bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network embedding aided vaccine skepticism detection
Authors: Béres Ferenc , Michaletzky Tamás Vilmos , Csoma Rita , Benczúr András A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe investigate automatic methods to assess COVID vaccination views in Twitter content. Vaccine skepticism has been a controversial topic of long history that has become more important than ever with the COVID-19 pandemic. Our main goal is to demonstrate the importance of network effects in detecting vaccination skeptic content. Towards this end, we collected and manually labeled vaccination-related Twitter content in the first half of 2021. Our experiments confirm that the network carries information that can be exploited to improve the accuracy of classifying attitudes towards vaccination over content classification as baseline. We evaluate a variety of network embedding algorithms, which we combine with text embedding to obtain classifiers for vaccination skeptic content. In our experiments, by using Walklets, we improve the AUC of the best classifier with no network information by. We publicly release our labels, Tweet IDs and source codes on GitHub.
Eggshell Pavilion: a reinforced concrete structure fabricated using robotically 3D printed formwork
Authors: Burger Joris , Aejmelaeus-Lindström Petrus , Gürel Seyma , Niketić Filip , Lloret-Fritschi Ena , Flatt Robert J. , Gramazio Fabio , Kohler Matthias 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper discusses the design, fabrication, and assembly of the ‘Eggshell Pavilion’, a reinforced concrete structure fabricated using 3D printed thin shell formwork. Formworks for columns and slabs were printed from recycled plastic using a pellet extruder mounted to a robotic arm. The formworks were cast and demoulded, and the finished elements were assembled into a pavilion, showcasing the architectural potential of 3D printed formwork. The Eggshell Pavilion was designed and fabricated within the scope of a design studio at ETH Zurich. The structure was designed using a fully parametric design workflow that allowed for incorporating changes into the design until the fabrication. The pavilion consists of four columns and floor slabs. Each column and floor slab is reinforced with conventional reinforcing bars. Two different methods are used for casting the columns and floor slabs. The columns are cast using ‘Digital casting systems’, a method for the digitally controlled casting of fast-hardening concrete. Digital casting reduces the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the formwork to a minimum, thereby enabling the casting of tall structures with thin formwork. The floor slabs are cast with a commercially available concrete mix, as the pressure exerted on the formwork walls is lower than for the columns. In this research, 3D printed formwork is combined with traditional reinforcing, casting, and assembly methods, bringing the technology closer to an industrial application.
Mapping and Tracing the Postdigital: Approaches and Parameters of Postdigital Research
Authors: Fawns Tim , Ross Jen , Carbonel Henrietta , Noteboom Joe , Finnegan-Dehn Sam , Raver McKenzie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe launch of Postdigital Science and Education helped generate a burst of new scholarship about this emerging turn in educational research and theory. Yet, what it means to do postdigital research remains obscure to many. Ongoing debates around definitions, combined with the complexity of analysing digital activity within rich contexts that are also social, material, political, economic, and so on, make it challenging to understand what constitutes postdigital research. Meanings of the postdigital emerge from within the processes of postdigital research. Furthermore, while some individual contributions to postdigital research may be grounded in particular disciplines, we argue that postdigital research, in general, benefits from transdisciplinary knowledge. All of this points to a need for flexibility, and principled, rather than prescriptive, research and scholarship practices. It situates postdigital research in the tradition of compositional and inventive research approaches, and this paper traces that relationship.
Effect of chromium doping on the structure and mechanical properties of anti-wear TiB2 coatings
Authors: Cieniek Łukasz , Chudzik-Poliszak Edyta , Moskalewicz Tomasz , Kopia Agnieszka , Smolik Jerzy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
TiB2-based coatings have been intensively developed due to their physical and mechanical properties, including excellent thermal stability and high hardness with good abrasion and corrosion resistance, which appear to be the most beneficial in industrial application. Previous investigations have shown that doping TiB2 with W, Ni and C can significantly reduce residual stresses and improve adhesion, making these coatings ideal on tools to machining aluminum alloys. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an Cr interlayer on the durability (adhesion) of the fabricated Ti1−x
Cr
x
B2 (x = 0; 0.03; 0.06; 0.10) films and determine the influence of Cr on their microstructure and mechanical properties. The structural characterization of Ti1−x
Cr
x
B2 coatings was carried out using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. To investigate the mechanical properties, nano-scratch and—hardness tests (NST, NHT) were performed, and fracture toughness of the substrate layer systems was determined. The use of an adhesive layer of pure Cr increased the adhesion of the coatings to the substrate. It is shown that the changes in Cr content not only affect the microstructure, mainly by decreasing the crystallite size (column width), but also the texture (preferred film orientation) and phase composition. The addition of chromium also has an effect on the mechanical properties of TiB2 films by reducing their hardness and Young’s modulus and increasing their fracture toughness (K
IC).
