bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of nanocarrier for Eupatorium perfoliatum 3C by low molecular over high molecular chitosan for efficient encapsulation and dye degradation applications
Authors: Revathi Sorimuthu , Dey Nibedita 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study focuses on encapsulating the drug with enhanced efficiency and characterizing the same environmental applications. Efficient encapsulation and conjugation of this remarkable drug with chitosan have never been attempted before. Loading into a nanocarrier extends the efficiency of the boneset from being general folk medicine to a specialized functional moiety that even works as potential nanomedicine and dye degeneration. Eupatorium perfoliatum 3C loaded in the chitosan nanocarrier was performed using an ionotropic gelation method. Physicochemical properties were analyzed using a pH meter, UV‐Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A dye degradation assay was done for four commercially available dyes, namely, safranin, methyl red as well as orange, and methylene blue. Irrespective of chitosan's molecular weight, methyl orange is degraded the most by E. perfoliatum 3C formulation by 31.9% at 90 min. In terms of encapsulation efficiency, lower molecular chitosan shows 96% encapsulation of the drug within its surface. Thus, manifesting itself as a potential nanocarrier for therapeutic applications in the future.
Study the effects of dimethyl carbonate as a fuel cetane improver on diesel engine emissions
Authors: Venkatesan Sorakka Ponnappan , Anbazhahan K. , Venkat Korlepara Aditya Naga Lakshmi , T. Hariprakash , Hemanandh J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this work, diesel engine emissions are studied by adding a cetane improver to the engine fuel. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) additive is used as a cetane improver. A single‐cylinder, four‐stroke diesel engine is used to test the fuels. Three fuels are selected to run the engine, namely, biodiesel derived from neem oil + 1 vol% DMC (BD100 + 1DMC), BD100, and diesel. BD100 + 1DMC fuel emits a reduced amount of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons compared to diesel under the same operating conditions of engine. The level of nitrogen oxides emission for BD100 + 1DMC is slightly higher compared to diesel and significantly lower compared to BD100.
Effect of dietary dexamethasone on the morphologic and morphometric adaptations in the lymphoid organs and mortality rate in broilers
Authors: Islam Rafiqul , Sultana Nasrin , Haque Ziaul , Rafiqul Islam Mohammad 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen are the major lymphoid organs of avian species that plays a crucial role in their immunity. Though glucocorticoids are reportedly used as growth promoters, they also suppress the immune system.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the morphologic and morphometric adaptations in the lymphoid organs as well as the mortality rate in broilers in response to long‐term treatment with dexamethasone (DEX).MethodsA total of 80 one‐day‐old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into four homogenous groups (control – C and treatment groups – T1, T2, and T3). The treatment groups received DEX at the rate of 3, 5, and 7 mg/kg commercial feed. Samples, i.e. thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen, were collected on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of the experiment. Relative weight of the organs was calculated on each sampling day. The tissues were then processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin stain for morphological and morphometric study.ResultsThe relative weight of lymphoid organs was found substantially (p < 0.05) less in the DEX‐treated groups. Significant (p < 0.05) reduction in lobular size and the cortical‐medullary ratio was observed in the thymus of the DEX‐treated broilers. Follicular atrophy and massive depletion of lymphocytes were evident in the bursa of Fabricius. The mortality rate was also increased which was largely dependent on the dose and duration of DEX treatment.ConclusionsThe study results indicate that DEX treatment can alter the morphology and morphometry of lymphoid organs which might result in severe immunosuppression and increased mortality rate in broilers.
Einleitung
Authors: Gischer Horst , Herz Bernhard , Menkhoff Lukas 
Published: April 2023

ZusammenfassungDie Inflation ist zurück auf der wirtschaftspolitischen Tagesordnung. In Befragungen geben die Deutschen die stark und anhaltend steigenden Preise für Güter und Dienstleistungen im Jahr 2022 als ihr größtes Problem an. Dies verdrängt Dauerbrenner wie Arbeitslosigkeit, Migration, Corona-Pandemie und sogar den aktuellen Krieg in Europa.
Was kann gegen Inflation schützen?
Authors: Gischer Horst , Herz Bernhard , Menkhoff Lukas 
Published: April 2023

