bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Influenza Virus by Mild Antiseptics
Authors: Dunham Wolcott B. , MacNeal Ward J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of antiseptics were tested for their inactivating effect upon the virus of influenza during a brief period of exposure. This was accomplished by preparing mixtures of the antiseptics and virus, allowing them to remain in contact for 3 minutes, diluting the mixtures to the point where they would not be toxic for chick embryos and then injecting the material into embryonated eggs. Survival of the embryos indicated inactivation of the virus.
The following preparations were found to inactivate the virus in 3 minutes or less: phenol, 3 per cent; tincture of iodine, U.S.P. XII, 0.1 per cent; Lugol's solution, U.S.P. XII, 1 per cent; mercuric chloride, 1:1000; potassium permanganate, 1:1000; copper sulfate, 1 per cent; propylene glycol, 90 per cent; liquor antisepticus, N.F. VII, 80 per cent.
Hemagglutination by Products of Influenzal Virus Using Infected Mouse-Lung and Chick-Embryo as the Source of Virus
Authors: Twyble Ellsworth , Mason Herman C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Embryonic chick, one-day-old chick, adult chicken, duck, pigeon, turkey, guinea-pig and human erythrocytes may be agglutinated in the Hirst reaction while rabbit, rat, mouse and sheep are not. Chicken and duck cells have given the highest titers with infected allantoic fluid whereas pigeon and human have given the lowest. Infected mouse-lung may be used as the source of virus in either agglutinative or agglutination-inhibitive tests. The results parallel the use of allantoic fluid. Filtration removes much of the infectious agent by both mechanical blocking and adsorption. A rough estimate may be made of the degree of this adsorption of influenzal virus by the in vitro test. The extent of consolidation of the mouse-lung, pathogenicity for mice and agglutinative titer seem to be closely associated. Bacterial contamination of lungs does not destroy the agglutinating principle. The PR8 strain has been found by these means to be serologically related to the Alaska strain but does not appear related to the McCallum or PJP strains.
A Simplified Procedure for Titrating Hemagglutinating Capacity of Influenza-Virus and the Corresponding Antibody
Authors: Salk Jonas E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simplified procedure, based upon Hirst's test for titrating hemagglutinating capacity of influenza-virus and the corresponding antibody, has been described. The chief modifications involve reduction in the quantity of cells employed, determination of the endpoint of agglutination and inhibition by the pattern of the sedimented cells, and less rigid adherence to a specific time-interval.
The influences of temperature, time, concentration of erythrocytes and order of addition of reagents have been investigated.
The method has been standardized for optimal sensitivity and simple criteria have been adopted for measuring agglutination. The test for antibody-content of a serum has been simplified so as to reduce the amount of material required and by preparation of dilutions of serum directly in the suspension of red cells, thus involving the addition of one rather than two reagents to the serially diluted serum.
The desirability of adopting some uniform scale for expressing the titer of antihemagglutinins in a serum has been discussed.
Natural Antibodies Against Yeast-Like Fungi As Measured by Slide-Agglutination
Authors: Drake Charles H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A survey was made of the natural agglutinins against five different yeast-like fungi in the sera of 114 humans and 52 rabbits. Of the rabbit sera, 81 per cent reacted with at least one organism. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was most frequently agglutinated to the highest titer (42 per cent of the sera). Of the human sera, 95 per cent reacted with at least one organism. Candida albicans was most frequently agglutinated to the highest titer (45 per cent of the sera). The pattern of my findings lends support to the theory according to which a considerable proportion of so-called natural antibodies represent normal serum constituents. This is indicated by the fact that the incidence of agglutinins appears to be independent of the likelihood of exposure to a given organism. The advantages of slide-agglutination as compared with tube-agglutination for “yeasts” are discussed.
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Mayer Manfred , Alving Alf S. , Craige Branch , Jones Ralph , Pullman Theodore N. , Whorton Merrill 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formalinized malaria vaccine, administered to man in relatively large quantity by various parenteral routes apparently was without serious toxicity. Local inflammatory reactions, chills and fever subsided with repeated administration. The administration of such vaccine in a dosage of 10 billion formalinized parasites per man over a period of 13–14 days had no effect on susceptibility to infection with malaria by the bite of vivax-infected mosquitoes.
The Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on the Development of Neutralizing Antibodies and Associated Changes in Cerebral Resistance against the Virus of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ruchman Isaac 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The influence of underfeeding, deficiency of the whole “B” complex, thiamin-deficiency, riboflavin-deficiency, carbohydrate-deficiency and protein-deficiency was studied with respect to its effect on the development of immunity in mice vaccinated with formalinized Western equine encephalomyelitis mouse brain virus. Immunity was determined by the development of cerebral resistance and of neutralizing antibodies. The latter were quantitatively determined by the method of serum dilution as well as the usual method employing undiluted serum. Mice were given three doses of vaccine of 0.3 ml each intraperitoneally on three alternate days and were tested two weeks after the first dose.
