bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio-Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters of River Tawi
Authors: Singh K , Dhiman S , Kishor B 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pollution-free Rivers confer a signal of a vigorous environment. The present study highlighted the impact on river Tawi. Tawi River is the single river flowing in Jammu city and the longest tributary of the river Chenab. The water samples were analyzed in the month of November 2021. The samples were collected from different five locations (Nagrota, Bagh-e-Bahu, Below Tawi River Bridge, Belicharana, and Surajpur) and investigated the sample in the regional JKPCB laboratory in Jammu. The important parameters ware analysis such as pH, Temperature, Turbidity, DO, TDS, COD, BOD, Total Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, etc. The result shows river is fit for washing and bathing apart from below Tawi River Bridge. In these locations, BOD, COD, and Calcium values were found to be high corresponding to BIS because of the household and municipal waste discarded. Expulsion of waste generated due to development activities and demographic explosion in the basin of the Tawi River turn down the quality of water.
Review of Indoor Air Pollution Cause and Remedy
Authors: Kumar Nirala Nilesh , Chopra Lalita , Manikanika  
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Indoor air pollution is a type of indoor pollution caused by dust particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, benzene, naphthalene, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Radon, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other chemicals present in indoor air. The health effects of indoor air pollution are gaining more and more attention in the scientific community. In a literature review presenting information on the sources and health implications of various compounds investigated by researchers, the literature review provides valuable insight into how to protect against indoor pollution using international guidelines. Several research papers are found and valuable insights are gathered in a paper. This paper is used to make indoor air pollution policies and raise awareness. The government can help people become more aware of their interior environments, as well as their origins.
A Study on Linkage between Global Warming Indicators and Climate Change Expenditure
Authors: Kaur Arvinder , Tanwar Anita , Kaur Harmanpreet , Singh Jagjit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Purpose: The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have a critical influence on sustainable development and cause global warming, therefore contributing to climate change. National and international governments prioritize measures to mitigate global warming by funding green projects. The study aims to assess the relationship between global warming indicators (emission level of carbon dioxide, methane and greenhouse gas) and India’s climate change expenses incurred for employing renewable energy sources avenues nuclear power plants, efficient waste management, and transforming fuel-based technology with electricity-based to meet the extending electricity need.

Methodology: The secondary data is taken from the World Bank to establish the causality between climate change expenditure and global warming indicators. The augmented dickey-fuller (unit root) test is performed to check the stationarity of the data series. Based on the validated data, the quantum of discharge of CO2, CH4 and GHGs is used to gauge the impact on climate change expenditure through Engle and Granger technique on e-views software.

Findings: The results indicate a positive relationship between CO2, CH4, GHGs emissions and expenditure incurred to implement the mitigation strategies for climate change. The stationarity of the series is established at the first difference. Then regression model is determined through Engle-Granger Test, which depicts the model as a good fit with a 76% prediction level.

Managerial implications: The study provides insight into the successive increase in climate change expenditure which requires the government to frame a more stringent policy to preserve the environment with proper implementation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Green Infrastructure- A Roadmap Towards Sustainable Development
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Mukul  , Kaur Dilpreet , Kaur Amrit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
India is the fifth more vulnerable country to climate change consequences, with 2.54.5 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at risk every year. In conclusion, India has committed to reducing the greenhouse emissions of its Gross Domestic Product by 33-35 per cent by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. However, India will need to raise $2.5 trillion between 2016 and 2030 to accomplish this goal (MOEFCC, 2015). However, climate-related investments — both public and private — in green infrastructure development remain restricted. While India has taken several measures to solve this issue, rising green investments would need a greater emphasis on India’s infrastructure development. Long-term infrastructure is essential for a better future in an era when India announced that it would begin its decarburization journey to reach specified green targets. Green infrastructure is innovation and practices that employ natural systems to get better the overall value of the environment and provide ecological, social, and economic rewards. The study describes the contribution and investment in green infrastructure to optimize the growth with sustainable development in India. The research reveals that effective planning for green investment helps to maintain the adequate trade-off between development and ecosystem.
Characteristics of Clayey Soil for the Subggrade of Flexible Pavement
Authors: Kumar Nishant , Malik Er. Mohd Irshad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Clayey soil is typically firm when they are evaporated and gave its firmness as it looks right on soaked. Delicate clays are related with little compressive strength and beyond preposterous arrangement. This decrease in strength because of dampness prompts serious harm to the structures and substructures. The nature of the soil can experiment with the originator fabricating foundation intent on clayey sediments. This paper is based on the study of the engineering properties of clayey soil. This experimental study depicts the basic attributes of the clayey soil; which further leads to improving the nature or engineering properties of the clayey soil for the subgrade of the flexible pavement. Different tests are to be performed in the laboratory and conduct the desired results.
