bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mass Factor in Immunological Studies Upon Viruses
Authors: Merrill Malcolm H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the relationship between size of antigenic particles and the number of particles necessary to produce visible immunological reactions. This mass-number relationship has been shown graphically. It has been suggested that the reason immunological reactions have not been obtained with viruses in vitro is that insufficient concentrations of virus particles have been used. The importance of considering antigenic mass in studies upon immunization with viruses and in immune body absorption experiments has been emphasized.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Immune Serum
Authors: Merrill Malcolm H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
When equine encephalomyelitis virus and a subneutralizing dose of immune serum were mixed and then diluted the titer by intracerebral inoculation was from 10 to 100 times below the titer of the same materials mixed after dilution. When virus was inactivated by mixing with immune serum all dilutions of the mixture were noninfective upon intraperitoneal inoculation. When each was diluted before mixing, animals receiving the higher dilutions were not protected. The filterability of the virus was diminished by mixing with subneutralizing doses of immune serum. It is concluded from these results that the virus and immune body combined in vitro. It is considered probable that aggregation of the virus particles occurred.
Observations on Poison IVY Hypersensitiveness in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Simon Frank A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A dietary deficiency in vitamine C inhibited the development of hypersensitiveness to poison ivy in guinea pigs.
A well developed hypersensitiveness was demonstrated 7 days after the first application of the extract.
Injection of the extract intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, and intravenously did not result in hypersensitiveness or did so to a slight degree only, whereas application to the skin surface resulted in a definite hypersensitiveness.
Sensitization of tissues other than the epidermis was not demonstrated.
Passive transfer with the serum could not be demonstrated.
Excision of the area of skin to which a sensitizing application had been made was ineffective in preventing the development of hypersensitiveness provided such removal was made from 18 to 24 hours or longer after application. Excision of the site before this time prevented the development of sensitization.
The method of spread of hypersensitiveness from the site of application of the extract over the general body surface was investigated but positive evidence was not obtained.
Histological study of the lesions revealed evidence of an acute inflammatory reaction in both epidermis and papillary layer of the corium, with considerable necrosis of epidermal cells. This reaction was observed in both a sensitized and a non-sensitized guinea pig but was definitely more marked in the former than in the latter.
Attempts to sensitize the rat, rabbit, and cat to poison ivy were unsuccessful.
Antigenic Properties of Brain Tumors
Authors: Weil Arthur , Liebert Erich 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Following intraperitoneal injections into guinea pigs and intravenous injections into white rabbits, saline emulsions of gliomas and brain tissue in combination with dog serum as a carrier stimulated the production of specific antibodies. A higher titer of the antiserum was obtained following intravenous injections into white rabbits of alcoholic extracts of formalin fixed brains and gliomas. Alcoholic extracts of meningiomas did not stimulate the production of specific antibodies.
The serum of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme contained antibodies against glioblastoma together with antibodies against human brain.
Antileucocytic Serum
Authors: Chew W. B. , Stephens D. J. , Lawrence John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method was described for the production of an antileucocytic serum relatively free of hemolytic antibodies.
The parenteral injection of this antiserum into guinea pigs was shown to depress the number of neutrophils in the circulating blood with less effect upon the lymphocytes. The monocytes, eosinophils and basophils reacted much as they did to similar injections of normal rabbit serum. The numbers of platelets and red cells were not significantly altered.
Following intracardial injections of the antiserum the neutrophils disappeared from the blood within 5 minutes and since large numbers of them could not be found in the tissues at this time it is evident that they very rapidly disintegrated beyond the stage of morphological recognition upon contact with the antibody.
Following intraäbdominal injections of the antiserum the characteristic disappearance of neutrophils occurred within one to 7 hours and persisted to between 24 and 48 hours. In 72 to 96 hours the neutrophils returned to normal or to somewhat increased numbers.
When injections were repeated a tolerance developed so that an equal dose caused less effect. It was shown that this tolerance was probably not due to antibodies developed against the proteins of rabbit serum or against the leucotoxic antibodies themselves.
A striking degree of myeloid hyperplasia was present in the bone-marrow of repeatedly injected animals, as well as a moderate degree of lymphoid and endothelial hyperplasia in the lymphnodes and spleen.
There was no constant evidence of damage to other body-cells with the amount of antiserum used.
It was possible to prolong the period of neutropenia to 4 or 5 days by daily injections of increasing amounts of antiserum without seriously affecting the general condition of the animals. It is probable that the period could have been further prolonged by properly increasing the amounts of antiserum injected. It was shown that neutrophils were not available for local tissue-reactions to the subcutaneous injection of virulent staphylococci or to the intraäbdominal injection of a beef broth-gum acacia mixture in animals rendered neutropenic by an injection of the antiserum.
