bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forum theatre for training residents to be allies
Authors: O'Connor Alec B. , Gorgone Matthew , Rizk Nina , Gaughf Carli , Gracey Catherine F. , Shaw Margie Hodges , Morgan Adrienne 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundResidents are commonly targets and bystanders of workplace discrimination, yet little is known about how best to train residents to manage these incidents. We sought to train residents to respond effectively to being a target or bystander of discrimination.ApproachWe used a novel, 75‐min theatrical role‐playing intervention called Theatre for Healthcare Equity (T.H.E.) to teach 71 internal medicine residents between December 2017 and February 2018. In T.H.E. residents took turns acting as either a ‘resident’ target or a ‘student’ bystander in a simulated scenario of discrimination. A facilitator led follow‐up discussions including group reflection and development of learning scripts to help with difficult situations. A post‐graduation survey was sent in November 2021 to assess residents' retention of knowledge, attitudes and potential application in practice.EvaluationT.H.E. was well received by residents, though survey response rates were low. All respondents to a post‐session survey reported having acquired knowledge and skills to help them respond to incidents of bias and discrimination. Most respondents to the post‐graduation survey nearly 4 years later remembered T.H.E.; seven wrote reflective narrative responses indicating that T.H.E. had raised awareness of these issues, empowered them to speak up on behalf of colleagues and validated their emotional reactions to hurtful speech from patients. We describe an incident in which a former resident attributed his ability to serve as an effective bystander ally to participating in T.H.E. years earlier.ImplicationsT.H.E. was an efficient, well‐received intervention that some of our residents found to have been helpful years later. We continue to use T.H.E. as the basis for periodic ongoing allyship training for residents and teaching faculty to improve the inclusiveness of our clinical learning environment.
Pitfalls of using sequence databases for heterologous expression studies – a technical review
Authors: Maxeiner Stephan , Krasteva‐Christ Gabriela , Althaus Mike 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSynthesis of DNA fragments based on gene sequences that are available in public resources has become an efficient and affordable method that has gradually replaced traditional cloning efforts such as PCR cloning from cDNA. However, database entries based on genome sequencing results are prone to errors which can lead to false sequence information and, ultimately, errors in functional characterisation of proteins such as ion channels and transporters in heterologous expression systems. We have identified five common problems that repeatedly appear in public resources: (1) Not every gene has yet been annotated; (2) not all gene annotations are necessarily correct; (3) transcripts may contain automated corrections; (4) there are mismatches between gene, mRNA and protein sequences; and (5) splicing patterns often lack experimental validation. This technical review highlights and provides a strategy to bypass these issues in order to avoid critical mistakes that could impact future studies of any gene/protein of interest in heterologous expression systems.
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A Thermal Study of Available Steam-Power-Plant Heat Cycles
Authors: Hendrickson G. A. , Vesselowsky S. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Turbine and plant heat rates obtainable in large modern power plants are compared over a wide range of the pressure-temperature-cycle realm. These results were estimated from heat balances based on typical expansion lines for 30,000-kw turbines, which size was deemed sufficiently representative to draw rather general conclusions regarding large units. Cost estimates are not included, but the results are given in a form readily adaptable to the needs of those making economic comparisons. To this end, plant heat rates are given for estimating the rate of use of fuel, and turbine heat rates with supplementary data for estimating the size, and hence the cost, of the various equipment in a plant. The difference between turbine and plant heat rates allows for auxiliary power in proportion to the cycle requirements, and for miscellaneous losses sufficient to give the expected annual average value of the plant heat rates. While the computations are purposely fitted to a particular type of turbine and plant, the results apply approximately to most of the modern central stations. Comparisons of the thermal efficiencies of practical cycles with corresponding Carnot efficiencies are used to point out the best direction for future efforts. It is concluded that regenerative-feed-heating plants with the highest practicable initial temperature offer the greatest promise, both for immediate use and for future development.
Supersaturated Steam
Authors: Yellott John I. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Supersaturation, or the failure of steam to condense when the saturated condition is reached in an expansion, has long been a matter of interest to engineers. This paper presents the account of an investigation of this phenomenon in which the principal objectives were the location of the Wilson line, which indicates the condition at which condensation actually occurs, and the measurement of the size of the drops which are formed when flowing steam condenses. Examination of the flow of low pressure steam through an illuminated nozzle fitted with a glass top revealed that the condensation process could be observed and that the pressure of the steam at the condensation point could be measured with the aid of a search tube. It was found that in a simple convergent-divergent nozzle condensation did not occur until the steam had reached the condition approximately represented by the 3.5 per cent moisture line on the Mollier chart. The droplets which formed at that condition were extremely minute, their radii being of the order of magnitude of 6.2 × 10−8 cm, and there was no evidence of growth during their passage through the nozzle. Additional experiments with nozzles of other designs led to the discovery that under certain conditions condensation could take place when the steam had reached the 2 per cent moisture condition, and that the droplets so formed grew rapidly from about 10.0 × 10−8 cm to about 6.0 × 10−5 cm in radius. It was concluded that supersaturation invariably occurred in the condensation of flowing steam, and that the superheated steam formula should be used to estimate the flow of saturated steam through nozzles.
