bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abortion, religion, and racial resentment: Unpacking the underpinnings of contemporary abortion attitudes
Authors: Deckman Melissa , Elder Laurel , Greene Steven , Lizotte Mary‐Kate 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundFor many Americans, pro‐life attitudes are directly attached to their religious beliefs, especially white evangelicals. Some have argued that evangelicals came to oppose abortion not simply because of their views on the sanctity of life, but out of a growing racial resentment as government policy and society moved towards greater racial equality.ObjectivesThis study explores the relationship of evangelicalism, racial attitudes, and views on the legality of abortion to explore whether racial resentment is behind evangelical opposition to abortion.MethodsTo carry out this exploration this study employs American National Election Studies data from 2000 to 2020 and the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) Values survey.ResultsWe find no support for the idea that racial attitudes are disproportionately correlated with the abortion views of white evangelicals. Rather, we find that racial attitudes are now correlated with views on abortion for all Americans. Where abortion attitudes are distinctive from attitudes on other policy issues is in having very strong religious determinants, suggesting that genuine religious beliefs do indeed underscore the pro‐life views of white evangelicals.ConclusionThis study provides a good baseline for understanding the relationship between racial attitudes, evangelicalism, and abortion attitudes at the cusp of the Dobbs decision overturning Constitutional protections for abortion, and should be revisited in the post Roe era.
Pine has two glutamine synthetase paralogs, GS1b.1 and GS1b.2, exhibiting distinct biochemical properties
Authors: Valderrama‐Martín José Miguel , Ortigosa Francisco , Aledo Juan Carlos , Ávila Concepción , Cánovas Francisco M. , Cañas Rafael A. 
Published: January 2023

SUMMARYThe enzyme glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) is mainly responsible for the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into organic molecules in plants. In the present work, a pine (Pinus pinaster) GS1 (PpGS1b.2) gene was identified, showing a high sequence identity with the GS1b.1 gene previously characterized in conifers. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the presence of PpGS1b.2 is restricted to the genera Pinus and Picea and is not found in other conifers. Gene expression data suggest a putative role of PpGS1b.2 in plant development, similar to other GS1b genes from angiosperms, suggesting evolutionary convergence. The characterization of GS1b.1 and GS1b.2 at the structural, physicochemical, and kinetic levels has shown differences even though they have high sequence homology. GS1b.2 had a lower optimum pH (6 vs. 6.5) and was less thermally stable than GS1b.1. GS1b.2 exhibited positive cooperativity for glutamate and substrate inhibition for ammonium. However, GS1b.1 exhibited substrate inhibition behavior for glutamate and ATP. Alterations in the kinetic characteristics produced by site‐directed mutagenesis carried out in this work strongly suggest an implication of amino acids at positions 264 and 267 in the active center of pine GS1b.1 and GS1b.2 being involved in affinity toward ammonium. Therefore, the amino acid differences between GS1b.1 and GS1b.2 would support the functioning of both enzymes to meet distinct plant needs.
Combining an Artificial Gastrocnemius and Powered Ankle Prosthesis: Effects on Transtibial Prosthesis User Gait
Authors: Ziemnicki David M. , McDonald Kirsty A. , Wolf Derek N. , Molitor Stephanie L. , Egolf Jeremiah B. , Gupta Mohh , Zelik Karl E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Walking is more difficult for transtibial prosthesis users, partly due to a lack of calf muscle function. Powered ankle prostheses can partially restore calf muscle function, specifically push-off power from the soleus. But one limitation of a powered ankle is that emulating the soleus does not restore the multi-articular function of the gastrocnemius. This missing function may explain elevated hip and knee muscle demands observed in individuals walking on powered ankles. These elevated demands can make walking more fatiguing and impact mobility. Adding an Artificial Gastrocnemius to a powered ankle might improve gait for prosthesis users by reducing the prosthesis-side hip and knee demands. This work investigates if an Artificial Gastrocnemius reduced prosthesis-side hip or knee demands for individuals walking with a powered ankle providing high levels of push-off. We performed two case series studies that examined the effects that a passive elastic Artificial Gastrocnemius has on joint moment-impulses when prosthesis users walked with a powered ankle. We found that hip moment-impulse was reduced during stance when walking with an Artificial Gastrocnemius for six of seven participants. The Artificial Gastrocnemius effects on knee kinetics were variable and subject-specific, but in general, it did not reduce the knee flexor or extensor demands. The Artificial Gastrocnemius should be further explored to determine if reduced hip demands improve mobility or the user's quality of life by increasing the distance they can walk, increasing walking economy, or leading to increased physical activity or community engagement.
