bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rules of Rescue
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is a book about duties to help others. When does one have to sacrifice life and limb, time and money, to prevent harm to others? When must one save more people rather than fewer? These questions arise in emergencies involving nearby strangers who are drowning or trapped in burning buildings. But they also arise in everyday life, in which one has constant opportunities to give time or money to help distant strangers in need of food, shelter, or medical care. With the resources available, one can provide more help or less. This book argues that it is often wrong to provide less help rather than more, even when the personal sacrifice involved makes it permissible not to help at all. It shows that helping distant strangers by donating or volunteering is morally more like rescuing nearby strangers than most of us realize. The ubiquity of opportunities to help others threatens to make morality extremely demanding, and the book argues that it is only thanks to adequate permissions grounded in considerations of cost and autonomy that one may pursue one’s own plans and projects. It concludes that many are required to provide no less help over their lives than they would have done if they were effective altruists.
Introduction
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This introduction presents the topic, methodology, and aims of the book. The book is about moral reasons and requirements to help others—whether in nearby rescue cases or in everyday cases of donating time and money to help distant strangers. Contrary to act consequentialism, one is not always required to do whatever available act has the best outcome or helps the most. There are non-consequentialist permissions. Nonetheless, there are moral reasons to engage in effective altruism, sometimes even requirements to do so. The introduction includes a significant discussion of methodology, particularly concerning the role of intuitive claims in ethics and the use of “clean” imagined cases. It also provides a brief overview of the book’s chapters, followed by more detailed chapter summaries.
Requirements to Rescue and Permissions Not to
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book’s basic framework of requiring reasons and permitting reasons. Requiring reasons serve to make acts required. Permitting reasons serve to make acts permissible (without serving to make acts required) by serving to prevent requiring reasons from making acts wrong. An act is required—wrong not to do—when there is most requiring reason overall to do it and no sufficiently strong permitting reason not to do it. The chapter then proceeds to defend two main claims: first, that there are (strong) requiring reasons to rescue strangers from (large) harms and, second, that there are (cost-based and autonomy-based) permitting reasons not to rescue, which can make it permissible not to act in accord with the balance of requiring reasons to rescue. Finally, the chapter discusses the compatibility of these two claims with three competing views of rights to be rescued.
Numbers Count
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 defends the view that, while there is more requiring reason overall to save A and C than there is to save A and more requiring reason overall to save B and C than there is to save A, there is an individualist permitting reason to save A in the latter “conflict case” but not in the former “no-conflict case.” While the individualist permitting reason to save A’s life does not make it permissible to save A’s life instead of saving B’s life and C’s life, it does make it permissible to save A’s life instead of saving B’s life and C’s finger. The chapter further shows how this view does not imply various counterintuitive claims, such as the “fully aggregative” claim that one is required to save billions of people from very mild pain rather than save one person from very intense agony.
The All or Nothing Problem
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 defends the claim that it is wrong to save one stranger at great cost to oneself instead of saving two strangers at the same great cost, even when it is permissible to save no one. The chapter first provides a positive explanation of this claim, appealing to the framework of requiring reasons and permitting reasons. It then turns to the “all or nothing problem” that this claim seemingly implies that, if one is not going to save the greater number, one is required to do nothing. The chapter presents four possible solutions to this problem and rejects all but one. According to the solution accepted, while it is (non-conditionally) wrong to save one stranger when one can instead save two strangers at the same cost, it is conditionally permissible to (save one, given that one is not going to save two).
Frequent Rescues
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores a case in which opportunities to rescue nearby strangers arise very frequently. In this case, it seems one is not required to take every individual opportunity to help, even if one is required to take some. The chapter develops a view of requiring reasons and permitting reasons that explains this claim. According to this view, “lifetime” features can amplify (cost-based and autonomy-based) permitting reasons not to save strangers. The chapter then asks whether it can be permissible not to respond to a frequently occurring opportunity to help even when it would be wrong not to respond to an otherwise similar rarely occurring opportunity to help. It argues that, while frequency cannot itself make this kind of moral difference, considerations of cost and autonomy correlated with frequency can. Such considerations can make it permissible to rescue one near stranger rather than two distant strangers.
Must You Be an Effective Altruist?
