bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Tapered Roller Bearings in Merchant-Bar Mills
Authors: Weckstein S. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tapered roller bearings have played an important part in the numerous developments in the art of rolling metals. Their use has made possible a considerable decrease in the consumption of power by the elimination of friction, a considerable decrease in the cost of the electrical equipment required, a decrease in the cost of lubrication and general maintenance, an increase in the speeds of operation and consequently the tonnage produced, and a marked increase in the accuracy of the product. In this paper the actual experience, over a period of five years, in the proper design, mounting, and operation of bearings in merchant-bar mills is discussed. Extracts are given from the results of a series of power tests made on the same mills alternately equipped with plain and tapered roller bearings. Various means of lubrication of rolling mills, pinion stands, and gear drives are cited. The design of suitable bearing closures is also taken up and shown in detail. The illustrations shown are of equipment in actual operation in various mills.
Production Management Applied to the Drafting Department
Authors: Kunz William J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper aims to bring out some of the more important factors in the management of the drafting department of one corporation. The output of this drafting department was in excess of 10,000 drawings in 1928 and 12,000 in 1929, varying from 1 to 10 sq. ft. There are three divisions, known as the boiler, stoker, and pulverized-fuel divisions. Each is divided into squads working on specific types of equipment. The management plans for a straight-line curve by moving experienced men from one division to another so that each division will carry a full allotment of work. The essence of the production is the speedy accomplishment of the work on the lowest cost basis and the unification of all interests in any specific feature of design.
Improving Drafting Management
Authors: Newbury F. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A system of improvement in drafting management extending over four years of experience is described, the use of these methods having cut drafting costs in half, while average salary rates have been increased, design quality has been improved, and drafting accuracy has been maintained. A feature of the plan is that each draftsman checks his own work, this resulting in increased responsibility and improved accuracy. Record charts showing the results attained are given.
Preloaded Ball Bearings as Applied to Machine-Tool Spindles
Authors: Brunner H. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In attaining precision of operation of machines fitted with ball bearings, after all initial looseness had been removed and dimensional tolerances held to very close limits, it was found that another factor remained which prevented attaining the high degree of accuracy of dimension and finish required of precision machine tools. This was that elastic deformation in the ball bearing had a great effect on quality. The cure was effected by preloading, this initial loading serving to remove all looseness between the balls and the raceways, as well as the more objectionable effects of early deformation that develops in a ball bearing under load. The proper value of the preload can be determined only after full consideration of the work loads involved.
Correlation of Casting Design and Foundry Practice
Authors: Taub Alex 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Correlation of design and foundry is a necessary part of any sound engineering program. However, it is quite often neglected, adversely affecting the ratio of the result per dollar. In considering the foundry the fact that individual foundry practices vary must be borne in mind. Castings are virtually assembled in the liquid state within the mold, and this principle must be borne in mind, but not overdone. Open-mindedness on the part of the designer is essential. Foundrymen must be urged to express new foundry ideas, since in new designs provision might be made to permit the use of new foundry development. Machine-made green-sand coring is a new practice being successfully used. The true bulk of a design is in the flask, not in the individual casting. Wall thickness is a general target on weight reduction. This is bad practice. Weight must be eliminated by design. The designer can help in obtaining clean castings by providing ample space for cores. Driers are a necessary evil, and the design should eliminate them wherever possible. Elimination of fins still requires development on the part of the foundry. A large proportion of foundry and engine-operation difficulties can be traced to improper determination of engine length quite often by a non-technical executive. Impatience on the part of engineers to see their designs in operation results in insufficient time for the foundry to gain necessary experience with experimental castings. Cost items accrued during productive periods should be investigated and eliminated from any new design. Elimination of foundry difficulties also means elimination of trouble to the ultimate owner. Therefore the foundryman and engineer are equally interested in the final result.
