bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taming Polycentric Governing
Authors: Galán Alexis 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Global Administrative Law (GAL). GAL’s key contribution to the study of polycentric governing is the claim that many of the processes that are taken place transnationally can be understood as a species of administrative law. Transnational institutions and actors work in similar ways to how domestic administrative agencies operate, even if the exercise of power of these transnational institution and actors differs from how administrative agencies operate within states. The chapter discusses how the reliance on administrative law has a dual purpose. On the one hand, administrative law allows to capture processes that otherwise would be missing from conventional accounts of international law. At the same time, administrative law provides a set of normative tools allowing the evaluation and reform of transnational institution in order to make them more accountable in light of the power that they have accumulated in the last decades. Lastly, the chapter considers some potentially problematic features of GAL such as its Western-centric bias, the possibility of GAL being used as cover for hegemonic projects, and its technocratic liberalism.
Lyric Poetry and Space Exploration from Einstein to the Present
Authors: Greaves Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lyric Poetry and Space Exploration from Einstein to the Present uncovers a surprising relationship between poetry and space science during and after the Cold War. While literature and science seem to occupy different—even opposing—cultural spheres, lyric poetry has been central to the aims of space exploration. NASA, the mainstream media, and pop culture have all called on poetry to exalt and pacify the often militant aims of space exploration. Poets from around the world, meanwhile, have used astronomical figures and discoveries to redress the national and imperial legacies that drove the U.S. and the USSR to the stars. Poets such as Agha Shahid Ali, Elizabeth Bishop, Seamus Heaney, Czesław Miłosz, Adrienne Rich, and Tracy K. Smith use space science to explore the politics of race, sexuality, gender, and national belonging. In the process, they confront the politics of lyric poetry itself, reworking its forms to create cosmopolitan communities that still honor individual identities.
Introduction
Authors: Greaves Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Introduction establishes the historical and theoretical relationship between lyric poetry and extraterrestrial space. The ancient Greek concept of cosmos (meaning both “order” and “universe”) has linked poetic and cosmic design from Western antiquity through the present. In fact, prominent theories of the lyric developed by Mikhail Bakhtin, the New Critics, theorists of the sublime, and poets themselves draw on cosmic metaphors and systems. Cosmos pertains not just to science and aesthetics but also to politics. Tracking cosmic metaphors from the origins of the British Empire through Cold War poetics, the Introduction demonstrates how cosmic metaphors have served to universalize Anglo-American culture. Poems by Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Sumita Chakraborty, and Fatimah Asghar, as well as examples drawn from NASA promotional materials and the television series Star Trek, illuminate a complex aesthetic-political relationship between lyric poetry and space exploration in the postwar era.
The Lyrical Planet
Authors: Greaves Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that planet Earth became a new kind of figure in the 1960s—specifically, a lyrical one. From 1967 to 1969, National Geographic, the New York Times, Life, and the Times printed the first photographs of planet Earth accompanied by lines of poetry, in effect training the public to read Earth as a lyric object. Aestheticizing the planet removed it from the flux of history and politics, presenting a globe harmoniously united in an American image. Yet a contrary strain in lyric poetry—its quality of estrangement—reflects a politically disruptive way of relating to planet Earth as a strange, unknowable otherworld. Examining a diverse archive of planetary theory, historiography, popular magazines, astronaut accounts, and poems that lyricize these images, this chapter demonstrates how the lyric came to shape a new cultural imagination of planet Earth.
Analysis of How Lacunae in the Applicable Legal Regimes Can Be Remedied Through Legal Strategies
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the perceived legal lacunae in relation to sea-dumped chemical weapons may be addressed through a variety of legal strategies. Treaties with direct applicability to sea-dumped chemical weapons are legally amenable to amendment, but the lack of political will most likely preclude such amendments from becoming manifest. The legal possibility of adopting a protocol is explored; however, as with amendment, it is unlikely that there is political will for such a new legal instrument to require states to undertake binding obligations to clean up sea-dumped chemical weapons. In respect of treaty modification through state practice, the behaviour of states reveals that the Chemical Weapons Convention’s pre-1985 exemption is firmly intact and has not been interpreted or modified in order to require states to declare and destroy the chemical weapons that they dumped into the Ocean or that are located in marine areas within their jurisdiction or control. The customary international law principles of prevention, precaution, cooperation, and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) are applicable to the problem of sea-dumped chemical weapons and require states to take action to remedy the situation. Whether states are willing to comply with these legal obligations is another matter.
