bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Come Out!
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 2 explores the nascent years of political activism, between 1968 and 1972, often referred to as the Gay Liberation Era. It shows how conflicts over coalitions, particularly with the Black Panthers, ultimately directed political actors to two diverging (and yet overlapping) constructions of gay identity: radical and assimilationist. The former would seek alliances with Black and Third World movements in the pursuit of broad social changes aimed at ending inequality and oppression for all marginalized groups. The latter would be understood as implicitly White, as political actors made explicit efforts to break alliances with Black and Third World movements and advance political goals that follow the logic of rightful citizenship claims. These political commitments, captured as assimilationist or radical politics, resonate throughout subsequent political organizing in the name of sexuality and gender identity, particularly as political actors representing each of these commitments to political praxis engaged in conflicts with each other to define the boundaries of identity groups and their associated political agendas.
Transgender Political Identity as Coalition
Authors: Murib Zein 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 5 traces the emergence and construction of transgender as a political identity during the 1990s. It shows how political leaders engaged in stigma transformation to construct transgender as an umbrella category to contain and represent all variations of gender expression: butches, queens, genderqueers, drag queens, and intersex people. Over time, however, this broad and inclusive identity category was slowly narrowed as choices about how to represent transgender people in politics, particularly as citizens, were made by political actors and activists. This chapter demonstrates that while the introduction of transgender nominally asserted a broad and inclusive identity, the choices made by political actors to use rightful citizenship claims in their representation of the transgender political identity group to lawmakers relied upon the exclusion of the most precarious members of the group, especially those who are gender-nonconforming, transgender people who are poor or homeless, and transgender people of color.
Religious Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Book of Ruth and the story of Cain and Abel encourage reflection upon an array of issues in religious ethics: humans’ performance of kindness and decency on the one hand and their capacity for interpersonal violence on the other, and why some human beings experience the bad in their lives for no seemingly good reason and why others freely choose to do evil despite knowing better. Both biblical narratives lead to questions about the deity’s interventions in human lives and his own ethical orientation in doing so. Rabbinic interpretations continue to explore these matters. While both biblical works raise implicit questions about the ethics of God, the Rabbis grapple more explicitly with the deity’s harsh treatment of Naomi and his possible complicity in the tragic events of Genesis 4. As a central figure in Jewish worldview, the role of the deity in these narratives is crucial to the Rabbis’ view of religious ethics and our comprehension of their attitudes and concerns.
A Study in Political Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
One might predict that human beings who collectively experience systematic abuse and oppression would seek opportunities to join forces and resist. The theoretical framework offered by social scientist Barrington Moore, however, leads to the realization that more often than not, people in fact resist revolting. Moore’s research is especially relevant to scenes from Exodus and Judges, the roles of Moses and Gideon, and the ways in which these traditions depict political leadership, ongoing resistance to revolt, and the impetus ultimately to rebel against injustice. Moore’s work is also relevant to threads in the Hebrew Bible in which biblical leaders are shown to accept oppression, indeed to welcome it as divine will and punishment for sins, and to tales in which female heroines use deception to resist, “dancing with chains on.” This chapter concludes with a brief study of the ways in which baroque artist Artemesia Gentileschi represents female resistance in her depiction of Jael and other female biblical heroines.
Introduction
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
No company exists in isolation. Every company operates in connection with other businesses. As they work together, they become organized into networks. In these networks, nodes are companies, and links are business relationships between companies. This book examines the behavioral and structural patterns of supply networks. It has a progressive flow, moving across dyads, triads, supply bases, extended supply chains, supply networks, and supply networks as a complex adaptive system. The book focuses on the supply networks that unfold with a multitude of suppliers as one looks upstream from brand companies. The book does that by compiling published papers by the author and his collaborators.
Making Scripture
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The title page of the Book of Mormon explains that Mormon took his text from the plates of Nephi. The disclosure was part of the book’s candid description of its own making. The process of assembling and editing the Book of Mormon, as explained in the book itself, somewhat surprisingly paralleled the newly discovered process of making the Bible that German scholars were investigating in the 18th and 19th centuries. The difference was that the scholars turned scripture into history while the Book of Mormon showed how history became scripture. The elevation of the text into holy writ was reflected in the treatment of the plates. In the Book of Mormon, they were simply bearers of the record and not held in particular awe. In Joseph Smith’s time, they were considered too holy to look upon without special permission.
