bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of Soluble Immune Complexes into Complement-Fixing Aggregates by IgM-Rheumatoid Factor
Authors: Tesar Joseph T. , Schmid Frank R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement fixation was studied after aggregation of soluble immune complexes by IgM-rheumatoid factors (RF). Such aggregates fixed larger amounts of complement than did soluble complexes alone. The extent of this reaction was dependent upon the antigen-antibody ratio in the complex. Complement-fixing ability of those complexes formed near equivalence could be further enhanced by IgM-RF, while those formed in greater antigenic excess with little or no ability to fix complement could be aggregated and converted into complement-fixing units by IgM-RF. The composition of complexes that most readily reacted with RF to form aggregates contained two or more molecules of IgG antibody. Within the aggregate, the major share of complement fixation was mediated by the RF component rather than the IgG antibody. These observations are consistent with the view that RF blocks the binding site on IgG for complement and substitutes its own instead. Under the conditions employed, this substitution resulted in a net increase in complement fixation.
Use of Immunoadsorption Techniques in the Preparation of Chemical Agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Frommel D. , Dupuy J. M. , Litman G. W. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Currently the use of affinity chromatography has been directed toward selective purification of proteins (1). Specific antibodies have been obtained in high yield using columns of Sepharose coupled either to haptens or to protein antigens (2). It is the purpose of this communication to report the application of these newly developed immunoadsorbents to selective removal of immunoglobulins from serum by passage on a Sepharose anti-light chain antibody column.
Preparation of the immunoadsorbent. Antiserum to guinea pig light chain was prepared by immunizing a goat with an IgG light chain pool, emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (3). In double diffusion analysis this antiserum reacted strongly with the κ type light chains whereas the precipitin reaction against the λ type of light chains though present was significantly weaker.
Five and six-tenths grams of CNBr (37.5 mg/ml of Sepharose), dissolved in water, were added with stirring at room temperature to 150 ml of packed Sepharose 4 B (Pharmacia Chemicals, Piscataway, N. J.), contained in 300 ml of 0.05 M sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.0.
Ultrastructural Analysis of Hemolysin-Forming Cell Clusters
Authors: Saunders George C. , Hammond William S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Following in vitro stimulation of mouse spleen cells with sheep red blood cell antigens (SRBC) many of the resulting hemolysin-forming cells have been found to be associated with cell clusters (1, 2). We have initiated a series of studies designed to investigate the interrelationships of the various cell types found within these clusters. We report here preliminary morphologic observations of hemolysin-forming cell clusters.
Dissociated mouse spleen cells were cultured in the presence of SRBC using Saunders' (3) modification of Marbrook's (4) technique. After 48 hr of incubation, the spleen cells were carefully recovered and transferred into 15-ml centrifuge tubes which were then placed in an icebucket. Cell clusters were allowed to settle out in the cold for 10 min. The supernatant containing the remainder of the cells and medium was discarded. The recovered cell clusters were analyzed for hemolytic activity by the method of Jerne and Nordin (5).
Lymphocytes and Yellow Fever
Authors: Wheelock E. Frederick , Toy Stephen T. , Stjernholm Rune L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Human lymphoeytes can support the replication of 17-D yellow fever virus when stimulated in vitro with phytohemaggiutinin. Between 7 and 11 days following vaccination with 17-D virus, peripheral lymphocytes lose their ability to support virus replication but regain this capacity by the 25th day post-vaccination.
