bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-Neuraminidase Antibody Response in Serum and Nasal Secretions Following Intranasal or Subcutaneous Inactivated A2/Hong Kong/68 Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Fedson David S. , Fulk Robert V. , Huber Margret A. , Reisberg Margaret A. , Kasel Julius A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The anti-neuraminidase antibody (ANAb) response following subcutaneous or intranasal A2/Hong Kong/68 inactivated influenza virus vaccine was evaluated in 81 volunteers of varying ages. Rises in serum ANAb titer were seen in 33 subjects although 76 developed neutralizing antibody rises. In nasal secretions ANAb rises appeared in only 12 subjects as compared with 31 subjects with neutralizing antibody rises. In individual subjects the magnitude of serum ANAb rises to the Hong Kong neuraminidase and an earlier related A2/1957 neuraminidase were similar. Serum and secretory ANAb cross-reacted considerably with neuraminidase antigens of earlier strains of A2 influenza virus. The enzyme inhibition test for ANAb was more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition test. ANAb in nasal secretions was IgA. Since ANAb may participate in host defense against influenza virus infection, it may be important to measure the antibody response to the neuraminidase as well as hemagglutinin antigen to select vaccines with optimal prophylactic activity.
C3b Inactivator of Man
Authors: Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3b inactivator (C3bINA), a normal serum protein that destroys the ability of cells bearing C3b to participate in immune adherence, to undergo enhanced phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to react with subsequent components of the complement system, was studied. C3bINA treatment of EAC14oxy23 cells prepared with purified and radiolabeled C3 released two bands of radioactive protein that were distinguishable from C3b on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Similar products were demonstrable following the interaction of fluid phase C3b with C3bINA. The more anodal band appeared to be identical to C3c or β1A on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, behavior on gel filtration and antigenic content. The portion of C3 that remained on the cell following C3bINA treatment resembled C3d or α2D in its antigenicity. The action of C3bINA in vivo to produce cells coated only with C3d could account for absence of immune adherence reactivity and resistance to lysis of erythrocytes circulating in patients with certain forms of hemolytic anemia.
Immunochemical Assay of Antilymphocyte Serum with Subcellular Fractions and Purified Membranes
Authors: Von Fellenberg Roland , Briner Hans U. , Guggisberg Elisabeth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly immunosuppressive and non-suppressive antilymphocyte sera (ALS) were compared by quantitative micro-complement fixation. Skin graft survival was correlated with micro-complement fixation properties using purified membranes of spleen cells as antigen. The immunochemical anti-membrane activity of the ALS was due to both specific antigens of lymphoid cells and non-cell-specific antigenic determinants. The results obtained immunochemically were confirmed morphologically by indirect immunofluorescence staining. The biologic activity of ALS was discussed with respect to cooperation between specific and non-cell-specific antibodies.
Relative Absence of Circulating Antigen-Reactive Cells during Oral Immunization
Authors: Goldberg Salmon S. , Kraft Sumner C. , Peterson Raymond D. A. , Rothberg Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult rabbits subcutaneously immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) incorporated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant regularly had circulating antigenreactive cells (ARC) 14 to 21 days later. During a 3-month study period, animals immunized by oral administration of BSA in low concentrations rarely had detectable ARC despite the presence of comparable amounts of circulating anti-BSA. Discontinuing antigen administration led to diminished antibody concentrations but a persistent absence of detectable circulating ARC. Following a subcutaneous injection with BSA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant that resulted in detectable circulating ARC in non-immunized rabbits, orally immunized animals developed an increased rate of antibody synthesis without detectable ARC. The ability of lymphocytes from orally immunized animals to respond to BSA was demonstrated in 64% of these rabbits 1 week after 100 mg BSA was given intravenously after 3 months of antigen ingestion. These results and studies by others suggested that during oral immunization, ARC primarily are localized to gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
The Nature of the Antibody in Iso-Immune Anti-L Sera Affecting Active Potassium Transport in LK Sheep Red Cells
Authors: Snyder J. J. , Rasmusen B. A. , Lauf P. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The factor in ovine iso-immune L-antiserum that was responsible for stimulation of active K+-transport in LK sheep red cells was found to be an antibody of the IgG1 class. Reduction and alkylation of the anti-L-IgG1 protein abolished its K+-pump stimulatory activity. Treatment with papain to yield univalent Fab fragments substantially reduced stimulatory activity; there was no enhancement from the Fc protein. Bivalent fragments obtained by pepsin digestion, however, were nearly fully active in effecting stimulation of active K+-transport in LK sheep red cells.
