bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual pH- and Temperature-Responsive Poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Smart Drug Delivery System
Authors: Ramezanian Sina , Moghaddas Jafarsadegh , Roghani-Mamaqani Hossein , Rezamand Azim 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Smart drug delivery systems (DDSs) are challenging topics these days. DDSs can increase the drug's half-life, protect drugs from filtration, and reduce the drug's side effects. Mesoporous silica is an inorganic material widely used as a drug carrier because of its high surface-to-volume ratio, surface modification ability, production of nanoparticles in different dimensions, shapes, and structures, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. A robust smart drug delivery system was prepared by grafting poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were modified with initiator moieties of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Then, PDMAEMA chains were grafted onto the nanoparticles as a pH- and temperature-sensitive shell with two different lengths using in situ ATRP. The high molecular weight PDMAEMA was highly efficient in controlled release of drug molecules, had lower leakage at pH 7.4, and avoided drug release in normal cells. The drug molecules were released by protonation of the polymer shell at acidic pH (pH 5). Upper critical solution temperature of 41 °C resulted in easily solvation of the shell polymers in an aqueous blood environment and prevented from their accumulation in body tissues. Consequently, this system has lower toxicity than the polymeric drug delivery systems with a lower critical solution temperature behaviour. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the nanoparticles have a fine network, mesoporous structure, and a mean size of around 17 nm that show their excellent capacity for loading drugs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that all the modification steps and polymerization were successfully implemented. Thermogravimetric analysis showed PDMAEMA chains with two different lengths grafted onto the nanoparticles. The hybrid nanoparticles with high and low molecular weight PDMAEMA shells showed weight loss of about 36 and 27%, respectively, till 800 °C. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also showed grafted polymer chains on the hybrid nanoparticles. Doxorubicin and methotrexate as the model cancer drugs were used to investigate their loading and release profile at different pH and temperatures. The release profile showed that the hybrid nanoparticles with a high molecular weight PDMAEMA shell prevented from the drug release at neutral pH and temperature successfully. A HeLa cell line was utilized for the in vitro analysis. According to MTT assay results these nanocarriers were killed less than 10% of cells in blank samples. IC50 was used for DOX and MTX that 50% cells were killed by treatment. MTT assay results proved that this carrier might afford great potential for the cancer drug delivery systems.
Evaluating effective measles vaccine coverage in the Malaysian population accounting for between-dose correlation and vaccine efficacy
Authors: Kumar Shurendar Selva , Hartner Anna-Maria , Chandran Arunah , Gaythorpe Katy A M , Li Xiang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Malaysia introduced the double dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 as part of its measles elimination strategy. However, despite high historical coverage of first- and second-dose measles-containing vaccine, Malaysia continues to report high measles incidence. This study suggests a novel indicator for investigating population immunity against measles in the Malaysian population.
Methods
We define effective vaccine coverage (EVC) of measles as the proportion of a population vaccinated with measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and effectively protected against measles infection. A quantitative evaluation of EVC throughout the life course of Malaysian birth cohorts was conducted accounting for both vaccine efficacy (VE) and between-dose correlation (BdC). Measles vaccination coverage was sourced from WHO-UNICEF estimates of Malaysia’s routine immunisation coverage and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs). United Nations World population estimates and projections (UNWPP) provided birth cohort sizes stratified by age and year. A stepwise joint Bernoulli distribution was used to proportionate the Malaysian population born between 1982, the first year of Malaysia’s measles vaccination programme, and 2021, into individuals who received zero dose, one dose and multiple doses of measles-containing vaccine. Vaccine efficacy estimates by age and doses received are then adopted to derive effective vaccine coverage. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using 1000 random combinations of between-dose correlation and vaccine efficacy parameters.
Results
This study suggests that no birth cohort in the Malaysian population has achieved > 95% population immunity (EVC) conferred through measles vaccination since the measles immunisation programme began in Malaysia.
