bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight gain following the single substitution of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by tenofovir alafenamide in HIV‐infected people from the French Dat'AIDS cohort: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Hocqueloux Laurent , Menard Amélie , Arvieux Cédric , Joly Véronique , Becker Agathe , Chéret Antoine , Duvivier Claudine , Cabié André , Delpierre Cyrille , Allavena Clotilde ,   for the Dat'AIDS Study Group
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo minimize confounding factors, we aimed to describe the changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) following the single substitution of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) by tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in people living with HIV (PLWH).MethodsWe designed a retrospective study in a large French cohort. We included all HIV‐suppressed adults under TDF + emtricitabine + rilpivirine or elvitegravir/cobistat, who experienced a first switch from TDF to TAF, while other antiretrovirals remained unchanged (Switch group). We compared this population to a propensity score‐matched Control group (1:1) who stayed on the same TDF‐based regimen. Changes were evaluated after 6 (M6) and 12 months (M12).ResultsSome 1260 and 468 PLWH were evaluable per group at M6 and M12, respectively. In the Switch group, there was a mean (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) weight gain of +1014 g (+826 to +1201) at M6 (p < 0.0001) and +1365 g (+910 to +1820) at M12 (p < 0.0001), as compared with baseline. Meanwhile, there was no significant weight gain at M6 (+139 g [−50 to +328]) and M12 (−32 g [−413 to +350]) in the matched Control group. Similarly, mean BMI increased significantly in the Switch group at M6 (+0.35, 95% CI: +0.29 to +0.41, p < 0.0001) and M12 (+0.49, 95% CI: +0.32 to +0.65, p < 0.0001), while it was stable at M6 (+0.05, 95% CI: −0.01 to +0.12, p = 0.11) and M12 (+0.01, 95% CI: −0.12 to +0.14, p = 0.89) in the No Switch group.ConclusionsAlthough modest, there is a significant weight gain following the substitution of TDF by TAF. This should be anticipated in certain at‐risk populations.
Memory CD8+ T cell‐mediated protection against liver‐stage malaria
Authors: Hassert Mariah , Arumugam Sahaana , Harty John T. 
Published: April 2023

SummaryNearly half of the world's population is at risk of malaria, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which is estimated to cause more than 240,000,000 infections and kill more than 600,000 people annually. The emergence of Plasmodia resistant to chemoprophylactic treatment highlights the urgency to develop more effective vaccines. In this regard, whole sporozoite vaccination approaches in murine models and human challenge studies have provided substantial insight into the immune correlates of protection from malaria. From these studies, CD8+ T cells have come to the forefront, being identified as critical for vaccine‐mediated liver‐stage immunity that can prevent the establishment of the symptomatic blood stages and subsequent transmission of infection. However, the unique biological characteristics required for CD8+ T cell protection from liver‐stage malaria dictate that more work must be done to design effective vaccines. In this review, we will highlight a subset of studies that reveal basic aspects of memory CD8+ T cell‐mediated protection from liver‐stage malaria infection.
Evaluation of primary care physicians' competence in selective skin tumour triage after short versus long dermoscopy training: a randomized non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Harkemanne E. , Legrand C. , Sawadogo K. , van Maanen A. , Vossaert K. , Argenziano G. , Braun R. , Thomas L. , Baeck M. , Tromme I. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundAlthough primary care physicians (PCPs) play a key role in skin cancer screening, their skills in detecting malignant tumours is suboptimal.ObjectivesTo determine whether a short dermoscopy e‐learning course (4 h) in skin tumour diagnosis for PCPs is non‐inferior to a long course (12 h) in selective triage of skin lesions. Secondly, to evaluate whether regular refresher training sessions are necessary to maintain the PCPs' skills in the medium term.MethodsA randomized 2 × 2 factorial non‐inferiority trial was conducted online over an 8‐month period among 233 PCPs including 126 certified general practitioners, 94 PCPs in training, and 13 occupational physicians, all without prior advanced dermoscopy training. Participants were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive short training and mandatory refreshers (n = 58), short training and optional refreshers (n = 59), long training and mandatory refreshers (n = 58), or long training and optional refreshers (n = 58). PCPs' skills were evaluated before training (T0), immediately after training (T1) to test the non‐inferiority, and after 5 months (T2) to evaluate the impact of the refreshers. The primary endpoint was the difference in the change of score after short and long training. The non‐inferiority margin was set at −28%.ResultsAmong the 233 randomized participants, 216 (93%) completed T1 and 197 (84.5%) completed T2. For short versus long training, the primary endpoint was 1.392 (95% CI: 0.138; 2.645) in the per‐protocol population (p < 0.001) and 1.016 (95% CI: −0.224; 2.256) in the modified intention‐to‐treat population (p < 0.001). After training, the type of refresher showed no impact on the score (p = 0.840). However, PCPs who completed all refreshers showed the best mean overall score at T2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThese findings confirm that short dermoscopy e‐learning is non‐inferior in training PCPs to triage skin lesions compared to long training. After training, regular refreshers are important to maintain the PCPs' acquired skills over time.
