bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of skin cancer based on Japan's National Cancer Registry 2016–2017
Authors: Ogata Dai , Namikawa Kenjiro , Nakano Eiji , Fujimori Maiko , Uchitomi Yosuke , Higashi Takahiro , Yamazaki Naoya , Kawai Akira 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSkin cancer is most frequently diagnosed in the White population. However, its subtypes and epidemiology in Japan are understudied. We aimed to elucidate skin cancer incidence in Japan based on the National Cancer Registry, a new nationwide integrated population‐based registry. Data from patients diagnosed with skin cancer in 2016 and 2017 were extracted and classified by cancer subtypes. Data were analyzed using the World Health Organization and General Rules tumor classifications. Tumor incidence was calculated as the number of new cases divided by the corresponding total person‐years. Overall, 67,867 patients with skin cancer were included. The percentage of each subtype was as follows: basal cell carcinoma, 37.2%; squamous cell carcinoma, 43.9% (18.3% of which, in situ); malignant melanoma, 7.2% (22.1% of which, in situ); extramammary Paget's disease, 3.1% (24.9% of which, in situ); adnexal carcinoma, 2.9%; dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 0.9%; Merkel cell carcinoma, 0.6%; angiosarcoma, 0.5%; and hematologic malignancies, 3.8%. The overall age‐adjusted incidence of skin cancer was 27.89 for the Japanese population model and 9.28 for the World Health Organization (WHO) model. The incidences of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the highest (3.63 and 3.40 per 100,000 persons, respectively, in the WHO model) among skin cancers, whereas the incidences of angiosarcoma and Merkel cell carcinoma were the lowest (0.026 and 0.038 per 100,000 persons, respectively, in the WHO model). This is the first report to provide comprehensive information on the epidemiological status of skin cancers in Japan using population‐based NCR data.
A unified view of homology
Authors: Ballego‐Campos Igor , Bonifácio Stéphani K. V. , Assis Leandro C. S. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAs it spread through time and into distinct areas of science—from comparative anatomy to evolutionary biology, cladistics, developmental and molecular biology—the homology concept has changed considerably, presenting various meanings. Despite many attempts at developing a comprehensive understanding of the concept, this context‐sensitive notion of homology has been a subject of an ongoing debate. Inspired by that and following Kevin de Queiroz and Richard Mayden's view on species concept and delimitation, we presented in this article an attempt to systematize and advance the understanding of the homology problem. Our main goals were: (i) to present a comprehensive checklist of ‘concepts of homology’; (ii) to identify which are really concepts with ontological definitions (theoretically rooted in structural correspondence and common ancestry), and which are, in fact, not concepts, but epistemological (empirical and methodological) criteria of homology delimitation; (iii) to provide a synonymy of the concepts and criteria of homology delimitation; (iv) to present a hierarchy of homology concepts within Hennig's hologenetic system; and (v) to endorse the adoption of a unified view of homology by treating homology as a correspondence of spatio‐temporal properties (genetic, epigenetic, developmental and positional) at the level of the individual, species or monophyletic group. We found 59 ‘concepts of homology’ in the literature, from which 34 were categorically treated as concepts, 17 as criteria of homology delimitation, Four were excluded from our treatment, and Müller’s five concepts were rather treated as approaches to homology. Homology concepts and criteria were synonymized based on structural correspondence, replicability, common ancestry, genetic and epigenetic developmental causes, position and optimization. Regarding the synonymy, we conclusively recognized 21 different concepts of homology, and five empirical and four methodological criteria. Hierarchical ontological aspects of homology were systematized under Hennig's hologenetic system, based on the existence of ontogenetic, tokogenetic and phylogenetic levels of homology. The delimitation of tokogenetic and phylogenetic homologies depends on optimization criteria. The unified view of homology is discussed in the context of the ancestral angiosperm flower.
Machine Impostors Can Avoid Human Detection and Interrupt the Formation of Stable Conventions by Imitating Past Interactions: A Minimal Turing Test
Authors: Müller Thomas F. , Brinkmann Levin , Winters James , Pescetelli Niccolò 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInteractions between humans and bots are increasingly common online, prompting some legislators to pass laws that require bots to disclose their identity. The Turing test is a classic thought experiment testing humans’ ability to distinguish a bot impostor from a real human from exchanging text messages. In the current study, we propose a minimal Turing test that avoids natural language, thus allowing us to study the foundations of human communication. In particular, we investigate the relative roles of conventions and reciprocal interaction in determining successful communication. Participants in our task could communicate only by moving an abstract shape in a 2D space. We asked participants to categorize their online social interaction as being with a human partner or a bot impostor. The main hypotheses were that access to the interaction history of a pair would make a bot impostor more deceptive and interrupt the formation of novel conventions between the human participants. Copying their previous interactions prevents humans from successfully communicating through repeating what already worked before. By comparing bots that imitate behavior from the same or a different dyad, we find that impostors are harder to detect when they copy the participants’ own partners, leading to less conventional interactions. We also show that reciprocity is beneficial for communicative success when the bot impostor prevents conventionality. We conclude that machine impostors can avoid detection and interrupt the formation of stable conventions by imitating past interactions, and that both reciprocity and conventionality are adaptive strategies under the right circumstances. Our results provide new insights into the emergence of communication and suggest that online bots mining personal information, for example, on social media, might become indistinguishable from humans more easily.
