bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Tsai Kenneth Y. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractKaposi sarcoma (KS), first described by Moritz Kaposi in 1872, is a multifocal endothelial proliferation of low‐grade malignant potential that is caused by human herpesvirus 8 infection. Debate remains as to whether this is a true neoplasm or a reactive process, although there is evidence of monoclonality, and its precise histogenesis is thought to be lymphatic. A strong predisposition among immunocompromised individuals reflects a dependence upon host immune status, with an over 20‐fold global variation in incidence. There are four distinct clinicopathological subtypes: classic, endemic, iatrogenic and AIDS associated. The most distinguishing clinical features are the rate of progression and the degree of non‐cutaneous involvement. Disease outcome depends heavily upon tumour extent and systemic involvement, and no single approach is definitively curative. KS is highly radiosensitive and immunomodulators are frequently effective, and co‐treatment of HIV infection or reduction of immunosuppression often results in the regression of KS.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Precursors
Authors: Gupta Girish , Madan Vishal , Lear John T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second commonest skin cancer and arises from epidermal keratinocytes or its appendages. The incidence of SCC has increased over the last five decades and is predicted to rise significantly by 2030. SCC is predominantly a disease of white populations and is especially prevalent in this group in areas of high ambient sun exposure. Predisposing factors include male sex, immune suppression (particularly those who are organ transplant recipients), sun exposure and advanced age. There is an excess risk of SCC associated with all β human papillomavirus types. Precursor lesions such as actinic keratosis or Bowen disease may often be present and patients are more susceptible to developing other UV radiation‐induced skin cancers. SCC has a low rate of metastasis but this increases with SCCs displaying high‐risk features. All SCCs should undergo full clinicopathological correlation and high‐risk SCCs should be managed within a multidisciplinary setting with adequate tumour clearance as the main outcome.
Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy
Authors: Emtestam Lennart , Sartorius Karin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDifferent types of skin change are associated with internal malignancy. Tumour may spread to the skin from adjacent tissues, or may be deposited in the skin by metastasis. More typically dermatologists are called upon to assess paraneoplastic phenomena involving the skin, or to comment on dermatoses which are known, in some cases, to be markers of internal malignancy. Certain rare, inherited conditions, which have skin manifestations, carry a risk for the development of internal neoplasia. In other paraneoplastic settings, dysfunction of physiological activities, such as flushing or clotting, can lead the dermatologist to suspect an associated cancer. Potential cutaneous markers of internal malignancy vary in their reliability for predicting underlying neoplasia. The extent and intensity of the investigations for malignancy should therefore be tempered by a general assessment of the patient.
The Skin and Endocrine Disorders
Authors: Paus Ralf 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGiven that the skin is a major target organ of numerous hormones for which it expresses functional receptors, it is not surprising that excessive or insufficient systemic levels of these hormones induce clinically relevant cutaneous responses. These can manifest as general skin symptoms and signs such as pruritus, skin dryness, seborrhoea, hair loss, hypertrichosis, hirsutism, hyperhidrosis and/or hyperpigmentation, any of which prompts consideration of an underlying endocrine disease. In addition, characteristic skin lesions such as palmar erythema, gingival hyperpigmentation, stretch marks (striae distensae), acanthosis nigricans, pretibial myxoedema, necrobiosis lipoidica, melasma and acneform eruptions provide invaluable diagnostic clues to the possibility of unrecognized endocrine disease. More recently, the field has been revolutionized by the recognition that human skin is also a major endocrine and neuroendocrine organ which produces and/or metabolizes not only all classes of steroid hormones but also multiple peptide (neuro‐) hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. These impact profoundly on skin physiology and pathology at multiple levels, ranging from skin barrier function and neurogenic skin inflammation via wound healing to cutaneous stress responses. This has important implications for future dermatological therapy.
The Skin and Disorders of the Digestive System
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter concentrates on bowel, hepatic and pancreatic diseases in which cutaneous signs or symptoms are prominent. It also discusses situations either where the skin and the digestive system are affected by the same disease process or where a skin disease itself has an effect on the digestive system. Special attention is paid to cutaneous involvement in inflammatory bowel disease and skin signs of liver disease.
The Skin and Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe skin and the renal system may be affected by the same disease processes. This chapter on skin and disorders of the kidney and urinary tract concentrates on hereditary syndromes involving both the skin and kidney, skin manifestations of renal disorders, cutaneous problems in renal transplant recipients, and skin disorders with renal involvement.