Electron Microscopic Study of Inhibition of Macrophage Migration in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Smyth A. Collier , Weiss Leon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The migration of peritoneal cells from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to bacillus Calmette-Guérin was studied by light and electron microscopy. To permit satisfactory morphologic study and monitoring of cell migration, cells were concentrated in clots whose open interstices were accessible to medium. This clot technique, compared to the commonly used capillary tube, provided: 1) better viability and more uniform morphology, 2) better sampling for electron microscopy, 3) more uniform exposure to antigen, and 4) the opportunity to use fewer cells. Suspension cultures of spleen cells were also examined. among peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized animals, purified protein derivative (PPD) induced clumping of macrophages, an increase in the number of their microvilli, and some cell death. Many of the clumped cells bore numerous microvilli which intertwined with those of contiguous cells. No intracellular differences between sensitized and control macrophages or lymphocytes, exposed or not exposed to antigen, were discernible. Sensitized cells exposed to PPD in suspension cultures were disc-shaped and clumped. Control cells were flattened on the flask floor, angulated and usually separated. We believe that both the rounded form of the macrophages and their clumping may contribute to the lack of migration.
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleens of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) were assayed for antibody-precursor cells by an indirect cell transfer method. Drug-treated syngeneic mice were used as immunologically inert recipients. Varying numbers of spleen cells from either normal control or FLV-infected animals were injected intravenously into the recipient mice, followed immediately by challenge immunization with sheep erythrocytes. At various times thereafter spleens of the recipients were tested for the number of individual antibody-forming cells, as well as for hemolytic antibody foci, regarded as clusters of progeny antibody-forming cells. There was a significant diminution in the number of both plaque-forming cells (PFC) and foci in recipients of spleen cells from donor mice infected with FLV. The greatest suppression occurred when donors were infected 7 to 14 days before sacrifice. There was a slight to moderate suppression when the donor spleen cells were obtained from animals infected shortly before sacrifice.
The calculated number of antibody-precursor cells present in the donor spleen cell suspension from infected mice was less depressed than would be expected from the suppression observed in the number of PFC appearing directly in the spleens of infected and directly immunized mice. Although the pool of spleen cells capable of responding to antigen and developing into PFC was depleted in spleens of infected animals, it appeared that there was also a secondary effect by virus on the proliferative capacity of such precursor cells and their progeny. The nature and significance of immune suppression at the cellular level are discussed in relation to the mechanism of virus-induced leukemogenesis.
Human Immunologic Response to Soluble Antigens
Authors: Brandriss Michael W. , Bullock Ward E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Volunteers were injected intradermally and subcutaneously with soluble dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) conjugates. Some responded with increasing titers of mercaptoethanol-sensitive agglutinating antibody to DNP-coupled red cells and some developed immediate type wheal and flare skin reactivity. Serum from one of these subjects was capable of passive transfer of DNP-specific wheal and flare reactions.
Thirty-eight of the 55 subjects developed delayed type skin reactions to DNP-HSA. These tended to be maximal in intensity at 24 hr after testing and declined or disappeared by 48 hr in contrast to classic delayed type reactions such as those to tuberculin which are usually prominent at 48 hr. There were also differences in both gross and histologic appearance between DNP-HSA and tuberculin reactions. The response of peripheral leukocytes to antigen in vitro measured by increased DNA synthesis was considerably less to DNP-HSA than it was to tuberculin in individuals who displayed skin reactivity to both. Passive transfer of delayed reactivity to DNP-HSA with dialysates of peripheral leukocytes from sensitive individuals could not be accomplished.
In contrast to the characteristic persistence of delayed sensitivity to tuberculin or other microbial antigens, delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-HSA developed early in the course of sensitization and then declined markedly in intensity or disappeared entirely with time and repeated testing. We suggest that this is a general characteristic of the human immune response to the administration of soluble antigens. This may be a distinct form of immunologic response that can be separated from both the serum antibody response and the classic delayed hypersensitivity that is induced by microbial infections or by administration of antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant.
Inhibition of Leukocyte Migration: An Evaluation of this in Vitro Assay of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Man to a Soluble Antigen
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro assay of delayed hypersensitivity in man, modified from the method of Søborg and Bendixen, was evaluated. This assay is based on the inhibition of migration of human peripheral leukocytes in the presence of specific soluble antigen. Twelve of 13 individuals who were skin test positive to tuberculin showed inhibition of leukocyte migration when incubated with 100 µg/ml of soluble purified protein derivative. Only 1 of 12 skin test negative individuals showed a similar inhibition of leukocyte migration. Analysis of the migrating populations showed that the migration of mononuclear cells and not of neutrophils was inhibited.
