bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Physics-Data Virtual Flow Metering Solution for Production Monitoring in an Offshore Oil Field
Authors: Akhiiartdinov Anvar , Krier Ben , Ibarra Roberto , Srinivasan Vibha , Norris Dan , Xie Lucy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A Gulf of Mexico oil field has six subsea producing wells that require production allocation. The wells are not equipped with multiphase flow meters and therefore, an indication of production through a virtual flow meter (VFM) is desired. The complexity is that in this field, well tests are performed as infrequently as semi-annually. The accuracy of the developed VFM is evaluated using well test data held out for validation.
This paper talks about a near real-time cloud-based VFM solution. The approach is based on combining well measurements with fundamental flow equations through the tubing and choke. Well test data is used to calibrate these equations by tuning parameters such as the friction factor and choke flow coefficient. The models are auto-tuned based on the incoming and past well test data. Additionally, the models require a fluid properties table and wellbore deviation survey. When performing predictions, typical real-time measurements such as downhole and well head pressure/temperature and choke position are utilized.
The approach was tested on a well in a nearby field which had more frequent well tests and then extended to the considered field, which had very few calibration data points (~2 well tests/year). The results were validated using left-out well tests and showed mean absolute percentage (MAPE) errors within 10%.
Current industry practice for VFMs is to tune the model using the latest well test and use correction factors to calibrate frictional and gravity terms, which leads to predictions biased towards the latest well test. In addition to addressing these issues, this paper also outlines the auto-tuned near real-time implementation of the system. The utilization of hydrodynamic models as a basis also allow us to extrapolate beyond the range of the calibration dataset with good accuracy.
Decarbonizing FPSO: Lifecycle Assessment of State-of-the-Art Rotating Equipment Solutions
Authors: Basha Khaleel , Intieri Andrea , Mantini Andrea , Ermini Mirco , Del Puglia Stefano 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Upstream oil and gas industry is adopting more and more environmentally friendly solutions to achieve the COP 21 goal set in Paris in 2015 (i.e., no more than 1.5°C of global temperature rise versus the pre-industrial levels). As such, when selecting a technology on a project, operators started acknowledging the need to adopt not only economic solutions but also low carbon ones. Some technologies today can already give an answer to the decarbonization challenge. In Offshore deep waters, which is an area keener to innovate and where many future field developments would happen, rotating equipment can play a huge role when looking at power generation and compression for Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO).
Traditionally, Open Cycle Gas Turbines (OCGTs) are used for Offshore due to their simplicity of operation, large references, and low weight/compact footprint. A big portion of the energy used on a FPSO is driven by associated gas; this gas is either burnt on GTs for power generation and mechanical drive or compressed for processing/export/re-injection purposes. Power generation alone represents the source of more than 60% of the carbon emissions of a latest generation FPSO.
Adopting larger and more efficient Gas Turbines, thus increasing topside power density, and reducing footprint, is one option that can already provide some economic as well as environmental benefits. Recently, electric motor driven compressors are also being increasingly selected to eliminate the need for GT driven compressors (GTC) thus lowering related emissions and enabling the aforementioned power density. When the two previous technologies are coupled with Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT), a third step in efficiency increase is obtained, while also bringing the utmost advantages of reducing lifecycle costs under certain conditions.
This work presents a comparison of "conventional" rotating equipment solutions, employed on a typical large-size FPSO project, versus the introduction of the below solutions: All Electric compressionLarge size Gas Turbines for power generationCombined Cycle
A lifecycle cost analysis model has been developed to analyze these alternatives, including a sensitivity assessment around carbon prices and fuel gas costs. The different architectures have been compared based on carbon intensity and total lifecycle cost (CAPEX plus OPEX). Results showed that the three proposed technologies can help achieve &gt;20% in carbon intensity reduction and &gt;10% in overall cost savings when compared to the conventional solutions.
Hybrid Approach Using Physical Insights and Data Science for Early Stuck Detection
Authors: Kaneko Tatsuya , Inoue Tomoya , Nakagawa Yujin , Wada Ryota , Miyoshi Keisuke , Abe Shungo , Kuroda Kouhei , Fujita Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Detection of early signs of stuck pipe incidents is crucial because of the enormous costs of recovering from the incidents. Previous studies have leaned significantly toward a physics-based or data-science approach. However, both approaches have challenges, such as the uncertainty of the physics-based model and the lack of data in the data-science approach. This study proposes a hybrid approach using physical insights and data science and discusses the possibility of early detection of stuck pipes.
