bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ
Authors: Умышев Диас , Айдымбаева Жанар , Достиярова Алия , Онгар Булбул , Биахметов Бауыржан 
Published: February 2023

В статье рассматривается актуальный вопрос обогащения биогаза водородом для сжигания в дизельном двигателе. Для Казахстана данная проблема пришла в последние 20 лет, так как ежегодно идет повышение стоимости дизельного топлива или его нехватки к осени во время сбора урожая. Возможности эффективного сжигания водорода в парниковых двигателях были известны еще во время блокады Ленинграда. Здесь мы обращаем внимание, что сжигание в дизельном двигателе богатого водородом биогаза и дизельного топлива повышает эффективность дизеля и снижает ее воздействие на окружающую среду. Так как имеются доступные публикаций, то и наши исследования будут полезны. Результаты дальнейших исследований будут опубликованы в данном Вестнике.
ҚАЗАҚСТАН ТЕМІР ЖОЛДАРЫНДА КОНТРЕЙЛЕРЛІ ТАСЫМАЛДАУ БОЛАШАҒЫ МӘСЕЛЕ ТУРАЛЫ
Authors: Мусаев Жанат , Ахметова Патам , Туркебаев Мукангали , Ивановцева Наталья , Хайдарова Алия 
Published: February 2023

Мақалада әлем елдерінің темір жолдарындағы контрейлерлік тасымалдаудың негізгі және перспективалы технологиялары қарастырылған. Қазіргі заманғы қарсы технологиялар нарығы әр түрлі нұсқалармен сипатталатындығы көрсетілген, олардың тиімділігі қоршаған орта жағдайлары мен тапсырмаға байланысты. Бұл қарсы жүйені таңдау үшін ұтымды басқару шешімдерін қабылдау қажеттілігіне байланысты. Атмосфераға зиянды шығарындыларды азайту және жолдардың көп жүктелуі үшін күрес тасымалдаудың осы түрінің пайда болуының негізгі себептері болды. ТМД елдерінде қоғамды автомобильдендірудің қазіргі кезеңінде осы мәселелерді шешуде инновацияларды енгізу бойынша басқа елдердің оң тәжірибесін қабылдау қажет. Сайып келгенде, контрейлерлік тасымалдарды енгізу тек теміржолшыларға ғана емес, мемлекеттің өзіне де тиімді. Авторлар Қазақстан темір жолдарында контрейлерлік тасымалдарды енгізу және дамыту бойынша ұсыныстар жарияланды.
La impronta de la Justicia Restaurativa en la reinserción social de ofensores y víctimas
Authors: García Morales Zozué Adriana 
Published: February 2023

La finalidad de este estudio es analizar las evidencias documentales del impacto de la justicia restaurativa en la reinserción social. Se presenta un cuadro comparativo de las características de la justicia retributiva vs. justicia restaurativa, y se exponen algunos casos de éxito.
Dicha exploración arrojó que la incorporación de la justicia restaurativa en los programas de los centros penitenciarios orientados a recuperar a los delincuentes logra modificar asertivamente su respuesta ante sus circunstancias; en las víctimas, contribuye al restablecimiento de su confianza en la sociedad; y en la comunidad como afectada secundaria, a concientizarle de su rol formativo y reformativo.
Tercera Mision De Las Universidades Y Su Aporte Potencial Al Desarrollo Nacional
Authors: Sanchez Soto Ruben Gomez 
Published: February 2023

El desempeño de las Universidades peruanas presenta mejoras importantes a partir de la aprobación de la Ley Universitaria 30220 promulgada el 03 de julio de 2014. Este dispositivo a su vez generó la creación de SUNEDU desde el 2015. Las mejoras alcanzadas pueden comprobarse por el licenciamiento, acreditación y producción científica. Es claro que los avances alcanzados luego de siete años no serían suficientes, para cerrar las brechas respecto de las Universidades ubicadas en las cincuenta primeras posiciones de los rankings internacionales; por ejemplo, (TOPUNIVERSITIES, 2021), y los niveles de desarrollo de los once (11) países donde están ubicadas tales universidades.
La investigación ha permitido visualizar la urgencia de mejoras en la gestión de las universidades peruanas; particularmente, las públicas requieren iniciar proyectos de para mejorar su aporte al desarrollo nacional, ubicarse entre las universidades de tercera y cuarta generación. Análisis y reflexión, para pasar de la primer a la segunda y tercera misión y con esto enrumbar y aportar al liderazgo de la solución y priorización del desarrollo nacional, y no solo quedarse como protagonista de la problemática actual de las Universidades públicas.
Capítulo 2. Mito y posverdad. Entre la ficción y la política
Authors: Huici Adrián 
Published: February 2023

