bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative analysis of eye movements during the cover test – a preliminary report
Authors: Barnard N. A. Simon , Thomson W. David 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe aim of this study was to carry out quantitative analyses of eye movements during the cover test on a group (n = 57) of asymptomatic emmetropes. Eye movements were recorded during an automated cover test while subjects fixated a distance (3.4 m) and near (0.4 m) target. There was a significant difference between the amplitude of phoria measured after 2 s of occlusion compared to 10 s (P < 0.01). The mean phoria after 10 s of occlusion was 0.1° (eso) for distance fixation and 1.6° (exo) for near fixation. The distribution was approximately normal for both distance and near fixation but the standard deviation was greater for near (2.0°) than distance fixation (1.4°). The pattern of eye movements during the recovery phase was more complex than is often assumed, in many cases consisting of a variety of saccadic and vergence movements involving both the covered and ‘fixing’ eye. The latency of the first recovery movement was significantly shorter for exophoric than esophoric deviations (P < 0.01) and the latency of some recovery movements were very short (< 150 ms).
Clinical comparison of the Keeler Pulsair 2000, American Optical MkII and Goldmann applanation tonometers
Authors: Mackie S. W. , Jay J. L. , Ackerley R. , Walsh G. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of both the Keeler Pulsair 2000 and the American Optical (AO) MkII non‐contact tonometers (NCT) and compare these to the reference Goldmann standard using the same group of patients. Forty‐five patients (89 eyes) receiving medical treatment for primary open angle glaucoma had their intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with each instrument in a random order using five experienced observers. In the IOP range of the sample (6–27 mmHg) the difference between means for each tonometer was small. The Pulsair 2000 (mean = 19.06 mmHg, SD 6.28) read slightly higher than Goldmann (mean = 18.01 mmHg, SD 4.88), whereas the AO MkII read slightly lower (mean = 16.27 mmHg, SD 5.93). However, all differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001, repeat measures ANOVA). Correlation coefficients for Pulsair 2000 versus Goldmann was r = 0.82 and for AO MkII versus Goldmann was r = 0.85. In addition, the repeatability for each NCT was assessed using 10 consecutive measurements on a further 10 subjects. The Pulsair 2000 showed significantly greater variation of IOP (mean SD 3.43 mmHg) than the AO MkII (mean SD 1.76 mmHg), confirming the need for taking at least four readings per eye with the Pulsair 2000. These variations are greater than that generally observed with Goldmann, and possible explanations why this occurs are discussed. In conclusion, subject to these limitations, both NCTs should be useful for measuring IOP as part of a screening protocol for glaucoma.
Automated static perimetry in myopes with peripapillary crescents‐‐Part II
Authors: Rudnicka Alicja R. , Edgar David F. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryCentral visual fields were investigated by automated static perimetry, using programs 30‐2 and 30‐1 of the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA), in a group of healthy myopic individuals with peripapillary crescents and tigroid fundus changes only. Results were compared with ‘non‐myopic’ and ‘myopic subjects without crescents’ control groups. The sample comprised 122 young, healthy volunteers between the ages of 18.5 and 35.4 years, free from any ocular or systemic disease, with refractive errors ranging from +4.00 to −25.75 D. Linear regression results are presented and may be useful in predicting the global indices mean deviation (MD) and mean sensitivity (MS), given either the axial length of ocular refraction, for medium and high myopes. Analysis of the HFA printouts revealed significantly depressed locations in all subject groups. However, locations identified at the 2, 1 and 0.5% probability levels were observed more frequently and more commonly in the myopes with peripapillary crescents than in the control groups. In this non‐glaucomatous sample, four myopes had a borderline glaucoma hemifield test and two fell outside normal limits of this test. The superior hemifield, particularly the upper temporal quadrant, appeared to be most affected. Enlargement of the blind spot occurred in some subjects. Several possible explanations are suggested for the visual field sensitivity reduction in myopia.
A comparison of the perceptions of visually impaired children by their managing optometrists and specialist teachers
Authors: Carter Susan C. , Hill Adrian R. 
