bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Serum Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Kee R. , Komiyama T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By immunizing rabbits with injections of washed flocculi of diphtheria-toxoid-antitoxin or specific precipitates of pneumococcic S.S.S. an antiserum reacting with horse-serum can be obtained. For lack of a better name the antiserum prepared with the former flocculi has been termed “precipitin-versus-antitoxin (P.V.At.)” and that with the latter precipitate “precipitin-versus-antibacterial antibody (P.V.Ab.).” By the optimal-proportions-method of Dean and Webb it was found that P.V.At. shows only one zone with all the sera tested, antitoxic, antibacterial and normal horse-sera. The fraction reacting with P.V.At. was found mainly in the water-soluble fraction of the serum tested. P.V.Ab. showed two zones when tested against antitoxic sera, one or two against antibacterial and normal horse-sera. In cases of only one zone the presence of two antigen-antibody systems was shown by using serum-fractions and also by absorption of P.V.Ab. by diluted antidiphtheric serum. The zone that appears in the water-insoluble fraction was named “primary zone” and that in the water soluble fraction “secondary zone.” Taylor and Adair (13) concluded from their experiments that while (a) a single zone does not necessarily indicate a single antigen-antibody system, (b) multiple zones suggest the presence of more than one antigen-antibody system. The fraction giving rise to the primary zone against P.V.Ab. was designated as “B-fraction or Felton-fraction” and that causing the zone against P.V.At. as “A-fraction.” Relation of the secondary zone to A-fraction was suggested. The supernatent of the mixture of P.V.Ab. with an antitoxic serum in their optimal proportion of the secondary zone showed only one zone with all the antitoxic and most of the antibacterial sera tested, while it did not show any zone at all when tested against some normal horse sera. These sera were taken from ponies and horses of a horse breeding station. If the ratio of different sera to P.V.At. or P.V.Ab. may be taken as an indication of the relative amount of respective fraction, it may be concluded from table 7 that the A-fraction-content is larger in antitoxic sera than in antibacterial ones while the B-fraction-content of the former is much smaller than that of the latter and also that the B-fraction-content of some normal horse sera was hardly detectable.
Studies in Experimental Hypersensitiveness in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Straus Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rhesus monkeys have been artificially sensitized to poison ivy. Such sensitized animals have been shown also to be specifically sensitive to poison oak. This not only demonstrates the common antigenic principle in the two substances but confirms the specific nature of the cutaneous reactions obtained. Sensitivity lasts at least 8 months.
For experiments in contact-dermatitis the Rhesus monkey presents advantages over other laboratory animals because he is more closely related to man, and because, as judged by these experiments, his reactions very closely simulate those previously observed in human infants. Further investigations, which are impracticable in humans, are made possible by the use of the Rhesus monkey.
Studies in Experimental Hypersensitiveness in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Straus Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The writer's interest in this field was stimulated by his success in artificially inducing poison ivy hypersensitiveness in rhesus monkeys and by the striking similarity of the induced lesions to those observed in humans (1).
The first work on local passive sensitization of the skin of monkeys with human reaginic sera was published by Grove in 1928. Monkeys of the ringtail variety and also two chimpanzees were used in her attempt to induce local sensitization of the skin with human serum by the method of Prausnitz and Küstner. The skin of the monkey's thigh or abdomen was injected with 0.2 cc. of the sensitizing human serum. The following day the site was tested for the presence of reagins with an extract of the related atopen (ragweed, horse serum, Le Page's glue, and cottonseed). Grove (2) described her results as follows:
Without going into details, the results of local skin sensitization of the lower monkeys are on the whole negative.
Blood Grouping Tests on 300 Mummies
Authors: Boyd William C. , Boyd Lyle G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Blood grouping tests, by the absorption-technic, are described on over 300 mummies, American and Egyptian. In several samples a specific absorptive power indicated the presence of A and B. Such results were obtained with certain Basket Maker and Peruvian mummies, and in particular, among the Egyptians, A and B seem to be present in certain predynastic mummies more than 5,000 years old. The precipitin-reaction was doubtfully positive in a small number of specimens.
The Rôle of the Liver in Acute Anaphylactic Shock in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Broh-Kahn R. H. , Mirsky I. Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Frequent attempts have been made to ascribe to a particular organ, or group of organs, the reaction inducing the response of the sensitized animal to a second injection of the foreign protein. Fatal anaphylactic shock in the intact organism is probably a complex syndrome in which most, if not all, of the tissues of the body participate. However, numerous investigators have attempted to implicate the reticulo-endothelial system as essential for anaphylaxis (Hill and Martin (1)). The liver, in particular, has received much attention and the claim has been made that the hepatic tissues play an essential rôle in the definite syndrome associated with acute anaphylactic shock in the guinea pig (2, 3).
