bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droplet temperature measurement in GMAW
Authors: Sánchez Vicente Núñez , Yan Zhaoyang , Chen Shujun , Mendez Patricio F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This work presents measurements of the droplet temperature for the Gas Metal Arc Welding process. Four different aluminium electrodes were used for experiments performed under the same conditions. The approach used yielded higher droplet temperatures than were obtained in previous experiments with the same raw data because the energy balance approach differed. However, trends were similar, with a minimum value close to the transition current and a tendency to increase with the current. Anode fall voltages behaved similarly, increasing with the current. Differences in temperature were found between the four electrodes. This can be explained by the different alloying elements present on the electrodes, which evaporate and take energy out of the droplet.
Modelling microstructure formation in TiAl by isomorphic inoculation
Authors: Kennedy J.R. , Boukellal A.K. , Založnik M. , Daloz D. , Zollinger J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ti-Al alloys have replaced Ni-based superalloys in the last stages of some aircraft engines to improve fuel efficiency. In order to improve their properties, grain refinement has been investigated via isomorphic inoculation with Ti-Al-Nb particles. This inoculation method is orders of magnitude more efficient on a particle-by-particle basis than traditional inoculation, rather than multiple inoculant particles added to form a solidified bulk phase grain, in isomorphic inoculation each particle added results in the formation of multiple grains. As the particles are indistinguishable from the matrix after solidification, a model was used to elucidate this mechanism. Two phenomena were considered to calculate the number of particles acting during solidification: particle breakup along grain boundaries and complete particle dissolution. The grain size of the particles was calculated with an empirical model from initial TKD analysis of the particles and high temperature molten salt heat treatments. Particle dissolution was estimated via mass transport of the slowest diffusing Nb species. This showed the population of isomorphic inoculant particles which can act during solidification is near a 1:1 ratio with the number of grains formed, confirming the mechanism of grain refinement by direct epitaxial growth from the particles.
A study of the complex dynamics of dendrite solidification coupled to structural mechanics.
Authors: Soar P , Kao A , Djambazov G , Pericleous K A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The impact of structural mechanics is often overlooked when modelling the solidification of dendritic microstructures, despite experimental observations that the interaction between these processes can be a factor leading to the development of crystal mosaicity throughout the microstructure which can itself lead to more serious defects. When considered at all, the structural mechanical behaviour of columnar dendrites is often considered as being analogous to a cantilever beam both in interpretations of experimental results and in existing numerical modelling. While this is not an unreasonable assumption when considering a dendrite in isolation, this is a scenario that infrequently occurs. In this paper a parametric study is presented using a Cellular Automata solidification solver coupled to a Finite Volume Structural Mechanics solver. These results highlight the complex non-linear behaviour that arises when considering dendrite interaction, demonstrating the significantly different microstructures that can be obtained by varying only the force experienced by the system.
CA-LBM studies on the grain formation process of aluminum alloy under convection
Authors: Zhang Yanying , Dou Ruifeng , Wang Junsheng , Tian Yuzhu , Liu Xunliang , Wen Zhi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A cellular automata-lattice Boltzmann coupled model was established to simulate the grain formation process of aluminum alloy under convection conditions. The influence of flow on crystal grain growth was simulated. Results show that the existence of convection prevents the crystal from growing symmetrically compared with the pure diffusion condition. Moreover, the growth of dendrite at the upstream side is promoted, whereas that at the downstream side is inhibited because of solute segregation. The greater the flow velocity is, the stronger the asymmetry of the grain is. The greater the undercooling is, the greater the dendritic growth driving force is, the faster the dendritic growth is, the dendrite arms coarsen, and the secondary dendrite arms become increasingly developed, thereby increasing the solute concentration at the solid-liquid interface at the tip of the dendrite and aggravating the solute segregation.
Phase-field modeling of austenitic steels used in turbines
Authors: Rodriguez Salvador Valtierra , Greenwood Michael , Li Delin , Lévesque Jean-Benoît , Timoshevskii Vladimir , Paquet Daniel , Provatas Nikolas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The performance in hydro-electric turbine casting and repair requires understanding of how process parameters and chemistry selection affect solidification microstructures. The aim of this study is to provide a quantitative phase-field formulation for process-microstructure relationships that seeks to model stainless steels. We have developed a phase-field model to simulate austenitic stainless steel solidification under experimental thermal histories. To this end we look at a pseudo-binary approximations for numerical efficiency. The pseudo-binary formulation is underpinned by the alloying element equivalent value, a metallurgical tool used to analyze the microstructural impact of “minor” alloying elements in stainless steels. For model validation we develop thin wall casting experiments to measure the thermal history and chemistry controlled microstructure. The models incorporate a thermodynamic parameterization and are linked to a thermal-phase transformation model which represents the experimentally measured thermal history. The results display a good agreement with the primary branch spacing and cellular to dendritic transition of the casting experiments. These models and software provide the basis for future expansion to include more complex microstructures.