ZusammenfassungInflation kann erhebliche wirtschaftliche Folgen haben, insbesondere wenn die Inflation unerwartet auftritt. Wie lässt sich die zukünftige Inflationsentwicklung prognostizieren? Und welche Option haben private Haushalte und Unternehmen, sich gegen die schädlichen Folgen der Inflation zu schützen?
Die Personalentwicklung im Krankenhaus seit 2000
Authors: Wasem Jürgen , Blase Nikola 
Published: April 2023

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag untersucht die quantitative Entwicklung der verschiedenen Beschäftigtengruppen im Krankenhaus seit dem Jahr 2000. Eine Differenzierung nach Geschlechtern wird vorgenommen. Er setzt die Entwicklung in Relation zu den Kapazitäts- und Inanspruchnahme-Indikatoren der Krankenhäuser. Eine Differenzierung nach Größenklassen und Trägern der Krankenhäuser wird ebenso vorgenommen wie eine knappe regionale Differenzierung. Im Diskussionsteil wird herausgearbeitet, dass Angebot von und Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften im Krankenhaus Ergebnis einer multifaktoriellen Entwicklung sind, bei der das Vergütungssystem für Krankenhäuser nur ein, wenn auch wichtiger, Einflussfaktor ist. Schließlich wird die Frage gestellt, ob es realistisch ist, den notwendigen Bedarf an Krankenhauspersonal in den aktuellen Strukturen der Krankenhauslandschaft zu decken.
Krankenhauspolitische Chronik
Authors: Bürger Dirk , Purwins Martina 
Published: April 2023

ZusammenfassungDer Bundestag, dessen Abgeordnete im Ausschuss für Gesundheit, das Bundesgesundheitsministerium, die Landesgesundheitsminister und der Bundesrat setzen jährlich neben den gesundheits- auch die krankenhauspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen. Benannte Expertenbeiräte der Bundesregierung, die Gesundheitsexperten der Parteien, diverse Verbände, die (Sozial-)Gerichtsbarkeit und Bundesbehörden sowie politiknahe und wissenschaftliche Institute prägen dabei die öffentliche Diskussion um diese Regelungen. Die Selbstverwaltungspartner auf Bundesebene nutzen die ihnen übertragenen Aufgaben zur vertraglichen Gestaltung, um die medizinische und pflegerische Versorgung in den Krankenhäusern anhand der aktuellen Anforderungen weiterzuentwickeln. Die „Krankenhauspolitische Chronik“ liefert eine Übersicht über alle wesentlichen Entscheidungen der Akteure der deutschen Gesundheits- und Krankenhauspolitik und informiert über die Aktivitäten in den vergangenen zwölf Monaten.
Aus- und Weiterbildung im ärztlichen Bereich
Authors: Robra Bernt-Peter 
Published: April 2023

