bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Learning Support System for Acquiring Disaster Nursing Competencies Required in the Acute Phase of Disaster
Authors: Horiuchi Miyuki , Mastuba Ryuichi , Miyazaki Makoto , Shimizu Sachiko 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The purpose of this study is to develop a disaster nursing learning support system and a list of learning contents developed by our team to effectively and efficiently acquire the necessary disaster nursing competencies in the acute phase of disasters.Method:As the first step, based on the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies, we examined the teaching materials using nine competencies extracted through prior literature, interviews with disaster nursing practitioners and reviews of disaster nursing experts. Next, we extracted learning contents that are considered difficult to learn in daily work from textbooks used in disaster relief nurse training. We gained new information on disasters using interviews with experts and internet search review literature.Results:Educational materials, including links to five open access sites, a summary of basic knowledge and original videos (case reports on dispatching disaster relief nurses, lectures on evacuation center management by experts, triage using the START-method and the PAT-method, psychological first aid, handling medical records and J-SPEED+ apps), were implemented. A test as an entry point for learning, a rubric to check current learning achievement, learning confirmation tests for each competency, a forum as a place for exchanging opinions among the learning community and an automatic certificate issuance system were set up.Conclusion:Disaster nursing is an extension of daily nursing, and many matters can be learned in daily work. There are few things that general clinical nurses should learn in addition as this study showed. However, it is inferred that it is not easy to select and update the knowledge and information that nurses need from the abundance of data available in the information society.It is meaningful to have a learning support system that allows nurses at medical institutions that are expected to collaborate in the event of an emergency to learn together during the silent phase.
Twenty Years on from WCDEM-13, Melbourne 2003: Impact of the Melbourne Statement
Authors: Archer Frank , Spencer Caroline , Cuthbertson Joe 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Melbourne hosted WCDEM-13 in May 2003 when Congress participants endorsed a Melbourne Statement with five actions. Twenty years on, WCDEM-22 in Ireland provides an opportunity to reflect on the impact of the Melbourne Statement.Method:A desktop review of Congress and subsequent documents informed by the personal experiences of the co-authors, who contributed to the Local Organizing Committee for the Melbourne Congress and/or subsequently through the WADEM Oceania Chapter.Results:The WADEM Education Sub-committee, co-chaired by a Melbourne member, followed through with one of the key actions from the Melbourne Statement: “WADEM will promote international professional standards and education programs for persons involved in disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.” The Education Sub-committee held a series of European meetings, resulting in an international meeting in Brussels in 2004 producing ‘International Guidelines and Standards for Education and Training to Reduce the Consequences of Events that May Threaten the Health Status of a Community’. This was presented to the 2005 WCDEM in Edinburgh, and later published in PDM (2007), thereby meeting a second action from the Melbourne Statement. However, this energetic, collaborative, and productive process subsequently ‘failed to thrive.’ The influence of three further Melbourne Statement actions, were harder to analyze. WADEM members in Australia led other identifiable actions e.g. formation and leadership of the WADEM Oceania Chapter (2008); a National Framework for Disaster Health Education in Australia (2010); and Teaching Emergency and Disaster Management in Australia: Standard’s for Higher Education Providers (2017).Conclusion:The insightful Melbourne Statement reflected the times and led to identifiable, but limited, WADEM outcomes. Congress participants endorsed an Outcomes Statement at WCDEMs in Edinburgh (2005) and Amsterdam (2007) but not at subsequent WCDEMs. Outcome Statements have become commonplace in professional congresses, and it may be timely to re-introduce Congress Statements as a feature of future WCDEMs.
Promoting Useful and Usable Scientific Evidence in Health Emergencies and Disaster Risk Management: The WHO Health EDRM Knowledge Hub
Authors: Kayano Ryoma , Clarke Mike , Gan Connie , Murray Virginia , Chan Emily 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:In order to promote useful and usable scientific evidence for health emergency and disaster risk management (Health EDRM), the World Health Organization (WHO) Health EDRM Knowledge Hub has been established as part of the WHO Thematic Platform for Health EDRM research network (Health EDRM RN). The Knowledge Hub aims to extend scientific knowledge; strengthen evidence-based practice in the management of health risks in emergencies and disasters; create and develop a competent network in the Health EDRM community; and integrate research, policy and practice.Method:To begin with, the Knowledge Hub has five interconnected research themes: (1) health data management; (2) psychosocial support; (3) health needs of sub-populations; (4) health workforce development; and (5) research methods. Systematic literature reviews and expert consultations have assessed current research under each theme and identified potential knowledge gaps. The work of the Knowledge Hub is advised by members of the Health EDRM RN and staff in WHO regional offices.Results:The WHO Health EDRM Knowledge Hub will be a platform for providing and exchanging up-to-date evidence. This will include information on validated methods for managing health data and identifying health needs in specific subpopulations. The Knowledge Hub will raise awareness of psychosocial support, health workforce development and research before, during and after disasters. It is targeted to policy-makers, researchers, practitioners and the broader community with the aim of accelerating evidence-informed policy and programs. This will support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the WHO Health EDRM Framework, and other related global, regional and national agendas.Conclusion:This paper introduces this new initiative and describes its objectives, design, and implementation. Additionally, it provides an overview of the Knowledge Hub and invites session participants to provide insights into their current needs and to make recommendations for improvement.
