bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Methods
Authors: Demeter Tamás 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Following a general characterization of enlightened methodologies in Scotland, the chapter sketches four research programmes that integrated inquiries in natural philosophy (physics and ‘philosophical chemistry’), physiology (including medical theory), pneumatology, moral philosophy, and political economy. These are: (i) a programme inspired by Newton’s Principia, its core consisting of a combination of a typically a priori, but not exclusively mathematical, framework for processing empirical facts (representative works by Cheyne, Pitcairne, Maclaurin, Hutcheson, Turnbull); (ii) a programme inspired by Newton’s Opticks, focusing on comparative, analogical reasoning sensitive to proportions and qualitative differences (most important contributions by Cullen, Black, Hume, Smith); (iii) a programme founded on ‘common sense principles’ in inquiries into subjects of both moral and natural philosophy (most prominently represented by Reid and Robison); and (iv) a primarily Baconian research programme focusing on a descriptive and classificatory approach to natural history, medicine, and society (represented by Smellie, Anderson, Sinclair, John Gregory).
The Active Powers of the Human Mind
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of the philosophical debates concerning active powers and human agency in eighteenth-century Scotland. It examines how and why Scottish philosophers such as Francis Hutcheson, George Turnbull, David Hume, and Henry Home, Lord Kames, depart from John Locke’s and other traditional conceptions of the will and how Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart reinstate Locke’s distinction between volition and desire. Moreover, the chapter examines what role desires, passions, and motives play in the writings of these and other Scottish Enlightenment philosophers on human agency and draws attention to their underlying disputes concerning liberty and necessity. The chapter ends by reflecting on how classifications of principles of actions changed in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Scottish philosophy.
What Is Collaboration?
Authors: Sharpe Will 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning of collaboration from a number of standpoints, ultimately homing in on the precise meaning of co-written drama. The first section deals with more permissive, culturally non-specific ideas of collaboration, including the broader commercial and social contexts within which lived and worked, and within which his works were transmitted, produced, and sold. In doing so it considers the potential ideas of ‘co-’ and ‘labour’ bound up in ‘collaboration’. The second section takes this a stage further to focus on theatrical collaboration specifically, and the various ways in which plays were communally made for, and shaped in, performance. The third focuses on authorial collaboration, thinking about the patterns and rationale of collaborative drama, and thinking about how the circumstances of Shakespeare’s arrangements within his company made him a unique dramatist among his contemporaries. The fourth and last is an overview of Shakespeare’s collaborative activities across his career, also offering a taxonomy of the different kinds of collaborative work in which Shakespeare was variously involved.
Modeling with Possible Worlds
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In chapter three I discuss the practice of using sets of possible worlds to model the contents of belief and knowledge. While the virtues of this approach are well known, it also faces a family of familiar objections. A familiar response to these objections involves “fragmentation”, the idea that agents shouldn't be modeled as having a single set of propositional attitudes, but instead multiple, inconsistent, “fragmented” sets. I argue that we can motivate fragmentationist ideas from first principles, independently of the need to avoid refutation. Having motivated fragmentationist views of the mind via modest modeling, I discuss the relationship between fragmentation and contextualism. Once we are fragmentationists, a broadly contextualist theory of belief attribution is extremely natural. I call the sort of contextualism emerges “model contextualism”, and discuss its relationship to extant forms of contextualism in the literature
Ideal and Non-Ideal Epistemology
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In chapter eight I consider how the perspective developed in the previous chapters bears on the distinction between “ideal theory” and “non-ideal theory” in epistemology. While the distinction is familiar from political philosophy, recently many philosophers have argued that epistemology needs to take a non-ideal turn. I argue that idealizations play a very different role in epistemology and political philosophy, and that “de-idealizing” epistemology is far more fraught than eschewing the sorts of idealizations in the Rawslian tradition that have recently been subject to critique.
The biogeography of island life: biodiversity hotspots in context
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘The biogeography of island life: biodiversity hotspots in context’ outlines well-established biogeographical properties of islands. It demonstrates their disproportionate contribution to global biodiversity and, in particular, their possession of high proportions of locally endemic species, notwithstanding that smaller islands are typically species poor. It describes how dispersal filters limit colonization to disharmonic subsets of source pool species. It considers the application of biogeographical regionalization and network analyses to islands, showing that island regions typically possess modular patterns of compositional relationship and can feature a mix of neoendemic and palaeoendemic species. It considers vicariance and long-distance dispersal as explanations for biogeographical affinities and illustrates these ideas for the Macaronesian region. It describes island endemism patterns for birds, insects, land snails, lizards, mammals, and plants, and highlights that human colonization has generated as yet only partially understood impacts on island biodiversity patterns.
