bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Yantorno Carlos , Shulman Sidney , Gonder Maurice J. , Soanes Ward A. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was shown that canine prostatic fluid contains strong antigenic activity, as judged from antibody response in rabbits. A significant part of this antigenic mixture represented prostatespecific antigens, as shown by passive hemagglutination with antiserum absorbed by canine serum and also by gel diffusion precipitation. The remaining activity is due to serum antigens, easily distinguished in gel diffusion and in hemagglutination by absorbed antiserum. It was shown that there is no cross-reaction with other canine tissues, such as bladder, testis, kidney, liver, spleen, heart, muscle and brain. There was a reaction with prostate extract and with seminal plasma; these reflect their content of prostatic fluid constituents. Therefore, prostatic fluid can be added to the list of tissues showing this property of tissue specificity. The antigen also seems to be species-restricted.
The prostate-specific antigens consisted primarily of three very similar components, plus a fourth antigen, which was quite distinctive.
Filter paper electrophoresis revealed four components, with the slowest-migrating peak constituting about 93% of the total. It had a mobility similar to that of serum γ-globulin. This major component, in ultracentrifugal examination, was seen as a sedimenting component with sedimentation coefficient of 2.7 S. A very minor peak of 15.6 S was also seen; sometimes one or two additional small peaks were present.
The degree of admixture of serum or serum-like antigens and proteins has been discussed.
Forssman Antigen and Antibody: Preparation of Water Soluble Antigen and Measurement of Antibody Concentration by Precipitin Analysis, by C′1a Fixation and by Hemolytic Activity
Authors: Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified fractions of rabbit antisera containing 19 S Forssman antibody were analyzed for antibody content on a molecular basis by precipitin analysis, by C′1a fixation and transfer and by direct hemolysis with complement. We have found that the C′1a fixation and transfer test detects all antibody molecules which react with water soluble Forssman antigen, while direct hemolytic assay detects about one third of these molecules. Possible reasons for this paradox are discussed.
Synthesis of Proteins by Human Leukocytes in Vitro
Authors: Turner K. J. , Forbes I. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Protein synthesis by leukocytes from human peripheral blood was studied by measuring the incorporation of 14C amino acid into protein in vitro.
The cell suspensions were rich in lymphocytes but contained other types of cell from the blood. Analysis of culture supernatants by DEAE column chromatography and starch gel electrophoresis showed that radioactive substrate was incorporated into a broad range of serum proteins. Autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns showed that the radioactivity was contained in several specific proteins. IgG and IgM were labelled, but these bands were less strongly labelled than some of the other fractions.
It is not possible to determine from these data what contribution was made by granulocytes and platelets to the total protein synthesized.
It was calculated that 108 lymphocytes synthesized 30 µg IgG globulin in 48 hr.
Serologic Response in a Marine Worm, Sipunculus Nudus
Authors: Bang Frederik B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Earlier experiments had shown that injection of crab blood containing large numbers of a ciliate parasite, Anophrys magii, into a marine worm, Sipunculus nudus, was followed by the development of a lysin for the ciliate in the plasma. Lysis of the ciliate was first apparent in a slower rate of swimming, then erratic motion, cessation of forward motion, all within a minute. The ciliate then fell to the bottom of the fluid, the shape changed to a rounded balloon form with a swollen posterior vacuole, the cilia disappeared and the whole ciliate superficially resembled a cyst. Lysis continued and in strongly positive plasmas, the entire ciliate disintegrated within 15 min. The lysin was destroyed by heating to 45°C for 5 min, and was inactivated by ether. It was “used up” by repeated additions of Anophrys to the plasma. The presence of bacteria did not inhibit the test. The response, i.e., the development of the lysin, lasted 5 to 7 days in most cases, and was evoked repeatedly, but did not persist. A regular but briefer response was evoked by injection of fresh broth cultures of Vibrio sp. or large amounts of heat-killed bacteria. No response was evoked by injecting fresh or sterilized sea water or a preparation of endotoxin. The release of an apparently identical substance from the blood cells of Sipunculus was evoked in vivo within 15 min of injection of either Anophrys or bacteria. This released substance apparently persisted in the plasma only for a few hours after the injection, and then 1 or 2 days later the lysin reappeared and persisted for 5 to 7 days. The release of lysin was also evoked by in vitro addition of Anophrys to freshly drawn blood. The in vivo release of lysin from cells was regularly accompanied by the failure of blood to form irregular loose clots of several types of blood cells, by a number of changes in the cells, including a breakdown of innominate cells and a release of crystalline substance from these cells. However, in animals which had lysin again for several days after the injection, innominate cells with crystals were frequently found. A spontaneous disease, apparently caused by a flagellate which burrowed into surface ulcerations and papules, was accompanied by a high titer of lysin. All Sipunculus nudus were negative for lysin if tested within 1 to 2 days of capture, but about a third became positive 1 to 2 weeks after capture. By 14 days, laboratory-“adapted” (recovered?) worms were negative. Repeated bleedings of such negative laboratory-adapted animals did not provoke the appearance of the lysin.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Herpes Simplex Virus in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Lausch Robert N. , Swyers Jerry S. , Kaufman Herbert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs experimentally infected with herpes simplex virus develop a hypersensitive skin reaction following the intradermal injection of the heat inactivated virus preparation.