Bt cotton and modern insecticide adoption decreases Helicoverpa spp. population recruitment in a subtropical cropping system
Authors: Grundy Paul R. , Spargo Gail 
Published: April 2023

AbstractExtensive crop sampling for Helicoverpa spp. pupae was undertaken (2017–2021) to provide insights as to how pest population dynamics have altered in a subtropical cropping system following the introduction of transgenic Bt cotton and newer generation insecticides for pulse production. Previously (1996–1999), a pattern of year‐round population cycling and build‐up was identified to occur between summer cotton (non‐Bt) and winter chickpea, enabled by widespread resistance to broad‐spectrum insecticides used at the time. Current pupae sampling was unable to recover pupae from Bt cotton, suggesting this crop had become a population sink rather than a source for Helicoverpa spp. Pupae were less abundant in pulses, with monthly counts varying from 0 to 3192/ha in chickpea being a fraction of previous densities that ranged from 10,000 to 100,000/ha whilst pupae were not detected in mungbean crops. Poor survival (0%–39.5%) of pupae collected from chickpea, likely due to sub‐lethal insecticide exposure during the larval stage, further limited population recruitment. The highest densities of pupae (up to 18,666/ha) were routinely recovered from unsprayed pigeon pea grown as refuges for Bt cotton resistance management, although Tachinid spp. parasitoids caused increasing pupal mortality with refuge age. This study suggests that the high control efficacy afforded by transgenic Bt traits incorporated into cotton and newer insecticides used on pulse crops has provided a form of area‐wide management that may explain suppression of Helicoverpa spp. pupae densities compared to levels previously recorded across the cropping system.
Arabidopsis pollen‐specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase‐like genes are essential for pollen tube tip growth
Authors: Wang Chong , Cheng Hao , Xu Wenjing , Xue Jingshi , Hua Xinguo , Tong Guimin , Ma Xujun , Yang Chuanping , Lan Xingguo , Shen Shi‐Yi , Yang Zhongnan , Huang Jirong , Cheng Yuxiang 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTIn angiosperms, pollen tube growth is critical for double fertilization and seed formation. Many of the factors involved in pollen tube tip growth are unknown. Here, we report the roles of pollen‐specific GLYCEROPHOSPHODIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE‐LIKE (GDPD‐LIKE) genes in pollen tube tip growth. Arabidopsis thaliana GDPD‐LIKE6 (AtGDPDL6) and AtGDPDL7 were specifically expressed in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes and green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐AtGDPDL6 and GFP‐AtGDPDL7 fusion proteins were enriched at the plasma membrane at the apex of forming pollen tubes. Atgdpdl6 Atgdpdl7 double mutants displayed severe sterility that was rescued by genetic complementation with AtGDPDL6 or AtGDPDL7. This sterility was associated with defective male gametophytic transmission. Atgdpdl6 Atgdpdl7 pollen tubes burst immediately after initiation of pollen germination in vitro and in vivo, consistent with the thin and fragile walls in their tips. Cellulose deposition was greatly reduced along the mutant pollen tube tip walls, and the localization of pollen‐specific CELLULOSE SYNTHASE‐LIKE D1 (CSLD1) and CSLD4 was impaired to the apex of mutant pollen tubes. A rice pollen‐specific GDPD‐LIKE protein also contributed to pollen tube tip growth, suggesting that members of this family have conserved functions in angiosperms. Thus, pollen‐specific GDPD‐LIKEs mediate pollen tube tip growth, possibly by modulating cellulose deposition in pollen tube walls.
