bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a novel human pre-B leukemia cell line.
Authors: Smith R G , Dev V G , Shannon W A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The derivation of a new human pre-B cell line from the leukocytes of a girl in the leukemic phase of lymphoblastic lymphoma is reported. Cells of this line, termed SMS-SB, synthesized mu but not light chains. These mu-chains were found only in the cytoplasm and were not secreted. SMS-SB cells bore HLA-DR determinants. They did not express the common ALL antigen or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and, therefore, differed from previously described human pre-B leukemia cell lines. SMS-SB cells resembled certain Abelson leukemia virus-transformed mouse bone marrow cells. Except for the lack of formed mouse bone marrow cells. Except for the lack of mu secretion, the phenotype of SMS-SB cells was the same as the major subpopulation of marrow pre-B cells.
Fc fragment activation of T lymphocytes. I. Fc fragments trigger Lyt 1+23- T lymphocytes to release a helper T cell-replacing activity.
Authors: Thoman M L , Morgan E L , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fc fragments of human IgG stimulate both proliferation and polyclonal antibody formation by B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes, although not proliferating in response to Fc fragments, are triggered to produce a T cell-replacing factor, which substitutes for T cells in the Fc fragment-induced polyclonal response. The factor is produced within 24 hr after Fc stimulation. Neither Fab fragments nor whole IgG have the capacity to stimulate the release of this activity. This material is a product of Lyt 1+23-, Ia-T lymphocytes and requires Ia+ adherent accessory cells for production. The role of the accessory cell is to process the Fc fragments to biologically active 14,000-daltons subfragments, which directly trigger T cells to factor production. This material has been called (Fc)TRF to distinguish it from other T cell factors.
Analysis and antigenic activity of a carbohydrate fraction derived from adult Schistosoma mansoni.
Authors: Nash T E , Lunde M N , Cheever A W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigenic constituents of a crude predominately carbohydrate trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction of adult Schistosoma mansoni (TCA-S-C) were determined by comparing the antibody levels in human infections with crude TCA-S-C and fractions obtained after DEAE chromatography. Antibodies were measured using ELISA tests employing poly(L-lysine)-coated and uncoated polystyrene plates as well as radioimmunoassays to the 2 active fractions. Two active materials were identified. Acute and early infected patients had high levels of antibody to the previously characterized purified gut-associated proteoglycan (GASP), whereas the heavily infected chronically exposed patients had elevated levels to another fraction, PSAP. IgG levels to PSAP correlated significantly with the egg excretion rate. Both the acute and early infected as well as the chronically exposed patients had raised levels of antibody to crude TCA-S-C but no correlation with egg excretion or acuteness of infection. Therefore, the measurement of antibodies to specific schistosome components unmasked clinically relevant correlations that were not apparent when crude fractions were used. The pattern of response was similar whether ELISA or radioimmunoassays were used, although the radioimmunoassays were found to be more sensitive and specific. Antibody levels to GASP significantly correlated with the immunofluorescent antibody titer to schistosome gut epithelial cells. PSAP was characterized as a polydisperse PAS-positive staining material composed primarily of substances(s) with an apparent m.w. ranging from 130,000 to 90,000. The composition of this material as revealed by earlier studies suggested that PSAP was a glycoprotein(s).
Regulation of the immune response: III. The role of macrophages in the potentiation of the immune response by Fc fragments.
Authors: Morgan E L , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Fc fragment-induced enhancement of the anti-SRBC response was found to be dependent upon the presence of functional macrophages. Fc fragments derived from human immunoglobulin were unable to enhance either the in vivo or in vitro anti-SRBC response in the C3H/HeJ mouse, whereas similar responses in histocompatible C3Heb/FeJ mice were enhanced. Macrophages were found to be required for the Fc fragment-induced adjuvant effect as evidenced by the inability of C3H/HeJ macrophages to substitute for C3Heb/FeJ macrophages in Sephadex G-10-filtered C3Heb/FeJ spleen cell cultures. Moreover, the C3H/HeJ anti-SRBC response could be enhanced when Fc subfragments were employed instead of Fc fragments. The C3H/HeJ-derived T cells were normal, since they could be added to B cells and macrophages derived from the C3Heb/FeJ mouse with an enhanced response observed in the presence of Fc fragments. The fact that C3H/HeJ macrophages function normally as accessory cells in generation of the anti-SRBC response but fail to function in the Fc-induced adjuvant effect allows the dissection of 3 macrophage functions in the modulation of the antibody response.
