bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work–life balance and work engagement across the European workforce: a comparative analysis of welfare states
Authors: Björk-Fant Janina M , Bolander Pernilla , Forsman Anna K 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Few large-scale, comparative studies have examined both the positive mental well-being outcomes of work–life balance and the broader socio-economic context by which it is shaped. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between work–life balance and work engagement across a wide range of European welfare states, as well as to examine whether work–life balance varies across European countries and whether this variance can be explained by welfare regime, controlling for individual-level factors.

Methods
This study utilized data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey. In total, 35 401 workers from 30 European countries could be classified into the adopted welfare regime typology. Work engagement was measured using an ultra-short version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and work–life balance with a question on the fit between working hours and family or social commitments. Due to the hierarchical structure of the data, multilevel regression models were applied.

Results
A statistically significant positive association between work–life balance and work engagement across the European workforce was found. Between-country variance in work–life balance was demonstrated and this can in part be explained by welfare regime.

Conclusions
While it has long been recognized that occupational stress and work-related mental health problems are shaped by the socio-economic context and thus regarded as public health concerns in Europe, our results suggest that this applies to well-being at work and related support factors as well.
Software Application Profile: The daggle app—a tool to support learning and teaching the graphical rules of selecting adjustment variables using directed acyclic graphs
Authors: Hanly Mark , Brew Bronwyn K , Austin Anna , Jorm Louisa 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Motivation
Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are used in epidemiological research to communicate causal assumptions and guide the selection of covariate adjustment sets when estimating causal effects. For any given DAG, a set of graphical rules can be applied to identify minimally sufficient adjustment sets that can be used to adjust for bias due to confounding when estimating the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. The daggle app is a web-based application that aims to assist in the learning and teaching of adjustment set identification using DAGs.

General features
The application offers two modes: tutorial and random. The tutorial mode presents a guided introduction to how common causal structures can be presented using DAGs and how graphical rules can be used to identify minimally sufficient adjustment sets for causal estimation. The random mode tests this understanding by presenting the user with a randomly generated DAG—a daggle. To solve the daggle, users must correctly identify a valid minimally sufficient adjustment set.

Implementation
The daggle app is implemented as an R shiny application using the golem framework. The application builds upon existing R libraries including pcalg to generate reproducible random DAGs, dagitty to identify all valid minimal adjustment sets and ggdag to visualize DAGs.

Availability
The daggle app can be accessed online at [http://cbdrh.shinyapps.io/daggle]. The source code is available on GitHub [https://github.com/CBDRH/daggle] and is released under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence.
Klt Varieties With Conjecturally Minimal Volume
Authors: Totaro Burt 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe construct klt projective varieties with ample canonical class and the smallest known volume. We also find exceptional klt Fano varieties with the smallest known anti-canonical volume. We conjecture that our examples have the smallest volume in every dimension, and we give low-dimensional evidence for that. In order to improve on earlier examples, we are forced to consider weighted hypersurfaces that are not quasi-smooth. We show that our Fano varieties are exceptional by computing their global log canonical threshold (or $\alpha $-invariant) exactly; it is extremely large, roughly $2^{2^n}$ in dimension $n$. These examples give improved lower bounds in Birkar’s theorem on boundedness of complements for Fano varieties.
Communication networks do not predict success in attempts at peer production
Authors: Foote Jeremy , Shaw Aaron , Hill Benjamin Mako 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAlthough peer production has created valuable information goods like Wikipedia, the GNU/Linux operating system, and Reddit, the majority of attempts at peer production achieve very little. In work groups and teams, coordination and social integration—manifested via dense, integrative communication networks—predict success. We hypothesize that the conditions in which new peer production communities operate make communication problems common and make coordination and integration more difficult, and that variation in the structure of project communication networks will predict project success. In this article, we measure communication networks for 999 early-stage peer production wikis. We assess whether communities displaying network markers of coordination and social integration are more productive and long-lasting. Contrary to our expectations, we find a very weak relationship between communication structure and collaborative performance. We propose that technology may serve as a partial substitute for communication in coordinating work and integrating newcomers in peer production.
Integration of EM techniques for mapping buried historical harbours: a case study from the archaeological site of Tell el-Rub'a, Egypt
Authors: Mohamed Adel K , Beshr Ahmed M , Xue Guoqiang , El-Qady Gad 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study focuses on the integrated application of the frequency-domain terrain conductivity (TC) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) methods to map an ancient riverine harbour (port) at the Egyptian archaeological site of Tell el-Rub'a (prehistoric Mendes). Fifty-one TC profiles were measured using six EM frequencies and 16 TEM soundings were performed at the selected site. The apparent conductivity maps derived from the TC survey enabled defining the lateral extension of the harbour basin and its edges to penetration depths ranging between 12 and 30 m. The vertical extension of the harbour basin was determined using the TEM inversion. Three layers were defined: the topsoil, the conductive silty clay infill and the resistive sand bedrock. The bedrock is found at depths ranging from 19 to 31 m. The TC and TEM results were combined to form a 3D image of the harbour basin. This study confirms the existence of Mendes harbour and demonstrates the effectiveness of the TC and TEM methods for such archaeological studies.
The elevation of Henry Willett
Authors: Adelman David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Henry Willett (1823–1905) was a wealthy Brighton brewer who, funded by a large inheritance, became a nationally renowned collector and one of the founders of Brighton Museum. This article focuses on Willett as a ‘collector of collections’ and investigates the eclecticism of the artefacts that he accumulated in a wide range of areas: archaeology, books, curiosities, ethnography, fine art, fossils, furniture, minerals, natural history, ‘objects of vertue’ and pottery. It argues that collecting (and exhibiting) objects, for Willett, was partly a strategy for collecting people, a means of elevating himself into cultural and intellectual circles in both Brighton and London. It also speculates on the idea that Willett’s serial collecting reflected a desire to create his own private museum referencing the totality of human knowledge – an ‘imaginary museum’ whose specimens remained hidden away in premises in Brighton and Hove, only occasionally seeing the light of day.
Advanced microscopy resolves dynamic localization patterns of stress-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (SIMK) during alfalfa root hair interactions withEnsifer meliloti
Authors: Hlaváčková Kateřina , Šamajová Olga , Hrbáčková Miroslava , Šamaj Jozef , Ovečka Miroslav 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLeguminous plants have established mutualistic endosymbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to secure nitrogen sources in root nodules. Before nodule formation, the development of early symbiotic structures is essential for rhizobia docking, internalization, targeted delivery, and intracellular accommodation. We recently reported that overexpression of stress-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (SIMK) in alfalfa affects root hair, nodule, and shoot formation, raising the question of how SIMK modulates these processes. In particular, detailed subcellular spatial distribution, activation, and developmental relocation of SIMK during early stages of alfalfa nodulation remain unclear. Here, we characterized SIMK distribution in Ensifer meliloti-infected root hairs using live-cell imaging and immunolocalization, employing alfalfa stable transgenic lines with genetically manipulated SIMK abundance and kinase activity. In the SIMKK-RNAi line, showing down-regulation of SIMKK and SIMK, we found considerably decreased accumulation of phosphorylated SIMK around infection pockets and infection threads. However, this was strongly increased in the GFP-SIMK line, constitutively overexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged SIMK. Thus, genetically manipulated SIMK modulates root hair capacity to form infection pockets and infection threads. Advanced light-sheet fluorescence microscopy on intact plants allowed non-invasive imaging of spatiotemporal interactions between root hairs and symbiotic E. meliloti, while immunofluorescence detection confirmed that SIMK was activated in these locations. Our results shed new light on SIMK spatiotemporal participation in early interactions between alfalfa and E. meliloti, and its internalization into root hairs, showing that local accumulation of active SIMK modulates early nodulation in alfalfa.
Tidal stripping in the adiabatic limit
Authors: Stücker Jens , Ogiya Go , Angulo Raul E , Aguirre-Santaella Alejandra , Sánchez-Conde Miguel A 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTWe present a model for the remnants of haloes that have gone through an adiabatic tidal stripping process. We show that this model exactly reproduces the remnant of an NFW halo that is exposed to a slowly increasing isotropic tidal field and approximately for an anisotropic tidal field. The model can be used to predict the asymptotic mass loss limit for orbiting subhaloes, solely as a function of the initial structure of the subhalo and the value of the tidal field at pericentre. Predictions can easily be made for differently concentrated host-haloes with and without baryonic components, which differ most notably in their relation between pericentre radius and tidal field. The model correctly predicts several empirically measured relations such as the ‘tidal track’ and the ‘orbital frequency relation’ that was reported by Errani & Navarro (2021) for the case of an isothermal sphere. Further, we propose applications of the ‘structure–tide’ degeneracy, which implies that increasing the concentration of a subhalo has exactly the same impact on tidal stripping as reducing the amplitude of the tidal field. Beyond this, we find that simple relations hold for the bound mass, truncation radius, WIMP annihilation luminosity, and tidal ratio of tidally stripped NFW haloes in relation to quantities measured at the radius of maximum circular velocity. Finally, we note that NFW haloes cannot be completely disrupted when exposed adiabatically to tidal fields of arbitrary magnitudes. We provide an open-source implementation of our model and suggest that it can be used to improve predictions of dark matter annihilation.
Short-lived radioisotope enrichment in star-forming regions from stellar winds and supernovae
Authors: Parker Richard J , Lichtenberg Tim , Patel Miti , Polius Cheyenne K M , Ridsdill-Smith Matthew 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The abundance of the short-lived radioisotopes 26Al and 60Fe in the early Solar system is usually explained by the Sun either forming from pre-enriched material, or the Sun’s protosolar disc being polluted by a nearby supernova explosion from a massive star. Both hypotheses suffer from significant drawbacks: the former does not account for the dynamical evolution of star-forming regions, while in the latter the time for massive stars to explode as supernovae can be similar to, or even longer than, the lifetime of protoplanetary discs. In this paper, we extend the disc enrichment scenario to include the contribution of 26Al from the winds of massive stars before they explode as supernovae. We use N-body simulations and a post-processing analysis to calculate the amount of enrichment in each disc, and we vary the stellar density of the star-forming regions. We find that stellar winds contribute to disc enrichment to such an extent that the Solar system’s 26Al/60Fe ratio is reproduced in up to 50 per cent of discs in dense ($\tilde{\rho } = 1000$ M⊙ pc−3) star-forming regions. When winds are a significant contributor to the SLR enrichment, we find that Solar system levels of enrichment can occur much earlier (before 2.5 Myr) than when enrichment occurs from supernovae, which start to explode at later ages (&gt;4 Myr). We find that Solar system levels of enrichment all but disappear in low-density star-forming regions ($\tilde{\rho } \le 10$ M⊙ pc−3), implying that the Solar system must have formed in a dense, populous star-forming region if 26Al and 60Fe were delivered directly to the protosolar disc from massive-star winds and supernovae.
Stop or Not: Genome-Wide Profiling of Reassigned Stop Codons in Ciliates
Authors: Chen Wenbing , Geng Yupeng , Zhang Bing , Yan Ying , Zhao Fangqing , Miao Miao 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBifunctional stop codons that have both translation and termination functions in the same species are important for understanding the evolution and function of genetic codes in living organisms. Considering the high frequency of bifunctional codons but limited number of available genomes in ciliates, we de novo sequenced seven representative ciliate genomes to explore the evolutionary history of stop codons. We further propose a stop codon reassignment quantification method (stopCR) that can identify bifunctional codons and measure their frequencies in various eukaryotic organisms. Using our newly developed method, we found two previously undescribed genetic codes, illustrating the prevalence of bifunctional stop codons in ciliates. Overall, evolutionary genomic analyses suggest that gain or loss of reassigned stop codons in ciliates is shaped by their living environment, the eukaryotic release factor 1, and suppressor tRNAs. This study provides novel clues about the functional diversity and evolutionary history of stop codons in eukaryotic organisms.
Strong Positive Selection inAedes aegyptiand the Rapid Evolution of Insecticide Resistance
Authors: Love R Rebecca , Sikder Josh R , Vivero Rafael J , Matute Daniel R , Schrider Daniel R 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAedes aegypti vectors the pathogens that cause dengue, yellow fever, Zika virus, and chikungunya and is a serious threat to public health in tropical regions. Decades of work has illuminated many aspects of Ae. aegypti's biology and global population structure and has identified insecticide resistance genes; however, the size and repetitive nature of the Ae. aegypti genome have limited our ability to detect positive selection in this mosquito. Combining new whole genome sequences from Colombia with publicly available data from Africa and the Americas, we identify multiple strong candidate selective sweeps in Ae. aegypti, many of which overlap genes linked to or implicated in insecticide resistance. We examine the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in three American cohorts and find evidence for successive selective sweeps in Colombia. The most recent sweep encompasses an intermediate-frequency haplotype containing four candidate insecticide resistance mutations that are in near-perfect linkage disequilibrium with one another in the Colombian sample. We hypothesize that this haplotype may continue to rapidly increase in frequency and perhaps spread geographically in the coming years. These results extend our knowledge of how insecticide resistance has evolved in this species and add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that Ae. aegypti has an extensive genomic capacity to rapidly adapt to insecticide-based vector control.
