bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nordic Laws
Authors: Sigurdsson Jon Vidar , Vogt Helle 
Published: July 2023

By the end of the Viking Age, the Nordic region was divided between three kingdoms, all of which still exist in the early twenty-first century, albeit with very different borders, and Iceland. In Scandinavia, if we exclude the Sami language, a single vernacular language was spoken during the Early and the High Middle Ages: the so-called dönsk tunga or Danish tongue. The English word law originates from the Old Norse noun lög, plural lag. Lög also refers to a region, that is a territory united by the laws. Gulaþingslög, for example, covered the west coast and interior of Norway. In Scandinavia, there were probably about fifteen larger regional administrative regional law assemblies (lögþing) by the end of the Viking Age, with as many different laws. Denmark was unified before the Viking Age and had three lögþing. Denmark’s first national law was enacted in 1683. Sweden was unified in the twelfth century, but the eight/nine provinces kept their own laws until the middle of the fourteenth century, when they were replaced with a national law for the entire kingdom. Norway was unified in the eleventh century. Its four law regions gained a common law in 1274. The national law had to be accepted at the regional law assemblies, and were therefore called Gulathing Law, etc. According to Íslendingabók, written c. 1125, the first laws in Iceland, from c. 930, were modeled on the Gulathing Law. These laws, Grágás, were the law of the Free State, c. 930–1262/64. Between 1262 and 1264, Iceland became a tributary land under the king of Norway, and received two new law books, Járnsíða in 1271 and Jónsbók in 1281, the latter based on the Norwegian national law. The Swedish provincial laws were enhanced with local church law, which were local collections of canon law that covered local matters such as the church building and the support of the priest. The provincial laws in Norway also included church laws, however not the Norwegian national law. The situation was similar in Iceland: Grágás contain church laws, whereas Járnsíða and Jónsbók do not. In Denmark, the provinces of Zealand and Scania had church laws from the 1170s. However, unlike the other Nordic laws, they were not church laws in general. Instead, they regulated the gray area between the secular and the bishops’ jurisdiction. Most of the laws of the Nordic countries are written in the vernacular. The oldest manuscripts are from the thirteenth century.
Edinburgh
Authors: Allen Aaron 
Published: July 2023

In 1995, Edinburgh was granted World Heritage Site status. Settlement is known to have been on Edinburgh’s Castle Rock since at least the late bronze or early iron age. Indeed, the defensibility of this site is a key theory as to why settlement would form atop a rocky outcrop, uphill and so far away from fresh water or the sea. Traditionally, Edinburgh Castle was known as the Maidens’ Castle because it could apparently keep safe the daughters of Pictish kings. This tradition certainly had currency when Braun and Hogenberg’s 16th-century atlas of towns, or Civitates Orbis Terrarium, labeled the castle, “Castrum puellarum.” While the veracity of this explanation is yet to be firmly established, it is much clearer that monarchy and trade played crucial roles in the ascendancy of Edinburgh. E. Patricia Dennison, in Holyrood and Canongate: A Thousand Years of History, records that the castle had been a royal residence since at least the reign of Malcolm III (r. 1058–1093), if not earlier (p. 2). By the reign of James III, it was the capital, as depicted in Michael Lynch’s chapter, “Edinburgh: 1. to 1650” (in The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, p. 218). While defense was a key consideration, trade also played an important role. The town had “royal burgh” status—and privileges—from at least the reign of David I (r. 1124–1153), but it was the capture of the larger Berwick-upon-Tweed by the English (especially in 1333, though it changed hands several times before 1482) that led to the wool trade moving north, and Edinburgh developing as the economic leader of Scotland’s burghs (ibid.). While suburban settlements, many of which were competing burghs or regality or barony, would offer alternatives to living in Edinburgh, corporatism and privilege encouraged residency within the town walls, leading to a densely packed built environment, despite the limited access to water. Milling developed along the Water of Leith, and deepwater port facilities were sought in the town of Leith on the Firth of Forth. While this short introduction simply cannot do justice to so important a city, the thematically structured bibliography in this article will point to more thorough assessments. After a note of general histories of Edinburgh, thematic sections explore the scholarship of religious, political, economic, social, cultural, legal, and medical histories of Renaissance and Reformation Edinburgh, followed by a selection of the archaeological reports of excavations undertaken in the Scottish capital. Additionally, there is a note on several important online repositories of primary and secondary sources. Many good studies of the capital have been written, but it is important to note the need for further work.