Conclusion
The persistence of measles in Malaysia is due to pockets of insufficient vaccination coverage against measles in the population.Monitoring between-dose correlation through immunisation surveillance systems may allow for the identification of susceptible subpopulations (primarily zero-dose MCV individuals) and increase the coverage of individuals who are vaccinated with multiple doses of MCV. This study provides a tool for assessment of national-level population immunity of measles conferred through vaccination and does not consider subnational heterogeneity or vaccine waning. This tool can be readily applied to other regions and vaccine-preventable diseases.
Anabolic myokine responses and muscular performance following eight weeks of auto-regulated compared to linear resistance exercise in recreationally active males
Authors: Ghobadi Hamid , Hosseini Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh , Rashidlamir Amir , Rahimi Gholam Rasul Mohammad 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
To date, no studies have compared the efficacy of auto-regulated periodized and linear resistance exercises on anabolic myokines and muscular performance among recreationally active individuals. This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week auto-regulated periodized resistance exercise(APRE) program with a linear resistance exercise(LRE) program on insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), follistatin(FST), myostatin(MST), body composition, muscular strength, and power in recreationally active males.
Methods
Thirty males were randomly assigned to either the APRE group(n = 15) or the LRE group(n = 15). Participants completed training three times a week for eight weeks. The outcome measures included serum IGF-1, FST, MST, muscular strength(isometric knee extension, handgrip), power(vertical jump), lean body mass, and fat mass.
Results
IGF-1 circulating levels increased over time following APRE(34%), with no significant change following LRE(~-1%). There were no significant differences over time or between groups for FST or MST. Muscular strength(knee extension [21.5% vs. ~16%] and handgrip [right: 31% vs. 25%; left: 31.7% vs. 28.8%]) and power(~ 33% vs. ~26%) significantly increased to a greater extent following APRE compared to LRE. Interestingly, results revealed that lean body mass increased over time only after APRE(~ 3%), but not LRE.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that APRE may be more effective than LRE in increasing muscular strength, power, and lean body mass, as well as circulating IGF-1 levels, in recreationally active males. The observed differences may be attributed to the increased training volume associated with APRE. However, further research is needed to directly assess muscle protein synthesis.
Research on the Application and Innovation of Big Data in Agricultural Development
Authors: Zhao Qingjun 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
China is a large agricultural country. In the past, it mainly relied on the input of a large amount of labor for farming, and it is easy to be affected by the external environment. The advent of big data era will change the traditional mode of agricultural development, avoid the adverse factors of agricultural development and improve the operating efficiency. At present, the infrastructure of agricultural informatization, the construction of agricultural big data center and analysis platform, the opening and sharing of agricultural big data are not perfect, and the understanding of agricultural big data is not enough. To innovate the application of big data to change the agricultural development mode, it should take advantage of the new technology brought by big data, try to develop automated agriculture mode, precision agriculture mode and information mode, so as to promote agricultural industrialization and improve production benefit.
The absolute number of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) is substantially higher from micro-polyps compared to that from larger size polyps, a retrospective pooled study
Authors: Zhang Jiancheng , Sun Huajun , Xiong Fei , Lei Shan , Zhou Guanyu , Xiao Xun , Liu Lin , Wang Pu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Importance:The risk that a large polyp (≥10mm) develops into high-grade dysplasia (HGD) is relatively high compared to that of a micro polyp (<10mm). Recently, the detection of micro polyps has been substantially improved with the advancement of endoscopy. However, the incidence of HGD caused by the combined number of micro polyps in the progression of HGD remains to be clarified.Objective:In this study, we aim to investigate whether and how the micro and diminutive polyps correlate with the incidents of HGD in population.Evidence Review:The pooled data were deeply analyzed from four published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding colon polyp detection. HGD was confirmed through histopathology. The primary outcome was the correlation between the size of detected polyps with the confirmed HGD incident rate.Findings:Among a total of 3,179 patients with 2,730 polyps identified, there were 83 HGD polyps confirmed, and 68 patients had at least one polyp with HGD. The risk of development of HGD was lower for a single micro-polyp compared to that for one large polyp (2.18% vs 22.22%, p<0.0001). On the contrary, the constitutional ratio for HGD from micro polyps was significantly higher than that from the large ones (68.67% vs 31.33%, p<0.0001). Furthermore, the total number of micro polyps per patient was positively correlated to the total number of HGD (p<0.0001). The combined number of HGD presented a trend to be negatively correlated to its size.Conclusions:Our data demonstrated that the absolute number of HGD significantly derives more from micro polyps than that from the large ones, and the collective number of micro polyps per patient is indicative of his/her HGD exposure. These findings positively provide novel perspectives on the management of polyps, and further may optimize the prevention of colorectal cancer.
