bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A perspective on the neuromorphic control of legged locomotion in past, present, and future insect-like robots
Authors: Szczecinski Nicholas S , Goldsmith C A , Nourse William R P , Quinn Roger D 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article is a historical perspective on how the study of the neuromechanics of insects and other arthropods has inspired the construction, and especially the control, of hexapod robots. Many hexapod robots’ control systems share common features, including: 1. Direction of motor output of each joint (i.e. to flex or extend) in the leg is gated by an oscillatory or bistable gating mechanism; 2. The relative phasing between each joint is influenced by proprioceptive feedback from the periphery (e.g. joint angles, leg load) or central connections between joint controllers; and 3. Behavior can be directed (e.g. transition from walking along a straight path to walking along a curve) via low-dimensional, broadly-acting descending inputs to the network. These distributed control schemes are inspired by, and in some robots, closely mimic the organization of the nervous systems of insects, the natural hexapods, as well as crustaceans. Nearly a century of research has revealed organizational principles such as central pattern generators, the role of proprioceptive feedback in control, and command neurons. These concepts have inspired the control systems of hexapod robots in the past, in which these structures were applied to robot controllers with neuromorphic (i.e. distributed) organization, but not neuromorphic computational units (i.e. neurons) or computational hardware (i.e. hardware-accelerated neurons). Presently, several hexapod robots are controlled with neuromorphic computational units with or without neuromorphic organization, almost always without neuromorphic hardware. In the near future, we expect to see hexapod robots whose controllers include neuromorphic organization, computational units, and hardware. Such robots may exhibit the full mobility of their insect counterparts thanks to a ‘biology-first’ approach to controller design. This perspective article is not a comprehensive review of the neuroscientific literature but is meant to give those with engineering backgrounds a gentle introduction into the neuroscientific principles that underlie models and inspire neuromorphic robot controllers. A historical summary of hexapod robots whose control systems and behaviors use neuromorphic elements is provided. Robots whose controllers closely model animals and may be used to generate concrete hypotheses for future animal experiments are of particular interest to the authors. The authors hope that by highlighting the decades of experimental research that has led to today’s accepted organization principles of arthropod nervous systems, engineers may better understand these systems and more fully apply biological details in their robots. To assist the interested reader, deeper reviews of particular topics from biology are suggested throughout.
Artificial visual neuron based on threshold switching memristors
Authors: Wen Juan , Zhu Zhen-Ye , Guo Xin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe human visual system encodes optical information perceived by photoreceptors in the retina into neural spikes and then processes them by the visual cortex, with high efficiency and low energy consumption. Inspired by this information processing mode, an universal artificial neuron constructed with a resistor (Rs) and a threshold switching memristor can realize rate coding by modulating pulse parameters and the resistance ofRs. Owing to the absence of an external parallel capacitor, the artificial neuron has minimized chip area. In addition, an artificial visual neuron is proposed by replacingRsin the artificial neuron with a photo-resistor. The oscillation frequency of the artificial visual neuron depends on the distance between the photo-resistor and light, which is fundamental to acquiring depth perception for precise recognition and learning. A visual perception system with the artificial visual neuron can accurately and conceptually emulate the self-regulation process of the speed control system in a driverless automobile. Therefore, the artificial visual neuron can process efficiently sensory data, reduce or eliminate data transfer and conversion at sensor/processor interfaces, and expand its application in the field of artificial intelligence.
FAMetA: a mass isotopologue-based tool for the comprehensive analysis of fatty acid metabolism
Authors: Alcoriza-Balaguer María I , García-Cañaveras Juan C , Benet Marta , Juan-Vidal Oscar , Lahoz Agustín 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe use of stable isotope tracers and mass spectrometry (MS) is the gold standard method for the analysis of fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Yet, current state-of-the-art tools provide limited and difficult-to-interpret information about FA biosynthetic routes. Here we present FAMetA, an R package and a web-based application (www.fameta.es) that uses 13C mass isotopologue profiles to estimate FA import, de novo lipogenesis, elongation and desaturation in a user-friendly platform. The FAMetA workflow covers the required functionalities needed for MS data analyses. To illustrate its utility, different in vitro and in vivo experimental settings are used in which FA metabolism is modified. Thanks to the comprehensive characterization of FA biosynthesis and the easy-to-interpret graphical representations compared to previous tools, FAMetA discloses unnoticed insights into how cells reprogram their FA metabolism and, when combined with FASN, SCD1 and FADS2 inhibitors, it enables the identification of new FAs by the metabolic reconstruction of their synthesis route.
