bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II. DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA ALMANYA’NIN TÜRKİYE’Yİ İŞGAL PLANLARI
Authors: ÖZTÜRK İbrahim , KORKMAZ Ahmet 
Published: September 2023

ÖZ
Bu araştırmanın konusu, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Almanya’nın Türkiye’yi işgal planlarını tespit ederek Balkanlar, Rusya, Kafkasya ve Doğu Akdeniz üzerine gerçekleştirdiği saldırıları Türkiye özelinde açıklamaktır.
Araştırmada öncelikli olarak; Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)* Arşivi, Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)* Arşivi, Alman Dışişleri Bakanlığı Dökümanları ve İngiliz Ulusal Arşivi Savaş Kabinesi Tutanakları’ndan faydalanılmıştır. Bunların dışında; dönemin Mihver ve Müttefik Devletler komuta kademesinde bulunan devlet adamlarının, askerlerin, diplomatların ve büyükelçilerin hatıratları, diğer ana kaynaklar, çağdaş yazarların eserleri ve süreli yayınlar referans alınarak Almanya’nın Türkiye’yi işgal planları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamızın bu yönüyle Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler alanlarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Bu kaynakların büyük bölümü üniversitelerarası işbirliği marifetiyle uluslararası kütüphanelerden temin edilmiştir. Çalışma, kaynaklar Türkçeye çevrilip tasnif edildikten sonra, vaka ve karşılaştırmalı belge analizi yöntemiyle kronolojik olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Çalışmamızın bulgularına göre Türkiye, topraklarının ve bağımsızlığının hedef alındığı bu dönemde, bir yandan Müttefik ve Mihver Devletlerle dostluk ve saldırmazlık anlaşmaları imzalarken, diğer yandan izlediği “aktif tarafsızlık” ilkesiyle, savaşın yıkıcı etkilerinden uzak durmaya çalışmıştır.
ABSTRACT
The subject of this research is to determine Germany's invasion plans for Turkey during World War II and to explain the attacks they carried out on the Balkans, Russia, the Caucasus and the Eastern Mediterranean in terms of Turkey.
First of all, in the research; The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) Archive, the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) Archive, the German Foreign Office Documents, and the Minutes of the War Cabinet of the British National Archives were used. Apart from this; Reference was made to the memoirs of Axis and Allied statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ambassadors of the period, the works of contemporary writers, and periodicals. In this respect, it is thought that our study will contribute to the fields of Turkish Republic History and International Relations.
The resources were obtained from international libraries and translated into Turkish; The study was prepared chronologically by case and comparative document analysis method.
According to the findings of our study, during this period, while signing friendship and non-aggression agreements with the Allies and Axis Powers, on the other hand, Turkey tried to stay away from the destructive effects of the war with the principle of "active neutrality" it followed.
ENGELLİ ÇOCUĞA SAHİP ANNELERİN YAŞAM DENEYİMLERİ: KABUL SÜREÇLERİ VE GÜÇLÜKLERLE BAŞ ETME DURUMLARI
Authors: YILDIRIM Bedia , YILMAZ DEMİREL Özlem 
Published: September 2023

ÖZ
Araştırmanın amacı, engelli çocuğa sahip annelerin çocuklarının özel durumunu öğrendikleri anda verdikleri tepkileri, çevresel tutum ve yaklaşımları, tedavi sürecine dair aldıkları kararları, kabul aşamasında yaşananları, sorunlar ile başa çıkma yöntemlerini ve benzer durumda olan ailelere süreci tamamlamış olan annelerin önerilerini tespit etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışma nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından fenomenolojik desenle tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu Aksaray’ da yaşamakta olan 10 engelli çocuk annesinden oluşmaktadır. Verilerinin toplanmasında yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu, elde edilen verilerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizine göre annelerin çocuklarının engel durumunu genellikle doğumdan sonra fark ettikleri, çocuklarının engel durumunu öğrendikleri ve öğrendikten sonra da yönlendirilme amaçlı ilk müracaat ettikleri birimin sağlık kurumları olduğu, tanı sonrası genellikle şok, derin üzüntü, inkâr ve isyan gibi tepkiler verdikleri, çevresel tutum yaklaşımların engel durumu ile başa çıkmalarını zorlaştırdığı, yaşadıkları süreç ile başa çıkmada eş ve yakın çevre desteğinin, dini inançların kolaylaştırıcı olduğu, benzer durumu yaşayan ailelere önerilerinin ise kabul sürecini hızlandırma yönünde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar ışığında tanı birimlerinin aile hassasiyetlerine özen gösteren moral ve motivasyonu artırıcı yaklaşım benimsemeleri, ailelere ise kapsayıcı bir takip ile yaşam boyu destek hizmeti sunulması önerilir
