bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Effects of Sodium Salicylate and Some Structurally Related Compounds on Antigen-antibody Reactions In Vitro
Authors: Friend Charlotte 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sodium salicylate and the structurally related compounds tested inhibited the precipitation of both a typical anti-protein and anti-polysaccharide antigen-antibody system to a significant degree.
The salicylate did not enter into the combination of antigen and antibody, or else was reversibly removed by washing with saline. This agent is active as an inhibitor even after the precipitation of antigen and antibody has occurred. The in vitro inhibition of the precipitation of antigen and antibody is apparently due to an increase in the solubility of the antigen-antibody complex.
The Stability of Chick Embryo Yellow Fever Vaccine During Storage
Authors: Hahn Richard G. , Bugher John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented show that the desiccated yellow fever vaccine studied had, at the end of the first year of storage at 0 C to 4 C, a logarithmic titer of 1.5 to 2.0 below that of the original pulp. There was only a slight further decline in potency during the following 5 years of storage.
There is evidence that vaccine lots prepared under different conditions all undergo a similar initial fall in potency. If the titer of the pulp is low, this initial decrease in potency will be sufficient to render the vaccine unsatisfactory for general distribution after 2–3 years of storage at 0 C.
Antibody Production and Tuberculin Sensitivity in Individuals with a History of Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Quinn Robert W. , Seastone C. V. , Dickie Helen A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The precipitating antibody response to type I pneumococcal polysaccharide was not significantly different in a group of 19 individuals with rheumatic heart disease or a history of rheumatic fever, and a group of 22 individuals without rheumatic heart disease or a history of rheumatic fever. The sensitivity to old tuberculin following BCG immunization was not significantly different in 12 rheumatic individuals, and 20 non-rheumatic subjects. Detectable opsonins were demonstrated consistently in sera containing more than 0.5 mg of pneumococcal antibody per 4 ml of serum. Below this level opsonization was erratic.
A Serological Study of Some Helminth Relations
Authors: Vogel Henry 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the experiments of Nuttall (1) showed that serological relationships existed between animals, a number of investigators (2, 3, 7) have applied serologic technics to the problems of taxonomy.
Schwartz (4), studying species in the Family Ascaridae, noted that the degree of relationship could be correlated with results obtained with precipitin tests when heterologous antigens and antisera were used. Eisenbrandt (5, 6) noted that the observed heterologous titers decreased as the relationships became more remote. Wilhelmi (7), studying various helminths, noted that antiserum produced for any stage of a life cycle gave the same or almost the same precipitin titer when tested with antigens prepared from other stages of the cycle.
Through the use of isolated tissues and body fluids of Ascaris (8), the use of albumin and globulin fractions (9), and the purification of various helminth polysaccharide fractions (10–14), greater specificity in serologic reactions has been obtained.
Factors Influencing the Production of Developmental Defects in the Chick Embryo Following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Williamson Alice Polk , Blattner Russell J. , Robertson G. Gordon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Examinations of whole mounts of chick embryos inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) revealed gross defects of the lens, otocyst, neural tube and visceral arches. Examination of microscopic preparations showed that the pathological picture was similar in all affected organs and that the specific histopathological changes were noted also in the amnion, neural crests, olfactory pits and apical caps of the limb buds. Using as indicators the three most easily identified defects appearing in whole mounts, i.e., those of the lens, otocysts and neural tube, the influence of the following factors on the production of the defects has been determined: The route of inoculation. Inoculations directly over the embryo, where the virus could gain immediate access to the susceptible organs, resulted in a high percentage of abnormal embryos within 24 hours after inoculation, whereas inoculation into the yolk sac, directly beneath the embryo resulted in no abnormal embryos within 24 hours after inoculation. Embryos inoculated by either route died within 48 hours if incubation continued.Virus strain. Of the three strains tested, the Nothnick, the Roakin and the B-1 strain, all yielded the same types of defects.Titer of the virus. A high titer of virus in the inoculum was necessary for a consistently high yield of gross developmental defects. Inocula containing an EID50 of 108 per .05 ml gave satisfactory results if diluted 10-1 or 10-2, but the yield of defective embryos dropped in proportion to further decrease in virus titer. Although inocula of very low titer yielded few abnormal embryos, virus was recovered from most of these embryos which showed no gross defects.Stage of development of the embryo. With the techniques employed, production of gross defects of the lens, otocyst, and neural tube was possible for a very limited period during the development of the chick embryo. Eggs inoculated at 36 hrs. of incubation yielded embryos showing the typical defects but so few survived the inoculation technique that this age was considered impractical for extensive experimental use. Eggs inoculated at 48 hrs. and 60 hrs. yielded a high percentage of surviving embryos showing the specific defects. Eggs inoculated at 72 hrs. revealed few embryos with the three defects described above and in eggs inoculated at 84 hrs. incubation no defects were found on gross examination.
Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Pollikoff Ralph , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was possible to remove antibodies to the common antigen of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group by means of absorption with MP virus. In general, heated and unwashed preparations were more effective in removing these antibodies than were unheated or washed antigens. The results suggest that group reactivity is associated with two antigens. One appears to be firmly bound to the virus particle and may actually represent an integral part of the virus and one appears to be loosely attached to the virus. The specific complement fixing activity of MP antigen was still present after ultraviolet irradiation, and after storage at 4°C for six weeks.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Ruth Royal F. , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The response of the spleen to a single intravenous injection of a small amount of antigen was studied in 24 chickens. The following results were obtained: The spleen weight increased slightly on the 4th day, There was a slight increase in the mitotic index on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day, The proportions of reticular cells and prolymphocytes did not change, The percentage of lymphocytes decreased on the 4th day and remained low on the 6th day, The percentage of proplasmacytes increased on the 2nd day and remained high on the 4th day, The percentage of plasmacytes increased on the 4th day and remained high on the 6th and 8th days. Circulating antibody appeared on the 6th day and attained its maximum concentrations on the 6th and 8th days. It is suggested that cells of the plasmacytic series are directly involved in some aspect of the production of antibody protein in the chicken.
Distribution of Sensitizing Antibody in Human Serum Proteins Fractionated by Electrophoresis-Convection
Authors: Cann John R. , Loveless Mary Hewitt 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Three sera, prepared from individuals allergic toward cottonseed or ragweed pollen, have each been partitioned into eight fractions by electrophoresis-convection and into two other fractions by salting out with ammonium sulphate. After being assayed for N content and analyzed for electrophoretic composition, each preparation was repeatedly examined for reagins by both the neutralization and the serum-dilution procedures of passive transference. Activity was found to be concentrated in fractions Va, Vb and VI, which were composed of molecules immobilized by electrophoresis-convection at pH 6 or 5.5. These preparations were rich in β-globulin and also contained γ1-globulin. Analysis of the relationship between activity and electrophoretic composition of the 10 fractions supported the hypothesis proposed in our earlier report that β-globulins were chiefly responsible for reaginicity. Participation of γ-globulins could not, however, be directly excluded by our studies.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A hemagglutination test has been developed for the protein component of Pasteurella pestis, by application of a technique described by Boyden. This test and the polysaccharide hemagglutination test previously described are highly selective for either the protein or the polysaccharide of P. pestis, and the serum response is highly specific. The polysaccharide test is valuable for research, while the protein test is excellent for both diagnosis and research. Various virulent and avirulent P. pestis strains and preparations were compared by means of these and other serologic tests, and a working hypothesis of the antigenic structure of the plague bacillus and the relationship of structure of the plague bacillus to virulence and immunogenicity is outlined. The polysaccharide fraction does not affect phagocytosis and is not a protective antigen for either mice or guinea pigs, but it provokes a specific serologic reaction. The protein fraction is a protective antigen directly affecting phagocytosis.
Studies on the Hemolytic Activity of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)
Authors: Granoff Allan , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemolytic activity of NDV, as present in allantoic fluid or suspended in phosphate buffered saline is greatly enhanced by dialysis against various media and by the diluents used in the titrations. It is most pronounced after dialysis against distilled water with subsequent restoration of isotonicity by sodium chloride and dilution in isotonic sodium citrate. The hemolytic activity of such preparations is further increased by various physical manipulations, i.e. sonic vibration, repeated freezing and thawing and osmotic shock. No evidence has been obtained as yet to indicate that these procedures cause the disruption of NDV into smaller hemolytic units.
