bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Variability and Declining Trend of Soil Moisture Since the 1880s on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Lu , Liu Hongyan , Grießinger Jussi , Chen Deliang , Sun Changfeng , Fang Congxi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHistorical soil moisture (SM) variations, trends, and their driving factors remain scarce for the area of Tibetan Plateau (TP), which hinders putting a sensible assessment of the current and future ecological drought risk into perspective. Here, we report the first three century‐long regional summer (July–August) SM reconstruction for the southeastern TP during 1691–2007 CE using a paleoclimate proxy, that is, tree‐ring δ18O. The SM reconstruction, which explained 60.9% of the actual variance, revealed that an abrupt wet‐to‐dry change occurred in 1884. After 1884, SM exhibited a decreasing trend and enhanced variability, and dry summers occurred more frequently. In particular, the variability in SM reached an unprecedented level after the 1950s relative to that during the past three centuries. A structural equation model and running correlation analysis revealed that SM variation was mainly controlled by precipitation rather than temperature. This indicates that the anthropogenic‐related weakening of the Indian summer monsoon played a more dominant role in SM changes after 1884 than the increase in temperature. If the SM variability is to be further increased in the future, it may undermine ecosystem stability and forest health. The results of this study are significant for predicting ecological drought in ecologically vulnerable regions such as the High Asia.
Unique Banded Structures of Plasmaspheric Hiss Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Ni Binbin , Summers Danny , Xiang Zheng , Dou Xiankang , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Meredith Nigel P. , Dong Junhu , Chen Lunjin , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Liu Xu , Tao Xin , Gu Xudong , Ma Xin , Yi Juan , Fu Song , Xu Wei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss is an electromagnetic wave mode that occurs ubiquitously in the high‐density plasmasphere and contributes crucially to the dynamic behavior of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. While plasmaspheric hiss is commonly considered to be a broadband emission with frequencies from ∼100 Hz to several kHz, here we report Van Allen Probes measurements of unambiguous banded signatures of plasmaspheric hiss, uniquely characterized by an upper band above ∼200 Hz, a lower band below ∼100 Hz and a power gap in between. Banded plasmaspheric hiss occurs with the probability ∼8% in the postnoon sector within 2.5–5.0 Earth radii, showing strong dependence on geomagnetic and solar wind conditions. Observations also suggest that banded hiss waves result possibly from two combined sources, the upper band originating from the transformation of chorus waves propagating from outside the plasmasphere, and the lower band from localized excitation inside the plasmasphere, which however requires future investigation. The banded hiss waves shed new light on the evolution of the Earth's radiation belts and have implications for understanding whistler‐mode waves in planetary magnetospheres.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Impactites and a Machine Learning Approach to Determine the Oxidation State of Iron in Glass‐Bearing Materials
Authors: Bruschini E. , Carli C. , Skogby H. , Andreozzi G. B. , Stojic A. , Morlok A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe investigated a suite of impact glass‐bearing rocks using a multi‐analytical approach including visible‐near‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. In order to better understand and interpret the obtained results, we built a database containing physical, chemical, and spectroscopic information on glasses and glass‐bearing materials using new results from this study and published works. We used the database to explore systematic relationships between parameters of interest and finally we applied several machine learning algorithms (support vector machine, random forests, and gradient boosting) to test the possibility to regress the oxidation state of iron from chemical and spectroscopic information. Our results show that even small amounts of mafic crystalline phases have a big influence on the spectral features of glass‐bearing rocks. Samples without mafic crystalline inclusions show the typical spectrum of glasses (two broad and shallow bands roughly centered around 1,100 and 1,900 nm) with minor variations due to bulk chemistry. We described a non‐linear relationship between average reflectance (average reflectance value between 500 and 1,000 nm), FeO + TiO2 content, grain size, and Fe3+/FeTOT. We tested the relation for the finer grain size (0–25 μm), and we qualitatively assessed how it is affected by grain size, Fe3+/FeTOT, and crystal content. Finally, we developed a machine learning pipeline to regress the Fe3+/FeTOT of glass‐bearing materials using the proposed database. Our machine learning calculations give satisfactory results (MAE: 0.0321) and additional data will enable the application of our computational strategy to remotely acquired data to extract chemical and mineralogical information of planetary surfaces.