Chinese expert consensus on interventional diagnosis and management of acquired digestive‐respiratory tract fistulas (second edition)
Authors: Wang Hongwu , Li Wen , Wang Zikai , Chen Liangan , Lai Guoxiang , Jin Faguang , Ke Mingyao , Sun Jiayuan , Zhang Jie , Xie Baosong , Zhang Nan , Li Wangping , Zhou Hongmei , Wang Xiaoping , Lin Dianjie , Zhou Yunzhi , Zhang Huaping , Li Dongmei , Wang Changhui , Song Xiaolian , Wang Juan , Wu Shiman , Yang Junyong , Zhang Lei , Tao Meimei , Zeng Yiming , Zou Heng , Li Hui , Song Fujie , Sha Zhengbu , Tan Qiang , Cong Minghua , Shi Hanping , Wang Zhina , Han Xinwei , Luo Lingfei , Ma Hongming , Wu Gang , Wang Zhiqiang , Liu Xiaochuan , Wu Weiping , Zhang Lishan , Ye Yongan , Zhu Guangying 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAcquired digestive‐respiratory tract fistulas occur with abnormal communication between the respiratory tract and digestive tract caused by a variety of benign or malignant diseases, leading to the alimentary canal contents in the respiratory tract. Although various departments have been actively exploring advanced fistula closure techniques, including surgical methods and multimodal therapy, some of which have gotten good clinical effects, there are few large‐scale evidence‐based medical data to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. The guidelines update the etiology, classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of acquired digestive‐respiratory tract fistulas. It has been proved that the implantation of the respiratory and digestive stent is the most important and best treatment for acquired digestive‐respiratory tract fistulas. The guidelines conduct an in‐depth review of the current evidence and introduce in detail the selection of stents, implantation methods, postoperative management and efficacy evaluation.
Practicing mindfulness in addressing the biodiversity crisis
Authors: Gerber Leah R. , Reeves‐Blurton Zachary , Gueci Nika , Iacona Gwenllian D. , Beaudette J. A. , Pipe Teri 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn an era of climate change, biodiversity loss, and a global pandemic, many scientists have experienced grief, anxiety, and despair as they face ongoing ecological challenges. The practice of conservation science has also become contentious in light of increasingly polarized viewpoints and conflicts among stakeholders. These ecological and social challenges may hinder conservation scientists' ability to identify critical science needs that can inform and improve conservation policies, actions, and outcomes. Mindfulness practices provide a centering framework that supports scientists in addressing these challenges while also fostering meaningful collaborations with other conservation scientists and practitioners. In this paper, we synthesize theories from mindfulness and attitudinal foundations that offer practical steps toward the kind of resilient mindset needed to address challenges flexibly and from a solutions‐driven perspective. By cultivating equanimity, gratitude and hope, mindfulness practices bring understanding and empathy to collaborative activities, improving our collective ability to generate meaningful science that addresses pressing environmental challenges.
Severe wildfires promoted by climate change negatively impact forest amphibian metacommunities
Authors: Beranek Chad T. , Hamer Andrew J. , Mahony Stephen V. , Stauber Andrew , Ryan Shelby A. , Gould John , Wallace Samantha , Stock Sarah , Kelly Oliver , Parkin Thomas , Weigner Rudolf , Daly Garry , Callen Alex , Rowley Jodi J. L. , Klop‐Toker Kaya , Mahony Michael 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimChanges to the extent and severity of wildfires driven by anthropogenic climate change are predicted to have compounding negative consequences for ecological communities. While there is evidence that severe weather events like drought impact amphibian communities, the effects of wildfire on such communities are not well understood. The impact of wildfire on amphibian communities and species is likely to vary, owing to the diversity of their life‐history traits. However, no previous research has identified commonalities among the amphibians at most risk from wildfire, limiting conservation initiatives in the aftermath of severe wildfire. We aimed to investigate the impacts of the unprecedented 2019–2020 black summer bushfires on Australian forest amphibian communities.LocationEastern coast of New South Wales, Australia.MethodsWe conducted visual encounter surveys and passive acoustic monitoring across 411 sites within two regions, one in northeast and one in southeast New South Wales. We used fire severity and extent mapping in two multispecies occupancy models to assess the impacts of fire on 35 forest amphibian species.ResultsWe demonstrate a negative influence of severe fire extent on metacommunity occupancy and species richness in the south with weaker effects in the north—reflective of the less severe fires that occurred in this region. Both threatened and common species were impacted by severe wildfire extent. Occupancy of burrowing species and rain forest specialists had mostly negative relationships with severe wildfire extent, while arboreal amphibians had neutral relationships.Main ConclusionMetacommunity monitoring and adaptive conservation strategies are needed to account for common species after severe climatic events. Ecological, morphological and life‐history variation drives the susceptibility of amphibians to wildfires. We document the first evidence of climate change‐driven wildfires impacting temperate forest amphibian communities across a broad geographic area, which raises serious concern for the persistence of amphibians under an increasingly fire‐prone climate.
