bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
JennyLynn Flow Simulator
Authors: Reid David A. 
Published: March 2023

Accurate recordings of vacuum levels and vacuum fluctuations during milking provide the best means of demonstrating the adequacy of any milking system. However, anyone involved in on-farm testing of milking equipment realizes the challenge in picking the "right cow" to check during milk time evaluations. Simply having a stranger in the parlor or the barn with test equipment will often upset the normal milk letdown and interfere with the flow rate on some cows identified as fast milking individuals. The JennyLynn Flow Simulator was developed to allow testing to be done in a controlled situation where the flow rate is known and repeatable.
The artificial teat installed on the Jenny Lynn Flow Simulator has been fabricated to meet the ISO/DIS standards for artificial teats. These standards were certified by an ISO/DIS committee in a paper dated May 14, 1994. The test teat has a six (6) millimeter tube opening through the teat and extends 7 mm past the end of the teat with an additional thirty (30) millimeter extension of flexible hose which collapses during the closed phase of normal liner movement.
Ultrasonographic findings in cattle with pleuropneumonia
Authors: Braun U. , Pusterla N. , Flückiger M. 
Published: March 2023

The clinical, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in three cows and one bull with pleuropneumonia are described. All the animals had fever, indigestion, tachypnoea and abnormal lung sounds.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 141, 12-17
Responsible and Legal Drug Use in the Cattle Industry
Authors: Sundlof Stephen F. 
Published: March 2023

In passing the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, Congress conveyed the public's trust in your ability to use drugs responsibly. In the same light, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) intends to continue to view veterinarians as partners in protecting public health. It is our intent to develop regulatory enforcement programs which are commensurate with potential risk to public health. The more responsible veterinarians are with regard to on-label and extra-label drug use, the less FDA will need to focus its limited resources on such uses.
Veterinarians can meet these responsibilities by following some established principles.
Oesophageal injury associated with the administration of an anthelmintic bolus to calves
Authors: Mannion P. A. , Jackson P. G. G. , White R. A. S. , Herrtage M. E. 
Published: March 2023

Six of 18 calves from a suckler herd which were dosed with a sustained-release anthelmintic bolus, using appropriate equipment, developed clinical signs related to oesophageal perforation.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 331-334
Review of the Quebec Dairy Herds Health Improvement (A.S.T.L.Q.) Project
Authors: Bouchard Émile , DuTremblay Denis , Bigras-Poulin Michel 
Published: March 2023

The main objective of the A.S.T.L.Q. Project was to create new tools for the practicing veterinarian in reaching diagnoses and suggesting treatments to individual herds. This requirement was expected to help the veterinarians in assisting the producers to improve the profitability of their business. The specific objectives of the research project were as follows:
1) To build a data bank in animal health for dairy cattle.2) From the data bank, to calculate health indices from associations between reproduction, production, disease and culling parameters.3) To compare herds with regard to the indices calculated and to classify them as "healthy" or "sick".4) To create tools (software, network, education ... ) to calculate and interpret the indices necessary to make a diagnosis in population medicine.
Laminitis in young dairy calves fed a high starch diet and with a history of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection
Authors: Svensson C. , Bergsten C. 
Published: March 2023

Six of the 33 calves born in a Swedish dairy herd during a period of four months developed laminitis when they were eight to 12 weeks old. The clinical signs included difficulty in rising, a stiff gait, overgrown claws and hemorrhages in the sole horn.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 574-577
Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma Calcium Concentration in Dairy Cows Following Four Oral Administrations at 12 Hour Intervals Around Calving of a Calcium Chloride Paste Formulation
Authors: Agger Nicolai , Katholm Joergen , Lomborg Kurt , Nygaard Bent , Rudebeck Kaj , Zangenberg Niels 
Published: March 2023

Despite intensive research during the last decades, milk fever is still widespread among high yielding dairy cows with considerable negative economic impact for the farmer. Furthermore, subclinical milk fever occurs more frequently than clinical milk fever.1 The negative economic impact is intensified by an increased risk of secondary diseases following milk fever at the time when the cow is ready for milk production. The incidence of dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, ketosis, mastitis, and left displacement of the abomasum is greatly increased in milk fever cows compared with cows with normal parturition.2
Oral supplementation of calcium at strategic correct times around calving for the prevention of milk fever has been practised during the last 20-25 years.3 Several calcium products containing different calcium salts have been introduced over the years.4
This article describes a pharmacokinetic study of plasma calcium concentration following oral administration of a newly developed calcium paste product (BOVIVET® Calcium Paste, Jørgen Kruuse A/S) to third or fourth parturient Holstein cows. One cartridge of calcium paste consists of 180 g calcium chloride and 6 g magnesium chloride. The salts are distributed in and protected by a special two-component oil. By using this special oil formulation the caustic effect of calcium chloride on the mucosal wall of the gut is eliminated.5 This side effect is described for other calcium chloride formulations.6'7
The calcium paste formulation was developed in cooperation with the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy.
Post Mortem Investigation of Possible Mucosal Damages in Dairy Cows Following Four Oral Administrations at 12 Hour Intervals of a Calcium Chloride Paste Formulation
Authors: Agger Nicolai , Lomborg Kurt , Zangenberg Niels 
Published: March 2023

