bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The dose of ovalbumin per individual required to induce fatal anaphylactic sensitivity in guinea pigs within the age-limits of 2 to 20 weeks was unaffected by differences in age or body-weight. Old animals, 1 to 3 years of age, were less susceptible to sensitization and required about 20 times as much antigen to induce fatal sensitivity.
Groups of guinea pigs sensitized at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age and challenged at 5, 7, and 10 weeks of age, respectively, required essentially the same dose of antigen per individual to elicit fatal shock. Animals sensitized at 17 weeks of age and challenged at 20 weeks required about twice as much antigen to elicit fatal shock.
Male and female guinea pigs were equally susceptible to anaphylaxis.
The Effect of Complement in the Neutralization of Mumps Virus
Authors: Leymaster Glen R. , Ward Thomas G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Complement as a necessary component of antigen-antibody reactions has been extensively studied in bacterial and hemolytic systems (1, 2). There have been few studies of the role of complement in the neutralization of virus by immune sera, and these have yielded inconsistent results.
Gordon (3) in 1925, using vaccinia virus, studied the neutralizing effect of 3 immune sera. Heating reduced the neutralizing power of each serum. In only one of the 3 sera could the neutralizing effect be restored by the addition of fresh normal serum. In 1931, Mueller (4), testing neutralizing antibodies against Rous fowl sarcoma, showed that the inhibition of virus by immune serum could be enhanced with fresh normal guinea pig serum, and that the diminished titer of heated antiserum could be restored with fresh complement. Howitt (5) was unable to demonstrate any effect of complement on the neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis, and Sabin reported similar negative results with the vaccina virus (6).
The Application of a Quantitative Complement-Fixation Method to a Study of Q Fever Strain Differentiation
Authors: Wolfe Don M. , Kornfeld Lottie 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A quantitative complement-fixation method has been applied to the rickettsial antigens of Q fever. Significant differences in the titers of antigens prepared as outlined from two strains of Q fever were not detected under the conditions of the present test. Human Q fever serums of European and American origin, when tested with Nine Mile and Henzerling antigens, gave similar titers in both instances.
Studies on Streptomycin
Authors: Berkman Sam , Housewright Riley D. , Henry Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Streptomycin is adsorbed by cellophane (pure cellulose) and can be eluted by solutions of sodium chloride.
Studies with dialysis indicate that streptomycin forms a complex with albumin and with one or more components of horse serum. The albumin complex retains the full activity of free streptomycin, while there is some loss of streptomycin activity in the horse serum complex.
Complex formation between desoxyribonucleic acid or calf thymus nucleoprotein and streptomycin is accompanied by a shift toward the higher wave lengths in the ultra-violet absorption peak characteristic of nucleic acid. It is postulated that the formation of complexes involves a change in resonance. Reversal of these spectral changes was effected by sodium chloride.
Experimental Rubella in Human Volunteers
Authors: Anderson S. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Typical rubella has been produced by the inoculation of human volunteers by the respiratory route. The agent responsible remained viable in the presence of 200 O. U. of penicillin per ml and the evidence suggests that it was filterable through an 800 mμ membrane. It is therefore probably a virus. The virus was present in throat washings taken on the first day of the rash. The virus remained infective for at least 90 days when stored as frozen throat washings at −70 C. The incubation period in human subjects infected by inhalation ranged from thirteen to twenty days to the appearance of a rash. Lymphadenopathy preceded the onset of the rash by up to six days in some instances. Susceptible individuals were infected by contact with the experimental disease. Symptoms were not induced in any of nine subjects giving a history of rubella six to nine years previously. Evidence is presented for the existence of subclinical or unnoticed rubella. It is concluded that immunity to rubella is of high grade and persists probably beyond the six to nine year period covered by these results. There is no evidence that the artificially induced disease differs in any way from natural rubella and the immunity produced should be equally effective.
Further Studies of the Immunological Properties of Polysaccharides from Serratia Marcescens (Bacillus Prodigiosus)
Authors: Wharton D. R. A. , Creech Hugh J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A single injection into mice of the P-10 polysaccharide (polysaccharidelipid complex) from the 724 strain of Serratia marcescens led to the development of a high titer of agglutinating antibody and a pronounced tolerance toward the lethal action of the polysaccharide. The tolerance, which was manifested within 24 hours, reached its height on about the third day, when it was 100 per cent effective against a lethal dose of polysaccharide, declined sharply and was lost usually in 15 to 21 days. Agglutinating antibody was present only at low levels on the third day, but by the tenth day had reached a high titer which was maintained beyond 21 days.
