bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contingency, arbitrariness, and the basis of moral equality
Authors: Floris Giacomo 
Published: May 2023

AbstractHardly anyone denies that (nearly) all human beings have equal moral status and therefore should be considered and treated as equals. Yet, if humans possess the property that confers moral status upon them to an unequal degree, how come they should be considered and treated as equals? It has been argued that this is because the variations in the degree to which the status‐conferring property is held above a relevant threshold are contingencies that do not generate differences in degrees of moral status. Call this the contingency argument for the basis of moral equality. In this paper, I reject the contingency argument. Instead, I develop an attitude‐based account of the basis of moral equality: according to this account, the basis of moral equality lies in a fitting, basic, and independent moral attitude which is owed to human beings qua moral status‐holders, and provides a coherent and plausible explanation for why the variations above the threshold for moral status do not matter.
Some questions of ethics in randomized controlled trials
Authors: Khera Reetika 
Published: May 2023

AbstractQuestions of ethics in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in development economics need greater attention and a wider perspective. RCTs are meant to be governed by the three principles laid out in the Belmont Report, but often violated them, for example, when local laws are flouted. In other cases, the framework of the Belmont Report itself has proved inadequate: for instance, when there are unintended outcomes or adverse events for which no‐one is held accountable. Primarily using RCTs conducted in India, this paper highlights eight areas of concern. RCTs also have a disproportionate influence on shaping research agendas and on policy. Though ethical issues have been raised, there has been little engagement from the RCT community—a manifestation of its power in the profession. As current safeguards (such as oversight by Institutional Review Boards) have failed to protect human subjects, the concluding section discusses possible ways to resolve these issues.
‘Why doesn't anyone ask me’? Patients' experiences of receiving, performing and practices of oral care in an acute Orthopaedic Department
Authors: Rasmussen Isabella Lund , Halberg Nina , Jensen Pia Søe 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAims and objectivesOral care is an integrated part of everyday life. Within nursing, barriers related to providing oral care often lead to unmet caring needs. Poor oral care is associated with a risk of respiratory and cardiovascular complications during hospitalisation. Knowledge on patients' perspectives of maintaining or receiving oral care during admissions are limited. Following the Fundamentals of Care (FOC) framework, this study uses a person‐centred approach to explore patients' perceptions and experiences of receiving or performing oral care, including the nursing staff's clinical practices.Methodological design and justificationA focussed ethnographic approach was used to explore patients' perspectives and clinical practices during acute admissions in an Orthopaedic Department.Ethics issues and approvalThe local Data Protection Agency and the Ethics Committee approved the study.Research methods, results and conclusionsData were collected in an Orthopaedic ward at a Copenhagen University hospital, Hvidovre, and consisted of 14 days of field observations of clinical practices and 15 patient interviews. Data were analysed inductively using qualitative content analysis. Two themes were identified. The first, ‘The purpose of oral care is defined by the eye of the beholder’, describes the social implications for the patients and how patients reject the assumption of oral care being a transgressive act. The second, ‘The unspoken need’, focus on the lack of dialogue, including the limited provision of oral care and how the nursing staff assesses patients' ability to perform oral care (in)dependently without including the patients.ConclusionOral care is related to the patient's psychological and physical well‐being and affects social appearance. When oral care is provided respectfully, patients do not experience oral care as a transgressive act. Nursing staff's self‐assessments of the patients' (in)dependency to perform oral care risk leading to incorrect care. Developing and implementing interventions applicable to the clinical practice is needed.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis of the embryogenic callus clarifies the spatiotemporal developmental trajectories of the early somatic embryo in Dimocarpus longan
Authors: Zhang Shuting , Zhu Chen , Zhang Xueying , Liu Mengyu , Xue Xiaodong , Lai Chunwang , Xuhan Xu , Chen Yukun , Zhang Zihao , Lai Zhongxiong , Lin Yuling 
Published: May 2023

SUMMARYPlant embryogenic calli (ECs) can undergo somatic embryogenesis to regenerate plants. This process is mediated by regulatory factors, such as transcription factors and specifically expressed genes, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis at the single‐cell level remain unclear. In this study, we performed high‐resolution single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis to determine the cellular changes in the EC of the woody plant species Dimocarpus longan (longan) and clarify the continuous cell differentiation trajectories at the transcriptome level. The highly heterogeneous cells in the EC were divided into 12 putative clusters (e.g., proliferating, meristematic, vascular, and epidermal cell clusters). We determined cluster‐enriched expression marker genes and found that overexpression of the epidermal cell marker gene GDSL ESTERASE/LIPASE‐1 inhibited the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol. In addition, the stability of autophagy was critical for the somatic embryogenesis of longan. The pseudo‐timeline analysis elucidated the continuous cell differentiation trajectories from early embryonic cell division to vascular and epidermal cell differentiation during the somatic embryogenesis of longan. Moreover, key transcriptional regulators associated with cell fates were revealed. We found that ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR 6 was characterized as a heat‐sensitive factor that negatively regulates longan somatic embryogenesis under high‐temperature stress conditions. The results of this study provide new spatiotemporal insights into cell division and differentiation during longan somatic embryogenesis at single‐cell resolution.
Procedural pain assessment in neonates at risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Lavergne Julianna , Langman Erin , Mansell Deborah , Dol Justine , West Claire , Benoit Britney 
Published: May 2023

