bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“It Makes Our Position Murder”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the plans to withdraw US troops from South Vietnam, while the fighting continued. To antiwar critics, the pointless sacrifice of young Americans on Ap Bia Mountain exemplified the irrationality of the entire project. As the list of casualties increased, support for unilateral action grew. In public, Secretary Laird had defended US military action in the A Shau Valley and elsewhere. In private, he was more determined than ever to minimize US casualties regardless of its impact on the overall war effort. It was for this purpose that he had persuaded President Richard Nixon to approve NSSM-36 (National Security Studies Memorandum 36) requiring the Joint Chiefs of Staff to produce four possible timetables for the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. However, the Chiefs were plainly skeptical about the whole concept of “Vietnamization”—the idea that a strengthened South Vietnamese military could safely replace American soldiers. The chapter discusses Nixon’s meeting with President Thieu at Midway, and tight control over what might be said. A congressional delegation investigated the prisons of South Vietnam and found the “tiger cages.” Meanwhile, southern insurgents created the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG). George McGovern lead opposition in the Senate. The Woodstock music festival expresses domestic rejection of Nixon’s policy.
“The Whole Ground Shakes”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Following Richard Nixon’s trip to Beijing, North Vietnamese troops stream into South Vietnam—coming from Cambodia, Laos, and across the DMZ. In most places, ARVN quickly retreats. Once again, Nixon and Kissinger scapegoat others for this disaster, notably General Abrams. Although Russian military assistance has made the Easter offensive possible, Kissinger continues to seek Moscow’s help. The president wants to “kick the shit out of them” by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong but is concerned that this will derail the upcoming Russian summit. To keep diplomacy on track, Kissinger goes to Moscow and meets with Leonid Brezhnev, Gromyko, and others. The chapter describes the domestic protest of Nixon’s bombing, including the leadership of Senator George McGovern on the issue. Once again, Alexander Haig becomes the most trusted White House advisor, and does a rapid fact-finding trip to South Vietnam. The chapter contrasts the observations of the Quakers, who work in a Rehab Center in Quang Ngai province, with the information provided by Alexander Haig.
“Miserable, Filthy People”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reelection of Richard Nixon and its impact on the war. Despite the president’s victory, more antiwar candidates win congressional elections, increasing the likelihood that congressional funding for the war will soon be cut off. Although McGovern’s candidacy had failed, his campaign had boosted the antiwar forces in Washington. In this chapter, Kissinger tries to obtain concessions from Hanoi that will gain Saigon’s approval, with the result that the deal he has negotiated begins to unravel. Meanwhile, Kissinger and Haig try to get a more accommodating attitude in Saigon, which does not materialize. A crucial point for Saigon’s leader is the presence of thousands of North Vietnamese troops in the South. General Haig is sympathetic to President Thieu’s outlook and begins to quietly undermine Kissinger. While the State Department is kept in the dark about the negotiations, more complete information is given to the Russians, whose help is sought. Le Duc Tho continues negotiating with Kissinger but indicates that because of disagreements in the Politburo, he needs to return to Hanoi for consultation. Nixon and Kissinger inaccurately claim that Hanoi has broken off negotiations and make this a reason to initiate massive bombing in the North (Christmas bombings). In Laos and Cambodia, the military situation deteriorates.
“Let the Americans See Me”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Paris Agreement, Nixon and Kissinger accelerate the bombing in Cambodia and Laos. This chapter focuses on the complex role of Secretary Laird in his efforts to limit the danger to civilians and to American pilots. With Elliot Richardson scheduled to replace Laird, the president carefully limits his role from the outset, centralizing more power in the White House. The chapter links the violation of procedural norms in the field of national security to the breach of domestic norms, slowly uncovered by Watergate investigators. A priority for the president is to improve the relationship with China as a prelude to another visit. A continuing problem is the status of Taiwan, a subject Nixon prefers to keep ambiguous. The chapter describes Kissinger’s second visit with Mao, and his excitement over their newly forged bond. Another goal is for the Chinese to convince North Vietnam to delay a fresh offensive. While relations with China and Russia are improving, the situation in Cambodia is dire. The chapter concludes with the accidental bombing of a pro-government military base and the resulting deaths of soldiers’ family members. In the ensuing months, Congress learns that the administration was secretly bombing Cambodia from early in Nixon’s first term.
