bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Complement Effects in a New Immune System
Authors: Davis John S. , Hurt John O. , Bollet Alfred Jay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
NADH oxidase was markedly inhibited by dilute antimitochondrial antibody in the presence of a serum factor found in man, guinea pigs and rabbits. Little or no inhibition occurred when the additional serum was from mice or was treated with ammonia, EDTA, zymosan, or immune precipitates, or was heated to 56°C for 30 min. The factor which potentiates enzyme inhibition by antibody thus has all the properties of the hemolytic complement system. NADH-cytochrome C reductase, succinate-cytochrome C reductase, and cytochrome oxidase were markedly inhibited by the antimitochondrial serum. This inhibitory effect was overcome on addition of a complement source. Addition of small amounts of cytochrome C to the NADH oxidase system reversed the inhibitory effect of complement in the presence of antibody. Added cytochrome C did not serve as a terminal “trap” for electrons. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that antibody alone blocks access sites for the oxidation and reduction of exogenous substrate cytochrome C, while sparing the endogenous enzymatically functioning hemeprotein. On addition of complement, however, binding sites for exogenous cytochrome C are “revealed”, whereas endogenous cytochrome C is inactivated. This suggests specific effects of complement on the binding sites for cytochrome C. These effects of complement are analogous to the action of certain detergents and snake venom phospholipase A on electron transport particles, except that cytochrome C could not be recovered in the supernatant solutions.
The Effect on Antigenic Specificity of Changes in the Molecular Structure of Ribonuclease
Authors: Mills John A. , Haber Edgar 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Antigenic determinants of proteins apparently involve considerable lengths of the amino acid chain (1). Because of molecular folding, chemical groups on the surface of the molecule which might constitute an antibody binding site could be widely separated in the amino acid sequence. Changes in the three dimensional configuration of a protein, by altering the topography of such binding sites, should interfere with its immunologic specificity. The availability of a method for altering the spacial configuration of a purified protein, ribonuclease, to new and reasonably stable three dimensional structures without chemically changing the amino acid residues, offered an opportunity for testing this hypothesis.
Procedures which grossly denature proteins are known to result in a loss of antigenic specificity (2, 3), but the molecular changes caused by such methods are ill-defined. They probably involve covalent changes in a number of amino acid residues.
Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin Formation by Transferred Hyperimmune Mouse Spleen Cells
Authors: Mark Raymond , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody formation by transferred hyperimmune spleen cells has been studied with bovine serum albumin as antigen and inbred mice as donors and recipients. It has been shown that isologous adult and neonatal hosts support antibody formed in neonatal hosts was less than that in adult recipients. Antibody was not formed in homologous adult or newborn recipients and this is most likely because of rejection of the transferred cells prior to their formation of antibody. The host vs. graft reaction could be suppressed by prior x-irradiation of recipients with consequent antibody formation by transferred homologous cells. Further, if isologous recipients were irradiated prior to cell transfer, the antibody response was found to be greater than that in nonirradiated isologous hosts. Transferred cells appeared to survive in the isologous recipients for a prolonged period of time with continuing formation of antibody.
Antigen Penetration into the Thymus
Authors: Sainte-Marie G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bovine serum albumin was injected intramediastinally in rats. It was found that part of the injected antigen reached the mediastinal lymph nodes as well as the adjacent thymus where it penetrated the medulla and some areas of cortex. In both thymic regions, the antigen was seen on and/or in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes. It is concluded that there exists no barrier to prevent the penetration of antigens into the thymic parenchyma, and that antigens which normally drain into the mediastinal nodes also penetrate the thymic parenchyma. This suggests that the failure of the thymus to yield antibody forming cells does not result from its nonpenetration by antigens.
The Effect of X-Radiation and Passive Antibody on Immunologic Tolerance in the Rabbit to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Whole body x-radiation as employed in the above studies did not result in the termination of immunologic tolerance to BSA induced in rabbits by neonatal injection of BSA. The doses of x-radiation which were administered were 450 r and 1000 r. Passive anti-BSA and a combination of passive anti-BSA and x-radiation also had no effect on the BSA tolerant state. The relation of these results to both a theory of antibody production and the mechanisms involved in immunologic tolerance is discussed.
Protection of a Complement-Sensitive Enzyme System by Rheumatoid Factor
Authors: Davis John Staige , Bollet Alfred Jay 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A factor in rheumatoid euglobulin can protect an enzyme-anti-enzyme system from the inhibitory effects of serum complement. The enzyme-protection effect correlated with the γ-globulin-coated latex particle agglutination titer. This factor could be adsorbed onto sensitized sheep cells and was presumed to be rheumatoid factor. The factor blocks complement fixation, resulting in recovery of complement in the supernatant fluid in active form. There is no evidence for direct inactivation of complement by rheumatoid factor.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Heterologous Serum Proteins Induced in Adult Mice and Transfer of the Unresponsive State
Authors: Dietrich Felix M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complete tolerance to HGG, TGG and partial tolerance to BSA was induced in adult C57B1/6 mice by injecting small amounts of soluble protein before an injection of antigen incorporated into Freund's adjuvant.
