bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bearing Burdens and the Character of Yahweh
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that the Hebrew Bible sees God fundamentally as a gracious, healing forgiver. Curative forgivingness—the settled disposition to aim at healing offenders through gracious gestures—is center stage in understanding and explaining God’s character. Starting from the dominant image of God bearing Israel’s burdens, it shows that due to its idiomatic frequency, theological significance, liturgical and ritualistic depth, and literary resonances, we can retrieve a two-pronged theological refrain: sin is an infectious disease that weighs down wrongdoers and their communities; God’s reliable response to burdened humans is grace and a readiness to carry their loads. It articulates this gracious divine readiness as the interweaving of two divine commitments: the commitment to separate the offender from the offense, and the commitment to absorb into God’s own being the consequences of the offense. It shows how the story of Jonah not only subverts retributive justice, but also affirms the centrality of a gracious, preemptive, and continuous divine disposition to absorb and neutralize iniquity. Since the account implies that God expresses forgiveness through image and ritual, it sketches an answer that relies on a joint, double-agency account of human-divine action. This idea is further developed in Chapters 3 and 5.
Humanism and Good Books in Sixteenth-Century England
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book explores sixteenth-century humanism as an origin for the idea of literature as good, even great, books. It argues that humanists located the value of books not only in the goodness of their writing—their eloquence—but also in their capacity to shape readers in good and bad behavior, thoughts, and feelings, in other words, in their morality. To approach humanism in this way, by attending to its moral interests, is to provide a new perspective on periodization, the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance / early modern. That is, humanists did not so much break with medieval ideas about literature or with medieval models as they adapted and altered them, offering a new confidence about an old idea: the moral instructiveness of pagan, classical texts for Christian readers. This revaluation of literature was a double-edged sword. On the one hand, humanist confidence inspired authors to invent their own good books—good in style and morals—in morality plays such as Everyman and the Christian Terence tradition and in educational treatises such as Sir Thomas Elyot’s Boke of the Governour. On the other hand, humanism placed a new burden on authors, requiring their work to teach as well as delight. In the wake of humanism, authors struggled to articulate the value of their work for readers, returning to a pre-humanist path that they associated with Geoffrey Chaucer. This medieval-inflected doubt pervades the late sixteenth-century writings of the most prolific and influential Elizabethans—Robert Greene, George Gascoigne, and Edmund Spenser.
Stair’s ‘Plain Method’ and Structure
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Structure, taxonomy, and categorization are central to the juristic science. It not only affects the ease by which relevant rules of law can be found, but can intimate to the reader priorities and irrelevancies. This chapter examines Stair’s taxonomy. Yet it departs from existing literature by investigating in detail the philosophical and theological inspiration for Stair’s arrangement of the Institutions of the Law of Scotland (Institutions). It explains why Stair was impressed by Grotius’s demonstration of a universal and methodical approach in The Preliminary Discourse of The Rights of War and Peace and will show why Stair was receptive to François Douaren’s criticism of traditional methods otherwise used to arrange Roman law. These authors emboldened Stair to leave behind the known way of Roman law and to innovate. However, they did give him a structure or an arrangement. Rather as this chapter explores, Stair most likely drew upon a loose application of Aristotle’s physics and logic and Calvin’s structuring of the Moral Law. That is, it argues that the structure of the Institutions and his arrangement of his title on the law of contract is informed by a Calvinist epistemology of morality.
Freedom to Contract in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Grotius’ concept of freedom to contract provides a crucial point of comparison to Stair’s theory. Stair can be seen as providing a Calvinist reworking of Grotius’s account of contracting. Stair ultimately understood liberty or freedom as how man brought glory to God. Importantly, for Stair this did not translate into a civil power of the church or ecclesiastical authority to monitor or regulate individual contracts, because that would be harmful and unnecessary. Stair saw man’s liberty to contract as coexisting with Calvinist social organization; individual liberty at the contracting level did not challenge the need for overall social and religious discipline at the collective level. Stair shares Grotius’ concern with the promotion of commerce and trade through free contract, but this is not the core of Stair’s theorizations. It is important to register how far Stair’s theologically based contractual ideas depart from Grotian natural law; and this takes on added significance as we trace the influence of Stair’s contract jurisprudence into the Enlightenment theories of commercial society in the eighteenth century.
