bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza Vaccination: A Comparison of Antibody Response Obtained by Various Methods of Administration
Authors: Bruyn Henry B. , Meiklejohn Gordon , Brainerd Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Two hundred and forty-three adults and children were inoculated by the subcutaneous or interadermal routes with the combined Type A and Type B influenza virus vaccine. The rise in antibody in adults following intradermal inoculation, using 0.1 ml of vaccine, was comparable to that following subcutaneous inoculation of 0.1 ml. In adults, two intradermal inoculations of 0.1 ml each, given three days apart, did not produce antibody-rises which were significantly greater than those following a single intradermal inoculation. The antibody-rise in children, following two intradermal inoculations of 0.1 ml each, was somewhat greater than that following the same doses given subcutaneously.
The Family Relationship of Encephalomyocarditis, Columbia-SK, M. M., and Mengo Encephalomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Warren Joel , Smadel Joseph E. , Russ Sudie B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of neutralization, complement-fixation, and cross-immunity tests, the viruses known as encephalomyocarditis, Columbia-SK, M. M., and Mengo encephalomyelitis have been found to be identical.
Analysis of their known physical and pathogenic properties further indicates that they are probably different strains of a single virus.
We have been unable to demonstrate any relationship between the four strains of this virus and the Lansing, Yale-SK and Brunhilde strains of poliomyelitis or a murine encephalomyelitis virus.
Pathogenesis of Tetanus
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Traub Frederick B. , Prost Norma 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous investigations (1) it was concluded that in the guinea pig and in the rabbit the phenomenon of local tetanus cannot be explained by the action of tetanal toxin on the muscle. This conclusion was reached with the aid of immunological methods. A dose of tetanal toxin causing local tetanus was injected into the muscle. Varying amounts of antitoxin were injected by the intravenous and the intracisternal routes respectively. It was found that to prevent local tetanus, 40–80 times more antitoxin was required by the intravenous than by the intracisternal route. The influence of the route of injection was considered as evidence that tetanal toxin produces local tetanus by an action on the cord with the implication that the toxin reaches the cord by nerve pathways as postulated by Meyer and Ransom (2) as well as by later investigators. Further evidence for the migration of the toxin in the nerve could be provided by a series of independent experiments (1, 3–5, 7–10).
The Occurrence of Antibodies for Pneumococcus Type II in the Serum of Normal Rabbits
Authors: Munoz Joaquin , Holford Frances E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies protecting mice against 10-1000 lethal doses of Pneumococcus Type II were found in the fresh serum of 21 of 32 normal rabbits tested in this study. In general, the protective effect of the serum in mice was closely correlated with the bacteriostatic action of the heparinized blood and both sorts of reaction appeared to be type-specific; the best evidence being the absorption of the protective antibody by killed cells of Pneumococcus Type II, but not by R cells.
Partial or complete loss of the antibody during 3 weeks' storage at 2 to 5 C, its preservation for 3 months at −15 to −20 C, its fluctuating titre in the circulating blood of some animals and its persistence in one rabbit for as long as 9 months were observed.
These findings, associated with the fact that no normal rabbit whose serum failed to protect mice against 1 lethal dose of Pneumococcus Type II gained that capacity after injection of soluble antigen from Pneumococcus Type I (Dubos' soluble antigen), pose a question of the validity of a number of reports that a soluble pneumococcal antigen may elicit, in rabbits, the production of antibodies capable of protecting mice against heterologous types.
Tudies on Pathogenesis and Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Buchele Luther , Downs Cora M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The agglutinin response in rats vaccinated against Bact. tularense is very rapid and the initial rise parallels roughly the time at which immunity to infection develops. The agglutinin titer in vaccinated, recovered and normal rats after infection, rises rapidly and continues at a high level for a longer period than after vaccination. A high degree of active immunity after vaccination of the rat was found to persist for as long as 99 days whereas a high titer of agglutinins persisted for only 11 to 17 days. Rats are more solidly immune after recovery from infection than after vaccination with killed cultures. This immunity also persists at a high level for at least 114 days. Normal, vaccinated and recovered rats were shown to harbor living organisms in the spleen for 31 to 46 days after infection.
The Measurement of Neutralizing Antibodies to Streptococcal Hyaluronidase by a Turbidimetric Method
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hyaluronic acid has been prepared in a form sufficiently purified for turbidimetric assay by a comparatively simple procedure. This material retains its viscosity and property of forming a mucin clot, so that it is suitable as substrate for other methods of measuring the activity of hyaluronidase. The turbidimetric method of measuring hyaluronidase has been adapted to the measurement of antibodies to the enzyme by this technic. The quantitative relationships which obtain among this substrate, the enzyme and the neutralizing antibodies to the enzyme have been studied. Repeated experiments have been done with given sera to indicate the accuracy with which turbidimetric measurements of antihyaluronidase can be carried out.
