bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequentially Derived Mutants of the Constant Region of the Heavy Chain of Murine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Morrison Sherie L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an effort to define the mechanism of the γ2b → γ2a subclass switch observed in cultured cells, a series of constant region mutants has been isolated in the cell line (45.6) derived from the MPC-11 tumor. The investigation was begun with 10-1, a spontaneous variant of 45.6 which synthesizes a 47,000 dalton heavy chain with a deletion in CH1. From 10-1, two types of secondary variant was synthesizing a 55,000 dalton heavy chain that was γ2a serologically. Five independent variants synthesizing 55,000 dalton γ2a heavy chain were isolated from 10-1. All five were of the same apparent m.w. and four, but not the fifth, had identical isoelectric focusing patterns. The second type of secondary variant isolated from 10-1 was synthesizing a heavy chain even smaller than the heavy chain of 10-1. Two different variants of this type, I17 and G251, synthesized heavy chains of approximately 35,000 and 40,000 daltons, respectively, which did not react with any subclass-specific antiserum.
From I17 and G251 it was possible to isolate tertiary variants that synthesized γ2a heavy chains of either 47,000 daltons or 55,000 daltons m.w. The 55,000 dalton γ2a heavy chains exhibited many different isoelectric focusing patterns. Peptide map analysis of two 47,000 dalton and two 55,000 dalton γ2a tertiary variants showed no differences from the Fc of MOPC-173, a naturally occurring γ2a myeloma. However, a third 55,000 dalton γ2a variant synthesized a heavy chain with a Fc that was apparently not identical to that of MOPC-173.
These experiments show that it is possible to isolate γ2b → γ2a subclass switch mutants from variants synthesizing short heavy chains. It is not possible to define unequivocally the mechanism of the subclass switch. However, it clearly does not result from the translocation of an intact V region to an intact constant region. The resulting data are, however, compatible with the γ2b → γ2a switch resulting from a recombination event between tandem genes on homologous chromosomes or chromatids.
Reversal by Peritoneal Adherent Cells of Tumor Cell Suppression of T Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Ting Chou-Chik , Rodrigues Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tumor cells and their cell/free products were found to be suppressive for the T cell-mediated cytotoxic response. This was shown by their ability to inhibit the standard mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions and the failure of these tumor cells to induce cytotoxic response in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC) reactions. However, this immunosuppressive effect could be completely reversed by the addition of 1 to 10% of syngeneic peritoneal cells (PC) into the MLC or MLTC reactions. Addition of PC not only can reverse the immunosuppression of tumor cells in MLC, but also restores the cytotoxic response to these tumor cells in MLTC. Although PC were needed to restore the cytotoxic response, the cytotoxic effector cells recovered from these cultures were found to be entirely T cells. These PC were needed in the early induction phase of the cytotoxic response. The reversal of immunosuppression can only be obtained when PC were added at the onset of MLTC reactions. Addition of PC at a later time or were left in the effector phase of cytotoxic reactions gave no restoration of the cytotoxic response. In the FBL-3 tumor system, the PC that were responsible for the reversal of the immunosuppression were found to be radioresistant, adherent, Thy. 1-antigen negative, Ia-negative, and Ig-negative. They were also found to be predominantly nonphagocytes. Therefore, they were not typical macrophages. This nonphagocytic population of adherent PC may play a critical role in the regulation of T cell-mediated cytotoxic response to tumor cells.
Antigenic Determinants of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin
Authors: Russell Robyn J. , Burns William H. , White David O. , Anders E. Margot , Ward Colin W. , Jackson David C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin G directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus A/Memphis/102/72 (H3N2) was adsorbed with either of two related viruses, A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) or A/Papua New Guinea/75 (H3N2) to fractionate the antibody into “strain-specific” (“specific”) and “cross-reactive” (“common”) populations. These IgG preparations were tested with use of a solidphase radioimmunoassay for their ability to compete with one another in binding to the antigenic determinants of Memphis HA. Their binding avidities were also determined.