Effects of human disturbance on risk‐taking behavior in painted turtles
Authors: Turcotte Audrey , Garant Dany , Blouin‐Demers Gabriel 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAnimals are exposed to high levels of anthropogenic disturbance, which has profound consequences for population persistence. Individuals can adjust their behavior plastically when faced with perturbations in their environment and may show consistent differences in the way they perceive and respond to risky situations. Over time, this variability among individuals in response to risk can affect the dynamics of populations exposed to human disturbance. Thus, understanding how animals cope behaviorally with human disturbance is important, especially for species vulnerable to human perturbations, such as turtles. In this context, we evaluated whether risk‐taking behaviors are consistent within individual painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and assessed how these behaviors are related to the extent of human disturbance along the Rideau Canal, Ontario, Canada. Specifically, we conducted repeated measurements of the number of active defensive behaviors used during handling and the time taken to escape a floating platform for 730 painted turtles (1117 observations) from 22 sites varying in human disturbance along the canal. We also quantified the emergence of the turtles from the water after escaping the platform. First, individual painted turtles showed consistent differences in all risk‐taking behaviors. Second, painted turtles in areas with high boat activity displayed more active defensive behaviors, while turtles from sites in proximity to more houses with access to the canal used fewer. Our study highlights the importance of studying animal behavior to better understand the impact of human activities on animal populations.
A role of cryptochrome for magnetic field‐dependent improvement of sleep quality, lifespan, and motor function in Drosophila
Authors: Kawasaki Haruhisa , Okano Hideyuki , Ishiwatari Hiromi , Kishi Tetsuo , Ishida Norio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the molecular genetic basis of animal magnet reception has been one of the big challenges in molecular biology. Recently it was discovered that the magnetic sense of Drosophila melanogaster is mediated by the ultraviolet (UV)‐A/blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome (Cry). Here, using the fruit fly as a magnet‐receptive model organism, we show that the magnetic field exposure (0.4–0.6 mT) extended lifespan under starvation, but not in cryptochrome mutant flies (cryb). The magnetic field exposure increases motor function in wild type and neurodegenerative disease model flies. Furthermore, the magnetic field exposure improved sleep quality at night‐time specific manner, but not in cryb. We also showed that repeated AC magnetic field exposure increased climbing activity in wild‐type Drosophila, but not in cryb. The data suggests that magnetic field‐dependent improvement of lifespan, sleep quality, and motor function is mediated through a cry‐dependent pathway in Drosophila.
A global assessment of the ‘island rule’ in bats based on functionally distinct measures of body size
Authors: Molinari Jesús 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimThe ‘island rule’ postulates that on islands large continental animals become smaller, and small continental animals become larger. Its generality has been supported by some studies but contested by others. Bats are cosmopolitan and speciose mammals thus are ideal to test ecogeographic patterns. Based on three functionally distinct measures of body size, I compare mainland and island variation in bats at the order to subspecies level.LocationGlobally.TaxonChiroptera.MethodsI compiled information from literature on the skull length, forearm length, and body mass of 251 bat species in 840 locations. For conspecific bats from different locations, I calculated size divergences, and categorized them as within‐mainland (M–M), mainland‐to‐island (M–I), or island‐to‐island (I–I). I used a modified size ratio to quantify divergences, analysis of variance, non‐parametric tests, and effect sizes to complement statistical significances.ResultsOn islands, cranial size increases, wing length becomes more uniform, and body mass decreases more often than not. The first trend would support the island rule, but had a small effect size. Families differ considerably in how they vary geographically. Species are ranked very differently based on functionally distinct size measures. Divergences are uniform across M–M, M–I, and I–I ranges, and large between bats of different subspecies.Main ConclusionsLikely owing to limitations imposed by flight and echolocation, bats do not follow the island rule. The absence of correlation between how bats are ranked based on them indicates that functionally distinct size measures are not necessarily coadaptive. High vagilities may lead to low local differentiation, but interfamilial variation shows this differentiation to also depend on other factors. Body sizes converge to species‐specific optima, not to supraspecific optima as predicted by theoretical studies. Size differences are reflected in taxonomy more often if observed across M–I ranges.
