bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kinetics of Antibody Production and Affinity in Balb/c Mice Immune and Partially Tolerant to the 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Determinant
Authors: Pickard Allan R. , Havas H. Francis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was undertaken of the kinetics of the immune responses to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) determinant of immune and partially tolerant adult and neonate BALB/c mice. Neonate and adult mice were pretreated with multiple injections of soluble DNP-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) to induce tolerance. The immune responses of pretreated mice were compared with those of nonpretreated controls following immunization with DNP-hemocyanin (DNP-HCY). The quantity of antibody was measured by radioimmunoassay and the affinity by equilibrium dialysis against ε-DNP-lysine. Maximum serum antibody levels were attained 4 weeks after the first and 1 week after the second immunizing injection of DNP-HCY in all groups. Mice made partially tolerant to the DNP determinant as either neonates or adults responded to primary and secondary immunization with DNP-HCY by producing less DNP-specific antibody which had lower average affinity for DNP-lysine than nontolerized controls. However, in all groups, antibody affinity increased with time so that by the 11th week after primary immunization tolerized mice were producing antibody within the range of affinities seen in controls. The implications of these data are discussed and interpreted in terms of an affinity-dependent selection of cell populations during tolerogenic and immunogenic stimulation.
Reconstitution of the Antibody Response in Vitro of T Cell-Deprived Spleen Cells by Supernatants from Spleen Cell Cultures
Authors: Sjöberg Olof , Andersson Jan , Möller Göran 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response of spleen cells against sheep red cells was tested in vitro with the Mishell-Dutton technique. Spleen cells deprived of thymus-derived (T) cells by anti-θ serum treatment gave a low response. Supernatants from cultures of either parental or syngeneic spleen cells could restore the response of T cell-deprived spleen cells against sheep red cells to a certain degree, but supernatants from mixed lymphocyte cultures between two H-2 incompatible parental strains were more efficient in this respect. These supernatants also could stimulate markedly the immune response of spleen cells from athymic “nude” mice. Addition of supernatants to cultures of normal or T cell-depleted cells caused an early appearance of plaque-forming cells by day 2 with a maximal number on day 3 for the T cell-depleted cells. Supernatants harvested on day 1 were more effective than supernatants from day 2 in restoring the immune response, whereas supernatants from days 3 and 4 were inhibitory. This was not due to an excessive production of the restorative factor. Both T cells and adherent cells were necessary for the production of the restorative factor. The active factor in the supernatants could be produced in serum-free medium and was capable of supporting a primary antibody response of spleen cells cultured in normal mouse serum. The findings suggest that T cells may stimulate the antibody response of bone marrow-derived cells by means of a soluble factor.
Naturally Occurring Cell-Mediated Immunity to Purified Glycerol-Teichoic Acid Antigen in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frederick G. T. , Holmes R. A. , Chorpenning F. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous reports of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs have dealt only with animals artificially immunized with the antigen used to elicit the delayed reaction (1–5). Except for delayed-type isohypersensitivity to serum protein antigens (6), no reports have described a naturally occurring cell-mediated immunity in this species. Although it has been established that delayed hypersensitivity to polysaccharides occurs in a number of mammalian species (7–12), only two investigators have reported using completely defined carbohydrates as the eliciting antigen (10, 11). No previous reports of delayed-type hypersensitivity to teichoic acids in any species have been published, although an immediate reaction to one of these antigens has been demonstrated in humans (13). This report describes the occurrence of delayed hypersensitivity to glycerol-teichoic acid in unimmunized guinea pigs as demonstrated in vivo by a delayed skin reaction and in vitro by the inhibition of macrophage migration.