Underfed mice developed considerable immunity but not to the same extent as did those on an adequate diet. The well-nourished vaccinated mice resisted between 100 and 200 times more virus intracerebrally than did the underfed animals. The test for neutralizing antibodies likewise showed a significant difference between undernourished and well-nourished mice, with the well-nourished animals neutralizing between 10 and 100 times as much virus as did the starved mice. The serum of the adequately nourished animals could be diluted between 3 and 8 times more than that of the serum obtained from the undernourished mice and still neutralize the effects of a constant amount of virus (50 LD50 doses). Prolonging the period of starvation for an additional two weeks did not accentuate the depressed immunity response. There was no difference in the immune response of animals on a synthetic diet and those on a stock diet. Removal of the whole “B” complex from the synthetic diet yielded equivocal results regarding the immune response in mice, but a decreased ability on the part of “B”-deficient animals to produce antibodies appeared possible. In one case the “B”-deficient animals developed a neutralization index which was 15 fold less than that of the control animals and no difference when the diluted serum was tested against a constant amount of virus and in the other case no difference between neutralization indexes occurred but this time the serum from adequately fed animals could be diluted six times more than that of the “B”-deficient animals and still neutralize the effects of a constant amount of virus. Thiamin- or riboflavin-deficiency had no effect either on the production of neutralizing antibodies or on the development of cerebral resistance. Protein- or carbohydrate-deficiency did not cause a marked failure on the part of deficient animals to develop immunity but there was a quantitative difference. The cerebral immunity was about ten fold greater in the well-nourished than in the deficient mice. The neutralization index of the serum from the well-nourished animals was twenty fold greater and the serum could be diluted three to four times more and still neutralize the effect of 50 LD50 doses of virus in mice.
Endotoxic Factors of Rickettsia Prowazeki and Their Immunological Relationship to the Endotoxins of Other Gram Negative Microorganisms
Authors: Olitzki L. , Czaczkes J. W. , Kuzenok A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a former publication Olitzki et al. (1) reported that rickettsial vaccines which have been heated for two hours at 100 C elicit endotoxin reactions such as are also produced by other gram negative microörganisms. Hypothermic reactions and decrease of the liver glycogen level are elicited in white rats both by rickettsial vaccine and by bacterial vaccine prepared from many other gram negative microorganisms and leucopenic effects are elicited in guinea pigs by the same agents. The purpose of the experiments described below was to ascertain whether there is an immunological relationship between the hypothermic and the liver glycogen lowering factors of R. prowazeki and those of certain other gram negative microörganisms. Special attention was paid in this connection to Proteus X19 in view of the well known antigenic relationship between Rickettsiae and this bacterium (Weil-Felix reaction).
Experimental. Technic. White rats weighing 25 g with rectal temperatures of 36.5–37.8 C were used.
Chemotherapy of Experimental Anthrax Infections
Authors: Miller Edward S. , Scott Earl B. , Noe Herbert A. , Madin Stewart H. , Henley Thomas F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Streptomycin, penicillin and sodium sulfadiazine were tested for efficacy in experimental anthrax infections in mice. Maximal survival rates of 92 per cent were obtained with streptomycin, 58 per cent with penicillin, and only 5 per cent with sulfadiazine. Latent infections were not present in treated animals surviving 28 days after inoculation with lethal doses of B. anthracis spores.
Studies on Ragweed Pollen Sensitization in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Kulka Anna M. , Hirsch Dorothy 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Rabbits were injected with ragweed-pollen-extract in water-in-oil emulsion containing killed tubercle bacilli, and observed over a period of two years. Repeated injections were found to produce more vigorous sensitization and antibody-formation than a single injection. Once a serum-antibody-level is reached which is characteristic for the animal it is usually maintained for six months without injection. Guinea-pigs injected with ragweed-pollen-extract with adjuvants were shown to develop antibodies capable of passively sensitizing normal human skin. These antibodies seem to be quantitatively unrelated to the collodion-agglutinative titer. No relation was observed between them and the degree of skin-sensitivity, nor to susceptibility to shock.
