bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humoral Immunostimulation
Authors: Shearer William T. , Mettes Hal J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-L antibody and cytosine arabinoside acting synergistically produced an inhibition of growth of L cells in vitro. This effect was dependent upon both antibody and cytosine arabinoside concentrations with a 1:200 dilution of antiserum and a 0.10 µg/ml (4 × 10-7 M) concentration of drug being optimal. There was a 50% reduction in the growth rate of such 24-hr cell cultures, and the effect was due primarily to inhibition of cell growth rather than cell lysis. Replicate long-term cell cultures showed that antiserum (IgG fraction) stimulated uptake of 3H-cytosine arabinoside into nuclear DNA of cells. In acute 3H-cytosine arabinoside uptake studies, antibody had no discernable effect upon the transport of drug into the cell but, rather, stimulated an event subsequent to transport, presumably phosphorylation of drug. Indeed, the antibody-enhanced uptake of 3H-cytosine arabinoside appeared first in the total isotope pool of the cells, followed by appearance in the nondiffusible pool, and, finally, in the acid-insoluble pool of cells. Moreover, antibody stimulation of labeled drug into the nondiffusible pool was exquisitely dependent upon energy sources. In total, these observations suggest that antibody stimulated cytosine arabinoside uptake by activation of phosphorylation pathways with subsequent incorporation of the phosphorylated drug into DNA. Enhanced incorporation of drug into nuclear DNA of antibody-treated cells was thus correlated with inhibition of cell replication. Therefore, it is possible to modulate tumor cell replication in vitro by the judicious use of antibody and cytosine arabinoside.
Production of Human Lymphocyte Mediators after Activation with Periodate or Neuraminidase and Galactose Oxidase
Authors: Greineder Dirk K. , Rocklin Ross E. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of human mononuclear cells with sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4) or neuraminidase and galactose oxidase (NGO) results in lymphocyte activation and subsequent generation of supernatants rich in migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF). Preliminary characterization of these mediators by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration suggests that they are similar to antigen- and concanavalin A-induced MIF and LIF, eluting in the 25000 m.w. and 68000 m.w. regions, respectively. The possibility of galactose oxidase carryover into the supernatants has been studied and conditions are described that minimize this eventuality. A method is presented for producing control and lymphokine-rich supernatants both of which have been exposed to identical concentrations of NGO although in the control activation is blocked by the addition of 0.1 M galactose to the incubation. These findings establish NaIO4 and NGO as useful mitogens for generating human lymphokine-rich supernatants that can be used without further purification.
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Induced Release of Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) in vitro and during IgE Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: McManus Linda M. , Morley Cindy A. , Levine Shirley P. , Pinckard R. Neal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Basophil-derived platelet activating factor (PAF) was shown to induce the release of platelet factor 4 (PF4), a specific platelet protein, from isolated, washed rabbit platelets. The kinetics and dose response of this release were similar to that of PAF-induced 3H-serotonin secretion, and indicated that PF4 release was a reliable and sensitive estimate of platelet stimulation by PAF. Plasma PF4 concentrations were therefore used as a marker for in vivo platelet release during systemic anaphylaxis induced by the i.v. injection of antigen (horseradish peroxidase, HRP) into rabbits conditioned to produce only IgE antibody against HRP. Antigen administration was accompanied by the loss of circulating stainable basophils, acute thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, and a significant increase in PF4 levels. The increase in plasma PF4 began approximately 90 sec after antigen challenge, corresponding to 60 sec after the intravascular aggregation of platelets. However, maximum levels of plasma PF4 were not reached until 3 to 5 min after antigen challenge. Concomitant measurement of circulating PAF during anaphylaxis indicated that PAF release into the circulation preceded the decrease in circulating platelet numbers by about 30 sec and preceded the increase in plasma PF4 levels by about 60 sec. Thus, this study documents that platelets undergo a release reaction during anaphylaxis at a time when they are sequestered in the microvasculature. The temporal relationship of this release suggests that the following series of events occur during IgE anaphylaxis: antigen stimulates circulating IgE-sensitized basophils to release PAF, PAF causes intravascular platelet aggregation and subsequent sequestration, and finally, sequestered platelets release their intracellular constituents.
