bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Approach of Substituted Compliance in the United States
Authors: Schürger Jonas 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe fourth chapter examines the approach of the United States to deference. For a long time, the US primarily pursued the principle of (modified) national treatment and did not allow any kind of recognition. Meanwhile, the US has implemented mechanisms of deference under the name of substituted compliance. However, the existing schemes are limited and lag behind compared to the developments in the EU and Switzerland. This chapter describes how a proposal by two SEC officials launched the first generation of substituted compliance and sets out why the proposal was not widely implemented. It also explains why the idea of substituted compliance experienced a comeback after the financial crisis. The extent to which substituted compliance has found its way into the US system, how the regimes have changed before and after the crisis, and what similarities and differences exist compared to the European and Swiss approaches is then analysed.
Outcomes of Social Movements
Authors: Rucht Dieter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The study and explanation of outcomes is a demanding task on both the conceptual and empirical level. It is important to widen our perspective and consider the range of outcomes beyond the stated goals of movement actors, including unintended consequences. This broader perspective takes into account the interaction effects of various kinds of causal factors, different time frames in assessing outcomes, and the modification of goals as part of processes of learning and adaptation. It allows researchers to arrive at more differentiated conclusions when it comes to stating a movement’s failure or success. Instead of positing crude generalizations of factors for outcomes, it is more fruitful to engage in strategically chosen comparisons of cases. Given the number and complexity of causal factors, we should refrain from making unconditional predictions about the effects of contemporary movements.
The Case for an Unfunded Pay as You Go Pension
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3—‘The Case for an Unfunded Pay as You Go Pension’—asks whether an unfunded pay as you go (PAYG) approach might provide a solution to the problems with funded collective pension schemes discussed in the previous two chapters. With PAYG, money is directly transferred from those who are currently working to pay the pensions of those who are currently retired. Rather than drawing from a pension fund consisting of a portfolio of financial assets, these pensions are paid out of the state Treasury’s coffers. The chapter explores the extent to which a PAYG pension can be justified as a form of indirect reciprocity that cascades down generations. It considers the claim that a PAYG arrangement in which each generation pays the pensions of the previous generation can be justified as in mutually advantageous strategic equilibrium. It makes the case that reciprocity can be realized by a notionally funded PAYG scheme, of which the UK Teachers’ Pension Scheme provides an example. The chapter concludes with the observation that all three of the approaches considered across Chapters 1–3—collective defined contribution (CDC), defined benefit (DB), and PAYG—converge on a similar form of collective pension provision, which breaks open the silos of individual DC pension pots while avoiding the high expense of funding that is pegged to bond yields. Whether it ultimately takes the form of a notionally funded PAYG DB scheme, a genuinely funded DB scheme, or CDC, we should adopt a collective, multigenerational, society-wide form of pension provision.
Fair Terms of Social Cooperation among the Free and Equal
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4—‘Fair Terms of Social Cooperation among the Free and Equal’—probes the Rawlsian idea of fair terms of cooperation for mutual advantage which has figured prominently in the case for collective pensions advanced in the previous chapters. According to Rawls, the ‘first fundamental question’ of justice concerns the specification of ‘the fair terms of social cooperation between citizens regarded as free and equal, and as fully cooperating members of society over a complete life, from one generation to the next’. This chapter shows how collective pensions can provide fair terms of cooperation that respect both the freedom and the equality of different members of society over time. It also explains how such pensions can help to realize the Rawlsian ideal of a property-owning democracy.
Anticommunism in French Society and Politics, 1945-1953
Authors: Clift Aaron 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book examines the role of anticommunism in French politics and society from 1945 to 1953. It evaluates the prevalence of anticommunism among the French population and examines its causes, character, and consequences through a series of case studies on different segments of French society. These include the scouting movement, family organizations, agricultural associations, middle-class groups, and trade unions and other working-class organizations. It contends that anticommunism was more widespread and deeply rooted than previously believed and had a substantial impact on national politics and on these social groups and organizations. Furthermore, it argues the study of anticommunism allows us a deeper understanding of the values they regarded as the most important to defend. Although anticommunism was a diverse phenomenon, it identifies common discourses, including portrayals of communism as a threat to the nation, the colonial empire, the traditional family, private property, religion, the rural world, and Western civilization. It also highlights common aims (such as the rehabilitation of wartime collaborators) and tactics (such as the invocation of apoliticism). While acknowledging the importance of the Cold War, it rejects the assumption that anticommunism was an American import or foreign to French society and demonstrates links between anticommunism and anti-Americanism. It concludes that anticommunism drew its strength from the connection or even conflation of communism with perceived negative social changes that were seen to threaten traditional French civilization, interacting with the postwar international and domestic environment and the personal experiences of individual anticommunists.
Le Parti du Prolétariat?
Authors: Clift Aaron 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses working-class responses to anticommunism. Workers were the basis of PCF support and were thus the population in which anticommunist competition for the allegiance of the French population was the most direct. While the largest trade union in France was the communist Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), it was challenged by a variety of Catholic, socialist, and Gaullist groups. Anticommunist trade unionists and workers argued that, despite its claims, the PCF did not actually have the best interests of workers at heart. The chapter foregrounds the importance of issues such as French perceptions of the Soviet Union, productivism, nationalization and planning, the heritage of the labour movement, anti-Americanism, religion, and intersections between gender and class. It also highlights limits to anticommunism imposed by ideas of working-class solidarity and fraternity.
The protective mechanism of SIRT3 and potential therapy in acute kidney injury
Authors: Yuan Jinguo , Zhao Jin , Qin Yunlong , Zhang Yumeng , Wang Anjing , Ma Rui , Han Mei , Hui Yueqing , Guo Shuxian , Ning Xiaoxuan , Sun Shiren 
Published: June 2023

SummaryAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex clinical syndrome with a poor short-term prognosis, which increases the risk of the development of chronic kidney diseases and end-stage kidney disease. However, the underlying mechanism of AKI remains to be fully elucidated, and effective prevention and therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Given the enormous energy requirements for filtration and absorption, the kidneys are rich in mitochondria, which are unsurprisingly involved in the onset or progression of AKI. Accumulating evidence has recently documented that Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), one of the most prominent deacetylases highly expressed in the mitochondria, exerts a protective effect on AKI. SIRT3 protects against AKI by regulating energy metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, ameliorating apoptosis, inhibiting early-stage fibrosis and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Besides, a number of SIRT3 activators have exhibited renoprotective properties both in animal models and in vitro experiments, but have not yet been applied to clinical practice, indicating a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we unravel and summarize the recent advances in SIRT3 research and the potential therapy of SIRT3 activators in AKI.
Measurable radiation levels around individuals externally contaminated by nuclear fallout
Authors: Samuels Caleigh , Ansari Armin , Finklea Lauren , Hertel Nolan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the early response to large-scale radioactive contamination events, people who are potentially affected need to be screened for radioactive contamination and public health staff need to triage individuals who may need immediate decontamination. This is typically done by screening individuals for external contamination using ionising radiation detection equipment. In this study, spatially and temporally dependent isotopic compositions from a simulated nuclear detonation and Monte Carlo methods were used to relate contamination activity levels to the measurable radiation levels at select distances away from an individual with whole-body contamination. Radionuclide-specific air kerma rate coefficients and Geiger–Mueller instrument response coefficients at five select distances from contaminated individuals are presented for 662 radionuclides. Temporally and spatially dependent incident-specific coefficients are presented for a hypothetical surface detonation of a 235U-fueled device.
Gender Dynamics During the Colombian Armed Conflict
Authors: Svallfors Signe 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article investigates gender dynamics during the Colombian armed conflict, where the ongoing peace process has had a unique focus on gender equality. Using a lens of militarized masculinity and original expert interviews with Colombian stakeholders in peacebuilding and human rights, the study analyzes how gender norms have been upheld and sanctioned in the context of conflict. Gender essentialisms have been reinforced by armed actors, with women’s and LGBT people’s bodies as central channels for reproducing traditional sociobiological roles. Expressions not conforming to the heterocisnormative gender order have been sanctioned with violence. While men have been disproportionally affected by combat violence, women and sexual and gender minorities have been more vulnerable to sexual violence and forced displacement. This militarization of gender norms in Colombia has constructed women’s and queer bodies as battlefields of war, severely undermining their safety, dignity, and autonomy.
Improving Medication Safety in an ICU
Authors: Fair Linda , Burns Carol , Lindsley John 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Reported medication errors in an ICU at an academic teaching hospital raised concerns about adherence to safety protocols, including barcode scanning before medication administration. A group of nurse leaders, bedside nurses, and pharmacists formed a medication safety task force to increase compliance with barcode scanning and reduce reported medication errors in which failure to scan was a contributing factor.
Three task force members observed nurses' workflow in ICU medication administration. The members observed three nurses administer medications before scanning the barcode and three other nurses scan medications in a location where they were unable to see alerts on the computer. After the observations, the task force implemented three interventions: medication tables to provide a surface in front of the computer where medications could be placed when scanning; standardized workflow; and nursing staff education. Task force members then conducted postimplementation observations to evaluate improvement in barcode scanning compliance.
In the postintervention observations, all medications were scanned in front of the computer before administration, an increase of 27.3 percentage points (from 72.7% preintervention) in the barcode scanning compliance rate. The ICU also went 17 months in the postintervention period without a reported medication administration error in which failure to scan was a contributing factor.
The task force's observation of medication administration led to interventions that made it easier for nurses to adhere to best practice. Medication tables were a simple, sustainable intervention that used human factors principles to increase barcode scanning compliance.
Hackathons: Practical Problem-Solving for Nurse Educators
Authors: Bigott Veronica , Jensen Lillian , Zidek Stephanie 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT:
In looking for solutions to an organizational problem, the nursing education and professional development department at a large midwestern health care system used a novel approach—the hackathon. To align with Healthy People 2030 priorities and the health care system's strategic plan, the hackathon topics focused on community service opportunities relating to social determinants of health (SDOH). The goal of the hackathon was to find the most innovative strategy for SDOH education in a limited time frame. The teams of nurses that took part in the hackathon brainstormed, drafted, and rapidly refined a solution, then pitched their ideas to an expert panel. Each pitch was scored on feasibility, SDOH connection, creativity, sustainability, and potential nurse engagement. Three unique programming options emerged by the end of the event. The winning pitch was a peer-to-peer social media strategy engaging adolescents in health and wellness topics.
Trends in Characteristics of Prescription Opioid-related Poisonings among Older Adults in the United States, 2015–2021
Authors: Han Benjamin H. , Jewell Jennifer S. , Ding Belicia K. , Wu Nicholas C. , Cottler Linda B. , Palamar Joseph J. 
Published: June 2023

