bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Call to Action
Authors: Schelbe Lisa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 outlines ideas about what can be done considering what is known about youth aging out. The chapter argues the need to address structural barriers and to increase all types of youths’ capital instead of focusing entirely on human capital and developing their life skills. Specifically, I explain that we need to help youth build relationships with family members, service providers, and peers as well as learn to negotiate social norms. Youth need connections to resources and preparation for adulthood. Starting early and staying involved is central to ensure youth success as is “keeping the door open,” making sure that youth can turn back to those who were responsible for launching them into adulthood. The chapter concludes that there is a lot of work that needs to be done which extends beyond the traditional service delivery model and that every person can play a role.
Epilogue
Authors: Schelbe Lisa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue describes the last interview for the study, which was with Plato. The chapter describes Plato’s musings about the benefits of his contact with the author and describes the author’s gratitude to him and other youth for helping to understand aging out. The chapter explains the challenges of concluding field work, and it describes the reactions of youth to the end of the study, as well as occasional continued contact with youth after the end of fieldwork. Leaving youth to focus on writing was hard, but it was always the plan. The epilogue ends with hope that it will get better for youth aging out.
Hermeneutic Awareness in Uncertain Times
Authors: Meretoja Hanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the current era of “post-truth politics,” there is widespread nostalgia for a time allegedly still pervaded by a shared commitment to truth, objectivity, and factuality. This chapter argues, however, that instead of an opposition between truth and narrative or a turn away from narratives to factuality, we need more nuanced understanding of the relationship between narrative and truth and of how our understanding of the world is inevitably interpretative and narratively mediated. It discusses the political relevance of narrative hermeneutics by suggesting that rather than affirm the dichotomy between subjectivity and objectivity, or relativism and objectivism, we should work toward more nuanced hermeneutic awareness: awareness of the interpretative processes and resources through which we make sense of the world. Since we cannot escape narrative, we should, rather, become more skilled in analyzing and evaluating different narrative practices as interpretative practices. Hence, we need hermeneutic awareness informed by more complex conceptual tools to distinguish between ethico-politically productive and dangerous narrative practices. Such awareness is integral to our narrative agency, which is an important aspect of political agency. The latter part of the chapter discusses how collective narratives seep into personal experience and how hermeneutic awareness can help critical engagement with them. It explores these issues in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic and the author’s own experience of illness – involving what she calls existential diminishment. An experience of profound uncertainty is crucial to our times, she argues, and narrative hermeneutics can provide valuable resources to confront this fundamental aspect of our condition that is particularly salient in the current moment.
The Claims of Conscience
Authors: Linstrum Erik 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Two traditions spoke directly to the moral stakes of colonial war: Christianity and humanitarianism. While some churches, missionary groups, and aid organizations raised their voices against violence, most found reasons to keep quiet and keep working with the state. For Anglican and Quaker institutionalists, deference and discretion overrode the claims of conscience. The logic of casuistry—applying ostensibly universal principles to murky real-world cases, spinning out the myriad consequences of alternative choices, and accepting the necessity of accommodation with an imperfect world—offered an ethically respectable alibi for inaction across denominational lines. What kept the British Red Cross quiet in the face of counterinsurgency’s horrors was not the humanitarian principle of neutrality but rather the nationalist outlook of the organization, which behaved in fundamental ways as an arm of the British state.
Performing Colonial War
Authors: Linstrum Erik 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
By the late 1950s, a new generation of dramas about uneasy soldiers, cracked-up interrogators, and traumatized families were crowding theater stages and television screens. Abandoning the usual propaganda pattern, these dramas showed inner life threatened by the violence of imperialism rather than insurgency; instead of adventure and romance, they drew their tension from ethical dilemmas and guilty consciences. But while some dramas inverted the values of old-fashioned imperial adventures, by casting yesterday’s heroes as today’s villains, many more embraced moral ambiguity, by showing characters trapped within a tradition they did not create. Dwelling on the grim inescapability of violence was less a call to action than a form of catharsis, allowing audiences to indulge their uneasiness about futile and ugly wars.