Seismic response of Special Moment Resisting Frames constructed on plain and sloping ground
Authors: Priyanshu Km , Kumar Vijay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most extinctive natural unpredictable disaster. The major reason of most of the earthquakes are the movement of Tectonic plates and excitation in the earth’s crust. It is observed that many conventional buildings have constructed without considering seismic provisions given by Indian standard codes to escape the disastrous effect of earthquakes which results into the collapse and disintegration of buildings. Therefore, the concept of earthquake resistant building design came into consideration and this is the most crucial aspect when a structure is to be designed for sloping terrain or for the hilly area. This research is carried out to examine the response of structures during the ground oscillations in terms of storey drift, base shear and storey displacement. For research work, 8storey, 12 storey and 16 storey frames are considered which are constructed on plain ground and sloping ground and 20°, 30°and 45° slopes and zone V are considered. All the frames are designed and analyzed using pushover analysis in finite element based software ETABS v-19. Response reduction factor is also calculated for several frames and compared the calculated values with the values given in IS 1893:2016(part- I).
Road Safety Analysis for Accident Prone Stretch on NH103
Authors: Sharma Shubham , Chopra Avani , Singh Gurpreet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Road accidents have presently become an major social worry in India which are increasing year by year. These road accidents lead to loss of human life, injuries and property damage which is very serious concern. As per the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG): 2030 relating to transport infrastructure provision of access to safe, accessible, and sustainable transport is the need of the hour. Therefore, road safety becomes very important issues in today’s scenario. In this paper, road safety analysis was done on NH-103 stretch to identify accident/crash black spots. The accidental data was collected from police stations and visual surveys on two lane NH-103 stretch of 58 km. The analysis has been done by using ranking and severity method, accident severity index (ASI) method and accidental density method. and accidental black spots were indentified. It has been found that 6 accidental crash black spots have been identified namely BS-1, BS-2, BS-3, BS-4, BS-5, and BS-6. The reasons for accidents in these blackspots have been traced to suggest counter measures for reduction in number of accidents on this stretch.
Using Random Forest and Random Tree model to Predict the splitting tensile strength for the concrete with basalt fiber reinforced concrete
Authors: Almohammed Fadi , Soni Jatin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The best model for predicting concrete splitting tensile strength using Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete (BFRC) was found utilising Random Forest (RF) and Random Tree (RT) implemented in this study. A total of 74 datasets were collected for this investigation from various academic papers. The entire data set is split into 51 training data sets and 23 testing data sets. The software which used for analysis in WEKA software. Cement, fine aggregate/crushed sand, coarse aggregate, water, superplasticizer, fly ash, Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete BFRC, diameter, length, and curing time are the input factors, while the compressive strength of the concrete containing BFRC is the output variable. Three performance assessment indices are used to assess the performance of the created models: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Correlation Coefficient (CC). Containing CC (0.9889, 0.9579) and lower MAE (0.0886, 0.1842), RMSE (0.1430, 0.2406) for the training and testing data sets, the Random Forest was shown to be the best model for predicting the splitting tensile strength of concrete with BFRC. And by analysing the sensitivity it shows that the curing time is the most sensitive input among all the inputs.
Analysis of patterns of urban sprawl and surface urban heat island in solan town of himachal pradesh using remote sensing and gis
Authors: Mehta T , Ghoshal S , Mahajan Y , Sharma M , Neha K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Rapid unplanned urbanization consequently influencing the land surface temperature globally that lead to Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon that has negative impact on the quality of life of population exist within that area. Impervious surfaces effect the functioning of ecosystem that’s why urban monitoring is important. Present study was focused on detection of presence of the UHI phenomenon in the Solan town of Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) from year 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Multitemporal analysis is performed to analyze trend of temperature using Landsat 5, 7 and 8 thermal infrared sensors processed within Geographical Information System (GIS). Google Earth engine also used as a platform for the detection of urban sprawl with the help of classified map extracted from it. R software used for the detection of fragmentation and other landscape indices on the classified map. Region of interests (ROIs) was created in the urban and surrounding rural area to analyze the difference in temperature and landscape metrics in both of ROIs. Study highlighted the presence of Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon in the medium size town of Solan in all the decades with the maximum LST difference of 1.92°C in year 1990, 0.68°C in year 2000, 1.02°C in year 2010 and 2.12°C in year 2020 between the two ROIs. Temperature values in year 2020 has declined due to reforestation in the area and the consequence of global pandemic lead to change in temperature due to lower pollutant concentration. LST variation indicate a rise of 4.61°C in the minimum and 9.19°C in the maximum temperature from 1990 to 2010. Urban sprawl has been reported, the urban expansion was maximum from year 1990 to 2000 in the Centre of city with the percentage of 31.27 km2 while total rate of change in urban surfaces is 131.48km2 which includes rural area along with road has been converted in impervious surface with the passage of years. Overall accuracy of the classified maps was 88%. The classified maps indicate correlation of landscape indices with the urban expansion of town where heterogeneity significantly increased with time whereas patch number and density is increasing with the urban growth and declining with reforestation in the urban and rural ROIs it fluctuate accordingly. This study reported the need of effective and sustainable urban planning method in the developing cities of Himalayas. Policy makers should introduce green spaces and plantation in urban area to mitigate the UHI phenomenon in future.
