bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection on standing genetic variation mediates convergent evolution in extremophile fish
Authors: Ryan Kara , Greenway Ryan , Landers Jake , Arias‐Rodriguez Lenin , Tobler Michael , Kelley Joanna L. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that disrupts numerous biological processes, including energy production in the mitochondria, yet fish in the Poecilia mexicana species complex have independently evolved sulfide tolerance several times. Despite clear evidence for convergence at the phenotypic level in these fishes, it is unclear if the repeated evolution of hydrogen sulfide tolerance is the result of similar genomic changes. To address this gap, we used a targeted capture approach to sequence genes associated with sulfide processes and toxicity from five sulfidic and five nonsulfidic populations in the species complex. By comparing sequence variation in candidate genes to a reference set, we identified similar population structure and differentiation, suggesting that patterns of variation in most genes associated with sulfide processes and toxicity are due to demographic history and not selection. But the presence of tree discordance for a subset of genes suggests that several loci are evolving divergently between ecotypes. We identified two differentiation outlier genes that are associated with sulfide detoxification in the mitochondria that have signatures of selection in all five sulfidic populations. Further investigation into these regions identified long, shared haplotypes among sulfidic populations. Together, these results reveal that selection on standing genetic variation in putatively adaptive genes may be driving phenotypic convergence in this species complex.
Beneficial effects of empagliflozin and liraglutide on the cerebral microcirculation of diabetic rats
Authors: d'Avila Joana Costa , Carlos Aluana Santana , Vieira Raimundo Lima , Vergueiro Carla , Lima Aline Teixeira , Silva Isaias dos Santos , de Figueiredo Vivian Carvalho , Chateaubriand Paulo Henrique Petrone , Moreno Adalgiza Mafra , de Castro Faria Neto Hugo Caire , Estato Vanessa , Siqueira Rodrigo Azeredo 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of the antidiabetics liraglutide, a GLP‐1 analog, and empagliflozin, an SGLT‐2 inhibitor, on the brain microcirculation of diabetic rats.MethodsType 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was experimentally induced in male Wistar rats by combining a high‐fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Liraglutide (100 μg/kg s.c.) and empagliflozin (10 mg/kg, oral) were administered for 5 weeks. Body weight was monitored periodically. Oral glucose tolerance, fasting glycemia, and blood triglycerides were evaluated after the treatments. Endothelial–leukocyte interactions in the brain microcirculation and structural capillary density were assessed.ResultsDM rats presented metabolic and cerebrovascular alterations. Liraglutide treatment decreased body weight and blood triglycerides of DM rats. Empagliflozin treatment improved glucose tolerance but only the combination therapy significantly reduced fasting blood glucose. Both treatments and their combination reduced leukocyte adhesion into the endothelium of brain venules. However, empagliflozin was more effective in preventing DM‐induced microvascular rarefaction.ConclusionThese findings suggest that chronic treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP‐1 receptor agonists may serve as potential therapeutic approaches to prevent microvascular complications associated with diabetes.
The Ecclesiological and Missiological Perspectives of Synodality
Authors: Nowotnik Jan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to appreciate more deeply the ecclesiological and missiological perspectives of synodality and thus to suggest that synodality is not something new or created as the whim of Pope Francis but that it is rooted in the Church's ecclesiology from its earliest times and as such finds an expression in the Church's life and mission. In this paper I will demonstrate that the Church has always been a synodal Church and what we are witnessing now is a valid theological development which takes us into the third millennium. I wish to set my examination of synodality in its ecclesiological and missiological perspectives and thereby posit that these two branches or routes lead into the one synodal pathway. I will show that as we examine the ecclesiological perspective of synodality we shall see that it is set in a renewed sense of mission. For this, we will need to co-operate with God and each other, as Pope Francis hinted at in 2015.