Integration of Simulation-Based Exercises and Practical Skills into a Public Health Emergency Management Curriculum
Authors: Noll Samantha , Little Charles , Silversmith David 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:As public health emergency management (PHEM) is a growing field, so is the development of its workforce. Ensuring workforce readiness from graduate-level education and courses can be challenging given the limitations of the traditional classroom environment. This presentation highlights a novel curriculum created and taught by first responders consisting of simulation and application of practical skills developed within a public health graduate certificate program.Method:The semester-long course reviews foundations of PHEM and students progress through a sequence of increasingly complex discussions and operation-based exercises for both domestic and international disaster preparedness and response. Students progress through case studies, tabletops, functional exercises, and full-scale exercises with practical skills interspersed. This includes creation of SMART objectives and incident action planning, crisis communication and public messaging drills, use of radios, personal protective donning and doffing, and Geiger counter use.During the COVID-19 pandemic, the curriculum was adapted for asynchronous and live virtual sessions with further offerings including various online trainings that are required for most employments in the field and guest speakers with national recognition for their experiences in public health and healthcare emergency management and subject matter expertise in various fields related to preparedness and response.Results:Since commencing in 2016, approximately 100 students have completed the course and feedback has been overwhelmingly positive even with limitations of in-person activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Student feedback has noted that the majority of students feel that the knowledge and skills from the coursework is applicable to future employment and that their ability to think critically about the subject matter increased as a result of taking the course.Conclusion:Implementation of this innovative graduate level course can serve as a model to enrich students’ education through practical activities and hands-on simulations.
Development of Standard Operation Procedures for Receiving International Emergency Medical Teams. Cooperation Between the United States National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT) and Japan DMAT
Authors: Wakai Akinori , Toyokuni Yoshiki , Koido Yuichi , Ono Tatsuo , Kubo Tatsuhiko 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Japan DMAT and US DMAT have been conducting several tabletop exercises to prepare for major earthquake disasters in Japan. Japan is predicting overwhelming disasters on Japanese soil soon, which needs efficient and optimum use of resources in medical assistance, including additional support from the US. The Japanese government established a large-scale Earthquake/Tsunami Disaster Emergency Response protocol in 2020. However, this protocol does not include any standard operation procedure (SOP) to receive an international medical team. The purpose of this study is to establish the SOP of receiving medical assistance from US-DMAT based on the WHO International Emergency Team (EMT) initiative through tabletop exercises.Method:Collaborated with the Office of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) of the United States Health and Human Services, tabletop exercises assuming that a large-scale earthquake occurred during the hosting of the 2025 Osaka Expo was conducted utilizing an online meeting system.Results:A provisional SOP was composed. Even though Japan had several disaster medical assistance collaborations with US DMAT and is well-familiarized with the Classification and Minimum Standards for Emergency Medical Teams", many issues need to be prepared to accept US DMAT.Conclusion:Numerous procedures need to be conducted to receive US DMAT assistance during a large-scale earthquake in Japan. With this SOP, receiving US medical team assistance will be conducted promptly, eventually saving many lives. This SOP can be modified for other international teams' acceptance in Japan. It could reference other countries seeking to have SOP for receiving international medical team assistance shortly.
