bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Collegiality Seriously in Designing and Studying Courts
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes how interpersonal contact affects judicial behavior and illustrates the importance and contextual nature of the effects of collegiality in the U.S. federal judiciary. It highlights the most important argument of this book: collegiality is a first-order consideration for judges, and scholars must account for judges’ social concerns when theorizing and testing models of judicial behavior. That the effect of ideology on judicial behavior is imperceptible when two judges have high levels of interpersonal contact suggests an important limitation to the attitudinal model. The chapter outlines implications for our understanding of judicial decision-making, the stability of law, and the structure of the judiciary. It discusses proposed institutional reforms—splitting circuits, packing courts, and imposing term limits—and explains how they might affect levels of judicial collegiality. The chapter closes by outlining a variety of avenues for future research.
Tuning In
Authors: Helbig Adriana N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 asks how conditions of poverty create specific sound environments. Poverty conditions shape the way instruments sound. Historicizing discourses of tuning during the Soviet era, this chapter elucidates how prevailing post–World War II discourses influenced notions of musical skill in Ukraine regarding classical training as a marker of professional musicianship. Such economically and culturally mediated frameworks tend to marginalize poorer Romani musicians as non-professional (but somehow not amateur) and exclude them from performance opportunities sponsored by Romani organizations, in turn perpetuating cycles of Romani poverty in the post-Soviet era.
Introduction
Authors: Asnaani Anu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This Introduction provides insight into the author’s primary motivations, guiding process, and prior training/clinical experience that serve as the foundations of the content of the book. The Introduction provides key terms that are referenced often in the following chapters, a brief review of several popular theoretical models of identity formation in terms of mental health, reasons why the author emphasizes published literature in the proposed guidelines, and an orientation to how the book chapters are structured. The Introduction ends with a brief description of the case studies that will be referenced to exemplify application of each of the concepts discussed in the guidelines to highlight their diagnostic, psychosocial, and intersectional identity complexities.
Considerations for the Supervisory Relationship with Diverse Trainees and Their Diverse Clients
Authors: Asnaani Anu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the incorporation of the seven practice guidelines prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice into the specific domain of supervision, and is geared toward supervisors working with trainees of diverse backgrounds. The chapter begins with a discussion of issues related to diversity within the supervisory context, and then expands on ways that the guidelines provided earlier in the book can apply to the supervisor-trainee relationship. The chapter provides a self-reflection exercise for supervisors on their own privilege, power, and biases, and describes sample prompts to explore committed microaggressions toward trainees. The chapter also provides guidance for trainees who have been mistreated or invalidated by supervisors based on identity differences. The chapter ends with a summary of how to approach supervision in the most culturally humble way, and the ways in which this aligns with social justice approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Cross Elizabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes represented an attempt to recast French imperial power in India in the late eighteenth century. The conclusion of the Seven Years’ War, in which the French empire suffered a devastating defeat in India, raised questions about how to secure commercial access to markets controlled by France’s British rivals. As French officials feared their loss of control and imperial status, they evinced a vision of political economy that was driven more by political anxieties than by material realities, one in which economic objectives often became subservient to military and diplomatic aims that seemingly necessitated the regulation of trade through a state-chartered company. Accordingly, Company Politics outlines a framework for thinking about early modern trading companies in comparative perspective, by focusing on the ways they were embedded into state structures and riven by politicized scandals, rather than by looking to them as prototypes of the modern corporation.
Futurity, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy Discourse
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the theoretical framework that grounds the book’s argument concerning the temporal nature of American national identity and its analysis of Cold War foreign policy discourse. It begins with an overview of critical conceptions of temporality and futurity and relates them to critical conceptions of national security. It then reviews the theoretical connections between discourse, national identity, and foreign policy and outlines a theory of identity construction as spatiotemporal practice. This review concludes with an argument that links the ideology of American exceptionalism to foreign policy practice and identifies the specific ways this ideology positions the United States vis-à-vis the future. The remainder of the chapter outlines the critical discourse analytic framework and constructs (space-time and legitimation) and data set used to conduct the study.
