bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmentally Friendly Method for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery by In-Situ Upgrading Process Based on Catalytic Steam Injection
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Assal Jawad R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Any crude oil with an API gravity below 20 is considered heavy crude, and crude oil with an API gravity below 10 is considered extremely heavy. Conventional oil is lighter and less dense than unconventional oil resources such as heavy oil, extra-heavy oil, and bitumen. When the world’s conventional crude oil stocks are depleted, heavy oil resources will be well-positioned to continue satisfying demand for petroleum products. The economic viability of heavy oil depends on its quality being increased. The use of a catalytic steam injection in-situ upgrading technique to improve heavy oil recovery is discussed here. Previous research has shown that in-situ upgrading has a high catalytic ability to upgrade heavy crude oil by decreasing viscosity, increasing the amount of saturates (obviously low carbon number alkanes), and causing the thermal decomposition of high molecular weight substances such as asphaltenes and resin. There may be advantages to in-situ upgrading over more traditional methods of surface upgrading.
Adsorptive Removal of Potentially Toxic Elements From Wastewater Using Peanut Shells Biochar
Authors: Maki Rusol , Qasim Bashar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the peanut shell biochar that prepared by physical activation using pyrolysis process at 550°C as a low cost adsorbent for metal ions removal from wastewater. The biochar surface morphology, chemical functional groups and the porous structure were investigated by SEM, FTIR and BET method respectively. Different parameters that affect the metal ions adsorption were taken in consideration during adsorption experiments. These parameters included pH value (3 – 8), initial metal concentration (5 – 100mg/l), biochar dose (0.5 – 4g), contact time (5 – 240 min) and temperature (25 – 60°C). The results showed that the optimum metal ions adsorption conditions were pH 6, metal concentration 20mg/l, biochar dose 2.5g, 60min of contact time and 60°C of solution temperature. The adsorbent removal efficiency for the studied metal ions exceeded 80% from the total metal concentration. The obtained results confirmed the efficiency of the biochar from peanut shell as an active adsorbent for metal ions removal from aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of Water Quality in Al-Dalmaj Marsh Environment by Using some Pollution Indicators
Authors: Murad Faris Nasir , Al-Zurfi Sadiq Kadhum Lafta , Al-Naji Ahmed J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper, water was sampled in ten sites of the Dalmaj marsh in Iraq. Using a pollution index, total concentrations of heavy metals were evaluated to look into their distributions and pollution levels. The degree of pollution of water for cadmium, lead, chromium and iron was assessed using the heavy metals pollution index (HPI) and heavy metals evaluation index (HEI) and contamination degree (CD). Results showed that by using pollution indexes, the HPI, HEI, and CD were classified as medium to high in all sites. The water of the marsh was more contaminated because of the continuous addition of these metals imported from discharges of wastes to the Euphrates River that ends up on this marshland water surface. Thus, it confirms that there was a potential contamination of heavy metals, especially in water and sediments. These concentrations need more attention and consideration to either maintain the low level of heavy metals or keep them even lower.
The Impacts of Petroleum on Environment
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz , Al-Assal Jawad R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Petroleum is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds, most of which primarily contain carbon and hydrogen in varying proportions. Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are small, explosive, and volatile, to large, non-volatile, are all included in the mixture of hydrocarbons. Toxicological effects of a hydrocarbon depend on its molecular weight, family of hydrocarbons, creature exposed to it, and life-cycle stage of the exposed organism. Studies have shown that exposure to the toxic chemicals in crude oil, such as para-phenol compounds and volatile benzene, might have an adverse effect on human health. Furthermore, when there is an oil spill at sea, the wind and water currents disperse the oil, causing a thin slick to migrate across the ocean’s surface. There are numerous simultaneous chemical and physical changes. Reviewing the long-term effects of petroleum on the environment is the aim of this paper in terms of the impact on human health, plants, and marine life.
Flowers and Fruits Abortion in Fruit Trees ... Causes and Solutions: A review
Authors: Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Alalaf Ayad H. , Al-Hayali R. E. Y. , Al-Taey D.K.A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The history of planting fruit trees dates back to the presence of mankind on Earth. The people’s interest in cultivating it has increased with the progress of their civilization, as the fruit has become important in human food and his environment. The fruit-growing areas of both types, evergreen and deciduous, spread from north to south of Iraq. Palm cultivation is concentrated in the southern provinces, while palm, citrus, olive, pomegranate and others are concentrated in the central provinces. In the northern regions, the cultivation of apples, grapes, olives, stone kernels and Nut fruits is widespread. The production of fruit trees in many countries of the world plays a major “economic” role in their renaissance because the production of these trees has a direct relationship to increasing national income. The production of these trees requires the employment of qualified technical labor, the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, modern irrigation systems, tree breeding and pruning, As well as the production of seedlings in nurseries. It has been observed that fruit trees are directly related to the food industries, such as preserving fruits by freezing or drying, and the manufacture of jams and juice, and what these industries need of high technologies. Moreover, the fruits of fruit trees, whether through fresh consumption or processing, have a high nutritional value due to the sugars, oils, fats, protein, mineral salts, vitamins and others. The abortion of flowers and newly set fruits in fruit trees varies according to different species, varieties, environmental conditions and horticultural service operations. Abortion may be desirable when the number of flowers and fruits set on the tree is many, and this is called (natural thinning). While the abortion is harmful if the number of flowers and fruits is few on the tree, which results in a lack of yield later.
