bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Photoelectron and Auger Electron Emission From the Sunlit Lunar Surface: A Comparison With ARTEMIS Observations
Authors: Kato Masahisa , Harada Yuki , Xu Shaosui , Poppe Andrew R. , Halekas Jasper S. , Miyake Yohei , Usui Hideyuki , Nishino Masaki N. , Matsumoto Toru 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDue to the lack of a dense atmosphere, the Moon directly interacts with ambient plasmas and solar radiation, leading to lunar surface charging. Solar X‐rays drive the emission of photoelectrons and Auger electrons from the lunar surface to space. The Auger electrons have characteristic energies intrinsic to the photo‐emitting atoms and were recently identified at the Moon by Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) observations. In this study, we developed a numerical model of the energy spectrum of lunar photoelectrons and Auger electrons, thereby comparing the predicted and observed energy spectra. By adjusting a scaling factor, the model well reproduces the ARTEMIS observations obtained in the solar wind, where the energy spectra are minimally affected by surface charging. Meanwhile, the energy spectra obtained in the geomagnetic tail can be significantly altered by lunar surface potentials. We show that it is difficult to determine a unique combination of the scaling factor and the lunar surface potential with the ARTEMIS energy resolution because of a strong parameter degeneracy. Nevertheless, for a fixed scaling factor, a strong correlation is identified between the lunar surface potentials inferred from the shifts of the energy spectra and those from the upward photoelectron beam energies, providing a proof of concept for the use of the photo‐emitted electrons as a new remote sensing tool of the lunar surface potential. We advocate for future observations of lunar electrons with a high energy resolution.
Structural Collapse and Coating Composition Changes of Soot Particles During Long‐Range Transport
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Weijun , Wang Yuanyuan , Teng Xiaomi , Zhang Yinxiao , Xu Liang , Yuan Qi , Wu Guangfen , Niu Hongya , Shao Longyi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSoot particles play an important role in warming the atmosphere, but their optical absorption is highly uncertain due to their variable morphology and mixing states. Compared to short‐range transport, soot particles during long‐range transport normally undergo complicated aging processes. Here, we investigated the changes in microphysical properties and mixing states of soot particles during their long‐range transport in Eastern China. The dominant mixing state of soot particles transformed from partly coated at 60% by number to embedded status at 67% when they were transported to a downwind region 1,000 km away under cold fronts. The fractal dimension (Df) increased from 1.79 ± 0.05 for partly coated soot and 1.86 ± 0.07 for embedded soot to 1.83 ± 0.06 and 1.93 ± 0.05 following their transportation, respectively. Our study shows that aging processes of soot particles with chain‐like morphology caused their structural collapse. Moreover, we found that coating materials of aged soot particles changed from secondary inorganic‐dominated to organic‐dominated species during their long‐range transport, which suggests the aqueous formation of secondary organic aerosols on soot‐containing particles. The thick organic coating formation in some particles further induced soot redistribution from the particle center into the coating. We highlight that the Df at 1.83–1.93 is appropriate for assessing radiative absorption of long‐range transported soot particles in Eastern China and propose that soot redistribution may offset ∼13% optical absorption enhancement for long‐range transported soot particles. The microscopic changes in aged soot particles should be considered to precisely evaluate their optical absorption in the large‐scale haze layer.
Exploring Suspended Sediment Dynamics Using a Novel Indexing Framework Based on X‐Ray Diffraction Spectral Fingerprinting
Authors: Das Arnab , Remesan Renji , Gupta Ashok Kumar 
Published: September 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the origins and hotspots of suspended sediments is crucial for safeguarding the biotic communities and for management of water quality in river‐reservoir systems. This study is an attempt to develop a new analytical framework to deconvolve the suspended sediment sources contribution using a novel index (i.e., erosion susceptibility index, ESI). The ESI is computed using sediment fingerprinting information, sediment yield, and the areal coverage of the sediment sources (land use). We have used X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Partial least square regression (PLSR) based spectral fingerprinting technique to apportion the land use classes as sources of sediments in a representative catchment of Chotanagpur Plateau (CP), India (Konar reservoir catchment). PLSR model on the XRD spectra has performed well with R2 > 0.88 and identified agricultural areas as the major contributor of suspended sediments by delivering 28%–43%, varying seasonally (in the period of 2018–2019). However, based on the ESI values barren lands and human settlements were found to be the most crucial land use classes (with highest ESI value of 1.31 and 1.08 respectively) in terms of sediment generation (22%–29% and 14%–23% respectively) with only 14% and 12% areal coverage. The results have demonstrated that the state of critical conservation urgency of different land uses can be quantified more effectively when combining spectral tracers based knowledge with ESI.