Clonal variation in expression of a human melanoma antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody.
Authors: Yeh M Y , Hellström I , Hellström K E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous work established 3 monoclonal mouse antibodies, 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3, which define an antigenic determinant that is expressed by a human melanoma, M1804, and, in smaller amounts, by another melanoma, M1801. In the present study we first investigated the expression of this determinant, which we refer to as 3.1, by cells from different melanomas, using membrane immunofluorescence techniques. We found that some tumors, such as M1801, appeared to be mixtures of cells that varied in their expression of 3.1. Clones were established from cultures of M1801 and M1804, and their expression of 3.1 was studied by a variety of serologic techniques, including membrane immunofluorescence, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and absorption. Some of the clones expressed determinant 3.1, and others did not. By recloning a late passage of a 3.1-positive clone from M1801, a negative subclone was established, proving that 3.1-positive cells can yield 3.1-negative progeny. A clone that had lost 3.1 was tested and found to still express p97, an antigen defined by a different monoclonal antibody. We conclude that since some melanomas are heterogeneous with respect to the expression of antigenic determinant 3.1, and since 3.1 negative progeny can be derived from 3.1-positive cells, there is the potential for selection of 3.1-negative cells. The implications of this, for antigenic determinant 3.1 and possibly for other tumor antigens, must be taken into account when considering using monoclonal antibodies for tumor therapy.
Cell surface appearance of unexpected host MHC determinants on thymocytes from radiation bone marrow chimeras.
Authors: Sharrow S O , Mathieson B J , Singer A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The phenotypic appearance of cell surface antigens on murine thymocytes from long-term radiation bone marrow chimeras was analyzed using indirect immunofluorescence and flow microfluorometry. Cells maturing in the thymi of these mice were typed for MHC (Kk, I-Ak, H-2b, Kb, and Ib) and non-MHC (Lyt 1, Ly 9, and TL) determinants. All cells were of donor origin as determined by non-MHC (Ly) phenotype in P1 leads to P2, P1 X P2 leads to P1, and P1 leads to P2 radiation chimeras. In contrast, the MHC phenotypes of these thymocytes were markedly affected by the host environment. Specifically, H-2 and I-A determinants of both parental phenotypes were detected on thymocytes from P1 leads to P1 X P2 chimeras; I-A determinants of host phenotype were present, whereas I-A determinants of donor phenotype were reduced on thymocytes from P1 X P2 leads to P1 chimeras; and thymocytes from P1 leads to P2 chimeras possessed H-2 and I-A determinants of host phenotype but showed reduction of donor I-A phenotype determinants. The appearance of host cell surface H-2 and I-A determinants on thymocytes from chimeras closely parallels the functional recognition of MHC determinants by T cells from chimeric mice and thus may be significantly related to the development of the self-recognition repertoire by maturing T cells.
T lymphocytes that contribute to the immunoregulation of granuloma formation in chronic murine schistosomiasis.