Extending the timescale: island biodynamics in response to island geodynamics
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘Extending the timescale: island biodynamics in response to island geodynamics’, describes how variation in island species turnover processes over time are driven by the geo-environmental dynamics of islands. It exemplifies the role of extreme events and climate-driven fluctuations in carrying capacity. It describes the role of ongoing volcanic and geomorphological activity within the Krakatau Islands on ecological succession processes and their impact on species accumulation and loss. It describes the general dynamic model (GDM) of oceanic island biogeography, which formally intersects island biodynamics with a simplified island life cycle or ontogeny. It reviews simulations, empirical assessments, and extensions of the GDM. It describes the glacial-sensitive model of island biogeography, which models how changed island configurations driven by Quaternary sea-level fluctuations impact on island biodiversity. It closes with a review of the balance between equilibrium and non-equilibrium biodynamics on island systems across a range of spatial and temporal scales.
Anthropogenic extinction on islands: a synthesis
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘Anthropogenic extinction on islands: a synthesis’ provides a review of extinction data describing the magnitude of island endemic species losses, amounting to &gt;60% of extinctions globally since 1500 CE. It reviews the meanings of extinction and depicts the categorization of threat to surviving species through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Red List system. It describes how biodiversity losses may be multiplicative through trophic cascades. It assesses the key drivers of extinction, past and present, and notes the importance of synergisms between them. It reviews impacts of habitat degradation and loss, predation and collection by humans, and the impacts of invasive non-native fauna (especially vertebrate predators and herbivores), flora and disease organisms. It describes resulting modifications to pollinator and dispersal networks, and occasional incidence of hybridization between native and non-native species. It provides a synthesis of why island life is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic extinction.
Fighting for Liberty
Authors: Kinsey Christopher 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There is very little, if any, academic discussion among scholars of security studies about the role played by British and American mercenaries in South America’s Wars of Independence at the start of the nineteenth century. This book takes an in-depth look at how these mercenaries played a crucial role in Bolívar’s eventual victory over Spain. Mercenaries were able to provide strategic effect because of the ambivalence of their own governments towards their activities. This ambivalence towards the mercenaries was the product of two completing logics. On the one hand both the British and American governments hoped to gain from Spain’s defeat at the hands of Bolívar’s rebels, an outcome that would provide them greater political/strategic and economic influence in South America. However, both governments also faced political and strategic constraints over how they managed their relationship with Spain and its colonies, in that they needed to retain good relations with the Spanish monarchy and the Holly Alliance that supported Spain’s policy towards its colonies. Consequently, by turning a blind eye and not doing anything to prevent the mercenaries from operating, both governments were able to evade the political constraints imposed on them through their relationships with Spain and the Holly Alliance, while at the same time benefiting from the actions of the mercenaries. Indeed, partly because of the mercenaries, Great Britain and the USA would come to play major roles in South America’s development through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The Re-Examination
Authors: Matthew Christopher A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evidence for the use of a stade 180 m in length by Eratosthenes by using the innovative approach of using modern satellite mapping software to compare the distances between various locations that are recounted by Eratosthenes in the ancient source material. These distances were recorded by the professional surveyors (bematists) accompanying the army of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC, were recounted by Eratosthenes, and later by Strabo. The unit of measure employed by the bematists in these measurements then formed the basis for Eratoshtenes’ works on geography and his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. Interestingly, the application of the 180 m stade to Eratosthenes’ calculations leads to an incorrect result. However, by critically analysing the available literary evidence, the chapter concludes by demonstrating how this value was altered by the next generation of astronomers, and determining the ‘true’ result of Eratosthenes’ calculation of the size of the Earth.
Ancient forces
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Tells the full story of microevolutionary forces beyond selection that make the abundance of genes fluctuate from one generation to the next. Highlights how the processes of migration (gene flow), mutation, genetic drift, and recombination affect the genetics and evolution of populations. Illustrates microevolutionary change with examples from squirrels, Drosophila fruit flies, and wolves. In addition to discussing wild animals and plants, shows how these forces teach us about modern human and Neanderthal pedigrees, the accumulation of DNA sequence change as a molecular clock, and how people can read evolution from sequences of DNA to trace the genealogical history of the past and, in some ways, predict the future.