Various methods have been employed to test this hypothesis. The most frequent appears to have been “blockade” of the hepatic reticulo-endothelial system. Such a procedure has given conflicting results (1).
Quantitative Changes in Antibodies and Globulin Fractions in Sera of Rabbits Injected with Several Antigens
Authors: Boyd William C. , Bernard Helene 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Simultaneous measurements of the globulins (by Howe's method) and antibody (in terms of milligrams per milliliter in sera of rabbits immunized with different combinations of antigens, confirm previous work, showing an almost invariable rise in the globulins, affecting most the fractions precipitated by 13.5 and 17.4 per cent Na2SO4. These fractions contained the antibody in most instances. The amount of antibody produced never exceeded 35 per cent of the globulins in the serum, but in some cases exceeded the amount of any one of the three fractions of globulin. There was some evidence that simultaneous injection of many antigens produces less total antibody than the injection of only a single antigen.
Flocculation of Alcoholic Red Cell Extracts by Different Types of Human Heterogenetic Hemagglutinins
Authors: Schiff Fritz 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Much attention has been paid recently to the serologic properties of human sera in cases of infectious mononucleosis and horse serum sickness. Although both types of sera contain agglutinins to sheep erythrocytes, the antibodies are not identical and can be differentiated by means of absorption tests (1–11). It seemed desirable to study serological reactions other than hemagglutination and hemolysis tests. The present paper deals with the flocculation of alcoholic extracts of red cells.
As shown by Landsteiner and van der Scheer (12), alcoholic red cell extracts frequently give flocculation with the sera of rabbits immunized with red cells. Similar reactions with human sera containing immune hemagglutininins or hemolysins have not yet been observed but are to be expected in case the specific red cell substance can be extracted with alcohol.
The Nonspecificity of the Flocculative Phase of Serologic Aggregation
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some objections are offered to the Marrack-Heidelberger lattice-hypothesis which attributes the second phase of serologic aggregation to an immunochemically specific mechanism.
The results of experiments on the speed of formation, and the nature of aggregates produced in mixed, antigenically independent systems are in better accord with the older conception that flocculation is a secondary and nonspecific phase of precipitative or agglutinative reactions. It appears that particles grow to visible size by the indiscriminate and nonspecific accretion of other related or unrelated, small or large, aggregates whose primary nuclei are molecules or particles of antigen coated with antibody-globulin.
The Effect of Sulfanilamide (Para-Amino-Benzenesulfonamide) on Group “C” Hemolytic Streptococcus Infections
Authors: Seastone C. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of sulfanilamide (para-aminobenzenesulfonamide) on 2 strains of group “C” hemolytic streptococcus has been studied. The chronic disease produced by one of these strains was not affected by the drug after the infection was well established. When it was administered simultaneously with the injection of the streptococcus, infection was much delayed, or entirely prevented.
With the other strain, which produces an acutely fatal disease, sulfanilamide prevented the infection altogether. After the repeated injection of a lethal dose of this organism, followed each time by a curative course of the drug, no immunity was developed.
Ascorbic Acid and Complement Function
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. , Wertheimer D. , Gradis H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A correlation has been shown to exist between the concentration of ascorbic acid in the blood serum of guinea pigs and the complementing activity of the serum.
In vivo, this parallelism holds true until a definite level of ascorbic acid is reached at about 1 mgm. per 100 cc. of serum.
Serums treated in vitro with optimum quantities of ascorbic acid show a distinct rise of complementing activity and increased stability.
