bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of Rheumatoid Factor with Rabbit γ-Globulin
Authors: McDuffie Frederic C. , Oikawa Tatsuro , Nishi Ichiro 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies with subunits (papain-digestion) of 7 S RγG have confirmed that the major reactivity of rheumatoid factor is directed against subunit III. In tests with tanned sheep cells coated with subunits I and II and sensitized sheep cells coated with subunits I and II of digested rabbit antibody, it was found that part of the specificity of rheumatoid factor is directed against the part of RγG represented by these subunits. The reaction of rheumatoid factor and of sheep or goat anti-RγG with subunits I and II is less easily inhibited by the subunits in soluble form or by 7 S RγG than is the comparable reaction with subunit III. Whether this difference is due to an alteration of subunits I and II when they combine with antigen on the test cells or whether there are other differences between the reaction of these subunits with antibody and that of subunit III has not yet been determined.
Effect of Hypothermia on Systemic Anaphylaxis: Limitations of Cold Protection
Authors: Bloch Kurt J. , Lane Joseph M. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hypothermia protected actively sensitized guinea pigs against anaphylactic shock elicited by a dose of antigen approximately five times as large as that producing fatal anaphylaxis at normal body temperature. Protection may be attributed to decreased histamine release and increased tolerance for circulating histamine. It is also dependent upon the relationship between circulating and tissue-bound antibodies.
Following initial challenge under hypothermia with a fixed dose of antigen, “lightly immunized” guinea pigs were refractory to subsequent challenge for several days, whereas hyperimmunized animals were refractory to rechallenge 3 hr but not 24 hr later. The most likely explanation for the rapid return of susceptibility to anaphylactic shock in the latter group is that the enzymes mediating histamine release are reconstituted after several hours or that mast cells remaining intact after initial challenge are sensitized by transferred or recently synthesized anaphylactic antibodies.
Destruction of Splenic Transplantation Antigens by a Factor Present in Liver
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Monaco Anthony P. , Russell Paul S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intact liver tissue implanted subcutaneously or liver cell suspensions injected subcutaneously sensitized recipient animals to subsequent appropriate skin grafts. Two standardized methods for the preparation of cell-free transplantation antigens, as assayed by accelerated skin graft rejection, were employed for the extraction of antigens from C57BL/6 spleen and liver. Both methods resulted in active sensitizing material from splenic tissue; however, no active antigen could be extracted from hepatic tissue. Incubation of active C57BL/6 splenic antigen for 1 hr at 37°C with C57BL/6 whole liver homogenate destroyed the ability of splenic antigen preparations to sensitize to subsequent skin grafts. Heating the whole liver homogenate to 80°C (10 min) prior to incubation destroyed the ability of the homogenate to inactivate the splenic antigen. Treatment of the liver homogenate with a chelating agent and dialysis of the liver homogenate failed to inhibit its ability to inactivate splenic antigen preparations. These experiments suggest that liver cells apparently contain a material which is capable of destroying the sensitizing ability of the transplantation antigens extracted from splenic tissue. These results further suggest an explanation for the frequently observed inability to prepare from hepatic tissue antigenic material capable of sensitizing to a subsequent skin allograft.
Characteristics of Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Propagated in Vitro
Authors: Gold Eli 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The agents of varicella and herpes zoster grown in cultures of human amnion retain infectivity only when associated with viable cells. Conditions which lead to cell death as measured by the eosin Y dye exclusion test result in concomitant loss of infectivity. Using a plaque assay method without agar overlay, the optimum conditions for virus absorption, propagation and release have been investigated. The preparation of cell-free infectious varicella virus from infected primary human thyroid cultures has been confirmed.
Comparative Immune Diffusion at Gelatin-Agar Interfaces: A Presumptive Test for Protein and Acidic Polysaccharide Antigens
Authors: Dudman W. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Analysis of a range of antigens by comparative immune diffusion, from wells located at the interface between gels containing 0.75% agar and 3% gelatin respectively, suggests that the formation of immune precipitates in gelatin is selective and restricted to protein and acidic polysaccharide antigens while immune precipitation in agar is not selective and not restricted to any class of antigens.
