bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal inference with invalid instruments: post-selection problems and a solution using searching and sampling
Authors: Guo Zijian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Instrumental variable methods are among the most commonly used causal inference approaches to deal with unmeasured confounders in observational studies. The presence of invalid instruments is the primary concern for practical applications, and a fast-growing area of research is inference for the causal effect with possibly invalid instruments. This paper illustrates that the existing confidence intervals may undercover when the valid and invalid instruments are hard to separate in a data-dependent way. To address this, we construct uniformly valid confidence intervals that are robust to the mistakes in separating valid and invalid instruments. We propose to search for a range of treatment effect values that lead to sufficiently many valid instruments. We further devise a novel sampling method, which, together with searching, leads to a more precise confidence interval. Our proposed searching and sampling confidence intervals are uniformly valid and achieve the parametric length under the finite-sample majority and plurality rules. We apply our proposal to examine the effect of education on earnings. The proposed method is implemented in the R package RobustIV available from CRAN.
Going north: adaptation of soybean to long-day environments
Authors: Vollmann Johann , Škrabišová Mária 
Published: May 2023

This article comments on:
Zhu X, Leiser WL, Hahn V, Würschum T. 2023. The genetic architecture of soybean photothermal adaptation to high latitudes. Journal of Experimental Botany 74,2987–3002
Migration and urban space in a small town in Catalonia: the contested neighbourhood
Authors: Lundsteen Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
While much contemporary analysis of social problems in disadvantaged neighbourhoods have ignored the deep connections between everyday interactions in space and the structural tensions due to ethnic, racial, class, and gender inequalities that underlie them, this article offers a critical analysis of the groupings put into practice locally in relation to space. Through an ethnography carried out in Salt, a semi-rural Catalan town, this article analyses the emergence and functioning of exclusionary visions on a super-diverse neighbourhood. It does so through a multi-dimensional analysis of the historical macro and micro processes of how resentment towards newcomers emerged in town. Through a mixture of method, such as a review of newspaper clippings from 2000 to 2013, 40 interviews, and participant observation carried out between 2011 and 2014, we see how the much-liked idea of a ‘welcoming town’ promoted by the city council, collides with the lived reality, where many Spanish nationals order the Centre neighbourhood in terms of ‘those from outside’ and ‘the ones from here’. These divisions might easily cross boundaries of ethnicity and culture, and mainly refer to the temporal settlement of the inhabitants. However, in this case they coincide with the grouping of the long-established residents, former migrants from other parts of Spain and Catalans, in contrast to the newly arrived ‘migrants’. This way, we see how social inequalities among residents foster internal divisions expressed through or in a competition over space, that is, residence and use of public space, while at the same time it structures the social understanding of them.
Brief Comparative Analysis of Trauma Care Specialties in Europe and the United States
Authors: Biedrzycki Christopher D , Bergmann Harald P , Remick Kyle N , Qasim Zaffer , Baker Jay B 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Understanding the variation in training and nuances of trauma provider practice between the countries in Europe and the United States is a daunting task. This article briefly reviews the key specialties of trauma care in Europe including emergency medical services (EMS), emergency medicine, anesthesia, trauma surgery, and critical care. The authors hope to inform U.S. military clinicians and medical planners of the major differences in emergency and trauma care that exist across Europe. Emergency medicine exists as both a primary specialty and a subspecialty across Europe, with varying stages of development as a specialty in each country. There is heavy physician involvement in EMS in much of Europe, with anesthesiologists having additional EMS training typically providing prehospital critical care. Because of the historical predominance of blunt trauma in Europe, in many countries, trauma surgery is a subspecialty with initial orthopedic surgery training versus general surgery. Intensive care medicine has various training pathways across Europe, but there have been great advances in standardizing competency requirements across the European Union. Finally, the authors suggest some strategies to mitigate the potential negative consequences of joint medical teams and how to leverage some key differences to advance life-saving medical interoperability across the North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance.
