bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photometric Methods for the Measurement of Hemagglutinating Viruses and Antibody
Authors: Drescher Joachim , Davenport Fred M. , Hennessy Albert V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A photometric method for the precise measurement of specific hemagglutinating inhibiting antibodies is described. The average difference of titers obtained in two different laboratories by different technical teams using different instruments was 9.6%. Procedures for the quantitative analysis of mixtures of antisera and of viruses were described and a high degree of accuracy was found when they were employed. The findings suggest many applications, including the possibility of establishing useful international standards of reference.
The Qualitative Receptor Analysis in its Application to Typhoid Fever
Authors: Felix A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One of the unsolved problems of immunology is the question as to what relation the antibacterial immune bodies—agglutinins,precipitins, complement-binding bodies, bacteriolysins and opsonins—bear to each other. Although they have all been known for many years and play a most prominent part in bacteriological practice in daily recurring experiments, in vivo or in vitro, their relation to each other is not yet cleared up. While some scientists regard them as isolated substances, which carry on their activities independently of each other, others refer agglutination, complement fixation, bacteriolysis, etc., to one undivided immune body, which imparts the capacity to the immune serum, to act upon the bacterial antigen in the various forms to which specific names have been given according to their separate reactions. There are weighty arguments, pro and con, for both opinions.
There are now available entirely new points of view in reference to the working out of these problems, since it has been proved by Weil and Felix that in large groups of pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria the antigen is not homogeneous, but consists of two separate parts which differ from each other in principle.
The Protection of Dogs Against Rabies by Umeno's Method of Preventive Inoculation
Authors: Hata S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results are presented of 104,629 preventive inoculations of dogs against rabies in Tokio and Yokohama and their environs during the period since the adoption of Umeno's prophylactic method. It is shown that only 41 of the inoculated dogs developed rabies, while 1699 of the uninoculated group contracted the disease, notwithstanding the latter group represented only one-third of the total number of dogs in the two prefectures.
Immunological Studies in Tubercolosis
Authors: Petroff S. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Within the last few years the problem of skin hypersensitiveness has again assumed a prominent part in the field of experimental tuberculosis. There has been no great departure as far as the theory and the method employed in these investigations from that held and employed a decade or so ago; however, teh whole tendency has been to follow the older methods of investigations, only attacking it from a little different angle.
A very careful search of literature reveals only a few papers which deal strictly with the production of skin hypersensitiveness with dead tubercle bacilli. The lack of interest in carrying on such inverstigations was probably due to the authorithative statements appearing from time to time that true tubercullin skin hypersensitiveness could not be set up in a normal animal with anything else but living tubercle bacili.
Observations on the Cross Protective Power of Anti-Pneumococcus Monovalent Sera, Types I, II, and III
Authors: Kolchin Betty S. , Gross Louis 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1922 Cecil and Larsen (1) published a paper dealing with their observations on the results of treating pneumococcus pneumonia with Huntoon's (2) Types I, II and III polyvalent antibody solution2 where they brought out among other things the suggestion that the statistical results indicated that the mortality rate from group IV pneumococcus pneumonia was lowered by such treatment. Similar observations were reported by Conner (3) in the same year.
This result was due either to an accidental fluctuation in the mortality rates of the treated and control cases or to genuine antibody protection against Type IV organisms by an antipneumococcus serum made from the three fixed pneumococcus Types I, II and III. This question of possible cross protection was considered by the Influenza Commission of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Society of great interest and practical importance. This investigation was undertaken by the writers at the suggestion of the Commission.
The Production of Precipitins for Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been proved beyond question that guinea-pigs can be made hypersensitive to pollen (ragweed or rye) (1, 2, 3, 4). However, because of the failure of all workers to demonstrate precipitins to pollens, certain observers (1, 3, 5, 6) still hold that the specific hypersensitive condition brought about by the injection of pollen into guinea-pigs may not be a true anaphylactic sensitization. Although Alexander (12), in one instance, was able to transfer the hypersensitive condition to rye pollen, passively, he was unable to demonstrate precipitins in the serum of the 4 guinea-pigs tested.
