bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critique of the Standard Model of Ideal Social Ontology
Authors: Burman Åsa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter criticizes the standard model of ideal social ontology. It provides two reasons for shifting away from this standard model. The first reason being that one essential feature of the standard model—that collective intentionality is the basic building block of social reality and a necessary condition for the existence of either all institutions or standard institutions—is false. Second, some essential features of the standard model of ideal social ontology, such as reflexivity and performativity, keep central social phenomena out of sight. Examples include economic classes, opaque social structures, and social power that is invisible to some or all members of a particular society. These phenomena belong to the first kind of social kind in Muhammad Ali Khalidi’s classification of social kinds. Consequently, the standard model of ideal social ontology makes the social world unduly narrow.
A Taxonomy of Social Facts
Authors: Burman Åsa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a more comprehensive account of social power than has hitherto been offered in contemporary social ontology. This account of social power—the power view—relies on a fundamental distinction: social power that is directly dependent on the intentionality of agents and social power that is indirectly dependent on the intentionality of agents to exist. Telic power and deontic power are direct forms of social power. Two indirect forms of social power are introduced and defined: spillover power and structural power. This chapter shows how these forms of social power can accommodate central social phenomena, such as those belonging to the first kind of social kind, including an opaque gender and class structure. An important implication of the power view, with its four categories of social power, is that it can be used as a basis for a taxonomy of social facts.
“Any Jackass Can Swing”
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on how jazz critics performed race in their musical discussions of Brubeck’s music. In a series of debates appearing in Down Beat magazine in 1955, critics assessed the merits of the Dave Brubeck Quartet in direct comparison with the Modern Jazz Quartet, an all-Black group, in terms of counterpoint, spontaneity, swing, and commercial success. While many studies in jazz focus on the relationship between blackness, rhythm, and authenticity, this chapter introduces the concept of white intellectual privilege to examine a specific privilege granted to white cool jazz musicians like Brubeck—that is, critics’ assumptions that his music is uniquely intellectual by virtue of its connections to European classical music, particularly through counterpoint. By comparing the music of each quartet through critics’ descriptions, I describe how critics inscribed Brubeck’s sound within a rhetoric of white intellectual privilege while denying the same association to the Modern Jazz Quartet, who also extensively included counterpoint in their music.
Conclusion
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To conclude, this chapter considers Brubeck’s relationship to his alleged Native American ancestry within the context of the fraught arguments over race, ownership, belonging, and jazz in the 1990s. Rather than attempt to seek the “truth” of Brubeck’s ancestry, revealed in detail in jazz critic Gene Lees’s Cats of Any Color: Jazz, Black and White (1994), the conclusion is a critique of a white possessive investment in a settler understanding of Indigeneity and multiculturalism. In grappling with Brubeck’s relationship with Native American sounds in his choral composition Earth Is Our Mother (1992) and claims of ancestry amid a white backlash against Black musicians and writers like Wynton Marsalis, Stanley Crouch, and Albert Murray who asserted a new focus on Black musicians in jazz, I examine a final performance of whiteness: a performance of white evasion that maintains white dominance, even as it asserts its racial justice credentials.
Rival Repeats
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers negative interaction, whereby two elements or more may have contradictory implications, analogous to the case of rivalry over resources in ecological systems. In the case of negative interaction, one element will inevitably prevail over the other in the long term. In the short term, however, any movement including rival elements will pose a compositional challenge to the composer. Using popular elements will be advantageous for communication with the audience, yet their contradictory implications forces the composer to find solutions. In the chapter I survey a number of compositional solutions that arose as responses to such tension, particularly in the works of Wilhelm Friedemann Bach and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.
Introduction
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the study’s development, and what led to understanding and theorizing the culture trap. It situates the culture trap among key cultural explanations of racial and ethnic inequality. The chapter points out the importance of troubling long-standing perceptions of Black Caribbeans in the United States as Blacks with ‘good culture’ and Black Caribbean in Britain as Blacks with ‘bad culture.’ Such historically dominant perspectives motivate inferential judgments of Black Caribbean young people’s achievement and behavioral potential in schools. The chapter suggests that in both London and New York City, Black Caribbean students experience casual commentary about their potential and performance, perspectives which shape their day-to-day experiences in schools. These assumptions about students’ prospects for achievement based on their cultural heritage are referred to as ethnic expectations—consequential expressions of the culture trap.
