bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From disgusting and complicated to simple and brilliant: Implementation perspectives and lessons learned from users and rejectors of mail-in SARS-CoV-2 gargle tests
Authors: Röhr Freda , Uellner Ferdinand , Deckert Andreas , Anders Simon , Burk Robin , Knop Michael , Brugnara Lucia , Bärnighausen Till , Jahn Albrecht , McMahon Shannon , Souares Aurélia 
Published: January 2023

BackgroundDespite the important role of testing as a measure against the COVID-19 pandemic, user perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 tests remain scarce, inhibiting an improvement of testing approaches. As the world enters the third year of the pandemic, more nuanced perspectives of testing, and opportunities to expand testing in a feasible and affordable manner merit consideration.MethodsConducted amid the second pandemic wave (late 2020–early 2021) during and after a multi-arm trial evaluating SARS-CoV-2 surveillance strategies in the federal state Baden-Württemberg, Germany, this qualitative sub-study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how test users and test rejectors perceived mail-in SARS-CoV-2 gargle tests. We conducted 67 semi-structured in-depth interviews (mean duration: 60 min) via telephone or video call. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed inductively using thematic analysis. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided the findings' presentation.ResultsRespondents generally described gargle sampling as simple and comfortable. However, individual perceptions of the testing method and its feasibility varied widely from disgusting and complicated to simple and brilliant. Self-sampling was appreciated for lowering infection risks during testing, but also considered more complex. Gargle-sampling increased participants' self-efficacy to sample correctly. Communication (first contact, quantity and content of information, reminders, support system) and trust (in the study, its institutional affiliation and test method) decisively influenced the intervention's acceptability.ConclusionUser-driven insights on how to streamline testing include: consider communication, first impressions of tests and information as key for successful mail-in testing; pay attention to the role of mutual trust between those taking and administering tests; implement gargle self-sampling as a pleasant alternative to swab testing; offer multiple test methods to increase test up-take.
Comparison of vaccine hesitancy during the low and high points of COVID-19 in a population under international sanctions: A longitudinal mixed-methods study in Iran
Authors: Khankeh Hamidreza , Pourebrahimi Mohammad , Hosseinabadi-Farahani Mohammadjavad , Farrokhi Mehrdad , Khanjani Mohammad Saeed , Shojafard Javad , Hamedanchi Arya , Ranjbar Maryam , Jenabi Ghods Mariye , Ahmadi Shokoufeh , Ghanaatpisheh Elham , Saatchi Mohammad 
Published: January 2023

IntroductionAlong with the challenges of COVID-19 vaccine supply in low-income countries, vaccine hesitancy was another problem for the health system. The aim of this study was to deeply understand the challenges of vaccine acceptance, the vaccination process, and to compare the affecting vaccine acceptance in the high and low points of the epidemic in Iran.MethodsIn the qualitative part of this mixed-methods study, content analysis was used to investigate experiences and perceptions about COVID-19 vaccination in four groups. In the quantitative study, in March 2021 (low point), and on August 1, 2021 (high point), two population-based cross-sectional studies were performed in Tehran and its rural, with sample sizes of 1,200 and 1,872 people aged over 18 years, respectively. Multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression was used to determine the factors affecting hesitation and unwillingness to receive the vaccine.ResultsDisbelief in vaccine safety, vaccine distrust, ignorance and confusion, and inadequate facilities were the common reasons extracted in the two qualitative studies. At the low and high points of the epidemic, vaccine acceptance was 83.6% (95% CI: 81.3–85.9) and 65.8% (95% CI: 65.8–71.0), respectively. Residence in rural areas, (Odds Ratio: 0.44, p = 0.001), being a student (Odds Ratio: 0.41, p = 0.011), housewives (Odds Ratio: 0.63, p = 0.033), illiteracy (Odds Ratio: 4.44, p = 0.001), and having an underlying disease (Odds Ratio: 4.44, p = 0.001) were factors affecting on vaccine acceptance.DiscussionCounter-intuitively, acceptance did not increase at the peak of epidemic. The presence of obstacles, such as increased distrust in the effectiveness of vaccines due to the occurrence of multiple peaks in different vaccinated countries, as well as the influence of the media, anti-vaccine campaigns, and lack of proper communication about risks caused more hesitation. More investigation to understand how people accept or reject vaccine and its long term consequences is recommended.