In this paper, we are reporting on the results of the successful production of precipitins for ragweed pollen.
Experimental Method of immunization. We were entirely unsuccessful in demonstrating precipitins in the serum of 2 rabbits injected weekly for a period of over two months with a suspension or a weak alkali extract of giant ragweed pollen.
Studies on the Antibacterial Action of Human Saliva
Authors: Zeldow Bernard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cofactor necessary for the activation of a salivary bactericidin active against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4357 was identified both in vitro and in vivo as thiocyanate. Although iodide in sufficient concentration would also substitute for the cofactor, the amount required was incompatible with the concentration found in saliva.
Interaction of Rickettsiae and Phagocytic Host Cells
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Gauld John R. , Wood Jane G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infection of human subjects with virulent or attenuated (Strain E) Rickettsia prowazekii was followed within 2 weeks by the appearance of antibodies which would enhance phagocytosis of homologous rickettsiae by mouse peritoneal leukocytes. Although an injection of conventional killed epidemic typhus vaccine appeared to cause more rapid appearance of antibodies (by the end of 1 week), the titers attained at this time were low and, on the average, did not increase significantly in later specimens. Serum from all groups also enhanced phagocytosis of R. mooseri but for the most part these antibodies occurred in lower titers than the antibodies involved in the opsonization of R. prowazekii. The cross-reactions observed with the murine typhus antigen tended to be lower relative to the homologous reaction in the group which received the living attenuated (E strain) vaccine than in the other groups studied.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas , Webster R. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The quantal assay system of influenza virus multiplying in surviving bits of the allantois is shown to be suited to the quantitative study of neutralization. Complications, such as bias due to the continued presence of serum or to shielding of infectible cells from the action of antibody, are not evident in standard tests.
It is demonstrated that a) the final equilibrium is the same whether approached from the side of virus or antibody excess; b) changes in test volume lead to predictable shifts of equilibrium; c) the effect of noninfective virus particles is compatible only with random reversible combination of antibody molecules with antigenic sites. On this evidence a model of neutralization based on the law of mass action is accepted as working hypothesis.
The assay is not sensitive to minor inhomogeneity of the reagents, and thus not suited to the study of heterogenity either of the virus or of the antibody population.
Stress and Susceptibility to Viral Infections
Authors: Jensen Marcus M. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The susceptibility of mice to intranasally inoculated vesicular stomatitis virus was significantly altered by daily exposure to 3-hr periods of high intensity sound (123 db). Animals inoculated before and after the first period of stress showed an increase in susceptibility. Adrenalectomized mice inoculated on the 2nd day of stress responded in a like manner. Susceptibility of intact mice inoculated on days subsequent to the first was biphasic. Animals inoculated before stress were more susceptible, whereas those inoculated after were more resistant to the virus than the controls. Daily stress subsequent to the day of inoculation further influenced susceptibility.
The increase in susceptibility was independent of adrenal functions. The refractory phase appeared to be related to adrenal activity.
Spontaneous Canine Hypersensitivity to Ragweed. Characterization of the Serum Factor Transferring Skin, Bronchial and Anaphylactic Sensitivity
Authors: Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J. , Chang Walter W. Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Canine antiserum against ragweed pollen antigen occurring spontaneously in dogs is capable of transferring skin, respiratory and anaphylactic sensitivity to normal animals. The active fraction in the serum has been characterized by ammonium sulfate fractionation and zone electrophoresis and probably exists as a β-2A globulin. Canine sensitizing antibody may be compared with similar human antibody. Blood histamine determinations in sensitized, challenged dogs showed correlations with anaphylactic symptoms and with pathologic changes at postmortem examinations. The demonstration that the antibodies of the canine antisera which transfer skin sensitivity, respiratory symptoms and anaphylaxis exist in the same fraction obtained by the physical and chemical methods used for separation of serum components in these experiments provides evidence that the same antibodies mediate all three hypersensitivity reactions, although it has not been proved that the same antibody which results in one reaction mediates all three.
