bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Incomplete Influenza Virus in Ascites Tumor Cells
Authors: Low Iolanda E. , Eaton Monroe D. , Uretsky Susan B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation of noninfectious, cell-associated viral hemagglutinins in Krebs 2 ascites tumor cells inoculated with large amounts of influenza virus, PR8 strain, was accompanied by high titered complement-fixing soluble antigen. This antigen appeared 1 to 2 hr before the hemagglutinin, was less affected by adverse conditions, and could be found in cells with a dilute input of virus which was insufficient for hemagglutinin formation.
Comparison to other influenza systems in deembryonated eggs and HeLa cells revealed no significant quantitative differences in the production of the intracellular hemagglutinin and S antigen, irrespective of whether complete or incomplete virus was being formed.
The formation of hemagglutinin could be preferentially inhibited by dilution of the virus input, by 0.1% glutamine, by low concentration (0.005 to 0.01%) of (NH4)2HPO4, or by a 15-min delay in addition of higher concentrations of ammonium salts.
Proflavine had no effect in this system.
Homograft Reaction in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Doria Gino 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Homologous bone marrow chimeras were tested by a direct method for a graft-anti-host immune reaction. This type of reaction was detectable at 7 days and maximal at 15 days after irradiation and bone marrow treatment. A possible relation between homograft reaction and lymphatic damage in the secondary disease was discussed.
On the Mechanism of Immunologic Self Recognition
Authors: Triplett Edward L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments have been performed which indicate that the ability of the immune system to recognize self is an acquired property gained by contacting antigenic determinants of self tissues at some time during development. The experiments consisted first of removing the buccal component of the pituitary gland at a stage in development before the gland had differentiated (begun to produce adult type proteins) but after the gland had been determined (possessed the ability to self-differentiate) and then growing the organism and the gland apart from one another until the organism was immunologically mature and the gland was differentiated. The gland and organism were then brought together as graft and host. In a significant percentage of cases the animal rejected its own hypophysis. Control experiments excluded the possibility that the antigenicity of the graft had changed or that the animals had lost the ability to accept autografts.
Isolation and Properties of an Allergen from Dwarf Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Callaghan O. H. , Goldfarb A. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A highly active allergenic protein has been obtained by fractionation of dwarf ragweed pollen extracts.
The material isolated gives a strong line on the Ouchterlony test. It gives skin reactions at concentrations of 2 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-7 µg N/ml. It is also active on the nasal membrane. The protein contains sulfhydryl groups whose state of oxidation-reduction appears to alter its electrophoretic mobility and gel diffusion behavior.
A cruder preparation has an S25 value of 3.76 × 10-13. Chemical analyses are given, including qualitative amino acid composition. The appearance of a second allergen in the preparation is discussed in the light of possible changes in the protein structure.
Studies on the Hemagglutination of Coe (Coxsackie A21) Virus
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Fox Virginia L. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutinin could be demonstrated in HeLa cell cultures infected with all 16 of the Coe virus strains examined, including the prototype Coe strain and the prototype Coxsackie A21 strain, but certain preparations required treatment with the fluorocarbon, Genetron 113, to “unmask” the hemagglutinin. Two viral strains carried for 20 or more passages in HeLa cell cultures showed no diminution in ability to produce hemagglutinin in this cell type.
The optimal pH for demonstration of Coe virus hemagglutinins was found to be in the range of 5.8 to 6.8.
The hemagglutinating capacity of Coe virus would appear to be largely associated with the infectious particle as absorption of hemagglutinating viral preparations with human group O cells removed considerable infectivity as well as hemagglutinin. Also, the development of HA activity in infected cell cultures closely paralleled the development of infectious virus.
Inhibitors of Coe virus hemagglutination were demonstrated in HeLa cell cultures infected with dilute viral inocula and also in uninfected cell culture fluids. Inhibitors present in uninfected culture fluids were nondialyzable and stable at 56°C for 30 min.