Conclusion
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Even though states have expressed the view that it is impermissible to dump chemical weapons into the Ocean as a means of destruction, the Chemical Weapons Convention does not contain a legal obligation for states to recover, declare, and destroy chemical weapons dumped before 1985. There are legal inconsistencies not only within the Chemical Weapons Convention, but also with other treaties, such as UNCLOS, which mandates states to protect and preserve the marine environment. Legal strategies have been examined regarding the manner in which the current situation surrounding sea-dumped chemical weapons may be remedied. Customary international law has also been explored to ascertain whether it may ground mandatory state action on sea-dumped chemical weapons. Attempts to hold states liable for the damage caused by SDCWs may face significant legal, political, and practical obstacles. However, with the development of the law since the dumping of SDCWs took place, states, under the intertemporal rule of international law, may have to reassess the situation in relation to their past dumping and the effects that it is having in the present on the marine environment. In order to facilitate research, cooperation, and funding for the ongoing scientific and technological activities needed to deal with sea-dumped chemical weapons, an international organization could serve as a coordinating agency for programmes in this area. The remediation of sea-dumped chemical weapons may ultimately serve as a model for the cleanup of radioactive waste in the Ocean.
The Social Topography of a Rural Community
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Social Topography of a Rural Community is the first study of any of the two dozen seventeenth-century English communities which have occupational data recorded in a census and analyses that listing in conjunction with a contemporaneous estate map to offer a pioneering experiment in the spatial history of social and economic relations. The approach taken here is influenced by the ‘spatial turn’ in its emphasis on the endowment of specific spaces with ‘a sense of place’ as they were inhabited and experienced; and on the flow of people, goods, and information through space. The substantive chapters take thirteen of the 176 households in the Warwickshire parish of Chilvers Coton as emblematic of the pattern of social, economic, and spatial relations in the parish, and moves between and through them following the itinerary of the jurors of the manorial court of survey who in December 1684 collected information about the names, ages, and professions of each of the householders and the ages and kin relationships of those who were co-resident with them. The studies of each of these households are in part biographical, structured by narratives of birth, migration, marriage, parenthood, bereavement, and death. They are also, however, spatial and material. Particular attention is paid in each case to the location of the specific household in the landscape and its relationship both to its neighbours and to significant sites of authority, labour, leisure, and sociability in the village. Cumulatively, the project reconstructs the lived experience of economic change in a rural community on the cusp of industrialization.
The Vicarage at All Saints
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of the parish clergyman, the Oxford graduate John Perkins, reconstructing his role in the politics of the parish, especially in preaching to his congregation and offering hospitality to his neighbours; analyses the architecture and material culture of the vicarage; notes Perkins’s absence from the testamentary practices in the village, failing either to witness/write wills or to draw up probate inventories; emphasizes the pastoral demands of a geographically extensive and populous parish, but suggests that Perkins was and remained an outsider, more comfortable in his study and in the dining rooms of neighbouring rectories than in the pulpit or around the sickbeds of his dying parishioners; concludes with a close reading of his very detailed probate inventory.
A Nail-Smith’s Cottage in Paradise End
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of Christopher Smith, one of seven nail-smiths in the parish. Discusses the origins, nature and significance of nail-making in the West Midlands, especially in those communities close to coal seams and collieries; reconstructs the social relations of production in nail manufacture, a trade which had become a by-word for exploitation by the middle of the seventeenth century; explains the techniques and tools with which Smith would have worked, and the cycle of debt to which he and others like him would have been vulnerable; identifies the ironmonger by whom Smith was employed and the range, quality, and price of nails he would have been expected to make; stresses the opportunities for extra labour and compensation represented by making nails for the newly opened colliery; analyses Smith’s probate inventory to emphasize the precarious living afforded by the nail-making trade; and notes that not long after his demise, his fellow nail-smiths engaged in tumultuous industrial action against their employers.
“Me and My Cause”
Authors: Shortslef Emily 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that the spectral complaint form captures a tension in early modern moral psychology between classical moral philosophy’s belief in the will’s natural inclination to obey reason, and Reformed theology’s account of an evil concupiscence that compels beyond rational intention and volition. The spectral complaints of A Mirror for Magistrates link tragic falls to irrationality. Hamlet’s scenes of spectral complaint, along with other scenes of animation, highlight the phenomenon of being driven to act by motives that exceed rational intention. Arguing that the play challenges the classical psychic hierarchy of motives in which reason is sovereign, this chapter suggests that in its insistent entertaining of this morally unsettling idea, Hamlet confronts its audience with a culturally disavowed (though rhetorically affirmed) truth about desire, thereby gesturing to an irrational basis for ethical subjectivity.