Measles and Poliovirus Antibodies in Commercial Preparations of Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Cabasso V. J. , Kiser K. H. , Clarke F. H. , Stebbins M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-three lots of commercial preparations of human γ-globulin (GG) derived from placental extracts were titrated in HeLa cell cultures for antibodies neutralizing measles virus, with cytopathology serving as an end point indicator. Titers of the various lots ranged between 10-2.70 and 10-3.30/0.1 ml of GG, giving a 4-fold difference between the lowest and highest titer. Repeated titrations of two “low” and two “high” titered lots indicated this difference to be highly significant.
Fifteen of the 23 lots were also titrated for the three types of poliomyelitis antibodies by the metabolism-inhibition test in the presence of monkey kidney cells. Titers ranged between 10-3.91 and 10-4.39/0.25 ml of GG for type I, between 10-4.09 and 10-4.70 for type II, and 10-3.79 and 10-4.39 for type III, which parallels the seroepidemiological pattern of the types of poliomyelitis in the U.S.A. The variation between the highest and lowest poliomyelitis titers obtained was similar to that for measles, being 3-fold for type I and 4-fold for types II and III.
The application of these findings to the eventual establishment of minimum requirements for the release of commercial lots of GG is discussed.
Measurements of Complement by Agglutination of Human Erythrocytes Reacting in Immune-Adherence
Authors: Nishioka Kusuya 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The number of molecules or particles of antigen and the amount of rabbit antibody giving maximal reactivity of HuC′ or GPC′ in 1.0 ml of reaction mixture containing 2 × 107 human erythrocytes were determined by measurements of IAHA in seven antigen-antibody systems; hen egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bacteriophage T2, Brucella abortus, Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella enteritidis and sheep erythrocytes. With 5 × 107 Brucella organisms sensitized with 0.314 µg Ab N, fresh human or guinea pig serum showed reactivity in IAHA at a dilution of about 1:4000. The sensitivity of this method exceeds that of assays in immune hemolysis in which the same HuC′ reacted at dilutions of 1:33 to 1:41 and GPC′ at dilutions of 1:181 to 1:235.
Complement in high dilutions of human serum combined with sheep E sensitized with rabbit Ab to induce IAHA, but the C′ in the same reaction mixture was unable to induce immune hemolysis of the cells unless 100 to 200 times more concentrated serum was used. On the other hand, the inhibition of IAHA with EDTA, sodium citrate, formaldehyde or Saldox, supports the view that at least four components of the C′ required for immune hemolysis, are similarly necessary to cause IAHA. After the sequence of reaction of IAHA which is analogous to that of immune hemolysis, intermediate complexes, Brucella-Ab-C′1,4,2 were prepared from both GPC′ and HuC′. The reactivity of fresh guinea pig serum or human serum with these complexes in the presence of EDTA is interpreted to represent the reactivity of one or more components of C′3 of the guinea pig serum or the human serum.
Immunoelectrophoretic Study of Mouse Serum and Urinary Esterases
Authors: Talal N. , Hermann G. , de Vaux St. Cyr C. , Grabar P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal mouse serum is separated electrophoretically into seven protein bands and four esterase zones designated ρ, albumin, fast α2 and α2-β1. All but albumin are associated with lipoproteins. These zones correspond on immunoelectrophoretic analysis with six precipitin lines that retain esterase activity after antigen-antibody precipitation: the ρ- and slow lipoproteins, albumin and three α2-globulins. The serum cholinesterase is associated with the α2-β1-lipoprotein and is completely removed by chloroform extraction.
Mouse serum albumin is separated by CM-and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into two immunologically identical fractions one of which lacks the ability to hydrolyze carboxylic esters. This phenomenon represents and example of the molecular heterogeneity of mouse serum albumin.
