bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-AIDS-Defining Events in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Controllers Versus Antiretroviral Therapy–Controlled Patients: A Cohort Collaboration From the French National Agency for Research on AIDS CO21 (CODEX) and CO06 (PRIMO) Cohorts
Authors: Manto Carmelite , Castro-Gordon Alicia , Goujard Cécile , Meyer Laurence , Lambotte Olivier , Essat Asma , Shaiykova Arnoo , Boufassa Faroudy , Noël Nicolas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundLow-grade chronic inflammation may persist in spontaneous human immunodeficiency virus controllers (HICs), leading to non-AIDS-defining events (nADEs).MethodsTwo hundred twenty-seven antiretroviral therapy (ART)–naive HICs (known human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] infection ≥5 years and at least 5 consecutive viral loads [VLs] &lt;400 HIV RNA copies/mL) were compared with 328 patients who initiated ART ≤1 month after primary HIV infection diagnosis and had undetectable VL within 12 months following ART initiation for at least 5 years. Incidence rates of first nADEs were compared between HICs and ART-treated patients. Determinants of nADEs were assessed by using Cox regression models.ResultsAll-cause nADEs incidence rates were 7.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9–9.6) and 5.2 (95% CI, 3.9–6.4) per 100 person-months among HICs and ART patients, respectively (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1–2.2]; adjusted IRR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.16–3.20]). After adjustment for the cohort, demographic, and immunological characteristics, the only other factor associated with all-cause nADE occurrence was age ≥43 (vs &lt;43) years at the beginning of viral control (IRR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.11–2.56]). The most frequent events observed in the 2 cohorts were non-AIDS-related benign infections (54.6% and 32.9% of all nADEs, respectively, for HICs and ART patients). No differences in cardiovascular or psychiatric events were observed.ConclusionsHICs experienced 2 times more nADEs than virologically suppressed patients on ART, mainly non-AIDS-related benign infections. Older age was associated with nADE occurrence, independent of immune or virologic parameters. These results do not argue in favor of expanding the ART indication for HICs but rather a case-by-case approach considering clinical outcomes such as nADEs besides immune activation.
Medieval Magic
Authors: Page Sophie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite the condemnations uttered by some theologians at the time, there was a flowering of intellectual interest in magic in the medieval period. Natural magic was an aspect of experimental science, and angelic magic was practised as a religious exercise. The Crusades and the mistaken attribution of the ‘witch craze’ as medieval have shaped the popular conception of the period as one of intolerance. This chapter shows, through examples from magical manuscripts, how branches of medieval scholarship were enlightened. Magic was a product of dialogue with and inspiration from Judaic and Arabic traditions that preserved ancient knowledge otherwise lost in the Christian West. The importance of Spain and Byzantium in this process is explored.
Lifespan developmental invariance in memory consolidation: evidence from procedural memory
Authors: Tóth-Fáber Eszter , Nemeth Dezso , Janacsek Karolina 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Characterizing ontogenetic changes across the lifespan is a crucial tool in understanding neurocognitive functions. While age-related changes in learning and memory functions have been extensively characterized in the past decades, the lifespan trajectory of memory consolidation, a critical function that supports the stabilization and long-term retention of memories, is still poorly understood. Here we focus on this fundamental cognitive function and probe the consolidation of procedural memories that underlie cognitive, motor, and social skills and automatic behaviors. We used a lifespan approach: 255 participants aged between 7 and 76 years performed a well-established procedural memory task in the same experimental design across the whole sample. This task enabled us to disentangle two critical processes in the procedural domain: statistical learning and general skill learning. The former is the ability to extract and learn predictable patterns of the environment, while the latter captures a general speed-up as learning progresses due to improved visuomotor coordination and other cognitive processes, independent of acquisition of the predictable patterns. To measure the consolidation of statistical and general skill knowledge, the task was administered in two sessions with a 24-h delay between them. Here, we report successful retention of statistical knowledge with no differences across age groups. For general skill knowledge, offline improvement was observed over the delay period, and the degree of this improvement was also comparable across the age groups. Overall, our findings reveal age invariance in these two key aspects of procedural memory consolidation across the human lifespan.
The Strategic Use of Corporate Philanthropy: Evidence from Bank Donations
Authors: Choi Seungho , Park Raphael Jonghyeon , Xu Simon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This article examines the strategic nature of banks’ charitable giving by studying bank donations to local nonprofit organizations. Relying on the application of antitrust rules in bank mergers as an exogenous shock to local deposit market competition, we find that local competition affects banks’ local donation decisions. Using county-level natural disaster shocks, we show that banks with disaster exposure reallocate donations away from nonshocked counties, where they operate branches, and toward shocked counties. The reallocation of donations represents an exogenous increase in the local share of donations in nonshocked counties for banks with no disaster exposure and leads to an increase in the local deposit market shares of such banks. Furthermore, banks can potentially earn greater profits from making donations and tend to donate to nonprofits that have the most social impact. Overall, our evidence suggests that banks participate in corporate philanthropy strategically to enhance performance.
Host Genetic Traits Underlying the Composition and Assembly of the Citrus Microbiome
Authors: Xu Jin , Wang Yayu , Zhang Yunzeng , Riera Nadia , Li Jinyun , Clark Kelley J. , Jin Tao , Chen Hongyun , Wen Jiawen , Ma Wenbo , Liu Huan , Wang Nian 
Published: February 2023