Observations on the Human Blood Groups
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Witt Dan H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In human sera there exist commonly agglutinins—“cold”-agglutinins—differing from the well-known iso-agglutinins in that their effect is generally much more diminished by increased temperature. These “cold”-agglutinins, apparently related to and in part identical with auto-agglutinins, display a certain specificity (Bialosuknia and Hirszfeld) and under suitable conditions their effects appear as atypical (minor) iso-agglutinin reactions. The sensitiveness to changes in temperature warrants a differentiation of these substances from the common iso-agglutinins, although agglutinins exist which seem to be intermediate.
Very probably there exist other individual differences of human bloods than those disclosed by the ordinary iso-agglutination tests.
Strong anomalous iso-agglutinin reactions occur rarely. Neither these nor the minor reactions mentioned previously or the differences disclosed by the use of animal sera have been studied sufficiently to be arranged in a practicable classification.
The division of human bloods into four groups is still adequate for ordinary purposes.
The iso-agglutinins acting on corpuscles of group II can be separated into two qualitatively different fractions which may be designated as α and α1.
Among the corpuscles of group II (and IV) there are two varieties disinguishable by the different susceptibility to the agglutinin α1.
Some sera of group IV contain agglutinins of the type α1 effective on certain corpuscles of group II.
Experiments on the Sensitivity of the Human Skin to the Toxin of the Bacillus of Shiga-Kruse
Authors: Brokman H. , Przesmycki F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Experiments are presented showing that the negative skin reaction to the products of the Shiga-Kruse bacillus in human beings depends upon the presence of antitoxin in the blood. The antitoxin is specific, and, as in the case of “natural” immunity to diphtheria, it appears spontaneously in the individual, without a previous attack of the disease or artificial immunization. If this presence of dysenteric antitoxin in human beings provides an actual immunity against infection with dysentery, then the way must be open to attempt an active immunity in the same way as is done in respect to diphtheria and scarlet fever. We have actually begun to make this attempt with dysentery anatoxin. These experiments will be the suject of our next communication.
The Effect of a Streptococcus Pyogenes Teichoic Acid on the Immune Response of Mice
Authors: Miller Glenn A. , Jackson Robert W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunosuppressive activity of glycerol teichoic acid extracts isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes 1-RP41, a group A beta hemolytic streptococcus, has been investigated by measuring the number of direct plaque-forming cells and indirect plaque-forming cells in isolated spleen cells and serum hemolysin titers in mice treated with the teichoic acid. These extracts caused significant suppression of both the IgM and IgG response which was evident at both the organ level and the circulating antibody level. Inhibition of the immune response seemed to be a function of the poly(glycerolphosphate) backbone of the molecule since inhibition of antibody production was still evident when alanyl esters were removed from the teichoic acid polymer. In addition teichoic acid appeared to be functioning at the early processes of antibody production since treatment with the extract after antigenic challenge did not cause significant suppression.
The Early Response of Immunocompetent Cells as Analyzed by Velocity Sedimentation Separation
Authors: Armstrong W. D. , Kraft N. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Separation of cells by velocity sedimentation is based primarily on differences in cell size. Immunocompetent cells (ICC) from mice primed for 24 to 48 hr with the polymerized flagellar antigen of Salmonella adelaide (POL) have been separated from nonreactive cells by virtue of their increased sedimentation velocity. In vitro and in vivo POL challenges of the sedimented fractions of ICC have demonstrated a depletion of reactivity in the normally immunocompetent slower sedimenting fractions and an enrichment in the normally unresponsive faster fraction. The modified velocities of ICC have returned to normal 15 weeks after the initial injection of antigen. Changes induced by POL in the sedimentation velocity of certain subpopulations of cells are specific for that antigen. The response of sedimented fractions from normal mice, when cultured with tolerogenic amounts of POL. is uniformly reduced by 75%. The profile of the immune response which remains is the same as that of cells challenged with immunogenic levels of antigen in vitro.
