bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Early Events in the Differentiation of Antibody-Producting Cells
Authors: Moav Neomi , Smolinsky Sara , Moav Boaz , Frensdorff Asher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The incorporation rates of tritium-labeled thymidine, uridine, and amino acids into macromolecules, and the appearance of plaque-forming cells (PFC) were studied at 4-hr intervals, in spleen cells obtained from C57BL mice after a secondary intraperitoneal injection of sheep red blood cells. The incorporation rates displayed, over the period studied, clear maxima and minima occurring in the following order; a peak of uridine incorporation at 40 hr after immunization, 4 hr later a peak of thymidine incorporation, and at 60 hr a peak of amino acid incorporation. The number of PFC increased stepwise, the first and the second increases occurring at 60 and 76 hr after immunization, respectively. A similar sequence of biosynthetic events was observed in mouse spleen cells restimulated with sheep red blood cells in vitro. These results were interpreted as reflecting an antigen-induced, synchronized metabolic activity of the cells.
In an attempt to detect possible changes induced in the replication pattern of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized in response to antigenic stimulation, we compared the reassociation rate of DNA newly synthesized in spleen cells 47 to 48 hr after the antigenic stimulation with that of DNA from normal cells. The newly synthesized DNA displayed, between C0t 1000 and C0t 10,000 a faster reassociation rate than the bulk DNA obtained from the same cells or DNA obtained from normal cells. This suggests a temporary selective synthesis of that part of the genome during the pulse labeling. Further support for this assumption was provided by the changes in specific activity of single stranded “immune” DNA along the C0t curve.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mesenteric lymph node cells were obtained from rabbits primed with either dinitrophenyl derivatives of Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) or Ragweed Fr.D (DNP-Rag) included in aluminum hydroxide gel. The cell suspension was stimulated in vitro with a mixture of a free homologous carrier plus hapten coupled to an unrelated carrier, i.e., DNP-KLH, and anti-hapten antibody response was assessed. Under optimal conditions, the IgG antibody response to the mixture was 2- to 6-fold more than that obtained by DNP-KLH alone. The IgE antibody response was not obtained by stimulation with DNP-KLH alone; however, addition of free carrier to DNP-KLH resulted in a definite IgE antibody response. It was also found that DNP-Asc-primed lymphocytes treated with DNP-KLH were triggered by cell-free supernatant obtained from the culture of DNP-Rag-primed cells activated by free Rag. The results indicated that enhancing soluble factor was released from carrier-specific cells upon stimulation with carrier. The lymph node cells primed with DNP-primary carrier conjugate and a secondary carrier by supplemental immunization showed antihapten antibody response to a mixture of DNP-KLH plus free secondary carrier. In this system, it was found that the enhancing effect of soluble factor correlated with helper function of T cell2 population specific for secondary carrier. When the carrier-specific cells had helper function for both IgG and IgE antibody responses, stimulation of the cells with free carrier resulted in the release of soluble factors which enhanced both IgG and IgE antibody responses. When helper functions of the carrier-specific cells were limited to the IgG class, however, soluble factor released from the cells enhanced IgG but not IgE antibody response. The results suggested that helper cells for IgG antibody response and those for IgE antibody response release different soluble factors which trigger hapten-primed precursor cells for the respective immunoglobulin class. Evidence was obtained that enhancing soluble factor directly triggers hapten-primed precursor cells rather than carrier-specific helper cells.
