bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstratives
Authors: Louagie Dana 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a survey of demonstratives in Australian languages. It discusses their morphosyntax, semantic and pragmatic functions, and potential grammaticalization pathways, in relation to findings and questions from the general typological literature. Morphosyntactically, the focus is on their distribution across pronominal, adnominal, adverbial, and identifying contexts, their inflectional possibilities, and their relation to other determining elements in nominal expressions. Semantically, it is shown that, while some Australian languages have simple systems of two or three demonstratives which can be used in a range of contexts, others have very complex and intricate systems, with a range of demonstratives each having specific spatial, non-spatial, anaphoric, recognitional and/or other senses. Finally, the chapter makes some observations on (signs of) grammaticalization into definite markers, personal pronouns, or relative pronouns.
Relative clauses
Authors: Hendery Rachel 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMany Australian languages do not have a dedicated relative clause construction, if ‘relative clause’ is narrowly defined. All languages have, however, constructions that fill the functional role of a relative clause, and these constructions are surveyed here for Australian languages. These often resemble a construction known as the ‘adjoined relative clause’, which can have temporal, conditional, relative and/or purposive functions. Lack of data for some languages makes dedicated relative clauses difficult or impossible to identify. This chapter surveys constructions and shows how Australian languages vary as to whether relative clauses are adjoined or embedded, linear order, finiteness, whether they are externally or internally headed, and the type of relative marking.
Discourse and social interaction
Authors: Blythe Joe , Mushin Ilana 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we survey what we know about the ways in which speakers of Australian languages structure discourse. We show how advances in recording and data management technologies at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century have enabled the focus of research on Australian language discourse to move from the analysis of transcribed text collections to the in situ analysis of language use in authentic social interactions. Our survey includes ways in which grammatical features of Australian languages are reflective of different interactional contingencies, from word order preferences to the development of kintax. It also includes ways that speakers of Australian languages conduct conversations in terms of turn taking, the formation of social actions, and the organization of actions into sequences.
Sociolinguistic variation
Authors: Mansfield John 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of sociolinguistic variation in Australian Indigenous languages, illustrated with examples from Western Desert and Yolngu dialect groups, and from Murrinhpatha. Australian Indigenous society is characterized by geographic and social mobility, which complicates the notions of ‘speech community’ and ‘dialect’. Before colonization, sociolinguistic indexicality appears to have focused on clan, kinship, and geography. These indexicalities have been reconfigured by colonization and town settlement, with the distinction between generations now at least as salient as that between clan lines. This chapter also highlights some linguistic features of Australian sociolinguistic variation, such as socially indexed demonstratives, morphology, and word-initial lenition.
Australian Indigenous sign languages
Authors: Green Jennifer 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAustralian Indigenous sign languages hold a special place in typologies of the world’s many and varied sign languages. This is partly a consequence of the unique determinants of their use, where sign is predominantly employed by hearing people as a replacement for speech in certain cultural contexts when speech is either disallowed or impractical. In some circumstances sign may be used alongside speech, in others it may replace speech altogether, and in others sign is used in narrative practices and other performative traditions. Senior people, and in particular women, are the acknowledged experts, especially in some communities in Central Australia. That said, younger people sign as well, and new signs are developed to keep pace with sociocultural and environmental changes. This chapter outlines some of the early documentations of sign, discusses some contexts when sign is used, and then gives an overview of various features of sign articulation, such as handshape. The chapter concludes with examples of community-directed resources designed to support knowledge of sign, particularly in educational contexts.
Language, land, identity, and wellbeing
Authors: Amery Rob , Gale Mary-Anne 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter investigates links between Australian languages and the well-being of their speakers, owners, and custodians. It explores the strong relationship that exists between language and land, and the important role that both play in identity formation. In turn individual identity, plus being proud and comfortable with who one is as a member of a group, influences health and well-being. Although research on the positive impacts of Indigenous language programs on mental and physical health is in its infancy, there is considerable anecdotal evidence of the benefits, especially for lost or ‘stolen’ languages. Reclaiming one’s ancestral language can be life-changing by offering a sense of agency and purpose. As a society it seems we cannot afford not to invest in Indigenous language programmes. The outcomes improve individuals’ quality of life, have employment and education benefits, and potentially save money on incarceration, mental health interventions, and corresponding physical health costs.
