bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between the Inv (1) and (2) Genetic Antigens of Kappa Human Light Chains
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The two closely related human genetic antigens, Inv (1) and Inv (2) were studied with respect to their occurrence in myeloma proteins, Bence Jones proteins and isolated light chains. Five isolated myeloma proteins out of 92 surveyed and four Bence Jones proteins carried both genetic characters. No proteins were found which carried one and not the other factor. The co-existence of the two antigens on the same myeloma proteins along with the genetic studies indicated control by an Inv1,2 gene.
Three different Inv typing systems, two of them specific for Inv (1) and the third for Inv (2) were used to study the separated heavy and light chains of Inv (1, 2) proteins. The Inv antigens were found to be dependent to varying degrees on the combination of the two subunit chains. This dependence was most marked in the case of the Inv (1)-MO typing system where free light chains or Bence Jones proteins failed completely to express the Inv antigen. To localize this genetic antigen to the light chain it was necessary to perform recombination studies. A group of isolated Bence Jones proteins tested also had limited expression of the Inv antigens in the same manner as the isolated light chains.
The relationship of the two Inv antigens to the single amino acid substitution thus far described for the invariable portion of these Bence Jones proteins was discussed.
Physicochemical Properties of Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Menzel Arthur E. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum fractions from ragweed sensitive patients were heated at 56°C for 2 to 4 hr and the effect of this treatment on the γG-, γA- and γE-antibodies against purified ragweed allergen (antigen E) was studied. After heating, both γG- and γA-antibodies showed radioactive precipitin bands in radioimmunodiffusion, whereas the γE radioactive band was lost. Disappearance of the radioactive γE band on heating is not due to loss of antigen-binding activity of γE-antibody but to loss of precipitability of the protein with anti-γE-antibody. By the heat-treatment, skinsensitizing γE-antibody was changed to blocking antibody. It was also found that a fraction containing γE-globulin nonspecifically blocked passive sensitization of human skin with reaginic antibody, and that the blocking activity of the preparation was lost by heating. The results indicate that the major reason for inactivation of skin sensitizing activity by heating is the loss of affinity of γE-antibody for human skin tissues rather than to destruction of the antibody-combinding sites of the molecule.
Papain Fragments of Rabbit Anti-Leukocyte Antibodies: Effects in Relation to Some Serologic and Biologic Activities of the Antiserum
Authors: Ogburn Clifton A. , Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serologically detectable antibodies in rabbit anti-rabbit leukocyte sera were digested with papain to the point of loss of the serologic activity. The papain fragments could inhibit the agglutination by anti-leukocyte sera of RBC coated with soluble rabbit histocompatibility antigens. Digestion was also demonstrated of the antibody in such sera which causes reduction in the number of hemolytic antibody plaques produced by stimulated rabbit lymph node cells.
Papain fragments of the antibodies in antileukocyte sera were not effective in suppressing transferred lymph node cells in contrast to the native antibodies. The requirement for complement demonstrated in the plaque-reduction system could explain this failure.
Competition between papain fragments and the native antibody for antigenic sites on the lymph node cell was shown in the agglutination of lymph node cells by RBC coated with specifically purified antibody from the anti-leukocyte sera, and in plaque-reduction and cytotoxicity. In the case of the latter two reactions, with increasing concentrations of the antibody disproportionately greater concentrations of the papain fragments were required to reduce the effect of the antibody to a given endpoint.
Role of Macrophages in Antibody Production
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The present studies are concerned with the role of macrophages in antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Intact thioglycollate (TG)-induced SRBC-containing peritoneal cells elicited antibodies in normal syngeneic recipient mice but not in irradiated mice. This suggests the release of immunogens by the antigen-carrying macrophages, inducing an immunologic response with kinetics similar to that after injection of non-phagocytized SRBC. Simultaneous administration of 15 million TG-induced peritoneal cells and SRBC did not decrease the immunogenicity of the SRBC. These results suggest that macrophages are not merely “scavenger” cells, and that the macrophage does not play a negative role in the immunization process.
Mice exposed to SRBC 5 days after injection of TG, when their internal production of macrophages was maximal, exhibited an impaired immune response to threshold doses of SRBC. The significance of these results was discussed.
Comparison of the persistence of immunogenicity of intracellular SRBC in vitro and in vivo suggests that the sharp decrease in immunogenicity in vitro is unphysiological.