The proposed method comprises two steps. In the first step, a data-driven model with physical insights is trained using the historical data of the in situ well to estimate some of the drilling variables. In the second step, the risk of stuck pipe occurrence (hereafter referred to as stuck risk) is calculated based on the historical and current measured data and the estimation of the trained model. This approach is expected to overcome the limitations of the previous methods as it allows the construction of a detection model tuned to the in situ well. In the case studies, models for estimating the top drive torque and standpipe pressure were constructed. The performance of the models is discussed using actual drilling data from drilling fields, including 21 stuck incidents during drilling operations.
The proposed method was first examined using short-term output. The output confirmed that the stuck risk increased shortly before the stuck incident occurred in 15 cases. This increase in stuck risk was consistent with physical considerations. Subsequently, this study examined the long-term output over several months; this was rarely done in previous studies. Few false positives were observed in several cases even within this long-term output. Additionally, several model improvements were found to have the potential to further improve its performance.
The novelty of our research lies in creating a broad framework for the early sign detection of stuck pipes by using both physical insights and data science methods. The proposed hybrid approach demonstrated the potential to reduce false alarms and improve interpretability compared to previous methods. The framework is highly extensible, and further performance improvements can be expected in the future.
Developing an ESG Strategy and Roadmap: An Integrated Perspective in an O&G Company
Authors: Bandeira Gabriel Lucas , Trindade Duarte Nuno Pereira , Gardi Laureano Henrique , Sodario Monique , Simioni Camila Gabriela 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Efforts have been made globally to reduce companies' impacts on the planet, people, and communities, which leads industries to rethink how to produce and manage their workforce. But some challenges and barriers keep businesses from embracing sustainable actions to drive change. One of them is to create healthy ESG planning.
This research aimed to create a sustainability roadmap based on the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) strategies in a Norwegian O&G company. The programs were segregated into three pillars based on the triple bottom line and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From this strategy's construction, ten key workstreams (WS) were developed and sponsored by a Steering Committee.
The Environmental dimension [E] is related to the Energy Management & CO2 Emissions program, in which the company is committed to the challenges of climate change by reducing CO2 emissions and environmental impacts of its operations. Also, in the Waste Management program, the company is committed to reducing waste generation from its operations and promoting a circular economy approach. In the Low Carbon Solutions program, the company contributes to the decarbonization of global O&G production.
For the Social dimension [S], in the Health & Safety program, the strategy corresponds to creating a world-class performance organization, strengthening business competitiveness, and achieving the zero-incident vision. In the Talent Attraction & Retention program, it is believed that people are the key to creating a successful business. In the Diversity & Equality program, the company is strongly committed to the principles of non-discriminatory practices and equal opportunities, and in the Social Responsibility program, it positively impacts the development of local communities through education.
Finally, for the Governance dimension [G] are presented the Responsible Business Conduct program promoting zero tolerance for corruption, also the Compliance Obligation for HSE program to respect and comply with HSE laws and regulations. And contemplating the three dimensions in the Responsible Supply Chain program, suppliers were selected with high environmental, anti-corruption, and human rights standards.
Based on the study results, recommendations are made to ensure that an ESG strategy and roadmap are effectively accommodated to ensure optimal cohesion amongst the O&G industry and the integration of their strengths that will positively impact the entire value chain and optimize the realization of organizational goals.
Prediction of Loop Current and Eddy Regimes in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Steele Edward , Jaramillo Sergio , Neal Robert , Storie Jill , Zhang Xiaoqian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAccurate prediction of the frontal position and intensity of the Loop Current and associated Loop Current Eddies (LC/LCEs) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is notoriously difficult, adversely impacting offshore planning and workability. Here, we review operational forecasting practices and propose a new, unifying, approach for the holistic analysis of oceanographic data, exploring the potential for establishing a new general-purpose set of GoM regimes for the objective classification of its ‘state’ into 1 of 40 discrete regime definitions, as generated through clustering of sea surface height fields obtained from reanalysis data for the period from 1994 to 2015. Drawing inspiration from present methods for the prediction of anticipated LC/LCE impacts, the approach delivers an automatic identification tool to complement operational decision-making, leveraging over 20 years of potential historical analogues to inform impact assessment. Furthermore, it is readily applicable to observational (e.g. satellite) and modelling (e.g. analysis/forecast) fields alike – making expansion to other equivalent spatial datasets simple – and capable of both simplifying the interpretation of dynamical forecasts and seeding the generation of statistical forecasts; opening the potential for a combined, hybrid, approach comprising multiple complementary data sources to be derived in the future. Although still at an early stage of refinement, this is deemed to be a highly important original contribution for operators seeking to improve the efficiency of their planning workflow when forecasting workability in the region.