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 draws together the book’s main argument: that core claims from Chapters 1–4, about requiring reasons to help the most and permitting reasons not to, carry over to a significant range of real-world cases in which one can help using time and money. It argues that in the real world there is a ubiquity of requiring reasons to help strangers. This isn’t overly demanding, given that there is also a ubiquity of sufficiently strong permitting reasons. The chapter then discusses how to modify the book’s main argument, without the assumption that the time, money, and other resources in one’s possession rightfully belong to one. Finally, the chapter argues that a significant proportion of people are required either to be effective altruists or else to provide no less help over their lives than they would have done if they did the minimum required as effective altruists.
Conclusion
Authors: van Eck Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter the afterlife of the candelabra and related objects from Piranesi’s Museo in interior design c. 1800 is illustrated. Their influence on interior design in Europe and beyond was enormous; it can be traced from Britain to Russia. One could even, in an essay in cultural epidemiology, map the spread across Europe of these artefacts on the dissemination, through books and prints, of the Vasi, Candelabri e Cippi and Diverse Maniere, and thereby draw a new map of the emergence and spread of the Style Empire based on the dissemination of artefacts and images. By writing the biography of the candelabra and related objects, and reconstructing the context of their rediscovery, restoration, revivals, and adaptations, this book argues that style development can no longer be considered as an autonomous process, determined to a large degree by formal and artistic criteria. Instead the emergence of a style is no longer an artistic question, but an anthropological issue, involving both the presence of particular objects, and a particular set of historical circumstances, but also depending on a wider set of features of the human mind. This book is therefore a contribution towards the development of that new, emerging field, in which anthropology, archaeology, and art history, the three disciplines concerned with the object, work together: the field of artefactual knowledge.
Constructing Criminality in the Work of Derrick Sington
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the work of Derrick Sington, a hitherto under-discussed writer who is significant not least because his experiences at Belsen fuelled his concern with wider issues of the treatment of prisoners and the appropriateness (or, in his view, inappropriateness) of the death penalty. The 1957 book The Offenders: Society and Atrocious Crime, co-authored with journalist Giles Playfair, included a chapter by Sington arguing that Irma Grese, condemned to death at the Belsen Trial for her actions at Belsen and Auschwitz, should not have been hanged, and suggesting that social pressures could have affected her behaviour. The Offenders was published just as the 1957 Homicide Act introduced the defence of diminished responsibility into English and Welsh law, a measure that from Sington’s abolitionist perspective did not go far enough. In the chapter on Grese, Sington also revisited his earlier account of Belsen and attempted to contextualize his first, visceral response to what he saw there. Sington’s later writing therefore opens up the question of how the aftermath of the war crimes trials intersected with debates in Britain about the potential abolition of capital punishment and judicial and penal reform more generally, as well as reframing both Sington’s testimony at the Belsen Trial and his book Belsen Uncovered (1946).
Holocaust Survivors and Refugees in 1940s Detective Fiction
Authors: Stewart Victoria 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how attempts at incorporating either pre- or post-war refugees into detective narratives often drew on stereotypes, even when the depiction of these individuals was intended to be broadly sympathetic. A comparison between Mitzi, the self-pitying refugee housekeeper in Agatha Christie’s A Murder Is Announced (1950), and Gerd, a refugee who is a model of forbearance and forgiveness in Ellis Peters’s Fallen into the Pit (1951), is instructive here. In many instances, past events in Nazi Germany are alluded to only in passing, with the name of a camp standing for the crimes committed there, and the crimes themselves not described in any detail. This device relates to the economy with which detective fiction generally tends to draw its protagonists, but it also implies that readers would be expected to have some sense of the events alluded to. These novels tend to centre on the closed communities that are typical of interwar detective fiction: the country house, as in G. D. H. and Margaret Cole’s Toper’s End (1942) and Cyril Hare’s An English Murder (1951); the school, in Gladys Mitchell’s Tom Brown’s Body (1949); and even the train compartment, as in Raymond Postgate’s Somebody at the Door (1943). The presence of refugees and survivors in these communities, and their entanglement with the social disturbance that is concomitant with a crime being committed, provides scope for assessing how new understandings of Britain and its relation to Europe were being broached in popular writing at this period.