Secondary Antibody Responses in Haptenic Systems: Cell Population Selection by Antigen
Authors: Paul William E. , Siskind Gregory W. , Benacerraf Baruj , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Secondary responses late in the course of immunization may be obtained with DNP conjugated to proteins different from that used for primary immunization. These responses are characterized by a modest increase in serum antibody concentration and by a large increase in affinity for hapten. On the other hand, secondary responses to the immunizing antigen involve a large increase in serum antibody concentration with little or no change in affinity. Secondary responses in rabbits immunized with type III pneumococci may be achieved with purified capsular polysaccharide but only very late in the course of immunization.
These results are discussed in terms of a thermodynamically driven selection of sub-populations of sensitive cells by antigen.
Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Miller James N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eleven of 17 rabbits immunized over a 24-week period with a total of 1.6 × 109 γ-irradiated, motile, non-proliferating Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, were partially protected against challenge with 500 virulent treponemes as evidenced by delayed incubation periods and the development of atypical lesions.
Thirteen of 15 rabbits which showed no immunity to challenge after a 12-week period of immunization with a total of 9.7 × 108 irradiated organisms exhibited relatively high pre-challenge TPI titers ranging from 1:208 to 1:7680. Similar high titers ranging from 1:84 to 1:4234 were obtained on sera from seven of the eleven animals with partial immunity after the 24-week period of immunization as compared to the relatively low titers of 1:14 to 1:22 exhibited by the remaining four animals in the group.
In addition to the lack of apparent correlation between the level of Treponema pallidum immobilization antibody and the immune status of the host, no evidence of an anamnestic response to challenge was noted.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Cells and Tissues: Immunodiffusion Studies on Liver Tissue, White Blood Cells and Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Brand K. G. , Chiu S. Y. , Silberman-Ziv G. , Buoen L. C. , Brand I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were prepared in guinea pigs and other animal species against established human cell strains, human liver tissue and white blood cells. By means of agar-immunodiffusion numerous cellular antigens were discovered and defined. The cellular origin of the antigens was confirmed by excluding human plasma as the source. The distribution of these antigenic components in cell strains, liver tissue, white blood cells, subcellular fractions and on the erythrocyte membrane was studied. Liver tissue contained 19 of 20 antigenic components which had been described previously as a result of antigenic analyses on eight established human cell strains. Seven out of 17 antigenic components present in liver tissue were not demonstrable in three different specimens of human white blood cells. Therefore, the value of leukocytes as direct indicator of tissue antigenicity is questioned. Some of the antigenic components studied by immunodiffusion occur not only in soluble, diffusible form but were also detected on the human erythrocyte membrane as structural constituents. Specific associations between defined antigenic components and subcellular fractions have been established.
Association of Antigenic Type of Herpesvirus Hominis with Site of Viral Recovery
Authors: Dowdle Walter R. , Nahmias André J. , Harwell Rebecca W. , Pauls Frank P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ninety-one H. hominis strains isolated from a variety of sites representing various clinical manifestations were tested by the micro-quantal neutralization technique against antisera determined previously to represent two antigenic types of herpesvirus. The virus isolates could be divided into two distinct groups each with a distribution similar to that of a control virus representing type 1 or type 2. All 42 strains identified as type 2 were isolated from herpetic infections related directly or indirectly to involvement of the adult genital tract. The remaining 49 strains, identified as type 1, represented all other sites and included viruses associated with meningoencephalitis, eczema herpeticum, dermatitis (other than on thigh and buttocks), gingivostomatitis, asymptomatic herpes and herpes labialis. The association of a particular antigenic type of herpesvirus to the genital tract, or closely related sites, is of particular biologic and epidemiologic interest and suggests a specific tropism of a virus type.
Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Marcus Donald M. , Cass Louise E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A goat immunized with type H hog gastric mucin produced two antibodies of different specificity: 1) anti-H inhibited by a type I H oligosaccharide that contains the sequence α-fucosyl-(1 → 2)-β-galactosyl-(1 → 3)-N-acetylglucosamine at its terminal non-reducing end, but is not inhibited by a type II H oligosaccharide that contains the terminal sequence α-fucosyl-(1 → 2)-β-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-N-acetylglucosamine; and 2) antibody to a determinant common to many hog A and H substances, which contains a terminal α-N-acetylglucosamine linked to galactose.