Courage in the Anthropocene: Towards a philosophical anthropology of the present
Authors: Reid Julian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn the late 18th century, Immanuel Kant attracted attention for his criticisms of colonialism, that problematized the established boundaries between civilization and barbarism, and chastised English colonialism in particular. Some years later, however, in his lectures on Anthropology, he ventured some oddly racist views, concerning the specific differences between European and Indigenous peoples. Kant's racism is by now well‐documented. However, less attention has been paid to the peculiarities of that racism, and especially its foundations in a theory of virtue. His racism comes to light especially in his discussions of the virtues of patience and courage, and in passages which have rarely been subject to critical scrutiny still to this day. This article starts out from an analysis of the functions of Kant's concepts of courage and patience in his account of European versus Indigenous difference, with a view to interrogating the politics of virtue in the present, where this discussion is reoccurring in new guises. What Kant considered courage has now been devalorized, while what he considered patience is now valorized. This reversal of perspectives on what counts as virtuous has occurred in correlation with a reversal in western perspectives on Indigeneity. Such that contemporary accounts of courage are correlated with contemporary accounts of Indigeneity. These reversals of perspective must be understood in context of the transformation which philosophical anthropology has undergone under the duress of the Anthropocene. Contemporary works by Dipesh Chakrabarty and Jonathan Lear are of great relevance to this correlated transformation and will be discussed here. The article analyses what both Chakrabarty and Lear understand by courage today, its relevance to the Anthropocene, and points out the limitations of their theories. Ultimately the article argues for a rethinking of the definition of courage as a political virtue of the Anthropocenic present.
Can we dissociate hypervigilance to social threats from altered perceptual decision‐making processes in lonely individuals? An exploration with Drift Diffusion Modeling and event‐related potentials
Authors: Mąka Szymon , Chrustowicz Marta , Okruszek Łukasz 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that lonely individuals demonstrate hypervigilance toward social threats. However, recent studies have raised doubts about the reliability of tasks commonly used to measure attentional biases toward threats. Two alternative approaches have been suggested to overcome the limitations of traditional analysis of attentional bias. First, the neurophysiological indicators of orienting to threats were shown to have superior psychometric characteristics compared to overt measures of behavioral performance. The second approach involves utilizing computational modeling to isolate latent components corresponding to specific cognitive mechanisms from observable data. To test the usefulness of these approaches in loneliness research, we analyzed behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data from 26 lonely and 26 non‐lonely participants who performed a dot‐probe task using a computational modeling approach. We applied the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) and extracted N2pc—an event‐related potential that serves as an indicator of spatial attention. No evidence for social threat hypervigilance has been found in DDM parameters nor in N2pc characteristics in the current study. However, we did observe decreased drift rate and increased variability in drift rate between trials within the lonely group, indicating reduced efficiency in perceptual decision‐making among lonely individuals. These effects were not detected using standard behavioral measures used in the dot‐probe paradigm. Given that DDM indicators were sensitive to differences in perceptual discrimination between the two groups, even when no overt differences were found in standard behavioral measures, it may be postulated that computational approaches offer a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive processes.
Attentional suppression of weight‐related distractors among females with weight dissatisfaction
Authors: Yao Jiayi , Leng Xuechen , Chen Yixuan , Chen Minran , Liu Aixin , Feng Chengzhi , Feng Wenfeng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAlthough many studies have investigated attentional biases toward weight‐related information among individuals with weight dissatisfaction, the mechanisms underlying the processing of task‐irrelevant and spatial‐irrelevant weight‐related information as distractors remain unclear. Participants were assigned to groups according to their levels of weight dissatisfaction to address this question. Participants with high weight dissatisfaction (HWD) were assigned to the experimental group; those with low weight dissatisfaction (LWD) were assigned to a control group. By recording event‐related potentials during a visual search task along the median vertical line, fatness‐related/thinness‐related/neutral words and scrambled strokes were presented horizontally in pairs as task‐irrelevant distractors. The results showed that intact words facilitated fast attentional orienting compared to scrambled strokes, as revealed by the significant N2pc for all types of intact words for both the HWD and LWD groups. More importantly, only fatness‐ and thinness‐related words elicited the evident PD in the HWD group, and the PD amplitudes were larger in the HWD group compared to the LWD group. These findings suggest that weight‐related distractors were actively suppressed after initial attentional orienting among females with HWD. This reveals the mechanisms of attentional biases toward weight‐related information among females with HWD and contributes to the model of the cognitive‐behavioral theory of body image disturbance. These results may help enhance prevention and interventions for reducing weight dissatisfaction.
