bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Orientation of Ahmet Zogu's Foreign Policy as King During the Years 1929-1939
Authors: Xhaferri Manjola 
Published: June 2023

The paper "Orientation of the Foreign Policy of King Ahmet Zogu" aims to shed light on the history of Albania's foreign policy for almost 10 years. The years 1928-1939 in the history of Albania are already personified as the period of King Zog. The influence of the personality and the way of governance during this period has left a significant mark on the history of Albania, diplomatic relations and foreign policy. He exercised the legitimacy of his power through the Status of the Albanian Kingdom, a period during which relations with neighbouring countries were intensified in all economic, political, military, cultural aspects, etc., historical facts intertwined with internal political and economic aspects development. The importance of this period is reflected by numerous studies, often in disagreement with each other this is the reason for carrying out this study, which brings innovation by focusing mainly on foreign policy in the light of historical facts and being part of many studies of this period. This is a historical period with significant national and international developments in the history of Albania. In the form of governance, the change in the form of organization and constitutional changes is of particular interest while in terms of foreign policy, the diplomatic and political-economic impact of the Great Powers of Europe on the Albanian state is analyzed, as well as Albania's relations with its neighbours and other countries under the leadership of Ahmet Zogut, King of Albania. The whole paper is based on a historical, political and economic analysis based on historical sources and archival materials of the period 1928-1939.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Criminal Offense Against Life Theoretical and Practical Aspects
Authors: Fekolli Saimir , Ganaj Francesk , Belishta Ernald 
Published: June 2023

Criminal offenses against life represent the archetype of criminal offenses which have historically been characterized by the most highest punishment measures. The existence of legal norms which aim to protect life, in another view, oppose the "homo homini lupus" postulate. The reason why legislators, including the Albanians one, give special legal protection to life, focus in the fact that all other rights are its derivatives, in the absence of which they lose to act. However, despite the principle that "it is forbidden to kill" except in cases where there are justifying reasons (necessary protection, extreme need, exercing of a legal duty), the Albanian legislator, through the incriminating norms, has provided specific figures of criminal offenses which the group object of have the same, but due to the special relationship they aim to protect, they are categorized into special forms or special figures of criminal offenses.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
A Historical Overview and Analysis on the Albanian Right to Vote 1912-1991
Authors: Kume Andon 
Published: June 2023

The analysis of the right to vote in Albania for the period, from the declaration of independence, 1912 until the fall of the communist dictatorship system, 1991, is the object of this paper. During this period of the history of the Albanian state, the legislation that deals with issues of voting rights has been developed as an accompanying process and conditioned by the processes of political, social, economic and cultural development of our society. The Provisional Government of Vlora, 1912 is the initiator of the treatment of the right to vote, as a political and human right in Albania. Its legislative provisions are the embryos of this right, which were used and developed by successive governments. In the period after the First World War and during the system of the Parliamentary Monarchy, the legislation dealing with the right to vote and the electoral process was characterized by developments aimed at its approximation to the standards and requirements of international legislation, but in no case managed to solve the challenges obstacles that generated economic, social and cultural factors that characterized the Albanian society in that historical period. After the Second World War, essential changes were made in the Albanian legislation on the right to vote and elections, bringing it in line with international requirements and standards. Despite this, in the conditions of the political system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, this right was exercised only formally by Albanians. During this period it completely lost her mission.

Received: 7 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
The democracy in the Albanian Canonical law and in the Ancient Greece
Authors: Kocaqi Elena 
Published: June 2023

This paper treats some common democratic elements between the institutions and rights previewed by the Albanian Canon and those used of Ancient Greeks. Those similarities are seen also by foreign authors and trawlers that visited Albanian of XIX century. This issue is important to point out the links between Albanian political culture and that of Ancient Greece. Those links are evident because of the common origin of the both people in ancient time. Those political traditions are conserved until today by Albanian people like they were in Homeric times and in Ancient Greece. Also the standards of direct democracy in Albanian Canons such as in political status, political representation of people, are not only higher than those of Ancient Greece but are higher than many democratic standards of today. The method of work is based in the analyses of the data given for the institution of Gerousia, Ecclesia, the Albanian Council of Elders and Assembly of People, to point out the similarities and differences between them. Data are gathered by ancient authors and Albanian Canons and also by the authors that have written for this issue.

