bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Non-Secret Connexion
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A key feature of Aristotle’s view is that at least some causality is just as it appears: there is no necessary gap between appearance and reality that we overcome in moving from a grasp of a phenomenon to a grasp of its causes, as long as our observations are sound. These “gapless” causal phenomena need not be ontologically or metaphysically basic. This allows Aristotle to claim an epistemological advantage over his predecessors. The special epistemological status of craft is analyzed. While there are several ways in which Aristotle appeals to crafts and craft-products as analogous to a target-phenomenon he wishes to clarify (such as substance), in the case of causality the relationships are not analogously related but rather simply the same in kind—causality in craft production is causality without qualification. The implications of this status for Aristotle’s response to his predecessors and to potential objections are explained. Aristotle’s discussion of the nature of blood in Parts of Animals II is analyzed to show how the metaphysical and epistemological aspects of the theory function together.
Mirror of Nature, Mirror of Self
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This monograph is about the metaphor of reflection in a mirror, frequently used in Indian philosophical traditions to address metaphysical, epistemological, and theological problems arising from a non-reductionist approach to consciousness. The metaphor stands for the idea that, just as a face, reflected in a mirror, appears where it is not, so do consciousness and its properties, such as the sense of self, subjectivity, and experience of qualia, stand in falsely perceived relations to cognitive and perceptive processes. The book explores various models of interaction between consciousness, the mind-body complex, and the world, based on the metaphor of reflection, in the philosophical schools of Sāṃkhya, Yoga, and Advaita-Vedānta. Mirror of Nature, Mirror of Self is the first systematic exploration of mirror models of consciousness across traditions. By grounding these theories in their historical intellectual context, the book sheds new light on an intense philosophical conversation between Indian reductionists and non-reductionists about consciousness. The book explores the impact of Indian mirror models on theories of mental representation, theories of knowledge, philosophy of language, debates on illusory causality and on the relationship between noumena and phenomena, as well as soteriological and theological theories. In a dialogue with psychoanalytical theory and analytic philosophy of mind, the book defends a new model of consciousness, integrating consciousness-mind dualism, mind naturalism, and representationalism about consciousness.
The Cloud Cap’d Towers
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter describes how and why universities abandoned their role as institutions that try to promote scientific truth and ethical behavior and how this has impacted the debate about the ethics of animal experimentation. The history of research funding and how it has accelerated since the Second World War is discussed. The chapter discusses the pressures on researchers to obtain funding and how this affects what they do. This has resulted in systemic problems in the quality of published data in the scientific literature. There has also been a lack of good mentors for training research students. The chapter discusses how the “scientists of the future” should be trained. There is a general lack of training in ethics for animal researchers, something that should be the responsibility of universities and pharmaceutical companies but is generally ignored. The chapter discusses how these situations can be improved in the future and welcoming the end of animal experimentation.
Hegemonic Race and Gender Kinds and Ontic Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a variety of race and gender kinds that are termed ‘hegemonic kinds’, which capture the high-level patterns and regularities produced by interlocking constraints and enablements affecting individuals who are subordinated or privileged based on their reproductively and/or geographically marked body. Hegemonic kinds are situated within the constraints and enablements framework and are shown to have a very wide scope, to have a maximally expansive breadth, and to be at least fairly coarse-grained. The chapter argues that hegemonic intersectional race and gender kinds are particularly explanatory. It also considers the relationship between hegemonic gender kinds and trans experiences. Finally, it argues that many hegemonic race and gender kinds are ontically oppressive.
Introduction
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction explains the framework for understanding why Germany responded to tensions in the global fossil fuel system by charting a radically different energy policy than the United States and other large European countries. It argues that since 1945, Germans have come to see energy as a social good instead of a commodity, and energy markets as fundamentally political in nature. This understanding arose from frequent energy crises, anxieties about exports, security, and democratic backsliding, and a powerful ecological movement that forced Germans to broker difficult energy compromises between firms, unions, and grassroots organizations. Where environmental historians explain Germany’s peculiar energy trajectory—which resulted in a green revolution around 2000—through the anti-nuclear movement and the Green Party of the 1970s and 1980s, Energy and Power shows how German energy policies arose from a deeply politicized interaction between political outsiders and insiders that began already in the 1950s and 1960s. Lastly, it offers a novel explanation for why energy transitions happen. They do not result from the market’s invisible hand, rather, they are actively made through conflict and cooperation between social movements, interest groups, political factions, and experts, and deeply shaped by crises, policy linkages, and ideas about the future.