Biological Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aggregated human γ-globulin (HGG), obtained by heating, agglutinated human and monkey erythrocytes and rabbit platelets, whereas aggregated bovine γ-globulin (BGG) had neither activity. Complement was essential for the hemagglutination and enhanced the agglutination of platelets. Insoluble fraction of the heat-aggregated HGG and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-rabbit anti-BSA precipitates were comparable, on a weight basis, with respect to the abilities to induce the agglutination reactions. Soluble fraction of the aggregated γ-globulin and soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes had much less hemagglutinating capacities than the insoluble precipitates, and failed to agglutinate rabbit platelets. Divalent cations were required for the agglutination reactions by the aggregated HGG. The reactions were inhibited by phlorizin which suppress the utilization of C′3. Mechanisms involved in the agglutination reactions and in immune adherence were discussed.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Segre Diego , Kaeberle Merlin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Colostrum-deprived pigs failed to produce antibody to diphtheria toxoid inoculated intraperitoneally at 3 weeks of age, and responded only slightly to tetanus toxoid administered in the same manner. The immunologic deficiency of colostrum-deprived pigs was overcome by the following procedures, listed in order of decreasing efficiency: a) by suckling of colostrum, b) by administration of diluted hyperimmune serum of swine and horse origin, c) of immune swine serum, d) and of normal serum from older, colostrum-deprived pigs. Removal of specific antibodies from the hyperimmune swine serum resulted in loss of the antibody-stimulating activity of the serum. The results are consistent with the natural selection hypothesis of antibody formation proposed by Jerne.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Segre Diego , Kaeberle Merlin L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Colostrum-deprived pigs formed tetanus, but not diphtheria antibodies following intraperitoneal inoculation of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids at birth. Colostrum-fed pigs formed diphtheria antibodies after intraperitoneal inoculation of the toxoid at birth, but their antibody response to tetanus toxoid was depressed. The interpretation of these results is discussed in the light of the assumption that a degree of transplacental transfer of maternal antibody took place and that antibodies against tetanus, but not against diphtheria are present in the sow's blood. γ-Globulin was found in the serum of newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs.
The Blood Groups of Mink
Authors: Saison Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six antisera to mink red blood cells have been produced by isoimmunization. These sera contain complete agglutinins which react by the direct agglutination method.
Six blood factors have been detected by the use of these sera. Two of these, E and F, appear to be alleles at a single locus, and two others, B and C, may be part of the same system. Twenty families used to test this hypothesis have given results compatible with these findings.
From this study six factors at three loci have been recognized, in addition to another factor, the A factor, which will be reported in a later paper.
Specificity of Allergic Reactions
Authors: Salvin S. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs sensitized with a protein conjugate, such as para-aminobenzoic acid coupled to hen egg albumin (PABA-HEA), develop delayed hypersensitivity directed to the protein moiety. During this early period, febrile reactions occur when the animals are challenged intraperitoneally with 5 mg of the carrier protein or the complete antigen. Challenge with the hapten (PABA) attached to a heterologous protein does not elicit any response. When, however, circulating antibody appears concomitantly with the delayed hypersensitivity, e.g., at 12 days, intraperitoneal challenge with the conjugate may elicit signs of delayed shock, although challenge with the protein induces fever. Challenge with hapten conjugated to heterologous protein elicits hypothermia and other signs typical of delayed shock. Antihistamines do not inhibit the reactions. Hydrocortisone does not affect the febrile response, but has a slight suppressive effect on the hypothermia. By analogy, tuberculin shock may be the systemic response of an animal with both delayed hypersensitivity and circulating antibody to an antigenic complex.
Iso-Hemagglutinins in Rabbits
Authors: Snyder Laurence H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The attempt has been made by various investigators to throw light upon the problem of the inheritance of blood groups in man by studying their behavior in other animals, but the results obtained are conflicting. In man, simple Mendelian factors seem to be involved, although the correct interpretation of the data on record is by no means certain.1 In looking for blood groups in other mammals to form an experimental basis for a genetic study, no satisfactory groupings have been established. Some investigators have claimed to have found groupings, but most of those who have looked for them have found none.
In 1907, Hektoen reported that he was unable to find isoagglutinins in the serum of rabbits, guinea-pigs, dogs, horses, and cattle. He used in each instance the serum and corpuscles of 10 to 20 animals.
In 1911, Ottenberg and Friedman presented evidence to show that blood groups exist in rabbits and steers.
Tuberculin Hypersensitiveness Without Infection in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Petroff S. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Until a very short time ago it was generally accepted that typical tuberculin hypersensitiveness in guinea pigs, as elicited by skin reactions, could not be produced without the presence of living tubercle bacilli in the body of the animal. This had been the conclusion of practically all workers who had seriously studied the subject, and, indeed, was the experience of one of the writers in a study of tuberculin hypersusceptibilities and anaphylaxis published in 1921 (1). It seemed at that time as though one of the most important factors in the elucidation of the biological changes which take place in the infected animal would be a more precise knowledge of the conditions which determined tuberculin hypersensitiveness. The task we set ourselves, therefore, was an attempt to simulate, with dead tubercle bacilli or their products, conditions analogous to those produced in the guinea pig in the course of infection with living bacilli.