Although plant genotypes are known to be a determinant of microbiome composition, the genetic mechanisms underlying how genotypes affect the microbiome are poorly understood. Citrus is an important, perennial fruit crop that normally contains scion grafted on the rootstock. Here, we investigated the genetic traits underlying the citrus microbiome. We sequenced the metagenome of leaf, root, and rhizosphere soil samples and the genome of corresponding citrus genotypes, which included 66 unique rootstock–scion combinations (56 scion genotypes and 9 rootstock genotypes) from one location using deep shotgun sequencing. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, we identified significant associations between citrus genes and a subset of genera and functional traits of the microbiome. Intriguingly, we found that bacterial secretion systems and mobility-related genes were present in single-nucleotide polymorphism-associated microbial functional traits of leaf and root microbiomes but not in the rhizosphere microbiome, indicating that they are important factors for bacteria to colonize inside or on leaf and root tissues but less so in the rhizosphere. We also discovered that chemotaxis and flagella genes play critical roles for bacteria colonizing leaf tissues but not in root tissues and the rhizosphere. Microbiome-associated host genes were mainly involved in plant immunity, transporters, hormones, cell walls, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nitrogen. We identified genetic determinants that are associated with the abundance of Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, and Cellvibrio, genera that are known to comprise many beneficial bacteria for citrus. This study unraveled the genetic traits underneath the mutual selection of citrus and microbes via GWAS analyses. This study provides useful information that aids the utilization of genotypes and key members of a healthy microbiota for microbiome engineering as well as the editing of specific genes to improve host microbiota. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Neutrophilia in severe asthma is reduced in Ormdl3 overexpressing mice
Authors: James Briana N. , Weigel Cynthia , Green Christopher D. , Brown Ryan D. R. , Palladino Elisa N. D. , Tharakan Anuj , Milstien Sheldon , Proia Richard L. , Martin Rebecca K. , Spiegel Sarah 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGenome‐wide association studies have linked the ORM (yeast)–like protein isoform 3 (ORMDL3) to asthma severity. Although ORMDL3 is a member of a family that negatively regulates serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and thus biosynthesis of sphingolipids, it is still unclear whether ORMDL3 and altered sphingolipid synthesis are causally related to non‐Th2 severe asthma associated with a predominant neutrophil inflammation and high interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) levels. Here, we examined the effects of ORMDL3 overexpression in a preclinical mouse model of allergic lung inflammation that is predominantly neutrophilic and recapitulates many of the clinical features of severe human asthma. ORMDL3 overexpression reduced lung and circulating levels of dihydrosphingosine, the product of SPT. However, the most prominent effect on sphingolipid levels was reduction of circulating S1P. The LPS/OVA challenge increased markers of Th17 inflammation with a predominant infiltration of neutrophils into the lung. A significant decrease of neutrophil infiltration was observed in the Ormdl3 transgenic mice challenged with LPS/OVA compared to the wild type and concomitant decrease in IL‐17, that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma. LPS decreased survival of murine neutrophils, which was prevented by co‐treatment with S1P. Moreover, S1P potentiated LPS‐induced chemotaxis of neutrophil, suggesting that S1P can regulate neutrophil survival and recruitment following LPS airway inflammation. Our findings reveal a novel connection between ORMDL3 overexpression, circulating levels of S1P, IL‐17 and neutrophil recruitment into the lung, and questions the potential involvement of ORMDL3 in the pathology, leading to development of severe neutrophilic asthma.
Original Research: Impact of a Bedside Activity Device on the Functional Status of Hospitalized Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Monica Fan Peijin Esther , Louis Joshua Kenneth , Lim Xin Yi Cindy , Subramaniam Sarasuathi Gloria Encio , Seow Jason Phil , Aloweni Fazila , Rajasegeran Darshini Devi , Hsiang Cheng Chia , Thilarajah Shamala , Agus Nur Liyana , Ong Hwee Kuan , Ang Shin Yuh , Kannusamy Premarani 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Older adults may have difficulty maintaining their functional capabilities during hospitalization. This pilot study aimed to investigate the impact of a bedside activity device on the functional status of hospitalized older adults.

