bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whip Stress in a Locomotive Main Rod at 100 Miles per Hour
Authors: Davidson M. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Older railway motive-power units are being operated at, and new equipment is being designed for, higher speed than has prevailed in the recent past. The paper presents a precise method for the determination of inertia flexural, or whip, stress in locomotive main rods.
One hundred miles per hour is the speed that is chosen for illustrating the method, and for exhibiting the stresses which are developed; since at the present time that seems to be the general operating goal for fast rail traffic. Also, speeds of this order are frequently attained by the main rod and the mechanism in general when locomotives are slipping.
Accurate equations for the inertia forces and couples are obtained for use in determining the inertia reactions and loads. These equations are of universal applicability to all the parts and fractional parts of the mechanism.
The rod bending moments and accompanying stresses were determined through the use of the external wrist-pin reactions in combination with the distributed rod-inertia loading. The moments and stresses were found for six or seven sections along the body of the rod for each of twelve crank positions spaced at 15-deg intervals. Finally the total tensile unit stress is found for each section and crank position, by combining that which is due to whip, with that which results from rod axial-inertia forces and the force of the steam.
Calculation of the Elastic Curve of a Helical Compression Spring
Authors: Keysor H. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Equations for the elastic curve of a helical compression spring are developed, without making the usual assumption of axial loading. The load is found to be eccentric, in general, being axial only under certain conditions. Elastic curves are given for both axial and eccentric loading. These curves are sinusoidal, showing that deflection along the bar is not linear, as is customarily assumed. A reversed deflection is found to occur in the closed end, back of the tip contact point, which increases the deflection of the spring as a whole, and shows that it is not correct to consider the entire closed end as inactive. An axial load is theoretically possible under certain conditions, but practically axial loading is difficult to obtain and cannot be counted on with any certainty. The effect of load eccentricity on stress is considered, and an approximate formula for estimating this effect is given. Reference is made to laboratory tests by another investigator which are in good agreement with the theory here presented.
Thermostatic Bimetals
Authors: Eskin S. G. , Fritze J. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The use of thermostatic bimetals has increased rapidly during the last fifteen years. In this period, considerable study has been given the subject. The present paper reviews the available information dealing with the theory and practice in the application of bimetals. A lack of essential data concerning various pertinent properties of the material is indicated. Basic principles are thoroughly considered, as in the analysis of the mechanics by Professor Timoshenko and in the properties of nickel-iron alloys. However, a considerable fund of useful data is also presented in the form of curves and tables which give the properties of representative bimetals.
Automatic Integrating Pressure-Traverse Recorder for Study of Flow Phenomena in Steam-Turbine Nozzles and Buckets
Authors: Kraft H. , Berry T. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The high efficiency of modern steam turbines can be safely predicted only when the flow phenomena in all passages of the turbine are well understood. The General Electric Company maintains an air-test laboratory where these passages are studied over a wide range of conditions. The principal test is a series of impact-pressure traverses in an air stream simulating flowing steam. The test is a “contour-map survey” of emerging energy, formerly requiring thousands of observations. Recently an instrument has been built which automatically traverses the passage, calculates the corresponding flow and energy quantities, integrates them against the traversed path, and records the integrals in an easily readable manner. The high speed of the instrument increases greatly the range of possible tests. Its inherent accuracy of 0.1 per cent surpasses the best previous performance. The instrument, using mechanical devices for measuring, calculating, and integrating, has all moving parts controlled by electric and photoelectric means.
Permanence of the Physical Properties of Plastics