Este trabajo intenta revela los elementos míticos y, por tanto, con fuerte carga emocional e irracional en el universo de la acción política, con especial hincapié en la figura de Donald Trump y su discurso propagandístico.El mito puede considerarse un universal antropológico que constituyo el primer intento de hombre de explicar el mundo y de explicarse a sí mismo, instrumento cuya lógica es puramente emocional y, por ende, irracional. Su forma fundamental es el relato y su sustancia hunde sus raíces en la psicología profunda de las personas y las masas: obviamente, estas características lo vuelven un instrumento de persuasión de máximo nivel y, por tanto, en arma política.Precisamente, el discurso de Trump se mueve en esos parámetros: apelación a las emociones más elementales, irracionalidad, apelación a lo meramente instintivo (que puede derivar en la violencia), etc. Ello puede verse en sus alusiones al patriotismo excluyente, a la pureza de sangre, a la amenaza del extraño, a las promesas de un presunto paraíso blanco, etc. Todo ello se plasmó de forma evidente y brutal en el intento de toma del Capitolio.
Palabras clave: mito, relato, emoción, irracionalidad, violencia, manipulación.
MORAL PERSONAL QUALITIES AS DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY COMPETITIVENESS
Authors: Хазова С. А. 
Published: February 2023

В работе анализируются вопросы детерминирования востребованности специалиста, его конкурентоспособности морально-нравственными качествами личности, стоящими над требованиями профессии. С психолого-педагогических и социально-экономических позиций на основе теоретического анализа и обобщения научных данных, а также на основе результатов эмпирических исследований обоснована правомерность постановки и обеспечено достижение цели исследования: определить спектр морально-нравственных качеств, выступающих детерминантами востребованности специалистов, и раскрыть причину указанно детерминационного значения этих качеств. Основным результатом, изложенным в работе, является констатация научного факта о том, что морально-нравственные качества правомерно рассматривать как стратегическое и пролонгированное конкурентное преимущество специалиста, в значительной степени детерминирующее его востребованность на рынке труда и в процессе профессиональной деятельности. Именно эти качества обусловливают добросовестность конкуренции, взаимное доверие в коллективах; они практически во все времена и практически во всех обществах, реально или номинально, но признаются положительными, являются социально одобряемыми и, вероятно, отвечают ментальным особенностям россиян, по-прежнему склонных оценивать личность вначале по ее общечеловеческим качествам, а потом уж по профессиональным.
The paper analyzes the issues of determining the demand for a specialist, his competitiveness by the moral qualities of a person, standing above the requirements of the profession. Proceeding from the psychological, pedagogical and socio-economic positions, basing on theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific data, and the results of empirical research, the legitimacy of the statement is substantiated and the achievement of the research goal is ensured, namely: to determine the range of moral qualities that act as determinants of the demand for specialists, and to reveal the reason for the specified deterministic value of these qualities. The main result presented in the work is a statement of the scientific fact that moral qualities can be legitimately considered as a strategic and prolonged competitive advantage of a specialist, which largely determines his demand in the labor market and in the process of professional activity. It is these qualities that determine the integrity of competition, and mutual trust in teams. They are practically at all times and in almost all societies, actually or nominally, are recognized as positive, they are socially approved and, probably, correspond to the mental characteristics of Russians, who are still inclined to evaluate a person, first by his general human qualities, and only then by professional ones.
‘Owing the Comforts of Life to Art’: Elizabeth Helme’s Critical Reception and the Practice of Writing
Authors: Font Paz Carme 
Published: February 2023