When the polysaccharide was heated in neutral saline solution, there was a considerable loss in toxicity but little change in its ability to confer tolerance on mice. Heating did not diminish the antigenicity of the polysaccharide, as judged by tests of precipitinogen activity and of agglutinin production in mice.
Under the experimental conditions employed, the polysaccharide failed to induce anaphylaxis in guinea pigs.
Careful consideration of the experimental results in this paper and in earlier publications leads us to believe that the tolerance developed in mice by a single injection of polysaccharide is caused by the presence of protective antibodies; this tolerance, therefore, in all probability, has an immunological basis similar to that leading to the production of serologically demonstrable antibodies. We favor the interpretation that the preparation of polysaccharide contains two separate antigenic factors, one being a toxic factor, the other being responsible for the production of agglutinating antibodies.
Prophylactic Use of Schistosomal Antigen
Authors: Watts Nellie Perry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The administration of a Schistosoma mansoni antigen, prepared from adult worms to mice, before exposing the mice to 10 cercariae each, was associated to a statistically significant degree with a reduction in the number of cercariae which developed into adult worms.
There was no evidence that the antigen had a marked effect, if any, on rate of development; nor that one sex was more susceptible; nor that the localization of the worm was affected.
The Use of Phenolized Allantoic Fluid Antigen in the Complement Fixation Test for Psittacosis
Authors: Davis Dorland J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Satisfactory complement fixation antigens for psittacosis have been prepared by a simple method from the allantoic fluid of the developing chick embryo infected with Miyagawanella psittaci. Phenol is added to a concentration of one per cent to the infected allantoic fluid which is permitted to stand at 4 C for several days. This is centrifuged and the sediment resuspended in one fifth of the original volume of 0.85 per cent sodium chloride solution. The addition of small amounts of fresh yolk and lecithin appears to increase the potency of the antigen.
Hemagglutinating Substances for Human Cells in Various Plants
Authors: Boyd William C. , Reguera Rose M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Saline extracts of the seeds of 262 varieties of plants belonging to 63 families were tested for hemagglutinating activity against human erythrocytes. Of these, 191 showed no hemagglutinating activity, and 46 showed non-specific agglutinating activity, and 46 showed non-specific agglutinating activity for all types of human cells tested. Extracts of the seeds of 25 varieties were more or less blood-group specific, and several in particular were specific for group A1 and A2 cells.
Extracts of leafy portions or fruiting bodies of 9 species showed activity in the case of only 1 species.
No specificity for the M, N, or Rh antigens was detected.
The theoretical implications and possibly practical application of these observations are discussed.
The Neutralization Technique in Tsutsugamushi Disease: (Scrub Typhus) and the Antigenic Differentiation of Rickettsial Strains
Authors: Fox John P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization of R. orientalis by homologous antiserum was most effectively demonstrated when mice were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with mixtures of undiluted antiserum and serial dilutions of infective material. Satisfactory results could not be obtained by employing a constant infective dose and serial dilutions of antiserum or by using the subcutaneous or intracerebral routes of inoculation. Furthermore, neutralization was independent of complement.
Evidence was obtained to suggest that neutralization depends principally upon a union of antigen and antibody in vitro; however, passive immunity may best explain the zone phenomenon often observed.
The satisfactory expression of the neutralizing capacity of an antiserum was rendered difficult by the above-mentioned zone phenomenon and by the otherwise frequently irregular pattern of mouse survival observed in neutralization tests.
In spite of this difficulty, it was possible on the basis of a large series of crossneutralization tests to distinguish 4 clearly differentiated antigenic types and a possible fifth type among the 8 strains of R. orientalis included in the study. These types differed not only qualitatively but also in point of quantitative antigenic capacity.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The latent period for passive anaphylactic sensitization in the guinea pig was investigated with known amounts of rabbit antiovalbumin and was found to be a function of the amount of antibody used, when a constant amount of antigen is used which is sufficient to react completely with the antibody injected. The proportions of antibody and antigen required for fatal shock varied at different time intervals between sensitization and shock.
The Effect of Age upon Susceptibility to Infection with Influenza Virus
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies with neurotropic viruses (1–3) have shown that younger animals are more susceptible to virus infection than older animals. With other virus groups, the evidence has been more limited. There are many references to the use of young mice in studies on influenza, but little information is given concerning the reasons for this choice. Sarracino and Soule (4) observed that 4–6 week old mice succumbed as much as 10 days before older animals when inoculated with the virus of influenza. The present study was undertaken in order to ascertain the effect of age upon susceptibility to influenza virus. This effect of age upon susceptibility to that infection is of considerable interest, inasmuch as it is felt that the observed differences may possibly reflect information concerning the mechanism of host-parasite relationships.