Model and Failing Minorities?
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development and consequences of cultural narratives about Black Caribbeans as a Black model minority in the United States and as an underachieving Black minority in Britain. The chapter puts these contrasting perspectives on Black Caribbean achievement in historical context and points out that immigration policies, educational practices, and dominant discourses shaped the divergent representations of Black Caribbean young people on different sides of the Black Atlantic. In addition to tracing the historical political positioning of Black Caribbeans in the United States and Britain, the chapter outlines five key explanations for the different status positions and ethnic expectations of Black Caribbeans: the differing modes of incorporation for Black Caribbeans in British and American society, the order of migration, the timing of arrival, immigrant selectivity, and continuing transnational contacts.
Tracking Structures and Cultures
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of academic tracking as an influential meso-level factor in perpetuating the historically paradoxical status positions of Black Caribbeans in London and New York City schools. This chapter extends the literature on academic ‘ability’ grouping by looking at the differences in the design of academic ‘ability’ grouping systems in London and New York. This chapter suggests that Black Caribbeans are subjected to two divergent forms of academic ‘ability’ groups. In New York, Black Caribbean students experience a relatively flexible subject-by-subject tracking process, which allowed participants regular access to advanced classes in a range of courses and class years. In London, however, Caribbean students negotiate a comparatively rigid multiyear setting process, which preaassigned participants to sets across subject areas over multiple years. In this regard, this chapter points out that ability ‘grouping’ systems are significant mediating factors in the reproduction of ethnic expectations and educational inequality.
Do the Ancients See Value in Humanity?
Authors: Bett Richard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The essay considers how far ancient Greek philosophy includes a conception of the value of humanity. The first section investigates conceptions of value, especially in the Stoics and Aristotle. The second section explores conceptions of humanity, with a focus on Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. In both cases we find ideas that seem conducive to a picture of humans as such as having value, but these ideas are always juxtaposed with others tending in the opposite direction. The third section considers various ideas, associated especially with Protagoras and other fifth-century bce Sophists, that seem more egalitarian in flavor. However, the evidence concerning these thinkers is too slim to point toward any clear conception of the value of humanity. Hence, while the ancients may indeed have inspired such conceptions in later philosophy, it is doubtful that we can attribute any full-fledged conception of this kind to the ancients themselves.
The Normative Significance of Humanity
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Discussions of the value of humanity often take as their starting point the idea of humans as potentially rational beings. This might, however, miss what is normatively distinctive of humans as humans. While humans are capable of regulating themselves rationally, they do not do so “by nature”—as beings situated in a causal order and subject to conflicting inclinations, they must struggle to achieve this. Kant himself located humanity in such struggling beings rather than in rational beings as such. In closer accord with commonsense notions of “humanity,” Kant recognized that humanity involves possessing certain distinctive forms of “feeling” toward oneself and others—feelings not part of rationality as such. These feelings enable humans to be moved in thought and action by appreciation of themselves and others as ends-in-themselves. The distinctive normative significance of humanity thus would be: humanity as such makes morality possible in a world of causes.
Finding the Humean Value in Humean Humanity
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although Hume did not thematize the value of humanity in the way that Kant did, he says enough about humanity and value in his writings for us to determine his likely views about a number of different questions concerning it. Kant, a moral rationalist and a moral antinaturalist, holds that the value of humanity is fundamentally moral value that is both grounded in and recognized by the rationality, not the sensibility, of human beings as noumenally free agents outside of nature. Hume, the moral antirationalist and moral naturalist, holds that humanity, as a part of nature, has many kinds of value—including moral value—that are both metaphysically and epistemologically determined by either sentiment or passion, as assisted by reason, and which typically also depend for their possession on having both reason and sensibility.