Zusammenfassung Der angelaufene Umbau der ärztlichen Aus- und Weiterbildung in Richtung auf explizit nachzuweisende Kompetenzen zielt auf eine gestufte Harmonisierung der beiden Qualifizierungsphasen unter Stärkung ihrer Versorgungsrelevanz. Versorgungsrelevant ist auch Wissenschaftskompetenz. Um versorgungswirksam werden zu können, setzen die von Approbationsordnung und (Muster-)Weiterbildungsordnung geforderten Kompetenzprofile qualitativ geeignete und ausreichend viele Studien- und Weiterbildungsplätze voraus. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Reformprozess der ärztlichen Aus- und Weiterbildung und plädiert über deren qualitative Entwicklung hinaus für eine sektorenübergreifende regional integrierte quantitative Weiterbildungsplanung.
Insights into the indigenous-managed landscape in southeast Australia during the Holocene
Authors: Adeleye Matthew Adesanya , Haberle Simon Graeme , Hopf Felicitas , Harris Stephen , McWethy David Burch 
Published: April 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the long-term interactions between people and the ecosystem in which they live is vital for informing present-day ecosystem management plans. The use of pollen data for palaeoecological reconstructions is often limited by the low taxonomic resolution of pollen, which often reduces the detail of reconstructions of human influence on past vegetation. This is true for Australia where Myrtaceae, particularly Eucalyptus species, dominate the landscape, but their pollen is difficult to differentiate. We present a pollen record with high taxonomic resolution of Myrtaceae pollen from the Bass Strait area of southeast Australia, focusing on the period of major human occupation there during the Late Glacial transition. These results were compared to records of hydrology, fire, sediment deposition, herbivore abundance and human occupation. We found that Indigenous burning practices promoted open, subgenus Monocalyptus Eucalyptus woodland at the expense of dense subgenus Symphomyrtus Eucalyptus forest. Previous studies have shown the need for management of the vegetation of southeast Australia guided by Indigenous people, to promote ecosystem resilience and reduce the risk of wildfires. Our results reveal that in addition to reducing wildfires, cultural burning by Indigenous people has the potential to promote the diversity of ecosystems and habitats.
Yearly changes in cases of acute acquired comitant esotropia during a 12-year period
Authors: Okita Yoichi , Kimura Akiko , Masuda Akiko , Mochizuki yoshihito , Kondo Miho , Yamadera Katsuhide , Gomi Fumi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The number of patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) has been increasing in Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the number and characteristics of patients with AACE examined in our institution during a 12-year period.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with AACE aged < 30 years who suddenly developed diplopia or esotropia and were examined in Hyogo College of Medicine Hospital from January 2008 to December 2021. We investigated the association of the yearly changes in the number of patients with the age category, refractive error category, AACE type, esotropia type, and use or nonuse of smartphones.

Results
The total number of patients with AACE was 171, and this number significantly increased each year (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.9450; p < 0.0001). Significant increases were found among students in junior high school and beyond, patients with myopia, patients with Bielschowsky type AACE, and patients with basic esotropia (p < 0.0001 for all). We compared two age groups, elementary school students and below versus junior high school students and above, and found that the rate of increase was significantly higher in the junior high school students and above (estimate, 1.951; p < 0.0001), and the non-myopia group and myopia group and found that the rate of increase was significantly higher in the myopia group (estimate, 1.891; p < 0.0001). Excessive use of smartphones was confirmed in 82 of 133 patients, and the rate of the increase in the number of patients with AACE was significantly greater among patients with than without excessive use of smartphones (estimate, 1.098; p = 0.0009).