Isolation and Physico-Chemical Characterization of the “IgM-Like” Immunoglobulin from the Stingray Dasyatis Americana
Authors: Johnston William H. , Acton Ronald T. , Weinheimer Peter F. , Niedermeier William , Evans E. Edward , Shelton Emma , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The stingray Dasyatis americana was found to synthesize high molecular weight antibodies against Salmonella typhosa “H” antigen and human A erythrocytes. These antibodies were demonstrated to be macroglobulins with a sedimentation coefficient of 17.1S and a molecular weight of 820,000. Carbohydrate analysis revealed a total content of 9.3% and a composition which was distinctively different from human IgM. Complete reduction and alkylation of the stingray macroglobulin, followed by gel filtration in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride, resulted in separation of the heavy (H) and light (L) polypeptide chains. These chains were found to have molecular weights of 70,000 and 23,000 for the H and L chains, respectively. With the exception of a lower content of the basic amino acids, the amino acid composition of the H and L chains was similar to that reported for human macroglobulin polypeptide chains. The stingray macroglobulin was examined by electron microscopy and displayed a pentameric structure. The data suggest a structural similarity between stingray macroglobulin and mammalian IgM.
Early and Enhanced Germinal Center Formation and Antibody Responses in Mice after Primary Stimulation with Antigen-Isologous Antibody Complexes as Compared with Antigen Alone
Authors: Laissue Jean , Cottier Hans , Hess Max W. , Stoner Richard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primary antibody responses elicited in mice by injection into the hind leg footpads of tetanus toxoid complexed with isologous antibody at equivalence were enhanced as compared with responses to antigen alone. Serum antitoxin titers in animals given immune complexes started to rise approximately 4 days earlier and reached peak values more than 15 times higher than in mice given antigen alone. In both groups of animals, however, the doubling time of serum antitoxin concentrations was similar and approximated 30 hr as compared with 8 hr in anamnestic responses to tetanus toxoid. These differences were reflected in de novo appearance and growth of germinal centers in popliteal lymph nodes. The median number of germinal centers/lymph node cross-section of complex-injected animals began to rise significantly 4 days after stimulation and throughout days 4 to 16 exceeded corresponding values for mice given tetanus toxoid. The median numbers of germinal centers in both groups of stimulated animals was maximal around day 12 and fell to near-control values at day 20, indicating that many of these structures underwent involution within 3 wk following de novo formation. The potentiating effect of antigen complexes as compared with antigen was seen in the significantly larger size of newly formed germinal centers from day 8 through day 24 following stimulation. The best estimate for volume doubling time of developing germinal centers after injection of immune complexes was 10 hr or less, which was near corresponding values proposed previously for germinal center growth in regional lymph nodes during anamnestic responses. Labeling patterns 1 hr after i.v. injection of 3H-thymidine and mitotic activity of lymphoid germinal center cells revealed no significant differences between the two groups of stimulated mice. These results were discussed in view of available evidence that identified lymphoid germinal center cells as precursors of antibody-forming elements possibly related to production of a certain class or subclass of immunoglobulins. The question was raised whether in vivo formation of immune complexes is also instrumental in triggering the germinal center system in the course of a true primary antibody response to antigen alone.
