bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Concanavalin A on the Classical Complement Pathway
Authors: Langone John J. , Boyle Michael D. P. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lysis of sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with anti-Forssman antiserum (EA) is inhibited by the action of concanavalin A (Con A) on whole guinea pig complement (GPC). The degree of inhibition observed for a given quantity of GPC was dependent on the Con A concentration. Specifically, Con A inhibits the activity of the early acting complement components C1 and C2 in the fluid phase, but has no significant effect on lysis once these components are bound to EA. Results of tmax experiments performed in the presence or absence of Con A showed that inhibition of C2 activity results from a direct interaction between Con A and C2 and not from a decreased number of effective EAC14 sites. Furthermore, since Con A pretreated or untreated EAC14 cells had the same tmax value, Con A and C2 apparently do not compete for the same binding site on the indicator cells. The lectin has no observable effect on either fluid phase or cell-bound C4 activity. Under similar conditions, wheat germ or soy bean agglutinin, leucoagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen did not inhibit hemolysis.
Inability of Choleragenoid-Sensitized Cells to Induce T Cell-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Forman James , Finkelstein Richard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine splenocytes and tumor cells bind cholera enterotoxoid (choleragenoid). Four hours after sensitization, choleragenoid-coated cells were lysed in the presence of anti-choleragenoid serum and complement, indicating that the binding was stable.
Choleragenoid-coated cells were unable to sensitize spleen cells from normal or choleragenoid primed syngeneic mice into displaying a cytotoxic effect against choleragenoid-coated target cells in the T cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Cells coated with both choleragenoid and trinitrophenyl (TNP) groups did sensitize syngeneic spleen cells to display a cytotoxic effect against target cells bearing choleragenoid and TNP or TNP alone, but not choleragenoid alone. These data demonstrate that the mere binding of a foreign component to lymphoid cells is not sufficient to allow sensitization of cytotoxic T cells.
Studies of Viral Antibody Responses among Amish Families
Authors: Hsia Shyuan , Howell David N. , Amos D. Bernard , Woodbury Max A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum antibodies to adenovirus (ADN), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza (INF), parainfluenza (PAR), mumps (MUM), coxsackie B4 (Cox B4) and B5 (Cox B5) viruses were measured from 584 individuals belonging to 21 Indiana Amish families. Sex and age effects on antibody responses to cytomegalovirus were observed. Age effect on CMV, HSV, INF, PAR, MUM responses were also found. The percentage of responders to some of the viruses was shown to be age dependent, but the levels of antibody response were not affected by the difference in age. A familial basis for the antibody response was demonstrated. Attempts at demonstrating association between HLA haplotypes and responses were not successful. The unlikelihood of a predominantly HLA-associated control of viral antibody response was discussed.
The Role of the Macrophage As the Stimulator Cell in Contact Sensitivity
Authors: Thomas David W. , Forni Guido , Shevach Ethan M. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this study we examined the requirement for the type of stimulator cell for thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte activation to simple chemical haptens. T cells from picryl chloride-immune guinea pigs were challenged in vitro with various trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated syngeneic stimulator cells and the extent of activation was determined by an increase in DNA synthesis. Hapten-specific T cell activation occurred with TNP-conjugated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and purified macrophages but not with TNP-conjugated erythrocytes, thymocytes, or nonadherent lymph node cells or PEC. In addition, T cell activation also occurred with TNP-conjugated guinea pig leukemia cells, but only in the presence of macrophages. Furthermore, it was shown that macrophages were required to process and/or present TNP-conjugated leukemia cell antigens rather than simply providing a growth-promoting function. These results suggest that a macrophage-like stimulator cell is required for hapten-specific T cell activation and that this particular stimulator cell may be important in contact sensitivity.