In the context of the rise of the novel in eighteenth-century Britain, this article examines the understudied production of Elizabeth Helme (c. 1743-1814), who enjoyed a long and successful career as a writer of novels, as a translator and essayist. Special attention will be paid to Helme’s reception in the English press and the translations of her novels into Spanish and French. It will further argue that Helme’s own practice as author, translator, and translated author configured a synergy of knowledge-building that allowed her to articulate her own style as a writer and posed a critical reflection about the art of writing, particularly in her non-fiction work that remains largely unexplored. More generally, Helme’s eclectic approach is indicative of the ways in which eighteenth-century translation and writing practice can foster reflection on literary theory and criticism by confronting the author with the function of their own work.
SIGNS AND ETIOLOGIES OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AMONG MECHANICALLY VENTILATED PATIENTS ATTENDING CHITWAN MEDICAL COLLEGE, BHARATPUR
Authors: Gurung Sailesh , Adhikari Shital , Bhattarai Madhur Dev , Gauli Basanta , Puri Niraj , Patel Sunil , Wagley Pratik 
Published: February 2023

Background: Respiratory distress (RD) in mechanically ventilated patients may signify life-threatening complications which may be potentially reversible. The aim of the study was to determine the signs and etiologies of respiratory distress in patients under mechanical ventilation.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was done on adult patients on mechanical ventilation (MV) with Respiratory distress admitted at Chitwan Medical College, Nepal from January 2021 to June 2021.We studied various signs and etiologies of RD in different days on MV. Descriptive analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 20.
Results: Total 66 patients were included in the study with mean ± SD of age was 55.3 ± 15.8 years with equal proportion of male and female. Out of total 154 occurrences of 11 signs in 66 patients, agitation was the most common one occurring 29.3% of times followed by use of accessory muscle in 15.9%. Most common cause of respiratory distress was interstitial syndrome of increased extra-vascular lung water or density on ultrasound was present more in patients on MV for ≥ 5 days. Most patients (74.2%) had multiple RD signs and 25.8% had only a single sign. Gasping was more common in patients on MV ≥ 5 days and agitation and delirium more in early days of MV.
Conclusions: More than half of the conditions associated with RD on MV are relatively reversible and as the patients can develop RD any time or any day after being put on MV, a continued vigilance system is essential for their timely assessment and management.
The Channelling of Liability Under the 1999 Montreal Convention
Authors: Zhou Hao 
Published: February 2023

As the cornerstone of international air carrier liability rules, the 1999 Montreal Convention has created a ‘channelled’ liability system to promote adequate and rapid compensation. This article first explores the origin of ‘channelling’ liability under the Montreal Convention, then examines two possible scenarios arising from ‘channelling’ of liability; finally analyses the legal effect of ‘channelled’ liability in light of the Convention’s purposes, while noting difficulties faced by carriers because of third-party indemnity claims.
air carrier liability, channelling of lability, Montreal Convention, third-party claims, indemnification
Effects of Procedural Misconduct on the Allocation of Costs in International Arbitration
Authors: Moser Robin 
Published: February 2023

While it is controversial what principles an arbitral tribunal should apply when making a cost award under normal circumstances, it is widely accepted that an arbitral tribunal may take the parties’ procedural conduct into account and the most commonly applied institutional rules all confer broad discretion on the arbitral tribunal to consider procedural misconduct when deciding about costs.
Procedural misconduct can occur in different forms and facets. The most regularly reported forms include frivolous or inflated claims, meritless requests, unsolicited submissions, dilatory or obstructive behavior and failure to produce documents. Since misconduct contravenes the duty to arbitrate in good faith and the goal to conduct the arbitration in a cost and time efficient manner, procedural misconduct of a certain gravity should not go unnoticed. Arbitrators should under appropriate circumstances indemnify the opponent and/or sanction the party engaged in misconduct for wasteful behavior by rendering an adverse cost award. They can do so either in an interim or partial award or at the end of the proceedings.
Sustainable Banking: Challenges and the Way Forward
Authors: Yeoh Peter 
Published: February 2023

