolutionary effects of individual variation and dimensionality of higher-order interactions on robustness of species coexistence
Authors: Baruah Gaurav , Barabás György , John Robert 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAlthough the eco-evolutionary effects of individual variation for species coexistence are still widely debated, theoretical evidence appears to support a negative impact on coexistence. Mechanistic models of eco-evolutionary effects of individual variation focus largely on pairwise interactions, while the dynamics of communities where both pairwise and higher-order interactions (HOIs) are pervasive are not known. In addition, most studies have focused on effects of high dimensional HOIs on species coexistence when in reality such HOIs could be highly structured and low-dimensional, as species interactions could primarily be mediated through phenotypic traits. Here, combining quantitative genetics and Lotka-Volterra equations, we explored the eco-evolutionary effects of individual variation on the patterns of species coexistence in a competitive community dictated by pairwise interactions and HOIs. Specifically, we compare six different models in which HOIs were modelled to be trait-mediated (low-dimensional) or random (high-dimensional) and evaluated its impact on robustness of species coexistence in the presence of different levels of individual variation. Across the six different models, we found that individual variation did not promote species coexistence, irrespective of whether interactions were pairwise or were of higher-order. However, individual trait variation could stabilize communities to external perturbation more so when interactions were of higher order. When compared across models, species coexistence is promoted when HOIs strengthen pairwise intraspecific competition more so than interspecific competition, and when HOIs act in a hierarchical manner. Additionally, across the models, we found that species’ traits tend to cluster together when individual variation in the community was low. We argue that, while individual variation can influence community patterns in many different ways, they more often lead to fewer species coexisting together.
HAPNEST: efficient, large-scale generation and evaluation of synthetic datasets for genotypes and phenotypes
Authors: Wharrie Sophie , Yang Zhiyu , Raj Vishnu , Monti Remo , Gupta Rahul , Wang Ying , Martin Alicia , O’Connor Luke J , Kaski Samuel , Marttinen Pekka , Palamara Pier Francesco , Lippert Christoph , Ganna Andrea ,   Intervene Consortium
Published: December 2022