Conclusion
This study confirmed a significant increase in the number of patients with AACE in recent years. The excessive use of smartphones may be associated with the increase in AACE.
Water in clinopyroxene from the 2021 Geldingadalir eruption of the Fagradalsfjall Fires, SW-Iceland
Authors: Radu Ioana-Bogdana , Skogby Henrik , Troll Valentin R. , Deegan Frances M. , Geiger Harri , Müller Daniel , Thordarson Thor 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWater content plays a significant role in magma genesis, ascent rate, and, ultimately, in the style and intensity of volcanic eruptions, due to its control on the density, viscosity and melting behaviour of silicate melts. A reliable method for determining the pre-eruptive magmatic water content is to use phenocrysts of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) which can preserve water as hydrogen configurations in structural defects. The advantage of this method is that eruptive changes such as water loss during magma degassing may be experimentally reconstructed and analysed by infrared spectroscopy. Applying this to clinopyroxene crystals (n=17) from lava samples (n=7) from April 2021 of the Geldingadalir eruption, SW-Iceland, reveals parental water contents of 0.69 ± 0.07 to 0.86 ± 0.09 wt. % H2O. These values are higher than those expected for typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB 0.3–0.5 wt. % on average) indicating a significant plume (OIB) contribution to the magma source. Moreover, such water concentrations would imply that water saturation in the ascending Geldingadalir magmas was attained only at very shallow levels within the plumbing system. This could explain the at times pulsating behaviour within the uppermost conduit system as being the result of shallow episodic water vapour exsolution in addition to the deep-sourced CO2flux.
Physics-informed machine-learning model of temperature evolution under solid phase processes
Authors: King Ethan , Li Yulan , Hu Shenyang , Machorro Eric 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe model temperature dynamics during Shear Assisted Proccess Extrusion (ShAPE), a solid phase process that plasticizes feedstock with a rotating tool and subsequently extrudes it into a consolidated tube, rod, or wire. Control of temperature is critical during ShAPE processing to avoid liquefaction, ensure smooth extrusion, and develop desired material properties in the extruded products. Accurate modeling of the complicated thermo-mechanical feedbacks between process inputs, material temperature, and heat generation presents a significant barrier to predictive modeling and process design. In particular, connecting micro-structural scale mechanisms of heat generation to macro-scale predictions of temperature can become computationally intractable. In this work we use a neural network (NN) model of heat generation to bridge this gap, by combining it with a simplified model of the temperature dynamics due to conduction and convection to capture the macro scale evolution of temperature. We inform the construction of the NN heat generation model using crystal plasticity simulations at the micro-structural scale to model the effects of process inputs on generation of heat. We achieved close fits of the temperature dynamics model to a diverse experimental data-set. Further, the relationships learned by the NN model between process inputs and heat generation showed qualitative agreement with those predicted by crystal plasticity simulations.
Backward-Eulerian Footprint Modelling Based on the Adjoint Equation for Atmospheric and Urban-Terrain Dispersion
Authors: Jia Hongyuan , Kikumoto Hideki 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study developed a backward-Eulerian footprint modelling method based on an adjoint equation for atmospheric boundary-layer flows. In the proposed method, the concentration footprint can be obtained directly by numerical simulation with the adjoint equation, and the flux footprints can be estimated using the adjoint concentration based on the gradient diffusion hypothesis. We first tested the proposed method by estimating the footprints for an ideal three-dimensional boundary layer with different atmospheric stability conditions based on the Monin–Obukhov profiles. It was indicated that the results were similar to the FFP method (Kljun et al. in Boundary-Layer Meteorol 112:503–523, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000030653.71031.96; Geosci Model Dev 8:3695–3713, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015) for convective conditions and the K–M method (Kormann and Meixner in Boundary-Layer Meteorol 99:207–224, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018991015119) for stable conditions. The proposed method was then coupled with the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes model to calculate the footprints for a block-arrayed urban canopy. The results were qualitatively compared to the results from the Lagrangian-Large-Eddy-Simulation (LL) method (Hellsten et al. in Boundary-Layer Meteorol 157:191–217, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0062-4). It was shown that the proposed method reproduced the main features of footprints for different sensor positions and measurement heights. However, it is necessary to simulate the adjoint equation with a more sophisticated turbulence model in the future to better capture turbulent effects in the footprint modelling.
Smallholder oil palm plantation sustainability assessment using multi-criteria analysis and unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Wong Yong Bin , Gibbins Chris , Azhar Badrul , Phan Su Shen , Scholefield Paul , Azmi Reza , Lechner Alex M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Oil palm agriculture has caused extensive land cover and land use changes that have adversely affected tropical landscapes and ecosystems. However, monitoring and assessment of oil palm plantation areas to support sustainable management is costly and labour-intensive. This study used an unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to map smallholder farms and applied multi-criteria analysis to data generated from orthomosaics, to provide a set of sustainability indicators for the farms. Images were acquired from a UAV, with structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry then used to produce orthomosaics and digital elevation models of the farm areas. Some of the inherent problems using high spatial resolution imagery for land cover classification were overcome by using texture analysis and geographic object-based image analysis (OBIA). Six spatially explicit environmental metrics were developed using multi-criteria analysis and used to generate sustainability indicator layers from the UAV data. The SfM and OBIA approach provided an accurate, high-resolution (~5 cm) image-based reconstruction of smallholder farm landscapes, with an overall classification accuracy of 89%. The multi-criteria analysis highlighted areas with lower sustainability values, which should be considered targets for adoption of sustainable management practices. The results of this work suggest that UAVs are a cost-effective tool for sustainability assessments of oil palm plantations, but there remains the need to plan surveys and image processing workflows carefully. Future work can build on our proposed approach, including the use of additional and/or alternative indicators developed through consultation with the oil palm industry stakeholders, to support certification schemes such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO).
Correct Use of the Transient Hot-Wire Technique for Thermal Conductivity Measurements on Fluids
Authors: Assael Marc J. , Antoniadis Konstantinos D. , Velliadou Danai , Wakeham William A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe paper summarizes the conditions that are necessary to secure accurate measurements of the thermal conductivity of fluids using the transient hot-wire technique. The paper draws upon the development of the method over five decades to produce a prescription for its use. The purpose is to provide guidance on the implementation of the method to those who wish to make use of it for the first time. It is shown that instruments of the transient hot-wire type can produce measurements of the thermal conductivity with the smallest uncertainty yet achieved (± 0.2%). This can be achieved either when a finite element method (FEM) is employed to solve the relevant heat transfer equations for the instrument or when an approximate analytic solution is used to describe it over a limited range of experimental times from 0.1 s to 1 s. As well as establishing the constraints for the proper operation of the instrument we consider the means that should be employed to demonstrate that the experiment operates in accordance with the theoretical model of it. If the constraints are all satisfied then an uncertainty in thermal conductivity measurements of as little as ± 0.2–0.5% can be obtained for gases and liquids over a wide range of thermodynamic state from 0.1 MPa to 700 MPa and temperatures from 70 K to 500 K with the exception of near critical conditions. It is observed that many applications of the transient hot-wire technique do not conform to the constraints set out here and therefore may be burdened with very much greater uncertainties, sometimes large enough to render the results meaningless.
Surface modification of stereolithography-based 3D printed structures utilizing ultrasonic-atomised sprays
Authors: Kanjirakat Anoop , Carvero Arnel , Amani Mahmood , Retnanto Albertus 
Published: April 2023

