bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Views of St Maximos the Confessor on the Institutional Church
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
St Maximos’ understanding of the institutional Church can only be gleaned indirectly. His vision of the Church as set out in the Mystagogia (and discussed in Essay I. 22) doubtless lies behind his attitude to the Church of his day, but actual links can only be conjectured. His clash over the emperor’s Christological nostrums expressed in the Ekthesis and Typos led to his involving the bishop of Rome in resistance to the emperor, and eventually to condemnation by the Byzantine patriarch. Two issues emerge: (1) Roman ‘primacy’; (2) Maximos’ eventual confrontation with the (apparent) united hierarchy of the Church. These two issues are discussed and a tentative conclusion suggested that, for Maximos, the Christian is called ‘to be Christ’s and to bear his name’ (Mystagogia 1) even to the point of martyrdom, and that this overrides claims to loyalty whether from emperor or from hierarch.
St Maximos’ Distinction between λόγος and τρόπος and the Ontology of the Person
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Maximos’ distinction between logos of being and tropos of existence has sometimes been given a decidedly ‘existential’ interpretation by some modern scholars (including me). The terms logos and tropos find their origins in Trinitarian theology, logos designating being, ousia, held in common, and tropos the mode (or origin) of the distinct existence of the persons. The logos/tropos distinction, transferred to Christology, came to be used to clarify the meaning of personhood. However, Maximos rarely uses this distinction directly in relation to human persons; rather, he uses the logos/tropos distinction to make a difference between God’s activity in creation and in recreation, between theologia and oikonomia: its function is to preserve Maximos’ cardinal doctrine of the inviolability of the logoi of creation, tropos being used in relation to God’s renewal of nature in redemption, without calling in question the integrity of God’s creation.
The Doctrine of the Image of God in St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of the human image of God is a puzzle in Maximos’ thought, for, though regarded as a disciple of the Cappadocian Fathers for whom the doctrine of the image of God is central, he seems to find it curiously elusive. After a glance at Thunberg, Völker, and Larchet, a solution is found in Maximos’ having two sources for the doctrine of the image: Scripture (especially Gen. 1:26–7) and Plato. Maximos is indebted to both and was also influenced by Dionysios the Areopagite, who makes little use of Gen. 1:26–7 in his making the image central for relating the visible and invisible realms. When Maximos reflects on the image, and the human as the image of God, he tends to draw on the Platonic tradition, because the human image of God is seen as part of a wider issue, as in Dionysios.
The Doctrine of the Eucharist in the Iconoclast Controversy
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Little survives of the writings of the iconoclasts to enable us to discern how they argued their case. An exception is the Definition of the iconoclast Council of Hiereia (754), which was recited, in order to be refuted, at the Seventh Ecumenical Council in 787. From it, and from extracts cited in other anti-iconoclast texts, there can be constructed a case which revolved round what could count as a true commemorative icon, leading to the conclusion that only the Eucharist fulfilled this role. There was nothing unusual about a doctrine of the Eucharist that saw it in terms of types, images, and symbols; it was the iconodules who introduces new ideas in rejecting such teaching.
Inspiration of the Scriptures
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
An Orthodox understanding of scriptural inspiration is to be derived from the use of the Scriptures in Orthodox worship. The Gospel Book is central, venerated as symbolizing Christ and containing his word. The Gospel forms the central scriptural reading; the Gospels are read in their entirety throughout the Church Year. They are read sequentially: the principal readings on Saturdays and Sundays, and the rest on weekdays. The rest of the New Testament is read as the accompanying ‘Apostle’; the Old Testament as essentially prophetic, very selectively, mainly at Vespers on Feasts and during Lent. From this it is evident that Scripture is not regarded as an ‘undifferentiated whole’; it has a shape, in which Christ, in the Gospels, stands at the centre. Furthermore Scripture is what the Church has received: so, e.g. the Old Testament is the Greek Septuagint. Inspiration is found in the context of reading and hearing the Scriptures.
Easter, Calendar, and Cosmos
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
According to Nicaea I (325), Easter or Pascha is celebrated on the first Sunday on or after the first full moon after the spring equinox, a date based on the Jewish Passover. This entails co-ordination of the cycles of the week, the lunar month, and the solar year. For Christians, Easter stands at the centre-point of these temporal cycles, by which our experience of time is shaped, and the date in Spring associates it with creation, the conception of Christ, and the Paschal mystery. Calendars were needed for Christians to determine the date in advance because of the forty-day Lenten Fast, but are problematic as they need to fit twelve months into the year. Recent proposals that Easter should have a fixed calendrical date would abolish the sense of time enshrined in the temporal cycles, as well as making a final break with Christianity’s sister religion, Judaism.
