bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin Ultralow‐Platinum Catalyst Coated Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Qin Jiaqi , Liu Huiyuan , Han Guangqi , Lv Yang , Wang Xiandong , Zhang Guanghui , Song Yujiang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCatalyst coated membrane (CCM) is the core component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and is routinely fabricated by spraying Pt/C slurries onto membrane, resulting in low activity and thick catalyst layer (CL, 5–10 µm) with an unaffordable Pt loading of 0.2–0.4 mg cm−2 and a large mass transfer resistance at cathode. Highly active ultrathin ultralow‐Pt CL (UUCL) is urgently required, but remains rare. Herein, wet‐chemical direct growth of UUCLs on both sides of membrane to achieve integrated ultrathin ultralow‐Pt catalyst coated membranes (UUCCMs) with a cathodic CL thickness of 79.7 ± 15.0 nm and a Pt loading of 20.2 ± 1.6 µg cm−2 is reported. The key to this unique fabrication is the release of proton from membrane to regioselectively initiate the growth of interconnected Pd nanoneedle clusters array on membrane, followed by high‐density deposition of Pt nanoparticles on Pd (Pt/Pd UUCLs). The single cell of UUCCMs exhibits the highest mass peak power density of 59.9 W mgPt,Cathode−1 in the literature. The exceptional activity originates from high electrochemically active surface area, remarkable oxygen reduction reaction activity closely correlated with strain, and electronic effect at Pt/Pd interface, as well as improved mass transfer and optimal water management.
Carbon Dots with Guanidinium and Amino Acid Functional Groups for Targeted Small Interfering RNA Delivery toward Tumor Gene Therapy
Authors: Xu Huimin , Chang Jianqiao , Wu Hao , Wang Haoyu , Xie Wenjing , Li Yunchao , Li Xiaohong , Zhang Yang , Fan Louzhen 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSmall interfering RNA (siRNA)‐based gene therapy represents a promising strategy for tumor treatment. Novel gene vectors that can achieve targeted delivery of siRNA to the tumor cells without causing any side effects are urgently needed. To this end, the large amino acid mimicking carbon dots with guanidinium functionalization (LAAM GUA‐CDs) are designed and synthesized by choosing arginine and dopamine hydrochloride as precursors. LAAM GUA‐CDs can load siRNA through the multiple hydrogen bonds between their guanidinium groups and phosphate groups in siRNA. Meanwhile, the amino acid groups at the edges of LAAM GUA‐CDs endow them the capacity to target tumors. After loading siBcl‐2 as a therapeutic agent, LAAM GUA‐CDs/siBcl‐2 has a high tumor inhibition rate of up to 68%, which is twice more than that of commercial Lipofectamine 2000. Furthermore, LAAM GUA‐CDs do not cause side effect during antitumor treatment owing to their high tumor‐targeting ability, thus providing a versatile strategy for tumor‐targeted siRNA delivery and cancer therapy.
Collaborative Passivation for Dual Charge Transporting Layers Based on 4‐(chloromethyl)benzonitrile Additive toward Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Xingyu , Li Songbo , Liu Weiting , Dong Pengpeng , Zheng Guoyuan , Peng Yong , Mo Shuyi , Tian Nan , Yao Disheng , Long Fei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPoor carrier transport capacity and numerous surface defects of charge transporting layers (CTLs), coupled with misalignment of energy levels between perovskites and CTLs, impact photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) profoundly. Herein, a collaborative passivation strategy is proposed based on 4‐(chloromethyl) benzonitrile (CBN) as a solution additive for fabrication of both [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methylester (PCBM) and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) CTLs. This additive can improve wettability of PTAA and reduce the agglomeration of PCBM particles, which enhance the PCE and device stability of the PSCs. As a result, a PCE exceeding 20% with a remarkable short circuit current of 23.9 mA cm−2, and an improved fill factor of 81% is obtained for the CBN‐ modified inverted PSCs. Devices maintain 80% and 70% of the initial PCE after storage under 30% and 85% humidity ambient conditions for 1000 h without encapsulation, as well as negligible light state PCE loss. This strategy demonstrates feasibility of the additive engineering to improve interfacial contact between the CTLs and perovskites for fabrication of efficient and stable inverted PSCs.
