bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State-Building in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Garfias Francisco , Sellars Emily A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Under what conditions do strong states under a centralized political authority emerge? This chapter presents a theoretical framework that summarizes and synthesizes insights from recent research in historical political economy on state building. The chapter examines the decision of a central authority who weighs the costs and benefits of state building by taxing the population to defend against a threat. The analysis illustrates prominent arguments in the literature, including the role of external conflict, military technology, nontax revenue, societal wealth, the technology of taxation, and fiscal legibility in state building. The chapter then considers how powerful local elites, whose interests may not align with the central authority, can shift a ruler’s willingness and ability to centralize power, drawing a connection with the literatures on intra-elite conflict and limited government. Finally, the chapter expands the framework to incorporate non-elite citizens, who can pressure elites and central authorities through the threat of rebellion from below, to discuss the role of elite-mass relations in state building.
Using Zircons to Disentangle Back-Veining and Hybridization of Diorite Dykes: an Example From the Gangdese Arc, Tibet
Authors: Weinberg Roberto F , Moyen Jean-François , Yi Jian-Kang , Zhu Di-Cheng , Nebel Oliver , Chen Shaorong , Wang Qing 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThermo-chemical modeling and chemical data suggest that the genesis of arc melts commonly involves re-melting of older intrusions, triggered by the injection of mantle-derived melts, followed by magma mixing. Remelting and mixing may lead to complex zircon populations, which can be used to gain insights into the conditions of mixing. This paper investigates a case where such processes can be studied through the compositional and thermal record provided by zircons preserved in a diorite dyke swarm that remelted host rock tonalites in the Gangdese Batholith in Tibet. Autocrystic zircons from the diorite yield consistent ages of 46 to 47 Ma even though they can be altered, having highly enriched trace elements, reaching ~1 wt % in Fe, Ca, Y, U, Th, and anomalously high values of LREE and Ti. Granitic magmas derived from the tonalite, back-veined the dykes and mixed with the dioritic mush, transferring small quantities of 77–79 Ma zircon xenocrysts. The xenocrysts are euhedral with little evidence for resorption, indicating that they were apparently stable during the process of tonalite anatexis and transfer to the diorite magma. This requires that: (i) tonalite melting occurred at low temperatures with minimal zircon dissolution, and (ii) the diorite either cooled rapidly before significant resorption of the grains or was already saturated in zircon when mixing occurred. Zircon saturation temperatures of the diorite are relatively low, indicating that xenocrystic zircons were transferred to a highly crystalline dioritic mush. This requires either liquefaction by injection of the back-veining felsic magma to allow for mixing, or pervasive throughflow of the diorite mush by the felsic magma leaving behind zircon xenocrysts. The findings suggest that the dykes triggered low-T, water-fluxed melting of the host tonalite and that these anatectic melts invaded the diorite mush initially through the interstices leading to mixing. This may have caused the breakdown of the crystalline framework leading to liquefaction and renewed magma flow. Dyking and assimilation of wall-rock through back-veining as recorded in these rocks could be common in transcrustal arcs. However, this process could be hidden due to a combination of the similarity in the isotopic and chemical nature of arc rocks and resorption of zircon xenocrysts during mixing. This process may explain some complex chemistry of arc magmatic rocks and their minerals that are not easily explained by endmember models, such as pure re-melting of older arc rocks or fractional crystallization of mantle-derived melts.
Stellate ganglion block for non-pain indications: a scoping review
Authors: Feigin Guy , Velasco Figueroa Sofia , Englesakis Marina F , D’Souza Rohan , Hoydonckx Yasmine , Bhatia Anuj 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is performed to relieve head, face, neck, or upper limb pain, and several non-pain indications for performing this block have emerged over the years. To date, there has been no attempt to synthesize evidence on SGB for treating non-pain indications. This scoping review presents a summary of the efficacy and adverse effects of SGB when performed for 6 non-pain indications.

Methods
This scoping review was accomplished through the use of Arksey and O’Malley framework. A literature search was conducted for relevant articles in medical databases to identify publications on SGB and specified study types. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias for randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized comparative studies, and case series. Results were summarized and recommendations were made on the basis of the strength of the available evidence according to the US Preventative Services Task Force grading system.

Results
Twenty-four studies (19 randomized controlled trials and 5 nonrandomized studies) were included in this review. On the basis of the evidence, SGB is recommended for obtunding cardiovascular sympathetic stimulation, improving perfusion in limbs, and alleviating menopausal symptoms with a Grade B or C recommendation and a moderate-to-low level of certainty. There was insufficient evidence to recommend SGB for the other indications.

