bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Supervised Electroencephalogram Representation Learning for Automatic Sleep Staging: Model Development and Evaluation Study
Authors: Yang Chaoqi , Xiao Cao , Westover M Brandon , Sun Jimeng 
Published: June 2023

Background
Deep learning models have shown great success in automating tasks in sleep medicine by learning from carefully annotated electroencephalogram (EEG) data. However, effectively using a large amount of raw EEG data remains a challenge.

Objective
In this study, we aim to learn robust vector representations from massive unlabeled EEG signals, such that the learned vectorized features (1) are expressive enough to replace the raw signals in the sleep staging task, and (2) provide better predictive performance than supervised models in scenarios involving fewer labels and noisy samples.

Methods
We propose a self-supervised model, Contrast with the World Representation (ContraWR), for EEG signal representation learning. Unlike previous models that use a set of negative samples, our model uses global statistics (ie, the average representation) from the data set to distinguish signals associated with different sleep stages. The ContraWR model is evaluated on 3 real-world EEG data sets that include both settings: at-home and in-laboratory EEG recording.

Results
ContraWR outperforms 4 recently reported self-supervised learning methods on the sleep staging task across 3 large EEG data sets. ContraWR also supersedes supervised learning when fewer training labels are available (eg, 4% accuracy improvement when less than 2% of data are labeled on the Sleep EDF data set). Moreover, the model provides informative, representative feature structures in 2D projection.

Conclusions
We show that ContraWR is robust to noise and can provide high-quality EEG representations for downstream prediction tasks. The proposed model can be generalized to other unsupervised physiological signal learning tasks. Future directions include exploring task-specific data augmentations and combining self-supervised methods with supervised methods, building upon the initial success of self-supervised learning reported in this study.
ESTABLISHING ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES POSITION IN ELT CONTEXT
Authors: Rajguru Santosh Pundalik 
Published: June 2023

The present paper tries to explain how English language can be useful in establishing dominant positions in various situations. Globalization has become a reality, a fact that cannot be avoided by any nation in the world. As an Eastern country and nation, India now has to prepare a strategy – how to face the Post-Globalization Era. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a sphere of teaching English Language including technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism. Aviation English as ESP is taught to pilots, air traffic controllers and civil aviation cadets who are going to use it in radio communications. A great deal can be written about the origins of ESP. But there are three notable reasons common to the emergence of all ESP: the demands of a brave new world, a revolution in linguistics, and focus on the learner. This paper would focus on the rise and origin of ESP and how it has acquired its place in the broader categories of language. It is also categorized in different types with its special and unique characteristic features. In the latter part of the paper the learning methodology and future are discussed.
DEVELOPING WRITING SKILLS IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES CLASSROOMS THORUGH LITERARY TEXTS
Authors: Shriganeshan Kandiah 
Published: June 2023

With ten years of learning English as a second language at schools it has not become a reality for the university undergraduates in Sri Lanka that they become proficient in English. The exam-oriented studies of the present Sri Lankan educational system which was derived from the British colonial rulers encourages and also develops a textbook culture which would promote communication in English. In order to maintain international contacts, to use it in education, science, medicine, engineering, technology and business, and to lead a modern life, there was a need for Sri Lankans to study English. Therefore, experts of English language teaching have to find possible methods to teach it successfully in order to make the students perform their activities well in English. There was a time when it was felt that teaching of any language cannot be divorced from its literature. It is assumed that literature would arouse interest among the adult learners of English. The present study is to find out the possibilities of using literary texts to promote effective language learning at university level focusing on developing writing skills. The paper analyses how pieces taken from English literature and literature in English could be used in classrooms teaching English for Specific Purposes in order to motivate adult learners to become proficient in General English in the first phase. The study was conducted using questionnaires, interviews with the students, lecturers and administrators. Five workshop sessions were conducted at different intervals during the three-month study. The researcher was able to record the students’ involvement in the learning process from their written performance. The paper analyses and proves qualitatively how the students improved in their proficiency through teaching of literature.
<strong>Effects of Tirzepatide Versus Insulin Glargine on Cystatin C-Based Kidney Function: A SURPASS-4 Post-Hoc Analysis</strong>
Authors: J L Heerspink Hiddo , Sattar Naveed , Pavo Imre , Haupt Axel , L Duffin Kevin , Yang Zhengyu , J Wiese Russell , M Wilson Jonathan , Hemmingway Andrea , Z I Cherney David , R Tuttle Katherine 
Published: June 2023

