bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idealism in Early Modern British Philosophy
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hobbes was a convinced materialist and Locke a non-dogmatic dualist, so neither was a full-blown idealist. But their theories of perception anticipated epistemological arguments for idealism. Berkeley advocated “immaterialism”—the term “idealism” was not yet in use in Britain—on both metaphysical and epistemological grounds, as did his contemporary Arthur Collier. Hume officially abjured metaphysical speculation altogether, but his “bundle theory” of both mind and body comes close to idealism in practice.
Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Kant’s “transcendental idealism” has a complex relationship to idealism proper. On the one hand, he reduces space and time to human forms of intuition, and thus holds that they are “transcendentally ideal.” On the other hand, he explicitly rejects Berkeley’s immaterialism, which he calls “material” and “subjective” idealism, insisting that there are things in themselves in addition to appearances as our representations of them, and that we have no reason, at least within theoretical philosophy, to reduce things in themselves to minds. On the other hand, he advocates what might be called “practical idealism,” arguing that humans have a radical freedom of the will incompatible with materialism, so as we are in ourselves we must be free minds, and also that we must “postulate” God as an intelligent and incorporeal “author” of nature on moral grounds.
German Idealism
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel are the focus of this chapter. They tried to avoid traditional idealism by characterizing reality in terms of activities rather than substances, but also held that the primary activities of reality are mental rather than physical. They strongly objected to Kant’s insistence on the existence of things in themselves beyond our ideas of them, and thus their positions are still squarely idealist. However, Hegel’s phenomenology most extensively develops an idealist epistemology.
British and American Idealism
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of T. H. Green, F. H. Bradley, J. McT. E. McTaggart, Josiah Royce, and, perhaps surprisingly, Charles Sanders Peirce. Both Green and Royce argue for the mental origin of natural order, and in Royce’s case for an “absolute” mind, without reducing all reality to mind, while Bradley and McTaggart develop criteria for reality that in their view can be satisfied only by mind. In Bradley’s case that is an “absolute,” while in McTaggart’s case it is the kind of minds found in ordinary persons. Both thus advocate metaphysical forms of idealism, in Bradley’s case “absolute idealism” and in McTaggart’s “personal idealism,” while Royce’s fundamental argument for idealism is epistemological in character, his “argument from error.” Peirce, though known as the founder of pragmatism, also responded to epistemological arguments for idealism in his conception of truth as an idealization of what would be known at the end of inquiry.
The German Response to Idealism II
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Both “Southwest” Neo-Kantianism, led by Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert, and “Marburg” Neo-Kantianism, represented in the first generation by Hermann Cohen and in the second by Ernst Cassirer, developed idealist epistemologies while firmly rejecting any reduction of matter to mind, or idealist metaphysics. Both Windelband and especially Cassirer emphasized the constructive activities of the human mind, in Cassirer’s case through “symbolic forms,” in many areas, not just natural science, and thus broadened Kantian epistemology. Cassirer in particular argued against seeing natural or any other science as having reached a final stage. Through figures like Rudolph Carnap and Hans Reichenbach, Neo-Kantianism permeated analytic philosophy even when its role is often not recognized.
Further into the Twentieth Century
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches the idealism of Brand Blanshard. It then charts the influence of idealistic arguments in contemporary epistemology even while most traditional versions of idealist metaphysics have been rejected by many twentieth-century “analytic” philosophers such as Collingwood, Carnap, Quine, Wittgenstein, Sellars, and McDowell. They all share the view that knowledge is always from the human perspective, whether that is characterized in terms of “absolute presuppositions,” the “web of belief,” Weltbilder, the “myth of the given,” “second nature,” or others.
Conclusion
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Here we conclude that neither idealism nor physicalism or materialism is an unproblematic metaphysical position, because we have no reason to believe that we currently have adequate conceptions of either mind or body to allow for a reduction of either to the other, nor any reason to expect that we shall have such adequate conceptions. However, from an epistemological point of view, features characteristic of idealism are hard to avoid and remain of enduring value.
