bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The WZA: A window‐based method for characterizing genotype–environment associations
Authors: Booker Tom R. , Yeaman Sam , Whiting James R. , Whitlock Michael C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGenotype–environment association (GEA) studies have the potential to identify the genetic basis of local adaptation in natural populations. Specifically, GEA approaches look for a correlation between allele frequencies and putatively selective features of the environment. Genetic markers with extreme evidence of correlation with the environment are presumed to be tagging the location of alleles that contribute to local adaptation. In this study, we propose a new method for GEA studies called the Weighted‐Z Analysis (WZA) that combines information from closely linked sites into analysis windows in a way that was inspired by methods for calculating FST. Performing GEA methods in analysis windows has the advantage that it takes advantage of the increased linkage disequilibrium expected surrounding sites subject to local adaptation. We analyse simulations modelling local adaptation to heterogeneous environments to compare the WZA with existing methods. In the majority of cases we tested, the WZA either outperformed single‐SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)‐based approaches or performed similarly. In particular, the WZA outperformed individual SNP approaches when a small number of individuals or demes were sampled. Particularly troubling, we found that some GEA methods exhibit very high false positive rates. We applied the WZA to previously published data from lodgepole pine and identified candidate loci that were identified in the original study alongside numerous loci that were not found in the original study.
Hawks in the making? European public views on nuclear weaponspost‐Ukraine
Authors: Onderco Michal , Smetana Michal , Etienne Tom W. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn the past, the European public has not been enthusiastic about nuclear deterrence and the stationing of US American nuclear weapons in Europe. Has the Russian invasion of Ukraine changed that aversion? We conducted a unique study, surveying the same population of respondents at two points in time—in September 2020 and in June 2022. We find that European respondents became much more hawkish after the invasion: nuclear deterrence was viewed more favourably, the willingness to use nuclear weapons increased, and support for the withdrawal of nuclear weapons dropped significantly. The paper draws a number of policy implications from these results.
Machine learning and deep learning—A review for ecologists
Authors: Pichler Maximilian , Hartig Florian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

The popularity of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) has risen sharply in recent years. Despite this spike in popularity, the inner workings of ML and DL algorithms are often perceived as opaque, and their relationship to classical data analysis tools remains debated.

Although it is often assumed that ML and DL excel primarily at making predictions, ML and DL can also be used for analytical tasks traditionally addressed with statistical models. Moreover, most recent discussions and reviews on ML focus mainly on DL, failing to synthesise the wealth of ML algorithms with different advantages and general principles.

Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the field of ML and DL, starting by summarizing its historical developments, existing algorithm families, differences to traditional statistical tools, and universal ML principles. We then discuss why and when ML and DL models excel at prediction tasks and where they could offer alternatives to traditional statistical methods for inference, highlighting current and emerging applications for ecological problems. Finally, we summarize emerging trends such as scientific and causal ML, explainable AI, and responsible AI that may significantly impact ecological data analysis in the future.

We conclude that ML and DL are powerful new tools for predictive modelling and data analysis. The superior performance of ML and DL algorithms compared to statistical models can be explained by their higher flexibility and automatic data‐dependent complexity optimization. However, their use for causal inference is still disputed as the focus of ML and DL methods on predictions creates challenges for the interpretation of these models. Nevertheless, we expect ML and DL to become an indispensable tool in ecology and evolution, comparable to other traditional statistical tools.
Counting in the dark: estimating population size and trends of bat assemblages at hibernacula using infrared light barriers
Authors: Krivek G. , Mahecha E. P. N. , Meier F. , Kerth G. , van Schaik J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAccurate population estimates are crucial to developing successful conservation policy, but the underlying data remain difficult to collect for many taxa. This is especially true for elusive species, such as temperate‐zone bats, where visual counts in hibernacula underestimate their population to an unknown extent. Infrared light barriers that count all entering and exiting bats at the entrance of a hibernaculum could offer a more accurate alternative for bat population monitoring. We used infrared video recordings to quantify light barrier accuracy (i.e., concordance between light barrier and video registration of entries and exits) at five hibernacula over 30 weeks during autumn and spring. Subsequently, we developed a standardized methodology to estimate light barrier‐based population sizes based on the number of emerging bats in spring, and compared these estimates to visual counts at 12 sites. Finally, we calculated confidence intervals around the estimated population sizes, and used these to evaluate population trends using 6‐year‐long light barrier datasets from four sites. Light barrier accuracy varied based on the model and precise location of the installation, with the best combination achieving near‐perfect accuracy across the entire emergence phase. When compared to the resulting light barrier‐based population estimates, winter hibernation counts markedly underestimated population totals, recovering less than 10% of the bats at the most complex sites. Moreover, light barrier‐based population trends showed regional patterns of growth and decline, which were not evident in the visual counts. This study demonstrates that light barriers can estimate the population size and trends of bat assemblages with unprecedented accuracy, even at large, complex, or inaccessible hibernacula that cannot be precisely assessed with visual hibernation counts. Installing light barriers at a representative network of sites, where their installation does not require large‐scale entrance modifications, has the potential to revolutionize bat monitoring and contribute to data‐driven conservation.
