bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of boron related defects in limiting charge carrier lifetime in 4H–SiC epitaxial layers
Authors: Ghezellou Misagh , Kumar Piyush , Bathen Marianne E. , Karsthof Robert , Sveinbjörnsson Einar Ö. , Grossner Ulrike , Bergman J. Peder , Vines Lasse , Ul-Hassan Jawad 
Published: March 2023

One of the main challenges in realizing 4H–SiC (silicon carbide)-based bipolar devices is the improvement of minority carrier lifetime in as-grown epitaxial layers. Although Z1/2 has been identified as the dominant carrier lifetime limiting defect, we report on B-related centers being another dominant source of recombination and acting as lifetime limiting defects in 4H–SiC epitaxial layers. Combining time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurement in near band edge emission and 530 nm, deep level transient spectroscopy, and minority carrier transient spectroscopy (MCTS), it was found that B related deep levels in the lower half of the bandgap are responsible for killing the minority carriers in n-type, 4H–SiC epitaxial layers when the concentration of Z1/2 is already low. The impact of these centers on the charge carrier dynamics is investigated by correlating the MCTS results with temperature-dependent TRPL decay measurements. It is shown that the influence of shallow B acceptors on the minority carrier lifetime becomes neutralized at temperatures above ∼422 K. Instead, the deep B related acceptor level, known as the D-center, remains active until temperatures above ∼570 K. Moreover, a correlation between the deep level concentrations, minority carrier lifetimes, and growth parameters indicates that intentional nitrogen doping hinders the formation of deep B acceptor levels. Furthermore, tuning growth parameters, including growth temperature and C/Si ratio, is shown to be crucial for improving the minority carrier lifetime in as-grown 4H–SiC epitaxial layers.
Plant and microbial sciences as key drivers in the development of metabolomics research
Authors: Aharoni Asaph , Goodacre Royston , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: March 2023

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the coinage of the term metabolome [S. G. Oliver
et al
.,
Trends Biotech.
16
, 373–378 (1998)]. As the field rapidly advances, it is important to take stock of the progress which has been made to best inform the disciplines future. While a medical-centric perspective on metabolomics has recently been published [M. Giera
et al
.,
Cell Metab.

34
, 21–34 (2022)], this largely ignores the pioneering contributions made by the plant and microbial science communities. In this perspective, we provide a contemporary overview of all fields in which metabolomics is employed with particular emphasis on both methodological and application breakthroughs made in plant and microbial sciences that have shaped this evolving research discipline from the very early days of its establishment. This will not cover all types of metabolomics assays currently employed but will focus mainly on those utilizing mass spectrometry–based measurements since they are currently by far the most prominent. Having established the historical context of metabolomics, we will address the key challenges currently facing metabolomics and offer potential approaches by which these can be faced. Most salient among these is the fact that the vast majority of mass features are as yet not annotated with high confidence; what we may refer to as definitive identification. We discuss the potential of both standard compound libraries and artificial intelligence technologies to address this challenge and the use of natural variance–based approaches such as genome-wide association studies in attempt to assign specific functions to the myriad of structurally similar and complex specialized metabolites. We conclude by stating our contention that as these challenges are epic and that they will need far greater cooperative efforts from biologists, chemists, and computer scientists with an interest in all kingdoms of life than have been made to date. Ultimately, a better linkage of metabolome and genome data will likely also be needed particularly considering the Earth BioGenome Project.
A generating model for Finnish nominal inflection using distributional semantics
Authors: Nikolaev Alexandre , Chuang Yu-Ying , Baayen R. Harald 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFinnish nouns are characterized by rich inflectional variation, with obligatory marking of case and number, with optional possessive suffixes and with the possibility of further cliticization. We present a model for the conceptualization of Finnish inflected nouns, using pre-compiled fasttext embeddings (300-dimensional semantic vectors that approximate words’ meanings). Instead of deriving the semantic vector of an inflected word from another word in its paradigm, we propose that an inflected word is conceptualized by means of summation of latent vectors representing the meanings of its lexeme and its inflectional features. We tested this model on the 2,000 most frequent Finnish nouns and their inflected word forms from a corpus of Finnish (84 million tokens). Visualization of the semantic space of Finnish using t-SNE clarified that a ‘main effects’ additive model does not do justice to the semantics of inflection. In Finnish, how number is realized turns out to vary substantially with case. Further interactions emerged with the possessive suffixes and the clitics. By taking these interactions into account, the accuracy of our model, evaluated with the fasttext embeddings as gold standard, improved from 76% to 89%. Analyses of the errors made by the model clarified that 7.5% of errors are due to overabundance (and hence not true errors), and that 16.5% of the errors involved exchanges of semantically highly similar stems (lexemes). Our results indicate, first, that the semantics of Finnish noun inflection are more intricate than assumed thus far, and second, that these intricacies can be captured with surprisingly high accuracy by a simple generating model based on imputed semantic vectors for lexemes, inflectional features, and interactions of inflectional features.
Translation in CLIL
Authors: Gaballo Viviana 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTranslation in CLIL? It may seem a contradiction in terms. CLIL means Content and Language Integrated Learning, and is based on the assumption that content is taught through the second/foreign language. No room is left to the learners’ mother tongue, which is either declared off limits or used in very limited cases. So, what is the role of translation in CLIL? Is there any place for it at all? In the past few years, there has been a series of hectic efforts put in by schools and universities to organise CLIL programmes and teacher training courses, and a number of studies have appeared to help with the process. In spite of the wide support that is now being given to the use of the first language in language learning, CLIL proponents tend to neglect the role of translation in content and language learning. Drawing on current research on CLIL, this study sets out to investigate the nature of the contribution that translation makes to language and content learning. The work is grounded on research conducted on empirical data drawn from CLIL courses taught since 2005, inspired by social constructivist pedagogy in a networked learning environment, and a collaborative translation approach.
Effect of video gaming on some central auditory processing abilities in school aged children, cross sectional study
Authors: Hazzaa Nagwa Mohamed , Shalaby Amani Ahmed , Eissa Heba Mohamed El Sayed , Galal Eman Mohamed 
Published: March 2023