Coordination between respiration and swallowing in patients with dysphagia after cervical spinal cord injury: an observational case-control study
Authors: Xu Xuluan , Li Jianjun , Zhang Qingsu , Yang Degang , Gao Feng , Xie Yongqi , Zhang Yu , Yuan Yongxue 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Patients with cervical spinal cord injury are commonly associated with respiratory impairment, but swallowing dysfunction is usually overlooked. Respiratory system and swallowing function are highly coordinated during feeding, play a vital role in airway protection and reduce the risk of aspiration. However, the pathophysiological changes underlying dysphagia and its development remain largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to observe the changes between respiration and swallowing in patients with cervical spinal cord injury with dysphagia and to explore the underlying mechanism.
Methods
Ninety participants were recruited for Bedside Swallowing Evaluation and surface electromyography with thermocouple nasal airflow sensor examination: 60 with spinal cord injury (30 with dysphagia and 30 without dysphagia) and 30 healthy controls.
Results
Compared with the healthy controls and patients without dysphagia, the post-swallow respiratory pattern was an inspiratory pattern, and the duration of swallowing apnea duration was significantly lower in patients with dysphagia(P < 0.05). The index of swallowing apnea duration was statistically significant for predicting the development of dysphagia in patients with cervical spinal cord injury (P < 0.05). The expiratory time in patients with dysphagia was significantly shorter than the inspiratory time, and the swallowing efficiency was reduced, requiring multiple swallows.
Conclusion
Incoordination between respiration and swallowing may be the cause of dysphagia in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Swallowing apnea duration can be used as a predictor of dysphagia in patients.
Antihypertensive drug targets and breast cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zheng Guoqiao , Chattopadhyay Subhayan , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Ji Jianguang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background: Findings on the correlation between the use of antihypertensive medication and the risk of breast cancer (BC) have been inconsistent. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using instrumental variables to proxy changes in gene expressions of antihypertensive medication targets to interrogate this.
Methods: Genetic instruments for expression of antihypertensive drug target genes were identified with expression quantitative trait loci in blood, which should be associated with systolic blood pressure to proxy for the effect of antihypertensive drug. The association between genetic variants and BC risk were obtained from genome-wide association study summary statistics. The summary-based MR was employed to estimate the drug effects on BC risk. We further performed sensitivity analyses to confirm the discovered MR associations such as assessment of horizontal pleiotropy, colocalization, and multiple tissue enrichment analyses.
Results: The overall BC risk was only associated with SLC12A2 gene expression at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold. One standard deviation (SD) decrease of SLC12A2gene expression in blood was associated with a decrease of 1.12 (95%CI, 0.80-1.58) mmHg of systolic blood pressure, but a 16% increased BC risk (odds ratio, 1.16, 95% confidential interval, 1.06-1.28). This signal was further observed for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC (1.17, 1.06-1.28). In addition, one SD decrease in expression of PDE1B in blood was associated with 7% decreased risk of ER+ BC (0.93, 0.90-0.97). We detected no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy for these associations and the probability of the causal variants being shared between the gene expression and BC risk was 81.5%, 40.5% and 66.8%, respectively. No significant association was observed between other targeted genes and BC risk.
