bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PKM Pengenalan Uji Bahan Alam HPLC Untuk Analisis Obat Tradisonal Pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir Jurusan Kimia
Authors: Sitti Faika  , Netti Herawati  , Pince Salempa  , Muh. Syahrir  , Ramdani  , Muh. Yunus  
Published: August 2023

Mitra Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini adalah mahasiswa tingkat akhir prodi Kimia Jurusan Kimia Universitas Negeri Makassar. Ditemukan bahwa kebanyakan mahasiswa tingkat akhir masih banyak yang belum mengenal lebih dalam dan mengoperasikan instrument Kromatographi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (HPLC). Sulawesi Selatan sebagai salah satu Kawasan industri memerlukan tenaga kompetitif yang memiliki kemampuan mengoperasikan alat instrument dilaboratorium yang menunjang analisis suatu sampel terutama bahan alam. Oleh karena itu, mahasiswa diharapkan dibekali pengetahuan bagaimana cara mengoperasikan alat HPLC. Metode blanded learning (BL) menjadi salah satu metode yang cukup efektif berupa ceramah dan diskusi dikelas dilanjutkan dengan praktek langsung di laboratorium instrument Jurusan kimia. Hasil kemitraan menunjukkan peningkatan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam teknik analisis sampel obat tradisional menggunakan instrument HPLC dan tingkat kepercaayn diri mereka dalam menghadapi dunia kerja setelah lulus perkuliahan.
Reasons Patients Seek Ophthalmic Medical Certificates/ Reports at the Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Amaku, Awka, Nigeria
Authors: Ochiogu Bernard Chukwunonyerem , Onwuegbuna Arinze Anthony , Apakama Akunne Ijeoma 
Published: August 2023

Background: Medical certificates or medical reports are often requested by patients for varying reasons which include permission to absent from work, school or certain duties or as evidence of ill health or ocular injury.
Aim: To explore the reasons patients seek medical certificate/medical report at the Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Nigeria.
Methods: This is a retrospective hospital based study conducted at the Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka. The case files of new patients seen at the Eye Unit of the hospital from January 2016 to December 2021were examined. Those who requested for medical certificates/reports were identified and relevant information were extracted for the study. The results were analyzed and presented with frequency tables.
Results: Out of the 4407 new patients seen, 290(6.6%) requested ophthalmic medical certificate. Among the 290 patients, 170 (58.6%) were males while 120 (41.4%) were females, with male to female ratio of 1.4:1. The age range was 9 years to 75 years, while the mean age was 35.9years. Obtaining tinted vehicle wind shield permit 49 (16.9%) was the most common reason for seeking ophthalmic medical certificate followed by voluntary retirement. Civil servants 75 (25.2%) constituted the most common group, followed by students/pupils 57(26.2%). Among those that applied, 214 (73.8%) were granted while 76 (26.2%) were not granted. Ninety seven (33.4%) cases had ocular morbidities of which assault cases 19(19.6%) were responsible for most of the ocular morbidities. Refractive error was the commonest diagnosis and some people had more than one diagnosis. Most patients 221 (96.2%) had presenting visual acuity of 6/6 – 6/18. Four patients had presenting visual acuity of <3/60 in both eyes.
Conclusion: Ophthalmic medical certificates/reports are requested for many reasons by patients. While some reasons are genuine, others are not. It behooves the certifier to obtain proper information about the patient. The certificate/report should be accurate, not misleading and devoid of sentiments.
Study of Genetic Diversity for Rust Resistance and Yield Related Traits in F5 and F6 Populations of Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Mohammadi Lina , Kumar Mukesh , Singh Vikram , Akbarzai Darya Khan 
Published: August 2023

Aims: To study the variability for morphological traits and yellow rust resistance in the bread wheat.
Study Design: Randomized block design (RBD) at a 5% level of significance.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was undertaken in the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 cropping seasons.
Methodology: A total of 210 F5 and F6 progenies from the cross WH711 (susceptible) x PBW698 (resistant) including parents were evaluated in a single row of 1m length and 11 different morphological traits were included in the study. Infector rows were planted and artificial inoculation (using spray method) was carried out under field conditions using Pst (Puccinia striformis) isolate as a source of inoculums.
Results: The analysis of variance was highly significant (P<0.01) for yield and its related components. In F5 and F6 generations, high to moderate PCV and GCV were recorded for harvest index, biological yield/plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield/plant, number of spikelets/spike, and number of grains/spike. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percent of mean was observed for the number of grains/spike, number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield/plant, harvest index, and grain yield/plant in F5 and F6 generations. The correlation coefficient studies revealed that grain yield/ plant is significantly correlated with all yield-attributing characters except with days to heading in F5 and plant height in F6 generation. The path analysis recommended that all the traits had maximum positive direct contribution towards grain yield/plant except plant height and days to heading in F5 and F6 generations. The 135 and 148 progenies showed no infection in F5 and F6 generations.
