bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helium plasma-induced surface modifications of unirradiated and pre-ion irradiated tungsten at LHD divertor leg position
Authors: Zhao Mingzhong , Masuzaki Suguru , Tokitani Masayuki , Yajima Miyuki , Kobayashi Makoto , Yabuuchi Kiyohiro , Oya Yasuhisa , Sakamoto Ryuichi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Understanding helium (He) plasma-induced tungsten (W) surface modifications, and the effect of irradiation defects on He plasma-induced W surface modifications under a real divertor environment are important for the operation of fusion reactors. In this study, two iron (Fe) ions pre-irradiated W samples with dislocation loops and voids, and two unirradiated W samples were exposed to He plasma at a divertor leg position of the Large Helical Device (LHD). The gross erosion rate are 1.0×1020 atoms m-2 s-1, 1.0×1020 atoms m-2 s-1, 9.3×1019 atoms m-2 s-1, 7.4×1019 atoms m-2 s-1 for W9, W10, W11, W12, respectively. The surface of each sample after the exposure was different at the strike point and the two regions on either side of the strike point, the scrape-off layer (SOL) region and the private region. The typical He plasma-induced structures at the SOL region were stripe structure, sawtooth structure, and no undulating structure, which are collectively called He-structures in the present study. At the strike point, the typical He plasma-induced structure was dense W protrusions. At the private flux region, the typical He plasma-induced structures are semi-formed He-structures. The formations of these structures were depended on the grain orientation. And pinholes were observed on these structures. No significant difference in the He plasma-induced structures was found between the pre-irradiated W and the unirradiated W. The formations of no undulating structure and stripe structure were discussed based on the observed semi-formed He-structures.
A metasurface-loaded low-scattering struts for sidelobe reduction in front-fed reflector antenna
Authors: Zhang Haozhi , Wang Zheng , He Yingran 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A metasurface-loaded low-scattering strut has been proposed to reduce the radiation side lobe levels (SLLs) of front-fed reflector antennas. The H-shaped metasurface unit cells help to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of metallic feed-support struts and finally reduce the SLLs. Compared to the metallic strut, the designed low-scattering strut reduced the forward RCS by 8.8 dB and the total RCS by 4.2 dB at 2.78 GHz. The technique is implemented in a 2 m S-band reflector antenna, and the SLL of the reflector antenna with the low-scattering struts is reduced by 4.0 dB compared to the reflector antenna with metallic struts. The reason for the significant SLL reduction in the reflector antenna utilizing low-scattering struts is explained. The simulation shows that, at 2.78 GHz, the SLL is lower than -21.8 dB. The result proves that the low-scattering strut design can be used to reduce the SLL on the front-fed reflector antenna.
Structural design and analysis of a robot joint integrated with brake
Authors: Cai Nianyu , Ju Hehua , Yang Yang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper proposes a novel robot joint with an integrated braking mechanism to enhance motion accuracy and flexibility. This joint design eliminates the need for additional bearings to support the motion shaft, resulting in lower cost and improved dynamic performance. A new dual-encoder installation method is employed in the design, which shortens the joint’s axial length and increases the radius of the optical grating without changing the joint’s outer diameter. Additionally, a newly designed electromagnetic brake is fully integrated within the joint, further improving compactness. Based on this design, finite element simulation is used to confirm the reliability of the joint’s support components and brake. Finally, a robotic joint experimental platform is constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that the joint exhibits excellent kinematic performance.
Study on the influence of oil-gas pressure difference on diaphragm in diaphragm compressor
Authors: Li Fengyu , Liu Xiaoming , Liu Zhilong , Yu Yang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
As one of the main components of hydrogen refueling stations, the diaphragm hydrogen compressor is an important equipment supporting the development of hydrogen energy in China. Currently, the diaphragm hydrogen compressor is facing a significant demand for improving reliability. The diaphragm is one of the vulnerable parts in diaphragm hydrogen compressors, mainly affected by the difference between hydraulic oil pressure and hydrogen pressure, which deforms and compresses hydrogen gas to achieve the operation of diaphragm hydrogen compressors. This study selected the oil gas pressure difference as the independent variable and conducted simulation research on the variation laws of equivalent stress and axial deformation of the diaphragm.
