bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rüchardt experiment revisited: using simple theory, accurate measurement and python based data analysis
Authors: Shearwood Chris , Sloan Peter A 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This project uses the Rüchardt experiment to determine the ratio of specific heats and hence the number of degrees of freedom f of different gases by measuring the frequency of damped simple harmonic motion where the gas provides the Hooke's law like spring of a cylinder–piston system. This project links mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics making it an excellent synoptic experiment for a year 2 undergraduate student and we detail our implementation of this team-based learning project. We present, for the Rüchardt experiment, simple derivations of the main relationships that govern the experiment, a detailed data analysis of the physics of the apparatus and the experimental data. We find f(He) = 3.48 ± 0.14, f(N2) = 4.92 ± 0.24, f(Air) = 4.96 ± 0.25, f(CO2) = 6.46 ± 0.39 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The results for CO2 requires a statistical analysis of its vibrational modes. These results show that the expected results can be measured using fairly simple apparatus, coupled with careful analysis of large data sets.
Coexistence of logarithmic and SdH quantum oscillations in ferromagnetic Cr-doped tellurium single crystals
Authors: Zhang Shu-Juan , Chen Lei , Li Shuang-Shuang , Zhang Ying , Yan Jian-Min , Tang Fang , Fang Yong , Fei Lin-Feng , Zhao Weiyao , Karel Julie , Chai Yang , Zheng Ren-Kui 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We report the synthesis of transition-metal-doped ferromagnetic elemental single-crystal semiconductors with quantum oscillations using the physical vapor transport method. The 7.7 atom% Cr-doped Te crystals (Cr:Te) show ferromagnetism, butterfly-like negative magnetoresistance in the low temperature (<3.8 K) and low field (<0.15 T) region, and high Hall mobility, e.g. 1320 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 30 K and 350 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 300 K, implying that Cr:Te crystals are ferromagnetic elemental semiconductors. When B // [001] // I, the maximum negative MR is ∼−27% at T = 20 K and B = 8 T. In the low temperature semiconducting region, Cr:Te crystals show strong discrete scale invariance dominated logarithmic quantum oscillations when the direction of the magnetic field B is parallel to the [100] crystallographic direction (B // [100]) and show Landau quantization dominated Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations for B // [210] direction, which suggests the broken rotation symmetry of the Fermi pockets in the Cr:Te crystals. The findings of coexistence of multiple quantum oscillations and ferromagnetism in such an elemental quantum material may inspire more study of narrow bandgap semiconductors with ferromagnetism and quantum phenomena.
Fused solar-blind UV/VIS Bi-spectral sensing and imaging with vertically stacking ZnGa2O4/MAPbI3 structure
Authors: Liu Jiaxin , Ni Mingzhu , Zou Jikuang , Gu Wanzhong , Xu Xiaobao , Zou Yousheng 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Various spectral bands provide different types of information, and information enhancement could be achieved by selective fusion of different spectral bands. The fused solar-blind Ultraviolet (UV)/Visible (VIS) bi-spectral sensing and imaging can provide the precise location of UV targets in virtue of VIS background, which has been increasingly promoted. However, most reported UV/VIS bi-spectral photodetectors (PDs) only have one single channel towards a broadband spectrum of both UV and VIS light, which cannot distinguish two kinds of signals, hindering the image fusion of bi-spectral signals. This work demonstrates the solar-blind UV/VIS bi-spectral PD based on vertically stacking perovskite of MAPbI3 and ternary oxide of ZnGa2O4 with independent and distinct response toward solar-blind UV and VIS light in a single pixel. The PD exhibits excellent sensing properties with an I
on/I
off ratio of >107 and 102, detectivity of >1010 and 108 Jones, and response decay time of 90 μs and 16 ms for VIS and UV channels, respectively. The successful fusion of VIS and UV images suggests that our bi-spectral PD can be applied in the accurate identification of corona discharge and fire detection.
