bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boosting Microwave Thermo‐Dynamic Cancer Therapy of TiMOF via COF‐Coating
Authors: Wang Yuxin , Ren Xiangling , Zheng Yingjuan , Tan Longfei , Li Bingyan , Fu Changhui , Wu Qiong , Chen Zengzhen , Ren Jun , Yang Daoke , Yu Shiping , Meng Xianwei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMicrowave (MW) dynamic therapy (MDT) can efficiently eliminate tumor residue resulting from MW thermal therapy. However, MDT is currently in its infancy, and luck of effective MDT sensiters severely limits its clinical therapeutic effect. Herein, based on TiMOF (TM), a high‐efficiency MW sensitizer is designed for MW thermo‐dynamic therapy. TM can generate heat and cytotoxic reacyive oxygen species (ROS) under MW irradiation and has the potential to be used as an MW sensitizer, while the suboptimal MW dynamic sensitization effect of TM limits its application. Inorder to improve the MW dynamic sensitization performance, a covalent organic framework (COF) with good stability and a large conjugate system is used to cover TM, which is conductive to electron and energy transfer, thus increasing the ROS generation rate and prolonging the ROS lifetime. In addition, loading Ni NPs endow nanomaterials with magnetic resonance imaging capabilities. Therefore, this work develops an MW sensitizer based on TM for the first time, and the mechanism of COF coating to enhance the MW dynamic sensitization of TM is preliminarily explored, which provides a new idea for the further development of MW sensitizer with great potential.
Relationship between Structure and Performance of Atomic‐Scale Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Choi Jungsue , Seo Sohyeon , Kim Minsu , Han Yeonsu , Shao Xiaodong , Lee Hyoyoung 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAtomic‐scale electrocatalysts greatly improve the performance and efficiency of water splitting but require special adjustments of the supporting structures for anchoring and dispersing metal single atoms. Here, the structural evolution of atomic‐scale electrocatalysts for water splitting is reviewed based on different synthetic methods and structural properties that create different environments for electrocatalytic activity. The rate‐determining step or intermediate state for hydrogen or oxygen evolution reactions is energetically stabilized by the coordination environment to the single‐atom active site from the supporting material. In large‐scale practical use, maximizing the loading amount of metal single atoms increases the efficiency of the electrocatalyst and reduces the economic cost. Dual‐atom electrocatalysts with two different single‐atom active sites react with an increased number of water molecules and reduce the adsorption energy of water derived from the difference in electronegativity between the two metal atoms. In particular, single‐atom dimers induce asymmetric active sites that promote the degradation of H2O to H2 or O2 evolution. Consequently, the structural properties of atomic‐scale electrocatalysts clarify the atomic interrelation between the catalytic active sites and the supporting material to achieve maximum efficiency.
Understanding the quality and evolution of Android app build systems
Authors: Liu Pei , Li Li , Liu Kui , McIntosh Shane , Grundy John 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBuild systems are used to transform static source code into executable software. They play a crucial role in modern software development and maintenance. As such, much research effort has been invested in understanding the quality and evolution of build systems, including Apache ANT, Apache Maven, and Make‐based ones. However, the quality and evolution of build systems for mobile apps, such as on the Android platform, have not as yet been investigated in detail. Mobile app development, and the Android development context in particular, impose unique constrains, such as different device conditions and capabilities. It presents unique challenges, such as frequently upgraded Android frameworks, which those who implement and maintain build systems must tackle. In this paper, we present an exploratory empirical study of the build systems of 5222 Android projects to better understand their quality and evolution. We (a) study the build technology choices that Android developers make (Gradle being recommended and the most popular choice), (b) explore the sustainability of the official Gradle build system (parts of build files are updated more frequent that others and the update of the special Gradle plugin would induce unrecommended configurations), and (c) analyze the quality of Gradle scripts for Android apps—more than a half of the open‐source Android apps cannot be successfully built due to five common root causes.
Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R‐CPD): What do we know so far?
