bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges and opportunities using hunters to monitor chronic wasting disease among wild reindeer in the digital era
Authors: Mysterud Atle , Viljugrein Hildegunn , Hopp Petter , Andersen Roy , Bakka Haakon , Benestad Sylvie L. , Madslien Knut , Moldal Torfinn , Rauset Geir Rune , Strand Olav , Tran Linh , Vikøren Turid , Våge Jørn , Rolandsen Christer M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Surveillance of wildlife diseases poses considerable logistical challenges compared to that of humans or livestock. Citizen science can enable broader coverage, but building an efficient disease monitoring system that relies on hunters is challenging. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a lethal and infectious prion disease of cervids. Improving surveillance is important with the detection of CWD in wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Norway.

This study describes the components of an efficient CWD monitoring system utilizing recreational hunters. We report the success of data capture after 6 years of surveillance. We provide an overview of CWD occurrence among the 24 wild reindeer areas and quantify the likelihood of disease absence in areas without detection.

Surveillance aimed to test hunted reindeer aged ≥1 year. With higher quotas and extended hunting seasons, proactive surveillance was implemented in at‐risk areas. There were several challenges of population demarcation and the lack of surveys required for risk‐based sampling. Several specific tools for hunters have been developed, including digital apps for rapid reporting and feedback. Laboratory capacity was expanded, and novel statistical tools were developed for the specifics of the sampled tissues.

The surveillance (2016–2021) achieved a sample return rate of 61.5% from a maximum of 22,123 harvested reindeer aged ≥1 year. Among these, 64.1% included both relevant tissues (retropharyngeal lymph nodes and brain), yielding 9412 (42.5%) complete samples of harvested reindeer. Samples originating from harvest constituted ~84% of total wild reindeer samples.

CWD was detected in 2 of the 24 wild reindeer management areas. The remaining populations had a probability of CWD‐freedom from 60% to 99% (mean = 77%) at a design prevalence of 0.5%.

Utilizing hunters to monitor wildlife disease appears to be the most realistic option for cervid species. However, the logistical and economic constraints are substantial and pose long‐term challenges. Considerable uncertainty about disease occurrence remains even after massive surveillance, and whether management should take preventive actions remains a challenge.
Non‐Hierarchical Architected Materials with Extreme Stiffness and Strength
Authors: Wang Fengwen , Brøns Marie , Sigmund Ole 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStretch‐dominated truss and plate microstructures are contenders in the quest for realizing architected materials with extreme stiffness and strength. In the low volume fraction limit, closed‐cell isotropic plate microstructures meet theoretical upper bounds on stiffness but have low buckling strength, whereas open‐cell truss microstructures have high buckling strength at the cost of significantly reduced stiffness. At finite volume fractions, the picture becomes less clear but both are outperformed by hollow truss lattice and hierarchical microstructures in terms of buckling strength. Despite significant advances in manufacturing methods, hollow and multi‐scale hierarchical microstructures are still challenging to build. The question is if there exist realizable microstructures providing stiffness and strength matching or even beating hard‐to‐realize hollow or hierarchical microstructures?Herein, single‐scale non‐hierarchical (first order) microstructures that beat the buckling strength of hollow truss lattice structures by a factor of 2.4 and first‐ and second‐order plate microstructures by factors of 5 and 1.4, respectively, are systematically designed, built, and tested. Stiffness of the microstructures is within 40% of theoretical bounds and beats both truss and second order plate microstructures. The microstructures are realized with 3D printing. Experiments validate theoretical predictions and additional insight is provided through numerical modeling of a CT‐scanned sample.
