bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future of Agriculture as Viewed by a Pioneer
Authors: Brooks D. W. , Anderson Dave 
Published: March 2023

[Preceeded by an Introduction by Doctor Anderson, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of Georgia.]
One of the problems about an introduction is that you have to be rather careful that you don't inhale some of these things people say kindly about you. When I came in I went down to the exhibit hall first and I heard some strange language down there. It was sort of the English language, but had a sort of a peculiar twang to it, and I began to realize that all these people weren't from Georgia. Some of them evidently had gotten across the line and on the other side, so I thought I should at least mention that. You see many years ago-I'm a pioneer they say here-many years ago we were rather careful about how many Yankees we let into this area. One time a bunch came through here and when they got through there wasn't much left! They got so careless with fire that, brother, they just about did us in. So for a long period of time we were very careful, but we finally began to catch on.
Gross Pathology of Thoracic Viscera
Authors: Kadel Wade L. 
Published: March 2023

The clinical signs for the various types of pneumonia are so similar that a post-mortem ex-amination and/or diagnostic laboratory testing is required to determine the eitology. Most practitioners have determined through education and trial and error effective methods of therapy for bovine pneumonia. Assistance is requested from the diagnostic laboratory when standard methods of therapy have failed. Unfortunately, many times the request from the owner for practitioner assistance comes after the owner has tried his hand at therapy. The gross examination of thoracic viscera is sufficient in many cases to reveal a tentative diagnosis sufficient to indicate appropriate therapy.
The purpose of this presentation is to compare the clinical signs and gross lesions for a few commonly misdiagnosed causes of bovine pneumonia. Effective therapy must be preceded by a prompt and accurate diagnosis. The data presented are to assist in deter-mining the diagnosis. Methods to effect prophylaxis and therapy for bovine pneumonia are not included in this presentation. The types of pneumonia to be com-pared are viral pneumonia, Pasteurellu pneumonia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, verminous pneumonia and atypical interstitial bovine pneumonia
Problems Encountered with Retaining Yearling Calves on Farms in the North
Authors: Ward J. K. 
Published: March 2023

The practice of shipping or retaining calves in the Northwest in recent years has reached full cycle. The practice a number of years ago of some ranchers was to ship the heavy calves (400-500# approx.) at weaning, and retain the lighter calves, winter them and sell them in July and August as long yearlings.
For a number of years the feedlot operator kept dipping into the lighter calves because of the demand. In the past two years a complete turnabout has occurred due to the economics of the cattle industry from the standpoint of price and feed. So at present we have completed a cycle and are now where we were a few years back.
Nutrition and Feedlot Health
Authors: McCullough M. E. 
Published: March 2023

The treatment was successful, but the animal starved. This may be an extreme example but, in ruminants, one cannot divorce nutrition from therapy in sick animals. It might be useful to briefly review the chain of events which are nutritionally related to an infectious disease resulting in fever.
Fever can be defined as any condition of positive heat balance not due solely to food, exercise or environment. From a nutritional point of view, the important item is the increase in basal metabolism. Since the velocity of biochemical reactions follows van Hoff’s law, basal metabolism should increase 10 to 20% per 1°C in body temperature. If so, then the use of nutrients for basal metabolism can easily double in a very sick animal. Since high fevers are usually accompanied by a decline or loss of appetite, the rapid decline in body stores is easily understood.
Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) in 1976
Authors: Larsen Aubrey B. 
Published: March 2023

The purpose in presenting this paper is to review recent developments in research on paratuberculosis. Some of the more recent findings that should be of interest to the bovine practitioner are discussed.
Here are two maps showing the results of two surveys on distribution of the disease in the United States, one in 1949 and one in 1971 (Figure 1). Thirty-three states reported presence of the disease in 1949 while 46 states reported it in 1971 (3). Preliminary examination of the maps might indicate that the disease is spreading in the United States. However, this is only a partial explanation. During this period existing diagnostic laboratories have been improved and new laboratories have been built. Culturing techniques have also been improved. Veterinarians are more aware of the disease and are making greater efforts to determine the cause of chronic diarrhea. Therefore, states with widespread distribution may indicate they are showing a greater awareness of the disease rather than more diseased herds than their neighbors.
Pathophysiology of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Problems in the Bovine
Authors: Whitlock R. H. 
Published: March 2023

The problems of the lower gastrointestinal tract in the cow can be divided into two major categories: (1) diarrhea, and (2) obstruction with lack of adequate fecal output. Less common problems would include bleeding in the intestinal tract, tenesmus or straining, and pain in the abdomen.
Diarrhea is the most prominent problem of the gastrointestinal tract facing the large animal practitioner of today. In fact, diarrhea or the complications associated with diarrhea account for 10- 15% of the mortality losses associated with calves born in the United States! Some data indicate this is the major loss to the cattle industry in the United States.
Practical and Theoretical Considerations Concerning Treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia in Feedlot Cattle, With Special Reference to Antimicrobic Therapy
Authors: Hjerpe C. A. , Routen T. A. 
Published: March 2023

