bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin Classes of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mice
Authors: Nordin Albert A. , Cosenza Humberto , Sell Stewart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3HT) into hemolysin-in-agar plaque-forming cells (PFC) was determined for direct (IgM) and indirect (γ1) PFC following a single optimal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRC) into mice. After immunization with SRC, 3HT was injected into mice at various time intervals. The PFC of all mice tested were assayed at 5.5 days after immunization because γ1 PFC are not detectable in significant numbers until this time. The percentage of PFC labeled and the number of grains/labeled cell indicated that the onset, duration and extent of incorporation of 3HT were the same for both types of PFC. The potential γ1 PFC appear to be formed at the same time as the IgM PFC, but γ1 PFC do not synthesize or release γ1 antibody until 5 to 6 days after immunization, when proliferation of PFC has essentially stopped. IgM PFC appear 2 days after immunization and appear to synthesize DNA, divide and produce antibody simultaneously.
A Method for Preparing Monospecific Antisera to C1 Esterase (C1s): Microheterogeneity of Purified C1s
Authors: Nagaki K. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly purified C1s has been obtained by immunization of rabbits using popliteal node injections of highly purified C1s followed by booster injections with gel segments containing C1s after disc-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antisera are monospecific and unexpectedly reveal electrophoretic microheterogeneity in highly purified C1s preparations. We have studied this electrophoretic heterogeneity in highly purified and in crude C1s preparations and hypothesize that it is due to two factors: 1) The partial proteolysis of C1s produced either by other serum enzymes or perhaps by autocatalysis. This can be demonstrated in highly purified C1s preparations. 2) The presence in crude preparations of another serum protein(s) which appears to influence the migration of C1s. These antisera are useful for quantitating C1s by single radial diffusion. We consider the heterogeneity of C1s to be an important feature of this molecule and future quantitative studies should take account of it.
Early Mast Cell Responses in Mouse Popliteal Lymph Nodes to Localized Primary Antigenic Stimuli
Authors: Roberts Audrey N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mast cell responses were quantitated in the regional draining lymph nodes of mice during the first 24 hr after primary footpad stimulation with three concentrations each of three soluble protein antigens. The time and intensity of response varied with the type and dosage of antigen. Immunization with 50 µg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ferritin induced the highest mast cell responses, with peak counts five times the normal mean at 5 and 3 hr, respectively. A low antigenic dose (10 µg) of BSA or ferritin stimulated peak responses at 16 hr, and the greatest response to 7.5 µg of sulfanilazo porcine γ globulin was observed at 3 hr. At doses of 100 to 150 µg, the three antigens yielded variable results and established no definite response patterns. During peak responses the mast cells accumulated in large clusters in the interfollicular cortex and medullary regions of the nodes. No degranulation or disruption of mast cells was observed, indicating the absence of “cytophilic antibodies” on the cell surfaces. Autoradiography was employed to study the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by responding mast cells at hourly intervals through the first 24 hr after immunization. No tritium was observed in mast cell nuclei, suggesting that the mast cell responses were not due to rapid cell proliferation.
Characteristics of the in Vitro Response of Guinea Pig Blood Lymphocytes to PHA and Antigen
Authors: Phillips S. Michael , Zweiman Burton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro response of guinea pig lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and tuberculin in tuberculin-sensitive and non-sensitive animals was studied. Measurements of tritiated thymidine incorporation, mitotic activity, and blast cell transformation were used to establish optimal conditions of culture and to investigate the mechanisms of in vitro interactions of antigen and cells. The pattern of response to phytohemagglutin (PHA) was found to be similar to that reported with human lymphocytes. Tuberculin-induced proliferative responses were limited to cells from sensitized animals, with a fairly consistent antigen dose-response and period of optimal incubation. Evidence was found to suggest a considerable dependence of the degree of in vitro responses to PHA or antigen upon the source of serum used in the culture medium. A high degree of correlation was found between isotope uptake and mitotic division in both PHA- and tuberculin-induced proliferative responses, with a less impressive correlation of these findings with the degree of blast cell transformation. When high concentrations of antigen were employed, there was an apparent dissociation of the blast cell transformation from DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the lymphocytes of sensitized animals.
