bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isoantibodies to Human Cancer Cells in Healthy Recipients of Cancer Homotransplants
Authors: Itoh Tetsuo , Southam Chester M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Homotransplants of nine cancer cell lines and two normal cell cultures were made in 20 healthy male volunteers. Each man was given only one cell type. Sera collected before and 2, 4 and 6 weeks after implantation were studied using the tanned erythrocyte agglutination technique with antigens prepared as saline extracts of freshly harvested cells of 10 cancer cell lines and 8 cell lines of normal origin. All pretransplantation sera gave negative tests. Two recipients of normal cell transplants produced no antibody which could be detected with normal cell test antigens, and very rarely showed low level reaction with cancer cell antigens. All 18 recipients of cancer cell lines had antibody in the 2- and 4-week serum specimens but seldom in the 6-week serum. These sera reacted against the cell type transplanted and almost equally well against other cancer cell lines of various types. Several reacted with the “transformed” FL amnion cell line but reactions with other cells of normal origin were rare. Reproducibility of titers on repeated tests was good.
Following adsorption of these sera with fresh cell suspensions prepared from tissue cultures, blood, or tissue specimens, they were retested against cancer cell antigens. In most instances antibody titers were not significantly affected when the adsorbing cells were normal but disappeared when cancer cells were used.
The data demonstrate that the 10 cancer cell lines which were studied contain an antigen or antigens in common which were foreign to the transplant recipients and rarely detectable in the normal cell lines and normal tissues which were studied. These results are consistent with the concept of human cancer-specific antigens common to the cancers of many individuals. There are, however, other plausible explanations. These are discussed and the need for caution in interpretation of antigenic analyses based on antibody formation to homografts (or heterografts) is stressed.
Preparation of Antisera Specific for 6.6 S γ-Globulins, β2A-Globulins, γ1-Macroglobulins, and for Type I and II Common γ-Globulin Determinants
Authors: Fahey John L. , McLaughlin Carla 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera reacting specifically with 6.6 S γ, β2A, or γ1M antigenic determinants or with type I or II common γ-globulin determinants were prepared on the basis of current understanding of the immunochemical structure of γ-globulin molecules.
Purified γ-globulin components were necessary for the preparation and testing of specific antisera. Therefore, methods for preparing and characterizing 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins, and γ1-macroglobulins from normal serum and myeloma proteins, γ-macroglobulins, and Bence Jones proteins from appropriate serum and urine are described.
Immunity in Hamsters to Cells Transformed in Vitro and in Vivo by SV40
Authors: Khera Kundan S. , Ashkenazi Asaria , Rapp Fred , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Prior inoculation of the simian papovavirus SV40 was shown to protect hamsters against challenge with cells transformed by SV40 either in vitro or in vivo. When approximately 102 to 104 cells were used as challenge inoculum, tumor growth was either prevented or delayed in the resistant hamsters. When tumors developed in immune animals, the neoplasms were retarded and their size was generally smaller than in the control animals. Similar results were obtained by intracerebral, subcutaneous or cheek pouch inoculation of tumorigenic cells. With cell inocula approaching or exceeding 105 cells, however, protection was no longer evident.
The resistance demonstrated was not due to antiviral antibody. Heat-inactivated virus did not confer protection. Resistance, though of lesser degree, was witnessed in hamsters inoculated with ruptured cells that had been transformed by SV40 virus. The observations suggest the presence in transformed cells of immunologically related cellular antigens.
The inoculation of SV40 transformed cells into hamsters previously inoculated with one of the papovaviruses indicated a high degree of protection conferred by the homologous SV40 virus and none by polyoma virus. The human wart virus and the Shope papilloma virus seemed to produce a limited degree of protection.
Cytolytic Antibody Assay by Tryptic Digestion of Injured Cells and Electronic Counting
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid and reproducible assay method for cytolytic antibodies is described. The procedure is founded on the observation that trypsin digests cells after their exposure to antibody and complement.
