bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Performance and Mechanical Stress Evaluation of Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated By Plasma Spray Method
Authors: Nishikawa Takeshi , Yashiro Keiji , Komaya Takumi , Kawada Tatsuya 
Published: September 2023

At present, the most common type of SOFC is anode-supported SOFC (AS-SOFC), in which the cell is mechanically supported by the thick fuel electrode layer. Recently, Metal-supported SOFCs (MS-SOFCs) have attracted attention because of their potential for low cost and high mechanical robustness. However, the fabrication process of MS-SOFCs has not been established. The mechanical behavior of the cells under high temperature operation has not been clarified. In this study, we fabricated prototype MS-SOFCs using the plasma spray method. The cell was tested by electrochemical measurements, residual stress measurements, and SEM/EDX to clarify the mechanical behavior of MS-SOFCs under high temperature operation.
The layers of anode (NiO-YSZ), electrolyte (LSGM9182), and cathode (LSCF6428) were formed on a metal substrate (SUS430) by atmospheric pressure plasma spraying (APS) to fabricate a single cell of MS-SOFC.
Open circuit voltage, AC impedance, and I-V measurements were performed at 600°C, 650°C, and 700°C. The residual stress of LSGM9182 electrolyte was evaluated by cosα method [1] under the cell operation condition using specially designed chamber.
The MS-SOFC with thicker electrode layers showed the much lower OCV than that of theoretical. In addition, the electrolyte had vertical cracks between cathode and anode after the 2nd thermal cycle. However the MS-SOFC with thinner electrode layers showed the higher OCV, which was nearly theoretical value, and much better I-V characteristics than the cell with thicker electrodes. Electrochemical impedance measurement revealed the plasma sprayed electrodes showed acceptable performance even though its microstructure was not optimized. The residual stress of LSGM electrolyte in the cell did not change so much during the cell operation. This might be caused by existence of small cracks in the electrolyte layer.
This research was financially supported by NEDO.
[1] K.Tanaka, Journal of the Society of Materials Science,japan,vol.66,No.7 (2017) 479-487
Metal Composite Nano-Catalyst Enhanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes for Improved Performance and Stability with Hydrocarbon Containing Fuels
Authors: Waseem Saad , Barre Matthew , Sabolsky Katarzyna , Hart Richard , Hong Seunghyuck , Sabolsky Edward 
Published: September 2023

Implementation of nano-catalyst materials into solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes to improve performance and stability has been widely studied. Addition of the nano-catalysts into an electrode structure serves to enhance the electrochemical performance of the SOFC by increasing the Triple Phase Boundary (TPB) area, improving redox stabilization, and modifying reaction kinetics of hydrocarbon gasses that cause anode degradation due to carbon deposition.
SOFCs operating upstream of a reformer need to exhibit good tolerance to any hydrocarbon components that may make their way to the stack. Typical Ni-based cermet anodes suffer from anode deactivation due to carbon build up under hydrocarbon flows. Carbon builds up and covers the TPB area which results in poor electrochemical performance. Larger carbon deposits can block pores within the anode microstructure which leads to gas diffusion issues. Carbon buildup also causes mechanical stresses to the electrode due to volumetric changes which can lead to fracture and complete failure of the cell.
This work studied nano-catalyst decoration of the Ni-based cermet anodes with catalysts that promote internal reforming to protect against coking. Addition of active metal components (such as Co, Ge, Sn), and ceramic reforming promoters (such as CeO2, MgO) were investigated. Multi-component systems with several catalysts were also examined.
Uniform incorporation of nano-catalyst into the anode microstructure was achieved through a patented liquid phase surfactant assisted process (using various catechol surfactants). Deposition loading densities and distribution of nanoparticles was controlled by altering the surfactant and catalyst solution concentrations.
Nano-catalyst depositions were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for imaging, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for topographical analysis, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) for chemical characterization. Figure 1 shows SEM imaging of nano catalyst distribution of cerium oxide (CeO2) and cobalt oxide (CoO) co-deposition within an anode structure. A uniform distribution of nano-sized catalyst materials is observed.
Accelerated evaluation of nano-catalysts for SOFCs was completed through symmetrical anode tests, where a symmetrical anode cell was subjected to hydrocarbon impurity at SOFC operating temperatures and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization was done over time. The best catalyst systems were down selected and long-term SOFC tests were completed with current-voltage-power (I-V-P) and EIS evaluation. Post-mortem microstructure and chemistry characterizations were also used in analysis.
Uniform nano catalyst distribution of CeO2 and CoO within the anode structure demonstrated greater than 50% sustained improvement in harsh environment, long-term tests where the cell was subjected to 40% CH4 for 50+ h.

