bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical decision-making
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers ethical decision making. It begins with an introduction of how to apply the principles discussed in the chapter. It then describes approaches to medical ethics, the development of codes, and clinical ethics committees. It goes on to approaches to ethical reasoning, including utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, the Four Principles, and makes comparisons between theories. It goes on to cover values-based practice, and finally covers ethics and the law.
Professional duties and personal integrity
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the professional duties and personal integrity of the forensic psychiatrist. It begins with professional guidelines and codes and moves on to the question of whether – and to what extent – there is a duty to prevent violence. It describes competing interests and role conflicts that may affect a forensic psychiatrist, and then covers professional roles and relationships. It includes a section on boundary violations, then outlines acknowledging uncertainty and what happens when a professional opinion is changed, and the reporting process. Finally, it covers supervision, peer review, and reflective practice.
Civil law
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán , Williams Hannah Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers civil laws as it relates to forensic psychiatrist. It starts with tort law and negligence, then goes to clinical negligence law and professional regulatory law. Family law, employment and equality law, and immigration and extradition law are all outlined. The chapter concludes with a summary of inquest law.
Oxford Casebook of Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Designed as a companion to the Oxford Specialist Handbook of Forensic Psychiatry, second edition, this new casebook complements the domains of both theory and practice put forward in the handbook, but also works as a standalone volume for those who wishes to enhance their decision-making in cases they may confront in their discipline. Organised into three sections, the casebook allows the practitioner to think through not only the technical medical aspects of real-life clinical cases, but also the legal and ethical aspects. Part A provides an introduction to the theory and practice of decision-making; Part B presents cases across clinical, legal, and ethical domains; and Part C offers frameworks for critiquing decisions. This robustly discursive approach to a fact-based but also value-laden discipline enhances the opportunity to put knowledge into practice. The Oxford Casebook of Forensic Psychiatry expresses the concept that ‘knowing is the only part of deciding’, offering an essential practitioner’s guide to decision-making in clinical, forensic, and legal psychiatry.
Kelvin–Helmholtz instability at the interface of H ii region and molecular cloud under the influence of ambipolar diffusion: a discontinuous model of the interface
Authors: Yaghouti S Akram 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
For typical flow velocities in the interstellar medium (ISM), the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) may result in the development of structures in molecular clouds near the interface between the clouds and H ii regions flowing past them (Berné et al. 2010). Ambipolar diffusion (AD) is one of the significant mechanisms considered frequently in the dynamics of molecular clouds. It may play a relevant role in the development of the KHI in the interface of the H ii region and the molecular clouds. Here, we examine the role of AD in the evolution of the KHI, using linear perturbation analysis. We model the interaction of two regions as a planar discontinuity separating two fluids in relative motion. Linear analysis, for a certain range of magnetosonic Mach number of flow ($\mathcal {M}_{sA1}\lt 1$), shows that AD has a destabilizing effect on the KHI and consequently decreases the e-fold time-scale of instability. The results indicate that AD is more effective on the KHI for large magnetosonic Mach numbers than for low magnetosonic Mach numbers. This may give rise to the development of larger numbers of KH structures in high-velocity flows. The results also indicate that AD is more effective for perturbation wavelengths $\lambda _{\rm KH} \ \lt \ 1\rm pc$ than for $\lambda _{\rm KH}\gt 1\rm pc$. This nominates a length-scale ($L=1 \rm \, pc$) above which AD is not important for the formation of KH structures. Conforming to the results, AD is proposed as a triggering factor in the development of the small-scale KH structures in the regions of high-velocity streams in ISM.
Low-pass whole-genome and targeted sequencing of cell-free DNA from cerebrospinal fluid in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors
Authors: O’Halloran Katrina , Yellapantula Venkata , Christodoulou Eirini , Ostrow Dejerianne , Bootwalla Moiz , Ji Jianling , Cotter Jennifer , Chapman Nicholas , Chu Jason , Margol Ashley , Krieger Mark D , Chiarelli Peter A , Gai Xiaowu , Biegel Jaclyn A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
Central nervous system tumors are the most common pediatric solid tumors and the most frequent cause of cancer-related morbidity in childhood. Significant advances in understanding the molecular features of these tumors have facilitated the development of liquid biopsy assays that may aid in diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy. In this report, we describe our comprehensive liquid biopsy platform for detection of genome-wide copy number aberrations, sequence variants, and gene fusions using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from pediatric patients with brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system tumors.