Methods:
For this single-site randomized controlled trial, 48 participants were recruited between July 2019 and March 2021. Participants were randomized into one of two groups: the intervention group, which was given the use of a bedside activity device plus standard care, and the control group, which received standard care. Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL) scores and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test times were used as indicators of functional status and were collected on admission (baseline) and at discharge.
Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests were used to test for baseline similarities between groups. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine within-group pre–post changes in TUG and Katz ADL scores. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine between-group differences in TUG and Katz ADL change scores.

Results:
Within-group pre–post analysis showed significant increases in Katz ADL scores in the intervention group and no significant changes in the control group. TUG times decreased significantly in the intervention group and increased significantly in the control group. Between-group analyses showed significant differences in both TUG and Katz ADL change scores.

Conclusion:
The use of the bedside activity device in addition to standard care may prevent functional decline and increase independence in performing basic ADLs.
Fungal bioaerosols as an occupational hazard
Authors: Miller J. David 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
Over the past 40 years, the circumstances where fungal bioaerosols are major issues have shifted because of changes in the industrial sector from mainly agriculture to operations, including composting, cannabis production and forestry in hot humid conditions. Changes in the design and operation of nonindustrial workplaces meant that mould and dampness became major issues that are just being reduced. This review attempts to frame that history offers a perspective on the current thinking on mechanisms and provide potentially useful sources of information for physicians and their patients.

Recent findings
The major impact of fungal exposures is not only from their allergens but also from an array of Danger-Associated Molecular Pattern molecules, possibly the most important of which is the type of glucan found in moulds that grow in damp buildings, wood chips and crops, that is beta 1, 3 D glucan in triple helical form. Located in lung epithelia, the dectin receptor is exquisitely sensitive to this compound. Except in some agricultural workplaces, low molecular weight secondary metabolites often mischaracterized as mycotoxins play little, if any, role on population health.

Summary
There has been a convergence in thinking between the allergy and industrial hygiene communities as well as government agencies on mould and occupational health. This has led to some useful strategies for better managing these issues as well as increasing consumer awareness.
Coronavirus disease 2019 and severe asthma
Authors: Benfante Alida , Pirrello Giuseppe , Sala Francesca , Seminara Gabriele , Scichilone Nicola 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the most severe forms of asthma has been an object of discussion. Indeed, it is not clear whether asthma is among the risk factors for the occurrence of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, or rather it plays a protective role against the worsening of the respiratory involvement in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the other hand, the extent to which coronavirus infection may trigger asthma attacks is still partly unknown. The current investigation aims at reviewing the available literature on the topic to address factors influencing this relationship.

Recent findings
Based on recent observations, it is likely that type 2 inflammation plays a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. In particular, asthmatics show different expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) that are responsible for a reduced risk of infection as well as lower risk of hospitalization. Interestingly, studies showed a safe profile of inhaled corticosteroids and biological drugs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, inhaled corticosteroid could play a protective role against worsening of asthma.

Summary
The current findings suggest that current treatment for asthma should be maintained to avoid severe exacerbations. Severe asthmatics under biological treatment should continue their medications, and be encouraged to receive COVID-19 vaccines.
A Longitudinal Perspective on Conversion to Amputation for Combat-Related Extremity Injuries Treated With Flap-Based Limb Salvage
Authors: Harrington Colin J. , Wade Sean M. , Hoyt Benjamin W. , Tintle Scott M. , Potter Benjamin K. , Souza Jason M. 
Published: February 2023

Objectives:
To define the rate and primary drivers behind early and late amputation after flap-based limb salvage in the setting of combat extremity trauma.

Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Level II trauma center.

Patients:
307 (303 men, 4 women) patients who underwent flap-based limb salvage treatment between 2003 and 2014.

Intervention:
We reviewed patient medical records, radiographs, and clinical photographs.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Early and late amputation rates, time to amputation, reason for amputation.

Results:
307 patients accounted for 323 limbs that underwent flap-based limb salvage treatment (187 lower extremities, 136 upper extremities). A total of 58 extremities (18%) initially treated with flap-based limb salvage ultimately underwent amputation at a median of 480 days (IQR, 285–715 days) from injury. Periarticular fractures and lower extremity injuries were risk factors for early and late amputation. Other independent risk factors for early amputation were flap complications and vascular injuries, whereas risk factors for late amputation were fractures that went on to nonunion.