Comparison between Random forest and M5P to predict the compressive strength of concrete modified with solid wastes.
Authors: Ali Ishrat , Suthar Manju 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The efficacy of two machine learning algorithms to predict the concrete compressive strength is investigated in this research. For this objective, a vast amount of experimental data from numerous academic research articles was statically evaluated and modelled. In all, 265 observations were considered in this investigation 70% of the data was used for training, while the remaining 30% was used for testing. The data used in this paper was divided randomly. Cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag, limestone powder, fly ash, rice husk ash, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, silica fume, superplasticizer, water, viscosity modifying admixture, and coarse aggregate were among the 11 input parameters employed in the study. The concrete compressive strength was taken as the output parameter of the model. To assess the models’ prediction abilities, correlation coefficient (CC), the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values were employed. From the results it was concluded that RF-based model outperforms the M5P Model. The CC, RMSE and MAE values for RF are 0.9867, 3.7887 and 2.9244 for training and 0.8668, 9.1723 and 5.8552 for testing stage respectively.
Stability Analysis of Different shapes of Tunnel in Cohensionless Soils
Authors: Singh Yadav Jitendra , Kumar Akshay , Sharma Vaibhav , Singh Karan , Sihag Parveen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One of the crucial factors that has gained widespread popularity during the tunnelling construction process is the face stability of tunnel that mainly depends upon the support pressure to be applied at the face of tunnel against the overburden pressure and surcharge loading acting on the earth surface. In this study, stability of different cross sections of tunnels has been investigated in cohesionless soil (loose and medium dense sand) using the Finite Element Analysis software Plaxis 2D V20. Tunnel having cross sectional dimension B as width, D as height positioned at a depth H from the surface of ground. Due to the overburden pressure acting on the face of the tunnel, a suitable uniform compressive pressure is applied at the tunnel periphery in form of lining or anchorage system against the collapse. Variation of deflection at periphery of tunnel is presented for different combinations of H/D and Ф (angle of internal friction of soil), and lining thickness. It is observed that at a particular lining thickness with the increase in H/D, the displacement at the crown in tunnel increases and this could be resisted by increasing the lining thickness. The crown deflection of circular tunnel at particular H/D, lining thickness and Ф was less as compared to semi-circular and square tunnel.
Study of High Temperature Coatings Using Various Substrate Materials
Authors: Kulkarni Santosh , Singh Nain Somvir , Tiwari Jeetendra , Srinivasa Varma B. , Kumar Panthangi Ravi , Kumar Sehgal Anuj 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Study the mechanical properties for materials to enhance the high strength and durability, wear & tear resistance and cost efficient. The coating can be carried out on various materials done by using different methods of coating based on requirements. Properties will be improved by different coating alloys to improve mechanical properties of materials. Due to their distinctive short-range ordered and long-range disordered atomic organisation; amorphous elements offer higher elastic elasticity and superior corrosion and wear resistance compared to conventional materials. The issues that arise during high temperature coating preparation methods, such as laser cladding and thermal spraying, are first briefly discussed in this overview. Metals are undercooled frozen liquids in the form of bulk metallic glasses.
Modified Anderson-Bjork’s method for solving non-linear equations in structural mechanics
Authors: Ganchovski N , Traykov A 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One of the greatest problems in numerical methods is to provide high speed and stability at the same time. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid root finding algorithm, based on the appropriate combination of bisection, false position and the Anderson-Bjork’s method. In the general case, the achieved convergence is compatible to the fastest available methods, while stable performance in the worst case is provided. A comparative analysis versus popular root finding algorithms is performed as well. For that purpose, the respective procedures are implemented in the C# programming language. The proposed algorithm is included into the Calcpad engineering calculations platform.
