bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of electron microscopic observations to electrochemistry in liquid electrolytes for batteries
Authors: Yoshida Kaname , Sasaki Yuki , Kuwabara Akihide , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Herein, we review notable points from observations of electrochemical reactions in a liquid electrolyte by liquid-phase electron microscopy. In situ microscopic observations of electrochemical reactions are urgently required, particularly to solve various battery issues. Battery performance is evaluated by various electrochemical measurements of bulk samples. However, it is necessary to understand the physical/chemical phenomena occurring in batteries to elucidate the reaction mechanisms. Thus, in situ microscopic observation is effective for understanding the reactions that occur in batteries. Herein, we focus on two methods, of the liquid phase (scanning) transmission electron microscopy and liquid phase scanning electron microscopy, and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.
Jetting and shock wave during oblique hypervelocity impact of spherical projectile
Authors: Liu Xin , Deng Yongjun , Wen Ken , Yao Yong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Space debris impacts on whipped shields are dominantly non-vertical. During the initial impact stage of a projectile on a target, wave propagation and evolution occur in their interior with co-dominant material fragmentation. In this study, the effects of the impact conditions (impact velocity and attack angle) on the critical conditions for jet generation were examined based on the asymmetric jetting theory. In the geometric propagation model (GPM), the effect of the attack angle was considered, and a wave front deflection angle parameter was introduced. The modified GPM could describe the geometric features and position of a wave front during an oblique impact. Combined with smoothed particle hydrodynamics numerical simulations, the interior of projectiles, fragmentation features and pressure attenuation were studied. It was found that in large attack angle cases, the projectile material is more likely to reach the critical conditions for jet generation. The modified GPM is an oblique elliptic equation that is a function of the equivalent speed, impact velocity, attack angle, time and deflection angle. It may be applicable to hypervelocity events involving any monolithic material as long as the equivalent speed and deflection angle can be provided from numerical simulations. The impact conditions exhibit a quantitative relationship with the pressure attenuation in a projectile, among which the impact velocity has a more significant effect. This study established a quantitative analysis method for the initial impact stage of the oblique hypervelocity impact of a spherical projectile on a flat plate.
On the Acoustics of Emphasis in Central Mount Lebanon Lebanese
Authors: Sakr Georges 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a study of emphasis in an attempt to determine its acoustic correlates in Central Mount Lebanon Lebanese Arabic (CMLL), an urban colloquial variety of Arabic spoken in Lebanon. Several analyses of emphasis exist in the literature, which largely focus on neighbouring vowels and either investigate, or make use of, a link between F2 lowering and emphasis. This study, based on acoustic data from 11 speakers, considers various possible consonantal as well as vocalic correlates. The vocalic analyses make use of statistical modelling in linear mixed effects, and generalised additive mixed modelling. This study finds significant F2 lowering in vowels preceding the emphatic voiceless sibilant /ṣ/. It argues that, in terms of the acoustics, emphasis is a vocalic rather than consonantal phenomenon, and that, in CMLL, the phonological feature ‘emphasis’ is consonantal, but is realized phonetically as a colouration of the adjacent vowels.
Incorporating Adaptive Survey Design in a Two-Stage National Web or Mail Mixed-Mode Survey: An Experiment in the American Family Health Study
Authors: Zhang Shiyu , West Brady T , Wagner James , Gatward Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article presents the results of an adaptive design experiment in the recruitment of households and individuals for a two-stage national probability web or mail mixed-mode survey, the American Family Health Study (AFHS). In the screening stage, we based the adaptive design’s subgroup differentiation on Esri Tapestry segmentation. We used tailored invitation materials for a subsample where a high proportion of the population was Hispanic and added a paper questionnaire to the initial mailing for a subsample with rural and older families. In the main-survey stage, the adaptive design targeted the households where a member other than the screening respondent was selected for the survey. The adaptations included emailing and/or texting, an additional prepaid incentive, and seeking screening respondents’ help to remind the selected individuals. The main research questions are (i) whether the adaptive design improved survey production outcomes and (ii) whether combining adaptive design and postsurvey weighting adjustments improved survey estimates compared to performing postsurvey adjustments alone. Unfortunately, the adaptive designs did not improve the survey production outcomes. We found that the weighted AFHS estimates closely resemble those of a benchmark national face-to-face survey, the National Survey of Family Growth, although the adaptive design did not additionally change survey estimates beyond the weighting adjustments. Nonetheless, our experiment yields useful insights about the implementation of adaptive design in a self-administered mail-recruit web or mail survey. We were able to identify subgroups with potentially lower response rates and distinctive characteristics, but it was challenging to develop effective protocol adaptations for these subgroups under the constraints of the two primary survey modes and the operational budget of the AFHS. In addition, for self-administered within-household selection, it was difficult to obtain contact information from, reach, and recruit selected household members that did not respond to the screening interview.
