bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ethics of parenting
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: February 2023

To be a parent comprises two different functions, procreating and childrearing. In practice, they are usually bundled: most procreators also rear their offspring, and hence are their parents in both senses.
However, procreation and childrearing are distinct analytically, and sometimes also practically. People have always procreated children whom they could not or did not want to raise. And the rise of artificial reproductive technologies makes it possible for increasing numbers of people to raise children whom they did not procreate.
Moreover, the two aspects of parenting lend themselves to different normative analyses. The most relevant ethical questions concerning procreation are: is it ever morally permissible to procreate? Under what conditions is procreation permissible? Do people have a right to procreate as often as they wish? Could there ever be a duty to procreate? What duties do procreators have towards their offspring? Is one of these duties a duty to rear one’s offspring oneself? And does being somebody’s procreator entail that you have a right to rear that person? All talk of rights in this entry refers to moral rights, unless indicated otherwise.
The main ethical questions about childrearing are: is the family a legitimate institution, or should we raise children in state institutions? What are the grounds of a right to rear in general? What are the grounds of the right to rear a particular child? What rights do rearers have in relation to their children? What duties do they have? And what are the tasks and virtues of parents?
A common and widely acknowledged feature of both the ethics of procreation and the ethics of childrearing concerns how parenting impacts third parties – that is, individuals other than parents and their children. Neither procreation nor particular ways of rearing children can be legitimate if they are conducted in ways that violate third parties’ rights (Vallentyne 2003). For instance, procreation impacts on ecological sustainability. This is why some philosophers believe that one can only exercise the right to procreate once or twice (Overall 2012; Conly 2016). More generally, to settle issues of intergenerational justice, one must first address questions concerning the population size in each generation (Meijers 2017). Further, it is plausible that childrearers’ actions can generate negative externalities – for instance, due to children’s inadequate socialisation – which childrearers ought to rectify or compensate.
Procreation also raises questions of non-person affecting value, such as optimum population size (see also: Population and ethics).
Obligation, political
Authors: Simmons A. John 
Published: February 2023

The problem of political obligation has been one of the central concerns of political philosophy throughout the history of the subject. Political obligations are the moral obligations of citizens to support and comply with the requirements of their political authorities; and the problem of political obligation is that of understanding why (or if) citizens in various kinds of states are bound by such obligations. Most theorists conservatively assume that typical citizens in reasonably just states are in fact bound by these obligations. They take the problem to be that of advancing an account of the ground(s) or justification(s) of political obligation that is consistent with affirming widespread obligations. Other theorists, however, anarchists prominent among them, do not accept the conservative assumption, leaving open the possibility that the best theory of political obligation may entail that few, if any, citizens in actual states have political obligations.
Much of the modern debate about political obligation consists of attempts either to defend or to move beyond the alleged defects of voluntarist theories. Voluntarists maintain that only our own voluntary acts (such as freely consenting to the authority of our governments) can bind us to obedience. Because actual political societies appear not to be voluntary associations, however, voluntarism seems unable to satisfy conservative theoretical ambitions. Many theorists turn as a result to nonvoluntarist theories of political obligation, attempting to ground obligations in the receipt by citizens of the benefits governments supply, in the communal or associative obligations involved in citizens’ social and political roles or identities, or in the moral quality of their political institutions. Anarchists and other sceptics reject instead the conservative ambitions of such theories, defending positions that entail that all or most citizens even in just or decent states simply have no political obligations.
Consciousness, Higher-Order Theories of
Authors: Brown Richard 
Published: February 2023

