bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Populism and Political Liberalism
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the populist challenge from the angle of political liberalism. Defining features of populism are argued to be: (i) the conflation of ‘the people’ qua democratic sovereign with ‘the electorate’ (and with the ethnic nation, in right-wing populism); (ii) the attribution of full constituent power to the electorate as embodiment of ‘the people’; and (iii) the rejection of pluralism and the fostering of presumptively justified intolerance. Cutting across left-wing and right-wing populism, these features draw traction from non-populist but deep-seated cultural motifs, which like tributaries accrue to the flow of the populist stream. The conflation of the living citizens with the transgenerational ‘people’, and the attribution of full constituent power to them, undergird the serial views of democratic sovereignty of Rousseau, Sieyès, and Jefferson, also found in the tradition of ‘political constitutionalism’ (Waldron, Bellamy). Presumptively justified intolerance is suggested to receive impulse from a trend called ‘democracy of authorization’ by Rosanvallon, ‘government by emergency’ by Ackerman, and endorsed by authoritative advocates of a post-Madisonian republic in which an ‘unbound’ executive, better positioned for dealing with all sorts of emergencies, is accountable directly to the electorate. Finally, this chapter introduces the agenda set by the populist challenge for updating the paradigm of political liberalism. Can the binary of constituent and constituted power exhaust the basic forms of power? If not, then Rawls’s ‘five principles of constitutionalism’ need to be supplemented with a reflection on a lower-level constituent or ‘amending’ power, and its relation to the constituted powers and to the entire transgenerational people. Likewise, Rawls’s case for the structural entrenchment of constitutional essentials should be revisited, especially concerning the assumption that the Supreme Court ought to be vested with the prerogative to review duly approved amendments.
Political Liberalism and ‘the People’
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4, ‘Political Liberalism and “the People” ’, aims at filling a lacuna of modern and contemporary political theory, including political liberalism, concerning the nature of the democratic sovereign prior to and at the moment of constituting a polity. After critically engaging Lindahl’s ‘paradox of constituent power’ in Section 1, the Chapter then introduces a ‘political conception of the people’ as possessed of the capacities (reflective of the rational and the reasonable) to act politically and to adopt constitutive rules. Insufficient for solving ‘Rousseau’s riddle’ (how can a people constitute itself through choosing a form of government without already being a people and through which prior act does a population become a people?), the political conception of the people is then supplemented by the distinction of ethnos and demos. In the light of that distinction, the paradoxical aspect of Rousseau’s riddle is eliminated: a people qua ethnos constitutes itself qua demos by specifying an up-to-then generic commitment to make joint commitments. Self-constitution being a textbook exercise of constituent power, hardly ever witnessed, Section 3 distinguishes and reconstructs four typical manifestations of the agency of the people: regime change, secession, the merging of an ethnos into a larger demos, and amending the constitution.
Representing ‘the People’ by Interpreting the Constitution
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6, ‘Representing the People by Interpreting the Constitution’, builds on the assumption that the transgenerational people is represented by a supreme or constitutional court through the practice of adjudicating cases by interpreting higher law authored by the people itself. If the court ‘acts for’ the people in pronouncing judgments about the constitution, then to assess the quality of its representing amounts to assessing the soundness of its interpretive practice. This assessment can be carried out in relation to three questions: (i) how, drawing of the work of Frank Michelman and Jack Balkin, can different understandings of the court’s mandate be assessed? (ii) how does the execution of that mandate enrich or detract from the quality of the democratic process? (iii) how can the soundness of the court’s judgment over the contested matters be assessed? In addressing this third point, the paradigm of political liberalism is found to be most relevant. It offers a non-foundationalist two-fold standard of the ‘reasonable’ and the ‘most reasonable’, an equally non-foundationalist distinction of legitimate interpretation and undue judicial transformation of the constitution, and a benchmark for assessing the lack of occlusive influence of the judicial pronouncement on the democratic process. What separates judicial review from judicial supremacy is the amplitude of the institutional leeway not just theoretically, but actually available to the living segment of the people to oppose the court’s judgment and use its amending power to change the relevant constitutional provisions.