Multi-scale modeling of equiaxed dendritic solidification of Al-Cu at constant cooling rate
Authors: Boukellal A. K. , Založnik M. , Debierre J.-M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To provide quantitative predictions, multiscale models of dendritic solidification (e.g., GEM, DNN, CAFE) need to be validated and require model parameters, which can be calculated by phase-field simulations. We report on a multiscale modeling of dendritic solidification in samples that are cooled homogeneously at a constant rate. We consider three Al-Cu alloys and samples from thin to bulk thickness. We investigate how the alloy composition, the distance between the equiaxed dendrites and the sample thickness influence the transient growth velocity of the primary tips. Using 3D phase-field simulations, we calculate the tip selection parameter based on the microsolvability theory. We show that the selection parameter depends principally on the ratio between the sample thickness and the smallest tip diffusion length during the transient growth (D/vm
, where vm
is the maximum tip velocity). The extracted tip selection parameters are then used as inputs for three-dimensional grain envelope model (GEM) simulations. The comparison between TIPF and GEM shows that the GEM can reproduce transient growth of interacting equiaxed dendrites during cooling and can account for sample confinement effects.
Investigation of silicon sublattice substitution within (Al,Si)3Zr intermetallics via DFT simulations
Authors: Castillo-Sánchez Juan-Ricardo , Gheribi Aïmen E. , Lafaye Paul , Salloum-Abou-Jaoude Georges , Harvey Jean-Philippe 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Aluminum alloys commonly contain Si as an impurity or alloying element. The energetic behavior of Si within multiple compounds and solutions is incorporated inside thermochemical packages, such as FactSage. This tool allows determining the Si partitioning within complex multiphasic systems. Recent experimental research suggests that Si can be found within Al3Zr-based intermetallics. Nevertheless, current FactSage databases do not consider the potential substitution of Si within the Al3Zr-D023 solid solution. In this work, Si substitution within the (Al,Si)3Zr-D023 phase was investigated by means of first-principles calculations. Replacement of Al atoms by Si resulted in a negative enthalpy of mixing, indicating that Si substitution is energetically enabled. The density of states (DOS) for both a Si-diluted (Al,Si)3Zr and a non-Si-doped (Al3Zr) simulation cells were analyzed. It is shown that (even in dilution), Si significantly impacts the electronic structure of the Al3Zr-D023 structure. Specifically, the presence of Si localizes electrons in the p orbital of Al, and increases the DOS of the dxy, dxz
, and dyz
sub-orbitals of Zr at low energies. Thus, yielding a coupled effect that stabilizes the D023 intermetallic. These findings are a benchmark for the future integration of a Si-based end-member within the Al3Zr-D023 solid solution of FactSage databases.
High-performance GPU computing of phase-field lattice Boltzmann simulations for dendrite growth with natural convection
Authors: Takaki Tomohiro , Sakane Shinji , Suzuki Ryosuke 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The effect of natural convection on dendrite morphology is investigated through three-dimensional large-scale phase-field lattice Boltzmann simulations using a block-structured adaptive mesh refinement scheme with the mother-leaf method in a parallel-GPU environment. The simulations confirmed that downward buoyancy enhances the growth of the primary and secondary arms, and upward buoyancy delays the growth of those arms. In addition, the effect of natural convection on the solidification morphologies gradually decreased as the primary arm tip reached the top of the computational domain and finally stopped. Furthermore, in the longer simulation under purely isothermal diffusive conditions, detachment of the secondary arms owing to curvature-driven fragmentation was observed. A large-scale non-isothermal dendrite growth simulation was also conducted, wherein it was observed that the tip growth rate of the primary arm was delayed, and the secondary arm spacing was larger than that in the isothermal condition.
Application of a meshless space-time adaptive approach to phase-field modelling of polycrystalline solidification
Authors: Dobravec T , Mavrič B , Šarler B 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We have developed a 2-D numerical meshless adaptive approach for phase-field modelling of dendritic solidification. The quadtree-based approach decomposes the computational domain into quadtree sub-domains of different sizes. The algorithm generates uniformly-distributed computational nodes in each quadtree sub-domain. We apply the meshless radial basis function generated finite difference method and the forward Euler scheme to discretise governing equations in each computational node. The fixed ratio between the characteristic size and the node spacing of a quadtree sub-domain ensures space adaptivity. The adaptive time-stepping accelerates the calculations further. In the framework of previous research studies, we used the approach to solve quantitative phase-field models for single dendrite growth in pure melts and dilute binary alloys. In the present study, we upgrade the solution procedure for the modelling growth of multiple differently oriented dendrites. Along with the space-time adaptive approach, we apply non-linear preconditioning of the phase-field equation to increase computational efficiency. We investigate a novel numerical approach’s accuracy and computational efficiency by simulating the equiaxed dendrite growth from a dilute binary alloy.