Higher-order theories are theories of phenomenal consciousness. Phenomenal consciousness is the property of there being something that it is like for one to have an experience. Something that it is like from the point of view of the organism. According to the higher-order approach, an organism is phenomenally conscious just in case it has an appropriate kind of inner awareness of itself as being in some mental state or other. So, when one consciously believes that Kentucky is south New York one is aware of oneself as believing that Kentucky is south of New York. Similarly, when one consciously sees red, or experiences fear, one is aware of oneself as seeing red or being afraid.
The relevant kind of inner awareness is what distinguishes the various kinds of higher-order theories. One might think that the right kind of inner awareness would be a kind of inner perception. Yet contemporary psychology and neuroscience do not seem to support the idea of a kind of inner sense. We do, in addition, become aware of things by thinking about them as being present. This has inspired the higher-order thought theory of consciousness, which was first explicitly developed in the 1990s.
There are many different kinds of higher-order thought theories. One version, the Relational Model, claims that the first-order state is transformed into a phenomenally conscious state when one becomes aware of that very state via having a higher-order thought. In addition, there are Joint-Determination Models which hold that the higher-order content and first-order content are part of the same mental state. These come in at least two varieties: the Same-Order Model and the Split-Level Model. These are distinguished by how they respond to worries about misrepresentation. In addition, there are Non-relational models which hold that the relevant higher-order state determines what it is like for one to have a conscious experience. Finally, there are non-standard higher-order theories that appeal to acquaintance or mental quotation.
Traditional Media at the Beginning of the Unknown
Authors: Narin Ayse , Temel Eğinli Ayşen , Deviren Cemile Kübra 
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this research is to find how TV news programs, as part of traditional media source, supply the needs of public within the uncertainty management theory and information-seeking scope during the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic. A thematic analysis of first four streaming of each TV news programs with the first four highest ratings between March 18th and May 1th 2020 in Turkey was chosen for this study. This period was chosen because it was the first peak of the pandemic in Turkey when people felt uncertain and needed more information about their health. The results have shown that the uncertainty and information gaps have also been reflected in TV programs including the information provided by the experts. This study also reveals that in cases which concern public health, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the traditional media continues to play a significant role in meeting the information needs of the society, and that the traditional media also uses social media’s speed in conveying information. We suggest that future studies may focus on the interaction of traditional media and social media in meeting information-seeking behaviours and managing uncertainty to acquire more data.
Language of Existential Experience of a Person in the Digital Age
Authors: Gulevataya Anastasia N. , Penner Regina V. 
Published: February 2023

The article presents the problem of the existential feasible in the digital. The relevance of the problem is gaining weight in the so-called digital age, when the objectives in the human world are represented by technology and the technological. The following questions from the 20th century are becoming relevant again: the relationship between a person and technology; the future of a person and technology; the human / existential in the context of multiplying technology. In the 21st century, the digital can be seen as a cluster of external objectivity in the everyday life. The article raises questions about how the talk about the existential dimension in the digital age is possible; whether there are grounds of speaking about the dynamics of human existential conditions in the process of intensification of everything that is called digital today; and if yes, then in what format and with what language. Given these questions, we understand the digital as a special topos of human existence, a space of manifestation, “highlighting” the existential, which can be comprehended and conceptualized. In the digital age the human being remains, same as his/her existentials. In the markup of the digital, both the individual and the existentials are subject to serious transformation. This is illustrated by digital subjects, digital twins, digital traces/prints, which have an effect on the individual and his/her existential filling. From this we deduce the idea of digital anthropology as a new research field.
The “NMDNI” Project
Authors: Tselykovskiy Aleksey A. , Suslov Ivan V. , Ivanov Andrey G. , Sidorov Serguey P. 
Published: February 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the social reception of the Soviet past in the contemporary Russian media practice. The authors proceeded from the hypothesis that the specifics of the reproduction and perception of media images representing the Soviet period of history can be revealed through the social phenomenon of nostalgia. The authors distinguish two types of nostalgia: reflexive and restorative. The research interest is focused on the reflexive type of nostalgia as a process of formation of mythologized and idealized images of the past. In addition, the study uses the concept of post-memory proposed by M. Hirsch. Leonid Parfyonov’s Internet project “NMDNI” was used as an example of such a mediator, which also represents a reflexive type of nostalgia. The purpose of the study was the viewers’ reaction to the content of the project. Thus, the aim of the article is to study the impact of the media strategies of constructing the image of the USSR on the YouTube audience. Active viewers’ reaction in the YouTube-project “NMDNI” allows us to consider Leonid Parfyonov as a significant subject of the construction of the post-memory of the Soviet Union. As a result of the analysis of the most popular comments, it was concluded that there is a public demand for reflective nostalgia as a way of perceiving the Soviet past.
Review of the Book “Peter I in Media Memory” by Denis S. Artamonov & Sophia V. Tikhonova
Authors: Suslov Ivan V. 
Published: February 2023

The subject of the review is a monographic study by S. V. Tikhonova and D. S. Artamonov “Peter I in Media Memory”. The monograph consists of three chapters and fourteen paragraphs. Co-authors analyze in the first chapter (“Peter I in the Media Memory of the Digital Age”) the influence of traditional (radio, cinema, television) and new (digital, interactive, social) media on the collective memory. The second chapter (“Peter the Great in the Visual images of Media Memory”) contains a study of historical anecdotes, cartoons, Internet memes, animated films, computer games. The third chapter (“Constructing the image of Peter I in the media environment”) is devoted to the politics of memory and memorial wars around Peter I in comparison with the figures of media memory closest to him – Ivan the Terrible and I. V. Stalin.
D. S. Artamonov and S. V. Tikhonova believe that in the 21st century, new media begins to play a major role in constructing the image of Peter the Great. The reviewed monograph is a truly innovative and searching study, which suggests methods and forms of analyzing the memory of Peter I in contemporary society that can be used in the study of other epochs, personalities, events of world and national history.
The Phenomenon of Krotovukha in the Light of Epistemology
Authors: Zavyalova Elena E. 
Published: February 2023

