bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Universal Consolidated Database for Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flow Condensation and Machine Learning Modelling
Authors: Pirnstill Logan M. , Qiu Yue , Kharangate Chirag 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Miniature condensers have been recognized as an effective tool for developing compact heat rejection devices. However, due to complex physical behaviors resulting from phase change, predicting necessary quantities like heat transfer coefficient has proven to be a difficult task. This study will use a database of 37 flow condensation studies for development of machine learning tools to predict two-phase heat transfer coefficient. In comparison to previous work performed by Zhou et. al. [1], this study will utilize thermodynamic data, dimensionless flow data, channel type, channel geometry, single and multichannel systems, and fluid species, as a more comprehensive means of predicting heat transfer coefficient. This study finds that in conjunction with the dimensionless quantities used in previous studies [1], the variables; mass velocity, quality, latent heat, specific volume, and hydraulic diameter are all of important significance to accurately predicting heat transfer coefficient. This study is a comprehensive Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) as well as a machine learning based model for accurately predicting heat transfer coefficient. We find Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), using simple multi-linear regression, of significantly less magnitude using our more comprehensive database as compared to previous works. Machine Learning methods also show a reduction in MAPE as compared to previous studies, as well as compared to previous semi-empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficient.
In-Situ Bottom-Up Temperature Measurements for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Pratt Mason , Ameel Tim , Rao Sameer 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Spatially resolved temperature measurements and understanding the local heat-affected zone (HAZ) are of urgent importance in metal additive manufacturing (AM). Many experiments have used infrared (IR) temperature measurements at the build surface, but there is little experimental work measuring temperatures below the surface. Measurements below the top surface are vital to understand how the heating of additional build layers affects the temperature history of previously printed layers, especially in thin geometries. A thin metal plate with incident laser power can reasonably represent such thin geometries, for example, an overhang feature of an actual part undergoing laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). As a part of this work, we describe the design, construction, and calibration of an experimental setup that allows direct measurement of temperature distributions on the bottom side of a metal substrate. This is accomplished using a high-speed IR camera (2000 fps) positioned below a thin Inconel 625 substrate of known thickness (500 μm) and emissivity. The top side is irradiated with a high-power ytterbium fiber laser, while temperature distributions are measured on the bottom surface. The local temperature on the bottom side is resolved with a spatial resolution of 200 μm in the x and y directions. Local temperature distributions and HAZ dimensions are reported for single-track scans as a function of the laser power. The insights derived from this study will ultimately establish a fundamental link between laser processing parameters, local thermal history, and printed part properties.
Numerical Predictions of the Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in the Film Boiling Regime During Tube Quenching
Authors: Narayanan Jayachandran K. , Hylton Sonya , Kassemi Mohammad , Hartwig Jason W. , Mackey Jeffrey R. , Kharangate Chirag R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cryogenic fluid management plays a major role in refueling of spacecrafts while in space for NASA’s future human space exploration missions. Due to the low boiling points of cryogens, storage, transport and handling of these fluids becomes difficult and may result in inefficient operation of the space propulsion systems. For refueling applications in space, the cryogenic fluids have to be transported across different locations and hence, the transfer of cryogenic fluids through pipes become critical. The cryogenic chill-down process is characterized by different regimes of flow boiling, viz., film boiling, transition boiling and nucleate boiling. The prediction of these regimes in a single CFD framework available in the literature is challenging and the present work attempts to address this challenge by initially modeling the film boiling regime accurately and to incorporate an user-defined function for transition and nucleate boiling at a later stage. Hence, the aim of the present work is to numerically model and validate the film boiling regime of the chilldown curve for liquid nitrogen experiments available in the literature. The validations are carried out at different inlet mass fluxes to have a robust simulation methodology. A dispersed mixture model is used to predict the vapor-liquid interface dynamics with the phase change phenomena modeled using the Lee model.
Study of Inclusion Detection Using Bayesian Inference for an Application in Breast Tumors
Authors: Menegaz Gabriela L. , Araujo Cleudmar A. , Guimaraes Gilmar 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Early and accurate detection of breast cancer is a critical part of the strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this common disease. This work’s main objective is to develop a non-invasive technique for early detection of breast tumors without using radiation and causing discomfort to the patient. The method should allow access to people with disabilities or low mobility. Detection of inclusions becomes possible due to definitions of damage metrics, which are statistical parameters capable of numerically representing the difference between two measurements before and after damage. The experimental technique proposes to estimate k and the central position of inclusion, b0, inserted in a phantom. The value of k estimated corresponds to the thermal property of healthy tissue. The central position of the inclusion corresponds to the position of possible tumor localization in the breast phantom. The method uses the same pair data heat flux/temperature measured at the phantom surface in different parting times. k and b0 are estimated by maximizing the likelihood function between theoretical and experimental temperature data on the phantom’s surface using times less than 350s and above 400 s, respectively. A 1D thermal model that considers heat generation is used.
Performance Comparison of Thermal Management Systems for Battery Packs Based on Numerical Simulation
Authors: Raghu Sowmya , Rajabi Roya , James Robin , Huang Kevin , Khan Jamil A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are being used extensively in automotive and aviation industries as we move towards sustainable, energy efficient, and affordable futuristic transportation. Due to their high-power density (up to 10,000 W/L) and energy density (up to 705 Wh/L), lithium-ion batteries are excellent candidates to be utilized as an energy source. Thermal management of the batteries are essential to maintain a safe and uniform operating temperature envelope based on different applications. Large lithium-ion battery packs face several challenges, however thermal management is critical in ensuring safety, optimum power output and prevent thermal stress induced aging effects. Although, different cooling techniques are presented in literature, it is extremely difficult to present the best choice of the technique without performing trade-off studies. This paper presents a comparative study of the cooling effectiveness of standard heat sink, Phase Change Material surrounding the batteries, and heat sink with circular, square and airfoil fins, with Phase Change Material (PCM) for efficient management of the temperatures of lithium-ion battery packs at high charging and discharging rates. A coupled thermal-electrochemical numerical simulation study is conducted to compare the 4 different types of cooling techniques to maintain the operational temperature between 15°C–50°C. A parametric study is conducted for variable power of the battery pack at high charging and discharging rates and the cooling performance enhancement through the use PCM with surface modifications in the heat sink is examined.
Human cytomegalovirus attenuates AKT activity by destabilizing insulin receptor substrate proteins
Authors: Domma Anthony J. , Henderson Lauren A. , Goodrum Felicia D. , Moorman Nathaniel J. , Kamil Jeremy P. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway plays crucial roles in cell viability and protein synthesis and is frequently co-opted by viruses to support their replication. Although many viruses maintain high levels of AKT activity during infection, other viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), cause AKT to accumulate in an inactive state. To efficiently replicate, HCMV requires FoxO transcription factors to localize to the infected cell nucleus (Zhang et al. mBio 2022), a process that is antagonized by AKT. Here, we investigated how HCMV inactivates AKT to achieve this. Results from subcellular fractionation and live-cell imaging studies indicated a defect in the recruitment of AKT to membranes upon serum stimulation of HCMV-infected cells. UV-inactivated virions failed to inactivate AKT, suggesting a requirement for
de novo
viral gene expression. Through additional studies, we identify that UL38 (pUL38), a viral activator of mTORC1, inactivates AKT by destabilizing insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), a protein that recruits PI3K to growth factor receptors. Decreased electrophoretic mobility and diminished expression of IRS1 correlated with the accumulation of UL38 protein during infection. However, destabilization of IRS1 and loss of AKT activity did not occur in cells infected with an HCMV mutant disrupted for
UL38
nor when mTORC1 was inhibited by rapamycin. Finally, ectopic expression of UL38 in uninfected cells sufficed to cause IRS1 degradation and AKT inactivation, and these effects were likewise reversed by rapamycin. Collectively, our results demonstrate that HCMV relies upon a cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop to render AKT inactive during productive infection.