Migratory Response of Granulomatous Alveolar Cells from BCG-Sensitized Rabbits
Authors: Galindo Benito , Myrvik Quentin N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits sensitized subcutaneously with bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) in oil routinely developed dermal tuberculin sensitivity but failed to develop pulmonary granulomas. Alveolar cells procured from such animals were not always inhibited by purified protein derivative (PPD) in the migration-inhibition test. In contrast, the majority of rabbits sensitized with the same dose of BCG by the intravenous route developed a pulmonary granulomatous response reflected by increased lung weight/body weight ratios and increased numbers of alveolar cells. The majority of such animals did not develop dermal tuberculin sensitivity. However, the granulomatous alveolar cells obtained from rabbits sensitized by the i.v. route were consistently inhibited by PPD in the migration-inhibition test. Alveolar cells procured from rabbits with extensive pulmonary granulomas exhibited inhibition of migration (auto-inhibition) in the absence of PPD. Granulomatous cells exhibiting auto-inhibition showed a tendency to escape both auto-inhibition and PPD-induced inhibition. Some BCG-immune sera potentiated PPD-induced inhibition, whereas other BCG-immune sera exhibited a tendency to relieve the auto-inhibitory response of granulomatous cells. Supernatant fluids obtained from granulomatous cells incubated with PPD inhibited the migration of normal alveolar cells. The possible role of the migration-inhibition response in granuloma formation is discussed.
Cells Involved in the Immune Response. XVII. The Elution of Antigen by Antigen-Reactive Cells from Antigen-Sensitized Glass Bead Columns. The High Affinity of these Cells for the Glass Bead-Adsorbed Antigen
Authors: Richter Maxwell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was recently reported that antigen-reactive cells (ARC) of specific antigenic specificity in the bone marrow of normal rabbits (1–3) and antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleens of immune mice (4) can be isolated by the passage of these cells through an antigen-sensitized glass bead column. The cells which traverse the column possess no reactivity with respect to the antigen coating the glass beads; however, the cells which are eluted from the glass beads by vigorous shaking for several minutes react only with the antigen coating the beads and not with any other antigen (1, 2, 4). This highly specific antigenic reactivity of the eluted as compared with the effluent cells can be demonstrated by both in vitro incubation of the cells with the antigen (2, 3) or by transfer of the cells to irradiated immunoincompetent (800 R) rabbits (1) or mice (4).
Some Characteristics of Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibody of the Gray Snapper
Authors: Russell Warren J. , Voss Edward W. , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Gray snappers were immunized with dinitrophenylated hemocyanin and purified anti- bodies to the haptenic determinant (2,4-dinitrophenol) were obtained from two serum pools by by immune absorption. Examination of these antibodies revealed a single high molecular weight protein with an apparent valence of 5 and a relatively low binding constant.
Glycosyl Transferases for Mouse IgG
Authors: Schenkein Isaac , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-free fractions from a variety of mammalian tissues can catalyze the addition of carbohydrate to polypeptide (1–5). One of these reports describes the transfer of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose to endogenously present IgG, mediated by the microsomal fraction of rabbit lymph node cells (6). The enzymatic activity appears membrane bound in all cases, and use of detergents (such as Triton X-100) has been necessary for its demonstration.
This paper describes initial studies on three distinct glycosyl transferases from a murine myeloma tumor and the partial purification of two of them: a galactosyl and an N-acetyl-glucosaminyl (NAG) transferase. In contrast to some reports by others, these latter two enzymes have been obtained in water-soluble form. An important aspect of our experiments was the use as substrate of mouse IgG from which a substantial portion of the carbohydrate had been removed by enzymatic digestion.
