bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Slavery Act 2015
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the provisions of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. It explains the defence for slavery or trafficking victims who commit an offence, referencing the conditions such as circumstances of being compelled by another person and exploitation. The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 is amended to address special measures for witnesses in criminal proceedings. The Secretary of State must issue guidance to public authorities and other persons concerning identifying and supporting victims and independent child trafficking advocates. The chapter also clarifies the immigration rules surrounding overseas domestic workers suspected to be victims of slavery or human trafficking.
Immigration Act 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the provisions of the Immigration Act 2016. It explains the provision of access to services, facilities, licences, and work by reference to immigration status. Moreover, the Act aims to address the issue of access to services, facilities, licences, and work by reference to immigration status. The chapter discusses the commencement and subsequent offences of labour market enforcement orders, and illegal working. It then discusses the appeals within the United Kingdom concerning the certification of human rights claims and the subsequent repeal as either continuation of leave or refusal of leave. Some of the miscellaneous focus of the Immigration Act 2016 includes the duty surrounding the welfare of children.
European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes the provisions of citizen’s rights found within the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020. A Minister of the Crown may implement regulations appropriate for the application deadline and temporary protection in correlation with rights related to residence. The Minister of the Crown may also implement regulations appropriate for the purpose of frontier workers and the restrictions of rights of entry and residence. The chapter then elaborates the procedures and appeals against citizens' rights immigration decisions. It also details the professional qualification surrounding the coordination of social security systems, non-discrimination, and Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens’ Rights Agreements.
The Immigration (Notices) Regulations 2003
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Immigration (Notices) Regulations 2003, which came into force on 1 April 2003. Subject to regulation 6, the decision-maker must give written notice to a person of any decision taken in respect of them which is appealable under section 82(1) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, or any citizens’ rights immigration decision taken in respect of them which is appealable. A notice given under regulation 4(1) is to include or be accompanied by a statement of the reasons for the decision to which it relates. The notice given under regulation 4 shall also include, or be accompanied by, a statement which advises the person of their right of appeal and the statutory provision on which their right of appeal is based; whether or not such an appeal may be brought while in the United Kingdom; the grounds on which such an appeal may be brought; and the facilities available for advice and assistance in connection with such an appeal. It shall also be accompanied by information about the process for providing a notice of appeal to the Tribunal and the time limit for providing that notice.
The Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to Right of Abode in the United Kingdom) Regulations 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to Right of Abode in the United Kingdom) Regulations 2006, which came into force on 21 December 2006. The Regulations specify the authorities to whom an application for a certificate of entitlement must be made. Depending on the situation, these authorities include the Secretary of State for the Home Department; the Governor; the High Commissioner; and any consular officer, any established officer in the Diplomatic Service of Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, or any other person authorised by the Secretary of State in that behalf. A passport produced by or on behalf of a person is valid for the purposes of regulation 4 if it relates to the person by whom or on whose behalf it is produced; has not been altered otherwise than by or with the permission of the authority who issued it; and was not obtained by deception. A certificate of entitlement shall cease to have effect on the expiry of the passport or travel document to which it is affixed. It may also be revoked by the Secretary of State for the Home Department, an immigration officer, a consular officer, or a person responsible for the grant or refusal of entry clearance.
The Asylum (Procedures) Regulations 2007
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Asylum (Procedures) Regulations 2007. These Regulations came into force on 1 December 2007. Paragraph (2) of regulation 5 applies where a person who has made an asylum or a human rights claim (or both) appeals under section 82 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, or section 2 of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997, and by virtue of Rules made under section 106 of the 2002 Act or sections 5 and 8 of the 1997 Act is entitled to the services of an interpreter for the purposes of bringing their appeal. The person shall be entitled to the services of an interpreter when giving evidence and in such other circumstances as the court hearing the appeal or application considers it necessary. Where a person is entitled to the services of an interpreter, the Secretary of State shall defray the costs of providing such interpreter.
The Immigration (Biometric Registration) Regulations 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Immigration (Biometric Registration) Regulations 2008, which came into force on the day after the day on which they are made. A person subject to immigration control must apply for the issue of a biometric immigration document where they satisfy the condition in paragraph (2), or they are a person falling within paragraph (3). Where a person is required to apply for a biometric immigration document, that application must be made on the form or in the manner specified for that purpose (if one is specified) in the immigration rules. Subject to regulation 7, where a person makes an application for the issue of a biometric immigration document in accordance with regulation 3 (or regulation 3A), an authorised person may require them to provide a record of their fingerprints and a photograph of their face. A person under the age of sixteen may only be required to provide a record of their fingerprints or a photograph of their face if the authorised person is satisfied that the fingerprints or the photograph will be taken in the presence of a person aged eighteen or over who is the child’s parent or guardian.
