bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Action of Mustards on Interfering, Hemagglutinating and Eluting Capacities of Influenza a (PR8) Virus
Authors: Fong Jacob , Blum Baruch 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The present investigations of the action of sulfur mustard and the chloroethylamine derivatives upon influenza A (PR8) virus have demonstrated that 5 × 10-3 M cyclo or chloro mustard caused a partial destruction of the interfering capacity of virus but did not greatly affect the hemagglutination-elution mechanism. Two earlier reports (5, 6) have shown that exposure of virus to 5 × 10-3 M mustards resulted in complete loss of viral infectivity and toxicity but little destruction of viral antigenicity. It was also observed that the extent of inactivation of viral infectivity and toxicity was a function of the concentration of mustard, and that for a given concentration of chemical, the loss of viral infectivity exceeded that of viral toxicity (5). These observations indicate that the order of loss of viral properties upon exposure of influenza virus to mustards is similar to that reported by the Henles (8, 9) for increasing doses of irradiation, namely: infectivity, toxicity, interfering capacity, hemagglutination-elution and antigenicity, in order of increasing resistance.
The Growth Curve of the Virus of Herpes Simplex on the Chorioallantoic Membrane of the Embryonated Hen's Egg
Authors: McNair Scott T. F. , Coriell L. L. , Blank H. , Gray Alan , Kaneda B. , Schermerhorn L. , Rawson Sara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An estimate of the accuracy of methods of titration of the herpes simplex virus on the CAM has been given. The pattern of growth of the herpes virus on the CAM has been described, and its similarity to the patterns of other animal viruses studied has been indicated.
Initial adsorption of virus onto the CAM occurs very rapidly, 99% or more occurring within 1 hour, with most of it within 10–15 minutes. Following this there is a continued decrease in residual seed virus at a slower rate for the next 7 hours.
The latent period varies in length (from 4–12 hours) inversely with the number of infectious units in the inoculum. During this period there is no detectable evidence of infectious virus in the host cells.
Following the latent period infectious virus becomes again detectable and increases at the rate of 10 fold every 2 hours for the next 10 hours. Following this, the rate levels off for another 6 hours, then rises again slowly.
For the first 12–18 hours of the incremental period more virus is obtained from within the membranes than can be demonstrated as having escaped from the infected cells. After this period, virus formation within the cells appears to come into equilibrium with the escape of virus from the cells.
No evidence of complement-fixing activity was found before the demonstration of infectious virus in high titer.
The Preparation and Properties of Cold Hemagglutinin
Authors: Gordon Robert S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three methods of preparing cold agglutinin from sera are described. The most concentrated material so obtained was studied electrophoretically, and ultracentrifugally, and the sedimentation constant, electrophoretic mobility, and approximate isoelectric points are given. Quantitative studies of the reaction of cold agglutinin with erythrocyte stromata are presented. An immunochemical study demonstrates that cold agglutinin is not identical with normal serum gamma globulin.
Quantitative Determination of Hemagglutinins for Normal and Trypsinized Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: Winn Henry J. , Dodd Matt. C. , Wright Claude-Starr 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Erythrocyte stromata have been prepared by a variety of methods for use in quantitative determination of hemagglutinins for normal and trypsinized cells. The relative merit of the various methods has been discussed and a procedure for the preparation of a suitable antigen has been elaborated.
The course of agglutination as a function of the amount of normal stromata N added has been followed in rabbit anti-normal erythrocyte sera and in rabbit anti-trypsinized erythrocyte sera at pH 7.4 It has been noted that stromata are partially soluble at this pH.
The solubility of erythrocyte stromata has been determined in saline and in normal rabbit serum at various hydrogen ion concentrations and has been shown to be minimal at pH 5.5.
Quantitative estimation of total antibody for normal and trypsin treated cells has been carried out in both homologous and heterologous antisera at pH 5.5, and a moderately high degree of precision has been realized.
Results obtained by quantitative methods parallel those obtained in routine absorption studies, and offer strong support for the original contention that there are antigenic differences between normal and trypsin treated cells.