Staphylococcic Alum Toxoid
Authors: Farrell L. N. , Kitching J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Staphylococcic toxoid was precipitated with 0.5 to 7.0 per cent potassium alum added in 10 per cent aqueous solution. The maximum yield was obtained over the range 1.5 to 3 per cent alum. Greater purification, as measured by nitrogen content, was obtained with either more or less alum, but the yield was sharply reduced. The yield was greater when the precipitation was carried out at 20°C. than at 4 to 8°C. and when the mixture was stirred constantly. No loss in purity was found with these modifications. The antigenic potency of alum-precipitated staphylococcic toxoid and of the solution of the precipitate in rochelle salt was tested on rabbits and horses. As a primary stimulus, the alum preparations were definitely better than the unmodified toxoid, the alum-tartrate solution being intermediate in value. As a secondary stimulus, no significant difference was observed. The superiority of the alum preparations would appear to lie mainly in the much earlier response obtained. This was particularly well shown in the hyperimmunization of two horses. The toxic properties of certain toxoid preparations were not removed by alum-precipitation.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Czarnetzky E. J. , Lackman David , Pettit Horace 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Novel physical means have been used to disintegrate bacterial cells. With the aid of these a new and very labile antigen has been prepared from each of several types of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A, Lancefield). This antigen is the chief component of the surfaces of virulent streptococci in this group. Antibodies against this labile antigen specifically promote agglutination and phagocytosis of, and protect mice against streptococci of corresponding type. Type-specificity may be determined by test-tube agglutination, phagocytosis or mouse-protection with results which are in agreement with type-specificity as determined by Griffith with the method of slide-agglutination. Absorption of sera with labile antigen removes the antibody which determines slide- and tube-agglutination, phagocytosis and mouse-protection. Labile antigen is therefore believed to be the agglutinogen which is the basis of Griffith's classification of types. Labile antigen when detached from the bacterial cell and in solution may be precipitated by immune sera against any type within group A, and by sera prepared by immunization with purified labile antigen itself. Labile antigen may be split by acid hydrolysis into a type-specific fraction and a group-specific fraction which are identical in serologic reactions, respectively, with the type-specific hapten M and the group-specific hapten C. It would appear, therefore, that labile antigen is so oriented, when in the bacterial surface, that the type-specific portion of the molecule is reactive and the group-specific portion is partially or completely unreactive. When in solution the reactions of labile antigen are group-specific. A stable hemolysin-leucocidin has also been isolated from hemolytic streptococci of group A and of other groups. Serologically this substance is a hapten. A crystalline derivative has been prepared which is hemolytic, leucocidic and lethal in small doses for animals. The properties of these substances will be described in detail in a later paper (Czarnetzky, Morgan and Mudd, 1938).
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Czarnetzky E. J. , Mudd Stuart , Pettit Horace , Lackman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Labile antigens in solution are spontaneously inactivated, i.e., lose their ability to combine with antibody, upon storage for a few days even at refrigerator temperature. They are inactivated by exposure to 56°C. for 30 minutes. Labile antigen has been inactivated by exposure for 10 minutes to pH 10.0 or 1 per cent neutral formalin solution. It is comparatively resistant to acid (pH 2.0). Labile antigens are soluble in 50–70 per cent ethyl alcohol. Labile antigen, prepared by disintegration of the streptococcal cells by physical means, centrifugation, filtration and precipitation at pH approximately 4.5, may be purified by solution in alcohol and recovered by rapid evaporation in vacuo. An alternative procedure for isolating labile antigen in pure state is given in detail; this procedure is in current use. Purified labile antigen from each of two strains has been investigated in the ultracentrifuge by Dr. R. W. G. Wyckoff. Each was reported to be an essentially homogeneous molecular species. The molecular weight was estimated to be of the order of magnitude of 100,000. The instability of labile antigen is in part due to its liability to undergo oxidation. Oxidized labile antigen is unable to combine with antibody. If the oxidation has been gentle, antibody-combining power may be restored by the mild reducing agents cysteine and thioglycolic acid. The presence of these reducing agents can also protect labile antigen from inactivation by oxidation. Labile antigen when treated with sodium bisulfite, is lytic for red blood corpuscles. This hemolytic power is neutralizable by antistreptolysin, by antisera against streptococci within group A or by immune-sera against labile antigen. Hemolytic labile antigen may, however, be differentiated from the oxygen-labile streptolysin of culture filtrates. A number of diverse phenomena seem then to be manifestations under various conditions of a single substance, labile antigen. Labile antigen apparently is the dominant surface antigen of virulent group A streptococci, Griffith's type-specific agglutinogen, and a compound from which group-specific and type-specific haptens are derivable. Labile antigen seems to bear a close relationship also to the oxygen-labile streptolysin of culture filtrates.
Studies of Antimeningococcal Serum
Authors: Sickles Grace M. , Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The agglutinative, precipitative, and complement-fixing activity with meningococcal antigens and with agar was titrated in the serum of horses and rabbits under immunization with meningococci. Type-specific agglutinating activity appeared earlier than nontype-specific activity in both antimeningococcal horse- and rabbit-sera. Although specific activity developed more rapidly in type-I-III monovalent serum than in type-II serum, cross-agglutination or precipitation of heterologous specific polysaccharide was noted earlier in type-II sera. With both horse and rabbit, precipitation and complement-fixation with meningococcal nucleoprotein in the monovalent sera were similar in time of appearance and in titer and were more marked than in the multivalent sera. The immune rabbit-serum fixed complement with the isolated meningococcal polysaccharides; immune horse-serum did not. The standard stock-strains of types I–III and II produced sera quite as specific and equally as high in titer as the more recently isolated type-I-III or -II strains. The precipitation of agar did not parallel the cross-reactions with the heterologous type in these tests. It was comparable in intensity to that in antipneumococcal sera.
An Improved Procedure and Apparatus for Preservation of Sera, Microörganisms and Other Substances—The Cryochem-Process
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A process and models of apparatus are described which provide for the preservation of biologics by desiccation in vacuo from the frozen state at greater convenience and lower cost of operation than heretofore. Water-vapor is removed by a specially prepared calcium sulfate which may be regenerated by heat at atmospheric pressure. Procedures for the desiccation of various types of substances are described.