Authors: Alotaibi Fahad Z. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis comprehensive review aims to explain the disease pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management options.MethodsA review was carried out in the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The following terms were used alone and combined: Retrograde, Cricopharyngeus muscle, Dysfunction, Abelchia, and inability to burp.ResultsA total of 68 articles were identified, and only 11 were found to be relevant and included in writing this review. Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R‐CPD) is a relatively new disease entity that has recently been described in clinical literature. It is caused by the inability of the cricopharyngeus muscle to relax. Unlike cricopharyngeal dysfunction (CPD), which is well‐known and characterized by dysphagia, R‐CPD is characterized by the inability to belch in almost all patients, which is considered diagnostic for the condition.ConclusionsHigh‐resolution manometry (HRM) is the definitive diagnostic modality. Most patients reported in the literature responded well to treatment with botulinum toxin injection.
Information Security Behaviour in an Organisation Providing Critical Infrastructure: A Pre-post Study of Efforts to Improve Information Security Culture
Authors: Nævestad T.-O. , Honerud J. Hovland , Meyer S. Frislid 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe study examines whether information security behaviour (ISB) in an organisation providing critical infrastructure improved after systematic efforts to improve information security culture (ISC) through the implementation of an information security management system (ISMS). The data are based on quantitative surveys before (N = 323) and after (N = 446) efforts to improve ISC in the organisation. Qualitative interviews were also conducted before (N = 22) and after (N = 12). The study finds that the organisation has managed to improve its ISC through systematic efforts over a two-year period (2014–2016), and that this also has led to improvements in ISB among the personnel in the organisation. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that ISC is the most important variable influencing ISB, while ISMS measures is the most important variables influencing ISC. Thus, our results indicate that it is important to work with ISMS and ISC to increase IS in our increasingly digitalised society, especially in organisations providing critical infrastructure.
AI at Work, Working with AI. First Lessons from Real Use Cases
Authors: Ferguson Yann 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with the transformations of employment and work associated with recent developments in artificial intelligence. It proposes a classification based on five figures of the worker: replaced, dominated, augmented, divided and rehumanised. This taxonomy is illustrated by use cases from the catalogue of the Global Partnership on AI, a multistakeholder initiative which aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice on AI. We conclude by highlighting three shifts in the forms of work engagement that are likely to impact safety issues: the distancing of the object of work, the work on the machine itself and the reconfiguration of professional identity.
The Digitalisation of Risk Assessment: Fulfilling the Promises of Prediction?
Authors: Demortain David 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRisk assessment is a scientific exercise that aims at anticipating hazards. Prediction has always been a rallying call for the scientists that gave birth to this interdisciplinary movement in the 1970s. Several decades later, the broad movement of digitalisation and the promises of artificial intelligence seem to be pushing the limits of risk assessment and herald an era of faster and more precise predictions. This chapter briefly reviews the history of chemical risk assessment methods developed by regulatory bodies and associated research groups, and the complex ways it has digitalised. It unpacks digitalisation, to probe how its various aspects—datafication, computational innovation and modelling theories—align to meaningfully transform it, and determine whether the ever-revamped technological promise of prediction is within a closer reach than it was before.
Key Dimensions of Algorithmic Management, Machine Learning and Big Data in Differing Large Sociotechnical Systems, with Implications for Systemwide Safety Management
Authors: Roe Emery , Fortmann-Roe Scott 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe time is ripe for more case-by-case analyses of “big data”, “machine learning” and “algorithmic management”. A significant portion of current discussion on these topics occurs under the rubric of Automation (or, artificial intelligence) and in terms of broad political, social and economic factors said to be at work. We instead focus on identifying sociotechnical concerns arising out of software development in the topic areas. In so doing, we identify trade-offs and at least one longer-term system safety concern not typically included alongside notable political, social and economic considerations. This is the system safety concern of obsolescence. We end with a speculation on how skills in making these trade-offs might be noteworthy when system safety has been breached in emergencies.
