bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dominion
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the Great Depression's impact on South Africa. A sharp downturn in 1931–2 resulted in the country abandoning the gold standard. The step heralded a major economic boom that ended the depression in South Africa. The debris from the gold standard controversy occasioned another political realignment, as the parties of J.B.M. Hertzog and Jan Smuts fused to establish the United Party. The opposition was provided by the Purified National Party, led by D.F. Malan. The politics of the global depression also impacted South Africa, as the Greyshirts and Blackshirts were established on the model of Nazi and fascist counterparts in Europe. The chapter also considers Hertzog's assault on the Cape native franchise, as part of a revamped segregation policy. The chapter concludes by considering the outbreak of the Second World War, which split the United Party, as Hertzog broke away to form an alliance with Malan's nationalists.
Rubicon
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the efforts initiated by various actors to force P.W. Botha across the Rubicon. The American anti-apartheid movement championed boycotts, sanctions, and disinvestment, while a major outflow of capital followed Chase Manhattan's refusal to roll over its short-term loans to South Africa. It was also in this period that efforts were launched by white South African citizens to talk to the ANC. The Commonwealth established an Eminent Persons Group to kickstart negotiations, and the initiative brought the state and the ANC into proximity (if not direct contact) for the first time. The state's destruction of the Commonwealth initiative in May 1986 saw international attention shift to imposing sanctions. One consequence was the US Congress's passage of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act.
Captive State
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Late 2015 saw further revelations of the Gupta family's influence on the state. Key in this process was the appointment of the Gupta-linked Des van Rooyen as Finance Minister in December, which sparked a major financial crisis. The term 'State Capture' was coined early in 2016. The chapter also considers the increasingly violent student protests at universities that year. Amid mounting scandal, the 2016 local government elections suggested the ANC's electoral power had peaked, as it lost control of Nelson Mandela Bay (Port Elizabeth), Tshwane (Pretoria), and Johannesburg. Thuli Madonsela's State Capture report called for a Commission of Inquiry into the influence of the Gupta family over the state. Increasingly besieged, Zuma and the Guptas fought back, enlisting the aid of companies such as Bell Pottinger and KPMG. The chapter concludes with the succession battle that led to Cyril Ramaphosa taking over from Jacob Zuma as ANC President in 2017.
‘This War is Out of Our Hands’
Authors: Wehrey Frederic 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts how Libya became the site of an internationalized conflict. Tracing the internationalization of the conflict from the 2011 NATO intervention to the more recent civil war, the chapter touches upon the key role of new technologies, social media, and air strikes, as well as the political role of powers, including Qatar, the UAE, Turkey, the United States, European countries, Egypt, Russia, and others. At the same time, the chapter keeps a focus on the central role of Libyans themselves in shaping the conflict and its internationalization.
The View from the City of Taiz
Authors: Baron Adam , Al-Hamdani Raiman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed look at the local dynamics of one Yemeni city, Taiz, with central importance to Yemen's civil war. The chapter finds that when viewed from the ground, narratives about proxy wars between the U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Iran fail to reflect the conflicts occurring at the local level. At the same time, the chapter argues that appeals to framings of Yemen's civil war as a proxy conflict can provide benefits for the belligerents while making efforts to achieve peace more difficult.
Decoding the Wagner Group
Authors: Rondeaux Candace 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Russia's use of private military security companies as agents of a proxy warfare strategy. It traces the history of Russia's private military sector, and how private military companies like the Wagner Group are closely tied to the Russian state. In examining the rise of such groups, the chapter challenges state-centric narratives that treat sponsors as unitary actors and governance collapse as merely an issue in battlegrounds where proxies fight.
Promises, Promises
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Banda’s replacements, beginning in 1994, were ostensibly democratic and progressive. Some were even dynamic but, even with extensive outside assistance and economic advice, Malawi was rarely able to overcome the failure of rains to fall and the inability of subsistence crops to feed its people adequately. Devoid of abundant natural resources, Malawi has remained poor, and struggling. It endured frequent episodes of elite-perpetrated corruption, especially under presidencies of the brothers Bingu wa and Peter Mutharika. Only since the election of President Lazarus Chakwera in 2020 have Malawi’s prospects improved. This chapter discusses how Malawians have dealt with their many political vicissitudes and economic mistakes since the days of Banda.