The antigens examined included ferritin, dextran, bacterial polysaccharides, bacterial toxins, snake toxins and tobacco mosaic virus. Tobacco mosaic virus and its protein were the only protein antigens found to behave atypically by not producing bands in gelatin although bands were formed in agar.
The mechanism of the selective nature of immune precipitation in gelatin was investigated. Methylation or acetylation of gelatin had no effect on the phenomenon but hydrolysis with pronase destroyed the ability of gelatin to interfere with immune precipitation.
The effect of temperature was critical. At 37°C gelatin did not interfere with immune precipitation in gel diffusion or quantitative precipitin reactions with antigen-antibody systems inhibited by gelatin in the gel state at 2°C.
In the gel state, gelatin is postulated to combine reversibly with antibody and antigen molecules. The outcome of competition between these nonspecific interactions and the antigen-antibody reaction is thought to determine whether or not immune precipitation will occur in gelatin gels.
Some Observations on the Behavior of Vaccinia Virus Particles with Antiserum, Particularly Their Agglutination
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Sharp D. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The growth curve of antiserum-treated vaccinia virus in cultures of L cells resembles that from smaller inocula of untreated virus. Except when used in high concentration, the serum does not change the ultimate yield of new virus. The antibody-absorbing powers of virus preparations of high and low plaquing efficiency, as well as of those inactivated by UV, are closely related to the number of particles present, not to the number of plaque-forming units. Kinetic studies of the agglutination of vaccinia virus by antiserum, via electron microscopy, show serum strengths which are proportional to those obtained in plaque suppression experiments. Virus particles agglutinated by strong sera are often enmeshed in an amorphous cloud of unresolved structure, possibly composed of globulin molecules, which is not seen among particles agglutinated by other means.
Enhancement of the Replication of Measles Virus by Mitomycin C
Authors: Rapp Fred , Vanderslice Darlena 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The replication of both virulent and attenuated strains of measles virus in BSC-1 cells is enhanced by mitomycin C. This enhancement results in larger virus yields, the formation of larger plaques and a decrease in the latent period of the virus in the cells employed. Other inhibitors, including actinomycin D, iododeoxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside, failed to stimulate or inhibit synthesis of the virus. The action of mitomycin C, therefore, does not appear to be due to repression of interferon production but is more likely a secondary consequence of the effect of the antibiotic on the metabolism of the host cells.
The Immunoglobulins of Mice
Authors: Barth Werner F. , McLaughlin Carla L. , Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum levels of 7 S γ2-, 7 S γ1-, γ1A- and γ1M- globulins and of hemagglutinating antibody were determined in 10 strains of mice immunized with hemocyanin and ferritin.
The effect of five factors on the response to immunization were investigated: a) difference between single and repeated injections of antigen, b) differences between antigen administration in saline and in adjuvant, c) effect of different time intervals between first and second administration of antigen, d) effect of adjuvant alone and e) mouse strain differences.
A single injection of antigens in saline produced no appreciable change in the serum immunoglobulin levels. After a single injection of antigen emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, the levels of the 7 S γ1-globulins showed a two- to five-fold increase. After a second injection of the antigens in adjuvant, 7 S γ1-globulins showed a 10- to 30-fold increase. The absolute and relative changes in the other three immunoglobulins (7 S γ2, γ1A(IgA) and γ1M(IgM)-globulins) following primary and secondary challenge were not as marked as the increase in 7 S γ1-globulins. Repeated injections of antigen in saline produced a greater increase of γ1M(IgM)-globulins than did several injections of antigen in Freund's adjuvant.
The response of specific immunoglobulins to antigenic challenge is strain dependent. The most notable strains were a) the C57BL mice, which showed marked increase of γ1M(IgM) and γ1A (IgA)-globulins and b) the white Swiss (GP) mice, which showed very little increase in γ1M-(IgM)- and γ1A(IgA)-globulins while developing the highest levels of 7 S γ1-globulin.