It has been suggested that incomplete antibodies in rabbit antiserum to human red cells agglutinate trypsinized cells because of the capacity to act as divalent molecules in reactions with such cells. Serologic similarities between these systems and those found in human sera in certain types of hemolytic anemia suggest a similar explanation for the incomplete antibody present.
Multiplication of Coxsackie Virus in Adult Mice Exposed to Roentgen Radiation
Authors: Cheever F. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Swiss white mice weighing 10 to 12 g were exposed to whole body roentgen radiation 24 to 120 hours before the intraperitoneal inoculation of the Powers strain of Coxsackie virus. Nonirradiated control mice were injected with virus at the same time. At regular intervals thereafter mice from each group were sacrificed and the viral content of selected organs determined.
In general, virus could be demonstrated over a longer period of time in the organs of the irradiated mice as compared to the controls, and with rare exceptions the former yielded a consistently higher viral titer. When the amount of X-radiation was varied higher concentrations of virus were demonstrated in the organs of mice receiving greater exposure. In contrast to these findings the increase in mortality rates among the irradiated mice was irregular and at best moderate. Irradiation of mice 48 hours after inoculation of the virus was not followed by a demonstrable increase in either virus yield or mortality rate as compared to non-irradiated control animals.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Ruth Royal F. , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attempt has been made to identify the cell types involved in antibody production. Histological and nucleic acid determinations were made upon the spleen and serological determinations upon the serum of chickens injected intravenously with crystalline beef serum albumin. The following results were obtained in the spleen following injection of antigen: The wet and dry spleen weights increased to maximums on the 3rd day. The hemoglobin concentration was not increased on the 3rd day. The concentration of DNA decreased to a minimum on the 2nd day. The concentration of PNA increased to a maximum on the 3rd day. The total amount of DNA per spleen increased to a maximum on the 3rd day. The total amount of PNA per spleen increased to a maximum on the 4th day. The numbers of reticular cells, prolymphocytes, and lymphocytes decreased to minimums on the 4th, 2nd, and 3rd days respectively. The numbers of blast cells and proplasmacytes increased to maximums on the 3rd day, and the number of plasmacytes increased to a maximum on the 4th day. Antibody first appeared on the 4th day and reached its peak on the 8th day. The changes in the cell population of the spleen were reflected in peripheral blood smears. Unusual pycnotic and highly vacuolated plasmacytic cells appeared in both the spleen and the peripheral blood smears. The sequence of changes in spleen weight, DNA and PNA concentrations and contents, plasma cell proliferation, and serum antibody concentration strongly suggest that the cells of the plasmacytic series are involved in the synthesis of antibody protein.
The Action of Fat-Acids on Trichomonas Vaginalis
Authors: Frank Henry G. , Reiner L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In studying the in vitro action of over 100 compounds on the motility of trichomonads, MacDonald and Tatum (1) observed that anionic, as well as cationic, surface-active agents are effective in immobilizing and disintegrating this organism. In view of the close chemical relationship between fat-acids and synthetic anionic surface-active agents, it seemed of interest to compare their activity on trichomonads. Trussell and Johnson (2) studied the trichomonacidal effects of various acids including a few fat-acids. Though these workers were conscious of the fact that variation of the hydrogen-ion concentration affects the viability of trichomonads and that it also may affect the action of acids on this organism, they made no efforts to control the pH value of their test-mixtures. Since the trichomonacidal concentrations of acids were determined by these workers at different pH values ranging from 4.1 to 6.3, comparison of the activity of fat-acids with each other and with that of surface-active agents at close to neutral pH value is impossible.
Tissue Culture Studies of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Gajdusek D. Carleton , Anslow Ralph O. , Hubbell Elizabeth J. , Yager Robert H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
VEE virus, classified as a neurotropic agent, will survive and multiply in human uterine tissue fragments.
The virus has been carried through 15 subcultures in human uterine tissue and has retained its pathogenicity for mice by intracerebral inoculation. This represents a total dilution factor of the original virus of at least 10−43.
