bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary care transformation in Scotland: a qualitative study of GPs’ and multidisciplinary team members’ views
Authors: Donaghy Eddie , Huang Huayi , Henderson David , Wang Harry HX , Guthrie Bruce , Mercer Stewart W 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundThe Scottish Government’s vision to transform primary care includes expansion of the primary care multidisciplinary team (MDT), formalised in the new GP contract in April 2018.AimTo explore practitioners’ views on the expansion of MDT working in Scotland.Design and settingQualitative study with GPs and a range of MDT staff working in three different population settings in Scotland.MethodIn-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out by telephone with 8 GPs and 19 MDT staff between May and June 2022. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify commonalities and divergences in the interviews.ResultsInternal challenges facing MDT staff included adapting to the fast pace of primary care, building new relationships, training and professional development needs, line management issues, and monitoring and evaluation of performance. External challenges included the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, lack of time, difficulties with hybrid working, and low staff morale. Most GPs reported that expansion of their roles as expert medical specialists had not yet happened because their workload had not decreased (and in many cases had increased). In deprived areas, insufficient resources to deal with the high numbers of patients with complex multimorbidity remained a key issue. Interviewees in remote and rural settings felt the new contract did not take into account the unique challenges of providing primary care services in such areas, and recruitment and accommodation were cited as particular problems.ConclusionAlthough there has been substantial expansion of the primary care MDT, which most GPs welcome, many challenges to effective implementation remain that must be addressed if transformation of primary care in Scotland is to become a reality.
Investigation of the leakage mechanism in multi-channel GaN-on-Si SBDs
Authors: Zou Wensong , Chen Jiawei , Liu Junbo , Ma Jun 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This work presented the reverse leakage current (I
R) mechanisms in multi-channel GaN-on-Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). The device showed excellent performances in both ON and OFF-states thanks to the advanced multi-channel tri-gate architecture. The I
R is dominated by thermal field emission at 25 °C–75 °C before pinch-off of the 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel in the Schottky region, due to the thinned Schottky barrier, which turned to be thermal emission (TE)-dominated under further elevated temperatures resulted from the small Schottky barrier height. Once the 2DEG channel is pinched off by the tri-anode, the I
R is firstly dominated by Poole–Frenkel emission and then is trap-assisted tunneling after the full depletion of the channels beneath the field plates. These results are supported by excellent consistency between experimental results and theoretical models, offering a key understanding of multi-channel SBDs and shedding lights on this promising multi-channel technology for future energy conversion.
ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﻭﺍﺏ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻣﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﻳﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺭﺍﺋﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﺎﺑﻲ  
Published: August 2023

