bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological Analysis of Human Thoracic Spine Endplate
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Hollowell James P. , Pintar Frank A. , Nicol Brad 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This study was designed to determine the three-dimensional morphological characteristics of the human thoracic spine endplate. The analysis was performed on vertebral bodies from T4 through T11 using cryomicrotome techniques. The specimens were embedded in carboxyl-methyl-cellulose gel and sequential anatomic cryosections were taken. A total of approximately 36 sagittal slices were obtained at intervals of 200 to 500 microns. Approximately 200 measurements were taken on each endplate from T4 through T11 from the anterior to the posterior direction to define the anatomy. Three-dimensional contours of the endplate were created and the data were analyzed using statistical procedures (ANOVA). Thicknesses up to 1.15 mm were found in these studies. The mean thickness of all the endplates was 0.313 mm. The endplate demonstrated regional variations as well as variations between the bony and the cartilaginous counterparts. The bony endplate was 31 percent thicker in the anterior compared to the posterior region; 38 percent thinner in the central compared to the peripheral region; and 52 percent thinner in the superior compared to the inferior regions. In contrast, the cartilaginous endplate was 22 percent thicker in the anterior compared to the posterior region; the peripheral region was 192 percent thicker compared to the central region; and 23 percent thinner in the superior compared to the inferior region. The mean overall thickness of the cartilaginous endplate was 0.22 mm with a range of 0 to 1.42 mm. These data are of importance to clinicians as well as biomechanical engineers. For example, in a clinical setting, there are arguments and counter arguments for preserving or compromising the integrity of the endplate [1]. Because the spinal grafts are not always placed at the same location, it is necessary to define the three-dimensional morphological characteristics as well as determine the internal load carrying capacities of these localized regions. This study provides the necessary fundamental data regarding the localized variations of the endplate thickness so that existing detailed finite element models can be improvised to accurately define the endplate characteristics in an attempt to determine the relative contribution of the endplate on the biomechanics of the human spinal column.
Mechanism of Coronal Decompensation in Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Rimkus Aruna , Patwardhan Avinash G. , Meade Kevin P. , Gavin Thomas M. , Bueche Matthew J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A double scoliotic curve wherein the thoracic curve is larger than the lumbar curve and the lumbar curve is more flexible than the thoracic curve (flexibility index &gt; 0) is called a King type II curve. In the surgical treatment of these curves, only the thoracic part is fused. The purpose of leaving the lumbar curve unfused is to save as many mobile lumbar segments as possible thereby reducing the risk of back pain and other complications. The lumbar curve corrects spontaneously when the thoracic curve is surgically corrected with the appropriate selection of the lower level of fusion.
A Preliminary Report on the Mechanism of Vertical Longitudinal Tears of the Meniscus
Authors: Bergman Joseph W. , Shrive Nigel G. , Frank Cyril B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The mechanism of traumatic vertical longitudinal tears of the meniscus is investigated. Meniscal injuries can have significant sequelae yet little understanding of the mechanism of injury exists. An anatomic position and force based model of meniscal injury is proposed and preliminary results of testing are presented. Using the described test apparatus, superficial tears were created in 4 of 6 samples. The validity of the proposed mechanism and the significance of the empirical results are discussed.
Force Transfer Characteristics for a Double-Fastener Dental Implant
Authors: Sadler J. P. , Wang L. , Breeding L. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The replacement of missing teeth with an implant-supported prostheses eliminates the necessity of preparing the adjacent teeth to support and retain a conventional fixed partial denture, and may be similar in expense to the patient in many situations. Unfortunately, the implant-supported denture presents a biomechanical design problem. Screw loosening is perhaps the most common cause of structural failure. It occurs under repeated loading at stress levels below the ultimate strength of the material. With an increased understanding of the mechanical principles related to screw tightening, various mechanical explanations and assumptions have been made (Fig. 1). However, little information has been published with regard to a general model that can be used to predict the screw joint tightening and force transformation.