Figure 1
Influence of A-site Deficiency and Ni/Co Ratio in B-site on Electrochemical Performance of (La0.25Sr0,25Ca0.45)yTi0.95Ni0.05-xCoxO3-
d
Anode
Authors: Kivi Indrek , Moeller Priit , Aruväli Jaan , Nurk Gunnar 
Published: September 2023

La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3
-d
(LSCT) is a perovskite (ABO3) type mixed ionic-electronic conductive (MIEC) oxide and has been proposed as an electrode material for high temperature fuel cell [1]. This material owing high conductivity, robustness in hydrocarbon fuels and significant amount of attention has been paid to improve the electrochemical activity [1, 2]. Doping of B-site with some d-metal cation (Ni, Co, Mn, V, Mo) has been demonstrated to improve the catalytic activity. One of the advantages of the MIEC conducting scaffold based electrodes is that the catalyst phase on the electrode surface can be kept to a minimum, usually less than 5 wt%, which minimizes any risks of physical damage during redox cycling [2].
In this work, Ni/Co ratio and deficiency of A-site, of (La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.45)xTi0.95Ni0.05-yCoyO3
-d
were varied. Electrical as well as electrochemical performance and chemical composition of LSCTNC surface was monitored. The electrochemical measurements of symmetric cells during 100 h tests show that small stochiometric changes in A-site significantly influence the activity and initial degradation rate of the electrode. The chemical and structural changes of the material surface have a key role on the electrochemical performance of the electrode [3].
The electrode materials were analysed using XRD, TOF SIMS and electrochemical methods. XRD and TOF SIMS results for studied electrode powders showed significant dependence of the lattice parameters and electrode surface composition on the perovskite elemental composition. The results from impedance spectroscopy (measured at temperatures from 973 to 1123 K in H2 environment, at OCV) demonstrate a significant influence of the A-site deficiency and B-site composition on the electrochemical properties of studied electrodes.

Robert Price, Mark Cassidy, Jan G. Grolig, Gino Longo, Ueli Weissen, Andreas Mai, John T. S. Irvine, Advanced Energy Materials, 11, 1 (2021).

Paul A. Connor, Xiangling Yue, Cristian D. Savaniu, Robert Price, Georgios Triantafyllou, Mark Cassidy, Gwilherm Kerherve, David J. Payne, Robert C. Maher, Lesley F. Cohen, Rumen I. Tomov, Bartek A. Glowacki, Ramachandran Vasant Kumar, John T. S. Irvine, Advanced Energy Materials, 8, 1 (2018).

Ove Korjus, Priit Möller, Kuno Kooser, Tanel Käämbre, Olga Volobujeva, Jaak Nerut, Sander Kotkas, Enn Lust, Gunnar Nurk, Journal of Power Sources, 494, 1 (2021).
Performance Prediction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on a Neutral Network Model
Authors: Fan Zhongcai , Zhang Ruiyu , Wang Yuqing , Wang Yabin 
Published: September 2023

Predicting various parameters in a fast and accurate way plays an important role for the development of high-temperature sealed reactors such as the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, the analysis of SOFC performance parameters mainly focuses on the development of multiphysics models, which is complicated and slow, causing inefficiency in the prediction of key parameters. In our study, a neural network prediction model of SOFCs was developed in combination with the deep learning method. The neural network model was trained by using the results from a multiphysics model validated by experiments. The trained SOFC neural network model was found to have good consistency with the simulation results of multiphysics model. The neural network model was further utilized in a system-level model to provide fast and accurate prediction of the system performance.
Keywords: SOFC, Multiphysics model, Neural network model, System simulation
LTO/TiO2 Nanowire-Decorated on Graphite Felt As Electrode for High-Performance Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Huang Zih-Jhong , Kabtamu Daniel , Wang Chen-Hao 
Published: September 2023

Vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB) is one of the most promising large-scale energy storage systems. However, the graphite electrode materials employed for VRFB often have shortcomings such as poor electrochemical activity and insufficient conductivity, which will lead to poor performance of VRFB. To modify the graphite electrode, in this study, lithium titanate/titanium dioxide(LTO/TiO2) composite catalyst with the nanowire morphology was directly grown on the surface of the heat treatment graphite felt(HGF). The graphite felt electrode through the nanowire morphology, the reaction area between the electrode and the electrolyte and active sites are increased, thereby improving the performance of VRFB.
In order to further prove the effect of lithium titanate/titanium dioxide composite catalyst modified graphite felt(LTO/TiO2@HGF), the modified graphite felt electrode was applied to the positive and negative electrodes of VRFB, and the charge and discharge tests at different current densities were carried out. In terms of efficiency, the LTO/TiO2-modified graphite felt electrode has obviously better results. When the current density is increased to 200 mA/cm2, its energy efficiency can reach 60.57%, which is 8.63% higher than that of HGF. In the stability test with a current density of 160 mA/cm2, the VRFB was charged and discharged for 60 cycles, and the overall performance did not change significantly, which means that the composite material of lithium titanate and titanium dioxide not only effectively improve the performance of the VRFB, but also show the stability that can be used for a long time.
GC:BiFE As an Useful Tool for the Quantification of Health Harmful Organic Compounds in Artisanal Spiritus Beverages Via ADSV
Authors: Chávez-Vera Sara , García-Bassoco David , Frontana-Uribe Bernardo Antonio 
Published: September 2023

The bismuth film electrode (BiFE) has been used for the last two decades to substitute mercury electrodes for organics and inorganic compounds electroanalysis in the ppm and ppb range. Various of these compounds are considered such as important pollutants and potentially toxic for the human health. The electrode specificity is based in the ability to form amalgams or strong interactions with the analyte under test. The present work show the application of BiFE for detection and quantification of acetaldehyde (by-product of alcoholic fermentation) in EtOH:H2O (1:1).The analysis is carried out using Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry (CAdSSWV) to take advantage of the ability to form strong interactions and the sensitivity of this technique.
Fig 1. CAdSSWV of formaldehyde 50 ppm in EtOH:H2O (1:1) in LiClO4 0.1 M with acetate buffer (pH=4.5) as supporting electrolyte in BiFE supporting in Glassy Carbon. Edep= 0.2 V tdep=60 s. Reference electrode = Ag/AgCl Auxiliar electrode = Tungsten wire
References
Hutton, E., Ogorevc, B., Hocevar, S., Weldon, F., Smyth, M., Wang, J., An introduction to bismuth film electrode for use in cathodic electrochemical detection, Electrochem. comm., 2001, 3, 707 – 711 DOI: 10.1016/S1388-2481(01)00240-5
Constant, M. G. Van den Berg, Jacinto Gil S., The determination of platinum in sea water by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, Analytica Chim. Acta, 1988, 129 – 139 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83675-2

Figure 1
Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids Containing Carboxylate Anions
Authors: Akamatsu Hyoma , Tsunashima Katsuhiko , Tsuchida Yusuke , Okuno Yoshiharu , Yamada Hirohisa 
Published: September 2023

