bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seven-decade forest succession reveals how species colonization and extinction drive long-term community structure dynamics
Authors: Rao Shan , Miao Xin-Yu , Fan Shu-Ya , Zhao Yu-Hao , Xu Chi , Li Shao-Peng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Understanding how community phylogenetic and functional structures change over succession has gained increasing attention during the last decades, but the lack of long-term time-series data has limited our understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of these changes. This is especially the case for forest communities. Here, we used an exceptionally long-term data over 68 years to analyze the secondary succession dynamics of a subtropical forest in Southeast China. We found that community phylogenetic and functional structures showed opposite temporal trends. The mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species increased, but the mean nearest taxon distance decreased over succession, indicating both phylogenetically distantly related and sister species co-occurred in late-successional communities. In contrast, both the mean pairwise functional distance and mean nearest functional distance between species decreased over time, and community functional structure switched from overdispersion to clustering. We further distinguished the contributions of species colonization and extinction to community structural changes. We found that the new colonists were generally more distantly related to each other and to the residents than the local extinct species, resulting in increased phylogenetic overdispersion over succession. In contrast, from a functional perspective, we found that species with more similar traits to the resident species had a greater chance to colonize but a lower chance to go locally extinct, which shifted community functional structure toward clustering. Together, our study highlights the critical role of species colonization and extinction in disentangling assembly mechanisms underlying community phylogenetic and functional structures over long-term succession.
Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a much more common pain disorder than usually thought, affecting up 10% of the general population worldwide. It encompasses a large number of conditions, such as sciatica, postsurgical pain, painful neuropathies, postherpetic neuralgia, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and stroke. However, neuropathic pain is still considered by many doctors as difficult to detect and extremely complex to manage. This book provides essential skills for the management of neuropathic pain. Each chapter presents case vignettes inspired by real patients, covering distinct aspects of neuropathic pain from common conditions such as sciatica to rare disorders such as erythromelalgia, but clinical cases sharing similarities with neuropathic pain, such as fibromyalgia or orofacial pain, are also covered. This book will help train unfamiliar physicians to use screening questionnaires; assess neuropathic pain and its causes; and manage patients with non-opioid analgesics, complementary medicine, psychotherapies, neuromodulation, or invasive techniques. To help readers gradually increase their skills, the book is arranged in three sections: Section 1 covers clinical cases often encountered in primary care, Section 2 addresses best therapeutic management, and Section 3 presents assessment and management of more complex cases. Medical students and doctors interested in pain management, from primary care physicians to specialists, should find this book practical, easy to read, and useful for everyday practice.
Introduction
Authors: Varvinskiy Andrey 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the rationale for writing a book on how to pass the European Diploma in Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (EDAIC), a brief history of the formation of the exam, and what the reader can expect from the rest of the book. The EDAIC has a long history that goes as far back as the days of the European Academy of Anaesthesiology (EAA), an organization that was established on 5 September 1978 and held its first General Assembly in Paris after two years of preparatory work. This preparatory work began in 1976 after a group of anaesthesiologists met during the World Congress in Mexico City to discuss the consequences of the Medical Directives of the European Economic Community (EEC) that were adopted by the Council of Ministers in June 1975.
Pharmacology
Authors: Hill Sue 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides 45 practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about pharmacology along with answers, explanations, and references for further reading to increase your in-depth understanding. Drugs used in anaesthetic practice, as well as those affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems feature prominently in the examination. Principles of drug action and interaction should not be omitted from your preparation. As far as possible, these questions appear as they would on an actual EDAIC Part I paper. However, there are some publisher-defined style differences that should not affect your understanding of the questions presented here. The main differences include certain spelling conventions, when and where abbreviations are explained and then used in a question, and the presence of Oxford commas, which are present through this book but used only for clarification on an examination paper.
Statistics
Authors: Hill Sue 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides ten practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about statistics along with answers, explanations, and references for further reading to increase your in-depth understanding. In Paper A of the Part I examination there are usually just two questions on statistics. The most important topics to understand for Part I are summary statistics, the Normal distribution and its properties, basic principles of clinical trial design and errors in interpretation of statistical analysis. There are many statistical tests available, but you need only a basic understanding of the simpler tests used. The questions here are presented as they would be seen on an actual Part I paper, although there are some publisher-defined style differences that should not affect your understanding of the questions. These differences have been alluded to in previous chapters.
