bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey on LLM-Generated Text Detection: Necessity, Methods, and Future Directions
Authors: Wu Junchao , Yang Shu , Zhan Runzhe , Yuan Yulin , Chao Lidia Sam , Wong Derek Fai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The remarkable ability of large language models (LLMs) to comprehend, interpret, and generate complex language has rapidly integrated LLM-generated text into various aspects of daily life, where users increasingly accept it. However, the growing reliance on LLMs underscores the urgent need for effective detection mechanisms to identify LLM-generated text. Such mechanisms are critical to mitigating misuse and safeguarding domains like artistic expression and social networks from potential negative consequences. LLM-generated text detection, conceptualized as a binary classification task, seeks to determine whether an LLM produced a given text. Recent advances in this field stem from innovations in watermarking techniques, statistics-based detectors, and neural-based detectors. Human-assisted methods also play a crucial role. In this survey, we consolidate recent research breakthroughs in this field, emphasizing the urgent need to strengthen detector research. Additionally, we review existing datasets, highlighting their limitations and developmental requirements. Furthermore, we examine various LLM-generated text detection paradigms, shedding light on challenges like out-of-distribution problems, potential attacks, real-world data issues, and ineffective evaluation frameworks. Finally, we outline intriguing directions for future research in LLM-generated text detection to advance responsible artificial intelligence. This survey aims to provide a clear and comprehensive introduction for newcomers while offering seasoned researchers valuable updates in the field.1
Forgetting the Covenant of Her God
Authors: O’Kelly Matthew A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Three main proposals have been put forward for how to understand the covenant of the foreign woman’s God in Prov. 2:17: (1) the marriage covenant; (2) a covenant with her foreign god; or (3) the covenant with Yhwh, usually specified as the Sinai covenant. In this essay it is argued that the Sinai covenant is indeed in view, but that to properly square this with the fact that the woman is in fact depicted as “foreign” requires further explanation. It is argued that, with due attention to the socio-political and religious dynamics of the late Persian period (when Proverbs 1–9 is widely agreed to have been written), along with a robust understanding of the constructed nature of ethnic foreignness, emerging tensions between Judah and Samaria in the late Persian period provide a probable scenario for seeing how this was so.
Track Two Dialogue in Times of War – Unsuitable or Advancing Peace for Ukraine?
Authors: Fink Oliver , Graf Wilfried 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Massive intergroup violence such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine continues to inflict devastating harm to individuals and societies. Civil societies generally do not need to remain inactive and can support peace processes even in severely escalated, apparently unsolvable intergroup conflicts. However, such engagement is delicate, and the exact conditions that make such commitment possible and effective in ‘classic’ interstate war settings remain unclear. Herbert C. Kelman (1927–2022), a social psychologist at Harvard University, developed seminal approaches of unofficial ‘Track Two’ diplomacy and problem-solving, mainly in the Israeli-Palestinian intergroup conflict. Using metatheory and critical hermeneutics, we suggest its current updated form is the conceptual enhancement from inter-group to complex intra/inter-national settings. Therefore, Track Two approaches can be valuable in the Russia/Ukraine setting. The paper outlines initial efforts of ongoing facilitated dialogue, unilateral on both sides and inter-coordinational between, offering inroads in an interstate context where conflict transformation is desperately needed.
„Statuty Synodu Zamojskiego 1720 roku” – wybrane zagadnienia prawodawczej konwencji piśmienniczej
Authors: Łapa Romana 
Published: January 2025

Statutes of the Synod of Zamość of 1720: Selected Issues of Legislative Writing Conventions
This article discusses the documentation that culminated the Synod of Zamość, which was held between August and September of 1720. The Synod is considered a significant event in the history of the Greek Catholic Church, as well as in the histories of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. The focus of this description is on nineteen synodal statutes, which, although already examined from historical, legal and liturgical perspectives, have yet to receive thorough linguistic analysis. Applying pragmatic, syntactic and semantic principles, the author examines selected issues related to the implementation of legislative writing conventions in these texts. The conventions in question are derived from philological studies of medieval monuments of official language. Specifically, the article characterises the diverse and numerous verbs in performative function found in Statuty Synodu Zamojskiego 1720 roku [Statutes of the Synod of Zamość of 1720]. The analysis also covers highly frequent causal sentence structures that convey content justifying legislative directives.