Considering Severity of Safety-Critical System Outcomes in Risk Analysis: An Extension of Fault Tree Analysis
Authors: Kaber David B. , Liu Yunmei , Lau Mei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWith the advent of digitalisation and big data sources, new advanced tools are needed to precisely project safety-critical system outcomes. Existing systems safety analysis methods, such as fault tree analysis (FTA), lack systematic and structured approaches to specifically account for system event consequences. Consequently, we proposed an algorithmic extension of FTA for the purposes of: (a) analysis of the severity of consequences of both top and intermediate events as part of a fault tree (FT) and (b) risk assessment at both the event and cut set level. The ultimate objective of the algorithm is to provide a fine-grained analysis of FT event and cut set risks as a basis for precise and cost-effective safety control measure prescription by practitioners.
Are We Going Towards “No-Brainer” Safety Management?
Authors: Paltrinieri Nicola 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIndustry is stepping into its 4.0 phase by implementing and increasingly relying on cyber-technological systems. Wider networks of sensors may allow for continuous monitoring of industrial process conditions. Enhanced computational power provides the capability of processing the collected “big data”. Early warnings can then be picked and lead to suggestion for proactive safety strategies or directly initiate the action of autonomous actuators ensuring the required level of system safety. But have we reached these safety 4.0 promises yet, or will we ever reach them? A traditional view on safety defines it as the absence of accidents and incidents. A forward-looking perspective on safety affirms that it involves ensuring that “as many things as possible go right”. However, in both the views there is an element of uncertainty associated to the prediction of future risks and, more subtly, to the capability of possessing all the necessary information for such prediction. This uncertainty does not simply disappear once we apply advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to the infinite series of possible accident scenarios, but it can be found behind modelling choices and parameters setting. In a nutshell, any model claiming superior flexibility usually introduces extra assumptions (“there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch”). This contribution will illustrate a series of examples where AI techniques are used to continuously update the evaluation of the safety level in an industrial system. This will allow us to affirm that we are not even close to a “no-brainer” condition in which the responsibility for human and system safety is entirely moved to the machine. However, this shows that such advanced techniques are progressively providing a reliable support for critical decision making and guiding industry towards more risk-informed and safety-responsible planning.
Looking at the Safety of AI from a Systems Perspective: Two Healthcare Examples
Authors: Sujan Mark A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThere is much potential and promise for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, e.g., in radiology, mental health, ambulance service triage, sepsis diagnosis and prognosis, patient-facing chatbots, and drug and vaccine development. However, the aspiration of improving the safety and efficiency of health systems by using AI is weakened by a narrow technology focus and by a lack of independent real-world evaluation. It is to be expected that when AI is integrated into health systems, challenges to safety will emerge, some old, and some novel. Examples include design for situation awareness, consideration of workload, automation bias, explanation and trust, support for human–AI teaming, training requirements and the impact on relationships between staff and patients. The use of healthcare AI also raises significant ethical challenges. To address these issues, a systems approach is needed for the design of AI from the outset. Two examples are presented to illustrate these issues: 1. Design of an autonomous infusion pump and 2. Implementation of AI in an ambulance service call centre to detect out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Kapitel 1: Einleitung
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie datenbasiertes Profiling und automatisierte Entscheidungen funktionieren, funktional miteinander zusammenhängen und reguliert sind (Teil I). Im Anschluss analysiert sie, welche Möglichkeiten der Nutzung von Profiling bestehen, um im Online-Handel Preise zu personalisieren (Teil II). Aufbauend auf den so gefundenen Erkenntnissen behandelt die Arbeit schließlich die Frage, ob das geltende materielle Recht ausreichende Schutzmechanismen vor Diskriminierung bereithält, die aus der Zugehörigkeit zu geschützten Gruppen resultiert und in ihrer systematischen preislichen Schlechterstellung zum Ausdruck kommt (Teil III). Die Arbeit ist modular aufgebaut. Der erste Teil erarbeitet eine Grundlage für die weiteren Untersuchungen. Der zweite und dritte Teil bauen auf dem jeweils vorhergehenden auf. Preispersonalisierung stellt nur einen von zahlreichen denkbaren Anwendungsfällen der im ersten Teil entwickelten Grundlagen dar. Bei der Analyse des bestehenden Diskriminierungsschutzes handelt es sich, daran anknüpfend, um die Behandlung einer speziellen rechtlichen Fragestellung.