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts composed of cation and anion with melting points below 100°C. They have unique characteristic features.1) ILs are also promising liquid materials available for various applications because their function can be easily controlled by changing the combination of cations and anions and by introducing substituents. Among the numerous ILs, considerable ILs based on carboxylate anions have been reported. On the other hand, several published papers reported ILs based on quaternary phosphonium cations, demonstrating relatively high transport properties and thermal stability2). We report here the preparation and physicochemical properties of ILs based on triethyloctylphosphonium (P2228) and tributyloctylphosphonium (P4448) cations together with various carboxylate anions.
The intermediate hydroxides were obtained by adding an anion exchange resin (Amberlite IRN78 OH) into the precursor bromide aqueous solutions. Equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric and octanoic acids) were added to the hydroxide solutions to form carboxylate-based phosphonium salts. The salts obtained were isolated by evaporation and then were dried under high vacuum at 50 °C. The physicochemical properties of ILs, e.g. density, viscosity, conductivity and thermal decomposition temperature were measured.
Table 1 shows the physicochemical properties of the ILs at 25 °C. P2228-PrCO2 became a solid at room temperature, while P2228-HCO2, P2228-MeCO2, and P2228-EtCO2 became viscous liquids at room temperature. Furthermore, all P4448-based salts became viscous liquids at room temperature. The density of each IL was increased with decreasing the carbon numbers of the alkyl chains in carboxylate anions. The number density also showed similar tendency to the density. These results indicate that the number density of the formate was the highest since the anion size was the smallest. The viscosity of each ILs was decreased with increasing the carbon numbers of the alkyl chains in carboxylate anions. Although the details of the relationship between measured viscosity and the carbon numbers of the alkyl chains in carboxylate anions still remain unclear at present, it is thought to be the charge distribution of the anions is one of the factors. The acetate-, propionate-, butyrate-, and octanoate-based ILs showed high thermal decomposition temperatures around 270 to 300°C. However, the formate-based ionic liquid showed lower thermal stability, which might be due to the decarboxylation of the formate anion.

Figure 1
(Invited) Advanced Organic Electrode Materials for High-Performance and Sustainable Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Chao 
Published: September 2023

Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the low cost, abundance, and high sustainability of sodium resources. However, the high performance of inorganic electrode materials in LIBs does not extend to NIBs because of larger ion size of Na+ than Li+ and more complicated electrochemistry. Therefore, it is vital to search for high-performance electrode materials for NIBs. To this end, organic electrode materials (OEMs) with the advantages of high structural tunability and abundant structural diversity show great promise in developing high-performance NIBs. To achieve advanced OEMs for NIBs, a fundamental understanding of the structure–performance correlation is desired for rational structure design and performance optimization. Tailoring molecular structures of OEMs can enhance their performance in Na-ion batteries, however, the substitution rules and the consequent effect on the specific capacity and working potential remain elusive. Herein, we explored the electrochemical performances and reaction mechanisms of various carboxylate-based anode materials, including halogenated sodium carboxylates, N-doped sodium carboxylates, etc. By examining sodium carboxylates with different functional groups, selective N substitution, and extended conjugation structure, we exploited the correlation between structure and performance to establish substitution rules for high-capacity OEMs. Our results show that substitution position and types of functional groups are essential to create active centers for uptake/removal of Na+ and thermodynamically stabilize organic structures. Furthermore, rational host design and electrolytes modulation were performed to extend the cycle life.
In addition to sodium carboxylate-based anode materials, we also designed and synthesized novel organic cathode materials based on azo and carbonyl groups for NIBs. The electrochemical performance of the organic cathode materials with an extended conjugated structure such as a naphthalene backbone structure is better than that with benzene and biphenyl structures due to faster kinetics and lower solubility in the electrolyte. It unravels the rational design principle of extending π-conjugation aromatic structures in redox-active polymers to enhance the electrochemical performance. To further optimize the organic cathodes, nitrogen-doped or single layer graphene is employed to increase the conductivity and mitigate the dissolution of organic materials in the electrolytes. The resulting organic cathodes deliver high specific capacity, long cycle life, and fast-charging capability. Post-cycling characterizations were employed to study the chemical structure and morphology evolution upon cycling, demonstrating that the active centers (azo and carbonyl groups) in the organic cathode materials can undergo reversible redox reactions with Na+ for sustainable NIBs. Our work provides a valuable guideline for the design principle of high-capacity and stable OEMs for sustainable energy storage.
(Invited) Zinc/ Sodium Vanadium Oxide (NaV3O8) Aqueous Electrolyte Batteries: Competing Proton and Zinc Ion Insertion
Authors: Marschilok Amy C. , Takeuchi Esther S. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2023

