bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody-Dependent Cytolytically Active Human Leukocytes: An Analysis of Inactivation Following in Vitro Interaction with Antibody-Coated Target Cells
Authors: Ziegler H. Kirk , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A leukocyte population consisting of approximately 85% lymphocytes, prepared from human peripheral blood by centrifugation through a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, was studied for its capacity to destroy antibody-coated human liver (Chang) cells in vitro.
Cytolysis was a rapid event: increased ionic flux (86Rb) from the target cell occurred within 10 min of the addition of effector cells. Kinetic analysis of target cell destruction (51Cr release) was compatible with a “one hit” hypothesis, thereby indicating that cytolysis resulted from a single collision with an effector cell. The initial rate of cytolysis was linear and related to the number of leukocytes added, but lysis at all of the leukocyte to target cell ratios tested ceased after 5 hr. The number of target cells killed at that time was directly proportional to the number of leukocytes added.
While the lytic capacity of the effector population was totally depleted after incubation with antibody-coated target cells, cytotoxicity was not affected by co-culturing leukocytes with Chang cells treated with pre-immune serum. The cytotoxic effector cells functioning in this antibody-dependent lytic system are thus to be contrasted with killer T cells, whose lytic activity is not compromised by interaction with homologous target cells.
It was estimated that approximately 4% of the leukocyte population employed could kill antibody-coated Chang cells, a figure consistent with the estimated frequency of “null” cells within human peripheral lymphocytes.
Heterogeneity of Human T Lymphocytes to Bind Sheep Erythrocytes and Mitogenic Responses of Their Subpopulations
Authors: Sasaki Mutsuo , Sekizawa Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Hisashi , Abo Toru , Kumagai Katsuo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneity of human T lymphocytes was examined by the rosette formation of sheep red blood cells (E-rosette) in two different preaction media: fetal calf serum (FCS) and gelatin Veronal buffer (GVB). Nearly all the T lymphocytes could form rosettes in FCS at 1°C (FCS-R) independently of the incubation time. In contrast, rosette formation in GVB (GVB-R) was apparently dependent upon the incubation time and could not be used in the enumeration of the total T cells even after long incubation. Among the possible subpopulations, a fraction (T1) that could form GVB-R as well as FCS-R, and the other fraction (T2) that could form only FCS-R were partially purified by rosette formation and by density gradient on a Ficoll-Isopaque layer. In contrast to the T cell-depleted fraction (B) which formed EAC rosettes in a majority of cells and E rosettes in a few cells, only a small portion of cells from both the T1 and T2 fractions could form EAC-rosettes. T1 cells possessed high responses to PHA as estimated by the counts of 3H-TdR incorporation as well as the stimulation indices. In contrast, T2 cells possessed a lower responsiveness to the mitogen, and B fraction cells could not respond at all. These results suggested that a positive correlation exists between the ability of E rosette formation and responsiveness to PHA in the T cell subpopulations. Preliminary experiments also suggested that percentages of T1 cells highly responsive to PHA may decrease and, therefore, those of T2 cells less responsive to the mitogen may increase in the T cell population of the patients with some immunodeficiencies.
Lack of Inverse Relationship Between the Net Charge of T-Independent Immunogens and the Responding Spleen Cells
Authors: Falkenberg Frank W. , Karniely Yuval , Schmitt-Verhulst Anne-Marie , Mozes Edna , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the net electrical charge of immunogens and the antibodies they elicit. This correlation was found to be expressed at the cellular level. It has been shown that thymus-derived cells may recognize immunogens on the basis of their overall electrical charge. In this study, charged T-independent copolymers composed of tyrosine, glutamic acid, and lysine of the D configuration were prepared in order to find out whether this net charge phenomenon holds also for immunogens which do not require helper T cells for generation of immune response.
Spleen cells were fractionated over negatively charged glass bead columns, and their immunocompetence was tested by transferring them into irradiated recipient mice which were immunized with the dinitrophenylated acidic or basic T-independent carrier. No differences in the responsiveness to the dinitrophenyl group on either carrier could be detected in recipients of unfractionated or fractionated cells on the charged columns.
