bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of the Antibody-Forming Cell Line in Mice
Authors: Rosenberg Yvonne J. , Cunningham Alastair J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper maps the developmental stage reached by B cells in mouse fetuses of different ages. The “maturity” of these cells was assessed in a functional way by measuring the time taken for cells to generate antibody-forming progeny when injected into carrier-primed irradiated adult hosts and challenged daily with antigen. A steady uninterrupted progression in development of B cells occurred between 13 days of gestation and birth. There was no evidence for a stage during which B cells could only be paralyzed and not induced by antigen.
Contrasting Effects of BCG on Spleen and Lymph Node Antibody Responses in Nude and Normal Mice
Authors: Doft Bernard H. , Merchant Bruce , Johannessen Lynne , Chaparas Sotiros D. , Sher Neal A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subcutaneous footpad injection of BCG causes a marked augmentation of popliteal lymph node plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to DNP-derivatized hemocyanin and to sheep red blood cells, both T-dependent antigens, but not to DNP-derivatized Ficoll, a T-independent antigen. This augmentative effect occurs in normal thymus-bearing heterozygous (nu/+) mice, but not in congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu). In contrast, intravenous injection of BCG causes a suppressed splenic PFC response to subsequently administered T-dependent or T-independent antigens in both nude and nu/+ mice. BCG's augmenting effect on the lymph node appears to be mediated by a T-helper cell. BCG's suppressive effect in the spleen is not attributable to T cells. The actual mechanism of the BCG-mediated suppressive splenic effect remains incompletely defined at present.
The Involvement of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in the Initiation of Lymphocyte Proliferation Induced by Mitogens
Authors: Watson James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine lymphocytes incubated with specific mitogens were examined for alterations in levels of intracellular cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Mitogenic concentrations of LPS elevate cyclic GMP levels; however, DxSO4, Poly I:C, PPD, Con A, and PHA show little immediate effect on cyclic GMP levels. Higher concentrations of all of these mitogens consistently elevate cyclic AMP levels. Exogenous cyclic GMP stimulates DNA synthesis in homozygous nude (nu/nu) spleen cultures but not in murine thymocyte cultures. Both LPS and cyclic GMP enhance the mitogenic response of thymocytes in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of Con A. Exogenous cyclic AMP inhibits mitogenic responses to both LPS and Con A; however, these inhibitory effects are partially reversed when cyclic GMP is also added to cultures. The mitogenic response of nu/nu spleen cells to LPS can be inhibited by high concentrations of Con A. This inhibition by Con A is also partially reversed by cyclic GMP, indicating that Con A may exert its effect by elevating intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Thus, while lymphocyte mitogens may affect intracellular levels of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, three effects show a consistent pattern. 1) Exogenous cyclic GMP is either mitogenic for B cells or agents that elevate cyclic GMP levels enhance the mitogenic response of T cells to Con A. 2) Increasing cyclic AMP levels inhibit cell proliferation induced by both B and T cell mitogens. 3) The inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP or cyclic AMP-elevating agents on mitogen-induced proliferation can be partially reversed by the presence of cyclic GMP. The opposing effects of these two cyclic nucleotides may reflect either their involvement in the initiation of cell proliferation or their modulating effects on cell cycle events after the initiation process has been completed.
Abnormalities of Cellular Immune Response in Arthritis Induced by Rubella Vaccination
Authors: Chiba Yasuo , Sadeghi Esmaeel , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rubella-specific antibody, activity the levels of immunoglobulins and complement in the serum, the number of T cells, and the nature of cell-mediated immunity as measured by lymphocyte transformation (LTF) of circulating lymphocytes in response to rubella virus and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied in 15 children who manifested arthralgia or arthritis after parenteral immunization with HPV-77 DE/5 or RA27/3 live attenuated rubella virus vaccines. Eighteen appropriately matched subjects who developed no post-vaccine complications were included as controls. The immunoglobulins, complement, and rubella antibody levels were similar in all subjects. Although significant rubella specific cell-mediated immunity was detectable in most control subjects, the activity was markedly depressed in subjects with arthritis. The LTF activity in response to PHA was approximately equal in both groups. These findings suggest a selective depression of cell-mediated immunity to rubella virus in subjects with arthritis associated with rubella vaccination.