AbstractStereolithography (SLA)-based three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a popular tool for creating experimental models to study the two-phase flow behavior in complex flow structures. The main drawback while implementing such models is the wettability nature of the 3D printed surfaces. As non-geological materials are used while printing the porous designs, the flow mechanics do not follow similar patterns as in the reservoir. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using an SLA-based printing technique to replicate a porous structure. The porosity and pore size values of the 3D print are observed to be very close to that of the porous input image of the rock sample. A simple method to modify the surface characteristics of 3D printed surfaces using an ultrasonic-atomized fine spraying technique is developed. Here a thin layer of CaCO3 is deposited on the 3D printed surface by subjecting it to fine alternate sprays of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. Thirty cycles of coating are observed to have altered the surface's wettability from neutral to oil-wet, resembling a carbonate reservoir.
Graphical abstract
Ultrasonic assisted coating of 3D-printed surfaces.
The effect of contrasting biosolids application strategies on soil quality
Authors: Gutiérrez-Ginés M. J. , Lehto N. J. , Madejón E. , Robinson B. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Incorporating biosolids into the soil improves plant yield compared with surface application, but it can result in the increased uptake of trace elements. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how different types of biosolids applications affect soil quality. We aimed to determine the effect of the type and rate of biosolids application on soil quality and the mobility of contaminants.

Methods
Soil quality was determined by soil fertility (inorganic N, exchangeable P, Mg, Ca, K), exchangeable trace and non-essential elements (Al, Mn, Zn, Cu and Cd) and biological activity (dehydrogenase activity). We measured the properties of soil pore water, bulk soil and rhizosphere in a pot and a rhizobox experiment, with increasing concentration of biosolids (equiv. 16 t ha− 1, 48 t ha− 1 and 145 t ha− 1 dry weight), applied on the surface, incorporated to 25 cm, or incorporated into a patch.

Results and discussion
The incorporation of biosolids into the soil increased the exchangeable Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd, compared with surface application. The surface application of biosolids increased the inorganic N in the soil compared with biosolids incorporation (680 mg kg− 1 vs. 380 mg kg− 1), and decreased soil pH by 1.1 units. This aligned with solubilisation of Al (43 mg kg− 1 vs. 6 mg kg− 1) and Mn (43 mg kg− 1 vs. 33 mg kg− 1) and explains the decreased microbial activity in the soil compared with the unamended soil. Incorporating biosolids in the soil increased the biological activity, likely due to biosolids-borne microbes. The root systems significantly increased microbial activity, pH, and the concentration of NH4+, NO3−, and exchangeable P, S, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu and Ni, and significantly decreased exchangeable concentration of Mn and Fe.