bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel approach to improving colonoscopy learning efficiency through a colonoscope roaming system: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ning Dandan , Geng Huiyong , Guan Jingming , Zhang Sijia , Wang Shuang , Li Shuang , Jin Shizhu 
Published: June 2023

Background
Colonoscopy is indispensable in the diagnosis and treatment of lower digestive tract (LDT) diseases. Skilled colonoscopists are in great demand, but it takes considerable time for beginners to become experts. In addition, patients may refuse to permit primary learners to practise colonoscopy on them. Thus, improving the instructional programmes and models for primary learners is a key issue in endoscopy training. Convenience and a self-paced, learner-centred approach make e-learning an excellent instructional prospect. Therefore, we created the Colonoscope Roaming System (CRS) to assist in colonoscopy teaching procedures. We aimed to develop the e-learning software, test it with beginner colonoscopists and evaluate its effectiveness via subjective and objective methods.

Methods
Through a randomized controlled trial, participants were randomly allocated to an e-learning group (EG) or a control group (CG) after a pretest evaluation. The CG learned through the traditional colonoscopy teaching mode, while the EG used CRS in addition to the traditional teaching mode. Subsequent to the training, the participants completed a posttest and colonoscopy examination. The EG also completed a satisfaction questionnaire.

Results
Of the 84 participants, 81 (96%) finished the colonoscopy learning and evaluation modules of the CRS. No conspicuous differences in the pretest scores were found between the EG and CG (p > 0.05). Two months later, the posttest scores for the EG were higher than those of the CG (p < 0.001), and the EG had better performance on the colonoscopy examination (p < 0.01). Overall, 86.25% of questions raised in Q1-Q20 were satisfied with the CRS and considered it successful.

Conclusions
The use of CRS may be an effective approach to educate beginner colonoscopists to attain skills.
Nutritional Status and Socio-Economic Profile of Farm Women in Aspirational Districts of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Dominic Ditty Maria , Niranjan D. Alagu , Meena H. R. , Ammu V. K. , Francis Femi 
Published: June 2023

Aim: “Women in agriculture” is a widely discussed arena but nutrition of women in agriculture is yet to be explored thoroughly. The current paper focuses on farm women in aspirational districts. These are the districts identified by NITI Aayog which are the poorly performing in a state in various developmental dimensions. Hence, the current paper aims at understanding the nutritional status and socio- economic profile of farm women in these districts assuming their higher vulnerability to malnutrition.
Study Design: Survey design was used for the current study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Tamil Nadu from 2018 -2022 as part of PhD research work, affiliated to National Dairy Research Institute.
Methods: Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram are the two districts identified as aspirational districts in Tamil Nadu. From each district, two blocks were randomly selected. Two villages were selected from each block randomly and 10 farm women from households having at least 2 milch animals and cultivating for atleast on crop season were selected from each village purposively. Hence a total of 8 villages and 180 farm women of reproductive age (18-49yrs) were included in the sample. Mean dietary diversity Score and Body Mass Index were taken as indicators for nutritional status of farm women.
Results: It was found that a 49.44% of the farm women had only 4 food groups in the last 24 hours followed by 28.89 percent with 5 to 6 food groups and 21.67 percent with 7 to 10 food groups. Only 41.67 percent of the respondents had BMI in the normal range. Around 30 percent of the farm women were underweight, 20 percent were overweight and 8 percent of them were obese. The results call for immediate attention and interventions for ensuring nutritional security of farm women in general and aspirational districts in particular.
Structure, Conduct, and Performance of the Indonesian Banking Sector with Moderating Pandemic COVID-19 towards a Sustainable Banking Business
Authors: Leon Farah Margaretha , Jakaria  , Chandra Kristian , Sari Wahyuni Rusliyana 
Published: June 2023