Minimal doses required to induce tolerance in mice lasting for a given period of time were compared to the amounts of protein left 20 days after injection. The results suggested that persistence of antigen per se is not the determining factor for maintaining the tolerant state.
“Adoptive tolerance” to HGG was induced in lethally irradiated recipients following injection of spleen cells of HGG tolerant donors. Spleen cells obtained from mice rendered tolerant either after birth, or later in adult life, were effective
Decreased Immunogenicity of a Transplantation Antigen in Hosts Sensitized to Other Isoantigens of its Cellular Vehicle
Authors: Elkins William L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Accelerated rejection of male skin isografts by C57BL/6 female mice occurs as a consequence of previous injection of 20 million male CBA spleen cells by either the i.p. or i.v. route. However, if the test mice are immunized against CBA isoantigens from female donors 20 days before inoculation of the male CBA cells, rejection of the test grafts is significantly delayed. The inhibitory effect of prior CBA isoimmunization on sensitization to the male factor does not occur when isologous male cells are mixed with CBA female spleen cells and inoculated. These results are interpreted as evidence that the secondary response to the CBA isoantigens is capable of blocking access of the male antigen to those sites in which the primary response can be initiated.
Blood Group Antigens and Cross-Reacting Antibodies in Primates including Man
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor-Jankowski J. , Gordon Eve B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits immunized with human blood of type N. He responded by producing antisera from which reagents of specificities anti-N, anti-He and anti-Me could be prepared. From the sera of rabbits immunized with blood from chimpanzees and baboons anti-M reagents have been prepared which give reactions almost identical with those of anti-M reagents prepared in the usual way from sera of rabbits immunized with human type M blood. These observations provide further evidence of the multiplicity of blood factors characterizing agglutinogens in general, and agglutinogen M in particular.
Streptococcal Related Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Markowitz A. S. , Lange Charles F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble fractions obtained from pooled human glomeruli and the cell membrane of nephritogenic streptococci were shown to be immunologically cross-reactive. One of the components present in the glomerular extract was shown to be unrelated to the streptococcal cross-reactive material but related to a component present on all human red cells tested. Chemical and physical analysis of soluble fractions obtained from isolated human glomeruli and streptococcal cell membranes indicated that they are low molecular weight glycoproteins. The glomerular extract has approximately 78.9% protein and 13 to 15% carbohydrate whereas the streptococcal extract has 80% protein and 7% carbohydrate. The glomerular fraction contains 1.5 to 2% sialic acid but no appreciable phosphorous whereas the streptococcal fraction has no sialic acid but 3.7% phosphorous.
Persistence of Acquired Tolerance in Cells Transferred to an Antigen-Free Environment
Authors: Stastny Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymph node and spleen cells of rats tolerant to sheep erythrocytes were transplanted into isologous, lethally irradiated recipients. Growth of lymphoid cells in these animals, which were presumably free of antigen, did not result in termination of the tolerant state during a period of up to 6 weeks before initial challenge with antigen. Antibody response to another antigen was normal. The state of tolerance induced in the donor animals was not permanent as demonstrated by antibody production after 6 months in the tolerant donor controls. At this time, however, irradiated recipients of tolerant lymph node and spleen cells remained tolerant. The failure of lymphoid cells from spleen and lymph nodes to lose tolerance more rapidly in the absence of antigen suggests that other factors may be required for this change.
γ-Globulin and Antibody Formation In Vitro
Authors: Thorbecke G. J. , Jacobson E. B. , Asofsky R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of whole body irradiation, administered on days 8 or 21 after a primary intravenous injection of BGG, on the ability to respond to a subsequent booster injection given at various intervals was studied in rabbits. It was found that late irradiation was followed by a permanent partial inhibition of the booster response, whereas early irradiation resulted in inhibition followed by a rapid recovery during the following week. This recovery was correlated with the destruction and reappearance of secondary nodules in the white pulp of the spleen. The cellular aspects of the various parameters of the irradiation effects are discussed.
