bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Free Basic Compulsory Education on Schooling and the Reduction of Child Labor in Tanzania
Authors: Lyanga Amani Abisai 
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to assess free basic compulsory education on schooling and the reduction of child labor in Tanzania. In late 2015 the government of Tanzania, under late president John Pombe Joseph Magufuli, announced the cancellation of school fees from pre-primary to lower secondary schools. The main goal was to ensure all children of school age attended the school. In January 2016, the implementation of free basic compulsory education commenced despite those efforts initiated by the government to tackle the problem of child labor hampering them from attending school. Unfortunately, child labor is still becoming out of control within society. This study employed qualitative methodology whereby secondary data (documentary review) from the Tanzania national bureau of statistics and the international labor organization were used to collect data. Data were analyzed through thematic content.
The findings revealed that, across areas in the country, the most significant proportion of children who attend school only is found in Dar es Salaam, with 86.7 percent (88.8 percent of boys and 84.8 percent of girls), followed by other urban areas with 68.2 percent and 39 percent for children in Rural areas. However, ignorance and lack of awareness from the parents and guardians in the society led to the increase of child labor among Tanzanians, especially in rural areas, where most people are not educated enough. The people in rural areas do not regard education as the most important for the future development of children. As a result, they do not send their children to schools, especially girls who always face early marriages due to cultural beliefs. In Tanzania, some tribes encourage only boys to go to school, while girls are supposed to remain home to take care of their siblings and wash dishes. Another reason that led to the increase of child labor in the country is that parents and guardians do not understand the importance of education to their children. Therefore, the government must educate the mass, especially in rural areas so, to make them aware of eradicating the problem. Thus, a researcher suggested that the government rethink the funding mechanism for students from poor and wealthy families. It means that children from low-income families must be considered by exercise, books, uniforms, and pens to reduce the burden on their parents and guardians. To sum up, the government should increase the education budget to reduce parents' burdens.
Increasing Array of Herbicides for Post-emergence Weed Control and Seed Yield in Maize (Zea mays Linn)
Authors: A. Aluko O. , O. Amosun J. , O. Olasoji J. , A. D. Adewumi , K. Odunaye M. 
Published: April 2023

Study was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural research and Training (IAR&T) Ilora (Derived savanna agro-ecology) substation in the rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015, to appraise herbicides for post-emergence weed control and increase array of herbicides for weed control in maize. Weed samples were taken from a three-year fallow field before land preparation. Herbicides under evaluation were assigned to 3 x 3 plots at different rates. These were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that initial weed flora richness were 22% and 78% grass and broad-leaved weeds respectively. These were found in five (5) plant families. All the weeds sampled were annuals. Narrow annual weed spectrum, described continuous cropping activities in the location. Herbicides improved plant height by 36 to 50% compared to weed infested maize plants. Though phyto-toxicity was evident at three and twenty-one days after treatment (DAT), ranging from 1/10 to 3.79/10 and 2/5 and 3.67/10 correspondingly when visually rated (0 – 10 scale). Notwithstanding, herbicides gave impressive weed control rate (WCR) at 21 DAT (6.7/10 - 8.7/10), with evidence of superior weed control efficiency (WCE >80%) at harvest across herbicide treated plots relative to weedy control plots. 2,4-D DMA (0.86 kg ai/ha), Fluroxypyr methyl (0.40 ai kg/ha), 2,4-D + Dicamba (0.68 + 0.24 kg ai/ha) and 2,4-D DMA (2.58 kg ai/ha) had <30% relative yield loss (RYL%) with comparable seed yield compared to the highest recorded in weed-free plot (13.29 t/ha). Plant height at 8 WAS (weeks after sowing) had significant inverse relationship with weediness at 5 WAS and weed dry weight at harvest (- 0.62). Consequently, early weed control is essential for maize performance. On the other hand, plant height enhanced weed control efficiency at harvest (0.62). Tall plants have tendency to reduce relative yield loss (RYL %) as they were inversely related 1 (- 0.42). Comparable WCE% (83 -99%) in herbicide treated plots reduced weed growth by about 88%. Hence, lower rate of herbicides with <30% phyto-toxicity level should be considered to increase array of herbicides for post-emergence weed control, sustainable maize production and environmental friendliness.
