bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correcting statistical CT number biases without access to raw detector counts: Applications to high spatial resolution photon counting CT imaging
Authors: Griner Dalton , Lei Nikou , Chen Guang‐Hong , Li Ke 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundDue to the nonlinear nature of the logarithmic operation and the stochastic nature of photon counts (N), sinogram data of photon counting detector CT (PCD‐CT) are intrinsically biased, which leads to statistical CT number biases. When raw counts are available, nearly unbiased statistical estimators for projection data were developed recently to address the CT number bias issue. However, for most clinical PCD‐CT systems, users' access to raw detector counts is limited. Therefore, it remains a challenge for end users to address the CT number bias issue in clinical applications.PurposeTo develop methods to correct statistical biases in PCD‐CT without requiring access to raw PCD counts.Methods(1) The sample variance of air‐only post‐log sinograms was used to estimate air‐only detector counts, . (2) If the post‐log sinogram data, y, is available, then N of each detector pixel was estimated using . Once N was estimated, a closed‐form analytical bias correction was applied to the sinogram. (3) If a patient's post‐log sinogram data are not archived, a forward projection of the bias‐contaminated CT image was used to perform a first‐order bias correction. Both the proposed sinogram domain‐ and image domain‐based bias correction methods were validated using experimental PCD‐CT data.ResultsExperimental results demonstrated that both sinogram domain‐ and image domain‐based bias correction methods enabled reduced‐dose PCD‐CT images to match the CT numbers of reference‐standard images within [‐5, 5] HU. In contrast, uncorrected reduced‐dose PCD‐CT images demonstrated biases ranging from ‐25 to 55 HU, depending on the material. No increase in image noise or spatial resolution degradation was observed using the proposed methods.ConclusionsCT number bias issues can be effectively addressed using the proposed sinogram or image domain method in PCD‐CT, allowing PCD‐CT acquired at different radiation dose levels to have consistent CT numbers desired for quantitative imaging.
Nutrition considerations in the transgender and gender‐diverse patient
Authors: Gold Evelyn , Perez de Bronner Susana , Goday Praveen S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe nutrition professional is increasingly providing care to individuals who identify as transgender. However, there are few definitive guidelines on providing medical nutrition care to this population. It is becoming better understood that this population is at elevated nutrition risk secondary to significant health disparities. More recently, the increasing prevalence of gender‐affirming medical intervention has resulted in uncertainty when providing medical nutrition assessments and therapies, as many standardized guidelines and assessment tools are sex‐specific. This review aims to provide clarity in exploring various gender‐affirming methods to providing nutrition care to the transgender and gender‐diverse population.
Past human‐induced ecological legacies as a driver of modern Amazonian resilience
Authors: McMichael Crystal N. H. , Bush Mark B. , Jiménez Juan C. , Gosling William D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

People have modified landscapes throughout the Holocene (the last c. 11,700 years) by modifying soils, burning forests, cultivating and domesticating plants, and directly and indirectly enriched and depleted plant abundances. These activities also took place in Amazonia, which is the largest contiguous piece of rainforest in the world, and for many decades was considered to have very little human impact until the modern era.

The compositional shift caused by past human disturbances can alter forest traits, creating ecological legacies that may persist through time. As the lifespan of most Amazonian tree species is more than 200 years, forests that were modified over the last centuries to millennia are likely still in a mid‐successional state.

Ecological legacies resulting from past human activity may also affect modern forest resilience to ongoing anthropogenic and climatic changes.

Current estimates of resilience assume that forests are in equilibrium, and long‐term successional trajectories are not considered.

We suggest that disturbance histories, generated through palaeoecological and archaeological surveys, should be paired with field‐based and remotely sensed estimates of forest resilience to recent drought events, to determine whether past human activities affect modern forest resilience. We have outlined how this can be accomplished in future research.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
High‐speed countercurrent chromatography with offline detection by electrospray mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance detection as a tool to resolve complex mixtures: A practical approach using Coffea arabica leaf extract
Authors: de Souza Wuillda Aline Camargo Jesus , das Neves Costa Fernanda , Garrett Rafael , dos Santos de Carvalho Mauro , Borges Ricardo Moreira 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntroductionMany secondary metabolites isolated from plants have been described in the literature owing to their important biological properties and possible pharmacological applications. However, the identification of compounds present in complex plant extracts has remained a great scientific challenge, is often laborious, and requires a long research time with high financial cost.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to develop a method that allows the identification of secondary metabolites in plant extracts with a high degree of confidence in a short period of time.Material and methodsIn this study, an ethanolic extract of Coffea arabica leaves was used to validate the proposed method. Countercurrent chromatography was chosen as the initial step for extraction fractionation using gradient elution. Resulting fractions presented a variation of compounds concentrations, allowing for statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) calculations between liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS/MS) and NMR across fractions.ResultsThe proposed method allowed the identification of 57 compounds. Of the annotated compounds, 20 were previously described in the literature for the species and 37 were reported for the first time. Among the inedited compounds, we identified flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and terpenes.ConclusionThe proposed method presents itself as a valid alternative for the study of complex extracts in an effective, fast, and reliable way that can be reproduced in the study of other extracts.