The use of autologous skeletal muscle-derived cells as a sling in the treatment of stress-induced urinary incontinence: An experimental study in dogs
Authors: Wadie Bassem S. , Aamer Haytham G. , Khater Sherry M. , Gabr Mahmoud M. 
Published: January 2023

PurposeThis is an experimental preclinical study testing the applicability of autologous skeletal muscle-derived cells as a treatment of SUI in a canine model.MethodsTen mongrel dogs were included in this study. Skeletal muscle was harvested for biopsy in 4 dogs. One month later, incontinence was induced in 8 dogs through urethrolysis. Biopsied muscle cells were incubated and expanded for 8 weeks. Muscle-derived cells were collected and covered with a polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold immersed in culture medium and coated with Matrigel to be used as a sling, which was placed suburethrally in 8 dogs; 4 had cell seeding, and 4 had scaffolds only. Urethral pressure (UP) measurements were performed at baseline and 2 &amp; 6 weeks after sling insertion. The urethra was harvested 4 weeks after sling insertion for histopathology.ResultsOne month, a statistically significant increase of mean urethral pressure values compared to baseline was observed in all dogs with a scaffold inserted. The increase ranged from 5 to 40 cmH2O. Histopathology showed significant periurethral proliferation of skeletal muscles in 4 dogs with cell-seeded scaffolds. These levels were the maximum levels in dogs # 1 &amp; 2. This was not the case in the 4 dogs that had slings only.ConclusionBased on the outcome of this preliminary experience, the use of skeletal muscle-seeded PGA scaffolds seems to be an easy and reproducible procedure which preserves histological differentiation and integrity in a canine model
Further investigation of the effect of upstream solar-wind fluctuations on solar-wind/magnetosphere coupling: Is the effect real?
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

There is a general consensus that fluctuations in the solar wind magnetic field and/or the Alfvenicity of the solar wind drive a solar wind-magnetosphere interaction. 11 years of hourly-averaged solar wind and magnetospheric geomagnetic indices are used to further examine this hypothesis in detail, confirming that geomagnetic activity statistically increases with the amplitude of upstream fluctuations and with the Alfvénicity, even when solar-wind reconnection driver functions are weak and reconnection on the dayside magnetopause should vanish. A comparison finds that the fluctuation-amplitude effect appears to be stronger than the Alfvénicity effect. In contradiction to the generally accepted hypothesis of driving an interaction, it is also demonstrated that many solar wind parameters are correlated with the fluctuation amplitude and the Alfvénicity. As a result, we caution against immediately concluding that the latter two parameters physically drive the overall solar-wind/magnetosphere interaction: the fluctuation amplitude and Alfvénicity could be acting as proxies for other more-relevant variables. More decisive studies are needed, perhaps focusing on the roles of ubiquitous solar-wind strong current sheets and velocity shears, which drive the measured amplitudes and Alfvénicities of the upstream solar-wind fluctuations.
Are adrenergic α1- antagonists beneficial for the access of retrograde ureteral access sheath or semi-rigid ureteroscope access? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hu Qibo , Yuan Chi , Shen Sikui , Jian Zhongyu , Jin Xi , Ma Yucheng , Li Hong , Wang Kunjie 
Published: January 2023

IntroductionTo evaluate the clinical benefit of preoperative adrenergic α1-antagonist therapy in the management of upper urinary calculi.Materials and methodsPublications were searched for The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE until 1 March 2022 that related to the adrenergic α1- antagonist intake as adjunctive therapy before retrograde surgery. Dichotomous data were reported with risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and the continuous data were reported with mean difference (MD) with 95% CIsResultsThere were nine studies with 867 patients included in this meta-analysis. Preoperative adrenergic α1- antagonists could significantly elevate the compared with the placebo. Higher successful access rate to the stone was found in patients who received preoperative adrenergic α1- antagonists than those who received the placebo (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.17–1.33). Besides, the application of preoperative adrenergic α1- antagonists can also elevate 4th-week stone-free rate (RR 1.20; 95% CI 1.12–1.28), decrease postoperative analgesia (RR 0.30;95% CI 0.20–0.46) and result in a lower risk of overall complications (RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.24–0.61).ConclusionPreoperative adjunctive adrenergic α1- antagonist therapy is effective and safe in the management of retrograde surgery with a higher successful access rate and lower risk of severe complications.
