bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding CNN fragility when learning with imbalanced data
Authors: Dablain Damien , Jacobson Kristen N. , Bellinger Colin , Roberts Mark , Chawla Nitesh V. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractConvolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved impressive results on imbalanced image data, but they still have difficulty generalizing to minority classes and their decisions are difficult to interpret. These problems are related because the method by which CNNs generalize to minority classes, which requires improvement, is wrapped in a black-box. To demystify CNN decisions on imbalanced data, we focus on their latent features. Although CNNs embed the pattern knowledge learned from a training set in model parameters, the effect of this knowledge is contained in feature and classification embeddings (FE and CE). These embeddings can be extracted from a trained model and their global, class properties (e.g., frequency, magnitude and identity) can be analyzed. We find that important information regarding the ability of a neural network to generalize to minority classes resides in the class top-K CE and FE. We show that a CNN learns a limited number of class top-K CE per category, and that their magnitudes vary based on whether the same class is balanced or imbalanced. We hypothesize that latent class diversity is as important as the number of class examples, which has important implications for re-sampling and cost-sensitive methods. These methods generally focus on rebalancing model weights, class numbers and margins; instead of diversifying class latent features. We also demonstrate that a CNN has difficulty generalizing to test data if the magnitude of its top-K latent features do not match the training set. We use three popular image datasets and two cost-sensitive algorithms commonly employed in imbalanced learning for our experiments.
Intelligent control of cardiac rhythms using artificial neural networks
Authors: Lima Gabriel S. , Savi Marcelo A. , Bessa Wallace M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCardiac rhythms are related to heart electrical activity, being an essential aspect of the cardiovascular physiology. Usually, these rhythms are represented by electrocardiograms (ECGs) that are useful to detect cardiac pathologies. This paper investigates the control of cardiac rhythms in order to induce normal rhythms from pathological responses. The strategy is based on the electrocardiograms and considers different pathologies. An intelligent controller is proposed considering the ECG as the observable variable. In order to allow the assessment of the control performance, synthetic ECGs are produced from a reduced-order mathematical model that presents close agreement with experimental measurements. The adopted model comprises a network of oscillators formed by sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje complex. Three nonlinear oscillators are employed to represent each one of these nodes that are connected by delayed couplings. The controller considers the control variable at the His-Purkinje complex. To evaluate the ability of the control law to deal with both intra- and interpatient variability, the heart model is assumed to be not available to the controller designer, being used only in the simulator to assess the control performance. The incorporation of artificial neural networks into a Lyapunov-based control scheme, however, allows the presented intelligent approach to compensate for unknown cardiac dynamics. Results show that abnormal rhythms can be avoided by applying the proposed control scheme, turning the electrocardiogram closer to the expected normal behavior and preventing critical cardiac responses.
Government R&D spending as a driving force of technology convergence: a case study of the Advanced Sequencing Technology Program
Authors: Zhu Chen , Motohashi Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of government R&D spending on promoting technology convergence. We test the hypotheses that a government funding program positively affects technology convergence, and that the effects vary depending on the participant (i.e., academic and industrial inventors). We used the Advanced Sequencing Technology Program (ASTP) as an example to investigate this issue. We develop a novel dataset by linking the ASTP grantee information with the PATSTAT patent database. On this basis, we develop inventor-level characteristics for propensity score matching, selecting a control group of inventors from among those enrolled in the ASTP. Then, we employ difference-in-difference models to assess the program’s impact on the matched sample. The results support the program’s role as a driving force of technology convergence. The findings also indicate that the program has a greater influence on industry inventors than on academic counterparts. Furthermore, we conceptualize the program’s “leverage effect” and demonstrate that it can attract more external industrial inventors than academic inventors. The work advances our understanding of the role of a government-funded program in encouraging convergence and has implications for developing convergence-related R&D programs in the future.
Structure and Reactivity of the Ionic Liquid [C1C1Im][Tf2N] on Cu(111)
Authors: Adhikari Rajan , Massicot Stephen , Fromm Lukas , Talwar Timo , Gezmis Afra , Meusel Manuel , Bayer Andreas , Jaekel Simon , Maier Florian , Görling Andreas , Steinrück Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe studied the adsorption and reaction behavior of the ionic liquid (IL) 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([C1C1Im][Tf2N]) on Cu(111) using non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) in ultrahigh vacuum as a function of temperature, supported by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our nc-AFM results for sub-monolayer IL films show that at 200 K, the IL self-assembles into highly ordered islands, with cations and anions arranged next to each other in a checkerboard–type phase. After extended annealing at 300 K, the structure transforms first to a hexagonal phase and then to a porous honeycomb phase. Simultaneously, many small, disordered islands are formed. Complementary ARXPS reveals no IL desorption until 300 K. However, a significant fraction of the IL is converted to a new species as deduced from new, strongly shifted peaks that develop in the XP spectra at around 275 K and grow with annealing time at 300 K. We correlate the remaining unshifted peaks to the ordered phases observed in nc-AFM and the shifted peaks to decomposition products, which appear as disordered islands in nc-AFM and STM. Upon further heating to 360 K, about 50% of the anions or their decomposition products desorb from the surface, while cation-related fragments mostly remain on the surface. From DFT, we obtain additional information on the structure of the ordered phases and the interaction of the IL with the substrate.
Identification of breed-specific genomic variants in Colombian Creole pig breeds by whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Suárez-Mesa Rafael , Ros-Freixedes Roger , Laghouaouta Houda , Pena Ramona N. , Hernández-Ortiz Byron , Rondón-Barragán Iang , Estany Joan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDissecting genetic variation of local breeds is important for the success of conservation. In this research, we investigated the genomic variation of Colombian Creole (CR) pigs, with a focus on the breed-specific variants in the exonic region of 34 genes with reported effects on adaptive and economic traits. Seven individuals of each of the three CR breeds (CM, Casco de Mula; SP, San Pedreño; and ZU, Zungo) were whole-genome sequenced along with 7 Iberian (IB) pigs and 7 pigs of each of the four most used cosmopolitan (CP) breeds (Duroc, Landrace × Large White, and Pietrain). Molecular variability in CR (6,451,218 variants; from 3,919,242, in SP, to 4,648,069, in CM) was comparable to that in CP, but higher than in IB. For the investigated genes, SP pigs displayed less exonic variants (178) than ZU (254), CM (263), IB (200), and the individual CP genetic types (201 to 335). Sequence variation in these genes confirmed the resemblance of CR to IB and indicates that CR pigs, particularly ZU and CM, are not exempt from selective introgression of other breeds. A total of 50 exonic variants were identified as being potentially specific to CR, including a high-impact deletion in the intron between exons 15 and 16 of the leptin receptor gene, which was only found in CM and ZU. The identification of breed-specific variants in genes related to adaptive and economical traits can bolster the understanding of the role of gene-environment interactions on local adaptation and points the way for effective breeding and conservation of CR pigs.
Transition of the procurement process to Paris-compatible buildings: consideration of environmental life cycle costing in tendering and awarding
Authors: Scherz Marco , Kreiner Helmuth , Alaux Nicolas , Passer Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by the construction industry account for an enormous share of total global CO2 emissions. The numerous construction activities therefore continue to reduce the remaining carbon budget. One lever for the reduction of these GHG emissions lies in the procurement process of buildings. For this reason, a process model was developed that takes embodied and operational emissions into account in the tendering and awarding phase of buildings.

Methods
To validate the developed theoretical framework, environmental life cycle costing (eLCC) was conducted on a single-family house case study, taking into account external cost caused by GHG emissions. Various shadow prices were defined for the calculation of external cost to identify changes in award decisions. We further investigated a results-based climate finance (RBCF) instrument, i.e., the GHG emission bonus/malus, to demonstrate an approach for calculating Paris-compatible cost (PCC) scenarios.

Results
We show that an award decision based on life cycle costing (LCC) leads to a 12% reduction in GHG emissions. A further reduction in GHG emissions can be achieved by awarding contracts based on eLCC. However, the required shadow prices within the eLCC awards to influence the award decision are quite high. With the development of the LCA-based bonus/malus system, PCC scenarios can be determined at sufficient shadow prices, and further GHG emission reductions can be achieved.

Conclusions
Since the implementation of LCA and LCC in the tendering and awarding process is currently not mandatory, in this context, the next step towards Paris-compatible buildings must first be taken by the awarding authorities as well as the policy-makers. However, the application of the LCA-based bonus/malus system and thus the awarding of contracts according to PCC scenarios show the enormous GHG emissions reduction potential and thus represent an innovative and sustainable framework for an adapted procurement process.
The Role of Aging, Time Perspective, and Gambling-Related Cognitions in Affective Decision-Making
Authors: Cosenza Marina , Ciccarelli Maria , Matarazzo Olimpia , Griffiths Mark D. , Nigro Giovanna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSeveral studies have examined age differences in affective decision-making utilizing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). However, findings are mixed, with some studies reporting impairments due to aging and others showing no age-related differences. The few studies that have explored personality correlates of IGT performance suggest that underlying personality characteristics may impact performance on the IGT beyond aging. Therefore, the present study investigated the interplay between chronological age, temporal perspective, and gambling-related cognitions in affective decision-making while controlling for gambling severity. Through snowball sampling, 302 adults aged 18–75 years were recruited. They administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14), Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), and IGT. Regression analysis showed that future orientation and gambling-related cognitions (namely gambling expectancies, illusion of control, and predictive control) predicted IGT performance. Gender, age, education, and gambling severity were not included in the final model. Path analysis showed that gambling expectancies positively impacted the performance, whereas illusion of control and predictive control were detrimental to decision-making. Being oriented toward the future mitigated the negative effects of the two cognitive biases on IGT performance. The present study shows that aging does not affect negatively IGT performance. The quality of performance appears to depend upon individual characteristics, such as future orientation and gambling-related cognitions, irrespective of gambling severity. These findings suggest that individual characteristics should be considered in the clinical evaluation of IGT performance.
Changes in renal function over time in outpatients with eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2: implication for timing of renal function testing before contrast-enhanced CT imaging
Authors: Kuwatsuru Yoshiki , Hirano Takahiro , Wakabayashi Ryozo , Ishisaki Juliana Yumi , Sokooshi Hideaki , Kuwatsuru Ryohei 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the associations between comorbidities and kidney function decline at 6-month and 1-year follow-up in outpatients with initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Materials and methods
Outpatients aged 18 and older with confirmed diagnosis, who had eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 measured between April 2017 and March 2019, were included in this retrospective observational study. Of them, 30,595 included outpatients had 6-month eGFR test and 27,698 included outpatients had 1-year eGFR test. The outpatients were further divided into two groups based on initial eGFR: between 30 and 59 and ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Impaired renal function was defined as eGFR declined to below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. The comorbidities with P values less than 0.1 identified in univariable logistic regression models were entered into the multivariable analysis with backward selection, thereby identifying comorbidities that increased the risk of eGFR decline at 6-month and 1-year follow-up.

Results
Outpatients with initial eGFR between 30 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 were 175.94 times more likely to have eGFR decline at 6 months, and were 94.10 times more likely to have eGFR decline at 1 year, compared with their corresponding initial eGFR ≥ 60 counterparts. Multivariable logistic regression analyses disclosed that chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and heart failure were independent risk factors for eGFR decline in outpatients with initial eGFR between 30 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Conclusions
Outpatients with initial eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 might not need routine eGFR test prior to contrast-enhanced CT scan for 1 year. In addition, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and heart failure increased the risk of declined renal function, particularly, in outpatients with initial eGFR between 30 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Pair Fraction Distribution of the One-Sublattice Modified Quasichemical Model—Application to the Cu-Fe-S Liquid Solution
Authors: Waldner Peter 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWithin the formalism of the one-sublattice modified quasichemical model an equation for the computation of pair fraction distributions is derived considering distinct model modifications reported in the literature. For generalization an equation system is presented to determine pair fraction distributions of multicomponent solutions.
Consistency of the derived equation with the analogous relationship of former versions of the modified quasichemical model is demonstrated. The derived equation is applied to the Cu-Fe-S liquid solution and its binary subsystems. Pair fraction distributions calculated exemplarily at 1200 °C (1473 K) are used to interpret recently reported predictions of the high-temperature Cu-Fe-S system.
Life satisfaction in UK emerging adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Li Christy Lok Yan , Gutman Leslie Morrison 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCurrent research indicates that young adults are at a higher risk of deteriorating wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to older adults. Drawing upon the Understanding Society COVID-19 survey, this study examined the trajectory of life satisfaction in UK emerging adults from May 2020 to September 2021 with social, health, financial, and demographic factors as covariates. The analytic sample included 880 participants (612 females, 268 males) between the ages of 18–29. Growth curve modelling was used to estimate the trajectory of life satisfaction and examine whether the covariates account for variation in the mean level and/or slopes. The trajectory of life satisfaction declined slightly between May 2020 and January 2021 and then increased to September 2021, aligning with the tightening and easing of UK COVID-19 policies. Greater perceived current financial difficulties, pre-existing mental health and physical health conditions, and higher self-reported loneliness were associated with lower life satisfaction. Being female and living with a romantic partner, more face-to-face social interactions, and higher household income were associated with more life satisfaction. Gender interacted with pre-existing mental health conditions. Women with no pre-existing mental health conditions reported the highest level of life satisfaction, while women with pre-existing mental health conditions reported the lowest level, compared to men who reported a similar level of life satisfaction regardless of their mental health. The findings from the present study contribute toward the current understanding of changes in life satisfaction throughout the pandemic among emerging adults. Implications for intervention are discussed.
How the environment evokes actions that lead to different goals: the role of object multi-functionality in pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer
Authors: Qin Kaiyang , Marien Hans , Custers Ruud , Aarts Henk 
Published: April 2023

AbstractResearch shows that stimuli in the environment can trigger behavior via the activation of goal representations. This process can be tested in the Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm, where stimuli can only affect behavior through the activation of the representation of its desired outcome (i.e., the PIT effect). Previous research has demonstrated that the PIT effect is stronger when the goal is more desirable. While this research only looked at actions that have single outcomes (e.g., obtaining a snack to satisfy appetite), in the present paper, we reason that actions that are instrumental in obtaining outcomes that are desirable in multiple ways (e.g., obtaining a snack to satisfy one’s appetite, giving it to a friend, trading it for money) should produce stronger PIT effects. In two experiments, participants learned to perform left and right key presses to earn a snack, either framed as having a single function or multiple functions. Participants also learned to associate the two differently framed snacks with two cues. In a PIT test, they were required to press the keys as fast as possible upon exposure to the cues (i.e., the PIT effect). We found that cues associated with the multi-functional snack facilitated the actions that earned those snacks before, while cues associated with the single-functional snack did not facilitate such actions. We discuss these findings in the context of research on free choice and personal autonomy and how people appreciate the multi-functional nature of their goal-directed behavior in the environment.
Silver Recovery from End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels Based on Microbial Fuel Cell Technology
Authors: Kanellos Gerasimos , Tremouli Asimina , Tsakiridis Petros , Remoundaki Emmanouella , Lyberatos Gerasimos 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe solar energy sector has grown rapidly in the past decades, addressing the issues of energy security and climate change. Many photovoltaic (PV) panels that were installed during this technological revolution, have accumulated as waste and even more are nearing their End-of-Life (EoL). Based on circular economy, a new hydrometallurgical process has been proposed for the management of the EoL PVs. This results in a chemical extract containing 0.7% w/w Ag, along with various other metals. This study investigates the MFC technology as an alternative method for valuable metal recovery from the chemical extract of PV panels. Moreover, metal recovery from the chemical extract is compared with the individual recoveries obtained using corresponding synthetic solutions. The results indicated that silver was completely recovered from the synthetic and the real chemical extract, with a rate of ~ 82 and ~ 32 μmol/h, respectively. The difference is attributed to the simultaneous reduction of other heavy metals in amorphous compounds, hindering the silver reduction kinetics and leading to a gradual electrode passivation. Nevertheless, silver can be 100% retrieved from the chemical extract, with a purity of 68–96% w/w (average 86% w/w), in crystal (face center cube) structure, containing minor metal impurities.
Graphical Abstract
The Self-Pattern and Buddhist Psychology
Authors: Gallagher Shaun , Raffone Antonino , Berkovich-Ohana Aviva , Barendregt Henk P. , Bauer Prisca R. , Brown Kirk Warren , Giommi Fabio , Nyklíček Ivan , Ostafin Brian D. , Slagter Heleen , Trautwein Fynn-Mathis , Vago David R. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we address core insights from Buddhist psychology about mind-body phenomena and the self, and we relate such insights to the notion of the self-pattern developed in the pattern theory of self. We emphasize the dynamic, temporal and enactive characteristics of the self-pattern, consistent with the core Buddhist notion of non-self. Although there is no one-to-one mapping of Buddhist psychological concepts onto the pattern theory of self, there are important similarities among such concepts and the various processes and dynamical relations that constitute a pragmatic self-pattern that can explain both experiences of self and non-self. Buddhist psychology and the notion of the self-pattern offer mutual insight into the processes, the dynamics, and the implications for questions about well-being and a flexibility that avoids anxiety and reduces attachment, craving, and suffering.
ChatGPT for e-Tourism: a technological perspective
Authors: Mich Luisa , Garigliano Roberto 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe interest around the conversational system ChatGPT has exploded since OpenAI launched the GPT-3 prototype at the end of November 2022. Applications of ChatGPT could be disruptive for the digital transformation processes, challenging societies, companies, and people in a possibly unprecedented way. Alongside remarkable performances, there are risks related to its intrinsic limitations. In this viewpoint paper we introduce ChatGPT, highlighting its main characteristics, with the aim of offering some general and preliminary guidelines for its adoption in the tourism field.