Some New Experiments on Buckling of Thin-Wall Construction
Authors: Bridget F. J. , Jerome C. C. , Vosseller A. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The first section of this paper describes a series of tests of the strength of thin-walled cylinders under a combination of torsion and axial compression or tension. Curves are obtained showing the strength of each of the several types of cylinders tested, under all possible combinations of these loads. All the curves obtained seem to have the same general form and the results suggest the possibility of finding a simple law by means of which a designer could determine the buckling strength of a structure under any combination of shear and normal stress, if he knows its strength under pure shear and under pure compressive stress.
The second section describes tests made to investigate the independence of different possible types of buckling of a structure. A set of L-section struts, identical except for the widths of the sides, were tested in compression. With small widths the struts buckle as Euler columns but with the wider widths buckling of the sides, as plates hinged on three edges, occurs first. Great care was taken to eliminate the effect of initial eccentricities. The results check the well-known theories for these two types of buckling and indicate that, for practical purposes, the two types can be considered independently of each other. The results also illustrate how enormously the strength-weight ratio of thin wall construction may be affected by details of design.
High-Pressure-Steam and Binary Cycles as a Means of Improving Power-Station Efficiency
Authors: Gaffert Gustaf A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities of the mercury-steam cycle. Experimental work on diphenyloxide leading to the construction of a Mollier chart is presented and the binary possibilities are developed. The properties of aluminum bromide and its binary-cycle possibilities together with a consideration of Dr. Koeneman’s zinc-ammonium-chloride binary cycle complete the discussion of binary cycles. Some cycles using steam alone at very high pressures are included as a basis of comparison and to point out that, in the steam cycle, the ultimate has not yet been reached.
The Design and Performance of an Axial-Flow Fan
Authors: Marks Lionel S. , Weske John R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the design and performance of an axial-flow fan for comparatively high pressures. The design is based largely on extensive investigations of the air flow through a fan of well-known design which yielded certain constants. The procedure in design is sketched very briefly—it involves the use of both airfoil theory and circulation theory. Full details are given of the completed fan. The performance of this fan is shown in a series of graphs and is compared with that of the fan used for the preliminary investigations. The influence of the number and location of guide vanes was investigated. Diffuser action is also discussed. The noise emission was measured and was found to be considerably lower than that from the original fan. A relation between noise and fan performance is pointed out.
The Test Performance of Hudson Avenue’s Most Recent Steam-Generating Units
Authors: Hardie P. H. , Cooper W. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an acceptance test on one of the largest stokers in operation at the present time. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to illustrate the procedures developed for measuring those losses which are commonly allowed to appear in the unaccounted-for item of the energy balance. These losses are the hydrogen and hydrocarbon losses, and the carbon-monoxide loss which is in excess of that indicated by the conventional type of Orsat apparatus. Usually, part of the cinder loss appears in the “unaccounted-for” because it is seldom determined with the accuracy which the magnitude of this loss as determined from the method described would seem to warrant. The completeness with which the losses in the present test have been measured is evident from the low value obtained for the radiation and unaccounted-for item of the energy balance.
A high rate of combustion (75 lb per hr per sq ft) was carried for 48 hr at an efficiency of 77 per cent. The superheater produced approximately constant steam temperature over the full range of loads.
The Economics of Preheated Air for Stokers
Authors: Dillon Robert E. , Engle Melvin D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The development of the regenerative cycle, the operation of boilers at higher and higher outputs, and the adoption of higher pressures and the single-pass boiler, have reduced the heat-reclaiming possibilities of the economizer and have resulted in the installation of air heaters for most high-efficiency steam-generating units.
Highly preheated air has increased the maintenance of underfeed stokers beyond reasonable figures.
The purpose of this paper is to determine to just what extent stoker maintenance is a function of air temperature.
Maintenance data have been supplied by 33 operating companies operating 122 underfeed stokers supplied with hot air. The data cover stokers operating with average air temperatures varying from 120 to 460 F and maximum air temperature as high as 600 F and representing 475 stoker-years of operation.
