bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) Scientific and Societal Relevance
Authors: Sikand M. , Avery E. , Friedrichsen C. , Roy T. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state and future of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) principles in the Science and Society section of the American Geophysical Union (Goldman et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002099). The ICON approach pioneers a new way of doing science that Integrates physical, chemical, biological, or social attributes across scales, Coordinates with consistent protocols and methods to enable transferability, is Open through the research lifecycle with findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable principles, and ensures mutual benefit to Network across a broad range of stakeholders. Scientific discoveries, rapid scientific and technological advancements, and solutions improve our ability to face challenges and benefit society. Without innovative approaches and integrity, we cannot solve the challenges of the 21st century, such as educational, agricultural, and health equity as well as climate change and environmental sustainability. Many societal challenges require evolved frameworks and measures to address complex problems. Here, we present three independent commentaries that discuss the connection of science to three broad areas of society and present challenges and untapped opportunities in these areas. The broad areas are Citizen Science, Collaboration across Natural Sciences and Social Sciences, and Education Policy which embody the ICON processes that can create a better understanding of the role of science in society and sustainable development. The ICON processes described in these broad areas offer universal lessons and can be adapted to other areas of impact in society.
The Influence of Radiation on the Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Intensification in a Forecast Model
Authors: Wu S.‐N. , Soden B. J. , Alaka G. J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study examines the influence of radiative heating on the prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensification in the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model. Previous idealized modeling and observational studies demonstrated that radiative heating can substantially modulate the evolution of TC intensity. However, the relevance of this process under realistic conditions remains unclear. Here, we use observed longwave radiative heating to explore the performance of TC forecasts in HWRF simulations. The performance of TC intensity forecasts is then investigated in the context of radiative heating forecasts. In observations and HWRF forecasts, high clouds near the TC center increase the convergence of radiative fluxes. A sharp spatial gradient (≥60 W/m2) in the flux convergence from the TC center outward toward the environment is associated with subsequent TC intensification. More accurate simulation of the spatial structure of longwave radiative heating is associated with more accurate TC intensity forecasts.
New Perspectives for Nonlinear Depth‐Inversion of the Nearshore Using Boussinesq Theory
Authors: Martins Kévin , Bonneton Philippe , de Viron Olivier , Turner Ian L. , Harley Mitchel D. , Splinter Kristen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAccurately mapping the evolving bathymetry under energetic wave breaking is challenging, yet critical for improving our understanding of sandy beach morphodynamics. Though remote sensing is one of the most promising opportunities for reaching this goal, existing depth‐inversion algorithms using linear approaches face major theoretical and/or technical issues in the surf zone, limiting their accuracy over this region. Here, we present a new depth‐inversion approach relying on Boussinesq theory for quantifying nonlinear dispersion effects in nearshore waves. Using high‐resolution datasets collected in the laboratory under diverse wave conditions and beach morphologies, we demonstrate that this approach results in enhanced levels of accuracy in the surf zone (errors typically within 10%) and presents a major improvement over linear methods. The new nonlinear depth‐inversion approach provides significant prospects for future practical applications in the field using existing remote sensing technologies, including continuous lidar scanners and stereo‐imaging systems.
Penetrative Convection Modifies the Dynamics of Downslope Gravity Currents
Authors: Doda T. , Ulloa H. N. , Ramón C. L. , Wüest A. , Bouffard D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGravity currents contribute to the transport of heat and mass in atmospheric and aquatic environments. In aquatic systems subject to daily surface cooling, gravity currents propagate through turbulent convective surroundings. Yet, the effects of thermal convection on aquatic gravity currents remain to be quantified. This paper demonstrates how the interaction between penetrative convection and downslope gravity currents impacts the fluid dynamics and transport across littoral aquatic systems. We performed field experiments in a wind‐sheltered lake experiencing differential cooling to resolve the dynamics of thermally driven gravity currents in convective environments. Our in situ observations reveal that convective plumes penetrate gravity currents, generating large vertical fluctuations that foster the erosion of the stratified layer. This enhanced vertical mixing destroys the stratified downslope flow and limits the basin‐scale transport. Our results demonstrate that the interaction between penetrative convection and downslope gravity currents controls the littoral‐pelagic connectivity in aquatic ecosystems.
Sea Level Changes Affect Seismicity Rates in a Hydrothermal System Near Istanbul
Authors: Martínez‐Garzón P. , Beroza G. C. , Bocchini G. M. , Bohnhoff M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSmall stress changes such as those from sea level fluctuations can be large enough to trigger earthquakes. If small and large earthquakes initiate similarly, high‐resolution catalogs with low detection thresholds are best suited to illuminate such processes. Below the Sea of Marmara section of the North Anatolian Fault, a segment of 150 km is late in its seismic cycle. We generated high‐resolution seismicity catalogs for a hydrothermal region in the eastern Sea of Marmara employing AI‐based and template matching techniques to investigate the link between sea level fluctuations and seismicity over 6 months. All high resolution catalogs show that local seismicity rates are larger during time periods shortly after local minima of sea level, when it is already rising. Local strainmeters indicate that seismicity is promoted when the ratio of differential to areal strain is the largest. The strain changes from sea level variations, on the order of 30–300 nstrain, are sufficient to promote seismicity.