Statuty Synodu Zamojskiego 1720 roku – wybrane zagadnienia prawodawczej konwencji piśmienniczej
W artykule omówiono dokumentację wieńczącą obradujący na przełomie sierpnia i września 1720 roku Synod Zamojski, który uchodzi za istotne wydarzenie w dziejach Kościoła greckokatolickiego, a także w historii Polski, Ukrainy i Białorusi. Przedmiot opisu stanowi dziewiętnaście statutów synodalnych, które, zbadane pod kątem historycznym, prawnym i liturgicznym – jak dotąd – nie doczekały się dokładnych analiz językoznawczych. Autorka, sięgając do założeń pragmatycznych i składniowo-semantycznych, rozważa w podanych tekstach wybrane zagadnienia związane z realizacją w nich prawodawczej konwencji piśmienniczej, która stanowi rezultat badań filologicznych nad średniowiecznymi zabytkami języka urzędowego. Dokładniej charakteryzuje zróżnicowane formalnie i licznie reprezentowane w Statutach Synodu Zamojskiego 1720 roku czasowniki w funkcji performatywnej. Analizuje również odznaczające wysoką frekwencją struktury zdaniowe o charakterze przyczynowym, które niosą treści uzasadniające prawodawczą dyrektywę.
Navigating the moral landscapes in research into children’s digital lives: Reflections from Türkiye and the United Kingdom
Authors: Üzümcü Hamide Elif , Berriman Liam 
Published: January 2025

Objective: This paper offers methodological reflections on the ethical challenges of researching children’s everyday lives in a digital context, drawing on two studies conducted in different international contexts: the United Kingdom (Everyday Childhoods) and Türkiye (Children’s Individual Privacy at Home and in Digital Environments). Method: Both studies were qualitative and ethnographic in character, concerned with understanding how we can study the digital lives of children in situ – within family relationships, educational settings and the social/leisure worlds of young people. Results and Conclusion: In exploring children’s digital lives across these different spaces, we encountered numerous challenges and tensions that shaped the possibilities of making children’s digital lives researchable. In particular, our work involved navigating moral concerns of what might be considered ‘healthy’, ‘educational’ and ‘appropriate’ digital practices by adults in children’s lives, and children’s concerns of having their digital lives researched by adults. By bringing findings from these studies into conversation with each other, we seek to draw out some of the key learnings about the challenges of researching this increasingly prominent aspect of children’s everyday lives as a moral landscape. By taking two studies from different international contexts, we also consider how dialogues between the studies can generate insights into the particular politics of researching children’s digital lives within particular places and cultures.
Healthy Teachers, Healthy Schools: Pre-service teachers’ experiences of a comprehensive school health programme in Canada
Authors: Morrison Hayley J , Bird Melissa A , Del Bianco Taylor , Janssen Karly , Sulz Lauren D , Gleddie Douglas L 
Published: January 2025

Objectives and Setting: Student physical and psychosocial health is an area of concern in Canadian schools, as poor health can be a disrupting factor to both academic performance and quality of life. The Comprehensive School Health (CSH) approach is an internationally recognised framework that can promote student health and academic outcomes in post-secondary settings. However, it is not known how the CSH framework can be embedded within post-secondary institutions. The objective of this study was to explore pre-service teachers’ experiences of CSH at the newly implemented ‘Healthy Teachers, Healthy Schools’ Symposium in the Faculty of Education at the University of Alberta. Design and Methods: Senior level students ( n = 26) participated in focus group activities on the topic of CSH at the university. Notes and information about the topic were documented on charts, sticky notes and drawings. All data were compiled and thematically analysed. Results: Three themes were identified: (a) opportunities for personal and professional growth; (b) connections and student-centred instruction; and (c) physical spaces and places of wellness. Our results demonstrate tangible outcomes at the faculty/programme, instructor and student levels in successfully developing CSH. Conclusion: Embedding CSH in a university setting can create a safe, healthy, welcoming and affirming community in which students can develop the knowledge, skills, and understanding to support health and well-being in various contexts, for the self and for others.
Prevalence and predictors of positive childhood experiences and their relationship with adverse childhood experiences among young adults in Delhi-NCR, India
Authors: Chaudhary Vineet , Walia Gagandeep Kaur , Devi Naorem Kiranmala , Saraswathy Kallur Nava 
Published: January 2025

Background: Although positive childhood experiences (PCEs) have been reported to be crucial for healthy development and better mental and physical health outcomes, their epidemiology and relationship with adverse childhood experiences (ACE) exposure in low and middle-income countries, including India remain underexplored. Aims: The present study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and predictors of PCE exposure and understand the relationship between PCE and ACE exposure among young adults in Delhi-NCR, India. Methods: The present cross-sectional study involved a total of 1,573 young adults (18–25 years) of both sexes (69.7% females) recruited from two Universities in Delhi-NCR, India. PCEs and ACEs were measured using the Benevolent Childhood Experiences scale and ACE-International Questionnaire. Results: Of the total participants, 42.6% reported experiencing all 10 PCEs, while 50.2% had experienced 6 to 9, and 7.2% had experienced 0 to 5 PCEs. Further, the mean PCE score of the sample was 8.64. Certain sociodemographic groups, for instance, participants from immigrant families, sexual minority groups and those who were obese during childhood than their respective counterparts were at lower odds of high PCE exposure. Also, the study found a significant inverse correlation between ACE and PCE exposure levels; however, the effect size was moderate. Conclusions: The study indicates the need for targeted PCE promotion interventions for disadvantaged sociodemographic groups. The intervention should simultaneously aim at reducing ACEs, as PCE promotion alone may not always lead to ACE reduction.
Association Between a Family Caregiver’s Relationship to Persons With Dementia and Cardiovascular Disease by Race and Ethnicity: A Secondary Analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data
Authors: Baik Dawon , Centi Sophia , Schmiege Sarah J. 
Published: January 2025

