Abstract PR01: Structural plasticity of KRAS oncogenic mutants – A case of misleading conclusions from GTP analogues
Authors: Sharma Alok K. , Dyba Marcin , Esposito Dominic , Wang Bin , Beltran Pedro J. , Wallace Eli , Nissley Dwight , McCormick Frank , Maciag Anna E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
RAS mutations occur in approximately 20% of human cancers including the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), half of colorectal cancers, and a third of all lung cancers. In cases of oncogenic activating RAS mutations, GTP hydrolysis is impaired, and the protein is preferentially held in the active GTP-bound state. When activated, RAS triggers multiple proliferative signaling cascades, including the MAPK/ERK and PI3K pathways, to induce cell growth, division, and differentiation. In solution, RAS exists in two interconverting GTP-bound conformational states, State 1 (inactive) and State 2 (active). State 2 is the active conformation since it binds to RAS Binding Domain (RBD) of effector proteins. Though the State 1 conformation is GTP-bound, it is unable to bind effectors and represents an inactive KRAS conformation. This State 1/State 2 equilibrium is closely coupled to the conformations (γ1 and γ2) exhibited by the γ-phosphate of GTP and its analogues. Solution-state 31P NMR spectroscopy captures and quantifies the γ1 and γ2 peaks representing State 1 and State 2 (Spoerner M et al., JBC 2010). We have initiated solution-state NMR investigation to determine the structural differences between wild-type (WT) and oncogenic mutant KRAS proteins (G12C, G12D, G12V, Q61L, and G13D) when bound to GTP and GppNHp. We quantified the State 1/State 2 equilibrium using 31P NMR. Our results show that GppNHp-bound KRAS proteins harboring oncogenic mutations differentially modulate the State 1/State 2 conformational equilibria resulting in remarkable divergence in conformational populations compared to WT protein; a notion for presence of mutation induced structural plasticity. Much work on the structural biology, biophysics and biochemistry of KRAS proteins is done when bound to the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, GppNHp. Strikingly, our 31P NMR results show that GTP-bound KRAS elicits significant variations in State 1 and State 2 populations in comparison to GppNHp-bound proteins. These data suggest GppNHp binding induces a significant increase in the State 1 population; an observation that does not translate into GTP-bound KRAS. Our results provide additional insights into the differential binding affinities seen between WT/mutant KRAS and effector proteins (e.g., Hunter JC et al., Mol Cancer Res 2015) as well as interpretation for State 1 conformations in KRAS crystal structures when bound to mostly GppNHp and not GTP. We have also applied this 31P NMR approach to the evaluation of KRAS small molecule inhibitors that shift the population equilibrium to the State 1 (inactive) conformation in the protein-ligand complex. This demonstrates an intriguing therapeutic opportunity and novel mechanism of action that we are further exploring as part of our drug discovery pipeline.
Citation Format: Alok K. Sharma, Marcin Dyba, Dominic Esposito, Bin Wang, Pedro J. Beltran, Eli Wallace, Dwight Nissley, Frank McCormick, Anna E. Maciag. Structural plasticity of KRAS oncogenic mutants – A case of misleading conclusions from GTP analogues [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting RAS; 2023 Mar 5-8; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2023;21(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.