Authors: Colley D G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoregulation of Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced granuloma formation in the mouse occurs as chronic infection is being established. Three different modes of manipulation that are known to affect immuno-regulatory T lymphocytes were applied to this model. Adult thymectomy (AdTx) of CBA/J mice, 6 wk after infection, did not affect the size of their granulomas at 8 or 12 wk after infection. However, by 15 wk after infection, sham-treated mice exhibited continued development of modulation of their granulomas, whereas AdTx mice did not. Hemagglutinating antibody titers against soluble egg antigen preparation were marginally elevated in the AdTx group. Adoptive transfer of the suppressor effect of chronic spleen cells was ablated by AdTx. In vivo administration of 1 ml of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (RAMTS) over a 3-day period to chronically infected mice resulted in a minimal increase in granuloma formation. This treatment was seen, however, to be efficacious in eliminating the suppression normally associated with adoptive transfer of chronic spleen cells. Hydrocortisone acetate (HyC) treatment of chronically infected mice (5.0 to 7.5 mg per mouse over 3 to 5 days) significantly decreased the size of their granulomas. This diminution may be due to the eosinophil-depleting activity of HyC. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that the granuloma suppressor mechanism was HyC-sensitive. A continuing supply of newly developed T lymphocytes appears to be required for the establishment and maintenance of a substantial portion of this immunoregulatory process in chronic infection.
A lymphokine resembling transfer factor that stimulates MIF production by nonsensitive lymphocytes.
Authors: Philp J R , McCormack J G , Moore A L , Johnson J E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High potency preparations of a new heat-labile, low m.w. (less than 5000) lymphokine (LMWL) were obtained by culturing tuberculin-sensitive guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) with PPD in geometric conditions that promote amplified lymphokine production. This LMWL has the ability, in the presence of PPD, to stimulate nonsensitive PEC to produce a heat-stable molecule(s) resembling MIF with a m.w. in the range 50,000 to 100,000. The effects of the LMWL (less than 5000 daltons) and the MIF-like molecule(s) (50,000 to 100,000 daltons) were defined by the indirect macrophage migration assay and a macrophage deoxyglucose uptake assay. It is possible that LMWL represents a form of transfer factor with the ability to recruit unsensitized lymphocytes to produce MIF.
T cell recognition of Moloney sarcoma virus proteins during tumor regression. I. Lack of a requirement for macrophages and the role of blastogenic factors in T cell proliferation.
Authors: Enjuanes L , Lee J C , Ihle J N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characteristics of the T cell blastogenic response of lymphocytes from Moloney leukemia/sarcoma virus inoculated mice against the virion proteins gp71 and p12 were examined. The proliferative responses to both antigens were independent of a requirement for macrophages as determined by macrophage-depletion experiments, the lack of an effect of antisera against Ia on proliferation and by analysis of the number of cell interactions required for proliferation. The kinetics of antigen-lymphocyte interaction were examined and found to require only 4 to 6 hr for half-maximal activation. Proliferation in response to gp71 or p12 was found to be due to the production of blastogenic factor(s), and using additivity experiments, little if any proliferation appears to be associated with antigen-specific lymphocytes. The production of blastogenic factor(s) does not require proliferation and is temporally displaced from antigen-lymphocyte interaction by 8 to 10 hr.
Activation of first component of complement (C1) in guinea pig serum by a polysaccharide is prevented by C1 inhibitor.
Authors: Schultz D R , Arnold P I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A polysaccharide (PS) purified from venom of the ant Pseudomyrmex sp. causes the activation of the classical complement (C) pathway in normal serum, but not in guinea pig serum. To investigate why C was not activated in guinea pig serum, we partially purified guinea pig C1 in the presence of the protease inhibitor p-nitrophenyl, p'-guanidinobenzoate (NPGB). This C1 preparation was activated (mu = 0.15, pH 7.5) by the PS in a dose-dependent reaction after NPGB was eliminated by dilution. The PS decreased the action of the C1 inhibitor for C1 in diluted guinea pig serum, and it also inhibited the activity of highly purified guinea pig C1 inhibitor for C1. There was a direct correlation between the concentration of the guinea pig C1 inhibitor and the loss of ability of the PS to activate C1 in mixtures of constant concentrations of purified guinea pig C1 and purified venom PS, and increasing concentrations of purified guinea pig C1 inhibitor. The activity of the human C1 inhibitor, either in diluted serum or highly purified, was not decreased by the PS. These results show that the PS does not activate guinea pig C1 in serum because its action is blocked by the C1 inhibitor.
In vitro augmentation of rat natural killer (NK) cell activity.