The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Immigration presented a constitutional and political problem in the nineteenth-century United States. Until the 1870s, the federal government played a very limited role in regulating immigration. The states controlled mobility within and across their borders and set the rules for community membership. This book demonstrates how the existence, abolition, and legacies of slavery shaped immigration policy as it moved from the local to the national level. Throughout the antebellum era, defenders of slavery feared that if Congress controlled immigration, it could also regulate the movement of free black people and the interstate slave trade. The Civil War removed the political and constitutional obstacles to a national immigration policy. Admission remained the norm for European immigrants until the 1920s, but Chinese immigrants fell into a different category. Starting in the 1870s, the federal government excluded Chinese laborers, deploying techniques of registration, punishment, and deportation first used against free black people in the antebellum South. To justify these measures, the Supreme Court ruled that authority over immigration was inherent in national sovereignty and required no constitutional justification. The federal government continues to control admissions and exclusions today, while the states play a role in regulating immigrants’ lives, varying by politics and location. Some monitor and punish immigrants; others offer sanctuary and refuse to act as agents of federal law enforcement. By examining the history of immigration in a slaveholding republic, this book reveals the tangled origins of border control, incarceration, deportation, and ongoing tensions between local and federal authority in the United States.
What Is Normal?
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the authors explore common models of youth development, highlighting the normal attributes of adolescent development and emphasizing a movement away from conceptualizing adolescence as a time of “storm and stress”—a term first coined by G. Stanley Hall in 1904. Theorists such as Freud and Erikson propagated this approach with a focus on psychosexual development and the struggle to achieve identity. However, later theorists, spearheaded by Havighurst, highlighted developmental tasks and the normalization of this period of development and identity formation. Key components of each stage related to child development and an understanding of the commonalities and intersections of various theories of development are provided. Because educational and therapeutic interventions may fall short, particularly when they only include one facet of a complex system to address barriers that may impair development for youth, factors related to a more holistic approach are provided.
Engaging Communities in Need
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Communities can have a significant impact on youth and adolescent development. The environment in which one lives can provide both positive and negative influences. To promote wellness within communities, integral approaches, partnerships, and community engagement are all well-supported and encouraged in the professional literature. However, despite the evidence, access to quality programs working toward collective improvement for children and youth are still scarce in many areas across the United States. This chapter provides an overview of issues, challenges, and services to those communities in need and lacking access to care. Research has documented these influential factors through relationships, collective efficacy, and community resources. The chapter highlights differences in urban and rural poverty and methods to increase resources for and services to affected areas.
Growth from Out Decay
Authors: Pearce Scott 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This book is as much about roots as it is about late-sprouting branches, and in this chapter we examine the roots of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) as one branch of an Inner Asian people, the *Serbi (Ch. Xianbei), who in the early centuries ce gained prominence in the East Asian world with the decay of the Xiongnu empire up on the steppe, and the Han empire in the rich agricultural lands to the south. The *Serbi were not a unified people; though sharing a common language, a relative of Mongolic, they first appeared in the form of hundreds of different bands moving out of Manchuria’s Khingan Mountains down into the frontier highlands between Inner Asia and the Chinese world, where they served the highest bidder as mercenary bands. Despite efforts of the famous *Serbi military leader Tanshihuai (d. ca. 181) to unify these groups, fragmentation persisted. Out of Tanshihuai’s temporary confederation, however, came new *Serbi dynastic houses. One of these was that of the *Taghbach, which in the third century took full shape in the “Land of Dai,” the highlands in and around the modern city of Datong, a region with its own fascinating place in Chinese and East Asian history.
Myths of Origin
Authors: Pearce Scott 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 looked at the roots of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) in what we can assemble from excavated remains and broader historical accounts. Chapter 4 turns to what is presented as their own myth in the Chinese account of their dynasty, Wei shu, or “Documents of Wei.” These myths are problematic in two ways: first of all, they are myth, which like so much in the human world functions to explain and justify the present rather than actually reveal the past. And second, it is not clear how much of the myth given in Wei shu is actually taken from the oral traditions of the *Taghbach, and how much is later concoction of the scribes they had recruited to serve their state. For what it is worth, however, what Wei shu provides is a story with many counterparts around the world, of a migration from lands far to the north down to the “old lands of the Xiongnu,” the frontier highlands in and around the Datong Basin that they would now take as their own land.
The Sins of the Fathers
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After documenting the rise of the Gifftheil family in the sixteenth century from menial labourers in Bohemia to stalwarts of the Württemberg Lutheran church, this chapter details the family’s rapid fall from favour in the early seventeenth century, beginning with the expulsion of Gifftheil’s father from Württemberg in 1616 and the imprisonment of his brother Abraham for heresy in 1622. The chapter analyses Gifftheil’s letters to the Duke of Württemberg, written in support of his brother, which drew on heterodox literature authored by Paracelsus, Valentin Weigel, and Johann Arndt, and details his claims to be ‘Master’ and ‘Monarch’ under the light of nature. After his ire was raised by Lucas Osiander’s rejection of the doctrines of Johann Arndt in 1623, Gifftheil’s own trial for heresy is retold in detail, as the details of his family’s history play out and Gifftheil is committed to prison.