First large-scale genomic prediction in the honey bee
Authors: Bernstein Richard , Du Manuel , Du Zhipei G. , Strauss Anja S. , Hoppe Andreas , Bienefeld Kaspar 
Published: March 2023

AbstractGenomic selection has increased genetic gain in several livestock species, but due to the complicated genetics and reproduction biology not yet in honey bees. Recently, 2970 queens were genotyped to gather a reference population. For the application of genomic selection in honey bees, this study analyzes the accuracy and bias of pedigree-based and genomic breeding values for honey yield, three workability traits, and two traits for resistance against the parasite Varroa destructor. For breeding value estimation, we use a honey bee-specific model with maternal and direct effects, to account for the contributions of the workers and the queen of a colony to the phenotypes. We conducted a validation for the last generation and a five-fold cross-validation. In the validation for the last generation, the accuracy of pedigree-based estimated breeding values was 0.12 for honey yield, and ranged from 0.42 to 0.61 for the workability traits. The inclusion of genomic marker data improved these accuracies to 0.23 for honey yield, and a range from 0.44 to 0.65 for the workability traits. The inclusion of genomic data did not improve the accuracy of the disease-related traits. Traits with high heritability for maternal effects compared to the heritability for direct effects showed the most promising results. For all traits except the Varroa resistance traits, the bias with genomic methods was on a similar level compared to the bias with pedigree-based BLUP. The results show that genomic selection can successfully be applied to honey bees.
Divergent vertebral formulae shape the evolution of axial complexity in mammals
Authors: Li Yimeng , Brinkworth Andrew , Green Emily , Oyston Jack , Wills Matthew , Ruta Marcello 
Published: March 2023

AbstractComplexity, defined as the number of parts and their degree of differentiation, is a poorly explored aspect of macroevolutionary dynamics. The maximum anatomical complexity of organisms has undoubtedly increased through evolutionary time. However, it is unclear whether this increase is a purely diffusive process or whether it is at least partly driven, occurring in parallel in most or many lineages and with increases in the minima as well as the means. Highly differentiated and serially repeated structures, such as vertebrae, are useful systems with which to investigate these patterns. We focus on the serial differentiation of the vertebral column in 1,136 extant mammal species, using two indices that quantify complexity as the numerical richness and proportional distribution of vertebrae across presacral regions and a third expressing the ratio between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. We address three questions. First, we ask whether the distribution of complexity values in major mammal groups is similar or whether clades have specific signatures associated with their ecology. Second, we ask whether changes in complexity throughout the phylogeny are biased towards increases and whether there is evidence of driven trends. Third, we ask whether evolutionary shifts in complexity depart from a uniform Brownian motion model. Vertebral counts, but not complexity indices, differ significantly between major groups and exhibit greater within-group variation than recognized hitherto. We find strong evidence of a trend towards increasing complexity, where higher values propagate further increases in descendant lineages. Several increases are inferred to have coincided with major ecological or environmental shifts. We find support for multiple-rate models of evolution for all complexity metrics, suggesting that increases in complexity occurred in stepwise shifts, with evidence for widespread episodes of recent rapid divergence. Different subclades evolve more complex vertebral columns in different configurations and probably under different selective pressures and constraints, with widespread convergence on the same formulae. Further work should therefore focus on the ecological relevance of differences in complexity and a more detailed understanding of historical patterns.
Oxygenation of the Earth aided by mineral–organic carbon preservation
Authors: Zhao Mingyu , Mills Benjamin J. W. , Homoky William B. , Peacock Caroline L. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPhotosynthesis produces molecular oxygen, but it is the burial of organic carbon in sediments that has allowed this O2 to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere. Yet many direct controls on the preservation and burial of organic carbon have not been explored in detail. For modern Earth, it is known that reactive iron phases are important for organic carbon preservation, suggesting that the availability of particulate iron could be an important factor for the oxygenation of the oceans and atmosphere over Earth history. Here we develop a theoretical model to investigate the effect of mineral–organic preservation on the oxygenation of the Earth, supported by a proxy compilation for terrigenous inputs and the burial of reactive iron phases, and find that changes to the rate of iron input to the global ocean constitute an independent control on atmosphere–ocean O2 and marine sulfate levels. We therefore suggest that increasing continental exposure and denudation may have helped fuel the rise in atmospheric O2 and other oxidants over Earth history. Finally, we show that inclusion of mineral–organic preservation makes the global marine O2 reservoir more resilient to changes in nutrient levels by breaking the link between productivity and organic carbon burial. We conclude that mineral–organic preservation is an important missing process in current assessments of Earth’s long-term carbon cycle.
Simultaneous ground-state cooling of two mechanical modes of a levitated nanoparticle
Authors: Piotrowski Johannes , Windey Dominik , Vijayan Jayadev , Gonzalez-Ballestero Carlos , de los Ríos Sommer Andrés , Meyer Nadine , Quidant Romain , Romero-Isart Oriol , Reimann René , Novotny Lukas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe quantum ground state of a massive mechanical system is a stepping stone for investigating macroscopic quantum states and building high fidelity sensors. With the recent achievement of ground-state cooling of a single motional mode, levitated nanoparticles have entered the quantum domain. To overcome detrimental cross-coupling and decoherence effects, quantum control needs to be expanded to more system dimensions, but the effect of a decoupled dark mode has so far hindered cavity-based ground-state cooling of multiple mechanical modes. Here, we demonstrate two-dimensional ground-state cooling of an optically levitated nanoparticle. Utilizing coherent scattering into an optical cavity mode, we reduce the occupation numbers of two separate centre-of-mass modes to 0.83 and 0.81, respectively. By controlling the frequency separation and the cavity coupling strengths of the nanoparticle’s mechanical modes, we show the transition from 1D to 2D ground-state cooling. This 2D control lays the foundations for quantum-limited orbital angular momentum states for rotation sensing and, combined with ground-state cooling along the third motional axis shown previously, may allow full 3D ground-state cooling of a massive object.
