bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unlocking the Potential of Digital Twins
Authors: Pohlkötter Fabian J. , Straubinger Dominik , Kuhn Alexander M. , Imgrund Christian , Tekouo William 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIncreasing competitive pressure is confronting the automotive industry with major challenges. As a result, conventional reactive maintenance is being transformed into predictive maintenance. In this context, wearing and aging effects no longer lead to plant failure since they are predicted at an earlier stage based on comprehensive data analysis.Furthermore, the evolution towards Smart Factory has given rise to virtual commissioning in the planning phase of production plants. In this process, a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) system combines the real controls (e.g., PLC) and a virtual model of the plant. These HiL systems are used to simulate commissioning activities in advance, thus saving time and money during actual commissioning. The resulting complex virtual models are not further used in the series production.This paper builds upon virtual commissioning models to develop a Digital Twin, which provides inputs for predictive maintenance. The resulting approach is a methodology for building a hybrid predictive maintenance system. A hybrid prediction model combines the advantages of data-driven and physical models. Data-driven models analyse and predict wearing patterns based on real machine data. Physical models are used to reproduce the behaviour of a system. From the simulation of the hybrid model, additional insights for the predictions can be derived.The conceptual methodology for a hybrid predictive maintenance system is validated by the successful implementation in a bottleneck process of the electric engine production for an automotive manufacturer. Ultimately, an outlook on further possible applications of the hybrid model is presented.
Hybrid Digital Twins Using FMUs to Increase the Validity and Domain of Virtual Commissioning Simulations
Authors: Pfeifer Denis , Baumann Andreas , Giani Marco , Scheifele Christian , Fehr Jörg 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe main objective of virtual commissioning is to help design and validate the control systems of entire production plants. Therefore, simulations on a logical and kinematic level are performed, typically in a Software- or Hardware-in-the-Loop configuration using the original control software and controller [1].However, the lack of level of detail means that this type of simulation is insufficient for an integrated system dynamics and control algorithms design. These engineering tasks are currently performed in separate tools, e.g. by finite element analysis, multibody simulations or by a combination, i.e. elastic multibody systems (EMBS) [2]. However, the designed components are only considered individually and not in the context of the control technology used. Therefore, primarily synthetic inputs are used and not the original control behavior. With a higher level of simulation detail, further questions about the system, such as the effect of control algorithms on the dynamic processes, can be virtually validated.Therefore, this paper explores hybrid component-based digital twins to combine the advantages of both VC and EMBS. Hybrid components allow the simulation of the interactions between process, machine and control system with a high level of detail where this is beneficial. Such integration is achieved using the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) to couple different simulation models in a co-simulation environment [3]. This is demonstrated in a simulation use case of an inverted pendulum. The level of detail of individual components in the virtual commissioning tool ISG-virtuos [4] is increased by the modular integration of elastic multibody simulations via FMI so that the swing-up controller can be designed in the simulation.
Analysis of Real-Time Execution Models for Container-Based Control Applications
Authors: Walker Moritz , Tasci Timur , Lechler Armin , Verl Alexander 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSoftware-defined Manufacturing (SDM) aims to enhance the flexibility of production systems. Classical automation systems are not a suitable technological basis for SDM. While their hierarchical, rigid structures are increasingly being dissolved. Container-based virtualization, and modular software architectures, gain traction in automation systems. However, today’s PLCs are not a perfect fit for virtualization, as the control program still is a monolithic piece of software. We analyze cyclic and event-based real-time scheduling models for modular PLCs. Furthermore, techniques for reconfiguration at runtime are developed based on the selected execution models.
Towards the Smart Factory: Process Optimization in Virtual Commissioning
Authors: Kuhn Alexander M. , Christ Michael , Kuhn Christopher B. , Liu Peng , Tekouo William , Kestler Hans A. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSince the early 1990s, virtual models have been used in production planning to digitally support production lines before beginning physical construction. These digital models, commonly referred to as “digital twins”, are currently primarily used for virtual commissioning. Despite being first used decades ago, digital twins are still not established in production planning on a global scale. The benefits of developing and testing a planned system in a virtual model are often not fully capitalized. While this can be partially explained by the technological challenges of designing accurate virtual models, we argue that the current processes for production planning are another important factor that hinder the widespread use of digital twins. In this paper, we summarize and analyze each step and the involved participants in a typical production planning workflow. Based on this analysis, we discuss how current practices conflict with the goal of incorporating virtual models into the established work environment. Then, we derive concrete recommendations of how a production process can be adjusted to allow easier digital twinning, showing how comparatively few changes could make virtual models significantly easier to apply.