Objectives
Few studies have considered how trends in opioid poisonings have changed among older adults. The objective of this study was to examine trends in fatal and nonfatal opioid-related poisonings (“exposures”) among older adults.

Methods
National poison center data were used to examine trends in characteristics of reported exposures to commonly prescribed opioids between 2015 and 2021 among adults 60 years or older. We estimated the proportion of opioid exposures by demographic characteristics, the specific opioid(s) involved, exposure type, route of administration, other substances co-used, and medical outcomes for each calendar year. We estimated whether there were linear changes in prevalence by year using logistic regression.

Results
Although there was a decrease in the number of opioid exposures within the study population from 7706 in 2015 to 7337 in 2021 (a 4.8% decrease, P = 0.04), exposures increased for adults aged 70 to 79 years (a 14.0% increase, P < 0.001). The proportion classified as “abuse” increased by 63.3% (P < 0.001). There were significant decreases in the proportion involving hydromorphone (a 23.3% decrease, P < 0.001) and morphine (a 22.0% decrease, P < 0.001), with an increase involving buprenorphine (a 216.0% increase, P < 0.001). The proportion increased for co-use of cocaine (a 488.9% increase, P < 0.001) and methamphetamine (a 220.0% increase, P = 0.02), with a decrease in co-use of benzodiazepines (a 25.5% decrease, P < 0.001). The proportion of major medical outcomes increased by 93.9% (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
National patterns of opioid-related poisonings are shifting among older adults, including the types of opioids involved and co-use of other drugs. These results can inform prevention and harm reduction efforts aimed at older adults.
Descending Control of Nociception Poorly Predicts the Development of Persistent Postsurgical Pain-like Behavior in Consomic Dahl S Rat Strains
Authors: Ferrari Luiz F. , Wilkinson Ashley , Cahoon Christian , Ramirez Anna , Rey Charles , Donaldson Gary W. , Taylor Norman E. 
Published: June 2023

Background
Chronic postsurgical pain is a poorly recognized outcome of surgery where patients experience pain long after healing from the surgical insult. Descending control of nociception, a phenomenon whereby application of a strong nociceptive stimulus to one part of the body of animals inhibits pain in remote body regions, offers one strategy to identify a propensity to develop chronic postsurgical pain-like behavior. Here, consomic rat panel was used to test the hypothesis that pain persistence is mechanistically linked to ineffective descending control of nociception.