This response becomes detectable several hours after challenge, generally reaching a maximum intensity at 24 hr. The cutaneous response can be elicited within a week after sensitization. Sensitivity persists for at least 9 weeks. Cytologically, the central feature is an infiltration of mononuclear cells. The hypersensitivity can be transferred with cells but not with serum. It is concluded that the hypersensitive response to herpes simplex antigen is of the “delayed” type.
Bactericidal Antibody in Mammalian Serum to Obligatorily Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Evans R. T. , Spaeth Suanne , Mergenhagen S. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification has been made of the quantitative photometric serum bactericidal procedure for use with obligatorily anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. This required the incubation of the serum-sensitive anaerobic bacteria with antibody and complement in an atmosphere containing 95% N-5% CO2. Such a procedure has permitted quantitative determination of bactericidal antibody in various mammalian sera and ascitic fluid to human oral strains of Veillonella and Fusobacterium. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with V. alcalescens in complete Freund's adjuvant developed high titers of bactericidal antibody in both serum and ascitic fluid. Immunization of rabbits with serum-sensitive strains of V. alcalescens produced high titers of specific bactericidal antibody but did not affect the levels of this antibody to serum-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhosa. Treatment of human sera with 2-mercaptoethanol and fractionation with Sephadex G-200 indicated that the γM-macroglobulins are responsible for the bactericidal activity to V. alcalescens. Sera from adult patients with periodontal disease when compared to normal adult sera were found to contain increases in bactericidal antibody to F. polymorphum, an organism associated with periodonitis and Vincent's infection.
γA-Immunoglobulin from Rabbit Colostrum
Authors: Cebra John J. , Robbins John B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An immunoglobulin was isolated from rabbit colostrum which differed from γG-immunoglobulin in its β-electrophoretic mobility, content of unique antigenic sites, higher sedimentation coefficient (10.8S) and higher carbohydrate content (3.2% hexose and 3.2% hexosamine). The colostral immunoglobulin appeared to be homologous with γA-immunoglobulins of other species. A yield of 3 to 4.5 mg of γA-immunoglobulin was obtained per milliliter of colostrum.
The rabbit γA-immunoglobulin was used to prepare a specific anti-α chain reagent in the goat. The serum concentration of γA-immunoglobulin was found to be 55 to 217 µg/ml for various rabbits by quantitative precipitation with anti-α chain.
The Ab4 allotypic sites controlled by the b locus were present on γA-immunoglobulin but allotypic sites controlled by the a locus (Aa1 and Aa2) could not be identified on this protein.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Human Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Hornbrook Margaret M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaginic activity in sera from ragweed-sensitive patients was inactivated after the precipitation of serum proteins with the rabbit antihuman globulin serum which did not contain any of the antibodies specific for γG-, γA-, γM-globulins and for light chains of immunoglobulins. The rabbit antiserum gave a γ1-globulin precipitin band with the reagin-containing fraction which contained γA but none of the γG-, γM- or γD-globulins. The specificity of the precipitin band was different from the γA-anti-γA band. By radioimmunoelectrophoresis and by radioimmunodiffusion, the antibody against ragweed pollen-extract (antigen E) was detected in the γ1-globulin, indicating the presence of a unique γ1-immunoglobulin. The protein was tentatively designated γE-globulin. Precipitation of γE-globulin anti-ragweed antibody in the reagincontaining fraction was accompanied by the loss of reaginic activity, whereas the precipitation of the γA-globulin antibody in the fraction did not result in any decrease of reaginic activity. The results highly suggest that the reaginic activity is associated with γE-globulin.
Original Antigenic Sin in Ferrets: the Response to Sequential Infections with Influenza Viruses
Authors: Webster R. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infection of ferrets with influenza viruses resulted in the production of large numbers of antibody molecules of low avidity. With the passage of time the number of antibody molecules decreased while the average avidity increased. Sequential infection of ferrets with serologically related viruses caused a marked increase in the number of antibody molecules reacting with the first virus. The avidity of this antibody was similar to that of the antibody before reinfection. The antibody reacting with the second virus was of secondary quality. The antibody population 18 to 21 days after secondary infection with a related virus was heterogeneous in terms of avidity, some of the antibodies reacting with either one or the other of the infecting viruses and some reacting with both viruses.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ontogeny of immunoglobulin development was demonstrated in immunologically virgin piglets; the first antibody formed, as a true primary response to the specific antigenic stimulus, was 19S γG (γ1)-immunoglobulin distinct from so-called β2M (γM)-macroglobulin. The 19S γG (γ1)-immunoglobulin appeared antigenically identical to the 7S γG (γ2)-immunoglobulin which developed later in the piglet and was present in normal sow serum. These results indicate that immunoglobulin synthesis was initiated by specific antigenic stimuli and that there was sequential development of 19S γG (γ1) to 7S γG (γ2)-immunoglobulin.