It was found that anti-“specific” and anti-“common” IgG preparations competed with each other for the antigenic regions on Memphis HA. In addition, the assignment of anti-HA antibodies to either the anti-“specific” or the anti-“common” category was shown to be completely dependent on the particular virus used for adsorption; the more distantly related the strains being compared, the higher the proportion of antibodies that registered as anti-“specific”, and the higher the average binding avidity of the anti-“specific” antibody population.
It is concluded that so-called anti-“specific” anti-“common” antibodies are directed against the same regions on the HA molecule. This does not necessarily imply that there is only a single antigenic determinant; there may be more than one, each inducing the production of a heterogeneous population of antibody molecules binding with different avidities to that determinant.
Target Cell Recognition by Cytolytic T Cells: Different Requirements for the Formation of Strong Conjugates or for Proceeding to Lysis
Authors: Shortman Ken , Golstein Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conjugates between nonadherent peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from alloimmune mice, and neutral redlabeled or unlabeled tumor cell targets, were assayed by a procedure involving co-sedimentation of lymphocytes and target cells, vigorous resuspension, then visualization under phase-contrast or normal optics. The requirements for obtaining such conjugates, and for maintaining them in a state resistant to shear force, were compared to those for cytolysis in the usual 51Cr release procedure. The following discrepancies were noted between the requirements for formation and visualization of such conjugates, and the requirements for the recognition stage of the cytolytic assay: 1) although in both cases divalent cations were required, more Mg++ was necessary to obtain suspended conjugates than to obtain lysis; 2) although cytochalasin A added before cell contact was inhibitory in both cases, the post-recognition steps leading to lysis were not affected, whereas preformed conjugates were affected; 3) glucose was required to obtain suspended conjugates, whereas the hexose requirement in the 51Cr release assay was restricted to a post-recognition state leading to lysis. The discrepancies between the two assays were explained by the observation that under all the inhibitory conditions tested (addition of EDTA, deoxyglucose, or cytochalasin A) preformed conjugates, although not immediately dissociated, were rendered labile to shear force. The resuspension step, necessary to visualize conjugates, imposed more stringent requirements on the T cell-target cell interaction than did the lytic assay using pelleted cells.
The results suggest that the establishment of a tenacious linke between a cytolytic T lymphocyte and a target cell requires secondary, nonimmunologic interactions that follow the initial specific recognition event, and that these strengthening interactions are not necessary for cytolysis. The T cell receptor itself might only have a weak affinity, or be readily detached from the membrane, so that it has more of a “reading” than a “binding” role. A practical conclusion is that the metabolic requirements for T cell “recognition” are not fixed, but are imposed by the experimental conditions under which recognition is tested.
Genetic Mapping of the Locus Controlling Structural Variations of Murine C3 in the Chromosome 17
Authors: Natsuume-Sakai Shunnosuke , Hayakawa Junichiro , Amano Shigetoyo , Takahashi Morinobu 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Backcross progeny, (NC × TF/GnLe)F1 × TF/GnLe, was tested for C3 allotype controlled by C3-1 and the expression of mutant gene tf, repeated loss and regrowth of hair. The recombination frequency between these two loci both located in chromosome 17 of the mouse was 24%. Taken together with our previous linkage data, C3-1 is now localized to a position 11 cm more distal than H-2 on chromosome 17.
Macromolecular Insoluble Cold Globulin (MICG): A Novel Protein from Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Hauptman Stephen P. , Kansu Emin , Godfrey Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macromolecular insoluble cold globulin is a glycoprotein synthesized predominantly by T lymphocytes in the mouse. The present report details experiments demonstrating the plasma membrane distribution of MICG on T lymphocytes. By utilizing immunofluorescent techniques it was shown that MICG was located in the external cell surface of 98% of thymic lymphocytes and 60% of splenic lymphocytes. Furthermore, in spleen cells, it was demonstrated that T cells and not B cells were surface MICG positive. Antibody to MICG was able to cap all of the immunofluorescent-positive (60%) spleen cells. In contrast, anti-MICG antibody did not induce cap formation on thymus cells. Only when dilute solutions of antibody were used did MICG cap on the thymus cells.
Employing limited proteolysis of thymus and spleen cells MICG was shown to be regenerated on the surface of T cells with a half-life of 3.5 hr. The distribution and cell surface characteristics of MICG are discussed in terms of a “receptor-like” function for this protein.
