bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil moisture precipitation feedbacks in the Eastern European Alpine region in convection‐permitting climate simulations
Authors: Truhetz Heimo , Mishra Aditya N. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA novel convection permitting modelling framework that combines a pseudo‐global warming approach with continuously forced deep soil moisture from prescribed perturbation storylines is applied in the Eastern European Alpine region and parts of the Pannonian Basin to investigate soil moisture precipitation (SMP) feedbacks on summertime precipitation and the feedbacks’ role under changed climate conditions. A set of 1‐year convection‐permitting (3 km horizontal grid spacing) soil moisture sensitivity simulations with the regional climate model of the Consortium for Small‐Scale Modelling in Climate Mode are conducted. In order to account for global warming, end‐of‐the‐century climate change effects from four global climate models, projecting the greenhouse gas concentration scenario RCP 8.5, are imprinted. The simulations reveal that (1) the locations of precipitation events are highly sensitive to soil moisture modifications while intensities and the internal structure of precipitation events are nearly unaffected and (2) high precipitation intensities are more likely in combinations with positive temporal but distinctive (either strong positive or strong negative) spatial SMP coupling. Low precipitation intensities are in favour of combinations of negative temporal and positive spatial coupling. The analyses suggest that soil moisture at a given time acts as a guiding field for the location of the next precipitation event. Interestingly, this behaviour is independent of climate change, although the coupling strength's increase is 1.5–1.7 times larger than expected from linear climate change scaling when climate becomes 50% dryer. Finally, it is found that (1) local deviations in the climate change signal of summertime precipitation in the range of up to ±40% are caused by uncertainty in deep soil moisture in the range of ±10% and (2) these local deviations in the climate change signal are dominated by soil moisture uncertainty in future climate conditions.
The impact of ICE‐6G ice sheet topography in the oceanic carbonate system
Authors: Leonardo Noele Franchi , Casagrande Fernanda , Justino Flavio Barbosa 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDuring the Last Glacial Maximum (approximately 21 ka BP) the presence of large ice sheets over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) caused significant changes in the ocean–atmosphere interaction. Remarkable changes are noticed in NH both topography and atmospheric CO2 levels. This paper investigates the impact of the most recent paleotopography (ICE6G) in the Earth's climate and the oceanic carbonate system, based on a series of experiments conducted with the oceanic‐atmosphere‐vegetation‐ice‐carbon model, UVic ESCM. Results indicate enhanced cooling in northern North America in the ICE6G compared to the ICE4G simulation due to the lapse rate effect. The decrease of −24°C in the surface temperature in the ICE6G relative to the present day (PD) led to a modification of the atmospheric circulation in the Atlantic and North Pacific regions. Positive and negative anomalies vary widely for the E–P (evaporation–precipitation) flux pattern, but colder and drier atmosphere leads to a reduction in precipitation in the ICE6G experiment. Changes in wind stress between ICE6G and PD induce low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. These features are related changes of Ekman's transport and evaporative cooling resulting in positive anomalies of SST. Thus, changes in sea surface temperature and salinity (SST, SSS), and E–P flux led to modifications in the oceanic carbonate system, resulting in an overall increase of total alkalinity and a reduction in the concentrations of total carbon dioxide (TCO2) in the ICE6G with respect to the PD values. This is a consequence of the low concentration of glacial CO2 and increment in concentrations. The total alkalinity (TA) and TCO2 do not show a similar response to the SST and SSS, in the sense that larger departures from the PD are found in the Pacific equatorial region, which are affected by changes in water dilution as a result of precipitation and evaporation processes.
Comparisons of reanalysis and measured lower‐troposphere winds over a portion of equatorial Africa
Authors: Diem Jeremy E. , Salerno Jonathan , Bailey Karen , Konecky Bronwen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDespite lower‐troposphere wind flow being a major control of rainfall in equatorial Africa, no studies have systematically compared winds from multiple reanalyses nor have attempted to validate the wind directions. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to assess differences in wind directions among multiple reanalysis products and compare reanalysis winds with wind measurements made at weather stations. The study region is western Uganda, part of the transition region between western equatorial Africa (WEA) and eastern equatorial Africa (EEA). Four‐times daily (i.e., 0Z, 6Z, 12Z and 18Z) 10‐m and 850‐hPa winds from 1980 to 2021 are obtained for ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5), Japan Meteorological Agency 55‐year Reanalysis (JRA55), Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA2), NCEP‐NCAR Reanalysis 1 (R1) and NCEP/DOE Reanalysis II (R2). Wind measurements at 10 m and 850 hPa are obtained for six weather stations and two weather stations, respectively. Agreements between pairs of products and between measurements and reanalysis estimates are determined. In addition, differences between reanalyses and measurements with respect to wind vectors are calculated. Results show that the majority of reanalyses have western Uganda within the prevailing easterly flow over EEA and east of the prevailing westerly flow over WEA. Ten‐meter wind measurements also show easterly flow being prevalent throughout western Uganda. R1 is unique among the products due to a relatively large number of westerly days. However, much of the westerly flow is likely artificial, based on station data. MERRA2 has large easterly biases. JRA55 is much more accurate than the other products at reproducing the intra‐annual frequencies of wind directions. JRA55 and ERA5 are the least biased products based on the magnitudes of difference vectors. Therefore, it is recommended that JRA55 and ERA5 continue to be used in examinations of winds in western Uganda.
Oil dispersing and adsorption by carboxymethyl cellulose–oxalate nanofibrils/nanocrystals and their kinetics
Authors: Tohamy Hebat‐Allah S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe aim of our work is the preparation of cellulose nanofibrils or nanocrystals made from cellulose that is recovered from sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste (SC) as a dispersant instead of commercial cellulose for oil spill cleanup. In the current study, carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared by cellulose mercerization, which was then esterified by oxalic acid to create nanocellulose. Incorporation of oxalate into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was verified by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy by the appearance of a new peak at 8.15 ppm for CMC–oxalate. The degree of substitution (DS) of oxalate was 0.17. The synthesized nanocellulose formed particles were roughly the same size and shape as both cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs): measuring 321–480 nm in length and 4–5 nm in width. Emulsions of paraffins made from CMC–oxalate are stable up to 10 months without undergoing precipitation. CMC–oxalate had great thermal stability and worked well as a paraffin oil dispersant. CMC–oxalate provided a barrier around the oil droplet surface, which prevented droplets from coalescing. This hypothesis is supported by the contact angle measurement for the O/W emulsion formed by CMC–oxalate being 0°, which is lower than the value for emulsions formed by underivatized CMC, 37.20°. From transmission electron microscopy observations, O/W emulsions of paraffin oil were spherical in shape, and separated from each other by a distance of 30–100 nm. This study shows that CMC–oxalate can be prepared by a low‐cost method, yielding nanocellulose with characteristics that resemble CNFs and CNCs, thereby opening up new potential applications for cellulose nanomaterials.
In Vivo Fluticasone Absorption in Surgical Patients
Authors: Lee Saangyoung E. , Ritter Elizabeth , Nguyen Tuong T. , Onuorah Princess C. , Ebert Charles S. , Senior Brent A. , Thorp Brian D. , Kimple Adam J. 
Published: September 2023

BackgroundIntranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are a treatment mainstay of chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Current computational models demonstrate that >90% of INCS drug deposition occurs on the head of the inferior turbinate and nasal valve, rather than the actual sinuses. These models do not consider mucociliary clearance which propels mucus posteriorly, nor do they consider the absorption of the drug. The purpose of this study is to better understand the exact anatomical location where INCS are absorbed.MethodsPatients with chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis taking fluticasone pre‐operatively who were scheduled for functional endoscopic sinus surgery and inferior turbinate reduction, respectively, were recruited. Intra‐operative tissue samples were obtained from predetermined locations within the sinonasal cavity. Mass spectrometry was then used to quantify the amount of absorption in each specific anatomic location to determine the largest amount of absorption.ResultsEighteen patients were included in our study. The greatest fluticasone absorption levels across the sinonasal anatomy were at the anterior inferior turbinate (5.7 ngl/mL), ethmoid sinus, (4.4 ng/mL), posterior inferior turbinate (3.7 ng/mL), maxillary sinus (1.3 ng/mL), and the sphenoethmoidal recess (0.72 ng/mL) respectively. Absorption was significantly higher in revision surgery compared to surgically naïve patients.ConclusionsComputation fluid dynamic models of the nasal passage are useful models to help predict intranasal particle flow. However, these models do not incorporate or consider the important mucociliary clearance system, leading to absorption of fluticasone throughout the sinonasal cavity far beyond that predicted by these models.Level of Evidence2 Laryngoscope, 134:1551–1555, 2024
Açaí palm intensification reorganizes woody plant assemblages at multiple spatial scales in an Amazonian estuarine forest
Authors: Barros Maria Fabíola , Jardim Mário Augusto Gonçalves , Soares Victor Fernando da Silva , Menezes Paula Maria de Melo , Guimarães Vieira Ima Célia , Tabarelli Marcelo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe exploitation of nontimber forest products has been proposed as a sustainable way to exploit tropical forests, but such an opportunity remains to be examined case‐by‐case. We examine the impact of the intensification of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea) management for fruit production via increments in palm clumps/stems density on the woody plant assemblages (adult and regenerating) in an estuarine forest landscape in the eastern Amazon region, Brazil. Across 30 forest stands açaí stem density correlated negatively with stem density and taxonomic diversity considering both adult and regenerating woody plant assemblages, but it posed a positive effect on beta diversity via species turnover. Soil fertility and forest stand accessibility played a complementary role. Moreover, açaí clump density affected the abundance of particular woody plant species, including a set of species declining before the 400‐açaí clump density threshold imposed by current regulation. Accordingly, açaí clump density influenced the taxonomic organization of woody plant assemblages at the landscape spatial level. Finally, it is worth mentioning a group of 105 species, which were recorded across the regenerating assemblages but not in the adult assemblages. Among them, a large number of small‐statured woody plant species typical from the forest understory (i.e., the shade‐tolerant assemblage), such as those from Miconia, Piper, Bactris, Anonna and Geonoma genera. As intensification is still spreading it can be considered a threat to the integrity of the Amazon estuarine forest and thus questions the ecological sustainability through which the current Amazonian “black gold” is now produced.
Shortwave‐Infrared Line‐Scan Confocal Microscope for Deep Tissue Imaging in Intact Organs
Authors: Lingg Jakob G. P. , Bischof Thomas S. , Arús Bernardo A. , Cosco Emily D. , Sletten Ellen M. , Rowlands Christopher J. , Bruns Oliver T. , Chmyrov Andriy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe development of fluorophores with photoemission beyond 1000 nm provides the opportunity to develop novel fluorescence microscopes sensitive to those wavelengths. Imaging at wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum enables imaging depths of hundreds of microns in intact tissue, making this attractive for volumetric imaging applications. Here, a novel shortwave‐infrared line‐scan confocal microscope is presented that is capable of deep imaging of biological specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of labeled glomeruli in a fixed uncleared kidney at depths beyond 400 µm. Imaging of brain vasculature labeled with the near‐infrared organic dye indocyanine green, the shortwave‐infrared organic dye Chrom7, and rare earth‐doped nanoparticles is also shown, thus encompassing the entire spectrum detectable by a typical shortwave‐infrared sensitive InGaAs detector.
Evaluation of intensity‐modulated electron FLASH radiotherapy in a clinical setting using veterinary cases
