bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Insults to Incitement in U.S., Ukrainian, and Israeli Politics
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical origins and recent developments of nasty politics in U.S., Ukrainian, and Israeli politics. It also includes multiple datasets of nasty politics including: (1) historical news media data from the U.S., Ukraine, and Israel; (2) social media posts from key politicians during recent elections and protests in the U.S., Ukraine, and Israel; and (3) social media posts from two key purveyors of nasty politics: Donald Trump in the U.S., and Oleh Lyashko in Ukraine. Across these datasets and contexts, the chapter shows that nasty rhetoric peaks around key elections and crises. Low levels of insults and accusations are relatively common, while incitement is relatively rare. Outsider politicians tend to use it more often. Finally, nasty social media posts get more attention and engagement.
What Do the Experts Think about Nasty Politics?
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
What kinds of nasty rhetoric does the public find acceptable versus unacceptable? What insights can elites and academics offer about the central puzzle of nasty politics—the public says they don’t like nasty politics, yet why do politicians use it, and many of them win? To answer these questions, the chapter examines surveys and in-depth interviews in the U.S. and Ukraine with political elites, and a survey of political science experts. The elite and expert surveys find support for the theory of nasty politics. Calls for violence (incitement) are considered rarely acceptable and seen as likely to trigger violence. But accusations and insults are more ambiguous. Some insults, particularly the dehumanizing kind, are considered very threatening. The in-depth interviews further show that elites in both countries think that nasty politics is driven by politicians trying to attract media attention and signaling that they will fight for their core supporters.
Prelude to War, a Coup and an Insurrection, and Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Zeitzoff Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The book concludes by coming back to nasty politics in Ukraine in the lead up to the Russian invasion in 2022, and in the U.S. in the lead up to the insurrection on January 6. Social media data of key politicians in Ukraine shows how the threat of Russian invasion dramatically decreased the level of nasty politics in Ukraine. In contrast, the nasty rhetoric of President Trump and his key Republican allies in Congress increases in the lead up to January 6. The chapter places the findings from January 6 in the broader context of democratic leaders stoking outrage and incitement and how that can be dangerous for democratic survival. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing the summary of findings about the logic behind nasty politics and offer pathways for future research.
A Theory of Nuclear Decision-Making
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory of nuclear decision-making. Two theoretical mechanisms are offered to explain why leaders make nuclear decisions: domestic expert influence and international structural and political conditions. After assessing alternative explanations, the chapter discusses the domestic mechanism. Domestic experts in nuclear agencies and the state military can highlight or downplay the advantages and disadvantages of steps to change the course of nuclear weapons development. The relative balance of power among the key domestic organizations affects the ability each expert group has to influence leaders. Under the right conditions, experts from these organizations can intervene to facilitate or impede the transmission of information to country leaders. In those cases, expert organizations have opportunities to influence a leader’s beliefs by shaping that leader’s understanding of both the value of nuclear weapons and the set of possible policy options. The external mechanism is discussed in Chapter 4.
Changing Proliferation Environments across the Nuclear Age
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over time, the structure and politics of the international system have created permissive or constraining environments in which states might pursue nuclear weapons. This chapter argues that the benefits and costs of pursuing nuclear weapons have been understood differently within each of three distinct proliferation environments, bookended by systemic shocks. In each proliferation environment, leaders are faced with different sets of available options. The chapter defines each period and explains why and how the periods have imposed different constraints that affect how leaders have perceived the benefits and costs of nuclear weapons development. The chapter concludes by describing the empirical strategy of the book.
Untrue Truisms
Authors: Powers John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines 16 mm reversal film stocks. It argues that the particular photographic qualities of stocks such as Tri-X and Kodachrome provided pliant metaphors that allowed filmmakers to address expanded fields of inquiry such as politics, spirituality, and mass culture. It analyzes films by Peter Hutton, Chick Strand, Vincent Grenier, Amy Halpern, Storm De Hirsch, Nathaniel Dorsky, George and Mike Kuchar, and Jack Smith. From this analysis it argues that Tri-X’s aesthetic profile of grab-and-go versatility with conspicuous grain and Kodachrome’s saturated color palette and associations with nature, classical painting, and bourgeois opulence served as valuable resources for filmmakers eager to connect the materiality of their medium to broader cultural spheres. Rather than view Eastman Kodak’s near monopoly as limiting experimental filmmakers’ capacities for expression, this chapter maintains that the avant-garde located in reversal stocks a seemingly inexhaustible supply of possibilities for art making.
