bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Healthy Eating of Adult Populations in High-Income Countries: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Authors: Klink Urte , Härtling Victoria , Schüz Benjamin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Understanding how individuals currently perceive healthy eating is essential for developing food policies and dietary recommendations that improve the health and well-being of populations. The purpose of this qualitative evidence synthesis was to systematically outline the views and understandings of healthy eating, focusing on how foods are classified as healthy and unhealthy and what meanings are attached to food and eating by the general adult population in high-income countries.

Methods
A systematic search of four electronic databases was conducted and yielded 24 relevant primary qualitative studies of generally healthy, community-dwelling adults.

Results
Thematic synthesis of the included studies identified three analytic themes: constructions of healthy and unhealthy eating, considerations on dietary recommendations, and meanings attached to food and eating. Study participants generally understood what constitutes a healthy and unhealthy diet which was in line with dietary recommendations, but those of lower socioeconomic status exhibited gaps in nutrition knowledge. Participants expressed diverse opinions on dietary recommendations, including skepticism and a lack of trust. Food and eating were associated with various meanings, including pleasure, stress relief, and feelings of guilt. Moral, health, and sociocultural considerations also played a role in dietary behaviors.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that improving population diet requires considering how dietary recommendations are phrased and communicated to ensure that healthy eating is associated with pleasure and immediate well-being. This review provides valuable insights for developing consumer-oriented, practicable, and acceptable food policies and dietary recommendations that effectively improve population health and well-being.
On the impact of outliers in loss reserving
Authors: Avanzi Benjamin , Lavender Mark , Taylor Greg , Wong Bernard 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe sensitivity of loss reserving techniques to outliers in the data or deviations from model assumptions is a well known challenge. It has been shown that the popular chain-ladder reserving approach is at significant risk to such aberrant observations in that reserve estimates can be significantly shifted in the presence of even one outlier. As a consequence the chain-ladder reserving technique is non-robust. In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of reserves and mean squared errors of prediction under Mack’s Model (ASTIN Bull 23(2):213–225, 1993). This is done through the derivation of impact functions which are calculated by taking the first derivative of the relevant statistic of interest with respect to an observation. We also provide and discuss the impact functions for quantiles when total reserves are assumed to be lognormally distributed. Additionally, comparisons are made between the impact functions for individual accident year reserves under Mack’s Model and the Bornhuetter–Ferguson methodology. It is shown that the impact of incremental claims on these statistics of interest varies widely throughout a loss triangle and is heavily dependent on other cells in the triangle. Results are illustrated using data from a Belgian non-life insurer.
Imperfections in natural diamond: the key to understanding diamond genesis and the mantle
Authors: Day Maxwell C. , Pamato Martha G. , Novella Davide , Nestola Fabrizio 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDiamond has unique physical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties with respect to other minerals and related synthetic compounds that make it extremely valuable from an economic and industrial perspective. Natural diamond that forms in the upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle may encapsulate mantle minerals during growth and protect them from physical breakdown and chemical alteration upon ascent of the diamond to the surface via kimberlite eruption. Such mineral inclusions serve as the only direct means to study the deep Earth and provide critical information about the pressure, temperature, and redox conditions and the chemical and isotopic composition of the mantle. Natural diamonds show a wide range of ages and thus allow one to reconstruct the history of large-scale Earth processes, such as the formation and amalgamation of Earth’s lithosphere, the onset and evolution of tectonic processes (e.g., Wilson cycles), and the recycling of C, H, and N between different primordial and crustal reservoirs. In this review, a detailed description of all types of imperfections (e.g., mineral and fluid inclusions and structural defects) and the methods by which such imperfections can be analyzed to elucidate aspects of Earth’s complex geologic history is given.
Current status of immunotherapy in gastric cancer
Authors: Ji Ke , Ji Jia-Fu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractGastric cancer is one of the most common cancer with high mortality and morbilidity in East Asia, especially in China. In recent year, new treatment strategies for gastric cancer have developed. Immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) have been detected as a new standard treatment in Gastric cancer, which helped to improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Attempts to combine immunotherapy have become one of the research focuses. In this article, application of immunotherapy in neoadjuvant therapy and translational treatment of gastric cnacer are reviewed. Which is expected to be a reference for comprehensive treatment plan of accurate treatment methods for gastric cancer patients. In order to provide experiences and reference to develop individualized treatment of gastric cancer in clinical practice.
Beyond antibiotic prescribing rates: first-line antibiotic selection, prescription duration, and associated factors for respiratory encounters in urgent care
Authors: Seibert Allan M. , Schenk Carly , Buckel Whitney R. , Patel Payal K. , Fino Nora , Stanfield Valoree , Hersh Adam L. , Stenehjem Eddie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective:
Assess urgent care (UC) clinician prescribing practices and factors associated with first-line antibiotic selection and recommended duration of therapy for sinusitis, acute otitis media (AOM), and pharyngitis.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Participants:
All respiratory UC encounters and clinicians in the Intermountain Health (IH) network, July 1st, 2019–June 30th, 2020.

