bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Pressure Boiler and Turbine Operation at Northeast Station
Authors: Keeth J. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the installation and major problems that came up during 2½ years’ operation of the high-pressure equipment at the Northeast Station of the Kansas City Power & Light Company. Reheater equipment is discussed, together with the experimental work involved in raising the steam temperature to the desired point, and incidentally obtaining a type of construction that would withstand the high furnace temperatures and give reasonable life. The effect of the reheater troubles on the use obtained from the equipment is also covered.
A general operating history of the turbine is given, dealing in considerable detail with the turbine-blade deposits. Discussion of this phase of the troubles brings out the various changes that have been made in boiler feedwater in an effort to find a relationship between boiler-water concentration and turbine-scale formation. The method used for turbine-scale removal is given.
Only minor troubles were experienced with boilers, high-pressure superheater, and auxiliaries. The effect of continued operation on boiler efficiency has been covered graphically, and the operating performance of the high-pressure equipment as well as the whole station for a typical month has been given showing the heat consumption of the two pressure turbines, the load distribution, and the net result for the station. Considerable detail is given concerning the utility factor of the entire installation and the effect the various individual parts have had on this factor.
Coordination of Research and Engineering With Production and Sales
Authors: Bausch Carl L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is largely an exposition of the organization of the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, Rochester, New York, in so far as it affects the function of research and engineering. This company went through a thorough reorganization several years ago and was fortunate in being of sufficient size to justify a distinct research and engineering division, and still small enough to make it possible to tie the functioning of these departments to that of the other departments without becoming involved in too much machinery and red tape. The company employs about 3000 people and has a research and engineering force of about 100. It manufactures a very large variety of small-quantity-production items, although there are a few items that are manufactured on what might be considered a quantity-production basis. It has, naturally, tried to minimize the amount of development work on articles that are expected to be sold in small quantities; still experience shows that quantity can have no great influence on the thoroughness with which the development work must be done, the company being often forced by circumstances to spend large amounts on work which will never result in large production.
The head of the Research and Engineering Department reports directly to the general manager and assumes full responsibility for all expenditures for development work. A yardstick has been set up by which accomplishments can be measured. This yardstick is the relationship between money spent on development work and the value of new business created, which consists of the amount of work of a regular production nature placed in the plant for manufacture, plus all special customers’ orders requiring engineering-department design and follow-up. Figures are shown of this ratio for different classes of product.
Although the Research and Engineering Department assumes full responsibility for development work, sales and production are very definitely tied into the picture and must assume part of the responsibility when manufacture is finally started. Effective means are used to bring this condition about.
Belt Drives With Cast-Iron Pulleys and Paper Pulleys
Authors: Norman C. A. , Moffat G. N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives data on transmission efficiency of various types of belts on cast-iron and paper pulleys and goes thoroughly into the transmissive power of oak-tanned and rubber belts on such pulleys with varying contact angle, a subject of importance in view of the prevalence of short-center drives with large transmission ratio. It is found that commonly used formulas for the effect of contact angle on transmissive power are not dependable for all combinations of belts and pulleys.
Oxygen Machine Cutting in Great Britain
Authors: Bainbridge C. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cutting of metal by the oxygen flame has been practiced commercially for more than 25 years by means of hand-guided blowpipes. The hand cutter is largely used for scrap cutting and by concerns whose work involves the use or manipulation of steel plate, forgings, or sections. The work produced by the hand cutter is rough and inaccurate. The paper describes the use of the machine designed to hold the cutter rigidly and that propels the cutter by a simple feed motion at a uniform speed. Great progress has been made in the past 10 years in the development of these machines, and they now are considered as reliable, quick, and accurate shop tools. The paper describes the various machines and their uses, and gives instances of their application to difficult work, with the resulting reduction in costs.
Researches on Steels and Forgings for Greater Density, Machinability, and Durability
Authors: Cederleaf Fred W. , Sanders W. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors give details of a research carried out in an endeavor to find means of improving the machinability of gear blanks upset from bar steel, as well as the durability of the finished gears after heat treatment. The investigation shows that a steel of coarse grain upsets into a denser product than one of finer grain, and that this denser material is more readily machined, and with much less resultant tool wear. Specifications are given for the steel finally adopted and also details of its heat treatment, as well as figures from dynamometer tests which indicate a longer life for the wearing surfaces of the teeth on the gears made therefrom, and a marked decrease in pitting and granulation.
