bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-related bias and artificial intelligence: a scoping review
Authors: Chu Charlene H. , Donato-Woodger Simon , Khan Shehroz S. , Nyrup Rune , Leslie Kathleen , Lyn Alexandra , Shi Tianyu , Bianchi Andria , Rahimi Samira Abbasgholizadeh , Grenier Amanda 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThere are widespread concerns about bias and discriminatory output related to artificial intelligence (AI), which may propagate social biases and disparities. Digital ageism refers to ageism reflected design, development, and implementation of AI systems and technologies and its resultant data. Currently, the prevalence of digital ageism and the sources of AI bias are unknown. A scoping review informed by the Arksey and O’Malley methodology was undertaken to explore age-related bias in AI systems, identify how AI systems encode, produce, or reinforce age-related bias, what is known about digital ageism, and the social, ethical and legal implications of age-related bias. A comprehensive search strategy that included five electronic bases and grey literature sources including legal sources was conducted. A framework of machine learning biases spanning from data to user by Mehrabi et al. is used to present the findings (Mehrabi et al. 2021). The academic search resulted in 7595 articles that were screened according to the inclusion criteria, of which 307 were included for full-text screening, and 49 were included in this review. The grey literature search resulted in 2639 documents screened, of which 235 were included for full text screening, and 25 were found to be relevant to the research questions pertaining to age and AI. As a result, a total of 74 documents were included in this review. The results show that the most common AI applications that intersected with age were age recognition and facial recognition systems. The most frequent machine learning algorithms used were convolutional neural networks and support vector machines. Bias was most frequently introduced in the early ‘data to algorithm’ phase in machine learning and the ‘algorithm to user’ phase specifically with representation bias (n = 33) and evaluation bias (n = 29), respectively (Mehrabi et al. 2021). The review concludes with a discussion of the ethical implications for the field of AI and recommendations for future research.
On the L1-acquisition of the pragmatics of discourse like
Authors: Schweinberger Martin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study analyzes the L1-acquisition of discourse like and its pragmatic functions in American
English based on the Home-School Study of Language and Literacy Development component of the Child
Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES). The data show that discourse like is already present in the
speech of 3- and 4-year-old children and that even very young children employ like to perform distinct pragmatic
functions with specifying uses being dominant until age 8;5. The analysis also shows a notable increase in discourse
like as children mature, mainly driven by an increase in attention-directing like, the
dominant function of discourse like among children older than 8;5. Conditional inference trees show that the use
of discourse like by children is affected by a child’s age, the situation type and the frequency of discourse
like in caregivers’ input. Children younger than 7;10 use discourse like only rarely in
formal contexts as well as in informal contexts if their caregivers do not use discourse like frequently.
However, children use discourse like substantially more if they are older than 7;10 or, in informal contexts,
when their caregivers use discourse like frequently. The changes in frequency and the functional shifts in the
use of like around the ages of 7 to 9 is interpreted to show that peers become more important as linguistic role
models when children enter school. The results thus substantiate research which suggests that the pragmatic and social meanings of
discourse markers are learned alongside linguistic constraints rather than after the form has been acquired.
Empiricism against imperialism
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLarge scale typological studies have been criticized for being unscientific, biased, methodologically unsound and as perpetrating neocolonial attitudes.Meakins (2022)echoes these views in her first JPCL column. The conclusions ofallstudies using large typological datasets, however, point in the direction that creoles do have structural properties that distinguish them from their lexifiers and the languages of the world, including a dozen not mentioned in Meakins’ column. Opponents use data that are a factor of thousand less extensive, yet apparently more credible. Creoles developed in adverse circumstances, and the flexibility of human genius led to new structural properties, apparently shared across the world. The opposite view, that creoles are continuations of their lexifiers, runs the risk of justifying colonialism, as if forced deportation, blackbirding, slavery, imperialism and colonialism could not have had catastrophic consequences for the continuation of languages. Devastating sociohistorical circumstances led to the creation of new societies, and human ingenuity created their fully-fledged natural languages.
Semiotics of a Covid landscape
Authors: Modan Gabriella , Schaller Susanna 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This paper brings together urban planning and linguistic perspectives to examine the semiotic landscape of a
Washington, DC ‘streatery’ in the context of the intersecting public health- and place-based economic crises unleashed by the
Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing from Garay-Huamán and Irazábal-Zurita’s (2021) work on
neoliberal Social Structures of Accumulation (SSA), we examine how different layers of Adams Morgan’s emergent
Covid landscape are rooted in the dynamics of capitalist accumulation through urban placemaking strategies. We focus on signs put
up by the Business Improvement District (BID) that explain the public health regulations applicable to the area through discourse
that playfully encourages people to social distance and wear masks. These signs utilize three linguistic or semiotic discourses:
hygiene, humor and play, and anti-Trump politics. The signs serve as a bona fide effort to both halt the spread of the coronavirus
and take a political stance. At the same time as the signs promote public health, their commodified aestheticization of hygiene
and politics also serves commercial interests.
