bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifty years of basic and clinical renal stone research: have we achieved major breakthroughs? A debate
Authors: Rodgers Allen , Trinchieri Alberto 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
After 50 years of basic and clinical renal stone research, it is appropriate to evaluate whether breakthroughs have been achieved and if so, how they may be harnessed to combat stone disease therapeutically and prophylactically.

Recent findings
Regarding stone therapeutics and prophylaxis, recent innovative studies are sparse. Researchers have resorted to publishing articles derived from data mining. Stone incidence and prevalence have increased during the past 50 years, suggesting the absence of any major breakthroughs. However, new sciences and technologies have created fresh opportunities. Information technology stores huge epidemiological databases leading to identification of new risk factors. Genetic coding has prompted identification of monogenic diseases associated with urolithiasis. Genome-wide association studies in combination with epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are providing new insights. High-throughput and culture-independent techniques promise to define the impact of microbiome on stone formation while artificial intelligent techniques contribute to diagnosis and prediction of treatment outcomes. These technologies, as well as those which are advancing surgical treatment of stones represent major breakthroughs in stone research.

Summary
Although efforts to cure stones have not yielded major breakthroughs, technological advances have improved surgical management of this disease and represent significant headway in applied stone research.
Harm! foul! How acute kidney injury SHReDDs patient futures
Authors: Hebert Jessica F. , Funahashi Yoshio , Hutchens Michael P. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
Transition from acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly accepted. Less well recognized, but supported by very similar data, is development of disease of other organ systems after AKI. Awareness of other-organ sequelae of AKI may inform efforts to improve the care of patients after AKI.

Recent findings
Stroke, hypertension, reproductive risk, dementia, and death (SHReDD) are sequelae, which occur with increased risk relative to that of non-AKI within 6 months–3 years after AKI diagnosis, and which are supported by preclinical/mechanistic study. Adjusted hazard ratios for these sequelae are strikingly similar to that of AKI–CKD, ranging from 1.2 to 3.0. Mechanistic studies suggest kidney-centric mechanisms including sodium regulation, volume status regulation, and the renin-angiotensin system are drivers of long-term, extra-renal, change.

Summary
Further clinical characterization and mechanistic insight is necessary, and may have considerable translational impact. Programs which screen or follow post-AKI patients may increase clinical utility if focus is expanded to include the SHReDD complications.
Neurocognitive, Psychosocial, and Quality of Life Outcomes After Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Admitted to the PICU*
Authors: Otten Marieke H. , Buysse Corinne M. P. , Buddingh Emmeline P. , Terheggen-Lagro Suzanne W. J. , von Asmuth Erik G. J. , de Sonnaville Eleonore S. V. , Ketharanathan Naomi , Bunker-Wiersma Heleen E. , Haverman Lotte , Hogenbirk Karin , de Hoog Matthijs , Humblet Martien , Joosten Koen F. M. , Kneyber Martin C. J. , Krabben Geanne , Lemson Joris , Maas Nienke M. , Maebe Sofie , Roeleveld Peter P. , van Schooneveld Monique , Timmers-Raaijmaakers Brigitte , van Waardenburg Dick , Walker Jennifer C. , Wassenberg Renske , van Woensel Job B. M. , de Wit Esther , Wolthuis Diana W. , van Zwol Annelies , Oostrom Kim J. , Knoester Hennie , Dulfer Karolijn 
Published: January 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To investigate neurocognitive, psychosocial, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) seen 3–6 months after PICU admission.

DESIGN:
National prospective cohort study March 2020 to November 2021.

SETTING:
Seven PICUs in the Netherlands.