Recommendations for the Implementation of a Competency Matrix for Volunteers of an Emergency Medical Team
Authors: Yeung Tiffany 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) training is moving towards competency training. Although there exist a few systematic reviews regarding the competency training, there has been little investigation on how the competencies can be effectively translated into the EMT personnel’s training.In a humanitarian organization in Hong Kong, a competency matrix for EMT volunteers was developed in 2018. The organization relies on a steady base of volunteers to perform its services. With these competencies, volunteers can be encouraged to undertake a multitude of available trainings to fit with the needs of the organization, or for their own personal benefit.Method:The aim of the study is to recommend methods to improve uptake of the competency matrix among volunteers of the organization. A mixed methods study was completed, encompassing literature search, a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative one-to-one semi-structured interviews.The Behavior Change Wheel and the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) interactive system were used to guide the research rationale and to frame the questions asked to investigate perceptions regarding the competency matrix.Results:Data collected from the questionnaire and interviews were collated and organized into the corresponding Theoretical Domains Framework as specified from the Behavior Change Wheel, and the respective intervention functions and policy categories were lined up accordingly. Analysis of data identified a series of key factors influencing the potential incorporation of the competency matrix among volunteers. Data collected from volunteers largely agree with and is supported by the literature on adult training, volunteer management and specifically on EMT training.Conclusion:Although EMT training is moving towards competency-based training, research publications on how to effectively deliver competency-based training, and on the effectiveness of various didactic methods within EMT training are scarce. This calls for more research to be done in the area of competency-based training of EMT.
Reviewing the Implementation of the Emergency Medical Team Minimum Data Set
Authors: Kubo Tatsuhiko , Odgerel Chimed-Ochir 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Strategic Advisory Group of the WHO has endorsed the EMT Minimum Data Set (MDS) Daily Reporting Form in 2017 and the revised EMT Minimum Standards of the WHO suggests EMTs report it regularly in case national reporting forms are not available.Method:This study searched and listed previous use cases of the MDS by reviewing published papers including gray literature and interviews with national authorities, organizations, and experts.Results:In 2019, the MDS had been activated for the first time in Mozambique during international scale response at the tropical cyclone Idai; also in Japan it was used at the typhoon Faxai/Hagibis response; further in the Independent State of Samoa during the measles outbreak. In 2020, the MDS was used during a COVID-19 mega-cluster incident on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship in Japan, the tropical cyclone Harold in Vanuatu and the Kumamoto Heavy Rain in Japan. In 2021, the one was used during the Izuyama landslide response in Japan; and the typhoon Rai response in the Philippines. In 2022, it was used during the cyclone Batsirai response in Madagascar; and in Moldova, Poland, and Ukraine to respond to the armed conflict situation in Ukraine.Many countries are preparing to use the form; in 2022 the Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has officially endorsed the form as a regional standard form for EMT daily reporting. Military partners also were testing the form, in 2019 forces from eight nations at the 39th Cobra Gold 20 in Thailand used the form for training purposes.Conclusion:The MDS was used in at least 14 emergencies in nine countries. Mozambique and Japan have published academic literature using the MDS. The use of MDS would strengthen Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (H-EDRM) in a data-based manner.
Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. COVID-19 Medical Operation by the National EMT, Japan DMAT.
Authors: Kondo Hisayoshi , Koido Yuichi , Wakai Akinori , Kohayagawa Yoshitaka , Matsuda Hiroki , Anan Hideaki 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The Diamond Princess cruise ship (DP) arrived in Yokohama, Japan, on February 3, 2019, with a confirmation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction test (PCR) positive for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a passenger who disembarked at Hong Kong. Japan National Emergency Medical Team (N-EMT), and Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), were dispatched and measures to prevent the spread of viruses were taken for 3,711 (2,666 passengers and 1,045 crew members) on board.Method:Japan DMAT was dispatched and managed the medical operation for DP passengers and crew members. The records of communication logs for the DMAT were evaluated. In this study, evaluation of DMAT medical operations in the DP was conducted to find any positive effectsResults:472 (157 doctors, 123 nurses, 161 medical logisticians, 31 pharmacists) members responded. Among them, 283 (97 doctors, 66 nurses, 91 medical logisticians, 29 pharmacists) worked inside the DP, and 189 (60 doctors, 57 nurses, 70 medical logisticians, two pharmacists) operated outside mainly for patient transport. DMAT conducted a strategic operation and developed categorization for medical care and patient transport. Eventually, DMAT constructed flow to provide rapid medical care and prescription distributions for passengers and crew members.Conclusion:DMAT has been required to respond to unforeseen disasters in the framework since the Fukushima Nuclear Plant accident in 2011. All the past several types of disaster response were contributed to managing medical operations at the DP. These operations are thought to reduce preventable deaths from COVID-19.