إن ﺘﻘدم اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ورﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤد ﺒﺎﻟدرﺠﺔ اﻷﺴﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻛـﻪ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﻤـن
ﻗـوى ﺒﺸـرﻴﺔ ﻗـﺎدرة ﻋﻠـﻰ اﺴـﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻤـواردﻩ اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﺒﺄﻓﻀـﻝ ﺼـورة ﻤﻤﻛﻨـﺔ ٬ وﺘﻌﺘﺒـر اﻟﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ
إﺤدى اﻟوﺴﺎﺌﻝ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻠف واﻟﺴﻴر ﻓﻲ رﻛب اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة واﻟﺘﻘدم ٬ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﻤـن دور ﻛﺒﻴـر ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ اﻟﻔـرد ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟﺠواﻨـب اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ واﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ٬ واﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ ٬
واﻟﺠﺴـﻤﻴﺔ ٬ وﻤﺴـﺎﻋدﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﺘﻛﻴﻴـف اﻻﻴﺠـﺎﺒﻲ ﻤـﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ٬ وان اﻫـم
ﻤﺤﺎو ارﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔﻫواﻟﻤـدرس ٬ ﺤﻴث ﻴﻌـد دورﻩ ﻤـن اﻫـم اﻟﻌواﻤـﻝ اﻟﻤـؤﺜرة ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠوك اﻟطﺎﻟـب وﻋﻠﻴـﻪ
ﻴﺘوﻗف ﻨﺠـﺎح اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﻨﻌﻛس ﻤردودﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻘـدم اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ورﻗﻴـﻪ.وﻟﻛﻲ ﻴﻘـوم
ﻤـدرس اﻟﻌﻠـوم ﺒـدورﻩ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺒﻨﺠـﺎح ﻻﺒـد ﻤـن ان ﺘﺘـوﻓر ﻟدﻴـﻪ ﻛﻔﺎﻴـﺎت وﻤﻬـﺎ ارت
ﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن اﻤﺘﻼﻛﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت اﻟﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ٬ واﻫم ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﻬﺎ ارت ﻫﻲ ﻤﻬﺎرة اﻻﺴﺘﺠواب او
اﻟﺘﺴﺄوﻝ ٬ وان ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻘـﺎس ﺒدرﺠـﺔ ﻛﺒﻴـرة ﺒطﺒﻴﻌـﺔ اﻟﺴـؤاﻝ اﻟﻤوﺠـﻪ. ﻟـذا ﻴﻬـدف اﻟﺒﺤـث
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻬﺎ ارت اﻻﺴﺘﺠواب ﻟدى ﻤدرﺴﻲ ﻤﺎدة اﻻﺤﻴﺎء ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ ﺒﻨـﺎء اداة
ﻟﻘﻴـﺎس ﺘﻠـك اﻟﻤﻬـﺎ ارت ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ ﻤﻼﺤظـﺔ ﺴـﻠوك اﻓـ ارد ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤـث ٬ وﺘـم إﻴﺠـﺎد ﺼـدﻗﻬﺎ ﻤـن
ﺨﻼﻝ ﻋرﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻟﺨﺒ ارء واﻟﻤﺤﻛﻤﻴن ٬ وﺘم اﻴﺠﺎد ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻴث ﺒﻠﻎ .(٠٬٨٢ )
ﻟﻘــد ﺘﻀــﻤﻨت اﻷداة (٣٧) ﻓﻘــرة ﻤوزﻋــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺜﻼﺜــﺔ ﻤﺠــﺎﻻت ﻫــﻲ (ﺘوﺠﻴــﻪ اﻷﺴــﺌﻠﺔ ٬ ﺘﻠﻘﻲ
اﻹﺠﺎﺒـﺎت ٬ ﺘﻨظـﻴم اﻟﺠــو اﻟﺼـﻔﻲ) وﻫــﻲ ﺨﻤﺎﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺒــداﺌﻝ ٬ ﺘﻛوﻨـت ﻋﻴﻨــﺔ اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻤــن (٢٣)
ﻤدرﺴـﺎ وﻤدرﺴـﺔ ﻤـن (٢٣) ﻤدرﺴـﺔ ٬ طﺒﻘـت ﻋﻠـﻴﻬم اﻷداة ﺒﺘـﺎرﻴﺦ .٢٠٠٢/٢/٢٥ اﺴـﺘﺨدﻤت
اﻟوﺴــﺎﺌﻝ اﻹﺤﺼــﺎﺌﻴﺔ آﻻﺘﻴــﺔ (ﻤﻌﺎﻤــﻝ ﻻرﺘﺒــﺎط ﺴــﻛوت ٬ اﻟوﺴــط اﻟﺤﺴــﺎﺒﻲ ٬ اﻟوﺴــط اﻟﻤــرﺠﺢ
٬ اﻟــوزن اﻟﻤﺌــوي) .وﻤــن اﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺘوﺼــﻠت اﻟﻴﻬــﺎ اﻟد ارﺴــﺔ إن ﻫﻨــﺎك (٣٧) ﻤﻬــﺎرة ﻴوﻛــد
اﻟﻤدرﺴــﻴن ﻋﻠــﻰ اﺴــﺘﺨداﻤﻬﺎ ٬ واﺤﺘﻠــت اﻟﻤﻬــﺎ ارت آﻻﺘﻴــﺔ اﻟﻤرﺘﺒــﺔ اﻷوﻟــﻰ (ﺘوﺠﻴــﻪ أﺴــﺌﻠﺔ ذات
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻤوﻀوع اﻟدرس أﻫداﻓﻪ ٬ ﻴﻛرر إﺠﺎﺒـﺔ اﻟﺴـؤاﻝ ﺒﺄﺴـﻠوب ﻴﻔﻬﻤـﻪ اﻟطﻠﺒـﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌـﺎ ٬ ﻻ ﻴﺴـﻤﺢ
ﻟﻠطﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ دون اﺴﺘﺌذان).وﻓﻲ ﻀوء ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﺒﺤث وﻀﻌت ﻋدة ﺘوﺼﻴﺎت وﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺎت.
ﻣﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﺑﻲ ﺃﻟﻣﻭﺳﻳﻘﻳﺔ ­ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻳﺔ­
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ. ﺧﺎﻟﺩ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﻳﻡ  
Published: August 2023

ﺒـﺎ َت ﻤـن اﻟﻀـروري ﺠـداً ﻋﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ٬ ﻨﺤـن أﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴن أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﻴن أﻟﻌـ ارﻗﻴﻴن واﻟﻌـرب ﺤﺼـ اًر ٬
أﻟوﻗـوف ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺎ ﻛﺘﺒـﻪ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻰ وﻤﻨ ٌﻀـرﻴﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ أﻟﻔﺘـرة أﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻨـت ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻰ ﻗـد وﺼـﻠت إﻟـﻰ درﺠـﺎت ﻤﺘﻘدﻤـﺔ ﺒﻔﻀـﻝ اﻟد ارﺴـﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻤـت ﻤـن ﻗﺒـﻝ اﻟﻔﻼﺴـﻔﺔ

أﻟﻤﻌروﻓﻴن آﻨذاك وﻤﻨﻬم أﻟﻔﺎ ارﺒﻲ ٬ أﻟذي ﻴﻌﺘﺒر أﻟﻤﻌﻠم أﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻌد أرﺴطو.

