bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serologic studies of human autoantibodies to thyroid specific antigens by tanned cell hemagglutination, immunofluorescent staining and complement fixation reveal the following relationships: Thyroglobulin antibodies occurring in the sera of patients with thyroiditis can best be demonstrated using human thyroid extract to coat the tanned cells. Monkey thyroid extract exhibits only little activity and there is almost no cross-reactions with thyroid extracts of rabbit and dog origin. Quantitative titration of the same sera using the immunofluorescent staining of the colloid reveals much lower titer than the tanned cell hemagglutination technique. On the other hand, species specific differences, although present, appear to be less marked.Human autoantibodies directed against the cytoplasm of thyroid cells cross the species lines more freely than the thyroglobulin antibodies as observed by immunofluorescent staining and complement fixation.Most thyroiditis sera react with the microsomes of the thyroid and not with those of any other organ when examined by means of the complement fixation test. However, an occasional serum was found which fixed complement not only in the presence of the thyroid microsomal fraction but also with the microsomal fraction of brain tissue. Absorption with thyroid microsomes completely removes the complement-fixing activity against both types of microsomes. Absorption with brain microsomes, on the other hand, removes only the brain reactive serum component but leaves the thyroid-specific one intact.In contrast to the results obtained by the complement fixation technique, immunofluorescent staining of the cytoplasm of thyroid cells with human antibodies seem to be specific for the thyroid and fail to cross-react with other organs as far as examined in this report.
Antiglobulins in Normal Serum
Authors: Watson R. Glenn 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A heat-labile (56°C, 8 min) latex-fixation factor, designated a “heat-labile antiglobulin,” was demonstrated in the water-insoluble euglobulin fractions obtained from normal human sera. This factor is not usually detected in samples of fresh normal whole sera by latex-fixation test because of the presence of a nonagglutinating heat-labile (56°C, 4 min) inhibitor that prevents the reaction of the antiglobulin with the Cohn Fraction II coating material on the latex particles. The antiglobulin was found to co-exist with rheumatoid factor in some of the euglobulin fractions obtained from apparently normal individuals, and to share many characteristics with a heat-labile antiglobulin previously described in normal rabbit sera.
Transfer of Neutralizing Antibody by Colostrum to Calves Born of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccinated Dams
Authors: Graves John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The transfer of neutralizing antibody to calves born of dams vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease was by colostrum only. Immunoelectrophoretic study showed that calves were born with no γ-globulin in the serum, but that it was present 2 hr after they ingested colostrum. Transfer of neutralizing antibody could be blocked by prior feeding of skim milk or immune bovine serum. A passively immune calf did not respond to vaccination until the serum antibody reached low levels; whereas, a calf of the same age born of a nonimmune dam could be vaccinated as evidenced by the production of neutralizing antibody.
Anti-Pasteurella Pestis Factor in the Organs of Normal Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Eisler D. M. , Metz E. Von 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation from several organs of normal mice and guinea pigs of an anti-Pasteurella pestis factor (APF), active in vitro, is described. The APF was active in varying degrees for several strains of P. pestis and for Micrococcus lysodeikticus but not for several other Gram positive or negative bacteria.
Crude and purified APF from mouse liver and crude APF from mouse and guinea pig spleen and kidney were active following storage at -20°C. On the other hand, the activity of both crude and purified guinea pig liver APF was lost during storage at -20°C, but could be restored by heating at 60 or 65°C but not higher. Evidence is presented for the nonidentity of APF with previously described antibacterial substances such as basic polypeptides, histone, spermine, phagocytin and lysozyme. The evidence consists chiefly of dissimilarity in method of preparation and of the differential action of extraneous materials on the activity.
One dose of APF administered at the time of inoculation with P. pestis did not protect mice from infection, and the virulence of P. pestis for mice was not altered by preliminary treatment of the organisms with APF in vitro.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Rohitayodhin Skon , Rhim Johng S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A lot of experimental live attenuated Japanese B encephalitis virus vaccine for human trial was prepared in 199 medium plus 2% human albumin by making a pool of repeated harvests from virus inoculated HKC monolayers at brief intervals. The titer was 7.7 log TCD50 before and 6.6 following filtration. The vaccine was free from bacteria and other detectable viral agents by all the usual safety tests.
