bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning models to accelerate the design of polymeric long-acting injectables
Authors: Bannigan Pauric , Bao Zeqing , Hickman Riley J. , Aldeghi Matteo , Häse Florian , Aspuru-Guzik Alán , Allen Christine 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLong-acting injectables are considered one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic diseases as they can afford improved therapeutic efficacy, safety, and patient compliance. The use of polymer materials in such a drug formulation strategy can offer unparalleled diversity owing to the ability to synthesize materials with a wide range of properties. However, the interplay between multiple parameters, including the physicochemical properties of the drug and polymer, make it very difficult to intuitively predict the performance of these systems. This necessitates the development and characterization of a wide array of formulation candidates through extensive and time-consuming in vitro experimentation. Machine learning is enabling leap-step advances in a number of fields including drug discovery and materials science. The current study takes a critical step towards data-driven drug formulation development with an emphasis on long-acting injectables. Here we show that machine learning algorithms can be used to predict experimental drug release from these advanced drug delivery systems. We also demonstrate that these trained models can be used to guide the design of new long acting injectables. The implementation of the described data-driven approach has the potential to reduce the time and cost associated with drug formulation development.
Global droughts connected by linkages between drought hubs
Authors: Mondal Somnath , K. Mishra Ashok , Leung Ruby , Cook Benjamin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractQuantifying the spatial and interconnected structure of regional to continental scale droughts is one of the unsolved global hydrology problems, which is important for understanding the looming risk of mega-scale droughts and the resulting water and food scarcity and their cascading impact on the worldwide economy. Using a Complex Network analysis, this study explores the topological characteristics of global drought events based on the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index. Event Synchronization is used to measure the strength of association between the onset of droughts at different spatial locations within the time lag of 1-3 months. The network coefficients derived from the synchronization network indicate a highly heterogeneous connectivity structure underlying global drought events. Drought hotspot regions such as Southern Europe, Northeast Brazil, Australia, and Northwest USA behave as drought hubs that synchronize regionally and with other hubs at inter-continental or even inter-hemispheric scale. This observed affinity among drought hubs is equivalent to the ‘rich-club phenomenon’ in Network Theory, where ‘rich’ nodes (here, drought hubs) are tightly interconnected to form a club, implicating the possibility of simultaneous large-scale droughts over multiple continents.
Supercooling of the A phase of 3He
Authors: Tian Y. , Lotnyk D. , Eyal A. , Zhang K. , Zhelev N. , Abhilash T. S. , Chavez A. , Smith E. N. , Hindmarsh M. , Saunders J. , Mueller E. , Parpia J. M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBecause of the extreme purity, lack of disorder, and complex order parameter, the first-order superfluid 3He A–B transition is the leading model system for first order transitions in the early universe. Here we report on the path dependence of the supercooling of the A phase over a wide range of pressures below 29.3 bar at nearly zero magnetic field. The A phase can be cooled significantly below the thermodynamic A–B transition temperature. While the extent of supercooling is highly reproducible, it depends strongly upon the cooling trajectory: The metastability of the A phase is enhanced by transiting through regions where the A phase is more stable. We provide evidence that some of the additional supercooling is due to the elimination of B phase nucleation precursors formed upon passage through the superfluid transition. A greater understanding of the physics is essential before 3He can be exploited to model transitions in the early universe.
TREM2 has a significant, gender-specific, effect on human obesity
Authors: Reich Tzila , Adato Orit , Kofman Naomi Schneid , Feiglin Ariel , Unger Ron 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTriggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) is a membrane protein expressed on immune cells, involved in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Recently, it was shown that TREM2 is expressed on lipid associated macrophages in adipose tissue, and that TREM2 knockout mice suffer from metabolic symptoms. Here, a computational study using public databases, brings direct evidence for the involvement of TREM2 in human obesity. First, we show a significant correlation between TREM2 expression levels and BMI in adipose tissues in samples from the GTEx database. This association was evident for males but not for females. Second, we identified in the UK Biobank cohort a coding SNP in TREM2 with a significant effect on BMI. Compared to previously identified SNPs associated with BMI, this SNP (rs2234256 SNP, L211P) has the strongest association, reflected in significantly higher BMI values of people carrying the SNP as heterozygous and even more for homozygous. Strikingly, this association was evident only for females. These observations suggest a novel gender-specific role of TREM2 in human obesity, and call for further studies to elucidate the mechanism by which this gene correlates with an obese phenotype.