Chemical Peels
Authors: Goh Chee‐Leok , Teng Ee Lim Joyce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chemical peels are a popular aesthetic treatment, combining efficacy with minimal downtime and low cost. Indications include skin rejuvenation, photoageing, pigmentary dyschromias, acne vulgaris and scarring. Currently, the most commonly used chemical peeling agents are glycolic acid 20–70%, trichloroacetic acid 10–35% and Jessner's solution. Chemical peeling causes controlled skin destruction which is classified according to the depth of the wound created and the corresponding histological level of necrosis. These include: (i) very superficial (exfoliation): destruction of the stratum corneum but no wound below the stratum granulosum; (ii) superficial (epidermal): necrosis of part or all of the epidermis; (iii) medium (papillary dermal): necrosis of the epidermis and part or all of the papillary dermis; and (iv) deep (reticular dermal): necrosis of the epidermis and papillary dermis with extension into the reticular dermis. Generally speaking, treatment benefits correlate with the level of tissue destruction, as do the potential risks.
Lasers and Energy‐Based Devices
Authors: Saedi Nazanin , Zachary Christopher B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLaser and light therapies have offered significant advances in dermatological therapy in the past several decades, having evolved significantly from the early use of the ruby laser in 1960 to the current time when such technologies have become a mainstay of treatment for a host of medical and surgical conditions. The chapter covers laser‐, light‐ and energy‐based devices and their applications for aesthetic purposes. Given the large number of devices available, it is essential for the laser surgeon to understand their capabilities and limitations. In order to provide patients with optimal treatments, the laser surgeon needs to accurately identify the target structure, select an appropriate laser‐ or light‐based system, and then tailor the specific parameters for the intended target.
Machine learning‐based radiotherapy time prediction and treatment scheduling management
Authors: Xie Lisiqi , Xu Dan , He Kangjian , Tian Xin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeThe utility efficiency of medical devices is important, especially for countries such as China, which have a large population and shortage of medical care resources. Radiotherapy devices are among the most valuable and specialized equipment categories and carry enormous treatment loads. In this study, a novel method is proposed to improve the efficiency of a radiotherapy device (linac). Although scheduling management with accurate prediction of the entire treatment time included in each appointment, arrange a reasonable time duration for appointments and save time between patient shifts effectively. Tasks belonging to the treatment and non‐treatment groups can be assigned more flexibly based on the availability of time.Material and methodsData from 1665 patients, including patient positioning time (PT) and treatment time (TT), were collected in collaboration with the Radiotherapy Center of the Department of Oncology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from November 2020 to August 2021. The features related to PT and TT were extracted and used to train the machine learning‐based model to predict PT and TT in independent patients. The prediction results were subsequently applied to a minute‐based scheduling tool.ConclusionArtificial intelligence is a promising approach to solve abstract problems with a specialized knowledge background. The results of this study show encouraging prediction outcomes in relation to effective scheduling management and could improve the efficiency of the linac. This successful trial broadens the meaning of medical data and potential future research directions in radiotherapy.
Quantitative study on dose distribution of Freiburg flap for keloid high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy based on MatriXX
Authors: Ni Jie , Gan Guanghui , Xu Xiaoting 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeTo quantify the dose distribution effect of insufficient scattering conditions in keloid HDR brachytherapy with Freiburg fFlap (FF) applicator.Materials and MethodsA phantom composed of FF applicator, MatriXX and solid water slices was designed and scanned for treatment planning. Bolus with different thicknesses were covered to offer different scatter conditions. Planar dose distributions were measured by MatriXX. The maximum value (Max), average value (Avg) and γ passing rate (3 mm/3%) were evaluated by the software MyQA Platform.ResultsThe maximum and average doses measured by MatriXX were lower than the calculated values. The difference increased as field size decreased. The Max value, found at 0.86 cm level in the two tube case, was ‐20.0%, and the avg value was ‐11.9%. All the γ values were less than 95%. This difference gradually decreased with increasing bolus thickness and the γ values were significantly improved.ConclusionMatriXX could be used for dose verification of HDR brachytherapy with an FF applicator. When the FF applicator was applied for keloid, insufficient scattering conditions would cause an insufficient target dose. This difference could be reduced by covering the bolus with different thicknesses on the applicator. The smaller the field, the thicker the bolus required.