Objectives:
The effect of video games playing was variable in the literature. On one hand, it leads to boosting brain function in response speed, concentration, attention and spatial cognition, on the other hand, a certain type of games have negative effects on the cognition and proper processing of the central nervous system. In The best of the authors knowledge, there is no study investigated the effects of video gaming on central auditory processing in school-aged children, so the objective of this work is to study the effect of video gaming on some central auditory processing abilities in school-aged children.

Methods:
50 children aged 6–12 years old, playing video games > 2 h/d, were subjected to psychometric, basic audiological evaluation, history of mobile phone use and Central Auditory Processing (CAP) Disorders. CAP evaluation included; Speech Intelligibility In Noise (SPIN), Arabic Dichotic Digits (DD), Memory and Auditory Vigilance tests.

Results:
The highest percentage of abnormality in CAP abilities was in selective attention ability followed by sequential memory besides the negative correlation with duration (hours) of video gaming use per day.

Conclusion:
Video gaming has a negative impact on CAP abilities in children, particularly auditory attention and memory.
High-photoresponsivity heterojunction based on MoTe2/2D electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface
Authors: Zhou Xiaowei , Li Bocheng , Tian Xiaochen , Jiang Yucheng , Zhao Run , Zhao Meng , Gao Ju , Xing Jie , Qiu Jie , Liu Guozhen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal elements for many optoelectronic devices owing to their outstanding optoelectrical performance under visible and infrared light. Heterostructures composed of TMDs and other non-TMD materials may exhibit rich properties. In this study, a high-performance heterojunction based on 2D MoTe2 and 2D electron gas (2DEG) at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface was fabricated. The device exhibits good current rectification properties with a high rectification ratio exceeding 103 and a low leakage current (∼1 nA at −6 V bias). Moreover, a high photoresponsivity of ∼800 A W−1 and a large specific detectivity of 4 × 1012 Jones at 405 nm were also obtained at room temperature. Heterostructures based on 2D TMDs and oxide 2DEG are expected to become essential elements in multifunctional microdevices and optoelectronic devices.
Semimetal contacts to monolayer semiconductor: weak metalization as an effective mechanism to Schottky barrier lowering
Authors: Su Tong , Li Yueyan , Wang Qianqian , Zhao Weiwei , Cao Liemao , Ang Yee Sin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Recent experiment has uncovered semimetal bismuth (Bi) as an excellent electrical contact to monolayer MoS2 with ultralow contact resistance. The contact physics of the broader semimetal/monolayer-semiconductor family beyond Bi/MoS2, however, remains largely unexplored thus far. Here we perform a comprehensive first-principle density functional theory investigation on the electrical contact properties between six archetypal two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductors, i.e. MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, WSe2, MoTe2 and WTe2, and two representative types of semimetals, Bi and antimony (Sb). As Bi and Sb work functions energetically aligns well with the TMDC conduction band edge, Ohmic or nearly-Ohmic n-type contacts are prevalent. The interlayer distance of semimetal/TMDC contacts are significantly larger than that of the metal/TMDC counterparts, which results in only weak metalization of TMDC upon contact formation. Intriguingly, such weak metalization generates semimetal-induced gap states (SMIGSs) that extends below the conduction band minimum, thus offering an effective mechanism to reduce or eliminate the n-type Schottky barrier height (SBH) while still preserving the electronic structures of 2D TMDC. A modified Schottky–Mott rule that takes into account SMIGS, interface dipole potential, and Fermi level shifting is proposed, which provides an improved agreement with the density functional theory-simulated SBH. We further show that the tunneling-specific resistivity of Sb/TMDC contacts are generally lower than the Bi counterparts, thus indicating a better charge injection efficiency can be achieved through Sb contacts. Our findings reveal the promising potential of Bi and Sb as excellent companion electrode materials for advancing 2D semiconductor device technology.
TOPAS-imaging: extensions to the TOPAS simulation toolkit for medical imaging systems
