bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of physical activity behaviours: methods, levels, and time trends
Authors: Dalene Knut Eirik , Ekelund Ulf 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Physical activity is a complex human behaviour comprising several dimensions, including intensity, frequency, duration, type/mode, and domain. Physical activity outcomes can be divided into two main categories: the estimation of energy expenditure and other quantifying metrics of physical activity. Self-report methods, including questionnaires and diaries, are often easy to use, cost-effective, and can assess type of activity and rank individuals according to their physical activity levels. However, they are prone to several limitations and are not able to provide accurate estimates of physical activity energy expenditure or intensity. Device-based methods, including accelerometers and heart rate monitors, provide a reasonably accurate quantification of intensity, frequency, duration, and physical activity energy expenditure. When choosing a method for assessing physical activity in research, several factors need to be considered, including validity, reliability, and responsiveness, as well as the purpose of the study, the population being studied, and the outcome of interest.
Genetics of physical activity and physical fitness
Authors: Zi Yahua , Bartels Meike , de Geus Eco JC 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Regular physical activity and physical fitness are key contributors to children’s health. It is, therefore, important to understand sources of variation in the phenotypes seen among children and adolescents. Twin and family studies enable calculation of the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to the observed individual differences. Heritability estimates of physical activity vary widely (0–85%), depending mostly on age. Shared environmental influences decrease from childhood to adolescence with genetic effects becoming more prominent in adolescence. Heritability estimates of most physical fitness traits are stable and high in childhood and adolescence, with only a few studies reporting on shared environmental influences. Gene-finding studies of physical activity and physical fitness for children are sparse, but weight-related genes (LEPR and MC4R) have been found to be associated with physical activity and the ACE and ACTN3 genes with physical fitness. It is concluded that the extent to which heredity contributes to individual differences during childhood and adolescence should be a priority for future research because knowledge of the source of individual differences in physical activity and physical fitness can optimise the choice and timing of physical activity and physical fitness interventions.
Resistance training
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D , Lloyd Rhodri S 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Regular participation in well-designed resistance training programmes can offer observable health and fitness benefits to children and adolescents. In addition to increasing muscular strength and power, resistance training can increase bone mineral density, improve cardiovascular risk factors, fuel metabolic health, facilitate weight control, enhance psychosocial well-being, and prepare youth for the demands of daily physical activity and sport. Since muscular strength and power underpin many of the bio-motor qualities that are needed to move proficiently on the playground and on the sports field, an integrative approach to training that targets strength and power development early in life can optimise children’s fitness potential while reducing the risk of sports-related injury. Without ongoing exposure to strength-building activities throughout childhood and adolescence, the divergence in performance between weaker and stronger youth will likely widen over developmental time. Weaker youth may eventually need to address strength deficits to attain a level of physical fitness that facilitates ongoing participation in exercise and sport activities. The planned manipulation of resistance training programme variables along with meaningful instruction from qualified professionals can develop resistance training skill literacy, optimise training adaptations, and promote long-term adherence.
Long-term athletic development
Authors: Lloyd Rhodri S , Oliver Jon L 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Over the last two decades, the topic of long-term athletic development has grown in popularity within the academic literature and has influenced the structure of talent development pathways for youth athletes across many sports. The premise of long-term athletic development is salient on the habitual development of ‘athleticism’ over time to improve health and fitness, enhance physical performance, and reduce the relative risk of injury. Developing ‘athletic’ children requires the integration of a range of exercise modes that target motor skills, muscle strength and power, speed, agility, and aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Understanding how a youth athlete’s response to exercise is mediated by growth and maturation as youth athletes transition from their childhood years to early adulthood is a critical component of long-term athletic development. This chapter critically examines how the principles of paediatric exercise physiology and training science can be used to inform the prescription of individualised exercise programmes that promote long-term athletic development.
Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in physical education classes
Authors: Collard Dorine CM , Nauta Joske , Backx Frank JG 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Since physical education classes are often obligatory, the number of injuries sustained during those classes is high. The type of injury in physical education classes that is most often reported changes as children grow older. Young children (&lt;12 years of age) most often injure their wrist and elbow, while the incidence of injuries in older children (&gt;12 years of age) is highest in the hand and ankle. Physical education classes containing activities such as gymnastics and ball games provoke most damage. Physical education teachers play a key role in the prevention of physical education-related injuries. They are responsible for creating a safe environment for sports and play, not only by making sure that protective devices are used properly, and that equipment is in good order, but also by modifying rules and screening of physical limitations in their pupils.