On Women’s Aggression
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Describes the critical relationship between the community identity and individual identity for Indians. Explains that modern individuality—being only minimally vulnerable to others’ imagined views of oneself—is a work in progress for most Indians. Defines patriarchy from a psychological perspective: as a psychological form that requires women to perform sexual control for the well-being of the group. Outlines women’s anger about how their sexuality is controlled, alongside the taboo against expressing this anger, which in turn pushes the anger into less risky venue. Presents Freud’s definition of Eros as a stream with two currents, one affectionate and the other lustful, and explains how these two currents become gendered in the popular imagination. Lays out, using examples, the three psychological pillars of patriarchy: rigid gender binaries, compulsive heterosexuality, and the control of women’s sexual agency. Describes how patriarchy imagines masculinity and femininity. Invites the reader to consider ‘Woman’ and ‘India’ as psychological identifications with subjective, personal meanings rather than concrete words with objective meaning.
Aesthetic Arrests
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Aesthetics—the emotional response to products of the imagination—exercises a demand upon sexual agency that can be counter-directional to what is popularly considered ‘agential’. This chapter examines heterosexual aesthetics in Indian—such as sexual reverence and the wish to serve a male sexually—that have historically rankled the autonomous conceptions of feminism. The chapter introduces the portmanteau term ‘aesthetics of sexuality’ to refer to the particular set of unconscious identifications that a given person finds sexually arousing and satisfying. It describes how aesthetics of women in Sanskrit and Tamil poetry portray sexual modesty, beauty, and attractiveness as valued psychological characteristics. Using examples it evaluates how these aesthetics represent a form of continuity for some women and a form of oppression for others. The chapter emphasizes that a demand for a unitary ‘card carrying’ feminist aesthetic nullifies the sexual lives of women who have embraced patriarchal sexual aesthetics.
Writing as an Essential Research Skill
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The impact of scientific research depends critically on how well it is communicated to others. In most sciences, this means writing a scientific paper that other scientists will read. Perhaps you have done amazing experiments and think that this will guarantee success. However, without good writing, you may struggle to get your paper published and your brilliant experiments will not have the impact that they deserve. Good writing can’t save bad science, but bad writing can sink good science.
Writing and Editing
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we have provided a structure for producing each section of your paper. In this final chapter we consider how to write and edit in an effective and efficient way. This includes how to divide your time among the different sections, so that your paper emerges efficiently, and how to know when your paper is ready to submit. Following our tips for efficient and effective writing will allow you to produce a first draft more quickly. Then, once you have finished that draft, you will need to edit it. Editing is much more than just a final polish—it can play a major role in ensuring that your paper is readable and will have impact.
Instead of punishment?
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at three very different aspects of sentencing and punishment where there are alternatives to a focus on proportional sentencing and punishment. We discuss two sets of offenders where the court does not have to sentence strictly in line with just deserts. So we focus on children and young people under 18 years of age and examine the policies developed over the past century which have taken into account the welfare of the child, such that diversion from prosecution has been justified and strict proportionality of penal response can be modified. We also focus on those offenders who are deemed to be mentally disordered and review those options available to the sentencing court which focus on treatment rather than punishment. However the chapter begins by looking at an alternative rationale and approach for responding to those who commit offences—restorative justice—and reviewing policy and practice developments. Finally, the chapter provides reflective exercises for all three (potential) alternatives to punishment.
Impact on victims and offenders
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the increased policy focus on victims, dealing with remedies for victims of crime and more recent involvement in the sentencing process via victim impact statements as well as discussing the impact of punishment on offenders. Ways of reducing the impact of crime on the victim are considered, including compensation, and confiscation, restitution and forfeiture as well as focusing on the Victims Code and the victim’s surcharge. Conflicting approaches to the impact of punishment on the offender or the offender’s family, including financial penalties, are considered. This discussion covers justifications from penology and evidence—from research and appellate cases—of practice in the courts. Arguments for and against impact mitigation are examined with reference to a range of issues, including social deprivation, illness, disability, and age.
