bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Aerosol Deposition of Dense Al2O3 Coatings and Evaluation of the Through-Thickness Effect
Authors: Shahien Mohammed , Shinoda Kentaro 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Hybrid aerosol deposition (HAD) has been proposed recently as a new coating regime to deposit homogeneous ceramic coatings via the utilization of mesoplasma and solid particle deposition. This study will discuss the implementation of HAD for the deposition of alumina (Al2O3) coatings on 304 stainless steel and aluminum substrates, and evaluation of the hardness and Young’s modulus using a nanoindentation method to clarify the through-thickness properties. Dense and uniform coatings with a nanocrystalline structure were fabricated on both substrate materials. The fabricated HAD coatings consisted of α-Al2O3 phase. The hardness and Young’s modulus distributions along the through-thickness direction showed a significant difference across the coating-substrate interface and tended to show a slight decrease by 10-15% as the measured position went close the surface. Increasing the hardness and Young’s modulus on the substrate side near the interface is presumably related to the peeing effect of the substrate as well as the increase of interface roughness during the room temperature impact consolidation (RTIC) and deformation of the hard ceramic particles on the substrate. The decrease in the coating’s mechanical properties along the through-thickness direction is considered to be related to the particle deformation tendency during the coating build-up. At the beginning stage of the deposition, initial particles are impacting on a metallic substrate which is ductile enough to facile plastic deformation and the deposited layer can have an enough hammering effect by the subsequent impacting particles. The hardness and Young’s modulus in this location are 15.6 GPa and 246 GPa, respectively, and the highest through the thickness in case of the stainless steel substrate. However, the later particles are impacting on a hard ceramic surface (initially formed HAD Al2O3 layers), which hardly undergo plastic deformation or led to less particle deformation. In addition, through-thickness measurements revealed that the deposited coatings on the stainless steel substrate showed higher hardness than deposited coatings on aluminum substrates. Thus, the stainless steel enhances the degree of deformation of the deposited particles, and the resulted smaller crystallite size and strain lead to increased hardness and modulus.
Development and Characterization of Micro-Plasma Additive Manufacturing Process for Inconel 718 Superalloy
Authors: Nagy Jason , Singh Adria Barcelo , Huang Xiao 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A micro-plasma system was investigated for its capability in additive manufacturing (AM). Micro-plasma AM system has the advantage of lower cost and higher deposition rate over the laser-based AM systems, and generates leaner and cleaner weld deposit than other arc-based AM systems. However, the microplasma system is complex and involves a large number of process variables. In this study, the effects of two arc and wire feed modes on dimensional consistency and hardness were firstly examined. Subsequently, one set of the specimens was further subjected to oxidation tests and the results were compared to that from conventional wrought Inconel 718. It was found that all four processes could produce crack free samples without measurable distortion. Some surface discoloration was observed, ranging from light straw to a purple tint. After heat treatment, the hardness of the samples varies from 403 to 440 HV, with the transverse surface showing slightly lower hardness values. The oxidation tests at 900 °C yielded similar weight change for AM Inconel 718 and its counterpart wrought alloy; however, the rate constant for wrought alloy was slightly higher. Microstructural analysis with SEM and EDS revealed a dendritic structure in the AM Inconel 718 and the presence of Nb-rich compounds in the interdendritic region. The polycrystal grain structure was not delineated in AM material as that in wrought 718. With the increase of exposure time, the oxide layer continues to increase at a higher rate, along with a sublayer of Ni3Nb above the metal substrate. In addition, after 200 hours, the wrought alloy developed porous chromia, while AM material exhibited uneven oxide thickness. In consideration of all aspects of the evaluation carried out thus far, it is concluded that the AM material produced by micro-plasma process is equivalent to wrought material in mechanical properties and oxidation performance.
Effects of Plasma-Related Input Parameters on Fluctuation and Coating Characteristics in APS—Towards a Transdisciplinary Integration of Technical Assessments and Human Knowledge-Driven Evaluations
Authors: Grimm Maximilian , Drehmann Rico , Lindner Thomas , Morgenstern Tina , Klichowicz Anja , Bocklisch Franziska , Lampke Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is characterized by complex interactions between input, process and output variables. Process control relies heavily on human expert knowledge and experience. Process diagnostics can provide additional information to the operator and support cognitive processes in task execution. When using non-cascaded torch systems, significant plasma fluctuations occur, affecting the coating quality. High-frequency fluctuations can only be detected by suitable diagnostic systems and interpreted by experienced APS operators. In this study, the state of the plasma jet (area, fluctuation) is investigated depending on total plasma gas flow rate (50 vs. 65 l/min) and the H2 content of plasma gases (17, 20 and 23 vol. %) using high-speed camera pictures. To evaluate plasma fluctuation effects, particle temperature and velocity as well as resulting coating properties (thickness and porosity) are determined for two ceramic systems. The results show that fluctuations of the plasma jet have a significant effect on the particle state and coating quality. The use of a high-speed camera to evaluate the stability of the plasma jet is an attractive method that, when properly integrated, has the potential to provide the human operator with important information to allow rapid assessment of input parameters or the condition of the plasma torch.
