bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , Williams J. W. , Zittle C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The molecular weight of the type-specific M-protein isolated from group A hemolytic streptococcus is 41,000. The molecule is an extremely elongated one with an axial ratio close to 25 to 1. As expected from the large axial ratio, solutions of M-protein show high viscosity.
Separation and Determination of Multiple Antibodies
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Vardar Muzaffer , Sarafyan Kirkor , Tunca Mürvet , Uzman Lahut , Schwerin Paula 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization with each of 8 homogeneous antigens led to the formation of multiple antibodies. This is attributed to a different degree of adjustment of the antibody-molecules to particular factors (sub-groups) within the determinant group of the antigen. The bonding force of determinant arsenic-acid groups is stronger than that of sulfonic-acid groups, probably because of their higher ionic strength. A positively charged azoprotein with quaternary ammonium groups proved to be just as powerful an antigen as arsanil-azoproteins. The determinant group of substituted proteins (azoproteins, iodoproteins) includes also a portion of the protein-molecule. We distinguish 3 types of antibodies: a) low-grade, b) imperfect and c) special antibodies. Imperfect antibodies are precipitated only by the homologous antigen, special antibodies by the homologous as well as by heterologous antigens containing the adequate determinant factors. A rational nomenclature for the multiple antibodies of an immune serum is proposed. We designate each antibody by the determinant factors indispensable for its precipitation. The amount of different antibodies in two immune sera to azoproteins has been determined (table 4 and 5). The essential reasons for the attachment of antibody to antigen are briefly discussed.
The Inhibitory Effect of Human Serum Upon the Isoagglutination of Red Cells
Authors: Lubinski Herbert H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Diluting a hemagglutinating serum with an antagonistic or previously absorbed hemagglutinating serum instead of with saline solution diminishes the titre of agglutination considerably, in some cases to zero. Since this result can be achieved by any human serum freed of agglutinins, even by sera of the same type and by O serum, therefore it cannot be considered as caused by the type-specific substances (agglutinogens), but must be caused by an unspecific factor which can be found in different degree in any human serum. Heating to 56 C for one-half hour does not affect this factor.
Species-Specific Precipitins in Serum Sickness after Intravenous Injection of Refined, Concentrated Antipneumococcal Rabbit Serum
Authors: deGara Paul F. , Bullowa Jesse G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of 20 pneumonic patients treated intravenously with refined and concentrated rabbit antipneumococcal serum were examined on several occasions after the treatment. Circulating species-specific precipitins for rabbit protein were detected between the 6th and the 21st day after the intravenous serum treatment in the sera of 10 patients (50 per cent).
The precipitative antibodies were detected in one patient on the 6th day after the intravenous serum treatment. In the remaining patients they appeared between the 9th and the 11th day and disappeared from the circulation 20 to 22 days after the intravenous injection. They were found most frequently between the 12th and the 18th day, usually when other symptoms of serum sickness had already disappeared. There was no direct relationship between the amount of seurm injected (10 to 109 ml) and the appearance of precipitins.
Precipitins were not detected in the sera of 20 control patients, suffering from pneumonia and treated with antipneumococcal rabbit serum (5 to 237 ml), who did not show clinical manifestations of serum sickness.
Our observations conform with reports on the presence of antibodies in serum sickness due to horse-serum injections (10). The precipitin-reaction may confirm the diagnosis of serum sickness, but the absence of circulating precipitins does not exclude it. It may be found after the symptoms have disappeared.
Evidence of Serological Heterogeneity of Polyvalent “Pure Line” Bacteriophage
Authors: Kalmanson G. M. , Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of careful neutralization of polyvalent PC phage acting on B. coli, B. dysenteriae Shiga, and B. dysenteriae Flexner, it has been possible to neutralize the “valences” for the latter two organisms and to secure a monovalent phage acting on B. coli only. This monovalent phage promptly regains its polyvalence when it has acted upon B. coli.
It has been shown that the valence for B. dysenteriae Shiga is neutralized at a faster rate than the coli valence. The difference in rates is probably not due to the fact that it may take a different minimum number of antibody molecules to neutralize a valence for B. coli than that for B. dysenteriae Shiga.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Wiener Maria , Zittle Charles A. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The studies described lead to the conclusion that the M-protein is definitely antigenic even though subjected to drastic methods of isolation and purification. The isolated M-protein is not nearly as antigenic, however, as intact streptococci which are believed to contain a fiftieth or less of their weight as M-protein.