It is well-known that the incidence of milk fever in dairy cows can be significantly reduced when gut absorption of approximately 50g calcium takes place 4 times with 12 hour intervals around calving.1,2,3 There are several different oral calcium formulations available containing different calcium salts, e.g., chloride, propionate, formiate, oxide, and carbonate. The amount of absorbed calcium following oral administration, however, is dependent on water- solubility of the different salts. 4 Calcium chloride is the most readily absorbed salt. The bioavailability of calcium propionate and formiate are inferior to calcium chloride. Consequently, a higher amount of administered calcium salts like calcium propionate or formia te is needed in order to get approximately 50g calcium absorbed from the gut. Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate are not water-soluble and therefore poorly absorbed.
It is also well-known that due to its caustic effect, calcium chloride in water or watery gel causes serious mucosal damages in the pharynx, esophagus, forestomachs and abomasum.5'6 Several of these products in Europe are withdrawn from the market due to the caustic effect of calcium chloride on the mucosa. A calcium chloride bolus with a protective layer of fat surrounding it is available in Scandinavia. However, serious consequences are reported following administration of the calcium bolus to calving cows with impaired or absent mobility of the digestive tract. In these cases the bolus or boli lie directly on the mucosa in either rumen or reticulum, and the caustic calcium chloride would be in direct contact with the mucosa. A fatal case report is published in the Danish Veterinary Journal.7
A water-in-oil emulsion, where the caustic calcium chloride is dissolved in water and protected by oil, has been on the market during the past 6-7 years. The mucosal damages are minimized following administration. Maladministration into the lungs, however, has been observed due to the viscosity of the product.8
In cooperation with the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, a calcium chloride paste formulation (BOVIVET® Calcium Paste, Jørgen Kruuse A/S) has been developed. In this paste formulation 180g calcium chloride and 6g magnesium chloride are distributed in and protected by a special two-component oil preparation and filled on to a 255ml cartridge. During the production of the paste formulation the dry materials are sticked together with the fat part of the oil which is then covered by rape seed oil.
This publication describes an investigation of possible mucosal damages of the tongue, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, forestomachs and abomasum following oral administration of the calcium chloride paste formulation 4 times with 12 hours interval.
Latest in Estrous Synchronization in Beef Cattle
Authors: Corah Larry 
Published: March 2023

To effectively utilize artificial insemination in the beef cattle industry and achieve the genetic progress desired by many beef cattle producers, regulation of the estrous cycle is extremely important. In the past, extensive research has evaluated prostaglandins and progestin compounds such the SyncroMate B® implant system. More recently, extensive use of the MGA/prostaglandin synchronization system has been utilized with beef heifers.
Recent research has evaluated the potential of utilizing GnRH in combination with prostaglandin to synchronize estrus in cows and heifers. The following is a brief review of the research data collected to date.
Virulence, immunogenicity and reactivation of seven bovine herpesvirus 1.1 strains
Authors: Kaashoek M. J. , Straver P. H. , Van Rooij E. M. A. , Quak J. , Van Oirschot J. T. 
Published: March 2023

Specific pathogen-free calves were inoculated intranasally with one of seven strains of bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (BHV1.1) to identify a highly virulent strain for use in vaccination-challenge experiments.
Full article presented at the XIX World Buiatrics Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 8-12, 1996.
Priming the Immune System for IBR and BVD with One Dose of Killed Vaccine
Authors: Vaughn Michael , Sweiger Shaun 
Published: March 2023

A field trial was conducted in a cow/calf operation to evaluate the SN titer response to BVD and IBR virus following vaccination with either one or two doses of vaccines. Group 1 received two doses of vaccine. The first dose of vaccine was given 3 weeks prior to weaning and contained killed fractions of IBR and BVD. The second dose was given at weaning and was a four-way modified live vaccine (mlv) (IBR,BVD ,BRSV,PI3). Group 2 received only one dose of 4-way mlv vaccine at weaning. Group 3 was not vaccinated and remained with the herd as sentinels. SN titer results were compared to see if the antibody response elicited by a mlv could be primed with one dose of killed vaccine.
The results from this trial indicate that one dose of killed vaccine, administered 3 weeks prior to a dose of mlv vaccine, effectively primed the immune response. The follow up dose of mlv vaccine administered at weaning elicited a rapid and elevated antibody titer response in Group 1 calves compared to Group 2 calves; an indication that priming had taken place.
The findings in this study support a vaccination program tailored for the cow/calf operation where a priming dose of killed vaccine is given before weaning, with a follow up immunizing dose of mlv vaccine given at weaning.
Repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cows
Authors: Penny C. D. , Lowman B. G. , Scott N. A. , Scott P. R. 
Published: March 2023

