bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative trajectories of R1, R2*, and magnetic susceptibility in basal ganglia on healthy ageing
Authors: Chan Kwok-Shing , Zwiers Marcel P. , Jansen Michelle G. , Johansson Martin E. , Helmich Rick C. , Oosterman Joukje M. , Norris David G. , Beckmann Christian F. , Marques José P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques, including R1, R2*, and magnetic susceptibility mapping, have emerged as promising tools for generating surrogate imaging markers of brain tissue microstructure, enabling non-invasive in vivo measurements associated with myelination and iron deposition. Gaining insights into how these quantitative measurements evolve throughout a normal lifespan can enhance our understanding of brain maturation processes and facilitate studies of disease-related microstructural changes by distinguishing pathological alterations from normal brain development. In this study, we established the normative trajectories of R1, R2*, and magnetic susceptibility in the basal ganglia at 3T. We used a healthy ageing cohort comprising 260 subjects with an evenly distributed age range (from 18 to 80 years) and sex ratio throughout adulthood. Utilising the non-parametric Gaussian Process Regression model to derive the normative trajectories, we found that R1 in these structures predominantly exhibits a quadratic shape over age, while R2* and magnetic susceptibility are primarily linear. We validated the normative trajectories of R2* and magnetic susceptibility using an independent cohort. This result reinforces existing findings on the association between age and qMRI. Additionally, we demonstrated that the spatial distributions of the qMRI parameters also change with age in the putamen and caudate nucleus. Finally, the utility of normative modelling of qMRI in the basal ganglia is validated using an independent cohort comprising both healthy participants and individuals with Parkinson’s disease, with comparable data acquisition protocols.
Peace and Harmony
Authors: Lee Kiwoon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In 1 Clement 20, addressing Corinthian Christians, Clement of Rome deliberately appealed to the Stoic topos of peace and harmony to navigate class conflicts. Viewed in the social and philosophical context of ancient Corinth, similarities in the conceptual background of this topos are observed. This study goes beyond the above assumption by recognizing recurrent echoes of the OT’s creation accounts and cosmic order in 1 Clement 20. Peace and harmony were likely associated with the attributes of—and believed to have emanated from—the biblical God. Thus, Clement advocated for unity by appealing to the cosmic order of God’s creation.
Forcing Mechanisms of Strong Surface Winds in a Dust Storm–Prone, High-Latitude Proglacial Valley
Authors: Bellamy Daniel , Nadeau Daniel F. , King James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Proglacial valleys are important historical and contemporary sources of mineral dust emissions. These dust sources are situated within a complex mountainous terrain, which induce a series of superimposed meteorological phenomena. This paper assesses the forcing mechanisms of high wind speed (HWS) events in the dust storm–prone A’ą¨y Chu (Slims River) valley in southwest Yukon, Canada (60.96°N, 138.60°W). The period of 7 July 2021–30 September 2022 (≈15 months) is examined using surface meteorological stations distributed within and near the valley. A hierarchical indexing approach is applied, supported by high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations, to identify dominant meteorological forcing mechanisms of strong wind events. Half (50.0%) of HWS events in the valley occur under high above-valley wind speeds. Little evidence was found that off-glacier winds drive HWS, despite frequent attribution of these winds to local dust emissions in the literature. A summertime valley wind system is likely responsible for persistent nocturnal HWS near the valley delta (61.00°N, 138.52°W), contributing to the 28% of summer HWS under distinctly calm aloft conditions. Efforts to constrain HWS characteristics from ambient conditions were not successful, partly confounded by adjacent valley wind systems. Ascertaining the configuration of phenomena responsible for high surface winds in these locations is key to yielding the predictive capacity of dust emissions from these rapidly deglaciating landscapes.

Significance Statement
Mineral dust emissions from high-latitude (>50°N) regions are poorly represented in current modeling approaches. Many dust sources are situated in a mountainous terrain, which heavily influences local wind systems. We investigated the drivers of strong surface winds in the A’ą¨y Chu valley (Canada) with a combination of surface observations and meteorological modeling. The relative importance of different meteorological systems is identified, indicating key phenomena to resolve in future efforts to simulate mineral dust emissions from this region and quantify contributions to the global dust budget.
Gender disparities in adult patients undergoing emergency appendicectomy: A comparative analysis
Authors: Miller Gillian , Gall Lewis S , Macdonald Andrew , Khan Khurram Shahzad 
Published: January 2025

