bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of superfine spherical TKX‐50 with a hollow structure by spray drying
Authors: Wang Shiwen , Zong Huzeng , Yang Cao , Hao Gazi , Zhang Guangpu , Yang Junqing , Feng Xiaojun , Zhang Kun , Zhang Tianfu , Xiao Lei , Jiang Wei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMicro/nano energetic materials with regular morphologies exhibit high energy release efficiency, superior charge performance, and low mechanical sensitivity. Exploring dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) with spherical microstructures and excellent comprehensive properties is of great significance for potential applications. In this work, a kind of superfine spherical TKX‐50 was fabricated by spray drying method. The as‐prepared TKX‐50 had a narrow particle size distribution with d50=3.14 μm, high sphericity of 0.944 with hollow structure and bulk density of 1.851 g/cm3. And its formation mechanism was proposed. The results of XRD and FT‐IR demonstrated that spray drying would not change the crystal structure of TKX‐50. TG‐DSC results showed that the initial decomposition and the peak temperature of superfine spherical TKX‐50 was about 10 °C lower than raw TKX‐50, and the apparent activation energy was 4.584 kJ ⋅ mol−1 lower than raw TKX‐50, due to the dramatic change in morphology. TG‐DSC‐FTIR‐MS provided a new understanding of decomposition process of TKX‐50, and the results illustrated that the main gas products were N2, H2O, N2O, NH3, NO, NH2, CO2, and HCN. Superfine spherical TKX‐50 underwent similar decomposition path as raw TKX‐50 but stood out in its larger occupation of the first decomposition which meant a more complete decomposition and its faster rate of the whole decomposition process. More importantly, the impact sensitivity (H50) increased from 50.1 cm to 70.8 cm, and the friction sensitivity (P) decreased from 24 % to 0 %, showing improved safety performance.
Thermal isomerization of phenylazoindoles: Inversion or rotation? That is the question
Authors: Hegedüsová Lea , KuteI' Rastislav , Medved' Miroslav , Pašteka Lukáš Félix , Cigáň Marek , Budzák Šimon 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAzoheteroarenes represent an attractive group of photochromes exhibiting a large structural variability and tunability of photoswitching characteristics. The thermal back‐isomerization can proceed via inversion or rotation mechanisms, depending on the functionalization and environment. However, the distinction between the two remains a challenge for both experiment and theory. Here, four experimentally fully characterized phenylazoindoles are studied to establish the mechanism of back‐reaction in solvent using density functional theory (DFT), spin‐flip time‐dependent (TD‐)DFT, mixed‐reference TD‐DFT, and restricted ensemble Kohn–Sham approaches as well as CASPT2 and CCSD(T). While the inversion is consistently described by all methods, the rotation mechanism requires multireference approaches including dynamic correlation. The balanced description of both pathways becomes even more important in solvent which apparently affects the mechanism. For the present set, the range‐separated functionals combined with continuum models appear to be the most consistent with experiment in terms of the substitutional and solvent effects on thermal halftimes.
Highly Selective N2 Electroreduction to NH3 Using a Boron‐Vacancy‐Rich Diatomic NbB Catalyst
Authors: Feng Ru , Yin Hanqing , Jin Fuhao , Niu Wei , Zhang Wanting , Liu Jingquan , Du Aijun , Yang Wenrong , Liu Zhen 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe ambient electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) is a future approach for the artificial NH3 synthesis to overcome the problems of high‐energy consumption and environmental pollution by Haber–Bosch technology. However, the challenge of N2 activation on a catalyst surface and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction make the current NRR unsatisfied. Herein, this work demonstrates that NbB2 nanoflakes (NFs) exhibit excellent selectivity and durability in NRR, which produces NH3 with a production rate of 30.5 µg h−1 mgcat−1 and a super‐high Faraday efficiency (FE) of 40.2%. The high‐selective NH3 production is attributed to the large amount of active B vacancies on the surface of NbB2 NFs. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the multiple atomic adsorption of N2 on both unsaturated Nb and B atoms results in a significantly stretched N2 molecule. The weakened NN triple bonds are easier to be broken for a biased NH3 production. The diatomic catalysis is a future approach for NRR as it shows a special N2 adsorption mode that can be well engineered.