Simulations and Experimental Results for a High-Power Laser Tool to Dissociate Hydrate on Oil and Gas Production Equipment in Deep Water
Authors: Parra Dario Prada , Greco de Sousa Bruno , de Faria Giancarlo V. , Gouvea Paula M. P. , Moura Luiz F. N. , Temporão Guilherme P. , Gonçalves Rulliane T. , Sola Aldo B. , Medeiros Khrissy A. R. , Panta Pedro E. G. , Ribeiro Mario L. P. , Ribeiro Natalia , Braga Arthur M. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The formation of gas hydrates on oil and gas production equipment in deep water can hinder subsea operations, often requiring removal by using expensive and time-consuming methods that can damage the equipment. This paper discusses simulations and experimental tests to evaluate a lower-cost, safer, and more efficient tool under development to remove the hydrates by dissociation through radiation from a high-power laser installed on a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV).
The laser source used in the first phase was a blue (445 nm) diode laser of 730 W, while an 1800 W source is currently used for the second phase. Depending on the scenario and material, the laser beam can either irradiate the hydrate formation to heat it and achieve the necessary temperature for dissociation, or it can be aimed at equipment adjacent to the formation, with laser beam spot size and power enough to transmit the necessary heat to the hydrate, without damaging the equipment. Simulations and experimental tests to optimize the parameters were performed to ensure that the required temperatures are reached.
Metal samples and materials similar to hydrates were used in simulations and lab tests in air and in water, and under various laser parameters, demonstrating that heating from deep ocean water temperatures found near subsea equipment (4°C or slightly higher, depending on the depth) up to hydrate dissociation temperatures (17°C–26°C) can be attained with the proposed tool. Additionally, the comparison between the simulations and the experimental results showed good agreement. This paper focuses on the experimental and simulated results obtained with a steel disk and on experimental results for a metal tube, discussing how the ability to reach the temperatures required for dissociation is affected by the water temperature and flow, how far the radiation propagates in water before reaching the target, the temperature distribution on the target, and the irradiation time.
Simulations and experimental results obtained with a high-power-laser tool for deep-water dissociation of hydrates are discussed. The lab tests provided reliability and adjustments for the simulations, in addition to performance estimates for the prototype. The tool is a safer and lower-cost method to dissociate hydrates interfering with the operation of oil and gas production equipment in deep water.
Developing a Digital Twin for Offshore Wells using Physics-Rooted Models
Authors: Sindi Wisam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Accurate understanding of the physics of the wellbore and knowledge of production rates are essential as they serve as a key input to modelling and therefore affect results and the decisions made based on those.
This paper presents a methodology to create a physical representation of the wellbore and to compute production rates from monitoring parameters utilizing physics-rooted models.
When connected to real-time measurements, the process enables continuous production surveillance and integration into a digital oilfield solution.
The approach is validated against data from literature and a real North Sea offshore field.
This work consists of an integrated methodology using a mechanistic approach to replicate the physics of the wellbore.
The process utilizes transient heat transfer calculation between a deviated wellbore and formation.
Black oil models are used to determine the properties of the produced fluids, which may comprise mixtures of gas/oil/water.
Basic fluid properties and static information including wellbore design are required for the initial model setup.
The dynamic input comprises choke downstream pressure, choke valve setting, pressure and temperature at wellhead and downhole. Dynamic data may come from either SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) for near real-time calculation, or manual readings.
The methodology is validated with two quality data points from various fields used by other authors such as (Hasan & Kabir, Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Wellbores, 2002), including an onshore and an offshore well.
Moreover, the process is also tested against the publicly available historical dataset of the Norwegian offshore field Volve, which was in production from 2008 to 2016. This allows simulation of daily production rates throughout entire well life cycles.
The simulation of the real field cases achieves an average error MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) of 11.75 % for the liquid rate.
The novelty of this approach is the ability to run a digital twin of a wellbore based on data that is already acquired as part of standard well monitoring operations.
Using the process as a VFM (virtual flow meter) can increase accuracy of production allocation and quality control (QC) physical MPFM (multiphase flowmeter).
Having such a model-based approach offers significant potential for cost savings, for instance reducing OPEX (operating expenditure) by stretching physical metering cycles and lowering CAPEX (capital expenditures) by saving metering infrastructure.
Evaluation of clinicoepidemiological features of pediatric dermatoses in Egyptian children
Authors: Aboeldahab Soha , Mohammed Sarah El-Sayed , El-Hamd Mohammed Abu , Saleh Ramadan 
Published: April 2023

