bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss‐of‐set and strategy application on the Menu Task: An exploratory study.
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir , Marks Timothy S , Edwards Dorothy Farrar 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundPerformance‐based tests of functional cognition (FC) use simulated instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) performed under rule constraint to evaluate ability to perform actual IADL. Because the test characteristics and the test‐takers daily activities are similar, the test‐takers need to avoid becoming “derailed” by habits or personal preferences that are not relevant to the test, a phenomenon referred to as loss of set (Burgess, 2005; Schneider, 1984). The Menu Task, a sensitive FC screening test, was designed to provoke loss of set by having the format of a food selection activity, in which test‐takers own food preferences may disrupt actual task requirements. However, there has until now been no examination of whether test‐takers approach and strategies to maintain set are associated with cognitive abilities and FC abilities.MethodA convenience sample of 93 adults living independently in the community were administered a battery of cognitive screening measures, a self‐report IADL measure, and assessments of FC including the Menu Task, and the After Menu Task Interview. Responses to the After Menu Task Interviews were qualitatively categorized according to 1. loss of set 2. calorie counting as a strategy, or 3. self‐reported planning. Independent t‐tests were used to compare the categorized group performance on cognitive, FC, and IADL measures.ResultIndividuals who lost set on the Menu Task performed significantly poorer on the MoCA (p = .012), the ADCS‐MCI (p < .001), and FC assessments (p < .01) than those who did not lose set. Those who reported counting calories as a strategy scored significantly better on the MoCA (p = .012), TMT A (p = .023), TMT B (p = .012), the ADCS‐MCI (p = .044), and FC assessments (p < .05). No significant group differences were observed for those who reported planning compared to those who did not report planning.ConclusionClinicians using the Menu Task may wish to incorporate an After Task Interview focusing on the client’s reported way of approaching the Menu Task. Individuals who focus on their own food preferences or show other indications of loss of set while completing the Menu Task may benefit from further cognitive or FC assessment.
Change in cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal subfields and virtual navigation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Alotaibi Razan , Schon Karin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundHippocampal neuroplasticity is oppositely affected by aging and exercise. Rodent models have demonstrated a specific exercise‐induced neuroplasticity enhancement in the dentate gyrus (DG) subfield of the hippocampus associated with improved spatial memory. In humans, exercise‐induced enhancement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been shown to increase the left anterior DG volume among young adults. Cross‐sectional studies in older adults showed that higher CRF is associated with greater subiculum volume in women and attenuated age‐related decline in performance of hippocampus‐dependent spatial navigation tasks. However, it is unknown whether these relationships hold for exercise‐induced enhancement in CRF among older adults.MethodIn this study, 32 older adults who completed one of two randomized controlled trials (RCT; ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02057354; NCT02775760) participated in a 12‐week moderate‐intensity, trainer‐supervised exercise training program. Participants were randomized into two groups, active control (resistance training; RT) and endurance training (ET). The aim of this RCT was to examine the effects of exercise training and training‐induced increases in CRF on hippocampal subfield volumes and activation during virtual navigation in cognitively‐healthy sedentary older adults (55‐85 years old) using structural MRI and fMRI. FreeSurfer 7.1 was used to automatically segment hippocampal subfields using T1 and high‐resolution T2‐weighted images. AFNI 19.0 was used for fMRI preprocessing and analyses.ResultOur structural MRI results demonstrated that after the 12‐week period, the RT but not the ET group showed a marginally significant volume decrease in the right anterior DG. Additionally, CRF increase was significantly associated with volume increase in the left anterior subiculum among women. Our fMRI results showed that CRF increase predicted a marginally significant lower fMRI activation in the left subiculum. Finally, an exploratory whole‐brain fMRI analysis showed that CRF increase significantly predicted lower activation in the cuneus and right inferior frontal gyrusConclusionOur results extend findings from animal models on DG neuroplasticity to older adult humans and to brain areas associated with spatial navigation. Furthermore, our results suggest that exercise and CRF may attenuate aging‐related decline in the structural and functional integrity of hippocampal subfields among older adults, especially among women, and possibly by targeting the subiculum.