Variation in the Susceptibility of Guinea Pigs to Reversed Passive Anaphylaxis
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Enders John F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For some time the writers have been interested in the reactions which may take place when preliminary injections of antigen are followed in the same animal by administrations of homologous antiserum, a class of phenomena spoken of as “reversed anaphylaxis.” Such reatcions have been described by Opie (1) in connection with the Arthus phenomenon and have been recently observed, with general reactions, in guinea pigs by Kellett (2, 3). We have long been interested in experiments designed to determine whether the supposed union of antibody with sensitized cells, in passive sensitization, implied the actual attachment of foreign globulin (the antibody-carrying protein) to the cells of the sensitized animals. These experiments have not yet been concluded, but in the course of our studies an observation has been made which strongly suggests fundamental hereditary differences between guinea pigs of different strains in their responses to in vivo reactions of antigen and antibody.
The Flocculation Reaction with Purified Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In diphtheria toxins purified by a considerable variety of methods, the number of m.l.d. per Lf unit generally falls between 20 and 40 provided the toxin has not been altered by the purification process used.
The Kf of toxin is a definite exponential function of the Lf concentration: Kf = k/Lf1.2 where (k) is a constant characteristic of the toxin and antitoxin tested.
Concentrated bacterial protein may modify or obscure the flocculation reaction.
The increase in Kf produced by acid, alkali and acetone, appears to be associated with denaturation of the toxic protein. This change is not the same as modification of toxin to toxoid.
Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A Comparative Study
Authors: Kramer S. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of the 12 animals inoculated intra- and subcutaneously with the neutralized mixtures containing the equivalent of 1.5 grams of poliomyelitis cord, 10 survived sufficiently long to permit of neutralization tests. The serums of only 2 of the 10 animals contained sufficient neutralizing substance to protect the test animals. Of the 8 surviving animals 3 withstood the same dose of virus administered intracerebrally and likewise resisted the 0.1 and 0.2 cc. doses. Two of the 3 animals resisted the 0.4 cc. dose and one resisted the 0.8 cc. or 16 times the minimal constant infective dose.
Each of the 11 additional animals received four 5 cc. doses of the neutralized mixtures at weekly intervals, each dose containing the equivalent of 0.5 gram of poliomyelitis cord (total of 2 grams). Seven of the 11 animals possessed sufficient neutralizing substance to neutralize the 0.05 cc. dose of virus. Nine of the 11 animals withstood 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 cc. of the virus intracerebrally. Five of the 8 survivors (one animal having died of dysentery) survived 0.1 cc. of virus. Three resisted 0.2 cc. (2 of the 5 died of intercurrent infections), and 2 of the 3 resisted 0.4 or 8 minimal constant infective doses of virus.
The neutralized mixture proved non-infective both on subcutaneous and intracerebral inoculation.
Serum-Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Jones Lloyd , Fleisher Moyer S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The studies here reported relate primarily to the rôle that the lipids play in the causation of serum-sickness in rabbits. The word lipid is used as an inclusive term embracing all those substances removed from serum by commonly employed solvents such as alcohol, ether and similar materials. We have previously been led to the conclusion that while the pseudoglobulin of horse-serum is the most important of the 3 major serum proteins in causing serum-sickness in rabbits (1), it seems probable that it is not the pseudoglobulin as such which is the factor responsible for the occurrence of the disease. Our attention was therefore directed towards the possible significance of serum-lipid in causation of serum-sickness. We have therefore exposed whole horse-serum or horse-serum pseudoglobulin to various treatments with several commonly used lipid-solvents and have injected such sera into rabbits in order to determine the occurrence of serum-sickness.
A Study of the “VI” Antigen of Felix and Pitt
Authors: Almon Lois , Stovall W. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of some cultures of Eberthella typhosa to cause the production of an antibody not produced by some other cultures of the same species has been confirmed. With one marked exception it was found that fourteen cultures giving evidence of possessing the antigen responsible for this action retained their characteristics with minor fluctuations during two years of observation. The antigen was not found to be deleteriously acted upon by growing the cultures at room temperature. Killing the cultures with 0.4 per cent formaldehyde or the combined action of 0.5 per cent phenol and 33 per cent alcohol did not affect the agglutinogenic properties of the so-called “Vi” component. However, growing the organisms on agar containing phenol, 1:900, or killing them with heat, merthiolate, or phenol alone changed or destroyed this attribute.
It was found that twenty-four-hour agar cultures were better suited for the demonstration of hypoagglutinability in O antisera than four-hour broth cultures and were just as well suited for agglutination in “Vi” antiserum and reactivity to phage as the latter.
