bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Foundations of Complex Evolving Economies
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis Manual offers an integrated analysis of the ‘anatomy of the capitalist engine’ of generation and exploitation of technological, organisational, and institutional innovations and its dynamic socio-economic consequences. It starts from the identification of ‘what is there to be explained’—that is, the empirical and historical stylized facts at different levels of aggregation and different time scales—and then it moves to interpret them, from the drivers of knowledge accumulation to the modes in which such knowledge is incorporated into business firms and the processes of innovation-driven ‘Schumpeterian competition’ all the way to macroeconomic growth and development (in the forthcoming Volume II). The economy is interpreted as a complex evolving system in that a wide set of techno-economic phenomena are understood as emergent properties—outcomes of far-from-equilibrium interactions among heterogeneous agents, characterized by endogenous preferences, most often ‘boundedly rational’ but always capable of learning, adapting, and innovating with respect to their understandings of the world in which they operate, the technologies they master, their organizational forms, and their behavioural repertoires.
Development, Growth, and Economic Coordination
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter presents a broad historical overview of ‘what is there to be explained’, from the first episodes of industrialization to the contemporary patterns of growth and development. Rather than searching for mono-causal explanations, in the proposed interpretation, national systems of innovation and production develop, and advance (or do not) on the grounds of the co-evolutionary dynamics among five sub-domains, and related institutions, governing: (i) the generation of scientific knowledge; (ii) the development, improvement, adoption of new artefacts and new techniques of production (that is the domain of technology); (iii) the economic machine which organizes the production and distribution of goods, services and incomes, and together, information flows and governance modes; (iv) the political and legal structure; and (v) the cultural domain, shaping values, norms, and customs. We apply such a framework as an interpretative example to the First Industrial Revolution. More generally, each of the foregoing domain represent enormous ‘blackboxes’ awaiting to be opened. We shall do that in the following, concerning technology and innovation; the nature and dynamics of organizations; the theory of production; the patterns of consumption; markets and how they work; the structure and evolution of industries. The more macroeconomic and macro institutional domains will be left to Volume II.
Markets and Their Organization
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractOf all economic institutions, the market is probably the most ancient and the most historically documented. And, as all the others, it is a ‘socially constructed one in which the behaviour of traders is suspended in a web of customs, norms, and structures of control’ (Aboulafia, 1997). Phenomena like incomplete and asymmetric information are ubiquitous. However, the sole acknowledgement of them is largely insufficient to characterize how markets work. We study different forms of market organizations and the ways different institutional architectures, distributions of behavioural rules, and mechanisms of interaction affect collective outcomes. And we study learning processes within them. Generically, the aggregate relationship is not the sum of many similar individual relationships but has characteristics resulting from the ensemble of interactions themselves. In order to study ‘how markets work’, one must study how they behave out of equilibrium and the characteristics of the states through which they pass or on which they settle.
Introduction
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the widespread modernist fascination with the British aristocracy in the context of the aristocracy’s historical decline, fall, and partial survival in the twentieth century. Drawing on historians who have documented and analysed this phenomenon, the introduction explains how the “unmaking” of the British aristocracy in the modern period provoked various kinds of aesthetic remaking in a wide range of modernist writings, especially in works of fiction. These literary remakings are also related to social, political, and philosophical commentaries of the time. The chapter argues for a reawakening of curiosity about connections between class, status, and literature in the modernist period.
Aches, Howls, and Holes
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines country-house nostalgia—both the social and cultural phenomenon and the literary tradition it has spawned. Beginning with images of the magic circle in fiction by Rebecca West and Vita Sackville-West, this chapter explores the shapes nostalgia makes in inter-war British fiction that responds in some substantive fashion to the country-house tradition. Placing this discussion in the wider context of philosophical and literary-critical debates about nostalgia in narrative and history, the chapter follows the circles, loops, and other lines of enchantment and disenchantment traced in Lawrence’s novels of the 1920s together with the circles, holes, and ellipses conjured by Ford Madox Ford in his tetralogy of novels about World War I and its aftermath. The chapter concludes by tracing echoes of country-house nostalgia in the late poetry of T.S. Eliot.
Foundations and Method
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for a detailed study of standing’s role within private law doctrine. It introduces key basic ideas, unpacking further some of the potentially trickier concepts along the way, including the idea of a directed duty, bilaterality, correlativity, powers, and Hohfeldian analysis. It is explained how this book adopts as axiomatic the propositions that all private law duties are directed duties, and that ‘rights’ (read: directed duties) are indispensable to any complete understanding of private law. It also clarifies some points on terminology used in this book.
