bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vaccine Treatment of Asthma
Authors: Rackemann Francis M. , Graham Lillian B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The method of making autogenous vaccines and of treating patients with emphysema, chronic bronchitis and with bacterial asthma is described. Ninety patients have been treated with autogenous vaccines. A predominating organism was found and used in 29 cases with good results in 11 and fair results in 11. In 61 cases, there was no predominating organism but a selection from several autogenous vaccines was made on the basis of the local reactions following the test dose. Good results occurred in 13 and fair results in 14. Forty-one patients have been treated with stock vaccines likewise selected on the basis of the local reactions with good results in 16 and fair results in 12. Whatever vaccine is used the fact that good results occur only in those cases where the various doses of the vaccine are followed by local reactions at the site of inoculation is definite and striking. The importance of the local reaction plus the fact that the results with stock vaccines are as good or better than those with autogenous vaccines gives rise to the impression that the action of all vaccines in asthma is non-specific. Of the entire series of 131 patients 9 or 7 per cent have been “cured;” 31 or 22 per cent have been definitely benefited; 13 or 10 per cent have been helped somewhat; 24 or 18.5 per cent have been relieved temporarily but 54 or 41 per cent have not been relieved at all. Although good proof of a cure brought about by vaccines is lacking, vaccines do good in many cases. And at least until we know more of the fundamental pathological physiology of asthma, their use is reasonable and justifiable.
Inhibition of Rh0(D) Antibody by Eluates from Rh0(D) Erythrocytes Treated with Mumps Virus or the Periodate Ion
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Chandler Robert W. , Dodd Matthew C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rh0(D) positive red cells treated with periodate or mumps virus were not agglutinated by anti-Rh sera containing specific saline agglutinins. Agglutinability was restored by trypsinization. Eluates from periodate or mumps-treated Rh0(D) erythrocytes or stromata inhibited agglutination of both normal and trypsinized Rh0(D) cells by specific antiserum. Eluates from Rh0(D) negative cells or stromata were not inhibitory. No inhibition was demonstrable with eluates from Rh0(D) cells treated with influenza or Newcastle disease viruses. Eluates from periodate or mumps-treated Rh0(D) cells or stromata formed precipitates when mixed with anti-Rh0(D) serum. The virus-treated cell eluates were more effective in producing precipitation. Titers of anti-Rh inhibitor in eluates from virus-treated stromata fluctuated considerably in samples obtained at various intervals during prolonged treatment. Similar fluctuations in the titer of anti-Rh inhibitor in samples of eluates from periodate-treated stromata occurred only for a short time after treatment was begun, no inhibition being demonstrable in later samples. Both titer and the fluctuations of inhibitor in eluates from mumps-treated stromata were affected by the stromata-virus ratio and by pH. Fluctuations in the titer of anti-Rh inhibitor were correlated with fluctuations in the viral hemagglutinin titers of eluates. Fluctuations in the inhibitor titer of virus-cell eluates were abolished by addition of antimumps serum and by inactivation of virus by heat. The subsequent addition of living virus to heated eluates was followed by the reappearance of the characteristic fluctuations of inhibitor titer. The anti-Rh inhibitor in both types of eluates was tentatively identified as Rh0(D) antigen chiefly on the basis of its serologic specificity. It was proposed that antigen existed in different forms in the two eluates. A carbohydrate complex having a dual antigen-receptor function was postulated for the virus cell eluate.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: Fazekas de St.Groth S. , Watson G. S. , Reid A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The statistical-kinetic theory of reactions is applied to the system of virus and its specific antibody. The mathematical model defines, without any additional assumptions whatever, the rate at which virus-antibody unions are formed and broken, as well as the equilibrium state of the system. Equations covering the effects of dilution, of altering the concentration of any component, and of competition set up between similar reagents are derived and solved explicitly.
Based on this model, the biological action of antibodies is considered in the form of several equally likely alternatives. Choice of the appropriate mechanism of neutralization must rest on experiment.
