bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Two Related Samples
Authors: Isbell Daniel R. , Jiang Xiangying 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Comparing two related samples, where data of an outcome variable are paired, is a common task for applied linguistics researchers, such as when seeking to compare pretest and posttest scores among a single group in a (quasi‐)experimental research design or when pairs of individuals have been matched on some variable of interest before (random) group assignment. Of interest in such cases is the difference between values for each pair of observations. In such cases, a simple comparison of means is appropriate when the data are continuous and normally distributed, and a paired
t
‐test is suitable. When data are of an ordinal nature and/or non‐normally distributed, a comparison of ranks is appropriate, which can be accomplished with a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. This entry provides an overview of both tests and includes step‐by‐step tutorials carrying out analyses.
Comparing 2+ Related Samples
Authors: Mihai Florin M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Researchers in applied linguistics often employ designs that rely on repeated measures when comparing more than two samples. In this case, the most representative parametric techniques are one‐way or two‐way repeated measure (RM) ANOVA. A one‐way RM ANOVA is utilized to determine if a single variable differs significantly among the three or more levels of a set of conditions, also called a factor. Conversely, a two‐way design is used in experiments involving more than two sets of conditions. The chapter reviews the advantages and disadvantages of RM ANOVA, analyses the statistical assumptions associated with this research design, and discusses the components of an RM ANOVA output. Additionally, the chapter includes the Friedman analysis of variance by ranks or the Friedman test as a non‐parametric alternative to RM ANOVA.
Grammar in Political Debate
Authors: Fetzer Anita 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Grammar is a complex phenomenon: it may refer to language users' competence of the rules of a language and of its constitutive systems, and it may refer to the description of such a system in a codified text, a reference grammar. In the analysis of political debate—as in other discourse‐based studies—the strategic use of grammar, that is, linguistic forms and their discursive functions in context, has become the focus of investigation. This holds for the strategic use of pronouns or agentless passives to enhance or deflect responsibility, the strategic use of tense, aspect, and modality to attenuate speaker commitment, the strategic use of verb semantics to do leadership in context targeting competence and responsiveness, or the use of quotations, small stories, and social and regional dialects to do ordinariness popularizing a debate to align with ordinary citizens.
Political debate comprises parliamentary debates in societal institutions as well as media debates in traditional media and in social media. The political debates may take place between the elites of society, sometimes integrating ordinary citizens (or their voices). With the advent of social media, political debate has been expanded to media users' commenting. With the mediation and medialization of political debate in and across social media, political debate has become a very important kind of mediated discourse, and it is not only the grammar of political debate, which is at issue, but also the grammar of mediated discourse.
Qualitative Research for Language Planning
Authors: Li Xuan , Payne Mark 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This entry describes the development and framework of language planning (LP) research with particular attention given to qualitative studies of LP. With the shift in LP research from the macro level to the micro and meso level studies, qualitative research has come to the forefront. Qualitative approaches enable investigators to gain an in‐depth understanding of researched phenomena in the real‐world contexts: they give researchers the tools to probe and illuminate issues that were previously opaque or little known and to produce rich and holistic accounts of multiple perspectives and factors involved in the phenomena under study. For LP researchers, qualitative studies are well suited to the exploration of the dynamic, multilevel processes of LP as well as the language ideologies, practices, and agency of individual actors. Depending on the specific research aims and context, LP researchers may collect qualitative data using the approach of ethnography, case study, or narrative inquiry. These qualitative approaches and relevant methods are introduced briefly in this entry. Finally, the future directions of qualitative LP research are discussed.
Speaking as a Pedagogical Target
Authors: De Jong Nivja H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
What should teachers do to facilitate students' learning to speak a second language? This entry introduces speaking as a skill under time pressure; it describes how scholars have defined the speaking ability, including speaking in interaction, and looks at what knowledge and skills they deem necessary for successful speaking. It goes on to present what researchers have said about teaching these types of knowledge and skills. The entry concludes by reviewing aspects of teaching speaking that need future research attention.
