bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of a Research Reactor from HEU to LEU in Nigeria
Authors: Adamu Hamisu A. , Jonah Sunday A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1) is the first nuclear research reactor in the country. It was acquired as a training and educational tool for the development of a future nuclear energy programme in Nigeria. The project to build the reactor was initiated in 1996 under a tripartite agreement between China, Nigeria, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) via a project and supply agreement (PSA). NIRR-1, a miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) developed in China, was commissioned in 2004 with a highly enriched uranium (HEU) core. However, due to increased global security concerns over the threat of nuclear terrorism and increased insecurity in Nigeria, steps were subsequently taken to convert from the reactor to run on low enriched uranium (LEU), through a partnership with the IAEA and other countries. The conversion of NIRR-1 has denied non-state actors potential access to weapons-grade uranium, enhancing nuclear security in Nigeria and globally through permanent threat reduction.
State Sponsorship of Nuclear Terrorism
Authors: Ackerman Gary A. , Early Bryan R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
What constitutes state-sponsored nuclear terrorism and what security threat does it pose? There are two very different categories of nuclear terrorism: that involving the detonation of nuclear weapons, and that involving attacks against nuclear facilities. The first type of nuclear terrorism has received the greatest amount of attention, involving governments providing terrorists with military-grade nuclear weapons or the fissile material for use in improvised nuclear devices (INDs). The second category of state-sponsored nuclear terrorism involves providing aid for physical or cyber-attacks against nuclear infrastructure. The chapter compares the characteristics of these four different types of state-sponsored nuclear terrorism and reveals that aiding terrorist cyber-attacks against nuclear facilities is the most likely form of state-sponsored nuclear terrorism to occur. The chapter’s conclusion discusses the implications for nuclear security policy.
The Right to Health
Authors: Yamin Alicia Ely , Boghosian Tara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter underscores the inextricable connections between democratic governance and population health, which is often treated as a purely technical matter to be determined by clinical expertise and health economists. First, the chapter sets out some of the implications of conceptualizing health as a right, arguing that defining the progressive realization of the right to health requires putting into place choice situations, which evolve and necessitate trade-offs. Second, the chapter outlines the actions that governments and other actors are obligated to undertake to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health in terms of laws, policies, and institutional practices. The chapter focuses in particular on health systems, as institutional arrangements are too often neglected in discussions of health rights. The chapter argues that a right to health requires (1) sufficient pooled funding, (2) democratically justified priority-setting to define the contours of legal entitlements, (3) an organization of the health system that does not lead to inadvertent discrimination, and (4) the imperative of adequate information not just relating specifically to health procedures but to health-related decision-making more broadly. The last part of the chapter addresses the need to go beyond the nation-state in today’s globalized world, where both people and determinants of health are clearly not contained within borders.
AI Governance
Authors: Dafoe Allan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) will be a transformative technology, with extreme potential risks and benefits. AI governance refers to the norms and institutions shaping how AI is built and deployed, as well as the policy and research efforts to make it go well. This chapter argues that the field of AI governance should have an expansive and ambitious scope, commensurate to the challenges, with robust internal collaboration given transferable lessons and shared policy opportunities. To make sense of the impacts of AI, the chapter offers three theoretical lenses, focusing on distinct mechanisms, impacts, and challenges. These lenses regard AI as a general purpose technology, an information technology, and an intelligence technology. The chapter then provides a lens on governance focusing on institutional fit and adaptation to the externalities produced by AI. Institutional adaptation will be especially difficult when a governance issue touches on deep social conflicts. Great power security competition poses a particular challenge because it can induce extreme—even existential—risks and is among the hardest dynamics to govern. Building strong competent global institutions to govern powerful AI would be a historically unparalleled challenge, but ultimately may be required to steer away from the greatest risks inherent to great power competition.
Electoral Malfeasance in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Mares Isabela 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the period between 1870 and 1914, many electoral democracies adopted reforms that reduced various forms of electoral malfeasance. Some reforms imposed harsher punishment for bribery or the politicization of state resources during campaigns. Others improved electoral secrecy, providing better protection of voters’ autonomy. This chapter draws on recent research in historical political economy (HPE) that has examined the adoption of these electoral reforms. The chapter discusses the limitations of modernization and redistributivist approaches to democratization in explaining the adoption of these reforms. By highlighting the consequences of elite splits, one can account for the formation of encompassing majorities that support the reduction of electoral malfeasance.
Land in Violent Conflict Studies
Authors: Grajales Jacobo , Chauveau Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Numerous civil wars are linked to land conflicts and grievances, even if this link cannot be reduced to a simple causal relationship. This chapter outlines some connections between land and violent conflicts, highlighting three forms of interconnection. First, it describes how land tensions play a role in the emergence and escalation of violent conflict. Second, it examines how land property relations are fashioned and transformed by the effects of violence. Third, it presents some of the conflict-resolution techniques that have been elaborated in response to land-related violence. The chapter takes a decisive step away from the dominant approaches embraced by development practitioners and aid agencies, which tend to think in terms of transitional sequences that shift directly away from war toward “postconflict.” It argues instead for a better appreciation of the connections between lengthy transformations in the political economy of land and shorter-term variations in the intensity of violence.
Brain Stimulation and the NUMERICAL Brain
Authors: Cappelletti Marinella , Saccani Maria Silvia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Here we review the contribution of brain stimulation studies to the understanding of number and arithmetic processes. We show that these studies have significantly contributed to detail the architecture of numerical processing and its critical relation with brain regions such as the parietal and the frontal areas. We also present studies that aimed to boost number and arithmetic learning combining brain stimulation and training in healthy adults. These indicate that stimulation of suitable brain areas may induce long-term changes when coupled with an appropriate training regime. We claim that despite this progress, some of the findings thus far are still relatively heterogeneous, and that studies focusing on atypical and developing populations, such as people with dyscalculia, are currently scarce. Ultimately therefore, this promising progress indicates the need of future detailed and well-controlled investigations to fully benefit from the use of brain stimulation, also combined with training.
NATO
