bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presidential Address to the American Association of Immunologists, Delivered in Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 10, 1974
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fellow immunologists, I would like to express my deep appreciation for the great honor you have bestowed upon me by electing me President of our Association. I particularly value the privilege of addressing you today, as it has been the custom for previous Presidents of the American Association of Immunologists. Presidential addresses constitute a considerable challenge, since traditionally neither the subject matter nor the form has been defined either by our bylaws or by past custom. I have debated with myself for several weeks what would be a matter worthy of your attention today. A survey of previous presidential addresses revealed that former Presidents of our Association have taken this opportunity most frequently to discuss some phase of their work which best exemplified their scientific contributions to immunology. Many others have chosen to make a historical survey of the development of the field of immunology or of the progress of our Society.
Effects of Interferon on Antibody Synthesis in Vitro
Authors: Gisler Roland H. , Lindahl Pernilla , Gresser Ion 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse interferon preparations inhibited the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in spleen cell cultures. The effect was seen when the cultures were pretreated with interferon for 6 hr, or when interferon was added up to 40 hr after addition of SRBC. The factor responsible for this inhibition could not be dissociated from the antiviral activity of interferon by standard physicochemical means. The application of a mosaic cell culture system suggested that the inhibitory effect of interferon was due to an action on B cells. Interferon treatment of T cells and macrophages did not affect their normal function as helper cells in this system. To our knowledge, these findings constitute the first example of an effect of interferon on B lymphocytes.
In addition, it was found that in “low-responder” composite cultures, pretreatment of the B cell population with low amounts of interferon led to a considerable enhancement of the antibody response, whereas higher concentrations of interferon gave a similar degree of inhibition as that found for “high-responder” cultures.
Late addition of mouse interferon preparations to SRBC-stimulated spleen-cell cultures augmented the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC). This effect was most pronounced when interferon was added only 4 hr before the plaques were counted on day 4. This increase was followed on day 5 by a decrease in the number of PFC compared with that of control cultures.
Immunologic Reactions to Haptens on Autologous Carriers
Authors: Walters Curla S. , Moorhead John W. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was used to investigate changes in receptor affinity of cells from mice immunized with haptens coupled to autologous carriers. We attempted: 1) to show a differential sensitivity to antigen in vitro after priming with low or high doses of antigen in vivo; 2) to assess the in vitro response to different doses of antigen at various times after priming with a single dose of antigen; 3) to demonstrate high affinity cells by blocking the in vitro response with low doses of free hapten. Using all three procedures, we were unable to demonstrate either a selection of high affinity cells or a maturation of cells with high affinity receptors with time after immunization. The results suggest that in mice, hapten coupled to autologous carriers are weak immunogens and are unable to prime a majority of cells with high affinity receptors.
Effect of Carrier Priming on the Distribution of Anti-Hapten Antibodies between IgG1 and IgG2 Isotypes in the Hyperimmune Guinea Pig
Authors: Liu Sammy H. , Koo Peter H. , Cebra John J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Priming of guinea pigs with a soluble carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, can have a marked influence on the isotype distribution between IgG1 and IgG2 of anti-dinitrophenyl or anti-p-azobenzenearsonate antibodies produced upon subsequent immunization with hapten-carrier conjugates. Lowdose carrier priming (40 µg) causes a marked shift from IgG2 to IgG1 anti-hapten antibody without affecting the total amount of antibody produced compared with the anti-hapten response of animals directly immunized with conjugates. High-dose carrier priming (300 µg) enhances the overall anti-hapten response by causing an increase in the amount of IgG2 anti-hapten antibody produced while an equivalent amount of IgG1 antibody to that made after low dose carrier priming is also synthesized. Preliminary studies indicate that injection of a low dose of soluble carrier depresses MIF release by carrier-reactive T lymphocytes. We postulate that such prior injection of carrier also affects the balance between the “helper function” reactivity of carrier-specific T cells and the sensitivity to stimulation of different isotope-committed B cells.
Recurrent Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Lewis Rat
Authors: McFarlin Dale E. , Blank Susan E. , Kibler Robert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)3 is an immunologically mediated disease produced in genetically susceptible animals by the injection of central nervous system (CNS) tissue or myelin basic protein emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Because of the demyelinating character of the CNS lesions, EAE has served as a useful working model for the human demyelinating diseases, in particular multiple sclerosis. One limitation of the experimental model has been that, unlike multiple sclerosis, it is primarily a monophasic illness. Although recurrences have been induced in EAE (1, 2), spontaneous relapses have been infrequent and unpredictable (3). During studies of the factors involved in the immunoregulatory mechanisms of EAE in the Lewis Rat (4) we observed that, by providing supportive care during the acute episode, the majority of rats rapidly recovered and approximately 1 week later developed a second clinical episode, albeit milder than the first. The frequency of the second episode was age related.