“America’s Most Precious Natural Resource”
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the temporal dimensions of the discourse and ideology of American exceptionalism, focusing on how futurity has figured historically in articulations of the nation’s geopolitical place and purpose. It begins with a review of early conceptions of American exceptionalism organized around three key aspects of exceptionalist rhetoric: special nation, special destiny; separate and different; exempt from the laws of history. The chapter then considers how exceptionalist appeals have functioned rhetorically within foreign policy discourse to legitimate the nation’s geopolitical relations and actions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the temporal nature of the core components of the exceptionalist ideology. It lays the groundwork for the argument developed in the four subsequent discourse-analytic chapters concerning how the identity of the United States as the “great nation of futurity” has figured into the nation’s Cold War foreign policy rhetoric.
Spirit Certain of Itself
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The world of absolute freedom shifts itself into a moral world order in which individuals take themselves to be living in a world held together by individual commitment to a moral world order. This takes the shape of a “moral worldview.” In it, nature is indifferent to our unconditional moral duties, but when duty commands, we are each motivated to obey it. This worldview is held together by postulates which are necessary but cannot be proven: nature and duty must harmonize so that performance of duty is not impossible, and although duty is independent of happiness, the two must also harmonize. In such a world, happiness would be distributed according to virtue. Such a worldview in practice amounts to a kind of playacting in which the contradictions of this worldview are shuffled off to one side when one needs to do so. It always is suggestive to its practitioners that the whole matter is one of hypocrisy.
The Virtue of Agency
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Among the cardinal virtues of classical Greece—wisdom, courage, justice, piety, and sôphrosunê—sôphrosunê is now the least understood or esteemed. But, as this book shows—studying the vigorous and wide-ranging debates about the virtue across fifth- and fourth-century poetry, prose, and philosophy—many Greeks in fact judged it the preeminent virtue. They understood it to be the capacity to choose between one’s conflicting desires and to act only on those aiming at what one judges one’s authoritative or properly life-defining ends. This is the capacity to be a mature human: facing down one’s bodily and social promptings with discipline, identifying with one’s long-term goals or acknowledged norms over one’s evanescent impulses. This is what makes one count as an “agent”: someone who acts on her own principles rather than on external or internal proddings. Thus sôphrosunê is the virtue of agency. The clearest evidence for this is the disagreement found across ancient Greek literature over the term’s application and scope. This book starts by appraising remarks about sôphrosunê from the archaic and early Classical period in Homer, Theognis, Pindar, Aeschlyus, Heraclitus, and funerary inscriptions. Then it turns to later fifth-century exchanges in Euripides especially but also Herodotus, Thucydides, Aristophanes, Critias, Antiphon, and Democritus. Socrates is a crucial figure for the study, as we see in the works of his associates Antisthenes, Xenophon, and particularly Plato. After several chapters on Plato, we turn to the radical innovations of Aristotle and some less familiar Pythagorean assessments.
The Early History of Sôphrosunê
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins with Plato’s and Aristotle’s etymological analyses of sôphrosunê, then a comparison with other -phrosunê nouns (or -phrôn adjectives), a favored type of compound word in early Greek. This analysis suggests that the word had something to do with having a phrên, a seat of judgment, that was insulated from distortion. The four instances of sôphrosunê in Homer support this impression: it is the capacity to forbear from doing what one most immediately would like, by attending to one’s standing commitments to do otherwise. We get corroboration for this gloss from several poems from Theognis and six passages from Pindar. In the latter poet, as well as in Aeschylus and contemporaneous sepulchral epigraphy, we begin to see the inclusion of sôphrosunê in stereotyped lists of human traits of excellence—proto-canons. These lists witness sôphrosunê’s increased centrality to reflection on the thoughtfully active and so flourishing life.
Xenophon on Sôphrosunê and Enkrateia
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Xenophon uses the term sôphrosunê to refer to the capacity to follow authoritative norms. We see this in instances found across his oeuvre, notably Cyropedia and Agesilaus. He also becomes the first author studied in this book to use the term enkrateia (self-control, inner strength) to refer to control of one’s bodily desires such that they do not prevent one from adhering to one’s higher norms. (This use becomes popular some ways into the fourth century, as Isocrates and the Anonymus Iamblichi show.) The Memorabilia includes a number of direct discussions of sôphrosunê, in particular its coincidence with wisdom, its relation to piety and justice, and its overlap with enkrateia. In that work we also see Xenophon defending Socrates against the claim that he failed to teach sôphrosunê to Critias and Alcibiades before teaching them political efficacy.