Authors: Grant Thomas D. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since its founding in 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has served as the principal security organization of the Euro-Atlantic world. A well-remarked difference between the post-World War I settlement and that which followed World War II was that the latter involved the US in a lasting commitment to European security; the former had not. NATO became the legal framework in which that commitment was formalized and implemented. NATO’s role in Europe long has occasioned assessment of its military-political aspect. NATO’s contributions to international law in Europe also merit assessment. NATO, by its very presence in Europe, has facilitated the settlement of legal disputes. Though less remarked upon than the European Union’s role in this regard, NATO also has served as a guarantor of shared democratic values and rule of law.
Cultural Evolution and Diet
Authors: Walker Catherine , Thomas Mark G. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Diet and culture are probably the two most central and entangled sub-plots in the story of human evolution. Most if not all of the major cultural transitions over the last 3 million years had large impacts on diet, and even today, some of the strongest signatures of natural selection in our genomes are linked to dietary change. Failure to adapt to shifts in diet over the past 10,000 years has been implicated in a number of chronic and complex diseases, the so-called ‘diseases of modernity’ including coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, obesity, and some cancers. The complex relationships between diet, biology, and culture originate from the earliest stone tool use, if not earlier, and have played key roles in the evolution of many human characteristics, including large brains, reduced gut size, high aerobic capacity, and tool use. Today, food ways and cuisines have strong cultural, ethnic, and geographic associations, and, in some populations, correlate with known biological adaptations. In this chapter we discuss the relationship between diet, culture, and biology through the major Palaeolithic and Neolithic transitions, and how culture and diet—and sometimes our biology—have remained entwined over the past 3 million years and into the present day.
Experimental expansion of relative telencephalon size improves the main executive function abilities in guppy
Authors: Triki Zegni , Fong Stephanie , Amcoff Mirjam , Vàsquez-Nilsson Sebastian , Kolm Niclas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Executive functions are a set of cognitive control processes required for optimizing goal-directed behavior. Despite more than two centuries of research on executive functions, mostly in humans and nonhuman primates, there is still a knowledge gap in what constitutes the mechanistic basis of evolutionary variation in executive function abilities. Here, we show experimentally that size changes in a forebrain structure (i.e. telencephalon) underlie individual variation in executive function capacities in a fish. For this, we used male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) issued from artificial selection lines with substantial differences in telencephalon size relative to the rest of the brain. We tested fish from the up- and down-selected lines not only in three tasks for the main core executive functions: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory, but also in a basic conditioning test that does not require executive functions. Individuals with relatively larger telencephalons outperformed individuals with smaller telencephalons in all three executive function assays but not in the conditioning assay. Based on our findings, we propose that the telencephalon is the executive brain in teleost fish. Together, it suggests that selective enlargement of key brain structures with distinct functions, like the fish telencephalon, is a potent evolutionary pathway toward evolutionary enhancement of advanced cognitive abilities in vertebrates.
Hazardous air pollutant emissions estimates from wildfires in the wildland urban interface
Authors: Holder Amara L , Ahmed Aranya , Vukovich Jeffrey M , Rao Venkatesh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Fires that occur in the wildland urban interface (WUI) often burn structures, vehicles, and their contents in addition to biomass in the natural landscape. Because these fires burn near population centers, their emissions may have a sizeable impact on public health, necessitating a better understanding of criteria and hazardous air pollutants emitted from these fires and how they differ from wildland fires. Previous studies on the toxicity of emissions from the combustion of building materials and vehicles have shown that urban fires may emit numerous toxic species such as hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, isocyanates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins and furans, and a range of toxic organic compounds (e.g. benzene toluene, xylenes, styrene, and formaldehyde) and metals (e.g. lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic). We surveyed the literature to create a compendium of emission factors for species emitted from the combustion of building and vehicle materials and compared them with those from wildland fires. Emission factors for some toxic species like PAH and some organic compounds were several orders of magnitude greater than those from wildfires. We used this emission factor compendium to calculate a bounding estimate of the emissions from several notable WUI fires in the western United States to show that urban fuels may contribute a sizeable portion of the toxic emissions into the atmosphere. However, large gaps remain in our understanding of the fuel composition, fuel consumption, and combustion conditions in WUI fires that constrain our ability to estimate the impact of WUI fires.
MiraBest: a data set of morphologically classified radio galaxies for machine learning
Authors: Porter Fiona A M , Scaife Anna M M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The volume of data from current and future observatories has motivated the increased development and application of automated machine learning methodologies for astronomy. However, less attention has been given to the production of standardized data sets for assessing the performance of different machine learning algorithms within astronomy and astrophysics. Here we describe in detail the MiraBest data set, a publicly available batched data set of 1256 radio-loud AGN from NVSS and FIRST, filtered to 0.03 &lt; z &lt; 0.1, manually labelled by Miraghaei and Best according to the Fanaroff–Riley morphological classification, created for machine learning applications and compatible for use with standard deep learning libraries. We outline the principles underlying the construction of the data set, the sample selection and pre-processing methodology, data set structure and composition, as well as a comparison of MiraBest to other data sets used in the literature. Existing applications that utilize the MiraBest data set are reviewed, and an extended data set of 2100 sources is created by cross-matching MiraBest with other catalogues of radio-loud AGN that have been used more widely in the literature for machine learning applications.
The transformation of foundation law in Hungary, with particular regard to private foundations
Authors: Sándor István 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The article provides an overview of the system of regulation of Hungarian foundations, the individual types of foundations and their characteristics. It provides an overview of the features of public foundations and political foundations operating in the public sector, as well as the general rules applicable to private foundations and family foundations. The author pays special attention to the asset management foundations, analysing in detail the peculiarities of the public interest and private interest versions, with particular regard to their outstanding advantages in the international context.
Intrareliability and Interreliability of Low-Cost Devices to Measure Skin Tone, Moisture, and Oiliness
Authors: Girasol Carlos Eduardo , Rangon Flávia Belavenuto , Borsari Guilherme Castro , de Jesus Guirro Rinaldo Roberto , de Oliveira Guirro Elaine Caldeira 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of low-cost commercial devices to measure skin tone, moisture, and oiliness; determine associations with the Fitzpatrick Scale; and compare results with those of widely used commercial equipment.