Modelling of spatial distribution of segregations in large steel ingots by analysis of centimetric segregation maps
Authors: Gutman L , Kennedy J R , Boukellal A.K , Roch F , Marceaux dit Clément A , Založnik M , Zollinger J 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Mesosegregation appears during the solidification of low-alloyed steels at the scale of a few grains. It causes chemically segregated bands in forgings manufactured from steel ingots. As this may affect the mechanical properties of the produced parts, it is crucial to understand the formation of such segregation patterns. While both microsegregation and macrosegregation are well understood and can be readily characterized, little is known about the formation of mesosegregation. In this paper we present a data analysis method to identify the characteristic scales and patterns of mesosegregation. Segregation was mapped on centimetric samples, using micro X-Ray fluorescence (µXRF). The fine sampling grid used reveals segregation patterns at different scales. To identify and distinguish the mesoscale segregation patterns from smaller and larger present patterns, a numerical data analysis technique based on spatial filtering was used. It can identify characteristic scales of mesosegregation patterns on 2D serial cut samples, leading to 3D reconstruction. This approach combined with simulation studies, will ultimately pave the way to a comprehensive understanding of the formation of mesosegregation.
Solidification path for rapid solidification – Application to multicomponent alloys for L-PBF
Authors: Martin Paul , Guillemot Gildas , Bellet Michel , Pichot François , Leriche Nicolas , Mayi Yaasin , Gandin Charles-André 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is seen as a process of interest by aeronautical industry to develop new engine components. Nevertheless, the reliability and durability of parts produced by L-PBF depend on the possibility to suppress the occurrence of defects. Among them, hot cracking represents a key issue. These cracks are due to the liquid film remaining between grains at the end of the solidification stage combined with stresses and strains endured by the mushy domain. A microsegregation model providing relevant prediction of the solidification path during L-PBF is thus required for coupling with a thermomechanical analysis. As an answer to the industrial need, a new model is proposed and applied in cooling conditions encountered in L-PBF. It includes the initial solidification conditions and follows the phases, and their composition in the interdendritic liquid region to predict the brittle temperature range. Both dendrite tip growth model and kinetic phase diagram due to non-equilibrium interface phenomena are considered. Cross-diffusion of solute species in the liquid phase is accounted for, as well as thermodynamic coupling with CALPHAD. The model will be applied to IN718, a nickel-based superalloy widely used in the aeronautic industry.
Analysis of the melting and solidification process of aluminum in a mirror furnace using Fiber-Bragg-Grating and numerical models
Authors: Bauer Constantin , Erber Maximilian , Fuchs Georg , Brügge Tobias , Hartmann Christoph , Volk Wolfram 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the search of an adequate real time strain measurement method in aluminum casting, the use of Fiber-Bragg-Grating (FBG) is being investigated with great interest. In order to do so, the behaviour of glass fiber sensors in a liquid aluminium alloy at temperatures up to 750°C is experimentally analysed in a laboratory environment. For better process understanding a simulation of the fiber alloy composite is conducted. FBG is an optical measurement method, which uses engraved Bragg reflectors in a 125 µm in diameter thick glass fiber. This reflector transmits most of the wavelengths but only reflects one specific wavelength. This specific wavelength can be measured and changes due to the axial strain on the grating by the fluid alloy reaction and by the changes in temperature. Using a so-called mirror furnace, several experiments with the fiber alloy composite are evaluated. These measurements are also the basis for the further understanding of hot tearing. The data gathered during the measurement campaign - both numerical and experimental - is used to parameterize a simulation. As a result, the understanding of the fiber alloy composite behaviour is expanded and a digital twin is modeled with MATLAB’s partial differential equation toolbox.
Hot tear prediction in large sized high alloyed turbine steel parts - experimental based calibration of mechanical data and model validation
Authors: Klinkhammer J , Thorborg J , Bernhard M , Winkler J , Bernhard C , Hanus R , Tischler G 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The main defects in heavy steel castings are related to hot tear formation during solidification. Depending on the steel grade, design, and local solidification conditions, it is possible to predict regions with higher risk of hot tear formation during the casting process. However, steels containing Boron show more complex crack and defect patterns compared to common steel casting alloys. The mechanisms behind the Boron induced hot tearing is investigated in this work to understand the influence of Boron enrichment during solidification and the influence on hot tearing. The experimental work includes the investigation of phase diagrams and the corresponding fractions of the solid and liquid phases depending on temperature using thermal analysis e.g. DSC and HT-LSCM. The hot tearing sensitivity and mechanical properties during solidification are obtained in the Submerged Split Chill Test, SSCT. In addition IMC-B 3-point bending tests are performed to determine high-temperature material properties in the solid state. The work is part of a research project where the final goal is to improve the hot tear predictions based on experimental work and carry out a benchmark simulation of a real sized casting and use it to show the agreement between the numerical results and extensive non-destructive testing from industrial observations.