Emergency medicine
Authors: Hamilton Duncan Lee 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides 20 practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about emergency medicine and the associated model answers, alongside references for more in-depth understanding. The questions in this chapter mainly cover the critical incidence situations that anaesthetist need to be able to manage swiftly and efficiently with the background knowledge of their national and international protocols and guidelines that are referred to in the Answer section.
Applied pharmacology
Authors: Varvinskiy Andrey , Cortis Petramay Attard 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on applied pharmacology along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. In the practice of anaesthesiology and intensive care, a good knowledge of pharmacology is essential and has to be very broad especially with regard to the general principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and has to be quite detailed with regard to those classes of drugs which are the mainstay of daily anaesthetic practice. Consequently questions about drug bioavailability, interactions, metabolism and elimination mechanisms are to be expected. The commonly used classes of anaesthetic drugs such as inhalational agents, intravenous hypnotic agents, muscle relaxants, analgesics and local anaesthetic agents will always feature to an appreciable degree in the EDAIC Part II examination.
Clinical measurement
Authors: Varvinskiy Andrey 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) relating to physics and clinical measurement together with model answers and references for further reading to increase your in-depth knowledge and understanding. Each Part II examination will have one SOE on physics and clinical measurement as part of one of the Basic Science oral examinations. This type of SOE will not be the first question for this particular oral examination, so you will not be given time to prepare your answer. As with all SOEs, you should practice answering questions about your anaesthetic equipment and monitors in preparation for Part II. Diagrams are particularly useful for demonstrating your understanding of the principles of clinical monitoring and types of waveforms encountered during clinical practice.
Structure and function of the skin
Authors: Goodfield Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The skin is the body’s largest organ, and its structure and function are both essential to life. This chapter discusses these issues, outlining the relative simplicity of structure, allied to a most complex and interactive function. It discusses the structure, related to function, and the interaction of structural elements to provide protection and flexible responses to environmental stimuli. The involvement of the structural elements of the skin in the development of skin cancers as well as in protection of the body from the causative agents of cancer is included. The functions of the skin include elements of immunology, demonstrating the role of the skin as the home of the innate immune system, as well as its involvement in the activation of distant immune responses. Homeostatic control of temperature including vascular shunting and sweat gland control are discussed, as well as the role of hormonal factors in the control of sebaceous function and hair growth, and the consequences of dysfunction in this system. Additional endocrinological functions with body-wide effects are discussed, with particular reference to vitamin D metabolism. Finally, the psychosocial role of the skin is considered.
Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Novikov Lev N. , Wiberg Mikael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The spinal and cranial nerves (CNs) of the peripheral nervous system allow the spinal cord and brainstem to communicate with the rest of the body. The majority are mixed nerves, whose somatosensory and motor axons innervate skeletal muscles, joints, and skin, and whose autonomic axons innervate smooth muscles, blood vessels, and glands. Not all CNs are mixed nerves, some are more functionally specialized types of nerves containing only somatosensory axons (CNs I, II, and VIII), somatic motor axons (CNs IV, VI, XI, and XII), or a combination of somatic and visceral axons (CN III). This chapter presents the clinical anatomy of the spinal nerves and CNs and their peripheral targets, and describes the microscopic anatomy of a typical peripheral nerve.
Mass lesions of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Wilson Thomas J. , Restrepo Carlos E. , Spinner Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mass lesions of the peripheral nervous system present an interesting diagnostic challenge as well as a number of obstacles to their management. The range of pathology of these lesions spans from completely benign to aggressively malignant, while optimal management of these lesions ranges from non-operative to radical resection. Operative management is complicated by their frequent involvement in major mixed nerves, as well as their potential location in close proximity to major blood vessels and the spinal cord. Operative resection that results in a major postoperative deficit is unacceptable for the benign lesions. Thus, understanding the principles for diagnosing and managing these relatively rare lesions is vitally important despite there being little guidance on their management in the literature. Optimal management requires a thorough understanding of the breadth of potential pathologies, of the operative anatomy, and comfort with the principles of resection of these lesions. Because management often requires adjuvant physical, pain management, chemo-, or radiation therapies, a multidisciplinary approach is often necessary. The differential diagnosis of mass lesions of the peripheral nervous system includes but is not limited to schwannoma, neurofibroma, perineurioma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, intraneural lipoma, fibrolipomatous hamartoma (lipomatosis of nerve), ganglion cyst, desmoid tumour, sarcoidosis, and metastatic disease. This chapter reviews the evaluation and management principles of these mass lesions.
