bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can we observe the ion-neutral drift velocity in prestellar cores?
Authors: Tritsis Aris , Basu Shantanu , Federrath Christoph 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
Given the low-ionization fraction of molecular clouds, ambipolar diffusion is thought to be an integral process in star formation. However, chemical and radiative-transfer effects, observational challenges, and the fact that the ion-neutral drift velocity is inherently very small render a definite detection of ambipolar diffusion extremely non-trivial. Here, we study the ion-neutral drift velocity in a suite of chemodynamical, non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations of prestellar cores where we alter the temperature, cosmic-ray ionization rate, visual extinction, mass-to-flux ratio, and chemical evolution. Subsequently, we perform a number of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative-transfer calculations considering various idealized and non-idealized scenarios in order to assess which factor (chemistry, radiative transfer, and/or observational difficulties) is the most challenging to overcome in our efforts to detect the ion-neutral drift velocity. We find that temperature has a significant effect in the amplitude of the drift velocity with the coldest modelled cores (T = 6 K) exhibiting drift velocities comparable to the sound speed. Against expectations, we find that in idealized scenarios (where two species are perfectly chemically co-evolving) the drift velocity ‘survives’ radiative-transfer effects and can in principle be observed. However, we find that observational challenges and chemical effects can significantly hinder our view of the ion-neutral drift velocity. Finally, we propose that $\rm {HCN}$ and $\rm {HCNH^+}$, being chemically co-evolving, could be used in future observational studies aiming to measure the ion-neutral drift velocity.
Wind-fed GRMHD simulations of Sagittarius A*: tilt and alignment of jets and accretion discs, electron thermodynamics, and multiscale modelling of the rotation measure
Authors: Ressler S M , White C J , Quataert E 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
Wind-fed models offer a unique way to form predictive models of the accretion flow surrounding Sagittarius A*. We present 3D wind-fed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations spanning the entire dynamic range of accretion from parsec scales to the event horizon. We expand on previous work by including non-zero black hole spin and dynamically evolved electron thermodynamics. Initial conditions for these simulations are generated from simulations of the observed Wolf–Rayet stellar winds in the Galactic Centre. The resulting flow tends to be highly magnetized (β ≈ 2) with an ∼r−1 density profile independent of the strength of magnetic fields in the winds. Our simulations reach the magnetically arrested disc (MAD) state for some, but not all cases. In tilted flows, standard and normal evolution (SANE) jets tend to align with the angular momentum of the gas at large scales, even if that direction is perpendicular to the black hole spin axis. Conversely, MAD jets tend to align with the black hole spin axis. The gas angular momentum shows similar behaviour: SANE flows tend to only partially align while MAD flows tend to fully align. With a limited number of dynamical free parameters, our models can produce accretion rates, 230 GHz flux, and unresolved linear polarization fractions roughly consistent with observations for several choices of electron heating fraction. Absent another source of large-scale magnetic field, winds with a higher degree of magnetization (e.g. where the magnetic pressure is 1/100 of the ram pressure in the winds) may be required to get a sufficiently large rotation measure with consistent sign.
On the morphology of the gamma-ray galactic centre excess
Authors: McDermott Samuel D , Zhong Yi-Ming , Cholis Ilias 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
The characteristics of the galactic centre excess (GCE) emission observed in gamma-ray energies – especially the morphology of the GCE – remain a hotly debated subject. The manner in which the dominant diffuse gamma-ray background is modelled has been claimed to have a determining effect on the preferred morphology. In this work, we compare two distinct approaches to the galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission background: the first approach models this emission through templates calculated from a sequence of well-defined astrophysical assumptions, while the second approach divides surrogates for the background gamma-ray emission into cylindrical galactocentric rings with free independent normalizations. At the latitudes that we focus on, we find that the former approach works better, and that the overall best fit is obtained for an astrophysically motivated fit when the GCE follows the morphology expected of dark matter annihilation. Quantitatively, the improvement compared with the best ring-based fits is roughly 6500 in the χ2 and roughly 4000 in the log of the Bayesian evidence.