Native and foreign language orthotactic probability and neighborhood density in word learning
Authors: Ring Josh , Leoné Frank , Dijkstra Ton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Laboratory studies on word learning in a foreign language (L2) have identified several variables involved in the learning process, key amongst them the orthotactic probability and neighborhood density of new words relative to learners’ native (L1) lexicons. More recently, learners’ sensitivity to orthotactic probability and neighborhood density relative to their developing L2 lexicons has come into focus. Past studies on word learning have largely focused on early stages of learning, in controlled studies spanning hours or days. Few studies have considered large corpora of ‘real-life’ learning data, spanning several weeks. In this study, we validate past findings outside of controlled laboratory conditions, by analyzing a dataset collected from Duolingo (Settles et al., 2018), a popular language learning app. Effects of orthotactic probability and neighborhood density observed in controlled studies persist under uncontrolled, big-data conditions for learners of Spanish, but not French. As learning progresses, we observe a previously unreported reversal of the effects of L1 orthotactic probability and neighborhood density, challenging theoretical models of word learning. Finally, we confirm the importance of orthotactic probability and neighborhood density relative to learners’ developing L2 Spanish lexicons, lending support to theories which posit that the same processes underly both L1 and L2 acquisition.
The emotional value of Polish and English subtitles
Authors: Stanisławska Agata , Korpal Paweł 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Although research on the role of emotion in audiovisual translation and audio description has gained some ground in recent years, the emotional reception of subtitles as an AVT mode has been under researched. To address this empirical gap, this paper presents the results of a study on the emotional rating of English and Polish subtitles to a selection of animated films. Expressions from Polish and English subtitled versions of the same films were collected, and 100 participants (native speakers of Polish and English) were asked to rate them in terms of emotional valence and arousal evoked. While the main effect of utterance type (negatively valenced, neutral, positively valenced) was observed, there was no effect of language, suggesting that the subtitle excerpts elicited similar responses in both languages.
Development, survival and reproduction of black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as a function of temperature
Authors: Wang J.J. , Tsai J.H. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe development, survival, and reproduction of the black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) were evaluated at ten constant temperatures (4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35°C). Development was limited at 4 and 35°C. Between 7 and 32°C, developmental periods of immature stages varied from 44.2 days at 7°C to 5.3 days at 28°C. Overall immature development required 129.9 degree-days above 3.8°C. The upper temperature thresholds of 32.3, 28.6, 29.3, 27.2, and 28.6°C were determined from a non-linear biophysical model for the development of instars 1–4 and overall immature stages, respectively. Immature survivorship varied from 82.1 to 97.7% within the temperature range of 10–30°C. However, immature survivorship was reduced to 26.3%at 7°C and 33.1% at 32°C. Mean adult longevity was the longest (44.2 days) at 15°C and the shortest (6.2 days) at 32°C. The predicted upper temperature limit for adult survivorship was at 32.3°C. Total nymph production increased from 16.3 nymphs per female at 10°C to 58.7 nymphs per female at 20°C, declining to 6.1 nymphs per female at 32°C. The estimation of lower and upper temperature limits for reproduction was at 8.2 and 32.5°C, respectively. The population reared at 28°C had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.394), the shortest population doubling time (1.8 days), and shortest mean generation time (9.5 days) compared with the populations reared at six other temperatures. The population reared at 20°C had the highest net reproductive rate (54.6). The theoretical lower and upper temperature limits for population development, survival and reproduction were estimated at 9.4 and 30.4°C, respectively. The biology of T. aurantiiwas also compared with three other citrus aphid species.
Ecological and genetic aspects of grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) performance on rootstock hosts
Authors: Forneck A. , Walker M.A. , Blaich R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPerformance and genetic variability of clonal lineages derived from one Californian and one German population of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch were studied on their natal grape rootstock host and on three novel hosts over four generations in an aseptic dual culture system. The ability of D. vitifoliae to adapt to new hosts was measured by changes in fitness (rm) over four generations. The performance of a given clonal lineage changed over successive generations, depending upon the host plant and the phylloxera group. Analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism–polymerase chain reaction (AFLP–PCR) banding patterns from 40 individual parthenogenetic D. vitifoliae revealed equal levels of genetic variation both among the four clonal lineages analysed and within the different generations of one lineage. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed no significant differences between the D. vitifoliae lineages reared on different host plants, nor was a correlation between host performance and genotype found.
Sex separation of tsetse fly pupae using near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Dowell F.E. , Parker A.G. , Benedict M.Q. , Robinson A.S. , Broce A.B. , Wirtz R.A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractImplementation of the sterile insect technique for tsetse (Glossina spp.) requires that only sterile male insects be released; thus, at some stage of the fly production process the females have to be removed. A further constraint in the use of the sterile insect technique for tsetse is that the females are needed for colony production and hence, a non-destructive method of sex separation is required. In most tsetse sterile insect technique programmes thus far, females have been eliminated from the released material by hand-separation of chilled adults. Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, significant differences have been found between the spectra for the pupae of male and female G. pallidipes Austen. Significantly, the differences appear to be maximized 4–5 days before emergence of the adults. Tsetse fly pupae up to five days before emergence can be sexed with accuracies that generally range from 80 to 100%. This system, when refined, will enable effective separation of male and female pupae to be carried out, with emerged females being returned to the colony and males being irradiated and released. If separation can be achieved five days before emergence, this will also enable irradiated male pupae to be shipped to other destinations as required. Other Diptera were evaluated using this system but had lower classification accuracies of 50–74%. This may be due to the difference in reproductive physiology between these different fly groups.
Enemies in low places – insects avoid winter mortality and egg parasitism by modulating oviposition height
Authors: Obermaier E. , Heisswolf A. , Randlkofer B. , Meiners T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOviposition site selection in insects is essential in terms of low egg mortality, high offspring survival and therefore a high reproductive output. Although oviposition height could be a crucial factor for the fitness of overwintering eggs, it has rarely been investigated. In this study the oviposition height of a polyphagous leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti Linnaeus in different habitats and at different times of the season was examined and its effect on egg clutch mortality was recorded. The leaf beetle occurs as an occasional pest on several agricultural plants. It deposits its eggs within herbaceous vegetation in autumn. Eggs are exposed to numerous biotic and abiotic mortality factors summarized as egg parasitism and winter mortality. Oviposition height of the leaf beetle was not uniform, but changed significantly with the structure of the habitat and during the season. Mean oviposition height per site (70.2±4.9 cm) was significantly higher than mean vegetation height (28.4±2.4 cm). Height of plants with egg clutches attached and oviposition height were significantly positively correlated. The results suggest that females try to oviposit as high as possible in the vegetation and on the plants selected. In accordance with this, the probability of egg parasitism and of winter egg clutch mortality significantly declined with increasing oviposition height. A preference of G. tanaceti for oviposition sites high up in the vegetation might therefore have evolved due to selection pressures by parasitoids and winter mortality.
Phylogeny of Australian Coptotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) species inferred from mitochondrial COII sequences
Authors: Lo N. , Eldridge R.H. , Lenz M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSix Australian species of Coptotermes are traditionally recognized, but recent cuticular hydrocarbon studies suggest that some of these may represent more than one species. An understanding of the phylogenetic diversity of Australian Coptotermes, particularly the pest species, is likely to be important for the improvement of termite management strategies. A study of phylogenetic relationships among species of this genus was performed, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene, comparing the data with recent data from Asian species. Representatives of the species C. lacteus (Froggatt), C. frenchi Hill and C. michaelseni Silvestri were each found to form closely related monophyletic groups, however representatives of C. acinaciformis (Froggatt) were not. For C. acinaciformis, representatives from northern mound-building populations were found to form a distinct group to southern, tree-nesting forms. Among southern C. acinaciformis, two Western Australian representatives were found to be divergent from other populations. The results suggest that C. acinaciformis probably represents a complex of species rather than one, as has been suggested previously. One unidentified Coptotermes sp. taxon from Melbourne was found to be divergent from other taxa. Notably, some Australian species were more closely related to Asian species than other Australian species.
Impact of human activity on the distribution of native and non-native cockroach species (Dictyoptera) in La Réunion and Mayotte
Authors: Boyer S. , Rivault C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEstablishment of non-native species and human-driven alteration of habitats are major causes of the decline of native faunas. Interference between native and non-native cockroach species was evaluated here by comparing their distribution areas in two oceanic islands: Mayotte and La Réunion. A factorial correspondence analysis showed that their presence is related to environmental parameters among which human activity, humidity and altitude are the three most important. Human activity and humidity favour establishment and development of non-native species, whereas altitude limits their presence. Non-native species form guilds (up to seven species). Their distribution areas overlap and illustrate their colonizing capacities. On the contrary, distribution areas of native species never overlap, although some co-occur with non-native species. Native species are more endangered when they are established in cultivated areas than when they are in protected natural areas.
Sequential sampling protocols for Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Zea mays fields: influence of sampling unit size
Authors: Serra G.V. , Trumper E.V. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a major pest in maize fields in Argentina. However, a sampling method that accounts for spatial pattern and allows reliable pest density estimations is still lacking. This paper addresses the issue of how sampling unit size can influence the characterization of S. frugiperda spatial pattern and the performance of sampling plans. An intensive sampling programme for S. frugiperda larvae was carried out in maize fields from October until March in four growing seasons. On each sampling date, 12 to 20 sampling units were taken at random. Each unit consisted of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12 consecutive plants along a row. The linearized version of the Taylor's power law (TPL) was fitted to mean and variance estimated for each sampling date and data set through least squares regression. In general, b values from TPL were significantly >1 (P<0.05), indicating an aggregated sampling distribution. Regression slopes (b) ranged from 1.28 to 1.48 in small larvae and from 1.06 to 1.24 in large larvae, indicating stronger clumping in the former. TPL parameters were used to develop constant precision sampling plans. The efficiency of these plans in terms of expected total cost (searching and handling sampling units) was very sensitive to the size of the sampling units with small larvae but not with large larvae. The influence of sampling unit size and spatial pattern on TPL parameters and sampling costs is discussed.
Potential for classical biological control of the potato bug Closterotomus norwegicus (Hemiptera: Miridae): description, parasitism and host specificity of Peristenus closterotomae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Haye T. , van Achterberg C. , Goulet H. , Barratt B.I.P. , Kuhlmann U. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe potato bug, Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an introduced pest of lucerne, white clover and lotus seed crops in New Zealand and a key pest of pistachios in California, USA. Efforts were made to identify potential biological control agents of C. norwegicus in Europe. A total of eight parasitoids, including six primary parasitoids from the genus Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and two hyperparasitoids from the genus Mesochorus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), were reared from C. norwegicus nymphs collected in various habitats in northern Germany. With a proportion of more than 85% of all C. norwegicus parasitoids, Peristenus closterotomae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a new species, was the most dominant parasitoid, whereas other parasitoid species only occurred sporadically. Peristenus closterotomae did not fit in the keys to any described species and is described as new to science. Parasitism caused by P. closterotomae was on average 24% (maximum 77%). To assess the host specificity of parasitoids associated with C. norwegicus, the parasitoid complexes of various Miridae occurring simultaneously with C. norwegicus were studied. Peristenus closterotomae was frequently reared from Calocoris affinis (Herrich-Schaeffer), and a few specimens were reared from Calocoris roseomaculatus (De Geer) and the meadow plant bug, Leptopterna dolobrata (Linnaeus) (all Hemiptera: Miridae). The remaining primary parasitoids associated with C. norwegicus were found to be dominant in hosts other than C. norwegicus. Whether nymphal parasitoids may potentially be used in a classical biological control initiative against the potato bug in countries where it is introduced and considered to be a pest is discussed.
Effects of temperature on predation by the stinkbugsPicromerus bidensandPodisus maculiventris(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on noctuid caterpillars
Authors: Mahdian K. , Vantornhout I. , Tirry L. , De Clercq P. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnvironmental risks associated with the use of non-indigenous organisms for augmentative biological control have received growing attention. In Europe, the native pentatomid predatorPicromerus bidens(Linnaeus) has been considered a potential alternative to the North American pentatomidPodisus maculiventris(Say) for the control of lepidopteran, coleopteran and hymenopteran defoliator pests. In the current study, prey consumption and developmental duration of the predatory stages ofP. bidensandP. maculiventriswere investigated at three temperatures (18, 23 and 27°C) in the laboratory using caterpillars ofSpodoptera littoralisas prey. Development time from second to fifth instar was longer forP. bidensthan forP. maculiventris, taking on average 17–44 and 14–32 days, respectively, at the different temperatures. Total nymphal consumption of fourth instarS. littoraliscaterpillars indicated a greater voracity ofP. bidensas compared withP. maculiventrisat both the low and high temperatures tested (18 and 27°C). At 23°C, however, the predation rate ofP. maculiventrisnymphs exceeded that ofP. bidensnymphs. Effect of temperature on the functional response ofP. bidensto densities of fourth instarSpodoptera exiguawas assessed on potted green bean plants. Female adults ofP. bidensexhibited a type II functional response at 18 and 23°C but a type III response at 27°C. Searching efficiency was not affected by temperature but handling time decreased from 4.2 to 1.4 h as temperature increased from 18 to 23°C. However, the predator spent twice as much time handling prey at 27°C (2.9 h) than at 23°C. This study indicates high predation rates ofP. bidensat a wide range of temperatures and suggests that the species may be a valuable asset for the biological control of defoliating caterpillars, provided that obstacles to its mass production can be overcome.