Normal mouse urine contains two esterases of α1 and β2 mobility, the latter probably of renal origin. Normal mouse urinary albumin, unlike serum albumin, has no esterase activity.
Antigenic Analysis of Polioviruses Employing the Disk Neutralization Test
Authors: Diwan Arwin R. , Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Fulton Forrest , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A disk neutralization test is described for measuring intratypic antigenic differences that exist among the polioviruses. Varying dilutions of strain specific antisera are incorporated into the agar overlaid on cell culture monolayers. Paper disks containing uniform amounts of homologous or heterologous virus are then placed on the serum-agar surface. If the test virus is not neutralized, a zone of degeneration develops below the disk. Five strains may be tested against one serum dilution on the monolayer of a single 60-mm Petri dish.
Serum titers were reproducible from test to test within a 2-fold range. Thus, test strains which yielded serum titers within 50% of that yielded with the homologous strain can be regarded as antigenically the same. The smaller the titer relative to the titer with the homologous strain, the greater the antigenic differences between the strains.
Early immune sera obtained in monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs were more discriminating in being able to detect differences than late immune sera even though the late sera yielded higher neutralization titers.
The disk antigenic test, like the neutralization kinetic test, is dependent directly on the antigen-antibody reaction and is not affected by the growth rate of the virus and other variables. Comparative tests were carried out on the same strains and both methods yielded essentially the same results.
The disk method was applied epidemiologically to follow Sabin's type 3 and Lederle's type 1 vaccines after multiplication in vaccinated persons. Even though the vaccinated persons or contacts may excrete strains with the properties different from those of the vaccine virus, the disk antigenic tests showed that the new virus particles with the altered properties were progeny of the vaccine viruses.
The Temporal Synthesis and Some Chromatographic and Ultracentrifugal Characteristics of Chicken Antibodies
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , Brown Ronald J. , Hersh R. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chicken anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies formed following primary, secondary and tertiary antigenic stimulations were fractionated by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography by elution with phosphate buffers of 0.1 M (A), 0.2 M (B), 0.3 M (C), 0.4 M (D), and 0.4 M + 2 M NaCl (E). As assayed by the passive hemagglutination method, early sera had three chromatographically-distinct macroglobulin antibodies (Fractions C, D and E). Fractions C, D and E each lost agglutinating activity following treatment with mercaptoethanol, and in zone ultracentrifugation each sedimented as macroglobulins. Secondary sera had HA antibody in all five chromatographic fractions, with greatly increased activity in fractions eluted with the lower salt concentrations (Fractions A and B), and lower activities in C, D and E. Fraction A was resistant to mercaptoethanol and sedimented as a 7 S antibody. Fraction B had a mixture of high and low molecular weight antibodies. The chromatographic heterogeneity of the macroglobulins was confirmed by ultracentrifugal analyses. The major faster-sedimenting components were in the 15 S, 19 S and 26 S classes.
The relative concentrations of high and low molecular weight antibodies were followed during primary, secondary and tertiary responses, and the significance of these results is discussed.
Soluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared from primary sera had sedimentation coefficients of 9.5 S and 21.5 S. The 19 S globulin contributed about 60% of protein to antigenprecipitated antibody.
Leukocyte Agglutination in Mice
Authors: Mishell Robert I. , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Herzenberg Leonore A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Development of a method for the detection of H-2 and non-H-2 isoantigens with the leukocyte agglutination reaction is described. Non-H-2 leukocyte agglutinins were induced by sensitization with injections of living spleen and thymus cells, by pregnancy and by skin homografts. Cross reaction of non-H-2 antisera with leukocytes of many inbred mouse strains was observed, indicating that these strains share some of the non-H-2 isoantigens. Selective in vivo absorption was done with one non-H-2 antiserum and a minimum of two separate agglutinating factors was found.