Investigation of Soot in a Model CFM56 Atmospheric Combustor Using In-Situ Laser-Induced Incandescence Calibration
Authors: Krishnasamy Bharathi Arvind , Shrivastava Poorva , Srivatsav Hrishikesh , T. M. Muruganandam , K. Vasudevarao 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this work, we investigate qualitative backlight imaging-based spray characteristics and laser-induced incandescence (LII) based quantitative soot volume fraction (SVF) in a CFM56 model combustor with a simplex nozzle at 1 bar, 303 K. The soot volume fraction is quantitatively measured using an in situ extinction-based calibration technique. Soot was detected immediately downstream of the swirler exit and in the shear layer region as observed by other authors. In addition, soot was also detected inside the inner recirculation region which could be due to the spray distribution, geometry, or difference in flame anchoring. The number-averaged soot volume fraction is of the order of 20 ppb which is comparable in magnitude to previously reported combustor measurements. Large eddy simulation (LES) modeling of the experimental setup coupled with the simple two-equation Tesner model has been done using ansysfluent® to study soot formation. The model shows good qualitative agreement with the experimental results although quantitatively it is lower by one order of magnitude. Soot formation occurs in the rich region immediately downstream of the swirler while the second half of the primary zone becomes lean and soot oxidation is more dominant.
Realization of thousand-second improved confinement plasma with Super I-mode in Tokamak EAST
Authors: Song Yuntao , Zou Xiaolan , Gong Xianzu , Becoulet Alain , Buttery Richard , Bonoli Paul , Hoang Tuong , Maingi Rajesh , Qian Jinping , Zhong Xiaoming , Liu Adi , Li Erzhong , Ding Rui , Huang Juan , Zang Qing , Liu Haiqing , Wang Liang , Zhang Ling , Li Guoqiang , Sun Youwen , Garofalo Andrea , Osborne Tom , Leonard Tony , Baek Seung Gyou , Wallace Greg , Xu Liqing , Zhang Bin , Wang Shouxin , Chu Yuqi , Zhang Tao , Duan Yanmin , Lian Hui , Zhang Xuexi , Jin Yifei , Zeng Long , Lyu Bo , Xiao Binjia , Huang Yao , Wang Yong , Shen Biao , Xiang Nong , Wu Yu , Wu Jiefeng , Wang Xiaojie , Ding Bojiang , Li Miaohui , Zhang Xinjun , Qin Chengming , Xi Weibin , Zhang Jian , Huang Liansheng , Yao Damao , Hu Yanlan , Zuo Guizhong , Yuan Qiping , Zhou Zhiwei , Wang Mao , Xu Handong , Xie Yahong , Wang Zhengchu , Chen Junling , Xu Guosheng , Hu Jiansheng , Lu Kun , Liu Fukun , Wu Xinchao , Wan Baonian , Li Jiangang ,   EAST Team
Published: January 2023

Mastering nuclear fusion, which is an abundant, safe, and environmentally competitive energy, is a great challenge for humanity. Tokamak represents one of the most promising paths toward controlled fusion. Obtaining a high-performance, steady-state, and long-pulse plasma regime remains a critical issue. Recently, a big breakthrough in steady-state operation was made on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A steady-state plasma with a world-record pulse length of 1056 s was obtained, where the density and the divertor peak heat flux were well controlled, with no core impurity accumulation, and a new high-confinement and self-organizing regime (Super I-mode = I-mode + e-ITB) was discovered and demonstrated. These achievements contribute to the integration of fusion plasma technology and physics, which is essential to operate next-step devices.