Orbital‐Insolation Controlled Porites Coral δ13C Seasonality Variations Since the Mid‐Holocene in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Wang Hao , Yu Kefu , Han Tao , Xu Shendong , Tao Shichen , Dang Shaohua , Yu Xiaopeng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCoral skeleton δ13C is a routinely measured indicator in modern insolation change research, but the knowledge of environmental and climatic signals recorded in its seasonality during geological time is sparse. In this study, we present eight Porites coral δ13C records from the mid‐late Holocene to the present from the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Compared with the main control factors for modern δ13C changes, coral δ13C seasonality in the NSCS since the mid‐Holocene shows a long‐term decreasing trend, which is consistent with the change trend as orbital‐induced (precession) insolation seasonal amplitude. By excluding other influencing factors, we speculate that the stronger coral δ13C seasonality (18.8%) over the mid‐Holocene than modern period is attributable to the metabolic effect, which predicts the stronger coral δ13C seasonality under stronger insolation seasonality. Our study has implications for coral δ13C seasonality as a potential indicator to record past insolation information under different climatic backgrounds.
Computing the Ensemble Spread From Deterministic Weather Predictions Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Brecht Rüdiger , Bihlo Alex 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEnsemble prediction systems are an invaluable tool for weather forecasting. Practically, ensemble predictions are obtained by running several perturbations of the deterministic control forecast. However, ensemble prediction is associated with a high computational cost and often involves statistical post‐processing steps to improve its quality. Here we propose to use deep‐learning‐based algorithms to learn the statistical properties of an ensemble prediction system, the ensemble spread, given only the deterministic control forecast. Thus, once trained, the costly ensemble prediction system will not be needed anymore to obtain future ensemble forecasts, and the statistical properties of the ensemble can be derived from a single deterministic forecast. We adapt the classical pix2pix architecture to a three‐dimensional model and train them against several years of operational (ensemble) weather forecasts for the 500 hPa geopotential height. The results demonstrate that the trained models indeed allow obtaining a highly accurate ensemble spread from the control forecast only.
Retracted: New Types of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions on Mars: Funnel and Skirt Distributions
Authors: Guo Z. Z. , Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Liu Y. Y. , Xu Y. , Wang Z. , Yu Y. , Wang J. , Chen G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUsing high‐resolution Solar Wind Electron Analyzer data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft, we report two new types of electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in the Martian plasma environment. The first type of electron PADs, showing pitch angle primally around , is termed funnel distribution, which was observed near the terminator and at about 1,200 km altitude. The second type of electron PADs, showing pitch angle primally around , is termed skirt distribution, which was detected on the nightside and at about 1,250 km altitude. The electrons of funnel and skirt distributions do not exhibit any photoelectron signatures and are shown to originate from the solar wind. Through the fitting analysis, we find that the electrons showing both funnel and skirt PADs are thermal electron populations and suprathermal electron populations. In addition, the possibilities that such two types of electron pitch angle distributions corresponding to magnetic field configurations are also discussed.
Vertical Dependency of Aerosol Impacts on Local Scale Convective Precipitation
Authors: Sun Yue , Wang Yuan , Zhao Chuanfeng , Zhou Yue , Yang Yikun , Yang Xingchuan , Fan Hao , Zhao Xin , Yang Jie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAerosol effects on convective precipitation is critical for understanding human impacts on extreme weather and the hydrological cycle. However, even their signs and magnitude remain debatable. In particular, aerosol effects on vertical structure of precipitation have not been systematically examined yet. Combining 6‐year space‐borne and ground‐based observations over the North China Plain, we show a boomerang‐shape aerosol effect on the top height of convective precipitation, from invigoration to suppression. Further analyses reveal that the aerosols play distinct effects on precipitation rate at different layers. Particularly, near surface precipitation rate shows no significant responses to aerosol and precipitation‐top height due to strong evaporation. The competition of energy between released from condensation and freezing and absorbed by evaporation contributes to different responses of precipitation‐top height to aerosol and can explain the boomerang‐shape aerosol effect.
