bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Bends or Obstructions at the Fan Discharge Outlet on the Performance of Centrifugal Fans
Authors: Marks L. S. , Raub J. H. , Pratt H. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The form and dimensions of the inlet ducts and inlet boxes of a centrifugal fan have been shown to have a profound effect upon the fan performance. The object of the investigations, described in this paper, was to determine whether bends or obstructions close to the discharge end of the fan have any similar influence. No such influence was found. The conclusion reached is that with a complete fan housing of good design, a bend or obstruction connected directly to the fan discharge will have no appreciable effect on the fan performance and will result in the same losses that would occur if the bend or obstruction were located at a considerable distance from the fan.
The Relative Grindability of Coal
Authors: Sloman Harold J. , Barnhart Arthur C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper points out the need for a standard method of determining the relative grinding characteristics of various coals. Several methods have been advanced and the authors herein are proposing another which they believe simpler to operate, duplicate, and control. A simplified roll test, designated as the C.I.T. roll test, is introduced, which is based on the principle of increase of new surface measured in accordance with Rittinger’s theory of crushing.
Twenty-nine representative bituminous-coal samples were tested and their relative grindabilities determined by this method. Many of these values have been correlated with those obtained by the Fuels Research Laboratory (Canada) Method, the Hardgrove Method, and the Cross Method. An important phase of this paper is the discussion of particle-size determination by the sedimentation-velocity method. Particle-size distribution of minus-300-mesh coal has been studied experimentally and a more rational value for this size is proposed than has been done heretofore.
Fluid-Meter Nozzles
Authors: Buckland B. O. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The development of fluid-meter nozzles for the precise measurement of turbine condensate during performance tests in central stations has been stimulated by the fact that in a number of cases the usual weigh-tank installations have not been made. A group of flow nozzles which has been used in such cases is described in this paper. The results of the calibrations of these nozzles are presented and compared with those of some other experimenters.
The calibration results show that the flow coefficients of all the nozzles of the group can be represented as a single function of Reynolds’ number with an accuracy of a little better than ±½ per cent in flow coefficient.
The comparison of the calibration results with those on other nozzles shows that the nozzles with a gradual approach curve and an appreciable length of cylindrical throat have coefficients which change less abruptly with changing Reynolds’ numbers than nozzles with rapidly curving approach and short parallel throat.
Circulation in Vacuum Pans
Authors: Webre Alfred L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper has for its object an exposition and discussion of new facts brought out in consequential tests and studies of the design and operation of vacuum pans in the sugar industry, and the logical consequence of these data in the readoption of the rather old and generally discarded principle of mechanical circulation.
It is demonstrated by actual observations that the heating of the heavy and viscous masse-cuite circulating through the tubes of the pans is not at all uniform, as has generally been assumed. During critical periods of operation, streamline flow obtains and the liquid is heated only at the skin. Recorded differences of temperature in the masse-cuite show observable variations of fully 30 F, with all indications of unobservable differences of as much as 50 F. With mechanical circulation, as proposed by the author, these variations are cut down to about one-fourth of their intensity.
This radically different operation makes possible new and interesting results, among which may be mentioned uninterrupted growth of sugar crystals, uniformity of products, greatly decreased formation of conglomerates, absence of false grain, faster operation, lower-steam pressures.
One of the very interesting developments also brought out in the paper is a method of cooling low-grade strikes in the pans themselves in the short period of four hours, thus eliminating the time-honored crystallizer from the raw-sugar industry.
Tractive Effort of Steam Locomotives (Locomotive Ratios—II)
Authors: Lipetz A. I. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In a paper presented before the A.S.M.E., December, 1932, the author developed constants for a new method of figuring horsepower and tractive effort of steam locomotives based on boiler evaporation and number of revolutions of the driving wheels for use in connection with modern locomotives. This method was verified on a number of locomotives, for which it gave accurate results in accordance with test data.
In the present paper the author discusses the influence of the size of cylinders and shows that for locomotives with certain proportions between boiler and cylinder dimensions modifications of previously recommended factors are necessary. These modifications are verified for a number of locomotives with comparatively large cylinders. In conclusion he develops a convenient formula based on both boiler evaporation and cylinder dimensions, applicable to all modern locomotives, whether of the longor limited cut-off type (with small or large cylinders).
