bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear and non-CP gates for Bloch vector amplification
Authors: Geller Michael R 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Any state
r
= (x, y, z) of a qubit, written in the Pauli basis and initialized in the pure state
r
= (0, 0, 1), can be prepared by composing three quantum operations: two unitary rotation gates to reach a pure state

r
=

x

2

+

y

2

+

z

2

−

1

2

×
(
x
,
y
,
z
)

on the Bloch sphere, followed by a depolarization gate to decrease ∣
r
∣. Here we discuss the complementary state-preparation protocol for qubits initialized at the center of the Bloch ball,
r
= 0, based on increasing or amplifying ∣
r
∣ to its desired value, then rotating. Bloch vector amplification increases purity and decreases entropy. Amplification can be achieved with a linear Markovian completely positive trace-preserving (CPTP) channel by placing the channel’s fixed point away from
r
= 0, making it nonunital, but the resulting gate suffers from a critical slowing down as that fixed point is approached. Here we consider alternative designs based on linear and nonlinear Markovian PTP channels, which offer benefits relative to linear CPTP channels, namely fast Bloch vector amplification without deceleration. These gates simulate a reversal of the thermodynamic arrow of time for the qubit and would provide striking experimental demonstrations of non-CP dynamics.
A quantum homomorphic signature scheme with verifiable identity based on four-particle Cluster states
Authors: Chen Teng , Lu Dianjun , Deng Zhiming , Mou Huajian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
With the development of cloud computing in recent years, homomorphic signatures have become a research hotspot in modern cryptography. This article proposes a quantum homomorphic signature scheme with verifiable identity based on four-particle Cluster states, starting from the identity verification of the signers. Compared with Shang’s scheme (Shang et al 2015 Quantum Inf. Process.
14 393–410), our scheme uses four-particle Cluster states as quantum channels and achieves identity verification of the signers through the use of X operation and quantum measurement techniques. Meanwhile, our scheme extends the length of message M to 2n bits and uses random numbers during the signature process, which makes the scheme more secure. Security analysis shows that our scheme can ensure the security of the keys and the unforgeability of the signatures.
Constraining the
cosmological model using recent observational data*
Authors: Myrzakulov N. , Koussour M. , Alfedeel Alnadhief H. A. , Hassan E. I. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this study, we conduct a comprehensive investigation of the cosmological model described by

(where λ represents a free parameter) in light of the most recent observational data. By constraining the model using the

and

datasets, we determine its compatibility with the observed behavior of the Universe. For this purpose, we adopt a parametric form for the effective equation of state (EoS) parameter. This parametric form allows us to describe the evolution of the EoS parameter with respect to redshift and investigate its behavior during different cosmic epochs. The analysis of the deceleration parameter reveals an accelerating Universe with a present value of

, indicating the current phase of accelerated expansion. The transition redshift is found to be

, marking the epoch of transition from deceleration to acceleration. We also analyze the evolution of important cosmological parameters, including the density parameter, pressure, effective EoS, and stability. These findings collectively demonstrate the viability of the

