bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strength of Roll Necks: Report of the Special Research Committee on Heavy-Duty Anti-Friction Bearings
Authors: Trinks W. , Hitchcock J. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The increasing use of anti-friction bearings for roll necks, which frequently necessitates a change in the customary proportions of roll body and roll neck, has made the question of roll-neck strength an important one. At the juncture between roll neck and roll body, stresses of high intensity occur which cannot be evaluated by the familiar formula of mechanics, and regarding which few directly applicable data were available. In order to evaluate the concentration of stress at this point, and to indicate the manner in which the stress concentration is affected by varying proportions of roll body, and roll neck, rupture tests were made with model rolls of gypsum plaster, having various proportions and several different sizes and shapes of fillet. The test conditions were made to correspond as closely as possible to those of actual rolls in operation. The experimental results are shown, and are compared with previous data. The effect of stress concentration in rolls made of various materials is also considered.
An Analysis of Crushing and Pulverizing Processes
Authors: Work Lincoln T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Different types of crushing and pulverizing mills are mentioned to show the diversity in operating characteristics. It is clear that different types of mills have been commercially adapted to similar products, and only rarely is one type of mill used to the exclusion of all others. The principles laid down illustrate the importance of grindability. A consideration of energy requirements shows that there is a large wastage of power over that needed to produce reduction in size. The earlier work of the author is confirmed on the difference in fineness-distribution curves produced under different grinding conditions and by different types of mills. Proper choice of mill, proper loading, and the application of separators offer the opportunity to produce material of specific size characteristics or to produce material below a given size at a minimum of cost.
High-Pressure Steam-Generator Research: Progress Report of Investigations at Purdue University by the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Critical-Pressure Steam Boilers
Authors: Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A. , Willis P. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This is a progress report of the investigations with the high-pressure steam generator at Purdue University which have been carried on since January 1, 1932, and are mainly concerned with the measurement of the enthalpy of steam by the use of a condensing calorimeter designed for pressures up to 3500 lb per sq in. The heat leak was determined by assuming that the Keenan Tables were correct within the range at which the calorimeter was calibrated. Thirty-nine tests were carried on at pressures varying from 1900 to 3500 lb per sq in. and temperatures of 709 to 780 F. The results were compared with those of Keenan, Knoblauch, Callendar, and the International Tables. The Purdue University figures are in close agreement with those of Keenan, Knoblauch, and the International Tables, but show considerable variance from Callendar’s results.
Moisture Content, Specific Gravity, and Air Space in Wood
Authors: Maclean J. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An exposition of the physics of wood is given in the paper. It describes the cell structure of wood and the physical changes that take place as it is dried to oven-dry condition or impregnated to maximum absorption. Formulas and graphs give the relation that exists between percentage of moisture content, specific gravity, water content, total weight, and percentage of air space. The data are of interest to those engaged in wood research or wood physics or in kiln drying, wood preserving, or fireproofing.
Accelerated Varnish Drying
Authors: McCarthy R. H. , Lefcort L. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Varnish drying on wood at a temperature of 150 F, instead of the usual lower limit of 100 to 110 F, has been attained after experimentation and tests by the authors. This finish process retains the desirable factors of appearance, durability, economy, and speed. Varnish finishes at elevated temperatures are shown by tests to be superior to ordinary finishes in durability and resistance to marring. Samples made by this system have undergone accelerated weathering for several months without failure, indicating that those finishes that take advantage of the toughness and hardness resulting from the heat treatment of synthetic and some natural resins are superior to the ordinary run of long-oil varnish finishes. A feature of the system is that it makes feasible the conveyorization of varnish finishes as well as lacquer finishes.
Some Economic Aspects of the Rigid Airship
Authors: Fritsche Carl B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of the uses to which rigid airships may be put, the cost of constructing, operating, and maintaining, and the probable return on investment that can be expected. Two hypothetical airships are chosen for comparison, one of 100 tons gross lift and the other of 300 tons lift. These are compared with ocean craft and with naval vessels. In naval application it is shown that one airship will release three cruisers for other duty, that the cruisers consume more power, and are more vulnerable than the airship.
Military applications of the airship include army transport, reconnaissance, coast patrol, and many other important uses. Theoretical conditions are assumed and many problems are worked out with use of airships. Civil and commercial applications of the airship are discussed, and a comparison is made with the steamship Leviathan. Operating schedules are laid out for airships in service between New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Havana, and Panama, and performance data are given. Commercially the airship is shown supplementing present facilities, transporting passengers, mail, and express at high speed, doing more work per unit of energy, saving much time, and earning considerable profits.
