bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affinity in Radioimmunoassay of Antibody Cross-Reactive with Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and Colon Carcinoma Antigen-III (CCA-III)
Authors: Primus F. James , Newman Edward S. , Hansen Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several antisera raised against purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were evaluated for their content of antibody cross-reactive with colon carcinoma antigen-III (CCA-III). All antisera gave a reaction of partial identity between CEA and CCA-III and demonstrated a high titer in CEA radioimmunoassay (RIA). Between 50 and 70% of the CEA RIA activity was removed, however, by absorption with soluble CCA-III or adsorption onto CCA-III-containing immunoadsorbents. Immunoadsorbent retained antibody gave a line of complete identity between CEA and CCA-III. Purified CCA-III (2 µg) only partially depressed CEA binding by this common site antibody, whereas nanogram quantities of CCA-III inhibited the reaction between specific CCA-III antibody and radioiodinated CCA-III. In addition, low levels of CEA were equally effective in depressing CEA binding by the common site or CEA-specific antibody. The higher affinity in RIA of the common site antibody for CEA over CCA-III suggests that the common determinant expressed on CEA is stereochemically different from that on CCA-III. The results further demonstrate that interference by plasma CCA-III is not a significant factor in the measurement of CEA by RIA.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Kuppers Rudolf C. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between antigen recognition and lytic expression by killer T cells was studied by co-culturing two effector cell populations. When antigen recognition was bidirectional (e.g., b anti-d cells cultured with d anti-b) there was a loss of lytic activity in both populations. In contrast, when antigen recognition was unidirectional (e.g., a anti-d co-cultured with d anti-b) then the loss of lytic activity only occurred in that direction; i.e., there was a marked decline in the d anti-b activity but no change in the a anti-d population.
These studies suggest: i) that mere proximity to a killer cell does not lead to target cell death; ii) that accommodation of the T cell's antigen receptor is necessary for the cell to express its lytic potential; and iii) there is direct linkage between the T cell's antigen receptor site and its killing mechanism.
Cutaneous Basophil Responses in Neonatal Guinea Pigs: Active Immunization, Hapten Specific Transfer with Small Amounts of Serum, and Preferential Elicitation with Phytohemagglutinin Skin Testing
Authors: Haynes J. David , Askenase Philip W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a failure to elicit delayed hypersensitivity skin responses in neonatal guinea pigs despite apparent immunologic competence of their lymphocytes and monocytes. The ability of neonatal guinea pigs to manifest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) responses was examined. Neonates were competent to express macroscopic and microscopic aspects of these delayed reactions. Strong cutaneous basophil responses were elicited in newborns (0 to 2 days old) in a hapten-specific manner after intravenous transfer of small amounts of immune serum (0.5 ml) obtained from adult donors. Also, neonatal guinea pigs actively immunized at birth with hapten-carrier conjugates emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and skin tested when 1 week old had 24-hr hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions and CBH reactions to the carrier protein as well. Compared with adult CBH reactions, neonatal responses had equal concentrations of basophils, fewer mononuclear cells, less macroscopic erythema, and almost no induration. Hapten-specific CBH reactions also contained significant infiltrates of eosinophils which were more prominent in the ear skin vs flank skin and in neonates vs adults.
Immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) resulted in a marked difference between adults and neonates; adult PPD reactions were quite indurated and contained many more mononuclear cells and few basophils, whereas neonatal PPD reactions were flat, erythematous, nonindurated, and contained relatively few mononuclear cells and more basophils. Thus, neonatal tuberculin reactions elicited by PPD in animals immunized with CFA were examples of CBH. Skin testing nonimmune guinea pigs with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) also revealed marked differences in 24-hr cutaneous reactions between adults and newborns. Adults had indurated and erythematous reactions which contained approximately 20% basophils and 80% mononuclear cells, whereas similar PHA skin tests in newborns elicited small macroscopic reactions, which microscopically showed large infiltrates containing approximately 80% basophils and 20% mononuclear cells.
It was concluded that neonatal guinea pigs were not only competent to manifest basophil-containing delayed-type reactions, but that cutaneous basophil responses were preferentially elicited in these animals under a variety of circumstances. These results underline the fact that basophil accumulations are one aspect of delayed skin test responses and that the regulation of the arrival of these cells in neonates is different from that in adult guinea pigs.
Role of the Immune Response in Recovery from Sindbis Virus Encephalitis in Mice
Authors: Griffin Diane E. , Johnson Richard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of the immune response in recovery from acute encephalitis was studied by using a neuroadapted strain of Sindbis virus. Intracerebral inoculation of this virus caused fatal disease in weanling mice. Passive transfer of homologous immune serum protected mice, but transfer of immune spleen cells and lymph node cells failed to alter mortality. Transfers were made 24 hr after intracerebral infection of the recipient, when central nervous system infection was established. The protective factor in serum was present 7 days after donor infection, was specific for Sindbis virus, and appeared to be IgG; however, the protection did not correlate with virus-neutralizing activity.