Published: July 2002

The Warnock Report and the 1981 Education Act resulted in the majority of visually impaired (VI) children attending local mainstream schools with specialist support. Such children attend their closest low vision clinic for low vision aids (LVAs). The structure of these two services varies throughout the country and the communication between them is patchy.A group of LVA practitioners and specialist teachers for the VI, were asked to rate a common group of VI children whom they had managed, against a list of 20 provided constructs. The results were compared using cluster analysis, showing some commonality in perception within the optometric and teaching groups, but wide variation in how the child was viewed between the two groups.These results have implications for communication of information between the managing professional groups.
Gait Alterations Associated with Walking Impairment in People with Peripheral Arterial Disease with and without Intermittent Claudication
Authors: McDermott Mary McGrae , Ohlmiller Sara M. , Liu Kiang , Guralnik Jack M. , Martin Gary J. , Pearce William H. , Greenland Philip 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES: To describe gait alterations associated with impaired walking endurance in patients with and without lower‐extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and determine whether the Caltrac accelerometer provides a valid measure of physical activity in PAD.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.SETTING: Academic medical center.PARTICIPANTS: PAD (n = 40) and non‐PAD patients (n = 22) from two Chicago hospitals.MEASUREMENTS: Participants underwent measurement of the ankle brachial index (ABI), leg length, and 6‐minute walk. Steps per minute and step length were measured during the first and last 100 feet of the 6‐minute walk. Participants wore a Caltrac accelerometer, sensitive to vertical acceleration, during the 6‐minute walk and for 7 continuous days.RESULTS: Five PAD participants (13%) and one non‐PAD participant (5%) ceased walking before the end of 6 minutes. Among the remaining participants, distance walked in 6 minutes was more highly related to walking velocity during the last 100 feet of the walk than walking velocity during the first 100 feet. ABI was associated significantly with cadence (20.77 steps/minute per unit ABI, P < .001) but not step length (10.12 centimeters/unit ABI, P = .08). ABI was associated significantly with 6‐minute walk distance (493 feet/unit ABI, P = .018), but this association disappeared completely after adjustment for step length and cadence. We found no difference in accelerometer scores between PAD and non‐PAD participants over a fixed distance of 800 feet (7.34 vs 7.17 activity units, P = .789). However, scores were significantly different after 7 days (730.8 vs 1,485.0 activity units, P = .003).CONCLUSION: Walking performance in PAD patients who completed 6 minutes of walking was largely determined by a decline in walking velocity rather than slower initial walking velocity. ABI was more closely associated with cadence than step length. Future studies should assess the effect of exercise programs and revascularization on cadence and step length in PAD.
Mémoires exacte et inférentielle en arithmétique mentale
Authors: Fischer Jean‐Paul 
Published: July 2002

Dans cette recherche, nous cherchons à éprouver la pertinence de la distinction de deux mémoires qualifiées d'exacte et d'inférentielle. Dans les deux expériences, sur 140 élèves de Cours Moyen et 456 étudiants respectivement, les sujets prennent d'abord connaissance d'un matériel numérique: un problème arithmétique ou un calcul mental (e.g. 86 + 47 + 93 + 52). Ensuite, ils sont interrogés à la fois sur des données exactes contenues dans ce matériel et sur des données susceptibles d'en ětre inférées.La recherche ne confirme pas clairement une indépendance des deux types de mémoire. En revanche, elle apporte des évidences en faveur d'une moindre sensibilité à l'amorçage de la mémoire exacte. Elle suggère aussi que l'effet de distance peut, en calcul mental, ětre différencié suivant les opérations arithmétiques: les opérations additives y sont plus sensibles que les opérations multiplicatives.
Gender and the Information Work Force: New Zealand Evidence and Issues
Authors: Engelbrecht Hans-Jürgen 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
This paper documents the growth and gender composition of New Zealand's information work force over the period 1976‐96. By 1996, about 55% of the female work force was employed in information occupations, compared to 40% of the male work force. The share of high-skilled information workers increased substantially over time, and faster for females than males. This suggests faster upskilling of the female information work force. The paper also briefly comments on some related, but much narrower, 'knowledge worker' concepts, and on some of the problems encountered if one wants to relate the work force measures to endogenous growth theory. The concluding comments provide a wish list of further research.