Climate benefits of Amazon secondary forests – recent advances and research needs
Authors: Baker Jessica C.A. , Adami Marcos , Silva-Junior Celso H. L. , Sadeck Luis , Smith Callum , Heinrich Viola , Barlow Jos , Ferreira Joice , Cassol Henrique , Anderson Liana O. , von Randow Celso , Argles Arthur P. K. , von Randow Rita , Elias Fernando , Aragao Luiz E.O.C , Sitch Stephen , Spracklen Dominick V 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A quarter of the deforested Amazon has regrown as secondary tropical forest and yet the climatic importance of these complex regenerating landscapes is only beginning to be recognised. Advances in satellite remote-sensing have transformed our ability to detect and map changes in forest cover, while detailed ground-based measurements from permanent monitoring plots and eddy-covariance flux towers are providing new insights into the role of secondary forests in the climate system. This review summarises how progress in data availability on Amazonian secondary forests has led to better understanding of their influence on global, regional and local climate through carbon and non-carbon climate benefits. We discuss the climate implications of secondary forest disturbance and the progress in representing forest regrowth in climate models. Much remains to be learned about how secondary forests function and interact with climate, how these processes change with forest age, and the resilience of secondary forest ecosystems faced with increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Secondary forests face numerous threats: half of secondary forests in the Brazilian legal Amazon were 11 years old or younger in 2023. On average, 1–2% of Amazon secondary forests burn each year, threatening the permanence of sequestered carbon. The forests that burn are predominantly young (in 2023, 55% of burned secondary forests were <6 years old, <4% were over 30 years old). In the context of legally binding international climate treaties and a rapidly changing political backdrop, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of encouraging tropical forest restoration to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Amazon secondary forests could make a valuable contribution to Brazil’s Nationally Determined Contribution provided there are robust systems in place to ensure permanence. We consider how to improve communication between scientists and decision-makers and identify pressing areas of future research.
Precipitation leads the long-term vegetation increase in the conterminous United States drylands
Authors: Chang Yuhe , Winkler Alexander , Noori Amirhossein , Knyazikhin Yuri , Myneni Ranga 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Drylands, encompassing over 40% of the conterminous United States (CONUS), are crucial to the global carbon cycle and highly susceptible to climate change. However, Earth system models offer conflicting projections of future drought and vegetation activity in North America, and in-depth analyses of the long-term changes in greenness and its relationship with underlying climate drivers, considering both spatial and temporal variations at the ecosystem scale, are lacking. This study analyzes 20-year (2001-2020) MODIS NDVI observations to assess greening trends in CONUS drylands and their relationship with climate drivers at 1km spatial resolution. Results indicate a large scale and systematic greening trend, particularly in the northern Great Plains (NGP) region. Using an empirical linear attribution approach and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, we uncover varied relationships between greenness trends and climate drivers, particularly highlighting the dominant role of increased precipitation in driving the observed greening. Trend analysis reveals that while rain use efficiency (RUE) remains stable in most areas, increases in the NGP region suggest potential CO2 fertilization effects, while decreases in southern states correlate with rising temperatures. We also develop an efficiency-based model featuring RUE which successfully reproduces historical NDVI, re-confirming the dominant influence of precipitation in local greenness interannual variability. However, CMIP6 projections for 2021-2040 under the “Regional Rivalry” scenario (SSP370) paint a worrying picture, with projected browning in the NGP region and states near the 42°N latitude, contrasting recent greening trends. This potential reversal underscores the vulnerability of these ecosystems to future climate change, highlighting the need to consider both historical trends and future climate projections when assessing the resilience of drylands ecosystems. Overall, our work re-emphasizes the significance of water availability to drylands vegetation growth and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of carbon-water cycling in arid and semi-arid regions.
Expectation values of conserved charges in Integrable Quantum Field Theories out of thermal equilibrium
Authors: Mazzoni Michele , Travaglino Riccardo , Castro-Alvaredo Olalla A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this work we present a computation of the averages of conserved charge densities and currents of (1+1)-dimensional Integrable Quantum Field Theories in Generalised Gibbs Ensembles. Our approach is based on the quasi-particle description provided by the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz combined with the principles of Generalised Hydrodynamics, and we focus on Non-Equilibrium Steady State averages. When considering the ultraviolet (i.e. high temperature) limit of such averages, we recover the famous result by Bernard and Doyon (2012) for the energy current and density in Conformal Field Theories, and we extend it to conserved quantities with spin $s > 1$. We show that their averages are proportional to $T_L^{s+1}\pm T_R^{s+1}$, with $T_L$, $T_R$ the temperatures of two asymptotic thermal reservoirs. The same power law is obtained when considering some non-thermal generalised Gibbs states. In Conformal Field Theory, the power law is a consequence of the transformation properties of conserved charge operators, while the proportionality coefficient depends on the spin of the operator and on the central charge of the theory. We present an exact analytic expression for this coefficient in the case of a massive free fermion. At equilibrium, proportionality of spin-$s$ density averages to $T^{s+1}$ can be thought of as a generalisation of Stefan-Boltzmann's law, which states that the energy per unit surface area radiated by a black body scales as $T^4$.