Background Emergency appendicectomy (EA) is a common procedure, yet few studies have focused on gender differences in these patients. This study aims to evaluate the demographics, preoperative investigations, intraoperative findings, and clinical outcomes between males and females undergoing EA. Methods A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted across four hospitals involving patients who underwent EA between August 2018 and November 2025. Patients were identified through pathology records, and data were collected on demographics, preoperative blood tests, imaging, operative details, and clinical outcomes and results compared. Results 1128 patients were included, with 57.5% being male. Males were younger (median age: 34 vs 40 years, P < .001). There was no significant difference in preoperative white cell or neutrophil counts, although males had lower C-reactive protein levels (median 72 vs 97, P < .001). Females were more likely to undergo pre-operative imaging, including ultrasound (20.7% vs 1.5%, P < .001) and CT scans (61.8% vs 54.9%, P = .020). Open surgery was more common in males (14% vs 6.5%, P < .001). No differences were observed in the severity of appendicitis, negative EA rates, hospital stay duration, postoperative complications, or 30-day readmission rates. Conclusions Although differences exist between genders in terms of age, imaging usage, and surgical approach, clinical outcomes are comparable.
Investigating the Protective Role of Solasodine in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats
Authors: Lv Xiaoyan , He Yanlong , Zhang Yanhong 
Published: January 2025

Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute inflammatory condition defined by the excessive generation of inflammatory chemicals in lung tissue. Solasodine, a glycoalkaloid isolated from Solanum species, has been proven to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-spermatogenic activities. Purpose The present study intended to explore the protective potential of Solasodine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated ALI in rat models. Methods The animals were assigned to four groups: Normal control, LPS-induced at 4 mg/kg, Solasodine alone 50 mg/kg, LPS + Solasodine 50 mg/kg. The lung tissue was examined to assess the activities of the lung wet/dry weight ratios, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO) activity, oxidative stress parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) along with the histopathological analysis were evaluated. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (LCN-2) in BALF were determined. Results The results revealed that Solasodine treatment substantially lowered the wet/dry weight ratio, improved the histopathologic modifications, increased the SOD, and downregulated the levels of LDH, MPO, nitric oxide (NO), MDA, and 8-OHdG. Moreover, Solasodine treatment decreased the neutrophil infiltration and cytokines and protein levels in the BALF. Conclusion The current investigation suggested that Solasodine improved LPS-stimulated ALI owing to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity in rats. This study’s nursing interventions involve vigilant monitoring, ethical treatment, supportive care, and accurate data collection. Vigilant monitoring detects distress, and ethical treatment minimizes suffering, supportive care includes oxygen therapy, and accurate data collection evaluates Solasodine efficacy.
Effect of Probiotic Toothpaste on Enamel Mineralization and Streptococcus mutans Levels in Cleft Orthodontic Patients—A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Murugesan Dinesh , Subramanian C. Siva , Kailasam Vignesh 
Published: January 2025

Objective To assess the effectiveness of probiotic and fluoride toothpaste on enamel mineralization and Streptococcus mutans levels in cleft lip and/or palate patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Design A randomized comparative trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Participants Thirty-two patients with cleft lip and/or palate undergoing fixed orthodontic appliances were recruited. Interventions Cleft lip and/or palate patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliances were randomized into Group 1 (probiotic toothpaste) or Group 2 (fluoride toothpaste). The toothpaste was given to the patient after oral prophylaxis. The patients were advised to use the toothpaste two times a day (morning and night) for a period of 4 weeks. Main outcomes Enamel mineral content was assessed before intervention (T0) and after 4 weeks of intervention (T1) using DIAGNOdent. Streptococcus mutans levels were assessed after 4 weeks of intervention (T1) for both the groups using real time-polymerization chain reaction (RT-PCR). Paired t-tests and t-tests were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons, respectively. A P-value < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Both the groups showed improvement in enamel mineral content after 4 weeks of intervention. Streptococcus mutans levels in the probiotic-containing toothpaste were lesser when compared to the fluoridated toothpaste group. No statistically significant difference was found between probiotic toothpaste and fluoridated toothpaste in both the assessed parameters. Conclusions Probiotic toothpaste is as effective as fluoride toothpaste in enamel remineralization. Probiotic toothpaste showed greater inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans than the fluoridated toothpaste.
Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Patients with Lung Cancer Complicated with Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Control Study
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Liang Lei , Ma Kejing , Duan Wei 
Published: January 2025