Efficient generation of valid test inputs for deep neural networks via gradient search
Authors: Jiang Zhouxian , Li Honghui , Wang Rui 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe safety and robustness of deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently of great concern. Adequate testing is commonly an effective technique to ensure the software's trustworthiness. However, existing DNN testing methods generate many invalid test inputs, which inevitably brings increased computational overhead and reduces the efficiency of DNN testing. In this paper, we focus on testing task‐specific DNN and investigating diverse, valid and natural test input generation based on data augmentation techniques. Specifically, we propose AugTest, a DNN testing method based on stochastic optimization with momentum, searching for optimal compositions of data augmentation parameters to efficiently generate diverse and valid test inputs. Experimental results show that our proposed method can effectively explore the data manifold space and find valid test inputs with high diversity and naturalness. Compared with the best‐performing baseline, AugTest can generate more test inputs with more average diversity and less average time. Furthermore, the generated test inputs have competitive generalizability to DNNs with different structures. The test error rates exceed 70% when testing other DNN models performing similar tasks using the test inputs generated by AugTest. This implies that our method can produce more valid and generalized data to unveil DNNs' errors.
Simultaneous estimation of methyl paraben, propyl paraben, and Bisphenol A in the plasma of Indian pregnant women using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pradhan Rajesh , Mishra Diksha , Dubey Sunil Kumar , Khadgawat Rajesh , Kachhawa Garima , Gupta Tarang , Taliyan Rajeev 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA selective, rapid, and novel bioanalytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of methyl paraben, propyl paraben, and Bisphenol A in human plasma with a calibration curve range of 1–100 ng/ml. This method included protein precipitation to ensure extraction along with clean‐up of the complex biometrics. The Chromatographic separation was done using an AccucoreTM aQ liquid chromatography column (Dim. 100×3, particle size: 2.6 µm) with the mobile phase of a mixture consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (03:97, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.300 ml/min. The developed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was further validated utilizing the United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines and all the validation requirements were found to be satisfactory. This proposed method was later successfully utilized to determine the level of the three endocrine‐disrupting compounds in the plasma samples obtained from Indian pregnant women. The results suggest that these women might have been exposed to parabens and Bisphenol A from the use of products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, processed food, and the environment.
Recent Progress in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries: From FundamentalScience to Structure Design
Authors: Wang Tiantian , Zhang Yue , You Junhua , Hu Fang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIB) sparked a considerable surge of research attention in energy storage systems due to its environment benignity and superior electrochemical performance. Up to now, less efforts to delve into mechanisms of zinc metal anode and their electrochemical performance. Zn metal anodes sustain thorny issues with Zn dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and Zn corrosion irreversible byproduct formation, which results in low coulomb efficiency (CE) and poor cycle ability of the battery. Herein, we reveal the fundamental understanding of the above issue, outline four step, including mass transfer, desolvation process, charge transfer and Zn cluster formation. It can be clearly seen from reported strategies to promote Zn anode stability that deals with one or more steps, thereby boosting the understanding of the issues of Zn anodes and benefiting the rational design to surmount the issue. We also sum up advanced materials and structure design such as the design of the anode surface and internal structure, electrolyte strategies, and multifunctional separators. Finally, possible tactics and future innovation direction for Zn‐based batteries are proposed to achieve high performance aqueous Zinc‐ion batteries.
Literature Review
Authors: Lessky Franziska 
Published: March 2023

