bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This introduction discusses the central theoretical and contextual elements of the book, including concepts such as obscene enjoyment, convergence culture, spectatorship, jouissance, the death drive, surveillance, and rhetoric. It establishes the central argument of the book, which is that addressing race and gender inequality with the promise of scandalous hot mics and obscene private videos transforms antiracism and gender justice into disempowering forms of spectatorship that ultimately conceal the structural nature of whiteness, white supremacy, and patriarchy.
Introduction
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractLike most of the historical examples before it—as in France, Russia, and China—the success of the Iranian revolution in January 1979 was in short order followed by a reign of terror. By late 1980, the triumphant feel of early 1979 had turned into despair among most revolutionaries. A backdrop of heightened diplomatic tensions with the United States and its allies over the Hostage Crisis, a devastating war with Iraq, shortages of most basic goods and high prices, continued purges and pervasive suspicion, and daily harassments by overly zealous Revolutionary Guards who acted as morality police, all added to Iranians' pervasive sense of despair. Since then, cycles of triumph and despair have become recurring features of the Islamic Republic.
Crafting a New System
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWhen Iran's spontaneous revolution succeeded, it brought to power a revolutionary coalition whose members began to violently compete among themselves at the same time as trying to craft a new state to their liking. This chapter chronicles the reasons for and the means through which one of these revolutionary groups, the clergy, was able to hegemonize the emerging postrevolutionary system. In the fateful early months and weeks after the overthrow of the monarchy and the success of the revolution, a number of developments converged to determine which one of the revolutionary groups would come out on top. These included, first and foremost, the direction and shape of events as they were unfolding on the ground, and, importantly, Khomeini's leadership. The Islamic Republic was far from a foregone conclusion. It came about and survived through a fortuitous combination of luck, willpower, clever insight, and coercion—a lot of coercion.
Iran in the World
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAssumptions to the contrary, Iran has been a consistently realist actor in the international arena. This realism is rooted in the experiences of the hostage crisis and the Iran–Iran war and their continued legacy today on foreign policymaking, and in the country's evolving strategic environment. In Iran, deciphering the country's strategic objectives is at times harder because of the multiplicity of actors who claim to speak on the country's behalf, and the rhetorical maneuvering they engage in to strengthen their policy hands. That ideology and identity are readily deployed to strengthen strategic objectives when the two overlap only further masks the essential pragmatism that informs Iranian foreign policy.
Belonging and Exclusion
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe Iranian state has had at best complicated and fraught interactions with four social groups, namely the country's different nationalities, religious minorities, women, and youth. In different ways, the state's relations with each of these groups has been problematic. It has sought to foster assimilation and uniformity among the nationalities, while at the same time acknowledging, and at times even celebrating, their diversity. It has had strong ideas about the proper social position of women and the cultural norms that ought to govern their lives, but also been unable to completely dictate gender roles or to even articulate a uniform vision of women's ideal social position. As for the youth, the state has been even less effective at devising policies that would effectively bring them into its orbit. Feelings of not belonging, of exclusion from the political process and from sought—after cultural norms, have turned out—migration into an epidemy.
Conclusion
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe Islamic Republic is a hybrid political system whose authoritarian features and impulses far outweigh its responsiveness, accountability, and representative nature. It is a system with an all-powerful religious figure at the helm, and whose elected president and parliament have few powers. It is a system that has repeatedly shown itself to be unwilling to tolerate internal reforms, one that remains essentially nondemocratic. Despite the manifold changes it ushered in in Iran, the Islamic revolution did not fundamentally change the nature of state-society relations, and the state has remained deeply authoritarian. Iranian thinkers and writers frequently muse over the relationship between what it means to be "Islamic" and what it means to be "republican." Academic musings notwithstanding, it is Khamenei's interpretation of Islam that today rules over Iran. Iran went from the authoritarianism of the monarchy to the authoritarianism of the Islamic Republic.
Introduction to Nuclear Decisions
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the following puzzle. Approximately two dozen states have decided, at some point, to pursue the bomb. Yet throughout the nuclear age, the progress states have made toward that goal has been neither linear nor consistent. Why does the pursuit of nuclear weapons look so different across cases? How can we make sense of the range of paths to and away from the bomb? The answer: nuclear decisions. State leaders make political decisions to accelerate or reverse progress toward nuclear weapons. These decisions define each state’s course. Whether or not a state ultimately acquires nuclear weapons depends to a large extent on those nuclear decisions. This chapter introduces readers to two mechanisms that shape nuclear decision-making: domestic experts who influence leaders from within a state, and the structural and political characteristics of the international system that constrain or free states to pursue nuclear weapons development.