Injection of adjuvant without antigen had no notable effect except in C57 strains of mice, where marked increases of γ1M(IgM)-globulins occurred.
Synthetic Polypeptide Metabolism
Authors: Papermaster David S. , Gill Thomas J. , Anderson W. French 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A wide variety of synthetic polypeptide antigens bind to serum proteins. There is no evidence for an in vivo binding mechanism, since the binding patterns are the same whether the antigens are injected into the rabbit or mixed with serum in vitro. The glutamic acid-rich polymers bind to more serum proteins than the lysine-rich polymers and a polymer containing equal amounts of glutamic acid and lysine shows a binding pattern intermediate between those of the glutamic acid-rich and lysine-rich polymers. There is no optical determinant to binding, because both the D- and L-enantiomorphs of a synthetic polypeptide show identical binding patterns under a wide variety of conditions.
The conclusions concerning the binding patterns of synthetic polypeptides to serum proteins are consistent over a wide range of electrophoretic conditions (pH 5.5–10.6) in a given animal species and among several different species (rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and ox).
Attempts to Induce Early-Type (“Jones-Mote”) Delayed Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. , Hu C. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Unlike guinea pigs and man, mice injected with minute quantities of purified protein antigen under conditions especially favoring induction of delayed hypersensitivity developed immediate hypersensitivity more readily than delayed hypersensitivity. In these mice immediate hypersensitivity appeared first, developed more frequently, lasted longer and could be induced with less antigenic stimulus than was needed to induce delayed hypersensitivity. No early (“Jones-Mote”) form of delayed hypersensitivity was evident in these mice. Our results suggest that delayed hypersensitivity is not a necessary precursor of immediate hypersensitivity, and that mice differ from guinea pigs and man in the quality and timing of immunologic response to protein antigens.
Skin-Sensitizing Activity Related to γ-Polypeptide Chain Characteristics of Human IgG
Authors: Terry William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human G-myeloma proteins differ in their ability to sensitize guinea pig skin for reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Skin-sensitizing activity correlates with γ-chain antigenic characteristics of these molecules. Positive RPCA tests were obtained with 21 γ2b-, 8 γ2c- and 5 γ2d-myeloma proteins. Fourteen γ2a-myeloma proteins were unable to sensitize guinea pig skin for this reaction.
Inhibition experiments suggest that γ2a-molecules are incapable of producing reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis because they fail to combine with a critical tissue receptor site.
The Fc (fast) fragment produced by papain digestion of some G-myeloma proteins contains the portion of the molecule both necessary and sufficient for the sensitization of guinea pig skin. Neither Fab (slow) nor F(ab′)2 (pepsin) fragments of G-myeloma proteins have skin-sensitizing activity.
“Heavy-chain disease” proteins, which are very similar to enzymatically produced Fc fragments, also sensitize guinea pig skin for RPCA.
The Role of Lysosomes in Hypersensitivity Reactions: Tissue Damage by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Lysosomes
Authors: Golub Edward S. , Spitznagel John K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) granules into the skin of normal rabbits causes a local leukocytosis and increase in vascular permeability. The permeability increase is dose dependent and maximal at 2 hr. Activity is not affected by dialysis but is almost completely lost after heating at 85°C for 30 min. The granule preparations do not cause contraction of an isolated segment of smooth muscle nor are they affected by doses of cyproheptidine which inhibit the action of histamine and serotonin.
Pretreatment of normal recipient rabbits with 5 mg/kg body weight of cortisone-acetate abolishes the vascular response to intact granules, but not lysed granules. It is concluded that cortisone prevents in vivo lysis of the granule by membrane stabilization.
All of the permeability increasing properties were located in the 20% ethanol precipitable fraction of PMN granules. This fraction was shown to contain little cathepsin-like protease activity. The majority of the cathepsins were located in the 45 and 80% ethanol precipitable fractions. The active fraction was found by electrophoresis to be the most cationic.
