bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Objects’? The Legal Status of Computer Data under International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Pomson Ori 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This article discusses whether computer data constitutes an ‘object’, in the meaning of this term under international humanitarian law (IHL). After providing background on what is meant by ‘computer data’, and on the significance of any determination whether computer data constitutes an ‘object’ for the purposes of IHL, the article proceeds to consider the meaning of the term ‘object’ as found in the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions (API). Recourse is made to the customary rules of treaty interpretation while focusing on both the English and French versions of API. The ordinary meaning of the term ‘object’ in its context in API solely connotes material things, thus excluding computer data. Moreover, recourse to the object and purpose of API, or to so-called ‘evolutionary’ interpretation, does not lead to a different conclusion. Considering the importance of customary international law for states non-parties to API, and for the purposes of non-international armed conflicts, the article proceeds to analyse whether computer data constitutes an ‘object’ for the purposes of custom. The article analyses the development of the term ‘object’ in legal discourse over the past century in determining what states intended this term to mean, and finds that here, too, states considered ‘objects’ in the context of IHL to be material things. It also explains that there is no apparent trend among states as to whether data constitutes an ‘object’, whereas the paucity of official government statements is far from the necessary volume for it to carry particular legal significance.
Costs of malaria treatment in the United States
Authors: Park Joohyun , Joo Heesoo , Maskery Brian A , Alpern Jonathan D , Weinberg Michelle , Stauffer William M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We estimated inpatient and outpatient payments for malaria treatment in the USA. The mean cost per hospitalized patient was significantly higher than for non-hospitalized patients (e.g. $27 642 vs $1177 among patients with private insurance). Patients with severe malaria payed two to four times more than those hospitalized with uncomplicated malaria.
Two 4-valued implicative expansions of first-degree entailment logic: The relevant logic BN4VSP and the (relevant) entailment logic BN4AP
Authors: Robles Gemma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA logic L has the ‘variable-sharing property’ (VSP) if in all L-theorems of the form $A\rightarrow B$, $A$ and $B$ share at least a propositional variable. A logic L has the ‘Ackermann property’ (AP) if in all L-theorems of the form $A\rightarrow (B\rightarrow C)$, $A$ contains at least a conditional connective ($\rightarrow $). Anderson and Belnap consider the VSP a necessary property of any relevant logic, and both the VSP and the AP necessary properties of any (relevant) entailment logic. Now, among relevant logicians, Brady’s logic BN4 is widely viewed as the adequate 4-valued implicative logic. But BN4 lacks the VSP and the AP. The aim of this paper is to define the logics BN4$^{\text {VSP}}$ and BN4$^{\text {AP}}$. The former one has the VSP, whereas the latter one has the VSP and the AP. Moreover, both logics have some properties that do not support their consideration as mere artificial constructs.
A review of rheumatoid meningitis with case studies
Authors: Aktan Suzgun Merve , Erener Nursena , Cavus Gokce Hande , Ozdede Ayse , Guner Sabriye , Ugurlu Serdal , Comunoglu Nil , Kizilkilic Osman , Saip Sabahattin 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving synovial joints, and it is known that extra-articular manifestations that may affect the central and peripheral nervous systems may develop during its course. Rheumatoid meningitis is very rare among all neurological involvements. In this study, cases diagnosed as rheumatoid meningitis with clinical, imaging, laboratory, and histopathological features are presented, and the aim of the study is to present current approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid meningitis in the light of case studies and current literature. The data of the patients who were followed up with the diagnosis of rheumatoid meningitis in neurology clinic between 2017 and 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Three cases diagnosed with rheumatoid meningitis are presented in detail. In the first case, the diagnosis was reached by clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings as well as treatment response, while the diagnosis was made by histopathological verification in the second case. The third case shows that spontaneous remission can be observed in the course of rheumatoid meningitis. Rheumatoid meningitis, which is one of the rarest involvements in the course of RA, may present with headaches, focal neurological deficits, seizures, and altered consciousness. A meningeal biopsy is recommended when the differential diagnosis cannot be ruled out with imaging and laboratory findings. In the differential diagnosis Mucobacterium tuberculosis, syphilis, neuro-sarcoidosis, immunoglobulin G4–related disease, lymphoproliferative diseases, and systemic metastasis should be kept in mind. Aggressive RA management is recommended for treatment.
Self- and cross-attention accurately predicts metabolite–protein interactions
Authors: Campana Pedro Alonso , Nikoloski Zoran 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMetabolites regulate activity of proteins and thereby affect cellular processes in all organisms. Despite extensive efforts to catalogue the metabolite–protein interactome in different organisms by employing experimental and computational approaches, the coverage of such interactions remains fragmented, particularly for eukaryotes. Here, we make use of two most comprehensive collections, BioSnap and STITCH, of metabolite–protein interactions from seven eukaryotes as gold standards to train a deep learning model that relies on self- and cross-attention over protein sequences. This innovative protein-centric approach results in interaction-specific features derived from protein sequence alone. In addition, we designed and assessed a first double-blind evaluation protocol for metabolite–protein interactions, demonstrating the generalizability of the model. Our results indicated that the excellent performance of the proposed model over simpler alternatives and randomized baselines is due to the local and global features generated by the attention mechanisms. As a results, the predictions from the deep learning model provide a valuable resource for studying metabolite–protein interactions in eukaryotes.
Oropharyngeal application of colostrum or mother’s own milk in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kumar Jogender , Meena Jitendra , Ranjan Ankit , Kumar Praveen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Context
Many preterm neonates often cannot be fed enterally and hence do not receive the benefits of colostrum. Oropharyngeal application of colostrum is a novel way of harnessing the immunological benefits of colostrum. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of this approach have shown variable results.

