bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspek Leksikal Kata Nama dalam Dialek Masyarakat Banjar di Mukim Bagan Serai Perak
Authors: Abdul Wahab Mohd Khaidir , Nor Hashim Mohd Nor Taufiq 
Published: June 2023

Kajian ini berfokus kepada aspek leksikal dalam dialek Banjar yang terdiri daripada golongan kata nama sahaja. Kata nama yang telah dikenal pasti daripada bahasa Banjar akan dibandingkan atau disesuaikan dengan perkataan bahasa Melayu standard. Selain itu, aspek sejarah kedatangan masyarakat Banjar ke Tanah Melayu amnya dan Mukim Bagan Serai khususnya turut dibincangkan. Pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah temu bual untuk melengkapkan kaedah pemerhatian yang telah dijalankan. Seramai 10 orang informan telah terlibat dalam temu bual ini, iaitu dua orang informan mewakili setiap kampung yang telah dipilih dalam mukim Bagan Serai, iaitu Kampung Jalan Banjar, Masjid Tinggi, Parit Gabis, Telok Medan dan Parit Haji Taib. Dapatan kajian ini memberi ruang kepada generasi muda untuk mengetahui aspek kata nama dialek Banjar yang merujuk kepada jantina, arah, peralatan dapur, anggota badan, kuih-muih, buah-buahan, jenis-jenis ikan, makanan, kiraan hari, dan kata ganti diri. Dapatan ini adalah penting kerana aspek leksikal kata nama yang diketengahkan ini merupakan leksikal yang sering digunakan dalam kalangan masyarakat Banjar semasa berkomunikasi.
Mapping hydrothermal alterations and lineaments associated with epithermal and massive sulphides deposits of Tifraouine (northwest Algerian coast): Use of Landsat 8 OLI data and remote sensing
Authors: Labdaoui Bouchera , Benali Hanafi , Boughacha Amina , Moussaoui Khadidja 
Published: June 2023

Within the context of studying mineralizations related to the Miocene volcanic rocks from the northern part of Algeria, Landsat 8 OLI data and remote sensing techniques are carried out to characterize and map hydrothermal alteration outcrops in the Miocene volcanic rocks of Tifraouine on the northwestern Algerian coast, where several indications of mineralization are known. Short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands allowed for the identification of clay alterations, while the visible and near-infrared bands help in the detection of iron alterations. Red-green-blue color combination images of 6/7, 4/2 and 5/6 ratios were produced. Principal component analysis (PCA) was computed to characterise altered zones and extract lineaments. Matched filtering technique (MF) allows direct detection after applying minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation and pixel purity index to the spectra in order to obtain a distribution map of the target mineral species in studied area. The remote sensing results combined with the structural geological data determine a relationship between mineralization and structural features and show that hydrothermal alterations are clearly controlled by tectonic. They are highly concentrated in the calderas zone and extend towards the Bouzedjar area which allowed checking the map performed according to the field studies. This will contribute to preliminary studies related to mineral exploration and enhance the mining potential of Tifraouine. The acquisition of supplementary data would allow us to extend this study in coming works.
THE INFLUENCING OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FATORS ON SHARE RETURN (CASE STUDY ON BANKING GO PUBLIC IN INDONESIA)
Authors: Siagian Pariang , Hakim Luqman 
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this research is to examine the various factors that can affect operational efficiency and it impacts on share return in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2015 and 2020 years. Theoretical basis of a bank's efficiency can mitigate and control operating cost to operating income, include to share price/return that can be affected by internal factors such as capital adequacy ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio, and net interest margin; and external factors as though macroeconomic indicators like inflation rate and exchange rate. The research method used linear multiplier regression by conducting various tests, including descriptive statistics, determination, regression equation, hypothesis, and implication tests. This study finds that the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan-To-Deposit Ratio (LDR), Inflation rate and Exchange rate have a significant effect on share return, whereas Operating Cost to Operating Income and Net Interest Margin have not an influence on Share Return. The research’s usefulness is terribly important for several sides include managers, companies, and policymakers interested in addressing banking business operations and improving financial performance and mitigation strategies. The study highlighted that operating efficiency is not only related to internal factors but also external factors, hence it might be obtained of competitive advantage. Otherwise, this study has limitations, the parties including internal and external factors, as well as the research period, can be expanded for future researchers.
Optimal Grading Scales for Enhancing Product Evaluation by Infomediaries
Authors: Tartaraj Azeta , Trebicka Brunela 
Published: June 2023

