bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distrust
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There are three ways in which science is being threatened, ironically by tools created by science itself. (1) Disinformation. Many people don’t trust science or scientists—indeed, some believe that scientists are part of a nefarious conspiracy orchestrated by the ruling class. Ironically, such fanciful nonsense is the kind of dragon that science was intended to slay and is now more powerful than ever because of the Internet that science has created. (2) Data torturing. The scientific demand for empirical evidence rests on the idea of statistical significance. Ironically, this demand has incentivized statistical mischief that undermines the usefulness and credibility of the evidence that scientists report. (3) Data mining. Instead of positing a theory and assembling appropriate data for testing the theory, many researchers now take the shortcut of looking for empirical patterns unencumbered by theory. Ironically, science created the big data and powerful computers that fuel data mining.
The Paranormal Is Normal
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Sometimes, our brain plays tricks on us; sometimes, magicians play tricks on us. More often, imagining the impossible helps us deal with the inexplicable. Bad omens can help us deflect blame. Good omens can help us be more confident. Reading other people’s minds can help us feel less uncertain about what they are thinking. Communicating with the deceased can help us deal with the deaths of loved ones and can also offer the comforting thought that there is life after death. The desire to believe can be so strong that the scientific demand for evidence discredits science instead of eradicating superstition. If scientists dismiss common beliefs, believers may well conclude that science is not to be trusted.
Flying Saucers and Space Tourists
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Scientists didn’t create the Internet and social media in order to discredit science, but that is what is happening. UFOs and faked Moon landings are two sides of the same coin—the belief that governments and scientists are lying to us and cannot be trusted. The supposed proof of these lies is on the Internet for the distrustful to see and to share via social media—including photos and videos created by the incredible editing tools developed by scientists but can be used by anyone to distort reality.
A Post-Fact World
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There was a time when most people got their news from a relatively small number of major newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and television networks that fact-checked (to varying degrees) the stories they reported. Now, the easy access and wide reach of the Internet in general and social media in particular allows pretty much anyone to say pretty much anything and perhaps find a receptive audience. Ironically, such far-fetched nonsense is the kind of dragon that science was intended to slay, but now the dragons of fanciful delusion are more powerful than ever because of the Internet and social media that science created and developed. Like a Frankenstein monster that has gotten out of control, the Internet powers the anti-science movement.
Squeezing Blood from Rocks
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The concept of statistical significance was developed by scientists to assess whether empirical results can be explained away by coincidence. However, a myopic focus on statistical significance fuels tenacious p-hacking quests to find models with low p-values, and models judged by p-values alone are likely to fare poorly with fresh data. When we are told that a medication, business practice, or government policy has statistically significant effects and then find that the effects vanish or are trivial when the recommendations are followed, this erodes the credibility of scientific research.
Looking for Needles in Haystacks
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The erosion of the credibility of science is aided and abetted by data mining because data-mined results are easy to find, likely to be coincidental, and unlikely to persist. A virtually unlimited number of coincidental sequences, correlations, and clusters can be discovered in large databases. Those who use data-mining algorithms to discover something—anything—are sure to succeed. Those who do not appreciate the inevitability of patterns are sure to be impressed. Those who are seduced by these shiny patterns are likely to be disappointed. Those who act on the basis of data-mined conclusions are likely to lose faith.
Too Much Data
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The more data, the more likely it is that data mining will disappoint. Many of the false relationships discussed throughout this book were made possible by the availability of large databases. Scientists created Big Data and the tools for analyzing Big Data, but both of these have created more opportunities for scientists to embarrass themselves and to compromise their credibility. The problem today is not that we have too few data, but that we have too much data.
Artificial Unintelligence
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Computers are terrific. I use them every day—not just for writing books, research papers, and op-eds but for mathematical calculations, statistical analyses, and simulations that would otherwise be essentially impossible. I have three grown children who are computer/data scientists and could not do what they do without computers. I also recognize that, as wondrous as they are, computers are not intelligent. Attempts to treat them as intelligent are bound to frustrate. Attempts to market them as intelligent are bound to disappoint. Those who are disillusioned by the hype are rightfully skeptical and distrustful.
Restoring the Luster of Science
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a summary of several possible options for restoring the luster of science. Hopefully, some might be implemented by the time you read this, and more might be on the way. Many of these actions intended to combat disinformation will require the cooperation and expertise of tech companies, but companies need to be motivated by government laws, regulations, and oversight. The suggestions targeting data torturing and data mining rely on the informed goodwill of researchers and journal editors. It will be messy, but there aren’t any easy, effective options and we desperately need to restore the luster of science and scientists.