Multinational comparison study of aircraft pilot healthcare avoidance behaviour
Authors: Hoffman W R , Patel P K , Aden J , Willis A , Acker J P , Bjerke E , Miranda E , Luster J , Tvaryanas A 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
US and Canadian pilots are required to meet medical standards to secure their active flying status, but a subgroup exhibit healthcare avoidance behaviour due to fear of loss of that status. This phenomenon has the potential to impact pilot health, aeromedical screening and aviation safety. No international comparison study of pilot healthcare avoidance currently exists between US and Canadian pilots.

Aims
To compare the rate and subtypes of healthcare avoidance behaviour secondary to fear for loss of flying status between US and Canadian pilots.

Methods
A comparison analysis of data collected during two independent, non-probabilistic, cross-sectional internet surveys including any individual certified to perform flying duties in the USA (US survey) or Canada (Canadian survey).

Results
There were 4320 US pilots and 1415 Canadian pilots who completed informed consent and 3765 US pilots and 1405 Canadian pilots were included in the results. There were 56% of US pilots who reported a history of healthcare avoidance behaviour compared to 55% of Canadian pilots (P = 0.578). A multivariable logistic regression that included age, pilot type and gender showed that US pilots were slightly more likely than Canadian pilots to report this behaviour (odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.4).

Conclusions
Healthcare avoidance behaviour due to fear of loss of flying status has a relatively high prevalence in both US and Canadian pilot populations.
Parliamentary Committees and Ex-post Oversight: Institutional Options and Design
Authors: West Hallbera 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Parliamentary oversight of executive power is a parliamentary system concern, considering weaker ex-post institutional oversight mechanisms and actor incentive challenges. Yet, institutional options are precondition for making parliamentary ex-post oversight work and this article investigates which type of options in fact exists within the vital committee system and how they are designed. The expectation is that ex-post oversight options depend on distributional power structures, being stronger for systems with traditions for minority compared to majority governments. For the design, the expectation is an institutional ‘efficient’ outcome in terms of ex-post oversight options being placed in a controlled central oversight committee, and that this applies regardless of government traditions. Empirically, focus is on the five most similar Nordic state parliamentary cases that vary in committee settings and in government traditions. For the investigation focus is on specific ex-post oversight options, the design of these options and overall de-facto use. The findings show a clear difference between the Scandinavian minority cases and the Icelandic and Finnish majority cases. For the design, most cases have ex-post oversight options designed for specific oversight committees, but where the Danish Folketing deviates by providing several options in different committees.
The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068
Authors: Michiyama Tomonari , Inoue Yoshiyuki , Doi Akihiro 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We analyze all the available Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array archival data for the nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, including new 100 GHz data with an angular resolution of 005, which was not included in previous continuum spectral analyses. By combining with the literature data based on the Very Large Array, we investigate the broad-band radio continuum spectrum of the central ≲7 pc region of NGC 1068. We find that the flux density is between ≈10 and 20 mJy at 5–700 GHz. Due to the inability of the model in previous studies to account for the newly added 100 GHz data point, we proceeded to update the models and make the necessary adjustments to the parameters. One possible interpretation of this broad-band radio spectrum is a combination of emission from the jet base, the dusty torus, and the compact X-raying corona with a magnetic field strength of ≈20 G on scales of ≈30 Schwarzschild radii from the central black hole. In order to firmly identify the compact corona by omitting any other possible extended components (e.g., free–free emission from ionized gas in the vicinity), high-resolution/sensitivity observations achieved by next-generation interferometers will be necessary.