Orthosteric ligand selectivity and allosteric probe dependence at Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor HCAR2
Authors: Cheng Lin , Sun Suyue , Wang Heli , Zhao Chang , Tian Xiaowen , Liu Ying , Fu Ping , Shao Zhenhua , Chai Renjie , Yan Wei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2), a member of Class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays a pivotal role in anti-lipolytic and anti-inflammatory effects, establishing it as a significant therapeutic target for treating dyslipidemia and inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanism underlying the signaling of HCAR2 induced by various types of ligands remains elusive. In this study, we elucidate the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of Gi-coupled HCAR2 in complex with a selective agonist, MK-6892, resolved to a resolution of 2.60 Å. Our structural analysis reveals that MK-6892 occupies not only the orthosteric binding pocket (OBP) but also an extended binding pocket (EBP) within HCAR2. Pharmacological assays conducted in this study demonstrate that the OBP is a critical determinant for ligand selectivity among the HCARs subfamily. Moreover, we investigate the pharmacological properties of the allosteric modulator compound 9n, revealing its probe-dependent behavior on HCAR2 in response to varying orthosteric agonists. Collectively, our findings provide invaluable structural insights that contribute to a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing HCAR2 signaling transduction mediated by both orthosteric and allosteric ligands.
THBS1-producing tumor-infiltrating monocyte-like cells contribute to immunosuppression and metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Omatsu Mayuki , Nakanishi Yuki , Iwane Kosuke , Aoyama Naoki , Duran Angeles , Muta Yu , Martinez-Ordoñez Anxo , Han Qixiu , Agatsuma Nobukazu , Mizukoshi Kenta , Kawai Munenori , Yamakawa Go , Namikawa Mio , Hamada Kensuke , Fukunaga Yuichi , Utsumi Takahiro , Sono Makoto , Masuda Tomonori , Hata Akitaka , Araki Osamu , Nagao Munemasa , Yoshikawa Takaaki , Ogawa Satoshi , Hiramatsu Yukiko , Tsuda Motoyuki , Maruno Takahisa , Kogame Toshiaki , Kasashima Hiroaki , Kakiuchi Nobuyuki , Nakagawa Masahiro M. , Kawada Kenji , Yashiro Masakazu , Maeda Kiyoshi , Saito Yasuyuki , Matozaki Takashi , Fukuda Akihisa , Kabashima Kenji , Obama Kazutaka , Ogawa Seishi , Sheibani Nader , Diaz-Meco Maria T. , Moscat Jorge , Seno Hiroshi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMesenchymal activation, characterized by dense stromal infiltration of immune and mesenchymal cells, fuels the aggressiveness of colorectal cancers (CRC), driving progression and metastasis. Targetable molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) need to be identified to improve the outcome in CRC patients with this aggressive phenotype. This study reports a positive link between high thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) expression and mesenchymal characteristics, immunosuppression, and unfavorable CRC prognosis. Bone marrow-derived monocyte-like cells recruited by CXCL12 are the primary source of THBS1, which contributes to the development of metastasis by inducing cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion and impairing vascularization. Furthermore, in orthotopically generated CRC models in male mice, THBS1 loss in the TME renders tumors partially sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-cancer drugs. Our study establishes THBS1 as a potential biomarker for identifying mesenchymal CRC and as a critical suppressor of antitumor immunity that contributes to the progression of this malignancy with a poor prognosis.