Objective
The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize available data on the effect of oropharyngeal application of colostrum or mother's own milk (CMOM) in preterm infants.

Data Sources
Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched until January 13, 2022. Only RCTs comparing oral application of CMOM with placebo/routine care in preterm infants were eligible. Studies enrolling term neonates or administering enteral feeds were excluded.

Data Extraction
Two investigators independently extracted data using a structured proforma.

Data Analysis
The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess bias. Random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken using RevMan 5.4 software. From 2787 records identified, 17 RCTs enrolling 4106 preterm infants were included. There was no significant difference between groups in incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) stage 2 or higher (RR = 0.65; 95%CI, 0.36–1.20; 1089 participants in 12 trials). Application of CMOM significantly reduced the incidence of sepsis (RR = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.56–0.92; 1511 participants in 15 studies) and any stage of NEC (RR = 0.58; 95%CI, 0.37–0.92; 1616 participants in 16 trials). The CMOM group achieved full enteral feeds 1.75 days sooner (95%CI, 0.3–3.2 days; 1580 participants in 14 studies) and had higher weight at discharge (MD = 43.9 g; 95%CI, 3–85 g; 569 participants in 3 studies). There were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes.

Conclusions
Evidence with low to very low certainty suggests CMOM has a beneficial effect on NEC (any stage), sepsis, and time to full enteral feeds. Given its low cost and minimal risk of harm, routine CMOM use may be considered in preterm neonates.

Prospero Registration Number
CRD42021262763
COVID-19 and culture
Authors: Mohanty Aatishya , Ang James B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The USA has been particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and a wide spatial variation can be seen in its spread and mortality. This raises the question of why some regions are more resilient to the pandemic than others? We hypothesize that the individualism–collectivism cleavage explains the disparity in COVID-19 cases observed across sub-national units in the USA. Cultural disparity among different groups of people leads to differences in how they perceive health crises and thereby shapes the way they respond to pandemics. A heightened sense of obligation and responsibility increases in-group sociability and interdependence and raises the perceived vulnerability towards disease transmission among collectivistic individuals, and this leads to greater adherence to containment measures and social distancing rules. Our results provide evidence that more individualistic states tend to have more COVID-19 cases across the USA.
Differential Gene Expression Profiling in Alveolar Echinococcosis Identifies Potential Biomarkers Associated With Angiogenesis
Authors: Yimingjiang Maiweilidan , Aini Abudusalamu , Tuergan Talaiti , Zhang Wei 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Alveolar echinococcosis is a severe chronic parasitic disease that exhibits a tumor-like growth, with the potential for invasion and distant metastasis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this condition remains unclear.

Methods
Transcriptome analyses were performed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in samples from patients with AE with invasion and distant metastasis. The results were further verified by immunohistochemistry.

Results
A total of 1796 DEGs were identified, including 1742 upregulated and 54 downregulated DEGs. A subsequent functional analysis showed that the significant DEGs were involved in the angiogenesis process. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the reliability of the transcriptomic data.