Bidirectional Anions Gathering Strategy Afford Efficient Mixed PbSn Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tao Yuli , Liang Zheng , Ye Jiajiu , Xu Huifen , Liu Guozhen , Aldakov Dmitry , Pan Xu , Reiss Peter , Tian Xingyou 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMixed lead‐tin (PbSn) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess low toxicity and adjustable bandgap for both single‐junction and all‐perovskite tandem solar cells. However, the performance of mixed PbSn PSCs still lags behind the theoretical efficiency. The uncontrollable crystallization and the resulting structural defect are important reasons. Here, the bidirectional anions gathering strategy (BAG) is reported by using Methylammonium acetate (MAAc) and Methylammonium thiocyanate (MASCN) as perovskite bulk additives, which Ac− escapes from the perovskite film top surface while SCN− gathers at the perovskite film bottom in the crystallization process. After the optoelectronic techniques, the bidirectional anions movement caused by the top‐down gradient crystallization is demonstrated. The layer‐by‐layer crystallization can collect anions in the next layer and gather at the broader, enabling a controllable crystallization process, thus getting a high‐quality perovskite film with better phase crystallinity and lower defect concentration. As a result, PSCs treated by the BAG strategy exhibit outstanding photovoltaic and electroluminescent performance with a champion efficiency of 22.14%. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent long‐term stability, which retains ≈92.8% of its initial efficiency after 4000 h aging test in the N2 glove box.
Investigation of the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Semiconductor Nanocrystal‐Based Hydrogels
Authors: Schlenkrich Jakob , Lübkemann‐Warwas Franziska , Graf Rebecca T. , Wesemann Christoph , Schoske Larissa , Rosebrock Marina , Hindricks Karen D. J. , Behrens Peter , Bahnemann Detlef W. , Dorfs Dirk , Bigall Nadja C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDestabilization of a ligand‐stabilized semiconductor nanocrystal solution with an oxidizing agent can lead to a macroscopic highly porous self‐supporting nanocrystal network entitled hydrogel, with good accessibility to the surface. The previously reported charge carrier delocalization beyond a single nanocrystal building block in such gels can extend the charge carrier mobility and make a photocatalytic reaction more probable. The synthesis of ligand‐stabilized nanocrystals with specific physicochemical properties is possible, thanks to the advances in colloid chemistry made in the last decades. Combining the properties of these nanocrystals with the advantages of nanocrystal‐based hydrogels will lead to novel materials with optimized photocatalytic properties. This work demonstrates that CdSe quantum dots, CdS nanorods, and CdSe/CdS dot‐in‐rod‐shaped nanorods as nanocrystal‐based hydrogels can exhibit a much higher hydrogen production rate compared to their ligand‐stabilized nanocrystal solutions. The gel synthesis through controlled destabilization by ligand oxidation preserves the high surface‐to‐volume ratio, ensures the accessible surface area even in hole‐trapping solutions and facilitates photocatalytic hydrogen production without a co‐catalyst. Especially with such self‐supporting networks of nanocrystals, the problem of colloidal (in)stability in photocatalysis is circumvented. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements reveal the advantageous properties of the 3D networks for application in photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Coupling Hydrazine Oxidation with Seawater Electrolysis for Energy‐Saving Hydrogen Production over Bifunctional CoNC Nanoarray Electrocatalysts
Authors: Xin Yu , Shen Kui , Guo Tongtian , Chen Liyu , Li Yingwei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSeawater electrolysis is a promising method to produce H2 without relying on scarce freshwater resource, but its high energy consumption and inevitable accompany of competitive chlorine oxidation reaction (ClOR) are still great technological challenges. Herein, a metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐templated pyrolysis strategy to prepare uniform cobalt/nitrogen‐codoped carbon nanosheet arrays on carbon cloth (CC@CoNC) as highly‐efficient but low‐cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrazine‐assisted seawater electrolysis is explored. The optimized CoNC nanosheet arrays can be used as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst to catalyze hydrazine oxidation reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, remarkably reducing the energy consumption and nicely overcome the undesired anodic corrosion problems caused by ClOR. Impressively, a hydrazine‐assisted water electrolysis system is successfully assembled by using the optimized CC@CoNC as both cathode and anode, which only needs an ultra‐low cell voltage of 0.557 V and an electricity consumption of 1.22 kW h per cubic meter of H2 to achieve 200 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the optimized CC@CoNC can also show greatly improved stability in the hydrazine‐assisted seawater electrolysis system for H2 production, which can work steadily for above 40 h at ≈10 mA cm−2. This study may offer great opportunities for obtaining hydrogen energy from infinite ocean resource by an eco‐friendly method.
