bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of liner structure on EFP formation and penetration performance of a Ta-Zr liner
Authors: Hu XB , Wang TY , Wang JH , Wen XM , Liu ZY , Yuan GQ 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to study the formation and penetration performance of reactive liner, in this paper, a Ta-Zr alloy is used as the liner material, and large cone angle liner, spherical liner and arc-cone liner are simulated and analyzed by using AUTODYN software. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The EFP formed by large cone angle liner has good flight stability, followed by arc cone liner; (2) The length diameter ratio of spherical shaped charge liner is larger than that of arc cone shaped charge liner; (3) The EFP penetration depth of the arc cone shaped liner is larger, and the EFP incident aperture of the large cone angle shaped liner is larger.
Research on the Effect of Inner Lining on Fragment Scattering Characteristics of Fragmentation Warhead
Authors: Liu Wei , Cao Lei , Li Xin , Liang Zheng-feng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to improve the axial fragments killing power of fragmentation warhead, based on the Shapiro formula, a design method of the lining curve of the fragmentation warhead was proposed, and the fragmentation warhead was designed with a fragment scattering angle of 5° and 9° by using this method. Using LS-DYNA software and ALE algorithm, the numerical simulation calculation of fragment scattering process was carried out, and the static explosion test of the warhead prototype was carried out to verify the rationality of the lining curve design method. The influence of the shape and thickness of the inner lining curve on the scattering characteristics of the fragments is analyzed. The results show that the error value between the experimental value and the simulated value of the scattering angle and the theoretical design value is within 8%; the smaller the design value of the fragment scattering angle, the greater the curvature of the lining curve, and the smaller the initial scattering speed of the fragment; When the thickness of the inner lining is appropriately increased, the initial scattering speed of the fragments increases, and the scattering angle of the fragments decreases.
The application of EET in high-entropy alloy
Authors: Guo J B , Guo Z Z , Zhang W , Han H , Xu C Y 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
High-entropy alloy with multi-principal elements is a novel design concept for the field of alloy, which breaks through the traditional alloy development frame based on “one or two major alloy elements”. High entropy alloy composed of different metallic elements (generally ≥ 5) can present different novel properties by changing mole ratios or elements. In this work, the valence electron structure of high entropy alloys with compositions near Nb25Mo25Ta25W25 and V20Nb20Mo20Ta20W20 was studied using the Empirical Electron Theory of Solid and Molecules (EET). The predicted results agree well with the experimental data. Results shows that EET can be used to forecast the HEAs’ properties and design the constituent of HEAs.
The study on booster output characteristic for conducted electrical weapon applying on biological target and surrogates
Authors: Gao Tong , Qin Bin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) are closely related with their booster output characteristics. In this paper, the no-load of a police CEW, and the comparison of booster output characteristics between biological target and equivalent resistance under the same condition are measured, where the results verify the biological target cannot be simply replaced by an equivalent resistance, and a coupling model of resistance and capacity is necessary for next research. Considering the component similarity, a surrogate for biological target consisted of gelatin, water and different percentage of salt is prepared. On this basis, the equivalent load profiles for both biological target and salt gelatin surrogate targets, which obtains from the booster output voltage and current data, shows the transient pass for high-frequency signal and the cut-off for low-frequency signal simultaneously. Moreover, the little difference in high-pass equivalent resistance between biological target and gelatin surrogate target identify the gelatin surrogate is a suitable CEWs target.
Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Progressive Forming
Authors: Gu By Peng , Wang Baichao , Sun Lizhong , Ou Xibin , Liu Jinsong , Zhang Hongguang , Yang Hao , Zhang Lei , Li Jing , Mu Jiaqing , Zhang Yiqun , Liu Xia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A non-linear finite element technique is used to study the progressive forming process of the sheet, and the elastic-plastic distribution is analyzed based on Abaqus/Explict. Finite element simulations of progressive forming with different process parameters were carried out to analyse the effects of the tool head diameter, layer feed and sheet properties on forming quality. The results show that increasing the tool head diameter or decreasing the layer feed will result in better sheet forming quality, and the influence of the tool head diameter on the sheet forming quality is greater than that of the layer feed, and the selection of materials and the selection of suitable process parameters are more conducive to the improvement of forming quality and forming efficiency.