Effect of Specific Phospholipids on the Antibody-Complement-Mediated Killing of Nucleated Cells
Authors: Ohanian Sarkis H. , Schlager Seymour I. , Yamazaki Masatoshi , Ishida Brian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Certain phospholipids selectively inhibited or enhanced the cytotoxic action of complement (C) on antibody-coated line-1 and line-10 guinea pig hepatoma cells. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) inhibited guinea pig, human, goat, and rabbit C but not rat C. Cardiolipin (CL) was effective in inhibiting human and goat C and phosphatidylethanolamine (bovine brain) (PEm) was effective against human, goat, and rabbit C. Phosphatidylethanolamine (egg yolk) (PEegg), phosphatidylethanolamine (E. coli) (PEb) or phosphatidylethanolamine (soybean) (PEsb) were not effective in inhibiting C activity. Phosphatidylserine (PS) was only effective in inhibiting GPC. In contrast, PG enhanced the activity of rat C against line-10 cells sensitized with anti-tumor antibody but not anti-Forssman antibody.
The inhibiting activity was dependent upon the antibody used to sensitize the cells, on the concentration of lipids used to treat the C, and on the time the lipids were added to the C. The inhibitory effect of the lipids appear to be at the stage of formation of T*. Addition of lipids to T* did not interfere with its transformation to dead cells. These results suggest that certain lipids may interfere with fluid-phase activated C components but not bound C components. The role of lipids or lipid-containing macromolecules on C action may be that of providing a hydrophobic environment for an activated C component(s) whereas the fatty acid composition and/or subtle physical properties of individual lipids may influence the functional activity of C.
Frequency of Allogeneic Helper T Cells Responding to Whole H-2 Differences and to an H-2K Difference Alone
Authors: Swain Susan L. , Panfili Peter R. , Dutton Richard W. , Lefkovits Ivan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Limiting dilution analysis was used to determine the frequency of splenic T cells that are stimulated by alloantigen to give help in a primary antibody response to SRBC. Serveral haplotype combinations were tested. A semilogarithmic plot of the fraction of nonresponding culture as a function of the number of T cells added to excess B cells gave a straight line intercepting with the origin. Thus a single cell-type was limiting, which was required to help B cells respond to SRBC. The frequency of syngeneic precursors of T helper cells specific for SRBC ranged from 1/10,000 to 1/55,000 with a mean of about 1/20,000. Allohelpers generated by whole H-2 differences gave precursor frequencies that ranged from 1/1000 to 1/7000 with a mean of about 1/2500. Thus allohelpers to whole H-2 differences were approximately 8-fold more frequent than SRBC-specific helpers. When the stimulation was limited to the H-2K difference between the mutant B6.C-H-2ba and wild-type B6, frequencies of from 1/2600 to 1/7900 allohelpers were found with a mean of about 1/5000, approximately half the frequency of allohelpers to whole H-2 differences. Thus some, but probably not all, of the magnitude of allogeneic help can be attributed to the high frequency of helper T cells that respond to a given alloantigen.
Suggestive Evidence for Receptors for Morphine and Methionine-Enkephalin on Normal Human Blood T Lymphocytes
Authors: Wybran Joseph , Appelboom Thierry , Famaey Jean-Pierre , Govaerts André 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study reports the in vitro influence of morphine, dextromoramide, levomoramide, and methionine-enkephalin upon normal human T blood lymphocytes by using the active and total rosette tests. Morphine and dextromoramide inhibited the percentage of active T rosettes. This effect was completely reversed in the presence of naloxone, their specific antagonist. The specificity was further demonstrated by the absence of the effect of levomoramide, the inactive enantiomere, upon the rosette system. Methionine-enkephalin increased the percentage of active T rosettes. This effect was specifically inhibited by naloxone. These observations suggest that normal human blood T lymphocytes bear surface receptor-like structures for morphine, dextromoramide, and methionine-enkephalin. Such findings may provide a link between the central nervous system and the immune system.
