bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIVand the Skin
Authors: Bunker Christopher B. , Piguet Vincent 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAcquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been recognized, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) identified as the causative agent, for over 30 years. HIV infection is a significant health problem globally. Earlier diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) prevents death, serious sequelae and onward transmission. Mucocutaneous involvement may allow diagnosis at seroconversion or later in the course of the disease and dermatologists should have a very low threshold for considering the diagnosis and offering HIV testing routinely in many common presenting clinical scenarios. Combined ART has revolutionized treatment, and long‐term survival is the norm. However, there are significant dermatological consequences of HIV treatment including drug reactions/complications and immune reconstitution‐associated disease. Primary skin malignancies are the most frequent non‐AIDS‐defining cancers and oral, anal and genital (e.g. penile) cancers are significantly increased in the HIV‐treated population.
A
damantiades–
B
ehçet Disease
Authors: Zouboulis Christos C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Adamantiades–Behçet disease is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, classified as a systemic vasculitis and as a neutrophilic dermatosis involving all types and sizes of blood vessels. It is characterized clinically by recurrent courses of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions (papulopustules, erythema nodosum) and iridocyclitis/posterior uveitis. It is occasionally accompanied by arthritis and vascular, neurological, gastrointestinal or other manifestations. It is a rare disease with worldwide distribution but strongly varying prevalence; certain ethnic groups are mainly affected. It exhibits a genetically determined background with environmental triggering factor(s) probably involved. Diagnosis is defined by new clinical criteria. It presents a chronic, relapsing, progressive course and potentially poor prognosis (especially in males with systemic presenting signs).
Neutrophilic Dermatoses
Authors: Ormerod Anthony D. , Hampton Philip J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, non‐infectious, neutrophilic dermatosis commonly associated with underlying systemic disease. Diagnosis is based on typical clinical features and the exclusion of other cutaneous ulcerating diseases. It is most often encountered as the classic type but several variants also need to be distinguished. Its course may be protracted and recurrent with significant morbidity and mortality. Milder cases can respond to simple topical measures but frequently, potent immunosuppressive therapies, combined therapies or biologicals including antitumour necrosis factor treatment are required to achieve healing.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Goodfield Mark , Wahie Shyamal 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome is a well‐described clinical scenario characterized by the occurrence of thrombotic disease affecting all parts of the vascular system, with symptoms that vary with the area involved. It is caused by the presence of functional antiphospholipid antibodies targeting elements of the coagulation system. It may occur alone, or in combination with connective tissue diseases. Therapy following diagnosis in symptomatic individuals consists of anticoagulation.
Systemic Sclerosis (Systemic Scleroderma)
Authors: Orteu Catherine H. , Denton Christopher P. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSystemic sclerosis is a multisystem autoimmune disease that causes fibrosis in the skin and internal organs with associated vascular and inflammatory manifestations including Raynaud phenomenon. It has high mortality due to cardiac, pulmonary and renal complications and substantial morbidity from pruritus, pain, digital ulceration, calcinosis, telangiectases and gastrointestinal tract and musculoskeletal involvement. Different subsets of the disease are recognized based on the extent of skin involvement, the presence of hallmark autoantibody reactivities, and more recently on gene expression signatures in the skin. Up to 20% of systemic sclerosis cases have features of overlap with another autoimmune rheumatic disease. Limited and diffuse subsets carry different risks of organ‐based complications. Early and systematic screening to identify the burden of disease and individualize risk is a cornerstone of modern management, which has led to the earlier institution of therapy and significant improvements in outcome over the past two decades.
Genetic Disorders of Pigmentation
Authors: Taïeb Alain , Morice‐Picard Fanny , Ezzedine Khaled 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNormal skin pigmentation is dependent upon efficient melanin synthesis and melanosome maturation within melanocytes, melanosome transfer to neighbouring keratinocytes and melanosome degradation concomitant with keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Several hundred genes are known to modulate the pigmentation type or pattern in skin, hairs/coat and eyes in mammals, during or after development, by acting directly or indirectly on the pigment cell lineage. Among these, only a few have been found to underlie recognizable inherited pigmentation disorders. In this chapter, we review the clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of the main inherited disorders of hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, including the dyschromatoses.
