bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgM Rheumatoid Factors in Mice Injected with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Izui Shozo , Eisenberg Robert A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced the formation of IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) in several strains of mice including athymic C57BL/6 nude mice, but not in the LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. The RF induced by LPS reacted not only with murine IgG but also with IgG from cows, goats, guinea pigs, and humans. The kinetics of this RF response to injection of LPS were similar to those of antibody response against DNA and a hapten, dinitrophenyl (DNP), and to those of total IgM production. In addition, the RF activity of individual serum samples correlated significantly with levels of anti-DNA and anti-DNP antibodies and of IgM. Therefore, it is concluded that the induction of RF results from polyclonal antibody synthesis by B cells stimulated with LPS. This observation suggests that LPS or LPS-like substances may help to generate RF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with some infectious diseases.
The “Triggering” of Cytotoxic Cell Differentiation in Secondary Cultures by Subcellular Antigens
Authors: Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sir: A number of investigators have recently reported that cell membranes, or solubilized proteins derived from them, are capable of inducing cytotoxic responses in secondary cultures (1–6). They have implied thereby that they are gaining insight into the specificity of the structures recognized by cytotoxic T cells.
An alternative interpretation seems equally plausible: that the membrane preparations act not directly on cytotoxic memory cells, but rather on helper T cells, which, by secreting soluble mediators, “trigger” cytotoxic cell differentiation. This interpretation is supported by several recent reports. Thus, Ryser et al. (7), Wagner and Rollinghoff (8), and this laboratory (Okada et al., in press) have shown that cell mediators secreted by primed Lyt I+ T cells can cause the direct differentiation of cytotoxic T cells in secondary (memory) cultures. Moreover, the specificity of the cytotoxic cells induced by these mediators is that of the antigen initially used for priming.
Cross-Species Contamination of Commercial Serum Proteins
Authors: Scharfstein Julio , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dear Sir: After being plagued for some time by uninterpretable results in our radioimmunoassays, we began to suspect that the source of error could be the presence of bovine albumin in the preparations of commercial rabbit γ-globulin used in controls. Indeed, this unlikely contaminant was easily demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and double immune diffusion in agarose in five out of five lots of rabbit γ-globulin, in one out of two preparations of rabbit albumin, and in the single sample of mouse immunoglobulin that was tested.1 Furthermore, we isolated bovine serum albumin from commercial rabbit immunoglobulin by anion exchange chromatography. By rocket immunoelectrophoresis we estimated the degree of contamination to be between 0.2 and 0.5%.
Sixteen years ago it was reported in Science (142: 1170, 1963) that bovine albumin could be detected in some lots of commercial rabbit albumin.
Beyond Cellular Immunology
Authors: Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Over the past 20 years we have seen the explosive development of a new scientific discipline, cellular immunology. At least 60% of the articles in our Journal and more than 60% of the allergy and immunology grants received or awarded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in the past year involve experiments with lymphocytes and macrophages. This would have amused and pleased Dr. Gerald B. Webb, (Fig. 1), the first president of our Society. Dr. Webb was an early advocate of cellular immunology, but in his day this approach to immunity was not very popular; the humoral immunologists and serologists had the upper hand.
In the next few minutes I plan to review for you the origin and growth of cellular immunology and show how the very factors that led to its explosive development should be instrumental in creating a still newer discipline.
First a note about the origin of the word immunology.