PATIENTS:
Children with MIS-C (0–17 yr) admitted to a PICU.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Children and/or parents were seen median (interquartile range [IQR] 4 mo [3–5 mo]) after PICU admission. Testing included assessment of neurocognitive, psychosocial, and QoL outcomes with reference to Dutch pre–COVID-19 general population norms. Effect sizes (Hedges’ g) were used to indicate the strengths and clinical relevance of differences: 0.2 small, 0.5 medium, and 0.8 and above large. Of 69 children with MIS-C, 49 (median age 11.6 yr [IQR 9.3–15.6 yr]) attended follow-up. General intelligence and verbal memory scores were normal compared with population norms. Twenty-nine of the 49 followed-up (59%) underwent extensive testing with worse function in domains such as visual memory, g = 1.0 (95% CI, 0.6–1.4), sustained attention, g = 2.0 (95% CI 1.4–2.4), and planning, g = 0.5 (95% CI, 0.1–0.9). The children also had more emotional and behavioral problems, g = 0.4 (95% CI 0.1–0.7), and had lower QoL scores in domains such as physical functioning g = 1.3 (95% CI 0.9–1.6), school functioning g = 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.4), and increased fatigue g = 0.5 (95% CI 0.1–0.9) compared with population norms. Elevated risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was seen in 10 of 30 children (33%) with MIS-C. Last, in the 32 parents, no elevated risk for PTSD was found.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with MIS-C requiring PICU admission had normal overall intelligence 4 months after PICU discharge. Nevertheless, these children reported more emotional and behavioral problems, more PTSD, and worse QoL compared with general population norms. In a subset undergoing more extensive testing, we also identified irregularities in neurocognitive functions. Whether these impairments are caused by the viral or inflammatory response, the PICU admission, or COVID-19 restrictions remains to be investigated.
Use of High-resolution Ultrasound in Characterizing a Breast Implant and Detecting a Rupture of the Device Before Reoperation in Women Receiving Augmentation Mammaplasty
Authors: Nam Sang Eun , Bang Bum Sik , Lee Eun Kyoung , Sung Jung Youp , Song Keun Yeong , Yoo Young Bum , Park Dong Wook , Kim Jae Hong 
Published: January 2023

Summary:
With the emergence of the state-of-the art implant technology and advanced surgical techniques, plastic surgeons face challenging problems, such as identification of a specific type of a device, diagnosis of postoperative complications, in managing patients receiving an implant-based augmentation mammaplasty. Here, we introduce a novel method for characterizing a breast implant based on diverse factors, such as filler properties, type of pocket, surface topography, shape type and manufacturer of the device and detecting a presence and scope of rupture using HRUS.
Perspectives of Kidney Transplant Recipients on eHealth: Semistructured Interviews
Authors: Tang James , Howell Martin , Roger Simon , Wong Germaine , Tong Allison 
Published: January 2023

Background.
The acceptability and impact of eHealth on patient outcomes may be limited if their concerns and priorities are not addressed. This study aimed to describe the perspectives and experiences of eHealth among kidney transplant recipients.

Methods.
Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 adult kidney transplant recipients from New South Wales, Australia (urban and regional), in ambulatory clinics. We used purposive sampling to obtain a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics. Transcripts were analyzed thematically. Ethics was approved by the Western Sydney Local Health District (6054-2019/ETH08718).

Findings.
Six themes were identified: seeking access to quality care (prioritizing and trusting clinician advice, better safety and timeliness, enabled by user-friendly content); supporting self-management (responsive to individualized informational need, empowerment through practical knowledge, encouraging connectedness); assessing reliability and trustworthiness (discerning information integrity, applying to own context, apprehensive about privacy and confidentiality); enhancing health system capabilities (synergy with routine consultations, essential to coordination, achieving goals by real-time monitoring); technology burden and limitation (uncertainty with navigation and comprehension, challenged by technical difficulties, requiring additional preparation, confrontation and distress); and lacking applicable value (diminished assurance of medical services, existing practice and procedures, hampered by low expectations and disinterest).

Conclusion.
Recipients felt eHealth could support healthcare delivery and self-management activities. However, they encountered challenges in navigating technology and were concerned about privacy, confidentiality, and misinformation. eHealth that is accessible, individualized, and secure may improve patient satisfaction and outcomes.
Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions: introduction to the theme issue
Authors: Carmel Yohay , Shavit Ayelet , Lamm Ehud , Szathmáry Eörs 
Published: January 2023

Human societies are no doubt complex. They are characterized by division of labour, multiple hierarchies, intricate communication networks and transport systems. These phenomena and others have led scholars to propose that human society may be, or may become, a new hierarchical level that may dominate the individual humans within it, similar to the relations between an organism and its cells, or an ant colony and its members. Recent discussions of the possibility of this major evolutionary transition in individuality (ETI) raise interesting and controversial questions that are explored in the present issue from four different complementary perspectives. (i) The general theory of ETIs. (ii) The unique aspects of cultural evolution. (iii) The evolutionary history and pre-history of humans. (iv) Specific routes of a possible human ETI. Each perspective uses different tools provided by different disciplines: biology, anthropology, cultural evolution, systems theory, psychology, economy, linguistics and philosophy of science. Altogether, this issue provides a broad and rich application of the notion of ETI to human past, present and perhaps also future evolution. It presents important case studies, new theoretical results and novel questions for future research.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
Human major transitions from the perspective of distributed adaptations
Authors: Lamm Ehud , Finkel Meir , Kolodny Oren 
Published: January 2023