Properties of Soluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Lightfoot Robert W. , Drusin Ronald E. , Christian Charles L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune complexes have been prepared using oligovalent hapten-protein conjugates as antigens. Antigens with a valence of less than four exhibited restricted reactivity with antibody in the complement-fixation and precipitin reactions, and formed predominantly soluble immune complexes. The complexes thus formed were characterized with respect to density and antibody: antigen (Ab:Ag) composition. Complexes with a density greater than that of 19S proteins, with an Ab:Ag ratio of 5:2 or more, were found to fix complement more efficiently and to have a relatively short intravascular half-life. Complexes less dense than 19S proteins fixed complement poorly and had a prolonged intravascular existence. In situations where antigenic valence restricted precipitate formation, precipitation could be enhanced by human or rabbit complement, and this appeared to be predominantly an effect of C1q.
Biologic Activities of Lymph Node Cells Fractionated on Bovine Plasma Albumin
Authors: Moav Neomi , Harris T. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For the study of some characteristics of antibody-forming cells optimal conditions were determined for enrichment of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in suspensions of rabbit lymph node cells (LNC) by density gradient centrifugation in bovine plasma albumin. The most enriched fractions contained 5 to 15 times their concentration in the original unfractionated cell suspension. There was a correlation between the size distribution of the LNC and their density, the smallest cells appearing in the high density region of the gradient, and the medium and large cells in the low density region.
PFC obtained from rabbits 3 to 4 days after secondary injection of Shigella paradysenteriae were all in low density fractions. On days 4 to 5 some PFC appeared among the highest density fractions, with a gradual shift in that direction until, by day 10, all PFC were in high density fractions. The plaques produced by cells of the low density region of the gradient were prevented by treatment of the plates with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), whereas the antibody produced by the high density cells was 2-ME resistant. Mouse spleen cells and LNC did not show such high density PFC at these times.
The antigen-binding capacity of LNC from normal and immunized rabbits was studied with 131I-labeled soluble Shigella antigen. It was found that the antigenbinding profile of LNC from immunized rabbits followed the profile of the PFC, but among cells obtained from normal rabbits, or rabbits immunized with an unrelated antigen, high density cells were found to bind the antigen.
The biosynthetic activity of mouse spleen cells was measured by the incorporation of radioactive amino acids, uridine and thymidine into macromolecules. The density gradient fractions containing the PFC showed greater incorporation of the precursors than the rest of the population.
Carbonyl Iron: A New Adjuvant for Experimental Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Levine Seymour , Sowinski Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Carbonyl iron, a form of metallic iron characterized by spherical particles, was a potent adjuvant for production of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. It was injected intraperitoneally as a saline suspension mixed with an aqueous homogenate of whole neural tissue. Adjuvant activity was also found in kaolin suspensions but not in other forms of metallic iron, iron oxides, iron dextran, or a number of other particulate materials. Carbonyl iron was effective when administered 1 day before or after the antigen but not when given by a different route. Cell suspensions from lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation were capable of transferring the disease passively to unimmunized recipients. The ease of detecting iron and its magnetic qualities should make carbonyl iron a useful material for investigation of adjuvant mechanisms and of cellular immunology.
