bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Complement and the Enzymatic Degradation of Erythrocyte Phospholipid
Authors: Smith J. Kelly , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Small but significant and reproducible alterations in the phospholipid and titratable acid contents of reaction mixtures containing sensitized sheep erythrocytes and guinea pig serum occurred during and following the process of lysis. In experiments employing erythrocytes sensitized with anti-Forssman antibody, there was a fall in the total serine phosphatide content of the mixtures. In experiments using cells sensitized with hyperimmune antibody there was a fall in the total choline phosphatide content of the mixtures. In so far as studied, the lipid alterations had the characteristics of an enzyme reaction which is dependent for its activation on the presence of both sensitized erythrocytes and guinea pig serum, and which was influenced in terms of its substrate by the nature of the sensitizing antibody. Although the exact nature of the enzymatic process is unclear, the results suggest that the titratable acid changes are related to the action of C′8 or C′9 and are not the result of nonspecific activation of membrane, or of intracellular or serum enzymes following hemolysis of erythrocytes. Whereas it is likely that the lipid changes seen in these experiments are related to the action of serum complement, certain other data in this work indicate that the nature of this relationship is not clear.
Genetic Control of the Antibody Response
Authors: McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A comparison of CBA and C57 antisera to (T,G)-A--L by means of quantitative precipitin curves, antigen-binding capacity assays and radioimmunoelectrophoresis has confirmed the previously described quantitative difference in the ability of these two strains of mice to respond to (T,G)-A--L, and has failed to show any qualitative correlation between the ability to respond and the immunoglobulin type of the antibodies made in the responding animal. In addition, in genetic crosses the ability to respond well was not correlated with the presence of the immunoglobulin allotype of the higher responding (C57) strain, indicating that the ability to respond is not linked to the structural genes coding for the Fc fragments of γG1-, γG2a-, γG2b- and γA-immunoglobulins. It has also been shown that CBA and C57 mice differ in their ability to undergo a secondary response to aqueous antigen.
Isolation of Cx-Reactive Protein by Gel Filtration and Characterization by Electrophoresis and Immunodiffusion
Authors: Croxatto Hector D. , Nishimura E. T. , Yamada K. , Hokama Y. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A simple and mild procedure circumventing the use of pneumococcal Cx-polysaccharide for the isolation and purification of CxRP from rabbit acute phase serum has been described. This has been achieved by two passages through Sephadex G 200 of the crude CxRP obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The purified CxRP characterized by electrophoresis and immunodiffusion appears to be a carbohydrate containing protein. Its relationship to CRP was shown by immunodiffusion with goat and horse CxRPA. It can be concluded that CxRP as it occurs in acute phase serum might be a complex entity.
Heterogeneity in the Properties of 7 S and 19 S Rabbit-Neutralizing Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Hampar B. , Notkins A. L. , Mage M. , Keehn M. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The 7 S and 19 S rabbit antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV) from early and late (hyperimmune) sera differed in their ability to sensitize virus for subsequent neutralization by either complement (C′) or anti-γ-globulin (GAR).
The early 7 S and 19 S antibodies showed low to negligible neutralizing activity in the absence of C′ or GAR. When C′ was added, however, both of these antibodies showed enhanced neutralizing activity. The early 7 S but not the early 19 S antibody was also capable of sensitizing virus for subsequent neutralization by GAR.
The late 19 S antibody could neutralize virus in the absence of C′ or GAR, but its activity was enhanced in the presence of C′ or GAR. The late 7 S antibody showed high neutralizing activity in the absence of C′ or GAR. In the presence of C′, the neutralization rate constants (K) but not the neutralization titers of the late 7 S antibody were enhanced. In contrast, the neutralization titers of the late 7 S antibody were enhanced approximately threefold with GAR.
The neutralizing activity of the early and late 19 S antibodies with C′ or GAR was sensitive to inactivation by 2-ME. Similarly, the neutralizing activity with C′ of the early 7 S antibody and the enhanced rate of neutralization with C′ of the late 7 S antibody were sensitive to inactivation by 2-ME. In contrast, 2-ME did not reduce the neutralization titers of the early and late 7 S antibodies in the presence of GAR.