Experiments with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
Authors: Dolman C. E. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Staphylococcal enterotoxin may be detected by the intra-abdominal injection into kittens of filtrates whose α- and β-toxins have been destroyed by heat or formalinization, or have been removed by preliminary absorption with serum containing antibodies to the α- and β-toxins but not to the enterotoxin.
The enterotoxin has definite and specific antigenic properties. The sera of animals immunized with filtrates containing enterotoxin develop neutralizing properties against this antigen.
A specific flocculation reaction, apparently involving the enterotoxin and its antibody, is described. Methods are given whereby the flocculation zone, representing the optimal ratios for neutralization of the enterotoxin in a filtrate by its corresponding antibody, may be distinguished from other flocculation zones due to α- and β-toxin-antitoxin reactions.
Immunization of the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Walsh Theodore E. , Cannon Paul R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are described in which the distribution of antibodies in tissues following general active and passive immunization was determined. The ratio of tissue-antibodies to serum-antibodies was found to be, on an average, one to ten.
The distribution of antibodies in tissues following immunization by intranasal vaccination was determined and it was found that the ratio of tissue-antibodies to serum-antibodies in tissues regionally vaccinated was on an average one to five. Instances were seen in which the ratio of tissue antibody to serum antibody in such tissues was as high as one to one and two to one.
Animals were vaccinated simultaneously with two antigens, one given regionally, the other generally. In such animals the ratio of tissue-antibody to serum-antibody in regionally vaccinated tissues was consistently higher for the regional antigen than for the general antigen.
The possible explanations for the findings are discussed.
It is suggested that the probable explanation for the findings is the local formation of antibody in the tissues regionally stimulated by antigen.
The importance of regional vaccination in closing a portal of infection is stressed.
Acquired Specific Supersensitivity (Allergy) to Simple Chemicals
Authors: Sulzberger Marion B. , Rostenberg A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Experimental allergic sensitization of the human skin by the application of simple chemicals of known structure has been reported by several authors (1, 5).
Among the advantages of such experiments are the following: The allergens are of definite, known chemical constitution and concentrations, and are therefore free of all the varying, unknown constituents and contaminants that inevitably accompany allergens from natural sources (so-called proteins and other allergens of animal, vegetable, bacterial, or fungous origin). Hence, as far as the allergens are concerned, the conditions of the experiment are exactly reproducible at any time and at any place. This circumstance makes experiments with simple chemicals particularly suitable for the study of factors that may influence the host's susceptibility to sensitization.The allergens are externally applied to the grossly normal skin: thus, the disturbing influence of trauma (injection, scarification, etc.), is excluded.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur , Main E. R. , Mellon R. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity for retarding the proliferation of type I pneumococci penetrating to the circulating blood is augmented during fever, through a largely thermal effect; during recovery from sub-fatal type I pneumococcal infection, as a result of the degree of immunity developed; and following administration of sulfanilamide, possibly through (1) oxidation of absorbed sulfanilamide to a derivative capable of inactivating catalase and (2) production of sufficient catalase inhibition to permit accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, within the pneumococcus, to levels incompatible with rapid growth.
Capacity for retarding pneumococcal proliferation can be estimated, in vitro, for the rabbit, and expressed in terms of a C-R index. The C-R index. together with the warming-time, gives information predicting capacity for surviving intradermal infection with type I pneumococcus.
Combined augmentation of capacity for retarding bacterial proliferation and capacity for sustaining function through administration of sulfanilamide and vitamin C to rabbits, with warming-times in the range associated with impaired capacity for resistance, increases the percentage of survival following intradermal, type I pneumococcal infection from a level of 0 to a level of 67—a degree of improvement demonstrating, clearly, the necessity for determining and enhancing the status of the physiologic defense, as well as the status of the immune defense, in working out procedures for combating infection.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The concentration of antitoxin in the blood-plasma that neutralizes 10 lethal doses of toxin in the brains of the rabbit and the guinea pig is inversely proportional to the susceptibility of the experimental animal. This explains why this concentration is very different for the two animal species in the case of tetanal toxin while it is the same in the case of diphtheric toxin. An attempt is made to explain the divergent results obtained in experiments with poliomyelitis and equine encephalomyelitis by the different susceptibilities of the experimental animals to the two viruses. By means of the formula developed in paper II, the quantity of intravenously injected antibody neutralizing the test-dose of the virus of poliomyelitis in the brain can be calculated from the quantity of antibody necessary to neutralize the test-dose in vitro. The high values thus obtained explain why active and passive immunization of monkeys against poliomyelitis is difficult or impossible. The significance of our results for other immunological problems is discussed.