bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Command of Land Forces
Authors: Storr Jim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Commanders agree unanimously that land force headquarters are too big and take too long to produce orders which are too long. But how, and why? This chapter considers the purpose of land force command systems, the products they generate, the processes they use, their structures, the systems they use and the people within them. Command systems are not primarily technical but socio-technical entities. They would be more effective, and so would the land forces they direct, if they were much smaller and operated much faster. This would require abandoning much explicit process and changing the way information systems are used. It would also require higher levels of training for fewer, carefully selected, staff officers; and removing most of the senior staff officers in headquarters. Critically it would require command post exercises to be genuinely free-play, two sided, and take place in real time.
Tactical Tenets
Authors: Friedman B. A. , Paulsson Henrik 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tactics, the art of arranging military forces to defeat an opposing force, is at the heart of the military experience. Still, the study of tactics as an art and science does not get as much attention as the study of strategy. Specific tactical procedures are often found in military doctrine, but tactics signifies a broader undertaking; it is the creative combination of tools and assets during combat. This chapter provides an overview of structured thinking about tactics, or tactical theory, throughout history. It gives special attention to the principles of war, or tactical tenets. These are: mass, manoeuvre, firepower, tempo, surprise, shock, confusion, and moral cohesion. This basic understanding of tactics allows for an informed consideration of the key but often forgotten fact that tactics should always support strategic goals or the ultimate ends of warfare. It also allows for analysis of military actors through the identification of preferred tactical tenets.
The Moral Component of Fighting
Authors: Sandman Tua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter critically engages with the literature on combat motivation, morale, and cohesion; it contends that historical and contemporary scholarly debates on why soldiers fight have largely overlooked and diminished the role of society and socio-political discourses, whilst keeping an unnecessarily narrow focus on the here and now of combat. Inspired by critical war studies and the cultural study of war, the chapter encourages students, scholars, and practitioners to consider and problematize the home/front relationship and its practical implications for military operations. It accentuates that the will to fight is constantly in the making, inherently unstable, and always already socially and historically situated; fundamentally, the will to fight is contingent on (shifting) notions of legitimacy in society at large, whereas public discourse in turn is shaped by the experience of combat and its representations. Thus, interlinkages between society’s and soldiers’ construction of meaning are worth uncovering and theorizing further.
Military Health Services Supporting the Land Component in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Bricknell Martin C. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the dual tasks of a military health service (MHS): to enable military personnel to be a ‘medically ready force’, and to provide a ‘ready medical force’ that supports armed forces during combat and other operations. Armies have the largest number of personnel exposed to risk, suffer the highest number of casualties, and have the largest medical services. Military medicine was transformed during the combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan resulting in the highest probability of survival for military casualties in history. The future land battlefield may cause high casualty rates and unfamiliar threats to field medical services. The concepts of prolonged field care and prolonged hospital care describe the new approaches that will be necessary if medical planning guidelines cannot be met. Advances in medical information technology, additive printing, and autonomous vehicles may also enhance medical care on the future battlefield.
People’s Liberation Army Operations and Tactics in the Land Domain
Authors: Marvel Brad 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the operational approach employed by the People’s Liberation Army Army (PLAA) in modern ground combat. Part one begins with a discussion of how the modern PLAA was envisioned and constructed, along with how the modern force fits into China’s grand strategy. This section also discusses the PLAA’s modern force structure. Part two delves deeper into the PLAA’s operational construct, discussing concepts such as system warfare and multi-domain operations. It provides an overview of how the PLAA intends to fight in varied domains, and explains how the ancient Chinese concept of the stratagem helps to shape the PLAA’s views of modern combat. Finally, the many varied lessons learned and challenges facing the PLAA are discussed in detail.
The Role of Israel’s Ground Forces in Israel’s Wars
Authors: Hecht Eado , Shamir Eitan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Since its declaration of independence, Israel has experienced constant low-intensity warfare punctuated by brief periods of medium to high-intensity warfare. Politically and strategically, these variations in the intensity of fighting are connected and the results of one have often led directly to the other. Israeli ground forces have borne the brunt of this fighting. This chapter provides a synopsis of the evolution of those forces, from Israel’s war for independence until today. The chapter includes five sections, of which the first three provide a background on the origins of the Israeli ground forces, Israel’s threat perceptions, and the role of the ground forces in its strategy for dealing with those threats. The core of the chapter will trace the changing doctrines and organization as they were adapted to the acquisition of new capabilities, lessons derived from combat, and the changing political and strategic situation within which they fought.