Homocytotropic Antibody Response in the Rat Infected with the Nematode, Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Bloch K. J. , Wilson R. J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Homocytotropic antibodies produced by the rat in response to infection with N. brasiliensis were found to be heat-labile and susceptible to inactivation by 2-mercaptoethanol. On electrophoresis in agar at pH 8.6, H.A. migrated faster than the bulk of γG-, γA- and γM-globulins. The molecular size of H.A. appeared to be somewhat greater than that of 7 S, but smaller than 19 S globulins. On diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, H.A. was eluted with the peak concentration of γA-globulins. H.A. activity was removed from rat antiserum by absorption with rabbit antiserum to rat immunoglobulins.
Although available evidence suggests that H.A. constitutes a unique rat immunoglobulin class analogous to human γE, final assignment should be delayed until the characteristics of the heavy polypeptide chains of rat H.A. have been determined.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate
Authors: Jutila John W. , Reed Norman D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In the experiments reported here, the tissues and organs of neonatal mice treated with cortisol acetate were found to be infected with several species of bacteria apparently originating from the intestinal flora. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis were the predominant organisms isolated from the tissues of wasting mice. In studies designed to immunize newborn mice passively against organisms of the normal flora and their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracts, a weak protective effect was observed when a combined vaccine consisting of an LPS extract of Salmonella and S. faecalis bacterin was employed.
Antigenic Determinants Specific for Aggregated γG-Globulins
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibodies specific for aggregated human and aggregated rabbit γG-globulins have been raised in guinea pigs.
The antigenic determinants revealed by the aggregation process are species-specific, but similar, if not identical, determinants are revealed regardless of the means of nonspecific denaturation. These new determinants are located exclusively within the Fc portion of the γG-globulin molecule, but are found, following aggregation, in all of a series of γG myeloma proteins tested, including examples from each of the known sub-groups, γG1, γG2, γG3 and γG4. The determinants were not found however following aggregation of γA- or γM-immunoglobulins.
Similar antigenic determinants were found to be revealed on the γG-globulin antibody molecule following combination with homologous antigen, suggesting similar structural changes in the Fc portion of the γG-globulin molecule on denaturation by specific and nonspecific means.
These findings suggest a preferred structural form for aggregated (denatured) γG-globulin with its own characteristic antigenic determinants and biologic properties.
Assignment of Direct and Facilitated Hemolytic Plaques in Mice to Specific Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Talal Norman , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The kinetics of appearance of hemolytic plaque-forming cells in immunized mouse spleens has been studied with the aid of immunoglobulin specific antisera and myeloma protein inhibitors. “Facilitated” or “indirect” plaques were developed with antisera specific for γ1, γ2 and γM, and for κ light chains. Facilitation with anti-γM antiserum suggests the presence of two classes of mouse macroglobulin, one responsible for direct plaques and the other requiring an anti-globulin reagent in order to produce lysis. The previously held concept that all indirect plaques represent “7 S” antibody is no longer tenable.
Mouse Macroglobulin Antibody to Sheep Erythrocytes: A Non-Complement-Fixing Type
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Colten Harvey , Talal Norman 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera of mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes were found to contain two types of macroglobulin anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody. One type fixes complement and is hemolytic; the second type cannot fix complement or lyse red cells except in the presence of rabbit anti-mouse macroglobulin antiserum. The ratio of the non-hemolytic to hemolytic serum antibody increased during the course of the primary response.
Ultracentrifugation of the First Component of Complement: Effects of Ionic Strength
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sedimentation constant of guinea pig C′1 and C′1a varies inversely with the ionic strength of the sucrose density gradient. Ultracentrifugation of C′1 at µ = 0.065 resulted in its activation to C′1a.