cosmological model as a robust candidate capable of engendering the requisite negative pressure, thereby efficiently propelling cosmic expansion. Moreover, the undertaken stability analysis underscores the model's stability within the broader cosmic landscape. By providing the best-fit values for the coupling parameter λ, this approach motivates and encourages further exploration into the extensive landscape of this model and its potential applications across diverse realms of cosmology and astronomy.
Investigating EEG-based cross-session and cross-task vigilance estimation in BCI systems
Authors: Wang Kangning , Qiu Shuang , Wei Wei , Yi Weibo , He Huiguang , Xu Minpeng , Jung Tzyy-Ping , Ming Dong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Objective. The state of vigilance is crucial for effective performance in brain-computer interface (BCI) tasks, and therefore, it is essential to investigate vigilance levels in BCI tasks. Despite this, most studies have focused on vigilance levels in driving tasks rather than on BCI tasks, and the electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns of vigilance states in different BCI tasks remain unclear. This study aimed to identify similarities and differences in EEG patterns and performances of vigilance estimation in different BCI tasks and sessions. Approach. To achieve this, we built a steady-state visual evoked potential-based BCI system and a rapid serial visual presentation-based BCI system and recruited 18 participants to carry out four BCI experimental sessions over four days. Main results. Our findings demonstrate that specific neural patterns for high and low vigilance levels are relatively stable across sessions. Differential entropy features significantly differ between different vigilance levels in all frequency bands and between BCI tasks in the delta and theta frequency bands, with the theta frequency band features playing a critical role in vigilance estimation. Additionally, prefrontal, temporal, and occipital regions are more relevant to the vigilance state in BCI tasks. Our results suggest that cross-session vigilance estimation is more accurate than cross-task estimation. Significance. Our study clarifies the underlying mechanisms of vigilance state in two BCI tasks and provides a foundation for further research in vigilance estimation in BCI applications.
Studying signals in particle detectors with resistive elements such as the 2D resistive strip bulk MicroMegas
Authors: Janssens D. , Brunbauer F. , Flöthner K.J. , Lisowska M. , Muller H. , Oliveri E. , Orlandini G. , Riegler W. , Ropelewski L. , Schindler H. , Scharenberg L. , Utrobicic A. , Veenhof R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As demonstrated by the ATLAS New Small Wheel community with their MicroMegas (MM) design,
resistive electrodes are now used in different detector types within the Micro Pattern Gaseous
Detector family to improve their robustness. The extended form of the Ramo-Shockley theorem for
conductive media has been applied to a 1 MΩ/□ 2D resistive strip bulk MM to calculate
the signal spreading over neighbouring channels using an 80 GeV/c muon track. For this geometry,
the dynamic weighting potential was obtained numerically using a finite element solver by applying
a junction condition and coordinate scaling technique to accurately represent the boundary
conditions of a 10 × 10 cm2 active area. Using test beam measurements, the results of
this model will be used to benchmark this microscopic modelling methodology for signal induction
in resistive particle detectors.
Examining the effect of cost information and framing on support for methane regulations in Europe
Authors: Bergquist Parrish , Mahdavi Paasha 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Methane abatement policies will play an important role in mitigating climate change given the high global-warming potential of methane compared to carbon dioxide. Yet evidence on public attitudes and support for methane regulations is lacking. In partnership with the Clean Air Task Force, we develop an original nationally representative survey of four European countries (N = 5629) to show variation in public opinions about methane emissions and policy to reduce them. Using a framing experiment, we test variation in these preferences as a function of policy impacts on cost, global climate change, local pollution, or energy security. We find largely null effects across the board: attitudes are remarkably durable to varying treatments, suggesting that support for methane regulations is not sensitive to cost information and policy framing. The results from this survey provide a much-needed baseline for public attitudes about methane abatement and will inform existing debates on what information is and is not effective in generating support for ambitious methane policy.
Study the Spatiotemporal Variations of some Cloud Properties Over Iraq