Human Body Vibration Control and Ride Comfort: A Two State Semi-Active Suspension Design for Cabs and Seats
Authors: Amirouche Farid M. L. , Tong Rick T. , Palkovics L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a computer controlled cab and driver’s seat suspension model for heavy trucks and off-road vehicles. There are two models representing the vehicle with a cab suspension and a seat with an operator modeled as a lumped mass system. The vehicle is modeled as an 8 degrees-of-freedom lumped mass with suspension characteristics of 3 axles vehicle and three tires with masses and stiffnesses. The seat is supported by linear spring and damper whose characteristics are time dependent. The ride comfort is measured by an index of relative acceleration between parts of the driver and the vehicle under stochastic road excitation. First, a sky hook control semi-active controller is designed to seek optimum cab suspension. The velocity and displacement of the cab is then used as an input to the seat-operator model to minimize the accelerations at the lower torso, Head, and neck as well as the work performed by the body active forces. This paper shows how the energy transmitted to the seat can be minimized at the cab level. Furthermore the input to seat becomes small making the seat suspension more realistic and attainable.
Particle Deposition in Lung Upper Airways
Authors: Asgharian B. , Zhang L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Airborne particles may deposit on airway surfaces upon inhalation and cause lung injury and disease. The severity of injury depends on the amount deposited at a site as well as on the sensitivity of the cells to the dose delivered. To assess the risk from exposure to airborne materials, the amount deposited at various sites in the lung must be determined as a first step.
A Finite Element Model of Vapor Transport in the Human Nose
Authors: Keyhani Keyvan , Scherer Peter W. , Mozell Maxwell M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A validated finite element model of air flow in the human nose was used to simulate nasal uptake of inhaled vapors. Computed steady laminar velocity fields were used in the solution of the uncoupled steady convective-diffusion equation. A wall boundary condition was developed that included effects of vapor solubility, transport, and removal in the nasal mucosa. The maximum inspiratory uptake was about 80% for highly mucus soluble vapors with Schmidt number equal to one at a half-nasal flow rate of 125 ml/s. The maximum flux in the turbinate region occurred at the anterior-inferior end of the middle turbinate. The flux pattern across the nasal surface became more uniform with a decrease in mucosal solubility.
Stretching-and-Folding Convective Mixing Induced by Chaotic Alveolated Duct Flow
Authors: Henry Frank S. , Tsuda Akira 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A mechanism for aerosol mixing in the lung periphery is examined. It is shown that the rhythmical wall motion of acinar airways appears to generate an unexpected level of complexity in the acinar fluid flow and hence in the aerosol dynamics. A small particle cloud is shown to undergo stretching and folding, which is characteristic of chaotic mixing.
The Interaction of Geometry and Local Flow Phenomena in Compliant End-to-Side Anastomosis Models
Authors: Perktold Karl , Rappitsch Gerhard , Gruber Gerald , Trubel Wolfgang , Schima Heinz 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Intimal thickening (IT) and consecutive occlusions preferentially occurring at the distal anastomosis are important complications in the clinical application of bypass grafts. Experimental and numerical studies have shown that there is a correlation between IT and hemodynamic factors, such as flow stagnation, separation and recirculation and low pulsatile wall shear stress (Bassiouny et al., 1992, Hofer et al., 1996). The present study aims to investigate the relationship between flow characteristics and IT in a conventional type end-to-side anastomosis using a PTFE graft. Due to the important influence of the geometry on the anastomotic flow field anatomically correct modelling is applied.
Computational Study of Local Fluid Speed-Up Past Vascular Indentation Without Significant Stenosis: A Potential Cause of Pressure Gradient Overestimation
Authors: Migliavacca Francesco , Kilner Philip J. , Dubini Gabriele , Pennati Giancarlo , Redaelli Alberto , Fumero Roberto 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a computational study of a fluid dynamic phenomenon which has bearing on clinical use of Doppler velocity measurements for estimation of pressure gradients across a suspected stenosis. In order to explore the phenomenon further, we set out to perform CFD simulations of pulsatile flow past localised wall deformations in rigid vessels of simulated size comparable to that of the aorta.