Background
Epidemiological studies determine the burden of skin diseases, especially in children, which is required for proper health-care planning.

Objectives
To evaluate the clinicoepidemiologic features of skin diseases among Egyptian children.

Patients and methods
This was a cross-sectional, community-based study that included 2594 children of both sexes with ages that ranged from birth to less than 18 years. This study included government schools, private schools, and maternity and childhood care centers in Sohag Governorate, Upper Egypt. Sociodemographic data, the general examination included body parameters, and dermatological examination of children were documented.

Results
Skin diseases were detected in 25.1% (651/2594) of the examined children. Allergic skin diseases were the most common detected, one in 32.4% of children followed by sebaceous gland disorders (acne vulgaris) in 30.7% and then infectious skin diseases in 24.85%. Head was affected in the majority of patients (54.8%). The median age of children with skin diseases was 11 (1–18) years. Females constituted 66% of children with skin diseases. Children with skin diseases from rural areas constituted 63.1%. The median age of children with an infectious skin disease was 8 (2–14) years. Female sex, rural residence, and parents of low educational levels were associated with higher percentages of infectious skin diseases in children.

Conclusion
This study concluded that the most common detected pediatric skin diseases were allergic skin disorders, sebaceous gland disorders, and infectious skin diseases, respectively.
Socioeconomic status, environmental factors, and medical resources are the most important factors affecting the prevalence of skin diseases.
Association between inducible nitric oxide synthase-954-G>C and Ex16+14-C>T gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Hamed Ahmed M. , Naji Sura M. , Youssef Mayada E. , Nasr Hend E. , Shams Ghada M. 
Published: April 2023

Background
Psoriasis is a prevalent disorder of primarily skin and joint affection with a well-known genetic background and a sophisticated pathogenesis. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene polymorphisms are unexplored areas of research when it comes to psoriasis.

Objectives
The aim of the study was to investigate the probable link between iNOS gene polymorphisms (-954 G/C and Ex 16+14C/T) and susceptibility to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Patients and methods
We included three groups of participants: 100 participants each of psoriasis, PsA and healthy controls. Genetic polymorphism analysis was performed utilizing the PCR with the restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

Results
Genetic analysis of iNOS polymorphism at Ex 16+14C/T revealed significantly increased CT genotype frequency and significantly lower CC genotype frequency in psoriasis (P=0.0011, 0.003, respectively) and PsA patients (P=0.001, P<0.0001, respectively) in comparison to controls. Genetic analysis of iNOS polymorphism at −954 G/C revealed insignificant difference in genotype distribution between psoriasis patients and controls, whereas significantly increased GC genotype frequency (P=0.038) and significantly decreased GG genotype frequency (P=0.038) were detected in PsA patients versus healthy controls.

Conclusions
iNOS polymorphism at Ex 16+14C/T, particularly the CT genotype, is associated with psoriasis in Egyptians, whereas PsA is associated with polymorphism at Ex 16+14 and −954G/C.
Patient Perspectives in the Choice of Management of Leg Length Discrepancy
Authors: Iobst Christopher A. , Bafor Anirejuoritse 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The traditional limb length discrepancy management algorithm dictates that patients with less than 5 centimeters (cm) of leg length discrepancy should not be offered lengthening surgery as a treatment option. With the development of intramedullary lengthening nails, the procedure for limb lengthening has become more patient friendly and reliable. This study investigated current patient preferences for management when faced with a projected final length discrepancy of less than 5 cm.

Materials and Methods:
Following IRB approval, a retrospective chart review of a single surgeon's experience with patients presenting with clinical and radiological evidence of limb length discrepancy between 2017 and 2020 was performed. Patients were excluded from the study if the final discrepancy or projected discrepancy was more than 5 cm. The same management options for the LLD were presented to each patient and their family: 1) Observation, 2) Shoe lift, 3) Epiphysiodesis/Acute shortening of the longer limb, 4) Limb lengthening of the shorter limb.

Results:
Sixty-two (62) patients met the inclusion criteria. This was comprised of 45 skeletally immature patients and 17 skeletally mature patients. Forty-four (44) patients (71% of the entire group) preferred to have the shorter limb lengthened. This represents 27 (60%) of the skeletally immature patients and all 17 (100%) of the skeletally mature patients. No patients chose acute shortening or a shoe lift as definitive management.

Conclusion:
With 71% of patients opting for a lengthening procedure, this study demonstrates that patients prefer limb lengthening over limb shortening for discrepancies less than 5 cm. With improvements in the knowledge and techniques of limb lengthening as well as better patient experience particularly with the intramedullary lengthening nails, surgeons should not feel obligated to only offer lengthening to patients with LLD > 5 cm.