وﻗـد ﻟﻔـت إﻨﺘﺒـﺎﻩ أﻟﺒﺎﺤـث اﻨﺘﺸـﺎر اﻟﻤ ارﻛـز أﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴـﺔ وﻤﻌﺎﻫـد أﻟد ارﺴـﺎت أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ أﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ

ﺒﺎﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻋواﺼـم اﻟﻌـﺎﻟم ﻛﺎﻓـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺒﺎﺘـت ﺘﻌﻤـﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ د ارﺴـﺔ وﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻝ ﻤـﺎ ﻛﺘﺒـوا

ﻫـؤﻻء أﻟﻔﻼﺴـﻔﺔ ﻋـن اﻟﺴـﻼﻟم أﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ واﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋـﺎت ٬ ﻨﺎﻫﻴـك ﻋـن طﺒـﻊ ﻤﺨطوطـﺎﺘﻬم أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ

أﻟﻤﻌروﻓﺔ .

إن أﻛﺜر أﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸرﻗﻴن أﻷورﺒﻴﻴن ﻛﻤﺎ ﺴـﻨﻼﺤظ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻗـد ﻗـﺎﻤوا ﺒﺘرﺠﻤـﺔ ود ارﺴـﺔ

ﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ أﻟﻔﺎ ارﺒﻲ وﻏﻴرﻩ ﻤﺜﻝ اﻟﻘرن أﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر وﻫﻛذا اﺴﺘﻤروا ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﻤﻨواﻝ.

واﻵن ﻋﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ﻨﺤـن أﻟﻌﻤـﻝ واﻟد ارﺴـﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻝ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ وأن ﻫـذﻩ أﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺘﺨﺼـﻨﺎ ﻨﺤـن

أﻛﺜر ﻤن ﻏﻴرﻨﺎ ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘ ارﺜﻨـﺎ أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻲ أﻟ ازﺨـر أﻟـذي ُﺒﻨﻴـ ْت ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻨظرﻴـﺎت أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ
ﻤﻨذ أﻴﺎم ﻫؤﻻء أﻟﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ وﻫذا ﺜﺎﺒت وواﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨطوطﺎﺘﻬم اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸرة ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻛﺘﺒـﺎت

وﻋواﺼم اﻟﻌﺎﻟم .

أﻟﻔﺎ ارﺒﻲ أﺴم ﻋﻠم وﻓﻴﻠﺴوف ﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ ﺒﻐداد وﻤﺎرس أﻟﻌـزف واﻟﺘﻠﺤـﻴن وﻗـد وﺠـد أﻟﺒﺎﺤـث

ﻋـدداً ﻤـن ﻤؤﻟﻔﺎﺘـﻪ أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻫـﻲ ﻤوﻀـوع اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻓـﻲ ﻛﺘـﺎب أﻟﺴـﺎزﻨدﻩ أﻟﺘرﻛـﻲ وﻫـﻲ:

ﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺠم ﻤر ٌﺼﻊ ٬ ﺒﺸرف ﻋﺠم ﻤر ٌﺼﻊ ٬ ﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ارﺤﺔ أﻷرواح.
وﻴذﻛر ﻛﺘﺎب أﻟﺴﺎزﻨدﻩ ﺒﺎن أﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴن أﻷﺘـ ارك أﻟﻘـدﻤﺎء ﻗـد دٌوﻨـوا ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻤؤﻟﻔـﺎت ﺒﺎﻟﻨوﺘـﺔ
اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ ٬ وﻟﻛـن ﻟـم ﻴـذﻛر ﻤﺘـﻰ ﺘـم ﻫـذا وﻋﻠـﻰ ﻴـد ﻤـن ِﻤـ َن أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﻴن أﻷﺘـ ارك أﻟﻤﻬـم إﻨـﺎ أﻤـﺎم
ﻤؤﻟﻔـﺎت أﻟﻔـﺎ ارﺒﻲ ﻤدٌوﻨـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨوﺘـﺔ أﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﻤﻛﻨﻨـﺎ أﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬـﺎ وﻓﻘـﺎً ﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎر أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﺎر
ﺒـﻴﻼ ﺒـﺎرﺘوك أﻟﻬﻨﻛـﺎري واﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤـد دوﻟﻴـﺎً ﻤـﻊ أﻹﺸـﺎرة إﻟـﻰ أن أﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﻗـد ﻛٌﻴـف أﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎر وﻓﻘـﺎً

ﻟﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت أﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ٬ ﺤﻴـث أن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﻨﻘﺎطـﺎً أو ﺠواﻨـب ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎر رﺒﻤـﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻨطﺒـق
ﻋﻠﻰ أﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟذات
ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﺎﺷﺋﻳﻥ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺟﻳﻠﻲ  
Published: August 2023