Two-component jet model for multiwavelength afterglow emission of the extremely energetic burst GRB 221009A
Authors: Sato Yuri , Murase Kohta , Ohira Yutaka , Yamazaki Ryo 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
Recently gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been detected at very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, and a two-component jet model has often been invoked to explain multiwavelength data. In this work, multiwavelength afterglow emission from an extremely bright GRB, GRB 221009A, is examined. The isotropic-equivalent gamma-ray energy of this event is among the largest, which suggests that similarly to previous VHE GRBs, the jet opening angle is so small that the collimation-corrected gamma-ray energy is nominal. Afterglow emission from such a narrow jet decays too rapidly, especially if the jet propagates into uniform circumburst material. In the two-component jet model, another wide jet component with a smaller Lorentz factor dominates late-time afterglow emission, and we show that multiwavelength data of GRB 221009A can be explained by narrow and wide jets with opening angles similar to those employed for other VHE GRBs. We also discuss how model degeneracies can be disentangled with observations.
Retrospective examination of pseudoprogression in IDH mutant gliomas
Authors: Wetzel Ethan A , Farrell Matthew J , Eldred Blaine S C , Liu Vicki , Saha Ishan , Zapanta Rinonos Serendipity , Prins Terry , Li Tie , Cao Minsong , Hegde John , Kaprealian Tania , Khanlou Negar , Liau Linda M , Nghiemphu Phioanh Leia , Cloughesy Timothy Francis , Chong Robert A , Ellingson Benjamin M , Lai Albert 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Tumor surveillance of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas is accomplished via serial contrast MRI. When new contrast enhancement (CEnew) is detected during postsurgical surveillance, clinicians must assess whether CEnew indicates pseudoprogression (PsP) or tumor progression (TP). PsP has been better studied in IDH wild-type glioblastoma but has not been well characterized in IDH mutant gliomas. We conducted a retrospective study evaluating the incidence, predictors, natural history, and survival of PsP patients in a large cohort of IDH mutant glioma patients treated at a single institution.

Methods
We identified 587 IDH mutant glioma patients treated at UCLA. We directly inspected MRI images and radiology reports to identify CEnew and categorized CEnew into TP or PsP using MRI or histopathology.

Results
Fifty-six percent of patients developed CEnew (326/587); of these, 92/326 patients (28% of CEnew; 16% of all) developed PsP and 179/326 (55%) developed TP. All PsP patients had prior radiation, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy. PsP was associated with longer overall survival (OS) versus TP patients and similar OS versus no CEnew. PsP differs from TP based on earlier time of onset (median 5.8 vs 17.4 months from treatment, P &lt; .0001) and MRI features that include punctate enhancement and enhancement location.

Conclusion
PsP patients represented 28% of CEnew patients and 16% of all patients; PsP patients demonstrated superior outcomes to TP patients, and equivalent survival to patients without CEnew. PsP persists for &lt;1 year, occurs after treatment, and differs from TP based on time of onset and radiographic features. Poor outcomes after CEnew are driven by TP.
Utility of Polymerase Chain Reaction Versus Serology-Based Testing in Immunocompromised Patients With Bartonella henselae Infection
Authors: Kumar Ankit , Abdulqader Mohammed , McBride Darrell A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Bartonella henselae serologies can be nondiagnostic in immunocompromised individuals due to impaired humoral immunity. Blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more useful diagnostically in immunosuppressed persons. We discuss 3 cases: 2 solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and 1 person with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with positive blood PCR despite negative serology.