This article reviews the challenges and the path forward for sustainable banking in the digital era. In particular, it evaluates the progress of the self-regulatory voluntary use of the Equator Principles (EPs), especially by multinational banks, and the main challenges faced.
Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, Directors’ Duties, Equator Principles, ESG, Greenwashing, Risk Management, SDG, Sustainable Banking, Sustainability Reporting
Smart Contracts and the Theory of Detrimental Reliance: Exploring the Link
Authors: Bhattacharya Ayesha 
Published: February 2023

A relatively recent phenomenon, smart contracts have slowly revolutionized the sphere of commercial transactions through faster, cheaper and automated means, by removing layers of unnecessary negotiation. A combination of law and coding, smart contracts have the potential to redesign our understanding of the basic doctrines of contract law. This article investigates the possible link which exists between smart contracts and the theory of detrimental reliance through the application of such contracts to certain age-old landmark cases, predominantly cited in the realm of contract law. It proposes the notion that issues pertaining to negotiation and miscommunication which have been the core matter of disputes in such cases, may have been easily avoided through an application of smart contracts, which compel enforcement at every stage. In particular, this article has explored the verdict of the jury in the matter of Pennzoil v. Texaco and construed that smart contracts have a key role to play even in instances of in-principle agreements. Further, this article has explored the possibility that, like any novel invention, smart contracts are not without their flaws and has examined the criticisms put forth regarding the applicability and adoption of such contracts, in certain instances. Finally, the author has concluded that a mechanism which would combine the strengths of both smart contracts and paper-based agreements is the need of the hour, to eliminate issues of ambiguity, enforcement and to permit the determination of more subjective legal criteria, as may be contractually required.
Consideration, detrimental reliance, Pennzoil v. Texaco, promissory estoppel, smart contracts
Article: Fictitious Interest and Dividends Under Tax Treaties and the EU Directives
Authors: Kostikidis Savvas , Striefler Florian 
Published: February 2023

On 24 February 2022 the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled in the case Viva Telecom Bulgaria EOOD v. Direktor na Direktsia Obzhalvane i danachno-osiguritelna praktika – Sofia (Case C-257/20) (ECJ, 24 February 2022, Case C-257/20, Viva Telecom Bulgaria EOOD v. Direktor na Direktsia Obzhalvane i danachno-osiguritelna praktika – Sofia, ECLI:EU: C:2022:125), inter alia, that fictitious interest payments do not enjoy withholding tax (WHT) exemption neither under the Interest and Royalties Directive (2003/49) (Council Directive 2003/49/EC of 3 June 2003 on a common system of taxation applicable to interest and royalty payments made between associated companies of different Member States, OJ L 157, 26 June 2003) (IRD) nor under the Parent-Subsidiary Directive (2011/96) (Council Directive 2011/96/EU of 30 November 2011 on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States, OJ L 345, 29 December 2011) (PSD) (together referred to as the directives). This article questions this finding and argues that fictitious interest and dividends should fall under the IRD and PSD respectively.
IRD, PSD, EU corporate taxation, fictitious interest, fictitious dividends, CFC, tax avoidance, transfer pricing adjustment
The China-US Trade Conflict and Its Impact on the World Trade System and the Future of Multilateralism
Authors: Altemöller Frank 
Published: February 2023

The trade conflict between China and the US has an impact on many levels. The initial discussion was focused on the economic effects both feared and caused by the trade restrictions. This study, however, will go further than an economic-empirical analysis. Rather, it addresses the structural implications of the conflict: as a result of the US blockade of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Appellate Body, the functioning of the world trade system remains in question. Even though a number of Member States currently participate in a substitute interim dispute settlement system outside the WTO, the future of the world trade system is nonetheless closely tied to a functioning dispute settlement process. For that is the only means by which to guarantee that the contracting parties can trust that their mutually agreed rights and obligations will be respected – and that how dispute settlement will ensure trust in the world trade system as a whole.
But what are the prospects for dispute settlement in a situation that is characterized not only by stagnation, but above all by open trade disputes, and for which there is no foreseeable resolution? Are we now witnessing not only a crisis of dispute settlement, but more so, an inability for dispute settlement to function in a multilateral arrangement that lacks a perspective? The author considers the US blockade to be a consequence of the increasing intensification of the global competitive situation, within which the liberalization interests of key actors are going through a transformation. The study will demonstrate how this is leading to more differentiated forms of trade policy, economic and geopolitical integration that operate beyond the previous multilateral liberalization concepts. Nevertheless, the world trade system has an undeniably central role to play in addressing urgent issues of our common future. The author discusses the challenges that lie ahead and asks how further developments can be achieved.
World Trade System, Appellate Body, Dispute Settlement, China-US Trade Conflict, Delegation Sovereign Rights, Sovereignty, Decision Making Practice, US Trade Representative, Non-Market Economy, State-Led Economy, Governance, Trade Liberalization, Blockade, Multilateralism, Global Competition
Transparency in ISDS: A Study Based on Multi-party Agreements
Authors: Bhaskar Smrithi , Choudhary Vishakha 
Published: February 2023