Energy Price Wars and the Battle for the Social Market Economy
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how the price of energy in the Federal Republic became intensely politicized in the 1950s during the nation’s postwar transition to oil, as Germans passed through two wrenching energy crises. West Germans experienced the Korean War that began in 1950 as an energy crisis, after the conflict revived the shortages of World War II. Eight years later the nation descended into a gripping oversupply crisis that marked the beginning of the end of hard coal mining in the Ruhr. These crises forged a novel coalition between coal employers and coal unions, who banded together to save their industry which was threatened by the globalization of energy markets. Through intense debates over the price of energy, important social actors began criticizing the conventional wisdom of economics minister Ludwig Erhard, who wanted energy prices to be cheap in order to fuel growth. They called instead for a state-guided energy price framework.
Chains of Oil, 1956–1973
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how the continuing flood of Middle Eastern oil not only brought prosperity to the Federal Republic, but also created problems that further politicized energy in West Germany in the 1960s. First, the accelerating transition to oil forced down hard coal consumption in West Germany, creating stranded assets as mine owners struggled to get out of a dying industry. This sparked West Germany’s second coal crisis, in 1966, which led to unemployment, social disorder, and the reorganization of Ruhr coal into a massive enterprise with no precedent. But the onslaught of Middle Eastern oil also made the Federal Republic dependent on foreign energy, and exposed to developments beyond German borders and over which Germans had little control. Well before the 1973 oil shock, West Germans became intensely concerned with the twin challenges of the domestic and international security of energy, and their leaders began to depart from Ordoliberalism by favoring large, German-owned enterprises that could survive a volatile energy landscape.
Shaking the Coupling Paradigm
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how West German energy policy was rocked by the oil crisis of 1973. The dramatic spike in crude prices undermined confidence in the belief that growth required ever more energy—but not before advocates of the coupling paradigm, led by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, doubled down on the policies of the 1960s by trying to secure more energy through larger concentrations of business power. As security became the overriding objective, Bonn pursued a neo-mercantilist policy of extending West German influence along the global hydrocarbon supply chain through new corporate formations. These supply-side initiatives generated astoundingly utopian visions. However, they failed to change the nation’s dependence on foreign oil. What actually brought the nation through the crisis of 1973–1974 was its market-based approach to pricing petroleum. By the late 1970s this reaffirmed for many the need for a flexible, but state-guided price of energy, suggesting to insiders that they could use the state to guide energy markets to achieve specific goals.
The Energy Entanglement of Germany and Russia
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how German elites coproduced a vast natural gas infrastructure with the Soviet Union and Russia between 1970 and 2000 that created a dual lock-in for their nation: to Russia and to the coupling paradigm. The conventional wing of the SPD and the CDU lauded gas as an abundant, inexpensive energy that the nation must have to remain an export powerhouse. But reasons other than energy drove the creation of this physical infrastructure as well. Under the SPD, West Germany linked natural gas first to Ostpolitik, then to geopolitical security, and later to domestic jobs to justify the Federal Republic’s fourth energy transition. Neoliberal experts, meanwhile, claimed gas was clean, which let this energy sidestep the greatest criticism of the coupling paradigm, namely, that burning fossil fuels warmed the atmosphere. Even as the new ideas of Ecological Modernization gained momentum after 1980, the natural gas transition helped the old energy paradigm retain its grip on the Federal Republic.
Unleashing Green Energy in an Era of Neoliberalism
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how energy again became heavily politicized during the 1990s as anxieties about global warming resurfaced, and how the Federal Republic passed revolutionary energy legislation. In 1998 the Greens and the SPD forged an alliance that centered on energy, and that relied on the shared languages of Ordoliberalism and Ecological Modernization. These parties justified a green transition by weaving together different arguments. Not only would solar, wind, and energy efficiency help prevent global warming, they would also be powerful new export industries that could create jobs at home and stabilize Germany’s energy system in the face of new uncertainties about the global supply of fossil fuels. The coalition’s groundbreaking legislation after 1998—feed-in tariffs, a solar roofs program, an ecological tax, and an energy efficiency investment drive—drew directly on the new ideas of the 1970s and 1980s, and derived from a common belief that the price of energy was a political one.
