bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Heterogeneity in Receptor Activity: The Activation of Macrophage Fc Receptor Function in Vivo and in Vitro
Authors: Rhodes John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Fc receptor activity of single macrophages and of distinct macrophage populations was examined in terms of cellular avidity for IgG antibody by using a rosette assay which permits characterization of receptor activity at the cellular level and quantitation of any changes in such receptor activity. Marked heterogeneity was shown to exist within normal populations of macrophages. Both normal peritoneal and alveolar macrophage populations exhibit a normal or logistic distribution of cellular avidities for IgG antibody. The mean avidity of the peritoneal population, however, was found to be approximately 3 times greater than that of the alveolar population. Moreover, alveolar macrophages possess a range of cellular avidities 3 times greater than that of peritoneal macrophages.
Comparison of normal unstimulated peritoneal macrophages and induced inflammatory exudate macrophages revealed a 6-fold increase in the proportion of high avidity cells in the latter population. Normal peritoneal and normal alveolar macrophages were shown to undergo a striking increase in Fc receptor activity in vitro. Under certain conditions of culture these cells acquire the antibody-binding capacity characteristic of high avidity cells in the inflammatory exudate population. Fresh guinea pig serum was shown to prevent this activation of Fc receptor function in vitro. Aged guinea pig serum was somewhat less effective. The serum factor(s) responsible appears to be consumed or exhausted in some way by macrophages. It is heat stable and has a molecular weight of less than 100,000 daltons. Serum IgG was found not to be involved in the effects of fresh serum on receptor activation in vitro.
The activation of Fc receptor function described here may facilitate both the presentation of antigen to specific T lymphocytes and the antibody dependent killing of tumor cells by macrophages. Changes in receptor activity of the kind described may thus play an important regulatory role in the induction of an immune response and in the effector mechanisms of immunologic surveillance.
Immunologic Functions of Isolated Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Sondel Paul M. , Chess Leonard , MacDermott Richard P. , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The studies presented herein have evaluated both the specificity and cellular basis of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in man. An efficient and quantitative 51Cr release assay was utilized to study the role of highly purified human T and B cells in CML. After in vitro sensitization human T cells develop the capacity to kill specifically allogeneic cells to which they were sensitized. In contrast, B cells were neither triggered to proliferate nor activated to kill allogeneic targets. B cells were not activated to kill even when sensitized in the presence of potentially “helper” T cells, nor did they block T cells from killing during the effector phase. Cell-free supernatants taken from active in vitro sensitization cultures were not lympholytic and did not modulate T cell killing. Hence, these studies show that both the afferent and efferent phases of human CML are T cell functions.
Studies on the Cytophilic Properties of Human β2 Microglobulin
Authors: Anderson Clark L. , Kubo Ralph T. , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human β2microglobulin is cytophilic for mouse, rat, and to a lesser extent guinea pig lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes but not for human, rabbit, chicken, frog, and turtle cells, nor for any mature erythrocytes tested. Mouse splenic lymphocytes bind 5- 7-fold more β2microglobulin than thymocytes although hydrocortisoneresistant thymocytes resemble spleen cells in this regard. The β2microglobulin binding by B and T cells in mouse spleen is similar. The structure responsible for β2 microglobulin binding to the surface of cells is distinct from the Fc receptor specific for aggregated IgG.
Detection of Membrane-Associated Antigens on Lymphoid Cells by Antibody Coupled to Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Kearney Raymond , Chia Eunice , Basten Antony 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple technique is described for the detection of membrane-associated antigens on lymphoid cells. It is based on the observation that the protein A component of staphylococci binds to the Fc pieces of IgG molecules. Lymphocytes from various sources (mouse, rat, and human tissues) were incubated with hyperimmune antisera directed against surface determinants. Subsequent treatment with a suspension of staphylococci containing protein A permitted visualization of both the presence and distribution of determinants on the cell membrane. The method had comparable sensitivity to the fluorescent sandwich technique and could be used to detect a variety of membrane antigens on both T cells and B cells.
Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to Dnfb in Mice
Authors: Phanuphak Praphan , Moorhead John W. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) in mice could be rapidly and specifically suppressed by a single i.v. injection of DNBSO3 just before the elicitation skin test. The effects of desensitization were also demonstrated in vitro by the diminished response of cultured desensitized lymph node cells to specific antigenic stimulation (DNBSO3). The effect was dependent on the dose of DNBSO3 injected, and it occurred immediately and disappeared within 2 days. We believe that the mechanism is a functional defect of antigen-reactive cells which have been triggered to proliferate by the desensitizing antigen. These rapidly cycling cells may not migrate properly or respond adequately to the skin test challenge and are also refractory to additional antigen stimulation in vitro. The mechanism so postulated is derived from the finding that there was an inverse relation between the proliferative rates of the cells and their degree of specific reactivity to antigen. When the desensitizing antigen raised the proliferative rate of lymph node cells, the specific reactivity of both the whole animal and of the isolated lymphoid cells was low and vice versa.
