bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ergativity
Authors: Dunn Vivien , Meakins Felicity 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe vast majority of Australian languages are morphologically ergative, with the nominal in the A role marked with an ergative suffix and the S and O unmarked. Nonetheless, almost all morphologically-ergative Australian languages are syntactically-accusative, i.e. S and O are treated the same way by syntactic processes such as coordination and subordination. A very few Australian languages are also syntactically ergative, which is rare cross-linguistically. Although most Australian languages are considered morphologically ergative, many of these languages do not exhibit ergative case-marking across all nominal types. There is often a ‘split’ in the case-marking system of these languages, with ergative-absolutive marking patterns on some classes of nominals, and nominative-accusative marking patterns on others. Finally in some Australian languages, the ergative marker may be either present or absent from an A argument without affecting the grammatical role of the nominal in the clause, i.e. the nominal is still A regardless of whether it is marked by an ergative marker or not. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘optional ergativity’ and has been estimated to occur in at least 10% of Australian languages.
Conjugation classes
Authors: Koch Harold 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIt is typical of Australian languages that not all verbs follow an identical pattern of inflection for tense, mood, and aspect values. Verbs in a language rather belong to a number of separate inflectional classes, called conjugations. Conjugational systems are here described for a representative sample of Pama-Nyungan languages. These are organized according to languages with (three to eight) robust conjugations, just two conjugations, or none but containing possible verbs with irregular inflection or showing traces of earlier conjugational differences. Languages rarely show more than three dominant paradigms, and typically contain minor classes or irregular inflectional patterns characteristic of a set of widespread cognate historically monosyllabic verb roots—whose inflectional paradigms are consequently capable of a certain degree of historical reconstruction.
Valency change and causation
Authors: Spronck Stef 
Published: July 2023

AbstractValency and valency change are central topics in syntactic typology. Based on a genus-based sample of 41 languages, this chapter surveys strategies for signalling valency change across Australian languages, specifically, in causation and applicatives. The chapter starts with a discussion of the broad typological concepts involved and presents a definition of the categories of internal and external causation and applicatives. After introducing the sampling method, it then presents the affixes and multi-word constructions marking causation and applicatives as well as their (geographical) distribution. The chapter concludes that while some languages in the sample treat causatives and applicatives as a dedicated morphosyntactic class, both applicatives and causatives are mixed phenomena in Australian languages. This observation is explained by the suggestion that lexical, functional, syntactic and pragmatic factors play a role in the classification of (pro)nominal clause participants, and that for understanding valency in the respective languages these factors are variably relevant.
Word order
Authors: Andrews-Hoke Magda , Brody Parker 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn many languages, word order plays a role parallel to morphological features, such as case marking and verbal agreement, in that it encodes basic relationships between syntactic elements, e.g., a verb and its core argument(s), or a head noun and its dependent(s). This chapter presents a summary of basic word order and related phenomena in the context of the Indigenous languages of Australia. Australian languages have been noted for their variability with respect to the ordering of words and/or constituents, though most show statistical preference for a single order, most commonly SOV or SVO. The chapter presents a summary of sentence- or utterance-level word and constituent order in both Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan languages. This is followed by an overview of word order phenomena in noun phrases.
Subordination
Authors: van Egmond Marie-Elaine 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the various subordination strategies employed in Australian languages. Australian-style subordination is known for its remarkable uniformity in two respects: (i) the use of a single subordinate clause type for both relative and adverbial functions, (ii) the strong preference for dependent clauses to appear at the edges of the main clause. Despite these two widespread properties, however, Australian languages display a broad variety of subordination structures, including complementizers, nominalized verbs, non-finite verbs with subordination markers, and case-marking on verbs as a clause-linking device. Overt subordination morphology tends to be more elaborated in the Pama-Nyungan than in the polysynthetic non-Pama-Nyungan languages. Polysynthetic languages have often been assumed to lack subordinate structures, but in Australia it is perfectly possible for a polysynthetic language to possess a range of subordinate structures. Hence subordination and polysynthesis are in principle independent dimensions of typological variation.
Quantification
Authors: Bowler Margit , Kapitonov Ivan 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the diversity in the semantics and morphosyntax of quantity descriptions across Australian languages, a hitherto undescribed area. We survey expressive means used for major semantic types of quantification (e.g., ‘some’, ‘all’, ‘most’, ‘none’, etc.) in the domain of individuals as well as times/events (thus, ‘sometimes’, ‘always’, et seq.), pointing out typologically unusual structures and meanings. We also make forays into topics particularly little-understood in Australian languages, such as quantifier interaction, with the explicit purpose of fostering interest and attention to describing these aspects of grammar.
The verbal arts in Indigenous Australia
Authors: Green Jennifer , Kral Inge , Treloyn Sally 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we give a taste of the rich diversity of Australian Indigenous verbal arts. These treasured poetic traditions are seen as a core part of people’s relationships to land and their cultural identity. The verbal arts in Australian Indigenous cultures include a broad range of practices—the art of storytelling and narrative, the performance of poetry and song, and other creative uses of language found in speech play and children’s games. Although spoken languages play a part in these traditions, some verbal arts practices also include graphic symbols drawn on the ground, ceremonial designs on the body, and other embodied actions such as dance, sign, and gesture. New technologies are transforming possibilities for the documentation of verbal arts, and changing social, cultural, and linguistic practices across the generations drive innovation in their form and content.
Language contact
Authors: Angelo Denise 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides comprehensive background information about past and present language contact and contact languages in Australia. It focuses on the historical language contact and shift processes, underway since imposition of settler-colonial society from 1788, which have profoundly altered modern Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander language ecologies. It describes the vibrant contemporary contexts of the resulting contact languages, such as the creoles, mixed languages, restructured traditional languages and Englishes, and their rich and significant roles in Indigenous social and cultural settings. It addresses equity issues that arise when contact languages spoken by Indigenous people are unrecognized and unserviced. The chapter examines the various constructions of ‘Aboriginal English’ and why dialects of Standard Australian English should be differentiated from other contact languages in policies and some on-the-ground services. It includes Indigenous second language learning of Standard Australian English.
Kriol
Authors: Dickson Greg 
Published: July 2023

AbstractKriol has been part of the language ecology of Indigenous Australians in Northern Australia for around a century. Spoken by around 20,000 people it has also now been the subject of linguistic research for around half a century. This chapter offers a panoramic view of Kriol, beginning with summary discussions of its origins, status, and ethnolinguistic vitality. This is followed by commentary on where Kriol fits in relation to English, to other creole languages and to substrate languages. The discussion of structural aspects of Kriol pays attention to lexical and semantic aspects, discourse, pragmatics, and variation while still covering core features of phonology, morphology, and syntax. The chapter also serves to bring attention to an array of research that has been carried out on Kriol in the past decade.
Young people’s varieties
Authors: O’Shannessy Carmel 
Published: July 2023

AbstractUnder what circumstances do young people speak in a way that differs significantly from that of their parents’ generation? This chapter presents a summary of documented ways of speaking by young adults and children where the ways of speaking differ from those of prior generations. It covers a range of types of languages, from traditional languages with relatively little change, to the emergence of new varieties. In many of the contexts reported on here, young people learn multiple ways of speaking as they grow up, interacting in each language or variety according to their relationship with the person they are speaking to, and the kind of social situation they are in. It is argued that adapting to the sociolinguistic environment and bringing changes into the languages is a mechanism that enables language continuity in the face of severe language endangerment.
The Gunwinyguan languages
Authors: Evans Nicholas , Marley Alexandra 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys the main features of the Gunwinyguan languages, a family of a dozen languages spoken in west Arnhem Land and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory. Gunwinyguan languages make up the largest genetic family in the non-Pama-Nyungan group, but there is some contention as to the classification of some of these languages due to either insufficient language data or conflicting core linguistic features. In this chapter, we discuss the typological features that characterize Gunwinyguan languages, including phonology, verbal morphology, gender and case marking, and pronominal categories. We situate these features within both the non-Pama-Nyungan group and the broader Australian context, and discuss the processes of microvariation that give rise to typological differences across the languages of the family.
The revitalization of the sleeping Tasmanian Aboriginal languagespalawa kani
Authors: Reynolds Annie , Sainty Theresa 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the retrieving of the Tasmanian Aboriginal languages. As a result of the decimation of the Tasmanian Aboriginal community, no individual original languages are still spoken and only one language, palawa kani, is spoken throughout Tasmania. The Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre is the body responsible for the retrieval and revival of the original Tasmanian languages. Since the early 1990s, this work has been funded by successive Commonwealth Governments and conducted by the palawa kani Language Program statewide. Today, Aborigines of all ages can speak palawa kani and three generations of children have learnt it from infancy. The chapter details the process of retrieving the original Tasmanian Aboriginal languages, looking at sources of recorded language, the sounds of words, grammar, word order, and the Aboriginal speakers themselves.
Inceptions and Inseminations
Authors: Landy Francis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Isaiah has three beginnings: ch. 1, chs 2.1–4, and ch. 6. Ch. 1 begins at the beginning, with the appeal to the constituents of creation; ch. 2 begins at the end, with the pilgrimage of all nations to Zion; and ch. 6 recounts the prophet’s call. I analyse these beginnings in the context of different origin stories and conceptions of gender. YHWH is the solitary father, whose seed is evil; his female complement, Zion, is the object of desire and disgust, as prostitute, Torah, widow, and daughter. The imagery suggests ambivalence, and alienation. Isaiah’s initiation is accomplished through an all-male transmission of sacred fire, but dissimulates, through a pun, the goddess, who is incinerated with her followers at the end of the chapter.
In-Conclusion
Authors: Landy Francis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book, discussing both the metanarrative and its insistent subversion. It is concerned with the transition from the Davidic polity to its aftermath, and from male to female figurations of God. It proposes a multi-levelled conception of YHWH in Isaiah, as a persona, a symbol of Israelite values and identity, and an ultimate reality. The chapter concludes with a methodological postscript, which concerns the relation of historical criticism to literary analysis; the value of psychoanalysis; and the critical task—both to judge and to be self-aware—which correlates with Isaiah’s own critical responsibility. It is a deconstructive work—always critical—which is nonetheless a kind of faith, a willingness to respond to whatever the text has to tell us.
MDMA and the Military
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the 1920s, physicians discovered the potential for ‘speech induction’ offered by psychoactive substances. The German Nazis were the first to conduct experiments on the use of ‘truth drugs’ for interrogation purposes. Later, after some American prisoners of war ‘confessed’ to the use of biological weapons in the Korean war, the United States (US) Army suspected that they had been manipulated by drugs. This triggered research into drug use for behavioural manipulation by the US military. Research concluded that hallucinogens, such as mescaline and LSD, were mentally so ‘irritating’ that they are not helpful in interrogations. Consequently, the focus of research changed direction towards less irritating substances with more consistent euphoria-inducing effects (such as MDA and similar ‘mescaline derivatives’). However, due to the accidental death of an unwitting patient in an experiment with MDA, research was put on hold until animal tests had been conducted, including with MDMA. Most of the documents related to the years in which the testing was done have been destroyed, but it seems unlikely that MDMA had been tested or used operationally on humans.
The Research of Alexander T. Shulgin
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin played a significant role in the ‘rediscovery’ of MDMA in the 1970s. In 1960, an experience with mescaline inspired Shulgin to undertake research with psychoactive drugs. He subsequently synthesized psychoactive chemicals and tested them on himself and a group of others. In the early 1960s, Shulgin studied the chemistry of nutmeg: chemical modifications of the oils of nutmeg easily lead to psychoactive substances. In 1962, Shulgin synthesized MMDA from a nutmeg oil, a substance closely related to MDMA. Shulgin first synthesized MDMA in 1965 but did not conduct trials with it. In his collaboration with Claudio Naranjo, a research psychiatrist in Chile, who used Shulgin’s drugs in psychotherapy, they also tested MDE, a substance similar to MDMA but, after a few experiments (with small doses), concluded that this compound had ‘no effect’. In 1975, Shulgin and a student synthesized MDMA again, but Shulgin did not try it. In late 1976, Shulgin synthesized it again and conducted his usual self-trials. It is debatable whether Shulgin realized the special effects of MDMA in his initial self-trials. In 1977, Shulgin gave it to the psychotherapist Leo Zeff, who distributed it enthusiastically to hundreds of therapists. Shulgin and others involved kept the knowledge of MDMA secret until a presentation at a public conference in 1983.
Lenvatinib recruits cytotoxic GZMK+CD8 T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yamada Tomoharu , Fujiwara Naoto , Kubota Naoto , Matsushita Yuki , Nakatsuka Takuma , Kurosaki Shigeyuki , Minami Tatsuya , Tateishi Ryosuke , Ichida Akihiko , Arita Junichi , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Koike Kazuhiko , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Nakagawa Hayato 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Lenvatinib was expected to enhance the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for unresectable HCC; however, their combination therapy failed to show the synergy in the phase III clinical trial.

Methods:
To elucidate lenvatinib-induced molecular modulation, we performed bulk RNA-sequencing and digital spatial profiling of 5 surgically resected human HCC specimens after lenvatinib treatment and 10 matched controls without any preceding therapy.

Findings:
Besides its direct antitumor effects, lenvatinib recruited cytotoxic GZMK+CD8 T cells in intratumor stroma by CXCL9 from tumor-associated macrophages, suggesting that lenvatinib-treated HCC is in the so-called excluded condition that can diminish ICI efficacy.
Study of the influence of the biochemical composition of the human native ejaculate on the preservation of the male gametes’ activity after the application of cryopreservation technology
Authors: Begaidarova Aidana , Baikoshkarova Saltanat , Mutaliyeva Botakoz 
Published: July 2023

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the biochemical composition of human native ejaculate on the preservation of male gamete activity after the application of cryopreservation technology and to evaluate the potential practical application of these findings in future fertilization processes.

Methods:
The methodology employed in this study involves a systematic analysis of the technological aspects of cryopreserving human semen, coupled with an analytical examination of how the biochemical composition of semen affects the preservation of male gamete activity.

Results:
The results of the study demonstrate a clear relationship between the activity of male gametes and changes in the biochemical composition of semen following cryopreservation.

Conclusion:
This study addresses the issue of male infertility in Kazakhstan and underscores the importance of research in embryology and reproductive medicine to effectively address this problem.
Evaluation of Triglyceride-Glucose Index as a Marker for Severity in New Onset Diabetes in Patients of COVID-19 Pneumonia- a Single Center Study
Authors: Ashraf Faiza , Mehmood Majid , Aurang Zeb Mohammad , Rehman Jehanzeb ur , Siddiqui Fariha Masood 
Published: July 2023

IntroductionSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV 2) Covid-19 is responsible for the pandemic affecting the world population since 2019. Starting from Wuhan, China enveloped the globe within a few months. It affected the healthy population, but played havoc in terms of mortality and morbidity for old and diseased populations. Diabetes is a known condition putting patients at high risk of complications, resulting from metabolic syndrome-derived impaired immune responses. The world is still grappling with the challenge of managing diabetic patients with covid pneumonia and newly added Diabetics resulting from post covid complications driven by Covid-19-induced damage to pancreatic beta cells. Resulting in worsening of existing Diabetic control and new onset Diabetes (NOD) in susceptible individuals. The TYG (Triglyceride-Glucose Index) may serve as a marker to identify patients at risk of developing a serious illnessHypothesisTriglyceride Glucose Index is a marker for severity of Covid-19 and new onset of diabetes.Aim To evaluate role of TYG index in prediction of new onset of Diabetes mellitus in Covid-19 patients and as a marker for disease severity in diabetic Covid-19 patients.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was carried out in Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalakot. Covid-19 patients' diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c), fasting glucose and Triglycerides (TG) were performed at the biochemistry lab using SELECTRA chemical analyzer. TYG index was calculated and related with clinical symptoms of patients.ResultsA total of 2974 samples has been tested by RT-PCR. Three hundred and ninety-three (13%) were positive for COVID-19 infection. Twenty-one patients (5%) developed new-onset Diabetes (NOD) during the COVID infection. A TYG index of 43 people affected with COVID-19 (21 NOD and 22 non-diabetic individuals (control group) was calculated as a marker of severity index. It was found that the higher TYG was associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 diabetes. ConclusionCovid-19 infection is associated with worsening disease in preexisting diabetic patients and is responsible for new-onset Diabetes in patients. TYG index correlates directly with the severity of Covid-19. TYG index can be used as a predictor marker for mortality and morbidity in Covid-19.
Exploring issues of online hate speech against minority religious groups in Bangladesh
Authors: Rezvi Minhazur Rahman , Hossain Md Rakib 
Published: July 2023

Purpose
Online hate speech (OHS) is becoming a serious problem worldwide including in Bangladesh. This study aims to understand the nature of OHS against religious groups and explore its impact on their social life and mental health.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative approach was followed and 11 in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with the selected OHS victims. This study conducted a semi-structural interview using Google Form following the design questionnaire for selecting IDIs participants.

Findings
This study found that religious minorities experience online hatred through online media by the major religious group in Bangladesh. Natures of OHS are commenting on social media posts, sharing hateful memes and sending private messages using slang language targeting religious identity, religious food habits and ethnic identities. Victims were offended, abused and bullied by unknown persons, their university friends and colleagues. Victims of OHS did not take any action against it due to fear of insecurity. Victims of OHS felt low-minded, helpless and anxious after the experience of OHS; they felt more insecure and vulnerable socially and mentally.

Originality/value
The findings of this study suggest that policymakers identify the nature of OHS and take proper steps for reducing the frequency of OHS in Bangladesh. To combat the OHS, authorities have to make legal enforcement equal for everyone.