Influence of radiative heat transfer on hybrid nanofluid across a curved surface with porous medium
Authors: K.R. Roopa , P.A. Dinesh , Yadav Sweeti , Makinde Oluwole Daniel 
Published: January 2025

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine how fluid flow and heat transfer are affected by the influence of hybrid nanofluids flowing across a stagnation zone of a stretching curved surface. Stagnation point flow has garnered considerable attention over the past few decades. This is because many technical applications, such as the cooling of nuclear reactors and rotating equipment divisions, rely on stagnation-point flow.

Design/methodology/approach
A thorough analysis is conducted of the impacts of several regulating parameters on fluid flow and thermal performance, including the radiation parameter, heat source parameter, mixed convection parameter, porosity parameter curvature and nanoparticle concentration. The laws governing the field of flow equations are transformed by similarity substitutions into two nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically using Maple. The MR-Solve technique in the built-in Maple package was used. The MR-Solve technique was used to numerically solve highly coupled ordinary differential equation problems. This approach produced highly precise and consistent results. It also provides the best performance while using a minimum amount of CPU and the shortest phrases.

Findings
The main conclusions of this study show that axial velocity drops, while radial velocity increases as the mixed convection parameter increases. The rate of heat transmission and skin friction is higher for hybrid nanoparticles with volume fraction percentile (0.01–0.03) than for those with volume fraction percentile (0.1–0.3).

Research limitations/implications
Further research on this topic could examine a broader range of parameter values, suction/injection, entropy, mass equation, micropolar fluid, ternary hybrid nanofluid and Newtonian heating flow on a curved stretching surface.

Practical implications
By investigating a novel physical design that combines the various effect with stagnation flow, this study adds value and offers insights and prospective improvements in the discipline of heat fluid mechanics. Mathematical modeling or experimental studies in a variety of multiphysical contexts can be used to achieve this. Heat exchangers, crystalline procedures, microelectronic machines, systems for conserving energy, integrating operations, food manufacturing, climate control, purification and other engineering domains can all benefit from the geometric configurations investigated in this study. The results of this study greatly aid in optimizing thermal performance in a variety of application domains. This study is novel because it compares several volume fraction percentiles.

Originality/value
A stretching curved surface’s stagnation zone is traversed by hybrid nanofluids, offering insights into how curvature affects heat transfer and fluid flow efficiency. The results aid in the design and improvement of the energy transfer efficiencies for a range of commercial and biological purposes. The results offer possibilities for increased efficiency in a range of applications by developing hybrid nanofluid flow control methods and helping to create ideal thermal systems.