bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A brief review of online education resources on gamification in addressing antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Waruingi Daniel , Hamza Hafeez , Babuya Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
The burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is projected to be highest in Africa, with a mortality of 99 per 100 000 deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop education resources to raise awareness and improve understanding of AMR.

Aims
The aim of this review was to evaluate selected games, and inform regarding their suitability, and that of gamification in general in promoting education, and inspiring action against AMR.

Objective
This brief review of online education resources seeks to inform on the use of games in promoting education on AMR by exploring different aspects of gamification such as accessibility, usability and playability with the delivery of desired learning outcomes. The insights obtained from the game helped inform recommendations and conclusions on how to best utilize gamification to deliver AMR education to target audiences.

Methods
The games to be reviewed were selected using search terms ‘AMR Game’, ‘Antimicrobial Resistance Game’, ‘Antibiotic Resistance Game’, ‘ABR Game’, ‘Drug Resistance Game’ and ‘Superbugs Game’ in Google Play Store and Apple App Store search engines, given their positioning as suitable application software that house game applications. After applying a selection criterion, the number of selected games was narrowed to two: Micro-Combat and Terebra.

Results
The games were analysed through four key factors: accessibility, usability, playability and learning outcomes. Both games were found to apply visual, written and aural game mechanics but Terebra had an increased touch with reality, enhancing its playability, due to the emphasis on aural triggers positioning AMR as a dire health threat. On the other hand, Micro-Combat was found to be more educative, and learning-oriented but less associated with reality, which negatively influenced its playability.

