bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Rights and Economic Rights: Overlapping Protection of Authors Under Copyright Law
Authors: Sundara Rajan Mira T. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the moral rights and economic rights of overlapping protection of authors under copyright law. It considers the history and theory of moral rights protection, which emerged in civil law countries while France and Germany spearheaded the legal development. The issue of overlapping rights within copyright law involves the adaptability of copyright to technological needs and the continuing need to encourage authorship in the technological environment. The chapter also references the Canadian case of Théberge v. Galerie d’Art du Petit Champlain , which dealt with Canadian copyright law under the rapidly changing technologies for reproducing works. It highlights how the complexity of the interests involved in authorship demands nuance, which resulted in the fluidity of economic and other interests established in copyright law and theory.
Protection of Marks Under Trademark Law and Passing Off
Authors: Fhima Ilanah Simon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the overlap between trademark law and passing off in the UK. It clarifies that passing off is reserved for marks that have been used in the jurisdiction, while trademark protection arises from the act of registration. Protections against confusion and dilution are the nature of the protection that indicia and signs receive under passing off and trademark law respectively. The chapter also considers the loss of protection when the mark becomes deceptive or generic because of the acts or inaction of the trademark proprietor. Moreover, passing off only protects indicia that were acquired through goodwill, which tends to dissipate over time.
Overlaps Between Trademarks and Geographical Indications
Authors: Gangjee Dev Saif 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the overlaps between trademark law and geographical indication (GI) protection under the context of unfair competition prevention. It outlines the emergence of independent or sui generis GI protection as a regime that has both parallels and points of difference with trademark law. Both GI and trademark regimes can regulate the use and misuse of collectively used geographical signs in the marketplace. Moreover, certification or collective marks and sui generis registered protection have emerged as the two dominant models of protection. The chapter elaborates on the efforts of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding international GI protection commitments. It explains how geographical signs can be registered as both GIs and trademarks, despite the ‘descriptive signs’ exclusion rule.
Marcel Proust
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This short book explores the work of Marcel Proust as an event in the world, something that happened to literature and culture and our understanding of history. The subject is not so much how Proust changed our lives, biographically or individually, as how his writing affected, directly or indirectly, life in general in the twentieth century and after; how it altered, or could alter, the perceived order of the world, the horizons of thought and feeling available to us. We know science and philosophy seek to do this and quite often succeed; I hope to show that a novel can do it too, in its own way and because it is a novel and not something else. The Proust event has more aspects than we can count, but I have tried to offer detailed critical snapshots of seven of them: the birth of Proust as a novelist; Proust’s demonstration that we need to mythologize our lives in order to understand them; his curious, continuing belief that reality reaches us only as a sort of musical variation, the second time around; his patient display of love not as romance but as irresistible nightmare; his sense of the Dreyfus Affair as a garish proof that one can almost get away with almost anything; his persuasive but paranoid belief that we shall find justice in the end but only for the wrong crime; and his brilliant enactment of an endless ending.
Judicial Appointments in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Grabenwarter Christoph 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the appointment of constitutional justices in the European legal space by systematically comparing the design of the appointment procedure, the bodies with authority to appoint justices, the factual power to appoint judges for other than constitutional bodies, and material requirements for holding office. It continues analysing the selection of judges at the ECJ and the ECtHR in the context of national requirements and presents from a comparative perspective the general objectives and principles governing the design of the appointment procedure with a focus on the rule of law, democratic legitimacy, and separation of powers. Finally, the chapter applies the framework on the constitutional crisis in Poland since 2015 and uses it as a case study for how a government can dismantle a constitutional court by disregarding the principles of judicial appointment.
The Venice Commission : Its Nature, Functioning, and Significance in the Multi-Level Cooperation of Constitutional Courts
Authors: Grabenwarter Christoph 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the development and functioning of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). While not being a judicial body in the strict sense, the Commission’s task is to strengthen and support constitutional courts in three ways: to reinforce their legitimacy, stabilize their organization, and strengthen their expertise. This chapter describes the legal bases, the types of documents published by the Commission, and general particularities in the process of preparing its opinions. In their work, the Commission’s members strive to support the common constitutional heritage of Europe; they do so by strengthening an understanding of constitutional courts that are open to European integration and committed to the rule of law and democracy based on fundamental rights.
Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Financing Water Security and Green Growth provides a comprehensive overview of innovative financial instruments and approaches available to implement and mainstream water security and green growth initiatives at various scales and in different contexts. In particular, the book provides readers with knowledge of how the water sector is applying a range of financial instruments and approaches to create climate-resilient water supplies, reduce water–energy–food nexus pressures, encourage water conservation and efficiency, increase water reliability, decrease the costs and pollution associated with wastewater disposal, utilize natural processes to improve water quality, manage water quantity by restoring the hydrologic function of the landscape, and improve overall water governance. Furthermore, the book provides in-depth case studies of the innovative application of financing tools to achieve water security and green growth in various locations of differing climates, lifestyles, and income levels, with best practices identified.
Market-based Instruments Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over the past several decades, market-based instruments (MBIs) have become the preferred environmental policy tool for influencing environmental outcomes for a range of reasons. Those include a new orientation towards markets and deregulation in public policy, increasing recognition of the limitations of government in general, and of traditional command and control systems of environmental regulation in particular, an increasing concern that regulations may not adequately cope with emerging environmental problems, and a desire to further implement the polluter pays principle and to internalize environmental costs into the prices of goods and services. This chapter will discuss the various MBIs available for locations to finance water security and green growth, particularly water pollution taxes, various water pricing structures, subsidies, and incentives.
Public–Private Partnerships Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are long-term integrated contracts that provide water services, including water and wastewater treatment plants and green infrastructure, to achieve water security and green growth. Since the 1990s, both developed and developing countries have utilized PPPs for many reasons, including expanding the range of service providers beyond traditional public sector monopolies, providing infrastructure and associated services more efficiently, providing cost-effective infrastructure, and driving local economic growth. This chapter will first discuss the concept of PPPs and their financing. The chapter will then discuss PPPs in the context of water resources management. Finally, the chapter will review irrigation-specific and community-based PPPs for green infrastructure.
Biodiversity Offsets Financing Water Security and Green Growth
Authors: Brears Robert C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Infrastructure development results in biodiversity loss due to loss and fragmentation of species’ habitats and land use and land cover changes. Biodiversity loss is an environmental challenge of global concern as biodiversity, and associated ecosystems, provide a range of invaluable services to society that underpins human health and well-being, security, and economic growth. These services include clean water and flood protection. As a result, there has been a growing interest in biodiversity offsetting as a policy instrument for financing biodiversity conservation on the ground or in the water during the past decade. This chapter will first define the concept of biodiversity offsets. The chapter will then review how their performance and success can be enhanced, followed by a review on how to ensure their financial sustainability. Finally, the chapter will provide a framework for preparing and implementing biodiversity offsets on the ground or in the water.
Using Force to Protect Civilians
Authors: Kjeksrud Stian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Using Force to Protect Civilians offers the first comprehensive analysis of United Nations (UN) military protection operations across time and UN missions, building on a new and unique dataset capturing 200 operations from 10 UN peacekeeping missions in Africa from 1999 to 2017. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the book finds that Blue Helmets succeed as often as they fail when they employ force to protect, indicating that they can wield force effectively—under the right conditions—to achieve this priority task. Using Force to Protect Civilians finds that effective UN military protection operations must rest on a deep understanding of perpetrators’ motivation and modus operandi for attacking civilians, facilitating tailored military responses to stop or reduce physical threats in a timely manner. Adding to existing knowledge about the conflict reducing effect of the presence of uniformed UN personnel, this book finds that it also matters what Blue Helmets do to protect, more than being present in large numbers. While protecting civilians is a priority task for military peacekeepers, we hold limited knowledge about how they fare across time and in different UN missions when they use force to protect. We also remain largely ignorant of the conditions leading to successful outcomes when they intervene militarily to protect civilians from violence. Using Force to Protect Civilians addresses both knowledge gaps and builds steppingstones toward a theory on the utility of force to protect civilians in UN peace operations.
