bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of glycemic status and insulin resistance indices on cognition
Authors: C. M. Ramya , R. Rajalakshmi , Vijayashankar Uma , M. Bhanukumar 
Published: May 2023

Introduction and Aim: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is presently the commonest and most prevalent disorder of metabolism which, if unmanaged, can lead to macro and micro-vascular disorders as complications. The preventive and therapeutic options for the same have been drastically improved than before and the life expectancy of the affected population has risen, but with the emergence of few other new complications like cognitive impairment and dementia. Insulin Resistance (IR) is a preclinical stage during diabetes and can potentially affect cognition. Cognition is the capability of an individual to process the given information through perception. Cognition is a broad spectrum including different cognitive domains like learning, attention, memory, language, reasoning, decision making, visuospatial skills etc., which forms the basis of intellectual development. Our present aim is to study the relationship between the glycemic profile and cognition status in diabetics.

Materials and Methods: The study population included a total of 232 subjects with the age of 40-70 years of both genders. They were recruited after obtaining the informed written consent. Fasting blood glucose, Insulin levels, HbA1C were analyzed. The insulin resistance indices such as The HOmeostasis Model of IR (HOMA-IR), QUantitative Insulin-sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) and HOMA percent beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were derived. Cognition status was assessed and scored using the Modified Mini Mental Status (3MS) test.

Results: HbA1c score and the 3MS score showed an association where both were negatively correlated. Insulin resistance induces too were negatively correlated with cognitive function.

Conclusion: Thus, our study suggests that unmanaged diabetes mellitus type 2 may affect the cognition. Accordingly, early diagnosis of the condition and its management is crucial to bring down the incidence of cognitive impairment, further dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Extraction, purification and assessment of galactomannan from fenugreek seeds
Authors: Teekanam Jahnavi , Srinivasan Shantkriti , Uthayasooriyan Pavithra , Subbiah Usharani , Govindasamy Balasubramani , Athiappan Murugan 
Published: May 2023

Introduction and Aim: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graceum) is extensively cultivated in several Asian nations. The leaves and seeds of this plant are well recognized for their potential against diabetes, some cancers and imparting immunity. They are often employed as adhesives and emulsifying agents. Polysaccharides can be found in abundance in fenugreek seeds. Galactomannan, a water-soluble polysaccharide, efficiently reduces the surface tension and increases the viscosity of liquids.

Materials and Methods: In this study, a simple method for extracting as well as purifying galactomannan was developed. It was produced from fenugreek plant's seeds and purified by centrifugation and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) spirit precipitation methods.

Results: The presence of carbohydrates by Molisch test and an absence of reducing sugar by Fehling’s test was revealed. The pH of the purified galactomannan was 6.37, and its foaming capability was 14.28 %. The Galactomannan gum was found to possess 81 % emulsifying capacity. It revealed that the capacity to hold water was 1480% and the ability to hold oil was 268%.

Conclusion: In contrast to guar gum as well as the locust bean gum which are employed in various industries as thickeners, emulsifiers and stabilizers, galactomannan, produced in this study, is an effective and affordable method of stabilizing and emulsifying various products.
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Solanum pubescens fruit extract
Authors: Aldeen Ahmed Naji Ismail Salah , Mahmood Riaz , Rahman Haseebur 
Published: May 2023

Introduction and Aim: Solanum pubescens is one of the very well-known traditional medicinal plants it has been widely used in the treatment of many inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of S. pubescens fruit.

Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activities of S. pubescens fruit extracts at different concentrations (100-200 mg/kg) were carried out using carrageenan-induced and cotton implant-induced granuloma methods.