Background: Caregiver stress is linked to key mechanisms for developing cardiovascular disease and the burden differs by caregiving relationship (eg, spouse). Furthermore, cardiovascular disease risk in family caregivers (FCGs) has been shown to differ by race and ethnicity. However, little is known about whether the association between caregiving relationship and FCGs’ cardiovascular health differs by race and ethnicity. Objective: This study examined the association between an FCG’s relationship to persons with dementia and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease conditions and identified how these associations differed by race and ethnicity in FCGs. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the 2015-2020 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between predictors (caregiving relationship, race/ethnicity, and their interaction) and outcomes (cardiovascular disease risk and conditions). Results: A sample of 6042 FCGs of persons with dementia were included. When analyzing race/ethnicity groups as a whole, cardiovascular disease risk and conditions differed significantly by caregiving relationship. Notably, spouse caregivers were at higher risk of diabetes, stroke, angina, and myocardial infarction, while showing lower rates of current smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity, compared to adult children. The associations between caregiving relationship and select cardiovascular disease risk factors (depression, previous smoking) differed significantly between racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions: There is a need to develop culturally appropriate cardiovascular preventive health care strategies that reduce cardiovascular disease risks by considering caregiving relationship. Research is especially needed among minoritized racial and ethnic FCG groups.
Nudging Household Adoption of Time-of-Use Electricity Flexible Rate Plan in China: The Effect of Setting Defaults and Framing Messages
Authors: Jia Huanyu , Lin Boqiang 
Published: January 2025

Time-of-use flexible rate plans charge varying prices for electricity use by hour of day to discourage on-peak use and encourage off-peak use. Residential uptake of these plans may benefit themselves and contribute to the transition to low-carbon economy. The current take-up rate in Chinese households remains suboptimal. Setting defaults and framing messages are popular low-cost strategies informed by behavioral economics to promote consumer behavior change. However, little existing literature examines their effectiveness in enhancing the plans acceptance in Chinese residents. Using an online survey data over 2,860 respondents, this paper finds that, setting the default choice to enroll in the TOU plans noticeably increases willingness to adopt. Moreover, people’s intention to participate grow remarkably after receiving information on the potential economic benefits of uptake. Furthermore, economically-loss framing (describing missed potential savings if not involved) is discovered to be more effective than gain-framing. Implications for designing better promotional information are discussed. JEL Classification: D12
Social Connections, Leukocyte Telomere Length, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults From Costa Rica: The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES)
Authors: Gan Danting , Baylin Ana , Peterson Karen E. , Rosero-Bixby Luis , Ruiz-Narváez Edward A. 
Published: January 2025

Objectives To examine the association of social connections with blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and all-cause mortality in older Costa Ricans. Methods Utilizing data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), a prospective cohort of 2827 individuals aged 60 and above followed since 2004, we constructed a Social Network Index (SNI) based on marital status, household size, interaction with non-cohabitating adult children, and church attendance. We used linear regression to assess SNI’s association with baseline LTL ( N = 1113), and Cox proportional-hazard models to examine SNI’s relationship with all-cause mortality ( N = 2735). Results Higher SNI levels were associated with longer telomeres and decreased all-cause mortality during follow-up. Being married and regular church attendance were associated with 23% and 24% reductions of the all-cause mortality, respectively. Discussion These findings underscore the importance of social engagement in promoting longevity among older Costa Ricans, suggesting broader implications for aging populations globally.
Rotation angle between the femoral and tibial components in varus/valgus stress X-rays following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Hijikata Hiroki , Mochizuki Tomoharu , Maeda Keisuku , Tanifuji Osamu , Omori Go , Yamamoto Noriaki , Kawashima Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2025