Widespread Frequent Methane Emissions From the Oil and Gas Industry in the Permian Basin
Authors: Veefkind J. P. , Serrano‐Calvo R. , de Gouw J. , Dix B. , Schneising O. , Buchwitz M. , Barré J. , van der A R. J. , Liu M. , Levelt P. F. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEmissions of methane (CH4) in the Permian basin (USA) have been derived for 2019 and 2020 from satellite observations of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) using the divergence method, in combination with a data driven method to estimate the background column densities. The resulting CH4 emission data, which have been verified using model data with known emissions, have a spatial resolution of approximately 10 km. The CH4 emissions show moderate spatial correlation with the locations of oil and gas production and drilling activities in the Permian basin, as well as with emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Analysis of the emission maps and time series indicates that a significant fraction of methane emissions in the Permian basin is from frequent widespread emissions sources, rather than from a few infrequent very large unplanned releases, which is important considering possible CH4 emission mitigation strategies. In addition to providing spatially resolved emissions, the divergence method also provides the total emissions of the Permian basin and its main sub‐basins. The total CH4 emission of the Permian is estimated as 3.0 ± 0.7 Tg yr−1 for 2019, which agrees with other independent estimates based on TROPOMI data. For the Delaware sub‐basin, it is estimated as 1.4 ± 0.3 Tg yr−1 for 2019, and for the Midland sub‐basin 1.2 ± 0.3 Tg yr−1. In 2020 the emissions are 9% lower compared to 2019 in the entire Permian basin, and respectively 19% and 27% for the Delaware and Midland sub‐basins.
On the Polar Bias in Ice Core 10Be Data
Authors: Adolphi F. , Herbst K. , Nilsson A. , Panovska S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCosmogenic radionuclide records from polar ice cores provide unique insights into past cosmic ray flux variations. They allow reconstructions of past solar activity, space weather, and geomagnetic field changes, and provide insights into past carbon cycle changes. However, all these applications rely on the proportionality of the ice core radionuclide records to the global mean production rate changes. This premise has been long debated from a model and data‐perspective. Here, we address this issue through atmospheric mixing model experiments and comparison to independent data. We find that all mixing scenarios, which do not assume complete tropospheric mixing, result in a polar bias. This bias is more prominent for geomagnetic field changes than solar modulation changes. The most likely scenario, supported by independent geomagnetic field records and marine 10Be during the Laschamps geomagnetic field minimum, results in a dampening of geomagnetic field induced changes by 23%–37% and an enhancement of solar‐induced changes by 7%–8%. During the Holocene, we do not find conclusive evidence for a polar bias. We propose a correction function that allows deconvolving the glacial ice core record in order to restore proportionality to the global mean signal.
Dust Devil Frequency of Occurrence and Radiative Effects at Jezero Crater, Mars, as Measured by MEDA Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS)
Authors: Toledo D. , Apéstigue V. , Arruego I. , Lemmon M. , Gómez L. , Montoro F. , Hueso R. , Newman C. , Smith M. , Viudez‐Moreiras D. , Martínez G. , Lorenz R. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. , Sanchez‐Lavega A. , Juarez M. de la Torre , Rodriguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Carrasco I. , Yela M. , Jimenez J. J. , García‐Menendez E. , Navarro S. , Gomez‐Elvira F. J. , Harri A.‐M. , Polkko J. , Hieta M. , Genzer M. , Murdoch N. , Sebastian E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, onboard the Perseverance rover, is a meteorological station that is operating on Mars and includes, among other sensors, the radiometer Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS). From RDS irradiance observations, a total of 374 dust devils (DDs) were detected for the first 365 sols of the mission (Ls = 6°–182°), which along with wind and pressure measurements, we estimated a DD frequency of formation at Jezero between 1.3 and 3.4 DD km−2 sol−1 (increasing as we move from spring into summer). This frequency is found to be smaller than that estimated at the Spirit or Pathfinder landing sites but much greater than that derived at InSight landing site. The maximum in DD frequency occurs between 12:00 and 13:00 local true solar time, which is when the convective heat flux and lower planetary boundary layer IR heating are both predicted to peak in Jezero crater. DD diameter, minimum height, and trajectory were studied showing (a) an average diameter of 29 m (or a median of 25 m) and a maximum and minimum diameter of 132 ± 63.4 and 5.6 ± 5.5 m; (b) an average minimum DD height of 231 m and a maximum minimum‐height of 872 m; and (c) the DD migration direction is in agreement with wind measurements. For all the cases, DDs decreased the UV irradiance, while at visible or near‐IR wavelengths both increases and decreases were observed. Contrary to the frequency of formation, these results indicate similar DD characteristics in average for the studied period.
