bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulated Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
Authors: Rome Benjamin N. , Nagar Sarosh , Egilman Alexander C. , Wang Junyi , Feldman William B. , Kesselheim Aaron S. 
Published: January 2023

ImportanceThe Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 gives Medicare the authority to negotiate prices for certain prescription drugs. Which drugs will be selected and how prices will be negotiated remain unclear.ObjectiveTo simulate drug selection and the minimum savings that would have been achieved at statutory ceiling prices if Medicare drug price negotiation had been implemented from 2018 to 2020.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, a policy simulation analysis of high-spending prescription drugs in Medicare Part B and Part D that were eligible for negotiation from January 2018 to December 2020 was performed from August 5 to November 20, 2022.ExposuresEligibility criteria for selection and discounts afforded by the statutory ceiling prices for negotiation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were characteristics of drugs subject to negotiation and estimated Medicare savings from 2018 to 2020 that would have been achieved through spending at ceiling prices compared with existing net prices accounting for price concessions.ResultsAmong the 40 selected drugs, 35 were primarily reimbursed through Medicare Part D and 5 through Part B and 10 were biologics. The most common therapeutic classes were endocrine (11), neurologic or psychiatric (5), pulmonary (4), rheumatologic or immunologic (4), and cardiovascular (4). Median time from US Food and Drug Administration approval to selection was 12 years (IQR, 10-14 years). Three drugs faced generic competition in the 2 years between selection and price negotiation. For the remaining 37 drugs, estimated net Medicare spending from 2018 to 2020 was $55.3 billion; spending at ceiling prices would have been reduced by an estimated $26.5 billion, which represented 5% of estimated net Medicare drug spending during those 3 years.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, simulating the drug price negotiation provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 revealed important limitations, including strict selection criteria and the potential for drugs to become ineligible for negotiation during the 2 years between selection and prices taking effect. Despite these limitations, the policy still delivered substantial savings because ceiling prices offered steep discounts, in part, by erasing excess spending from price increases faster than inflation.
Comparison of Preprint Postings of Randomized Clinical Trials on COVID-19 and Corresponding Published Journal Articles
Authors: Bai Anthony D. , Jiang Yunbo , Nguyen David L. , Lo Carson K. L. , Stefanova Isabella , Guo Kevin , Wang Frank , Zhang Cindy , Sayeau Kyle , Garg Akhil , Loeb Mark 
Published: January 2023

ImportanceRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) on COVID-19 are increasingly being posted as preprints before publication in a scientific, peer-reviewed journal.ObjectiveTo assess time to journal publication for COVID-19 RCT preprints and to compare differences between pairs of preprints and corresponding journal articles.Evidence ReviewThis systematic review used a meta-epidemiologic approach to conduct a literature search using the World Health Organization COVID-19 database and Embase to identify preprints published between January 1 and December 31, 2021. This review included RCTs with human participants and research questions regarding the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. For each preprint, a literature search was done to locate the corresponding journal article. Two independent reviewers read the full text, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Time to publication was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Differences between preprint and journal article pairs in terms of outcomes, analyses, results, or conclusions were described. Statistical analysis was performed on October 17, 2022.FindingsThis study included 152 preprints. As of October 1, 2022, 119 of 152 preprints (78.3%) had been published in journals. The median time to publication was 186 days (range, 17-407 days). In a multivariable model, larger sample size and low risk of bias were associated with journal publication. With a sample size of less than 200 as the reference, sample sizes of 201 to 1000 and greater than 1000 had hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.23 (95% CI, 0.80-1.91) and 2.19 (95% CI, 1.36-3.53) for publication, respectively. With high risk of bias as the reference, medium-risk articles with some concerns for bias had an HR of 1.77 (95% CI, 1.02-3.09); those with a low risk of bias had an HR of 3.01 (95% CI, 1.71-5.30). Of the 119 published preprints, there were differences in terms of outcomes, analyses, results, or conclusions in 65 studies (54.6%). The main conclusion in the preprint contradicted the conclusion in the journal article for 2 studies (1.7%).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that there is a substantial time lag from preprint posting to journal publication. Preprints with smaller sample sizes and high risk of bias were less likely to be published. Finally, although differences in terms of outcomes, analyses, results, or conclusions were observed for preprint and journal article pairs in most studies, the main conclusion remained consistent for the majority of studies.
