bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas‐kinetic unified algorithm for two‐dimensional planar and axisymmetric nozzle flows
Authors: Li Fan , Li Zhi‐Hui , Jiang Xin‐Yu , Hu Wen‐Qiang , Li Zhong‐Hua , Luo Wan‐Qing 
Published: June 2023

SummaryFor high‐altitude nozzle or micronozzle flows and other gas flows in the slip or transition flow regime, how to solve it reliably has always been a difficult problem. In this paper, a unified gas kinetic expression is presented to describe the two‐dimensional planar and the axisymmetric nozzle flows, and the computable modeling of the Boltzmann equation is developed at the first time for the nozzle flows by introducing the gas molecular collision relaxing parameter and the local equilibrium distribution function integrated in the unified expression with the flow state controlling parameter, including the macroscopic flow variables, the gas viscosity transport coefficient, the thermodynamic effect, the molecular power law, and molecular models, covering a full spectrum of flow regimes. The boundary conditions involved in the nozzle flow have been mathematically expressed at the level of the gas molecular velocity distribution function, and the model equations have been solved uniformly by the gas‐kinetic unified algorithm (GKUA) for rarefied transition to continuum flows. The presented simulated results from the test cases show promising of simulating gas flow from transitional flow to continuum flow in the same flow domain, especially for those flow involving low‐speed gas flow in rarefied regime, which is otherwise practically difficult using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC).
Global assessment, cognitive profile, and characteristics of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yang Jihyun , Pourzinal Dana , Byrne Gerard J. , McMahon Katie L. , Copland David A. , O’Sullivan John D. , Mitchell Leander , Dissanayaka Nadeeka N. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundCognitive deficits are evident throughout the course of Parkinson's disease (PD), with 24% of patients experiencing subtle cognitive disturbances at the time of diagnosis, and with up to 80% of patients developing PD dementia (PDD) at advanced stages of the disease PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an at‐risk phenotype of PDD, present with heterogeneous clinical characteristics that complicate the management of PD.ObjectivesThis study aims to examine the characteristics of PD‐MCI by using the Movement Disorder Society (MDS) diagnostic criteria and evaluate the validity of global cognitive scales in identifying PD‐MCI.MethodsSeventy‐nine (79) PD patients completed neuropsychological assessments and a comprehensive cognitive battery. PD‐MCI was classified according to the level 2 MDS task force criteria. Mini‐Mental State Examination (sMMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Parkinson's Disease Cognitive Rating Scale (PDCRS) were examined against a level 2 dichotomised PD‐MCI diagnosis. Characteristics of PD‐MCI were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients met criteria for PD‐MCI (34%). The MoCA and PDCRS demonstrated high validity to screen for PD‐MCI. Impairments in multiple cognitive domains were observed in 77.8% of PD‐MCI patients. There were significantly more males in the PD‐MCI group compared to PD patients without MCI (p < 0.01).ConclusionsPD patients with MCI exhibited impairments in the attention/working memory, executive function and memory domains. Heterogeneous cognitive characteristics in PD warrant further investigation into specific cognitive subtypes to advance understanding and effective evaluation of PD‐MCI.