<p> </p>
<p><strong>Objective</strong></p>
<p>Tirzepatide reduces HbA1c and body weight, and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline. Unlike eGFR-creatinine, eGFR-cystatin C is unaffected by muscle mass changes. We assessed effects of tirzepatide on eGFR-creatinine and -cystatin C.</p>
<p><strong>Research Design and Methods</strong></p>
<p>Our primary outcome was eGFR change from baseline at 52 weeks with pooled tirzepatide (5, 10, 15 mg) and titrated insulin glargine in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4).</p>
<p><strong>Results</strong></p>
<p>LSM (SE) eGFR-creatinine (mL/min/1.73m2) change from baseline with tirzepatide and insulin glargine was -2.5 (0.38) and -3.9 (0.38) (between-group difference 1.4 [95% CI, 0.3 to 2.4]), and was -3.5 (0.37) and -5.3 (0.37) (between-group difference 1.8 [0.8 to 2.8]) for eGFR-cystatin C. Baseline, 1-year, and 1-year change from baseline values significantly correlated between eGFR-cystatin C and -creatinine. eGFR-measure changes did not correlate with body weight changes.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p>
<p>Tirzepatide slows the eGFR decline rate, supporting a kidney-protective effect. </p>
Student Attitudes Towards Distance Learning at a Large Urban Public College
Authors: Tuckel Peter S , Pok-Carabalona Kate 
Published: June 2023

Student attitudes towards distance learning can affect both the acquisition of knowledge and the motivation to learn. This study explores student attitudes towards the following four topics: (1) technological and environmental impediments towards distance learning, (2) asynchronous vs. synchronous course preferences, (3) online vs. in-person course preferences, and (4) attitudes towards taking online courses in the future. The findings of the study are based on two anonymous online surveys conducted in the spring and fall of 2020 among students at a large urban public college located in the Northeast U.S. The study reveals that a significant number of students have unreliable Internet and live in homes not conducive for online learning. By a narrow margin, students prefer an asynchronous to a synchronous approach to online learning. Along several dimensions covering different facets of the classroom experience, students prefer in-person courses to online courses. The disparities favoring in-person classes are most noticeable with respect to the ability to concentrate in class sessions, feeling motivated to learn, and developing friendship ties with classmates. Distinctive profiles exist among students who opt for these different teaching modalities. Those students who are more positively disposed towards in-person classes tend to be younger, freshmen or sophomores, those experiencing higher stress levels, and those whose physical arrangements at home are not conducive for learning. Importantly, though, a majority of students say they were inclined towards taking more online course in the future.
The Influence of Dress Code on the Quality of Higher Education from a Sharia Critical Perspective: A Case Study of Umma University
Authors: Abdulrahman Manswab Mahsen 
Published: June 2023

Umma University is Kenya's first Islamic-based university, chartered in 2019, and was founded to improve access towards quality higher education for diverse individuals, cultures and communities. Subsequently, the university received many students from different religions, communities, and cultures, some of whom have violated the dress code initiated by the university. This is the research problem. This study's main objective was to explore the causes of indecent dressing among the students as well as to enhance the culture of proper dressing in higher learning institutions in general and at Umma University in particular. The study will use both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Open-ended questions were used. In addition to that, a questionnaire will be used, involving 103 students as representative respondents. The researcher will review references and study dissertations relating to dress code. The findings show that the most prominent factor of indecent dress is "freedom of choice" (68%), followed by the negative influence by foreign cultures through social media (66%), implementing dress codes doesn’t solve genuine problems in the university (57%), peer pressure (57%), and there is no specific penalty in the dress code (51%), among others. Therefore, it is recommended to amend the student dress code in the student information handbook 2020 while creating more awareness of the dress code through the use of announcements on notice boards and other means in strategic locations across the university premises.
EL TERRORISMO Y SU TRANSFORMACION
Authors: Arias Tapia Richard Paúl , Manzano Terán Luis Santiago 
Published: June 2023

La aparición de la internet marcó un antes y un después en el modo cómo las personas acceden a los sistemas de información, donde cada acto se encuentra reflejado, pues “la red es un nuevo espacio donde los roles de los diferentes actores se construyen, evolucionan y cambian constantemente”. Además, con el desarrollo acelerado de la internet, también emerge el lado oscuro y surgen nuevos términos como cibercrimen, ciberdelito, ciberterrorismo, que describen de forma genérica los aspectos ilícitos cometidos en el ciberespacio. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el concepto de ciberterrorismo, que ha evolucionado como amenaza híbrida, partiendo de una variante del terrorismo, que permita describir la gobernanza actual del Ecuador en ciberseguridad y la respuesta de los Estados ante esta amenaza, enmarcada en los parámetros de la sociedad global que al igual que otras amenazas es una preocupación mundial ocupando un lugar importante en la agenda local e internacional.