­۱ ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اطﻼﻋﻨـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻤﺼـﺎدر ﻓـﻲ ﻤوﻀـوع اﺴـﺘﺨدام اﻨظﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴب ﻟﻠﺒﺤـث ﻤـن
ﻤوﻀوع اﻟﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟرﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ و اﻻرﻗـﺎم اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ وﺠـدﻨﺎ ان ﻋـدة اﻻﻨظﻤـﺔ ﺘﻛـون وﻓـق
ﻤﻌطﻴﺎت اﻟﻤواﻀﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴزﻴـﺎء و اﻟﻛﻴﻤﻴـﺎء واﻻﺤﺼـﺎء واﻟﻤﻴﻛﺎﻨﻴـك و اﻟـﺘﻌﻠم ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ
ﻤﺒﺎﺸــرة ﻓــﻲ ﻫــذﻩ اﻻﻨظﻤــﺔ ﻻﻨــواع اﻻﻨﺸــطﺔ اﻟ ارﻀــﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ . ﻴﺘطﻠــب اﻟﺤﺼــوﻝ ﻋﻠــﻰ
اﻟﻤﺴـﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻤـﻝ ﻤـﻊ اﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﻴن و اﻟﺸـﺒﺎب ﻟﺘﺤدﻴـد اﻻﻨﺠـﺎز اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ وان
ﺘدرﻴب اﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﻴن ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴﺠب ان ﻨﺤـدد
اﻨظﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴب و اﻻﻟﻌـﺎب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ و ﻤـن ﻫـذﻩ اﻻﻨظﻤـﺔ ﻨظـﺎم اﻟﺘـدرﻴب ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘوى اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻲ
ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸــﺌﻴن و ﻫــذا ﻤــﺎ ﺴــﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻤﺠــﺎﻝ واﺴــﻊ اﻤــﺎم اﻟﺒﺤــوث ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺠــﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻌــددة ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠــف
اﻻﻨظﻤــﺔ اﻟرﻴﺎﻀــﻴﺔ ﻟﻘــد ﺨــﺎض اﻟﻛﺜﻴــرون ﻓــﻲ ﻤﺠــﺎﻝ اﻟﺘــﺎﻟﻴف ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺘــدرﻴب و ﺘﻨــﺎوﻟوا ﻓﻴــﻪ
اﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻛﺜﻴرة ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ اﻟﺘدرﻴب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴدان اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻟزﻴـﺎدة اﻻﻨﺠـﺎز اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎﻝ
اﻻﻋﺠﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘد ارت اﻟﻤﻴداﻨﻴﺔ و ﻴﻘدم اﻟﻴوم اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻻﻨﺠﺎز اﻟرﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻘـدﻤﺎ ﺴـرﻴﻌﺎ و ﻫـذا
ﻴظﻬر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺎت اﻟرﻗﻤﻴـﺔ و ﻛـذﻟك ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺎت ﻏﻴـر اﻟرﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻨﺸـﺎﻫدﻩ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺒطـوﻻت

اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ واﻻوﻟﻤﺒﻴﺔ واﻟدوﻟﻴﺔ و ﻏﻴرﻫﺎ .
۲­۱ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ:

اﻟﺘـدرﻴب اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻴﺴـﺎﻋد ﺒﺼـورة ﻓﻌﺎﻟـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﺠﺴـﻤﻴﺔ و اﻟﺘﻛﻨﻴﻛﻴـﺔ
واﻟﺘﻛﺘﻴﻛﻴــﺔ و اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌــﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﻴــﺔ و اﻟذﻫﻨﻴــﺔ و ﺒــﻨﻔس اﻟوﻗــت ﻟــﻪ ﺘــﺎﺜﻴر ﺘرﺒــوي ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﺸﺨﺼــﻴﺔ
اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ و ﻻﻴﻤﻛـن اﻟﻔﺼـﻝ ﺒـﻴن ﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻤـن ﻋـﺎدات و طﻤـوح و ﻨظـﺎم و اﺤﺘـ ارم
واﻟرﻏﺒـﺔ ﻋـن اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌـﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﻴـﺔ و اﻟذﻫﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اﻻد ارك و اﻟﺘﺼـور و اﻻﺒـداع ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
Human Leukocyte Antigen-DP in Acute Nonlymphocytic and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Majid Sakhi Jabir  
Published: August 2023

Acute leukemias are characterized by the elonogenic proliferation

of haemopoietic progenitor cells arrested in maturation. Clinical
manifestations are related to the infiltration of the bone marrow and other
tissues by the leukemic blasts.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from luekemic patients
(29)ANLL,(36)ALL and from normal donors(55)were typed for HLA-
DP specificities using microlymphocytotoxicity assay.

Results showed frequencies of DPw alleles in ANLL patients were
not significantly different from controls ,exept that in DPw1 was absent
.In contrast ,in ALL,frequencies of DPw2 and DPw5 were significantly
increased (p<0.05, relative risk (RR) = 1.95 and p<0.01, RR=4.27,
respectively.

These results ,therefore ,demonstrate both positive negative
associations between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene
products which are in only very weak linkage with the rest of HLA ,and
ALL,ANLL patients.The HLD-DP region could thus contain long sought
– after genes influencing susceptibility and resistance to leukeemogenesis.
The Semantics, Pragmatics and Translation of Speech Acts
Authors: Kadhim M. Sultan  
Published: August 2023

Apparently , both semantics and pragmatics appear to deal with the
question of meaning but differ in the way they consider the type of
meaning. On the one hand , semantics is often employed to account for
the truth – condition of an utterance in the abstraction from the context in
which this utterance occurs , as it plays an important role in determining
the truth – conditional meaning on basis of the formal elements
constituting this utterance ( Blakemore , 1987 : 11 ).That is , semantics is
concerned with ‘‘ what does x mean ’’ as Leech (1983:6) puts it . On the
other hand , pragmatics is concerned with those aspects of meaning
attributed to a user of language , or as Leech(ibid.) terms it , ‘‘ what did
you mean by x ’’ .