Conclusion
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 provides a summary and postscript to the discussion of state-mandated family separation and remedies to this problem as they relate to immigration detentions, citizenship, criminal justice, the fate of the children of foreign fighters, and the legacy of Indigenous child welfare removals. In the United States, the author covers the first year of President Biden’s administration and its approach to reuniting immigrant families, criminal justice reform, and the impact of the war on terror on the children of foreign fighters stranded abroad. In Canada, the same themes are covered with an emphasis on recent developments in Indigenous child welfare protections that could serve as a model for other jurisdictions. More broadly, the chapter addresses the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 crisis on issues related to immigration, citizenship, criminal justice, and Indigenous rights from a comparative North American perspective.
Information Overload: Mass Media and Fake News
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Another hallmark of both turn-of-the-century periods was radically new forms of mass media. The ability to reach a mass audience was made possible by the revolutions in transportation and communications in the decades of the 1960s and 1970s in both centuries. The chapter examines the rise of the Broadsheet and Penny Press in the 1880s and 1890s. One hundred years later, cable news in the 1980s and then Internet in the 1990s reached a global audience in ways that had not been possible earlier. In both periods what emerged was dangerous, sensationalized mass media. The late nineteenth-century period of Yellow Journalism and the twenty-first century era of “post-truth” signified something wholly new. The scale of media reach and the immediacy of its impact was unprecedented. Therefore, the magnitude of the harm posed by misinformation in both time periods was critically different from anything hitherto experienced.
Understanding Taxation in Uganda
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 uses a case study of taxation in Uganda to show how my theory can explain the government's tax decisions. Uganda's revenue system has undergone substantial changes since elections were reintroduced in the 1990s. As the political system liberalized between 1996 and 2006, the government has significantly altered taxation. Some new taxes have been introduced, while others have been eliminated. Some taxes have also been kept, but have gone from being coercive to more closely resembling tax bargaining. I show that the expansion of democracy led to elimination of several key forms of taxation, as predicted by the model, and that the contraction of political competition has led to the introduction of new, often unpopular, taxes. Critically, the government has consistently changed the structure of taxation to minimize the accountability demands it faces from citizens, despite the revenue shortfalls it faces.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 concludes the book. It summarizes the findings of the book, and then discusses implications, scope conditions, and suggestions for future research. I argue that any attempts to increase taxation in developing countries must consider the political issues taxation raises: low fiscal capacity may be the result of political resistance rather than capacity issues. The book’s findings apply to a wide range of tax types and governments, although the exact outcomes will depend on local conditions. More work is needed to understand how taxation affects collective action and how best to support fiscal capacity in developing countries.
Caring in Non-Ideal Conditions
Authors: Pepper Angie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Shelter staff in cash-strapped open-admission shelters are locked into a tragedy that is not of their own making: they are routinely and unavoidably confronted with the tragic choice of either killing animals or failing to care for the animals they are tasked with protecting. Consequently, open-admission shelters regularly kill animals who could, but for the want of more time, money, or a suitable home, have led reasonably good lives. This chapter explains how sometimes shelter workers have a full moral justification to kill an animal for non-euthanasia reasons and yet the animal killed is nonetheless wronged. The author argues that this wrong is perpetrated by the state, which is responsible for the distributive injustice that makes it impossible for shelter workers to rescue and care for all animals in need. Moreover, when shelter workers have justification for non-euthanasia killing, all individuals within the political community are responsible for the wrong done.
What If They Were Humans?
Authors: Jaquet François 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Our societies are marked by anthropocentrism: most people treat animals in ways in which they would by no means treat fellow humans. One might nonetheless expect this prejudice to be much less prevalent in animal shelters since these places are created for the very sake of nonhumans and generally managed by people who truly care about animal welfare. This chapter questions this expectation. It discusses three practices that are widespread in animal shelters and yet could be suspected of anthropocentrism: killing animals for lack of resources, partnering with the livestock industry, and feeding animals meat. Drawing on the distinction between ideal and non-ideal theory, the chapter argues that management euthanasia and cooperation with animal agriculture are acceptable in non-ideal theory even though they would be condemned by ideal theory. Then it argues that meat-based pet food should be rejected even in the non-ideal circumstances faced by animal shelters.
