bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virus-Specific Immunologic Depression in Mice Following Combined Immunization and Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression
Authors: Weiner Leslie P. , Cole Gerald A. , Nathanson Neal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The technique of antigenic stimulation followed by cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression was used in an attempt to produce virus-specific immunologic depression which outlasted the acute effects of the drug. A series of experiments indicated that this approach was feasible and that animals so prepared showed an enhanced susceptibility specific for the virus used for immunization-suppression.
The Effect of Ellagic Acid on Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Schwartz Howard J. , Zimmerman Theodore S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ellagic acid suppresses the cutaneous reactivity of guinea pigs with active delayed hypersensitivity. The intensity of Arthus reactions is reduced, and both heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions and the vascular component of delayed hypersensitivity lesions are significantly depressed.
The Fifth Component of the Guinea Pig Complement System
Authors: Cook Charles T. , Shin Hyun S. , Mayer Manfred M. , Laudenslayer Karen A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A procedure is described for isolation of guinea pig C5. The product has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.8S and a molecular weight of about 180,000. It is free of the other eight complement components and no substantial non-complement contamination is present, as indicated by immunoelectrophoretic tests.
Observations on a Human Antiglobulin of Intermediate Type
Authors: Gentle T. A. , Fudenberg H. H. , Gold E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiglobulin Fi. reacts with its own IgG, with some human IgG's of all four subclasses and with rabbit antibody IgG. The determinant is present in the sera of all races tested. It has also been found in the sera of apes and Cercopithecus monkeys, but only in a few high-titer anti-D IgG. It is present in cord serum and serum of aged subjects but is present in very small amounts, if at all, in early fetal sera. It is tentatively assumed that it is present in a basic amino acid sequence of the Fc fragment of the heavy chain of IgG.
Passive Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs: Role of Conventional Antibody and Antigen
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Plasma from irradiated sensitized donors will passively transfer delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-BSA. The transfer is specific and cannot be attributed to transfer of demonstrable γ1 or γ2 antibodies, antigen or super-antigen of DNP-BSA specificity.
Studies on Rat Complement: A Method for Titration of Rat C1, C2, C3, C4, As Well As C5, and the Effect of Rabbit Nephrotoxic Serum on the First Five Components of Complement in Rat Serum
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Sekine Teruaki , Shibata Seiichi , Nishioka Kusuya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for the titration of the first five components of complement in rat serum is reported. With the guinea pig assay system, rat C4 could not be detected and the titer of rat C2 was low. By contrast, rat C4 could be specifically measured with EDTA rat C and rat C2 could be more efficiently measured with EDTA rat C. Three hours after the injection of rabbit nephrotoxic serum which was proved to fix complement in vitro, the hemolytic titer of complement in rat serum dropped from 106 to 24 and the titer of C1, C4, C2, C3 and C5 lowered to 1/32, 1/8, 1/5, 1/2 and 1/2 of the original respectively.
Specific Antibody Against the First Component of Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Okuda Tomoko , Tachibana Takehiko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of antibodies against complement components has provided helpful information concerning the properties and mode of action of complement. Studies with antisera against human C1 sub-components (C1q or C1s) have been reported (1–3), but an antiserum against the first component of guinea pig complement (C1gp) has so far not been obtained in a reliable form.
We succeeded in preparing 5S fragment antibody against C1gp that gave a single precipitin line in Ouchterlony gel diffusion, as described in this communication.
Immunization. An immune precipitate was prepared by mixing γ globulin from rabbit antibovine serum albumin (BSA) with BSA at optimal proportions. After partially purified C1gp (4) was allowed to react with the immune precipitate, the complex was washed several times in gl-GVB++ (5). This Ag-Ab-C1 complex in complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into the footpads of a rabbit. One week afterward a second injection was given subcutaneously.
Anti-Antiserum Antibody as a Cause of Double Precipitin Rings in Immunoglobulin Quantitation and Its Relation to Milk Precipitins
Authors: Ammann Arthur J. , Hong Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the process of quantitating immunoglobulins by the Mancini technique (1) double precipitin rings were observed in a number of instances despite the use of well-absorbed monospecific antisera (Fig. 1). At first these were attributed to lipemic sera, but double precipitin rings continued to be observed even with the use of agarose and nonlipemic sera. Non-antigen antibody precipitation was also considered as a possibility. Several observations suggested that the double rings might be true antigen-antibody reactions. Buckley and Dees (2) reported that individuals with selective IgA deficiency had an increased incidence of anti-milk antibodies, and Tomasi (3) and Schlegel et al. (4) observed that patients with selective IgA deficiency had antibodies against normal goat serum. We noted that double rings occurred with greatest frequency among patients with selective IgA deficiency who had anti-milk antibodies, and that double rings were present only with certain antisera.