Lower limb injuries
Authors: Aicale Rocco , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Physical activity plays a significant role in the well-being of a child. Long-term health benefits depend on continuation of physical activity, thus enhancing well-being and favouring the balanced development of a child. Injuries can counter the beneficial effects of sports participation, especially if a child is unable to continue participation because of the residual effects of injury. Prevention of sports injuries has been largely implemented in the last few years. An example is the injury prevention programme ‘The 11’, developed with the support of the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), with the aim to reduce the impact of intrinsic injury risk factors in football. An overview of the clinical aspects of common lower limb injuries in children is provided in this chapter, including ligament, muscle and tendon injuries, fractures, as well as injuries to the joints. Also, typical injuries in youth are discussed, such as growth plate injuries and osteochondritis dissecans.
Disability, youth sport, and clinical care of the youth Para athlete
Authors: Derman Wayne , Africa Eileen , Vermaak Candace 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The number of youths with a disability is on the rise, with the prevalence being higher in poorer households, indigenous populations, and ethnic minorities. This creates an increased demand for opportunities to participate and compete in Para sport. The Paralympic Movement provides opportunities for Para athletes to compete at the top level. Sport provides many benefits which include improved quality of life and psychological well-being, and completing activities of daily living with ease. Sport should specifically focus on improving independence, overall health, and enjoyment. Yet, despite its many benefits, not enough youth with disabilities participate in regular exercise or sport. Youth with disabilities face many barriers in partaking and competing in sport. These barriers and challenges include lack of finances (lack of transportation and sponsorships), lack of access (inadequate spaces and opportunities), and low confidence as well as marginalisation (stereotyping and discrimination). Medical care of youth athletes with disabilities is complex and this is because youth Para athletes are considered ‘a special population within a special population’. The medical team is often confronted with different challenges including conditions specific to the youth athlete but also specific to the Para athlete. Clinical pearls and pitfalls are presented in this chapter to assist the clinician in the management of athletes with the more common disabilities: spinal cord injury, limb deficiency, cerebral palsy, and visual impairment. Awareness of these aspects is important to provide a holistic approach in managing youth Para athletes.
Dietary supplements in youth sport
Authors: Maughan Ronald J , Shirreffs Susan M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The oral consumption of nutrition/dietary supplements is widespread in the general population and among sports people. This is true for children as well as adults. Despite the well-recognised benefits of supplementation with some essential micronutrients (vitamins B12 and D, iron, and a few others) in the prevention of deficiency diseases, there is very little research on any aspect of dietary supplement consumption in child/youth athletes. A few supplements have the potential to enhance performance in adults, but translation of information from adult populations should be undertaken with great caution. Safety considerations around the use of dietary supplements by youth athletes are the same as those for the adult population with the additional aspect of consideration of effects on growth and development. For all athletes, a food-first approach is preferred, but each individual is different, and each case should be assessed using a cost–benefit analysis that takes account of the athlete’s physical, cognitive, and emotional maturity. In spite of their popularity, it is likely that only a very small number of dietary supplements will have a beneficial effect on performance for youth athletes who have no underlying nutritional deficiencies. Against this must be weighed the potential negative effects on health and performance and the possibility of inadvertent ingestion of a toxic substance or a prohibited doping agent.
Basic Physics and Physiology of MEG and EEG
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter gives a general overview of the basic physics and physiology of MEG and EEG signals. The relationship between electric charges and electric currents is described, as well as some basic laws that relate current to voltage, resistance, and conductivity. Next, the relationship between currents and magnetic fields is examined, followed by introduction of superconductivity and its relevance to MEG. This leads into a discussion of source currents in the brain and how they can be identified by solving the so-called inverse problem. It is shown that the shape and conductivity of the volume conductor—comprising different tissues of the head—affect MEG and EEG differently, as relating to the detectability of currents in the brain. General points about volume conduction and cancellation of activity are also stressed. The chapter ends by touching on the spatial and temporal resolution and precision of MEG and EEG.