Conclusions
In overall, gamification was found to be a good online resource to promote education on AMR through the review conducted on the two games, Terebra and Micro-Combat. Coupling gamification and conventional education mechanisms can go a long way in promoting the awareness and knowledge level of AMR among diverse populations The two games, Terebra and Micro-Combat, are great pilot AMR gamification projects that have set a good pace for utilization of games in AMR education. There is a need to develop AMR educational games that portray the reality in low- and middle-income countries, which was a bit lacking in the two games.
The Escazú Agreement Contribution to Environmental Justice in Latin America: An Exploratory Empirical Inquiry through the Lens of Climate Litigation
Authors: Medici-Colombo Gastón , Ricarte Thays 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn many jurisdictions, procedural rules and arrangements that govern litigation are not necessarily well-suited to the protection of collective interests, such as the environment. This idea has been flagged for a while by scholars and practitioners from different jurisdictions and was part of the reason for promoting specific regulations on access to justice in environmental matters. The protection of the climate adds a new layer of complexity, as it is increasingly clear that, even in jurisdictions where a strong rule of law is presumed to exist, barriers to access to justice remain. We depart from the idea of a mismatch between procedural rules and climate protection through courts to explore the interface between two convergent phenomena in the Latin American region: the Escazú Agreement’s implementation and climate litigation. Based on data gathered through interviews with 11 legal practitioners involved in climate cases in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico, this article identifies procedural barriers that plaintiffs face in the courtroom and discusses if and how the implementation of the Escazú Agreement could overcome them for the improvement of access to justice in climate matters in the region. In doing that, it highlights relevant experiences in Latin America that could be of interest to those seeking to overcome procedural hurdles in other regions.
CDKN2A mutations have equivalent prognostic significance to homozygous deletion in IDH-mutant astrocytoma
Authors: Yokoda Raquel T , Cobb William S , Yong Raymund L , Crary John F , Viapiano Mariano S , Walker Jamie M , Umphlett Melissa , Tsankova Nadejda M , Richardson Timothy E 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/B is currently considered a molecular signature for grade 4 in IDH-mutant astrocytomas, irrespective of tumor histomorphology. The 2021 WHO Classification of CNS Tumors does not currently include grading recommendations for histologically lower-grade (grade 2–3) IDH-mutant astrocytoma with CDKN2A mutation or other CDKN2A alterations, and little is currently known about the prognostic implications of these alternative CDKN2A inactivating mechanisms. To address this, we evaluated a cohort of institutional and publicly available IDH-mutant astrocytomas, 15 with pathogenic mutations in CDKN2A, 47 with homozygous CDKN2A deletion, and 401 with retained/wildtype CDKN2A. The IDH-mutant astrocytomas with mutant and deleted CDKN2A had significantly higher overall copy number variation compared to those with retained/wildtype CDKN2A, consistent with more aggressive behavior. Astrocytoma patients with CDKN2A mutation had significantly worse progression-free (p = 0.0025) and overall survival (p &lt; 0.0001) compared to grade-matched patients with wildtype CDKN2A, but statistically equivalent progression-free survival and overall survival outcomes to patients with CDKN2A deletion. No significant survival difference was identified between CDKN2A mutant cases with or without loss of the second allele. These findings suggest that CDKN2A mutation has a detrimental effect on survival in otherwise lower-grade IDH-mutant astrocytomas, similar to homozygous CDKN2A deletion, and should be considered for future grading schemes.
Successful repair of left ventricular rupture with pseudoaneurysm: a case report
Authors: Tiruneh Abraham G , Bekele Admikew , Asrat Yidnekachew , Tsegaye Qaleab , Tesfaye Workneh , Bezabih Abebe 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Ventricular rupture with pseudoaneurysm is a rare phenomenon that usually occurs after myocardial infarction, previous cardiac surgery and infectious or inflammatory conditions. To prevent rupture of the pseudoaneurysm, urgent repair is recommended. We report successful open surgical repair of a 46-year-old man, who presented with pseudoaneurysm communicating with left ventricle.
Constraining gas metal mixing strength in simulations using observations of the Milky Way’s disc
Authors: Sarrato-Alós J , Brook C , Di Cintio A 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
This work explores the mixing rate of metals in the interstellar medium (ISM), comparing observational constraints from our solar neighbourhood to high resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of Milky Way (MW)-like galaxies. The mixing rate, described by the coefficient C, is varied in simulations between 0 and 0.05, with resultant simulated galaxies compared to observations of metallicity dispersion in young star clusters, H ii regions and neutral gas in the disc of the MW. A value of C between 0.003125 and 0.0125 is found to self-consistently match a range of observables, with a best estimate of C = 0.0064 ± 0.0004. We demonstrate that the relationship between metal dispersion in young stars, H ii regions and neutral gas, versus the coefficient C, can be described by a power law. These constrained mixing rates infer a comparatively well-mixed ISM in the solar neighbourhood, at odds with some recent observations that have reported a highly inhomogeneous ISM. The degree of mixing suggested by this work is lower than what often employed in many hydrodynamical simulations. Our results have implications for studying the metallicity distribution of stars as well as of gas in the interstellar and circum-galactic media.
A physical and concise halo model based on the depletion radius
Authors: Zhou Yifeng , Han Jiaxin 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
We develop a self-consistent and accurate halo model by partitioning matter according to the depletion radii of haloes. Unlike conventional models that define haloes with the virial radius while relying on a separate exclusion radius or ad hoc fixes to account for halo exclusion, our model distributes mass across all scales self-consistently and accounts for both the virialized and non-virialized matter distribution around each halo. Using a cosmological simulation, we show that our halo definition leads to very simple and intuitive model components, with the one-halo term given by the Einasto profile with no truncation needed, and the halo–halo correlation function following a universal power-law form down to the halo boundary. The universal halo–halo correlation also allows us to easily model the distribution of unresolved haloes as well as diffuse matter. Convolving the halo profile with the halo–halo correlation function, we obtain a complete description of the halo–matter correlation across all scales, which self-consistently accounts for halo exclusion at the transition scale. Mass conservation is explicitly maintained in our model, and the scale dependence of the classical halo bias is easily reproduced. Our model can successfully reconstruct the halo–matter correlation function within an accuracy of 9 per cent for halo virial masses in the range of 1011.5h−1 M⊙ &lt; Mvir &lt; 1015.35h−1 M⊙ at z = 0, and covers the radial range of 0.01 h−1 Mpc &lt; r &lt; 20 h−1 Mpc. We also show that our model profile can accurately predict the characteristic depletion radius at the minimum bias and the splash-back radius at the steepest density slope locations.
Genetic Incompatibilities and Evolutionary Rescue by Wild Relatives Shaped Grain Amaranth Domestication
Authors: Gonçalves-Dias José , Singh Akanksha , Graf Corbinian , Stetter Markus G 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Crop domestication and the subsequent expansion of crops have long been thought of as a linear process from a wild ancestor to a domesticate. However, evidence of gene flow from locally adapted wild relatives that provided adaptive alleles into crops has been identified in multiple species. Yet, little is known about the evolutionary consequences of gene flow during domestication and the interaction of gene flow and genetic load in crop populations. We study the pseudo-cereal grain amaranth that has been domesticated three times in different geographic regions of the Americas. We quantify the amount and distribution of gene flow and genetic load along the genome of the three grain amaranth species and their two wild relatives. Our results show ample gene flow between crop species and between crops and their wild relatives. Gene flow from wild relatives decreased genetic load in the three crop species. This suggests that wild relatives could provide evolutionary rescue by replacing deleterious alleles in crops. We assess experimental hybrids between the three crop species and found genetic incompatibilities between one Central American grain amaranth and the other two crop species. These incompatibilities might have created recent reproductive barriers and maintained species integrity today. Together, our results show that gene flow played an important role in the domestication and expansion of grain amaranth, despite genetic species barriers. The domestication of plants was likely not linear and created a genomic mosaic by multiple contributors with varying fitness effects for today’s crops.
Assessing the crisis management of the COVID-19 pandemic: a study of inquiry commission reports in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Christensen Tom , Lægreid Per 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article examines the inquiry reports from the commissions charged with investigating government crisis management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway and Sweden. Such postcrises commissions have been a common feature in many countries as they seek to systematize their experiences and learn from the crisis. In this article, we used various dimensions of governance capacity and governance legitimacy as assessment criteria. It reveals that the commissions’ assessment criteria were not very specific in their reports, but a reanalysis of their findings shows that governance capacity and governance legitimacy dimensions are useful to assess the reports themselves. The two reports reveal a lack of preparedness in both countries, but they differ in their conclusions about governance regulation and output legitimacy.
Motor-sparing peripheral nerve blocks for hip and knee surgery
Authors: Restrepo-Holguin Mariana , Kopp Sandra L. , Johnson Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
To summarize the recent literature describing and comparing novel motor-sparing peripheral nerve block techniques for hip and knee surgery. This topic is relevant because the number of patients undergoing same day discharge after hip and knee surgery is increasing. Preserving lower extremity muscle function is essential to facilitate early physical therapy for these patients.