Palabras clave: Amenazas Híbridas, Ciberespacio, Ciberterrorismo.
History of establishment and features of constitutional control in Estonia
Authors: Pleskach V.Y. 
Published: June 2023

Ukraine has chosen for itself the European model of centralized constitutional control, which implies creation of a separate Constitutional Court to resolve cases on the constitutionality of laws and some other legal acts. Of course, this model is not unique is also not the only one in the organization of constitutional control among those used in Europe. One of the most attention-grabbing alternative options for the organization of constitutional control is the Estonian model - which, although it is similar to those countries where disputes about the constitutionality of laws are resolved by courts of general jurisdiction (or only by the Supreme Court), is nevertheless unique in many ways.
The article examines the factors that influenced Estonia's development of its unique approach to the organization of constitutional control, as well as an analysis of the possibility and expediency of transferring this experience to countries with already existing constitutional control, where the Constitutional Court operates. In particular, to begin with, the history of the development of the judicial system in Estonia in the 20th century was considered. Immediately after this country gained independence, its first Constitution was adopted, which became the basis for the birth of constitutional control in Estonia. The article also examines the peculiarities of the procedure for reviewing constitutionality of laws in Estonia by courts of all levels (including the Supreme Court) under the current legislation.
A separate subject of attention in the article is the discussion that has been going on for a long time in Estonia about the necessity and expediency of depriving the Supreme Court of its powers to exercise constitutional control with the formation of the Constitutional Court as a separate body. The key arguments put forward by both supporters and opponents of the changes have been considered.
According to the results of the study, possible risks for the Supreme Court and the mandate of its judges, which may be accompanied by the transfer of the Estonian experience in the organization of constitutional control to countries where there is a separate Constitutional Court, are highlighted.
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that despite the lively interest in the unique features of the organization of the Estonian judicial system, due to the language barrier, the question of the history of the formation of the Supreme Court of Estonia as a body of constitutional control escapes the attention of researchers.
Legal models of housing provision in EU countries
Authors: Davydova N. 
Published: June 2023

In the conducted study, an attempt was made to combine the available statistical information, to rank the data on the EU countries according to the development of housing relations in them. Sweden, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland, Cyprus and France are among the countries identified as countries with a high level of housing relations. Housing conditions are below average in the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Slovakia. Romania has the lowest level of housing relations. There is no single policy for meeting housing needs in the European Union: in modern Europe, there is a wide variety of housing policies and ways of solving the housing issue.
This diversity is determined by the historical, civilizational and cultural features of the countries, the level of their economic development. The purpose of the article is to identify common features and analyze the possibility and expediency of their borrowing to the legal space of Ukraine. In the EU countries, four types of residence of citizens in housing can be distinguished: simple private property; mortgaged property; rent at market price; rent at a reduced price or for free. There are differences in the housing sector in the developed countries of Western Europe and in the countries of Eastern Europe.
In the territory of the former socialist community, in the housing sector, the right of private ownership prevails over lease relationships; social orientation in meeting housing needs is inferior to commercial interests.
In developed countries, one large property (residential object) has 3-4 dependents (residents who are not owners), while in developing countries, a different housing pattern is observed, in which one small property has 1- 2 housing dependents, which is related to the desire to have a smaller number of co-owners and, accordingly, hypothetical legal disputes with them.
Distribution of Responsibilities on Proving in Cases on Reimbursement for Moral (Non-Pecuniary) Damage
Authors: Slipchenko O. , Kroitor V. 
Published: June 2023