Introduction
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s main puzzle: a sizeable number of members of Ben Ali’s ruling Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) party participated in the Tunisian uprisings and, in some instances, went so far as to call for the downfall of the regime and the dissolution of the RCD—their own party. One of the key premises of the literature on authoritarian politics is that ruling parties are a force for stability, in that they possess a number of positive-feedback mechanisms that strengthen regimes over time. By contrast, this chapter reveals that contention among RCD ranks played a key role in the collapse of the Ben Ali regime, though members’ rationales for challenging their powerbroker varied. It proposes paying close attention to the relation between a dictator and a ruling party in order to better understand such trends of internecine contention and, more generally, authoritarian stability and collapse.
All in the Family
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 sheds light on why, in the 2000s, Ben Ali’s support base began to crumble—including among Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) ranks—even though he propagated the same economic and security prerogatives and even launched a tentative political opening. It demonstrates how these policy priorities exhausted themselves in that people—including many RCD activists—no longer perceived them as credible. The regime had defeated the main Islamist party, the supposed terrorist threat; in addition, the President and his relatives were openly accumulating vast wealth at the expense of ordinary people, many of whom were struggling to make ends meet. Worse, Ben Ali began to groom a presidential successor from within his own family, further weakening the ruling party’s sway. For these reasons, a growing number of RCD activists came to question the legitimacy of Ben Ali’s rule, some even engaging in contentious activity, though often inconspicuously, against the regime.
Flows and Harmonic Functions
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses flows and harmonic functions. Both the real and the imaginary parts of an analytic function are automatically harmonic. It is therefore natural to wonder if, conversely, every harmonic function is the real (or imaginary) part of some analytic function. As the chapter demonstrates, this is indeed the case. That is, given a harmonic function u, one can always find another harmonic function v, the harmonic dual of u, such that f = u + iv is analytic. The harmonic dual of a single-valued function may itself be a multifunction. The chapter then looks at the conformal invariance of harmonicity and of the Laplacian; complex curvature; flow around an obstacle; the physics of Riemann’s Mapping Theorem; and Dirichlet’s problem.
The Habitual Unity of Individual Sciences
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 reconstructs the scholastic debate about the unity of scientific habitus from Aquinas (1225–1274) to Suárez (1548–1617). Section 1.1 introduces the concept of habitus and the role it plays in Aristotelian psychologies. Section 1.2 discusses Aristotle’s theory of demonstration in Posterior Analytics, above all his ban on genus-crossing (μετάβασις) in the sciences (i.e., employing the principles of one science in order to demonstrate conclusions in another science). The argument of Section 1.2 is that Aristotle’s ban on genus-crossing restricted the scholastic debate about the unity of science to a debate about the unity of individual sciences. Sections 1.4–1.5 examine the scholastic debate about the unity of science. Participants in the debate divide into two camps: those who maintain that a scientific habitus is a simple quality, which retains its simplicity (indivisibility) even as it extends to previously unknown principles and demonstrations (Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, Cajetan), and those who maintain that sciences are composed of many really distinct habitus, one habitus corresponding to each principle and demonstration in the science (Scotus, Ockham, Suárez, and the Conimbricenses). The chapter concludes by arguing that the scholastic debate about the unity of science ends in aporia. As Suárez recognizes toward the end of his discussion of the problem in Disputationes metaphysicae, different sciences have irreducibly different degrees of unity, and it is simply not possible to impose any one criterion of unity on all of them.