Received: 10 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
A Theoretical View of the Current Situation on Economic Integration in the EU Countries that are not Part of the Eurozone
Authors: Istrefi Zhugri Enida , Imeraj Juliana , Lamçja Methasani Jonida 
Published: June 2023

The European Union (EU) has developed dramatically in the last two decades as new member nations have joined. Since the establishment of the EU Single Market, the number of EU member states has increased from 12 to 28 (27 after Brexit).The process of European Union integration of the countries of Southeast Europe has brought a lot of progress, but again the real convergence in terms of real GDP per capita remains a current challenge.In this paper, we will look at the main types of integrations that embrace different countries in different situations. One of the most important processes that affect the economic development of these countries is economic integration. During this process, member countries agree to coordinate their trade and fiscal/monetary policies.

Received: 2 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
A New Albanian School in a European Prespective: Towards Decentralization and Essential Autonomy
Authors: Sota Jani 
Published: June 2023

After the 90s, education in the Republic of Albania underwent changes which nowadays are found sanctioned in the Constitution, Pre-University Education Law, normative provision, and regulation of schools. But, despite these important changes, a complete reform has not been done in the pre-university educational institutions, to conceive the institutional, teaching and management problems closely related to each other. The transition from the totalitarian state to the rule of law, in the first phase, imposed a concentration of competencies in the hands of the central government, in running, administering, and financing the school. Without this focus, a package of legislative-administrative and conceptual changes could not be initiated, which would constitute the premise of a useful and comprehensive reform in the outlines of the European profile in the tradition of Albanian education. At the current stage, the decentralization of political power, the increase of self-government autonomy of local government bodies must necessarily be accompanied by increased social participation and decentralization of the management of the education system in the administrative, financial, and pedagogical plan. First, in addition to the central education development policy, local projects and plans should be considered, which in coherence with the national education strategy, provide the school with the problems of the community in which it belongs; second, the green light for horizontal decentralization must be given, which means expanding public participation in decision-making.

Received: 30 October 2021 / Accepted: 2 December 2021 / Published: 9 December 2021
Innovative Financing Mechanism for Environmental Protection: Applying PES in a Watershed Area in Albania
Authors: Pojani Elona 
Published: June 2023

This paper aims at the discussion of innovative environmental financing mechanism developed throughout the world and in Albania. The premise of the paper is the fact that government financing and international assistance are not sufficient anymore to address global environmental and biodiversity protection issues. Therefore, new mechanisms, based on the active involvement of the private sector, need to be developed and implemented. The paper focuses on one particular financial mechanism to argue upon the role of private sector: Payment for Ecosystem Services. Based on the “beneficiary pays” principle, upon which PES is conceived, the paper discusses a possible implementation of PES in one study area: Bovilla watershed. This case study analysis identifies the cost and benefits of the scheme in the study area and gives an overview of the design of the scheme. Other innovative instruments are discussed, giving some insights one their use in the Albanian context.

Received: 25 October 2021 / Accepted: 30 November 2021 / Published: 9 December 2021
The Fundamental Legal Notion and Codification of the International Law of the Sea
Authors: Xhelilaj Ermal , Metalla Osman 
Published: June 2023

The development of the public international law of the sea is considered a legal element inseparable from the historical-legal process of the adoption and development of international law in general. Although the basic concepts of general maritime legislation are found in the customary maritime law of ancient Rome and Greece, as well as in the rules of medieval maritime codes created by Hispanic, Italian, and English city-states between the 11th and XVth centuries in Europe, the law of the sea in the contemporary sense of the term, was adopted as a result of interrelations between European states with maritime interests during the period known as the modern or post-medieval era of history. International law of the sea, as it is considered today, developed only when the necessity of the creation of independent territorial states enabled the true development of international relations in Europe. This radical change in the international system, the beginnings of which can be found in the historical developments of the Conference of Westphalia in 1648, can not be considered a separate event, but reflects a complex process characterized by a slow and silent historical development of which has progressed from the sixteenth century onwards, to the twenty-first century.