It is suggested that antigen is the sole inducer of specific antibody by de novo synthesis of immunoglobulins including early 19S γG (γ1) and late 7S γG (γ2). These results do not support the concept, suggested in Jerne's natural selection hypothesis, that pre-existing antibody is necessary for antibody formation.
Both early true primary 19S γG (γ1) and early secondary 19S γG (γ1)-immunoglobulins were identical but distinct from so-called β2M-macroglobulin and antigenically identical to 7S γG (γ2)-immunoglobulins of late true primary and secondary responses.
Relative Antigenic Potency in Man of Polyvalent Influenza Virus Vaccines Containing Isolated Hemaggi Utinins or Intact Viruses
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody responses of military recruits to vaccination with aqueous or mineral oil adjuvant polyvalent vaccines containing either purified hemagglutinins or intact viruses were compared. The yield of HI antibodies was generally higher after vaccination with purified hemagglutinins derived from swine, A, A1 and A2 strains than after vaccination with the corresponding intact viruses. The yield of HI antibodies after vaccination with hemagglutinins obtained from prototype strains of influenza B was always at least equal to that observed after use of intact virus vaccines, and sometimes higher. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Antigens Characteristic for Amyloid of Man and Rabbit
Authors: Kasukawa R. , Calkins E. , Milgrom F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera to human amyloid tissue gave a positive indirect immunofluorescence test with sections of amyloid-containing organs. Absorption experiments indicated that antibodies to previously described amyloid-characteristic components participated in this test.
Evidence was presented that the amyloid antigen described by Cathcart et al. is probably identical with the previously described lipoprotein component of amyloid-containing tissues.
By means of guinea pig immune sera, a lipoprotein antigen was identified in amyloid-containing rabbit organs. An identical antigen was detected in normal rabbit serum but not in normal rabbit organs.
Extracellular Factors Influencing Staphylocidal Capacity of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Craig Charles P. , Suter Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is presented employing cells adsorbed to glass which can be washed free of extracellular bacteria and exposed to various conditions.
The results of studies of the effect of inoculum size, incubation temperature and serum factors on phagocytosis and killing of various Groups of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are discussed. Phagocytosis is a linear function of the inoculum size, and the rate of bacterial killing is independent of the inoculum size. Killing rate increases from 26 to 36°C, but is stable above 36°C. Heat labile serum components facilitate phagocytosis in 10% serum concentration, but both phagocytosis and killing occur to measurable extents in heated, zymosan-treated, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated sera. No difference between rates of killing of virulent and relatively avirulent S. aureus is detected.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-Alpha-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Gerulat Bernard F. , Pinchuck Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chemically modified derivatives of the copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine and/or alanine were prepared and studied for immunogenic and immunochemical properties. Deamination of G60L40 enhanced the immunogenicity for rabbits but not for guinea pigs. Modification of the carboxylate groups of G60A40 reduced considerably its immunogenicity for both species. The deaminated block GL and poly GAG of known sequence were very poor immunogens, possibly because of insufficient complexity in structure. Also, the importance of an appropriate concentration of free polyglutamate sequences for immunogenic activity has been mentioned as a possible explanation for these findings in rabbits.
Serum Levels of Second Component of Complement in Cancer Patients
Authors: Southam Chester M. , Siegel Alice H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The levels of the second component of complement (C′2) in the serum of cancer patients were determined. The average of C′2 titers in the cancer group was slightly higher than in the healthy control group but the differences were not statistically significant. Among patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma, a few had very low C′2 levels, and all patients with Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma had moderately high levels. The biologic significance of these differences is obscure. They are not explained by such variables as technique, sex, age or therapy. Impending death was often, but not consistently, associated with low C′2 levels. In a small group of patients with various non-neoplastic diseases the only abnormality of note was a very low C′2 titer in a patient with lupus erythematosus.
The Effect of Active and Inactive Rheumatoid Factors on Tolerance to Human γ-Globulin in Swiss Mice
Authors: Azar Miguel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice rendered tolerant to the major fraction of human γ-globulin (HGG) became responsive after inoculation with rheumatoid factor (RF). When RF was inactive it failed to terminate tolerance. Two possible mechanisms are discussed. First, RF blocks the remaining fragments of the antigen by an in vivo antigen-antibody interaction. Second, and more probable, the antigenicity of RF is potentiated by its capacity to form RF-HGG complexes following localization in the mesenchymal tissue of the mouse. Cross-reactivity between anti-RF and anti-7S gamma globulin is considered unlikely, because of the specificity of antibodies to the Fc piece of the IgG.