How Journalists Engage
Authors: Robinson Sue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 documents the built environment that guides mainstream journalists in the United States in how to remain relevant with all constituencies and communities, from rural conservatives to Latin American immigrants and African Americans. It lays out the engagement strategies of trust building that were found in 30 deep case studies of initiatives centered on trust building as well as news media trade press discourse, interviews with the people involved, and hundreds of hours of participant observation in journalism trust-building trainings, conferences, summits, and workshops. This evidence details the wide range of engagement work being done by these entities and newsrooms and also by individual journalists in spite of the resistance of their bosses or colleagues. The eight skill sets and four new journalistic roles are defined and situated in scholarship.
How Journalists Identify
Authors: Robinson Sue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the ways an ethic of care can be practiced with an identity awareness in service of engagement to build news trust. It draws from the work of political scientist Joan Tronto to understand how an ethic of care might guide public deliberation through commitment to five values: attentiveness, responsibility, competence, responsiveness, and solidarity. It answers the following questions: How do different reporters trust people and practice ethical standards according to their identities? How do reporters of different identities engage in order to practice trust building? How are journalists themselves thinking about and practicing the connection between their own identities with their engagement and trust-building work? Answers to these draw from hundreds of hours of ethnographic participant observation at engagement trainings, workshops, summits, and panels as well as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and surveys with 174 journalists and a review of the explosion of journalistic metadiscourses around identities.
Goleng Village in Zhemgang District
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the residual feudal elements in local social structure that relate to the distinctions of four key patrilineal groups and the system of matrilineal inheritance practice and matrilocal pattern of residence. Focusing on the power and structure of the four lineage houses and their specific lineage deities, it highlights how the roles of the former dung nobility have remained central to an annual Bon rite and to their own status. It then illustrates the backdrop to and the motivations for the founding of two Buddhist establishments in Goleng by taking a diachronic view of Bon and Buddhist history from the construction of the first Buddhist temple in the late 1960s down to the present day. The chapter concludes that the existence of dung nobility, the recency of Buddhism, and, most important, the scant Buddhist presence in Goleng have created fertile grounds for the Bon beliefs to continue to exist today.
Conclusion
Authors: Massicotte Claudie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter contrasts Sigmund Freud’s and Théodore Flournoy’s contributions to the history of depth psychology. It suggests that despite Freud’s demarcation of psychoanalysis through his theory of sexuality, modern notions of the unconscious were never exempt of enchantment. Rather, as Smith’s story illustrates, theories of the unconscious reshaped boundaries between the fields of science and the occult through their displacement of ghostly voices within the self. For scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this displacement was either permitted by, or served to explain, the mysteries of female embodiment.
Objections
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It may be objected, first, that something’s being a good thing for somebody to do entails its being something the person ought to do. In fact, goodness and requiredness are two things, and only the persistent influence of natural law theory may lead us to seeing them connected. Second, something’s being a good thing to do may seem to derive from the action’s aim being good, so that the task of practical reason would be to determine which aims are good. However, contrary to Aristotle, not all actions have an aim; and in the case of those that do, the goodness of aims does not decide, for there is still the question whether the agent under the circumstances would be wise to pursue it. Finally, something’s being a good thing to do is consistent with one’s autonomy, and it does give the agent reason for action.
Purpose
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The purpose of investment crowdfunding is to promote startup companies and the economic growth they generate in an inclusive way that is open to all. More precisely, investment crowdfunding has three essential purposes: First, to provide a simple and inexpensive method for startup companies and other small businesses to raise business capital from the public. Second, to create an inclusive market where all entrepreneurs—regardless of location, gender, race, or anything else—have an equal opportunity to access investors. Third, to democratize the startup capital market by inviting everyone to participate, not just the wealthy and connected. This chapter explains these three primary goals and provides an empirical report on the extent to which they have been achieved in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
Comparative Law and Practice
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the law governing investment crowdfunding in five jurisdictions—Australia, Canada, the European Union, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom—and compares them to the American original. The first three of these jurisdictions, like the United States, follow the “standard model” in that they rely primarily on legal regulation to govern and police the investment crowdfunding market. New Zealand and the United Kingdom, by contrast, adhere to the “liberal model,” meaning that they rely primarily on private ordering for this purpose. Thus far, the liberal jurisdictions have handily outpaced their counterparts that adopted the standard model, with no greater incidence of fraud or business failure, suggesting the superiority of the liberal model.