Key performance indicators for improving outcomes from retroperitoneal sarcoma surgery in New Zealand
Authors: Russell Michael , Burnett Tristan , Mackay Georgia , Cranshaw Isaac 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundRetroperitoneal sarcomas are a rare and heterogenous group of tumours. There is increasing evidence that high volume sarcoma units achieve superior outcomes than low volume units. Due to the relatively small population, New Zealand is unlikely to generate a sufficient case volume to be considered high volume. To our knowledge, no well‐established key performance indicators (KPIs) exist for retroperitoneal sarcoma surgery. In order to ensure quality standards we aim to propose KPIs which will act as a benchmark and a target for future quality improvement.MethodsPotential KPIs were generated by internal discussion within the sarcoma team, taking into consideration available guidelines and evidence. Cases treated through the unit since 2015 were audited to determine historical performance against these KPIs.ResultsEighty‐six patients with primary retroperitoneal sarcomas were identified. 69% of patients were discussed at the sarcoma MDM prior to treatment, 62% underwent preoperative core biopsy. 82% of patients were seen and treated within target timeframes set by the Ministry of Health. 53% of patients underwent surgery with a sarcoma trained surgeon. R0/R1 rate was 88%. 90‐day mortality was 4.6%.ConclusionsSurgical treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas is complex and can be associated with significant morbidity. The proposed KPIs provide a measure of service performance and provide targets for quality improvement.
The role of repeated imaging in detecting complications in the post‐operative period following pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Masuda Hiro , Kotecha Krishna , Maitra Rudra , Maher Richard , Mittal Anubhav , Samra Jaswinder S. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundPost‐pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage is a potentially life‐threatening complication. Delay in the detection and subsequent management of complications contribute significantly to post‐operative mortality and morbidity associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy.MethodsAll patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at an Australian‐based tertiary referral center between 2017 and 2022 were reviewed retrospectively. We identified those patients who suffered a post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage and further analysed those patients who had their post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage identified on repeated CT imaging performed within 24 h of their previous CT scan.ResultsA total of 232 pancreaticoduodenectomies were identified for analysis during the study period, of which 23 patients (9.9%) suffered a post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage. We present four patients who had their post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy haemorrhage identified on repeat CT scan in the setting of a recent (within 24 h) CT scan which showed no evidence of active haemorrhage or pseudoaneurysm formation. All patients received prompt and definitive endovascular management through stent insertion or coil embolization resulting in successful cessation of bleeding. Three patients made an uncomplicated recovery thereafter. Unfortunately, one patient died as a complication of the bleed despite early and definitive endovascular intervention.ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of having a low threshold for repeated CT imaging in the post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy setting, particularly when there remains a high index of suspicion clinically for a post‐operative complication, even in the context of previous benign imaging. Given the complexity of pancreaticoduodenectomy, we believe early detection with liberal imaging allows the best chance at successfully managing the morbidity and mortality associated in the post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy setting.
The state of ethical decision‐making research in accounting: A retrospective assessment from 1987 to 2022
Authors: Owusu Godfred Matthew Yaw , Korankye Gabriel 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis study employs the bibliometric analysis approach to examine research on ethical decision‐making (EDM) of accountants from 1987 to 2022. The study specifically examines the developments in EDM research and evaluates the intellectual structure of the research field. Employing citation, co‐authorship, co‐occurrence and bibliographic coupling analyses, bibliometric data on 908 publications from the Scopus database was analysed. The results indicate that there has been a significant increase in the rate of publication on EDM of accountants following the spate of ethical breaches in the early 2000s. Further, we find that a large proportion of EDM in accounting research originates from developed countries like USA, Australia and UK. Our cluster analysis suggests that two main research streams have evolved over the period. Prior to 2012, researchers in this field mainly focused on individual level issues, particularly, on the determinants of the EDM process of individuals. Research, post 2012, however, has focused on firm‐level EDM issues including organisational ethics, culture, and corporate governance. The study further discusses the themes in detail andproposes a future research agenda.