Quantitative Studies on the Behavior of Sensitized Lymphoid Cells in Vitro
Authors: Wilson D. B. , Wecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Incubation of otherwise normal, nonreactive rat lymphoid cells with crude preparations of RNA from specifically immunized isologous animals resulted in the acquisition of demonstrable destructive abilities by these cells against homologous target cells in culture. While the magnitude of the cytocidal capabilities of these treated lymphoid cells was low, it was immunologically specific—i.e., lymphoid cells incubated with RNA derived from animals immunized to a different antigen system proved to be ineffective in destroying homologous target cells. Addition of RNase drastically inhibited the immunologic conversion of lymphoid cells to an active status with immune RNA.
Retention of Histologic Characteristics and Antigens in Organ Cultures of Rhesus Thyroid
Authors: Flanagan Thomas D. , Barron Almen L. , Beutner Ernst H. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Organ cultures of rhesus thyroid were well preserved histologically for 10 days. Cytoplasmic antigen could be detected by IF staining for 8 days. The addition of TSH increased the intensity of IF staining and antigen was detectable for 21 days. Thyroglobulin was detectable for 21 days. While the tissue was well preserved, thyroglobulin was usually intrafollicular in location: thereafter it was mostly cell-associated.
PCA and RPCA in Guinea Pigs with Rabbit and Guinea Pig Antibodies and Different Antigens
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Spitz Edward , Szalay Csaba De 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Increase of permeability of small blood vessels was observed with very large amounts of intradermally injected egg albumin and very large amounts of intravenously injected rabbit anti-egg albumin, if the reactions were read 90 min after challenge, whereas no increase of permeability was observed 10 min after challenge. This is distinct from PCA and RPCA reactions which develop within 5 min of challenge. It was concluded that the reactions seen with large amounts of egg albumin and rabbit anti-egg albumin were not true RPCA reactions. Moreover, RPCA reactions could not be provoked with dinitrophenylated bovine γ-globulin, but could be obtained with dinitrophenylated rabbit γ-globulin. These observations emphasize the difference between true RPCA reactions with certain immunoglobulins or some of their derivatives and reactions provoked with very large amounts of other antigens. Alternative mechanisms were discussed for the latter reactions.
Adsorption to Glass and Specific Antibody Inhibition of Iodine125 Labeled Influenza Virus
Authors: Boche Robert D. , Quilligan J. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified and concentrated influenza and adenovirus 6 have been labeled with iodine-125. Chemical analysis indicates nonuniform distribution of the label among several influenza virus fractions, the largest amount being found in phospholipid and least in ribonucleic acid. The viruses were shown to adsorb firmly to glass, Cab-o-Sil, paraffin and silicone coated glass in varying amounts. Distinct differences in adsorption on paraffin were observed between influenza and adenovirus 6. The adsorption of influenza on glass is specifically inhibited by immune serum, allowing typing of viruses and sera without cells.
The Effect of Tolerance on the Specificity of the Antibody Response: Antibody to Oxazolonated Albumin of Animals Tolerant to the Protein Carrier
Authors: Yoshimura Masahiro , Cinader Bernhard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Animals tolerant to human albumin (HA) produce antibody when immunized as adults with oxazolonated derivatives of HA. The proportion of animals producing antibody depends on the number of haptens per molecule of human albumin used in immunization. Two types of antibody-reactivities can be distinguished, one essentially directed to oxazolone and the other directed against protein determinants. The first of these constitutes the larger fraction of the total antibody. The protein antibody appears to be better adapted to the determinants of the native protein than to determinants of the modified protein, and is thus similar to previously described heteroclytic antibodies (18). These antibodies appear to be less well adapted to the immunogen than to a cross-reacting molecule. The findings are discussed in terms of the protein conformation of derivatives and of hypothetical receptor sites through which antibody synthesis may be initiated.
Physical Structure of a Native Protoplasmic Polysaccharide from Escherichia Coli
Authors: Rudbach J. A. , Anacker R. L. , Haskins W. T. , Milner K. C. , Ribi E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The physical structure of naturally occurring polysaccharides found in protoplasmic extracts of Escherichia coli was investigated. These materials were found to be linear molecules with particle weights averaging 163,000 and diameters and lenghths of about 16 Å and 1300 Å, respectively. The molecules were not composed of micellar arrays of smaller subunit molecules, as has been shown in endotoxins of E. coli. Therefore, basic structural differences between the endotoxin and NPP molecules have been demonstrated.