bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alebion carchariae (Copepod: Caligidae) host plasticity and distribution: a new host and locality record from Ascension Island
Authors: Orrell Danielle L. , Questel Jennifer M. , Smoot Caitlin A. , Simpson Tiffany , Hussey Nigel E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The first record of the parasite Alebion carchariae in the waters of Ascension Island collected from Galapagos sharks, Carcharhinus galapagensis (Carcharhinidae), is described. No previous record of this parasite exists for Ascension Island, nor have Galapagos sharks previously been listed as a host. Specimens of A. carchariae were identified using morphological techniques and DNA barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase I subunit (COI) gene. This study provides the first COI barcodes for this species and a brief review of known hosts. We recommend further research to understand the life cycle of this parasite, its plasticity in terms of host/habitat selection, and to determine the implications of its presence on the hosts it inhabits.
Escape from troubled shores: finding of a shallow-water boreal gastropod Onoba aculeus on the high Arctic shelf
Authors: Nekhaev Ivan O. , Rumyantseva Zinaida Y. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The species composition and distribution of marine invertebrates varies greatly in different bathymetric regions. Nevertheless, the process of exchange between faunas of different depths has occurred repeatedly throughout the evolution of marine biodiversity. In high latitudes, this process should occur most actively due to absence of strong temperature stratification. The presence of physiological adaptations that allow northern shallow-water organisms to live at greater depth has been demonstrated in a series of experiments. However, known cases of recent colonization by species confined to a highly productive shallow-water zone in unusually deeper Arctic habitats are almost absent. The present study describes finding of population of the gastropod Onoba aculeus (Gould, 1841) in two samples from the lower continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean. Onoba aculeus is a shallow-water amphiatlantic species widely distributed in the temperate regions. The finding reported here is at the same time, the northernmost, easternmost, and most remote from the coast location. We assume that the detection of molluscs indicates the presence of an abundant isolated population in the region.
Low status, humiliation, dopamine and risk of schizophrenia
Authors: Selten Jean Paul , Ormel Johan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia, which proposes that the chronic experience of outsider status or subordinate position leads to increased striatal dopamine activity and thereby to increased risk, has been criticized. The aims of this paper are to improve the definition of defeat and to integrate the social defeat hypothesis with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Marmot advanced the idea that low status is pathogenic in that it is associated with a lack of social participation and a lack of autonomy. Given the similarity with outsider status and subordinate position, we re-define social defeat as low status. From this new perspective it is also likely that pre-schizophrenic impairments (of neurodevelopmental origin or not) are pathogenic in that they contribute to low status. The effect of low status may be enhanced by repeated exposure to humiliation, but few studies have measured this variable. Since most individuals exposed to low status do not develop schizophrenia, we propose that this risk factor increases the risk of disorder in the presence of a poor homeostatic control of dopamine neurons in midbrain and dorsal striatum. This is consistent with studies of healthy subjects which report a negative association between low socio-economic status and dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the dorsal striatum. In this new version of the social defeat hypothesis we propose that the combination of low status, repeated humiliation and poor homeostatic control of dopamine neurons in midbrain and dorsal striatum leads to increased striatal dopamine activity and thereby to an increased risk of schizophrenia.
The effects of overhearing on vocabulary learning in ethnic majority and minority preschool children
Authors: BODERÉ Anneleen , ZENNER Eline , VANBUEL Marieke , CLYCQ Noel , VAN DEN BRANDEN Kris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractResearch shows that infants and preschoolers can learn novel words equally well through addressed speech as through overhearing two adults. However, most of this research draws from samples of ethnic majority children. The current study compares word learning in preschoolers (M age = 5;6) with an ethnic minority and an ethnic majority background (N = 132). An experimenter of the majority group (representative for most teachers in Flemish education) told a story in three different interaction situations: Addressed Speech, Overhearing Classroom and Overhearing Two Adults. Results show that children of both ethnic groups learn novel words in Addressed Speech and in Overhearing Classroom equally well. However, minority children learned significantly fewer words in Overhearing Two Adults. This study suggests important differences in how ethnic majority and minority children learn through indirect speech in educational (monolingual) settings. In addition, the study scrutinizes the potential role of social identification in overhearing mechanisms.