ZusammenfassungInnerhalb der letzten zwanzig Jahre sind zahlreiche Studien – vor allem im Rahmen der soziologischen Bildungsforschung – entstanden, die sich mit Studierenden, die als erste innerhalb ihrer Familie oder ihres Umfeldes studieren, auseinandersetzen. Eine seit der Bildungsexpansion stark anwachsende Studierendenpopulation, der Versuch der Wohlstandssicherung durch die Erweiterung des Zugangs zu Bildung für bisher unterrepräsentierte oder benachteiligte Gruppen und die trotz politischer Maßnahmen diesbezüglich anhaltenden sozialen Ungleichheiten sind nur einige Gründe für das wachsende Interesse an Forschungen über sogenannte First-in-Family Studierende.
The epsilon expansion of the O(N) model with line defect from conformal field theory
Authors: Nishioka Tatsuma , Okuyama Yoshitaka , Shimamori Soichiro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We employ the axiomatic framework of Rychkov and Tan to investigate the critical O(N) vector model with a line defect in (4 − ϵ) dimensions. We assume the fixed point is described by defect conformal field theory and show that the critical value of the defect coupling to the bulk field is uniquely fixed without resorting to diagrammatic calculations. We also study various defect localized operators by the axiomatic method, where the analyticity of correlation functions plays a crucial role in determining the conformal dimensions of defect composite operators. In all cases, including operators with operator mixing, we reproduce the leading anomalous dimensions obtained by perturbative calculations.
On (spinor)-helicity and bosonization in AdS4/CFT3
Authors: Skvortsov Evgeny , Yin Yihao 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Helicity is a useful concept both for AdS4 and CFT3 studies. We work out the complete AdS4/CFT3 dictionary for spinning fields/operators in the spinor-helicity base that allows one to scalarize any n-point contact vertex. AdS4-vertices encode correlation functions of conserved currents, stress-tensor and, more generally, higher spin currents in a simple way. We work out the dictionary for Yang-Mills- and gravity-type theories with higher derivative corrections as well as some higher spin examples and exemplify the relation to the three-dimensional bosonization duality. The bosonization can be understood as a simple surgery: vertices/correlators are built via an EM-duality transformation by sewing together (anti)-Chiral higher spin gravities, to whose existence the three-dimensional bosonization duality can be attributed (up to the proof of uniqueness).
Colliding localized, lumpy holographic shocks with a granular nuclear structure
Authors: Waeber Sebastian , Yaffe Laurence G. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We apply a recent and simple technique which speeds up the calculation of localized collisions in holography to study more realistic models of the pre-hydrodynamic phase of heavy ion collisions using gauge/gravity duality. Our initial data reflects the lumpy nuclear structure of real heavy ions and our projectiles’ aspect ratio mimics the Lorentz contraction of nuclei during RHIC collisions. At the hydrodynamization time of the central region of the quark gluon plasma developed during the collision, we find that most of the system’s vorticity is located well outside the hydrodynamized part of the plasma. Only the relativistic corrections to the thermal vorticity within the hydrodynamized region are non-negligible. We compare the transverse flow shortly after the collision with previous results which did not use granular initial conditions and determine the proper energy density and fluid velocity in the hydrodynamized subregion of the plasma.
Light Effects of the Rose Windows in Mallorca Cathedral
Authors: Samper Albert , Moreno David , Herrera Blas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis research shows the light effects and geometric alignments created by the sunlight passing through the stained glasses of the Eastern rose window in Mallorca cathedral and projecting on the inner side of the cathedral’s main façade. Besides, we show other novel effects which occur in coincidence with certain religious festivities.
Smooth and Discrete Cone-Nets
Authors: Kilian Martin , Müller Christian , Tervooren Jonas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCone-nets are conjugate nets on a surface such that along each individual curve of one family of parameter curves there is a cone in tangential contact with the surface. The corresponding conjugate curve network is projectively invariant and is characterized by the existence of particular transformations. We study properties of that transformation theory and illustrate how several known surface classes appear within our framework. We present cone-nets in the classical smooth setting of differential geometry as well as in the context of a consistent discretization with counterparts to all relevant statements and notions of the smooth setting. We direct special emphasis towards smooth and discrete tractrix surfaces which are characterized as principal cone-nets with constant geodesic curvature along one family of parameter curves.
The role of radiotherapy in the updated German S2k guideline for management of Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Vordermark Dirk , Höller Ulrike 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a radiosensitive tumor and the role of radiotherapy in the management of this disease was newly defined in the recently published update of the S2k guideline on Merkel cell carcinoma of the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). While adjuvant radiotherapy of the tumor bed is broadly recommended, irradiation of the regional nodal region can be performed in patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes and high-risk factors. In patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes, it is an alternative to completion lymphadenectomy. The standard dose for adjuvant radiotherapy remains 50 Gy.
The Montecristo mining district, northern Chile: the relationship between vein-like magnetite-(apatite) and iron oxide-copper–gold deposits
Authors: Mateo Laura , Tornos Fernando , Hanchar John M. , Villa Igor M. , Stein Holly J. , Delgado Antonio 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Montecristo district, northern Chile, is one of the few places worldwide where there is a direct relationship between magnetite-(apatite) (MtAp) mineralization and iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) mineralization. The MtAp mineralization includes Ti-poor magnetite, fluorapatite, and actinolite and is crosscut and partially replaced by a younger IOCG mineralization that includes a second generation of actinolite and magnetite with quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and molybdenite. The MtAp stage at Montecristo is interpreted as the crystallized iron-rich melts that used the pre-existing structures of the Atacama Fault System as conduits. These rocks later acted as a trap for hydrothermal IOCG mineralization. Geochronology data at Montecristo indicate that the host diorite (U–Pb zircon 153.3 ± 1.8 Ma, 2-sigma), MtAp mineralization (40Ar-39Ar in actinolite, 154 ± 2 Ma and 153 ± 4 Ma, 2-sigma), and the IOCG event (Re-Os on molybdenite, 151.8 ± 0.6 Ma, 2-sigma) are coeval within error and took place in a time span of less than 3.4 Ma. The εHfiand εNdivalues of the host diorite are + 8.0 to + 9.8 and + 4.3 to + 5.4, respectively. The whole-rock87Sr/86Srivalues of the IOCG mineralization (0.70425 to 0.70442) are in the lower end of those of the MtAp mineralization (0.70426–0.70629). In contrast, εNdivalues for the IOCG mineralization (+ 5.4 and + 5.7) fall between those of the MtAp rocks (+ 6.6 to + 7.2) and the host diorite, which suggests that the IOCG event was related to fluids having a more crustal Nd (εNdi <  + 5.7) composition than the MtAp mineralization. This likely reflects the mixing of Nd from the MtAp protolith and a deep magmatic-hydrothermal source, very likely an unexposed intrusion equivalent to the host diorite. Sulfur isotope compositions (δ34S, + 0.3 to + 3.4‰) are consistent with a magmatic source.
Normal reference values for magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the fetal internal jugular veins in middle and late pregnancy
Authors: Gao Duo , Liu Xin , Cao Yimin , Yi Zexi , Gao Xiaobin , Li Ying , Cao Cuili , Geng Zuojun , Zhou Lixia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
At present, there is a lack of normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometric reference values for fetal internal jugular veins during middle and late pregnancy.

