bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Electric Welding of Monel and Nickel
Authors: Flocke F. G. , Schoener J. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors discuss the metallic-arc and carbon-arc welding of monel and nickel as well as the welding of these two products to steel plate. They also give the chemical and physical properties of the two metals and the chemical and physical properties of deposited weld metal.
The Hydraulic-Machinery Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology
Authors: Knapp R. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives a description of the arrangement, equipment, and instrumentation of the hydraulic-machinery laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. This laboratory was designed essentially to work with problems involving high heads, high speeds, and moderately large powers and rates of flow. The instruments and equipment permit both speed and precision in testing, an overall accuracy of 0.1 per cent being attainable. For the past two years the laboratory has been used for the study of pumping problems of the Colorado River aqueduct, a project which will have pumps totaling 350,000 hp when completed.
Hydroelectric Practice in Canada
Authors: Hogg T. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the advances in hydroelectric practice that have been made during the last twelve years, sketching first the revolutionary changes which had taken place in the earlier years of the century. An account of the rapid growth in hydraulic development in Canada, which reached a total of 7,909,000 horsepower by the end of 1935, is amplified by tabular and graphic records of the energy generated in central electric stations in the country.
A survey is then made of the principal changes made in various elements of hydroelectric developments. There has been a great advance in the use of propeller-type units, and their field has been extended in capacity and to higher heads than was the case in 1924, but no radical advance can be recorded in connection with Francis turbines of moderate specific speed. Reference is made to improvements in welding practice in connection with the renewal of pitted parts of turbine runners and in electric drives for governor flyball heads.
A survey is then made of electrical equipment, in which it is seen that, while advances in generator, transformer, connections, and switching practice are comparable to those experienced in the purely hydraulic portions of the installation, the most striking advances have been made in control and automatic-relay protection.
The Collection and Evaluation of Data for the Design of Steam-Generating Units
Authors: Cross B. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author points out that rational progress in the development of steam-generating units can be made by careful deductions from known facts about such units, and by extrapolation of actual operating data. The purpose of the paper is to relate some of the difficulties encountered, and the care necessary, in making field measurements in obtaining such operating data.
Production and Quality Control of Sheets for Automobile-Body Fabrication
Authors: Olt T. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Comparisons of the older and newer methods of rolling wide mild-steel drawing sheets are presented in this paper. The aspects of quality control in the modern sheet mill are dealt with, and quantitative data are given covering the effects of variations in the cold-reduction, normalizing, box-annealing, and temper-rolling operations. The data presented are typical rather than exhaustive.
The Forced-Draft Spreader Stoker
Authors: Barkley J. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the types of spreader stokers in use together with their adaptability for different boiler installations and for burning different grades of fuel. He presents the reasons for their adoption in various Government plants where boilers range in capacity from 100 to 400 hp. The paper contains a table of data showing the results of a number of complete boiler tests conducted on installations equipped with spreader stokers.
Resistance of Lightweight Passenger Trains
Authors: Totten A. I. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the factors affecting the resistance of modern lightweight streamlined trains, using the fundamental data collected by different authors, and presents them in a more practical form than heretofore available. These factors include those due to track and journal resistance, flange resistance, and air resistance, as well as the resistance offered by natural or ground winds and by the installation of air-conditioning and lighting equipment on the cars. The author gives formulas for calculating such resistances, and includes in the paper examples showing how to apply the formulas.
Metallurgical Aspects of Hot and Cold Strip for Deep-Drawing Requirements
Authors: Angle J. E. , McGarrity W. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to give a brief but specific discussion of the basic underlying metallurgical features of hot and cold strip. Recrystallization in hot rolling, effects of finishing temperatures on the grain structure and properties of hot strip, effects of hot and cold coiling, and information regarding forming and drawing qualities of hot strip are discussed. Operating features and limitations are pointed out. Cold-strip processing, together with physical properties and other requirements for deep-drawing work are outlined.
Processing of Rayon Staple
Authors: Kennette Heath O. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Rayon staple has been produced for a number of years, but only recently came into prominence. It produces a fabric which is distinctly different from any other textile fiber. Because of its ability to blend readily with all other known fibers, it offers almost unlimited possibilities in fabric development. At the present time, it is being used extensively in dress goods, men’s suitings, necktie fabrics, upholstery, plushes, towels, knitted outerwear, and a great variety of novelty fabrics. Because of its distinctive qualities, rayon staple has earned its position in the textile industry and no doubt will become one of the most prominent textile fibers of the future.
Air Resistance of Railroad Equipment
Authors: Lipetz A. I. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author reviews the fundamentals of railroad aerodynamics and the work done by previous experimenters in this field. He then presents the results of wind-tunnel tests conducted jointly by the American Locomotive, American Car & Foundry, and J. G. Brill companies at New York University, but devotes the greater part of the paper to drag tests, the object of which was the evaluation of the resistance of air to the motion of locomotives, cars, and trains. After determining the air-resistance formulas for the models used in the tests, the author expands the coefficients of the formulas to apply to full-scale equipment, and further simplifies the formulas for application to the prototypes of the models. He compares air-resistance of full-scale equipment as obtained from the formulas derived from test results and the simplified formulas, presenting such data in tabular as well as graphical form. The author concludes his paper with a discussion of air-resistance tests of full-size equipment and savings in power effected by streamlining.
Air Chambers for Discharge Pipes
Authors: Allievi Lorenzo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the application of the general formulas of perturbed flow to the functioning of air chambers connected into discharge pipes. The law of oscillation of pressure rises and falls after the sudden stopping of the power actuating the pump is fully investigated. This law is expressed by an interlocked system of relations, each of which ties together three consecutive values of the pressure at intervals of phase, and are functions of a single parameter representing the ratio of the potential elastic energy of the air chamber and potential elastic energy of the piping.
This pendular system of finite differences is further investigated and modified with a view to giving consideration to the frictional resistance of the liquid, and it is found that (except for small discharges) it is not proper to neglect the influence of such resistance on the damping of the superpressures resulting from the sudden cessation of power, unless the volume of the chamber exceeds practical limits.
Finally, by means of approximate energy balances, extremely simple rules are found for the selection of the dimensions of the chamber and for the increased coefficient of friction of the descending flow.
Air Conditioning of Railroad Passenger Cars
Authors: Wallace L. W. , Early G. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors sketch briefly the development of railroad air conditioning and outline the methods of refrigeration that are used for cooling passenger cars. They give the results of a study of passenger-car air conditioning conducted in 1936 by the Association of American Railroads, which included: (a) Determination of the efficiency of the air-conditioning systems in use, by means of laboratory tests; (b) determination of the mechanical efficiency of the drive mechanisms; (c) a survey of the performance of the equipment in service; and (d) determination of the comparative costs of air conditioning. Based upon these tests, the authors develop the horsepower demand upon a locomotive by the different air-conditioning systems. They give formulas by which the cost of air conditioning per 1000 car-miles for the various systems may be calculated. These formulas take into consideration the variables confronted in actual operating service, namely, the length of the cooling season, the speed of the train, the total miles traveled per year, the cost of coal, water, ice, etc., and the proportion of time the equipment is operating and not operating during the cooling season. Tables and curves are given showing the total cost of the different methods of air conditioning for a variety of operating conditions.
Colors and Gums Used in Textile Printing
Authors: Chambers Ivan F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The text summarizes the uses and methods of application of various types of colors employed in printing textiles. Each class of colors is discussed individually from the viewpoint of fastness, method, and mechanics of application, kind of goods it is best suited for, and its compatibility with other classes of colors.
Vat colors are particularly stressed both because of their all-round superior fastness as a class and because of their adaptability to both direct and discharge printing. An interesting feature is the description of how chemical research has extended the field of vat and insoluble azoic colors, not only in the range of colors made available, but also in the ease and simplification of their application.
Protecting Steel Against Intercrystalline Attack in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Schroeder W. C. , Berk A. A. , O’Brien R. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper reports the effectiveness of (a) sodium sulphate, (b) sodium phosphate and other inorganic compounds, and (c) a number of organic materials in protecting steel against intercrystalline attack. The test results, given in the tables, form the basis for concluding that certain materials are effective in protecting steel against such attack; from the least effective to the most effective these chemicals would be (1) sodium carbonate, (2) sodium phosphate, (3) sodium sulphate, (4) quebracho and Philippine cutch, (5) lignin sulphonate, and (6) concentrated sulphite waste liquor. The position of sodium sulphate and other inorganic salts in this list is determined by their action in solution rather than any possible mechanical plugging they may cause.
Experiments in the Planing of Hardwoods
Authors: Davis E. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes recent experiments in the planing of hardwoods at the Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, which is maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. The objects of the experiments were (1) to develop a technique for a standard planing test, (2) to determine how the woods studied compare in their planing qualities, and (3) to discover the conditions under which the woods can be planed most satisfactorily. Tests made to date cover only a small part of the whole field, and should be considered exploratory rather than final and complete.
European Progress in Hot-Press Bonding of Plywood in the Last Ten Years
Authors: Wegner L. M. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After describing briefly the production of plywood by hot-gluing from undried and dried veneers, the paper narrates the progress made in the last 15 years by European plywood manufacturers. This advance, says the author, is the result of the publication of articles in the technical and trade journals, cooperative research by press and glue manufacturers, shortage of raw material, and development of new bonding processes that required greater accuracy. Resin films are credited with improvements that have been made in equipment and accuracy of working. Column-type presses have been replaced by the so-called compensated or side-plate machines which can be guaranteed not to exceed a maximum deflection under full load of 0.0015 in. Heating of presses by steam has been replaced with hot water under high pressure, and an electric heating plate that was developed in 1925 is described. New applications of plywood to the production of tennis-racket frames, barrels, structural shapes, and straight blocks or curved material having from 45 to over 70 plies are commented upon briefly. Restrictions upon importation of certain hardwoods into some countries has led to development of multilaminated substitutes, which would not have been possible, in the author’s opinion, without the progress that has been made in hot-gluing. Development of cold-setting resin glues in the last four years is also commented upon, the point being stressed that different manufacturing methods and equipment must be used before the process will offer serious competition.
An Experimental Investigation of the Use of Oil for the Treatment of Coal
Authors: Sherman Ralph A. , Pilcher J. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a progress report on the comprehensive investigation of the factors involved in the treatment of coal with petroleum products. Despite the rather wide use of light petroleum oils for several years, and the less extensive use of heavier oils and petrolatum in more recent years, quantitative data have been lacking on the relation of the type of oil and the amount of oil to the effectiveness and permanence of treatment.
The major portion of this investigation has been concerned with the treatment of coal in the laboratory with different oils in varying amounts and the determination of the reduction in dustiness after various periods of exposure to the weather. Data are presented for five different oils, for one petrolatum, and on coal from two typical seams. Data are also given showing the effect of oil treatment on segregation of coal in small stokers. Tests are still under way to show the effect of oil treatment on oxidation and spontaneous combustion.
The coal was treated in a machine designed to simulate on a laboratory scale the treatment of coal as it is done at the mine. Concentrations of oil varying from less than 1 to 12 qt per ton were applied. Dustiness tests were made on these coals, treated and untreated, after various periods of storage, using the dust-testing cabinet developed by Powell and Russell.
For conclusions reference must be made to the figures and discussion that present the data.
U. S. Navy Correlation of Laboratory Tests on Diesel Fuels With Service-Engine Operation
Authors: Joachim W. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Diesel-fuel investigation at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station, authorized by the Bureau of Engineering in 1934, has included long-time storage tests, injection-pump tests at low temperatures, cold-starting tests, physical-chemical analyses, ignition-quality tests on the Cooperative Fuel Research engine, and combustion-shock, power and economy, carbonization, exhaust-smoke, and miscellaneous fuel-performance tests on several service Diesel engines. This paper presents a brief review of some of the work done in correlating the results of the physical-chemical analyses and ignition-quality tests on the Cooperative Fuel Research engine with fuel performance in service engines.
The Design of Railway Axles and Locomotive Crank Pins
Authors: Eksergian R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Tendencies toward increase in speed have focussed attention on modifications in present axle proportions. High-speed locomotives require corresponding considerations, particularly in the proportioning of locomotive crank pins.
Great credit should be given to those responsible for the introduction of the standard A.A.R. axle, which has suitable proportions for normal operating conditions. With increased speeds, modifications of these established proportions are necessary. While the necessity for modification in the proportions has been recognized, the question of proper ratings for high-speed axles is still a matter for considerable discussion. The object of this paper has been to set forth various aspects of loading conditions and stress limitations. A comparison of various methods of axle proportioning has been made with the suggestion of a new interpretation of loadings. While axle design is necessarily empirical, based on statistical data of axle failures, it is desirable to guide the interpretation of such data by closer approximation to the true loading conditions. For this reason, the subject of axle design has been divided into two parts. Part 1 covers the subject of present methods of axle proportioning and an analysis of the division of the loading into various components; some consideration is given to stress concentrations and endurance limits of the material. In Part 2 some characteristics of the nature of dynamic loadings is given, based on simplification of various conditions met in actual operation. Part 3 of the paper discusses a correlated subject, locomotive crank pins.
Design of Flanged Joints for Valve Bonnets
Authors: Mattimore J. D. , Smith-Petersen N. O. , Bell H. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper explains in complete detail and by numerical example, an application of the recent Waters, Rossheim, Wesstrom, and Williams’ flange design formulas to a valve-bonnet flange joint. The adjustments required to be made in the formulas for fluid pressure conditions are also included, as well as a comparison of bonnet-flange designs with standard flanges.
Application of Temperature Controllers
Authors: Haigler Edmund D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author, like many others interested in the application of instruments to process control, has felt the need of an analytical approach to the problem, particularly in the case of temperature control, which includes the more common as well as the more difficult processing problems. He suggests a classification of controllers as on-and-off, floating, proportional narrow-band, proportional wideband, and proportional reset types. He then proposes a classification which considers the controlled process equipment as types of heat exchangers. Starting with counter-current exchangers, he considers the control requirements of the various simple and compound types, and identifies the design factors favoring controllability as minimum transportation and transfer lags, minimum temperature difference, and maximum ratio of demand-side to supply-side thermal capacity. Next he considers a few practical examples. Finally, he discusses the pitfalls of unsystematic behavior of the control system.
The author seeks critical comment, and urges cooperative effort so that some theory of control application soon may be developed on a quantitative basis.
Some Fundamental Considerations in the Application of Automatic Control to Continuous Processes
Authors: Bristol E. S. , Peters J. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Certain fundamental characteristics of continuous processes and automatic controllers are presented in this paper in order to establish a framework for a suggested terminology. A specific object is to assist in the work on standard terms being conducted by the A.S.M.E. Committee on Industrial Instruments and Regulators.
The authors’ treatment is essentially nonmathematical. Illustrations used deal primarily with the control of temperature. Attention is focused on the effects of important process lags through the analysis of elementary heating systems in which they are individually predominant. Characteristics of automatic control systems are discussed without going into the constructional details of particular mechanisms. Curves showing the response to sudden load changes serve to illustrate different types of corrective action.
The final section of the paper is devoted to a critical discussion of suggested terms.
Cooling-Tower Fundamentals and Their Application to Cooling Diesel and Gas Engines
Authors: Bischof Gustave J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The size and cost of a cooling tower varies with certain conditions, some of which are inherent in the design, others are influenced by location and type of service, and still others may be fixed by the purchaser. In the last group are proper relation of water circulated and range of cooling for a given heat dissipation, the location of the cooling range in the temperature scale, and the relative size of the cooling tower compared to heat exchanger when both are operated as a unit. The purchaser is often unaware that reasonable modification of these factors may considerably reduce the size and cost of the cooling system.
Narrow cooling ranges with relatively high water circulations are conducive to optimum heat transfer, both from the standpoint of high temperature differences and high heat transfer coefficients in the heat exchanger.
The choice of the kind of engine-cooling system depends on many factors besides first cost, such as space requirements, operating cost, and trouble-free operation. The use of closed systems, while relatively high in first cost is often justified on the basis of yearly operating charges and low maintenance cost.
Wear in Lubrication Problems
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Boundary or semifluid friction takes place in bearings of practically all rotating machines when they are started or brought to a standstill. This type of friction, lasting a short period of time, is usually accompanied by the wearing of the bearing surface, the journal surface, or both. Wear takes place also in the case of antifriction bearings due to sliding, rolling, or combined sliding and rolling friction. Many other causes, such as misalignment, dirt, or inadequate lubrication, might be responsible for wearing of any type of bearing. This paper deals with the methods which are employed to obtain the wear resistance of various metals, especially those used in the design of bearings.