Inhibition of Antibody Formation in Mature Rabbits by Contact with the Antigen at an Early Age
Authors: Hanan Robert , Oyama Jiro 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits subjected to early immunization with bovine serum albumin failed to develop antibody to bovine serum albumin either during the initial immunization or when mature. Evidence was also obtained that formation of antibody to an unrelated antigen (egg albumin) may be affected.
The gamma globulin content of the sera of these animals was as high as or higher than the gamma globulin content of the sera of control animals in which antibody production was not affected.
Studies on Local Antibody Production
Authors: Hayes Sheldon P. , Dougherty Thomas F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Lymphocytes found in loose connective tissue spreads prepared from mice injected with glass capillary tube antigen depots were surrounded by parallel rows of agglutinated homologous Salmonella typhimurium and S. typhosa antigens. This phenomenon was not observed in tissue spread prepared from mice inoculated with saline or horse serum containing depots. It is concluded that lymphocytes or their immediate cytogenic precursors were responsible for the phenomenon of surface agglutination in this experiment.
The use of capillary tube antigen depots as employed in this study restricts the dissemination of antigens which come in contact with cells more slowly than in the conventional intravenous, subcutaneous or other methods of antigen injection. The method restricts the tissues and cells, involved in antibody production, to a small circumscribed area and thus greatly increases the probability of identification of causal factors in such studies. Further, since it has been shown that antibodies appear in the loose connective tissue adhering to the open end of the capillary depot prior to the time antibodies can be detected in the circulation (18), it seems logical that anomalous cells found in these tissues participate in antibody synthesis. The demonstration of agglutination by lymphocytes under these circumstances is further evidence of the participation of them in antibody production.
Persistence of Rickettsia Rickettsii in a Patient Recovered from Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Parker Robert T. , Menon P. Govinda , Merideth Ann M. , Snyder Merrill J. , Woodward Theodore E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Viable rickettsiae were isolated from the lymphatic tissues of a patient one year following recovery from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The recovered agent was maintained by serial passage in guinea pigs and fertile hens' eggs. Identity of the isolated agent was established by: The development of specific complement fixing antibodies in guinea pigs.Direct visualization of the microorganisms in yolk sac tissues.The demonstration of its ability to afford cross immunity to a standard laboratory strain of R. rickettsii.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ca++ is required in the formation of the complex EAC′x. The combination of EA with C′x is a reaction which essentially goes to completion. The velocity of formation of EAC′x is greater at 34°C than at 0°C. However, a more reactive EAC′x is obtained at 0°C. The reaction of EAC′x with C′y requires Mg++. The velocity and final extent of reaction of EAC′x with C′y, depends on the concentration of C′y, as well as on the concentration of C′x per cell.
The Viral Range in Vitro of a Malignant, Human Epithelial Cell (Strain Hela, Gey)
Authors: Crowell Richard L. , Syverton Jerome T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Strains representative of 16 antigenically distinct types of Coxsackie virus were studied to observe the effect of each upon a stable strain of human epithelial cells (HeLa, Gey). Four types proved cytopathogenic for HeLa cells with result in from 1 to 4 days in rapid total destruction of the cells. Cytopathologic effects were observed for the B-1 Conn-5 strain, six B-3 strains, the B-4 Texas-13 strain and the Texas-14 virus. The destructive effects in HeLa cells were indistinguishable from those of the three poliomyelitis virus types.
The high titer of infectivity maintained by the four cytopathogenic C viruses after repeated transfers in HeLa cell cultures, despite cumulative dilution beyond the extinction level of the inoculum, provided unequivocal evidence for the propagation of each virus. The majority of the types showed decreased infectivity for infant mice after many passages in cell culture.
Growth patterns, for 3 of the cytopathogenic types determined by assay of culture fluid, revealed rapid replication of each virus. In contrast, the titer in the liquid phase of the non-cytopathogenic B-2 strain diminished rapidly.
The identity of each virus isolated from the final cell culture passage was established with homotypic monkey antisera. The cytopathologic effects of the C viruses were not inhibited by antisera to the three types of poliomyelitis virus nor was the converse true.
The results of this study suggest that HeLa cell cultures might be valuable for the laboratory diagnosis and epidemiologic study of epidemic pleurodynia, or other human illness.
Antigenic Studies of Virus- and Trypsin-Treated Erythrocytes
Authors: Wallace John H. , Dodd Matt C. , Wright Claude-Starr 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera to normal, trypsin-treated, influenza virus-treated or Newcastle disease virus-treated human erythrocytes were shown to contain antibody for normal and treated red cells.
