bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Production of Hapten-Specific Reaginic Antibodies in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Chang Henry , Vaz Nelson M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of outbred Hartley guinea pigs with repeated minute doses (1.0 µg) of a hapten-protein conjugate, benzylpenicilloyl-bovine γ globulin, in alumina gel adjuvant, resulted in the production of both reaginic and 7Sγ1 homocytotropic antibodies specific for the hapten and for the protein carrier. Reagin was distinguished from 7Sγ1 antibody by its long persistence in homologous skin sites, its lability to heat at 56°C and its relative non-absorbability by a rabbit anti-guinea pig 7Sγ1 antiserum.
The reaginic responses were high titered, persistent for several months and subject to striking booster responses to repeated minute doses of antigen. These reaginic responses were associated with the production of 7Sγ1 antibodies and relatively small amounts of precipitating antibody. By contrast, immunization of guinea pigs with 100-µg doses of the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in the production of large amounts of precipitating antibody and only traces of reagin.
Opsonic Activity of Agammaglobulinemic Human Sera
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Quie Paul G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two sera from adult patients with agammaglobulinemia were studied for their opsonic capacity—e.g., their ability to enhance phagocytosis and killing of several test bacterial species. The sera contained normal amounts of hemolytically active complement but no more than trace amounts of immunoglobulins. Distinct heat labile opsonic activity was demonstrable for several bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus faecalis, and Serratia marcescens. Opsonic activity was abolished by heat inactivation at 56°C or by absorption of sera with rabbit antigen-antibody precipitates. These findings indicate that heat labile factors may play a primary role in some human phagocytic systems.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis on Free and Bound Polyribosomes of Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Sherr Charles J. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cells from immunized rabbits were pulse-labeled in vitro with 3Hleucine and fractionated on sucrose gradients to separate free and membrane-bound polyribosomes. Nascent polypeptides released from polyribosomes were precipitated with antiserum specific for rabbit immunoglobulin. The results indicate that immunoglobulin is synthesized preferentially by bound polyribosomes.
Rabbit Platelet Injury by Soluble Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Marney Samuel R. , Des Prez Roger M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several differences between EAC hemolysis and release of rabbit platelet amines by soluble antigen and antibody have been emphasized by contrasting the effects of some inhibitors on these two models of complement-mediated cell injury. Hemolysis of sensitized sheep cells in undiluted rabbit plasma is not inhibited by citrate. Immune platelet injury, in contrast, is completely inhibited by citrate, but only when this inhibitor is present before the interaction between antigen, antibody and complement. EAC hemolysis in undiluted rabbit plasma is not inhibited by tolsoyl arginine methyl ester (TAME) or acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester (AcTEE), whereas immune platelet injury is inhibited. Further, at plasma dilutions (10%) in which TAME (10 mM) does inhibit EAC hemolysis, the inhibitor must be added before or within 2.5 min after adding sensitized cells to plasma. In contrast, TAME inhibits immune injury to platelets even when added after 20 min preincubation of antigen, antibody and plasma (complement source), as long as it is present before addition of platelets. These observations add support to the concept that the details of complement action in producing EAC hemolysis on the one hand and platelet injury by soluble antigen and antibody on the other are quite different.
Enhanced Protein and IgM and IgG Antibody Synthesis following an Early Second Injection of Hemocyanin Into the Rabbit
Authors: Folds James D. , Stavitsky Abram B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were injected with 0.1 or 1 mg alum-precipitated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into the hind footpads. One, 3, 8, 14 and 90 days later individual rabbits were reinjected with 1 mg of KLH. Three days later suspensions of popliteal lymph node cells were cultured and assayed for antibody and non-antibody protein synthesis by the incorporation of 14C-leucine. Reinjection of KLH at 1 and 3 days did not stimulate antibody or protein synthesis, but restimulation at 8 and 14 days did. Priming with 0.1 mg induced mainly IgM memory, whereas priming with 1 mg induced mainly IgG memory. Reinjection of KLH at 90 days stimulated a non-antibody-producing cell population to synthesize IgG antibody. There was only fair correlation between the type and extent of the primary antibody response and the type and extent of anamnestic response evoked. There was little correlation between the extent of stimulation of antibody and of non-antibody protein synthesis. Low levels of “natural” antibody to KLH were synthesized by lymph node cells from unimmunized rabbits.