Physical and Immunologic Properties of Rubella Antigens
Authors: Schmidt N. J. , Lennette E. H. , Gee P. S. , Dennis J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The physical and immunologic relationships between infectious rubella virus, the hemagglutinin (HA) and the two complement-fixing (CF) antigens were investigated. The HA eluted from Sephadex G 200 together with the infectious virus and the large-particle CF antigen, and also equilibrated with these two antigens in sucrose gradients at densities of 1.21 to 1.19 g/ml. No HA activity was associated with the small-particle CF antigen. Both HA and infectivity were absorbed into chick erythrocytes, suggesting that the HA is a part of the infectious moiety, but a variable proportion of the large-particle CF antigen was not absorbed onto erythrocytes. Antisera produced by immunization of rabbits with large- or small-particle antigens showed reciprocal crossing in CF tests. Immunization of rabbits with the noninfectious small-particle antigen elicited the formation of neutralizing and HI antibodies as well as CF antibodies. Large- and small-particle CF antigens were also indistinguishable in tests with human sera from natural rubella infections.
Separation of New Skin Reactive Antigens from Dwarf Ragweed Pollens
Authors: Goldfarb A. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fractionation of dwarf ragweed pollen extracts has been investigated extensively (1–4) and the results of these studies have been reviewed (5). The principal products, isolated previously, contained one common antigen which was described by King and Norman (3) and which they called antigen E (AgE). King's product, IV-C (3) and Robbins' most recent products, IVRBB and IVRCC (6), contained AgE exclusively as determined by quantitative immunodiffusion methods. On the other hand, Goldfarb's product, pool C, contained 80% AgE. These three sets of products showed significant chemical and physicochemical dissimilarities. The amino acid analyses of IV-C, IVRBB and IVRCC were different in respect to methionine, half-cysteine, proline and tryptophan content. Pool C contained 11% arabinose whereas the other two products were reported to contain 1% or less. On the assumption that arabinose was an impurity, we attempted to extract AgE from pool C by a variety of methods, including the procedure used by King to separate IV-C.
The Local Nature of Immunity in Tuberculosis, Illustrated Histochemically in Dermal BCG Lesions
Authors: Dannenberg Arthur M. , Meyer Olivia T. , Esterly John R. , Kambara Takeshi 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Dermal BCG lesions and the subsequently developing cellular immunity and allergy were evaluated periodically in rabbits with the following procedures: a) measurements of the lesions during growth and regression, b) tuberculin tests, and c) biopsies of the lesions for histology, histochemistry and enumeration of acid fast bacilli. Certain sections were stained for both bacilli and β-galactosidase activity.
Macrophages were the most prominent cell type found in the lesions, although other cells especially PMN and lymphocytes were present in varying numbers. Macrophages developed into first immature epithelioid cells and then mature ones under the stimulus of tubercle bacilli and their products. This development was accompanied by a decrease in the number of bacilli present and a marked increase in certain enzymes, namely the lysosomal enzymes: β-galactosidase, acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase, and the mitochondrial enzymes: succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase.
Thus certain macrophages become highly activated in the local lesion. The association of such activation with an apparent destruction of intracellular bacilli suggests that cellular immunity involves both processes. In addition, the high degree of macrophage activation observed in the lesion suggests that cellular immunity is mainly a local (in contrast to a systemic) phenomenon.
In the BCG lesions, certain granulocytes (either eosinophils or toxic PMN) were found to contain considerably more RNase than the other cells present. In necrotic and liquefied areas RNase and DNase were especially active, and acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase were somewhat active. It therefore seems likely that nucleases and other lysosomal enzymes contribute to cell autolysis and the liquefaction of the caseous focus. The latter process helps perpetuate tuberculosis in mankind.
An In Vitro Assay for Encephalitogenic Components of Central Nervous Tissue
Authors: Brockman J. A. , Stiffey A. V. , Tesar W. C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It has been demonstrated that an encephalitogenic purified basic protein fraction from bovine spinal cord inhibited the migration in tissue culture of peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized guinea pigs and rats. A technique based on this observation has been developed for an assay of such encephalitogenic fractions. Where practical considerations required pooling, cells pooled from imbred animals were superior because cells pooled from random-bred animals appeared to give variable mutual inhibition.