Suppression of seizure in childhood absence epilepsy using robust control of deep brain stimulation: a simulation study
Authors: Rouhani Ehsan , Jafari Ehsan , Akhavan Amir 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising technique to relieve the symptoms in patients with intractable seizures. Although the DBS therapy for seizure suppression dates back more than 40 years, determining stimulation parameters is a significant challenge to the success of this technique. One solution to this challenge with application in a real DBS system is to design a closed-loop control system to regulate the stimulation intensity using computational models of epilepsy automatically. The main goal of the current study is to develop a robust control technique based on adaptive fuzzy terminal sliding mode control (AFTSMC) for eliminating the oscillatory spiking behavior in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) dynamical model consisting of cortical, thalamic relay, and reticular nuclei neurons. To this end, the membrane voltage dynamics of the three coupled neurons are considered as a three-input three-output nonlinear state delay system. A fuzzy logic system is developed to estimate the unknown nonlinear dynamics of the current and delayed states of the model embedded in the control input. Chattering-free control input (continuous DBS pulses) without any singularity problem is the superiority of the proposed control method. To guarantee the bounded stability of the closed-loop system in a finite time, the upper bounds of the external disturbance and minimum estimation errors are updated online with adaptive laws without any offline tuning phase. Simulation results are provided to show the robustness of AFTSMC in the presence of uncertainty and external disturbances.
Intersectionality of Race and Question-Asking in Women After Right Hemisphere Brain Damage
Authors: Fannin Danai Kasambira , Elleby Jada , Tackett Maria , Minga Jamila 
Published: January 2023

Purpose:
Atypical pragmatic language can impede quality health care access. Right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) results in changes in pragmatic language use; however, little is known about whether there are racial/ethnic influences. Recent research indicated differences in question-asking when RHD survivors were compared with healthy controls, prompting the current examination of question production in women by race/ethnicity and the presence of RHD.

Method:
Participants were eight Black and eight White women who sustained a single right hemisphere stroke at least 6 months prior to data collection (2016–2020), and eight Black and eight White control participants from the Right Hemisphere Damage Bank (https://rhd.talkbank.org). Videos of informal, first-encounter conversational discourse tasks were transcribed and coded. Analyses were conducted for frequency of questions and question type.

Results:
Race/ethnicity had a statistically significant effect on the total number of questions and number of content and polar questions. The mean total of questions, number of content questions, and mean number of polar questions for Black participants was significantly less than White participants. There was less variability in question type for Black participants than White participants, and a tendency for Black participants to ask fewer questions regardless of RHD or control status.

Conclusions:
Acquisition of health information and ensuing health care might be less fruitful for Black women communicating with someone who may not know to conduct comprehension checks and be proactive in provision of information. To be culturally responsive to Black patients with communication disorders, providers might apply this awareness of reduced question-asking to their strategies to improve patient–provider communication.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21809475
Diagnosing Cystic Fibrosis in Adults
Authors: Barry Peter J. , Simmonds Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDiagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF) in adulthood is not a rare occurrence for CF centers despite the popular belief that the diagnosis is achieved almost universally in childhood by means of newborn screening or early clinical presentation. The purpose of this review article is to highlight specific considerations of adult diagnosis of CF. Obtaining a diagnosis of CF at any age is exceptionally important to ensure optimal treatment, monitoring, and support. In the new era of more personalized treatment with the advent of transformative therapies targeting the underlying protein defect, accurate diagnosis is of increasing importance. This review highlights the diagnostic algorithm leading to a new diagnosis of CF in adults. The diagnosis is usually confirmed in the presence of a compatible clinical presentation, evidence of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein dysfunction, and/or identification of variants in the CFTR gene believed to alter protein function. Achieving the diagnosis, however, is not always straightforward as CFTR protein function exists on a continuum with different organs displaying varying sensitivity to diminution in function. We highlight the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of CF diagnosed in adults and outline the various clinical presentations, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary, which are more common in this population. We expand on the stepwise testing procedures that lead to diagnosis, paying particular attention to additional levels of testing which may be required to achieve an accurate diagnosis. There continues to be an important need for both pulmonary and other specialists to be aware of the potential for later presentation of CF, as the improvements in treatment over decades have had large positive impacts on prognosis for people with this condition.
