bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interest Groups
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the growth of interest groups participating in Supreme Court nominations. From 1930 to 1970, there was relatively little mobilization, with zero groups mobilizing in many nominations. After 1970, and in particular after Robert Bork’s nomination in 1987, mobilization became routine. Early on, most mobilization was done in opposition to a nominee; now mobilization occurs in roughly equal numbers on both sides. The chapter finds that the calculus of interest groups appears to have changed significantly over time, shifting from ‘opportunistic mobilization’ based on a nominee’s qualifications for the high court to routine mobilization based on the ideological extremity of the nominee. Today, the groups that participate in Supreme Court nominations universe are highly ideologically polarized and quite ideologically extreme. The current state of interest group involvement is characterized by ‘hyper-pluralism,’ which has significant implications for both nomination politics and what the Supreme Court decides.
Public Opinion
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines changes in public opinion on Supreme Court nominees over time. It shows that polling on nominees did not become a regular occurrence until the 1980s. When polling did exist, nominees generally had high approval among opinion-holders, unless they suffered some sort of personal scandal. Today, public opinion on nominees is sharply polarized by party, with members of the public from the president’s party likely to support a nominee and members of the opposite party likely to favor rejection of a nominee. The chapter also examines so-called ‘campaign effects”—e.g. did hearings and scandals impact public opinion? Excepting the Bork nomination, campaign effects were usually modest. However, scandal did have a palpable impact in the Kavanaugh and Thomas nominations, but mediated by citizens’ party affiliation. All told, the chapter provides the most comprehensive look at public opinion on Supreme Court nominees to date.
The Logic of Presidential Selection
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. , Mattioli Lauren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to why presidents’ select particular nominees. It develops, tests, and uses a new theory of presidential selection of nominees, the ‘characteristics approach.’ It focuses on four of the characteristics that were highlighted in Chapter 4: ideology, policy reliability, race, and gender. At various times and to various degrees, presidents value these characteristics. But beyond a minimal level, none comes for free. If presidents desire characteristics, they must ‘pay’ for them by searching for nominees, vetting them carefully, and perhaps overcoming political opposition. For each characteristic, presidents must weigh benefits against costs. The chapter then marshals a variety of empirical evidence that provides a great deal of support for the characteristics theory. The theory and data show that presidents care deeply about the characteristics of their nominees and the ‘cost’ of obtaining these characteristics declined dramatically over the past decades.
What the Public Wanted
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explain the changes in public opinion documented in Chapter 7. It develops a theory that allows analysts to parse public opinion polls to examine how party and ideology affected public evaluations of nominees over time. It also allows estimates of what citizens wanted in nominees. It shows that citizens are capable of evaluating nominees from an ideological perspective, and do so. Because of the increased extremity of nominees over time and the mass partisan sort, ideological assessments play a larger role in the calculus of citizens than before. At the same time, partisan attachments have also increased, meaning both party and ideology play key roles in shaping public approval and disapproval of nominees. The result of these shifts in partisan evaluations, combined with presidents selecting relatively more extreme nominees over time, is that presidential co-partisans were well served by the selection of such nominees—but others much less so.
New Politics, New Justices, New Policies
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the changes in judicial selection documented in the earlier chapters changed policy making on the Supreme Court. First, it documents how the new politics of Supreme Court appointments led to a partisan sort on the court: Republican justices increasingly were conservatives and Democratic justices increasingly liberals. Second, it shows how the judicial partisan sort resulted from presidents’ increased interest in choosing justices with greater policy reliability. Third, it shows that the policy litmus tests introduced in Chapter 2 actually produced justices who voted in accordance with them—the litmus tests worked. Finally, it shows how the steady appointments of more conservative justices in recent decades shifted the court’s policies to the right. In a nutshell: the new politics of Supreme Court nominations brought new types of justices, who made new courts, which then enacted new policies in a predictable and understandable way.
What Future Do We Want? Evaluating Judicial Independence
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds off the simulations in Chapter 13 to normatively evaluate potential institutional reforms. It develops a simple framework to evaluate the tradeoffs implicit in different judicial selection and retention institutions. These tradeoffs arise because different degrees of judicial independence, as embodied by lower responsiveness to election results and longer tenures on the court, create both costs and benefits to society. To gauge the tradeoffs implied in the policy experiments of the last chapter, it focuses on four measurable quantities. Several analyses show that the introduction of 18-year term limits would reduce the maximal independence that the justices currently enjoy by increasing democratic responsiveness and judicial turnover; term limits would also reduce the intensity of conflict over appointments by increasing their regularity. Readers can use the framework and the simulation results to consider the best path forward for selecting and replacing Supreme Court justices.
Criticism and the Gift
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a study of the interpretive “conversation” at the center of Carson’s acclaimed (though not uncontroversial) comparative critical essay, Economy of the Unlost: (Reading Simonides of Keos with Paul Celan). Out of the Simonides/Celan exchange comes an inquiry into what is at risk for the poet writing poetry, but also, in Carson’s strong confessional identification with Celan, for the poet reading poetry and writing criticism. The chapter close-reads Carson’s richly imitative prosody in an essay whose interpretations are voiced, Coles argues, in a parallel exchange of poetic “gifts” between Carson and Celan. An adapted version of her Martin Classical Lectures, Carson’s extended essay is a complex case of performed reading, fusing personal aesthetic declaration, direct reader address, a reciprocal critical style, and one of the most striking confessions of what is at stake for Carson herself in the psychic economies of poetry.
On Not Being Emily Brontë
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The first of two chapters on Carson’s most famous poem-essays, Chapter 3 approaches the formal, citational, and affective bonds formed and performed in “The Glass Essay” around a reading of Emily Brontë. “The Glass Essay” introduces a form of transparency that surfaces in later works such as The Beauty of the Husband, Decreation, and Nox that reproduce the processes, sites, and emotions of their composition. Parsing Brontë’s biography and close-reading her oeuvre, the narrator’s strong critique of Brontë’s reception and editorial regularization doubles as a story of the narrator’s own, personal vindication. Brontë’s story of subjection and liberty serves as her confessional double; the reading and its emotional valence are seamless. Yet Coles argues that close-reading Brontë is also where the doubling comes to an end. Carson’s narrative inquiry into equivalences of literature and personal need is a study, too, of their stubborn non-equivalence.
Fake Women
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an inquiry into the idea of the “fake” that emerges in Carson’s essay, “Decreation: How Women Like Sappho, Marguerite Porete and Simone Weil Tell God,” and its companion piece, the libretto “Decreation: An Opera in Three Parts.” The chapter explores Carson’s striking gloss of the term “fake woman” (pseudo-mulier), which reorients it from a term of indictment—in the inquisitorial case against the mystic Marguerite Porete—to a descriptor of radical psychological insight. Carson’s twin interpretive forms, essay and opera, reprise the contradictions of these “fake women,” first by describing them, and second, by performing their strong consequences for writing and re-telling. The chapter closes with a discussion of “fake women” from across the Carson oeuvre, and confronts one of the most well-known critiques of Carson herself to date: the charge of imitator, phony, fraud.
Analytic Philosophy and Human Life
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces philosophy in the second half of the twentieth century, the period that saw complex activity and growth in a number of areas. What is most conspicuous in the analytic tradition in which philosophy was formed is the focus on language, both as a subject of great philosophical importance in itself, and as a path into the philosophical understanding of other topics, from metaphysics to ethics. The chapter points out how the attention to language brought with it standards of conceptual clarity and an insistence on careful testing of philosophical hypotheses by argument and counterargument. The chapter explores the close connection of analytic philosophy with the natural sciences and mathematics, which is characteristic of the logical empiricist branch, and addresses why the mind cannot be adequately understood by means of the types of theory that have been so successful in explaining the physical world.
Tony Judt: Life and Memory
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the book The Memory Chalet, which revisits Tony Judt’s past after he is stricken with A.L.S. The articulate recreation of the active life that Judt has lost is his answer to his imprisonment and impending death, giving him a more personal posthumous existence than his historical and critical writings. It points out how Judt’s eloquent personal recollections are infused with historical consciousness that explain and reflect the strong opinions and attitudes that marked him as a distinctive presence. The chapter looks at Judt’s dominant identification with the values of Western liberalism in its social democratic form, noting his ruefulness about the failure of Western radicals of his generation. It highlights the fitting legacy of an extraordinary man who wanted everyone to know who he was.