Murine Plasma Cells Secreting More Than One Class of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Neiders Mirdza E. , Lieberman Rose , Lawton Alexander R. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
SAMM 368 is a BALB/c plasmacytoma which secretes IgG2b-κ and IgA-κ paraproteins. Immunofluorescence studies of ascites cells from the tumor with purified, heavy chain class-specific antiglobulins demonstrate that single cells contain both IgG2 and IgA heavy chains. Idiotypic antisera prepared in mice and rabbits indicate that the two paraproteins produced by the tumor do not share idiotypic determinants. Analysis of the purified paraproteins for allotype markers showed that SAMM 368 IgA bears the BALB/c A12, 13, 14 determinants. SAMM 368 IgG2b does not carry any detectable allotypic determinants in spite of the fact that heterologous antisera identify the paraprotein as IgG2b.
Immunologic Reactivity of the Lung
Authors: Hunninghake Gary W. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The response of the guinea pig respiratory tract to locally administered antigen as well as the regulatory effect of antibody on this response was studied. The immune response of the respiratory tract to locally administered antigen was assessed by enumerating the absolute numbers of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in the lung, hilar node, and spleen after intratracheal immunization with various doses of sheep red blood cells. This immune response of the lung could be localized primarily to the lung and hilar nodes by maintaining the dose of immunizing antigen below a critical level. The modulation of the pulmonary immune response by antibody was assessed by its effect on the numbers of plaque-forming cells in the lung and hilar nodes after immunization. IgG or IgM anti-SRBC antibody or anti-SRBC guinea pig immune serum were administered either locally (i.e., complexed to the SRBC at the time of immunization) or were given intraperitoneally 24 hr before immunization. High doses of each type of antibody, administered either locally or systemically, resulted in a delay in the peak plaque-forming response and a marked decrease in the absolute numbers of plaque-forming cells in the lung and hilar node after immunization. In contrast, progressively smaller amounts of each type of antibody resulted in a marked enhancement in the absolute numbers of plaque-forming cells in the lung and hilar node after immunization. Thus, although the lung can mount an immune response distinct from the systemic immune response, specific antibody present either locally or systemically may modulate this pulmonary immune response in a manner similar to the regulation of the systemic immune response.
Sequential Proliferation Induced in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Mitogen
Authors: Winger Larry A. , Nowell Peter C. , Daniele Ronald P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A culture system is described in which 1000 human peripheral blood lymphocytes diluted in 2.5 × 105 mitomycintreated autologous cells respond to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Proliferation data, including 3HTdR uptake, cell survival counts, and mitotic indices, indicate that this inoculum expands from 1000 to 40,000 cells by day 7, suggesting five or six sequential cell divisions. Chromosome markers in allogeneic cultures demonstrate that the dividing cells are derived from the original 1000 cells and not from the “feeder layer” of mitomycin-treated lymphocytes.
The time course of proliferation in this system is similar to that in other human lymphocyte culture systems with a low percentage of responding cells, as in the response to PHA of cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or the response of normal lymphocytes to antigens. The conditions provided by the feeder layer which permit proliferation of this small number of lymphocytes are not precisely known, but erythrocytes, heat-killed lymphocytes, or inert particles do not provide a satisfactory substitute.
Thymic Maturation in Vitro by a Secretory Product from Macrophages
Authors: Beller David I. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Our results indicate that immature thymocytes can be induced by macrophage culture fluid (MCF) to differentiate in vitro. This maturation occurs during several days of culture but does not require DNA synthesis. It is accompanied by an augmentation of surface H-2 which precedes a loss of susceptibility to cytolysis with anti-TL and complement. Our evidence indicates that there is no physical loss of TL within the thymus. Thymocytes cultured with MCF also acquire the capacity to respond in an MLC.
Differentiation was shown not to be due to interferon nor could it be reproduced by 2-ME. The stimulating molecule is distinct from the principal mitogenic protein found in MCF.