Maintenance has been plotted against average air temperature and a fairly satisfactory relation found. In order to remove the influence of other variables affecting maintenance, stoker maintenance has been plotted against other operating and design factors, and each corrected for temperature.
From this data it was found that the variables, other than average air temperature, which most seriously affect maintenance are:
(1) Area of stoker
(2) Average coal burned in lb per sq ft per hr
(3) Percentage of ash in the coal burned.
The data were corrected for these three variables, and a new curve of maintenance vs. average air temperature was obtained with some of the influence of these three variables removed.
From this corrected curve the following conclusion can be drawn: Up to 300 F, the preheating of the air supplied to underfeed stokers does not seem to increase maintenance above reasonable figures, but above 300 or 350 F, there is a sharp increase in maintenance with increase in air temperature.
Information is also given in the paper on the changes made and operating methods used by various companies to reduce stoker maintenance.
Data were also obtained on the maintenance costs of 77 chain-grate stokers supplied with hot air, representing 440 stoker-years of operation. When plotted, the data did not show any consistent relation between maintenance and average air temperature. However, a study of the data seems to indicate that chain-grate stokers, supplied with hot air and burning the types of fuel for which they are suited, can match the underfeed stoker in coal-burning capacity in lb per sq ft per hr, and apparently operate with lower maintenance costs.
The Elastic Properties of Steel at High Temperatures
Authors: Versé Guy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the determination of the modulus of elasticity and of the modulus of rigidity of steel at elevated temperatures up to 500 C.
Both a static and a dynamic method were used and their results are compared. Whereas previously most of the static determinations of these moduli have been made under increasing load, in the tests described in this paper they were determined under decreasing load, according to the method proposed by F. L. Everett. The tests show that within certain limits the results obtained by this method are practically independent of the rate of loading. This appears to be due to a strain-hardening effect occurring upon loading and detected upon unloading.
The comparison between the static and the dynamic tests shows that the values of E, modulus of elasticity, and G, modulus of rigidity, determined statically under decreasing load are close to the values obtained dynamically. However they are somewhat lower for temperatures above 400 C.
The values obtained for E and G by static tests under increasing load are not reliable owing to the difficulty of discriminating between the elastic and the plastic deformation.
The values determined dynamically are the most reliable.
The variation of Poisson’s ratio with temperature is also presented, the values of μ being obtained by calculation from the values found for E and G.
A New Basis for the Rating of Roller-Chain Drives
Authors: Bartlett G. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reference tables giving horsepower ratings for roller transmission chains are commonly based upon certain allowable working pressures per square inch of projected bearing area at the chain joints. The allowable working load is assumed to increase in proportion to the projected area of the pins and to decrease with an increase in chain velocity and an increase in the “centrifugal pull” of the chain.
An analysis of the bending action of the links at both driving and driven wheels and the work of friction between pins and bushings yields an algebraic expression for the beat generated per minute, or for the rate of wear in the chain. This is proportional to the rate of elongation of the chain; and this rate of elongation is found to be directly proportional to the horsepower transmitted and inversely proportional to the pitch, the length of the bushing, the number of links in the chain, and the product of the number of teeth in the two sprockets (very nearly). A set of tables is developed based upon chain velocity and the number of teeth in both sprockets. The horsepowers taken from these tables are such as will produce approximately the same rate of elongation in all drives whose design and operation conform to average conditions. Similar tables are computed on the basis of the rpm of the smaller sprocket instead of the chain velocity.
These tables also allow for the extra pull on the chain due to centrifugal force, and for the chain lengths and center distances necessary to keep the rate of elongation within the limits allowed.
An examination of these tables shows that, with certain combinations of sprocket teeth and chain lengths, loads twice as great as those usually given in tables can be transmitted. And these figures seem to be supported by actual practice.
The subject of limiting speeds for sprockets is treated and three sets of limiting conditions are investigated, namely: (a) the effect of a single impact between chain rollers and sprocket teeth, (b) the energy of impact per tooth per minute, and (c) the effect of centrifugal action. A table is compiled giving maximum chain velocities and sprocket speeds, based upon these investigations, for various chains and various numbers of teeth in the sprockets. This table shows the conditions under which certain chains can be operated at velocities above 3000 fpm and other conditions under which the same chains should not be operated at more than 240 fpm.