Assessment of Microfinance Interventions and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Allan-Blitz Lao-Tzu , Olson Rose , Tran Quang 
Published: January 2023

ImportanceAn estimated 27% of ever-partnered women aged 15 to 49 years have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetimes, which has been associated with a wide range of both acute and chronic illness. Poverty is thought to be a major driver of IPV, and economic empowerment programs may reduce violence.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether microfinance interventions are associated with reductions in various forms of IPV.Data SourcesOn August 3, 2022, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, EconLit, and 5 global health databases were searched from inception.Study SelectionIncluded studies were randomized clinical trials evaluating the effect of microfinance interventions vs control on exposure to IPV. This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline.Data Extraction and SynthesisAuthors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted prespecified data, and evaluated risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcome measures of interest were exposure to overall IPV and 4 World Health Organization–designated IPV domains: physical, psychological and emotional, sexual, and controlling behaviors. Univariate meta-analyses using a random effects model were used to calculate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs for each IPV outcome. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method was used to rate the certainty of findings.ResultsOverall, 10 randomized clinical trials met inclusion criteria, with a total of 16 136 participants, of whom 98% identified as women, with a mean age of 28.9 years. Compared with no intervention, participation in microfinance was associated with lower rates of psychological and emotional violence (SMD, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95; I2 = 46%; high certainty), sexual violence (SMD, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.90; I2 = 44%; low certainty), and controlling behaviors (SMD, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92; I2 = 54%; high certainty). There was no significant association with physical violence (SMD, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76-1.04; very-low certainty).Conclusions and RelevanceThis systematic review and meta-analysis of microfinance interventions found a reduction in exposure to psychological and emotional IPV as well as controlling behaviors among participants receiving microfinance interventions, with high certainty evidence. Further work is needed to evaluate which types of microfinance interventions are most effective at reducing the various forms of IPV.
Land use plan and changes in the land use planning system toward its realization: A case study of Sapporo City
Authors: Hoshi Takashi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to clarify the long‐term evolution of land use planning and land use planning system operation, as well as the actual status of the population distribution and urban area formation at each stage, using the City of Sapporo as a case study. Sapporo City formulated its first basic urban plan in the 1959 Sapporo comprehensive city plan (SCCP). Since its launch in 1971, the Sapporo long‐term comprehensive plan (LTCP) was consistently employed as a masterplan, and land use plans have been established within it. SCCP emphasizes the need to control expansion of urban areas due to the crisis of sprawling urban proliferation. In response, LTCP developed a land use plan consisting of multiple cores and three types of residential areas sorted by their density. To achieve this goal, the land use planning system was revised. In this process, the basic approach to urban planning has remained consistent for almost half a century. Namely, “Positioning LTCPs as Urban Masterplan”, “Controlling the outward expansion of urban areas” and “Multi‐centered core urban structure and layout of residential areas” were continued. In parallel, the plan was flexibly modified in response to changing socioeconomic conditions.
Viewing oneself during synchronous online learning increases appearance anxiety and decreases memory for lecture content
Authors: Tien Ingrid S. , Imundo Megan N. , Bjork Elizabeth Ligon 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, instructors began using online learning platforms to offer live remote instruction (e.g., Zoom), which allow students to view themselves in real‐time (i.e., self‐view). The present research examined whether having students keep their cameras on, relative to cameras off, during a live online lecture would increase anxiety and reduce learning. In both Experiment 1a (small group setting) and Experiment 1b (large group setting), students in the camera‐on condition did not report greater state anxiety, nor was anxiety associated with lower performance on an immediate multiple‐choice exam. Experiment 2 specifically examined the effect of self‐view and if appearance anxiety (rather than state anxiety) might mediate the relationship between camera use and test performance. Results indicate that participants viewing themselves reported significantly higher appearance anxiety, and that higher appearance anxiety was related to decreased learning. These findings suggest that viewing oneself may uniquely contribute to heightened appearance anxiety and may reduce memory for content when learning synchronously online.