The vascular permeability increasing activity of intact or lysed granule preparations was not reduced by the general protease inhibitors phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride or soybean trypsin inhibitor.
It was concluded that the vascular permeability altering properties of PMN granules might not be due to the presence of the cathepsins. The possibility that activity is due to electrostatic charge is presented.
The histology of the granule-induced lesions is similar to the histology of the Arthus reaction. There is edema, an accumulation of PMN and vasculitis in both cases, but the granule induced histologic alterations appear at an earlier time after injection than do comparable changes in the Arthus reaction.
A possible mechanism for the Arthus reaction is presented.
Anaphylatoxin Formation by Purified Human C′1 Esterase
Authors: da Silva W. Dias , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Incubation of purified human C′1 esterase with guinea pig or rat plasma or serum produced a smooth muscle stimulating activity with the following properties: a) contraction of guinea pig ileum which was made unresponsive after a few applications and which did not then respond to agar-anaphylatoxin; b) failure to contract guinea pig ileum previously desensitized to agar-anaphylatoxin or treated with an antihistaminic drug; c) degranulation of mast cells and release of histamine from guinea pig tissues; d) failure to contract rat uterus. These findings indicated that the activity liberated by C′1 esterase is related to anaphylatoxin. Generation was prevented by inactivation of C′1 esterase with DFP or partially purified serum inhibitor of C′1 esterase, prior heating of the serum at 56°C, the presence of salicylaldoxime or phlorizin, or by selective chelation of Mg++. A correlation between the formation of anaphylatoxin and complete consumption of hemolytic complement was also observed. These observations suggested that C′1 esterase generates anaphylatoxin by interaction with the complement system.
Influenza Virus Growth and Antibody Response in Amantadine-Treated Mice
Authors: Davies W. L. , Grunert R. R. , Hoffmann C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Amantadine (1-adamantanamine), a symmetrical primary amine, reduces the mortality rate and increases the survival time of mice infected with influenza A viruses. Virus production, although not completely prevented, is considerably diminished in treated mice. Treated survivors are generally resistant to challenge with homologous virus when the primary infecting virus inoculum is high. With a low primary virus dose a small percentage of treated mice escape an immunizing infection.
Cellular Kinetics of Phagocytic Cells in Immunized X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Muramatsu Shigeru , Morita Toshiteru , Sohmura Yasunobu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A large number of phagocytic cells were found in clusters in the water-in-oil emulsion injected into mice subcutaneously. Studies on the effect of x-radiation indicated that the migratory capacity of phagocytic cells was not affected by irradiation but the proliferation of these cells was depressed, and that the phagocytosis appeared to be enhanced transiently. The radiosensitivity of the antibody response seems likely to be related to the reduction of the total amount of antigen ingested by phagocytic cells.
Systemic Anaphylaxis Produced in Guinea Pigs by Soluble Bovine Serum Albumin-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Litt Mortimer 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Systemic anaphylaxis was induced in normal unsensitized guinea pigs by intravenous injection of soluble bovine serum albumin (BSA)-antibody complexes, prepared with rabbit immune serum under conditions of antigen excess. The importance of using sufficiently large numbers of guinea pigs, when studying anaphylaxis, is emphasized. The severity of the anaphylactic response showed a linear dependence on the log dose of antibody in the complex. No effect of the concentration of complex was detected. Doses of antibody N (in complex) as small as 250 µg Ab N caused death, and doses as little as 10 µg Ab N caused definite signs of respiratory embarrassment. Effective doses could be administered in minute volumes, e.g., 0.005 ml. Optimum effects were produced by complexes which were prepared at five times antigen excess. A prior injection of antigen had no influence on the severity of the reaction caused by a subsequent injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes. The results suggest that certain soluble antigen-antibody complexes per se are effective mediators of systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs.
