bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Mwambari David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits the core arguments and proposes opportunities for future research in Rwanda and beyond. An analysis of sources over the first two decades postgenocide shows that Rwanda’s approach to coming to terms with its violent past is characterized by contradictions. When it comes to Rwanda’s memory politics, especially current tense debates among memory actors in both Rwanda and among the diaspora, it is argued there are crucial spaces toto foster such debates into peaceful conversations. Proposed is an Agaciro approach from Rwandan philosophy that centers an understanding of dignity that is not only about the individual’s rights but also relating to another’s dignity and “utu” (or being). This makes space for compassionate discussion of what a dignity-centered approach in memory studies would mean for examining multiple narratives about past violent events, regardless of geography or a country’s (un)democratic status. Such an approach allows locating and studying interlinkages between memory forms emerging from mourning experiences from the Global South and those in the Global North. It also allows interrogating the power dynamics between these different approaches when actors crafting narratives about recent or distant violent histories. A relational dignity turn advocates for each context to first look within its own history and philosophy for coming to terms with the past while recognizing other approaches in circulation in other contexts but without insisting on one being superior than than the others. The localized forms of remembering should be included in universal or international practices of mourning.
Essays on Speech Acts and Other Topics in Pragmatics
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The author of the Essays that are republished here has worked on speech acts and other topics in pragmatics taking as her point of departure John L. Austin’s philosophy of language. The main focus of the volume is on illocution, including issues such as illocutionary act classification, the role of the hearer’s uptake and the interlocutor’s responses, the accommodation of speaker-related preconditions, and the relationship of illocution with knowledge and power. Austin’s way of distinguishing classes of illocutionary acts is defended and is shown to be useful in the analysis of discourse and conversation. The illocutionary act is described as bringing about effects on the deontic aspects of the relationship among the participants: such effects are defeasible, and conventional too, since their coming into being depends on the participants’ agreement. This agreement, in many informal situations at least, is made manifest by the response of the addressee or other participant to the speaker’s utterance and may be implicitly negotiated in conversation. Particular attention is paid to Verdictives and Exercitives. The collection also touches upon presupposition (considered in its communicative and persuasive functions), implicature and other aspects of Paul Grice’s philosophy, and philosophical approaches to gender issues, always in the light of the author’s view of speech as action.
Introduction
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The essays collected in this volume examine the categories of speech act theory and apply and develop them in the context of natural discourse and conversation. The Introduction to this collection of essays illustrates the formation and development of the author’s views in the field of pragmatics with particular focus on speech act theory and on implicitness, under interdisciplinary influences from philosophy, narrative semiotics, linguistics, and the sociology of interaction. It also explains the aims and circumstances of each of the essays. Finally, it summarizes the author’s current views on the main themes of the volume, with focus on the dynamics of illocution, and briefly comments on some of their philosophical implications.
On Illocutionary Types
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The classification of illocutionary acts outlined by John L. Austin is examined and elaborated upon. Austin’s four classes of Exercitives, Commissives, Verdictives, and Behabitives are reconsidered and characterized by distinguishing between types of conventional effect on an interactional relation. These effects are described in terms of assignment or cancellation of deontic-modal predicates to or from the participants. The participants are considered in terms of the “actants” they express, borrowing this notion from narrative semiotics. Considering the overlaps among Austin’s classes not as a weakness but as a strong point of his classification, and with the intent of making possible a dynamic use of illocutionary types in the analysis of discourse and conversation, the paper also examines similarities and combinatory possibilities among illocutionary types and explores the possible shifts from one type to the other both in varieties of illocutionary act and in the illocutionary forces of utterance tokens.
Presupposition, Implicature, and Context in Text Understanding
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The roles which presupposition and implicature play with respect to what is asserted by a text and to its context are examined as a part of the process of text understanding. This process involves constructing and updating the representation of the context. Assertion, implicature, and presupposition can be described as three different ways in which changes in the representation of the context are induced. On the basis of such a description, it is claimed that, contrary to most of the literature on the subject (in which presupposition and implicature seem not to be allowed to coexist without being seen as identical), there are good reasons to consider presupposition and implicature as distinct. For example, a presupposition may be such even if its content has already been asserted, while this would make an implicature useless, and therefore prevent it from arising.