The Effect of Separate Inoculation of Serum and Virus Upon the Protection-Test in Vaccinia
Authors: Green Robert H. , Parker Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
That the serum of an animal actively immunized to a virus may afford some protection against infection when a mixture of that serum and active virus is injected into a susceptible animal is commonly accepted. It is also generally agreed that immune serum, injected at a suitable period of time before inoculation of the infectious agent, may afford passive protection. On the other hand, the ability of immune serum to protect, when it is administered subsequent to the inoculation of the infectious agent, has not been uniformly conceded. Andrews (1) showed that vaccinal immune serum injected into a rabbit's skin 24 hours before the intracutaneous inoculation of vaccine virus prevented the appearance of a lesion, provided that the dose of virus was not too large. In a later paper (2), he also showed that immune serum injected as long as 4 hours after the injection of virus modified the course of the disease in that the lesions were smaller than those appearing at sites injected with virus only.
Monovalent and Polyvalent Sera in the Treatment of Pneumococcal Infections
Authors: Forster George F. , Noblitt Ernest H. , Gilman Edward N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Against the multiply reacting Hoge strain of pneumococci a monovalent type 29 serum was found to exercise almost as great protection (in mice) as a polyvalent mixed serum potent against types 29, 10, and 20 (three types with which the Hoge strain is cross-reactive). A serum prepared against the Hoge culture as an immunogen afforded somewhat greater protection than either the polyvalent mixture or the monovalent type 29 serum. The anti-Hoge serum was also highly effective in protecting mice against type 29 culture and in less degree conferred protection against types 10 and 20 pneumococci. A highly potent serum was prepared by immunizing a rabbit against the avirulent Weingart strain which cross-reacts with types 31, 20, and 29. Because of the extremely low virulence of the homologous strain the protective power of the anti-Weingart serum could not be demonstrated against the homologous culture, but was shown to be protective in high degree against virulent type 31 pneumococci and to a lesser extent against types 20 and 29. The same features were brought out in comparing the reciprocal protective values of antisera prepared against types 10 and 10A, the latter being of very low virulence, the former high. The advantages to be derived from the use of broadly polyvalent sera in pneumonia therapy were outlined and the possible value of multiply reacting strains in the production of such sera was indicated.
The Hypothermic and Adreno-Hemorrhagic Effects of Bacterial Vaccines
Authors: Olitzki L. , Avinery Sh. , Koch P. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented above indicate that the adreno-hemorrhagic and hypothermic factors are present only in certain groups of microorganisms. The differences in the reactions produced by the various groups of microorganisms seem to be due to their different chemical composition. Heavy reactions were produced by less than 1 mg of certain Eubacteriales, but could not be produced even by large amounts of organisms belonging to the Mycobacteria. In general, the hypothermic, hemorrhagic and leucopenic (cf. 1) reactions were associated, although they varied intensity; in the case of some organisms, 1 mg produced hemorrhages without hypothermia, and in others this amount produced hypothermia without leucopenia.
These reactions are influenced by unspecific factors, and there are also some differences in the sensitivity of the various laboratory animals. The leucopenic reaction appeared in guinea-pigs, as well as in rabbits, independently of the age of the animals. Rabbits weighing more than 2000 g showed severe leucopenic reactions. The other endotoxic reactions could be produced regularly only in guinea-pigs under 300 g. In addition, there exists an individually varying degree of resistance, the cause of which is not clear.
One injection of bacterial vaccine or of normal serum and plasma from rabbits or from guinea-pigs was followed by a period of nonspecific resistance to the injection of bacteria that contain the hypothermic and hemorrhagic factor. The hypothermic reactions were again elicited two or three days after the injection of the sera or 12 days after the injection of the vaccine. Within this period the hemorrhages appeared only in few animals. The leucopenic reactions could be prevented only for two days by the injection of vaccine, and in guinea-pigs, in contrast to rabbits, serum or plasma treatment was entirely ineffective. Thus, these animals showed isolated leucopenic reactions without hypothermia and without hemorrhages in the adrenals. This harmonizes with the greater sensitivity of the leucocytes to the action of the endotoxin.
In the active immunization experiments, the period of nonspecific resistance following vaccine treatment must elapse. Our tests were made 12 days after the last injection. Under these conditions some evidence for acquired resistance against the hypothermic action of bacterial vaccine could be obtained; there was, however, no indication that the adreno-hemorrhagic effect was influenced by the same amount of previous treatment with homologous vaccine.
In the passive immunization experiments, a period of at least two days must elaspe to exclude the nonspecific effect of the sera. After this period a specific protecting effect of the serum was not observed.