In a comparison of methods for determining the presence of the “Vi” antigen it appeared that sensitivity to the bacteriophage of Craigie, agglutinability by “Vi” antiserum, and the ability of the culture to kill one or more mice in a dose of 100 million organisms were well correlated, but that the phage reaction was most easily demonstrated. Quantitative relationships could not be shown to obtain by the simultaneous use of the methods tested.
Studies on Acquired Immunity in Rabbits to Intranasal Infection with Type I Pneumococcus
Authors: Walsh Theodore E. , Cannon Paul R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The susceptibility and resistance of rabbits to intranasal infection with a virulent type I pneumococcus were determined in a large series of animals, both in normal and in those immunized locally by specific and non-specific methods. The results may be summarized as follows: The intranasal instillation in normal rabbits of relatively small volumes of pneumococcal cultures causes death by septicemia in more than 90 per cent of instances.Intranasal vaccination of rabbits for five or more days with a formalin-killed culture of pneumococcus type I or with a pneumococcus autolysate, confers practically complete protection against later intranasal instillation of large quantities of living pneumococci of the same strain.Intranasal stimulation by the repeated instillation of non-specific irritants, such as solutions of formalin, tannic acid or alum, or of a bacterial vaccine of killed paratyphoid bacilli, confers no protection against later intranasal infection with living pneumococci. The protective effect of specific immunization, therefore, is not due merely to the local mobilization of cells of inflammation.Intranasal immunization with a pneumococcal vaccine is superior to intragastric immunization, proving that the protective effect is not due to ingestion of the vaccine after intranasal instillation.Intranasally vaccinated rabbits may resist intranasal infection at a time when no protective antibodies can be demonstrated in their blood serums by the mouse-protection test. Such animals, however, may possess general immunity against intravenous injection of living pneumococci. The immunity against pneumococcal infection is, therefore, not a strictly local immunity of the upper respiratory tract in the sense suggested by Besredka and by Bull and McKee, although the antibody level in the blood serum may be extremely low in animals highly protected against intranasal infection. In the case of infection of a highly susceptible animal with a virulent microörganism, the absolute separation of local and general processes of immunity is exceedingly difficult.
Observations on the Interpretation of Schick Tests
Authors: Brandon K. F. , Fraser D. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Licensed (U. S.) Schick-products of different manufacturers give inconsistent results. Of the 87 individuals Schick-tested each with 6 different products, 30 (34 per cent) showed inconsistencies and 23 (26 per cent) showed frank disagreement in the readings. Reactions to the toxins of the Schick-outfits were remarkably constistent with the exception of one product. Errors in interpreting the “Schick-immunity” were usually due to the inconsistent reactions ensuing upon the Schick-control. False interpretations of the Schick-test are most frequently made in the group of persons skin sensitive to diphtheria-protein. Products containing dilute toxoid as a Schick-control were the only ones which resulted in no errors of interpretation of the “Schick-immunity” of the persons tested. All products using heated toxin as a control gave some false results. Our findings substantiate the fact that the antitoxin-level of “Schick-immunity” lies between 1/500 and 1/250 of a unit of antitoxin, when the Schick-test-material conforms to the standard recommended by the League of Nations.
Observations on the Dissociation of Meningitic Strains of H. Influenzae
Authors: Fothergill LeRoy D. , Chandler Caroline A. , Spencer Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A homogeneous group of smooth, virulent, meningeal strains of H. influenzae was dissociated into rough avirulent variants.
The rough variants were studied immunologically and were found to form a heterogeneous group of organisms.
It is suggested that the well-known heterogeneity of the strains of Hemophilus influenzae isolated from the nasopharynx during epidemics of influenza may depend upon the dissociation of the smooth homogeneous form to the rough type characterized by extraordinary serological divergency.
Serologic Specificity of Lung Tissue
Authors: Salfeld Hans , Weichsel Manfred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum of rabbits immunized with alcoholic extracts of beeflung in combination with hog serum or with beef lung suspensions reacted strongly with beef lung lipoid in complement fixation tests.
The antiserum did not react with alcoholic extracts of other beef organs.
There was a slight reaction with alcoholic extracts of lungs of heterologous species.
The positive reactions were intensified by the addition of commercial lecithin to the fixing reagents.
Boiling for a short time did not destroy the fixing reagent.
Skin-tests according to a method described by Shwartzman proved negative.
Precipitin Reactions Between Hemolytic Streptococci of Various Groups and Immune and Rheumatoid Arthritic Sera
Authors: Chasis Herbert , McEwen Currier 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cross-reactions were obtained with crude C-extracts of hemolytic streptococci of various groups used in precipitative tests with immune human and rabbit sera and sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever and convalescent scarlet fever. From the results obtained it seems probable that these cross-reactions were due to the presence in such sera of antibodies against a non-group-specific fraction or radical present in the bacteria and in the crude C-extracts. Evidence was obtained indicating that this substance is not the “nucleoprotein” fraction P and suggesting that it is of non-proteic nature.