A Multimodal, Resident-led Newborn Emergencies Night Curriculum
Authors: Haischer-Rollo Gayle D , Aden James K , Percival Candace S , Drumm Caitlin M 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Following graduate medical education duty hour reform, many programs have migrated to a night float model to achieve duty hour compliance. This has led to increased focus on optimizing nighttime education. A 2018 internal program evaluation of the newborn night rotation revealed that most pediatric residents received no feedback and perceived little didactic education during their four-week, night float rotation. One hundred percent of resident respondents were interested in increased feedback, didactics, and procedural opportunities. Our objective was to develop a newborn night curriculum to ensure timely formative feedback, enhance trainee didactic experience, and guide formal education.

Materials and Methods
A multimodal curriculum was designed to include senior resident-led, case-based scenarios, a pre- and post-test, a pre- and post-confidence assessment, a focused procedure “passport,” weekly feedback sessions, and simulation cases. The San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium implemented the curriculum starting from July 2019.

Results
Thirty-one trainees completed the curriculum in over 15 months. There was a 100% pre- and post-test completion rate. Test scores rose from an average of 69% to 94% (25% increase, P &lt; .0001) for interns and an average of 84% to 97% (13% increase, P &lt; .0001) for third-year residents (PGY-3s). When averaged across domains assessed, intern confidence rose by 1.2 points and PGY-3 confidence rose by 0.7 points on a 5-point Likert scale. One hundred percent of trainees utilized the on-the-spot feedback form to initiate at least one in-person feedback session.

Conclusions
As resident schedules evolve, there is an increased need for focused didactics during the night shift. The results and feedback from this resident-led and multimodal curriculum suggest that it is a valuable tool to improve knowledge and confidence for future pediatricians.
Assessment of Marital Satisfaction Among Spouses of Soldiers: The Example of Turkey
Authors: Er Filiz , Gokcearslan Elif 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military personnel and their families face biopsychosocial risk factors due to frequent deployments, long and dangerous assignments, being away from home, not being able to spend time with their family, and adaptation to family life after returning from duty. These risks are among the factors affecting the marital satisfaction of military families.

Materials and Methods
Our study population consists of 6 military spouses selected by the maximum sampling method, which the researchers reached using their resources. The research was conducted in Van Province between January and February 2021. The semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers was used in the research designed with the qualitative research method. During the interviews, audio was recorded and transcribed.

Results
With the findings obtained from the interviews, subthemes were formed by considering similar expressions used by the participants regarding their opinions under the main themes. The main themes that emerged in the research were the experience of being married to a soldier, relational satisfaction, the effect of duties on the relationship, and perception of social context. Considering all the results, it has been revealed that alongside long-term and far-from-home assignments due to the nature of military service, the military lifestyle determines the marital satisfaction of military spouses. Accordingly, it was observed that military spouses and families must be supported during the soldiers’ duties and complicated professional processes.

Conclusions
This study reveals that long-term and far-from-home assignments due to military service impact the marital satisfaction. Accordingly, it was observed that military spouses and families must be supported during the soldiers’ duties and complicated professional processes.
Seroprevalence of sporotrichosis infection in cats living in the Buenos Aires epizootic area
Authors: Etchecopaz Alejandro N , Rodríguez Laboccetta Carolina , Martinez Gustavo , Pastorino Florencia , Díaz Leandro , Bratanich Ana C , Badino Paula , Mas Javier , Toranzo Adriana I , Canteros Cristina E , Cuestas María L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to perform a seroepidemiological survey on the prevalence of sporotrichosis among cats living in the Northern area of Buenos Aires, where a fourfold increase of Sporothrix brasiliensis infections was diagnosed during the last decade. For this purpose, an in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test sensitized with S. brasiliensis crude antigens was used. The ELISA test showed 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Antibodies against S. brasiliensis antigens were detected in 3.7% (9/241) of healthy cats evaluated, suggesting likely exposure or infection to this fungus. This ELISA test would be a valuable screening tool for diagnosing sporotrichosis and for seroepidemiological surveys.
