bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct evidence for the role of LGL in the inhibition of experimental tumor metastases.
Authors: Barlozzari T , Leonhardt J , Wiltrout R H , Herberman R B , Reynolds C W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of NK cells in the control of the metastatic spread of tumor cells was studied. Rats pretreated with rabbit anti-asialo GM1 (anti-asGM1) serum exhibited a diminished ability to destroy circulating MADB106 mammary adenocarcinoma cells, which in turn caused an increased incidence of experimental pulmonary metastasis. The anti-asGM1 treatment caused a selective inhibition of NK activity without detectable effect on T cell-mediated immunity, and overall had no effect on the cytotoxic activity or numbers of alveolar macrophages (alv.M phi) or monocytes. The suggestion of a role for NK cells in resistance to metastases from the MADB106 tumor cells was confirmed by the adoptive transfer of 5 X 10(6) highly purified large granular lymphocytes (LGL) into NK-depressed animals 2 hr before tumor challenge. This transfer of LGL, highly enriched in NK activity, partially or fully restored the ability of these rats to inhibit the development of pulmonary metastases. This ability to adoptively transfer resistance to metastases appeared to be confined to the LGL population, because transfer of the same number of mature peripheral blood T cells had no effect on tumor development. These results provide the first unequivocal evidence that LGL, with high NK activity, are involved in in vivo resistance to tumors, particularly in the elimination of potentially metastatic tumor cells from the circulation and capillary beds.
The role of complement receptor positive and complement receptor negative B cells in the primary and secondary immune response to thymus independent type 2 and thymus dependent antigens.
Authors: Lindsten T , Yaffe L J , Thompson C B , Guelde G , Berning A , Scher I , Kenny J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both complement receptor positive (CR+) and complement receptor negative (CR-) B cells have been shown to be involved in the primary immune response to PC-Hy (phosphocholine conjugated hemocyanin), a thymus dependent (TD) antigen which preferentially induces antibody secretion in Lyb-5+ B cells during a primary adoptive transfer assay. CR+ and CR- B cells also responded in a primary adoptive transfer assay to TNP-Ficoll, a thymus independent type 2 (TI-2) antigen which activates only Lyb-5+ B cells. When the secondary immune response to PC-Hy and TNP-Ficoll were analyzed, it was found that most of the immune memory to both antigens was present in the CR- B cell subset. The CR- B cell subset also dominated the secondary immune response to PC-Hy in immune defective (CBA/N X DBA/2N)F1 male mice. These data indicate that CR- B cells dominate the memory response in both the Lyb-5+ and Lyb-5- B cell subsets of normal and xid immune defective mice and suggest that Lyb-5+ and Lyb-5- B cells can be subdivided into CR+ and CR- subsets.
B cell activation: role of dendritic and T cell factors in the response to thymic-independent and -dependent antigens.
Authors: DeKruyff R , Clayberger C , Fay R , Cantor H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We described a cloned dendritic cell, clone Den-1, that is a potent accessory cell for some B cell responses. Clone Den-1 produces a novel lymphokine that is distinct from previously described factors produced by T cells. In the present study, we compare the role of nonspecific helper factors produced by Den-1 (Den-1 SN) or the T cell thymoma EL4 (EL4-SN) in promotion of B cell plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to a variety of antigens. We find that the antigen in culture determines the B cell requirement for dendritic and/or T cell factors. B cell PFC responses to TNP-Brucella abortus (BA) and TNP-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are greatly increased by EL4-SN but show little, if any, enhancement with Den-1 SN. Responses to TNP-polyacrylamide are reconstituted by either Den-1 SN or EL4-SN, whereas responses to TNP-Ficoll, TNP-dextran and TNP-levan are reconstituted by Den-1 SN and are much less sensitive to factors present in EL4-SN. Responses to SRBC require the presence of both Den-1 SN and EL4-SN. We also show that the time at which Den-1 SN must be provided to the B cell is dependent on the antigen in culture. Our findings are discussed in terms of present classification of antigens based on their ability to stimulate various B cell subpopulations.
Accessory cells in immune suppression. II. Evidence for presentation of idiotype-specific suppressor factors to B cell targets by I-A+ accessory cells.
Authors: Moser G , Kauffman M G , Abbas A K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The functional suppression of two BALB/c myelomas, MOPC315 and MOPC460, by idiotype-specific suppressor T cells is mediated by secreted factors (TsF). Idiotype-specific TsF only functions in the presence of accessory cells (AC) that can be low density splenocytes or cells of BALB/c B lymphoma A20-2J. Such AC are I-A+ but do not have to be histocompatible with the myeloma targets or the source of TsF. A20-2J cells incubated with soluble idiotype and TsF also are capable of suppressing the relevant myeloma target. The effect of TsF-pulsed A20-2J cells is idiotype specific, and these cells do not secrete immunosuppressive mediators. Finally, TsF-pulsed A20-2J cells suppress myeloma targets when the two are cultured on the same side of a cell-impermeable membrane but not when they are separated by the membrane. These results indicate that I-A+ cells are capable of concentrating and/or presenting TsF to suppressible targets, and they demonstrate a novel role for Ia-bearing cells in immune regulation.
Delayed hypersensitivity and immune protection against herpes simplex virus: suppressor T cells that regulate the induction of delayed hypersensitivity effector T cells also regulate the induction of protective T cells.
Authors: Schrier R D , Ishioka G Y , Pizer L I , Moorhead J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have been studying delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to herpes simplex virus (HSV) in order to examine the role of this response in host defense against acute and recurrent HSV infections. In previous reports the basic parameters of DH to HSV have been characterized by using a murine ear swelling model, and also the regulation of DH to HSV induced by i.v. injection of the virus. In this paper, we describe a murine protection system and our use of the ability to specifically regulate DH to HSV to examine the correlation between T cells that transfer DH (TDH) and cells that transfer protection from acute HSV infection. Both DH and protection can be transferred with lymph node cells from mice immunized subcutaneously 4 days previously. The effector cell appears to be a T cell, because serum from these donors confers no protection and treatment of immune cells with anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement reduced their ability to protect. Tolerance of DH to HSV was induced by i.v. injection 7 days before subcutaneous immunization. Tolerized mice were unable to generate protective cells. Furthermore, tolerized mice contained suppressor T cells that suppressed not only DH but also the development of protective cells. Regulation of protective cells was shown to be virus specific, because mice tolerized with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were not impaired in their ability to generate T cells that protected from HSV infection. The correlation between the TDH cell and cells that transfer protection from acute HSV infection is discussed.
Arsonate-specific murine T cell clones. II. Delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by P-azobenzenearsonate-L-tyrosine (ABA-Tyr).
Authors: Morita C T , Goodman J W , Lewis G K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To study T cell idiotype expression at the functional level, we developed a hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) system by which we avoid the complication of anti-hapten antibody and which is specific only for the immunizing hapten, and not for conjugate specific determinants. Immunization with ABA-Tyr and challenge with ABA diazonium induced footpad swelling with the characteristics of DTH. Anti-ABA antibodies did not contribute to this reaction, as they were undetectable in mice immunized with ABA-Tyr. Furthermore, this ABA-Tyr-specific DTH was under Ir gene control identical to that reported for ABA-Tyr-specific lymphocyte proliferation. All mouse strains tested responded to ABA-Tyr except those of the b haplotype across the entire Ia region. In contrast, contact sensitivity induced by ABA diazonium was not under apparent Ir gene control, probably reflecting 1) different specificities of the induced T cells and 2) the production of anti-ABA antibodies that contribute to the footpad swelling via an Arthus reaction. Having shown that ABA-Tyr can induce T cells mediating DTH, we then examined ABA-Tyr-reactive T cell clones, propagated in vitro, for their ability to mediate DTH. Such clones elicited a response identical to that seen with in vivo immunization with respect to dose dependency, I-Ak restriction, and antigen specificity.
A target structure for a series of human cloned natural killer cell lines is recognized by both anti-TNKtar and 4F2 monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Moingeon P , Nowill A , Courtois G , Azzarone B , Motte P , Ythier A , Bohuon C , Hercend T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was shown recently that a surface antigen termed TNKtar was likely to serve as a target molecule for three distinct human NK clones expressing the same clonotypic determinant (termed NKTa) present on a 90 KD recognition structure. In the present studies, we investigated whether TNKtar and a previously described antigen termed 4F2 were related. Parallel immunoprecipitations from membrane lysates of the same cells showed that both anti-TNKtar and 4F2 Mab precipitate a heterodimeric structure which resolves as two bands of identical m.w. (40 and 80 KD) in SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions. Sequential immunoprecipitations demonstrated that the two antibodies are directed at the same molecule. However, one antibody did not block subsequent binding of the other, and vice versa, suggesting that anti-TNKtar and 4F2 Mab are directed at two distinct epitopes of the molecule. Functionally, it was found that 4F2 Mab was able, as well as anti-TNKtar, to selectively block cytotoxic function of JT9 cloned cells. Furthermore, as reported previously for anti-TNKtar, 4F2 had no effect when additional NKTa-NK clones were used as effector cells in cytotoxicity assays. Finally, cold target inhibition assays were performed by using cold target cells precoated with either anti-TNKtar or 4F2 Mab. These experiments showed that preincubation of target cells with either antibody blocked their ability to compete with their radiolabeled counterpart. Such results further strengthen the hypothesis that the activation antigen recognized by both anti-TNKtar and 4F2 Mab serves as a specific target structure for NKTa+ NK active clones. We discuss the importance of previous data concerning the 4F2 molecule in light of this functional role, which had not been identified previously.
Immunogenetic studies of spontaneous abortion in mice. Preimmunization of females with allogeneic cells.
Authors: Kiger N , Chaouat G , Kolb J P , Wegmann T G , Guenet J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CBA females (H-2k) mated with DBA2 males (H-2d) exhibit a high rate of fetal resorption (30%) when compared with the CBA female BALB/c male, CBA female/CBA male, DBA2 female/CBA male, DBA2 female/DBA2 male combinations (6 to 8%). Preimmunization of CBA females with spleen cells from DBA2, BALB/c, or CBA males were performed in order to test their effects on CBA maternal tolerance of (CBA X DBA2)F1 fetuses. Only preimmunization with BALB/c male cells was effective in decreasing resorption; cells from BALB/c females had no effect. In order to further test 1) the role of non-MHC-encoded antigens present in the BALB/c male background, 2) the necessity of an additional H-2 difference, and 3) whether or not the phenomenon is H-2d restricted, preimmunizations were performed by using cells from congenic BALB/k (H-2k), BALB/b (H-2b), or BALB/c (H-2d). Only the latter treatment was efficient, which suggests that the paternal H-2d haplotype must be presented in synergy with some non-MHC-encoded antigens in the BALB/c male background. Immunogenetic studies with cells from nine recombinant inbred strains that reassorted DBA2 and BALB/c genomes showed that three of them behave like BALB/c and six like DBA2. This would suggest that the genetic determinism of this phenomenon is simple.
Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye: androgen modulation of IgA levels in tears of rats.
Authors: Sullivan D A , Allansmith M R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The objective of the present studies was to determine whether hormones influence the level of IgA in tears of rats. Our results demonstrated that IgA concentrations in tears of male rats were significantly higher than those of females. This difference appeared to be due to an effect of androgens. Castration of male rats led to a significant decline in the content of tear IgA. Administration of testosterone offset this response and stimulated a time-dependent accumulation of IgA in tears of orchiectomized rats. This hormone action was only elicited by androgens, and not by other classes of steroid hormones. The testosterone-induced increase in tear IgA levels may have involved enhanced local production of IgA, and was found to occur in parallel with an elevation in tear secretory component concentrations. These findings indicate that androgens may regulate the ocular secretory immune system of the rat.
Maturational and functional diversity of human B lymphocytes delineated with anti-Leu-8.
Authors: Kansas G S , Wood G S , Engleman E G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human B lymphocyte subpopulations distinguished by their expression of the Leu-8 antigen were studied and found to differ in their respective maturational state and functional repertoire. The absence of Leu-8 expression correlated with an early step in antigen-driven B cell differentiation in that 1) as presented in the companion paper, germinal center B lymphocytes were uniformly Leu-8-, whereas mantle zone B cells were virtually all Leu-8+; 2) treatment of Leu-8+ B cells with the combination of rabbit anti-human mu-chain and B cell growth factor (BCGF), but not with either reagent alone, caused the loss of Leu-8 expression in addition to causing these cells to proliferate; and 3) only the Leu-8- B cell subset contained cells expressing the 4F2 activation antigen. Functional studies of peripheral blood B cells revealed that B cells giving rise to antibody-forming cells in the presence of T cells and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were found almost exclusively in the Leu-8- subset of B cells, even though this subset comprised a minority of circulating B lymphocytes. By contrast, Leu-8+ B cells proliferated more vigorously than Leu-8- B cells to formalinized Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC). These data demonstrate that Leu-8 is an important maturational and functional marker for human B lymphocytes.
BLAST-2 [EBVCS], an early cell surface marker of human B cell activation, is superinduced by Epstein Barr virus.
Authors: Thorley-Lawson D A , Nadler L M , Bhan A K , Schooley R T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of human B cells by pokeweed mitogen (PWM), protein A, anti-IgM, or EBV infection results in the expression of a new surface antigen, termed BLAST-2 [EBVCS]. This marker appears before the cells undergo blast transformation as assessed by the initiation of DNA synthesis and expression of the BLAST-1 antigen. Thus, the BLAST-2 [EBVCS] antigen is expressed on both activated and lymphoblastoid cells. The antigen is, in addition, restricted to B cells, as it is not found on cells of T or myeloid lineage derived from peripheral blood, cell lines, or neoplastic cells. However, it is readily detected on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells of B cell origin and in the germinal centers of tonsils and lymph nodes. Like the BLAST-1 antigen, BLAST-2 [EBVCS] is expressed at a high level only on EBV-transformed B lymphoblasts and has a m.w. close to 45,000. Immunoprecipitation experiments show, however, that the two antigens are expressed on distinct populations of molecules.
Mechanisms of diminished natural killer cell activity in pregnant women and neonates.
Authors: Baley J E , Schacter B Z 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because alterations in natural killer (NK) activity in the perinatal period may be important in the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy, we examined the mechanisms by which these alterations are mediated in neonates and in pregnant and postpartum women. NK activity, as measured in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay and compared with adult controls, is significantly diminished in all three trimesters of pregnancy and in immediately postpartum women. In postpartum women, NK activity appears to be higher than in pregnant women, although this does not reach statistical significance. Pregnant and postpartum women have normal numbers of large granular lymphocytes and normal target cell binding in an agarose single cell assay but decreased lysis of the bound target cells. NK activity of mononuclear cells from postpartum women, in addition, demonstrate a shift in distribution to higher levels of resistance to gamma-irradiation. Further, sera from postpartum women cause a similar shift to increased radioresistance in mononuclear cells from adult controls. Because radioresistance is a property of interleukin 2-stimulated NK, the shift to radioresistance may represent lymphokine-mediated stimulation occurring during parturition. In contrast, cord blood cells have a more profound decrease in NK activity as determined by 51Cr-release assay and decreases in both binding and lysis of bound target cells in the single cell assay. The resistance of NK activity in cord cells to gamma-irradiation is also increased, as seen in postpartum women. Cord blood serum, however, did not alter radioresistance or inhibit NK activity. The results suggest that the observed diminished NK activity in pregnant women and neonates arise by different mechanisms: an absence of mature NK cells in the neonate and an alteration of the NK cell in pregnancy leading to decreased killing.
Therapeutic potential of rat monoclonal antibodies: isotype specificity of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity with human lymphocytes.
Authors: Hale G , Clark M , Waldmann H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of rat monoclonal antibodies to promote antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity with human effector cells was tested by using a variety of antibodies against different human and mouse leukocyte antigens. It was found that only IgG2b antibodies were effective. This isotype has already been shown to be efficient in fixing human complement, which suggests that among rat monoclonal antibodies, the IgG2b subclass might be a good choice for attempts at serotherapy. Further studies with other antibody-mediated effector mechanisms as well as suitable clinical trials are merited.
B cells in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
Authors: Conley M E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) has been described as a disorder in which pre-B cells fail to differentiate into B cells. However, a small number of B cells have been seen occasionally in patients with this disorder. Because the phenotype of these cells might be helpful in defining the site of the defect in XLA, immunofluorescent staining techniques were used to characterize the B cells that can be found in patients with XLA. Surface IgM-positive B cells could be detected in the peripheral circulation of all seven patients studied. These B cells constituted a very small percentage of the total lymphocytes (0.01 to 0.3% compared with 3.2 to 13.7% in controls) and differed in phenotype from control B cells. They were much more brightly stained for surface IgM (p less than 0.001) and less brightly stained for Ia (p less than 0.01). This phenotype is similar to that described for immature B cells in the mouse. Over 80% of the patients' B cells expressed surface IgD, and all expressed the B cell marker B1, but only 35% expressed the B cell marker B2. This B cell marker, which is the C3d receptor and the Epstein-Barr virus receptor, is expressed later in ontogeny than B1 and can be detected on over 80% of control B cells. All B cells expressed either kappa or lambda light chain. These findings indicate that the defect in differentiation of pre-B cells into B cells is not absolute in patients with XLA. The immature phenotype of the B cells additionally suggests that there may be a block in the maturation of B cells at more than one stage of differentiation in this disorder.
Presentation of myelin basic protein by murine cerebral vascular endothelial cells.
Authors: McCarron R M , Kempski O , Spatz M , McFarlin D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig basic protein (GPBP)-sensitized murine lymph node cell cultures depleted of macrophages-monocytes (MO) are no longer able to proliferate in response to specific antigen in vitro. The addition of MO reconstitutes the response that can be blocked by the addition of syngeneic anti-I-A antisera. Freshly isolated murine central nervous system endothelial cells (CNS-EC) cannot replace MO for the presentation of GPBP antigen to specifically sensitized lymph node lymphocytes. The pretreatment of CNS-EC with concanavalin A-conditioned media resulted in the expression of Ia molecules and the consequent ability to present GPBP. Antigen presentation by CNS-EC could be blocked by anti-I-A antisera for the CNS-EC donor haplotype.
Comparison of the expression of IL 2 receptors by human T and B cells: induction by the polyclonal mitogens, phorbol myristate acetate, and anti-mu antibody.
Authors: Suzuki T , Cooper M D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is well established that IL 2 plays an important role in the proliferative response of T cells. Activated B cells were also recently found to express IL 2 receptors. The present studies were designed to compare qualitative, quantitative, and functional aspects of IL 2 receptor expression by activated T and B cells. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated human T and small resting B cells and enhanced the expression of HLA-DR, HLA-DC/DS, and transferrin receptors while reducing Leu-4 antigen expression by T cells and IgM and IgD expression on B cells. PMA induced both T and B cells to express functional IL 2 receptors before cellular proliferation. Immune interferon did not participate in this induction. The m.w. of the IL 2 receptors expressed by activated T and B cells was identical: 54,000 to 59,000. Several differences were noted in the expression of IL 2 receptors by activated T and B cells on stimulation with PMA; T cells expressed IL 2 receptors sooner than B cells and in higher density, and the enhanced proliferative response of T cells to IL 2 was more difficult to inhibit with antibody to IL 2 receptors. In addition, IL 2 enhanced the expression of transferrin receptors by activated T cells but did not have a similar effect on activated B cells. Small B cells from the blood could also be induced by a mitogenic monoclonal anti-IgM antibody to express functional IL 2 receptors. Relatively large B cells in fresh blood samples were found to express functional IL 2 receptors and were capable of a modest proliferative response to IL 2. The intensity of the IL 2 receptor expression and the proliferative response by large B cells were enhanced by PMA stimulation. The data suggest that IL 2 receptors may play an auxiliary role in the B cell proliferative response and that IL 2 may exert its effect at a late phase in the B cell activation process.