METHODS
Researchers bilaterally collected a total of 36 samples from 18 participants. For data acquisition, two experienced raters were considered for skin index assessment. Evaluations were conducted independently, with measurements taken at two different times with an interval between them, thus enabling intrarater and interrater reliability measures. The measurements were made with two low-cost devices and compared with those acquired using standard equipment for such analyses.

RESULTS
For the intraexaminer reliability results, the authors observed intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from moderate to high reliability between these tools (0.747-0.971). Regarding interexaminer reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from moderate to high (0.541-0.939) were observed. For the results of the correlations, a moderate to a large association was observed for skin tone. However, a small association for moisture was observed among the tools.

CONCLUSIONS
Evaluations of skin tonality, oiliness, and moisture showed moderate to excellent intrareliability and interreliability. These methods can be applied in different environments, especially clinics, because of their low cost and ease of use.
The Other Infodemic: Media Misinformation about Involuntary Commitment for Substance Use
Authors: Kang Sunyou , McCreedy Katie , Messinger John , Bhargava Rahul , Beletsky Leo 
Published: June 2023

Background
As drug-related deaths have surged, the number and scope of legal mechanisms authorizing involuntary commitment for substance use have expanded. Media coverage of involuntary commitment routinely ignores documented health and ethical concerns. Prevalence and dynamics of misinformation about involuntary commitment for substance use have not been assessed.

Methods
Media content mentioning involuntary commitment for substance use published between January 2015 and October 2020 was aggregated using MediaCloud. Articles were redundantly coded for viewpoints presented, substances mentioned, discussion of incarceration, and mentions of specific drugs. In addition, we tracked Facebook shares of coded content.