A Calculation of Two Dimensional Incompressible Flow Past Circular and Elliptical Cylinders at Different Positions in a Channel
Authors: Zhao Yu , Sharp M. Keith 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A control volume based finite element method was used to calculate the two-dimensional viscous incompressible flow field around circular and elliptical cylinders at different positions in a channel. The Reynolds numbers based on the height of the channel and average inlet velocity in the calculation were 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20. The ratio of the diameter of the circular cylinder to the height of the channel was 0.1. The locations of the center of the cylinder compared with the height of the channel were 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5. The ratio of the long axis to the short axis of the ellipse was 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively and at the same time the area of the ellipse was kept equal to that of the cylinder. The pressure and viscous drag and lift forces exerted on the cylinder were calculated. These solutions were motivated by experimental evidence of lift on red blood cells in channel flow and in blood vessels and represent a first step in approaching the more complex problem of a deformable particle in channel flow. When the cylinder was assigned a weight representative of that of a typical red blood cell, results showed that when the channel Reynolds number is greater than about 0.5, the lift can raise the cylinder close to the center line of the channel.
Homographic, Hyperelastic Mathematical Modeling of Bio-Polymer and Soft Tissue Materials
Authors: Lucas Douglas R. , Conway Ted A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper and research is to develop data and results which may show that a constitutive model, based on thermodynamic relations, can be used to model isotropic, non-linear elastic, stable, incompressible, large deformation materials. The materials that I plan on reviewing are a bio-polymer, cis-polyisoprene, and biomaterials, ligaments and tendons.
Anterior Cruciate and Medial Collateral Ligament Fibroblasts Exhibit Different Ca2+ Responses to Fluid Flow
Authors: Hung Clark T. , Allen Fred D. , Pollack Solomon R. , Attia Eric T. , Hannafin Jo A. , Torzilli Peter A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and anterior collateral ligament heal differently in vivo and this may be related to their response to physical forces. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, in canine MCL and ACL fibroblasts subjected to fluid flow (wall shear stress of 25 dynes/cm2). In experiments where a modified Hanks’ balanced salt solution perfusate was used, both cell types had a significant increase in [Ca2+]i compared to respective no-flow controls, MCL fibroblasts being nearly 2-fold greater than that of ACL fibroblasts. When 2% newborn bovine serum was added to the perfusate, ACL fibroblasts responded nearly 3-fold greater than MCL fibroblasts. The observed difference between the MCL and ACL fibroblast response to flow demonstrates that these cells are not the same.
Correlating Rabbit Movement With Load on its Medial Collateral Ligament
Authors: Spelier Eduard L. , Shrive Nigel G. , Frank Cyril B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the movement of a rabbits and the in vivo load on its Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) was examined as well as the movement pattern differences before and after MCL gap surgery. No relationship could be established between movement and load. It was found however that the MCL is experiences only low loads in straight forward movement, and that the rabbit unloads the leg with the load-cell implanted.
Finite Element Formulation of a Biphasic Poroviscoelastic Model for Articular Cartilage
Authors: Bai S. , Suh J.-K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Articular cartilage, a composite mixture of extracellular matrix and interstitial fluid, manifests viscoelastic characteristics, partly due to the frictional interaction between the porous matrix substrate and the interstitial fluid and partly due to the intrinsic viscoelastic behavior of proteoglycan gel of cartilage. The biphasic poroviscoelastic model (BPVE) has been used to predict the 1-D deformational behavior of articular cartilage [1,2]. In this study, we developed a finite element formulation of the poroviscoelastic model to investigate the mechanical response of articular cartilage under confined compression.