IMPORTANCE
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) requires inactivation of AKT to efficiently replicate, yet how AKT is shut off during HCMV infection has remained unclear. We show that UL38, an HCMV protein that activates mTORC1, is necessary and sufficient to destabilize insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), a model insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein. Degradation of IRS proteins in settings of excessive mTORC1 activity is an important mechanism for insulin resistance. When IRS proteins are destabilized, PI3K cannot be recruited to growth factor receptor complexes, and hence, AKT membrane recruitment, a rate limiting step in its activation, fails to occur. Despite its penchant for remodeling host cell signaling pathways, our results reveal that HCMV relies upon a cell-intrinsic negative regulatory feedback loop to inactivate AKT. Given that pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/AKT potently induces HCMV reactivation from latency, our findings also imply that the expression of UL38 activity must be tightly regulated within latently infected cells to avoid spontaneous reactivation.
Neuraminidase-dependent entry of influenza A virus is determined by hemagglutinin receptor-binding specificity
Authors: Wallace Louisa E. , de Vries Erik , van Kuppeveld Frank J. M. , de Haan Cornelis A. M. 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) contain sialoglycan-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and sialoglycan-cleaving neuraminidase (NA) proteins, the concerted action of which is needed for escape from decoy receptors and for virion motility ultimately resulting in infection of epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The importance of NA in egress of newly assembled virions has been well established, whereas its role in entry has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we systematically analyzed the role of NA in viral entry in relation to HA receptor-binding preference, the receptor repertoire displayed on cells and the presence of mucus decoy receptors. Utilizing recombinant viruses that differ only in their HA-NA composition, it was observed that the dependence on NA activity for IAV entry largely depends on HA and not NA, with entry of α2–6 sialoglycan-binding viruses being inhibited more by NA inhibitor (oseltamivir carboxylate; OsC) than α2–3 sialoglycan-preferring viruses. In agreement with this, inhibition of virus entry by OsC could be modified by altering the sialoglycan receptor repertoire of cells. Entry inhibition by OsC correlated with the ability of mucus to inhibit infection, with the combination of the two having the largest effect. Our results indicate that the dependency of IAV on NA activity and, thus, virion motility for entry are determined by the receptor-binding properties of HA in combination with the receptor repertoire present on cells. This dependency is larger when fewer preferred receptors are displayed, which coincides with increased inhibition by mucus decoy receptors.