Integrating Management and Operations of Rapid Response Teams and Emergency Medical Teams Programs Globally
Authors: Shamout Mays , Relan Pryanka , Fitzgerald Bridget , Correa Ayramana , Salio Flavio , Greiner Ashley 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic, strain health systems and emergency response mechanisms. Identifying critical points during the response cycle where the emergency workforce and operational capacity can be improved can help break the protracted nature of responses. Global health emergency workforce, or health emergency and alert response teams such as multidisciplinary Public Health Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) and Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs), play critical roles in response to public health emergencies.The project aims to explore and understand how countries manage and operationalize their RRT and EMT programs. With anecdotal evidence of countries integrating the two historically disparate groups, we propose to examine how countries are jointly or separately addressing legal frameworks and policies; management practices, reporting processes and protocols, training, as well as program operations and standards.Method:Through existing global partnerships and networks, a convenience sample of national focal points responsible for the management of their RRT and EMT program are sent an online survey followed by participating in a one-on-one interview, and descriptive and thematic analyses.Results:Sixteen countries representing all six World Health Organization regions with both RRT and EMT programs have been selected for engagement.Conclusion:Factors contributing to/or against countries’ integration of RRT and EMT programs will be identified. Areas of divergence or synergy of plans and standard operating procedures will be mapped. Recommendations for strengthening global health emergency alert and response teams will be generated.
The Response by International Emergency Medical Teams Following the Beirut Harbor Explosion in 2020–Who Were They, When Did They Arrive, What Did They Do, and Were They Needed?
Authors: Wolff Emeli , Shankiti Iman , Salio Flavio , Schreeb Johan von 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:On August 4, 2020 a massive explosion struck the Beirut Harbor in Lebanon. Approximately 220 people were killed and over 7000 were injured, of which 12% were hospitalized. Despite being weakened by an economic crisis and increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases, the national healthcare system responded promptly. Within a day, International Emergency Medical Teams (I-EMTs) started arriving. Previous studies have found that I-EMTs have arrived late and have not been adapted to the context and dominating healthcare needs. The aim of this study was to document the organization, type, activity, and timing of I-EMTs deployed to Beirut and to discuss their relevance in relation to medical needs.Method:Data on all deployed I-EMTs were retrieved from all available sources, including internet searches, I-EMT contacts, and from the World Health Organization (WHO) EMT coordination cell (EMT CC) in Lebanon. The WHO EMT classification was used to categorize deployed teams. Information on characteristics, timing, and activities was retrieved and systematically assessed.Results:Nine I-EMTs were deployed to Beirut following the explosion. Five were equivalent to EMT Type 2 (field hospitals), of which three were military. The first I-EMT arrived within 24 hours, while the last I-EMT was set up one month after the explosion. Four civilian I-EMTs provided non-clinical support as EMT Specialized Care Teams. A majority of the I-EMTs were focused on trauma care. Three I-EMT Specialized Care Teams were rapidly re-tasked to support COVID-19 care in public hospitals.Conclusion:A majority of the deployed I-EMT Type 2 were military and focused on trauma care rather than the normal burden of disease, including COVID-19. Re-tasking of EMTs requires flexible EMTs. To be better adapted, the I-EMT response should be guided by a systematic assessment of both healthcare capacities in the affected country as well as the varying health effects of hazards before deployment.
Relationship Between Incontinence and Disease Severity in Patients Transported by Ambulance
Authors: Yanagawa Youichi , Hamada Michika , Yanagawa Yoshiko , Ota Soichiro , Fujita Wataru , Nagasawa Hiroki , Takeuchi Ikuto , Ohasaka Hiromichi , Jitsuiki Kei , Ishikawa Kouhei 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:As there have been no reports concerning the relationship between incontinence and disease severity in patients in the prehospital setting, a retrospective investigation examined this relationship using data from Shimoda Fire Department.Method:Patients who were transported by Shimoda Fire Department from January 2019 to December 2021 were investigated. The following details of the subjects were collected: age, sex, contents of incontinence, season of transportation, weather, wind speed, temperature, place of collapse, scene time, classification of disease, disease severity (as judged by a physician at a receiving hospital) and mortality rate at the initial treatment. The subjects were divided into groups based on the existence of incontinence at the scene or not (Incontinence [+] and Incontinence [-]). We compared the variables mentioned above between these groups.Results:There were 499 cases with incontinence and 8,241 cases without incontinence. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to weather and wind speed. The average age, percentage of male patients, percentage of cases in the winter season, rate of collapse at home, scene time, rate of endogenous disease, disease severity, and mortality rate in the Incontinence (+) group were significantly greater in comparison to the Incontinence (-) group, while the average temperature in the Incontinence (+) group was significantly lower than that in the Incontinence (-) group. Regarding the rates of incontinence of each disease, neurologic, infectious, endocrinal disease, dehydration, suffocation and cardiac arrest at the scene had more than twice the rate of incontinence in other conditions.Conclusion:This is the first study to report that patients with incontinence at the scene tended to be older, showed a male predominance, severe disease, high mortality, and required a long scene time in comparison to patients without incontinence. Prehospital care providers should therefore check for incontinence when evaluating patients.