STEEL enables high-resolution delineation of spatiotemporal transcriptomic data
Authors: Chen Yamao , Zhou Shengyu , Li Ming , Zhao Fangqing , Qi Ji 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Advances in spatial transcriptomics enlarge the use of single cell technologies to unveil the expression landscape of the tissues with valuable spatial context. Here, we propose an unsupervised and manifold learning-based algorithm, Spatial Transcriptome based cEll typE cLustering (STEEL), which identifies domains from spatial transcriptome by clustering beads exhibiting both highly similar gene expression profiles and close spatial distance in the manner of graphs. Comprehensive evaluation of STEEL on spatial transcriptomic datasets from 10X Visium platform demonstrates that it not only achieves a high resolution to characterize fine structures of mouse brain but also enables the integration of multiple tissue slides individually analyzed into a larger one. STEEL outperforms previous methods to effectively distinguish different cell types/domains of various tissues on Slide-seq datasets, featuring in higher bead density but lower transcript detection efficiency. Application of STEEL on spatial transcriptomes of early-stage mouse embryos (E9.5–E12.5) successfully delineates a progressive development landscape of tissues from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers, and further profiles dynamic changes on cell differentiation in heart and other organs. With the advancement of spatial transcriptome technologies, our method will have great applicability on domain identification and gene expression atlas reconstruction.
RSCanner: rapid assessment and visualization of RNA structure content
Authors: Mahadeshwar Gandhar , Tavares Rafael de Cesaris Araujo , Wan Han , Perry Zion R , Pyle Anna Marie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMotivationThe increasing availability of RNA structural information that spans many kilobases of transcript sequence imposes a need for tools that can rapidly screen, identify, and prioritize structural modules of interest.ResultsWe describe RNA Structural Content Scanner (RSCanner), an automated tool that scans RNA transcripts for regions that contain high levels of secondary structure and then classifies each region for its relative propensity to adopt stable or dynamic structures. RSCanner then generates an intuitive heatmap enabling users to rapidly pinpoint regions likely to contain a high or low density of discrete RNA structures, thereby informing downstream functional or structural investigation.Availability and implementationRSCanner is freely available as both R script and R Markdown files, along with full documentation and test data (https://github.com/pylelab/RSCanner).
Structural Elucidation of Novel Degradation Impurity and Development, Validation of a Single HPLC Method for all Putative Impurities of Clobetasol Propionate in a Foam Drug Product
Authors: Ketha Naga Venkata Durga Prasad , Kolli Deepti , Subbappa Praveen Kumar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Clobetasol Propionate is a highly strong corticosteroid that is used in a variety of topical medication formulations, including foam, ointment, lotion, spray and shampoo; with a dosage strength of 0.05% (w/w). The goal of this research was to identify and characterize a substantial unknown impurity (UK) detected during the stability testing of a Clobetasol Propionate foam pharmaceutical product in accelerated conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity). Developing a single, robust and accurate HPLC method that is LC–MS compatible for quantifying all 14 potential Clobetasol Propionate impurities in therapeutic drugs is another goal. Preparative column chromatography was used to separate the impurity, and spectroscopic techniques like IR, NMR and MS were used to characterize its structure. The structure of isolated UK was effectively characterized and defined using spectroscopic data evaluation. The chromatographic method has also been validated according to the International Conference on Hominization's Q (2) quality guidelines. The isolated and characterized impurity had the same equivalence as the impurity found during stability testing. Precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness and ruggedness are all met in the method validation data.
