bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Movements and Participatory Institutions in Latin America
Authors: Annunziata Rocío , Goldfrank Benjamin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the different relationships between participatory institutions and social movements in Latin America. While research on social movements rarely pays attention to participatory institutions, since they tend to be introduced by government authorities from the top down and oriented towards consensus, the literature on participatory institutions has been interested in social movements as key promoters, supporters, or participants. One of the most important issues concerning participatory institutions is who participates. What is the role of social movements or organized civil society in this regard? This chapter conceptualizes and describes four types of participatory institution, focusing on the role that social movements play within them. It identifies four types of such roles and then illustrates them with the most paradigmatic example of each one: National Public Policy Conferences in Brazil, Participatory Budgeting in Argentina, Citizen-Initiated Popular Consultations in Uruguay, and Communal Councils in Venezuela. In addition, other Latin American experiences are assigned to one of these four types. The conclusion highlights trade-offs between the different types, noting that the role of social movements in participatory institutions is not always and not necessarily related to more inclusionary participation.
Social Movement Activism, Informal Politics, and Clientelism in Latin America
Authors: Quirós Julieta , Combes Hélène 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines an underexplored dimension of contemporary Latin American contentious politics: the overlaps between social movement activism, informal party politics, and the dispute over state resources. Its point of departure rests on the following hypothesis: the nature of contentious politics, in which the working classes in Latin America have recently played a leading role, has been shaped by the close relationship that exists between processes of politicization and the reproduction of life of these classes. Accordingly, the chapter examines the day-to-day dynamics within relationships and practices of political intermediation that involve social movements, political parties, and state agencies. Applying an ethnographic and comparative perspective, we focus on contentious experiences in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, referring to events in Chile as a counterexample. Based on these cases, we show how the interaction between politicization and reproduction of life has shaped at least three unique aspects of contentious activism in the region. These are: (1) the political centrality that the dispute over state resources has in grassroots movements; (2) the territorial circumscription that these movements possess and its overlap with informal party politics; and (3) the importance of the moral economies of political participation in the daily dynamics of contentious action.
Decolonizing Approaches to Latin American Social Movements
Authors: Juliana Flórez-Flórez María , Olarte-Olarte María Carolina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces decolonizing approaches as a perspective from which to study Latin American social movements. Decolonizing approaches allow us to surpass the disheartening diagnoses of a significant part of social movement theories that argue that Latin American movements had little potentia to denounce modernity crises and even less to offer alternatives to it. The decolonizing approaches show that the theories on social movements are colonial despite being critical of modernity. The purpose of this chapter is to elucidate how the decolonizing approaches provide crucial elements and debates to resist and comprehend basic colonial premises and enable a change of terms under which we can produce, evaluate, and stratify knowledge on social movements. It is the dialogue with movements—as opposed to about movements—that makes it possible to evaluate collective action. The chapter is structured in four sections. The first describes the consolidation of decolonizing approaches. The second presents its contributions to the study of Latin American social movements. Section three maps some of the concepts proposed by decolonizing approaches that constitute analytical keys for approaching collective action today. The last section points to the decolonizing readings of the struggles for territory in Latin America as an emerging research-action area indubitably urgent today. The chapter ends by recognizing challenges for the decolonizing approaches and their study of social movements.
Women’s Movements in Latin America
Authors: Ewig Christina , Friedman Elisabeth Jay 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Latin American women’s movements have evolved from elite efforts into intersectional mass movements. Women mobilized in response to a contradictory assortment of political opportunities, including the modernizing patriarchies of early states; the conservative gendered discourses and repression of authoritarian governments; the androcentric processes of democracy and neoliberal reform; and the ideals of revolutionary and left-leaning movements and parties across the twentieth century. Inspired by transnational connections, women’s movements advanced agendas as much about distributive issues as about rights, often drawing strategically on maternal identity. The first educated elite and middle-class activists sought improvement in women’s legal status while also focusing on education and healthcare. Moving into the twentieth century, left-wing women attempted to broaden the class base of their organizing and take advantage of regimes committed to inclusion. Under authoritarianism, right-wing women came out in support, while women defending human rights became central protagonists in regime change. Often sidelined by democracies and economic austerity, activists organized autonomously and demanded inclusion in party politics and state bureaucracies. Indigenous, Afro-descendant, lesbian, trans, and grassroots women expanded agendas while insisting on inclusion. The contemporary massification of women’s movements shows the depth and breadth of mobilization that has matured through well over a century.
