bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Perspectives on Measurement
Authors: Mari Luca , Wilson Mark , Maul Andrew 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to present a brief conceptual history of philosophical thinking about measurement, concentrating in particular on the issues of objectivity and subjectivity, realism and nonrealism, and the role of models in measurement, as well as a discussion of how these philosophical issues have shaped thinking and discourse about measurement in both the human and physical sciences. First, three perspectives on measurement and its epistemic status are discussed, grouped as (a) naive realism, (b) operationalism, and (c) representationalism. Following this, we discuss how these perspectives have informed thinking about the concept of validity in the human sciences, and how they have influenced the way in which measurement is characterized in different contexts as being dependent on empirical and/or mathematical constraints. We then attempt to synthesize these perspectives and propose a version ofmodel-dependent realismwhich maintains some of the elements of each of these perspectives and at the same time rejects their most radical aspects, by acknowledging the fundamental role of models in measurement but also emphasizing that models are always modelsofsomething: the empirical components of measurement are designed and operated to guarantee that, via such models, measurement results convey information on the intended property. The analysis also provides a simple explanation of two of the most critical stereotypes that still affect measurement science: the hypotheses that (1) measurement is quantification, which hides the relevance of the empirical component of the process, and that (2) measurement is only a process of transmission and presentation of preexisting information, usually intended as the “true value” of the measurand, which instead neglects the role of models in the process.
What is Measured?
Authors: Mari Luca , Wilson Mark , Maul Andrew 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to explore some key components of an ontology and an epistemology of properties. What is evaluated, and more specifically, measured, are properties of objects, such as lengths of rigid bodies and reading comprehension abilities of individuals, and the results of evaluations, and thus of measurements, are values of properties. Hence, a study of the nature of properties and of our ways of securing knowledge of them is a pivotal component of measurement science. We start from the hypothesis that properties of objects are associated with modes of empirical interaction of the objects with their environment. Consistently with the model-dependent realism introduced in Chap. 4, the Basic Evaluation Equation$${\text{property}}\,{\text{of}}\,{\text{a}}\,{\text{given}}\,{\text{object}} = {\text{value}}\,{\text{of}}\,{\text{a}}\,{\text{property}}$$of which the relation$${\text{measurand}} = {\text{measured}}\,{\text{value}}\,{\text{of}}\,{\text{a}}\,{\text{property}}$$is a specific case, is interpreted as a claim of an actual referential equality, which conveys information on the measurand because the measurand and the measured value remain conceptually distinct entities.
Values, Scales, and the Existence of Properties
Authors: Mari Luca , Wilson Mark , Maul Andrew 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to expand on the ontological and epistemological analysis of properties introduced in the previous chapter, with a discussion of three fundamental issues for measurement science. Restarting from the distinction between general and individual properties, the first is about the nature ofvaluesof quantities and more generally of properties, thus allowing us to further discuss the epistemic role of Basic Evaluation Equations. The second issue relates to the classification of properties, or of property evaluations, in terms ofscale types, and thus particularly to the characterization of quantities as specific kinds of properties, thus leading to the question whether, and under what conditions, non-quantitative properties can be measured. On this basis, the third problem is explored: theconditions of existence of general propertiesand the role of measurement in the definition of general properties.
Conclusion
Authors: Mari Luca , Wilson Mark , Maul Andrew 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to conclude the book by providing a high-level interpretation of measurement and its characterizing features. We first develop a semiotic perspective on the information gained via measurement, specifically, how, in any measurement process, syntactic information (i.e., data, in the form of indication values) grounds semantic information (in the form of measurement results), which in turn grounds pragmatic information (in the form of measurement results together with the contextual information that enables decision making). We then briefly retread the path followed in this book, describing how we began with a minimal set of necessary conditions for measurement and then progressively explored issues critical to the development of complementary sufficient conditions, related in particular to the ontology and epistemology of measured properties, the nature of scales, measurability, and measured values, and the roles of empirical and informational processes in measurement. This culminates in a general model of a measurement process that emphasizes the importance of evaluating the quality of the information produced by measurement in terms of object-relatedness (“objectivity”) and subject-independence (“intersubjectivity”). We conclude with an argument that, despite differences in subject matter and application, any measurement process can be characterized as an empirical and informational process that is designed on purpose, whose input is an empirical property of an object, and that produces explicitly justifiable information in the form of values of that property.