Objective:
The objective of this review is to identify evidence on pain assessment during acute procedures in hospitalized neonates at risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS).

Introduction:
While all neonates are routinely exposed to various painful procedures, neonates at risk of NOWS have longer hospital stays and are exposed to multiple painful procedures. NOWS occurs when a neonate is born to a birth parent who identifies as having sustained opioid use (such as morphine or methadone) during pregnancy. Accurate pain assessment and management during painful procedures is critical for minimizing the well-documented adverse effects of unmanaged pain in neonates. While pain indicators and composite pain scores are valid and reliable for healthy neonates, there is no review of evidence regarding procedural pain assessment in neonates at risk of NOWS.

Inclusion criteria:
Eligible studies will include those reporting on hospitalized pre-term and full-term neonates at risk of NOWS having pain assessments (ie, behavioral indicators, physiological indicators, validated composite pain scores) during and/or after exposure to an acute painful procedure.

Methods:
This review will follow the JBI scoping review methodology. Databases to be searched will include MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase, PsyclNFO (EBSCO), and Scopus. The relevant data will be extracted by 2 reviewers using a modified JBI extraction tool. The results will be summarized in narrative and tabular format, including the components of participants, concept, and context (PCC).

Review registration:
Open Science Framework https://osf.io/fka8s.
Effectiveness of interventions to reduce sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne viruses in incarcerated adult populations: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Balmer Amanda , Brömdal Annette , Mullens Amy , Kynoch Kathryn , Osborne Sonya 
Published: May 2023

Objective:
This review will identify, synthesize, and make recommendations regarding the effectiveness of interventions to reduce sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs) in incarcerated adult settings.

Introduction:
High-risk sexual behaviors, intravenous drug use, piercing, and tattooing are well documented within incarceration environments. Despite the World Health Organization’s Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections 2016–2021 and the Global Health Sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022–2030, STI rates within adult incarceration environments continue to rise. Identifying and implementing best-practice interventions to prevent and manage STIs and BBVs will aid infection reduction in correctional settings. The review results will inform the development of educational programs, health promotion, and policies and procedures to improve health outcomes for incarcerated populations.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider studies in any language from any adult incarceration facility. Studies set in juvenile facilities or detention centers will be excluded. Any intervention for preventing or reducing STI and/or BBV transmission will be included.

Methods:
This review will follow the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness. Databases to be searched will include PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Ovid Library, PsycINFO (EBSCO), Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts and assess full-text citations against the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality will be appraised using JBI’s standardized critical appraisal instruments. Where possible, studies will be pooled using meta-analysis. Where statistical pooling is not possible, findings will be presented in narrative format. Certainty of evidence will be ascertained using the GRADE approach.

Review registration:
PROSPERO CRD42022325077
Waterfall height sets the mechanism and rate of upstream retreat
Authors: Inoue T. , Izumi N. , Scheingross J.S. , Hiramatsu Y. , Tanigawa S. , Sumner T. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Waterfalls are among the fastest-eroding parts of river networks, but predicting natural waterfall retreat rates is difficult due to multiple processes that can drive waterfall erosion. We lack data on how waterfall height influences the mechanism and rate of upstream waterfall retreat. We addressed this knowledge gap with experiments testing the influence of drop height on waterfall retreat. Our experiments showed that shorter waterfalls retreat up to five times faster than taller waterfalls, when bedrock strength, sediment supply, and water discharge are constant. This retreat rate difference is due to a change in the erosion mechanism. Short waterfalls retreat by the formation of several small, rapidly eroding bedrock steps (i.e., cyclic steps), whereas tall waterfalls tend to form large bedrock plunge pools where lateral plunge pool erosion allows headwall undercutting and subsequent waterfall retreat. Because waterfall height can be partially set by the waterfall formation mechanism, our results highlight that the rate of waterfall retreat and subsequent landscape evolution can be modulated by the processes that form waterfalls.
Geographic prioritisation in Kenya and Uganda: a power analysis of donor transition
Authors: Paina Ligia , Rodriguez Daniela Cristina , Zakumumpa Henry , Mackenzie Caroline , Ssengooba Freddie , Bennett Sara 
Published: May 2023