Riemann–Hilbert problems and N-soliton solutions of the nonlocal reverse space-time Chen–Lee–Liu equation
Authors: Liu Tongshuai , Xia Tiecheng 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the N-soliton solutions to the nonlocal reverse space-time Chen–Lee–Liu equation have been derived. Under the nonlocal symmetry reduction to the matrix spectral problem, the nonlocal reverse space-time Chen–Lee–Liu equation can be obtained. Based on the spectral problem, the specific matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem is constructed for this nonlocal equation. Through solving this associated Riemann–Hilbert problem, the N-soliton solutions to this nonlocal equation can be obtained in the case of the jump matrix as an identity matrix.
Low carrier recombination in polysiloxane gel electrolyte for high-performance DSSC
Authors: Usman Ida , Arsyad Waode Sukmawati , Herman Herman , Hidayat Rahmat 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Previous research on quasi-solid-state DSSC (QSS-DSSC) that utilized polysiloxane-based polymer gel electrolytes (PGE) showed that the functional performance of the cells was highly affected by electrolyte infiltration into the TiO2 nano-porous layers. This study evaluated the efficiency enhancement in siloxane-based cells by introducing a TiCl4 pre-treatment process twice. We compared the impedance spectrum of PGE-based DSSC without (type-1 PGE) and with (type-2 PGE) with the addition of propylene carbonate, measured under dark and light illumination. The impedance spectra of both cells showed different characteristics at different condition measurements, especially in the high-frequency region. Unlike the type-2 PGE-based DSSC, the type-1 PGE-based DSSC did not show the transmission line characteristic, which indicated less charge carrier diffusion inside the TiO2 nano-porous layer. Under light illumination, the interfacial charge transfer between electrons inside TiO2 layers with the electrolyte (Rct), and the electron lifetime inside TiO2 layers before it is recombined (τ
r), became smaller for type-2 PGE-based DSSC and larger for type-1 PGE-based DSSC. This indicated that the recombination rate increased as the PGE became more vicious. This result supports the photovoltaic characteristics that yield current density and efficiency values of 16 mA cm−2 and 5.37% for type-2 PGE-based DSSC, 13.4 mA cm−2, and 4.72% for type-1 PGE-based DSSC. The challenge for further improvement in DSSC that employs PGE is to elevate the wetting capability of the gel inside the TiO2 layer without additional solvent since additional solvent eventually can reduce ionic concentration and consequently increase the Rct value as shown in the analysis of the impedance spectrum of TiO2 layer without dye.
Chronic basal forebrain activation improves spatial memory, boosts neurotrophin receptor expression, and lowers BACE1 and Aβ42 levels in the cerebral cortex in mice
Authors: Kumro Jacob , Tripathi Ashutosh , Lei Yun , Sword Jeremy , Callahan Patrick , Terry Alvin , Lu Xin-yun , Kirov Sergei A , Pillai Anilkumar , Blake David T 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer’s dementia has been hypothesized in terms of basal forebrain cholinergic decline, and in terms of reflecting beta-amyloid neuropathology. To study these different biological elements, we activated the basal forebrain in 5xFAD Alzheimer’s model mice and littermates. Mice received 5 months of 1 h per day intermittent stimulation of the basal forebrain, which includes cholinergic projections to the cortical mantle. Then, mice were behaviorally tested followed by tissue analysis. The 5xFAD mice performed worse in water-maze testing than littermates. Stimulated groups learned the water maze better than unstimulated groups. Stimulated groups had 2–3-fold increases in frontal cortex immunoblot measures of the neurotrophin receptors for nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and a more than 50% decrease in the expression of amyloid cleavage enzyme BACE1. Stimulation also led to lower Aβ42 in 5xFAD mice. These data support a causal relationship between basal forebrain activation and both neurotrophin activation and reduced Aβ42 generation and accumulation. The observation that basal forebrain activation suppresses Aβ42 accumulation, combined with the known high-affinity antagonism of nicotinic receptors by Aβ42, documents bidirectional antagonism between acetylcholine and Aβ42.