Analisis Efisiensi Usaha Jeruk Manis (Citrus Sinensis)Di Distrik Nabire Barat Kabupaten Nabire
Authors: Heatubun Lourdesia Ave Cintami , Kamakaula Yohanes , Mayawati Deasi 
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pendapatan petani jeruk manis, menganalisis efisiensi usaha jeruk manis dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi usaha jeruk manis di Distrik Nabire Barat Kabupaten Nabire. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan teknik studi kasus. Analisis data menggunakan analisis tabulasi untuk mengetahui keadaan usaha jeruk manis dan R/C ratio untuk mengetahui keuntungan yang diperoleh serta efisiensi dari usaha jeruk manis tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pendapatan yang diperoleh petani jeruk manis di Distrik Nabire Barat selama sebulan sebesar Rp. 6.595.793,-. Usahatani jeruk manis di Distrik Nabire Barat sudah efisien dengan nilai R/C rasio sebesar 3,77. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi usaha jeruk manis adalah penerimaan dan biaya. Rata-rata penerimaan petani jeruk manis sebesar Rp. 8.973.333,-/bulan dan rata-rata biaya yang digunakan untuk memproduksi jeruk manis sebesar Rp. 2.377.540.-/Bulan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi usahatani adalah penerimaan dan biaya. Semakin tinggi penerimaan maka semakin besar keuntungan yang diperoleh petani ataupun sebaliknya.
MOTIF PENGAMBILAN KREDIT PADA PT. PEGADAIAN DI KABUPATEN MANOKWARI
Authors: Irna  , Situmorang Elina R , Rahayu Yuyun P 
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh lokasi, agunan, prosedur, dan pelayanan terhadap motif pengambilan kredit pada PT. Pegadaian di Kabupaten Manokwari. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Manokwari. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis statistik deskriptif dengan instrumen kuisioner. Teknik yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data menggunakan pemberian skor. Skornya adalah 0 dan 1 (skala Guttman). Selanjutnya data akan dianalisis menggunakan alat analisis regresi linier berganda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara parsial, variabel agunan dan prosedur berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motif pengambilan kredit sedangkan variabel lokasi dan pelayanan berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap motif pengambilan kredit pada PT. Pegadaian di Kabupaten Manokwari. Secara simultan, menunjukkan bahwa variabel lokasi, agunan, prosedur, dan pelayanan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motif pengambilan kredit pada PT. Pegadaian di Kabupaten Manokwari.
Abkhazia’s Geopolitical Roles in the Russia – European Union – Georgia Triangle
Authors: Jakša Urban 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
De facto states are often portrayed as possessing little agency in conducting foreign policy. By demonstrating how Abkhazia segregates its audiences, applies strategic ambiguity, and plays different geopolitical roles, this article presents a more nuanced account of Abkhazia’s foreign relations. Drawing on interviews conducted in Abkhazia, Georgia, Russia, and the European Union (EU), the author presents a diachronic and multi-sided account of how Abkhazia navigates the Russia – EU – Georgia triangle. De facto states play geopolitical roles to preserve de facto independence, mitigate the negative effects of non-recognition, and leverage resources to increase manoeuvring space. Two key strategies – audience segregation and strategic ambiguity – are examined through the analysis of Abkhazia’s recently adopted foreign policy concept. The analysis shows Abkhazia’s decreased interest in emulating EU member states and the rise of alternative roles of keeper of the status quo and (in)stability entrepreneur, while reactions to the document demonstrate the existence of an independent-minded and domestically contentious foreign policy.
“It Takes Three to Tango”: Georgia’s Engagement in Trilateral Formats as Part of the Eastern Partnership
Authors: Delcour Laure , Panchulidze Elene 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Drawing on the case of Georgia, this article seeks to understand better how the EU’s partners adjust to the uncertainty of the EU’s offer as part of the Eastern Partnership, and how their identification narratives evolve in response to this indeterminacy. We use the concept of liminality to capture the imprecision of the EU’s offer and the state of in-betweenness of the EU’s associated partners. Through an analysis of Georgia’s identification practices, we then shed light on how Georgian elites have pushed for an identity-driven self-representation as a key political strategy vis-à-vis the EU. We argue that such repositioning and, more recently, the tactical use of the Association Trio reflect Georgia’s approach to developing its agency in response to uncertainty.