Introduction
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, Darwin summarizes how he became so interested in trying to explain the remarkable diversity of plant and animal life on this planet, how the present diversity we see around us relates to what is found in the fossil record, and how he decided to write this wonderful and life-changing book. The central issue for Darwin is that the great diversity in animal and plant species that we currently see must have evolved over time; his goal in writing this book is to try to explain how that diversity came to be and how it was made to keep changing over time. Darwin then summarizes the goals and content of each of the 15 chapters in this book, carefully building his argument point by point, and making a strong case for the idea that the diversity of life on our planet is well-explained by natural selection.
Variation Under Domestication
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In his opening chapter, Darwin talks about how domesticated animals and plants have gradually come to look as they do through the power of humans to select for the particular traits that they value over the course of many generations. The keys to this process are individual variability and the passing of particular traits to offspring. As is evident throughout this book, Darwin, having no knowledge of chromosomes, DNA, or even the basics of Mendelian genetics (first put forward by Gregor Mendel, in an obscure paper published in 1866), was at a loss to explain the causes of variation, or how those variations were transmitted to offspring.
Variation in Nature
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin emphasizes that characteristics vary greatly among individuals of all species and gives many examples showing that there are often no clear boundaries between species and the varieties within a species. Deciding whether to call something a separate species or merely a variety within a species can be very subjective. He shows also that the most common and wide-ranging species tend to show the most variation among individuals. Variation is also greater for species belonging to larger genera (i.e., those containing many species) in any particular location than to those belonging to smaller genera. Also, many of the species in the larger genera resemble varieties in having restricted ranges and in being rather similar looking. These facts make sense only if varieties within species gradually become distinct new species and if species continue to generate new varieties over time.
Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin emphasizes that natural selection works slowly and over extremely long periods of time, favoring variations that provide advantages in the struggle for nutrients and space, against predators and physical stresses, and even in the struggle for mates. Such “sexual selection” explains why individuals of one sex (usually the males) sometimes look so different from individuals of the other sex of the same species. Natural selection also works not just on adults but also on all other stages of development—eggs, seeds, embryos, larvae, and juveniles—and can act to either increase or decrease the complexity of various organs. In all cases, the best-adapted individuals will typically survive and propagate their offspring more successfully to the next generation, and those offspring will inherit the characteristics that made their parents so successful. Darwin also discusses the importance of outbreeding (matings among unrelated individuals) in promoting the vigor of offspring and the negative impacts of self-fertilization and inbreeding (matings between close relatives). He also describes the evolutionary advantages of “divergence in character” over time: individuals that differ in certain ways from their fellows can exploit new niches and reduce competition with others of their own species, eventually driving intermediate forms to extinction. Finally, he provides a detailed example of natural selection in action, creating new species, new genera, and even new families and orders from a few ancestral species in a single genus over thousands of generations. A great many species go extinct because of their inability to compete with newer species that are better adapted to their conditions of life.
On the Imperfection of the Geological Record
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Throughout The Origin of Species, Darwin has been arguing that all modern species of animals and plants are descended from other species, many of which looked very different from their descendants. If he is correct, many asked, then why don’t scientists see all the intermediate stages preserved as fossils? Does the geological evidence support his ideas about evolution? In this chapter, he makes the case that many intermediate stages in the fossil record cannot be seen because that record is very incomplete. Indeed, he argues that fossils are expected to form—and persist—only under very unusual circumstances that occur sporadically.
On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin considers the evidence for and against the idea that the geological record supports the idea of slow evolutionary changes through natural selection rather than the idea that species were created suddenly and have not changed over time. The geological record clearly shows that while some species disappear from the fossil record—usually very gradually—we also see the appearance of completely new species over time. Moreover, once a species disappears from the fossil record, it never reappears. Perhaps two of his most convincing arguments are that all extinct species fall within the same general taxonomic groupings that exist today and that distinctive types of mammals (e.g., marsupials) that are now found only in particular parts of the world are clearly related to fossilized mammals found only in those same places. All of these facts can be fully explained on the theory of gradual descent with modification through natural selection.
