bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of 3D Printed Single Filament Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composite
Authors: Mondal Anirban , Saha Mrinal , Maity Kuntal , Altan M. Cengiz , Liu Yingtao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The conventional composite fabrication processes, such as hand lay-up, autoclave, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and filament winding, hinder the prospect of future development and application due to expensive mold fabrication, limited part geometries, and lack of repeatability. An extrusion-based additive manufacturing technique, such as direct-ink-writing (DIW), undermines the limitation of conventional manufacturing processes, which opens up the horizon of multi-material parts fabrication cost-effectively. This research investigates 3D printed single filament printing and characterization under tensile loading. In 3D printing, a single filament representative volume element (RVE), which upon stacking a series of RVE layer-by-layer in sequence, forms a 3D object. Thus, the deformation behavior of a single filament and the load transfer mechanisms to neighboring filament through the interface plays a critical role. An adequate understanding of single filament’s failure mechanisms and the contribution of interfaces in a 3D printed multi-filament object is yet to be understood. This research extensively focuses on developing a fundamental understanding of the behavior of a 3D printed single filament under tensile loading. The DIW ink composite sample comprises milled carbon fibers, two-part epoxy resin, silica fillers, and plastic additives.
Nonlinear Dynamics of a Planar Mechanism With Cam and Clearance
Authors: Yousuf Louay S. , Marghitu Dan B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A planar mechanism with three moving links is connected to a cam. The investigation of the dynamic simulation of crank arm and connecting rod in the existence of clearance in cam follower system is studied against cam speeds. Nonlinear response for crank arm, connecting rod, and roller follower is simulated at various clearances and various cam speeds. Nonlinear dynamic tool are used to quantify local Lyapunov exponent. The periodicity of nonlinear response is detected using phase-plane diagram, power density function, and Poincare’ map. Solidworks program is needed in the simulation of point linear displacement. The impact and friction are considered in SolidWorks based on the value of sliding contact velocity and kinetic coefficient of friction. The impact of coefficient of restitution is investigated between the cam and the follower and between the follower and its guides. The trend of the nonlinear response of the crank arm and the connecting rod are discussed.
Modeling Frost Formation in Freeze-Out Purification of Gases for Cryogenic Applications
Authors: Kroll Duncan , Hasan Nusair 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cryogenic refrigeration and liquefaction systems require ultra-high purity refrigerants (helium, argon, hydrogen, etc.) for proper operation. Common contaminants in the refrigerant gases freeze at the operating temperatures of these systems, causing performance degradation of process equipment. Therefore, ultra-high purity refrigerant gas (1.0 ppmv or less contaminants) is often used. However, removal of low levels of moisture (10 ppmv or less) from the refrigerant gas is particularly challenging. Contaminant freeze-out processes in a specifically designed heat exchanger have the potential to achieve effective and efficient purification. Developing an understanding of the contaminant frost formation process is crucial for the proper design of an effective freeze-out heat exchanger. A transient computational model simulating formation and densification of frost on an isothermal cryogenic surface from a contaminated refrigerant gas stream has been developed. The mass and energy conservation equations are discretized and simultaneously solved to obtain the frost layer thickness and frost surface temperature. The model is validated using available experimental data for frost formation from a humid air stream. Several parameters, namely — contaminated gas stream pressure, surface temperature, flow Reynolds number, and carrier (refrigerant) gas affect the interaction between frost formation and densification. The effect of these parameters on the frost formation characteristics has been systematically studied using the developed numerical model. The developed model can be utilized to predict the freeze-out heat exchanger performance degradation and its moisture collection capacity.
Contribution of Piezo1 in ECM Stiffness Incited Epithelial Cell Remodeling
Authors: Jetta Deekshitha , Shireen Tasnim , Prabhu Rajath D. , Hua Susan Z. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cells are sensitive to mechanical cues from the ECM such as, stiffness, topography, and roughness. Tissue stiffening due to ageing or diseases has been shown to affect cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, but the mechanosensors that respond to ECM stiffness changes have not yet been fully understood. Recent studies on mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels have shown that these channels are sensitive to ECM cues, such as mechanical confinements implemented by micropatterns. We hypothesize that Piezo1 could serve as a force sensor for local ECM stiffness. Using a ‘2-well PDMS chip’ consisting of substrates of different stiffness, namely, hard (∼1000 kPa) and soft (∼0.1 kPa), we studied the role of Piezo1 on stiffness-dependent morphology changes in epithelial cells. The results show that cells respond to substrate stiffness variations with profound cytoskeletal reorganization and moderate changes in their spreading area and shape. Cells on the hard substrates were only ∼20% larger than that on soft substrates within the same culture period of 2.5 hrs and at a similar confluency. However, cells on hard substrates show abundant F-actin bundles that are reorganized to peripheral actin rings on soft substrates. Inhibition of Piezo1 with GsMTx4 or Gd3+, largely reduced the formation of thick actin bundles on hard substrates. Activation of Piezo1 with specific agonist, Yoda1, enhanced the formation of actin bundles. These results indicate that the epithelial cells’ response to ECM stiffness is mediated by Piezo1 through its function of permeating Ca2+ ions. This study demonstrates that Piezo1 could be an ECM mechanosensor in epithelial cells.