Tactics and Trade-Offs
Authors: Neads Alex , Galbreath David J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Today, the dominant paradigms of land warfare in the United Kingdom stand at a crossroads. For decades, the British Army’s vision of manoeuvre has sought to balance US concepts of digital transformation with more limited UK financial resources. Now, this old paradox presents new challenges for the British Army as it attempts to rejuvenate its warfighting capabilities in a fashion fit for the future. Here, the collective obsolescence of most of the British Army’s major conventional platforms—from main battle tanks and infantry fighting vehicles to artillery systems and communication suites—simultaneously represents both a rare opportunity and an unparalleled risk. This chapter examines the continuing evolution of UK doctrine through professional debates over concepts and capabilities. It concludes that British military manoeuvre ultimately remains the product of uncomfortable trade-offs between conceptual innovation and strategic ambition on the one hand, and material reality and budgetary constraints on the other.
Trends in the Land Warfare Capability of Poland and the Visegrád States, 1991–2021
Authors: Boston Scott 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the changes in the military forces of Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia over three decades following the end of the Cold War. In transitioning from Warsaw Pact to NATO member states, each of these countries dramatically resized their military forces, abandoning their previously highly centralized mass mobilization force designs and embarking on programmes of transition and modernization. The chapter compares some aspects of NATO and Warsaw Pact force design and land warfare concepts, particularly in the integration of combined-arms and command and control. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the return of large-scale land conflict for these former Warsaw Pact and now NATO member military forces.
Introduction
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An introductory outline of the place of the Muirs as leading figures in the twentieth-century Scottish literary renaissance, and their contribution to and engagement with European letters. An account of the family backgrounds of Edwin and Willa Muir before they met. Willa Anderson, daughter of a draper in Montrose, is a brilliant Classics graduate at St Andrews. Edwin’s family move from rural Orkney to industrial Glasgow and within two years his father, two brothers, and his mother have died. Unfit for military service, with no formal education, young Edwin has to educate himself and make a living in the city as a clerk on his own.
Coming Together 1918–1921
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1918–1921. Edwin’s early work as critic and reviewer for The New Age. The essays in We Moderns by ‘Edward Moore’. His interest in Nietzsche and socialism. Edwin and Willa meet in Glasgow. Courtship and marriage. The move to London. Friends and literary contacts. Edwin’s literary ambitions are greatly encouraged by Hugh Kingsmill and especially by John Holms, who will become one of his closest friends.
Elbflorenz 1922–1923
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1922–1923. The Muirs move to Dresden, known as Florence on the Elbe, and love the relaxed culture of the city. Edwin writes for The Freeman. They meet radical educationalist A. S. Neill, who offers Willa employment as a teacher at his International School in Hellerau, a small village outside Dresden. Here Neill’s new ideas on education, with students from all over Europe, could be linked to the school’s former role as a centre for Dalcrozian Eurythmics. Edwin meets Iwar von Lücken, who develops his interest in German poetry and introduces him to the work of Friedrich Hölderlin and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. The Muirs meet again with John Holms, who has found it difficult to settle down after the war, and is travelling in Europe. He will meet up with the Muirs more than once in the years to come.
Early Writings
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1926–1927. This chapter reviews and discusses the couples’ literary output to date, as they settle in a cottage in Dormandsland in Surrey, closer to literary life in London. Willa wrote lively essays about their time in Prague, but these have never been published. Edwin produced First Poems (1925) and Chorus of the Newly Dead (1926), which show the influence of his interest in German poetry and writers such as Hölderlin and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. His first novel The Marionette was published in 1927. His essays have appeared in We Moderns (1918), Latitudes (1924), Transition (1926). He is now a respected reviewer, published by the Hogarth Press, and friendly with influential figures such as Leonard and Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, and the novelist and translator Sydney Schiff (‘Stephen Hudson’).
Willa and Womanhood 1927–1929
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1927–1929. This chapter describes the production of Willa’s proto-feminist study Women: An Inquiry (1925). A discussion of the book’s strengths and weaknesses is set against contemporary opinions about childbirth and infancy, most notably the teachings of Truby King. The Muir’s son Gavin is born on 29 October 1927. It is a very difficult birth, and Willa will suffer recurring gynaecological problems for years to come. She keeps a diary of Gavin’s early years (unpublished) called ‘Marmaduke’s Journal’. Gavin will prove to be a worry for his parents, who cannot always give him the attention he will need.