A Quantitative Assay for Cell-Bound Antibody Using a Radiolabeled Coombs-Type Antiserum to a γG Myeloma Protein
Authors: Reif Arnold E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Harder and McKhann have introduced an isotopic antiglobulin technique for measuring antibodies to cell-surface antigens (1). Sparks et al. have refined the technique to detect alloantibodies formed after first-set rejection of skin grafts (2). Further, Ting and Herberman have used it to study the humoral antibody response to a tumor-specific cell surface antigen (3).
Two additional refinements are reported in this paper. The first is the preparation of a Coombs antiserum by immunizing rabbits with a highly purified mouse myeloma protein of γG type, thereby producing highly specific antibodies which cross-react with normal mouse γG globulin (4). The second is the purification of these antibodies by use of an insoluble antigen complex. The resulting purified Coombs antibody is radiolabeled and binds avidly to cell surfaces coated with mouse γG antibody. A very desirable end result, namely direct proportionality between the quantity of mouse antibody incubated with the cells and the amount of radiolabeled Coombs serum bound to the cell surface, has been obtained.
Phosphonate Inhibition of the Accumulation and Retention of K+ by Rabbit Neutrophils in Relation to Chemotaxis
Authors: Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The finding that the accumulation of K+ by rabbit peritoneal neutrophils is inhibited by p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonate esters is confirmed. This inhibition does not increase with time. Moreover, phenyl ethyl phosphonates, which are very poor inactivators of known serine esterases, inhibit K+ accumulation as efficiently as do the corresponding p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonates. These findings support the previous conclusion that organophosphorus inhibitors of serine esterases do not inhibit K+ accumulation of rabbit leukocytes by inactivating a serine esterase. The cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis of rabbit neutrophils by p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonates increases with time. Phenyl ethyl phosphonates do not inhibit chemotaxis but may actually enhance it. These findings indicate that the cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis by p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonates does not depend on the inhibition of K+ accumulation. They provide further support for the hypothesis that the cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis depends on the inhibition of an “activated esterase.” The inhibition by p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonates of K+ retention by rabbit neutrophils increases with time. The phenyl ethyl phosphonates are much less active in this regard. Evidence is presented that the inhibition of K+ retention probably cannot account for the cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis.
The Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Litman G. W. , Frommel D. , Finstad J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulins were isolated from serum of the bowfin, Amia calva, which had been immunized with Brucella abortus. The isolation procedures involved gel filtration on agarose and Sephadex G-100 and ion exchange on DE52 cellulose columns. Both the high and low molecular weight immunoglobulins were shown to possess a slow β electrophoretic mobility. The most cathodal migrating serum protein was identified as serum transferrin. The high and low molecular weight immunoglobulins showed complete antigenic identity with a variety of antisera. The s20,w values of the two isolated immunoglobulins were 13.6 and 6.3S, respectively. The hexose, hexosamine, fucose, and sialic acid contents of high and low molecular weight immunoglobulins were similar and revealed a relationship to mammalian IgM. Peptide mapping emphasized the homology of primary structure of the two immunoglobulin forms. Conformational studies demonstrated the presence of β-sheet structure which also is seen in human IgM. Solvent perturbation difference spectra in 20% methanol revealed a tyrosine exposure similar to that of human IgM; by contrast, an exposure of tryptophan was noted in the bowfin immunoglobulin and was not demonstrable in mammalian IgM.
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Koo Gloria C. , Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of Friend leukemia virus infection on the ultrastructure of spleens of BALB/c mice was studied. Normal mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes developed a characteristic splenic response, with many mature lymphoid cells and plasma cells appearing within 2 to 4 days after immunization. Large numbers of specific antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep erythrocytes appeared concomitantly in the spleens of these mice. In contrast, there was a marked suppression in the number of PFC in spleens of mice infected before immunization. Furthermore, infected mice had significant alterations in their spleens, as studied on the ultra-structural level. Very few cells of the plasmacytic series appeared in the spleens of such mice. Mice infected 8 days before immunization had no detectable plasma cells in their spleens, although occasional plasmablasts were observed. Immature lymphoid cells and blast cells were the predominant cell type. Only a slight to moderate cellular change occurred in spleens of mice infected on the day of immunization or 2 days later. Virus particles were not detected in spleens of mice infected on the same day or 2 days after immunization and examined on the 4th day of the immune response. Moderate numbers of virus particles were apparent in extracellular spaces, and occasionally within immature cells in the spleens of mice infected 3 days before immunization and examined 4 days afterwards. In contrast, spleen cells of mice infected 8 days before immunization had numerous Friend leukemia virus particles. Many virus particles budded from the membrane of typical lymphocytes and blast cells, as well as from some cells in mitosis. The alteration in spleen cell morphology of infected animals correlated with the marked immunodepression accompanied by a decrease in the number of antibody plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes. These results seem compatible with the concept that there is competition between leukemia virus and antigen for common stem cells, which can be diverted either to leukemogenesis or immunogenesis depending on the nature of the stimulus.
