bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Spacing Versus Massing on Orthographic Learning
Authors: Wegener Signy , Wang Hua‐Chen , Beyersmann Elisabeth , Reichle Erik D. , Nation Kate , Castles Anne 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDistributing study opportunities over time typically improves the retention of verbal material compared to consecutive study trials, yet little is known about the influence of temporal spacing on orthographic form learning specifically. This experiment sought to obtain and compare estimates of the magnitude of the spacing effect on written word form learning across three different outcome measures, administered between participants. Skilled adult readers (N = 120) read aloud 16 sentences containing an embedded pseudoword a total of four times. Half of the items were temporally distributed (appearing once in each of four blocks), while half were massed (read on four consecutive trials within a block). After a short delay, learning was assessed using tests of recognition (orthographic choice) or recall (spelling to dictation or letter cue spelling). There was a significant effect of spacing across all outcome measures (all p < .001). When the magnitude of the spacing effect was compared across these three measures, letter cue spelling showed a significantly larger spacing effect than spelling to dictation (p = .039) while orthographic choice did not significantly differ from either (both p > .05). These findings indicate that temporal spacing influences the learning of orthographic form, regardless of the outcome measure used.
Economic planning must be polycentric, not monocentric: Introduction to a symposium on Mises and Hayek on socialism and knowledge
Authors: Carden Art 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe roaring (20‐) 20s are a decade of anniversaries and milestones. 2020 was the 100th anniversary of Ludwig von Mises's seminal article “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth” and the 75th anniversary of F.A. Hayek's seminal article “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” 2022 brought a series of significant anniversaries: the 100th anniversary of Mises's Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis as well as the 60th anniversary of James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock's The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, Milton Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom, and Murray Rothbard's Man, Economy, and State. It was also the 20th anniversary of Vernon Smith's Nobel Prize. The works and milestones celebrating anniversaries in 2022 owe much to Mises's and Hayek's pathbreaking contributions. This paper summarizes and contextualizes Mises's and Hayek's arguments about socialism and knowledge and introduces a Southern Economic Journal symposium on the anniversaries of “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth” and “The Use of Knowledge in Society.”
Enhancement of RC T‐beams toughness using laced stirrups reinforcement for blast response predictions
Authors: Allawi Abbas A. , Shubber Arshad Nadhom , Al Gharawi Mohanned , El‐Zohairy Ayman , Ibrahim Teghreed H. , Al‐Ahmed Ali Hussein Ali , Arafa Ibrahim T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe dynamic behavior of laced reinforced concrete (LRC) T‐beams could give high‐energy absorption capabilities without significantly affecting the cost, which was offered through a combination of high strength and ductile response. In this paper, LRC T‐beams, composed of inclined continuous reinforcement on each side of the beam, were investigated to maintain high deformations as predicted in blast resistance. The beams were tested under four‐point loading to create pure bending zones and obtain the ultimate flexural capacities. Transverse reinforcement using lacing reinforcement and conventional vertical stirrups were compared in terms of deformation, strain, and toughness changes of the tested beams. The inclination angles of the used lacing reinforcement with respect to the longitudinal reinforcement were 45° and 60°. The lacing reinforcement was efficient and participated actively in resisting the bending moments and shear forces at the same time. For the same diameter of lacing reinforcement, the 60° inclination angle imposed more ductility before failure than beams with lacing reinforcement of a 45° inclination angle. Moreover, the lacing bar diameter was more effective in improving the load‐carrying capacities when using the inclination angle of 45°. A finite element (FE) model was developed and validated using the experimental results based on the measured deformations and strains to conduct a parametric study. The investigated parameters included the effect of the arrangements of the applied loads, laced rebar diameter, inclination angle, tension reinforcement ratio, and concrete strength.
Experimental investigation on the effect of liquid phase and vapor phase separation over performance of falling film evaporator
Authors: Anjankar Pankaj , Lakade Sanjay , Padalkar Atul , Nichal Sandeep , Devarajan Yuvarajan , Lakshmaiya Natrayan , Subbaiyan Naveen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEnergy, cost, and environmental concerns play a vital role in understanding governing parameters of distributor design in falling film evaporators. Distributor design is a hidden parameter in many experimental papers. The uniform distribution of liquid refrigerant over the tube bundle mostly depends on two‐phase liquid refrigerant and vapor refrigerant. This work conducted experiments with two distribution systems with and without separation of liquid‐vapor refrigerant after expansion valve for the same evaporator capacity with R134a as a refrigerant. Results reveal that; separating vapor refrigerant has a positive impact on the approach of the evaporator with an open system distributor arrangement. The highest delta T and lowest practice are found at a heat flux of 13.97 kW/m2 with an available system distributor compared to a closed system with a heat flux of 14.25 kW/m2. The open system arrangement in the distributor is the novel parameter for distributor design, ensuring uniform distribution with minimum pressure drop and dry suction. An open system distributor has an average 16.1% capacity increase over a closed system. The experimental analysis helps to understand different parameters for the design of distributors in falling film evaporators for uniform distribution.