A Light Chain Tyrosyl Sequence in the Antibody Site of a Rabbit Anti-p-Azobenzoate Antibody
Authors: Roholt O. A. , Friedenson B. , Radzimski G. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A peptide containing a tyrosyl residue from the active site of a rabbit anti-pazobenzoate antibody preparation (from a single rabbit) was isolated as an iododerivative by means of the paired iodination technique. The sequence of the peptide was found to be Tyr-Thr-Gly-(diiodo)Tyr. It was derived from the light chain and was apparently from a hypervariable region since we have not found the corresponding sequence in published light chain sequences. It is the C-terminal tyrosyl residue of this sequence, -Tyr-Thr-Gly-Tyr-, that is in the site since it is almost completely protected from reaction with iodine if specific hapten is present during the iodination. The iodination of this tyrosyl residue does not destroy the binding activity of the site, but only reduces the hapten binding constant, i.e., from about 106 M-1 to 105 M-1 for p-iodobenzoate. This conclusion is based on an approximation procedure for resolving the hapten-binding curves of the uniodinated antibody and of the antibody iodinated in the absence and in the presence of hapten. It is interesting that the N-terminal tyrosyl residue of the isolated sequence was not iodinated at all; thus it is very near to the site but is not exposed to the iodinating reagent.
Vitamin A: Adjuvant and Steroid Antagonist in the Immune Response
Authors: Cohen Benjamin E. , Cohen I. Kelman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of vitamin A and hydrocortisone on the immune response have been studied in the mouse. Vitamin A treatment alone markedly increases the normal number of antibody-forming cells generated in the spleen in response to immunization with sheep red blood cells. The antibody response to immunization with dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP-OVA), a hapten-protein conjugate, is also enhanced by vitamin A pretreatment. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive effect of hydrocortisone on the response to sheep red blood cells can be prevented by simultaneous administration of vitamin A.
Failure to Demonstrate a Humoral Immune Response to Scrapie Infection in Mice
Authors: Porter David D. , Porter Helen G. , Cox Nancy A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although scrapie is clearly a transmissible disease caused by a small stable agent, previous conventional attempts to demonstrate humoral antibody have not met with success. In this study no evidence of humoral antibody to the scrapie agent was found in infected mice by regular or antiglobulin potentiated neutralization tests, indirect immunofluorescence tests employing various agent-containing targets, or by examining brains, spleens, and kidneys for the presence of immune complexes. The results suggest that scrapie infection is fundamentally different from slow or persistent virus infections in which humoral antibody may be demonstrated by the techniques used in this study.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Okudaira Hirokazu , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Priming immunization of DBA/1 strain of mice with dinitrophenylated Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) in alum and supplemental immunization with ovalbumin (OA) prepared the animals to give a typical secondary anti-hapten antibody response to DNP-OA with respect to both IgE and IgG antibodies. The results showed collaboration between carrier-specific helper cells and hapten-specific memory cells for anti-hapten IgE antibody response. Priming with DNP-Asc alone significantly enhanced anti-DNP IgE and IgG antibody response to DNP-OA. Enhancement of the antibody response to the DNP-heterologous carrier was due to proliferation of DNP-specific memory cells by priming with DNP-Asc. Evidence was obtained that the DNP-specific memory cells collaborated with helper cells specific for secondary carrier to show the enhanced anti-hapten antibody response.
Reversible Inhibition of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis by Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
Authors: Wolberg Gerald , Hiemstra Kay , Burge Joseph J. , Singler Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was found to inhibit reversibly in vitro lymphocyte-mediated, but not serum antibody-mediated cytolysis. Evidence is presented that the inhibition involves the prevention of productive interaction (i.e., contact which leads to lysis) and that DMSO does not inhibit the later events of the lytic cycle. Immunosuppressive activity could not be demonstrated in vivo presumably due to the inability to sustain high levels of DMSO. DMSO was used to estimate the time from interaction to lysis of target cell.
Role of Ca++ in Mast Cell Activation, Desensitization, and Histamine Release by Dextran
Authors: Baxter James H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dextran with Ca++ released histamine from rat mast cells, and desensitized them to subsequent challenge with dextran. Desensitization occurred even under certain conditions that inhibited histamine release. In the absence of Ca++, however, dextran induced little histamine release or desensitization. Furthermore, mast cells that had been exposed to dextran without Ca++ and then washed, failed to release histamine when treated with Ca++. Cells exposed to dextran with Ca++ at 0° C and washed, however, did release histamine when resuspended in warm buffer. Thus, it appeared that dextran and Ca++ were required simultaneously in order to activate the cells.