Allelic variation of terpene synthases drives terpene diversity in the wild species of the Freesia genus
Authors: Bao Tingting , Kimani Shadrack , Li Yueqing , Li Hongjie , Yang Song , Zhang Jia , Wang Qiuyue , Wang Zhaoxuan , Ning Guogui , Wang Li , Gao Xiang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) play pivotal roles in conferring the structural diversity of terpenoids, which are mainly emitted from flowers, whereas the genetic basis of the release of floral volatile terpenes remains largely elusive. Though quite similar in sequence, TPS allelic variants still function divergently, and how they drive floral terpene diversity in closely related species remains unknown. Here, TPSs responsible for the floral scent of wild Freesia species were characterized, and the functions of their natural allelic variants, as well as the causal amino acid residues, were investigated in depth. Besides the 8 TPSs previously reported in modern cultivars, 7 additional TPSs were functionally evaluated to contribute to the major volatiles emitted from wild Freesia species. Functional characterization of allelic natural variants demonstrated that allelic TPS2 and TPS10 variants changed the enzymatic capacity while allelic TPS6 variants drove the diversity of floral terpene products. Further residue substitution analysis revealed the minor residues determining the enzyme catalytic activity and product specificity. The clarification of TPSs in wild Freesia species reveals that allelic TPS variants evolved differently to determine the interspecific floral volatile terpenes in the genus and might be used for modern cultivar improvement.
The Other Great Migration: Southern Whites and the New Right
Authors: Bazzi Samuel , Ferrara Andreas , Fiszbein Martin , Pearson Thomas , Testa Patrick A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article shows how the migration of millions of Southern whites in the twentieth century shaped the cultural and political landscape across the United States. Racially and religiously conservative, Southern white migrants created new electoral possibilities for a broad-based coalition with economic conservatives. With their considerable geographic scope, these migrants hastened partisan realignment and helped catalyze and bolster a New Right movement with national influence over the long run. More than just augmenting the conservative voter base outside the South, they influenced non-Southerners by building evangelical churches, diffusing right-wing media, and mixing through intermarriage and residential integration. Tracking non-Southern households, we show that exposure to Southern white neighbors increased adoption of conservative religious norms. Overall, our findings suggest that this mass migration blurred the North–South cultural divide and reshaped the geography of conservatism in the United States.
Cultural Distance and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
Authors: Guarnieri Eleonora , Tur-Prats Ana 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between ethnic-based gender norms and conflict-related sexual violence. We generate a novel dyadic data set that contains information on the ethnic identity of all the actors involved in ethnic civil conflicts around the world between 1989 and 2019 and their use of sexual violence. We exploit ethnographic information to construct a new male dominance index at the ethnicity level that captures deep-rooted gender norms. First, we find that male-dominant armed actors are more likely to be perpetrators of sexual violence. Second, we consider the cultural distance in gender norms between the combatants and show that sexual violence is driven by a specific clash of conceptions on the appropriate role of men and women in society: sexual violence increases when the perpetrator is more male dominant than the victim. Additional analyses suggest that gender norms influence both the strategic use of sexual violence for military purposes and the expressive use of sexual violence for private motivations. These patterns are specific to sexual violence and do not explain general violence in a conflict. Differences in other cultural dimensions unrelated to gender are not associated with conflict-related sexual violence.
The Religious Imaginary and the Repressive State: Science-based Beliefs of Ukrainian and Lithuanian Scientists Born in the USSR
Authors: Rogińska Maria 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The article explores aspects of the Soviet atheistic regime that contributed to the formation of the religious imaginary of believing Ukrainian and Lithuanian scientists born in 1930–1960s. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, most of them did not accept Orthodox, Catholic, or other institutional religions, but instead created their own privatized religious patterns, using science-related elements in their imaginary. This distinguished them from the other national groups participating in the study. In the article, I propose an interpretation for this phenomenon. I analyze 29 in-depth interviews of a larger sample and focus on the biographies of the older cohort of natural scientists from Lithuania and Ukraine to show how the Soviet political and normative context supported their science-based imaginary. This allows us to draw some parallels concerning secularization—gradual in the West but forced in the Soviet case—and the role of science in this process.