Kill dates from re-exposed black mosses constrain past glacier advances in the northern Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Groff Dulcinea V. , Beilman David W. , Yu Zicheng , Ford Derek , Xia Zhengyu 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGlaciers are receding in the northern Antarctic Peninsula and exposing previously entombed soils and plants. We used 39 black (dead) mosses collected from rapidly retreating ice margins at four sites along the Antarctic Peninsula to determine the kill dates using radiocarbon measurements and to constrain the timing of past glacier advances over the last 1500 yr. We established strict new criteria for sample collection to promote robust estimates of plant death. We found distinct phases of ice advance during ca. 1300, 800, and 200 calibrated years before 1950 (cal yr B.P.). We report estimates of the rate of glacier advance at ca. 800 cal yr B.P. at Gamage and Bonaparte Points (southern Anvers Island) of 2.0 and 0.3 m/yr, respectively. Although the range of kill dates is relatively narrow within a region, suggesting multiple glaciers advanced simultaneously, the rates of local advances can vary by almost an order of magnitude and are much less than retreat rates. Our kill dates coincide with evidence for glacier advances from other studies in the northern Antarctic Peninsula at ca. 1300, 800, and 200 cal yr B.P. and for penguin colony abandonment at several sites in the region ranging from 450 to 0 cal yr B.P. The combination of our new terrestrial evidence for glacier advances with other lines of evidence shows the regional synchroneity of glacial dynamics and cryosphere-biosphere connections during rapid climate shifts and the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystems to climate cooling.
Fragmentation, rafting, and drowning of a carbonate platform margin in a rift-basin setting
Authors: Petrovic Alexander , Lüdmann Thomas , Afifi Abdulkader M. , Saitz Yannick , Betzler Christian , Vahrenkamp Volker 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHigh-resolution bathymetric and shallow seismic data along the northeast Red Sea margin reveal a previously disregarded mechanism for carbonate platform drowning at a steep-flanked rift basin. At the seafloor, salt extrusions highlight the influence of extensional salt tectonics, with a salt flow from the southern flank of the Al Wajh carbonate platform that likely originates from below. Salt-flow direction, morphology, and kilometer-sized slumps and rotated blocks indicate platform-margin disintegration and rafting of platform blocks toward the southwest. The outlines of several smaller detached or semi-detached carbonate platforms to the south of the main platform can be refitted to the larger platform margin by counter-moving the direction of mass wasting. Several platforms, reaching heights above the seafloor of up to 650 m, are partially or fully submerged in the mesophotic zone and appear to be in danger of drowning. We conclude that the southern outer rim of the Al Wajh platform is breaking apart owing to salt withdrawal, which indicates that carbonate platforms on top of salt sequences grow on mobile ground, leading to platform disintegration, basinward rafts, and the demise of broken-off, smaller pieces of platform. Salt displacement also controls the growth geometries of individual platform rafts, with keep-up reef growth (growth rate equal to sea-level rise) and drowning occurring in close spatial proximity. Therefore, the interplay between salt diapirism and platform growth is not limited to platforms growing on the apexes of diapirs and is more complex than previously thought.
A power-based abrasion law for use in landscape evolution models
Authors: Hansen D.D. , Brooks J.P. , Zoet L.K. , Stevens N.T. , Smith L. , Bate C.E. , Jahnke B.J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSubglacial abrasion drives erosion for many glaciers, inundating forefields and proglacial marine environments with glaciogenic sediments. Theoretical treatments of this process suggest that bedrock abrasion rates scale linearly with the energy expended through rock-on-rock friction during slip, but this assumption lacks an empirical basis for general implementation. To test this approach, we simulated abrasion by sliding debris-laden ice over rock beds under subglacial conditions in a cryo-ring shear and a direct shear device. Miniscule volumes of erosion that occurred during each run were mapped with a white-light profilometer, and we measured the rock mechanical properties needed to constrain the energy expended through abrasion. We find that abraded volume per unit area increases linearly with average shear force at the bed and that abrasion rates increase linearly with basal power for plane beds. Lastly, only a small percentage (1%) of the energy partitioned to basal slip is dissipated by abrasion. These results confirm the basal-power abrasion rule is viable to implement in landscape evolution models.