Wajarri
Authors: Marmion Doug 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to Wajarri, a Pama-Nyungan language from the Murchison-Gascoyne region of Western Australia. Wajarri is a typical Western Australian Pama-Nyungan language, having a fairly free word order and a suffixing, agglutinative structure. It has a split-ergative case marking system and an incomplete set of bound pronouns which encliticise to the first clausal constituent. Wajarri has two open verb conjugation classes and a small set of irregular verbs, which inflect for tense, aspect and mood. Additionally it shows a switch-reference system that applies to certain subordinate clause types. The phonemic inventory has six places of articulation for consonants, with both a laminal and apical contrast, and three vowels. Wajarri traditional country extends across a large area and has a number of named varieties, which vary primarily in lexicon.
Bosnian War, 1992–1995
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the 1992–1995 Bosnian War and the failure of the international response to protect the civilian population. When war broke out, the international community mounted a huge and high-profile humanitarian relief effort, led by the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and supported by a UN peacekeeping force, the United Nations Protection Force in Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR). The relief effort represented an impressive accomplishment, but neither the humanitarian agencies nor the peacekeeping forces succeeded in protecting the civilian population from attack. The UN Security Council designated a number of predominantly Bosnian Muslim towns as safe areas but failed to protect them from Serb forces, who attacked as part of a policy of ethnic cleansing. Despite the obvious limitations of the humanitarian response, it served as a ‘humanitarian alibi’ which major powers could point to in order to show they were doing something even as they avoided serious foreign policy engagement. Not only did the humanitarian response thus conceal a lack of more concerted political or military action, but it was also sometimes in tension with it. With thousands of aid workers and lightly armed peacekeepers spread thinly across Bosnian territory, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) could not engage in substantial airstrikes, such that the Serb forces could violate international humanitarian law without fear of serious reprisals. Only after numerous attacks on the so-called safe areas and the ethnic cleansing of around 8,000 men and boys from Srebrenica in July 1995 was NATO shamed into serious intervention, ending the war.
Donors and the Funding of Humanitarian Action
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 18 explains how the largest international humanitarian agencies are funded and by whom. A large majority of funding for international humanitarian assistance comes from a small number of wealthy governments (Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors), although recent decades have seen an increase in the number of non-DAC donors and in the size of their contribution to humanitarian funding. The principle of impartiality requires that humanitarian aid is provided on the basis of need, and need alone, but this chapter shows that need is not the only factor determining which emergencies donors provide funding for or how much funding they provide. In general, the level of need does matter but so too do media coverage and celebrity engagement, the political and strategic interests of donor governments, and the activism of operational humanitarian agencies. The chapter further argues that it is not only the quantity of funding but also its quality which affects humanitarian response. Donor governments frequently earmark their funding for particular places and activities, which can restrict the independence of the operational agency receiving that funding and may prevent them from working impartially. With these concerns in mind, a number of initiatives at the international level have sought to improve the quantity, distribution, and quality of humanitarian funding, and the last part of this chapter examines three of the most important such initiatives—Good Humanitarian Donorship (GHD), pooled and country-based funding mechanisms, and the Grand Bargain.
Armed Actors
Authors: Bradley Miriam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 20 turns to international humanitarian agency relationships with armed actors, including international forces, national militaries, insurgent groups, and criminal organizations. These different kinds of armed actors can have important impacts on humanitarian operations and humanitarian outcomes. Insofar as armed actors control territory, agencies need their consent to be able to operate on that territory. Beyond facilitating humanitarian assistance by granting access, armed actors also often have direct impacts on the population. In some cases, for example, armed actors provide material assistance directly to the population. Sometimes they also pose a violent threat to the population. Operational agencies therefore need to engage with armed actors to negotiate access and acceptance for their work and can also engage with the goal of improving protection outcomes. In practice, the way they engage depends on the agency in question, the context, and the type of armed actor. While the International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières engage with a wide range of armed actors, they also seek to maintain their independence from them. Many of the other large international humanitarian agencies are less comfortable engaging with armed non-state actors but sometimes work quite closely—even to the point of compromising their independence and neutrality—with international military forces.