Thermal annealing effects on the physical properties of GaAsBi/GaAs/GaAs:Si structure
Authors: Alazmi B. O. , Althebyani H. H. H. , Zaied I. , Fitouri H. , Rebey A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGaAsBi is a new material called a highly mismatched alloy that has drawn attention regarding its special physical properties. The alloying of the GaAs matrix by Bi atom gives rise to a huge restructuring of the band structure. A rapid shrinkage in the bandgap energy and a splitting of the spin–orbit interaction band are noted. But the synthesis of this material requires unusual growth conditions in order to avoid the appearance of droplets on the surface and a native defects due to the non-stoichiometry. Consequently, an improvement of the physical properties is required to be used in device applications. In this perspective, we report an investigation of the effect of thermal annealing on the GaAsBi/GaAs/GaAs:Si structure. Photoreflectance, Spectroscopic ellipsometry are used to study the optical characteristics of this structure. High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscopy are employed as structural techniques for investigation.
COVID-19 Breakthrough Infection Among Vaccinated Population in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Dash Nihar Ranjan , Barqawi Hiba Jawdat , Obaideen Anas A. , Al Chame Hanae Qousae , Samara Kamel A. , Qadri Rama , Eldesouki Salma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
Despite significant efforts to contain the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic through mass vaccination, numerous nations throughout the world have recorded breakout infections. The incidence and severity of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) remain unknown despite extensive COVID-19 vaccine coverage. The goal of this research is to establish the characteristics of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in the UAE’s vaccinated population.

Methods
Between February and March 2022, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the UAE with 1533 participants to examine the characteristics of COVID-19 breakthrough infection among the vaccinated population.

Results
The vaccination coverage was 97.97%, and the COVID-19 breakthrough infection rate was 32.1%, requiring hospitalization in 7.7% of cases. The bulk of the 492 COVID-19 breakthrough infections reported was among young adults (67%), with the majority experiencing mild to moderate symptoms (70.7%) or remaining asymptomatic (21.5%).

Conclusions
COVID-19 breakthrough infection were reported in younger age, male sex, non-healthcare professions, vaccination with inactivated whole virus vaccine (Sinopharm), and not receiving a booster dose. Information on breakthrough infection in the UAE might influence public health decisions and motivate measures such as providing additional booster doses of the vaccines to the people.
Machine Learning–Based Identification of Lithic Microdebitage
Authors: Eberl Markus , Bell Charreau S. , Spencer-Smith Jesse , Raj Mark , Sarubbi Amanda , Johnson Phyllis S. , Rieth Amy E. , Chaudhry Umang , Estrada Aguila Rebecca , McBride Michael 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTArchaeologists tend to produce slow data that is contextually rich but often difficult to generalize. An example is the analysis of lithic microdebitage, or knapping debris, that is smaller than 6.3 mm (0.25 in.). So far, scholars have relied on manual approaches that are prone to intra- and interobserver errors. In the following, we present a machine learning–based alternative together with experimental archaeology and dynamic image analysis. We use a dynamic image particle analyzer to measure each particle in experimentally produced lithic microdebitage (N = 5,299) as well as an archaeological soil sample (N = 73,313). We have developed four machine learning models based on Naïve Bayes, glmnet (generalized linear regression), random forest, and XGBoost (“Extreme Gradient Boost[ing]”) algorithms. Hyperparameter tuning optimized each model. A random forest model performed best with a sensitivity of 83.5%. It misclassified only 28 or 0.9% of lithic microdebitage. XGBoost models reached a sensitivity of 67.3%, whereas Naïve Bayes and glmnet models stayed below 50%. Except for glmnet models, transparency proved to be the most critical variable to distinguish microdebitage. Our approach objectifies and standardizes microdebitage analysis. Machine learning allows studying much larger sample sizes. Algorithms differ, though, and a random forest model offers the best performance so far.
Legal Obligation, Criminal Wrongdoing, and Necessity
Authors: Newhouse M. E. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIndividuals sometimes do things that they know will violate the terms of a statute. Most scholars deny that such actions are always morally wrong, but a coherent theoretical account of the relationships between 1) moral obligation, 2) legal obligation, and 3) criminal wrongdoing that can robustly classify hard cases has been elusive. This article starts with a Kantian account of the relationship between law and morality, and it proposes two closely related standards: one for legal obligation, and another for criminal wrongdoing. It then tests the plausibility and resilience of these standards by using them to generate illuminating new analyses of classic hypothetical cases involving alleged crimes committed under circumstances of necessity. These analyses offer reason to believe that the standards proposed in this article can anchor a Kantian theory of criminal responsibility that is simultaneously rigorous and humane.