Methods
Cell-free DNA was isolated from the CSF from 55 patients, including 47 patients with tumors and 8 controls.

Results
Abnormalities in cell-free DNA were detected in 24 (51%) patients including 11 with copy number alterations, 9 with sequence variants, and 7 with KIAA1549::BRAF fusions. Positive findings were obtained in patients spanning histologic subtypes, tumor grades, and anatomic locations.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the feasibility of employing this platform in routine clinical care in upfront diagnostic and monitoring settings. Future studies are required to determine the utility of this approach for assessing response to therapy and long-term surveillance.
Acupuncture for premature ejaculation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Hui , Colonnello Elena , Sansone Andrea , Wang Fu , Guo Jun , Wang Chunling , Zhang Yan , Jannini Emmanuele A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
Although acupuncture is widely used to treat premature ejaculation (PE), its effectiveness remains highly controversial.

Aim
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture on PE.

Methods
According to the relevant keywords, 11 major English and Chinese databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture alone or in combination with other treatments for PE. The quality of evidence across studies was assessed by the GRADEpro tool.

Outcomes
Study outcome measures included the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), the Chinese Index of Premature Ejaculation–5 (CIPE-5), treatment success rate, and adverse events.

Results
Seven trials were included in this review for a total of 603 participants. A low quality of evidence suggests that it is not possible to determine whether acupuncture, as compared with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has an advantage in improving the IELT (standardized mean difference [SMD], −1.75; 95% CI, −6.12 to 2.63; P = .43, I2 = 98%), PEDT scores (SMD, 0.32; 95% CI, −0.68 to 1.32; P = .53, I2 = 85%), and treatment success rate (risk ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.41-1.14; P = .15). However, participants receiving acupuncture had a lower CIPE-5 (SMD, −1.06; 95% CI, −1.68 to −0.44; P &lt; .01). As compared with sham acupuncture, acupuncture significantly improved the IELT (SMD, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.01-1.92; P &lt; .01, I2 = 0%) and PEDT scores (SMD, −1.23; 95% CI, −1.78 to −0.67; P &lt; .01, I2 = 37%). When compared with other treatments alone, a combined treatment with acupuncture can significantly improve the IELT (SMD, 7.06; 95% CI, 2.53-11.59; P &lt; .01, I2 = 97%), CIPE-5 (SMD, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.45-1.22; P &lt; .01, I2 = 0%), and treatment success rate (SMD, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18-2.16; P &lt; .01, I2 = 53).

Clinical Implications
The results suggest a significant effect of acupuncture in the treatment of certain important indicators of PE; however, this finding needs to be treated with caution because of the quality of the RCTs included.

Strengths and Limitations
Comprehensive inclusion of available RCTs has been performed. However, limitations include a low number of studies and a lack of detailed information to allow subgroup analysis.