Deprivation and chronic kidney disease—a review of the evidence
Authors: Grant Christopher H , Salim Ehsan , Lees Jennifer S , Stevens Kate I 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and health is inequitable. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an archetypal disease of inequality, being more common amongst those living in deprivation. The prevalence of CKD is rising driven by an increase in lifestyle-related conditions. This narrative review describes deprivation and its association with adverse outcomes in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD including disease progression, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We explore the social determinants of health and individual lifestyle factors to address whether patients with CKD who are socioeconomically deprived have poorer outcomes than those of higher socioeconomic status. We describe whether observed differences in outcomes are associated with income, employment, educational attainment, health literacy, access to healthcare, housing, air pollution, cigarette smoking, alcohol use or aerobic exercise. The impact of socioeconomic deprivation in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD is complex, multi-faceted and frequently under-explored within the literature. There is evidence that patients with CKD who are socioeconomically deprived have faster disease progression, higher risk of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. This appears to be the result of both socioeconomic and individual lifestyle factors. However, there is a paucity of studies and methodological limitations. Extrapolation of findings to different societies and healthcare systems is challenging, however, the disproportionate effect of deprivation in patients with CKD necessitates a call to action. Further empirical study is warranted to establish the true cost of deprivation in CKD to patients and societies.
Revisiting the role of acute kidney injury in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors: a good prognosis renal event with a significant impact on survival
Authors: García-Carro Clara , Jhaveri Kenar D , Sprangers Ben 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
In the last decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become a cornerstone in the treatment of a wide range of malignancies. It is well established that ICI are associated with multiple immune-related adverse events, a spectrum of autoimmune toxicities, that can also affect the kidney. In this issue of Clinical Kidney Journal, Kanbay et al. report the first meta-analysis and systematic review evaluating the impact of ICI-related acute kidney injury (ICI-AKI) on long-term kidney and patient outcomes (including mortality). The authors report a high incidence of ICI-AKI (mostly mild AKI episodes) with high rates of recovery resulting in a good kidney outcomes. However, the occurrence of ICI-AKI has a significant impact on mortality in ICI-treated patients probably related to temporary or definitive cessation of ICI. Additional studies are needed to establish the safety of ICI re-challenging in patients with ICI-AKI, and to determine the optimal treatment strategy for them.
Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Alzheimer Disease Continuum: Relationship to Other Biomarkers, Differential Diagnosis, and Prediction of Clinical Progression
Authors: Shen Xue-Ning , Huang Shu-Yi , Cui Mei , Zhao Qian-Hua , Guo Yu , Huang Yu-Yuan , Zhang Wei , Ma Ya-Hui , Chen Shi-Dong , Zhang Ya-Ru , Chen Shu-Fen , Chen Ke-Liang , Cheng Wei , Zuo Chuan-Tao , Tan Lan , Ding Ding , Dong Qiang , Jeromin Andreas , Yen Tzu-Chen , Yu Jin-Tai 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundPlasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has emerged as a promising biomarker in neurological disorders, but further evidence is required in relation to its usefulness for diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer disease (AD).MethodsPlasma GFAP was measured in participants with AD, non-AD neurodegenerative disorders, and controls. Its diagnostic and predictive value were analyzed alone or combined with other indicators.ResultsA total of 818 participants were recruited (210 followed). Plasma GFAP was significantly higher in AD than in non-AD dementia and non-demented individuals. It increased in a stepwise pattern from preclinical AD, through prodromal AD to AD dementia. It effectively distinguished AD from controls [area under the curve (AUC) &gt; 0.97] and non-AD dementia (AUC &gt; 0.80) and distinguished preclinical (AUC &gt; 0.89) and prodromal AD (AUC &gt; 0.85) from Aβ-normal controls. Adjusted or combined with other indicators, higher levels of plasma GFAP displayed predictive value for risk of AD progression (adjusted hazard radio= 4.49, 95%CI, 1.18–16.97, P = 0.027 based on the comparison of those above vs below average at baseline) and cognitive decline (standard-β=0.34, P = 0.002). Additionally, it strongly correlated with AD-related cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/neuroimaging markers.ConclusionsPlasma GFAP effectively distinguished AD dementia from multiple neurodegenerative diseases, gradually increased across the AD continuum, predicted the individual risk of AD progression, and strongly correlated with AD CSF/neuroimaging biomarkers. Plasma GFAP could serve as both a diagnostic and predictive biomarker for AD.