Life of Tools Machining Free-Cutting Brass
Authors: Spence L. D. , Hall J. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The authors present a considerable amount of data on the life of tools under shop conditions machining free-cutting brass in automatic screw-machines. The analysis of this data shows that larger feeds and higher cutting speeds than those used in current practice can be combined with a reasonable tool life. The type of relation existing between cutting speed, feed, and life of tool found by Frederick W. Taylor and others for rough-turning of steel does not fit these tests of forming and drilling free-cutting brass. Within the limits of these tests an increase of the cutting speed is accompanied by greater economy. When machining free-cutting brass with ground circular-form tools, the life of the cutting tool between grinds appears to be nearly independent of the feed and of the cutting speed, and to depend primarily on the linear distance the work moves in contact with the tool. This indicates that the wear is primarily a lapping action, which is influenced more by the amount of movement of the edge of the tool against the work than by the pressure between them. Within the limits of the tests the maximum economy in machining free-cutting brass is secured by using the largest feed that the work and tools will stand and by running the stock at the highest spindle speed available.
Welding Progress at the A. O. Smith Plant
Authors: Jasper T. McLean 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper covers the history of welding of pressure vessels in one plant covering a period of one-third of a century. The oil industry is credited with having provided the opportunity for the rapid development of welding, not being limited by code restrictions as to the size and shape of desired pressure equipment. Testing equipment is described, and tests on steel for pressure vessels are detailed.
Analysis of Stresses in Sucker-Rod Joints
Authors: Kemler Emory 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A recent analysis of oil-field pumping production showed that 25 per cent of the lost production was caused by sucker-rod troubles. Much research has been attempted to determine the loads carried by the rods, but heretofore no attention has been given to the stress condition existing in the sucker-rod joint. These joint failures amount to 72 per cent of sucker-rod failures. As the sucker-rod joint is the largest individual trouble maker in pumping operations, the purpose of the paper is to determine the magnitude and distribution of load in the joint and to discuss methods of studying the problem.
Design and Investigation of a Spring in Which All Coils Nest Simultaneously
Authors: Reynolds J. B. , Schier O. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design a spring of constant slope, the lower coils of which would not nest until loads larger than those causing corresponding coils to nest in constant pitch springs were placed on the spring. The results obtained when the spring of constant slope was compared with one of constant pitch made it seem desirable to try to design a spring in which all coils would nest simultaneously. Work with this spring and with those previously investigated leads to the conviction that end effects considerably influence the amount of deflection. This spring, having a complete dead coil at each end, must be somewhat affected by this influence, though no experiments have been made to determine how much. The result of this influence would be that the experimental deflections would be greater than the theoretical, which agrees with the results found.
Design and Investigation of Conical Springs With Coils of a Constant Slope
Authors: Reynolds J. B. , Schier O. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The development of design and the investigation of the characteristics of conical springs with coils of constant slope rather than constant pitch are presented, and also the paper compares the actual performance of these springs with those of constant pitch as well as with the theoretical performance. The conclusions drawn from the investigation are: It is possible with existing formulas to predict the behavior of conical springs. For chrome-vanadium steel of the analysis given, the best heat treatment is to normalize at 1600 F, cool in air, quench at 1550 F in oil, and temper at 900 F in air. Conical springs of constant slope behave more like helical springs than do conical springs of constant pitch as regards load-deflection characteristics.
Merits and Applications of Animal Glue to Veneer Work
Authors: Jones Wilbur L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The growing use of crotch, burl, and stump veneers has added to the technical difficulties of fine-furniture manufacturing. Animal glue, for manufacturing fancy veneered work, has properties commending it to the plywood maker, such as (1) its fluidity, giving a moderately large spread in highly concentrated solution; (2) its neutral reaction and chemical inertness, which make it incapable of staining delicate face veneers; and (3) its quick-setting and fast-drying tendencies, which permit prompt pressing. Modern processes of sizing and gluing are described. The veneering operation is analyzed from the standpoint of (1) the large area of wood surface to be covered with glue, (2) the large proportionate amount of moisture absorbed by the wood from the glue, (3) the short distance from the glue line to the surface to be finished, (4) the comparatively long assembly time, (5) the emphasis on beauty of appearance in the fabricated article, (6) the need for speed of production, and (7) the importance of quick and proper drying. The conclusion is reached that animal glue has kept pace with the industry and is well qualified for the highly decorative, if somewhat difficult, veneering processes of today.
Aluminum Oxide Versus Garnet as a Wood Abrasive
Authors: Traendly J. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A comparison is made of aluminum oxide and garnet as surface-coated abrasives in woodworking. Garnet as found in the native state breaks into wedge-shaped pieces that when cemented to a surface of paper or cloth continue to fracture so as to produce further sharp edges. Aluminum oxide is a manufactured product, made in the electrochemical furnace by fusing bauxite and adding coke and iron. The hardness, toughness, and fracture of the two abrasive materials are compared. A table is given that covers time-study tests of belts used in a woodworking plant, with the labor and material costs.