Effect of incisal preparation design on the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate laminate veneers
Authors: Jurado Carlos A. , Sadid‐Zadeh Ramtin , Watanabe Hidehiko , Robbins Craig E. , Afrashtehfar Kelvin I. , Fischer Nicholas G. , Lee Damian J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to assess the fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate laminate veneers (LVs) fabricated on various incisal preparation designs.Materials and methodsSixty maxillary central incisors with various preparation designs were 3D‐printed, 15 each, including preparation for: (1) LV with feathered‐edge design; (2) LV with butt‐joint design; (3) LV with palatal chamfer; and (4) full‐coverage crown. Restorations were then designed and manufactured from zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) following the contour of a pre‐operation scan. Restorations were bonded to the assigned preparation using resin cement and following the manufacturer's instructions. Specimens were then subjected to 10,000 thermocycles at 5 to 55°C with a dwell time of 30 s. The fracture strength of specimens was then assessed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. One‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni correction multiple comparisons were used to assess the fracture strength differences between the test groups (α = 0.001). Descriptive fractographic analysis of specimens was carried out with scanning electron microscopy images.ResultsComplete coverage crown and LV with palatal chamfer design had the highest fracture resistance values (781.4 ± 151.4 and 618.2 ± 112.6 N, respectively). Single crown and LV with palatal chamfer had no significant difference in fracture strength (p > 05). LV with feathered‐edge and butt‐joint designs provided significantly (p < 05) lower fracture resistance than complete coverage crown and LV with palatal chamfer design.ConclusionThe fracture resistance of chairside milled ZLS veneers was significantly influenced by the incisal preparation designs tested. Within the limitation of this study, when excessive occlusal forces are expected, LV with palatal chamfer display is the most conservative method of fabricating an indirect restoration.
Oral food challenge outcomes in children and adolescents in a tertiary centre: A 5‐year experience
Authors: Jacob Joshua G , Fernando Suran L , Nickolls Claire , Li Jamma 
Published: April 2023

AimOral food challenges (OFC) are an important tool in the assessment of food allergy. We sought to identify factors available at initial assessment visit which were associated with successful outcome or challenge failure in Australian children.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of all paediatric patients who underwent OFC in our allergy service over a 5‐year period. Clinical data comprising patient demographics, co‐morbidities, skin prick test (SPT) results, nature of previous reactions, elapsed time since previous reactions and outcome at OFC were recorded.ResultsFour hundred and fifty‐six OFCs were conducted, with 56 cases (12.3%) resulting in a reaction. Likelihood of reaction at OFC was significantly increased for patients with atopic dermatitis (odds ratio 1.99). When stratified by food substance, atopic dermatitis had the strongest association with reaction within the peanut group (odds ratio 3.2), and no association was demonstrated for soy or prawn. Increasing SPT wheal size (P < 0.001) and previous history of anaphylaxis to the challenge food (P < 0.001) correlated with failure at OFC. A low‐risk group was identified, of patients with no clear history of prior reaction to the challenge food, and SPT result <3 mm.ConclusionsFactors identified at assessment visit which correlated with reaction at OFC are atopic dermatitis, prior history of anaphylaxis, and increasing SPT wheal size. Domiciliary OFC could be considered in a select low‐risk group of patients undergoing food challenge. This study was performed at a single centre with limited sample size, further large‐scale and multicentre study verification of our data will provide more accurate representation of the Australian demographic.