Tissue culture flasks as here used are not as sensitive an indicator of virus infectivity as is the intracerebrally inoculated mouse.
The tissue fragments in such cultures contain considerably more virus than the supernatant fluids.
Inherent Immunizability to Tetanus Toxoid, Based on Studies in Pure Inbred Mice
Authors: Ipsen Johannes 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ten inbred mouse strains from Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratories were tested for immunity to tetanus toxin after treatment with graded doses of alum-precipitated tetanus toxoid. Some strains required about 0.005 ml toxoid to obtain a given immunity in 14 days, while other strains required a dose of toxoid 10 to 30-fold higher. The former are characterized as having high immunizability, the latter group as having low immunizability. All ten strains required the same median lethal dose of tetanus toxin when not immunized. It is concluded that susceptibility to toxin is distinct from immunizability.
Neutralizing Antibodies Against Certain Viruses in the Sera of Residents of India
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Kerr J. A. , Gatne P. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Blood samples obtained from indigenous residents of 38 localities in 6 states in India have been tested for neutralizing antibody against each of 15 different viruses known or believed to be arthropod borne.
All tests with yellow fever, Bwamba fever, and Bunyamwera viruses were negative. A small number of sera were found which neutralized Ilhéus or Semliki Forest viruses, but neither of these agents appears to be of much importance in the localities sampled.
Six of 211 sera neutralized St. Louis encephalitis virus. The same sera also neutralized West Nile virus. The interpretation of this result is not attempted.
Antibodies against dengue types 1 and 2 and West Nile viruses were found in sera from residents of many localities; in some localities the incidence of protection was quite high. Significant numbers of the sera neutralized Zika, Uganda S, Nitaya, Japanese B, or Murray Valley virus. Six of 26 sera from donors living in the Sorath district of Saurashtra were protective against Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus.
The question of possible group-specific reactions is discussed.
Isolation of a Cytopathogenic Agent from an Infant with a Disease in Certain Respects Resembling Roseola Infantum
Authors: Neva Franklin A. , Enders John F. , Chang Yinette 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An agent cytopathogenic in tissue cultures for cells of human origin was isolated from the feces of a 2 year old patient, R.S., with a 3 day febrile illness characterized by a skin eruption. Development of neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies reacting with the agent was demonstrated in the patient's convalescent serum. Preliminary serologic studies indicated that the agent isolated from patient R.S. and the group of cytopathogenic agents isolated from other patients with an epidemic exanthem illness were not related. The agent from R.S. characteristically induced a peculiar type of nuclear degeneration in roller cultures of human embryonic skin-muscle, foreskin, uterine and kidney tissues. Clinical features of the illness in patient R.S. suggest that the disease may have been roseola infantum.
Growth of Neurotropic Viruses in Extraneural Tissues
Authors: Smith Wayne M. , Evans C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented showing that MM and W. E. E. viruses can be propagated in roller tube tissue cultures of immature rhesus testes. Maximum titers of virus occurred at 48 hours in the case of MM virus and at 3 or 4 days with W. E. E. virus. Parallel titrations in mice and in tissue culture of medium from infected cultures, showed similar end-points with MM virus, but moderately dissimilar results with the virus of W. E. E. More of the latter virus was required to infect tissue cultures than to infect mice.
Differences between the type and severity of fibroblastic cytonecrosis in tissue cultures infected with MM and with W. E. E. viruses are briefly described. A moderate number of normal appearing cells remained in cultures infected with MM virus; in W. E. E. cultures all cells in the zone of outgrowth were degenerated. Normal cells could not be found after the infection had run its course.
A Factor of Complement Inactivated by Histamine or Ethylenediamine
Authors: Brumfield Helene P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Either histamine or ethylenediamine inactivates a factor of guinea pig complement which is essential to immune hemolysis. Complement inactivated by these agents contains the four known hemolytic components. This factor (called C′6) is heat stable and present in the end piece of complement. These characteristics and the similarity of inactivating agents for C′6 and C′4 indicate a close relationship between these fractions. However, titrations of individual sera from seven mammalian species suggest that C′6 is an entity rather than a part of C′4. The ratio of C′6 to C′4 showed no quantitative relationship among the species.