Mandela’s Triumph
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the oppression of apartheid and how it strangled African creativity and freedom. It discusses how Africans fought back at Sharpeville and Soweto, and how Nelson Mandela secured a new beginning for his country and eventually emerged as a global icon. There is much about Mandela and his contributions to securing and fashioning a rainbow nation. Many of Mandela’s co-conspirators are epitomized and his Afrikaner opponents examined. This chapter also epitomizes the important role of African and white opponents of National Party domination, discusses outside influence on ending apartheid, and reveals the critical influence of persons such as Steve Biko.
The Promise of Democracy Lost
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Zimbabwe’s African battle to overturn determined white settler rule was fought both in the bush and at the conference table. In 1980, after a decade of war, Britain managed to bring peace to the country. President Robert Mugabe greatly expanded its educational capacity and initially supported the white farmers who employed vast numbers of Africans. But then he ousted them from the country and became more and more corrupt and authoritarian. In this century he and his military acolytes rigged election after election, managed to subvert a South African imposed coalition government together with opponents, and eventually was ousted in 2017 as a result of an inside coup. Emmerson Mnangagwa, his successor, was once his bagman for corrupt proceeds, and has since ruled Zimbabwe harshly together with the armed forces. Mugabe’s reign greatly impoverished the country, and made its people remarkably poorer. Millions have fled; others literally starve. This chapter examines who did what to whom and exactly why Zimbabwe is in such desperate straits now.
Namibia
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Namibia finally removed South African shackles in 1990, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the failure of apartheid, and energetic Western diplomacy together with a nationalist guerrilla movement, persuaded South Africa to go. This chapter discusses Namibia from its mandatory period to the present, and examines corruption and governance under a succession of indigenous leaders from President Sam Nujoma to President Hage Geingob. South Africa tried to fold what was a UN Trust Territory into the Republic of South Africa. Thwarted by the UN and the globe’s major powers, South Africa tried a number of other devious maneuvers before finally letting the UN bring Namibia to freedom. Ever since, however, Namibia has stumbled, with attacks on the press, outbreaks of corruption, and battles against the coronavirus pandemic. This chapter reviews how Namibia liberated itself and how it perseveres today.
Leaders of Integrity Conquer Africa’s Consummate Challenges
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The destinies of the peoples of southern Africa have largely been, and are still, determined by the predilections and political strategies of those men and women who emerged after 1964 as its leaders. Structure and contingency are always important, but in the southern African and African contexts, national outcomes, the delivery of governmental services (governance) to citizens, and even personal welfare satisfaction levels have each been (and continue to be) supremely influenced by the designs and self-interests of the black rulers who replaced the white oppressors, and by the numerous heirs of those early liberation-era pioneers. This concluding chapter shows how the successful anticolonial surge in southern Africa was succeeded by a new wave of authoritarianism. Once the colonial oppressors were ousted, keeping a new class of oppressors from retarding popular progress was essential. It is a struggle that continues, as Frantz Fanon foresaw that it would.
The Language of Canon Law
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book explores the language of canon law, the legal order of the Roman Catholic Church. It seeks to bring the language of canon law into the law and language debate and in doing so helps readers better understand how the Roman Catholic Church communicates as a legal institution. It examines the function of canon law language in ecclesiastical communications. It studies the character of canonical language, the grammar and terminology of canon law, and how canon law makes use of linguistic tricks and techniques to create its typical sound. The book discusses the comprehension difficulties that arise out of ambiguities in the law, out of transfer problems between legal and common language, and out of canon law’s confusing mix of legal, doctrinal, and moral norms. It reviews the potential consequences of a plain language agenda in the church. This includes an evaluation of whether dead Latin is the appropriate language for a global and cross-cultural legal order such as canon law, and a discussion of how to improve multi-language communication. It takes a closer look at ecclesiastical interpretation theory. The book examines forensic language, the language of ecclesiastical tribunals, in its problematic shifting between orality and textuality. It addresses readers with an interest in law and language, theology and religion, and the sociology of law and religion. To scholars of secular law, the book may serve as a point of departure for approaching religious law through its language.
Idiosyncrasies of Legal Language
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter sums up the characteristics of legal language, specific grammatical and terminological features that give the language of the law in general and the language of canon law in particular its specific sound. These features often include the use of a challenging syntax, an excessive use of the passive voice, and an alien terminology, including technical terms, terms in foreign languages, and neologisms. With regard to the terminology of the law, the chapter addresses the use of common terms as legal terms and the development of a specialist legal language based on common language. A critical issue in legal terminology is the use of indeterminate terms, allowing for some flexibility in legal application but undermining legal certainty and the rule of law. Canon law makes wide use of indeterminate terms (“grave necessity”, “just cause”). This poses a particular problem for legal certainty in church.