Surface Energy Budget, Albedo, and Thermal Inertia at Jezero Crater, Mars, as Observed From the Mars 2020 MEDA Instrument
Authors: Martínez G. M. , Sebastián E. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. , Smith M. D. , Johnson J. R. , Fischer E. , Savijärvi H. , Toledo D. , Hueso R. , Mora‐Sotomayor L. , Gillespie H. , Munguira A. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , Lemmon M. T. , Gómez F. , Polkko J. , Mandon L. , Apéstigue V. , Arruego I. , Ramos M. , Conrad P. , Newman C. E. , Torre‐Juarez M. de la , Jordan F. , Tamppari L. K. , McConnochie T. H. , Harri A.‐M. , Genzer M. , Hieta M. , Zorzano M.‐P. , Siegler M. , Prieto O. , Molina A. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) on board Perseverance includes first‐of‐its‐kind sensors measuring the incident and reflected solar flux, the downwelling atmospheric IR flux, and the upwelling IR flux emitted by the surface. We use these measurements for the first 350 sols of the Mars 2020 mission (Ls ∼ 6°–174° in Martian Year 36) to determine the surface radiative budget on Mars and to calculate the broadband albedo (0.3–3 μm) as a function of the illumination and viewing geometry. Together with MEDA measurements of ground temperature, we calculate the thermal inertia for homogeneous terrains without the need for numerical thermal models. We found that (a) the observed downwelling atmospheric IR flux is significantly lower than the model predictions. This is likely caused by the strong diurnal variation in aerosol opacity measured by MEDA, which is not accounted for by numerical models. (b) The albedo presents a marked non‐Lambertian behavior, with lowest values near noon and highest values corresponding to low phase angles (i.e., Sun behind the observer). (c) Thermal inertia values ranged between 180 (sand dune) and 605 (bedrock‐dominated material) SI units. (d) Averages of albedo and thermal inertia (spatial resolution of ∼3–4 m2) along Perseverance's traverse are in very good agreement with collocated retrievals of thermal inertia from Thermal Emission Imaging System (spatial resolution of 100 m per pixel) and of bolometric albedo in the 0.25–2.9 μm range from (spatial resolution of ∼300 km2). The results presented here are important to validate model predictions and provide ground‐truth to orbital measurements.
Effects of Tectonic Quiescence Between Orogeny and Rifting
Authors: Salazar‐Mora Claudio Alejandro , Sacek Victor 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTectonic quiescence is a period of nearly null relative plate motion. During the Atlantic Ocean opening, rifting cut across continental segments of supercontinent Pangea that had been through different periods of quiescence, which varied from tens to hundreds of Myr. Using numerical models, we explored the effects of quiescence between orogeny and rifting on the pre‐rift lithosphere and subsequent conjugate rifted margin configuration. Our model results showed that quiescence of ∼30–60 Myr caused wide orogenic wedges (>300 km) to be heated beneath their centers, which led to the breakup of the lithospheric mantle before the breakup of the continental crust during rifting, resulting in hyperextended conjugate rifted margins. In these scenarios, continental lithosphere breakup away from the suture contributed to the preservation of previously subducted lower crust along the subduction zone. Long periods of tectonic quiescence (∼100 Myr) experienced by a wide orogen permitted efficient orogenic collapse and lateral spreading, with pronounced lithospheric thermal weakening. Consequently, post‐quiescence rifting reactivated the suture and effectively drove plate eduction, exhuming most of the subducted continental lower crust and mantle lithosphere. Ultimately, ultra‐wide domains developed into asymmetric conjugate margins. Contrastingly, in narrow orogenic wedges (<200 km), different quiescence durations had minor effects on the margin architecture. In these cases, a longer quiescence time contributed to a larger preservation of subducted crust in the fossil subduction zone after rifting. Our models agree with conjugate rifted margins in the North and South Atlantic, which probably developed after the collapse of wide orogens and subsequent periods of tectonic quiescence.
Turbulent Coherent Flow Structures to Predict the Behavior of Particles With Low to Intermediate Stokes Number Between Submerged Obstacles in Streams
Authors: You Hojung , Tinoco Rafael O. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUnderwater obstacles are identified as local hotspots of various particulate matters in streams. As the transport of particles is dependent on surrounding flow, we expect that flow structures created in the vicinity of obstacles provide a favorable condition for high particle concentration. We quantify the particle behaviors at small to intermediate range of Stokes number as they move past two obstacles forming a gap of varying length, based on three indices: the ratio of particles entering the gap, the time span between entry and exit of particles, and the integral time scale of flow. We performed laboratory experiments in a recirculating racetrack flume using quantitative imaging, particle image velocimetry to obtain flow velocity fields, and particle tracking velocimetry to track full trajectory of particles. As the gap length increases, the interaction between inner and outer flows of the gap increases, which is followed by an increase of the ratio of particles entering the gap and a decrease of the time span of particles and the integral time scale. Noticeably, indices converged when the gap length reached a critical value and recirculating flow structures were fully developed in between the gap, which indicates that the transport of particles with small to intermediate Stokes number (St = 0.1–0.5) is related to the large‐scale flow motions. Understanding these patterns allow us to select specific zones to sample and monitor both organic (seeds, eggs, and larvae of endemic aquatic species), and inorganic (sediment and microplastics) particles for better management of aquatic environments.