A Lab of One’s Own
Authors: Powers John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines film laboratories, which were central to the artistic and cultural life of the avant-garde, providing opportunities for unconventional collaboration with lab technicians. In labs, specialized processes were performed behind closed doors by technicians according to the filmmaker’s instructions. In experimental film discourse, labs were framed as mystifying and adversarial, frameworks that are tested by Morgan Fisher and J. J. Murphy in films that amplify common lab procedures to erode the boundaries between filmmaker and technician. The chapter concludes with an extended consideration of Stan Brakhage’s, Bruce Baillie’s, and Gunvor Nelson’s uses of multiple-roll printing, a technique used to produce fades and dissolves, as a compositional tool and metaphor for consciousness. This case study describes the process by which the specialized meanings attributed to technology served as currency within the avant-garde, supplying cultural resources to be mined and contested among artists.
The Zelensky Effect at War
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Zelensky's leadership on and after the launch of Russia's all-out war on February 24, 2022. It begins with a discussion of Zelensky's own Euro-Atlantic orientation and how he brought other Ukrainians around to this position while Russia was gearing up for its major escalation of the war. Putin's views on Ukraine are analyzed, as are his major speeches aimed at justifying it to his people and international audiences. These, the book shows, are deeply misguided and often had a hand in massive mistakes that contributed to Russian failure to achieve its goals in the war. Zelensky proved to be potent in leading Ukraine's resistance both because of who he is (a russophone eastern Ukrainian of just the sort Russia had expected would capitulate) and how he led it (not only through inspirational words and actions and mobilizing the international community, but also by not micromanaging the military effort). Nevertheless, the backbone of Ukraine's resistance, the book shows, is the Ukrainian people themselves and their strong senses of civic national identity and duty. Much of Zelensky's wartime effectiveness reflects his own reflection and amplification of these values.
Politics
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how Israel's foreign policy evolved from viewing Iran as a peripheral threat to treating it as a primary strategic challenge. Building upon the history of their relationship examined in Chapter 2, this section analyzes how the conduct and messages of Israel's political leaders and intellectual elites framed Iran as an existential threat to Israel's nationhood. This effort continued, even as Iran made attempts at moving toward internal reform and reengagement in the international arena in the decades after the Islamic Revolution in 1979. This chapter uses the public record, namely the particular words of politicians and media reports about the conflict, to assess the threat narrative as it developed in Israel. The composition of this narrative, targeted primarily for Israel's domestic public and for Western international audiences, reveals how Israel's leaders generated support for a conflict with Iran built in larger part upon social and political constructions rather than a realistic threat of annihilation.
Actions
Authors: Leslie Jonathan G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 describes how the revelation of the Iranian nuclear program, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's election as Iran's president in 2005, and the fighting and aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War, among other consequential developments, transformed Iran's image in Israel from a somewhat obscure and distant nation to an adversary that Israeli citizens could be convinced to fear. To understand the impact of these events, it is essential also to examine how Israeli political and thought leaders used the political process to promote fear and insecurity. Significantly, as the pivotal moments of this period receded, the emergent narrative became one-sided. As Israelis grew more fearful of Iran, Iranians became increasingly disinterested in Israel. This chapter thus details the origins of a disconnect between the perceptions of the two nations, their leaders, and their citizens. The divergence from a shared historical narrative would have fateful consequences for each.
Introduction
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The introduction explains why this book is important; defines its overall focus, and highlights the paradox that it seeks to explain by asking the question if Sunni Jihadism is on the path of self-destruction. Introducing the issue of intra-Islamic contestation and conflict, it briefly covers the historical fault lines within Islam as a whole and the tensions that existed during the early history of the Sunni Jihadi movement to set the context for the book. Readers are also introduced to the methodology and the vast number of unique sources that comprise the empirical foundation of the book.
Expanding the Caliphate and al-Qaida’s Response
Authors: Hamming Tore 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter details how the Islamic State's caliphate declaration in June 2014 kickstarted numerous dynamics within the Sunni Jihadi movement. For the newly established caliphate, the priority was to consolidate its territorial control in the Levant and expand its borders to other countries. The latter involved a process of announcing the creation of new provinces in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in several waves of expansion. For al-Qaida and its allies, the response came in the form of discrediting the Islamic State's caliphate and promoting the Taliban's Islamic Emirate as a counter religio-political authority. The result of these dynamics was a growing polarization that represented a point of no return and impeded any prospect of reconciliation.