A Proposed Speed Characteristic for Oil Engines
Authors: Maleev V. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author proposes a method of readily classifying oil engines as low, medium, high, or super-high speed, by means of a “speed characteristic” equal to the square of the revolutions per second multiplied by twice the stroke in feet. To show that it provides a consistent and practical means of classifying engines, he applies it to the data of some 84 modern engines covering a wide range of sizes, speeds, and powers.
Modern Oil-Lubrication Methods as Applied to Rolling-Mill Equipment
Authors: Merrill Joseph A. , May Edwin M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper traces the improvement made in lubricant-application methods for rolling-mill machinery from earlier days to the present. The increase in size, speed, and capacity of rolling-mill machinery necessitated the use of heavier oils and of better methods of application. The modern heavy-oil circulating system is described, and common practice in the selection of oils for various types of equipment is indicated. Modern oil conditioning and application give maximum safety and protection against involuntary shutdowns and cut costs of lubrication as much as 80 per cent.
The SO4-CO3 Ratio for the Prevention of Sulphate Boiler Scale
Authors: Partridge Everett P. , Schroeder W. C. , Adams R. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The investigation described in this paper is a logical development of R. E. Hall’s well-known work. The authors felt that the true value of the SO4-CO3 ratio must be appreciably greater than the value calculated by Hall, and, as a result, a program of research at the University of Michigan was sponsored by The Detroit Edison Company to determine more accurately, if possible, the solubility relations of boiler waters. The work done on this project is described by the authors.
Developing a New Wood Product Through Research
Authors: Perry Thomas D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Many appeals have been made before the Wood Industries Division for research, and several papers have been presented, particularly that of Dr. J. W. Lawrie, in October, 1930. The development of a new prefinished plywood flooring is covered in detail, beginning with the product selection and discussing competitive products of both solid wood and non-wood. Considerable attention is given to the principles of market analysis, although it is admitted that the present depression renders such investigation of less than usual value. Detailed consideration is given to product analysis, emphasizing the limitations and shortcomings of available wood floorings. This analysis is followed by the respective and corresponding steps required to overcome these shortcomings. Practical or applied research is the basis for all the solutions. Emphasis is placed on the strength and rigidity qualities of plywood as well as on the manifest advantages of prefinishing. Several unanticipated advantages appeared from time to time among the research steps. In conclusion it is pointed out that the development of this plywood flooring, from its inception to its acceptance by the market, has been accomplished in an unusually short time, and therefore offers encouragement to other woodworkers to do likewise in their field.
Improving Operation and Overall Economy of Diesel-Engine-Driven Generating Stations: These Conditions May Be Attained Through the Use of Selected Boiler Fuel Oils and More Intelligent Supervision
Authors: Stalnaker H. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The majority of Diesel plants are operating far below par, and if real economical operation is to be obtained, better supervision is necessary. The larger plants can afford to retain engineers capable of producing results. Small plants could engage supervising engineering companies on a percentage of the net savings. If boiler fuel oil could be proved to operate more economically, it should be used.
Semi-Luminous Flame Obtained With Heavy Domestic Fuel Oil in a Specially Designed Furnace
Authors: Mikeska P. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Some advantages of the semi-luminous flame for oil-burning furnaces are taken up in the early part of the paper. To assist in understanding some of the mechanics involved in obtaining the semi-luminous flame, the diagrammatic sketch, Fig. 2, labels a few of the happenings shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows four main branches, A, B, C, and D, coming off from the flame. Each of these branches has in it several blocks labeled with some of the factors involved. Branch A deals with oil atomization, primary air, and initial chemical reactions. Branch B deals with secondary combustion air, final chemical reactions, etc. Branch C explains the thermal setting for proper flame temperature. Branch D takes up the specially designed steel boiler made necessary to coordinate properly the many factors involved (such as proper size and correct proportion of the combustion chamber) to obtain the clean, quiet, efficient semi-luminous flame.
The Electric Molder and Its Efficiency
Authors: Vonnegut Anton 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The great variety of molder work, involving different methods of operation and various types of cutter-head equipment to meet requirements in all branches of the woodworking industry, accounting for a wide range of expectations regarding molder performances, has caused the development of diversified points of view for appraising molder efficiency. This paper attempts to analyze basic molder design requirements, as determined by fundamental molder functions and principles of molder cutting actions, with the hope of developing a more general understanding of reasons and requirements for electric molder efficiency.