Methods:
Descriptive statistics were used to characterize first-line antibiotic selection rates and the duration of antibiotic prescriptions during pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM UC encounters. Patient and clinician characteristics were evaluated. System-specific guidelines recommended 5–10 days of penicillin, amoxicillin, or amoxicillin-clavulanate as first-line. Alternative therapies were recommended for penicillin allergy. Generalized estimating equation modeling was used to assess predictors of first-line antibiotic selection, prescription duration, and first-line antibiotic prescriptions for an appropriate duration.

Results:
Among encounters in which an antibiotic was prescribed, the rate of first-line antibiotic selection was 75%, the recommended duration was 70%, and the rate of first-line antibiotic selection for the recommended duration was 53%. AOM was associated with the highest rate of first-line prescriptions (83%); sinusitis the lowest (69%). Pharyngitis was associated with the highest rate of prescriptions for the recommended duration (91%); AOM the lowest (51%). Penicillin allergy was the strongest predictor of non–first-line selection (OR = 0.02, 95% CI [0.02, 0.02]) and was also associated with extended duration prescriptions (OR = 0.87 [0.80, 0.95]).

Conclusions:
First-line antibiotic selection and duration for respiratory UC encounters varied by diagnosis and patient characteristics. These areas can serve as a focus for ongoing stewardship efforts.
Analysis of seasonal variation of antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract diagnoses in primary care practices
Authors: Serletti Lacey , Dutcher Lauren , Degnan Kathleen O. , Szymczak Julia E. , Cluzet Valerie , David Michael Z. , Cressman Leigh , Glassman Lindsay W. , Hamilton Keith W. ,   for The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective:
To determine antibiotic prescribing appropriateness for respiratory tract diagnoses (RTD) by season.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Primary care practices in a university health system.

Patients:
Patients who were seen at an office visit with diagnostic code for RTD.

Methods:
Office visits for the entire cohort were categorized based on ICD-10 codes by the likelihood that an antibiotic was indicated (tier 1: always indicated; tier 2: sometimes indicated; tier 3: rarely indicated). Medical records were reviewed for 1,200 randomly selected office visits to determine appropriateness. Based on this reference standard, metrics and prescriber characteristics associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing were determined. Characteristics of antibiotic prescribing were compared between winter and summer months.

Results:
A significantly greater proportion of RTD visits had an antibiotic prescribed in winter [20,558/51,090 (40.2%)] compared to summer months [11,728/38,537 (30.4%)][standardized difference (SD) = 0.21]. A significantly greater proportion of winter compared to summer visits was associated with tier 2 RTDs (29.4% vs 23.4%, SD = 0.14), but less tier 3 RTDs (68.4% vs 74.4%, SD = 0.13). A greater proportion of visits in winter compared to summer months had an antibiotic prescribed for tier 2 RTDs (80.2% vs 74.2%, SD = 0.14) and tier 3 RTDs (22.9% vs 16.2%, SD = 0.17). The proportion of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was higher in winter compared to summer months (72.4% vs 62.0%, P < .01).

Conclusions:
Increases in antibiotic prescribing for RTD visits from summer to winter were likely driven by shifts in diagnoses as well as increases in prescribing for certain diagnoses. At least some of this increased prescribing was inappropriate.
Evaluating outpatient diagnostic stewardship of comprehensive polymerase chain reaction Clostridioides difficile testing in a regional health system
Authors: Golovaty Ilya , Tulloch-Palomino Luis 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective:
We examined the use of comprehensive and targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) among immunocompetent patients with and without CDI risk factors across different outpatient settings. A priori, we expected patients with higher CDI risk to be associated with targeted testing to reflect providers incorporating pretest risk factors in their choice of test assay.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of adult patients from clinic, emergency room, and non-medically acute inpatient settings.

Setting:
A tertiary academic medical center offering inpatient and outpatient medical, surgical, mental health, and rehabilitation services to Veterans across the Puget Sound region.

Patients:
Immunocompetent adult patients with ≥1 stool PCR assay performed between January 2016 and December 2019.

Intervention:
Patients were tested with either a specific tcdB PCR assay or a comprehensive gastrointestinal PCR panel that tests for 22 pathogens.

Results:
A total of 2,717 tests (74% targeted, 26% comprehensive) were obtained from 2,156 patients, among which 13% detected C. difficile and 7% detected other organisms. The proportion of comprehensive PCR tests increased nearly four-fold from 2016 to 2019 in clinic and emergency room settings, independent of CDI risk factors. Only two CDI risk factors (prior history of CDI and antibiotic use within three months before testing) were associated with increased targeted testing.