Impact Damage Evaluations in a Composite Laminate Using Guided Wave-Based Simulation
Authors: Zhuang Linqi , Chaurasia Adarsh , Najafi Ali 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the present paper, guided wave propagation along a composite plate was simulated using a 3D Finite Element (FE) model in order to characterize the potential damage due to impact. The wave is induced by a piezoelectric transducer. A pristine composite case and various cases representing different commonly observed impact damage modes were created. The wavefield contour and out-of-plane displacement data at different sensors between the pristine and damage cases were then compared to differentiate type of damage existing within the composite plate. It is found that observed wave propagation pattern and signals had significant difference between delamination cases and pristine one and the maximum amplitude of out-of-plane displacement of the plate during wave propagation increases with increasing delamination size when wave reaches and passes damaged area. The wave propagation in a composite plate with earlier stage damage, i.e., matrix cracks simulated in the present study, however, shows little difference compared to the pristine case for the wavelet frequencies studied herein.
Effect of Metastructure Design on the Performance of Pressure Sensors
Authors: Zhao Huan , Huddy Julia E. , Scheideler William J. , Li Yan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pressure sensors have been used in devices that require accurate and stable pressure measurements for reliable operations. Metastructure-based pressure sensors (MBPS) have the potential to achieve higher sensitivity and broader sensing range with greater design flexibility and lower weight. Currently, additive manufacturing (AM) has enabled rapid prototyping of high-resolution metastructures at small scales. Deposition of a conductive coating layer on the metastructure can effectively introduce electrical conductivity in MBPS. However, the coupling between the electrical response and the mechanical properties of the metastructure remains unknown. It is not clear how the metastructure design can affect the performance of pressure sensors. In this work, a set of octet-truss cubic metastructures with different unit cell numbers are modeled and fabricated. The sensitivity and sensing range of each metastructure design are predicted from the coupled mechanical-electrical finite element model, the analytical model and the in-situ compression-resistance test, respectively. It is found that increasing unit cell number leads to decreased nominal resistance and enhanced sensing range. But the improvement of sensitivity is limited when the unit cell number exceeds a threshold value. The computational and experimental approaches developed here can be applied to other MBPS with different metastructure configurations and material selections.
Mechanical Characterization of Thermally Insulated Composites
Authors: Smith Michael P. , Cavallaro Paul V. , O’Donnell Jacob D. , Warner Eric A. , Valm Nicholas A. , Gencarelle Nick 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This research study investigated the flame-smoke-toxicity (FST) behaviors of water-based, nontoxic, and lightweight coating materials as thermal insulation for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Material experiments were conducted to evaluate the thermal and mechanical performances of these materials in two forms, namely as coatings on and matrices in structural composites. The present research evaluated the thermal protection performance of a nontoxic, aqueous coating material (SBS-1607[1]) demonstrated on carbon- and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The SBS-1607 coating is a ceramic particulate-filled thermoset material. The SBS-1607 coating does not produce toxic gases during a burn event and can be used as novel matrix material.
The SBS-1607 material was applied as thin coatings on glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) epoxy laminated plates. The dimensions of both laminates were 8 inches by 8 inches by 0.197 inches (203.2 mm by 203.2 mm by 5.00 mm). The thickness of the SBS-1607 coating was 0.025 inches (0.67 mm). The maximum temperatures measured from the thermocouple for the uncoated GF and CF samples were 158.7°F and 431.1°F, respectively; the inclusion of the SBS-1607 coating on the GF and CF samples reduced their maximum temperatures to 144.6°F and 227.2°F, respectively.
Residual tensile strengths and elastic moduli were used as indicators of thermal damage in the matrix. Visible damage zones were approximated using surface measurements. The coated GF and CF burned composite specimens respectively had 71.85% and 151.14% higher UTS than their uncoated counterpart; the GF and CF specimens with the SBS-1607 coating therefore sustained less damage after the thermal event test.
A Computational Parametric Design Approach for Orthopedic Implants Under Highly Nonlinear Conditions
Authors: Kulkarni Mandar C. , Dandekar Akshay , Burchnall Mark , DeWall Ryan , Oberli Joel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The ability to perform computational parametric studies can reduce design loops and thus the design development timeline. The models also need to be thoroughly verified and validated as per standards such as ASME VVUQ 40 to ensure their accuracy relative to the device design, its configuration and application.