Targetable NOTCH1 rearrangements in reninoma
Authors: Treger Taryn D. , Lawrence John E. G. , Anderson Nathaniel D. , Coorens Tim H. H. , Letunovska Aleksandra , Abby Emilie , Lee-Six Henry , Oliver Thomas R. W. , Al-Saadi Reem , Tullus Kjell , Morcrette Guillaume , Hutchinson J. Ciaran , Rampling Dyanne , Sebire Neil , Pritchard-Jones Kathy , Young Matthew D. , Mitchell Thomas J. , Jones Philip H. , Tran Maxine , Behjati Sam , Chowdhury Tanzina 
Published: September 2023

AbstractReninomas are exceedingly rare renin-secreting kidney tumours that derive from juxtaglomerular cells, specialised smooth muscle cells that reside at the vascular inlet of glomeruli. They are the central component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus which controls systemic blood pressure through the secretion of renin. We assess somatic changes in reninoma and find structural variants that generate canonical activating rearrangements of, NOTCH1whilst removing its negative regulator,NRARP. Accordingly, in single reninoma nuclei we observe excessive renin and NOTCH1 signalling mRNAs, with a concomitant non-excess ofNRARP expression. Re-analysis of previously published reninoma bulk transcriptomes further corroborates our observation of dysregulated Notch pathway signalling in reninoma. Our findings revealNOTCH1 rearrangements in reninoma, therapeutically targetable through existing NOTCH1 inhibitors, and indicate that unscheduled Notch signalling may be a disease-defining feature of reninoma.
C. elegans germ granules sculpt both germline and somatic RNAome
Authors: Price Ian F. , Wagner Jillian A. , Pastore Benjamin , Hertz Hannah L. , Tang Wen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractGerm granules are membrane-less organelles essential for small RNA biogenesis and germline development. Among the conserved properties of germ granules is their association with the nuclear membrane. Recent studies demonstrated that LOTUS domain proteins, EGGD-1 and EGGD-2 (also known as MIP-1 and MIP-2 respectively), promote the formation of perinuclear germ granules in C. elegans. This finding presents a unique opportunity to evaluate the significance of perinuclear localization of germ granules. Here we show that loss of eggd-1 causes the coalescence of germ granules and formation of abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates. Impairment of perinuclear granules affects certain germline classes of small RNAs including Piwi-interacting RNAs. Transcriptome profiling reveals overexpression of spermatogenic and cuticle-related genes in eggd-1 hermaphrodites. We further demonstrate that disruption of germ granules activates HLH-30-mediated transcriptional program in somatic tissues. Collectively, our findings underscore the essential role of EGGD-1 in germ granule organization and reveal an unexpected germ granule-to-soma communication.
On the visual analytic intelligence of neural networks
Authors: Woźniak Stanisław , Jónsson Hlynur , Cherubini Giovanni , Pantazi Angeliki , Eleftheriou Evangelos 
Published: September 2023

AbstractVisual oddity task was conceived to study universal ethnic-independent analytic intelligence of humans from a perspective of comprehension of spatial concepts. Advancements in artificial intelligence led to important breakthroughs, yet excelling at such abstract tasks remains challenging. Current approaches typically resort to non-biologically-plausible architectures with ever-growing models consuming substantially more energy than the brain. Motivated by the brain’s efficiency and reasoning capabilities, we present a biologically inspired system that receives inputs from synthetic eye movements – reminiscent of saccades, and processes them with neuronal units incorporating dynamics of neocortical neurons. We introduce a procedurally generated visual oddity dataset to train an architecture extending conventional relational networks and our proposed system. We demonstrate that both approaches are capable of abstract problem-solving at high accuracy, and we uncover that both share the same essential underlying mechanism of reasoning in seemingly unrelated aspects of their architectures. Finally, we show that the biologically inspired network achieves superior accuracy, learns faster and requires fewer parameters than the conventional network.