Sustainable Development Standards in EU Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Postnikov Evgeny 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of sustainable development standards in European Union (EU) trade agreements and attempts to explain the drivers for both their stability and change over the years by paying particular attention to international and institutional factors. It looks at both definitional and normative components of sustainable development standards, linking them to a range of international norms incorporated into EU agreements. The chapter argues that the EU’s desire to project a certain idea of trade globally and institutional path-dependence in EU trade policymaking explains the evolution and particular design of social standards in EU preferential trade agreements, as the Commission strategically engages with societal actors. It also discusses how the EU’s approach has attracted followers across the globe, leading to the diffusion of its template and shaping of the global trade agenda. The recent changes in the makeup of sustainable development standards reflect the changing perceptions of trade policy within the EU and its growing politicization.
Interregionalism, Trade, and Standardization
Authors: Bianculli Andrea C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The European Union and the Common Market of the South reached a political accord for a free trade agreement in 2019. This chapter assesses the definitional and normative content of trade facilitation and intellectual property rights therein. Both policy areas are regulated in reference to international rules and standards as set by the World Trade Organization agreements. Yet, they equally evince the articulation of novel definitional and standardization materials. This is the case for transparency, participation, and the involvement of the business community in trade facilitation. In intellectual property, these relate to an explicit commitment to advancing economic and social welfare, and a clear public interest dimension, especially around patents and health. Ideational and institutional elements account for these noteworthy outcomes. Whereas the first refer to how ideas and discourse evolve in trade regulations and standards, the second variable underscores the relevance of history, thus emphasizing interregionalism as a process, where context and time are essential.
Conflicting Standards of Sustainable Biofuel in the EU-ASEAN Trade Negotiations
Authors: Sicurelli Daniela 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Since the first decade of the twenty-first century, the European Union (EU) has engaged in promoting its own regulatory standards concerning sustainable biofuel throughout trade negotiations with Asian countries. The EU-sponsored sustainability criteria, though, clashed with the criteria adopted by major palm oil producers, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. These conflicting standards have contributed to the current stalemate of trade negotiations with those partners. This chapter provides a political economy explanation of such a cleavage. It argues that competing interests of biofuel producers in the two negotiating sides, the centrality of palm oil export for Indonesia and Malaysia economies, and the low dependency of those partners on the EU as a trade partner have reduced the bargaining power of the latter in the negotiations. The open dispute against the WTO-compatibility of European sustainability criteria has further challenged the self-attributed image of the EU as a global leader in the promotion of sustainable development.
Introduction
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the puzzle of unrealized expectations of retaliatory ethnic violence and unexpected political activism in response to the school hostage taking in Beslan, North Ossetia, the most appalling act of terrorism in Russia’s history. It situates the specific puzzle of victims in the North Caucasus in the larger puzzle about individual responses to violence throughout the world. The advantages and limitations of studying the school hostage taking are presented, along with user-friendly methodological descriptions of the victim survey, the nonvictim surveys, and focus groups. The chapter previews findings about anger, prejudice, and other variables that help understand victim behavior in the aftermath of violence.
Political Grievances
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains the victims’ political grievances against the governments of North Ossetia and Russia. To this day, many questions surround the explosions that triggered the chaos, gunfire, and burning and collapse of the gymnasium roof that took the lives of a significant portion of the hostages, and many victims believe that the authorities, not the hostage takers, initiated the horror or at least exacerbated it once the bloody finale began. Other grievances include the failure to detect the advance planning for such an attack; the poor official preparation to combat terrorism in a known conflict zone; biased investigations that have failed to provide a true account of what happened; and the callous mistreatment of victims.
Social Alienation versus Social Support
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of victim networks and divisions and of the victim organizations Mothers of Beslan and Voice of Beslan from the perspectives of victims who were active in these organizations and victims who were not. The chapter also reports the victims’ perspectives on Russian society and its interest in their plight. While there is some evidence that socially alienated victims were more supportive of retaliatory violence than other victims, the relationship is statistically and substantively weaker than expected, and social alienation played no role in peaceful political participation after the hostage taking. These nonsignificant findings represent an important contribution in the context of prevailing assumptions to the contrary and in counteracting publication bias against null results.