Distributed adaptations are cases in which adaptation is dependent on the population as a whole: the adaptation is conferred by a structural or compositional aspect of the population; the adaptively relevant information cannot be reduced to information possessed by a single individual. Possible examples of human-distributed adaptations are song lines, traditions, trail systems, game drive lanes and systems of water collection and irrigation. Here we discuss the possible role of distributed adaptations in human cultural macro-evolution. Several kinds of human-distributed adaptations are presented, and their evolutionary implications are highlighted. In particular, we discuss the implications of population size, density and bottlenecks on the distributed adaptations that a population may possess and how they in turn would affect the population's resilience to ecological change. We discuss the implications that distributed adaptations may have for human collective action and the possibility that they played a role in colonization of new areas and niches, in seasonal migration, and in setting constraints for minimal inter-population connectivity.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
Four reasons for scepticism about a human major transition in social individuality
Authors: McShea Daniel W. 
Published: January 2023

The ‘major transitions in evolution’ are mainly about the rise of hierarchy, new individuals arising at ever higher levels of nestedness, in particular the eukaryotic cell arising from prokaryotes, multicellular individuals from solitary protists and individuated societies from multicellular individuals. Some lists include human societies as a major transition, but based on a comparison with the non-human transitions, there are reasons for scepticism. (i) The foundation of the major transitions is hierarchy, but the cross-cutting interactions in human societies undermine hierarchical structure. (ii) Natural selection operates in three modes—stability, growth and reproductive success—and only the third produces the complex adaptations seen in fully individuated higher levels. But human societies probably evolve mainly in the stability and growth modes. (iii) Highly individuated entities are marked by division of labour and commitment to morphological differentiation, but in humans differentiation is mostly behavioural and mostly reversible. (iv) As higher-level individuals arise, selection drains complexity, drains parts, from lower-level individuals. But there is little evidence of a drain in humans. In sum, a comparison with the other transitions gives reasons to doubt that human social individuation has proceeded very far, or if it has, to doubt that it is a transition of the same sort.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
Major evolutionary transitions in individuality between humans and AI
Authors: Rainey Paul B. 
Published: January 2023

That humans might undergo future evolutionary transitions in individuality (ETIs) seems fanciful. However, drawing upon recent thinking concerning the origins of properties that underpin ETIs, I argue that certain ETIs are imminently realizable. Central to my argument is recognition that heritable variance in fitness at higher levels of organization can be externally imposed (scaffolded) by specific ecological structures and cultural practices. While ETIs to eusociality seem highly improbable, ETIs involving symbioses between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) can be readily envisaged. A necessary requirement is that fitness-affecting interactions between humans and AI devices are inherited by offspring. The Mendelian nature of human reproduction ensures that offspring resemble parents. Reproduction of AI devices requires nothing more than transference of algorithms from parental AI devices to devices that are assigned to offspring. This simple copying, combined with societal structures that require humans to carry AI devices, ensures heritable variance in fitness at the level of both interacting partners. Selection at the collective level will drive alignment of replicative fates and increase co-dependency, thus alleviating need for continual imposition of externally imposed scaffolds. I conclude by drawing attention to the immediacy of such transitions and express concern over possibilities for malevolent manipulation.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
Human societal development: is it an evolutionary transition in individuality?
Authors: Carmel Yohay 
Published: January 2023