Studies on the Immune Response to Penicillin and Cephalothin in Humans
Authors: Spath Peter , Garratty George , Petz Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characteristics of immunohematologic reactions to cephalothin were investigated with emphasis on the incidence and mechanism of development of positive antiglobulin tests. Three hundred twenty direct antiglobulin tests were performed on 97 patients who received cephalothin at an average dose of 6.3 g/day and for an average of 5.5 days. Four of the 97 patients developed a positive antiglobulin test for an incidence of 4%. Studies were done concerning the mechanism of the positive direct antiglobulin tests. The data indicate that nonimmunologic binding of proteins occurs in vitro since multiple absorptions of a serum with cephalothin-sensitized erythrocytes revealed that the cephalothin-sensitized cells absorb IgG and other serum proteins, even after repeated absorptions sufficient to remove all cephalothin antibodies. Non-immunologic binding of proteins to cephalothin-sensitized red cells was further confirmed by demonstrating the absorption of complement (C3) from EDTA-plasma, and by the absorption of albumin. Such a mechanism may operate in vivo since cephalothin, when added to whole blood at a concentration of 500 µg/ml, causes protein absorption to the erythrocytes. An immune mechanism causes positive antiglobulin tests in vivo as evidenced by the fact that eluates from patients' erythrocytes react with cephalothin-and penicillin-sensitized erythrocytes but not with non-sensitized erythrocytes. Further, eluates from Rh sensitized erythrocytes did not react with cephalothin-sensitized red cells indicating that the concentration of antibody protein in such eluates is not high enough to produce positive indirect antiglobulin tests by the mechanism of non-immunologic absorption of proteins. Studies characterizing the serum cephalothin antibodies revealed IgM antibodies in 88% of 40 sera tested. Although IgG antibodies occurred in only 25% of these sera, the sera of four patients having a positive antiglobulin test all contained high titer IgG antibodies. Absorption of sera of patients with positive antiglobulin tests with penicillin-sensitized erythrocytes revealed varying degrees of cross-reactivity with such erythrocytes.
Characterization of Precipitating Antibody in Equine Infectious Anemia
Authors: Nakajima Hideo , Kono Yuji , Ushimi Chuzo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characterization of precipitating antibody from horses experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus is reported. Precipitation was demonstrated in an agar gel, using purified virus as antigen. Precipitating antibody was present in the γ globulin fractionated from infected serum with ammonium sulfate and by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. Antibody was also recovered in the 7S globulin fraction separated with Sephadex G-200 from sera collected both early and later in the disease. When 7S globulin was added to purified antigen, precipitation between the resulting antigen-globulin complex and a reference EIA antiserum was inhibited. Precipitating antibody was first detected shortly after the first febrile reaction. At that time no neutralizing antibody was found, but the appearance of precipitating antibody coincided fairly well with that of the complement fixing (CF) antibody. In contrast to CF antibody, which usually dropped below a detectable level shortly after onset of the disease, the precipitating antibody remained detectable for at least 150 days. The relationships of precipitating antibody to the CF and neutralizing antibodies are discussed. Listed are factors indicative of the value of the immunodiffusion reaction for diagnosis of EIA.
Cells Involved in the Immune Response. XXIV. The Demonstration of the Multiclonal Nature of the Antigen-Reactive Cell Population in the Bone Marrow of the Normal Adult Rabbit
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Abdou Nabih I. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigen-reactive cell (ARC) population in the bone marrow of the normal rabbit was investigated for its distribution in the various bone marrow compartments (right and left tibias and femurs). Irradiated immuno-incompetent rabbits were injected with lymphoid cells obtained from only one of the bone marrow compartments and challenged with sheep and horse erythrocytes. Recipients of cells of only one of the compartments were often capable of responding with antibody formation and more than one compartment was observed to contain ARCs. These results imply that more than one clone of ARCs exists with respect to any particular antigen.
Complement Utilization by Guinea Pig γ1 and γ2 Immunoglobulins through the C3 Activator System
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Götze Otto , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The recent demonstration of the C3 activator system in human serum (1) suggested a possible mechanism for the utilization of late complement components by guinea pig γ1 immunoglobulins which, as was previously shown, bypass interaction with C1, C4 and C2 (2–4). Antibodies with the γ2 mobility activate the C sequence at C1 and in addition may follow the same pathway of late component utilization described for the γ1 variety. Both of the guinea pig immunoglobulins possess a site on the F(ab′)2 fragments for activation of the C sequence at the C3 stage. The site for initiation of the classical C sequence, possessed only by the γ2 immunoglobulins, resides on the Fc fragment since it is destroyed by treatment of the molecule with pepsin.