Improving high school students’ perceptions of mathematics through a mathematical modelling course
Authors: Spooner Kerri , Nomani Junior , Cook Samantha 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Literature shows there is support for adding connection and relevancy in mathematics for students through the use of real-world context and data in mathematical modelling. A teaching unit on mathematical modelling was designed within the context of future affordable housing for the local surrounding area. The teaching unit was implemented, and data were collected to address the research question: ‘How does exposure to mathematical modelling influence students’ perceptions and understandings of mathematical modelling?’ Data were collected through pre- and post-teaching unit surveys and post-teaching unit student interviews. Pre- and post-surveys were used to establish any changes in students’ perception towards mathematics, understanding of mathematical modelling and perceived relevance of mathematical modelling use to their own lives. Student interviews gained further insight into the student experience and associated perception changes. Statistical analysis of the survey responses included both hypothesis and nonparametric testing. Interviews were analysed using a thematic qualitative approach. Our analysis showed that a greater understanding of mathematical modelling was achieved, with many students unfamiliar with the concept prior to the teaching unit. It was also found that through the real-world context of the mathematical modelling unit, students had a new-found interest in mathematics.
Examining the characteristics between time and distance gaps of secondary crashes
Authors: Liu Xinyuan , Tang Jinjun , Yuan Chen , Gao Fan , Ding Xizhi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of time and distance gaps between the primary (PC) and secondary crashes (SC) is crucial for preventing SC ccurrences and improving road safety. Although previous studies have tried to analyse the variation of gaps, there is limited evidence in quantifying the relationships between different gaps and various influential factors. This study proposed a two-layer stacking framework to discuss the time and distance gaps. Specifically, the framework took random forests (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and eXtreme gradient boosting as the base classifiers in the first layer and applied logistic regression (LR) as a combiner in the second layer. On this basis, the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) technology was used to interpret the output of the stacking model from both local and global perspectives. Through SC dentification and feature selection, 346 SCs and 22 crash-related factors were collected from California interstate freeways. The results showed that the stacking model outperformed base models evaluated by accuracy, precision, and recall indicators. The explanations based on LIME suggest that collision type, distance, speed and volume are the critical features that affect the time and distance gaps. Higher volume can prolong queue length and increase the distance gap from the SCs to PCs. And collision types, peak periods, workday, truck involved and tow away likely induce a long-distance gap. Conversely, there is a shorter distance gap when secondary roads run in the same direction and are close to the primary roads. Lower speed is a significant factor resulting in a long-time gap, while the higher speed is correlated with a short-time gap. These results are expected to provide insights into how contributory features affect the time and distance gaps and help decision-makers develop accurate decisions to prevent SCs.
Serum and plasma protein biomarkers associated with frailty in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Ha Nghiem B. , Seetharaman Srilakshmi , Kent Dorothea S. , Yao Frederick , Shui Amy M. , Huang Chiung-Yu , Walston Jeremy , Lai Jennifer C. 
Published: March 2023

Frailty, a clinical phenotype of decreased physiological reserve, is a strong determinant of adverse health outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. The only cirrhosis-specific frailty metric is the Liver Frailty Index (LFI), which must be administered in person and may not be feasible for every clinical scenario. We sought to discover candidate serum/plasma protein biomarkers that could differentiate frail from robust patients with cirrhosis. A total of 140 adults with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation in the ambulatory setting with LFI assessments and available serum/plasma samples were included. We selected 70 pairs of patients on opposite ends of the frailty spectrum (LFI>4.4 for frail and LFI<3.2 for robust) who were matched by age, sex, etiology, HCC, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium. Twenty-five biomarkers with biologically plausible associations with frailty were analyzed using ELISA by a single laboratory. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine their association with frailty. Of the 25 biomarkers analyzed, we identified 7 proteins that were differentially expressed between frail and robust patients. We observed differences in 6 of the 7 proteins in the expected direction: (a) higher median values in frail versus robust with growth differentiation factor-15 (3682 vs. 2249 pg/mL), IL-6 (17.4 vs. 6.4 pg/mL), TNF-alpha receptor 1 (2062 vs. 1627 pg/mL), leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (44.0 vs. 38.6 μg/mL), and myostatin (4066 vs. 6006 ng/mL) and (b) lower median values in frail versus robust with alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (0.11 vs. 0.13 mg/mL) and free total testosterone (1.2 vs. 2.4 ng/mL). These biomarkers represent inflammatory, musculoskeletal, and endocrine/metabolic systems, reflecting the multiple physiological derangements observed in frailty. These data lay the foundation for confirmatory work and development of a laboratory frailty index for patients with cirrhosis to improve diagnosis and prognostication.