Objective
We used MRI to assess the morphology and cross-sectional area of the internal jugular veins of fetuses during middle and late pregnancy and to explore the clinical value of these parameters.

Materials and methods
The MRI images of 126 fetuses in middle and late pregnancy were retrospectively analysed to determine the optimal sequence for imaging the internal jugular veins. Morphological observation of the fetal internal jugular veins in each gestational week was carried out, lumen cross-sectional area was measured and the relationship between these data and gestational age was analysed.

Results
The balanced steady-state free precession sequence was superior to other MRI sequences used for fetal imaging. The cross section of fetal internal jugular veins was predominantly circular in both the middle and late stages of pregnancy, however the prevalence of an oval cross section was significantly higher in the late gestational age group. The cross-sectional area of the lumen of the fetal internal jugular veins increased with increasing gestational age. Fetal jugular vein asymmetry was common, with the right jugular vein being dominant in the high gestational age group.

Conclusion
We provide normal reference values for fetal internal jugular veins measured by MRI. These values may form the basis for clinical assessment of abnormal dilation or stenosis.
Tau pathology as determinant of changes in atrophy and cerebral blood flow: a multi-modal longitudinal imaging study
Authors: Visser Denise , Verfaillie Sander C. J. , Bosch Iris , Brouwer Iman , Tuncel Hayel , Coomans Emma M. , Rikken Roos M. , Mastenbroek Sophie E. , Golla Sandeep S. V. , Barkhof Frederik , van de Giessen Elsmarieke , van Berckel Bart N. M. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Ossenkoppele Rik 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Tau pathology is associated with concurrent atrophy and decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but less is known about their temporal relationships. Our aim was therefore to investigate the association of concurrent and longitudinal tau PET with longitudinal changes in atrophy and relative CBF.