AbstractExisting methods for simulating synthetic genotype and phenotype datasets have limited scalability, constraining their usability for large-scale analyses. Moreover, a systematic approach for evaluating synthetic data quality and a benchmark synthetic dataset for developing and evaluating methods for polygenic risk scores are lacking. We present HAPNEST, a novel approach for efficiently generating diverse individual-level genotypic and phenotypic data. In comparison to alternative methods, HAPNEST shows faster computational speed and a lower degree of relatedness with reference panels, while generating datasets that preserve key statistical properties of real data. These desirable synthetic data properties enabled us to generate 6.8 million common variants and nine phenotypes with varying degrees of heritability and polygenicity across 1 million individuals. We demonstrate how HAPNEST can facilitate biobank-scale analyses through the comparison of seven methods to generate polygenic risk scoring across multiple ancestry groups and different genetic architectures.
Is short sleep bad for the brain? Brain structure and cognitive function in short sleepers
Authors: Fjell Anders M. , Sørensen Øystein , Wang Yunpeng , Amlien Inge K. , Baaré William F.C. , Bartrés-Faz David , Boraxbekk Carl-Johan , Brandmaier Andreas M. , Demuth Ilja , Drevon Christian A. , Ebmeier Klaus P. , Ghisletta Paolo , Kievit Rogier , Kühn Simone , Madsen Kathrine Skak , Nyberg Lars , Solé-Padullés Cristina , Vidal-Piñeiro Didac , Wagner Gerd , Watne Leiv Otto , Walhovd Kristine B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMany sleep less than recommended without experiencing daytime tiredness. According to prevailing views, short sleep increases risk of lower brain health and cognitive function. Chronic mild sleep deprivation could cause undetected sleep debt, negatively affecting cognitive function and brain health. However, it is possible that some have less sleep need and are more resistant to negative effects of sleep loss. We investigated this question using a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal sample of 47,029 participants (age 20-89 years) with measures of self-reported sleep, including 51,295 MRIs of the brain and cognitive tests. 701 participants who reported to sleep < 6 hours did not experience daytime tiredness or sleep problems. These short sleepers showed significantly larger regional brain volumes than both short sleepers with daytime tiredness and sleep problems (n = 1619) and participants sleeping the recommended 7-8 hours (n = 3754). However, both groups of short sleepers showed slightly lower general cognitive function, 0.16 and 0.19 standard deviations, respectively. Analyses using acelerometer-estimated sleep duration confirmed the findings, and the associations remained after controlling for body mass index, depression symptoms, income and education. The results suggest that some people can cope with less sleep without obvious negative consequences for brain morphometry, in line with a view on sleep need as individualized. Tiredness and sleep problems seem to be more relevant for brain structural differences than sleep duration per se. However, the slightly lower performance on tests of general cognitive function warrants closer examination by experimental designs in natural settings.Significance statementShort habitual sleep is prevalent, with unknown consequences for brain health and cognitive performance. Here we show that daytime tiredness and sleep problems are more important variables for regional brain volumes than sleep duration. However, participants sleeping < 6 hours had slightly lower scores on tests of general cognitive function. This indicates that sleep need is individual, and that sleep duration per se may be a less relevant variable for brain health than daytime tiredness and sleep problems. The association between habitual short sleep and lower scores on tests of general cogntitive function must be further scrutinized in natural settings.
Nucleus accumbens acetylcholine receptors modulate the balance of flexible and inflexible cue-directed motivation
Authors: Townsend Erica S. , Amaya Kenneth A. , Smedley Elizabeth B. , Smith Kyle S. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSign-tracking is a conditioned response where animals interact with reward-predictive cues and can be used as a means to approximate a cue’s motivational value. The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) has been highly implicated in mediating the sign-tracking response. Additionally, acetylcholine (ACh) transmission throughout the striatum broadly has been attributed to both incentive motivation and behavioral flexibility. Here, we show that sign-tracking responses are indeed flexible in the face of a contingency change in the form of an omission schedule, and that this flexibility is mediated by NAc ACh. Using behavioral and pharmacological methods, we show that blockade of NAc nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) augmented sign-tracking persistence, while blockade of muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) enhanced response flexibility following introduction of the omission schedule. Further, we detail how mAChR or nAChR antagonism impacted the microstructure of sign-tracking responses. These results indicate that NAc ACh receptors have opposing roles in the regulation of sign-tracking response flexibility without altering the motivational value of the cue.
Functional Exploration of Conserved Sequences in the Distal Face of Angiotensinogen
Authors: Amioka Naofumi , Wu Chia-Hua , Sawada Hisashi , Ito Sohei , Pettey Alex C. , Wu Congqing , Moorleghen Jessica J. , Howatt Deborah A. , Graf Gregory A. , Kooi Craig W. Vander , Daugherty Alan , Lu Hong S. 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundAngiotensinogen (AGT) is an essential component in the renin-angiotensin system. AGT has highly conserved sequences in the loop and β-sheet regions among species; however, their functions have not been studied.MethodsAdeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 2/8 encoding mouse AGT with mutations of conserved sequences in the loop (AAV.loop-Mut), β-sheet (AAV.βsheet-Mut), or both regions (AAV.loop/βsheet-Mut) were injected into male hepatocyte-specific AGT deficient (hepAGT-/-) mice in an LDL receptor –/– background. AAV containing mouse wild-type AGT (AAV.mAGT) or a null vector (AAV.null) were used as controls. Two weeks after AAV administration, all mice were fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. To determine how AGT secretion is regulated in hepatocytes, AAVs containing the above mutations were transducted into HepG2 cells.ResultsIn hepAGT-/– mice infected with AAV.loop-Mut or βsheet-Mut, plasma AGT concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerosis were comparable to those in AAV.mAGT-infected mice. Surprisingly, plasma AGT concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerotic lesion size in hepAGT-/– mice infected with AAV.loop/βsheet-Mut were not different from mice infected with AAV.null. In contrast, hepaticAgtmRNA abundance was elevated to a comparable magnitude as AAV.mAGT-infected mice. Immunostaining showed that AGT protein was accumulated trol and AAV containing wild-type mouse AGT as a positive control. We have demonstra ted consistently in this and previous studies tht located in the endoplasmic reticulum.ConclusionsThe conserved sequences in either the loop or β-sheet region individually have no effect on AGT regulation, but the conserved sequences in both regions synergistically contribute to the secretion of AGT from hepatocytes.HIGHLIGHTSThe loop and β-sheet regions in the distal face of angiotensinogen (AGT) have highly conserved sequences across species.Mutations on either the loop or β-sheet regions do not affect plasma AGT concentrations, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice.The conserved sequences in the loop and β-sheet regions regulate the secretion of AGT from hepatocytes synergistically in vivo and in cultured cells.
Board gender diversity and the acquisition announcement on Friday: evidence from Spain
Authors: Farinós José Emilio , Herrero Begoña , Latorre Miguel Ángel 
Published: December 2022

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the influence of the gender diversity in the corporate board on the decision of announcing a firm acquisition on Friday. Prior evidence found the phenomenon of investor inattention.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 252 cash-financed acquisitions conducted by listed Spanish firms from 2004 to 2018 is analysed. Probit regressions are used.FindingsFirms with greater gender diversity on the board are less likely to make acquisition announcements of listed targets on Friday, thus avoiding investor inattention. Women directors seem to provide higher quality information and are more concerned about investors.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the role of women directors in the publication of information on Friday, so it complements studies on the disclosure of quality information by listed companies. The Spanish market is an adequate scenario to analyse the impact of women's participation in business decision-making because Spain was one of the first countries to legislate on gender diversity.
Networking as an entrepreneurial marketing tool: the link between effectuation and word of mouth
Authors: Robledo Sebastian , Vasquez John Eider , Duque3-Méndez Néstor Darío , Duque-Uribe Veronica 
Published: December 2022

Purpose
Effectuation has received increased attention in the field of entrepreneurship. However, previous studies have focused on performance rather than on networking and word-of-mouth (WOM) marketing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the mediating effect of networking on the relationship between effectuation and WOM marketing.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used partial least squares structural equation modeling to investigate the relationship between effectuation and WOM marketing mediated through networking. The research model was assessed using data from a sample of 256 entrepreneurs.