Similar results were obtained with the negatively charged T-independent branched polypeptide poly(DTyr,DGlu)-poly(DPro)--poly(DLys). Filtration of spleen cells through glass bead columns did not affect the immune response potential of the recipient mice. In contrast, a significant reduction was observed in the frequency of positive responses in recipients of filtered cells, which were immunized with the negatively charged T-dependent poly(DTyr,DGlu)-poly(DPro)--poly(DLys). Thus, the inverse net charge phenomenon holds only for T-dependent antigens.
Determinants of the Hierarchy of Humoral Immune Responsiveness During Ontogeny
Authors: Sherwin W. K. , Rowlands D. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A model system of ontogeny was utilized to investigate the development of humoral immunity in both AKR and BALB/c mice. Lethally irradiated adult mice were reconstituted with syngeneic fetal or neonatal liver. These mice were immunized at various times after reconstitution with a series of eight antigens: the bacteriophages F2, øX-174, and T4; the hapten carrier complexes 2,4 dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin and fluorescein-bovine serum albumin; and the small proteins: hen egg lysozyme, sperm whale myoglobin, and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Subsequent antibody production to the antigens was assayed with either a direct or a modified bacteriophage neutralization technique. Individual mice responded to the various antigens in a sequential pattern which was basically the same for all mice within each strain. However, there was a marked difference between the two strains in the time at which they developed responsiveness to myoglobin.
In order to begin to delineate the separate roles played by B and T cells in the generation of this hierarchical response pattern during ontogeny, the development of anti-DNP and anti-FTC activity was examined in carrier-primed mice. Results of this experiment indicated that functional B cell specificities for the two haptens arise at different times during ontogeny. Further studies are needed to determine whether the hierarchical pattern of immune responsiveness observed for the other antigens is a function of sequential appearance of B cell specificities, T cell specificities, or both.
Ly Antigens: Markers of T Cell Function on Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: Hirst John A. , Beverley P. C. L. , Kisielow Pawel , Hoffmann Michael K. , Oettgen Herbert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By the use of Ly antisera and complement it is possible to remove subpopulations of mouse T cells from spleen cell suspension. It is shown that these Ly antisera are specific for the Ly alleles carried by the cells. Helper cells from primed or unprimed mice and cells which respond to Con A express Ly-1 antigen but little or no Ly-2 antigen (Ly-1+ phenotype) whereas cells which respond to PHA express both Ly-1 and Ly-2 antigens (Ly-1+2+ phenotype).
Augmentation of Proliferation and in Vitro Production of Cytotoxic Cells by 2-Me in the Rat
Authors: Soulillou Jean-Paul , Carpenter Charles B. , Lundin Andrew P. , Strom Terry B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Low concentrations (10-5 to 10-8 M) of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) greatly enhance the proliferation of allogeneic cells in the rat mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Studies were undertaken to determine the mode of action of 2-ME. MLC proliferation can occur in the absence of serum proteins (fetal calf serum, FCS) only if 2-ME is present; however, a synergistic effect is present with FCS plus 2-ME, with a 3-fold increase in 3HTdR incorporation with FCS concentrations as low as 0.1%. Kinetic studies show no shift in the peak of proliferation (92 hr) when comparing cultures with and without 2-ME; however, 2-ME-supplemented cultures have significant 3HTdR uptake at 24 hr, and the peak amount of uptake at 92 hr is two to four times higher. Delayed addition of 2-ME until 92 and 166 hr produces a further increase in 3HTdR uptake, indicating that the entire effect is not expressed at the time of allogeneic recognition. L-ascorbic acid, another reducing agent which lacks sulfhydryl groups, elicits a much lower effect on DNA synthesis than does 2-ME. The cytotoxicity of cells harvested from MLC supplemented with 2-ME is increased without loss of target specificity, whereas the same concentration of 2-ME has no direct effect upon the cytotoxicity assay except at higher concentrations where 2-ME suppresses cytotoxicity.