Conclusions
SGB can be considered for obtunding cardiovascular sympathetic stimulation and stress response, reducing vascular tone to improve vascular insufficiency in the limbs and perioperative hemodynamic stability, and alleviating hot flashes in menopause, in conditions refractory to conventional medical management.
Survey Attention and Self-Reported Political Behavior
Authors: Alvarez R Michael , Li Yimeng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSurvey research methodology is evolving rapidly, as new technologies provide new opportunities. One of the areas of innovation regards the development of online interview best practices and the advancement of methods that allow researchers to measure the attention that respondents are devoting to the survey task. Reliable measurement of respondent attention can yield important information about the quality of the survey response. In this article, we take advantage of an innovative survey we conducted in 2018, in which we directly connect survey responses to administrative data, allowing us to assess the association between survey attention and response quality. We show that attentive survey respondents are more likely to provide accurate survey responses regarding a number of behaviors and attributes that we can validate with our administrative data. We discuss the best strategy to deal with inattentive respondents in surveys in light of our results.
PHILIP MORRIS PRODUCTS, SA v RAI STRATEGIC HOLDINGS, INC
Authors:   Patents Court
Published: February 2023

Abstract
H1 Patents — European Patents — Tobacco products — “Heat Not Burn” technology — Validity — Infringement — Construction — “For use with” — The role of preferred embodiments — Person skilled in the art — Common general knowledge — Added matter — Pleadings — Obviousness — Arbitrary choices — Lack of technical contribution — Infringement — Exclusive licences
In vitro high glucose increases apoptosis, decreases nerve outgrowth, and promotes survival of sympathetic pelvic neurons
Authors: Pallas Wrenn D , Pak Elena S , Hannan Johanna L 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED), yet the molecular basis of DM neurogenic ED remains unknown.AimIn this study we examined the impact of high glucose on survival and growth of primary cultured pelvic neurons in a rat model and assessed whether coculturing with healthy Schwann cells (SCs) can rescue pelvic neuron growth in patients with DM.MethodsMajor pelvic ganglia (MPGs) from adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 8) were dissociated and plated on coverslips. Neurons were exposed to high glucose (45 mM) for 24 or 48 hours and compared to time-matched controls (25 mM). Neurons were stained for neuron-specific beta-tubulin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vesicular acetylcholine transferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling) assay. Schwann cells were dissociated from MPGs of healthy male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 4) and grown to confluence. Additional Sprague Dawley rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, n = 4), and 5 weeks later MPGs were collected from these rats, dissociated, and cocultured on healthy SCs. Neurons and SCs were stained with beta-tubulin and S100.OutcomesLength, branching, and survival of nitrergic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic neurons was assessed in neurons exposed to normal or high glucose concentrations, and neuron length was measured in neuron-SC coculture.ResultsThe total number of neurons and the length and number of branches were significantly decreased after 24 and 48 hours of high glucose (P &lt; .05). The percentage of nitrergic neurons decreased 10% after 24 hours and 50% after 48 hours of high glucose (P &lt; .05). After 24 hours of high glucose, cholinergic-positive neurons were unchanged; however, these neurons decreased 30% after 48 hours (P &lt; .05). The proportion of sympathetic neurons increased 25% after 48 hours of high glucose (P &lt; .05). At both timepoints, there was a 2-fold increase in the total apoptotic neurons with high glucose (P &lt; .05). Neurite outgrowth recovered to control lengths after coculture of diabetic neurons with healthy SCs (P &lt; .05).Clinical TranslationGlucose can be used as a tool to investigate the direct effects of DM on neuritogenesis. Our data suggest that an effective treatment for DM ED protects and repairs the penile neuronal supply.Strengths and LimitationsExposing MPG neurons to high glucose offers a quick and, inexpensive proxy for DM-related conditions. A limitation of our study is that our model reflects type 1 DM, whereas clinically, most diabetic ED patients have type 2 DM.ConclusionCulturing pelvic neurons in high glucose can be used as a tool to elucidate how to protect proerectile neurons from cell death and may lead to new therapeutic strategies for diabetic men suffering from ED.
Sleep spindles in the healthy brain from birth through 18 years
Authors: Kwon Hunki , Walsh Katherine G , Berja Erin D , Manoach Dara S , Eden Uri T , Kramer Mark A , Chu Catherine J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStudy ObjectiveSleep spindles are present from birth and reflect cognitive functions across the lifespan, but normative values for this cognitive biomarker across development are lacking. This study aims to establish normative spindle features over development.MethodsAll available normal 19-channel electroencephalograms from developmentally normal children between February 2002 and June 2021 in the MGH EEG lab were analyzed. Approximately, 20 000 spindles were hand-marked to train and validate an automated spindle detector across ages. Normative values for spindle rate, duration, frequency, refractory period, and interhemispheric lag are provided for each channel and each age.ResultsSleep EEGs from 567 developmentally normal children (range 0 days to 18 years) were included. The detector had excellent performance (F1 = 0.47). Maximal spindle activity is seen over central regions during infancy and adolescence and frontopolar regions during childhood. Spindle rate and duration increase nonlinearly, with the most rapid changes during the first 4 months of life and between ages 3 and 14 years. Peak spindle frequency follows a U-shaped curve and discrete frontal slow and central fast spindles are evident by 18 months. Spindle refractory periods decrease between ages 1 and 14 years while interhemispheric asynchrony decreases over the first 3 months of life and between ages 1 and 14 years.ConclusionsThese data provide age- and region-specific normative values for sleep spindles across development, where measures that deviate from these values can be considered pathological. As spindles provide a noninvasive biomarker for cognitive function across the lifespan, these normative measures can accelerate the discovery and diagnosis in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Managing and preventing cross-border disputes arising with the increasingly popular use of succession substitutes
Authors: Talpis Jeffrey 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, many people are faced with increasing challenges in the planning and execution of wealth-transfer strategies upon death when they have property in different countries. At the same time, the rising popularity of succession substitutes or, as they are called in the common law world, will substitutes or non-probate devices that transfer property at death otherwise than by succession, is increasingly posing challenges for cross-border legal disputes, particularly in the absence of uniform choice of law rules relating to succession substitutes. In this article, Professor Jeffrey Talpis reviews the existing approaches for managing and preventing cross-border disputes involving, for example, the use by parties in civil law jurisdictions of common law non-probate devices, such as acquisitions in joint tenancy, pay-on-death or transfer-on-death accounts, and revocable inter vivos trusts. The author first defines and classifies succession substitutes used in domestic laws, then examines different approaches for managing cross-border disputes involving these devices in civil law and common law jurisdictions. While the author continues to promote the adoption of an international instrument to provide uniform solutions to resolve cross-border disputes arising from the use of succession substitutes, he proposes certain suggestions that, in the interim, could assist prevention of such conflicts of law.
Ten Lessons Learned in the Implementation of Mobile, Community-Based Interprofessional Clinics
Authors: Sewell Jeanna , Watts Sarah Owens , Frugé Andrew Dandridge , Ellison Kathy Jo , Helms Kristen , Dubois Eva Jean , Myers Emily W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Incorporation of interprofessional activities within health profession programs is critical to prepare students for practice. Faculty at our institution saw a need to incorporate interprofessional education in the nursing, pharmacy, social work, and dietetics program curricula. We collaborated with a medical school in the area to develop a mobile, community-based interprofessional clinic to deliver care and education and address the needs of older adults while also providing unique, meaningful learning opportunities for students. We describe several lessons learned from our experience of developing and implementing this interprofessional clinic.
Impact of the exposome on food allergy development
Authors: Moran Timothy P. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
The increasing global prevalence of food allergy indicates that environmental exposures are likely contributing to food allergy development. This review summarizes recent studies on how specific factors within the external exposome may impact the development of food allergy.