As a case study, this paper presents the development of a computational approach to simulate off axis screw insertion followed by cantilever loading on a predicate/on-market trauma locking plate implant. Due to off-axis insertion a high probability of cross threading between the threads of the screw head and the plate exists. This can introduce significant damage to the threads on both the screw as well as the plate which then potentially impacts the load bearing capacity of the screw-plate interface.
This paper compares two simulation approaches i) Lagrangian approach with element deletion and ii) Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL). Simulations are performed using a general-purpose finite element code ABAQUS® along with an explicit time integration approach.
The modeling approach is validated by comparing the predicted response of the screw-plate interface with cantilever loading results from laboratory tests. The thread deformation profiles are compared to the observed thread damage from testing. Effect of simulation parameters such as mesh density and mass scaling for an explicit quasi-static simulation are studied.
The results show potential in continuing further investigations to enable employing the models as tools to perform parametric studies. For the insertion configurations simulated, the models are able to simulate the desired screw head prominence. The deformation profiles and the regions with thread damage as predicted by the analysis compare well with the observed thread damage during the tests. When the simulations diverge from the observed test data, the reasons for this variability are investigated and potential solutions or additional tests/simulations are recommended.
The paper highlights the challenges and potential evaluation approaches while attempting to develop a robust computational methodology which can be employed for design development when specifically applied to highly nonlinear complex loading scenarios.
Testing of a Robotic Prosthetic Leg
Authors: Davidson Michael , Daher Noha , Fryer Thomas , Dudley Robert , Schaepper Johannes , Tran Duc 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We report on our evaluation of a prototype robotic prosthetic leg on a subject with leg amputation. This biomedical device aimed to improve stance stability, increase balance confidence, and reduce the contralateral limb’s kinetic stresses in gait. The objective of this study was to test the safety and feasibility of the device on an active person with leg amputation. A single female subject with a knee disarticulation (KD) is fitted with the prototype prosthesis and tested against her prescribed daily use prosthesis. In addition to extended walking on level ground, kinematic and kinetic measures were taken in an 18-camera motion capture lab with two in-floor force platforms to assess body symmetry while the subject used this prototype device. We assessed balance confidence using the activities-based balance confidence questionnaire. While performing the 10MWT, the subject could ambulate at a maximum velocity of 0.77 m/s and an average of 0.61 m/s. In the six-minute walk test (6MWT), the subject walked a distance of 206 meters with a velocity of 0.57 m/s. Kinematic symmetry of both lower extremities improved in walking tasks. However, kinetic symmetry was inconclusive. In total, the subject walked on the device for 2 km. We found the device safe on a single amputee and is feasible for future clinical testing in a larger population.
Modeling and Simulation of Chip-Flow in Grinding of Different Materials – AlMg5 and C45
Authors: Lortz Wolfgang , Pavel Radu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Grinding offers specific advantages in comparison with other machining processes. The trend in industrial production toward higher productivity with increased part accuracy, using harder-to-machine materials, naturally leads to the increasing use of grinding to solve many material removal challenges. However, current technological advancements and innovation trends require science-based solutions capable to provide accurate models of the chip formation process, enabling optimization and control. The aim of this paper is to develop an adequate chip-formation model resulting in a realistic grinding chip with corresponding influence on the workpiece. The developed fundamental equations in metal plasticity are relevant for each material and their alloys; so that the total chip-flow with discontinuity and corresponding body forces can be solved. In addition, the resulting self-hardening effect, as well as the created temperatures — due to the deformation process — will be discussed and presented. Despite the large number of investigations and simulations, there is still no clarity on these subjects. The newly developed mathematical equations for strain and stress lead to square grid deformation in the chip formation zone, and this grid deformation will not disappear after completing the grinding process, so that the theoretical developments can be compared with practical results. As long as the created theoretical result will fit the practical result, we can be sure that we are on a relevant, realistic path. This will be presented for two different materials AlMg5 and the carbon steel C45. For the material AlMg5 we get a chip with integration of different plastic layers bonding together as a complete spherical grinding chip. The result is characterized by higher grinding forces, rough and thermally influenced workpiece surface. Quite contrary is the chip formation of the carbon steel C45. As a result of self-blockade at the interface between material and cutting edge, a segmented chip will follow with dynamic forces and a chattering process influencing the total machine behavior as well as the workpiece roundness and resulting surface. Finally, a high agreement between the developed theoretical and experimental results could be documented.