To which space do I belong? Imagining citizenship in one curriculum subject
Authors: Morgan John 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAccording to some commentators, one consequence of the ever‐increasing levels of globalization and internationalization of everyday life in the developed world during the last decade is the growing disorientation in many people's sense of place. Indeed, David Harvey has asked: ‘To what space/place do we belong? Am I a citizen of the world, the nation, the locality?’ In the school curriculum, geography offers children an answer to these questions by providing stable representations or ‘maps of meaning’ with which to make sense of the world. This article draws on work in cultural geography that regards such representations as highly constructed and historically contingent versions of the ‘geographical imagination’. It follows that calls to develop citizenship through geography draw upon ‘imagined geographies of citizenship’ which can be read for their dominant ideologies and hidden geographies of inclusion and exclusion. The article critically examines a number of such ‘imagined geographies’. These include Mackinder's argument that geography should promote an ‘imperial gaze’, teaching British children about their rightful dominion over ‘less developed’ people, the geographies of post‐war reconstruction, and recent calls for school geographers to teach a distinctly ‘British geography’. The article offers critical interpretations of these ‘imagined geographies of citizenship’, suggesting that arguments over citizenship education in school subjects must be located in wider social, economic and political contexts.
T2 relaxometry in the central nervous system of solvent misusers
Authors: YAMANOUCHI NAOTO , OKADA SHIN‐ICHI , KODAMA KAZUHIRO , SAKAMOTO TADASHI , SEKINE HIROSHI , HIRAI SHINJI , MURAKAMI ATSUHIRO , KOMATSU NAOYA , MORIYAMA TOSHIHIRO , SATO TOSHIO 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract The purpose of this study was to investigate T2 changes in the central nervous system of solvent misusers and to validate a classification of white matter changes (restricted, intermediate and diffuse) proposed in our previous study by visual inspection of magnetic resonance images. T2 values were calculated from the intensity measurements at nine regions in the brain of eight solvent misusers, six of whom showed white matter changes on MRI (two patients for each type), compared with age and gender‐matched controls. The misusers with white matter changes on MRI showed significantly prolonged T2 in the centrum semiovale (p= 0.002), periventricular white matter (p= 0.016), internal capsule (p= 0.040), and cerebellar white matter surrounding the dentate nucleus (p= 0.001) and shortened T2 in the thalamus (p= 0.025) compared to controls by ANOVA with post hoc comparison of Scheffe. In addition, each type of white matter changes showed different distribution of T2 changes corresponding to the findings from visual inspection. These results confirmed T2 prolongation in the white matter with T2 shortening in the thalamus of solvent misusers with white matter changes, and provided further support for our classification of white matter changes.
Screening for Speech and Language Disorders: the reliability, validity and accuracy of the General Language Screen
Authors: Stott Carol M. , Merricks Melanie J. , Bolton Patrick F. , Goodyer Ian M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper reports the reliability, validity and accuracy of the General Language Screen (GLS) as the first stage in its development as a potential screening instrument for the identification of speech and language disorder (SLD) in the primary care setting. Data reported were obtained during the Cambridge Language and Speech Project (CLASP) a longitudinal epidemiological study of primary SLD. The GLS was originally used in initial CLASP sample ascertainment when children were aged 36 months. This report utilises speech and language data collected at subsequent stages of this study (37‐months, 45‐months and 8‐years) to determine the reliability, validity and accuracy of the GLS. The GLS demonstrated sufficient levels of reliability (internal consistency &#102 =0.74) and validity (criterion validity r =−0.55). Adequate construct validity was demonstrated by a factor analysis in which two language related factors were identified. These data therefore justified exploration of the accuracy of the GLS as a screening instrument. Analysis of accuracy in this context is complicated by lack of a generally accepted method of defining SLD case status. This report utilises data on language function at different stages of development to provide measures of GLS accuracy over time. Concurrent accuracy, measured against parental report of language function at 37‐months, was good (ROC area under the curve=0.93). Predictive accuracy measured against direct assessment of speech and language at 45‐months and 8‐years was, as expected, somewhat less (ROC=0.77 and 0.68 respectively). The implications for the use of the GLS as a screening instrument are discussed. The data indicate that the GLS would function most usefully as the first stage of a two‐stage screen for SLD in the primary care setting. Recommendations are made as to the nature of the second stage of such a screen and plans for future research are outlined.