Action Research
Authors: Banegas Darío Luis , Güngör Müzeyyen Nazlı 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
At the intersection of language education and applied linguistics, action research (AR) is a powerful form of inquiry which places teachers and learners in their context at the center of the research landscape. In this entry, AR is particularly characterized as inclusive, agentive, exploratory, and informed. Based on those features, the process of AR is understood through the notions of cycles and stages. The benefits and challenges of AR are subsumed under two issues: (a) practice enrichment and (b) collective growth. The entry underlines the potential of AR as an instrument to encourage the identity of teachers as researchers and intellectuals who can advance theories of practice.
Multilingualism and English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Fang Fan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This entry presents on the key aspects of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in different stages of development. It argues the importance of embracing multilingual perspectives when exploring ELF in social communication and education. In particular, ELF should be positioned within the multilingual paradigm as a multilingua franca (EMF) to recognize the diversity and complexity of ELF use and practice. The entry also proposes the EMF‐translanguaging symbiosis as both education and social discourses to promote inclusive education for a decolonizing pedagogy.
A Fractal‐Like Hierarchical Bionic Scaffold for Osseointegration
Authors: Tian Yulin , Jiang Wenbo , Deng Liang , Ran Zhaoyang , Min Na , Li Wei , Hao Yongqiang , Jin Xuejun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMillions of patients each year are impacted by critical‐size bone tissue defects, the repair of which involves inflammation and the formation of new tissue. In this study, a fractal biomimetic design for a 3D‐printed scaffold that combined 3D printing with high‐energy plasma tantalum alloy fabrication, enabling easy production on an industrial scale is proposed. The fractal bionic design leverages the principles of fractal geometry, employing self‐affine patterns and random fractals to attain self‐affine surface design on 3D scaffolds. This approach aimed to emulate the fractal dimensions observed in natural bone structures closely. While the surface roughness of implants plays a critical role in restoration outcomes, this findings suggest that incorporating the surface fractal dimension may hold greater significance than mere roughness. A rat skull‐defect model is utilized to assess the osteogenic potential of the three scaffolds, and photoacoustic technology is first employed for long‐term, in situ monitoring of physiological signals during the bone repair process. Results from both cell and animal experiments demonstrated that fractal bionic scaffolds offer notable advantages over surface‐modified scaffolds and 3D‐printed scaffolds. This experimental results showed that the bionic scaffold group manifested a better bone‐promoting process.
Advancements in Microfluidic Technologies for Male Infertility
Authors: Shahali Sahar , Akbaridoust Farzan , Neild Adrian , Nosrati Reza 
Published: January 2025

AbstractInfertility affects ≈15% of couples worldwide, with ≈45% of these cases involving male factors. Semen analysis and sperm selection are critical and routine steps in achieving successful assisted reproductive outcomes. Conventional methods, which are widely used in clinics, are manual, subjective, time‐consuming, and simply not sufficient for the highly complex and multifaceted task of sperm analysis. Recently, microfluidics‐based devices, combined with high‐resolution microscopy, have offered promising opportunities for evaluating sperm quality, gaining a fundamental understanding of sperm motion, and selection of high‐quality sperm. Machine learning (ML) has also introduced automation and standardization in analyzing sperm morphology, intracellular characteristics, and motility. In this review, these state‐of‐the‐art methods are comprehensively discussed and provide directions to address unresolved challenges.
Ink‐Bath Interactions in Embedded Ink Writing for Producing Functional Parts
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Hua Weijian , Juarez Kurt , Mitchell Kellen , Ning Wenyu , Shi Weiliang , Hao Jiangtao , Duan Fei , Jin Wenbo , Zhang Jun , Jin Yifei , Zhao Danyang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEmbedded ink writing (EIW) is an emerging 3D printing technique that is extensively applied for a variety of engineering applications. This technique is featured by printing a liquid functional ink within a yield‐stress fluid bath. Due to the selection of ink and bath materials with different hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, diverse ink‐bath interactions occur that affect the filament formation in EIW. In this work, the interrelationships between ink‐bath interactions and three major physical phenomena (including filament diffusion, shrinkage, and breakage) are experimentally and systematically investigated. Several key parameters, such as interfacial tension between ink and bath materials, ink's elasticity, and bath's yield stress, significantly affect the morphology and/or geometry of as‐printed filaments. Based on the obtained knowledge, a functional index finger is printed, which demonstrates a good grasping capability in a robotic hand system.