Morphological Evolution and Driving Factors of Tidal Flats in the Yangtze Estuary (China) During 1998–2019
Authors: Cheng Haifeng , Xin Pei , Liu Jie , Gu Fengfeng , Shen Qi , Han Lu 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper studies the morphological evolution and driving factors of the tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary (YE), based on the bathymetric data over the last 20 years (1998–2019) and a three-dimensional numerical model (SWEM3D). The results show that: In the past two decades, the combined action of fluvial sediment decline and estuarine engineering has changed the morphological evolution trend of tidal flats in the YE. The fluvial sediment decline caused the decrease of suspended sediment concentration successively from the inner estuary to the mouth bar area (the outer estuary), which led to the erosion and steepening of the tidal flats in the YE, and the erosion of tidal flats in the inner estuary was earlier and more obvious than that in the mouth bar area. The estuarine engineering is the main controlling factor of the distribution and trend change of erosion-deposition in the adjacent tidal flat. The waterway regulation projects promoted the deposition of tidal flats within its sheltered area, while the reclamation and reservoir projects intensified the erosion of the lower tidal flats nearby. As for the remaining non-human-intervention tidal flats, those adjacent to the mainstream of ebb current in the inner estuary were significantly eroded, while those on the north side of the channel were slowly deposited due to the weaker hydrodynamics. In the future, the fluvial sediment supply may keep decreasing and maintain a lower level under the continued influence of anthropogenic activities in the Yangtze River basin, the unprotected tidal flats in the YE will face a risk of further erosion. It is necessary to take appropriate protection measures to improve the ecological service function of the tidal flats in the YE.
Numerical Simulation of the Composite Bank Stability Process of the Songhua River
Authors: Yang Jun , Jia Dongdong , Wu Lei , Hao Youzhi , Cang Zhuoying 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe phenomenon of bank erosion and collapse is widely distributed in major rivers all over the world, and it is a kind of natural disaster with greater hazards. Bank erosion in seasonally frozen rivers (SFR) is subject to the coupling effects between hydrodynamic forces and freeze-thaw, and the mechanism is complex. Understanding of bank erosion mechanisms is of great significance for river bank protection and comprehensive river management. Taking the downstream near dam section of the Dadingzishan Navigation and Hydropower Project in the mainstream of the Songhua River as an example, the BSTEM model was used to analyze the degrees of riverbank stability in different periods considering the freeze-thaw effect. The results indicated that the degrees of riverbank stability are high during the periods of low water level and water-level rising before the flood season, and the slope toe scour is the main factor; and they are low during the periods of high water level and water-level recession with the continuous bank collapse occurring; The freezing and thawing effect has an important effect on the stability of river banks in the seasonal frozen region. so as to provide a certain reference for the study on the bank collapse of the river in seasonal freezing region and its simulation for the study of riverbank erosion in seasonally frozen rivers.
Research on Water Scour Conditions of Wanjiazhai Reservoir, China
Authors: Hong Kunhui , Zhang Shouyuan , Zhang Wei , Wu Teng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFlood control, power generation and agricultural irrigation are the primary functions of reservoirs. The main reason for the serious deposition in the Yellow River reservoir is the high concentration of sediment in the water flow. Due to the establishment of the Yellow River cascade reservoir and the joint scheduling among reservoirs, the flow rate of the downstream reservoir decreases in flood season, which reduces the hydrodynamic flushing efficiency in the reservoir area. Wanjiazhai Reservoir is selected as the research sample in the present study, which is a first-level cascade reservoir in the connecting area of the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River. In this study, a numerical model was built to analyze factors that influenced the operation and flushing of the upstream reservoir. And a formula was recommended to apply to the Wanjiazhai Reservoir on the basis of the sediment deposition pattern discrimination formula. Besides, various flushing methods and methods reducing the sediment deposition were carried out and analyzed. Results indicated that when the inflow rate increased, the maximum particle diameter of the incipient sediment was larger. When the inflow rate reached 1200 m3/s, the diameter of the initial the incipient sediment varied from 0.015 mm to 0.094 mm. And the diameter range of the initial the incipient sediment was 0.014 mm–0.094 mm, when the inflow rate was 1800 m3/s. When the inflow rate reached 2500 m3/s, the diameter of the initial the incipient sediment varied from 0.010 mm to 0.094 mm. Notably, all sediment were discharged from the reservoir. Moreover, the sediment of the reservoir was flushed at a flow rate of 1200 m3/s–1800 m3/s under the premise of meeting the upstream water storage.