Pseudonymity and Secret Tradition in Early Christianity
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Pseudonymity has a bad name in scholarship, associated, if not actually identified, with forgery. Such an approach is anachronistic, as is argued with reference to the case of Dionysios the Areopagite. The use of pseudonymity is much earlier than that, and flourished in the second century, in so-called apocryphal literature, with which ‘gnosticism’ is often associated. The term ‘gnostic’ is itself maligned and its commonest Christian use for one who enters more deeply into Christian experience ignored. These considerations enable one to make sense of the second-century Protevangelium of James, a prequel to the canonical Gospels, a text freighted with veiled symbolic significance, which sees Mary as a living Temple, in which God dwelt, and the birth of her child as God with us, as a turning point in the created order, a point at which creation stood still.
Mary the Mother of God and Ecclesiology
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The reflection on the Church as Mother is commonplace in second- and third-century Christianity, and it is customary to remark on the absence of Mary, the suggestion being that Mariological themes are a later accretion. From an Orthodox point of view, this looks short-sighted, for ecclesiology has a distinctly Marian dimension within Orthodoxy. Rather the Marian dimension is implicit, something borne out by the Protevangelium of James. Attention then switches to modern Orthodox thinkers, first of all, Bulgakov, whose Marian reflection is bound up with his sophiology, Mary fulfilling Sophia’s in-between role in a directly personal way. Much the same presentation of Mary occurs in Bulgakov’s opponent in the quarrel over Sophia, Lossky, for whom Mary can be called the person of the Church, as well as in Evdokimov. In all three, Marian reflection is grounded in the liturgical texts, and Mary is closely associated with the Holy Spirit.
An Angel of Satan
Authors: Soon Isaac T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Paul’s thorn in the flesh (2 Cor 12:7) was the angel of Satan, a demonic force given to Paul by God to inhabit his body and restrict him from speaking about his apocalyptic experiences in the third heaven. It gives an overview of the history of interpreting Paul’s thorn in the flesh in recent scholarship as well as in the first millennium of the common era. This chapter approaches the analysis of Paul’s thorn by using cognitive metaphor theory to analyse Paul’s language in 2 Cor 12:7. It finds that Paul uses the term ‘thorn’ as a nickname that refers to the angelic force sent to physically oppress him, the angel of Satan.
God and the Disabling of Paul
Authors: Soon Isaac T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that in light of a divine revelation Paul reconfigures his thorn in the flesh as a divine gift rather than a divine evil. Theodicy is therefore an inappropriate question to impose on this particular disability. The chapter establishes first that God is the ultimate agent who gives Paul the thorn in the flesh, even if he uses an angel of Satan as an intermediary force (a common strategy in ancient Jewish literature that attempts to distance the God of Israel from perceived acts of injustice). Paul pleads with God to remove the thorn but God refuses, instead revealing that it is necessary for the perfection of power within Paul. The thorn is part of Paul’s paradox of strength in weakness, that what might be thought to be an injustice is actually a divine benefit.
A Disabling Gospel
Authors: Soon Isaac T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Paul not only reinforces the stigma of circumcision in his letters but also intensifies it by adding a christological dimension. Paul reinforces stereotypes about circumcision by calling Jews περιτομή and Gentiles ἀκροβυστία, designating communities through genital monikers. By doing this, however, he reinforces the stereotyping of Jews as circumcised. Further, he refers to Gentile circumcision as a ‘mutilation’ in Philippians 3, indicating that while circumcision was something to be praised on Jews it was not something praiseworthy on Gentiles. In fact, circumcised Gentiles cut themselves off from Christ, becoming lawbreakers who violate the circumcision commandment the moment they have the procedure since it is after the eighth day. Paul suggests the only way they can return to the Messiah is by amputating their genitals, since those who are eunuchs do not break the law of circumcision.
A Short Apostle
Authors: Soon Isaac T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is historically plausible to understand Paul as being short-statured, perhaps even a person with dwarfism. In 2 Corinthians, Paul speaks about being lowered down a Damascus wall in a basket. What interpreters have not realized is how small the basket that he speaks about is. This chapter estimates using available evidence the possible capacity of the basket and suggests that it is far too small for a person of average height and weight. In the Acts of Paul and Thecla Paul is portrayed as being short-statured. While interpreters often see this as being legendary, a close analysis of the ways scholars construe his appearance in this text, in conversation with iconographic portrayals of the apostle Paul through the eighth century ce, suggests that his appearance is not glamourized or idealized. Rather it appears largely quotidian, so long as the interpreter does not assume that Paul had a ‘normal’ bodily appearance.