High-Strength Concrete Enhancement Using Fine Metakaolin and Palm Oil Fuel Ash: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Che Rahim N A N , Ismail M H , Abu Bakar M N R , George A F 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The increased use of high-strength concrete in construction leads to significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to extensive cement manufacturing. To mitigate this, additives like fine metakaolin and palm oil fuel ash can enhance concrete performance and reduce the carbon footprint. In Stage 1, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20%, and 30% FMK to find the optimal amount for further testing in Stage 2. The best-performing FMK mix was then combined with varying percentages of POFA (5%, 10%, and 15%) as cement replacement. Tests for slump, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and SEM analysis were conducted on concrete samples containing FMK and POFA. Initially, the FMK and POFA improved the concrete workability, but it declined with 20% to 30% FMK in Stage 1 and 20% FMK with 10% to 15% of POFA in Stage 2. The small particle sizes of FMK and POFA acted as fillers, reducing water absorption. The 20M5P mix demonstrated the highest compressive and flexural strengths and the lowest water absorption compared to the control sample and other mixes. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that FMK and POFA promoted a pozzolanic reaction involving alumina oxide, silica oxide, and calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide from cement, enhancing the hardening process of the concrete.
Strength Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete with 15 kg/m3 of Kenaf Fiber
Authors: Lim S K , Chong H Y R , Tham J H , Lim J H , Yew M K , Lee Y L 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This comprehensive study investigates the reinforcement of Lightweight Foamed Concrete (LFC) with 15 kg/m3 of untreated and treated Kenaf Fiber (KF) to improve its strength properties. Three different mix designs including control mix (LFC-CTR), LFC with untreated kenaf fiber (LFC-15UKF), and LFC with treated kenaf fiber (LFC-15TKF) were inspected to determine their strength properties including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. The incorporation of KF with a length of 3 ± 1 cm did not significantly improve the compressive strength of LFC in both untreated and treated kenaf fiber condition. However, LFC-15TKF demonstrated the highest splitting tensile strength of 0.68 MPa. Identically, LFC-15TKF also exhibited the highest flexural strength at 2.52 MPa, attributed to the improved mechanical interlocking facilitated by the improved surface characteristics of treated KF. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealed enhanced interfacial bonding in LFC-15TKF, emphasizing the role of the treatment purification process in promoting fiber surface adhesion with cement paste at Interfacial Transition Zone within the LFC matrix. Overall, despite a decrease in compressive strength compared to LFC-CTR, LFC-15UKF and LFC-15TKF demonstrated notable improvements in splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, indicating the effectiveness of KF in distributing and withstanding tension within LFC matrix.
Influence of coal bottom ash on tensile and flexural strength of concrete
Authors: Nasser I M A , Ibrahim M H W , Zuki S S M , Alshalif A F , Nindyawati N 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt sustainable practices while ensuring structural integrity. Coal bottom ash (CBA), a by-product of coal combustion, offers a potential sustainable alternative to traditional fine aggregates in concrete. This study examines the impact of CBA on the tensile and flexural strength of concrete, aiming to develop sustainable materials with enhanced mechanical properties. Fine aggregates were replaced with CBA at 0%, 10%, 25%, and 40%. Split tensile and flexural strength tests were conducted after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the significance of CBA content on strength. A 10% CBA replacement led to an 18.7% increase in split tensile strength at 28 days, while flexural strength was maximized with a 40% CBA replacement, resulting in a 33.7% improvement. The findings suggest that incorporating CBA enhances both tensile and flexural strength, with improvements depending on the replacement percentage and curing time. CBA, therefore, has the potential to serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional fine aggregates, offering improved mechanical properties and environmental benefits.
Tensile Resistance of Face-to-Face (F2F) Flange Connection of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) Channel
Authors: Muhammad Alif I R , Kamarudin A F , Seyed Hakim S J , Musa M K , Hamid S , Rathomy Romeli M A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cold-formed steel (CFS) structures are becoming popular due to their lightweight, high strength, and less expensive. However, CFS structures are susceptible to connection failures, which is a major safety concern. Self-drilling screws are commonly used to connect CFS as a face-to-face (F2F) connection and there is lack of research investigation of their tensile performance with various connection types and testing variables previously. This study is conducted to investigate the tensile performance of CFS with F2F connection that screwed on both top and bottom flanges. The effects of CFS thickness and screw numbers on the tensile resistance and failure modes of the CFS connections were investigated. Mechanical properties of the CFS plate and M5.5 self-drilling screw were determined based on testing specified by ASTM E8 and ASTM F606 respectively, with the average yield tensile stress, fy, of CFS plate exceeded 500 N/mm2. A total of 12 samples of CFS connections were tested under tensile test, with two main parameters which were the thicknesses (0.75 mm and 1.0 mm), and the number of connected screws (2 and 4 units). From the laboratory finding, the tensile resistance of CFS connection increased with addition number of screws and/or thicker CFS plate up to two times due to its resistances against plate bearing and shearing forces of the fasteners. Besides, the bearing failures was occurred in most laboratory samples, and the screws snapped after passing the ultimate tensile load.