Conclusion
The present systematic review and meta-analysis show that acupuncture has a significant effect on several subjective PE parameters, such as improving the feeling of control over ejaculation and distress, particularly when used in an integrated way. However, due to the low quality of evidence, acupuncture still needs larger well-designed RCTs to be confirmed.
Inclusion ofYucca schidigeraextract into finishing diets: impacts on ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle
Authors: Mackey Shea J , Cooke Reinaldo F , Pickett Autumn T , Batista Luis F D , Mendes Egleu D M , Rincker Michael J , Colombo Eduardo A 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis experiment compared ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle receiving Yucca schidigera extract to replace or fed in conjunction with monensin + tylosin. Angus-influenced steers (n = 120) were ranked by body weight (BW; 315 ± 3 kg) and allocated to 4 groups of 30 steers each. Groups were housed in 1 of 4 drylot pens (30 × 12 m) equipped with GrowSafe feeding systems (4 bunks/pen) during the experiment (day −14 to slaughter). On day 0, groups were randomly assigned to receive a diet containing (2 × 2 factorial): 1) no inclusion or inclusion of monensin + tylosin (360 mg and 90 mg/steer daily, respectively) and 2) no inclusion or inclusion of Y. schidigera extract (4 g/steer daily). Steers were slaughtered in 3 groups balanced by treatment combination (36 steers on day 114, 36 steers on day 142, and 48 steers on day 169). Blood was sampled on days 0, 28, 56, and 84, and the day before shipping to slaughter. On day 41, eight rumen-cannulated heifers (BW = 590 ± 15 kg) were housed with steers (1 pair/pen). Pairs rotated among groups every 21 d, resulting in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (n = 8/treatment combination) with 14-d washout intervals. Heifers were sampled for blood and rumen fluid at the beginning and end of each 21-d period. Monensin + tylosin inclusion decreased (P &lt; 0.01) feed intake and improved (P = 0.02) feed efficiency of steers, but did not alter (P ≥ 0.17) steer BW gain or carcass merit traits. Inclusion of Y. schidigera extract did not impact (P ≥ 0.30) steer performance and carcass characteristics. Plasma glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and urea-N concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.16) by monensin + tylosin, nor by Y. schidigera extract inclusion in steers and heifers. Ruminal pH in heifers was increased (P = 0.04) by monensin + tylosin, and also by (P = 0.03) Y. schidigera extract inclusion. Rumen fluid viscosity was reduced (P = 0.04) by Y. schidigera extract, and rumen protozoa count was increased (P &lt; 0.01) by monensin + tylosin inclusion. The proportion of propionate in the ruminal fluid was increased (P = 0.04) by monensin + tylosin, and tended (P = 0.07) to be increased by Y. schidigera extract inclusion. Hence, Y. schidigera extract yielded similar improvements in rumen fermentation compared with monensin + tylosin, but without increasing performance and carcass quality of finishing cattle. No complimentary effects were observed when combining all these additives into the finishing diet.
Reduced Readmission and Increased Patient Satisfaction in Post–Cardiac Arrhythmia Ablation
Authors: Bott Kristin A. , Rose Suzanne J. , Malcolm Millicent M. , Shellman Juliette 
Published: June 2023

Background:
Hospital readmissions within 30 days post–cardiac arrhythmia ablation are typically related to postoperative complications and arrhythmia recurrence and considered mostly preventable.

Purpose:
To evaluate the impact of a cardiac ablation patient education program on hospital readmissions and patient satisfaction.

Methods:
An education intervention was established for patients who underwent cardiac ablation based on the Project RED framework. Hospital readmissions rates 30 days postprocedure and satisfaction via a single-blinded posttest design were assessed to evaluate the program.

Results:
Those in the intervention group had a significantly lower rate of 30-day readmissions (7.1% vs 53.3%, P = .014). A large magnitude of effect and higher total patient satisfaction scores were also seen in the intervention group (M = 633, SD = 78) than in the control group (M = 508, SD = 137, P = .005).

Conclusions:
Results of this study support the implementation of an enhanced cardiac arrhythmia patient education intervention with consideration of identified facilitators and barriers.
Tumor Volume on PSMA PET as a Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Cabazitaxel
Authors: Shagera Qaid Ahmed , Karfis Ioannis , Sideris Spyridon , Guiot Thomas , Woff Erwin , Martinez-Chanza Nieves , Roumeguere Thierry , Gil Thierry , Flamen Patrick , Artigas Carlos 
Published: June 2023

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients receiving second-line chemotherapy with cabazitaxel.