Effect of Cortisone on the Disappearance Kinetics and Tissue Localization of Soluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Haakenstad Alan O. , Case Jean B. , Mannik Mart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of cortisone treatment on the disappearance kinetics, the hepatic uptake, and the glomerular deposition of i.v. administered, soluble immune complexes (HSA-anti HSA) was examined in mice. An initial rapid disappearance of complexes from the circulation occurred after the injection of complexes into control mice, which was caused by increased vascular permeability. This phase was absent in the cortisone-treated group. The half life of complexes composed of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules (τ; Ag2Ab2) was prolonged from 1.93 hr in control mice to 4.71 hr in cortisone-treated mice while the half life of Ag2Ab2 complexes was unchanged (11.40 hr vs 12.04 hr). Although the clearance velocity of τ; Ag2Ab2 complexes was suppressed in cortisone-treated mice, the quantity of complexes specifically located in the liver at 1, 2, and 4 hr was not significantly different in the two groups. Persistence of circulating τ; Ag2Ab2 complexes was associated with enhanced and prolonged glomerular deposition of complexes in the cortisone-treated mice.
Complement-Induced Histamine Release from Human Basophils
Authors: Hook William A. , Siraganian Reuben P. , Wahl Sharon M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The incubation of zymosan, endotoxin, or immune aggregates with normal human serum activates a factor which induces release of histamine from autologous basophils. The reaction can be divided into two steps: in the first, complement must be activated and in the second, the histamine-releasing factor interacts with basophils. The generation of histamine-releasing activity in serum occurs at 17 to 37°C but not at 0°C, is inhibited by heating the serum at 56°C for 30 min, or by the addition of EDTA to the serum. Once generated, the histamine-liberating activity is stable to heating at 56°C for 30 min. Gel filtration of the activated serum demonstrated that this factor eluted in the same region as a factor with chemotactic activity. Both factors have a molecular weight of about 16,000 daltons and their activities were inhibited by antibody to human C5. This is therefore a pathway for histamine release by C5a where the activation of the basophil is unrelated to the membrane bound IgE.
Non-Random Distribution of Surface Immunoglobulin on Murine B Lymphocytes
Authors: Abbas Abul K. , Ault Kenneth A. , Karnovsky Morris J. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect labeling technique was used to map the surface immunoglobulin (Ig) on murine splenic B lymphocytes by freeze-etching. Cells were labeled first with fluorescein conjugates of monovalent (papain-digested) anti-Ig antibody followed by monovalent anti-fluorescein antibody coupled to ferritin. The technique avoids crosslinking and aggregation of surface Ig. Freeze-etched replicas of cells labeled at 4°C, as well as of cells prefixed with paraformaldehyde showed that surface Ig was distributed in small clusters with interconnecting networks. The observed pattern was analyzed statistically by comparing it with the expected random (Poisson) distribution and shown to be non-random to a high degree of statistical significance. The deviation from randomness could be explained by the presence of clusters and relative excesses of bare membrane. Such an observed distribution of surface Ig suggests that this membrane macromolecule may be organized in a specific manner. The distribution may also play a role in the function of surface Ig as the antigen receptor on B lymphocytes.
Serologic and Biochemical Studies of the Ia System of the Mouse H-2 Gene Complex. Further Evidence for an I-C Subregion
Authors: David Chella S. , Cullen Susan E. , Murphy Donal B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three antisera were made against B10.A(5R) tissues to show the presence of an I-Cd subregion in that strain: 1) B10 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-Dd, I-Cd]; 2) (B10 × C3H.OL) F1 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-Dd]; 3) (B10 × HTI)F1 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-I-Cd]. Serologic analyses of the antisera clearly showed the presence of an Id segment in B10.A(5R) and provided further evidence for the existence of a new I-C subregion. These anti-I-Cd sera define the Ia.7 specificity and analyses of several recombinants map Ia.7 within the I-C subregion. Ia.7 is present in I-Ck, I-Cd and Ip strains. Biochemical analyses showed that the Ia.7 molecule has a molecular weight of 31,000 and is distinct from the 46,000 m.w. H-2K or D molecules. The possible roles of the I-C region in immune response, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and graft-vs-host reaction are discussed.