Received: 27 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 March 2022 / Published: 20 March 2022
Leadership Quality and Its Impact on Quality of Teaching and Academic Achievements of Students in the Post-Pandemic Period
Authors: Lamçja Dhurata 
Published: June 2023

Effective leadership in education makes a significant difference in improving classroom learning. What is much less clear and studied is the impact that school leadership has on the quality of teaching and on students' academic achievement. A growing number of school leaders are paying attention to data showing that expert teachers are the real leaders who hold the key to student achievement. But these leaders at the administrative level face a difficult challenge: how to identify, attract and retain a staff of expert teachers who can help redesign and lead even the most challenging schools. The purpose of this study will be to examine the effects of leadership on the quality of teaching, student achievement, and sustainable school success. There is still much to explore about the importance of effective leadership in schools, how to reap its benefits, and how to ensure that we do not continue to reject good leaders because of bad systems. Especially when we think of leadership in formal administrative roles, the greater the challenge the greater the impact of their actions on learning. While various studies show that there are significant effects of leadership actions on student learning across the school spectrum, other existing studies also show that the demonstrated effects of successful leadership are significantly greater in schools that are not in difficult socio-economic circumstances. Especially in the post- pandemic period from which education and educational institutions emerged highly affected in terms of quality, it is important to understand the value of changing or enhancing leadership skills, and above all of reforming them as part of their efforts. for improvement or as part of school reconstruction and the impact of leadership on the quality of teaching and on students' academic achievement.

Received: 10 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 March 2022 / Published: 30 March 2022
Effective School Management in the Implementation of the Curriculum and Legal Basis
Authors: Leka Matilda 
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study is to present an effective strategy and model for school management in support of the implementation of the curriculum and the legal basis, based on the latest most successful models in the field of education, the experiences of Western countries. To meet this goal, the study focuses on four research questions in the spectrum of managerial functions: (1) Organization- Are the schools well organized and run and to deal with their informational and educational mission in the future? (2) Change Management - Who should initiate change? (3) Planning-Who should plan the development of the school? (4) Implementation-Who should prepare and train children for the choice of complicated tasks and work in a well-organized, knowledge-based society? The study sample consists of principals of primary and secondary education schools, focusing on all types of schools in Durrës, in total about 7 schools (5 of primary education and 2 of secondary education), about 10% of schools in the Municipality of Durrës. Participants in this study are over 7 school leaders, 15 teachers, 50 parents, 50 students. For the collection of primary data from this sample were used interviews with individuals with special experiences (psychologists), focus group interviews with from 5-10 individuals in three categories, free written interviews, on teaching issues and teachers from open survey questions. Statistical programs were used for data processing and the method of applied multiple linear regression statistics was used for their analysis. The conclusions of the study are oriented towards two main pillars: the qualitative method and the quantitative one. The importance of the study lies in the presentation of a multifaceted model of a fruitful school management as it will provide instruments, paths, experiences and standard models of planning, management and real functioning of the school, the result of which are high achievements. and satisfactory fulfillment of official indicators for the school. The main limitation of this paper is the inability to directly contact and be present in European educational institutions where the problems of effective school management can be widely discussed. This limitation is balanced by the large sample size and advanced statistical methods for testing research hypotheses.

Received: 10 January 2022 / Accepted: 20 March 2022 / Published: 30 March 2022
Migration vs. Potential Migration: Why do Albanians have a Great Desire to Migrate?
Authors: Kaleshi Entela , Gripshi Zyhra , Zhebo Eldisa 
Published: June 2023

Nowadays migration is a much-discussed phenomenon locally, nationally and internationally. Driven by the changes brought by political and military conflicts, the pressures and developments that are taking place in the economy, countries that have become globalized, climate change and the desire for a better life, today more people than ever before are moving and living beyond the borders of the country where they were born. Migration is the process of people moving across the borders of the state where they live to another state and amigrant is an individual who leaves the country where he is living with the intention of settling permanently in another state. Migration continues to be an important issue for many countries in the world, affecting both countries of origin and host countries.

Received: 21 January 2022 / Accepted: 24 March 2022 / Published: 30 March 2022
Albanian Language in the Comprehensive Dimension of Education
Authors: Basha Jetmira 
Published: June 2023