Serologic Classification of Herpes Simplex Viruses
Authors: Hampar Berge , Miyamoto Kaneatsu , Martos Lidia M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Roizman et al. in a recent publication (1) raised a provocative issue concerning the serologic classification of herpes simplex viruses. We agree with these investigators that herpes simplex viruses should be placed in one serologic group, and offer additional arguments in favor of this proposal. Our comments are based on studies that were carried out concerning serologic relationships between intra- and interspecies herpesvirus variants as determined by 50% neutralization endpoints. Employing antisera prepared in rabbits by intravenous (i.v.) immunization, it was noted that the 7S and 19S antibodies fractionated from early (7 day) and late (7 week) immune sera differed in their neutralizing properties against the immunizing or isologous herpesvirus strain (2). These differences were reflected in the ability of these four antibody fractions to neutralize virus alone and to sensitize virus for subsequent neutralization by complement (C) or anti-γ globulin.
A Quantitative Method for Determining Human γG Allotype Antigens (Gm)
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new quantitative method for determining relative concentrations of human Gm(a) and (f) allotype antigens is described. The technique employs automated equipment to measure the degree of inhibition of agglutination of an anti-Gm antiserum. Different concentrations of Gm(+) γG are assayed and a regression line is determined and graphed for each sample. Regression lines may then be compared quantitatively and characterized by their slopes. Quantitative comparison was made of the amount of protein required to produce 50% inhibition of hemagglutination in γG samples of different Caucasian phenotypes, each sample being taken from a pool of over 25 normal sera. In both Gm(a) and (f) systems, γG from homozygous subjects had approximately twice the antigenic strength as did γG from heterozygous persons. Subjects of different phenotypes produced Gm regression lines with similar slopes that are believed to reflect antigenic identity. In contrast, γG from a rhesus monkey exhibited a lower slope for Gm(f) indicating that the monkey possessed a cross-reacting antigen. Although high concentrations of Gm(-) γG had a weak ability to inhibit the Gm assay, the slope of the regression line was so low as to suggest that the reaction was nonspecific.
Immunologically Specific Retention of Long-Lived Lymphoid Cells in Antigenically Stimulated Lymph Nodes
Authors: Emeson Eugene E. , Thursh Donald R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lymphoid cells selectively retained in lymph nodes that have been stimulated by xenogenic erythrocytes include cells of the long-lived subpopulation. This selective retention appears to be real and not an artifact resulting from the reutilization of radioactively labeled DNA or its split products. Lymph nodes draining skin allografts also show a selective retention of long-lived lymphoid cells, although this retention is of a lesser magnitude and occurs at a somewhat slower rate. While most of this selective retention is related to factors other than the immunologic specificity of the long-lived cells involved, we have demonstrated that a small portion of it reflects the accumulation of specific memory cells. This has been done by using an experimental design based on: a) the adoptive immunization of mice to two different antigens (BALB/c mice immunized to DBA/2 and C57BL/Ks histocompatibility antigens), b) the labeling of long-lived lymphocytes of the donor mice with either 3H-thymidine or 14C-thymidine following immunization, and c) the simultaneous counting of both radioisotopes in each set of stimulated lymph nodes.
Immunochemical Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Wagner G. G. , Cowan K. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutralization studies indicated that 19S guinea pig antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus were capable of differentiating two antigenic variants of the virus, whereas 7S guinea pig antibodies and 19S or 7S bovine antibodies were not. Absorption experiments demonstrated that the activity unique to the 19S guinea pig antibodies was not simply a reflection of differing amounts of neutralizing antibody.