Prediction of infected pancreatic necrosis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis by the modified pancreatitis activity scoring system
Authors: Mao Wenjian , Li Kang , Zhou Jing , Chen Miao , Ye Bo , Li Gang , Singh Vikesh , Buxbaum James , Fu Xiaoyun , Tong Zhihui , Liu Yuxiu , Windsor John , Li Weiqin , Ke Lu ,   for the Chinese Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Trials Group (CAPCTG)
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectivesInfected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a significant complication of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Early identification of patients at high risk of IPN would enable appropriate treatment, but there is a lack of valid tools. This study aimed to assess the performance of the Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System (PASS) and its modifications (by removing or reducing the weight of opioid usage) in predicting IPN in a cohort of predicted severe ANP patients.MethodsData was prospectively collected in the TRACE trial (2017–2020) involving 16 sites across China. The predictive performance of PASS, modified PASS (mPASS), and conventional indices were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Hosmer‐Lemeshow Ĉ‐test, Brier score, and Fagan's nomogram. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (MLRA) was used to define the relationship between the best‐performing PASS/mPASS model and IPN.ResultsA total of 508 subjects were enrolled (median age, 43 years; 62.8% males) in the original trial, and 122 developed IPN (24%) within 90 days after randomization. Compared with non‐IPN patients, the scores of PASS and its modified models were significantly higher in the IPN patients (all p < 0.001). Among the PASS and its modifications, mPASS‐4 had the largest AUC, the lowest Brier score, and good calibration. The mPASS‐4 model demonstrated an AUC of 0.752 in predicting IPN (the optimal cut‐off for the mPASS‐4 was 292.5) and outperformed the conventional indices. The MLRA results showed that mPASS‐4 >292.5 was an independent risk factor of IPN (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.1–6.3).ConclusionThe PASS and its modifications during the first week of ANP onset predict the development of IPN, with mPASS‐4 performing best. The mPASS‐4 model simplifies the original PASS, increasing the likelihood of clinical implementation.
Veterinary nanomedicine: Pros and cons
Authors: Jafary Fariba , Motamedi Shima , Karimi Isaac 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn recent years, nanotechnology has improved life with continuous growth in different fields. Nanoparticles can be employed in industry, imaging, engineering, and various biomedical filed because of their special physicochemical properties like rapid, effective, highly specific solutions, higher stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cost. In this line, veterinary medicine has been influenced by nanotechnology in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, cancer therapy, immunization, vaccine production, drug delivery, and health besides to related issues of animal production, maintenance, and welfare. The other important point is the interwoven linkage between animals and humans whether as a food source or as a companionship. Inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric, solid lipid, liposomal, nanocrystal, nanotubes, nanoemulsions, micelles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and dendrimers are kinds of nanoparticles that can be used widely. In this review, the impacts of nanotechnology on veterinary medicine have been summarized, criticized, and acknowledged as “veterinary nanomedicine” discipline.
A study using a canine hydrotherapy treadmill at five different conditions to kinematically assess range of motion of the thoracolumbar spine in dogs
Authors: Hodgson Heidi , Blake Scott , de Godoy Roberta Ferro 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundIncline treadmill and underwater treadmill (UWTM) exercises are common canine rehabilitation modalities , which are often used in isolation in dogs recovering from spinal surgery. Early use of an incline during UWTM exercise may have the potential to improve rehabilitation outcomes in dogs, but, it is hypothesised that dorsoventral movement of the spine may be excessive meaning it is unsuitable in some circumstances.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify changes in canine spinal kinematics in dogs when using a dry treadmill at different angles of incline compared to an underwater treadmill using the same inclines.MethodsEight dogs were encouraged to walk on a dry, horizontal, underwater treadmill as well as under the same conditions with both a 10% and 20% incline. This was then repeated at a 10% and 20% incline with the addition of water to hock level. Data were collected using reflective anatomical markers placed at the occipital protuberance, T1, T13, L3, L7 and sacral apex, captured by a high‐speed camera facing the lateral aspect of the treadmill. Dorsoventral motion of the spine as well as flexion, extension and range of motion (ROM) of T1, T13, L3 and L7 were recorded.ResultsWe found significant differences in dorsoventral spinal ROM at T1, L3 and L7, but no significant differences in T13 ROM. No significant differences were found in flexion and extension of any of the joints assessed when comparing dry conditions to the use of water (P>0.05).ConclusionsThe lack of significant differences in joint flexion and extension at T1, T13, L3 and L7 indicates the potential safe use of combining underwater treadmill and incline exercise in canine rehabilitation. However, a lack of uniformity in results makes distinguishing any patterns of significance difficult. More research is needed to establish the effects of these exercises in additional planes of motion before a treatment protocol can be established.