The subject of the study was one of the most viral Russian trends of the turn of 2022–2023: krotovukha, a tincture on a dead mole, which attracted attention of not only the Internet users, but also of doctors, restaurateurs, historians, and legislators. The aim of the research was to identify the reasons for active participation in communication on such a topic. It was found that the image of the mole is very much in demand in world culture. This is due to its otherness, its ability to act, to change space, to link the underworld with the mundane. Analysis of a video by an alcohol blogger from Moscow revealed the presence of initiation semantics attached to tasting. These types of publications become a modified version of the ritualised round drinking, as evidenced by patriotic themes and masculine accessories. The name itself already potentially contains the semantics of the familiar, the expressive, and the dearly beloved. A large number of memes demonstrate the strength of user reactions to krotovukha. The most comical effect is produced by stylistic disruption. The incredible effects of the “national” elixir are played off. The duality of perception of the character and the drink made from his body makes the recognisable image variable, polyvalent, and suitable for multiple transformations. The article concludes by noting that the recipe that went viral reflects a belief in sympathetic magic, the ritual power of sacrifice and the cosmogonic significance of the rite – the sacred timing of information dissemination.
Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik Serta Dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 1999 Entang Arbitase Dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Khususnya Dalam Pencemaran Nama Baik Yang Dilakukan Melalui Media Elektronik
Authors: Surya I Kadek Adi 
Published: February 2023

Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah pula menyebabkan hubungan dunia menjadi tanpa batas dan menyebabkan perubahan sosial, ekonomi dan budaya secara signifikan berlangsung demikian cepat. Teknologi informasi mencakup masalah sistem yang mengumpulkan, menyimpan, memproses, memproduksi dan mengirimkan informasi dari dan ke industri ataupun masyarakat secara efektif dan cepat Demikian juga dengan Indonesia, dimana penggunaan teknologi informasi berkembang dengan sangat cepat dan semakin penting artinya bagi masyarakat. Pemanfaatannya pun telah semakin meluas sehingga memasuki hampir semua segi kehidupan. Dengan kemudahan adanya media sosial masyarakat juga bebas berekspresi dan mengeluarkan pendapat, tapi kebebasan ini tetap harus menjaga kenyamanan orang lain dan menjaga etika berbahasa dan berprilaku dalam berinteraksi melalui media sosial. Hal ini memicu adanya dampak negatif yang timbul dari manfaat media sosial. Sehingga sering terjadi tuduhan pencemaran nama baik atau penghinaan, karena kurang berhati-hati dalam berinteraksi melalui media sosial. Dalam kasus pencemaran nama baik yang dilakukan melalui media elektronik tidak hanya dapat diselesaikan berdasar Undang-Undang ITE atau melalui pengadilan melainkan bisa juga diselesaikan dengan perdamaian melalui Alternative Penyelesaian Sengketa atau nonlitigasi. Karena tindak pidana pencemaran nama baik merupakan delik aduan yang dapat dicabut oleh pihak pelapor, dimana proses penyeselaiannya dilakukan oleh kedua belah pihak dengan cara yang dipilihnya yang kemudian mencabut laporannya di kepolisian dan membuat surat pernyataan perjanjian perdamaian serta mengenai hambatan hambatan yang mempengaruhi penyelesaian hukum kasus pencemaran nama baik yang dilakukan melalui media elektronik secara perdamaian terdapat beberapa faktor diantaranya, yang pertama faktor kepentingan, kedua hak dan yang ketiga kekuasaan, kemudian faktor-faktor yamg mendorong penyelesaian secara perdamaian adalah karena pihak itu sendiri sadar dan datang untuk meminta maaf, kemudian di karenakan para pihak yang bersangkutan masih ada dalam hubungan keluarga, teman, pacar ataupun mantan pacar. Kemudian faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum diantaranya faktor hukumnya sendiri, faktor penegak hukum, faktor sarana dan fasilitas, masyarakat serta kebudayaan. Upaya untuk mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik adalah melakukan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat tentang penggunaan media elektronik yang baik dan mencegah hal-hal yang dapat menimbulkan masalah serta disalah gunakan oleh pihak-pihak lain mengenai pelanggaran Undang Undang.
Cameroon Private Print Journalists Perception of the National Communication Council
Authors: Olusegun Michael 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: The existence of a council to regulate and check media excesses has been recognised as a necessity in other parts of the world. In Cameroon, there is presently a debate over the role and powers of the National Communication Council, also known as the NCC. This study aimed at reaching a comprehensive assessment of Cameroon print journalists’ perception of the National Communication Council. That is, to understand their continuous criticisms of sanctions issued by the council.
Methodology: The research problem was addressed by conducting qualitative interviews with journalists from 12 newspapers found in 3 cities: Buea (South West Region) and Douala (Littoral Region) and Yaounde. A phenomenological research approach coupled with Colaizzi 1978 phenomenological qualitative data analysis was used gather and interpret data.
Findings: Interviews revealed that Cameroon private print journalists consider the National Communication Council as an organ which is not autonomous with members being appointed by the Head of State and therefore not completely independent of the Executive as they should be. Consequently, it is recommended that media professionals should be associated in the formation of a new organ and that the law creating this organ should be enacted by the parliament.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings conform to the theoretical framework in the sense that although respondents opted for self-regulation as the best form of regulation for Cameroon, they equally recognised that government should be there to intervene in case it observes deviant practices. Government will act in case media and media professionals fail to meet up with their social responsibility.
Das Minas, Rosa:
Authors: Araujo Cristiano Santos 
Published: February 2023