Is sized typing for Coq practical?
Authors: CHAN JONATHAN , LI YUFENG , BOWMAN WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Contemporary proof assistants such as Coq require that recursive functions be terminating and corecursive functions be productive to maintain logical consistency of their type theories, and some ensure these properties using syntactic checks. However, being syntactic, they are inherently delicate and restrictive, preventing users from easily writing obviously terminating or productive functions at their whim.
Meanwhile, there exist many sized type theories that perform type-based termination and productivity checking, including theories based on the Calculus of (Co)Inductive Constructions (CIC), the core calculus underlying Coq. These theories are more robust and compositional in comparison. So why haven’t they been adapted to Coq?
In this paper, we venture to answer this question with CIC

$\widehat{\ast}$

, a sized type theory based on CIC. It extends past work on sized types in CIC with additional Coq features such as global and local definitions. We also present a corresponding size inference algorithm and implement it within Coq’s kernel; for maximal backward compatibility with existing Coq developments, it requires no additional annotations from the user.
In our evaluation of the implementation, we find a severe performance degradation when compiling parts of the Coq standard library, inherent to the algorithm itself. We conclude that if we wish to maintain backward compatibility, using size inference as a replacement for syntactic checking is impractical in terms of performance.
Paediatric cardiology training: burnout, fulfilment, and fears
Authors: McCormick Amanda D. , Lim Heang M. , Strohacker Courtney M. , Yu Sunkyung , Lowery Ray , Vitale Carolyn , Ligsay Andrew , Aiyagari Ranjit , Schumacher Kurt R. , Fifer Carlen G. , Owens Sonal T. , Cousino Melissa K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackground:Burnout is well characterised in physicians and residents but not in paediatric cardiology fellows, and few studies follow burnout longitudinally. Training-specific fears have been described in paediatric cardiology fellows but also have not been studied at multiple time points. This study aimed to measure burnout, training-specific fears, and professional fulfilment in paediatric cardiology fellows with the attention to time of year and year-of-training.Methods:This survey-based study included the Professional Fulfillment Index and the Impact of Events Scale as well as an investigator-designed Fellow Fears Questionnaire. Surveys were distributed at three-time points during the academic year to paediatric cardiology fellows at a large Midwestern training programme. Fellow self-reported gender and year-of-training were collected. Descriptive analyses were performed.Results:10/17 (59%) of fellows completed all surveys; 60% were female, 40% in the first-year class, 40% in the second-year class, and 20% in the third-year class. At least half of the fellows reported burnout at each survey time point, with lower mean professional fulfilment scores. The second-year class, who rotate primarily in the cardiac ICU, had higher proportions of burnout than the other two classes. At least half of fellows reported that they “often” or “always” worried about not having enough clinical knowledge or skills and about work–life balance.Conclusions:Paediatric cardiology fellows exhibit high proportions of burnout and training-specific fears. Interventions to mitigate burnout should be targeted specifically to training needs, including during high-acuity rotations.