Authors: Al-Zuhairi Munya F. , Nemah Hussain Abodi , Al-Montaser Zahraa N. , Majeed Husam T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A cloud is a collection of water droplets or ice crystals, or both of them suspended in the air. The aim of this work is to study the spatiotemporal variations of cloud properties over six selected cities in Iraq which they are (Mosul, Khanaqin, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, and Basra) at multi-pressure levels using remote sensing data for the period from (1981) to (2020). The study results show that the values of temperature and specific humidity over all six selected cities decrease with increased height and the maximum value occurred in summer months, and the relative humidity increased in winter months and decreased in summer months for all cities, and the maximum value more than 60% happened in Mosul and Khanaqin cities. Also, the cloud occurred over all cities at level 300 hpa, and the maximum fraction of clouds of more than 0.14 occurred over Mosul city from Mar to Mid Apr. The ice water content (CIWC) occurred in upper levels with a maximum value of more than 13 kg/kg occurred over Mosul city and liquid water content (CLWC) extends from the surface to about 500 hpa for all cities with a maximum value of more than 13 kg/kg occurred over Mosul city, while the snow water content (CSWC) extends from surface to 300 hpa over Mosul, 900 to 300 hpa over Khanaqin, 800 to 300 hpa over Baghdad, Rutba, Kut and Basra with maximum value more than 13 kg/kg occurred over Mosul city and the rain water content (CRWC) occurred in levels from 750 to surface over all cites except Rutba there is no rainwater content existed in the cloud and the maximum value more than 3 kg/kg occurred over Mosul city. The results of monthly rain showed that the rainfall occurred over all cities in the months from Oct to May and the maximum value of rainfall reached about 65 mm occurred in Mar over the Mosul and Khanaqin cities. Also, Mosul city has the maximum monthly average of rain from other cities reach to about 35 mm because the meteorological and microphysical variables of clouds over Mosul city are higher than other.
A Study of Turbulent Fluctuation of Three-Component Wind and Air Temperature in the Surface Layer of Baghdad Urban
Authors: Redah Ghadeer A. , Al-Jiboori Monim H. , Al-Taai Osama T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this study, the air temperature and velocity component means were also computed, as were the fluctuation values of the three component velocities (u, v, and w) and the air temperature (T). The instantaneous velocity can be broken down into its tally of varying and time-averaged contributions using a process known as Reynolds decomposition. The Reynolds decomposition depends on how you define the mean. The results show that the behaviors of the u, v, and w diurnal cycles are anticipated in ABL. The best fit is for air temperature because the correlation coefficient between time and temperature is large. The component fluctuated around zero, and the sum of the fluctuation averages equaled zero. The fluctuation of u was large, which increased because of the initial value of u and because of wind direction and friction velocity.
Turbulent Diffusion Effect on PM2.5 Concentration above an Urban Canopy
Authors: Redah Ghadeer A. , Al-Jiboori Monim H. , Al-Taai Osama T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Turbulent diffusion played a role in mixing the pollutants that caused instability in the atmospheric boundary layer by analyzing the features of turbulent transfer, diffusion coefficients of momentum (km) and heat (kh), and the shape of universal functions of PM2.5. Observation of turbulence measured by 3D ultrasonic anemometer for one week in both January and July 2016, in Baghdad, Iraq. K and PM2.5 concentrations had a strong inverse relationship under three atmospheric stabilities: unstable, neutral, and stable conditions, this indicated that turbulent diffusion’s impact was significant during the observed period. According to the comparisons between Km and Kh, the strength of the turbulent exchange of PM2.5 concentration at stations may be weaker or stronger than the strength of the turbulent momentum and heat exchange. Finally, the result shows the turbulent diffusion coefficient by heat Kh was larger than the turbulent diffusion coefficient by momentum Km.
The Back Trajectory Study for Selected Extreme Rainfall Events Over Iraq
Authors: Mohammed Ali J. , Hashim Ahmed A. , Kadhum Jasim H. , Mohammed Samir K. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Precipitations conditions having special attention in the last decade due to their impact on human health, ecosystems and other aspects such as agriculture, and hydrology. The ECMWF ERA-Interim 15-hourly (00 and 15 UTC) total precipitations in a 1° x 1° grid covering Iraq, from 29° N to 38° N and from 39° W to 48° E, with a total of 10 by 10 cells, was used. At each grid point, extremes were defined as those events in which total precipitations were above the 90th percentile for the 25 years period 1994-2019. The aim of this work is to study the precipitation cumulative extreme events in Iraq and studying the back trajectory pathway from the origin to rejoin by using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. 60% of the precipitation cumulative extreme events occurred during the second decade. In all regions, there are important peaks in the cumulative precipitation events in 2006,2013,2014, 2016 and 2018 representing 40% of the cumulative perceptions events. The back-trajectories of rainfall events are associated with the advection of air masses from the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf is the most influential on the amount of rain and the percentage of saturation of air masses that reach Iraq. The Mediterranean cyclone is the main source of rainfall in Iraq.