The Calculation of the Dispersion of Flue Dust and Cinders From Chimneys
Authors: Croft Huber O. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The dispersion of flue dust from a chimney depends primarily upon: (a) the velocity of the flue gas in the chimney; (b) the size and weight of the particle; (c) the height of the chimney; (d) the wind velocity; and (e) the aerodynamic resistance of the particle. The value of the last-mentioned quantity is usually the most uncertain of these variables and is usually obtained from Stokes’s equation. Comparisons of different equations for the fluid resistance to falling particles are made in the following article and a new equation is suggested. Using this latter equation and assuming values of the other variables mentioned, a method is demonstrated for calculating the annual dust loading at different distances from a chimney.
The Division of Load Among Generating Units for Minimum Cost
Authors: Mulligan James E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The criteria for minimum-input division of load among several generating units which are to be operated together depend upon the forms of the input-output curves of the units. When the curves are continuous and uninflected the greatest input-curve slope at which any unit operates should be kept a minimum. When the curves are discontinuous or inflected a comparison of two curves of total input against total output will determine the load at which a change should be made from one loading definitely prescribed by the slopes of the input curves, to another definite distribution. When a varying load is to be supplied with part of the units operating at constant load, minimum-input loading may be determined by means of curves of average input against average output.
Observations on the Use of Current Meters for Precise Flow Measurement
Authors: Ott L. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the circumstances surrounding the development of current meters in Central Europe, and the application of these meters in the testing of large water-power plants. Among the important steps presented in the application of these instruments are, the use in parallel of a plurality of meters, the adoption of simultaneous electric recording by a chronograph, the consequent adoption of water-free contact mechanisms and elimination of the multiplicity of meter types, and standardization of practice.
Reference is made to the practice of attempting to avoid the necessity for properly converting unfavorable measuring sections by using two types of meter having different degrees of error in resolving oblique flow. It is pointed out that precise testing presupposes equally precise rating of meters with duplication of the exact supporting means used in field tests. Standard values for the degree of accuracy of the instruments used in Germany are given, and the accuracy actually obtainable in practice is discussed in the light of comparative tests which have been made.
Research Investigation of Current-Meter Behavior in Flowing Water
Authors: Kerr S. Logan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper Investigates the inconsistencies of flow measurements in closed flumes by means of current meters. It describes (a) the construction of a flume in which two meters were installed side by side and tested under varying conditions of flow, (b) the velocity distribution in the flume, and (c) the establishment of the true velocity plane across the face of the meters by means of a pitot tube. The pitot-tube coefficient was established for each flow condition, thus providing an accurate means of establishing the actual velocity existing in front of the current meter.
Locomotive Tractive Effort in Relation to Speed and Steam Supply
Authors: Young E. G. , Pei C. P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The problem of estimating with reasonable accuracy the amount of tractive force exerted by a locomotive at running speeds enters every tonnage rating, economy study, and locomotive-operating investigation. Its importance is recognized, and many investigators have approached a rational solution by determining the hourly steam supply and the steam consumption per horsepower-hour, and from these the horsepower and tractive force. The steam rates assumed have been generally correlated with the speed only. Indirectly this requires the defining of the resulting speed-tractive-effort relation as “maximum tractive effort”, “all-day tractive effort”, or similar terms. This paper points out that the variation of the steam rate with the cut-off is of equal importance, but that a chart showing the variation of steam rate with the two factors, speed and cut-off cannot be used directly to obtain horsepower without an additional process. A more direct attack is made by (a) estimating the actual weight of steam used per revolution in cylinders of various sizes, with varying speeds, cut-offs, and working pressure; and (b) by correlating the speed, cut-off, and mean effective pressure, from which the tractive force corresponding to the cylinder horsepower is directly calculated. Each relation calculated gives the four values of speed, tractive effort, cut-off, and steam consumption for a given operating condition, and the calculation of a number of selected points results in a chart presenting a set of curves showing the tractive effort which may be expected at various speeds for specified conditions of boiler output and cut-off. This type of chart permits the user to see the economy to be expected at any condition within the probable working range of the locomotive and to determine the validity of any single speed-pull curve, involving a specified program of cut-off and boiler output for each speed.
Reliability of Aircraft Welds
Authors: Ward N. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines the effects of fusion welding upon the dependability of structures in aircraft, due consideration being given to the existing conditions of welding practice found in this field. Obviously, the fusion welding of steel is of primary importance, since this is accepted practice. For the purposes of analysis, specimens prepared by experienced aircraft welders were subjected to physical tests and microscopic examination. With this information certain guiding principles in design for welding are outlined.