Role of Lipid Fatty Acyl Composition and Membrane Fluidity in the Resistance of Acholeplasma Laidlawii to Complement-Mediated Killing
Authors: Dahl Jean S. , Dahl Charles E. , Levine R. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acholeplasma laidlawii wild type and a mutant strain, comr-328, characterized by its resistance to complement-mediated killing, were examined for the effects of variations in their lipid fatty acyl moieties on membrane fluidity and the susceptibility of the cells to lysis by complement. Both cell types were cultured in media containing stearate, palmitate, or an equimolar mixture of palmitate and oleate. When stearate or palmitate served as the major membrane fatty acyl constituent, the sensitivity of the cells to complement-mediated killing via both the classical complement pathway and reactive lysis was increased, whereas the fluidity of the respective cell membranes was decreased. By comparison, when oleate was a major membrane fatty acyl moiety along with palmitate, the cell's sensitivity to complement-mediated killing decreased, whereas membrane fluidity increased. This pattern was observed for both strains although it was more pronounced in the wild-type strain than in comr-328. Although there appears to be a correlation between membrane fatty acyl composition, membrane fluidity, and complement-mediated killing in A. laidlawii, this correlation is obscure since the presence of cholesterol in the membrane, although affecting membrane fluidity, apparently does not alter the response of wild-type cells to lysis via the classical pathway.
Inhibition of the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction by Fractionated Niridazole Urine Dialysate
Authors: Jones Brian M. , Bird Michelle , Griffin Peter J. A. , Massey Peter R. , Millar Douglas A. , Miller Julian J. , Reeves Suzanne , Salaman John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Urine dialysate from rats treated orally with 25 mg/Kg 3H-labeled niridazole was fractionated by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography and was found to contain three radioactive metabolites and no parent compound. When human niridazole urine dialysate (NUD) was fractionated under identical conditions, fractions corresponding to the three rat NUD metabolites were found to inhibit the human one-way MLR. No inhibition was obtained with fractionated control urine dialysate. It was concluded that nonimmunosuppressive niridazole is metabolized by rats and man to produce three active compounds with the ability to suppress the in vitro response to alloantigens.
The Action of Strontium on Basophil Leukocytes and its Use to Probe the Relationship between Immunologic Stimulus and Secretory Response
Authors: Foreman John C. , Sobotka Anne K. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strontium will substitute for calcium in the activation of histamine secretion from human basophil leukocytes stimulated by an immunologic reaction or by the ionophore A23187. Strontium is required in 10-fold higher concentrations (1 to 10 mM) to activate histamine release compared with calcium (0.1 to 1.0 mM). In terms of maximum release obtainable for a particular immunologic stimulus, strontium is more effective than calcium. Results are presented to show that calcium and strontium act at the same site but strontium is a more sensitive probe for that site. Strontium can be used to demonstrate that immunologic stimuli activate calcium-binding sites in basophils even when no secretion is observed in the presence of calcium. It is suggested that the degree of secretion observed from basophils depends on the number of occupied Fc receptors for IgE and the coupling of these Fc receptors to calcium transport sites.
Production of Migration Inhibition Factor by Spleen Cells of Normal Rats upon Culture in vitro with Tumor Cells and Cells Expressing Endogenous Virus
Authors: Sharma J. M. , Herberman R. B. , Djeu Julie Y. , Nunn Myrthel E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal rats of W/Fu, Fischer, Sprague-Dawley, and BDIX strains produced migration inhibition factor (MIF) upon culture in vitro with puromycin-treated rat cell lines expressing leukemia viruses or endogenous C-type viruses. Brown Norway rats were almost invariably unreactive. The MIF reactivity of most normal rats did not appear to be due to environmental stimuli because germfree rats were also positive. There was no apparent age restriction for expression of MIF activity; spleen cells from 1-week-old rats produced detectable levels of MIF, and this reactivity was also found in the oldest tested rats, at 34 weeks of age. In addition to spleen cells, lymphoid cells from the blood, peritoneal cavity, and lymph nodes, but not thymus, also were able to produce MIF in response to tumor cells. When (C58NT)D tumor cells, which were routinely used as the stimulators of MIF production, were inoculated into W/Fu rats, the characteristics or extent of preexisting reactivity were not altered. However, spleen cells of most rats bearing progressively growing (C58NT)D tumors did not show a MIF response in vitro.
