bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political orientation, trust and discriminatory beliefs during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from the United Kingdom
Authors: Frackowiak Michal , Russell Pascale Sophie , Rusconi Patrice , Fasoli Fabio , Cohen‐Chen Smadar 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted the world in many ways; for example, evidence from the United Kingdom indicates that higher rates of discriminatory behaviours against immigrants have been recorded during this period. Prior research suggests that political orientation and trust are instrumental in discriminatory beliefs against immigrants. A longitudinal study (six waves and a follow‐up) was conducted in the United Kingdom during the COVID‐19 pandemic (September 2020–August 2021) using convenience sampling (N = 383). The hypotheses enquired about whether political orientation predicts trust in government, trust in science and discriminatory beliefs. Multilevel regression and mediation analyses were conducted, using repeated measures nested within individuals. It was found that conservative views are associated with higher discriminatory beliefs, lower trust in science and higher trust in government. Furthermore, trust in science promotes reduction of discrimination, whereas trust in government, increases discriminatory beliefs. However, a nuance revealed by an interaction effect, shows that a positive alignment between political and scientific authorities may be required to reduce prejudice against immigrants. Exploratory multilevel mediation showed that trust is a mediator between political orientation and discriminatory beliefs.
A multifaceted framework to establish the presence of meaning in non‐human communication
Authors: Amphaeris Jenny , Blumstein Daniel T. , Shannon Graeme , Tenbrink Thora , Kershenbaum Arik 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTDoes non‐human communication, like language, involve meaning? This question guides our focus through an interdisciplinary review of the theories and terminology used to study meaning across disciplines and species. Until now, it has been difficult to apply the concept of meaning to communication in non‐humans. This is partly because of the varied approaches to the study of meaning. Additionally, while there is a scholarly acknowledgement of potential meaning in non‐human cognition, there is also scepticism when the topic of communication arises. We organise some of the key literature into a coherent framework that can bridge disciplines and species, to ensure that aspects of meaning are accurately and fairly compared. We clarify the growing view in the literature that, rather than requiring multiple definitions or being split into different types, meaning is a multifaceted yet still unified concept. In so doing, we propose that meaning is an umbrella term. Meaning cannot be summed up with a short definition or list of features, but involves multiple complexities that are outlined in our framework. Specifically, three global facets are needed to describe meaning: a Signal Meaning Facet, an Interactant Meaning Facet, and a Resultant Meaning Facet. Most importantly, we show that such analyses are possible to apply as much to non‐humans as to humans. We also emphasise that meaning nuances differ among non‐human species, making a dichotomous approach to meaning questionable. Instead, we show that a multifaceted approach to meaning establishes how meaning appears within highly diverse examples of non‐human communication, in ways consistent with the phenomenon's presence in human non‐verbal communication and language(s). Therefore, without further recourse to ‘functional’ approaches that circumvent the critical question of whether any non‐human meaning exists, we show that the concept of meaning is suitable for evolutionary biologists, behavioural ecologists, and others to study, to establish exactly which species exhibit meaning in their communication and in what ways.
Medical and psychosocial outcomes of state‐funded population genomic screening
Authors: Cannon Ashley , McMillan Olivia , Kelley Whitley V. , East Kelly M. , Cochran Meagan E. , Miskell Edrika L. , Moss Irene P. , Garner‐Duckworth Sherilyn , Redden David T. , Might Matthew , Barsh Gregory S. , Korf Bruce R. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAs the uptake of population screening expands, assessment of medical and psychosocial outcomes is needed. Through the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative (AGHI), a state‐funded genomic research program, individuals received screening for pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 59 actionable genes via genotyping. Of the 3874 eligible participants that received screening results, 858 (22%) responded to an outcomes survey. The most commonly reported motivation for seeking testing through AGHI was contribution to genetic research (64%). Participants with positive results reported a higher median number of planned actions (median = 5) due to AGHI results as compared to negative results (median = 3). Interviews were conducted with survey participants with positive screening results. As determined by certified genetic counselors, 50% of interviewees took appropriate medical action based on their result. There were no negative or harmful actions taken. These findings indicate population genomic screening of an unselected adult population is feasible, is not harmful, and may have positive outcomes on participants now and in the future; however, further research is needed in order to assess clinical utility.