For All the World
Authors: Harris Amy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Charitable support of the poor, ill, enslaved, and dispossessed became central to the Sharps’ sense of self and family identity. Given the Sharps’ strong collective identity, it is not surprising to discover how intertwined their charitable activities were. While Granville’s anti-slavery was well-known then and now, beyond his actions, the siblings participated in formal, institutional philanthropy and informal, personal charity as well as social and political reforms. In some ways these endeavors became outlets for fictive parenting conforming to eighteenth-century notions of paternalism (or maternalism). They continued such work throughout their lives, though after 1790 retirement from business, age, declining health, and death narrowed the scope of their philanthropic and reform activities.
Leaving a Legacy
Authors: Harris Amy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Without a tangible legacy in the form of spouses and children, the unmarried and childless Sharps took a more creative and expansive view of genealogy, posterity, and legacy. Their ingenuity influenced the married family members, especially as they aged and realized they would not produce any male heirs and that their daughters and nieces might not marry or have children. In essence, when middle or old age, singleness, and childlessness came together, the combination channeled some of the Sharps’ prodigious energy to crafting a legacy. In the end, the unmarried and childless Sharps created something that transcended boundaries of nuclear families and lineal descent. Over time, singleness came to blur some of the gendered distinctions of kin-keeping as the Sharps worked to shape and preserve their material legacy and values. Ultimately, while the Sharp siblings preserved some hierarchal elements of eighteenth-century genealogical practices, they emphasized shared values and group identity more. The perspective of unmarried or childless family members suggests that eighteenth-century genealogical practices were not always based on status and property, as has sometimes been argued.
Interlude 4 Epitaphs
Authors: Harris Amy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A transcription of the Sharp family epitaphs found in churches in Northumberland, Northamptonshire, greater London, and Durham. Most were done at the behest of Catherine Sharp, niece to the famous Sharp siblings. She commissioned them after most of her family members had passed away, as those losses made her keen to memorialize the family. By doing so, she created a geography of family remembrance spread across England.
Prologue
Authors: Lapatin Kenneth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores diverse definitions of forgery, beyond the simple dichotomy of genuine vs. false, and introduces many different kinds of forgery. These include accidental, partial, beneficial, winking, and rehabilitated forgeries, which, like more common forgeries created deliberately for gain, can, when recognized, function as valuable indices of taste and significant data points in the history of reception. It also examines several tropes in the history of forgery, including forgers’ and dealers’ use of authenticating devices (e.g. deliberate damage, concocted find spots, and false documentation) to give greater credence to their wares; the forger cast as culture hero, who might be required to prove to skeptics that her or his work is, in fact, forged; the roles of the market, aggressive collecting, and competitive scholarship in both the creation and the unmasking of forgeries; and fakes considered somehow to be superior to genuine works.
Forgery, Pseudepigrapha, and Other Typologies of Continuation in Latin Literature
Authors: Garrison Irene Peirano 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Scholars have often approached pseudepigrapha through a “subtraction” logic, bundling anonymous and pseudonymous texts together as works that do not fit easily into specific categories of literary analysis, all the while continuing to study each text as a discrete unit. This chapter makes an argument for engaging pseudepigrapha on their own terms, interpreting them beyond the absence of critical markers of authorship. If approached not as failed forgeries or appendages, pseudepigrapha have their own powerful story to tell about imitation, reading, and interpretation of canonical works. The chapter goes on to discuss intervention, divertissement, and response as three modalities through which pseudepigrapha engage with canonical texts in a variety of texts from the Appendix Vergiliana and the pseudo-Ovid.
Repetition and Conjunction
Authors: Houghton-Walker Sarah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter points out the dominating role of revision in Wordsworth’s poetic praxis. It discusses the vital importance of the idea of connection to Wordsworth, as part of this process of revision. It establishes Wordsworth’s interest in literal connections, but it also traces the linguistic history of the grammatical conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘or’ through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, finding them to be uniquely available for the resistance to fixed meaning and productive ambiguity (which immeasurably transcends more simple vagueness) which is central to Wordsworth’s style. Nineteenth-century syntax, it is argued, is newly enabling and productive in its ability to figure forth the complex relationships which Wordsworth’s verse strains to capture through its reliance on these little words.
Conjunction, Expansion, and Sublimity
Authors: Houghton-Walker Sarah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Through close readings, this chapter examines more fully the operation of the conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘or’ in poems by Wordsworth. In particular, it offers readings of ‘We are Seven’, ‘Tintern Abbey’, and the lines on Wordsworth’s juvenile boat-stealing in The Prelude (in their variant forms). These analyses are placed in a context of Wordsworth’s desire for the deep connections of true community. The chapter also finds that these grammatically functional little words are deceptively conducive to the articulation of sublimity in the texts under consideration, and, relatedly, to the possibility of articulating a true or sincere meaning.