MIF production by spleen cells was dependent upon the presence of macrophages. Spleen cells depleted of phagocytic and adherent cells were unable to produce MIF upon incubation by tumor cells; however, the MIF response could be restored by adding allogeneic or syngeneic macrophages to the depleted spleen cells. The helper role of macrophages in the generation of MIF by spleen cells did not appear to involve antigen presentation because direct contact between macrophages and the responder cells was not necessary, and soluble factor(s) released by macrophages could substitute for the macrophage helper function.
The effector cells of MIF production were nonadherent, lacked detectable Fc receptors for IgG, and were resistant to lysis by anti-T cell serum plus complement. Because the MIF response was present in apparently normal rats, this appears to be an expression of natural immunity that may be analogous to natural killer cell activity.
Analysis of B Cell Activation Requirements with TNP-Conjugated Polyacrylamide Beads
Authors: Mond J. J. , Stein K. E. , Subbarao B. , Paul W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
TNP-polyacrylamide beads of varying epitope density were used as antigens to stimulate normal adult spleen cells, neonatal spleen cells, and spleen cells from mice with the CBA/N immune defect. Lymphocytes from immune defective (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male mice or normal 2- to 3-week-old (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) F1 mice were unable to respond to TNP-polyacrylamide beads of low epitope density but responded quite well to high density TNP-polyacrylamide beads. Furthermore, immune defective F1 male spleen cells were shown to be unresponsive to TNP-Dextran yet mounted significant responses to TNP-Sephadex, an insoluble analog of TNP-Dextran.
Use of an antiserum with anti-Lyb7.1 activity, which recognizes a mature subset of B cells, also pointed to qualitative differences in the stimulatory activities of highly substituted TNP-polyacrylamide beads and lightly substituted TNP-beads. This antiserum was able to inhibit responses to the low epitope TNP-polyacrylamide beads, which presumably activate a mature subset of B cells, but did not block responses to the highly conjugated TNP-beads, which appear to activate both immature B cells and mature B cells.
In the course of these studies it became clear that TNP-polyacrylamide bead is not a truly thymus-independent (TI) antigen. Although it is able to stimulate significant responses in nude spleen cells, it is an ineffective immunogen when cultured with cells extensively depleted of T cells.
The Suppression of Mitogen- and Alloantigen-Stimulated Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Cultured Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Maca Richard D. , Bonnard Guy D. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultured T lymphocytes (CTC), which were grown in medium containing a growth-promoting factor from supernatants of pooled, allogeneic, PHA-stimulated PBL, were examined for their ability to suppress mitogen-induced proliferative responses or MLC reactions. This suppressor activity was assayed by adding the CTC to either Con A- or PHA-treated lymphocytes or to a mixed lymphocyte culture. The incorporation of 3HTdR into nuclear protein was then quantitated at the end of the culture period and compared to the control 3HTdR uptake values. The addition of CTC significantly suppressed thymidine incorporation in both the mitogen- and alloantigen-stimulated cultures. This suppressed thymidine uptake was not due to competitive inhibition by cold thymidine released into the culture medium by the CTC. Likewise, this suppressor activity could not be accounted for by a “crowding” effect of the added CTC or by the depletion of nutrients from the culture medium by metabolizing CTC. CTC autologous to the responding normal lymphocytes were as effective in suppressing the mitogen and alloantigen responses as allogeneic CTC, indicating that the observed suppression by CTC could not be explained by the cytotoxicity by alloantigen-sensitized or polyclonal-activated CTC. Viable and irradiated CTC were equally effective in suppressing the Con A response. However, in the response to allogeneic cells, irradiating the CTC completely abrogated the suppressor effect. This model system provides a good approach for studying suppressor activity of human T lymphocytes that are not contaminated by other types of cells with suppressor potential, such as monocytes. In addition, this system should provide a means to evaluate ways by which this T cell suppressor activity can be modulated.