Large-scale energy storage systems suitable for pairing with renewable energy generation require low-cost materials and safety. A promising candidate for large scale storage is the aqueous Zn-ion battery (AZIB). Zinc metal is a useful anode for aqueous batteries as it possesses a high theoretical capacity (820 mAh/g), low redox potential (-0.76 V vs SHE), and allows for two electron transfers per Zn2+ (de)insertion.
Sodium vanadium oxides have been investigated as cathode materials for AZIBs as the size of Na+ is larger than Zn2+ facilitating ion diffusion within the lattice. Specifically, sodium vanadium oxide (NaV3O8, NVO) in an anhydrous form and its monohydrate (NaV3O8·H2O) have been identified as candidate materials. Notably, one of the phases that forms during the discharge of these materials within a zinc battery system is zinc hydroxy-sulfate (Zn4(SO4)(OH)6·5H2O (ZHS) and has been attributed to H+ insertion in NVO where the H+ insertion is accompanied by local pH change and precipitation of the ZHS.
This presentation probes the competing zinc ion and proton insertion mechanisms for discharge of NVO. The impact of (dis)charge rate on reduction products formed is determined with quantitative Rietveld refinement analysis. Further, synchrotron based EDXRD providing spatio-temporally resolved data is used to determine phase evolution operando in different locations within thick porous NVO positive electrodes. Determining the reaction progression within thick electrodes while under load is an important aspect of scaling batteries appropriately, where these results can have relevance to development of future sustainable energy storage systems.
Photoactive Electrocatalyst with Staggered p-n Heterojunction for Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries
Authors: Lee Joong Kee , Ren Ren 
Published: September 2023

Rechargeable zinc-air batteries (RZBs) demonstrate significant potential as next-generation batteries as they are non-flammable, resource-abundant, cost-efficient, feasible for ambient air operation, and have remarkable theoretical energy density (1086 Wh kg-1). However, the development of RZBs needs to address many challenges to speed up their commercialization. For example, low round-trip efficiency during cycling is caused by retarded reactivity of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the air cathode. An air cathode with deficient electrocatalytic kinetics creates a large voltage gap, especially when the practical charge voltage is > 2.0 V, during the charging and discharging process. Moreover, the cycle life of the RZBs is limited owing to the structural degradation of air cathodes working under high charge voltage. Therefore, it is essential to improve both the round-trip efficiency and structural durability of air cathodes to ensure further development and commercialization of RZBs. For efficient energy generation and storage, photo-enhanced RZBs that combine photochemical and electrochemical energy conversion and storage with the help of solar energy, are a promising research focus. Photo-enhanced RZBs require a photoactive OER/ORR bifunctional cathode that is not merely an electrochemical catalyst but also a photo-active catalyst.
In the present study, we developed a photoactive bifunctional air-electrocatalyst with a staggered p-n heterojunction band gap structure, comprising n-type g-C3N4 and p-type copper-doped ZIF-67 (CuZIF-67) composite, to accelerate sluggish OER/ORR processes via a durable structure and stable long-cycle-life performance for photo-enhanced RZBs. g-C3N4/CuZIF-67 has a suitable band gap, which ensures wide-range light absorption in the UV–Vis–NIR region, and stimulates more electrons to participate in ORR/OER electrocatalytic activity. Besides, it has a staggered bandgap structure and a BEF at the p-n junction of the catalyst, which improves electron–hole pairs separation efficiency, lowers overpotential, promotes ORR/OER electrocatalytic activity, and eventually enhances the efficiency of RZBs (the voltage gap was significantly decreased by 14% with simulated solar light irradiation). Moreover, a high concentration of pyrrolic-N groups in the cathode material, resulting in the excellent electrochemical durability of RZBs during charge/discharge cycles. The photo-enhanced RZB based on the g-C3N4/CuZIF-67 bifunctional catalyst exhibits good round-trip efficiency of 60% (2 mA cm-2) with a significantly decreased voltage gap (from 0.92 to 0.81 V) after 1000 cycles, under simulated solar light irradiation. It can be concluded that staggered p-n heterojunction and pyrrolic nitrogen-rich groups play an important role in efficient and durable photo-enhanced Zn-air batteries.