Studies on the Immunoglobulins Which Stimulate the Ingestion of Glutaraldehyde-Treated Red Cells Attached to Macrophages
Authors: Rabinovitch M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fractions obtained from anti-horse red cell rabbit sera were examined as to their ability to stimulate the ingestion of glutaraldehydetreated horse red cells (GRC) attached to macrophages. Activity of both primary (10-day) and secondary sera was restricted to the light (7 S) fractions obtained by means of sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Preparations rich in IgM were obtained from 7-day primary immune response serum by means of salt precipitation, gel filtration and gradient density centrifugation. These preparations were found to be inactive in the ingestion system, in contrast to chromatographically purified IgG obtained from secondary response serum. The ingestion of GRC treated with IgM or with 7 S globulins was markedly stimulated when carried out in the presence of anti-rabbit globulin goat serum. Treatment of IgG with pepsin markedly reduced the ingestion stimulating activity.
A Stoichiometric Assay for the Fourth Component of Complement in Whole Human Serum Using Eac′lagp and Functionally Pure Human Second Component
Authors: Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fourth component of complement (C′4hu) in whole human serum has been measured by a three-step titration based on its specific interaction with a stable intermediate of the hemolytic system, EAC′1agp. In this interaction the conversion of SAC′1agp to SAC′1agp4hu sites is stoichiometrically related to the relative C′4hu concentration in the reaction mixture; the reciprocal of the serum dilution which produces one SAC′1agp4hu per cell is arbitrarily defined as the number of C′4hu units per ml of serum. The specificity of the assay for C′4hu was supported by the finding that the assay of two preparations of C′4hu, purified by entirely different methods, was stoichiometric and optimal without alteration of the procedure. The application of the C′4hu titration to the study of patients with hereditary angioedema has shown it to be a reproducible and sensitive index of the in vivo activation of C′1.
VAKFİYE BELGELERİNİN TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI İÇİN SINIFLAMASI
Authors: ÖZSARAÇ Yakup 
Published: January 2023

Bu çalışmada 1800-1923 yılları arası Osmanlı devletinin Anadolu ve Rumeli coğrafyasına ait vakıf bilgiler araştırılmış ve günümüz idari sistemine göre ülkelere göre tasnif edilmiştir.
Çalışmada VGMA’daki VAYS programından alınan vakfiye verileri, excel programı yardımı ile veri işlemeyi ve programdan zaman ve coğrafi konum bilgilerine bağlı olarak yıllara göre dağılımı ve coğrafi idari birimleri il ve ülke bağlamında tablo ve harita oluşturma süreci analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca yıllara göre dağılım işlemlerin aşamaları da verilmiştir
Nitel araştırmalar dokümanları (belgeleri) veri olarak kabul ederek, onların çeşitli yöntemlerle araştırma ve analizini sağlayan bir metodolojiye sahiptir. Vakfiyeler bir doküman olarak bu tür araştırmalara uygun verilerdir. Vakfiyeler, VGMA veri tabanından alınma ve incelenmeye tabi tutulma gibi süreçlerin sonrasında analiz edilebilir hale gelmektedir. Birçok arşivin böyle bir fonksiyonu yoktur.
Bu makalede, birincil kaynak olarak arşiv belgesi olan vakfiyeler anlamlı bir bütün haline getirilmiş ve özellikle şehir ve dönem tarihi araştırmaları için kaynak oluşturulmuştur. VGMA’nın tasnif edilmiş defterler üzerinden; tarih (zaman serisi) ve coğrafi konum (şehir) olarak 8000 civarındaki Osmanlı dönemine ait vakfiye belgesi Excel programı yardımı ile tablolar ve haritalarla özetlenmiştir. Böylece bu doküman (vakfiye) veri kümesinin araştırmacılara aradıkları bilgilere daha kolay ulaşma ve farklı çalışmalara anahtar olma işlevi görecek bir içerik geliştirilmiştir.
UZAKTAN ÇALIŞMA UYGULAMALARININ DENETİMİNE İLİŞKİN BİR ÖNERİ
Authors: BALOĞLU Gürol , ÇAKALI Kaan Ramazan 
Published: January 2023

Uzaktan çalışma modeli, Covid-19 salgını sonrasında yaygınlaşmakla birlikte uygulanmasını sağlayan teknolojik gelişmeler önceki yıllarda gerçekleşmiştir. Salgın sonrasında maliyetlerinde azalış gören işletmeler çalışanların da talebini göz önüne alarak farklı şekillerde uygulanan uzaktan çalışma modellerine geçiş yapmışlardır. Bununla birlikte, bu iş modeli değişikliği bazı riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir.