“Near Obscurity”
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the activities of the Democratic and Republican National Committees (DNC and RNC) during the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. The chapter shows that both Bush and Obama had relatively little interest in their committees. Under Bush, the RNC cycled through a series of RNC chairs while his main political and campaign advisers remained in the White House. Obama, meanwhile, maintained his own campaign organization and split it off as a competitor to the DNC after 2012, while he largely ignored the DNC. As out-parties in this period, both the DNC and the RNC tried to engage in branding efforts—but with mixed success. For example, after the 2004 election, DNC Howard Dean pushed his “50-state strategy” and tried to appeal to conservative voters. While credited with success in the 2006 midterms, Dean’s public role receded after presidential candidates began announcing their campaigns in early 2007. Meanwhile, the RNC in the Obama era tried to promote the Republican Party as a more moderate party but found itself overshadowed by conservative news media and the rise of Donald Trump.
Conclusion
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by restating the main findings. It argues that the Democratic and Republican national committees play a complex but important role in American politics due to their goal of trying to (re)shape their respective parties’ national brands. But while party branding is a fundamental goal of national committees as political institutions, success in shaping that brand is not guaranteed. National committees cannot make voters embrace their preferred party image: they can only try to reach out to voters with informational cues and hope they incorporate them into their assessment of the party. One crucial barrier to branding is whether a party is in the White House or not. “In-parties” have presidents with de facto control over their party’s national organization. Their use (or disuse) of national committees differs based on the political context in which they find themselves but generally falls in two categories: either presidents see value in using the committees as branding tools and instruct them to promote their administration’s policies and themselves, or they see no use in them and let them decline as organizations. The chapter concludes by noting the decreased value of national committee branding in the changing political context of long presidential primary campaigns, ideological news media, the rise of social media, and negative partisanship.
Species interactions and food webs
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Many species interactions occur in lotic systems. Most are negative for one of the interactors, as in predation, herbivory, competition, parasitism and disease. Positive interactions, including symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism and facilitation are also important. How significant are species interactions in physically demanding habitats? Communities encompass a network of interactions (‘food webs’), though not all involve feeding. Food webs can simply be counts of all the trophic interactions that occur (‘connectance webs’). More instructive are ‘flow webs’, where links are weighted based on the energy passing along them. A third kind is based on estimating the dynamic effects of interactions on populations of prey and predators. Body size is clearly important in stream webs (size determines who eats whom), while omnivory (feeding at more than one trophic level) may stabilise food webs where interactions are mainly weak. Food webs stand at the interface between organismal biology and ecosystem processes.
Running waters as ecosystems
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Energy flow (primary and secondary production) and nutrient cycling (decomposition and nutrient regeneration) are ecosystem processes. Rivers both fix carbon and mineralise it, importing more from the catchment (allochthonous) than they fix (autochthonous) and exporting more than they respire. The balance between primary production and ecosystem respiration varies. Light usually limits primary production, with a lesser role for nutrients. Respiration depends on temperature and a supply of easily decomposed organic matter. Adding nutrients accelerates decomposition. Much terrestrial carbon is imported into rivers, transformed and transported downstream, but is animal production mainly fuelled by allochthonous or autochthonous material? Retention within the channels is required for breakdown. Microbes, and (initially) particularly fungi, mineralise detritus. Detritivorous animals reduce its particle size. Despite the important role of detritus in forested headwaters, animals also require algal resources. Carbon is also exchanged between the riparian system and the stream via feeding links across the habitat interface.
Running waters as ecosystems
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) are essential for life. They are taken up and transformed by living things, while nutrients are mostly transported through catchments in solution (nitrogen) or mainly as particles (phosphorus). Plants require fixed (not molecular) nitrogen for growth, while transformations of nitrogen (largely N2, nitrous oxide, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) are linked with the oxidation of organic matter, releasing energy to heterotrophic organisms. Phosphorus is less soluble and in clean waters is usually scarce (plants and microbes absorb it efficiently). Flow displaces nutrients downstream, creating a ‘spiral’ rather than a cycle. Streams reduce fixed nitrogen and release molecular nitrogen to the atmosphere but nutrient pollution increases leakage downstream and promotes the production of NO2. Agriculture is a source of nutrients, leading to a tension between food production and water security/climate change. Biotic vectors (e.g. animal migrations) transport nutrients across systems.