Modular Morality
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses books by social psychologist Jonathan Haidt and political theorist Michael Rosen. Haidt’s empirical theory, which he calls moral foundations theory, is an example of evolutionary psychology. It is the hypothesis that a set of innate “modules” of moral response were fixed in humans by natural selection, and that these responses, further shaped by cultural evolution in various more specific forms and combinations, underlie the widely divergent moralities that we observe not only across the globe but within pluralistic cultures like that of the United States. Specifically, Haidt argues that group selection—selection for genetic traits whose presence benefited social groups of early humans in competition with other groups, rather than individual selection for traits that enhanced the reproductive success of individuals in competition with other individuals—is responsible for the main moral dispositions. He then distinguishes six basic types of moral response: care/harm, liberty/oppression, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation. Haidt’s general point is that functioning moralities must draw on these intuitive emotional responses to control behavior, and that reason plays a relatively minor role in morality. Rosen discusses the importance of dignity in moral thought, and its place in Kant’s philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe introduction explains the importance and relevance of the topic by starting with some case studies (e.g., engineered climate change denialism, ag-gag laws). It discusses why political-economic causes, above and beyond explanations that point to “the internet,” need to be taken into account, situates the book within the field of “political epistemology,” an emerging field of enquiry that brings together arguments from epistemology and philosophy of science, as well as political philosophy, to address problems in the relation between politics and knowledge. It also describes the book’s interdisciplinary approach and methodology, and summarizes the main points by means of a chapter preview.
What’s Wrong with the “Marketplace of Ideas”?
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the metaphor of the “marketplace of ideas,” focusing on arguments that compare the nature of knowledge to the nature of tradeable goods or services. It argues that in the most benevolent reading of this metaphor, it describes the exchange of ideas and arguments in settings that are comparable to sports tournaments, but with participants being truth-oriented rather than being competitive all the way down. The basic, and correct, impulse against state censorship that is expressed in the “marketplace of ideas” metaphor can and should be grounded in other normative principles, notably freedom of speech. But this leaves questions about other forms of regulation, for example, when it comes to speech by corporations, widely open. The chapter argues that these need to be decided on a case-by-case basis, depending on the functions of different forums of speech, rather than by drawing on a misguided metaphor.
The Epistemic Infrastructure of Democracy
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHow can the epistemic capacities of democracies and, in particular, of processes of democratic deliberation be strengthened? This chapter argues that proposals to replace representative by lottocratic institutions are unlikely to address the epistemic deficits of democracies that we currently see, and instead emphasizes the need for rebuilding existing institutions, not least by pushing back against the influence of money on politics. To illustrate this claim, the chapter discusses three sets of institutions—schools, the media, and civil society organizations and unions—with regard to their epistemic roles in democracies. It also discusses proposals for how the online public sphere could be made more amenable to deliberative processes, arguing that a key epistemic challenge (the lack of clarity about the sources and status of content) could be addressed by regulation that requires more metainformation for online content.
The Epistemic Benefits of Social Justice
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that questions of social justice have an epistemic dimension: societies marred by high levels of inequality are more likely to lack the trust that is needed for successful epistemic processes in the democratic realm. They are more likely to be polarized and to let epistemic institutions decline for lack of public support. The chapter also discusses the nexus with a social sphere that has, arguably, a particularly strong influence on social trust: the workplace. More egalitarian and more participative social practices, in which individuals encounter each other at eye level and can develop bonds of trust with each other, have a greater likelihood of enabling individuals to “live in truth,” which is such a crucial precondition for democracy.
Counteractual Subjectivity
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issues of whether God perfectly grasps subjective states that are possible but not actual, whether there can be such states, and how those states are related to actual subjective states and actual and counterfactual objective events. God grasps all possible subjective states in his imagination. That makes the empathy model of omnisubjectivity preferable to the other models. The difference between actual and counteractual subjective states is vague, and there are connections between them that makes it impossible to explain them fully in possible worlds discourse. Possible worlds discourse is at best redundant if God has an imagination.