Donor Extension on Spiro‐Acridine Enables Highly Efficient TADF‐OLEDs with Relieved Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Peng Hao , Xu Yulin , Zhou Changjiang , Pei Ranran , Miao Jingsheng , Liu He , Yang Chuluo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOrganic light emitting diodes based on thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters with both high external quantum efficiency (EQE) and low efficiency roll‐off are under urgent pursuing. Three TADF emitters based on fluorene‐spiro‐acridine derivatives as donors are developed. Composing of rigid donor and acceptor, all emitters exhibit high PLQYs of 96–99%. Direct conjugation attached on acridine offers an enhanced reverse intersystem crossing (kRISC) in IA‐TRZ, while the extension via spiro‐junction accelerates the radiative decay rate (kr) in 2S‐TRZ and IT‐TRZ. Remarkably, all emitters enable high electroluminescent performance with EQE of 35.6% for 2S‐TRZ, 36.1% for IT‐TRZ and 32.0% for IA‐TRZ, respectively, and very high luminance of up to 100 000 cd m−2. Surprisingly, 2S‐TRZ and IT‐TRZ that hold larger kr and smaller kRISC than that of IA‐TRZ exhibit more relieved efficiency roll‐off, indicating the significance of kr. More importantly, IT‐TRZ with a moderate kr and kRISC among these emitters shows the lowest roll‐off which demonstrates that the comprehensive consideration of all photophysical processes is important to attain excellent devices. It also emphasizes the molecular modulation method through side group that can induce elaborate control on decay channels for finely optimizing emitters. This study can provide a useful perspective in designing practical emitters.
Electrocatalytic MOF‐Carbon Bridged Network Accelerates Li+‐Solvents Desolvation for High Li+ Diffusion toward Rapid Sulfur Redox Kinetics
Authors: Li Linge , Tu Haifeng , Wang Jian , Wang Mingchao , Li Wanfei , Li Xiang , Ye Fangmin , Guan Qinghua , Zhu Fengyi , Zhang Yupeng , Hu Yuzhen , Yan Cheng , Lin Hongzhen , Liu Meinan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLithium‐sulfur batteries are famous for high energy density but prevented by shuttling effect and sluggish electrochemical conversion kinetics due to the high energy barriers of Li+ transport across the electrode/electrolyte interface. Herein, the Li+‐solvents dissociation kinetics is catalyzed and stimulated by designing a carbon bridged metal‐organic framework (MOF@CC), aimed at realizing increased bare Li+ transport for the rapid conversion kinetics of sulfur species. Theoretical simulations and spectroscopic results demonstrate that the bridged MOF@CC well grants a special transport channel for accelerating Li+ benefited from aggregated anion/cation clusters. Moreover, the CN bridge between ‐NH2 ligand in MOF and carbon shell enhances electron exchange, and thus promotes polysulfide catalytic efficiency and hinder polysulfide aggregation and accumulation. With the MOF@CC‐modified separators, the assembled Li/S batteries deliver a reversible capability of 1063 mAh g‐1 at 0.5 C, a capacity retention of 88% after 100 cycles, and a high‐rate performance of 765 mAh g−1 at 5 C. Moreover, the large areal pouch cell with 100 µm Li foil and lean electrolyte is capable of stabilizing 855 mAh g−1 after 70 cycles. These results well demonstrate the efficiency of catalyzing desolvation for fast Li+ transport kinetics and the conversion of polysulfides.
Design of Phosphide Anodes Harvesting Superior Sodium Storage: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Hao Youchen , Shao Jiawen , Yuan Yifei , Li Xifei , Xiao Wei , Sari Hirbod Maleki Kheimeh , Liu Tiefeng , Lu Jun 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSodium (Na) ion batteries (SIBs) are promising in stationary energy storage applications. Research is also afoot to seek suitable electroactive materials for use in SIBs. Recently, phosphides to be used in the anode for Na storage are particularly appealing due to their high specific capacities and low working potentials. The following matters are to deal with their inherent drawbacks of large volume variation and inferior interfacial stability upon Na insertion/extraction, which is believed to be largely responsible for capacity and cycling decay. Despite striking progress in addressing the above drawbacks, current studies on phosphides remain preliminary. In this review, an in‐depth understanding of phosphides regarding Na storage mechanism, capacity assessment, phase change, and reaction types is provided. The effective strategies and the sound designs of phosphides for Na storage are also discussed. Their correlations between electrochemical behavior and chemical/structural characteristics are analyzed, in a bid to sort out the basic ideas for the design of high‐performance phosphides that enable high‐energy and durable SIBs. Doubtless, the experience and knowledge gained from the research on phosphides are shared, and the strategies are expected to extend the scope beyond phosphides.