Citizenship and inheritance law in Florence: Round two of the conflict between and Borromei and Pazzi
Authors: Kuehn Thomas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn 2020 Renaissance Studies [34 (2020): 243–59] published an essay entitled “Lorenzo de' Medici and Inheritance Law in Florence,” discussing the use of legislation by Lorenzo de' Medici to advantage Carlo Borromei in inheritance from his uncle, to the disadvantage of his cousin, Beatrice, who was married to a Pazzi. The legislation removed legal uncertainty in Florentine inheritance law. Another consilium for the Pazzi has emerged, arising in the aftermath of the legislation, taking an entirely different path to try to deny Carlo Borromei full access to the estate, on the grounds he was not a Florentine citizen and so unable to enjoy the benefits of Florence's new statute. The author of the consilium was a Sienese. His arguments shift the grounds of discussion, while not entirely escaping the whiff of sour grapes by the Pazzi at having lost in the first round. Citizenship emerges as a performative matter, described in terms of things like residence and tax paying. But it was also a matter at the discretion of other citizens. The renewed legal assault on the Borromei offers insight into the many meanings and dimensions of citizenship, as well as the resolve, soon to become fatal, of the Pazzi.
Some mechanisms leading to underdispersion: Old and new proposals
Authors: Puig Pedro , Valero Jordi , Fernández‐Fontelo Amanda 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn statistical modeling, it is important to know the mechanisms that cause underdispersion. Several mechanisms that lead to underdispersed count distributions are revisited from new perspectives, and new ones are introduced. These include procedures based on the number of arrivals in arrival processes, such as renewal and pure birth processes and steady‐state distributions of birth‐death processes, like queues with state‐dependent service rates. Weighted Poisson and other well‐known underdispersed distributions are also related to birth‐death processes. Classical and variable binomial thinning mechanisms are also viewed as important procedures for generating underdispersed distributions, which can also generate bivariate count distributions with negative correlation. Some example applications are shown, one of which is related to Biodosimetry.
Testing the missing at random assumption in generalized linear models in the presence of instrumental variables
Authors: Duan Rui , Liang C. Jason , Shaw Pamela A. , Tang Cheng Yong , Chen Yong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPractical problems with missing data are common, and many methods have been developed concerning the validity and/or efficiency of statistical procedures. On a central focus, there have been longstanding interests on the mechanism governing data missingness, and correctly deciding the appropriate mechanism is crucially relevant for conducting proper practical investigations. In this paper, we present a new hypothesis testing approach for deciding between the conventional notions of missing at random and missing not at random in generalized linear models in the presence of instrumental variables. The foundational idea is to develop appropriate discrepancy measures between estimators whose properties significantly differ only when missing at random does not hold. We show that our testing approach achieves an objective data‐oriented choice between missing at random or not. We demonstrate the feasibility, validity, and efficacy of the new test by theoretical analysis, simulation studies, and a real data analysis.