Fabrication of High‐Aspect Ratio Nanogratings for Phase‐Based X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Michalska Martyna , Rossi Alessandro , Kokot Gašper , Macdonald Callum M. , Cipiccia Silvia , Munro Peter R.T. , Olivo Alessandro , Papakonstantinou Ioannis 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDiffractive optical elements such as periodic gratings are fundamental devices in X‐ray imaging – a technique that medical, material science, and security scans rely upon. Fabrication of such structures with high aspect ratios at the nanoscale creates opportunities to further advance such applications, especially in terms of relaxing X‐ray source coherence requirements. This is because typical grating‐based X‐ray phase imaging techniques (e.g., Talbot self‐imaging) require a coherence length of at least one grating period and ideally longer. In this paper, the fabrication challenges in achieving high‐aspect ratio nanogratings filled with gold are addressed by a combination of laser interference and nanoimprint lithography, physical vapor deposition, metal assisted chemical etching (MACE), and electroplating. This relatively simple and cost‐efficient approach is unlocked by an innovative post‐MACE drying step with hexamethyldisilazane, which effectively minimizes the stiction of the nanostructures. The theoretical limits of the approach are discussed and, experimentally, X‐ray nanogratings with aspect ratios >40 are demonstrated. Finally, their excellent diffractive abilities are shown when exposed to a hard (12.2 keV) monochromatic X‐ray beam at a synchrotron facility, and thus potential applicability in phase‐based X‐ray imaging.
Ultralow Charge Voltage Triggering Exceptional Post‐Charging Antibacterial Capability of Co3O4/MnOOH Nanoneedles for Skin Infection Treatment
Authors: Cao Xianshuo , Li Zongshao , Yang Fan , Xie Jinhao , Shi Xin , Yuan Peiyan , Ding Xin , Lu Xihong 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe post‐charging antibacterial therapy is highly promising for treatment of Gram‐negative bacterial wound infections. However, the therapeutic efficacy of the current electrode materials is yet unsatisfactory due to their low charge storage capacity and limited reactive oxygen species (ROS) yields. Herein, the design of MnOOH decorated Co3O4 nanoneedles (MCO) with exceptional post‐charging antibacterial effect against Gram‐negative bacteria at a low charge voltage and their implementation as a robust antibacterial electrode for skin wound treatment are reported. Taking advantaging of the increased active sites and enhanced OH− adsorption capability, the charge storage capacity and ROS production of the MCO electrode are remarkably boosted. As a result, the MCO electrode after charging at an ultralow voltage of 1.4 V gives a 5.49 log and 5.82 log bacterial reduction in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) within an incubation time of only 5 min, respectively. More importantly, the antibacterial efficiency of the MCO electrode against multi‐drug resistant (MDR) bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) also reaches 99.999%. In addition, the MCO electrode exhibits excellent reusability, and the role of extracellular ROS in enhancing post‐charging antibacterial activity is also unraveled.
Dopant‐Free Two‐Dimensional Hole Transport Small Molecules Enable Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ji Xiaofei , Zhou Tong , Fu Qiang , Wang Wenxuan , Wu Ziang , Zhang Mingtao , Guo Xugang , Liu Dongxue , Woo Han Young , Liu Yongsheng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDeveloping dopant‐free hole transport materials (HTMs) to replace Spiro‐OMeTAD is a challenging but urgent issue for commercialization of state‐of‐the‐art n‐i‐p structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, this work proposes an effective two‐dimensional conjugate engineering strategy to tune molecular stacking orientation and improve the hole mobility of dopant‐free small molecule HTMs. For the first time, triphenylamine (TPA) groups are incorporated as side chains of benzo [1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) unit to extend the longitudinal conjugate, achieving two donor‐acceptor‐acceptor type 2D small molecules, namely XF2 and XF3, which show a dominant face‐on orientation and better hole transport mobility than the linear small molecule XF1. The incorporation of alkoxy Lewis base groups makes XF3 a more effective defect passivator for perovskite surfaces. As a result, the PSCs using pristine XF3 HTM show a dramatically improved efficiency of 20.59% along with improved long‐term stability compared to that of XF1 HTM (power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 18.84%). A champion efficiency of 21.44% is achieved through device engineering for dopant‐free XF3‐based PSCs. The results show that the building block with longitudinal conjugate extension in small molecules plays an essential role in the face‐on orientation morphology and elucidates a key design rule for the dopant‐free small molecule HTMs for high‐performance PSCs.