Quantized H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ output feedback control for uncertain impulsive switched systems via a hybrid control approach
Authors: Mao Xinya , Zhu Yufei , Zheng Qunxian 
Published: August 2023

SummaryThis article investigates the quantized dynamical output feedback (DOF) control problem for uncertain impulsive switched systems (ISSs) with multiple state impulsive jumps, where the static quantization strategy is applied to quantize the control input to improve the signal transmission capacity of ISSs. First, to correspond the abrupt changes for states of ISSs at switching moments, the controller states are also allowed to jump besides the system state jumps of ISSs, which increases the universality of the impulsive behavior in ISSs. Second, the multiple Lyapunov functions approach and the average dwell time switching strategy are applied to derive the sufficient conditions that guarantee the stability and weighted performance of the closed‐loop uncertain ISSs. The desired hybrid controllers comprising of DOF controllers for every subsystem and controller state update rules at switching instants can be constructed by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Immuno‐Nanozymes Mediated Synergistic Chemodynamic/Immuno‐Therapy with Potentiated Anti‐Tumor Efficacy
Authors: Yin Yuying , Wang Hao , Xue Jingqiang , Yin Chenlu , Xing Yixin , Gu Wei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNanozymes mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a newly developed therapeutic modality with high specificity. The efficacy of CDT, however, still confronts challenges from the immune inhibitory tumor microenvironment (TME). It is thus of great significance to synergize CDT with immunotherapeutic interventions. Herein, this work reports the design and preparation of CpG loaded, Cu2+ doped double layered hydroxides nanosheets (CpG/Cu‐LDHs) as immuno‐nanozymes to potentiate overall anti‐tumor efficacy by synergizing CDT with immunogenic cell death (ICD)‐activated local and systemic immune responses. Such cooperative CDT‐immuno effect together with immunosuppressive TME remodeling capacity conferred by CpG/Cu‐LDHs led to effective suppression of both treated primary tumor and untreated distant tumor on a mouse tumor model. Thereby, synergizing CDT with ICD‐driven, in situ vaccine‐like immunotherapy by immuno‐nanozymes provides a novel and generalized paradigm for devising highly efficient and specific anti‐tumor strategy without the use of external stimulations.
Biomimetic Fibers Based on Equidistant Micropillar Arrays Determines Chondrocyte Fate via Mechanoadaptability
Authors: Zhou Chenchen , Yang Yueyi , Duan Mengmeng , Chen Cheng , Pi Caixia , Zhang Demao , Liu Xiaoheng , Xie Jing 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIt is recognized that the changes in the physical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) result in fine‐tuned cell responses including cell morphology, proliferation and differentiation. In this study, a novel patterned equidistant micropillar substrate based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is designed to mimic the collagen fiber‐like network of the cartilage matrix. By changing the component of the curing agent to an oligomeric base, micropillar substrates with the same topology but different stiffnesses are obtained and it is found that chondrocytes seeded onto the soft micropillar substrate maintain their phenotype by gathering type II collagen and aggrecan more effectively than those seeded onto the stiff micropillar substrate. Moreover, chondrocytes sense and respond to micropillar substrates with different stiffnesses by altering the ECM‐cytoskeleton‐focal adhesion axis. Further, it is found that the soft substrate‐preserved chondrocyte phenotype is dependent on the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Finally, it is indicated that the changes in osteoid‐like region formation and cartilage phenotype loss in the stiffened sclerotic area of osteoarthritis cartilage to validate the changes triggered by micropillar substrates with different stiffnesses. This study provides the cell behavior changes that are more similar to those of real chondrocytes at tissue level during the transition from a normal state to a state of osteoarthritis.
Tuning Carbon Material Modified Commercial Sponge Toward Pragmatic Oil Spill Cleanup
Authors: Vo Thi To Nguyen , Yu Dong In , Ahn Ho Seon 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA practical approach to designing 3D porous materials with new functionalities for oil spill clean‐up attracts widespread attention. The carbonized seaweed‐coated melamine sponge (CMS) can selectively absorb oil immediately due to its countless pores using capillary‐driven force to absorb oil. The microstructure and behaviors of the CMS are thoroughly investigated in relation to the unique porous structure, mechanical stability, wetting response, and in‐depth processing of the high‐speed visualization experiment to determine its promising abilities. For the special CMS structure with a unit cell size of 1 × 1 × 1 cm, the total volume of oil inside the capillary tube is drawn inward after 56 ms, and the absorption rate is estimated to be ≈15 200 liters per spare metre hour without any external power inputs. According to the results, theoretical models are proposed to estimate the oil absorption rate as a function of time by continuity of the oil column in the capillary tube based on quantitative analysis of the optically analyzed oil interface phenomena. It is first shown to be a reliable approach for describing volumetric absorption rate and effective CMS thickness by visualizing the capillary spreading flow. It is expected that this research will hold tremendous potential strategies for environmental remediation.
Design of Nano‐Composite Structured Electrode for High‐Performance and Stability of Metal‐Supported Solid Oxide Cells
Authors: Park Dayoung , Kang Dahee , Kim Yo Han , Park Chan‐ho , Myung Jae‐ha 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSolid oxide cells are reversible energy‐conversion devices for electric power generation and fuel production with high efficiency. However, robust cell structures and multifunctional electrodes must be provided to achieve high cell performance under multifuel conditions. Herein, a precisely controlled metal‐supported structure and dual‐nanocomposite catalyst is presented. The thermal and shrinkage behaviors of the metal supports play a crucial role in determining the interconnectivity between cell components. Compared to micron‐sized cermets, the dual‐nanocomposite electrode with tremendous three‐phase boundaries drastically improves cell performance by increasing the electrochemical activity for diverse fuel reactions. The developed cells exhibited outstanding maximum power densities of 1.1 and 1.0 W cm−2 in fuel‐cell mode using H2 and CO fuels, and current densities of −0.61 and −0.5 A cm−2 in electrolysis‐cell mode (1.3 V) under H2O/H2 and CO2/CO conditions at 650 °C. These findings suggest fundamental techniques for improving the structural stability and activity of cell components to operate in diverse fuel systems.
Compact Electrolytic Hydrocapacitor for Direct Harvesting and Storing Energy from Water Droplet Achieving High Voltage
Authors: Trung Vuong Dinh , Le Phuoc‐Anh , Natsuki Jun , Natsuki Toshiaki 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAs a renewable and low‐carbon emission energy source, water‐droplet‐based devices are attracting increasing interest. However, the uncertain mechanistic explanation, output shortage, and lack of storability remain huge barriers to their large‐scale applications. Herein, a compact quasi‐solid‐state electrolytic hydrocapacitor (HCelect) is successfully designed and fabricated with dual‐function of self‐charging and storage by employing novel bilayer graphene oxide/graphite flake composite films symmetrically sandwiched by poly(vinyl alcohol)–phosphoric acid electrolyte. The sandwich‐like HCelect can achieve a high‐level and repetitive self‐generation voltage of 0.94 V for over a month under a small‐scale water droplet. A possible model is proposed to explain the operating principle in detail based on the capillarity, ion diffusion, and streaming potential mechanisms. Simultaneously, the generated energy is continuously stored for ≈2.1 h due to water evaporation. In addition, unlimited output extension can be realized by integrating hydrocapacitors in an array for powering commercial devices. Interestingly, it is ascertained that prolonged finger touches on the HCelect can produce a high voltage. Therefore, this novel hydrocapacitor has notable potential applications in small portable and wearable devices owing to its compactness, low cost, environmental friendliness, safety, and flexibility, thereby providing a design idea for new innovative electronic devices.
Liquid‐Metal/Nd2Fe14B/Ecoflex Composite Soft Robots and Their Electric Signal Transmission using Non‐Contact Tentacles
Authors: Zhang Shanfei , Yue Yamei , Xu Yizhuo , Wang Qi , Li Zhuofan , Su Bin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSignal transmission between rigid robots is usually realized through rigid electronic components like coil or circuit board. However, these rigid electronic units are difficult to be used in fully flexible soft robots because of the mismatch of Young's modulus. Liquid metal (LM), as a flexible fluid with superior electric conductivity, can be served as the alternative material for rigid electronic units to realize signal transmission in fully flexible soft robots. Herein, a fully flexible soft robot is fabricated, which is mainly consists of two functional units: the soft tentacle integrated with liquid metal spiral wire and the body prepared by Nd2Fe14B magnetic powders/Ecoflex composites. The fully flexible soft robot can not only transmit electric signals based on electromagnetic induction but also be actuated by an external magnetic field to form diverse signal transmission pathways. Related mechanisms of transmitting electric signal and driving are studied by Maxwell numerical simulation. Driven by an external magnetic field, three soft robots are capable to constitute two different pathways to transmit electric signals to the oscilloscope. It is believed that the integration of LM into the magnetic composites provides an open perspective to realize the signal transmission in fully flexible soft robot and favors the development of multifunctional soft robot.
Metamaterial‐Augmented Head‐Mounted Audio Module
Authors: Ji Jun , Zhao Chuming , Yao Frank , Oishi Tetsuro , Stewart John , Jing Yun 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecent developments in metamaterial research have shown promising progress in overcoming the fundamental physical limitations of acoustics. While the majority of this research is curiosity‐driven and focused on fundamental physics, there has been a scarcity of acoustic metamaterials research that can have a direct and immediate impact on real‐world applications. In this study, an acoustic metamaterial inside a head‐mounted audio module is incorporate to achieve a 3–7 dB broadband sound pressure level (SPL) improvement in the bass range (50–700 Hz), which is the most challenging frequency range for radiation enhancement. The adoption of the acoustic metamaterial not only enhances voltage sensitivity near the intrinsic metamaterial resonance frequency, but also extends the broadband enhancement to a lower transducer resonance frequency by carefully engineering the metamaterial‐transducer resonant coupling. The improvement of the audio module is demonstrated through fully coupled electrical‐mechanical‐acoustical numerical simulations using finite element analysis, which are validated against comprehensive measurements including electrical impedance analysis, speaker diaphragm displacement analysis, voltage sensitivity and power sensitivity analysis, and spectrogram. This study not only offers a promising path to improve the audio module quality without increasing the size, but also represents an important milestone toward using acoustic metamaterial research to solve audio industry challenges.