bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Creativity via LEGO and AI Robotics
Authors: Albaneen Jamali Um 
Published: March 2023

The chapter reports on a longitudinal study, which investigated the impacts of robotics programs on developing creativity among elementary school students. A mixed method of pre-post CAP test and observations was used for the purpose of this study, which was carried out over 2 years. A sample of 60, 10–12 year-old female students from middle socio-economic status participated in the study. They were randomly assigned into two treatment and control groups. In the first year of the study a LEGO robotics program was administered to the treatment group while 30 participants in the control group did not receive any robotics program. In the second year, an Arduino robotics program using AI was administered to the students in the treatment group while the students in the control group did not receive any robotics intervention. The results from pre-post tests indicated that the LEGO robotics intervention was significantly effective in developing creative thinking skills of fluency, flexibility and elaboration while had no significant impact upon developing originality. However, robotics programs using AI had significant impact upon developing all creativity thinking skills of fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. The chapter suggests implications for policymakers and educators while provides recommendations for future researchers in the field.
Middle Jurassic Todilto Formation of northern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado: Marine or nonmarine?
Authors: Kirkland D. W. , Denison R. E. , Evans R. 
Published: March 2023

Resolution of the controversy about the origin of this evaporitic limestone and gypsum unit is possible only if the position that the Todilto is exclusively marine or exclusively nonmarine is abandoned. The Todilto Formation was deposited in a coastal body of saline water (a salina) adjacent to the Sundance Sea. After an initial flooding by marine water, the salina was maintained by inflow of fresh water from streams, mostly intermittent, and by influx of sea water by seepage through or over-topping of physiographic barriers. The arid climate promoted evaporation, which led to precipitation of laminated carbonates and nodular gypsum. The mixed brine gave its precipitates a distinctive and indelible isotopic signature-the carbon and sulfur isotopic ratios could be interpreted as originating from marine waters, the strontium ratios as being influenced by nonmarine waters. Reconstruction of the Todilto paleoenvironment as a salina reconciles the apparent conflicts in interpretation of chemistry, as well as similar conflicts in interpretation of the paleontology and of the mineralogy and stratigraphy of the Todilto sediments.The Todilto Formation can be seen in widely distributed, conspicuous outcrops in northern NM and southwestern CO. It consists of a Limestone Member typically 5-20 ft thick and a Gypsum Member typically 30-100 ft thick. The distribution of the latter is really more restricted, but where it is absent a Breccia Member may be present. The approximate deposition extents of the Todilto Limestone and Todilto Gypsum Members are shown. For more than 40 years there has been a controversy about the environment of deposition of the Todilto Formation: Was it marine or nonmarine? In this bulletin, the authors combine isotropic, paleontological, and stratigraphic information in an attempt to determine the environment of deposition of the Todilto Formation. Much of this information is new, including all the values for strontium isotopes, and many of the values for carbon and sulfur isotopes. Particularly the strontium isotopic data provides the authors with a new approach to resolving the question of the original depositional setting, an approach that can be used for other deposits of carbonates and evaporites for which the environment is unknown. Also new are data on the distribution of fossil insects and, in part, of fossil fish. Many of the individual pieces of evidence may be equivocal, but when viewed together they lead us to only one conclusion in the authors attempts to resolve this protracted controversy.
Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and geothermometry of Kelley Limestone jasperoids, Magdalena mining district, New Mexico
Authors: Renault Jacques , Armstrong Augustus K. , Repetski John E. , Oscarson Robert L. 
Published: March 2023