Sanctuary
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Using treatises, year books, and readings, Chapter 2 analyses the doctrinal development of sanctuary from 1215 to the late fifteenth century, as well as the development of abjuration as a core element of the working of sanctuary from the late twelfth century onwards. It argues that while the common lawyers accepted sanctuary as a legitimate right of the Church, they also conflated it with their understanding of franchisal and city jurisdictions, and in so doing constructed a peculiarly English version of sanctuary. This chapter distinguishes the fundamental sanctuary inherent in all churches and churchyards from the extended version of sanctuary granted by charter to favoured religious sites, usually abbeys.
Epilogue
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This epilogue reviews the broad picture of the changes in benefit of clergy and sanctuary between 1490 and the 1550s and analyzes their consequences and implications. It also re-considers our understanding of changes in the criminal law in the later part of the sixteenth century in light of this new picture of the changes under the early Tudors. Though both Mary’s and Elizabeth’s parliaments made changes to benefit of clergy, sanctuary, and criminal process, those changes were the final stages in working out a functional system after the changes of the Reformation that made Henry VIII’s system unsustainable. They were important, but less revolutionary than they have seemed.
Economics of vaccine delivery
Authors: Pariyo George , Abiodun Onaopemipo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The efficiency of a vaccine delivery system can be measured as the cost per dose administered and can vary widely based on a country’s delivery system and local costs of labor, capital, and logistics. Because vulnerable populations can be more costly to reach, a sole focus on efficiency might have an unintended consequence of defeating a goal of equity and the reduction of vaccination coverage disparities. Mixed delivery systems for vaccines that involve both public and private vaccinators can sustain a wider variety of financial supports including private sector insurance premiums as well as tax-supported government health systems. Another possible downside of a sole focus on efficiency as cost per dose might be the sacrifice of the quality of operations in terms of safety, client centeredness, resilience, and adherence to the vaccine schedule.
Why costing studies are needed
Authors: Levin Ann , Resch Stephen , Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Information regarding the cost of immunization services can be useful for policymakers, program managers, and the global health community. Cost information can be incorporated into strategic planning and budgets, as well as utilized to improve performance and efficiency of the program. Advocacy and resource mobilization goals incorporate costs for achieving targets. Cost data are included in evaluations to set priorities within the health sector. This chapter reviews the uses of immunization cost information and provides resources for the reader on available methods, guidance, and tools related to costing methodologies and application to field-based studies.
Introduction to decision tree modeling
Authors: Padula William V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter consolidates the material on economic evaluation for vaccines throughout Section 3 with an applied case of hepatitis B vaccination. By following along with the construction of a simple decision tree and data parameter inputs, one should be able to accurately derive and interpret key resulting statistics of value for a common example in vaccine decision-making, including cost-effectiveness analysis, budget impact analysis, and return on investment calculations. By doing so, readers will have a working model that they can manipulate to explore their own version of value assessment, as well as be prepared to format economic statistics for decision makers preferences based on matters of efficiency, equity and affordability.
Donor architecture for immunization financing
Authors: Chee Grace , Pariyo George , Malaviya Shreena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Nearly one-third of immunization program spending is supported by development assistance for health. This chapter provides an overview of the major external donors to national immunization programs. The origins and objectives of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance is presented, as well as the type of support Gavi provides to countries and how it is allocated. Other role of major immunization partners, such as the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the World Bank, and bilateral agencies are presented. The chapter describes Gavi co-financing and eligibility policies, as well as experiences and challenges of countries transitioning from Gavi support. Post-transition and middle-income country engagement is explored. Innovative financing mechanisms, such as the Advanced Market Commitment and the International Finance Facility for Immunization are discussed.