Instruction
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
After plural marriage ended in 1890, the Church looked for new ways to present itself to the American public. The construction of a statue of Moroni on the Hill Cumorah in 1935 was one of them. It depicted Moroni, holding the plates, as the angel who was prophesied in the Book of Revelation and would come to preach the gospel in the last days. Moroni, in other words, was a character found in the Bible. Linking the gold plates to biblical prophecies was also the approach adopted by the missionary plans that were developed after mid-century. By the end of the century, however, general loss of faith in the Bible undercut the biblical approach, and investigators were simply told to seek spiritual confirmation of the Book of Mormon. The gold plates virtually disappeared from missionary plans. They have, however, remained as prominent as ever in manuals for teaching members of the Church. The abundance of models and games featuring the gold plates show that parents still want their children to learn the familiar story.
Introduction
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Coles sets out the book’s argument for Carson as an experimental scholar and reader, introducing her distinctive relationship to form and her tendency to reproduce and explain her compositional processes. Context is provided on current creative dissent around the categories of criticism and literary creation, and on the work of several scholar-poets with whom Carson is compared here. Coles explores the extraordinary formal, vocal, and material versatility of the Carson “essay,” and argues for compelling forms of transparency in her handling of sources: from exposures of working and feeling to complex citational mirror games. Her experiments in form are explored in relation to her early scholarly writing, including key readings of Plato, Aristotle, and Ancient Greek lyric. Carson’s strong mediating presence, coupled with forms that work against it, is presented as a singular reckoning with the emotive demands of scholarship, where scholarly apparatus coexists with the means for its sabotage.
Decreation, or the Art of Disappearance
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of two to approach Carson’s rich exploration of the problem of “self” in the essays and iterative forms of Decreation: Poetry, Essays, Opera. Chapter 5 approaches a range of the book’s individual poem sequences and prose narratives, arguing that Carson’s set of intimate scripts for essaying and embodying Weil’s concept of “decreation” places a crucial limit on the idea that decreation (the undoing of self) can be voluntary or performed. The chapter shows how, on the one hand, the variorum or concept volume is a performative form: a format that stages the displacement of its central event and that studies the self-shattering métier of mysticism and the twentieth-century avant-garde by miming its ideals and points of tension. On the other, Coles argues, Decreation structures in a crucial constraint on the possibility of performative artifice; of a voluntarily “decreative” writing.
Analytic Philosophy and Human Life
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book collects Thomas Nagel’s recent philosophical reflections on topics of fundamental interest: ethics, moral psychology, science and religion, death and the Holocaust, and the metaphysics of mind. Among the figures discussed are Peter Singer, Alvin Plantinga, Christine Korsgaard, Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Iris Murdoch, T. M. Scanlon, Ronald Dworkin, Samuel Scheffler, Daniel Kahneman, Jonathan Haidt, Joshua Greene, and Daniel Dennett. Nagel consistently defends a realist interpretation of moral truth and resists reductive attempts to subsume ethics to psychology and evolutionary theory. He also defends a pluralistic conception of the content of morality against utilitarianism, including deontological elements such as rights and special responsibilities. A realist outlook also informs his discussions of metaphysical and epistemological questions. The book closes with tributes to a number of people Nagel has known over the course of his career. The essays are all addressed to a general audience, and should appeal not only to philosophers but to anyone interested in current attempts to understand human life, human values, and how we fit into the world.
Theresienstadt
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Theresienstadt, the concentration camp near Prague that held a unique place in the Nazis’ campaign of extermination. It discusses how the concentration camp was presented to the outside world as a self-governing Jewish settlement, which was a way to support the fiction that the removal of Jews from German society was being carried out in a humane fashion. The concentration camp survivor H. G. Adler considers the purpose of Theresienstadt as the most gruesome ghost dance in the history of Adolf Hitler’s persecution of the Jews. The chapter highlights how Adler gathered his materials since he entered Theresienstadt to his eventual release from Auschwitz, and compiled them into his work entitled Theresienstadt 1941–1945. Adler’s book is divided into History, Sociology, and Psychology and contains primary sources as well as his own words.