Conclusions:
This study highlights that a subset of patients ultimately require major limb amputation despite having achieved what is initially considered “successful” limb salvage. Flap-related complications, vascular injury, and lower extremity site of injury were associated with early amputation after successful expeditionary efforts at limb preservation. Conversion to late amputation was associated with lower extremity periarticular fractures and fracture nonunion. Chronic pain and persistent limb dysfunction were the most common reasons for late amputation.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Traumatic Posterior Atlantoaxial Dislocation With an Associated Fracture
Authors: Essa Ahmad , Khatib Salah , Beit Ner Eran , Smorgick Yossi , Mirovsky Yigal , Anekstein Yoram , Rabau Oded 
Published: February 2023

Study design:
Systematic review.

Objective:
To investigate the clinical presentation, mechanism of injury, patients’ characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of traumatic posterior atlantoaxial dislocation with fracture (TPAD).

Background:
TPAD is an extremely rare entity, with a limited number of cases reported in the literature. Although rare, a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis and management of such cases is required due to the high risk of spinal cord compression and the severity of neurological deficits. We conducted a systematic review of all cases of TPAD with fractures reported in the literature.

Methods:
This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. Relevant literature was retrieved from the Pubmed database. All published English-written studies involving human subjects with relevant data regarding TPAD were included.

Results:
Two case series and 20 case reports published between 1924 and 2021 describing 28 patients with TPAD were included. The median age at presentation was 51.5 years, with male predominance (83%). The most common fracture pattern was Anderson and D’alonzo type II odontoid fracture (78%). Neurological exam at presentation was intact in 52% of patients. The primary diagnostic imaging was computed tomography employed in 96% of cases. The management consisted of 2 stages protocol, initially, a temporary axial traction was employed (54%), and later definitive surgical treatment was employed (93%). The posterior surgical approach was favored in 82% of cases.

Conclusion:
TPAD with fracture occurred in the majority of cases with Anderson and D’alonzo type II odontoid fracture, predominantly in males. Diagnosis is usually established based on computed tomography imaging; further imaging may not be indicated as it does not seem to alternate the patient’s management course. Surgical intervention was employed in almost all cases, with favored results through posterior C1–C2 fusion.

Level of evidence:
Level—IV
Time to Awakening and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Elmer Jonathan , Kurz Michael C. , Coppler Patrick J. , Steinberg Alexis , DeMasi Stephanie , De-Arteaga Maria , Simon Noah , Zadorozhny Vladimir I. , Flickinger Katharyn L. , Callaway Clifton W. ,   For the University of Pittsburgh Post-Cardiac Arrest Service
Published: February 2023

OBJECTIVES:
Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies for perceived poor neurologic prognosis (WLST-N) is common after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and may bias outcome estimates from models trained using observational data. We compared several approaches to outcome prediction with the goal of identifying strategies to quantify and reduce this bias.

DESIGN:
Retrospective observational cohort study.

SETTING:
Two academic medical centers (“UPMC” and “University of Alabama Birmingham” [UAB]).

PATIENTS:
Comatose adults resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

INTERVENTION:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
As potential predictors, we considered clinical, laboratory, imaging, and quantitative electroencephalography data available early after hospital arrival. We followed patients until death, discharge, or awakening from coma. We used penalized Cox regression with a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty and five-fold cross-validation to predict time to awakening in UPMC patients and then externally validated the model in UAB patients. This model censored patients after WLST-N, considering subsequent potential for awakening to be unknown. Next, we developed a penalized logistic model predicting awakening, which treated failure to awaken after WLST-N as a true observed outcome, and a separate logistic model predicting WLST-N. We scaled and centered individual patients’ Cox and logistic predictions for awakening to allow direct comparison and then explored the difference in predictions across probabilities of WLST-N. Overall, 1,254 patients were included, and 29% awakened. Cox models performed well (mean area under the curve was 0.93 in the UPMC test sets and 0.83 in external validation). Logistic predictions of awakening were systematically more pessimistic than Cox-based predictions for patients at higher risk of WLST-N, suggesting potential for self-fulfilling prophecies to arise when failure to awaken after WLST-N is considered as the ground truth outcome.

CONCLUSIONS:
Compared with traditional binary outcome prediction, censoring outcomes after WLST-N may reduce potential for bias and self-fulfilling prophecies.