A New Relantioship for the Prediction of the Formation of Gas Hydrate in Fluids Petroleum
Authors: Oprea Iulian , Stoianovici Doru , Chis Timur , Bârsan Doru 
Published: April 2023

The presence of gas hydrates in natural gas extraction, transport and storage facilities, creates problems related to the blocking of flow pores in the productive layer, the clogging of pipelines and especially the increase in the delivery and pumping pressure of natural gas. This aspect usually leads to damage to oil structures by damaging them and especially by stopping gas supplies. The present work presents the history of the identification of natural gas hydrates present in nature as well as their nucleation conditions.
Also, following the laboratory determinations, two new correlations could be made to indicate the pressure and temperature at the beginning of the nucleation of gas hydrates, starting from the determination of their specific gravity.
The new correlations were compared with the laboratory data and with the existing correlations in the specialized literature, the results being close.
Also, based on the observations of the formation of gas hydrates of some gases with a specific density between 0.6 and 1.0, it was possible to analyze the laboratory data with those obtained after running a new correlatios.
Longitudinal Trends in Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among US Military Veterans During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Fischer Ian C. , Nichter Brandon , Na Peter J. , Norman Sonya B. , Krystal John H. , Pietrzak Robert H. 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceConcerns have been raised since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic that vulnerable populations, such as military veterans, may be at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs).ObjectiveTo examine longitudinal trends in STBs in US military veterans during the first 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study is a population-based longitudinal study including US military veterans that used 3 surveys from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Median dates of data collection were November 21, 2019 (prepandemic); November 14, 2020; and August 18, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresLifetime and past-year suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempt.ResultsIn this longitudinal study including 2441 veterans (mean [SD] age, 63.2 years [14.0]; 2182 [92.1%] male), past-year suicidal ideation decreased from 9.3% prepandemic (95% CI, 8.2%-10.6%) to 6.8% a year later (95% CI%, 5.8-7.9%) and then slightly increased to 7.7% (95% CI, 6.7%-8.9%) 2 years later. In total, 9 veterans (0.4%) reported attempting suicide at least once during the follow-up period, while 100 (3.8%) developed new-onset suicidal ideation and 28 (1.2%) developed new-onset suicide planning. After adjusting for sociodemographic and military characteristics, factors strongly associated with new-onset suicidal ideation included higher education (odds ratio [OR], 3.27; 95% CI, 1.95-5.46), lifetime substance use disorder (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.23-3.46), prepandemic loneliness (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.09-1.49), and lower prepandemic purpose in life (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97). Factors associated with new-onset suicide planning included lifetime substance use disorder (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.22-7.55), higher prepandemic psychiatric distress (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.06-2.18), and lower prepandemic purpose in life (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95).Conclusions and RelevanceContrary to expectations, the prevalence of STBs did not increase for most US veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, veterans with preexisting loneliness, psychiatric distress, and lower purpose in life were at heightened risk of developing new-onset suicidal ideation and suicide planning during the pandemic. Evidence-based prevention and intervention efforts that target these factors may help mitigate suicide risk in this population.
Fault‐tolerant attitude tracking control of tandem rotor helicopter considering internal actuator saturation and external wind gust
Authors: Li Wei , Yang Pengcheng , Geng Keke , Zhu Xiaoyuan 
Published: April 2023

SummaryTandem rotor helicopter is configured with two main rotors distributed along the longitudinal direction and without anti‐torque tail rotor. Therefore, the control strategy of tandem rotor helicopter can be quite different from that of traditional helicopter systems. In this article, a fault‐tolerant attitude tracking controller is presented for tandem rotor helicopter, with considerations of external wind disturbance and internal actuator problem. First, attitude control oriented dynamic model of the tandem rotor helicopter is constructed, in which both actuator fault and saturation are involved. Base on statistical characteristics of practical wind condition as well as aerodynamic properties of the helicopter rotors, a detailed wind load model is further established. Then, a fault‐tolerant attitude tracking controller is proposed for the tandem rotor helicopter system by incorporating nonsingular terminal sliding mode control with an adaptive super twisting algorithm, which allows a simultaneous regulation of the three angular motions via two propeller rotors. Finally, based on Quanser's 3‐dof helicopter system, comparative simulation tests are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness as well as advantages of the proposed fault‐tolerant controller design.