The First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Fees Order 2011
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Fees Order 2011, which came into force on the day after the date on which it is made. A fee is payable in respect of an appeal to the First-tier Tribunal where the appeal relates to an immigration or asylum matter and the decision against which the appeal is made was taken on or after the coming into force of this Order. The fee is payable by or in respect of each appellant on the date on which the Notice of Appeal is given. The fee payable must be paid by one of the following methods: credit card, debit card, BACS, or international money transfer. The Lord Chancellor may defer payment of a fee where the appeal is brought on the grounds that the removal of the appellant from, or a requirement for the appellant to leave, the United Kingdom would breach the United Kingdom’s obligations under either the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees done at Geneva on 28 July 1951, and the Protocol to the Convention; or article 21 of Directive 2004/83/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 29 April 2004.
The Immigration Act 2016 (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses regulations that may be cited as the Immigration Act 2016 (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2016. It describes a person that is at large in the United Kingdom by virtue of paragraph 21(1) of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971. It also points out that a person at large in the United Kingdom is to be treated for the purposes of section 24B(2) of the Immigration Act 1971 as if the person had been granted leave to enter the United Kingdom. The chapter also emphasises that any restriction as to employment of the person working illegally is to be treated for those purposes as a condition of leave.
The Immigration (Variation of Leave) Order 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the order that may be cited as the Immigration (Variation of Leave) Order 2016, which comes into effect on 6 October 2016. It explains that a competent authority means a person who is a competent authority of the United Kingdom for the purposes of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings or Trafficking Convention. It also considers a victim of modern slavery as a person that is a victim of trafficking in human beings. The chapter describes victims of slavery, servitude, or forced or compulsory labour, which may have the same meanings in accordance with article 4 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It talks about the role of a competent authority to determine reasonable grounds to believe that an overseas domestic worker is a victim of modern slavery.
The Immigration (European Economic Area Nationals) (EU Exit) Order 2019
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the order that may be cited as Immigration (European Economic Area Nationals) (EU Exit) Order 2019, which either comes into force on 30 March 2019 or the day after the day on which they are made. However, Chapter 1 of Part 2 of the order came into force when the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 were revoked. It details how the Secretary of State may give or refuse leave to enter the United Kingdom to any person who seeks leave to enter the United Kingdom by virtue of Appendix EU to the immigration rules.
The Citizens’ Rights (Application Deadline and Temporary Protection) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the regulations that may be cited as the Citizens’ Rights (Application Deadline and Temporary Protection) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, which come into force on IP completion day. It explains that an EEA document is an EEA family permit issued under regulation 12 of the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 or EEA Regulations 2016. It also describes a person who does not have the right to reside in the United Kingdom permanently, who must still be treated as having such a right if the person had a right of permanent residence in the United Kingdom under EEA Regulations 2016. The chapter highlights the provisions relating to residence rights and residence documentation and provisions relating to refusal of admission and removal. It includes miscellaneous provisions and provisions relating to appeals.
Regulation (EU) No. 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union (codification)
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses a regulation of the European Union (EU) on the freedom of movement for workers within the Union. It explains the freedom of movement for workers that should be secured within the Union, which entails the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States. It also highlights how freedom of movement constitutes a fundamental right of workers and their families. The chapter reviews the mobility of labour within the Union which is one of the means by which workers are guaranteed the possibility of improving their living and working conditions and promoting their social advancement. It analyzes the affirmation of the right of all workers in the Member States to pursue the activity of their choice within the Union.
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the protocol relating to the status of refugees, which considers it desirable that equal status should be enjoyed by all refugees. It details how the protocol will be applied by the States Parties without any geographic limitation. It also describes the States Parties to the present Protocol, which will communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application of the present Protocol. The chapter mentions the accession that is effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. It emphasises that any dispute between States Parties to the present Protocol will be referred to the International Court of Justice.
Epicurean Materialism
Authors: Bown Alexander 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Epicurus’ physics and ontology, discussing in particular the resources that he has for giving accounts of unity, identity, and persistence. Sections 1 and 2 introduce the basic ontological framework and show how Epicurus attempted to explain some of the attributes of compound bodies by appealing to the features of their atomic constituents, while arguing that this reductionist project is limited in its intended scope. Section 3 introduces an alternative Epicurean analysis of bodies according to which they are complexes of attributes with so-called ‘permanent natures’ at their core, and shows how this analysis could be used to provide persistence conditions for bodies and to ground modal claims about what belongs to them necessarily or non-necessarily. Section 4 considers how some later Epicureans use certain technical formulations involving a qua-operator in order to express these claims.
Strengths of Embodiment in Neoplatonism
Authors: Remes Pauliina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While Neoplatonic metaphysics suggests a high level of independence from anything bodily for the soul and its essential powers, Plotinus remains realistic and intrigued by the conditions that the embodiment presents to the realization of those powers. For the World Soul and embodied lower human soul, a suitable body is an essential part of this realization. The type of sense organs, for example, affect the way sense perception gets actualized. The view originates from both Alcibiades I and Timaeus, the latter providing the framework where embodiment involves some lesser causal efficacy, but where the conditions it presents to realization of these powers do not exist independently from ensoulment.