Plywood in the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Fitzpatrick James R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Although plywood is used for nearly all parts of airplanes, its most general use is in wing construction. It is used for wing covering, leading edges, spar webs, gusset plates, cover plates, nose pieces, and tail pieces. The author in this paper tells of joining methods, results from use of plywood in shear, and takes up typical examples of its use in airplane construction.
Design and Development of Seaplanes for Transatlantic Service
Authors: Rumpler E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author takes up in succession the various problems involved in the design and construction of a multi-engined airplane capable of making a transoceanic non-stop flight of 5000 miles and carrying a pay load of 21 tons. Among the topics dealt with are: Location of engines and propellers; influence of load distribution on weight of wing structure; aerodynamical researches of the Göttingen laboratory on a model of the author’s plane; hydrodynamical starting tests in tank at the Hamburg Shipbuilding Research Institute; influence of various factors on size of pay load; maximum power outputs from oversize engines at various altitudes; necessity of greatly increased airplane speeds; etc.
Some Aspects of the Seaplane: With Special Respect to Its Development in Germany
Authors: Schuettel Frederick P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
After a brief historical résumé, the author deals, respectively, with the efficiency of the seaplane, constructional features, design of floats and boats, engine arrangement, beam load, seaworthiness, service questions, official requirements to be met, etc. Many tables, charts, and illustrations are included.
Vibrations of Railway Bridges
Authors: Goodier J. N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper contains a discussion of the nature of the approximately resonant vibrations of bridges due to the pulsating forces generated by unbalanced drivers, the influence of the motion of the train, and possible action of the springs; a group of proposed approximate formulas for predicting the natural frequencies of bridges, whether unloaded or supporting trains; a description of the methods of measuring natural frequencies; a list of the sources of damping; a theoretical demonstration of the effects of a small amount of distributed damping in restraining the forced vibration, and an appendix in which the frequency formulas are derived.
Flow of Gases at a Rate Exceeding the Acoustic Velocity
Authors: Tietjens O. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the flow of gases at high velocities, that is, at velocities exceeding the velocity of sound in the gas under the existing conditions of temperature and pressure. The discussion starts with the development of the fundamental equations of flow and shows why the acoustic velocity assumes such critical importance. In particular, the flow of gas through a De Laval nozzle is considered, the natural assumption of adiabatic flow being made. The so-called compression shock is discussed and the conditions under which these shocks occur, their connection with the acoustic velocity, and their effect on the flow through the nozzle, are pointed out.
Forced Vibrations With Combined Coulomb and Viscous Friction
Authors: Den Hartog J. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Steady-state vibrations of mechanical systems damped by a combination of dry and viscous friction occur quite frequently, but until very recently no method for their calculation existed. A very satisfactory approximation was presented by L. S. Jacobsen before the A.S.M.E. in June, 1930. In the present paper the author gives the exact solution of the problem, together with a number of test results.
Strength of Materials Subjected to Shear at High Temperatures
Authors: Everett Franklin L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper treats of an experimental program which is basically fundamental in the study of creep. Uniformly pure shear is produced in a thin tubular specimen submitted to twist, whereas the usual method employs a solid bar in tension. This torsion form of test permits of greater accuracy in the measurement of creep and provides the simplest stress condition, besides offering other decided advantages.
Since this work in twist represents virtually a pioneer attack, it has been necessary to develop practically from the beginning each phase of the investigation. The type of specimen, apparatus for the creep tests, including the measuring instruments, and experimental technique are described.
The experiments have been of three kinds: (1) Room-temperature tests were first made to determine the usual physical properties in torsion and in tension; (2) at various temperatures short-duration tests were made to learn the effect of different rates of loading, the modulus of elasticity in shear, and the ultimate strength in shear; (3) at 400 deg. cent. and 500 deg. cent. several creep tests in shear of relatively long duration were conducted. An accelerated method of making creep tests has been devised. In addition several special problems were investigated such as a study of the increase of the yield point by creep and the restoration of the original yield point by annealing, the effect of vibrations which included a continuous record of creep, and the effect of temperature fluctuations.
Strength of Thin Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure
Authors: Saunders Harold E. , Windenburg Dwight F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The scope of existing formulas for the design of cylindrical tubes and vessels under external pressure, especially with regard to the determination of empirical constants and coefficients by systematic and comprehensive experimental data, is rather limited. The introduction and expansion of industrial processes, involving the treatment of materials under a vacuum, or within double-walled chambers whose jackets are filled with steam under high pressure, has, in conjunction with reduction in operating costs by the use of large units, resulted in the building of cylindrical vessels of great size, in the design of which engineers have had to be guided largely by what little past experience they could muster. The dimensions and proportions of these units fall far beyond the scope of any previous experiments. With fabrication costs so high and with satisfactory performance in service so important an item, the use of inadequate formulas can hardly be justified. Engineers called upon to execute these designs very rightly feel that they must have at their command workable scientific formulas, based upon logical application of accepted theories and capable of establishing proportions which will result in proper distribution and economy of material. It was because of the lack of adequate design formulas of this kind that the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on the Strength of Vessels Under External Pressure was organized. This paper represents the first attempt of the committee to meet the needs of designer and engineer. It is being published in advance of completion of research work on this project, to fill urgent needs in the profession and to bring forth suggestions, comment, and criticism from those interested in this work.
Action of Slags on Firebrick and Boiler Furnace Settings
Authors: Klinefelter T. A. , Rexford E. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The results contained in this paper were obtained in an investigation conducted by the Columbus branch of the U. S. Bureau of Standards for the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Boiler Furnace Refractories. The paper presents a rational discussion of the action of coal ash upon boiler-furnace refractory walls and shows the consistency of results from the authors’ laboratory slag tests with firebrick under actual service conditions in boiler furnaces.
Nitriding Analyses—Their Physical Properties and Adaptability
Authors: Sergeson R. S. , Clark M. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors give the range of analyses of the present chrome-aluminum-molybdenum nitriding steels. The physical properties of these analyses are given in detail both in regard to tensile and impact values. Some data on fatigue tests have been added. Mention is made as to the proper quenching temperatures and there is a suggestion as to the amount of stock to be removed for elimination of decarburized surface obtained previous to machining. Many applications which are operating highly successfully are given.
Machining Properties of Some Cold-Drawn Steels
Authors: Boston O. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of a series of machining tests on 13 cold-drawn screw-stock steels and 2 cold-drawn stainless steels. Machinability values for standardized conditions are given for each steel as follows: The force required to remove a chip by a planer tool; the energy required to remove a chip by a single-tooth milling cutter; the torque and thrust developed by a ¾ in. diameter drill; the penetration of a ¼ in. diameter drill under a constant feeding load. An attempt is made to correlate the results of these various machining tests with the Brinell, Rockwell, and scleroscope hardness values, as well as the analysis and structure of each bar. Values representing the power required to cut 1 cu. in. of metal per minute under specific standardized conditions are given for planing, milling, and drilling the various steels.
Haynes Stellite Cutting Tools
Authors: Becker W. A. , Gordon E. E. , Wissler W. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes briefly the physical properties of Haynes Stellite and gives the more important details of several types of machining operations on which it is being successfully used. Its most important property is red hardness. Measurements of hardness were made by an improved method up to 1100 deg. cent. The resulting data show that the cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy is harder than high-speed steel at temperatures above 500 deg. cent. This is believed to account for its superior cutting quality.
When used for milling, three typical jobs on cast iron show 87, 100, and 27 per cent increased production, respectively, on high-speed steel. On boring cylinder blocks the increase was 64 per cent. Turning operations in cast iron show 33, 35, and 60 per cent increase in production, and on steel, 123 and 93 per cent.
In general, Stellite bits and blades can be used economically on all operations on cast iron, semi-steel, malleable iron, bronze or similar metals, and on mild steel if the section is heavy and the tools are rigidly supported. It has not been successful on automatic or semi-automatic machines for cutting steel.
Experiments on the Flow of Air Through Engine Valves
Authors: Dennison E. S. , Kuchler T. C. , Smith D. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The resistance of air flow through poppet valves has been tested experimentally by the authors. The experiments which they carried out and describe include flow in both inlet and exhaust directions, and the ranges of valve opening and of pressure head extend to or beyond the limits which normally may be utilized in practice. Individual valves were tested variously mounted, and pairs of valves were tested as grouped in an actual design.
The experiments have been extended in an effort to improve the flow characteristics of the poppet valve by modification of its shape and that of the valve approaches.