bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Adsorption Efficiency of Lignite, Biochar, and Polymeric Nanofibers for Veterinary Drugs in WWTP Effluent Water
Authors: Vrchovecká Stanislava , Asatiani Nikifor , Antoš Vojtěch , Wacławek Stanisław , Hrabák Pavel 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe increased consumption, overuse, and subsequent difficult removal of pharmaceuticals using conventional processes lead to their rising prevalence in the environment. Adsorption belongs to the most efficient approaches to pharmaceuticals’ removal from wastewater. This study provides insight into the sorption properties of biochar, lignite, and polyamide nanofibers (PA-nanofibers) for sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and amoxicillin in ultrapure and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent water. The negative effect of WWTP effluent water was reflected in a reduction of the sorption capacity of biochar by 6.31–72.15%, 25.58–98.55% for lignite, and 4.21–67.71% for PA-nanofibers. Simultaneously, this study investigates the impact of the experimental setup. The sorption capacities were recorded in the range from 0.65 to 2.84 mg g−1 for biochar, 0.04 to 75.73 μg·g−1 for lignite, and 0.53 to 30.54 μg·g−1 for PA-nanofibers during the fixed-bed column tests with WWTP effluent water. Based on the results, biochar appears to be a suitable sorbent for selected pharmaceuticals in field conditions with running water. Lignite and PA represent complementary treatment technology or can act as a carrier for microbial degraders. Performed batch tests with ultrapure and WWTP effluent water and subsequent column tests highlighted the importance of conducting tests with the appropriate matrix and experimental setup to gain a realistic insight into the behavior of the sorbents under environmentally relevant conditions.
Graphical Abstract
Disaster Collaborative Exercises for Healthcare Teamwork in a Saudi Context
Authors: Sultan Mohammed Ali Salem , Khorram-Manesh Amir , Sørensen Jarle Løwe , Berlin Johan , Carlström Eric 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the development of healthcare teamwork during and after the collaboration tabletop exercises, through observation and interview methods. Integration and maturity theoretical models were employed to explain the collaborative challenges in teams that may suffer from unequally distributed power, hierarchies, and fragmentation. Using three-level collaboration tabletop exercises and the Command and control, Safety, Communication, Assessment, Treatment, Triage, Transport (CSCATTT) instrument, 100 healthcare workers were observed during each step in the implementation of the CSCATTT instrument using two simulated scenarios. The results show a lack of integration and team maturity among participants in the first scenario, leading to the delayed start of the activity, task distribution, and decision making. These shortcomings were improved in the second scenario. In-depth interviews with 20 participants in the second phase of the study revealed improved knowledge and practical skills, self-confidence, and ability in team building within trans-professional groups in the second scenario, which in concordance with the integration theory, was due to the attempts made in the first scenario. Additionally, there was an improvement in the team’s maturity, which in concordance with the maturity theory, was due to the knowledge and practical skills during scenario plays. These results indicate the importance of continuous tabletop training, and the use of CSCATTT as a collaborative instrument, to promote the development of collaboration and to test the concept of preparedness.
Spatial Industrial Accident Exposure and Social Vulnerability Assessment of Hazardous Material Sites, Chemical Parks, and Nuclear Power Plants in Germany
Authors: Fekete Alexander , Neuner Steffen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIndustrial accidents have shown that many people can be affected, such as in Seveso, Italy, in 1976. Industrial accidents in nuclear power plants have also led to fatalities and evacuations. To better guide preparedness against and mitigation of industrial accidents, an assessment is necessary to evaluate hazard exposure and the type of potentially vulnerable social groups that need to be taken into account. This study conducted a spatial assessment of three types of industrial facilities in Germany: facilities registered under the Seveso Directive, chemical parks, and nuclear power plants. The method consisted of a spatial assessment using a Geographic Information System of exposure around hazardous sites registered under the Seveso Directive in Germany and of census data to analyze social vulnerability. Hazards analyzed included industrial accidents and earthquakes. The results revealed that most industrial sites are in urban areas and that population density, the numbers of foreigners, and smaller housing unit sizes are higher in close proximity to these sites. The buffer zones analyzed in circles between 1 and 40 km show a decreasing vulnerability with more distance. This can guide emergency management planners and other stakeholders to better prepare for major accidents and better devise disaster risk reduction strategies specifically for different social groups.