When effective antimicrobic therapy can be initiated on the first day that clinical signs are evident to an experienced observer and continued for 48 hours after fever, dyspnea and toxemia have abated, and if appropriate shelter, nutrition and nursing care are provided, mortality from acute, uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia in feedlot cattle will be negligible. Mortality is increased when disease detection is inadequate, resulting in delayed treatment, when ineffective antimicrobics are utilized, or when inappropriate dosages, routes of administration or treatment intervals are selected, and when treatment is irregularly administered or prematurely terminated. Failure to promptly reinstitute treatment when relapses occur is often a factor in excessive mortality.
Sick cattle should be kept dry and provided with shelter from cold winds or hot sun. Sick cattle penned together should be of similar size and should not be overcrowded. At least 12 linear inches and preferably 24 linear inches of feed bunk space should be provided per animal.
Clinical Examination of the Bovine Animal
Authors: Williams Eric I. 
Published: March 2023

The clinician's primary objective in dealing with a sick animal is to make a diagnosis of the ailment as accurately and as soon as possible so that suitable treatment can be initiated.
Accurate diagnosis can only be achieved by a careful and systematic examination of the patient. It cannot be overemphasized that a thorough knowledge of, and the ability to interpret, the normal animal will greatly enhance the clinician's ability to recognize the abnormal state. The recognition of clinical symptoms which, under field conditions, are often not present in classical textbook style, can only be accomplished by the astute and patient observation of the sick animal. The ability to translate the recognition of disease symptoms to a positive diagnosis of the ailment also depends on a thorough knowledge of the major features of -the disease. A basic understanding of animal behavior is a decided asset.
This paper is a brief review of the methods available to the practicing veterinarian for the examination of the bovine organ systems, with special emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract.
Exotic Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Van Kampen Kent 
Published: March 2023

In the subject that I have been given this morning the definition of "exotic" really depends on your repertoire of laboratory testing or diagnostic tools that you use in your particular practice. I will discuss two particular areas.
The first will be that of tests which are not commonly used but may be of importance to you as you expand your repertoire of diagnostic tools. The second area will be that of things that are on the horizon that are not yet commercially available or available in most of the diagnostic laboratories, and yet, tests which are under development and may have a significant impact on your diagnostic repertoire.
Long-Term Calcium-Phosphorus Studies in Confined Dairy Cows
Authors: Ward George , Call E. P. 
Published: March 2023

Calcium balance can be kept near even or positive in early lactation if calcium and phosphorus intakes and vitamin D consumption are adequate. Adequate calcium consumption promotes more rapid uterine involution and earlier ovulation. Phosphorus consumption must be adequate from day to day. There is no phosphorus-sensitive mechanism to elicit phosphorus resorption from bone. That mechanism is only calcium-sensitive. Inadequate phosphorus intake depresses appetite as well as preventing bone accretion. Phosphorus balance, with adequate phosphorus intake, largely depends on calcium adequacy since the calcium-tophosphorus ratio in bone is constant.
Our study comparing monosodium phosphate with calcium phosphate as supplements for an alfalfa hay and sorghum grain ration may have shown a chlorine deficiency. Salt was omitted from the grain but was available ad libitum. Very little salt consumption was the unique characteristic associated with the sodium phosphate treatment. Elevated chine, slab-sidedness, and tucking up in the flank were noted in the cows which ate little salt. Salt appetite appears to be sodium-sensitive.
Immunization Programs for Cattle
Authors: Kahrs Robert F. 
Published: March 2023

Infectious disease control through vaccination is an important component of bovine herd health but it is only a part of the total program. Vaccination reduces the probability of catastrophic losses but should not be expected to prevent all losses. The benefits of vaccination are difficult to evaluate and unlike insurance, vaccination provides no compensation when losses occur. Thus, many livestock owners resent the continuous commitment of resources needed for herd immunity because they see few visible returns on investment.
Healthy, well-nourished calves vaccinated prior to breeding for IBR, BVD, and PI3 will have reduced probability of aborting or suffering severe disease due to these viruses. Vaccination in the presence of exposure, disease,or during adjustment to new feed or a new environment is risky and should be approached conservatively.The veterinarian should accept the responsibility to invoke available vaccinations in a manner most suited to each management situation so as to provide the maximum protection to the most animals while taking the least risk.
Statement of the Texas & Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association To The Honorable Bergland, Secretary of Agriculture
Authors: Witts David A. 
Published: March 2023