Disorders Affecting Cutaneous Vasculature
Authors: Dompmartin Anne , Revencu Nicole , Boon Laurence M. , Vikkula Miikka 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSkin is rich in blood and lymphatic vessels. These can undergo abnormal development generating localized lesions, which are called vascular anomalies. On the basis of clinical and biological criteria, they are divided into vascular tumours and vascular malformations. This classification has been adopted by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies and used to cover all reported entities. The identification of disease‐causing genes associated with precise clinical delineation of the phenotypes has become the foundation for better management of these diseases. It has been established that the rare familial forms follow a paradominant inheritance with a combination of a germinal mutation and a local somatic second‐hit, whereas somatic/mosaic genetic defects cause the more common sporadic vascular malformations. Links between phenotypes and genotypes have been unravelled for several vascular malformations.
Syndromes with Premature Ageing
Authors: Irvine Alan D. , Mellerio Jemima E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Syndromes associated with premature ageing comprise a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. Werner syndrome and Bloom syndrome both arise due to DNA helicase gene mutations resulting in growth deficiency and a predisposition to malignancy, amongst other features. Another mechanism of premature ageing arises in the progeroid laminopathies whereby aberrant lamin A processing leads to the accumulation of progerin in the cell nucleus, variably causing severe growth retardation, accelerated ageing, skeletal abnormalities and early death from cardiovascular disease. The cutis laxa syndromes result from mutations in genes involved in the formation or modification of elastic fibres, giving rise clinically to lax skin in addition to gastrointestinal, genito‐urinary, vascular or pulmonary compromise. The association of premature ageing syndromes with significant and severe systemic features highlights the need for accurate clinical and molecular characterization of affected individuals.
Psychodermatology and Psychocutaneous Disease
Authors: Bewley Anthony , Taylor Ruth E. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPsychodermatology is an emerging branch of dermatology. Patients with pyschodermatological disease are very common. They largely fall into two categories: patients with primarily psychiatric disease who present to dermatology health care professionals (e.g. delusional infestation and body dysmorphic disorder) and patients with skin disease (e.g. psoriasis, atopic eczema, vitiligo and acne) for whom there are large psychosocial co‐morbidities (e.g. anxiety and/or depression and suicide). Management of patients with psychodermatological disease requires a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach, where possible in speicialist clinics. Such clinics are relatively rare, perceived to be expensive, but increasing globally. There is increasing evidence that management of patients with psychodermatological disease in MDT clinics is both cost effective and produces the best clinical outcome for patients. In this chapter a comprehensive list of psychodermatological disorders is covered; diagnosis, assessment and management of psychodermatological disease is discussed alongside (where possible) current theories about aetiology and psychoneurology. It is widely recognized that patients with psychodermatological disease present to dermatology health care professionals (HCPs) rather than psychiatric/psychology services. It is essential, then, that dermatology HCPs are familiar with the management of these common but complex patients, albeit with the support of a psychodermatology MDT.
Acquired Disorders of Epidermal Keratinization
Authors: Chu Anthony C. , Teixeira Fernanda 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAcquired disorders of keratinization are a heterogeneous group of diseases, clinically characterized by dyskeratosis. This may involve a spectrum of presentations ranging from the soft velvety changes of acanthosis nigricans to the hard dry scaling of Flegel disease or the porokeratoses. The symptoms are often discrete, and while many of the diseases are poorly described, some show an association with other diseases, indicating the need for additional clinical investigations, e.g. the association between phrynoderma and malnutrition or porokeratosis and cancer. Because of the rarity of many of these disorders, treatment recommendations are frequently based purely on small observational studies: commonly advocated treatments include emollients, vitamin D derivatives or retinoids. The aetiopathogenesis of most of these disorders remains unexplored.
Rosacea
Authors: Powell Frank C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The term rosacea covers a spectrum of changes of the facial skin including facial erythema and follicular inflammation with frequent accompanying ocular dysfunction. It is helpful to classify patients with rosacea into one of four subtypes (erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous and ocular rosacea), as the clinical course and the therapeutic options differ according to the subtype.
Cutaneous Complications of Stomas and Fistulae
Authors: Lyon Calum 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
An abdominal stoma (ostomy) is a surgically created opening from the gastrointestinal or urinary tract onto the skin in order to drain the effluent from that system. This typically involves a collection device worn on the skin, usually held in place by an adhesive material. In theory most dermatoses could affect peristomal skin. In practice, the majority fall into one or more of a few predictable groups: irritant reactions (including dermatoses exacerbated by trauma), allergic reactions, infections, common generalized inflammatory dermatoses (e.g. pemphigoid) and disorders associated with the reason for surgery (especially Crohn disease). Treatment strategies involve the avoidance of irritants or allergens where relevant. Topical therapies need to be chosen carefully to minimize greasiness that would interfere with appliance adhesion. For the same reason progression to systemic therapy may be considered earlier for more severe inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis or pemphigoid.