Pressure in Airships
Authors: Klikoff W. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The use of pressure in the so-called “pressure airships” and the methods used for maintenance of pressure are described. The effects of “gas head” and of excess internal pressures are considered as design factors, showing the advantages derived from a strength standpoint. It is pointed out that, by utilizing the pressure, the low factors of safety used by airship designers for critical loading conditions can be eliminated, and the ultimate design of the pressure rigid airship is discussed. Recognizing the disadvantages of manual control of pressure employed in the present airships, it is emphasized that pressure control can be made perfectly automatic if pressure regulators used in the modern power-plant installations are adopted for airship-pressure control. The proposed pressure-control system for large metalclad airships is described. To utilize the advantages of pressure as a design factor, the materials used in the present rigid airships should be more efficiently disposed around the cross-section, again pointing to ultimate metalclad design.
Combustion Processes in Aircraft Engines
Authors: Cummings H. K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper presents three general types of combustion which occur in homogeneous mixtures of explosive gases (preflame oxidation, normal burning, and the explosive wave) and reviews available experimental evidence as to the combustion processes which actually occur in spark-ignition engines. Oxidation is detected optically by changes in absorption spectra and chemically by analysis of samples removed from the combustion chamber. The progress of flame away from the spark plug has been followed by visual, photographic, and electrical means, with simultaneous measurements of pressure development. Spectra of visible radiation and measurements of infra-red radiation, obtained through windows in the cylinder head, assist in analyzing combustion phenomena. The characteristics of preignition and knock are understood, but the exact mechanism of knock remains obscure.
Stainless Steel in Aircraft Construction
Authors: Ragsdale E. J. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Stainless steel will assume its position in the aircraft industry when and where the urge is strong enough to study its possibilities, to acquire its technique, and to overcome the discouragement of first efforts. The first use of stainless steel in aircraft was in England. Tons of it were used in the construction of the “R-101.” In this country a trend toward stainless steel is noted, particularly for air-transport units.
National Air-Tour Formulas and Other Methods of Handicapping
Authors: Altman P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Methods of scoring and handicap used in aircraft competition events are given. The first part contains a historical review, and the second contains criticism of handicap formulas, these having a bearing on aircraft design and the improvement of airplanes. In many cases airplanes are especially designed for air races, and if the design is good, it increases progress. The paper takes up the important formulas for handicapping and considers them from a race and design point of view. Useful curves are plotted.
Mechanical Equipment for Handling Large Rigid Airships
Authors: Bolster C. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the development of the equipment used at the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst, N. J., for docking and undocking the U. S. S. Akron. The main feature of the plan is a stern handling beam or long horizontal girder lying athwartship beneath the stern of the airship, holding the ship from each side with a cable system from heavy trucks moving along outward-lying tracks, and a floating support resting on a castoring taxying wheel and placed under the reinforced lower fin. This stern handling beam moves out of the hangar following the mobile mast to which the airship is moored. When a circular track is reached, the airship is positioned in the proper wind direction.
British Practice in Steam-Turbine Design
Authors: Gardner F. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper reviews considerations affecting steam-turbine development in England. Turbines of the size and type required for the larger central stations are covered, although description of some of the smaller plants has been included. In discussing steam conditions, attention has been confined to general tendencies. Developments in turbine practice have been influenced by the plan to link up all the power stations by an interconnecting network of transmission lines. To cope with the increased demand, new large power stations will be constructed, which will have the advantage of high load factors and favorable conditions for base-load running. Illustrations are given of types of turbines and equipment.
Economic Balance Between Steam and Hydro Capacity
Authors: Irwin K. McH. , Justin Joel D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There is a popular fallacy that hydroelectric development and additional steam-plant generating facilities are competitive sources of power. Balancing one against the other is often discussed by engineers who are prejudiced in favor of hydro or of steam. It is the object of this paper to point out that each proposed hydro development should not be measured against an equivalent steam installation as a sole source of power, but that it is necessary to forecast the characteristics of the particular system in which additional capacity is required and to determine for the particular conditions whether the addition of steam or hydro will give the lowest total cost of power supply for the system.