Analysis and simulation of the influence of initial liquid level on lubricating flow state and oil-churning resistance moment of planetary reducer
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Yunqing , Li Yi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to study the influences of the initial liquid level on lube characteristics and oil-churning resistance moment of gear reducer, the heat generating power of one special kind of planet gear reducer under the special working condition is calculated. The fluid temperature at different initial liquid levels is calculated by FEA method. According to the relation between the physical parameters of the lube and the fluid temperature, the corresponding relation between the physical parameters of the lube and the initial liquid level is deduced. Based on the FEA results, the physical parameters of the lube are set to conduct the co-simulation of the oil-churning process of the planetary reducer under different initial liquid levels by MPS method. Depend on the simulation results, the influence of initial liquid level on lubricating flow state and oil-churning resistance moment of planetary reducer is analysed, and the initial liquid level is sifted. These studies provide methods and reference for lubrication medium set in transmission boxes, such as planet gear reducer and so on.
Research onthedelamination damage algorithm offiber reinforced composites
Authors: Ronghui Wang , Shuhu Li , Yan Liu , Yingying Gao , Haiyun Zhang , Huamin Jia , Jianfen Guo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aiming at the typical delamination damage mode of fiber-reinforced composites, the constitutive model and failure criterion of composites that commonly used in dynamic simulation are studied, and the principles and characteristics of cohesive element and tiebreak contact algorithm are analyzed.Then the simulation calculation of two fiber-reinforced composite targets anti penetration is take as an example,The accuracy of the cohesive element and the tiebreak contact algorithm are verified respectively, and the protection mechanism of fiber-reinforced composites in the process of anti penetration is revealed, which provides an important reference for the development and design of new composite protection structures and equipment.
Discussions on Influencing Factors of Mechanical Sensitivities of Energetic Materials Taking Dihydroxylammonium 5,5’-bistetrazole -1,1’-diolate as an Example
Authors: Zhang Wei-peng , Liu Yan-ping , Huang Ya-feng , Zhao Dong-kui 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Mechanical sensitivities of energetic materials are influenced by some factors, such as crystal type, particle size, additives, and so on. In literature, conclusions from different authors are often different, even opposite. In this paper, depending on experimental data by ourselves and amounts of data from literature, we discussed some factors influencing mechanical sensitivities of energetic materials. Results show that impact sensitivities of flaky energetic materials is usually higher than corresponding particle one, and friction sensitivity of energetic materials particles easier to roll is often lower. Although processing additives often lessen the mechanical sensitivities of energetic materials, in some case, mechanical sensitivities of energetic materials with binder increase obviously. The mechanism inducing erratic results of mechanical sensitivities of energetic materials in testing is discussed in this paper, too.
Combustion performance of surface-deterred gun propellants with varied deterrent contents
Authors: Gou Yong-liang , Wei Lun , Yue-juan Yao , Liu Bo , Wang Jia-peng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper explores how the combustion performance of surface-deterred granular gun propellants relates to the deterrent content to further improve combustion progressivity and low temperature sensitivity. Five types of propellants with different deterrent contents are prepared with the surface deterring technology. Through the analysis of explosion heat and experimental data from closed bomb tests, we investigate the energetic and static combustion properties of the propellants. Results show that the deterred propellants have a higher combustion progressivity than the blank propellant, and as the deterrent content increases, the progressive index increases gradually. In addition, the maximum pressure measured by closed bomb tests is linearly related to the deterrent content. At high temperatures, the average absolute values of the temperature coefficients of relative activity for surface-deterred propellants are lower than that for the blank propellant, indicating better low temperature sensitivity of surface-deterred gun propellants at high and normal temperatures.
