Convergent trends and spatiotemporal patterns of arboviruses in Mexico and Central America
Authors: Gutierrez Bernardo , Candido Darlan da Silva , Bajaj Sumali , Rodriguez Maldonado Abril Paulina , Ayala Fabiola Garces , Torre Rodriguez María de la Luz , Araiza Rodriguez Adnan , Wong Arámbula Claudia , Ramírez González Ernesto , Martínez Irma López , Díaz-Quiñónez José Alberto , Pichardo Mauricio Vázquez , Hill Sarah C. , Thézé Julien , Faria Nuno R. , Pybus Oliver G. , Preciado-Llanes Lorena , Reyes-Sandoval Arturo , Kraemer Moritz U.G. , Escalera-Zamudio Marina 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundArboviruses cause both seasonal epidemics (e.g. dengue viruses, DENV) and emerging outbreaks (e.g. chikungunya and Zika viruses, CHIKV and ZIKV) with a significant impact on global health. These viruses share mosquito vector species, often infecting the same host population within overlapping geographic regions. Thus, comparative analyses of their evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics across spatial and temporal scales could reveal convergent transmission trends.Methodology/Principal FindingsFocusing on Mexico as a case study, we generated CHIKV, DENV-1 and DENV-2 genomes from an epidemiological surveillance-derived historical sample collection, and analysed them together with longitudinally-collected genome and epidemiological data from the Americas. Arboviruses endemically circulating within the country were found to be introduced multiple times from lineages predominantly sampled from the Caribbean and Central America. For CHIKV, at least thirteen introductions were inferred over a year, with six of these leading to persistent transmission chains. For both DENV-1 and DENV-2, at least seven introductions were inferred over a decade.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results suggest that CHIKV, DENV-1 and DENV-2 in Mexico share similar evolutionary and epidemiological trajectories. The southwest region of the country was determined to be the most likely location for viral introductions from abroad, with a subsequent spread into the Pacific coast towards the north of Mexico. The virus diffusion patterns observed across the country are likely driven by multiple factors, including mobility linked to human migration from Central towards North America. Considering Mexico‘s economic role and geographic positioning displaying a high human mobility across borders, our results prompt the need to better understand the role of anthropogenic factors in the transmission dynamics of arboviruses, particularly linked to land-based human migration.AUTHOR SUMMARYMexico is endemic to several mosquito-borne viruses relevant to global health, and ranks within the top five countries in the Americas that report the highest case numbers. Our study provides a general overview of arbovirus introduction, spread and establishment patterns in North and Central America, and should be of interest to both local health and global authorities. Moreover, it sets to explore the paradigm of convergence at different scales in independent virus populations, represented by comparable epidemiological and evolutionary trends in arboviruses sharing ecological niches. Our results represent important advances in the study of mosquito-borne viruses listed as a threat to global health, specifically applied to key countries within the developing world