Experiencing imprisonment
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the impact of imprisonment on specific groups of prisoners. It discusses the experience of imprisonment for specific groups, including women and ethnic minorities. Issues discussed include the problems facing female prisoners in maintaining family contact and the health needs of women in prison. The treatment of BAME prisoners is also considered, with reference to a range of issues, including racial harassment and discrimination. The problems facing foreign national prisoners are also discussed. Other groups considered include religious minorities, TACT prisoners, LGBTQ + prisoners, prisoners with disabilities, and older prisoners. Policies which aim to reduce the risk of unfair treatment are also examined.
Introduction
Authors: Reinisch August , Schill Stephan W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the analysis of the substantive standards of treatment from a rule-of-law perspective. It shows that the rule of law has become a widely shared normative yardstick for assessing international investment law as a whole, including both investor-State dispute settlement and the substantive standards of treatment. The chapter provides an overview of the different conceptions of the rule of law (‘thin’ or ‘formal’ versus ‘thick’ or ‘substantive’) and introduces the contributions to the present volume against the background of two analytical angles. First, to assess to what extent the rule of law is reflected in the substantive standards of treatment contained in international investment treaties and how the rule of law can guide the standards’ interpretation. Second, to query what rule-of-law lacunae substantive standards of treatment leave, whether in respect of inconsistent interpretations, lack of coherence with competing rights and interests, disregard of domestic investors, or shortcomings in respect of investor obligations.
(Direct and Indirect) Expropriation and the Rule of Law
Authors: Bungenberg Marc 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The standard of protection against unlawful expropriation has been referenced in multiple iterations of fundamental/human rights standards on the national and international levels, as well as within international investment agreements. This chapter analyses to what extent the standard under examination reflects the concept of the rule of law. It addresses how the conditions that international investment treaties impose for a (direct or indirect) expropriation to be lawful—public purpose, non-discrimination, due process, and compensation—reflect elements related to the concept of rule of law. Furthermore, the chapter discusses how recent investment treaties and arbitral practice have implemented a rule-of-law-inspired concretization of the scope of indirect expropriation.
International Investment Law’s Non-Discrimination Norms and the Rule of Law
Authors: Whitsitt Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how most-favoured-nation (MFN) and national treatment (NT) disciplines promote foreign investors having an equal opportunity to compete in the global marketplace through transposition of Ronald Dworkin’s theory about the rule of law to international investment law (IIL). It examines the constituent elements of MFN and NT disciplines commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the jurisprudence interpreting these requirements in relation to the rule of law. Regardless of variations in the scope of MFN and NT clauses across the numerous BITs and RTAs currently in force, such provisions along with their constituent elements remain at their core equality doctrines that ground the rules of fair play and justice in the IIL regime and thus further the rule of law.
The Use of Investment Treaty Standards to Enforce Other International Legal Regimes and Domestic Law
Authors: Živković Velimir 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of substantive standards under investment treaties to enforce other (not investment protection–related) international obligations and domestic law, seen through the prism of the rule of law. In interpreting and applying substantive standards of investment protection, diverse factual scenarios can implicate different international and national legal regimes. The legal framework governing the applicable law and rules of interpretation allow for a considerable arbitral discretion in deciding if and how these regimes impact the reasoning process and/or case outcome. Investment arbitration case law shows an uneven approach when it comes to the scope and depth of engagement with these regimes in decision-making. In terms of the commonly recognized rule-of-law requirements, there is thus a tension between legality and predictability. But the awards discussed in this chapter also show that arbitrators can and do persuasively engage with different legal regimes when applying treaty standards, often exhibiting a deep and detailed understanding of these regimes. Bearing this in mind, the normative path out of the tension between legality and predictability can be sought in the ideals of the rule of law at both international and national levels. Investment arbitrators should, to the extent possible, enforce other legal regimes or at least offer clear explanations as to why such enforcement cannot take place. Such an approach can bolster international and national rule of law through enhancing coherence and effectiveness of international obligations and highlighting areas of conflict where legal or governance reforms might be necessary.
Cricket at the Altar of Technology
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the influx of technology into cricket. It describes the many ways in which various technologies found their way into cricket—in coaching, gameplay, broadcast, and umpiring. The shift in cricket’s ‘moral universe’ where fairness in gameplay was taken for granted so much so that not playing fair came to be spoken of as ‘it’s not cricket’ is also discussed. It is argued that most of the changes in cricket, from Kerry Packer’s World Series Cricket to the birth of the Indian Premier League, every radical transformation in the game seems to have come from forces outside the game seeking a foothold within it, usually attempting to induct novelties into the game, whether or not enriching the sport itself.