Gold Nanomaterials‐Implemented CRISPR‐Cas Systems for Biosensing
Authors: Fu Ruijie , Xianyu Yunlei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDue to their superiority in the simple design and precise targeting, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐Cas systems have attracted significant interest for biosensing. On the one hand, CRISPR‐Cas systems have the capacity to precisely recognize and cleave specific DNA and RNA sequences. On the other hand, CRISPR‐Cas systems such as orthologs of Cas9, Cas12, and Cas13 exhibit cis‐cleavage or trans‐cleavage activities after recognizing the target sequence. Owing to the cleavage activities, CRISPR‐Cas systems can be designed for biosensing by degrading tagged nucleic acids to produce detectable signals. To meet the requirements of point‐of‐care detection and versatile signal readouts, gold nanomaterials with excellent properties such as high extinction coefficients, easy surface functionalization, and biocompatibility are implemented in CRISPR‐Cas‐based biosensors. In combination with gold nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods, and gold nanostars, great efforts are devoted to fabricating CRISPR‐Cas‐based biosensors for the detection of diverse targets. This review focuses on the current advances in gold nanomaterials‐implemented CRISPR‐Cas‐based biosensors, particularly the working mechanism and the performance of these biosensors. CRISPR‐Cas systems, including CRISPR‐Cas9, CRISPR‐Cas12a, and CRISPR‐Cas13a are discussed and highlighted. Meanwhile, prospects and challenges are also discussed in the design of biosensing strategies based on gold nanomaterials and CRISPR‐Cas systems.
Transferring and Retaining of Different Polyaniline Nanofeatures via Electrophoretic Deposition for Enhanced Sensing Performance
Authors: Ji Zhanyou , Zhai Bingyan , Wang Nana , He Yinkun , Wang Huidi , Fei Guiqiang , Wang Caiyun , Zhang Guohong , Shao Liang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNanofeatured polyaniline (PANI) electrodes have demonstrated impressive sensing performance due to the enhanced electrolyte diffusion and ion transport. However, the retaining of these nanostructures on substrates via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) faces an insurmountable challenge from the involved dedoping process. Here, camphorsulfonic acid is utilized with high steric effects to dope PANI (PANI‐CSA) that can be directly used EPD without involving a dedoping process. Five different nanofeatures (sea cucumber‐like, nanofiber, amorphous, nanotube, and nanorod) are synthesized, and they have been all successfully transferred onto indium tin oxide substrate in a formic acid/acetonitrile system, namely a morphology memory effect. The mechanism of retaining these nanofeatures is revealed, which is realized via the processes of dissolution of PANI‐CSA, codoping and solvation, and reassembly of basic units into the original nanofeature. The enhanced protonation level by the codoping of formic acid and solvation of acetonitrile plays the key role in retaining these nanofeatures. This method is also applicable to transfer PANI/gold nanorod composites (PANI‐CSA/AuNRs). The PANI‐CSA/AuNRs electrode as an ascorbic acid sensor has shown an excellent sensing performance with a sensitivity up to 872.7 µA mm−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of as low as 0.18 × 10−6 m.