Amending Power
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7, ‘Amending Power: Vertical Reciprocity and Political Liberalism’ offers a political-liberal account of the nature, source, and limits of amending power—an account consistent with, purportedly ameliorative of, but not explicitly present in Political Liberalism. After introducing the concept of amending power and its twofold partaking of both constituted (insofar as it is exercised by officials and by the electorate) and constituent (insofar as it can amend the constitutive rules of the polity) power, its exercise is elucidated in relation to the questions: when is amending needed or to be avoided? what can be amended? who is to amend what? in which institutional venues is amending to occur? The second part of the chapter addresses the limits of amending power, by first identifying aspects of the constitution that are to be considered implicitly unamendable (independently of their being so qualified in specific constitutional provisions) and then reviewing different justifications that have been offered in support of their implicit unamendability. In this case, as anticipated, a new justification, premised on the notion of vertical reciprocity among free and equal generations of the same people, is introduced as an ameliorative addition to Rawls’s own explicit argument for the implicit entrenchment of the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. In closing, a ‘liberal principle of amending power’ is propounded and claimed to round out the reconstruction of the constitutional theory implicitly embedded in Political Liberalism.
The Italian Wars
Authors: Labanca Nicola 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Italy’s role in World War II is often overlooked or misunderstood. This chapter explores the origins of Italian imperialism and the radicalization of Fascist foreign policy under Mussolini, realized through occupation of Ethiopia and Albania. Italy’s war from 1940 is explored from a new angle, arguing that Italian forces, though with weaknesses, managed to hold the British empire at bay in North Africa. The chapter goes on to explore Mussolini’s downfall, the problem of the armistice, and then the long war in Italy down to 1945 with German and Italian resistance to the Allies, and an Italian partisan war against Fascism.
Economies in Total War
Authors: Overy Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the different ways in which the warring powers mobilized their economic resources for waging war. Total war required economic and industrial commitment on an unprecedented scale. This was partly achieved by pre-war preparation and planning, based on the experience of World War I, partly on the massive transfer of resources from the civilian to the military economy, leaving civilians short of many supplies, most of which had to be rationed. A key factor in the balance between Allies and Axis was the ability of the United States and Britain, thanks to control of the seas, to share output with the Soviet Union, China and the British Empire. Lend-lease was an essential instrument of Allied victory, as was the successful mass-production of robust battlefield weapons.
The Culture of War
Authors: Welch David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
World War II saw an outpouring of the arts directed at the war effort, partly because they were mobilized for propaganda campaigns, partly as an expression of the intensity and drama of the war itself. All states needed to keep the public enthusiastic for the war effort and this chapter argues that cultural mobilization in Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States played an important part in sustaining commitment and shaping the popular view of why the war was being fought. The war was expressed more clearly in ideological terms than World War I, and culture helped to communicate what that ideology amounted to.
Disputed Prophecies in Macbeth
Authors: Blank Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
When King James I visited Oxford in 1605, he was greeted with a short play entitled Tres Sibyllae. The play, written by a Fellow of St. John’s College named Matthew Gwinne, featured three students dressed as forest-dwelling sibyls who hailed the King as the descendent of Banquo, referencing an old prophecy about the Scottish line of kings. This chapter begins by exploring the connection between Tres Sibyllae and Shakespeare’s Macbeth, likely written and performed the following year. The chapter argues that Gwinne’s play illuminates the political stakes of Shakespeare’s play: while Tres Sibyllae triumphantly looks to the past, declaring James the fulfillment of the ancient prophesy, Macbeth looks ahead to an uncertain future. The chapter situates Gwinne’s play in the larger context of James’ royal visit, drawing a particular connection between Macbeth and academic disputation before coming to a discussion of the link between disputation and equivocation. Through a reading of Macbeth, the chapter ultimately suggests that the play critiques the emptiness and the extravagance of political ceremony, even as Shakespeare drew on material from the 1605 Oxford visit that exemplified it.
The Holy Land from the Mamluk Sultanate to the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Luz Nimrod 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter narrates a history of the Holy Land over a long stretch of time from 1260 to 1799. During this period two main political powers ruled the Holy Land: the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire. These two very different political entities shared a common heritage and many characteristics as they were both of Asian-Turkic origin and relatively late comers to the world of Islam. The analysis begins with the Battle of Ayn Jalut between the Mamluks and the Mongols, after which the Holy Land became part of the embryonic Mamluk Sultanate. It would be under the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate for c.270 years. In 1517, following the eastern expansion of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I, the Holy Land (as part of Greater Syria) entered a new period. It would remain under the Ottomans’ rule nominally until 1917. However, in the course of these 400 years there were many times when the Holy Land was controlled by local governors who did not pay heed to instructions arriving from the sultan in Istanbul. In 1798–9 the region experienced the Napoleonic invasion which not only exposed the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire but also marked an historical watershed in the history of the Middle East. This episode, during which the winds of modernization, Westernization, and growing European influence buffet the Holy Land, concludes this chapter.