Natural, Artificial, and Organic Forms in Avicenna
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the commonalities and differences between three types of form in Avicenna: those that belong to non-living natural things, human made artefacts, and living natural beings. It is argued that this classification is set out in functional terms, that is, in terms of what activities and passive potencies are enabled by forms of different types. The chapter also distinguishes types of forms with reference to their causal account, that is, how the form comes to be in matter. A final section explores the complementary roles of matter and form in allowing a substance to subsist over time.
Introducing Champerty and Maintenance
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the doctrines of champerty and maintenance, and explains the differences between them. Their origins are ancient and mediaeval, and they form part of the subset of wrongs against the sound and proper administration of justice. This book focuses upon their modern application—and just what ‘modern’ means in this context is explained in this introductory chapter. Furthermore, it is posited at the outset that the doctrines are creatures of public policy which changes over time, and that the policies underpinning champerty and maintenance were always, and remain, different to this day. One important ramification of this is that maintenance, as a doctrine, arguably no longer has any practical effect in English law. Whilst it is a ‘dead letter’, the same cannot be said about champerty, which continues to have considerable impact upon the law of funding and assignments.
The Abolition and Reservation of Champerty and Maintenance in England
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The statutory abolition of champerty and maintenance as crimes and as torts in English law, over five decades ago, ushered in a new era, in which the ‘reservation provision’ in s 14(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 ensures that the doctrines survive as rules of public policy which are capable of rendering any contract tainted by champerty and maintenance unenforceable. This chapter revisits the trio of reasons for abolishing the doctrines as torts which were put forward by the Law Commission of England and Wales in 1966, and critiques whether those reasons stand up to scrutiny, or still hold sway, more than five decades later. The chapter also considers the vast array of funding options, developed post-1966, about which the Commission could have had no inkling, but which now proliferate litigation as a business from which to make profit.
Public Policy and the Administration of Justice
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As a second and final test of validity, the law of assignments requires consideration as to whether the administration of justice would be enhanced, or at least not impugned, by the assignment, and whether any questions of infringement of public policy arise from the particular assignment. These tests apply to both property-based assignments and to the assignment of causes of action (or bare rights to litigate). This chapter identifies from the case law the various public policy factors and administration of justice factors that have been pertinent in assignment jurisprudence. The public policy test covers, for example, assignments which demonstrate excessive profiteering, which inhibit access to justice, which are not the product of freely negotiated terms, or which impose overreaching limitations upon the assignor or take advantage of the assignor’s vulnerability. The administration of justice test covers, for example, whether the defendant has adequate costs protection, the motives that underpinned the assignment, whether the underlying action can be facilitated at all, and the importance of accounting to the assignee for any benefits obtained from the defendant prior to the assignment occurring. The chapter also considers the special category of assignment from client to solicitor and the public policy issues arising therefrom, and concludes with discussion of whether the English law’s attitude to assignment is compatible with the ECHR.
Audio-Visual Media Services
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains how the UK became a major hub for cross-border audio-visual services during its EU membership. It is shown to have acted as a policy entrepreneur by proactively advancing its position in Brussels in conjunction with coalition stakeholders with support of the European Court of Justice and European Commission. It advanced a soft governance, light-touch approach which was forwarded through a Better Regulation Agenda. However, the UK lost significant market share post-Brexit as audio-visual services were excluded from non-discriminatory treatment and commercial considerations in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement and bases for most audio-visual services relocated to the EU by the end of 2020. The post-Brexit environment leaves the UK vulnerable to the receipt of a large number of online streaming and platform services which are unregulated and citizens without access to cross-border dispute mechanisms. Accordingly, the chapter concludes with analysis of the UK’s current proposals to regulate cross-border audio-visual media services at the national level.
Data Protection and Privacy Post-Brexit
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter firstly examines the development of EU data protection policy which takes its lead from large continental EU states. It then turns to possible UK policy divergence post-Brexit. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was retained in UK law and the UK received two adequacy decisions from the European Commission. This ensures that cross-border data transfer between the UK and EU can continue post-Brexit. However, adequacy decisions only last four years and the 2022 proposal for a Data Protection and Digital Information Bill and reform of the Information Commissioner’s Office may substantially diverge the UK from GDPR standards, raising questions as to whether the UK will retain its adequacy. In parallel, UK companies are encountering implementation difficulties post-Schrems II, particularly in third-state transfer which has restricted their decision-making.
Sicilian Beginnings
Authors: Lamont Jessica L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This first chapter surveys the oldest known Greek curse tablets, which currently hail from Selinous in western Sicily, were inscribed on lead, and date from around or soon after 500 bce. From Selinous and Himera, curse-writing rituals spread to other coastal Sicilian poleis, appearing in Acragas, Camarina, and Gela by the mid-fifth century bce. The language and themes of these inscribed texts are examined, as are the contexts from which they emerged in Selinous (as possible), thereby providing readers with a thorough overview of early curse-writing rituals, and the contents of the oldest Greek curse tablets as they are currently known.