Performance of Modern Steam-Generating Units
Authors: Hirshfeld C. F. , Moran G. U. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is the final report on a study made of the performance of 250 large steam boilers over a period of three years. The results of the first year’s study were reported at the 1929 Annual Meeting of the A.S.M.E., and a summary of the full three-year period was presented at the 1931 Annual Meeting. The study was requested by the Central Station Power Committee of the Power Division. The primary object was to study boiler outages and their causes and the effect of such factors as severity of use, design, fuels, and methods of firing on boiler reliability, in the hope that a yardstick might be obtained by which the individual operator could measure the performance of his own units and predict the probable availability of new designs. The data obtained from each unit are presented, together with some comparisons of types and classes of unit. There also is a discussion of primary causes of boiler shutdown, which has not appeared in either of the previous papers.
A Study of the Data on the Flow of Fluids in Pipes
Authors: Kemler Emory 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It was not until 1883, when Reynolds by dimensional analysis developed the equations for dimensional homogeneity and dynamic similarity, that any scientific basis for analyzing the experimental data on the flow of fluids was available. In view of the fact that only a small part of the experimental work previous to that of Stanton and Pannell has been reduced to Reynolds’ dimensional basis, it was deemed desirable to undertake the present investigation in order to get a more complete knowledge of the flow problem, and in it an attempt was made to obtain all the data available on flow in pipes under pressure.
Some of the more important conclusions to be drawn from the data presented are:
1 The friction factor is independent of the fluid flowing for the same values of the Reynolds number R.
2 The friction factor for drawn brass pipe varies only ± 5 per cent from an average value and is substantially independent of the pipe size and fluid flowing for the same value of R within the range encountered in practice.
3 The friction factor for new steel pipe varies with the size, and varies about ± 10 per cent from an average value.
4 The data on used and artificially roughened pipes show that if the roughness is not large enough to cause contraction and enlargement losses, the friction factor never exceeds the value 0.054.
5 The mean hydraulic radius can be safely used as a criterion only in the turbulent region.
6 Special care should be taken in the selection or determination of the diameter.
Ten Years’ Progress in Management, 1923-1932
Authors: Alford Leon P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Industrial management has undergone a severe test in the decade 1923–1932 due to violent fluctuations in industrial activity and sharp contrasts in the results of operating performance. Despite these changes it has made steady progress. It has been extended to all human activities where work is done. It has contributed to the accelerated rate of industrial development of the first six years, and its principles and practices have withstood the decisive trial of the deep depression of the last three. As an outcome of its application, well-managed concerns have passed through this period of business recession better than all others; as a result of its progress, management is now firmly established as a function in industrial operation. An examination of the changes in trends of some 25 industrial-management developments supports this major finding.
Spray Characteristics of a Jerk-Pump Fuel-Injection System
Authors: Zahn O. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tests were conducted with special spray-research apparatus in the Oil Spray Laboratory at Pennsylvania State College, aided by the loan of jerk-pump injection equipment. The application of the conclusions reached is summarized as follows: Variables that could be changed in engine installation are speed, load, and nozzle-opening pressure. These would affect the combustion line on the indicator card only as they changed temperature, turbulence, and spray characteristics. Within the range tested of these operating variables, only opening pressure would change spray characteristics enough to produce a notable effect on the combustion. It would also limit the minimum load that the engine could carry. The effects of speed and load on the spray would be negligible compared to their effects on temperature and turbulence. Combustion would be practically free from the effects of changing spray characteristics with a constant nozzle-opening pressure.
Some Problems in the Lubrication of Vertical Journal Bearings
Authors: Ponomareff A. I. , Howe E. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In deep-well pumping a motor at the surface drives a pump runner at the water level through a long vertical shaft supported at the top by a thrust bearing and guided at intervals of its length by journal bearings. For effective design the power absorbed by the journal bearings should be known approximately. The preponderance of horizontal shafts in various kinds of machinery has resulted in an extensive literature on their lubrication, but there is little that bears on the lubrication of such vertical shafts as are used in pumps, hydraulic turbines, a few steam turbines, cream separators, and centrifuges. The friction loss in these is small, but in the deep-well pump the loss may be as great as 5 per cent of the power input. The paper relates the details of an investigation to establish some of the basic facts underlying the lubrication of vertical journal bearings such as are used in deep-well pumps.