Authors: Konradsson Elise , Szecsenyi Rebecka Ericsson , Adrian Gabriel , Coskun Mizgin , Børresen Betina , Arendt Maja Louise , Erhart Kevin , Bäck Sven ÅJ , Petersson Kristoffer , Ceberg Crister 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeThe increased normal tissue tolerance for FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH‐RT), as compared to conventional radiotherapy, was first observed in ultra‐high dose rate electron beams. Initial clinical trials in companion animals have revealed a high risk of developing osteoradionecrosis following high‐dose single‐fraction electron FLASH‐RT, which may be related to inhomogeneities in the dose distribution. In the current study, we aim to evaluate the possibilities of intensity‐modulated electron FLASH‐RT in a clinical setting to ensure a homogeneous dose distribution in future veterinary and human clinical trials.MethodsOur beam model in the treatment planning system electronRT (.decimal, LLC, Sanford, FL, USA) was based on a 10‐MeV electron beam from a clinical linear accelerator used to treat veterinary patients with FLASH‐RT in a clinical setting. In electronRT, the beam can be intensity‐modulated using tungsten island blocks in the electron block cutout, and range‐modulated using a customized bolus with variable thickness. Modulations were first validated in a heterogeneous phantom by comparing measured and calculated dose distributions. To evaluate the impact of intensity modulation in superficial single‐fraction FLASH‐RT, a treatment planning study was conducted, including eight canine cancer patient cases with simulated tumors in the head‐and‐neck region. For each case, treatment plans with and without intensity modulation were created for a uniform bolus and a range‐modulating bolus. Treatment plans were evaluated using a target dose homogeneity index (HI), a conformity index (CI), the near‐maximum dose outside the target (), and the near‐minimum dose to the target ().ResultsBy adding intensity modulation to plans with a uniform bolus, the HI could be improved (p = 0.017). The combination of a range‐modulating bolus and intensity modulation provided a further significant improvement of the HI as compared to using intensity modulation in combination with a uniform bolus (p = 0.036). The range‐modulating bolus also improved the CI compared to using a uniform bolus, both with an open beam (p = 0.046) and with intensity modulation (p = 0.018), as well as increased the (p = 0.036 with open beam and p = 0.05 with intensity modulation) and reduced the median (not significant).ConclusionsBy using intensity‐modulated electron FLASH‐RT in combination with range‐modulating bolus, the target dose homogeneity and conformity in canine patients with simulated tumors in complex areas in the head‐and‐neck region could be improved. By utilizing this technique, we hope to decrease the dose outside the target volume and avoid hot spots in future clinical electron FLASH‐RT studies, thereby reducing the risk of radiation‐induced toxicity.
Developing a behaviour rubric for the practical model of ethical behaviour for clinical nursing
Authors: Tsujio Yuriko , Yasuda Mio , Hattori Mikage , Yoshioka Tomoko , Nakamura Naomi , Nakata Mitsuko , Teramukai Satoshi , Minemura Yuichi , Azuma Tomomi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAimThe present study aimed to develop an ethical behaviour rubric for nurses and evaluate its reliability and validity.MethodThis study was to designed to construct a rubric and evaluate the reliability and validity. The ethical behaviour rubric was distributed to 241 nurses and 154 were completed and returned. The intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for all 10 items on the ethical behaviour rubric, and the internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α. Construct validity was tested with explanatory factor analysis, and criterion validity was tested using the known‐groups method.ResultsIntra‐rater reliability had a high interrater agreement (ICC = 0.9), and inter‐rater reliability had a high interrater agreement (ICC = 0.84). The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.96. There was a linear correlation between the number of years of nursing experience and rubric scores p < 0.001. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 10 items loading on four factors. The result of factor analysis is that Cronbach's α was 0.93 for the first factor, 0.83 for the second factor, 0.91 for the third factor, and 0.77 for the fourth factor.ConclusionsOur rubric was found to be a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of ethical behaviour among nurses in Japan.
Quasi‐experimental evidence on the employment effects of the 2021 fully refundable monthly child tax credit
Authors: Pac Jessica , Berger Lawrence M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we estimate the impact on employment of the 2021 Child Tax Credit (CTC) expansion, which increased the size of the benefit, made it fully refundable, and allowed for monthly receipt. We harness exogenous variation in monthly CTC eligibility by comparing employment among caregivers to that of childless workers before and after monthly payments commenced on July 15, 2021, using event study and difference‐in‐differences frameworks. Our preferred estimates suggest that monthly CTC payments were, at most, associated with a relatively small decline in employment among caregivers. Our primary difference‐in‐differences estimates indicate a statistically nonsignificant decline in employment of approximately 344,000 to 495,000 caregivers relative to childless adults. Our treatment intensity estimates suggest an increase in employment among caregivers with two or more children relative to those with one child. Our findings contribute to the cost‐benefit calculus of the current debate over whether to establish a permanent fully refundable monthly CTC.
Does visitation in prison reduce recidivism?
Authors: Otsu Yuki 
Published: September 2023