An Investigation Into The Effectiveness Of An Early Intervention Method For Delayed Language Development In Young Children
Authors: Ward Sally 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDelayed language development is common and has serious sequelae into adulthood in terms of educational, social and emotional development. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a group of language‐delayed infants detected in the first year of life by the screen developed in the author's previous study, and receiving intervention at that stage, would not show language impairment at the age at which children are usually referred for speech and language therapy, whereas an untreated control group would do so. A sample (n 122), of very young language‐delayed children was divided into matched experimental and control groups. The mean (range) age of the sample was 10.6 (8‐21) months. The experimental group received intervention, and both groups were followed up until they were 3 years of age to determine whether there were differences in language development at that stage. The results showed that at 3 years, 85% of controls showed language delay while only 5% of the experimental group did so. The differences in mean language quotient in experimental and control groups were statistically significant (t 2.701, p 0.01). At this stage, 30% of the controls had been referred for speech and language therapy, while none of the experimental group had so been. The intervention was found to take relatively little resource and the low dropout rate and high take‐up indicated that it was popular with carers.
Induction of maturation-promoting factor during Xenopus oocyte maturation uncouples Ca2+ store depletion from store-operated Ca2+ entry
Authors: Machaca Khaled , Haun Shirley 
Published: July 2002

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas Medical Science, Little Rock, AR 72205
During oocyte maturation, eggs acquire the ability to generate specialized Ca2+ signals in response to sperm entry. Such Ca2+ signals are crucial for egg activation and the initiation of embryonic development. We examined the regulation during Xenopus oocyte maturation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an important Ca2+ influx pathway in oocytes and other nonexcitable cells. We have previously shown that SOCE inactivates during Xenopus oocyte meiosis. SOCE inactivation may be important in preventing premature egg activation. In this study, we investigated the correlation between SOCE inactivation and the Mos–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–maturation-promoting factor (MPF) kinase cascade, which drives Xenopus oocyte maturation. SOCE inactivation at germinal vesicle breakdown coincides with an increase in the levels of MAPK and MPF. By differentially inducing Mos, MAPK, and MPF, we demonstrate that the activation of MPF is necessary for SOCE inactivation during oocyte maturation. In contrast, sustained high levels of Mos kinase and the MAPK cascade have no effect on SOCE activation. We further show that preactivated SOCE is not inactivated by MPF, suggesting that MPF does not block Ca2+ influx through SOCE channels, but rather inhibits coupling between store depletion and SOCE activation.
A retrospective multi‐center feasibility study of a new PTV margin estimation approach for moving targets using CyberKnife log files
Authors: Samadi Miandoab Payam , Saramad Shahyar , Setayeshi Saeed , Blanck Oliver 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPurposeThis study investigates a new approach for estimating the planning target volume (PTV) margin for moving tumors treated with robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).MethodsIn this new approach, the covariance of modeling and prediction errors was estimated using error propagation and implemented in the Van Herk formula to form a Modified Van Herk formula (MVHF). To perform a retrospective multi‐center analysis, the MVHF was studied using 163 patients treated with different system versions of robotic SBRT (G3 version 6.2.3, VSI version 8.5, and VSI version 9.5) and compared with two established PTV margins estimation methods: The original Van Herk Formula (VHF) and the Uncertainty Estimation Method (UEM).ResultsOverall, the PTV margins provided by the three formalisms are similar with 4–5 mm in the lung region and 4 mm in abdomen region to the PTV margins used in clinical. Furthermore, when analyzing individual patients, a difference of up to 1 mm was found between the PTV margin estimations using MVHF and VHF. The corresponding average discrepancies for the superior‐inferior (SI) direction ranged between −0.19 mm to 0.38 mm in CK G3 version 6.2.3, −0.36 mm to 0.33 mm in CK VSI version 8.5, and −0.34 mm to 0.40 mm in CK VSI version 9.5.ConclusionsIt was found that for the lower left lung, upper left lung, lower right lung, upper right lung, central liver, and upper liver, the effect of covariance between model and prediction errors in SI direction was around 20%, 30%, 25%, 25%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. Notable covariance effects between model and prediction errors can be considered in PTV margin estimation using a modified VHF, which allowed for more precise target localization in robotic SBRT for moving tumors. Overall, in each of the three directions, the difference between MVHF and utilized clinical margins is 0.65 mm in the lung and abdominal region. Therefore, to improve the clinical PTV margins with the new approach, it is suggested to use the adaptive PTV margins in the next fractions.