Measurement of Absolute Amounts of Antigen-Specific Human IgE by a Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) Elution Technique
Authors: Schellenberg R. Robert , Adkinson N. Franklin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A technique for the absolute quantification of antigen-specific human IgE is described. It employs elution of a calculable amount of antigen-specific IgE from an allergosorbent-antibody complex by means of alkaline pH treatment, followed by measurement of the IgE content of the eluate with a modified radioimmunosorbent test (RIST). With this method IgE antibody directed against the benzylpenicilloyl determinant of penicillin (BPO) was measured quantitatively in sera from seven penicillin allergic patients. IgE specific for ragweed antigen E was measured in sera from 33 ragweed allergic patients. Values obtained for IgE anti-BPO ranged from 19 to 1806 ng/ml and comprised from 1.3 to 27.5% of total serum IgE. Values of IgE anti-antigen E ranged from 9 to 1807 ng/ml, comprising from 3 to 84% of total serum IgE.
Excellent correlation (r = 0.99; p &lt;0.001) was obtained for both antigen systems between values determined by the RAST elution technique and by simple RAST assay with interpolation from a reference serum of known specific IgE content as determined by the elution technique. This suggests that the RAST elution technique may be needed only for primary standardization of reference sera.
Studies on T Cell Clonal Expansion
Authors: Kamat Ramesh , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult C57BL/6 mice immunized i.p. with an allogeneic mastocytoma cell line (P815 of the DBA/2 strain) develop cytolytically active T cells. Activity peaks at 10 to 11 days and falls rapidly thereafter. We have observed an anomalous in vitro behavior of effector cell populations harvested during this decline. The lytic activity of spleen cells harvested 12 to 18 days after alloantigen was markedly augmented after culture for 24 hr at 37°C. The augmented lytic activity was caused by T cells and specificity exhibited was identical to the pre-culture population. No augmentation of lytic activity occurred when cells were cultured at 4°C or when they were treated with a protein synthetic inhibitor (pactamycin) at concentrations which did not compromise cytotoxic expression by the starting population. Augmentation of cytolysis was independent of DNA synthesis and did not require the presence of added antigen.
When immune lymphoid cell populations were depleted of effector cells by adsorption onto allogeneic monolayers and then cultured, new killer cells differentiated within a 24-hr period. This process was not augmented by the addition of antigen to the nonadherent cell population.
We interpret these demonstrations to show: i) that there is a pre-killer T cell whose differentiation into an effector cell requires de novo protein synthesis but not cell proliferation, and ii) that the in vivo fall in lytic activity during the primary immune response is at least partially caused by suppression of the differentiation of this pre-killer cell.
Furthermore, we conclude that the pre-killer cell is distinct from a memory T cell because: i) its conversion to an effector cell is antigen-independent and ii) because, unlike the memory cell, pre-killers do not bind avidly to allogeneic cell monolayers.
Histocompatibility and T-B Cell Cooperation in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Sado Toshihiko , Kamisaku Hitoko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cooperative interaction between histocompatible as well as histoincompatible T and B cells in vivo was studied with B cell-bearing syngeneic radiation chimeras receiving syngeneic, semiallogeneic, or allogeneic A and T cells in various combinations. The results indicated the following: i) Histoincompatible T and B cells normally did not cooperate successfully for generation of antibody-forming cells. ii) Semiallogeneic (C3BF1) T cells cooperated successfully with parent-type (C3H) B cells developed in parent-type syngeneic chimeras (C3H/C3H), whereas parent-type (C3H as well as C57BL) T cells failed to cooperate with F1 (BC3F1) B cells developed in F1 syngeneic chimeras (BC3F1/BC3F1). iii) T cells obtained from C57BL/C3H or C57BL/C3BF1 chimeras, which were most likely donor (C57BL)- derived, cooperated successfully with C3H-derived B cells developed in C3H/C3H chimeras. iv) Evidence was obtained suggesting that stimulation of antibody response by allogeneic effect in the absence of syngeneic or semisyngeneic helper T cells did not take place in this experimental system. v) With the use of congenic resistant strains, it was shown that alloantigens controlled by H-2 loci, in particular by the K-I region of this gene complex, constituted the barrier of cooperative interaction between histoincompatible T and B cells. vi) Cooperation between H-2 compatible, non-syngeneic T and B cells was also disturbed in varying degrees depending on the strain combinations, thus indicating that cell surface antigens controlled by non-H-2 loci also had a significant role for the cooperative interaction between T and B cells. Problems associated with these findings were discussed.
Suppression of Lymphocyte Activation by a Factor Produced by Mycoplasma Arginini
Authors: Callewaert Denis M. , Kaplan Joseph , Peterson Ward D. , Lightbody James J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mycoplasma arginini, when grown in broth or in cultures of human lymphoblast cell lines, inhibits activation of lymphocytes by allogeneic cells of mitogens. This inhibition can also be produced by cell free media obtained after the growth of this organism. Inhibition is not species specific and inhibits both B and T cell activation in the mouse. The inhibitory factor is required during the first 3 days of the mixed leukocyte culture, but has no effect on the latter phase of this reaction when thymidine uptake is greatest. The factor is stable to treatment at 60°, but not 90°, for 30 min.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Geczy A. F. , de Weck A. L. , Schwartz B. D. , Shevach E. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serologic and genetic studies of the antigens which comprise the guinea pig MHC have demonstrated three distinct but linked genetic regions. Antisera to the B region were raised by cross-immunization of random-bred animals; this region controls antigens B.1, B.2, B.3, and B.4 which behave as alleles at a single locus and which resemble the products of the murine D or K region genes in their tissue distribution and molecular characteristics. Cross-immunization of inbred strain 2 and strain 13 animals, both of which bear the B.1 antigen, leads to sera which identify antigens which resemble the products of the I region of the murine MHC. Specific absorption experiments have demonstrated four distinct I region antigens. In addition to the B and I regions, inbred strain 2, strain 13, and some outbred animals bear an antigen (S.1) which is the product of a third genetic region and which also resembles the murine D or K region gene products in molecular size.
The results of these studies should facilitate the use of the guinea pig as an experimental model for studies of genetic control of the immune response and the function of the histocompatibility-linked Ir genes.
In Vitro Selection and Extended Culture of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes
Authors: Ben-Sasson S. Z. , Paul William E. , Shevach Ethan M. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functional selection of antigen-specific T lymphocytes can be achieved by culturing thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes from immunized guinea pigs on “monolayers” of antigen-pulsed adherent peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from nonimmune syngeneic donors. Several aspects of the in vitro selection of T lymphocyte-rich peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) were studied. It was shown that irradiated adherent PEC were equivalent to nonirradiated adherent PEC in supporting selection cultures, indicating that the lymphocytes harvested at the end of the selection culture derive from the immune donors of the PEL and not from the nonimmune donor of the adherent PEC.
The relative importance of specific adherence and specific proliferation for achieving selection was determined by comparing the degree of selection obtained when nonadherent cells were discarded at 24 hr with that noted when the discard step was omitted. It was found that omitting the discard step markedly diminished the degree of selection. On the other hand, blocking proliferation with specific alloantisera after the discard step did not diminish the degree of selection, although it did diminish the cell yield. Thus, specific adherence to antigen-pulsed PEC appeared to be critical in the selection culture procedure.
An estimate of the degree of enrichment obtained by the selection culture procedure was obtained by culturing selected cells in an excess of nonprimed PEL, so that auxiliary cells would not be limiting. Under these conditions, it appeared that selected cells were enriched from 4-to 10-fold in antigen-responsive cells with respect to the initial cell population.