Marginal bone level changes around dental implants with one or two adjacent teeth – A clinical and radiographic retrospective study with a follow‐up of at least 10 years
Authors: Weigel Lucienne D. , Scherrer Angelina , Schmid Lucas , Stähli Alexandra , Imber Jean‐Claude , Roccuzzo Andrea , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAimTo compare mean bone level (mBL) changes around dental implants with one or two adjacent teeth after a function time of ≥10 years.Materials and MethodsOne hundred thirty three periodontally compromised patients (PCPs) with 551 implants enrolled in supportive periodontal care (SPC) were screened. Implants were categorized either into group TIT (tooth‐implant‐tooth) or into group TIG (tooth‐implant‐gap). MBL changes from delivery of restoration (i.e., baseline) to follow‐up were calculated in millimeters and compared between implants and adjacent teeth. Survival rates and the need for surgical interventions during SPC were recorded.ResultsEighty seven patients with 142 implants were re‐evaluated after a mean observation time of 14.5 ± 3.5 years. The mBL at mesial implant sites in the TIT group increased −0.07 ± 0.92 mm and decreased in the TIG group 0.52 ± 1.34 mm, respectively (95% CI: 0.04/1.14, p = .037). At distal implant sites, the mBL in the TIT group increased −0.08 ± 0.84 mm and decreased 0.03 ± 0.87 in the TIG group, respectively (95% CI: −0.20/0.42, p = .48). The overall implant loss rate was 3.5% (n = 5; 2 TIT, 3 TIG), without a statistically significant difference between the two groups (95% CI: 0.18/7.07, p = .892). Tooth loss rates (TIT: 12.3%, TIG: 12.3%) were not statistically significantly different (OR = 1.00, p = .989).ConclusionHigh tooth and implant survival rates were observed in PCPs. The presence of one or two adjacent teeth seemed to have no impact on marginal bone level changes.
Oxidative stress in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: Affecting the tumor microenvironment and becoming a new target for pituitary neuroendocrine tumor therapy
Authors: Zhou Yuhang , Zhang Anke , Fang Chaoyou , Yuan Ling , Shao Anwen , Xu Yuanzhi , Zhou Danyang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPituitary adenomas (PAs), or pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), are commonly found in the anterior pituitary gland. Although the majority of PitNETs are benign and stable, several tumors have malignant characteristics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis and is composed of several types of cells. Various cells in the TME are significantly affected by oxidative stress. It has been reported that immunotherapeutic strategies have good effects in several cancers. However, the clinical potential of immunotherapies in PitNETs has not yet been fully discussed. Oxidative stress can regulate PitNET cells and immune cells in the TME, thus affecting the immune status of the TME of PitNETs. Therefore, modulation of oxidative stress‐regulated immune cells using a combination of several agents and the immune system to suppress PitNETs is a promising therapeutic direction. In this review, we systematically analyzed the oxidative stress process within PitNET cells and various immune cells to elucidate the potential value of immunotherapy.
KLF2/PPARγ axis contributes to trauma‐induced heterotopic ossification by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Sun Ziyang , Liu Hang , Hu Yuehao , Luo Gang , Yuan Zhengqiang , Liu Weixuan , Tu Bing , Ruan Hongjiang , Li Juehong , Fan Cunyi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTrauma‐induced heterotopic ossification (HO) is a complex disorder after musculoskeletal injury and characterized by aberrant extraskeletal bone formation. Recent studies shed light on critical role of dysregulated osteogenic differentiation in aberrant bone formation. Krupel‐like factor 2 (KLF2) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are master adapter proteins that link cellular responses to osteogenesis; however, their roles and relationships in HO remain elusive. Using a murine burn/tenotomy model in vivo, we identified elevated KLF2 and reduced PPARγ levels in tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) during trauma‐induced HO formation. Both KLF2 inhibition and PPARγ promotion reduced mature HO, whereas the effects of PPARγ promotion were abolished by KLF2 overexpression. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production also increased after burn/tenotomy, and improvements in mitochondrial function (ROS scavenger) could alleviate HO formation, but were abolished by KLF2 activation and PPARγ suppression by affecting redox balance. Furthermore, in vitro, we found increased KLF2 and decreased PPARγ levels in osteogenically induced TSPCs. Both KLF2 inhibition and PPARγ promotion relieved osteogenesis by improving mitochondrial function and maintaining redox balance, and effects of PPARγ promotion were abolished by KLF2 overexpression. Our findings suggest that KLF2/PPARγ axis exerts regulatory effects on trauma‐induced HO through modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production in TSPCs by affecting redox balance. Targeting KLF2/PPARγ axis and mitochondrial dysfunction can represent attractive approaches to therapeutic intervention in trauma‐induced HO.