The feasibility of breeding spring-calving, single-suckled beef cows without the use of natural service was investigated over two breeding seasons by using repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination (AI).
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 496-498
Beef Production Management, The Fecal Examination
Authors: Bliss Donald H. , Kvasnicks William G. 
Published: March 2023

This column discusses the modified Wisconsin sugar flotation method for detecting worm eggs in cattle feces. This method is much more effective than other methods for detecting worm eggs in bovine feces.
Full article published in Compendium's Food Animal, Vol 19 (4), April 1997.
Personnel Management
Authors: Simms John C. 
Published: March 2023

After almost a quarter century since graduation from veterinary school, it is somewhat of a challenge to offer valuable information to an audience that does the same work that I do in a very similar work environment. The progression from employee to solo practitioner to partnership to multi- person practice is very familiar to many. We often advise the producers we serve to concentrate a lot of effort on managing feed costs because it is a significant cost of production. We should take our own advice and apply it to our own significant cost of doing business-payroll and personnel. I would like to share with you some ideas that I've done (some regrettably), ideas that are presently employed, and things I will do in the future (hopefully).
As with any large task, breaking it into manageable, smaller parts makes the whole project easier to deal with. These parts come in the form of questions that we must answer in order for present and prospective associates to understand the employers and the practice setting and mission more fully. Truthfully analyzing and answering these questions, then clearly conveying the answers to personnel, present and future, will save the practice management the drudgery of revolving door associates and spare the employees the unhappiness of involuntary career changes.
Serum transferrin in calves infected with Haemophilus somnus
Authors: McNair J. , Elliot C. , Bryson D. G. , Mackie D. P. 
Published: March 2023

A competitive immunoassay, based on time-resolved fluorimetry, was developed and used to measure the serum concentration of transferrin in 10 calves with acute pneumonia induced by an experimental infection with Haemophilus suis.
Full article published in Veterinary Journal (1998) 155, 251.
Cattle-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Costello E. , Doherty M. L. , Monaghan M. L. , Quigley F. C. , O'Reilly P. F. 
Published: March 2023

Twenty steers which were positive to the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test were divided into 10 groups of two, and each pair was housed in an individual loose-box for a year with one steer which was negative in the tuberculin test.
Full article published in Veterinary Journal (1998) 155, 245.
Field Measurement of Milking Vacuum Using Flow Simulation
Authors: Stewart Steven 
Published: March 2023

Many dairy veterinarians offer milking equipment evaluation to their clients as part of their routine services. While these services have usually been initiated largely for mastitis control reasons, improving milking performance is becoming a more important (and marketable) justification for these services, especially as dairies grow larger. Milking performance can be improved with proper vacuum settings and proper equipment configurations.
Much progress has been made in the past few years to simplify equipment evaluation and to clarify the analysis of the results. This paper discusses the routine field use of an artificial, portable flow simulator to measure claw outlet vacuum.9,10
Comparison of Two Estrus Synchronization Programs in a Large, Confinement-Housed Dairy Herd
Authors: Britt Jenks Swann , Gaska Jerome 
Published: March 2023

Estrus synchronization programs have been used to manage reproduction in dairy cattle for many years. These programs involve various protocols for administration of a single hormone or combinations of hormones, but results have varied among programs and herds. Several synchronization programs use injections of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a).1-3 A commonly used PGF2a program includes per rectal palpation to identify a corpus luteum (CL). Cattle with a CL are injected with PGF2a, observed for estrus, and inseminated only after estrus is detected. This program depends on the palpator's ability to detect a prostaglandin-receptive CL and may not be the most effective way to evaluate CL activity. Other programs that use PGF2a include the administration of 2 injections of PGF2a at selected intervals (usually 12 to 14 days) and insemination at a predetermined time or after cattle are detected in estrus. Both of these programs have resulted in the highest conception rates when cattle were inseminated after being detected in estrus, rather than inseminating at a predetermined time without detection of estrus.4
A new ovulation synchronization program5-11 does not require estrus detection. This program (Ovsynch) uses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and PGF2a to synchronize ovulation, which may not be accompanied by detectable signs of estrus. In the Ovsynch program, an initial dose of GnRH is used to synchronize waves of follicles and PGF2a is used to lyse the CL in groups of cattle and synchronize estrus. A second injection of GnRH induces ovulation of the dominant follicle in 85 to 95% of the synchronized cattle.5
Pregnancy rates often drop during seasons with high ambient temperature.7 This may be related to heat stress, rather than problems with estrus or ovulation synchronization, because conception rates typically decrease during periods with high ambient temperature.12
The Effect and Mechanism of Sancao Lichang Decoction on Diarrhea-
Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Regulating Tlr4/Myd88/Nf-Κb
Pathway
Authors: Zhang Peng , Ma Ying , Wang Zheng , Tang Decai 
Published: March 2023

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of Sancao Lichang decoction as traditional Chinese
medicine on diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB
pathway.