Technology in cognitive research
Authors: Faretta-Stutenberg Mandy , Finestrat Irene , Morgan-Short Kara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of research instruments and technologies that can inform questions about language processing among study abroad learners. Specifically, we consider behavioral, eye-tracking, and electrophysiological methods. For each method, we provide a description of the approach, including how data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Then, we summarize findings from research employing the method that includes a study abroad context. Finally, we consider the limitations of the method and gaps in the extant literature, and provide guiding principles for researchers interested in utilizing the technique. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research and a discussion of the utility of including processing measures in study abroad research to gain a more holistic view of second language development.
Complexity, fluency and accuracy in study abroad research
Authors: Marijuan Silvia , Vallejos Cristi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical overview of study abroad research that examines complexity and accuracy in speaking and writing as well as written fluency. We discuss the relevant literature in terms of methodologies used, variables studied, operationalization of complexity, accuracy, and written fluency, and main results obtained. Gaps found in the literature are discussed, as well as limitations and areas for methodological improvements. In addition, the chapter provides recommendations for future research incorporating theoretical and methodological trends in study abroad, including the role of affective factors among minoritized students such as heritage language learners.
Phonological and phonetic development in study abroad research
Authors: Morales-Front Alfonso 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There is an old anecdote about Daniel Jones (the real Professor Higgins in My Fair Lady/Pygmalion) according to which all he needed was “his ears” for phonetics fieldwork. Currently, many linguists do not receive enough phonetic training and consequently may not have Jones’ acoustically tuned ears. However, technology has afforded researchers new instruments that make phonetic analysis a widely accessible field of inquiry. Recent years have also seen increased attention to issues in second language methodology. In this chapter I discuss some methodological issues that may affect validity and contribute to the possibility of variable findings in research on phonological and phonetic development in study abroad. The chapter follows the standard structure and reviews first what has been done in the literature; then identifies possible issues with current practice; and finally makes proposals for improvements and future developments.
Individual variables in study abroad contexts
Authors: Albert Agnes , Bowden Harriet Wood , Csizér Kata 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a critical overview of the methodologies related to investigating individual variables in study abroad (SA) contexts both in terms of the constructs examined and the research methods applied. We will begin by summarizing key contributions that the research related to individual variables in SA has made to understanding linguistic and personal development in this context. Following, we will address limitations and gaps in this research and its methodologies. The chapter concludes by proposing recommendations that are expected to drive the research of individual variables in SA forward.
Researching study abroad
Authors: Mitchell Rosamond 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of the social network (SN) and its origins in social sciences as a means of linking identity and social practice. The concept has been adopted primarily by study abroad (SA) researchers interested in explaining variation in SA social integration and related language learning outcomes. The chapter reviews different empirical approaches adopted to study sojourner SNs, including case studies, mathematical modelling and graphic visualisation. It is argued that SN research has enriched our understanding of sojourners’ evolving social and linguistic practices, but that its contribution to understanding variation in linguistic development remains underdeveloped. A set of principles is proposed to guide future research, supporting closer links between the study of SNs and sojourner language practices.
Anaphoric potential of bare nominals, incorporated objects and weak definites in German
Authors: Krifka Manfred , Modarresi Fereshteh 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In many languages, syntactic objects can be realized in a variety of ways, from maximally distinct DPs to morphologically integrated nominal stems. For example, German allows for viele Fische fangen, Fische fangen, am Fischefangen sein, beim Fischfang sein and fischen. We also find strong definite and weak definite DPs, e.g., in das Kino gehen vs. ins Kino gehen, and bare singular nouns such as Zeitung lesen. While the syntactic differences between these examples are obvious, their semantic differences and their functions in discourse are less clear. We present experimental evidence about differences in the likelihood of anaphoric uptake of such expressions. We suggest semantic representations that help explain the options of anaphoric potential of these expressions within a version of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT).