Carbon intensity of global crude oil trading and market policy implications
Authors: Dixit Yash , El-Houjeiri Hassan , Monfort Jean-Christophe , Jing Liang , Zhang Yiqi , Littlefield James , Long Wennan , Falter Christoph , Badahdah Alhassan , Bergerson Joule , Speth Raymond L. , Barrett Steven R. H. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe energy mix transition has accelerated the need for more accurate emissions reporting throughout the petroleum supply chain. Despite increasing environmental regulations and pressure for emissions disclosure, the low resolution of existing carbon footprint assessment does not account for the complexity of crude oil trading. The lack of source crude traceability has led to poor visibility into the “well-to-refinery-entrance” carbon intensities at the level of granular pathways between producers and destination markets. Using high-fidelity datasets, optimization algorithms to facilitate supply chain traceability and bottom-up, physics-based emission estimators, we show that the variability in global “well-to-refinery-entrance” carbon intensities at the level of crude trade pathways is significant: 4.2–214.1 kg-CO2-equivalent/barrel with a volume-weighted average of 50.5 kg-CO2-equivalent/barrel. Coupled with oil supply forecasts under 1.5 °C scenarios up to 2050, this variability translates to additional CO2-equivalent savings of 1.5–6.1 Gigatons that could be realized solely by prioritizing low-carbon supply chain pathways without other capital-intensive mitigation measures.
An original potentiating mechanism revealed by the cryo-EM structures of the human α7 nicotinic receptor in complex with nanobodies
Authors: Prevost Marie S. , Barilone Nathalie , Dejean de la Bâtie Gabrielle , Pons Stéphanie , Ayme Gabriel , England Patrick , Gielen Marc , Bontems François , Pehau-Arnaudet Gérard , Maskos Uwe , Lafaye Pierre , Corringer Pierre-Jean 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe human α7 nicotinic receptor is a pentameric channel mediating cellular and neuronal communication. It has attracted considerable interest in designing ligands for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. To develop a novel class of α7 ligands, we recently generated two nanobodies named E3 and C4, acting as positive allosteric modulator and silent allosteric ligand, respectively. Here, we solved the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the nanobody-receptor complexes. E3 and C4 bind to a common epitope involving two subunits at the apex of the receptor. They form by themselves a symmetric pentameric assembly that extends the extracellular domain. Unlike C4, the binding of E3 drives an agonist-bound conformation of the extracellular domain in the absence of an orthosteric agonist, and mutational analysis shows a key contribution of an N-linked sugar moiety in mediating E3 potentiation. The nanobody E3, by remotely controlling the global allosteric conformation of the receptor, implements an original mechanism of regulation that opens new avenues for drug design.
A computationally designed antigen eliciting broad humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 and related sarbecoviruses
Authors: Vishwanath Sneha , Carnell George William , Ferrari Matteo , Asbach Benedikt , Billmeier Martina , George Charlotte , Sans Maria Suau , Nadesalingam Angalee , Huang Chloe Qingzhou , Paloniemi Minna , Stewart Hazel , Chan Andrew , Wells David Arthur , Neckermann Patrick , Peterhoff David , Einhauser Sebastian , Cantoni Diego , Neto Martin Mayora , Jordan Ingo , Sandig Volker , Tonks Paul , Temperton Nigel , Frost Simon , Sohr Katharina , Ballesteros Maria Teresa Lluesma , Arbabi Farzad , Geiger Johannes , Dohmen Christian , Plank Christian , Kinsley Rebecca , Wagner Ralf , Heeney Jonathan Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The threat of spillovers of coronaviruses associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from animals to humans necessitates vaccines that offer broader protection from sarbecoviruses. By leveraging a viral-genome-informed computational method for selecting immune-optimized and structurally engineered antigens, here we show that a single antigen based on the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of sarbecoviruses elicits broad humoral responses against SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, WIV16 and RaTG13 in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. When administered as a DNA immunogen or by a vector based on a modified vaccinia virus Ankara, the optimized antigen induced vaccine protection from the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in mice genetically engineered to express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and primed by a viral-vector vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2. A vaccine formulation incorporating mRNA coding for the optimized antigen further validated its broad immunogenicity. Vaccines that elicit broad immune responses across subgroups of coronaviruses may counteract the threat of zoonotic spillovers of betacoronaviruses.