The C3 activator system has also been shown to furnish an alternate pathway for the activation of the late complement components (C3–C9) (1).
Hyperlipidemic Myelomatosis
Authors: Mullinax F. , Himrod B. , Berry E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An unusual patient with multiple myeloma and hyperlipidemia provided the basis for study of the chemistry of lipid binding by her myeloma protein. Lipid-free M protein prepared by ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography existed as IgA κ monomers and disulfide-linked dimers which were used for serologic, gel diffusion and proteolytic digestion studies. Native plasma, lipid-free plasma and purified M protein reacted in agar diffusion with α- and β-lipoprotein. The plasma also agglutinated RBC of sheep, but not those of man or other species. Inhibition of agglutination by the isolated M protein was strongest with choline, which at 0.0001 µg/ml reduced the titer from 1:2048 to 1:256. Less marked inhibition was noted with lysolecithin, phosphorylcholine and sphingomyelin. Pepsin digestion of the M protein produced serologically inactive fragments. Neither agglutination nor inhibition of agglutination was produced by H or L chains. Apparently the IgA protein binds free lipids, lipoproteins or sheep RBC through choline side chains.
Detection of Human Homogeneous Immunoglobulins with Antibody Activity for Synthetic Haptenes
Authors: Woods Roy , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to identify homogeneous immunoglobulin paraproteins with antibody activity, sera containing homogeneous proteins of the IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE and Bence Jones varieties were screened against a panel of radioactively labeled nitrophenyl and sugar derivatives. The screening procedure was a modification of the Farr technique which measures antigen binding by antibody. The radioactively labeled synthetic ligands used in the study included the following: 3H-DNP-lysine, 3H-DNP-ε amino caproate (DNP-cap), 125I-HOP, 125I-NIP, 125I-IM-5 and 125I-SLAC. In the DNP-lysine and DNP-cap systems, known proteins which bind these ligands were used as positive controls. If a test serum showed binding that approached or exceeded the extent of binding by the positive control, the paraprotein was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, resuspended in normal saline and retested. In the other systems, if the partially purified paraproteins bound a minimum of 10% of the counts when compared to negative controls, they were considered to be positive.
Studies on Human Myeloma Proteins with Antibody-Like Activity
Authors: Freedman M. H. , Pruzanski W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
More than 500 human sera containing one or more M-components were screened for antibody-like activity, using both double diffusion in agarose and modified Farr binding studies. Antibody activity was detected in two IgG myeloma proteins and two IgM macroglobulins using a number of negatively charged, positively charged, and neutral haptens. We have at least one of these M-components growing in cell culture producing two different cell lines, and we have obtained small crystals with two of the M-components. Equilibrium dialysis of the purified M-components yielded K0 values with low affinity. We have isolated, using liquid isoelectric focusing, a homogeneous IgG(γG1, K) protein from a leukemic patient 2 months after a bone marrow transplant operation. The IgG was not directed against the histocompatibility antigens. We detected significant binding with this protein and 3H-hydrocortisone. (Supported by MRC grant MA-3001 and the Ontario Treatment and Research Foundation).
An Electron Microscopic Study of Human γG1 Immunoglobulin Crystals
Authors: Labaw L. W. , Davies D. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Crystals of a human γG1 immunoglobulin molecule have been examined in an electron microscope. The micrograph exhibits periodicities in several directions corresponding to the repeating unit in the crystal lattice. A series of two optical integrations of the micrograph in two directions virtually eliminates the random noise and the repeating molecules become clearly visible. The overall appearance of the molecule is characterized by three globular units, presumably corresponding to one Fc and two Fab portions. These units are assembled to give a complete molecule having a form ranging from a Y to a T. This is in agreement with previous electron microscope studies and with the x-ray diffraction studies of these crystals.