In practice cells are exposed to various dilutions of antiserum plus complement and injured cells digested by trypsin and the surviving cells are counted. For rapid and accurate counting of cells, the Coulter electronic particle counter was utilized. The electronic impulses registered by the products of the tryptic digestion were negligible compared to those registered by intact cells.
In a model system, a horse antiserum against mouse Sarcoma 37 ascites cells was assayed. The cytolytic titer of the serum was expressed as the dilution resulting in lysis of 50% of cells. Assay of antiserum by this method was in close agreement with that obtained by the dye exclusion test.
In the range from 24 to 78% lysis, the standard deviation was less than ±3% lysis. Even the low levels of natural antibodies against sarcoma cells present in normal human serum were found to be well within the range of measurement of this method.
Elicitation of PCA by Univalent and Divalent Haptens
Authors: Amkraut Alfred A. , Rosenberg Leon T. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
PCA reactions were obtained using anti-DNP antisera and “univalent” haptens containing only a single DNP group. Antisera prepared against different DNP-antigens differed in their capacities to react with the various compounds used, a fact which supports the contention that compounds containing two DNP groups act functionally as univalent haptens.
The characteristics of the reaction are described, and a possible mechanism is proposed which relates the reaction to the “toxic” nature of the unbound portion of the hapten and the relative persistence of hapten-antibody complexes.
The Development of Infectivity, Antigens and Particles in Herpes Infected Cells
Authors: Gold E. , Wildy P. , Watson D. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The growth of herpes virus in HeLa cells and BHK21 cells has been studied. Virus specific antigen(s) appeared earlier than new virus particles.Throughout the growth cycle more than 80% of the antigens could be separated from virus particles by centrifugation.There was a consistent alteration in the particle: infectivity ratio with time; early virus had high ratios.
Antigenic Components of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Howe Calderon , Avrameas Stratis , de Vaux St. Cyr Christiane , Grabar Pierre , Lee Lucille T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The stroma of erythrocytes obtained from individual donors was analyzed by electrophoresis, and by immunoelectrophoresis with concentrated rabbit antisera to whole hemolysate and post-hemolytic residue. Each antiserum gave identical reaction patterns with all preparations of stroma irrespective of blood groups. At least 12 antigenic constituents besides hemoglobin were demonstrated, five of which were recognized as enzymes. In addition, four isoenzymes with lactic dehydrogenase activity were encountered. Purified virus receptor substance, glycoprotein complex obtained by butanol treatment of stromal residues, and glycoprotein in aqueous extracts of stroma exhibited basic immunologic identity unrelated to blood groups. Besides M or N activity corresponding to the donor's MN group, traces of blood group A activity were demonstrable in virus receptor substance and in butanol aqueous fractions prepared from cells of group A1. The relation of these various components to the erythrocyte membrane ultrastructure is considered.
A Comparison of the Cutaneous and Mucosal Arthus Reaction in the Guinea Pig and Hamster
Authors: Hyman Herbert M. , Zeldow Bernard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the course of this investigation of the Arthus reaction in the oral mucosa of sensitized guinea pigs and hamsters as it is related to the response in the cutaneous areas, the following conclusions could be demonstrated: In the guinea pig, the mucosal Arthus response is markedly different from the classic cutaneous lesion. It is characterized by extensive swelling and interstitial hemorrhage without necrosis.The histologic response of both the cutaneous and mucosal sites in the guinea pig are similar to each other and those previously described in other studies.The hamster cheek pouch mucosa is an extremely advantageous site in which to elicit the Arthus reaction since very early changes can be readily visualized.Early microscopic examination of Arthus lesions in the hamster exhibited a cellular response composed essentially of mononuclear cells. This phenomenon may be due to the unusual white blood cell differential count presented by this animal.