Authors: Delmonte J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Plastic materials are subject to certain changes in physical properties during their various applications. Particularly significant are the creep and cold-flow phenomena. In the paper a general equation is developed expressing plastic-deformation rate as a function of a coefficient of viscous resistance and of a coefficient of internal resistance. Data for laminated phenolics, polyvinyl chloride acetate, methyl methacrylate, polystyrene, and cellulose acetate are compared. Experimental evidence is presented to show that after a sufficient length of time plastic deformation assumes a constant rate, continuing indefinitely. The dual nature of the molecular structure of plastics is emphasized, in which true elastic deformation may occur, as well as a time-dependent plastic deformation, even at very low stresses. Further data are presented on the shrinkage of various plastics after exposure to elevated temperatures, and the swelling of these materials after exposure to high humidity or water immersion. Loss in impact strength upon exposure to high temperatures is also disclosed for laminated phenolics.
Superheat Control and Steam Purity in High-Pressure Boilers
Authors: Frisch Martin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the problem of designing a high-pressure boiler to deliver steam at high temperatures. The problem becomes more difficult as the capacity increases since proper selection and maintenance of boiler materials, design of the separate boiler and furnace units, and maintenance of the latter becomes increasingly more difficult if superheat control and steam purity are to be maintained. The author analyzes these design features and points out the compromises necessary to meet varying operating conditions. He discusses superheater design, maintenance of heat-absorbing surfaces, boiler circulation, relation of furnace-exit temperatures to slagging and boiler performance, and safe metal temperatures in water-walls and superheaters.
Field Checks of the Salt-Velocity Method
Authors: Dodkin Oswald H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of some tests made in Brazil on which verification of the reliability of the salt-velocity method of measuring discharge was obtained by cross checks with the method itself, by check tests with the Gibson pressure-time method, and by volumetric tests. These show a highly satisfactory agreement even in setups where the testing layout was far from ideal.
A Novel Incipient Fault Detection Technique for Roller Bearing Using Deep Independent Component Analysis and Variational Modal Decomposition
Authors: Salunkhe Vishal G. , Desavale R. G. , Khot S. M. , Yelve Nitesh P. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRoller bearing failure can result in downtime or the entire outage of rotating machinery. As a result, a timely incipient bearing defect must be diagnosed to ensure optimal process operation. Modern condition monitoring necessitates the use of deep independent component analysis (DICA) to diagnose incipient bearing failure. This paper presents a deep independent component analysis method based on variational modal decomposition (VMD-ICA) to diagnose incipient bearing defect. On a newly established test setup for rotor bearings, fast Fourier techniques are used to extract the vibration responses of bearings that have been artificially damaged using electro-chemical machining. VMD techniques diminish the noise of the measurement data, to decompose data processed into multiple sub-datasets for extracting incipient defect characteristics. The simplicity of the VMD-ICA model enriched the precision of diagnosis correlated to the experimental results with weak fault characteristic signal and noise interference. Moreover, deep VMD-ICA has additionally demonstrated strong performance in comparison to experimental results and is useful for monitoring the condition of industrial machinery.
Critical workforce skills for bachelor-level geoscientists: An analysis of geoscience job advertisements
Authors: Shafer G.W. , Viskupic K. , Egger A.E. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the skills bachelor-level geoscientists need to enter the workforce is critical to their success. The goal of this study was to identify the workforce skills that are most requested from a broad range of geoscience employers. We collected 3668 job advertisements for bachelor-level geoscientists and used a case-insensitive, code-matching function in Matlab to determine the skills geoscience employers seek. Written communication (67%), field skills (63%), planning (53%), and driving (51%) were most frequently requested. Field skills and data collection were frequently found together in the ads. Written communication skills were common regardless of occupation. Quantitative skills were requested less frequently (23%) but were usually mentioned several times in the ads that did request them, signaling their importance for certain jobs. Some geoscience-specific skills were rarely found, such as temporal understanding (5%) and systems thinking (0%). We also subdivided field skills into individual tasks and ranked them by employer demand. Site assessments and evaluations, unspecified field tasks, and monitoring were the most frequently requested field skills. This study presents the geoscience community with a picture of the skills sought by employers of bachelor-level geoscientists and provides departments and programs with data they can use to assess their curricula for workforce preparation.
Two new species of miniature tetras of the fish genus Priocharax from the Rio Juruá drainage, Acre, Brazil (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Mattox George M.T. , Britz Ralf , Souza Camila S. , Casas André L.S. , Lima Flávio C.T. , Oliveira Claudio 
Published: February 2023

