bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Lip Clearance on Twist Drills
Authors: Starr Charles J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the form of the warped surface on twist drills called “lip clearance” as produced by five makes of drill-sharpening machines. Theoretically this lip-clearance angle should increase as measured from the circumference toward the center of the drill. So-called correct angles are assumed for various-diameter drills with a given feed, and illustrations show how much the drills actually vary from the correct angles. The contour of the lip-clearance surface is measured by a special measuring machine.
The drills are rotated by 10-deg increments and the dial-indicator pointer on the measuring machine moved a definite distance from center for each measurement. Thus, deviations of the surface from a true cone are measured. The angle is easily computed from these data. Detailed description shows how the lip-clearance surface is developed and a comparison is made of the actual with the assumed correct angle of clearance. Figures show the developed surfaces of ⅜-in. and 1-in. drills as sharpened on these five drill-grinding machines. Some drills have beveled corners and a negative clearance may be noted on these because of lack of care in sharpening the drills. The developed surface of a drill with a thinned web shows how the possibility of rubbing back of the cutting edge in the web may be reduced.
The figures show that too much clearance is ground near the circumference of the drill in most of the cases studied. A few, however, approach quite near to the so-called correct angles.
The drills are tested on drill presses equipped with dynamometers in annealed cast iron at approximately 60 fpm surface speed. Torque and thrust curves are plotted to show the power required to operate these drills. Considerable variation will be noticed in the torque and thrust. The advantage of thinning the web is brought out quite positively in these curves. The paper suggests a future study to endeavor to ascertain if one machine sharpens drills that are better adapted for drilling one material than another, also that endurance tests should be run to test the life of drills between grinds. There is no intention to criticize the design of the various sharpening machines, but rather their operation.
Temperature and Combustion Rates in Fuel Beds
Authors: Mayers Martin A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Since the classical investigations of Kreisinger, Augustine, and Ovitz (1) on the reactions and temperatures in a fuel bed, there has been increasing interest in this subject, and measurements similar to those reported in their paper have been repeated by several others (2, 3, 4, 5) with different types of fuels. In addition, Nicholls (6) and Nicholls and Eilers (7) have developed recently an experimental method for determining the characteristics of fuels in underfeed combustion. In spite of the interest shown in this subject, there have been no theoretical investigations of the problem, with the result that the experimental results remain, to a large extent, uncoordinated. It is the purpose of this paper to supply a first step toward meeting this deficiency.
Maintenance of High-Speed Diesel Engines on the Canadian National Railways
Authors: Sylvester I. I. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper sketches the application of Diesel-electric equipment to rail traction on the Canadian National Railways, and deals particularly with experiences in the maintenance of high-speed Diesel engines since 1925. The circumstances surrounding the early application of this type of motive power are briefly explained. Problems of repair by steam-locomotive maintenance organizations are outlined. The important records pertaining to performance and measurements of wear occurring on various parts of Diesel engines are described. Typical examples of records developed in handling pistons, cylinders, and crankshafts, which were employed in arriving at a systematic handling of these parts, are illustrated. This is followed by an explanation of curves covering the average rate of wear found on different groups of engines taken from records extending over many years. Brief reference is made to maintenance methods developed in steam-locomotive service and advantageously extended to Diesel repairs. These include illustrations on electric and acetylene welding, together with some experiences with hard chromium plating, employed to extend the life of active engine parts. The paper is concluded with an explanation of the trends of various factors which make up the cost per car-mile of Diesel-engine operation, and relate particularly to engines which have seen considerable service.
Mechanics of Synthetic-Fiber Weaving
Authors: Palmer Albert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the machinery that was used in the early attempts to weave rayon fabrics. It traces the course of machine development, correlating this, as far as possible, with the development of the fabrics and synthetic fibers themselves.
Changes that were made in existing looms to enable rayon to be woven are described. Comparisons between the modern rayon loom and the old types that were used for weaving rayon are given. A description of the latest appliances for weaving rayon is included, as well as a discussion of the problems that are occupying the attention of the rayon-weaving industry and textile-machinery manufacturers at present.
Operation of Emergency Shutoff Valves in Pipe Lines
Authors: Knapp F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
At the principal control points of waterworks distribution systems, as well as in turbine penstocks, automatic valves are installed to shut off the flow of water in case of a pipe rupture. It is usual practice to assume the time and closure law of the valve and then to check the maximum surge caused by the valve closure.