Carrier-Dependent Selection of Antibody Clones and Classes during the Immune Response
Authors: Kolb H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The selection of antibody clones and antibody classes during the immune response to the hapten oligo-D-alanine was found to be carrier dependent. When the hapten was coupled to a T-independent antigen (streptococci) a restricted immune response of IgM and IgG antibodies was induced. When the hapten was coupled to a T-dependent antigen (ovalbumin) a heterogenous response of only IgG antibodies was found. The carrier had an effect on the affinity of IgG but not of IgM antibodies.
Clonal pattern and class distribution were fixed early in the immune response. Second and third immunizations with a heterologous carrier elicited the same clonal pattern and class distribution in the secondary response as that found with the original carrier.
Evidence for Separate Subpopulations of B Cells Responding to T-Independent and T-Dependent Immunogens
Authors: Jennings John J. , Rittenberg Marvin B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c spleen cell cultures were double-challenged with optimal doses of TNP-T-independent and TNP-T-dependent immunogens. The anti-hapten response was additive or synergistic in double challenged cultures compared to the response in cultures challenged with either immunogen alone. A high, suppressive dose of either immunogen did not prevent the response to an optimal dose of the second immunogen in the same culture. Spleen cell cultures were also double challenged with combinations of two T-dependent or two T-independent immunogens. Addition or synergy in the anti-hapten response only occurred when the double challenge consisted of a mixture of T-dependent and T-independent immunogens. These results are consistent with the proposed B1B2 classification of B cell subpopulations.
Inhibition of Vaccinia Virus Replication in Skin of Tuberculin-Sensitized Animals Challenged with PPD
Authors: Lodmell Donald L. , Ewalt Larry C. , Notkins Abner Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Induction of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in tuberculin-sensitized animals by tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) at the site of dermal vaccinia virus (VV) infection markedly accelerated elimination of VV and led to clinical recovery. Viral titers were depressed by over 99.9% in the skin of animals given PPD as compared to animals given phosphate-buffered saline or nonspecific irritants. Low concentrations of acid labile interferon were found in the skin of uninfected tuberculin-sensitized animals challenged with PPD. High concentrations of acid stable interferon were found in skin of tuberculin-sensitized animals infected with VV and challenged with either PPD or PBS. The time of appearance of the acid stable interferon was markedly accelerated, however, in the animals challenged with PPD as compared with PBS. It is concluded that recovery from dermal vaccinia infection can be enhanced by induction of a local delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction with an antigen unrelated to the infecting virus.
Studies of Surface Immunoglobulins on Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Abo Toru , Yamaguchi Tai , Shimizu Fumio , Kumagai Katsuo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface markers and organ distributions of B lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulins (SIg B) and lymphocytes lacking SIg but carrying Fc receptors (SIg-Fc+), and the variations of both the cell populations in the autoimmune diseases were studied. Peripheral blood lymphocytes contained approximately 9% SIg B and 22% SIg-Fc+ cells. Both the populations of SIg B and SIg-Fc+ cells were included in the cells that formed no E-rosettes. When previously treated with neuraminidase, however, the SIg-Fc+ cells formed E-rosettes, whereas SIg B showed no ability to form rosettes. C receptors as detected by human complement were found in the large portions of SIg B but in a minority of the SIg-Fc+ cell population. The tissues that contained the highest concentrations of SIg B and SIg-Fc+ cells were the spleen and peripheral blood, respectively. In the patients with an autoimmune disease in active stages SIg B cells in the peripheral blood markedly increased and, reversely, SIg-Fc+ cells decreased; in contrast, in remission of the diseases SIg B cells dropped down and SIg-Fc+ increased up to their normal levels. A possible relationship between the SIg B and SIg-Fc+ cells in regard to the differentiation of B lymphocytes was presumed.