Airplane Tires and Wheels
Authors: Schippel H. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper tells of some of the mounting conditions of airplane tires on wheels, and of the relation between static load, ultimate cushioned load, and energy capacity. Static and dynamic loading curves and corresponding hysteresis loops are also presented, and the forces and power losses are resolved horizontally and vertically. Results of extensive wind-tunnel tests show the effects of tire size, wheel size, safety-tread design, streamlining, and tire misalignment.
Aviation Natural Gasoline
Authors: Alden R. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The usual natural gasoline of commerce is an extremely volatile product and quite unsuitable for direct use as a motor fuel in the conventional fuel systems of today. By careful fractionation, however, it has been found possible to produce “aviation natural gasoline,” a fuel that has made a splendid record commercially during the last three years. A considerable amount of research work has been done with regard to this product, and the author discusses it under the following heads: (1) Initial flight tests to determine specification bases for commercial purposes; (2) effects of changes in specifications for aviation natural gasoline; (3) survey of commercial aviation gasolines; (4) flight tests to determine actual temperature in airplane fuel systems; and (5) other investigations. An extensive table of test results of commercial aviation gasolines is included, as well as a bibliography of articles having a bearing on aviation natural gasoline.
The Layout and Design of Modern Airplane Plants
Authors: Plaisted G. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Plants for the manufacture of airplanes are in their design subject to the same general principles as are applied to all factory buildings. They must meet the requirements of straight-line production, flexibility, ample daylight, analysis of material handling, and the special needs of individual departments. Changes in methods of manufacture or changes in conditions should not affect a building so laid out originally as to permit of a flexible straight-line production process nor affect the maximum return on the investment. The author exhibits the general plant layouts and flow diagrams of four existing airplane plants and a typical cross-section of an economical factory building that might be converted to airplane manufacturing.
Stability and Controllability in Free Flight
Authors: Hovgard Paul E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Making the airplane pleasant to fly is discussed by the author in this paper. Strength, durability, and performance of airplanes are determined quite accurately by analyses and tests, but the ease with which a particular plane can be maneuvered is often left to chance. Stability at cruising speeds and balance with the throttle closed and open are essential for ease of control. The author tells of various methods that can be used to test flying characteristics and make certain that airplanes will perform as desired.
Opportunities for Aviation Training
Authors: Marriott Joseph S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author endeavors to set forth the possible methods of obtaining adequate instruction and training to enter the aviation industry either as a pilot or in a ground capacity. The article is written from the practical viewpoint of training facilities available in the industry itself rather than opportunities presented by strictly educational institutions such as secondary schools and universities. The author also points out some of the advantages and disadvantages that are apparent in the existing means of obtaining aviation training.
Management and Operation of a Large Airport
Authors: Waterman Waldo D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The policies and methods outlined indicate how an airport may be managed so as to take care of all interests. The author covers relations of the airport management with transport companies operating large fleets, with air-service operators having fleets of taxi and charter planes, with schools, with dealers and distributors, with manufacturers, with private owners of airplanes, with individual owners of single airplanes or small fleets for business purposes, and with the general public. Figures are given showing how a successful business has been built.
Plastic Torsion: An Experimental Determination of the Stress Distribution in a Bar Which Has Been Twisted to the Limit of Plasticity
Authors: Nadai A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Among the locally varying distributions of stress with partial yielding, that of a twisted bar is treated, for which the transition from a state of equilibrium with purely elastic deformations to one with plastic deformations was investigated. An analogy described on an earlier occasion was utilized to determine by an experimental method the distribution of stress in the twisted bar. This distribution of stress was compared with the position of the thin layers of slip observed in the etched cross-sections of twisted steel bars.
The Collapsing Strength of Steel Tubes
Authors: Jasper T. McLean , Sullivan John W. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors present a method for determining the collapsing strength of steel tubes on the basis of the physical and elastic properties of the metal in the tube, and the dimensions, out-of-roundness, and variation in thickness of the tube. This method applies to long, short, thick, or thin tubes. It was developed by considering the collapse of tubes in terms of compressive stress rather than external pressure, by reevaluating the work of other investigators, and from experimental results of the authors. Its application to the determination of the collapsing strength of commercial tubes is shown by illustrative examples.