Authors: Reynolds C W , Herberman R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro augmentation of rat natural killer (NK) cell activity was produced by 2 types of treatment. Increased activity occurred "spontaneously" when spleen cells were cultured alone at 37 degrees C. This augmentation was dependent on the presence of adherent, phagocytic cells, presumably macrophages, and was independent of LPS of FCS. Normally low levels of NK activity, present in macrophage-depleted cultured cells, could also be boosted in vitro by incubation with Corynebacterium parvum. This augmentation appeared to be independent of both B cells and macrophages and may be due to stimulation of rat NK cells themselves. Both forms of augmentation were associated with the production of interferon, were found in rats of all ages and strains tested, and should provide an excellent in vitro system for detailed studies of activation of rat NK cells.
Limiting dilution assays for the determination of immunocompetent cell frequencies. I. Data analysis.
Authors: Taswell C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A statistical method was developed for the analysis of experimental data from limiting dilution assays. Formulas for the estimation of the frequency of immunocompetent cells within a test population were derived by the statistical methods of weighted averaging, likelihood maximization, and X2 minimization. Equations for the latter 2 were solved by Newton's method of iterative approximation. Estimates obtained by these methods were found to be more valid than those obtained by least squares (LS) fitting as judged by the X2 test and as established by Monte Carlo experiments. X2 minimization was chosen as the preferable estimation method with maximum accuracy and precision (minimum bias and variance) for the standard determination of frequencies; likelihood maximization was used only for the confirmation of results. When data from previously published experiments were reanalyzed, both results and conclusions were found to differ significantly from those originally obtained by LS fitting, thus demonstrating the importance of using proper data analysis methods. In conjunction with the use of available calculators or microcomputers, the method presented here provides a simple and rapid procedure for the valid determination of immunocompetent cell frequencies.
The differentiation of cytotoxic T cells in vitro. IV. Interleukin-2 production in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures involves cooperation between Qa-1+ and Qa-1- "helper" T cells.
Authors: Okada M , Stanton T H , Kuppers R C , Henney C S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies with C57BL/6-TIaa mice have established that both Qa-1+ and Qa-1- helper T cells are required for the optimal production of Interleukin 2(IL-2) activity in primary MLC. This was established both by depletion of Qa-1 bearing cells by treatment of responder cells with anti-Qa-1 serum in the presence of complement and by positive selection (using FACS II analysis) of those cells displaying Qa-1. Furthermore, microfluoremetry revealed that the great majority of C57BL/6-TIaa and of A/J splenic T cells bore Qa-1 alloantigen but that only those with the highest antigen density were susceptible to complement-mediated lysis.
Ia-positive stimulator cells are required in primary, but not in secondary, mixed leukocyte reactions against H-2K and H-2D differences.
Authors: Minami M , Shreffler D C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expression of I region gene products on stimulator cells in primary and secondary MLR directed against differences determined by the K or D regions of the H-2 gene complex was examined in B10-congenic mice. Treatment of the stimulator cells with anti-Ia antisera and complement (C) eliminates stimulation in primary MLR against K or D region gene products, indicating that the stimulator cells must express Ia antigens on their membranes. Further, stimulation in primary MLR against D region antigens is abolished by treatment of the stimulator cells with C and antisera against either I-A or I-E subregion products, but not by treatment of stimulator cells with C and antisera against I-J subregion products. Therefore, these stimulator cells express on their membranes both I-A and I-E subregion gene products, but not I-J subregion gene products. In contrast, in secondary MLR against K or D region gene products, treatment of stimulator cells with anti-Ia antisera and C does not abolish stimulation, indicating that Ia-negative cells can stimulate primed responder cells. These results indicate that the mechanisms of cell-cell recognition necessary in secondary MLR against K or D region gene products are different from those in primary MLR to the same products.
Glycosylation is not required for membrane localization or secretion of IgM in a mouse B cell lymphoma.