Nanozyme‐Based Regulation of Cellular Metabolism and Their Applications
Authors: Wang Yue , Jia Xiaodan , An Shangjie , Yin Wenbo , Huang Jiahao , Jiang Xiue 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMetabolism is the sum of the enzyme‐dependent chemical reactions, which produces energy in catabolic process and synthesizes biomass in anabolic process, exhibiting high similarity in mammalian cell, microbial cell, and plant cell. Consequently, the loss or gain of metabolic enzyme activity greatly affects cellular metabolism. Nanozymes, as emerging enzyme mimics with diverse functions and adjustable catalytic activities, have shown attractive potential for metabolic regulation. Although the basic metabolic tasks are highly similar for the cells from different species, the concrete metabolic pathway varies with the intracellular structure of different species. Here, the basic metabolism in living organisms is described and the similarities and differences in the metabolic pathways among mammalian, microbial, and plant cells and the regulation mechanism are discussed. The recent progress on regulation of cellular metabolism mainly including nutrient uptake and utilization, energy production, and the accompanied redox reactions by different kinds of oxidoreductases and their applications in the field of disease therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and sustainable agriculture is systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of nanozymes in regulating cell metabolism are also discussed, which broaden their application scenarios.
Biphenylene Nanotube: A Promising Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Vafaee Mohsen , Moghaddam Maryam Farajikhah , Nasrollahpour Mokhtar 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe properties of pristine and boron‐doped biphenylene nanotubes (BPNT and BBPNT, respectively) as anode materials for sodium storage are studied using density functional theory (DFT). To this end, the electronic properties, adsorption energy, diffusion energy barrier, open‐circuit voltage (OCV), and theoretical capacity are evaluated. The density of states calculations indicate that BPNT and BBPNT with zero band gap have a metallic character, which is critical for electron transferring in electrode materials. The calculation of adsorption energies suggests that the inside of the tube has better adsorption than the outside. Also, doping with boron improves the adsorption inside and outside the nanotube. Sodium ion sees three ways to penetrate from the outside to the inside of the tube. Calculations illustrate that the bigger ring with eight atoms with a 7.08 eV energy barrier, compared to the other cavities, is more appropriate for diffusion. This energy decreases to 5.84 eV after boron doping. The OCV profile of BBPNT confirms that this structure is in the acceptable voltage range for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Finally, this work obtains a theoretical capacity of 403.82 mAh g−1 (without sodium clustering) for BBPNT, which confirms the potential of this structure for use in SIBs.
Metal‐Organic Framework Based Polymer Fibers: Review on Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Zhou Zhidong , Wang Wei , Shi Haiting , Liu Liangsen , Ma Tianshuai , Li Tianyu , Huang Wensheng , Liu Yujia , Liu Shengkai , Xu Zhiwei 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA composite material with improved characteristics can be produced by combining metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with polymer fibers. In contrast to commonly used powdered MOFs, polymer fibers can offer flexible support for MOFs, and some of the fibers can even work in concert with MOFs. The molecular transport channels are significantly enlarged when polymer fibers are employed as the base material for composites rather than conventional polymer films and mixed matrix films. This makes it simpler for the molecules to bind to the active site, speeding up the reaction. First, a brief analysis of the binding of MOFs to fibers is provided, followed by a systematic summary of the MOF forming process, including the synthesis and modification of MOFs, which lays the foundation for the subsequent summary of the synthesis methods of MOFs–fiber composites. In this article, three strategies are presented for attaching MOFs to polymer fibers: cospinning MOFs with fibers, depositing MOFs on fiber surfaces, and in situ growing MOFs on fiber surfaces. Different binding techniques make MOFs–fiber composites promising for many applications. Finally, the improvement of MOFs–fiber composites and their possible application scope are discussed.