A Quantitative Analysis of Hemagglutination and Hemolysis
Authors: Isaacs Raphael 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The agglutination of red blood cells of man or dog with agglutinating serum on a hemacytometer slide permits fairly accurate quantitative studies of hemagglutination and hemolysis. Under the conditions of the experiments, the maximum agglutination of the red blood cells of dogs with agglutinating serum is reached in two to four hours, in man in about twenty-four hours at 18° to 20°C. In preparations with too few corpuscles in proportion to the serum, hemolysis is well under way before the maximum agglutination is reached, unless the temperature is very low. The same was true when too many corpuscles were present. This is at least one factor in the occurrence of “inhibition zones.” The higher the temperature, the more rapid the agglutination, and the more rapid hemolysis. The secondary separation of cells at the higher temperatures accounts for the impression of greater agglutination at lower temperatures. There is very little difference in the rate of agglutination when the corpuscles are suspended in saline-citrate solution or in serum. The latter delays hemolysis somewhat. There is practically no difference in the rate and completeness of agglutination if the corpuscle suspension is acid or alkaline. Hemolysis is more rapid in the former. With an acid serum the rate of agglutination was slightly slower than with the alkaline serum, but the maximum agglutination is the same. The processes of defibrination or of washing corpuscles until they are serum-free changes the composition of the red blood cells so that a greater proportion of cells do not agglutinate. Crenation delays agglutination, but the maximum amount is the same as in control preparations. The red cells which are most resistant to the serum hemolysis are those containing nuclei, reticulum, stippling or intracellular refractive granules (including Heintz bodies, Howell-Jolly bodies and others). Cup-shaped red blood corpuscles in the preparations studied are formed by the hemolysis of one of two red cells in apposition.
Inflammatory Reaction of the Immune Animal to Antigen (Arthus Phenomenon) and Its Relation to Antibodies
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When horse serum is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of a rabbit it is absorbed within a few hours with no evident inflammatory reaction but if the injection is repeated at intervals of several days the animal reacts with acute inflammation at the site of injection. This phenomenon was first noted by Arthus (1) and has been designated by his name. After the fourth subcutaneous injection the skin about the injection becomes red and there is a soft edematous infiltration which disappears after two or three days. After the fifth injection infiltration is firmer and persists five or six days. After the sixth injection severe injury to the edematous subcutaneous tissue is evident and a solid white mass resembling pus is formed. In most instances after the seventh injection the skin undergoes necrosis. The gangrenous area separates slowly from the surrounding tissue and cicatrization occurs after several weeks.
Immunity in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Connor Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The behavior of the virus in the tick and in laboratory animals is contrasted. The fact that there are so few organisms in the blood may be the reason why the virus in this situation is not amenable to attenuation. It has been shown that in tick tissues and in the tissues of guines-pigs the virus ame be attenuated by drying in the cold, and that after keeping for from five to thirty days at a below zero temperature, the tissue is no longer virulent but will produce immunity.
Several methods of using combinations of virus and immune serum have been tried. The most effcetive seems to be where virus is given in rather large dose and allowed to grow for twenty-four hours when a dose of serum is given to stop the infection. Another method which is successful under limited conditions is teh giving of large doses of mixtures of virus and serum. It is shown that an immunity may be achieved which equals that following an attack of the disease. The same mixtures heated to 60° for twenty minutes have been ineffective.
The Toxicity of Human Blood Plasma Obtained in Various Diseases
Authors: Levinson Samuel A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a recent report of the subject on the toxicity of human blood plasma for guinea-pigs we (1) discussed the question of the relative toxicity of fetal and maternal blood plasmas. In association with these studies the question of the toxicity of blood before, during, and after menstruation was also considered. It was believed at that time that when the blood plasmas from these conditions were injected into a guinea-pig which has not been previously sensitized to a foreign protein that death resulting would be due to an intravascular coagulation. This we have discussed under the question of coagulation toxicity.
In an analysis of the subject under consideration it was believed that the intravascular coagulation which produced the shock and finally death of the animal was in relationship with the quantitative increase of fibrinogen in the plasma. When the fibrinogen content of the above mentioned cases was determined it was found that there was a quantitative increase of fibrinogen over normal.
Immunologic Paralysis Produced in Mice by Klebsiella Pneumoniae Type 2 Polysaccharide
Authors: Batshon Badi A. , Baer Harold , Shaffer Morris F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice injected with varying amounts of Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 polysaccharide were subsequently challenged with living homologous organisms after varying intervals of time. Of three preparations of polysaccharide, one was essentially nontoxic and nonimmunizing; the other two were approximately equal in antigenicity. In the groups of animals receiving 2.5 µg of these latter preparations, there was a greater proportion of survivors than in groups given 750 µg. Passively protective antibodies were detected within 5 days in the serum of mice given 2.5 µg, whereas in the serum of animals given 750 µg of polysaccharide such antibodies were not evident before 60 days—a time when the degree of active protection in comparable animals was waning.