From Napoleon to Allenby
Authors: Fisk Robert 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The main topic of this chapter is the transformation of the Middle East, and of the Holy Land in particular, by the twin forces of colonialism and modernity. These forces were initially unleashed by Napoleon’s invasion of the region in 1798–9. Although he is best known for his conquest of Egypt, he also initiated a Syrian campaign, which was meant to culminate in his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, but his troops got no further than Acre, where they were forced to retreat. Yet the Europeans now had a foot in the door and momentous changes soon followed. The Ottoman Empire foundered under the weight of European inventions and interventions and the rise of Arab nationalism gave impetus to ideas of Arab statehood. The Holy Land became the focus of European pilgrimage, settlement and the of numerous Christian foundations, and, most portentously, it witnessed the birth of the Zionist movement and the idea of the creation of a Jewish state.
Business and Populism
Authors: Feldmann Magnus , Morgan Glenn 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how right-wing populism creates a distinctive set of problems for business. Populism depends on a differentiation between the establishment elites and ‘the people’. The elites have become corrupt, self-serving, and distant from the concerns of the people. Populists promise to ‘drain the swamp’ and place themselves as authentic representatives of the people. In doing so they explicitly attack business for globalizing their production and removing employment from the country whilst at the same time encouraging immigration which impacts on jobs, public services, and issues of national and cultural identity. Populists attack key non-democratic institutions developed under neo-liberal governance as ways of keeping business power out of noisy politics, e.g. independent central banks, the use of experts and the creation of network governance, lobbying processes, and ‘revolving doors’ between business and government. They attack other powerful intermediary institutions such as the judiciary, the civil service, universities, and a free press as undermining the ‘will of the people’. For business, this involves major disruption in how they influenced policy making over the neo-liberal period. However, right wing populists remain committed to capitalism, low taxes, decreasing regulation and easy credit conditions. How then should business respond to these disruptions? We identify a range of responses based on firstly the specific form of populism in particular contexts and the degree to which it energizes its voters through economic or cultural discourses and processes, and secondly on the degree to which businesses engage in exit, voice, and loyalty strategies towards populist governments.
The Role of Imagination
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Many accounts of empathy mention the role of imagination but rarely discuss it at length. As the notion of imagination is central to this account of empathy and empathy gulfs, it is discussed in its various aspects. How are we to conceptualize imagination’s role in empathy? What exactly does it mean to conceive ourselves as feeling what the other feels? What does it mean to change situations, to switch perspectives, to put oneself into another’s shoes? The chapter distinguishes between visual and propositional forms of imagination. It is possible to visualize being in someone else’s shoes or to imagine that we are someone else without much visual involvement. The chapter discusses these questions and distinctions in applying them to cases presented by Adam Smith.
Empathy Gulfs
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of empathy gulfs. It claims that most models of empathy gulf suffer from conceptual shortcomings; many models also overlook the complexity involved in processes of empathy under conditions of high inequality. It will thus be necessary to discuss the phenomenon the chapter calls “empathy with the privileged”: that is, the tendency to assimilate one’s feelings to the feelings of one’s superior in highly unequal relations. Empathy can stabilize inequality just as much as other positive emotional stances have stabilized highly unequal relations. Furthermore, the privileged often establish structures that facilitate empathy among the privileged themselves. They do so mostly by applying legitimations of privilege that naturalize, justify, or deny difference. The phenomenon called “false similarity” is a powerful tool in these justificatory schemes and will be explained.
Masters, Servants, and Relational Proximities of Power
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the social nature of processes of comparison and sympathy in Hume and suggests that structures of power shape these processes. The phenomenon of sympathy with the rich is introduced and analyzed as a conservative force legitimating given inequalities. Sympathy, it is further claimed, is common in close relationships that manage to silence the comparative mode or seemingly render it irrelevant. These relationships include friendships or intimate relationships. Highly charged and intense presentations of emotional predicaments may also outweigh the comparative mode and induce processes of emotional mirroring. In general, structures of power create particular structures of imagination and thus also of sympathy and comparison. The notion of relational proximities of power is introduced and interpreted in the context of John Rawls’ account of envy in the Theory of Justice.