Assessment of risk perception and subjective norms related to Mpox (monkeypox) among adult males in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Nazmunnahar  , Haque Md. Anamul , Ahamed Bulbul , Tanbir Md. , Suhee Farhana Islam , Islam Md. Rabiul 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsMonkeypox (Mpox) has become a concern worldwide after spreading into nonendemic countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this a public health emergency of international concern and recommended to get vaccinated first who are at the highest risk. Risk perception and subjective norms can influence the decision of vaccine uptake. Therefore, we intended to perform a cross‐sectional study on the male population in our country to assess their risk perception and subjective norms on Mpox.MethodsWe measured participants' risk perception and subjective norms using Google form. Demographic profile of participants was obtained using a structured questionnaire. We performed a χ2 test to compare the levels of risk perception and subjective norm perception and multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the association between the study parameters and the sociodemographic profile of the participants.ResultsAmong the participants, 93 (23.72%), 288 (73.47%), and 11 (2.81%) had high, medium, and low‐risk perceptions, respectively. For subjective norms, we observed 288 (58.16%) participants had a medium, 117 (29.85%) had high, and 47 (11.99%) had low levels of subjective norms, respectively. Most participants possessed medium risk perception (73.47%) and subjective norms (58.16%). Moreover, we observed that moderate risk perception was prevalent in people with body mass index (BMI) level between 18.5 and 25 (73.3%), married (63.5%), low economic background (94.1%), living with a family (77.1%), smokers (68.4%), heterosexuals (99%), people with no/little impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) on life (91%). Proportions of people with moderate subjective norms BMI level of 18.5–25 (73.2%), married (60.5%), low economic status (93.9%), rural (58.8%), living with family (77.2%), nonsmokers (71.1%), and people with no/little impact of Covid‐19 in their lives (91.2%).ConclusionThe majority of participants perceived medium risk perception and subjective norms related to Mpox. Furthermore, we observed a significant association between the study parameters and the sociodemographic characteristics of our study participants. We recommend that further longitudinal studies to yield more accurate results.
A case of mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the urachus
Authors: Tsuboi Kazuma , Bekku Kensuke , Haisa Kohei , Kajihara Yuta , Tsugawa Takuji , Inoue Yosuke , Sako Tomoko , Murao Wataru , Ebara Shin 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionUrachus carcinoma is a rare malignancy with an aggressive potential and a poor prognosis, and evidence is limited for its diagnosis and treatment.Case presentationA 75‐year‐old man underwent fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging prostate cancer, and a mass (standardized uptake value max 9.5) was observed on the outside of the urinary bladder dome. T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed the urachus and a low‐intensity tumor, which suggested a malignant tumor. We suspected urachal carcinoma and performed total resection of the urachus and partial cystectomy. Pathological examination revealed mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with cells positive for CD20 and negative for CD3, CD5, and cyclin D1. After the surgery, no recurrence has been observed for more than 2 years.ConclusionWe encountered an extremely rare case of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the urachus. Surgical resection of the tumor provided an accurate diagnosis and good disease control.
Mechanistic Modeling of the Drug‐Drug Interaction Between Efavirenz and Dolutegravir: Is This Interaction Clinically Relevant When Switching From Efavirenz to Dolutegravir During Pregnancy?
Authors: Dallmann André , van den Anker John , Ahmadzia Homa K. , Rakhmanina Natella 
Published: June 2023

AbstractFollowing the 2021 World Health Organization's updated recommendations on the management of HIV infection, millions of people living with HIV are currently switched from efavirenz‐based antiretroviral therapy to dolutegravir‐based antiretroviral therapy. Pregnant individuals transitioning from efavirenz to dolutegravir might be at increased risk of insufficient viral suppression in the immediate postswitch period because both efavirenz‐ and pregnancy‐related increases in hormone levels induce enzymes involved in dolutegravir metabolism, namely, cytochrome P450 3A4 and uridine 5′‐diphospho‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. This study aimed at developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to simulate the switch from efavirenz to dolutegravir in the late second and third trimester. To this end, the drug‐drug interaction between efavirenz and the uridine 5′‐diphospho‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir was first simulated in nonpregnant subjects. After successful validation, the physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were translated to pregnancy and dolutegravir pharmacokinetics following efavirenz discontinuation were predicted. Modeling results indicated that, at the end of the second trimester, both efavirenz concentrations and dolutegravir trough concentrations fell below respective pharmacokinetic target thresholds (defined as reported thresholds producing 90%‐95% of the maximum effect) during the time interval from 9.75 to 11 days after dolutegravir initiation. At the end of the third trimester, this time interval spanned from 10.3 days to >4 weeks after dolutegravir initiation. These findings suggest that dolutegravir exposure in the immediate post‐efavirenz switch period during pregnancy may be suboptimal, leading to HIV viremia and, potentially, resistance. The clinical implications of these findings remain to be substantiated by future studies.