Isolation of Mouse C-Reactive Protein from Liver and Serum
Authors: Bodmer Barbara , Siboo Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified proteins have been isolated from the sera and livers of mice. These proteins are antigenically identical but share antigenic determinants in common with human C-reactive protein and do not share antigenic determinants in common with mouse or human immunoglobulins. The proteins interact with C-polysaccharide, are precipitated by calcium ions, migrate electrophoretically with gamma mobilities, and have isoelectric points of 4.8 and 5.62. Since these properties are characteristic of C-reactive protein of man, monkey, rabbit and dog, the pure proteins isolated from mice are designated mouse C-reactive protein.
Human Monocyte-Macrophage-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity to Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Kohl Steve , Starr Stuart E. , Oleske James M. , Shore Steven L. , Ashman Robert B. , Nahmias André J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against herpes simplex virus- (HSV) infected target cells consist of both adherent (MA) and nonadherent (MNA) effector cell populations. These two cell populations can be distinguished by their different phagocytic properties and morphologic appearance, their requirement for antibody in the ADCC reaction, and the rapidity with which they lyse target cells in the presence of immune serum. The MA cells are predominantly phagocytic and have the morphologic characteristics of monocyte-macrophages, whereas the MNA cells are nonphagocytic and appear to be small to medium-sized lymphocytes. Optimal expression of ADCC by MA cells requires higher concentrations of immune serum than does MNA cell-mediated ADCC. MA-mediated cell killing is first detectable by 8 hr and reaches completion after 24 hr of incubation. In contrast, MNA-mediated ADCC produces target cell damage by 2 hr and reaches completion at 8 hr of incubation. Unlike MNA effector cells, the MA effector cells are profoundly inhibited after preincubation with either latex or silica particles. The HSV immune status of the donor had no effect on the ability of either cell population to mediate ADCC.
These data demonstrate the participation of both nonadherent mononuclear cells, presumably K cells, and monocyte-macrophages, in ADCC directed against HSV-infected target cells.
Mitogen Activation of Human Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Maino Vernon C. , Kurnick James T. , Kubo Ralph T. , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The response of CLL (chronic lymphatic leukemia) lymphocytes to PHA, PWM, and Con A with respect to changes in surface markers and synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin were examined. After PHA stimulation the percentage of cells bearing readily detectable surface immunoglobulin (SmIg) diminished rapidly whereas cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes) increased from &lt;1% to 30 to 50%. The great majority of blast-transformed cells were E-rosette-positive cells with a small population of SmIg-positive blast cells also observed. Ig production in four of seven CLL lymphocyte populations was increased 2.5 to greater than 40-fold after 4 to 6 days of culture in the presence of PHA. In contrast, pokeweed mitogen did not affect Ig synthesis. Furthermore, the Ig secreted into the culture supernatant fluids from seven of eight CLL cases examined consisted almost entirely of free light chain molecules. In contrast, the cell lysates contained a significant proportion of intact Ig molecules. These results indicate that CLL cells can, under certain circumstances, be stimulated to synthesize and secrete increased amounts of Ig, but that there is a basic defect in the biosynthetic mechanism of these cells which result in the secretion of free light chains rather than intact immunoglobulin molecules.
Characterization of IgG Receptors of the Fetal Rabbit Yolk SAC Membrane: Localization to Subcellular Fraction and Effects of Chemical Agents and Enzymes on Binding
Authors: Hillman Kathleen , Schlamowitz Max , Shaw Anita R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have established the existence of IgG receptors on the endodermal cells of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane (YSM). The present study partially characterizes these cell-associated receptors. The specific binding of rabbit IgG (IgGR) to freshly prepared cell homogenates, nuclei-free brush border preparations, and plasma membrane-rich fractions confirms that receptor function is associated with the endodermal cell, and indicates that this function is localized on its apical brush border, specifically on its plasma membrane. The protein nature of the receptor is demonstrated by the loss of specific binding capacity after treatment of formalin-fixed YSM with papain and trypsin. Evidence has also been adduced which indicates that membrane carbohydrate is not involved in receptor function. Thus, treatment of YSM with neuraminidase, β-galactosidase, mixed glycosidases, as well as oxidation of YSM with periodate all are without effect on its capacity to bind IgGR. The interaction of IgGR with the receptor elements of formalin-fixed YSM is partially ionic in character. NaCl reversibly inhibits binding of IgGR by 60%. Divalent ions such as Ca++ are not involved in this receptor-ligand interaction since EDTA-treated YSM binds IgGR to the same extent as do controls. Receptor material on fixed YSM resists extraction by non-ionic detergents, deoxycholate, and chaotropic agents.