Maltose hydrogenation to maltitol over industrial Raney Ni catalyst: Kinetics and mechanism
Authors: Fan Haoan , Li Bolong , Zhao Xuezhi , Fang Zhecheng , Chen Chao , Zhou Wenhua , Yang Wulong , Li Mian , Lu Xiuyang , Fu Jie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanisms of selective maltose hydrogenation over Raney Ni remain poorly understood, which hinders the industrial advancement of maltitol production for biorefining. Herein, the impact of hydrogenation conditions and in‐depth mechanistic characterizations were carefully investigated in this research. Optimization of reaction conditions illustrated that maltitol formation was favored by moderate reaction temperatures (≤130°C), high hydrogen pressures (>7 MPa), and near‐neutral sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 6.47). Kinetic studies demonstrated the Ea of 45.5 kJ/mol for the hydrogenation of maltose. The in situ IR revealed that the hydrogenation of maltose over Raney Ni occurs in the order of ring opening and adsorption via CO of the aldose form followed by hydrogenation. The UV–vis spectra demonstrated the near‐neutral setting (pH = 6.47) promoted the production of open‐chain aldose conformation and selective CO hydrogenation to the corresponding alcohols. The present study on concentrated‐maltose hydrogenation paves the way for the industrial development of maltitol manufacturing.
Reproductive isolation between diploid and tetraploid individuals in mixed‐cytotype populations of Lycium australe
Authors: Schneider Derek J. , Levin Rachel A. , Miller Jill S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPremiseWhole‐genome duplication is considered a major mechanism of sympatric speciation due to the creation of strong and instantaneous reproductive barriers. Although postzygotic reproductive isolation between diploids and polyploids is often expected, the extent of reproductive incompatibility must be empirically determined and compared to patterns of genetic isolation to fully characterize the reproductive dynamics between cytotypes.MethodsWe investigated reproductive compatibility between diploid and tetraploid Lycium australe in two mixed‐cytotype populations using (1) controlled crossing experiments to evaluate fruit and seed production and (2) germination trials to test seed viability following homoploid and heteroploid crosses. We contrast these experiments with a single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set to measure genetic isolation between cytotypes and explore whether cytotype or population origin better explains patterns of genetic variation. Finally, we explore mating patterns using the observed germination rates of naturally produced seeds in each population.ResultsAlthough homoploid and heteroploid crosses resulted in similar fruit and seed production, reproductive isolation between co‐occurring diploids and tetraploids was nearly complete, due to low seed viability following heteroploid crosses. Of 191,182 total SNPs, 21,679 were present in ≥90% of individuals and replicate runs using unlinked SNPs revealed strong clustering by cytotype and differentiation of tetraploids based on population origin.ConclusionsAs often reported, diploid and tetraploid L. australe experience strong postzygotic isolation via hybrid seed inviability. Consistent with this result, cytotype explained a greater amount of variation in the SNP data set than population origin, despite some evidence of historical introgression.
PPM1K defects cause mild maple syrup urine disease: The second case in the literature
Authors: Ozcelik Firat , Arslan Sezai , Ozguc Caliskan Busra , Kardas Fatih , Ozkul Yusuf , Dundar Munis 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMaple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by the insufficient catabolism of branched‐chain amino acids. BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT, and DLD encode the subunits of the branched‐chain α‐ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, which is responsible for the catabolism of these amino acids. Biallelic pathogenic variants in BCKDHA, BCKDHB, or DBT are characteristic of MSUD. In addition, a patient with a PPM1K defect was previously reported. PPM1K dephosphorylates and activates the enzyme complex. We report a patient with MSUD with mild findings and elevated BCAA levels carrying a novel homozygous start‐loss variant in PPM1K. Our study offers further evidence that PPM1K variants cause mild MSUD.