Comprehension Difficulties
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with selected problems of legal comprehension which are particularly relevant when it comes to comprehending canon law: ambiguities in legal language, transfer problems, and genre mixes. For several reasons, canon law not only contains many ambiguous terms (“christifidelis”), it also contains syntactic ambiguities which blur the meaning of canonical norms. Drawing terms from everyday language into legal language has resulted in transfer problems as church members without legal training attribute a meaning to these terms which differs from that of the law. A critical example is the “nullity” terminology with which the church approaches invalid marriages. In mixing legal norms with theological statements, canon law also blends diverse genres, often obscuring the intended meaning of the law.
Challenging Legal Incomprehension
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The difficulty of understanding legal language is socially costly and defies the modern definition of democratic, liberal, and egalitarian society. Shielding the law from public understanding has an exclusivist and elitist flavor—and a clericalist one in the church—as Latin canon law is intended solely for the comprehension of a clerical elite. The plain language movement responds to these problems by proposing how to make the language of the law easier to comprehend. These proposals are also relevant for canon law. Here, however, one major point in the debate has to be the elemental question of whether to abide with Latin as canon law’s authentic language.
Interpreting the Law
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In discovering the meaning of norms, canon law follows a plain meaning rule. Consequently, the doubts of scholars who question the existence of a plain and proper meaning of terms are also relevant for canon law. Rules on interpretation provide for cases in which meaning is more difficult to obtain. The church, interestingly, provides the appliers of its law not only with legal rules for interpreting the law but also with a mixed approach combining textualist, contextualist, and intentionalist approaches, thereby forming a pragmatic bundle of interpretation rules. However, with regard to interpretive authority, canon law also shows a strong tendency to rely on the legislator for matters of interpretation. This centralist temptation to maintain control over the law may be received critically as one sign of mistrust toward the local appliers of the law.
The False Promise of Superiority
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In focusing on US nuclear superiority, contemporary scholars highlight capability asymmetries, or improvements, that only promise to override undesirable deterrence constraints; and they accept too readily that coercive bargaining tactics can compensate, rather than worsen, conditions when capability alone appears insufficient. In this, they understate the influence of assumptions about adversary intent—conjectures influenced by political, social, psychological, and organizational factors—that determine how parties act in a conflict, and whether they seek to avoid one. To compensate, The False Promise of Superiority reflects on deficiencies in US thinking about the Cold War nuclear balance to expose biases in current thinking about US nuclear superiority. It examines the exaggerated utility of coercive tactics, which include making commitments, manipulating risk, showing resolve, and establishing reputations for acting. It develops its points with revealing case studies of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Iran nuclear deal. It closes by discussing the implications for policy and analysis of a long list of perils and pitfalls identified in the volume.
When Tactics Consume Strategy
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers a case study of the Cuban Missile Crisis to show how preexisting options inform policy discussion and debate. Whereas analysts often extoll the benefits of nuclear advantages, for coercive effect, the Cuban Missile Crisis offers powerful evidence that officials in the throes of confrontation might lack the foresight, deliberativeness, and control to produce desired results. They might defer, then, to salient (perhaps, prepackaged) options with little insight, or effort to gain insight, into the adversary’s goals or the conditions that could cause a conflict to spiral beyond control. During the crisis, officials latched onto conventional options—in particular, air strikes—with little thought to how they might spark a nuclear conflagration. For that matter, despite alleged US nuclear superiority in the period, US policymakers gave no attention to whether, or how, a nuclear advantage would permit a favorable resolution of the crisis.
When Red Lines Consume Debate
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 offers a case study of US efforts to constrain Iran’s nuclear ambitions which culminated in the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement in the Obama administration. It shows how the material aspects of a security issue can dominate policy and debate. Controversy centered largely on the material dimensions of the challenge—that is, establishing thresholds and allowances for Iran’s nuclear program. Yet underexamined assumptions about Iranian intentions—based on prior ideological commitments—determined whether members of the large US policy community accepted or rejected the deal. Thus, the material focus—far from highlighting enormous US ratios of advantage—had just the opposite effect. Ironically, US policy hawks who had long stressed the value of relative nuclear advantages most stressed the unsettling impact should Iran acquire any nuclear weapons. With the focus on what Iran could do, lost in discussion and debate was what Iran would do given the incentives and disincentives ostensibly created by US nuclear superiority.