Folding the Energy Storage: Beyond the Limit of Areal Energy Density of Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Lee Kwon‐Hyung , Kim Sang‐Woo , Kim Minkyung , Ahn David B. , Hong Young‐Kuk , Kim Seung‐Hyeok , Lee Jae Sung , Lee Sang‐Young 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDespite the ever‐growing interest in micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) as a promising power source for microelectronics, their low areal energy density has plagued practical applications. Herein, accordion foldable MSCs (af‐MSCs) are presented as a cell architectural strategy in contrast to traditional material‐driven approaches. The constituent unit cells of an in‐plane MSC array are compactly stacked in a confined device footprint via accordion folding. Decoupling the energy storage (MSC cells) and folding section (electrical interconnection between the cells) in the MSC array, in combination with neutral plane‐controlled flexible hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber (CNF) substrates, enables the realization of the af‐MSCs. The af‐MSCs achieve high areal integration density with a fill factor of 81.1% and on‐demand (in‐series/in‐parallel) cell configurations owing to the microscale direct‐ink–writing of rheology‐tuned MSC cell components on the CNF substrates. The af‐MSC with a miniaturized footprint (22.75 mm2) achieves exceptional areal electrochemical performances (areal energy density of 89.2 µWh cm−2), which exceed those of previously reported in‐plane MSCs.
Die Sonogashira‐Kupplung an Palladium‐Mahlkugeln – ein neuer Reaktionsweg in der Mechanochemie
Authors: Pickhardt Wilm , Siegfried Eleonora , Fabig Sven , Rappen Marisol Fabienne , Etter Martin , Wohlgemuth Maximilian , Grätz Sven , Borchardt Lars 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMittels direkter Mechanokatalyse wurde die Sonogashira‐Kupplung unter Verwendung von reinem Pd und Pd‐beschichteter Stahlkugeln erfolgreich auf deren Oberfläche durchgeführt. Die Optimierung der Co‐Katalysator‐bildenden Additive ermöglichte ein Protokoll, das unter aeroben Bedingungen für verschiedene Substrate quantitative Ausbeuten in 90 Minuten liefert. Mittels spektroskopischer, diffraktiver, sowie in situ Methoden wurde ein bisher unbekannter und hochreaktiver Kupfer Cokatalysator‐Komplex identifiziert. Dieser unterscheidet sich von den bekannten Komplexen in Flüssigphasen‐Sonogashira‐Kupplungen, und legt nahe, dass sich mechanochemische Reaktionswege von denen in etablierten Syntheseverfahren unterscheiden können.
Carbene‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Dehydrogenative Coupling of Aldehydes with C(sp3)−H Bonds
Authors: Su Fen , Zou Juan , Lv Xiaokang , Lu Fengfei , Long Yijie , Tang Kun , Li Benpeng , Chai Huifang , Wu Xingxing , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe development of catalyst‐controlled methods for direct functionalization of two distinct C−H bonds represents an appealing approach for C−C formations in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we describe an organocatalytic approach for straightforward acylation of C(sp3)−H bonds employing readily available aldehyde as “acyl source” involving dehydrogenative coupling of aldehydes with ether, amine, or benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds. The developed method affords a broad range of ketones under mild conditions. Mechanistically, simple ortho‐cyanoiodobenzene is essential in the oxidative radical N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis to give a ketyl radical and C(sp3) radical through a rarely explored intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer pathway, rendering the acylative C−C formations in high efficiency under a metal‐ and light‐free catalytic conditions. Moreover, the prepared products show promising anti‐bacterial activities that shall encourage further investigations on novel agrochemical development.
Supramolecular Adhesives with Extended Tolerance to Extreme Conditions via Water‐Modulated Noncovalent Interactions
Authors: Guan Wang , Jiang Wenhe , Deng Xinling , Tao Wansheng , Tang Jiaqi , Li Yuangang , Peng Jianhong , Chen Cheng‐Lung , Liu Kaiqiang , Fang Yu 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDevelopment of supramolecular adhesives with strong tolerance to extreme conditions has emerged as an important research area. In this study, by balancing supramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding interactions, electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking interactions, and cation‐π interactions, we designed and prepared a series of two‐component supramolecular adhesives derived from small organic molecules. Highly efficient interfacial adhesion with maximum adhesion strength of ≈10.0 MPa was realized on various surfaces in air, organic solvents, or liquid nitrogen. Owing to balanced supramolecular interactions, water participation prolonged and increased the tolerance of the adhesives in extreme environments. We demonstrate that the combination of imidazole‐based ionic liquids and phenols can be applied for various interfacial adhesions, thereby aiding the development of next‐generation adhesives capable of adapting to various extreme conditions in a controlled manner.