Organ‐enriched gene expression during floral morphogenesis in wild barley
Authors: Chen Gang , Mishina Kohei , Wang Qi , Zhu Hongjing , Tagiri Akemi , Kikuchi Shinji , Sassa Hidenori , Oono Youko , Komatsuda Takao 
Published: August 2023

SUMMARYFloral morphology varies considerably between dicots and monocots. The ABCDE model explaining how floral organ development is controlled was formulated using core eudicots and applied to grass crops. Barley (Hordeum. vulgare) has unique floral morphogenesis. Wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum), which is the immediate ancestor of cultivated barley (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare), contains a rich reservoir of genetic diversity. However, the wild barley genes involved in floral organ development are still relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we generated an organ‐specific transcriptome atlas for wild barley floral organs. Genome‐wide transcription profiles indicated that 22 838 protein‐coding genes were expressed in at least one organ. These genes were grouped into seven clusters according to the similarities in their expression patterns. Moreover, 5619 genes exhibited organ‐enriched expression, 677 of which were members of 47 transcription factor families. Gene ontology analyses suggested that the functions of the genes with organ‐enriched expression influence the biological processes in floral organs. The co‐expression regulatory network showed that the expression of 690 genes targeted by MADS‐box proteins was highly positively correlated with the expression of ABCDE model genes during floral morphogenesis. Furthermore, the expression of 138 genes was specific to the wild barley OUH602 genome and not the Morex genome; most of these genes were highly expressed in the glume, awn, lemma, and palea. This study revealed the global gene expression patterns underlying floral morphogenesis in wild barley. On the basis of the study findings, a molecular mechanism controlling floral morphology in barley was proposed.
Topical ropivacaine hydrochloride 0.5% and lidocaine hydrochloride 2% significantly reduce corneal sensitivity without short‐term negative side effects in horses
Authors: Minaldi Michael P. , Fidler Laura E. , Betbeze Caroline M. , Wills Robert , Fontenot Robin L. , Telle Mary R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate corneal sensitivity and acute side effects following application of ropivacaine hydrochloride 0.5% and lidocaine hydrochloride 2% on the healthy equine cornea.Animals StudiedEight healthy adult horses.ProcedureA randomized, masked, crossover study design was utilized. Baseline Semiquantitative Preclinical Ocular Toxicology (SPOT) scores and corneal touch thresholds (CTT) using a Cochet‐Bonnet esthesiometer were recorded and measured, respectively, for eight healthy adult horses before medication application. Commercially available eyewash was used as a negative control. Ropivacaine hydrochloride 0.5% or lidocaine hydrochloride 2% solution was sprayed on a randomly selected eye, and the contralateral eye received eyewash. CTT was measured in both eyes at 1, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75 min post‐application. Post‐application SPOT scores were recorded immediately following the trial. Linear mixed model statistical analyses (mean ± standard error) were performed (p < .05).ResultsMean eyewash CTT (3.41 cm ± 0.464) was significantly different from ropivacaine‐treated (1.44 cm ± 0.562) (p = .008) and lidocaine‐treated eyes (1.75 cm ± 0.562) (p = .024); CTT was not significantly different between drug groups (p = .88). Time to maximum anesthesia was not significantly different between ropivacaine (13.25 min ± 3.353) and lidocaine (16.25 min ± 3.353) (p = .40). No side effects were appreciated as confirmed by SPOT.ConclusionsRopivacaine and lidocaine similarly decreased corneal sensitivity when applied topically without clinically evident short‐term ocular side effects. Lidocaine may be preferable in clinical settings due to its large, multi‐use vials and similar effects to ropivacaine.