Gaps, challenges and possible solution for prediction of wheel–rail rolling contact fatigue crack initiation
Authors: Zhang Shuyue , Liu Qiyue , Spiryagin Maksym , Wu Qing , Ding Haohao , Wen Zefeng , Wang Wenjian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe prediction of wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue (RCF) crack initiation during railway operations is an important task. Since RCF crack evolution is influenced by many factors, its prediction process is complex. This paper reviews the existing approaches to predict RCF crack initiation. The crack initiation region is predicted by the shakedown map. By combining the shakedown map with various initiation criteria and the critical plane method, the crack initiation life is calculated. The classification, methodologies, theories and applications of these approaches are included in this paper. The advantages and limitations of these methods are analyzed to provide recommendation for RCF crack initiation prediction. This review highlights that wheel/rail dynamic characteristic, complex working conditions, surface defects and wear all affect the RCF crack initiation. The optimal selection of criteria is essential in the crack initiation prediction. Based on the research gap regarding the challenging process of crack initiation prediction detailed in this review, a proposed prediction process of RCF crack initiation is proposed to achieve a more accurate result.
Medical Faculty and Medical Student Opinions on the Utility of Questions to Teach and Evaluate in the Clinical Environment
Authors: Rucker Lloyd , Rucker Garrett , Nguyen Angelica , Noel Maria , Marroquin Maria , Streja Elani , Hennrikus Eileen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Objectives
We sought to report medical student and faculty perceptions of the purpose and utility of questions on clinical rounds.

Methods
We developed and administered a survey to third and fourth-year medical students and teaching physicians. The survey elicited attitudes about using questions to teach on rounds in both benign and malignant learning environments.

Results
Ninety-seven percent of faculty and 85% of students predicted they will use questions to teach. Nine percent of students described learning-impairing stress during benign bedside teaching. Fifty-nine percent of faculty felt questions were mostly for teaching; 74% of students felt questions were mostly for evaluation. Forty-six percent of students felt questions underestimated their knowledge. Students felt questions were more effective for classroom teaching than bedside teaching. Faculty and students agreed that a malignant environment detrimentally affected learning and performance.

Conclusions
Students and faculty supported the use of questions to teach and evaluate, especially in benign teaching environments. Many students described stress severe enough to affect their learning and performance, even when questioned in benign teaching environments. Faculty underestimated the degree to which students experience stress-related learning impairment and the degree to which students see questions as evaluation rather than teaching. Nearly half of students felt that questions underestimated their own knowledge. Students feel more stress and less learning when questioned with a patient present. Faculty must realize that even in the best learning environment some students experience stress-impaired learning and performance, perhaps because of the conflict between learning and evaluation.
Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials
Authors: Andrady A. L. , Heikkilä A. M. , Pandey K. K. , Bruckman L. S. , White C. C. , Zhu M. , Zhu L. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on construction materials, especially wood and plastics, and the consequent impacts on their useful lifetimes, are well documented in scientific literature. Any future increase in solar UV radiation and ambient temperature due to climate change will therefore shorten service lifetimes of materials, which will require higher levels of stabilisation or other interventions to maintain their lifetimes at the present levels. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments on substances that deplete the ozone layer, controls the solar UV-B radiation received on Earth. This current quadrennial assessment provides a comprehensive update on the deleterious effects of solar UV radiation on the durability of natural and synthetic materials, as well as recent innovations in better stabilising of materials against solar UV radiation-induced damage. Pertinent emerging technologies for wood and plastics used in construction, composite materials used in construction, textile fibres, comfort fabric, and photovoltaic materials, are addressed in detail. Also addressed are the trends in technology designed to increase sustainability via replacing toxic, unsustainable, legacy additives with ‘greener’ benign substitutes that may indirectly affect the UV stability of the redesigned materials. An emerging class of efficient photostabilisers are the nanoscale particles that include oxide fillers and nanocarbons used in high-performance composites, which provide good UV stability to materials. They also allow the design of UV-shielding fabric materials with impressive UV protection factors. An emerging environmental issue related to the photodegradation of plastics is the generation of ubiquitous micro-scale particles from plastic litter exposed to solar UV radiation.Graphical abstract
All superconducting tokamak: EAST
Authors: Hu Jiansheng , Xi Weibin , Zhang Jian , Huang Liansheng , Yao Damao , Zang Qing , Hu Yanlan , Zuo Guizhong , Yuan Qiping , Qian Jinping , Zhou Zhiwei , Zhang Xinjun , Wang Mao , Xu Handong , Xie Yahong , Wang Zhengchu , Liu Haiqing , Sun Youwen , Wang Liang , Li Guoqiang , Yin Hongxing , Yang Yao , Gong Xianzu , Lu Kun , Xu Guosheng , Chen Junling , Liu Fukun , Li Jiangang , Song Yuntao ,   the EAST team
Published: April 2023

AbstractExperimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) was built to demonstrate high-power, long-pulse operations under fusion-relevant conditions, with major radius R = 1.9 m, minor radius a = 0.5 m, and design pulse length up to 1000s. It has an ITER-like D-shaped cross-section with two symmetric divertors at the top and bottom, accommodating both single null and double null divertor configurations. EAST construction was started in 2000, and its first plasma was successfully obtained in 2006. In the past 15 years, plasma-facing components, plasma heating, diagnostics, and other systems have been upgraded step by step to meet its mission on exploring of the scientific and technological bases for fusion reactors and studying the physics and engineering technology issues with long pulse steady-state operation. An advanced steady-state plasma operation scenario has been developed, and plasma parameters were greatly improved. Meanwhile, front physics on the magnetic confinement plasmas have been systemically investigated and lots of fruitful results were realized, covering transport and confinement, MHD stabilities, pedestal physics, divertor and scrap-off layer (SOL) physics, and energetic particle physics. This brief review of EAST on engineering upgrading, stand-steady operation scenario development, and plasma physics investigation would be useful for the reference on construction and operation of a superconducting tokamak, such as ITER and future fusion reactor.