Research Progress on Fish Barrier Measures
Authors: Chen Kaixiao , Guo Xiuyun , Wang Xiaogang , Li Yun , Zhu Long 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFishway is an artificial flume for fish migration through sluice gates or dams, which is widely used worldwide as an effective means to restore ecological connectivity of rivers. However, since the inlet of fishway is quite narrow compared to the width of the river, it is difficult for fish to find the inlet of fishway, and fish are easily attracted by the relatively high speed of water flow generated by turbines and cross the dam from turbines, resulting in a large number of fish casualties, so fish barrier measures play an important role in preventing fish from entering turbines, intakes and guiding fish into fishway inlets. This paper collects the main representative types of physical barrier and behavioral barrier, summarizes their advantages, disadvantages and application conditions, and analyzes their applications. It is found that most of the existing fish barrier measures are applicable to the downstream passage, while the upstream passage mainly attracts fish by setting up water auxiliary water systems at the inlet, and a few electric fence and acoustic system are also applied at present; in the near future, the hybrid fish barrier measures with physical barriers as the main body and behavioral barriers as the auxiliary will be the mainstream because of the more stable performance of physical barriers; behavioral barrier have the advantages of saving space, not affected by debris in water, and not causing head loss, but they are still in the experimental stage due to the unstable effect of fish interception, easy to be affected by water body or other external conditions, and high technical requirements. The efficient and stable behavioral barriers have certain research prospects.
River Regime Evolution of the South Channel in the Changjiang River Estuary, China, During Past 50 Years
Authors: Huang Huiming , Huang Xiantao , Zhu Yuliang , Li Siqi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAs the middle reach of the Changjiang River Estuary, China, the South Channel’s evolution would directly affected upper and lower reaches. However in recent decades, fluvial water and sediment loads have appeared notable changes, consequently, the latest evolution of the South Channel would adjust either. Hence, topography data of the South Channel in different historical period during past 50 years were adopted, then geomorphology evolution were analyzed in detail. The result showed that river regime of the South Channel had undergone three stages. In the first stage among 1973~1981, it deposited 1.0~9.7 m in central shoal and eroded −1.0~−13.6 m in two side deep channels. In the second stage during 1981~1994, the erosion and sedimentation region turned around, wherein the central shoal eroded −1.0~−9.8 m and two side channels deposited 1.0~10.6 m. In the third stage during 1994~2016, the central shoal partially deposited 1.0~8.1 m and partially eroded −1~−6.1 m, and both side channels eroded −1~−13.2 m. Meanwhile, in the inlet cross section during 1973~2016, location of main channel moved 275 m southward with average elevation changing −1.1 m and the central shoal eroded about −4.6 m. In the middle and outlet cross sections, their central shoal eroded −1.3~−5.8 m and main channel respectively swung 450 m northward with elevation decreasing 0.4 m and 1775 m northward with elevation deepening 6.1 m. Moreover, average elevation of thalwegs changed from −14.0 m to −15.9 m during 1973~2016. Furthermore, evolution characteristics of geomorphology and fluvial water and sediment load in past 50 years showed that there might be close relationship between them.
Study on Wind Waves Similarity and Wind Waves Spectrum Characteristics in Limited Waters
Authors: Gao Ang , Wu Xiufeng , Wu Shiqiang , Li Hongpeng , Dai Jiangyu , Wang Fangfang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWind waves is an important factor affecting navigation safety and water environment in limited waters such as lakes and bays. Wind wave spectrum represents the frequency domain features of wind waves and has always been the focus of research. Based on the field observation and flume experimental method, the system analysis of similarity of two kinds of situations, discussed nonlinear response of the relationship of the spectral shape parameter of balance field α, β and wind waves basic frequency between factors like wind speed, wind blowing fetch and water depth. By means of wind tunnel flume and prototype observation data of nonlinear regression analysis, The relation formulas of wind wave frequency prediction considering the comprehensive influence of wind speed, wind blowing fetch and water depth is established. Relevant research is of great significance for revealing the evolution characteristics of wind waves in limited waters and guiding navigation safety and water environment management.
Presenting the Work of PIANC TG234 “Infrastructure for the Decarbonisation of IWT”
Authors: Van Koningsveld Mark , Pauli Gernot 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPIANC provides guidance and technical advice for sustainable waterborne transport infrastructure. To address the challenge of making inland navigation infrastructure sustainable, a Task Group “Infrastructure for the decarbonisation of Inland Water Transport” (TG234) was set up in January 2021. The objective of the TG was to identify knowledge gaps and major challenges that need to be urgently addressed and advise PIANC on further actions, such as setting up a working group. A report was to be delivered in early 2022. The TG involved a range of international experts who met every three months on-line. They jointly participated in the following activities: sharing experiences in their area of expertise; gathering, organising, and discussing literature; discussing the perspective to be taken while reporting; contributing an overview of the developments either in their country or organisations and of course in the various discussions. A final report was produced that took the perspective of the waterway manager, highlighting a number of key questions that need to be answered in the transition to reduced/zero emissions. With the state-of-art knowledge gathered by the group, it became possible to identify the existing knowledge gaps and the major challenges that need to be addressed. The report can guide PIANC in evaluating the best way forward to address the decarbonisation of IWT infrastructure.