It is the purpose of this paper to determine the characteristics and the hydraulic design of self-acting shutoff valves in such a manner that the water hammer, even in the worst emergency condition, remains within permissible limits. To reduce the discharge of water after a break, the law of closure is chosen in such a manner that this discharge becomes a minimum. The necessary computations are made by the graphical method of pressure-rise determination as well as by simultaneous or conjugated equations. The author assumes that the reader is familiar with these methods.
Income Versus Production
Authors: Rautenstrauch Walter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study is an inquiry into certain trends in the origins and distribution of the national income and their effects on the capabilities of certain groups of the population to purchase the consumption goods produced. The study is divided into three parts:
1 The relative incomes of the producing groups and the overhead groups from 1919 to 1935 considering the nation as a whole. It is an inquiry into the overhead on the total national plant.
2 The relative incomes of capital and labor from 1919 to 1934 in specific group activities, or the relative claims of capital and labor to the goods produced.
3 A suggested outline of the process by which consumption goods become available to both the producers and the overhead groups. The general problem is income vs. production.
Some Data on Diesel-Electric Switching Locomotives
Authors: Anderson John W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author gives the number of Diesel-electric switching locomotives placed in service annually since 1925, and discusses their availability, repair costs, and operating costs, fuel-oil specifications, and lubricating-oil practices. He also gives comparative operating and repair costs for an 0-8-0 coal-burning switcher and two Diesel-electric switchers, rated at 600 hp and 900 hp, respectively.
Sulphate-Resisting Cement
Authors: Rordam Svend 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the ingredients of Portland cement and their effect upon its properties, especially with respect to its resistance to the destructive action of salt solutions, particularly those, such as sea water, that contain sulphates. Tabulated data show the effects of corrosive solutions on specimens of various compositions, and the conclusion is reached that a cement having less than three per cent tricalcium aluminate is practically immune to the attacks of sulphate solutions.
It is also shown that higher temperatures definitely reduce the destructive effect from this cause, and that therefore a sulphate-resisting cement is not as necessary in high-temperature oil wells as in those of low temperature.
The author recommends, however, that only truly sulphate-resisting cements be used for cementing oil wells.
Tests of a 7 by 10½-In. Bearing at 3600 Rpm
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the first stage of the test of a 7 × 10½-in. bearing at 3600 rpm of the journal.
It is shown that in gradually bringing such a bearing to full loading its performance as a guide bearing at zero and small loads changes to the performance of a power bearing at high loads. At small loads the losses are produced in the nearly uniform circumferential clearance, while at high loading the predominant part of losses is produced in the carrying oil film. The relative distribution of losses in the carrying oil film, reliefs, and upper clearance is represented graphically as a function of load and pressure on the basis of theoretical calculations.
Further investigation will be continued in which the speed of the journal will vary over a wide range.
Methods Employed to Remedy Water-Hammer Shock in Pumping Systems
Authors: Ball E. Bruce 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives certain typical problems which have been encountered in English practice in pumping-plant installations, where surge conditions have been encountered, and the changes made to remedy them. The severity of the conditions and the effectiveness of the remedies are shown by pressure-recorder charts showing the line surges caused by the operation of automatic control apparatus.
The paper is the contribution of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain to the Second Symposium on Water Hammer.
Condenser-Tube Life as Affected by Design and Mechanical Features of Operation
Authors: German A. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Condenser-tube corrosion is found to occur as a result of many factors which, generally, are of a chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical nature. It is beyond the scope of this paper to cover the field completely; therefore, the paper is limited to those problems associated with mechanical factors affecting condenser-tube life in land and marine condensers operating on the seaboard. In such units, mechanical features of design and operation have proved to be of great importance with associated problems commonly requiring the attention of mechanical engineers rather than chemical or metallurgical engineers before a final solution is achieved.
The details of this discussion indicate a general method of approach to a solution of the problem of inlet-end tube failures, by which local occurrence the type of trouble can usually be recognized.
It should not be overlooked that many tube troubles can be minimized, if not eliminated, by a change in tube alloy (frequently without greater expense) when the mechanical alterations required are too costly or impractical. The author dismisses the choice of material, tube quality, method of production, and details of installation, all of which are of major importance in many cases, and confines his remarks to a consideration of the effect on tubes of turbulence in the circulating water resulting from design or deterioration. He gives also a brief discussion of the possible effects of high temperature on tubes while the unit is off the line.
