bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Sekhar Rajagopal V. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
With the advent of effective antiretroviral therapeutic regimens, HIV infection has become a chronic disease. People living with HIV have a longer life expectancy, and we are now able to see the emergence of disorders in such people who live longer, and these include an increasing prevalence of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. The underlying etiology of these disorders can be attributed to multiple factors, including the effects of HIV itself, antiretroviral therapies, inflammation, endothelial and immune dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Since endocrine disorders are often insidious in their development, clinical suspicion and appropriate dynamic testing are necessary for accurate diagnosis and management and should include the participation of an endocrinologist where possible. This chapter helps identify the spectrum of endocrine and metabolic complications affecting people with HIV and the mechanisms and clinical management of endocrine and metabolic diseases associated with HIV and antiretroviral use. Specifically, certain protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors are linked to changes in body morphology, lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy, dyslipidemia, and weight gain. These manifest in multiple conditions including diabetes mellitus, adrenal disorders, thyroid abnormalities, gonadal dysfunction, metabolic disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and premature aging. An overview of these manifesting conditions and treatment options are discussed.
Non-Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Chakrabarti Priyanka 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory complications in people with HIV. These complications include nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP), HIV lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), diffuse infiltrative CD8+ lymphocyte syndrome, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While the prevalence and etiology of NSIP are unknown, evidence suggests immune dysregulation plays a part. Thus, prevalence is declining with the use of newer antiretroviral regimens. LIP is a common respiratory infection in children with HIV however is a rare complication in adults with HIV. While the clinical presentation of PAH is similar in PWH as the general population, the prevalence is higher. After reviewing this module, learners will be able to diagnose, differentiate, and treat respiratory complications associated with HIV and antiretroviral use.
HIV and Hepatitis Coinfection
Authors: Vigil Karen J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people with HIV. The learner will gain an understanding that all people with HIV should have a complete evaluation for hepatitis B, which patients are candidates for hepatitis B vaccinations, and appropriate treatments for hepatitis B among patients living with HIV. The learner will also understand that patients with HIV who develop acute hepatitis C should be treated immediately, and rescreened for potential reinfection, which direct acting agents work best for patients with HIV and how to modify antiretroviral therapy to reduce drug–drug interactions, disease severity, and cost considerations.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and HIV
Authors: Prokesch Richard C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has been rampant around the world and especially the United States; the pandemic has impacted activities of daily living and stressed health care systems. HIV does not appear to be an independent risk factor for developing COVID-19, and people living with HIV (PWH) on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) have no greater risk of contracting or developing severe COVID-19 compared to individuals without HIV. However, approximately half of the US population of PWH is aged 50 years or older (with many experiencing multiple comorbidities), and older PWH are at increased risk of serious COVID-19 disease. Available therapies for COVID-19 are safe and relatively well-tolerated among PWH; special attention should be paid to drug–drug interactions between antivirals and ART. Similarly, vaccines for COVID-19 are safe and effective for PWH. This chapter provides a summary overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and how it impacts people with HIV and special considerations for healthcare providers. It summarizes the findings of investigations aimed to determine if PWH are more susceptible to COVID-19 compared to non-HIV infected populations. Lastly, it provides guidance and best practices on healthcare delivery during a pandemic.
HIV and Bone Health
Authors: Bedimo Roger 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
With improved long-term survival among persons living with HIV (PWH), age-related comorbidities, including osteoporosis and fragility fractures, have become more prevalent. There are limited HIV-specific evidence-based recommendations regarding screening for bone disease, although extrapolation of screening recommendations from the general population is reasonable. This chapter delineates the prevalence of low bone mineral density and fractures in PWH and helps the learner to become familiar with the concept that metabolic bone disease is a common manifestation of HI infection with an increased risk of fracture. The learner will be able to discuss risk factors associate with diminished bone mineral density and fractures for PWH, understand screening indications and diagnostic tests used to identify bone disease among PWH, and identify current strategies for PWH who have low one-mineral density or have sustained bond fractures.
Recurring outbursts of the supernova impostor AT 2016blu in NGC 4559
Authors: Aghakhanloo Mojgan , Smith Nathan , Milne Peter , Andrews Jennifer E , Van Dyk Schuyler D , Filippenko Alexei V , Jencson Jacob E , Lau Ryan M , Sand David J , Wyatt Samuel , Zheng WeiKang 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
We present the first photometric analysis of the supernova (SN) impostor AT 2016blu in NGC 4559. This transient was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search in 2012 and has continued its outbursts since then. Optical and infrared photometry of AT 2016blu reveals at least 19 outbursts in 2012–2022. Similar photometry from 1999 to 2009 shows no outbursts, indicating that the star was relatively stable in the decade before discovery. Archival Hubble Space Telescope observations suggest that the progenitor had a minimum initial mass of $M \gtrsim 33$ M⊙ and a luminosity of $L \gtrsim 10^{5.7}$ L⊙. AT 2016blu’s outbursts show irregular variability with multiple closely spaced peaks having typical amplitudes of 1–2 mag and durations of 1–4 weeks. While individual outbursts have irregular light curves, concentrations of these peaks recur with a period of ∼113 ± 2 d. Based on this period, we predict upcoming outbursts in 2023 and 2024. AT 2016blu shares similarities with SN 2000ch in NGC 3432, where outbursts may arise from periastron encounters in an eccentric binary containing a luminous blue variable (LBV). We propose that AT 2016blu’s outbursts are also driven by interactions that intensify around periastron in an eccentric system. Intrinsic variability of the LBV-like primary star may cause different intensity and duration of binary interaction at each periastron passage. AT 2016blu also resembles the periastron encounters of η Carinae prior to its Great Eruption and the erratic pre-SN eruptions of SN 2009ip. This similarity and the onset of eruptions in the past decade hint that AT 2016blu may also be headed for a catastrophe, making it a target of great interest.
Spectral investigation of the interstellar cloud towards a runaway star AE Aur
Authors: Bondar A , Krełowski J 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
The goal of this study is tracking of possible changes in the spectrum of the interstellar cloud seen along the sightline towards a runaway star AE Aur. The study considers variations in the radial velocities of the interstellar molecules and atoms, dwelling in the cloud, for the period ≈17 yr. The most recent results of 6 yr monitoring of equivalent widths variability for the CH and CH+ absorption lines are also presented. The study was done using the CH B-X(0,0) 3886 Å, A-X (0,0) 4300 Å and the CH+ A-X (1-0) 3958 Å, A-X (0,0) 4232 Å lines as well as the interstellar potassium K i 7699 Å line. Moreover, a short discussion concerning the distance to the star is included. The present study is a continuation of our previous works and works of other researchers dedicated to the problem of small-scale structure in diffuse interstellar clouds. High resolution optical spectra from different spectrographs have been used in this work. The results of the study do not demonstrate significant changes in the radial velocities of the spectral features mentioned. The intensities of the CH and CH+ lines show slight tendency to vary at 1–3 per cent level.
On the triple pulsar profiles generated by ordinary mode
Authors: Beskin V S , Istomin A Yu , Mikhaylenko A G 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
A detailed study of the refraction of an ordinary wave in the magnetosphere of radio pulsars was carried out. For this, a consistent theory of the generation of secondary particles was constructed, which essentially takes into account the dependence of the number density and the energy spectrum of secondary particles on the distance from the magnetic axis. This made it possible to determine with high accuracy the refraction of the ordinary O-mode in the central region of the outflowing plasma, which makes it possible to explain the central peak of three-humped mean radio profiles. As shown by detailed numerical calculations, in most cases it is possible to reproduce quite well the observed mean profiles of radio pulsars.
P11.06.B PERFUSION MRI IMPACTS MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH TREATED GLIOMA: FIRST RESULTS FROM THE PERISCOPE PROJECT
Authors: Teunissen W , Derks S , Labrecque J , Lam C , Hunink M , Dirven L , van der Hoorn A , Smits M ,   PERISCOPE consortium
Published: September 2023