Africa And the World,
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The two centuries covered by this chapter are dominated by two events, the take over of Egypt and much of North Africa by the Ottoman Turks and the exploration of the Atlantic coast of Africa by the Portuguese. The imposition of Ottoman rule had surprisingly little effect on Africa apart from a certain deadening effect on creativity. The Portuguese maritime exploration initiated greater changes. Its imperatives were to expand trade, by setting up trading factories at certain points along the West African coast and by opening up the route around the southern tip of the continent to the Indian Ocean. The establishment of trading enclaves along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea provided the forest communities of West Africa with the opportunity to trade directly with Europe cutting out the middlemen in the Sahel and the Sahara. This will have impacted on the western Sahel where the Songhai Empire was flourishing. The arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean brought the Portuguese into direct competition with the Muslim traders. Meanwhile, Morocco, led now by the Sa’id dynasty, and bolstered by their success against the Portuguese, decided to send a military force, across the Sahara, against the Songhai Empire. Though, in the end, a failure it marked the beginning of a new phase in African history in which gunpowder was to dominate.
Introduction
Authors: Stocking Charles H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The introduction introduces the history of the problem of force in the Iliad beginning with Simone Weil and Bruno Snell, contrasting a universal view in Weil with a culturally specific and linguistically manifold conception of Homeric force in Snell. It further explores the continuation of that problematic in the work of Benveniste, Bourdieu, Derrida, and Foucault as well as treatments within the discipline of Classics, thus indicating the inseparable link between the philological and philosophical interpretations of force. The introductory chapter also offers a synopsis of the meaning and significance of the eight different terms for force in Homer: kratos, alkē, biē, menos, sthenos, (w)is, dynamis, and damazō.damnēmi.
The “Force that Kills”
Authors: Stocking Charles H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how the concept of force is deployed in reference to the death of Homeric warriors. The final chapter begins by revisiting Simone Weil’s specific conceptualization of force from L’Iliade ou le poème de la force and her earlier essays. Although Weil’s treatment of force seems almost self-explanatory, there is in fact a rich genealogy to her thought. Through examination of essays prior to her essay on the Iliad, it is demonstrated that Weil’s thinking on Homer and force appears to be formulated as a direct response to the Marxist notion of “productive forces.” Marx’s own account of productive forces was designed to explain how humans lost their agency or “self-activity.” Weil formulates, as a counterpoint to productive forces, the destructive force of war both in the Iliad and in modern times, which also rob human subjects of active agency. Although Weil’s thinking on force does not apply to all Homeric terms, it is demonstrated how her specific conceptualization of force as the “subjugation of the subject” does pertain to the Homeric verb, damazō, as it appears in the three most iconic deaths of the Iliad—those of Sarpedon, Patroclus, and Hector. At the same time, the chapter demonstrates how the deployment of this verb presents a model of “co-agency” between the human and divine, which is distinct from Weil’s own assumptions about subjectivity.
Functional morphology
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Functional morphology considers how organ- and tissue-level structure relates to function. As regards carnivorans, it tends to focus on locomotion, prey handling and mastication, digestion, crypsis, and thermoregulation. The skull displays complex design trade-offs related to display-defense, prey capture, mastication, vision, hearing, balance, olfaction, endocrine function, and housing the brain. Predaceous carnivorans, especially those that eat prey larger than themselves, have enlarged structures related to handling prey: canine teeth, carnassial teeth, the sagittal crest, nuchal crest, and zygomatic arch. The carnassial shearing teeth are important for severing tendons and ligaments and are a common—but not universal—morphological landmark in living members. Lineages that have lost the predaceous habit have more rounded cheek teeth that coarsely grind plant material or invertebrate shells or exoskeletons. Several locomotor styles are reflected in the structure of the post-cranial skeleton and soft tissues. They include fossorial movement (including digging), cursation and walking, tree-climbing, swimming, and diving to great depths. Considered across eutherian mammals, length of the small intestine is related to diet, with more carnivorous lineages exhibiting shorter guts. Marked exceptions include pinnipeds, which have very long small intestines, and the pandas, which have guts little modified from their predaceous ancestors. Major ecomorphotypes of carnivorans include scansorial, dog-like, cat-like, scavenging, semi-fossorial, semi-aquatic, and marine forms.
Interactions with prey
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Carnivorans participate in trophic webs that include herbivores, plants, and other community members. Carnivorans weighing less than 20 kg tend to prey on species much smaller than themselves, whereas larger ones kill species about their size or larger. Preying on species much larger than oneself requires high rates of energy expenditure, cooperative behaviors, and increased risk of injury. The largest land herbivores are largely immune to predation. Kill rate is an important attribute of predation ecology but is unavailable for all but a few large carnivoran species. Whether carnivorans limit prey abundance across years is a recurring question for ecologists. Where carnivorans are introduced to places where no carnivorans (or no eutherians) previously lived, effects can be dramatic; many island fauna have been driving to extinction by carnivorans. By contrast, on mainlands with complex native vertebrate communities, the effect of a single carnivoran species on a prey species with multiple predators can be indetectable. How carnivorans limit prey species is often framed as a question of bottom-up vs. top-down effects; many study systems show both effects, sometimes interacting. Ecologists commonly use indices to discern bottom-up from top-down effects in ungulate populations. Prey diversity tends to stabilize carnivoran populations, and multiple prey systems can affect prey abundances asymmetrically, leading to apparent competition. Migration and aggregation are both reported behaviors to reduce predation risk. Chronic exposure to predation risk can reduce reproduction and even survival. Carnivorans can contribute to cyclic population fluctuations.
The Russian Kurosawa
Authors: Solovieva Olga V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe Russian Kurosawa offers a new historical perspective on the work of the renowned Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa. It uncovers Kurosawa’s debt to the intellectual tradition of Japanese–Russian democratic dissent, reflected in the affinity for Kurosawa’s worldview expressed by such Russian directors as Grigory Kozintsev and Arseny Tarkovsky. Through detailed discussion of the Russian subtext of Kurosawa’s cinema, most clearly manifested in the director’s films based on the works of Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Gorky, and Arseniev, the book shows that Kurosawa used Russian intertext to deal with the most politically sensitive topics of postwar Japan. Locating the director in the cultural tradition of Russian-inflected Japanese anarchism, the book challenges prevalent views of Akira Kurosawa as an apolitical art-house director or conformist studio filmmaker of muddled ideological alliances by offering a philosophically consistent picture of the director’s participation in post-war debate on cultural and political reconstruction.
Introduction
Authors: Kapuria Radha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Undivided Punjab is a telling focus of investigation, given its geographical location—connecting the heartlands of north India with the frontiers of Central Asia—and its inhabitants’ embrace of both the popular and elite domains of music in a way that challenges the familiar trajectory of Indian music’s embourgeoisement and nationalization under colonialism. This chapter prompts a reassessment of Punjab’s regional identity, given its familiar stereotyping as the land of ‘rustic’ culture, by focusing especially on the lesser-known history of Hindustani classical or rāgadārī music in the region. Existing histories of Hindustani music in colonial India have not touched on the Punjab, and conversely, most scholarship on music in Punjab is largely limited outside the purview of the classical, thereby unconsciously upholding the ‘rustic Punjab’ stereotype. The chapter then demonstrates the importance of hereditary art musicians for the regional Punjab context, to reveal how classical training had a relevance outside and beyond the paradigm of the nation, in a more local milieu. While challenging the symbolic alienation of the ‘classical’ from Punjab’s culture, it also notes the paradoxical locations that ‘classical’ music has historically had in the Punjab context, often performed in spaces associated with ‘folk’, qawwālī or gurbāṇī music, such as melās (fairs), or the shrines of sūfī saints. By focusing on rāgadārī musicians in Punjab, whilst simultaneously being attentive to their deep interconnections with folk, gurbāṇī, and qawwālī musicians, the chapter offers a distinctive and more complex perspective situated within wider work on culture in modern South Asia.
Confirmation Bias
Authors: Lidén Moa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Starting in the 1960s with Wason’s famous 2-4-6 task, a wealth of data pertaining to confirmation bias has been collected in increasingly realistic experiments addressing specific real-life settings. This led to Nickerson’s widely accepted definition of confirmation bias in 1998, in which Nickerson emphasizes the subconscious nature of confirmation bias. The implications of this are discussed here in detail, including reflections from research into metacognition. Since confirmation bias is a human element rather than the product of a specific context, examples of other contexts in which confirmation bias has been studied and found are provided, including witch hunts, medicine, and science. Furthermore, explanations of confirmation bias found in cognitive, emotional, and motivational as well as social and organizational psychology are outlined together with reflection on how these findings can be converted into potential debiasing techniques.