The Antigenic Relationships of Native Antigens of Species of Brucella
Authors: Silverman Sidney J. , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serologic reactions between phenol-extracted antigens of Brucella and their antisera have been studied by the quantitative precipitin reactions. The curves of the amount of total nitrogen precipitated when plotted against the antigen nitrogen added showed a series of two or more maxima as the amount of antigen was increased. It was suggested that these secondary rises were indications of reactions between minor antigen-antibody systems. The absorption of anti-melitensis serum with a rough strain of either Br. abortus or Br. melitensis eliminated the secondary rises. Throughout the entire range of the reactions an antibody excess has been shown affording further evidence of the mixed nature of the antigens. The ratios, antibody nitrogen/antigen nitrogen, of the precipitates were lower for the suis system than with the other systems at the point of maximum precipitation. The similarity of the reaction curves and the ability of heterologous antigens to remove more precipitins from an antiserum than the homologous antigen, suggested a close relationship between the fractions obtained from the three species. This relationship may be an expression of a common group antigen such as that attributed to the rough component of the cell, or to other still unknown antigenic components. Although the course of the reactions reported here did not follow the linear relationship for pure systems as developed by Heidelberger and Kendall, it appeared that the homologous systems would show a linear relationship between precipitate ratios and antigen added for the first three and four points. Heterologous systems did not and would not be expected to do so.
The Action of Aureomycin and other Chemotherapeutic Agents in Experimental Brucellosis
Authors: Braude Abraham I. , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method is described for testing the action of drugs against the acute lethal effect of brucella in mice. Of the agents believed to be therapeutically effective in human brucellosis, aureomycin and a combination of streptomycin and sulfadiazine afforded mice excellent protection against the acute lethal effect of brucella. When chloramphenicol was given in the largest doses possible to administer by injection, there was only slight protection. Mice were protected against the acute lethal effect of brucella as late as 72 hours and possibly 96 hours after the last dose of aureomycin. The protective action of aureomycin against the acute lethal effect of brucella may be due to a primary antitoxic property. Aureomycin inhibited the multiplication of Brucella abortus in sublethal infections of mice and Br. suis in sublethal infections of guinea pigs. In a small minority of animals infected with Br. abortus, there was evidence that the infection was prevented after treatment with aureomycin. The action of aureomycin in experimental brucellosis has been compared with its action in brucellosis in man.
The Egg-White Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lanni Frank , Lanni Yvonne Théry , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ten per cent solutions of egg-white, preserved with 0.25 per cent phenol, 0.02 per cent Merthiolate (Lilly), or 0.05 per cent formalin and stored at 4 C, were titrated periodically for inhibitory activity against hemagglutination by heated, purified swine influenza virus. No significant change in activity could be demonstrated over a period which exceeded 7 months for some of the preparations. Phenol proved more effective than Merthiolate or formalin in prohibiting the growth of micro-organisms and is, accordingly, preferred for preservation of standard solutions. Frozen samples of unpreserved egg-white and samples dried from the frozen state in vacuo gave irregular results. The high stability of the inhibitory activity of preserved solutions was confirmed by the experimental identity of the slopes of inhibition curves for aged and fresh samples of egg-white. The usefulness of slope as a criterion of degradation of the inhibitor is illustrated by results obtained when inhibitor is heated at 100 C or treated with crystalline chymotrypsin. With the aid of a standard solution it was found that the inhibitory activity is highly stable in semipurified preparations of inhibitor. Data are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the inhibition titrations, the variation of activity among individual egg-whites, and the essential absence of dependence of the inhibition titer on the individual source of the chicken red cells used in the tests.
The Influence of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Macrophages on Antibody Production
Authors: Walsh Theodore E. , Smith Catherine A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The site of production of antibodies and the cells active in their elaboration is still the subject of much controversy. Immunologists have long been interested in the role of macrophages in the production of antibodies. Since Metchnikoff (1) at the turn of the century demonstrated the production of antibodies by tissues rich in macrophages, much evidence has been accumulated substantiating his observation. The relation of active macrophages to immunity has been reported by Bieling and Isaac (2), Siegmund (3), Standenath (4), Gay and Clark (5), Jungeblut and Berlot (6), Ross (7), Cannon, Baer, Sullivan and Webster (8), Tuft (9), Phillipson (10) and others in their experiments in which the reticuloendothelial cells were “blockaded” by various substances. More recently it has been suggested that lymphocytes (11) and plasma cells (12, 13, 14) are more intimately associated with the actual production of antibody.
The part played by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the immunologic processes is less well understood.
The Serological Response of Cotton Rats and Monkeys to Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Pollard Morris 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological response of cotton rats and monkeys to Lansing poliomyelitis virus was studied. A specific complement fixing antigen was prepared from cotton rat nerve tissues infected with Lansing strain poliomyelitis virus. In the course of immunization, cotton rats developed a rapid rise and decline of complement-fixing antibodies; however, the neutralizing antibody developed quickly and remained elevated. The antigen failed to demonstrate complement-fixing antibodies in immunized monkeys, although the latter animals developed neutralizing antibodies.