Rational Design of Palladium and Platinum Chemosensors for Bio‐Applications
Authors: Tritton Daniel Nnaemaka , Kwan Chak‐Shing , Tang Fung‐Kit , Cai Zongwei , Li Min , Leung Ken Cham‐Fai 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPalladium and platinum are non‐endogenous precious group 10 metals that are extensively used for catalytic materials, electronics, and drugs. These heavy metals have recently gained more attention in biomedical applications and drug development. At the same time, concerns arising from metal content in various sample types have provoked chemists to develop reliable analytical tools to evaluate the internalization of these metals. Fluorescence chemosensors serve as crucial tools for analytical chemistry and molecular imaging. In view of this, small molecular fluorescent chemosensors are attractive candidates because of their high sensitivity and non‐destructive nature for molecular imaging. This mini‐review summarizes recent examples of palladium and platinum chemosensors, and their detection mechanisms are highlighted with the applications used in the studies. Moreover, a brief discussion on sensor design and outlook is given as a reference for future palladium and platinum chemosensor development.
Full‐Spectrum Mechanochromic Photonic Films with Large Interparticle Distance
Authors: Lee Hwan‐Young , Kang Jun‐Gu , Kim Young‐Seok , Kim Shin‐Hyun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNon‐close‐packed crystalline arrays of colloidal particles in an elastic matrix exhibit mechanochromism. However, small interparticle distances often limit the range of reversible color shifts and reduce reflectivity during a blueshift. A straightforward, reproducible strategy using matrix swelling to increase interparticle distance and improve mechanochromic performance is presented. Photonic composites are initially prepared with silica particle arrays embedded in an elastomer matrix at volume fractions of 0.35–0.5. To increase interparticle distance, the composites are immersed in an elastomer‐forming monomer, causing the matrix to swell, followed by photopolymerization, thereby producing liquid‐free composites. The degree of swelling is controllable up to 3.16, depending on monomer choice, matrix volume fraction, and crosslinking density. The process can be repeated to further increase swelling up to 10.36. This method can reduce the volume fraction of silica particles from 40% to 3.8%, while interparticle distance increases from 53 to 257 nm. The swollen photonic composites exhibit a full visible spectrum under compression, while minimizing reflectivity loss. This allows red‐colored photonic composites to be transformed into vivid multicolor patterns when compressed with stamps featuring spatial height variations.
Multifunctional Native Defects Boosting the Thermoelectric Transport in Few‐Layer PdPS
Authors: Yu Zehao , Li Meilin , Yang Yu , Yu Peng , Suwardi Ady , Zhang Lifa , Zhao Yunshan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAs a unique Cairo pentagonal 2D material, palladium phosphide sulfide (PdPS) has garnered immense interests due to its excellent optoelectronic properties, anisotropic electronic transport behavior, and good air‐stability. In addition, its puckered pentagon structure renders an ultralow thermal conductivity, making it a promising candidate for thermoelectrics applications. However, its thermoelectric transport has not been studied until now due to challenges in obtaining the atomic thin PdPS flake and further measurement. In this work, the thermoelectric performance of 2D PdPS is investigated. It is found that thermoelectric property of PdPS can be effectively manipulated via the delicate annealing treatment, which effectively regulate the defect concentrations. Remarkably, beyond regulating carrier concentrations and shifting the Fermi level closer to the conduction band, these defects also produce a large number of defect states. Consequently, ultra‐high power factor of 0.648 mW m−1 K−2 at room temperature is achieved, outperfoming other 2D materials reported to date. Furthermore, the anisotropic electronic transport properties of few‐layer PdPS are further studied and an extremely high electron anisotropic ratio of 47.37 are obtained at 20 K. The findings provide a new pathway for the development of nanoelectronic devices based on emerging 2D materials with high electronic anisotropy and thermoelectric performance.