The Viscosity of Water and Superheated Steam
Authors: Hawkins G. A. , Solberg H. L. , Potter A. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors present in this paper data on the viscosity of water and superheated steam at temperatures and pressures used in modern power-plant practice. The authors constructed an apparatus to measure the viscosity of water and superheated steam at pressures up to 3500 lb per sq in. abs and at temperatures up to the critical in the case of water and between 800 F and 1000 F for superheated steam. The apparatus is described and the results obtained with it are reported in this paper.
Progress Report on Cavitation Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Authors: Hunsaker J. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper, a second progress report on the study of the nature of hydraulic cavitation being conducted at M.I.T., is continued along the lines reported in the first paper published in Mechanical Engineering, April, 1935, and discusses information obtained regarding the relation between frequency of vapor collapse and the controlling variables. The current work tends to confirm that previously reported. A new method for the study of resistance to cavitation attack is described.
Lateral Oscillations of Rail Vehicles
Authors: Langer B. F. , Shamberger J. P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors point out in this paper that lateral oscillations, which either do not occur or are negligible at slow train speeds, are of vital importance at the high train speeds now demanded by the railroads in order for them to compete successfully with the swiftly moving automobile and the much swifter airplane. Aside from collisions and broken rails, practically all railroad accidents result from lateral derailments, since vertical derailments occur only on those rare occasions when a bridge or trestle collapses from flood or storm. Lateral derailments are caused by lateral pressure of wheel flanges against the rail. Therefore, the prevention of lateral derailments requires a knowledge of both the conditions which cause high lateral forces and of the conditions which must prevail in order to keep the lateral forces below some indicated safe value.
The literature on the subject of lateral oscillations of rail vehicles is rather meager. Nadal and Marie’ discuss the type of oscillations that are forced. Boedecker, as well as the authors previously mentioned, discusses the weaving motion of the wheel base due to the conicality of the wheel treads. The weaving action which Boedecker discusses must be started by an initial disturbance and, in the absence of further periodic disturbances, can neither build up to a higher amplitude than that produced by the initial conditions nor be sustained, but must quickly die away. Carter develops the stability condition for a rail vehicle as determined by the slippage at the treads.
The essential difference between the previous studies and the present one is that the previous ones discussed forced oscillations the life of which depended upon the application of some periodic force, such as that from cylinder action or rail joints, whereas the present discussion describes and explains a type of oscillation which, after an initial disturbance, even though a minor one, may build up to dangerous proportions and sustain itself indefinitely on absolutely perfect track. This type of oscillation is frequently encountered and is commonly known as “nosing”. It is only one phase of the whole problem, but it represents the most serious menace to the safe operation of rail vehicles at high speed.
Measurement of Steam Rate and Indicated Horsepower of Locomotives
Authors: Williams Arthur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
It has been the customary procedure to determine the steam rate and indicated horsepower of locomotives and other reciprocating steam engines from indicator cards. This paper points out that particularly at high locomotive speeds, the obtainment of indicator cards is subject to gross errors, and that the expense of rigging up for such tests is hardly warranted by the results that can be expected. The paper discusses in detail another method of determining the steam rate and indicated horsepower of a locomotive, which other writers have referred to as the “heat-drop method”. The paper proves both the simplicity of the method as well as its relative accuracy. The method is applicable to such locomotives only in which the exhaust steam is at least dry, and only in the absence of moisture, the Btu contents per pound of both admitted and exhausted steam can be accurately determined through pressure and temperature measurement. The paper contains detailed suggestions for successfully applying the method on the locomotive. Thus it contains data on the construction and location of the thermocouples, and the manner in which these thermocouples are applied and wired up to the instrument with which the pyroelectric force is determined. The results of the tests carried out with this method on two different locomotives, are presented in the paper and, in general, it is shown what advantages this simple method has for the test and analysis of all those design factors or devices which are liable to affect the steam rate of a locomotive.
Toward the conclusion of the paper, reference is made to a suggestion by L. K. Botteron, which appeared in the Railway Mechanical Engineer of July, 1930, to the effect that the exhaust nozzle of a locomotive could be considered a flowmeter nozzle for the determination of the quantity of steam that the locomotive exhausts. The paper proceeds to show how the specific volume and velocity of the steam, while passing through the mouth of the locomotive exhaust tip (which quantities are essential for the Botteron method), are derived from the exhaust-steam temperature and pressure measurements that are incidental to the carrying out of the heat-drop determination.