The methods available for the study of the neutralization of infectivity are shown to carry various systematic errors. The nature and magnitude of these is discussed, and means are proposed by which they can be either avoided or accounted for quantitatively.
Studies on Nonprecipitating Antibody Coexisting with Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Feinberg Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nonprecipitating antibody of the blocking type has been produced in rabbits by multiple subcutaneous injections of antigen suspended in Freund's adjuvant. Injection of animals intravenously and intramuscularly with antigen adsorbed onto alum failed to produce this type of antibody. The nonprecipitating antibody detected by combination with radioiodinated antigen was precipitable by sheep antirabbit globulin and electrophoretically is a γ-globulin.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Hayashi J. A. , Stone W. H. , Link K. P. , Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Blood group specific substances have been prepared from bovine gastric mucosa. In general, preparations from cows carrying the gene for the J character show high and specific J activity as determined by inhibition tests, while those preparations from cows lacking the gene have no activity. There was no detectable difference in the gross chemical composition of the J active and J inactive preparations. The amounts of the various constituents found (nitrogen content, methylpentose, hexosamine and reducing sugars after hydrolysis) were comparable to those reported by others for the blood group specific substances from various species. The J substance prepared from gastric mucosa and the J substance as it occurs normally on the red blood cells and in the serum behaved similarly in cross-reactions within other blood group systems. Thus, the J active preparations possessed cattle J, sheep R and human A activity, while the J inactive. However, none of the preparations had activity for human blood group B as has been reported by other workers. Further, there was some weak sheep r and strong human O activity among both the J positive and J negative preparations. It has not been possible to produce specific precipitating antisera against the J preparations by immunizing rabbits, cattle or chickens. However, cattle immunized with a J active preparation may have produced precipitins specifically reactive with A active substance from hog, horse and human sources. This paradoxical reactivity for nonhomologous substances has been observed with the naturally occurring anti-J antibodies also. The chicken anti-J sera showed reactions which seemingly were species specific and not J specific.
Differences in the Antigenic Components of Sera of Individual Rabbits as Shown by Induced Isoprecipitins
Authors: Dray Sheldon , Young Glendowlyn O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Differences in the antigenic components of sera of individual rabbits have been studied by the induction of isoantibodies. For this purpose, rabbits were injected with normal rabbit sera plus paraffin-oil type adjuvants. The titers of isoantibodies can be estimated by precipitin reactions in agar gel and by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. Isoprecipitins were found to serum antigens with electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to α-, β-, and γ-globulins.
The sera of 90 normal rabbits were tested by diffusion in gel tubes with 6 rabbit antisera to rabbit sera; some tubes had no precipitin bands and others had one or two precipitin bands. When the reactions between each normal rabbit serum and the 6 rabbit antisera were compared, the 90 rabbits could be grouped into 13 groups on the basis of the presence or absence of precipitin bands and into 30 groups by taking the number of bands into consideration.
The isoantibodies did not react with red blood cell antigens as determined by agglutination tests and adsorption experiments.
Purification of Antikidney Globulins on a Cellulose Column
Authors: Powell A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The localizing activity of labelled rabbit antirat kidney γ-globulin was strongly concentrated by gradient elution from kidney sediment. The material so obtained was about 20 times more active and, with respect to cross-localization in liver, was 4 times as specific for rat kidney as was the original unpurified γ-globulin. It was not possible to duplicate this effect by elution in batch procedures. For maximum localizing activity, it was necessary to iodinate the γ-globulin with not more than 1 g atom of iodine/mole of γ-globulin. The greater the localizing activity of the preparations described, the more label was found in the saline insoluble portion of the kidney. The principle of the method is believed to be applicable to the purification in general of antibodies in cases where the antigens are not obtained in purified form.