Injectable Conductive Hydrogels with Tunable Degradability as Novel Implantable Bioelectrodes
Authors: Park Junggeon , Lee Sanghun , Lee Mingyu , Kim Hyung‐Seok , Lee Jae Young 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBioelectrodes have been developed to efficiently mediate electrical signals of biological systems as stimulators and recording devices. Recently, conductive hydrogels have garnered great attention as emerging materials for bioelectrode applications because they can permit intimate/conformal contact with living tissues and tissue‐like softness. However, administration and control over the in vivo lifetime of bioelectrodes remain challenges. Here, injectable conductive hydrogels (ICHs) with tunable degradability as implantable bioelectrodes are developed. ICHs were constructed via thiol‐ene reactions using poly(ethylene glycol)‐tetrathiol and thiol‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide with either hydrolyzable poly(ethylene glycol)‐diacrylate or stable poly(ethylene glycol)‐dimaleimide, the resultant hydrogels of which are degradable and nondegradable, respectively. The ICH electrodes had conductivities of 21–22 mS cm−1 and Young's moduli of 15–17 kPa, and showed excellent cell and tissue compatibility. The hydrolyzable conductive hydrogels disappeared 3 days after in vivo administration, while the stable conductive hydrogels maintained their shapes for up to 7 days. Our proof‐of‐concept studies reveal that electromyography signals with significantly improved sensitivity from rats could be obtained from the injected ICH electrodes compared to skin electrodes and injected nonconductive hydrogel electrodes. The ICHs, offering convenience in use, controllable degradation and excellent signal transmission, will have great potential to develop various bioelectronics devices.
High Mass‐Loading Biomass‐Based Porous Carbon Electrodes for Supercapacitors: Review and Perspectives
Authors: Yang Xiaomin , Lv Ting , Qiu Jieshan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBiomass‐based porous carbon (BPC) with renewability and flexible nano/microstructure tunability has attracted increasing attention as efficient and cheap electrode materials for supercapacitors. To meet commercial needs, high mass‐loading electrodes with high areal capacitance are preferred when designing supercapacitors. The increased mass percentage of active materials can effectively improve the energy density of supercapacitors. However, as the thickness of the electrode increases, it will face the following challenges including severely blocked ion transport channels, poor charging dynamics, poor electrode structural stability, and complex preparation processes. A bridge between theoretical research and practical applications of BPC electrodes for supercapacitors needs to be established. In this review, the advances of high mass‐loading BPC electrodes for supercapacitors are summarized based on different biomass precursors. The key performance evaluation parameters of the high mass‐loading electrodes are analyzed, and the performance influencing factors are systematically discussed, including specific surface area, pore structure, electrical conductivity, and surface functional groups. Subsequently, the promising optimization strategies for high mass‐loading electrodes are summarized, including the structure regulation of electrode materials and the optimization of other supercapacitor components. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities of high mass‐loading BPC electrodes in the future are discussed and outlined.
Prediction of preterm birth by measurement of cervical length on transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancies complicated by twin–twin transfusion syndrome and treated with laser surgery
Authors: Fresch R. , Forde B. , Habli M. , Masters H. , Tabbah S. , McKinney D. , DeFranco E. A. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTObjectivesTwin pregnancies complicated by twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) are at particularly high risk of preterm birth. Cervical length (CL) measurement on transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) is a powerful predictor of preterm birth, but the predictive accuracy of CL measurement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not yet been established. We sought to investigate the correlation between CL measurements obtained on preoperative TVS and on MRI and to quantify their predictive accuracy for preterm birth among pregnancies complicated by TTTS that underwent selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (SFLP), to identify whether MRI is a useful adjunct to TVS.