The influence of timing of oocytes retrieval and embryo transfer on the IVF-ET outcomes in patients having bilateral salpingectomy due to bilateral hydrosalpinx
Authors: Yilei He , Shuo Yang , Caihong Ma , Yan Yang , Xueling Song , Jiajia Zhang , Ping Liu , Rong Li , Jie Qiao 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to investigate whether the sequence of oocyte retrieval and salpingectomy for hydrosalpinx affects pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) patients.Study DesignThere were 1,610 bilateral hydrosalpinx patients who underwent laparoscopy salpingectomy and IVF-ET/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) from January 2009 to December 2018. They were divided into two groups: oocyte retrieval first group: 235 accepted oocyte retrieval before salpingectomy; operation first group: 1,375 accepted oocyte retrieval after salpingectomy. The basic information and pregnancy outcomes of the two groups were compared. The pregnancy outcomes and influencing factors were analyzed among patients at different starting times of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) or oocyte retrieval after the salpingectomy.ResultsPatients in the oocyte retrieval first group had higher levels of basal follicle stimulating hormone and lower anti-Mullerian hormone levels (P &lt; 0.05). There were no cases of pelvic infection or oocyte and embryo contamination after oocyte retrieval in the oocyte retrieval first group. In the frozen cycle, the clinical pregnancy and miscarriage rates of the oocyte retrieval first group were lower than those in the operation first group (P &lt; 0.05), while the live birth rate was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). The live birth rates of patients ≥35 years old in the operation first group and the oocyte retrieval first group were not significantly different (29.3% vs. 23.3%, P = 0.240). After adjusting for age and antral follicle count (AFC), oocyte retrieval 4–6 and 7–12 months after the operation had higher accumulated pregnancy rates [OR 1.439 (1.045–1.982), P = 0.026; OR 1.509 (1.055–2.158), P = 0.024] and higher accumulated live birth rates [OR 1.419 (1.018–1.977), P = 0.039; OR 1.544 (1.068–2.230), P = 0.021]. No significant difference was observed in the pregnancy outcomes of frozen embryo transfer at different times after salpingectomy (P &gt; 0.05).ConclusionNo contamination of the embryo or infection was observed in patients who underwent oocyte retrieval before the operation. The interval between the operation and frozen embryo transfer did not affect the pregnancy outcomes. After adjusting for age and AFC, patients who underwent oocyte retrieval 4–6 and 7–12 months after the operation had higher accumulated pregnancy rates and live birth rates.
Formation of picosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on steel for knee arthroplasty prosthetics
Authors: Khuzhakulov Zikrulloh , Kylychbekov Salizhan , Allamyradov Yaran , Majidov Inomjon , Ben Yosef Justice , Er Alper Yusuf , Kitchens Chazz , Banga Simran , Badarudeen Sameer , Er Ali Oguz 
Published: January 2023

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on mirror-polished 304-grade stainless steel sheets with dimensions 25 mm × 25 mm × 0.8 mm upon irradiation with picosecond laser pulses in air and water environments at different wavelengths, number of pulses, and laser energy densities was investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the LIPSS. Tunable periodicity of the LIPSS was observed in both media at different wavelengths and fluence. Fluence was shown to be the main formation parameter of LIPSS; however, the medium was also demonstrated to play an important role. Our results show that LIPSS can be successfully generated on stainless steel in a single-step process and that they can be easily modified by adjusting laser parameters.