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Koo Gloria C. , Ceglowski Walter S. , Higgins Michael , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of infection of mice with Friend leukemia virus on single antibody-forming cells was studied by means of electron microscopy. Individual plaque-forming cells (PFC) from normal immunized mice were examined at the 4th day of the immune response and found to consist almost exclusively of cells of the plasmacytic series. Twenty-four per cent of the cells were proplasmacytes and 56% were plasma cells. The remaining PFC consisted of degenerated cells (20%). Virus-like intracisternal A particles were found in many of these cells. In contrast, many cells (55%) from the center of plaques derived from spleens of mice infected with FLV contained typical murine leukemia virus particles, some of which were budding from the plasma membrane. The ultrastructure of these spleen cells was similar to that of the control animals, i.e., most of the cells were either proplasmacytes (10%), or mature plasma cells (60%). Some cells were degenerated (20%). Two PFC from infected animals were lymphocytic cells. The results of this study indicate that leukemia virus infection and antibody formation are not mutually exclusive processes at the single cell level.
Cellular Aspects of Primary Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Grobstein Ruth H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A membrane filter, modified organ culture system has been used in order to study the interrelationships between different cell types during the induction of a primary hemolytic response against sheep erythrocytes. Under these conditions, the normal architecture of the spleen fragments is preserved and a multi-cell transfer leading to antibody synthesis can be readily analyzed. The kinetics of the in vitro response using pre-immunized fragments were studied and compared with the kinetics of the in vivo response which it resembles. The kinetics of the primary response induced in vitro were also followed and analyzed with respect to the participation of the cells. The cells sort themselves into different populations on the filter.
The Production of Tolerance to Human Erythrocytes in the Rat with Cytosine Arabinoside or Cyclophosphamide. II. Previously Immunized Animals
Authors: Gordon Robert O. , Santanelli James P. , Wade Maclyn E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytosine arabinoside (Cytarabine, ara-C), an antimetabolite, and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), an alkylating agent, have been shown in an earlier study to produce long-lasting, selective immunologic tolerance in the previously unsensitized rat to human O, Rh positive, erythrocytes (1). Tolerance was produced most successfully by repeated complete suppression of the immune response by simultaneous courses of drug and antigen. It was shown, therefore, that tolerance to cellular antigens could consistently be established using an antimetabolite as well as an alkylating agent. Selective elimination of all or most of the clonal cells by repeated courses of drug at the time of antigen stimulation was proposed as the mechanism of tolerance induction.
As is the case with unsensitized animals, the production of tolerance in previously immunized animals has been accomplished more easily with soluble proteins than with cellular antigens (2, 3). This report shows that specific unresponsiveness to a cellular antigen can be achieved in an already sensitized animal by repeated complete suppression of the anamnestic immune response.
Conversion of Cholera Exo-Enterotoxin (Choleragen) to Natural Toxoid (Choleragenoid)
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. , Peterson Johnny W. , Lospalluto Joseph J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The phenomenon of spontaneous conversion of bacterial toxins to toxoids has been observed since the time of Ehrlich although information regarding the mechanism of the reaction is limited. The toxoiding process, apparently common to many protein toxins, occurs on aging and may be accelerated by chemical treatment such as with formaldehyde. In the latter case, a different molecular species of toxoid may result. For example, spontaneously formed tetanus toxoid has been reported to be a dimer of the toxin, whereas the formaldehyde toxoid can be similar in size to the parent toxin (1–4). In some instances, notably among other clostridia, toxin may be released into the medium in the form of a protoxin that is antigenically similar to the toxin but lacks toxicity. The protoxin is converted into toxin by bacterial proteases (5).
Previous work in this laboratory has led to the isolation and purification of the cholera exoenterotoxin, designated choleragen, from vigorously aerated and agitated multi-liter fermenter cultures of Vibrio cholerae 569B (6, 7).
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Tada Tomio , Taniguchi Masaru , Okumura Ko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homocytotropic antibody (HTA) formation, as measured by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test, was enhanced, although after a delay, and prolonged by 400 R whole body x-irradiation given shortly before through 8 days after immunization of rats with dinitrophenylated Ascaris extracts (DNP-As) plus killed Bordetella pertussis. Delayed enhancement and prolonged production were most striking when x-irradiation was given 1 day before to 2 days after initial immunization. An adjuvant effect of 400 R was produced in rats immunized with DNP-As alone omitting B. pertussis. As evidenced by passive hemagglutinin titers after 2-ME treatment, the production of γG antibody was greatly suppressed by 400 R x-irradiation. Two possible pathways to account for the irradiation effects on HTA formation were postulated, i.e., the enhancement of γM antibody and the suppression of 7S γG antibody resulted in a defective humoral feed-back regulation, and the depletion of certain populations of lymphoid cells, probably of thymic origin, caused cellular regulatory disturbances.