Evidence for Synthesis of Human Colostral γA as 11S Dimer
Authors: Bienenstock John , Strauss Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is generally accepted that the secretory γA molecule in both rabbit and man is constituted by a serum type γA dimer plus an additional protein now termed secretory component (SC). It was first proposed by Tomasi et al. (1) that the secretory γA molecule was formed in plasma cells adjacent to the mucous surface and that combination with the secretory component, synthesized by glandular epithelial cells, occurred somewhere in transit of the γA molecule to the luminal surface. Examination of human colostral secretory γA isoagglutinin with anti-blood group A activity by Costea et al. (2) suggested to these investigators that the majority of the colostral secretory γA population was made up of molecules containing both κ and λ light chains. Thus, secretory γA appeared to be a hybrid molecule, implying random rather than specific combination of γA molecules.
Depletion of Plasma Complement in Vivo by a Protein of Cobra Venom: Its Effect on Various Immunologic Reactions
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. , Aikin Barbara S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purified low molecular weight anticomplementary factor (CoF) in the venom of the cobra Naja naja was tested for its behavior in vivo and for its effect on various components of complement in several species of animals and the development of several immunologic reactions. CoF complexed with a plasma protein immediately after injection, the sedimentation rate of the complex being about 9S. The complex which inactivated purified C3 circulated with a half-life of 32 hr in rabbits. High blood levels of the CoF complex and minimal side effects were obtained using multiple injections of CoF over a 24-hr period. Under these conditions hemolytic complement levels fell to less than 10% of normal values in rabbits, rats and guinea pigs. C3 was markedly diminished in these species, and in guinea pigs C3 levels, as revealed in immune adherence, fell to less than 1% of normal. C3 and hemolytic complement levels remained low for 4 to 6 days. In two species tested, C5 protein was also lost during CoF treatment and in rabbits C6 activity diminished about half to one third of normal. The effect of CoF treatment in several immunologic diseases was assayed. Lesions depending upon neutrophil participation for full development were markedly inhibited. In acute nephrotoxic nephritis neutrophil accumulation in glomeruli and proteinuria were diminished. Arthus reactions, especially in the rat, were also inhibited. By contrast, immunologic reactions not requiring neutrophils, i.e., homologous cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs and contact (delayed) sensitivity were not affected by CoF treatment. Other possible effects of CoF in vivo were studied. The numbers of formed elements of the blood were not markedly altered. The most consistent finding was a modest elevation in neutrophils. Hemolysis was avoided by treatment of animals with multiple small doses of CoF. Neutrophils responded normally to immune adherence and chemotactic stimuli. Kininogen levels and clotting tests were unchanged.
Cytostasis of Mouse and Human Monolayer Cell Cultures by Normal, Unstimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Jamieson Crawford W. , Wallace John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of increasing concentrations of mouse and human lymphocytes on the growth of tumor cells, in vitro, has been studied by three independent methods. Growth was measured by sequential counts of the cells sheeted in predetermined microscopic fields of the culture flasks, by electronic counts of harvested cells and by thymidine uptake studies. All assay methods used indicate that inhibition of target cell growth is proportional to the ratio of lymphocytes to target cells. Control studies demonstrated that the effect is not due to exhaustion of the medium, the release of toxic breakdown products or elaboration of humoral antibody by the lymphocytes. Cell contact between the two cell types is essential, but there is no evidence that a cytotoxic factor is released as a result of this contact. No evidence for the accidental inclusion of a mitogenic agent was found.
The inhibitory capability is reduced by prior irradiation of the lymphocytes and is lost following their disruption. It is possessed, to a significantly lesser degree, by thymocytes but not by peritoneal macrophages. This cytostatic ability appears to represent a genuine capacity of apparently normal lymphocytes.