Implications of Triadic Competition between Georgia and Russia for Abkhazia’s State Building Development
Authors: Spanke Till 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The de facto state literature rarely distinguishes between institutional developments that have been actively promoted by external actors and changes that are due to the competitive setting these unrecognized entities find themselves in and which encourages institutional or policy mimicry. This article addresses this shortcoming by developing a diffusion model to account for the indirect diffusion influences of triadic competition. The model is then applied to Abkhazia’s state building pursuit since 1991, covering sectors as diverse as healthcare, education, and energy. These examples illustrate different responses from the Abkhaz authorities vis-à-vis the parent state, ranging from direct counteraction and patron involvement to compromise. The article identifies the varied implications of diffusion such as institution sharing, developments in public service provision, and accelerated state building responses. It finds that due to parent state pressure and limited availability of alternative support sources, competition serves as a legitimation device for Russian involvement in Abkhazia.
“Tit-for-Tat:” Understanding Russia – NATO Interactions in Eastern Europe
Authors: Imedashvili Nino , Siroky David S. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article analyzes North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – Russia dynamics in Eastern Europe, focusing on the competition for influence in Georgia and Montenegro with comparisons to Moldova and Ukraine. Whereas all four countries have expressed a desire to join NATO – and Russia has consistently communicated its disapproval – Moscow has pursued divergent means to curb NATO expansion and escalated with tit-for-tat strategies. We argue that whether Russia deployed military strategies, economic levers, political tactics or covert actions has varied according to its relative power projection capacity along with the responses of NATO and the target countries. Where power projection capacity is greater due to its contiguous geography (Georgia, Ukraine), Russia staged military interventions, and where it was weaker, in non-contiguous countries (Montenegro, Moldova), it resorted to non-military means. Russia may be uniformly opposed to NATO expansion, but its strategies to keep its neighbours out of NATO and in Russia’s orbit are contingent upon its relative power.
Small Nation in a Big World: Geopolitical Visions in President Mikheil Saakashvili’s Rhetoric
Authors: Zurabashvili Tornike 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article explores the interplay of Georgian national identity and foreign policy in the rhetoric of Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia in 2004–13, and offers a theoretical framework that captures the complex nature of these interactions. Drawing on the scholarly tradition of critical geopolitics, the article examines perceptions and images of the role of Georgia and its position vis-à-vis the external world in the annual addresses delivered to the Parliament of Georgia. More specifically, the article explores four constitutive areas for Georgia’s geopolitical identity – the world, Europe, the United States and Russia – as well as the meanings attached to these spaces. By uncovering how these external spaces have been framed and communicated by President Saakashvili, the article adds to our understanding of the reasoning and ideational determinants of the foreign policy orientation of modern-day Georgia, as well as of the major tenets of its geopolitical identity.
Georgia’s Strategic Path: Economic Integration as a Strategic Pathway
Authors: Webber Clark 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Since achieving independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Republic of Georgia has balanced its aspirations to Westernize with its pre-existing and continuing bonds with Russia. Much of the research looking at this dynamic has focused on security and political issues; this article instead focuses on the economic sphere and examines whether Georgia’s economic ties with Europe and Russia have created closer strategic relations. To determine if Georgia is pursuing economic integration with the European Union (EU) and Russia, the article draws on economic data from the National Statistics Office of Georgia on exports, imports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and tourism. It examines the academic literature on Georgia’s strategy of political integration with the EU and its policy of “normalization” with Russia since 2012. Trade and investment have increased with Europe, while tourism from Russia increased substantially between 2015 and 2019. Still, the article finds that Georgia’s economic relations have not created strategic integration with either polity.
The Impact of Using E-Wallets for the Ease of Muslim Consumers Transacting Maqashid Sharia Approach
Authors: Habib Fakhry Emil , Nofiardi Nofiardi 
Published: September 2023

<p class="StyleAuthorBold">This study aims to examine the impact of using e-wallets for the convenience of Muslim consumers transacting through the <em>maqashid sharia </em> approach. The type of research carried out is library research using a qualitative approach, and the data sources in this study consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources. The data collection technique used in this study is a literature search. The data obtained will be analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. The results of the study found that transactions using the e-wallet feature are in line with the concept of <em>maqashid syariah </em> in Islamic law, meaning that essentially the use of this feature is in line with the purpose of Islamic law mandated at the level of <em>Hajjyah</em>, which is to provide ease of transaction for Muslim consumers where this form of transaction is inevitable because of its mass use in society. The use of this feature is important to be used in order to maintain property / malls which in the study of <em>maqashid syariah </em> is one of the <em>dharuriyah al-khamsah</em> that must be maintained.</p><p class="StyleAuthorBold"> </p><p class="StyleAuthorBold"><em>Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk meneliti dampak penggunaan e-wallet bagi kemudahan konsumen muslim bertransaksi melalui pendekatanb maqashid syariah .<strong> </strong>Jenis penelitian yang dilaksanakan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif di mana sumber data dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari sumber data primer, sekunder dan tersier. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara melakukan penelusuran pustaka. Data yang diperoleh akan dianalisis secara kualitatif dan diuraikan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa transaksi dengan menggunakan fitur e-wallet ini sejalan dengan konsep maqashid syariah dalam hukum Islam, artinya secara esensi penggunaan fitur ini sejalan dengan tujuan hukum Islam disyariatkan pada tataran hajiyah yaitu memberi kemudahan bertransaksi bagi konsumen muslim di mana bentuk transaksi ini memang tidak dapat dihindarkan lagi karena penggunaannya yang begitu massal dalam masyarakat. Adapun penggunaan fitur ini penting untuk digunakan dalam rangka memelihara harta/mal yang dalam kajian maqashid syariah termasuk salah satu dari dharuriyah al-khamsah yang mesti dipelihara</em></p>
Istikhdām al-Maʿajim al-Lughawiyyah fī Taʿalum al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah Lada Ṭalabah Jāmiʿah Janūb Sharq Unmūdhajan
Authors: Farween A.R.F.S. , Zunoomy M.S. 
Published: September 2023

<p><em>Dictionaries </em><em>play major role</em><em> in providing </em><em>meanings and </em><em>information</em><em> of </em><em>vocabulary</em><em> </em><em>in a language. language learners</em><em> take </em><em>benefit</em><em>s</em><em> </em><em>wide</em><em>ly from these dictionaries in developing their </em><em>language proficiency. </em><em>This study </em><em>focuses</em><em> the extent of the use of</em><em> language</em><em> dictionaries and their types among students in the Department of Arabic Language at </em><em>South Eastern University of Sri Lanka</em><em> who learn Arabic as a foreign language and use it as the language</em><em> tool</em><em> for their subjects in their university studies.</em><em> </em><em>This study </em><em>uses</em><em> the descriptive </em><em>method</em><em> to analyze the primary </em><em>data gathered</em><em> from the questionnaire and the </em><em>secondary data also</em><em>, while the questionnaire is distributed in Tamil language among the students of </em><em>first year. </em><em>The </em><em>study finds </em><em>that </em><em>the </em><em>most of the </em><em>students</em><em> learn Arabic alongside their mother tongue, and they also use electronic dictionaries and Google translation to understand the meanings of obscure words in their learning of the Arabic language, and they prefer bilingual and trilingual dictionaries </em><em>than</em><em> monolingual dictionaries, and they indicate that </em><em>t</em><em>he use of machine translation and lack of knowledge of using dictionaries and unwillingness to use them are reasons for the lack of use of language dictionaries among them.</em><em></em></p><p dir="RTL">إن المعاجم تأخذ دورا فعالا في تقديم مفاهيم المفردات ومعلوماتها في لغة ما. أما متعلمو اللغة فهم يستفيدون بهذه المعاجم استفادة كبيرة في تنمية حصيلتهم اللغوية. فهذه الدراسة تبحث عن مدى استخدام المعاجم اللغوية وأنواعها لدى طلبة في قسم اللغة العربية في جامعة جنوب شرق سريلانكا الذين يتعلمون اللغة العربية لغة أجنبية ويستخدمونها اللغة الوسيلة لموادهم في دراساتهم الجامعية. انتهجت هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي لتحليل المعلومات الأولية من الاستبانة والثنائية، أما الاستبانة فهي تتوزع باللغة التاملية بين طلبة المرحلة الأولى. ونتائج هذه الدراسة أظهرت أن جزءاً كبيرا من العينة يتعلمون اللغة العربية بجانب لغتهم الأم كما أنهم يستخدمون المعاجم الإلكترونية وترجمة جوجل لفهم معاني الكلمات الغامضة في تعلمهم اللغة العربية، كما أنهم يفضلون المعاجم ثنائية اللغة وثلاثية اللغة على المعاجم أحادية اللغة من المعاجم اللغوية، ويشيرون إلى أن استخدام الترجمة الآلية وعدم المعرفة باستخدام المعاجم وعدم الرغبة في استخدامها أسباب لقلة استخدام المعاجم اللغوية.</p>
Social Cohesivity of The Indonesian Muslim Community During the Ramadan
Authors: Shalihin Nurus , Yusuf M , Hulwati Hulwati 
Published: September 2023

This study aims to analyze the social cohesiveness of Indonesian Muslim communities during Ramadan. Moral sense, sense of belonging, social har mony, sense of security, and tolerance in this study are used as indicators to understand social cohesiveness. Data were collected through questionnaires with 600 respondents randomly selected in three districts/cities in West Sumatra and Yogyakarta provinces. The study found that two indicators of social cohesion were in the high category, namely a sense of morality (3.39 or 84.75%) and social harmony (3.30 or 82.50%), while three other indicators of social cohesion were in the medium category, namely a sense of belonging (2.34 or 58.50%), a sense of security (2.54 or 63.50%), and tolerance (2.70 or 67.50%). Thus, the social cohesion of the Muslim community during Ramadan is in the moderate category, with an average of 2.85 or equivalent to 71.17 percent. This study concludes that Ramadan has not contributed significantly to building social cohesiveness. The ambiguity of faith, which is ambiguous in understanding reality; sacred and profane, can be identified as one of the reasons why Ramadan has not been able to build social cohesiveness.
Experiences from Muhammadiyah on Practices of Multicultural Education: Analysis Through Bourdieu's Concept of Social Capital
Authors: Roviana Sri 
Published: September 2023

This article aims to answer the question of whether a multicultural perspective has been implemented in higher education. Muhammadiyah, an Islamic organization, has a strategic role in building and developing multicultural education in Indonesia. Ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity is critical for Muhammadiyah Education, so a multicultural perspective becomes the center of attention. Until now, the education practice organized by Muhammadiyah tries to practice a multicultural perspective so that it does not reject students from non-Muslim religions, diverse ethnicities, and varied cultures. All students are treated equally without being differentiated because they come from different religions and do not even have a Muhammadiyah background. This research is an analytical qualitative method with case studies approach. Therefore, teachers or lecturers, in providing knowledge and transferring values, need to understand clearly the diversity of students or students they face. Hence, a multicultural perspective becomes one of the requirements for lecturers or teachers to understand. This article used the perspective of social capital theory from Pierre Bourdieu to analyze the capital used in multicultural education at Muhammadiyah Universities, such as Universitas Ahmad Dahlan and Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
Accumulate Content About LGBTQ+ Towards Attitude of Muslims on Instagram
Authors: Mahdalena Vina , Utami Riskha Fitriana , Nathanael Garcia Krisnando 
Published: September 2023

<p>This study examines the attitude of Instagram followers @taulebih.id towards LGBTQ+ content on the Instagram provides information about sexual education based on an Islamic point of view. One of them is the Instagram account @taulebih.id which often provides information about LGBTQ+ to give a complete picture of the LGBTQ+ community from an Islamic viewpoint. This study uses a quantitative method with an explanatory approach. The information integration theory states accumulate information has latent power and can influence individuals to have certain attitudes. Information Integration Theory focuses on how individuals collect and organize information about accumulate information to act positively or negatively towards attitude objects. Researchers used questionnaire on Instagram with 100 respondents. The results of hypothesis testing using the t-test show that the influence of LGBTQ+ content @taulebih.id with the valance and weight dimensions significantly affects followers' attitudes. The results obtained by Ha are accepted, which means that there is a significant influence on the attitude of followers or followers who agree with the statements in the @taulebih.id account. This can be proven from the data results of t count 14.789 which is greater than t table, namely 1.292 so that it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted. </p>