Recent findings
Distal peripheral nerve blocks may allow for preserved quadriceps motor strength and comparable analgesia to traditional techniques. However, few studies in hip and knee populations include strength or function as primary outcomes. For hip surgeries, studies have failed to show analgesic differences between regional blocks and periarticular infiltration. Similarly for knee arthroplasty in the absence of periarticular infiltration, recent evidence suggests adding combinations of blocks (ACB plus iPACK or genicular nerve blocks) may balance pain control and early ambulation.

Summary
The use of motor-sparing peripheral nerve block techniques enables early ambulation, adequate pain control, and avoidance of opioid-related side effects facilitating outpatient/ambulatory lower extremity surgery. Further studies of these techniques for continuous peripheral nerve block catheters are needed to assess if extended blockade continues to provide motor-sparing and opioid-sparing benefits.
Anesthesia for same day neurosurgery with updates on awake craniotomy and awake spine surgery
Authors: Ajayan Neeraja , Hrishi Ajay Prasad , Rath Girija Prasad 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
This article delves into recent advances in same-day neurosurgery (SDNS), specifically concerning indications, perioperative protocol, safety, and outcomes. Additionally, it explores the recent updates on awake craniotomy and awake spine surgery.

Recent findings
There is an evolving body of literature on studies about SDNS that reaffirm its safety and feasibility. awake craniotomy is associated with lesser neurological deficits and better survival benefits in patients with lesions in eloquent areas. Monitored anesthesia care, compared with the asleep–awake–asleep technique, is associated with lower failure rates, shorter procedure time, and shorter length of stay. However, the incidence of intraoperative seizures is lower with the asleep–awake–asleep technique. Propofol-based and dexmedetomidine-based anesthesia are similar with regard to procedure duration, intraoperative adverse events, and patient satisfaction; however, surgeon satisfaction is higher with dexmedetomidine-based anesthesia. In spine surgery, regional anesthesia when compared with general anesthesia, is associated with less intraoperative blood loss and a lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after 24 h. In addition, implementing an enhanced multimodal analgesia protocol improved disability scores and reduced the likelihood of postoperative complications.

Summary
SDNS offers promising prospects for patients and healthcare providers alike, with the potential to provide well tolerated, efficient, and cost-effective neurosurgical care in carefully selected cases.
Spine surgery under neuraxial vs. general anesthesia: the current state of comparative outcomes research
Authors: Amoroso Krizia , Hughes Alexander P. , Soffin Ellen M. 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
The impact of primary anesthetic technique on outcomes after spine surgery is controversial. Given frequent calls for well designed prospective comparative studies of neuraxial anesthesia vs. general anesthesia and recent reports of ‘awake spine surgery’ successes in the surgical literature, an updated evidence review is indicated.

