bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How socio-demographic factors have fared over time
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter engages with a first explanation of change: that the rise in electoral volatility results from a weakening of the impact of socio-demographic characteristics on the vote. The chapter reviews the literature on the role of long-term socio-demographic determinants on the vote, starting with the role of three factors that are connected to the cleavage structures in Western societies: class, religion and place of living. The chapter then turns to reviewing previous work that has studied the electoral effects of three socio-demographic factors that are thought of as emerging cleavages: gender, age and education. Having reviewed previous work that has examined the role of these socio-demographic factors, the chapter then turns to an empirical assessment of the explanatory power of these factors - and how it varies over time. To do so, the chapter uses longitudinal election survey data from eight established democracies and decomposes the pseudo-R2 statistic for models of the vote choice to assess the relative roles of the ‘old’ and ‘new’ cleavage variables. While there are some indications of change, the results indicate that in many countries, the explanatory power of class, religion and place of living has remained fairly stable. The explanatory power of gender, education and age also appears fairly stable over time. Overall, the results of this chapter suggest that the increase of volatility cannot be explained solely by a declining impact of socio-demographic characteristics on the vote choice.
Increasingly short term?
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The final chapter of the first part of the book asses the claim that voting behaviour is more volatile because voters are influenced more by short-term determinants of the vote, like the state of the economy or party leaders. In a first section, this theoretical point of view is presented in more depth and the findings from earlier work that have studied this question are discussed. Overall, it is clear that the empirical evidence for the idea that the weight of short-term determinants on the vote choice has increased over time is limited. The next section of this chapter tries to make sense of this lack of evidence by pointing out that previous work studying short-term factors has overlooked their connection with other, more long-term, determinants of the vote - like party attachments and socio-demographic characteristics. In a third section of this chapter, the election survey data from the eight countries studied in this book are used to assess over-time variation in the impact of economic evaluations and leader evaluations on the vote. In line with earlier work, these analyses suggest a great deal of stability in the impact that short-term determinants have on voters' choices.
Cross-pressures, late deciding, and volatility
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The final empirical chapter provides a test of the main argument that this book makes: that cross-pressures are a main source of volatility. The chapter relies on a measure of extent to which individuals are group-based cross-pressured, and assesses the association between this measure and two dependent variables: late-deciding and switching parties from one election to the next. The empirical analyses of longitudinal election study data provide strong evidence that voters who are more cross-pressured, based on their socio-demographic characteristics, decide later what party to vote for. The results that are presented in this chapter further point out that group-based cross-pressured voters are substantially more likely to switch parties between elections. These findings hold even when partisanship is controlled for and also appear when using panel data to examine the correlates of party switching. A final section indicates that the association between group-based cross-pressure and electoral volatility holds when accounting for alternative explanations for volatility, such as cognitive mobilization and dissatisfaction.
Conclusion
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter provides a summary of the main findings that are presented in the preceding chapters. In a second section, attention is given to the similarities and differences in patterns between the eight countries that are the focus of the book. This discussion draws attention to the role of context and provides indications of the extent to which the trends are generalizable or country-specific. The chapter then turns to a discussion of what the trends that the book describes imply for the future of elections and voting behaviour. In a fourth section, future research directions are identified and discussed. These avenues for future research should address some of the limitations of the observational analyses that are presented in the book. The chapter ends with some concluding thoughts on the importance and relevance of the findings for research on electoral behaviour and for our understanding of voting behaviour in current-day democracies
Unnecessary Aphorisms
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 1 argues that the style and structure of aphorisms, whose accomplished rhetorical suaveness allows them to imprint on the mind but quickly slip from it, mirrors an aesthetic which pervades Stevie Smith’s poetry. Smith designs her poems so that the reader cannot absorb or assimilate their content. Through comparison to aphoristic techniques, this chapter examines the passionate rhetorical gestures made by Smith’s poems, where a proposition is announced clearly and insistently. Poems such as ‘Croft’ insist on themselves, yet are self-sufficient: they inhabit the solid shape of a rhetorical position though their content may, despite appearances, be minimal. Revelations are both made and concealed, rooting these dynamics in the aphorism’s promise that absolute truth lies within its boundaries, though the reader inevitably fails to marshal a set of interpretative terms with which to tackle it. Arguing that unsuccessful epiphany is built into the aphorism’s truth-value, the chapter reads Smith’s poems as texts which cannot live up to the extent of the revelation which their forms promised. Both over- and underdetermined, in form and content respectively, they signal that they have power even as they cauterise the interpretative mechanisms which readers might rely on to access that power. Smith’s aphoristic aesthetic allows her to drive towards a model of value which constructs itself in the moments of lapse implicit in the rhythm of aphoristic engagement. Aphorism offers a model of reading which can accommodate illegitimate extremes of feeling, by allowing the reader to depart from them and return as necessary.