Speech acts are considered as a kind of pragmatic meaning . They
characterize utterances in terms of what they do- their illocution – rather
than what they literally say – their locution . Speech act theory does not
study the structure of language but its function , the structure being only
the vehicle to express the function (meaning) . This paper aims to give a
thorough and comprehensive picture of the semantics and pragmatics of
speech acts and their realizations in English and Arabic . The paper also
aims to look into some problems encountered by translation Arab
students in English / Arabic translation .
ﺃﺛﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ
Authors: ﻡ.ﻡ. ﻋﻁﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﺓ ﻋﺑﻭﺩ  
Published: August 2023

اذا ﻛـﺎن ﻻﺒـد ﻤـن ﺘﺤﺴـﻴن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴـﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ان ﻨﻬـﺘم ﺒﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺘﻔﻛﻴـر اﻟطﺎﻟـب

اﻟطﺎﻟـب اﻟـذي ﻫـو ﻤﺤـور ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ ﻨﻌـد ﻟـﻪ اﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎم اﻟـذي ﻴﻨﺎﺴـب اﻟﻤﺴـﺘوى اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ

واﻟﺘرﺒوي ٬ ﻟﻘد ﺘوﺴﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻟ ارﻫن ﺒﻌد اﻟﺘطور اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﻛﻨوﻟوﺠﻲ اﻟذي ط أر ﻋﻠﻰ

اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺒوﺠﻪ ﻋﺎم واﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﺒوﺠﻪ ﺨﺎص ٬ ﻓﻠـم ﻴﻌـد ﻴﻘﺘﺼـر ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻌﻠـﻴم اﻟﻤـﺎدة اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ

٬ واﻨﻤـﺎ ﻴوﺴـﻊ ﺜـروة اﻟطﺎﻟـب اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﻴـﺔ وزﻴـﺎدة ﻤـﺎ ﻋﻨـدﻩ ﻤـن ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴم وﻤﻌـﺎرف وﻤﺼـطﻠﺤﺎت ٬
واﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗد ارﺘﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻬم واﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎب .

وﻟﻘـد اﻫﺘﻤـت اﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺎت واﻟﻤؤﺴﺴـﺎت اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻋـداد اﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻫﺞ اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﺴـب
اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﻴـﺔ ﺒﻛـﻝ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـر اﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ "اﻻﻫـداف ٬ اﻟﻤـﺎدة ٬ اﻟطرﻴﻘـﺔ ٬ اﻟﺘﻘـوﻴم " ﺘﻬـﺘم ﺒﻤـﺎ
ﻴﺤـدث ﻋﻨـد اﻟطﺎﻟـب ﻤـن ﺘﻐﻴـ ارت اﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤواﻗـف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ وﺘـزودﻩ ﺒوﺴـﺎﺌﻝ اﻛﺘﺴـﺎب

اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﺔ .

وﻻﺴـﺘﻤ ارر اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻫﺘﻤـت اﻟﻤؤﺴﺴـﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ واﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ ﺒﺘطـور اﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻫﺞ اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ
وط ارﺌـق اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ووﺴـﺎﺌﻝ واﺴـﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘﻘـوﻴم "ﺤﻴـث ﺘﺒـدأ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻘـوﻴم ﻤـﻊ ﺒداﻴـﺔ اﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ او أي ﺒرﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤـﻲ او ﺘـدرﻴﺒﻲ ٬ وﺘﺴـﺘﻤر ﺨـﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟـﺘﻌﻠم ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬـﺎ وﻫـﻲ
اﻟوﺴــــــــﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘــــــــﻲ ﻴــــــــﺘم اﻟﺤﻛــــــــم ﺒواﺴــــــــطﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠــــــــﻰ ﻤــــــــدى ﺤــــــــدوث اﻟــــــــﺘﻌﻠم"

٢١٣) ص .(٢٠١ :
"وﺘﺴﺘﻨد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘوﻴم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻤﻔﺎدﻫـﺎ ان اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻤﻨظﻤـﺔ
وﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ وﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﻬدف اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن ﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻷﻫداف وﺘزوﻴد اﻟﻤدرس ﺒﺒﻴﻨﺎت ﻋـن اداﺌـﻪ

ﺒﻬدف ﺘﺤﺴﻴن اﺠ ارءات ﺘدرﻴﺴﻴﺔ ٬ وﺘطوﻴر ﺘﻌﻠم اﻟطﺎﻟب " ٢١٥) ص .( ٨٩٣ :

وﺘﺒﻨــﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘﻘــوﻴم ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻋــدد ﻤــن اﻷﺴــس ﺘﻌﻤــﻝ ﺒﻤوﺠﺒﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻨﺠــﺎح اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺔ

اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ وﻟﻐـرض ﺘﻘـوﻴم اﻟﺘﺤﺼـﻴﻝ اﻟد ارﺴـﻲ ﻤﺘﻌـدد اﻟﺠواﻨـب ﺘـوﻓر اﺴـﺎﻟﻴب ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـق

ذﻟك.
ﺍﺛﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻏﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻫﻳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺗﻼﻣﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﻡ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺍﺑﺗﺳﺎﻡ ﻣﻭﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻋﺩﻱ  
Published: August 2023

ﻫﻨﺎك ﺠﻬود ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴرة ﺒذﻟت ﻤن اﺠﻝ ﺘطوﻴر ﺘدرﻴس اﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻌت ﺠﺎﻫدة ﻟﻠﻤواﻛﺒﺔ

اﻟﺘﻘدم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸود ﻓﻲ ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة ٬ اﻻ اﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ازﻟت ﻤﻘﻴدة ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴب ﺘدرﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺴﺎدت اﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ

وﺒﻘﻲ ﺘدرﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤد اﻻﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴدﻴﺔ ﺒدﻻً ﻤن اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ اﻻﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘدرﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻻﻛﺜر ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ٬ اذ ﻨﺠد

اﻨﻬﺎ ﻗد اﻫﻤﻠت اﺜر اﻟطﺎﻟب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ واوﻟت اﻟﻤدرس اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻛﺒﻴ ار واﻋطﺘﻪ اﻻﺜر

اﻟرﻴﺎدي ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ٬ ﺒﻌﻛس ﻤﺎ ﻨﺎدت ﺒﻪ اﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ( اﻟﺴﺎﻋدي ٬

( ٢٠٠٠٬٢ .

وﻗد اوﺼﻰ اﻟﻤؤﺘﻤر اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻘد ﻓﻲ ﻤﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻛرﻤﺔ (١٩٩٧ ) ﺒﻀرورة اﻟﺘوﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗ ارءاة

اﻟﻘ ارن وﺤﻔظﻪ اﺒﺘداءاً ﻤن اﻟﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻻﺒﺘداﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺘوﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴر واﻟﻔﻬم اﻟدﻗﻴق ﻟﻠﺼﻔوف اﻟﻤﺘﻘدﻤﺔ

وﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ان ﻴﻌود اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴذ ﻤﻨذ اﻟﺒداﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻼوة اﻟﻘ ارن وﺘدﺒر اﻴﺎﺘﻪ واﻟﻔﻬم اﻟواﺴﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ اﻟﻛرﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻘوﻟﻪ

ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ( ورﺘﻝ اﻟﻘ ارن ﺘرﺘﻴﻼً ( (اﻟﻤزﻤﻝ (٤ / (ﻋﺒد اﷲ واﺨرون .( ٧٢ : ١٩٩١ ٬

وﺠﺎءت ﺘوﺼﻴﺎت ورﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻬوض اﻟﺘرﺒوي ﺘﺒﻴﻴن ذﻟك ٬ اذ ﺘؤﻛد اﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ان ﻴﻔﻬم اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴذ اﻟﻘ ارن

اﻟﻛرﻴم ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ٬ً ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ان ﻴﻔﻬم اﻟﻘ ارن اﻟﻛرﻴم ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻘ ارن اﻟﻛرﻴم ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻤﺘﻛﺎﻤﻝ ٬

وان ﻴﻛون ذﻟك ﻤن دون اﺠﺘﻬﺎدات واﻴﻀﺎً ﻀرورة اﻴﺠﺎد وﺒﻨﺎء اﺴس ﺨطﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻟﻘ ارن اﻟﻛرﻴم واﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ

اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ واﻻﺠ ارءات اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ واﻟﻛﺘب واﻟﺨطط اﻟد ارﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻘوﻴم واﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎت

واﻻﻋداد واﻟﺘدرﻴب واﻻﻨﺸطﺔ (ﻨﺼﻴف واﺨرون .(١٩٩٤:٩ ٬

وﺘوﺼﻲ د ارﺴﺔ ( اﻟﺒ ازز ( ١٩٩٤ ٬ ﺒﺎﻟﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀرورة اﻗﺎﻤﺔ دو ارت ﺘﻨﺸﻴطﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴرة ﻓﻲ

ﻤﺠﺎﻝ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴر واﻟﺘﻼوة ﻤﻊ زﻴﺎدة اﻟﺠواﻨب اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟزﻴﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن

واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴم ﻤﺴؤوﻟﻴﺔ ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن ذوي ﻛﻔﺎﻴﺔ

ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ٬ اذ اﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤث ﺒذﻟك اﻟﺠﺎﻨب ﻤن اﻟﻤﻨظور اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﺘذﻟﻴﻝ ﺼﻌوﺒﺎت ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة واﻴﺠﺎد

ﺴﺒﻝ ووﺴﺎﺌﻝ ﺘطوﻴرﻫﺎ ٬ وﺘﺄﻛﻴد ﻀرورة اﻋداد اﻟﻤﻌﻠم اﻋداداً ﻴﻨﺴﺠم ﻤﻊ ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة ( اﻟﺒ ازز ٬

(١٩٩٤:٥٣ .
ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﻋﺯﻭﻑ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ.ﻣﻧﻰ ﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺩﺭﻱ  , ﻡ. ﻋﺑﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ  
Published: August 2023