C3 Deposition in Cholesterol-Induced Atherosclerosis in Rabbits: a Possible Etiologic Role for Complement in Atherogenesis
Authors: Pang Anthony S. D. , Katz Allan , Minta Joe O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rabbits by feeding Purina Chow supplemented with cholesterol (5 g/kg body weight/day). The serum cholesterol levels of these rabbits increased progressively and after 3 to 5 months were 4 to 9-fold greater than those of the control animals. Decrease in total hemolytic complement was not apparent during the feeding regimen. Morphologic examination of aortae of these hypercholesterolemic rabbits showed typical atherosclerotic intimal plaques. Immunofluorescent microscopy with fluorescein (F)-labeled anti-rabbit C3 showed deposition of C3 in the intimal and inner medial layers as early as 3 months on high cholesterol diet. C3 deposits were also observed in the renal glomeruli and in the walls of coronary arteries. However, fluorescent studies failed to demonstrate the presence of IgG, IgM, and C4 at these sites. Tissues from control animals fed normal diets were negative for immunoglobulins, C3, and C4. These results suggest that the complement system may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.
Adherent Cell Function in Murine T Lymphocyte Antigen Recognition
Authors: Rosenwasser Lanny J. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The I region of the MHC appears to control antigen-specific Mø-T lymphocyte interaction. The immune response to antigens such as Glø9 are under control of two distinct I subregions, I-A and I-E/I-C. We have asked in a Mø-dependent, antigen-specific murine T cell proliferation assay whether either or both gene products need be expressed in the antigen-presenting cells. We find that both Ir-Glø9 α and β genes must be expressed and function in the antigen-presenting cell.
Inheritance of Tolerance Susceptibility to Human γ-Globulin in Congenic Mice
Authors: Ranges Gerald E. , Azar Miguel M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The genetic control of susceptibility to tolerance induction with human γ-globulin (HGG) was studied by using H-2 congenic mice. Strains tested that were congenic with C57BL/10Sn were completely tolerized by 1.0 mg deaggregated HGG. In contrast A/Sn mice showed full tolerance whereas A.SW mice were only intermediately tolerant. It was further shown that (B10 × SJL)F1 mice could be rendered tolerant but (B10.S × SJL)F1 mice could not. These data indicate a role for H-2 linked genes in control of tolerance susceptibility. Results obtained with the progeny of (B10.S × SJL)F1 backcrossed to B10.S indicate that two non-H-2 linked genes are involved in control of tolerance induction. Preliminary mapping studies show the H-2 gene located to the left of the IC subregion. These results confirm our previous finding that both H-2 and non-H-2 genes control susceptibility of adult mice to tolerance induction with HGG.
Demonstration and Partial Characterization of 22-nm HBsAg and Dane Particles of Subtype HBsAg/ady
Authors: Hess Georg , Shih J. Wai-Kuo , Arnold Wolfgang , Gerin John L. , Zum Büschenfelde Karl-Hermann Meyer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present paper describes the demonstration of d, y, w, and r HBsAg determinants in one serum. It was shown that there are two populations of HBsAg particles: HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ady. All complete Dane particles were of subtype HBsAg/ady. Further characterization of HBsAg/ady particles did not reveal morphologic differences when they were compared with HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay particles. An HBsAg/ady phenotype may be the result of a double infection with hepatitis B viruses or exchanges of DNA sequences that determine HBsAg/ay and HBsAg/ad to form a new genotype.
The Release of a Platelet-Activating Factor by Stimulated Rabbit Neutrophils
Authors: Lynch James M. , Lotner Gary Z. , Betz Sally J. , Henson Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal rabbit peripheral blood neutrophils released a platelet-activating factor upon stimulation by opsonized zymosan. The liberation was Ca++ dependent and the time course of release was closely associated with phagocytosis. The material extracted into chloroform and exhibited an identical mobility by thin layer chromatography to basophil-derived, IgE-stimulated, platelet-activating factor (PAFb). It was similar to PAFb in its effect on platelets in both aggregation and release but was distinguished from ADP, thrombin, arachidonic acid, and thromboxanes. This factor appears to be responsible for some previously reported neutrophil-platelet interactions.