Results: The results of the carrageenan-induced paw edema study reveals the highest activity of fruit upper ethanolic (FUEE) extract at 200 mg/kg, with 64.84% followed by water (FEW), and fruit lower ethanolic extracts (FLEE). The protein and IL-6 evaluation in this experiment showed very promising results. Whereas the cellular toxicity was evaluated in terms of LPO, MPO and nitric oxide analysis which in turn showed harmless nature of extracts. Furthermore, assessment of proliferative phase of inflammation was done in rats using a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, where FUEE at 100 mg/kg showed 32.5±2.73 mg, 200 mg/kg 25.3±2.36 mg of dry weight of granuloma, compared to the standard indomethacin activity 1.4±3.45 mg. Moreover, the hematological parameters of treated animals reveals that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of FUEE 4.88± 0.18 mm/hr at 200 mg/kg was the least and almost equal to the standard.

Conclusion: It can be said that S. pubescens is no doubt a very good source of phytomedicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, with most of the valuable phytoconstituents concerned with the anti-inflammation assembled in the fruit upper ethanolic extracts as this extract showed excellent activity in both the carrageenan and cotton pellet models.
A descriptive study of myriad risk factors in anemia of varied severity among reproductive female patients visiting a tertiary care setup in coastal Karnataka
Authors: Balasubramaniyam Kalpana , Balakrishnan Grrishma , Thalenjeri Padmini , Rao Varsha 
Published: May 2023

Introduction and Aim: Anemia is common among women within childbearing age. The present study was undertaken to analyze the burden ofsocio-demographic status, lifestyle determinants, menstrual parameters, and obstetric factors as risk factors among mild, moderate, and severe types of anaemic women of childbearing age and to assess their knowledge about it.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 79 anemic women visiting a private medical college hospital in Karnataka. The study group was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe anemia based on the WHO criteria of haemoglobin concentration. Participants answered a validated and pretested questionnaire on their socio-demographic status, lifestyle characteristics, menstrual and obstetric history, and their knowledge regarding anemia.

Results: Descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis. The prevalence of mild and moderate anemia in the rural setup was higher compared to urban living. Most of the participants with mild to moderate anemia had education up to primary schooling and were married homemakers. Participants with moderate to severe anemia belonged to the below poverty line status. There was a higher intake of white meat among moderate anemic participants compared to the other groups.Majority of the participants with mild to moderate anemia suffered from dysmenorrhoea. Only 51% of the participants knew that anemia is a health problem and most of the participants were ignorant of the features of anemia.

Conclusion: We conclude that moderately anemic participants mostly belonged to rural areas, were less literate, belonging to lower economic strata, consuming white meat and junk food.
FREQUENCY AND FACTORS OF CESAREAN SECTION IN LADY DOCTORS WORKING IN DIFFERENT HEALTH CARE FACILITY, PESHAWAR
Authors: ROEDA SHAMS  , FARHANA JABEEN SHAH  , SYEDA ZILE HARAM SABA SHAH  , SYEDA ANMOL SABA SHAH  , SAAD AHMAD KHAN  , MAHAM AYYAZ  
Published: May 2023

Objectives: To determine the frequency and factors of cesarean section in lady doctors working in different health care facility, Peshawar
Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study over a period of one year from January 2016 to December 2016, in lady doctors working in different health care facility of Peshawar and comprised 2000. All the post operative cesarean section patients delivered singleton and alive baby admitted in gynecology wards in different health care facility of Peshawar were included in the study all the post operative cesarean section patients delivered singleton and alive baby, admitted in intensive care unit due to medical reasons and complication after surgery ,non cooperative and reluctant patients were excluded.
Results: The cesarean section was 60.05% in 30-39 years of age 72.25% in urban settings, 73% of the patients operated in public hospitals, 36.9% obese, 81.5% of respondents was of upper social class, 77% of patients had antenatal visits more than 2, maternal indications included CPD 10%, obstructed labor 17.5% where as fetal indications were fetal distress 23.5% and fetal mal presentation 11.5%.
Conclusion: The emergent cesarean section was more as compare to planned type.
COMPARISON OF RECTALLY ADMINISTERED MISOPROSTOL AND OXYTOCIN INFUSION FOR MANAGEMENT OF 3RD STAGE OF LABOUR IN 2ND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY LOSS
Authors: FAIQA SALEEM BAIG  , FOZIA ALI  , MUHAMMAD SHAHID  , AYESHA MALIK  
Published: May 2023