A Quantitative Study of the Diphtheria Toxinantitoxin Reaction in the Sera of Various Species including Man
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using quantitative immunochemical methods, the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin reaction has been studied in hyperimmune rabbit, guinea pig, monkey and human sera. These species all show a typical precipitin reaction. The curves obtained fit the theoretical equations of Heidelberger and Kendall closely and contrast with the flocculation type of toxin-antitoxin reaction characteristic of horse serum. Human and rabbit antitoxins are associated with the γ2-globulin fraction of the serum rather than with the γ1-globulin fraction as is the case in the horse. After relatively short treatment at 56 C, human, monkey and guinea pig antitoxin no longer precipitate with toxin. The capacity of heated antitoxin to neutralize toxin, fix complement and sensitize guinea pigs to anaphylactic shock is only slightly impaired. Rabbit and horse antitoxin are unaffected by prolonged treatment at 56 C. Criteria for determining whether a given precipitin reaction is due to a single antigen-antibody system or to reaction of more than one antigen and antibody are discussed.
Serological Reactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Sulkin S. Edward , Coggeshall Howard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The capacity of rheumatoid-arthritis serum (RAS) to influence the agglutinability of sensitized sheep-erythrocytes was found to be unrelated to its content of sheep-cell agglutinins. Removal of such agglutinins by absorption with sheep cells did not alter the titer of the serum for sensitized sheep-cells. Absorption with sensitized cells likewise did not readily reduce the titer of the serum for sensitized cells although agglutinated cells remained so even after repeated washings. Extraction of RAS with lipoid solvents failed to destroy the capacity of the serum to agglutinate sensitized sheep cells. RAS which markedly increased the specific agglutination of sheep cells did not show a similar effect on the specific hemolysis of the cells. RAS not only agglutinated sheep cells sensitized with rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum but also agglutinated sheep cells sensitized with rabbit anti-goat-cell serum and with rabbit anti-guinea-pig-kidney serum. Sheep cells sensitized with serum from patients with infectious mononucleosis and from normal persons were agglutinated to about the same degree as unsensitized cells. The agglutination of beef cells and goat cells by homologous rabbit immune sera was markedly increased by RAS, whereas the agglutination of human group 0 cells and rat cells was not significantly affected. Sheep cells sensitized with rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum which had been absorbed with guinea-pig kidney, or with raw or boiled beef cells, were agglutinated in RAS to the same degree as cells sensitized with unabsorbed serum. Sheep cells sensitized with homologous immune serum absorbed with goat cells were agglutinated less strongly in RAS than cells sensitized with unabsorbed serum. Absorption of agglutinins for autoclaved group A streptococci from RAS did not affect the titer of the serum for sensitized sheep cells. The possible relation of the phenomenon to the agglutination-intensifying effect of serum-globulins generally is discussed.
A Quantitative Study of the Arthus Phenomenon Induced Passively in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The severity of the passive Arthus reaction in the guinea pig was studied using known amounts of antigen and antibody. It was shown that complications due to anaphylaxis could be eliminated by proper choice of dosage or of time interval between sensitization and shock. By intravenous sensitization severe Arthus reactions were obtained with 0.41 and minimal reactions with 0.09 mg antibody N. Rabbit and guinea pig antiovalbumin and rabbit antipneumococcus Type III serum (anti-SIII) were equally effective per unit weight in intravenous sensitization for the Arthus reaction. Reactions were of equal severity if the intervals between intravenous antibody and local antigen injections were within one minute, 30 minutes or 24 hours, indicating the absence of a latent period. Reverse Arthus reactions of maximal and minimal severity were obtained by intradermal injection of 0.19 and 0.01 mg anti-EaN respectively. Equivalent weights of non-precipitable (“univalent”) rabbit antiovalbumin were unable to cause Arthus reactions comparable in severity to those produced by the antibody in whole serum. Concentrated horse antipneumococcus Type I serum (anti-SI) was able to induce Arthus reactions but did not confer passive anaphylactic sensitivity in guinea pigs. These reactions were less severe than those produced by equal quantities of rabbit antibody. Rabbit and guinea pig antiovalbumin were equally effective in passive sensitization of rabbits for the Arthus phenomenon. Residual anaphylactic sensitivity following an Arthus reaction in the guinea pig was dependent only upon the proportions of antigen and antibody used in eliciting the Arthus reaction and not on its severity. Evidence is presented indicating the importance, in the Arthus reaction, of circulating antibody and of the passage of intradermally injected antibody into the circulation.