Effective Altruism
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about William MacAskill, Peter Singer, and others in the effective altruism movement that saw huge inequalities as an ideal opportunity for individual action. It explores the dual aim of effective altruism, which is to persuade people who are fortunate to employ their lives in helping others and to determine the best way of dealing with economic inequality that plagues the planet. It also addresses the question of what is to be done about the obscene earnings of financial tycoons and the vast gap in standard of living between rich and poor countries. The chapter cites MacAskill’s Doing Good Better, which provides a sobering account of the overall pattern of inequality in the world. Singer defends a radical moral outlook, utilitarianism, with his title, The Most Good You Can Do.
Regret and its Limits
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses R. Jay Wallace’s The View from Here, which explores the complex interaction and competition between the attitudes of affirmation and regret that are almost inevitable. Wallace’s book examines several examples of the phenomenon on affirmation and regret that are already familiar from recent philosophical literature. It explains the title The View from Here, which is a phrase Williams used to capture the contingent and perspectival determinants of people’s values and commitments. The chapter investigates practical or value judgments that are perspectival and explains what the affirmation of contingent lives and attachments people are committed to. Wallace’s general analysis depends on the insight that different reasons can legitimately govern attitudes to the same action, event, or circumstance when viewed from different temporal perspectives.
Scanlon on the Reality of Reasons
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates T. M. Scanlon’s approach to the question of what, ultimately, is real—what kinds of things most basically exist and what kinds of facts are most basically true. His main topic is that of normative reasons—reasons of the kind that specify what should or should not be thought or done. He is particularly concerned with reasons for action, of which morality and moral reasons form a special subpart. The comparison with mathematics is present here, as it has been in earlier writings of Scanlon, because of parallels between the philosophical problems posed by these two areas, and parallels between what he regards as the solutions to those problems. Scanlon calls his view Reasons Fundamentalism. He also explores the concepts of expressivism and reflective equilibrium. Reflective equilibrium is a way of extending and rendering systematic one’s understanding of a domain, by searching for an “equilibrium” in which convincing general principles account for the more specific judgments that one finds undeniable on reflection.
Kahneman’s Thinking
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses psychologist Daniel Kahneman’s identification of features of the way human beings function that had not been recognized by influential theories of rational choice. He distinguishes between two categories of mental functioning: “System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. System 2 allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it, including complex computations. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of agency, choice, and concentration.” Kahneman describes the many ways in which intuitive judgments of likelihood tend to be unreliable—often with serious consequences for legal and policy choices. Indeed, he and Amos Tversky demonstrated that rational expectations theory, a model of choice widely used by economists, was seriously inaccurate as an account of how people actually behave, and they proposed an alternative that they called prospect theory. More recently, Kahneman has turned his attention to the measurement of happiness or well-being, distinguishing between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
Knowledge
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 2 explains the notion of knowledge that the book’s account is based on, defending a pragmatic and socially situated account of knowledge. It builds on the tradition in epistemology that views knowledge as socially embedded, emphasizing the relation between knowledge (and ignorance!) and action, including the responsibilities that can flow from knowledge. It also explores some of the psychological mechanisms, such as denial, that complicate this nexus between knowing and acting. Finally, the chapter draws on the literature on epistemic injustice and argues that a socially embedded view of knowledge needs to pay particular attention to unjust hierarchies (along gender, race, or class), which can translate from social to epistemic structures. The conclusion draws the connection to politics, making clear why so much knowledge is, potentially, “political.”
Markets, Deliberators, Experts
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 3 explores three key mechanisms for how different forms of knowledge can be dealt with in complex societies. (1) Markets as mechanisms for processing dispersed knowledge about preferences and production capacities; (2) democratic deliberation for knowledge that integrates various perspectives, values, and forms of knowledge, and provides the basis for political action; (3) knowledge creation in expert communities for dealing with specialized knowledge that is, by definition, not available to everyone. For each mechanism, I also describe degenerated forms that look similar on the surface, but do not fulfill the same epistemic function. My core thesis is that an epistemically well-ordered society needs to carefully delineate the uses of these different mechanisms for the areas for which they are appropriate, and protect them against internal decline and against the intrusion of other mechanisms.