Kapitel 10: Relevante Rechtsregime
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDer folgende Überblick dient dazu, die (möglicherweise) einschlägigen Regelwerke zu eruieren und festzustellen, ob ihnen grundsätzliche Relevanz und Anwendbarkeit im Kontext von Preispersonalisierung zukommt. Im darauf folgenden Kap. 11 erfolgt die eigentliche rechtliche Analyse unter Rückgriff auf das 3-stufige Modell.
Kapitel 11: Rechtliche Analyse anhand des 3-stufigen Modells
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungIm Kontext der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung stellt sich zunächst die Frage, in welchen Konstellationen Preispersonalisierung mit der Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten i. S. d. Art. 4 Nr. 1 DSGVO einhergeht. Nur dann ist sie anwendbar, Art. 2 I DSGVO. Sofern personenbezogene Daten verarbeitet werden, muss gem. Art. 6 I bzw. 9 II DSGVO eine geeignete Rechtsgrundlage vorliegen. Zudem steht zu untersuchen, welche datenschutzrechtlichen Transparenzpflichten der Anbieter zu befolgen hat und wie weitreichend diese im Fall des Personalised Pricings sind. In Frage kommen Informationspflichten (Art. 13 und 14 DSGVO) sowie das Auskunftsrecht des Art. 15 DSGVO.
Kapitel 12: Abschließende Bemerkungen
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungProfiling nach dem Verständnis der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung ist ein technisches Erkenntnisverfahren, das auf dem Prinzip der Gruppenbildung basiert. Diesem Verfahren wohnen signifikante persönlichkeitsrechtliche Implikationen inne, erlaubt es doch die Schaffung „neuer“ personenbezogener Daten, die dem Betroffenen zugewiesen werden und teilweise tiefgehende Einblicke in seine persönlichen Aspekte erlauben. Für die rechtliche Bewertung ist die Erkenntnis bedeutsam, dass Profiling letztlich nichts anderes ist als eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsberechnung. Im Einzelfall falsche Ergebnisse – sog. false positives bzw. false negatives – sind diesem Verfahren deshalb systemimmanent. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der gedanklichen Trennung von Profiling und darauf basierenden Entscheidungen sowie die Berechtigung der Regulierung automatisierter Einzelentscheidungen in Art. 22 DSGVO.
Kapitel 3: Profiling und automatisierte Entscheidungen: Ein 3-stufiges Modell
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDie beschriebenen kritischen Aspekte von Profiling wurden ausgehend von der Legaldefinition des Art. 4 Nr. 4 DSGVO und dem Einsatz von Profiling in der Praxis entwickelt. Bei der Beschreibung der mit Profiling zusammenhängenden tatsächlichen Problemlagen tritt eine wesentliche Erkenntnis zutage. Es bietet sich an, eine Unterscheidung in qualitativer sowie chronologischer Hinsicht zu treffen zwischen Profiling einerseits, also der „bloßen“ Erstellung von Bewertungen, und dem darauf aufbauenden Prozess der Entscheidungsfindung (ggf. mitsamt der Ausführung dieser Entscheidung) andererseits. Denn „Profiling – als automatisierte Datenverarbeitung – bildet die Grundlage, auf der eine Entscheidung des Verantwortlichen aufsetzt, die für die betroffene Person dann eine rechtliche Wirkung oder sonstige Konsequenz mit sich bringt.“ Diese beiden Stufen können erst durchgeführt werden, wenn eine ausreichende Datengrundlage vorliegt. Die Datensammlung muss also logischerweise den ersten Schritt in diesem Modell darstellen.