Nonspecific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Brown WM. B. , Graham Irma , Niedringhaus Ariel , Locke Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An investigation is reported which extends the evidence recently reported by Coca for the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between presence of nonreaginic food-allergy and predisposition to common cold. Two or more of Coca's 11 symptomatic evidences of the presence of nonreaginic food-allergy were found to be present in 79 per cent of a group of 422 girls of college age. Each of the symptoms, when present, was associated on the average with a higher colds-incidence than was observed in the absence of symptoms. A progressively higher colds-incidence was found with increasing number of symptoms. No correlation was found between presence of symptomatology and percentage appearing to be in poor condition on a basis of performance during a modification of the Flack test. Handicap from poor condition, appraised as described, was, however, reflected in a heightened colds-incidence as was handicap from addiction to smoking. The girls with the greatest total handicap, from all sources, had roughly 4 times as many colds as those with the least.
Allergy and Immunity in Tuberculosis
Authors: Steiner Morris , Zuger Bernard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The experiments reported in this and the succeeding paper deal with the longstanding problem of the relationship of tuberculin cutaneous reactivity to resistance to tuberculous infection. The opportunity to add to the already considerable literature on the subject presented itself as a result of the work of Steenken, Oatway and Petroff (1) who effected the dissociation of a rough avirulent variant from the virulent human strain of tubercle bacillus H37. These authors found that the avirulent variant produced little tissue destruction but was nevertheless capable of inducing good cutaneous sensitivity and immunity in guinea-pigs (2).
In the present paper the character of the immunity induced by the avirulent strain is described. The paper that follows is concerned with the possible influence upon this immunity of the tuberculin cutaneous sensitivity present at the time of reinfection with the virulent test dose.
A Toxic Ocular Reaction
Authors: Ayo Corrado 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The work embodied in this paper demonstrates that Shwartzman toxins are capable of producing a primary ocular reaction in rabbits, named the toxic ocular reaction. The reaction consists of intense iridoconjunctival hyperemia and coagulation of the aqueous humor after its aspiration. It appears several minutes after the intravenous injection of toxin, reaches its maximal intensity in a few hours, and is notably reduced or has completely disappeared in about twelve hours. The smallest amount of toxin which, by intravenous injection, induces aqueous humor coagulation is termed the minimal coagulating dose.
The reaction was also obtained using the intra-arterial and intraabdominal routes and a highly vascularized area of the skin. However, the intestinal and conjunctival routes proved non-effective.
Protection against the ocular reaction was afforded by previous intracutaneous or intravenous injection of rabbits with Shwartzman filtrates or by moccasin snake venom injection.
Toxins kept their potency for several months when undiluted preparations were stored in the refrigerator. The toxic ocular principles did not pass through dialyzing membranes, showed resistance to heat at high pressure, were definitely weakened by the addition of formaldehyde, and were specifically neutralized by Shwartzman antitoxins.
This reaction was reproduced in cats and dogs but failed to appear in other usual laboratory animals, even guinea-pigs in which, in a certain percentage, the Shwartzman phenomenon may be elicited.
The toxic ocular reaction was obtained in approximately 95 per cent of a large number of rabbits injected intravenously with 10 or more minimal coagulating doses per kilo of body weight. It thus represents a new property of the Shwartzman toxins, and indicates their marked primary toxicity for the rabbit's uveal tract.
Factors Influencing the Development of Resistance in Escherichia Coli to the Sulfonamides
Authors: Harris Jerome S. , Kohn Henry I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The total resistance to a drug shown by a bacterium in a particular medium is defined in terms of the molar drug concentration required to inhibit the rate of growth by 50 per cent. A method of analysis is provided which permits any change in the total resistance to be assigned to either the bacterium (Rfb) or the environment (Rfe) in which the measurement of resistance is made. The application of this analysis to strains of E. coli trained to grow in media containing sulfanilamide showed the following. Strain trained on sulfanilamide in salt-glucose medium. Tested in salt-glucose medium, the increase in resistance was found to be 3-fold against both sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole. The same result was obtained when the strain was tested in peptone medium. Strain trained on sulfanilamide in peptone medium. Tested in salt-glucose medium, the strain showed a 3-fold increase in resistance to both sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole. Tested in peptone medium, however, it showed a 5.6-fold increase to sulfanilamide and a 21-fold increase to sulfathiazole. Strain trained on peptone medium, pH 7.8. Tested in salt-glucose medium, it showed little change in resistance. Tested in peptone medium it showed a 15-fold increase to the sulfanilamide and a 100-fold increase to sulfathiazole. It is concluded that the resistance of the bacterium not only depends upon the medium in which training occurred, but also upon the medium in which the measure of resistance is made. Furthermore, since the development of resistance to sulfanilamide does not always parallel that to sulfathiazole, it appears that the mode of action of these two drugs, though similar, is not identical.