Conclusions
These results suggest that angiogenesis is a possible mechanism underlying the tumor-like biological behavior observed during E multilocularis infection. Genes related to this process may play important roles in AE invasion and distant metastasis.
Evidence Regarding Pharmacogenetics in Pain Management and Cancer
Authors: Smith D Max , Figg William D 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPatients experience interindividual variation in response to analgesics, which may be partially explained by genetics. This commentary discusses a recently published trial on COMT genotype and opioid dose requirements and describes the potential role for COMT and other genes (eg, CYP2D6) on opioid therapy and the current evidence for germline pharmacogenetics and resources for opioid pharmacogenetics.
Mutations in RZF1, a zinc-finger protein, reduce magnesium uptake in roots and translocation to shoots in rice
Authors: Kobayashi Natsuko I , Takagi Hiroki , Yang Xiaoyu , Nishizawa-Yokoi Ayako , Segawa Tenta , Hoshina Tatsuaki , Oonishi Takayuki , Suzuki Hisashi , Iwata Ren , Toki Seiichi , Nakanishi Tomoko M , Tanoi Keitaro 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) homeostasis is critical for maintaining many biological processes, but little information is available to comprehend the molecular mechanisms regulating Mg concentration in rice (Oryza sativa). To make up for the lack of information, we aimed to identify mutants defective in Mg homeostasis through a forward genetic approach. As a result of the screening of 2,825 M2 seedlings mutated by ion-beam irradiation, we found a rice mutant that showed reduced Mg content in leaves and slightly increased Mg content in roots. Radiotracer 28Mg experiments showed that this mutant, named low-magnesium content 1 (LMGC1), has decreased Mg2+ influx in the root and Mg2+ translocation from root to shoot. Consequently, LMGC1 is sensitive to the low Mg condition and prone to develop chlorosis in the young mature leaf. The MutMap method identified a 7.4-kbp deletion in the LMGC1 genome leading to a loss of two genes. Genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 further revealed that one of the two lost genes, a gene belonging to the RanBP2-type zinc-finger family that we named RanBP2-TYPE ZINC FINGER1 (OsRZF1), was the causal gene of the low Mg phenotype. OsRZF1 is a nuclear protein and may have a fundamental role in maintaining Mg homeostasis in rice plants.
Translation, adaptation, and clinical validation of the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool in Spanish (Colombia)
Authors: Vallejo-Medina Pablo , Saffon José Pablo , Álvarez-Muelas Ana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Premature ejaculation is the most prevalent form of sexual dysfunction in men. The Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) is an instrument used to evaluate premature ejaculation. It offers adequate psychometric properties and good reliability.

Aim
To adapt and validate a Colombian version of the PEDT in Colombian clinical and nonclinical samples.

Methods
Two samples were used in this study. The first was made up of 1110 men who were recruited to evaluate validity and reliability. Their ages ranged from 19 to 65 years (mean ± SD, 39.71 ± 12.53). The second sample included 123 men (66.7%) who did not meet diagnostic criteria for premature ejaculation per the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), while 33.3% met ICD-10 criteria for this dysfunction. Their ages ranged from 18 to 65 years (34.19 ± 12.65). Scores were used to calculate the cutoff.

Outcomes
A translated and adapted version of the PEDT was developed specifically for Colombia. All participants completed the Colombian version of the PEDT, a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Colombian version of the Massachusetts General Hospital–Sexual Functioning Questionnaire, and a semistructured interview based on the ICD-10.

Results
The results showed adequate psychometric properties and satisfactory internal consistency and confirmed the 1-dimensional factorization of the scale. According to ICD-10 criteria, the study also confirmed significant differences between participants who self-reported premature ejaculation and those who did not. In addition, it showed adequate evidence of convergent validity, with a moderate correlation with sexual functioning scores. As a result, the cutoff point was set to 10.5, with an area under the curve of 96.8%. Therefore, a score ≥11 points suggested the presence of premature ejaculation.

Clinical Translation
The current Colombian version of the PEDT is a useful instrument that determines the presence of premature ejaculation that is compatible with ICD-10 criteria.

Strengths and Limitations
The Colombian version of the PEDT presents evidence of reliability and validity, a confirmed 1-dimensional factorization, and a cutoff point for Hispanic populations. More in-depth evaluation of the diagnosis of premature ejaculation is required, and further research among other Spanish-speaking countries and sexual minorities is recommended.

Conclusion
The Colombian version of the PEDT is a psychometric adequacy tool for evaluating and diagnosing premature ejaculation, following the ICD-10 criteria.
Navigating the complexities of section 100A: a look at the future of trust taxation in Australia
Authors: Mak Charles Ho Wang 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Section 100A of the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936 is a provision designed to prevent arrangements in which a distribution is made to a beneficiary with a low tax rate, yet, the economic benefit is conveyed or paid to a second beneficiary with a higher tax rate. The Australian Taxation Office provided its final guidance on this provision very recently. This article provides an overview of the guidance, analyses cases regarding the application of Section 100A, and assesses the guidance’s potential future implications on trust taxation in Australia.
Changes of HIV burden globally and in China over three decades: a secondary analysis of global HIV statistics
Authors: Lu Yanqiu , Tang Shengquan , Qin Yuanyuan , Harypursat Vijay , Wu Hao , Chen Yaokai 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background:
A more comprehensive understanding of the trends of incidence, prevalence, and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and their complex interrelationships, may provide important evidence for decision-making related to HIV prevention and control. The variances in these indices between different population groups, genders, and ages are critical to decipher evolving patterns of the HIV epidemic in specific populations.