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Pregnancy—Current Status and Future Considerations: Workshop Summary
Authors: Guinn Daphne , Sahin Leyla , Fletcher Elimika Pfuma , Choi Su‐Young , Johnson Tamara , Dinatale Miriam , Baisden Kristie , Sun Wenjie , Pillai Venkateswaran C. , Morales Jose Pablo , Yao Lynne 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAs pregnant individuals have traditionally been excluded from clinical trials, there is a gap in knowledge at the time of drug approval regarding safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosing for most prescription medications used during pregnancy. Physiologic changes in pregnancy can result in changes in pharmacokinetics that can impact safety or efficacy. This highlights the need to foster further research and collection of pharmacokinetic data in pregnancy to ensure appropriate drug dosing in pregnant individuals. Therefore, the US Food and Drug Administration and the University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation hosted a workshop on May 16 and 17, 2022, titled“Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Pregnancy.” This is a summary of the workshop proceedings.
Design Considerations for Pharmacokinetic Studies During Pregnancy
Authors: Stika Catherine S. , Hebert Mary F. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMost of the interventions performed by obstetric providers involve the administration of drugs. Pregnant patients are pharmacologically and physiologically different from nonpregnant young adults. Therefore, dosages that are effective and safe for the general public may be inadequate or unsafe for the pregnant patient and her fetus. Establishing dosing regimens appropriate for pregnancy requires evidence generated from pharmacokinetic studies performed in pregnant people. However, performing these studies during pregnancy often requires special design considerations, evaluations of both maternal and fetal exposures, and recognition that pregnancy is a dynamic process that changes as gestational age advances. In this article, we address design challenges unique to pregnancy and discuss options for investigators, including timing of drug sampling during pregnancy, appropriate selection of control groups, pros and cons of dedicated and nested pharmacokinetic studies, single‐dose and multiple‐dose analyses, dose selection strategies, and the importance of integrating pharmacodynamic changes into these protocols. Examples of completed pharmacokinetic studies in pregnancy are provided for illustration.
MRI Assessment of Intrinsic Neural Timescale and Gray Matter Volume in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Wei Yarui , Zhang Chunyan , Peng Yuanyuan , Chen Chen , Han Shaoqiang , Wang Weijian , Zhang Yong , Lu Hong , Cheng Jingliang 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundNumerous studies have indicated altered temporal features of the brain function in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the autocorrelation magnitude of intrinsic neural signals, called intrinsic neural timescales, were often applied to estimate how long neural information stored in local brain areas. However, it is unclear whether PD patients at different disease stages exhibit abnormal timescales accompanied with abnormal gray matter volume (GMV).PurposeTo assess the intrinsic timescale and GMV in PD.Study TypeProspective.Population74 idiopathic PD patients (44 early stage (PD‐ES) and 30 late stage (PD‐LS), as determined by the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) severity classification scale), and 73 healthy controls (HC).Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T MRI scanner; magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo and echo planar imaging sequences.AssessmentThe timescales were estimated by using the autocorrelation magnitude of neural signals. Voxel‐based morphometry was performed to calculate GMV in the whole brain. Severity of motor symptoms and cognitive impairments were assessed using the unified PD rating scale, the HY scale, the Montreal cognitive assessment, and the mini‐mental state examination.Statistical TestAnalysis of variance; two‐sample t‐test; Spearman rank correlation analysis; Mann–Whitney U test; Kruskal‐Wallis' H test. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe PD group had significantly abnormal intrinsic timescales in the sensorimotor, visual, and cognitive‐related areas, which correlated with the symptom severity (ρ = −0.265, P = 0.022) and GMV (ρ = 0.254, P = 0.029). Compared to the HC group, the PD‐ES group had significantly longer timescales in anterior cortical regions, whereas the PD‐LS group had significantly shorter timescales in posterior cortical regions.ConclusionThis study suggested that PD patients have abnormal timescales in multisystem and distinct patterns of timescales and GMV in cerebral cortex at different disease stages. This may provide new insights for the neural substrate of PD.Level of Evidence2Technical Efficacy Stage1
Physiologic Effects of Microneedle‐Mediated Intracochlear Dexamethasone Injection in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Feng Sharon J. , Leong Stephen , Aksit Aykut , Hébert Daniella , Olson Elizabeth S. , Kysar Jeffrey W. , Lalwani Anil K. 