Methods
We included 61 individuals from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (mean age 65.1 ± 7.5 years, 44% female, 57% amyloid-β positive [Aβ +], 26 cognitively impaired [CI]) who underwent dynamic [18F]flortaucipir PET and structural MRI at baseline and 25 ± 5 months follow-up. In addition, we included 86 individuals (68 CI) who only underwent baseline dynamic [18F]flortaucipir PET and MRI scans to increase power in our statistical models. We obtained [18F]flortaucipir PET binding potential (BPND) and R1 values reflecting tau load and relative CBF, respectively, and computed cortical thickness from the structural MRI scans using FreeSurfer. We assessed the regional associations between i) baseline and ii) annual change in tau PET BPND in Braak I, III/IV, and V/VI regions and cortical thickness or R1 in cortical gray matter regions (spanning the whole brain) over time using linear mixed models with random intercepts adjusted for age, sex, time between baseline and follow-up assessments, and baseline BPND in case of analyses with annual change as determinant. All analyses were performed in Aβ−  cognitively normal (CN) individuals and Aβ+  (CN and CI) individuals separately.

Results
In Aβ+ individuals, greater baseline Braak III/IV and V/VI tau PET binding was associated with faster cortical thinning in primarily frontotemporal regions. Annual changes in tau PET were not associated with cortical thinning over time in either Aβ+ or Aβ−  individuals. Baseline tau PET was not associated with longitudinal changes in relative CBF, but increases in Braak III/IV tau PET over time were associated with increases in parietal relative CBF over time in Aβ + individuals.

Conclusion
We showed that higher tau load was related to accelerated cortical thinning, but not to decreases in relative CBF. Moreover, tau PET load at baseline was a stronger predictor of cortical thinning than change of tau PET signal.
Is nanomaterial- and vancomycin-loaded polymer coating effective at preventing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus growth on titanium disks? An in vitro study
Authors: Tsikopoulos Konstantinos , Meroni Gabriele , Kaloudis Panagiotis , Pavlidou Eleni , Gravalidis Christoforos , Tsikopoulos Ioannis , Drago Lorenzo , Romano Carlo Luca , Papaioannidou Paraskevi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Periprosthetic joint infections induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a major socioeconomic burden. Given the fact that MRSA carriers are at high risk for developing periprosthetic infections regardless of the administration of eradication treatment pre-operatively, the need for developing new prevention modalities is high.

Methods
The antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of vancomycin, Al2O3 nanowires, and TiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated in vitro using MIC and MBIC assays. MRSA biofilms were grown on titanium disks simulating orthopedic implants, and the infection prevention potential of vancomycin-, Al2O3 nanowire-, and TiO2 nanoparticle-supplemented Resomer® coating was evaluated against biofilm controls using the XTT reduction proliferation assay.

Results
Among the tested modalities, high- and low-dose vancomycin-loaded Resomer® coating yielded the most satisfactory metalwork protection against MRSA (median absorbance was 0.1705; [IQR = 0.1745] vs control absorbance 0.42 [IQR = 0.07]; p = 0.016; biofilm reduction was 100%; and 0.209 [IQR = 0.1295] vs control 0.42 [IQR = 0.07]; p < 0.001; biofilm reduction was 84%, respectively). On the other hand, polymer coating alone did not provide clinically meaningful biofilm growth prevention (median absorbance was 0.2585 [IQR = 0.1235] vs control 0.395 [IQR = 0.218]; p < 0.001; biofilm reduction was 62%).

Conclusions
We advocate that apart from the well-established preventative measures for MRSA carriers, loading implants with bioresorbable Resomer® vancomycin-supplemented coating may decrease the incidence of early post-op surgical site infections with titanium implants. Of note, the payoff between localized toxicity and antibiofilm efficacy should be considered when loading polymers with highly concentrated antimicrobial agents.