Perspective changes in human listeners are aligned with the contextual transformation of the word embedding space
Authors: Tikochinski Refael , Goldstein Ariel , Yeshurun Yaara , Hasson Uri , Reichart Roi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Word embedding representations have been shown to be effective in predicting human neural responses to lingual stimuli. While these representations are sensitive to the textual context, they lack the extratextual sources of context such as prior knowledge, thoughts, and beliefs, all of which constitute the listener’s perspective. In this study, we propose conceptualizing the listeners’ perspective as a source that induces changes in the embedding space. We relied on functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected by Yeshurun Y, Swanson S, Simony E, Chen J, Lazaridi C, Honey CJ, Hasson U. Same story, different story: the neural representation of interpretive frameworks. Psychol Sci. 2017:28(3):307–319, in which two groups of human listeners (n = 40) were listening to the same story but with different perspectives. Using a dedicated fine-tuning process, we created two modified versions of a word embedding space, corresponding to the two groups of listeners. We found that each transformed space was better fitted with neural responses of the corresponding group, and that the spatial distances between these spaces reflect both interpretational differences between the perspectives and the group-level neural differences. Together, our results demonstrate how aligning a continuous embedding space to a specific context can provide a novel way of modeling listeners’ intrinsic perspectives.
The Money War: democracy, taxes and inflation in the U.S. Civil War
Authors: Ron Ariel , Valeonti Sofia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Both sides in the U.S. Civil War financed military spending by issuing new fiat currencies. The Union ‘greenback’ underwent moderate inflation (by wartime standards), but the Confederate ‘greyback’ suffered hyperinflation. Existing explanations for these price movements typically treat only one of the two cases and adopt either a quantity theory or rational expectations approach. We compare Union and Confederate policies directly and highlight the importance of taxation for assuring the value of inconvertible money. Combining monetary and fiscal history literatures, we find that tax policies were determined by long-term development of democratic governing institutions. Higher levels of democracy in the North, as compared to the slaveholding South, meant greater tax policy legitimacy and administrative competence. The Union drew on this legacy to back its money effectively, while the Confederacy failed to do so. We contribute to credit theories of money by drawing attention to the political determinants of effective fiscal policy.
Henrik Ibsen, Emperor Julian, and the crisis of faith in modernity
Authors: Boswell Brad , Crawford Matthew R , Stavrakopoulou Anna 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAlthough it is one of his lesser known and performed plays, Henrik Ibsen considered Emperor and Galilean to be his Hovedverk—his ‘main’ or ‘pivotal’ work—in which he finally presented his positive worldview. It remains comparatively little studied in scholarship, though one scholar has recently argued that it is the key to unlocking his entire corpus. The present study builds upon past scholarship uncovering the works Ibsen drew upon in writing the play but goes beyond the mere question of its historical sources and accuracy to consider Ibsen’s purpose for including the specific and precise pieces of historical texture he chose in the particular order and configuration he devised. In short, we aim to identify the creative purposes for his curating of the historical details he took from his sources. What emerges from our analysis is that, even when Ibsen is following the sources, his protagonist stands out as a strikingly modern figure, more at home in the nineteenth century than the fourth. Ibsen portrays his Julian struggling with doubt and uncertainty of a distinctly modern caste; he puts in his mouth criticisms of Christianity that stem from modernity rather than the historical figure; and he suggests that, just as Christianity had to prove victorious over paganism in late antiquity, so Christianity itself must be superseded in the modern era, though perhaps some aspects of it are worth preserving in the yet-to-arrive third empire.
FAIR Island: real-world examples of place-based open science
Authors: Robinson Erin , Buys Matthew , Chodacki John , Garzas Kristian , Monfort Steven , Nancarrow Catherine , Praetzellis Maria , Riley Brian , Wimalaratne Sarala , Davies Neil 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe relationship between people, place, and data presents challenges and opportunities for science and society. While there has been general enthusiasm for and work toward Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data for open science, only more recently have these data-centric principles been extended into dimensions important to people and place—notably, the CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance, which affect collective benefit, authority to control, responsibility, and ethics. The FAIR Island project seeks to translate these ideals into practice, leveraging the institutional infrastructure provided by scientific field stations. Starting with field stations in French Polynesia as key use cases that are exceptionally well connected to international research networks, FAIR Island builds interoperability between different components of critical research infrastructure, helping connect these to societal benefit areas. The goal is not only to increase reuse of scientific data and the awareness of work happening at the field stations but more generally to accelerate place-based research for sustainable development. FAIR Island works reflexively, aiming to scale horizontally through networks of field stations and to serve as a model for other sites of intensive long-term scientific study.
Characterization and simulation of metagenomic nanopore sequencing data with Meta-NanoSim
Authors: Yang Chen , Lo Theodora , Nip Ka Ming , Hafezqorani Saber , Warren René L , Birol Inanc 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Nanopore sequencing is crucial to metagenomic studies as its kilobase-long reads can contribute to resolving genomic structural differences among microbes. However, sequencing platform-specific challenges, including high base-call error rate, nonuniform read lengths, and the presence of chimeric artifacts, necessitate specifically designed analytical algorithms. The use of simulated datasets with characteristics that are true to the sequencing platform under evaluation is a cost-effective way to assess the performance of bioinformatics tools with the ground truth in a controlled environment.

Results
Here, we present Meta-NanoSim, a fast and versatile utility that characterizes and simulates the unique properties of nanopore metagenomic reads. It improves upon state-of-the-art methods on microbial abundance estimation through a base-level quantification algorithm. Meta-NanoSim can simulate complex microbial communities composed of both linear and circular genomes and can stream reference genomes from online servers directly. Simulated datasets showed high congruence with experimental data in terms of read length, error profiles, and abundance levels. We demonstrate that Meta-NanoSim simulated data can facilitate the development of metagenomic algorithms and guide experimental design through a metagenome assembly benchmarking task.

Conclusions
The Meta-NanoSim characterization module investigates read features, including chimeric information and abundance levels, while the simulation module simulates large and complex multisample microbial communities with different abundance profiles. All trained models and the software are freely accessible at GitHub: https://github.com/bcgsc/NanoSim.
A hierarchical model of the relative efficiency of two trawl survey protocols, with application to flatfish off the coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Cadigan N G , Walsh S J , Benoît H P , Regular P M , Wheeland L J 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe present a hierarchical model for survey comparative fishing (CF) experiments (x) to utilize data from several species (s) and x to provide improved estimates of the relative efficiency of one survey protocol compared to another. This model is applied to four flatfish s and two x conducted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) in 1995 and 1996. We used a monotone increasing function for relative efficiency, and included spatial effects to account for this important source of variation that was not considered in previous analyses of these data. We provide detailed analyses of the anticipated impacts of the various changes in the DFO survey protocols to better understand the reliability of the results. We show that there were important differences in relative efficiency among s, x, and spatial regions, which, combined with low sample sizes and low catch rates, contributed to poor precision in the estimates of relative efficiency. We conclude that stock assessment models in the future should have a goal of using unconverted survey indices, but also include information on the relative efficiency of trawl survey protocols as prior distributions. This will more adequately account for this important source of uncertainty.