Social Behavioral Impairments inSYNGAP1-Related Intellectual Disability
Authors: Naveed Hajera , McCormack Maria , Holder J. Lloyd 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTSynaptopathies are neurodevelopmental disorders caused by genetic mutations disrupting the development and function of neuronal synapses. We administered the validated Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) to investigate the phenotypic presentation of social-behavioral impairments for the synaptopathy—SYNGAP1-related Intellectual Disability (SYNGAP1-ID) (n=32) compared with a phenotypically similar disorder Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMD) (n=27) and healthy controls (n=43). A short form SRS-2 analysis (n=85) was also conducted. BothSYNGAP1-ID and PMD had significantly elevated total and subcategory T-scores, with no significant score differences betweenSYNGAP1-ID and PMD, consistent between the full and short form. Mild to severe deficiencies in reciprocal social behavior were found in 100% of PMD individuals and 87.1% ofSYNGAP1-ID individuals. Additionally, the short form demonstrated greater utility forSYNGAP1-ID participants due to lower item-omission rates. In conclusion, significant impairment in reciprocal social behaviors is highly prevalent inSYNGAP1-ID.
Characterizing the limitations of using diagnosis codes in the context of machine learning for healthcare
Authors: Guo Lin Lawrence , Morse Keith E. , Aftandilian Catherine , Steinberg Ethan , Fries Jason , Posada Jose , Fleming Scott Lanyon , Lemmon Joshua , Jessa Karim , Shah Nigam , Sung Lillian 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTImportanceDiagnostic codes are commonly used as inputs for clinical prediction models, to create labels for prediction tasks, and to identify cohorts for multicenter network studies. However, the coverage rates of diagnostic codes and their variability across institutions are underexplored.ObjectivePrimary objective was to describe lab- and diagnosis-based labels for 7 selected outcomes at three institutions. Secondary objectives were to describe agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of diagnosis-based labels against lab-based labels.MethodsThis study included three cohorts: SickKidsPedsfrom The Hospital for Sick Children, and StanfordPedsand StanfordAdultsfrom Stanford Medicine. We included seven clinical outcomes with lab-based definitions: acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. For each outcome, we created four lab-based labels (abnormal, mild, moderate and severe) based on test result and one diagnosis-based label. Proportion of admissions with a positive label were presented for each outcome stratified by cohort. Using lab-based labels as the gold standard, agreement using Cohen’s Kappa, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each lab-based severity level.ResultsThe number of admissions included were: SickKidsPeds(n=59,298), StanfordPeds(n=24,639) and StanfordAdults(n=159,985). The proportion of admissions with a positive diagnosis-based label was significantly higher for StanfordPedscompared to SickKidsPedsacross all outcomes, with odds ratio (99.9% confidence interval) for abnormal diagnosis-based label ranging from 2.2 (1.7-2.7) for neutropenia to 18.4 (10.1-33.4) for hyperkalemia. Lab-based labels were more similar by institution. When using lab-based labels as the gold standard, Cohen’s Kappa and sensitivity were lower at SickKidsPedsfor all severity levels compared to StanfordPeds.ConclusionsAcross multiple outcomes, diagnosis codes were consistently different between the two pediatric institutions. This difference was not explained by differences in test results. These results may have implications for machine learning model development and deployment.