Crowborough and Literary Life 1929–1931
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1929–1931. The Muirs move to a cottage in Crowborough. Edwin works on another novel, The Three Brothers (1931), while Willa returns to her plans for a novel of her own. With Edwin’s support, she continues with the German translations that are now a regular source of their income. Writing as ‘Agnes Neill Scott’, she translates Hans Carossa’s A Roumanian Diary on her own. Edwin discovers an author of a book who is new to them both. The Muir’s translation of Kafka’s The Castle, published in 1930, is a significant event for the English-speaking world. Further novels of his are to follow, as well as a contract to translate Hermann Broch’s great trilogy Die Schlafwandler, The Sleepwalkers. The pressures of work affect them both, especially Willa, so they place young Gavin in a Montessori nursery school and take a month’s break in Menton. In Paris on the way south they meet with John Holms, now Peggy Guggenheim’s lover. Willa finishes her novel, published in 1931 as Imagined Corners, and the themes of the novel and its critical reception are discussed in detail. The pressures of literary work, childcare, and family demands take their toll. Willa has to go to hospital to repair the damage, never properly dealt with, endured during Gavin’s birth. More serious than expected, the operation keeps her in hospital for three weeks, with a further two weeks bed-rest at home.
Changing Worlds and a Hampstead Idyll 1930–1933
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1930–1933. The chapter begins with a discussion of the literary renaissance in Scotland, Edwin’s engagement with it, and his friendship with Hugh MacDiarmid and James Whyte, the editor of The Modern Scot. Edwin and Willa are sent to Budapest in May 1932 as representatives of Scottish P.E.N. They are glad to be back in Europe, but it is not a happy occasion, tainted by a harsh Hungarian regime and shadows of fascism. On their return the Muirs decide to move to London, using an inheritance from Willa’s mother to rent a house in Hampstead. Here they will spend five happy years, in close contact with publishers and writers, including expatriate Scots such as Catherine Carswell, George Malcolm Thomson, and younger poets including Stephen Spender, Dylan Thomas, and George Barker. Edwin’s last novel Poor Tom (1932) is his best piece of fiction, but lukewarm reviews convince him that his métier is poetry. Willa’s second novel, Mrs Ritchie, appears in 1933 as a scathing vision of a puritanical narrowness in Scottish society. More overtly polemical, it is less successful than Imagined Corners. In May 1933, Edwin attends another P.E.N. conference, this time in Dubrovnik, sadly marked by anti-Semitism and the presence of Nazi sympathizers. Back in London, Gavin is injured by a lorry while fleeing from the servant girl whose hell-fire religious fanaticism had frightened him, an already nervous child.
Scotland and Europe 1935–1939
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1935–1939. The Muirs move to St Andrews and contribute to a series on Scottish identity. Edwin’s Scott and Scotland and Willa’s Mrs Grundy in Scotland are published by Routledge in 1936. Willa’s book, produced under the pressures of her translation work, is a rather heavy-handed attack on narrow-minded Protestantism. Edwin’s study is a more considered critique, but his reservations about the Scottish literary renaissance prove to be highly controversial. He regards the use of literary Scots to be a dead end; Scottish writers should look to English. MacDiarmid takes this as a personal betrayal, and the debate raged for years to come. Life in St Andrews is not as Willa remembered. Edwin and Willa are happiest with Europeans and more free-thinking people in the city. Edwin starts to revisit his childhood with plans for an autobiography. Willa begins a novel based on their happier Hampstead years. Called ‘Mrs Muttoe and the Top Story’, it will never be published. Darker times, with the Spanish Civil War and the rise of fascism, give a new relevance to the couple’s translations of Kafka, with The Trial (1937) and America (1938). They arrange for Hermann Broch to flee Austria and come to Britain. He stays with them in St Andrews before leaving for the United States. Willa’s old troubles recur, her heart has been weakened, and she needs rest in the Cottage Hospital before another internal operation. Hitler’s invasion of Poland signals the start of world war.
The Second World War in St Andrews 1939–1942
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1939–1942. The Muirs face worries about their health, the war, and the collapse in demand for German literature in translation. Edwin completes his autobiography, to be published as The Story and the Fable in 1940. They worry about Gavin, who has musical talent, but is prone to acute anxieties. As socialists in conservative St Andrews, the Muirs are regarded with a degree of suspicion in these difficult times, and some of their left-wing friends, and prominent Scottish nationalists, are visited by MI5 looking for fifth columnists. Willa works as an underpaid school teacher at Gavin’s school. Edwin is disregarded by the university because he has no degree, so he signs up with the Home Guard and works as a clerk at the Food Office in Dundee. His health fails, however, and he has to rest at home for several weeks. Under the stress of these days, Willa’s troubles recur. Suffering from bowel ulcers, she struggles on until, seriously ill, she has a major operation in January 1942. Things improve for Edwin when Harvey Wood invites him to come to Edinburgh to lecture Polish troops at the Polish House, catering for European combatants displaced from their home countries. (Free French and Czech houses were to follow.) Edwin’s talks are a success, and when the British Council seek to formalize the arrangement, he gets the job. When Willa is feeling better, the family leave St Andrews and move to Edinburgh.