High‐Performance n‐type Organic Thermoelectric Aerogels Toward Flexible Energy Harvesting and Sensing Devices
Authors: Zhang Chan , Liu Xi , Han Shaobo , Wu Menxing , Xiao Runfeng , Chen Shangzhi , Chen Guangming 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThermoelectric generators are one type of energy device widely used for wearable and flexible electronics to provide power to other devices. Organic aerogels with excellent thermoelectric and mechanical properties are promising candidates for such applications, but most of high‐performance organic aerogels are made of p‐type materials. It remains a great challenge to develop a low‐cost and air‐stable n‐type organic aerogels with comparable performance with the state‐of‐the‐art p‐type counterparts to form an efficient thermoelectric power generator. In this study, a novel strategy based on a cellulose nanofiber skeleton is developed to form a high‐performance n‐type organic aerogel. The obtained n‐type organic aerogels possess a Seebeck coefficient of −17 µV K−1 and can combine with their p‐type counterparts to form a generator outputting 1 µW with a temperature difference of 50 K. Using the n‐type organic aerogels, dual‐parameter pressure and temperature sensing with high precision and reproducibility can be realized. The n‐type aerogel will find its applications not only for outdoor self‐powered systems, but also for human health diagnosis systems with real‐time monitoring of multiple parameters without crosstalk.
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of the Heterocumulene Anions [NCC‐L]− (L=CO, CS, N2)
Authors: Le Dé Quentin , Zhang Yihao , Zhao Lili , Krischer Felix , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan , Frenking Gernot , Gessner Viktoria H. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCumulenes are molecules characterized by a series of consecutive double bonds. They serve as important reagents and intermediates in the synthesis of polymers and a wide variety of functionalized compounds, including various heterocycles. Understanding the properties of cumulenes and developing synthetic routes to these often highly reactive species is essential for unlocking new applications. Here, we report the synthesis and isolation of the cyanodiazomethanide [NCCNN]− and cyanothioketenyl anion [NCCCS]−. These 5‐atomic anions exhibit unexpected stabilities but distinct structural differences. Despite the explosive nature of diazoacetonitrile, the [NCCNN]− anion was sufficiently stable at 0 °C to allow for first reactivity studies and its structure elucidation revealing a bent structure. The thioketenyl anion is stable at room‐temperature and can be accessed from the cyanoketenyl anion [NCCCO]− via a [2+2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion sequence with COS elimination. Comparative structural, spectroscopic and computational studies including those on the cyanoketenyl anion [NCCCO]−, demonstrate that the degree of bending of these heterocumulene anions [NCC‐L]− can be explained by a transition in the bonding situation from a cumulene structure to an anionic carbone, with the strongly π accepting CS ligand leading to a linear structure of the thioketenyl anion.
Late‐Stage Diazoester Installation via Arylthianthrenium Salts
Authors: Li Le , Müller Sven , Petzold Roland , Ritter Tobias 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBy leveraging the fast oxidative addition of arylthianthrenium salts (aryl‐TT+) to palladium(0), a regioselective diazoester installation has been developed. This approach enables the introduction of a diazo moiety to densely functionalized arenes at a late stage. The installed diazo group is amenable to facile further derivatization.