Universal School-Based Screenings for Depression and Suicide: Identifying Students at Risk of Suicide
Authors: Mirick Rebecca G , Berkowitz Larry , McCauley James , Bridger Joanna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSchools have an important role to play in adolescent suicide prevention. This article describes universal screenings for depression and suicidality as one component of the Signs of Suicide (SOS) program in middle and high schools following the suicide death of a student in the past few years. Of the students screened (N = 7,429), 11.0 percent of youth were identified as at risk by the screening tool; 17.3 percent received a same-day secondary screen with a mental health professional. (Students without an at-risk screen could request a meeting with a mental health professional, so more students received secondary screenings than screened at risk.) Characteristics associated with an at-risk screen on the screening tool were identified. Girls were twice as likely to be identified as at risk than boys, and students exposed to a suicide death in the past year were 1.3 times more likely to have an at-risk screen. There was no difference in at-risk screens for middle versus high school students, but middle schoolers were more likely to receive a secondary screening due to help seeking from school staff. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for school administrators at middle and high schools, including recommendations to screen with both a screening tool and an option to speak to an adult, strategies for planning for secondary screenings, and advantages to universal screening following the suicide death of a student.
Inflammatory response by 48 h after admission and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock
Authors: Kunkel Joakim Bo , Josiassen Jakob , Helgestad Ole Kristian Lerche , Schmidt Henrik , Holmvang Lene , Jensen Lisette Okkels , Thøgersen Michael , Fosbøl Emil , Ravn Hanne Berg , Møller Jacob Eifer , Hassager Christian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Aims
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is known to induce an inflammatory response. The prognostic utility of this remains unclear. To investigate the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and leucocyte count and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by CS (AMICS).

Methods and results
Consecutive patients (N = 1716) admitted between 2010 and 2017 with an individually validated diagnosis of AMICS were included. The analysis was restricted to patients alive at 48 h after first medical contact and a valid CRP and leucocyte measurement at 48 ± 12 h from the first medical contact. A combined inflammatory score for each patient was computed by summing the CRP and leucocyte count z-scores to normalize the response on a standard deviation scale. Associations with mortality were analysed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model stratified by inflammatory response quartiles: Of the 1716 patients in the cohort, 1111 (64.7%) fulfilled inclusion criteria. The median CRP level at 48 h was 145 mg/dL [interquartile range (IQR) 96–211]. The median leucocyte count was 12.6 × 10−9/L (IQR 10.1–16.4). Patients with the highest inflammatory response (Q4) had lower median left ventricular ejection fractions and higher lactate levels at the time of diagnosis. The 30-day all-cause mortality rates were 46% in Q4 and 21% in Q1 (P &lt; 0.001). In multivariable models, the inflammatory response remained associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR)Q4 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59–3.39, P &lt; 0.001]. The finding was also significant in AMICS patients presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest following multivariable adjustment (HRQ4 3.37, 95% CI 2.02–4.64, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Cardiogenic shock induces an acute inflammatory response, the severity of which is associated with mortality.
