bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on ballistic performance of a spherical cylindrical ceramic armor structure
Authors: Wu H L , Miao C , Mu X M , Cui X Z , Yang Z Z , Lu R J , Dang W , Bai L H , Wu X 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A new type of ceramic armor structure is designed by using spherical cylindrical ceramic splice plate as panel with metal steel frame applied, TC4 titanium alloy and 685 steel as back plate respectively in this paper. Ballistic test of spherical cylindrical ceramic armor structure was carried out by firing 14.5mm penetrator projectile with 14.5mm ballistic gun. Results show that: damage area of spherical cylindrical ceramic armor is smaller when the weight is lighter and the aftereffect damage is similar, and ballistic performance of spherical cylindrical ceramic armor structure is better than that of conventional ceramic composite structure, which has certain advantages in anti-multiple projectile capability; ballistic performance of armor structure with TC4 titanium alloy as back plate is better than that with 685 steel as back plate when area density is the same. Therefore, using spherical cylindrical ceramics can reduce influence of the edge area on ballistic performance of armor structure, making protective capacity of the whole armor structure plate tend to be consistent, and improve anti-multiple resistance of armor structure furtherly.
Ballistic performance study of multilayer Al2O3 ceramic-metal composite armor under strong confinement
Authors: Yin G X , Li W B , Huang X N , Zhang K B , Hong D , Chen J H 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A multilayer constrained alumina ceramic metal composite armor is designed in this paper. The effect of interlayer steel thickness of alumina ceramic metal armor on penetration process of tungsten alloy armor piercing projectile is studied by the penetration test and finite element simulation. The results show that in the case of the same layer of ceramics and equal surface density, the thicker the thickness of the steel plate away from the impact surface is, the better the support of the metal plate to the sandwich ceramics is. It is beneficial to maintain the initial volume of ceramics and the better ballistic performance of armor. The ballistic performance of the armor structure in this paper is 26.38 % higher than that of the Q235 steel plate with equal density.
Research on measurement methods and sensor selection of rocket gas jet impact force
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Liu Zhipeng , Li Lingzhi , Jiang Lin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Based on a rocket launcher gas jet impact force measurement method, this paper designed an experiment to study the influence of different types of sensors on the test results. By comparing and analysing the data waveforms and amplitudes measured by the three sensors at different distances, the accuracy of the test results of each sensor is obtained. The test results show that, for the gas jet impact force measurement method introduced in this paper, the choice of the DYLY-107 S-type strain gauge force sensor can more accurately monitor the impact flow field and impact force amplitude.
Influence of explosion distance on the dynamic mechanical response of underground fortification
Authors: Lin Q D , Feng C , Gan Y D , Cheng P D , Jiao W J , Zhang Y L , Yuan J F 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Many key military targets have been moved underground to improve the battlefield survivability. To study the influence of explosion distance on the dynamic mechanical response of underground fortification, the full-time numerical simulation is conducted based on the CDEM numerical method. First, four numerical simulations corresponding to different explosion distances are conducted. Then, the displacement characteristic of underground fortification and rock mass is analyzed. Finally, the fracture characteristic of underground fortification and rock mass is analyzed. The numerical results show that the damage degree of underground fortification and rock mass weakens with the increase of explosion distance. When the distance increases from 5 m to 20 m, the volume of rock entering the underground fortification decreases from 24.78 m3 to 0 m3. The time-history curve of crack ratio has the four-stage characteristic, and it increases rapidly during the explosion initiation process. As the explosion distance increases, the top concrete wall mainly undergoes tensile fracture.
Numerical simulation of the effect of the near-ground explosion of energetic materials on the shell of a vertical incinerator
Authors: Jin G R , Wang M R , Chen L , Zhang J W , He W D , Liao X 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to study the effect of the near-ground explosion of energetic materials (EMs) on the shell of a vertical incinerator, the effect of different explosion heights of EMs of 90 g TNT on the incinerator shell with different exhaust gas outlet diameters was numerically simulated in three dimensions using AUTODYN software. The simulation results showed that the maximum von Mises equivalent stress (mis. stress) of the shell occurred at the upper edge of the incinerator exhaust gas outlet. Furthermore, the maximum mis. stress of the shell increased with the decrease of the height from the TNT explosion center to the bottom of the shell and the increase of the exhaust gas outlet diameter of the incinerator. Importantly, the existence of the incinerator exhaust gas outlet and the constraint of the shell increased the critical height with the near-ground explosion effect compared to that of the unconstrained open environment (157 mm). The exhaust gas outlet diameter of the incinerator increased from 80 mm to 160 mm, and the critical height with near-ground explosion effect increased from 180 mm to 250 mm. In the design and application of vertical incinerators, the effect range of near-ground explosion can be reduced by reducing the diameter of the shell exhaust gas outlet and filling the bottom surface with a certain height of shock wave attenuation material.
The velocity distribution of fragment from air part of cylindrical casing
Authors: Gao Yue-guang , Feng Shun-shan , Xiao Xiang , Hu Wenlong , Huang Qi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In some cylindrical casings, the non-explosive material or structure exists. The explosive charge is axially discontinuous, the propagation of detonation wave is also discontinuous, and the driving process of metal casing is diverse from continuous charge. If the non-explosive material or structure in the middle is regarded as air, it is called the cylindrical casing with air part in the middle. Due to the combined effects of rarefaction waves and the detonation wave generated by explosive charges on both sides, existing formulas of fragment velocities from cylindrical casing can neither accurately predict that from explosive charge part, nor predict that from the air part since the mass ratio of the explosive charge to the metal casing in the air part is 0. Adopt the method of simulation analysis, the cylindrical casing with air part in the middle was analyzed. A new formula was established to predict the fragment velocity of air part from cylindrical casing in the middle, which showed good agreement with the simulation results.
Effects of dynamic prestress on silicon carbide ceramic against long rod impact
Authors: Xu Wenlong , Qi Fangfang , Jia Shiyu , Ma Dong , Wang Cheng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It is well known that silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic is a pressure dependent material, where the compressive strength increases as the pressure increases. So, it is an effective way to improve the ballistic performance of SiC ceramic by introducing prestress on ceramics surface. In this paper, the concept of dynamic prestress on SiC ceramic by energetic materials was proposed. Five key factors, including the time of projectiles contact targets, velocity of the long rod projectiles (V
p), prestress rising stage time (T
r), prestress descent stage time (T
d) and peak pressure of prestress (P
k), were selected to investigate the effect of dynamic prestress on SiC ceramic targets against long rod impact. The effect of dynamic prestress on the ballistic performance of SiC ceramic were investigated, and the dynamic prestress path which can increase the protection capability of SiC ceramic was given. The results indicated that, in most cases, the ballistic performance of the dynamic prestressed SiC ceramic targets against long rod projectiles impact was improved. However, it was also revealed that not all dynamic prestressing can improve the ballistic performance of SiC ceramic targets. It will be benefit to the ballistic performance of SiC ceramic by controlling the prestress time to make sure the moment of the long rod projectile impacts the target in between T
2 and T
4. The sequence of influence degree of each factor on the erosion length of long rod projectile is the velocity of long rod projectiles (V
p), prestress descent stage time (T
d), peak pressure of prestress (P
k) and prestress rising stage time (T
r). The erosion length of long rod projectile decreases with the increase of V
p, and increases with the increase of prestress descent stage time (T
d), peak pressure of prestress (P
k) and prestress rising stage time (T
r).
Uncertain ballistic effects and reliability optimization design of ceramics composite armors
Authors: Shen Zhiwei , Tao Zhiguo , Li Jishan , Li Nan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe uncertain ballistic effects and reliability optimization design of the ceramics composite armors are investigated. Considering the material uncertainty, the ballistic penetration process is analyzed through simulation model. The effects interlayer SiC mass fraction and the matrix thickness gradient ratio are discussed. The optimal parameters of both material and structure are obtained through reliability design methods and verified through ballistic experiments. The results show that the standard deviation can be reduced when interlayer SiC mass fraction increases. The ballistic depth can be reduced by increasing the gradient ratio. Through optimization, the ballistic reliability of the ceramic composite armor is improved.
Structural and flow field analysis of an airfoil subjected to blast-impacted
Authors: Xiao Liangfeng , Zhou Lanwei 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The shock wave from the explosion of the munition can cause severe damage to the aircraft structure, thereby affecting the aerodynamic performance of the aircraft. This paper aims to propose a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis for the aerodynamic behaviour of the wing after the damage and deformation caused by the impact load. To obtain the damaged deformed wing model for CFD analysis, the explosion damage process was calculated using LS-DYNA software, and the obtained structural deformed wing model was imported into the CFD solver for flow field calculation to obtain lift, drag, and moment coefficients and lift-to-drag ratio. The lift of the damage-deformed wing model decreases due to the destruction of the pressure distribution of the damage-deformed wing model. The lift-to-drag ratio is also affected by shock loading, with smaller values at all considered angles of attack. Similarly, the damage deformed wing model has larger moment coefficients at angles of attack less than 19.5°.
Deformation behavior of aluminum alloy tubes during wire-explosion impact forming
Authors: Zheng Q L , Yan J M , Cui J , Liu H Y , An X J , Dong J X , Dong M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Wire-explosion impact forming (WEIF) is a forming process based on a coupled effect of gaseous, liquid, and solid media, and the experimental work alone is not sufficient to properly show this complex process. To understand the plastic deformation behavior of workpiece under the action of shockwave load, WEIF of AA5052 tubes were simulated in LS-DYNA by considering the fluid/structure interactions. Then, the stress, displacement, velocity, and thickness of AA5052 tubes during the forming process were quantitatively analyzed, and the generation and propagation of shock waves were demonstrated. Finally, the numerical simulation results were effectively verified by the experimental results.
Propagation characteristics of shock wave in wire explosive impact forming process
Authors: Zheng Q L , Yan J M , Cui J , Li J Q , Xu X D , Zhang X F 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are combined to explore the generation mechanism and propagation characteristics of the shock wave in WEIF process. The results show that with the increase of linear density of deposition energy, the propagation distance of shock wave in the same time is longer; as the propagation distance of shock wave increases, the propagation velocity on the wave front gradually decreases. In the early stage of the electric explosion of the metal wire, the shape of the shock wave generated is the expansion and evolution of the cylindrical wire source,and the pressure wave generated by the electric explosion of the metal wire is close to an ellipsoid. Since the expansion of the shock wave is radioactive, its shape gradually homogenizes to a sphere.
Study of blunt impact effects of rifle bullet penetrating the SiC/UHMWPE armor covered human torso
Authors: liang Xu , Yaoke Wen , Aijun Chen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To study the behind armor blunt trauma (BABT), a finite element model of a 5.8 mm rifle bullet penetrating the SiC/UHMWPE armor covered human torso was established. The human torso model comprises internal organs (heart, lung, liver, and stomach), skeleton (sternum, ribs, and spine), and muscle. It is assumed that the skeleton and muscle is linear elastic, and all internal organs are viscoelastic and hyperelastic. The impact response of a rifle bullet penetrating a human target with bulletproof armor at a speed of 900m/s is numerically simulated. The deformation data of bullet and body armor were obtained. In addition, the von Mises stresses of muscle, skeleton, and internal organs were analyzed. The numerical model provides an effective method for studying BABT and the improvement of bulletproof armor.
A Numerical Study on Projectile Penetration into Underwater Torpedo Warhead
Authors: Ding Chufan , Chen Bin , Li Weibing , Gao Dacheng , Chen Yaohui , Feng Jun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Underwater torpedo interception could be conducted by shell perforation or even warhead impact detonation with high speed projectiles. This work deals with the projectile water entry and sequent penetration into underwater torpedo whereby both aluminium shell perforation and explosive detonation are numerically studied. The water entry model and aluminum impact model are validated against test data for underwater aluminum shell penetration. Targets are located under water with 20 cm depth where aluminium shells for penetration are air-back while the impact detonation model has explosives inside shell. Four kinds of different nose shape tungsten projectiles are used for penetration simulation, revealing that ogival nose projectiles have superior performance for both shell perforation as well as detonation than conical nose projectiles. Numerical predictions shed some light on nose shape optimization design of high velocity projectile against torpedoes.
Research on Anti-ballistic Mechanism and Numerical Simulation of Biomimetic Composite
Authors: Shuhu Li , Juncong Liu , Yusong Huang , Aiyun Liu , Jingli Xu , Wenfang Xing , Huazhen Wei , Ronghui Wang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The multilayer toughening conch-nacre structure biomimetic composite consisted of alternant thin-hard layer ceramic and flexible resin matrix composite was prepared and designed, and its ballistic mechanism was studied. The testing results showed the damage effects of biomimetic composite were mitigated evidently while shielded the impact effectively in contrast with the smash of the common armour ceramic when encountered ballistic impact. The ballistic performances of the resin matrix composite and biomimetic composite were simulated by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA, material models of the resin matrix composite and biomimetic composite were expatiated. The calculation results were in accorded with testing result very well. This research methods and conclusions were valuable for engineering applications.
Difference Analysis of Different Explosion Load Simulation Methods Based on LS-DYNA
Authors: Wang L J , Wang T , Cheng Sh , Yin W J , Liao Z 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
LS-DYNA provides a variety of different explosion load simulation methods, which are widely used in the field of explosion shock. Compared with the direct application of explosion load on the structural surface, the simulation method of establishing the air domain is more complex, but it can reproduce the evolution process of the explosion flow field and consider the interaction between the shock wave and the structure. The simulation results are more consistent with the actual situation. In this paper, the four commonly used explosion load simulation methods in LS-DYNA software are compared and analyzed, and the sensitivity analysis of grid size is carried out. The differences in the results of the four explosion load simulation methods under typical explosion conditions are compared and analyzed from the aspects of explosion shock wave waveform, arrival time, overpressure peak and specific impulse. The analysis results show that the proportional detonation distance of 0.8 m/kg1/3 is the boundary point of grid sensitivity ; under the same grid size, different explosion load simulation methods have little effect on shock wave arrival time, but have obvious influence on overpressure peak value and specific impulse. It is critical to reasonably select the termination time of the low-dimensional model when using the mapping method ; method 1 and method 2 are preferred for simulation without considering the computational cost or small model size. When the model is large, method 3 and method 4 should be preferred to improve the computational efficiency.
Study on Radial Distribution of Fragments Velocity of D-shaped Fragmentation Warhead
Authors: Liu W L , Jiang J W , Li M , Yin G , Sun X 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
For the asymmetric D-shaped fragmentation warhead with high charging coefficient and space efficiency, we simulate the driving process of fragments under typical eccentric initiation by using the fluid-structure interaction algorithm, and obtained the change rule of the fragment velocity radial distribution with the central angel, the thickness and material of the upper end cap. The results of numerical simulation show that the fragment velocity of D-shaped warhead increases gradually from the reverse to the forward direction, the velocity of fragment in forward direction increases by about 10% under single-point eccentric initiation compared with the cylindrical casing under center initiation, and the fragment velocity under double-point eccentric initiations is higher than single-point eccentric initiation; The initial velocity of the fragment has a positive correlation with the thickness and density parameters of the upper end cap; the mass of the warhead and the total kinetic energy of the fragments in the forward area increase with the increase of the central angle, but their ratio increases first and then decreases with the increase of the central angle. The results can be applied to structural optimization design and power evaluation of the warhead.
Study on Impact Response of Typical Powder in Confined Space
Authors: Jin Wen , Men JianBin , Jiang JianWei , Li HaiFeng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A novel experiment combined with simulation method was developed to investigate the impact response of the powder which was put into a submunition. The powder’s material model parameter was determined by powder mechanical test. Machete hammer test platform was built to apply 20kG~30kG load to the submunition. The submunition was recycled and the powder state was observed after impacting by the Machete hammer. What’s more, nonlinear dynamics analysis software (AUTODYN) was applied to clarify the impact response and density distribution process of the powder. A verified ideal model was carried out to simulate the explosive impact loading process of the submunition. The powder density distribution was reconstructed by MATLAB. Meanwhile, a law of the powder’s centroid with the over loading was successfully established based on the simulation data. The results shows that the peak value of the impact loading has a linear relationship with the relative offset of the centroid position.
Influence of the Fragment Velocity Gradient on the Hit Density under the Dynamic Condition
Authors: Shujie Cheng , Zhengfeng Liang , Xijun Ruan , Runyuan Miao , Haijun Wu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The influence of the fragment velocity gradient on the hit density under the dynamic missile-target meeting condition is discussed using theoretical analysis, and the analytical relationship is obtained. The results show that under static explosion conditions, the fragment hit density is independent of the velocity gradient of the fragment group. Under dynamic conditions, the distribution bandwidth of the fragments on the target becomes wider with the increase of the velocity of the missile-target meeting and the velocity gradient of the fragment group, and the increase of the fragment bandwidth decreases the fragment hit density.
Effects of weak connecting structure on penetration performance of free-flight rocket
Authors: Yu Wanqian , Gao Hongchao , Guo Tengfei , Liu Ji’an , Gu Wei 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The strength of connection between the rocket engine and the warhead has a certain relationship with the warhead’s ballistic characteristics and structural response. In this paper, the effects of weak connecting structure on the penetration performance of the free-flight (unguided) rockets is studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The oblique penetration of free-flight rockets with different connecting structures into armour plates is numerically simulated, the rockets’ deflection in the penetration process is analysed, and the effects of the weak connecting structure on the warhead’s structural integrity are evaluated according to the deformation of the warhead tail. The oblique penetration test of free-flight rocket is designed, and the simulation results under low impact velocities are verified. The research shows that the influence of the length of the weak connecting structure on the tail deformation of the warhead varies at different impact velocities. It is better to use direct connection between the engine and the warhead at high impact velocities, and the weak connecting structure performs better at low impact velocities.
Research on ballistic performance and numerical simulation technology of Si3N4 ceramic materials
Authors: Wang Wanying , Liu Jingang , Zhou Haiqi , Mu Zeyuan , Yan Jie , Su Zizhou , Wang Yue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Ceramic materials are widely used in the field of armor protection because of high hardness and low-density. In order to research the ballistic performance of Si3N4 ceramic and evaluate the penetration effect, the DOP test against the 12.7 mm API was carried out. The results show that the protection coefficient is in the range of 1.85-4.26, and thickness coefficient is in the range of 1.85-4.26. On this basis, the numerical simulation technology of Si3N4 ceramic composite armor is studied by using LS-Dyna software. The accuracy of the finite element model is verified by comparing the test result. It can guide significance for the use of Si3N4 ceramic in the field of armor protection.