Misoprostol and oxytocin are two common medications used to prevent PPH and other pregnancy related complications, particularly in pregnancy loss. Both of these drugs can be administered through different routes and have different effectiveness. So this study was done to compare the effectiveness of these drugs.
Objective: To compare the outcome of rectally administered misoprostol and oxytocin infusion for management of 3rd stage of labour in 2nd trimester pregnancy loss.
Material & Methods: The randomized control trial was conducted at department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore. Then patients were randomly divided into two groups by using lottery method. In group A, 600 μg tablets of misoprostol was used rectally at the time of delivery of foetus. In group B, 20 IU of oxytocin was given I/V infusion at the time of delivery of foetus. For comparison independent sample t-test was used to compare blood loss in both study groups. P-value<0.05 was taken as significant.
Results: In our study the mean age of the patients was 27.35±6.35 years and the mean gestational age was 18.21±3.95 weeks, the mean blood loss was 369.28±87.26 ml. Retained placenta was observed in 48(17.1%) patients and the PPH was found in 15% patients. Statistically there is significant difference was observed between the study groups and retained placenta of the patients i.e. p-value=0.011.
Conclusion: The results of our study concluded that the use of misoprostol is an effective and feasible drug in blood loss, PPH and Retained placenta as compared to oxytocin drug in the managmenet of 3rd stage of labour in 2nd trimester pregnancy loss
FUNCTIONAL IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: UMAR FAROOQ QURESHI  , MUHAMMAD NADEEM ANSARI  , MUHAMMAD NAVEED ASLAM  , MOHSIN KHAN  
Published: May 2023

Introduction: Anemia is one of the major harms in hemodialysis patients, which is caused by inadequate production of erythropoietin. Functional iron deficiency (FID) anemia is a type of anemia, characterized by lack of functional iron. There are many markers identified for assessing FID in patients of chronic kidney disease(CKD). Of these the most sensitive marker is percentage of hypo chromic red cells (%HRC).
Objective: To observe the frequency of functional iron deficiency in patients of chronic kidney diseases by percentage of hypo chromic red cells.
Methodology: This study was carried out in the Ibnae –Sienna Hospital Multan from March 2016 to September 2016. All those CKD patients who were on hemodialysis and on erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) were included in the study. However, those patients who had history of chronic infections like tuberculosis or any history of malignancy were not included in this study. For this study, 150 patients on hemodialysis and on ESA were recruited. Hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV) and %Hypo were measured on the Sysmex XE 5000.
Results: A sum of 150 hemodialysis patients on ESA were enrolled in this study. Of these 57.3%were males while 42.7% were females. The average age of patients was 48.71±11.92 years. Functional iron deficiency was observed in 28.7% of patients on hemodialysis.
Conclusion: Percentage of hypochromic red cells (%HRC) is the most sensitive marker for diagnosis of FID. Timely diagnosis will help in reducing treatment related complications and improve quality of life.
EFFECTS OF PRE AND POST EXPOSURE PREVENTIVE MEASURES ON SERUM CHOLINESTRASE LEVEL IN ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS SPRAY WORKERS
Authors: PERVAIZ ZARIF  , ZUBIA IQBAL  , TUFAIL AHMAD  
Published: May 2023