Burns and Heat Injury
Authors: Jeschke Marc G. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOutcomes of burn patients have significantly improved over the last two decades. A recent study inThe Lancetfound that a burn size of over 60% of total body surface area is associated with high risks in paediatric patients, which has increased from 40% total body surface area a decade ago. Similar data are observed in severely burned adults and elderly people. This chapter discusses standard of care, and recent and future developments in burn care to further improve outcomes in these patients.
Benign Keratinocytic Acanthomas and Proliferations
Authors: Madan Vishal , Lear John T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBenign keratinocytic acanthomas and proliferations are commonly presenting dermatoses with varied but distinct clinical and histological presentations. Whilst many such as seborrhoeic keratoses are easily diagnosed clinically, histology is mandatory in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia as clinical distinction from squamous cell carcinoma can be very difficult.
Melanoma
Authors: Grob Jean Jacques , Gaudy‐Marqueste Caroline , Cha Kelly B. , Johnson Timothy M. , Durham Alison B. , Dummer Reinhard , Goldinger Simone M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMolecular studies, as well as epidemiological observation, support the concept of distinct molecular pathways to melanoma, suggesting that there are different melanoma subtypes with different biological aggressiveness, kinetics and prognosis. The incidence of melanoma is still rising worldwide, despite sun‐protection campaigns. Although sun exposure is considered as the main risk factor, genetics may play the significant role, not only in familial forms but also in apparently sporadic cases that may result from a chance combination of many low susceptibility genes. Mortality, at best, has plateaued despite earlier detection in the high‐risk population under dermatological surveillance. Indeed, most aggressive melanomas may develop in this population, suggesting that education to self‐detection should target the whole community. Melanoma detection remains a clinical challenge based on cognitive, comparative and dynamic recognition.Pigmented lesions suspicious for melanoma on the basis of history or physical examination warrant appropriate biopsy and histopathological diagnosis. Most melanoma is clinically localized to the primary site and requires definitive treatment with wide local excision with an appropriate margin. As the most frequent site of first metastasis is the regional nodal basin, consideration should also be given to sentinel lymph node biopsy in the correct clinical context.The treatment of advanced melanoma is in a very dynamic state of change. After years of standstill, melanoma has evolved into a paradigm for precision medicine based on substantial progress in molecular biology and tumour immunology. Both immunotherapy using anti‐checkpoint antibodies such as anti‐CTLA‐4 or anti‐PD‐1 antibodies and targeted therapy includingBRAFinhibitors and mitogen extracellular kinase inhibitors are able to improve the prognosis of melanoma patients. Treatment decisions in melanoma patients are based on the basic prognostic parameters such as tumour thickness, involvement of the regional lymph nodes, extent of internal organ involvement with special attention to brain metastases, growth dynamics and, in addition, on the molecular assessment of the tumour concerning mutations (in particularBRAFandNRASmutations) that facilitate the use of selective small kinase inhibitors. In order to support this rapid development, patients with advanced disease should be referred to tertiary skin cancer centres that can offer clinical trial participation.
The Skin and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Lovell Christopher R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRheumatological conditions such as tophaceous gout may present initially to the dermatologist; combined clinics with rheumatology are of great value. In addition to autoimmune connective diseases such as systemic lupus and dermatomyositis, several infections and inflammatory conditions present with both skin and joint involvement. Several antirheumatic therapies are associated with cutaneous adverse effects.
Advanced Catalyst Design and Reactor Configuration Upgrade in Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: Wang Zhitong , Zhou Yansong , Qiu Peng , Xia Chenfeng , Fang Wensheng , Jin Jian , Huang Lei , Deng Peilin , Su Yaqiong , Crespo‐Otero Rachel , Tian Xinlong , You Bo , Guo Wei , Di Tommaso Devis , Pang Yuanjie , Ding Shujiang , Xia Bao Yu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractElectrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) driven by renewable energy shows great promise in mitigating and potentially reversing the devastating effects of anthropogenic climate change and environmental degradation. The simultaneous synthesis of energy‐dense chemicals can meet global energy demand while decoupling emissions from economic growth. However, the development of CO2RR technology faces challenges in catalyst discovery and device optimization that hinder their industrial implementation. In this contribution, a comprehensive overview of the current state of CO2RR research is provided, starting with the background and motivation for this technology, followed by the fundamentals and evaluated metrics. Then the underlying design principles of electrocatalysts are discussed, emphasizing their structure–performance correlations and advanced electrochemical assembly cells that can increase CO2RR selectivity and throughput. Finally, the review looks to the future and identifies opportunities for innovation in mechanism discovery, material screening strategies, and device assemblies to move toward a carbon‐neutral society.