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for patients with lung cancer complicated by pulmonary embolism and to provide a reference for the early clinical identification of these patients. Methods Eighty patients with lung cancer complicated with pulmonary embolism who were treated at Bethune Hospital of Shanxi from October 2018 to October 2025 were compared with 80 patients with lung cancer without pulmonary embolism. The clinical data of the two groups of patients were collected and analysed. Results Compared with that in patients in the LC group, the proportion of patients with pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in the LP group was significantly greater (p < 0.05). The incidence of dyspnoea in the LP group was significantly greater than that in the LC group (p < 0.05). Compared with that in the LC group, the proportion of pulmonary artery compression in the LP group was significantly greater, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In terms of pathological type, the proportion of adenocarcinoma patients in the LP group was significantly greater than that in the LC group (p < 0.05). In terms of tumor stage, the proportion of patients with stage III/IV disease in the LP group was significantly greater than that in the LC group, while the proportion of patients with stage I/II disease was significantly lower than that in the LC group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The neutrophil [NEUT (%)], prothrombin time (PT), white blood cell (WBC), carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) and D-dimer (DD) levels were significantly greater in the LP group than in the LC group (p < 0.05). In terms of treatment, the proportion of patients receiving systemic chemotherapy in the LP group was significantly greater than that in the LC group (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that adenocarcinoma, systemic chemotherapy and tumor stage III-IV were independent risk factors for lung cancer complicated with pulmonary embolism. Conclusion (1) Tumor stage (III/IV), systemic chemotherapy, and adenocarcinoma were independent risk factors for pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with lung cancer. (2) In addition, patients with LP were more likely to have pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, dyspnoea, compression of the pulmonary artery by the tumor location, biological targeted therapy, and abnormal increases in D-dimer, WBC, NEUT (%), CEA and PT levels as laboratory indicators. (3) Pulmonary thromboembolism should be considered in lung cancer patients with a combination of the factors described above.
A longitudinal cohort study demonstrating the beneficial effect of moderate consumption of green tea and coffee on the prevention of dementia: The JPHC Saku Mental Health Study
Authors: Koreki Akihiro , Nozaki Shoko , Shikimoto Ryo , Tsugane Shoichiro , Mimura Masaru , Sawada Norie 
Published: January 2025

Background While the preventive effects of green tea and coffee on cognitive decline have been demonstrated, their long-term effects on cognition remain unclear. Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of green tea and coffee consumption in middle age on the prevention of dementia. Methods This population-based cohort study included 1155 participants (aged 44–66 in 1995). Participants’ consumption of green tea and coffee was assessed using questionnaires in 1995 and 2000. Their cognitive levels were neuropsychologically evaluated in 2025–2015. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with significant cognitive decline (defined as multi-domain cognitive decline and more severe conditions) as the dependent variable. Stratified analyses were also conducted by sex and age. Results Individuals who consumed 2–3 cups of green tea daily had a significantly reduced risk of cognitive decline (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.35–0.91) after adjusting potential confounders. However, this effect was not significant with consumption of 4 or more cups. This protective effect was particularly observed in males (OR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.19–0.76). A significant risk reduction was also observed in individuals consuming one or more cups of coffee daily (OR = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.34–0.84) in the older subjects (median age [53 years old] and older in 1995) in the same fully adjusted model, but not in the entire sample. Conclusions Our findings suggest that moderate green tea consumption in midlife may have a beneficial effect on preventing dementia, particularly in males. The effects of coffee consumption may be more advantageous for older individuals.
Central vein stenosis in end stage renal failure patients
Authors: Koh KH , Tan C 
Published: January 2025

Background: Central vein stenosis is a late complication of CVC. We assess the risk factors and treatment outcome. Methods: A retrospective study on chronic haemodialysis patients in Sarawak, Malaysia in 2003. Results: Out of 315 hemodialysis patients, 127 had CVC. Fifty percent (7/14) of patients with LIJC developed central vein stenosis compared with 0·9% (1/117) with RIJC (p<0·05). Seven out of 13 patients with left CVC and left AVF developed signs and symptoms of central vein stenosis in comparison to one out of 24 patients with right CVC and right AVF (p=0·001). Among the 14 patients with LIJC, those with central vein stenosis were older (p=0·028) and tended to have longer duration of catheterisation (p=0·142). Among the eight patients with central vein stenosis, four underwent venoplasty and stenting. All had symptoms improvement. Conclusion: LIJC is associated with a high risk of central vein stenosis especially in the older patients. Venoplasty and stenting is a feasible treatment.
Musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Littlejohn GO 
Published: January 2025