Findings
The results reveal that effectuation positively influences WOM marketing, mediated by networking. This study provides new insights into the precursors of WOM marketing and highlights the importance of networking in this process.

Practical implications
The implications of these findings suggest that entrepreneurs should create networking plans that focus on the maintenance and creation of new customers. This plan could be tracked via email, cell phone or online social data to maintain awareness of the failures and successes of the process and for continual improvement.

Originality/value
A vast number of studies have been conducted on effectuation and networking. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous study has investigated the influence of these two variables on WOM marketing. Entrepreneurs face long-term sales challenges, and this study proposes that networking could be a solution, thereby increasing WOM marketing sales.
Show-and-tell or hide-and-seek? Examining organizational cybersecurity incident notifications
Authors: Cram W. Alec , Mouajou-Kenfack Rissaile 
Published: December 2022

PurposeThe growing frequency of cybersecurity incidents commonly requires organizations to notify customers of ongoing events. However, the content contained within these notifications varies widely, including differences in the level of detail, apportioning of blame, compensation and corrective action. This study seeks to identify patterns contained within cybersecurity incident notifications by constructing a typology of organizational responses.Design/methodology/approachBased on a detailed review of 1,073 global cybersecurity incidents occurring during 2020, the authors obtained and qualitatively analyzed 451 customer notifications.FindingsThe results reveal three distinct organizational response types associated with the level of detail contained within the notification (full transparency, guarded and opacity), as well as three response types associated with the benefitting party (customer interest, balanced interest and company interest).Originality/valueThis work extends past classifications of cybersecurity incident notifications and provides a template of possible notification approaches that could be adopted by organizations.
Effect of agricultural extension on cotton farmer's efficiency in arid and semi‐arid areas of Burkina Faso
Authors: Akouwerabou Dénis B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis study shows that farmers in arid and semi‐arid land can improve their efficiency if they have access to agricultural extension services. An exhaustive survey was used to obtain data from 423 cotton producers in the arid zones and 144 of wetlands in Burkina Faso. The method of the directional distance function modeling a multi‐output technology was used. The results show that cotton farmers in the arid zones are not technically more inefficient than those in wetlands. On average, arid zone producers have a technical inefficiency of 0.056 while that of wetland producers is around 0.052. The agricultural extension, defined as receiving visits and advice from technical agents, is important for producers because it helps farmers choose soil and water conservation techniques and fertilizers adapted to the Agro‐climatic conditions of their respective zones. Agriculture extension also helps farmers of the arid zones to reduce their technical inefficiency by advising them to cultivate small agricultural plots. On average, in these zones, the size of an agricultural plot is around 1.03 ha compared to those of wetlands which is about 1.6 ha.
Alternative splicing of a carboxyl/choline esterase gene enhances the fenpropathrin tolerance of Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Authors: Wei Peng , Zeng Xinying , Han Haonan , Yang Yiqing , Zhang Youjun , He Lin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDetoxification plays a crucial role in agricultural pests to withstand pesticides, and cytochrome P450s, carboxyl/choline esterases (CCEs), and glutathione‐S‐transferases are the main proteins responsible for their detoxification ability. The activity of CCEs can be upregulated, downregulated, or modified by mutation. However, few studies have examined the role of alternative splicing in altering the properties of CCEs. We identified 2 variants of TcCCE23 in Tetranychus cinnabarinus: a long version (CCE23‐V1) and a short version that is 18 nucleotides shorter than CCE23‐V1 (CCE23‐V2). Whether splicing affects the activity of TcCCE23 remains unclear. Overexpression of CCE23‐V2 in fenpropathrin‐resistant T. cinnabarinus revealed that splicing affected the detoxification of fenpropathrin by CCE23‐V2. The mortality of mites was significantly higher when the expression of CCE23‐V2 was knocked down (43.2% ± 3.3%) via injection of CCE23‐dsRNA (double‐stranded RNA) compared with the control group injected with green fluorescent protein‐dsRNA under fenpropathrin exposure; however, the downregulation of CCE23‐V1 (61.3% ± 6.3%) by CCE23‐small interfering RNA had no such effect, indicating CCE23‐V2 plays a greater role in xenobiotic metabolism than CCE23‐V1. The tolerance of flies overexpressing CCE23‐V2 to fenpropathrin (50% lethal dose [LD50] = 19.47 μg/g) was significantly higher than that of Gal4/UAS‐CCE23‐V1 transgenic flies (LD50 = 13.11 μg/g). Molecular docking analysis showed that splicing opened a “gate” that enlarges the substrate binding cavity of CCE23‐V2, might enhance the ability of CCE23‐V2 to harbor fenpropathrin molecules. These findings suggest that splicing might enhance the detoxifying capability of TcCCE23. Generally, our data improve the understanding of the diversity and complexity of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of CCEs.