Studies on the Human T-Lymphocyte Population
Authors: Owen Frances L. , Fanger Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgG fraction of a goat antibody prepared against human infant thymus cells and extensively absorbed with pooled human red blood cells, insolubilized human Ig and cells from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ATG), was used to study human peripheral lymphocyte populations. ATG inhibited the response of human peripheral lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) but not to pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The F(ab′)2 and Fab′ fragments of ATG were as effective as ATG in inhibiting Con A induced 3H-thymidine incorporation. ATG did not interact with Con A or the receptor for Con A on the lymphocyte but was inhibitory in the absence of complement as a result of its apparent selective cytotoxicity. The antibody also inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction, again without affecting the response of these cells to PWM. The specificity of ATG for the T-lymphocyte population was also suggested by fluorescent labeling experiments which indicated that ATG reacted with only 50 to 80% of human peripheral lymphocytes. These results suggest that ATG is directed toward antigens unique to the human T-lymphocyte population. Moreover, it appears that ATG can be used to study human T-lymphocyte responses and to follow the isolation of T-specific antigens.
Similarities of Fc Receptors in Human Malignant Tissue and Normal Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Tønder Olav , Morse Paul A. , Humphrey Loren J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Fc receptor activity in various tissues has been studied using hemadsorption to cryostat sections of fresh frozen tissue or rosette formation with single cells in suspension. Indicator cells (EA) were sheep erythrocytes sensitized with various amounts of rabbit IgG antibodies (A). Malignant tissues and cells showed very similar behavior to lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes, although adsorption of non-complexed A to monocytic areas of spleen was quantitatively stronger than to B lymphocytic areas and malignant tissues. Receptor activity measured as hemadsorption and the percentage of rosetting cells varied with the degree of sensitization of EA with lymphocytes, e.g., from 58% rosettes using EA sensitized with 1 agglutinating unit of A, to less than 1% with EA 1/16 unit. This indicates that Fc receptor is not a property of distinct subpopulations of the reactive cell types. Apparently, the presence and availability of this receptor fluctuate in or on each cell. Treatment of tissue sections or single cells with neuraminidase in various concentrations showed a similar enhancing effect on malignant cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Apparently, the Fc receptors possessed by the three cell types are similar in nature and properties.
Clonal Heterogeneity of the Anti-Erythrocyte Autoantibody Responses of NZB Mice
Authors: De Heer David H. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pathogenetic anti-erythrocyte autoantibody responses of NZB mice were characterized at the level of the autoantibody secreting B lymphocyte. Clonal heterogeneity was evaluated by reference to certain phenotypic expressions of immunoglobulin heavy chain constant and variable region genes. The anti-X autoantibody response appeared completely restricted to the NZB strain and was predominantly of IgG class. Specific anti-X B2 lymphocytes exhibited marked clonal diversity in regard to immunoglobulin class and heterogeneity of autoantibody affinity as determined by competitive plaque inhibition assays. The anti-HB autoantibody response, a genetically non-restricted response, was predominantly of IgM class; splenic anti-HB B2 lymphocytes also exhibited marked clonal diversity in respect to immunoglobulin class and binding affinity of the secreted autoantibody. Neither response exhibited a maturational increase in homogeneity similar to that observed in anti-sheep red cell responses by NZB mice. These data indicate that heterogeneous sets of B lymphocytes are recruited in these responses, an observation consistent with the concept that the immunogenesis of these pathogenetic autoimmune responses may be immunoregulatory in nature.
A Fragment from the Constant Portion of IgG Obtained by Peptic Digestion at High Temperatures
Authors: Seon B.-K. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two myeloma IgG immunoglobulins and normal human IgG immunoglobulin were digested with pepsin at various temperatures for various times. After digestion at temperatures exceeding 60°C, all the proteins studied showed a distinctive anodic arc which had not been observed after digestion at 37°C. An immunoglobulin fragment corresponding to this arc was isolated from the peptic digests of the myeloma immunoglobulins and the normal immunoglobulin by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-150 column. The amino acid compositions of these high temperature fragments from the three immunoglobulins were as consistent as the compositions of the constant portions of different IgG molecules.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reduced fragment of IgG (Col) showed only two bands. That of normal human IgG showed two strong bands at the identical positions to the two bands of IgG (Col), in addition to a weak third band. The molecular weights of these two bands correspond to the approximate size of a domain, i.e., 12,000 and 14,000. An immunodiffusion experiment indicated that the high temperature fragment was derived from the constant portions of light and heavy chain. This fragment sedimented as a single symmetrical peak with a s20,w value of 3.3 in pH 8.6 Veronal buffer (ionic strength 0.10). It appears to be a new fragment which has not yet been reported.