Modelling galaxy cluster triaxiality in stacked cluster weak lensing analyses
Authors: Zhang Zhuowen , Wu Hao-Yi , Zhang Yuanyuan , Frieman Joshua , To Chun-Hao , DeRose Joseph , Costanzi Matteo , Wechsler Risa H , Adhikari Susmita , Rykoff Eli , Jeltema Tesla , Evrard August , Rozo Eduardo 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Counts of galaxy clusters offer a high-precision probe of cosmology, but control of systematic errors will determine the accuracy of this measurement. Using Buzzard simulations, we quantify one such systematic, the triaxiality distribution of clusters identified with the redMaPPer optical cluster finding algorithm, which was used in the Dark Energy Survey Year-1 (DES Y1) cluster cosmology analysis. We test whether redMaPPer selection biases the clusters’ shape and orientation and find that it only biases orientation, preferentially selecting clusters with their major axes oriented along the line of sight. Modelling the richness–mass relation as log-linear, we find that the log-richness amplitude ln (A) is boosted from the lowest to highest orientation bin with a significance of 14σ, while the orientation dependence of the richness-mass slope and intrinsic scatter is minimal. We also find that the weak lensing shear-profile ratios of cluster-associated dark haloes in different orientation bins resemble a ‘bottleneck’ shape that can be quantified with a Cauchy function. We test the correlation of orientation with two other leading systematics in cluster cosmology – miscentering and projection – and find a null correlation. The resulting mass bias predicted from our templates confirms the DES Y1 finding that triaxiality is a leading source of bias in cluster cosmology. However, the richness-dependence of the bias confirms that triaxiality does not fully resolve the tension at low-richness between DES Y1 cluster cosmology and other probes. Our model can be used for quantifying the impact of triaxiality bias on cosmological constraints for upcoming weak lensing surveys of galaxy clusters.
Modelling the mass accretion histories of dark matter haloes using a gamma formalism
Authors: Katsianis Antonios , Yang Xiaohu , Fong Matthew , Wang Jie 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
We present a physical model of the mass accretion histories (MAH) of haloes in concordance with the observed cosmic star formation rate density (CSFRD). We model the MAHs of dark matter haloes using a Gamma (Γ) functional form: $M_h(T) = \frac{M_0}{f_{0}} \, \times \frac{\gamma (\alpha _h, ~\beta _h \times (T-Th))}{\Gamma (\alpha _h)}$, where M0 is the halo mass at present time, T is time, αh and βh are parameters we explore, and f0 is the percentage of the mass of the halo at z = 0 with respect to the final mass of the halo achieved at T = ∞. We use the MAHs of haloes obtained from cosmological simulations and analytical models to constrain our model. f0 can be described by a power-law ($f_{0} = 1- c \times M_{0}^{d}$). Haloes with small masses have already on average attained most of their final masses. The average &lt; f0 &gt; of haloes in the Universe is &gt;0.95 pointing to the direction that the cosmic MAH/CSFRD is saturated at our era. The average &lt; βh &gt; parameter (the depletion rate of the available dark matter for halo growth) is related to the dynamical time-scales of haloes. The α parameter is a power-law index of M0 and represents the early growth a halo experiences before the expansion of the Universe starts to slow it down. Finally, Th (the time that marks the co-evolution/growth of galaxies and haloes after the big bang) is found to be 150–300 million years.
