bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Sensitivity to Endotoxin: Genetic Control by a Single Codominant Gene
Authors: Rosenstreich David L. , Vogel Stefanie N. , Jacques Allan R. , Wahl Larry M. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of LPS on macrophages in vitro have been examined. LPS triggers macrophages to produce LAF and PGE2 in vitro. LPS is also cytotoxic for macrophages derived from LPS-sensitive mice and will significantly inhibit their phagocytic ability. Both LAF production and cytotoxicity are due to the direct effects of LPS on the macrophage and do not require the participation of lymphocytes. Each of these functions is abnormal in C3H/HeJ mice. The nature of the gene(s) controlling these macrophage responses to LPS has been determined. The response of (C3H/HeJ × C3H/HeN)F1 macrophages was intermediate when compared to the parental responses and no sex linkage was found. Backcross linkage analysis suggested that the same autosomal codominant gene controls both macrophage and B lymphocyte-LPS sensitivity.
Inhibition of the Immune Response by Membrane-Bound Antibody
Authors: Setcavage Thomas M. , Kim Yoon Berm 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells from the spleens of “normal” swine, which were pretreated with pronase to remove surface membrane-bound immunoglobulin, gave an enhanced hemolytic plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells in vitro in comparison with untreated controls. The enhancement could be abrogated by preincubating pronase-treated spleen cells in preparations containing antibody to sheep red blood cells. This effect was demonstrated by autologous sera, immune sera, and all three known classes of porcine serum immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgA, and IgG and could be removed by absorption with sheep red blood cells. Surface membrane-bound antibody exerted its effect by binding to the nonadherent cell population. The response of normal spleen cells was unaffected by antibody treatment. Pronase-treatment was not mitogenic, did not function as a polyclonal B cell activator, and did not selectively eliminate T or B cells. The results indicate that removal of antibody from the surface of lymphoid cells enhanced the humoral immune response in vitro and confirm that membrane-bound antibody can inhibit response to antigen.
Differential Sensitivity of Human Leukemic T Cell Lines and B Cell Lines to Growth Inhibition by Deoxyadenosine
Authors: Carson Dennis A. , Kaye Jonathan , Seegmiller J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous experiments have suggested that the lymphospecific toxicity associated with inherited deficiencies of the enzymes adenosine deaminase (ADA) (adenosine aminohydrolase; EC 3.5.4.4) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) (purine-nucleoside orthophosphate ribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.1) is mediated by toxic purine deoxyribonucleotides, which are selectively trapped in lymphoid tissues enriched in purine deoxyribonucleoside kinase. This hypothesis, however, does not fully explain the greater impairment of T as opposed to B cell functions seen in ADA and particularly PNP deficiency. In the present experiments we have compared the inhibitory effects of deoxyadenosine and adenosine, the natural substrates of ADA, on three leukemic T cell lines and three B cell lines in long-term tissue culture. The leukemic T cell lines were 20-fold more sensitive than the B cell lines to the toxic effects of deoxyadenosine, but not adenosine. In the presence of the ADA inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride, 2.6 µM deoxyadenosine inhibited leukemic T cell growth by 50%. The increased sensitivity of the T cell lines to deoxyadenosine was associated with the accumulation of intracellular deoxyadenosine triphosphate (deoxyATP), and with inhibition of DNA but not RNA synthesis. In both the T and B cell lines, deoxyadenosine toxicity could be reversed by the addition of deoxycytidine to the culture medium. Among other toxic compounds tested, the leukemic T cells were several-fold more sensitive than the B cells to thymidine, a known ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. Thus leukemic T cells in vitro appear to be very susceptible to the toxic effects of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. Purine deoxyribonucleoside analogs that are not substrates for adenosine deaminase or purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and thymidine analogs that are not substrates for thymidine phosphorylase, may have potential value as T cell-selective chemotherapeutic agents.
Differences in Activation of Human and Guinea Pig Complement by Retroviruses
Authors: Bartholomew Richard M. , Esser Alfred F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C type murine leukemia viruses (retroviruses) have been shown previously to possess a receptor for human C1 that activated human but not guinea pig complement. In the present study we provide evidence that the viral receptor also binds guinea pig C1 but that such binding does not lead to activation. However, incorporation of human C1s into guinea pig C1 to form a C1 hybrid results in activation of that hybrid and in viral lysis. In contrast, incorporation of guinea pig C1s into human C1 abolishes activation by the virus. These results demonstrate that C1s governs the activation of C1 of the viral receptor.
Thymic Macrophages Modulate One Stage of T Cell Differentiation in Vitro
Authors: Beller David I. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have described a procedure for isolating thymic macrophages and have evaluated their activity in stimulating thymocyte maturation in vitro. The culturing of gradient-purified immature thymocytes on thymic macrophages leads to an increased expression of H-2 antigens and decreased lytic sensitivity with anti-TL and C. The macrophage-stimulated thymocyte also acquires the ability to respond in the MLR. We propose that the macrophage may regulate one stage of thymic differentiation in vivo.