In Pakistan organophosphorus compounds are basic necessity in current farming system. In addition to their benefits in yielding good crops, it causes health hazards to its users; particularly spray workers. Excessive use, inappropriate handling and unsatisfactory personal protective measures while spraying OPs put sprayers at increased risk for acute as well as chronic health hazards. This aspect of occupational exposure is less explored area in Pakistan. Almost all OPs share a general mechanism of action, by phosphorylation of cholinesterase enzyme and buildup acetylcholine neurotransmitter level at nerve terminals.
Objective: The objective of present study was to measure levels of plasma cholinesterase in pesticide spray workers who take and who do not take pre and post exposure preventive measures. Material and Methods: Serum cholinesterase levels were measured in 123 rural male spray workers selected through purposive sampling method from Lahore district of Punjab. This was done using spectrophotometric analysis. Serum cholinesterase level was measured by means of kits. A planned questionnaire was arranged to get demographic and data about use of pre and post exposure preventive measures.
Results: All spray workers were males with a mean age of 34±9 years, with a mean duration of work experience 10±7 years. The usage of pre and post spraying protective measures in sprayers was significantly correlated with somewhat high mean values of serum cholinesterase activity (6055 u/l) and with a minor risk of OPs related illness, as compared to those sprayers who did not use these devices (4217 u/l) .
Conclusion: The above mentioned results propose that sprayers in regular contact with OPs must be screened by clinical symptoms along with serum cholinesterase enzyme levels. It can identify those spray workers who are at threat to develop chronic toxicity. Health education must be given about adopting pre and post exposure preventive measures.
Prevalence of malaria in pre and post covid-19 era in district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A cross sectional study
Authors: Usman Shehzad , Ayub Usman , Rafiq Hamza , Khan Suliman , Zubaid Hassan , Nazar Muhammad Subhan 
Published: May 2023

Background: There are large populations of people who are affected by malaria. In 2004, it has been reported that there were 350–500 million cases of the illness worldwide. More than two billion people, or more than 40% of the world's population, are at risk of developing malaria, and there are an estimated 1.1-1.3 million deaths from malaria globally each year, according to the WHO report. The objectives of the current study is to find out the prevalence of malaria in age and gender wise as well as determined the pre and post effect of covid-19 on malaria. Method: A Cross-Sectional Study was designed by Bala Ghari hospital, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total number of 1146 patients’ data were taken from the laboratory sections of Bala Ghari hospital, Mardan from 2017 till 2021. Out of 1146 samples, 657(57.32%) were males, while 350 (30.54%) were females and 139 (12.12%) were transgender. The ethical approval was obtained from The University of Haripur, Research and Ethic committee (approval number: MLT/0018). Variables for data were calculated by percentages and ratios. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of malaria was minimum in group A (3-10 years of age), which was 0.17 % of the total collected samples. While the prevalence of malaria was maximum, 23.56 % of the collected samples in group C (18-25 year of age). Furthermore, our results indicate that the prevalence of malaria in the pre-covid-19 era is 39.3 %, while in the post-covid-19 era is 41.9 %. The prevalence of malaria increased by 2.6 % in the post-covid-19 era. Conclusion: Major finding of our study is that malarial infection is higher in the post-covid-19 era as compared to the pre-covid-19 era because of the lack of access to healthcare facilities.
Effect of Physical Activity on Depression among Young Population
Authors: Javed Muhammad Taimoor ul Hassan , Naveed Aamir , Masood Laraib 
Published: May 2023

Background: Depression is a disorder that has characteristics of decreased sleep, decreased appetite, and feelings of guilt, negative mood, less interest for pleasure, decreased energy and poor brain concentration [1, 2]. Above mentioned feelings can either be for short duration or long duration, resulting in a decreased interest for life and this can result in extreme action such as suicide [2]. This study was intended to find out the effects of physical activity on depression. Methods: The participants were diagnosed as Moderate, Severe and Extreme depressive by using the Beck Depression Inventory scale. After diagnosis Treatment session of fifty five minutes was given for eight weeks and three days per week. Scoring was done before treatment, after 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th week of treatment session to evaluate the effects. Changes were computed and compared in and among groups through descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: A significant drop in depression level of patients was observed in eight weeks intervention period. The mean and standard deviation of patient’s BDI level at week 0 before intervention was 31.78(4.556) with (p=0.00), shows that all the patients are in different levels of depression. After 8 weeks of intervention the value dropped to 15.30(12.40) with (p=0.00) shows that majority of the patients are in Normal status. Conclusions: It was concluded that the physical activity is helpful in alleviating the Depression.
Análise espacial das taxas de incidência de hepatite C no Amazonas, Brasil, 2008-2018
Authors: Enock Barroso dos Santos Enock , Penha do Amaral Alexsandra , Scantelbury de Almeida Gilsirene , Lopes Neto David , Barros de Castro Daniel , Rodrigues Almeida Cunha Linda karoline , Lins Girão Kamila 
Published: May 2023