Conclusion: The presence of substantial variability has existed among the tested wheat lines and possibility of improving yield and other desirable traits through selection or hybridization. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of grain yield with important quantitative characters. Hence, improving one or more of these traits could result in a high grain yield/ plant.
Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Cluster Analysis in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.) Under Timely and Late Sown Conditions
Authors: Gupta Anuj , Chauhan Sugandh , Tyagi Sunil Dutt , Singh Satpal 
Published: August 2023

Two sets of field experiments were conducted at Genetics and Plant Breeding Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Faizabad(U.P.), India during Rabi 2014-15 with 30 diverse genotypes of Indian mustard including three checks (Kranti, Vardan and RGN-73) to assess the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance under timely (TS) and late sown (LS) conditions. The genotypes were evaluated for thirteen quantitative characters. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters. The maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability was observed for biological yield plant-1 in timely sown condition while in late sown condition the maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability was observed for seed yield plant-1. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for biological yield plant-1 and seed yield plant-1 in both TS and LS conditions indicating the influence of additive gene effects. D2 analysis grouped the 30 genotypes into six clusters. The distribution of genotypes in both the environments was different. Maximum genotypes (11) were present in cluster II in TS while maximum genotypes (12) were present in cluster IV in LS. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters IV and VI in TS while in LS the clusters II and VI showed maximum inter cluster distance. Hybridization among the genotypes separated by high inter-cluster distance will result in most heterotic crosses.
The Effect of the Climate Change Looming for Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Yadav Manisha 
Published: August 2023

In recent years, with global temperature rise, extreme weather and climate events, especially high temperature heat waves, floods and droughts, occur more frequently. Recent observational and simulation projections with paleoclimate research reported that monsoon rainfall would become uncertain in the forthcoming century. One of the major problem in predicting the ISM is the accumulation of uncertainties arising from the complex role of Anthropocene activities on the climate system. This, in turn, would result in indecisions in the projected Gross Domestic Product (GDP), sustainable growth, and economy. About 21% of the Indian GDP is contributed by Agriculture (arguably the backbone of India's Economy) which itself highly dependent on the spatial and temporal distribution of monsoon rainfall. This paper reviews the projection of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in looming climate change. Evaluating the uncertainties in future monsoon behavior predictions would facilitate informed decision-making while formulating strategies for a sustainable Economy and energy policy. Reliable predictions of future ISM in the context of climate change are required while formulating adaptation strategies for sustainable growth and water availability.
Epidemiology of Skin Disease
Authors: Williams Hywel C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn addition to describing the prevalence and morbidity, modern epidemiology offers one of the most direct methods for identifying the causes of skin diseases such as nicotinic acid causing pellagra or ultraviolet causing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Identifying risk factors for skin disease can lead to effective prevention which is better than treating sick individuals who present after a long chain of pathological events. This chapter explains the importance of thinking in terms of a population diagnosis rather than individual diagnoses and how a public health approach may be effective for some skin conditions such as scabies. Extensive information on the global burden of skin disease is presented, which describes how skin disease is a leading cause of disability‐adjusted life years. The chapter concludes with a description of a needs assessment for planning appropriate and comprehensive skin care, along with a useful glossary, checklists and further reading resources.
Genetics and the Skin
Authors: McGrath John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The mass of new knowledge emerging from studies on the human genome is having a major impact on how we investigate and understand the molecular basis of human diseases. Although the principles of genetics that govern the modes of inheritance and patterns of disease remain important, new DNA sequencing tools are providing substantial novel insights into genetic susceptibility, disease causation and clinical variation. Understanding how the new genetics is changing clinical practice is fundamental to improving the management of patients with the vast number of skin diseases that are influenced by genetic variants, both common and rare.