An Individualist Ethics
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the ethics of Lebensphilosophie. Ethics has a strong claim to be the central concern of this philosophy. Lebensphilosophie originally meant a philosophy oriented toward action, a guide to the good life or the highest good. The Lebensphilosophen developed their ethics in this original sense. They viewed the highest good as the development of individuality. They therefore reacted against any source of oppression and conformity, as this would thwart the development of individuality. In this respect the ethics of the Lebensphilosophen goes back to the Sturm und Drang movement of the 1760s, which strived to free the individual from all forms of conformity and social and political oppression. The Lebensphilosophen were the Sturmer und Dränger of the late nineteenth century. Having laid down the basis of the individualist ethics, I proceed to find its various versions and formulations in Nietzsche, Dilthey, and Simmel.
The Battle against Pessimism
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Schopenhauer’s central thesis is that life is not worth living, that it contains much more suffering than pleasure. This was a challenge for the Lebensphilosophen who taught that the meaning of life has to be sought from life itself and not from a transcendent realm beyond it. They shared Schopenhauer’s atheism; but they could not promise redemption beyond this life. To stave off complete nihilism, they had to question Schopenhauer’s pessimism. This chapter examines Nietzsche’s early and later responses to pessimism; his early response is in his account of the purpose of art in Die Geburt der Trägodie and his later very different response is in Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, questioning the whole metaphysics behind pessimism. The chapter then considers Dilthey’s reaction to pessimism, which first questions Schopenhauer’s theory of the will and then the assumptions behind his hedonistic calculus. The chapter concludes with an examination of Simmel’s many writings on pessimism.
Lebensphilosophie and Historicism
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter treats the Lebensphilosophen contribution to historicism. Historicism is the thesis that everything in the human and natural world is the product of history, that nothing is eternal or static in these worlds. It is also the attempt to show that history can achieve the rank of a science. Nietzsche, Dilthey, and Simmel were major contributors to the development of the historicist tradition. They realized that human life is dominated and made by history, we cannot transcend history, and to understand life is to understand the history that made it. Dilthey was a major contributor to the development of hermeneutics, the science of interpretation. Nietzsche was a major proponent of historicism beginning with the program of “historical philosophy” in Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. Simmel too was an important historicist, which is plain from his early critique of historical realism in his Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie.
Beijing's Global Media Offensive
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In Beijing’s Global Media Offensive, the author provides one of the first analyses of how China is attempting to build a media, information, and influence superpower around the world, and how this media and political influence power integrates with other forms of Chinese influence in other countries’ politics. The book covers China’s influence and media power both in China’s immediate neighborhood in Asia and in Latin America, Europe, the United States, and many other parts of the world. It traces the ways in which China is trying to build an information and influence superpower but also critically examines the new conventional wisdom that Beijing has enjoyed great success with these efforts. While China has worked hard to build a global media and information superpower, it often has failed to reap gains from its efforts and has undermined itself with overly assertive, alienating diplomacy. Still, the book contends that China’s expanded media, information, and political influence campaigns will continue to expand and adapt, potentially helping Beijing export its political model and protect the ruling party, and potentially damaging press freedoms, human rights, and democracy abroad.
Introduction
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction discusses the key concepts of the book—class, aspiration, and dharma—and how they operate in the rapidly shifting landscapes of Udaipur. It begins by introducing the space and place of the neighborhood of Pulan, which is the focus of the book, and articulations of class within the neighborhood, including the central role of caregiving to mark class as a moral identity and women’s critical roles in defining neighborhood norms. The chapter also addresses definitions of dharma as outlined in classical Sanskrit texts and how the historical development of dharma generates a framework to understand contemporary aspiration as a process in which women bring emerging class desires to overlap with more traditional obligations. It then lays out the main argument of the book, namely how dharma, defined as “that which holds the world together,” offers an analytical lens in which to recognize class as a religious identity.
Ganesha Chaturthi and the Boundaries of Dharma
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the broader spatial and community boundaries within which middle-class dharma is constructed and authorized. It focuses on Ganesha Chaturthi, a 10-day festival honoring the elephant-headed god Ganesha, which offers emerging opportunities—and expectations—for upwardly mobile women to expand their ritual repertoires. This chapter traces the path of one ritual community as they travel outside of the neighborhood for the concluding festival practices and analyzes contrasting narratives about ritual practices from both women in Pulan and more elite women outside of Pulan. In doing so, it highlights how the urban neighborhood emerges as a religious space within which localized definitions of middle-class identity and propriety are constructed and corresponding dharmic expectations are validated and made meaningful.