Acute pain within the various components of the musculoskeletal system is a cardinal symptom of the pathophysiological processes involved with tissue damage, disease, or dysfunction. These disorders are generally wellcharacterised and management usually associated with good symptomatic and functional outcomes. Immediate activation of an inbuilt and hard-wired basic pain system serves a primary protective function to the host. Another system, perhaps best described as an advanced pain system, augments, amplifies, and extends the role of the pain system to other functions. Emotional distress has a potent effect on this process and drives a series of events that results in altered ‘downstream’ musculoskeletal symptoms and function. Under these circumstances chronic pain states may arise and may particularly involve the musculoskeletal tissues. Fibromyalgia syndrome is used here as an example of a common chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome, characterised by widespread pain and tenderness, in order to allow for discussion of the biopsychosocial inputs that must be addressed to provide the best clinical outcome. Emphasis is placed on understanding the nature of these problems, particularly to enhance reversibility and hence improve outcomes.
Inborn errors of metabolism in the newborn: clinical presentation and investigation
Authors: Fitzpatrick D 
Published: January 2025

Inborn errors of metabolism are genetically determined interruptions of one (or several related) metabolic pathway(s). Clinical symptoms are caused by deficiency of the pathway product and/or toxicity resulting from the accumulation of an intermediary compound. Inborn errors of metabolism are mostly recessive disorders, with clinical symptoms rare in heterozygous individuals. The genetic defects involve homozygous (autosomal) or hemizygous (X-linked) mutations in genes encoding proteins with a single enzymatic function. However, interruptions in biochemical pathways may also result from mutations affecting the bioavailability of an enzymatic co-factor or disordered transport of the enzyme across intracellular membranes. In the latter two circumstances it is likely that more than one enzymatic process will be affected. The five main modes of presentation of IEM in the neonatal period are acute intoxication, energy deficiency, organomegaly, profound central hypotonia, and malformations. The common diagnoses in each of these groups will be presented, with brief descriptions of the currently available options for diagnosis and therapy.
Falls in the elderly
Authors: Anderson KE 
Published: January 2025

With a rapidly ageing population, doctors in all specialties are likely to encounter older people with falls. Falls in the elderly are common and associated with major morbidity and mortality. Falls cause injuries, fractures, loss of confidence and independence, depression and death. Recurrent falls and fear of falling are the most common reasons for an older person to require nursing home care. An initial fall may be a manifestation of an acute illness and may be the only presenting feature. However, it is known that an index fall is a risk for future falls and approximately half of those who fall once are likely to do so again. There is good evidence to support a multidisciplinary risk factor assessment and approach to the prevention of falls. Up to 30% of falls in community-dwelling older adults may be prevented if this standardised approach is applied. In addition, falls of hospital inpatients are difficult for patients and staff. Carers in environments where specialist medicine for the elderly services are not routinely available often struggle to minimise and manage falls. While arguably more problematic to manage, a simple structured approach to these falls can also reduce risk. This article will cover the recommended approach to the management of older people presenting with a fall and give some guidance about managing falls of hospital inpatients.
Author’s reply
Authors: Eadie MJ 
Published: January 2025

The various publications that Drs Luauté and Lachenmeier have cited in their letter provide persuasive evidence that specimens of some absinthes that have survived intact from as long ago as 1895 did originally contain concentrations of the convulsant thujone that would be considered acceptably safe today. However, as far as I can make out, the publications do not seem to provide data for the thujone concentrations that were present in the absinthes that Magnan’s patients actually imbibed at an earlier time, in the decade centred on 1870, the period when his investigational work was done. Such absinthes may have differed from later ones in thujone content, and involved sources which have long ceased to exist. As yet, there seems no way of being sure. Moreover, thujone concentration in absinthe is unlikely to be the sole determinant of any tendency to epileptic seizures associated with absinthe exposure. There is also the issue of the inherent epileptogenicity of the sufferers’ brains, hence the suggestion that a predisposition to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy may have been expected to increase any risk of thujone-associated seizures. A second issue, probably, is the thujone concentration present at the cerebral sites of seizure genesis. Among other factors, this concentration would probably depend not only on the thujone concentration in the absinthe ingested, but on the volume of absinthe swallowed and the period of time involved in the intake. No information appears to be available concerning the latter two matters in Magnan’s subjects. Certainly, the high quality analytical chemical work of Dr Lachenmeier and his colleagues does not support Magnan’s interpretations of the relation between absinthe intake and epileptic seizures. However, by itself, it also does not seem sufficient to refute his conclusions. So many years after the event, it seems unlikely that evidence adequate to fully resolve the issue will ever become available.