Metal‐Like Stretchable Nanocomposite Using Locally‐Bundled Nanowires for Skin‐Mountable Devices
Authors: Jung Dongjun , Kim Yeongjun , Lee Hyunjin , Jung Sonwoo , Park Chansul , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae‐Hyeong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractStretchable conductive nanocomposites have been intensively studied for wearable bioelectronics. However, development of nanocomposites that simultaneously feature metal‐like conductivity(> 100 000 S cm−1) and high stretchability (> 100%) for high‐performance skin‐mountable devices is still extremely challenging. Here a material strategy for such a nanocomposite is presented by using local bundling of silver nanowires stabilized with dual ligands (i.e., 1‐propanethiols and 1‐decanethiols). When the nanocomposite is solidified via solvent evaporation under a highly humid condition, the nanowires in the organic solution are bundled and stabilized. The resulting locally‐bundled nanowires lower contact resistance while maintain their percolation network, leading to high conductivity. Dual ligands of 1‐propanethiol and 1‐decanethiol further boost up the conductivity. As a result, a nanocomposite with both high conductivity of ≈122,120 S cm−1 and high stretchability of ≈200% is obtained. Such superb electrical and mechanical properties are critical for various applications in skin‐like electronics, and herein, a wearable thermo‐stimulation device is demonstrated.
Organic Optoelectronic Materials: A Rising Star of Bioimaging and Phototherapy
Authors: Lee Ka‐Wai , Wan Yingpeng , Huang Zhongming , Zhao Qi , Li Shengliang , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecently, many organic optoelectronic materials (OOMs), especially those used in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), are explored for biomedical applications including imaging and photoexcited therapies. In this review, recently developed OOMs for fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy, are summarized. Relationships between their molecular structures, nanoaggregation structures, photophysical mechanisms, and properties for various biomedical applications are discussed. Mainly four kinds of OOMs are covered: thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials in OLEDs, conjugated small molecules and polymers in OSCs, and charge‐transfer complexes in OFETs. Based on the OOMs unique optical properties, including excitation light wavelength and exciton dynamics, they are respectively exploited for suitable biomedical applications. This review is intended to serve as a bridge between researchers in the area of organic optoelectronic devices and those in the area of biomedical applications. Moreover, it provides guidance for selecting or modifying OOMs for high‐performance biomedical uses. Current challenges and future perspectives of OOMs are also discussed with the hope of inspiring further development of OOMs for efficient biomedical applications.
Bioelectric Interface Technologies in Cells and Organoids
Authors: Xue Zhaoguo , Zhao Jianzhong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe past two decades have witnessed breakthroughs in cellular‐scale bioelectronics and their widespread applications in life sciences, creating many powerful platforms for studying organisms directly and efficiently. These advanced devices can integrate seamlessly and intimately onto/into target cells and organoids, providing unprecedented functions and revolutionary capabilities. Bioelectronics with nanostructured designs are developed to allow for long‐term, stable monitoring of electrophysiological activities. This review summarizes nanostructured bioelectronics for cell electrophysiology recording, emphasizing the crucial roles of structural designs on functions and capabilities, e.g., intracellular access, high‐density multiplexed recording, multifunctional interfaces and the conformability to curvy biological shapes. Finally, the remaining challenges and opportunities in nanostructured bioelectronics are identified, and perspectives on the future developments toward their practical applications are provided.
Research and Development on Coatings and Paints for Geothermal Environments: A Review
Authors: Fanicchia Francesco , Karlsdottir Sigrún Nanna 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGeothermal power plants are complex systems, where the interplay between different metallic components transforms the enthalpy of hot brine in the form of electricity or usable heated water. The naturally occurring variety in brine chemistry, linked to the presence of specific key species, and its thermo‐physical properties, leads to the development of different power plant configurations. Key species and power plant configuration in turn determine the extent of damage experienced by each component in the power plant: erosion, corrosion, and/or scaling, often acting combined. Paints and coatings, compared to changing the component alloy, have represented a preferred solution to mitigate these issues due to advantages in terms of costs and repairability. This is reflected in the large number of publications on research and development in this area within the past ≈50 years, with even an increasing trend in the past 10–20 years, indicating the strong interest to develop this clean and sustainable energy source. Therefore, in this work, the first of its kind after 1980, an in‐depth review of all published work on research performed on paints and coatings for geothermal applications, subdivided by the material system, is provided.