The Zelensky Effect
Authors: Onuch Olga , Hale Henry E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
How was Ukraine able to stand up and defend its independence against Russia's all-out invasion in 2022? One cannot understand these historic events without understanding Zelensky, the country and its people. What makes Zelensky most extraordinary in war is his very ordinariness as a Ukrainian, though he is "ordinary" in a way that not everyone could be, in part because of skills honed in a long career at the intersection of entertainment, media, and politics. The Zelensky Effect unpacks this paradox, exploring Ukraine's national history to show how its now-iconic president reflects the hopes and frustrations of the country's first 'independence generation.' Interweaving compelling episodes from Zelensky's life and career with data analysis and an informative history of independence-era Ukraine, it documents how Zelensky reflects and amplifies what social scientists call Ukraine's strong "civic" form of national identity. This is the inclusive sense of nationhood that led not only Zelensky but millions of Ukrainians to take huge personal risks to defeat the invading army. The book is structured around several critical junctures in Ukraine's and Zelensky's history, including Ukraine's appearance as an independent state in 1991, the Orange Revolution of 2004–5, the Euromaidan mass mobilization of 2013–14, the war with Russia after its 2014 annexation of Crimea, Zelensky's highly unusual 2019 election campaign, his presidency prior to 2022, and his rise to become the iconic wartime president he is today after Russia's February 24, 2022, assault. A concluding chapter examines prospects for a postwar Ukraine.
Conclusion
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe book concludes by considering the consequences of Benjamin Netanyahu's creation of the Iran threat narrative. At the time of this book's writing, Netanyahu had been removed from power following the formation of a historic coalition consisting of multiple political parties intent on his ouster. The Iran narrative that he had created, promoted, and sustained, however, remained an integral part of Israeli political consciousness. Netanyahu's successor as prime minister, Naftali Bennett, continued to attack Iran in a manner reminiscent of his predecessor: rhetorically in major public addresses and physically through clandestine actions against Iran's nuclear program. The persistence of the Iran threat narrative is an example of what the historian Timothy Snyder calls the "politics of eternity," in which a mythicized past prevents consideration of a possible future. While the future is ultimately unknown, it is clear that Netanyahu's escalation of the Iran threat has had significant consequences for Israel, the Middle East, and the world.
The Theory of Economic Rents
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Economic rents are a major source of income inequality in the United States as well as in countries such as Russia and China. Rent incomes are concentrated among owners, shareholders, and top-level executives of the industries with the highest market power. Competition dissipates rents. Rent-seeking harms social well-being and benefits not only the rent-seeker but also the policymakers who are on the receiving end. Rents deepen inequality because they convert the power advantages of those able to claim rents into material advantages—they generate the returns to power. Estimates of the scale of rents in the American economy vary widely. However, the evidence shows that rents in the American economy are high and rising. Policies enabling big business to protect itself from competitive pressures explain much of the increase in economic inequality.
Rents and Market Reform
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Economic crisis and the belief that the United States needed to become more globally competitive spurred the liberalizing reforms that began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. But after an initial burst of competition, deregulated industries grew more concentrated again. Firms with market power could extract rents by raising prices above the competitive level and shifting risk to taxpayers. In many cases firm profits grew while productivity fell. Tax cuts did not spur a burst of new business activity, but drove up top-end incomes. Liberalization weakened labor’s bargaining power and transferred social protection from the public to the private sector. Private healthcare providers have gained substantial market power and created lucrative investment opportunities. Healthcare is profitable, expensive, inefficient, ineffective, and deeply unequal. The fact that American mortality rates from Covid-19 are among the highest in the developed world illustrates the consequences of these policies.
Necessary Opportunities
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In highly unequal societies, the wealthy seek to ally with those in power to stifle democratic impulses. Treating others in the political community as equally deserving of political rights has been a struggle throughout US history. Many ideologies, from racist theories to doctrines of laissez-faire and the sanctity of property rights, have been invoked against democratization. The United States’ current high inequality deepens social and political polarization, fueling extremism. Wealthy and powerful interests mobilize popular hostility to government and inflame racial resentments, rural-urban tension, and anti-immigrant sentiments. Geographic sorting reinforces enclaves marked by differing political cultures while lowering social mobility. As spatial inequalities converge with social and economic inequalities, political polarization deepens. An alternative public philosophy would build on the pluralist and liberal principles of the American Framers, recognizing that the dispersion of power and the competition of interests is the surest way to protect political equality and economic liberty.