Lions, flowers and the Romans
Authors: Gardelle Laure 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Research on generic bare plurals has frequently pointed out that even though they refer to the whole class, in characterizing sentences (e.g. birds fly) they commonly license exceptions (Krifka et al. 1995). While quantification and probability models have failed to account for all uses, the present chapter argues that the “generics-as-default” approach of psychologists (e.g. Leslie 2007) provides a more convincing frame. It further argues that generalization does not concern just generic plurals, but also specific ones: plurals convey “homogenization.” The study introduces the key notion of “negligibility” for exception management. Analyses of examples in context show the role of speaker knowledge and beliefs, as well as contextual perspective, in establishing what is negligible or not.
Genre and reference chains
Authors: Dias Dominique 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many studies have shown that the choice of referential expressions is not only governed by grammatical or cognitive rules but also builds a form of convention that differs from one genre to the next. This paper looks into the relationship between text genre and reference chains, which has been only partially investigated, in order to explain this variation with parameters like the writing strategy or the discursive perspective. Based on a corpus of 80 literary reviews published in French and German newspapers, the study calls for a local approach that shows how the writing strategy involves referents in processes that have an influence on the chains. The local approach also points out how editorial or cultural habits can question conventions.
Referring to the self and the addressee overtly
Authors: Djenar Dwi Noverini 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores some ways in which referring to the self and the addressee – or interlocutor reference – by means of pronouns, kin terms or other nouns, accomplishes more than simple referring. Focusing on interlocutor reference in argumentative contexts, the study proposes that referring overtly, i.e., by means of referring forms rather than null expressions, appears to be an emerging convention in Indonesian political argumentation. Data from political interviews are analysed to show how participants employ overt reference to claim knowledge about the states of affairs or the addressee’s cognitive state, position themselves as the party responsible for claims and assertions, and solicit an aligning response from the addressee.
Leaving this unsaid
Authors: Skalicky Stephen , Chen Victoria 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We investigated the use of this in a large corpus of headlines gathered from three North American satirical newspapers (The Onion, The Beaverton, and The Babylon Bee). There were 551 instances of this in the corpus, 26 of which were used pronominally but without a clear referent, which we dub the empty satirical this (e.g., None Of This Would Have Happened Had You Flossed). We argue the lack of a clear referent prompts the co-construction of satirical meaning, the final resolution of which depends upon the reader’s willingness and ability to provide a fitting referent. While infrequent overall, the empty satirical this was found in all three newspapers, representing a creative and unique use of this atypical in non-satirical headlines.
Referential conventions as compromise
Authors: Ounoughi Samia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores reference in the case of oronyms, that is, proper nouns which designate portions of mountainous relief. As a linguistic function, reference binds a linguistic sign to an extra-linguistic entity. How is this function initiated and how does it operate? I argue that oronyms create referents, the geographical objects speakers create by naming a portion of the relief. Likewise, humans can cognitively divide a spatial continuum to comprehend it better. Oronyms emerge from the naming process I call “toponymation”. They design (create) and designate (name) a referent which has fleeting contours and is thus difficult to retrieve. I explore oronyms in a corpus of alpine travel narratives to identify what criteria are necessary to reach towards what I call “referential efficiency”.
Referring to an avenue as an ‘artery’ (artère) in French
Authors: Bertin Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study draws on lexical semantics to support a discourse analysis perspective (Gosselin 2018; Galatanu 2018). It examines the use of the French noun artère ‘artery’ (a common word from the lexicon (Maingueneau 2021)) to refer to a street-like entity (street, avenue, boulevard, etc.). The empirical investigation was based on an analysis of 150 utterances (extracted from three full-text databases). On the one hand, the study shows that selecting artère to refer to a street-like entity is a discursive strategy targeting a significant representation of the referent, especially when this referent is not a prototypical urban street. On the other hand, it supports the idea that this discursive choice strongly relies on the lexical signification of artère (Bertin 2018).
Temporal reference in oral narratives produced by French learners of English as a second language
Authors: David Caroline , Vincent-Durroux Laurence , Mullan Kerry , Béal Christine , Poussard Cécile 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The differing approaches to expressing temporality across languages lead us to question what difficulties might be experienced by learners of a second language when referring to time. We examine the spoken data of 33 French university learners of English to assess their mastery of the English system of temporal reference, especially the case of and, a discourse marker which may seem easy to acquire. We find that the subtleties of and are still to be acquired by even relatively advanced learners. Our participants do not use and in the way the native English speakers do, but as its French equivalent et. Conversely, the native English speakers also use and to structure their speech, a value that our French participants have not acquired.