Selective Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity by a Lipid Conjugated Protein Antigen Which Is Localized in Thymus Dependent Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Coon John , Hunter Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Multiple injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) without adjuvant stimulate production of large amounts of antibody but no detectable delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in guinea pigs. In contrast, single or multiple injections of BSA heavily conjugated with a lipid, dodecanoic acid, without adjuvant, stimulated sustained DTH but no detectable antibody production. The DTH produced was specific for native BSA and no detectable immune response was produced against the fatty acid groups. This change in the type of immune response produced was associated with a change in the area of antigen localization in popliteal lymph nodes. Native BSA labeled with 125I was localized in germinal centers in the bone marrow derived cell area but was not detectable in the thymic dependent or thymus derived (T) cell area of the lymph nodes. In contrast, lipid conjugated BSA labeled with 125I was prominently localized in the thymic dependent area of the lymph nodes but was not found in the germinal centers of animals producing pure DTH reactions. These results suggest that the well known ability of lipids to enhance the production of DTH may be in part due to a lipid-mediated localization of antigen within the thymic dependent area of lymph nodes where it is in close association with many T type lymphocytes.
Potentiated Reagin Response: Initiation with Minute Doses of Antigen and Alum Followed by Infection with Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Bloch Kurt J. , Ohman John L. , Waltin Jerieta , Cygan Ralph W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of 10 µg of egg albumin (EA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin plus alum elicited a low titer reagin response in most male Sprague-Dawley rats. Infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae served to potentiate the reagin response in many animals. The potentiated response yielded impressive reagin titers, at least in rats injected with EA, but was of short duration. The potentiated response appeared to be restricted to antibodies of the IgE class and did not involve IgGa or IgG1 antibodies. Some attempts were made to elucidate the mechanism of the potentiated response.
The First Component of Complement in Serum: Evidence for a Hitherto Unrecognized Factor in C1 Necessary for Internal Activation
Authors: Loos M. , Borsos T. , Rapp H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lack of direct proportionality between the number of SAC14 formed and the concentration of serum C1 was ascribed to the dissociation of C1 molecules into their subcomponents. We have obtained evidence, however, that this non-linear relationship is due to the dissociation from the C1 molecule of a hitherto unrecognized factor necessary for the activation of bound C1. Determination of the hemolytic activity of EAC14 before and after treatment with trypsin demonstrated that EAC14 contained two populations of SAC14, one in which C1 was activable by itself and by trypsin and another in which C1 was activable by trypsin but not by itself. A factor necessary for activation of C1, missing in non-self-activable C1, was designated “X” and the C1 molecules lacking this factor were designated (C1 - X). The finding that the apparent C1 content of whole serum was dependent on EAC4 concentration indicated that the activating factor “X” was bound independently from C1 and (C1 - X).
Antibody-Binding Characteristics at the Cellular Level
Authors: Claflin Latham , Merchant Bruce , Inman John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A comparison of the rates and dynamics of the maturation process in specific IgM and IgG immune responses was made at the cellular level in BALB/c mice immunized with an enlarged hapten, N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-β-alanylglycylglycine (DnpAGG) coupled to hemocyanin. At intervals after immunization, the relative binding characteristics of IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting anti-DnpAGG antibodies were determined by the plaque inhibition technique. With time after immunization, the concentration of free hapten required to cause 50% reduction in both IgM and IgG PFC numbers decreased indicating that an increase in average binding affinity of PFC antibodies occurred. This maturation process was complete for IgM PFC by 9 days after immunization but required about 30 days in the IgG PFC response. A subpopulation analysis showed that maturation of both IgM and IgG responses occurred as the result of a simple selective process involving initial stimulation of a heterogeneous population of DnpAGG-specific PFC followed by preferential retention of that subpopulation of PFC producing antibody of the highest affinity. The data indicated that the IgM response evolved from precursor cells present before specific immunization.
Specific Purification of Lymphocyte Populations on a Digestible Immunoabsorbent
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Hudson Leslie 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new method utilizing an enzyme digestible immunoabsorbent has permitted fractionation and purification of lymphoid cells according to their surface properties. Spleen cells filtered through Sephadex anti-Fab columns were specifically depleted of immunoglobulin-bearing B cells. Passed cells, on the other hand, were enriched both in T and null staining cells. Ninety-eight per cent of the absorbed B cells could be recovered in a functionally viable state after solubilization of the immunoabsorbent with dextranase.