Uzaktan çalışma modeline geçilmesiyle ortaya çıkan risklerle mücadelede, diğer fonksiyonlar yanında, üçlü hattın son bölümünü oluşturan iç denetim de görevler üstlenmektedir. İç denetim, diğer çalışma alanlarında olduğu gibi, güvence ve danışmanlık hizmetleri ile iş modelindeki değişiklikle ortaya çıkan riskleri yönetmede işletmelere faydalar sağlamaktadır.
Bu çalışmada iç denetim birimlerinin uzaktan çalışma modeline geçişle ortaya çıkan risklere ilişkin gerçekleştireceği çalışmalara yönelik bir risk tanımlama ve bu risklerle ilişkili olası testlere ilişkin bir kapsam belirleme önerisi getirilmiştir.
Pelaksanaan Program Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) Selama Pandemi COVID-19 di Wilayah Puskesmas Depok Jaya
Authors: Alfaiza Salsha Nur , Wuryaningsih Caroline Endah 
Published: January 2023

Latar Belakang. TBC masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Pemerintah telah menerapkan DOTS untuk menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian akibat TBC, namun angka tersebut masih belum mencapai target. Selama pandemi, DOTS tetap diselenggarakan dengan adanya penyesuaian pengelolaan input dan process.Tujuan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yakni mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaan program DOTS selama pandemi di wilayah Puskesmas Depok Jaya.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif desain studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam kepada informan utama, yakni Penanggung Jawab DOTS, Dokter Penanggung Jawab DOTS, Ketua Kader dan 2 Pengawas Menelan Obat, sedangkan informan pendukung, yakni 4 Pasien TBC. Peneliti mengambil data dengan wawancara mendalam secara daring melalui Zoom.Hasil. Beberapa kegiatan utama di Puskesmas selama pandemi mengalami penurunan jumlah kegiatan, diantaranya investigasi kontak, skrining, serta pelatihan. Selain itu terdapat beberapa masalah di pelaksanaan DOTS yang terjadi selama pandemi, yaitu masyarakat yang kurang terbuka, memiliki mobilitas yang tinggi, sehingga petugas puskesmas dan kader kesehatan seringkali kesulitan dalam melakukan pemantauan terkait dengan investigasi kontak dan pengobatan pasien TBC.Kesimpulan. Gambaran pelaksanaan program DOTS selama pandemi di wilayah Puskesmas Depok Jaya belum maksimal berjalan dikarenakan mengalami penurunan jumlah kegiatan. ABSTRACT Background. TB is a problem in Indonesia. The government has implemented DOTS to reduce morbidity and mortality but hasn’t yet reached the target. During the pandemic, DOTS was being held with adjustments to input and process management.Purpose. Find out the description of the implementation of DOTS during a pandemic in the Puskesmas Depok Jaya area. Methods. This study used a qualitative case study design. Data collection techniques were in-depth interviews with the main informants, the PIC of DOTS, the doctor in charge of DOTS, the head of the cadre and 2 medication supervisors, the supporting informants were 4 tuberculosis patients. Researchers collected data by in-depth interviews online via Zoom. Results. Several main activities at the Puskesmas during the pandemic experienced a decrease in the number of activities, including contact investigations, screening, and training. There were several problems that occurred during the pandemic, the community was less open, had high mobility, so Puskesmas officers and health cadres had difficulties in carrying out monitoring related to contact investigations and treatment of TB patients. Conclusion. DOTS hasn’t run optimally due to a decrease in the number of activities.
Teaching Malaysian Islamic Legal System: A Reflection of Current Development in the Shariah Legal Practice
Authors: Sulaiman Siti Sarah , Ilias Ibtisam Ilyana , Azmi Izuan Izzaidi , Safei Su’aida , Ahmad Nurrul Huda 
Published: January 2023

The legal system in Malaysia is uniquely characterised by the presence of dual legal system namely civil and Shariah. Thus, Shariah Law subject is very important to be taught and included in the Bachelor of Law programme. It prepares the student with strong understanding of Islamic Jurisprudence. Therefore, following the requirement imposed by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA), Malaysian Islamic Legal System (MILS) is a compulsory subject introduced at the Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA. This paper examines the syllabus and assessment conducted for MILS subject in determining whether teaching and learning methodology of MILS is in line and attuned with the existing development of Shariah legal practice in the country. In order to achieve the aim of the paper, a qualitative methodology is employed by analysing relevant policy, program standards and literatures. Finding of the paper highlighted that the Islamic jurisprudence part is crucial for the students while the administration of Shariah Law part should always be updated in line with the contemporary issues and practices.