IMPORTANCE
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) contain hemagglutinin (HA) proteins involved in sialoglycan receptor binding and neuraminidase (NA) proteins that cleave sialic acids. While the importance of the NA protein in virion egress is well established, its role in virus entry remains to be fully elucidated. NA activity is needed for the release of virions from mucus decoy receptors, but conflicting results have been reported on the importance of NA activity in virus entry in the absence of decoy receptors. We now show that inhibition of NA activity affects virus entry depending on the receptor-binding properties of HA and the receptor repertoire present on cells. Inhibition of entry by the presence of mucus correlated with the importance of NA activity for virus entry, with the strongest inhibition being observed when mucus and OsC were combined. These results shed light on the importance in virus entry of the NA protein, an important antiviral drug target.
Effects of hydrogeochemistry on the microbial ecology of terrestrial hot springs
Authors: Barbosa Carla , Tamayo-Leiva Javier , Alcorta Jaime , Salgado Oscar , Daniele Linda , Morata Diego , Díez Beatríz 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Temperature, pH, and hydrochemistry of terrestrial hot springs play a critical role in shaping thermal microbial communities. However, the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors at this terrestrial-aquatic interface are still not well understood on a global scale, and the question of how underground events influence microbial communities remains open. To answer this, 11 new samples obtained from the El Tatio geothermal field were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V4 region), along with 191 samples from previous publications obtained from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field, and the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, with their temperature, pH, and major ion concentration. Microbial alpha diversity was lower in acid-sulfate waters, and no significant correlations were found with temperature. However, moderate correlations were observed between chemical parameters such as pH (mostly constrained to temperatures below 70°C), SO
4
2−
and abundances of members of the phyla Armatimonadota, Deinococcota, Chloroflexota, Campilobacterota, and Thermoplasmatota. pH and SO
4
2−
gradients were explained by phase separation of sulfur-rich hydrothermal fluids and oxidation of reduced sulfur in the steam phase, which were identified as key processes shaping these communities. Ordination and permutational analysis of variance showed that temperature, pH, and major element hydrochemistry explain only 24% of the microbial community structure. Therefore, most of the variance remained unexplained, suggesting that other environmental or biotic factors are also involved and highlighting the environmental complexity of the ecosystem and its great potential to test niche theory ecological associated questions.

IMPORTANCE
This is the first approach to investigate whether geothermal processes could have an influence on the ecology of thermal microbial communities on a global scale. In addition to temperature and pH, microbial communities are structured by sulfate concentrations, which depends on the tectono-magmatic settings (such as the depth of magmatic chambers) and the local settings (such as the availability of a confining layer separating NaCl waters from steam after phase separation) and the possibility of mixing with more diluted fluids. Comparison of microbial communities from different geothermal areas by homogeneous sequence processing showed that no significant geographic distance decay was detected on the microbial communities according to Bray-Curtis, Jaccard, unweighted, and weighted Unifrac similarity/dissimilarity indices. Instead, an ancient potential divergence in the same taxonomic groups is suggested between globally distant thermal zones.
Molecular characterization of invasive
Streptococcus pneumoniae
clinical isolates from a tertiary children’s hospital in eastern China
Authors: Huang Xu , Tan Hua , Lu Feng , Guo Genglin , Han Mingxiao , Cai Tongbo , Zhang Haifang 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae
is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), especially in children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of
S. pneumoniae
isolated from children with IPD. A total of 78
S
.
pneumoniae
isolates from aseptic body fluids of 70 IPD patients were collected at the Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province, China) during 2017–2021. Whole-genome sequencing technology was used to analyze the serotype, sequence type (ST), virulence, and antibiotic resistance of the 78 invasive
S. pneumoniae
clinical isolates. Our results showed that the pneumococcal infection rate declined after the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019. Serotypes 19F, 14, 6A, 23F, 19A, and 6B were the most common strains. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13 serotype coverage rate was 87.1%. All isolates were classified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis into 27 different STs, including 3 novel STs (ST17941, ST17942, and ST17944) and 1 novel allele [recP (558)]. The most predominant ST was ST271, followed by ST320 and ST876. All isolates carried the following virulence genes: cbpG, lytB, lytC, pce (cbpE), pavA, slrA, plr (gapA), hysA, nanA, eno, piuA, psaA, cppA, iga, htrA (degP), tig (ropA), zmpB, and ply. All isolates were multidrug resistant and had high levels of resistance to macrolides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. Taken together, this study revealed extensive genetic diversity among
S. pneumoniae
isolates from a single Chinese hospital. Wearing masks, universal infant vaccination with PCV13, and the launch of recombinant protein vaccine development programs could reduce the burden of IPD in children.