The Class of Surface Immunoglobulin on Virgin and Memory B Lymphocytes
Authors: Coffman Robert L. , Cohn Melvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The class of surface immunoglobulin receptors for antigen on B cell precursors of different classes of antibody-forming cells was determined by utilizing a technique of class-specific antigen suicide. Spleen cells are first treated with a class-specific antiserum under conditions that result in the stripping of that class from the cell surface. The cells are then permitted to bind a highly radioactive trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated protein, which leads to lethal irradiation of all TNP-specific B cells except those whose TNP receptors had been removed by the class-specific stripping of surface immunoglobulin. In this way, the class of antibody-forming cells resulting from TNP stimulation of B cells with different classes of surface immunoglobulin can be examined. It was found that the virgin B cell precursors of IgM-producing cells are of two types: cells bearing IgM receptors only and those bearing both IgM and IgD receptors. All virgin B cells that gave rise to IgG1 antibody-forming cells had both IgM and IgD on their surfaces, demonstrating that an antigen-dependent switch from IgM and IgD to IgG1 production is a common feature of B cell maturation. In contrast, memory B cell precursors of IgG1 antibody-forming cells had predominantly IgG1 as their surface antigen receptor. The implications of these findings on current models of B cell maturation are analyzed.
Characterization of Cytolytic Effector Cells in Peripheral Blood of Healthy Individuals and Cancer Patients
Authors: Pape Gerd R. , Troye Marita , Perlmann Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To characterize the effector cells involved in ADCC in a model system (lysis of 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes induced by rabbit IgG antibodies), in “spontaneous”, and in tumor-associated cytotoxicity, we prepared subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals and from cancer patients by fractionation on columns according to three different principles. Columns with anti-immunoglobulin activity but lacking Fc-structures (F(ab′)2/anti-F(ab′)2 columns) removed ∼99% of the SIg+ cells (B cells), but only ∼20% of the Fc-receptor-bearing cells, as characterized by rosette formation with IgG-coated bovine erythrocytes (EA+ cells), and ∼25% of the complement receptor-bearing cells (EAC+ cells). Cells with receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E+ cells) were enriched. The K cell activity of this fraction was unchanged. Columns charged with immune complexes (OA/anti-OA columns) which display no anti-immunoglobulin activity retained ∼70% of the EA+ cells but only ∼20% of the SIg+ cells. About 50% of the EAC+ cells and ∼10% of the E+ cells were also removed. The K cell activity of this fraction was strongly reduced. IgG/anti-IgG columns very efficiently remove SIg+ cells, EA+ cells, and EAC+ cells whereas E+ cells are enriched. Again K cell activity is strongly reduced. The results indicate that B cells with high density SIg are inactive in the K cell assay and that the majority of mature B cells either have Fc-receptors of low avidity or have receptors for immunoglobulin which are qualitatively different from the Fc-receptors of SIg- cells. Furthermore, a significant fraction of the lymphocytes with complement receptors is different from these B cells. It can also be inferred that a significant subpopulation of the cells with receptors for sheep erythrocytes also have Fc-receptors for IgG. The cytotoxicity of these different lymphocyte fractions against a variety of human tumor cells will be reported in the following paper.