Conclusion: Changes in expression of SLC12A2 and PDE1Bmediated possibly via antihypertensive drugs may result in increased and decreased BC risk, respectively.
Extended analysis of benchmarks for gas phase appearance in low-permeable rocks
Authors: Grunwald Norbert , Nagel Thomas , Pitz Michael , Kolditz Olaf 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the numerical simulation of gas transport in clay rock, with a specific focus on the transition of the transport regime from single-phase to two-phase conditions.Our code demonstrates the capability to cover this transition seamlessly, without relying on common approaches such as the use of persistent primary variables or the switching of primary variables.
To validate our approach, two benchmark tests were conducted.The first benchmark replicates a well-known scenario in the field of radioactive waste disposal, where gas injection induces a transition from single-phase to two-phase flow.The second benchmark simulates a core drilling experiment, where the mechanical unloading of a fully saturated domain results in the appearance of a gas phase.
In addition to analyzing primary quantities, a comprehensive set of secondary variables was introduced to gain deeper insights into the model's operation and enhance understanding of the underlying processes.By plotting these secondary variables alongside the primary quantities, a comprehensive understanding of the system's behavior during the transition of flow regimes was obtained.
The primary objective of this work is to improve our understanding and confidence in the model used for simulating large repository systems.By successfully capturing the transition from single-phase to two-phase gas transport, our study provides valuable insights into the behavior of gas in clay rock.This enhanced understanding lays the groundwork for utilizing the model effectively in large-scale repository simulations, contributing to the advancement of the field of gas transport in clay rock.
Ionic liquid-modified TiO 2 nanoparticle-filled polyurethane as a new electro-responsive elastomer with controlled modulus and actuation strain by an electric field
Authors: Zhao Zhenjie , Chen Zhenke , Zhang Meiyu , Liang Yongri , Liu Ying Dan , Choi Hyoung Jin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A new type of electro-responsive elastomer was prepared using polyurethane (PU) as the matrix and ionic liquid (IL)-modified TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-IL) as the active dispersed phase. The nanoparticles with different surface chemical structures (TiO2-IL: modified by IL only; TiO2-IL-AA: dual-modified by IL and acetic acid) were added in the second chain extension process and fixed by the solidified PU chains. The structures of the elastomers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to confirm the interaction between the nanoparticles and the soft and hard segments of PU. Rheological analysis was conducted under a controlled electric field, indicating that the PU-based elastomers showed electric field-improved modulus and the elastomer containing 20 wt% TiO2-IL nanoparticles exhibited the highest electrorheological (ER) efficiency of 247% at 3.0 kV/mm. Comparing the ER effects of the two types of nanoparticles, it was found that the TiO2-IL nanoparticles induced a stronger interfacial polarization effect and resulted in a higher ER effect than the TiO2-IL-AA nanoparticles. In addition, the PU-based elastomers containing TiO2-IL nanoparticles presented a significant electrostriction effect. The highest deformation in the thickness up to 14% occurs in the TiO2-IL-20wt% elastomer; however, the elastomers containing TiO2-IL-AA nanoparticles showed negligible actuation thickness strain, this might be related to the loose nature of TiO2-IL-AA nanoparticles. This research indicated that both electric filed-controlled modulus/rigidity and electric field-actuated deformation can be obtained in one system: the PU-based elastomer containing TiO2-IL nanoparticles, indicating its great potential in dual or multi-functional actuators.
Leptin in Relation to Degenerative orthopaedic diseases: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Jin Zikai , Liu Ping , Qi Baoyu , Sun Chuanrui , Liu Ning , Feng Tianxiao , Yin Yuhui , Wang Xiaoyang , Xiao Xiangyu , Zhang Yili , Wei Xu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background: We conducted a mendelian randomization study to assess the relationship between serum leptin levels and three degenerative orthopaedic diseases.
Methods: From genome-wide association studies of European ancestry, we selected instrumental variables for leptin(p<5×10–6). Meanwhile, we retrieved the summary statistics of three degenerative orthopaedic diseases as outcomes. We performed IVW, Weighted median and MR-Egger method analysis. To avoid heterogeneity and pleiotropy,we also performed sensitivity analysis.