The Culture of the Method
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains the role played by mathesis universalis in the formation of the Cartesian scientific habitus. The principal function of mathesis universalis is to shore up and intensify perspicacity in intuition and sagacity in deduction. Only after one has acquired sufficient practice in mathesis universalis can one apply the method to more complex problems. Section 4.2 discusses Descartes’s definition of mathesis universalis as the science of “order and measure,” and argues that, contrary to a widespread tendency to interpret mathesis universalis in expansive terms as either identical to Cartesian mathematics or (even more expansively) to Descartes’s method, mathesis universalis refers to one of the simplest mathematical sciences, well-known since antiquity: the theory of proportions. Section 4.3 argues that reflection on the operations needed to solve problems about continuous and mean proportionals yields Descartes’s theory of relatives and absolutes in Rule 6 of Rules for the Direction of the Mind. Section 4.4 argues that mathesis universalis also yields a classification of different ways in which perfectly understood problems may be solved. Section 4.5 shows how mathesis universalis builds on the abilities acquired via practice in recreational mathematics (discussed in Chapter 3, Section 3.6). Section 4.6 shows how mathesis universalis unifies mathematics, and Section 4.7–4.7.1 delves into the debate about the relation between mathesis universalis, Descartes’s mathematics, and the method. These sections draw on the Cambridge manuscript in order to bolster the principal arguments developed in Sections 4.2–4.5 and propose a revision in standard accounts of the controversial and rather complex chronological genesis of Rule 4.
Defining the Problem of the Limits of Knowledge in Rules
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The problem of the limits of knowledge in Rules 8 and 12 of Rules for the Direction of the Mind must be solved by the method no less rigorously than any other problem. Chapter 5 argues that the problem of the limits of knowledge can be solved only by means of enumeration, not intuition or deduction. Section 5.2 reconstructs, in detail, the role played by enumeration in the solution to the problem of the limits of knowledge. Section 5.2 also explains why the nature of the problem of the limits of knowledge is such that intuition and deduction cannot be employed in its solution. Section 5.3 examines Descartes’s use of “suppositions” or “assumptions” in his solution to the problem of the limits of knowledge, while Section 5.4 distinguishes between two concepts of epistemic limit in Rule 8, and argues that only one these concepts is relevant to the problem of the limits of knowledge.
Imperfectly Understood Problems
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 reconstructs Descartes’s proposed deduction of the law of refraction and the shape of the anaclastic lens in Rule 8. Section 10.1 frames the problem of the anaclastic in Rule 8. Section 10.2 discusses shortcomings in previous reconstructions of Descartes’s discovery of the law of refraction and the shape of the anaclastic lens. Sections 10.3–10.8 execute the deduction of the law of refraction and the shape of the anaclastic lens according to the order of research Descartes prescribes in Rule 8. These sections integrate Descartes’s physics and optical research in 1618–1628 into the deduction. Having shown that the law of refraction and the anaclastic lens can indeed be discovered by means of the method as described in Rule 8, Section 10.9 concludes that there is no reason to regard Descartes’s method as irrelevant to the practice of Cartesian science. Descartes’s method—i.e., the Cartesian scientific habitus—yields serious results in natural philosophy.
Britain
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Britain holds a special place in the offshore world. Unlike any other country, it is at once a high tax country, a large economy, and an offshore banking centre. From the inception of the Eurodollar in the 1950s to the onset of the global financial crisis in 2007, offshore finance strengthened British state power. The politics of the invisible helped to keep domestic capital engaged in financing the state despite the expansion of mass democracy and the welfare state. At the same time, it obscured the structural privileging of large economic actors over everyone else. The centrality of the City of London in the Eurodollar system also afforded the British state international influence beyond its actual political and economic weight. However, when in 2007–09 the global financial crisis—rooted to a significant extent in the offshore dollar markets—hit the country with full force, the relationship between offshore finance and state power turned destructive. The crisis laid bare the fragility of offshore money creation and the politics of the invisible. British state power became contested simultaneously from within and by foreign governments. For Britain, offshore money creation has been more consequential than offshore tax planning and money laundering.
Human Dignity and Social Justice
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Human dignity: social movements invoke it, several national constitutions enshrine it, and it features prominently in international human rights documents. But what is it, why is it important, and what is its relationship to human rights and social justice? Pablo Gilabert offers a systematic defence of the view that human dignity is the moral heart of justice. In Human Dignity and Human Rights (OUP 2019), he advanced an account of human dignity for the context of human rights discourse, which covers the most urgent, basic claims of dignity. This book extends the Dignitarian Approach to more ambitious claims of maximal dignity of the kind encoded in democratic socialist conceptions of social justice. In particular, this book focuses on the just organization of working practices. It recasts in a dignitarian format the critique of capitalist society as involving exploitation, alienation, and domination of workers, and revamps a neglected but inspiring socialist principle. In its dignitarian interpretation, the Abilities/Needs Principle (‘From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs!’) yields reasonable and feasible requirements on social cooperation geared to empowering each human being to lead a flourishing life. While Human Dignity and Human Rights offered the first systematic philosophical account of human dignity in human rights discourse, Human Dignity and Social Justice presents the first systematic application of the dignitarian framework to the core ideals of democratic socialism.