A Dynamics Model of Locomotive Mechanism Drilling Into Lunar Regolith
Authors: Yuan Zihao , Mu Ruinan , Yang Jiafeng , Wang Ke , Zhao Haifeng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, a dynamic model is proposed to simulate the drilling and steering processing of an autonomous burrowing mole to access scientific samples from the deep subsurface of the Moon. The locomotive module is idealized as a rigid beam. The characteristic parameters are considered including the length, cross-section diameter and centroid of a cylindrical rod. Based on the Lagrangian mechanics, a 3-DOF dynamic model for the locomotion of autonomous device underground is developed. By introducing the contact algorithm and resistive force theory, the interaction scheme between the locomotive body and regolith is described. The effect of characteristic parameters on resistive force and torque is studied and discussed through numerical experiments. The simulation results show that this method may adapt to a variety of drilling and burrowing motions in the lunar subsurface environments. Overall, the proposed method actually provides a reduced-order model to simulate the operating and controlling scenarios an autonomous burrowing robot in lunar subsurface. It may be further generalized to consider more complex conditions, including depth-dependent regolith model, 3D trajectory planning and navigation algorithms, etc. This model may provide intuitive inputs to plan the space missions of a drilling robot to obtain surface samples in an extraterrestrial planet, such as the Moon or Mars, etc.
Uncertainty Quantification on Galvanic Corrosion Based on Adaptive Surrogate Modeling
Authors: Bansal Parth , Zheng Zhuoyuan , Li Yumeng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Dissimilar material joints are widely used in the vehicle manufacturing industry. These joints are mainly formed by using joining techniques like the Self-Piercing Riveting (SPR), Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) and Rivet-Welding (RW) due to their high performance, short cycle time, and adaptability. However, the difference in the equilibrium potential between the dissimilar materials in the presence of electrolytes leads to galvanic corrosion in these joints that can impact the safety and the reliability of the whole system. In this paper, we focus on Al-Fe galvanic corrosion and develop simulation-based machine learning based surrogate model for statistical corrosion analysis of such pairs, thereby enabling the resilience and reliability analysis of dissimilar material joints under corrosion environment. In this study, a physics-based finite element (FE) corrosion model has been developed to simulate the galvanic corrosion between a Fe cathode and an Al anode which considers the underlying crystal microstructure of the Al anode. Geometric and environmental factors such as crevice gap, roughness of anode, conductivity, and the temperature of the electrolyte are investigated. A comprehensive Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) study is then conducted to understand the overall corrosion behavior of the Fe-Al joints. Electrolyte conductivity is seen to have the largest effect on the material loss and therefore needs to be managed closely for better corrosion control. This study will help with enhancing the reliability and resilience of dissimilar material joints through designing and manufacturing considering corrosion performance.
Estimation of Road Slope Based on IMU Error Compensation and GPS Based Multi-Sensor Fusion
Authors: Xu Zeyu , Liu Haijiang , Xing Zheng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the road test of vehicle performance evaluation, real-time and accurate estimation of road slope is essential for objective evaluation. Using slope meter directly can bring many problems such as large randomness and errors in road test. Using complex road slope estimation algorithm often brings redundant sensors and reduces detection efficiency.
Aiming at the above problems, this paper proposes a road slope estimation model based on IMU error calibration and multi-sensor signal fusion. First, the vehicle-road dynamics and kinematics models are established. Then, the error sources of IMU are analyzed, and the calibration and compensation methods are proposed. The acceleration signal of IMU is compensated by inertia through the vehicle velocity signal obtained by multi-sensors, and the projection of gravity acceleration vector in the vehicle coordinate is decoupled. Finally, the model fuses the decoupled result with IMU angular velocity value through Kalman filter algorithm, and outputs the estimated slope of the road.
The road test results show that the model can effectively compensate the IMU installation error and accurately estimate the road slope. And the slope estimation error is less than 0.5%, which can meet the needs of the road test of vehicle performance evaluation.
Dynamic Modelling of a 4WD/4WS Ground Vehicle by Using Gibbs-Appell Approach
Authors: Pius Pius E. , Selekwa Majura F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although most wheeled robotic ground vehicles are either skid steered or differentially steered, there has been an increased interest in four independently driven all-wheel steering systems because of their torque density and maneuverability in tight turns. Controlling these vehicles requires coordination of the steering angles and wheel speeds such that the basic rigid body kinematic constraint on the instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is satisfied. This makes them difficult to control except for simple cases where either the center of curvature for all turns is constrained to be along the perpendicular bisector to the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle or considerable wheel slippage is allowed to happen. Several efforts have been reported to address this problem, most of which tend to simplify the problem by extending the well-known bicycle model to these vehicles. This paper uses the Gibbs-Appel formulation to develop the equations of motion of a 4WD/4WS vehicle in the quasi-coordinate space while enforcing both the ICR and no slip constraints. Unlike the Lagrange-Euler and the Newton-Euler formulations that use Lagrange multipliers to handle constraints, which increases the dimension of the system, the Gibbs-Appell formulation results in a model of a relatively lower dimension. This model is not only easy to use in control design but also captures the dynamics of the vehicle by constraining the wheels to remain on the path. Simulation results using a simple feedback linearization controller showed the vehicle tracking the path more accurately without wheel slip where the wheels remained on the path all times.