Management of febrile neutropenia in immunocompetent children and youth
Authors: Lirette Marie-Pier , Wright Nicola , Trottier Evelyne D , Beck Carolyn E 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Febrile neutropenia is a common clinical presentation in children that can be associated with invasive bacterial infection (IBI). However, in otherwise healthy children and youth with fever and neutropenia, the risk for IBI is low, with most cases being caused by viral infections. Well-appearing, non-oncologic, and presumed immunocompetent children aged 6 months to 18 years experiencing a first episode of neutropenia, with no additional risk factors, typically do not require empiric antibiotics. However, a thorough assessment, including complete history and physical exam, is indicated, and a blood culture should be performed when the absolute neutrophil count is &lt;0.5 × 109/L. Close follow-up, a repeat complete blood count, and strong anticipatory guidance are recommended.
Crustal Growth Identified by High-δ18O Zircon and Olivine: A Perspective from Ultramafic Arc Cumulates in Southern Tibet
Authors: Wang Jun , Wang Qiang , Sun Peng , Dan Wei , Kerr Andrew C , Zhang Zhi-Ping , Zhang Le , Wei Gangjian , Dong Han , Hu Wan-Long , Yang Zong-Yong , Zhang Xiu-Zheng , Qi Yue 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In recent studies of crustal growth using global zircon Hf–O isotopic datasets, high-δ18O zircons are typically attributed to intra-crustal reworking during which very little juvenile mantle-derived magmas were added to the crust. Although arc magmas may originate from a high-δ18O mantle wedge, it has been difficult to decipher the contribution of high-δ18O mantle to zircon-saturated felsic magma due to superimposed intra-crustal processes. We address this issue by combining the data from high-δ18O zircon-bearing ultramafic cumulates and coeval lavas from a Cretaceous magmatic arc in southern Tibet. The cumulates mainly consist of different proportions of cumulus olivine and intercumulus amphibole. Amphibole analyses show a transition from increasing to decreasing Zr with increasing SiO2 (50–74 wt.%) contents in the intercumulus melts, indicating zircon saturation in late-stage interstitial melts. The εNd(t) values (2.4 ± 1.4) of the apatite grains crystallized before and after zircon remain almost constant. Interstitial zircons have δ18O (6.1–7.2‰) values similar to the earliest crystallized olivine (δ18O = 6.3–7.1‰) in the cumulates. The coeval lavas may represent the intercumulus melts extracted from amphibole-rich cumulates at different depths. Both the lavas and cumulates were ultimately derived from high-δ18O arc mantle modified by small amounts (&lt;12%) of subducted sediments, and crystallized zircon during intra-crustal magma evolution without involving crustal contamination or melting. These high-δ18O zircons therefore are not products of crustal reworking, but record crustal growth during their crystallization (110 ± 2 Ma). Our study shows that the combination of zircon and olivine oxygen isotopes for ultramafic to felsic rocks is more effective than zircon data alone in evaluating the role of crustal growth vs. reworking in an arc system. The implication is that global zircon-based crustal evolution models that attribute all high-δ18O zircons to crustal reworking may conceal recent crustal growth.
Examining what factors affect inter-agency working in missing children investigations
Authors: Waring Sara , Monaghan Paige , Yates Amy , Girgiel Nikola , Giles Susan , O’Brien Freya 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Despite responsibility for missing children belonging to multiple agencies, police perceive this to be falling heavily on their shoulders, placing substantial demand on finite resources. Drawing on thematic analysis of 24 interviews conducted with police, local authority, social service, and care home staff from across three UK boroughs, the following study seeks to identify what factors facilitate and hinder inter-agency working in the prevention and response to missing children and why. Findings highlight that inter-agency working is facilitated by having ‘direct points of contact’ across agencies to facilitate information sharing. Inter-agency working is hindered by ‘inconsistent definitions of missing’, limited ‘understanding of roles and responsibilities’, ‘service demand’, ‘technological issues’, ‘fear’, and ‘discrepancies in responses to missing’. Evidence suggests that partnership working would be facilitated by improving shared understanding of missing, roles and responsibilities, and having direct points of contact across agencies.