Temperature affects the timing and duration of fungal fruiting patterns across major terrestrial biomes
Authors: Krah Franz‐Sebastian , Büntgen Ulf , Bässler Claus 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Earth's ecosystems are affected by a complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors. While global temperatures increase, associated changes in the fruiting behaviour of fungi remain unknown. Here, we analyse 6.1 million fungal fruit body (mushroom) records and show that the major terrestrial biomes exhibit similarities and differences in fruiting events. We observed one main fruiting peak in most years across all biomes. However, in boreal and temperate biomes, there was a substantial number of years with a second peak, indicating spring and autumn fruiting. Distinct fruiting peaks are spatially synchronized in boreal and temperate biomes, but less defined and longer in the humid tropics. The timing and duration of fungal fruiting were significantly related to temperature mean and variability. Temperature‐dependent aboveground fungal fruiting behaviour, which is arguably also representative of belowground processes, suggests that the observed biome‐specific differences in fungal phenology will change in space and time when global temperatures continue to increase.
The tumour is in the detail: Local phylogenetic, population and epidemiological dynamics of a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils
Authors: Hamede Rodrigo , Fountain‐Jones Nicholas M. , Arce Fernando , Jones Menna , Storfer Andrew , Hohenlohe Paul A. , McCallum Hamish , Roche Benjamin , Ujvari Beata , Thomas Frédéric 
Published: June 2023

AbstractInfectious diseases are a major threat for biodiversity conservation and can exert strong influence on wildlife population dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms driving infection rates and epidemic outcomes requires empirical data on the evolutionary trajectory of pathogens and host selective processes. Phylodynamics is a robust framework to understand the interaction of pathogen evolutionary processes with epidemiological dynamics, providing a powerful tool to evaluate disease control strategies. Tasmanian devils have been threatened by a fatal transmissible cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), for more than two decades. Here we employ a phylodynamic approach using tumour mitochondrial genomes to assess the role of tumour genetic diversity in epidemiological and population dynamics in a devil population subject to 12 years of intensive monitoring, since the beginning of the epidemic outbreak. DFTD molecular clock estimates of disease introduction mirrored observed estimates in the field, and DFTD genetic diversity was positively correlated with estimates of devil population size. However, prevalence and force of infection were the lowest when devil population size and tumour genetic diversity was the highest. This could be due to either differential virulence or transmissibility in tumour lineages or the development of host defence strategies against infection. Our results support the view that evolutionary processes and epidemiological trade‐offs can drive host‐pathogen coexistence, even when disease‐induced mortality is extremely high. We highlight the importance of integrating pathogen and population evolutionary interactions to better understand long‐term epidemic dynamics and evaluating disease control strategies.
Retirement risk factors, exercise management and muscle mass in US senior horses
Authors: Herbst Alisa C. , Coleman Michelle C. , Macon Erica L. , Brokman Aviv , Stromberg Arnold J. , Harris Pat A. , Adams Amanda A. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundInformation on the management and health of US senior horses (≥15 years of age) is currently limited.ObjectivesProvide information on (1) primary use of US senior horses, (2) reasons and risk factors for horse retirement, (3) exercise management, (4) prevalence of low muscle mass and (5) risk factors for, and owner‐perceived consequences of, low muscle mass.Study designOnline survey.MethodsSurvey responses from 2717 owners of U.S.‐resident senior horses (≥15 years of age) were analysed descriptively and inferentially, using ordered and binomial logistic regression, ANOVA and the Kruskal–Wallis test.ResultsThe most frequently reported primary uses were pleasure riding/driving (38.5%) and full retirement (39.8%). Most horses (61.5%) were retired between 15 and 24 years of age, with health problems being the main reason. Age, female sex, Thoroughbred breed and various medical conditions were identified as risk factors for retirement. In working horses (i.e., those not retired or semi‐retired), exercise intensity was negatively associated with age. The owner‐reported prevalence of low muscle mass in all horses was 17.2% (95%CI = 15.7–18.7). In those affected by low muscle mass, the ability to work and welfare‐related aspects were commonly perceived to be impaired. Increasing age, sex (gelding), pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, osteoarthritis, laminitis and primary use (retired and semi‐retired vs. use for competition) were identified as risk factors for owner‐reported low muscle mass.Main limitationsPotential response, recall and sampling bias. Causal relationships cannot be established.ConclusionsAlthough structured exercise into old age may provide health benefits (as seen in elderly people), a large proportion of horses were fully retired in the current study. Senior horses were mainly retired for health problems and characterising these problems may aid in extending their work/active life. Low muscle mass was perceived to affect horses' welfare and ability to work, and identification of prevention and treatment strategies is therefore warranted.