Afro-Protestantism, Pluralism, and the Problem of the Color Line
Authors: Sorett Josef 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChapter 2 contends that Afro-Protestantism played a key role in the emerging genre of “race literature,” the practice of religious pluralism on display at the first World’s Parliament of Religion, and novel forms of Christianity that gave rise to the tradition of Afro-Pentecostalism. While varied, these phenomena offered a shared cultural terrain through which African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century could interpret and organize an increasingly heterodox black religious experience in the face of the racial hierarchy of Jim Crow. The generation of black writers, leaders, and preachers to emerge from this period pursued, in different ways, a modern form of religious expression that would orient the black masses and make a claim on the larger society. The aim of this modern religious ideal was to help both black people and the nation bring an end to Jim Crow, but it was often at odds with the predominant religious practices in American, and African American, culture. However, these developments helped to set the theoretical terms and disciplinary limits through which African American religion would be imagined and analyzed for decades to come.
Introduction Engaging Both Horns of the Ethical Dilemma
Authors: Schoeni Daniel E. , Vestner Tobias 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the scene for the book, providing an overview and a through-line for the myriad themes discussed in the substantive chapters and the conclusions drawn in the final chapter. This chapter marvels that more academic work has not been devoted to the ethical issues in this morally fraught sector. There exists a tension, it argues, between a weapons industry whose existence is necessary for national defense and the malevolent purposes for which those arms are sometimes used. Scholars’ reluctance to engage these issues parallels a broader human tendency to eschew such matters, perhaps because we would prefer not to think about what our collective responsibility may be for wrongdoing committed in times of war, in what are often far-off lands. But with modern, truly global defense industries, such ethical issues become harder to ignore.
The Ethics of Better Weapons
Authors: Ayres Thomas E , Govern Kevin , Meier Michael W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a military lawyer’s perspective on how soldiers deserve the best weapons possible. Under the law of armed conflict (LOAC, also known as international humanitarian law, or IHL), deadly force may be used against an identified enemy as a first option. Service members need not put themselves at risk. LOAC similarly allows for the use of superior weapons that minimize risk to oneself. Therefore, when it comes to a service member’s perspective, the chapter postulates that there are five reasons that make it ethically permissible and even obligate the development and procurement of the best weapons possible. The chapter explains how U.S. laws, regulation, and practice ensure that the best weapons are provided to the armed forces within the international legal framework, including legal reviews of weapons, and the implementation of technology-specific ethical principles. When doing so, the chapter considers the ethical and legal particularities of emerging and disruptive technologies, notably artificial intelligence.
Protecting Civilian Data in Armed Conflicts
Authors: Biller Jeffrey , Goines Timothy 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses one of the most salient yet normatively unresolved issues regarding cyber operations: protecting civilian data during armed conflicts. The chapter illustrates how certain state operations target civilian data in foreign countries, including the United States. The chapter describes the international humanitarian law (IHL) governing cyber operations in armed conflicts. It points out how international law is unclear on whether data qualifies as object, which is essential for the proper application of IHL to cyber operations and describe further inadequacies of existing protections of civilian data. After highlighting current initiatives to address this issue, which do not focus on the role of industry, the chapter presents original ideas on how the industry can make a difference: (1) cooperating in developing alternative methods of achieving strategic cyber effects without harming civilian data; (2) enhancing collaborative cybersecurity efforts related to the protection of key sectors of civilian data; and (3) using economic and social influence to push toward a more protective legal regime.
Defense Firms’ Duties to Society When Presented with an Opportunity to Pay a Bribe
Authors: Nichols Philip M. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines defense firms’ duties to society when presented with an opportunity to pay a bribe. The chapter addresses this as a moral rather than a legal question, first confirming that defense firms are moral agents. Several factors strongly distort the industry in which these firms operate, including concentration of both supply and demand, secrecy, complexity, and close government and industry relationships. Society would be justified, using any moral framework, in intervening in this market or requiring defense firms to operate in nonmarket ways. Society, however, allows defense firms to work in and profit from markets. In exchange, defense firms owe a heightened duty to society. The chapter points out that society is at risk. The same factors that distort the defense market also render it vulnerable to bribery. Bribery by defense firms threatens both society and vulnerable persons, in the form of inappropriate or low-quality weapon systems, reduced defensive capacity, and wasted resources, and these harms can be directly attributed to bribe-paying firms. Bribery also opens a backdoor through which defense firms supply weapons to dangerous, prohibited buyers. This leads the chapter to an ineluctable conclusion: in exchange for permission to operate in a distorted market, defense firms owe a heightened duty to protect society. Bribery seriously damages society. Defense firms’ supposed duty to society takes priority over other duties. Thus, both legally and morally, defense firms should not participate in bribery.