Isolation and Identification of Autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria from Commonly Consumed African Indigenous Leafy Vegetables in Kenya
Authors: Wafula Eliud N. , Kuja Josiah O. , Wekesa Tofick B. , Wanjala Paul M. 
Published: January 2023

African indigenous leafy vegetables (AILVs) are plants that have been part of the food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for a long time and their leaves, young shoots, flowers, fruits and seeds, stems, tubers, and roots are consumed. These vegetables are high in vitamins, minerals, protein, and secondary metabolites that promote health. This study aimed at isolating, characterizing, and identifying dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from naturally fermenting commonly consumed AILV in Kenya. A total of 57 LAB strains were isolated and identified based on phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene analyses from three AILVs (23 nightshade leaves, 19 cowpeas leaves, and 15 vegetable amaranth). The highest microbial counts were recorded between 48 h and 96 h of fermentation in all AILVs ranging from approximately log 8 to log 9 CFU/mL with an average pH of 3.7. Fermentation of AILVs was dominated by twenty eight Lactobacillus spp. [Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (22), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (3), Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (2) and Lactiplantibacillus casei (1)], eleven Weissella spp. (Weissella cibaria (8), W. confusa (2), and W. muntiaci) six Leuconostoc spp. [Leuconostoc mesenteroides (3), Leuc. citreum (2) and Leuc. lactis (1)], six Pediococcus pentosaceus, four Enterococcus spp. [Enterococcus mundtii (2), E. faecalis (1) and E. durans (1)] and, finally, two Lactococcus garvieae. These bacteria strains are commonly used in food fermentation as starter cultures and as potential probiotics.
Entomological Characteristics of Malaria Transmission across Benin: An Essential Element for Improved Deployment of Vector Control Interventions
Authors: Tokponnon Tatchémè Filémon , Ossè Razaki , Padonou Germain Gil , Affoukou Cyriaque Dossou , Sidick Aboubakar , Sewade Wilfried , Fassinou Arsène , Koukpo Côme Z. , Akinro Bruno , Messenger Louisa A. , Okê Mariam , Tchévoédé Alexis , Ogouyemi-Hounto Aurore , Gazard Dorothée Kinde , Akogbeto Martin 
Published: January 2023

Entomological surveillance in Benin has historically been limited to zones where indoor residual spraying was performed or where long-standing sentinel surveillance sites existed. However, there are significant country-wide gaps in entomological knowledge. The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) assessed population dynamics of Anopheles vectors and malaria transmission in each of Benin’s 12 departments to create an entomological risk profile. Two communes per department (24/77 communes) were chosen to reflect diverse geographies, ecologies and malaria prevalence. Two villages per commune were selected from which four households (HH) per village were used for human landing catches (HLCs). In each HH, an indoor and outdoor HLC occurred between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. on two consecutive nights between July–September 2017. Captured Anopheles were identified, and ovaries were dissected to determine parous rate. Heads and thoraces were tested for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites by ELISA. The Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) was calculated as the product of mosquito bite rate and sporozoite index. Bite rates from An. gambiae s.l., the primary vector species complex, differed considerably between communes; average sporozoite infection index was 3.5%. The EIR ranged from 0.02 infectious bites (ib) per human per night in the departments of Ouémé and Plateau to 1.66 ib/human/night in Collines. Based on transmission risk scales, Avrankou, Sakété and Nikki are areas of low transmission (0 < EIR < 3 ib/human/year), Adjarra, Adja Ouèrè, Zè, Toffo, Bopa, Pehunco, Pèrèrè and Kandi are of medium transmission (3 < EIR < 30 ib/human/year), and the other remaining districts are high transmission (EIR > 30 ib/human/year). The heterogeneous and diverse nature of malaria transmission in Benin was not readily apparent when only assessing entomological surveillance from sentinel sites. Prospectively, the NMCP will use study results to stratify and deploy targeted vector control interventions in districts with high EIRs to better protect populations most at-risk.