Transition of thermally induced flow in a square cavity using an iterative predictor–corrector meshfree approach
Authors: Hilali Youssef , Bourihane Oussama 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper aims to propose a new approach based on meshfree method to solve the dimensionless steady nonlinear natural convection equations. The solution methodology uses the moving least squares (MLS) shape functions to discretize the weak form of the governing equations and the Newton–Raphson algorithm to compute the nonlinear solution. Parametric studies of natural convection concerning closed two‐dimensional (2D) cavity with different operating conditions filled with air is used to assess the impact of the proposed approach on the performance of computed solutions. The cavity is formed by adiabatic and isothermal walls. For that, in all considered cases, the vertical sidewalls of the enclosure are heated differentially and maintained at hot and cold temperatures. The horizontal top and bottom walls are considered thermally insulated. The thermophysical properties of the working fluid are assumed to be constant except the density variations causing a body force term in the momentum equation. No‐slip boundary condition is applied at all enclosure boundaries and all internal body boundaries. The considered cases are described and analyzed in detail to check the validity of the proposed method. A comparison is performed between the results obtained from the present computer code and those available in the literature. The influence of various controlling parameters is analyzed and discussed graphically through the obtained streamlines, isotherms, and (maximum and average) Nusselt number. The numerical results computed by the proposed method are found to be in good agreement with the reference data.
Benefit Corporations: Trends and Perspectives
Authors: Stella Richter Mario , Passador Maria Lucia , Sertoli Cecilia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter frames the recent rise and vibrant growth of the phenomenon concerning benefit companies in the broader context of the general trend of a re-thinking of corporate purpose, shareholder welfare, shareholder theory, enlightened shareholder value, as well as corporate social responsibility.After tracing this framework, the present study particularly focuses on the necessity (or advisability) of a regulatory initiative regarding benefit companies and, if so, for which purposes. According to the authors, the point is to decide whether it is necessary to pass a law on benefit societies to be able to steer the management of the companies towards pursuing the dual purpose (i.e., a specifically determined social interest after balancing the selfish shareholder interest and that of other parties).In conclusion, the authors believe that, except in those cases where benefit corporations contribute to the creation of shareholder wealth, it is hard to imagine them being used in a numerically meaningful way.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Argentina
Authors: Cracogna Dante 
Published: December 2022

AbstractArgentina has no specific legislation on social enterprises or benefit corporations. Notwithstanding, there exist legal forms of organization that can be considered to be the former, and we have begun to see the latter emerge. This chapter considers the BIC (Benefit and Collective Interest) Companies bill passed in 2018 by the Chamber of Representatives of the Argentine Congress, which was moved to the Senate to complete its enactment process. However, since the bill was not discussed by this second Chamber within the period stipulated by the law, it had to be reintroduced in Congress. Two new bills were submitted that reproduce the previous bill’s text with some minor changes. Both are currently undergoing the corresponding legislative process. This review examines the bill passed by the Chamber of Representatives, the innovations included in the two subsequent bills, and the emergent experience of existing benefit corporations.
The Social Enterprise Movement and the Birth of Hybrid Organisational Forms as Policy Response to the Growing Demand for Firm Altruism
Authors: Ventura Livia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSocial enterprise can be described as a complex and variegated phenomenon marked by different extensions and definitions according to the legal system of reference. This contribution is focused on a specific area of the social enterprise spectrum, that of the hybrid dual-purpose businesses, conceiving social enterprises as private organisations that carry out commercial activities to pursue social and environmental, as well as economic, objectives. In the past few decades, several legal systems have introduced new hybrid entities designed to adequately meet the needs of social entrepreneurs and capable of bringing together social and environmental aims with business approaches. The birth of social enterprise, with the introduction of philanthropic goals into the articles of association’s corporate purpose clause, is particularly difficult to understand through the lenses of the economic analysis of law or the neoclassical economics and its homo economicus paradigm. This study attempts to offer an interpretative key for understanding these hybrid models abandoning the classical homo economicus paradigm to embrace a reading based on behavioural law and economics and the Yale approach to the economic analysis of law, according to which altruism and beneficence should be considered as ends in themselves, as goods desired by people and for which they are willing to pay the price. In this line of reasoning, social enterprises, as a bottom-up phenomenon are the legislator’s policy response to the growing demand for firm altruism emerging from civil society.