The Starving Empire
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the political role of food and food supply in the USSR. The authors show how food was inherently and closely linked to, or essentially the catalyst of, key events of Soviet history, from the state’s birth to its demise. The chapter argues that despite the widespread perceptions of Soviet technological power and industrial prowess, at its core, the USSR was dominated by a primal and premodern quest to feed the growing and increasingly urban population. Soviet history was a constant and ultimately failed struggle to overcome, adapt to, and survive the chronic and often acute food shortages that more than once escalated into widespread famines. The chapter also discusses the critical role of food shortages in the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Farmers Will Not Feed Russia
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the failure of the open market approach to Russia’s food production and the failure of the Yeltsin government to establish small- and medium-scale private farming as the backbone of Russian agriculture. The authors focus on the communist and nationalist opposition’s resistance to the liberal reformers’ agricultural policies and the alternative plans to restructure Russian agriculture. The authors also document the persistence of post-Soviet large farms and finish the chapter with the 1998 financial crisis, the food shortages associated with it, and the rise of Vladimir Putin. The authors also discuss how the 1998 financial crisis allowed the subsequent growth of Russia’s domestic food production.
The COVID-19 Food Crisis, 2020–2021
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Russia’s food system during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ultimate goal of Putin’s nutritional independence program was to protect Russia from food shortages during a major geopolitical crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic was a major test of Putin’s system. As the Russians’ incomes declined because of the pandemic, domestic consumption dropped. To compensate for losses, retailers increased prices, thus decreasing consumption even further. The food prices crisis became a serious political concern for the Kremlin and led to unprecedented levels of state intervention in the food market that took the form of export bans, tariffs, and price freezes. Yet the system held and Russia did not experience food shortages or food-related protests. In this chapter, the authors show the causes of the food prices crisis, the government’s reaction, and the long-term lessons of the pandemic for Russia’s nutritional independence program.
Introduction
Authors: Kadercan Burak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In IR research, we often take territory as a given, a synonym for physical geography or a mute object. Territories, however, are social and political constructs. In other words, territory is what states and societies make of it. Accordingly, territorial ideas and associated practices show great variation across time and space. It follows that while states and societies have been fighting over territory since time immemorial, they have not been fighting over the same thing, simply because the meaning attributed to territory is not a constant, but a variable. This observation has two direct implications. First, different territorial ideas lead to different motives and methods to fight over territory. Second, wars themselves can also transform territorial ideas. This chapter conveys these core ideas through two distinct narratives, both of which revolve around the following questions: What and where is Germany/Turkey now, and what and where was Germany/Turkey in the past? The relevant brief “territorial histories” then provide some insights into the shifting, and shifty, nature of territories.
Decolonizing Diaspora Studies
Authors: Demir Ipek 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for decolonizing diaspora studies, a field which has been trapped in discourses that explain diaspora as emerging out of “ethno-political” struggles within nation-states. This has brought spatial and temporal limitations to understandings of diaspora. The chapter analyzes and reveals these limitations, paying attention to how such conceptualizations have erased links between the “empires” and diasporas using nationalist perspectives which have also curbed the transnational dimensions of diaspora. It argues that these limitations have created Eurocentric understandings of migration, diasporas, and ethnic diversity in the Global North. The chapter concludes that cultural plurality has been woven into the fabric of European history and society due to colonialism and empire. It makes a case for a decolonial perspective to diaspora and how diasporas need to be seen as agents of decolonizing the Global North.
Regulating Without Redistributing?
Authors: Longhini Anna , Torelli Stefano M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the EU response to the “migration crisis,” which ran from 2015, when more than 1.8 million migrants reached the European Union, to 2019, before the outbreak of COVID-19, when an unprecedented number crossed the Mediterranean from North Africa. The chapter evaluates the main legal instruments and agreements that the European Union introduced to deal with both migration and asylum seeking. These include the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), directives and regulations such as the so-called Dublin III, the Valletta Declaration, the European Agenda on Migration, and the EU Relocation Scheme. An important part of the discussion is the European Union’s response to externalized border control, as represented by the 2016 EU–Turkey agreement and agreements with transit and origin countries like Niger and Libya, and the reluctance of Member States to transfer more asylum policy power to the European Union.