Study on Planning and Design of Ecological Pastoral Cultural Landscape Belt of Luliang River System in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Xu Hongzhuang , Wu Dean , Tang Shaofu , Huang Yuhong , Qu Weiyi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLuliang County of Yunnan Province has identified tourism as one of the four pillar industries, and established the new concept of large tourism, large resources, large market and large development, so as to make tourism a new growth point of Luliang County’s national economy and the leader of the tertiary industry. Luliang will be integrated into a scenic spot with water as the core, integrating pastoral scenery with cultural landscape, combining modernity with tradition, beautiful and comfortable tourism environment, complete facilities and reasonable planning. Taking the opportunity of the national implementation of the river head system, Rural Revitalization and rural complex construction, taking the Xinpanjiang River, the Laopanjiang River and Yanfang River as the framework and aiming at “smooth river, clear water, green bank and beautiful scenery”, the project fully excavates and makes use of Luliang’s historical and cultural connotation and resources through flood control and drainage, sewage collection and treatment along the river, ecological green corridor, the waterfront landscape improvement and other measures shall be taken to comprehensively manage the three rivers, so as to create the waterfront landscape pattern of one heart and three belts of the wetland ecological tourism service core of the Xinpanjiang River and the Laopanjiang River Basin, the fast green tourism channel of the Xinpanjiang River, the ecological and cultural landscape belt of the Laopanjiang River and the ecological pastoral landscape belt of the Yanfang River, so as to improve the urban taste and the people’s sense of obtaining a beautiful ecological environment. The project falls within the poverty-stricken area of fish. Rice and water township on the plateau, and its functional orientation is mainly ecological agricultural sightseeing, experience and poverty-stricken vacation. Therefore, the construction of waterfront landscape belt, park node construction and greening promotion along the Xinpanjiang River, the Laopanjiang River and the Yanfang River have beautified the environment of the dam area, created space for tourists and citizens to visit, visit and relax, and laid a solid foundation for the development of tourism in Luliang County.
Study on the Design of Ecological Green Corridor Project for Comprehensive River Treatment in Luliang County, Yunnan Province
Authors: Yi Shaolin , Sun Shaogan , Huang Guofang , Wu Dean , Qu Weiyi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLuliang County is located in the east of Yunnan Province, knew as the “Pearl of eastern Yunnan”. It is located in the upper reaches of the Nanpan River and is under the jurisdiction of Qujing City. In the modern era, higher requirements are made for the development of Luliang County. In order to improve the river flood control system, control the domestic pollution along the river, repair the damaged water ecosystem, create a waterfront landscape belt, and create basic conditions for the construction of “the most beautiful dam area”, Luliang water authority has given priority to the comprehensive river regulation project of Luliang County, Qujing City, according to the principle of first trial and highlighting key points. According to the current conditions of the Laopanjiang River and the Yanfang River, based on the principles of safety, integrity, ecology, protection, context and hydrophilicity, taking the construction of “Luliang water town and the most beautiful dam area” as the overall concept, the rich water network is used to connect the five prominent natural resources of “mountain, water, forest, field and village”, highlighting the local folk culture, water conservancy development history Cuan culture has three cultural characteristics. Coordinate the development of surrounding land, and activate the popularity of the site, promote local economic development, create a land of fish and rice with common prosperity of people and water, and reproduce the brilliance of “East Yunnan pearl, plateau granary” through reasonable functional layout and facility layout of river center, beach, Boulder, ecological wooden pile, aquatic plants and aquatic animals.
Study on the Technical and Policy Pathway for Low-Carbon Development of the Water Transportation in Sichuan Province
Authors: Zhang Yonglin , Zheng Chaohui , Li Yue , Zhang Liguo , Cheng Jinxiang , Li Mingjun 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTransport, one of the key sectors for the implementation of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, boasts a water transportation crucial to China’s integrated transport infrastructure, which will face a rising demand with the continuous optimization of the transport system. Located upstream of the golden waterway of the Yangtze River, Sichuan province is one of the key regions for inland waterway transportation. In the context of the ‘dual carbon’ goals, the study proposes a conceptual framework for the low-carbon development pathway of water transport by analyzing the technical roadmap and policy recommendations for the Sichuan Province, which found that Sichuan can rely upon energy efficiency and energy substitution on the technical front, while upon the synergy of “government guidance + enterprise responsibility + market support + partnership”. While focusing on slowing the growth of CO2 emissions and improving energy efficiency with LNG as the main transition fuel in the near term, Sichuan should curb the total emissions and strategize around carbon-free solutions including electricity and hydrogen.