Soot Particles in New York City Air
Authors: Free E. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of the methods used and the results obtained in a series of counts of soot and dust particles in the air of New York City. The counts were made by an impact dust counter. Two variables affect the results. One is the wind and the second the degree of clumping or flocculation of the soot particles in the air. The number of soot particles counted showed a high degree of correlation with wind direction. Nothing was discovered to show the causes for clumping of the soot particles.
Recovery of Fly Ash From Pulverized-Fuel Stacks by Use of Stack Sprays
Authors: Mackenzie J. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
One of the first central stations designed for the unit system of pulverized-fuel operation with preheated air encountered difficulty due to fly ash from the stack. The extent of the trouble was determined by locating boards freshly painted with white paint throughout the district. A water spray installed in the stack stopped all complaints, but necessitated lining the stack with acid-resisting material. Tests show that with the spray in operation about 5 per cent of the coal is discharged as solids from the stack, and that the spray takes out about 35 per cent of the solids coming to the stack. A detailed description is included of the equipment and methods used for collecting representative samples of the solids in the flue gases.
This paper outlines the influences which led the Consumers Power Company to adopt a spray system in the stacks of its pulverized-fuel fire plants as a means of combating the fly-ash problem, and shows the results which operation and tests have revealed as to the effectiveness of the system.
Experiences in Chlorinating Condenser Circulating Water
Authors: Frost Vincent M. , Rippe W. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the experiences of the authors over a period of two years in an endeavor to better the heat transfer and reduce condenser cleaning costs at the Kearny, N. J., power station of the Public Service Electric & Gas Company. The condensing apparatus there consists of five 50,000-sq. ft. condensers of the two-pass type, each having 10,000 one-inch tubes 19 ft. 2½ in. long. Chlorine control apparatus was installed, and the paper gives details regarding its operations, and includes water analyses, as well as data on condenser tests, amount of chlorine required, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of chlorination are set forth, together with the reasons for adopting it for the station in question.
High-Burned Kaolin Refractories
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The development of high-fired kaolin refractories is briefly described. The various products made from kaolin such as brick, tank blocks, light-weight brick, and insulators, are discussed from the point of view of their physical characteristics. Also, the service results obtained with these products in typical installations for the past ten years are outlined. The results as a whole show that kaolin, when burned to a sufficiently high temperature, will make a refractory possessing very desirable qualities.
Heat Absorption in Water-Cooled Furnaces
Authors: DeBaufre Wm. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Based on the furnace heat balance, an empirical “effectiveness factor” is derived for water-cooled surfaces therein, relating the heat radiated by the burning fuel and products of combustion to the furnace-outlet temperature. The value of this factor is calculated from certain experimental data for turbulent horizontally fired pulverized-coal furnaces with bare water-cooled tube walls. For these experimental data, the fraction radiated of the heat liberated in the furnace has also been calculated and is compared with Broido’s curve and with the value calculated by the Orrok-Hudson formula. The method of applying the effectiveness factor to design problems is illustrated by showing the effect of preheated-air temperature upon the furnace-outlet temperature.
Furnace-Gas Compositions and Temperatures in Underfeed-Stoker-Fired Boilers, and Their Effect on Boiler Settings
Authors: Pasini Albert C. , Sarraf Edward M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is a study of conditions encountered in boiler furnaces using underfeed stokers. It includes the development of methods of test procedure and their application in investigating furnace-gas compositions, and of determining the temperatures to which the refractories of the setting are subjected. It contains a discussion of the effects of variation of the fuel-bed thickness on the brick in the settings, the efficiency of combustion, and the resultant superheated-steam temperatures. The paper further shows the widely divergent furnace-gas compositions which may be obtained directly over the fire along the wall in underfeed-stoker-fired installations.
Combined Burners for Firing Waste Fuels
Authors: Vroom R. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Waste by-products of oil refining, formerly difficult of disposal, are now burned in special plants to furnish electric and steam power. This is made possible by the design of high-capacity burners, some liberating 100,000,000 B.t.u. per hour. The author describes a wide-range mechanical atomizer of the circulating type and the results of an installation at the Louisiana Station at Baton Rouge of the Louisiana Steam Products, Inc. The burners are successfully firing crude or lubricating (acid) sludge, soda bottoms, neutralized sludge, acid tar, wax tailings, and flux bottoms, in addition to fuel oil.