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Perfusion MRI (pMRI) is widely used for differentiation between progressive disease and pseudoprogression in patients with treated glioma. Although pMRI has long been available, its clinical relevance and utilization are not well known. We investigate the role of pMRI in clinical management decisions and its association with overall survival (OS) in patients with glioma under surveillance after focal radiotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients treated for glioma between 2008 and 2021. At the moment of first substantial abnormalities on follow-up MRI, both with or without pMRI, we collected the management decisions, information about the (p)MRI and clinical parameters from the patient records. Causal inference methods were used to design a model predicting the probability of a management change with or without pMRI at first scan after radiotherapy (baseline), during chemotherapy (on-treatment) and after treatment. A multivariable Cox-proportional hazards model was used for OS analysis (adjusted for age, clinical performance, surgery type, histopathological diagnosis). Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with glioblastoma only.

RESULTS
976 patients (mean age 57.2 ±12.4 years; 649 men) were included in 7 neuro-oncological referral centers (4 academic), 548 with and 428 without pMRI. Eighty percent of pMRI scans were of sufficient quality. Eighty percent of patients had glioblastoma and in this group, during the “on-treatment” phase, there was a 16% lower probability of change in clinical management in patients with pMRI, which was more pronounced (37%) in academic hospitals. OS was longer in patients with versus without pMRI with a hazard ratio of 0.77 (95%CI: 0.67,0.89, p&lt;0.001). These findings were similar when only considering patients with glioblastoma.