إن ﻓـن اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ﻴﺘطـور ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـرﺒط ﻤﺒـﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم اﻟﻔﻌـﺎﻝ ﺒﻤﺠـﺎﻻت أداء
اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن داﺨـﻝ اﻟﺼـف ٬ وﻫـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻨﻘـﻴض ﻤـن اﻟﺘوﺠﻬـﺎت اﻟﻘدﻴﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻨـت ﺘﻌﺘﻤـد ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﻘوﻴم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟﺘرﻛﻴز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن ﻛﻤؤﺸـ ارت ﻤﻔﺘرﻀـﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم
ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﻴن ﻨـرى إن اﻟﺘوﺠـﻪ اﻟﺤـدﻴث ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻘـوﻴم اﻟﻤﻌﻠـم ﻴﺠـب أن ﻴرﻛـز ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗدرﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺘرﺠﻤـﺔ

ﺤﺠم اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻤرﺘﺒطﺔ ﺒﻔن اﻟﺘدرﻴس واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘرﺠم إﻟﻰ ﺨطوات ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ .
وﺤﺴـب اﻋﺘﻘـﺎد ﺒﻌـض اﻟﺘرﺒـوﻴﻴن ﻤـن إن اﻟﺘـدرﻴب اﻟﻛﺎﻤـﻝ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤـواد اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻫـو
ﻤطﻠب ﻤﺴﺒق أﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻷﻴﺔ د ارﺴﺔ ﺠدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠـم اﻟﺘـدرﻴس وﻤـن اﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺎت اﻟواﻀـﺤﺔ واﻟﻼزﻤـﺔ
ﻟﺘطﺒﻴـــق ﻫـــذا اﻟﺘوﺠـــﻪ ﻫـــو ﺘﺤدﻴـــد ﻤﻌـــﺎﻟم ﻫـــذﻩ اﻟﻤﺒـــﺎدئ واﻟﺨﺎﺼـــﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘـــدرﻴس اﻟﻔﻌـــﺎﻝ

:٢٨) ص (٧ .
إن إﻋـداد ﻤﻌﻠـم اﻟﻤدرﺴـﺔ اﻻﺒﺘداﺌﻴـﺔ ﻴﺨﺘﻠـف إﻟـﻰ ﺤـد ﻛﺒﻴـر ﻤـن ﺒﻠـد إﻟـﻰ آﺨـر ﻤـن ﺤﻴـث ﻤـدة
اﻟد ارﺴﺔ ٬ وﻤؤﻫﻼت اﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎق ٬ وﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘدرﻴب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ٬ واﻟﻤـواد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻤﺘـوﻓرة ﻟـدى
اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻋﻨد اﻟﺘدرﻴب وﻨوع اﻟد ارﺴﺔ . وﺒﻤﺎ أن ﻹﻋداد اﻟﻤﻌﻠم أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴرة ﻗﺒﻝ اﻟﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻘد اﻫﺘم
اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴــون واﻟﻤﺸــرﻓون ﺒﻬــذا اﻟﺠﺎﻨــب وﺒﺸــﻛﻝ ﻓﻌــﺎﻝ ﻤــن ﺨــﻼﻝ ﺘدرﻴﺴــﻬم ﻓــﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻫــد ودور
وﻛﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن .... اﻨﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻋـدة ﻤﺘطﻠﺒـﺎت ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺘـوى واﻟطﺎﻟـب وأﺴـﺎﻟﻴب
وط ارﺌق اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم وأﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘﻘوﻴم وﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻤطﻠب ﻗد ﺘﺘواﺠد ﻤﻌوﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ طرق ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ٬ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ
ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻌﻠق ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻛـﺎﻟﺘردد واﻟﻘﻠـق ﻋﻨـد اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺒﻤﻬﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم وﻗـد ﻴﻌـود اﻟﺴـﺒب أﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ذﻟك ﻟﻌـدم ﻤﻤﺎرﺴـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴب واﻟـدروس اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ أﺜﻨـﺎء اﻹﻋـداد وﻗﺒـﻝ اﻟﺨدﻤـﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ إﻀـﺎﻓﺔ
إﻟـﻰ ﻨﻘـص اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤـﺎت . ﻛﻤـﺎ أن اﻟﺘﻐﻴـ ارت اﻟﺴـرﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻤرة ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـف ﻤﺠـﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة
أدت إﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴر دور اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ وﻗد اﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼـون ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﺠـﺎﻝ اﻟﺘرﺒـوي
ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻫـو ﺤﺠـر اﻟ ازوﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ وان ﻛـﺎن ﻴﺸـﻛﻝ اﺤـد ﻋﻨﺎﺼـرﻫﺎ ﻹﺤـداث
اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴـر اﻟﺸـﺎﻤﻝ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠوﻛﻴﺎت واﺴـﺘﻌدادات اﻷﻓـ ارد ﻤـن اﺠـﻝ اﻟوﺼـوﻝ إﻟـﻰ ﺨﻠـق اﻟﻤـواطن

اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨدﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ وﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴدﻩ.
Role of Visfatin Chemerin with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mohammed Sulaiman Maad , Nafi Salih Khalid , Abdullah Alazzawy Muhannad 
Published: August 2023