Diamonds reveal subducted slab harzburgite in the lower mantle
Authors: Meyer Nicole A. , Stachel Thomas , Pearson D. Graham , Stern Richard A. , Harris Jeffrey W. , Walter Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCharacterizing compositional heterogeneity in Earth’s lower mantle is critical to understanding its dynamics. Three low-nitrogen diamonds from Koffiefontein (South Africa), containing inclusion assemblages of ferropericlase ± orthopyroxene ± magnesite, constrain diamond formation in an Mg-rich lower-mantle environment. Ferropericlase inclusions have Mg# 82.7–88.5 and orthopyroxene inclusions (retrogressed bridgmanite) have Mg# 95.0–95.1 and mantle-like δ18O of +5.6‰ ± 0.2‰. Magnesite included in one diamond implicates carbonated fluids in diamond formation. High Mg# and low Ca, Al, and Na of the assemblage indicate a melt-depleted meta-harzburgitic environment, in contrast to more fertile compositions expected for primitive lower mantle. Extremely low Ca in orthopyroxene inclusions may reflect a combination of melt depletion and low equilibration temperatures at the time of trapping. Inclusion compositions implicate subducted oceanic slab meta-harzburgite as the host for diamond growth. Mantle-like δ18O of the orthopyroxene inclusions indicates unaltered oceanic lithosphere. Similar melt-depleted characteristics in lower-mantle inclusion assemblages worldwide support that meta-harzburgite is the dominant host of lower-mantle diamonds.
Large erupted complex odontoma mimicking maxillary osteomyelitis
Authors: Agarwal Subham , Rao Santhosh , Lepcha Joseph , Galhotra Virat 
Published: January 2023

Odontoma is the most common benign odontogenic hamartoma. Odontomas are of two types, such as viz compound and complex odontoma. The complex type is a conglomeration of hard tissues of dental origin. They are primarily intraosseous and usually present in the second decade of life. Most odontomas are asymptomatic, but those erupting in the oral cavity may cause severe infection. They are often associated with impacted teeth and are present with the anterior maxilla showing the highest propensity.The present case report is of a male patient in his early 60s with a substantial solitary sclerotic odontoma of the middle and posterior segments of the maxilla erupted into the oral cavity communicating with the right maxillary sinus. The delayed presentation, size, location and active suppuration can misguide clinicians.
Role of social capital in response to and recovery from the first wave of COVID-19 in Thailand: a qualitative study
Authors: Samutachak Bhubate , Ford Kathleen , Tangcharoensathien Viroj , Satararuji Kullatip 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveThis study assesses the role of social capital among people and communities in response to the first wave of the pandemic in 2020.DesignQualitative study using focus group discussions.SettingCapital city (Bangkok) and the four regions (north, northeast, south and central) of Thailand.Participants161 participants of 19 focus groups with diverse backgrounds in terms of gender, profession, education and geography (urban/rural; regions). They are selected for different levels of impact from the pandemic.FindingsThe solidarity among the Thai people was a key contributing factor to societal resilience during the pandemic. Findings illustrate how three levels of social capital structure—family, community and local networks—mobilised resources from internal and external social networks to support people affected by the pandemic. The results also highlight different types of resources mobilised from the three levels of social capital, factors that affect resilience, collective action to combat the negative impacts of the pandemic, and the roles of social media and gender.ConclusionSocial capital plays significant roles in the resilience of individuals, households and communities to respond to and recover from the impacts of the pandemic. In many instances, social capital is a faster and more efficient response than other kinds of formal support. Social capital can be enhanced by interactions and exchanges in the communities. While face-to-face social contacts are challenged by the need for social distancing and travel restrictions, social media steps in as alternative socialisation to enhance social capital.