A Novel Method for Determination of Affinity of Surface Bound Receptor-Ligand Binding
Authors: Piper James W. , Swerlick Robert A. , Zhu Cheng 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion is an integral component of many biological processes. These adhesive interactions are mediated by binding of cell adhesion molecules to their specific receptors. An important determinant of the receptor-ligand interaction is their binding affinity. Existing bulk chemistry approaches for measuring binding affinity require at least one of the reactants to be in solution. Therefore, at least one molecular species is able to move in three dimensions, and there is no force acting on the bond. This kind of binding affinity is referred to as 3-D affinity in the present paper. In contrast, in the case of cell adhesion, the motions of both molecular species are restricted to two-dimensional because both receptor and ligand are anchored to a surface (and the binding affinity is thereby referred to as 2-D affinity). In addition, dislodging forces usually exist which affect the binding reaction. This coupling between chemistry and mechanics requires that the binding affinity be a function of the bond force instead of a constant. Because of these differences, the (3D) binding affinity measured via traditional approaches cannot be directly applied to the analysis of receptor-ligand binding in cell adhesion. There is a lack of methods for the direct measurement of binding affinity when both receptor and ligand are bound to a surface and subject to a force. It is this gap that the present paper intends to fill.
Tensorial Character of Stress or Strain and the Experimental Constitutive Equation
Authors: Mazilu N. , Conway T. A. , Vossoughi J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The well known classical approach of tensorial constitutive laws, in the isotropic case, shows a quadratic constitutive law as a possible relation between stress and strain tensors [1]. This law is obtained as a direct consequence of the Hamilton-Cayley theorem for 3 × 3 matrices and the hypothesis of existence of an energy function [2]. Now, from the experimental point of view, the most reliable facts are, undoubtedly, those related to uniaxial loading tests. These experiments only indicate a certain functionality between stress and strain, having usually a representation by integral functions. Such a representation is quadratic only in special cases, and these cases are extremely useful in discerning some special materials.
A Structural and Microstructural Model for Tendon and Ligament Stress-Stretch Response
Authors: Hurschler Christof , Vanderby Ray 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Collagen structural and microstructural organization are thought to contribute strongly to mechanical behavior in normal and healing tendon and ligament. Recent studies have attempted to correlate various collagen microstructural and structural features to material stiffness of healing ligaments (Frank et al., 1991, 1992; Padgett and Dahners 1992; Shrive et al., 1995). Other studies have suggested that progressive fiber failure may be a mechanism for damage accumulation and eventual failure of tendons and ligaments (Kennedy et al., 1976; Viidik 1978; Butler et al., 1984). It may also be an explanation for the observed permanent deformation of tendon at relatively low levels of strain (2–4%, Rigby et al., 1959; Abrahams 1967). Structural mathematical models for tendons and ligaments have been developed but few have incorporated more than one structural scale (i.e. fibril as well as fiber organization). The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model for tendons and ligaments that will help to better understand the relationship between collagen structure, microstructure, and mechanical properties.
Curvature and Congruence Analysis of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint
Authors: Xu L. F. , Jenkins M. S. , Bucchieri J. S. , Strauch R. , Wang L. H. , Rosenwasser M. P. , Ateshian G. A. , Pawluk R. J. , Mow V. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Twenty-nine thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joints, divided into a control group (normal and minimally degenerated joints) and a degenerated group (moderately and severely degenerated joints), were used to quantify CMC curvature and congruence. The saddle-shaped surface of the degenerated trapezium was found to be more concave and less convex than that of the control trapezium, with the greatest differences occurring in high-load-bearing (HLB) regions of the trapezium. No analogous differences were found in the metacarpal. Moreover, the degenerated group demonstrated greater joint congruence. The results suggest that curvature changes in the trapezial HLB regions may be highly associated with moderate or severe osteoarthritis of CMC joint.