Burden and contributing factors to overweight and obesity in young adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Drysdale Roisin E. , Tadesse Amare W. , Worku Alemayehu , Berhane Hanna Y. , Shinde Sachin , Madzorera Isabel , Sharma Deepika , Fawzi Wafaie W. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents has increased globally, including in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Early adolescence provides an opportunity to develop and encourage positive health and behavioural practices, yet it is an understudied age group with limited information to guide and inform appropriate interventions. This study aims to determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity in young adolescents, aged between 10 and 14 years attending public schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to explore the contributing factors. A cross‐sectional school‐based study was conducted. Adolescents completed individual questionnaires. Weight (kg) and height (m) measurements were converted to BMI‐for‐age and gender z‐scores. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the associated factors. The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 8% among adolescents aged 10–14 years and it was significantly higher in females (13%) than males (2%). The diet quality for the majority of the adolescents was inadequate, putting them at risk for poor health outcomes. The contributors to overweight/obesity were different between males and females. Age and no access to a flush toilet were negatively associated with overweight/obesity in males and access to a computer, laptop or tablet was positively associated. In females, menarche was positively associated with overweight/obesity. Living with only their mother or another female adult and an increase in physical activity were negatively associated with overweight/obesity. There is a need to improve the diet quality of young adolescents in Ethiopia and understand the reasons why females are less physically active to limit the risk of poor diet‐related health outcomes.
Correlates of internalizing and externalizing problems among school‐going young adolescents in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Shinde Sachin , Perumal Nandita , Vandormael Alain , Tadesse Amare W. , Mwanyika‐Sando Mary , Baernighausen Till , Sharma Deepika , Fawzi Wafaie W. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMental health in adolescence is important for health and well‐being throughout the life course, but evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa is sparse. This study aimed to assess the correlates of internalizing, externalizing and cumulative problems among early adolescents. This study used cross‐sectional survey data from 3516 school‐going adolescents in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We used a 25‐item Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to measure internalizing, externalizing and cumulative problems. We carried out multi‐variable linear regression analyses with the estimation of adjusted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals, to determine the factors associated with internalizing, externalizing and cumulative problems. Overall, 1 in 8 adolescents had internalizing problems, while 1 in 10 had externalizing problems. In two sites, having friends was related to lower internalizing problems, while repeating a grade, physical fights and household food insecurity were related to greater internalizing problems. Household food insecurity and involvement in physical fights were associated with greater externalizing problems across sites, while repeating a grade was linked with greater externalizing problems in two sites. Having a caring adult in school was associated with fewer externalizing problems across sites, while having friends was associated with fewer externalizing problems in two sites. Overall, having friends was related to fewer cumulative problems, while physical fights and household food insecurity were related to higher cumulative problems. School‐based mental health and food programs may be useful in addressing social‐emotional problems among school‐aged adolescents in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Tanzania.
Hybrid semantic segmentation for tunnel lining cracks based on Swin Transformer and convolutional neural network
Authors: Zhou Zhong , Zhang Junjie , Gong Chenjie 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn the field of tunnel lining crack identification, the semantic segmentation algorithms based on convolution neural network (CNN) are extensively used. Owing to the inherent locality of CNN, these algorithms cannot make full use of context semantic information, resulting in difficulty in capturing the global features of crack. Transformer‐based networks can capture global semantic information, but this method also has the deficiencies of strong data dependence and easy loss of local features. In this paper, a hybrid semantic segmentation algorithm for tunnel lining crack, named SCDeepLab, is proposed by fusing Swin Transformer and CNN in the encoding and decoding framework of DeepLabv3+ to address the above issues. In SCDeepLab, a joint backbone network is introduced with CNN‐based Inverse Residual Block and Swin Transformer Block. The former is used to extract the local detailed information of the crack to generate the shallow feature layer, whereas the latter is used to extract the global semantic information to obtain the deep feature layer. In addition, Efficient Channel Attention enhanced Feature Fusion Module is proposed to fuse the shallow and deep features to combine the advantages of the two types of features. Furthermore, the strategy of transfer learning is adopted to solve the data dependency of Swin Transformer. The results show that the mean intersection over union (mIoU) and mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of SCDeepLab on the data sets constructed in this paper are 77.41% and 84.42%, respectively, which have higher segmentation accuracy than previous CNN‐based and transformer‐based semantic segmentation algorithms.
