bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interviewer Effects on the Measurement of Physical Performance in a Cross-National Biosocial Survey
Authors: Waldmann Sophia , Sakshaug Joseph W , Cernat Alexandru 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Biosocial surveys increasingly use interviewers to collect objective physical health measures (or “biomeasures”) in respondents’ homes. While interviewers play an important role, their high involvement can lead to unintended interviewer effects on the collected measurements. Such interviewer effects add uncertainty to population estimates and have the potential to lead to erroneous inferences. This study examines interviewer effects on the measurement of physical performance in a cross-national and longitudinal setting using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The analyzed biomeasures exhibited moderate-to-large interviewer effects on the measurements, which varied across biomeasure types and across countries. Our findings demonstrate the necessity to better understand the origin of interviewer-related measurement errors in biomeasure collection and account for these errors in statistical analyses of biomeasure data.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules and the 2175Å interstellar extinction bump
Authors: Lin Qi , Yang X J , Li Aigen 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
The exact nature of the 2175$\mathring{\rm A}$ extinction bump, the strongest spectroscopic absorption feature superimposed on the interstellar extinction curve, remains unknown ever since its discovery in 1965. Popular candidate carriers for the extinction bump include nano-sized graphitic grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. To quantitatively evaluate PAHs as a possible carrier, we perform quantum chemical computations for the electronic transitions of 30 compact, pericondensed PAH molecules and their cations as well as anions with a wide range of sizes from 16 to 96 C atoms, and a mean size of 43 C atoms. It is found that a mixture of such PAHs, which individually exhibit sharp absorption features, show a smooth and broad absorption band that resembles the 2175$\mathring{\rm A}$ interstellar extinction bump. Arising from π* ← π transitions, the width and intensity of the absorption bump for otherwise randomly selected and uniformly weighted PAH mixtures, do not vary much with PAH sizes and charge states, whereas the position somewhat shifts to longer wavelengths as PAH size increases. While the computed bump position, with the computational uncertainty taken into account, appears to agree with that of the interstellar extinction bump, the computed width is considerably broader than the interstellar bump if the molecules are uniformly weighted. It appears that, to account for the observed bump width, one has to resort to PAH species of specific sizes and structures.
Implications of pulsar timing array observations for LISA detections of massive black hole binaries
Authors: Steinle Nathan , Middleton Hannah , Moore Christopher J , Chen Siyuan , Klein Antoine , Pratten Geraint , Buscicchio Riccardo , Finch Eliot , Vecchio Alberto 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will open complementary observational windows on massive black hole binaries (MBHBs), i.e. with masses in the range ${\sim} 10^6\!-\!10^{10}\, \rm M_{\odot }$. While PTAs may detect a stochastic gravitational wave background from a population of MBHBs, during operation LISA will detect individual merging MBHBs. To demonstrate the profound interplay between LISA and PTAs, we estimate the number of MBHB mergers that one can expect to observe with LISA by extrapolating direct observational constraints on the MBHB merger rate inferred from PTA data. For this, we postulate that the common signal observed by PTAs (and consistent with the increased evidence recently reported) is an astrophysical background sourced by a single MBHB population. We then constrain the LISA detection rate, $\mathcal {R}$, in the mass–redshift space by combining our Bayesian-inferred merger rate with LISA’s sensitivity to spin-aligned, inspiral–merger–ringdown waveforms. Using an astrophysically informed formation model, we predict a $95{{\, \rm per\, cent}}$ upper limit on the detection rate of $\mathcal {R} \lt 134\, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ for binaries with total masses in the range $10^7\!-\!10^8\, \rm M_{\odot }$. For higher masses, i.e. ${\gt} 10^8\, \rm M_{\odot }$, we find $\mathcal {R} \lt 2\, (1)\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ using an astrophysically informed (agnostic) formation model, rising to $11 \, (6)\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ if the LISA sensitivity bandwidth extends down to 10−5 Hz. Forecasts of LISA science potential with PTA background measurements should improve as PTAs continue their search.
EOS-dependent millihertz quasi-periodic oscillation in low-mass X-ray binary
Authors: Liu Helei , Gao Yong , Li Zhaosheng , Dohi Akira , Wang Weiyang , Lü Guoliang , Xu Renxin 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
We studied the frequency and critical mass accretion rate of millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations (mHz QPOs) using a one-zone X-ray burst model. The surface gravity is specified by two kinds of equation of states: neutron star (NS) and strange star (SS). The base flux, Qb, is set in the range of 0–2 MeV nucleon−1. It is found that the frequency of mHz QPO is positively correlated to the surface gravity but negatively to the base heating. The helium mass fraction has a significant influence on the oscillation frequency and luminosity. The observed 7–9 mHz QPOs can be either explained by a heavy NS/light SS with a small base flux or a heavy SS with a large base flux. As base flux increases, the critical mass accretion rate for marginally stable burning is found to be lower. Meanwhile, the impact of metallicity on the properties of mHz QPOs was investigated using one-zone model. It shows that both the frequency and critical mass accretion rate decrease as metallicity increases. An accreted NS/SS with a higher base flux and metallicity, combined with a lower surface gravity and helium mass fraction, could be responsible for the observed critical mass accretion rate ($\dot{m}\simeq 0.3\dot{m}_{\rm Edd}$). The accreted fuel would be in stable burning if base flux is over than ∼2 MeV nucleon−1. This finding suggests that the accreting NSs/SSs in low-mass X-ray binaries showing no type I X-ray bursts possibly have a strong base heating.
Convective dynamos of black widow companions
Authors: Conrad-Burton Jordan , Shabi Alon , Ginzburg Sivan 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Black widows and redbacks are binary millisecond pulsars with close low-mass companions that are irradiated and gradually ablated by the pulsar’s high-energy luminosity Lirr. These binaries evolve primarily through magnetic braking, which extracts orbital angular momentum and pushes the companion to overflow its Roche lobe. Here, we use the stellar evolution code mesa to examine how the irradiation modifies the companion’s structure. Strong Lirr inhibits convection to the extent that otherwise fully convective stars become almost fully radiative. By computing the convective velocities and assuming a dynamo mechanism, we find that the thin convective envelopes of such strongly irradiated companions ($L_{\rm irr}\gtrsim 3\, {\rm L}_\odot$) generate much weaker magnetic fields than previously thought – halting binary evolution. With our improved magnetic braking model, we explain most observed black widow and redback companions as remnants of main-sequence stars. We also apply our model (with Lirr) to evolved companions that overflow their Roche lobe close to the end of their main-sequence phase. The evolutionary tracks of such companions bifurcate, explaining the shortest period systems (which are potential gravitational wave sources) as well as the longest period ones (which are the progenitors of common pulsar–white dwarf binaries). The variety of black widow structures and evolutionary trajectories may be utilized to calibrate the dependence of magnetic braking on the size of the convective layer and on the existence of a radiative–convective boundary, with implications for single stars as well as other binaries, such as cataclysmic variables and AM Canum Venaticorum stars.
The redshift difference in gravitational lensed systems: a novel probe of cosmology
Authors: Wang Chengyi , Bolejko Krzysztof , Lewis Geraint F 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
The exploration of the redshift drift, a direct measurement of cosmological expansion, is expected to take several decades of observation with stable, sensitive instruments. We introduced a new method to probe cosmology that bypasses the long-period observation by observing the redshift difference, an accumulation of the redshift drift, in multiple-image gravitational lens systems. With this, the photons observed in each image will have traversed through different paths between the source and the observer, and so the lensed images will show different redshifts when observed at the same instance. Here, we consider the impact of the underlying cosmology on the observed redshift difference in gravitational lens systems, generating synthetic data for realistic lens models and exploring the accuracy of determined cosmological parameters. We show that, while the redshift difference is sensitive to the densities of matter and dark energy within a universe, it is independent of the Hubble constant. Finally, we determine the observational considerations for using the redshift difference as a cosmological probe, finding that one thousand lensed sources are enough to make robust determinations of the underlying cosmological parameters. Upcoming cluster lens surveys, such as the Euclid, are expected to detect a sufficient number of such systems.
Speckle imaging of γ2 Velorum: the inner wind possibly resolved
Authors: Shara Michael M , Howell Steve B , Furlan Elise , Garland James T , Moffat Anthony F J , Zurek David 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Accurately quantifying the rates dM/dt at which massive stars lose mass is essential to any understanding of their evolution. All dM/dt estimates to date assume wind clumping factors; not allowing for clumping leads to overestimates of dM/dt and underestimates of lifetimes and masses when these stars explode as supernovae. Mid-infrared spectroscopy suggested that the wind of the nearest Wolf–Rayet (WR) star, γ2 Vel, is resolved with a full width at 10 per cent intensity of 0.5 arcsec, or 171 au at the 342 pc distance of the star. As the Zorro speckle imager on Gemini South is capable of ∼0.02 arcsec resolution, we have used it to image γ2 Vel at two orbital phases (0.30 and 0.44) with two narrow-band and two intermediate-band filters in an attempt to resolve its wind. Our observations demonstrate that γ2 Vel’s wind may be resolved as a ∼0.07 arcsec westward elongation through an 832 nm filter at orbital phase 0.3. If confirmed, this is the smallest scale (∼24 au) at which a WR star wind asymmetry has been directly imaged. Similar imaging at multiple phases is needed to determine if the asymmetry is due to stochastic wind clumping, co-rotating interaction regions or colliding-wind, cone-shaped shocks.
Structure-specific roles for PolG2–DNA complexes in maintenance and replication of mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Wojtaszek Jessica L , Hoff Kirsten E , Longley Matthew J , Kaur Parminder , Andres Sara N , Wang Hong , Williams R Scott , Copeland William C 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe homodimeric PolG2 accessory subunit of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (Pol γ) enhances DNA binding and processive DNA synthesis by the PolG catalytic subunit. PolG2 also directly binds DNA, although the underlying molecular basis and functional significance are unknown. Here, data from Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray structures of PolG2–DNA complexes define dimeric and hexameric PolG2 DNA binding modes. Targeted disruption of PolG2 DNA-binding interfaces impairs processive DNA synthesis without diminishing Pol γ subunit affinities. In addition, a structure-specific DNA-binding role for PolG2 oligomers is supported by X-ray structures and AFM showing that oligomeric PolG2 localizes to DNA crossings and targets forked DNA structures resembling the mitochondrial D-loop. Overall, data indicate that PolG2 DNA binding has both PolG-dependent and -independent functions in mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance, which provide new insight into molecular defects associated with PolG2 disruption in mitochondrial disease.
Diplomacy
Authors: Frey Linda , Frey Marsha 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Diplomacy, defined as the art of negotiation, was traditionally represented by Hermes, who served as the messenger of the gods. Often portrayed with a winged hat or winged sandals, he is usually seen with a staff, the caduceus with the entwined serpents; a symbol of negotiation because of Hermes’ association with eloquence and deception. Negotiation through individuals later dubbed diplomats was as indispensable for ancient societies as for modern ones. It was undergirded by inviolability, which guaranteed the security for those individuals to maintain communication, to sign alliances, to arrange a truce, and/or to conclude a peace. The role of those diplomats was defined by the international system within which they operated but the diplomats themselves also helped define the system. This chapter reviews the historical development and variety of diplomatic practice from its earliest beginnings to the modern period.
Race and Racism
Authors: Manchanda Nivi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter looks at the genealogy of practices of racism and anti-racism. It critically interrogates the history of the discipline of International Relations (IR) to explore what narratives (of racism) persist and what stories (of anti-racism) are marginalized or written out of its remit. The chapter is organized as follows: first, the chapter posits tentative definitions of ‘race’ and ‘racism’; it then moves on to analyse the narrative history of IR to show how pivotal the question of race was to some of the discipline’s founding figures—including contemporaries Woodrow Wilson and W. E. B. Du Bois—and how different visions of race gave way to certain practices of racialization; third and finally, the chapter attends to the implications of the whitewashing of the discipline, and what an IR that is sensitive to questions of race and racism might look like, charting some potential avenues for future research.
Revolution
Authors: Selbin Eric 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, revolution is understood as an essentially modernist formulation fundamentally predicated on the marriage of macro-, even meta-level thinking—how can we change the world—with a profoundly micro approach: the granularity of actions people take to change the world. This essay considers how and where current academic thinking about revolution might be situated and where, if anywhere, it might be going. Revolution is (re)considered in an entangled, figurative, zone of awkward engagement(s) as both (deeply) engrained in a useful ‘generational’ analysis and how our analyses might be evolving outside of that or beyond definitions at all.
The Pre-Colonial African State System
Authors: Pella John Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the dynamics of the African state system before the en masse arrival of Europeans in the fifteenth century. It firstly examines the different types of political organizations found across the continent, and secondly, how trade, war, slavery, and kinship served to connect these states despite organizational differences. The argument drawn from this research is twofold. First, the chapter presents the idea that International Relations scholars can meaningfully talk of a unique, coherent African state system that existed prior to European contact. Second, it is suggested that the characteristics of this system would ultimately have a profound impact upon the system’s relationship with its European counterpart beginning in the fifteenth century.
The Berlin and Hague Conferences
Authors: Vergerio Claire 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 and the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 occupy prominent positions in histories of international relations. The Hague Conferences are celebrated as a beacon of progressive thinking, embodying the attempt to limit the horrors of warfare through international law. The Berlin Conference, by contrast, is depicted as the epitome of European imperialism and of international law’s role in it. As such, these conferences represent two conflicting understandings of the role of international law in the development of our modern world: one progressive and humanitarian, the other brutal and imperialistic. However, despite a widening body of works on these conferences, scholars have yet to meaningfully examine the links between the two. This chapter begins to do so, outlining where the scholarly debate currently stands with regards to both Berlin and The Hague before providing a preliminary foray into the various ways in which these conferences overlapped.
Postcolonial Histories of International Relations
Authors: Capan Zeynep Gulsah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter aims to present an overview of debates with respect to postcolonial history by examining how bodies of knowledge are constructed and who the subject of history is. The first section will focus on the way postcolonial history has addressed the questions of (i) how bodies of knowledge are constructed in the study of History and of (ii) who the subjects of such histories are. The second section will look at these same two questions yet in the discipline of International Relations (IR). This second part will begin by discussing how the ‘postcolonial’ has been approached within the field and it will then analytically distinguish the array of discussions on history and postcolonial approaches with respect to how they address the two questions above-mentioned.
Does a progressive wealth tax reduce top wealth inequality? Evidence from Switzerland
Authors: Marti Samira , Martínez Isabel Z , Scheuer Florian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLike in many other countries, wealth inequality has increased in Switzerland over the last 50 years. By providing new evidence on cantonal top wealth shares for each of the 26 cantons since 1969, we show that the overall trend masks striking differences across cantons, both in levels and trends. Combining this with variation in cantonal wealth taxes, we then estimate an event study model to identify the dynamic effects of reforms to top wealth tax rates on the subsequent evolution of wealth concentration. Our results imply that a reduction in the top marginal wealth tax rate by 0.1 percentage points increases the top 1 per cent (0.1 per cent) wealth share by 0.9 (1.2) percentage points 5 years after the reform. This suggests that wealth tax cuts over the last 50 years explain roughly 18 per cent (25 per cent) of the increase in wealth concentration among the top 1 per cent (0.1 per cent).
How much tax do the rich really pay? Evidence from the UK
Authors: Advani Arun , Hughson Helen , Summers Andy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUsing anonymized administrative data on the population of UK taxpayers, we show that—in line with high-profile anecdotes about the tax affairs of the rich—effective average tax rates (EATRs) decline at the top of the distribution of income and capital gains. We also document substantial variation in EATRs within remuneration level: a quarter of those in the top 1 per cent pay headline rates, while another quarter pay at least 9pp less than the headline rate. Most of this effect is driven by the composition of remuneration, with investment income having lower tax rates and capital gains having lower rates still. If all individuals with income above £100,000 paid the headline rates, this would raise tax revenue on income and gains by £23 billion on a static basis, an increase of 27 per cent in the tax paid by this group.
Enzymes in 3D: Synthesis, remodelling, and hydrolysis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans
Authors: Hrmova Maria , Zimmer Jochen , Bulone Vincent , Fincher Geoffrey B 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have provided valuable new insights into enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism. More specifically, the molecular mechanism of synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widespread in cell walls of commercially important cereals and grasses, has been the topic of debate and intense research activity for decades. However, an inability to purify these integral membrane enzymes or apply transgenic approaches without interpretative problems associated with pleiotropic effects has presented barriers to attempts to define their synthetic mechanisms. Following the demonstration that some members of the CslF sub-family of GT2 family enzymes mediate (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, the expression of the corresponding genes in a heterologous system that is free of background complications has now been achieved. Biochemical analyses of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesized in vitro, combined with 3-dimensional (3D) cryogenic-electron microscopy and AlphaFold protein structure predictions, have demonstrated how a single CslF6 enzyme, without exogenous primers, can incorporate both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages into the nascent polysaccharide chain. Similarly, 3D structures of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endo- and exohydrolases have allowed the mechanisms of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan modification and degradation to be defined. X-ray crystallography and multi-scale modeling of a broad specificity GH3 β-glucan exohydrolase recently revealed a previously unknown and remarkable molecular mechanism with reactant trajectories through which a polysaccharide exohydrolase can act with a processive action pattern. The availability of high-quality protein 3D structural predictions should prove invaluable for defining structures, dynamics, and functions of other enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism in the immediate future.
Role of IL-6 and IL-6 targeted therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Nepal Desh , Gazeley David 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the cytokines implicated in murine and human SLE. Only a few small studies have investigated IL-6 inhibition in human SLE. Currently, there are no studies registered in clinicaltrials.gov to assess the IL-6 targeted therapy in SLE, yet its role in the future remains to be defined. This narrative review analyses these and potential areas of future studies with IL-6 targeted therapy in SLE.