Verification of Some Weather Elements Forecasts from BSC-DREAM8b V2 Model
Authors: Al-Dabbagh Sama K. , Almusawi Vian , Alknani Basim Abdulsada 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to verify 2-meter temperature and mean sea level pressure forecasts from BSC-DREAM8B V2.0 model, which is a short-term numerical forecasting model against observed data from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization & Seismology constitution and modelled data (ERA-Interim) reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1-3 June 2012 for four selected stations in Iraq, they are Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba and Basra which represent northern, central, western and southern of Iraq respectively by using some statistical methods including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Bias Error (BE) and Correlation Coefficient (R). The results showed that the BSC-DREAM8B V2.0 model worked well in representing the daily temperature variation and with relatively good compatibility with the ERA-I modelled data, however, the latter showed lower absolute error rates. The two modelled data showed the highest absolute error rate for Baghdad station whereas BSC showed lower values for Basra station and different values for Rutba and Mosul, and the predicted values were overestimated for all stations and for both models except for Rutba station where ERA-I data showed underestimated value. As for the surface pressure at mean sea level, the BSC-DREAM8B V2.0 model showed its ability to simulate the daily change of pressure and worked in a good consistency with ERA-I modelled data with few hetopascal as mean absolute error. Both modelled data showed underestimated values for all stations, and thus, BSC modelled data is better for simulating temperature and mean sea level pressure in low elevated regions compared to ERA-Interim data and vice versa.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide with TCO and Solar Flux on the Earth’s Stratosphere Temperature in Mid-Latitude Region for Period 2000-2018
Authors: Mawj S. R. , Al-Ubaidi Najat M. R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere and the important of this layer is to contain the ozone layer which absorbs the UV radiation from the Sun. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of GHGs and TCO on the temperature of stratosphere layer in the presence of influence of solar radiation in mid-latitude region, specifically capital Beijing (latitude 40°N; longitude 116°E) in China are taken as a study case, because it is the most city in the world that emits greenhouse gases for the period (2000-2018) selected in this research. The data for GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) are taken from Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the monthly average data for the total column ozone and temperature are taken from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). While the data for the solar radiation is taken from the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. The data for Sunspot number is taken from Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (SILSO), all these data are taken for the period (2000-2018) above the capital Beijing. From data analysis and results it found that there is a cooling effect on the stratosphere layer due to increase in greenhouse gases and decrease in the total column ozone, as well as the decreasing in solar radiation leads to this cooling.
Risk Assessment of some Radioactive Nuclei in Al-Shomali Bricks Factories, Babil Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Sultani Karrar Haider Fanteel , Al-Sadi Mohammed Abdul Kadhim Hadi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The current research aims to evaluate the level of natural and industrial radioactive activity of soil samples collected from the city of Shomali - Babil Governorate, by 13 samples with a depth of 20 cm, where the spectral analysis technique was used for a high-purity germanium detector. Where it was found that the rate of specific effectiveness for each of 226Ra, 214Pb, 214Bi, 232Th, 212Pb, 228Ac, 40K, 60Co in the studied soil samples (28.4±3.47), (13.6±2.58),( 12. ±2.46), (11±2.58), (58.4±5.38), (45±4.36), (100.1±9.11), (0.78±0.05) respectively. In this research, the values of the radioactive hazard indicators were also found, which were varied, as it was found that most of the values of the calculated indicators are universally acceptable, but some indicators have exceeded the internationally permissible limits.
Assessment Vertical and Spatial Distribution of SO2 Concentration over Baghdad City (Case Study at 2022)