A New IT Architecture for the Digital Factory
Authors: Lorch Christopher , Lüdemann-Ravit Bernd 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn general, current systems for the Digital Factory implement a product-process-resource (PPR) data model in a monolithic rich-client/server architecture with a single database persistence layer. Common data objects are the product bills of material, descriptions of the production processes, or the resource structure, e.g. bill of equipment. The main drawback of the current monolithic architecture is the slow rate of development, which prevents fast adoption of the software to the new production planning process (i.e., due to new technologies for the transformation of the automotive industry with the goal of electrification) is not possible. Furthermore, time-consuming and error-prone export-import operations characterize the collaboration of the engineering supply chain. Mercedes-Benz has created a new IT system architecture for their Digital Factory. The core idea of this architecture is a module-based approach. Each planning step has its own module, e.g. product analysis, layout planning or cost calculation. One single module consists of a server-based business logic, a web-based user interface and its own database. Each module is the source of master data objects that originate from the corresponding planning step and refers to data objects from predecessor planning steps. The single modules communicate mostly via KAFKA. The usage of a model based application engine allows the fast creation of different modules. Best-of-breed third-party systems for specific planning steps can be integrated into the system architecture. Web technologies allow suppliers to access the Mercedes-Benz systems directly for a fully integrated supplier collaboration. Roll-out has started and has already led to significant efficiencies.
Security Analysis of a Blockchain Based Data Collection Method for Cross Company Information Sharing
Authors: Bux Tobias , Riedel Oliver , Lechler Armin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDigitization within medium-sized enterprises advanced in the last years. Collecting and analyzing data for optimizing internal production processes therefor is the current state of many companies. The next step of digitization is using this collected data not only for internal processes but for cross company business models along the value network. This step brings new requirements for how data is collected, stored and shared. In this paper those requirements are listed and explained. Afterwards, an implemented solution for data collection fulfilling the requirements is analyzed. The focus of the analysis lies on security issues within the data flow between data creation and cross-company usage. Therefore, the timespan between data creation on a sensor, processing the data within local IT-systems and reliably storing data within a blockchain is considered. A threat modeling approach considering attack vectors along the described data flow is used to quantitatively compare the proposed solution to regular industrial solutions. The analysis will highlight the differences of the compared solutions on different topics like data integrity and immutability. Lastly, an outlook on industrial usage of the analyzed solution is given.
The Potential of High Speed Sintering for Small Series in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Huse Timo , Rehberg Laura 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIndividualization in the high-performance segment within the automotive industry is becoming increasingly important. Especially when small volumes are required, conventional manufacturing processes often no longer prove profitable. The use of additive processes in general and high-speed sintering (HSS) in particular offer the freedom to produce complex organic shapes in a cost-effective and resource-saving manner from batch size one onwards. The HSS process is a powder bed-based additive manufacturing process in which thermoplastics are sintered at a constant layer time using an infrared lamp instead of a laserFor this reason, we shed light on the use of high-speed sintering specifically for small components in low-volume production. More precisely, we add the process-specific properties of high-speed sintering to Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) rules. We propose an approach that also enables a time-saving alternative to conventional manufacturing processes and optimizes the design process for the use of high-speed sintering.
Resilience to Pandemics through Flexibility in Sourcing, in Order Fulfillment, and Production Capacity of the Automotive Supply Chain
Authors: Gebauer Marc , Tangour Cyrine 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSince the COVID-19 pandemic, the automotive industry which is regarded as a best practice considering its supply chain has experienced new threats which render its supply chain vulnerable. For instance, the many lockdowns, associated with collapsing of global distribution channels sunk vehicle sales dramatically. The purpose of this study is to identify capabilities to strengthen the resilience of automotive supply chains to pandemics. By using the supply chain resilience framework developed by Sytch et al. [4] we analyze the resilience of the automotive supply chain with evidence from the literature to a pandemic crisis with vulnerability factors similar to those of COVID-19.We do find evidence that seven out of ten capabilities we looked for are present in the automotive supply chain. Capabilities to improve are i.e., multiple sources for tier 1 suppliers, improving risk pooling/sharing, and defining means of production postponement.With the evidence on resilience factors for pandemics, we provide managers with a set of factors to focus on in pandemics. Thus, our study helps managers to better prepare their supply chain to resist global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a methodology that can be applied with more secondary and also primary sources and therefore is interesting for researchers.