Technology, Speed, and Consumerism
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with theories of society and technology in order to understand the manner in which and reasons for the game to have evolved in the way that it has. Paul Virilio’s theory of the politics of speed, Zygmunt Bauman’s theory of liquid modernity, and the idea of consumerism is used to theorize the evolution of technically mediated cricket. The chapter argues that in creating a purely domestic sporting league based on city affiliations that no longer tug at the heartstrings of patriotism and nationalism, the IPL has created a version of the game in which the fan appears to pledge loyalty to a brand—be that of a cricketer, or a film star ‘owner’ of a team, or indeed a favourite consumer trademark.
Bhutan: The Unremembered Nation
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The house and family are the nucleus of society, but we can get a better perspective on them if our view zoom on the village and the surrounding landscape, and on travel and trade the people engaged. These larger settings impinged on the character of individuals. The story of the birth of a house is told: from extraction of construction materials to installation of facilities of water, sanitation, and bedding. The nature of relationship among households is explored through processes of birth and death, upbringing and formation, courtship and marriage, discord and mediation. Raising a special breed of migratory cattle was central to prosperity. Migratory loop of herds and barter exchange of dairy products are described. The narrative about cattle ends on ‘belching and emitting’ and lands us on the theme of sounds and colours. Sounds of wind and water, of rituals and liturgies, of birds and beasts, of archery-games and songs, and of languages were woven into the heightened experiences of ordinary people. Narrative then takes up the mobility of on-foot merchants and caravans—across snow and Duar passes—by routes that criss-crossed Bhutan for seasonal trade and communal migration. Rivers were spanned by iron chain and wooden cantilever bridges that guarded the nearby giant castles. Volume 1 ends on the rhythm of farm life, following lunar calendar, in different climates, around lively cooperative farming of maize, finger millet, buckwheat, barley, rice, and other crops for nutrition and feasting by both people and animals.
Family and Village
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As the macrocosm of traditional society, a village reflected its entire fabric from its physical and structural layout to its social composition. The ebb and flow of human and faunal population in and around a village over the seasons are described. Children got imprinted with sights, sounds, attitudes, gesticulations, and vernaculars of a village influencing them as evolving members of a family and a village. Amorous relationships were struck in many different circumstances but also in congregations of youth during a festival. Beer (sing chang and bang chang) and ara (alcohol) became the social lubricant and relaxant during such gatherings. Sharing a cup publicly between an enamoured pair, or a young man being found deliberately overstaying in a young woman’s house in the morning, was a signal that ‘bonding by eyes’ (love) marriage had taken place. He was expected at once to grab farm tools to start his life in his wife’s house. And if the initial commitment did not work out, they could separate relatively easily and ‘re-pair’ with someone else.
Back-Pack Traders and Caravans
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Deep in the forest lies a network of derelict mule tracks connecting Bhutan, Tibet, and India, and those connecting different settlements in Bhutan. The network came to strategic traffic points at bridges and passes. Bridges were especially secured to tax traders and check movements. Dzongs or castles came to be built next to major bridges because these castles could be guarded better by controlling bridges. Access to Bhutan was through snow mountain passes in the north, and from the 18 Duars Bhutan held, through door-like passes from the plains of Assam and Bengal into mountainous Bhutan. Mule tracks were the medieval highways and they were busy with backpack traders, caravans, seasonal human and livestock migrations, and transportation of official loads. Delivering official loads consisting of commodity taxes were a major, sometimes excruciating, obligation of the households. Not only porterage of official loads, people had to work every season to rebuild medieval transport infrastructure. For trading, marts were organized between Bhutanese and Tibetans along northern border areas in summer while marts were held in winter between Bhutanese and Indians along the southern borders. Many villages in south eastern Bhutan moved lock, stock, and barrel to warmer border areas and enjoyed months of winter camping with their Assamese hosts.