Response of Papaya Seedlings to Foliar Application of Tryptophan and Agazone on some Growth Parameters
Authors: Khalil Hind Younis , Ismail Manar , Kazem Zahra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study was carried out in the Imam Hussain shrine’s nursery in the Al-Hafiz district of Karbala between May 5 and November 11, 2021. As many as feasible 6 month old seedlings of homogenous growth were used to evaluate the effects of spraying tryptophan (Trp) and seaweed extract (Agazone) on the vegetative growth of papaya seedlings and their interactions. A factorial experiment involving spraying T-tryptophan acid at three levels T0, T1, and T2 corresponding to 0, 50, and 100 mg/L and spraying seaweed extract S at three levels S0, S1 and S2 corresponding to 0, 50, and 100 mg/L was carried out using a randomized complete block design R.C.B.D. with three replicates. 0, 5, and 10 ml/liter Following is a brief synopsis of the results: 1. Tryptophan T2 spraying was the best and generated the greatest averages for vegetative features such as stem diameter (47.6 mm), leaf area (226 cm2), fresh weight of vegetative growth (158.00 g of plant-1), and dry weight of vegetative growth (96.27 g plant-1). 2. Seaweed extract at level S2 considerably outperformed all vegetative qualities, such as stem height (47.1 cm) and diameter (53.7 mm). There are 5.79 leaves per plant-1, a total leaf area of 762 cm2, and a fresh weight of 154.74 g for vegetative growth per plant-1 (76.21 g.plant-1). 3. The interaction between the two factors of the study showed a significant effect in some of the studied traits, where the interaction T1S2 treatment achieved the highest values in most of the vegetative growth traits, including stem height (54.1 cm) and average number of leaves (6.83 leaves. plant-1) and the average total leaf area (885 cm2).
Effect of Different Levels of Pruning and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Quality and Quantity of the Volatile Oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Authors: Abbas Widyan A. , Tawfeeiq Anas M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The experiment was performed in a greenhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping gardening, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University from November 2021 - May 2022. The experiment included two factors: the level of pruning (without pruning, moderate pruning, and severe pruning); the addition of nitrogen fertilizer at two levels (73.4 and 146.7 g N.L-1 in the form of urea (46% N) according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the nitrogen fertilization treatment (F2) significantly excelled in the quantity of oil (2.505 g. 50 g plant-1) and the specific weight of the oil (0.907 g.ml-1) and an increase in the active substances (Cinol, Limonene, and α-Pinene), which amounted to (32.701, 4.476, and 8.407 mg. g plant-1).
Effect of Salicylic Acid and Ultraviolet Rays on Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in Vitro
Authors: Nasseralla Al-Hasan A. , Almukhtar Sarab A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the College of Agriculture - University of Karbala for the period from 2021 to 2022. The study included the use of plant tissue culture technique to obtain vegetative branches of rosemary using physical and chemical stimuli as well as plant growth regulators, the experiment was done by cultivating sterile branches tips With a length of 2 cm on MS medium prepared with different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30) mg.L-1 SA, Then the cultivated plants were exposed to ultraviolet rays at different intervals (10, 20) minutes for each concentration of SA. The results of the study showed that the concentration of 10 mg.L-1SA achieved the highest rate in the number and length of branches that reached (7.45 branches.Plant-1, 3.63 cm) respectively, while the concentration of 20 mg.L-1 achieved the highest average for the number of leaves and the fresh and dry weight of the shoot, and the average concentration of chlorophyll and carbohydrates in the shoot reached (16.86 leaves.plant-1, 3424 mg.gm-1, 2373 mg.gm-1, 3.57 and 4.28 mg.gm-1) respectively, and the effect of UV rays at 20 minute exceeded in achieving the highest average of the measured traits, which included the number and length of branches, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of the shoot, as well as the average concentration of chlorophyll and carbohydrates in the shoot (7.24 branches.plant-1, 4.04 cm, 16.89 leaves.plant-1, 3374 mg.gm-1, 2141 mg.gm-1, 3.67 and 4.32 mg.gm-1) respectively, while the comparison treatment achieved the lowest rate It reached (3.59 branches.plant-1, 2.39 cm, 14.21 leaves.plant-1, 2810 mg, 1366 mg, 2.56 mg.gm-1, 3.38 mg.gm-1) respectively.