Results: Overall, the results showed a causal relationship between leptin and the development of osteoporosis.We found a causal relationship between serum leptin levels and the development of osteoporosis mainly based on the results of the inverse variance weighting method(p=0.028).Contrarily, leptin was not found to be causally related to the occurrence of knee osteoarthritis(p=0.531), lumbar disc herniation(p=0.931).Sensitivity analyses suggested the robustness of MR results, which were less likely to be biased by unbalanced pleiotropy orevident heterogeneity.
Conclusion: We found a causal relationship between leptin and osteoporosis. However, there was no such relationship with knee osteoarthritis and lumbar disc herniation. Keywords：degenerative orthopaedic diseases, leptin, mendelian randomization, genome-wide association study, cause-and-effect relationship
WITHDRAWN: Alpha Defensin-1 Level Correlates with Peri-Prosthetic Infection Severity following Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Sobti Nikhil , Vishwanath Neel , Stead Thor , Rao Vinay , Soliman Luke , Breuing Karl , Kwan Daniel , Liu Paul , Schmidt Scott 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Diagnosis of peri-prosthetic infections following breast reconstructions is imperative. Alpha defensin-1 (AD-1) is an antimicrobial peptide that targets metabolically active microbes during on-going infection. We evaluate the relationship between quantitative AD-1 levels and infection severity in patients with suspected peri-prosthetic infection. Retrospective review was conducted of patients with breast implant reconstruction undergoing surgery for either suspected infection or prosthesis exchange/revision. AD-1 level in peri-prosthetic fluid was sent for quantitative analysis. Association between AD-1 levels with outcomes, management, and overall infection severity was evaluated. Thirty-eight breasts were included. Infected breasts had higher AD-1 levels (3.91 vs 0.14, p < 0.01), greater odds of erythema (OR 2.98, [1.53–5.82], p = 0.01), purulence (OR 2.84, [1.51–5.35], p = 0.01), fever (OR 1.84, [1.15–2.93], p = 0.01), threatened implant exposure (OR 2.97, [1.48–5.95], p < 0.01), and true implant exposure (OR 1.79, [1.04–3.08], p = 0.04). Increasing AD-1 was an independent risk factor for washout (p < 0.01), and explant (p < 0.01). AD-1 correlated with WBC count (β = 1.81 cells/microliter, p < 0.01), and serum lactate (β = 0.19 meq/liter, p < 0.04). Increasing AD-1 level was an independent predictor of infection severity (χ²=22.77, p < 0.01). AD-1 levels correlate with infection severity, highlighting potential when clinical exam is ambiguous, and when treatment response is being monitored. This may demonstrate utility in novel implant salvage algorithms following reconstruction.
Tribology and surface topographical analysis of insitu formed BN and Si3N4 in SiC-Al2O3 Ceramic composites
Authors: Singh Aman , kumari Jyoti , Debnath N. K. , Kumar Vineet , Chaturvedi Raj Kumar , Singh Vinay Kumar 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A multi-phase ceramic composite comprising of a SiC matrix reinforced with Si3N4 and BN was prepared by insitu formation during nitridation of Si metal and B2O3. Al2O3 was used as a sintering additive as well as to improve oxidation and corrosion resistance. XRD and SEM techniques were effectively utilized to confirm phases and analyze the evolutionary changes in microstructure. Dry wear tests were conducted to evaluate the composite’s wear resistance. It was discovered that the SiC-Si3N4–BN–Al2O3 composite possessed exceptional properties, such as high hardness, high abrasive wear resistance, and low coefficient of friction. The examination of surface topography using atomic force microscopy indicates that the composites exhibit improved smoothness and enhanced capacity for load bearing. These characteristics make the composite material highly promising for diverse tribological applications. Furthermore, the strengthening and wear mechanisms of this composite were analysed and discussed in this paper.