The Interpretation of a Failure of an Ordnance Structure
Authors: Jenks G. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For the analysis of a failure of a war model of a 240-mm howitzer at half pressure, a fragment was furnished the laboratory. The problem was divided into three phases: First, the origin of failure; second, the mechanism by which the failure developed in the structure; third, the conditions responsible for the failure. Emphasis is placed on determining the spot at which the failure started.
A method of reading the rupture flow lines found on the surface of the fragments is described. The arrow points found in torn metal surfaces are shown as pointing to the origin of rupture. These arrow points and other surface characteristics furnish the time scale by which priority as to time may be established for tears or for ruptures which appear to be independent. Once the beginning of a failure is found, however, the laboratory investigation then becomes simple as it may be confined to a small area.
In this investigation the heat-affected zone of a weld was disclosed by acid etching. The design called for no welding at this point. Microscopic investigation showed that weld metal of an inferior quality was present, and that cracks existed in the heat-affected zone of the weld. A strip of metal of high Brinell hardness was found just outside the weld metal. The failure progressed from old cracks in this region of high hardness on the exterior surface of the gun. The tension and impact properties and the macroetch characteristics of the metal were determined and their influence upon the failure estimated. Finally, manufacturing records were checked and showed that a machine error on the surface in question had been repaired by welding.
Twenty Years of Machine Activity in the Woolen-and-Worsted Industry
Authors: Benoit A. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper is a discussion of data, compiled from various sources and presented in the form of graphs and tables, tracing conditions in the woolen-and-worsted industry with a view to determining what may be expected in the future. Past performance is analyzed with respect to basic equipment, its active working time, the amount of raw materials used, and working hours.
The conclusions are reached that the liquidation of mills as a whole is nearly finished, that present spindle equipments are not excessive, but that there is still considerable excess loom capacity.
The Effect of Size and Shape of Cut Upon the Performance of Cutting Fluids When Turning S.A.E. 3140 Steel
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W. , Colwell L. V. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of detailed experiments to determine the influence of each of several classes of cutting fluids on tool life when turning a steel with different sizes of cut. The tests were divided into three series: In the first, two cuts were used having the same area, in one case the depth was equal to eight times the feed, and in the other the depth was equal to twice the feed.
In the second series of tests the feed was kept constant while the depth was varied over a considerable range to give cuts of different area. All cutting fluids were tested for each combination of depth and feed.
In the third series of tests the depth was kept constant while the feed was varied to give a series of cuts of different area.
Lastly, all data are correlated to show the influence of each type of cutting fluid as a function of the size and shape of cut, as a function of the cutting speed for a given tool life, and in terms of the volume of metal removed per tool grind.
Pitot Tubes in Large Pipes
Authors: Cole Edward S. , Cole E. Shaw 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Comparative calibrations with two different types of pitometer, which reacted differently to angular flows, indicated the absence of angularity effects in large pipes. To check this the authors made actual measurements in two large pipes and found the angularity to be less than 3 deg.
Comparisons with other methods of flow measurement in two large pipes are presented together with velocity traverses in these and other conduits. The velocity traverses show the smooth flow pattern found in large pipes at good gaging points. The authors also discuss the value of pipe factor, i.e., the ratio of mean to center velocity, for determining the suitability of a gaging point as well as for making short tests quickly and accurately, or for making continuous-flow measurements.
Pulverized Coal-Tar Pitch as a Fuel
Authors: Clarke E. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the method of adapting pulverizing equipment to burn fuel pitch, which is the hard residue remaining after the distillation of oils from coal tar when the maximum quantity of creosote has been removed. Early attempts to use this hard product as a fuel were beset with difficulties. However, a practical system was developed by the author in 1922 for pulverizing this fuel in a unit pulverizer and blowing it directly into the combustion space of a boiler through a nozzle designed specifically for its use. Since that time hard pitch has attained wide use as an economical and efficient fuel. The methods of firing fuel pitch are described by the author and specific examples of the results obtained are cited.
Experiences in System Speed Regulation
Authors: Holden Otto 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes operating conditions on four widely varying power systems. In one case, the means, adopted to reduce the wide variation in frequency of a small system serving two mines only, is discussed. The problems encountered in larger systems serving mines, paper mills, grain elevators, and municipal requirements are dealt with, concluding with the largest of the four, a system developing 1,400,000 hp at peak load, fed from nine generating stations. One plant of the system is assigned to regulate speed, the others conforming under instructions from a load supervisor. Automatic frequency-regulating devices are applied to some units at one plant, manual control being necessary at all others.