Research on preparation and high temperature resistance of primary explosive chromium azide
Authors: Lei Zhang , Yanlan Wang , Jianhua Chen , Rui Zhang , Fang Zhang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The research on novel high-temperature resistant primary explosives is an inevitable trend to adapt to the development of weapons. In this paper, high temperature resistant primary explosive cadmium azide was prepared from sodium azide and cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate by hydrothermal reaction. Then, the high-temperature storage performance was tested by cook-off test, and the influence of high temperature was analyzed in combination with microscopic morphology, crystal structure, and thermal decomposition temperature. The reliable ignition voltage was tested by electric ignition sensitivity, and the initiation performance of cadmium azide was verified by using CL-20 as secondary explosive. The results show that cadmium azide is an excellent high temperature resistant initiating agent primary explosive with the thermal decomposition temperature of 384.21°C and a 50% electric ignition voltage of 4.82 V, which can reliably initiate the CL-20 into complete detonation.
Mechanical Sensitivity Reduction of Energetic Materials by Using Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Xiao L Q , Zhao Y , Fu X L , Xie W X , Fan X Z 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMechanical sensitivities (such as friction and impact sensitivity) are the most important evaluation index to characterize the risk of energetic materials (EMs), as they are the most common stimulus during preparation, transportation and usage of EMs. Recently, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have been found to be effective in reducing mechanical sensitivities of EMs with small amount of addition. This review covers updated researches of the desensitization of EMs by using fullerenes, expanded graphite (EG), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and graphene oxide (GO), their desensitization results and relative mechanisms are summarized. It has been shown that graphene and its derivatives are more effective due to their superior thermal conductivity and layered structure.
Study on master curve of tensile strength of thermal aging composite modified double base propellant
Authors: Liu Jia-ming , Fan Xing-gui , Wang Ting-yu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to study the mechanical properties of thermal aging composite modified double-base propellant (CMDB), the tensile properties of CMDB propellant were investigated at four temperatures (323, 293, 273, 253 K) and different strain rates (3.3 × 10-5- 3.3 × 10-2 s−1). Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on CMDB propellant samples with different aging time (0,10,20,35,50,65,80,100 d). The mechanical properties of CMDB propellant after aging were studied. The results show that the maximum tensile strength decreases with the aging time, and the strength value fluctuates within a certain range (Δσ<30 %). The master curve of the maximum tensile strength of CMDB propellant was obtained by using the time-temperature equivalence principle (TTSP), and the master curve equation of the aging strength was established. The equation can be used to predict the maximum tensile strength of CMDB propellant with different aging time in the range of quasi-static strain rate.
Simulation of Solid Propellant Regression with Cracks Based on Level-Set Method
Authors: Wang Junjie , Xiong Yongliang , He Xiaoqiu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Traditional methods are difficult to deal with solid propellant regression in complex geometry, especially for a finocyl grain with cracks. In this work, the Level-Set method is adapted to solid propellant regression. The advantage of this method is the implicit representation of interface and no restriction on geometrical configuration. Therefore, tiny cracks can be easily captured by the Level-Set method without any complex grids. A three-dimensional solid propellant regression evolution process of a finocyl grain is presented. A one-dimensional unsteady internal ballistics numerical method is applied to obtain pressure and thrust time histories, coupled with the three-dimensional grain burnback model. The mass and energy injection in the governing equations can be computed from the Level-Set formulation. And the propellant burning rate can be computed from the local pressure. The results show that a crack increases the head-end pressure and thrust at early stage, because of the increment of the burning surface area. It can be seen from the evolution of propellant regression that the crack gradually expands.
Mechanical response of HTPB propellant grain under ultra-high overload
Authors: Zhang Yiming , Wang Ningfei , Wang Ran , Chen Xiaoxu , Wu Yi , Dang Jinfeng , Tian Xiaotao 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, the mechanical response of HTPB propellant grain under ultra-high loads is investigated. The low, intermediate and high strain rate of uniaxial compression tastings (1.7×10−4~3×103s−1) of the hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at room temperature were carried out by using the universal testing machine and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system, respectively. The uniaxial compression tests of the cellular rubber, the EPDM rubber and felted wool were carried out. A linear viscoelastic constitutive model of the HTPB propellant was developed by using the test data. The mechanical property of the cellular rubber, the EPDM rubber and the felted wool were studied by the test data. The dynamic mechanical response of the propellant grain under high overloads was simulated with the developed constitutive model by using the finite element method. The deformation of the grain under high overload was studied. The result shows when the overload value is maximum, the stress value of the grain is maximum. The location where the stress value of the grain is maximum is the center of the inner hole of the cushion. The maximum stress value is 20.17MPa.
Review of the Application Progress of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide
Authors: Li Guofeng , Zhang Yongming , Yuan Ye , Dai Qiuhong , Xie Yangjun , Bao Liyuan , Zhang Jun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since the first synthesis of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) of America in 1993, efforts of investigation into LLM-105 have never ended due to its premium performance. Therefore, with the goal to further emphasize the importance of this material and to provide reference to the application of LLM-105 in propellants and explosives, the properties and performance of LLM-105 are briefly introduced at first and then the application of LLM-105 is reviewed in various areas, including polymer bonded explosives, double-base rocket propellants with low signature and low sensitivity, propellants for perforating cartridges in oil and gas fields and gun propellants.
Thermal History Effects on Decomposition Behavior and Pyrolysis Mechanism of Cellulose Nitrate
Authors: Gao Xu , Jiang Lin , Xu Qiang , Das Oisik 
Published: June 2023

AbstractNitrocellulose is an important kind of energetic material produced by replacing hydroxyl of cellulose molecule to nitro, which has a wide application range in social life. During transportation and storage, inevitably the quality of the nitrocellulose will be affected due to external ambient heating. In this study, two kinds of NC samples, original and heated ones, were used as research objects and taken into DSC experiments under several constant heating rates to explore thermal history effects on its decomposition and combustion behavior. A series of calculation methods based on model fitting were main ways for research, so were model free methods. Numerical results by model fitting method showed that decomposition reaction of NC followsn-th reaction model. The comparison between experimental results of two kinds of samples claimed that thermal history had positive influence on heat flow, and increased the reaction order of decomposition process, and decreased the characteristic temperatures. So the thermal history made the decomposition reaction more difficult to take place and more stable. This study is obviously meaningful for the research of thermal pyrolysis process of NC after thermal history.
Creep properties and prediction model of composite solid propellant
Authors: Wu Xuan , Wang Chen-yu , Zheng Jian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to describe the creep properties of HTPB propellant, uniaxial tensile creep tests of propellant under different stresses were conducted. Based on the principle of viscoelastic theory, the Burgers model was used to describe the creep properties of the propellant. Combined with the experimental data, the parameters of Burgers model under different stresses were determined, and the model parameters were expressed as a function related to creep stress, and finally the model was verified by using the test data under creep stress 0.2 MPa. The results show that the Burgers model can describe the creep properties of the composite propellant well.
Effect of hexafluorophosphate and conjugated fluoride on the combustion of aluminum powder
Authors: Zhang Lichen , Wang Shuo , Zhu Lixiang , Li Xiaodong , Zou Meishuai , Su Xing 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, the alumina layer on the surface of aluminum powder was removed with hydrofluoric acid. 2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Hexafluorophosphate (ADMHFP) and 4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid (ATFBA) were coated on the surface of aluminum to form Al@ADMHFP and Al@ATFBA. Scanning electron microscope and FTIR test results proved that the ADMHFP and ATFBA were coated on aluminum powder. The Al@ADMHFP and Al@ATFBA showed better thermal reaction and combustion performance. The exothermic enthalpy of Al@ADMHFP and Al@ATFBA were increased by about 1.6 times and 1.0 time, with lower ignition temperature and longer burning duration, compared with raw aluminum powder.
Preparation of perfluorobutane glycidyl azide polymer and its coating on aluminum powder
Authors: Zhang Lichen , Zhu Lixiang , Su Xing , Wang Shuo , Jiang Hao , Li Xiaodong , Zou Meishuai 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, perfluorobutyl iodide (PI) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) were used to synthesize perfluorobutane glycidyl azide polymer (PGAP) and coated on aluminum powder to form Al@PGAP. PGAP, an energetic fluoride, was used to explore the combustion promotion of aluminum powder. The Al@PGAP showed better thermal reaction and combustion performance. The exothermic enthalpy of Al@PGAP were increased by about 1.5 times, with higher combustion heat, lower ignition temperature and longer burning duration, compared with raw Al.
Study on explosion reaction mechanism and energy release characteristics of HMX-based explosives containing B-Al
Authors: Gao D Y , Zhao F , Cao W , Song Q G , Wen S G , Zheng B H , Li X L , Zhang Y P 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To explore the application of the micro-sized B-Al (boron-aluminum) compound powder in enhanced blast explosive(EBX) and thermobaric explosive(TBX), three HMX-based explosives containing B-Al (PF-1, PF-2 and PF-3)were designed and prepared. The ignition and combustion characteristics of various samples (micro- and nano-sized B, B-Al compound powders without and with HMX) under different pressures and atmospheres were studied by a laser ignition and combustion experimental system, and the flame evolution images and emission spectral characteristic parameters of the ignition and combustion process were obtained. The structures of detonation reaction zone of ideal and non-ideal explosives were studied by PDV (photonic doppler velocimeter), and the characteristic parameters and explosion reaction mechanism of wave profile were obtained. The energy output characteristics of explosives containing B-Al were evaluated by air blast and underwater explosion test. The results show that nano-sized B has better ignition and combustion characteristics than micro-sized B; the ignition and combustion property of B-Al compound powder with HMX is obviously superior to that of B-Al compound powder. PBX-1 is an ideal explosive, and the reaction zone width is 44ns, whilePF-1 and PF-3 are typical non-ideal explosives, the reaction zone widths are 112ns and 102ns, respectively. In the air blast and underwater explosion test, under the detonation of HMX, the combustion of micro-Al can promote the afterburning effect of micro-B, which releases a great amount of combustion heat, then generates expansible products with higher temperature and pressure, and finally increases the duration of fireball and total energy in underwater explosion.
Effect of CF on mechanical properties and ignition characteristics of Al/PTFE reactive materials under quasi-static compressive
Authors: Ren Xin-xin , Liu Jin-chun , Fu Xian-wen , Cheng Xi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chopped carbon fiber (CF) was introduced into Al (aluminum) /PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) reactive materials, and Al/CF/PTFE reactive materials with different mass fractions of CF were prepared. In order to study the effect of CF on the mechanical properties and ignition characteristics of Al/PTFE reactive materials, quasi-static compression tests were carried out on different types of specimens. The fracture characteristics of the specimens were observed by SEM, and the ignition mechanism was analyzed by crack-induced hot spots. The results show that yield strength and elastic modulus increase while compressive strength and yield strain decrease with increasing CF mass fraction. The decrease in interfacial adhesion between CF and PTFE matrix, uneven load transfer of CF during compression and stress concentration lead to the decrease of mechanical properties of the material. The decrease of compressive strength of Al/CF/PTFE material and the failure of crack tip without ductile brittle transition are the main factors for the non ignition reaction in quasi-static compression. CF did not improve the quasi-static pressure properties of Al/PTFE, but decreased the quasi-static pressure sensitivity.