Authors: Al-Khuwaylidee Imad Khraibet Rashid , Hassoon Ahmed F. , Al-Ramahi Fouad K. Mashee 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
One of the most important issues at the present time in developed and developing countries alike is air pollution. Sulfur dioxides consider one of important gases pollutant that product from fossil fuel combustion such as oil and coal. It is considered one of the principal air pollutants that has contributed to premature deaths and respiratory illnesses. Globally SO2 also has a high spatial and temporal variability because of its short atmospheric residence time. In this study reanalysis data of SO2 concentration values is download from ERA5 website (fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for global climate and weather) for months (Jan., April, July and Oct.) from year 2022, and for 8-height levels from ground surface to 5000 meter, for all area of Baghdad province, other atmospheric parameter also download such as boundary layer height BLH and wind and direction. Results show high values of SO2 in January relative to other months and the smallest values is in July at all 8-levels nearly. Spatial Speed and direction given opposite relation with SO2 concentration, while most high concentration of SO2 in located in Baghdad city center and area around because its represent the sources of pollutant.
Relationship of Surface Temperature and Average Relative Humidity for Selected Governorates of Iraq ( Baghdad, Al-Mosul and Al-Muthna )
Authors: Al-Saadi Luma M. , Jaber Sundus H. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
study and analysis the trends of the paths of the climatic elements (maximum and minimum temperatures and relative humidity) received great attention and evaluated their statistical importance in terms of assessing climate changes. In this research, data were taken for the maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity for several different governorates in terms of location, namely (Baghdad, al-Al-Mosul and Al-Muthna), and the Sigma plot program was used to extract the different forms of the relationship between the maximum and minimum temperature and the average relative humidity for each month of the selected years in this study. The time series of temperature and relative humidity showed that the relationship between them is an inverse relationship, as well as the fluctuations that occur in the values of temperature and relative humidity between high and low in different months of the year, but clearly appeared in the spring and autumn seasons, and the reason for this is that these two seasons have transitional characteristics weather, especially temperature. Also, through the values of the correlation coefficient that was extracted for all months, and its results were mostly negative, which are mentioned in the attached tables, which indicate the inverse relationship between of them the two elements mentioned above. through the data and forms that have been reached and the observation of the difference in values between the governorates, starting from Mosul with low temperatures and high relative humidity, and down to Baghdad and then Al-Muthna, which begins with an increase in temperatures and a decrease in relative humidity, and this explains the importance of the geographical location of each governorate and the extent of its impact on the values of temperatures. Temperature, relative humidity and other climatic elements.
Air Surface Temperature Variability and Trends from Satellite Homogenized Time Series Data Over Tunis 2003–2021
Authors: Abdulfattah I. S. , Rajab J. M. , Chaabane M. , Lafta M. H. , Lim H. S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Monthly Air Surface Temperature (AST) data for Tunis were acquired by the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) dataset (2003–2021), the enrolments of 77 grids, each located in Spatial resolution 1°x1°, were converted into monthly and annual data and analysed. The time series of AST in Tunis were investigated for temporal and spatial trends during study period over six climate stations each having sufficient data available were utilized for this purpose. The monthly time series showed similar variations and fluctuated of AST, minimum (decreases, January) and maximum (increases, July) in trend, with standard deviation (294.15 + 14.02 K°). Most stations, appeared positive trends in their annual AST series, only at Sfax negative, with higher trends for central stations than those closer to the desert and coast. The trends were lowest over coastal area. The Comparisons among selected six stations (Tunis, Tabarka, Thala, Sfax, Medenine, and EL-Borma) between the AST observed by AIRS and in-situ data showed close agreement range from 0.38 to 3.6 K°, and approximately the same in the north-to-south transect throughout the year. The validation results plainly evident a high correlation coefficient (R, 0.995, 0.997, 0.994, 0.94, 0.974 and 0.95), and the asset values of (R2) was 0.991, 0.995, 0.987, 0.93, 0.993, and 0.977 for Tunis, Sfax, Tabarka, Thala, Medenine, and EL-Borma respectively. The satellite observation (AIRS) is able to investigate the variations of the atmosphere AST over different zones.