Entropy‐Driven Solvation toward Low‐Temperature Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Temperature‐Adaptive Feature
Authors: Yang Chao , Liu Xiaowei , Lin Ya , Yin Luming , Lu Jun , You Ya 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSalt precipitation at temperatures far above the freezing point of solvents is primarily responsible for performance decay of rechargeable batteries at low temperature, yet is still challenged by a lack of in‐depth understanding of the design principle and ultimate solutions. Here, this is resolved via tuning the entropy of solvation in a strong‐solvation (SS) and weak‐solvation (WS) solvent mixture, in which a solvation structure can spontaneously transform at low temperature to avoid salt precipitation, endowing the electrolyte with a temperature‐adaptive feature. The results affirm that such temperature‐adaptive electrolyte ensures encouraging low‐temperature performance in a hard carbon||Na2/3Ni1/4Cu1/12Mn2/3O2 full cell with 90.6% capacity retention over 400 cycles at −40 °C. The generality of the concept is further expanded to construct a series of SS–WS electrolytes as potential candidates for rechargeable low‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries. The work shed lights on the importance of entropy tuning and affords a rational viewpoint on designing low‐temperature electrolytes.
How are they doing as adults? Psychosocial and socioeconomic outcomes 11‐30 years after pediatric epilepsy surgery
Authors: Hoppe Christian , Beeres Kassandra , Witt Juri‐Alexander , Sassen Robert , Helmstaedter Christoph 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivePediatric epilepsy surgery yields cure from epilepsy or complete seizure control with continued medication in many patients early in life. This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term (>10 years) psychosocial and socioeconomic outcomes of pediatric epilepsy surgery and examine the role of comorbid disability, type of surgery, seizure freedom, and age at surgery.MethodsA novel ad hoc parent/patient questionnaire was used to assess educational and occupational attainment, marital/familial status, mobility, and other outcomes in patients who underwent unilobar or multilobar surgery for drug‐refractory epilepsy during their childhood. The questionnaire also captured information on comorbid disability.ResultsOf the 353 eligible patients, 203 could still be contacted and 101 of these (50%) returned appropriately filled‐in questionnaires (follow‐up intervals: 11‐30 [mean: 19.6] years). The cure from epilepsy rate was 53%. Type of surgery was strongly confounded by comorbid disability. Patients with comorbid disabilities had significantly lower rates of regular school degrees, gainful employment, marriage, and driving license (N = 29; 12%, 4%, 0%, 3%) compared with non‐disabled patients (N = 69; 89%, 80%, 43%, and 67%, respectively). Patients achieved lower school degrees than their siblings and parents. Non‐disabled seizure‐free patients had better employment and mobility outcomes compared with non‐seizure‐free patients. Age at surgery (<10 vs. ≥10 years of age) did not have any effect on any outcome in patients with preschool seizure onset.SignificancePediatric epilepsy surgery can lead to permanent relief from epilepsy in many patients, but comorbid disability strongly impacts adult life achievement. In non‐disabled patients, favorable outcomes in academic, occupational, marital, and mobility domains were achieved, approaching respective rates in the German population. Complete seizure freedom had additional positive effects on employment and mobility in this group. However, in case of chronic comorbid disability the overall life prospects may be limited despite favorable seizure outcomes.