Moral reasoning and moral competence as predictors of cooperative behavior in a social dilemma
Authors: Miranda-Rodríguez Rubén Andrés , Leenen Iwin , Han Hyemin , Palafox-Palafox Germán , García-Rodríguez Georgina 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe level of moral development may be crucial to understand behavior when people have to choose between prioritizing individual gains or pursuing general social benefits. This study evaluated whether two different psychological constructs, moral reasoning and moral competence, are associated with cooperative behavior in the context of the prisoner's dilemma game, a two-person social dilemma where individuals choose between cooperation or defection. One hundred and eighty-nine Mexican university students completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2; measuring moral reasoning) and the Moral Competence Test (MCT) and played an online version of the prisoner’s dilemma game, once against each participant in a group of 6–10 players. Our results indicate that cooperative behavior is strongly affected by the outcomes in previous rounds: Except when both participants cooperated, the probability of cooperation with other participants in subsequent rounds decreased. Both the DIT-2 and MCT independently moderated this effect of previous experiences, particularly in the case of sucker-outcomes. Individuals with high scores on both tests were not affected when in previous rounds the other player defected while they cooperated. Our findings suggest that more sophisticated moral reasoning and moral competence promote the maintenance of cooperative behaviors despite facing adverse situations.
Exploring consumers’ environmental ethical preferences in the context of unmanned aerial vehicle utilization for plant protection
Authors: Wu Baoshu , Lu Jinlian , Zhou Bo , Song Zhenjiang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased agricultural productivity, achieved food security, and eased the pressure associated with environmental degradation and population growth. However, consumer sentiment remains unclear. The results show that pressures regarding food safety, production safety, and ecological safety have different degrees of positive impact on perceived benefits but no significant impact on perceived barriers. They strongly influence both perceived benefits to the adoption of UAV plant protection agricultural products. Perceived benefits demonstrated a mediating role between the three safety pressures and the adoption of UAVs. Lay beliefs showed a positive moderating effect on perceived benefits and obstacles to the adoption of UAV-based plant protection products. Based on these findings, this paper concludes that consumers are developing new consumer ethics that integrate concepts of food safety, safe production, and regional environmental protection with their acceptance of new technology, which is directly dependent on the combined effect of environmental and consumer ethics. To promote sustainable development, policies must be further optimized on this original basis.
Falcaria vulgaris leaves extract as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid media
Authors: Alimohammadi Mohammadreza , Ghaderi Mohammad , Ramazani S.A. Ahmad , Mahdavian Mohammad 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUndoubtedly, metal corrosion is one of the most challenging problems faced by industries. Introducing corrosion inhibitors is a reasonable approach to protecting the metal surface. Due to environmental concerns and the toxicity of industrial organic corrosion inhibitors, researchers are continually exploring acceptable replacements. The current study focused on the application of Falcaria Vulgaris (FV) leaves extract to mitigate mild steel (MS) corrosion in a 1 M HCl environment. The polarization findings demonstrated that the corrosion current density decreased from 264.0 µA/cm2 (for the sample submerged in the blank solution) to 20.4 µA/cm2 when the optimal concentration of 800 ppm of FV leaves extract was added to the acid solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed an inhibition efficiency of 91.3% at this concentration after 6 h of immersion. It was determined by analyzing several adsorption isotherms that this corrosion inhibitor obeys the Frumkin isotherm. AFM, FE-SEM, and GIXRD surface analyses also supported the findings that adding FV leaves extract can reduce metal damage by adsorption on the metal surface.