Authors: Lee Hoyeon , Cheon Bo-Wi , Feld Joseph W , Grogg Kira , Perl Joseph , Ramos-Méndez José A , Faddegon Bruce , Min Chul Hee , Paganetti Harald , Schuemann Jan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. The TOol for PArticle Simulation (TOPAS) is a Geant4-based Monte Carlo software application that has been used for both research and clinical studies in medical physics. So far, most users of TOPAS have focused on radiotherapy-related studies, such as modeling radiation therapy delivery systems or patient dose calculation. Here, we present the first set of TOPAS extensions to make it easier for TOPAS users to model medical imaging systems. Approach. We used the extension system of TOPAS to implement pre-built, user-configurable geometry components such as detectors (e.g. flat-panel and multi-planar detectors) for various imaging modalities and pre-built, user-configurable scorers for medical imaging systems (e.g. digitizer chain). Main results. We developed a flexible set of extensions that can be adapted to solve research questions for a variety of imaging modalities. We then utilized these extensions to model specific examples of cone-beam CT (CBCT), positron emission tomography (PET), and prompt gamma (PG) systems. The first of these new geometry components, the FlatImager, was used to model example CBCT and PG systems. Detected signals were accumulated in each detector pixel to obtain the intensity of x-rays penetrating objects or prompt gammas from proton-nuclear interaction. The second of these new geometry components, the RingImager, was used to model an example PET system. Positron–electron annihilation signals were recorded in crystals of the RingImager and coincidences were detected. The simulated data were processed using corresponding post-processing algorithms for each modality and obtained results in good agreement with the expected true signals or experimental measurement. Significance. The newly developed extension is a first step to making it easier for TOPAS users to build and simulate medical imaging systems. Together with existing TOPAS tools, this extension can help integrate medical imaging systems with radiotherapy simulations for image-guided radiotherapy.
Development and characterization of modular mouse phantoms for end-to-end testing and training in radiobiology experiments
Authors: Wegner Marie , Frenzel Thorsten , Krause Dieter , Gargioni Elisabetta 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. In radiation oncology, experiments are often carried out using mice as a model for in vivo research studies. Due to recent technological advances in the development of high-precision small-animal irradiation facilities, the importance of quality assurance for both dosimetry and imaging is increasing. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers the possibility to produce complex models from a three-dimensional data set and to build cost-effective phantoms that can easily be adapted to different purposes. The aim of this work was therefore to develop detailed anatomical mouse models for quality assurance and end-to-end testing of small-animal irradiation and imaging by means of AM. Approach. Two mouse phantom concepts were designed, constructed, and examined for this purpose. The first model includes cavities corresponding to the most important organs. The final solid model was constructed using AM in two separate parts that can be attached with a plug connection after filling these cavities with tissue-equivalent mixtures. Moreover, different radiation dosimeters can be placed in the lower part of the model. For the second concept, AM was used for building modules like the phantom outer shell and bones, so that different mixtures can be used as a filling, without modifying the phantom structure. Main results. CT as well as Micro-CT scans of both concepts showed an excellent quality and adequate image contrast, with material attenuation properties close to those of mouse tissues, apart from the current bone surrogates. Radiation dose measurements with radiochromic films were, with some exceptions in areas with larges bone volumes, in agreement with calculations within less than ±4%. Significance. AM shows great potential for the development of mouse models that are inexpensive, easy to adapt, and accurate, thus enabling their use for quality assurance in small-animal radiotherapy and imaging. The introduction of such 3D-printable mouse phantoms in the workflow could also significantly reduce the use of living animals for optimization and testing of new imaging and irradiation protocols.
Introduction and verification of FEDM, an open-source FEniCS-based discharge modelling code
Authors: Jovanović Aleksandar P , Loffhagen Detlef , Becker Markus M 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper introduces the finite element discharge modelling (FEDM) code, which was developed using the open-source computing platform FEniCS (https://fenicsproject.org). Building on FEniCS, the FEDM code utilises the finite element method to solve partial differential equations. It extends FEniCS with features that allow the automated implementation and numerical solution of fully coupled fluid-Poisson models including an arbitrary number of particle balance equations. The code is verified using the method of exact solutions and benchmarking. The physically based examples of a time-of-flight experiment, a positive streamer discharge in atmospheric-pressure air and a low-pressure glow discharge in argon are used as rigorous test cases for the developed modelling code and to illustrate its capabilities. The performance of the code is compared to the commercial software package COMSOL Multiphysics® and a comparable parallel speed-up is obtained. It is shown that the iterative solver implemented by FEDM performs particularly well on high-performance compute clusters.