30 Years (1991 – 2021) Publication Trends on Disability and Higher Education Learning: A Bibliometric Review
Authors: Mohd Noor Annuar Aswan , Mohd Isa Mohd Faizal , Abd Manaf Abdul Razak , Abdul Murad Safwan Marwin 
Published: January 2023

Research focusing on disability in higher education is gradually receiving the attention from scholars around the world; however, the endeavor still scarce. This study was designed to identify issues which students with disabilities in higher education faced using the bibliometric review. Using Scopus database, 1865 publications on disability in higher education were disseminated between 1991 and 2021, from the perspective of publication trends, research areas, prolific source, most cited documents, co-authorship concerning authors, institutions and countries, and keywords co-occurrence. The review found an escalation of publications from 122 in 2015 to 160 publications in 2020. It can be construed that the disability in higher education draws a variety of research areas. United States scholars contributed 43.89% of the overall publications, leading another 89 countries. Authors’ keywords of “students with disabilities”, “higher education”, “learning institutions”, and “special students” have substantially impacted the online search for information. This bibliometric study offers a comprehensive and in-depth glance on the subject under study, which could assist academia and industry players.
BIMBINGAN TEKNIS ASPEK PEMASARAN ONLINE BAGI UMKM KABUPATEN BATU BARA
Authors: Saragih Liharman , Girsang Rosita Manawari , Simatupang Pandapotan , Purba Fariaman 
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this activity is to provide understanding and knowledge to the micro entrepreneurs and about the marketing aspects. With the lecture method, it begins with an analysis of the needs of the problems faced by SMES in Batu Bara Regency, North Sumatra. Marketing problems faces their business especially how they won in competition in developing information technology rapidly. The solution offered for SMES is to provide an understanding of whether market are driven by markets or products. On this basis, an understanding of the importance of market segmentation, online business, online marketing communications and internet distribution channels is provided. The results of the activity show an increase in understanding of business online and they will applied their business activities by utilizing the internet such as social media, etc
BUDIDAYA IKAN LELE DENGAN KOLAM TERPAL DI KELURAHAN SUKODONO KECAMATAN KENDAL KABUPATEN KENDAL
Authors: Yusroni Nanang , Chadhiq Umar , Retnoningsih Sri , Mahanani Setyo , Kusumawati Ratna , Pratiwi Ratih , Sari Risti Lia 
Published: January 2023

Pengabdian Kepada masyarakat dari Tim Fakultas Ekonomi Unwahas mempunyai tujuan untuk memanfaatkan budidaya lele dengan optimasi bahan terpal disertai limbah ayam pedaging sebagai pakan tambahan ini sangat berpotensi untuk memperoleh keuntungan. Limbah ayam pedaging bisa didapatkan dari usaha peternakan yang berada di sekitar daerah sukodono Kendal. Metode berupa Persiapan Lahan, Pembuatan Kolam Dengan Terpal, Tahap Persiapan Kebutuhan, Tahap Pelaksanaan Pembenihan Tahap Pengamatan Pelaksanaan Budidaya dan Pemasaran, dengan pelatihan dan penyuluhan. Hasil akhir dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah bahwa potensi ekonomi yang ada di desa Sukodono bisa diangkat dengan cara berupa optimalisasi kegiatan ternak ikan lele dengan terpal.
Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Google Forms Sebagai Alternatif Media Pembelajaran Daring Kepada Guru TK Golan di Desa Golan Kecamatan Sawahan Kabupaten
Authors: Anardani Sri , Hapsari Estuning Dewi , Yuda Yoga Prisma 
Published: January 2023

meningkatkan keterampilan guru TK Golan memanfaatkan aplikasi Google Forms. Kegiatan yang dilakukan berupa pelatihan dan diskusi secara luring.Pelatihan dilakukan di TK Golan selama dua hari dengan jumlah peserta 8 orang. Adapun tahapan kegiatan terdiri dari perencanaan, persiapan, dan pelaksanaan. Hasil pelatihan menunjukkan bahwa (1) seluruh peserta mampu menggunakan aplikasi Google Forms berupa pembuatan forms baru, pembuatan presensi, dan uplod file, (2) respon peserta cukup baik dan antusias selama kegiatan berlangsung