Comparison of Bordetella Pertussis Cells and Freund's Adjuvant with Respect to Their Antibody Inducing and Anaphylactogenic Properties
Authors: Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Susceptibility to fatal anaphylactic shock in mice was equally enhanced when one injection of 1 mg of egg albumin (Ea) was mixed with Freund's adjuvant or with 2 billion Bordetella pertussis cells. When the amount of Ea was reduced, Ea in Freund's adjuvant was more effective in sensitizing mice to fatal anaphylaxis than were B. pertussis cells. Only a few mice receiving 1 to 4 mg of Ea alone were sensitized to fatal anaphylaxis. Two injections of Ea without adjuvant, however, were capable of sensitizing mice to fatal anaphylaxis.
Mice which received Ea in Freund's adjuvant produced 10 to 100 times more antibody than those which received an equivalent amount of Ea mixed with B. pertussis. Even 40 days after a single injection of Ea in Freund's adjuvant the peak titer was not reached. Ea given alone stimulated only very low titers of antibody which appeard 30 to 40 days after injection of antigen.
As antigen dose was increased, antibody appeared earlier whether Ea was given with Freund's adjuvant or B pertussis. With low doses of Ea (0.001 mg), antibody was not detected until 30 to 40 days later.
No direct correlation between antibody titer of individual mice and their susceptibility to fatal anaphylaxis was observed. This was true whether antigen was given alone, with Freund's adjuvant, or with B. pertussis. In groups of mice in which fatal anaphylactic susceptibility was observed, antibodies to Ea were eventually detected. Thus, when the antibody mechanism had been properly stimulated, anaphylactic sensitivity was also present.
When Ea was administered with Freund's adjuvant, there appeared to be a decrease in anaphylactic sensitivity at the higher doses of Ea. At this time (30 to 40 days after sensitization) the antibody concentration was extremely high and the amount of Ea used in shocking dose may have not been adequate to produce fatal shock.
Zymosan was found to stimulate antibody production and anaphylactic sensitivity but to a lesser extent than B. pertussis or Freund's adjuvant.
The main mechanism by which B. pertussis increases susceptibility of mice to actively induced anaphylaxis is apparently by stimulation of the antibody response to the sensitizing antigen.
Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig and Its Relative Insusceptibility to an Antihistamine
Authors: Craig J. P. , Wilhelm D. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antihistamine, triprolidine, was tested for its capacity to suppress the increased capillary permeability in active, direct passive and reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Whereas triprolidine caused a 500- to a 5000-fold suppression of the permeability response to intracutaneously injected histamine, it was never capable of suppressing the anaphylactic response more than 10-fold. In four out of eight experiments, the suppression of anaphylaxis was less than 2-fold, a difference shown to be within the range of experimental error.
Our findings fail to support the notion that histamine is an important mediator in cutaneous anaphylaxis. On the contrary, they indicate that histamine plays little or no role in the events leading to the increase in capillary permeability in cutaneous anaphylaxis, regardless of its presumed role in other manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity.
We have stressed the point that individual variation in the anaphylactic response must be taken into account in assessing the possible suppressive effect of an antagonist. To be considered significant, the degree of suppression must fall beyond the limits of this variability. In these experiments, the effects of inter-animal variation were minimized by comparing the means of responses in groups of animals. Furthermore, the degree of suppression of anaphylaxis was viewed in relation to the suppression of the response to histamine in the same animals. The relatively slight differences in the anaphylactic response between triprolidine-treated and control animals could have arisen from normal variation. The histamine response, however, was always suppressed to a degree far beyond the limits of natural variability. If histamine were an important mediator in the permeability response in cutaneous anaphylaxis, one might expect a potent antihistamine to suppress the anaphylactic response to a degree at least approaching the magnitude of the 500- to 5000-fold suppression of histamine.
γ-Globulin and Antibody Formation in Vitro
Authors: Langevoort H. L. , Asofsky R. M. , Jacobson E. B. , de Vries T. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The spleens of rabbits, injected either with 10 mg of BGG intravenously or with a similar dose of BGG simultaneously with 10 µg of endotoxin, were examined histologically at various days after injection. “Red” and “white” pulp of these spleens were cultured separately to study their ability to form antibody in vitro.
It was found that an increased number of hemocytoblasts occurred in the white pulp starting 1 day after the antigen injection. Antibody formation in vitro was demonstrated at the time of immature plasma cell proliferation (day 4 to 7), and was much more pronounced in the “red” than in the “white” pulp. Histologically, most of the immature and mature plasma cells were found on the border of red and white pulp.
Endotoxin enhanced the plasmacellular reaction, the serum antibody titers, and the formation of secondary nodules arising in the white pulp between days 5 and 13 after antigen. Since only slight production of antibodies was observed in the white pulp of some rabbits in the later phase of the response, the effect of endotoxin on the primary antibody response seemed mediated rather through its effect on plasma cell proliferation than through stimulation of secondary nodule formation.
Most of the serum antibody formed by the rabbits in this study was destroyed by treatment with mercaptoethanol, indicating that the early primary response antibody belongs to the 19 S fraction of γ-globulin.