Biological and Technical Factors in the Demonstration of Antibody Production by Lymphatic Tissue
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of biologic and technical factors were explored which may play a role in the demonstration of formation of antibodies in the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit. In a series of rabbits, some of which received 0.2 ml of a suspension of dysentery bacilli in one hind foot pad and others five times that amount, it was found that the popliteal lymph node of the injected leg contained relatively more antibody, in comparison with the opposite node, in the case of rabbits receiving the smaller dose. Extracts of these lymph nodes showed no difference in content of antibody to an antigen which had been injected subcutaneously elsewhere in the body. In the centrifugation of antibody-containing lymph certain technical precautions were indicated which can reduce the amount of lymph plasma in and about the lymph cells to a point where the plasma does not interfere with the demonstration of higher antibody titers in the lymph cells.
Certain apparent discrepancies in data and interpretation of recent work on the formation of antibodies in lymphatic tissue are discussed in the light of the data presented here.
The Quantitative Estimation of the Removal of Bacteria from the Blood by the Various Organs of the Immunized Animal
Authors: Kerby Grace P. , Holland Bernard C. , Martin Samuel P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By a method of constant intravenous infusion of bacteria combined with the determination of the numbers of bacteria in the circulation at various sites by venous catheterization, further quantitative data have been obtained concerning factors influencing the removal of bacteria from the blood stream. Total canine splanchnic removal of Klebsiella pneumoniae type B averaged 42 ± 15% (S.D.). There was no significant removal of organisms in the pulmonary circulation. During a second infusion of K. pneumoniae type B given after a two to four week interval, the average splanchnic removal rose to 77 ± 11% (S.D.). The degree of removal in the pulmonary area may have been significant. The splanchnic removal of K. pneumoniae type B rose abruptly to 83 ± 16% (S.D.) following intravenous administration of homologous plasma obtained from immunized dogs. Normal dog plasma (given 1.5–3 hours prior to the immune plasma) failed to affect significantly the splanchnic removal during this period. In dogs given a K. pneumoniae type B infusion two weeks after having received plasma obtained from an immunized dog, splanchnic removal averaged 70 ± 10% (S.D.) and was not altered by administration of additional immune dog plasma.
Interference Phenomena Between Animal Viruses: A Review
Authors: Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is a well-known fact that infection of a bacterium, plant or animal with one virus frequently prevents or partially inhibits simultaneous propagation of another viral agent in the same host. Such interference phenomena, which have been called also “sparing effect”, “cell blockade”, or “Schienenimmunität”, have aroused great interest on account of their theoretical, and possibly practical implications. As a result, the literature on this subject has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It may be profitable, therefore, to take stock at this time and to attempt formulation of general principles which have evolved in studies of the various phenomena. It will be apparent that the present knowledge is still very fragmentary, so much so that the plural in the title of this review is being employed advisedly because of the fact that it is not known whether the various instances of interference described are all based upon related mechanisms, or whether several entirely different reactions are involved in the various observations.
Relation of Nutritional Deficiency in Man to Antibody Production
Authors: Balch Henry H. , Gardner Rosemary J. , Spencer Margaret T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The amount of circulating antitoxin produced by 25 Schick negative nutritionally depleted patients and 19 Schick negative well-nourished adults following a single intramuscular injection of purified diphtheria toxoid has been measured quantitatively. Severely ill, nutritionally depleted patients were found capable of producing antibody as well as, or better than the healthy controls. Furthermore, antibody production was found to continue up to the time of death from wasting disease. No relation was found to exist between antibody response, the age of the patient, the initial antibody level, total serum protein, serum albumin or serum globulin levels. No relation was found between antibody response and the development of infection.
The Antigenic Composition of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Authors: Evans E. Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A satisfactory method for the preparation of antisera against encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans has been described.
By use of the agglutination test, capsular reaction, and agglutinin absorption, nineteen strains of C. neoformans have been divided into three serologic types which have been designated as Types A, B, and C.
The capsule is concerned with type specificity as judged by its reaction in antiserum.
A Non-Pathogenic Bartonella-Like Organism Developing in Embryonate Eggs after Injection with Haemobartonella Muris
Authors: Laskowski Leonard , Pinkerton Henry , Greiff Donald 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
An organism morphologically indistinguishable from Haemobartonella muris and H. tyzzeri has been cultivated in embryonate eggs after inoculation with rat blood infected with H. muris. Subculture on complex cell-free media was obtained, but primary isolation on these media could not be achieved.
The organism is an intracellular parasite forming compact spherical cytoplasmic clusters which are identical with those produced by Bartonella bacilliformis and H. tyzzeri and are believed to be almost specific for organisms of this group. Further characteristics supporting the view that the organism is H. muris are growth in fused clumps in cell-free media and inability to ferment carbohydrates.
Injection into splenectomized bartonella-free rats resulted in no clinical or hematological evidence of haemobartonellosis and gave no immunity to subsequent infection with H. muris. For this reason, positive identification of the organism cannot be made at present.