Mediation of 6‐year mid‐childhood follow‐up outcomes after pre‐school social communication (PACT) therapy for autistic children: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Carruthers Sophie , Pickles Andrew , Charman Tony , McConachie Helen , Le Couteur Ann , Slonims Vicky , Howlin Patricia , Collum Rachel , Salomone Erica , Tobin Hannah , Gammer Isobel , Maxwell Jessica , Aldred Catherine , Parr Jeremy , Leadbitter Kathy , Green Jonathan 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundThere are very few mechanistic studies of the long‐term impact of psychosocial interventions in childhood. The parent‐mediated Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy (PACT) RCT showed sustained effects on autistic child outcomes from pre‐school to mid‐childhood. We investigated the mechanism by which the PACT intervention achieved these effects.MethodsOf 152 children randomised to receive PACT or treatment as usual between 2 and 5 years of age, 121 (79.6%) were followed 5–6 years after the endpoint at a mean age of 10.5 years. Assessors, blind to the intervention group, measured Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale Calibrated Severity Score (ADOS CSS) for child autistic behaviours and Teacher Vineland (TVABS) for adaptive behaviour in school. Hypothesised mediators were child communication initiations with caregivers in a standard play observation (Dyadic Communication Measure for Autism, DCMA). Hypothesised moderators of mediation were baseline child non‐verbal age equivalent scores (AE), communication and symbolic development (CSBS) and ‘insistence on sameness’ (IS). Structural equation modelling was used in a repeated measures mediation design.ResultsGood model fits were obtained. The treatment effect on child dyadic initiation with the caregiver was sustained through the follow‐up period. Increased child initiation at treatment midpoint mediated the majority (73%) of the treatment effect on follow‐up ADOS CSS. A combination of partial mediation from midpoint child initiations and the direct effect of treatment also contributed to a near‐significant total effect on follow‐up TVABS. No moderation of this mediation was found for AE, CSBS or IS.ConclusionsEarly sustained increase in an autistic child's communication initiation with their caregiver is largely responsible for the long‐term effects from PACT therapy on autistic and adaptive behaviour outcomes. This supports the theoretical logic model of PACT therapy but also illuminates fundamental causal processes of social and adaptive development in autism over time: early social engagement in autism can be improved and this can have long‐term generalised outcome effects.
The (negative) effects of inequality on Social Capital
Authors: Xu Yilong , Marandola Ginevra 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInequality is perhaps one of the most challenging issues of our time. Empirical literature, using observational data, indicates that higher inequality is associated with lower social capital. Oftentimes, however, the causal effects of inequality are difficult to establish based on survey and empirical observations. To this end, we review a large body of experimental literature and assess the causal effects of inequality on experimental proxies for social capital. We find compelling evidence that inequality undermines trust, discourages cooperation, and encourages unethical behaviors. The overall effect on generosity is, however, less clear.
Saksenaea vasiformis infection: Extensive abdominal wall necrotizing fasciitis with systematic review and analysis of 65 cases
Authors: Singh Shreya , Kanaujia Rimjhim , Kumar Mani Bhushan , Naga Santhosh Irrinki R. N. , Satish S. N. , Choudhary Hansraj , Kaur Harsimran , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionSaksenaea vasiformis is a rarely reported Mucorales causing mucormycosis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Due to few reported cases, the clinical characteristics and optimal management strategy for this rare agent are not clearly described.MethodsWe systematically reviewed Medline, EmBase and CINHAL for studies on S. vasiformis infections reported until 1 January 2022 and 57 studies (63 patients) were retrieved. Additionally, one more case of extensive abdominal wall necrotizing fasciitis managed by our team was also included. The clinical and demographic characteristics and outcomes were extracted and analysed.ResultsOut of the 65 included cases, the majority were reported from India (26.6%). The most common risk factors for infection were accidental trauma wounds (31.3%), health‐care‐related wounds (14.1%) and animal/insect bites (12.5%). Most common clinical presentation was subcutaneous mucormycosis (60.9%) followed by rhino‐orbito cerebral mucormycosis (14%), necrotizing fasciitis (10%), disseminated infection (9.3%), pulmonary mucormycosis (3.2%) and osteomyelitis (1.6%). Mortality was observed in 24 (37.5%) patients and health care related injuries were significantly associated with higher mortality (p = .001). The use of posaconazole (p = .019) and the use of surgical management (p = .032) was associated with significantly better survival.DiscussionIn this study, we describe the largest compendium of mucormycosis due to S. vasiformis, which can be useful in increasing awareness regarding this rare Mucorales and guiding patient management.