Uptake and Conventionality in Illocution
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to outline a way of conceiving of the conventionality of illocutionary acts grounded in Austin’s original ideas. While the indispensability of the securing of uptake is widely accepted as a hallmark of illocution, it has also been taken as evidence of the intention-based nature of illocutionary acts as opposed to their conventionality. The paper discusses the readings of the “securing of uptake” offered by Strawson and Searle and comments on the divide between communicative and conventional speech acts. It then argues that illocutionary acts are conventional because they have conventional effects and that the bringing about of such effects is bound up with the indispensability of the securing of uptake. This explains in what sense, according to Austin, the performative use of illocutionary verbs (which may help the speaker secure uptake) is a hallmark of the conventionality of illocution.
The Austinian Conception of Illocution and Its Implications for Value Judgments and Social Ontology
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with J. L. Austin’s conception of illocution and some of its philosophical implications as to value judgments and social ontology. It summarizes the main lines of the view of illocution that the author attributes to Austin and provides examples of conventional illocutionary effects. It then discusses the implications of Austin’s classification of illocutionary acts for value judgments, arguing that Austin challenges the fact/value dichotomy by assimilating statements of fact to value judgments. As regards social ontology, it claims that many social realities can be described as sets of deontic states of the social agents involved, which can be (and often are) effects of illocutionary acts brought about by means of intersubjective agreement. In conclusion, a possible counterintuitive consequence of this conception of illocution is discussed and a solution is proposed.
Assertion among the Speech Acts
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses how assertion is collocated among the other speech acts, starting from the assumption that, in speech-act theoretical terms, assertion is an illocutionary act. It examines how assertion relates to other illocutionary acts involving the utterance of plain declarative sentences and how it should be collocated within the whole gamut of illocutionary acts. While the former exploration relies upon an intuitive grasp of the family of assertive illocutionary acts, the latter requires a more complete characterization of assertion, in the framework of a reconsideration of illocutionary act classification. Using Austin’s terms, assertion is described as an expositive Verdictive: an act affecting discursive and conversational relations, but also involving judgment and allowing for the transfer of knowledge. Finally, the question is raised of the role or rank of assertion among the illocutionary acts, that is, whether there are any reasons to grant it a special place, or it is just one among the others.
Testimony, Luck, and Conversational Implicature
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Speakers convey messages in a variety of ways, including assertion, presupposition, and conversational implicature. Assertion is the paradigm vehicle for acts of testifying. The speaker gives her word to her audience that the presented content is true, allowing them to gain knowledge via a distinctive mechanism: believing on the speaker’s say-so. This is made possible by the conventions and norms that govern the social practice of making assertions, encapsulated in assertion’s being governed by the norm that one must: assert that P only if one knows that P. Do other means of conveying a message also amount to testifying to it? I first examine presupposition, which can be used as a sneaky way to inculcate belief in an audience without it being subject to attention and scrutiny. I then turn to conversational implicature, which I show is an epistemically fragile means of conveying a message, and as such is not apt to be, and is not, governed by a social norm, as the robust communicative means assertion is. We see that only explicit assertion of a conveyed message amounts to testifying to it.
Introduction and current context
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the title. It summarises how interest in modern slavery continues to grow, but that root causes continue to be under-investigated. While the focus in extant literature is often placed on the experiences of exploitation, this chapter outlines how this work turns to look instead at the vulnerabilities that cause it. Situating conflict as one of the root causes of modern slavery, it provides a brief insight into how the research for this work was undertaken, by investigating first-hand insights to draw conclusions as to the precise vulnerabilities caused by conflict. It concludes with a chapter outline, which briefly encapsulates the content of each chapter.