Transformation of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes by Galactose Oxidase
Authors: Dixon James F. P. , Parker John W. , O'Brien Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral lymphocytes can be transformed by treatment with galactose oxidase alone. Prior treatment with neuraminidase enhances this effect. The aldehyde blocking agents thiocarbohydrazide, hydroxylamine, dimedone, and sodium borohydride block transformation when they follow, but not when they precede, galactose oxidase treatment. Thus, as is the case for periodate-induced lymphocyte transformation, the formation of free aldehyde at the cell surface would seem to be a critical event in the triggering of transformation by this agent.
The degree of transformation is highly variable from individual to individual, and also for the same donor at different times. However, the lymphocytes of some people give a consistently poor response to galactose oxidase. Similar results have been obtained for periodate-induced transformation of human lymphocytes, but to date this is unexplained.
Listeria Cell Wall Fraction: A B Cell Adjuvant
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A. , Schuffler Carol , Rodriguez Gilberto E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A crude cell wall-rich fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) has previously been shown to induce resistance to Listeria infection in mice, to be a murine B cell mitogen, and to be an immunologic adjuvant. Data reported here show that LCWF stimulates immune responses by three different murine B cell populations that respond poorly or not at all to thymus-dependent antigens when T cells are severely depleted or absent. These B cell populations include nude mouse spleen cells, anti-θ serum-treated spleen cells and bone marrow-derived spleen cells. In addition, sheep erythrocytes coated with LCWF are converted to thymus-independent antigens. The adjuvant effect of LCWF on B cell populations is not enhanced by the presence of T cells, nor does LCWF increase in vivo education of T cells to sheep erythrocyte antigens. Thus, a direct effect of LCWF on T cells could not be demonstrated, suggesting that LCWF does not act on T cells. Because of these LCWF effects on B cells, the possible role of B cells in resistance to infection by Listeria monocytogenes is discussed.
Inhibition of Mitogen-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by Local Anesthetics
Authors: Ferguson Ronald M. , Schmidtke Jon R. , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and lidocaine were added to cultures of mouse spleen cells stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Concentrations of CPZ greater than 5 × 10-6M and concentrations of lidocaine greater than 2 × 10-3M totally inhibited the mitogenic responses to all four mitogens. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of neither drug interferred with cell viability as determined by trypan blue uptake or 51Cr release. The effects were totally reversed by the removal of the drugs from the culture. Addition of the drug at intervals after mitogen exposure demonstrated that the inhibited event occurred relatively soon after exposure to the mitogen. For example, the addition of lidocaine or CPZ more than 24 hr after Con A stimulation had no effect on tritiated thymidine incorporation. Elevated concentrations of cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP (or their derivatives) or calcium ions could not reverse the local anesthetics inhibition. The known membrane active actions of these drugs and the rapid reversibility of the effect strongly support the idea that the local anesthetics act on the surface membrane of lymphocytes. Binding of radiolabeled Con A or LPS to lymphocyte membranes in the presence of lidocaine or CPZ was not inhibited. The possibility exists that CPZ and lidocaine disorganize cell membranes so as to interfere with the surface membrane elaboration or action of a second messemger, or interfere with cell-cell interactions.
Lysis of Tumor Cells by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Boyle Michael D. P. , Hoanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ascites form of a chemically induced guinea pig hepatoma, line-10, was resistant to killing in vitro by xenogeneic antibody and guinea pig complement. Pretreatment of line-10 cells with certain proteolytic enzymes rendered them susceptible to the killing action of antibody and guinea pig complement. The effects of enzyme pretreatment were dependent on enzyme concentration, temperature, and could be blocked by addition of competitive or non-competitive inhibitors. The effect of the enzyme treatment could be reversed by incubating the treated cells at 37°C (but not at 0°C), in the absence of the enzyme. Effective enzymes included ficin, bromelain, pronase, elastase, papain, trypsin, collagenase, lipases type I and type VI, and the neuraminidase preparation isolated from Clostridium perfringens. The activity of the lipase preparations and the neuraminidase preparation isolated from Clostridium perfringens appeared to be caused by proteolytic enzyme contamination. Enzyme preparations that proved ineffective in rendering the line-10 cells sensitive to killing by antibody and guinea pig complement included DNase, RNase, β-glucuronidase type 6A or type B10, hyaluronidase type V or type VI, and pectinesterase.
