bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Observations on Host-Cell-Virus Relationships in Fowl Pox
Authors: Bang Frederik B. , Levy Ellen , Gey George O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virus of fowl pox has been grown in roller tube cultures of chick fibroblasts in which it survived and multiplied through constant association in low titers with the same continuous cultures for a period of over a hundred days. The cells failed to show any inclusion or destruction. Epithelial cells in culture are killed by the virus, but without the formation of definite inclusion bodies.
The refractile inclusion body of the chick chorio-allantoic membrane is osmophilic and can be partially extracted with ether. The residual inclusion is still resistant to purified desoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease and trypsin. The inclusion can be dissolved and elementary bodies liberated by treatment with sodium lauryl sulphate (Duponal C) but this in the concentrations used inactivates the virus.
The individual elementary bodies as seen in the electron microscope have a central dark area and are brick shaped. This is brought out more clearly by acid peptic digestion. Smear preparations of the whole inclusion show an amorphous material, presumably fat, surrounding the individual bodies. Some inclusions have thin threads of material running through this matrix. Thin sections of infected membranes show an intracellular edema at the start of the infection, then swelling and destruction of the mitochondria. Few virus particles are present at the start. The number of virus particles and the amount of fat increase to form the final dense osmophilic inclusion.
Evidence of Resistance to Tumor Graft in Early Stages of Induced Oncolysis
Authors: Aptekman Paul Myron , Lewis Margaret Reed 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eight to sixteen successive intratumoral injections at two to three day intervals of material extracted from fresh tumor tissue by means of alcohol, resulted in complete recovery from tumor growth of seventy of the tumor bearing rats treated in this manner. All of the treated rats (100%) implanted with a challenge graft after they had received six intratumoral injections of an alcoholic extract of tumor tissue, had by this time developed sufficient tumor resistance to protect them from the growth of the second graft of tumor tissue, and seventy per cent of the treated rats challenged after they had received four intratumoral injections also showed evidence of tumor resistance. One to two months after the challenge grafts had failed to grow, the rats were again engrafted with viable tumor tissue. These grafts also failed to grow, showing that the hosts had developed tumor immunity.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Beiser Sam M. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substances with either A, B, O, BO, or with negligible blood group activity as determined by hemagglutination-inhibition were prepared from individual bovine stomach linings. However, the bovine materials were not as active by hemagglutination-inhibition tests as corresponding blood group preparations from other species. The bovine materials were analytically similar to hog, horse, and human blood group substances except for lower methylpentose contents. The methylpentose was identified as fucose by paper chromatography. Bovine blood group substances were species specific as well as blood group specific. These two specificities were, for the most part, linked together on the same molecule and contributed to the greater complexity of these substances as compared with the hog substances. Certain bovine substances which show no blood group B activity as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition may nevertheless be able to absorb hemagglutinins for B cells as established by supernatant tests. The cattle blood group preparations cross-reacted with anti-SXIV. The cross-reactivity was unrelated to their methylpentose contents, but was increased by hydrolysis at approximately pH 1.9 for two hours at 100 C. Unlike the results obtained with hog substances, partial hydrolysis reduced, but did not destroy, the ability of the bovine substances to react with homologous antisera. Bovine B cross-reacted with antiserum to horse B, but the bovine A preparations did not precipitate specifically with antisera to either hog, horse, or human blood group A substances. With some bovine substances, the hemagglutination-inhibition technic may not be the most sensitive method for detecting blood group activity. With such materials blood group activity may be detected either by a rise in hemagglutinating titer on immunization of humans or by absorption of hemagglutinins.
Hemagglutination by Tularemia Antisera: Further Observations on Agglutination of Polysaccharide-Treated Erythrocytes and Its Inhibition by Polysaccharide
Authors: Wright George G. , Feinberg Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Study of the reaction of human erythrocytes with tularemia polysaccharide under various conditions indicated that optimum sensitization to agglutination by tularemia antisera occurred when 5% erythrocyte suspensions were incubated 4 hours at 37 C with 0.0025% polysaccharide and then washed 4 times with saline. Erythrocytes of human types O, A, and B, monkey, rabbit, mouse, guinea pig, sheep, and chicken were sensitized under these conditions, and were agglutinated by anti-tularensis antisera from man, goat, horse, rabbit and rat. In the presence of complement, only sheep erythrocytes were lysed by the antisera. The agglutination was inhibited by minute amounts of free polysaccharide; under appropriate conditions 2 milligamma or less produced complete inhibition of agglutination. Reaction with polysaccharide did not appear to alter certain of the antigens or other receptors of the erythrocyte, nor did treatment with receptor-destroying enzyme, potassium periodate, or pancreatic lipase interfere with subsequent sensitization with polysaccharide. The sensitizing and inhibiting activities of the polysaccharide were found to be reasonably stable to heat in the region of neutrality, but to be destroyed by treatment at 100 C in acid or alkaline solution.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Veer Albert Vander 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The following study of the relative strengths of various commercial extracts used in the treatment of hay fever was made because there is no recognized standard method of preparation of such extracts and it was felt that it might be of interest to see what therapeutic results might reasonably be expected from their use. Preparations of four of the best known commercial products were purchased from a pharmacy and compared with corresponding extracts obtained from the Department of Applied Immunology in the New York Hospital. The method of preparation of these latter extracts is published by Dr. A. F. Coca in this issue of the Journal of Immunology (1). The commercial products have been designated A, B, C, and D, while those made in the New York Hospital are labelled E. For convenience the last named extracts will be referred to as the “Cornell preparations.” All of the five preparations were in fluid form.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Cooke Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Definition of the Term. The term constitutional or general reaction is used to designate the group of symptoms occurring in allergic individuals after the absorption of an allergen and its transportation by the blood and lymph into the systemic circulation. Symptoms therefore occur in various organs and tissues affected by the allergen and may be protean in nature, since they depend upon the structures involved, which may differ with the individual and the allergen concerned. Such reactions may take place when the allergen is introduced through unnatural channels, as in the diagnostic skin test, subcutaneous or intravenous injection, or through natural channels, as after ingestion.
Data Used The data for the present paper are obtained more especially from a statistical study of 578 consecutive cases observed in 1920 and somewhat more generally from a personal experience over a period of ten years in the diagnosis and treatment of some four thousand allergic cases.
Studies on Bacterium Tularense Antigens
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Bell J. Frederick , Larson Carl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods for the isolation and purification of B. tularense antigens which involve ether treatment, salt and alcohol precipitation, differential centrifugation, and dialysis have been presented.
Immunogenic activity was tested in mice, and it was found that the degree of protection was proportional to the precipitation titer of the antigen, within certain limits, and was not affected by the amount of non-antigenic material present in the various preparations tested.
The antigenic material released by either treatment has been characterized by differential centrifugation as a polydisperse system of particles.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: Auerbach Sidney , Wright George G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigen elaborated by a non-proteolytic, non-encapsulated mutant of the Vollum strain effectively immunized rabbits against challenge with 35 strains of B. anthracis of varied origin. In guinea pigs, although protection against heterologous challenge was obtained in most cases, fatal infection occurred following challenge of immunized animals with several of the strains. Antigens elaborated by two of the latter strains, however, were no more effective in immunization against homologous challenge than was antigen elaborated by the Vollum mutant. The meaning of the results is discussed.
Further Studies on the Behavior of Mumps Virus in Maitland Type of Tissue Cultures
Authors: Watson Barbara K. , Cheever F. Sargent 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By varying the amount of tissue used and the interval between changes of medium, multiplication of mumps virus was shown to take place for as long as 70 days of incubation in Maitland type of tissue cultures. No differences were noted in the pH or visible tissue growth of infected cultures as compared to uninfected ones. Although the number of tissue fragments which were capable of cell migration when transplanted to plasma was somewhat variable, there was no clear-cut evidence that the presence of the virus had a significant effect on the outgrowth of fibroblasts from the explanted tissues. These results suggest that under the conditions of these experiments cytopathogenic activity on the part of mumps virus was minimal at best.
The Slope Assay for Measurement of Lethal Potency of Meningo-Pneumonitis Virus in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Crocker T. Timothy , Bennett Blair M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Titrations of meningo-pneumonitis (M-P) virus were performed by inoculation of 3 or more fully lethal serial dilutions via the yolk sac in groups of chick embryos. The linear relation between log. dilution of virus and survival time of embryos was employed in slope assays for estimation of the lethal potency of test samples of virus relative to a standard virus sample. The method for slope assay is illustrated as applied to M-P virus. The slopes of titrations were found to be reasonably constant over a 6-month period, except for an interval when avian encephalomyelitis infection of the laying flock produced alterations of slope associated with prolongation of survival of embryos inoculated with M-P virus. This observation demonstrated responsiveness of the slope assay to changes in the host-virus relationship. Precision and speed of the slope assay and single dilution titration methods for M-P virus are compared, with evidence favoring the slope assay, because error estimates can be made from the data of each experiment and assays are independent of a prior standard curve. A simple graphical approximation of the slope assay is presented, found to agree closely with slope assay results, and proposed as a desirable alternative to the single dilution titration for nondefinitive estimates of lethal potency. Qualitative aspects of the slope of the dose-survival time relationship are discussed.