Gene Complementation in the T Lymphocyte Proliferative Response to Poly (Glu57Lys38Tyr5): Evidence for Effects of Polymer Handling and Gene Dosage
Authors: Schwartz Ronald H. , Merryman Carmen F. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper explores the difficulties encountered in demonstrating Ir gene complementation in the immune response to the synthetic terpolymer, poly(Glu57-Lys38Tyr5) [GLT5]. First, the method by which the polymer was put into solution influenced the outcome because some determinants on GLT5 were found to be sensitive to exposure to alkaline conditions. Second, the dose of antigen used for immunization was shown to be critical since mice of the H-2q haplotype failed to respond to low doses of GLT5. Third, prolonged storage of dialyzed and lyophilized GLT5 led to alterations in the solubility properties of the polymer with consequent loss of some of the antigenic determinants. Finally, differences in the genetic make up of the responding strains affected the overall response. Each responder haplotype recognized different determinants on the polymer, or the same determinant in different ways, such that variations in polymer handling appeared to influence selectively the immunogenicity and antigenicity of GLT5 for each strain. Furthermore, the critical (B10 × B10.A)F1 strain, whose response was required to demonstrate conclusively complementation, failed to respond well to certain altered preparations of the polymer in which the determinants being recognized were present in low concentration. This failure, in contrast to the high responsiveness of the genetically similar B10.A(5R) strain, was shown by the low response of [B10.A(4R) × B10.A(5R)] F1 mice to result from a gene dosage effect. However, under optimal conditions of antigen handling, (B10 × B10.A)F1 mice did respond well to GLT5, demonstrating that two complementing MHC-linked Ir genes are involved in the recognition of certain determinants on this polymer.
Secretory Responses of Human Neutrophils: Exocytosis of Specific (Secondary) Granules by Human Neutrophils during Adherence in vitro and during Exudation in vivo
Authors: Wright Daniel G. , Gallin John I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human neutrophils have been shown to release lysozyme spontaneously when incubated in vitro in the presence of physiologic concentrations of calcium. This spontaneous release of lysozyme, stored in both the azurophil and specific granules of neutrophils, reflects a selective mobilization and exocytosis of the specific granules, for it occurs without release of granule products located strictly in the azurophil granules (i.e., β-glucuronidase). Calcium-dependent lysozyme release without β-glucuronidase release by human neutrophils is significantly enhanced when the cells are exposed to surfaces to which they avidly adhere (nylon fibers and glass). Release of lysozyme, without a comparable release of β-glucuronidase, also occurs when human neutrophils migrate across cellulose nitrate micropore filters in vitro in response to a chemotactic stimulus. These phenomena in vitro appear to mimic events that occur in vivo when human neutrophils leave the circulation to become exudate cells. Specific granule products (lysozyme and B12-binding protein) but not azurophil granule products appear in the extracellular fluid of experimental inflammatory lesions in vivo coincident with the influx of exudate neutrophils. Also, analysis of the granule content of exudate neutrophils, by granule separation techniques and by cytochemistry and electronmicroscopy, demonstrates a loss of specific granules but not azurophil granules from exudate cells when compared with peripheral blood neutrophils studied concurrently. Results of these studies support the concept that neutrophil-specific granules function in part like the storage granules of secretory cells and that mobilization and exocytosis of these granules by neutrophils are intrinsic to normal inflammatory responses. The release of specific granule products may contribute to extracellular killing or inhibition of microorganisms, but may also provide mechanisms by which neutrophils influence other inflammatory blood and tissue cells.