Infomediaries, such as movie critics, play a crucial role in evaluating product quality and providing valuable information to potential consumers. Their use of discrete grades, such as thumbs-up and thumbs-down, helps consumers make informed purchasing decisions. In this study, we aim to investigate how the grading process can be improved, addressing research questions such as determining quality cutoffs for each grade, identifying the optimal number of grades to use, exploring grading strategies for goals beyond informativeness (e.g., maximizing reviewer's traffic), and designing grading systems that encourage producers to enhance product quality. Through the use of an analytical model, we demonstrate that the optimal grade cutoffs are contingent upon the distributions of product quality and consumer taste. Additionally, we find that the resulting grading scale may exhibit unequal intervals. Surprisingly, our findings indicate that as few as five grades can approach optimality in terms of consumer welfare. Furthermore, we reveal that grading should be made more challenging when producers have the ability to invest in quality improvement. These insights shed light on the design of grading scales for reporting quality, offering practical guidance to infomediaries and industry stakeholders. By understanding the interplay between product quality, consumer preferences, and grading strategies, we can enhance the effectiveness and relevance of grading systems, ultimately empowering consumers to make more informed decisions.

Received: 12 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
Tribunal for the Russian Aggression in Ukraine: The Need for Accountability
Authors: Jusufaj Elvina 
Published: June 2023

The Russian aggression against Ukraine has raised the need for accountability and international rule of law. Russia through committing the supreme international crime has deliberately violated basic international principles and norms such as state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and the prohibition of the use of force. Member states of the United Nations drafted and agreed to create the International Criminal Court to punish the most serious crimes. The Kampala amendments of the Rome Statute on aggression, adopted a decade later, can be activated if the two states concerned have accepted ICC jurisdiction. Russia and Ukraine are not members of ICC, although the unilateral declarations of Ukraine accepting ICC jurisdiction can be exercised for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide committed in the territory of Ukraine. The lack of an international mechanism to punish the crime of aggression against Ukraine have triggered calls and actions to create a special tribunal with a limited focus on that crime, based on the development of international criminal law over the past eighty years. The EU recently agreed to establish an International Center for the prosecution of the crime of aggression – to preserve evidence and prepare the analysis of the evidence for the prosecution for future national or international trials – which is considered a first step in that direction. This research will analyze options to create either a special international tribunal or a hybrid tribunal to investigate whether Russia’s acts of violence in Ukraine constitute a crime of aggression and their prosecution. It will examine the legal basis of its establishment and functioning of the tribunal based on previous precedents, such as the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), or other specialized courts integrated in a national justice system with international judges – hybrid court. It will also explore the indispensable role of the United Nations in establishing such a tribunal and its implications in ending the conflict.

Received: 13 January 2023 / Accepted: 17 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
The “CNN Effect” and Its Influence on US Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: Tomja Alida 
Published: June 2023

The “CNN effect” is a term that has been used to describe the influence of 24-hour news coverage on foreign policy decision-making, particularly in the context of the United States. The term was coined in the early 1990s following the Gulf War, during which CNN's live coverage of the conflict was widely credited with shaping public opinion and influencing US foreign policy decisions. Since then, the concept of the “CNN effect” has been the subject of much debate and analysis in the field of media and foreign policy. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the 'CNN effect' on US foreign policy, with a specific focus on its role in shaping public opinion and influencing policy outcomes. Through a case study of US foreign policy initiatives in Somalia, this study analyzes the relationship between media coverage and policy decisions. The methodology used in this study involves conducting an in-depth analysis of media coverage and policy decisions in the selected cases. A combination of primary and secondary sources, including news reports, government documents, and academic literature, was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the “CNN effect” on US foreign policy decision-making. The findings of this study suggest that the “CNN effect” is a real phenomenon that has had a significant influence on US foreign policy decision-making. Media coverage can create pressure on policymakers to take action by generating a sense of urgency and demand for response among the public and other stakeholders. In addition, media coverage can shape the international community's response to a crisis or conflict, which can further influence policymakers. However, the impact of media coverage on foreign policy decisions is complex and multifaceted, as decision-makers must balance the information presented in the media with other factors, such as strategic interests and long-term goals. This paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between media coverage and foreign policy decision-making, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of media in policy outcomes. Understanding the “CNN effect” can inform the strategies of policymakers, journalists, and the general public in shaping the discourse and decisions of US foreign policy.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Opportunities for the Socio-Economic Development of "Durana"
Authors: Petraj Andela 
Published: June 2023