Comparison of the Secondary Structures and Binding Sites of C-Reactive Protein and the Phosphorylcholine-Binding Murine Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Martin Young N. , Williams Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The circular dichroism (C.D.) spectrum of C-reactive protein in the 200- to 240-nm region indicates that the protein has a) a considerable content of α-helix, a feature not found in immunoglobulins, and, b) a very similar structure to amyloid P component. In the 240- to 320-nm region the two proteins have different CD spectra, and show little resemblance to the phosphorylcholine-binding murine myeloma proteins such as MOPC 167 IgA. Removal of calcium from C-reactive protein produced a large change in the 240- to 320-nm region attributable to tyrosine, and addition of phosphorylcholine produced a small change in the same region. Inhibition of the reaction of C-reactive protein with pneumococcal C substance by analogs of phosphorylcholine showed that C-reactive protein is much more specific for the phosphate moiety than the myeloma proteins. Despite these structural and binding-site differences, comparison of the amino-acid sequences of C-reactive protein and the hypervariable regions of the myeloma proteins suggests that the phosphorylcholine-binding sites of the two may still have features in common.
Plasmacytomas of the NZB Mouse
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Riblet Roy , Asofsky Richard , Weigert Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Plasmacytomas were readily induced in NZB mice by three i.p. inoculations with pristane (2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecane). In comparison with comparable induction regimens in BALB/c mice a) the latent period for plasmacytoma development was significantly longer in NZB's; b) the frequency of IgA paraproteins produced by NZB tumors was much reduced and that of IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3) was significantly increased; and c) the frequency of carbohydrate-binding paraproteins was 10-fold lower. There was a high frequency of primary ascites containing more than one paraprotein, but none of 25 such tumors produced more than one immunoglobulin class on serial transplantation.
Suppression of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Carrageenan-Activated Macrophage-Like Cells
Authors: Yung Yee Pang , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the presence of 100 µg/ml of carrageenans (CAR), B6D2F1 responder spleen cells failed to generate anti-parent or anti-allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, but instead generated suppressor cells. Cultured CAR-treated cells added to mixtures of B6D2F1 anti-B6 or B6D2F1 anti-C3H cytotoxic effectors (induced in vitro) and the appropriate 51Cr-labeled lymphoma targets reduced or abolished cytolysis (measured as 51Cr release) depending on the ratio of suppressor to effector cells. Cultured spleen cells not exposed to CAR failed to inhibit both types of cytotoxicity.
Presuppressor cells were associated with a splenic subpopulation independent of the thymus (i.e., present in spleens of athymic nude mice), were moderately adherent to Sephadex G-10 columns, but were not phagocytic or “sticky” to carbonyl iron particles. Activation of such cells by CAR was not prevented by in vitro exposure to 2000 rads of γ-rays before culture, nor facilitated by antigenic stimulation. The matured suppressor cells remained radioresistant and became strongly adherent to Sephadex G-10. The suppressors lacked surface Thy-1 alloantigen detectable by antibody and rabbit complement. Suppressor cell activity was not restricted by the immunologic specificity and major histocompatibility type of effectors.
It would thus appear that CAR induced the transition from the presuppressor to the suppressor state of a macrophage-like splenic subpopulation via maturation, differentiation, or cell injury. Cells of this type, capable of inhibiting the effector arm of cell-mediated responses, may well contribute to the regulation of natural and induced cytotoxic cell interactions.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Different Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Kimoto Masao , Maruyama Seishin , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Establishment of a mouse T hybrid cell line secreting suppressor factor(s) specific for the IgE antibody response is described. Fusion was made with polyethyleneglycol between AKR-derived T lymphoma cells (BW5147) and T cells from mice sensitized with DNP-Mycobacterium. Treatment of spleen cells with nondialyzable factor(s) in the culture supernatants of the T cell hybrid clone, 26-M10, showed a suppressive effect on IgE formation but not on IgG formation in adoptive transfer experiments. The suppressive effect was exerted through inactivation of normal or antigen-primed B cells responsible for IgE formation. It was also shown by direct cytotoxic test that the hybrid cells expressed H-2 and Thy-1 antigens derived from both parental cells on their surface. Karyotype analysis of the hybrid cells revealed that the number of chromosomes was less than the sum of the two parental cells' and the average was 50 (45 to 55). Although the 26-M10 hybrid cells lost the ability to secrete active suppressive factor(s) into culture medium 21 weeks after hybridization when the number of chromosomes in most of the cells was less than 41, recloning of the 26-M10 cells successfully recovered active suppressive clones.
