bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Men Under Stress
Authors: Kastrup Marianne , Thompson Kenneth , Gogineni Rama Rao 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Today individuals may no longer see themselves as either male or female. And yet statistics generally operate with two sexes when providing data on health and disease, where males show shorter life expectancy and a higher morbidity for a number of disorders. Traditionally men have been in “power” in relation to women as part of a hierarchy to their advantage, and the patriarchal ideology sees males as superior from a biological and a sociological perspective, thereby justifying the dominance of males in all areas of society. The significant changes in family structure over the past decades have resulted in more fluid gender roles; the male identity is challenged, and the hegemonic White heterosexual masculinity is under scrutiny. Male mental illness needs attention as many disorders may go un-diagnosed, partly because males are less likely to seek help and disclose mental health problems. A large proportion of men, not only in Western societies, have acquired psychological coping strategies that may be dysfunctional in case of mental distress, and interventions to overcome this should be initiated on both the individual and policy/governmental level.
Religion and Social Psychiatry
Authors: López-Ibor M. I. , Carrasco M. Martín 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Social psychiatry, as a branch of psychiatry, pays special attention to the interpersonal and cultural context of mental disorder and mental well-being. Religiosity is a fundamental part of the cultural context of human beings, but it also plays a decisive role in both health and coping strategies against disease. Sick people give spirituality more importance than the general population. This chapter explores religiosity and spirituality as an important dimension in general health, and specifically in mental health, and its relation to the way one faces life when one loses one’s health. Religion is one of the ways in which people give meaning to their lives, which helps them understand the world. In psychiatric patients, religiosity can affect both psychopathology and the therapy to be applied to the patient. Traditionally, it has been considered that religiosity and spirituality were something too private and personal to be evaluated in the context of clinical practice and, above all, as difficult and uncomfortable to examine in patients. But patients who suffer mental disorder are frequently confronted with spiritual problems. For example, patients suffering from schizophrenia often exhibit delusions about the sense of life. Depressed patients worry about the meaning of loss and death. It is therefore relevant that psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals pay attention and develop an understanding of the religious beliefs of their patients.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Pirkola Sami , Fröjd Sari , Nurmela Kirsti 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
One in 5 of the global population suffered from a common mental disorder, i.e., depressive or anxiety disorder, during the last 12 months. WHO forecasts that depressive and anxiety disorders will become more frequent in the future. ICD-10 and 11 and DSM-5 describe well these and related disorders, their diagnostic, criteria, thresholds and boundaries. These disorders are typically multifactorial and complex, involving a genetic predisposition, a variety of external long- and short-term precipitating factors, and their interactive combinations. They also are greatly influenced by social factors with variety of social consequences. Socioeconomic disadvantage, distress, traumas, and adversities associate with the likelihood of developing a depressive or anxiety disorder. Depressive disorders are largest reasons for non-fatal health loss globally, counted as years lived with disability. Occupational disability caused by depressive and anxiety disorders has become an economic and a public health issue. As people in low socioeconomic status bear the highest proportion of mental suffering, they should be helped both medically and socially. The World Health Organization and several other organizations have developed guidelines for providing evidence-based practices for mental health professionals as well as family physicians and nurses.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Chadda Rakesh K. , Kallivalyalil Roy Abraham 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Substance use and addictive disorders can be labeled as a major social malaise, which society faces. Substance use and addictive disorders are an important contributor to the global burden of disease, contributed by disability, unemployment, and physical comorbidities and associated shortened span of life, compounded by a large treatment gap. Society also has a conflicting attitude toward the problem, with critical views as well as acceptance as a part of many social rituals and functions. Social psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry which deals with social factors associated with psychiatric morbidity, social effects of mental illness, psychosocial issues, and social approaches to psychiatric care. Principles of social psychiatry can help in understanding the genesis, especially the role of various social factors in development of substance use disorders and associated complications, as well as in their prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Sleep Patterns and Disorders
Authors: Estafanous Abram , Sedky Karim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sleep disorders are common among the general population. While the biological basis leading to sleep struggles is important to understand, cultural perception and variation should also be considered during management of these disorders. Sleep time and duration, napping, sleep setting, and bed partners can significantly vary by location. During sleep analysis and management, it is essential to consider cultural variability (such as in Japan, where napping during work is thought to enhance productivity) and ethnic differences (such as the higher prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea among African Americans as compared to Caucasians). The aim of this chapter is to discuss cultural and ethnic factors affecting sleep and possible reasons behind these differences.
The Emergence and Development of Social Psychiatry in Romania
Authors: Paziuc Alexandru , Cozman Doina , Lazarescu Mircea 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The history of Romanian psychiatry has significant sequences. From the 19th century until the interwar period, psychiatric hospitals were established. During the period 1965–1975, unified hospitals were established in Romania. The third wave is the decade 1975–1985, when community psychiatry evolved with goals of active detection of the risk factors to prevent psychological disorders and early treatment. The growing interest during the 1970s in Romania for mental health and the issues of social psychiatry noticed an increase publication of books and scientific events. In 2005, Alexandru Paziuc and colleagues established the Association of Social Psychiatry of Romania, during this period of European transition, in which societal stress and loss of social cohesion and spiritual values directly affected patterns of morbidity and mortality, Much of the treatment in Romania is psychopharmacological, with very limited psychosocial interventions. A negative image of psychological disorder and stigma of illness prevent many people from receiving necessary treatments. Fortunately, the professional organizations and institutions, including religious organizations, are working on removing these barriers, once considered insurmountable, by promoting local and national forums. drafted a list of priorities in mental health, Active participation in WASP congresses and hosting the congress in 2019 advanced the professional identity and scientific aspects of Romanian psychiatry.
Epilogue
Authors: Bennegadi Rachid 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The WASP Textbook on Social Psychiatry illustrates the social factors, psychosocial aspects associated with psychiatric morbidity, social effects of mental illness, and social approaches to psychiatric care, differentiating sickness, illness, and disease as individual concepts. Integrating social determinants that impact the personality, family, and society allows patients to express their psychological suffering and their psychiatric disorders by means of their own sociocultural references and explanatory models (illness). This allows the therapeutic framework to come together. Freud, Jung, Lacan, Nakkache, neurobiologists, systems thinkers, anthropologists, sociologists, attachment theorists, and traumatologists have provided important knowledge to complement relevance and mobilization of energy from a vital impetus and the structure of personality to restore the meaning of a human life. Psychiatric services need maximum flexibility, responding to changing needs; they must be ready to be confronted, ready to cooperate, ready to take responsibility toward society.
Diffuse Gliomas (WHO Grade 2–3)
Authors: Ahmad Haroon , Schiff David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Grade 2 and grade 3 diffuse gliomas are challenging tumors to treat. They are uncommon, with an incidence rate of 1.35 per 100,000 per year, making them difficult to study. They have a younger median age of onset: 30–40 and 40–60 years old for grade 2 and 3, respectively, making long-term treatment toxicity significant in decision-making. The overwhelming majority of gliomas are sporadic. IDH mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion carry the most weight in prognostication; both are prognostic and predictive. Tumors that are “molecularly equivalent to GBM” and harbor TERT promoter gene mutation, EGFR amplification, or loss of chromosome 7p with gain of chromosome 10q have poor prognosis. The most common presentation for all glial tumors is seizures and is most frequent in grade 2 gliomas. Higher grade gliomas have a higher incidence of presenting with fixed neurologic deficits. Gadolinium-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging is the standard for assessing suspected brain tumors. As of 2016, pathologic diagnosis is based on molecular markers including IDH mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion. Surgery is required for tissue diagnosis, and a maximal safe resection has been shown to improve overall survival. Radiation doses of 50–54 Gy and 60 Gy for grade 2 and 3 tumors, respectively, is standard. Chemotherapy for oligodendrogliomas is well established, and both procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) and temozolomide (TMZ) are used. For grade 3 astrocytic tumors, TMZ is generally used but is supported by evidence in the adjuvant setting only. Recent preliminary data support concomitant TMZ use in IDH-mutated astrocytomas only. Results from CATNON and CODEL studies should answer these questions.
Rare Tumors in Adults, Including Medulloblastoma
Authors: Shiue Kevin , DeWitt Logan S. , Kindler John M. , Watson Gordon A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses six rare tumors of the central nervous system in adults: medulloblastoma in adults, cerebellar liponeurocytoma, diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT), ganglioglioma, pineal parenchymal tumors, and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA). The incidence, clinical characteristics, histology, radiographic details, treatment, and outcomes are outlined for each disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics are provided for each tumor type. Importantly, following the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors, the molecular profile of each tumor type is provided. Current knowledge on molecular advancements within the study of each of these tumors is reviewed and is a key theme as new molecular discoveries are incorporated into evolving treatment approaches. Multidisciplinary management, often at centers with specialized neuro-oncology providers, is recommended for these rare tumors. References are provided for more detailed information.
Pediatric High-Grade Glioma
Authors: Sait Sameer Farouk , Freret Morgan , Karajannis Matthias 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) represent 8–12% of all pediatric central nervous system tumors and comprise a spectrum of histologies that includes anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade 3), glioblastoma (WHO grade 4), and diffuse midline glioma, H3K27M mutant (WHO grade 4). Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are pHGG of the brainstem that are generally diagnosed based on clinical and imaging findings alone, but, if biopsied, pathology most commonly reveals diffuse midline glioma, H3K27M mutant. Evidence from genetic and epigenetic molecular profiling studies has revealed significant molecular diversity among pHGGs. These studies led to a major reclassification of pHGGs into molecular-based tumor subgroups, as compared to earlier primarily histology-based tumor subgroups. Findings show that these molecular subgroups of pHGG correlate with clinically meaningful factors, including tumor location and prognosis. The most important molecular groups are the histone mutations related pHGG (H3.K27-mutated midline and H3.G34-mutated hemispheric pHGG); the rare isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2)-mutated pHGG occurring mainly in young adults; the BRAFV600E mutant cortical tumors arising from transformation of lower grade tumors, the heterogenous H3/IDH/BRAF wildtype pHGGs and infant HGGs. Another important group occurs in patients with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency, a cancer predisposition syndrome wherein patients develop hypermutant glioblastoma. Standard treatment for pHGG includes maximally safe surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the clinical, genetic, and therapeutic aspects relevant to oncologists caring for children, adolescents, and young adults with pHGGs.
Principles of Systemic Therapy in Neuro-Oncology
Authors: Andreatos Nikolaos , Peereboom David M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Systemic therapy in neuro-oncology refers to the use of any drugs administered systemically rather than locally. The most commonly used drugs are cytotoxic agents, but recent years have seen the advent of targeted therapies such as small-molecule oral compounds and monoclonal antibodies; anti-angiogenic agents; immunotherapy; and, most recently, cellular therapies. Systemic therapies for central nervous system (CNS) malignancies face unique obstacles posed by the blood–brain barrier, although some drugs, such as anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapies, exert their effects outside of it. Molecular markers that can guide the use of chemotherapy for CNS tumors include IDH, 1p/19q co-deletion, and MGMT status. For diffuse WHO grade 2–4 gliomas in adults, most subgroups of patients have superior outcomes with radiation and chemotherapy compared to radiation therapy alone. Patients with primary CNS lymphoma are best treated with regimens that include rituximab and high-dose methotrexate. Patients with brain metastases can experience clinical benefit with newer targeted agents. All patients should be encouraged to enroll in clinical trials whenever possible.
Neuro-Oncology in the Elderly
Authors: Internò Valeria , Rudà Roberta , Soffietti Riccardo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the main aspects of management of glioblastomas, low-grade gliomas, and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas in the elderly. An extensive use of available geriatric scales is recommended to distinguish fit versus unfit patients before deciding any treatment. In the case of fit patients with high-grade glioma, surgical resection as complete as possible followed by radiotherapy and concomitant/adjuvant temozolomide is the standard of care. In the case of unfit patients with high-grade glioma, biopsy followed either by hypofractionated radiotherapy in case of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) unmethylated tumors or temozolomide in case of MGMT methylated tumors should be proposed. Supportive care should be reserved to patients with low performance status or high burden of comorbidities. Low-grade gliomas in elderly patients are rare and should be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant temozolomide when appropriate. Primary CNS lymphomas following biopsy should receive an up-front methotrexate-based regimen. In case of a complete response to chemotherapy whole brain-radiation therapy should be reserved at tumor progression to delay neurocognitive deterioration.
Consulting in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses common requests for neurologic consults and alerts the neurologist about what to expect, how to take a history, how to gain an understanding of the severity of the patient’s critical illness, how to address common causes of decline in consciousness and failure to awaken, and how to judge the multi pharmacy used by intensivists and, in particular, how it can confound examination. The chapter provides an overview of how to interpret test results and request additional tests in these patients, and it discusses how to proceed with a detailed assessment of major clinical neurologic complications that are encountered in the intensive care unit.
Acute Focal Neurologic Findings and Asymmetries in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Focal and potentially localizing signs in the presenting patient are immediately worrisome. Clinical signs that immediately capture attention, in addition to fixed pupil(s) and extensor posturing, are a dense hemiplegia or paraplegia. In other circumstances, neurologic abnormalities such as apraxia, neglect, or aphasia may be present but concealed in “acute confusion or agitation.” Neurologic examination in a critically ill patient may focus on explaining the cause of a focal finding, and these findings often have major consequences that lead to medical or surgical interventions; the decision to intervene may even be irrespective of neuroimaging results. This chapter reviews the affected anatomy and examination techniques, discusses how to collate the findings, and explains how to localize the lesion in acutely ill neurologic patients.
Neurologic Manifestations of Viral Outbreaks
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Infectious outbreaks are commonly bacterial and food-borne and may become deadly due to sepsis. Viral outbreaks causing neurologic manifestations are primarily seasonal and are often bound to a geographic region. Global outbreaks are becoming more common: West Nile encephalitis was one of the more recent severe widespread outbreaks, when a viral disease endemic to Africa began appearing in Europe and the Americas. This mostly incidental experience changed when the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged in 2019, leading to intensive care units filled with ventilated patients by the hundreds of thousands worldwide. Neurologic complications of COVID-19 soon became apparent. This chapter will review prior and recent experiences and recognition of major infections.
Neurologic Complications of Acute Renal Disease
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the neurologic manifestations of acute renal failure are discussed in relation to the most common clinical problems seen in critically ill patients and to those that may pose difficulty in assessment during consultation in the intensive care unit. The clinical features of uremic encephalopathy range from early asterixis to profound drowsiness, but the manifestations are typical of any encephalopathy caused by an acute metabolic derangement. The recognition of uremic encephalopathy is not trivial, because in many intensive care units, its signs and symptoms are usually an indication to initiate hemodialysis. Hypertensive encephalopathy or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is included in this chapter because of its common interrelation with acute or chronic renal failure.
Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Advances in cardiac surgery have improved long-term outcome in patients with coronary and valvular disease, but some of the gains have been counterbalanced by damage to the brain. This chapter reviews the most important neurologic complications of coronary artery and valve repair surgery in patients recovering in the cardiac surgery intensive care unit. The major complications are acute stroke, which may require endovascular treatment; seizures; peripheral nerve injury; retinal damage; and more long-term neuropsychologic impairment. Each of these complications is very uncommon in most academic practices but, once present, requires immediate action and the potential involvement of many consulting specialist, including neurologists and endovascular interventionalists.
Decision-making in practice
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Accepting all of the theory already described concerning how decisions are, should, and should not be taken, what advice can be offered on practical clinical decision-making, whether it is directed at clinical intervention or at assisting lawyers and courts, to address defined legal questions? It might be thought that all that needs to be written here is, ‘follow the rules of ordinary good clinical psychiatric practice’. However, as we have already suggested, all medical practice is subject to both heuristics and bias, as well as to the role of values, and all—but particularly the latter—is especially so in a forensic context. This chapter builds on A.1: Decision-making theories to put the background into practice. It covers clinical decision-making in both clinical and clinic-legal practice, as well as clinico-legal questions to ask yourself when coming to decisions.
Legal critiquing in general
Authors: Eastman Nigel , Adshead Gwen , Fox Simone , Latham Richard , Whyte Seán 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Legal critique is, for clinicians, perhaps the most feared critique paradigm. Not merely by virtue of the potential for legal sanction but also because it is in this context that they are most likely to feel in an alien world, subject to language and rules that are not of their clinical world. The two ‘territories’ of medicine and law are profoundly different in their purposes and methods, as is evident from the difficulties often experienced in clinico-legal practice, and will have been observed within many of the cases in Part B, of ‘mapping’ a medically defined mental state onto any given, or a number of different legal definitions or tests. Although some legal domains are more reflexive than others in being able to incorporate the constructs and methods of medicine, whatever legal domain one is in will contain profound differences of method and process from clinical practice because law tends ultimately towards being a closed or ‘autopoietic’ intellectual system. This chapter covers legal critique. The chapter covers how the territories of medicine and law are profoundly different in their purposes of methods.