Ultrastructural Localization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Endogenous Peroxidase Activity in Guinea Pig Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Cotran Ramzi S. , Litt Mortimer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal guinea pig peritoneal cells were examined for peroxidase activity by the diaminobenzidine ultrastructural histochemical technique before and after exposure to horseradish peroxidase in vitro. Macrophages exhibited endogenous peroxidase activity in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, occasional golgi vesicles and saccules, and rare granules. The majority of granules and phagolysosomes from normal and horse serum-stimulated macrophages were peroxidase negative. When cells were incubated in vitro with exogenous horseradish peroxidase, the latter was localized in vesicles and vacuoles; the proportion of macrophages showing the distribution pattern of endogenous activity did not increase. The evidence thus suggests that when exogenous peroxidase is used as antigen, enzymatic activity in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope may be attributed to endogenous enzyme. The possible nature and function of endogenous peroxidase-like activity in the peritoneal cells are discussed.
The in Vitro Effects of Goat Antisera to Rabbit Thymocyte Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Sell Stewart , Mascari Ruth Ann , Goldblatt Peter J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The in vitro activity of goat antisera to rabbit thymus cell subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation was determined by lymphoagglutination, lymphocytotoxicity and lymphocyte transformation. Primary response antisera to membranes and cell sap gave consistently greater effects than primary antisera to nuclei or mitochondria. Secondary response antisera to all fractions were active in lymphocytotoxicity and lymphoagglutination tests. Most of the activity resided in the IgG fraction of the antisera studied. Only anti-membrane and anti-cell sap IgG induced significant lymphocyte transformation. The results indicate that lymphocyte membranes and cell sap may be more effective than nuclei or mitochondria for use as antigens for the production of anti-lymphocytic sera.
Cells Involved in the Immune Response. XX. The “All or None” Nature of the Primary Immune Response (19S Antibody) by Individual Antibody-Forming Cells in the Rabbit
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Behelak Youssef , Haasz Robert , Abdou Nabih I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cells that synthesize 19S antibodies in the rabbit following primary intravenous immunization have been shown to be localized in the spleen, using the hemolysis in agar (plaque) technique (1). The temporal relationships are such that the 19S antibody-forming cells (AFC) cannot be detected in appreciable numbers before 4 to 5 days after immunization, but they then increase in number markedly within 24 hr. However, what has not been ascertained is whether this explosive increase in the AFC population is due to a) rapid division of these cells, each progeny being immediately capable of synthesizing large quantities of antibody, b) a synchronous phase of rapid antibody formation by non-dividing cells, or c) increasing amounts of antibody being synthesized by the AFC, thus permitting the detection of increasing numbers of non-dividing AFC. The results presented below strongly support but do not discriminate between the first two hypotheses.
Plaque-Forming Cells of Two Different Origins in Single Hemolytic Foci
Authors: Vann D. C. , Campbell P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When small numbers of spleen cells and heterologous red blood cells as antigens are injected into lethally irradiated mice, regions of hemolytic antibody-forming cell activity—hemolytic foci—can be detected in the spleens of these recipient mice. It has been shown that the number of hemolytic foci in a recipient spleen is directly proportional to the number of cells injected (1, 2), suggesting that each focus represents a single clone of antibody-forming cells, i.e., plaque-forming cells arising from one precursor cell only.
Recent observations indicate, however, that formation of hemolytic foci may depend on interaction between at least two cell types. Claman et al. (3) showed that the spleens of irradiated mice injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and either bone marrow or thymus cells did not develop hemolytic foci but that foci were seen when mice were injected with both cell types.
Preventing Antibody Formation to Anti-Lymphocytic Globulin in Man
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Nora James J. , Fernbach Donald J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One or more doses of equine IgG either as anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) or deaggregated normal equine IgG (DEGG) were given to 73 individuals including 43 potential or actual allograft recipients, 10 patients with leukemia and 20 normal volunteers in order to define conditions which would prevent formation of detectable antibodies to horse IgG in patients being treated with ALG. Formation of antibody was measured by studying the plasma clearance of radioactively-labeled horse IgG and by an immunoadsorbent assay. DEGG and ALG were equally immunogenic when either was given alone, causing antibody formation to horse IgG in 20 of the 27 patients (74%) treated with one or the other agent. Moreover, treatment of patients with ALG given along with maximum tolerated doses of azathioprine and methyl prednisolone did not reduce the incidence of antibody formation to horse IgG. In contrast, 8 of 27 patients (30%) who were given chemical immunosuppressive treatment for at least 2 days followed by 2 to 18 daily intravenous injections containing 50 µg/Kg of DEGG developed detectable antibodies to horse IgG when subsequently treated with ALG. Of these 8, only 1 developed rapid immune elimination of labeled horse IgG. These results suggest that it is now possible to evaluate the toxic effects and therapeutic efficacy of ALG in man free of those manifestations which might otherwise be ascribed to allergic reactions.