Modelling hot distortion of inorganic bonded sand cores and application on complex 3D printed automotive cores
Authors: Thorborg J , Wendling J , Klinkhammer J , Heitzer M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Inorganic bonded sand cores are getting increasing attention in industry due to their environmental advantages, and they are now widely used for series production in automotive applications. The advantages of these binder systems are nevertheless associated with a greater sensitivity of the core quality in relation to the manufacturing and storage process before casting, which is also having a major impact on the core strength. This paper presents the current work in integrating the modelling of the binder decomposition and evaporation of binder water with the mechanical performance of partially hardened and dried sand cores. This allows a local description of mechanical properties, considering different behaviour in compression and tension which depends on temperature and different levels of moisture content through the core. Recent work has shown the importance of including creep effects in the numerical modelling of 3D Printed (3DP) inorganic sand cores. Measurements of the mechanical behaviour of 3DP cores compared to shot cores have shown some fundamental differences in strength due to different density and binder content. This has been investigated in detail in collaboration with a major automotive manufacturer and the application of the model extension was done on a complex water jacket core.
General thermomechanical model of FSW based on a characteristic temperature for deformation and heat transfer
Authors: Salazar Sofia , Rojas Diego , Mendez Patricio F , Tello Karem E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a coupled model of heat transfer and plastic deformation in friction stir welding (FSW), accounting for the temperature profile in the substrate near the pin. This approach is analogous to the boundary layer analysis in fluid mechanics and is based on the methodology of scaling and calibration based on published data. A model focusing on common conditions in FSW, such as relatively slow translation and high rotation velocities, a thin shear layer and the influence of the shoulder on the maximum temperature was reformulated. This paper extends previous work by considering the heat flow into the pin and an improved criterion for determining the temperature at the edge of the shear layer. The results are a set of updated closed-form expressions for the maximum temperature, the thickness of the shear layer, the shear stress around the pin, torque and thermal effect of the shoulder, applicable to all metals. The predictions from this model are verified against a comprehensive database of published experiments. Applications of this model also include the accelerated determination of procedure variables and the generalization of maps of process limits.
Upgrading gold to green nanoparticles: applications in prostate cancer
Authors: Mitri Nadim , Rahme Kamil , Fracasso Giulio , Ghanem Esther 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Green nanotechnology produces biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with intrinsic anti-microbial, anti-viral, and anti-tumour properties. Green AuNPs (g-AuNPs) are gaining a solid ground in prostate cancer (PC) nanotherapy. Hence, in this review, we summarise and compare data from studies published between 2015 and 2022 to highlight major biological compounds and outputs from in vitro and in vivo applications of green or biosynthesised AuNPs in PC theranostics. In fact, g-AuNPs can be easily generated with effective antiproliferative PC characteristics. Taken together, g-AuNPs exert various apoptosis-related mechanisms, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell cycle arrest, cytotoxicity, mitochondrial disruption, and anti-tumour immune cell activation, with additional successful delivery of the biological compounds in green materials. g-AuNPs could offer another modality for targeted cancer therapy using antibodies and targeting ligands to specifically recognise and destroy PC tumours. In conclusion, g-AuNPs applications drive forth sustainable nanotechnology while minimising ethical concerns and toxicity risks in clinical trials.
A review on TIG cladding of engineering material for improving their surface property
Authors: Biswas Kaushik , Sahoo Chinmaya Kumar 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Different components used in industries like power plant, petrochemical, automobile are subjected to severe wear and corrosion due to high temperature and pressure environments. Therefore, it is necessary to improve those components’ wear and corrosion resistance properties. Different processes like laser cladding, CVD, PVD, and thermal spraying are widely used for upgrading surface properties of material. In recent days, it has been found that many researchers investigated the performance of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding for cladding of superior material like ceramics, metal etc on different substrate materials. TIG cladding can fulfil the requirements of industries by developing a quality cladded layer with low cost and high productivity. This research paper has made an effort to compile the literature related to TIG cladding process for improving substrate properties. It has been observed that the superior materials like titanium carbide(TiC), silicon carbide(SiC), tungsten carbide(WC), cobalt-based alloys, and nickel-based alloys have been successfully cladded using TIG welding process. Researchers have also observed adequate improvement in properties like microhardness and wear resistance of different grades of steel substrate material, like 304, 316 stainless steel, 1010, and 1020 low-carbon steel. The process is also successfully utilized for cladding of superior material on nonferrous metals like Al, Ti alloy. The TIG clad quality and performance rely on different process parameters like current, scan speed, and shielding gas flow rate and also the properties of coating and substrate material.