Sparse confidence sets for normal mean models
Authors: Ning Yang , Cheng Guang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new framework to construct confidence sets for a $d$-dimensional unknown sparse parameter ${\boldsymbol \theta }$ under the normal mean model ${\boldsymbol X}\sim N({\boldsymbol \theta },\sigma ^{2}\bf{I})$. A key feature of the proposed confidence set is its capability to account for the sparsity of ${\boldsymbol \theta }$, thus named as sparse confidence set. This is in sharp contrast with the classical methods, such as the Bonferroni confidence intervals and other resampling-based procedures, where the sparsity of ${\boldsymbol \theta }$ is often ignored. Specifically, we require the desired sparse confidence set to satisfy the following two conditions: (i) uniformly over the parameter space, the coverage probability for ${\boldsymbol \theta }$ is above a pre-specified level; (ii) there exists a random subset $S$ of $\{1,...,d\}$ such that $S$ guarantees the pre-specified true negative rate for detecting non-zero $\theta _{j}$’s. To exploit the sparsity of ${\boldsymbol \theta }$, we allow the confidence interval for $\theta _{j}$ to degenerate to a single point 0 for any $j\notin S$. Under this new framework, we first consider whether there exist sparse confidence sets that satisfy the above two conditions. To address this question, we establish a non-asymptotic minimax lower bound for the non-coverage probability over a suitable class of sparse confidence sets. The lower bound deciphers the role of sparsity and minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the construction of sparse confidence sets. Furthermore, under suitable conditions on the SNR, a two-stage procedure is proposed to construct a sparse confidence set. To evaluate the optimality, the proposed sparse confidence set is shown to attain a minimax lower bound of some properly defined risk function up to a constant factor. Finally, we develop an adaptive procedure to the unknown sparsity. Numerical studies are conducted to verify the theoretical results.
Bicritical Rational Maps With a Common Iterate
Authors: Koch Sarah , Lindsey Kathryn , Sharland Thomas 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Let $f$ be a degree $d$ bicritical rational map with critical point set $\mathcal{C}_f$ and critical value set $\mathcal{V}_f$. Using the group $\textrm{Deck}(f^k)$ of deck transformations of $f^k$, we show that if $g$ is a bicritical rational map that shares an iterate with $f$, then $\mathcal{C}_f = \mathcal{C}_g$ and $\mathcal{V}_f = \mathcal{V}_g$. Using this, we show that if two bicritical rational maps of even degree $d$ share an iterate, then they share a second iterate, and both maps belong to the symmetry locus of degree $d$ bicritical rational maps.
Resistance to antibacterial antifolates in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: prevalence estimates and genetic basis
Authors: Kime Louise , Waring Tina , Mohamad Merianne , Mann Benjamin F , O’Neill Alex J 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Antibacterial antifolate drugs might have a wider role in the management of staphylococcal infection. One factor that could potentially limit their use in this context is pre-existing resistance. Here we explored the prevalence and genetic basis for resistance to these drugs in a large collection (n = 1470) of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus.

Methods
Strains were subjected to susceptibility testing to detect resistance to trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole and the investigational drug, iclaprim. Whole-genome sequences were interrogated to establish the genetic basis for resistance.

Results
According to CLSI breakpoints, 15.2% of the strains were resistant to trimethoprim, 5.2% to sulfamethoxazole and 4.1% to co-trimoxazole. Using the proposed breakpoint for iclaprim, 89% of the trimethoprim-resistant strains exhibited non-susceptibility to this agent. Sulfamethozaxole resistance was exclusively the result of mutation in the drug target (dihydropteroate synthase). Resistance to trimethoprim and iclaprim also resulted from mutation in the target (dihydrofolate reductase; DHFR) but was more commonly associated with horizontal acquisition of genes encoding drug-insensitive DHFR proteins. Among the latter, we identified a novel gene (dfrL) encoding a DHFR with ∼35% identity to native and known resistant DHFRs, which was confirmed via molecular cloning to mediate high-level resistance.

Conclusions
This study provides a detailed picture of the genotypes underlying staphylococcal resistance to antifolate drugs in clinical use and in development. Prevalence estimates suggest that resistance to the diaminopyrimidines (trimethoprim/iclaprim) is not uncommon among MDR S. aureus, and considerably higher than observed for sulfamethoxazole or co-trimoxazole.