Virtue Epistemology and Epistemic Responsibility
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Virtue epistemologies about knowledge have traditionally been divided into two camps: virtue reliabilism and virtue responsibilism. Initially, what set them apart was that virtue responsibilism took intellectual character virtues and responsible agency to be necessary to knowledge acquisition, whereas virtue reliabilism took reliable cognitive faculties to be constitutive of it instead. Despite recent concessions between these camps, there are residual disagreements. Chapter 8 focuses primarily on Linda Zagzebski’s account of virtue responsibilism and John Greco’s and Ernest Sosa’s defenses of virtue reliabilism. It argues that despite their misgivings about virtue responsibilism, Greco and Sosa are ultimately required to accept that intellectual character virtues involve a substantial truth-motivational component, and that knowledge requires a kind of epistemic responsibility that is far more substantive than a causal, naturalistic notion of attribution.
Proper Functionalism and the Organizational Theory of Functions
Authors: Graham Peter J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Proper functionalism explicates epistemic warrant in terms of the function and normal functioning of the belief-forming process. There are two standard substantive views of the sources of functions in the literature in epistemology: God (intelligent design) or Mother Nature (evolution by natural selection). Both appear to confront the Swampman objection: couldn’t there be a mind with warranted beliefs neither designed by God nor the product of evolution by natural selection? Is there another substantive view that avoids the Swampman objection? There are two. The first is the generalized selected-effects theory of functions. The second is the organizational theory of functions. Both, however, require some history to assign functions, for both are etiological theories of functions: past effects help explain current function. Swampman can then acquire functions, perhaps soon after creation, though he has none at the moment of inception.
An Explanationist Defense of Proper Functionalism
Authors: Boyce Kenneth , Moon Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends an explanationist version of proper functionalism. After explaining proper functionalism’s initial appeal, it notes two major objections to proper functionalism: creatures with no design plan who appear to have knowledge (Swampman) and creatures with malfunctions that increase reliability. The chapter then notes how proper functionalism needs to be clarified because there are cases of what is called warrant-compatible malfunction. Chapter 10 formulates the authors’ own view: explanationist proper functionalism, which explains the warrant-compatible malfunction cases and helps to block the above objections. It also advances a positive argument for explanationist proper functionalism.
Boghossian, Müller-Lyer, the Parrot, and the Nazi
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Internalist accounts of epistemic justification typically imply that the bigoted beliefs of consistent bigots are epistemically justified. Given plausible connections between norms of belief and norms of action, internalism about the former extends to internalism about the latter, and by internalist standards consistent bigots are justified in acting on their bigoted beliefs. The chapter explores such disturbing consequences of internalism with reference to recent work by Paul Boghossian. One problem raised for Boghossian’s internalist account concerns the connection between perceptual and non-perceptual seemings on one hand and dispositions to have the corresponding beliefs on the other, in both humans and non-human animals. Another problem concerns the connection between the justification of action and the justification of belief, especially the belief that one should perform a given action.
Pathologizing the supernatural present
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The growth of asylums and their trained medical superintendents revealed many first-hand, observable examples of individuals anguished in mind and tortured in body due to their belief in divine communications, devils, witches, and spirits. For some psychiatrists such people demonstrated aberrant, relict mindsets and beliefs, but collectively they also challenged the psychiatric confidence that the enlightened West had progressed far beyond the benighted era of the witch trials. Psychiatric categories of insanity, such as demonomania, hysteria, and Folie à deux were applied to try and explain such modern manifestations. Come the turn of the twentieth century, though, and there was no sense that the profusion of asylums and their medical staff were in any way curing the perceived ills of belief in the supernatural.
Encounters with witches, spirits, and fairies
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
For some patients the interaction with witches, ghosts, and fairies was grounded in the everyday experiences of misfortune, grief, and social relations. For others it was an expression of a mental otherworld inspired by the motifs and narratives of folk tales and legends made real in the imagination. Some asylum superintendents categorized such beliefs as ‘monomania of superstition’ or ‘monomania of witchcraft’ but many of the patients’ beliefs and concerns were held by many thousands who were never diagnosed as insane. The asylum records provide a particularly unique insight regarding the continued concerns about witches in urban-industrial environments as well as in the countryside.