The devascularized limb
Authors: Rahman Kaz M.A. , Hettiaratchy Shehan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Injury to the axial vessels of the lower limb after high-energy trauma is common. When the vascular injury leads to sudden and irreversible loss of perfusion of the distal part, time becomes an important factor. Prompt diagnosis (with or without imaging) and treatment is the cornerstone of effective management.
Lower limb osteomyelitis
Authors: Khan Umraz 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Osteomyelitis in the lower limb can occur either as the consequence of haematogenous spread to the bone or via direct inoculation of the bone following trauma or surgery. Bone infection causes bone destruction via direct consequence of inflammation and ischaemia. Assessment includes staging of both the lesion and patient. As the effect of the osteomyelitis perpetuates the local conditions that favour ongoing infection, it is difficult to eradicate without surgery and antibiotic therapy. These often complex patients are best managed by specialist multidisciplinary services.
Local and free flap abdominal wall repair
Authors: Lohn Jonathan W.G. , Vesely Martin J.J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The reconstruction of complex composite abdominal wall defects is challenging and often required in patients least fit for major surgery. Restoration of abdominal domain and coverage with good soft tissue with or without restoration of function of core musculature remain the goals of this surgery. The combination of local, pedicled, and free flaps is discussed as are special considerations for children. Abdominal wall transplantation is in its infancy as a technique, but may eventually offer solutions beyond what current conventional techniques can offer.
Psychological assessment of cosmetic surgery patients
Authors: Bellew Maggie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Correct evaluation of a patient’s suitability for cosmetic surgery is important, as surgery may not always be appropriate or beneficial. This chapter describes the many psychosocial factors that should be considered and presents a model for the psychological assessment of cosmetic surgery patients that can be used to identify those most likely to benefit from surgery and those for whom surgery is contraindicated. It also highlights how further psychological input can be provided where necessary to ensure optimum postoperative outcomes. There is growing evidence that such a collaborative approach between plastic surgeons and clinical psychologists benefits patients, clinical effectiveness of surgery, purchasers, and the surgeon.
Botulinum toxins
Authors: Balaratnam Sherina , Stagnell Sami , Griffiths Tamara W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Facial ageing attracts much attention in today’s society and enthusiasm for its management has resulted in rapid expansion of therapeutic options, and a diverse range of practitioners who offer treatments. The media have significant influence on self-perception, though the concept of ‘anti-ageing’ is not confined to modern fashion. Negative stereotypes around the loss of youth as well as values and perceptions associated with appearance act as major drivers of the aesthetics industry. There are many options to address facial ageing. Invasive surgical procedures, traditionally considered as ‘gold standard’, are now surpassed in popularity by non-surgical cosmetic procedures. Consumers prefer subtle improvements with reduced risk and downtime, even though more frequent maintenance visits may be required. The combined surgical and non-surgical cosmetic market value is estimated at over £3 billion expenditure per annum, with 75% attributed to the non-surgical sector. The most popular non-surgical treatment is botulinum toxin injections. Over 3.5 million procedures were performed in the United States in 2014, more than double the number of hyaluronic acid injections, the second-place contender.
Tumours of the larynx
Authors: Puvanendran Mark , Paleri Vinidh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The larynx is a complex organ that extends from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage. It is composed of three large cartilages, the cricoid, the thyroid, and the epiglottis, and three smaller cartilages, the arytenoids, the corniculate, and the cuneiform. The larynx is divided into three subunits: supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. The larynx has roles in airway protection, ventilation, phonation, and swallowing. The glottis is the narrowest point in the adult airway and is responsible for voice production. The larynx helps divert food away from the airway into the oesophagus through a variety of mechanisms. Management of laryngeal disease has undergone a significant change over the last two decades with greater expertise in minimally invasive transoral techniques and advances in radiation delivery. Decision-making should take into consideration the primary tumour, the extent of neck disease and distant disease, and the patient.
Lip reconstruction
Authors: Sainsbury David C.G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Lips, the dynamic centre of the lower third of the face, are vital functionally and socially. They provide oral competence, the loss of which can lead to drooling and difficulty eating. Socially, lips facilitate articulation, facial expression, and intimate human interaction. They are a defining feature of beauty in many cultures. Malignancy, trauma, and congenital anomalies may generate perioral defects requiring reconstructive strategies which have gradually evolved.
Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: Current and emerging concepts
Authors: Sharma Pratibha , Aaroe Ashley , Liang Jiyong , Puduvalli Vinay K 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) tumor microenvironment (TME) is a highly heterogeneous and complex system, which in addition to cancer cells, consists of various resident brain and immune cells as well as cells in transit through the tumor such as marrow-derived immune cells. The TME is a dynamic environment which is heavily influenced by alterations in cellular composition, cell-to-cell contact and cellular metabolic products as well as other chemical factors, such as pH and oxygen levels. Emerging evidence suggests that GBM cells appear to reprogram their the TME, and hijack microenvironmental elements to facilitate rapid proliferation, invasion, migration, and survival thus generating treatment resistance. GBM cells interact with their microenvironment directly through cell-to-cell by interaction mediated by cell-surface molecules, or indirectly through apocrine or paracrine signaling via cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vehicles. The recent discovery of neuron–glioma interfaces and neurotransmitter-based interactions has uncovered novel mechanisms that favor tumor cell survival and growth. Here, we review the known and emerging evidence related to the communication between GBM cells and various components of its TME, discuss models for studying the TME and outline current studies targeting components of the TME for therapeutic purposes.
Bentham’s Chapter I
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s formulation of the principle of utility is explained. The principal text of 1780 seems not to require maximizing happiness, although two formulations added in 1823 are both maximizing, in different ways. On balance, it seems that Bentham in 1780 thought the principle required maximizing happiness. Bentham’s form of utilitarianism is “act,” not “rule.” The reasoning presented at the end of Chapter I of IPML contains two arguments. The briefer one is given the name, the Motivation Argument. It states that, given Bentham’s theory of motivation, he can show that every person has motives available to her for performing the acts that the principle of utility declares are right.
Bentham’s Chapter II and the Formal Argument
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s form of ethical hedonism is presented. It’s a hedonistic theory of intrinsic value. Only pleasure is intrinsically good; only pain intrinsically bad. The principles of “asceticism” and “sympathy and antipathy” are explained. Bentham’s view of the intrinsic value of the pleasures and pains of criminals is also explained. The “Formal Argument” of Chapter I is fully presented. It contains a dilemma for the theorists Bentham regards as his main opponents, and a positive argument meant to show that the principle of utility is true. There are some flaws in the dilemmatic argument. The positive argument asserts that only the principle of utility gives the correct account of which basic feature of all right actions makes them right. Bentham thought that the evidence for this assertion would be presented later in IPML, and in the penal code.
Bentham’s Chapter X
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s terminology of motives in “esse” and “in prospect,” and internal and external motives is explained. A close examination is made of what he thinks an “immediately acting motive” is. This causes an intention to form. It consists of the expectation of pleasure or pain, if you succeed in acting in a certain way, and the pleasure in esse you take at that thought. Some writers assert that Bentham accepts psychological hedonism. This is incorrect. Bentham’s “theory of motivation” states that people generally have their own pleasure, or the reduction of their own pain, as their end in acting. But he also thinks that if a person acts only from a benevolent or malevolent motive, she doesn’t have her own pleasure as her end. Bentham’s thinking in his “catalogue” of the sorts of motives is discussed, as is his evaluation of the sorts, focusing especially on benevolence and malevolence.
Bentham’s Chapter XI
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The human dispositions that Bentham discusses in Chapter XI are enduring patterns of motivation. People tend to act from certain motives with some regularity, and these same motives can regularly restrain them as well. Here the restraining or “tutelary” role of motives becomes prominent. Bentham’s main subject is the inferences we can make from the evidence of an action to conclusions about the agent’s dispositions. His thinking about these inferences is explained, including his treatment of “standing tutelary motives” that tend to restrain a person from performing any mischievous act. Some observations are made about how judges now address the issue Bentham discusses, including their use of criminal records in sentencing.
Bentham’s Chapter XVII and the Concluding Note
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s distinction of “private ethics” and penal law is explained. “Private ethics” means the moral duties a person has, given the principle of utility. All acts prohibited by a utilitarian penal code would be prohibited by private ethics. But private ethics requires people to do some things not required by utilitarian penal law. A utilitarian penal code will treat almost all failures to perform the moral duties of probity as offenses. It will rarely treat failures to perform duties of prudence and beneficence as offenses. The two passages where Bentham argues for expanding the scope of penal law as it was in his day are discussed. These concern cruelty to animals, and “bad Samaritanism.” Bentham’s thoughts on the relation of penal and civil law are explained, as well as their influence on his project of producing a pannomion, or complete set of utilitarian law codes.