Recalibrating Transplant Eligibility Criteria: Ensuring Equitable Access to Organ Transplantation for Intellectually Disabled Persons
Authors: Peña Adam 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe American with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act have made little progress towards preventing disability-based discrimination within the organ transplant evaluation process. Intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) pose a unique problem for transplant teams and transplant physicians because I/DDs can simultaneously be a legitimate contraindication for transplantation and a mechanism for invidious discrimination against intellectually disabled persons. A culprit for ongoing disability-based discrimination is a transplant center’s authority to develop its own eligibility criteria. While medical criteria for eligibility are generally well-settled, psychosocial criteria — an amorphous constellation of risk factors for post-transplant success — can serve as a facially neutral disguise for social worth determinations of individuals with I/DDs. Consequently, individuals with I/DDs are unjustifiably denied eligibility for organ transplantation and transplant-related services.This Article begins by identifying the pitfalls of current federal antidiscrimination legislation. It then discusses the foreseen benefits and drawbacks of House Resolution (H.R.) 8981, a recently proposed federal bill, that expressly prohibits disability-based discrimination within the organ transplant evaluation process. The Article ends by offering potential solutions for professional organizations and transplant centers that aim to provide for equitable access to organ transplantation and transplant-related services for intellectually disabled individuals.
Use of the HESPER Web to Assess Perceived Needs Immediately After Multiple Disaster Events in Fiji
Authors: Hugelius Karin , Semrau Maya , Holmefur Marie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objective:
In January 2022, Fiji was hit by multiple natural disasters, including a cyclone causing flooding, an underwater volcanic eruption, and a tsunami. This study aimed to investigate perceived needs among the disaster-affected people in Fiji and to evaluate the feasibility of the Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER Web) during the early stage after multiple natural disasters.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study using a self-selected, non-representative study sample was conducted. The HESPER Web was used to collect data.

Results:
In all, 242 people participated. The number of perceived serious needs ranged between 2 and 14 (out of a possible 26), with a mean of 6 (SD = 3). The top 3 most reported needs were access to toilets (60%), care for people in the community who are on their own (55%), and distress (51%). Volunteers reported fewer needs than the general public.

Conclusions:
The top 3 needs reported were related to water and sanitation and psychosocial needs. Such needs should not be underestimated in the emergency phase after natural disasters and may require more attention from responding actors. The HESPER Web was considered a usable tool for needs assessment in a sudden onset disaster.
What does security look like? Exploring interpretive photography as method
Authors: Ferhani Adam , Nyman Jonna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIR’s visual turn has emphasised visual analysis over visual method, centring images of war and crisis. Meanwhile security studies centres great power politics and moments of rupture. Together, they reinforce a dominant image of security as spectacular. This article unites two ethnographic projects focused on everyday security: one examining everyday security landscapes in China, and one examining health security at the UK border. Both found a gap between the dominant image of security and what we saw, and explored this gap through photography. Building on the everyday and visual turns, the article introduces interpretive photography as method to make two contributions. The first is methodological: it introduces interpretive photography as a distinct critical qualitative method that operates on five modes: enabling the seeing-capturing-making-sharing of visual artefacts, it also disrupts dominant visions and contributes to the construction of international relations. The second contribution is empirical: a deeper, richer account of what security looks like. While the discipline associates security with emergency politics or a state of exception, Nyman’s photographs show the exception-made-everyday, while Ferhani’s photos reject the exception by showing banal routines. In this way, photography engages the visuality of security, and can change how we see security.