In weanling mice by the i.c. route and in suckling mice by the s.c. route the vaccine titered less than 100. Frozen at about -70°C it has remained stable for at least 18 months. It had a conspicuous T marker, failing to grow detectably at 40°C, and also had what appeared to be a characteristic plaque form which distinguished it from wild strains. Only one monkey of those given undiluted virus i.c. died. This occurred on the 18th day. Virus isolated from the brain had partially altered characteristics. All surviving monkeys given undiluted virus by the i.c. route developed detectable neutralizing antibodies. HAI antibody response was equivocal and CF negative. Six monkeys and two chimpanzees inoculated s.c. with 1 ml of the vaccine failed to develop either fever, viremia or neutralizing antibodies. One of three of these monkeys given a second injection after 60 days developed antibodies which persisted 171 days and another responded after a third injection. Three others not given a booster were tested for viremia following an s.c. challenge with virulent virus. The viremia response appeared to be less than that of the controls. Weanling mice with reduced body temperatures proved to be somewhat more susceptible to i.c. inoculation of this virus than were those with higher temperatures and survivors were more resistant to subsequent i.c. challenge inoculation.
It is concluded that this experimental vaccine lot has all the characteristics of earlier lots made with lactalbumin hydrolysate and calf serum and that other characterization beyond that to which other lots were subjected supports further its suitability for cautious testing by the peripheral route in man. Safety appears reasonably assured.
The Antigenic Composition of Rat Serum: an Electrophoretic Study
Authors: Benjamin David C. , Weimer Henry E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pooled serums from normal, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats have been analyzed by the electrophoretic methods of moving boundary, filter paper, polyvinylchloride block, starch gel, immunoelectrophoresis and starch gel immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoelectrophoresis has been found to be the most sensitive single procedure. Twenty-five antigenic components of rat serum were observed by this technique and a standard system of nomenclature was proposed. The antigenic heterogeneity of fractions separated by other methods was demonstrated.
The Molecular Ratio between “Tissular” Antibodies and Released Histamine during the Anaphylactic Reaction in Isolated Guinea Pig Lung Preparations
Authors: Liacopoulos P. , Stone S. H. , Perramant M. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction of quantitative methods in studies on passive anaphylaxis in the guinea pig by Kabat and his co-workers (1–3) established that the severity of anaphylactic shock is determined by the quantity of antibodies injected and that approximately 30 µg of antibody N (Ab N) was a threshold lethal dose. Furthermore it is now well known that acute anaphylactic death in the guinea pig is mediated by histamine released in the lungs. In vitro experiments with either chopped (4) or perfused lungs (5) from sensitized guinea pigs have demonstrated histamine release after introduction of the antigen in the bath or the perfusion fluid. The perfusion technique is particularly interesting because the blood and circulating antibodies are removed by the perfusion fluid before the introduction of the antigen. Thus, only “tissular” antibodies remain in the lungs for the initiation of the anaphylactic reaction on arrival of the antigen.
Anti-Rabies Vaccine of Tissue Culture Origin
Authors: Kissling R. E. , Reese D. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formalin-inactivated vaccines of sufficient potency to satisfy the NIH standards have been prepared by concentration of rabies virus grown in hamster kidney tissue cultures. The cytopathic effect produced by tissue culture adapted rabies virus has permitted the performance of in vitro neutralization tests. Rabies virus possesses essential lipid and is probably a ribonucleic acid type virus.
Immunochemical Identification and Genetics of Rabbit γ-Globulin Allotypes
Authors: Dray Sheldon , Young Glendowlyn O. , Gerald Leroy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agar gel methods for identification of 10 allotypic specificities are presented. These allotypic specificities were shown to be associated with 7 S γ-globulins. Progeny tests show that allotypic specificities A1, A2 and A3 are determined by three allelic genes at one locus, a; that A4 and A5 are determined by two allelic genes at a second locus, b. Allotypic specificities A4′ and A5′ are determined by the same pair of alleles which determine A4 and A5 or alternatively by a closely linked pair of alleles. Neither the a or b loci are associated with sex. The allotypic specificity P appears to be determined by a gene at a third locus. Allotypic specificity T was identified, but its genetic control has not yet been investigated. The gene frequencies of allotypic specificities in colonies of rabbits at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory and at the N.I.H. are presented.
Two Types of 6.6 S γ-Globulins, β2A-Globulins and 18 S γ1-Macroglobulins in Normal Serum and γ-Microglobulins in Normal Urine
Authors: Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two types of γ-globulin antigenic determinants (I and II) are described. These determinants are common to all γ-globulin groups. The 6.6 S γ-globulins, γ1-macroglobulins, and β2A-globulins of normal serum, and the γ-microglobulins of normal urine were divided into two types by the presence of type I or II antigenic determinants. Individual γ-globulin molecules appear to have either type I or II, but not both, types of antigenic determinants.