Aphoristic Messages, Too Late
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 2 filters Smith’s Novel on Yellow Paper (1936) through her reading of aphoristic moments in classical literature. Like many twentieth-century women writers, Smith’s poetry and prose rewrite classical texts; what she adds to this literary history is to foreground, rather than to reverse, the unheedability of aphoristic speakers who move to and from the margins. The chapter therefore makes a critical intervention in this literary tradition, offering a new lens on women writers’ reworkings of the classics in the twentieth century. Smith’s classical lines reveal and effect nothing; they come too late to be used or heeded. In inhabiting that mode deeply and curiously, she finds a narrative schema for Novel on Yellow Paper, in which everything that might happen has already occurred, too late to change. Excess detail swallows up the aphorism, preventing its revelatory promise from being located or listened to.
Introduction
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis Introduction states the goal of the study, viz. the discovery of functions in reference systems in more than twelve languages. The importance of reference systems consists of the role they play in (1) the formation of utterances, including clauses and sentences; (2) the interpretation of meanings of utterances; and (3) the determination of basic units of semantic analysis. The study of reference systems is a contribution to an empirically based theory and a methodology for semantic analysis of natural languages. Such a theory and methodology is explicitly not based on inferences from individual sentences. Such a theory is a prerequisite for any discussion of the meaning of individual utterances, including sentences if a language has such formal units. The discussion of individual utterances is the prevalent approach in current semantic research. The theory and methodology implemented in the present study of reference systems are necessary prerequisites for logical analyses and representations of individual utterances. The chapter discusses the expected contribution to the typology of reference systems, the methodology of research, the coding means in the reference systems, the state of the art with respect to reference systems, and a summary of main findings and implications.
The reference system in non-literary varieties of Russian
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe term ‘non-literary varieties of Russian’ refers to Russian spoken by people with little or no exposure to the literary language be it through schools, newspapers, radio, or extensive personal contacts. The coding means participating in the reference system of non-literary Russian include: bare nouns and bare nominal expressions, i.e. adjectives, numerals, quantifiers; pronouns; a three-gender system; a two-number system; coding of the person, number, and gender of the subject on the verb in the present tense; coding of the number and gender of the subject on the verb in the past tense; demonstratives; and a case system applying to all nominal categories including pronouns, demonstratives, and quantifiers. Some of these coding means are dedicated means of coding references, such as the gender system, coding on the verb, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives, and others are dedicated coding means for other functions. Some of the functions within the reference system include no instructions to identify the referent and an unknown human and unknown non-human participant in the proposition. The number of functions through which the subject participant can be identified is larger than the number of functions through which the object participant can be identified. With respect to the reference coded within noun phrases, the non-literary variety of Russian is unique in that the system of determiners instructs the listener to identify the referent as relevant to current discourse based on the content of the preceding discourse. The traditional distinction between ‘proximate’ and ‘remote’ does not account for the function of determiners.
The reference system of Mina
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe system of reference in Mina (Central Chadic) contains several functions that are not attested in other languages discussed in this volume. Bare nouns in Mina refer to entities rather than semantic concepts. Referential functions that have the subject in their scope differ from those that have other grammatical relations in their scope. The coding of the referent of a noun phrase includes: a specific referent, deduced referent, remote previous mention, unspecified referent, locative referent, and no instructions to identify the referent. The language codes the function of a switch reference, which can have all grammatical relations in its scope.