Evidence That Thymocytes Require at Least Two Distinct Signals to Proliferate
Authors: Beller David I. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Optimal receptivity of thymocytes to the mitogenic stimulus in macrophage culture fluid (MCF) is limited to the time in culture when these cells are spontaneously proliferating. By providing a brief, nonmitogenic lectin pulse, nonproliferating cells can be “activated” and their ability to respond to MCF totally restored. This procedure provides a model system for evaluating thymocyte proliferation and, in particular, the mechanism of action of MCF.
Inhibition of Human Lymphocyte E-Rosette Formation by Oxygenated Sterols
Authors: Streuli Rolf A. , Chung Jiwhey , Scanu Angelo M. , Yachnin Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol, 20α-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, and 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol, when added to cultures of human lymphocytes in lipoprotein-depleted medium (LPDM) at a concentration of 2.5 × 10-5 M, inhibit E-rosette formation with sheep red blood cells. 20α-Hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, and 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol are more potent inhibitors than 25-hydroxycholesterol. The inhibitory effect of 5αhydroxy-6-ketocholestanol on E-rosette formation appears after 15 min of exposure; with the other three compounds, an exposure time of 18 hr is necessary. The inhibitory effect of E-rosette formation can be abolished by addition of free cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, or high-density lipoprotein to the LPDM or by incubation of the cells in normal AB serum, but not by the addition of mevalonic acid to the LPDM. These observations suggest that the capacity of oxygenated sterol compounds (OSC) to inhibit E-rosette formation is independent of their inhibitory effect on sterol synthesis. It is possible that OSC inhibit E-rosette formation as a consequence of their insertion into the lymphocyte membrane as cholesterol analogues.
Cytotoxic Properties of the Eosinophil Major Basic Protein
Authors: Gleich Gerald J. , Frigas Evangelo , Loegering David A. , Wassom Donald L. , Steinmuller David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) damages cells including those from organs whose dysfunction is associated with eosinophil infiltration. Concentrations of MBP in the toxic range were found in sputa from asthmatics, in pleural fluid and in sera. These findings suggest the hypothesis that the eosinophil produces damage to cells in disease.
Identification of ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide as a new cell surface marker for murine natural killer (NK) cells.
Authors: Young W W , Hakomori S I , Durdik J M , Henney C S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The BCG-induced NK cell activity of murine peritoneal exudate cells was abolished by preincubation of effector cells with anti-ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (anti-asialo GM1) and C but not with other anti-glycolipid antibodies, anti-ganglioside GM1, anti-globoside, and anti-ganglio-N-triosylceramide (anti-asialo GM2). In contrast, the cytotoxic activity of alloimmune T cells was not affected by treatment with anti-asialo GM1 antisera. These findings suggest that asialo GM1 display may be characteristic of NK cell populations and aid in the isolation of this population of cytotoxic cells.
Distribution of IgG subclasses in human B lymphocytes: evidence for dual expression of subclasses in surface and cytoplasmic IgG in minor B lymphocyte subpopulations.
Authors: Yount W J , Fuller C R , Simmons J G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of B lymphocytes expressing surface IgG subclasses has been defined by using immunochemically purified, subclass-specific, F(ab')2 fragments. Studies in normal adults showed 1.16% of peripheral lymphocytes to be positive for IgG. Percentages of IgG subclasses were IgG2, 0.50%; IgG4, 0.40%; IgG1, 0.33%; and IgG3, 0.14%. Dual label experiments indicated that minor subpopulations of normal lymphocytes may express more than one IgG subclass, both on surface IgG as well as in the cytoplasm. Cord blood showed significantly less IgG4-positive cells than were present in adults. Preliminary studies of patients with common variable immunodeficiency showed shifts in cell populations paralleling those previously noted in serum. Some patients with multiple myeloma were noted to exhibit striking shifts in the distribution of B lymphocytes toward a population of cells showing a similar IgG subclass to that of the M-component.
Delineation of tolerance-sensitive and tolerance-insensitive B cells in normal and immune defective mice.