All individual sera tested had both type I and II γ-globulin molecules. In normal serum the type I γ-globulins predominate in a ratio of about 2:1. Similar ratios were observed in normal serum 6.6 S γ-globulins and γ1-macroglobulins, but more nearly equal ratios of type I and II molecules were found in the γ-microglobulins of normal urine.
Type I and II γ-globulin molecules are similarly distributed throghout the entire range of electrophoretic mobility of normal γ-globulin. Type I and II γ-globulin molecules also are similar in ultracentrifugal and chromatographic behavior and in hexose content. Preliminary observations, however, indicate that the InV genetic factors are more likely to be on type I than on type II molecules.
The Influence of Hemolysis on Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection: Additional Observations
Authors: Kaye Donald , Hook Edward W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Parenteral administration of antiserum against mouse erythrocytes or injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride results in an increase in susceptibility of mice to infection with Salmonella typhimurium.
The initial clearance rates of S. typhimurium injected intravenously are the same in mice pretreated with anti-mouse-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine as they are in controls. Within 1 hr after injection, the majority of detectable bacteria can be demonstrated in liver and spleen, and either no organisms or relatively small numbers of organisms can be recovered from blood, kidney, lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes. Subsequently, multiplication of Salmonella in liver and spleen can be detected earlier and in a higher proportion of mice pretreated with anti-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride than in controls. Multiplication of Salmonella in liver and spleen is usually followed by increasing bacteremia and eventual death.
The present studies show clearly that the bactericidal mechanisms which operate to eradicate microorganisms from livers and spleens of normal mice are severely impaired in animals with hemolysis. No evidence was obtained that the enhanced susceptibility of animals with hemolysis was mediated by an effect of antierythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the bactericidal activity of mouse serum or mouse blood, the total number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or the rate of phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells as measured by rate of removal of viable Salmonella from the circulation. The most reasonable explantion of the altered susceptibility observed in these experiments is that reticuloendothelial cells in the livers and spleens of mice pretreated with anti-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine are less effective in killing engulfed bacteria than are the reticuloendothelial cells of normal mice.
Phagocytosis of Tubercle Bacilli by Rabbit Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages and its Relation to Native Resistance to Tuberculosis
Authors: Henderson Howard J. , Dannenberg Arthur M. , Lurie Max B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM) of rabbits inbred for resistance and susceptibility to tuberculosis were compared with respect to their ability to ingest tubercle bacilli in vitro. AM from the resistant T family ingested about twice as many bacilli as those from the susceptible C and FCCa families. This was due to differences in the number of phagocytes ingesting bacilli rather than differences in the number of bacilli ingested by each phagocyte.
These results suggest that the AM of certain susceptible inbred rabbit families trap fewer bacilli from the alveolar air. This could explain why they were resistant to attack by tuberculosis via the respiratory route, even though they were highly susceptible to its progress.
The Influence of Avoidance-Learning Stress on Resistance to Coxsackie B Virus in Mice
Authors: Johnsson Torsten , Lavender John F. , Hultin Eskil , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Coxsackie virus B1 infections were induced in mice subjected to avoidance-learning stress and in unstressed controls. Infected, stressed mice were more susceptible than infected, unstressed mice as manifested by weight loss and deaths during the 1st week after inoculation, and as an increased dispersion in weight changes about 5 weeks after inoculation.
A significantly higher virus titer could be demonstrated in the pancreas, liver, heart and muscle of stressed mice as compared to unstressed mice.
Cross-Reactions of Glucose-Containing Polysaccharides in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isolichenin, which consists of α-1, 3- and α-1, 4-linked glucose, partly, at least, in pairs, precipitates type IX anti-pneumococcal sera very strongly at 0°. Quantitative data are given on this reaction and the precipitation of other antipneumococcal sera by isolichenin, other polyglucoses, and natural polysaccharides containing glucose. The data are discussed in terms of a quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction (5) and, where possible, in terms of the linkages of glucose involved.
Studies on Nonspecific Hemagglutination Inhibitor of Da Virus Present in Normal Chick Allantoic and Amniotic Fluids
Authors: David-West Tamunoemi Sokari 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A potent nonspecific inhibitor of hemagglutination by DA virus exists in the allantoic and amniotic fluids of normal chick embryos. The inhibitor concentration rises with advancing age of the embryo and reaches a peak concentration on the 18th day. Egg-adapted virus appeared to be more sensitive to the inhibitor than did virus cultivated in monkey kidney tissue and it was shown that this difference might be due to changes in the surface configuration of the virus following adaptation to the chick embryo, which resulted in a possible “steric effect.” Unlike the inhibitor of PR8 virus previously described for this system, the DA virus inhibitor seemed to be a muco-polysaccharide. The inhibitor was destroyed during active virus multiplication and possessed no neutralizing effect on infectivity of the virus.