Published: June 2023

ObjectivesOral or intratympanic corticosteroids are commonly used to treat sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), tinnitus, and Meniere disease. Direct intracochlear delivery has been proposed to overcome the variability in bioavailability and efficacy of systemic or middle ear delivery. In this study, we aim to characterize the physiologic consequences of microneedle‐mediated direct intracochlear injection of dexamethasone through the round window membrane (RWM).MethodsIn Hartley guinea pigs (n = 5), a post‐auricular incision followed by bullostomy was made to access the round window membrane. Using 100 μm diameter hollow microneedles, 1.0 μl of 10 mg/ml dexamethasone was injected through the RWM over 1 min. Compound action potential (CAP) and distortion product otoacoustic action emissions (DPOAE) were measured before perforation, at 1 h, and at 5 h following injection. CAP hearing thresholds were measured from 0.5 to 40 kHz, and DPOAE f2 frequencies ranged from 1.0 and 32 kHz. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by pairwise t‐tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsANOVA identified significant CAP threshold shifts at four frequencies (4, 16, 36, and 40 kHz) and differences in DPOAE at 1 frequency (6 kHz). Paired t‐tests revealed differences between the pre‐perforation and 1 h time point. By 5 h post injection, both CAP hearing thresholds and DPOAE recover and are not significantly different from baseline thresholds.ConclusionDirect intracochlear delivery of dexamethasone via microneedles results in temporary shifts in hearing thresholds that resolve by 5 hours, thus supporting microneedle technology for the treatment of inner ear disorders.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 134:388–392, 2024
Classical solutions to the one‐dimensional logarithmic diffusion equation with nonlinear Robin boundary conditions
Authors: Cortissoz Jean C. , Reyes César 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the behavior of classical solutions to the one‐dimensional (1D) logarithmic diffusion equation with nonlinear Robin boundary conditions, namely,
where γ is a constant. Let u0 > 0 be a smooth function defined on [ − l, l], and which satisfies the compatibility condition
We show that for γ > 0, classical solutions to the logarithmic diffusion equation above with initial data u0 are global and blow‐up in infinite time, and that for p > 2 there is finite time blow‐up. Also, we show that in the case of γ < 0, , solutions to the logarithmic diffusion equation with initial data u0 are global and blow‐down in infinite time, but if p ⩽ 1 there is finite time blow‐down. For some of the cases mentioned above, and some particular families of examples, we provide blow‐up rates and blow‐down rates along sequences of times. Our approach is based on studying the Ricci flow on a cylinder endowed with a ‐symmetric metric, and some comparison arguments. Then, we bring our ideas full circle by proving a new long time existence result for the Ricci flow on a cylinder without any symmetry assumption. Finally, we show a blow‐down result for the logarithmic diffusion equation on a disc.