The Sword of God’s Vengeance
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter details Gifftheil’s early attempts to build an army to wage his war in Europe. Released from prison in Tübingen in 1635, Gifftheil attempts to solicit troops and funds from Switzerland but is rebuffed. Soon, Gifftheil’s militant turn attracts devoted followers like Johann Friedrich Münster, Pantel Trappe, Johann Paul Ludwig, and Samuel Hartlib. But other members of Europe’s spiritualist community have been scandalised by Gifftheil’s ‘worldly’ move to war. Several, especially followers of Jacob Böhme, began to question his prophetic office, for they could reconcile war with the teachings of the New Testament. These concerns only grew as Gifftheil participated in the siege of Breda in 1637, and thereafter sought to secure an army from rulers in England and the Netherlands, by which he would first establish peace in those countries, and then free Germany from its miseries.
Directrices and Their Mission in Republican Normal Schools
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with the political background to the Third Republic’s educational reforms, particularly those concerning girls’ education and women’s normal schools, once Jules Ferry became minister of public instruction in 1879. It then introduces ten departmental normal school directrices already serving before the important Paul Bert law of 1879 and the first directrices next appointed. The creation in 1880 of the higher normal school at Fontenay-aux-Roses to train women to staff departmental normal schools is traced and its significance noted. Then follows a collective profile of social and educational backgrounds and career trajectories of 193 directrices between 1879 and 1914. The international primary education congress in 1889, held during the centennial of the French Revolution, included celebration of republican accomplishments in educating girls and women but also revealed how traditional notions of appropriate gender roles still limited women’s access to education posts previously dominated by men.
Representing Republican Education
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the interactions of normal school directrices with external evaluators and with various individuals and groups outside the school. The directrices were sometimes the subject of public controversy, often related to local or national political issues and sometimes to dealing with hostile individuals. In such cases directrices had to defend themselves and their schools. To extend the normal school’s influence and maintain a sense of group identity among graduates, many directrices spurred the creation of alumnae associations (amicales). They also became involved with organizations supportive of public schools and demonstrated professional expertise by publishing textbooks and articles in pedagogical journals. In addition, they joined a professional association to defend their interests and welcomed the election of colleague Albertine Eidenschenk to the prestigious Higher Council of Public Instruction.
An Age to Work
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In 1870, at the start of the French Third Republic, the average working-class child entered the workforce after completing primary school, and sometimes before. Boys toiled in print shops and girls spent their days sewing. In its first decades, the Republic prioritized protecting these youngsters. Motivated by new ideas about childhood, lawmakers expanded access to education, regulated child labor, and developed child welfare. These policies defined childhood as a distinct, standardized stage of life. Legislators and reformers established institutions, such as vocational schools and juvenile courts, to promote children’s development. However, in 1940 at the Republic’s close, the average working-class child entered the workforce in his or her teen-aged years. As An Age to Work demonstrates, the Republic’s enactment and enforcement of age-based regulations reinforced class- and gender-based divisions in the experience of childhood. Through regulating age, legislators encoded a specific path to adulthood for working-class children, one that led to the workforce. The agents of the republican welfare state, such as social workers or labor inspectors, protected young people while policing their productivity. The regulation of childhood too affirmed the separation between girls and boys, as girls’ work tended to slip outside the purview of the state. An Age to Work enters into the streets and apartments of working-class Paris to examine how the laboring classes envisioned childhood. For working-class parents, childhood was more fluid. But while they resisted the government’s efforts to standardize childhood, they too used the Republic’s welfare institutions to direct their offspring to the workforce.
Interwar Reform
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Up to the Republic’s end, the experiences of working-class children and youths continued to be distinct from their bourgeois peers. Even by the late 1930s, the majority of working-class youths entered into the workforce or a vocational training program upon completing primary school. During the interwar period, the Republic, aided by private welfare organizations, expanded its services for young workers and young delinquents. Vocational guidance officers and social workers relied on medical knowledge to provide more individualized care to young members of the working classes. However, as with their pre-war predecessors, these state and parastate actors provided such assistance to ensure that young members of the laboring classes joined the work force. During the interwar period, republican policy with regard to young people’s labor, vocational training, and welfare continued to preserve class-based divisions within childhood.