A Physiological Study of Virus Parasitism
Authors: McLimans Wm. F. , Siem R. A. , Mark B. C. , Pinska E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experimental data herein presented have demonstrated that the rates of oxygen consumption of embryonated eggs vary directly with the temperature of incubation. Thus, ten-day-old embryos incubated at 32.2 C have a Qeo2 amounting to about 50 per cent of that obtained with eggs incubated at 37.8 C. The experiment performed at an elevated temperature of 39.4 C yielded slight, but not statistically significant evidence of an increased rate of oxygen consumption.
It is interesting to note that eggs injected with the NJ-KD strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and incubated under standard conditions (37.8 C at 52 per cent relative humidity) do not exhibit any appreciable deviation in their Qeo2 from normal eggs or from embryonated eggs, injected with an equivalent amount of normal allantoic fluid, until near the terminal stage of the infection. At that time, there appears to be a rapid reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption, to the low level established for infertile eggs.
Eggs inoculated with NDV and incubated (32.2 C) approximately 10 degrees below the standard environmental temperature responded to the infection as above, except that the survival time was increased from approximately 40 hours to 70 hours; furthermore, the slope of the drop in the Qeo2 at the terminal stage of infection appeared to be far more gradual. Repeated experiments with control and NDV-infected eggs incubated at 39.4 C failed to show any significant difference in the mean Qeo2 or in the survival time, from that observed with eggs incubated under standard conditions.
The results presented tend to support the hypothesis that the rates of virus multiplication within a host cell may be regulated by the over-all respiratory quotient of that system. That is to say, a reduced Qeo2 of the embryonated egg is presumably accompanied by a reduction in the rate of virus proliferation. In the case of the hens' egg, the variation of environmental temperatures constitutes an easy mechanism for altering the Qeo2 to any desired level.
We have been unable to demonstrate any significant stimulation in the oxygen uptake of infected eggs. This has been observed to be true also in the case of eggs infected with Western equine encephalitis virus3. It is appreciated that these results are not in accordance with those reported by Parodi, et al. (1) and Pinkerton et al. (2). A possible discrepancy between our findings and those of the above authors may be due to the entirely different types of technique employed.
A General Method for the Specific Purification of Antiprotein Antibodies
Authors: Sternberger L. A. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure has been developed which is probably of general applicability for the specific purification of antiprotein antibody. The principle involved is the alteration of the specific antigen so that it can be separated from the antibody brought down in the specific precipitate. The alteration was accomplished by coupling the specific antigen with diazotized arsanilic acid. It was shown that such an antigen can be removed from an alkaline solution by a suspension of calcium aluminate while rabbit serum antibody remains in solution under these conditions. The coupled antigen retained the ability to precipitate specifically the antiprotein antibody.
The purified antibody was obtained from the specific precipitate with the coupled antigen by dissolving the washed precipitate in calcium hydroxide solution and removing most of the antigen with a suspension of calcium aluminate, leaving purified antibody in solution. By this method, solutions of antibody to bovine serum albumin and to bovine serum globulin have been obtained with essentially all of the protein precipitable as specific antibody. The yields were about 30 per cent.
Quantitative Studies of the Relationship between Fecal and Serum Antibody
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott , Burrows William 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method has been developed for the quantitative measurement of the antibody response to a whole bacterial antigen, the cholera vibrio. The procedure employed was the complement fixation test of Mayer et al., modified for use with a particulate antigen.
The method was applied to the study of the relative antibody content in the feces and sera of guinea pigs immunized with one intraperitoneal inoculation of cholera vibrio O vaccine. By assuming that the antibody in the feces was a measure of the rate of antibody production, and that antibody in the serum was destroyed in a first order reaction, a mathematical expression was developed for serum antibody which agrees well with the experimental data. The relative amounts of antibody in the feces and in the serum were compared with the amounts of globulin produced over the same interval of time.
It is believed that the experimental data presented are consistent with the following conclusions: The agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies to the vibrio O antigen are closely similar if not identical.Fecal antibody behaves independently of serum antibody, and therefore is not derived from it.Fecal antibody is a measure of the rate of antibody formation.Serum antibody represents accumulated antibody, and decays in a first order reaction.The correlation between the ratios of fecal to serum antibody and fecal to serum globulin suggests that the fecal globulin also represents the rate of globulin production.
Immunological Studies of Three Antitoxin Containing Globulin Fractions of the Horse
Authors: Jager B. V. , Smith Emil L. , Bernhisel Harry , Jager Louise A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The γ- and T-globulin fractions from tetanus toxin antiserum in the horse are shown to be closely related immunologically although some differences are apparent when the quantitative precipitin technique is employed. A third fraction, IV-C2, also rich in antitoxin content, was less closely related to the other two fractions. The IV-C2 antigen consists largely of β-globulin and contains essentially none of the other two components.