Authors: McKearn J P , Quintáns J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B cells responsive to TNP on various thymus-independent carriers acquire immunocompetence at different times during ontogeny and elicit varying levels of responsiveness in immune-defective CBA/N mice. Such B cells have now been found to display differential tolerance susceptibilities in a hapten-specific in vitro tolerance assay. B lymphocytes from normal neonatal or immune-defective adult CBA/N mice responsive to TNP-lipopolysaccharide were shown to be hypersusceptible to tolerogenesis whereas B cell responses to a second TI antigen, TNP-Brucella abortus, were not rendered tolerant until high concentrations of tolerogen had been presented. Therefore, tolerance hypsersusceptibility is characteristic of a fraction of neonatal and immune-defective adult CBA/N antigen-reactive B lymphocytes.
A restricted component of T cell help in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated humans peripheral blood cell cultures.
Authors: Macy E , Stevens R H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Limiting dilution analyses using human T and B cells from the peripheral blood of individuals recently (2 to 5 weeks) boosted with tetanus toxoid or a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were performed in order to investigate the specificity of T cell help during in vitro pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation. Limiting numbers of irradiated T cells were added to an excess of B cells and their ability to help 1) IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody or 2) IgG anti-tetanus toxoid and IgG antidiphtheria toxoid antibody production were compared. The helper activity for anti-tetanus toxoid antibody production did not dilute out at the same point as help for total IgG production. Cultures were observed at limiting dilutions of added helper T cells that produced anti-tetanus toxoid IgG or anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG but not both even though a sufficient number of potential specific IgG-producing B cells were present. A distribution analysis of the IgG anti-tetanus and IgG anti-diphtheria helper T cells indicated that the two subpopulations did not segregate together. Thus in the presence of PWM, individual helper T cells appeared capable of supplying help for a restricted number of B cells.
Tegument-associated antigen modulation by adult male Schistosoma mansoni.
Authors: Kemp W M , Brown P R , Merritt S C , Miller R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult Schistosoma mansoni from mice were incubated in rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin class or subclass-specific sera. The rabbit antibody binding was then visualized by incubation of the labeled worms in fluoresceinated Staphylococcus aureus, which associated with the Fc portion of the rabbit antibody molecule by means of bacterial cell wall Protein A. The assay system was found to be simple, inexpensive, specific, repeatable, and rapidly accomplished. By using this technique, previous work documenting the presence of mouse IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgA, and IgM on the tegumental surface of adult worms of mouse origin was confirmed. It was further confirmed that the complexing of rabbit antibody to the mouse antigen led to the shedding of that antigen from the parasite's surface membrane within 20 min at 37 degrees C. This shedding phenomenon was specific for only those antigens interacting with the ligand and was inhibited by incubation with sodium fluoride, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, cytochalasin B, cytochalasin D, caffeine, or at 4 degrees C. These data indicate a sophisticated control mechanism exercised by the parasite over its interface with the host and may indicate a complexity of the host-parasite relationship not heretofore recognized.
T cell-mediated immunity to oncornavirus-induced tumors. II. Ability of different T cell sets to prevent tumor growth in vivo.
Authors: Leclerc J C , Cantor H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies demonstrate that two different types of protective immunologic reactions are generated in mice after inoculation with M.MSV. Type I protection, mediated by Ly1 cells, prevents MSV-induced sarcomas but has no effect on the growth of MLV+ lymphomas. This anti-MSV protection reflects induction of antivirion antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. Type II protection is mediated by Ly23 cells and prevents the growth of an MLV+ lymphoma, but has little or no protective effects against MSV-induced sarcomas. This "type II" reaction is directly related to CTL activity. The implications of these two protective reaction are discussed.
Human T lymphcytes are enriched for transfer factor.
Authors: Tomar R H , John P A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using a canine local skin assay, we tested transfer factor prepared from three subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T lymphocytes are enriched for transfer factor whereas adherent cells and nonadherent/nonrosetting cells are not. Thus, it appears as if transfer factor is a T cell lymphokine, the immunobiology of which is still unclear.
Lymphotoxin production by subsets of T cells.