Current understandings of conflict and modern slavery
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarises how understandings of conflict relating to modern slavery in existing literature focus almost exclusively on conflict in the sense of war. The literature identifies victims predominantly as child soldiers, and perpetrators as peacekeepers. This chapter provides an overview of the experiences of child soldiers including methods of recruitment and ongoing vulnerabilities after demobilisation. It discusses peacekeeping missions and how they increase rates in trafficking of girls and women to respond to peacekeeping troops paying for sex, despite being forbidden from doing so. It then considers the vulnerabilities that face people in post-conflict societies as they grapple with political and economic transition, corruption, and displacement. The chapter concludes by considering literature that addresses examples of non-violent conflict and how they may correspond with experiences of modern slavery.
Generating the conditions for risk
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at intersectionality and structural dynamics to determine that there is no single or intersecting identity trait that is always responsible for increasing the likelihood that one person will become more vulnerable to modern slavery than another. Instead, it encourages identity to be understood in tandem with the context and structural dynamics that an individual faces. Contexts that limit people’s choices and reduce their support networks are those that are most likely to generate a risk to modern slavery. The chapter goes on to consider some of the ways in which UK government systems are generating these vulnerabilities, specifically looking at the current response to modern slavery, the asylum system, and tied visas.
From victim blaming to victim agency
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how individuals’ agency can lead them towards situations of modern slavery. It debates the usefulness of victim terminology and the impact its use has on generating unrealistic depictions of those who suffer modern slavery, which therefore risks encouraging misunderstandings among the public, practitioners (such as police and social workers), and victims themselves. The chapter challenges the notion that victimhood and agency are mutually exclusive, and demonstrates the prevalence of agency in the lead up to situations of modern slavery. It also considers the interplay between structure and agency in generating and perpetuating situations of modern slavery. These are all fundamental aspects in understanding who is vulnerable to becoming a victim of modern slavery, why they are at risk, and the conditions that might exacerbate the likelihood of victimisation.
Conclusion
Authors: Heys Alicia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarises the findings discussed throughout this title. It reviews how conflict can encourage situations of modern slavery by creating two specific vulnerabilities: reducing the options available to a person, and causing a breakdown in their support networks. This chapter then highlights the importance of understanding agency and victimhood on a scale as opposed to as binary opposites before going on to identify the ways in which some UK policies exacerbate the risk of modern slavery by generating the same vulnerabilities as conflict. It emphasises the importance of investigating the interaction between structure and agency in facilitating situations of modern slavery, and concludes by offering recommendations as to how the findings from the research could be practically applied to reduce the risk of modern slavery.
Evaluation politics in international organizations
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The aim of Chapter 3 is to clarify what exactly makes evaluation political and how one could study these politics in international organizations (IOs). The chapter presents a review of the state of the art about the political function of evaluation and explains why it matters. It also outlines the main evaluation stakeholders in IOs, introducing member states and international public administrations (IPAs) as key actors. Building on principal–agent theory and previous IO research, expectations about stakeholder political interests and how evaluation can facilitate them are developed. This way, the chapter introduces the book’s conceptual and theoretical framework, including theorized hypotheses that are tested in the remainder of the book.
Political evaluation use in international organizations
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines political evaluation use in international organizations (IOs), defined as situations in which actors refer to evaluation (their findings, processes, or recommendations) to realize their own political interests in the competition with others. The chapter presents six case studies on the political evaluation use in the United Nations Development Programme, International Labour Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Organization for Migration, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and Food and Agriculture Organization. Based on extensive in-depth interviews with member state representatives, IO administrations, and evaluators in all these IOs, the findings show evidence for political evaluation use in all organizations. Importantly, the political evaluation use systematically aligns to the interests of either member states or the IO secretariat depending on evaluation units’ orientation and stakeholder control.