Methods
All patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who underwent a PSMA PET/CT within 8 weeks before initiating the cabazitaxel treatment were retrospectively evaluated. The whole-body PSMA total tumor volume (PSMA-TV) was measured for each patient. Other factors such as prostate-specific antigen, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were recorded. A log-rank cutoff finder was used to define the PSMA-TV optimal cutoff. Survival analyses were performed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods.

Results
In total, 32 patients were included, receiving a median of 6 cycles of cabazitaxel (range, 2–10). After a median follow-up of 12 months, 28 patients presented disease progression, and 18 died. Baseline PSMA-TV presented a significant association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS; P = 0.035 and P = 0.002, respectively). Optimal PSMA-TV cutoffs were 515 mL for PFS and 473 mL for OS. Patients with low volume presented longer PFS and OS than those with high volume: median PFS, 21 versus 12 weeks, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.33; P = 0.017); and median OS, 24 versus 8.5 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.21; P = 0.002). On the multivariable analyses, PSMA-TV remained an independent predictor of OS (P = 0.016).

Conclusion
Our results show that total tumor volume measured on PSMA PET/CT is a prognostic biomarker in patients treated with cabazitaxel. High PSMA-TV before treatment initiation is associated with shorter PFS and OS.
Practical cancer cachexia management in palliative care – a review of current evidence
Authors: Duffy Tony , Kochanczyk Martin 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
To explore the current evidence relating to the practical management of cancer cachexia in palliative care.

Recent findings
The authors found a growing evidence base including the publication of several expert guidelines since 2020. Guidelines identified the need for individualised nutritional and physical exercise support as the mainstay of cachexia management. Dietician and allied health professional referrals are recommended for the best patient outcomes. Limitations of nutritional support and exercise are acknowledged. Patient outcomes from multimodal anti-cachexia therapy are awaited at this time. Communication about the mechanisms of cachexia and nutritional counselling are identified as ways to reduce distress. Evidence supporting the use of pharmacological agents remains insufficient to make recommendations. Corticosteroids and progestins may be offered for symptom relief in refractory cachexia, taking into consideration well-documented side effects. Emphasis is placed on adequately managing nutritional impact symptoms. A specific role for palliative care clinicians and the use of existing palliative care guidelines in managing cancer cachexia were not identified.

