bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking back, moving forward: A practical guide to implementing the updated ACGME geriatric medicine Milestones 2.0
Authors: Streiter Shoshana , Foley Kevin , Bennett Katherine , Widera Eric , Barczi Steven , Fernandez Helen , Cho Min Ho , Knight Aubrey , DeLong Ryan , Eubank Kathryn , Gajadhar Rachelle , Kirby Jennie , Edgar Laura 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) developed the Milestones as a tool to aid trainee assessment based on the framework of the six core competencies of practice. Variability in the interpretation and application of the original Milestones prompted the ACGME to convene work groups within the different specialties and subspecialties to update the Milestones. The Geriatric Medicine work group was convened in 2019 with the goal of clarifying and simplifying the language of the Milestones, revising content to be specific to geriatrics, and developing supplemental resources to aid in implementation and use. We suggest using a practical, four‐step process to implement the updated Milestones, called the Milestones 2.0, in fellowship programs by: (1) training faculty in the use of the Milestones 2.0, including an overview of the background and updates, (2) mapping the Milestones 2.0 to existing assessments, (3) educating fellows about the Milestones 2.0 and (4) presenting and discussing the Milestones 2.0 at Clinical Competency Committee meetings. This systematic approach promotes the development of a shared mental model for trainee assessments.
Microscopical palynology: Birch woodland expansion and species hybridisation coincide with periods of climate warming during the Holocene epoch in Iceland
Authors: Anamthawat‐Jónsson Kesara , Karlsdóttir Lilja , Thórsson Ægir Thór , Hallsdóttir Margrét 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntrogressive hybridisation between arctic dwarf birch (Betula nana) and European downy birch (B. pubescens) is relatively common in natural woodlands in Iceland. As dwarf birch is a diploid species and downy tree birch a tetraploid species, their hybrids are triploid. In the introgression process, triploid hybrids, which are partially fertile, can backcross with the parental species, producing progenies comprising introgressed diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants. Triploid plants produce both normal triporate pollen (with three pores) and abnormal, aborted pollen, due to dysfunctional meiosis. The type of pollen abnormality that can be detected and quantified is non‐triporate pollen (with four or more pores in the pollen wall). We therefore used the presence of non‐triporate pollen as a marker to trace birch hybridisation in the past. In the current study we examined fossil pollen in samples from Holocene sediments from three locations: Grímsnes (SW), Eyjafjördur (N) and Thistilsfjördur (NE Iceland). All three peat monoliths had the starting age of 10.3 cal. ka BP. Ages were calibrated based on known tephra layers and by radiocarbon dating. The size of Betula pollen grains was measured, and the species proportions calculated from size. Non‐triporate grains were detected in samples from all three locations and throughout the Holocene, but with different frequencies. The peaks of intense hybridisation followed birch woodland expansion in two major periods of the Holocene, both coinciding with a warming of climate. The first period occurred in the Early Holocene, around 9.5–7 cal. ka BP, when the climate warmed rapidly after deglaciation. The second period occurred around 5–3.5 cal. ka BP, well within the mid‐Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming. A new wave of birch hybridisation appears to have started in the last few decades as the climate has warmed. Birch woodlands are likely to become more widespread. Introgressed shrub birch is likely to be more competitive over dwarf birch.
3D profiling of mouse epiphyses across ages reveals new potential imaging biomarkers of early spontaneous osteoarthritis
Authors: Herbst Eva C. , Evans Lucinda A. E. , Felder Alessandro A. , Javaheri Behzad , Pitsillides Andrew A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWorldwide research groups and funding bodies have highlighted the need for imaging biomarkers to predict osteoarthritis (OA) progression and treatment effectiveness. Changes in trabecular architecture, which can be detected with non‐destructive high‐resolution CT imaging, may reveal OA progression before apparent articular surface damage. Here, we analysed the tibial epiphyses of STR/Ort (OA‐prone) and CBA (healthy, parental control) mice at different ages to characterise the effects of mouse age and strain on multiple bony parameters. We isolated epiphyseal components using a semi‐automated method, and measured the total epiphyseal volume; cortical bone, trabecular bone and marrow space volumes; mean trabecular and cortical bone thicknesses; trabecular volume relative to cortical volume; trabecular volume relative to epiphyseal interior (trabecular BV/TV); and the trabecular degree of anisotropy. Using two‐way ANOVA (significance level ≤0.05), we confirmed that all of these parameters change significantly with age, and that the two strains were significantly different in cortical and trabecular bone volumes, and trabecular degree of anisotropy. STR/Ort mice had higher cortical and trabecular volumes and a lower degree of anisotropy. As the two mouse strains reflect markedly divergent OA predispositions, these parameters have potential as bioimaging markers to monitor OA susceptibility and progression. Additionally, significant age/strain interaction effects were identified for total epiphyseal volume, marrow space volume and trabecular BV/TV. These interactions confirm that the two mouse strains have different epiphyseal growth patterns throughout life, some of which emerge prior to OA onset. Our findings not only propose valuable imaging biomarkers of OA, but also provide insight into ageing 3D epiphyseal architecture bone profiles and skeletal biology underlying the onset and development of age‐related OA in STR/Ort mice.