Social Movements and Nationalism in Latin America
Authors: vom Hau Matthias 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Students of social movements in Latin America have employed the concept of nationalism rather loosely, while scholars of nationalism in the region primarily focus on the role of the state and, if at all, deal with social movements in a largely descriptive manner. In response, this chapter brings these two distinct bodies of work into conversation with each other and explores the relationship between nationalism and social movements in Latin America in a more systematic manner. The starting points are three major approaches to the conceptualization of nationalism: as (1) a set of political behaviors, (2) a collective sentiment, or (3) a form of ideology or discourse. Each of them leads to different ideas about how nationalism affects or is affected by social movements. Equipped with this conceptual lens, the chapter explores crucial turning points in the region’s postcolonial history and examines the intersection between nationalism and social movements during the early nineteenth-century struggles for the formation of independent national states, the mid-twentieth-century decline of oligarchic rule and the emergence of mass societies, and the late twentieth-century adoption of neoliberalism and the rise of multiculturalism and indigenous movements. Another issue covered is a Latin American peculiarity, namely the striking lack—from a cross-regional comparative perspective—of nationalist mobilization for secession and a separate state.
Improving Social Outcomes through Behavioral Insights
Authors: McCauley Lee 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The past decade has seen a revolution in policymaking. Governments around the world are increasingly using behavioral sciences to rethink policy challenges and develop new interventions. A better understanding of human behavior acknowledges that people are complex and that traditional policies do not necessarily have all the answers. It is often coupled with an increased use of trials to test whether policies actually work. Australian governments have been at the forefront of this revolution, with behavioral insights increasingly used to tackle challenging social problems such as unemployment and family violence. New Zealand has been a much slower adopter but will hopefully catch up. Overall, there is good evidence that behavioral insights can play a significant role in improving the design and implementation of social policies, thereby enhancing social outcomes and the quality of public administration.
The Promise and Challenge of Social Innovation and Social Enterprise
Authors: Allen Barbara , Hannant Alex , Jackson Brad , Morrissey Lochlan , Tiernan Anne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Current theory and practice of social innovation and their impact on the formulation and implementation of policy in Australia and New Zealand are critically assessed. Three interrelated forms of social innovation—social enterprise, social finance, and social procurement—are examined to highlight the role they have played in promoting social innovation throughout the region. The focus is on market-led approaches: that is, methods of social innovation that are employed by companies in the private and not-for-profit sectors to effect social change. The chapter examines the particular challenges that these approaches pose to traditional public administration roles and practices. It concludes by suggesting various ways that socially innovative techniques might be more widely utilized in Australasia.
Section Overview
Authors: Boston Jonathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Australasian section of the Handbook. The chapters in this section cover four broad topics: the historical evolution of social provision and recent social trends; institutional and operational themes; financing arrangements; and innovation and evaluation. As highlighted in this section, there are both remarkable similarities but also important differences in the design, administration, and evolution of social policies across the region. For instance, both Australia and New Zealand, unlike most advanced democracies, have relied heavily on tax-funded, flat-rate, and means-tested forms of social assistance rather than social insurance. Against this, constitutional and cultural differences have resulted in contrasting administrative arrangements for the funding and provision of major social services, such as health and education. While path dependence will doubtless exert a continuing and powerful influence on future social policy arrangements across the region, there are bound to be ongoing, and sometimes significant, administrative reforms in response to exogenous shocks, technological innovation, and changing societal needs and values.