Transplantation of porcine adrenal spheroids for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Malyukov Maria , Gelfgat Evgeny , Ruiz‐Babot Gerard , Schmid Janine , Lehmann Susann , Spinas Giatgen , Beuschlein Felix , Hantel Constanze , Reisch Nicole , Nawroth Peter P. , Bornstein Stefan R. , Steenblock Charlotte , Ludwig Barbara 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPrimary adrenal insufficiency is a life‐threatening disorder, which requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy. Transplantation of xenogeneic adrenal cells is a potential alternative approach for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency. For a successful outcome of this replacement therapy, transplanted cells should provide adequate hormone secretion and respond to adrenal physiological stimuli. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of primary porcine adrenal spheroids capable of replacing the function of adrenal glands in vivo. Cells within the spheroids morphologically resembled adult adrenocortical cells and synthesized and secreted adrenal steroid hormones in a regulated manner. Moreover, the embedding of the spheroids in alginate led to the formation of cellular elongations of steroidogenic cells migrating centripetally towards the inner part of the slab, similar to zona Fasciculata cells in the intact organ. Finally, transplantation of adrenal spheroids in adrenalectomized SCID mice reversed the adrenal insufficiency phenotype, which significantly improved animals’ survival. Overall, such adrenal models could be employed for disease modeling and drug testing, and represent the first step toward potential clinical trials in the future.
Augmented Performance and Wake Management in Finned Tube Arrays Through Hierarchical Deployment of Toe-Out Winglets
Authors: Arora Amit , Subbarao P. M. V. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Downsizing the heat exchanger without compromising its heat exchange capacity is highly desirable for containing the box volume of a thermal management system. This investigation seeks to substantially boost the thermal compactness of a widely used gas-to-liquid heat exchanger, called finned tube arrays. For that purpose, winglet-type vortex generators are adopted. The novelty of the present study lies in the fact that it uses regression analysis to develop thermo-hydraulic functional correlations corresponding to three diverse design parameters of winglet-type vortex generators: the attack angle, the location and the geometric aspect ratio. In addition, enhancement in the wake-affected heat transfer is specifically examined, followed by a proof-of-concept study by making the best design(s) of vortex generators perform under widely varying operating conditions. Based on a thermo-hydraulic assessment of the generators' attack angle, 45-degrees is the limiting value of optimal attack angle. Although multiple winglet locations are found to deliver the desired thermal augmentation, a few locations incur disproportionate flow loss whereas majority locations facilitate linearized thermal augmentation. It is encouraging to find that the relative Colburn j-factor of the modified heat exchanger increases with the Reynolds number, despite the absolute values bearing an inverse correlation. While the highest augmentation in the average Colburn j-factor equals 44.1%, it is 150.1% over the wake-affected fin surface.
Aerodynamic Noise Characteristics of Axial Flow Fan in Narrow Space and Noise Reduction Based on Flow Control
Authors: Sun Zonghan , Chai Pengfei , Tian Jie , Du Zhaohui , Ouyang Hua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The aeroacoustic characteristics of a power module in the electric vehicle charging pile is studied by experimental and numerical methods. In the free field, a single cooling fan mainly emits tonal noise, while the far-field noise of fans in parallel satisfied the superposition of incoherent sound sources. However, when two fans in parallel delivered air into the power module, the noise increased significantly, especially broadband noise. Referring to the power module, a narrow space model with cooling fan supplying air inward is constructed. The computational fluid dynamics results show that the mass flowrate of the fan is reduced due to the obstacles downstream, which weakens the heat dissipation performance. Part of the fluid forms reflux, interacts with the fan and strengthens the corner vortex. By setting guide holes on the casing near the flow blockage to arrange flow, the flow resistance is reduced and the total mass flowrate of the fan is increased by 2.5%. The reflux and corner vortex are dispersed, and the vortices develop downstream, thus reducing the interaction with the fan. The predicted tonal sound pressure level (SPL) decreases by 3.2 dBA based on acoustic analogy method. The broadband noise caused by shedding vortex is also predicted and discussed by a semi-empirical model. In the noise reduction experiment of the real power module, combining inlet bellmouth on the fan and guide holes on the casing, the total SPL was significantly reduced by 2.9 dBA. Especially, based on bellmouth, guide holes brought an additional 1.9 dBA tonal noise reduction and 1.0 dBA total SPL reduction. The study indicates that appropriate flow control is important to improve the heat dissipation and reduce noise of the power module. These results are helpful to develop higher power charging system.