Differential Phagocytosis of Normal, Trypsinized and Virus-Treated Human and Rabbit Erythrocytes by Macrophages in Tissue Culture
Authors: Mabry D. Shelton , Bass Joe A. , Dodd Matt C. , Wallace John H. , Wright Claude-Starr 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human and rabbit erythrocytes modified by either enzymes or viruses have been shown to be more susceptible to phagocytosis by macrophages from rabbit spleen grown in tissue culture compared to normal red cells. The factors responsible for this differential phagocytosis were opsonic properties of serum and the capacity of macrophages to ingest modified red cells maximally in a certain time. The roles of other factors such as age of macrophages, evaluation of phagocytic index and the per cent of susceptible erythrocytes available were also examined.
Opsonic Factors in Normal and Immune Sera in the Differential Phagocytosis of Normal, Trypsinized and Virus-Treated Human and Rabbit Erythrocytes by Macrophages in Tissue Culture
Authors: Mabry D. Shelton , Wallace John H. , Dodd Matt C. , Wright Claude-Starr 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Maximum erythrophagocytosis with normal serum required heat-stable, specific, absorbable factors and complement. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of complement were demonstrated. The opsonic action of specific antibody was increased in the presence of complement. Complement appeared to have no effect on the specificity or absolute degree of the opsonic reaction in immune serum, but only on the rate of phagocytosis.
Antibody Formation After Injection of Heterologous Immune Globulin
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Foreign sera, their globulin fraction, or washed immune aggregates containing foreign immune globulin were tested for their ability to evoke antibody formation against their immune globulin components. The antibody response against immune globulin was measured by two agglutination methods. In one of these sub-agglutinating amounts of the foreign immune globulin were adsorbed on red cells; in the other the foreign immune globulin against polysaccharide, obtained by dissociation of immune precipitate, was adsorbed to tanned red cells.
The data show that guinea pigs injected with normal rabbit serum or its globulin fraction fail to produce appreciable amounts of antibody against rabbit immune globulin. In contrast, injection into guinea pigs of washed immune aggregates formed by the reaction of rabbit immune sera with their corresponding antigens elicits production of potent anti-rabbit immune globulin sera. The ability of washed immune aggregates to evoke this antibody response is inhibited by the admixture of normal rabbit serum to the immunizing antigen. Strong immune sera against the immune globulins of mice and guinea pigs are also readily produced by the injection of immune precipitates containing mouse or guinea pig immune globulin into guinea pigs or rabbits, respectively. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings have been discussed.
Quantitative Estimation of Antigens by Complement Fixation
Authors: Peterkofsky Alan , Levine Lawrence , Brown Ray K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Heat-labile alpha-2 glycoprotein from normal and pathologic sera was determined quantitatively by C′-fixation, precipitin N, and precipitin hexose. Sera from patients with nephrosis were found to contain more of the glycoprotein. Quantitative C′-fixation and electrophoretic determinations of human serum albumin were compared.
Determination of Neutralizing Antibodies against Mumps Virus in HeLa Cell Cultures
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A neutralization test against mumps virus in tissue cultures of human carcinoma cells strain HeLa has been described. It is based on prevention of lysis and degenerative changes in HeLa cells, caused by the growth of an amniotic strain of mumps virus in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The test proved to be readily reproducible and applicable to the study of a large number of sera. The relationships of antibodies measured in this system to those determined in complement fixation and neutralization tests in chick embryos have been discussed.
Suppressive Activity of Xerosin on Allergic and Other Inflammatory Reactions of the Skin in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Groupé Vincent 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Parenteral injections of the microbial product, xerosin, in guinea pigs reduced markedly the tuberculin reaction and the inflammatory response to turpentine. The reversed passive Arthus reaction and the inflammatory response to urease were moderately reduced. Xerosin failed to affect the histamine wheal or the wheal and flare of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Diffusion of a macromolecular dye in the skin was greatly inhibited.
The Behavior in the Coombs Test of Anti-A and Anti-B Produced by Immunization with Various Blood Group A and B Substances and by Heterospecific Pregnancy
Authors: McDuffie Frederic C. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-A and anti-B sera from individuals immunized with various blood group substances and by heterospecific pregnancy have been examined by the Coombs test in block titration and by Coombs test after neutralization by blood group substances and found to fall into two groups, one showing enhancement in Coombs titer over the saline agglutinin titer and the other failing to show such enhancement. The results indicate that no proper distinction can be made between such antibodies on the basis of their being “natural” or immune.
The Effect of Whole Body X-Irradiation of Mice on Immunity to Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Silverman Myron S. , Chin Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immune response to subcutaneous injections of tetanus toxoid of whole body x-irradiated mice tested by challenge with 10 MLD of tetanus toxin was found to be delayed rather than inhibited.
No significant difference in the immune response was detectable in those groups of animals immunized before or after exposure to x-radiation.
The length of the delay was dependent on the dose of x-rays to which the mice were exposed. The higher the x-ray dose, the longer was the delay in the immune response.
Mice exposed to whole body x-irradiation were significantly more susceptible to tetanus toxin than non-irradiated mice.
Studies on Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Richter M. , Sehon A. H. , Rose B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous report from this laboratory (1), the fractionation of ragweed pollen by extraction with various solvents was described. The different fractions were characterized by paper electrophoresis, free electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The fractions which were soluble in aqueous media displayed comparable cutaneous activity when tested by scratch on allergic individuals.
Since the water soluble components of ragweed pollen (WSR) were obtained under the least harsh conditions, they were accepted as most closely resembling the natural materials present in ragweed pollen. In this study, the water soluble extract (WSR) was further fractionated by paper electrophoresis and the various fractions were characterized both as to their physicochemical and allergenic properties.
Experimental Observations. Isolation of ragweed pollen fractions. As shown in our initial report (1), WSR could be resolved into pigment, carbohydrate, peptide and protein components by electrophoresis on paper.
In the present study a variety of buffers were used in order to establish the conditions for optimal resolution of WSR.
Studies on Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Richter M. , Harter J. G. , Sehon A. H. , Rose B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The classic cross neutralization test was shown to be inadequate for defining the number of allergens present in the different ragweed pollen fractions which had been isolated by paper electrophoresis. A new method, based on the ability of the allergen solutions to “desensitize” sites prepared with allergic serum, rather than to “neutralize” them, was introduced. The presence of at least two different allergens in the ragweed pollen fractions was demonstrated using the method described in this paper. It was also shown that sera of allergic in dividuals contained at least two reagins or two groups of reagins.
Studies on Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse
Authors: Morgan Perry , Sherwood Noble P. , Werder Alvar A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A water-in-oil emulsion containing bovine albumin and killed Mycobacterium butyricum was found to sensitize regularly CFW mice to severe and fatal anaphylactic reactivity. One-tenth mg of bovine albumin contained in 0.2 ml of the antigen-adjuvant mixture was found to be an effective sensitizing dose; 0.2 ml of 1% bovine albumin (2 mg) in 0.85% NaCl solution employed as the challenging dose was administered intravenously. Anaphylactic sensitivity was not demonstrable in animals challenged 1, 3, or 5 days postsensitization. Mice challenged 7 days following sensitization showed occasionally an extremely mild reaction. Challenge of mice 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 84 days after sensitization with the bovine albumin-adjuvant emulsion killed 15, 16, 43, 67, 67, 90, 93, 73, and 57% respectively. The rectal temperatures of mice surviving at 30 min after challenge were found to be markedly decreased indicating, in general, the severity of shock. Sensitized mice surviving a challenge with bovine albumin were found to be refractory when rechallenged 24 hr after the first challenging dose. A report is made on the successful production of fatal anaphylaxis in CFW mice sensitized passively with homologous serum. The mouse antiserum employed in transferring passive sensitivity to mice was secured from animals sensitized with bovine albumin-adjuvant emulsion containing killed Mycobacterium butyricum. The mouse antiserum was found to contain precipitins for antigens in both bovine albumin and bovine γ-globulin.
The Antigenicity of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone II
Authors: Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The persistence for long periods of time of the antibody level to PVP of high molecular weight (1 × 106) in the sera of some of the volunteers has been demonstrated. Attempts to produce an anamnestic type of response to PVP were not successful. A possible explanation for this behavior was presented. Inhibition studies with various monomers indicated that the antibody was formed against multiple groupings of N-vinyl pyrrolidone. Definite differences have been observed in the behavior of different antisera to PVP in the reaction with monomers and stability at 0° and 56°C. It has been confirmed that long after the disappearance of hemolytic activity nitrogenous materials are present in human sera which can still add to specific precipitates.
Studies with Measles Virus
Authors: Ruckle Gisela 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Attempts were made to isolate measles virus from body fluids and post-mortem tissues from 5 individuals, where death at different stages of the disease could be ascribed to complications from infection with measles virus.
Techniques involved preparation and inoculation of body fluids and tissue extracts into pregrown cultures and in patient 25, the additional procedure of culturing the tissues.
Measles virus was isolated from tissues in patient 25, who died before onset of rash.
No virus was isolated from tissue extracts in patients 23, 24, 26, and 27, in which death occurred 3 to 7 days after the onset of rash.