Dharma and Discomfort During Navaratri
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines practices during Navaratri, a nine-day festival honoring the goddess, for which many families return to rural homes to worship localized forms of the goddess within caste-homogenous communities. It analyzes the ways in which middle-class and religious identities are mutually constructed in relationship to local communities but focuses on distinctions both within Pulan itself and between the urban neighborhood and a rural village. This chapter also investigates competing claims about the existence of two ritual sites and communities within Pulan as well as claims to feeling more “comfortable” in the village due to the caste homogeny there. These claims reveal implicit tensions and discomfort in urban areas related to the ambiguity of a shifting middle-class dharmic world and highlight a more general sense of dharmic instability within the emerging middle classes that affects their ability to comfortably and fully inhabit middle-class dharmic selfhoods.
From Politics to Philosophy
Authors: Waterfield Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Plato had decided to become a politician in Athens, but two events put him off. The first was the brief regime of the Thirty Tyrants, imposed on Athens by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War. Plato was initially attracted to the aims of this oligarchy, and two of its prominent members were members of his family, but he became disgusted by their savagery. Second, after democracy had been restored in Athens, his beloved teacher Socrates was put on trial and condemned to death for impiety and corrupting the city’s youth. Plato gave up on the idea of becoming a politician in the real world and, now in his twenties, retired into theory and teaching. This chapter rejects the idea that he traveled extensively around the Mediterranean after Socrates’s death. The last sections of the chapter discuss the nature of Plato’s dialogues and come up with a way of ordering them chronologically.
The Middle Dialogues
Authors: Waterfield Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter is less biographical and more philosophical. The middle dialogues are probably the most famous sequence of philosophical writings that the Western world has ever produced. The chapter lingers over what Plato says about love in Symposium and Phaedrus: passion can, under the right circumstances, remind us of the existence of Forms and turn us into philosophers, in the sense that we become motivated to recover knowledge of Forms. The chapter summarizes the theory of Forms (as in Phaedo and Republic) and discusses how Plato’s visit to the Pythagoreans (described in chapter 4) influenced this work of his middle period. It then returns to the distinction between knowledge and belief (chapter 4), but now on the basis of his middle-period metaphysics. Finally, the chapter shows that it is not just metaphysics and epistemology (the theory of knowledge) that are essentially intertwined, as Plato saw it, but also ethics.
North to Boston
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
North to Boston examines the history of Black migration to the city from the South as part of the Great Migration and explores that subject in greater depth through the life histories of ten individuals who moved to the city from 1943 to 1969. Each is the focus of one chapter. Tens of thousands of Black southerners moved to Boston during the twentieth century, transforming the city. North to Boston is the first book, or serious research of any kind, devoted to that subject. The stories of the individuals featured bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
The Great Migration in New England
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Between World War II and 1980, tens of thousands of Black people moved to Boston from the South, part of the Great Migration, transforming the city. But almost nothing has been written about the Great Migration’s impacts on Boston, and the city is rarely mentioned in histories of the subject. This chapter introduces a book that explores Black migration to the city through the life histories of ten individuals who moved to Boston between 1943 and 1969. It discusses the impacts of the Great Migration on New England and provides a short history of Black migration to Boston.
Geraldine Walker
Authors: Gumprecht Blake 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tells the life history of Geraldine Walker, one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Walker moved to Boston from rural Clay County, Alabama, in 1963. She is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Is Cardiovascular Disease a Part of the Black Experience?
Authors: Ray Keisha 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Although the number of deaths from cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension and strokes, are generally on the decline for most racial groups, cardiovascular disease continues to be a more deadly disease for Black people. There are known clinical factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease like diabetes and obesity. But this chapter explores the social and economic determinants of health that lead to Black people’s disproportionate experiences of these clinical risks like poverty, stress from racial discrimination, and unsafe and resource-deprived neighborhoods. This chapter also explores lifestyle factors (and whether they can be considered choices) that contribute to cardiovascular disease like access to healthy foods, diet of “soul food,” and access to proper employment. Therefore, in this chapter, using Black people’s experiences with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular health care, Black people’s poorer cardiovascular health is examined within the context of their inequitable access to social determinants of health.