Analysis of Parameters Affecting the Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay Quantitation of Antibody to Meningococcal Antigens
Authors: Zollinger Wendell D. , Dalrymple Joel M. , Artenstein Malcolm S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) performed in flexible polyvinyl microtiter plates was modified for quantitative determination of antibodies to various bacterial antigens. Parameters affecting quantitation of the assay were investigated by using meningococcal serotype antigens and rabbit antisera to whole meningococci as a model system. Binding of purified antigens to the plate was essentially complete after 1 hr at 37°C, and only 4 to 8% of the bound antigen was released during the course of the assay. About 90% of the specific primary antibody (PAb) added to the antigen-coated wells was bound after overnight incubation at room temperature, whereas, 10 to 25% of the bound PAb was released before completion of the assay. Under conditions of limiting PAb the time required for saturation binding of 125I-anti-immunoglobulin (secondary antibody = SAb) to the PAb was dependent on the concentration of SAb. At a concentration of 20 ng SAb/25 µl, maximum binding occurred in 12 to 16 hr at 22°C. Under conditions of extreme SAb excess the cpm of 125I-SAb bound was directly proportional to the amount of PAb bound. Under these conditions the cpm of 125I-SAb bound per well can be related to the amount of PAb added per well by a time-dependent calibration coefficient K(t) which is the product of three parameters: 1) the specific activity of the 125I-SAb, 2) the ratio of PAb bound to SAb bound and, 3) the fraction of added PAb remaining bound to the plate. Experimentally determined values for these parameters were used to calculate K(t) and quantitate the specific antibody in nine rabbit antisera with the SPRIA. A close correlation (r = 0.985) was found between these results and the results of quantitative precipitin tests performed by using the same antisera and antigens. Although the SPRIA results were an average of 33% lower, a more accurate value for K(t) can easily be determined by performing the SPRIA on several sera calibrated by the quantitative test. Reproducibility of the SPRIA for 10 replicate determinations was ± 6.7%. The assay described is capable of measuring a minimum of about 0.5 µg antibody/ml of serum and appears to be applicable to many different antigens.
Resistance to Tumor Growth Mediated by Listeria Monocytogenes: Collaborative and Suppressive Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interactions in Vitro
Authors: Youdim Said , Sharman Marti 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen (SC) and peritoneal cells (PC) from C57BL/6 mice immune to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) have a marked cytotoxic effect on the in vitro growth of B-16 melanoma. Cytotoxicity to B-16 is mediated by the interacting sensitized thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and macrophages (Mø) or adherent cells. Separation of immune SC or PC into their adherent and nonadherent components, depletion of the adherent cells or elimination of the θ-bearing cells from an enriched T cell population all result in the abrogation of cytotoxicity, whereas, recombination of T cells and Mø re-establishes this effect. Three modes of Mø/T cell interactions occur: 1) LM immune peritoneal or splenic T cells interact or synergize with their respective adherent cells to become cytotoxic to B-16; 2) combination of peritoneal Mø and splenic T cells are noncollaborative and therefore noncytotoxic; 3) the cooperative effect of spleen T cells with Mø are suppressed or inhibited by addition of peritoneal Mø. Splenic Mø, however, are neither uncooperative nor inhibitory when interacting with peritoneal T cells. Normal adherent cells can substitute for immune cells in all the cell-cell interactions with similar end results. These results demonstrate that specifically sensitized T cells interact with Mø for expression of LM-induced nonspecific tumor cell destruction in vitro, however, such interactions may also be noncooperative or suppressive, thus resulting in tumor cell proliferation.
Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Authors: Hyman Lawrence R. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Colvin Robert B. , Bernard Eugene F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of strain XIII guinea pigs with rabbit renal tubular basement membranes (TBM) in CFA consistently results in severe autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis (TN). Strain II guinea pigs similarly immunized do not develop this disease. F1 guinea pigs were found to be intermediate between inbred strain II and XIII animals with regard to extent of autoimmune TN and anti-TBM antibody production. The F1 × II backcrosses segregated into two groups with regard to antibody production and disease extent. Those backcrosses tissue typed as II+, XIII+ were similar to the F1 guinea pigs. Those backcrosses typed as II+, II+ demonstrated little disease and low anti-TBM titers similar to the inbred strain II animals. F1 × XIII backcrossed guinea pigs segregated into II+, XIII+ or XIII+, XIII+ subgroups on the basis of lymph node typing. The II+, XIII+ backcross animals resembled F1 guinea pigs with respect to anti-TBM response and disease extent; whereas the XIII+, XIII+ backcrosses developed severe disease and high anti-TBM titers as observed in the inbred strain XIII animals. these experiments suggest that susceptibility to autoimmune TN in the guinea pig is linked to the strain XIII major histocompatibility complex and that an immune response gene governing this susceptibility may be inherited as a single dominant or co-dominant trait.
Antigen-Specific and Nonspecific Mediators of T Cell/B Cell Cooperation
Authors: Hoffeld J. Terrell , Marrack Philippa , Kappler John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previously published experiments we have distinguished two subpopulations of helper T cells (specific helper and nonspecific helper) in the spleens of antigen-primed mice. These subpopulations can be differentiated by their modes of action, and their activities and dose-response characteristics in mouse spleens primed with human γ-globulin (HGG). In experiments designed to test whether the two subpopulations were derived from the same pool of precursors, or different pools, mice were injected with limiting doses of a tolerogenic form of HGG. They were subsequently challenged with an immunogenic dose of HGG and their spleens assayed for specific helper and nonspecific helper activities in response to HGG in vitro. Over the dose range of tolerogenic HGG studied, both the helper activities were found to be equally tolerized. The question of the possible involvement of suppressor T cells in the maintenance of the state of unresponsiveness was also addressed quantitatively by the use of this model system. No active suppression was demonstrable in the maintenance of tolerance in either T cell subpopulation. These results suggest that the two types of helper T cells are derived from a common precursor pool, or from different pools with identical susceptibilities to tolerogen. Suppressor cells do not appear to play a role in this form of tolerance.
Specific Extraction of Antigen in Vivo by Extracorporeal Circulation Over Antibody Immobilized in Collodion-Charcoal
Authors: Terman David S. , Petty Donald , Ogden Daryl , Pefley Carol , Buffaloe George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A novel extracorporeal immunoadsorbent is described in which anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) was entrapped in collodion membranes adherent to activated charcoal particles. This immunoadsorbent was capable of specifically removing circulating BSA in vitro and in vivo in an extracorporeal system in dogs. In preparation of the immunoadsorbent, up to 81.2% of added anti-BSA was retained on collodion-charcoal. In vitro circulation studies demonstrated that anti-BSA collodion-charcoal removed 812% more 125I-BSA than control collodion-charcoal. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established and arterial blood was passaged through a continuous flow celltrifuge wherein plasma which was separated from formed elements of the blood was circulated over anti-BSA and control rabbit γ-globulin collodioncharcoal. 125I-BSA was passively infused into mongrel dogs, and plasma was then circulated over extracorporeal immunoadsorbents for 2 hr. Results showed up to 896% greater uptake of circulating 125I-BSA on the charcoal containing immobilized anti-BSA compared to control charcoal. There was no evidence of release of anti-BSA from the immunoadsorbent since 131I-anti-BSA cpm on the charcoal before and after the experiments were unchanged. In addition, there were no significant alterations in hematocrit, leukocyte counts, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or creatinine levels before and after in vivo procedures. These data suggest that this immunoadsorbent consisting of anti-BSA immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to charcoal particles may specifically withdraw circulating antigens in vivo with minimal release of entrapped antibodies and no significant alteration in the host hematologic and biochemical status.
Acquired Resistance to Infection in an Animal Model of Giardiasis
Authors: Roberts-Thomson Ian C. , Stevens David P. , Mahmoud Adel A. F. , Warren Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection of the gastrointestinal tract with the protozoan Giardia lamblia is increasingly recognized as a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea and malabsorption (1–3). Indeed it was the most frequently identifiable cause of water-borne diarrhea in the United States in 1974 (4). Studies of jejunal morphology and function have shown a spectrum of change from normal mucosa with unaltered small bowel absorption to severe mucosal lesions with steatorrhea (1, 5).