Kapitel 5: Zusammenfassung
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungProfiling i. S. d. Art. 4 Nr. 4 DSGVO stellt ein statistisches Erkenntnisverfahren dar, welches sich der Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten bedient. Es dient dazu, die persönlichen Aspekte natürlicher Personen wertend zu analysieren bzw. vorherzusagen. Diese Bewertungen können in einer Vielzahl von Lebensbereichen und mit ganz verschiedenen Zielrichtungen zum Einsatz kommen. Ihr potenzieller Anwendungsbereich ist damit äußerst breit. Als typische Beispiele lassen sich Kredit-Scoring und personalisierte Werbung nennen.
Kapitel 6: Preisdiskriminierung
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDer Begriff Preisdiskriminierung wird in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften unterschiedlich definiert. Als Annäherung an die Thematik wird hier zunächst eine vereinfachte Definition herangezogen. Diese besagt, dass Preisdiskriminierung vorliegt, wenn ein Anbieter zum selben Zeitpunkt für das gleiche Gut von verschiedenen Käufern verschiedene Preise verlangt. Diese Formulierung ist aber aus verschiedenen Gründen irreführend und ungenau. So wäre nach dieser Definition Preisdiskriminierung z. B. auch dann gegeben, wenn ein Anbieter nur deshalb von Kunden unterschiedliche Preise verlangt, weil er tatsächlich unterschiedliche Kosten hat. Ein Beispiel hierfür wäre der Fall, dass ein Anbieter aufgrund höherer Versandkosten vom Kunden A einen höheren Gesamtpreis als vom Kunden B verlangt, da A – im Gegensatz zu B – im Ausland lebt und dementsprechend höhere Portokosten anfallen. Zugleich würden Situationen von dieser Definition mangels „verschiedener Preise“ nicht erfasst, in denen alle Betroffenen denselben Preis zahlen, dieser de facto aber diskriminierend ist, weil beim Anbieter verschiedene Kosten anfallen. Dies ist in der Praxis zum Beispiel der Fall, wenn Industriegüter, deren Versand besonders kostenintensiv ist (etwa Zement), an Kunden unabhängig vom Lieferort zum gleichen Preis verkauft werden und die Versandkosten immer im Endpreis enthalten sind. Hierdurch werden die Kunden, bei denen besonders hohe Transportkosten anfallen, gegenüber den günstiger zu erreichenden bevorzugt.
Kapitel 7: Preispersonalisierung
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDer vorhergegangene Abschnitt hat eine allgemeine Definition des Begriffs Preisdiskriminierung entwickelt, welche auf der Definition von Stigler aufbaut und diese konkretisiert. Zudem wurden die in der ökonomischen Literatur beschriebenen allgemeinen Voraussetzungen für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Preisdiskriminierung sowie die drei traditionell unterschiedenen Grade beschrieben, voneinander abgegrenzt und mit Blick auf ihre datenschutzrechtliche Relevanz analysiert.
Kapitel 9: Einleitung
Authors: Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungPreispersonalisierung ist ein Unterfall von Preisdiskriminierung. Sie hat der Natur der Sache nach stets ökonomische Auswirkungen, da von ihr Zahlungsströme zwischen den Kunden und den Anbietern und damit die Verteilung von finanziellen Ressourcen und Wohlstand abhängen. Die ökonomische Betrachtungsweise ist neutral und wertfrei: Sie stellt auf Faktoren wie Effizienz und Wohlfahrt ab, ohne die unterschiedliche Behandlung Einzelner mit einer darüber hinausgehenden Wertung zu verbinden.
Signals of millicharged dark matter in light-shining-through-wall experiments
Authors: Berlin Asher , D’Agnolo Raffaele Tito , Ellis Sebastian A. R. , Radkovski Jury I. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We discuss a novel detection technique for millicharged dark matter that makes use of existing light-shining-through-wall (LSW) experiments searching for massive dark photons. Since millicharged particles interact with both the visible and dark sectors, a small background of such particles enables the search for visible signals even in the limit of a massless dark photon. Furthermore, for sufficiently large couplings, a small dark matter subcomponent consisting of millicharged particles can have a terrestrial abundance that is significantly enhanced with respect to its galactic abundance. We leverage this fact to show that in certain parts of parameter space, future runs of the LSW Dark SRF experiment can be used to set the strongest limits on millicharged relics.