Characterization of Cytolytic Effector Cells in Peripheral Blood of Healthy Individuals and Cancer Patients
Authors: Pape Gerd R. , Troye Marita , Perlmann Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, from control tumor patients, and from healthy individuals were fractionated on columns retaining 1) cells with Fc-receptors for IgG, as defined by rosette formation with IgG-coated erythrocytes, 2) cells with surface-bound immunoglobulin, or 3) cells with both types of surface markers. The spontaneous cytotoxicity of these lymphocytes against allogeneic or autochthonous tumor cells of bladder carcinoma or unrelated origin was studied in a 51Cr-release assay. The cytotoxicity to allogeneic target cells of lymphocyte fractions depleted of B cells (SIg+ cells) was only slightly reduced, unchanged, or, occasionally, augmented when compared to that of unfractionated lymphocytes. Fractions containing the majority of the B cells present initially but depleted of most of the Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes (EA+ cells) displayed a strongly reduced cytotoxicity against the same tumor cells. These effector cell fractions were also depleted of a majority of the complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes (EAC+ cells) and of a minor but significant fraction of T cells (E+ cells) and of a minor but significant fraction of T cells (E+ cells). Removal of both SIg+- and Fc-receptor-bearing cells gave the same results. Thus, in most instances, the spontaneous cytotoxicity against allogeneic tumor cells of fractionated lymphocytes was similar to their K cell activity against chicken erythrocytes (Ec) in the presence of rabbit anti-Ec antibodies (preceding paper). In conjunction with other data on the immunoglobulin dependence of this spontaneous cytotoxicity these results suggest that a significant fraction of this reactivity, displayed by both tumor patients' and normal individuals' lymphocytes, may be antibody dependent. The antibodies may either be carried over cytophilically during lymphocyte isolation or may be formed and released by some antibody-producing cells during the in vitro incubation. In two cases, in which bladder cancer patients' lymphocytes were tested with both autochthonous and allogeneic target cells, the effector cells killing the autochthonous target cells were neither B cells nor Fc-receptor-bearing cells. These results suggest that different effector mechanisms were involved in these cases.
Target Cells for Interferon Production in Human Leukocytes Stimulated by Sendai Virus
Authors: Yamaguchi Tai , Handa Kazuko , Shimizu Yoshinobu , Abo Toru , Kumagai Katsuo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Whole leukocytes, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), monocytes, purified lymphocytes, and T (rosette-forming cells, RFC) and non-T (nonrosette-forming cells, nonRFC) lymphocytes isolated from the human peripheral blood were stimulated by Sendai virus, respectively, and examined for interferon production in their culture fluids. High levels of interferon were produced by mononuclear cells, but not by PMN. Removal of monocytes from the mononuclear cell population did not affect at all the levels of interferon produced, although it strongly suppressed interferon induction by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) and mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of the lymphocytes. Purified monocytes and T lymphocytes were unresponsive to the virus. In contrast, a population of purified non-T lymphocytes produced high levels of interferon. Addition of monocytes to the interferon-producing non-T lymphocytes did not affect the levels of interferon produced. No detectable levels of interferon were produced in the mixture of T lymphocytes and monocytes. It is concluded that non-T lymphocytes may be a major target for interferon induction of human leukocytes by Sendai virus.
Somatic Cell Hybrids Between Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages and SV40-Transformed Human Cells
Authors: Cicurel Lucienne , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Somatic cell hybrids between SV40-transformed human cell lines and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) containing either human chromosome 7 or 17 carrying the SV40 genome were injected into mice syngeneic to the mouse parental cells. Since either chromosome 7 or 17 was the only human chromosome present in the hybrids used as immunogens, the humoral immune response to gene products coded for by either chromosome was assayed. Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, we were able to identify noncross-reactive cell-surface antigen(s) specifically coded for by either human chromosome 7 or 17, and present in normal, tumorderived and virus-transformed human cells. However, no reactivity against SV40 tumor-specific surface antigen (TSSA) could be detected in the antisera.
IgE Formation in the Rat After Infection with Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Urban Joseph F. , Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with the helminth, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and the presence of IgE-bearing cells in various lymphoid tissues was examined by indirect immunofluorescence. An increase in IgE-bearing cells was detected in all lymphoid tissues except the thymus. In order to examine the importance of T cells in the proliferation of IgE-bearing cells and in the enhancement of IgE synthesis, neonatally thymectomized rats, which were unable to produce antibodies against a hapten-protein conjugate, were infected with N. brasiliensis. After infection, IgE-bearing cells appeared in all lymphoid tissues including the bone marrow. The kinetics of IgE-bearing cells and IgE synthesis were comparable in both thymectomized and nonthymectomized controls, however, the proportion of IgE-bearing cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen of thymectomized animals was about twice as high as that of nonthymectomized rats. At 14 days after infection of thymectomized rats, about 17% of total nucleated cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes bore IgE on their surface. These results as well as the appearance of IgE-bearing cells in the bone marrow of thymectomized animals suggested that T cells were not required for the development of IgE-bearing cells. By contrast, the serum IgE concentration and the number of IgE-forming cells detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes of thymectomized rats were significantly lower than that of nonthymectomized rats, indicating that the enhancement of IgE synthesis after infection was impaired by the absence of T cells.
Functional, Structural, and Antigenic Similarities of Guinea Pig Anti-Phosphorylcholine Antibodies
Authors: Schroer Joyce , Davie Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral immune response to PC was measured in guinea pigs. PC-vaccine stimulated IgM and IgG2, but little IgG1, anti-PC antibodies. No memory was induced and immunization in CFA produced tolerance. PC-KLH, on the other hand, stimulated IgM, IgG2, and IgG1 anti-PC antibodies with carrier-specific memory. Hapten inhibition of plaque formation showed uniform binding patterns with minor, but significant, differences between anti-PC-vaccine and anti-PC-KLH antibodies. The antibodies were characterized by IEF and idiotypic analyses. Early after immunization with PC-vaccine, guinea pigs had restricted IEF patterns which in inbred, but not outbred animals were indistinguishable between individuals. These patterns remained restricted but more individualized with time after immunization. Anti-PC-KLH antibodies showed more heterogeneity and individuality. However, these structurally heterogeneous antibodies reacted equivalently with rabbit anti-idiotype antisera and therefore must share common structural features, regardless of isotype or the genetic background of the guinea pig.
The Necessity for T Cell Help for Human Tonsil B Cell Responses to Pokeweed Mitogen: Induction of DNA Synthesis, Immunoglobulin, and Specific Antibody Production with a T Cell Helper Factor Produced with Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: Insel Richard A. , Merler Ezio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human B lymphocytes obtained from tonsils do not proliferate when stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. A soluble factor produced from T cells cultured with pokeweed mitogen stimulates B cells to synthesize DNA and differentiate into immunoglobulin producing cells. This PWM produced supernatant induced a PFC response to SRBC. The T cell supernatant activity is produced within 12 hr of stimulation in the presence of serum and without a requirement for T cell division. Optimal stimulation of B cells occurred at 7 to 9 days of culture. This helper factor activity eluted postalbumin from a column of Sephadex G-200. Insolubilized pokeweed mitogen was not mitogenic for B cells. The continuous presence of the lectin in culture was not required for B cell proliferation or for immunoglobulin synthesis.
Cellular Components of Allograft Rejection: Identity, Specificity, and Cytotoxic Function of Cells Infiltrating Acutely Rejecting Allografts
Authors: Strom Terry B. , Tilney Nicholas L. , Paradysz Jean M. , Bancewicz John , Carpenter Charles B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functioning Mononuclear cells have been harvested from heterotopic rat cardiac allografts during maximal transplant cellular infiltration. T cells, identified by a T cell-specific absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain serum, constituted two-thirds of the total cells recovered. Approximately 20% of the infiltrating cells bear and synthesize surface immunoglobulin. Macrophages, identified by latex ingestion and morphologic and cytochemical techniques, comprise 9% of the graft infiltrate. Donor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are concentrated within the graft. A separate population of Fc receptor-positive recovered cells mediate antibody-dependent LMC (Ab-LMC). Neither effector cell was adherent or phagocytic. These studies have conclusively established that cytotoxic T lymphocytes accumulate within rejecting allografts; however, the enriched presence of cytotoxic T cells within the grafts is not fully dependent upon antigen recognition per se, since Lew animals grafted with both BN and BUF hearts have Lew anti-BN and Lew anti-BUF killer cells in each graft.