Two new miniature tetra species of the Neotropical characid genus Priocharax Weitzman and Vari, 1987 are described, raising the known species diversity to seven. Both species occur in the Rio Juruá system, Cruzeiro do Sul municipality, Acre State, Brazil. Priocharax toledopizae sp. nov. occurs in streams flowing to the lower Rio Moa, a tributary of Rio Juruá, and is distinguished from congeners by a combination of presence of claustrum and infraorbitals 1 and 2, absence of infraorbital 3, and presence of five branched pelvic-fin rays. Priocharax marupiara sp. nov. is known from Igarapé Canela Fina, tributary of Rio Juruá, and is diagnosed by a combination of fewer maxillary teeth (21–27 vs. 27–58 in remaining species), fewer branched anal-fin rays (18–23 vs. 22–27 in two species) and colour pattern. Both species differ from each other in the general body shape: Priocharax toledopizae is more robust with deep body and Priocharax marupiara more elongate. DNA barcode data support the specific distinctness of the two new species and that of the other five species in the genus. We describe a remarkable sexual dimorphism of the pelvic girdle of Priocharax toledopizae in which the pelvic musculature is enlarged forming a pedicel for the fin in mature males. Most localities where these species were found suffer from significant degradation mainly due to litter accumulation and suppression of the riparian forest, raising concerns about their conservation status.
Dynamics of interacting scalar field model in the realm of chiral cosmology
Authors: Patil Trupti , Panda Sukanta , Sharma Manabendra , Ruchika  
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe strange behaviour of the universe’s dark sector offers us the flexibility to address cosmological problems with different approaches. Using this flexibility, we consider a possible exchange of energy among the dark sector components as a viable candidate model. In the present work, we investigate the interaction between two scalar fields within the generalization of a two-component chiral cosmology. We also show that there exists a unique equivalence between fields and fluids description of interacting dark sector model. Later, a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the dark energy-dark matter model with coupling in both kinetic and potential parts has been performed using a method of qualitative analysis of dynamical systems. Moreover, the cosmological viability of this model is analyzed for the potential of an exponential form via the phase-space study of autonomous system for various cosmological parameters.
Exploring dark $$Z_d$$-boson in future large hadron-electron collider
Authors: Goyal Ashok , Kumar Mukesh , Kumar Satendra , Rahaman Rafiqul 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe interaction between the dark $$U(1)_d$$