The impact of early massive mergers on the chemical evolution of Milky Way-like galaxies: insights from NIHAO-UHD simulations
Authors: Buck Tobias , Obreja Aura , Ratcliffe Bridget , Lu Yuxi(Lucy) , Minchev Ivan , Macciò Andrea V 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Recent observations of the Milky Way (MW) found an unexpected steepening of the star-forming gas metallicity gradient around the time of the Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus (GSE) merger event. Here, we investigate the influence of early (tmerger ≲ 5 Gyr) massive ($M_{\rm {gas}}^{\rm {merger}}/M_{\rm {gas}}^{\rm {main}}(t_{\rm {merger}})\gtrsim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) merger events such as the Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus merger in the MW on the evolution of the cold gas metallicity gradient. We use the NIHAO-UHD suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of MW-mass galaxies to study the frequency of massive early mergers and their detailed impact on the morphology and chemistry of the gaseous discs. We find a strong steepening of the metallicity gradient at early times for all four galaxies in our sample which is caused by a sudden increase in the cold gas disc size (up to a factor of 2) in combination with the supply of unenriched gas (∼0.75 dex lower compared to the main galaxy) by the merging dwarf galaxies. The mergers mostly affect the galaxy outskirts and lead to an increase in cold gas surface density of up to 200 per cent outside of ∼8 kpc. The addition of unenriched gas breaks the self-similar enrichment of the inter-stellar-medium and causes a dilution of the cold gas in the outskirts of the galaxies. The accreted stars and the ones formed later out of the accreted gas inhabit distinct tracks offset to lower [α/Fe] and [Fe/H] values compared to the main galaxy’s stars. We find that such mergers can contribute significantly to the formation of a second, low-α sequence as is observed in the MW.
An effective model for the cosmic-dawn 21-cm signal
Authors: Muñoz Julian B 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The 21-cm signal holds the key to understanding the first structure formation during cosmic dawn. Theoretical progress over the last decade has focused on simulations of this signal, given the non-linear and non-local relation between initial conditions and observables (21 cm or reionization maps). Here, instead, we propose an effective and fully analytical model for the 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn. We take advantage of the exponential-like behaviour of the local star-formation rate density (SFRD) against densities at early times to analytically find its correlation functions including non-linearities. The SFRD acts as the building block to obtain the statistics of radiative fields (X-ray and Lyman α fluxes), and therefore the 21-cm signal. We implement this model as the public python package Zeus21. This code can fully predict the 21-cm global signal and power spectrum in ∼1 s, with negligible memory requirements. When comparing against state-of-the-art semi-numerical simulations from 21CMFAST we find agreement to $\sim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ precision in both the 21-cm global signal and power spectra, after accounting for a (previously missed) underestimation of adiabatic fluctuations in 21CMFAST. Zeus21 is modular, allowing the user to vary the astrophysical model for the first galaxies, and interfaces with the cosmological code CLASS, which enables searches for beyond standard-model cosmology in 21-cm data. This represents a step towards bringing 21-cm to the era of precision cosmology.
Chemical evolution of electron-bombarded crystalline water ices at different temperatures using the procoda code
Authors: Pilling S , da Silveira C H , Ojeda-Gonzalez A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Water ices are a common component of cold space environments, including molecular and protostellar clouds, and the frozen surfaces of moons, planets, and comets. When exposed to ionizing and/or thermal processing, they become a nursery for new molecular species and are also responsible for their desorption to the gas-phase. Crystalline water ice, produced by the deposition of gaseous water at warm (80–150 K) surfaces or by the heating of cold amorphous water ice (up to ∼150 K), is also regularly detected by astronomical observations. Here, we employed the procoda code to map the chemical evolution of 5 keV electron-bombarded crystalline water-ices at different temperatures (12, 40, 60 and 90 K). The chemical network considered a total of 61 coupled reactions involving nine different chemical species within the ice. Among the results, we observe that the average calculated effective rate constants for radiation-induced dissociation decrease as the ice´s temperature increases. The abundance of molecular species in the ice at chemical equilibrium and its desorption to gas-phase depend on both the temperature of the ice. H2O molecules are the dominant desorbed species, with a desorption yield of about 1 molecule per 100 electrons, which seems to be enhanced for warmer crystalline ices. The obtained results can be employed in astrochemical models to simulate the chemical evolution of interstellar and planetary environments. These findings have implications for astrochemistry and astrobiology, providing insight into crucial chemical processes and helping us understand the chemistry in cold regions in space.