Predicting reliable H2 column density maps from molecular line data using machine learning
Authors: Shimajiri Yoshito , Kawanishi Yasutomo , Fujita Shinji , Miyamoto Yusuke , Ito Atsushi M , Arzoumanian Doris , André Philippe , Nishimura Atsushi , Tokuda Kazuki , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Takekawa Shunya , Ueda Shota , Onishi Toshikazu , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Nishimoto Shimpei , Yoneda Ryuki 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
The total mass estimate of molecular clouds suffers from the uncertainty in the H2-CO conversion factor, the so-called XCO factor, which is used to convert the 12CO (1–0) integrated intensity to the H2 column density. We demonstrate the machine learning’s ability to predict the H2 column density from the 12CO, 13CO, and C18O (1–0) data set of four star-forming molecular clouds: Orion A, Orion B, Aquila, and M17. When the training is performed on a subset of each cloud, the overall distribution of the predicted column density is consistent with that of the Herschel column density. The total column density predicted and observed is consistent within 10 per cent, suggesting that the machine learning prediction provides a reasonable total mass estimate of each cloud. However, the distribution of the column density for values &gt;∼2 × 1022 cm−2, which corresponds to the dense gas, could not be predicted well. This indicates that molecular line observations tracing the dense gas are required for the training. We also found a significant difference between the predicted and observed column density when we created the model after training the data on different clouds. This highlights the presence of different XCO factors between the clouds, and further training in various clouds is required to correct for these variations. We also demonstrated that this method could predict the column density towards the area not observed by Herschel if the molecular line and column density maps are available for the small portion, and the molecular line data are available for the larger areas.
Partition function approach to non-Gaussian likelihoods: physically motivated convergence criteria for Markov chains
Authors: Röver Lennart , von Campe Heinrich , Herzog Maximilian Philipp , Kuntz Rebecca Maria , Schäfer Björn Malte 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTNon-Gaussian distributions in cosmology are commonly evaluated with Monte Carlo Markov chain methods, as the Fisher matrix formalism is restricted to the Gaussian case. The Metropolis–Hastings algorithm will provide samples from the posterior distribution after a burn-in period, and the corresponding convergence is usually quantified with the Gelman–Rubin criterion. In this paper, we investigate the convergence of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm by drawing analogies to statistical Hamiltonian systems in thermal equilibrium for which a canonical partition sum exists. Specifically, we quantify virialization, equipartition, and thermalization of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Markov chains for a toy model and for the likelihood evaluation for a simple dark energy model constructed from supernova data. We follow the convergence of these criteria to the values expected in thermal equilibrium, in comparison to the Gelman–Rubin criterion. We find that there is a much larger class of physically motivated convergence criteria with clearly defined target values indicating convergence. As a numerical tool, we employ physics-informed neural networks for speeding up the sampling process.
Magnetorotational instability in a swirling partially ionized gas
Authors: Secunda Amy , Donnel Peter , Ji Hantao , Goodman Jeremy 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
The magnetorotational instability (MRI) has been proposed as the method of angular momentum transport that enables accretion in astrophysical discs. However, for weakly ionized discs, such as protoplanetary discs, it remains unclear whether the combined non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects of Ohmic resistivity, ambipolar diffusion, and the Hall effect make these discs MRI stable. While much effort has been made to simulate non-ideal MHD MRI, these simulations make simplifying assumptions and are not always in agreement with each other. Furthermore, it is difficult to directly observe the MRI astrophysically because it occurs on small scales. Here, we propose the concept of a swirling gas experiment of weakly ionized argon gas between two concentric cylinders threaded with an axial magnetic field that can be used to study non-ideal MHD MRI. For our proposed experiment, we derive the hydrodynamic equilibrium flow and a dispersion relation for MRI that includes the three non-ideal effects. We solve this dispersion relation numerically for the parameters of our proposed experiment. We find it should be possible to produce a non-ideal MRI in such an experiment because of the Hall effect, which increases the MRI growth rate when the vertical magnetic field is anti-aligned with the rotation axis. As a proof of concept, we also present experimental results for a hydrodynamic flow in an unmagnetized prototype. We find that our prototype has a small, but non-negligible, α-parameter that could serve as a baseline for comparison to our proposed magnetized experiment, which could be subject to additional turbulence from the MRI.