IntroductionDonor transition for HIV/AIDS programmes remains sensitive, marking a significant shift away from the traditional investment model of large-scale, vertical investments to control the epidemic and achieve rapid scaling-up of services. In late 2015, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) headquarters instructed their country missions to implement ‘geographic prioritisation’ (GP), whereby PEPFAR investments would target geographic areas with high HIV burden and reduce or cease support in areas with low burden.MethodsUsing Gaventa’s power cube framework, we compare how power is distributed and manifested using qualitative data collected in an evaluation of the GP’s impact in Kenya and Uganda.ResultsWe found that the GP was designed with little space for national and local actors to shape either the policy or its implementation. While decision-making processes limited the scope for national-level government actors to shape the GP, the national government in Kenya claimed such a space, proactively pressuring PEPFAR to change particular aspects of its GP plan. Subnational level actors were typically recipients of top-down decision-making with apparently limited scope to resist or change GP. While civil society had the potential to hold both PEPFAR and government actors accountable, the closed-door nature of policy-making and the lack of transparency about decisions made this difficult.ConclusionDonor agencies should exercise power responsibly, especially to ensure that transition processes meaningfully engage governments and others with a mandate for service delivery. Furthermore, subnational actors and civil society are often better positioned to understand the implications and changes arising from transition. Greater transparency and accountability would increase the success of global health programme transitions, especially in the context of greater decentralisation, requiring donors and country counterparts to be more aware and flexible of working within political systems that have implications for programmatic success.
Integrating eye care in low-income and middle-income settings: a scoping review
Authors: Lee Ling , Moo Elise , Angelopoulos Tiffany , Dodson Sarity , Yashadhana Aryati 
Published: May 2023

ObjectivesIntegrated people-centred eye care has been recommended as a strategic framework for reducing global vision impairment and blindness. The extent to which eye care has integrated with other services has not been widely reported. We aimed to investigate approaches to integrating eye care service delivery with other systems in low resource settings, and identify factors associated with integration.DesignRapid scoping review based on Cochrane Rapid Review and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched in September 2021.Eligibility criteriaPapers with interventions involving eye care or preventative eye care integrated into other health systems, peer-reviewed in English, conducted in low-income or middle-income countries, and published between January 2011 and September 2021 were included.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers screened, quality appraised and coded included papers. A deductive–inductive iterative analysis approach was used with a focus on integrating service delivery.ResultsThe search identified 3889 potential papers, of which 24 were included. Twenty papers incorporated more than one intervention type (promotion, prevention and/or treatment), but none included rehabilitation. Most articles involved human resources development yet rarely appeared to be people-centred. The level of integration was associated with building relationships and enhancing service coordination. Integrating human resources was challenged by the need for ongoing support and worker retention. In primary care settings, workers were often already at full capacity, had competing priorities, varying capabilities and limited motivation. Additional barriers included inadequate referral and information systems, poor supply chain management and procurement practices and finite financing.ConclusionIntegrating eye care into low resource health systems is a challenging task, compounded by resource limitations, competing priorities and ongoing support needs. This review highlighted a need for people-centred approaches to future interventions, and further investigation into integrating vision rehabilitation services.
Effect of Prophylactic Fibrinogen Concentrate In Scoliosis Surgery (EFISS): a study protocol of two-arm, randomised trial
Authors: Vrbica Kamil , Hudec Jan , Hrdy Ondrej , Galko Michal , Horalkova Hana , Demlova Regina , Kubelova Michaela , Repko Martin , Gal Roman 
Published: May 2023