Phenomenon of Local Skin-Reactivity (Shwartzman) to Organisms of the Brucella Group
Authors: Wise Bowman , Kerby Grace P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three strains of Brucella suis, 2 of Brucella melitensis, and 2 of Brucella abortus have been studied for their ability to elicit the Shwartzman phenomenon. Positive results were obtained with 2 Brucella suis strains, when saline supernates after centrifugalizing were used for the skin-preparatory dose, and similarly prepared E. coli material given as the provocative dose.
Ability of material prepared from brucella strains to act as the provocative factor was not demonstrated.
Comparative experiments with material prepared from E. coli as well as from Brucella suis showed that previous vaccination with the homologous organism has no influence upon the production of the Shwartzman phenomenon.
A Comparison of the Antigenic Properties of Staphylococcal Vaccine, Staphylococcal Toxoid, and the Two in Combination
Authors: Etris Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Staphylococcal vaccine has been used for the treatment of staphylococcic infections for many years with varying results. Lately evidence has been presented to show that the stimulation of agglutinins, precipitins and other antibacterial substances is insufficient to protect against infections by toxigenic strains of staphylococcci (1). In recent years staphylococcal toxoid has to some extent superseded vaccine, but although clinical results obtained by the use of this product were more encouraging, it has been found ineffective in the treatment of many forms of staphylococcic infections.
While a combination of vaccine with its homologous toxoid has been suggested, and in soine instances injected together practically no experimental evidence has been presented to show the dual antibacterial and antitoxic stimulation by such a combination and the decrease of humoral antibody during the interval between doses.
Cross Protection Between Heterologous Agglutinogenic Types of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci of Group A
Authors: Evans Alice C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two antiserums, prepared with strain 1475 of type 6 and 1072 of type 23, were found to protect mice against infection with strains of many types.
An immunogenic group which includes strains of types 6 and 18 and one tested strain each of types 15 and 19 was established by reciprocal cross-protective tests.
Other immunogenic groupings of agglutinogenic types suggested by similarity of reactions with six protective antiserums are as follows: 23–28; 2-11-12-27-30; 9–13.
The Use of Mice in the Testing of Antigenic Power of Tetanal Toxoid
Authors: Koerber Walter L. , Mook Gertrude E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice can be used for the determination of the antigenic power both of liquid and of alum-precipitated tetanal toxoid in place of guinea-pigs. An immunization-period of three weeks insures reproducible results in protective tests against 10 M MLD of tetanal toxin.
A quantitative evaluation of the antigenic power can be effected by the use of dosage-response curves, expressing the antigenic power of various toxoids in terms of a selected standard.
Large-Scale Production of Tetanal Toxin on a Peptone-Free Medium
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Miller Pauline A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A formula is given for large-scale production of tetanal toxin on a medium initially free from antigenic components. All materials used are commercially available. Results obtained in this laboratory from the use of this medium in lots up to twenty liters in size are presented. Discrepancies are noted between antigenicity-tests carried out by the writers and at the National Institute of Health. These are being investigated. Experiments directed toward an understanding of the factors, other than iron, which limit toxin-production are being continued.
Experiments with Bacteriophage Supporting the Lattice-Hypothesis
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sensitized coliphage adheres firmly to a specific precipitate of coliphage; sensitized staphylococcal phage does not, nor does sensitized coliphage stick to heterologous specific precipitates. A reaction which is also specific can be shown to occur between sensitized and unsensitized phage in solution. These facts can only be explained in terms of the lattice-hypothesis and multivalence of antibody.
The weak adsorption of sensitized phage to heterologous specific precipitates is quantitatively very similar to the adsorption of sensitized (or unsensitized) phage to unsensitized bacteria, which may be regarded as indifferent adsorbents. These adsorptions are reversible, in contrast to the specific adsorption. No evidence is obtained, therefore, that sensitization makes antigens sticky; and these experiments do not support the view that some mechanism of aggregation auxiliary to lattice formation operates in the systems tested (phage, serum proteins, type III pneumococcal polysaccharide, E. coli, Brucella).
We conclude that the aggregative stage of immune reactions is primarily a reaction between the immuno-specific valences responsible for the initial combination of antibody and antigen, in accord with the hypothesis of Marrack, and Heidelberger and Kendall.