The Limits of Sympathy in Smith
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In reference to the topic of empathy gulfs, this chapter discusses the limits of sympathy in Smith’s A Theory of Moral Sentiments. The notion of Smithian sympathy gulfs is introduced. These gulfs indicate a mismatch of feelings but assume the gulf to be bridgeable. Smith is also aware of deeper differences that cannot be overcome. Some of these limits to sympathy prove Smith’s account to be more time-bound than often admitted by interpreters. The following limits to sympathy in Smith are mentioned: body-based feelings and desires, peculiar turns of the imagination and experienced-based know-how, negative feelings, joy and sorrow, distance, relationality, the division of labor, and self-preoccupation.
The Problem of Imputation
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The notion of imputation in sympathy is introduced and discussed. By imputation, the chapter refers to processes of wrongly or falsely attributing feelings (usually one’s own) to others without being aware of the wrongness or falsity. Thus, sympathetic processes are often carried forward by imputing certain feelings to others, feelings that do so respond to the real feelings experienced. Cases of pure imputation are distinguished from cases of hidden imputation. Kate Manne’s notion of himpathy in Down Girl is taken to be a recent instantiation of the phenomenon of imputed sympathy as certain feelings are attributed to men as men, in an attempt to uphold structures of power.
Drawing Systematic Lessons from Hume and Smith for an Account of Relational Inequality
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws systematic lessons from the readings of Hume and Smith. Elizabeth Anderson’s concepts of relational equality and equal capabilities are critically discussed; furthermore, the distinction between absolute and relative levels of suffering is taken up in the context of recent social psychological studies. The chapter also discusses Pierre Rosanvallon’s treatment of equality and inequality in his The Society of Equals and proposes notions such as “relative status” and “reference group” as relevant to research on inequality. It is suggested that feelings of inequality are often of a comparative nature and cannot be conceptualized in non-comparative, absolute terms. Derek Parfit’s treatment of this question is criticized. Stressing absolute levels may serve to delegitimize potentially critical comparisons.
What’s Wrong with Empathy Gulfs?
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter confronts the question why empathy gulfs might be considered problematic at all. Richard Sennett’s notion of superficial civility is discussed as it might suggest that empathy is not always necessary for social cohesion. In response, it is assumed that a common moral culture shapes many of our emotional responses to observed inequalities or differences. Rawls’ notion of the union of social unions is helpful in delineating the common normative frame that integrates liberal democracies. If the union that consists of several unions is democratic, it rests on a fundamental idea of political equality that should be shared not only in constitutional or principled terms but also in emotional terms. Recognition of oneself as member of a wider social union (and recognition of others as members of that union) rests on feelings that positively relate the union’s members to each other. On its wide conceptualization, empathy is the psychological mechanism that allows this relation to materialize effectively—if forces that pull the citizenry apart can be held in check.
The Denigration of Envy and the Inequality of Emotional Impact
Authors: Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter is based on an analysis of envy that is meant to corroborate points about comparison made in earlier chapters; envy is taken to be a relational feeling, comparative in nature, and widely disparaged. Envy, or so the chapter claims, is a typical empathy gulf feeling; it must be understood (and translated) as such. It rests on the ability to compare. Imagining another individual’s condition requires that one distinguishes one’s own position from the position of the other. At the same time, processes of comparison rest on perceived or presupposed similarities. It is difficult to compare utterly dissimilar objects because no common referent forms the basis of comparison. Part of the widespread moral disparagement of envy rests on the desire to disparage envy’s comparative element. The chapter offers a defense of envy as socially helpful indicator of illegitimate inequalities and takes up points made by John Rawls in his A Theory of Justice.
Introduction
Authors: Beard Lisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The introduction presents the book’s primary claims about the centrality of identification to politics and theorizes identification as a political practice. It lays out the book’s focus on political appeals that pull on themes of intimacy and invoke a concept of boundness to advance visions of political relationships rooted in mutuality and shared freedom. The thinkers and actors centered in the four main chapters of the project stand within traditions of Black, Latinx, and queer and trans of color political thought and political action. Their interventions provide critical accounts of how power works in struggles to constitute a we, how commitments toward or away from racial justice politics are cultivated through battles over identification, and the dangers and possibilities that inhere in identificatory appeals. Finally, this chapter lays out the book’s approach to exploring political appeals and political confrontations as text.