Albanian language is taught to Albanian schools all over the country, in Kosovo and it is taught and spoken outside the borders of Kosovo where there are Albanian, in the territory between Skopje, Gostivar, Tetovo and Dibra, in Presevo, in Bujanovac and in Medvedja, in Kraja, in Ulcinj with circles up to Bar and Chameria. Through immigration Albanian language is taught in countries where there are Albanian immigrants in Italy, USA, Germany etc. This paper seeks to make an analysis of Albanian language in the comprehensive dimension of education. Teaching and learning in the subject of Albanian language in schools encounters various difficulties. This paper will address these problems and strategies that teachers use to overcome the difficulties in this subject. Increasing the quality of teaching is related to all the factors and actors that influence Albanian teaching. These factors are always evolving and the main requirement is the proper functioning of these factors, cooperation between them, selection and adaptation according to the level, requirements and goals that are required to be achieved and that must be such as to be feasible and objective. This paper aims to present the main problems of teaching and learning in the subject of Albanian language in lower secondary education. The paper will focus on the following objectives: First, to identify the real situation of teaching and learning the subject of Albanian language. Second, the paper will also present some suggestions for the process of teaching and learning the Albanian language. The paper is important because it first presents an issue which needs a broader study than this paper. Nowadays, there are more and more problems that children have in the subject of Albanian language and therefore it would be recommended that these problems be traced to their origin.

Received: 10 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 March 2022 / Published: 30 March 2022
Assistant Teacher and His Role in Inclusive Classes in Lower Secondary Education
Authors: Duka Ferri Ambera , Nano Livia 
Published: June 2023

The role of the assistant teacher in inclusive classrooms is essential in supporting children with special needs. This necessity should mean adapting teaching based on the skills and needs that different children have in learning. For this adaptation to have a scientific basis, it must first and foremost aim at the adaptation of teaching, which is inseparable from the use of IEP in teaching, and the need for teacher-assisted assistance to students with special needs. This responsibility is compounded by the global situation in which we are all involved, such as the pandemic period we are going through. Teaching and special care for some children is not done only through campaigns nor only on the international day dedicated to them. Teaching and care for them should happen on daily basis, they do not accept "conditions" or "protocols" as the skills and needs that some children have do not accept the fulfillment of some of these protocol "rules". Therefore, adaptive teaching and the role of the assistant teacher is essential and a necessity. The findings of the study were realized by processing qualitative data using as instruments: interviews, observations and Focus group with lower secondary school teachers (SET).

Received: 13 January 2022 / Accepted: 24 March 2022 / Published: 30 March 2022
Diabetes and Its Complications
Authors: Zanaj Violeta , Vogli Klementina 
Published: June 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder syndrome characterized by: Insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas; Reduction of the biological action of insulin; Both together. Purpose: It consists of identifying the risk factors that lead to the occurrence of this metabolic disorder. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment depending on the type of diabetes. Follow the treatment advised by the doctor. Material and Methods: Recognize the factors that cause these disorders. Informing the patient about risk factors. Prevention and screening of this disorder through diet and analysis. Care for these patients based on descriptive diagnosis. Care and supervision of the emotional side of these patients, the way they experience this period.

Received: 1 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022
Urinary Tract Infections and Nursing Care
Authors: Zanaj Violeta , Vogli Klementina 
Published: June 2023

This topic is taken up in the study for the fact that urinary tract infections, although among the most frequent and prone infections with a tendency to recur, there is still a need for awareness and information on their prevention. This paper will contain a detailed overview and studies on disease, urinary tract anatomy, epidemiology, pathophysiology of disease, classification, diagnostics, treatment and nursing management. The goal is to increase knowledge about urinary tract infections, knowledge of clinicians and risk factors for their prevention and nursing care.

Received: 6 October 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022
On Electoral Processes in the Western Balkan Countries
Authors: Kume Andon , Lireza Linert 
Published: June 2023

This paper presents the results of the comparative analysis on the level of meeting the standards in the electoral processes held in the countries of the Western Balkans. The analysis is based on the evaluations published for the Election Integrity Perception Index, for elections held in the period 2011-2021. Montenegro, Serbia, Albania and Kosovo are classified in countries that belong to the "Moderate" category in helding elections according to the requirements of democratic standards. BiH, North Macedonia are classified at the level "Very low" and "Low", respectively. The election campaign and its financing is the main challenge faced by all the countries of the Western Balkans. Except for Albania, which is classified in the group of countries with a "moderate" level, the perception of the role of the media in the election campaign in other countries of the Western Balkans is negative, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Serbia "Very low", BiH and Montenegro "Low" . All the countries of this region, in particular BiH, North Macedonia and Serbia, should be committed to improve the electoral legislation and the list of voters. Among the countries of this region, there are significant differences in relation to the quality of administration of electoral processes by electoral authorities.

Received: 6 October 2022 / Accepted: 12 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022