CONCLUSION
pMRI was associated with fewer management changes while patients were on treatment, and with longer OS. This latter result must be interpreted with caution due to possible confounding.:
Breeders’ age, nest-site characteristics and climatic conditions but not density-dependent effects determine Bonelli’s Eagle breeding performance: A long-term study (2002–2021)
Authors: López-Peinado Andrés , López-López Pascual 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The conservation of endangered species is a crucial topic in conservation biology due to the important ecological roles these species play in their respective ecosystems. Top predators are particularly vulnerable to the variation in environmental conditions. The Bonelli’s Eagle (Aquila fasciata) is a long-lived bird of prey that fulfills its role as a top predator in Mediterranean ecosystems, but its overall population has declined in the Iberian Peninsula in recent decades. As with other long-lived species, the Bonelli’s Eagle reaches its maximum fitness at maturity, highlighting the importance of assessing how intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect population dynamics over time. In this study, we conducted annual surveys of a Bonelli’s Eagle subpopulation in the eastern Iberian Peninsula from 2002 to 2021. Our results indicate that the large decline observed in the number of occupied territories, fledged chicks, and successful pairs is not due to negative density-dependent effects but rather influenced by various environmental and demographic factors. These factors include breeders’ age, nest-site characteristics, climatic conditions, and previous breeding costs. We found that productivity was higher in territories with high winter precipitation and temperatures, as well as in coastal areas, leading to earlier laying dates. Additionally, the presence of subadult individuals in the breeding pair decreased breeding performance. Interestingly, the variability in the number of fledglings in each territory was driven by previous breeding costs. Prioritizing efforts to mitigate adult mortality and conserve suitable habitats becomes imperative to halt the ongoing decline of this population and also to enhance productivity, ultimately facilitating the restoration of the species to previous population levels.
Adverse Selection and Climate Risk: A Response to
Authors: LaCour-Little Michael , Pavlov Andrey , Wachter Susan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We identify two issues in the work of Ouazad and Kahn (2022). Correcting either reverses the original result. The two changes are to use the correct FHFA conforming loan limits for each county and year and to compare the individual loan amount to that limit correctly. There is no evidence that lenders transfer climate risk by altering loan origination and securitization behavior. None of our results calls into question the value and importance of the O&K model as a test for adverse selection. The question addressed and the setup of the test are important and should be replicated over time.
Trustee powers—observations from Australia
Authors: Appleby Daniel , Nathani Shruti 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Much of the current and future intergenerational wealth transfers in Australia is and will be through discretionary family trust structures and testamentary trusts. The number of disputes in relation to the administration of these trusts will very likely increase. This article provides a general overview of some specific aspects of trust administration and trustee powers and obligations in Australia, including adding and removing beneficiaries, decanting trust assets, provision of information to beneficiaries, fettering of discretions and avoiding or resolving disputes in relation to the exercise of those powers.
Disparate Impact: How Does Social Deprivation Affect Patient-reported Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction in Children and Adolescents?
Authors: Kiani Sara N. , England Patrick , Gornitzky Alex L. , Renjilian Christopher B. , Williams Brendan A. , Ganley Theodore J. 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Research has indicated that lower socioeconomic status is associated with delays in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries; however, there is a paucity of literature evaluating its association with patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated proxy for socioeconomic status, the study aimed to determine how relative socioeconomic disadvantage is related to PROs after primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in pediatric patients.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study included all patients 18 years old or above who underwent primary ACLR at an academic institution between 2018 and 2021. Exclusion criteria included multiligament injury, congenital ACL absence, and absent outcomes data. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. A Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 50 Pediatric self-report questionnaire was completed at postoperative visits, and domain scores for pain, physical function/mobility, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and peer relationships were generated. The National ADI percentile was calculated using the patients’ addresses. Patients were divided into quartiles (low, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe ADI), and comparative analyses were performed to determine the relationship between ADI and PROMIS.

Results:
A total of 413 patients were identified, including 49% (n=207), 33% (n=139), 11% (n=48), and 7% (n=30) from the low, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe deprivation areas, respectively. As compared with those in the low-deprivation quartile, patients in the severe deprivation quartile had delayed time to the first clinic visit (11 vs. 16.5 d, P=0.044) and surgery (51 vs. 80 d, P=0.004). There were no differences in the number of additional procedures required at index surgery. All quartiles had progressive improvements in physical function/mobility and pain scores throughout recovery, but at 9 months, there was significantly more pain in the severe deprivation cohort, despite no difference in self-reported physical function and mobility. Those with severe socioeconomic disadvantage had worse psychosocial outcomes, including significantly increased depression, fatigue, and anxiety and decreased peer relationship scores.