Ex vivo quantitative amyloid and perivascular space measurements in white and gray matter on immunohistological microscopy in AD, MCI, and cognitively intact individuals
Authors: Schwartz Daniel L , Roese Natalie E , Hurworth Justin , Lahna David , Krajbich Victoria , Kaye Jeffrey A , Dodge Hiroko H , Woltjer Randy , Silbert Lisa C 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundAmyloid (Aβ) clearance is disturbed in late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and a local relationship between Aβ clearance and gray (GM) and white matter (WM) perivascular spaces (PVS) is presumed. Most in vivo primate work has focused on MRI‐visible PVS in WM, described as pathological and enlarged, while nearly all in vivo mechanistic work in animals interrogates “normal” GM PVS. This disparity describes a critical knowledge gap in the morphology, location and relevance of PVS to Aβ clearance.Method: Ex vivo samples from four locations in 22 NIA‐Layton Oregon Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center participants (mean age at death=92y). Pre mortem diagnoses were cognitively intact (“C”, N=9), mild cognitive impairment (“MCI”, N=5), and AD (N=8, confirmed post mortem). Samples were sliced, stained and digitized (3.52µm/pixel). GM masks and morphometrics of vessels>6200µm2 in WM (n=1403) and GM (n=237) were derived from trichrome stain (Fig. 2H,C, and D). Aβ coverage (% positive 4G8 pixels in GM pixels within 1.76mm of the nearest GM pixel to the vessel center‐of‐mass) and normalized PVS size were used as dependent variables (Fig. 2D&F).ResultThere were significant main effects of group for Aβ burden in GM nearest to WM vessels (C<MCI<AD). Main group effects for Aβ around GM vessels were ordered differently (C>AD>MCI) (Fig. 3D). There were significant main effects of group for PVS size in GM (AD>MCI and C) but not WM (Fig. 3C). There were no vessel‐by‐vessel associations between PVSnorm and nearby cortical amyloid within group. (Fig. 3E)ConclusionIn MCI, relatively smaller PVS and high cortical Aβ near GM vessels may reflect a functional waste clearance system in those for whom Aβ burden is not yet advanced. In AD, large GM PVS and an absence of a relationship with cortical Aβ may describe a clearance system overwhelmed by Aβ deposition. Absence of group‐wise differences of relative PVS size in WM vessels, along with no vessel‐by‐vessel association of PVS size with nearby GM Aβ suggests that WM PVS size may not be relevant to Aβ clearance at this scale in individuals of advanced age.
18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography Findings in Patients with Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Yadollahikhales Golnaz , Mundada Nidhi S. , Chapleau Marianne , Rosen Howard J. , Boxer Adam L. , Yokoyama Jennifer S. , Miller Bruce L. , Gorno‐Tempini Marilu , Lee Suzee E. , Seeley William W. , Hall Matthew , La Joie Renaud , Rabinovici Gil D. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundMutations in microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT), granulin (GRN), and hexanucleotide expansion repeat in the open reading frame of chromosome 9 (C9orf72) are found in 60% of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases. The current study aims to delineate brain regions with reduced glucose metabolism in patients with genetic FTD in comparison with cognitively normal controls.Methods(18)F‐ fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐positron emission tomography (PET) images were retrospectively obtained from 17 genetic FTD patients. All patients were symptomatic at the time of imaging, and the autopsy was available for 13. Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) amyloid PET scans were done for 13 patients (Table 1). FDG‐PET was collected at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on a PET or PET‐CT scanner as six 5‐min frames acquired 30 min post tracer injection. Standard Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) images were created for each patient using pons as a reference region. W‐score (age‐adjusted Z‐score) maps were created for each patient’s FDG SUVR using a group of neurologically unimpaired controls (N=74, Mean age 65+16, 41 female) as reference.ResultOn review of single‐subject w‐maps, all patients with MAPT mutation showed hypometabolism in the anteromedial temporal lobes with 66% showing anterolateral temporal hypometabolism and 33% in the frontal and dorsolateral parietal lobes. Hypometabolism in temporal lobes was seen in all GRN patients and 75% had frontal and parietal hypometabolism in an asymmetric pattern. 80% of theC9orf72 patients had hypometabolism in anteromedial temporal and orbitofrontal regions. 60% showed hypometabolism in dorsolateral prefrontal, medial frontal, and anterolateral temporal lobes. Posterior temporal, posterior cingulate, parietal lobe, cerebellum, insula, thalamus, and caudate were hypometabolic in less than 40% of the C9orf72 patients (Figure 1).On group‐level analysis, compared to controls, patients with C9orf72 showed hypometabolism in the frontotemporal regions, cerebellum and thalamus. Hypometabolism in the frontotemporal and parietal regions was seen with GRN mutation. MAPT mutation carriers showed frontal and anteromedial temporal hypometabolism (Figure 2).ConclusionHypometabolism in the posterior regions and cerebellum is more suggestive of C9orf72 repeat expansion. An asymmetric pattern of hypometabolism was seen in all GRN mutation carriers. MAPT mutation resulted in a greater degree of hypometabolism in the anterior medial temporal lobes.
Public and Patient involvement and engagement in research design. Co‐create a toolkit that enables quality time together across the Dementia journey.
Authors: Commane Brendan G , Chen henglien Lisa , Oquosa Odi , Research Participatory 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTitle: Public and Patient involvement and engagement in research design: Co‐create a toolkit that enables quality time together for Dementia.There is a growing consensus in the U.K. that public and patient involvement and engagement (PPIE) – e.g. people living with dementia (PLWD), their families, carers, professionals and community – in dementia research is instrumental in improving the quality of research projects and strengthening its relevance and impact. However, publications on PPIE during dementia design research is lacking knowledge and learning exchange within research communities.This project fills in this knowledge gap by involving and engaging 12 family caregivers, care workers and professionals who care for PLWD aged 65 and above at any stage (mild, moderate, and severe) as well as relevant stakeholders. The participants contributed in the research design to co‐create an easy access, supportive toolkit that could be used by both PLWD as well as their in/formal carers to promote person centredness care in dementia. This was achieved through participatory approaches with dementia carer focus group workshops and a stakeholder engagement workshop to: (a) generate the ideas and research questions by spending meaningful/quality time together face‐to‐face and digitally across the dementia journey, (b) using an experience‐based co‐design approach to design the research methodology for co‐creation workshops, (c) co‐produce a research funding proposal which has strong PPIE in all stages. d) feedback on the experience with the design research.We argued a participatory approach to PPIE during design research can be time consuming and costly though critical. Firstly, the primary strength of participatory approach was the target population trying our initial research design, then design the research collaboratively. Secondly, it developed a sense of ownership and ongoing commitment among the PPIE groups. Thirdly, it helped us to ensure culturally and logistically appropriate design research. Fourthly, it helped participants to be more meaningfully engaged in research, which in turn concluded with a co‐created research design that could have greater potential to produce relevant, meaningful research findings translated to care practice and policy.