The Immunofluorescent Focus Technique in Studying the Replication of Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Rapp Fred , Rasmussen Lucille E. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative assay for cytomegalovirus involving counts of immunofluorescent foci of antigen-containing cells was developed. Counts were made 6 to 7 days after infection. The number of foci seen decreased with decreasing concentrations of virus and a linear relationship was obtained over the countable range. Comparable virus titers were obtained in parallel immunofluorescent focus and tube titrations, but the tube titration was slow and required about 30 days of observation.
The focus method was used to study virus adsorption and replication in embryonic human lung fibroblasts. Adsorption proceded rapidly at 37°C; 90% of the virus adsorbed within 1 hr. Adsorption proceeded more slowly as the temperature was decreased. At 37°C production of virus antigen and maturation of virus required 4 days after inoculation of the cells, although cellular changes could be observed earlier if the cultures were fixed and stained. The infection subsequently spread to adjacent cells and increasing numbers of cells comprised the infected foci seen.
Evaluation of Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique for Detection of Rabies Antibody in Human Sera
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Sikes R. K. , Ricker A. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five hundred and eighty-eight sera were tested by the serum neutralization (SN) and indirect fluorescent rabies antibody (IFRA) procedures. Of 285 positive sera by the SN test, 280 (98.3%) were also positive by the IFRA method, indicating acceptability of the IFRA test as a screening procedure for the detection of rabies antibody. Seventy-eight sera from rabies-immunized people were positive by the IFRA method and negative by the SN method, indicating a greater sensitivity of the IFRA test. Further investigations are needed to define the relationship of demonstrable rabies antibody to protection against rabies virus challenge.
Species Specificity of Globulins in Reactions with Rheumatoid Arthritis Serum
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sheep cells sensitized with subagglutinating amounts of chicken antisheep cell serum were not agglutinated in RAS. Chicken antibody globulin attached to sheep cell stromas and in the form of an immune precipitate failed to absorb from RAS the factor responsible for the agglutination of sheep cells sensitized with rabbit antibody, whereas rabbit antibody did remove this factor under comparable circumstances. Neither chicken nor rabbit antibody globulin absorbed the factor causing the agglutination of latex particles coated with human γ-globulin.
Normal chicken γ-globulin used to coat tanned sheep cells and latex particles reacted with RAS to a degree comparable to that of normal rabbit γ-globulin, but was less reactive than normal human γ-globulin. Chicken γ-globulin failed to inhibit completely the agglutination by RAS of sheep cells sensitized with rabbit antibody, although human γ-globulin was inhibitory in relatively high concentrations as compared to the low concentration of rabbit γ-globulin required to inhibit.
These observations are discussed in relation to the existence of multiple rheumatoid factors of differing specificities.
Development of Antibodies against Aeromonas Salmonicida in Trout
Authors: Krantz George E. , Reddecliff Jack M. , Heist Carroll E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The development of agglutinating antibody to Aeronomas salmonicida in brook and brown trout was demonstrated by a tube agglutination and a rapid slide agglutination test. Comparison of agglutinin titer development in rabbits and trout demonstrated that trout have a slow antibody response reaching maximum titer about 3 months after injection. Rabbits developed peak titers within a month after receiving the same dose of antigen. Trout immunized with a single injection of formalin-killed bacteria in a mineral oil adjuvant were protected against intraperitoneal injections of viable Aeromonas salmonicida.