Authors: Sibley C H , Wagner R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the importance of glycosylation in determining the function of membrane-bound and secreted immunoglobulin M (IgM). Hickman and Kornfeld (1978) previously observed that glycosylation is required for IgM to be secreted by 104E, a mouse plasma cell tumor. In order to determine whether this requirement is a general one for all forms of IgM, we have used WEHI 279.1, a mouse B lymphoma that synthesizes both the membrane and secreted forms of IgM. In the presence of 5 microgram/ml tunicamycin (Tm), glycosylation of both membrane and secreted IgM is at least 90% inhibited, but total protein synthesis is equivalent in control and Tm-treated cells. Despite the absence of carbohydrate, IgM molecules are properly assembled into monomers for membrane localization. Cells whose surfaces have been stripped of membrane IgM by treatment with anti-mu antibody resynthesize the IgM equally well in the presence or absence of Tm. It is more surprising that the assembly of IgM into pentamers and the secretion of these pentamers into the medium are accomplished at the same rate and to about the same levels in control and Tm-treated WEHI 279.1 cells. This is in sharp contrast to the profound inhibition of IgM secretion observed when the plasmacytoma cell 104E is treated with the same concentration of Tm (5 microgram/ml). Although both WEHI 279.1 and 104E cells secrete IgM, the 2 are models for cells at very different points along the B cell differentiation pathway. The difference in the effect of Tm-treatment on IgM secretion may reflect a cellular change that occurs during this differentiation. The unglycosylated IgM is very sensitive to trypsin digestion, whereas the native forms are not. This suggests that the function of glycosylation may be to stabilize the IgM against proteolysis.
Hapten-specific murine colony-forming B cells: in vitro response of colonies to fluoresceinated thymus independent antigens.
Authors: Pillai P S , Scott D W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability to clone hapten-specific B cells in agar and to subsequently trigger their clonal progeny to antibody synthesis was investigated. Fluorescein (FL) specific B cells were purified on FL-gelatin dishes and cultured in semisolid agar for 6 to 7 days; individual colonies were then picked for restimulation in microculture. FL-specific B cells could be cloned as efficiently as unpurified splenic B cells. The number of colonies formed depended on the presence of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cultures. An additive number of colonies were observed with SRBC + LPS compared to that of SRBC or LPS alone. The colonies obtained from SRBC-containing cultures were stimulatable at high frequency by various FL-conjugated antigens to yield anti-FL PFC. However, colonies grown with LPS as the only additive were not stimulatable by any of the antigens tested. On the other hand, addition of M phi or SRBC as additional "mitogens" along with LPS in the agar resulted in progeny colonies that could respond in vitro. Although M phi did not increase the number of colonies, their presence enhanced the size and in some cases the frequency of stimulatable colonies. These data complement earlier observations in suggesting that different B cell subpopulations may grow under different cloning conditions. Moreover, the ability to stimulate the clonal progeny of single B cells to antibody synthesis should permit further definition of triggering and tolerance events at the single-cell level.
Immune response in experimentally induced uremia. II. Suppression of PHA response in uremia is mediated by an adherent, Ia-negative and indomethacin-insensitive suppressor cell.
Authors: Alevy Y G , Slavin R G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characteristics of the adherent suppressor cell in uremic rats were examined. We found that: 1) adherent spleen cells from uremic rats display a more potent suppressor activity than do control adherent cells; 2) the suppression that is mediated by uremic adherent spleen cells cannot be eliminated by pretreatment with indomethacin, whereas the suppression that is mediated by naturally present adherent cells in the control rat is reversed by pretreatment with indomethacin; 3) the uremic adherent suppressor cell does not have Ia antigens that can be detected by the monoclonal antibodies OXL, whereas control adherent cells have Ia antigens on their surface; 4) both the control and uremic adherent suppressor cells are insensitive to mitomycin C and do not have any detectable levels of Thy 1 antigens on their surface. It appears that immune suppression in uremic rats is mediated by an adherent cell that differs from adherent cells present in control animals. The suppression in uremic rats is either not mediated by prostaglandins or may be mediated by preformed prostaglandin synthetase products.