Qa-1-Associated Antigens
Authors: Kastner Daniel L. , Rich Robert R. , Chu Lily 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Qa-1b allele is assigned to strains whose peripheral lymphocytes are not lysed by a standard anti-Qa-1 serum. In order to investigate whether Qa-1b represents a single allele or several alleles that have been grouped together as “not a,” we studied the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for Qa-1b-associated antigens. Cold target inhibition experiments were performed to test the ability of various Qa-1b targets to inhibit the lysis of 51Cr-labeled B10 blasts by B10.BR anti-C3H and C57BR anti-AKR CTL. Qa-1a targets did not inhibit lysis relative to controls syngeneic with the CTL. In contrast, Qa-1b cold targets strongly inhibited the lysis of labeled B10 targets. We found no differences in inhibition among 16 Qa-1b strains representing six H-2 haplotypes and nine different backgrounds. These data indicate that all of these Qa-1b strains express the Qa-1 antigens shared by B10 and C3H or AKR, and thus suggest that Qa-1 is markedly less polymorphic than H-2.
Experiments were also performed to test the possibility that Qa-1-associated antigens are involved in the recognition of minor histocompatibility determinants. CTL were generated in secondary cultures between strains identical at Qa-1 and at H-2, but differing at minor histocompatibility loci. These CTL were tested for their ability to lyse targets bearing the minor histocompatibility antigens of the stimulators, and sharing either Qa region or H-2 antigens with the stimulators. In contrast with the well established role for H-2K and H-2D antigens in the recognition of conventional determinants, we found that in both Qa-1a and Qa-1b strain combinations, Qa region homology was neither necessary nor sufficient for minor locus-specific lysis.
Nature of T Lymphocyte Recognition of Macrophage-Associated Antigens
Authors: Thomas David W. , Meltz Susan K. , Wilner George D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strain 2, strain 13, or (2 × 13)F1 guinea pigs were immunized with human fibrinopeptide B, a 14 amino acid thrombin-derived fragment of the Bβ chain of fibrinogen (Bβ1-14), or the Bβ1-13 homologue, and in vitro T lymphocyte responsiveness was determined by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. T cells from strain 2 or (2 × 13)F1 animals immunized with Bβ1-14 showed proliferative responses with Bβ1-14 but were unresponsive with Bβ1-13. Bβ1-13, Strain 13 Bβ1-14 immune T cells were unresponsive with both Bβ1-14 and 1–13. By contrast, T cells from strain 13 or (2 × 13)F1 guinea pigs immunized with Bβ1-13 produced proliferative responses with Bβ1-13 but not with Bβ1-14. Strain 2 Bβ1-13 immune T cells showed minimal or no responsiveness with Bβ1-13 or 1–14. Thus, responsiveness to Bβ1-14 is associated with strain 2 animals, and responsiveness to Bβ1-13 is associated with strain 13 guinea pigs. To determine the role of macrophages in presentation of Bβ1-14 or 1–13, T cells from (2 × 13)F1 guinea pigs immunized with Bβ1-14 or 1–13 were stimulated by antigen in association with macrophages derived from either parent. F1 T cells immunized with Bβ1-14 responded to Bβ1-14 in association with only strain 2 but not strain 13 macrophages. By contrast, Bβ1-13 immune F1 T cells responded with Bβ1-13 in association with only strain 13 but not strain 2 macrophages. These results are discussed with respect to the role of macrophages in selecting immunogenic determinants of peptide antigens for presentation to T cells.
Cells with Fc IgG Receptors in 69-Hr-Old Chicken Embryo
Authors: Nowak Jerzy S. , Lassila Olli , Granfors Kaisa , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG (Fc receptors) are expressed on a wide variety of normal cells including macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, B cells, some classes of T cells, mast cells, platelets, and different epithelial cells (1–5). They have also been described on various malignant cell populations including lymphomas, leukemias, plasma cell tumors, and various sorts of connective tissue and epithelial tumors (1). In addition, Fc receptors have also been detected on some virus-infected cells (6, 7).
During embryonic development, progenitors of mouse macrophages in the 10-day yolk sac have been found as the first cells possessing Fc receptors (8). It has also been suggested that bone marrow stem cells in the mouse are devoid of Fc receptors, although they are present on mature B lymphocytes (9). Owen et al. (10) have employed organ cultures to study the development of B lymphocytes in embryonic hematopoietic tissues of mouse.