A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kirkuk city from December 2016 to March 2017. The number of diabetic patients understudy were 180 whose ages were between 21-81 years old. These patients admitted to Kirkuk General Hospital and primary health care centers of Kirkuk first health care sector. The control group who were matched to the diabetic patients studied, included 90 healthy blood donors. Blood was collected for assessment of HbA1c test, blood glucose level, visfatin and chemerin levels. The study showed that the highest mean level of visfatin was found in diabetic patients comparing with healthy control ( 6.22±2.17 v.s. 3.54±1.91 ng/ml). The study showed that the highest mean level of chemerin was found in diabetic patients comparing with healthy control (146.13±12.67 v.s. 92.17±8.01 ng/ml). The study showed that the highest mean level of visfatin was found in diabetic patients who have elevated level of glucose and HbA1c (5.75±3.81 and 5.91±3.67 ng/ml) respectively, as compared with patients with normal level of glucose and HbA1c (4.61±2.99 and 3.95±2.12 ng/ml) respectively (P: ≤0.05). The study showed that the highest mean level of visfatin was found in diabetic patients who have elevated level of glucose and HbA1c (148.9±25.7 and 158.6±23.5 ng/ml) respectively, as compared with patients with normal level of glucose and HbA1c (111.5±14.6 and 105.1±15.7 ng/ml) respectively (P: ≤0.05), Table 5 and 6.
Pulmonary Immune-Related Adverse Events of PD-1 Versus PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Retrospective Review of Pharmacovigilance
Authors: Ebinama Ugochi , Sheshadri Ajay , Anand Kartik , Swaminathan Iyer 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapeutics. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) increase morbidity and mortality and thereby limit therapeutic utility. The real-world incidence of the entire spectrum of pulmonary irAEs has not been systematically described. The objective of this study is to assess the risk of developing pulmonary irAEs (pneumonitis, pleural events [i.e., effusion and pleurisy], exacerbations of airway disease [i.e., bronchitis and bronchiectasis], and sarcoidosis) with exposure to five commonly used ICIs: nivolumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, and atezolizumab.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective review of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) pharmacovigilance database. We collected data from 2012 to 2021 to assess the risk of pulmonary irAEs and performed a disproportionality analysis using Open-Vigil, a software package used for analysis of pharmacovigilance data, to calculate reporting odds ratios (RORs). We used 95% CIs to evaluate the precision of RORs. An ROR greater than 1 and the upper limit of the 95% CI indicated statistical significance.

Results
A total of 17,273,403 events were reported in FAERS between 2012 and 2021. Of these, 88,099 (0.5%) were attributed to the PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) inhibitors and 21,905 (0.1%) to PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) inhibitors of interest. The most common indication for using the ICIs of interest was lung cancer: a total of 2832 (46.70%) for the PD-1 inhibitors and 1311 (70.9%) for the PD-L1 inhibitors. In the anti–PD-1 group, 2342 (38.6%) patients were hospitalized, and 1962 (32.4%) patients died from the lung adverse event. In the PD-L1 group, 744 (40.3%) patients were hospitalized, and 520 (28.1%) patients died from the event. Nivolumab resulted in the highest statistically significant risk (ROR, 10.5; 95% CI, 10.1–10.9) for pneumonitis. Avelumab had a lesser risk for pneumonitis (ROR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.2–0.3). The risk for pleural events was highest with nivolumab (ROR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.4–3.9), followed by pembrolizumab (ROR, 1.8; 95% CI; 1.6–2.0) (p &lt; 0.001), with the lowest risks from durvalumab, atezolizumab, and avelumab. For ICI-related sarcoidosis, the risk was most significant with pembrolizumab (ROR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.8–4.7), followed by nivolumab (ROR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.9–3.5) (p &lt; 0.001). The RORs for all five ICIs were less than 1 for exacerbations of airway diseases as compared with other drugs.

Conclusion
Using a pharmacovigilance database, we found an increased risk of multiple pulmonary irAEs after ICI therapy, particularly with PD-1 inhibitors. Further work is needed to investigate the incidence of pulmonary irAEs other than pneumonitis.
Implementation of Science Student Work Sheet Based on Multiple Intelligence Materials Temperature and Their Changes
Authors: Maria Maria , Silalahi Silalahi , Aggarwal Yashika , Galadima Usman 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to produce multiple intelligence-based science worksheets on temperature and change material, then to determine students' responses to science intelligence based on multiple intelligence.
Methodology: The research method used is the Research and Development (R&D) method and uses the Borg and Gall development model. This study's test subjects were Junior high school 1 Jambi City students. The research instrument was a validation questionnaire from the expert team and a student perception questionnaire. The specialist team's validation questionnaire data analysis technique used a qualitative description. The student questionnaire data analysis technique was used using a rating scale which was then interpreted qualitatively.
Main Findings: After validating the material once and validating the design three times, the Multiple Intelligences-based Science Worksheet is worth trying and gets an average percentage of student perceptions of 82% which states that this worksheet is in the "very good" category.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Know the implementation of science student worksheet based on multiple intelligence materials temperature and their changes. The impact of this research is as a reference for further research to carry out further research. Then this research impacts educators and teaching staff in improving and increasing student learning literacy and learning resources.