Desire and Envy amongst Unequals
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
When we control for gender as a form of difference, we often discover we have been reducing other forms of difference. This chapter explains how as sexuality becomes openly democratized, women’s differences in sexual power become more obvious as does envy and competition between women. The chapter showcases the tragic paradox that when the patriarchy is fought against, it brings women closer, but when battles are won in sexuality, the spoils of the victors bring the generations into sharper conflict with each other. Looking closely at two historical epochs: the post-1947 period of Independence and the post-1992 period of Economic Liberalization, the chapter outlines the problem of age-related, within-group differences in women’s sexual power by reading the narratives of older and younger women respondents side by side. It highlights the envy in the mother-daughter relationship and concludes by framing ‘Sexual revolution’ and ‘Feminism’ not as aspirations but as generational conflict about how sex should be done.
Sex and the Measure of Indianness
Authors: Narayanan Amrita 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter adds a political dimension to the version of middle-class woman that is ‘sold’ in India. It unpacks the sexual metaphors of post-Independence politics to give this dimension depth. In the patriarchal imagination political identity is only granted to women who ‘wear’ their nationalism in their dress, a dress code that coerces women to project desexualized, maternal, and domestic associations—the state-sponsored version of ‘womanly’—in exchange for a place at the political table. Explains how the state-sponsored version of woman—upper-middle-class maternal and intelligent but never sexual—is enforced via policing of women’s dress and behaviour. Describes how individual women mourning patriarchy is complicated because the collective mourning about colonialism is incomplete: the anxieties about signing female bodies as ‘Indian’ reflect a far deeper and less resolvable anxiety of gaining distance from the British colonizer.
Speeding up Sport
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
How has technology influenced the game of cricket? What did television and information and communication technologies (ICTs) do to the game that changed it from the sedate five-day test match to the flamboyant IPL? How have spectators of cricket changed because of these technologies? Has cricket been overtaken by the politics of speed? This book explores the many ways in which the sport of cricket went from being a game that was described as a ‘ritualised garden party’ to the marketing behemoth that the Indian Premier League is. It explores the many ways in which technologies interact with the sport of cricket, and have pushed cricket towards becoming the sporting entertainment complex that it is today. The IPL, the book argues, has been assembled principally through ICTs and is therefore essentially produced as a ‘sporting platform’.
Introduction
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets up the premise of the book, introducing the literature around cricket and the theoretical frameworks used in this analysis. It contends that from being a sport to be played in a time of leisure, cricket has been transformed into not just a profession and an industry but also an enterprise that acts as a platform for advertisers, celebrities, businesses, and even fans. The understanding and engagement with the game of cricket seem to have undergone a radical re-assembly in which while the basic structure of the edifice has remained largely unaltered (the batsman versus bowler aspect), everything else—from the facade to the inner workings of the structure—have been subjected to a new alignment. From white flannel to coloured clothing, from five-day tests to floodlit Twenty20 matches, and from the village green to after-parties, the very identity of cricket seems to have undergone a rupture.
‘A Dramatic Spectacle’
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What was the draw of cricket in a technologically unmediated era? What is it about test cricket that allowed it to remain in the memory of its fans long after a match had concluded? This chapter deals with the form of cricket that existed before the technological era and attempts to describe the manner in which test cricket was more about the process of play than the event of the result. It tries to understand the unique appeal of a slow sport such as test cricket, and discusses how the plural narrative of test cricket was constructed. It then goes on to understand the evolution of the game through several paths that led to the creation of the limited-overs game.
The Eye of the Storm
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to analyse the spectator and understand the question of who watches, why, and how. The spectator is at the centre of the show that television puts on. The entire edifice of networked media sport and the sporting-entertainment complex is premised on the understanding that sport is popular. And that millions of people around the world watch sport and therefore provide an easy catchment area for those seeking to be seen. The spectator—in the stadium, on television, on mobile phone screens, in public spaces—is at the centre of all spectacle. The chapter analyses the IPL and how in its city-based format, it creates a new type of fan, that is at once seen to be un-tethered from country loyalty but is still very much within its framework.
Conclusion
Authors: Subramanian Vidya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is the conclusion, in which all the arguments of the previous chapters are brought together. The chapter argues that the IPL has always been presented as an entertainment package. With explosive, nail-biting matches supplementing a theatre of celebrities, gossip, cheerleaders, glamorous presenters, movie promotions within matches, and even on-field interviews with players while they are playing, the IPL marks a crucial moment in the understanding of sport, television, and audiences in present-day India. The conclusions drawn are that first, the game of cricket is the most important ingredient in the making of the IPL as a sporting platform; and second, technologies such as ICTs have enabled the creation of a new type of commodity for consumption through the politics of speed.