Parallel studies of passive systemic anaphylaxis, using the same pool of antiserum, confirmed earlier findings that the severity of anaphylaxis is proportional to the dose of antibody employed for sensitization and to the duration of the latent period before the antigen is administered. The degree of response was similar whether the reagents were administered simultaneously and complex formation occurred in vivo, or whether similar amounts of reagents were equilibrated in vitro prior to injection. However, substantially augmented responses occurred when a period of only 5 min elapsed between the injection of antibody and antigen.
Radioimmunoelectrophoretic Study of Rabbit Anti-Protein Antibodies during the Primary Response
Authors: Freeman M. J. , Stavitsky A. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Radioimmunoelectrophoretic analysis disclosed similar primary antibody responses to several protein antigens. Discrete γ2 and γ1M antibodies were also demonstrated after fractionation of pooled, early antiserum by several physicochemical methods.
The indirect method of radioimmunoelectrophoretic analysis, i.e., addition of I* antigen in inert carrier after removal of unreacted, soluble proteins following development of precipitin arcs with anti-rabbit protein sera, appeared to provide the clearest demonstration of the two antibody activities.
Both γ2 and γ1M antibodies appeared simultaneously, usually 6 to 7 days after immunization, and had begun to decrease by 21 days. Other immunologically active, antigen-binding globulins were not observed.
These data indicate that the concept of sequential synthesis of 7 S γ2 and 19 S γ1M antibodies previously postulated must be reexamined.
Studies on the Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Authors: Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal human serum can enhance the rate and extent of immune histamine release from ragweed-sensitive leukocytes under specified experimental conditions. The quantitative expression of this potentiation is governed largely by the amount of antigen in the reaction system, being most marked when the release process is limited in this respect. The enhancing effect diminishes with higher antigen levels, becoming entirely inapparent with amounts of antigen which suffice for a maximal response.
The potentiating activity of serum is retained after heating at 56°C and treatment with ammonium hydroxide. Serum so treated is shown to be markedly depleted with respect to C′1, C′4, and over-all complement activity. Moreover, this depletion was not offset by a contribution of C′1 from the leukocytes.
Two inhibitors of complement activity, diisopropylfluorophosphate and salicylaldoxime, rendered the leukocytes incapable of a response to antigen. Since the inhibition was manifest even after the cells were washed and resuspended in optimal buffer, it cannot be decided whether these compounds act to derange homeostasis in the leukocyte or to suppress a reaction step specific to the histamine release process.
Esterase, Peptidase, and the Enhancement of Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Amiraian Kenneth , Purcell James D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement-enhancing property of bovine carboxypeptidase A is lost when the enzyme is treated with acetylimidazole. Bovine carboxypeptidase B is as effective in enhancing guinea pig complement as carboxypeptidase A when used at five times the molar concentration as the latter. These data suggest that the peptidase, and not the esterase, activity of carboxypeptidase A is associated with the complement-enhancing property. Bovine procarboxypeptidase A, inert in immune hemolysis, will, when treated with trypsin, enhance guinea pig complement.
The Immune Response to Circulating Autologous Hepatocellular Antigens
Authors: Sargent A. U. , Myers J. , Richter M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of thioacetamide into rats resulted in the release of hepatocellular-specific antigens into the systemic circulation. These hepatic proteins remained in the circulation for 1 to 2 days. Circulating autoantibodies, directed to autologous liver antigens, were detected about a week later in the sera of only 2 of the 20 rats.
The Effect of the Scorbutic State on Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Schoenwetter William F. , Hildreth Eugene A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attempt to characterize the previously noted depression of tuberculin skin reactivity in the scorbutic guinea pig was made, utilizing cell transfer techniques. Scorbutic guinea pigs manifested markedly reduced tuberculin skin responses after receiving complete Freund's adjuvant. This was accompanied by an almost completely absent mononuclear inflammatory response. The inflammatory response to 1% benzyl alcohol, an irritant, was likewise reduced in these animals. In the majority of experiments, pooled cells from these scorbutic animals were able to transfer tuberculin hypersensitivity to normal recipients. By contrast, equal numbers of cells from tuberculin-sensitive donors did not transfer tuberculin hypersensitivity to scorbutic recipients.