Sociogenesis in unbounded space: modelling self-organised cohesive collective motion
Authors: Neu Zohar , Giuggioli Luca 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Maintaining cohesion between randomly moving agents in unbounded space is an essential functionality for many real-world applications requiring distributed multi-agent systems. We develop a bio-inspired collective movement model in 1D unbounded space to ensure such functionality. Using an internal agent belief to estimate the mesoscopic state of the system, agent motion is coupled to a dynamically self-generated social ranking variable. This coupling between social information and individual movement is exploited to induce spatial self-sorting and produces an adaptive, group-relative coordinate system that stabilises random motion in unbounded space. We investigate the state-space of the model in terms of its key control parameters and find two separate regimes for the system to attain dynamical cohesive states, including a Partial Sensing regime in which the system self-selects nearest-neighbour distances so as to ensure a near-constant mean number of sensed neighbours. Overall, our approach constitutes a novel theoretical development in models of collective movement, as it considers agents who make decisions based on internal representations of their social environment that explicitly take into account spatial variation in a dynamic internal variable.
Concatenated deleting machines and their characteristics
Authors: Nancy A , Balakrishnan S 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this work, we study the performance of one shot and concatenated deleting machines (DMs). We show that the output state of one shot DMs are mixed inseparable, and do not violate Bell’s inequality but can be used as a teleportation channel for all values of the input state parameters. On the other hand, we observe in the concatenation of different DMs that the output states are mixed inseparable and do not violate Bell’s inequality, and cannot be used as a teleportation channel. Further, some important attributes such as inseparability, violation of Bell’s inequality, and teleportation fidelity of the DMs remain unchanged under the order of concatenation. In this context of a teleportation channel, one shot DMs are useful when compared to concatenated DMs.
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound increases neurotrophic factors secretion and suppresses inflammation in in vitro models of peripheral neuropathies
Authors: Fontana Francesco , Iacoponi Francesco , Orlando Fabio , Pratellesi Tiziano , Cafarelli Andrea , Ricotti Leonardo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. In this study, we aimed to verify the beneficial effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on two cell types: H2O2-treated RSC96 Schwann cells and THP-1 macrophages, used to model neuropathic inflammation. Approach. Using a set-up guaranteeing a fine control of the ultrasound dose at the target, different frequencies (38 kHz, 1 MHz, 5 MHz) and different intensities (20, 100, 500 mW cm−2) were screened to find the most effective experimental conditions for triggering beneficial effects on metabolic activity and release of neurotrophic cytokines (β-nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor) of RSC96 cells. The combination of parameters resulting the optimal one was applied to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, also investigating a possible anti-oxidant activity and mechanotransduction pathway for the anti-inflammatory process. The same optimal combination of parameters was then applied to THP-1 cells, differentiated into M1 and M2 phenotypes, to assess the effect on the expression and release of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory ones (IL-10 and CD206). Main results. 5 MHz and 500 mW cm−2 were found as the optimal stimulation parameters on RSC96 cells. Such parameters were also found to suppress ROS and TNF-α in the same cell line, thus highlighting a possible anti-inflammatory effect, involving the NF-kB pathway. An anti-oxidant effect induced by LIPUS was also observed. Finally, the same LIPUS parameters did not induce any differentiation towards the M1 phenotype of THP-1 cells, whereas they decreased TNF-α and IL-8 gene expression, reduced IL-8 cytokine release and increased IL-10 cytokine release in M1-polarized THP-1 cells. Significance. This study represents the first step towards the use of precisely controlled LIPUS for the treatment of peripheral neuropathies.
Strain fields and critical phenomena in manganites I: spin-lattice Hamiltonians
Authors: Singh Rohit , Puri Sanjay 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We use a model Hamiltonian to study critical phenomena in manganites. This Hamiltonian includes long-range strain interactions, and a coupling between the magnetic order parameter and the strain field. We perform a perturbative renormalization group (RG) analysis and calculate the static critical exponents, correct to the one-loop level. We compare our RG results with many experiments on doped manganite critical systems. Our theory is in excellent agreement with the experimental values for the critical exponents.