The Curious Case of the Common Cold
Authors: Dingle John H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The common cold is the most frequent ailment of mankind. Almost all of us have had it at least once, and most of us suffer from it several times each year, so that we know it personally. While a cold is frequently looked upon as a minor or even trivial disease, a host of observers and investigators have been concerned with it at one time or another. By 1932, for example, there were approximately 2000 papers in the literature dealing with this subject and literally hundreds of papers have been added since that time. It is curious, then, that we know so much about this disease and yet find it so elusive. It is curious that the common cold is so difficult to define sharply and clearly; that its epidemiology is so poorly understood and that its causes—definitive, predisposing, and precipitating—are so uncertain.
The Effect of Temperature upon the Production of Herpes Simplex Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The majority of adult human beings have been infected with the herpes simplex virus, judging from the high percentage of the general population whose sera contain complement fixing or neutralizing antibodies (50–90% depending upon the segment of the population tested) (1–7). Once the infection is acquired it appears that the virus may remain in some tissue or tissues in a latent or inapparent state and that under proper conditions it can become active to produce disease in the form of recurrent herpes simplex infections. Some of those who have serologic evidence of infection with the herpes simplex virus develop recurrent disease without apparent cause or in association with such common-place occurrences as menstruation, exposure to sunlight and emotional stress. In contrast, the majority of persons who have serologic evidence of herpetic infection develop recurrent herpes simplex lesions if they contract certain febrile bacterial infections, especially those caused by Meningococci or Pneumococci.
Studies on Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Kimball Anne C. , Cooney Marion K. , Bauer Henry , Sheppard Charles G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In an unselected group of 327 obstetrical patients the dye test for toxoplasma antibodies was positive in 31.5%. Serological follow-up on 272 (84.2%) patients, with an average of 2.9 specimens per person, covered a median of 55 months and indicated the following: a) The rate of change from negative to positive was 5.1% during the study period or about 1.0% per year. b) Only one of 88 patients with dye test positive in dilution 1:4 or higher changed to dye test negative during the study period. c) Significant increase in titer (16-fold rise) was observed in only 3 of the 88 dye test positive patients, and may signify antigenic stimulation from re-exposure or ruptured pseudocysts.
Elimination of Antigen-Antibody Complexes from Sera of Rabbits
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various soluble antigen-antibody complexes have been injected intravenously into rabbits and their rate of elimination followed. When soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes, prepared in the region of antigen excess, were injected intravenously into rabbits, a portion of these complexes was removed almost immediately, whereas another portion was eliminated at an exponential rate which had a half-life of approximately 2.7 days. A portion of similarly prepared BGG-anti-BGG complexes was eliminated from the circulation at an exponential rate which had a half-life of 1.8 days. In either system the rate of elimination of the complexes was more rapid than that of either antigen or antibody when injected alone. The amount of these complexes which continued to circulate following an injection depended to a large extent on their size which is determined by the amount of excess antigen used in their preparation.
BSA-anti-BSA complexes prepared at equivalence with nonprecipitating antibody were almost completely eliminated from the sera in a few hours, whereas, BSA-(nonprecipitating) anti-BSA complexes prepared with a large amount of excess antigen were eliminated from the circulation at a rate which had a half-life of 2.3 days.
There is some evidence that complement may play a role in the removal of soluble antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation.
Quantitative Study of Local Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Sensitivity with Peritoneal Exudate Cells in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Matoltsy Margit 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The peritoneal exudate cells of tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs, used in earlier surviving cell culture experiments, were shown to produce small but typical delayed reactions when mixed with antigen and injected into the skin of normal guinea pig recipients. Injection of the same mixtures intracorneally produced an opacity lasting 48 hr, not produced by injection of control mixtures. In newborn animals as recipients, local passive skin reactions could not be produced. By injecting multiple doses of antigen and cells into single (sometimes two) recipients and by measuring the volumes of the reactions as precisely as possible, we obtained characteristic dose response curves. High concentrations of tuberculin (1:20-1:5) inhibited the passive reactions in many of these experiments. Incubation of the cells with antigen before injection and incubation of the cells before addition of antigen failed to produce the release of inflammatory agents, of antibody, or of cells with increased reactivity. Suspensions of spleen cells failed to produce well defined transferred reactions. It is concluded that the transferred cells react directly with antigen at the injected site and that a volume increase of the transferred cells comparable to that seen in surviving cell culture, with or without actual cell multiplication, is sufficient to account for the size of the reactions observed in the absence of participation by the recipient's own cells.