The virtues of transparency and confidentiality in international judicial processes are often debated, including in relation to investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). The extent of transparency in an ISDS proceeding may vary based on the applicable arbitration rules and the text of the international investment treaties under which the dispute arises. In this context, this article studies the practice of States reflected in select multiparty agreements. The sample of agreements considered, by virtue of the large number of participating countries, significance of trade and investment flows between participants, or both, may be considered representative of global trends or the lack thereof. The article also discusses how the transparency and confidentiality provisions in such agreements interact with the applicable arbitration rules and the net effect on transparency in ISDS.
ISDS, transparency, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, public access to documents, open hearings, third parties, publication of orders, confidentiality.
Cláusulas arbitrais em números no mercado de capitais brasileiro
Authors: Pargendler Mariana , Muller Prado Viviane , Fajreldines Santos Ezequiel , Martins Viol Dalila 
Published: February 2023

This empirical study updates and extends research published in 2014 on the use of arbitration clauses by publicly traded companies in Brazil to elucidate the current state and recent developments in the field of arbitration in Brazilian capital markets. In 2021, 234 publicly traded companies had arbitration clauses in their corporate charter, amounting to 61% of companies listed on B3. Even in the Traditional and Level 1 segments, where arbitration is not mandatory, 27% of the companies had arbitration clauses in their corporate charter, compared to only 15% in 2013. In addition, among the 41% listed companies with shareholder agreements, 77% opt for arbitration, compared to 70% in 2013. Although a significant proportion of companies have not yet adopted arbitration clauses, we observe a small increase in the adoption of arbitration by publicly traded companies between 2013 and 2021. In the last quarter of 2021, 18% of the companies comprising the Ibovespa index had no arbitration clause in their corporate charter. When arbitration not mandatory, the Câmara de Arbitragem do Mercado was selected by 76% of companies listed on Traditional and Level 1 segments, as well as by 61% of the total number of companies that have an arbitration clause in their shareholder agreements.
Empirical study; capital market; publicly traded companies; arbitration clause; arbitration; corporate charter; shareholder agreement.
Case Law Trend: The Question of Interaction Between the Tax and Criminal Proceedings in the ECtHR Case-Law
Authors: Bahçeci Barış , Çelik Demirhan Burak 
Published: February 2023

This objective of this study is to analyse the definition and the application of the concept of sufficiently close in substance and in time by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in terms of tax penalties. The Court implements this concept in Article 4 of the Protocol Number 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and intends to regulate the interaction between the two sets of (tax and criminal) procedures that deal with the penalization of the same matter. The progress of the case law is examined from the Glantz and Nykänen judgments in 2014 and the Kristjansson judgment in 2021. Two research questions are addressed: What is the connection in substance, and what is the connection in time? For the first question, the case law points out that the connection in substance requires the repetition in collection evidence. However, the boundaries of the relationship that should be established between the two sets of proceedings are uncertain and debatable. For the second question, the temporal connection has not yet been defined in case law, and its application overlaps with the scope of the right to a fair trial. Thus, it is seen that the boundaries in the both contexts need to be redrawn in order to eliminate the current ambivalence.
ECtHR case-law, interaction between proceedings, connection in substance, connection in time, ne bis in idem, tax penalty, tax procedure, right to a fair trial.