Challenging Conceptions
Authors: Theidon Kimberly 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The opening chapter to Challenging Conceptions calls for an explicitly, feminist policy of peacebuilding and postconflict reconstruction that focuses not only on incidents and types of violence, but on the outcomes of violence as well. In grappling with conflict-related sexual violence and its legacies, the author asks readers to consider the entire spectrum and life cycle of potential and obvious outcomes: pregnancy, abortion, forced maternity, and children conceived through acts of sexual coercion or outright violence. This chapter aims to rethink some of the assumptions that echo in the literature and in popular culture about children born of conflict-related sexual violence, their mothers, and their lives. By detailing the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and methodological innovations of the book and its contributors, this chapter summarizes and generates new insights into the lives of children born of wartime sexual violence and its implications for how to study gender, ethnicity, sexuality, violence, and identity.
“They’re Called Bui Doi”
Authors: Seto Donna 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter questions why children born of war rape (CBWR) have been missing from the study of conflict and postconflict peacebuilding initiatives, and how their lives and realities challenge and enhance these fields. The author finds that most CBWR literature focuses on the experiences of children in connection with their mothers. At the same time, she notes a dearth of literature on these children’s agency and how they navigate the complexity of discriminatory restrictions such as the lack of citizenship, access to education, and knowledge of their identity. The author then focuses on the experiences of Amerasian children who are offspring of American military personnel and civilian Vietnamese women. In doing so, the author argues that the neglect of CBWR is not an accidental occurrence. Rather, this neglect serves as a strategy to position the child as a symbolic tool to construct a stable postconflict society, while reclaiming sovereign control over a given population.
Gender, Kinship, and Affiliation of Children Born of War in Patriarchal Northern Uganda
Authors: Apio Eunice Otuko 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of kinship for children born of war among the Langi ethnic group of northern Uganda. Based on the author’s extensive on ethnographic research, she explores the experiences of ten children conceived in the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), who after exiting the LRA joined their maternal families and communities in Lango. The author finds that these children could not benefit directly from the policies that regulated the descent affiliation of newborns. First, by not invoking Lango customary marriage procedures before conception, LRA parents failed to fulfil the customary rules and conditions that clarified the identity of their offspring. This ambiguity in their descent affiliation was reflected in their struggles to integrate. Second, some maternal families found it hard to invoke a peacetime remedy like that of luk in clarifying the descent affiliation of children born of war, because of the perceived use of rape by the LRA in the sexual relations between their daughters and the fathers of their children. Like marriage, luk was a means of lineage making for offspring resulting from such relations, and the subsequent creation of new bridges between clans in the language of kinship. The concepts, practices, and rituals of marriage and luk place children in a relational position within a kinship system, making them legitimate claimants of resources and opportunities.
Radical War
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis book examines the digital explosion that has ripped across the battlefield, weaponizing our attention and making everyone a participant in wars without end. "Smart" devices, apps, archives, and algorithms remove the bystander from war, collapsing the distinctions between audience and actor, soldier and civilian, media and weapon. This has ruptured our capacity to make sense of war. Now we are all either victims or perpetrators. In Radical War, Ford and Hoskins reveal how contemporary war is legitimized, planned, fought, experienced, remembered, and forgotten in a continuous and connected way, through digitally saturated fields of perception. Plotting the emerging relationship between data, attention, and the power to control war, the authors chart the complex digital and human interdependencies that sustain political violence today. Through a unique, interdisciplinary lens, they map our disjointed experiences of conflict and illuminate this new, dystopian ecology of war.
Introduction
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter sets out the context for Radical War. We explain how connected ecosystems created out of civilian use of smartphone technology have re-visioned how we think about and engage with the world. Now, connected devices like the smartphone frame both how we work and how we fight. They link the battlefield to the world, enabling everyone to participate wherever they are. Users can amplify battlefield devastation over social media, but they can also crowdsource targeting. Participative war thus becomes the underlying feature of contemporary twentieth-century warfare. Smartphones have become weapons in this new war ecology.
Understanding the New War Ecology
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter sets out the analytical tools to help make sense of the changes that have been brought about by individualised representations of war. We discuss the old war ecology where war was depicted in a hierarchical and orderly manner by broadcast and mainstream media. This is contrasted with the twenty-first-century new war ecology where individuals and their smartphones now have the capacity to produce, publish, and consume images of war without the editorial process of fact-checking. The result is an information ecosystem that is out of control of the military censor. We define the hierarchies of violence and participation in war. This helps orientate readers to the implications which Radical War poses across our three organising dimensions: data, attention, and control.
The Ruptured Battlefield
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on data trajectories from and beyond the battlefield. We consider how data moves at different speeds through the new war ecology depending on the information infrastructures it occupies. We spell out the narrative implications of this along two main axes. The first is in relation to accelerating warfighting. The second relates to how military bureaucracies make sense of war. We argue that these two dynamics are incompatible with each other and are rupturing our understanding of war. This has created a memory hole in which the military fight faster in an attempt to control the political narrative but struggle to make sense of and learn lessons from the battlefield.
The Radical Past
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 4 shows how data trajectories emerge into and shape popular discussions as they combine and fold with established narratives about war. Drawing on the work of Winter (2017), we show how established narratives about war starkly contrast with perspectives that do not conform with official media representation. This we describe in terms of a relentless churn between mainstream and social media, between the studium and the punctum-as Winter would analyse it-of war. We show how the processes of digitalization shape a crisis of representation and guarantee that memory has more significance than history. Following this, the schematization of memory frames the way attention is being secured.
The Weaponised Archive
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 5 considers the changing role of the digital archive as both a repository and the means for target identification through data mining. This sets out how attention is premediated through the technologies that are employed to watch, collect, and archive data points created through processes of datafication by the Internet of Things. These processes change patterns of adversary identification from viewing enemies in terms of their iconic status to viewing them through the lens of the archive. The result is an infinite capacity to produce targets from the iconic enemies of Saddam, Gaddafi, and bin Laden to the archival where anyone can be targeted just by dint of their data footprint.
Domestic Factors in Russia’s Middle East Policy
Authors: Issaev Leonid 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Russia's foreign policy, since the times of the Soviet Union, has been a service function in relation to the needs of the current political regime. This becomes obvious if one looks at Russia during the period of Vladimir Putin's second presidential term (2004–8). If, in the 2000s, Putin capitalized on the public request for domestic stability, in the 2010s, the president largely relied on his foreign policy "achievements." After the start of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, the Russian leadership retreated from some of the principles adopted by the international community after the end of the Cold War, challenging the United States and its allies. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the key problem of Russian foreign policy has been the ruling elite's inability to suggest a viable alternative to Western models, both domestically and in the realm of foreign policy. In the contemporary era, Russian foreign policy is adrift. "Eurasianism" and "multipolarity" are concepts favored by the Kremlin, but they have failed to provide Moscow with long-term allies or soft power in the traditionally close post-Soviet space, let alone in the Middle East.
Russian Legal and Normative Claims for its Intervention in the Syrian Conflict since 2015
Authors: Allison Roy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Scholarly analyses of Russian military intervention in the Syrian conflict since September 2015 have focused mainly on explanations for this unprecedented post–Cold War case of Russian power projection beyond former Soviet borders. Russian motivations have also been examined, as well as Moscow's complicated diplomacy around the conflict with other regionally influential states. However, one dimension of this intervention has attracted little scholarly attention, although it is significant for Russian domestic politics, for regional state conduct, and for the wider international system: the legal and normative claims Russia has advanced to justify this major use of force. This chapter argues that such claims matter and should not be interpreted simply in terms of realist theory, as the instrumental language of states in a world governed by geopolitics. Legal and normative arguments seek to legitimize actions internationally and domestically, and the traction they gain is important for states in that it promotes both their international status and influence. Russian arguments have sought to attract the support of states in its favor, as part of a wider contestation in the international system over law and norms.
Making up for Lost Time
Authors: Zoubir Yahia H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Russia's relations with the Maghreb. While Russia is a relatively important player in the Maghreb, the region itself is not vital for its interests. Nor did this region represent a strategic importance for the Soviet Union during the Cold War. However, like the United States, Russia did not view the Maghreb as a regional entity, it nonetheless succeeded in building good, lasting relations with the Maghreb states, particularly with Algeria. Like China today, Moscow seeks to revive those traditional relations to reassert its great power status on the world stage. To do that, Moscow has expressed more clearly its intent on defending its political, trade, security, and cultural interests. Indubitably, there are many parallels with the Soviet type of engagement in the region, without the ideological overtone that had characterized Moscow's policy during that era. Today, Moscow's policy in the Maghreb is more pragmatic and more appealing to the incumbent Maghreb governments seeking to balance out or even perhaps distance themselves from Western powers perceived as too intrusive in their domestic affairs or unsure about support from their traditional Western ally.
Conclusion
Authors: Kozhanov Nikolay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Russia's leadership always looks at the Middle East through the lens of projecting power globally and confronting the West; its regional priorities play a secondary role. Russia is encountering a range of evolving problems in the Middle East, which Moscow does not have the capacity to address adequately. At least three trends pose a special risk to its influence in the region: 1) the gradual end of the "hot" phase of the war in Syria; 2) difficulties in balancing regional interests; and 3) growing disappointment across the Middle East over Russia's shortcomings in fulfilling the role of a global power in the region. In order to preserve its position in the Middle East, Russia will make important revisions to its regional diplomacy, aiming to safeguard its achievements rather than seek out new gains.
Racial Climates, Ecological Indifference
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Racial Climates, Ecological Indifference offers a powerful intervention to the field of climate justice scholarship by addressing a neglected aspect of the field of climate justice, namely systemic racisms. Building on the work of Black feminist theorists, the work develops an ecointersectional approach designed to reveal the depth and complexities of racial climates overlooked even in the environmental justice literature. The book’s conception of ecological indifference underscores the disposition of seeing the environment as a resource for human consumption and enjoyment, a resource that is usable, fungible, disposable, and without intrinsic worth or standing. The many examples in the book offer new insights demonstrating that systemic racisms emerge out of and give rise to environmental degradation; that is, they are often mutually constitutive. The ecointersectional analyses provided throughout the book reveal that ecological indifference and climate injustice are two sides of the same coin. Three distinctive but interrelated domains in which the intersections between systemic racisms and ecological indifference are manifest are identified: (1) differential distribution of harms/benefits due to systemic racisms, (2) racist institutions and practices fueling or causing environmental degradation, and (3) the basic social structures that generate environmental degradation being the same ones that generate systemic oppression of certain groups of people. One of the aims of Racial Climates, Ecological Indifference is to underscore that any effort to protect the environment must also be a fight against systemic racisms and other forms of systemic inequity.
How Health Care Can Be Cost-Effective and Fair
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Health care should be both fair and cost-effective—that is, the health care budget should be used to improve health, well-being, and freedom as much as possible. Although concerns about fair distribution place limits on the use of cost-effectiveness information, this book argues that applications of cost-effectiveness information to guide the allocation of health care resources are not generally unfair. In particular, it responds to criticisms that cost-effectiveness fails to provide individuals whose treatment is less cost-effective with a fair chance of treatment, that it fails to prioritize severity sufficiently, and that it unfairly allows the treatment of minor illnesses to take precedence over the treatment of serious illnesses. However, allocation of health care by cost-effectiveness is unfair when the treatments of disadvantaged individuals are less cost-effective because of those very disadvantages. Although this book defends the use of cost-effectiveness from normative criticisms, it points out serious practical limitations.
Introduction
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Health care has two central objectives: to enhance individual flourishing and to protect and enhance individual freedom or choice. Health care can expand choice by increasing opportunity; by loosening constraints; and by enhancing, protecting, or restoring abilities to make choices and to carry out what one has chosen to do. The libertarian and the utilitarian both want greater efficiency in health care—one to expand freedom, the other to enhance well-being. In pursuing these objectives, health care must be fair as well as efficient. It is not obvious how this can be managed, and it may be argued that efficiency and fairness are diametrically opposed. This book does not deny that these considerations may conflict, but it argues that the pursuit of efficiency in the form of cost-effectiveness is not in itself unfair.
Algeria
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When mass protests erupted in Algeria in 2019, on a scale unseen anywhere in the region since the Arab Spring, the outside world was taken by surprise. Algeria had been largely unaffected by the turmoil that engulfed its neighbours in 2011, and it was widely assumed that the population was too traumatized and cowed by the country's bloody civil war to take to the streets demanding change. Michael J. Willis offers an explanation of this unexpected development known as the Hirak Movement, examining the political and social changes that have occurred in Algeria since the "dark decade" of the 1990s. He examines how the bitter civil conflict was brought to an end, and how a fresh political order was established following the 1999 election of a new leader, Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Initially underwritten by revenue from Algeria's substantial hydrocarbons resources, this new order came to be undermined by falling oil prices, an ailing president, and a population determined to have its voice heard by an increasingly corrupt, out-of-touch and opaque national leadership. Exactly twenty years passed before Bouteflika's presidency was brought to an end by the Hirak protests--this book is an authoritative account of them.