The authors of the article study the problem of distributing responsibilities on proving in cases of reimbursement for moral (non-pecuniary) damage. At the same time, it has been noted that each party is currently obliged to prove those circumstances, to which it refers to as the basis of its requirements and objections. Thus, the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine of 2004 introduced a new concept of adversarial proceedings into civil procedure, where the parties are obliged to play an active role in judicial proving (Art. 12 of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine).
The authors of the paper have concluded that both the parties and all persons who are authorized to collect and present evidence, take part in their verification and evaluation in accordance with the procedure established by law are subjects in all civil cases, as well as in cases on reimbursement of moral (non -pecuniary) damage. Accordingly, it is also applied to the court, which should be actively involved in the proving process.
The authors of the research have concluded that the process of proving provides the distribution of responsibilities between the subjects, when their will coincides with respect to the subject matter of the dispute. Another thing when such a will has different content. It is the specific feature of the adversarial principle, which is the basis for the distribution of responsibilities on proving, when the parties defend their interests presenting the necessary evidence in the case, pursuing the purpose – to obtain a positive judgment for themselves.
It has been emphasized as a result of the research that legal presumptions play a significant role in the distribution of responsibilities on proving, that is, the assumptions enshrined in the law on the existence of certain facts about other facts related to them. The presumption releases the party, who benefits of its establishment, from proving the fact. Cases for the reimbursement of moral (non -pecuniary) damage are no exception to this. This category of cases benefits from the consideration of the issue on the existence of the following presumptions: presumption of moral (non-pecuniary) damage; presumption of illegality of actions (omission) of a causer of moral (non-pecuniary) damage; presumption of the guilt of a causer of moral (non-pecuniary) damage.
According to the results of the conducted research, the authors have made conclusions.
The features of the reform of bankruptcy legislation during the marital law period
Authors: Shvydka Т. , Ostapenko J. 
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to consideration of the issue of improvement and amendments to the legislation on bankruptcy during the period of martial law. It is emphasized that the economic and legal institution of bankruptcy is an integral element of the market economy, which regulates relations related to the elimination or restoration of the solvency of enterprises. It was emphasized that today our state lives and works under martial law, and therefore, the activities of many business entities have become difficult or even impossible, some of them are on the verge of bankruptcy. Based on this, the urgent need and demand of the time is to introduce changes to the legislation in order to preserve the economic situation in the country and ensure the further functioning of the national economy.
The article considers the main functions and mechanisms of the bankruptcy institute. It was established that bankruptcy in a market economy performs two functions: removing inefficient business entities from the market and giving such entities a chance to revive and improve their activities in the market in the event of only temporary financial difficulties.
It has been proven that the direction of the settlement of insolvency (bankruptcy) relations in Ukraine changed its vector during the evolution of bankruptcy legislation from a pro-debtor to a pro-creditor system, however, the main goal of the bankruptcy institute remains the regulation of insolvency relations and the protection of the market from inefficient business entities, enabling entities economic entities that are at risk of not being able to pay their debts to creditors, to apply "wellness" methods.
The proposals outlined in the draft laws submitted for consideration by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine were analyzed. Deficiencies that should be eliminated are indicated.
The institution of private property in the U.S. political and legal system of environmental protection
Authors: Mytoshop V.V. 
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the place of the institution of private property in the U.S. political and legal system of environmental protection. The institution of private property, having undergone a long evolutionary process, was crystallized in Roman law as «plena in re potestas» – the absolute power of the owner of a thing to do what he/she likes with it. Going through the next stages of legal and historical development, the institution received the conceptually new understanding during the 17th–18th centuries in the countries united under the general term «western civilization» which established the interrelation between natural law and positivist doctrines under the influence of active spread of humanistic ideas of the Enlightenment. The institution of private property became an integral part of the natural human rights, a guarantee of people`s liberties. In addition, this institution began to be considered, from the moral point of view, as one that forms a special attitude of the owner to his property, implies a thrifty and careful attitude towards it. As a result, private property was deemed a fundamental postulate used by the founding fathers of the United States of America during the creation of the country's Constitution, which continues to execute an extremely important role in the life of American society and activities of public authorities, which is especially evident in ensuring the functioning of the environmental protection system as well as the formation and implementation of the U.S. environmental policy. In this regard, it is relevant to study the positive experience of the United States of America with a view to its application in Ukraine.
Considering the special interrelation between nature use and private property, which can be traced back to the colonial period of the birth of American statehood, it is not surprising that it was established not only at the legislative level in the form of the constitutional human right protected and guaranteed by law, but also reflected on the level of the mentality of American society. As a result, private property and its owner are the basis of the U.S. environmental protection system, which is reflected in the positive results of state environmental policy based on the promotion of alternative private legal regimes of natural resource management.