The reciprocal relationship between social identity and adherence to group norms
Authors: Rathbone Joanne A. , Cruwys Tegan , Stevens Mark , Ferris Laura J. , Reynolds Katherine J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPrevious research has focused on how social identification influences people's adherence to group norms, but has rarely considered how norm adherence might in turn influence how strongly people identify with the group. We proposed a reciprocal relationship between social identification and norm adherence that is shaped by the salience of the social identity in question. Drawing on data from a longitudinal field study of young people attending a mass gathering (N = 661, 1239 unique observations), we used cross‐lagged panel modelling across five timepoints to test the reciprocal relationship between social identification with friends and anticipated adherence to perceived drinking norms among friends before (T0), during (T1–T3), and after (T4) the event. Greater social identification at T1 significantly predicted greater norm adherence at T2 which, in turn, predicted greater social identification at T3. These bidirectional effects were only significant during the mass gathering event, when the referent social identity was salient and thus relevant and meaningful in the social context. Findings indicate a complex interplay between social identity and norm adherence that is context dependent and evolves over time. Not only does social identity promote norm adherence but also adherence to those same norms can reinforce a sense of connection to the group.
Review: Crisis responses for children and young people – a systematic review of effectiveness, experiences and service organisation (CAMH‐Crisis)
Authors: Edwards Deborah , Carrier Judith , Csontos Judit , Evans Nicola , Elliott Mair , Gillen Elizabeth , Hannigan Ben , Lane Rhiannon , Williams Liz 
Published: February 2023

BackgroundIn England, one in six children aged 5–19 has a probable diagnosable mental health disorder. This is a major public health problem, with multiple agencies adopting varying approaches to care delivery for children and young people (CYP) in crisis.ObjectivesTo examine the organisation of crisis services across education, health, social care and voluntary sectors; the experiences and perceptions of CYP, families and staff; the effectiveness of current approaches to care and the goals of crisis intervention.MethodsA systematic review of all relevant English language evidence regarding the provision and receipt of crisis support for CYP aged 5–25 (PROSPERO‐CRD42019160134). Seventeen databases were searched from 1995 to 2021 and relevant UK‐only grey literature was identified. Critical appraisal was conducted using appropriate design specific appraisal tools. A narrative approach to synthesis was conducted.ResultsIn total, 138 reports (48 reports covering 42 primary research studies; 36 reports covering 39 descriptive accounts of the organisation services and 54 UK‐only grey literature reports) were included. The evidence suggests that crisis services were organised as follows: triage/assessment‐only, digitally mediated support approaches, and intervention approaches and models. When looking at experiences of crisis care, four themes were identified: (a) barriers and facilitators to seeking and accessing appropriate support; (b) what children and young people want from crisis services; (c) children's, young people's and families' experiences of crisis services; and (d) service provision. In determining effectiveness, the findings are summarised by type of service and were generated from single heterogenous studies. The goals of crisis services were identified.DiscussionDespite a lack of high‐quality international studies, findings suggest that support prior to reaching crisis point is important. From this work, various aspects of crisis care have been identified that can be incorporated into existing services across education, health, social care and the voluntary sector.
A legal assessment of private land conservation in South America
Authors: López de la Lama Rocío , Bennett Nathan , Bulkan Janette , Boyd David , Chan Kai M. A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPrivately protected areas (PPAs) are a potentially innovative conservation tool. Legal recognition is necessary for their success, especially where there are institutional challenges to nature conservation, such as in South America. Although PPAs have increased in South America since the early 2000s, there is a critical information gap pertaining to their legal frameworks. We analyzed the level of landowner commitment to and governmental support for PPAs across countries in South America that officially recognize PPAs. We analyzed the legal framework governing PPAs and reviewed literature on them. This process was done in English and Spanish. The information we gathered was validated by 16 conservation experts from 10 South American countries. Because Peru is 1 of only 2 South American countries where local communities create and manage PPAs, we studied Peruvian PPAs in more detail by examining official creation documents and interviewing 13 local conservation professionals. We found inadequate minimum duration of PPAs and vague guidelines for conducting economic activities within them and a lack of governmental support (e.g., financial and technical support) for PPAs. Support was limited to the exemption from rural property taxes, which are relatively low compared with countries outside South America. In Peru, PPAs run by individuals and communities needed different legal frameworks because they were created with different objectives and had different sizes and duration of commitments. The prompt improvement of legal frameworks across South America is necessary for PPAs to achieve their aim of being places for enduring nature conservation in the region.