Studies of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes of Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Takahashi Toshitado , Old Lloyd J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thoracic duct cells have a surface antigenic configuration determined by cytotoxic testing that is positive for H-2d, θ, Ly-A, MSLA, κ, and µ antigens and negative for TL and PC antigens. Comparison of these results with other lymphoid elements, benign and malignant, reveals that thoracic duct cells resemble lymph node lymphocytes rather than thymocytes. Quantitative absorption analysis showed similar concentrations of the H-2d, θ, and Ly-A antigens of thoracic duct and lymph node lymphocytes.
The findings suggest that the thoracic duct population is a composite of both thymic and bone marrow-derived cells. This antigenic heterogeneity is supported by both functional and morphologic studies.
An Effector-Cell Independent Step in Target Cell Lysis by Sensitized Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Martz Eric , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heparin was previously shown to inhibit the lysis of target cells by sensitized thymus-derived mouse lymphocytes in vitro. However, heparin failed to inhibit target cell lysis when added to the cultures after only 10% specific release of chromium-51 had occurred. For further exploration of this phenomenon, effector cells have been specifically inactivated at various times during their action on target cells. This was accomplished with alloantiserum made in target strain mice (DBA/2) against effector strain cells (C57BL/6). Treatment of effector cells with this antiserum and complement rendered them unable to initiate new cytolytic events on target cells (and incidentally did not release soluble toxins). However, when untreated cultures were incubated for about 60 min, after which the effector cells had caused 10% specific release of chromium-51 from the target population, treatment of the cultures with anti-effector serum and complement did not interfere with the subsequent lysis of more than half of the target cell population. Hence, the effector-dependent action on the target cell is completed much earlier than evidenced by chromium-51 release, and subsequent, effectorindependent steps must occur before completion of target cell lysis. Data suggest that divalent cations are required for the effector-dependent phase, but not for the effector-independent phase.
An Agglutination-Flocculation Test for Rapid Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Kachani Zarah F. , Gocke David J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of a simple, rapid, agglutination-flocculation test (AFT) for detection of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) is described. The reaction involves simultaneous flocculation and agglutination of antigen by specific antibody in the presence of synthetic acrylic particles. The AFT is over 1000-fold more sensitive for detection of HBAg than conventional counterimmunoelectrophoresis and approximately 8-fold more sensitive than solid-phase radioimmunoassay. HBAg subtype differences can be determined readily in the AFT with antibody of appropriate specificity. On coded analysis of 149 clinical specimens, AFT reactivity was in 92 to 95% agreement with other HBAg methods. Approximately one-third of high titer rheumatoid sera produces an AFT reaction which could easily be distinguished with appropriate controls from a true positive.
Genetic Control of Thymus-Derived Cell Function
Authors: Williams R. Michael , Moore Michael J. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cells (LNC) from Lewis, BN, (Lewis × BN) F1, and (BN × F1) backcross rats were evaluated in culture for their ability to incorporate 3HTdR when stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 64 µg/ml. Lewis LNC responses were significantly higher than those of BN cells at optimal or lower concentrations of either mitogen, and responses of F1 LNC tended to be intermediate. There were no statistically significant differences between the responses of LNC from males and females. Each backcross LNC population was tested with BN anti-Lewis serum and by mixed lymphocyte reactivity with F1 cells to determine its genotype at the major histocompatibility locus of the rat (AgB or H-1). The mean Con A- or PHA-stimulated responses of LNC from the 7 of the 14 backcross animals which inherited the AgB1 or H-1l-haplotype characteristic of the Lewis strain were not higher than the mean response of LNC from their siblings who were homozygous for the major histocompatibility locus characteristic of the low responding BN strain. These results are compatible with multigenic control of the potential for thymus-cell DNA synthesis by lymph node cells from normal rats. No evidence was obtained for linkage of any of these genes to the major his tocompatibility locus of the rat.