The Response of Fig to Foliar Application of GA Combination (GA4+GA7) and Nutrition Liquid PRO-SOL on Some of the Growth Parameters
Authors: Al-Hamdani Kh. A. S. , Al-Ahbabi A. J. A. , Al-Majma’i G. Z. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For the growing season (25 February – 30 October 2021), the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University conducted an experiment to convert the wooden canopy to a lath house. Spraying fig seedlings with a Gibberellin acid mixture and Pro-sol nutritional solution allowed researchers to examine the effects on the seedlings’ vegetative development characteristics and chemical content at 0, 25, and 50 mg.L-1. Plants were exposed to three different PRO-SOL nutritional solution concentrations ( 0, 75 and 150 mg.L-1.) There were three separate dates for the addition and distribution: the first on 15 March 2021, the second 15 days later, and so on for the third. A completely randomized block design was used for this study (RCBD). S.A.S., a pre-made statistical program, was used to evaluate the components and their interactions, and the findings were examined using an analysis of variance table. At the 0.05 probability level, the L.S.D. was determined to be the minimal detectable difference. Here is a quick rundown of the study’s findings: The growth rate of the plant, the number of leaves, the diameter of the stem, the number of new branches, the Chlorophyll, Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, and the ratio of Carbohydrates to Nitrogen, Protein, Potassium, and Phosphorous content of the leaves, all reached 46.89 cm, 13.44 sheets after being sprayed with a Gibberellin mixture, especially at the level of 50 mg.L-1 (GA2). One seedling, 16.00 mm in height, with 3.89 limbs. Seedling-1 had a SPAD value of 24.38, and its corresponding percentages were 2.69, 1.26, 2.36, 0.16, and 1.38. PRO-SOL 150mg, which is the maximum recommended dosage. The rate at which the plants in the study increased in height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of new branches, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and the ratio of carbohydrates to nitrogen, protein, and potassium all increased significantly in response to L-1 (Pr2). 50.33 inches, or 14.44 sheets, of phosphorus. One seedling, 17.3mm in diameter, with 4.67 branches. Seedling-1 had the lowest average for the aforementioned characteristics in the comparative treatment (25.38 SPAD units, 3.26 percent, 1.39 percent, 2.10 percent, 0.20 percent, and 1.58 percent). The binary interaction between the Gibberellin mixture and nutrient solution Pro-sol showed significant differences, especially the GA2 Pr2 treatment, which gave the highest rates for all studied traits.
Effect of Foliar Application of Humic Acid and Nano-NPK on Some Growth Characteristic of Apple Trees Malus Domestica Borkh
Authors: gli Jihan Qassem Hassan , Khalaf Jassim Mohammed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was carried out in one of the private orchards, which are 20 km away from Kirkuk province in the Altun Kobri area, during the period from May 2021 to August 2021, to study the effect of fertilizing with humic acid at three levels (0, 20, 40) gm and spraying with fertilizer The nano NPK with four levels (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5) g.L-1 in some growth characteristics and the yield of apple trees of the local Ibrahimi variety. The experiment was designed according to the design of randomized complete blocks (RCBD), a factorial investigation that included three factors of humic acid and four factors of the compound fertilizer nano NPK and with three replications, the number of treatments in each sector (12) treatments, and with 36 trees included in this experiment, and the treatments were distributed randomly on the experimental units, and for analyzing the data we use the SAS program, and the Duncan polynomial test was adopted under the probability level of 5%. The results showed that the humic acid fertilization gave significant differences in the averages of the studied traits, as the treatment of humic fertilizer at the level (40) gave the highest rate in the following characteristics (the chlorophyll content of the leaves and the proportion of potassium and phosphorous in the leaves). In contrast, the treatment (20) gave the highest rate in Characteristics (the percentage of nitrogen in leaves and leaf area). As for the treatment of spraying with nanocomposite fertilizer with a concentration of (3500), it achieved the highest rate in the characteristics (the content of chlorophyll in the leaves and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the leaves), while it gave the concentration (2500) the highest rate in the leaf area. The results also showed that the binary interaction achieved significant differences in the studied traits, as treatment (40) of humic fertilizer and (3500) of the nano-complex fertilizer achieved the highest rate in most of the studied features, namely (leaf area, leaf content of chlorophyll and phosphorous percentage in leaves).