Methods:
A secondary analysis of relevant data was conducted using data extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study of 2019. HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence, prevalence, AIDS-related mortality, and mortality-to-prevalence ratio (MPR) for annual percentage change, average annual percentage change (AAPC), and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using joinpoint regression statistical analysis.

Results:
The AAPC of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, AIDS-related mortality rate, and MPR were –1.4 (95% CI: –1.6, –1.2), 4.1 (95% CI: 4.0, 4.3), 2.0 (95% CI: 1.7, 2.3), and –2.1 (95% CI: –2.3, –1.8) between 1990 and 2019 globally, and were 3.5 (95% CI: 2.2, 4.8), 6.9 (95% CI: 6.8, 7.0), 8.1 (95% CI: 7.1, 9.1), and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.3) in China during the same period. In terms of differences in the preceding indicators by gender, we observed a similar pattern of trends for male and female genders both globally and in China during the entire study period. Each specific age group exhibits a distinct pattern in terms of incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, and MPR both globally and in China.

Conclusions:
Prevalence and mortality rates of HIV/AIDS have increased between 1990 and 2019 globally and in China. While the incidence rate and MPR have declined globally over the past three decades, these two indicators are observed to present an increasing trend in China. There is a high HIV burden among young and middle-aged adults globally; however, the elderly have a high HIV burden in China. HIV screening at older age should be scaled up, and patients with advanced HIV disease should be provided early with additional care and health resources.
Menopause in people with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Prochownik Katherine , Jain Raksha , Taylor-Cousar Jennifer L. , Lavage Daniel R. , Stransky Olivia M. , Thomas Holly N. , Kazmerski Traci M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to describe the menopause experience of people with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Methods
We conducted a computer-based cross-sectional survey of women with CF 25 years or older at 10 US CF centers exploring a range of sexual and reproductive health concerns, including menopause. We used descriptive statistics to analyze results.

Results
Of 460 participants, 5 (3%) were perimenopausal and 34 (7%) were postmenopausal. Of participants perimenopausal or menopausal (n = 39), 97% reported the following menopausal symptoms occurring at least once a week: most commonly early wake-up (83%); stiffness/soreness in joints, neck, or shoulders (65%); and night sweats (65%). Among menopausal participants, the median self-reported age at menopause was 48.5 years (interquartile range, 5.5 y). Thirty percent experienced worsened CF symptoms during menopause, and 42% experienced worsening CF symptoms after menopause. Twenty-four percent of menopausal participants were on estrogen therapy and 15% on estrogen and progesterone therapy. Three-fourths of participants using hormone therapy reported no change in their CF symptoms. One percent of the 460 survey participants reported discussing menopause with their CF provider, despite 19% wanting to discuss this topic with their CF team.

Conclusions
This is the first study to describe menopause symptoms of people with CF. People with CF experience a variety of menopausal symptoms and often report a worsening of their CF symptoms after menopause, suggesting an interplay between female sex hormones and CF. Larger studies are needed comparing the sexual and reproductive health experiences and care needs of people with CF in the menopause transition to the general population.
Trends in engagement in surrogacy by nationality 2018–2020: a survey of surrogacy agencies
Authors: Everingham Sam G. , Whittaker Andrea 
Published: January 2023

Introduction:
Global reproductive destinations are constantly changing, and so is the cross-border reproductive movement of both gametes and intended parents seeking to build families. Quantifying the use of cross-border surrogacy is difficult given no reliable data exists on the global patterns of use of CBRC generally or surrogacy in particular.

Methods:
Approximately 150 surrogacy agencies in countries offering surrogacy to foreigners were invited to provide consolidated data on the number of commissioning singles and couples who signed with their agency for surrogacy services over the 2018–2020 calendar years, by nationality of the biological intended parent(s). Twenty-four agencies (16%) reported on 5968 clients.

Results:
Other than the United States, agencies were involved predominately in arrangements for foreigners. In the United States, other than the large domestic market, France, Australia, and Israel were large source countries. Australia and France were also large source countries for Canada. China was overwhelmingly the largest source country engaging in Ukraine. In Georgia, other than Georgian nationals, China, Israel, and the United States were the largest foreign source countries. In Greece, apart from locals, the largest source countries were Italy and Australia. Colombia reported a wide spread of foreign clientele with Israel, the United States, and Canada as the largest. COVID-19 had a significant impact on enrolments in Georgia and Ukraine—each experienced large declines in enrolments when comparing 2019–2020. In contrast, despite travel bans in 2020, agencies in 3 of 4 unregulated countries continued to report increases in enrolments.

Conclusions:
The global cross-border surrogacy market remains highly volatile, experiencing rapid growth and decline, especially in newer destinations. Source countries providing surrogacy clients are based partly on proximity and cultural ties, but more so on affordability. Further research is required to monitor the effects of engagement in newer destinations with fewer protections.