Use of β-Propiolactone in Preparation of Inactivated Arbovirus Serologic Test Antigens
Authors: French George R. , McKinney Robert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of experimentation designed to develop procedures for preparing noninfectious arthropod-borne virus antigens are presented. Noninfectious serologic antigens have been prepared for the viruses of VEE, WEE, EEE, and TP-21 strain Langat virus and found to be comparable or superior in every respect to nontreated control antigens. Preliminary data are presented for Mayaro and YF viruses. The immediate HA titers of group A arbovirus BPL-treated antigens were usually 32- to 64-fold greater than those of nontreated preparations. A similar but less dramatic difference in titer was found with the group B virus agents tested. Concurrently, the pH range of agglutination is broader for BPL-treated HA antigens. BPL-treated CF antigens were usually equal in titer to nontreated controls and not anticomplementary. BPL-treated antigens may be stored in identical fashion to nontreated antigens and are equally stable. Recommendations are presented for preparing noninfectious HA and CF antigens for the six viruses tested.
the Nature of the Antigenic Relationship between Trichinella Spiralis and Salmonella Typhi
Authors: Weiner Lawrence M. , Neely Joann 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The existence of a heterogenetic reaction between Salmonella typhi and Trichinella spiralis has been confirmed. The major antigen responsible is the somatic 12 antigen of S. typhi. A secondary role for the 9 antigen and an as yet uncharacterized antigen common to many Salmonella is also indicated.
The somatic antigens of Salmonella typhi successfully immunize mice and rats against experimental infection with larvae of Trichinella spiralis. The protective effect is directed primarily against the larval maturation process rather than the reproductive abilities of the adult forms. The flagellar antigens of the organism are not involved in the heterogenetic response.
Properties of Rat Anaphylactic Antibody
Authors: Binaghi Ruben A. , Benacerraf Baruj , Bloch Kurt J. , Kourilsky Francois M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The properties of the rat anaphylactic antibody have been investigated employing preparations containing both anaphylactic and nonanaphylactic purified anti-hapten (DNP) antibodies.
In zone electrophoresis, the anaphylactic antibody was found to migrate as a β-globulin, ahead of the main population of precipitating γ2-antibodies. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis did not reveal any precipitin line that could be ascribed to the anaphylactic antibody, probably because of its low concentration. Some heterogeneity was found in the γ-globulin region but a study of the passive hemagglutinating and lytic capacity of the antibody fractions with differing electrophoretic mobility failed to show any functional differences among these populations.
Ultracentrifugation studies have demonstrated that the anaphylactic antibody sedimented in a position intermediate between 7 S and 19 S components.
The anaphylactic activity was destroyed by heating at 56°C for 30 min.
These properties are discussed and compared with those shown by anaphylactic antibodies of other animal species.
Blood Group Antigens and Cross-Reacting Antibodies in Primates, Including Man
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Moor-Jankowski J. , Gordon E. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Orangutan red cells were typed for M blood factors with aid of cross-reacting anti-M reagents prepared from three different kinds of rabbit antisera, namely, against human type M red cells, against chimpanzee red cells, and against baboon red cells. The antisera had been rendered type-specific for human M red cells by absorption with human type N cells. Selective specificity for orangutan red cells was obtained by further absorptions with selected orangutan red cells. In this way, it was found that, among 24 orangutans, 12 were M positive and 12 were M negative. Absorption experiments indicate that human M cells probably have M factors lacking in orangutan M cells, whereas, conversely, orangutan M red cells probably have M factors lacking in human M cells. Although half of the orangutans tested lack M factors, none proved to have the NV factor. Thus, the M-N types of orangutans are not entirely comparable with the M-N types of man, just as had previously been found to be the case for chimpanzees. A suitable terminology to indicate these facts has been proposed.
Immunologic Studies of Pancreas-Specific Isoantigens
Authors: Metzgar Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rhesus monkeys immunized with pooled Rhesus monkey pancreas extract and Freund's complete adjuvant developed pancreas-specific isoantibodies, and the electrophoretic mobility of the isoantigens is similar to that described in rabbits.
Passive transfer of antiserum or immune lymph node and spleen cells to recipients whose pancreas possessed the necessary isoantigens produced no histologic changes or functional alterations of the recipient's pancreas.
Autoimmunization of rabbits with their own pancreas incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant failed to elicit auto- or isoantibodies and the pancreas of these immunized animals were normal grossly and histologically.
Immunofluorescent studies showed the rabbit pancreas isoantigens to be located in the cytoplasm of the apex of the acinar cells. The pancreas isoantigens of both rabbits and Rhesus monkeys were detected in pancreatic secretions.