Action of Anticellular Sera on Virus Infections
Authors: Quersin-Thiry Lise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antiHeLa sera and antimonkey kidney culture sera completely protected the homologous cultures against the cytopathogenic effect of poliomyelitis virus (MEF1), if the sera were used at subagglutinative concentrations. At such concentrations cells multiplied normally in spite of the presence of both antiserum and virus. The protection, at least in part, resulted from an inhibiting effect on the attachment of virus to antibody-treated cells.
Susceptibility to this protective action differed greatly with different strains. Examples of strains which were not susceptible include 1 strain of Newcastle disease and 4 types of Coxsackie B virus. Susceptibility equal to that of MEF1 was shown by 4 other strains of poliomyelitis virus (2 virulent, 2 avirulent). Susceptibility greater than that of MEF1 was shown by 3 types of Coxsackie A (smaller doses of antiserum were required to achieve protection). Susceptibility was variable among 13 types of the ECHO group. No protection was obtained against diphtheria toxin. If protective action occurred, the presence or absence of complement had no effect on the susceptibility of virus.
When filter paper disks soaked in anticellular serum were layed on agar in Petri dishes which had been prepared according to the Dulbecco technique, viruses such as poliomyelitis and ECHO 9 strains did not form plaques in an area surrounding the disk. No such protected area was formed when Newcastle disease virus was tested.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The skin of the albino Swiss mouse can be passively sensitized by rabbit antibody. With the rabbit antihen egg albumin used in this study, 0.4 or 0.8 μg antibody nitrogen was found to be the lower limit necessary for local sensitization. The optimal latent period was found to be 3 hr. Intradermally injected antibody can be detected by PCA for only a short time after challenge with antigen. When the antibody is injected intravenously, 350 μg of antibody nitrogen or more are necessary to sensitize the skin. At these antibody levels the threshold amount of Ea approximated 0.25 μg.
Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination Inhibition by Normal Serum with a Canary Pox Virus Strain
Authors: Gerber Dolores F. , Watkins H. M. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A strain of canary pox virus (CPV) agglutinated red blood cells from only one-fourth of the fowl donors furnishing cells positive for hemagglutination by vaccinia virus. Hemagglutination was inhibited by normal fowl, sheep, rabbit and horse serum. Inhibition titers were inversely proportional to the virus concentration employed and were not affected by incubation at 4, 26, or 37°C. When heated at 56°C for 30 min the hemaggluatinin was thermolabile, the serum inhibitor thermostable. The virus showed no enzymatic activity against red cell receptors or against the serum inhibitor. In these aspects, this CPV strain is identical neither with other pox viruses nor with the MNI viruses.
The Toxic Effect of Vaccinia Virus on Leucocytes In Vitro
Authors: Nishmi M. , Bernkopf H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suspensions of cells obtained from the peritoneal exudate of the white mouse and the cell population developing from the growth of such cells on glass were found to be rapidly destroyed by concentrated suspensions of vaccinia virus. A destructive effect of vaccinia virus on suspensions of human white blood cells was also observed. The cytopathic changes are not caused by virus multiplication but by a toxic principle which could not be separated from the virus particles by centrifugation. Virus preparations made noninfective by irradiation with ultraviolet light still possessed toxic qualities. It is suggested that the characteristic leucopenia observed in smallpox and vaccinia infection in man may be caused by a mechanism similar to that of the destruction of white blood cells by vaccinia virus demonstrated in vitro.
The Effect of Prolonged Injection of Ethionine on Rabbits and Guinea Pigs on a High Cholesterol Diet
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Plummer P. J. G. , Annau E. , Robertson A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement titers, protein and lipid values of the serum, and the pathologic findings were compared in ethionine-injected and untreated rabbits and guinea pigs on cholesterol-supplemented or stock diets. All of the ethionine-injected rabbits when sacrificed after 7–24 week's treatment showed some degree of pathologic change in the liver and kidney or both; in some, other organs as well were affected. Atheromatous lesions in the aorta and vessels of the heart were found in all rabbits that had been on the high-cholesterol diet for periods of 14–24 weeks, their location and extent was similar in the ethionine-treated and control animals. No such lesions were observed in any of the guinea pigs on the cholesterol-supplemented diet, although there was a marked accumulation of lipid in the liver, pancreas and other organs.
The complement titers and total protein content of the serum of the untreated rabbits on the high cholesterol diet tended to be higher than those of the untreated controls on the stock diet; this difference was not observed in the corresponding groups of guinea pigs. Complement titers fell and remained low in both dietary groups of rabbits and guinea pigs during the period of ethionine treatment; in rabbits the total serum protein values were depressed initially but later rose to normal levels; prolonged ethionine treatment had no apparent effect upon the hyperlipemia developing in cholesterol-fed rabbits, but in guinea pigs on the same diet an initial rise in serum lipids was followed by a decline during ensuing months of ethionine injection.
The basic mechanisms underlying these changes observed in ethionine-injected animals are discussed briefly from the physiologic and immunologic standpoint.
The Metabolism of Some Antigen-Antibody Complexes in the Rabbit
Authors: Walter Harry , Zipper Herbert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits sensitized to beef gamma globulin (BGG) and normal controls were injected intravenously with small amounts of insoluble, suspended complexes formed in vitro between I131-trace labeled BGG (I131-BGG) and its homologous rabbit antibody. At intervals animals were sacrificed and the protein bound activity was determined in their blood and organs. It has been shown that the clearance from the blood proceeds more rapidly in sensitized than in control animals because the antibody in their serum reduces dissociation of complex. The organ distribution pattern is similar in both sensitized rabbits and controls and it thus appears that elimination of complex from blood does not depend on any sensitization of tissues. The spleen, shortly after injection, has the highest specific activity of any organ. Because of their size the liver and lungs account for the greatest removal of injected activity from the circulation. In sensitized animals injected with labeled antigen (i.e. in tracing complex formed in vivo) the spleen and lymph nodes have the highest specific activities of any organ; whereas in normal animals these activities are quite low. Thermally denatured I131-BGG, when injected intravenously, is eliminated from blood at rates comparable to antigen-antibody complex in sensitized rabbits, but is excreted more rapidly from the organism. A difference in the rate of degradation and elimination of native insoluble protein (antigen-antibody complex) and denatured insoluble protein is indicated.
Sensitivity of Pertussis Inoculated Mice to Endotoxin
Authors: Kind Leon S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rise and fall of sensitivity to endotoxin in the pertussis inoculated mouse parallels closely the development of histamine and serotonin susceptibility in such animals. Thirteen days after pertussis inoculation, mice possessed an enhanced susceptibility to the lethal effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin as well as to living E. coli organisms. Preliminary injections of sublethal amounts of E. coli or Serratia marcescens endotoxins restore the resistance of pertussis inoculated mice to subsequent challenge with lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin. Injections of E. coli endotoxin, however, do not prevent pertussis inoculated mice from developing an increased susceptibility to histamine or anaphylactic shock. E. coli endotoxin was actually found to potentiate the development of anaphylactic sensitivity in the pertussis inoculated mouse. On the other hand, E. coli endotoxin increased the resistance of pertussis inoculated to subsequent injections of pertussis vaccine. The implications of these findings are discussed.