bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcomes of full‐arch immediate fixed prostheses supported by two axial and two tilted implants: A retrospective cohort study with 12–15 years of follow‐up
Authors: Agliardi Enrico Luigi , Pozzi Alessandro , Romeo Davide , Del Fabbro Massimo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurposeTo retrospectively assess clinical and radiographic outcomes of immediately loaded full‐arch fixed prostheses supported by axial and tilted implants up to 15 years of function.Materials and MethodsPatients with one completely edentulous arch received an immediate full‐arch fixed prosthesis supported by two anterior axial and two posterior tilted implants. Definitive prosthesis consisting of a CAD‐CAM titanium framework and acrylic teeth was delivered 6 months later. Patients were regularly followed to assess clinical parameters and marginal bone level (MBL) change. Multilevel regression analysis was performed to investigate factors affecting implant failure and MBL.ResultsSix hundred ninety‐two implants were placed in 72 maxillae and 101 mandibles. Seven maxillary implants (5 axial and 2 tilted) in 6 patients and 12 mandibular implants (6 axial and 6 tilted) in 5 patients failed. 15‐year cumulative implant survival was 97.51% and 96.91% in maxilla and mandible, respectively (p = .64). After 10 years, the difference in MBL between axial and tilted implants was not significant in the maxilla (p = .47, 65 patients), while it was in the mandible (p < .001, 80 patients). Significant higher bone loss was reported in the mandible at both 5‐ and 10‐year follow‐up (p < .001 and p = .004, respectively). Mixed‐effect multilevel linear regression evidenced a correlation between arch and bone loss at 5‐ and 10‐year follow‐up, while no correlation was found with age, gender, smoking, diabetes, and history of periodontal disease.ConclusionThis long‐term study suggests that the present technique can be considered a viable treatment modality for the immediate rehabilitation of both maxilla and mandible.
An experimental study measuring the generalization of fine‐tuned language representation models across commonsense reasoning benchmarks
Authors: Shen Ke , Kejriwal Mayank 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn the last 5 years, language representation models, such as BERT and GPT‐3, based on transformer neural networks, have led to enormous progress in natural language processing (NLP). One such NLP task is commonsense reasoning, where performance is usually evaluated through multiple‐choice question answering benchmarks. Till date, many such benchmarks have been proposed, and ‘leaderboards’ tracking state‐of‐the‐art performance on those benchmarks suggest that transformer‐based models are approaching human‐like performance. Because these are commonsense benchmarks, however, such a model should be expected to generalize, that is, at least in aggregate, should not exhibit excessive performance loss across independent commonsense benchmarks regardless of the specific benchmark on (the training set of) which it has been fine‐tuned. In this article, we evaluate this expectation by proposing a methodology and experimental study to measure the generalization ability of language representation models using a rigorous and intuitive metric. Using five established commonsense reasoning benchmarks, our experimental study shows that the models do not generalize well, and may be (potentially) susceptible to issues such as dataset bias. The results therefore suggest that current performance on benchmarks may be an over‐estimate, especially if we want to use such models on novel commonsense problems for which a ‘training’ dataset may not be available, for the language representation model, to fine‐tune on.
Effect of pectin and temperature on sunflower meal colloidal particles for emulsion structure and stabilisation
Authors: Giarola Raquel Carolina , Ferrari Roseli Aparecida , Troya Raineri Fiocco Ana Clara , Netto Flavia Maria , da Cunha Rosiane Lopes , Nabeshima Elizabeth Harumi , Eisner Peter , Muranyi Isabel , Sadahira Mitie Sonia 
Published: February 2023

SummaryThis study evaluated the formation and dispersion effects with 4% w/w total biopolymer [sunflower meal protein (SMP) and pectin (P)] at SMP:P ratio 1:0, 25:1, 15:1, 5:1, pH 3.7, prepared at room temperature (RT) or heat treated (HT) at 98 °C on emulsion stabilisation. At RT, increasing P concentration increased apparent viscosity and gel‐like behaviour of biopolymer dispersions and emulsions. At SMP:P‐RT ratio 5:1, the dispersion structure showed protein attached to pectin and individual pectin dispersed in the continuous phase. Under this condition, the emulsion presented stability regarding creaming, flocculation and/or coalescence. Whereas when HT, all samples showed low apparent viscosity, but at SMP:P ratio 25:1 and 15:1 emulsions exhibit gel‐like behaviour. However, SMP:P ratio 5:1 dispersion presented spheroid particles and emulsion behaved as liquid‐like material with lower creaming, flocculation and/or coalescence. Therefore, depending on the process parameters, sunflower meal may be used as an ingredient to obtain different food emulsion structure.
Thermal stability of sea cucumber collagen and effects of gallic acid crosslinking
Authors: Zhu Lulu , Wang Weixia , Meng Yuqian , Tian Qiaoji , Hao Li , Hou Hu 
Published: February 2023

SummaryThe thermal processing characteristics of sea cucumber collagen (SCC) are closely related to its triple helix structure, self‐assembly and aggregation ability. The effect of heat treatment on SCC was studied by apparent viscosity, circular dichroism spectra and so on. As heating time increased from 10 to 160 min, apparent viscosity decreased from 400 to 300 mPa·s at 80 °C, indicating the structure of SCC changed. The decrease in SCC self‐assembly and aggregation ability showed the structural change. Positive peak at 220 nm was decreased from 24 to 0 mdeg at 60 °C for 10–160 min, which revealed that SCC triple helix structure was uncoiled and disappeared. Fluorescence intensity was increased and the absorption peak showed a red shift during thermal treatment. Gallic acid crosslinking could improve thermal stability and inhibit the degradation of collagen. It could provide theoretical guidance for sea cucumber processing.
Strength use and workers' job burnout in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: The mediating role of psychological capital
Authors: Bai Chengzhi , Bai Baoyu 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAimThis research aimed to explore the link of strength use with job burnout and investigate the role of psychological capital in the strength use–job burnout relationship among Chinese workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.DesignA descriptive, cross‐sectional design.MethodThis study was conducted from September to October 2020. A total of 351 employees working at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from five cities in China completed a series of valid and reliable instruments, namely, Strengths Use Questionnaire, Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Job Burnout Questionnaire. The PROCESS macro was used to test our hypotheses.ResultsWe found that people with higher strength use had lower job burnout compared with those with lower levels of strength use. Furthermore, resilience and hope acted as mediators of the relationship between strength use and job burnout. Moreover, resilience and hope played equally important roles in the strength use–job burnout relationship.ConclusionResilience and hope mediate the association of strength use with job burnout in workers of Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.ImpactHealth authorities can alleviate employees' job burnout by encouraging strength use and building their psychological capital, especially resilience and hope.
Field Welds in Pressure Pipe Lines of Steam Systems
Authors: Boetcher H. N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Fusion welding has in these later years come to be an important method of making all types of joints in construction work. The paper is confined to welding as it is done in the field on pipe lines to be operated under high pressures and temperatures. Based on the author’s tests and investigations, as well as on service experience extending over many years and on published and unpublished data obtained elsewhere, it is indicated that oxyacetylene welding fills the requirements in regard to soundness and adaptation to service conditions better than electric-arc welding, although it is not intended to claim any superiority of gas over electric-arc welding.
Some Design Aspects of the Rigid Airship
Authors: Arnstein Karl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper reviews earlier airship design and present-day trends in the light of modern design practise as exemplified in the construction of large size airships such as the “Akron” and “Macon.”
It is pointed out by the author that a saving in specific deadweight has always accompanied increases in airship size, except in those cases where specifications have been markedly altered or where the designer has deliberately sacrificed a weight advantage for an expected improvement in performance.
The design of bulkheads and main frames is discussed with regard to the restraint of gas cells and the distribution of planar loads. The influence of the number of corridors in strengthening the main frames against torsion and in assisting in the support of the intermediate frames is also discussed.
There have been but few developments in the engine field during the past few years but it does appear that in the matter of power-plant location the “inboard” installations will have the advantage over “outboard” installations for the faster long-range airships now projected for commercial service.
In discussing means of maintaining the ship’s equilibrium under varying conditions the author touches on disposal of ballast and aerodynamic lift to compensate for localized loss of gas, water recovery from the exhaust to replace the weight of the fuel consumed in a ship using liquid fuel, some advantages and disadvantages of gaseous fuels, and general design problems involved in guarding against uncontrolled descent.
Pulsating Air Flow
Authors: Bailey Neil P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mechanically induced air flow is pulsating even when it may seem steady to the physical senses. This pulsation causes errors in velocity measurement that are often as great as twenty per cent when the conventional pitot tube or orifice is used with a liquid manometer, and it causes an increase in the velocity-energy and fluid-friction loss that can easily reach fifty per cent.
A simple portable instrument has been developed by the author which gives the true average air velocity for any amount of pulsation. In this instrument, the air velocity creates a water velocity through a submerged orifice, and this water velocity is always proportional to the air velocity at that instant, and can therefore be used to determine the true average air velocity, regardless of the amount of pulsation.
The instrument was first verified by checking it on velocity-wave forms of known characteristics. Following that a blower was tested for several conditions of operation and the air velocity was determined with the instrument and compared with the values given by the conventional instruments. In a similar manner the intake air velocity was measured for single-, four-, and six-cylinder internal-combustion engines, and the effectiveness of a receiver tank for damping pulsations was studied.
The last section of the paper is devoted to similar tests on the slip-stream velocity of an airplane propeller where the effect of pulsation on the efficiency of the propeller was worked out.
Flow Distribution in Forced-Circulation Once-Through Steam Generators
Authors: Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A. , Potter A. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Forced-circulation, once-through steam generators of large capacity are constructed of several parallel circuits connected between inlet and discharge headers. Unequal flow distribution between these circuits, possibly resulting in tube failure, may be due to unequal frictional resistances, unequal heat absorption, or improper arrangements of circuits. The investigation which is reported in this paper was undertaken in order to determine the effect of unequal heat absorption, unequal circuit resistances, and the location of equalizers upon the flow distribution in the circuits of forced-circulation steam generators.
Pressure-drop calculations were based on the measurement of friction factors of water at temperatures between 57 and 694 F; also, of superheated steam at pressures between 1120 and 3578 lb per sq in abs with a maximum temperature of 806 F. Head-loss measurements were made with a special glass manometer for pressures up to 2200 lb per sq in., and for higher pressures by radiographs of the mercury level in a steel-tube manometer.
An analysis of flow distribution between parallel circuits leads to the following conclusions:
(1) Parallel circuits connected between the feedwater header and the superheater outlet header are unstable, the pressure drop being nearly independent of the flow rate. Consequently, slight variations in frictional resistance or heat-transfer rates may result in decreased flow and in overheated tubes.
(2) The flow in unstable circuits can be controlled by the use of an inlet resistance such as a section of small-diameter tube.
(3) The use of a common header or equalizer on each side of the evaporating zone will stabilize the flow in parallel circuits.
(4) Superheater and economizer circuits are more stable than evaporating-zone circuits.
(5) If only one equalizer is used, it should be placed at the end of the economizer section rather than at the end of the evaporating surface.
(6) The stability of circuits is independent of their capacity.
(7) The stability of superheater circuits is independent of pressure. Combined evaporating zone and superheater circuits are more stable at high pressures.
Curves are presented to show the extent to which the enthalpy of the steam and of the water delivered from parallel circuits will vary as a result of unequal circuit resistances and unequal heat absorption.
A New Method of Investigating Performance of Bearing Metals
Authors: Connelly John R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Any method to be used to investigate the performance of bearing metals should reproduce wear under service conditions and in addition it should show variation in wear with unit pressure. Various methods have been proposed in the past, one of which involves an accelerated test using an abrasive between two surfaces rubbing across each other, and another utilizes two tangent cylinders rotating relatively to each other and making contact along their common element. The first method does not reproduce wear under service conditions, while the second results in a constant contact area so that in order to test a metal completely many runs must be made at various unit pressures. The new method described in this paper reproduces wear under service conditions and gives variation in rate of wear with unit pressure.
Radiation Intensities and Heat Transfer by Radiation in Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Croft Huber O. , Schmarje C. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the development of an absorption calorimeter with a fused-quartz window and discusses its use in connection with a series of boiler tests. The results of these tests are compared with the Hudson-Orrok formula and the Wohlenberg method of computing radiation heat transfer.
A tentative empirical equation is given for computing radiation intensities, taking into account the dirtiness of the cold surfaces. Tentative formulas are also given for computing the average heat transfer by radiation in boiler furnaces.
Pitot-Tube Practice
Authors: Cole Edward S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author reviews the history of the pitot tube and, on the basis of experimental results, discusses the accuracy of the pitot-traverse method of water measurement. In connection with the practical application of the pitot tube to flow measurement, the author discusses the calibration of the tube, corrections for the effect of the projected area of the rod, and the errors caused by angularity of flow in a pipe. The degree of angularity of flow in the normal pipe line was investigated by means of a current-vane indicator and a motion-picture camera. Reference is made to investigations of the effect of eddying flow on pitot-tube readings as conducted by means of a series of ratings made with three pitot tubes of similar design used under three different conditions of flow, viz: Still water, the smooth or parallel flow of a large venturi throat, and the irregular or eddying flow of a 12-in. pipe line. In making the comparative ratings, coefficient corrections are made for the projected area of the pitot tube in the 12-in. pipe. The author shows that with normal flow in a pipe line, the manometer readings will vary through a series of cycles. These cycles, with pitot tubes in a 40-in. and a 12-in. pipe, were observed with a motion-picture camera.
Stresses in Three-Dimensional Pipe Bends
Authors: Hovgaard William 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper presents first an algebraic method of calculating the couples, forces, and stresses in a three-dimensional pipe line fixed at the ends, consisting of straight parts at right angles to each other connected by quarter bends. The solution is complete in that it takes account of bending, torsion, compression, and shearing. It comprises a special discussion of the rotations and deflections of quarter bends when subjected to forces and couples acting normal to their plane, with particular application to the three-dimensional pipe line. The author also gives an analysis of the stresses at the terminal sections and in the bends, together with a discussion of the strength criteria and the permissible working stresses. A numerical example is given to illustrate the application of the formulas.
An Airfoil-Type Propeller Blower for Ventilating Electrical Machines
Authors: Peck C. E. , Ross M. D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors discuss the development of an airfoil-type propeller blower, the design of which was influenced by space limitations in connection with the motor-driven blower equipment for a 165,000-kw turbine-generator unit installed at the Richmond station of the Philadelphia Electric Company. After the fan was designed, a model was built and tested before the full-size equipment was constructed. The authors present performance data for both the model and the full-size blower.
Tests of Radiation From Luminous Flames
Authors: Trinks W. , Keller J. D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the radiating power of luminous flames produced in the burning of natural gas and the effects which the different conditions of injection and combustion of the gas have upon such radiating power. The authors described the equipment used in making the tests which included a standard-type glass-tank burner and a newly developed burner designated as a “cracking and mixing” burner. The series of tests conducted with these burners were made to determine the effect on flame radiation of the following factors: Excess air or gas; changing the temperature of the preheated air; preheating the gas; changing the velocity of the gas; varying the proportion of gas passed through the high-pressure and low-pressure nozzles of the cracking and mixing burners; addition of gasoline to the gas; changing the angle of the burners; changing the velocity of the preheated air; closing or changing the size of the air hole around the burners; inserting or removing a tongue from the port; and changing the furnace pressure. Curves are presented by the authors showing these various effects.
Reduction of Airplane Noise and Vibration
Authors: Spain C. J. , Loye D. P. , Templin E. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In keeping with the demands for comfort in airplane transportation, the authors point out that it is not only necessary to provide the passenger with a comfortable cushioned seat in an air-conditioned cabin, but that it is also necessary to reduce noise and vibration. The methods of reducing noise and vibration as applied to airplane construction must of necessity differ from the methods used in automobiles and other ground installations where weight is not an important factor. The methods employed, together with the measurements resorted to in determining the methods which shall be used in reducing the airplane noises and vibration, are discussed.
Welding Alloy Steels
Authors: Kinzel A. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The welding of alloy steels is treated under three general headings; the low-alloy steels for general structural purposes, the heat-treated steels of the automotive type for machines and general engineering, and the high-alloy steels, such as stainless, for use in the chemical industries and the like. The effect of welding heat on metal adjacent to the weld proper and the intensity of internal stresses to be expected with joints of various design and various welding practices are discussed. It is shown that the butt weld has definite advantages from the engineering standpoint. The welding of heat-treated steels with austenitic welding rod and the welding of stainless steels with columbium-bearing welding rod are recent developments of note.
Applications of Copper-Alloy Welding
Authors: Hook I. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author presents a brief survey of the uses of copper alloys as welding materials in industrial applications. In general, the survey includes three distinct fields: (a) Joining of copper alloys by various brazing and welding methods; (b) joining of ferrous and other metals by copper-alloy weld metal; and (c) building up wear- and corrosion-resisting surfaces of copper alloys. The discussion is confined principally to the use of copper-alloy welding. Several of the applications cited are taken from published reports of different investigators, and references are given where details involved in copper-alloy welding may be found.
Superposed-Turbine Regulation Problem
Authors: Schwendner A. F. , Luoma A. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives a description of the hydraulic governing system used on Westinghouse superposed turbines. It also attacks from a theoretical standpoint some of the governing problems encountered on superposed turbines. The problems specifically attacked are (1) stable synchronizing, and (2) stable operation on the line with an exhaust-pressure regulator in action.
The Rheolaveur Coal-Cleaning Process
Authors: Griffen John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the Rheolaveur process of cleaning coal, explains its operating principles, and relates how variations in raw-coal qualities are smoothed out in cleaned-coal product. He submits data showing the variability of raw coal from Illinois and Pittsburgh seams, and the uniformity of the cleaned coal produced in the Rheolaveur plants.