AbstractVisitation in prison is associated with a low recidivism rate after release, but the causality is not clear. This paper tries to estimate the effect of visitation experience on the recidivism outcome of state prisoners in Missouri, using an instrumental variable approach. The instrumental variable used for identification is the distance from a prison to an address before incarceration. The results support that visitation has a causal effect on recidivism in the short run. Further analysis shows that employment is an important channel of the visitation effect. However, no discernible effect on housing stability is found.
Implementation resistance and the human dimensions of connectivity planning
Authors: Williamson Matthew A. , Parrott Lael , Carter Neil H. , Ford Adam T. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Conserving species' ability to traverse the landscape is vital for maintaining biodiversity in the face of global change. Connectivity conservation requires identifying important pathways for species' movements and aligning societal support for conservation of those pathways. Contemporary connectivity analyses emphasize the impacts of topography, vegetation and human footprint on species' movements; but largely ignore the role that attitudes, economics and institutions play in practitioners' ability to conserve those movements.

We introduce implementation resistance as an analogue of biophysical resistance that combines social, economic and institutional factors that promote or impede connectivity conservation. We demonstrate the utility of integrating implementation resistance as a means of choosing between competing connectivity conservation strategies using wolves in Colorado (USA) as a case study.

Our analysis of five potential corridor locations based on biophysical costs revealed substantial differences in the social costs associated with implementing each corridor despite relatively minimal differences in the biophysical costs.

Our comparison of hypothetical interventions to reduce implementation resistance illustrates that interventions that reduce conflicts between land use and wolves may substantially reduce overall resistance, those reductions are not as well aligned with connectivity priorities as those resulting from changes in land management agency policy.

Our results highlight the need to design conservation interventions that fit both the social and ecological landscape and provide a framework for developing robust, interdisciplinary methods that facilitate implementable connectivity conservation.

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