Diffusive shock acceleration at EeV and associated multimessenger flux from ultra-fast outflows driven by active galactic nuclei
Authors: Peretti Enrico , Lamastra Alessandra , Saturni Francesco Gabriele , Ahlers Markus , Blasi Pasquale , Morlino Giovanni , Cristofari Pierre 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can launch and sustain powerful winds featuring mildly relativistic velocity and wide opening angle. Such winds, known as ultra-fast outflows (UFOs), can develop a bubble structure characterized by a forward shock expanding in the host galaxy and a wind termination shock separating the fast, cool wind from the hot shocked wind. In this work, we explore whether diffusive shock acceleration can take place efficiently at the wind termination shock of UFOs. We calculate the spectrum of accelerated particles and find that protons can be energized up to the EeV range promoting UFOs to promising candidates for accelerating ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We also compute the associated gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes and compare them with available data in the literature. We observe that high-energy (HE) neutrinos are efficiently produced up to hundreds of PeV while the associated gamma rays could be efficiently absorbed beyond a few tens of GeV by the optical-ultraviolet AGN photon field. By assuming a typical source density of non-jetted AGN, we expect that UFOs could play a dominant role as diffuse sources of UHECRs and HE neutrinos. We finally apply our model to the recently observed NGC1068 and we find out that under specific parametric conditions an obscured UFO could provide a sizeable contribution to the observed gamma-ray flux while only contributing up to ∼10 per cent to the associated neutrino flux.
On the impact of runaway stars on dwarf galaxies with resolved interstellar medium
Authors: Steinwandel Ulrich P , Bryan Greg L , Somerville Rachel S , Hayward Christopher C , Burkhart Blakesley 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
‘Runaway stars’ might play a role in driving galactic outflows and enriching the circumgalactic medium with metals. To study this effect, we carry out high-resolution dwarf galaxy simulations that include velocity ‘kicks’ to massive stars above eigth solar masses. We consider two scenarios, one that adopts a power law velocity distribution for kick velocities, resulting in more stars with high-velocity kicks, and a more moderate scenario with a Maxwellian velocity distribution. We explicitly resolve the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) and include non-equilibrium cooling and chemistry. We sample individual massive stars from an IMF and follow their radiation input and SN feedback (core-collapse) channel at the end of their lifetime. In the simulations with runaway stars, we add additional (natal) velocity kicks that mimic two- and three-body interactions that cannot be fully resolved in our simulations. We find that including runaway or ‘walkaway’ star scenarios impacts mass, metal, momentum, and energy outflows as well as the corresponding loading factors. The effect on the mass loading factor is small, but we find an increase in the metal loading by a factor of 1.5 to 2. The momentum loading increases by a factor of 1.5–2. The energy loading increases by roughly a factor of 5 when runaway stars are included. Additionally, we find that the overall level of star formation is increased in the models that include runaway stars. We conclude that the inclusion of runaway stars could have an impact on the global star formation and subsequent outflow properties of dwarf galaxies.
Brain tumor-related epilepsy management: A Society for Neuro-oncology (SNO) consensus review on current management
Authors: Avila Edward K , Tobochnik Steven , Inati Sara K , Koekkoek Johan A F , McKhann Guy M , Riviello James J , Rudà Roberta , Schiff David , Tatum William O , Templer Jessica W , Weller Michael , Wen Patrick Y 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Tumor-related epilepsy (TRE) is a frequent and major consequence of brain tumors. Management of TRE is required throughout the course of disease and a deep understanding of diagnosis and treatment is key to improving quality of life. Gross total resection is favored from both an oncologic and epilepsy perspective. Shared mechanisms of tumor growth and epilepsy exist, and emerging data will provide better targeted therapy options. Initial treatment with antiseizure medications (ASM) in conjunction with surgery and/or chemoradiotherapy is typical. The first choice of ASM is critical to optimize seizure control and tolerability considering the effects of the tumor itself. These agents carry a potential for drug–drug interactions and therefore knowledge of mechanisms of action and interactions is needed. A review of adverse effects is necessary to guide ASM adjustments and decision-making. This review highlights the essential aspects of diagnosis and treatment of TRE with ASMs, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy while indicating areas of uncertainty. Future studies should consider the use of a standardized method of seizure tracking and incorporating seizure outcomes as a primary endpoint of tumor treatment trials.