Enhanced Antitoxin Responses in Irradiated Mice Elicted by Complexes of Tetanus Toxoid and Specific Antibody
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Terres Geronimo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Enhanced primary antitoxin responses were obtained in mice immunized by intravenous injection with complexes of tetanus toxoid and mouse antitoxin presumably formed either in vivo or prepared in vitro in antigen-antibody ratios of antibody excess, equivalence and antigen excess. The demonstration of the enhancement phenomenon elicited by complexes of toxoid and isologous mouse antitoxin provide conclusive evidence that the antibody portion of the complex does not need to be of heterologous origin in order to elicit enhanced primary antibody responses in mice. Intravenous immunization with the above complexes elicited enhanced primary responses in irradiated animals, whereas minimal responses were obtained with antigen only. Little difference was observed in primary responses in nonirradiated mice when antigen only or antigen complexed with specific antibody was given by subcutaneous injection. However, enhanced primary antitoxin responses were obtained in irradiated mice (400 rads) immunized with the various complexes over the responses observed in irradiated animals immunized with antigen only. The greatest degree of enhancement occurred when the complexes were prepared in the region of equivalence and antigen excess. Secondary antitoxin responses were repressed when the same complexes of antigen and antibody were injected to elicit secondary responses. A corresponding repression of secondary responses was observed in irradiated mice when radiation doses of 300 rads were delivered 24 hr before the second injection of antigen complexed with specific mouse antitoxin.
The Temporal Synthesis of Chicken Antibodies
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , Hersh Robert T. , Larson Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence was presented that primary chicken anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antisera contain a high molecular weight antibody which precipitates in 0.15 M NaCl and which agglutinates sensitized red cells, a 7 S non-hemagglutinating antibody which precipitates only in 1.5 M NaCl when isolated from the heavier fraction by zone ultracentrifugation, and a 7 S hemagglutinating antibody which precipitates in 0.15 M NaCl and which is also found in high concentrations in hyperimmune sera.
Tolerance to a Protein Antigen in Adult Mice and the Effect of Nonspecific Factors
Authors: Claman Henry N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic tolerance was induced in adult CBA mice by a single injection of the supernatant from ultracentrifuged bovine γ-globulin (BGG). Mice so treated and later challenged with BGG-Bentonite did not produce detectable antibody as measured by the disappearance rate of I125 BGG or by the microhemagglutination method. The sediment from pooled ultracentrifuged BGG induced antibody formation rather than tolerance. Tolerance could be produced by as little as 0.19 mg of supernatant BGG. Such tolerance could be partially overcome by 19 mg, but not by 1.9 mg of BGG-Bentonite. Partial tolerance was induced by 0.019 mg of supernatant BGG. Tolerance could not be produced by supernatant BGG when it was accompanied by an intravenous dose of 100 µg of bacterial endotoxin.
Methotrexate Inhibition of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in Inbred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Buckler Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methotrexate has been employed to inhibit the development of tuberculin hypersensitivity in strain 2 guinea pigs. Tuberculin hypersensitivity is transferred in these animals with viable isologous lymph node cells. The results of experiments employing such lymph node transfers suggested the drug was not acting on the inductive phase of the immune response but on the proliferation of immunologically active cells.
Nonprecipitating Antibody and the Arthus Vasculitis
Authors: Levenson Hubert , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inability of two nonprecipitating antibodies to produce Arthus vascular inflammatory reactions was studied. In both cases the nonprecipitating antibody did not deposit antigen in the vessel walls in the form of an antigen-antibody-host complement complex, while relatively equal amounts of precipitating antibody did. Rabbit nonprecipitating antibody was found to interact with its antigen in the tissues equally as well as precipitating antibody (determined by passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions) and was found abundantly capable of inactivating hemolytic guinea pig complement with components at least through C′3c taking part. It was proposed that heavy deposition of antigen-antibody complexes, perhaps with host complement, was essential for the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and resulting vascular inflammatory damage.
Quantitative Determination of Antibody and Complement Directed against Lymphocytes
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , Rich Norman E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid, precise method is presented for the quantitative assay of cytotoxic antibody and complement levels employing lymphocytes as the target cell. The technique consists essentially of enumerating with the electronic Coulter Counter the number of “normal size cells” remaining after incubation with antibody and complement. Death of lymphocytes as appraised by eosin dye exclusion was paralleled by a loss in numbers of electronically countable cells, though simultaneous counts made in the hemocytometer indicated that the cells do not actually disappear. Thus dead cells are apparently not “seen” by the electronic counter. Plots of the reduction in normal size cells produced by allogenic mouse antisera or complement were shown to be linear by the method of probits or the von Krogh equation. The technique was highly sensitive, for cytotoxicity of some mouse antisera produced against homografts could be detected with as little as 0.00005 ml.