Enzyme pretreatments that rendered the cells sensitive to killing by antibody and guinea pig complement also enhanced the sensitivity of the cells to the killing action and human complement. In addition the neuraminidase enzyme preparations from Vibrio cholorea or influenza virus increased the sensitivity of the line-10 cells to killing by antibody and human complement, but not to killing by antibody and guinea pig complement.
Humoral Immunity in Aged Mice
Authors: Segre Mariangela , Segre Diego 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The secondary response of young-adult and old BC3F1 mice to DNP was assessed by boosting spleen cells from primed mice with DNP-KLH, propagating them in diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated recipient mice, and by counting the DNP-specific PFC. There was no difference between young-adult and old cells in the antigen dose response and in the kinetics of the immune response. There were marked differences in the magnitude of the peak response. The response of 2-year-old mice was significantly smaller than the response of young-adult mice. Two and one half-year-old mice had the smallest response. In the old mice, there was an inverse correlation between the number of nucleated cells in the spleen and the log of the number of PFC.
Development of Rat Mast Cells in Vitro
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Okudaira Hirokazu , Mauser Linda E. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mast cells were differentiated by long-term culture of rat thymus cells on rat embryonic fibroblast monolayers. Mature mast cells obtained in the culture were morphologically similar to normal peritoneal and thoracic mast cells and possessed specific receptors for IgE on their surface. In culture, blast cells appeared on the monolayer several days after seeding of thymus cells. These cells developed into young mast cells in the monolayer and became free in the culture medium with maturation. Receptors for IgE were detected on the surface of mastoblasts which contained a small amount of metachromatic granules. Evidence was obtained which suggested that the number and/or affinity of the receptors for IgE increases with maturation of mast cells. It was found that some mast cells differentiated from monolayers of embryo cells without seeding thymus cells. The present experiments, however, clearly showed that mast cells can be differentiated from thymus cell culture without monolayer. It appears that both thymus and embryo tissues contain precursors of mast cells.
Serum Factors Activating the Alternative Complement Pathway in Autoimmune Disease: Description of Two Different Factors from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Arroyave Carlos M. , Wilson Merlin R. , Tan Eng M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum factors which activated the alternative pathway of complement were detected in 10 of 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), three of 18 patients with mixed connective tissue disease, one patient with scleroderma, and one with Sjögren's syndrome. This activation was detected by conversion of factor B and C3 into split products and by lysis of glutathione-sensitized human erythrocytes under conditions where classical pathway activation was blocked. The serum factors capable of activating the alternative pathway could be separated into 7S and 19S-type molecules by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. In two patients with SLE, serum factors were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, preparative electrophoresis, and molecular sieve chromatography. The serum 7S factor was immunochemically identical to the C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) of hypocomplementemic chronic glomerulonephritis. Antisera to other complement components failed to react with this purified material. The 7S factor was able to activate the alternative pathway in C2 deficient serum, and in normal human serum under conditions where classical pathway was blocked, but was unable to do so in sera depleted of factor B, factor D, and C3. The activity could be removed by antiserum to C3NeF. In contrast, the serum 19S activator of the alternative pathway was not reactive with antiserum to C3NeF. It had a fast gamma mobility on electrophoresis and the activity could be removed by absorption with anti-IgG and anti-IgM. It was suggested that the 19S factors could consist, in part, of immune complexes.
Radiolabeling of Immunoglobulin without Loss of Antibody Activity—Use of 14C-Phenylisothiocyanate with Human Cytotoxic Antibody
Authors: Levy Nelson L. , Dawson Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radioiodination of immunoglobulins, particularly human cytotoxic IgG, induced a marked loss of antibody activity. Phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) readily reacts with α-amino groups and the ε-amino groups of lysines to form phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives. Since PITC is commercially available with 14C, 3H, and 35S substitutions, it provided an alternative means for labeling immunoglobulin which preserved antibody activity. There were approximately 80 PITC binding sites per IgG molecule, and 14C-PITC was bound with an efficiency in excess of 80%. With as many as 40 PITC molecules bound per IgG molecule, full cytotoxic activity was retained by both anti-HLA isoantisera and human anti-melanoma autoantisera. Even with 70 to 80 molecules of PITC bound per IgG molecule, over 80% of the antibody activity remained. Radiolabeling of antibody with 3H, 14C, or 35S-substituted PITC will greatly facilitate studies of antibody binding, particularly to cell surface antigens.