Action of the First Component of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Walz Ursula L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The interaction of SAC′4 with guinea pig or human C′1 as they exist in whole serum yields an intermediate designated SAC′1,4. This intermediate is activated to SAC′1a,4 even in the absence of fluid phase serum factors at a rate which is dependent on temperature.
Partially purified guinea pig C′1 was found to be in the activated state (C′1a) while partially purified human C′1 was found to be in the precursor form.
Demonstration by Fluorescence Microscopy of Adsorption onto Bacteria of a Heat-Labile Factor from Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Hirsch James G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunofluorescent techniques have been utilized to study adsorption of heat-labile serum components and of antibody onto bacteria.
On incubation of staphylococci or salmonellae with fresh guinea pig serum, a heat-labile factor was adsorbed onto the bacteria. This adsorption did not take place at 0°C, and was also blocked by high salt concentrations in the medium. Divalent cations were not required for adsorption. Heat-labile guinea pig serum factor bound to the bacterial surface was altered or destroyed on exposure to 56°C, to trypsin or to hydrazine.
Incubation of fresh guinea pig serum with concentrated suspensions of Staphylococcus albus, followed by removal of the microbes by centrifugation, led to reduction or elimination of the content of heat-labile factor as estimated by immunofluorescence tests employing the homologous staphylococcus or an unrelated organism, Salmonella typhimurium.
Fluorescence techniques were devised that permitted estimation of adsorption to the same bacterial cells of both heat-labile serum factor and specific antibody. Adsorption to staphylococci of either of these two serum components did not detectably augment or diminish subsequent binding of the other.
Substitutes for the Mycobacteria in Freund's Adjuvants in the Production of Experimental “Allergic” Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Fahlberg Willson J. , Kies Marian W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental “allergic” encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be readily induced in guinea pigs by the single intracutaneous injection of neural tissue and Freund's “complete adjuvants” (killed mycobacteria in water-in-oil emulsion). Quantitative comparative studies have revealed that many other acid-fast organisms are equally effective, that Gram-negative organisms are effective but require about ten times as much to produce comparable degrees of EAE, and that Gram-positive organisms are relatively ineffective. Exceptions to this pattern are recognized, but the pattern suggested that organisms rich in capsular lipids and therefore lipophilic were more effective partly because of this surfacetension phenomenon and partly because of the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both of these hypotheses were tested, the first by siliconizing ineffective Gram-positive organisms, and the second by testing commercially available LPS from Salmonella typhosa. Although at the moment apparently mutually contradictory since LPS forms an aqueous colloid, the results were according to prediction and indicate that physical as well as chemical aspects of adjuvants must be considered in an attempt to understand the mechanism of action of immunologic adjuvants.
Glycemic States and the Horse-Serum and Egg-White Anaphylactic Shock in Rats
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Sacra P. J. , Ventura J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hypoglycemic state produced in rats by 48 hr fasting or by administration of 4 units of insulin aggravated anaphylactic shock when produced by horse serum or egg white, and as measured by per cent mortality, occurrence of lesions in the ileum and hypothermia. Neutralization of the hypoglycemic state by injection of glucose restored the resistance of rats to anaphylactic shock. The degree of hypothermia in anaphylactic shock did not parallel the intensity of the lesions or the per cent mortality.
Mixed Agglutination in Tissue Culture
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Kano Kyoichi , Barron Almen L. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mixed agglutination procedure was employed for studying antigens on the monolayer of 7- to 10-day-old cell cultures of various species origin. Cell cultures were incubated with antisera of rabbit origin and the sensitization of cells by antibodies was detected by an indicator system consisting of sheep red blood cells sensitized by a rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and agglutinated by a goat antiserum to rabbit serum.
The reactions were species-specific and only weak interspecies cross reactions were observed. Antisera against tissue suspensions, but not those against tissue extracts, were active. The activity of the antisera could be readily removed by absorption with dried and pulverized tissues, but it was virtually not affected by absorption with tissue extracts, erythrocytes and blood serum. The absorbing capacity of the tissue powder was completely destroyed by heating at 100°C or by treatment with 95% ethanol.
No organ-specific antigens could be demonstrated on the cell culture of bovine adrenal medulla even though anti-adrenal sera were employed which contained very potent medulla-specific antibodies.
It was concluded that the dominant antigens detectable on a living mammalian cell are species-specific, saline non-extractable antigens, possibly of protein character. In addition to these antigens, the Forssman antigen could be detected on cultures of cells originating from Forssman positive animals.