Detection of Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A) in Plasma of Guinea Pigs during Anaphylaxis
Authors: Stechschulte Daniel J. , Orange Robert P. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
SRS-A, a mediator long recognized to be released into the diffusates and perfusates from isolated tissues after antigen-antibody interaction, has been isolated from the plasma of sensitized guinea pigs challenged intravenously with specific antigen. Techniques are now available to study SRS-A release in vivo in selected immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Endogenous Synthesis of Membrane b5 by Lymphocytes from Rabbits Recovering from b5 Allotype Suppression
Authors: Harrison Michael R. , Jones Patricia P. , Mage Rose G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the rabbit, production of b-locus allotypic determinants present on kappa-type light chains can be suppressed by perinatal exposure to anti-b5 antisera (allotype suppression) (1, 2). We have previously demonstrated that b5-bearing lymphocytes are deleted in totally suppressed rabbits with no circulating b5, and that in spontaneous escape from suppression the appearance of b5-bearing lymphocytes immediately precedes the appearance of detectable serum b5 (3).
However, during recovery from allotype suppression, the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes with membrane b5 approaches normal levels, while circulating b5 levels remain chronically and disproportionately depressed (3). Because there is this unusual discrepancy between the number of b5-bearing lymphocytes and the amount of circulating b5 in rabbits recovering from allotype suppression, and because passive adsorption of circulating b5 molecules to lymphocytes not themselves capable of synthesizing b5 could account for the inappropriately large number of b5-bearing cells, we have investigated these lymphocytes for their ability to synthesize actively their own membrane b5 Ig after enzymatic stripping of the cell surface.
Histoincompatibility Recognition Reaction by Irradiated or Mitomycin-Treated Parental Cells against Hybrid Spleen Cells Produces Hybrid Cell Proliferation and Illusion of Reaction of Hybrid against Parent
Authors: Kennedy James C. , Ekpaha-Mensah J. Ampoe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of heavily irradiated or mitomycin-treated spleen cells to cultures containing syngeneic spleen cells and foreign erythrocytes may stimulate to some extent the hemolytic plaque-forming cell responses of these cultures, but the addition of semi-allogeneic irradiated or mitomycin-treated spleen cells may cause much greater stimulation. This semi-allogeneic stimulation is completely reciprocal; the plaque-forming cell responses of F1 hybrid spleen cell cultures often are stimulated as much after the addition of non-proliferating parental cells as are the responses of parental spleen cell cultures after the addition of non-proliferating F1 hybrid cells. The possibility that an in vitro manifestation of hybrid resistance might be involved was ruled out. It was found that irradiated or mitomycin-treated cells, although unable to proliferate, were still able to initiate a recognition reaction against histoincompatible cells, releasing in the process a soluble factor which stimulated proliferation of cells of the antibody-forming series. The significance of this finding for “one-way” mixed lymphocyte reactions is discussed.
Fractionation of Antibodies to the Pneumococcal Polysaccharides by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Cheng William C. , Fraser Kevin J. , Haber Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides type III and VIII were fractionated by use of cross-reacting immunoadsorbents and gradient elution with cellobiose and NaCl. The polysaccharides were first derivatized with p-nitrobenzyl bromide. After reduction of the nitro group, they were linked to bovine γ-globulin by diazotization and coupling. The protein-polysaccharide complex was then linked to activated sepharose to form an immunoadsorbent. In other experiments, immunoadsorbents were synthesized from polysaccharides which had first been either subject to aminoethylation or to amidation. In some instances, partial acid hydrolysis was carried out on the completed immunoadsorbent. These adsorbents had a high capacity for antibody. By use of several different immunoadsorbents, as well as varying elution programs with cellobiose and NaCl, complex antibody mixtures could be resolved with the isolation of components of unique electrophoretic mobility. Light chains isolated from these preparations were shown to have a single amino acid sequence at the N-terminus. It is apparent that many antibodies to differing determinants on the relatively simple polysaccharide antigens may be elicited and separated on the basis of these properties.