Women Peasants in Triple Jeopardy: Conmen as Philanthropists
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The notion, ‘India is progressing’, is like a truism, as much true as false, more conspicuously, with regard to the condition of rural women specifically those who are in peasantry. The stories unfold an inclusive spectrum of cultural and political information in probing the outcome of poverty, and illiteracy resulting in the sexual and monetary exploitation of rural women specifically, those lowest in caste hierarchy. What is of conspicuous concern in the two stories is that in a dominantly male-centric rural mores, there is almost no space for women who do not have a male support system. Rural women like Saguna and Shanichari are the worst casualty in matters of land disputes, and land grab, caste clashes, sexual assaults, human trafficking. An absent or a dead husband, meagre means of subsistence, or frail health renders them vulnerable to exploitation. The world they confront is a dissolute arena of roguery, violence, selfishness, cunning, affectations, superstition, and cowardice.
Why Do Rural Poor Continue to Remain Poor and Uneducated?
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The elegiac tone of the vignette, ‘Pita’ records the narrator’s reminiscences of his father’s (a school headmaster) disillusionment and death after it is driven home that despite the tall promises of Swaraj, rural education was not likely to seek the attention of the political class. The subsequent long narrative of ‘Shadayantra’ (Conspiracy) invokes the scenario of a government school in Bihar in the decades of the 1990s (post-Mandal), where ‘connection’ is the key to the appointment of the teachers. This lone government school, among three villages, is marked by a tumbling building, no toilet nor conveyance or roads to the school. Teachers’ absenteeism is managed by fraudulent registers. The teacher taught relation is characterized by the habitual use of expletives or caste jibes. Frequent violent thrashing, subjection of girls to explicit sexual gestures—all point out the reasons—why if at all the rural children seek admission, generally dropout. Raag Darbari draws the picture of inept rural education at the higher level with a poker-faced irreverence.
When Hunger Hits the Rural Poor, Aged, and Disabled: The Meal of Mice and Dead Cow
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The two stories quintessentially relate to the rural conditions during the times of famine or floods. In the rural Hindi belt, there is a visible number of disabled due to ageing, being accident victims, or suffering from some severe health issues. The first narrative, ‘Bhookh’ (Hunger), renders the humiliating struggle of a disabled Dalit farm labourer for food for his family during the times of incessant heavy rains. Left with no job, no money, he cooks the flesh of a dead cow, for which he is brutally thrashed. In the following, of the same title, a musahar Dalit, peasant, aged, wobbling, head of a family of four children and a widowed daughter-in-law afflicted with severe arthritis has neither employment nor money to buy food. The cooperative shopkeeper withholds the red card of this family, on some pretext, so they are deprived of the government relief. When left with nothing, one evening, they consume rotten meat and vomit and die that night. The death of the entire family is declared as ‘not because of hunger but food poisoning’.
Farmers in Death Row: Farming—Risky, Sisyphean; Usury—Back Breaking
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The diverse contexts of the stories let one enter into a very relatable world of peasantry and perceive the entire spectrum of emotional vicissitudes, driving a peasant to take extreme action. Not many of us can measure the labour, strength, stamina, and willpower involved in the farming life. The shrinking income from agriculture and the pressures of inflation in a consumerist society are taking a toll on the small- and middle-level farmers families, so do the vagaries of Indian climate. In order to coax their single crop out of the ground, they need to take credit to procure inputs like seed and fertilizer, even water. It only adds up to mounting debt. The causes of farmer’s suicide probed with sensitivity do not fail to convey that suicides in the peasantry visibly catalysed in the recent decades are a sure indicator of a greater structural drawback, allowed to remain entrenched.
Despoiled Environment: In the Politics of Integrated Development, Money Grows on Trees
Authors: Vanashree  
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The long, meandering story, ‘Umraonagar me Kuchch Din’ traverses through varied cultural and political configurations in the rural India of 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s and concurrently draws the fault lines in the claims made by the champions of development aspiring to push the village to a different level, as rural–urban. The relentless logging in this centuries old forest village with adjoining dense forests reveals the double game behind the show of growth. The narrative attains a semblance of history in recording the insidious techniques with which the contractors, forest officials, development agents, specialists (local and the city-bred), and stakeholders in connivance employ their might and skill to deprive the centuries-old forest village of all its resources. The now denuded, wounded forests, vanished wildlife, receding rivers, and polluted waterways, beyond recognition, still do not seem to matter to most.