The mechanisms that protect man from infection with G. lamblia are largely unknown. Although some persons show spontaneous resolution of infection (6) others may show persistent symptoms for months or years (7). Reports of giardiasis in children with protein-calorie malnutrition (8, 9) and in adults after gastrectomy (5) suggest that susceptibility to infection might be influenced by nutritional factors and changes in gastrointestinal physiology. On the other hand, the importance of normal host immunity is suggested by the high frequency of giardiasis in persons with hypogamma-globulinemia (10, 11).
Cytotoxic Macrophages: A Rapid Nonspecific Response to Viral Infection
Authors: Rodda Stuart J. , White David O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro and in vivo assays have been developed to study the relative contributions of various types of immune cytolysis in the destruction of infected cells after Semliki Forest virus infection of BALB/c mice. Highly cytotoxic activated macrophages, not specific for the infecting virus, appear on day 1, peak on day 2 to 3, and disappear within a week. Specifically sensitized T cells appear around day 3, peak on day 6, and disappear within a month. Cytotoxic antibody appears on day 4 and reaches high titers by day 8. Immune spleen cells greatly reduce the yield of virus from cultured cells. Infected cells rapidly disappear after transfer to infected animals.
Use of Silica to Identify Host Mechanisms Involved in Suppression of Established Friend Virus Leukemia
Authors: Wirth Julia J. , Levy Michael H. , Wheelock E. Frederick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Silica, an agent predominantly toxic for macrophages, inoculated i.v. to Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected mice, blocks the FLV-leukemosuppressive effects of chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose (COAM)-statolon treatment. FLV-infected, COAM-statolon-treated mice that have received silica and have failed to suppress FLV leukemia produced normal amounts of interferon, but did not make antibodies cytotoxic for FLV leukemic cells. Transfer of untreated spleen cells, splenic T cells, or thymocytes from mice with suppressed FLV erythroleukemia to FLV-infected mice treated with silica and COAM-statolon restores the humoral immune response to FLV antigens and results in leukemosuppression. Thus, T lymphocytes from mice with suppressed erythroleukemia participate in FLV leukemosuppression either directly as effector cells, or indirectly as helper cells in the production of antibodies to FLV antigens.
Subpopulations of Human T Cells Identified by Receptors for Immunoglobulins and Mitogen Responsiveness
Authors: Moretta Lorenzo , Ferrarini Manlio , Mingari Maria C. , Moretta Alessandro , Webb Susan R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T lymphocytes in peripheral blood have been shown to have receptors for IgG (Tγ) or IgM (Tµ). Cultured Tγ cells do not express receptors for IgM and purified Tµ cells do not have receptors for IgG, thus they appear to be distinct T cell populations. Although the two subpopulations show similar response patterns to concanavalin A, Tµ and Tγ cells exhibit different dose-response curves to phytohemagglutinin. The normal response pattern to phytohemagglutinin requires a mixture of T cell subpopulations suggesting that synergistic interactions may occur.
Activation of Cytotoxic Function in T Lymphocytes
Authors: Heininger Diane , Touton Mary , Chakravarty Ashim K. , Clark William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The requirements for activation of cytotoxic function in mouse T lymphocytes were investigated. Initial generation of cytotoxicity in normal lymphocytes was equal in magnitude with either Con A or specific alloantigen, and in either case required DNA synthesis. Cytotoxic function in MLC-primed cells could also be regenerated by Con A, the magnitude and target specificity of the cytotoxicity thus generated being indistinguishable from that recalled by specific alloantigen. Cytotoxicity could also be regenerated by third party-stimulating cells; however, the cytotoxicity evoked by third party cells was always specific only for target cells of the original stimulating cell H-2 genotype.
The data presented suggest that there are a number of ways to activate cytotoxicity in effector T cells, and are most consistent with a model for T cell triggering that minimizes a strict informational function of antigen-receptor interactions.