bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crisis management and ethical expertise: The role of ethics advice during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Sommer Theresa , Strassheim Holger , Wenzel Lars 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 crisis posed challenges for policy‐makers, experts, and citizens alike. Current research often focuses on the interlinkage between scientific expertise and political decision‐making, but ethical expertise remains largely overlooked. This paper argues that multiple logics of science‐policy interaction and ethics advice exist, especially in times of crisis. It contributes to the debate on crisis management by explaining why ethical expertise is sometimes described as a technocratic development and other times as a political instrumentalization of science. We argue that these seemingly diametrically opposed claims are not necessarily a contradiction but that they can be explained by understanding the underlying logics of how ethics advice is formulated and used to advise policy‐makers. The paper focuses on the role of ethics and expertise in pandemic governance in Germany, based on an analysis of policy documents and workshops with ethical experts and members of organizations relevant to the German COVID response. The aim is to understand how epistemic and ethical claims are linked, reconstruct the underlying political and temporal logics, and identify when ethical dilemmas and controversies arise and become (in)visible. A clearer understanding of these logics is needed to improve national crisis response and governance during future crises.
A Ramsey–Turán theory for tilings in graphs
Authors: Han Jie , Morris Patrick , Wang Guanghui , Yang Donglei 
Published: July 2023

AbstractFor a ‐vertex graph and an ‐vertex graph , an ‐tiling in is a collection of vertex‐disjoint copies of in . For , the ‐independence number of , denoted , is the largest size of a ‐free set of vertices in . In this article, we discuss Ramsey–Turán‐type theorems for tilings where one is interested in minimum degree and independence number conditions (and the interaction between the two) that guarantee the existence of optimal ‐tilings. Our results unify and generalise previous results of Balogh–Molla–Sharifzadeh [Random Struct. Algoritm.
49 (2016), no. 4, 669–693], Nenadov–Pehova [SIAM J. Discret. Math. 34 (2020), no. 2, 1001–1010] and Balogh–McDowell–Molla–Mycroft [Comb. Probab. Comput. 27 (2018), no. 4, 449–474] on the subject.
Nonparametric clustering of RNA‐sequencing data
Authors: Lozano Gabriel , Atallah Nadia , Levine Michael 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIdentification of clusters of co‐expressed genes in transcriptomic data is a difficult task. Most algorithms used for this purpose can be classified into two broad categories: distance‐based or model‐based approaches. Distance‐based approaches typically utilize a distance function between pairs of data objects and group similar objects together into clusters. Model‐based approaches are based on using the mixture‐modeling framework. Compared to distance‐based approaches, model‐based approaches offer better interpretability because each cluster can be explicitly characterized in terms of the proposed model. However, these models present a particular difficulty in identifying a correct multivariate distribution that a mixture can be based upon. In this manuscript, we review some of the approaches used to select a distribution for the needed mixture model first. Then, we propose avoiding this problem altogether by using a nonparametric MSL (maximum smoothed likelihood) algorithm. This algorithm was proposed earlier in statistical literature but has not been, to the best of our knowledge, applied to transcriptomics data. The salient feature of this approach is that it avoids explicit specification of distributions of individual biological samples altogether, thus making the task of a practitioner easier. We performed both a simulation study and an application of the proposed algorithm to two different real datasets. When used on a real dataset, the algorithm produces a large number of biologically meaningful clusters and performs at least as well as several other mixture‐based algorithms commonly used for RNA‐seq data clustering. Our results also show that this algorithm is capable of uncovering clustering solutions that may go unnoticed by several other model‐based clustering algorithms. Our code is publicly available on Github at
https://github.com/Matematikoi/non_parametric_clustering
Exploring the role of the belt and road initiative in promoting sustainable and inclusive development
Authors: Zhu Haiyang , Chen Shiyu , Irfan Muhammad , Hu Mingjun , Hu Jin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSustainable and inclusive development aims to achieve long‐term economic growth while ensuring environmental and social sustainability. This study investigates the significance of the Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) in promoting sustainable and inclusive development in Chinese provinces along its route, considering it a quasi‐natural experiment. To assess the effects, we construct an index system that captures critical dimensions of sustainable and inclusive development. The results reveal that the B&R has positively influenced sustainable and inclusive development in the Chinese provinces along the route. This impact is facilitated through transmission mechanisms such as technological innovation and upgrading industrial structures. However, variations exist between provinces along the Silk Road Economic Belt and those along the Maritime Silk Road, with the former experiencing more pronounced effects. These findings provide a valuable foundation for the government to leverage the B&R and develop comprehensive sustainable, and inclusive development strategies. Furthermore, this study offers insights into promoting high‐quality development in an open economy context.
Open‐Mouthed Hollow Carbons: Systematic Studies as Cobalt‐ and Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Yingji , Nara Hiroki , Jiang Dong , Asahi Toru , Osman Sameh M. , Kim Jeonghun , Tang Jing , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAlthough hollow carbon structures have been extensively studied in recent years, their interior surfaces are not fully utilized due to the lack of fluent porous channels in the closed shell walls. This study presents a tailored design of open‐mouthed particles hollow cobalt/nitrogen‐doped carbon with mesoporous shells (OMH‐Co/NC), which exhibits sufficient accessibility and electroactivity on both the inner and outer surfaces. By leveraging the self‐conglobation effect of metal sulfate in methanol, a raspberry‐structured Zn/Co‐ZIF (R‐Zn/Co‐ZIF) precursor is obtained, which is further carbonized to fabricate the OMH‐Co/NC. In‐depth electrochemical investigations demonstrate that the introduction of open pores can enhance mass transfer and improve the utilization of the inner active sites. Benefiting from its unique structure, the resulting OMH‐Co/NC exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic oxygen reduction performance, achieving a half‐wave potential of 0.865 V and demonstrating excellent durability.
Rheology Engineering for Dry‐Spinning Robust N‐Doped MXene Sediment Fibers toward Efficient Charge Storage
Authors: Xia Zhongming , Dai Henghan , Chang Jin , Yang Jia , Wang Huifang , Wang Yurong , Hui Zengyu , Wang Rui , Sun Gengzhi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMXene nanosheets are believed to be an ideal candidate for fabricating fiber supercapacitors (FSCs) due to their metallic conductivity and superior volumetric capacitance, while challenges remain in continuously collecting bare MXene fibers (MFs) via the commonly used wet‐spinning technique due to the intercalation of water molecules and a weak interaction between Ti3C2TX nanosheets in aqueous coagulation bath that ultimately leads to a loosely packed structure. To address this issue, for the first time, a dry‐spinning strategy is proposed by engineering the rheological behavior of Ti3C2TX sediment and extruding the highly viscose stock directly through a spinneret followed by a solvent evaperation induced solidification. The dry‐spun Ti3C2TX fibers show an optimal conductivity of 2295 S cm−1, a tensile strength of 64 MPa and a specific capacitance of 948 F cm−3. Nitrogen (N) doping further improves the capacitance of MFs to 1302 F cm−3 without compromising their mechanical and electrical properties. Moreover, the FSC based on N‐doped MFs exhibits a high volumetric capacitance of 293 F cm−3, good stability over 10 000 cycles, excellent flexibility upon bending‐unbending, superior energy/power densities and anti‐self‐discharging property. The excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties endow the dry‐spun MFs great potential for future applications in wearable electronics.
Growing Impact of Intramolecular Click Chemistry in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Jaiswal Manoj K. , Tiwari Vinod K 
Published: July 2023

AbstractClick Chemistry, a modular, rapid, and one of the most reliable tool for the regioselective 1,2,3‐triazole forming [3+2] reaction of organic azide and terimal alkyne is widely explored in various emerging domains of research ranging from chemical biology to catalysis and medicinal chemistry to material science. This regioselective reaction from a diverse range of azido‐alkyne scaffolds has been well performed in both intermolecular as well as intramolecular fashions. In comparison to the intermolecular metal (Cu/Ru/Ni) variant of ‘Click Chemistry’, the intramolecular click tool is little addressed. The intramolecular click chemistry is exemplified as a mordern tool of cyclization which involves metal‐catalyzed (CuAAC/RuAAC) cyclization, organo‐catalyzed cyclization, and thermal‐induced topochemical reaction. Thus, we report herein the recent approaches on intramolecular azide‐alkyne cycloaddition ‘Click Chemistry‘ with their wide‐spread emerging applications in the developement of a diverse range of molecules including fused‐heterocycles, well‐defined peptidomemics, and macrocyclic architectures of various notable features.
BSL‐4 laboratories, combatting conspiracies, and using a culture‐centered approach to improve risk and crisis communication in a One Health framework
Authors: Rascon Natasha , Johnson Malynnda , Myers Nathan 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic continues to pose a global zoonotic disease threat, highlighting the importance of developing strategies to combat new viruses and variants stemming from climate change and animal populations. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to address dis/misinformation surrounding such research. Collaborations across disciplines aid in actual responses to public health emergency events as well, easing the transition to a new equilibrium and impacting planning for future events. Russian disinformation regarding the joint work of Americans and Ukrainians as part of the Biological Threat Reduction Program is evidence of the need to educate the public about the real risks and benefits of zoonotic disease research. As seen in the recently released National Biodefense Strategy, political leaders in the United States are becoming more explicit about embracing a One Health framework for biodefense and public health emergency preparedness. This has significant benefits in terms of policy making by helping to dispel dis/misinformation, build trust in disease surveillance data, and give frontline workers such as those in the agricultural sector a voice in the conversation with which to share their expertise. A communication complex perspective applied through a culture‐centered approach to a One Health model aims to improve risk and crisis communication. This unique strategy will help government leaders as well as those in relevant sectors to speak to the unique questions and concerns of a particular population. Among other things, this helps to avoid an ineffective “cookie‐cutter” approach messaging. In this manuscript, we argue that coconstructing a cultural understanding of human, animal, and environmental health practices within a unique culture will lead to a specialized risk and crisis communication plan accepted by local communities.
Raman spectroscopy and its plasmon‐enhanced counterparts: A toolbox to probe protein dynamics and aggregation
Authors: Dhillon Ashish Kumar , Sharma Arti , Yadav Vikas , Singh Ruchi , Ahuja Tripti , Barman Sanmitra , Siddhanta Soumik 
Published: July 2023

AbstractProtein unfolding and aggregation are often correlated with numerous diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and other debilitating neurological disorders. Such adverse events consist of a plethora of competing mechanisms, particularly interactions that control the stability and cooperativity of the process. However, it remains challenging to probe the molecular mechanism of protein dynamics such as aggregation, and monitor them in real‐time under physiological conditions. Recently, Raman spectroscopy and its plasmon‐enhanced counterparts, such as surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), have emerged as sensitive analytical tools that have the potential to perform molecular studies of functional groups and are showing significant promise in probing events related to protein aggregation. We summarize the fundamental working principles of Raman, SERS, and TERS as nondestructive, easy‐to‐perform, and fast tools for probing protein dynamics and aggregation. Finally, we highlight the utility of these techniques for the analysis of vibrational spectra of aggregation of proteins from various sources such as tissues, pathogens, food, biopharmaceuticals, and lastly, biological fouling to retrieve precise chemical information, which can be potentially translated to practical applications and point‐of‐care (PoC) devices.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
AIoT 101: What, Why, How, Who
Authors: Slama Dirk 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAIoT combines two of the most important technology paradigms of the 2020s: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). To best understand AIoT from all relevant perspectives, we will start by looking at the why, what, who and how perspectives, inspired by the work of Simon Sinek [1] as well as the St. Gallen IoT Lab [2] (Fig. 1.1):While Simon Sinek suggests to Start with Why, we will first look at the what to provide some context, before discussing why you should consider it.
Scalability
Authors: Slama Dirk 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe ultimate goal of the business strategy is to ensure that the business can be scaled up to the level that matches the business objectives. This is usually a step-by-step process, involving exploration, acquiring early adopters, and then continuously growing the business. Which of the methods that have worked for successfully scaling purely digital businesses can be adopted by AIoT-enabled businesses? What are the pitfalls of scaling up a digital/physical business? (Fig. 11.1).
Product/Solution Design
Authors: Slama Dirk 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWhat is the next step after agreeing on the first iteration of the business model and securing funding for execution? With the traditional waterfall approach, the answer is relatively clear: documentation of requirements with a high level of detail and accuracy, serving as the stable foundation for planning, design and execution. However, in the software world, we have learned that getting stable, long-term requirements is often difficult. Consequently, traditional requirements management often has a bad name in the agile community. Instead, agile best practices focus on the backlog as the central means of managing requirements and work items. The goal is to capture the high-level, long-term vision on a more abstract level (e.g., via so-called epics and themes) and then provide a detailed and precise work definition only for the next upcoming sprint (via the sprint backlog – created for each sprint; typical sprint duration is 3–4 weeks). In this way, the agile approach ensures that no waste is created by investing in detailed, long-term requirements that are likely to change over time anyway (Fig. 13.1).
Co-Creation and Sourcing Intro
Authors: Slama Dirk 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAIoT-enabling a product or solution usually requires quite a number of different technical components, infrastructures and resources. Very few companies will be able to source all of this completely internally, so naturally sourcing plays an important role in most AIoT initiatives. Furthermore, there is often an opportunity to partner with other companies, e.g., because of complementary market access, brands, or product components and capabilities. Going from traditional customer/supplier relationships towards a partnership can have many benefits but obviously many risks as well. In many cases, one will see both in the context of an AIoT initiative, e.g., traditional sourcing for commodity components and resources, and a more partner/co-creation oriented approach in other areas. This chapter will first look at co-creation in the context of AIoT before discussing the more traditional sourcing approach.
Brazil
Authors: Rezende Fernando , Cialdini Alexandre , Motta Bernardo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe article provides an overview of Brazilian fiscal federalism, covering some of its basic aspects (and flaws) with regard to the structure of government and the distribution of resources and responsibilities between the three levels of government, the intergovernmental transfer system and the interaction between some aspects of Brazilian fiscal federalism and macroeconomic management. In the last section, we examine some of the challenges that must be faced to reach a broad understanding of the proposals for a new model of fiscal federalism, addressing issues such as the high degree of institutional rigidity and intra-federative conflicts that paralyze the reform of the Brazilian fiscal federalism. Instead of making a specific proposal at once, we suggest acting with caution and working toward establishing a federative dialogue, as a joint approach, with the participation of States and Municipalities, could facilitate the achievement of collective institutional action to overcome obstacles to approve a constitutional reform.