Ongoing evolutionary outcomes
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Explores the diversity of nature’s evolutionary outcomes to illustrate and inspire how future traits could be shaped by genetic welding. Shows the wonders of adaptation in nature, using themes of teeth, visual and odor sensation, body-size gigantism and dwarfism, and flight. Documents both living and extinct creatures with lessons from experiments and fossils, macroevolutionary patterns of diversification among species, microevolution within species, and molecular genetic mechanisms. Illustrates the constraints of physical laws and how animals skirt the boundaries of those laws. Highlights examples from sharks, baleen whales, narwhal, cichlid fish, dogs, beach mice, and birds, as well as the infrared vision of deep-sea fishes and the ribs-as-wings of lizards. Describes how the outcomes of evolution are works in progress, continuing to be subject to genetic change.
Nature, rewilded
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Explores a view of new species and their traits within the broader ecosystems of the world. Discusses Anthropocene ecosystems and how humans have shaped and continue to shape the environment. Considers diverse notions of rewilding as both a passive and active ecological endeavor, as with European wisent, describing Pleistocene and Anthropocene species losses. Explains initiatives for de-extinction of species such as aurochs, mammoths, Galapagos tortoises, and American chestnuts, as well as natural de-extinction from cryopreserved seeds, nematode roundworms, and tardigrade water bears. Describes how de-extinction works in principle and the difficulties in practice, and debates about its intersection with biodiversity conservation and ideas of wilderness. Explains how newly engineered species might shape Anthropocene ecosystems even further.
When we become dragons
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Discusses the delicate yet urgent issue of heritable human genome editing. Considers the many ethical complexities of genetic engineering of human genomes, exploring viewpoints informed by decades of invasive medical interventions, invasive nonmedical body modifications, in vitro fertilization, and genetic screening. Explores humanity’s distressing historical entanglements with eugenic policies, drawing on the perspectives of bioethicists, philosophers, disability rights advocates, and futurists. Considers issues surrounding genetic determinism, polygenic scores, authoritarian versus liberal eugenics, and genetic treatment versus enhancement. Introduces the alarming possibility of “guerilla eugenics” in the form of genetic welding with CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives should they be applied to human genomes.
Progress and Suspicions, 1952–6
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Reclaiming the office of the prime minster, Churchill set out to restore Anglo-American nuclear cooperation. Strategic planning and technical expertise contributed to an increase in trust as the United States and United Kingdom considered ways to make Anglo-American nuclear power serve broader geopolitical goals. These efforts were shaped by the formation of the NATO alliance, the Korean War, and Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace campaign designed to control the spread of nuclear power. Congress further complicated Anglo-American nuclear relations in the lead-up to the Suez Crisis. The crisis over Suez seemed to indicate a drift in geopolitical alignment, which weakened the foundation upon which trust could be built.
Trident and the Death of Détente, 1979–82
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Trident SLBM is now recognized as an enduring symbol of the special nuclear relationship, but its provision to the UK was not always a guarantee. A resurgent peace movement and the growing anti-nuclear sympathies of the Labour Party cast doubt on the UK’s continued commitment to its nuclear deterrent. Anti-nuclear politics created new elements of trust and mistrust in the relationship. Across the Atlantic, the Reagan administration gave greater attention and support to the special nuclear relationship than any president since Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Renewed intimacy between the American and British nuclear establishments proved key to ending the Cold War, and simultaneously attached pro-nuclear ideas to conservative politics.
Narrative generation from the author’s perspective
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how planning techniques are employed for the automatic generation of narratives. In this approach, authors’ goals and characters’ goals drive the tale’s development. An author goal is a computer representation of a goal of a human story-writer, e.g. choosing a theme to develop a story. Thus, this chapter complements and expands the notions about problem-solving studied in previous chapters. The chapter introduces concepts that include story-theme structure and knowledge base (a characterization of the authors’ knowledge). It explains how to represent the organization of a story (Introduction, Development, Resolution, and Closing) employing data structures. Finally, we consider the main steps to generate a narrative based on planning: choosing a theme structure, creating the characters’ structures of the theme, instantiating the Introduction, instantiating the Development, instantiating the Resolution, instantiating the Closing, and transforming the data structures into English.
Representing the author’s experience in planning
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we continue our study of planning techniques. We describe how a storyteller gains knowledge from its own outputs or from examples provided by the user employing a technique known as case-based reasoning (CBR). A storyteller based on CBR needs to include methods for storing and retrieving useful episodes, routines for adapting those episodes to novel situations as well as mechanisms that make sure that the coherence of the tales is preserved. We explain how narrative elements like suspense or flashback can be implemented as part of the author’s goals. Next, we review MINSTREL a well-known storyteller that illustrates all the concepts we studied about planning. The main contribution of this program is its representation of the creative process. When MINSTREL cannot find events in memory to instantiate a theme, a set of heuristics called Transform Recall Adapt Methods (TRAMS) are employed to create novel scenes. We finish with some thoughts about the scope and limitations of planning to narrative generation.
Endless ways to use computers to study narrative generation (part 1)
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter and Chapter 13 is to illustrate how computers offer endless ways of approaching the study of narrative generation. Thus, rather than providing an exhaustive review of story-generator systems, these two chapters describe seven computer programs that exemplify the diversity of research interests and technical possibilities, in order to represent in computer terms some core aspects of narrative generation not covered earlier in this book. In this chapter we study four systems, MESSY, SCÉALEXTRIC, GRIOT, and the chess-game narrator, that show how general-purpose techniques commonly used in computer science for other purposes can be successfully handled for automatic narrative generation.
Calredoxin regulates the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Zinzius Karen , Marchetti Giulia Maria , Fischer Ronja , Milrad Yuval , Oltmanns Anne , Kelterborn Simon , Yacoby Iftach , Hegemann Peter , Scholz Martin , Hippler Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Calredoxin (CRX) is a calcium (Ca2+)-dependent thioredoxin (TRX) in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) with a largely unclear physiological role. We elucidated the CRX functionality by performing in-depth quantitative proteomics of wild-type cells compared with a crx insertional mutant (IMcrx), two CRISPR/Cas9 KO mutants, and CRX rescues. These analyses revealed that the chloroplast NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) is co-regulated with CRX. Electron transfer measurements revealed that CRX inhibits NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1) via NTRC and that the function of the NADPH-NTRC complex is under strict control of CRX. Via non-reducing SDS-PAGE assays and mass spectrometry, our data also demonstrated that PRX1 is more oxidized under high light (HL) conditions in the absence of CRX. The redox tuning of PRX1 and control of the NADPH-NTRC complex via CRX interconnect redox control with active photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism, as well as Ca2+ signaling. In this way, an economic use of NADPH for PRX1 reduction is ensured. The finding that the absence of CRX under HL conditions severely inhibited light-driven CO2 fixation underpins the importance of CRX for redox tuning, as well as for efficient photosynthesis.
Deep learning-based automatic scoring models for the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis based on multimodal ultrasound images
Authors: He Xuelei , Wang Ming , Zhao Chenyang , Wang Qian , Zhang Rui , Liu Jian , Zhang Yixiu , Qi Zhenhong , Su Na , Wei Yao , Gui Yang , Li Jianchu , Tian Xinping , Zeng Xiaofeng , Jiang Yuxin , Wang Kun , Yang Meng 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to investigate the value of deep learning (DL) models based on multimodal ultrasonographic (US) images to quantify RA activity.

Methods
Static greyscale (SGS), dynamic greyscale (DGS), static power Doppler (SPD) and dynamic power Doppler (DPD) US images were collected and evaluated by two expert radiologists according to the EULAR–OMERACT Synovitis Scoring system. Four DL models were developed based on the ResNet-type structure, evaluated on two separate test cohorts, and finally compared with the performance of 12 radiologists with different levels of experience.

Results
In total, 1244 images were used for the model training, and 152 and 354 for testing (cohort 1 and 2, respectively). The best-performing models for the scores of 0/1/2/3 were the DPD, SGS, DGS and SPD models, respectively (Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve [AUC] = 0.87/0.95/0.74/0.95; no significant differences). All the DL models provided results comparable to the experienced radiologists on a per-image basis (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.239–0.756, P &lt; 0.05). The SPD model performed better than the SGS one on test cohort 1 (score of 0/2/3: AUC = 0.82/0.67/0.95 vs 0.66/0.66/0.75, respectively) and test cohort 2 (score of 0: AUC = 0.89 vs 0.81). The dynamic DL models performed better than the static ones in most of the scoring processes and were more accurate than the most of senior radiologists, especially the DPD model.

Conclusion
DL models based on multimodal US images allow a quantitative and objective assessment of RA activity. Dynamic DL models in particular have potential value in assisting radiologists to improve the accuracy of RA US-based grading.