Authors: Eardley D D , Shen F W , Gershon R K , Ruddle N H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphotoxin is produced by T cells sensitized to antigen upon re-exposure in vitro. It is also elicited by mitogen treatment. Its production has been correlated with delayed-type hypersensitivity and it may be a mediator of that phenomenon. We have examined the Ly phenotype of the subset(s) of T cells that produce lymphotoxin in order to investigate the relationship of lymphotokin killing to allo-killing mediated by Ly2+ T cells. We have found that Ly1 T cells sensitized to ovalbumin secrete more lymphotoxin than Ly2 cells. The ovalbumin-sensitized T cells do not lyse their target in a short term 51Cr-release assay even when "glued" to the target with Con A. Thus, lymphotoxin-producing cells differ phenotypically from the previously defined cytotoxic T cells that bear the Ly2 differentiation marker.
IA antigens and antigen-presenting function of thymic macrophages.
Authors: Beller D I , Unanue E R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymic adherent cells were isolated after their enrichment on density gradients. The predominant cell type found was the macrophage, as determined by morphology, surface receptors for Fc and C3, phagocytosis and esterase activity. There was, in addition, a minor fraction of cells with a distinctive dendritic morphology. These dendritic cells had surface properties similar to macrophages but limited phagocytic capacity. Approximately 50% of thymic adherent cells bear Ia antigens detected by immunofluorescence by using either A.TH anti-A.TL or monoclonal anti-I-A antibodies. These cells were also found to be an extremely effective antigen-presenting source for macrophage-depleted immune T cells, supporting the idea that the Ia antigens detected are of functional significance. Our data indicate that the macrophage is the predominant adherent cell type in general, and the principal Ia-bearing cell in particular, isolated by either physical disruption of the thymus or by collagenase dissociation of thymis stroma.
Human T lymphocyte surface antigens: partial purification and characterization utilizing a high-titer heteroantiserum.
Authors: Pratt D M , Schlossman S F , Strominger J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A high-titer human T lymphocyte-specific antiserum (A99) has been prepared by immunization of rabbits with a preparation partially purified from membranes of the T cell line, CEM. The specificities recognized by this antiserum included those recognized by TH1 and HTL antisera. Several experiments indicated that these antisera recognized several different proteins. A partial purification of material recognized by A99 serum was obtained by 1) isolation of plasma membranes, 2) detergent solubilization and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and 3) affinity chromatography on a wheat germ lectin-Sepharose 4B column. These three steps yielded material about 100-fold purified, and an estimate was made in several ways that on overall purification of 3500-fold would be required to achieve homogeneity. Immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled 100-fold purified material showed that the major bands recognized by A99 serum had m.w. of 52,000, 96,000 (seen only after reduction), 120,000, 152,000, and 195,000. These data are compared to other published reports of human T lymphocyte-specific proteins.
Characterization of guinea pig lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor for fibroblasts.
Authors: Postlethwaite A E , Kang A H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An assay that measures guinea pig fibroblast chemotaxis in vitro is described. Application of this assay has revealed that stimulation of guinea pig blood or lymph node lymphocytes in vitro by T cell antigen (horseradish peroxidase) or mitogen (phytohemagglutinin) is associated with production of a chemoattractant for guinea pig fibroblasts. This lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor for fibroblasts (LDCF-F) has a m.w. or 80,000 and is distinct from guinea pig lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor for monocytes (LDCF-M). LDCF-F is heat labile and trypsin sensitive. The production of LDCF-F in vitro correlates with lymphocyte transformation to antigen or mitogen and with the presence of in vivo-delayed hypersensitivity to antigen. LDCF-F might function in vivo to attract connective tissue fibroblasts to sites of cell-mediated immune reactions.
Structural studies on the murine Ia alloantigens. VII. Further evidence for two-gene control of the E/C alloantigens.
Authors: Cook R G , Vitetta E S , Uhr J W , Capra J D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By utilizing comparative tryptic peptide analysis of the E/C alloantigens from additional H-2 recombinant strains, the gene encoding the E/C beta subunit was localized to the I-A or B subregions. By peptide mapping techniques, the E/C alpha- and beta-chains showed little structural homology with the A alloantigen alpha and beta subunits. In addition, comparisons of the E/C beta subunits from F1 strains (b x d) with those from both parental strains revealed that in a heterozygote the beta subunit from either allele (b or d) can associate with the alpha-chain from one allele (d). Thus, the formation of hybrid E/C antigens by cis-trans gene complementation increases the E/C alloantigen repertoire in heterozygotes.
Selective deficiency of a T cell subpopulation in active atopic dermatitis.
Authors: Schuster D L , Bongiovanni B A , Pierson D L , Barbaro J F , Wong D T , Levinson A I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The T cell subpopulation bearing a receptor for the Fc fragment of IgM (T mu) or the Fc fragment of IgG (T gamma) were studied in 12 patients with active atopic dermatitis (AD) and elevated IgE (5678 I.U./ml +/- 1382) and compared with a control group with normal IgE (33 +/- 17). Values for the total lymphocytes and for absolute and relative numbers of total T and T mu cells were comparable in both groups. However, AD patients had markedly reduced relative T gamma levels, 1.8% +/- 0.4%, compared with normals, 10.5% +/- 0.7% (p less than 0.001). The patients also had reduced absolute T gamma levels, 29 +/- 7, compared with 181 +/- 36 (p less than 0.0005). This abnormality was not indicative of allergic disease in general, nor did it appear to be caused directly by serum factors. The T gamma cell deficit did reflect disease activity and correlated inversely with the levels of serum IgE in the AD patients. Thus, patients with active AD and elevated IgE have a selective reduction in circulating T gamma cells.
Characterization of natural cytotoxicity in vitro in a spontaneous rat tumor model.
Authors: Zöller M , Matzku S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous rat tumor cells were tested in a 12-hr Cr-release assay for susceptibility or resistance to cytolysis by lymphoid effector cells from untreated rats. Most target cells were intermediate to highly susceptible (up to 85% lysis at an effector-to-target ratio of 50:1), but we observed nonsusceptible target cells, too. Cold target inhibition experiments confirmed the susceptibility classifications obtained in the direct assay. The functional properties of effector cells paralleled closely the known properties of natural killer cells. The NK responsiveness of various rat strains did not coincide with the incidence of spontaneous tumors.
The transient appearance of degenerate antibody early in the course of the immune response.
Authors: Kan E A , Siskind G W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The appearance of degenerate antibody-secreting cells early in the course of the immune response was demonstrated. Mice immunized with SRBC had anti-SRBC plaques that were as much as 95% inhibitable by DNP-Ova or DNP-KLH, and mice immunized with DNP-KLH had anti-DNP plaques that were as much as 90% inhibitable by Fl-BGG. In addition, mice immunized with BRBC produced plaques detectable on TNP-SRBC. The data suggest that, early after antigen injection, antibody is produced that can react with both the immunizing antigen and with structurally unrelated antigenic determinants. The incidence of such degenerate antibody-secreting cells is maximal at 3 days after antigen injection and decreases thereafter. It is probable that the degenerate antibody is of very low affinity for the immunizing antigen.
Linkage of severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to the rat major histocompatibility locus.
Authors: Moore M J , Singer D E , Williams R M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The incidence of EAE is determined by Ir-EAE, a gene linked to the rat MHC. EAE severity can be assessed by quantitative clinical and pathologic measures. Using these measures, one can say that disease severity in LBNF1 is approximately one-tenth that in Lewis. Analysis of LBNF2, LBC, BNBC, and parental Lewis strain reveals that severity is primarily a function of dose of Lewis MHC alleles. Non-MHC genes have a small but discernable effect.
Mapping of the X-linked immune deficiency mutation (xid) of CBA/N mice.
Authors: Berning A K , Eicher E M , Paul W E , Scher I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CBA/N mice carry a recessive mutation at the X-linked immune deficiency (xid) locus that precludes their response to certain thymus-independent (TI) antigens. We have determined that xid is situated on the X-chromosome between the genes Ta (tabby) and Hyp (hypophosphatemia), genetic distances being Ta-6.6 +/- 1.8-xid-12.2 +/- 2.3-Hyp.