Recall of Complement Fixing Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Mietens Carl , Hummeler Klaus , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The recall of complement-fixing antibodies was studied in guinea pigs previously immunized with one or several representative agents belonging to the poliomyelitis, Coxsackie A and B, and Echo groups. Although the studies were limited in scope, it became evident that poliomyelitis and Coxsackie B viruses readily recalled antibodies to the other members of the respective groups. Recalls were induced, although less frequently, by agents belonging to heterologous enterovirus groups but not by mumps virus. Antibodies were recalled often in the absence of detectable responses to the injected virus. A single dose of a given virus led to homologous antibody responses at an increased frequency if the animals had previous experience with another member of the same group of viruses. Broadening of the antibody spectra to include reactions with viruses not previously injected were observed only within the poliomyelitis group but the data are insufficient to exclude its occurrence among or between other groups of enteroviruses. Neutralization tests carried out with a few selected sera revealed that recalls of complementfixing antibodies were not accompanied by rises in neutralizing activity.
The results presented appear to parallel the experience gained in the serodiagnosis of enterovirus infections of man.
Hyperreactivity to Endotoxin after Infection with BCG
Authors: Suter Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are reported dealing with the increased sensitivity to endotoxin of BCG-infected rabbits and mice. With rabbits it was found that infection with BCG has no influence on the pyrogenic responses nor on the skin reactivity in spite of the fact that the sensitivity to lethal shock is greatly enhanced. All attempts of transferring hyperreactivity from BCG-infected to normal mice by mean of lymph node or spleen cells and of serum have failed. Desensitization of hyperreactive animals can be achieved and is nonspecific. The results are discussed in regard to the validity of the hypothesis that endotoxin action, especially in hyperreactive animals, may be mediated by hypersensitivity reactions.
The Measurement of Type- and Nontype-Specific Group A Hemolytic Streptococcal Antibody with an Hemagglutination Technique
Authors: Vosti Kenneth L. , Rantz Lowell A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tannic acid modified red cells were sensitized with semipurified M protein preparations of group A hemolytic streptococci. The sensitizing antigens in addition to M protein, contained nontype-specific protein which interfered with the measurement of type-specific antibody in rabbit and human sera. Serologic type-specificity was attained by incubation of the test sera with either crude or semipurified antigens from heterologous types. The use of homologous as well as heterologous semipure and crude antigens as inhibitors demonstrated that multiple reactions in human sera reflected the presence of different type-specific antibodies. Serologic type-specificity was shown to correlate with biologic type-specificity.
Relative Pool Size of Potentially Competent Antibody-Forming Cells of Primed and Nonprimed Spleen Cells Grown in in Vivo Culture
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen cells from primed and nonprimed donors were cultured in lethally irradiated, isologous recipients and the relative pool size of PC cells was determined at varying intervals for 13 days under various experimental conditions. The results showed that the pool size of PC cells decreased to a minimum during the first 5 days after culture of nonprimed spleen cells. This decrease in pool size can be circumvented almost completely by the combined treatment of reduced radiation exposure to recipients and bone marrow therapy. It can be accentuated by exposing these cells to a noncross-reacting antigen when spleen cells are known to be proliferating and differentiating into terminal blood cells maximally. In contrast, the pool size of PC cells from primed donors neither increased nor decreased significantly during this period of observation and, furthermore, was not affected by these treatments. These results indicate that there exist, in accordance with the unidirectional flow model, at least two sequential compartments of PC cells, PC1 and PC2. Cells in the former compartment can be considered to be multipotent—capable of differentiating along several paths depending upon the stimuli—and those in the latter unipotent and therefore insensitive to hematopoietins and unrelated antigenic stimuli.