Digital disruption diversified—FinTechs and the emergence of a coopetitive market ecosystem
Authors: Larsson Bengt , Rolandsson Bertil , Ilsøe Anna , Larsen Trine Pernille , Lehr Alex , Masso Jaan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This article analyses the development of FinTech companies in relation to traditional banks in four countries: Denmark, Estonia, the Netherlands and Sweden. Based on approaches drawn from the sociology of markets and field theory, we analyse and theorize about empirical data from secondary sources, official documents and 38 interviews with key actors. Whereas digital technologies have been commonly depicted as a source of disruption for established business models, suggesting that the rise of FinTech leads to competitive upheaval in the financial sector, more recent studies argue that such interpretations are exaggerated. Here, we propose the emergence of a ‘coopetitive’ market ecosystem that combines co-operative and competitive connections between incumbents and challengers who often share the same infrastructure. FinTech firms are shown to function as catalysts in the transformation towards this ecosystem shaped by coopetitive interdependence between the actors.
Commentary on Pang et al. (2023)Nature
Authors: Faskowitz Joshua , Moyer Daniel , Handwerker Daniel A. , Gonzalez-Castillo Javier , Bandettini Peter A. , Jbabdi Saad , Betzel Richard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPang et al. (2023) present novel analyses demonstrating that brain dynamics can be understood as resulting from the excitation of geometric modes, derived from the shape of the brain. Notably, they demonstrate that linear combinations of geometric modes can reconstruct patterns of fMRI data more accurately, and with fewer dimensions, than comparable connectivity-derived modes. Equipped with these results, and underpinned by neural field theory, the authors contend that the geometry of the cortical surface provides a more parsimonious explanation of brain activity than structural brain connectivity. This claim runs counter to prevailing theories of information flow in the brain, which emphasize the role of long-distance axonal projections and fasciculated white matter in relaying signals between cortical regions (Honey et al. 2009; Deco et al. 2011; Seguin et al., 2023). While we acknowledge that cortical geometry plays an important role in shaping human brain function, we feel that the presented work falls short of establishing that the brain’s geometry is “a more fundamental constraint on dynamics than complex interregional connectivity” (Pang et al. 2023). Here, we provide 1) a brief critique of the paper’s framing and 2) evidence showing that their methodology lacks specificity to the brain’s orientation and shape. Ultimately, we recognize that the geometric mode approach is a powerful representational framework for brain dynamics analysis, but we also believe that there are key caveats to consider alongside the claims made in the manuscript.
Unraveling membrane protein localization and stabilization in nanodiscs
Authors: Kim So-Jung , Koh Young Hoon , Roh Soung-Hun 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACTNanodiscs are nanoscale structures consisting of a lipid bilayer surrounded by membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs). They are widely used in the study of membrane proteins (MPs) because they provide a stable lipid environment. However, the precise mechanism governing MP behavior within the nanodisc remains elusive. Here, we examined the cryo-EM structures of various MPs reconstituted in nanodiscs from an electron microscopy database (EMPIAR). By analyzing the heterogeneity and interactions in the nanodiscs, we found that MPs within nanodiscs display a distinct spatial preference toward the edges of the nanodisc shells. Furthermore, we observed that MPs can establish direct, amphipathic interactions with the MSPs, promoting protein stability. These interactions may induce a rearrangement of the MSP-MSP interactions, leading to the formation of MP-MSP interactions Collectively, our study provides structural and biophysical insights into how nanodiscs contribute to MP structural behavior and stability.SIGNIFICANCEBy thoroughly examining multiple deposited datasets of membrane proteins (MPs) reconstituted in nanodiscs, we have gathered compelling evidence that MPs exhibit a clear spatial inclination toward the periphery of the nanodisc shells. Moreover, we have observed that MPs establish direct and amphipathic interactions with membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs). These interactions have the potential to induce a rearrangement of the MSP-MSP interactions, consequently forming MP-MSP interactions. Through quantitative analysis, we have successfully characterized the significant role played by these interactions in ensuring the overall stability of the proteins.