Capping of the Lymphocyte C3 Receptor and Temperature-Dependent Loss of C3 Rosettes
Authors: Gormus Bobby J. , Shands Joseph W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The percentage of mouse spleen cells rosetted by bacteria-antibody-complement complexes (BAC) was found to be temperature dependent. Maximal rosetting was observed when BAC and spleen cells were incubated in ice (0.5°C), whereas less rosetting resulted from 37°C incubations. When rosetted cells were incubated at 37°C, cap formation was found to occur, and indirect evidence suggested that the capped bacteria were subsequently shed from the lymphocyte surface. Neither capping nor shedding occurred at 0.5°C, suggesting that these phenomena were responsible for the decreased percentage of rosetted cells found after incubation at 37°C. An incidental observation indicated that a second factor potentially contributing to the loss of rosetted cells at 37°C was the removal of BAC from the surface of cells by phagocytes.
Malaria (Plasmodium Knowlesi) Merozoites: Immunity and the Surface Coat
Authors: Miller Louis H. , Aikawa Masamichi , Dvorak James A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune serum agglutinated merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi in culture. Agglutinated merozoites attached to erythrocytes but were usually unable to invade. Marked aggregation of merozoites was associated with reduced invasion of erythrocytes in these cultures. The agglutination and reduced invasion were immunologically specific, for the effect of serum was greatest against homologous strains of P. knowlesi. Merozoite agglutination was caused by the binding of surface coats on adjacent parasites. This coat appeared on the plasma membrane of merozoites after it was exposed to culture medium, both with and without immune serum. The coat consisted of protein or glycoprotein, since it was susceptible to trypsin treatment. It appears that antibodies directed against this surface coat are crucial for reduced invasion of erythrocytes, at least in vitro.
Pathogenesis of Experimental Allergic Uveitis Induced by Retinal Rod Outer Segments and Pigment Epithelium
Authors: Meyers Roberta L. , Pettit Thomas H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic uveitis (EAU) was produced in strain 13 guinea pigs after immunization with purified guinea pig retinal rod outer segments and pigment epithelium (PE) in mycobacterial adjuvant emulsion, The lesions of EAU appear as inflammatory infiltrates of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, often with photoreceptor degeneration. Specific antibodies are frequently detected in the serum of some but not of all animals with clinical uveitis. Immunohistochemical staining of normal and inflamed eyes with serum from the immunized animals with clinical disease demonstrated specific antigens localized in the retinal photoreceptor layers, whether or not circulating precipitating antibodies were also present in the serum. All immunized animals demonstrated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) characterized by skin reactions of mononuclear cells and by the in vitro inhibition of migration of cells from the sensitized animals in the presence of specific antigen whether or not clinical uveitis occurred. However, stronger DTH reactions were observed during clinical uveitis. Cellular immunity appears to correlate with clinical EAU, whereas, no correlation was found with serum antibody. These findings suggest that the retinal photoreceptor cell and PE are the source of the significant antigens in autoimmune uveitis and retinitis.
Antibody Production and Interaction with Lymphoid Cells in Relation to Tumor Immunity in the Moloney Sarcoma Virus System
Authors: Harada Minoru , Pearson Gary , Redmon Lena , Winters Elaine , Kasuga Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The temporal development of antibodies to Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced antigens in relation to tumor progression was followed with the membrane immunofluorescence (MF) and antibody-dependent normal lymphocyte cytotoxicity (ADNLC) assays. Antibody was detected at 14 days following virus infection by MF. In mice that developed primary tumors which regressed, MF titers developed to high levels following a period between 2 and 4 weeks post-inoculation during which the titers remained at low and constant levels. The increase in MF titers corresponded closely on a temporal basis to the initiation of the regression process. In contrast, antibody remained at low levels in those mice that developed progressively growing tumors. ADNLC was detected in the sera of regressor mice approximately 6 weeks post-inoculation but was not detectable at any of the time intervals in sera from mice with progressively growing tumors. Attempts to enhance the cytotoxic activity of normal spleen cells directly with immune serum were unsuccessful. The synergistic effect of serum on the cytotoxic activity of immune lymphocytes was less pronounced than with normal lymphocytes in this system. Temporal studies indicated that there was an inverse relationship between the development of cellular immunity and the capability of these cells to be activated in the ADNLC assay.
Presence of Thymic Antigen on Rabbit Basophils
Authors: Day Richard P. , Singal Dharam P. , Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A goat heteroantiserum specific for a rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen (RTLA) reacted with rabbit basophils resulting in the release of histamine. This activity was equally absorbed out by thymocytes or basophils. Absorption with either of these cell types also resulted in equal loss of thymocytotoxicity. No effect in either system occurred after absorption with either granulocytes or rabbit fibroblasts. These results could not be explained by the presence of immune complexes or aggregated globulin present in the RTLA antiserum. Further, the RTLA antiserum had no anti-IgE activity, as demonstrated by its lack of reactivity with mast cells that were otherwise capable of releasing histamine normally after challenge with antigen. We have thus shown a basic difference between mast cells and basophils. We conclude that the rabbit basophil may bear a thymic marker.