Thinking like a plant disease ecologist
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Plant disease is the outcome of antagonistic symbiotic interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and susceptible hosts, contingent on environmental conditions that are favorable for infection and symptom development. Plant–microbe symbioses can range from mutualistic to pathogenic. The ecological outcomes of plant–microbe interactions are the products of life history and physiological traits that have been shaped by evolution, and, in turn, ecological interactions set the stage for rapid evolution in both plants and their pathogens. Thus, evolution and ecology are interwoven and jointly form the basis of the evolutionary ecology of plant disease. A tradition of applied research on the development, spread, and control of plant diseases in agriculture and other managed systems complements a rich body of theory from evolutionary biology and ecology, focusing on the role of pathogens in wild plant systems.
How to be a fungus
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Fungi are the most abundant and diverse of plant pathogens. Filamentous fungi grow as long tubes called hyphae that form mycelial networks. They obtain nutrition as osmotrophic heterotrophs, secreting enzymes into the substrate that surrounds them, then absorbing simpler compounds rich in carbon and nutrients. Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually to produce a diversity of spore types that serve both to disperse as propagules and to survive unfavorable conditions. Fungal nuclei are haploid for most of the life cycle, with a reduced diploid state during the process of sexual reproduction. Many fungi have extended dikaryotic phases, where hyphae contain multiple haploid nuclei of different genotypes. Fungi can grow as saprotrophs, as necrotrophs that kill host tissue to consume it, or as biotrophs that require hosts to remain alive. Five Divisions of fungi are important in plant–fungal interactions: Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Olpidiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Glomeromycota. Fungal growth is affected by temperature, moisture, pH, and access to oxygen.
How to be an oomycete
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Oomycetes are in the Stramenopiles group of protists and many are aggressive plant pathogens. Oomycetes grow as coenocytic hyphae creating mycelial networks. They can reproduce through long-lasting sexual oospores or asexual chlamydospores. Sometimes called water molds, when provided with abundant moisture they can produce sporangia that release motile zoospores, able to swim through water filled pores in soil or across water films on plants. Some oomycetes are aggressive necrotrophs that cause the rapid death of germinating seeds and seedlings, a disease called damping-off, or cause destructive root rots on mature plants. Some are downy mildews that infect above-ground plant parts as obligate biotrophs. Oomycetes are among the most destructive of all plant pathogens.
How to be a virus
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Viruses are noncellular pathogens. Plant viruses are obligate parasites of plant host cells that rely on their host for transcription and replication. Viruses disrupt the growth of plants by dominating host resources for transcription and translation, and sometimes by manipulating host cellular processes. There are six groups of plant viruses, classified according to their nucleic acid makeup and how they generate mRNA, but most plant viruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Viruses may be transmitted mechanically, or by insects, fungi, oomycetes, or parasitic plants as vectors. Piercing-and-sucking insects like aphids are common vectors for viruses, and transmission may be either noncirculative, in which the virus is carried for a short time on the aphid stylet or in the foregut, or circulative, in which the virus lives inside the aphid body cavity for an extended period.
Spatial ecology
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Spatial ecology is the study of spatial structure in populations and communities and the processes that create that structure. Disease spreads through plant populations when propagules of pathogens disperse from one plant to another. Propagules often disperse passively, moving via currents of air or water. However, some motile pathogens disperse actively, and others can be transported by animal vectors. The spatial spread of pathogens is dispersal limited, often described mathematically by dispersal kernels that either follow an exponential decay model or a power-law model. Dispersal limitation results in density-responsive disease prevalence in the host population, which can lead to density-dependent mortality or growth effects in the host. Thus reducing host density can reduce disease impacts in crops. On the plant side, dispersal limitation in wild plant populations means that most plant species have clumped distributions in space. Density-dependent disease development can reduce host clumping over time. Another key area in spatial ecology is the study of metapopulations, networks of populations across a landscape. Metapopulation dynamics respond to rates of extinction of individual patches and colonization of empty patches, rates that are determined by patch size and isolation. Linked populations of plants and pathogens can show interesting dynamics when situated in a broader metapopulation.
Global change
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Accelerating patterns of land-use change, air pollution, global trade, and climate change all contribute to changes in plant-pathogen interactions and the emergence of novel infectious plant diseases. Land conversion to agriculture has led to new encounters between crops and local pathogens, leading to the emergence of novel diseases through spillover. Habitat fragmentation may change patterns of pathogen spread through plant populations. Air pollution and resulting acid precipitation and nitrogen deposition are associated with changes in the types, prevalence, and severity of plant diseases. Globalization, trade, and travel drive the accelerating introduction of new plant and pathogen species into all regions of the globe, creating scenarios for the emergence of novel plant–pathogen interactions. Some destructive epidemics of novel pathogens have had transformative effects on wild plant communities and critical agricultural crops. Chestnut blight, Sudden oak death, and Phytophthora (Jarrah) dieback are iconic examples of these transformative epidemics. Plant pathogens can also play roles in the emergence of invasive plant species, if introduced plants leave important pathogens behind in their native range (enemy release), or if local pathogens attack naïve introduce plants and prevent them from invading (biotic resistance). In biological control, plant pathogens are used intentionally to limit the spread of invasive plant species. Climate change is affecting temperature and precipitation, along with elevated CO2 levels. In turn, these changes affect plant and microbe physiology, phenology, and geographic ranges. Species distribution models and process-based models can help inform predictions about how plant–pathogen interactions will respond to climate change.
Literary Traditions
Authors: Simpson James 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn 1412 Thomas Hoccleve described Chaucer as the first and only ‘finder’ of English poetry. This chapter takes issue with Hoccleve’s claim by looking to the ways in which, in addition to Chaucer, three great late-fourteenth century poets, writing in English, produced bodies of poetic ‘finding’, or inventio, that were powerfully influential in the fifteenth century. The development, diminution, or decease of each of these traditions is mutually related: as one develops, another diminishes or dies. The four, key fourteenth-century traditions are, as represented by their most accomplished poets, as follows: Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and John Clerk, author of the Destruction of Troy. The influence of these four figures cements English as the principal language of ambitious poetic activity in fifteenth century England. That direct influence extends, with some exceptions, to the middle of the fifteenth century.
Translation into English
Authors: Nievergelt Marco 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter pursues two aims. It provides a survey of the range of fifteenth-century poetic translations into English, including the courtly lyric, narrative allegory, romance, history, and humanist writings and religious verse. It also sheds light on the idea of translation for the development of fifteenth-century English poetry. Some important fifteenth-century English poets, like Thomas Hoccleve and John Lydgate, were also engaged in major translation projects. Verse translation was an active means to forge their own, distinctive poetic styles in English. It was a habit of mind that infused poetic activity during the fifteenth century, and enabled an engagement with various kinds of cultural difference.
Authorship
Authors: Meyer-Lee Robert J. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers a particular conception of authorship emergent in the fifteenth century in relation to its significance for English literary history. By way of recalling the late twentieth-century critique of person-centered literary histories that led to an alternative emphasis on institutions, and the alignment of that emphasis with broad medieval conceptions of authorship, the chapter casts into relief what was unprecedented in many instances of fifteenth-century authorial representations: an idea of the author as the specific living human agent from whom a work proceeds. With this idea, fifteenth-century poets bring to English literature the very person-centered notion of literary history that would predominate until recent times. As an initial example, the chapter considers the passage in Thomas Hoccleve’s Regiment of Princes accompanying the famous Chaucer portrait and, for purposes of contrast, some of the poems in BodL MS Digby 102. It surveys possible sources for this innovation and then describes some of the more typical or striking forms that this idea of authorship takes, pointing out their distinguishing features, reviewing their institutional circumstances, and noting their means of transmission. In particular, it provides examples of laureate author (e.g., John Lydgate, George Ashby), sacerdotal author (e.g., John Audelay, Henry Bradshaw), and author as narrative protagonist (e.g., Hoccleve, King James I, Stephen Hawes, John Skelton). These illustrations confirm that an author’s textualization as flesh-and-blood person is not inevitable but rather a strategic discursive construct that organizes the meaning of a text toward some end, however lofty or pragmatic.
Verse Outside Books
Authors: Boffey Julia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA considerable amount of fifteenth-century verse had a presence outside the context of manuscripts or printed books. In some cases this was a spoken presence, involving the oral performance of poetry, the communal reading of verse, and the role of poems in social occasions such as feasts, where they sometimes featured in both written and spoken form as subtleties. In other cases it involved reading words inscribed or somehow registered on something that did not take book-shaped form, as for example posted bills. Discussion covers the kinds of verse that survive on material objects, from swords to drinking vessels, and those poems such as charms and prayers that were recorded in forms to be worn about the body.