Real Time Calcaneal-Cuboid Joint Pressure Measurements During Lateral Column Lengthening for Adult Acquired Flat Foot Repair
Authors: Nowak Michael D. , Cooper Paul S. , Shaer James 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Real time contact pressure pads were used to evaluate calcaneal cuboid joint pressures as a result of lateral column lengthening. The Evan’s lateral column lengthening procedure has been used to restore the arch of the human foot after acquired adult flatfoot. There has been some question as to the consequences of this procedure with regards to calcanealcuboid arthrosis. This study evaluated the calcaneal cuboid contact pressure without lengthening, and after 5 and 10 mm lengthening. Each length was also evaluated with a compressive load of 350 N applied to the tibia. Total contact forces and pressures increased statistically as lengthening increased and after load application. Peak pressures also increased. Pressures exceeded 2.3 MPa in the loaded feet at 10 mm lengthening. Patients subjected to lateral column lengthening of 10 mm may be at increased risk for joint arthrosis.
The Collection of Material Properties of Vertebral Bone in Three Dimensions
Authors: Kenyeri Ronald L. , Grimm Michele 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In order to increase the amount of information available on vertebral bone material properties, a three dimensional, nondestructive data collection system has been developed. To measure the deflections of a bone specimen in three dimensions, LVDTs were positioned in the three primary axes. LVDTs are used because their measurements will not be influenced by the MTS machine, and therefore the deflection read from the MTS machine can be used to check the LVDT output. LVDTs can also be rapidly and accuracy calibrated. Using LVDTs is a relatively inexpensive way to measure deflection along the three axes due to a unixial compression and, therefore, allows the calculation of Possion’s ratio with respect to an axis. This method can therefore calculate all six Possion’s ratios that are found in a 3 × 3 material matrix, quantities that are not well established for bone.
Development of a New Hardness Test for Cancellous Bone
Authors: Doppler Richard A. , Duquette Jeffrey J. , Hoffman Allen H. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A modified Rockwell superficial hardness test was developed for application to cancellous bone. Hardness tests conducted on cores from human and bovine specimens revealed that the average indent depth was strongly correlated with bone mineral density (r = −0.77). Although qualitative in nature, this new superficial hardness test is well suited to examine the spatial variation of bone strength in cancellous bone.
Computational Analysis of Fracture for the Human Femur
Authors: Vongpaseuth Thongsay , Marsh M. Virginia , Todd Beth A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The cortical bone of the human femur was considered as a thin-walled non-circular cross section to analytically determine the required torque, T, to cause spiral fracture. Magnetic resonance images of a human subject’s right thigh were used for analysis. The minimum torque required for fracture was 73 N-m located 33.6 cm from the femoral head.
Internal Rotation Gait: A Compensatory Mechanism to Restore Abduction Capacity Decreased by Bone Deformity?
Authors: Arnold Allison S. , Delp Scott L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Children with spastic cerebral palsy often walk with a troublesome in-toed gait. Excessive internal rotation, usually accompanied by excessive femoral anteversion, causes tripping and may lead to lateral patellar subluxation or external tibial torsion. Hence surgeries aimed at decreasing excessive internal rotation are often warranted.
The Effect of Posture, Loading Rate, and Diurnal Fluid Changes on the Propensity to Disc Prolapse
Authors: Lu Y. Michael , Gharpuray Vasanti M. , Hutton William C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Sudden disc prolapse usually occurs due to a traumatic event when a high compressive force is suddenly applied to the spine in an unfavorable condition. Previous experimental studies have shown that disc prolapse is more likely to occur in normal or slightly degenerated discs, and that for prolapse to occur, the applied load must be a combination of forces (e.g., forward bending and axial compression) (Adams et al. 1982, 1985; Gordon et al. 1991). By definition, for a disc to prolapse it must have a fissure or channel for the passage of nuclear material (Brinckmann et al. 1994). Although this seems a statement of the obvious, it is still not clear how or where the fissure initiates and then propagates to create the channel. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to use a three dimensional viscoelastic finite element (FE) model of a lumbar motion segment to simulate the successive steps required to create a radial fissure in the anulus, and to study the effect of posture, fluid changes and loading rates on propagation of the fissure.