Aims: This research was conducted to analyze the implementation of Structure, Conduct, and Performance in the banking industry in Indonesia with the ultimate goal of achieving a sustainable banking economic business.
Study Design: This research uses quantitative research with hypothesis testing.
Place and Duration of Study: Indonesian Banking between 2018 to 2021.
Methodology: The analytical method used is Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS).
Results: From the research findings described above, the following are some conclusions that can be drawn 1) The market structure and map of banking competition in Indonesia in the 2018-2021 period is an oligopoly market where state-owned banks and Bank Central Asia (BCA) are market leaders in the banking industry in Indonesia; 2) Market structure is proven to have a significant positive effect on conduct (behavior), namely the financial ratios of banks in Indonesia; 3) The COVID-19 pandemic did not moderate the effect of market structure on conduct (behavior), namely banking financial ratios in Indonesia; 4) Market structure is proven to have a positive effect on performance, namely sustainable economic performance in the banking industry in Indonesia; 5) The COVID-19 pandemic is not proven to be a variable moderating the effect of market structure on performance, namely sustainable economic performance in the banking industry in Indonesia; 5) Conduct has been proven to have a significant positive effect on performance, namely sustainable banking economic performance; The COVID-19 pandemic has been proven to be a variable that moderates the influence of conduct (behavior) on performance, namely sustainable banking economic performance.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that market structure has proven to have a direct or indirect effect on sustainable economic performance mediated by conduct.
AN APPROXIMATION THEOREM FOR SOLUTIONS OF DEGENERATE ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS
Authors: Carlos Cavalheiro Albo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe main result establishes that a weak solution of degenerate elliptic equations can be approximated by a sequence of solutions of non-degenerate elliptic equations. To this end we prove an approximation theorem for $A_p$-weights.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35J50. Secondary 35D05
PRIME RINGS WITH FINITENESS PROPERTIES ON ONE-SIDED IDEALS
Authors: Lee Tsiu-Kwen 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLet R be a prime ring with extended centroid C, $\rho$ a non-zero right ideal of R and let $f(X_1,\dots,X_t)$ be a polynomial, having no constant term, over C. Suppose that $f(X_1,\dots,X_t)$ is not central-valued on RC. We denote by $f(\rho)$ the additive subgroup of RC> generated by all elements $f(x_1,\dots,x_t)$ for $x_i\in\rho$. The main goals of this note are to prove two results concerning the extension properties of finiteness conditions as follows.(I) If $f(\rho)$ spans a non-zero finite-dimensional $C$-subspace of $RC$, then $\dim_CRC$ is finite.(II) If $f(\rho)\ne0$ and is a finite set, then $R$ itself is a finite ring.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16N60; 16R50
An explicit potential-vorticity-conserving
approach to modelling nonlinear internal gravity waves
Authors: VIÚDEZ ÁLVARO , DRITSCHEL DAVID G. 
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses a potential-vorticity-conserving approach to modelling nonlinear
internal gravity waves in a rotating Boussinesq fluid. The focus of the work is on the
pseudo-plane motion (motion in the x, z-plane), for which we present a broad range
of numerical results. In this case there are two material coordinates, the density and
the y-component of the velocity in the inertial frame of reference, which are related
to the x and z displacements of fluid particles relative to a reference configuration.
The amount of potential vorticity within a fluid region bounded by isosurfaces of
these material coordinates is proportional to the area within this region, and is
therefore conserved as well. Two new potentials, defined in terms of the displacements
and combining the vorticity and density fields, are introduced as new dependent
variables. These potentials entirely govern the dynamics of internal gravity waves
for the linearized system when the basic state has uniform potential vorticity. The
final system of equations consists of three prognostic equations (for the potential
vorticity and the Laplacians of the two potentials) and one diagnostic equation,
of Monge–Ampère type, for a third potential. This diagnostic equation arises from
the nonlinear definition of potential vorticity. The ellipticity of the Monge–Ampère
equation implies both inertial and static stability. In three dimensions, the three
potentials form a vector, whose (three-dimensional) Laplacian is equal to the vorticity
plus the gradient of the perturbation density.Numerical simulations are carried out using a novel algorithm which directly evolves
the potential vorticity, in a Lagrangian manner (following fluid particles), without
diffusion. We present results which emphasize the way in which potential vorticity
anomalies modify the characteristics of internal gravity waves, e.g. the propagation of
internal wave packets, including reflection, refraction, and amplification. We also show
how potential vorticity anomalies may generate internal gravity waves, along with
the subsequent ‘geostrophic adjustment’ of the flow to a ‘balanced’ wave-less state.
These examples, and the straightforward extension of the theoretical and numerical
approach to three dimensions, point to a direct and accurate means to elucidate the
role of potential vorticity in internal gravity wave interactions. As such, this approach
may help a better understanding of the observed characteristics of internal gravity
waves in the oceans.
‘I want to go!’ How older people in Ghana look forward to death
Authors: VAN DER GEEST SJAAK 
Published: July 2002