IMPORTANCE

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in children remains a global burden and should be given more attention due to the fact that the pneumococcal vaccine is not fully covered globally. The molecular epidemiological characteristics of
S. pneumoniae
are not so clear, especially in these years of COVID-19. In this study, we collected
S. pneumoniae
isolates from the aseptic body fluid of children with IPD from 2017 to 2021 in a tertiary children’s hospital in China and revealed the extensive genetic diversity of these isolates. Most importantly, we first found that the rate of pneumococcal infection has declined since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, which means that wearing masks could reduce the transmission of
S. pneumoniae
. In addition, it was shown that universal infant vaccination with PCV13 seems essential for reducing the burden of IPD in children.
“Wrecking the rocks”: Continental weathering by groundwater
Authors: Wood Warren W. , Sanford Ward E. , Cherry John A. , Wood Warren T. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Groundwater solute mass flux discharged from the continents to the oceans is between 56% and 63% of particulate sediment transport mass flux. Herein we utilized newly developed continental geospatial groundwater concentration estimates that were multiplied by groundwater volumetric recharge flux to provide a continental-scale discharge mass flux to the oceans of 7.3 Pg DS/yr (petagrams dissolved solutes per year). This mass flux was evaluated from six continental ecosystems: direct ocean discharge (0.28 Pg DS/yr), endorheic basins (0.59 Pg DS/yr), cold-wet exorheic basins (0.55 Pg DS/yr), cold-dry exorheic basins (1.1 Pg DS/yr), warm-dry exorheic basins (0.82 Pg DS/yr), and warm-wet exorheic basins (4.0 Pg DS/yr), thus providing insight into the role of rainfall and temperature on continental weathering and denudation. A new, robust molar silicate/carbonate ratio of 0.42 was calculated for weathering of continental rocks, which is important in the Urey model of climate change. We estimate that rock weathering accounts for ~50% of the total solute mass flux discharged from the continents, the remainder being from externally derived marine aerosols and organic-derived bicarbonate.
Supplemental Material: High-resolution geophysical and geochronological analysis of a relict shoreface deposit offshore central California: Implications for slip rate along the Hosgri fault
Authors: Kluesner Jared W. , al. et 
Published: September 2023

<p>File S1 consists of additional sediment core and chirp figures. File S2 provides additional details and figures on the optical stimulated luminescence sampling and dating. File S3 provides details on the Bayesian age modeling conducted. </p>
Association of early-life exposure to acid-suppressive therapy and fractures during childhood: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Achler Tomer , Chodick Gabriel , Shaoul Ron , Cohen Shlomi , Ben-Tov Amir , Goldshtein Inbal 
Published: September 2023

ObjectivesIncreased acid-suppressive therapy (AST) usage during infancy is seen worldwide, while the data on the risk for paediatric fractures associated with these drugs are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the risk for fractures associated with early-life usage of AST.MethodsThis population-based retrospective propensity-matched cohort study included children born between 2005 and 2016 who used AST during the first year of life, and a 3:1 matched unexposed group. Study subjects were followed from the end of the first year of life until the earliest of the following: an outcome event (either fracture or non-fracture injury, separately), age of 10 or August 2022. The cumulative incidence of fractures and the HR of AST for fracture and non-fracture injury as negative control were calculated.ResultsA total of 13 894 eligible AST users and 41 418 propensity score-matched non-users were included in the analysis. The cumulative incidence of fracture among children with AST (23.7%) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than non-users (21.7%) corresponding to an HR of 1.11 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.16). The HR for one to two AST purchases versus none was 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.14) and the HR for 3+ AST purchases versus none was 1.25 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.39). AST was also associated with injuries by an HR of 1.09 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.13).ConclusionsAST was associated with a small but statistically significant increased incidence of fractures. We cannot exclude reporting bias or residual confounders. The clinical inference is currently unclear.