Age-Related Decrease in Mouse T Cell Progenitors
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were given a lethal dose of whole-body γ-radiation and injected with 105 or 106 marrow cells from 10- to 143-week-old syngeneic donors. Nine days later, colony-forming units (CFU) were counted in the spleens of mice given 105 cells, and 15 to 21 days after irradiation thymus weights and in some experiments 3H-thymidine uptake or total thymic cellularity were determined in the recipients of 106 cells. It was found that in the majority of mouse strains studied there were no significant changes with age in marrow CFU. In contrast, thymic regeneration was significantly impaired when the recipients received marrow cells from donors 100 weeks of age or older. These observations and results obtained in dose-response and time-course studies are best explained by an age-related decrease in marrow T cell progenitors; however, certain findings suggest that in addition the proliferative capacity of these stem cells may at times be moderately impaired.
Heterologous Antigenic Stimulation in Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Brunda Michael J. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An influence of a delayed hypersensitive reaction to a primary antigen on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to a second unrelated antigen was observed in guinea pigs immunized with azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (ABAT), and injected intradermally 3 weeks later with a mixture of ABAT and secondary antigen. Animals so treated developed delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Type II pneumococcal polysaccharide as secondary antigens, as measured by skin test reactivity and inhibition of macrophage migration, whereas ABAT unsensitized control groups did not. However, attempts to induce delayed reactivity to proteins as secondary antigens were unsuccessful. The injection of secondary antigen into a mineral oil-induced inflammatory lesion did not induce delayed hypersensitivity, suggesting that specific reactivity to ABAT is a prerequisite for heterologous induction. Possible mechanisms for the observed phenomenon, including a role for macrophages, are discussed.
Immunoregulatory Properties of Fractions from Human Pregnancy Urine: Evidence That Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is Not Responsible
Authors: Muchmore A. V. , Blaese R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunologically privileged position of the histoincompatible fetus and placenta is a striking example of a physiologic immunoregulatory mechanism. This study was designed to examine the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the recognitive proliferative phase and the cytotoxic effector phase of in vitro cell-mediated immune responsiveness, since HCG has previously been reported to be immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. Commercial preparations of HCG were found to be potent inhibitors of lymphocyte proliferative responses to nonspecific mitogens like phytohemagglutinin (PHA), specific antigens such as streptolysin-O (SLO), and allogeneic cells as measured in the one-way mixed leukocyte response. Cytotoxic effector function of lymphocytes as measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity were also markedly inhibited by these preparations. However, the 50% inhibitory concentration varied widely from lot to lot of these commercial materials. After dialysis, a portion of the inhibitory activity was lost from some but not all HCG lots. The dialysate from those lots with diminished activity was found to be immunosuppressive in vitro but contained no HCG detectable by radioimmunoassay. Following dialysis, the immunosuppressive activity of the various HCG lots remained variable and correlated poorly with values for HCG obtained by a double antibody radioimmunoassay. HCG preparations purified to a homogeneity sufficient for amino acid sequence were found to be only minimally immunosuppressive to the in vitro PHA response and had almost no effect on proliferative responses to antigens and allogeneic cells.
These data do not support the concept of a primary immunoregulatory role for HCG, but they suggest that other uncharacterized compounds partially co-purified from pregnant urine along with HCG may have such immunoregulatory activity. Further characterization and identification of this immunoregulatory material(s) is essential, since it appears to have many of the properties of an ideal immunosuppressive compound: a) nontoxicity, b) ready reversibility, c) activity at very low concentration, and d) activity on a broad range of cellular immune functions.
Distribution of Alloantigens on Human Fc Receptor-Bearing Lymphocytes: The Presence of B Cell Alloantigens on sIg-Positive but Not sIg-Negative Lymphocytes
Authors: Nelson David L. , Strober Warren , Abelson Leslie D. , Bundy Bonita M. , Mann Dean L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed for the presence of B cell alloantigens with a microcytotoxicity assay. B cell alloantigens were found exclusively on sIg-positive lymphocytes and were not present on sIg-negative, Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes or sIg-negative, Fc receptor-negative T lymphocytes.
Effect of Concanavalin A on Lymphocyte Interactions Involved in the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Markham Richard B. , Stashak Philip W. , Prescott Benjamin , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Baker Phillip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A) administered at the time of immunization induces suppression of the in vivo splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III). As with low dose paralysis of the PFC response to SSS-III, Con A-induced suppression could not be demonstrated in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice and could be eliminated partially by treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS). The kinetics for Con A-induced suppression paralleled those for low dose paralysis of the antibody response to SSS-III. These findings support the view that Con A-induced suppression is produced in vivo by suppressor T cells and that this form of suppression shares with low dose paralysis a common pathway through which suppression is mediated.