Elevated adipose differentiation‐related protein level in ovariectomized mice correlates with tissue‐specific regulation of estrogen
Authors: Zhu Jing , Zhang Ling , Ji Mengxia , Jin Bihui , Shu Jing 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveRedistribution of adipose tissue in the abdomen during the menopausal transition is attributable mostly to estrogen drop with aging. Adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADRP), a major component of lipid droplets, is closely related to the onset of lipid accumulation. We hypothesized that estrogen exerted its tissue‐specific effect in reducing abdominal fat accumulation by regulation of ADRP.MethodsTwenty‐four female C57/BL6 mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation (Sham), bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), and OVX plus 17β‐estradiol (OVX + E2). After being fed 8 weeks of a high‐fat diet, plasma lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels, body weight gain, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, adipocyte size, and ADRP expression were measured.ResultsIn comparison to sham‐operated mice, OVX mice presented a weight gain with higher plasma TC, TG, LDL‐C levels, and lower HDL‐C levels. E2 supplement ameliorated the increase in weight and lipid profiles. Elevated ADRP expression was observed in visceral adipose tissue of OVX mice, whereas treatment of estrogen suppressed the ADPR expression and reversed the fat accumulation in the abdomen. However, no significant difference of ADRP expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue was detected between sham, OVX, and OVX + E2 mice.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that enhanced ADRP expression in ovariectomized mice correlates with the tissue‐specific regulation of estrogen, which may provide useful clues for further exploring the regulatory mechanism and corresponding anti‐abdominal obesity treatment in postmenopausal women.
Inflammatory invasion on human vaginal mucosa correlated with combined drug treatment and recurrence in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
Authors: He Xinyi , Tang Qionglan , Zhan Fengshu , Mao Yiwen , Ye Fei , Weng Zeping , Jiang Xuefeng , Swidsinski Alexander 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAimRecurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a chronic, difficult to treat vaginal infection, caused by Candida species, which affects women of all ages and ethnic and social background. Most RVVC studies use animal models, and there is still a lack of observation on human tissue samples and effective therapy to reduce recurrence.Materials and MethodsWe observed CD163+ macrophages and NLRP3 expression by immunohistochemistry, also investigated bacteria and fungi co‐invasion by fluorescence in situ hybridization from 144 human vaginal biopsy tissues (48 RVVC, 48 VVC, 48 healthy volunteers), and we also explored the effect of combining metronidazole in the treatment of RVVC.ResultsA large number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrated the mucosa, basement membrane and submucosa, accompanied by significantly overexpressed NLRP3 inflammasome. While CD163+ macrophages often infiltrated under the basement membrane in patients with RVVC, 29.2% of cases were found Gardnerella and fungi jointly invaded the vaginal mucosas. RVVC vaginal mucosal histopathology revealed mucosal inflammatory responses dominated by neutrophils, which may involve activation of NLRP3 and immune tolerance of M2 macrophages (CD163+). Fluconazole combined with metronidazole can achieve higher efficiency (95.8% vs. 70.8%) and reduce the recurrence rate more (8.3% vs. 37.5%) at 6‐month follow‐up.ConclusionInflammatory invasion on human vaginal mucosa correlated with combined drug treatment and recurrence in RVVC. The combined medication will need to further evaluate in future.
High‐risk surgery among Medicare beneficiaries living in health professional shortage areas
Authors: Mullens Cody Lendon , Lussiez Alisha , Scott John W. , Kunnath Nicholas , Dimick Justin B. , Ibrahim Andrew M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurposeAmericans who reside in health professional shortage areas currently have less than half of the needed physician workforce. While the shortage designation has been associated with poor outcomes for chronic medical conditions, far less is known about outcomes after high‐risk surgical procedures.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of Medicare beneficiaries living in health professional shortage areas and nonshortage areas who underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass graft, esophagectomy, liver resection, pancreatectomy, or rectal resection between 2014 and 2018. Risk‐adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether rates of postoperative complications and 30‐day mortality differed between patient cohorts. Beneficiary and hospital ZIP codes were used to quantify travel time to obtain care.FindingsCompared with patients living in nonshortage areas, patients living in health professional shortage areas traveled longer (median 60.0 vs 28.0 minutes, P<.001). There were no differences in risk‐adjusted rates of complications (28.5% vs 28.6%, OR = 1.00, 95% CI 1.00‐1.00, P = .59) and small differences in rates of 30‐day mortality (4.2% vs 4.4%, OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.95‐0.95, P<.001) between beneficiaries living in shortage areas versus those not in shortage areas, respectively.ConclusionsPatients living in health professional shortage area undergoing high‐risk surgery traveled more than 2 times longer for their care to obtain similar outcomes. While reassuring for clinical outcomes, additional efforts may be needed to mitigate the travel burden experienced by shortage area patients.
Double‐blinded placebo‐controlled clinical trial of prophylactic omeprazole in dogs treated surgically for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion
Authors: Mehra Jaya M. , Tolbert M. Katherine , Guadiano Phillip , Steiner Jörg M. , Moore George E. , Lewis Melissa J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundProton pump inhibitors are administered prophylactically in dogs treated surgically for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL‐IVDE). However, their efficacy in decreasing gastrointestinal (GI) complications is unknown.HypothesisOmeprazole does not decrease the frequency of GI complications compared to placebo in dogs treated surgically for acute TL‐IVDE.AnimalsThirty‐seven client‐owned dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy for acute TL‐IVDE.MethodsRandomized double‐blinded placebo‐controlled prospective clinical trial. Dogs received PO placebo or omeprazole at 1 mg/kg q12h for 5 days during hospitalization. Development of GI signs (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, regurgitation, hematochezia, melena) was recorded daily. Clinicopathologic testing performed during hospitalization and at 2 and 4‐week re‐evaluations included: fecal occult blood, PCV, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, fecal calprotectin, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and fecal alpha‐1 proteinase inhibitor concentrations. Omeprazole and placebo groups were compared using chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests.ResultsGastrointestinal signs developed in 10/20 (50%) dogs in the omeprazole group and in 7/17 (41%) dogs in the placebo group (P = .59). Diarrhea was common (8/20 omeprazole, 5/17 placebo), hematochezia was rare (1/20 omeprazole, 1/17 placebo); melena was not observed. Clinicopathologic evidence suggestive of bleeding was present in 9/20 dogs treated with omeprazole and in 11/17 dogs that received placebo (P = .23). Fecal occult blood positivity was more common in dogs with GI signs (P = .03). Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity was higher during hospitalization compared to re‐evaluations (P = .01).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceShort‐term, prophylactic omeprazole treatment did not decrease clinically detectable GI complications in dogs with acute TL‐IVDE.
Criminal history inquiries and minority threat in the legal profession: An analysis of law school and state bar admission applications
Authors: Binnall James M. , Petersen Nick 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhile all but one U.S. law school and every state bar ask about criminal history on their admissions application, such inquiries vary considerably in the depth of information sought. One potential explanation for variations in the depth of criminal history inquiries among law schools and state bars relates to minority threat dynamics. Drawing on data quantifying the depth of criminal history inquiries for 190 ABA‐approved law schools and all state bars, as well as school and state demographics, this study explores the issue for the first time. Negative binomial regressions reveal that law schools and state bars located in states with larger Black and Latino populations employ more probing criminal history inquiries. We also find that this relationship is parabolic—where the minority threat effect is negative in states with a critical mass of Black/Latino residents. Finally, minority threat effects for law school criminal history inquiries are moderated by state bar criminal history inquiries, suggesting that law schools are cued by state bar policies. These results provide some support for minority threat theory, informing debates about the continued use of criminal history inquiries to screen prospective law students and lawyers, and the inclusiveness of the legal profession generally.
Models and molecular mechanisms for trade‐offs in the context of metabolism
Authors: Hashemi Seirana , Laitinen Roosa , Nikoloski Zoran 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAccumulating evidence for trade‐offs involving metabolic traits has demonstrated their importance in the evolution of organisms. Metabolic models with different levels of complexity have already been considered when investigating mechanisms that explain various metabolic trade‐offs. Here we provide a systematic review of modelling approaches that have been used to study and explain trade‐offs between: (i) the kinetic properties of individual enzymes, (ii) rates of metabolic reactions, (iii) the rate and yield of metabolic pathways and networks, (iv) different metabolic objectives in single organisms and in metabolic communities, and (v) metabolic concentrations. In providing insights into the mechanisms underlying these five types of metabolic trade‐offs obtained from constraint‐based metabolic modelling, we emphasize the relationship of metabolic trade‐offs to the classical black box Y‐model that provides a conceptual explanation for resource acquisition–allocation trade‐offs. In addition, we identify several pressing concerns and offer a perspective for future research in the identification and manipulation of metabolic trade‐offs by relying on the toolbox provided by constraint‐based metabolic modelling for single organisms and microbial communities.
Myopia risk behaviour related to the COVID‐19 lockdown in Europe: The generation R study
Authors: Kneepkens Sander C. M. , de Vlieger Jimmy , Tideman J. Willem L. , Enthoven Clair A. , Polling Jan Roelof , Klaver Caroline C. W. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurposeTo battle the spreading of the COVID‐19 virus, nationwide lockdowns were implemented during 2020 and 2021. Reports from China revealed that their strict home confinements led to an increase in myopia incidence. The Netherlands implemented a more lenient lockdown, which allowed children to go outside. We evaluated the association between COVID‐19 restrictions, myopia risk behaviour and myopia progression in Dutch teenagers.MethodA total of 1101 participants (mean age 16.3 ± 3.65 yrs) completed questionnaires about their activities before, during and after lockdown (March–October 2020). We used a repeated‐measures ANOVA to compare time use between these time periods. Ocular measurements were acquired before the COVID‐19 pandemic when participants were 13 years old; only 242 participants had ocular measurements at 18 years of age at the time of this analysis. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between lifestyle factors and myopia progression.ResultsChildren were on average 16.2 (1.03) years of age during lockdown. Total nearwork increased from 8.11 h/day to 11.79 h/day, and remained higher after lockdown at 9.46 h/day (p < 0.001). Non‐educational nearwork increased by 2.22 h/day (+49%) during lockdown and was associated with faster axial length progression (B 0.002 mm/h/year; SE 0.001 p = 0.03). Before and during lockdown, the mean time spent outdoors was similar (1.78 h/day and 1.80 h/day, respectively). After lockdown, time spent outdoors decreased to 1.56 h/day (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe Dutch lockdown significantly increased digitised nearwork in adolescents but did not affect outdoor exposure. The changes in time spent performing nearwork remained after the lockdown measures had ended. We expect that the COVID‐19 pandemic may lead to an increase in myopia prevalence and progression in European children.
Environmental influences on childhood asthma: Allergens
Authors: Custovic Adnan , de Moira Angela Pinot , Murray Clare S. , Simpson Angela 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAllergen exposure is associated with the development of allergen‐specific sensitization, but their relationship is influenced by other contemporaneous exposures (such as microbial exposure) and the genetic predisposition of the host. Clinical outcomes of the primary prevention studies that tested the effectiveness of allergen avoidance in pregnancy and early life on the subsequent development of sensitization and asthma published to date are inconsistent. Therefore, we cannot provide any evidence‐based advice on the use of allergen avoidance for the primary prevention of these conditions. The evidence about the impact of allergen exposure among and among sensitized children with asthma is more consistent, and the combination of sensitization and high exposure to sensitizing allergen increases airway inflammation, triggers symptoms, adversely impacts upon disease control, and is associated with poorer lung function in preschool age. However, there are differing opinions about the role of inhalant allergen avoidance in asthma management, and recommendations differ in different guidelines. Evidence from more recent high‐quality trials suggests that mite allergen‐impermeable bed encasings reduce hospital attendance with asthma attacks and that multifaceted targeted environmental control improves asthma control in children. We therefore suggest a pragmatic approach to allergen avoidance in the management of childhood asthma for clinical practice, including the recommendations to: (1) tailor the intervention to the patient's sensitization and exposure status by using titer of allergen‐specific IgE antibodies and/or the size of the skin test as indicators of potential response; (2) use a multifaceted allergen control regime to reduce exposure as much as possible; and (3) start intervention as early as possible upon diagnosis.
Micro‐responses to shocks: pricing, promotion, and entry*
Authors: Antoniades Alexis , Clerides Sofronis , Xu Mingzhi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe study the market response to firm‐specific demand shocks in a natural experiment setting. In 2006, a boycott of Danish products in several Arab countries was devastating for Danish cheese products firms. In Saudi Arabia, their market share collapsed from 16.5 percent in January to below 1 percent in March, and never fully recovered; by 2009, it was 6.3 percent. By analyzing micro‐level (scanner) price and sales data, we find the following. (i) Danish firms lowered prices but kept the product mix the same. (ii) Non‐Danish firms kept prices constant but changed their product mix by introducing new products and new product bundles. (iii) Non‐Danish firms chose to introduce products that were similar to the Danish products in characteristic space in order to compete head‐to‐head. We complement the analysis with a theoretical framework that helps to account for our main findings.
Penalty lottery*
Authors: Kim Duk Gyoo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTo control sequential public bad productions under imperfect monitoring, this paper proposes a penalty lottery: a violator passes the responsibility of the fine to the next potential violator with some probability and pays all the accumulated fines with the complementary probability. The penalty lottery does not merely impose extreme fines because an absorbing state is practically unreachable. It self‐selects people more willing to produce public bads and endogenously imposes the larger expected fines on them. It has advantages over the day‐fine system in which the fine depends on the offender's daily income. Experimental evidence is consistent with the proposed theoretical predictions.