Immunologic Comparison of Human Adult Thyroglobulin to Other Primate Adult and Human Fetal Thyroglobulins
Authors: Baur Sonia , Goodman Morris 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using human autoantibodies and rabbit and chicken heteroantibodies to adult human thyroglobulin, thyroid extracts from man, chimpanzees, old world monkeys, new world monkeys, pottos and nonprimate mammals were compared in Wilson modified Ouchterlony plates. Cross-reactions decreased as phylogenetic distance from man increased, with the decrease of cross-reaction being much greater for the human autoantibodies than for the rabbit or chicken antibodies on going from old world monkeys to more distant relatives. Thus, the less species-specific determinants on human thyroglobulin do not appear to be as autoantigenic as the more species-specific determinants. Adult human thyroid extract was also compared to 40 fetal thyroid extracts encompassing a broad range of gestational ages. Thyroglobulin was detected in most fetuses from 12 through 16½ weeks' gestation and in all fetuses after 16½ weeks. The quantity of thyroglobulin per milligram of extract protein was much smaller in early fetal thyroids than in late fetal and postnatal thyroids. Fetal thyroglobulin showed the same species specificity and antigenic specificity as adult thyroglobulin. A typical extract, whether from a fetal or postnatal gland, contained at least two types of saline soluble molecules with autoantigenic determinants. The more species-specific determinants, to which the majority of the autoantibodies were directed, were found on one type but not on the other. It is hypothesized that the less species-specific determinants predominate on a thyroglobulin fraction which more frequently gains access to the blood circulation than the thyroglobulin fraction with the more species-specific determinants. Thus a greater degree of immunologic tolerance or paralysis would develop to the less species-specific determinants than to the more species-specific determinants.
Facilitation of Tolerance in Weanling Mice by Enhancing the Proliferation of Donor Lymphoreticular Cells
Authors: Miller Joshua , Martinez Carlos , Good Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A latent period between injection of BALB/c spleen cells and grafting of BALB/c skin results in a substantially increased rate of graft acceptance by weanling DBA/2 recipients. Such a latent period does not facilitate tolerance induction when the donors are (C3H × A) F1 hybrids and recipients are weanlings of the C3H strain, a difference attributed to the lack of a stimulus to donor cell proliferation in this hybrid-to-parent combination. That stimuli to donor cell proliferation, other than the host antigens, also facilitate tolerance induction in weanling animals was also demonstrated. Five strong indifferent antigens were administered to donors 6 weeks before harvest of cells, and again to recipients following the cell transfer. A higher rate of tolerance induction was observed with BALB/c donors and weanling DBA/2 recipients, but the effect was much more evident with (C3H × A) F1 donors and weanling C3H recipients. Although females of the BALB/c and DBA/2 strains do not reject syngeneic male skin grafts, the graft-host interactions assay suggested that a histocompatibility difference associated with the Y chromosome does exist in these strains. Further support for such a difference was noted in the tolerance studies: When female cells were included in the BALB/c inoculum and the recipients were weanling DBA/2 males, the rate of tolerance induction was significantly increased over that observed when both donor and recipient were female. These studies suggest the following components in the mechanism of tolerance induction: a) proliferation of donor lymphoid cells which can be exaggerated by increasing graft vs host activity or by pretreatment with indifferent strong antigenic stimuli and b) a latent interval after cell transfer from donor to recipient and before attempted grafting during which it is proposed the donor cells proliferate in response to immune stimuli from the host. Observations presented here, and extended in the succeeding paper, suggest that it may be possible for immunologically competent cells to be committed to specific immune pathways to the exclusion of other pathways. The implications of these observations for transplantation theory and as a step toward development of immunologic tolerance in higher mammals are considered.
Studies of Rubella
Authors: Parkman P. D. , Buescher E. L. , Artenstein M. S. , McCown J. M. , Mundon F. K. , Druzd A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rubella virus interfered with propagation of enteroviruses, myxoviruses and arboviruses in GMK cultures. Mechanisms involved in production of this interference remain uncertain; no evidence of interferons has been found. Titers of infective rubella virus were measured most accurately by interference in GMK cultures incubated 10 days before challenge. These interference titers were not influenced significantly by specific type of challenge virus or its concentration. Rubella virus strains multiplied in 13 different cell systems including primary, continuous heteroploid and diploid cell lines. Tests in 11 of these showed similar rates of virus growth. Interference, however, developed differently in each culture system and could not be correlated with virus production. The virus was filterable through 300 but not 100 mµ Millipore filters. It was destroyed by heating, ethyl ether, chloroform and formalin. Thermal inactivation rates at 37°C were similar to those to rubeola, herpes simplex and influenza viruses. Propagation was not affected by IDU. No hemagglutinin or complement-fixing antigen has been shown. The findings support the original suggestion that rubella virus is unrelated to other known animal viruses.
Coccidioidin Skin Reactions
Authors: Wallraff Evelyn B. , Snow Isabelle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two coccidioidins prepared by different methods were studied for skin test activity by comparison in guinea pigs, rabbits and human beings. There were 144 test comparisons in two series of guinea pigs, 22 in rabbits and 52 in humans.
A single intraperitoneal injection of the coccidioidins induced delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. An enhanced hypersensitivity as measured by skin test response was obtained by incorporation of the coccidioidins in Freund's complete adjuvant.
Both coccidioidins were effective in eliciting skin responses in all species tested. When the test coccidioidins were diluted to have equal nitrogen content, their skin test reactivities in rabbits and human beings were the same.
A method for standardization of coccidioidins is suggested.