Digital Technologies, Data Commons and Rights in Africa: The Case of DigitalTransport4Africa
Authors: Klopp Jacqueline M. , Beshir Agraw Ali , Dusabe Esthelyne 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWith the rapid expansion of digital technologies and data, new opportunities are emerging for public policy at different scales and across sectors. At the same time, new challenges around the governance of data and technology require attention and action. This chapter reviews some of the implications of the rise of digital technologies and data for policy and governance. It also highlights some of the emerging principles and frameworks, including the Digital Principles for Development and the International Open Data Charter, which were created to help ensure that new digital tools and data create public benefits. Next, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of the digital era in relation to the urban transport sector in African cities. Finally, we present the case of DigitalTransport4Africa, a collaborative effort to create a “digital commons” and community to ensure that digital development in this sector is guided by ethical frameworks and harnessed in the public interest. We conclude by drawing some final lessons for policy in a digital age.
Utilizing Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to Analyze Response Patterns in Categorical Data
Authors: Brandenburger Martina , Schwichow Martin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractModels based on Rasch’s (1960) measurement theory build quantitative, continuous latent variables based on persons’ categorical responses. In contrast, within latent class analysis (LCA), persons are represented by qualitative, categorical latent variables. LCA can be used to identify patterns within categorical responses. In this chapter, we present the general idea of the LCA, including conventions for interpreting results, compare the LCA with Rasch analysis and combine the LCA’s results with a unidimensional Rasch model. Our presentation is based on a concrete empirical example that investigates experimental design errors and includes the used data set and R scripts as supplemental materials.
Introduction
Authors: Holzer Lorenz , Marmet Philip , Fingerle Mathias , Wiegmann Andreas , Neumann Matthias , Schmidt Volker 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTortuosity is a major source of transport resistance from microstructure. The scientific debates on tortuosity and associated microstructure effects are often affected by misunderstandings and misconceptions. The sources of these misunderstandings are briefly described in the introduction chapter. Futhermore, the introduction also gives a short overview of the main book chapters, which are dealing with theory, empirical data, methodologies and quantitative microstructure-property relationships.
Tortuosity-Porosity Relationships: Review of Empirical Data from Literature
Authors: Holzer Lorenz , Marmet Philip , Fingerle Mathias , Wiegmann Andreas , Neumann Matthias , Schmidt Volker 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIt is generally assumed that transport resistance in porous media, which can also be expressed as tortuosity, correlates somehow with the pore volume fraction. Hence, mathematical expressions such as the Bruggeman relation (i.e., τ2 = ε−1/2) are often used to describe tortuosity (τ)—porosity (ε) relationships in porous materials. In this chapter, the validity of such mathematical expressions is critically evaluated based on empirical data from literature. More than 2200 datapoints (i.e., τ – ε couples) are collected from 69 studies on porous media transport. When the empirical data is analysed separately for different material types (e.g., for battery electrodes, SOFC electrodes, sandstones, packed spheres etc.), the resulting τ versus ε—plots do not show clear trend lines, that could be expressed with a mathematical expression. Instead, the datapoints for different materials show strongly scattered distributions in rather ill-defined ‘characteristic’ fields. Overall, those characteristic fields are strongly overlapping, which means that the τ – ε characteristics of different materials cannot be separated clearly. When the empirical data is analysed for different tortuosity types, a much more consistent pattern becomes apparent. Hence, the observed τ − ε pattern indicates that the measured tortuosity values strongly depend on the involved type of tortuosity. A relative order of measured tortuosity values then becomes apparent. For example, the values observed for direct geometric and mixed tortuosities are concentrated in a relatively narrow band close to the Bruggeman trend line, with values that are typically < 2. In contrast, indirect tortuosities show higher values, and they scatter over a much larger range. Based on the analysis of empirical data, a detailed pattern with a very consistent relative order among the different tortuosity types can be established. The main conclusion from this chapter is thus that the tortuosity value that is measured for a specific material, is much more dependent on the type of tortuosity than it is dependent on the material and its microstructure. The empirical data also illustrates that tortuosity is not strictly bound to porosity. As the pore volume decreases, the more scattering of tortuosity values can be observed. Consequently, any mathematical expression that aims to provide a generalized description of τ − ε relationships in porous media must be questioned. A short section is thus provided with a discussion of the limitations of such mathematical expressions for τ − ε relationships. This discussion also includes a description of the rare and special cases, for which the use of such mathematical expressions can be justified.