Streptococcal Group a Polysaccharide Haptens: Susceptibility to Degradation by β-N-Acetylglucosaminidases and Antibody-Combining Capacity of Haptens
Authors: Ayoub Elia M. , Schmidt Willard C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Oligosaccharides of different sizes were prepared by acid hydrolysis of group A streptococcal carbohydrate. Separation of the oligosaccharides was performed by dialysis and chromatography on G-25 Sephadex. The activity of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase enzymes derived from the soil bacillus and from macrophage cells was assessed on the various haptens. The soil bacillus enzyme was equally active on the various sized haptens. However, the activity of the macrophage enzyme was strictly related to the size of the oligosaccharide, with hydrolytic activity increasing with decreasing size of the substrate. The capacity of the oligosaccharide fragments to inhibit the reaction between the group A polysaccharide and its antibody was studied using a radioimmune precipitation technique. The capacity of the haptens to inhibit antibody was directly related to the molecular weight of the oligosaccharides. Both the soil bacillus and macrophage β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were effective in eliminating most of the antibody inhibitory activity of the haptens, although this was achieved at lower concentrations of the soil bacillus enzyme. The amount of macrophage enzyme required to achieve a similar decrease in the antibody inhibitory activity of the haptens increased proportionately to the size of the haptens.
Antigen Binding and the Immune Response
Authors: Modabber Farrokh , Sercarz Eli 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular, immune response in the A/J mouse spleen to β-galactosidase (βGz) was examined by the A-H assay, which very sensitively measures the amount of antigen bound to cells. The early primary response can be subdivided into three phases: 1) a rise in activity which is completed by 12 hr, 2) a plateau from 12 to 48 hr, during which no substantial change can be discerned, and 3) a rapid increase from this time to the peak activity on days 4 to 6. There was no comparable latency in the secondary response. The existence of phase 2 supports the concept of a “true” preparative or latent period, not owing to difficulties in detection. The argument was favored that this first 48 hr represents splenic recruitment, cell-finding and interaction, followed by biochemical preparation for antibody synthesis.
The Cytophilic Activity of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Inchley Christopher , Grey Howard M. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of human myeloma immunoglobulins of different subclasses to bind to the surface of guinea pig macrophages was investigated. Using 125I-labeled proteins, it was found that those belonging to the subclass IgG1 generally bound to a greater extent than did those in other subclasses, and that the cell-associated radioactivity remained largely on the cell surface during the short periods of observation employed. The Fc fragment of one such IgG1 protein was shown to contain virtually all of the cytophilic property of the parent molecule. Pre-incubation of guinea pig macrophages with IgG1 proteins, but not with representatives of other groups, resulted in a pronounced inhibition of the binding of cytophilic antibody, suggesting that the inhibiting proteins occupied the same site on the macrophage membrane involved in cytophilic binding.
Quantitative and Qualitative Studies of Antibody to Streptococcal M-Protein
Authors: Anthony Bascom F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antibody to group A streptococcal M-protein was measured by incubating dilutions of unabsorbed serum with partially purified and 131I-labeled M-protein from a type 12 strain (131I-M12) and coprecipitating the resulting complexes with anti-rabbit γ globulin. The method was found to be sensitive, quantitative and reproducible, but no antigen preparations, all of which were purified from acid extracts of cell walls, were found to be free of significant reaction with heterologous, unabsorbed antisera. This limitation was overcome by preincubating serum with an excess of unlabeled type 6 antigen; heterologous sera so treated subsequently reacted with 131I-M12 in a manner indistinguishable from normal rabbit serum (NRS). The specificity of the homologous reaction was indicated by its complete inhibition when serum was preincubated with unlabeled type 12 antigen and lack of inhibition with type 6 antigen. Significant binding of 131I-M12 was measurable with all type 12 sera examined and was present in early sera (20 days) which lacked detectable precipitating antibody and also in sera with insignificant or equivocal bactericidal activity. There was generally a linear relationship between the antigen-binding and precipitating capacity of different sera but a definite correlation between antigen-binding capacity and bactericidal activity of individual sera was not apparent. On indirect radio-immunoelectrophoresis, binding of 131I-M12 was observed only with IgG.