Sustainable development of the economy based on growth and territorial development has always been one of the biggest challenges of the central government. Tirana and Durres are two of the largest cities of the Republic of Albania. The expansion of their territorial extent (in some cases formal and in others informal) and the tendency for these two cities to meet brought the need to deal with this situation at the central level. The chaotic constructions, the lack of infrastructure as well as the severe damage to the national natural landscape brought the need to draw up a national strategy for this area. In order to guarantee a sustainable territorial and urban development of this area, the Ministry of Urban Development, in cooperation with the National Territorial Planning Agency, took the initiative to draw up the Intersectional Integrated Plan for the Tirana-Durres area. The main goal of this plan is to create the appropriate infrastructure for a sustainable territorial and economic development. This plan will serve to coordinate and unify local government policies between these areas in order to guarantee the economic, social and environmental development of the region, promoting the economy and improving the environment. At the same time, this strategy will also help as a guarantee for foreign investors and businesses, who are interested in being involved in the further development of the Tirana-Durres metropolitan region. In this paper, some important elements related to the development of this area will be treated, giving a modest contribution to the doctrine of law in Albania.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Social Protection Through Adequate Minimum Wage in the States of the European Union
Authors: Țop Dan , Hrestic Maria Luiza 
Published: June 2023

The need to improve living and working conditions in the European Union, but also the idea of ensuring economic and social progress within it, required that the minimum income of each worker could be determined transparently and predictably by each member state, in accordance with social reality and in accordance with national legislation. Directive 2.041/2022 on the adequate minimum wage in the EU, states that from the moment of its entry into force (October 2022), member states have two years to transpose the provisions into domestic legislation. Not all EU countries will have the same adequate minimum income. Each state will establish its level according to social and economic conditions, purchasing power, productivity level and the evolution of macroeconomic indicators at the national level, but having as a guide precisely the provisions of the European directive and the principles it includes. Thus, countries that already have a minimum wage per economy are committed to changing its level according to a formula that ensures a decent living, is consistent with the inflation rate and can cover the minimum shopping basket for various necessary goods and services. Member States are recommended to update their minimum wages at least every two years, and in countries using an automatic indexation mechanism, at least every four years. In order to correctly calculate this income, the directive recommends that member states take as a starting point the value of the consumption basket (as provided by national statistical reports), or set this income at 60% of the median salary or at 50% of the salary gross average per economy. For example, a consumption basket for a decent living can be composed of costs for: food, clothing and footwear, housing insurance, furnishing and maintenance, household products and personal hygiene, services, education and culture, health care, recreation and vacation, savings fund. Romania (with just over 600 euros) ranks among the last EU countries, in 20th place out of 22, just ahead of Hungary and Bulgaria, on a scale of this indicator between 2,387 euros in Luxembourg and 399 euros in Bulgaria. The EU directive will generate greater transparency, certainty, stability and predictability on the labor market, and in times of crisis it will become an anchor for vulnerable citizens from EU countries, implicitly also for those from Romania.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
New Dimensions of Soft Power in the 21st Century
Authors: Uste Ahmet Nazmi , Aydin Ulviyye Sanili 
Published: June 2023