The Union of Wealth and Power
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Democracy treats all adult citizens as politically equal. No one voter has more or less voting power than any other. The redistributive implications of democracy explain much of the resistance to democratization. When economic liberalization loosens government restrictions on competition, the successful seek to entrench their economic and political power by allying with ruling politicians who rely on their support. An extreme example of such an alliance arose in post-Soviet Russia following the collapse of the Soviet regime and, in a different way, in China as well. In the United States, a set of wealthy, organized interests, united around an ideology of laissez-faire, gained political influence. The doctrine treating market dominance as a mark of efficiency took hold. Policymakers privatized formerly public goods and services. These policies and institutions have reinforced high and rising economic inequality. The union of wealth and power has progressively eroded the democratic principle of political equality.
The Social Market Economy in Germany
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In Germany, the liberal economic model that replaced the centralized, war-oriented economy of the Third Reich, based on the principles of the “social market economy” and “social partnership,” has led to widely shared prosperity and broad support for democratic values. The system has maintained this model since the end of the war through continuous incremental adaptation. The contributions of Freiburg school ordoliberalism, along with such institutions as collective bargaining, employment-based social insurance, a vigorous antimonopoly policy, and a concern with social justice, have contributed to Germany’s success. An orientation to investment in the productive capacities of the workforce facilitates the sharing of knowledge, in contrast to the more conflictual American system of labor-management relations. Germany does not confuse financial manipulation with the production of value. Germany’s party system has so far kept antidemocratic extremists on the margins.
Jesus the Stranger
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces two modern theories of the political life of Jesus. The first was formulated by Hermann Samuel Reimarus in the 1760s; the second, by Immanuel Kant in the 1790s. Kant's theory is briefly defended. And it is argued, in conclusion, that we must break with a modern tendency--exemplified by Reimarus--to reduce Jesus to his milieus. In the city of his youth (Nazareth), in the tetrarchy to which he legally belonged (Galilee), in the Roman province he visited (Judaea) and in the city where he died (Jerusalem), Jesus seems to have remained--in Friedrich Nietzsche's words--a "strange figure."
Jesus and the Desire to Die
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
"Will Jesus kill himself?" This arresting question in the Gospel of John serves to introduce one modern theory of Jesus' death--namely, that he wanted to be put to death. This argument is made, most famously, by the nineteenth-century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. However, two eighteenth-century philosophers--Hermann Samuel Reimarus, and Carl Friedrich Bahrdt--formulated their own versions of this theory. In this chapter, these modern theories are introduced--and Immanuel Kant's objections to both Bahrdt and Reimarus are briefly examined.
Jesus and the Horror of Death
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In contrast to modern theories that Jesus sought his death (reviewed in Chapter 4) are ancient theories that he unduly feared death. This chapter introduces one powerful attack on Jesus' behavior in the gospels by a second-century "pagan" philosopher, Celsus. It then briefly examines the criticisms of Celsus' reading of the gospels by a third-century Christian philosopher, Origen. It is concluded that Celsus' open disdain for Jesus seems to have distorted his reading of the gospels. It is finally suggested that Jesus' prayer, on the night before his crucifixion, resembles one of Socrates' sayings shortly before his death.
Jurisdictions and Dramatis Personae
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Before the life of Jesus is retraced within the gospels (in later chapters), it is reasonable to ask: What were the jurisdictions in which he lived? The political geography of the gospels is highly complex. Judaea is a Roman province, but Galilee--the center of Jesus' prophetic life--is a territory which belongs to a Herodian dynast. In this chapter, therefore, the gospels' political geography is sketched. Further, readers are introduced to surviving data on the Roman prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate--the Judaean high priest, Joseph Caiaphas--and the Galilean tetrarch, Herod Antipas.
Realpolitik and the Transcendent Kingdom
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins to ask what conception of politics is reflected in the sayings of Jesus collected in the gospels. And it is argued that Jesus seems to be, in contemporary terms, a realist. What could this mean? It is shown, for instance, that the political motifs in his parables are typically dark. They involve deception and fraud, cruelty and murder. Furthermore, the judges and monarchs described by Jesus all seem to act according to bleak, Realpolitik motives and calculations. And yet, Jesus seems to renounce such motives and calculations in his sayings about God's "kingdom." This may be because this kingdom is, in some elusive sense, transcendent--or, in the words of John, "not of this world."
The Action in the Temple
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a new reading of one of Jesus' most iconic actions. In all four gospels, he is said to have created a disturbance in the Jerusalem Temple, by interrupting the commerce in one of its outer courtyards. The meaning of this scene, which scholars call his Action in the Temple, is not entirely clear. And it is complicated by the fact that Jesus is said, in all four gospels, to have enjoyed teaching "in the treasury of the Temple." It is reasonable, therefore, to ask: why is Jesus so offended by the presence of coinage in the Temple that he creates a disturbance, and yet, he exhibits a definite liking for that part of the Temple in which Judaeans place their currency into Israel's sacred fisc?
The Incident with the Alabaster Jar
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
One of the most scandalous aspects of Jesus' life, in the gospels, is that he is betrayed by one of his inner circle of disciples--by "one of the Twelve." Jesus' Action in the Temple (in chapter 14) marks an incident without which Jerusalem's Temple elites might not have sought to arrest him; yet the gospel-writers nevertheless maintain that the elites' intentions would have come to nothing without the actions of Judas Iscariot. In light of all this, the present chapter asks: Is there an incident in the gospels which might have moved Judas to betray his rabbi, Jesus? The answer which is offered is a scene that can be called, The Incident with the Alabaster Jar. A new reading of this scene--which is found in all four gospels--is offered, and its economic irrationality is stressed.
Jesus the Galilean
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins to elucidate the highly complex tradition about Jesus' death which is found in the canonical gospels. One aspect of this tradition which is often overlooked is, simply, this: Jesus is killed outside of his proper jurisdiction. His connection to Nazareth means that he is not a subject of the Roman province of Judaea, but rather, of the Herodian tetrarchy of Galilee. A Roman prefect (Pilate), and a Judaean high priest (Caiaphas), are most visible in the drama of his Passion--yet Jesus' political life is most decisively shaped by a Herodian dynast (Antipas). This chapter, therefore, asks: how is the drama of Jesus' death affected by the fact that he is, in terms of jurisdiction, a Galilean?
Some Salient Approaches to Moore’s Paradox in Belief
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the main accounts offered to date of Moore-paradoxical belief. Among the accounts considered are Hintikka’s epistemic logic approach, Heal’s positive infallibility approach, Sorensen’s commitment to directly opposed belief approach, Shoemaker’s self-intimation approach, Baldwin’s conscious belief approach, Kriegel’s conscious belief approach, Fernández’s extrospective justification approach, de Almeida’s justification approach, and Douven’s probabilistic approach. It is argued that none of these approaches leads to a satisfactory account of Moore-paradoxical belief.
The Knowledge Version in Belief
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 discusses the ostensible Moorean-absurdity of beliefs with the content p & I do not know that p, arguing that such beliefs are not, in fact, generally absurd. Timothy Williamson, Jonathan Sutton, Igor Douven, Alexander Bird, Michael Huemer, and Rodrigo Borges espouse norms of belief that entail that beliefs with the content p & I do not know that p are absurd. The proposed norms are argued to be untenable.
The Self-falsification Account in Belief and Assertion, Rationality, and Absurdity
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 takes up the self-falsification account, according to which Moore-paradoxical beliefs are absurd because if one has such a belief, then it is false. The chapter develops a normative version of the self-falsifying account—according to which one should not form or continue to have a specific belief that you can be reasonably expected to recognize is your very own false belief. To explain the epistemic irrationality of commissive versions of Moore’s paradox, this is combined with a norm of avoiding overtly contradictory beliefs. The account coheres with Mitchell Green’s normative account of absurdity, and is defended against a charge of circularity levelled by Timothy Chan. The chapter closes with an objection to God’s omniscience.
Defining Moore-Paradoxicality
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 16 argues that there are everyday cases in which rationality requires you, as a non-idealized human thinker, to have inconsistent beliefs while recognizing the inconsistency. This view is defended against objections by Doris Olin and others. Three versions of the preface paradox are considered as candidate cases, including Makinson’s original version of the preface paradox. None of these is free from objection; however, there is a fourth version, Modesty, that supposes that you believe that at least one of your beliefs is false. It is argued that this case escapes all the objections to the other versions, including the objection that given certain closure principles for justified belief, justified inconsistent beliefs saddle you with a pair of justified beliefs that are in explicit contradiction.
Further Work
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 18 points to connections between Moore’s paradox and other areas of philosophy that invite further exploration. In the history of philosophy, Descartes’s famous cogito might be denied by saying, ‘I exist but I myself don’t think I do.’ Moore’s paradox is also relevant to the surprise exam paradox. As Alan Hajek points out, various philosophical positions may be committed to Moore-paradoxical beliefs and assertions. And Moore’s paradox may arise with attitudes besides belief and desire, such as credences, certainty, fear, or suspicion.