Evolution and explosions of metal-enriched supermassive stars: proton rich general relativistic instability supernovae
Authors: Nagele Chris , Umeda Hideyuki , Takahashi Koh 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The assembly of supermassive black holes poses a challenge primarily because of observed quasars at high redshift, but additionally because of the current lack of observations of intermediate mass black holes. One plausible scenario for creating supermassive black holes is direct collapse triggered by the merger of two gas-rich galaxies. This scenario allows the creation of supermassive stars with solar metallicity. We investigate the behaviour of metal enriched supermassive stars which collapse due to the general relativistic radial instability during hydrogen burning. These stars contain both hydrogen and metals and thus may explode due to the CNO cycle (carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) and the rp process (rapid proton capture). We perform a suite of stellar evolution simulations for a range of masses and metallicities, with and without mass-loss. We evaluate the stability of these supermassive stars by solving the pulsation equation in general relativity. When the stars becomes unstable, we perform 1D general relativistic hydrodynamical simulations coupled to a 153 isotope nuclear network with cooling from neutrino reactions, in order to determine if the stars explode. If the stars do explode, we post process the nucleosynthesis using a 514 isotope network which includes additional proton rich isotopes. These explosions are characterized by enhanced nitrogen and intermediate mass elements ($16\ge \rm {A}\ge 25$), and suppressed light elements ($8\ge \rm {A}\ge 14$), and we comment on recent observations of super-solar nitrogen in GN-z11.
congruents (COsmic ray, Neutrino, Gamma-ray, and Radio Non-Thermal Spectra) – I. A predictive model for galactic non-thermal emission
Authors: Roth Matt A , Krumholz Mark R , Crocker Roland M , Thompson Todd A 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The total luminosity and spectral shape of the non-thermal emission produced by cosmic rays depends on their interstellar environment, a dependence that gives rise to correlations between galaxies’ bulk properties – star-formation rate, stellar mass, and others – and their non-thermal spectra. Understanding the physical mechanisms of cosmic ray transport, loss, and emission is key to understanding these correlations. Here, in the first paper of the series, we present a new method to compute the non-thermal spectra of star-forming galaxies, and describe an open-source software package – congruents(COsmic ray, Neutrino, Gamma-ray, and Radio Non-Thermal Spectra) – that implements it. As a crucial innovation, our method requires as input only a galaxy’s effective radius, star-formation rate, stellar mass, and redshift, all quantities that are readily available for large samples of galaxies and do not require expensive, spatially resolved gas measurements. From these inputs we derive individual, galaxy-by-galaxy models for the background gas and radiation field through which cosmic rays propagate, from which we compute steady-state cosmic ray spectra for hadronic and leptonic particles in both the galactic disc and halo by solving the full kinetic equation. We invoke modern models for cosmic ray transport and include all significant emission and loss mechanisms. In this paper, we describe the model and validate it against non-thermal emission measured in nearby star-forming galaxies that span four orders of magnitude in star-formation rate.
The effect of flow on transverse oscillations of two parallel magnetic tubes
Authors: Ruderman M S , Petrukhin N S 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
We study oscillations of two parallel interacting magnetic tubes in the presence of plasma flow along the tubes. Using the cold plasma and thin tube approximations we derive the system of two equations describing these oscillations. This system of equations is valid for equilibria where the plasma density and flow velocity can vary along the tube axes and in time. This system of equations is used to study the effect of flow in the tubes on the frequency of standing waves. There are two modes of oscillations, fast and slow. We calculated the dependence of frequencies of fast and slow modes of the Alfvén Mach number. We found that the effect of flow in coronal loops on the oscillation frequency is fairly weak for typical flow velocities observed in coronal loops. However it can be substantial in the case of prominence threads. We discuss the implication of the obtained results on coronal seismology.