Mannitol Negative Varieties of Shigella Flexneri Serotypes
Authors: Ewing W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of biochemical and serological studies with cultures of mannitol negative Shigella flexneri 1b, 2a, 3, and 4a are reported. The results indicated that the mannitol negative variety previously referred to as the Saigon bacillus, S. saigonensis, B. rabaulensis, S. rio, etc., are S. flexneri 4a cultures. Hence, no special epithet nor special subserotype designation is needed for cultures of this serotype.
Mannitol negative varieties of S. flexneri 1b and 2a are described, apparently for the first time.
It was clear that none of the mannitol negative S. flexneri varieties had claim to separate status in a system of classification and that they should be looked upon as variants of the parent types.
Two types of modified form variation in S. flexneri cultures were studied and discussed. Form variation appeared to occur more frequently in S. flexneri 4a strains than in other S. flexneri serotypes.
The literature on the subject of mannitol negative varieties of S. flexneri was reviewed.
Experimental Studies in Trichomoniasis
Authors: Kelly Dorothy R. , Schumacher Alberta , Schnitzer R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intramuscular or intra-abdominal immunization of mice with live cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis produced marked protection against reinfection by both these routes, but the immunity against subcutaneous reinfection was much less pronounced. Immunization of mice by the subcutaneous route conferred immunity against the intramuscular, but not against subcutaneous or the intra-abdominal reinfection. The healing of the primary subcutaneous lesion was followed by a period of residual immunity of at least 4 weeks' but less than 7 weeks' duration.
Erythrocyte-Sensitizing Substances from Rickettsiae of the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Group
Authors: Chang R. Shih-Man , Murray Edward S. , Snyder John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Erythrocyte sensitizing substances, ESS, have been derived from ether extracted suspensions of yolk sac membranes infected with various members of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever group of rickettsiae. Tests on normal and immune sera indicate that the ESS from different strains are common to the entire RMSF group. A slight antigenic overlap between RMSF and typhus was ocassionally encountered in the ESS tests, but otherwise the typhus-ESS were clearly different from the RMSF-ESS. Antibodies to ESS of the RMSF group occurred regularly in human and rabbit convalescent sera, but not in guinea pig sera.
The ESS test has certain advantages over the complement fixation and the Weil-Felix tests.
Studies on the Mechanism of Inactivation of Human Complement by Plasmin and by Antigen-Antibody Aggregates
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Wurz Leona , Ratnoff Oscar D. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inactivation of C′2 and C′4 of human complement by streptokinase-activated plasmin and by antigen-antibody aggregates requires the presence of a factor which differs from plasminogen but which has all of the known properties of C′1. The similarity between this factor and C′1 is shown by the following data: Complete inactivation of the factor in normal serum heated at 56°C for 30 minutes; nearly complete inactivation at 52°C for 30 minutes.Nearly complete inactivation of the factor in Ca++-depleted serum heated at 37°C for 2 hours.Absence of the factor in R1; presence of the factor in R2, R3 and R4.Absence or marked depletion of the factor in serum treated with streptokinase or with immune aggregates.Correlation between C′1 titer and presence of the factor in heated R2 and in preliminary purification of R2.Absence of a correlation between the presence of the factor and the amount of plasminogen or plasmin in the system.
Ca++ potentiates the inactivation of C′2 and C′4 of human complement by streptokinase-activated plasmin and, to a lesser extent, by antigen-antibody aggregates. Ca++ spares the amount of factor (C′1) required for the inactivation of C′2 and C′4 at a given concentration of streptokinase or of antigen-antibody. At least in part, this sparing effect is attributable to the greater stability of the factor (C′1) in the presence of Ca++.