Conclusion:
The use of comprehensive GI PCR among immunocompetent adults with diarrhea is increasing in the outpatient setting. There may be an opportunity for diagnostic stewardship by nudging providers to consider all CDI risk factors at the time of test selection.
An investigation of big life decisions
Authors: Camilleri Adrian R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
What are life’s biggest decisions? In Study 1, I devised a taxonomy comprising 9 decision categories, 58 decision types, and 10 core elements of big decisions. In Study 2, I revealed people’s perceptions of and expectations for the average person’s big life decisions. In the flagship Study 3, 658 participants described their 10 biggest past and future decisions and rated each decision on a variety of decision elements. This research reveals the characteristics of a big life decision, which are the most common, most important, and most positively evaluated big life decisions, when such decisions happen, and which factors predict ‘good’ decisions. This research contributes to knowledge that could help people improve their lives through better decision-making and living with fewer regrets.
Negotiating conservation and competition: national parks and ‘victory-over-communism’ diplomacy in South Korea
Authors: Hyun Jaehwan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFocusing on South Korean biologists and their efforts to establish national parks in the 1960s and 1970s, I illuminate the ways in which they negotiated their relationship with the ecological diplomacy of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the anti-communist and developmentalist diplomacy of the South Korean government. To justify their activities, these South Korean biologists emphasized the importance of nature conservation activities in the competition for international recognition and economic development with their northern counterparts. The national-park initiative was thus subsumed into the politics of this legitimacy competition between the two Koreas, or what I call ‘victory-over-communism’ diplomacy. The IUCN's influence over South Korea was limited to the extent that both the government and scientists recognized the diplomatic merit they could gain in the context of their Cold War competition and developmentalism. It is also shown how, during the short detente period of the two Koreas, South Korean biologists used victory-over-communism diplomacy to renew their government's attention to their activities. This Korean episode contributes to the wider perspective of decentralizing the Cold War history of environmental diplomacy in the free-world bloc by illustrating the importance of its entanglement with the Cold War politics surrounding Asian developmentalism.
The Economic Interest Test in UK Trade Remedy Investigations
Authors: Serwicka Ilona Elzbieta , Chapman Geoffrey , Tyler Bradley 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe UK's Trade Remedies Authority (TRA) conducts economic assessments of the ramifications of trade remedies, the Economic Interest Test (EIT). Such assessments are not mandated by the World Trade Organization but are conducted by certain trade remedy investigating authorities, including those of Brazil, Canada, the European Union, and New Zealand. The EIT is a mandatory part of the UK trade remedy system and is arguably more transparent than similar interest tests conducted by other trade remedy investigating authorities. However, stakeholder participation remains a challenge and the TRA is working on ways to improve participation. To date, the TRA has completed 11 EITs in its trade remedy cases, with a further ten live cases. These cases cover different products, markets, and countries, across which the likely positive and negative impacts of trade remedy differ. This paper invites experts to review the TRA's EIT methodology.
Trade and Sustainable Development: Non-Economic Objectives in the Theory of Economic Policy
Authors: François Joseph F. , Hoekman Bernard , Nelson Douglas R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhile the theory of economic policy offers a potential framework for thinking about the joint pursuit of economic objectives (EOs) and non-economic objectives (NEOs), over time the theory of economic policy was formalized in a way that considers NEOs as constraints that are given, rather than as goals that may themselves be endogenous alongside EOs. We examine the analytical treatment of NEOs as co-determined with EOs, revisiting some of the ground broken by Alan Winters in his analysis of NEOs. We review the place of NEOs in the theory of economic policy, discuss current practice in the representation of such objectives as exogenous constraints, and develop an argument for representation of NEOs as objectives in themselves.
The Relative Importance of Global Agricultural Subsidies and Tariffs, Revisited
Authors: Anderson Kym , Corong Erwin , Strutt Anna , Valenzuela Ernesto 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOver the past three decades, tariff protection to farmers has fallen and partly been replaced by domestic support, whilst support for farmers in some emerging economies has grown. Against that backdrop, this paper provides new estimates of national economic impacts of global agricultural tariffs and domestic supports. Using the latest global economy-wide GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) model calibrated to 2017, we simulate (a) the removal of food and agricultural domestic supports and agri-food tariffs and (b) the removal also of tariffs on imports of non-agricultural goods. We find that agricultural support policies are still an important part of the global welfare cost of all goods’ trade-restrictive policies (albeit only half as costly as in 2001), and tariffs still dominate the global welfare cost of all farm-support programs. That farm support could be re-instrumented to relieve natural resource and environmental stresses, boost food and nutrition security, and alleviate poverty and income inequality.