An evolutionary transition in individuality (ETI) occurs when a previously independent organism becomes a lower level unit within a higher hierarchical level (for example, cells in an organism, ants in a colony). Using archaeological and historical accounts from the last 12 000 years, I empirically examine the proposition that human society increasingly functions as a higher hierarchical level within which individuals integrate as lower level units. I evaluate human societal development with respect to three criteria that together indicate complexity in biological systems and serve as an operationalization scheme for ETIs: size, inseparability and specialization. Thesizeof the largest polity has increased seven orders of magnitude, from hundreds to billions.Inseparabilitybecame nearly complete since Mesopotamian city-states, following the first appearance of intricatespecialization(division of labour).Connectivitywithin a polity has increased rapidly during the last few centuries, and particularly within the last few decades. In view of these results, I formulate the following hypothesis:human society is undergoing an evolutionary transition in individuality,driven by socio-cultural-technological processes. This proposition requires a detailed theoretical basis and further empirical testing. I propose four predictions derived from the hypothesis that may be used to test it.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
The interplay of social identity and norm psychology in the evolution of human groups
Authors: Kish Bar-On Kati , Lamm Ehud 
Published: January 2023

People's attitudes towards social norms play a crucial role in understanding group behaviour. Norm psychology accounts focus on processes of norm internalization that influence people's norm-following attitudes but pay considerably less attention to social identity and group identification processes. Social identity theory in contrast studies group identity but works with a relatively thin and instrumental notion of social norms. We argue that to best understand both sets of phenomena, it is important to integrate the insights of both approaches. Social status, social identity and social norms are considered separate phenomena in evolutionary accounts. We discuss assumptions and views that support this separation, and suggest an integrated view of our own. We argue that we should be open to the early origins of human social complexity, and conjecture that the longer that the human social world involved multi-level societies the more probable it is that norm psychology and social identity interacted in rich ways.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
Human cooperation and evolutionary transitions in individuality
Authors: Townsend Cathryn , Ferraro Joseph V. , Habecker Heather , Flinn Mark V. 
Published: January 2023

A major evolutionary transition in individuality involves the formation of a cooperative group and the transformation of that group into an evolutionary entity. Human cooperation shares principles with those of multicellular organisms that have undergone transitions in individuality: division of labour, communication, and fitness interdependence. After the split from the last common ancestor of hominoids, early hominins adapted to an increasingly terrestrial niche for several million years. We posit that new challenges in this niche set in motion a positive feedback loop in selection pressure for cooperation that ratcheted coevolutionary changes in sociality, communication, brains, cognition, kin relations and technology, eventually resulting in egalitarian societies with suppressed competition and rapid cumulative culture. The increasing pace of information innovation and transmission became a key aspect of the evolutionary niche that enabled humans to become formidable cooperators with explosive population growth, the ability to cooperate and compete in groups of millions, and emergent social norms, e.g. private property. Despite considerable fitness interdependence, the rise of private property, in concert with population explosion and socioeconomic inequality, subverts potential transition of human groups into evolutionary entities due to resurgence of latent competition and conflict.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions’.
Telomeric DNA breaks in human induced pluripotent stem cells trigger ATR-mediated arrest and telomerase-independent telomere length maintenance
Authors: Estep Katrina N , Tobias John W , Fernandez Rafael J , Beveridge Brinley M , Johnson F Brad 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAlthough mechanisms of telomere protection are well-defined in differentiated cells, it is poorly understood how stem cells sense and respond to telomere dysfunction. Recent efforts have characterized the DNA damage response (DDR) following progressive telomere erosion in human pluripotent cells, yet the broader impact of telomeric double-strand breaks (DSBs) in these cells is poorly characterized. Here, we report on DNA damage signaling, cell cycle, and transcriptome-level changes in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in response to telomere-internal DSBs. We engineered a novel human iPSC line with a targeted doxycycline-inducible TRF1-FokI fusion protein to acutely induce DSBs at telomeres. Using this model, we demonstrate that TRF1-FokI DSBs activate an ATR-dependent DDR in iPSCs, in contrast to an established ATM-dependent response to telomeric FokI breaks in differentiated cells. ATR activation leads to a potent cell cycle arrest in G2, which we show is p53-independent and can be rescued by treatment with an ATR inhibitor. Telomere lengths are remarkably well-maintained in the face of persistent TRF1-FokI induction. Using CRISPR-Cas9 to cripple the catalytic domain of telomerase, we show that telomerase is largely dispensable for survival and telomere length maintenance following telomeric breaks, which instead appear to be repaired by a mechanism bearing hallmarks of lengthening mediated by homologous recombination, so-called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Our findings suggest a previously unappreciated role for ALT in telomere maintenance in telomerase-positive iPSCs and reveal distinct iPSC-specific responses to targeted telomeric damage.