Perbahasan Hukum Percampuran Manusia-Haiwan: Satu Analisis Tematik dalam Mazhab Shafie
Authors: Mohd Zailani Muhammad Faiq , Hamdan Mohammad Naqib , Mohd Yusof Aimi Nadia , Abdul Rahman Nur Najwa Hanani 
Published: March 2023

Abstrak: Percampuran manusia-haiwan telah lama dilakukan oleh saintis untuk dijadikan model kajian penyakit, ujian ubat, organ alternatif dalam rawatan pemindahan organ dan lain-lain. Percampuran manusia-haiwan yang paling menimbulkan kontroversi adalah dengan menyuntik sel manusia ke dalam otak haiwan kerana ia boleh menimbulkan isu etika yang melibatkan penambahbaikan kognitif haiwan tersebut. Tambahan lagi, haiwan yang mengalami penambahbaikan kognitif boleh mengelirukan status moralnya kerana ia boleh mencapai tahap kognitif manusia. Selain itu, ketiadaan status moral khusus terhadap manusia-haiwan ini menambahkan kebimbangan ahli bioetika dan falsafah dalam mendepani hidupan ini. Dalam perspektif Islam, perkara ini boleh mempengaruhi hukum Islam ke atasnya sekiranya haiwan tersebut boleh menyerupai manusia sama ada fizikal atau kognitif kerana hidupan ini bukan lagi manusia mahupun haiwan semata-mata. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menganalisis secara tematik perbincangan para fuqaha klasik terhadap isu ini sama ada secara langsung atau konsep sahaja. Kalimah mutawalid, aadami dan kalbun dipilih sebagai kata kunci, tema dibentuk untuk memberi kefahaman mengenai bagaimana Islam meletakkan hukum terhadap haiwan yang menyerupai manusia, seterusnya dapat digunakan untuk membantu dalam penentuan hukum percampuran manusia-haiwan dalam sains bioperubatan. Hasil kajian mendapati beberapa perbahasan fiqh telah membahaskan hukum suci, ibadat, sembelih dan makan, pernikahan, wilayah, mawarith dan wasiat manusia-haiwan dalam Mazhab Syafie. Selain itu, wujud perbezaan hukum-hakam yang melibatkan perbezaan bentuk percampuran dan lain-lain yang melibatkan manusia-haiwan.

Abstract: Human-animal mixture has long been done by scientists to be used as a model for disease studies, drug tests, alternative organs in organ transplant treatment and others. The most controversial human-animal mixture is mixing human cells into animal brains because it can raise ethical issues involving the cognitive enhancement of the animal. Furthermore, animals that experience cognitive enhancement can confuse their moral status because they can reach the cognitive level of humans. In addition, the absence of a specific moral status towards these animals increases the concern of bioethicists and philosophers in dealing with these beings. From an Islamic perspective, this matter can affect Islamic law if the animal can resemble humans physically or cognitively because they are neither human nor animal anymore. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse thematically the discussions of classical jurists on this issue either directly or conceptually. The words mutawalid, aadami and kalbun were chosen as keywords, the theme was formed to give an understanding of how Islam lays down laws against animals that resemble humans, which can then be used to help in determining the law of human-animal mixing in biomedical science. The results of the study found several Islamic rule debates that debated sacred law, worship, slaughter and eating, marriage, guardianship, inheritance and human-animal wills in the Shafiite School. In addition, there are differences in laws that involve differences in the form of mixing and others that involve humans and animals.