Impact of a web‐based psychoeducational intervention on carer mental health quality of life: Results from a pragmatic randomized control trial
Authors: O'Rourke Hannah M , Swindle Jennifer , Ghosh Sunita , Chacinski Dorothy , Baxter Pamela , Peacock Shelley , Thompson Genevieve N , Dubé Véronique , Holroyd‐Leduc Jayna , Nekolaichuk Cheryl , McAiney Carrie A , Duggleby Wendy 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundCarers of a person who is living with dementia in long‐term care experience transitions which can challenge their mental health. My Tools for Care‐In Care (MT4C‐In Care) is an online psychoeducational intervention that aims to offer informational, appraisal, and emotional support to assist carers to adapt to the transitions they experience. This presentation will report on the impact of using MT4C‐In Care on carer outcomes including mental health quality of life (primary outcome), and secondary outcomes of social support, hope, self‐efficacy, grief and loneliness.MethodIn a single blinded pragmatic randomized control trial, 234 Canadians participated from Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario between February 2020 and October 2021. Carers were eligible if they were ≥18 years of age, had an email address and internet access, and provided physical, emotional or financial care to an adult ≥65 years of age who was living with dementia in a long‐term care home. The intervention group received access to MT4C‐In Care for 2 months; the educational control group received an Alzheimer Society information booklet. Outcomes were assessed using valid and reliable scales at baseline, 2 months and 4 months in telephone interviews. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare changes in the outcomes over time in the treatment and control groups, adjusting for clinically important covariates of gender, age, heart disease, caregiver relationship (spouse vs. non‐spouse) and outcome variables measured at baseline.ResultThe primary outcome, mental health quality of life (p = 0.035), improved in both groups over time, along with hope (p = 0.041) and grief (physical distress, p = 0.068). Comparing change in the intervention to the control group, treatment benefit was observed for secondary outcomes of grief (existential concerns; p = 0.095) and social support (total score p = 0.049 and family subscale p = 0.065), but not for the primary outcome of mental health quality of life (p = 0.93).ConclusionMT4C‐In Care demonstrates benefits for carers in terms of both the primary outcome (mental health quality of life), and secondary outcomes. In comparison to an active educational control group, MT4C‐In Care lessens grief and promotes social support, helping to explain how this intervention promotes carers’ mental health.
Hippocampal mossy cells exhibit some of the earliest signs of increased excitability in the Tg2576 model of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology
Authors: Alcantara‐Gonzalez David , Criscuolo Chiara , Botterill Justin J , Lisgaras Christos , Kennedy Meghan , Scharfman Helen E 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness characterized by progressive accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles, with cognitive impairment and altered neural activity. Hyperexcitability in the early stages of AD contribute to Aβ accumulation and cognitive impairment, aggravating the progression of AD. However, the hyperexcitability origin is not clear. This study aimed to test whether mossy cells (MCs), an excitatory cell of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, show increased excitability at early stages of AD and contribute to the increased network excitability generation. Indeed, alterations of MCs contribute to hyperexcitability and cognitive impairment in epilepsy. However, the role of MCs in AD has not been substantially explored.MethodsIntrinsic and synaptic properties of MCs and granule cells (GCs) from WT and Tg2576 mice at early ages (1‐2 m.o.) were characterized by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Synaptic properties included the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs and IPSCs). Deterioration in MCs morphology was evaluated using Nissl staining and GluR2/3 labeling by light‐ and confocal microscopy. Aβ deposition was evaluated using the McSA1 antibody.ResultsTg2576 GCs did not have any significant difference in their intrinsic properties, as we shown previously in mice ∼3 m.o. However, an enhanced excitatory and inhibitory input to GCs, depicted by augmented IPSC (7.16 vs 14.04 events/s) and NMDA‐mediated EPSC frequencies (0.81 vs 1.41 events/s) were found. Interestingly, Tg2576 MCs had an augmented EPSP frequency (5.75 vs 9.44 events/s), and their intrinsic properties showed a depolarized RMP (‐72.88 vs ‐58.36 mV), and reduced rheobase (145.56 vs 47.14 pA), AP amplitude (98.14 vs 76.66 mV), time‐to‐peak (552.75 vs 266.16 ms) and maximum rise (171.44 vs 88.68 mV/ms) and decay slopes (‐61.17 vs ‐42.38 mV/ms). The correlation between #APs and current injected showed Tg2576 MCs fired significantly more APs (SEZD = 0.34; z = 2.48). Tg2576 MCs showed robust intracellular Aβ aggregation without any significant morphological change.ConclusionsMCs changes in excitability and early accumulation of Aβ suggest that MCs could be the cause of increased excitability occurring later in GCs. In this manner, MCs could be an important contributor to AD.
Everyday experiences of people living with MCI or dementia: a scoping review
Authors: Huizenga Jacoba , Scheffelaar Aukelien , Bleijenberg Nienke , Wilken Jean Pierre , Fruijtier Agnetha D. , Van Regenmortel Martine R.F. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing attention has been paid to the ‘voice’ of people living with MCI or dementia, but there is a lack of clarity about how everyday life is exercised, lived, and understood from this insider’s perspective. The current study aimed to explore and identify the everyday life experiences, challenges and facilitators, of home living individuals with MCI and dementia.MethodOur study adopted a scoping review methodology, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual. Eight databases were searched, resulting in 6345 records, of which 58 papers were included in the review. Only qualitative studies were included, published between 2011 and 2021. Analysis was done by descriptive content analysis.ResultIncluded study characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Our findings were categorized into seven spheres of everyday life: experiences related to the condition, the self, relationships, activities, environment, health and social care, and public opinions [Figure 1, Table 2]. Results show the many disruptions and losses in everyday life and the ways people try to adapt to these changes. Highlighted in every area is the importance of reciprocal relationships and being engaged as citizens in the community in a meaningful way. Included studies showed no differences between groups in the impact on the experience of everyday life, such as between MCI and dementia.ConclusionThis review shows that the change of focus from healthcare to all aspects of everyday life provides insight into the insider’s perspective of people living with dementia. The majority of included studies emphasize the social needs of people living with MCI or dementia. All areas of everyday life seem to be closely intertwined and reflect an socioecological model [1], [2], [3]. Furthermore, perhaps one of the defining aspects of MCI according to the current definition, that symptoms do not interfere with daily life, requires more nuance. More research is needed on factors that promote and impede the sense of reciprocity and belonging, as experienced by people living with MCI and dementia.
A Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Metrics Between Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers and Non‐Carriers in Cognitively Normal Middle‐Aged Adults
Authors: Anderson Travis , Slutsky‐Ganesh Alexis B , Wideman Laurie , Park Kyoung Shin , Labban Jeffrey D , Kibildis Samuel , Vance Jarod C , DuBois Samantha L , Holder Hadassah , Etnier Jennifer L 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele has been identified as a critical genetic risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease. Heart rate variability (HRV) metrics are non‐invasive indicators of autonomic nervous system function associated with cognitive performance in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Some evidence suggests reduced HRV complexity in elderly adults carrying the ε4 allele beyond the effects of aging. However, no study has evaluated whether cognitively normal middle‐aged adults differ in their HRV based on their APOE carrier status.MethodThe present cross‐sectional analysis was based on the larger Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease 2 clinical trial (NIH: R01AG058919). Eighty‐six cognitively normal middle‐aged adults (sex: 85.9% female; age: 57.5±5.9 years; height: 166.5±8.8 cm; mass: 78.3±18.8 kg) had height, mass, and resting blood pressure assessed and completed a series of surveys. Participants provided a saliva sample via passive drool to determine APOE ε4 carrier status and also completed a 5‐minute seated electrocardiogram assessment. R‐waves were identified, and the RR interval time series were filtered prior to HRV analysis. HRV metrics of the standard deviation of the normal‐to‐normal interval, root mean square of successive differences, high and low‐frequency power, and sample entropy were calculated. Differences in HRV metrics between ε4 carriers (n = 32) and non‐carriers (n = 54) were tested via general linear models. Differences were also tested after controlling for sex, age, education, ethnicity, body mass index, moderate to vigorous physical activity, and mean arterial pressure.ResultNo differences in any HRV metric were observed between APOE ε4 carriers and non‐carriers (all p’s > 0.05), including after controlling for all and sets of covariates.ConclusionThe absence of significant associations between carrier status and HRV in cognitively normal adults suggests that HRV is not predictive of Alzheimer’s disease risk in the same manner as genetic factors. Rather, HRV may be concurrently altered with cognitive decline and thus serve as a non‐invasive biomarker that could be monitored to indicate when more intensive cognitive testing is required. Future research should test the similarity in HRV and cognition trajectories in APOE ε4 carriers and non‐carriers.