Geometrically frustrated interactions drive structural complexity in amorphous calcium carbonate
Authors: Nicholas Thomas C. , Stones Adam Edward , Patel Adam , Michel F. Marc , Reeder Richard J. , Aarts Dirk G. A. L. , Deringer Volker L. , Goodwin Andrew L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAmorphous calcium carbonate is an important precursor for biomineralization in marine organisms. Key outstanding problems include understanding the structure of amorphous calcium carbonate and rationalizing its metastability as an amorphous phase. Here we report high-quality atomistic models of amorphous calcium carbonate generated using state-of-the-art interatomic potentials to help guide fits to X-ray total scattering data. Exploiting a recently developed inversion approach, we extract from these models the effective Ca⋯Ca interaction potential governing the structure. This potential contains minima at two competing distances, corresponding to the two different ways that carbonate ions bridge Ca2+-ion pairs. We reveal an unexpected mapping to the Lennard-Jones–Gauss model normally studied in the context of computational soft matter. The empirical model parameters for amorphous calcium carbonate take values known to promote structural complexity. We thus show that both the complex structure and its resilience to crystallization are actually encoded in the geometrically frustrated effective interactions between Ca2+ ions.
Remote sensing and model analysis of biomass burning smoke transported across the Atlantic during the 2020 Western US wildfire season
Authors: Ceamanos Xavier , Coopman Quentin , George Maya , Riedi Jérôme , Parrington Mark , Clerbaux Cathy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBiomass burning is the main source of air pollution in several regions worldwide nowadays. This predominance is expected to increase in the upcoming years as a result of the rising number of devastating wildfires due to climate change. Harmful pollutants contained in the smoke emitted by fires can alter downwind air quality both locally and remotely as a consequence of the recurrent transport of biomass burning plumes across thousands of kilometers. Here, we demonstrate how observations of carbon monoxide and aerosol optical depth retrieved from polar orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites can be used to study the long-range transport and evolution of smoke plumes. This is illustrated through the megafire events that occurred during summer 2020 in the Western United States and the transport of the emitted smoke across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Analyses from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, which combine satellite observations with an atmospheric model, are used for comparison across the region of study and along simulated air parcel trajectories. Lidar observation from spaceborne and ground-based instruments are used to verify consistency of passive observations. Results show the potential of joint satellite-model analysis to understand the emission, transport, and processing of smoke across the world.
Role of gender in explaining metabolic syndrome risk factors in an Iranian rural population using structural equation modelling
Authors: Nouri-Keshtkar Marjan , Shojaei Shahrokhabadi Mohadeseh , Ghaheri Azadeh , Hosseini Roya , Ketabi Hassan , Farjam Mojtaba , Chen Ding-Geng , Rezaeian Mehdi , Homayounfar Reza , Tahamtani Yaser , Totonchi Mehdi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMany factors can lead to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in different populations. Using an advanced structural equation model (SEM), this study is aimed to determine the most important risk factors of MetS, as a continuous latent variable, using a large number of males and females. We also aimed to evaluate the interrelations among the associated factors involved in the development of MetS. This study used data derived from the Fasa PERSIAN cohort study, a branch of the PERSIAN cohort study, for participants aged 35 to 70 years with 10,138 males and females. SEM was used to evaluate the direct and indirect effects, as well as gender effects of influencing factors. Results from the SEM showed that in females most changes in MetS are described by waist circumference (WC), followed by hypertension (HP) and triglyceride (TG), while in males most changes in MetS are described by WC, followed by TG then fasting blood glucose (FBG). Results from the SEM confirmed the gender effects of social status on MetS, mediated by sleep and controlled by age, BMI, ethnicity and physical activity. This study also shows that the integration of TG and WC within genders could be useful as a screening criterion for MetS in our study population.