A Notebook for Viola Players
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A Notebook for Viola Players is a comprehensive guide to playing the viola with the greatest freedom, dexterity, and ease. It has unique features in that, as well as having basic right- and left-hand exercises to build a sound technique, it also contains sections on how to practice them, how to hold the viola and bow, how to think about good posture, how to create a good sound, how to play with the least amount of tension, how to deal with anxiety, and thoughts on wellness and practice techniques. Alongside these are photographs and video demonstrations of the exercises played by the author as if in a lesson. There are also many anecdotes of the author’s own experiences as a student and as a professional musician. Another unique feature is the inclusion of a number of blank pages and staff paper where students can literally “make notes” and write down their own ideas, hence the title of the book.
Introduction
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Introduction presents ideas on common physical principles that can be used to help students play the viola; it also adds suggestions for not overexerting and inducing excessive tension. It introduces the idea that musicians want to play the viola because, above all, they love the sound, and that should be their guide in all they do. It offers direction on the utilization of natural positions and a relaxed approach, not using force and tension. It provides ideas of how to work through the book, not necessarily in order but based on an individual’s needs.
Posture
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses using natural postures to hold the viola whether standing or sitting, and finding the optimum angle of the viola from the body and to the ground in as relaxed a manner as possible. It uses the idea of symmetry, attaching the symmetry of the viola to the symmetry of the body to create the most balanced and free position. It discusses utilizing the natural weight of the head to hold the viola up, keeping the back, shoulders, and face relaxed and keeping the chest open and free so breathing is easy and full.
Introduction
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Historians have touched on the capitalist peace doctrine but they have not put sustained emphasis on this combination of trade, ideology, and diplomacy. In contemporary times, capitalist peace ideology has desperately clung to the past as a rationale for free trade. Progressives have raised alarms about the market itself, some even arguing that US history has been a battle to be liberated from, rather than by, free markets. Nationalists have also sought to raise barriers to trade. Indeed, scholars who have revised their thinking on internationalism have found they can weave into that topic the global capitalism influences of pacifism, socialism, culture, and justice movements. That fight intensified as progressives and populists questioned free trade, a core of capitalist peace thought. The history and theory behind that concept is explained in the Introduction along with the history of U.S. trade developments to 1930.
Depression, 1930–1935
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull dealt with the fallout over protectionism prompted by the infamous Hawley-SmootTariff of 1930 and asserted the capitalist peace through a new trade law in 1934, called the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. The Great Depression necessitated the freeing of trade, but the United States had jacked up tariffs, and Great Britain, a key trade partner, had followed by creating a discriminatory network of imperial tariffs that privileged the British Empire and Commonwealth over outsiders like America. The decline in global trade undermined political willpower, particularly to halt the rise of fascism and militarism in Europe and Asia. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act was a cautious remedy to liberalizing, and expanding, world trade while not provoking the protectionists at home—though that effort had mixed results.
Dictators, 1936–1940
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As the democracies failed their first tests against containing the aggressors (Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union) through appeasement, Roosevelt acknowledged the threat from the dictators but neutrality legislation tied his hands. That is, except in trade policy; he trained the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act on bolstering the enfeebled democracies, namely, France and Britain. As war threatened and erupted, the capitalist peace paradigm went from theory to being put practice, as the United States renewed the RTAA twice and prepared for war, despite continued resistance from protectionists. Even some of them, however, began to realize that tariff liberalization and more trade were essential to preventing war and then American entry into the conflict.
Containment, 1951–1954
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The stillborn International Trade Organization ended an era in US trade policy and began another, as its failure terminated the attempt to forge a regulatory state at the international level. That loss embedded a second, solidifying period of policy, one fixed on implementing a capitalist peace paradigm to serve a NATO/GATT security alliance of Western nations. The Eisenhower administration undertook measures to strengthen trade liberalization and capitalist peace, though protectionists stood in its way, especially within the president’s own Republican Party. The Randall Commission investigated the whole range of foreign economic policy, and its report pushed for a liberal world order even as protectionists on the commission mitigated the drive toward trade. Eisenhower squarely placed trade in the battle against communism.