Effects of fermented soybean meal supplementation on the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility by modulating the gut microbiome of weaned piglets
Authors: Muniyappan Madesh , Shanmugam Sureshkumar , Park Jae Hong , Han Kyudong , Kim In Ho 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of soybean meal fermented by Enterococcus faecium as a replacement for soybean meal on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, blood profile and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. Eighty piglets (weaned at 21 days) [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with average body weight of 6.52 ± 0.59 kg) were selected and assigned to 4 treatments/4 replicate pens (3 barrows and 2 gilts). The four diets (SBM, 3, 6 and 9% FSBM) were formulated using fermented soybean meal to replace 0, 3, 6 and 9% of soybean meal, respectively. The trial lasted for 42 days phase 1, 2 and 3. Result showed that supplemental FSBM increased (P < 0.05) the body weight gain (BWG) of piglets at day 7, 21 and 42 and ADG at days 1–7, 8–21, 22–42 and 1–42, and ADFI at days 8–21, 22–42 and 1–42 and G: F at days 1–7, 8–21 and 1–42, and crude protein, dry matter, and gross energy digestibility at day 42, and lowered (P < 0.05) diarrhea at days 1–21 and 22–42. The concentration of glucose levels, WBC, RBC, and lymphocytes were increased while, concentration of BUN level in the serum was lowered in the FSBM treatment compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). Microbiota sequencing found that FSBM supplementation increased the microbial Shannon, Simpsons and Chao indexs, (P < 0.05) and the abundances of the phylum Firmicutes, and genera prevotella, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae and Lachnoclostridium (P < 0.05), lower in the abundances of the phylum bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, genera Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto1, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides (P < 0.05). Overall, FSBM replacing SBM improved the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, and blood profiles; perhaps via altering the faecal microbiota and its metabolites in weaned pigs. The present study provides theoretical support for applying FSBM at 6–9% to promote immune characteristics and regulate intestinal health in weaning piglets.
The prevalence and risk factors for anxiety and depression symptoms among migrants in Morocco
Authors: Essayagh Firdaous , Essayagh Meriem , Essayagh Sanah , Marc Ikram , Bukassa Germain , El otmani Ihsane , Kouyate Mady Fanta , Essayagh Touria 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHumanitarian migration can result in mental health issues among migrants. The objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among migrants and their risk factors. A total of 445 humanitarian migrants in the Orientale region were interviewed. A structured questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews to collect socio-demographic, migratory, behavioral, clinical, and paraclinical data. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression symptoms. Risk factors for anxiety and depression symptoms were identified using multivariable logistic regression. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 39.1%, and the prevalence of depression symptoms was 40.0%. Diabetes, refugee status, overcrowding in the home, stress, age between 18 and 20 years, and low monthly income were associated with anxiety symptom. The associated risk factors for depression symptoms were a lack of social support and a low monthly income. Humanitarian migrants have a high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms. Public policies should address socio-ecological determinants by providing migrants with social support and adequate living conditions.
Optical coherence tomography in healthy human subjects in the setting of prolonged dark adaptation
Authors: Su Erin H. , Kesavamoorthy Niranjana , Ameri Hossein 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHuman studies have established that short periods of dark adaptation can induce outer retinal thinning and various band intensity changes that can be detected with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Similar findings were observed in mice, including a positive correlation between the degree of outer retinal changes and dark adaptation duration. We decided to assess potential retinal structural changes following prolonged dark adaptation in humans. 40 healthy subjects without any ocular diseases participated in this study. For each subject, one eye was covered for dark adaptation for four hours, and the other eye was left uncovered as a control. Before and after the dark adaptation period, both eyes were assessed with OCT. Using the Heidelberg Spectralis system, basic statistical functions, and qualitative and quantitative analysis, we were able to compare retinal layer thicknesses and band intensities between covered (dark adapted) versus uncovered (control) eyes. Prolonged dark adaptation did not induce any significant thickness, volume, or intensity changes in the outer retina or in the inner or overall retina. These observations thus alter our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying dark adaptation’s neuroprotective effects in preventing blindness and require further study.
Smoke dispersion test and emergency control plan of fire in mine roadway during downward ventilation
Authors: Hu Dongjie , Li Zongxiang , Wang Haiwen , Xu Haoyu , Miao Chuntong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo explore the wind flow turbulence and smoke flow diffusion law during the mine downward ventilation fire, two similar experimental platforms of a inclined single pipe test device and a loop system multiple pipe test device were built. The change data of the air flow in the pipeline during the fire period under different air volumes were measured. The evolution process of downward ventilation fire in the whole roadway network domain in Dayan Mine was simulated, and the emergency plan was put forward. The results show that in the experiment, the combustion intensity of the fire source is positively correlated with the ventilation power, and the fire wind pressure increases with the increase of the inclination angle of the pipeline. The throttling effect of the fire area and the combustion of the fire source together make the air volume in the pipeline change rapidly. The critical wind speed that makes the downward ventilation flow fire wind pressure equal to the fan power is 1.8 m s−1. The stronger the fan capacity, the stronger the ability of the main air path to overcome the resistance of the fire zone and maintain the original state. In the simulation, the most dangerous place when the downward ventilation fire smoke is reversed is the area (weak flow area) in the mine tunnel network where the ventilation power is weaker than the fire wind power. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of emergency plans for mine fire accidents.