Borders and the Politics of Space in Late Medieval Italy
Authors: Zenobi Luca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This book is about how societies shaped and were shaped by space, and about the role of borders in the making of states and communities. It centres on the fifteenth century and on the establishment of a frontier which would shape much of Italy for over three centuries. In contrast to other treatments, the book takes an all-encompassing approach to the topic of borders, charting how they were conceptualized (Chapter 1), negotiated (Chapter 2), disputed (Chapter 3), delimited (Chapter 4), crossed (Chapter 5), recorded (Chapter 6), and mapped (Chapter 7). Three arguments are developed. First, the book demonstrates that far from being porous and ill-defined, as is often assumed by scholars, pre-modern borders could be precisely located and widely understood by contemporaries. It does so by showing that borders were never universal artefacts; rather, their nature and meaning varied, depending upon the actors and cultures through which they were shaped. Second, the book establishes that border-making was a fundamentally interactive process, one driven by peripheral interests as much as central designs and by everyday practices as much as authoritative projections. In turn, this challenges the preconception that exerting power over space in pre-modern Europe was primarily a top-down affair. Finally, the book offers a radical reinterpretation of Italian states, by deconstructing their borders and questioning their reputation as territorial polities.
Confinium Compositio
Authors: Zenobi Luca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops the inquiry begun in Chapter 2 one step further. It does so by searching for the adoption of the same principles at play during territorial negotiations in the resolution of border disputes—episodes in which treaties broke down, mistakes occurred, and new conflicts arose. The chapter pays particular attention to instances when the politics of space was driven by localized exigencies. This is to evaluate the contribution of pre-existing groups and formations in novel political landscapes. What it finds is that, despite the seemingly authoritative character of border-making, implementing territorial changes was far from a top-down process imposed by leaderships and centres of government. Instead, it was the result of sustained exchanges with local agents and of a careful consideration of their interests and ways of doing things with space.
Committing Borders to Paper
Authors: Zenobi Luca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter responds to the current surge of interest in the history of archives by examining how the written memory of borders was recorded, shared, and preserved. Bringing full circle the argument developed earlier in the book, it shows that borders were committed to paper at different levels and by a plurality of actors: locally, by notaries and representatives performing a diffused verbal mapping of community boundaries; centrally, by secretaries and chancellors recording everything they deemed relevant for future use; and on the move, by agents connecting centres and peripheries. The chapter argues that the distributed handling of records concerning borders did not result from governmental weakness but rather from the necessity for dialogue between centres and peripheries over the division of space.
Pain After Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering
Authors: Yang Michael J. , Samdani Amer F. , Pahys Joshua M. , Quinonez Alejandro , McGarry Maureen , Toll Brandon , Grewal Harsh , Hwang Steven W. 
Published: July 2023

Study Design:Retrospective case series.Objective:To examine the incidence and risk factors for postoperative pain following anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).Summary of Background Data:Up to 78% of patients with AIS report preoperative pain; it is the greatest patient concern surrounding surgery. Pain significantly decreases following posterior spinal fusion, but pain following AVBT is poorly understood.Materials and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 279 patients with a two-year follow-up after AVBT for AIS. We collected demographic, radiographic, and clinical data pertinent to postoperative pain at each time interval of preoperative and postoperative visits (6 wk, 6 mo, 1 y, and annually thereafter).Results:Within our cohort, 68.1% of patients reported preoperative pain. Older age (P=0.014) and greater proximal thoracic (P=0.013) and main thoracic (P=0.002) coronal curve magnitudes were associated with preoperative pain. Pain at any time point > 6 weeks postoperatively was reported in 41.6% of patients; it was associated with the female sex (P=0.032), need for revision surgery (P=0.019), and greater lateral displacement of the apical lumbar vertebrae (P=0.028). The association between preoperative and postoperative pain trended toward significance (P=0.07). At 6 months postoperatively, 91.8% had pain resolution; the same number remained pain-free at the time of last follow-up. The presence of a postoperative complication was associated with new-onset postoperative pain that resolved (P=0.009). Only 8.2% had persistent pain, although no risk factors were found to be associated with persistent pain.Conclusion:In our cohort of 279 patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up after AVBT, 68.1% reported preoperative pain. Nearly 42% reported postoperative pain at any time point, but only 8.2% had persistent pain. Postoperative pain after AVBT was associated with female sex, revision surgery, and Lenke lumbar modifier. AVBT is associated with a significant reduction in pain, and few patients report long-term postoperative pain.