Nonpathogenic Rickettsias Related to the Spotted Fever Group Isolated from Ticks, Dermacentor Variabilis and Dermacentor Andersoni from Eastern Montana
Authors: Bell E. John , Kohls Glen M. , Stoenner Herbert G. , Lackman David B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Forty strains of a rickettsia, referred to as the EM rickettsia, which was avirulent for guinea pigs and which retained this property after serial passage in chick embryos were isolated from Dermacentor variabilis collected in two counties of eastern Montana. The EM rickettsia possessed properties common to agents of the spotted fever group. However, although it appeared to be a variant of Rickettsia rickettsii, it could not be identified with any of the four previously distinguished type strains of this species. The EM rickettsia was also isolated from Dermacentor andersoni collected in one of these localities. EM isolates were compared with an avirulent U strain of R. rickettsii which had been recovered from D. andersoni from the Bitterroot Valley, Montana. They differed primarily in their respective capacities to produce cross-reacting antitoxin against the virulent R strain of R. rickettsii. Guinea pigs injected with 104 doses of EM rickettsias developed high titers of CF antibody but little, if any, antitoxin, against the R strain. In contrast, the U strain produced high titers of both antitoxin and CF antibody for the R strain. Guinea pig hyperimmune serum against the EM rickettsia neutralized toxins of three strains of R. rickettsii representing the R, S, and T types, respectively, but did not neutralize toxins of Rickettsia conori, Rickettsia siberica, or the rickettsia from the tick Amblyomma maculatum. A high rate of infection with EM strains was found in the tick populations examined. This rickettsia was recovered from about 6 to 8% of D. variabilis from each of five localities studied. With one exception all strains isolated in eastern Montana were of the EM type. One isolate which possessed the characteristics of strains carried by the tick Haemaphysalis leporis palustris was isolated from a lot of ten D. variabilis from the eastern Montana area. The T strain commonly isolated from D. variabilis from eastern United States was not encountered in the study area.
Variation in Reactivity of Antigenic Factors of the B Blood Group System of Cattle
Authors: Datta S. P. , Stone W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic factors G and Y2 of cattle erythrocytes show dosage reactions in that homozygous cells gave higher titration or absorption scores than heterozygous cells. Data from absorption experiments suggest that there are quantitative variations of the D′ factor. Some of the differences in reactivity (cross-reactions) may be the result of interaction of the genes controlling red cell antigens.
Protection of Mice against Irradiation and Tetanus by Homologous Bone Marrow Cells from Hyperimmunized Donors
Authors: Stoloff Irwin L. , Weiss Arthur J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Aside from irreversible damage to certain organs, such as the lens of the eye and the gonads, animals treated with lethal doses of whole body x-irradiation and protected by isologous bone marrow survive long periods without special care. Those animals protected by homologous bone marrow and other homologous tissues may have a different fate (1). The difference in mortality observed has been related to the histocompatability genes possessed by donor and host as described by Counce et al. (2). This situation is simplified when skin grafts are exchanged between a variety of inbred mice. In such experiments homologous skin grafts between mice that possess the same H2 genes remain viable for longer periods than homologous grafts between mice from different H2 groups (2). When homologous marrow is infused into an irradiated host the situation is more complicated; after surviving the acute effects of total body irradiation, the mice experience a second period of weight loss followed in some instances by dermatitis, diarrhea and death.
Decline of Antibody and Impaired Anamnesis Following X-Ray
Authors: Claman Henry N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin were irradiated during the primary and secondary responses, and antibody production after subsequent antigenic injections was studied. Antibody levels were measured by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method of Farr.
Irradiation during the steady state of the primary response produced a continuous fall in antibody levels, but was without effect when given during the declining antibody phase of the secondary response. In either case, the antibody response to a subsequent antigenic injection was greatly inhibited.
Irradiation did not alter the change in antibody avidity occurring during the primary and secondary responses.
These results are discussed in the light of current theories of cell population dynamics in the antibody response.