Evolution of the Immune Response to Type III and VIII Pneumococcal Polysaccharides
Authors: Chen Francis W. , Strosberg A. Donny , Haber Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The variability of the immune response of 30 rabbits to the type III and of 40 rabbits to the type VIII pneumococci was studied. Sixty-seven out of 70 animals produced, at one time or another, antibodies of restricted electrophoretic mobility, but no general pattern could be defined. One animal produced a single antibody species throughout the six months of immunization. The homogeneity of this antibody population was evidenced by a unique amino acid sequence of the N-terminal part of the light chain. Only an interplay of several competing and cooperating mechanisms could account for the very diverse nature of the immune response observed in these experiments.
Monoclonal IgA and IgM in the Serum of a Single Patient (SC)
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High concentrations of apparently monoclonal IgA and IgM were found in the serum of a single individual (SC). Both proteins had κ light chains of Inv-3 allotype. Rabbit antisera against the isolated SC IgA or SC IgM revealed that the two proteins share identical individually specific antigenic (ind) determinants, indicating the presence of common antigenic regions in the variable portions of SC IgA and SC IgM in spite of their differences in the class-specific constant portions. The common ind determinants were found on the Fab fragments, but not on the separated heavy or light chains. The ind determinants were restored when the separated component chains were recombined.
Adjuvant Effect of Endotoxin; Antibody Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in Mice After Transfer of Syngeneic Lymphoid Cells Treated with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Vitro
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Uchiyama Takehiko , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When the cells from various lymphoid tissues from normal mice were treated with bacterial endotoxin (LPS) in vitro and transferred to syngeneic mice, the plaque-forming cell (PFC)-response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in the recipients' spleen was markedly enhanced. The enhanced PFC-response of the recipients was attained even after transfer of macrophage-deprived spleen cells. Similar results obtained in heavily x-irradiated recipient mice indicate that the LPS-treated donor cells could account for the enhanced response of the recipients. Enhanced immune response to SRBC in the heavily x-irradiated recipients was also attained when thymus or bone marrow cells were treated with LPS and transferred together with the other. These results suggest that, in its adjuvancy, LPS affects both thymus-derived “antigen reactive cells” and bone marrow-derived “antibody-producing cell precursors,” and facilitates the cell cooperation in the anti-SRBC antibody response.
Reactions of Murine Lymphoma Cells with Infectious Mononucleosis Sera
Authors: Malavé Inés , Kano Kyoichi , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reactions of infectious mononucleosis sera with murine lymphoma cells were studied by means of complement-mediated cytolysis and agglutination tests. Most experiments were performed with L5178Y lymphoblastic cell line of DBA/2 mouse origin, but similar results were obtained with three other murine lymphomas. All infectious mononucleosis sera with heterophile antibodies gave positive results with murine lymphoblasts. Cytolytic titers were considerably higher than agglutinating titers. Absorption experiments showed that the observed reactions were produced by heterophile antibodies combining with an antigen of murine lymphoblasts which is identical with or closely related to the heterophile antigen of bovine and sheep erythrocytes.
Differential Sensitivity of Bone Marrow and Thymus Cells to Actinomycin D in the in Vivo Response of Mice to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Kaufman Stephen J. , Radovich Jevrosima , Talmage David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three cell types required for the hemolytic antibody response have been defined based upon their differential sensitivities to treatment with actinomycin D: a) the thymus-derived cell that is insensitive to treatment with 1.0 µg/ml of actinomycin; b) the antibody-forming precursor cell, of bone marrow origin, that is inhibited by 0.1 to 1.0 µg/ml of actinomycin and c) an auxiliary cell that is extremely sensitive to treatment with 0.01 µg/ml of actinomycin. Utilizing these sensitivities to actinomycin we determined the repopulation of each of the three cell types in the irradiated mouse spleen.