Metabolic reprogramming regulates microglial polarization and its role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Rong , Yao Zi‐Meng , Chen Lei , Huang Jie , Dong Shu‐Ying 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe brain is quite sensitive to changes in energy supply because of its high energetic demand. Even small changes in energy metabolism may be the basis of impaired brain function, leading to the occurrence and development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Abundant evidence supports that metabolic defects of brain energy during the post‐reperfusion period, especially low glucose oxidative metabolism and elevated glycolysis levels, which play a crucial role in cerebral I/R pathophysiology. Whereas research on brain energy metabolism dysfunction under the background of cerebral I/R mainly focuses on neurons, the research on the complexity of microglia energy metabolism in cerebral I/R is just emerging. As resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia activate rapidly and then transform into an M1 or M2 phenotype to correspond to changes in brain homeostasis during cerebral I/R injury. M1 microglia release proinflammatory factors to promote neuroinflammation, while M2 microglia play a neuroprotective role by secreting anti‐inflammatory factors. The abnormal brain microenvironment promotes the metabolic reprogramming of microglia, which further affects the polarization state of microglia and disrupts the dynamic equilibrium of M1/M2, resulting in the aggravation of cerebral I/R injury. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming is a key driver of microglial inflammation. For example, M1 microglia preferentially produce energy through glycolysis, while M2 microglia provide energy primarily through oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we highlight the emerging significance of regulating microglial energy metabolism in cerebral I/R injury.
A selection criterion of small load truncation level based on the principle of same distribution of fatigue life
Authors: Cao Jing , Yao Weixing 
Published: June 2023

AbstractA new criterion of selecting the small load truncation level for simplification of fatigue test spectrum was developed, which is based on the principle that the truncated spectrum has the same fatigue life distribution as the original spectrum. Considering the influence of uncertainties of material fatigue performance and load spectrum on the fatigue life distribution, the relation between the distribution difference and the small load truncation level was established. According to the designed tolerance value of distribution difference, the appropriate small load truncation level could be determined accordingly. The selection criterion was verified by the fatigue tests of LC4CS aluminum alloy smooth sheet specimens. The results show that good simplification effect of spectrum can be achieved based on the criterion.
Heat over heritability: Increasing body size in response to global warming is not stabilized by genetic effects in Bechstein's bats
Authors: Mundinger Carolin , van Schaik Jaap , Scheuerlein Alexander , Kerth Gerald 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHow well populations can cope with global warming will often depend on the evolutionary potential and plasticity of their temperature‐sensitive, fitness‐relevant traits. In Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii), body size has increased over the last decades in response to warmer summers. If this trend continues it may threaten populations as larger females exhibit higher mortality. To assess the evolutionary potential of body size, we applied a Bayesian ‘animal model’ to estimate additive genetic variance, heritability and evolvability of body size, based on a 25‐year pedigree of 332 wild females. Both heritability and additive genetic variance were reduced in hot summers compared to average and cold summers, while evolvability of body size was generally low. This suggests that the observed increase in body size was mostly driven by phenotypic plasticity. Thus, if warm summers continue to become more frequent, body size likely increases further and the resulting fitness loss could threaten populations.
HISTORY AND POLITICS AS IF WE STILL LIVED IN THE HOLOCENE
Authors: GREGORY BRAD S. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTThe Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity (2021), by David Graeber and David Wengrow, is a monumental, boldly revisionist study of the human past from the last ice age to the present. It is geared explicitly toward the present in political terms and seeks to explain how primordial forms of human freedom were lost in ways that resulted in our current structures of violence and domination. The authors explore a vast range of prehistoric, ancient, and non‐Western peoples to undermine (neo)evolutionist, stadial theories of long‐term human development, particularly any that imply determinism, inevitability, or teleology. If so many peoples in the past were so much freer than we are today, how is it that we got stuck? And are we really as stuck as we think? Graeber and Wengrow successfully undermine the social scientific template of stage‐based human development from hunter‐gatherers to modern capitalist nation‐states, but their book suffers from two major omissions. First, they ignore almost entirely the Anthropocene epoch and show no grasp of its implications for their analysis of the present or prospects for the future. Second, their “new history of humanity” ignores the history that is most relevant to answering their own questions about how we have arrived globally in our current structures of violence and domination: the early modern and modern history of expansionist, colonialist, capitalist, belligerent, imperialist Western European nations and their extensions since the fifteenth century. These two omissions are connected: it is disproportionately the history of the (early) modern West before and after the Industrial Revolution that explains how the planet arrived in the Anthropocene with the “Great Acceleration” around the mid‐twentieth century. But heeding this history and its consequences would have undermined the authors’ upbeat political vision about our prospects for the future—essentially, a recycled Enlightenment vision about human self‐determination and individual freedom that depends on environmental exploitation as if we still lived in the Holocene. For all its undoubted achievement, The Dawn of Everything neglects the history that is most salient to answering the main questions its own authors pose. What matters most about that history is not that it was inevitable but that it was actual—and that its cumulative consequences remain with us.