Joseph S. Nye, who is considered one of the most influential scholars on the US politics, has attracted a great attention with his concept of “soft power” in the 1980s. Since then, the term of “soft power” has been used by many academics and politicians with different emphasis. Based on the claim that hard power elements are insufficient alone to reach the goals in modern age, the soft power theory needs to be reinterpreted with the addition of new dimensions in the 21st century. Now it is possible to discuss the use of soft power as a necessity, rather than just a preference for influencing different societies by creating admiration. The 21st century has brought up many new problems and practices to the international agenda. Although the pandemic Covid-19 is the most striking among them, the intertwining of regional wars and cooperations, global warming, environmental issues, migrations and terrorism have both changed the traditional ways of establishing relations between states and created global areas of struggle outside the states. Now the international community and the world public opinion have started to determine their admirable preferences based on the extent of support given to global cooperation and solidarity rather than strong armies or good movies. Using a literature review, this paper aims to draw attention to the new dimensions of soft power in the changing image of the 21st century.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
An Inclusive Education Policy Oriented to Profession is the Key to the Development of Albanian Economy (Historical Trends in Vocational School 2008-2018)
Authors: Sota Jani 
Published: June 2023

Education is a key element in the social and economic life of society. The strength of quality education results in two levels: the level of personal development of the citizen and the level of development of society. On a personal level, education enables people to acquire knowledge, skills and to form critical thinking approaches and make choices about improving the quality of their lives. At the societal level, education is a strategic sector on which the overall development of Albania depends. As education is of strategic importance to the development of society, the state treats it as an essential issue and seeks to control or at least influence it. In this case, the relationship between education and the state is characterized by a certain degree of inclusiveness, in particular, the decentralization of control over inclusive and vocational-oriented education as the key to success in the development of Albanian economy. Building an effective, professionally oriented education system requires: first, it is clear who is responsible for it. There is a need for a competent team of public administration staff who remains in office even after changing governments or ministers to enable continuity in the sustainable implementation of education policies; second, a clear or strategic plan is needed (for the required number of schools each city should have, what subjects should be offered in line with market demands at national, regional and local level; what curriculumn, teaching materials and equipment technical requirements; which teachers and what training do they have in accordance with the admission criteria in the schools and the graduation criteria); third, it is important that students do not choose the vocational school system as a simple alternative to other schools for admission to the university (which may be considered a waste of money); fourth, ongoing coordination between the government and donors involved at the operational and practical levels; fifth, sustainable cooperation with private sector enterprises / companies and lastly, continuity over the years!

Received: 6 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
Role of Education in Shaping Preparedness for Disasters in Albania
Authors: Grabova Perseta , Pojani Elona 
Published: June 2023

Education system is much affected by the challenges imposed by disasters. Disasters affect both demand and supply side of education. During a disaster event, the less developed communities are the ones who bear the highest costs of a damaged environment, and this affects also education provision. These impacts affect the quality of education and jeopardize the security of students and teachers involved in the process of teaching and learning. This article will focus on the importance of disaster risk communication and perception, in the context of implementing a complete disaster management cycle. In particular, attention will be paid to the impacts and role of education, as an important tool for risk communication, emphasized in both research and practice. The methodology the paper includes both desk research and primary data collection. The needs of implementing disaster risk studies in higher education institutions is thoroughly assessed. The past experience with inter-disciplinary studies in the Balkan Region and in Albania is summarized. In-depth interviews are in addition conducted to support our study. Accordingly, conclusion on the needs to develop and integrate disaster studies in current curricula in Higher Education in Albania are elaborated.

Received: 1 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
School Management - New Concept and Practice in Albanian Education
Authors: Sota Jani 
Published: June 2023

Education systems in democratic countries are characterized by the application of democratic principles in the organization, administration, and realization of education; from the intentions to be as open and flexible as possible. School management leads to increased internal and external effectiveness, improved provision, and combination of resources in dynamic structures to meet the basic goals of the system or institution. The aim of this study is devoted to the method of staff selection based on criteria and testing, material needs, field and facility services, health and safety, purchases and finances, information systems and transport, social security, liaison and communication with the public, legal services, etc., which have taken on the values of professionalism. The management of the school is seen not only in the vertical aspect, but also in the horizontal one that has to do with the creation of suitable conditions in everyday life and management of the school, at every level, including the following social actors: teachers, parents, students, leaders, professional or non-governmental associations, personalities of culture, economy, business, etc. Identifying the needs of effective school management makes us sensitive in processing work mentalities and professional relationships to simultaneously identify possible changes. Education employees, scholars and other activists of Albanian life considering new ideas and experiences in school reform from developed countries will present them with efficient choices that will produce inherent values.

Received: 30 October 2021 / Accepted: 2 December 2021 / Published: 9 December 2021