Studies of Biologic and Serologic Activities of Rabbit-IgG Antibody Depleted of Carbohydrate Residues
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Osterland C. Kirk , Margherita S. , Tokuda Sei , Messner Ronald P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit IgG preparations containing antibody activity against individual strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, group A β-hemolytic streptococci, and pneumococci were digested with Diplococcus pneumoniae endoglycosidase enzyme with removal of more than half of Ig-associated carbohydrate. In addition specifically purified rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) IgG was similarly treated. After carbohydrate removal no appreciable change in opsonic, complement fixing, or agglutinating activity was noted in anti-staphylococcal, anti-E. coli, or anti-streptococcal IgG preparations, whereas complete loss of both complement fixing and opsonic activity occurred with rabbit IgG containing anti-pneumococcal antibody activity. No change in passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions was noted after carbohydrate depletion of immunoabsorbent isolated rabbit anti-BSA IgG antibody. These findings indicate heterogeneous influences of carbohydrate residues on biologic activities of various antibody populations.
The Role of the Thymus during the Induction of Tolerance of a Thymus-Dependent Antigen
Authors: Phillips-Quagliata Julia M. , Bensinger Donald O. , Quagliata Franco 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the induction of tolerance of a thymus-dependent antigen was investigated. It was found that some thymectomized (Tx) rats failed to become tolerant after injection of sufficient bovine serum albumin (BSA) to make sham-thymectomized (STx) rats tolerant. This suggested that in the absence of the thymus, thymus-derived (T) cells already in the periphery before thymectomy, as well as bone marrow-derived (B) cells, failed to become tolerant. This hypothesis was tested by injecting mature T cells in the form of non-adherent, adult, syngeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) during the period of tolerance induction. This increased the incidence of high responders to challenge in the Tx, BSA-injected (Tx-BSA) group while tolerance was again established in the STx-BSA group. Thymocytes did not substitute for the thymus in facilitating tolerance induction in PBL although thymocytes themselves appeared to become tolerant. Tx, saline-injected (Tx-Sal) recipients of mixtures of PBL and thymocytes made considerably higher responses to BSA than STx-Sal recipients of the same populations. These results suggest that thymocytes and PBL have different requirements for tolerance induction; the thymus itself or a sub-population of T cells, not adequately represented in PBL or thymocytes, exerts a suppressive effect both in the normal immune response and during tolerance induction.
Migration Inhibition of Rat Peritoneal Cells Induced by Streptococcal Mucopeptides. Characteristics of the Reaction and Properties of the Mucopeptide Preparations
Authors: Heymer Berno , Bültmann Burkhard , Schachenmayr Walter , Spanel Reinhard , Haferkamp Otto , Schmidt Willard C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Preparations of mucopeptide were solubilized from formamide-extracted residues of groups A and B streptococcal cell walls by sonication and purified by column chromatography on Sephadex. Other preparations were made by digestion of particulate mucopeptide with lysozyme and Streptomyces albus muramidase. Analysis of these materials showed chemical similarity and a range of molecular size estimated to be greater than 20 × 106 to less than 5 × 103. The larger components reacted serologically as precipitinogens and the smaller as haptenic inhibitors. Mucopeptide preparations of larger molecular size produced migration inhibition reactions (MIR) with peritoneal cells from non-sensitized rats and guinea pigs. In general, MIR and dermonecrotic reactions decreased with decreasing molecular size. Anti-mucopeptide antibody only slightly reduced mucopeptide-induced MIR. Isolation of a migration inhibition factor by Sephadex chromatography from supernatants of cell cultures incubated with mucopeptide was unsuccessful. Stimulation of cells with Bayol F was required to produce cells susceptible to MIR. Under the experimental conditions for demonstration of MIR, mucopeptide did not directly cause lysis or reduce viability of the peritoneal cells used in the test system.