The answer is the Miracle of American Agriculture. A system so productive that it released 90% of our work force from the farms to build the world's greatest industrial power. A system so efficient that it provides more food for more people more cheaply than any in the world's history; plus selling a $32 'Billion food basket to buy OPEC oil, thereby preserving what sanity is left in the dollar.Agriculture is local, land is local and people are local. To ignore this in a burst of energetic bureaucracy will subject America to a calamitous miscalculation.
Understanding The Metabolism Of Nitrogen Means Profit For Your Clients
Authors: Scott Robert G. 
Published: March 2023

What is over Nitrification? How does it affect animals? Where is it most likely to occur? What can be done to prevent problems connected with nitrates? The nitrate problem has been with us a long time. Almost everyone of us have seen this highly fertilized growth of grass which results from the natural process of too much fertilizer. The grass is taller, greener and more luxurious than the surrounding grass. Italso has a higher NPN or non protein nitrogen and an imbalanced cation ratio and under normal grazing conditions the cows won't eat it.The cow performs best in this synthesis if the diet contains the proper ratio of energy to protein and if the minerals are in the proper relationship. If the NPN or NO3 is in excess in the diet we see the following 4 major problems.
Lowered Production2. Anoxia3. Vitamin Interference4. Antibody impairment
Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Trichomoniasis
Authors: Cardwell W. H. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine venereal trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoon parasite, Trichomonas foetus. It has been well documented that the disease is venereal in nature, and that itAn alternative method is the collection of a prepucial sample using an uterine infusion tube. This interferes with the reproductive ability of the bovine female. Because the parasite is much easier to demonstrate from the bull, diagnosis of the disease in a given herd is usually done on the bull. Field diagnosis is fairly easily accomplished by collecting repucial samples by one of two methods. The douche technique is one where 100 cc to 150 cc of warm saline is instilled into the prepucial cavity and then retrieved for examination. An alternative method is the collection of a prepucial sample using an uterine infusion tube.
Computers
Authors: Garrison Max 
Published: March 2023

Probably the reason I am here is because I am one veterinarian that is very interested in herd health practice, not necessarily just in feedlot but in cow calf production as well, and I am possibly one in the state that they could get a hold of that has had some experience with computers and so part of the reason I am on the program. I do not have anything in the way of lot of detailed programs or anything like that to offer you this afternoon for cow calf operations. What I would like to try to do in just a brief few mmutes is possibly outline for you or at least give you some thought on to how you could possibly utilize a computer, be it by terminal as Gary talked about or possibly having one of your own or working with a rancher that has his own.
Internal Medicine Diagnostics
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M. 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the diagnostic methods used in physical examination of the thoracic cavity. The focus will be on auscultation since this is the most useful diagnostic procedure every veterinarian can perform. A number of diagnostic tools are available for use in evaluation of diseases of the thoracic cavity. The most important of these tools is the art of auscultation. Knowledge of the origin and mechanism of production of cardiac and lung sounds will allow the practitioner to accurately diagnose the majority of the diseases he sees in the field. A number of other diagnostic procedures such as radiography, aspiration, and percussion are then used to further define or confirm the tentative diagnosis made by auscultation.
Oxytetracycline Levels in Healthy and Diseased Calves
Authors: Ames Trevor R. , Larson Vaughn L. , Stowe Clarence M. 
Published: March 2023

This project was designed to investigate the effects of disease on the tissue concentrations, serum concentrations, and pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) in pneumonic calves. In reviewing the results of this study it is apparent that there was a poor correlation between serum concentrations and tissue concentrations at 24 hours at this dose (Table I). If the tissue:serum concentration ratios are examined, it is obvious that the serum concentrations were poor predictors of tissue concentrations at this time. The tissue levels varied from 2 to IO times greater than the concurrent serum concentration. If the ratios for the diseased lung are compared to those of the healthy lung it can be seen that the serum concentrations as predictors of tissue concentrations was even more variable in diseased animals. The 24 hour tissue concentrations were considerably higher (2. 96 times) than the 24 hour serum concentrations. This raises a question regarding redosing of OTC at 12 or 24 hours based on declining serum concentrations.
Bovine Reproductive Failure Associated with Ureaplasma Diversum
Authors: Doig Paul A. , Ruhnke H. L. Ruhnke , Miller R. B. 
Published: March 2023

Ureaplasmas are part of the group of microorganisms designated the Mycoplasmatales, more often simply referred to as the mycoplasmas. Thus far, eleven ureaplasma serotypes have been serologically identified and appear distinct from the eight serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from humans. For this reason, a new name Ureaplasma diversum has been proposed for the bovine isolates. Ureaplasmas were considered for many years to be part of the nonpathogenic microflora of the lower reproductive tract. More recent studies have demonstrated an association between Ureaplasma and disease, and it is now apparent that Ureaplasmas may play a more important role in bovine reproductive failure than had previously been recognized.
Practical Antibiotic/Sulfonamide Residue Detection
Authors: Dobbins, Jr. Charles N. 
Published: March 2023