Immunoglobulin Receptors on Mouse Mast Cells
Authors: Tigelaar Robert E. , Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rosette formation around isolated mouse peritoneal mast cells by sheep erythrocytes coated with DNP37BSA and then reacted with various anti-DNP antibodies was used to investigate the types of antibody capable of binding to these mast cells. Mouse γG2 antibodies, obtained by electrophoretic fractionation, were found to have the ability to bind to mast cells. In addition, the rosette-forming capacity of mouse γG2-coated erythrocytes could be inhibited by the presence of γG1, γG2a, and γG2b purified mouse myeloma proteins, but not by γA of γM myelomas. These results directly demonstrate the existence of a class of antibody molecules which can bind to mast cells but which apparently cannot mediate the anaphylactic release of histamine from those cells. Of the heterologous antibodies studied, rat anti-DNP antibodies were the most effective in forming rosettes around mast cells: rabbit antibodies were much less effective. Guinea pig γG2 antibodies, which also are incapable of mediating anaphylactic reactions in the mouse, were nevertheless capable of binding to mouse mast cells. No receptors for complement could be detected on the surface of mouse peritoneal mast cells.
Dissociation of Antibody from Erythrocyte Surfaces by Chaotropic Ions
Authors: Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgG, Fab′ and IgM antibodies may be effectively dissociated and partitioned from their homologous erythrocyte surface antigens by chaotropic ions. The efficacy of dissociation of antibody is proportional to the chaotropic properties and molar concentration of the ions in the order SCN- τ; I- τ; Cl-. Complete dissociation of 125I-labeled Fab′ anti-erythrocyte antibody can be achieved with moderate concentrations of iodide and thiocyanate. Disruption of antigen-antibody bonds by chaotropic ions is more readily achieved from cell membrane antigens than from solid immunoadsorbents containing a relatively stable antigen such as human IgG. At chaotropic ion concentrations required for maximal dissociation of antibody, significant irreversible denaturation of membrane antigens, but not of antibody or serum protein antigens, is observed. Conformational changes in membrane antigens, possibly resulting from displacement of hydrophobic forces by chaotropic ions, may contribute to the more effective dissociation of antibody from some cell membrane antigens. Purified 125I Fab′ antibodies exhibit specific primary binding and, because of their univalent nature, may be utilized for quantitative and qualitative elucidation of cell surface antigens. The similarity of equilibrium constants observed with differing erythrocytes of similar Rh phenotype suggests a considerable degree of similarity, if not absolute identity of, the D (Rh0) antigen in different individuals. It also appears that these antigen sites are widely spaced on the erythrocyte surface.
A Micro-Immune Adherence Test for the Detection of HL-A Antigens
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Tanigaki Nobuyuki , Yagi Yasuo , Cohen Elias , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A micro-method utilizing immune adherence has been developed for the detection of HL-A antigens and the corresponding antibodies. The micro-immune adherence reaction is particularly clear and sensitive when cultured lymphocytoid cells of established human hematopoietic cell lines are used as target cells. The method is simple and rapid to perform. HL-A antigens in particulate and solubilized states can be titrated readily by inhibition of the immune adherence reaction; peripheral lymphocytes can also be typed in a similar manner.
Role of C5 in the Nephritis of NZB/W Mice
Authors: Lanier B. G. , McDuffie F. C. , Holley K. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine the role of C5 in the spontaneous development of “autoimmune” nephritis in NZB/W mice, the F2 generation was produced and grouped according to C5 status by serum levels as determined by radial immunodiffusion—homozygous negative (cc), heterozygous (Cc) and homozygous positive (CC). In both males and females the frequency of nephritis was actually higher in mice lacking C5 (cc). When the figures for males and females were combined this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Thus C5 does not contribute to the renal lesons of NZB/W mice. It may play some protective role, perhaps through some as yet unidentified anti-viral effect.