Recent findings
There is strong evidence that nonoral exposure to food allergens within the living environment is a risk factor for food sensitization and food allergy. The role of air pollution in food allergy development remains unclear, as cohort studies have not found consistent relationships between air pollutant exposure and food sensitization. Early-life microbial exposures linked to a rural lifestyle are likely protective against food allergy development, possibly through alteration of the infant microbiome. In contrast, factors associated with urbanization and decreased exposure to microbes may contribute to food allergy development. Recent studies on the role of residential greenness in food allergy development suggest either no relationship or a possible increased risk for food allergy.

Summary
The external exposome comprises a number of exposures that can modify food allergy risk. Improved understanding of how complex environmental exposures interact with genetic factors will be necessary for developing effective interventions aimed at preventing food allergy development in children.
Environment and the development of severe asthma in inner city population
Authors: Lee Julia X. , Phipatanakul Wanda , Gaffin Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
Higher asthma prevalence and morbidity are seen in inner-city areas, disproportionately affecting low-income families living in substandard housing. Children within these families experience more frequent asthma exacerbations, acute care and emergency department visits, and hospitalizations, thus characterizing severe asthma. In this review, we assess recent published literature focused on indoor and outdoor exposures that contribute to the development and morbidity of asthma.

Recent findings
Many urban environmental exposures contribute to asthma burden, including tobacco/e-cigarette smoke, pest allergens, molds, and possibly synthetic chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A, radon, and volatile organic compounds. Individuals living in inner-city areas also experience higher levels of air pollutants and ambient heat, further perpetuating asthma incidence and severity.