The LT System in Experimental Animals
Authors: Hiserodt John C. , Tiangco Gerry J. , Granger Gale A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present studies investigate the physicochemical and immunologic properties of cell-lytic molecules released in vitro by nonadherent C57/BL/6 splenocytes or nylon wool-enriched T cell populations activated on monolayers of PHA coated L-929 cells. The findings reveal cell-lytic molecules released by these lymphoid cells are physically heterogeneous. These molecules can be separated by gel filtration into similar m.w. classes previously observed for human LT molecules. Three major classes, termed complex (Cx) (&gt;200,000 d), α heavy (αH) (110 to 140,000 d)α light (αL) (60 to 90,000 d), and two minor classes, β, at 40 to 50,000 d and γ at 10 to 20,000 d were observed. Chromatography of supernatants in high ionic strength buffers dissociates Cx and αH to the smaller m.w. αL form. This evidence suggests that Cx and αH MW classes are physically related to the smaller m.w. αL class. Fractionation of the αH m.w. LT class by DEAE or PAGE resolved these molecules into additional distinct subclasses. Antisera were made against fresh serum-free whole supernatants (anti-WS) or rechromatographed Ultrogel fractions containing αH molecules (anti-αH). Anti-αH and anti-WS react with all m.w. classes of murine LT molecules, indicating these various forms are immunologically related. These antisera do not react with LT molecules obtained from several other animal species or with “nonspecific” intracellular toxins, e.g., lysozomal enzymes, present in normal PMN or phagocytic cells.
These data indicate that materials with cell-lytic activity present in these culture supernatants are LT molecules, because: a) certain m.w. forms observed are similar to those reported previously, and b) these various m.w. forms are all physically and immunologically interrelated. These studies also indicate that murine LT molecules like human LT molecules are heterogeneous, but appear to comprise a system of subunits, in which the large m.w. form may dissociate into the smaller m.w. forms.
Inhibition of in vitro Cytotoxic Responses by BCG-Induced Macrophage-Like Suppressor Cells
Authors: Klimpel Gary R. , Okada Masaji , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of adherent, macrophage-like spleen cells from BCG-infected C57BL/6 mice to suppress primary cytotoxic responses to alloantigen in vitro has been studied. Suppression was dependent on a viable suppressor cell, for both heating (56°C 30 min) and glutaraldehyde treatment (0.1%, 2 min) ablated the suppressive action. Membrane preparations were not suppressive. Suppression was reversible and independent of the suppressor cell's Fc receptor sites. Thus, suppressor cell populations pretreated with heat-aggregated IgG or bound to immobilized immune complexes were still capable of suppressing the cytotoxic response. We could find no evidence that the suppressor cells function through the production of a soluble mediator.
The principal mode of action of the suppressor cell seemed to reflect a capacity to modify the production and action of a mediator whose production was dependent upon helper (Lyt 1+) T cells. This alloantigen-induced mediator, which augments the proliferation and/or differentiation of cytotoxic T cells, was not produced in mixed lymphocyte cultures containing spleen cells of BCG-infected animals nor by normal spleen cells in the presence of the BCG-induced suppressor cells. Under appropriate conditions, mediator produced from mixed lymphocyte cultures was able to reverse the suppression of primary cytotoxic responses by BCG-induced suppressor cells.
Re-Expression of Nonglycosylated Surface IgA in Trypsin-Treated MOPC 315 Plasmacytoma Cells
Authors: Hickman Scot , Wong-Yip Y. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The importance of glycosylation for the re-expression of surface immunoglobulin in trypsin-treated MOPC 315 plasmacytoma cells was examined by using tunicamycin, an antibiotic that prevents glycosylation by inhibiting the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates. Tunicamycin greatly inhibited the secretion of nonglycosylated MOPC 315 IgA in trypsin-treated cells. Two hours after trypsin treatment, there was an 80% inhibition of secretion as measured by immunoprecipitation assays of biosynthetically labeled immunoglobulin. However, tunicamycin had no effect on the time course of re-expression of surface IgA in these cells as measured by TNP-sheep erythrocyte rosette formation and [125I] TNP-albumin binding to the plasmacytoma cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 125I-labeled cell surface IgA re-expressed in the presence of tunicamycin revealed a protein with an apparent m.w. identical to nonglycosylated MOPC 315 α-chains, further suggesting that nonglycosylated surface IgA was being inserted into the plasma membrane. This protein did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose. These data suggest that in MOPC 315 plasmacytoma cells, glycosylation is necessary for immunoglobulin secretion but not for immunoglobulin expression at the cell surface.