IL-6, homocysteine, and autism spectrum phenotypes: an investigation among adults with autism spectrum disorder and their first-degree relatives
Authors: Carpita Barbara , Massoni Leonardo , Battaglini Simone , Palego Lionella , Cremone Ivan M. , Massimetti Gabriele , Betti Laura , Giannaccini Gino , Dell’Osso Liliana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of recognizing different kinds of autism spectrum presentations among adults, including subthreshold forms and the broad autism phenotype (BAP), has been increasingly highlighted in recent studies. Meanwhile, the possible involvement of immune system deregulation and altered methylation/trans-sulfuration processes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is gaining growing attention, but studies in this field are mainly focused on children. In this framework, the aim of this study was to compare plasmatic concentrations of IL-6 and homocysteine (HCY) among adults with ASD, their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls (CTLs), investigating also possible correlations with specific autism symptoms.MethodsPlasma concentrations of IL-6 and HCY were measured in a group of adult subjects with ASD, their first-degree relatives (BAP group), and healthy controls (CTL). All participants were also evaluated with psychometric instruments.ResultsIL-6 and HCY concentrations were significantly higher in the ASD group than in CTLs, while BAP subjects reported intermediate results. Significant correlations were reported between biochemical parameters and psychometric scales, particularly for the dimension of ruminative thinking.ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis of a key involvement of HCY-related metabolism and immune system alteration in autism spectrum pathophysiology. HCY and IL-6 seem to show different associations with specific autism dimensions.
The Scholar Priest in the Church of England in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Jasper David 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Oxford Movement in the 1830s prompted some formidable theological scholarship which profoundly affected the lives and personalities of many Oxford-educated Church of England clergymen, not a few of whom combined deeply scholarly lives with successful parish ministries. This essay examines the lives of two such men, Canon T.F. Simmons, a parish priest in Yorkshire for some thirty years, and Bishop Mandell Creighton, much of whose scholarly writing was produced in a remote Northumberland parish before his return to Cambridge and London. By the end of the century such learned clergymen were becoming a rarity in the Church of England.
Atmospheric River Variability Over the Last Millennium Driven by Annular Modes
Authors: Baek Seung H. , Battalio J. Michael , Lora Juan M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are filamentary conduits of intense moisture transport crucial for water delivery to mid‐latitude coastal regions. How ARs have responded to extratropical climate variability remains poorly understood despite ARs being features of the extratropical atmosphere. Here, using “Last Millennium” simulations, we characterize the role of annular modes of extratropical variability on ARs and moisture transport. We find that positive (negative) phases of the annular modes intensify (weaken) and weaken (intensify) ARs over the subpolar and subtropical latitudes, respectively, with up to ∼20–25 mm/month associated changes in precipitation. Importantly, the annular modes comprise the primary mode of AR variability over the last ∼1,000 years. We also separately examine the annular modes' influence on storm track activity and find it distinct from that on ARs and moisture transport, despite the storm tracks being associated with ARs and overlapping with strong moisture transport. Lastly, our results provide a robust paleoclimate baseline from which to contextualize projected 21st century AR intensification.
Spectral Signatures of Flow Regime Alteration by Dams Across the United States
Authors: Chalise Dol Raj , Sankarasubramanian A. , Olden Julian D. , Ruhi Albert 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRiver scientists strive to understand how streamflow regimes vary across space and time because it is fundamental to predicting the impacts of climate change and human activities on riverine ecosystems. Here we tested whether flow periodicity differs between rivers that are regulated or unregulated by large dams, and whether dominant periodicities change over time in response to dam regulation. These questions were addressed by calculating wavelet power at different timescales, ranging from 6 hr to 10 years, across 175 pairs of dam‐regulated and unregulated USGS gages with long‐term discharge data, spanning the conterminous United States. We then focused on eight focal reservoirs with high‐quality and high‐frequency data to examine the spectral signatures of dam‐induced flow alteration and their time‐varying nature. We found that regulation by dams induces changes not only in flow magnitude and variability, but also in the dominant periodicities of a river's flow regime. Our analysis also revealed that dams generally alter multi‐annual and annual periodicity to a higher extent than seasonal or daily periodicity. Based on the focal reservoirs, we illustrate that alteration of flow periodicity is time varying, with dam operations (e.g., daily peaking vs. baseload operation), changes in dam capacity, and environmental policies shifting the relative importance of periodicities over time. Our analysis demonstrates the pervasiveness of human signatures now characterizing the U.S. rivers' flow regimes, and may inform the restoration of environmental periodicity downstream of reservoirs via controlled flow releases—a critical need in light of new damming and dam retrofitting for hydropower globally.
Enhanced Transport of Dissolved Methane From the Chukchi Sea to the Central Arctic
Authors: Ye Wangwang , Li Yuhong , Wen Jianwen , Zhang Jiexia , Shakhova Natalia , Liu Jian , Wu Man , Semiletov Igor , Zhan Liyang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRising temperatures in the Arctic Ocean can cause considerable changes, such as decreased ice cover and increased water inflow from the Pacific/Atlantic sector, which may alter dissolved methane (CH4) cycles over the Arctic Ocean. However, the fate of dissolved CH4 in the Arctic remains uncertain. Here, we show that CH4 in the Chukchi Sea is enhanced in the shelf/slope areas, stored in the Upper Halocline (UHC), and transported to the central Arctic, contributing to the CH4 excess (ΔCH4) in the basins. The concentration of ΔCH4 in the UHC was increasing (0.1 nM per year) and the ΔCH4 has been distributed deeper and farther in the last decade than in the 1990s because of the intensification of Pacific water inflow due to oceanographic (currents) and atmospheric forcings (winds). We found heterogeneous CH4 (208.4% ± 131.7%) in the Polar Mixed Layer and CH4 supersaturation (1,100.9%–1,245.4%) in the below‐ice seawater in the basins, which may indicate the effect of sea ice cycles with the support of sediment‐origin CH4. We estimate the sea‐to‐air flux to be 1.1–2.4 μmol CH4 m−2 day−1 during the ice‐free period in the Chukchi Sea, which suggests that the Chukchi Sea is currently a minor source (0.003 Tg in summer) of atmospheric CH4. Taken together, we propose a bottom‐up mechanism for CH4 transport and emission and are concerned that the increases in the concentration of ΔCH4 and the transport distance/rate of ΔCH4 plume are occurring, with the potential to affect CH4 emissions in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Constraining CaCO3 Export and Dissolution With an Ocean Alkalinity Inverse Model
Authors: Liang Hengdi , Lunstrum Abby M. , Dong Sijia , Berelson William M. , John Seth G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOcean alkalinity plays a fundamental role in the apportionment of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. The primary driver of the ocean's vertical alkalinity distribution is the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by organisms at the ocean surface and its dissolution at depth. This so‐called “CaCO3 counterpump” is poorly constrained, however, both in terms of how much CaCO3 is exported from the surface ocean, and at what depth it dissolves. Here, we created a steady‐state model of global ocean alkalinity using Ocean Circulation Inverse Model transport, biogeochemical cycling, and field‐tested calcite and aragonite dissolution kinetics. We find that limiting CaCO3 dissolution to below the aragonite and calcite saturation horizons cannot explain excess alkalinity in the upper ocean, and that models allowing dissolution above the saturation horizons best match observations. Linking dissolution to organic matter respiration, or imposing a constant dissolution rate both produce good model fits. Our best performing models require export between 1.1 and 1.8 Gt PIC y−1 (from 73 m), but all converge to 1.0 Gt PIC y−1 export at 279 m, indicating that both high‐ and low‐export scenarios can match observations, as long as high export is coupled to high dissolution in the upper ocean. These results demonstrate that dissolution is not a simple function of seawater CaCO3 saturation (Ω) and calcite or aragonite solubility, and that other mechanisms, likely related to the biology and ecology of calcifiers, must drive significant dissolution throughout the water column.