Cocatalyst Engineering with Robust Tunable Carbon‐Encapsulated Mo‐Rich Mo/Mo2C Heterostructure Nanoparticle for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yang Zhi , Li Meng , Chen Sibo , Yang Siyuan , Peng Feng , Liao Jihai , Fang Yueping , Zhang Shanqing , Zhang Shengsen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCocatalyst engineering with non‐noble metal nanomaterials can play a vital role in low‐cost, sustainable, and large‐scale photocatalytic hydrogen production. This research adopts slow carburization and simultaneous hydrocarbon reduction to synthesize carbon‐encapsulated Mo/Mo2C heterostructure nanoparticles, namely Mo/Mo2C@C cocatalyst. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate that the Mo/Mo2C@C cocatalysts have a nearly ideal hydrogen‐adsorption free energy (ΔGH*), which results in the accelerated HER kinetics. As such, the cocatalysts are immobilized onto organic polymer semiconductor g‐C3N4 and inorganic semiconductor CdS, resulting in Mo/Mo2C@C/g‐C3N4 and Mo/Mo2C@C/CdS catalysts, respectively. In photocatalytic hydrogen evolution application under visible light, the Mo/Mo2C@C with g‐C3N4 and CdS can form the Schottky junctions via appropriate band alignment, greatly suppressing the recombination of photoinduced electron‐hole pairs. The surface carbon layer as the conducting scaffolds and Mo metal facilitates electron transfer and electron‐hole separation, favoring structural stability and offering more reaction sites and interfaces as electron mediators. As a result, these catalysts exhibit high H2 production rates of 2.7 mmol h−1 g−1 in basic solution and 98.2 mmol h−1 g−1 in acidic solution, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of the bench‐mark Pt‐containing catalyst. The proposed cocatalyst engineering approach is promising in developing efficient non‐noble metal cocatalysts for rapid hydrogen production.
Metal‐Electronegativity‐Induced, Synchronously Formed Hetero‐ and Vacancy‐Structures of Selenide Molybdenum for Non‐Aqueous Sodium‐Based Dual‐Ion Storage
Authors: Qian Kunyan , Li Li , Yang Dehui , Wang Beibei , Wang Hui , Yuan Guanghui , Bai Jintao , Ma Shenghua , Wang Gang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSodium‐based dual‐ion batteries (SDIBs) have attracted increasing research interests in energy storage systems because of their advantages of high operating voltage and low cost. However, exploring desirable anode materials with high capacity and stable structures remains a great challenge. Here, an elaborate design is reported, starting from well‐organized MoSe2 nanorods and introducing metal‐organic frameworks, which simultaneously forms a bimetallic selenide/carbon composite with coaxial structure via electronegativity induction. By rationally adjusting the vacancy concentration and combining heterostructure engineering, the optimized MoSe2‐x/ZnSe@C as anode material for Na‐ion batteries achieves rapid electrochemical kinetics and satisfactory reversible capacities. The systematic electrochemical kinetic analyses combined with theoretical calculations further unveil the synergistic effect of Se‐vacancies and heterostructure for the enhanced sodium storage, which not only induces more reversible Na+ storage sites but also improves the pseudocapacitance and reduce charge transfer resistance, thereby providing a great contribution to accelerating reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the as‐constructed SDIB full cell based on the MoSe2‐x/ZnSe@C anode and the expanded graphite cathode demonstrates impressively excellent rate performance (131 mAh g−1 at 4.0 A g−1) and ultralong cycling life over 1000 cycles (100 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1), demonstrating its practical applicability in a wide range of sodium‐based energy storage devices.