Adjusting for Underrepresentation Reveals Widespread Underestimation of Parkinson's Disease Symptom Burden
Authors: Hamedani Ali G. , Auinger Peggy , Willis Allison W. , Safarpour Delaram , Shprecher David , Stover Natividad , Subramanian Thyagarajan , Cloud Leslie 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundClinical research is limited by underrepresentation, but the impact of underrepresentation on patient‐reported outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown.ObjectivesTo produce nationwide estimates of non‐motor symptom (NMS) prevalence and PD‐related quality of life (QOL) limitations while accounting for underrepresentation.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of data from the Fox Insight (FI) study, an ongoing prospective longitudinal study of persons with self‐reported PD. Using epidemiologic literature and United States (US) Census Bureau, Medicare, and National Health and Aging Trends Study data, we simulated a “virtual census” of the PD population. To compare the PD census to the FI cohort, we used logistic regression to model the odds of study participation and calculate predicted probabilities of participation for inverse probability weighting.ResultsThere are an estimated 849,488 persons living with PD in the US. Compared to 22,465 eligible FI participants, non‐participants are more likely to be older, female, and non‐White; live in rural regions; have more severe PD; and have lower levels of education. When these predictors were incorporated into a multivariable regression model, predicted probability of participation was much higher for FI participants than non‐participants, indicating a significant difference in the underlying populations (propensity score distance 2.62). Estimates of NMS prevalence and QOL limitation were greater when analyzed using inverse probability of participation weighting compared to unweighted means and frequencies.ConclusionsPD‐related morbidity may be underestimated because of underrepresentation, and inverse probability of participation weighting can be used to give greater weight to underrepresented groups and produce more generalizable estimates. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Generation of percentile curves for strength and functional abilities for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Leon Mariana Angélica De Souza , Roza Daiane Leite Da , Davoli Gabriela Barroso De Queiroz , Baptista Cyntia Rogean De Jesus Alves De , Sobreira Claudia Ferreira Da Rosa , Mattiello‐Sverzut Ana Claudia 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroduction/AimsConsidering the heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), it is important to describe their various clinical profiles. Thus, in this study we aimed to develop percentile curves for DMD using a battery of measures to define the patterns of functional abilities, timed tests, muscle strength, and range of motion (ROM).MethodsThis retrospective data analysis was based on the records of patients with DMD using the Motor Function Measure (MFM) scale, isometric muscle strength (IS), dorsiflexion ROM, 10‐meter walk test (10 MWT), and 6‐minute walk test (6 MWT). Percentile curves (25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles) with MFM, IS, ROM, 10 MWT, and 6 MWT on the y axis and patient age on the x axis were constructed using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape, with Box‐Cox power exponential distribution.ResultsThere were records of 329 assessments of patients between 4 and 18 years of age. The MFM percentiles showed a gradual reduction in all dimensions. Muscle strength and ROM percentiles showed that the knee extensors were the most affected from 4 years of age, and dorsiflexion ROM negative values were noted from the age of 8 years. The 10 MWT showed a gradual increase in performance time with age. For the 6 MWT, the distance curve remained stable until 8 years, with a subsequent progressive decline.DiscussionIn this study we generated percentile curves that can help health professionals and caregivers follow the trajectory of disease progression in DMD patients.
Toward vendor‐independent measurement of cerebral venous oxygenation: Comparison of TRUST MRI across three major MRI manufacturers and association with end‐tidal CO2
Authors: Eldirdiri Abubakr , Zhuo Jiachen , Lin Zixuan , Lu Hanzhang , Gullapalli Rao P. , Jiang Dengrong 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCerebral venous oxygenation (Yv) is a valuable biomarker for a variety of brain diseases. T2 relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST) MRI is a widely used method for Yv quantification. In this work, there were two main objectives. The first was to evaluate the reproducibility of TRUST Yv measurements across MRI scanners from different vendors. The second was to examine the correlation between Yv and end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2) in a multisite, multivendor setting and determine the usefulness of this correlation to account for variations in Yv caused by normal variations and physiological fluctuations. Standardized TRUST pulse sequences were implemented on three scanners from major MRI vendors (GE, Siemens, Philips). These scanners were located at two research institutions. Ten healthy subjects were scanned. On each scanner, the subject underwent two scan sessions, each of which included three TRUST scans, to evaluate the intrasession and intersession reproducibility of Yv. Each scanner was also equipped with a capnograph device to record the EtCO2 of the subject during the MRI scan. We found no significant bias in Yv measurements across the three scanners (P = 0.18). The measured Yv values on the three scanners were also strongly correlated with each other (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.85, P < 0.001). The intrasession and intersession coefficients of variation of Yv were less than 4% and showed no significant difference among the scanners. In addition, our results revealed that (1) within the same subject, Yv increased with EtCO2 at a rate of 1.24 ± 0.17%/mmHg (P < 0.0001), and (2) across different subjects, individuals with a higher EtCO2 had a higher Yv, at a rate of 0.94 ± 0.36%/mmHg (P = 0.01). These results suggest that (1) the standardized TRUST sequences had similar accuracies and reproducibilities for the quantification of Yv across the scanners, and (2) recording of EtCO2 may be a useful complement to Yv measurement to account for CO2‐related physiological fluctuations in Yv in multisite, multivendor studies.