Older people in a rural Ghanaian community indicated that they look forward to death. Traditional ideas of ancestorhood, reincarnation and modern Christian beliefs about life after death had little influence on their resignation. Images of a possible ‘hereafter’ hardly existed. Agnosticism – in a religious guise – prevailed. They saw death foremost as a welcome rest after a long and strenuous life. Their readiness for death did not, however, include an acceptance of euthanasia. Both the young and the old held the view that life and death are and should remain in God's hands. This article is based on anthropological fieldwork in the rural town of Kwahu-Tafo in southern Ghana.
Phenotypic plasticity of anuran larvae: environmental variables influence body shape and oral morphology in Rana temporaria tadpoles
Authors: Vences Miguel , Puente Marta , Nieto Sandra , Vieites David R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEnvironmental variables shaped the morphology of tadpoles of the common frog, Rana temporaria, in various ways at the Pyrenean locality Circo de Piedrafita. Examining only specimens in similar developmental stages, those from small ponds (with higher temperature and higher tadpole density) had lower growth rates, lower relative tail height, lower relative body width and fewer labial keratodonts and keratodont rows. The variation in keratodonts may have been caused by heterochrony related to the slower growth rate. The number of lingual papillae also differed between ponds but was not related to pond size. Higher predator densities caused a higher percentage of damaged tails and a lower relative tail length in specimens with apparently intact tails, probably as a result of incomplete regeneration after mutilations earlier in development.
Spatial and social organization of a carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus hallucatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)
Authors: Oakwood Meri 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe northern quoll Dasyurus hallucatus is a sexually dimorphic carnivorous marsupial found in northern Australia. Despite males weighing up to 1120 g, in at least some populations all males die after mating. Radio‐tracking and live‐trapping at a lowland savanna site in Kakadu National Park indicated that females occupied home ranges averaging 35 ha with intra‐sexually exclusive denning areas. There was some overlap of foraging ranges when the density was 3–4 females/km2, but no overlap during periods of lower population density (1–2 females/km2). Male home‐range size may be similar to females before the mating season, but expands during the mating season to > 100 ha to overlap extensively with several female ranges and numerous other male ranges. Despite this range overlap, both sexes were solitary. Even during the mating period, males denned on average 0.27 km from females during the day. During the mating period, each female was visited by at least one to four males per night. During this period, the increase in scat deposition in prominent positions in the landscape and the simultaneous increase in sternal gland activity of the males suggest the importance of olfactory communication to advertise the presence and sexual status of individuals. Males adopted a roving strategy, regularly visiting several widely spaced females in rapid succession, presumably to monitor the onset of oestrus. This intense physical effort during the mating period is likely to be a major contributor to the physiological decline of the males and subsequent die‐off after the mating period. The marked sexual dimorphism of D. hallucatus may be the result of selection for larger, wider‐ranging males in a promiscuous mating system and for energetically efficient smaller females, as females rear the young alone.
Sexual size dimorphism in Tengmalm's owl (Aegolius funereus) on autumn migration
Authors: Hipkiss Tim 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSexual size dimorphism in Tengmalm's owls Aegolius funereus outside the breeding season was investigated by trapping owls on migration during autumn. Owls were accurately sexed using PCR‐based molecular techniques. Females were 4% heavier than males, but were c. 30% lighter than during the breeding season, when they carry large fat deposits and can be twice as heavy as males. Thus sexual mass dimorphism outside the breeding season was substantially lower than reported previously for the breeding season in this species. Females also had 2.5% longer wings and tail than males, but there was no difference in wing‐loading, indicating that flight proficiency was similar between the sexes. Though the degree of sexual size dimorphism is small, large female size might be an adaptation for accumulating larger fat reserves, while smaller male size allows more efficient flight and hunting. This study highlights the importance of investigating sexual size dimorphism in owls outside the breeding season to avoid overestimation of female body mass.
Landscape structure and food supply affect eagle owl (Bubo bubo) density and breeding performance: a case of intra‐population heterogeneity
Authors: Penteriani Vincenzo , Gallardo Max , Roche Philip 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring the 20th century, Mediterranean landscapes underwent extensive changes. In particular, decreasing grazing pressure combined with abandonment of agricultural uplands favoured the development of Mediterranean forests with a corresponding reduction of open habitats and landscape diversity. In some parts of the Mediterranean basin, including our study area, the reduction of open landscapes took place at the same time as a rapid decline in rabbits as a result of myxomatosis. This study assesses the impact of past changes in landscape and rabbit density on the density and the breeding performance of the eagle owl Bubo bubo, one of the largest predators of Mediterranean ecosystems. Eagle owl density, nest site structure and composition at the landscape level, diet and fecundity of 35 eagle owl nesting territories was analysed for 27 years. The study area is characterized by two distinct areas, the border of the massif and the interior, in which past changes acted differently. Eagle owls in the interior were simultaneously affected by the loss of rabbits, a shift to smaller prey, and by open areas reverting to forest. All of these factors reduced the foraging efficiency of the owls. When myxomatosis decimated the rabbit population, owls in the border area switched to other mammals, birds and fish, whereas in the interior, alternative prey were less abundant. The main impacts of reduced prey availability and landscape diversity on interior pairs were: (1) lower density of breeding pairs; (2) lower diversity in landscape structure and closer habitats; (3) lower richness and diversity in the diet; (4) later egg‐laying dates; (5) lower productivity.
Home ranges, spatial movements and habitat associations of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) in Corella, Bohol
Authors: Neri‐Arboleda I. , Stott P. , Arboleda N. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHome ranges, spatial movements and patterns of habitat use were determined during a radio‐tracking study on four male and six female Philippine tarsier Tarsius syrichta in Corella, Bohol, from early March to October 1999. This was the first radio‐tracking study of the Philippine tarsier that included both breeding adult males and females. Home ranges averaged 6.45 ha for males and 2.45 ha for females (MCP and Kernel 95%), allowing for a density of 16 male and 41 female tarsiers per 100 ha. The habitats are primarily located in secondary lowland rainforest in early to mid succession stage, but individual tarsiers readily traversed open grass areas to move between forest patches. However, the tarsiers avoided adjacent residential areas, clearings and agricultural plantation, even if the last two were found enclosed in home‐range polygons. The home range of one male overlapped extensively with that of one female and to a lesser extent with a second female. Home ranges of males showed little overlap (2.71%) and the same was observed among the females (3.35%). Nightly travel distance averaged 1636 m for males and 1119 m for females. Individuals were observed to forage and sleep solitarily. The tarsiers form groups of one adult male and one or two adult females and their offspring.
Associations between atmospheric temperature inversions and vertical wind profiles: a preliminary assessment
Authors: Milionis A E , Davies T D 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDespite the potential importance for air pollution, the association between temperature inversions and vertical wind profiles has been paid scant attention. A preliminary statistical assessment is made, using message data from radiosonde soundings at a station in eastern England for the period 1976–1980, from the surface up to 700 mb. In spite of an expectation among many air pollution meteorologists that inversions and local wind maxima (or vertical wind shears) are ‘typically’ associated, no such typical association between inversions and significant wind levels was identified. This conclusion extended to nocturnal surface inversions and low level jets. This does not mean that there are not clear cases of association, but that either (a) the dataset does not discriminate the associations, and/or (b) the associations are not evident on a climatological, or statistical, basis. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Ablaut reduplication in English: the criss-crossing of prosody
and verbal art
Authors: Minkova Donka 
Published: July 2002

The two properties that characterize Ablaut reduplication in English (chit-chat, dilly-dally) are: (1) identical vowel quantity in the stressed syllabic peaks, (2) maximally distinct vowel qualities in the two halves, with [i] appearing most commonly to the left and a low vowel to the right. In addition, Ablaut reduplicatives are described as having a trochaic contour, yet there is a great deal of uncertainty regarding the stress on the second part of the formation. Historically, Ablaut reduplication appeared long after Copy reduplication (boo-boo, yo-yo) and flourished during the Renaissance; its productivity declined sharply in the twentieth century.This article treats Ablaut reduplicatives as verbal art products, analogs of dipodic poetic meter. The naturalness of the template ensues from the interaction of conflicting segmental and prosodic constraints on identity and markedness. An independently established hierarchy blocks high back vowels from appearing in these forms. The height difference is a response to the principle of INTEREST which favors maximum perceptual differentiation between the stressed vowels. The linear ordering of the vowels correlates with domain-final lengthening. The ambiguity between compound stress and level stress that these words exhibit is related tentatively to the existence of a separate prosodic domain, a dipodic colon. The article provides Optimality-theoretic support for the analytical relevance of gradient phonetic properties and the relevance of the colon as a separate prosodic layer, and potentially enriches the taxonomy of metrical forms in English.
Long‐term effective population size of three endangered Colorado River fishes
Authors: Garrigan Daniel , Marsh Paul C. , Dowling Thomas E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe extant genetic variation of a population is the legacy of both long‐term and recent population dynamics. Most practical methods for estimating effective population size are only able to detect recent effects on genetic variation and do not account for long‐term fluctuations in species abundance. The utility of a maximum likelihood estimator of long‐term effective population size based upon the coalescent theory of gene genealogies is examined for three endangered Colorado River fishes: humpback chub (Gila cypha), bonytail chub (Gila elegans) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Extant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in humpback chub suggests this species has retained its historical equilibrium genetic variation despite recent declines in abundance. The mtDNA variation in razorback suckers indicates the population was quite large and expanding prior to recent declines and that rare alleles still survive in the remnant populations. The remaining mtDNA variation in bonytail chub indicates that dramatic, recent declines may have already obliterated a substantial portion of any historical variation. The results from long‐term effective population size analyses are consistent with known natural history and illustrate the utility of the analysis for endangered species management.