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial das taxas de incidência de hepatite C no estado do Amazonas, no período de 2008 a 2018. Método: estudo ecológico e transversal com dados provindos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação concedidos pela Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do estado do Amazonas. Foram feitos os cálculos das taxas de incidência bruta, empírica bayesiana, incidência suavizada, índice de Moran Global e Local. Resultados: foram notificados 3.275 casos, a maioria foram diagnosticados de forma laboratorial 3.251 (99,2%), forma crônica 2.800 (85,5%), sexo masculino 1.683 (51,4%), zona urbana 2.943 (89,9%), faixa etária 40-50 anos 1.608 (69,6%), pardos 2.696 (82,3%), ensino fundamental incompleto 464 (14,2%), provável fonte de infeção sexual 181 (5,5%) e baixo preenchimento dos campos essenciais. O índice de moran global deu positivo e significativo (p≤0,05) em todos os anos estudados. Conclusão: a hepatite C ainda é muito frequente no Amazonas e afeta mais jovens e adultos de baixa escolaridade. Sua incidência se distribuiu espacialmente de forma não aleatória e significativa, apresentando clusters espaciais de incidência preocupante entre os municípios de Manaus e seus arredores.
Anti Inflammatory Action of Allium Sativum Ethanol Extract to Prevent Lung Damage in Smoker Rat Model
Authors: Savira Maya , Sari Dina , Machrina Yetty , Widjaja Sry , Unitly Adrien , Ilyas Syafruddin , Siregar Jelita , Pandia Pandiaman , Rusda M , Amin Mustafa 
Published: May 2023

Background: Smoking is the leading cause of death in worldwide and is known as one of the risk factors in the development and pathogenesis of several diseases and most are respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with negative health consequences including respiratory tract infection, asthma, and cancer. One of the pathogenesis that has known to cause these diseases is inflammation. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a medicinal herb that contains Allicin and other active constituents that are known to have anti-inflammatory ability by suppressing the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines that will cause inflammation. Objective: The aim of this study is; to analyze the anti-inflammatory action of Allium sativum ethanol extract to prevent lung damage in the smoker rat model. Methods: This is a case-control study with five groups of rats each group contains of three rats. The five groups were negative control (KN), 10 days (10d) smoker (K1), 20 days (20d) smoker (K2), 20d smoker treated with Allium sativum for 10 days (K3) and 20d smoker treated with Allium sativum for 20 days (K4). After 20 days all animals were sacrificed and histological preparation of lung organs was observed under a microscope with 100 dan 400 times magnification and then captured by photomicrograph for analyzed. Results: There were improvements in lung structure both in group K3 and K4 . there was a decrease of leucocytes and inflammatory cells infiltration that covered almost all alveolar surface to 10-20% surface area and the dilated alveoli decrease from more than 50% to less than 30% area. The bronchus was clean in both two groups compared to the groups that were not treated with Allium sativum Conclusion: This study shows that Allium sativum ethanol extract has the ability to prevent lung damage in the smoker rat model.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Metode Quantum Reading Terhadap Kemampuan Membaca Pemahaman Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Dewi Made Sri Astika , Astuti Ni Made Ignityas Prima , Lestari Nyoman Ayu Putri 
Published: May 2023

This study aims to describe the effectiveness of using the Quantum Reading on the reading comprehension ability of sixth grade elementary school students. The results showed that the use of the Quantum Reading on students' reading comprehension skills was positive, students' reading comprehension skills using the Quantum Reading method showed better learning outcomes than before using the Quantum Reading. The results of inferential statistical analysis using the t test formula, it is known that thecalculated obtained is 7.3 with a frequency of dk = 26-1 = 25, at a significance level of 5% obtained ttable = 2.05. So, tcount > ttable or the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. This proves that the use of the Quantum Reading effective on the reading comprehension ability of Grade VI elementary school students