Steam-Boiler Performance and a Method of Comparison
Authors: Bailey E. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents data from two methods of determining rates of heat absorption in different sections of steam-boiler units. One by direct measurement of evaporation, first published in France in 1874, describing French locomotive-boiler tests, is compared with recent data on modern furnaces using the gas-temperature-weight method. A method of comparing data from all types, kinds, and sizes of boiler units at diverse rates of output is presented. It consists briefly of plotting “heat absorbed” in per cent of total heat available against “equivalent surface area,” which results in all points, having the same Btu available per sq ft per hr, being on the same ordinate. Representative data from modern stationary and marine boilers are compared, together with the data from the French locomotive-boiler tests of 65 years’ standing. Data on volumes of furnaces and entire boiler units are given together with draft losses and efficiencies.
The Locomotive Boiler
Authors: Brandt C. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For many years increased traffic and the demand for high operating economy of the railroads resulted in the development of locomotives of high tractive effort capable of starting trains close to the limit of length for practical handling through yards and terminals. The ever-present demand for still higher transportation capacity of the railroads and competition have compelled the further development of locomotives to handle these long and heavy trains at high speeds. This has meant proportionately larger and more efficient boilers. The author discusses in this paper some of the problems of boiler designs and proportions that affect the efficiency and capacity of the conventional locomotive.
Successful Mechanical Atomization of Fuel Oil Heavier Than Bunker C
Authors: Martinson G. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to report the difficulties encountered and their successful solution when burning a heavy-petroleum cracking-still residue as a fuel in combination pulverized-coal and fuel-oil burners for the boilers of the American Viscose Company powerhouse at its Marcus Hook plant. Though the problems involved were comparatively simple, the development of a burner arrangement to achieve a solution and the results obtained may be of value to the designers and operators of boilers who are in search of both flexible and efficient combination firing equipment for pulverized coal and fuel oil in boiler plants.
Experimental Drying
Authors: Cooper D. L. , Wood A. L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with an investigation of moisture-regain values for salt-fish muscle which show a particularly rapid change in the range between 60 and 75 per cent relative humidity. The determination of experimental drying-rate curves in this range requires study, for much of the commercial drying as now carried out is done within this range. The author describes the system customarily used for this purpose. Dry- and wet-bulb regulators, employing thermionic relays capable of giving control of experimental air conditions in the order of 0.01 F dry and wet bulb, were used in the investigation. Drying-rate curves over a limited range using this method of control are presented.
The Viscosity of Superheated Steam
Authors: Hawkins G. A. , Solberg H. L. , Potter A. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
After discussing the disagreement existing in viscosity data for superheated steam as reported by recent investigators, the authors report the results of a new determination of viscosity. A nickel capillary 103.2 ft long was used in this investigation. The differential head across the capillary was determined by radiographing the mercury levels in a steel-tube manometer. Data are reported for 60 calibration tests and for 61 tests on steam at pressures up to 1810 lb per sq in. abs and 1000 F. All of the tests were run under steady-flow conditions for a minimum period of 1 hr. Plank’s equation has been modified to express the results over the entire range of pressures and temperatures covered by this investigation.
As a result of additional calibration tests made to determine the effect of curvature on the capillary constant, the results given in this paper supersede those presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society.
Determination of the Purity of Steam by Gravimetric and Spectrographic Methods
Authors: Schwartz M. C. , Gurney W. B. , Crossan T. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is the first paper in a series of three covering investigations on the determination of purity of steam. In it the authors discuss the mechanism of steam contamination and methods of measuring steam purity classified according to impurities present. Principally, however, the subject matter is devoted to the apparatus and procedure followed in making gravimetric determinations of the residue from evaporated samples of condensed steam with the results obtained. As a check on these analyses, estimates are made for solids in steam from turbine-blade deposits. The results of spectrographic analyses are also given.
Determination of Ammonia in Condensed Steam
Authors: Schwartz M. C. , Gurney W. B. , Crossan T. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Of the impurities which may affect the electrolytic conductivity and pH of water, the gases carbon dioxide and ammonia are most resistant to removal. Carbon dioxide has previously been given consideration almost to the exclusion of the ammonia-removal problem. This second paper in a series of three on the subject of purity of steam by the authors deals with the preparation of ammonia-free water by various methods, of which phosphorus-pentoxide batch distillation apparently gives the most satisfactory results. The Nessler method of ammonia determination is also thoroughly discussed, as well as the volumetric determination of ammonia with sodium hypobromite and naphthyl red. The authors have used such determinations of ammonia in condensed steam to assist in evaluating a suitable correction factor to compensate for its presence.