Implementation of a quality improvement programme using the Active Patient Link call and recall system to improve timeliness and equity of childhood vaccinations: protocol for a mixed-methods evaluation
Authors: Marszalek Milena , Hawking Meredith K D , Gutierrez Ana , Dostal Isabel , Ahmed Zaheer , Firman Nicola , Robson John , Bedford Helen , Billington Anna , Moss Ngawai , Dezateux Carol 
Published: January 2023

IntroductionCall and recall systems provide actionable intelligence to improve equity and timeliness of childhood vaccinations, which have been disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will evaluate the effectiveness, fidelity and sustainability of a data-enabled quality improvement programme delivered in primary care using an Active Patient Link Immunisation (APL-Imms) call and recall system to improve timeliness and equity of uptake in a multiethnic disadvantaged urban population. We will use qualitative methods to evaluate programme delivery, focusing on uptake and use, implementation barriers and service improvements for clinical and non-clinical primary care staff, its fidelity and sustainability.Methods and analysisThis is a mixed-methods observational study in 284 general practices in north east London (NEL). The target population will be preschool-aged children eligible to receive diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) or measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations and registered with an NEL general practice. The intervention comprises an in-practice call and recall tool, facilitation and training, and financial incentives. The quantitative evaluation will include interrupted time Series analyses and Slope Index of Inequality. The primary outcomes will be the proportion of children receiving at least one dose of a DTaP-containing or MMR vaccination defined, respectively, as administered between age 6 weeks and 6 months or between 12 and 18 months of age. The qualitative evaluation will involve a ‘Think Aloud’ method and semistructured interviews of stakeholders to assess impact, fidelity and sustainability of the APL-Imms tool, and fidelity of the implementation by facilitators.Ethics and disseminationThe research team has been granted permission from data controllers in participating practices to use deidentified data for audit purposes. As findings will be specific to the local context, research ethics approval is not required. Results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and to stakeholders, including parents, health providers and commissioners.
A mixed-methods evaluation of unconscious racial bias training for NHS senior practitioners to improve the experiences of racially minoritised students
Authors: Pennington Charlotte R. , Bliss Eleanore , Airey Alisha , Bancroft Mandy , Pryce-Miller Maxine 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveThe degree awarding gap indicates that racially minoritised higher education students receive lower degree classifications relative to their white peers. While the reasons for this are complex, research suggests that educator and practitioner attitudes and behaviour towards racially minoritised students are a significant contributing factor. This preregistered study evaluates the effectiveness of unconscious racial bias training (URBT) to enhance National Health Service senior practitioner’s recognition of how racial inequalities negatively impact racially minoritised students.DesignA mixed-methods study with a pretest and post-test design was conducted in the higher education and healthcare practice environment.MethodsForty-nine NHS senior practitioners completed a 4-hour URBT workshop with activities focusing on activating stereotypes, exploring differences between unconscious and implicit bias, discussing the development of bias, and reflecting on student experiences of prejudice, harassment and discrimination. They completed pre- and post- quantitative measures that assessed the effectiveness of URBT and changes in racial competency, awareness and perceptions of unconscious racial bias. Qualitative measures explored the usefulness and perceived applications of URBT, and a 1-month follow-up assessed further how it had been applied within practice.ResultsParticipants reported positive evaluations of URBT, higher perceived racial competency, awareness and perceptions of racial bias (ps<0.001, dz>0.35). After 1 month, key themes from qualitative responses suggested that participants had increased self-awareness and were exploring how to set up mentoring and working groups, change recruitment and progression processes, and diversify the taught curriculum.ConclusionsURBT may be one effective strategy to enhance awareness and encourage reflections of racial bias. We discuss how reducing racial inequalities requires a multifaceted approach that affords upfront conversations about systemic racism, implements effective initiatives, policies and procedures, and engages in continuous evaluation.