Structural characterisation and coloration of ligno‐cellulose and protein fibre‐blended structures
Authors: Bhowmick Manik , Basak Santanu 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis study investigates the structures produced by blending ligno‐cellulosic (ramie fibre, Boehmeria nivea L.) and protein fibres (mulberry silk, Bombyx Mori) with dissimilar mechanical properties. Ramie fibre, used for blending, is a ligno‐cellulosic fibre with very high tenacity but low elongation. On the other hand, silk (mulberry) fibre has lower tenacity with better elongation. Blended fibrous structures have shown satisfactory tensile strength and elongation, while other physical properties, such as coefficient of friction, brightness and flexural rigidity, have also been improved. Technical findings revealed that the coefficient of friction reduced from 0.79 to 0.48 and specific work of rupture improved from 2.3 to 3.43 mJ/tex after incorporation of silk in the ligno‐cellulosic fibre strand. Blended yarn cross‐sectional images showed that finer silk fibres came to the surface, whereas the comparatively coarser cellulose‐based ramie fibre migrated to the core. Atomic force microscopy of the blend structure was examined to assess the roughness and uniformity of the surface. Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy analysis verified the presence of amide groups (associated with silk fibre) and glucose ring groups (associated with the cellulose of Ramie fibre) in the same graph. In addition, innovative techniques of simultaneous coloration of the developed blends are also proposed scientifically.
Low glutaminase and glycolysis correlate with a high transdifferentiation efficiency in mouse cortex
Authors: Li Yuan , Yang Tingting , Cheng Yingying , Hou Jinfei , Liu Zhaoming , Zhao Yu , Chen Shiyu , Qin Zhaohui , Wang Chenchen , Song Weining , Ge Haofei , Li Changpeng , Liang Lining , Guo Lin , Sun Hao , Wu Lin‐Ping , Zheng Hui 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBoth exogenous transcriptional factors and chemical‐defined medium can transdifferentiate astrocytes into functional neurons. However, the regional preference for such transdifferentiation has not been fully studied. A previously reported 5C medium was infused into the mouse cortex and striatum to determine the regional preference for transdifferentiation from astrocytes to neurons. The numbers of NeuN+GFAP+EdU+ cells (intermediates) and NeuN+EdU+ cells (end products) were determined by immunofluorescence to explore the regional preference of transdifferentiation. In addition, to optimize the delivery of the transdifferentiation medium, three key growth factors, insulin, bFGF and transferrin, were loaded onto chitosan nanoparticles, mixed with gelatin methacryloyl and tested in animals with motor cortex injury. A higher transdifferentiation efficiency was identified in the mouse cortex. Differences in cellular respiration and the balance between glutaminase (Gls) and glutamine synthetase were confirmed to be key regulators. In addition, the sustained drug release system induced transdifferentiation of cortex astrocytes both in vivo and in vitro, and partially facilitated the behaviour recovery of mice with motor cortex injury. We also applied this method in pigs and obtained consistent results. In summary, low Gls and glycolysis can be used to predict high transdifferentiation efficiency, which may be useful to identify better indications for the current transdifferentiation system. In addition, the current drug delivery system has the potential to treat diseases related to cortex injuries.
Critical interactions between race and the highly granular area deprivation index in liver transplant evaluation
Authors: Strauss Alexandra T. , Moughames Eric , Jackson John W. , Malinsky Daniel , Segev Dorry L. , Hamilton James P. , Garonzik‐Wang Jacqueline , Gurakar Ahmet , Cameron Andrew , Dean Lorraine , Klein Eili , Levin Scott , Purnell Tanjala S. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNeighborhood socioeconomic deprivation may have important implications on disparities in liver transplant (LT) evaluation. In this retrospective cohort study, we constructed a novel dataset by linking individual patient‐level data with the highly granular Area Deprivation Index (ADI), which is advantageous over other neighborhood measures due to: specificity of Census Block‐Group (versus Census Tract, Zip code), scoring, and robust variables. Our cohort included 1377 adults referred to our center for LT evaluation 8/1/2016‐12/31/2019. Using modified Poisson regression, we tested for effect measure modification of the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and LT evaluation outcomes (listing, initiating evaluation, and death) by race and ethnicity. Compared to patients with high nSES, those with low nSES were at higher risk of not being listed (aRR = 1.14; 95%CI 1.05–1.22; p < .001), of not initiating evaluation post‐referral (aRR = 1.20; 95%CI 1.01–1.42; p = .03) and of dying without initiating evaluation (aRR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.09–2.2; p = .01). While White patients with low nSES had similar rates of listing compared to White patients with high nSES (aRR = 1.06; 95%CI .96–1.17; p = .25), Underrepresented patients from neighborhoods with low nSES incurred 31% higher risk of not being listed compared to Underrepresented patients from neighborhoods with high nSES (aRR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.12–1.5; p < .001). Interventions addressing neighborhood deprivation may not only benefit patients with low nSES but may address racial and ethnic inequities.