The Rise of Free Market Thinking
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the market paradigm became so powerful, focusing on the socialist calculation debate and the Cold War context of the rise of free market thinking. I discuss how markets were idealized with regard to their epistemic qualities, and how this view was popularized in versions that were at the same time more simplistic and more radical than what its academic proponents had claimed. Other institutions were more and more considered from the perspective of this market logic as well. Specifically, this involved an attack on public institutions that dealt with other forms of knowledge and a reimagination of deliberation as a marketplace by other means, to the detriment of the epistemic functionality of both. The account of these historical developments undergirds my claim that in the current situation, one of the greatest challenges for epistemically well-ordered democracies is the overreach of market thinking and market institutions.
Democratic Institutionalism
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the approach taken in the rest of the book for thinking about the “use of knowledge in society,” called “democratic institutionalism.” This term describes a shift of attention away from questions of principles, toward questions about the realization of principles in formal and informal institutions. Such institutions need to be protected against corruption and corrosion, which means that citizens have individual and collective responsibilities to uphold them. The chapter argues that the epistemic features of institutions are key for democratic societies, contrasting the truth orientation of democracy with the deceptive and manipulative strategies of authoritarian regimes.
Experts in Democracies
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter asks how knowledge held by expert communities—understood broadly, including, for example, also Indigenous and experiential knowledge—can be used in democratic societies. The basic challenge here is that such knowledge cannot be made available to all citizens, which raises questions about accountability. Building on recent accounts of “democratic professionalism” and the role of experts in democracy, the chapter develops a “partnership model” for the relation between expert communities and society at large, which understands experts’ responsibility for knowledge not in terms of accountability, but in terms of moral responsibility and trustworthiness. This approach leads to responsibilities not only for individual experts, but also for expert communities, with regard to the institutions and practices within which trustworthy uses of expert knowledge can be secured, in partnership with society as a whole.
Why God Must Be Omnisubjective
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that omnisubjectivity is entailed by the divine attributes of omniscience and omnipresence. It is presupposed in common practices of prayer, and it is strongly implied by divine love and divine justice. These arguments apply to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and some of the arguments also apply to monotheistic Hinduism. Knowing objective facts about conscious states is not enough to know what the conscious states are like. God must know what every subjective state is like as it is experienced by its bearer, and God is present in each conscious state. As creator and continuous conserver of the world, God must know what he created and what he keeps in existence. Both divine love and divine justice imply perfect knowledge of the creature who is loved and who is judged. People who pray assume that God knows what is going on in their minds.
How God Can Be Omnisubjective
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes three models of how omnisubjectivity is possible, and an exploration of the image of light as a metaphor for divine creative consciousness. In the empathy model, God grasps our subjective states in a way that is analogous to the way we grasp other people’s conscious states in our imagination when we empathize with them. In the perceptual model God “sees” or in some other way perceives our states. According to panentheism, God literally feels our feelings and has our thoughts because the created world is part of God. The aim of the chapter is to explore more than one model since different models will appeal to readers with different theological perspectives. The image of light for divine consciousness can be added to either the empathy model or the perceptual model. Light is a metaphor that can show the possibility that divine consciousness infuses our own without being identical to it.
Conclusion
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This short concluding chapter draws out the implications of the book. The most basic feature of reality is subjectivity and intersubjectivity. That is because God has an inside—subjectivity, but has an outside only relative to created beings. God is pure Being, so it follows that being is primarily subjective, and since God is personal, it is intersubjective. It is only secondarily objective. The world was created through the intersubjective consciousness of the persons of the Trinity. Subjectivity and intersubjectivity are more basic than objectivity. The chapter ends with speculations about the end of the world and how the big story of the world concludes with a perfect intersubjective exchange between creatures and between God and creatures.
Conclusion
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book. The authors summarize the book’s argument and present its implications for the study of Russia and authoritarian regimes more generally. As the book demonstrated, food and food independence are crucial for the functioning and survival of Putin’s regime and Russia’s ability to engage in a protracted conflict against the West and a war against Ukraine. The chapter also discusses the likely future development of autocratic nutritional independence policies in Russia and beyond and presents the long-term challenges of climate change and inherent weaknesses of autarky for Putin’s nutritional independence project in the medium and long term.