Death of parent, sibling, spouse, and child in a Swedish national sample and risk of subsequent stress reaction, major depression, alcohol-use disorder, and drug-use disorder
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Lönn Sara L. , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundTo determine, in a general population, how much rates of stress reactions (SR), major depression (MD), alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and drug-use disorder (DUD) increase after the death of close relatives.MethodsSR, MD, AUD, and DUD registrations were assessed from national Swedish registries. From the population followed from 2000 to 2018, those exposed to death of a close relative in 2002–2016 were matched to unexposed controls and analyzed in males and females by a controlled pre-post design using a difference-in-difference method.ResultsSubstantial, brief increases in risk for SR and more modest prolonged increases in MD were observed after death of relatives in both men and women greatest with children, followed by spouses, parents, and siblings. Relatively long-lasting modest increases in AUD but not DUD were also observed following death of relatives. The absolute increases for SR and MD were greater in females than males and for AUD greater in males than females. However, logistic regression analyses showed most effects did not differ significantly by sex. Consistently larger increases in disorder risk were seen with the death of younger v. older parents, siblings, and spouses and with accidental v. non-accidental death in children.ConclusionsApplying a matched cohort design to Swedish population registries, death of close relatives was associated with, and likely caused, substantial increases in rates of SR, MD, and AUD, consistent with smaller prior clinical investigations. Through such registries, we can, in large representative samples, integrate the impact of exposures to selected environmental adversities into disorder risk pathways.
Evaluating whether a peer-led dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program prevents onset of each eating disorder type
Authors: D'Adamo Laura , Ghaderi Ata , Rohde Paul , Gau Jeff M. , Shaw Heather , Stice Eric 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThis study tested whether the dissonance-based Body Project eating disorder prevention program reduced onset of subthreshold/threshold anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD) over long-term follow-up.MethodsData were combined from three prevention trials that targeted young women at high-risk for eating disorders (N = 1092; M age = 19.3). Participants were randomized to Body Project groups led by peer educators or expressive writing/educational controls and completed masked diagnostic interviews over 2- to 4-year follow-ups. Logistic regressions tested whether onset of each eating disorder over follow-up differed between Body Project and control participants.ResultsPeer-led Body Project groups produced a 46% reduction in onset of subthreshold/threshold BN and a 62% reduction in onset of PD relative to controls over follow-up. Rates of onset of subthreshold/threshold AN and BED did not significantly differ between peer-led Body Project participants and control participants.ConclusionsResults support the dissemination of the peer-led Body Project for reducing future onset of BN and PD. This study and recent research suggest that thin-ideal internalization, the risk factor for eating disorders targeted in the Body Project, may be more relevant for predicting onset of BN and PD compared to AN and BED. Findings support the development of a version of the Body Project aimed to reduce risk factors that have predicted future onset of all four types of eating disorders (e.g. overvaluation of weight/shape, fear of weight gain), which may more effectively prevent all eating disorder types.
Older workers’ employment and Social Security spillovers through the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Goda Gopi Shah , Jackson Emilie , Nicholas Lauren Hersch , Stith Sarah See 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic triggered a large and immediate drop in employment among U.S. workers, along with major expansions of unemployment insurance (UI) and work from home. We use Current Population Survey and Social Security application data to study employment among older adults and their participation in disability and retirement insurance programs through the second year of the pandemic. We find ongoing improvements in employment outcomes among older workers in the labor force, along with sustained higher levels in the share no longer in the labor force during this period. Applications for Social Security disability benefits remain depressed, particularly for Supplemental Security Income. In models accounting for the expiration of expanded UI, we find some evidence that the loss of these additional financial supports resulted in an increase in disability claiming. Social Security retirement benefit claiming is approximately 3% higher during the second year of the pandemic.
Deference and defiance in Malaysia's China policy: determinants of a dualistic diplomacy
Authors: Kuik Cheng-Chwee , Lai Yew Meng 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhen do smaller states defer to and when do they defy stronger powers? How and why? This article traces and explains the changing patterns of deference and defiance in Malaysia's China policy. There are three findings. First, deference and defiance are essential elements in all inter-state relations, especially asymmetric ones. The greater the power asymmetry, the greater the inclination to defer and defy. Second, states often pursue defiance and deference concurrently and selectively, with approaches adapted in accordance with changing external and internal conditions. The concurrent adoption of the two behaviors often manifest in hedging, an insurance-seeking policy aimed at offsetting multiple risks by counteracting the effects of the other behavior: deference without defiance risks subservience and dependency; defiance without deference invites hostility and confrontation. Third, the specific patterns and proportions of the deference–defiance mix are attributable more to domestic than external determinants, i.e., the needs to balance security, prosperity, and autonomy, as necessitated by the prevailing pathways of elite legitimation. This explains why Malaysia's open deference vis-à-vis China has been accompanied by an indirect and quiet defiance especially in recent years, as best evidenced by the second Mahathir administration's dualistic approaches toward the Belt and Road, South China Sea, and Xinjiang.