Birth of Mothers’ Houses
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The construction process was punctuated by rites and communal feasts. The birth of a house also had many stages of midwifery: astrological prescriptions to seek the land from other supernatural beings, gathering of materials and skilled builders, rituals and parties at each major stage of its upward structural growth into the sky, and occasions for rewarding the master builders and gratis labour of the community. Tampering of soil into walls, literally known as dancing on rammed earth, led to affairs and courtship among the youth. Houses had to accommodate both livestock and family members and were spaciously designed for these multiple purposes. Scheme for utilization also included space for supernatural beings, with the third floor for gods, as well as guests, and the ground floor for livestock. Households were mostly maternal with the bulk of assets passing to one of the daughters who perpetuated the household identity. A baby born in a house, set off a new wave of protective rituals and rearing obligations to foster a member of family, community, and humanity. Rammed earth houses became the space and setting for successive rounds of births, deaths, and many human dramas in between.
Sounds and Colours of the Land
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Like the colours of landscape, volumes of sounds of wind and water changed over the seasons. The murmur of meandering rivers has inspired one of the most well-known poems. While mustard turned fields yellow and trees began to leaf, raucous archery tournaments and blasts of various ritual instruments wafted cross a village. Ambient colours of water mills, temples, and houses provided a background to colours of textile garments people wore and handmade wares they used. Experience of sounds and colours peaked in summer. Thundering sound of thousands of bees swarming in flowering buckwheat fields, and loud calls of birds and beasts rang through the land. All of them found resonance in daily life as well as limericks and melodies. But the most regular sound a person heard was a babble of tongues across Bhutan. The phonetic and tonal differences between two major languages of Bhutan, Tshangla and Dzongkha, added to the orchestra of sounds.
Rhythm of Farm Life
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Even where the main crop was rice such as Paro, one meal a day was flour-based, from millet, buckwheat, or wheat grown alongside rice. Maize rivalled millet as the staple diet in the nation as a whole. Barley, buckwheat, maize, wheat, and millet were fermented extensively to power workforces with singchang, banchang, and ara. These cereals were also major feeds for horses, pigs, and oxen. Oxen and horses were treated to cold gruel, dough balls, and mustard oil. Unlike other livestock who consumed everything orally, horses were fed monthly oil and remedial alcohol through their noses. Mustard oil and pig lard were more widely used in curries and dishes than butter. Crops were not only shared with livestock by design, but they were shared reluctantly with wild birds and beasts like wild boar, bear, deer, sambhar, monkey, langur, and porcupine. Clearing, tilling, planting, guarding, and harvesting were often collective tasks leading to egalitarian village value of being and doing things together, through farming to feasting.
Reparations in Contemporary International Law
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since the Second World War, reparations have become a mainstay in international law. This chapter discusses some of the international legal frameworks and reparations measures made at the United Nations (UN) and in state practice. This includes the laws around resorting to force and waging an aggressive war under jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. Despite the progress being made in recognizing reparations under international law for violations committed during war, there are still significant gaps, exclusions, and limitations with regards to the extent of the right to reparation, in particular under the laws of war. While there are emerging developments in international criminal law, this chapter focuses on the more substantive areas of international law that are more often invoked in addressing the question of reparations.
Non-State Armed Groups and Reparations
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Non-State armed groups have often been ignored as being responsible actors in making reparations or derided as not having sufficient capacity to make such redress to their victims. This chapter explores how armed groups do engage in reparations during war and peacetime for a range of motivations and how this can inform international legal practice. This chapter begins by discussing the international legal position of non-State armed groups and the extent to which we can speak of their obligation to make reparations to their victims. The second section analyses the motivations of armed groups to make reparations in line with their own ideology or collective identity around grievances for past or ongoing violations. It then turns to consider the practice of reparations during conflict by armed groups, and finally the making of reparations after the end of hostilities and during peacetime. Highlighting this diverse practice and understanding of reparations by non-State armed groups serves to underscore the prevalence of such efforts, but also how reparations can resonate and connect to the values, ideology, and culture of an armed group in accounting for their violence.