Claimant Standing, Defendant Liabilities, and Court Orders
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that standing—conceived as a claimant power to hold another accountable before a court, thereby subjecting that other to its jurisdiction—ought not to be collapsed into a different power: the court’s power to make orders. An account is put forth of how three necessary components of private law’s remedial structure—a claimant’s standing, a defendant’s liability, and a court’s orders—are related. For convenience, this is called a two-power model. How this account differs from the Civil Recourse theorists’ model of ‘private rights of action’ generated by relational wrongs is also explained. It is argued that there is an ambiguity in the popular use of the word ‘liability’ to refer to a private law defendant’s post-wrong normative position, and it is shown why it matters that we more clearly separate out two distinct Hohfeldian liabilities. Some further implications on the role of wrongs and other right-creating events are also discussed.
Standing Rules
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out two general claims advanced in this book over Part II, at a higher level of abstraction. The first is that, as a general descriptive claim about private law doctrine, there exists an implicit standing rule relating standing to private law rights, so that standing and rights typically coincide in a single holder. This rule thus reserves to right-holder a special place within private law’s remedial structure: enforcement is generally exclusive to the right-duty relation. The second is that it is the instances of standing without rights, where the two are detached are held by different persons, that are exceptional to private law doctrine. These claims are presented through two corresponding puzzles: a puzzle about standing rules, and a puzzle about standing without rights.
Deriving ‘Rights of Action’ from a Tort to Someone Else
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter unpacks tort law’s typical triplet bundle of ‘rights’: primary rights, the infringement of which constitute a tort; secondary rights to damages arising post-tort; and the standing (a power) to sue and enforce these rights. It is argued that these three typically coincide in a single holder, corresponding to two general rules within private law demanding their coincidence. However, it is conceptually possible for the three to be split up—even if only exceptionally so. Three such exceptional situations in which, abnormally, a non-victim appears to be deriving ‘rights of action’ from a tort done to someone else, are discussed. A key argument is that the evidently anomalous or irregular nature of these challenging cases can be explained through the existence of two general rules, applicable within tort law doctrine. The reason these cases look so irregular to a tort lawyer is because they are exceptional. But they are exceptional in a less widely realized way—they are doubly exceptional—involving exceptions being made to both general rules about standing, and damages. Both rules are necessary to explaining why such cases are so ‘anomalous’ and exceptional. Their exceptionality, again, proves the generality of these rules.
Causalism
Authors: Sartorio Carolina 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The book advances big-picture causalism: a naturalistic conception of agency and free agency that unifies the two phenomena under a common thesis. This is the thesis that actions/free actions are behaviors that have the right kinds of causes or explanations. The book discusses how a causalist view of action and free action fit together—the latter as a natural extension of the former—and how they are motivated by similar considerations having to do with causal control. The result is a compelling “package deal” view of our practical agency, one that is put forth as the default view (the view that deserves to be regarded as the starting point of our theorizing). The book discusses both the skeleton of the causalist view as well as potential enrichments that result from exploiting the grounds of the relevant causal facts. The discussion itself is enriched by an account of the role played in causalism by key metaphysical notions such as causation, grounding, absences, and powers.
United Kingdoms
Authors: Jackson Alvin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The United Kingdom has been weakening: this book helps to explain why. It seeks to illuminate the UK in the light of the historical experience of similar union states elsewhere. It examines the UK in a sustained comparative perspective across the long 19th century and beyond. The UK was not in fact the only self-styled ‘united kingdom’ of the time: the book argues that Britain exported the idea of union through the advocacy or encouragement of other multinational united kingdoms at the beginning of the 19th century. It brings together the histories of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and England and explores the links between them and Sweden-Norway, the United Netherlands, Austria-Hungary, and the United Canadas—and many other polities across the globe. The work is similarly distinctive in its thematic range: it looks at the institutions and agencies affecting the condition of union—from monarchy, aristocracy, and religion through to class, money, and violence. The book offers new overarching arguments and taxonomies concerning the origins, survival, and fall of all union states. And in doing so it sheds fresh light on the particular history, condition, and fate of the UK.
Revolution, Union, and Divergence—from Scotland to North Britain
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Scottish monetary revolution, which emerged from attempts by the Scottish elite to solve the country’s chronic economic and monetary problems. Bank of Scotland was founded in 1695 in an attempt to alleviate the scarcity of money. It differed from its English counterpart in crucial respects, with very different implications for Scotland’s social relationships, power structures, and popular beliefs about money. The chapter argues that the monetary union of the two countries that accompanied the political union of 1707 was a key episode in Scotland’s monetary revolution, and was rendered uncontroversial by the Company of Scotland’s attempt to found a colony at Darien, whose disastrous failure triggered the final ruin of Scotland’s monetary system. The process of monetary union and the distribution of ‘the Equivalent’ are analysed to demonstrate aspects of Scottish monetary nationalism. The chapter concludes by examining the development of Scotland’s banking system in the eighteenth century. While the system’s distinctiveness is obvious, the chapter shows that Scottish banks became ever more deeply linked with British government debt and networks of credit radiating from London, giving Scotland a key role in one of Britain’s first modern, systemic financial crises in 1772. It also shows that, despite Scottish banks’ unique circulation of low-denomination banknotes, scarcity of money remained a serious problem for most Scots.
Private Retirement Systems and Sustainability
Authors: Fabian Nathan , Homanen Mikael , Pedersen Nikolaj , Slebos Morgan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Retirement system sustainability is defined as the ability of plan boards and managers to be responsible investors, active stewards, and allocators of capital to economic activities with desirable social and environmental outcomes. In this chapter, we examine the policy frameworks and important structural variables pertinent to private retirement systems in Australia, the UK, and the US. By analyzing various reports, interviewing experts, and using data from the Principles of Responsible Investment as well as national pension and retirement authorities, we identify key structural challenges within national retirement systems. These include market fragmentation, principal–agent conflicts in personal pensions, and the role of service providers. Our results provide insight into how, or whether, retirement systems can facilitate desirable economic, social, and environmental outcomes.
Humean Laws of Nature
Authors: Callender Craig 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the Good Old Days philosophers knew where they stood regarding moral realism. Irrealists and realists each came in two varieties. Irrealists could pick between emotivism and error theory. Realists, meanwhile, had a choice between non-naturalism and a naturalistic Ideal Observer theory. Life was simple. Turning to the topic of laws of nature, we are still—naively—living in the Good Old Days. Irrealists can choose between projectivism and a no-laws counterpart to error theory, and realists divide between non-Humean governing views and Humean systems theories that are counterparts to Ideal Observer theory. For philosophers of science, life is still simple, the days warm and easy. Unfortunately, those days are over in meta-ethics and this chapter shows that they are also finished for theories of laws of nature. Focusing on theories that find inspiration in David Hume’s thought (systems theory and projectivism), the chapter begins with a problem for systems theory. It demonstrates that the natural resolution of that problem explicitly parallels moves made in meta-ethics, moves that led to the end of the Good Old Days.
Are Humean Laws Flukes?
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Most of the recent literature on the metaphysics of laws concerns arguments pro and con Humean and anti-Humean views. This chapter discusses two of the most persistent objections against Humean accounts and especially against Lewis’s Best Systems Account (BSA). The first objection is that Humean laws are too weak to play the explanatory role that laws play in science. The second is that Humean metaphysics makes it surprising that our world contains regularities that are systematizable by a Lewisian best system. In Galen’s words on Humean metaphysics, ‘it would be a fluke’ for the world to be systematizable or for there to be lawful regularities at all. Those who make these objections typically think that they are related, since it is the absence of necessary connections that is responsible both for the alleged explanatory deficiency of Humean laws and for the apparent flukiness of laws on Humeanism.
Humean Reductionism about Essence
Authors: Hall Ned 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the metaphysics of laws of nature, one fundamental philosophical question is whether we should give a metaphysical or rather an epistemic account of what they are; that is the core issue that divides ‘Humeans’ from ‘anti-Humeans’. In much the same way, a key question we face with essences is whether to give a metaphysical or rather an epistemic account of what they are. (So note well: in choosing to deploy the term ‘essence’ this chapter is not taking sides on the ‘Go metaphysical, or go epistemic?’ question. Just as we can be anti-metaphysical and still freely use the expression ‘law of nature’, so too we can be anti-metaphysical and freely use ‘essence’.) And the advantage of connecting these two topics is that we have made enough progress on the former for the lessons learned to provide valuable guidance for investigating the latter. Despite the author’s agnosticism about which approach is correct, the chapter mostly investigates the prospects for the ‘go epistemic’ option—what it calls ‘Humean reductionism about essence’.
Symmetry or Asymmetry According to the Law? The Case of Domesticated Animals and Human Beings
Authors: Olyan Saul M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Given the mix of asymmetrical and symmetrical treatment accorded to various classes of persons in biblical law, it is natural to ask how the handling of domesticated animals and that of human beings might compare in these same legal collections. Are such animals always dealt with differently from human beings, or are there texts that treat domesticated animals and human beings symmetrically? Furthermore, what does symmetrical handling of domesticated animals and human beings in legal texts suggest about the status or value of said animals and human beings vis-à-vis one another? In this chapter, the author explores the question of symmetry and asymmetry in the legal treatment of domesticated animals and human beings. Although there are biblical legal texts that assign a greater value to a human life than to the life of a domesticated animal, other biblical laws suggest some kind of symmetry of value, at least in particular contexts (e.g., that of sacrifice).
Affirmation/Validation, Self-Disclosure, Immediacy, and Rupture Repairs
Authors: Farber Barry A. , Hill Clara E. , Knox Sarah , Eubanks Catherine F. , Christopher Muran J. , Norcross John C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the research evidence for the immediate, intermediate, and distal outcomes of four therapist behaviors originally included in the Norcross and Lambert book, Psychotherapy Relationships That Work, published in 2019: affirmation/validation, self-disclosure, immediacy, and rupture repairs. Affirmation/validation was judged to be demonstrably effective in terms of distal outcomes but as having no evidence for immediate and intermediate outcomes; self-disclosure and immediacy were judged as having insufficient evidence for immediate outcomes but no evidence for intermediate and distal outcomes; and rupture repair was judged as probably effective in terms of distal outcomes but as having insufficient evidence for immediate outcomes and no evidence for intermediate outcomes. The chapter concludes with training implications and therapeutic practices for each therapist method/skill based on the research evidence.
Empathic Reflection
Authors: Elliott Robert , Bohart Arthur C. , Larson Dale G. , Muntigl Peter , Smoliak Olga 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Empathic reflections are used to communicate understanding of client communications and experiences. This chapter first presents definitions and subtypes of empathic reflections. It distinguishes between the response mode empathic reflection and the relational quality of empathy. The chapter discusses how empathic reflections are assessed and presents examples of successful and unsuccessful empathic reflections. The chapter presents a meta-analysis of 43 samples, which found virtually no relation between empathic reflection and effectiveness, both overall and separately for each of six effectiveness criteria. Weak support for reflections of change talk and summary reflections was found. Good and poor reflections may cancel each other, indicating the need to examine more carefully the quality of empathy sequences in response to empathic opportunities offered by clients and sensitively adjusted in response to client confirmation/disconfirmation. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations and implications for research, training, and practice.
Interpretations
Authors: Zilcha-Mano Sigal , Fisher Hadar , Dolev-Amit Tohar , Keefe, and John R. , Barber Jacques P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Interpretations are a hallmark of psychodynamic treatment and a common skill used in other theoretical orientations. This chapter presents a synthesis of the research literature based on 18 independent samples of 1,011 total patients in individual psychotherapy. The results suggest that the use and accuracy of interpretations were associated, in half the studies, with patient disclosure of emotions and increased insight at the immediate, moment-to-moment unfolding of the session. At the intermediate post-session outcome, the use of interpretations was associated with stronger alliance and greater depth. At the end of treatment, however, although there is some evidence for a positive effect of the use of interpretations on treatment success, there are also neutral effects and even evidence that interpretations have the potential to be harmful in some situations. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices based on clinical experience and research evidence.
Paradoxical Interventions
Authors: Peluso Paul R. , Freund Robert 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the evidence base for the use of paradoxical interventions (PIs) in individual psychotherapy. Often misunderstood, PIs have shown long-term (distal) impacts on clinical outcomes. Definitions of PIs and their constituent elements (double-binds, reframing, circular causality) are presented along with clinical examples. The chapter reports on one meta-analysis comparing PIs with a placebo or control and another comparing PIs to other therapeutic methods. Paradoxes demonstrated a large effect (d = 1.1, k = 17 studies) compared to controls and a medium effect size (d = 0.49, k = 17 studies) compared to other therapeutic methods. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training recommendations, and therapeutic practices.