Inhibition of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by Protein A from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Rosenblatt Joe , Zeltzer Paul M. , Portaro Joe , Seeger Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein A, a cell wall constituent of several strains of Staphylococcus aureus, binds strongly to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. This investigation demonstrated that such binding can inhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The degree to which ADCC was inhibited depended upon the relative concentrations of protein A and anti-target cell antiserum. Protein A also inhibited the formation of rosettes between antibody-coated sheep red blood cells and lymphoid cells with Fc receptors. We, therefore, conclude that protein A inhibits ADCC by preventing the binding of antibody-coated target cells to Fc receptors on cytotoxic effector cells.
Ia Antigens on Murine Thymocytes: Detection by Cellular Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Elkins William L. , Klinman Norman R. , Mayol Renato 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect radioimmunoassay was used to detect Ia antigenic determinants at the cell surface of thymic and splenic cells. An A.TH anti-A.TL serum was used as a source of anti-Ia antibodies which could bind to H-2a or H-2k target cells. Bound alloantibody was then detected with 125I anti-mouse IgG1 antibody. This assay system revealed Ia antigens on thymic T cells which are not usually detectable by cytotoxicity assays, and has the potential for quantitative measurement of such determinants on cells. Critical adsorption studies were performed to confirm that Ia antigens were in fact the targets of the alloantiserum tested.
Interactions between Human Lymphocytes and Paramyxovirus-Infected Cells: Adsorption and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Härfast Bengt , Andersson Torbjörn , Stejskal Vera , Perlmann Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of human lymphocytes to adhere to paramyxovirus-infected monolayers and their capacity to kill paramyxovirus-infected cells was investigated. A large fraction of human lymphocytes was found to adhere firmly to the paramyxovirus-infected monolayers. Preadsorption of lymphocytes on mumps virus-infected cells impaired their adsorption to a second cell monolayer of the same type. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against mumps virus-infected cells was also reduced after preadsorption on mumps virus- or Newcastle disease virus-infected (NDV) cell monolayers. Exposure of lymphocytes to trypsin did not significantly decrease either adsorption or cytotoxicity. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with neuraminidase (NANase) partly inhibited adsorption whereas cytotoxicity was not decreased. Cell fractionation experiments after rosetting of the lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes (E) indicated that T cells were equally or better adsorbed than “non-T” cells. Taken together with previous experiments which showed that the majority of T lymphocytes are not cytotoxic against mumps virus-infected cells these results suggest that adherence of lymphocytes to infected cells and cytotoxicity may be unrelated phenomena.
Stem Cell Lines from Old Immunodeficient Donors Give Normal Responses in Young Recipients
Authors: Harrison David E. , Astle Clinton M. , Doubleday John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two different immune responses were compared in spleen cells obtained from old and young CBA/HT6J mice. Spleen cells from old mice (23 to 33 months) responded about half as well as did spleen cells from young mice (4 to 10 months) in the adoptive transfer anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming assay, and caused slightly less than half the uptake of tritiated thymidine in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro.
Marrow stem cells from some of the old and young mice whose splenic immune responses were tested were transplanted into irradiated young CBA/CaJ recipients. Seven to 17 weeks later these same immune responses were tested in the spleen cells of these young recipients, and the T6 chromosome marker was used to identify donor cells. Old animals' responses varied greatly, perhaps due to suppressing cells or factors in some individuals. Therefore, cells were never pooled and the responses of recipients were compared to the responses of the donor whose marrow had populated them. The response for a particular old donor, or for the recipients of its stem cells, was divided by the response for the young control used with that donor, or for its stem cell recipients. This was called the old/young ratio.
With original donors with an old/young ratio for the SRBC response of (mean ± S.D.) 0.35 ± 0.14, the old/young ratio for that same response in the recipients was significantly improved to 1.26 ± 0.71. In original donors with an old/young ratio for the PHA response of 0.44 ± 0.17, the old/young ratio in the recipients improved significantly to 0.86 ± 0.27. Thus, little or none of the decline with age in these immune responses was intrinsic to the old lymphoid stem cells.
Immunosuppressive Activity or IRA on the Plaque-Forming Response to SRBC in Vitro: Reversal with Educated T Cells
Authors: Badger Alison M. , Merluzzi Vincent J. , Mannick John A. , Cooperband Sidney R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The α-globulin-rich fraction of Cohn Fraction IV, designated IRA, suppresses the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) without cytotoxicity. IRA was effective if added before or up to 24 hr after antigen exposure. The suppression could be reversed after 24-hr treatment by washing the cells two to three times; after 48 hr of IRA treatment, however, suppression could only be partially reversed. The addition of a population of thymus-derived cells educated to the antigen SRBC could effectively reverse the IRA-induced inhibition of antibody production, whereas BSA-educated T cells could not.