Conclusion
Authors: Soon Isaac T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the discoveries of the book, particularly the uncovering of demonization, circumcision, and short-stature as disabilities of Paul. It reflects on Paul not only as someone who was influenced by disabling cultures but who himself participated in influencing ancient culture on disability, for better or worse. The chapter also interrogates the latent ableism in New Testament studies, especially towards key early Christian figures like Paul. It questions the prevailing perspective that the bodies of characters in the New Testament should be considered non-disabled unless otherwise noted explicitly in the text. The chapter emphasizes the importance of comprehending figures like Paul not just as disembodied individuals but as embodied humans embedded in their wider society and culture.
Method and Ethics in Jurisprudence
Authors: Coyle Sean 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter I introduces the relevance of the scholastic method to modern-day jurisprudence and ethics, seeking to identify a common starting-point for jurisprudential thought and proposes eudaemonism as that starting-point; it provides a long discussion of extant theories of natural law, including those of Crowe, Finnis, MacIntyre and Murphy, and why (in my view) they are problematic.
International Community, International Law
Authors: Coyle Sean 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter XIII provides a historical overview of international legal theory since Grotius and Pufendorf, exploring the issues and identity of ius gentium, HLA Hart’s treatment of international law, and the difference between ius cogens and natural law (the former being essentially constituted by widespread state practice) and an argument for natural international law. It involves consideration of the continuing importance of states, and the duties of states in war and in peace. The chapter—and the book—ends with an analysis of justice in the international community, as orientated towards the global common good.
The Promise of Welfare in the Postwar British and Anglophone Novel
Authors: Rich Kelly M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
States of Repair offers a new literary history of the Second World War and its aftermath by focusing on wartime visions of rebuilding Britain. Shifting attention from the “People’s War” to the “People’s Peace,” this book shows that literature returns to the historic transition from warfare to welfare to narrate its transformative social potential and darker failures. The welfare state envisioned that managing individuals’ private lives would result in a more coherent and equitable community, a promise encapsulated in the 1942 Beveridge Report’s assurance to care for citizens from the “cradle to the grave.” The postwar novel reveals the intimate effects that follow when infrastructures of collective living seek to organize social interaction, tracing these effects through quasi-administrated home spaces such as girls’ hostels, makeshift sanatoria, and experimental schools. Midcentury writers including Elizabeth Bowen, Muriel Spark, and Samuel Selvon used the militarized Home Front to present postwar Britain as a zone of lost privacy and new collective logics. As the century progressed, and as the unrealized dreams of welfare came to be dismantled, authors including Alan Hollinghurst, Michael Ondaatje, and Kazuo Ishiguro registered an unfulfilled nostalgia for a Britain that never was, situating British domestic policies within trajectories of historic and social violence. Contemporary fiction continues to reanimate the transition from a warfare state to a welfare state, preserving its transformative potential while redefining its possible futures. With this long view of postwar fiction, States of Repair demonstrates the holding power of welfare’s promises of repair and Britain’s midcentury on cultural imagination.
Neopragmatism in the Philosophy of Perception? The Case of Primitive Color
Authors: Chirimuuta Mazviita 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the application of the neopragmatist methodology to the philosophy of perception, examining the case of color ontology in particular. In his account of the difference between objective and subjective, “precise” colors, Joshua Gert’s (2017b) neopragmatist version of primitivism has significant advantages over existing primitivist theories. But I argue that adherence to the naïve realist doctrine that colors are mind-independent properties of physical objects presents an obstacle to the promised deflation of the ontological problem of color. Thus I argue that to fulfil its promise, a neopragmatist philosophy of perception should dispense with this notion of mind-independence, adopting a methodological non-realism. This methodological stance has some similarity with the Kantian and Hegelian strand of idealism within classical American pragmatism.
Neopragmatism and Reference Magnetism
Authors: Gert Joshua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Reference magnetism is a theoretical posit, meant to explain the fact that some things are more eligible to be the referents of our words than others. It is easy to think of such a posit as the metasemantic reflection of a certain metaphysical picture of the world: one according to which it comes equipped with joints at which to carve it. Described in this way, it isn’t hard to see why reference magnetism might be regarded as a conceptual tool designed to be of use to hard-core metaphysical realists, against their pragmatist opponents. The central point of this chapter is to show that neopragmatism has the resources to capture the phenomena that reference magnetism is meant to explain. The chapter provides a neopragmatist vindication of literal talk of certain things being more eligible as referents than others.