Conclusions:
Although there were no differences in preoperative PROMIS scores, pediatric patients living in areas with higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation/disadvantage had worse psychosocial PROs after ACLR.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of Radiographic Characteristics in Skeletally Immature Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: A PLUTO Study Group Reliability Study
Authors: Perkins Crystal A. , Coene Ryan P. , Miller Patricia E. , Anderson Chris N. , Nunally Kianna D. , Parikh Shital N. , Busch Michael T. , Chambers Henry G. , Christino Melissa A. , Cordasco Frank A. , Edmonds Eric W. , Fabricant Peter D. , Ganley Theodore J. , Green Daniel W. , Heyworth Benton E. , Lawrence John Todd R. , Matava Matthew J. , Micheli Lyle J. , Milewski Matthew D. , Nepple Jeffrey , Pennock Andrew T. , Saluan Paul M. , Shea Kevin G. , Wall Eric J. , Willimon Samuel C. ,   PLUTO Study Group, Kocher Mininder S. 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Radiographic measurements of limb alignment in skeletally immature patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are frequently used for surgical decision-making, preoperative planning, and postoperative monitoring of skeletal growth. However, the interrater and intrarater reliability of these radiographic characteristics in this patient population is not well documented.

Hypothesis:
Excellent reliability across 4 raters will be demonstrated for all digital measures of length, coronal plane joint orientation angles, mechanical axis, and tibial slope in skeletally immature patients with ACL tears.

Study Design:
Cohort study (diagnosis).

Methods:
Three fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons and 1 medical student performed 2 rounds of radiographic measurements on digital imaging (lateral knee radiographs and long-leg radiographs) of skeletally immature patients with ACL tears. Intrarater and interrater reliability for continuous radiographic measurements was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) across 4 raters with 95% CIs for affected and unaffected side measurements. Interrater reliability analysis used an ICC (2, 4) structure and intrarater reliability analysis used an ICC (2, 1) structure. A weighted kappa coefficient was calculated for ordinal variables along with 95% CIs for both interrater and intrarater reliability. Agreement statistic interpretations are based on scales described by Fleiss, and Cicchetti and Sparrow: <0.40, poor; 0.40 to 0.59, fair; 0.60 to 0.74, good; and >0.74, excellent.

Results:
Radiographs from a convenience sample of 43 patients were included. Intrarater reliability was excellent for nearly all measurements and raters. Interrater reliability was also excellent for nearly all reads for all measurements.

Conclusion:
Radiographic reliability of long-leg radiographs and lateral knee x-rays in skeletally immature children with ACL tears is excellent across nearly all measures and raters and can be obtained and interpreted as reliable and reproducible means to measure limb length and alignment.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Laparoscopic Versus Transanal Ileal-Pouch Anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis: A Patient-Centered Treatment Trade-Off Study
Authors: Yang Mei Lucy , Brar Mantaj S. , Kennedy Erin , de Buck van Overstraeten Anthony 
Published: September 2023

BACKGROUND:
Transanal ileal pouch anal anastomosis is a relatively new technique aiming to reduce surgical invasiveness while providing better access to the pelvis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Currently, patients’ preference on surgical approach has never been investigated.

OBJECTIVE:
To observe patient preference between transanal and laparoscopic ileal pouch anal anastomosis by measuring the potential risk, expressed in pouch function reduction, patients are willing to take to undergo transanal surgery.

DESIGN:
We conducted standardized interviews of patients using the threshold technique.

SETTINGS:
Patients from Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto were included.

PATIENTS:
Fifty-two patients with ulcerative colitis participated in this study.

INTERVENTION:
Patients with ulcerative colitis, with or without previous pouch surgery were submitted to standardized interviews using the threshold technique.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
We measured the absolute increase in bowel frequency, bowel urgency, and fecal incontinence patients would accept if undergoing transanal ileal pouch anal-anastomosis.

RESULTS:
Thirty-two patients (mean age: 38.7 ± 15.3) with previous surgery and 20 patients (mean age: 39.5 ± 11.9) with no previous surgery participated in this study. Patients accepted an absolute increase of 2 bowel movements per day and one episode of fecal incontinence per month to undergo transanal ileal pouch anal anastomosis. They also accepted 10 minutes of worsening bowel urgency (ie. decrease 10 minutes of “holding time”) for transanal surgery. Younger patients aged 21-29 only accepted an absolute decrease of 5 minutes in “holding time” (P = 0.02).

LIMITATIONS:
Biases inherent to study design.

CONCLUSIONS:
Patients were willing to accept a potential reduction in pouch function to receive the less invasive method of transanal ileal pouch anal anastomosis. More studies evaluating long-term functional outcomes after transanal ileal pouch anal anastomosis are required to help patients make educated surgical decisions..