Agglutinins specific for the various cell modifications were isolated by agglutinin-absorption procedures. The antigenic changes produced by the viruses and trypsin were found to be related but distinct. Each treatment was shown to remove some normal cell antigens, the alteration of normal cell surface components being most marked following treatment with Newcastle disease virus.
Similar but less extensive modifications were demonstrated with virus-modified chicken erythrocytes.
Striking cross-reactions were demonstrated between the antiserum to modified cells of each species and the treated heterologous red cells.
NDV-modified cell agglutinin was separated from hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody.
Antiserum to NDV-treated cells was employed for the detection of modified erythrocytes in experimentally infected chickens and in an acquired hemolytic anemia patient.
Quantitative Studies in Hemagglutination
Authors: Wilkie M. H. , Becker E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An assay procedure for the agglutinating power of an isohemagglutinin containing serum with an average error of 14.4% (95% confidence limits) has been developed and applied to the B-anti-B system. The finding of Wurmser et al. that an equilibrium exists between isoantibody and red cells has been confirmed.
A Study of Antigens Active in the Tannic Acid Hemagglutination Test Present in Filtrates of Culture of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Authors: Boyden Stephen V. , Sorkin Ernst 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of different fractions from culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been tested for ability to sensitize tanned red cells to agglutination by rabbit antiserum prepared against phenol-killed tubercle bacilli. The different fractions varied considerably in their potency in this respect, and some were inactive.
The antigenic relationship of the fractions active in the test was studied in cross inhibition tests. Four active fractions from unheated culture filtrates were found to be completely distinct from each other serologically and showed very little cross reaction.
Three preparations of PPD and other fractions from heated culture filtrates cross reacted with each other strongly and little difference could be seen among them. These heated fractions also cross reacted with one of the unheated preparations (that analogous to Seibert's C protein).
Electron Microscopically Revealed Structural Elements of Bacterium Tularense and Their in Vitro and in Vivo Role in Immunologic Reactions
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Ribi Edgar , Larson Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic role of structural elements of Bacterium tularense was investigated. Organisms were broken up by treatment with ether or by mechanical agitation with the Mickle apparatus. The products of disruption were fractionated by centrifugation according to schemes which allowed their characterization from a structural standpoint as observed electron microscopically. The fractions were then tested as vaccines against the experimental disease in mice and as precipitating antigens against constant amounts of serum prepared by injecting washed organisms into rabbits.
It was found that the vaccine potency was increased when the organisms were broken whether by ether or by mechanical agitation. Vaccine efficacy and precipitation titer of such preparations were correlated with the amount of cell wall material as observed by electron microscopy. Preparations of cell walls themselves were good vaccines.
The Fate in Rats of Internally and Externally Labelled Heterologous Proteins
Authors: Friedberg Wallace , Walter Harry , Haurowitz Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
S35 serum proteins, produced by the incorporation of S35 amino acids in vivo were coupled with traces of I131 in vitro. The persistence of the doubly labelled heterologous proteins in rat livers and their subcellular distribution was studied. In terms of per cent of administered activity, during the time period studied, a greater amount of radiosulfur than radioiodine persisted. Nine days after the injection of the doubly labelled proteins the radiosulfur was more evenly distributed among the subcellular fractions of the liver than the radioiodine. Similar distribution and persistence of S35 in the liver proteins was found when iodine-free serum albumin containing S35 amino acids was injected. An interpretation for the different fate of the two isotopic labels is given.
Immunologic Studies with Fractions of Virulent Treponema Pallidum
Authors: Portnoy Joseph , Magnuson Harold J. , Roach Lonnie L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of a serologically reactive substance from virulent T. pallidum by use of desoxycholate extracting solution is described.
Preliminary findings bearing on the physical properties and chemical characteristics of the desoxycholate extract are presented.
The desoxycholate extract has been employed in a conventional complement fixation test. Antigen lots have shown excellent reproducibility as measured by serologic behavior and the measurement of TPCF antibody has likewise been found to be highly reproducible.
The separate identity of TPCF antibody from TPI antibody and reagin is suggested by absorption, inhibition, and correlation studies. A possible relationship to non-reagin agglutinating antibody is suggested.
Data bearing on the specificity and sensitivity of the TPCF are presented and discussed.