Review of Methods of Computing Heat Absorption in Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Mullikin H. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper contains results obtained by each of a number of methods of computing heat absorption in boiler furnaces. These are compared with the results reported by the A.S.M.E. Committee on Absorption of Radiant Heat in Boiler Furnaces. Particular emphasis has been placed on the Broido, Orrok, and Wohlenberg methods. It is shown that the influence of various conditions as found by experiment are in substantial agreement with results expected from a theoretical consideration of the problem and those arrived at by certain well-known methods now in use.
A Study of the Turning of Steel Employing a New-Type Three-Component Dynamometer
Authors: Boston O. W. , Kraus C. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is intended to present the results obtained in measuring with a new type of dynamometer the three components of the cutting force when turning with single-point tools. This dynamometer measures the cutting force as a function of the elasticity of its steel members. The forces are read on dial indicators and are not recorded graphically. The dynamometer is very rigid and simple in construction. It was developed by the authors to overcome many difficulties of calibration inherent in hydraulic recording dynamometers previously used by them.
In the turning of steel, the cutting force is conveniently resolved into tangential, radial, and longitudinal components. The tangential component accounts for practically all of the power required to remove the metal, the longitudinal component accounts for the power for feeding the tool along the cylindrical work, and the radial component holds the tool to the correct depth of cut and in so doing produces no power. The magnitude of these forces and their relation to each other varies widely for different metals. For a given material they change as the feed and depth of cut are changed, or as the tool shape is changed. Only slight changes result from a change in cutting speed.
This paper presents the results of a fundamental study of several phases of machinability in which the three components of the cutting force are determined for various tool shapes and sizes of cut. The built-up edge, its shape, size, and stability are studied as functions of the cutting speed. The temperature developed at the cutting point as affected by the cutting speed was determined by the tool-work thermocouple.
Long-Time Creep Tests of 18 Cr 8 Ni Steel and 0.35 Per Cent Carbon Steel
Authors: Cross H. C. , Dahle F. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper, submitted under the sponsorship of the Joint A.S.T.M.-A.S.M.E. Research Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, is a report on long-time creep tests now in progress on water-quenched 18 per cent Cr, 9.5 per cent Ni, 0.067 per cent C steel at 1200 F, and on an annealed 0.35 per cent C steel at 850 F. Stresses used were estimated to produce rates of deformation of approximately 0.0001 per cent per hour. The tests to date have progressed from 4000 to 7000 hours.
Pressure Losses in Rectangular Elbows
Authors: Madison R. D. , Parker J. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The authors present data on pressure losses in rectangular elbows as affected by (a) the radius ratios of the elbows, (b) the aspect ratios of the elbows, (c) angle of the bend, (d) the elbow size, (e) velocity of flow, (f) splitters in the elbows, and (g) compound elbows. In general, data are given (1) for the elbow situated in a duct system with ducts preceding and following the elbow, and (2) the elbow at the end of a duct and discharging freely into the air.
Power-Distribution Costs
Authors: Cooke Morris Llewellyn 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author states that generation costs in the power and light industry are well known, but that in the region of distribution systematic cost finding is especially inadequate, and he asserts that adequate methods of cost finding are imperative to enable managements to effect savings, to meet successfully new conditions created by rate reductions, and to provide regulatory bodies with data essential for proper regulation.
In a general manner the author discusses purposes and types of cost finding, power distribution as compared to manufacturing costs, and overhead, joint, differential, and deferred costs. He then attempts to show that in a public-service industry costs have a direct bearing on prices.
A brief review of historical developments in the study of costs of electrical distribution, with reference to papers and reports by Reed, Pike, and the Power Authority of the State of New York, concludes the paper.
Stress and Deflection of Helical Springs
Authors: Vogt R. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author points out that old conventional formulas for determining stresses in helical springs are unsatisfactory and that the complicated equations offered in the past few years by different authors are too cumbersome, especially when the curvature of the bar, pitch angle, and bending stress for correct stress determination are considered. If all of the stress-influencing factors are considered, the equations introduced in recent years become so cumbersome that designers are tempted to sacrifice accuracy for convenience by neglecting these factors. Such short cuts for evading complications are unsatisfactory because the range of error thus introduced is not fully known nor realized. Because of these conditions, the author has developed new stress formulas for calculating stresses in helical springs and presents them in this paper.
These formulas are for use in determining the stresses in helical springs of circular-bar and rectangular-bar cross section. They include the proper consideration of bar curvature, pitch angle, and bending stress, but nevertheless they are extremely simple. The author makes the design calculations for tension and compression helical springs to show the application of the formulas he has developed.