Selective Inhibition of Cells in the Immune Response by Actinomycin D
Authors: Kaufman Stephen J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple method is described for completely and selectively inhibiting one cell population that is required for in vitro and in vivo antibody responses to sheep erythrocyte antigens. This cell population, which is present in both 7-day immune spleen cells and in bone marrow-derived spleen cells, is completely inhibited by treatment with 0.01 µg/ml actinomycin D for 1 hr. These cells are also relatively resistant to radiation. A second cell type present in immune spleen cells is identified by resistance to this dose of actinomycin D, but is susceptible to a 10-fold higher concentration of the drug.
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells in Mice Immunized with Human γ Globulin
Authors: Hege John S. , Epstein Wallace V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to increase the efficiency and reliability of the carbodiimide modification of the Jerne plaque technique several variables were analyzed. Spleen cells forming antibody directed against human γ globulin (HGG) were enumerated in mice undergoing primary or secondary responses to immunization with this protein. When the Jerne indicator erythrocytes were coated with heat-aggregated HGG rather than native HGG the numbers of plaques detected among spleen cells from mice undergoing primary responses were reduced. Small degrees of HGG aggregation caused by freezing and thawing did not affect plaque formation. An optimal concentration of complement was determined for the plaque assay procedure which resulted in a marked increase in plaquing efficiency. The numbers of plaques determined as a function of time after primary HGG immunization reached a maximum on the 6th day.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Mice. III. An Association between H-2 Type and Reaction to H-Y
Authors: Gasser David L. , Silvers Willys K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When two strains of mice congeneric with respect to the H-2 locus were tested for reactivity to the H-Y antigen, their responses more nearly resembled those of unrelated animals with the same H-2 type than those of their parental strains. It is therefore suggested that the H-2 locus largely determines reactivity against the H-Y antigen.
Detection of Antigenic Subunits of a Murine Leukemia Virus by Passive Hemagglutination-Inhibition
Authors: Sibal Louis R. , Hollis Vincent W. , Fink Mary Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Detergent-ether treatment of purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) releases two antigenic subunits which can be separated into highly purified forms by density gradient centrifugation and column chromatography. One of these is clearly identifiable as the group-specific antigen; the other is probably an envelope antigen of the virion. Antiserum to RLV produced in monkeys agglutinated tanned sheep erythrocytes coated with these antigens, whereas BALB/c antiserum reacted only with the envelope antigen. Either of these antigens can be assayed independently by inhibition of passive hemagglutination.
Genetic and Cellular Factors in the Immune Response. III. The Cellular Response to Poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in the Highly Responding ACI and Poorly Responding F344 Strains of Inbred Rats
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Enderle Joyce , Germain Ronald N. , Ladoulis Charles T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response in the inbred rat is controlled by at least two autosomal genes; in addition, there is a sex influence which may include both additional genetic factors and environmental influences (1–3). We postulate that one of the major genes controlling the antibody response influences the size of the cell population initially capable of reacting with the antigen. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the fraction of spleen cells that produced antibody after immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)1 in female rats of the highly responding ACI strain, the poorly responding F344 strain and a hybrid of the two.
The inbred ACI and F344 rats were obtained from Microbiological Associates, Walkersville, Md. The hybrid rats were bred in our laboratory starting with an ACI mother and F344 father, and were randomly inbred for three generations. The cellular responses were examined at various time intervals following primary and secondary immunization.
Lysis and Death of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Brunner Helmut , Razin Shmuel , Kalica Anthony R. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human serum containing antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae or hyperimmune rabbit serum contianing antibodies for membrane glycolipids of M. pneumoniae sensitized M. pneumoniae to the lytic action of fresh guinea pig serum, which served as a source of complement. Lysis of the orgaisms was indicated by the rapid loss from the cells of 260 nm-absorbing materials, by a rapid decrease in viability, and by the transformation of the highly filamentous organisms to ghost-like structures, which was visualized by electron microscopy. The ghost membranes contained large irregular holes that probably resulted from osmotic lysis of the organisms, triggered by the damage to membrane permeability induced by the immune reaction.