Antibiotic/ sulfonamide residue detection is a serious matter for producers and veterinarians. With the increased emphasis by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), antibiotic/ sulfonamide residues in swine and calves are in the spotlight. Antibiotic residues in milk, a responsibility of the Food and Drug Administration, have been a continuing problem. With the availability of the Live Animal Swab Test (LAST), the Sulfa Swab Test (SST) and the Sulfa Column Test, a practitioner can have the capability of determining antibiotic / sulfonamides in meat and milk prior to marketing.
Ostertagiosis in Missouri Beef Cattle
Authors: Corwin Robert M. 
Published: March 2023

Our studies with spring calf-cow herds were conducted from 1979 through 1983 on 6 separate farms. Results were presented to AABP in 1983 by Dr. Mike Brauer and will only be summarized here. Breeds for the most part were Angus or Hereford cross or purebred, with some Charolais and Simmental. Study herds were usually 15 to 20 pairs per group which were grazed on summer pastures of orchard grass, fescue, timothy and clover. (Pasture type seemed to have little effect on parasite survivability or transmission). Fecal egg counts, body weights, and grass collection were made biweekly or monthly, and fecal egg samples werecultured for third-stage larva (L3) identification. The predominant species found was Ostertagia ostertagi with Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia spp also wellrepresented but less numerous. These findings were further corroborated by pairs of tracer or sentinel calves necropsied each month. But most important was the observation that arrest-prone larvae (pre Type II ostertagiasis) were present in the abomasa of tracers in April to August with adults of Type II appearing in late July and into August, a situationwhich closely approximates that of southern states, representing a departure from the traditional or northern seasonality.
Bovine Parasites of Particular Importance in the Northwest
Authors: Wescott Richard B. 
Published: March 2023

The problem of internal parasites in cattle is more unrpedictable in the Northwest than in geographic areas where clincial disease is the rule rather than the exception. The practitioner in this area is continually confronted with the question .. will treatment provide an economic response?" The answer often is based on information obtained from research done in other regions and frequently may not apply to their conditions. Five examples, ostertagiasis, coccidiosis, fascioliasis, trichomoniasis, and cryptosporidiosis, of regionally important parasitisms will be discussed in this regard. All are often subclinical, all present diagnostic problems and all require different control measures.
Applying Epidemiology to Diagnostic Findings
Authors: Meek A.H. , Martin S. W. 
Published: March 2023

A clinical diagnosis can be considered a probability statement. How good that statement is depends on a number of factors related to the examiner, the examined and the examination (Sackett et al, 1985). In addition to this, the ability to extrapolate ones findings from a few examined animals to the population eg. herd, will depend on how representative the examined animals are of the population and /or the number of animals sampled. In this paper, primary emphasis will be given to the examination, particularly to the use of tests, for detecting subclinical disease and to the extrapolation of results to the population.
Performance Evaluation as an Integral Part of Dairy Health Programs
Authors: Weaver Leon D. 
Published: March 2023

At this review meeting on dairy herd performance, areas where performance can be improved are defined, and goals and methods selected. Protocols for problem investigation can also be developed as necessary. Current herd health expenditures for supplies, pharmaceuticals, labor and services should be reviewed and justified, altered or eliminated. Involvement of other professionals (e.g., nutritionist, banker, CPA) is often desirable. Dairy "herd health" programs emphasizing disease prevention are evolving into health and production medicine programs. The adoption of production oriented programs will likely require changes in practice style, schedules and fees. New consultative activities will need to be integrated into practice routines. An essential component of production medicine programs is herd performance evaluation.
Dairy Herd Reproductive Performance Parameters Relevant to North American Production and Marketing Systems
Authors: Etherington W. G. 
Published: March 2023

The objective of this presentation is to describe some reproductive performance parameters which can be used to assess the level of reproductive management in a dairy herd. An attempt will also be made to describe how some reproductive performance diagnostic indices can be used as an indicator of the areas of management which are causing reproductive problems in herds.
Dairy Herd Performance Evaluation
Authors: Reneau Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2023

Volumes have been written on the subject of mastitis control. Research continues to be compiled describing new, more effective measures in controlling herd mastitis. Yet application of this information has been slow. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail the use of DHI somatic cell counts records in mastitis control programs, and their effective integration with other data in the formulation of specific mastitis control recommendation. It concludes that the SCC is an excellent screening test for the presence of mastitis because (A) SCC data is a good indicator of the seriousness of the mastitis problem, offering a prognosis of the biological and economic impacts of the herd problem; (B) SCC enables monitoring of udder health as well as the effectiveness of treatment and prevention measures; and (C) an important consideration for a herd health screening test is the test's relative availability and expense.