Microstructure and Properties of Fe-Based Amorphous Coating by HVOF
Authors: Pi Ziqiang , Du Kaiping , Chen Xing , Zheng Zhaoran 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The amorphous Fe-based coating was fabricated on 304 stainless steel matrix by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). The microstructure, friction properties and wear mechanism of the coating were mainly analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Vickers microhardness tester, friction and wear tester, three-dimensional optical profilometer. Results show that: most of the coatings were amorphous, and the amorphous content increased first and then decreased with the increase of heat input. When the spraying parameters are kerosene flow rate 21 L/h, oxygen flow rate 56 m3/h, powder feeding rate 35 g/min, spraying distance 360 mm, the coating amorphous content is up to 84%, the hardness is over 842 HV0.2, the wear resistance advances over 2.9 times than the matrix.
Inner Diameter High-Velocity Air Fuel (ID-HVAF) Spraying of Copper, Compared to Cold Spray
Authors: Asadiankouhidehkordi Golnoush , Liberati Andre C. , Ettouil Fadhel Ben , Moreau Christian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As a supersonic solid-state deposition process, Cold Spray (CS) has a unique role among other thermal spray techniques as it uses compressed and heated gas to accelerate particles to a critical velocity. CS can be an expensive process, especially when helium is used as a processing gas. In recent thermal spray developments, High-Velocity Air Fuel (HVAF) has taken a specific place in terms of providing dense and strong coatings similar to CS, but also coatings with less oxidation than High- Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF). In contrast to these techniques, HVAF uses a mixture of fuel and air, instead of pure oxygen as in HVOF, to accelerate particles. Therefore, HVAF appears as a relatively cheaper and environmentally friendly alternative for the deposition of a wide variety of materials. The aim of this research is to produce fully dense copper coatings with limited oxidation using an inner diameter (ID) HVAF system and to compare the microstructure with CS copper coatings. Coating microstructures, surface roughness, and microhardness are studied using different characterization methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Through this paper, the influence of both spray processes, CS and ID-HVAF, on the deposition of copper coatings is discussed. Cross-sectional studies of different coatings show a fairly dense microstructure for CS and ID-HVAF coatings. Moreover, it is discussed how the copper coating properties can change upon modifying the spray parameters.
Modeling the Formation of Thermal Spray Coatings on Substrates with Arbitrary Shapes
Authors: Haghighi Behrouz , Passandideh-Fard Mohammad , Mostaghimi Javad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The formation of Nickel coatings on stainless steel substrates and YSZ (Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) on NiCrAlY in the Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) process is investigated. Coating formation over a substrate with an arbitrary shape (an inclined step in this paper) is considered. The topography of the coatings, as well as their microstructure, e.g., porosity, average thickness, and average roughness, are evaluated. An algorithm, which is based on the Monte-Carlo stochastic model, is employed. The significant difference between the coating temperature and that of the substrate leads to the formation of residual thermal stresses. These stresses are analyzed using Object Oriented Finite-element software (OOF) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). An image of the cross-section of the coating is imported into the code, which utilizes an adaptive meshing technique and Finite- Element Method to calculate residual thermal stresses. The maximum stress in the coatings occurs at the interface between the coating and the substrate. The coatings' topography and microstructure are compared with those of the experiments.
Development of a Synthesis Route for High-Entropy Alloy Feedstock Particles for Cold Spray Following Conventional and Sequential Mechanical Milling Regimes
Authors: Custodio Aisa Grace , Saha Gobinda C. , Aranas Clodualdo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Material’s tensile strength can be improved by the presence of a body-centered cubic (BCC) phase, which is essential in highstrength applications and highly corrosive environments. Thus, synthesizing a BCC single-phase, equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) feedstock particle using a highenergy mechanical alloying (HE-MA) method was investigated. The transient alloy particles were developed using a planetary mill at a constant rotational speed of 580 rpm employing milling times in the range of 4 to 24 hours. During the process, stearic acid of 3 wt.% of the precursor composition was used as a process-controlling agent (PCA). Two HE-MA manufacturing regimes were utilized: i) conventional (milling constituent elements simultaneously), and ii) sequential (progressive milling while adding elements in a certain order). In addition to the conventional method, a sequential regime was employed to develop FeNiCoCrAl, wherein individual elements were added every 4 hours to the starting/milled Fe + Ni mixture. Based on the results, the HE-MA FeNiCoCrAl showed a BCC single-phase formation after 24 hours, with no intermetallic or contamination traceability. Finally, a nanoindentation hardness measurement was carried out to support the observed phase transformation before and after the HE-MA process.
Performance of Plasma-Sprayed Bi2O3–Er2O3–WO3 for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs)
Authors: Chen Rui , Luo Xiao-Tao , Zhang Li , Wang Di , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The previous results have shown that dense bismuth oxidebased electrolytes can be fabricated simply by plasma spraying owing to their low melting point. In this study, the Bi2O3– Er2O3–WO3 electrolyte of high ionic conductivity was deposited by the cost-effective plasma spraying to assemble the SOFC for examining its electrochemical performance. The SOFC cell consisted of FeCr24.5 metal support, NiO-YSZ anode, 10 mol% scandium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide (ScSZ) electrolyte, (Bi2O3)0.705 (Er2O3)0.245 (WO3)0.05 (EWSB) electrolyte, and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) cathode. The ScSZ electrolyte interlayer was introduced between the anode and EWSB electrolyte to hinder the reduction of EWSB in the anode environment. NiO-YSZ, ScSZ, EWSB, and LSCF were deposited by plasma spraying on the metal support which was prepared by a press-forming-sintering process. The NiO-YSZ/ ScSZ/ EWSB/ LSCF single cell assembled with the as-sprayed ScSZ presented an open circuit potential of 0.90V at 600 °C and the maximum power density of 1130 mW cm-2 at 750 °C, 450 mW cm-2 at 650 °C, and 128 mW cm-2 at 550 °C. The plasma sprayed ScSZ electrolyte was then densified through impregnating using yttrium and zirconium nitrate solutions followed by annealing treatment. The single cell assembled with the densified ScSZ presented an open circuit potential up to 1.004V at 600 °C and the maximum power density of 1356 mW cm-2 at 750 °C, 619 mW cm-2 at 650 °C, and 163 mW cm-2 at 550 °C. The performance of the cell was significantly improved by the post-spray densification treatment of the ScSZ electrolyte. The present result shows that the high performance NiO-YSZ/ScSZ/EWSB/LSCF cell at intermediate temperatures can be successfully fabricated by plasma spraying.
The Potential of High Velocity Air Fuel Spraying (HVAF) to Manufacture Bond Coats in Thermal Barrier Coating Systems
Authors: Mauer Georg , Rauwald Karl-Heinz , Vaßen Robert 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Driven by the search for an optimum combination of particle velocity and process temperature to achieve dense hard metal coatings at high deposition efficiencies and powder feed rates, the high velocity air-fuel spraying process (HVAF) was developed. In terms of achievable particle velocities and temperatures, this process can be classified between high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) and cold gas spraying (CGS). The particular advantages of HVAF regarding moderate process temperatures, high particle velocities as well as high productivity and efficiency suggest that the application of HVAF should be also investigated for the manufacture of MCrAlY (M = Co and/or Ni) bond coats (BCs) in thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. In this work, corresponding HVAF spray parameters were developed based on detailed process analyses. Different diagnostics were carried out to characterize the working gas jet and the particles in flight. The coatings were investigated with respect to their microstructure, surface roughness and oxygen content. The spray process was assessed for its effectiveness. Process diagnostics as well as calculations of the gas flow in the jet and the particle acceleration and heating were applied to explain the governing mechanisms on the coating characteristics. The results show that HVAF is a promising alternative manufacturing process.
Effect of Spray Parameters on MCrAlY In-Flight Particle Oxidation and Coating Microstructure Deposited by Internal Diameter High Velocity Air Fuel (ID-HVAF)
Authors: Lamana M.S. , Thoutam A.K. , Mahdavi A. , Liberati A.C. , Ben Ettouil F. , Moreau C. , Dolatabadi A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Aircraft gas turbine blades operate in aggressive, generally oxidizing, atmospheres. A solution to mitigate the degradation and improve the performance of such components is the deposition of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Specifically for bond coats in aerospace applications, High Velocity Air Fuel (HVAF) is very efficient for coating deposition. However, internal diameter (ID) HVAF has received little attention in the literature and could be a promising alternative to limit oxidation during spraying when compared to conventional methods. The main objective of this study is to analyze how the ID-HVAF process influences the microstructure of NiCoCrAlY coatings. To that end, an i7 ID-HVAF torch is used to deposit NiCoCrAlY splats on a steel substrate with different stand-off distances. The deposited splats showed the presence of craters, and both partially melted and deformed particles at the surface. The particle velocity data was recorded, and the splat deformation and amount of particles deposited was shown to be directly corelated to the stand-off distance. The material composition analyzed and quantified by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) did not reveal any traces of in-flight of particle oxidation, but further investigation is required. This study provided a preliminary understanding towards the importance of stand-off distance on the splat deformation and in-flight oxidation.
Effect of Boron Alloying on the Fretting Wear Performance of Plasma-Sprayed CuNiIn Coatings
Authors: Zhu Yong-Sheng , Luo Xiao-Tao , Ren Yuan , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) CuNiIn coatings have been widely used for fretting wear protection in many important areas such as aircraft engines for decades. The oxides in CuNiIn coating prepared by APS hinder splat bonding formation and thus degrade the coating fretting performance. In this study, CuNiIn powders of different boron contents were designed to realize the self-oxide-cleaning effect for in-flight molten droplets and thus deposit the dense CuNiIn coating with high fretting performance. Scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the microstructure. The oxygen content in the coating was measured by the inert gas fusion technique. Fretting test was performed for three coatings under different loadings. The results show that CuNiIn2B and CuNiIn4B coatings presented the oxide content of 0.40wt% and 0.38wt%, which are lower than 1.6wt% of the CuNiIn coating. The oxygen content in the CuNiIn4B coating decreased with the increase of spray distance while the oxygen content in CuNiIn coating increased with the increase of the spray distance. Such results clearly reveal the boron in-situ deoxidizing effect of inflight molten droplets. As a result, the dense CuNiIn2B and CuNiIn4B coatings were deposited with oxide-free molten droplets. The test results showed that the fretting wear performance of B-alloyed CuNiIn coatings were increased by a factor over three comparing with conventional CuNiIn coating.
PUBLIC EDUCATION ABOUT EYES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Amin Ramzi , Purwanita Petty , Maya Sari Prima 
Published: May 2023

In December 2019, a case of pneumonia of unknown etiology first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. (1) The etiology was finally identified and showed a new type of coronavirus, which was given the tentative name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the name of the new virus, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the name of the disease as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).Indonesia reported its first two confirmed cases of COVID-19 inMarch 2, 2020. As of September 8, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia was 200,035, with 8,230 deaths (CFR 6.9%).
PREVENTION OF FORWARD HEAD POSTURE ON STUDENTS DURING ONLINE LEARNING IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Suciati Tri 
Published: May 2023

To prevent the spread of highly contagious coronavirus, the government regulates the health protocol, such as limitation of gathering, close the school and changing the education system from conventional to virtual started level elementary to even college level. As one of the solutions to learn media learning, the use of smartphones is increasingly significant. The longer duration of using a smartphone will cause a condition named Forward Head Posture.Forward head posture is one of the most common types of postural abnormalities. It is caused by the repetitive position while using a smartphone.
The mechanism can be explained by the motion of looking down such as when using a smartphone. As a result, it encourages repetitive use of the head and neck muscles. Anatomically, it can be explained that the upper cervical vertebrae are hyperextended and shifted forward. Exposure to constant loads on craniovertebral extension muscle and non-contractile structure cause changes in biomedical motion, with every one inch the increase in distance from the head and neck, it will increase the gravitation tenfold. Increase stress eventually caused musculoskeletal damage or pain.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ADEQUATE PRE-ANALYTICAL MANAGEMENT FOR HISTOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EXAMINATION FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES
Authors: Murti Krisna , Ramkita Nora , Neti Neti , Farida Aida , Wresnindyatsih Wresnindyatsih , Aspitriani Aspitriani , Susilawati Susilawati 
Published: May 2023

Almost all Anatomic Pathology laboratories have experienced that tissue patient who comes to these laboratories without adequate fixation and causes complicated patient diagnosis. In addition, adequate fixation also makes advanced procedures such as immunohistochemical staining or DNA and RNA extraction difficult because protein, DNA, and RNA become damaged due to inadequate fixation. The fixation procedure should be the responsibility of the clinicians, specifically surgeons and team. If this procedure is not carried out appropriately resulting in damage to the tissue due to the natural process, namely autolysis, which the fixation procedure can prevent. This autolysis will damage the tissue. The laboratory process results are not optimal, complicating the evaluation of patient tissues, resulting in difficulty and delay of diagnosis. If further examination is needed, such as immunohistochemistry and other molecular examinations related to the extraction of DNA or RNA, the examination results will also be not optimal.
Moreover, patient therapy becomes delayed or difficult. For this reason, we conducted extension activities for health workers, some of whom may be involved in a team of surgeons. Knowledge of pre-analytic procedures can improve the quality of pre-analytical handling, which will improve the quality of tissue andcytology specimens; hence, a precise and optimal diagnosis can be obtained. This will help the clinicians in determining the patient's therapy. Therefore, morbidity and mortality rates of patients can be reduced.