Isoantibodies to Human IgM: Serologic and Immunochemical Investigations
Authors: Leikola Juhani , Hugh Fudenberg H. , Vyas Girish N. , Perkins Herbert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A total of 378 serum samples was tested for anti-IgM activity using 15 different Waldenström's macroglobulins. For detection of the antibodies, a passive hemagglutination assay with CrCl3 as coupling agent was employed. Anti-IgM antibodies were found in 16 sera. The incidence was highest (7.2%) in sera from patients given multiple transfusions. There was no correlation between the antibodies and transfusion reactions. The antibodies were IgG class and were mainly directed against antigenic determinants requiring intact disulfide bridges for their expression. Some normal sera slightly inhibited two antisera. The relation of this inhibition to the possibility of genetic markers on IgM was discussed.
Regulation of the Immune System by Synthetic Polynucleotides
Authors: Schmidtke Jon R. , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Equimolar complexes of the synthetic polyribonucleotides, polyadenylic and polyuridylic acid (poly(A:U)), or polyinosinic and polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) were shown to be adjuvants for antibody formation in mice. A decreased induction period and increases in 19S and 7S antibody titers and in immunologic memory were noted. Poly(A:U) increased the antibody response to a variety of antigens including both soluble and particulate proteins, sheep red blood cells, and a polysaccharide, the Vi antigen of Escherichia coli. In addition, antibody formation to bovine γ globulin was enhanced in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. Antigenicity was increased considerably in that poly(A:U) was capable of rendering 1 ng of bovine γ globulin immunogenic. When injected 0.5 to 1 day before antigen, poly(A:U) was found to be immunosuppressive. However, a second injection of poly(A:U) given with antigen abolished the immunosuppression induced by the first dose of poly(A:U). Study of various physical and chemical factors necessary for the adjuvant action of poly(A:U) revealed that no polynucleotide alone acted as an adjuvant nor were other known interferon-inducing polymers effective. Complexes composed of altered molar proportions were no more effective than an equimolar complex, and neither purine nor pyrimidine mono- and oligonucleotides could replace their respective polynucleotides in the poly(A:U) complex. Decreasing the hydrogen bonding in the complex through use of chemically modified poly A and poly U caused a reduction in the adjuvant action. In addition, neither repeated freeze-thawing nor prolonged incubation at room temperature minimized the adjuvant action of poly (A:U). Heat denaturation rendered the complex ineffective, as did treatment with ribonuclease or incubation in normal mouse serum.
Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus-Induced Immune Complex Type of Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice persistently infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) show granular deposits of host IgG, C3 and viral antigen in their renal glomeruli. Specific anti-LDV antibody is concentrated in these deposits. The mild glomerulonephritis observed is apparently related to trapping of circulating virus-antibody complexes in the glomerular filter.
Adenyl Cyclase Activity of Spleen Cells Exposed to Immunoenhancing Synthetic Oligo- and Polynucleotides
Authors: Winchurch Richard , Ishizuka Masaaki , Webb David , Braun Werner 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Indirect evidence (1) indicates that cells responding to antigenic stimulation, like cells responding to hormone stimulation, may be activated by events that are mediated by adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The stimulation of antibody formation by cAMP, coupled with the capacity of theophylline, a stabilizer of cAMP levels, to magnify poly A:poly U-induced stimulation of specific antibody responses strongly suggested that an activation of adenyl cyclase, converting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP, may take place following the interaction of antigen with appropriate recognition sites on membranes of immunocompetent cells (1). This conclusion was supported by the finding that cAMP can stimulate thymocytes (2) and human peripheral lymphocytes (3), and that phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a nonspecific activator of lymphocytes, increases adenyl cyclase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to PHA in vitro (4). We have now collected direct evidence for increased adenyl cyclase activity in mouse spleen cells exposed in vitro to breakdown products of synthetic polynucleotides, which are known to be potent stimulators of specific immune responses in vivo and in vitro (5).