B Corps, Benefit Corporations and Socially Oriented Enterprises in Canada
Authors: Giagnocavo Cynthia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBenefit corporations are quite new in Canada, having been brought into force only on 30 June 2020 in the province of British Columbia. B Corps, however, are present and gaining ground across most provinces and territories. Benefit corporations under the new legislation are deemed to meet certification as B Corps. Other similar stakeholder interest companies are considered, such as community interest/contribution companies, social enterprises and co-operatives. Reference is made as well to Supreme Court of Canada jurisprudence, which already lays the ground for a broader consideration of stakeholder interests and benefits under corporate law in Canada. Finally, diverse opinions on introducing benefit corporation legislation are presented.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in China
Authors: Li Jian , Zhao Meng , Xu Caiyun 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe reform of China’s social welfare system, the development of civil society, and the prosperity of corporate social responsibility have nourished the seeds of social enterprises in China, while the introduction of international social enterprise concepts has inspired social enterprises to take root. There are no legal forms specifically designed for social enterprise. Therefore, social enterprises have to adopt a legal status with one of the existing legal forms, such as enterprises, civil nonenterprise units, and specialized farmers’ cooperatives, and they are regulated and protected by the laws and regulations related to them. Also, the identity of social enterprises is given through the B Corp certification system or the indigenous certification system. Although the Chinese government is still cautious about formulating specific social enterprise laws and policies at the national level, there have been breakthroughs in local governments’ supportive attitudes and actions toward social enterprises. From a macroperspective, the state’s emphasis on the participation of market forces in public services and the introduction of China’s innovative policies in areas such as rural revitalization, elderly care, and so on have a positive impact on the practice of social entrepreneurship.
The Suitability of French Law to B Corp
Authors: Hiez David 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn the Napoleonian code tradition, French law provides the model for B-Corp-friendly company law, with no legal impediment to the development of such entities. But French law also contains on two other trends: social and solidarity economy, appeared in the nineteenth century and renewed in 2014, and since 2019 purpose enterprises, which corporate social responsibility engagement is legally labelled. All these forms differ but do not oppose each other and sometimes are mixed.
The Suitability of Luxembourgish Law to B Corp
Authors: Hiez David 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLuxembourg is famous as an important finance capital in Europe but its legislation on social enterprises and its approach to B Corp is less well known. Its company law is traditionally copied on Belgian law, so that it is B Corp friendly in the same respect, even if its last major reform in 2016 is more autonomous and suspect of excessive attention paid to multinational enterprises. But Luxembourg has also been inspired by social and solidarity economy and created in 2016 a special legal modality for social enterprises: the societal impact company. The social impact company is an original legislation, open to diverse legal forms of companies, accredited by the Minister and, above all, the acknowledgement of two different classes of shares: impact shares and return shares. Meanwhile, Luxembourg is a good example of public support for corporate social responsibility, with a national label; the outcome is a low number of B Corp, since many companies choose to get the national label.
Certified B Corps in Mexico
Authors: Méjan Luis Manuel C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the legal framework for the classification of various entities (both commercial and non-commercial) as corporations with social or environmental impact in Mexico. Considering the absence of ad hoc legislation and the widespread incentives for companies to become certified as enterprises with a commitment to social interest, several recommendations are put forward. Specifically, this chapter details how a legal regime could be integrated into the country’s current regulatory environment to increase the number of firms eligible for B Lab certification.
Finding Space for the B Corporation Within the South African Legal Landscape
Authors: Bradstreet Richard S. , Stoop Helena 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSouth African law has traditionally only recognised the corporate form as either a means of achieving shareholder wealth maximisation or pursuing non-profit objectives—these two purposes being mutually exclusive. The radically overhauled Companies Act of 2008 sought to, inter alia, reaffirm the concept of the company as a means of achieving both economic and social benefits, and provides some flexibility for directors of a profit company to actively pursue social objects although the board is ultimately mandated to act in the best interests of the company’s present and future shareholders. This chapter surveys the South African legal landscape of social enterprise regulation, and evaluates it from the perspective of the benefit corporation model, identifying impediments to the operation of entities with such dual profit and philanthropic purposes within the existing framework.