U

(
1
)

d

sector with the visible Standard Model (SM) sector takes place through the kinetic mixing between the dark photon $$U(1)_d$$

U

(
1
)

d

field $$Z_d^\mu $$

Z
d
μ

and the SM $$U(1)_Y$$

U

(
1
)

Y

gauge field $$B_\mu $$

B
μ

. After the electroweak and $$U(1)_d$$

U

(
1
)

d

symmetry breaking, the dark photon $$Z_d^\mu $$

Z
d
μ

acquires a mass and mixes with the SM neutral vector boson $$Z_\mu $$

Z
μ

. This mixing leads to parity-violating coupling between the $$Z_d^\mu $$

Z
d
μ

and SM. The coupling between the dark photon and SM can be explored in low energy phenomenology as well as in collider experiments. The Lorentz structure of dark photon interaction with SM fermions is explored in the proposed high energy future Large Hadron-electron collider, which would provide efficient energy and a clean environment using cross-section and asymmetries associated with polarisation observable of the dark photon in leptons decay. A $$\chi ^2$$

χ
2

-analysis is performed to compare the strength of various variables for both the charge- and neutral-current processes. Based on this analysis, $$90\%$$

90
%

confidence level (C.L.) contours in the $$\varepsilon $$
ε
-$$m_{Z_d}$$

m

Z
d

and $$\varepsilon $$
ε
-$$g_V$$

g
V

plane are obtained to put limits on the $$Z_d^\mu $$

Z
d
μ

mass up to 100 GeV, coupling strength $$\varepsilon $$
ε
and on the Lorentz structure of dark photon coupling with the SM fermions ($$g_V$$

g
V

) at $$\sqrt{s} \approx 1.3$$

s

≈
1.3

TeV.
Cosmological analogies for geophysical flows, Lagrangians, and new analogue gravity systems
Authors: Faraoni Valerio , Jose Sonia 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFormal analogies between the ordinary differential equations describing geophysical flows and Friedmann cosmology are developed. As a result, one obtains Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of these equations, while laboratory experiments aimed at testing geophysical flows are shown to constitute analogue gravity systems for cosmology.
Catheter-Based Renal Denervation: 9-Year Follow-Up Data on Safety and Blood Pressure Reduction in Patients With Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Sesa-Ashton Gianni , Nolde Janis M. , Muente Ida , Carnagarin Revathy , Lee Rebecca , Macefield Vaughan G. , Dawood Tye , Sata Yusuke , Lambert Elisabeth A. , Lambert Gavin W. , Walton Antony , Kiuchi Marcio G. , Esler Murray D. , Schlaich Markus P. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Recent sham-controlled randomized clinical trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation (RDN). Long-term safety and efficacy data beyond 3 years are scarce. Here, we report on outcomes after RDN in a cohort of patients with resistant hypertension with an average of ≈9-year follow-up (FU).

Methods:
We recruited patients with resistant hypertension who were previously enrolled in various RDN trials applying radiofrequency energy for blood pressure (BP) lowering. All participants had baseline assessments before RDN and repeat assessment at long-term FU including medical history, automated office and ambulatory BP measurement, and routine blood and urine tests. We analyzed changes between baseline and long-term FU.

Results:

A total of 66 participants (mean±SD, 70.0±10.3 years; 76.3% men) completed long-term FU investigations with a mean of 8.8±1.2 years post-procedure. Compared with baseline, ambulatory systolic BP was reduced by −12.1±21.6 (from 145.2 to 133.1) mm Hg (
P
<0.0001) and diastolic BP by −8.8±12.8 (from 81.2 to 72.7) mm Hg (
P
<0.0001). Mean heart rate remained unchanged. At long-term FU, participants were on one less antihypertensive medication compared with baseline (
P
=0.0052). Renal function assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate fell within the expected age-associated rate of decline from 71.1 to 61.2 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
. Time above target was reduced significantly from 75.0±25.9% at baseline to 47.3±30.3% at long-term FU (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions:
RDN results in a significant and robust reduction in both office and ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP at ≈9-year FU after catheter-based RDN on less medication and without evidence of adverse consequences on renal function.
Testing the Assumptions in the Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services Using Empirical Data, Focusing on Cultural Awareness
Authors: Sahamkhadam Nasrin , Andersson Anna Karin , Golsäter Marie , Harder Maria , Granlund Mats , Wahlström Emmie 
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Encounters with children of foreign origin call for school nurses’ cultural competence during the health visits. This study aimed to investigate the statistical associations between the cultural constructs described by the Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services (PCCDHS) model and whether school nurses’ cultural encounters, cultural knowledge, and cultural skill could statistically predict their cultural awareness. Methodology: Spearman correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using cross-sectional secondary data from 816 Swedish school nurses. The cultural constructs in the theoretical description of the PCCDHS model guided the selection and sorting of the items on cultural competence. Results: The constructs of cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural awareness were positively correlated with each other. However, becoming culturally aware was not statistically predicted by included cultural constructs ( R2 = 13.4, p = .06). Discussion: Despite the interrelations between the investigated cultural constructs of the PCCDHS model, understanding cultural awareness development requires further empirical testing.
Inhibition of NKCC1 in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion results in alleviation of neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord contusion
Authors: Wu Yao , Wang Fangyong 
Published: February 2023