Breast arterial calcification is associated with incident atrial fibrillation among older but not younger post-menopausal women
Authors: Iribarren Carlos , Chandra Malini , Parikh Rishi V , Sanchez Gabriela , Sam Danny L , Azamian Farima Faith , Cho Hyo-Min , Ding Huanjun , Molloi Sabee , Go Alan S 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAimsThe goal of this study was to examine the association of breast arterial calcification (BAC) presence and quantity with incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in a large cohort of post-menopausal women.Methods and resultsWe conducted a longitudinal cohort study among women free of clinically overt cardiovascular disease and AF at baseline (between October 2012 and February 2015) when they attended mammography screening. Atrial fibrillation incidence was ascertained using diagnostic codes and natural language processing. Among 4908 women, 354 incident cases of AF (7%) were ascertained after a mean (standard deviation) of 7 (2) years of follow-up. In Cox regression adjusting for a propensity score for BAC, BAC presence vs. absence was not significantly associated with AF [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–1.42; P = 0.34]. However, a significant (a priori hypothesized) age by BAC interaction was found (P = 0.02) such that BAC presence was not associated with incident AF in women aged 60–69 years (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63–1.15; P = 0.26) but was significantly associated with incident AF in women aged 70–79 years (HR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.21–2.53; P = 0.003). No evidence of dose–response relationship between BAC gradation and AF was noted in the entire cohort or in age groups separately.ConclusionOur results demonstrate, for the first time, an independent association between BAC and AF in women over age 70 years.
Clinical utility of the 4S-AF scheme in predicting progression of atrial fibrillation: data from the RACE V study
Authors: Artola Arita Vicente , Van De Lande Martijn E , Khalilian Ekrami Neda , Nguyen Bao-Oanh , Van Melle Joost M , Geelhoed Bastiaan , De With Ruben R , Weberndörfer Vanessa , Erküner Ömer , Hillege Hans , Linz Dominik , Ten Cate Hugo , Spronk Henri M H , Koldenhof Tim , Tieleman Robert G , Schotten Ulrich , Crijns Harry J G M , Van Gelder Isabelle C , Rienstra Michiel 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAimsThe recent 4S-AF (scheme proposed by the 2020 ESC AF guidelines to address stroke risk, symptom severity, severity of AF burden and substrate of AF to provide a structured phenotyping of AF patients in clinical practice to guide therapy and assess prognosis) scheme has been proposed as a structured scheme to characterize patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to assess whether the 4S-AF scheme predicts AF progression in patients with self-terminating AF.Methods and resultsWe analysed 341 patients with self-terminating AF included in the well-phenotyped Reappraisal of Atrial Fibrillation: Interaction between HyperCoagulability, Electrical remodelling, and Vascular Destabilization in the Progression of AF (RACE V) study. Patients had continuous monitoring with implantable loop recorders or pacemakers. AF progression was defined as progression to persistent or permanent AF or progression of self-terminating AF with &gt;3% burden increase. Progression of AF was observed in 42 patients (12.3%, 5.9% per year). Patients were given a score based on the components of the 4S-AF scheme. Mean age was 65 [interquartile range (IQR) 58–71] years, 149 (44%) were women, 103 (49%) had heart failure, 276 (81%) had hypertension, and 38 (11%) had coronary artery disease. Median CHA2DS2-VASc (the CHA2DS2–VASc score assesses thromboembolic risk. C, congestive heart failure/left ventricular dysfunction; H, hypertension; A2, age ≥ 75 years; D, diabetes mellitus; S2, stroke/transient ischaemic attack/systemic embolism; V, vascular disease; A, age 65–74 years; Sc, sex category (female sex)) score was 2 (IQR 2–3), and median follow-up was 2.1 (1.5–2.6) years. The average score of the 4S-AF scheme was 4.6 ± 1.4. The score points from the 4S-AF scheme did not predict the risk of AF progression [odds ratio (OR) 1.1 95% CI 0.88–1.41, C-statistic 0.53]. However, excluding the symptoms domain, resulting in the 3S-AF (4S-AF scheme without the domain symptom severity, only including stroke risk, severity of AF burden and substrate of AF) scheme, predicted the risk of progression (OR 1.59 95% CI 1.15–2.27, C-statistic 0.62) even after adjusting for sex and age.ConclusionsIn self-terminating AF patients, the 4S-AF scheme does not predict AF progression. The 3S-AF scheme, excluding the symptom domain, may be a more appropriate score to predict AF progression.Trial registration numbersClinicaltrials.gov NCT02726698 for RACE V