Instrumentation for EEG and MEG
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses all aspects of EEG and MEG hardware and instrumentation. Various electrode types for recording of EEG and other electrophysiological signals are presented and their usage and advantages and disadvantages evaluated. Principles of differential EEG amplifiers are introduced. Common-mode rejection is explained with simple examples. The influence of the reference electrode site on the potential distributions is explained in detail, together with different options for digital re-referencing. The working principles are described for superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are the sensors used in traditional low-temperature MEG systems. The vastly different effects of the shape of the flux transformers for the measured field patterns are illustrated. The newest developments in “room-temperature MEG” carried out with optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are described. The chapter ends by discussing shielding requirements for MEG installations and ways in which noise-free environments might be maintained in MEG and EEG laboratories.
Artifacts
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a comprehensive look at physiological and nonphysiological artifacts commonly encountered in MEG and EEG studies. After description of the occurrence, morphology, and topographical distribution of the artifacts, suggestions are given for their removal. Physiological artifacts can be caused by eye movements and blinks; muscle contractions (in the face, head, and body); heart’s pulsation and electrical activity; respiration; and sweating. Examples of nonphysiological artifacts are provided and include power-line noise, response-box artifacts, and artifacts generated by poorly sited EEG electrodes, or malfunctioning MEG or EEG sensors. We also discuss artifacts produced by other equipment used in conjunction with EEG/MEG, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and noninvasive brain stimulators. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about how to ensure that the measured signals arise from the brain.
Analyzing the Data
Authors: Hari Riitta , Puce Aina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the strengths, pitfalls, and practicalities of MEG and EEG data analysis methods and visualization strategies. Data-set segmentation, signal-to-noise considerations, signal levels, and power are examined as these may drive the chosen data analysis strategy. After basic analyses of averaged and unaveraged data, brain microstates, event-related desynchronization/synchronization, temporal spectral evolution, and time-frequency analyses, phase synchronization, and cross-frequency coupling are discussed. Measures of the introduced association and functional/effective connectivity, as studied in the time or frequency domains, include correlation, coherence, phase-locking factor, phase-locking value, phase-lag index and their variants, mutual information, transfer entropy, cross-correlation, Granger causality, dynamic causal modeling, and graph-theoretical analysis. The MEG/EEG source modeling section covers forward and inverse problems, head models, single- and multidipole models, distributed models, and beamformers. After discussion of spatial resolution, source extent, and effects of synchrony complete the topics, the chapter ends with statistical considerations regarding signal detectability in individual and group-level data.
Guide-specific loss of efficiency and off-target reduction with Cas9 variants
Authors: Zhang Liang , He Wei , Fu Rongjie , Wang Shuyue , Chen Yiwen , Xu Han 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
High-fidelity clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) variants have been developed to reduce the off-target effects of CRISPR systems at a cost of efficiency loss. To systematically evaluate the efficiency and off-target tolerance of Cas9 variants in complex with different single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), we applied high-throughput viability screens and a synthetic paired sgRNA–target system to assess thousands of sgRNAs in combination with two high-fidelity Cas9 variants HiFi and LZ3. Comparing these variants against wild-type SpCas9, we found that ∼20% of sgRNAs are associated with a significant loss of efficiency when complexed with either HiFi or LZ3. The loss of efficiency is dependent on the sequence context in the seed region of sgRNAs, as well as at positions 15–18 in the non-seed region that interacts with the REC3 domain of Cas9, suggesting that the variant-specific mutations in the REC3 domain account for the loss of efficiency. We also observed various degrees of sequence-dependent off-target reduction when different sgRNAs are used in combination with the variants. Given these observations, we developed GuideVar, a transfer learning-based computational framework for the prediction of on-target efficiency and off-target effects with high-fidelity variants. GuideVar facilitates the prioritization of sgRNAs in the applications with HiFi and LZ3, as demonstrated by the improvement of signal-to-noise ratios in high-throughput viability screens using these high-fidelity variants.
People’s Song, People’s Weapon
Authors: De Aniket 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The years between the two World Wars was an era of mass politics, and in this period Gambhira emerged as a political space for Hindu and Muslim peasants and labourers of Malda. This chapter examines how Gambhira changed from a swadeshi era ‘national’ art to a ‘popular’ political form during the 1920s and 1930s. While several historians have designated this period as the high point of ‘communal’ conflict between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, the story of Gambhira reveals a different history of the shared social lives, relations and interactions between the two communities. An examination of elite and popular politics of Malda in the interwar years- including the rebellion of Jitu Santal, the politics of the Hindu Mahasabha and the rise of gana-sangit or ‘people’s song’- shows how Gambhira was forged as a popular weapon in a specific historical moment.