Background:
Traditional Chinese medicine has made significant progress in preventing and treating
irritable bowel syndrome, and its efficacy has been validated by clinical practice. Sancao
Lichang decoction is an empirical prescription developed by professor Tang Decai that has been
used for many years to treat chronic diarrhoea with good curative effec. Still, its mechanism of action
on IBS-D is unknown.

Methods:
The study sample of Fifty SD rats was randomly divided into a blank group, model
group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, and high-dose group (n = 10). The IBS-D rat models
were established by restraining stress method and acetic acid enema. After different treatments,
defecation frequency, fecal water content (FWC), serum IL-6 and TNF-α contents, and protein level
of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB in colon tissues were detected separately.

Results:
The indexes of rats in each group were significantly different. The increase in body
weight in the medium-dose and high-dose groups was significantly higher than that in the model
group (p < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the medium and high dose groups had lower diarrhea
frequency, FWC, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (p < 0.05).
The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein in the colon of the three groups treated
with Sancao-Lichan decoction were significantly lower than those in the model group (p < 0.01).
After different treatments, the colonic mucosa of rats in each group was stained with HE, which
proved that the structural damage of colonic mucosa was improved after treatment with Sancao
Lichang decoction, and the improvement effect was dose-dependent.

Conclusion:
Sancao Lichang decoction may reduce IBS-D by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB
pathway, inhibiting the inflammatory response, and improving intestinal mucosal barrier function.
Associations Between Chronotype, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Attitude to Healthy Nutrition
Authors: Yalcin Tuba , Ozturk Elif Esra 
Published: March 2023

Background. Chronotype is the attitude of a subject in determining the individual circadian preference in behavioral and biological rhythm associated with eating behaviors and health.
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between chronotype, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and attitudes to healthy nutrition in Turkish adults.
Methods. A survey was conducted online using online platforms. A total of 1,197 volunteers between 18-65 years of age participated in our study. Participants’ adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS); their healthy eating attitude and chronotype were assessed using the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) and the Morning-Evening Questionnaire (MEQ), respectively.
Results. Most of the participants were classified as those with an intermediate chronotype. More than half of evening-type participants and nearly half of intermediate-type participants had poor Mediterranean diet adherence. In addition, the percentages of individuals with morning and evening chronotypes in the very low and moderate classification ranges were similar and lower than the percentages of those with an intermediate chronotype. Linear regression analysis revealed that participants with higher MEQ values had higher ASHN and MEDAS scores and a lower body mass index as compared to those with lower MEQ values.
Conclusions. Chronotype was associated with Mediterranean diet adherence and healthy eating attitude. In particular, morning-type subjects showed higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet than intermediate- and evening-type subjects.
The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Medical Students: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards E-Learning: An Online Cross-Sectional Study in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Authors: Mosa Ahmed A. , Ibrahim Shah Vahel , Naqid Ibrahim A. , Hawezy Dawan Jamal , Al-Jaf Sirwan M.A. , Hussein Nawfal R. 
Published: March 2023

Background. After COVID-19 emergence, medical education witnessed a shift from face-to-face education to digital education, which inevitably affected medical students. Globally, due to the closure of schools and universities, medical education was shifted to electronic learning (E-learning).
This paper aimed to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education and determine medical students’ knowledge, attitude, and practices towards E-learning in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Materials and Methods. An online cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 undergraduate students of seven medical colleges in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq, in November 2021, to assess their state during the COVID-19 pandemic and how this affected their education.
Results. There were 50.6% of males and 49.4% of females. The mean age was 20.6 (± 1.5 SD) years. Approximately 17% of participants mentioned having financial issues, while 19.2% of students experienced health-related problems. As many as 67% of participants reported that the Internet quality was good or very good, whereas 46.8% of students disagreed that E-learning was a possible substitute for traditional learning. About two-thirds of participants agreed or were neutral that downloadable content was better than live content; however, only 19.2% of students agreed that E-learning could be used in the clinical aspect. A total of 52.2% of participants disagreed that E-testing could replace traditional learning methods. Surprisingly, 86.4% of students stated that they regularly used the Internet in their study.
Conclusions. E-learning was the main adjustment made in the educational system, including medical education. The study concluded with insights into how different circumstances could have different consequences on the efficacy of medical education. E-learning showed effective results in continuing learning until the educational system switched to a blended system. Training programs for medical education personnel are vital in effective E-learning opportunities.