A method is described which is useful for the study of factor requirements for the inactivation of complement by plasmin and by antigen-antibody aggregates. The method employs R1 as substrate and as an incomplete enzyme system. The role of a given factor is determined by its ability to initiate or potentiate the inactivation of C′2 and C′4 in R1 in the presence of streptokinase or of antigen-antibody aggregates.
An interrelationship between the plasmin and antigen-antibody-complement systems is proposed in which it is postulated that the inactivation of C′2 and C′4 of human complement by plasmin and by antigen-antibody aggregates is the result of conversion of an enzyme precursor (C′1) to an active enzyme.
The Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Mouse Lymph Nodes During Sensitization to a Foreign Protein
Authors: Pinkus Hermann , Albert S. , Johnson Ralph M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Changes in weight, histologic structure, and uptake of radioactive phosphorus in the lymph nodes of mice were examined and correlated with precipitin titers in the blood serum following first and second injections of horse serum. The results of the study indicate that phosphorus turnover in lymph nodes of normal mice is intimately and specifically associated with immunization processes taking place in the animals.
Studies on the Propagation in Vitro of Poliomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Scherer William F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The host cell population and the size of the virus inoculum were selected as variables in the propagation of viruses in mammalian cells in vitro, to learn the effect of each upon virus yield. As a model cultural system, strain HeLa cells and poliomyelitis viruses were employed since cells and virus can be readily and accurately quantitated. The yield of poliomyelitis virus, Type 1, 2 or 3 at the time of destruction of from 90 to 100 per cent of strain HeLa cells was determined by the population of host cells, and not by the size of the virus inoculum. The time required for total destruction of cells to occur was indirectly related to the quantity of virus in the inoculum; it was prolonged from 1.4 to 1.9 times by a reduction in the temperature of incubation from 36°C to 30°C even though equal quantities of virus were produced at each temperature. The yield of poliomyelitis virus, Type 1, 2 or 3, per strain HeLa cell was found upon calculation to range in these experiments from 1.7 to 3.4 log TCID50 (geometric mean, 2.5 log TCID50).
The Hemagglutinin of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Recovery, Properties and Use for Diagnosis
Authors: Chanock Robert M. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A specific hemagglutinin for chick erythrocytes was recovered for the first time from 2 recently isolated strains of WEE virus, but could not be demonstrated for a well-established laboratory-adapted strain. The hemagglutinin was no longer demonstrable after the freshly isolated virus had undergone more than 6 consecutive intracerebral passages in mice. The potency of hemagglutinin in the supernatant fluids of centrifuged brain suspensions increased with storage at 4 C, maximal titers requiring 1 to 7 days for development.
The reaction between WEE hemagglutinin and erythrocytes from newly hatched chicks was maximal at pH 6.1, weak at pH 6.0, 6.2, and 6.3, and absent at pH 5.9 and 6.4 at room temperature. When the mixtures were reshaken at 10 and 30 minutes, a 2- to 4-fold increase in hemagglutinin titer resulted. While the receptors for this hemagglutinin were uniformly present on the erythrocytes of newborn chicks, they occurred irregularly on the erythrocytes of adult chickens and sheep. No receptor-destroying enzyme was associated with WEE hemagglutinin and the union between the hemagglutinin and red cells was much firmer than was the case with SLE, Jap B, and West Nile hemagglutinins, since resuspension of erythrocytes agglutinated by the WEE hemagglutinin did not reverse the reaction.
WEE hemagglutinin was rapidly destroyed at pH 6.1, the pH for reaction with the erythrocyte, but not at pH 6.4 to 8.0. When hemagglutinin was stored at pH 8.0 at 4 C or -70 C no loss in potency was detected over a 7-month period.
The normal serum inhibitor for the WEE hemagglutinin was absent from the protein fraction of human serum precipitated by acetone. In rabbit serum a small amount of normal inhibitor was still detectable in the acetone-precipitated fraction. Hemagglutination-inhibition tests with the acute and convalescent phase serum specimens from 7 patients who suffered from encephalitis due to western equine virus yielded distinct and specific diagnostic results.