Discovery of a Unique Flavonoid Biosynthesis Mechanism in Fungi by Genome Mining
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Xuan , Feng Dandan , Liang Yajing , Wu Zhenying , Du Siyu , Zhou Yu , Geng Ce , Men Ping , Fu Chunxiang , Huang Xuenian , Lu Xuefeng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFlavonoids are important plant natural products with variable structures and bioactivities. All known plant flavonoids are generated under the catalysis of a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) followed by a chalcone isomerase (CHI) and a flavone synthase (FNS). In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of chlorflavonin, a fungal flavonoid with acetolactate synthase inhibitory activity, was discovered using a self‐resistance‐gene‐directed strategy. A novel flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in fungi was revealed. A core nonribosomal peptide synthetase‐polyketide synthase (NRPS‐PKS) is responsible for the generation of the key precursor chalcone. Then, a new type of CHI catalyzes the conversion of a chalcone into a flavanone by a histidine‐mediated oxa‐Michael addition mechanism. Finally, the desaturation of flavanone to flavone is catalyzed by a new type of FNS, a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)‐dependent oxidoreductase.
Electronically Ambivalent Hydrodefluorination of Aryl‐CF3 groups enabled by Electrochemical Deep‐Reduction on a Ni Cathode
Authors: Box John R. , Avanthay Mickaël E. , Poole Darren L. , Lennox Alastair J. J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Ar‐CF2H moiety is featured in an increasing number of bioactive compounds due to its unique combination of properties. The hydrodefluorination of Ar‐CF3 compounds is a direct and efficient route toward this motif. As reported methods for this transformation have focused on specific substrate families, herein we describe a general—electronically ambivalent—procedure for the single‐step direct mono‐hydrodefluorination of a variety of feedstock and functionalized Ar‐CF3 compounds. Exploiting the inherent tunability of electrochemistry and the selectivity enabled by a Ni cathode, the deep reduction garners high selectivity for ArCF2H products, with good to excellent yields up to gram scale. The protocol has been extended to a single‐step di‐hydrodefluorination yielding benzyl fluorides. The late‐stage peripheral editing of a single CF3 feedstock to construct fluoromethyl (CF2H, CFH2) moieties will aid the rapid diversification of lead‐compounds and compound libraries.
Sr(Ag1−xLix)2Se2 and [Sr3Se2][(Ag1−xLix)2Se2] Tunable Direct Band Gap Semiconductors
Authors: Zhou Xiuquan , Wilfong Brandon , Chen Xinglong , Laing Craig , Pandey Indra R. , Chen Ying‐Pin , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Chung Duck‐Young , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSynthesizing solids in molten fluxes enables the rapid diffusion of soluble species at temperatures lower than in solid‐state reactions, leading to crystal formation of kinetically stable compounds. In this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of mixed hydroxide and halide fluxes in synthesizing complex Sr/Ag/Se in mixed LiOH/LiCl. We have accessed a series of two‐dimensional Sr(Ag1−xLix)2Se2 layered phases. With increased LiOH/LiCl ratio or reaction temperature, Li partially substituted Ag to form solid solutions of Sr(Ag1−xLix)2Se2 with x up to 0.45. In addition, a new type of intergrowth compound [Sr3Se2][(Ag1−xLix)2Se2] was synthesized upon further reaction of Sr(Ag1−xLix)2Se2 with SrSe. Both Sr(Ag1−xLix)2Se2 and [Sr3Se2][(Ag1−xLix)2Se2] exhibit a direct band gap, which increases with increasing Li substitution (x). Therefore, the band gap of Sr(Ag1−xLix)2Se2 can be precisely tuned via fine‐tuning x that is controlled by only the flux ratio and temperature.