A preliminary study of WebGIS-based waste management visualization to support halal tourism areas in Bandung
Authors: Qoriah  , Vani T , Simarmata N , Julian M M , Kurniasih N , Hidayat E F 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Unmanaged and purely waste piles put pressure on the environment through pollution. Additionally, inadequate waste management can negatively impact the perception of the city’s beauty. Bandung is one of Indonesia’s cities that relies on exoticism to attract visitors, and the city’s tourism sector is the mainstay of its economy. Therefore, efforts must be made to reduce the production of unmanaged waste every day. Moreover, Bandung is currently branding itself as a Muslim-friendly city with its halal tourism concept. This research aims to demonstrate the visualization of waste storage area (TPS) points with halal tourist location points (Muslims friendly) accurately and efficiently through WebGIS visual architecture design. The study utilizes both spatial and non-spatial data, specifically from landfills in Bandung City. The research method involves designing the browser system, iBW (ITB Bandung Waste) WebGIS, to integrate the stored data into the online system. The findings demonstrate that the resulting WebGIS platform can provide empirical visualization of the distribution of halal tourism areas and TPS points in Bandung City, besides, to improve the local stakeholder management. This system also provides a real-time statistical analysis feature to find out the location of TPS that has the potential to interfere with tourism activities, thus supporting more responsive and efficient waste management.
Implementation of a Green Campus Concept at Manado State Polytechnic Based on the UI GreenMetric in the Setting and Infrastructure Category
Authors: Sari D P , Steve S , Alelo M , Peginusa S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper reports on the assessment and assessment of the setting and infrastructure category based on the UI GreenMetric 2023 for the implementation of a green campus concept at Manado State Polytechnic in North Sulawesi Indonesia, and the strategies to improve the criteria for being one of the vocational institutions in Indonesia that promotes sustainability and environmental awareness to the community. In this research, data collection, planning and assessment were conducted to calculate the scoring of the existing condition of the campus to build on the strategies of improvement afterwards. The final score after the strategy implementation was presented as a baseline for future programs. The results show that the green campus implementation, specifically in the setting and infrastructure category regarding the current condition of Manado State Polytechnic, was still only fulfilling 27% of the 1500 points required in this category. Short-term strategies for program development include establishing a campus garden area and infrastructures for disability, maternity, and special need citizens, as well as maintaining the open space area on campus through the utilisation of permeable paving blocks and biopore infiltration holes in the areas used for parking and driveways, as well as the sidewalks near the academic buildings.
Essential Role of Rubber Viscosity in Cuplump Modified Bitumen (CMB) for Pavement Application
Authors: Kamal Mazlina Mustafa , Hadithon Kamarul Arifin , Ahmad Nazirah , Rahim Ruhidah Abd 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Polymer modification of asphalt binders has become a more widely accepted strategy for alleviating pavement deterioration. Heavy vehicles, traffic volumes, and increasing tyre pressures have induced to consideration of polymer modification for asphalt pavement applications. The modified binder based on natural rubber (NR) produced from cuplump (CMB) has proven comparable to commercial modified bitumen. Results showed that NR modification improved the base bitumen’s conventional properties such as penetration, softening point, and temperature susceptibility. Optimizing the rheological behavior of rubber by controlling mixing times and conditions is essential for achieving the desired processing characteristics and final product properties. A key property considered in this study is viscosity. Raw natural rubber with varying Mooney viscosity values was altered using mixing techniques to characterize changes in rheological properties, Superpave rutting parameters, and conventional properties of the CMB binder. The study findings revealed that a low rubber viscosity led to a reduction in the complex shear modulus value, the rutting parameter, and the storage modulus (|G*|, |G*|/sin δ, and |G*|sin delta respectively) of the asphalt binder. The results revealed that a reduction in properties correlated with the structural changes due to the rubber mixing. Viscosity changed as mixing progressed, which was attributed to rubber’s intrinsic low tensile strength and rheological qualities. Rubber with low viscosity which results in a shorter polymer chain, reduces chain crystallization during stretching and size of crosslinked networks. This later influenced the deformation-induced crystallization and structural homogeneity of the crosslinked NR, which in turn affected the CMB properties