Cell Surface Associated Gamma Globulins in Lymphocytes
Authors: Paraskevas F. , Lee S-T. , Israels L. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method has been developed for the demonstration of γ globulin on the surface of mouse and human lymphocytes. It utilizes an (Fab′)2 hybrid antibody containing one antiglobulin site and one antiferritin site. Through the former it reacts with the γ globulin on the cell surface and through the latter it attracts ferritin coated sheep red blood cells to form a rosette. Since the γ globulin on the cell acts as the antigen this has been termed reverse immune-cytoadherence in contrast with the direct technique where the γ globulin acts as an antibody. The technique was used to determine the number of cells with reactive γ globulin on their surface, in mice and man from various sources. Such cells were found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood. However, no rosette-forming cells were found in the thymus. Neoplastic plasma cells and lymphoma cells did not form rosettes. As plasma cells contain large amounts of γ globulin it is suggested that this technique detects a γ globulin which forms an integral part of the cell surface and may represent the antigen receptor γ globulin. The lack of this receptor on plasma cells may represent either a phenotypic restriction during normal differentiation or may be a characteristic of the neoplastic cell.
Corneal Hypersensitivity
Authors: Sery Theodore W. , Nagy Rose Marie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An inflammatory episode in the rabbit cornea, resulting from the introduction of foreign serum albumin, endows that cornea with an immune “memory.” Corneal sensitivity in this eye but not in the uninoculated control eye is demonstrable as a localized binding of antigen in the stroma following a second dose of antigen many months later. The second dose of antigen becomes fixed at the injection site as a sharply defined opaque ring and disc. This is observed as early as 15 min after administering the antigen and in strongly sensitized corneas leads to local tissue damage.
The Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin A on Complement Levels and Tolerance Production
Authors: Azar Miguel M. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Administraion of vitamin A, either in its aqueous or oily form, can inhibit circulating hemolytic complement in mice. Concomitant administration of a tolerance-inducing dose of antigen fails to produce unresponsiveness and the mice become immune. The possible participation of complement in tolerance production is further suggested by these findings.
Quantitative Measurement of Guinea Pig Complement with Liposomes
Authors: Knudson Kristine C. , Bing David H. , Kater Laurence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Liposomes were investigated as an alternative reagent to sheep erythrocytes for quantitative titration of whole complement activity. The liposomes were prepared with various concentrations of phospholipid and were sonicated for more effective dispersion. It was found that reproducible complement titrations could be performed with sonicated liposomes prepared with 1 or 2 µmol of phospholipid per milliliter of marker solution (0.3 M galactose). Electron micrographs of liposomes treated with complement and hemolysin showed no discrete lesions, but rather aggregates of liposome fragments.
Communications
Authors: Katz David H. , Bluestein Harry G. , Rouques Renée J. , Pierce Carl W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The augmentation of hapten-specific primary responses in vitro of spleen cells from mice immunized with carrier determinants has been described. Thus, spleen cells from mice primed 3 days previously with burro RBC or 7 days earlier with the bacteriophage ΦX174 display enhanced anti-TNP primary responses when cultured with TNP-burro RBC and TNP-ΦX174, respectively, as immunogens. This in vitro system offers a tool for closer analysis of the mechanisms involved in cooperative interaction of hapten-specific and carrier-specific cells in the development of anti-hapten immune responses.