Introduction to the Handbook
Authors: Baehler Karen J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This handbook surveys knowledge from all six of the planet’s continuously inhabited continents to understand how governments and related institutions have attempted to advance human development and improve social outcomes over the past several decades. The current state of knowledge about the social welfare sphere is robust, but explorers of its two conceptual hemispheres—social policy and social administration—have too often missed opportunities to share insights and trace connections across cultural, historical, geographic, and disciplinary boundaries. Each of the 64 chapters commissioned for the handbook seeks to rectify such omissions by applying an administrative lens to an issue of social policy. Authors were carefully chosen by editors based in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Canada and the United States, Europe, and Latin America to capture key developments and challenges in their region’s social welfare spheres during the decades spanning the turn of the millennium. The result is an engaging description of the international state of knowledge at the intersection of social policy and public administration on the eve of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Adaptations forced by the pandemic and related crises may create momentum for social welfare system change, and even transformation, in some parts of the world. Future researchers will describe and measure such changes relative to benchmarks set in the pre-pandemic period, including the rich variety of practices, paradigms, and insights collected in The Oxford Handbook of Governance and Management for Social Policy.
The Policy Challenges of Africa’s Changing Demography and Social Structures
Authors: Chagunda Chance 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Social structures have changed from precolonial Africa, when most African communities followed a communal way of life characterized as umunthu, to colonial days. Although family and community care systems underwent significant transformation over this long history, patriarchal power relations persisted, as evidenced in social indicators that reflect a highly gendered division of labor and social reproduction. Demographic trends reveal significant hardships, especially for women, youth, and rural populations. Core institutions (family, religion, and government) of African societies are experiencing increasing difficulties in their efforts to reduce the hardships that most female-headed families and people in rural areas face. The chapter explores how governments in the region can use demographic data to improve social policy, program design, and delivery. Such data is needed to better understand how trends in population growth, migration patterns, education levels, age, gender, and other social and economic factors influence household and social structures. Based on that knowledge, governments can respond to trends and build more effective public administrative systems for providing social services to people in need.
Diversity and Transformative Policy within South African Higher Learning Institutions
Authors: Kubeka Khosi M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between social policy and public administration within the context of higher learning institutions in South Africa. It outlines the efforts and some of the effects of higher learning institutions in building capabilities and freedoms of first-generation students in the post-apartheid era. The challenges of race, gender, and socioeconomic conditions and how they influence access and experiences of students are examined. Findings from an empirical study conducted in two higher learning institutions are presented in order to highlight and offer a critical analysis of the existing institutional stumbling blocks to achieving educational outcomes through transforming race and gender relations.
Youth Participation in African Social Policy and Governance
Authors: Dooms Tessa , Pillay Pearl 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Generally acknowledged as a youthful continent, Africa’s future will be shaped by its present ability to harness the capabilities, energy, contributions, and values of young people to achieve its developmental objectives. Yet youth remain on the margins with respect to shaping the substance of policy and participating in political power. Such exclusion of youth perspectives is evident in social policies. Existing social policies do not adequately reflect the developmental aspects of youth throughout the life cycle and undermine the potentially positive effects of youth participation in governance. This constrains the potential role of youth as political leaders, especially in influencing social policies that shape their own development. Dooms and Pillay argue that governments and political actors at the continental, regional, and national levels of governance in Africa ought to redefine how they understand youth and how they mainstream issues affecting youth in policy. Applying a more developmental standard to how youth is defined and operationalized in policy and placing youth as active participants in social policymaking allows for a more nuanced and youth-specific approach to current and future policy choices and program designs. The chapter challenges policy makers to find ways to redress low levels of youth participation in governance. Examples of youth participation models that are developmental and youth-led are discussed, including models that institutionalize new forms of youth participation in African social administration.
A Comparative History of Social Provision for Indigenous Australians and Māori
Authors: Althaus Catherine , Workman Kim 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter contrasts biculturalism in New Zealand and, in particular, the development of Whānau Ora—a potential milestone innovation in Māori affairs—with inconsistent and limited implementation of social policies to promote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander self-determination. The chapter explores the path dependency between initial colonization and continuing assimilation. Initial interactions between colonizers and Indigenous Australians and Māori continue to shape social policy responses today. Aotearoa New Zealand experiences stronger comparative examples of sovereignty vis-à-vis Australia due to rights possible under the Treaty of Waitangi and there is divergence in how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are achieving self-determination relative to Māori. Yet both jurisdictions feature remarkably similar struggles in enacting the fullness of self-determination, trying to achieve congruence between social policy, political sovereignty, and Indigenous culture and worldviews. Self-rule guarantees only part of the self-determination picture until capabilities and resources are aligned to traditional authority, culture, values, and aspirations. In both Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand there is still a long way to go.