Elite and Popular Connoisseurship at the Louvre c.1848–1870
Authors: Stammers Tom 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter asks: how far can we better understand the function and meaning of museums by a history of what they did not acquire? It explores the extraordinarily rich accession records for the Louvre, working through the often eccentric postbag of letters that the museum staff received during the Second Empire. This was a decisive period for relationships between the museum and private collectors, who were courted by the administration headed by Émilien de Nieuwerkerke as collaborators for exhibitions and as potential donors. In this intermingling of professional standards with the knowledge of the amateur, the Louvre invited art-lovers across France to write in with information about artworks that had been unexpectedly scattered across France and might add further luster to the museum galleries. Tracing some of these letters and their consequences reveals how deeply the museum was dependent on a network of dealers, entrepreneurs, and private enthusiasts.
Ghosts of Finance Pasts
Authors: Dixon Marion W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 shows how family business groups and financial firms re-emerged from the long nineteenth century by the 1990s to help build Egypt’s corporate agri-food system. Three stages of the system’s development are detailed: 1970s–1980s—the rise of an agribusiness political coalition; 1991–2003—corporatization of the agri-food industry; and 2003–2011—financialization of the agri-food industry. The intertwining of social networks, cultural institutions, kinship, and economic exchange is also important to the building of this new capitalist class. Their class power is constituted through two related processes: The first is a basic tension that they become subjected to popular critiques as they cement their class position. The direct transmission of wealth and privilege within these two types of capitalist enterprise makes them susceptible to popular critiques. The second is the continual process of negotiation within the transnational framework of doing business legally and legitimately. This framework is called the corporate standard.
Crisis and Collapse
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While Chapter 2 turned to the problems of mass parties broadening their social base, this chapter turns to the other aspect in which Interwar mass parties failed to transform into people’s parties: striking difficult compromises with adversaries and taking on government responsibility. This problem was evident in some places, notably Italy, from the start, but became more widespread and structural during the 1930s almost everywhere. Also in this aspect, pre-war legacies and the mutual mistrust these created played a role. In the face of a deep economic crisis, the rise of political extremism, and growing geopolitical tensions, the mass parties became more firmly entrenched in their own subcultures. This further dented governmental stability and boosted feelings of democratic fatigue, even among people and groups who had first supported the new democratic order. The tendency of mass parties to move away from the centre ultimately contributed to instances of democratic collapse such as in Italy, Austria, and Germany. It seemed as if the ideal of a broad-based people’s party lost out in a clash between competing conceptions of mass politics, against the mass party model or its the authoritarian version in the guise of the Nazi and Fascist parties and their offshoots elsewhere.
The Decline of the People’s Party, Fast and Slow
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The final chapter centres on the developments of the people’s parties in the 1990s. In this decade, several trends that had started earlier came together and brought the slumbering crisis of the people’s party into full light. One was the decline in membership numbers, which culminated this decade in a real haemorrhage in support. A second was that these parties now started to show a serious decline in voters. A third was the trend of party leaders to emphasize their governing capacities and qualities over anything else, stressed in particular during the acceleration of European integration (and the external constraint of the euro), but also in the boost of neo-liberalist policy proposals and reforms. And, finally, party leaders built on previous attempts to open their parties to people beyond their traditional membership base by inventing new initiatives to connect their parties to society, which further undermined their organizational capacity. All together, despite great optimism about the future of democracy that marked the start of this decade, there were growing concerns about the prospects of the people’s parties themselves—and the fate of democracy at large. This chapter provides a window on the decline of the people’s party and its various consequences, such as the breakthrough of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy, Jörg Haider in Austria, and Marine Le Pen in France.
Introduction
Authors: Seddon Toby 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s focus and aims: to provide a radical intellectual reappraisal of how the international drug control system functions, where it came from, and the possibilities for alternative futures, through a critical interdisciplinary analysis. It sets out a concise overview of the background and context for the rest of the book, including patterns and trends over time in global drug supply and consumption as well as the evolution of international drug control. It concludes by outlining the three main parts of the book and describing how these build the book’s central argument that seeing the ‘drug question’ differently can allow us to imagine alternative and better ways of dealing with this thorniest of contemporary policy problems.