Generation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in the Autologous Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: Miller Richard A. , Kaplan Henry S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the ability of purified B lymphocytes to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autologous mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Cytotoxic lymphocytes were produced but only autologous mononuclear cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were susceptible target cells. Unstimulated mononuclear cells and purified B cells were not susceptible to killing by cytotoxic cells generated in the autologous MLC. This suggests that the target antigen may be expressed on stimulated or dividing B lymphocytes in a way that renders the cells more susceptible to cytolysis. Autologously stimulated cytotoxic effector cells were found to exhibit specificity. Cytotoxicity for autologous LPS-stimulated target cells occurred but not for an allogeneic, B cell, histiocytic lymphoma cell line. It is postulated that cytotoxic T cells generated in the autologous MLC may play a role in immune surveillance or in regulation of the immune system.
The Effects of Anti-IgD on Serum Immunoglobulins, Antibody Production, and Immunoglobulin-Bearing Cells in Adult Rats
Authors: Cuchens Marvin A. , Martin Louis N. , Leslie Gerrie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit anti-rat IgD (δ-specific) injected subcutaneously into adult rats resulted in hypergammaglobulinemia, increased serum immunoglobulins, increased antibody production, and alterations in the percentages of PBL expressing IgD and IgM. Serum IgM, IgG2a and IgG2c concentrations were increased 100%, 125%, and 200%, respectively, over controls, whereas IgA levels were not altered. Increases in the serum immunoglobulins were predominately due to an increase in antibodies to the rabbit serum components. A depletion of IgD-IgM bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was observed after 24 hr of injection. Percentages of IgD-IgM bearing lymphocytes returned to normal by day 4 and were significantly increased (∼2-fold) by day 8. The in vivo effects of anti-δ in rats were similar to those reported in the monkey. Possible modes of action of the anti-δ and the significance of these results in relation to the biologic function of membrane IgD are discussed.
Induction of Lymphocyte Colony Formation in Vitro by Protein A
Authors: Shibasaki Masanao , Nemoto Hirobumi , Suzuki Shigeyoshi , Kuroume Takayoshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocyte colonies were grown in semi-solid culture in the presence of staphylococcal protein A. The best results were obtained when 1 × 106 lymphocytes were cultured for 5 to 7 days with 25 to 50 µg of protein A per dish. A lineal relationship was observed between the number of cells seeded and the number of colonies developed. An increased number of colonies was seen in cord blood culture compared with that in child and adult peripheral blood. The addition of 5 × 10-5 M of 2-ME to the culture approximately doubled the colony counts. The cells harvested from the colonies contained about 70% of E-RFC and 20% of EAC-RFC.
The Mouse Mutant “Motheaten”
Authors: Sidman Charles L. , Shultz Leonard D. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Motheaten mice have normal levels of T lymphocytes but reduced levels of B lymphocytes. Those B cells that are present show an impaired proliferative response to B cell mitogens and no plaque-forming cell response to thymus-independent antigens. T lymphocyte function is also defective in motheaten mice, as assayed by the proliferative responses to T cell mitogens, and by the capacity to develop cytotoxic killer cells against allogeneic cells. Motheaten mice possess spleen cells capable of suppressing normal B cell responses to thymus-independent antigens. This suppressor cell is not sensitive to anti-Thy-1 antibody plus complement treatment but is partially removed by adherence on plastic. Overall, the motheaten mouse suffers a functional severe combined immunodeficiency of both B and T cells, even though these cells are present. We postulate that the inescapable lethality of the motheaten defect is due to the lack of immunocompetence during the critical developmental period before adulthood and perhaps to an autoaggressive component as well.
Development of IgE-Forming Cells in Vitro from Rat Mesenteric Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Suemura Masaki , Urban Joseph F. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mesenteric lymph node cells from normal rats and rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) were cultured with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or Nb antigen, and the development of IgM-, IgG2a-, or IgE-containing cells was assessed by immunofluorescence. Normal lymph node cells stimulated with PWM developed into both IgM- and IgE-containing cells, whereas similar stimulation of cells from Nb-infected rats resulted in the development of IgM-, IgG2a-, and IgE-containing cells. The in vitro plasma cell response to PWM was dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. Lymph node cells from Nb-infected rats responded to Nb antigen and developed into plasma cells of IgM, IgG, and IgE classes. The response was antigen specific and required antigen-primed T cells. Depletion of IgE-bearing cells of IgM-bearing cells before stimulation with either PWM or Nb antigen diminished the level of IgE-forming cell development, suggesting that IgE-IgM double bearing cells are precursors of IgE-forming cells. The distribution of the three isotypes among the Ig-forming cells that developed in response to PWM was influenced by the source of both B and T cells. When B cells from Nb-infected rats were employed as a source of precursors, T cells from infected animals were more effective than normal T cells for the development of IgE-forming cells, whereas the latter cells were more effective for the development of IgG2a-forming cells than T cells from infected animals.