Materials and Methods. Mice: The Swiss mice employed in this study were all received from one dealer2 and were approximately the same age (3 weeks) on arrival.
The Dispersion of P32 and other Tracers Injected Into Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Taylor R. M. , Saenz A. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evans' blue and suspended charcoal inoculated into the amniotic sac of 11- and 13-day-old embryos rapidly appears in the gastro-intestinal tract. None is detected in the respiratory tract. Suspended radioactive chromic phosphate inoculated into the amniotic sac of 10- to 13-day-old embryos also rapidly appears in the gastro-intestinal tract, but in 13-day-old embryos a small amount reaches the lungs. Soluble P32 in the form of Na2HPO4 introduced into the amniotic sac becomes dispersed in the allantoic fluid, the blood, and the body of the embryo. After 72 hours little, if any, remains in the amniotic fluid. When soluble P32 is inoculated into the allantoic sac of 10- to 13-day-old embryos, it tends to remain in this position. Relatively small amounts appear in the blood and the body of the embryo and none or only a trace is found in the amniotic fluid. Soluble P32 inoculated into the yolk sac soon appears in the blood and the body of the embryo and to a lesser degree in the allantoic fluid. None is found in the amniotic fluid. Soluble P32 injected intravenously is found in highest concentration in the blood and in the body of the embryo, but a considerable amount enters the allantoic fluid. None or only a trace appears in the amniotic fluid.
A Comparison of the Von Krogh Formula (Logistic Function) and the Method of Probits As Applied to Hemolysis by Complement
Authors: Waksman Byron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The von Krogh formula (logistic function) relating hemolysis, y, to amount, x, of complement, C′, describes a symmetrical distribution curve of red cell susceptibility to lysis when differentiated with respect to log x. This curve is almost identical with the normal distribution curve, to which hemolysis by C′ has been related by the use of the method of probits. The latter curve, being more completely understood theoretically and statistically, should be used in preference to the former. Erroneous applications of the logistic formula are discussed.
The Recurrence of Influenza a Prime in a Boarding School after 2 Years
Authors: Sigel M. Michael , Kitts Albert W. , Light A. B. , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An outbreak of influenza A occurred in a school which, two years previously, experienced an outbreak due to an antigenically similar virus. Two years after infection, resistance to the influenza A virus was no longer demonstrable.
The Occurrence in Human Plasma Fractions of the Antibodies to H. Pertussis
Authors: Hink John H. , Johnson Frederick F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of mouse-protection tests indicate that the protective antibody in anti-pertussis hyperimmunized human plasma occurs almost entirely in the purified γ2-globulin (fraction II). A minor portion of the pertussis agglutinins can be recovered in fraction II.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus. VI. The Effect of Papain on the Antibody-Antigen Complex
Authors: Malkiel Saul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The papain treatment of the antibody-antigen complex of tobacco mosaic virus results in digestion of the antibody and release of the virus which, physically, behaves as native, intact virus. Supporting evidence is presented by which it is shown that stubs of antibody still remain attached. The identification of both methionine and histidine in the complex isolated virus indicates the presence of antibody globulin, for neither of these amino-acid residues is found in native virus. In addition, the specific serological reaction with anti-rabbit-globulin serum reveals antibody to be a part of the papain-isolated complex. This attached residual antibody accounts for the decreased infectivity of the isolated preparations, but no plausible explanation can be offered for the greater serological activity of the virus thus isolated.
The Formation of Complement Fixing and Neutralizing Antibodies After the Injection of Inactivated Rabies Virus with Adjuvants
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sera containing complement fixing antibodies of high titer may be useful to identify and measure the antigenic components in rabies vaccines, particularly for the study of fractions such as are obtained during purification.
The demonstration of complement fixing antibodies against neurotropic viruses had been reported (1) but it remained for Casals and Palacios (2) to improve the technique making such a test practical. These authors prepared antigens which were not anticomplementary, determined the temperature and period of time for inactivation of sera and developed a method of immunization to produce sera of high titer. With regard to rabies virus, they have found that both in the rabbit and the guinea pig complement fixing antibodies can be prepared by a long series of injections of active virus preceded by several injections of inactivated virus (suspension of homologous brain containing fixed virus).
Studies on Newcastle Disease Virus Encephalitis in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Monley Anne , Todd Richard N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newcastle disease virus provoked encephalitis in rhesus monkeys following intracerebral inoculation. The histopathologic changes in monkeys consisted of a chorio-meningo-encephalitis. A comparative study of two strains of NDV indicated a fundamental similarity in the ability of each to cause encephalitis with corresponding histological changes in the brain. One strain of the virus has been transferred by brain-to-brain passage in rhesus monkeys. There was no evidence of infection following intradermal, intranasal, or intraneural inoculation of virus.