Section Overview
Authors: Jing Yijia , Lah T. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Rising social benefits and social protection, combined with vibrant economic development, have turned Asia into a major axis of world economic growth. Meanwhile, numerous Asian countries have been experiencing a decline in the middle class while socioeconomic polarization remains widespread in the region. Social mobility has become a significant policy topic as economic polarization creates potential for social conflicts between economic classes and the dismantling of communities. Mutual learning and convergence are expected to grow despite the unlikelihood of finding an Asian model of social policy governance. This section of the handbook explores historical evaluation, social trends, institutions, organizations, operations, financial arrangements, innovations, and evaluation practices to illuminate these trends and their implications for the region’s future.
Fiscal and Administrative Decentralization and Social Policy in Asia and China
Authors: Zhang Ping 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the context of a rapidly changing economic and social environment, governments across Asia face the question of how to arrange fiscal responsibilities and distribute resources among levels of government in order to achieve optimal levels of social expenditure and administrative efficiency. This chapter examines existing knowledge about fiscal decentralization trends in Asia over the past several decades and their importance for social policy administration, including a discussion of trade-offs between equity and efficiency. Key developments in social policy and fiscal structure in China are described in the areas of education, health, housing, employment, and social security. As lessons from China’s experience of asymmetric revenue centralization and expenditure decentralization continue to emerge, the chapter offers questions to guide future research.
Nonprofit and Government Partnerships in Public Service Delivery in South Korea
Authors: Jang Hee Soun , Kim Jung Wook 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a conceptual introduction to nonprofit and government partnerships in the context of three different but complementary theories and applies those theoretical perspectives to the case of the growing nonprofit sector in South Korea. South Korean legal frameworks that inform government policies have led to nonprofits’ growth and participation in public services in South Korea. Specifically, we examine the governance and financing structures of public and nonprofit partnerships for services for people with disabilities in Seoul Metropolitan Government. Findings from the case study indicate that the government’s collaborative approach to involving nonprofit organizations in publicly funded services has promoted a service delivery role for the nonprofit sector since the early 2000s in South Korea.
Complexity in US Social Welfare Administration
Authors: Baehler Karen J. , Walsh Stephanie 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Complexity emerges as a prevailing theme across 21 distinguished lectures delivered by the most recent recipients of the American Political Science Association’s John Gaus Award. This chapter draws insights from these lectures to illuminate recent thinking in the United States about how to design US social welfare institutions to help citizens adapt effectively to complex, ever-changing, economic and social pressures, while also meeting the enduring human demand for democratic equality. The tensions between those two goals have shaped the evolution of US social welfare administration theory and practice for the past century. A four-part framework of institutional design—based on the ideals of adaptability and democracy, and the principles of dispersion and coordination—offers insights into how leading thinkers in US public administration have addressed those tensions. Faced with the uncertainties of the COVID-19 era and its aftermath, the task of designing US social policies and programs to be both adaptive and democratic may be more important than ever.
Managing Social Welfare Policy
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , McCrea Austin M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The management of public programs is often considered a key factor in service delivery, the performance of public organizations, and good governance. Indeed, managerial actions have a substantial impact on organizations and often help account for why one organization outperforms another organization, despite both operating in the same policy area and under similar contexts. Drawing upon the “management matters” literature, we highlight seven generalizable management variables that can be applied across the social welfare domain—top management, mid-level management, human resources management, stability, organizational capacity, managerial strategy, and context. With most existing research focusing on the American public school context, we hope that these insights from the “management matters” agenda can be more broadly applied and theoretically developed given the ubiquity of social welfare organizations in the United States and elsewhere.