bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osobowość prawna kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych oraz ich jednostek organizacyjnych w prawie polskim – przyczynek do rozważań
Authors: Bernaciński Łukasz 
Published: December 2022

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie w przyczynkowy sposób kluczowych zagadnień związanych z funkcjonowaniem kościelnych osób prawnych w obrocie prawnym. Realizacji postawionego zadania służyć będzie przedstawienie krótkiego rysu historycznego dotyczącego wykształcania się osobowości prawnej podmiotów innych niż osoby fizyczne. Istotny wkład w ukształtowanie pojęcia osoby prawnej mieli nie tylko prawnicy rzymscy lecz także teolodzy i kanoniści, dla których oparte na wierze spojrzenie na Kościół było inspiracją dla powstania koncepcji osoby moralnej czy osoby prawnej. Z czasem pojęcie osoby prawnej zaczęto wykorzystywać zarówno w prawie kanonicznym jak i państwowym. W artykule ukazane zostaną także fundamenty polskich regulacji dotyczących osobowości prawnej. Rozważania te staną się punktem wyjścia do omówienia szczególnych regulacji dotyczących osobowości prawnej kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych w prawie polskim. Do stania się podmiotem praw i obowiązków w prawie polskim nie wystarczy posiadanie kościelnej osobowości prawnej. Jednostki organizacyjne wspólnot konfesyjnych muszą uzyskać osobowość prawną w prawie polskim, aby móc samodzielnie działać w przestrzeni publicznoprawnej. Wynika z tego, że w akcie prawnym rangi ustawowej musi znaleźć się podstawa prawna uznająca określony rodzaj kościelnej jednostki organizacyjnej za osobę prawną lub umożliwiająca jej nabycie osobowości prawnej we wskazany sposób. Dopełnieniem rozważań pozostanie zatem omówienie powstawania i warunków uczestniczenia w obrocie prawnym kościelnych osób prawnych w Polsce.
Knowledge of the National Health Act among Physicians in two Tertiary Hospitals in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Adejumo Oluseyi , Roli Cynthia , Adejumo Oludamilola Adebola , Junaid Oladimeji Adedeji , Owolade Sunday Samson 
Published: December 2022

Objective: Knowledge of provisions of the National Health Act among physicians and stakeholders is pivotal to its successful implementation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of the National Health Act (NHA) among Physicians in two tertiary hospitals in Nigeria.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in two tertiary hospitals in Southern Nigeria. The consecutively recruited eligible respondents were assessed for knowledge of NHA using a 24-item self-administered close-ended structured questionnaire. The total obtainable score was 26. Those with <13 points had poor knowledge, 13-21 points had good knowledge and >21 points had excellent knowledge. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. P-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant.
Results: One hundred and ninety-five doctors with a male: female ratio of 1.9:1 participated in the study. The majority (91.8%) were ≤40 years and 129(66.2%) of the participants were ≤ 10 years post qualification. The frequency of correctly answered questions ranged between 7.7% - 89.2%. According to overall knowledge scores; 64.6% had poor knowledge; 35.4% had good knowledge and none had excellent scores. There was no statistically significant association between knowledge of NHA and gender, age, and number of years post-qualification (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that only about a third of the participants had good knowledge of key provisions of the NHA. We strongly recommend that relevant sections of the Act should be incorporated into the medical curriculum both at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Antenatal anticoagulant therapy and neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome. Case report
Authors: Sagaidac Irina , Rotaru Dorina , Cernetchi Olga 
Published: December 2022

Neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome, which affects several principal organs during the early neonatal period, denotes a deficiency of vitamin K and coagulation factors.
This article presents the case of a patient who gave birth at term, had congenital heart disease and required several prior surgical interventions including corrected transposition of the great vessels via ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair, atrial septal defect (in childhood) and tricuspid valve replacement (6 years ago), mitral regurgitation (MR), grade I pulmonary regurgitation (PR), grade II mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation, and grade II heart failure based on the New York Health Association (NYHA) classification. Throughout the pregnancy, the patient received large doses of anticoagulant, specifically acenocumarolum, until the moment she gave birth. The vaginal delivery was spontaneous, contrary to the recommendations given to the pregnant woman in a secondary healthcare institution. At birth, the newborn was in satisfactory condition, with 8/9 on the Apgar score. However, the newborn&rsquo;s condition worsened over time, suspected of having neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome caused by medications received by the mother. Forty-eight hours after birth, the newborn died.
Anticoagulant therapy cannot be regarded as 100 percent risk-free during pregnancy due to the potential for hemodynamic disorders to develop in both the mother and the unborn child. Considering the high incidence of perinatal mortality in such cases (10-30%), it is advised that a multidisciplinary team work together to inform the mother about potential complications, collaboratively determine the length of treatment with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), develop a plan for monitoring the pregnancy, and determine which institution the mother and newborn would benefit from receiving qualified medical assistance.
Le journalisme de paix en République Démocratique du Congo : entre fonction de journalisme et médiateur de paix, le cas de la radio Okapi
Authors: Koffi-Kra Armande Désirée 
Published: December 2022

Cet article s’inscrit dans le prolongement des travaux portant sur le rôle des médias et des journalistes durant les conflits. De manière spécifique, il porte sur les médias dédiés à la paix et leur capacité à rendre effectif un journalisme de paix. En général, ces médias sont mis en place dans des pays en crise pour aider à pacifier les climats de tension. En étudiant la question du journalisme de paix à partir de la radio Okapi, nous nous inscrivons également dans un champ de recherche qui s’intéresse à la dynamique «  médias et construction de la paix  » (Howard, 2004 : 15).
Nurses’ Perceptions of a Novel Rooming-in Program for Infants With Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Shackleford Jenna , Nelson Jennifer , Brasher Susan 
Published: January 2023

Background
The transition to home for infants who require complex care can be overwhelming for caregivers. Infants with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) require advanced care management, so their caregivers must acquire extensive training before the infants are discharged home. Rooming-in programs have improved patient outcomes in other settings, such as the postpartum period. However, little research has examined a rooming-in program in a pediatric cardiac acute care setting.

Objective
To describe nurses’ perceptions of a novel rooming-in program implemented in a pediatric cardiac acute care unit.

Methods
A qualitative descriptive research design was used to describe nurses’ perceptions of the rooming-in program for infants with CCHD. Three focus groups were conducted with a convenience sample of 13 registered nurses who cared for infants with CCHD during the rooming-in program. Four trained independent coders performed qualitative thematic analysis.

Results
Nurses provided critical insight into the rooming-in program. Three themes were identified: improved nursing and family outcomes, leading the way through collaboration, and room for improvement.