Collodion Particle Agglutination with Acute-Phase Serums and Immune Globulin in Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Eichman Hazel L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Gamma globulin from the serum of normal subjects or patients convalescent from hepatitis agglutinated collodion particles sensitized with acute-phase serums obtained from patients with viral hepatitis or certain other acute infectious diseases.
The substance in acute-phase serums concerned in this reaction was destroyed by heating to 56 C for 30 minutes, and was soluble in acetone, ether, and benzene. Fractionation of acute-phase serums indicated that the reactive substance was contained in the globulin fraction.
The exact nature of the reactive substance is undetermined, although it is suggested that it may represent a non-specific alteration in lipo-proteins in acute-phase serums. The possibility that it is more specifically related to hepatitis virus or to some product of hepatic injury requires further investigation.
A Note on the Booster Effect of Pneumococcus Capsular Polysaccharide
Authors: Murray F. J. , Ludwig K. A. , Foter M. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were conducted in mice to determine whether a booster effect of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide might be evidenced in the form of increased animal protection. A definite increase in protection followed a booster injection of SI.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Bentoff Judith , Brown Eleanor , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The solubility of diphtherial toxoid has been determined on the acid side of its isoelectric point in methanol-water and water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and temperature.
On the basis of these studies, a three step method is presented for the preparation of purified diphtherial toxoid containing over 1500 Lf per mg of protein nitrogen.
Quantitative Studies of Complement-Fixation
Authors: Wallace Alwilda L. , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative complement-fixation data are given for the interaction of crystalline bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA. It is shown that the extent of complement-fixation is not a direct linear function of the amount of antibody; graphs of the number of fifty per cent units of complement (C′H50) fixed against micrograms of antibody nitrogen yield an S-shaped curve. A 50 per cent complement-fixation unit (C′F50) is proposed as a measure of the complement-fixing potency of an antiserum. The complement-fixing activity per microgram of antibody N has been found to vary with the length and intensity of immunization; consequently, the C′ fixation titer of an antiserum should not be considered a direct measure of its antibody content. First- and second-course antisera did not yield maximal complement-fixation at the same antibody/antigen ratio, and their complement-fixation curves differed markedly in the zone of antigen excess.
Study of an American Negro Family with the Rare Rh Genotype ryr (CdE/cde)
Authors: Phansomboon Somsak , Pollak Otakar J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The very rare genotype ryr (CdE/cde) is reported for the first time in a colored American family. The probable frequency of the ry (CdE) gene among white and colored Americans is considered. The manner of genetic transmission of the ry (CdE) gene is discussed. A theoretical explanation for racial differences in the frequency of Rh negative persons is offered.
Evidence for Dissociation of Titer of Infectious and Antigenic Activity in a Preparation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Salk Jonas E. , Bennett Byron L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Observations have been reported suggesting the existence of dissociation between infectious titer and antigenic extinction titer, or between concentration of “infectious virus” and of “virus antigen”. The dissociation observed in a preparation of mouse CNS tissue containing the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis is believed to be due to a state of incomplete adaptation to mice of virus adapted to the monkey. The possible implication of the observation recorded is discussed.
Further Observations of the Effect of Acridines on the Growth of Viruses
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Cheever F. Sargent , Levenson Charlotte G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infections of the allantoic sac of chick embryos with the viruses of meningo-pneumonitis or feline pneumonitis were markedly inhibited or completely eradicated by a nitroacridine but the closely related chloroacridine produced negligible effects.
Allantoic infections with mumps virus were slightly inhibited both by the chloro- and nitro-acridines while only the nitro-compound showed any effect against influenza B (Lee strain) in the allantoic sac.
Both compounds retarded to about equal degree the growth of the viruses of mumps, influenza A and influenza B in tissue culture.
The effect of the two acridines on virus inactivation in vitro and on growth of fibroblasts, respiration, and glycolysis in tissue cultures was examined and the findings related to the observed inhibition of virus growth.
The results do not justify the conclusion that the inhibition of virus growth at concentrations of drug between 0.01 and 0.02 mg/ml was brought about either by killing of cells or by extracellular inactivation of virus. Inhibition of intracellular virus by acridines may occur both with agents of the psittacosis-LGV group and with those of influenza and mumps, but the alternative possibility of their action through modification of the host cell metabolism cannot be ruled out.