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies that were treated for TTTS with SFLP at a single center between April 2010 and June 2019 and that underwent TVS and MRI evaluation. Correlation was estimated using Pearson's coefficient, mean CL measurements were compared using the two‐tailed paired t‐test and the frequency at which a short cervix was detected by the two imaging modalities was compared using the χ‐square test. Generalized linear models were used to estimate relative risk and receiver‐operating‐characteristics (ROC)‐curve analysis was used to estimate the predictive accuracy of CL for preterm birth.ResultsAmong 626 pregnancies complicated by TTTS that underwent SFLP, CL measurements were obtained on preoperative TVS in 579 cases and on preoperative MRI in 434. CL ≤ 2.5 cm was recorded in 39 (6.7%) patients on TVS and 47 (10.8%) patients on MRI (P = 0.0001). Measurements of CL made on MRI correlated well with those obtained on TVS overall (r = 0.63), but correlation was weak at the shortest CLs (r < 0.20). MRI failed to detect two (40.0%), three (18.8%), nine (32.1%) and 13 (28.9%) cases diagnosed as having a short cervix on TVS at cut‐offs of ≤ 1.5 cm, ≤ 2.0 cm, ≤ 2.5 cm and ≤ 2.8 cm, respectively. Over half of the pregnancies with a preoperative CL of ≤ 2.5 cm delivered by 28 weeks' gestation, regardless of imaging modality. CL measurement on TVS was superior to that on MRI to predict preterm birth, the latter performing poorly at all CL cut‐offs. A CL measurement of ≤ 2.0 cm on preoperative TVS had the highest predictive ability for preterm birth, with an area under the ROC curve for delivery before 32 weeks of 0.82.ConclusionsAlthough measurement of CL on MRI correlates well with that on TVS overall, it performs poorly at accurately detecting a short cervix. TVS outperforms MRI in evaluation of the cervix and remains the optimal modality for CL measurement in pregnancies at high risk for preterm birth, such as those undergoing SFLP for TTTS. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Emerging nanoparticle designs against bacterial infections
Authors: Zhou Zhidong , Kai Mingxuan , Wang Shuyan , Wang Dan , Peng Yifei , Yu Yiyan , Gao Weiwei , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe rise of antibiotic resistance has caused the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections to be less effective. Therefore, researchers turn to nanomedicine for novel and effective antibacterial therapeutics. The effort resulted in the first‐generation antibacterial nanoparticles featuring the ability to improve drug tolerability, circulation half‐life, and efficacy. Toward developing the next‐generation antibacterial nanoparticles, researchers have integrated design elements that emphasize physical, broad‐spectrum, biomimetic, and antivirulence mechanisms. This review highlights four emerging antibacterial nanoparticle designs: inorganic antibacterial nanoparticles, responsive antibacterial nanocarriers, virulence nanoscavengers, and antivirulence nanovaccines. Examples in each design category are selected and reviewed, and their structure–function relationships are discussed. These emerging designs open the door to nontraditional antibacterial nanomedicines that rely on mechano‐bactericidal, function‐driven, nature‐inspired, or virulence‐targeting mechanisms to overcome antibiotic resistance for more effective antibacterial therapy.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Fundamental Concepts in Measurement
Authors: Mari Luca , Wilson Mark , Maul Andrew 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to present the general context of a measurement system and basic concepts of measurement and related terms. The presentation develops according to a step-by-step, top-down strategy, which progressively characterizes measurement as (i) an empirical process, (ii) designed on purpose, (iii) whose input is a property of an object, and (iv) that produces information in the form of values of that property. These are proposed as necessary but not sufficient conditions for a process to be identified as a measurement: as such the contents of this chapter should be uncontroversial to be read and accepted by most, if not all, researchers and practitioners.
Technical and Cultural Contexts for Measurement Systems
Authors: Mari Luca , Wilson Mark , Maul Andrew 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to outline the technical and cultural contexts in which measurement systems, as presented in the previous chapter, are designed, set up, and operated. It first introduces the basic proposal that a measurement should produce as result not only one or more values of the property under consideration but also some information on the quality of those values and discusses the consequences in terms of measurement uncertainty. This proposal is then embedded in the broader context of metrological systems, which help justify the societal significance of measurement results via their traceability to conventionally defined measurement units, so that measurement results can be interpreted in the same way by different persons in different places and times. Finally, we consider the issue of what is measured, i.e., the property of a given object, or measurand, which must be somehow defined and identified. On this basis, the chapters that follow develop and bring further specificity to our analysis and proposals. As with the previous chapter, we believe that the contents of this chapter should be sufficiently uncontroversial to be read and accepted by most, if not all, researchers and practitioners.