Human papillomavirus and Epstein‐Barr virus co‐infection in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rahman Rifat , Shaikh Mushfiq H. , Gopinath Divya , Idris Adi , Johnson Newell W. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC) is the most common head‐and‐neck malignancy. Importantly, we are experiencing an alarming rise in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) globally. Oncogenic viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), are known to be co‐associated with OSCC and OPSCC cases. However, the reported incidence of HPV and EBV co‐infection in OSCCs and OPSCCs globally is unknown. To address this, we performed a formal meta‐analysis and systematic review on published studies that report the detection of both EBV and HPV in OSCCs and OPSCCs. Our analysis revealed 18 relevant studies out of a total of 1820 cases (1181 from the oral cavity and 639 from the oropharynx). Overall, HPV and EBV co‐infection was found in 11.9% of OSCC and OPSCC cases combined (95% CI: 8%–14.1%). Based on anatomical subsite, dual positivity estimates were 10.5% (95% CI: 6.7%–15.1%) for OSCC and 14.2% (95% CI: 9.1%–21.3%) for OPSCC. The highest dual positivity rates described were in European countries: for OSCC 34.7% (95% CI: 25.9%–44.6%) in Sweden and for OPSCC, 23.4% (95% CI: 16.9%–31.5%) in Poland. Given these substantive prevalence rates, the value of detecting dual infection in the diagnosis and prognosis of these cancers deserves careful longitudinal studies, as do implications for cancer prevention and therapy. We further proposed molecular mechanisms that could explain how HPV and EBV could co‐contribute to the aetiology of OSCCs and OPSCCs.
Lost expression of AT‐rich interaction domain 1A in the gastric mucosa—A constituent of field cancerization in the stomach
Authors: Abe Hiroyuki , Rokutan Hirofumi , Totoki Yasushi , Nakamura Hiromi , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Ushiku Tetsuo , Fukayama Masashi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAbnormalities of the AT‐rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) occur in cancer tissues and precursors or premalignant lesions in various organs. To investigate the significance of ARID1A abnormalities in the early phase of cancer development in the stomach, we screened for ARID1A loss and p53 overexpression in glands in non‐neoplastic gastric mucosa using immunohistochemistry. We tested 230 tissue blocks of 77 patients with gastric carcinoma, and in 10% of non‐neoplastic mucosa we detected ARID1A‐lost and in 3.7% p53‐overexpressed foci. Loss of ARID1A expression occurred in the scales of several glands, which were morphologically characterized as authentic, pseudo‐pyloric, or intestinal metaplastic glands devoid of dysplastic changes. In contrast, p53‐overexpressed foci were detected in dysplastic intestinal metaplasia. In early gastric cancer cases (n = 46), ARID1A‐lost foci were frequent in samples of patients with Epstein–Barr virus‐associated gastric carcinoma (p = 0.037). Ultra‐deep DNA sequencing of ARID1A‐lost foci revealed frameshift and nonsense mutations in ARID1A. Mapping abnormal glands in the entire resected stomach of the three selected patients demonstrated that ARID1A‐lost foci clustered with p53 abnormal glands. ARID1A‐lost epithelial cells may develop clonal growth through the pathway, different from p53‐abnormal intestinal metaplasia, and require one or more events to develop into an overt carcinoma, such as EBV infection.
“Modest doubt is called the beacon of the wise”—Incorporating uncertainty in risk analysis from Shakespeare to today
Authors: Wu Felicia , Trump Benjamin D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract“Modest doubt is call'd the beacon of the wise.”—William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida. Although the character Hector warns his fellow Trojans with this line not to engage in war against the Greeks, Shakespeare's works are replete with characters who do not incorporate modest doubt, or any consideration of uncertainty, in their risk decisions. Perhaps Shakespeare was simply a keen observer of human nature. Although risk science has developed tremendously over the last five decades (and scientific inquiry over five centuries), the human mind still frequently defaults to conviction about certain beliefs, absent sufficient scientific evidence—which has effects not just on individual lives, but on policy decisions that affect many. This perspective provides background on the Shakespearean quote in its literary and historical context. Then, as this quote is the theme of the 2023 Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, we describe how “modest doubt”—incorporating the notion of uncertainty into risk analysis for individual and policy decisions—is still the “beacon of the wise” today.