Concerning the Degree of Accuracy of the Gibson Method of Measuring the Flow of Water
Authors: Thoma D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper first discusses the limitations of various methods of measuring water which were in use when the Gibson method was first announced. These limitations of the current-meter method of flow measurement include: The effect of turbulent accessory motions which cause periodic velocity changes in the direction and magnitude of flow; the difficulty in obtaining readings close to the wall of the canal or closed conduit; and the necessity of determining the velocity at several points simultaneously due to temporary changes in distribution; and the expense involved in taking a number of such simultaneous readings. Reference is also made to the use of the pitot tube for taking readings close to the wall of the passage.
The greater part of the paper, devoted to a discussion of the Gibson method of water measurement, includes the derivation of formulas involved in this method of water measurement, its limits of accuracy, and the errors which may arise in its use. These errors, due to (a) accessory motions, (b) to false valuation of friction, (c) to friction of the mercury column, and (d) to inertia of the mercury column, are presented with derived formulas and approximate values together with suggestions for minimizing them.
Water Gaging for Low-Head Units of High Capacity
Authors: Mousson J. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the field of hydroelectric construction there has been in recent years considerable advance in the development of low-head units of high specific speed. This tendency in design has been conducive to the development of low-head sites which were at one time considered uneconomical. It became, therefore, increasingly important to find methods of measuring the discharge of low-head plants where the water quantities are large and the water passages particularly short and unsuited to other methods of testing. American engineers had developed methods of measurement of flow in long penstocks and then attempted to extend these methods to plants with shorter water passages. European engineers have shown a preference for current meters, at one time commonly used on both sides of the Atlantic for measurements in large intakes.
The paper discusses the status of the current-meter method in Europe at the time this method was selected for the tests at Safe Harbor and the application of the two-type meter method. It shows how this method was applied at the outset and how certain modifications were made for increasing the reliability and decreasing the time and effort required for making tests. These made possible new methods of compilation which have been developed to facilitate greatly this phase of the testing program. The successful application of these methods should make current-meter measurements more feasible than ever before.
In preparation for these tests, investigations were conducted at the Bureau of Standards and elsewhere to determine the characteristics and limitations of the meters under various conditions of uniform, oblique, pulsating, and turbulent flow.
It has been shown that water passages with parallel sides for metering and approach sections do not insure parallel flow, and that even under as nearly ideal conditions as it is practical to secure, the use of two types of meters will indicate an effective angularity. However, it is believed that accurate measurements of oblique flow can be made by the use of two types of meters, each affected to a different extent by angularity. The use of this method will greatly enlarge the field of current-meter testing.
There are pointed out the advantages of making index tests in conjunction with current-meter measurements; not only to extend them to a wide range of operating conditions, but also as a measure of the consistency of the discharge measurements.
Draft-Gear Action in Long Trains
Authors: Wikander O. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a study of the coupler pressures, car speeds and accelerations in a long train, produced by external forces acting on same.
It is based on the similarity in behavior of such a train and of an elastic bar of the same length as the train, the same mass per unit length and the same yield, when subjected to longitudinal compressive or tensile forces.
Following the method explained in the paper, the pressure and speed diagrams are derived for the various periods through which the waves are passing, the beginning and ending of each period being marked by certain events. Formulas are derived for the maximum bar pressures and tensions, for the locations at which they occur, and for the maximum accelerations or retardations of the particles.
It is shown how these formulas may be applied to freight trains of known characteristics, and the general requirements are derived which should be met by a freight-car draft gear under given service conditions.
Well-known elementary calculations, based on the official ARA Draft Gear Tests and supplemented by the formulas given in the paper, permit the design of draft gears suitable for the given service conditions.
The Design and Performance of a High-Pressure Axial-Flow Fan
Authors: Marks Lionel S. , Flint Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the design and performance of an eight-bladed axial-flow fan to give high pressures and an approximately constant horsepower characteristic. The performance in the laboratory indicates the attainment of a static pressure of 22.2 in. of water at a peak efficiency of 77.5 per cent, with a peripheral speed of 40,000 fpm. The no-flow horsepower is only 16 per cent greater than at peak efficiency. The performance is compared with that predictable from wind-tunnel tests of a cascaded series of air foils.
Progress in Cavitation Research at Princeton University
Authors: Moody Lewis F. , Sorenson Alfred E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors describe test apparatus and an experimental method used to determine the critical point of cavitation, or cavitation limit, of liquids flowing in a closed system as caused by the formation of vapor-filled cavities in the system. The experiments here described were directed to determine the cavitation limit, at which cavitation begins, and not to ascertain the consequences of maintained cavitation. The authors show that the experiments give results entirely consistent with the cavitation principle as now generally applied.