Austinian model evaluation
Authors: van Basshuysen Philippe 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLike Austin’s “performatives,” some models are used not merely to represent but also to change their targets in various ways. This article argues that Austin’s analysis can inform model evaluation: If models are evaluated with respect to their adequacy-for-purpose, and if performativity can in some cases be regarded as a model purpose (a proposition that is defended, using mechanism design as an example), it follows that these models can be evaluated with respect to their “felicity,” that is whether their use has achieved this purpose. Finally, I respond to epistemic and ethical concerns that might block this conclusion.
Evidential Variety and Mixed-Methods Research in Social Science
Authors: Kuorikoski Jaakko , Marchionni Caterina 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMixed-methods research (MMR)—the combination of qualitative and quantitative data within the same design to strengthen causal inference—is gaining prominence in the social sciences but its benefits are contested. There remains confusion over which methods to mix and what is the point of mixing them. We argue that variety of evidence is what matters, not of data or methods, and that distinct epistemic principles underlie its added value for causal inference. The centrality of evidential variety also implies that strong causal pluralism is untenable as a foundation for MMR.
The Dynamics of Refugee Return: Syrian Refugees and Their Migration Intentions
Authors: Alrababah Ala , Masterson Daniel , Casalis Marine , Hangartner Dominik , Weinstein Jeremy 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe study the drivers of refugees' decision making about returning home using observational and experimental data from a survey of 3,003 Syrian refugees in Lebanon. We find that the conditions in refugee-hosting countries play a minor role. In contrast, conditions in a refugee's home country are the main drivers of return intentions. Even in the face of hostility and poor living conditions in host countries, refugees are unlikely to return unless the situation at home improves significantly. These results challenge traditional models of decision making about migration, where refugees weigh living conditions in the host and home countries (“push” and “pull” factors). We offer an alternative theoretical framework: a model of threshold-based decision making whereby only once a basic threshold of safety at home is met do refugees compare other factors in the host and home country. We explore some empirical implications of this new perspective using qualitative interviews and quantitative survey data.
Intermediate host patterns of acanthocephalans in the Weser river system: co-invasion vs host capture
Authors: Vogel Sebastian , Taraschewski Horst 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAnthropogenic interference is a major driver of ecological change in freshwater ecosystems. Pollution and the introduction of new species not only alter macrozoobenthic community structures, but can also affect their respective parasite communities. The ecology of the Weser river system experienced a drastic decline in biodiversity over the past century due to salinization caused by the local potash industry. As a response, the amphipod Gammarus tigrinus was released into the Werra in 1957. A few decades after the introduction and subsequent spread of this North American species, its natural acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus was recorded in the Weser in 1988, where it had captured the European eel Anguilla anguilla as a novel host. To assess the recent ecological changes in the acanthocephalan parasite community, we investigated gammarids and eel in the Weser river system. In addition to P. ambiguus, 3 Pomphorhynchus species and Polymorphus cf. minutus were discovered. The introduced G. tigrinus serves as a novel intermediate host for the acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus tereticollis and P. cf. minutus in the tributary Werra. Pomphorhynchus laevis is persistent in the tributary Fulda in its indigenous host Gammarus pulex. Pomphorhynchus bosniacus colonized the Weser with its Ponto-Caspian intermediate host Dikerogammarus villosus. This study highlights the anthropogenically driven changes in ecology and evolution in the Weser river system. Based on morphological and phylogenetic identification, the shifts in distribution and host usage described here for the first time contribute to the puzzling taxonomy of the genus Pomphorhynchus in times of ecological globalization.
Introduction: The Crowd in the History of Political Thought—A Conversation in a Socratic Spirit
Authors: Jaffe S. N. , Graíño Ferrer Guillermo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe article introduces a symposium, “The Crowd in the History of Political Thought,” which is being published as a two-part special issue. The articles are by American and European scholars with disparate interests and approaches to the history of political thought. Some engage contemporary questions, while others offer interpretive analyses. Today, commentators, scholars, and pundits alike ignore the history of political thought to the detriment of their understanding of populism. Many thinkers have reflected on democratic health and sickness. The articles here furnish a partial catalog of the quarrels associated with this inherited vocabulary. The tradition itself is best conceived of as an unfinished Socratic conversation. In this issue, articles on Thucydides, Aristophanes, Plato, and Aristotle orbit the original democracy at Athens, the backdrop for reflections on popular rule of so many thinkers. The final article on Josephus moves away from the experience of the Greek polis toward the more contemporary preoccupations of the second issue.