Decreased C3 Levels in a Chronic Virus Infection: Equine Infectious Anemia
Authors: Perryman L. E. , McGuire T. C. , Banks K. L. , Henson J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is increasing evidence that complement-dependent immune reactions are pathogenetically important in virus diseases. One indication of in vivo complementfixing immune reactions is the lowering of plasma C3 levels. A study was made of the circulating plasma C3 levels in 12 horses infected with equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. Purified equine C3 was prepared from euglobulin precipitates of horse serum using triethylaminoethyl (TEAE) column chromatography with subsequent Pevikon block electrophoresis. Monospecific antisera prepared in rabbits was used in single radial immunodiffusion to quantitate C3 levels. A significant reduction of C3 was detected in 6 of 12 horses with active clinical disease. All horses with reduced C3 levels had C3-coated erythrocytes and deposits of immunoglobulin and C3 in the glomeruli. These findings further indicate that immune processes are active in the pathogenesis of EIA.
Immunochemical Studies on the Double Specificity of Allotype a2 of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Kakinuma Mitsuaki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunochemical studies of molecules of rabbit IgG of allotype a2 are presented. Of two precipitin lines which formed between IgG of allotype a2 and anti-a2 antisera, the a2′ antigen (the antigen of the outer precipitin line) was found to be sensitive to digestion by papain whereas the a2" antigen (the inner line) was resistant. Both antigens are carried on Fab fragments of IgG but different molecules appear to carry each of the two antigens. The ratio of a2′ to a2" molecules in IgG populations of allotype a2, either homozygous or heterozygous with respect to the a locus, is roughly 1:1. Antigenic families analogous to a2′ and a2″ were also observed in IgG of allotype a1, but not a3. The anti-a3 was unispecific in its reactions with a3 antigens.
Quantitative Studies on the Binding of Antibody to the Surface of HeLa Cells
Authors: Boone Charles W. , Irving Dianne N. , Rubinstein Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of horse antibody to viable HeLa cells was studied using mixed immune and normal sera labeled with different iodine radioisotopes, a technique which permits precise correction for nonspecific adsorption. The association constant of the reaction, the maximum antibody-binding capacity of the cells, and the antibody content of the immune serum were determined using two types of titration: a constant concentration of cells titrated with immune serum, and a constant concentration of immune serum titrated with cells. The titration data conformed closely to linear equations derived from the mass action law. When applied to antigenantibody reactions which are heterogeneous with respect to binding affinity, these equations have two advantageous properties: 1) the plots remain linear to within a known degree of error which can be made small, and 2) the Ka value obtained from the slope and ordinate intercept of the linear plots represents the weighted mean of the Ka values of each affinity subspecies in the antibody population.
Studies of Immune Mechanisms in Leprosy
Authors: Bullock Ward E. , Fasal Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- and antigen-induced DNA synthesis was measured in leukocyte cultures from 16 patients with lepromatous leprosy, 12 with tuberculoid leprosy, and 20 normal persons. In cultures containing 20% autologous plasma, the responses of lepromatous leukocytes to PHA, purified protein derivative (PPD), streptolysin O (SLO) and antigens of Mycobacterium leprae were significantly below those of the control group. Simultaneous culture of lepromatous leukocytes washed and suspended in normal homologous plasma (20%) resulted in significantly increased SLO-induced DNA synthesis and a modest increase in response to PPD. The response to PHA and antigens of M. leprae remained unchanged. Except for PPD, the responses of tuberculoid leukocytes in autologous or homologous plasma were not significantly lower than normal. Nine of 14 lepromatous plasmas were found to contain a factor that depressed the response of normal leukocytes to PPD and SLO but not to PHA. The depressor factor is non-dialyzable, stable after prolonged storage at -20°C, and resistant to heating at 56°C; its activity is lost at relatively low dilutions. It is concluded that the in vitro demonstration of impaired cellular immune function in patients with leprosy may reflect a primary cellular defect, the depressive effect of a humoral factor, or both, to varying degrees.
Immune Hemolysis and the Functional Properties of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Complement
Authors: Opferkuch W. , Rapp H. J. , Colten H. R. , Borsos T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By use of the late-acting components of rat complement (rat C-EDTA) as a reagent for the lysis of the intermediate EAC142, each molecule of human C4 and of oxidized human C2 and one of every two molecules of human C2 taken up by the appropriate cell intermediates was shown to be hemolytically active. Furthermore, it was found that each molecule of guinea pig C2 in serum can be measured by its hemolytic activity.