Architecture‐Engineered Electrospinning Cascade Regulates Spinal Microenvironment to Promote Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Tang Yu , Xu Zonghan , Tang Jincheng , Xu Yichang , Li Ziang , Wang Wenbo , Wu Liang , Xi Kun , Gu Yong , Chen Liang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe inflammatory cascade after spinal cord injury (SCI) causes necrotizing apoptosis of local stem cells, which limits nerve regeneration. Therefore, coordinating the inflammatory immune response and neural stem cell (NSC) functions is key to promoting the recovery of central nervous system function. In this study, a hydrogel “perfusion” system and electrospinning technology are integrated, and a “concrete” composite support for the repair of nerve injuries is built. The hydrogel's hydrophilic properties activate macrophage integrin receptors to mediate polarization into anti‐inflammatory subtypes and cause a 10% increase in polarized M2 macrophages, thus reprogramming the SCI immune microenvironment. Programmed stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor released from the composite increase recruitment and neuronal differentiation of NSCs by approximately four‐ and twofold, respectively. The fiber system regulates the SCI immune inflammatory microenvironment, recruits endogenous NSCs, promotes local blood vessel germination and maturation, and improves nerve function recovery in a rat SCI model. In conclusion, the engineering fiber composite improves the local inflammatory response. It promotes nerve regeneration through a hydrophilic programmed cytokine‐delivery system, which further improves and supplements the immune response mechanism regulated by the inherent properties of the biomaterial. The new fiber composite may serve as a new treatment approach for SCI.
Multishell Colloidosome Platform with Sequential Gastrointestinal Resistance for On‐Demand Probiotic Delivery
Authors: Xie Xin , Li Qinyuan , Jia Lufan , Yuan Hao , Guo Ting , Meng Tao 
Published: January 2023

AbstractProbiotic‐based oral therapy can potentially prevent and treat diseases by regulating the balance of intestinal flora. However, significant loss of viability and bioactivity of probiotics before reaching the colon results in low delivery efficiency and therapeutic effects, which limits their clinical applications. Here, this work proposes a multishell colloidosome (MSC) platform with sequential gastrointestinal resistance for on‐demand probiotic delivery based on biomimetic mineralization and microfluidic technology. Notably, the viability of the decorated probiotics increases 280‐fold compared to that of free bacteria during preservation. Because of the sequential gastrointestinal resistance of MSC, encapsulated probiotics exhibit high viability (61%) under continuous exposure to extreme acidity, bile salt erosion, and enzymatic action, whereas free bacteria have a viability of 0%. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that MSC mainly releases probiotics in the colon and improves colonic colonization by probiotics to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and regulate the balance of intestinal flora. Consequently, MSC significantly improves the therapeutic effect on colitis in mice. The MSC platform provides a promising delivery strategy to enhance the efficacy of orally administered probiotics.
Melatonin‐Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells‐Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Alleviated Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction by Reversing Phenotypic Modulation
Authors: Chen Zehong , Zhai Jiancheng , Ma Jiahui , Chen Peng , Lin Weishun , Zhang Weipeng , Xiong Jiaming , Zhang Chaowei , Wei Hongbo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractErectile dysfunction (ED) is an adverse side effect of pelvic surgery with no effective treatment. In this study, it is explored whether melatonin could improve the therapeutic effects of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on cavernous nerve injury (CNI) ED, and the underlying mechanisms are investigated. The sEVs from melatonin‐pretreated MSCs (MT‐EVs) and MSCs (NC‐EVs) are isolated and applied to CNI ED. Transplantation of MT‐EVs remarkably increases erectile function and reduces phenotypic modulation in CNI ED rats. The therapeutic effects of MT‐EVs are superior to those of NC‐EVs. Sequencing implies that miR‐10a‐3p is enriched in MT‐EVs, and directly targets the protein kinase inhibitor α (PKIA). After the suppression of miR‐10a‐3p, the therapeutic actions of MT‐EVs are abolished, but are rescued by PKIA. Similarly, RhoA/ROCK is inhibited by MT‐EVs, but this action is reversed by suppressing miR‐10a‐3p, accompanied by corresponding changes in PKIA. In conclusion, transplantation of MT‐EVs could significantly alleviate CNI ED. MT‐EVs may relieve the phenotypic modulation of the corpora cavernosum smooth muscle cells via the miR‐10a‐3p/PKIA/RhoA/ROCK signaling axis. These nanovesicles should be potential therapeutic vectors or bioactive materials for CNI ED.