Sequential Proliferation Induced in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Mitogens
Authors: Winger Larry A. , Nowell Peter C. , Daniele Ronald P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes inhibits the continued proliferation of autologous lymphocytes growing in a feeder-layer system in response to mitogen. Velocity sedimentation and 3HTdR autoradiographic studies of the suppressive population indicated that the effect is mediated by proliferating, large cells (“blasts”). Other populations of actively dividing cells, including normal lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen or the calcium ionophore A23187, the Raji B cell line, and human and mouse fibroblasts, suppressed 3HTdR uptake as well, in a similar dose range. The suppressive effect of these cells could be roughly correlated with the proportion of blasts in the cell population.
Inhibitory activity in this system was not demonstrated in supernatants from PHA blasts compared to saline controls, but intact cells suppressed across a nucleopore membrane but not a dialysis membrane. Supplementing the assay culture with low m.w. constituents of the medium did not decrease the suppressive effect. However, when fresh serum was added in increasing concentrations with the inhibitory cells, their suppressive effect was partially abrogated.
These results may be interpreted in at least two ways that are not mutually exclusive: i) PHA blasts may elaborate a labile inhibitory substance that may be bound, inactivated, or degraded to some degree by serum and/or ii) actively proliferating cells may exhaust an essential high m.w. nutrient in the assay culture. It is likely that the inhibitory effects observed in many culture systems involving mitogen-induced suppressor lymphocytes are not restricted to immunologic phenomena but may include a more general function of actively dividing cells, which is neither tissue nor species specific.
Immune Response to a Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Huber S. A. , Lucas Z. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from Fischer rats 3 to 13 days after i.p. injection of syngeneic 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma contain three factors specifically blocking cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). The major blocking factor is a 160,000-dalton IgG that combines specifically to cytolytic lymphocytes but not to tumor cells or tumor antigen, and that is not dissociated after treatment with 8 M urea. The other factors have been putatively identified as tumor antigen (&lt;70,000 daltons) and as soluble antigen-antibody complexes (&gt;200,000 daltons). Injecting the tumor antigen into tumor-free rats induced spleen cells specifically cytotoxic to the 13762A tumor and provided partial protection to challenge with live tumor cells. Treating soluble antigen-antibody complexes with 8 M urea decreased the size of the blocking activity from greater than 200,000 to less than 70,000 daltons. Although the IgG fraction dissociated from the complex did not block CMC, it did recombine with the tumor antigen fraction to transfer activity to the &gt;200,000-dalton fraction. In contrast, mixing tumor antigen with the IgG fraction that did block CMC did not alter the size of the blocking activities.
Complement Lysis: Evidence for an Amphiphilic Nature of the Terminal Membrane C5b-9 Complex of Human Complement
Authors: Bhakdi Sucharit , Bjerrum Ole J. , Bhakdi-Lehnen Birgit , Tranum-Jensen Jørgen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The terminal, membrane-derived C5b-9 complex of human complement (C) is an apparently hollow, cylindrical macromolecule vertically oriented on the target membrane. In the present study, an antiserum to the complex has been used to probe its immunobiochemical properties. “Neoantigenic” determinants characteristic of the complex have been detected, which are absent on native C5-C9 molecules. Evidence that the C5b-9 complex is an amphiphilic molecule that possesses apolar, detergent-binding surfaces has been obtained by using charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and by direct demonstration of Triton X-100 binding to the complex in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. By the same criteria, serum C5, C6, and C9 are hydrophilic molecules. The results indicate that assembly of C5-C9 into the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex is accompanied by conformational changes in the individual C components that lead to the exposure of apolar molecular regions in the complex. It is proposed that this constitutes the basis for the lipid-binding properties of the macromolecule, which enable it to become inserted into biologic and artificial lipid membranes with apparent generation of a transmembrane pore.
The Binding of Activated C3 to Polysaccharides and Immunoglobulins
Authors: Capel Peter J. A. , Groeneboer Oscarina , Grosveld Gerard , Pondman Karel W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the acceptors for activated C3 present on immunoglobulins was studied by using the fixation of C3 to Sepharose beads after activation with trypsin as a model system. C3 fixation to Sepharose is a property exclusively linked to the short active state of C3. This binding could be inhibited by various carbohydrates and their affinity for C3 was calculated from the extent of the inhibition of the binding of C3 to Sepharose. Mono-, di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides showed on a molar basis an increasing but still weak affinity for active C3. The C3 fixation to Sepharose could be inhibited by immunoglobulins and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the hexose content of the immunoglobulin preparations. The isolated polysaccharide moiety of IgG gave the same inhibition as the intact IgG.
In addition cell wall polysaccharides of Salmonella abortus equi were found to have a high affinity for active C3. Thus, the more complex polysaccharides such as those present on immunoglobulins and cell walls might function as acceptor for activated C3.