Protection of Mice Against the Vaccinia Virus by the Administration of Phenoxythiouracils
Authors: Thompson R. L. , Price Marian , Minton S. A. , Falco Elvira A. , Hitchings G. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Certain 5-phenoxythiouracils, although only moderately active inhibitors of vaccinia virus in chick embryonic tissue culture, have a significant protective effect in vivo. A reduction in the mortality of mice as a result of treatment could be demonstrated with the IHD strain inoculated intracerebrally and nasally and with the WR strain inoculated intracerebrally.
The protective effect of therapy could be demonstrated only when treatment was begun soon after infection was initiated. Treated animals appeared to have a lower titer of virus in the brain than untreated animals. These facts suggest that these substances directly or indirectly diminish the rate of viral multiplication without, however, having a virucidal action.
5-(2′4′-Dichlorophenoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine was found to be the most effective compound tested. This substance protected mice against the vaccinia virus when administered parenterally or in the diet. It shows no demonstrable antibacterial activity at concentrations which inhibit growth of the vaccinia virus nor has a protective effect against other viruses been demonstrated.
Antigen—Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Becker E. L. , Munoz J. , Lapresle C. , Le Beau L. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simplified description is given of the manner in which the precipitate in the Oudin tube is formed and moves. On the basis of this simplified picture and with the aid of certain stated assumptions the following limiting equation has been derived: (2) R′AB = AG0(1=2/πεy0e-y2dy) This equation relates R′, the ratio of antigen to antibody at the equivalence point, Ab, the antibody concentration, Ag0, the antigen concentration in the overlaying solution, x, the distance moved in time, t, and D, the diffusion coefficient of the antigen. The above question is a limiting equation applying only to high concentrations of antigen and low concentrations of antibody. From (2) another expression was obtained: which can be applied to the determination of the diffusion coefficient of an antigen present in a mixture. From (2) a third relationship was obtained: where DA is an apparent diffusion coefficient. This equation is of the same form as that which Oudin obtained empirically. Diffusion coefficients were calculated from data obtained for three different antigens using equations 2 and 3. Reasonably good agreement was obtained with the generally accepted values. The various assumptions used in the derivation of equation 2 were critically discussed. The possible uses and limitations of the three equations were briefly indicated.
Immunization of Laboratory Workers with Purified Trivalent Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Maurer Fred D. , Kuttler Kenneth L. , Yager Robert H. , Warner Albert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A partially purified trivalent vaccine of chick embryo origin was prepared and used to immunize laboratory personnel against Eastern, Western and Venezuelan strains of equine encephalomyelitis. Individuals who had not previously received equine encephalomyelitis vaccines were given 0.75 ml subcutaneously, while those who had received equine encephalomyelitis vaccines in the past were given a single booster of 0.1 ml intradermally or 0.75 ml subcutaneously. Antibody responses to annual booster immunizations were elicited satisfactorily when given by either the intradermal or subcutaneous routes of inoculation. The use of one intradermal trivalent booster to maintain immunity against these three diseases helps to simplify the immunization procedure.
The Fate in Rabbits of Intravenously Injected I131-Iodoovalbumin
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Crampton Charles F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fate of the trichloracetic acid-precipitable radioactivity of I131-iodoovalbumin in intravenously injected rabbits was investigated on both the gross organ level and the subcellular level. The determinant groups of the iodoproteins appear to be stored in the tissues for an indefinite length of time. After their injection they are concentrated briefly in the microsomal fraction of the liver and spleen. This is followed by a long term concentration in the mitochondrial fraction.
The administered dosage did not seem to influence the pattern of intracellular distribution of radioactivity up to 24 hours following an injection. Previous intravenous injections of non-radioactive iodoovalbumin did not greatly alter the organ deposition or distribution among the liver fractions of a final labeled injection.
The experimental results are consistent with the concept that antibody formation is a cytoplasmic phenomenon occurring in the presence of the antigen. The antigen involved in antibody formation is most likely concentrated in the mitochondria.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Spain W. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The typical vesicular lesion of Dermatitis venenata can be produced by means of an alcoholic or chloroform extract of the fresh leaves of Toxicodendron radicans, applied to the skin surface. In our hands, the typical vesicular lesion of Dermatitis venenata could not be produced by the intradermal injection of an active alcoholic extract. The lesion thus produced was not different from that caused by the intradermal injection of the solvent. With the patch test, differences can be demonstrated in the susceptibility of different individuals to poison ivy, and in the incubation period of the lesion. With the technic used, infants could not be shown to be susceptible.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Deibert Olin , Menger Edward F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Through inquiry it has been found that the American Indian is apparently much less frequently affected by the allergies than is the white race. An experimental study of the occurrence of serum disease in twenty-six volunteer full-blood American Indians indicates that the Indian race is much less susceptible to that condition than is the white race.
This similarity in the relative susceptibility of the two races to these two conditions suggests a similarity in the underlying mechanism of both of the conditions which, however, need not amount to a complete identity.