Introduction
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
What freedoms can people expect in space and how will governance beyond Earth tread the fine line between authority and liberty? In this multi-author book, the contributors consider all aspects of liberty beyond Earth, from the near term: freedom to claim satellite orbits, to the very long-term: freedom on interstellar worldships. Liberty in societies on the Moon, Mars, and elsewhere in the solar system is considered. Gathering together scientists, ethicists, lawyers, philosophers, and social scientists, this book considers one of the most enduring questions of human organization: what institutional arrangements can allow for the realization of diverse forms of human freedom?.
Art, institutions, and liberty in extraterrestrial communities
Authors: Beattie Annalea 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On Earth our institutions of art generate borders that shape societal and cultural norms by attempting to define what art is. As they frame and impose meaning upon our bodies, and our objects and cultures, they perform a democratic role, changing the way we view art and ourselves. As art and its institutions are active sites for understanding liberty, it is critical we address a speculative, institutional model for art before we leave our planet to live somewhere else. This chapter begins an exploration of what kind of art institutions are needed in young, developing, healthy societies on Mars. It overviews recent changes in the role of our art institutions and suggests that the art archive and the art school are appropriate as starting points for thinking about art and community and cultural growth off-Earth.
Space for opportunity
Authors: Bhatt Mukesh Chiman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Space settlers will require air, water, and essential nutrients for survival. Power will be needed for their manufacture and supply with maintenance of associated equipment. The property rights, ownership, and maintenance of this equipment can therefore determine the economic, political, and social structures of the settlement. Current terrestrial law places restrictions on these property rights under the jurisdiction of the founding nation under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. An alternative transcultural jurisprudence responsive to the new and extreme environments of space is proposed to avoid the loss of liberty in such situations.
The law of Mars’ colonization
Authors: Costa Raphaël 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Space colonization is almost exclusively approached from a scientific perspective discussing its technical feasibility. Although since 1967 (year of adoption of the Outer Space Treaty) human activities in outer space are regulated by international law, the legal feasibility of colonizing celestial bodies is still a new topic. This paper aims to consider the law already applying to Mars colonization by analysing the legal conditions relating to installing a human colony on Mars and the legal problems that will be created by the long-term occupation of the red planet’s surface. It follows work on same topic (including space colonization by space stations) that comprehensively examines the subject and was published (in French) by The Hague Academy for International Law in a book entitled 50 Years of Space Law—Space Law in 50 Years.
Scarcity in space
Authors: Elvis Martin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The vast resources of space suggest a post-scarcity age ahead. Most people will then live in space cities necessarily designed in ways that also promote freedom. Space cities cannot have full autarky or independence because they must import raw materials, products, and skills. Scarce valuable resources produce disputes and are conducive to monopolies. Initially, resources will come from a few sources, the Moon or the largest near-Earth asteroids, possibly controlled by powerful cartels. The governance we set up now, during scarcity, may become hard to alter when great abundance is available. We should act soon, before vested interests are settled.
‘We have come to Mars for good’
Authors: Malpas Simon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The political status of an extraterrestrial colony, especially the degree of sovereignty it possesses and its relationships with the nations and corporations that established it, will define how colonists experience the hostile non-terrestrial environment in which they live. Space science has developed sophisticated models of the psychological challenges imposed by long-duration space flight but moving from a time-limited mission to permanent habitation marks a change from a ‘state of exception’ suspending terrestrial freedoms to a revision of liberty and sovereignty in a new social order. Empirically testing the psychological challenges in advance of colonisation is not possible, but this chapter argues that current political and psychological research might be supplemented with analyses of fictional depictions of colonisation that can function as analogues and testing-grounds for models of extraterrestrial sovereignty.
Securing the long-term peaceful use of space
Authors: McKenna Allan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics and the Ends of Humanity (Deudney 2020) claims that space expansionism will result in the destruction of the environment, hierarchical world government, interplanetary war, and human extinction. This chapter argues that its rejection of space expansionism is unwarranted. On the contrary, global security and the long-term sustainability of space activities would be served by expansionist projects. In support of this view, it traces the historical connection between negotiations for general and comprehensive disarmament and the “peaceful purposes” of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Archival research from the period suggests that two fundamental problems of space arms control remain unsolved: the problem of verifying treaty compliance and the prevention of surprise attack. In addressing these problems, the chapter draws inspiration from proposals by space lawyers in the 1950s and early 1960s.