Summary
This article summarizes the latest advances and provides direction for future research on risk factors, interventions, and public policy to help alleviate the burden of asthma due to urban environment exposures.
Competencies for the Use of Artificial Intelligence–Based Tools by Health Care Professionals
Authors: Russell Regina G. , Lovett Novak Laurie , Patel Mehool , Garvey Kim V. , Craig Kelly Jean Thomas , Jackson Gretchen P. , Moore Don , Miller Bonnie M. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose
The expanded use of clinical tools that incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) methods has generated calls for specific competencies for effective and ethical use. This qualitative study used expert interviews to define AI-related clinical competencies for health care professionals.

Method
In 2021, a multidisciplinary team interviewed 15 experts in the use of AI-based tools in health care settings about the clinical competencies health care professionals need to work effectively with such tools. Transcripts of the semistructured interviews were coded and thematically analyzed. Draft competency statements were developed and provided to the experts for feedback. The competencies were finalized using a consensus process across the research team.

Results
Six competency domain statements and 25 subcompetencies were formulated from the thematic analysis. The competency domain statements are: (1) basic knowledge of AI: explain what AI is and describe its health care applications; (2) social and ethical implications of AI: explain how social, economic, and political systems influence AI-based tools and how these relationships impact justice, equity, and ethics; (3) AI-enhanced clinical encounters: carry out AI-enhanced clinical encounters that integrate diverse sources of information in creating patient-centered care plans; (4) evidence-based evaluation of AI-based tools: evaluate the quality, accuracy, safety, contextual appropriateness, and biases of AI-based tools and their underlying data sets in providing care to patients and populations; (5) workflow analysis for AI-based tools: analyze and adapt to changes in teams, roles, responsibilities, and workflows resulting from implementation of AI-based tools; and (6) practice-based learning and improvement regarding AI-based tools: participate in continuing professional development and practice-based improvement activities related to use of AI tools in health care.

Conclusions
The 6 clinical competencies identified can be used to guide future teaching and learning programs to maximize the potential benefits of AI-based tools and diminish potential harms.
Doing Our Best in a Broken System: The Urgent Need for Expansion of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Treatments in the United States
Authors: Cohen Shawn , Tilley Jess , Yocheved Avi , Sue Kimberly L. 
Published: January 2023

In reply:
In this commentary, we respond to Dr Vogel and Dr Dürstelar's letter to our original piece “A Plea From People Who Use Drugs to Clinicians: New Ways to Initiate Buprenorphine Are Urgently Needed in the Fentanyl Era” published in this journal in July to August 2022. We agree with much of their comment on buprenorphine initiation and point to the need for rapid expansion of medication for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatments here in the United States. It is critical to understand the context of current buprenorphine and methadone access. We point out how the treatment of OUD with agonist therapy remains limited to methadone or buprenorphine despite an increasingly toxic drug supply within our particular legal and regulatory environment and call for urgent research and pilot programs to trial additional agonist therapies for those with opioid OUD as well as regulatory changes to increase access to both methadone and buprenorphine.
Modified Thoracolumbar Interfascial Plane Block Versus Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgeries: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kumar Amarjeet , Sinha Chandni , Kumar Ajeet , Kumari Poonam , Kumar Abhyuday , Agrawal Prabhat , Vamshi Chethan 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Lumbar spine surgery is associated with significant postoperative pain. Interfascial plane blocks, such as erector spinae plane (ESP) and thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) blocks, can play a significant role in multimodal analgesic regimens.

Methods:
Sixty patients aged 18 to 60 years undergoing elective single or double-level lumbar discectomy or primary lumbar laminoplasty were recruited into this randomized double‑blind study. All patients received general anesthesia and were randomly allocated to either modified TLIP (mTLIP) block (group M) or ESP block (group E). Postoperative and intraoperative fentanyl consumption, and postoperative pain scores, were recorded.

Results:
Total 48 h postoperative fentanyl consumption was higher in Group M (189.66±141.11 µg) than in Group E (124.16±80.83 µg; P=0.031). In the first 24 postoperative hours, fentanyl consumption was higher in Group M (150.3±120.9 µg) than in group E (89.9±65.3 µg; P=0.01) but was similar between groups in postoperative hours 24to 48 (39.0±20.2 µg versus 34.7±17.1 µg in group M and group E, respectively; P=0.37). Additional intraoperative fentanyl requirement was 57.66±21.76 µg in group M compared with 40.33±21.89 µg in group E (P<0.01). Postoperative pain scores were higher in group M than in group E at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively (P<0.001), but similar at 48 hours (P=0.164).

Conclusion:
Compared with the mTLIP block, the ESP block was associated with lower pain scores and a small decrease in perioperative fentanyl consumption in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgeries. Both blocks could form a part of a multimodal analgesic regimen in spine surgery patients.