Results
Nearly half (48%) of articles unequivocally endorsed involuntary commitment, 30% presented a mixed viewpoint, and 22% endorsed a health-based or rights-based critique. Only 7% of articles included perspectives of people with lived experience of involuntary commitment. Critical articles received nearly twice as many Facebook shares (199,909 shares) as supportive and mixed narratives combined (112,429 shares combined).

Discussion
Empirical and ethical concerns about involuntary commitment for substance use are largely absent from coverage in mainstream media, as are voices of those with lived experience. Better alignment between news coverage and science is vital to inform effective policy responses to emerging public health challenges.
Feasibility of C2 Pedicle Screw Fixation With the “in-out-in” Technique for Patients With Basilar Invagination
Authors: Xu Panjie , Lin Junyu , Xiao Hang , Zheng Jianying , Ji Wei 
Published: June 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective study.

Objective.
To evaluate the feasibility of C2 pedicle screw fixation with the “in-out-in” technique in patients with basilar invagination (BI).

Summary of Background Data.
The “in-out-in” technique is a fixation technique in which the screw enters the vertebrae through the parapedicle. The technique has been used in upper cervical spine fixation. However, anatomic parameters associated with the application of this technique in patients with BI are unclear.

Materials and Methods.
We measured the C2 pedicle width (PW), the distance between the vertebral artery (VA) and the transverse foramen (VATF), the safe zone, and the limit zone. The lateral safe zone is the distance from the medial/lateral cortex of the C2 pedicle to the VA (LPVA/MPVA), and the medial safe zone is the distance from the medial/lateral cortex of the C2 pedicle to the dura (MPD/LPD). The lateral limit zone is the sum of LPVA/MPVA and VATF (LPTF/MPTF), and the medial limit zone is the distance from the medial/lateral cortex of the C2 pedicle to the spinal cord (MPSC/LPSC). PW, LPVA, MPVA, and VATF were measured on the reconstructed CT angiography. PW, MPD, LPD, MPSC, and LPSC were measured on MRI. We define a width greater than 4 mm as safe for screw. The t-test was used to compare the parameters between male and female, left and right sides in all patients, and PW in CTA and MRI data in the same patient. For intrarater reliabilities, interclass correlation coefficients were calculated.

Results.
A total of 154 patients (49 CTA, 143 MRI) were included. The average PW, LPVA, MPVA, LPTF, MPTF, MPD, LPD, MPSC, and LPSC were 5.30 mm, 1.28 mm, 6.60 mm, 2.45 mm, 8.94 mm, 2.09 mm, 7.07 mm, 5.51 mm, and 10.48 mm, respectively. Furthermore, in patients with PW <4 mm, 53.6% of MPVA, 86.2% of LPTF, and all limit zones were larger than 4 mm.

Conclusions.
In patients with BI, there is sufficient space medially and laterally to the C2 pedicle for partial screw encroachment to achieve “in-out-in” fixation, even if the pedicle is small.

Level of Evidence.
Level—4
PRAME Immunohistochemical Expression and TERT Promoter Mutational Analysis as Ancillary Diagnostic Tools for Differentiating Proliferative Nodules From Melanoma Arising in Congenital Nevi
Authors: Boutko Anastasiya , Hagstrom Michael , Lampley Nathaniel , Roth Andrew , Olivares Shantel , Dhillon Soneet , Fumero-Velázquez Mónica , Benton Sarah , Zhao Jeffrey , Zhang Bin , Dittmann David , Asadbeigi Sepideh , Busam Klaus J. , Gerami Pedram 
Published: June 2023

Abstract:
Proliferative nodules (PNs) are benign melanocytic proliferations that typically develop within congenital melanocytic nevi. These tumors have overlapping histological features with melanoma. Ancillary immunohistochemistry and genomic sequencing are often used in diagnostically challenging cases. To assess the utility of preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) immunoreactivity and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation analysis in distinguishing PNs from melanoma arising in congenital nevi cases. Twenty-one PNs and 2 melanomas arising in congenital nevi were immunohistochemically stained with PRAME. Cases with adequate tissue were also assessed for TERT promoter mutations through sequencing studies. The positivity rates in the PN cases were compared with those of the melanomas. Two of 21 PN cases were diffusely positive for PRAME (≥75% of the tumor cells positive). Two of 2 melanomas arising in congenital nevus cases were also diffusely PRAME positive. The difference was statistically significant using a Fisher exact test. None of the tumors harbored TERT promoter mutations. PRAME immunohistochemical marker may have diagnostic value in distinguishing diagnostically challenging PNs from melanoma, but diffuse expression is not specific for melanoma.