In-silicoidentification, characterization, and expression analysis of RNA recognition motif (RRM) containing RNA binding proteins inAedes aegypti
Authors: Sumitha Melveettil Kishor , Kalimuthu Mariapillai , Aarthy Murali , Paramasivan Rajaiah , Kumar Ashwani , Gupta Bhavna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundRNA binding proteins (RBPs) are the proteins that bind RNAs and regulate their functioning. RBPs in mosquitoes are gaining attention due to their ability to bind flaviviruses and regulate their replication and transmission. Despite their relevance, RBPs in mosquitoes have not been explored much. In this study, we screened the whole genome ofAedes aegypti,the primary vector of several pathogenic viruses, and identified the proteins containing RNA recognition motif (RRM), the most abundant protein domain in eukaryotes.ResultsUsing severalin-silicostrategies, a total of 135 RRM containing RBPs were identified inAe. aegypti. The proteins were characterized based on their available annotations and the sequence similarity with theDrosophila melanogaster.Ae. aegyptiRRM containing RBPs included serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, polyadenylate binding proteins (PABP), heteronuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP), small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP), splicing factors, eukaryotic initiation factors, transformers, nucleolysins,etc. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the proteins and the domain organisation is conserved amongAe. aegypti,Bombyx moriandDrosophila melanogaster. However, the gene length and the intron-exon organisation varied across the insect species. Expression analysis of the genes encoding RBPs using publicly available RNA sequencing data for different developmental time points of the mosquito life cycle starting from the ovary and eggs up to the adults revealed stage-specific expression with several genes preferentially expressed in early embryonic stages and blood-fed female ovary.ConclusionsThis is the first database for theAe. aegyptiRBPs that can serve as the reference base for future investigations. The stage-specific genes can be further explored to determine their role in mosquito growth and development with a focus to develop novel mosquito control strategies.
Spatially resolved cell atlas of the teleost telencephalon and deep homology of the vertebrate forebrain
Authors: Hegarty Brianna E. , Gruenhagen George W. , Johnson Zachary V. , Baker Cristina M. , Streelman Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACTThe telencephalon has undergone remarkable diversification and expansion throughout vertebrate evolution, exhibiting striking differences in structural and functional complexity. Nevertheless, fundamental features are shared across vertebrate taxa, such as the presence of distinct regions including the pallium, subpallium, and olfactory structures. Teleost fishes have a uniquely ‘everted’ telencephalon, which has made it challenging to compare brain regions in fish to those in other vertebrates. Here we combine spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to generate a spatially-resolved transcriptional atlas of the cichlid fish telencephalon. We then compare cell-types and anatomical regions in the cichlid telencephalon with those in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. We uncover striking transcriptional similarities between cell populations in the fish telencephalon and subpallial, hippocampal, and cortical cell populations in tetrapods. Ultimately, our work lends new insights into the organization and evolution of conserved cell-types and regions in the vertebrate forebrain.
Mutational profile of the regenerative process andde novogenome assembly of the planarianSchmidtea polychroa
Authors: Póti Ádám , Szüts Dávid , Vermezovic Jelena 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACTPlanarians are organisms with a unique capacity to regenerate any part of their body. New tissues are generated in a process that requires many swift cell divisions. How costly is this process to an animal in terms of mutational load remains unknown. Using whole genome sequencing, we defined the mutational profile of the process of regeneration in the planarian speciesSchmidtea polychroa. We assembledde novothe genome ofS. polychroaand analyzed mutations in animals that have undergone regeneration. We observed a threefold increase in the number of mutations and an altered mutational spectrum. High allele frequencies of subclonal mutations in regenerated animals suggested that relatively few stem cells with high expansion potential regenerated the animal. We provide, for the first time, the draft genome assembly ofS. polychroa, an estimation of the germline mutation rate for a planarian species and the mutational spectrum of the regeneration process of a living organism.