Role of Thymus in Adoptive Tolerance
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Specific homograft tolerance was induced in neonatal C3H mice with CBA spleen cells. These mice were test-grafted with CBA skin. After bearing successful CBA skin grafts for 2 months or longer they served as donors for “tolerant” thymus and bone marrow transplants. Adult intact and thymectomized C3H mice were irradiated and injected with 10 million “tolerant” bone marrow cells. The thymectomized mice were, in addition, supplied with a subcutaneous “tolerant” thymus graft. The irradiated recipients of “tolerant” thymus and “tolerant” bone marrow accepted CBA skin, demonstrating adoptive tolerance. They also rejected C57B1/6 skin, demonstrating that “tolerant” thymus can reconstitute immune recovery of thymectomized, irradiated bone marrow treated mice. Nontolerant thymus grafts were unable to abolish the transfer of adoptive tolerance by “tolerant” bone marrow, both in intact and thymectomized irradiated recipients. “Tolerant” thymus was capable of imposing specific homograft tolerance on irradiated recipients of nontolerant bone marrow, especially if these recipients were thymectomized at the time of irradiation. These results support the evidence of others that thymus plays an important role in immunologic tolerance.
Mechanism of Cleavage of Rabbit IgG in Two Stages by Soluble Papain and Reducing Agent
Authors: Zappacosta Serafino , Nisonoff Alfred , Mandy William J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The mechanism of an apparent two-stage cleavage of rabbit IgG by soluble papain and L-cysteine was investigated. In the absence of reducing agent papain had no detectable effect on the sedimentation velocity or precipitating activity of antibody. After treatment with iodoacetamide and gel filtration, in an effort to inactivate and remove papain, addition of reducing agent resulted in cleavage into univalent 3.5 S fragments. This was shown to be attributable to partial resistance of papain to alkylation, particularly in the presence of IgG, and to adherence of an appreciable quantity of the enzyme to IgG during gel filtration. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which papain acts through cleavage of the heavy chains, and in which the reducing agent activates the enzyme but does not necessarily act directly on the IgG molecule.
Vaccination Response in Rabbits Related to Quantity of Vaccinia Virus Particles and Passage Level
Authors: Dunlap Ruth C. , Galasso G. J. , Sharp D. G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigenicity and immunizing potential of early and late L cell passage vaccinia virus were compared. Early passage virus produced a skin lesion in rabbits if as few as 200 VP were injected. Late passage virus produced no necrotic lesion in concentrations as high as 109 VP. Both early and late passage virus immunization gave skin immunity to challenge by early passage virus. Early passage virus stimulated high titers of neutralizing antibody; late passage virus produced lower antibody titers.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: In Vitro Studies with Guinea Pig Peritoneal and Alveolar Mononuclear Phagocytes
Authors: Maxwell Kameron W. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The role of cellular immunity in tuberculosis was studied by using in vitro techniques to observe cellular capacities for phagocytosis and bacterial inactivation. Peritoneal exudates were stimulated and collected and alveolar phagocytes were harvested using standard techniques.
Normal and BCG-immunized guinea pigs were used as phagocyte donors. Two strains (H37Rv, H37Ra) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used for infecting the phagocytes. Suspensions of these tubercle bacilli consisting of single cells were prepared by filtration.
Plate counts were used to indicate the amount of ingestion and cytopepsis by the phagocytes. It was shown using the H37Rv strain of tubercle bacilli that phagocytes from BCG-immunized animals had increased cytopeptic activity when compared to phagocytes from normal animals. Also, the alveolar phagocytes were more active in cytopepsis than were the peritoneal exudate cells.