The Cold War and Prague 1945–1948
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1945–1948. Edwin and two British Council colleagues set out for Czechoslovakia by car. The ruins of post-war Europe are a shock to them, and people in Prague, so recently under Soviet occupation, seem nervous and subdued. Willa flies out to join Edwin and they find a place to stay and a decent venue to establish the British Institute. Edwin is made visiting professor at Charles University. His informal lecturing style is popular with Czech students, arousing professional jealousies. Nevertheless, he is awarded an honorary doctorate in May 1947. Edwin’s duties keep him busy, with P.E.N. meetings and lectures in Zurich, Vienna, and elsewhere. Willa, rather on her own, promotes a social life at the institute for staff and local people alike, and starts personal journals to record her experience of Prague. The traumas of Nazi occupation have left a legacy of tension and hatred in the city. She is working on translating Kafka again, with The Penal Settlement, Tales and Short Pieces published in 1948. Political tensions increase with the rise to power of the Communist Party. Non-communists are removed from posts throughout the city. Jan Masaryk, former foreign minister and son of the founder of the First Republic in 1918, dies in suspicious circumstances. Edwin is followed by the secret police, his lectures are observed, and student numbers dwindle. Lumir Soukup leaves the country and the Muirs follow suit. Edwin’s next collection, The Labyrinth (1949) is much influenced by these experiences, and contains some of his best poems.
American Adventure 1955–1956
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1955–1956. The Muirs are charmed by the material and social differences of North America, though they will rarely stray from Harvard and the North East. The hospitality and the social freedom of American academics is a new experience for them, and they make friends with Archibald MacLeish, Robert Frost, Harry Levin, Edmund Wilson, and visiting Scot, Karl Miller. Edwin’s lectures are well received, later published as The Estate of Poetry (1962). The couple visit Washington and Edwin does poetry readings for the radio, also at the Metropolitan Museum in New York and the University of Chicago. Back in Cambridge, they attend a performance of Djuna Barnes’ play The Antiphon. When the time comes to return to Britain, they reflect that they had to come to America to find out how ‘European’ they are.
Swaffham Prior 1956–1959
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1956–1959. Seeking an affordable place to stay, within reach of literary London, the Muirs take Priory Cottage in the village of Swaffham Prior outside Cambridge. Gavin is finding it difficult to settle to a career. Edwin and Willa like to take holidays in Orkney, but settle in England, close to friends like Katherine Raine, who is a Fellow at Girton and John Holloway at Queen’s College. They are well received. Edwin is made a member of Queen’s and can use the library. They meet with David Daiches who is at Jesus. One Foot in Eden (1956) is well reviewed and its poems and its uses of mythology are discussed. Edwin gains a Bollingen Foundation grant for a book on the Scots ballads. He hopes to visit Norman MacCaig in Edinburgh to research it, and plans a new collection of poetry to be called ‘Last Poems’. Steps are taken to grant him a civil list pension, and he is awarded an Honorary D.Litt. by Cambridge in June 1958. Edwin’s health is not strong, however, and suffering breathlessness, with fluid in the lungs, he is confined to the garden of their cottage. In December he is rushed to Addenbrookes Hospital and dies of congestive heart failure on 3 January 1959.
Willa Alone 1959–1963
Authors: McCulloch Margery Palmer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
1959–1963. The chapter reviews the critical assessments and obituaries that follow Edwin’s death, north and south of the border. Willa’s friends rally round, and her correspondence with Violet Schiff, Kathleen Raine, and the Marwicks in Orkney will be a great comfort to her in years to come. Crippled with arthritis and easily tired, Willa is determined to cope on her own. Honouring Edwin’s Bollingen grant, she commits to writing the ballad book herself. She is awarded a prize of 3000 marks from the German Academy of Language and Literature in recognition of her translation work, and receives the Guinness Poetry Award on Edwin’s behalf in London. Edwin’s Collected Poems is published in 1960, and Willa helps with the addendum of ‘Poems not Previously Collected’. She meets Peter Butter, who is writing a book about Edwin. She writes an essay on old age from a woman’s perspective, but ‘This Lopsided World’ is never published. She does, however, contract to translate Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s play, Der Schwierige—The Difficult Man. Gavin is finally to be married. He will wed Dorothy Hargreaves at Swaffham Prior so that his mother can attend. Willa is delighted, but there will be growing tensions between her and Dorothy when the couple decide to come to live with her in December 1961. Within two years Willa has decided to leave Swaffham Prior to stay with Kathleen Raine, in a basement flat in Chelsea.