Unlocking CO2 Activation With a Novel Ni−Hg−Ni Trinuclear Complex
Authors: Rahimi Naser , Lepetit Christine , Zargarian Davit 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCompounds featuring bonds between mercury and transition metals are of interest for their intriguing/ambiguous bonding and scarcely explored reactivities. We report herein the synthesis and reactivities of the new compound [(POCOP)Ni]2Hg, [Ni2Hg], featuring a trinuclear Ni−Hg−Ni core (POCOP=κP,κC,κP'‐2,6‐(i‐Pr2PO)2C6H3). [Ni2Hg] reacts with CO2 to give the carbonate‐bridged complex [Ni2CO3]. Bubbling CO gas through a solution of [Ni2CO3] gave its μ‐CO2 analogue [Ni2CO2], which itself reacts with CO2 to give back [Ni2CO3], indicating that these two compounds interconvert reversibly. This implies that the formation of [Ni2CO3] from [Ni2Hg] and CO2 constitutes a reductive disproportionation of two molecules of CO2 into CO32− and CO. Tests showed that this process proceeds through three steps, an initial CO2 insertion to give [Ni2CO2], followed by another CO2 insertion to give the second intermediate [Ni2C2O4], and the latter's decarbonylation to give [Ni2CO3]. Although the putative second intermediate could not be isolated, we have shown that it likely features a μ‐carbonyl‐carbonate rather than a μ‐oxalate moiety, because the latter complex is thermally stable to decarbonylation. Reduction of [Ni2CO3] with excess Na/Hg regenerates [Ni2Hg], establishing that the observed deoxygenation of CO2 in this system can, in principle, be catalytic in the presence of excess reductant.
CO2 Reduction at a Borane‐Modified Iron Complex: A Secondary Coordination Sphere Strategy
Authors: Durfy Connor S. , Zurakowski Joseph A. , Drover Marcus W. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis work addresses fundamental questions that deepen our understanding of secondary coordination sphere effects on carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction using derivatized hydride analogues of the type, [Cp*Fe(diphosphine)H] (Cp* = C5Me5−) – a well‐studied family of organometallic complex – as models. More precisely, we describe the general reactivity of [(Cp*‐BR2)Fe(diphosphine)H], which contains an intramolecularly positioned Lewis acid, and its cooperative reactivity with CO2. Control experiments underscore the critical nature of borane incorporation for transforming CO2 to reduced products, a reaction that does not occur for unfunctionalized [Cp*Fe(diphosphine)H]. Additional experiments highlight relevance of borane hybridization and substituent effects. Mechanistic studies performed in the presence and absence of CO2 emphasize the significance of carbonyl substrate to catalyst longevity. Lessons from these reactions were also transferable – with such borane‐containing complexes enabling the chemoselective reduction of aldehydes in the presence of alkenes. These findings provide valuable insights into metal‐ligand cooperative design strategies for carbonyl reduction and illustrate the versatility of intramolecularly positioned Lewis acids for otherwise challenging chemical transformations.
Technical Routes to Achieve High Circular Polarized Luminescence in Chiral Perovskites: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Yang Yongge , Yang Zhao , Shen Qing , Berry Joseph J. , Du Peng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractChiral hybrid organic‐inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic and spintronic applications, leveraging unique properties such as circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), circularly polarized nonlinear optical (NLO) emission, and chiral‐induced spin selectivity (CISS). However, challenges remain in stabilizing these materials under environmental stresses and precisely controlling chirality for scalable use. This review summarizes five main strategies to induce chirality in HOIPs, i.e., direct incorporation of chiral cations, surface modification with chiral ligands, ion doping, template‐induced chirality, and chiral metasurfaces. Each approach offers distinct advantages for optimizing CPL efficiency and device stability, paving the way for next‐generation applications in CPL detectors, information encryption, spintronic devices, etc.
Pathways for avoiding self‐sanction: How consumers give themselves a PASS on virtue violations
Authors: Lin Stephanie C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDespite motivations to see themselves as virtuous, consumers commonly engage in behaviors that are bad for themselves or others, such as eating unhealthy food or refusing prosocial requests. I introduce the Pathways for Avoiding Self‐Sanction (PASS) model, which explains how consumers violate their standards for virtue without self‐sanction. This model posits that consumers have a subjective threshold that they must not cross lest they incur self‐sanction and outlines three main pathways through which consumers succumb to the temptation of bad behaviors without crossing this threshold: the self‐based path, the behavior‐based path, or the threshold‐based path. By drawing on shared psychological processes between self‐control and moral decision‐making, the PASS model organizes self‐sanction avoidance strategies across literature in marketing, psychology, organizational behavior, and behavioral economics, offering a comprehensive and parsimonious view of the mechanisms through which consumers engage in maladaptive behaviors that harm themselves, others, and society.