Matters of Interpretation
Authors: Kleinlein Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 by Thomas Kleinlein addresses the overall theme of value change from a legal perspective. He analyses how legal methodology deals with change. Kleinlein posits that change is a defining feature of law and proposes to distinguish between structural change and norm change. He engages with doctrinal categories that offer techniques to handle change in international legal practice and distinguishes between formal and informal modes of change. Based on an internal perspective on legal methods he stresses the importance of informal change in legal interpretations. In a final step, he offers a theoretical perspective on interpretative change.
Ex iniuria ius oritur? Norm Change and Norm Erosion of the Prohibition of Torture
Authors: Steiger Dominik 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 by Dominik Steiger assesses from a legal perspective whether prevalent practices of torture and ill-treatment or state representatives’ reinterpretations and discursive contestations in the context of counter-terrorism undermined the prohibition of torture. Steiger is particularly interested in whether the US violation of the prohibition of torture affected the attitudes of other states. Employing the traditional sources of international law, namely treaty and customary international law, he concludes that the value is robust and resilient. Thus, pure non-compliance does neither lead to norm change nor to norm erosion. The chapter further shows that the validity of mono-disciplinary findings can be strengthened by interdisciplinary research.
Arms Control
Authors: Sossai Mirko 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 by Mirko Sossai chooses a legal perspective to examine the development of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear non-use norms, which protect the fundamental values of international peace and security. Sossai identifies several intertwined drivers of change in the NPT regime, most notably the tension between national interests and community values inherent in the regime. He illustrates how the non-implementation of disarmament obligations has led to a forum shift from the NPT regime to the General Assembly. Moreover, by promoting the value of humanity, he notes that the recently concluded Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons intensified the value orientation of the nuclear weapons regime. Thus, he finds indications for a value shift in that the priority accorded to specific values is shifting in the case of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear non-use norms.
International Women’s Rights
Authors: Roggeband Conny 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
From an IR perspective, Chapter 14 by Conny Roggeband assesses whether gender equality norms—expanded and strengthened in the 1990s—have changed due to opposition to treaty law and countermobilization. Roggeband traces changes in legal norms surrounding the promotion of gender equality at the international and national level. Drawing on social movement theory, she analyses how democratic backsliding, diminishing civic space on the one hand, and access to the platforms of the UN on the other, create favourable conditions for severe countermobilization dynamics. She finds that a decline in the legal status of women’s norms is not yet clearly discernible. However, there are strong indications that the legally protected value of gender equality is losing its social validity.
Precaution and Genetically Modified Organisms
Authors: Stoll Peter-Tobias 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 by Peter-Tobias Stoll stresses the ambiguous role of regime complexity or fragmentation from a legal perspective. He focuses on the protection of the value of sustainable development through the precautionary principle in the trade in genetically modified organisms. Stoll observes a process of fragmentation with regard to the precautionary principle in view of its codification in two distinct treaties: the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, and the Cartagena Protocol. He highlights the EC-Biotech case. In that case, the WTO panel was unable to resolve the pertinent norm dispute through the principle of systemic integration because it refused to consider the Cartagena Protocol. The WTO’s approach may be read as a decline in the legal validity or legal status of the value of sustainability or precaution, in that it reflects a shift in priorities.
Conclusion
Authors: Krieger Heike , Liese Andrea 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Based on the previous findings in this book, Chapter 18 by Heike Krieger and Andrea Liese discusses the general dynamics of change or metamorphosis in the international legal order. They discern a mixed picture of an international order between metamorphosis—that is, a more fundamental transformation—of international law, norm change, turbulences, and robustness. They explain drivers of change and highlight factors such as national interests during the war on terror, changing long-term foreign policy beliefs, and the rise in populism and autocracy, before discussing the most common strategies the actors involved use. Other relevant factors include changes in the political environment, such as shocks and power shifts or the ambiguous role of fragmentation. Moreover, they identify factors that make legal norms robust, including the vital role of norm defenders and legal and institutional structures as stabilizing elements. Krieger and Liese conclude by cautioning that if the attacks on the international order continue at the current frequency and magnitude, a metamorphosis of international law will likely be unstoppable.