Further Observations on the Adsorption of Sensitized Bacteria
Authors: Olitzki Leo , Guggenheim Karl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparing these results with those reported formerly (Olitzki, 1934) it appears that the results obtained by the method of Bedson and Bland (1929) agree in most particulars with those obtained by cataphoresis. We have confirmed the fact, that in the case of Proteus bacilli and some strains of the Enteritidis group the H forms showed a higher migrative velocity than the corresponding O forms. It seems however, that this does not apply generally to all strains of the Salmonella group.
The specific effect of sera containing only H agglutinin on the charge of H forms formerly described for Proteus strains could be confirmed for all strains tested by this method.
Sensitization of Proteus bacteria with O agglutinins reduced only the migration of the O strains, if contact with the serum was 10 minutes or less. This result also agrees with that of previous experiments (1934), where the bacteria were subjected to cataphoresis immediately after coming in contact with the immune serum. The simplified method of Bedson and Bland made it possible to test the bacteria after different times of exposure to immune serum and showed that longer contact with O serum also affected the migration of H forms. The experiments with B. proteus further showed that the effect of O agglutinins was delayed by the presence of H antigen. In the Salmonella group no differences were found between the behaviour of H and O forms of the same strain.
The observation (Olitzki, 1934), that agglutination with H + O sera reduces the charge of all bacterial cells present in a culture-suspension could be confirmed only for Proteus bacteria and O agglutinable strains of the typhoid group. The inagglutinable virulent strains remained unaffected. On the other hand these strains were affected to a certain degree by Vi sera, and a maximal effect was obtained by sera containing O + Vi agglutinins. It seems to be a general rule that a complete alteration of surface-properties can be obtained only, if all partial antigens of the bacterial body are sensitized.
A Natural Hemolysin from the Rat Producing Nuclear Lysis of Chicken Erythrocytes
Authors: Weinman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An undescribed natural hemolysin for chicken erythrocytes was found in the blood of 18 rats. Hemolysis was regularly observed with 1 cc. of a 10 per cent dilution of serum. We did not detect any group distribution of the hemolysin. A Bartonella muris infection, neither in the latent, nor in the active form producing anemia, caused any detectable change in the hemolytic activity of the sera tested. Karyolysis of the erythrocyte nucleus was constant and marked in degree, as well as in the number of cells affected. In respect to the effect upon the nucleus, this natural hemolysin differs from those previously reported as well as from the immune hemolysins investigated. A detailed study of the cellular changes undergone during hemolysis was undertaken with this unusually favorable material.
A Study of the Origin of Naturally Occurring Immune Bodies for Pneumococci in Infants
Authors: Sutliff W. D. , Davies John A. V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Type specific antibodies for pneumococci are present in man in a large proportion of individuals after the age of 2 years. In a previous discussion (1) one of the authors (W. D. S.) suggested that these antibodies may be the result of contact with each individual bacterial antigen. The present report is a description of tests conducted to test this hypothesis. A group of children were selected who had no antibodies for the 3 strains of pneumococcus most common in disease. During a period in which it was expected that type specific antibodies would appear in the serum of some of these subjects, frequent observations were made of the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. The pneumococci that were found in the throat cultures of these individuals were then compared with the antibodies that developed.
Methods and Subjects. The plan was carried out as follows.
Experimental Studies on Encephalitis Virus of 1935 Epidemic in Tokyo with Special Reference to Its Serological Difference from the Virus of St. Louis Encephalitis
Authors: Kudo Masashiro , Uraguchi Kenji , Matsuda Suna , Hashimoto Hirotoshi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In September, 1935, we (1, 2) isolated two strains of a filtrable virus, transmissible to mice, from two fatal cases of epidemic encephalitis in Tokyo. A number of similar virus strains were obtained by Kawamura and Kodama, Kasahara, Taniguchi, Kobayashi, Mitamura, Takaki, Takeuchi, Kaneko and others in this city and other districts of Japan, where the disease prevailed in the same widespread epidemic. All of these investigators have unanimously recognized the uniformity in virus-characteristics of the various strains. Making use of specific immune rabbit sera for cross neutralization tests, we have been able to show that the two above mentioned strains isolated by ourselves, and two other strains isolated in another institute, belong to a single virus. One of our strains (Kalinina), sent to other investigators, was identified by them with their own strains.
Kawamura and Kodama (3), Taniguchi (4), Kasahara (5), and Kaneko (6) showed that neutralizing antibodies were present in the sera of convalescent encephalitic patients.