Choosing the Adhesive for Microtensile Bond Strength Tests
Authors: Borhy Levente , Leveles Borbála , Kemény Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dental fillings are one of the most widespread minimal invasive procedures in modern restorative dentistry. Thanks to the advantages of recently developed filling materials, adhesive systems, and filling techniques, it is possible to create high strength, long-lasting dental fillings. Qualifying these structures is a complicated procedure; the most common method is the use of a microtensile bond strength test, for which specimens need to be formed and stabilised with adhesives in special jigs. During our research, three different cyanoacrylates were examined to find the ideal adhesive for bonding the metal and dentin and the metal and EverX short fibre composite, respectively.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Adsorption Studies. A case study
Authors: Mihály Norbert-Botond , Csavdári Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The work focuses on the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) based model that can describe the adsorption of benzalkonium chloride from aqueous solutions onto commercially available kitchen paper. Various ANN architectures were tested in order to find the most suitable one in terms of overlapping between calculated and measured output data (coefficient of determination and mean absolute percentage error), as well as correctly interpolating outputs when using inputs form inside the experimental training range. The networks all had 4 inputs and 1 output, as well as a single hidden layer. Optimal ANN design was sought by varying both the number of neurons in the hidden layer and the type of transfer function towards it. The best find was employed in assessing the relative importance of input parameter values in the output, as well as the model’s suitability for predictions outside the training range.
C -Reactive Protein, Leukocyte Count and Neutrophils: A Diagnostic Aid in Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Shaheen Hijab , Yasmeen Nuzhat , Manzoor Ruqayya , Saeed Sumbal , Fatima Itrat , Tariq Rabia , Batool Zehra 
Published: January 2023

Background: Malnutrition is known to be a poor prognostic factor affecting the outcome of pediatric cancers. The objective of this study was to assess the pre-existing malnutrition in newly diagnosed pediatric cancer patients presenting at the Pediatric Oncology Department, Children Hospital, PIMS and their number of hospital admissions due to causes other than chemotherapy.
Methodology: Data of 44 newly diagnosed children with cancer was analyzed to find out the association of nutritional status according to z-score for weight and height for age, body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) with their number of hospital admissions for 6 months since their date of diagnosis.
Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 4.25 ± 2.85 years, out of which 33(75%) were males and 11(25%) females. Most of the patients were diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma. Nutritional status evaluation of thirty patients who got admitted was mild to moderate wasting in 24(80%) assessed by weight for age, mild to moderate stunting in 21 (70%) according to height for age and mild to severe malnutrition in 10 (33%) based on body mass index and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC). There was significant association between nutritional status of patients at the time of diagnosis with additional hospitalization with p value less than 0.05
Conclusion: Malnutrition at the time of diagnosis is significantly associated with an increase in the number of hospital admissions in pediatric cancer patients.
Key words: Hospitalization, Malnutrition, Oncology, Pediatric
كَسْرُ ثُنائيَّةِ (العُمْدَة/الفَضْلَة) في آياتِ النَّهْيِ السَّبَبِيِّ رُؤْيَةٌ وَظيفِيَّةٌ
Authors: أ.م.د. كيان أحمد حازم  
Published: January 2023

يُعْنَى بَحْثي هذا بِدِراسَةِ ظاهِرَةِ تَبادُلِ الأَدوارِ بينَ العُمَدِ والفَضلاتِ في أُسلوبٍ بَليغٍ مِن أَساليبِ العربيَّةِ لَم أَجِدْ مَن اصطَلَحَ على أَمثِلَتِهِ اصطِلاحًا مُحَدَّدًا، وهوَ ما أُسَمِّيهِ أُسلوبَ (النَّهْي السَّبَبيّ). وضابِطُهُ وُرودُ النَّهْيِ لِجِهَةٍ لا يَصِحُّ تَوجيهُهُ إليها، فلِذلكَ يُصْرَفُ إلى النَّهْيِ لِجِهَةٍ أُخرَى تَصِحُّ مُلابَسَتُهُ لَها.