Importance of accounting for timing of time‐varying exposures in association studies: Hydrochlorothiazide and non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Danieli Coraline , Moura Cristiano S. , Pilote Louise , Bernatsky Sasha , Abrahamowicz Michal 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeHydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), a widely prescribed antihypertensive drug with photosensitising properties, has been linked with non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk. However, previous analyses did not fully explore if and how the impact of past HCTZ exposures accumulates with prolonged use and/or depends on time elapsed since exposures. Therefore, we used different models to more comprehensively assess how NMSC risk vary with HCTZ exposure, and explore how the results may depend on modeling strategies.MethodsWe used different parametric models with alternative time‐varying exposure metrics, and the flexible weighted cumulative exposure model (WCE) to estimate associations between HCTZ exposures and NMSC risk in a population‐based cohort of HCTZ users over 65 years old, in the province of Ontario, Canada.ResultsAmong 3844 HCTZ users, 273 developed NMSC during up to 8 years of follow‐up. In parametric models, based on all exposures, increased duration of past HCTZ use was associated with an increase of NMSC risk but cumulative dose showed no systematic association. Yet, WCE results suggested that only exposures taken 2.5–4 years in the past were associated with the current NMSC hazard. This finding led us to re‐define the parametric models, which also confirmed that any HCTZ dose taken outside this time‐window were not systematically associated with NMSC incidence.ConclusionsOur analyses illustrate how flexible modeling may yield new insights into complex temporal relationships between a time‐varying drug exposure and risks of adverse events. Duration and recency of antihypertensive agents exposures must be taken into account in evaluating risk and benefits.
Let's go shopping: Virtual reality as a tier‐3 intervention for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Simoni Marisa , Talaptatra Devadrita , Roberts Garret , Abdollahi Hojjat 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBest practices for technology use in academic settings, specifically those preparing students for postsecondary transition (ages 18–21) are not well documented and research studies commenting on the use of technology for acquisition of social and adaptive skills is limited. Literature indicates that students with mild–moderate intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) benefit from adaptive‐skills programs and curricula. School psychologists, special educators, and school‐based interventionists are in a unique position to provide adaptive skill services and tier‐3 interventions that are evidence‐based, innovative, and serve the most vulnerable students. This manuscript utilizes a sign‐case design to test the use of virtual reality (VR) as an individualized intervention and teaching modality to a student in a center‐based high school program with IDD. Results yield promising findings, indicating those with IDD may master VR as a tool, learn new skills with VR programming, and generalize those skills to real‐world settings. Further, VR offers unique benefits that can shape the way school interventionists view technology and how innovative practices can be used for students with IDD.
Overexpression of AHL proteins enhances root hair production by altering the transcription of RHD6‐downstream genes
Authors: Zeng Qike , Song Li , Xia Mingzhe , Zheng Zai , Chen Ziang , Che Ximing , Liu Dong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAT‐HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED (AHL) proteins occur in all sequenced plant species. They bind to the AT‐rich DNA sequences in chromosomes and regulate gene transcription related to diverse biological processes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how AHL proteins regulate gene transcription is poorly understood. In this research, we used root hair production as a readout to study the function of two Arabidopsis AHL proteins, AHL17, and its closest homolog AHL28. Overexpression of AHL17 or AHL28 greatly enhanced root hair production by increasing the transcription of an array of genes downstream of RHD6. RHD6 is a key transcription factor that regulates root hair development. Mutation of RHD6 completely suppressed the overproduction of root hairs by blocking the transcription of AHL17‐activated genes. The overexpression of AHL17 or AHL28, however, neither affected the transcription of RHD6 nor the accumulation of RHD6 protein. These two AHL proteins also did not directly interact with RHD6. Furthermore, we found that three members of the Heat Shock Protein70 family, which have been annotated as the subunits of the plant Mediator complex, could form a complex with both AHL17 and RHD6. Our research might reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of how AHL proteins regulate gene transcription.
Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume, and immunoreactive trypsinogen as early inflammatory biomarkers for cystic fibrosis in infancy: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Şişmanlar Eyuboglu Tuğba , Aslan Ayse Tana , Asfuroglu Pelin , Kunt Nursima , Ersoy Ali , Kose Mehmet , Unal Gokcen , Pekcan Sevgi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundAirway inflammation starts in early life in cystic fibrosis (CF) and limited, objective markers are available to help identify infants with increased inflammation. We aimed to investigate neutrophil, lymphocyte ratio (NLR), mean platelet volume (MPV) and immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) to be a possible inflammatory biomarker for CF in infancy.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study in three centers. Between January 2015 and December 2022, children with CF newborn screening (NBS) positivity and diagnosed as CF were included in the study. Correlation analysis were performed with NLR, MPV, IRT and follow‐up parameters such as z‐scores, modified Shwachman‐Kulczycki score (mSKS) at the first, second, third and sixth ages and pulmonary function test (PFT) at the sixth age.ResultsA total of 92 children with CF included in the study and 47.8% of them were female. There were no correlations between NLR, MPV and weight and height z‐scores for all ages (p > 0.05), a negative correlation was found between MPV and body mass indexes (BMI) z‐score at the age of 6 (r = −0.443, p = 0.038). No correlation was found between NLR, MPV and PFT parameters and mSKS at all ages (p > 0.05). There was a negative correlation between first IRT and BMI z‐score at 6 years of age (r = −0.381, p = 0.046) and negative correlations between second IRT and weight and BMI z‐score at the age of 6 (r = −0.462, p = 0.010; r = −0.437, p = 0.016, respectively).ConclusionHigher MPV and IRT levels during NBS period are associated with worse nutritional outcome which may reflect chronic inflammation. Children with higher MPV and IRT should be followed up closely in terms of chronic inflammation and nutritional status.
River definitions reciprocally define us
Authors: Sohns Antonia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article explores different definitions of river, and in doing so, considers how our efforts to define rivers illuminate aspects of the human condition. Through an exploration of our definitions of river, through the human imagination, in poetry, music, and human's actions, this article considers how our nature is reflected back by rivers—how we in turn are defined by rivers—such as their role in determining borders, movement, escape, the locations of cities, trade, communication, and in the shaping of cultures and societies. This article specifically highlights three definitions of river using examples predominately from North America. River as boundary, exploring how in the reaches of some river basins, rivers act not only as a border, or boundary between two nations or cultures, but also as a line of demarcation between the known and unknown landscapes and the tamed and untamed lands. The definition of river as pathway includes exploration of how the Mississippi River served as a natural highway for people escaping slavery to travel North and reach Underground Railroad routes toward freedom, while also forcibly moving hundreds of thousands of enslaved people in the United States from the Upper South to the Lower South as they were “sold down the river.” Third, this article examines how rivers have been defined as a resource through examples, such as the US government and Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) efforts, to encourage support of large dam construction and water development projects by hiring Woody Guthrie in 1941 to write songs that would prompt public support for the water projects. Through this discussion of three river definitions, the article considers how rivers have been conceptualized over time and how those different knowledges inform our understanding and treatment of rivers. The article argues that it is vital to include knowledge from across scales, time, boundaries, and ways of knowing in order to improve the protection of rivers and their ecosystems. If we do not, we will continue to lose freshwater biodiversity, wetland and riverine habitat, and their immeasurable qualities that inspire life and imagination at a staggering rate.
Overcoming the voltage losses caused by the acceptor‐based interlayer in laminated indoor OPVs
Authors: Beket Gulzada , Zubayer Anton , Zhang Qilun , Stahn Jochen , Eriksson Fredrik , Fahlman Mats , Österberg Thomas , Bergqvist Jonas , Gao Feng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHarvesting indoor light to power electronic devices for the Internet of Things has become an application scenario for emerging photovoltaics, especially utilizing organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Combined liquid‐ and solid‐state processing, such as printing and lamination used in industry for developing indoor OPVs, also provides a new opportunity to investigate the device structure, which is otherwise hardly possible based on the conventional approach due to solvent orthogonality. This study investigates the impact of fullerene‐based acceptor interlayer on the performance of conjugated polymer–fullerene‐based laminated OPVs for indoor applications. We observe open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss across the interface despite this arrangement being presumed to be ideal for optimal device performance. Incorporating insulating organic components such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) or polystyrene (PS) into fullerene interlayers decreases the work function of the cathode, leading to better energy level alignment with the active layer (AL) and reducing the VOC loss across the interface. Neutron reflectivity studies further uncover two different mechanisms behind the VOC increase upon the incorporation of these insulating organic components. The self‐organized PEI layer could hinder the transfer of holes from the AL to the acceptor interlayer, while the gradient distribution of the PS‐incorporated fullerene interlayer eliminates the thermalization losses. This work highlights the importance of structural dynamics near the extraction interfaces in OPVs and provides experimental demonstrations of interface investigation between solution‐processed cathodic fullerene layer and bulk heterojunction AL.