A New Open‐Source Geomagnetosphere Propagation Tool (OTSO) and Its Applications
Authors: Larsen Nicholas , Mishev Alexander , Usoskin Ilya 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe present a new open‐source tool for magnetospheric computations, that is modeling of cosmic ray (CR) propagation in the geomagnetosphere, named “Oulu—Open‐source geomagneToSphere prOpagation tool” (OTSO), available on GitHub (https://github.com/NLarsen15/OTSO) and Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7516233). A tool of this nature is required in order to interpret experiments and study phenomena within the CR research field. Within this work, OTSO is applied to the investigation of several ground‐level enhancement events. Here, we demonstrated several applications of OTSO, namely the computation of asymptotic directions of selected CR stations, effective rigidity cut‐off across the globe at various conditions within the design, and general properties, including the magnetospheric models employed. Comparison and validation of OTSO with older widely used tools such as MAGNETOCOSMICS was performed, and good agreement was achieved. An application of OTSO for providing the necessary background for the analysis of two notable ground‐level enhancements is demonstrated and their spectral and angular characteristics are presented.
Inertial Oscillations and Frontal Processes in an Alboran Sea Jet: Effects on Divergence and Vertical Transport
Authors: Esposito Giovanni , Donnet Sebastien , Berta Maristella , Shcherbina Andrey Y. , Freilich Mara , Centurioni Luca , D’Asaro Eric A. , Farrar J. Thomas , Johnston T. M. Shaun , Mahadevan Amala , Özgökmen Tamay , Pascual Ananda , Poulain Pierre‐Marie , Ruiz Simón , Tarry Daniel R. , Griffa Annalisa 
Published: February 2023

AbstractVertical transport pathways in the ocean are still only partially understood despite their importance for biogeochemical, pollutant, and climate applications. Detailed measurements of a submesoscale frontal jet in the Alboran Sea (Mediterranean Sea) during a period of highly variable winds were made using cross‐frontal velocity, density sections and dense arrays of surface drifters deployed across the front. The measurements show divergences as large as ±f implying vertical velocities of order 100 m/day for a ≈ 20 m thick surface layer. Over the 20 hr of measurement, the divergences made nearly one complete oscillation, suggesting an important role for near‐inertial oscillations. A wind‐forced slab model modified by the observed background frontal structure and with initial conditions matched to the data produces divergence oscillations and pattern compatible with that observed. Significant differences, though, are found in terms of mean divergence, with the data showing a prevalence of negative, convergent values. Despite the limitations in data sampling and model uncertainties, this suggests the contribution of other dynamical processes. Turbulent boundary layer processes are discussed, as a contributor to enhance the observed convergent phase. Water mass properties suggest that symmetric instabilities might also be present but do not play a crucial role, while downward stirring along displaced isopycnals is observed.
Revisiting Interior Water Mass Responses to Surface Forcing Changes and the Subsequent Effects on Overturning in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Tesdal Jan‐Erik , MacGilchrist Graeme A. , Beadling Rebecca L. , Griffies Stephen M. , Krasting John P. , Durack Paul J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTwo coupled climate models, differing primarily in horizontal resolution and treatment of mesoscale eddies, were used to assess the impact of perturbations in wind stress and Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) melting on the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SO MOC), which plays an important role in global climate regulation. The largest impact is found in the SO MOC lower limb, associated with the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which in both models is enhanced by wind and weakened by AIS meltwater perturbations. Even though both models under the AIS melting perturbation show similar AABW transport reductions of 4–5 Sv (50%–60%), the volume deflation of AABW south of 30°S is four times greater in the higher resolution simulation (−20 vs. −5 Sv). Water mass transformation (WMT) analysis reveals that surface‐forced dense water formation on the Antarctic shelf is absent in the higher resolution and reduced by half in the lower resolution model in response to the increased AIS melting. However, the decline of the AABW volume (and its inter‐model difference) far exceeds the surface‐forced WMT changes alone, which indicates that the divergent model responses arise from interactions between changes in surface forcing and interior mixing processes. This model divergence demonstrates an important source of uncertainty in climate modeling, and indicates that accurate shelf processes together with scenarios accounting for AIS melting are necessary for robust projections of the deep ocean's response to anthropogenic forcing.