Previous studies have confirmed the relationship between chloride homeostasis and pain. However, the role of sodium potassium chloride co-transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) in dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) in spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuropathic pain (NP) remains inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether suppression of NKCC1 in the spinal cord and DRGs alleviate the NP of adult rats with thoracic spinal cord contusion. Thirty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 week-old, weighing 250–280 g) were randomly divided into three groups with ten animals in each group (sham, SCI, and bumetanide groups). The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency were recorded before injury (baseline) and on post-injury days 14, 21, 28, and 35. At the end of experiment, western blotting (WB) analysis, quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed to quantify NKCC1 expression. Our results revealed that NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal cord and DRGs was significantly up-regulated in rats with SCI. Intraperitoneal treatment of bumetanide (an NKCC1 inhibitor) reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the dorsal horn and DRGs and ameliorated mechanical ectopic pain and thermal hypersensitivities in the SCI rats. Our study demonstrated the occurrence of NKCC1 overexpression in the spinal cord and DRGs in a rodent model of NP and indicated that changes in the peripheral nervous system also play a major role in promoting pain sensitization after SCI.
Botuobinskite and mirnyite, two new minerals of the crichtonite group included in Cr-pyrope xenocrysts from the Internatsionalnaya kimberlite
Authors: Rezvukhin Dmitriy I. , Rashchenko Sergey V. , Sharygin Igor S. , Malkovets Vladimir G. , Alifirova Taisia A. , Pautov Leonid. A. , Nigmatulina Elena N. , Seryotkin Yurii V. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTwo new mineral species of the crichtonite group: botuobinskite, ideally SrFe2+(Ti4+12Cr3+6)Mg2[O36(OH)2] and mirnyite, ideally SrZr(Ti4+12Cr3+6)Mg2O38, occur as inclusions in mantle-derived Cr-pyrope xenocrysts from the Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe, Mirny field, Siberian craton. Botuobinskite forms needle- and blade-like acicular crystals up to 1 mm in length and up to 30 μm in diameter, a large platy inclusion (700 × 700 × 80 μm) and roughly isometric grains (up to 80 μm). Mirnyite occurs as needle-and blade-like elongated inclusions (up to 1 mm). Both minerals are jet-black, opaque and exhibit a metallic lustre. In plane-polarised reflected light, botuobinskite and mirnyite are greyish-white with a weak brownish tint. Between crossed polars, the new species show distinct anisotropy in shades of bluish grey to greenish-brown. Neither bireflectance nor pleochroism is observed. Calculated densities for botuobinskite and mirnyite are 4.3582(5) and 4.3867(3) gm/cm3, respectively. The crystal structures of botuobinskite and mirnyite have been refined (R = 0.0316 and 0.0285, respectively) from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The minerals are trigonal, crystallise in the space group R$\bar{3}$ (No. 148) and are isostructural with other members of the crichtonite group. The unit cell parameters are a = 10.3644(8) Å, c = 20.6588(11) Å and V = 1921.9(2) Å3 for botuobinskite and a = 10.3734(8) Å, c = 20.6910 (12) Å and V = 1928.2(2) Å3 for mirnyite, with Z = 3 for both. The Raman spectra of the minerals show strong peaks at 133, 313 and 711 cm–1. Infrared spectroscopy data for botuobinskite indicates H–O stretching of the hydroxyl groups. Botuobinskite and mirnyite have been approved by the IMA–CNMNC under the numbers 2018-143a and 2018-144a, respectively. Botuobinskite and mirnyite are named after the Botuobinskaya exploration expedition and Mirny town, respectively. The minerals may be considered as crystal-chemical analogues of other crichtonite-group species occurring in the lithospheric mantle (i.e. loveringite, lindsleyite and mathiasite). Both species commonly occur in intimate association with Cr-pyrope as well as other peridotitic minerals and exert an important control on the partitioning of incompatible elements during mantle metasomatism.