Attacking Kurds Trumps Toppling Assad
Authors: Tol Gönül 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter Five focuses on the implications of the change in Erdoğan’s domestic plans for his Syria policy. The chapter zooms in on how Erdoğan’s nationalist turn led to a shift in his priorities, from ousting the regime to curbing Kurdish advances in northern Syria. It shows that Erdoğan ended up empowering the very regime he desperately sought to overthrow, in order to obtain Assad’s acquiescence to Turkey’s military incursions that aimed to check Kurdish advances. It argues that after years of arming the anti-Assad opposition, Erdoğan dealt one of the biggest blows to that same opposition so that he could extend his newly launched war against Turkey’s Kurds into Syria.
Conclusion
Authors: Tol Gönül 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The final chapter focuses on Erdoğan’s legacy and seeks to address the question of how history will judge him from the perspective of his supporters, critics, as well as Syrians. It ends with the tragic story of the human toll that Erdoğan’s war to consolidate power has taken on the lives of many by telling the story of the short life and death of Alan Kurdi, the two-year-old Syrian Kurdish refugee boy who drowned attempting to reach the Greek island of Kos.
The Independence Generation
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the experience of the "independence generation," the first generation coming of age after Ukraine gained independence from the USSR, through the 2004–5 Orange Revolution. It describes the formation of the ideas and ideals of the Ukrainian civic nation as pre-dating 1991. The chapter looks at Zelensky's childhood in the hardscrabble city of Kryvyy Rih in a southeastern Ukrainian context that was an important, if little known, source of dissident activity. The chapter traces the experiences of the independence generation that Zelensky is part of through the economic and social turmoil of the 1990s under Kravchuk and Kuchma. It addresses the challenges they faced while making their livelihoods as the generation before them produced the oligarchs that came to dominate much of Ukrainian politics and the economy through to 2022 while the masses remained impoverished. This period also featured the blooming of Ukrainian civic national identity, as it came to be less about ancestry and ethnicity and more about attachment to the newly independent state.
The History of Jihadi Polemics and Conflict
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of intra-Jihadi polemics and contestation from the Jihadi movement's beginning up until the conflict erupting in Syria in 2013. It shows how the Jihadi movement from its inception has been fraught with internal debates and disagreements both within and between groups that challenged the broader movement's cohesion. Covering examples from Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, and Somalia, the chapter uncovers how a multitude of causes were driving the debates, yet that religious debate and power struggles were central to these early examples of internal contestation. While there are numerous examples of internal contestation, this early history of Jihad conflict nonetheless highlights that they rarely escalated from rhetorical debates to infighting.
Fighting over the Prophetic Methodology
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the level of the disagreements driving intra-Jihadi conflict. It presents the argument that what mainly divides Jihadis is not differences in creed (aqida) but in methodology (manhaj). These differences in their view on how to approach Jihad and reach their religio-political objectives were informed by distinctive interpretation of the religious, social, and political reality surrounding them (fiqh al-waqi'). As it turned out, this struggle would largely center around the definition of the correct "prophetic methodology" as a means to legitimize one's own group while discrediting competitors and rivals.
Struggling for Authority
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In continuation of the last chapter, this chapter deals with the issue of authority. It explains how Jihadis have consciously developed a volatile culture of authority that is now being employed to facilitate internal challenges to the established authority structures. A central element of this struggle for authority centers around key individuals such as Jihadi leaders and ideologues, whom supporters and opponents attempt to either elevate or discredit. From the perspective of the Islamic State, the group and its supporters rely on the concept of al-wala' wa-l-bara' to legitimize attacks on its competitors, while al-Qaida and its allies increasingly started to promote the narrative of the Islamic State as neo-khawarij to enable a violent response.
“What is Truth?”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a reflection on the Roman trial of Jesus in John--the last gospel to be written. Anti-Semitic interpretations of John's Passion narrative are rejected, in light of a new reading of a crucial scene in John 11. Pilate's reluctance to crucify Jesus is elucidated in legal terms, and the procedural logic of John's Passion narrative is succinctly reconstructed. It is shown that the Roman titulus on Jesus' cross marks him as a Galilean and a non-citizen of Rome, who is put to death for a Roman crime. And it is finally asked whether Roman and Judaean law--or rather, Roman and Judaean politics--lie behind Jesus' conviction in John. The dramatic logic of Jesus' death, in John, ultimately proves to be political--not legal.