Introduction The impact of rotational angle between the femoral and tibial components is often overlooked in the 2D evaluation of varus/valgus stability after TKA with anterior-posterior knee X-rays. The rotation angle between the femoral and tibial components may influence the measured angle and distance between these components in 2D stress X-rays following TKA. Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the rotational angle between the femoral and tibial components on the evaluation of varus/valgus stability using stress X-rays following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods This prospective study analyzed 48 consecutive rTKAs (three males, aged 68 ± 6.4 years; 45 females, aged 75 ± 5.9 years). Postoperative varus/valgus stress X-rays were taken at maximum manual stress during knee extension under anesthesia, and were analyzed three-dimensionally using a 2D-3D image matching technique with 3D bone and component models. The rotation angles of the components (CR angles) were assessed under conditions of no stress, valgus stress, and varus stress. Additionally, the varus/valgus angle (VV angle) between components was evaluated under the same conditions. Medial joint opening (MJO) and lateral joint opening (LJO) were also measured in both stressed and non-stressed states. Results The CR angles under no stress, valgus stress, and varus stress were 9.9 ± 5.5°, 10.1 ± 6.2°, and 10.8 ± 5.1°, respectively. The VV angles under no stress, valgus stress, and varus stress were 3.6 ± 1.1°, 1.1 ± 1.4°, and 7.1 ± 1.9°, respectively. The MJO in the non-stress condition and under valgus stress were 0.0 ± 0.4 mm and 1.3 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The LJO in the non-stress condition and under varus stress were 0.9 ± 0.9 mm and 2.9 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. Conclusions This prospective study revealed two key findings: (1) the CR angle in varus stress was significantly more externally rotated compared to the CR angle in the non-stress condition, and (2) no significant correlations were found between the rotational angle of the components and the VV angle, MJO, or LJO.
Biomechanical and clinical assessment of dissociation in bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Ozan Fırat , Okur Kürşat Tuğrul , Mavi Fırat , Pekedis Mahmut 
Published: January 2025

Background Dissociation is a special type of dislocation that is rarely seen in bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Objectıve To investigate the clinical and biomechanical causes of dissociative dislocation of acetabular cup components in the hips of patients after bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA). Methods BHA heads were divided into three groups according to their design. Cam-out and pull-out biomechanical tests were conducted to investigate the separation strengths of the BHA heads. Results Among the 1684 BHA surgeries performed, the revision surgery rate was 4% (68 hips) and dissociation rate was 0.8% (15 hips). According to the cam-out test result, the highest values in the parameters ultimate force (Fmax) ultimate torque (T), vertical displacement at maximum force (δm), rotation at maximum force (ϕm), maximum principal strain (Ɛmax), minimum principal strain (Ɛmin), average normal strain (Ɛav), maximum shear strain (γmax), uniaxial normal strain (Ɛun) were detected in Type 2 BHA head. The pull-out values of the implants were sufficient to prevent the distraction force that may occur on the implant due to manual traction applied to the hip dislocations. However, in closed reduction maneuvers, cam-out-shaped deformation forces may cause dissociation in Types 1 and 3, but not in Type 2 BHA heads. According to the pull-out test results, while high values were detected in the parameters Fmax and stiffness ( k) in the Type 2 BHA head, δm and maximum force (E) parameters were found to be high in the Type 1 BHA head. In the cam-out test, a strong positive relationship was found between the thickness and width of the polyethylene locking ring and Fmax, T, δm, ϕm, Ɛmax, γmax, Ɛun. Conclusıon Better BHA head designs and polyethylene designs may help resolve the rare problem of dissociation, which almost always leads to resurgical procedures.
Pharmacological Activities of Polyherbal Formulations of Saraca asoca and Its Substitute Plants: A Comparative Evaluation Study
Authors: Abidfaheem Thelakkadan , Joy Jibin , Rahaman Abdul Rasheed Abdul , Nagappan Kannappan , Anbiah Sathiavakoo Vigil , Rani Smitha , Suhail Pattilthodika 
Published: January 2025

Background Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wild has been utilized in various commercial polyherbal preparations to treat gynecological disorders. Adulteration or replacement of similar raw pharmaceuticals is a widespread technique in its manufacture due to shortage. Purpose The current study aimed to determine the pharmacological efficiency of Kingiodendron pinnatum and Cynometra travancorica as alternatives for S. asoca in Arishta formulations. Methods Arishta was prepared using S. asoca and with the substitutes as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The antiestrogenic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidant activity of each Arishtam were evaluated. Results After administering each Arishtam of dose 400 µl/kg body weight orally, when compared to normal, the estrogen level of Arishtam prepared with C. travancorica showed the greatest decrease (131.45 ± 10.62 pg/ml) compared to the other two groups. Upon oral administration of each Arishtam of doses 200 and 400 µl/kg body weight, the edema in the animal group administered with the higher dosage of AshokArishtam was reduced by 65.88% when compared to the control. Arishtam prepared with K. pinnatum and C. travancorica showed 60% and 67.06% of inhibition, respectively. Each Arishtam also improved the antioxidant levels in both blood and liver. Conclusion The study supports the use of K. pinnatum and C. travancorica as substitutes for S. asoca in Asokarishta and provides empirical support for Asokarishta in gynecological illnesses.