Studies of Complement-Mediated Membrane Damage: The Influence of Erythrocyte Storage on Susceptibility to Cytolysis
Authors: Gaither Thelma A. , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of storage on the susceptibility of sheep erythrocytes to complement-mediated lysis was examined systematically. Hemolysin titers of IgG and IgM anti-Forssman antibodies rose as cells were stored as did whole complement titers (CH50) of fresh human and guinea pig serum. The rise in titers was most marked during the first 8 days of storage. This rise was not explained by an inability of fresh cells to absorb complement-fixing antibody since the Cla fixation and transfer test demonstrated equal numbers of complement-fixing sites on cells of all ages.
Cl titer was unaffected by length of cell storage but storage caused a marked increase in the titer of C4 and subsequent components in the complement sequence. The increased titer of C4 was not accompanied by an increase in the binding of C4 molecules to the cell membrane, and was due to an increase in the lytic efficiency of bound C4. One explanation for these observations is that location of membrane-bound complement components is critical in determining their ability to mediate cell lysis. Cell aging is associated with a loss of membrane substance and this offers more sites where membrane-bound complement may produce lysis.
Infection of Thymus Cells in Vivo and in Vitro with a Guinea Pig Herpes-Like Virus and the Effect of Antibody on Virus Replication in Organ Culture
Authors: Tenser R. B. , Hsiung G. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection of thymus cells with a guinea pig herpes-like virus was studied in monolayer cultures, organ cultures, and experimental animals. 1) In monolayer cultures thymus fibroblast-like cells appeared to be less sensitive to GPHLV infection than kidney epithelial cells. 2) Animals inoculated intrathymically with the virus showed high titers of infectious virus in both thymus and spleen immediately after inoculation. The virus titer in the thymus gradually decreased, but the titer in the spleen increased after a 1-week lag period. 3) One week after i.p. inoculation of virus, a moderate amount of virus was found in the spleen, but only a very small amount was present in the thymus. Four to 5 weeks after infection, the virus titer in the thymus increased but was always slightly lower than that in the spleen. Administration of cortisone had little effect on virus yields and no effect on antibody titers. After cortisone treatment moderate atrophy was seen in the thymus but none was seen in the spleen. 4) A simplified submerged organ culture system was developed for thymus and spleen tissues. Although virus inclusions could not be found in sections of infected tissues, such inclusions were seen in infected tissue pieces maintained as organ cultures for 8 to 15 days. Specific GPHLV antibody in the organ culture medium inhibited the development of inclusions which, however, appeared when the antibody was removed.
Neonatal Thymectomy Increases Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Welch Peter , Rose Noel R. , Kite Joseph H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Neonatal thymectomy of Obese strain chickens significantly increased the severity of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, assessed by histologic study at the end of 4 weeks. The effect is not due to surgical trauma to the thyroid gland. A balance between bursal function (which promotes the autoimmune disorder) and thymic function (which suppresses it) is thus apparent.
The Relationship between Sedimentation Value and Immunogenic Activity of Mycobacterial Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a series of papers Youmans and Youmans (1–8) have reported that ribosomal or ribonucleic acid (myc. RNA)2 preparations obtained from living cells of the attenuated H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were as immunogenic in CF-1 mice as viable cells of the H37Ra strain. This comparison was based upon the amount of RNA present in each vaccine. The immunity engendered by these preparations is specific and long lasting.
The RNA preparations also have certain nonspecific activities of particular interest. For example, this material can act as a potent adjuvant for the production of antibody to bovine γ globulin (BGG) in mice, being as active in this respect as complexes of poly-adenylic and poly-uridylic acids (poly A:U) (9). In addition, the myc. RNA can serve as an effective adjuvant for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs (10).
Insofar as immunogenic activity against tuberculous infection is concerned, apparently the myc.