Effect of Seedling Age and NPK Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var gongylodes) Planted in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Ghalib Wissam K. , Ghassan J. Z. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) ‘White Vienna cv.’ was grown in the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape in the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University in Salah al-Din, Iraq, during the winter of 2021–2022. The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of seedling age and NPK combinations on kohlrabi plant growth and yield. Most values for vegetative growth traits and yield were found to be highest for seedlings aged 45 days. Plant growth and yield were enhanced by applying a 120:90:50 kg, ha-1 NPK combination fertilizer rather than a single kind of NPK. For optimal growth and highest output, the 45-day-old seedlings plus the 120-90-50-kg-ha-1 NPK fertilizer combination treatment was chosen over other interaction treatments.
Taxonomic Characteristics and Phytochemicals of Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand-Mazz (Asreraceae) From Western Desert of Iraq
Authors: Atiyah Baydaa Abul Sattar , Khesraji Talib O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the present study, morphological, anatomical, and palynological characteristics of Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. (Asteraceae) from the western desert of Iraq were investigated. The Phytochemicals of this species were also studied. Morphological features of different plant parts ( stem, leaf, inflorescence, florets, bracts fruit, and pollen ) were reported. Anatomical properties of stem and leaf (including frequency of stomata, glandular and non-glandular hairs) were studied, based on cross-sections and stripped off the epidermi. Active contents (or phytochemicals) of the studied species, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and tannins were determined.
First Report of Aspergillus Leaf Spot on Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in Iraq
Authors: Al-Ghazali Noor A. , Hameed Zainab L. , Abu-Duka Ahmed B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Leaf spots were noticed commonly on loquat trees in Alhussiania city, Karbala Province, Iraq. The associated fungus was isolated and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus based on the morphology (cultural and microscopic features) and molecular analysis (sequence of internal transcribed spacer rDNA). The pathogenicity of isolated fungus was confirmed through Koch’s postulates that were implemented by comparing the disease symptoms with those of naturally appeared and re-isolated from the inoculated leaves and re-identified. To best of our knowledge, this is the first record of A. fumigatus as causative agent of leaf spot on loquat (E. japonica) tree in Iraq and worldwide.
Effect of Foliar Application of Calcium and Nano-Chitosan on the Growth of Rose Seedlings
Authors: Ali Kawthar Kadhim , Asal Khalid Naji Abd 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
During 2021-2022 growing season atAl-Rafidain private nursery in Zayouna, Baghdad, researchers examined the impact of spraying calciumand nano-chitosan on the development, flowering, and storability of the rose variety Anglina. The experiment was set up as a factorial experiment with three replicates, testing foliar sprays of calcium at concentrations of 0, 150, and 200 mg. L-1 and nano-chitosan at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150mg.Liter-1. In particular, the number of leaves per plant increased to 75.70, the chlorophyll content increased to167.3 mg 100g -1 fresh weight, the dry matter percentage in the leaves increased to 41.45%, the total carbohydrate content in the leaves increased to 20,093 mg 100 g -1 fresh weight, the percentage of calcium in the leaves increased to1.108, and the vase life of the stored flowers increased to w days. When compared to the control treatment, which resulted in the lowest averages for the aforementioned traits, foliar spraying of nano-chitosan at a concentration of150 mg.l-1 resulted in superior vegetative and floral characteristics, including an increase in leaf number (66.70 leaves), leaf total carbohydrates (17.567% mg.100 g-1. Fresh weight), leaf percentage of calcium (1.1121%), and vase life after storage (8.18) days.
The Impact of Salinity, Putrescin, and Melatonin Interactions on Green Bean Vegetative Indicators
Authors: Maola Maha , Jaber Mohamed , Ayied Shatha 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study aims to assess the effect of salt stress by using concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 40, 20, 60) mmol. L-1. Putrescine (0.2 and 0.4) mmol. L-1 and Melatonin (0.2, 0.4) mmol. L-1 and their overlap in some physiological and phenotypic traits of a green bean plant. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomized design (CRD) as a two-factor experiment (putrescine and melatonin x sodium chloride salt concentrations). The results were statistically analyzed with 10 replications that included 20 root tips for each treatment, and the averages were compared using the least significant difference at the 0.05 probability. The results showed that the effect of salt stress led to a significant decrease in most of the studied traits, a concentration of 60 mmol. L-1 led to a decrease in the percentage of plant survival by average branch length, number of shoots, dry weight percentage, and chlorophyll content. Also, adding melatonin significantly increased most of the studied traits using concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mmol. L-1 compared to adding putrescin (0.2), as the average branch length increased by increase, the number of shoots, the survival rate of plants, the dry weight, and the percentage of chlorophyll. The experiment’s results also showed a significant effect of the interaction between salt stress and melatonin on most of the vegetative growth characteristics of green beans. The effect of putrescine led to a decrease in vegetative indicators due to its high concentration in the medium used in the experiment.