Realism Rehabilitated
Authors: Verheggen Claudine , Myers Robert H. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Philosophical accounts of the relation between thought and reality tend to gravitate toward two extreme and diametrically opposed positions regarding the concept of truth. On the one hand, classical realists insist on a concept of truth so radically non-epistemic that even perfectly reasoned sets of beliefs could be largely false. On the other hand, antirealists of various sorts either make do with a purely epistemic concept of truth or dispense with the concept altogether, making it impossible to allow that particular beliefs often are true or false independently of whether epistemically well-positioned people would deem them to be so. Inspired by the writings of Donald Davidson, this chapter sets out to demonstrate that neopragmatists can provide a superior account of this relation, an account which acknowledges the substantive independence of truth and falsity from our epistemic practices while guaranteeing that whatever beliefs we have must be largely true.
The Letters from Julia to Ovid, by Charlotte Antoinette de Bressey, Marquise of Lezay-Marnésia
Authors: Clément-Tarantino Séverine 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Charlotte Antoinette de Bressey, marquise de Lezay-Marnésia (1707–85), is the author of the Lettres de Julie à Ovide, a collection of prose letters published anonymously in 1753. This collection enjoyed great success in the eighteenth century, with re-editions, imitations, and sequels (notably the Lettres d’Ovide à Julie): it was so successful that it was long thought to be by a male writer, with Marmontel offered as likely candidate. This chapter will explore this text by Charlotte Antoinette de Bressey, arguing that it constitutes a literary work in its own right, as the letters develop a clear plot, even if the outcome of the story, which ends with the poet’s exile, is known. The chapter explores the relationship between these Lettres and the figure of Ovid and his poetic œuvre. There are a number of factors which contribute to the reception of the magister amoris offered by Bressey, particularly the valorization of love characterized by sincerity and sentiment. The Lettres also portray Julie (Augustus’ daughter) in such a way as to restore her reputation and the way the relationship between Ovid and Julie develops through these Lettres invites us to interpret Julie as a new Ovid.
British Nationality Act 1981
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provisions of the British Nationality Act 1981. It details how to achieve British citizenship through birth, descent, registration, or naturalisation. Unless the context otherwise requires, the 1948 Act’ means the British Nationality Act 1948 and ‘alien’ means a person who is neither a Commonwealth citizen nor a British protected person nor a citizen of the Republic of Ireland. The chapter then explains the provisions surrounding the breach of immigration laws, which should be enacted without prejudice. If the Secretary of State proposes to make a conducive grounds deprivation order without notice, the Secretary of State may apply to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission.
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the provisions of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. It explains that the provision primarily focuses on nationality, immigration, and asylum while also addressing international migration projects and offences correlated with international traffic in prostitution. The general overview of the Act's nationality clause amended several sections of the British Nationality Act 1981 and the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997. The chapter cites the power of the Secretary of State to make provision for the issue to a person of a certificate that he has the right of abode in the United Kingdom. It expounds on the definition of asylum-seeker, destitution, and dependant found in the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. The Secretary of State may designate a person with special immigration status if they satisfy conditions such as being a foreign criminal, liability to deportation, and having a family member meet prior conditions. Moreover, the Secretary of State or an immigration officer may by notice in writing impose a condition on a designated person. The conditions range between residence, employment, and reporting to the police. The chapter then explains that the end of designation occurs if the designated person is granted leave to enter to remain in the United Kingdom or is subject to a deportation order.
Immigration Act 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provisions of the Immigration Act 2014. It explains that the provision addresses immigration law, limiting access to services, facilities, and employment by reference to immigration status. Moreover, the Act is concerned about citizenships concerning marriage and civil partnerships involving certain foreign nationals. Some people are unable to acquire citizenship because their fathers and mothers were not married to each other. The chapter notes that the provisions on removal amended several other laws such as the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 and the British Nationality Act 1981. It also covers the right of appeal to First tier-Tribunal.
Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020. It explains that the Act is concerned with the provision to end rights to the free movement of persons under retained EU law and to repeal other retained EU laws relating to immigration. Moreover, the Act confers power to modify retained direct EU legislation relating to social security co-ordination. The Secretary of State considers the appropriate consequence of any provisions, and the power can be exercised by modifying any provision or retaining direct EU legislation. The chapter also details the interpretation and the extent of the Act.