DAS MINAS, ROSA: UM INTÉRPRETE DO BRASIL
RESUMO:
Este artigo discute a viabilidade de a literatura ser um arquivo, registro e interpretação de um imaginário, cultura e sociedade. Não obstante a literatura roseana tratar das experiências humanas entre os sortilégios de destino naquele Norte das Minas Gerais, também é inserida em outros espaços e tempos nos quais vicejam homens no jogo do tabuleiro da vida. Dessa maneira, reflete-se sobre a tradição de uma compreensão do sagrado e da religiosidade popular brasileira na metade do século XX. Os dois textos literários basilares são o “Grande Sertão: Veredas”, e uma obra da juventude: “Chronos kai Anagké: a mais extraordinária história do Xadrez explicada a adeptos ou não adeptos do tabuleiro”. Para isso, o romance e o conto em questão são registros literários de uma acumulação cultural, uma perspectiva da experiência humana em sua formação de camadas de mistérios e espantos de uma humanidade brasileira. Levantam-se as hipóteses a partir de três problemas básicos a serem trabalhados adiante: 1. A literatura de João Guimarães Rosa pode dialogar com outras ciências para a aproximação de uma possível fenomenologia do sagrado brasileiro? 2. Pode a literatura roseana, que transita entre ficção e realidade, regionalismo e universalismo, ser um acervo, registro e intérprete de um imaginário religioso brasileiro? 3. Se sim, Guimarães Rosa é um intérprete do Brasil? Será apresentado neste artigo que João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967) é um intérprete da cultura e sociedade na literatura brasileira.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Rosa; Minas; Cultura; Literatura; Intérprete.
AIDS and Representation
Authors: Johnstone Fiona 
Published: February 2023

How might artists choose to represent themselves before their own death? What visual language can possibly convey the experience of living with a stigmatic and life-threatening condition that was misunderstood and a source of hysterical fear and revulsion? How might an artist respond to the loss of a loved one under such circumstances, and how can art transform private grief into an act of political engagement?
In AIDS and Representation, Fiona Johnstone argues that the epidemic necessitated a radical new approach to conceptualising and visualising the human body. In the early years of the crisis, the photographic portrait emerged as the predominant response and established the normative imagery of AIDS 'victims' and 'heroes'. In response, the artists explored in this book, such as Nan Goldin, David Wojnarowicz and Felix Gonzalez-Torres offered a more nuanced consideration of their own condition and that of others. They rejected stereotypical direct depiction to produce imaginative self-portraits that constituted profoundly moving personal narratives and penetrating critiques into the visual politics of an epidemic. Addressing themes of sickness, mortality, desire, sexual identity, love and loss, this is an important contribution to both queer and art history.
Capture methods of Caiman latirostris Daudin, 1802 (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) in northern Uruguay, with notes of defensive and feeding behaviours
Authors: Borteiro Claudio , Gutiérrez Francisco , Tedros Marcelo , Kolenc Francisco , Martins Verdade Luciano 
Published: February 2023

Caiman latirostris is a Neotropical crocodilian for which there is scarce natural history information in regard to other species, as also about survey methods used by field researchers. In this work we report the capture methodology implemented during population monitoring in northern Uruguay and some observations about defensive and feeding behaviours. We found the use of a metallic clamp as very useful for capturing juveniles and subadult individuals (< 120 cm total length) in vegetated habitats, while a wire snare was used for adults. Regardless locomotor escape, we provide a reappraisal of defensive behaviours in the presence of humans, with particular comments on tonic immobility. In addition, we suggest an apparent case of carcass consumption (scavenging) for the species, a presumedly common behaviour but sometimes hard to observe in wild crocodilians.