وَلِما لِعِبارَةِ (لا أَرَيَنَّكَ ههُنا) مِن مَركَزِيَّةٍ في هذا الموضوعِ أَدرَجَ العُلَماءُ كُلَّ الحالاتِ التي فيها نَهْيٌ لِجِهَةٍ لا يَصِحُّ تَوجيهُهُ إليها تَحْتَ بابِ (لا أَرَيَنَّكَ هاهُنا). فالنَّهْيُ السَّبَبِيُّ في هذهِ العِبارَةِ مُوَجَّهٌ مِن المُتَكَلِّمِ إلى نَفْسِهِ، في حينِ أَنَّهُ كانَ في الأَصلِ الذي هوَ: لا تَكُنْ هاهُنا فَأَراكَ، مُوَجَّهًا إلى المُخاطَبِ، فقد فارَقَ مَنْهِيَّهُ الأَصْلِيَّ إلى مَنْهِيٍّ جَديدٍ. ويُحَقِّقُ هذا العُدولُ في النَّهْيِ بِذِكْرِ المُسَبَّبِ بَدَلًا مِن سَبَبِهِ أَغراضًا بَلاغِيَّةً مِنها المُبالَغَةُ والمَجازُ العَقْلِيُّ بِقَلْبِ الإسنادِ والكِنايَةُ بِإطلاقِ اللَفظِ وإرادَةِ لازِمِهِ.
وقَد استَمْدَدتُّ مُصطَلَحَ (النَّهْي السَّبَبِيّ) مِن مُصطَلَحِ (النَّعْت السَّبَبِيّ) لِما بينَهُما مِن صِلَةٍ مِن حَيثُ مُفارَقَةُ كِلَيْهِما مُلابِسَهُ الظّاهِرَ إلى مُلابِسٍ آخَرَ.
وسيَكونُ اعتِمادُ البَحثِ في تَحليلِ أَمثِلَةِ النَّهْيِ السَّبَبيِّ على النَّحوِ الوَظيفِيِّ مِن خِلالِ أُطروحَةِ أَحَدِ أَعلامِهِ، وهوَ أَندريه مارتينيه، التي يُمكِنُ إجمالُ خُطوطِها العَريضَةِ في أَنَّ المَلفوظَ يَضُمُّ كَلِماتٍ مُتَفاوِتَةَ الأَهمِّيَّةِ؛ بَعضُها ضَرورِيَّةٌ وتُسَمّى الكَلِماتِ الإسنادِيَّةَ، وتَكونُ بِمَنزِلَةِ عِمادِ المَلفوظِ وتُشَكِّلُ نَواةَ ما يُسَمّى المَلفوظَ الأَدْنَى؛ وبَعضُها غَيرُ ضَروريَّةٍ وتُسَمّى تَوَسُّعًا، وهيَ تَأتي بَعْدَ الكَلِماتِ الإسنادِيَّةِ وتُمَثِّلُ كُلَّ ما ليسَ ضَرورِيًّا في الجُملَةِ. فالتَّحليلُ الوَظيفِيُّ لِتَركيبِ الجُملَةِ يَقومُ على التَّفريقِ بينَ أَمرَيْنِ: المَلفوظِ الأَدْنَى، والتَّوَسُّعِ. فاستِنادًا إلى هذا التَّحليلِ يَحدُثُ في أَمثِلَةِ النَّهْيِ السَّبَبِيِّ تَبادُلٌ بينَ عَناصِرِ الجُملَةِ؛ إذ يَحلُّ بَعضُ عَناصِرِ التَّوَسُّعِ، وقَد كانَ خارِجَ نِطاقِ الإسنادِ، مَحلَّ بَعضِ عَناصِرِ المَلفوظِ الأَدْنَى الإسنادِيِّ، في كَسْرٍ واضِحٍ لِصَرامَةِ ثُنائيَّةِ (العُمْدَة/الفَضْلَة).
واقتَضَت طَبيعَةُ البَحْثِ أَن يُجعَلَ في مَبحَثَيْنِ تَنظيرِيٍّ وإجرائيٍّ تَسبِقُهُما مُقَدِّمَةٌ وتَتلوهُما خاتِمَةٌ يَأتي بَعدَها مَسرَدُ المَصادِرِ والمَراجَعِ.