Jasperoid, a microcrystalline silica rock, occurs along the crest of the Magdalena Mountains and along the west-facing dip slope. It is the focus of this study because in similar settings in Nevada it is associated with economically important deposits of very fine grained gold. In the Magdalenas, jasperoid extensively replaces the Mississippian Kelly Limestone. Mineralogy displays strongly oxidized pyrite with internal zones of silver and copper sulfides; galena and sphalerite follow pyrite in the paragenesis. Geochemistry suggests that silicification of the limestones occurred in a single event. Gold ranges in concentration from 2 to 2,100 ppb, averaging 274 ppb; silver ranges from 2 to 200 ppm, averaging 22.3 ppm. Geothermometry indicates high temperatures consistent with the association of the silicification with proximal intrusive activity. Heat was advected through open space by the silicification event, and silica-rich fluids were carried into the karsted carbonate rocks of Kelly Limestone along faults and dikes. The fluids were prevented from reaching higher in the section by an impermeable seal of Pennsylvanian black shales and siltstones.The Magdalena mining district is located in the northern part of the Magdalena Mountains, 3-5 mi southeast of the town of Magdalena, Socorro County, NM. The mining district is accessible by four-wheel drive vehicle and foot trails from NM Highway 60. This study area covers about 3 mi2 and lies entirely within the boundaries of the Magdalena 7.5 minute quadrangle. Elevations in the map area range from 5,955 to 10,179 ft.Silicification of the upper part of the Mississippian Kelly Limestone in the northern Magdalena Mountains appears to be related to the thermal and hydrothermal processes that occurred during evolution of the 32.1 Ma Socorro caldera and 28.9 Ma Sawmill-Magdalena caldera which both overlapped the Magdalena mining district. However, it may be related to younger intrusions not exposed at the surface. In caldera settings, mineralization is often much later and related to intrusions into the ring-fracture zone which provides the structural pathway for mineralizing fluids. An example is the Mogollon mining district in southwestern NM, where the mineralization is some 10 Ma younger than the caldera.
Facies, diagenesis, and mineralogy of the Jurassic Todilto Limestone Member, Grants uranium district, New Mexico
Authors: Armstrong Augustus K. 
Published: March 2023

This is a bulletin on the study of the sedimentology, facies, and diagenesis of the Todilto Member of the Wanakah Formation in the Grants uranium district. Wanakah Formation is the U.S. Geological Survey nomenclature for the upper San Rafael Group in northwestern New Mexico. The Todilto forms the basal member of the Wanakah. The primary objective of the research was to determine the depositional environments of limestones in the Todilto Member. The separation of marine, salina, and lacustrine depositional environments in Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic rocks is difficult. Criteria that may be used to separate the two include (1) packaging of respective facies, (2) suites of evaporite minerals or psuedomorphs contained in sedimentary assemblages, (3) organic remains, and (4) petrographic and geochemical evidence.Studies of lacustrine carbonate facies, modern saline lacustrine depositional environments, and the marine tidal deposits of Andros Island and Holocene and Jurassic evaporites of the Arabian Gulf provide us with much of the basic knowledge for deciphering the Todilto sedimentary structures. In recent years the literature on modern and ancient salinas has greatly increased our ability to interpret these ancient deposits.The Todilto Limestone Member, the basal member of the Wanakah Formation of the Grants uranium district, is 1-30 ft thick and records the change in depositional environment from a restricted marine embayment with an ephemeral connection to the Curtis-Summerville Sea to a completely enclosed salina/playa and shrinking body of gypsiferous water. The salina measured 300 mi from east to west and 250 mi from north to south, and was fringed by an extensive belt of limestone-gypsum sediments. The arenaceous lime-mudstone sediments record salina/playa deposition in alternating brackish to hypersaline waters and extended periods of exposure to desiccation. Dolomite is absent in the study area. The calcite-lime mudstones were derived primarily from an aragonite-mud precursor and were subjected to extensive neomorphism. The aragonite-to-calcite diagenetic history is evident in the poorly preserved ooids.The salina waters supported a small invertebrate fauna and flora, and there is no evidence of an infauna in the lime mudstone. Rare bioclasts of calcareous algae, dasyclads of the tribe Salpingoporellae, are found in the Todilto sediments. Ostracodes were abundant in the salina's ephemeral gypsiferous waters. The salinity of the waters was influenced by seasonal influx from streams, rainfall, periods of drought, and intermittent connections to the Curtis-Summerville Sea. The overlying 0-110 ft thick gypsum unit found to the east of the study area was deposited in the center of the basin during the final salina phase. Playa-type alkaline evaporites, such as trona and shortite, are not known from the Todilto Limestone Member.
Geology of the Pecos country, southeastern New Mexico
Authors: Kelley Vincent C. 
Published: March 2023