Embracing modern C++ features: An empirical assessment on the KDE community
Authors: Lucas Walter , Carvalho Fausto , Nunes Rafael Campos , Bonifácio Rodrigo , Saraiva João , Accioly Paola 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSimilar to software systems, programming languages evolve substantially over time. Indeed, the community has more recently seen the release of new versions of mainstream languages in shorter and shorter time frames. For instance, the C++ working group has begun to release a new version of the language every 3 years, which now has a greater number of modern C++ features and improvements in modern standards (C++11, C++14, C++17, and C++ 20). Nonetheless, there is little empirical evidence on how developers are transitioning to use modern C++ constructs in legacy systems, and not understanding the trends and reasons for adopting these new modern C++ features might hinder software developers in conducting rejuvenation efforts. In this paper, we conduct an in‐depth study to understand the development practices of KDE contributors to evolve their projects toward the use of modern C++ features. Our results show a trend in the widespread adoption of some modern C++ features (lambda expressions, auto‐typed variables, and range‐based for) in KDE community projects. We also found that developers in the KDE community are making large efforts to modernize their programs using automated tools, and we present some modernization scenarios and the benefits of adopting modern C++ features of the C++ programming language. Our results might help C++ software developers, in general, to evolve C++ legacy systems and tools builders to implement more effective tools that could help in rejuvenation efforts.
Effects of methylphenidate on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from the ADMET 2 study
Authors: Clark Emily D. , Perin Jamie , Herrmann Nathan , Brawman‐Mintzer Olga , Lanctôt Krista L. , Lerner Alan J. , Mintzer Jacobo , Padala Prasad R. , Rosenberg Paul B. , Sami Susie , Shade David M. , van Dyck Christopher H. , Porsteinsson Anton P. ,   for the ADMET‐2 Study Group
Published: August 2023

AbstractINTRODUCTIONMethylphenidate has been shown to improve apathy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors evaluated the impact of methylphenidate on neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of AD, excluding apathy, using data from the Apathy in Dementia Methylphenidate Trial 2 (ADMET 2) study.METHODSA secondary analysis was conducted on data from the ADMET 2 study to determine the effect of methylphenidate on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scores outside of apathy. Caregiver scores were compared from baseline to month 6 in 199 participants receiving methylphenidate (20 mg/day) or placebo regarding the presence or absence of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms, emergence of new symptoms, and individual domain scores.RESULTSNo clinically meaningful improvement was observed in any NPI domain, excluding apathy, in participants treated with methylphenidate compared to placebo after 6 months. A statistical difference between groups was appreciated in the domains of elation/euphoria (P = 0.044) and appetite/eating disorders (P = 0.014); however, these findings were not considered significant.DISCUSSIONMethylphenidate is a selective agent for symptoms of apathy in patients with AD with no meaningful impact on other NPS. Findings from this secondary analysis are considered exploratory and multiple limitations should be considered when interpreting these results, including small sample size and use of a single questionnaire.HIGHLIGHTS
Methylphenidate was not associated with significant improvement on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory in domains outside of apathy.
Methylphenidate did not show a statistically significant emergence of new neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) throughout the 6‐month treatment period compared to placebo.
Methylphenidate appears to be a highly selective agent for apathy in Alzheimer's disease, potentially supporting catecholaminergic dysfunction as the driving force behind this presentation of symptoms.
Analysis of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex MNI Coordinates
Authors: Pàmies-Vilà Rosa , Fabregat-Sanjuan Albert , Ros-Alsina Aina , Rigo-Vidal Agnès , Pascual-Rubio Vicenç 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn recent years, new non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are appearing which, based on neuromodulation, allow the treatment of pathologies such as pain or depression. One of the target regions where these techniques are usually applied is in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the result of these procedures depends on the correct and precise location of the point on the scalp close to this region. According to the literature, the most common methods that are currently used for the localization of the DLPFC are the Neuroimaging and Neuronaviagtion Systems, the 5cm method, the BeamF3 method and the international 10–20 System. Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space is a 3-dimensional coordinate system (also known as ‘atlas’) of the human brain, used to map the location of brain regions independent of individual differences in the size and overall shape of the brain. This study reviews the published articles that attempt to locate DLPFC positions, evaluate the discrepancies and quantify the differences among different authors.