The Dignitarian Approach
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the Dignitarian Approach—the view that we have reason to organize social life in such a way that we respond appropriately to the valuable features of individual human beings that give rise to their dignity. The essential aspects of this approach are presented. They include the correlative ideal of Solidaristic Empowerment and the conceptual network of dignity comprising the notions of status-dignity, condition-dignity, dignitarian norms, the basis of dignity, the circumstances of dignity, and dignitarian virtue. The fruitfulness of the Dignitarian Approach for the justification of requirements of social justice is clarified, showing that it helps us vindicate a commitment to universalism and to justify moral humanist rights, foreground the importance of combining self-determination and mutual aid, illuminate the stance of people struggling against social injustice, and explore the arc of humanist justice. The chapter then explains and motivates this book’s specific focus on labour rights, showing how the arc going from basic to maximal labour rights can be encompassed, and how the critique of injustices in which those rights are violated can be articulated.
Kantian Dignity and Marxian Socialism
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores two important historical sources inspiring the Dignitarian Approach. It starts with a discussion of Immanuel Kant’s moral and political philosophy, in which dignity plays a central role, and then shows its relevance for articulating and developing in a fresh way some normative dimensions of Karl Marx’s critique of capitalism as involving exploitation, domination, and alienation, as well as the view of socialism as featuring a combination of freedom and solidarity. What is recommended here is not Kant’s own conception of dignity, but an account that partly builds on that conception and partly criticizes it. For example, although the chapter endorses Kant’s view of dignity as a fundamental, non-conventional, and egalitarian status of persons, it challenges his narrow view of the basis of dignity which only concentrates on certain capacities for reasoning as well as his insufficient characterization of human well-being. The same is the case with the account of socialism in relation to Marx’s work. Although the chapter highlights the significance of his critique of the domination, exploitation, and alienation of workers, and salutes his positive view of socialism as form of society that overcomes them, it challenges his neglect of explicit and sustained exploration of the moral grounds of social critique and emancipatory practice. As articulated, Kantian dignity and Marxian socialism turn out to be quite appealing and mutually supportive.
The Critique of Exploitation
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a normative exploration of what exploitation is and of what is wrong with it. The focus is on the critical assessment of the exploitation of workers in capitalist societies. The chapter argues that exploitation is wrongful when it involves a contra-solidaristic use of power over others to benefit oneself at their expense. Wrongful exploitation consists in using your greater power, and sometimes even in making others less powerful than yourself, in order to get them to give you more than they ought to. The chapter contrasts this account of exploitation with others, and argues that it is comparatively appealing because it simultaneously addresses three morally significant dimensions of exploitation—its material and social background, the relational (interpersonal and systemic) attitudes it enacts, and the final distributive results it generates. Exploitation is indeed a multidimensional social process. The flipside of the proposed critical characterization of this process is a positive ideal of solidaristic allocation and use of economic power, which the chapter articulates in terms of the socialist Abilities/Needs Principle and defends as a fitting response to human dignity.
Towards a Comparative Indian Literature
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of the general problems connected with reading bhasha literatures in comparison. It examines the radical ways in which the idea of comparative literature has been rethought in recent days to incorporate into it the lessons of the cultural turn that of late has overtaken literary studies. The approach is important for the study of Indian literature inasmuch as Indian bhashas are perceived to partake of the unique dynamic of a polyphonic ethos combined with a complex and ambivalent relationship with colonial modernity wedded to elite aesthetics and the notion of literary universalism. A comparative reading of the works in Indian bhashas would reveal bhasha writing to be representing not the literary universalism of traditional comparative literature, but a unique combination of linguistic and cultural identities that can only be explained in terms of the tenets of an alternative modernity.
Modernity and Kesari’s Ambivalences
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The focus in this chapter is on the critical interventions of Kesari A. Balakrishna Pillai, one of modern Kerala’s and India’s early public intellectuals and an architect of literary criticism in Malayalam. Kesari’s critical essays and journalism illustrate the divide in the Indian mind that arose from its contact with colonial modernity. The divide is evident in the writer’s critical assimilation of the East-West split and his conception of immanent experience and the art of the present, both of which can be integrated into his larger vision of an implied indigenous modernity geared to his unique idea of progress and secularism.