Border Carbon Adjustments: Should Production or Consumption be Taxed?
Authors: Martin Will 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBorder Carbon Adjustments (BCAs) may play an important role in lowering the economic costs of greenhouse gas mitigation and in overcoming political-economy constraints on the use of carbon taxes or equivalent measures. A carbon tax plus a full BCA could deal with the competitiveness challenges arising from carbon taxes by using the WTO's National Treatment principle to apply equal levies on domestic production and on imports, and by symmetrically rebating the carbon tax on exports in the manner of a value-added tax (VAT) export rebate. This approach would shift the base for carbon taxation from production to demand and potentially achieve substantial reductions in the cost of cutting emissions. It would avoid the massive measurement and compliance problems associated with BCAs based on foreign emission intensities. By contrast, import-only BCAs distort prices of importables relative to exportables; create divisive trade conflicts and deterioration in the terms of trade for developing countries; and likely require development of complex sets of import preferences.
A (More) Systematic Exploration of the Trade Effect of Product-Specific Rules of Origin
Authors: Gourdon Julien , Gourdon Karin , de Melo Jaime 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are designed to stop products coming into a PTA through the partner that applies the lowest tariff – a phenomenon known as trade deflection. While RoO are necessary, complex RoO may undo the benefits of trade agreements. Using a novel database of RoO, this paper evaluates the incidence and restrictiveness of different types of Product-Specific Rules of Origin (PSRs) across 128 reciprocal PTAs for the period 1990–2015. Results, based on a structural gravity model controlling for confounding factors, display wide heterogeneity across different categories of PSRs attached to preferential margins, with more flexible PSRs associated with a significantly stronger trade effect compared to more restrictive ones where exporters do not have a choice among PSRs or have to satisfy multiple PSRs. A simulation exercise reveals that a radical simplification reform leading to the adoption of flexible PSRs providing alternative choices to prove origin would have increased global trade under PTAs on average by between 2.7 and 4% during the sample period.
The Indirect Effects of Brexit on African, Caribbean, and Pacific Trade with the UK and EU
Authors: Montalbano Pierluigi , Nenci Silvia , Fusacchia Ilaria 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe analyse the ‘indirect effects’ of Brexit on African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries’ exports that use the UK as a platform to access the EU market and vice versa. First, we use the EORA26 multi-region input–output database for 186 countries and 26 sectors to characterize the ACP domestic content embedded in bilateral trade between the UK and the EU. Second, we apply the GTAP-VA module to carry out a simulation of how the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement will impinge on 121 countries and 65 products. The results suggest that while ‘indirect effects’ on ACP countries’ exports may exist, their economic magnitude is small in aggregate because ACP countries supply only small amounts of inputs used in UK–EU bilateral trade. Our simulations also show that these effects may be offset by the likely increase in ACP domestic content in exports because of TCA friction, mainly towards the UK.
Theoretical Underpinnings of ‘Land Abundance, Openness, and Industrialization’
Authors: Smith Alasdair , Wood Adrian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper develops a Heckscher−Ohlin model in which the effects on production structure of endowments and changes in trade policies depend in a continuous way on a country's degree of openness to trade. Its main contribution is to show semi-formally how the introduction of product differentiation causes the elasticities of output with respect both to factor endowments and to sectoral trade barriers to vary with import penetration (the share of foreign firms in home markets) and export orientation (the share of foreign markets in home-firm sales).
Aggression Running Through Your Veins? The Relationship Between Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, and Aggression in Detained Juveniles
Authors: Krüter Isabelle , Duindam Hanne M. , Asscher Jessica J. , Creemers Hanneke E. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract: Aims: Aggression is one of the most important dynamic risk factors for recidivism in juveniles. The physiological underpinnings of aggression, such as the functioning of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), need further investigation to eventually improve diagnostics and treatment practices. Therefore, the present pilot study examined whether relations exist between ANS basal functioning (i.e., resting Heart Rate [HR] and Heart Rate Variability [HRV]) and proactive and reactive aggression; and between ANS responsivity (i.e., HR(V) in response to stressful conditions) and pro- and reactive aggression in detained juveniles. Methods: Participants were 27 detained boys ( Mage = 17.37, SD = 1.31) from an all-boy Juvenile Detention Center in the Netherlands. Trait-level proactive and reactive aggression, cardiac measures, and potential lifestyle covariates were assessed. Pearson and Spearman correlations and multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results: Results showed no significant associations between ANS basal functioning, ANS responsivity, and proactive and reactive aggression. Conclusions: This study adds to the literature by increasing knowledge on the link between both resting HR(V) as well as HR(V) responsivity and both forms of aggression and provides recommendations to further advance research in this field.