IntroductionFibrinogen is one of the essential coagulation factors. Preoperative lower plasma fibrinogen level has been associated with higher blood loss. Scoliosis surgery presents a challenge for the anaesthetic team, one of the reasons being blood loss and transfusion management. Recently, the prophylactic fibrinogen administration has been a debated topic in various indications. It has been described for example, in urological or cardiovascular surgery, as well as in paediatrics. This pilot study is focused on verifying the feasibility of potential large randomised trial and verifying the safety of prophylactic fibrinogen administration in paediatric scoliosis surgery.Methods and analysisA total of 32 paediatric patients indicated for scoliosis surgery will be recruited. Participants will be randomised into study groups in a 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients in the intervention group will receive prophylactic single dose of fibrinogen, in addition to standard of care. Patients in the control group will receive standard of care without study medication prior to skin incision. The primary aim is to assess the safety of prophylactic fibrinogen administration during scoliosis surgery in children, the incidence of any adverse events (AEs) and reactions will be monitored during participation in the study. The secondary objective is to investigate the additional safety information, feasibility and efficacy of a prophylactic fibrinogen administration. The incidence of AEs and reactions according to selected adverse events of special interest will be monitored. All collected data will be subjected to statistical analysis according to a separate statistical analysis plan.Ethics and disseminationThis trial follows the applicable legislation and requirements for good clinical practice according to the International Conference on Harmonisation E6(R2). All essential trial documents were approved by the relevant ethics committee and national regulatory authority (State Institute for Drug Control) and their potential amendments will be submitted for approval.Trial registration numberNCT05391412.
Mental health help-seeking preferences and behaviour in elite male rugby players
Authors: Oguro Saki , Ojio Yasutaka , Matsunaga Asami , Shiozawa Takuma , Kawamura Shin , Yoshitani Goro , Horiguchi Masanori , Fujii Chiyo 
Published: May 2023

ObjectivesMental health symptoms and mental illnesses are common in elite athletes. There is an urgent need to develop care systems to support the mental health of elite athletes. Understanding elite athletes’ preferences in mental health help seeking can help explore strategies to develop such systems. Therefore, this study aims to investigate with whom/where elite athletes feel comfortable discussing mental health concerns and seeking help.MethodsWe analyse data from 219 Japanese male rugby players out of 612 players (565 Japanese, 47 foreigners) aged 18 and over who belong to the Japan Rugby Players Association using a cross-sectional design and an anonymous, web-based, self-administered questionnaire. In the questionnaire, the players are asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale how comfortable they feel talking about their mental health concerns with affiliation/team staff, family/relatives, friends, mental health professionals, rugby-related seniors and teammates. Analysis of variance and Dunnett’s test are performed to detect differences in their preferences for sources of help.ResultsDunnett’s test shows that the mean scores for preferring to consult affiliation/team staff are significantly lower than for all the other groups (p<0.001), indicating that players are reluctant to seek help for mental health concerns from affiliation/team staff. Fewer players sought help from affiliation/team staff or mental health professionals than from other groups.ConclusionRegarding mental health concerns, for elite male rugby players as elite athletes, it can be difficult to ask for help or talk to team staff.
Clinical features, treatment strategies and outcomes of craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistulas: a cohort study of 193 patients
Authors: Ma Yongjie , Song Zihao , Wang Yinqing , Wang Jiachen , He Chuan , Li Guilin , Zhang Peng , Hong Tao , Sun Liyong , Hu Peng , Ye Ming , Zhang Hongqi 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundCraniocervical junction (CCJ) arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare. The current treatment strategies for AVFs with different angioarchitecture need to be clarified. The present study aimed to analyse the correlation between angioarchitecture and clinical characteristics, share our experience in treating this disease and identify risk factors associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and poor outcomes.MethodsA total of 198 consecutive patients with CCJ AVFs from our neurosurgical centre were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were grouped according to their clinical manifestations, and their baseline clinical characteristics, angioarchitecture, treatment strategies and outcomes were summarised.ResultsThe patients’ median age was 56 years (IQR 47–62 years). The majority of patients were men with 166 (83.8%) patients. The most common clinical manifestation was SAH (52.0%), followed by venous hypertensive myelopathy (VHM) (45.5%). The most common CCJ AVFs type was dural AVF, with 132 (63.5%) fistulas. The most frequent fistula location was C-1 (68.7%) and dural branch of vertebral artery (70.2%) was the most involved arterial feeders for fistulas. The most common direction of venous drainage was descending intradural drainage (40.9%), followed by ascending intradural drainage (36.5%). Microsurgery was the most common treatment strategy applied for 151 (76.3%) patients, 15 (7.6%) patients were treated with interventional embolisation only, and 27 (13.6%) received both interventional embolisation and microsurgical treatment. The learning curve for microsurgery only was analysed by cumulative summation method, and the turning point was the 70th case, and blood loss in post-group was lower than that in pre-group (p=0.034). At the last follow-up, there were 155 (78.3%) patients with favourable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale(mRS)<3). Age≥56 (OR 2.038, 95% CI 1.039 to 3.998, p=0.038), VHM as the clinical manifestation (OR 4.102, 95% CI 2.108 to 7.982, p<0.001) and pretreatment mRS≥3 (OR 3.127, 95% CI 1.617 to 6.047, p<0.001) were significantly associated with poor outcomes.ConclusionThe arterial feeders and direction of the venous drainage were important factors in the clinical presentations. The location of fistula and drainage vein was essential for choosing different treatment strategies. Older age, VHM onset and poor pretreatment functional status predicted poor outcomes.