A Monoclonal IgG Protein with a “Hinge” Region Deletion
Authors: Deutsch H. F. , Suzuki T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A protein has been isolated in crystalline form from the serum of a patient with a γG1-hyper-globulinemia. It has a m.w. of 145,000 in low ionic strength media but dissociates into subunits of about 50,000 in 5 M guanidine solutions. This indicates that the molecule contains covalently linked L-chain dimers and free H-chains. The charge properties of these subunits were so similar as to prevent their separation by ion transport or by ion-exchange chromatographic techniques. Gel filtration in solutions containing 5 M guanidine of the reduced-alkylated γ globulin causes separation of H- and L-chains. Amino acid analysis of the H-chain shows the presence of only eight half-cystines and a relatively low content of proline. Preliminary amino acid sequence studies of cyanogen bromide, of papain and of pepsin cleavage products of the H-chain indicate that some of the constant regions of this subunit have the expected sequences.
Abnormal Human Globulins
Authors: Kunkel H. G. , Deutsch J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The question whether myeloma proteins and other monoclonal γ globulins represent abnormal products of malignant cell lines has been under discussion for many years. Recently extensive evidence has accumulated for normal counter-parts for a wide variety of myeloma proteins; each unusual protein after detailed study has turned out to represent a new class, subclass or genetic variant of the immunoglobulin system. In fact the incidence of a given type of human myeloma protein closely parallels the concentration of a similar protein in the normal spectrum of immunoglobulins. The present report describes two exceptions to this rule. The first case involves the Deutsch protein described in the previous abstract which is known to have a deletion in the heavy chain. Subgroup typing clearly demonstrates that this was a γG1 protein which contained the “non a” antigen; however, it lacked the expected Gm(f) marker ordinarily found in the Fab portion of such proteins.
Influence of Genetic Factors on the Antibody Response to Streptococcal Carbohydrates
Authors: Eichmann Klaus 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two characters of anti-streptococcal antibodies have been investigated for inheritability: 1) the degree of antibody heterogeneity and 2) the individual antigenic specificity. Genetic influences on the degree of antibody heterogeneity were demonstrated by selective brother-sister mating of rabbits which had “heterogeneous,” “restricted” and “monoclonal” immune responses. The degree of antibody heterogeneity of the parental rabbits was reflected by that of their offspring. Antibodies from closely related rabbits may share their individual antigenic specificity. Each of three different individual specificities was shared by antibodies from two to seven of 42 related rabbits but not by antibodies from 48 unrelated rabbits. The identical individual specificity of two antibody components isolated from the sera of a pair of siblings was demonstrated by immunodiffusion and radioprecipitin experiments. Both antibody components had identical allotypes, but other antibodies with the same allotype did not share their individual specificity.
An Anti-Benzene-Arsonate Antibody of Restricted Heterogeneity with Light Chains of b5 Allotype: Amino Acid Sequences of Amino-Terminal Regions of Light Chains from Antibodies and Normal Immunoglobulins of Various Allotypes
Authors: Mage Rose G. , Appella Ettore , Winfield John B. , Pincus Jack , Chersi Alberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rabbit which lived for over 3.5 years produced anti-benzene-arsonate antibody at various times over a 33-month period. The animal was partially suppressed for expression of b5-κ-type light chains when it was first immunized with benzene-arsonate coupled to edestin (Ed-Ars). The purified antibodies from January, 1968, October, 1969 and May 1970 were S-sulfitolysed and an LII fraction of light chains prepared. In October, 1969, the L chains were of a single V-region subgroup and gave a unique sequence for the first 21 residues. Light chains of earlier and later anti-Ars were very similar at the first 21 positions but additional residues were detectable at several positions in lesser amounts. We found an unusual residue, Ala, at position 8 which has only been found in human λ-type L chains of subgroup II. The major sequence of the anti-Ars antibody L chains was of the KII-length (Hood) but some of the heterogeneity could be explained as due to a similar chain, of KI length.