The Pecos country of this report includes most of the Pecos Valley drainage area from 60 mi north of Roswell to the New Mexico-Texas line. The area of some 12,500 sq mi is dominantly surfaced by Permian carbonate and evaporite rocks of the San Andres Formation and the Artesia Group, both mostly of the Guadalupian age. A wide swath of alluvium and terrace gravel covers the broad lowland of the Pecos River and its tributaries. Tributary drainage to the valley is quite asymmetrical as the result of the broad high uplifts to the west and the low Llano Estacado to the east. From the west nine major tributary systems 50-100 mi long contrast with the few short washes from the east.Aside from one small inlier of Precambrian crystalline rocks at Pajarito Mountain, Leonardian siltstone, sandstone, gypsum, and dolomite of the Yeso Formation are the oldest rocks exposed in the area. At the Pajarito Precambrian area the Yeso is as little as a few feet thick, but in surrounding areas it ranges from about 1,000 ft in several exposures to its full thickness of 1,300-2,000 ft.The San Andres Formation has been divided into three new members named, in ascending order; Rio Bonito, Bonney Canyon, and Fourmile Draw. Glorieta Sandstone tongues extend into the area from the north, and northward, not far beyond the mapped area, the Rio Bonito Member becomes the Glorieta Sandstone. The Bonney Canyon Member is thickest in the central part of the area. In the north it thins, and at least locally, grades into evaporite beds. To the south, the Bonney Canyon thins and is lost approaching the shelf margin in thick or massive beds. The Fourmile Draw Member is essentially the upper, noncherty member of Hayes in the back-reef country.Formations of the Artesia Group are mapped individually as exposed east of the Pecos River and north of Roswell. Grayburg and Queen are mostly covered in the broad alluvial valley from the Seven Rivers area north to Roswell, where they are mapped together in an undivided sequence. Yates, Seven Rivers, and Tansill are mapped individually, but north of Hagerman, the Tansill is lapped out by Triassic beds or covered by alluvium. In the Capitan reef area, the Artesia formations are individually mapped close to the structureless reef or bank at the shelf edge. It is suggested the Lamar tongue near the top of the Bell Canyon Formation may project to near the base of the Yates Formation rather than high in the Tansill Formation.The Castile Formation is mapped into lower and upper members, and it is suggested that both might be basin facies of the part of the Yates and Tansill Formations. Known Mesozoic units are mapped where present, but not given special attention. Triassic Santa Rosa Sandstone is mapped east of the Pecos, stepping down northward across the area from Dewey Lake Formation in the south to Yates in the north. In the Capitan-Ruidoso country, Dakota Sandstone is mapped southward, stepping down from Triassic Chinle Shale to the San Andres Formation.
Geology of Sandia Mountains and vicinity, New Mexico
Authors: Kelley Vincent C. , Northrop Stuart A. 
Published: March 2023

The Sandia Mountains area is dominated by an eastward-tilted fault block that stands imposingly above the deep Rio Grande trough on the west. Structural relief from uplift to trough is as much as 6 miles; into the basins to the east and northeast relief is 2.5 to 5 miles. The most unusual structure of the area is the Tijeras rift belt bounding the uplift on the southeast. This belt, 2 to 3 miles wide, 16 miles long, and trending northeastwards, consists mainly of two longitudinal parts: a southwestern folded graben and a northeastern horst. Tijeras rift belt is principally a Laramide feature as are a few other faults along the eastern flank of the late Tertiary Sandia uplift.Precambrian rocks, prominent in the bold western fault scarp, consist of granite, gneiss, schist, quartzite, and greenstone. Sedimentary rocks range in age from Mississippian to Cretaceous within and immediately flanking the mountains. Thick sequences of early and late Tertiary sediments lie in order above the Cretaceous in the Hagan basin northeast of the uplift. The section is 16,000 ft thick exclusive of the late Tertiary and Quaternary trough-filling Santa Fe Formation.The long east- to northeast-tilted homocline from the Sandia uplift into the Hagan basin contains most of the formations of central New Mexico, and is the most complete sequence in the state. Stratigraphic units consist of 1) marine Mississippian and Pennsylvanian shelf beds, 2) continental Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic red beds formed under flood-plain, evaporitic, lacustrine, and eolian environments, and 3) intertonguing marine and flood-plain Cretaceous beds of the Rocky Mountain geosyncline.
Geology of Cerro del Cristo Rey uplift, Chihuahua and New Mexico
Authors: Lovejoy Earl M. P. 
Published: March 2023