Inspection, structural analysis, and assessment of the existing condition of the tunnel beneath the National Palace of Culture, Sofia, Bulgaria
Authors: Jiponov A K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The current paper considers and summarize the elaborated inspection of the existing condition and operational capacity of the structure of a tunnel beneath the National Palace of Culture and together with the collected data and conclusion concerning the capacity of the top slab of the structure to undertake an additional load from a secondary track from a light rail load. It also includes an assessment concerning the durability of the structure and the compliance with the regulation requirements. The report includes - review and analysis of the available design and other documentation for the site; Surveying and scanning of the main structural elements, incl. localization and registration of visible defects of the structure; performing static and dynamic field testing; structural analysis and calculation of the actual bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete slab of the tunnel according to the regulatory requirements.
Service condition of several pedestrian cable-supported bridges in the Rhodopi Mountain of Bulgaria
Authors: Ivanov S D , Georgiev L D 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the service condition of few long span pedestrian suspension bridges in Rhodopi Mountain of Bulgaria. They were built more than 50 years ago and were reconstructed after 35 years of exploitation. Visual inspection was made in the summer of 2021 by the authors. Typical design shortcomings are presented. In conclusion some ideas for the improvement of their condition with respect to their future save exploitation are suggested.
Composite Girders of Classes 1 and 2 With Partial Plasticization
Authors: Dulevski Encho 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A case of a bridge composite girder is analysed. According to EC4 rules, its cross section is coinciding into class 1 and should be able to resist the design moment in ULS. But after tracking the loading history with gradually increasing the live load up to the design level, it is established, that an early web instability exists before the loading ends. This effect contradicts to some code settings and the case should be considered as a warning to the designers working in similar circumstances.
Study of the behavior of a experimental reinforced concrete slab at different stages of loading from the production of the reinforced concrete slab over it
Authors: Bakardzhiev S 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This report examines the behavior of a reinforced concrete slab, part of an experimental reinforced concrete structure, under loads derived from the casting of the formwork system of the subsequent plate and from the laid concrete mix in the slab above it. The deflections in the individual stages were measured with the help of dial gauges. The full strength and deformation characteristics of the concretes used in the construction were researched. The behavior at all stages of loading of the slab was studied, including each phase of formwork of the slab above it and the laying of the concrete in the formwork itself. Conclusions have been made about the behavior of the slabs during production using the method for Early striking of reinforced concrete slabs.
The Septemvri-Dobrinishte narrow-gauge railway line – a unique project for Balkans.
Authors: Lepoev M. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The first section of the narrow-gauge railway line Septemvri-Dobrinishte was put into operation in the distant 1926, and the last sixth stage of it was completed in 1945. It is single line, non-electrified, with a track gauge of 760mm, which makes it unique for Bulgaria and the Balkans. Apart from its track gauge, the line impresses with its spiral ascents, maximum longitudinal slopes - up to 32 ‰, minimum radii of horizontal curves of 50m and the highest station on the Balkan Peninsula, Avramovo 1267.4m above sea level. Within a total length of 125 km, 35 tunnels, 23 bridges, retaining walls and numerous culverts have been built. The article presents the current state of the major engineering facilities along the line - bridges and tunnels, as well as the state of the superstructure of the railway. Its technical characteristics, which makes it a unique achievement, both in terms of transport structural facilities and for railway construction in general, are also commented.
Dual-wavelength chiral metasurfaces based on quasi-bound states in the continuum
Authors: Chen Run , Bi Qianhui , Li Tianyue , Wang Shuming , Zhu Shining , Wang Zhenlin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we numerically demonstrate a dual-wavelength chiral metasurface with the chirality only existing at two resonant wavelengths, making use of the excitation of two quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs). This chiral metasurface is constructed on the basis of photonic crystal slabs with square lattice of circular holes by introducing rectangular holes as perturbations. The two quasi-BICs supported by chiral metasurface are orthogonal to each other, thus the chirality at the two resonant wavelengths can be controlled independently by changing the geometry of the perturbations. Furthermore, a chirality-switchable metasurface is demonstrated taking advantage of the sensitivity of quasi-BICs to the variation of out-of-plane symmetry caused by changing refractive index of surroundings. The proposed chiral metasurface could find potential applications in nonlinear optics, sensing, imaging and near-to-eye displays.