Adverse Immunological Reactions to Drugs
Authors: Ardern‐Jones Michael R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDrug hypersensitivity reactions have been the subject of great interest to immunologists for more than half a century, yet the precise molecular pathways involved in their pathogenesis remain elusive. Significant recent advances include the discovery that abacavir directly binds the HLA‐B*5701 MHC peptide groove, thereby altering the repertoire of self‐peptides that can be expressed in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This induces T‐cell‐mediated inflammation and the hypersensitivity syndrome. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations with severe cutaneous adverse reactions have so far been shown for six different drugs. However, the link between HLA association and clinical phenotype is confusing, with carbamazepine hypersensitivity associated with both HLA‐B*1502 and HLA‐A*3101. Genetic studies show that the former only predisposes to Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), yet the latter associates with exanthems, systemic hypersensitivity and SJS/TEN. In TEN, multiple molecular mechanisms of keratinocyte death have been postulated, but two predominate: (i) FasL up‐regulation and induction of Fas‐mediated keratinocyte cell death; and (ii) cytotoxic granulysin production by T, NK and NKT cells. Whether these act independently or synergistically remains to be established.
Principles of Measurement and Assessment in Dermatology
Authors: Finlay Andrew Y. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMethods to measure skin disease may involve measurement of signs (the Psoriasis Area Severity Index and SCORAD (scoring atopic dermatitis)), symptoms (visual analogue scales, itch scores or the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory), the impact on quality of life (the Dermatology Life Quality Index, the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index or Skindex) or the benefit that patients perceive they have received from treatment (the Patient Benefit Index). There are also objective methods, such as ultrasound, to measure skin thickness. Measurement techniques should be validated to ensure that they correctly measure what they set out to measure. Methods may be designed for use in a particular skin disease, or for use across dermatology.
Principles of Systemic Therapy
Authors: Tidman Michael J. , Smith Catherine H. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter on systemic dermatological therapy aims to provide practising dermatologists with sufficient information about the most frequently used systemic medications to enable these to be used for treating skin disease to the maximum benefit and minimum detriment to their patients. The introduction covers general aspects of systemic therapy, including patient selection and education, risk reduction measures and the importance of good record keeping. Thereafter follows a detailed review of immunomodulatory and antimicrobial drugs, including antihistamines, antimalarial agents, azathioprine, ciclosporin, colchicine, dapsone, fumaric acid esters, glucocorticoids, hydroxycarbamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, potassium iodide, protein therapies (biological drugs and intravenous immunoglobulin), retinoids, thalidomide, antibiotics, antifungal agents and antiviral drugs. The profile of each individual drug includes its pharmacological properties (formula and structure, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and, where relevant, pharmacogenetic aspects), potential adverse effects, contraindications, cautions, drug–drug interactions, pre‐treatment screening, dosage regimens, monitoring requirements and its range of licensed and off‐label dermatological usage.
Principles of Skin Surgery
Authors: Hussain S. Walayat , Motley Richard J. , Wang Timothy S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWith the increasing global burden of skin cancer, the role of surgery in the armamentarium of the clinical dermatologist has never been so important. This chapter introduces the reader to the fundamentals of dermatological surgery. For the novice, the chapter outlines the basics of skin surgery including relevant anatomy, biopsy techniques and the simple elliptical excision. A comprehensive review and guide to common suturing techniques used during skin surgery is also provided. For the more experienced dermatologist, in addition to Mohs micrographic surgery, advanced cutaneous reconstructive techniques including full‐ and split‐thickness skin grafts, and one‐ and two‐stage flaps are also discussed. Important safety aspects and complications associated with skin surgery are dealt with. The chapter also provides a comprehensive guide to the essential equipment necessary prior to embarking upon cutaneous surgery.
Principles of Phototherapy
Authors: McKenna Kevin , Ibbotson Sally 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPhototherapy or ‘light therapy’ has been used to treat skin diseases since ancient times. Modern phototherapy uses specific wavelengths typically within the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum, by means of treatment modalities including UVB phototherapy (narrow‐band UVB 311–313 nm), photochemotherapy (psoralen and UVA; PUVA), UVA‐1 phototherapy and extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis) to treat a variety of skin diseases. The most frequently treated skin diseases include psoriasis, eczema, cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL; mycosis fungoides), vitiligo and various photodermatoses. Narrow‐band UVB is the most commonly used phototherapy and is the phototherapy of first choice for most indications. PUVA is used mainly for UVB phototherapy treatment failures and in specific conditions, such as palmoplantar pustulosis, pustular psoriasis and pityriasis rubra pilaris. UVA‐1 is particularly useful for the treatment of sclerotic skin conditions such as morphoea and for atopic eczema. Photopheresis is indicated for the severe forms of CTCL: Sézary syndrome and graft‐versus‐host disease. The main short‐term hazard of UV therapy is burning of the skin and the primary long‐term concern is of skin cancer risk. Systemic PUVA is associated with a dose‐related increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma. No evidence of increased risk of skin cancer has yet been shown for UVB or UVA‐1 phototherapy. To avoid adverse events, careful patient selection, education and assessment of skin cancer risk is important. In addition, accurate dosimetry and UV lamp maintenance is required. Patient and staff safety is of paramount importance and is ensured by the establishment of good clinical governance pathways.
Fungal Infections
Authors: Hay Roderick J. , Ashbee H. Ruth 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the principles of medical mycology together with an introductory section on pathogenesis and the methods used to diagnose fungal infections. These are then set in the context of human fungal infections affecting the skin. The more common superficial mycoses such as dermatophyte andCandidainfection are included together with the rarer subcutaneous mycoses such as sporotrichosis and the deep and systemic infections. The main HIV/AIDS‐related conditions are covered from diagnosis to treatment. The treatment regimens are summarized using simple algorithms and there is a useful glossary of the mycological terms used in the chapter.
Psoriasis and Related Disorders
Authors: Burden A. David , Kirby Brian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPsoriasis encompasses a group of related immune‐mediated inflammatory skin diseases that affect up to 3% of the population. These diseases are heritable and over 40 genetic susceptibility loci have been identified, many of which are involved in antigen presentation, cytokine signalling or innate antimicrobial responses. The commonest presentation of psoriasis is plaque psoriasis but the disease is clinically hetereogeneous in its manifestations and natural history depending on the age of the patient, environmental triggers and the sites affected. Distinct but related phenotypes include psoriatic arthritis, palmoplantar pustulosis and generalized pustular psoriasis. Psoriasis is associated with co‐morbidities including obesity, diabetes, vascular disease, depression and inflammatory bowel disease, which contribute to the considerable morbidity and increased mortality. Treatments include topical agents for disease of limited extent, phototherapy (UVB, PUVA) and systemic therapy (methotrexate, ciclosporin, acitretin, fumarates) for more extensive disease, and biological treatment (tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors, ustekinumab) for severe resistant psoriasis.
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Authors: Chu Anthony C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) comprises a group of clinically similar papulosquamous dermatoses, the underlying pathogenesis of which is only just beginning to be unravelled. They initially present with erythematous hyperkeratotic perifollicular papules that tend to coalesce into plaques but may progress to erythroderma, particularly in adults. The distribution, age of onset and speed of onset differ markedly between patients and these differences have been used to classify PRP into a number of clinically distinct subtypes. Using candidate gene screening, investigators have identified heterozygous gene mutations in
CARD14
, an activator of nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) signalling, which is implicated in other inflammatory diseases. In addition to coverage of conventional therapies such as acitretin and methotrexate, the place of biological agents, in particular ustekinumab, in managing these disorders is discussed.
Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Disorders
Authors: Piguet Vincent , Breathnach Stephen M. , Le Cleach Laurence 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLichenoid disorders are inflammatory disorders characterized clinically by flat‐topped, papular lesions and histologically by a lymphocytic infiltrate with a band‐like distribution in the papillary dermis. This group of conditions includes lichen planus, lichen planopilaris, lichen nitidus and keratosis lichenoides chronica, among others.
Eczematous Disorders
Authors: Ingram John R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEczema, also known as dermatitis, is a clinical and histopathological pattern of skin inflammation, which presents as pruritus, skin dryness and erythema. This chapter covers the non‐atopic eczema subtypes, which can be classified based on aetiology and skin site. The main subtypes are: nummular dermatitis, asteatotic eczema, hand eczema, venous eczema of the lower legs, eyelid eczema, juvenile plantar dermatosis and miscellaneous eczematous dermatoses. Eczema may result in skin lichenification and severe eczema is the commonest cause of erythroderma. Quality of life for patients and their families may be considerably reduced and occupational issues may add to the financial consequences. Management of non‐atopic eczema involves the avoidance of any external causes, where relevant, and treatment modalities that are similar to those for atopic eczema, in the context that relatively few clinical trials have been performed for non‐atopic eczema.
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis
Authors: Wakelin Sarah 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeborrhoeic dermatitis is a common, chronic, inflammatory dermatosis that has a predilection for the scalp, facial creases and large flexures including the ano‐genital area. It affects adults of all ages and often runs a relapsing course. A short‐lived infantile variant is also recognized. The cause is unclear, but increasing evidence supports a pathogenic role for lipophilicMalasseziayeasts, which comprise part of the normal skin microbiome. Most affected individuals are healthy, but seborrhoeic dermatitis may be a presenting feature of HIV infection, so at‐risk individuals should be tested. Treatment is aimed at reducing scalp yeasts and/or the inflammatory response, with topically applied imidazole antifungal drugs, mild potency corticosteroids and calcineurin antagonists.