Conclusions
Infants with CCHD have complex needs, and caregivers must acquire advanced skills to adequately care for these infants. This study is the first to explore nurses’ perceptions of a rooming-in program for infants with CCHD. The findings could improve rooming-in programs in the pediatric acute care setting, which can translate to better patient outcomes.
Effect of Irradiation and Appendicostomy on Appendix Structure and Responses of Appendix Cells to Mitogens
Authors: Blythman Hildur E. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A quantitative morphologic analysis was made of changes in the appendix nodule in rabbits receiving sublethal whole body irradiation and in others after ligation of the base of the appendix, appendicostomy and sterilization of the appendix lumen. After 450 r, the dome, the thymus-dependent area (TDA), and the follicle (thymus-independent area) all decreased rapidly in size to a minimal value at 7 days, and then began to regenerate. The follicle shrank more rapidly and to a greater extent than the TDA. After appendicostomy, the dome maintained its volume for 10 days, then slowly decreased in size. The TDA and follicle began to shrink immediately and in parallel, diminishing by 10 to 14 days to a size comparable to that in irradiated rabbits. If irradiation were superimposed on appendicostomy, these tissue elements diminished still further. The dome showed partial regeneration. These data support the hypothesis that the dome may serve as a mammalian bursa-equivalent (B) and that both TDA and B cell areas depend for their proliferative stimulus on microorganisms or other materials coming from the lumen.
When cultured 7 days after irradiation, cells of the appendix, sacculus rotundus, and draining mesenteric lymph node (but not the Peyer's patches or spleen) showed an elevation in response to Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), presumably reflecting a relative decrease in B cells and increase in radioresistant T cells. This had largely disappeared by 14 days. After appendicostomy and lumen sterilization, the PHA response of appendix cells began to increase at 7 days together with that of cells from the mesenteric node, and became quite elevated at 14 days, while cells of the sacculus, Peyer's patches and spleen showed no change. After appendicostomy and irradiation, the response of appendix cells to PHA remained relatively elevated. Concanavalin A (ConA) responses in general paralleled response to PHA. Cells of the gut-associated lymphoid organs showed a much lower ratio of responses to ConA and PHA than did lymph node cells, and this ratio was less than 1.0 in the acute phase (3 and 7 days) of irradiation injury. Endotoxin produced little stimulation at any time.
Receptor for Native C3 on Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Bokisch V. A. , Theofilopoulos A. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When Burkitt lymphoma (RaJi) cells are incubated in fresh human serum in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA, C3 can be detected on the surface of all cells with fluoresceinated anti-C3 antiserum. Only 5 to 10% of cells of line 8866 and none of line Wil2, two human lymphoblastoid cell lines, showed C3 uptake under the same experimental conditions. When RaJi cells were treated with aged human serum containing only the fragments C3c and C3d, no uptake was observed. Serum was not required for the binding of C3 since isolated C3 and C3b could bind to RaJi cells. Binding of C3 and C3b by RaJi cells occurs at 4°C, however, is greatly enhanced at 37°C. Agglutination of C3 and C3b bearing RaJi cells with anti-C3 indicates a high binding affinity of the receptor toward C3 and C3b. Uptake experiments with radiolabeled C3 and C3b revealed a greater affinity of the receptor toward C3 than C3b.
Immunoglobulin Expression of Cells from Human Lymphoblastoid Lines
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. , Hütteroth Thomas H. , Lin Por K. , Kennard Janis , Cleve Hartwig 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interrelationship among surface, cellular, and secreted Ig in eight human lymphoblastoid lines was studied. Qualitative and quantitative data for cellular and secreted Ig paralleled each other. No “secretory block,” i.e., failure of an individual line to secrete cell-associated Ig, was observed. In contrast to the close relationship observed between cellular and secreted Ig, two lines showed a dissociation between the expression of surface, and that of cellular/secreted Ig.
Previous data have raised the possibility of similarities between lymphoblastoid cells and immature B lymphocytes. The different patterns of Ig expression with respect to surface, cellular, and secreted Ig were consistent with a theoretical model for development of B lymphocytes. The significance of these observations was discussed.
Subcellular Representation of Murine Thymus-Leukemia (TL) Antigens in Phenotypically TL+ and TL- Cells
Authors: Smith Sidney R. , Lamm Michael E. , Powers Mary Lou , Boyse Edward A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The subcellular representation of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens in murine cells was studied by inhibition of cytotoxic antiserum. By differential centrifugation, subcellular fractions were obtained from 6 sources: thymocytes of B6 mice (TL-); thymocytes of a congenic mouse line (B6-TL+) differing from B6 at the Tla locus; a TL+ B6 leukemia (ERLD); a TL-B6 leukemia (E♂ G2); and liver cells from B6 and B6-TL+ mice. Only fractions obtained from the phenotypically TL+ sources, i.e., B6-TL+ thymocytes or ERLD leukemia cells contained TL antigen. Plasma membranes were most active, followed by mitochondria and microsomes. Nuclear and cytosol fractions contained no intrinsic activity. These results suggest that the phenotypic expression of TL antigens is not a question of selective expression at the cell surface but reflects instead repression vs derepression at the level of the genome.