Indigenous inclusion within the democratization of space
Authors: Milligan Tony 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to find a distinctive role for Indigenous peoples within a democratically geared human expansion into space. The core case is set out via an ‘argument from belonging’ in which Indigenous knowledge about belonging can promote the sustainability of projects in space, given that the latter are multi-generational projects and therefore vulnerable to cultural change over time. Knowledge about what runs deep in our human concern with space can help us to deal with this vulnerability, and with the danger that our projects may be discarded by future generations who are unlikely to share all of our aspirations and concerns.
Anarchy and authority
Authors: Morden Simon J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An extrapolation of future demands on space travel predicts an expansion in both the number and types of missions and a move away from meticulously planned, purely scientific prestige launches towards a more mercantile scenario. Current astronaut training regimes and quasi-military command structures obviate problems with crew competency, interpersonal conflict, and discipline. By comparing the similarities between future commercial space flights and current merchant shipping practices, and weighing them against the unique fragility, isolation, and immediacy of problems inherent in long-term space missions, a new crew-centred model of onboard governance is proposed, emphasizing the democratic exercise of authority.
(In)Visible Men
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 centers on Brubeck’s 1954 appearance on the cover of Time magazine, which introduced him to a large mainstream readership and contributed significantly to the rapid growth of his career. He was the second of four jazz musicians to appear on Time’s cover at mid-century. The others featured were Louis Armstrong (1949), Duke Ellington (1956), and Thelonious Monk (1964). Chapter 3 analyzes these stories, using theories of recognition by Ralph Ellison, who writes that recognition means achieving a form of psychic agreement, and Judith Butler, who emphasizes mutual active engagement, interrogating the shifting levels of power among invisibility, visibility, and recognition between Time’s audience and Brubeck, Armstrong, Ellington, and Monk, respectively. In addition, focusing on “mainstream” or non-jazz critics and audiences in chapters 2 and 3 demonstrates the important roles these groups (often portrayed as outsiders to jazz) played in defining jazz within the broader commercial music industry.
From Selfish Sonatas to Egoistic Elements
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter imagines what a musical form that emerged bottom-up would look like. It proposes a process of self-organization rather than design, a “combinatory evolution” of sonata form, driven by the chance meeting of formal elements, rather than their deliberate combination to realize a governing formal ideal. Using an abstract model, it demonstrates how independent local formal elements may converge to create the right conditions for musical form, provided they appear commonly enough. It then discusses the aversion to reductionism in the study of creativity, and seeks to justify it nonetheless when studying musical grammar and form. The chapter concludes by considering the concept of independence between formal elements, and the way we might expect sonata forms to behave if they were independent.
Defiance and Black Students’ Resistance to Cultural Racism
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines defiance as a strategy for resisting cultural racism in schools. Black Caribbean students in London practiced institutional defiance, targeting the school rather than the individuals within it. In contrast, Black Caribbean students in New York practiced interpersonal defiance, identifying specific teachers, rather than the school, as problematic and culturally racist. In London and New York, Black Caribbean young people’s strategies were informed, not by ethnic culture, but by different school contexts. In a school where Black Caribbeans were advantaged but individual teachers consciously or unconsciously constrained their identities, like Newlands in New York, interpersonal defiance predominated. Where Black Caribbeans were disadvantaged by structures of power, not necessarily individual teachers, as in Londerville in London, institutional defiance emerged as a common form of resistance. In both cases, however, defiance emerged when the burden of cultural (mis)representation and the weight of cultural racism proved too much to bear.
Slavery, Freedom, and Human Value in Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Jorati Julia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on early modern views concerning the special status of human beings and its implications for the right to freedom. More specifically, the chapter examines whether, for several prominent early modern philosophers, it is legitimate for one human being to fully own, or have absolute power over, other human beings. The chapter concentrates on the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, though it also discusses several other early modern authors. Its thesis is that of these three philosophers, only Leibniz attributes an intrinsic value to human beings and argues that this special status is incompatible with chattel slavery. In contrast, Hobbes and Locke do not acknowledge such an intrinsic value and view the full ownership of human beings as legitimate in certain circumstances.