Experimental Allergic Aspermatogenic Orchitis
Authors: Hagopian Arpi , Jackson Jesse J. , Carlo Dennis J. , Limjuco Guadalupe A. , Eylar E. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four glycoproteins (GP1, 2, 3, and 4) rich in carbohydrate were isolated from guinea pig testes. GP1, 2, and 4 (one or more) were localized in the sperm acrosome by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Purification consisted of delipidation with chloroform-methanol (2:1), acid extraction at pH 3.0, precipitation with 85% saturated ammonium sulfate, extraction with 5% trichloroacetic acid, and either gel filtration on agarose or ultrafiltration. The final purification steps were isoelectrofocusing or gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 followed by preparative slab gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Each glycoprotein appeared homogeneous by gel electrophoresis at pH 2.7 and 8.6, and by immunoelectrophoresis. The crude glycoprotein fraction from the agarose column was resolved into the three major components, GP1, 2, and 3, distinguished by their isoelectric points (pI 3.9, 4.4, and 5.0, respectively), electrophoretic mobilities at pH 8.6, and reactivities with antiserum in immunoelectrophoresis. GP4, isolated by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-75 chromatography, was differentiated by the same criteria. Approximately 5 mg each of purified GP1, 3, and 4 and 2 to 3 mg of GP2 were isolated from 1000 g of wet guinea pig testes.
GP1, 2, and 4 induced precipitating antibody in rabbits and goats. GP1 and GP4 induced allergic aspermatogenic orchitis in guinea pigs, an autoimmune disease characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells around and within the seminiferous tubules, followed by extensive destruction of the germinal epithelium. The course of the disease induced by 2 μg of either GP1 or GP4 was essentially identical in time course and pathology to that induced by whole testicular homogenates or 1 μg of purified acrosomal protein (AP1).
Communications
Authors: Gerber N. Lynn , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Thymocytes from 1-month-old NZB/W mice were separated at unit gravity and then studied for helper or suppressor effects in a GVH assay. Thymocytes with a settling rate of 4 to 6 mm/hr suppressed but did not help. In contrast, help but no suppression characterized thymocytes settling at 6 to 10 mm/hr. Thus helper and suppressor thymocytes in this GVH assay were physically separated.
Effect of Cold Exposure on the Metabolism of Immunoglobulins in Rabbits
Authors: Sabiston Brian H. , Ste. Rose John E. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of low environmental temperature on the metabolism of IgG and IgM was examined in unimmunized rabbits. The half-lives of both IgG and IgM were less in animals kept at 4°C for 6 weeks than in animals kept at 22°C. Serum concentrations of IgM and IgG were unaltered by cold exposure but intravascular pool sizes tended to increase as a consequence of an expanded serum volume. Fractional turnover rates of both IgM and IgG were greater in cold-exposed animals. At both 4°C and 22°C, the fractional catabolic rate of IgM was independent of its serum concentration whereas that of IgG was correlated directly with its serum concentration. Absolute turnover of both IgM and IgG was accelerated by cold exposure. It is suggested that increased synthesis of immunoglobulin could account for the higher levels of antibody reportedly found in cold-exposed rabbits.
Acute and Chronic Infection of Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines with Measles Virus
Authors: Barry David W. , Sullivan John L. , Lucas Susan J. , Dunlap Ruth C. , Albrecht Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several human continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) having T or B characteristics were infected with low and high passage strains of measles virus. All of the cell lines were susceptible to one or the other or to both strains of measles virus with the production of typical syncytial giant cells and released cell-free infectious virus into the supernatant medium. There was no consistent pattern of susceptibility of LCL with either T or B characteristics to infection by measles virus. Viral induced cytolysis of the lymphoblastoid cells in many of the lines was marked, but in the LCL that could be maintained over longer periods of time, a state of chronic, less cytolytic and persistent infection could be established. The infection was characterized by the production of moderate amounts of cell-free infectious virus for up to 4½ months after initial infection with little change in the number of viable cells in culture. Long-term low multiplicity of infection (MOI) experiments demonstrated that the cell-free infectious virus was being produced only by a small number of cells, but the majority of cells in culture contained measles antigen that was in a cell-restricted, noninfectious, or defective form. Electron microscopic examination of the chronically infected cells demonstrated that many of them contained aggregates of hollow tubular intranuclear nucleocapsids whose “stripped” appearance was in marked contrast to the larger granular intracytoplasmic nucleocapsids found during earlier stages of infection. It is theorized that the persistent infection of LCL may serve as a model in understanding the immune mechanisms which permit latent and chronic measles infection in man.