Summary
Current evidence recognises the inherently palliative nature of cancer cachexia management, and practical guidance correlates with the tenets of palliative care. Individualised approaches to support nutritional intake, physical exercise and alleviate symptoms that accelerate cachexia processes are currently recommended.
At-Home High-Intensity Interval Training for Individuals with Paraplegia Following Spinal Cord Injury:A Pilot Study
Authors: Linde Margaux B. , Webb Kevin L. , Veith Daniel D. , Morkeberg Olaf H. , Gill Megan L , Van Straaten Meegan G. , Laskowski Edward R. , Joyner Michael J. , Beck Lisa A. , Zhao Kristin D. , Wiggins Chad C. , Garlanger Kristin L. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis pilot study aimed to assess the efficacy of a 16-week at-home high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsEight individuals (age: 47±11 (SD) years, 3 females) with SCI below the sixth thoracic vertebrae participated in a 16-week at-home HIIT program using an arm ergometer. Participants completed baseline graded exercise tests to determine target heart rate zones. HIIT was prescribed thrice per week. Each training session consisted of six one-minute bouts with a target heart rate ∼80% heart rate reserve (HRR), interspersed with two minutes of recovery at ∼30% HRR. A portable heart rate monitor and phone application provided visual feedback during training and allowed for measurements of adherence and compliance. Graded exercise tests were completed after 8 and 16 weeks of HIIT. Surveys were administered to assess participation, self-efficacy, and satisfaction.ResultsParticipants demonstrated a decrease in submaximal cardiac output (P=0.028) and an increase in exercise capacity (peak power output,P=0.027) following HIIT, indicative of improved exercise economy and maximal work capacity. An 87% adherence rate was achieved during the HIIT program. Participants reached a high intensity of 70% HRR or greater during ∼80% of intervals. The recovery HRR target was reached during only ∼35% of intervals. Self-reported metrics of satisfaction and self-efficacy with at-home HIIT scored moderate to high.ConclusionParticipants demonstrated an improvement in exercise economy and maximal work capacity following at-home HIIT. Additionally, participant adherence, compliance, satisfaction, and self-efficacy metrics suggest that at-home HIIT was easily implemented and enjoyable.
Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 expression is increased in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic donors
Authors: Fignani Daniela , Pedace Erika , Licata Giada , Grieco Giuseppina Emanuela , Aiello Elena , Luca Carmela de , Marselli Lorella , Marchetti Piero , Sebastiani Guido , Dotta Francesco 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAimsAngiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), a pivotal SARS-CoV-2 receptor, has been shown to be expressed in multiple cells including human pancreatic beta-cells. A putative bidirectional relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and diabetes has been suggested, confirming the hypothesis that viral infection in beta-cells may lead to new-onset diabetes or to a worse glycometabolic control in diabetic patients. However, whether ACE2 expression levels are altered in beta-cells of diabetic patients has not yet been investigated. Here, we aimed at elucidating the in-situ expression pattern of ACE2 in T2D respect to non-diabetic donors which may account for a higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in beta-cells.Material and methodsACE2 Immunofluorescence analysis using two antibodies alongside with insulin staining was performed on FFPE pancreatic sections obtained from n=20 T2D and n=20 non-diabetic multiorgan donors. Intensity and colocalization analyses were performed on a total of 1082 pancreatic islets. Macrophages detection was performed using anti-CD68 immunohistochemistry on serial sections from the same donors.ResultsUsing two different antibodies, ACE2 expression was confirmed in beta-cells and in pancreas microvasculature. ACE2 expression was increased in pancreatic islets of T2D donors in comparison to non-diabetic controls alongside with a higher colocalization rate between ACE2 and insulin using both anti-ACE2 antibodies. CD68+cells tend to be increased in T2D pancreata, in line with higher ACE2 expression observed in serial sections.ConclusionsHigher ACE2 expression in T2D islets might increase their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection during COVID-19 in T2D patients, thus worsening glycometabolic outcomes and disease severity.
Altered markers of mitochondrial function in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Nickel Kathrin , Menke Mia , Endres Dominique , Runge Kimon , Tucci Sara , Schumann Anke , Domschke Katharina , van Elst Ludger Tebartz , Maier Simon 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research suggests potential mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in fatty acid metabolism in a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), indicated by higher lactate, pyruvate levels, and mitochondrial disorder prevalence. This study aimed to further investigate potential mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD by assessing blood metabolite levels linked to mitochondrial metabolism.MethodsBlood levels of creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate, pyruvate, free and total carnitine, as well as acylcarnitines were obtained in 73 adults with ASD (47 males, 26 females) and compared with those of 71 neurotypical controls (NTC) (44 males, 27 females). Correlations between blood parameters and psychometric ASD symptom scores were also explored.ResultsElevated ALT (p = 0.024) and lower CK (p = 0.007) levels were found exclusively in males with ASD compared to NTC, with no such variation in females. AST levels were consistent in both groups. After correction for antipsychotic and antidepressant medication, only CK remained significant. ASD participants had lower serum lactate levels (p = 0.012) compared to NTC, but pyruvate and carnitine concentrations showed no significant difference. ASD subjects had significantly increased levels of certain acylcarnitines, with a decrease in tetradecadienoyl-carnitine (C14:2), and certain acylcarnitines correlated significantly with autistic symptom scores.DiscussionWe found reduced serum lactate levels in ASD, in contrast to previous studies suggesting elevated lactate or pyruvate. This difference may reflect the focus of our study on high-functioning adults with ASD, who are likely to have fewer secondary genetic conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings of significantly altered acylcarnitine levels in ASD support the hypothesis of altered fatty acid metabolism in a subset of ASD patients.