Dynamic Safety Distance Determination for Human Robot Coexistence in Industrial Applications
Authors: Fischer Marc , Klingel Lars , Lechler Armin , Verl Alexander , Neubauer Michael 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe coexistence of humans and robots in manufacturing requires safety. Typically, safety functionalities for coexistence are based on speed and separation monitoring according to EN ISO 10218. Thereby, a robot should reduce speed or stop completely when an obstacle is too close to avoid collisions. Nowadays, despite this standard, speed and separation monitoring are still realized with static worst-case safety assumptions about the kinematics of humans and robots. Over the years, different static techniques have evolved in the industrial environment like fences, light fences, or camera-based systems where critical zones can be configured. The latter is admittedly more flexible in the configuration but still static during the run-time of the manufacturing system. The static worst-case assumptions result in large unnecessary distances between humans and robots, which leads to inefficient use of space. Therefore, factories are larger than they need to be, which leads to higher costs. This work aims to enhance the use of space in human-robot coexistence applications to make factory layouts more efficient. Therefore, a dynamic minimum distance calculation based on the DIN ISO 15066 with the kinematic information of the coexisting human and industrial robots is provided. It is shown in a simulation that this approach of a dynamic safety distance calculation leads to a reduction of the required space.
Integrated Framework for Safety Management and Software-Assisted Safety Assessment in Fluid Production
Authors: Koo Chee H. , Neuschwander Bernd , Vorderer Marian , Stehle Patrick , Kretzschmann Roman , Tasci Timur , Leberle Urs , Verl Alexander 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn the factory of the future, the concept of fluid production allows production processes to be adapted more frequently and efficiently to fulfill rapidly-changing product requirements and to prevail in an increasingly challenging market environment. Production resources, machinery and humans are integrated seamlessly to achieve common production goals. Rapid changes in system configurations are also enabled by highly modular, self-descriptive and reusable machinery modules called Mechatronic Objects. The high reconfigurability in fluid production poses new challenges for the safety management of future production systems. Every modification done to an existing system needs to be risk assessed and approved during the commissioning to allow its safety-compliant operation. As current industrial practices for risk assessment are still labor-intensive and time-consuming, new methods are needed to quickly integrate the aforementioned highly modular Mechatronic Objects into fluid production systems. In this paper, we propose a safety management and assessment framework to address the safety-related challenges for fluid production. This paper proposes a new modeling method to describe the different types of Mechatronic Objects and derives different stages for the assessment and approval of fluid production systems. This allows a more efficient and accelerated commissioning phase, a seamlessly integrated production and the reduction of manual efforts needed for the system commissioning. The proposed framework, the methods and the implemented software tools are validated using a case study for a highly reconfigurable assembly system at the research campus ARENA2036 at the University of Stuttgart.
Mixed-Integer Programming Model for Scheduling of Modular Automotive Body-In-White Production Systems
Authors: Gelgfren Jan M. , Arvis Hélène , Hagemann Simon , Wenzel Sigrid 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe turbulent transition in the automotive industry towards electric vehicles is highly challenging, both in product development and in production. Conventional, linear assembly lines struggle to meet the flexibility requirements imposed by this market development. Thispaper presents the first mixed-integer programming (MIP) model which is tailor-made for the scheduling of modular body-in-white (BIW)production systems. The main novelty of the presented approach lies in using precedence graphs for modelling the joining steps of the BIW production and allowing for different capabilities at each workstation of the production system. Thus, the presented approach captures the characteristics of BIW production systems in more detail than comparable models available in the literature. The application of the presented approach to an exemplary production scenario with five jobs and 22 operations underlines the strengths of the proposed model but also indicates potential for future improvements.
Robotic Assembly Line Balancing with Multimodal Stochastic Processing Times
Authors: Stade Dawid , Manns Martin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this paper, a genetic algorithm for the robotic assembly line balancing problem (RALBP) is developed that supports multimodal stochastic processing times and multiple parallel-working robots per workstation. It has the objective to minimize the amount of workstations at a given production rate and probability limit for violating the cycle time (PL). The algorithm is evaluated on the BARTHOLD data set in a range of 1 % to 50 % for PL using an experimentally determined and a normal distribution for the task times. The increase of PL results in a shift of tasks from rear to front stations, because more tasks can be assigned to each station. The shift using normal distributed task times is stronger. This demonstrates the importance of realistic stochastic distribution assumptions. For practical applicability, more constraint types have to be included in the future.
Elementary Welding Operations for Automatic Robot Programming
Authors: Sarivan Ioan-Matei , Larsen Jørgen S. , Madsen Ole , Wæhrens Brian V. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHighly-skilled engineers are needed to reprogram a welding-robot upon a new variant or product introduction. This paper addresses the complexity of the welding-robot programming process by proposing and demonstrating the theoretical concept of “elementary welding operation” (EWO). The EWO is a fundamental building block for robot-welding programs containing most of the data necessary to generate a program automatically. The EWO is a descriptive data structure for the welding process, comprehensible by humans and machines. A technical proof of concept is put together and tested. The results indicate that the programming of the welding robot can be automated as part of a one-piece information flow based on a product model. Further development is required to ensure the system can handle complex weldment geometries, multi-pass welding, and proper validation of the robot program upon deployment.
Abnormal visual and olfactory sensations during radiation therapy: a prospective study
Authors: Mai Yiling , Vogel Celina , Thiele Julia , Hölscher Tobias , Hummel Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Patients sometimes report phosphene and phantosmia during radiation therapy (RT). However, the detail features and related factors are not well understood. Our prospective study aimed to investigate the characteristics of phantosmias and phosphenes, to identify factors that influence the occurrence, intensity and hedonic (pleasantness/unpleasantness) ratings of such sensations during RT.

Methods
We included a total of 106 patients (37 women), who underwent RT in regions of the brain, ear, nose, throat (ENT), and other areas of the body for a duration of 43 ± 5 days. Medical history and treatment parameters were collected in a structured medical interview. Olfactory function was measured using the Sniffin’ Stick Odor Identification Test at baseline. Phantosmia and phosphene were recorded weekly based on a self-report questionnaire.

Results
There were 37% of the patients experiencing phantosmias, 51% experiencing phosphenes, and 29% simultaneously experiencing both sensations. Phosphenes were typically perceived as a flashily blue, white and/or purple light, phantosmias were typically perceived as a chemical-like, metallic or burnt smell. Younger age (F = 7.81, p < 0.01), radiation in the brain region (χ2 = 14.05, p = 0.02), absence of taste problems (χ2 = 10.28, p = 0.01), and proton RT (χ2 = 10.57, p = 0.01) were related to these abnormal sensations. History of chemical/dust exposure predicted lower intensity (B = −1.52, p = 0.02) and lower unpleasantness (B = 0.49, p = 0.03) of phantosmia. In contrast, disease (tumor) duration (B = 0.11, p < 0.01), food allergy (B = 2.77, p < 0.01), and epilepsy (B = −1.50, p = 0.02) influence phosphenes intensity. Analgesics intake predicted a higher pleasantness of the phosphenes (B = 0.47, p < 0.01).

Conclusions
Phantosmias and phosphenes are common during RT. The treatment settings and individual arousal level influence the occurrence, intensity and hedonic of such abnormal sensations. Phantosmias and phosphenes may involve more central neural than peripheral mechanism, and they could be elicited with activation of areas that are not regarded to be part of the olfactory or visual network.
Infizierte, pathologische Humerusfraktur bei Sichelzellanämie – noch ein Einzelfall?
Authors: Ballhause Tobias Malte , Linke Philip , Hättich Annika , Klatte Till Orla , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Mader Konrad 
Published: June 2023

ZusammenfassungDie vasookklusiven Krisen der Sichelzellkrankheit gehen mit Knochennekrosen einher, welche eine endogene Keimbesiedlung und somit eine Osteomyelitis begünstigen. Dies bringt eine große Herausforderung für die Eradikation und Frakturversorgung mit sich.Ein 22-jähriger Patienten mit Sichelzellkrankheit erlitt eine mehrfragmentäre Humerusschaftfraktur. Im Rahmen der operativen Versorgung entleerte sich Pus im Frakturbereich, und es zeigte sich in der weiterführenden Diagnostik eine Osteomyelitis mit dem Nachweis von Klebsiella aerogenes. Fünf Monate vor dem Unfall kam es zu einer Septikämie durch Klebsiella aerogenes aufgrund einer vasookklusiven Krise. Diese gehen gehäuft mit Knochennekrosen und endogener Keimbesiedelung einher. Die Eradikation der Keime und die Frakturversorgung werden zu einer Herausforderung. Eine erfolgreiche Therapieoption sind wiederholte operative Eingriffe mit Segmenttransfer.