Bioengineered 3D Skeletal Muscle Model Reveals Complement 4b as a Cell‐Autonomous Mechanism of Impaired Regeneration with Aging
Authors: Wang Kai , Smith Stephen H. , Iijima Hirotaka , Hettinger Zachary R. , Mallepally Adarsh , Shroff Sanjeev G. , Ambrosio Fabrisia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA mechanistic understanding of cell‐autonomous skeletal muscle changes after injury can lead to novel interventions to improve functional recovery in an aged population. However, major knowledge gaps persist owing to limitations of traditional biological aging models. 2D cell culture represents an artificial environment, while aging mammalian models are contaminated by influences from non‐muscle cells and other organs. Here, a 3D muscle aging system is created to overcome the limitations of these traditional platforms. It is shown that old muscle constructs (OMC) manifest a sarcopenic phenotype, as evidenced by hypotrophic myotubes, reduced contractile function, and decreased regenerative capacity compared to young muscle constructs. OMC also phenocopy the regenerative responses of aged muscle to two interventions, pharmacological and biological. Interrogation of muscle cell‐specific mechanisms that contribute to impaired regeneration over time further reveals that an aging‐induced increase of complement component 4b (C4b) delays muscle progenitor cell amplification and impairs functional recovery. However, administration of complement factor I, a C4b inactivator, improves muscle regeneration in vitro and in vivo, indicating that C4b inhibition may be a novel approach to enhance aged muscle repair. Collectively, the model herein exhibits capabilities to study cell‐autonomous changes in skeletal muscle during aging, regeneration, and intervention.
Sequential Deposition of Multicomponent Bulk Heterojunctions Increases Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Jing Wenwen , Meng Huifeng , Guo Yuanyuan , Yu Liyang , Li Ruipeng , Peng Qiang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractConstructing tandem and multi‐blend organic solar cells (OSCs) is an effective way to overcome the absorption limitations of conventional single‐junction devices. However, these methods inevitably require tedious multilayer deposition or complicated morphology‐optimization procedures. Herein, sequential deposition is utilized as an effective and simple method to fabricate multicomponent OSCs with a double‐bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure of the active layer to further improve photovoltaic performance. Two efficient donor‐acceptor pairs, D18‐Cl:BTP‐eC9 and PM6:L8‐BO, are sequentially deposited to form the D18‐Cl:BTP‐eC9/PM6:L8‐BO double‐BHJ active layer. In these double‐BHJ OSCs, light absorption is significantly improved, and optimal morphology is also retained without requiring a more complicated morphology optimization involved in quaternary blends. Compared to the quaternary blend devices, energy loss (Eloss) is also reduced by rationally matching each donor with an appropriate acceptor. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved from 18.25% for D18‐Cl:BTP‐eC9 and 18.69% for PM6:L8‐BO based binary blend OSCs to 19.61% for the double‐BHJ OSCs. In contrast, a D18‐Cl:PM6:L8‐BO:BTP‐eC9 quaternary blend of OSCs exhibited a dramatically reduced PCE of 15.83%. These results demonstrate that a double‐BHJ strategy, with a relatively simple processing procedure, can potentially enhance the device performance of OSCs and lead to more widespread use.
Phosphate‐Rich Interface for a Highly Stable and Safe 4.6 V LiCoO2 Cathode
Authors: Yang Chao , Liao Xiaobin , Zhou Xing , Sun Congli , Qu Rui , Han Jin , Zhao Yan , Wang Liguang , You Ya , Lu Jun 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIncreasing the upper cut‐off voltage of LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the most efficient strategies to gain high‐energy density for current lithium‐ion batteries. However, surface instability is expected to be exaggerated with increasing voltage arising from the high reactivity between the delithiated LCO and electrolytes, leading to serious safety concerns. This work is aimed to construct a physically and chemically stable phosphate‐rich cathode–electrolyte interface (CEI) on the LCO particles to mitigate this issue. This phosphate‐rich CEI is generated during the electrochemical activation by using fluoroethylene carbonate and 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyletherare as the solvents. Both solvents also demonstrate high thermal stability, reducing the intrinsic flammability of the commercial organic electrolyte, thereby eliminating the safety concern in the LCO‐based systems upon high‐voltage operation. This stable CEI layer on the particle surface can also enhance the surface structure by blocking direct contact between LCO and electrolyte, improving the cycling stability. Therefore, by using the proposed electrolyte, the LCO cathode exhibits a high‐capacity retention of 76.1% after 200 cycles at a high cut‐off voltage of 4.6 V. This work provides a novel insight into the rational design of high‐voltage and safe battery systems by adopting the flame‐retardant electrolyte.