Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and illicit drug use and their association with CD4/CD8 cell count ratio in people with controlled HIV: a cross-sectional study (ANRS CO3 AQUIVIH-NA-QuAliV)
Authors: Devos Sophie , Bonnet Fabrice , Hessamfar Mojgan , Neau Didier , Vareil Marc-Olivier , Leleux Olivier , Cazanave Charles , Rouanes Nicolas , Duffau Pierre , Lazaro Estibaliz , Dabis François , Wittkop Linda , Barger Diana ,   ANRS CO3-AQUIVIH-NA-QuAliV, Bellecave P. , Blanco P. , Bouchet S. , Breilh D. , Desjardin S. , Gaborieau V. , Gimbert A. , Lacaze-Buzy L. , Lacoste D. , Lafon M. E. , Lawson-Ayayi S. , Le Marec F. , Le Moal G. , Malvy D. , Marchand L. , Mercié P. , Pellegrin I. , Perrier A. , Petrov-Sanchez V. , Bernard N. , Bronnimann D. , Chaussade H. , Dondia D. , Faure I. , Morlat P. , Mériglier E. , Paccalin F. , Riebero E. , Rivoisy C. , Vandenhende M. A. , Barthod L. , Dauchy F. A. , Desclaux A. , Ducours M. , Dutronc H. , Duvignaud A. , Leitao J. , Lescure M. , Nguyen D. , Pistone T. , Puges M. , Wirth G. , Courtault C. , Camou F. , Greib C. , Pellegrin J. L. , Rivière E. , Viallard J. F. , Imbert Y. , Thierry-Mieg M. , Rispal P. , Caubet O. , Ferrand H. , Tchamgoué S. , Farbos S. , Wille H. , Andre K. , Caunegre L. , Gerard Y. , Osorio-Perez F. , Chossat I. , Iles G. , Labasse-Depis M. , Lacassin F. , Barret A. , Castan B. , Koffi J. , Saunier A. , Zabbe J. B. , Dumondin G. , Beraud G. , Catroux M. , Garcia M. , Giraud V. , Martellosio JP. , Roblot F. , Pasdeloup T. , Riché A. , Grosset M. , Males S. , Ngo Bell C. , Carpentier C. , Tumiotto C. , Miremeont-Salamé G. , Arma D. , Arnou G. , Blaizeau M. J. , Camps P. , Decoin M. , Delveaux S. , Diarra F. , Gabrea L. , Lai W. H. , Lenaud E. , Plainchamps D. , Pougetoux A. , Uwamaliya B. , Zara K. , Conte V. , Gapillout M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Background
To evaluate drug use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs) and its association with mean CD4/CD8 T cell count ratio, a marker of chronic inflammation, in virally suppressed people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) in Nouvelle Aquitaine, France.

Methods
A multi-centric, cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 2018–19 in the QuAliV study—ANRS CO3 AQUIVIH-NA cohort. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use (poppers, cocaine, amphetamines, synthetic cathinones, GHB/GBL) were self-reported. CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and viral load measures, ± 2 years of self-report, and other characteristics were abstracted from medical records. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, HIV risk group, time since HIV diagnosis, and other drug use were fit for each drug and most recent CD4/CD8 ratio.

Results
660 PLWH, aged 54.7 ± 11.2, were included. 47.7% [315/660] had a CD4/CD8 ratio of < 1. Their mean CD4/CD8 ratio was 1.1 ± 0.6. 35% smoked; ~ 40% were considered to be hazardous drinkers or have alcohol use disorder; 19.9% used cannabis and 11.9% other drugs. Chemsex-associated drug users’ CD4/CD8 ratio was on average 0.226 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] − 0.383, − 0.070) lower than that of non-users in univariable analysis (p = 0.005) and 0.165 lower [95% CI − 0.343, 0.012] in multivariable analysis (p = 0.068).

Conclusions
Mean differences in CD4/CD8 ratio were not significantly different in tobacco, alcohol and cannabis users compared to non-users. However, Chemsex-associated drug users may represent a population at risk of chronic inflammation, the specific determinants of which merit further investigation.
Trial registration number: NCT03296202.