Photoexcitation-induced passivation of SnO2 thin film for efficient perovskite solar cells
Authors: Chai Nianyao , Chen Xiangyu , Zeng Zhongle , Yu Ruohan , Yue Yunfan , Mai Bo , Wu Jinsong , Mai Liqiang , Cheng Yi-Bing , Wang Xuewen 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
A high-quality tin oxide electron transport layer (ETL) is a key common factor to achieve high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the conventional annealing technique to prepare high-quality ETLs by continuous heating under near-equilibrium conditions requires high temperatures and a long fabrication time. Alternatively, we present a non-equilibrium, photoexcitation-induced passivation technique that uses multiple ultrashort laser pulses. The ultrafast photoexcitation and following electron–electron and electron–phonon scattering processes induce ultrafast annealing to efficiently passivate surface and bulk defects, and improve the crystallinity of SnO2, resulting in suppressing the carrier recombination and facilitating the charge transport between the ETL and perovskite interface. By rapidly scanning the laser beam, the annealing time is reduced to several minutes, which is much more efficient compared with conventional thermal annealing. To demonstrate the university and scalability of this technique, typical antisolvent and antisolvent-free processed hybrid organic–inorganic metal halide PSCs have been fabricated and achieved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.14% and 22.75% respectively, and a 12-square-centimeter module antisolvent-free processed perovskite solar module achieves a PCE of 20.26%, with significantly enhanced performance both in PCE and stability. This study establishes a new approach towards the commercialization of efficient low-temperature manufacturing of PSCs.
Vitamin E supplementation (alone or with other antioxidants) and stroke: a meta-analysis
Authors: Maggio Enrico , Bocchini Valeria Proietti , Carnevale Roberto , Pignatelli Pasquale , Violi Francesco , Loffredo Lorenzo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Context
A previous study showed that vitamin E is effective in reducing the incidence of myocardial infarction only when it is taken in the absence of other antioxidants. It is unclear if it also reduces the incidence of stroke.

Objective
The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the effect of vitamin E supplementation alone or combined with other antioxidants on the incidence of stroke.

Data Sources
A search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library.

Data Extraction
Sixteen randomized controlled trials were selected to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on stroke.

Data Analysis
The range of vitamin E doses used was 33–800 IU. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 9.4 years. Compared with controls, when vitamin E was given alone it did not reduce the incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Conversely, compared with controls, supplementation of vitamin E with other antioxidants reduced ischemic stroke (random effects, RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84–0.99; P = 0.02) but with a significant increase in hemorrhagic stroke (random effects, RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.0–1.48; P = 0.04).

Conclusions
Supplementation with vitamin E alone is not associated with stroke reduction. Instead, supplementation of vitamin E with other antioxidants reduces the incidence of ischemic stroke but increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, cancelling any beneficial effect derived. Thus, vitamin E is not recommended in stroke prevention.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022258259.
Seeing Red and Blue: Assessing How Americans Understand Geographic Polarization, Secession, and the Value of Federalism
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas F 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article examines how public perceptions about the divide between blue and red states shape attitudes about secession in the United States. Through a nationally representative survey of the adult American population, I measure how individuals perceive political differences between states, and demonstrate that as perceptions of political differences increase, so too does support for secession. Measured through multiple questions and an experimental design, these findings demonstrate a previously underexplored dynamic of the country’s partisan divisions. Both Democrats and Republicans are more likely to support secession as their awareness of the “red” and “blue” divide increases—an attitude that is statistically independent from other beliefs that motivate partisan animosity in the contemporary United States, such as populism, racial resentment, affective polarization, and ideology. While talk of an impending “civil war” may be exaggerated, the widespread prevalence of secessionist beliefs shows that the legitimacy of the country’s federal bargain is challenged by political nationalization.
Biomaterials combined with ADSCs for bone tissue engineering: current advances and applications
Authors: Song Yiping , Wang Ning , Shi Huixin , Zhang Dan , Wang Qiang , Guo Shu , Yang Shude , Ma Jia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, bone tissue engineering, which is supported by scaffold, seed cells and bioactive molecules (BMs), has provided new hope and direction for treating bone defects. In terms of seed cells, compared to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, which were widely utilized in previous years, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are becoming increasingly favored by researchers due to their abundant sources, easy availability and multi-differentiation potentials. However, there is no systematic theoretical basis for selecting appropriate biomaterials loaded with ADSCs. In this review, the regulatory effects of various biomaterials on the behavior of ADSCs are summarized from four perspectives, including biocompatibility, inflammation regulation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis, to illustrate the potential of combining various materials with ADSCs for the treatment of bone defects. In addition, we conclude the influence of additional application of various BMs on the bone repair effect of ADSCs, in order to provide more evidences and support for the selection or preparation of suitable biomaterials and BMs to work with ADSCs. More importantly, the associated clinical case reports and experiments are generalized to provide additional ideas for the clinical transformation and application of bone tissue engineering loaded with ADSCs.