Conscious Experience
Authors: Salje Léa , Geddes Alexander 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA number of philosophers claim that reflection on the subjective or phenomenal character of conscious experience reveals the universal involvement of a certain feature—‘for-me-ness’, or ‘mine-ness’, or ‘a sense of mine-ness’—whose presence is often overlooked or denied. The first half of this chapter canvasses several possible interpretations of these phrases, identifies some ways in which their use tends to be problematically equivocal, and ends with a clear and minimal statement of what the feature is supposed to be. The second half questions some of the grounds on which the universality of this feature has been upheld in recent analytic work, addressing both a cluster of explanatory motivations (appealing to immunity to error though misidentification, epistemic asymmetry, and ease of judgment or reportability) and a more direct descriptive or conceptual case for this view.
The Three Circles of Consciousness
Authors: Kriegel Uriah 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA widespread assumption in current philosophy of mind is that a conscious state’s phenomenal properties vary with its representational contents. In this chapter, I present an alternative picture that admits two kinds of phenomenal properties that do not vary with content. First, there are phenomenal properties that vary rather with attitude. Secondly, there is a kind of phenomenal property that varies neither with content nor with attitude but is altogether invariant across all conscious states: a substantive phenomenal commonality among all experiences. This substantive commonality, I suggest, is the for-me-ness component of what it is like for me to have any experience. The chapter closes with a discussion of the interrelations among these three concentric layers of phenomenality: content-based, attitude-based, and for-me-ness.
Experiencing Subjects and So-Called Mine-Ness
Authors: Nida-Rümelin Martine 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSubjective character (mine-ness, for-me-ness) is supposed to be a property of experiences. To use the term is to adopt the experience property framework. I assume that all one can truthfully say within the experience property framework is translatable into the subject property framework, into talk about experiencing subjects and their properties. I suggest four translations of the claim that experiences have subjective character into the more fundamental subject property framework: (a) there is a subject for whom it is like something to undergo the experience; (b) the subject undergoing the experience is aware of having the experience; (c) the subject undergoing the experience is aware of itself as the one who undergoes the experience; (d) the subject is under the impression that the experience it undergoes belongs to it. The chapter explores these readings and their conceptual and ontological interrelations.
The Phenomenology of Bodily Ownership
Authors: Vignemont Frédérique de 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhen considering the sense of bodily ownership, one needs to answer at least three questions: (i) Is there a phenomenology of ownership? (ii) If there is a phenomenology of ownership, is it an inherent quality of the sensory phenomenology of bodily awareness, such as the location at which one feels tactile and painful sensations, or is it beyond the sensory qualities? (iii) If it is beyond, then what is it? An irreducible feeling of myness? A specific type of agentive feelings, which is grounded in the control that one exerts over one’s body? A cognitive feeling, or possibly even a metacognitive one? Or a specific type of affective feeling, which is grounded in the special significance of one’s body for self-preservation?
No Country for Strangers?
Authors: Butt Daniel , Stemplowska Zofia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that David Miller’s theoretical methodology can be used to ground a different account of the political theory of migration from that expounded in Miller’s Strangers in our Midst. The chapter first discusses the idea of taking a ‘fair share’ of refugees, and the exclusion of those seeking to migrate who are not fleeing unavoidable violations of their human rights. It proceeds to challenge the role of existing public opinion in Miller’s account, which is seen as dangerous in contexts where there is good reason to believe that popular sentiment is affected by racial prejudice. The chapter draws on the argumentation of Miller’s influential work on market socialism as a model for how political theory can be grounded in the real-world present and yet offer an imaginative utopian vision of the future. The upshot is a progressive account of migration policy that pays particular attention to past injustice.
Republican Citizenship, National Identity, and Trust in Diverse States
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
David Miller’s account of republican citizenship requires a shared national identity in order to generate trust between citizens. This chapter argues that more attention needs to be given to conditions under which trust can be produced and reproduced in democratic states characterized by diversity, much of which is the result of socially beneficial immigration. For a multicultural society to be characterized by trust, it must be the case that the mechanisms of national identity reproduction are a source of trust, or at least not a source of distrust. This means paying attention to both the formal and the informal spheres of social and political interaction. Insofar as Miller’s own account of republican citizenship is concerned with the former but not the latter, concentrating on reason-giving in formal political space, it may lack the resources necessary to ensure that the reproduction of a state’s national identity can build trust in diverse societies.