Development of Antibody-Forming Cells in Neonatal Mice: Stimulation and Inhibition by Calf Thymus Fractions
Authors: Hand Terry L. , Ceglowski Walter S. , Damrongsak Damri , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Crude and purified saline extracts prepared from calf thymus glands, as well as two fractions prepared by disc electrophoresis from the purified fractions, were studied as to their effects on development of antibody-forming cells in neonatal mice. Mice injected at birth with microgram quantities of the purified extract or a stimulatory fraction, prepared by disc electrophoresis, had a 10- to 40-fold enhancement in the number of plaque-forming cells when challenged at 1 or 2 weeks of life, as compared with normal animals. There was also an enhancement of spleen size and weight. Another purified fraction, also prepared by disc electrophoresis and previously found to inhibit lymphocytopoesis, markedly suppressed development of antibody plaque-forming cells in the neonatal mice. The effect was relatively temporary, since older mice injected at birth with this fraction responded normally when challenged with the sheep red cells.
Dissociation of a Small Proportion of a Human IgM Population into Fcµ, Fabµ, and Free Light Chains Following Reduction
Authors: Morris James E. , Inman F. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Preparations of human IgM were treated with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol and the reaction was terminated after 1 hr by adding neutralized iodoacetic acid. Dissociation into subunits, IgMs, was complete, but more slowly sedimenting material also was evident in the schlieren patterns. After gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-150 using a neutral salt buffer for solvent, several fractions were isolated in addition to the IgMs. The composition of the fractions was determined by ultracentrifugation, immunoelectrophoresis, and analysis of polypeptide chain contents. It was demonstrated that three fractions consisted primarily of IgMs, but that Fcµ and Fabµ also were present. One fraction comprised only Fcµ and Fabµ, and a fifth fraction consisted largely of free light chains.
Variation in the Size of Antibody Sites for the Poly-l-Aspartate Hapten during the Immune Response
Authors: Murphy P. Dianne , Sage Harvey J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antisera specific for poly-l-aspartate were prepared by immunization with poly-l-aspartyl-bovine serum albumin. Homogeneous l-aspartate oligopeptides were isolated from partially acid hydrolyzed commercial poly-l-aspartic acid by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Hapten inhibition of the anti-poly-l-aspartylbovine serum albumin-poly-l-aspartyl-rabbit serum albumin reaction by l-aspartate oligomers was studied in a single rabbit with sera isolated after the first and second immunizations. The ability of oligopeptides to inhibit the poly-l-aspartate immune system increased with the size of the oligopeptide. With first course antisera an upper limit was reached with the triaspartate. With second course antisera the upper size limit of antibody-combining sites appeared to be larger than that found early in immunization.
Mechanisms of Release of Constituents from Rabbit Platelets by Antigen-Antibody Complexes and Complement
Authors: Henson Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of neutrophils during the reaction of platelets with immune complexes increased the release of vasoactive amines. Two different neutrophil-dependent release mechanisms were involved, both requiring the complement system through C3, but not beyond C5. Soluble antigen, antibody in excess, C6-deficient plasma, platelets and neutrophils were used to demonstrate the first neutrophil-dependent mechanism. Release of vasoactive amines and nucleotides from the platelets followed the clumping together of the platelets, neutrophils and antigen-antibody-complement complexes. The release reaction required glucose and did not result from platelet lysis. Neutrophil procoagulant activity leading to thrombin activation in close proximity to the platelets in the clumps appeared to cause the vasoactive amine release. In the second process particulate antigens such as zymosan, which have fixed complement components, released increased histamine, serotonin and nucleotides from platelets when neutrophils were included in the reaction. The augmentation of release by neutrophils again required glucose and activated esterases and followed the aggregation of zymosan-complement, platelets and neutrophils.