Studies on the Nature of the Abnormality of B Cell Differentiation in Avian Lymphoid Leukosis: Production of Heterogeneous IgM by Tumor Cells
Authors: Cooper Max D. , Purchase H. Graham , Bockman Dale E. , Gathings William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In chickens with lymphoid leukosis, immunoglobulin production, the distribution of immunoglobulin in tumor cells, the morphology of tumor cells, and the distribution of viruses were examined. Regardless of their location, virtually all of the lymphoma cells had detectable surface IgM; the prevalent distribution pattern produced by the bivalent fluorescein-labeled antibodies to IgM determinants was one of global patching. Variable amounts of cytoplasmic IgM were often detected in tumor cells. Release of IgM from tumor cells was indicated by the finding of high levels of serum IgM in birds with widespread lymphomas. Both high molecular weight and low molecular weight IgM were present in serum from tumorous birds, and both forms were electrophoretically heterogeneous. Lymphomatous birds had elevated titers of agglutinating antibodies to sheep and human erythrocytes but had normal levels of antibodies to Salmonella typhi flagellar antigens and leukosis virus neutralizing antibodies. None of the tumor cells contained or carried on their surface IgG or IgA heavy chain determinants; IgG levels were normal in tumor-bearing birds, but IgA levels were usually elevated.
Multiple bursal follicles were involved by the tumor process. The tumor nodules in the bursa and in other organs of individual birds often differed in the size, cytoplasmic RNA content, and amount of cytoplasmic IgM that were characteristic of their constituent cells. Most of the tumor cells appeared not to achieve normal maturation; mature plasma cells were usually sparsely distributed around tumor nodules. The tumor cells were found by electron microscopy to contain an abundance of cytoplasmic ribosomes in clusters and scattered strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Virus particles budding from cell membranes of tumor cells were occasionally seen, but cell-associated viruses were much more abundant in a variety of non-tumorous cell types.
These observations are interpreted to suggest that the avian leukosis viruses exert their lymphomagenic effect by interrupting the switch from IgM to IgG gene expression that normally occurs within clones of bursal lymphocytes.
Surface and Intracellular Markers of Mouse Mesenteric and Peripheral Lymph Node and Peyer's Patch Cells
Authors: McWilliams Michael , Lamm Michael E. , Phillips-Quagliata Julia M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The incidence of surface and internal T and B cell markers in mouse mesenteric and peripheral node and Peyer's patch lymphocytes is unique to each population. BALB/c Peyer's patches show a high frequency of cells with complement receptors, surface and internal κ-chain determinants, and surface and internal α-chain determinants, and a low frequency of Thy-1-positive cells. Peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes show an intermediate frequency of cells with complement receptors, external and internal κ-chains, and Thy-1 antigen. Mesenteric node cells can be distinguished from peripheral node cells by a higher frequency of cells with µ-chain on their surface, and by the presence, in a frequency comparable to that of Peyer's patch cells, of cells with surface and internal α-chains. Discrepancies, particularly marked for the internal determinants of Peyer's patch lymphocytes, between the sum of frequencies for µ, γ, and α heavy chains vs the incidence of κ-determinants, suggest either unbalanced synthesis of heavy and light chains, or a large proportion of cells containing an unidentified immunoglobulin class.
Evidence That Cobra Venom Factor (CoF) Is Cobra C3
Authors: Alper C. A. , Balavitch D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence in cobra venom of an anticomplementary activity has been known for over 80 years. More recent studies have demonstrated that purified CoF incubated with mammalian sera results in an alternative pathway mediated attack on C3. Lachmann and Nicol have pointed out that CoF is “C3b-like” in its ability to activate C3 and later components. The present studies strongly suggest that CoF is, in fact, altered cobra C3. Potent rabbit antiserum to CoF cross-reacts with human C3. On immunofixation of cobra serum after prolonged agarose gel electrophoresis, a single reactive band was found in the β1-region. Multiple slower bands were found in cobra venom or purified CoF, suggesting that CoF is an altered form of the serum molecule. When cobra serum was incubated at 37°C, slow conversion to a more rapidly migrating form was observed in immunoelectrophoresis. Much more rapid conversion occurred when cobra serum was incubated with endotoxin at 37°C.
Characterization of Suppressor Cells in Mice Bearing Syngeneic Mastocytoma