Recent findings
Systematic reviews, population-based and retrospective cohort studies suggest few significant differences in important complications or global recovery between anesthetic techniques. On the basis of overall low-to-moderate quality evidence, neuraxial anesthesia is associated with statistically significant benefits for several individual outcomes compared with general anesthesia, including improved intraoperative hemodynamic stability, less postoperative nausea and vomiting, lower early pain scores and shorter length of hospital stay. There are ongoing calls for well designed, adequately powered prospective studies.

Summary
Our understanding of the risks, benefits and comparative outcomes between neuraxial anesthesia and general anesthesia for spine surgery is evolving. Although the results derived from this body of literature suggest specific benefits of neuraxial anesthesia, further research is required before widespread recommendations for either technique can be made. Until then, both neuraxial anesthesia and general anesthesia are reasonable choices for lumbar spine surgery of short duration, in appropriately selected patients.
Unanswered questions of anesthesia neurotoxicity in the developing brain
Authors: Ing Caleb , Vutskits Laszlo 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
This article reviews recent advances and controversies of developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity research with a special focus on the unanswered questions in the field both from clinical and preclinical perspectives.

Recent findings
Observational cohort studies of prenatal and early childhood exposure to anesthesia have reported mixed evidence of an association with impaired neurodevelopment. Meta-analyses of currently available studies of early childhood exposure to anesthesia suggest that, while limited to no change in general intelligence can be detected, more subtle deficits in specific neurodevelopmental domains including behavior and executive function may be seen. Several studies have evaluated intraoperative blood pressure values and neurocognitive outcomes and have not found an association. Although many animal studies have been performed, taking into consideration other peri-operative exposures such as pain and inflammation may help with translation of results from animal models to humans.

Summary
Advances have been made in the field of developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity over the past few years, including the recognition that anesthetic exposure is associated with deficits in certain cognitive domains but not others. Although the most important question of whether anesthetic agents actually cause long-term neurodevelopmental effects in children has still not been answered, results from recent studies will guide further studies necessary to inform clinical decision-making in children.
Innovations in diagnostic and treatment options for pediatric epilepsy and their anesthetic implications
Authors: Chen Michael I. , Lee David , Wong Becky J. 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
To provide an overview of anesthetic techniques for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic epilepsy procedures performed on pediatric patients.

Recent findings
Recent studies have been published on the anesthetic consideration for functional MRI, robotic-assisted stereoelectroencephalography, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and magnetoencephalography. These articles describe the anesthesia management, risks, and outcome for these procedures.

Summary
The number of diagnostic and treatment options being used for the management of pediatric epilepsy has increased significantly. In the past few years, a handful of articles have been published, which describe the anesthetic considerations for these procedures. These studies are helpful to anesthesiologists who are planning an upcoming anesthetic or who are developing a ‘best practice’ model for their institution. Because unlike other diagnostic studies, failure to understand what effects anesthetics have on the brain, may negate the utility of the study. Although these new findings can be used to provide some anesthesia practice recommendations for epilepsy procedures in which the best management is still unclear, additional high-quality studies are needed.
Needs assessment of menopause education in United States obstetrics and gynecology residency training programs
Authors: Allen Jennifer T. , Laks Shahar , Zahler-Miller Carolyn , Rungruang Bunja J. , Braun Kelli , Goldstein Steven R. , Schnatz Peter F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to assess the variance in menopause education, educational resources, and the needs of obstetrics and gynecology (ObGyn) residency programs by conducting a national survey of program directors (PDs).

Methods
In 2022, an institutional review board–approved Web-based Qualtrics survey was designed and distributed electronically to 145 US ObGyn residency PDs. The survey consists of 15 questions. The main outcomes are reported using descriptive statistics.

Results
The survey was completed by 99 of 145 PDs (68.3%). Almost all participants (92.9%) strongly agreed that residents nationwide should have access to a standardized menopause curriculum that could be utilized in their programs. Only 31.3% reported having a menopause curriculum in their residency program. Of the programs with a menopause curriculum, 96.8% reported using lectures, 77.4% reported assigned readings, and 74.2% had either dedicated menopause clinics or other clinics with a high volume of menopausal patients. Of all programs surveyed, only 29.3% reported that trainees had dedicated time assigned to a menopause clinic. A total of 83 of 99 PDs agreed or strongly agreed that their programs needed more menopause educational resources, and most (89.7%) stated they were likely or very likely to use self-paced menopause modules that include performance feedback if available.

Conclusions
Data from the needs assessment questionnaire revealed that menopause education and resources vary across residency programs, with the majority lacking a dedicated menopause curriculum. Most PDs expressed a desire for more educational resources and standardized training materials, and preferred to access an online national menopause curriculum.