A Global Synthesis of Multi‐Factors Affecting Water Storage Capacity in Forest Canopy, Litter and Soil Layers
Authors: Liu Yexuan , Shi Wenjiao , Tao Fulu , Shi Xiaoli , Fu Bojie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWater storage capacity in the layers of canopy, litter, and soil of forest ecosystems has not yet been thoroughly investigated on a global scale. We estimated the global pattern of water storage capacity of forest ecosystems related to water regulation services (WSCFE) in the above three layers based on 1,288 observations and analyzed their 22 controlling environmental factors. The results show that the global mean WSCFE per unit area is 456.7 mm, and the total volume of WSCFE is 22,662.5 km3. Climatic variables are the leading factors contributing to the variations of WSCFE, followed by forest attributes, terrain factors, soil properties, and litter characteristics. This study advances the understanding of the large‐scale variation mechanisms of WSCFE in different forest types and climate zones and provides scientific evidence for ecological protection according to local conditions.
The Impact of Inherited Morphology on Sandbar Migration During Mild Wave Seasons
Authors: Anderson Dylan , Bak A. Spicer , Cohn Nicholas , Brodie Katherine L. , Johnson Bradley , Dickhudt Patrick 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSandbars are ubiquitous morphologic features found in the nearshore environment throughout the world, yet predictive capabilities of their evolution remain limited. In order to provide new insights on the relevant processes controlling sandbar morphodynamics, this study uses a 41‐year record of 637 monthly cross‐shore profiles from Duck, North Carolina, USA, to derive complex empirical orthogonal functions representative of the two dominant modes of sandbar migrations: offshore and onshore propagation. Interference of these two modes produces commonly observed sandbar states. While mild wave energies are traditionally assumed to drive onshore sandbar migration, the offshore mode is repeatedly seen to dominate sandbar migration in mild wave seasons following anomalously high late‐winter wave energy and when the inherited morphology is composed of a single bar or terrace, as opposed to a more common two‐bar state. A data‐derived conceptual model is presented synthesizing the effect of antecedent morphology and wave climate chronology on interannual trends in net offshore sandbar migration.
Future Arctic Climate Change in CMIP6 Strikingly Intensified by NEMO‐Family Climate Models
Authors: Pan Rongrong , Shu Qi , Wang Qiang , Wang Shizhu , Song Zhenya , He Yan , Qiao Fangli 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClimate change in the Arctic has substantial impacts on human life and ecosystems both within and beyond the Arctic. Our analysis of CMIP6 simulations shows that some climate models project much larger Arctic climate change than other models, including changes in sea ice, ocean mixed layer, air‐sea heat flux, and surface air temperature in wintertime. In particular, dramatic enhancement of Arctic Ocean convection down to a few hundred meters is projected in these models but not in others. Interestingly, these models employ the same ocean model family (NEMO) while the choice of models for the atmosphere and sea ice varies. The magnitude of Arctic climate change is proportional to the strength of the increase in poleward ocean heat transport, which is considerably higher in this group of models. Establishing the plausibility of this group of models with high Arctic climate sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing is imperative given the implied ramifications.
Quantification of Carbonates, Oxychlorines, and Chlorine Generated by Heterogeneous Electrochemistry Induced by Martian Dust Activity
Authors: Wang Alian , Jackson Andrew W. , Sturchio Neil C. , Houghton Jen , Yan Chuck Y. C. , Olsen Kevin S. , Qu Quincy H. K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHeterogeneous electrochemistry induced by Martian dust activity is an important type of atmosphere‐surface interaction that affects geochemical processes at the Martian surface and in the Martian atmosphere. We have experimentally demonstrated that heterogeneous electrochemistry stimulated by mid‐strength dust events can decompose common chloride salts, which is accompanied by the release of chlorine atoms into the atmosphere and the generation of (per)chlorates (chlorates and perchlorates) and carbonates. In this study, we present quantitative analyses on the above products from 26 heterogeneous electrochemical experiments on chloride salts. Based on these quantifications, our calculation indicates that such atmosphere‐surface interaction during a portion of Amazonian period could accumulate the observed abundance of (per)chlorates, carbonates, and HCl by landed and orbital missions, and thus can be considered as a major driving force of the global chlorine‐cycle on Mars. This study emphasizes the importance of measuring the electrical properties of dust activity on Mars.