Determination of Antibody-Hapten Association Kinetics: A Simplified Experimental Approach
Authors: Skubitz Keith M. , Smith Thomas W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simplified method has been developed for the determination of antibody-hapten association kinetics that permits the study of high affinity interactions with second order forward rate constants of the order of 107 to 108 M-1 sec-1. Use of tritiated haptens of high specific activity and antibodies of high affinity allows reactions to be run at initial hapten and antibody concentrations of the order of 10-9 to 10-10 M, well below the level at which mixing becomes the rate-limiting step. Separation of antibody-bound from free hapten by the use of dextran-coated charcoal can be carried out with sufficient rapidity (2 sec) that the systems under investigation are not appreciably disturbed.
With this technique, the association of 3H-ouabain with rabbit ouabain-specific antibody was found to occur with a rate constant of 0.8 × 107 M-1 sec-1, similar to association rates of dye haptens with antibodies of substantially lower affinity. The ratio of this association rate constant to the independently determined dissociation rate constant was 5.4 × 109 M-1, in satisfactory agreement with a k0 value of 3.5 × 109 M-1 determined by Sips analysis of data obtained under equilibrium conditions. This approach should be applicable to the direct kinetic assessment of numerous high affinity antibody-hapten systems of current interest.
Release of Cyclic AMP from Macrophages by Stimulation with Prostaglandins
Authors: Gemsa Diethard , Steggemann Ludwig , Menzel Jörg , Till Gerd 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of various prostaglandins (PG) on the generation of cyclic AMP in rat peritoneal macrophages has been studied in vitro. PGE1 produced a rapid intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP which was followed by its release into the extracellular space. More cyclic AMP was released with prostaglandins of the E-type than with A- and F-types. It is suggested that release of cyclic AMP from macrophages may participate in the modulation of leukocyte function.
Reactions of Murine Myeloma Cells with Infectious Mononucleosis Sera
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi , Kano Kyoichi , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reactions of murine myeloma cells with infectious mononucleosis sera were studied by means of cytolysis in agarose gel. Of 75 sera tested, 30 lysed IgM myeloma cells, MOPC-104E. The antibodies responsible for the lysis of the myeloma cells were shown to be different from Paul-Bunnell antibodies and other antibodies found in infectious mononucleosis sera. Three types of antibodies acting upon the myeloma cells were identified serologically on the basis of absorption experiments with bovine erythrocytes, θ-positive murine lymphoma cells and guinea pig kidney cells. Antibodies of the first group could be absorbed with none of these antigens, antibodies of the second group could be absorbed only with lymphoma cells, and antibodies of the third group could be absorbed with any of these three antigens.
Evidence was presented that the antibodies under study combine with antigenic cell membrane components of a subpopulation of IgM-producing murine B cells.
Inhibition of Lymphocyte Stimulation by Measles Virus
Authors: Sullivan John L. , Barry David W. , Albrecht Paul , Lucas Susan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of measles virus on phytohemagglutinin-(PHA) induced stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was investigated to delineate possible mechanisms for viral suppression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). It was noted that medium which had several days contact with uninfected monolayers as well as unpurified measles virus preparations produced significant inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. When partially purified measles virus preparations were used, however, marked inhibition was observed and the inhibitory effect of cell-derived factors could be separated easily from the virus-induced inhibition.
Experiments to determine the mechanisms of this virus-induced inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation showed the following: 1) live measles virus and not UV-irradiated or heat-inactivated virus produced inhibition; 2) the inhibitory effect observed was not the result of a viral-induced inhibitor being released from measles-infected lymphocytes; and 3) monocyte depletion had no effect on the ability of measles virus to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.
Since it was found that measles virus-infected lymphocytes display an impaired response to in vitro PHA stimulation, perhaps this dysfunction may be extended to mediator release and other functions associated with delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) in vivo.
Genetic Control of Responses to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in Mice
Authors: Watson James , Riblet Roy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3H/HeJ mice contain a defect in a single autosomal locus which is not linked to the H-2 histocompatibility or the heavy chain allotype loci that restricts immune, mitogenic, and polyclonal responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Adult thymectomized C3H/HeJ mice that have been irradiated and reconstituted with C3HeB/FeJ bone marrow cells respond well to LPS. Cell-mixing experiments using C3H/HeJ-C3HeB/FeJ spleen cultures show that the failure of C3H/HeJ spleen cells to support responses to LPS is not due to nonspecific or LPS-induced suppressive events, or the lack of accessory cell types. C3H/HeJ and C3HeB/FeJ spleen cells bind LPS and respond to other B cell mitogens equally well. We suggest that the B lymphocytes of C3H/HeJ mice have a defect in a membrane component that is activated via interaction with LPS, and initiates the intracellular events that lead to cell proliferation.