Authors: Takei Fumio , Levy Julia G. , Kilburn Douglas G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suppressor cells from syngeneic P815 mastocytoma-bearing DBA/2 mice that inhibit in vitro generation of specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity were characterized. Suppressive activity was almost completely eliminated by treating suppressive spleen cells with anti-θ serum and complement. Treatment with anti-mouse Ig serum and complement or with carbonyl iron did not affect their suppressive activity. When suppressive thymocytes from P815 tumor-bearing DBA/2 mice were tested for their capacity to inhibit the generation of cytotoxicity against L1210 cells, a leukemia line in DBA/2 mice, they did not affect the activity, indicating that the suppressor cells in the thymocytes of P815 tumor-bearing mice are specific to the tumor.
When Ficoll-Hypaque density cell separation was carried out with cytotoxic spleen cells and suppressive spleen cells from P815 tumor-bearing mice, the dense fraction was enriched for killer cells whereas the suppressive activity was mainly recovered in the light fraction. Therefore, killer cells and suppressor cells in P815 tumor-bearing mice are thought to be distinct populations.
Isolation and Characterization of Immunoregulatory Factors from Normal Human Serum
Authors: Voorting-Hawking Madeliene , Michael J. Gabriel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human serum was shown to inhibit the mitogenic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and Con A on mouse spleen lymphocytes and reduce the in vitro antibody response to SRBC by these cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that immune suppression occurred without loss of lymphocyte viability.
Fractionation of normal human serum resulted in isolation of several immunoenhancing and immunoinhibitory fractions. Electrophoretic analysis of the immunoinhibitory fractions revealed a complex array of serum proteins. The most prominent proteins on polyacrylamide electrophoresis stained for both proteins and carbohydrate. The heterogeneity of immunoinhibitory fractions were further substantiated by their differential susceptibility to trypsin, periodate, and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment.
Heterogeneity of the fractions was also shown to be related to difference in their biologic activity as expressed in their effects on mitogenicity and immunogenicity of LPS in mouse splenic cultures.
This study lends evidence to the consideration that normal human serum contains several immunoregulatory factors with differing biochemical characteristics and cellular sites of action.
Primary in Vitro Antibody Response from Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Delfraissy Jean-François , Galanaud Pierre , Dormont Jean , Wallon Christine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for the induction of a primary in vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes is presented. Upon cultivation with trinitrophenyl conjugated polyacrylamide beads (TNP-PAA), an anti-TNP response can be obtained as indicated by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells from day 5 of culture, with a reproducible peak on day 8. These plaques correspond to cells actively producing antibody of the IgM type, as shown by their inhibition by cycloheximide and by anti-human IgM serum, but not by anti-human Fc γ serum. Their specificity for the TNP hapten can be demonstrated by the effector cell blockade phenomenon, with highly substituted TNP-human IgG. Although the anti-TNP response induced by TNP-PAA in mouse spleen cell cultures appears T independent the same response in human PBL may involve in addition the participation of T cells, since E-RFC depletion before culture led to a markedly decreased number of plaque-forming cells. A significant response could be obtained from the PBL of all of the 30 normal individuals tested. Importantly, the response was reproducible in its magnitude in the six individuals tested in at least three different experiments. Thus, the in vitro stimulation of human PBL by TNP-PAA can be proposed as a reliable test for the study of human B cell function in a specific primary antibody response.
Anisakis and Eosinophil
Authors: Tanaka Jiro , Torisu Motomichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were undertaken in order to determine if Anisakis larva itself has the ability to attract eosinophils. Extracts from Anisakis larvae were examined for both neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic activities with both in vitro and in vitro assay systems.
When the soluble extract was injected intradermally into normal guinea pigs, a profound accumulation of eosinophils was observed at the injection site. The cells started to accumulate at the site within 1 hr and the number of eosinophils at the site reached its peak at 8 hr after the injection of the extract. Such eosinophilic accumulation was enhanced in a dose-response fashion over the range of 0.5 to 50 µg protein. The strong chemotactic activity of the Anisakis extract for eosinophils was confirmed when in vitro chemotaxis assays were performed with Boyden chemotactic chambers. Interestingly, no chemotactic activity for neutrophils was found at those concentrations of the extract with which the eosinophil effect was observed.
These results indicate that the factor described here, in addition to the various known immunologic factors, may play an important role in the development of eosinophilia in anisakiasis.