Virulence of Skin Strains of Nephritogenic Group A Streptococci: New M Protein Serotypes
Authors: Johnson Jennifer C. , Baskin Reed C. , Beachey Edwin H. , Stollerman Gene H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Studies of strains of group A streptococci from a population of patients with pyoderma and a high incidence of acute glomerulonephritis revealed the presence of many apparently virulent strains which could not be identified as belonging to known M protein serotypes. One of these, the Baker strain, has been identified so far as an apparently new M serotype which we suggest be designated provisional type 56.
Differences in the Amino Acid Compositions of Allogeneic Guinea Pig Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Kahan B. D. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Amino acid analyses were performed on relatively homogeneous guinea pig transplantation antigens, which had been liberated by exposure to sound and purified by gel filtration and by discontinuous electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Comparison of the amino acid compositions of the antigens extracted from two histoincompatible lines of guinea pigs revealed significant differences in their content of serine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. These data suggest that transplantation antigens have allotypic specificities related to protein structure.
Neonatal Thymectomy and Hemolysin Responses in Inbred Mice
Authors: Sinclair Nicholas R. St.C. , Elliott Edward V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A time-course study of total, 19 S and 7 S hemolysins showed that inbred CBA/H and C3H/Jax mice were able to give fairly normal secondary responses to sheep erythrocytes at an age when the primary response was very much reduced or absent.
Immunologic Studies on Aspirin
Authors: Wicher Konrad , Schwartz Michael , Arbesman Carl E. , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Aspiryl-chloride was conjugated with bovine γ-globulin (BGG), rabbit γ-globulin (RGG) and crystallized egg albumin (CEA). Rabbit antisera were prepared by immunization with these conjugates incorporated in Freund's adjuvant. Antibodies to native carrier proteins were observed in antisera to conjugated BGG and CEA, but not RGG.
All antisera contained antibodies to aspiryl hapten and antibodies to antigenic sites which were created during the conjugation procedure and were apparently formed by both the hapten and the carrier. These sites had different antigenic structure in the three conjugates under investigation.
An Antigen-Binding Capacity Test for Human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fragments
Authors: Cerottini Jean-Charles 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The ammonium sulfate method of Farr has been modified for the use of human immunoglobulin (IgG) Fab′ and Fc fragments. Precipitation of radiolabeled fragments bound to antibody was obtained by addition of 40% saturated ammonium sulfate (SAS). In the presence of normal serum more than 95% of both fragments were soluble in the same SAS concentration.
Antigen-binding capacities (ABC) for IgG fragments in antisera to IgG were measured simultaneously by using an antigen solution containing 131I labeled Fab′ and 125I labeled Fc. Specificity of the ABC test was evaluated by incubating the antigen mixture with antisera of various specificities. Addition of unlabeled Fab′ in excess to the paired labeled fragments specifically inhibited the binding of 131I Fab′ to antibody.
Comparison of binding capacities for Fab′ and Fc fragments in hyperimmune anti-IgG sera from various species showed some differences in the relative amount of antibodies against the antigenic determinants present on each fragment. However, these quantitative differences depended upon the period of immunization and the number of antigen injections. Rat antisera obtained after five injections of IgG showed similar ABC values for Fab′ and Fc, whereas 1 month after the first injection a much better response to Fc was found in that species. In comparison, ABC values for Fab′ and Fc were similar in rabbit antisera obtained at various time intervals during the course of immunization with IgG.
Experimental Pleural Effusion as a Manifestation of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin PPD
Authors: Allen James C. , Apicella Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Evidence is presented that pleural effusions in guinea pigs may be induced by hypersensitivity to PPD in the absence of infection with tuberculous organisms. Transfer of this reaction with cells from immunized animals indicates a predominant role of the delayed type of hypersensitivity, and documents an additional physiologic effect of this form of hypersensitivity reaction in vivo. Differences found in the protein concentrations of these effusions are compatible with differences in control of macromolecular movement in effusions induced by this hypersensitivity reaction, when compared with effusions resulting from nonspecific chemical injury. Studies utilizing in vitro incubations of lungs from sensitized donors indicate a role of soluble mediators released during the hypersensitivity reaction in the induction of pleural effusions, and thus suggest the importance of such mediators in in vivo manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity.