bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct detection of photo-induced reactions by IR: from Brook rearrangement to photo-catalysis
Authors: Glotz Gabriel , Püschmann Sabrina , Haas Michael , Gescheidt Georg 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn situ IR detection of photoreactions induced by the light of LEDs at appropriate wavelengths provides a simple, cost-effective, and versatile method to get insight into mechanistic details. In particular, conversions of functional groups can be selectively followed. Overlapping UV–Vis bands or fluorescence from the reactants and products and the incident light do not obstruct IR detection. Compared with in situ photo-NMR, our setup does not require tedious sample preparation (optical fibers) and offers a selective detection of reactions, even at positions where 1H-NMR lines overlap or 1H resonances are not clear-cut. We illustrate the applicability of our setup following the photo-Brook rearrangement of (adamant-1-yl-carbonyl)-tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, address photo-induced α-bond cleavage (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone), study photoreduction using tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II), investigate photo-oxygenation of double bonds with molecular oxygen and the fluorescent 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium photocatalyst, and address photo-polymerization. With the LED/FT-IR combination, reactions can be qualitatively followed in fluid solution, (highly) viscous environments, and in the solid state. Viscosity changes during the reaction (e.g., during a polymerization) do not obstruct the method.
Graphical abstract
Biosynthesis, and characterization of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) obtained from the extract of waste of strawberry
Authors: Khan Azhar U. , Malik Nazia , Singh Bijendra , Ansari Nizamul Haque , Rehman Meenal , Yadav Annu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNanotechnology has become a promising approach and gain the appreciable recognition due to have biomedical application. Nanoparticles exhibited unique characteristic and play an effective role in area of science. The synthesis of nanoparticles with desire size and shape is an important field of research in nanotechnology. Herein we synthesized the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using zinc acetate as precursor and extract of waste strawberry extract as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Further, obtained ZnO NPs characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, and TEM analysis. The UV–vis result confirm ZnONPs formation with its surface Plasmon resonance peak (SPR) at 311 nm due to the collective oscillations of electrons in the conduction band in UV–vis spectra. XRD peaks also meet the standard of ZnONPs peaks and indicated that the prepared material consists of particles in nanoscale range. The SEM and TEM analyze the morphology, shape and size in range 50 nm with spherical shape. The FTIR was tested the functional group liable for the synthesis of ZnONPs.
Graphical Abstract
Metafictive devices in children’s picturebooks and the development of children’s critical multimodal literacies
Authors: Turner Carmel , Barton Georgina , Riddle Stewart 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHigh-quality children’s literature, including picturebooks, are important resources in the classroom for students to engage with complex and sometimes concerning contemporary issues. One strategy to involve students in learning about such issues is through the use of metafictive devices, which are literary stratagems that draw readers into knowing more about a topic and helping them understand and interpret them safely. In this paper, we analyse three selected texts that contain important and deliberate metafictive devices used by award-winning authors/illustrators. First, we share brief synopses of each book and then provide detailed analyses of the literary tools used by the authors, including how they support students’ meaning-making practices through language and image. Then we consider how these works were used in a primary school classroom to improve children’s critical multimodal literacies so that they became more discerning readers who could effectively cope and engage with complex and troubling world issues through literature.
Social innovation that connects people to coasts in the Anthropocene
Authors: Celliers Louis , Mañez Costa María , Rölfer Lena , Aswani Shankar , Ferse Sebastian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Post-industrial society is driving global environmental change, which is a challenge for all generations, current and future. The Anthropocene is the geological epoch in which humans dominate and it is rooted in the past, present, and future. Future sustainability is building on the momentum of the fundamental importance of studying human dynamics and governance of coupled social and ecological systems. In the Anthropocene, social innovation may play a critical role in achieving new pathways to sustainability. This conventional narrative review uses a qualitative analysis anchored in the Grounded Theory Method and a systematic collection and analysis of papers to identify broad types of social innovations. Scientific journal articles published since 2018 were prioritised for inclusion. The six types of social innovation proposed are (a) authentic engagement; (b) artful and engaging communication; (c) urging and compelling change; (d) governance for social-ecological systems; (e) anticipation in governance; and (f) lived experiences and values. The six innovations proposed in this paper can be embedded within, and form part of, social action using a science–society compact for the sustainable development of coasts in the Anthropocene.
Representing Mixtures
Authors: Wills James 
Published: March 2023

AbstractI describe two candidate representations of a mixture. The first, which I call the standard representation, is not a good representation of a mixture in spite of its widespread popularity. The second, which I call Gibbs’s representation, is less widely adopted but is, I argue, a much better representation. I show that once we have a precise mathematical structure that can be used to represent thermodynamic systems, and once an adequate perspective on representation is adopted, Gibbs’s representation trumps the standard representation.
Skylab: the film transfer boom
Authors: Smith G. A. 
Published: March 2023

IN 1970, Skylab planners decided to provide the astronauts with extendible booms to convey film cassettes weighing 125 earth pounds between the Airlock Module and the Apollo Telescope Mount. This paper describes the boom and its dispensing mechanism, and discusses problems encountered with the mechanism during the test programme. These problems were mainly associated with operation in cold temperature, lubrication, and the motor/ gearhead assembly. Another set of problems which arose during crew training in the MSFC water tank is also discussed.Experience from this programme leads to the conclusion that attention to detail is the cardinal rule for mechanisms designers. Such things as the correct choice of lubricant, the build-up of tolerances, and the effect of differential contraction of metals can make or break a design.Two Film Transfer Booms were used during six separate EVAs over the almost nine-month Skylab mission. At these times, film for five solar physics experiments was replenished and retrieved from two work stations on the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), and the touch of a button sent extendible stainless steel booms carrying bulky cassettes at six inches a second across thirty feet of space.
Aspect of non-destructive inspection in relation to service failure analysis
Authors: de Graaf E. A. B. 
Published: March 2023

The specialists called upon after the failure of a structural component to establish the true cause of the failure find themselves often in the fortunate position that they are able to tell from the fracture what went wrong. In such cases they can readily make suggestions either to improve a bad construction or to replace an unsuitable material. The consequences regarding fulure non-destructive inspection of similar components are often less readily appreciated.The present paper deals with a number of aircraft component service failures. First, the paper discusses how inspection procedures can be improved as a consequence of service failure analysis. Secondly the paper considers the possibility that changes in existing inspection procedures may lead to unexpected defect discoveries. The third topic shows that the service failure analyst can employ standard non-destructive techniques in unusual ways with increased effectiveness. Finally it is shown that the application of inspection techniques using fluids can influence the subsequent analysis of a failure.
Civilian vertical lift systems and aircraft in North America
Authors: Stepniewski W. Z. 
Published: March 2023

The aim of this presentation is to provide a survey of civilian VTOL activities in the United States. However, because of space limitations, attention can be focused on only a few topics. Nevertheless, it is believed that a representative picture of technical and organisational activities, current and future trends, and problems is presented.The unique capability of vertical-lift systems (permitting take-offs and landings from restricted areas) generates a special market for these aircraft, because the needs of carrying both people and goods cannot be fulfilled equally well by other modes of transport. In this respect, the helicopter, which at present is the only operational VTOL concept, has demonstrated that a demand for its services, especially in such fields as offshore oil rig support, business flying, crane operations, etc, generates its own momentum of spontaneous growth, which should become quite visible from this presentation.
Computing laminar boundary layers with the von Mises equation
Authors: Mills R. D. , Abedin M. Z. 
Published: March 2023

There is much current interest in numerical methods of solution of the laminar boundary-layer equations. Methods used to date may generally be classified as(i) explicit finite-difference methods (e.g. Refs. 1, 2, 3);(ii) implicit finite-difference methods (e.g. Refs. 4, 5, 6, 7);(iii) difference-differential methods (e.g. Ref. 8).A method based on converting the boundary-layer problem into an integral equation and solving the latter by iteration has been developed by one of the present authors.
The rotor and its future
Authors: Jones J. P. 
Published: March 2023

When delivering a Memorial lecture it is customary to open with a tribute to the one who is remembered. But the substance of my lecture is the rotor which Cierva evolved 50 years ago and I hope to sufficiently recognise his contribution during the delivery. Therefore with your permission I will content myself now with marking my deep appreciation of the honour done me by your invitation.An informed layman reading past papers on rotors and rotorcraft would form the impression that each achievement was only a fleeting gain. The autogyro was to give way to the helicopter, the helicopter to the compound helicopter and the compound to the convertible rotorcraft. The rotor itself, it was argued, is ideal for hovering but hopelessly inefficient in forward flight. Hence the haste to get back to wings, a tendency much increased when fixed wing designers discovered how to use small, heavily loaded, rotors. But such is the lure of the rotor that even its detractors saw the case for its use in landing and take-off.
International airlines in a changing world
Authors: Shaw R. R. 
Published: March 2023

It is a great honour and pleasure to be invited to deliver this Lawrence Hargrave Memorial Lecture in my home town—particularly as it gives me a chance to pay tribute to a man whose contributions to the development of the science of flight are commonly overlooked and usually under-rated.I can remember vividly Professor Stephens delivering the first of these Memorial Lectures in 1956. With his whimsical sense of humour he started in a rather unconventional way. Without any of the usual introductory words he flashed a portrait of Lawrence Hargrave on the screen and said “Well, there he is—a handsome fellow—what you can see of him.” In a sense these words sum up the theme of my lecture. I want to discuss some of the outstanding problems of the international airline industry—an industry whose handsome features are at present somewhat obscured by adversity.
The Islander
Authors: Britten F. R. J. 
Published: March 2023

The Islander is extremely simple and has had few aerodynamic problems; the exception was a persistent elevator “buzz” in some aircraft which was annoying more than it was serious and the cause of which was never satisfactorily established, despite an investigation that took six to seven months and which included wind tunnel testing and elaborate flight instrumentation. It was eventually reduced to an acceptable level by improved detail engineering.The NACA 23012 section that we use is not a popular section nowadays despite having a good CL max, low CMO and low CDO. Its main drawback is the abrupt stall it can give to a wing. The usual cure for this is to provide generous washout. We chose to confine our washout to the wing tip and, as no dihedral was necessary apart from the tips, we achieved a very simple rectangular box structure with no joints—both a stressman's and a production engineer's dream. It is not often that you can please them both.
Errors Due to Pulsation in Orifice Meters
Authors: Grimson J. , Hay N. 
Published: March 2023

At the present time, the only established method of metering a pulsating fluid flow involves the installation of damping devices in the system between the source of pulsation and the flow meter to ensure that the flow through the meter is essentially steady. Such devices may comprise a combination of frictional and volumetric damping and the method by which the required degree of damping is determined makes use of the Hodgson criterion. In many systems, it is undesirable (or, at least, inconvenient) to have to incorporate this damping and, therefore, the more direct approach, involving the metering of flow which is actually pulsating, is of considerable practical interest.In the present note, the various factors affecting the metering errors in pulsating flow are discussed in relation to the results of an experimental investigation into the pulsating flow of air through a number of standard orifice configurations.
A Third London Airport
Authors: Haines P. C. 
Published: March 2023

This symposium is about Airports and Transport Aircraft and Interface problems. The best way to deal with interface problems is not to have them.My paper is about some of the interface problems which may arise concerning a Third London Airport if we do not plan them away beforehand. The majority of the points I shall be raising were identified during our work for the Commission on the Third London Airport and are fully set out in the Report on the Commission's Proceedings Papers and Proceedings Volume VIII Part 2, Section 2, to which you should turn for more detail.
Titanium Structures in Practice
Authors: Eccles D. , Heath W. G. 
Published: March 2023

Developments in the technology have caused a steady decrease in the cost of introducing titanium into aircraft structures. This encouraging state of affairs has resulted in an increased use of titanium alloys, especially in the USA, where the development of supersonic aircraft has provided a prima facie case for their introduction.In the UK the technology has not developed so rapidly, although both civil and military aircraft have gradually introduced more and more titanium components, principally forgings (see Fig. 1). Some years ago, however, it became apparent that the British aerospace industry could not afford either the time or the money involved in developing the technology for a specific new project. On the other hand, a new project without a substantial percentage of titanium in its structure could well be less efficient than a competitor featuring a large number of titanium components.
On the correction of hot wire turbulence measurements for spatial resolution errors
Authors: Roberts J. B. 
Published: March 2023

Hot wire anemometers have found widespread use in the measurement of turbulence for many years. Recently, considerable improvements in the signal to noise ratio of these instruments has facilitated measurements in the high wavenumber region of the energy spectrum, where the turbulent energy level is usually relatively low.Of major concern in the measurement of very small scale turbulent fluctuations by the hot wire method is the error introduced by the spatial averaging effect of the wire. Clearly, for fluctuations with wavelengths of the same order of magnitude as the wire length, or less, the line integration of the wire results in measured amplitudes which deviate considerably from those which would be recorded by a probe of infinitely small size.
On problems of flight over an extended angle-of-attack range
Authors: Thomas H. H. B. M. 
Published: March 2023

To ensure successful operation of aircraft at high angles of attack (or high lift) conditions, attention must be paid to two basic design aims. These are the ability to achieve an adequate high lift performance and the need to ascertain that inadvertent penetration of the post-stall regime (or more generally any critical condition, which may for a particular aircraft be considered as replacing the conventional stall) does not lead to uncontrollable and thus potentially dangerous flight conditions.The first aim is concerned primarily with the maintenance of the flow pattern associated with the normal flight regime and the augmentation of the lifting capability of the wings to sufficiently high lift coefficients. It, therefore, relates to the design of the wings, leading-edge devices and the flap system, if any, in respect of the onset of the flow breakdown.
A CONJECTURE OF MERCA ON CONGRUENCES MODULO POWERS OF 2 FOR PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS
Authors: DU JULIA Q. D. , TANG DAZHAO 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLet
$Q(n)$
denote the number of partitions of n into distinct parts. Merca [‘Ramanujan-type congruences modulo 4 for partitions into distinct parts’, An. Şt. Univ. Ovidius Constanţa30(3) (2022), 185–199] derived some congruences modulo
$4$
and
$8$
for
$Q(n)$
and posed a conjecture on congruences modulo powers of
$2$
enjoyed by
$Q(n)$
. We present an approach which can be used to prove a family of internal congruence relations modulo powers of
$2$
concerning
$Q(n)$
. As an immediate consequence, we not only prove Merca’s conjecture, but also derive many internal congruences modulo powers of
$2$
satisfied by
$Q(n)$
. Moreover, we establish an infinite family of congruence relations modulo
$4$
for
$Q(n)$
.
External Threats, Capacity, and Repression: How the Threat of War Affects Political Development and Physical Integrity Rights
Authors: Artabe Eugenia , Chapa Samantha , Sparkman Leah , Shea Patrick E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHow do external threats affect leaders' incentives to repress? We argue that external threats both increase and decrease state repression, but through different causal pathways. Directly, external threats provide leaders with political cover to use repression against political opponents. Indirectly, threats incentivize leaders to augment state capacity, which decreases the likelihood of state repression. To test this argument, we develop a new latent measure of external threat using a Bayesian measurement model. We use mediation analysis to examine the direct and indirect effects of external threats on repression in developing countries from 1980 to 2016. We find that external threats increase government repression directly, but indirectly decrease repression through stronger state capacity. Our findings have implications for how international factors connect to domestic politics to help explain state repression. In addition, our new measure of external threat will help scholars study the consequences of the international threat environment.
Serum neurofilament light concentrations are associated with cortical thinning in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Hellerhoff Inger , Bernardoni Fabio , Bahnsen Klaas , King Joseph A. , Doose Arne , Pauligk Sophie , Tam Friederike I. , Mannigel Merle , Gramatke Katrin , Roessner Veit , Akgün Katja , Ziemssen Tjalf , Ehrlich Stefan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by severe emaciation and drastic reductions of brain mass, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated the putative association between the serum-based protein markers of brain damage neurofilament light (NF-L), tau protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cortical thinning in acute AN.MethodsBlood samples and magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained from 52 predominantly adolescent, female patients with AN before and after partial weight restoration (increase in body mass index >14%). The effect of marker levels before weight gain and change in marker levels on cortical thickness (CT) was modeled at each vertex of the cortical surface using linear mixed-effect models. To test whether the observed effects were specific to AN, follow-up analyses exploring a potential general association of marker levels with CT were conducted in a female healthy control (HC) sample (n= 147).ResultsIn AN, higher baseline levels of NF-L, an established marker of axonal damage, were associated with lower CT in several regions, with the most prominent clusters located in bilateral temporal lobes. Tau protein and GFAP were not associated with CT. In HC, no associations between damage marker levels and CT were detected.ConclusionsA speculative interpretation would be that cortical thinning in acute AN might be at least partially a result of axonal damage processes. Further studies should thus test the potential of serum NF-L to become a reliable, low-cost and minimally invasive marker of structural brain alterations in AN.
Care for the Family and the Environment in China's Coal Country
Authors: Bruckermann Charlotte 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn the “coal province” of Shanxi, residents grapple with tensions between caring for their families and caring about their environment. In creating ethical pathways through care, residents must navigate the paradox of livelihoods dependent on forms of development that endanger lives and pollute environments. This dilemma has crystallized over time, as the personal and particular demands of the present have become enmeshed with long-standing concerns over environmental degradation. Rather than characterizing family care as concrete and environmental care as abstract, acts of care in Shanxi link the reproductive crisis of the family with the reproductive crisis of the environment: the article presents instances under which the attention, empathy and recognition of care for concrete others are scaled up to the levels of ecology and planetary crisis.
Community perceptions of environmental water: a review
Authors: Kosovac Anna , Horne Avril C , O’Donnell Erin 
Published: March 2023

SummaryAllocation of water specifically to the environment (often dubbed ‘environmental water’ or ‘environmental flows’) can be contentious within government, among irrigators and between community members. The reduction in supply of fresh water has led to questions surrounding the efficiencies and ecological value of securing these adequate flows for waterways. This literature review examines the evidence on these perceptions of environmental water allocations, focusing foremost on general public, irrigator, Indigenous and decision-maker perspectives. Existing studies are predominantly in Global North areas such as Australia, Canada and the USA. Two themes featured strongly in the papers: the importance of personal values in the acceptance of environmental water and the perception of fairness in environmental water allocation processes. Although the research area has been expanding, there is still limited representation in types of study, disciplinary backgrounds and study locations, and as such many research opportunities remain.