Electrically Conductive π‐Intercalated Graphitic Metal‐Organic Framework Containing Alternate π‐Donor/Acceptor Stacks
Authors: Yadav Ashok , Zhang Shiyu , Benavides Paola A. , Zhou Wei , Saha Sourav 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTwo‐dimensional graphitic metal–organic frameworks (GMOF) often display impressive electrical conductivity chiefly due to efficient through‐bond in‐plane charge transport, however, less efficient out‐of‐plane conduction across the stacked layers creates large disparity between two orthogonal conduction pathways and dampens their bulk conductivity. To address this issue and engineer higher bulk conductivity in 2D GMOFs, we have constructed via an elegant bottom‐up method the first π‐intercalated GMOF (iGMOF1) featuring built‐in alternate π‐donor/acceptor (π‐D/A) stacks of CuII‐coordinated electron‐rich hexaaminotriphenylene (HATP) ligands and non‐coordinatively intercalated π‐acidic hexacyano‐triphenylene (HCTP) molecules, which facilitated out‐of‐plane charge transport while the hexagonal Cu3(HATP)2 scaffold maintained in‐plane conduction. As a result, iGMOF1 attained an order of magnitude higher bulk electrical conductivity and much smaller activation energy than Cu3(HATP)2 (σ=25 vs. 2 S m−1, Ea=36 vs. 65 meV), demostrating that simultaneous in‐plane (through‐bond) and out‐of‐plane (through πD/A stacks) charge transport can generate higher electrical conductivity in novel iGMOFs.
Troubled Utilities: Seeing the Way Forward
Authors: Young John 
Published: April 2023

Key TakeawaysA constellation of factors, both environmental and operational, is threatening many water utilities’ ability to succeed.Improvement can come from multiple channels in terms of sufficient utility planning, guidance from the water industry, and support from stakeholders and regulators.The Water 2050 initiative takes a long view of ensuring optimal water system operation through the lens of technology, sustainability, economics, governance, and social and demographic issues.
Construction of the prognostic model for small‐cell lung cancer based on inflammatory markers: A real‐world study of 612 cases with eastern cooperative oncology group performance score 0–1
Authors: Liu Chang , Jin Bo , Liu Yunpeng , Juhua Ouyang , Bao Bowen , Yang Bowen , Liu Xiuming , Yu Ping , Luo Ying , Wang Shuo , Teng Zan , Song Na , Qu Jinglei , Zhao Jia , Chen Ying , Qu Xiujuan , Zhang Lingyun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesThis research aimed to explore the relationship between pre‐treatment inflammatory markers and other clinical characteristics and the survival of small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients who received first‐line platinum‐based treatment and to construct nomograms for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS).MethodsA total of 612 patients diagnosed with SCLC between March 2008 and August 2021 were randomly divided into two cohorts: a training cohort (n = 459) and a validation cohort (n = 153). Inflammatory markers, clinicopathological factors, and follow‐up information of patients were collected for each case. Cox regression was used to conduct univariate and multivariate analyses and the independent prognostic factors were adopted to develop the nomograms. Harrell's concordance index (C‐index) and time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curve were used to verify model differentiation, calibration curve was used to verify consistency, and decision curve analysis was used to verify the clinical application value.ResultsOur results showed that baseline C‐reactive protein/albumin ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NSE level, hyponatremia, the efficacy of first‐line chemotherapy, and stage were independent prognostic factors for both OS and PFS in SCLC. In the training cohort, the C‐index of PFS and OS was 0.698 and 0.666, respectively. In the validation cohort, the C‐index of PFS and OS was 0.727 and 0.747, respectively. The nomograms showed good predictability and high clinical value. Also, our new clinical models were superior to the US Veterans Administration Lung Study Group (VALG) staging for predicting the prognosis of SCLC.ConclusionsThe two prognostic nomograms of SCLC including inflammatory markers, VALG stage, and other clinicopathological factors had good predictive value and could individually assess the survival of patients.