Calibration of a Large Nozzle
Authors: DuPriest John R. , Polhemus James H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In testing large centrifugal pumps it is difficult to determine the amount of water that is being handled. In many cases the quantity is so great it is almost impossible to determine it by the ordinary field weighing system. The use of standard test nozzles offers a simple means of determining the capacity of large pumps, but the nozzles must be accurately calibrated. The authors made a test of three pumps by laying about 1000 ft. of pipe behind a dredge and attached standard nozzles to the end of the pipe line for calibration purposes. The quantity of water flowing was determined by the salt-solution method.
Application of Hydraulic Laboratory Researches
Authors: Winter Ireal A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper presents results of laboratory investigations made in connection with hydroelectric power-plant designs, the problems encountered leading up to the establishing of a policy of conducting research, the method of testing, and comparisons of laboratory and field results. The object is to illustrate the many advantages of model investigations and to point out the deficiency of scientific knowledge incidental to power-plant design, with the hope that interest will be stimulated in pure-science research. Hydraulic research may be classified under two subdivisions: complex flows created by natural active and reactive forces, such as river channels, harbors, estuaries, tidal effects, etc., and, second, manufactured structures, such as spillways, canals, penstocks, hydraulic machines, etc., where the active and reactive forces should be definitely predicted by the designer. This paper deals with the latter, principally in connection with hydraulic turbines and their associated parts. Results will be shown where slight changes in shapes raise or lower the efficiency of hydraulic machinery as great as 1 per cent. No attempt is made to specifically account for the results obtained, but the apparent inconsistency of performance of water passages designed according to the limited knowledge of positive and negative acceleration will be evident to hydraulic engineers engaged in the utility field.
Apprentice Training Movement in Wisconsin Industry
Authors: Falk Harold S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The apprenticeship movement in Wisconsin has been made a concerted organized effort. In developing the work important considerations and tendencies have been taken into account, such as the shortage of skilled mechanics in American industries at the present time in spite of considerable unemployment, the requirements of production as well as of jobbing industries for trained men, and the importance of the human factor in all industry. Employers and employees have cooperated in the promotion and support of an apprenticeship law in the state which stabilizes and dignifies apprenticeship by preventing exploitation of boys and by setting standards of workmanship in the trades. As a result of public favor and the enthusiasm of influential individuals, apprentice training has developed rapidly in the state. There are 3350 apprentices employed and 2567 have graduated in the last 15 years. At the present rate of graduation, this number will be increased very much in the next 15 years.
However, neither the Industrial Commission nor the industrial leaders are satisfied with the progress which has been made. The number of apprentices in the state is inadequate compared with actual requirements for skilled men in the trade. Nevertheless, an excellent foundation has been laid upon which greatly increased activity may be built in future years.
Management by Exception
Authors: Lord Chester B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The exception principle, as approved by the first leaders of industrial management, is expounded and advocated. It is described as a natural method of scientific management that directs when direction is sufficient and that compels when compulsion is called for, but that does not interfere with matters which are progressing in orderly compliance with a planned procedure, but which has positive methods of detecting and correcting variations from that procedure. Four rules of management by exception are stated.
Value of the Safety Movement in the Industries
Authors: Podnossoff Jules 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper outlines the various aspects of the industrial safety movement, its attractiveness, economies, and inherent possibilities. The safety movement has been long ago divorced from altruistic conversation and put on a basis of cooperative helpfulness. Accordingly, the subject has been treated from a “cold” business standpoint in terms of dollars and cents; that is, in the approach to the problem the center of gravity has been shifted to the economic rather than humanitarian aspects. A brief historical review of the growth of the movement is first made, followed by some statistics of the losses in life and property caused by industrial accidents. The principal emphasis in what follows has been placed on the thesis, at present conclusively proved, that efficiency in production and safety are inseparably correlated. To afford a better perspective of the actual values involved, illustrative examples taken from the experience of different industrial companies are introduced. The role of engineers in accident prevention is next considered, and the discussion is concluded with several recommendations.
Symposium on the Stability of Employment in Industry: Employment Stabilization in the Procter & Gamble Company
Authors: Knowles Harvey C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The history of one company in stabilizing employment is detailed. Having but three presidents over a period of 93 years, a definite family policy has been carried out, resulting in a plan that virtually guarantees an employee that he shall have work for 48 weeks during the year; that he shall have a share in the profits; that in case of sickness he shall receive two-thirds of his pay for a year and a pension in case of disability; that he may participate in a home-buying plan.