The Cerro de Cristo Rey uplift is about 3,000 m (10,000 ft) in diameter. It stands astride the Mexico-United States boundary 8 km (5 mi) west of El Paso, Texas and is bounded on the east and north by the Rio Grande. An andesite central pluton and a felsite partial-ring confocal pluton about 45 to 49 million years old have intruded and deformed about 300 m (1,000 ft) of Cretaceous marine strata. Deep erosion of the order of hundreds of meters around the uplift has exposed the pluton; evidence is excellent for two major subsidences about 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and 2,250 m (7,380 ft) in diameter. The pluton formed after tectonism ceased in the Sierra de Juarez of the Chihuahua tectonic belt, perhaps early during the tectonism that produced the Basin and Range province.North-trending prepluton folds have been arched up by the intrusion. Trapdoor faulting and major ascent of magma on the west side of the pluton gave rise to gravity gliding of roof strata on the north and northeast, resulting in accentuation of preintrusion folds that now strike around the east side of the pluton. Sundering of a large block into the magma chamber also produced cascade folds from the roof on the east side. Several episodes of expansion and contraction are evident.Although the pluton is situated on the Texas lineament (with the long axis of the pluton and minor structures in the uplift trending N. 60 deg W., parallel with the Texas lineament trend) evidence is lacking for any activity along the Texas lineament.
Late Canadian (Zones J, K) cephalopod faunas from southwestern United States
Authors: Hook Stephen C. , Flower R. H. 
Published: March 2023

The Wahwah Limestone of western Utah and the Florida Mountains Formation of west Texas and southwestern New Mexico have yielded the only large, wellpreserved cephalopod faunas of latest Canadian age (latest Early Ordovician) in North America. These faunas are completely Canadian in aspect and are dominated by the small orthocones belonging to the Ellesmeroceratida and the Michelinoceratida ( = Orthoceratida). Surprisingly, the Tarphyceratida and Endoceratida, the dominant cephalopods of the MiddleLate Canadian, are minor faunal constituents in these faunas.Analyses of more than 100 vertical (sagittal) thin sections of these orthocones revealed a morphological diversity previously unrecognized this early in the evolutionary history of the Cephalopoda. Complex patterns and combinations of cameral and siphonal deposits were observed in members of the Baltoceratidae, Protocycloceratidae, Michelinoceratidae, and Troedssonellidae. Three types of siphonal deposits (rods, annuli, and linings) and three types of cameral deposits (episeptal, hyposeptal, and mural) were observed in members of these families. The complexity of these patterns suggests a fairly long evolutionary history preceding the latest Canadian.The derivation of the Troedssonellidae from the rod-bearing Baltoceratidae is further documented both stratigraphically and morphologically through the discovery of the new genus Veneficoceras, which is morphologically more similar to the rod-bearing Baltoceratidae than to the Troedssonellidae. The first North American representative of the genus Manchuroceras, previously known only from Manchuria and Australia and questionably from Siberia and Argentina, was discovered in the Florida Mountains Formation of west Texas.New criteria based on thin- and opaque-section analyses are established for recognition of ventral lobes in suture patterns.Twenty-five new taxonomic names are proposed, including 6 new genera and 19 new species. The new genera are Amsleroceras, Rangeroceras, Veneficoceras, Bakeroceras, Wardoceras, and Enigmoceras. The new species are Amsleroceras gracile, Rangeroceras hintzei, Rhabdiferoceras planiseptatum, Veneficoceras susanae, Protocycloceras laswelli, P. rhabdiferum, Catoraphiceras ibexense, C. pearsonae, C. sinuatum, C. staceyae, Kyminoceras kottlowskii, Rudolfoceras keadyi, R. russelli, Bakeroceras wahwahense, Manchuroceras lemonei, Michelinoceras floridaense, M. melleni, Wardoceras orygoforme, and Enigmoceras diaboli.
UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MIANA MERAH (Coleus benth) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Dzulasfi  , Yusriyani  , Riska Yuliastuti. K  
Published: March 2023