Methods
Male and female Brown Norway, Dahl S, and eight consomic strains (SS-xBN) were used to determine the presence of chronic postsurgical pain-like behaviors by using paw-withdrawal threshold evaluation (von Frey method) in the area adjacent to a hind paw plantar incision. Descending control of nociception was assessed by measuring hind paw-withdrawal thresholds (Randall–Selitto method) after capsaicin (125 µg) injection into a forepaw. Consomic rats were developed by introgressing individual Brown Norway chromosomes on the Dahl S rat genetic background, as Dahl S rats lack preoperative descending control of nociception.

Results
Substitution of several chromosomes from the “pain-resistant” Brown Norway to the “pain-prone” Dahl S/Medical College of Wisconsin reduced mechanical nociceptive sensitivity and increased endogenous pain modulation capacity by differing degrees. Statistical modeling of these data revealed that descending control of nociception is a poor general predictor of the propensity to develop chronic postsurgical pain-like behavior (poor fit for model 1). However, a significant strain-by-descending control of nociception interaction was revealed (model 3, −2*log likelihood; 550.668, −2ll change; 18.093, P = 0.034) with SS-13BN and SS-15BN strains showing a negative descending control of nociception relationship with chronic postsurgical pain-like behavior.

Conclusions
Descending control of nociception poorly predicted which rat strains developed chronic postsurgical pain-like behavior despite controlling for genetic, environmental, and sex differences. Two consomic strains that mimic clinical chronic postsurgical pain criteria and display a strong negative correlation with descending control of nociception were identified, offering novel candidates for future experiments exploring mechanisms that lead to chronic postsurgical pain.

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Perioperative Considerations for Hysterectomy in Second-Trimester Molar Pregnancy
Authors: Applebaum Jeremy , Mulugeta-Gordon Lakeisha , Mokkarala Sameera , Salva Catherine R. 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND:
Second-trimester complete molar pregnancies are rare. Due to a later presentation, means to reduce surgical and long-term morbidity from hemorrhage, hyperthyroidism, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia risk should be considered.

CASE:
A 48-year-old woman presented at 17 6/7 weeks of gestation with vaginal bleeding, with a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level of 483,906 milli-international units/mL, biochemical hyperthyroidism, and ultrasonographic suspicion for complete molar pregnancy. The patient received preoperative uterine artery embolization and antithyroid medication before undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy. Her thyroid function and hCG level normalized by 1 week and 69 days postoperatively, respectively.

CONCLUSION:
Uterine artery embolization and hysterectomy may reduce surgical blood loss and lower the risk of malignancy for patients at high risk for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Preoperative treatment of hyperthyroidism with gestational trophoblastic disease can reduce morbidity from thyrotoxicosis.
Pain With Differing Insufflation Pressures During Robotic Sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Rustia Gabriella M. , Baracy Michael G. , Khair Emilee , Hagglund Karen H. , Aslam Muhammad Faisal 
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether decreasing insufflation pressure reduces postoperative pain and opioid use in women undergoing robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy.

METHODS:
In a single-blinded randomized trial, women with pelvic organ prolapse underwent robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy at either 12 mm Hg (experimental) or 15 mm Hg (standard) insufflation pressure. The primary outcome was pain rating on a visual analog scale (VAS) on postoperative day 1 within 24 hours of surgery. Secondary outcomes included VAS pain rating at outpatient follow-up, inpatient and outpatient use of opioids, operative time, and estimated blood loss. A margin of 15 mm was considered clinically different on the VAS, and at 80% power, a sample size of at least 64 participants was needed to show significance.

RESULTS:
From April 27, 2021, to May 17, 2022, 80 women were enrolled, with 41 in the experimental group and 39 in the standard group. All participants underwent surgery as planned and attended a 2-week postoperative follow-up. Participants in the experimental group had less pain on postoperative day 1 with median VAS of 17.0 mm (interquartile range 26.0) compared with 29.0 mm (interquartile range 32.0, P=.007) in the standard group. No differences were noted in the secondary outcomes of operative time, estimated blood loss, or length of stay. Participants in the experimental group were noted to use fewer opioids while an inpatient (P=.04) and outpatient (P=.02). In multivariable analyses, lower insufflation pressure and increasing age were negatively associated with postoperative VAS scores.

CONCLUSION:
Lowering insufflation pressure (12 mm Hg) during robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy safely reduced postoperative pain and opioid use compared with standard pressure (15 mm Hg).

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinialTrials.gov, NCT 04858438.