Telah dilakukan penelitian uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol daun miana merah (Coleus benth) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol daun miana merah terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Sediaan esktrak daun miana yang telah dibuat kemudian dilakukan pengujian uji hambat ekstrak etanol terhadap Staphylococcus aureus menggunakan metode sumuran. Hasil yang diperoleh menghasilkan zona hambat disekitar sumuran dengan diameter yang berbeda-beda pada setiap sampel. Diameter zona hambatan rata-rata yang diperoleh dari masing-masing setiap sampel sediaan esktrak daun miana dimana dengan konsentrasi 10% : - , 15% : 7mm dan 20% :7,2mm . Dari hasil pengujian dapat diperoleh bahwa esktrak daun miana (Coleus benth) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dengan konsentrasi 15% dan 20%.
Uji Efektivitas Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes.
Authors: Maulana Maulana Zulkarnain Imansyah , Atriana Zain  
Published: March 2023

Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) atau yang dulu disebut “Daun Pahit” merupakan salah satu varietas tanaman yang digunakan sebagai obat herbal. Daun afrika berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri, antijamur, antialergi, antioksidan, analgesik dan antiinflamasi. Daun afrika mengandung metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, saponin, tanin, steroid, terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui efektivitas sediaan krim ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode Eksperimental Laboratorium. Di buat krim ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 5% 10% dan 15%.
Dilakukan pengujian efektivitas daya hambat terhadap Propionibacterium acnes dengan menggunakan metode difusi paper disk. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian krim ekstrak etanol daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) mampu menghambat pertumbuhan propionibacterium acnes. Konsentrasi 15% mendapatkan hasil rata-rata zona hambatan paling besar dibandingkan konsentrasi yang lain yaitu 17,77 mm, konsentrasi 10% mendapatkan hasil rata-rata yaitu 15,78 mm dan konsentrasi 5% mendapatkan rata-rata zona hambatan yaitu 13,53 mm sedangkan kontrol positif memiliki zona hambatan yang paling besar yaitu 21,73 mm.
FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN GEL HANDSANITIZER MINYAK ATSIRI SEREH (Cymbopogon citratus) TERHADAP BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Djajanti Agust Dwi Djajanti , Andi Muhammad Farid  
Published: March 2023

Sereh (Cymbopogon citratus) merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri. Minyak atsiri yang terkandung dalam sereh memiliki khasiat salah satunya sebagai antiseptik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi serta menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari sediaan gel handsanitazer minyak atsiri Sereh (Cymbopogon citratus) dengan tiga variasi konsentrasi, yakni 2% , 3% dan 4% dengan zat tambahan sebagai basis gel. Pengujian yang dilakukan terhadap ketiga formulasi meliputi sifat fisik gel yaitu, pengujian organoleptik, pH, Homogenitas, Daya sebar, serta Aktivitas Bakteri. Pengujian aktivitas Antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar yang dimodifikasi menggunakan minyak Atsiri sereh murni (kontrol positif), basis gel (kontrol negatif) dan sediaan gel 2%,3%,4%. Data pengujian Aktivitas bakteri yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan One Way Anova dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa gel yang dihasilkan memenuhi parameter uji, diantaranya uji Organoleptik (semi padat, jernih dan bau khas Sereh), Ph 5 yang masih dalam interval aman pH kulit, Homogenitas dengan tidak terlihat adanya butiran kasar terhadap semua formulasi gel, dan uji daya sebar yang berkisar 6,2-7,6. Sediaan Gel Handsanitazer minyak atsiri Sereh memiliki aktivitas antibakteri pada konsentrasi 2% dengan Zona Hambat 22 mm. Hasil Penelitian Tersebut Telah Menunjukkan adanya kemampuan Minyak Atsiri Sereh untuk menghambat pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa