bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Heat-Transfer Coefficients and Friction Factors for Tubular Heat Exchangers
Authors: Short B. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of experimental and analytical work carried out on heat-transfer rate and pressure drop on the shell side of shell-and-tube exchangers. A comparison is made between the different methods which have been used in correlating the data, with the conclusion that no rational base has been established, except in so far as the fluid properties, fluid velocity, and dimensions of the exchangers are involved. However, an attempt is made to show that the effective velocity as used has a rational foundation.
Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Fouling Rates of Liquids for Continuous and Noncontinuous Longitudinal Fins
Authors: Gunter A. Y. , Shaw W. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper contains test data on continuous and non-continuous fins for liquids in the laminar-flow region. The data indicate that for longitudinal fin-tube “pipe-within-pipe” type heat exchangers, the transition range begins near Rh = 200. Correlation with earlier investigations on air with short longitudinal fins, for Rh &gt; 600, indicates fair agreement with the authors’ results, when length of fin and inlet turbulence are taken into consideration. Noncontinuous fins promote turbulence in the laminar-flow region and increase fin-side heat-transfer coefficients up to 100 per cent, in the range of L = 10 ft. The theoretical aspects of fouling on fin tubes versus bare tubes are graphically illustrated, and actual semi-plant-scale fouling rates are plotted. These data show that fin tubes are affected less by fouling than bare tubes, because the effectiveness of the fin increases when fouling becomes greater.
A Novel Evaluation Index and Optimization Method for Ankle Rehabilitation Robots Based on Ankle-Foot Motion
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Ma Zhihao , Wei Jun , Yang Shuai , Liu Chenglei , Guo Shijie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of ankle rehabilitation robots to accurately mimicking the actual human ankle motion is an important judgment basis for robot-assisted rehabilitation training. This paper proposes an evaluation index and mechanism parameter optimization method based on ankle-foot motion trajectory by exploring the human ankle-foot motion principle. First, the ankle UR equivalent model and a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) parallel ankle rehabilitation robot are described. Second, the ankle-foot motion data are measured by the body surface marker method, which proved the coupling of ankle-foot motion. Then, a new evaluation index, the ankle-foot motion comfort zone, is proposed, which is essentially the superimposed ankle-foot motion trajectory measured about 3-5 mm wide. Third, a mechanism parameter optimization method, is proposed in terms of the ankle-foot motion comfort zone as the evaluation index, which is applied to the 3-DOF parallel ankle rehabilitation robot, and the optimization results proved the feasibility of the method. Finally, the optimized rehabilitation robot is fitted with different ankle motions, and a prototype model is designed for kinematics simulation, which verifies the adaptability of the optimization method. This study provides a theoretical basis for the configuration design of ankle rehabilitation robots and provides a new direction for the optimization of the mechanism parameters.
Continuous glucose monitoring during therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: a feasibility study
Authors: Kalogeropoulou Maria-Sofia , Thomson Lynn , Beardsall Kathryn 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesGlucose dysregulation is common in infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and is likely to exacerbate cerebral injury. Infrequent measurement of glucose concentrations makes both identification and prevention of this risk challenging. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has the potential to address both these challenges, but has not been explored in these infants. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and potential impact of real-time CGM in term infants with HIE being treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH).DesignFeasibility study.SettingTertiary-level neonatal unit, UK.PatientsTerm infants with HIE undergoing TH.InterventionA CGM sensor was inserted within 48 hours of birth and kept in situ for the first week of life. Clinical staff were blinded to the CGM recordings and clinical decisions were based on blood glucose assays.Main outcome measures(1) Accuracy of CGM values during and post TH, (2) Per cent of time spent outside the clinical range (2.6–10 mmol/L), (3) Episodes of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, (4) Adverse effects.ResultsThe accuracy of CGM values during TH were comparable to those when infants were normothermic. There was wide variation in per cent time outside the target range (2.6–10 mmol/L) between infants (median 5%, range 0%–34%). CGM identified 44% of infants with ≥1 episode of hypoglycaemia (<2.6 mmol/L) and 50% with ≥1 episode of hyperglycaemia (>10 mmol/L). No adverse events were observed.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that CGM could be a useful adjunct for glucose monitoring in babies undergoing TH who are at risk of both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia.
Effect of cost-reduction interventions on facility-based deliveries in Burkina Faso: a controlled interrupted time-series study with multiple non-equivalent dependent variables
Authors: Meda Ivlabèhiré Bertrand , Kouanda Seni , Ridde Valéry 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundEvaluating health intervention effectiveness in low-income countries involves many methodological challenges to be addressed. The objective of this study was to estimate the sustained effects of two interventions to improve financial access to facility-based deliveries.MethodsIn an innovative controlled interrupted time-series study with primary data, we used four non-equivalent dependent variables (antenatal care) as control outcomes to estimate the effects of a national subsidy for deliveries (January 2007–December 2013) and a local ‘free delivery’ intervention (June 2007–December 2010) on facility-based deliveries. The statistical analysis used spline linear regressions with random intercepts and slopes.ResultsThe analysis involved 20 877 observations for the national subsidy and 8842 for the ‘free delivery’ intervention. The two interventions did not have immediate effects. However, both were associated with positive trend changes varying from 0.21 to 0.52 deliveries per month during the first 12 months and from 0.78 to 2.39 deliveries per month during the first 6 months. The absolute effects, evaluated 84 and 42 months after introduction, ranged from 2.64 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.77) to 10.78 (95% CI 8.52 to 13.03) and from 9.57 (95% CI 5.97 to 13.18) to 14.47 (95% CI 10.47 to 18.47) deliveries per month for the national subsidy and the ‘free delivery’ intervention, respectively, depending on the type of antenatal care used as a control outcome.ConclusionThe results suggest that both interventions were associated with sustained non-linear increases in facility-based deliveries. The use of multiple control groups strengthens the credibility of the results, making them useful for policy makers seeking solutions for universal health coverage.
Assessing the volume–outcome relationship of carotid artery stenting in nationwide administrative data: a challenge of patient population bias
Authors: Koester Stefan W , Cole Tyler S , Kimata Anna R , Ma Kevin L , Benner Dimitri , Catapano Joshua S , Rumalla Kavelin , Lawton Michael T , Ducruet Andrew F , Albuquerque Felipe C 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundStudies have shown an association between surgical treatment volume and improved quality metrics. This study evaluated nationwide results in carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedural readmission rates, costs, and length of stay based on hospital treatment volume.MethodsWe used the Nationwide Readmissions Database for carotid stenosis from 2010 to 2015. Patients receiving CAS were matched based on demographics, illness severity, and relevant comorbidities. Patients were matched 1:1 between low- and high-volume centers using a non-parametric preprocessing matching program to adjust for parametric causal inferences. Nearest-neighbor propensity score matching was performed using logit distance.ResultsLow- and high-volume centers admitted a mean (SD) of 4.68 (3.79) and 25.10 (16.86) patients undergoing CAS per hospital, respectively. Comorbidities were significantly different and initially could not be adequately matched. Because of significant differences in baseline patient population characteristics after attempted matching between low- and high-volume centers, we used propensity adjustment with multivariate analysis. Using this alternative approach, no significant differences were observed between low- and high-volume centers for the presence of any complication, postoperative stroke, postoperative myocardial infarction, and readmission at 30 days.ConclusionIn 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching with a high number of patients, our analysis did not result in well-matched cohorts for the effect of case volume on outcomes. Comparing analytical techniques for various outcomes highlights that outcome disparities may not be related to quality differences based on hospital size, but rather variability in patient populations between low- and high-volume institutions.
Spasticity treatment patterns among people with multiple sclerosis: a Swedish cohort study
Authors: Smith Kelsi A , Piehl Fredrik , Olsson Tomas , Alfredsson Lars , Hillert Jan , Kockum Ingrid , Stridh Pernilla , Montgomery Scott 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundSpasticity is common among people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are few studies of spasticity treatment patterns. We aim to describe associations with spasticity treatment measured primarily by oral baclofen use.MethodsThis cohort study using Swedish registers included 1826 and 3519 people with incident and prevalent MS (pwIMS, pwPMS) respectively, followed from 2005 to 2014. Cox regression assessed factors associated with new baclofen prescriptions and its discontinuation.ResultsA total of 10% of pwIMS and 19% of pwPMS received baclofen, a drug prescribed specifically for spasticity in Sweden, of which many patients had relapsing-remitting course. Prescriptions occurred soon after MS diagnosis: pwIMS received baclofen typically within 6 months of diagnosis, and pwPMS within 3 years. Younger patients compared with older patients were three times more likely to receive baclofen with similar disability level measured using Expanded Disability Severity Scores (EDSS). Patients aged 18–44 years with EDSS 3.0–5.0 have an HR for baclofen use of 5.62 (95% CI 2.91 to 10.85) and EDSS 6+ have an HR of 15.41 (95% CI 7.07 to 33.58) compared with individuals with EDSS 0–2.5. In comparison, patients aged 45+ years with EDSS 3.0–5.0 have an HR of 2.05 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.82) and EDSS 6+ an HR of 4.26 (95% CI 1.96 to 9.17). Baclofen discontinuation was high: 49% (95% CI 0.42 to 0.57) of pwIMS discontinued within 150 days of dispensation, 90% discontinued within 2 years including patients with progressive course or higher EDSS. Associations among pwPMS and sensitivity analyses including additional treatments were similar.ConclusionsYounger patients with MS are more likely to receive baclofen compared with older patients with MS. High rates of baclofen discontinuation highlight the need for more tolerable and efficacious spasticity treatments and monitoring of spasticity among people with MS.
Spiking Neuron Implementation Using a Novel Floating Memcapacitor Emulator
Authors: Zheng Ciyan , Peng Long , Eshraghian Jason K. , Wang Xiaoli , Cen Jian , Iu Herbert Ho-Ching 
Published: December 2022

Memcapacitors (MCs) are promising candidates for the future design of low-power integrated neuromorphic computing systems, with particular emphasis on dynamical spiking neuron models that exhibit rich temporal behaviors. We present a novel floating flux-controlled MC that is designed using only three current feedback amplifiers, one analog multiplier, one capacitor and one resistor. Compared with existing floating MC emulators, our proposed design has a simpler structure without the need for DC biasing voltage sources, and can operate at higher working frequencies, and therefore enabling rapid prototyping of applied MC circuits for experimental verification of large-scale MC arrays. The consistency of the theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results confirms the correctness and practicability of this new memcapacitor emulator. To further demonstrate a potential use of our MC, in this work, we apply the MC as the first parameterizable leaky integrator for spiking neuron through simulation and experiments. The intrinsic tunable capacitance of the MC can bring about novel short-term memory dynamics to neuronal circuits by dynamically modifying the membrane time constant on-the-fly, which ultimately resembles long-term potentiation, and can thus offer longer term memory. Our results highlight the potential for integrating heterogeneous spiking neural networks with richer temporal dynamics that rely on MC-based circuits to further the capability of neuromorphic computing.
The soil trail of Buscagna Valley, an example of the role of soil science in geodiversity and geoheritage analyses
Authors: Masseroli A. , Bollati I. M. , Trombino L. , Pelfini M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soil is a component of geodiversity and, for its scientific value, can also be a component of geoheritage, playing a role in reconstructing the environmental evolution of an area. This assumption will be examined here with special reference to mountain environments, where the high variability of soil forming-factors is responsible for a great variety of soil types, contributing to soil diversity and to local geodiversity. To promote soil as an element of geoheritage, we propose a strategy for creating a trail about soil topics in the Buscagna small mountain catchment in the Veglia–Devero protected area (Lepontine Alps, Italy). Geopedological research carried out in the study area has allowed the identification of seven soil profiles as sites of potential pedological interest along already existing hiking paths. The selected soil profiles mirror the main soil types of the area and testify to past environmental conditions and geomorphic dynamics. Among these, two soil profiles are also selected as pedosites. Providing hikers and mountaineers with a proper key to read exposed soils along the Buscagna Valley, the trail allows an increase in awareness of geoheritage conservation with a focus on soil in mountain landscapes, where soil characteristics reflect the influence of compound forming-factors.
Risk Score for Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhao Hui , Miao Runran , Lin Fei , Zhao Guoan 
Published: December 2022

Background. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important comorbidity of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and worsens the prognosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between clinical data, test results, surgical findings, and AKI in STEMI patients and to develop a simple, practical model for predicting the risk of AKI. Method. Prognostic prediction research with clinical risk score development was conducted. The data used for model development was derived from the database of the Henan Province Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Data and Sample Resource Bank Engineering Research Center. The data used for external validation was derived from the China Chest Pain Center database. The study endpoint was defined as the occurrence of AKI. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of AKI. Logistic coefficients of each predictor were used for score weighting and transformation. The predictive performance of the newly derived risk scores was validated, respectively, by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) regression in the development population and the external validation population. Result. A total of 364 patients, 57 (15.6%) with AKI and 307 (84.4%) without AKI, were included for score derivation. The validation crowd includes 88 STEMI patients in different institutions. A total of 11 potential predictors were explored under the multivariable logistic regression model. The new risk score was based on five final predictors which were

age
>
72

years

, ejection fraction of no more than 40%,

baseline

serum

creatinine
>
102.7

mmol
/
L

,

red

blood

cell

distribution

width
>
13.15
,

and culprit lesion located in the middistal segment. With only five predictor variables, the score predicted the risk of AKI with the effective discriminative ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AuROC): 0.721, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.652-0.790). In the external validation, the newly developed score confirmed a similar discrimination as the crowd used for derivation (AuROC: 0.731, 95% CI: 0.624-0.838). Conclusion. The newly developed score was proved to have good predictive performance and could be practically applied for risk stratification of AKI in STEMI patients.
Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adduct Levels and Breast Cancer Risk in Japanese Women: A Nested Case–Control Study in the JPHC
Authors: Narii Nobuhiro , Kito Kumiko , Sobue Tomotaka , Zha Ling , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Matsui Yasuto , Matsuda Tomonari , Kotemori Ayaka , Nakadate Misako , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Yamaji Taiki , Tsugane Shoichiro , Ishihara Junko , Sawada Norie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground:Acrylamide (AA) is classified as “probably carcinogenic to humans (class 2A)” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. AA causes cancer owing to its mutagenic and genotoxic metabolite, glycidamide (GA), and its effects on sex hormones. Both AA and GA can interact with hemoglobin to hemoglobin adducts (HbAA and HbGA, respectively), which are considered appropriate biomarkers of internal exposure of AA. However, few epidemiologic studies reported an association of HbAA and HbGA with breast cancer.Methods:We conducted a nested case–control study within the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study cohort (125 cases and 250 controls). Cases and controls were categorized into tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest) using the distribution of HbAA or HbGA levels in the control group and estimated ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.Results:No association was observed between HbAA (ORHighestvs.Lowest, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.69–2.59), HbGA (ORHighest vs. Lowest, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.79–2.69), their sum HbAA+HbGA (ORHighest vs. Lowest, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.72–2.58) and breast cancer; however, some evidence of positive association was observed between their ratio, HbGA/HbAA, and breast cancer (ORHighest vs. Lowest, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.11–4.31).Conclusions:There was no association between biomarkers of AA and breast cancer.Impact:It is unlikely that AA increases breast cancer risk; however, the association of AA with breast cancer may need to be evaluated, with a focus not only on the absolute amount of HbAA or HbGA but also on HbGA/HbAA and the activity of metabolic genes.
Prospective Association of Daily Steps With Cardiovascular Disease: A Harmonized Meta-Analysis
Authors: Paluch Amanda E. , Bajpai Shivangi , Ballin Marcel , Bassett David R. , Buford Thomas W. , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Chernofsky Ariel , Dooley Erin E. , Ekelund Ulf , Evenson Kelly R. , Galuska Deborah A. , Jefferis Barbara J. , Kong Lingsong , Kraus William E. , Larson Martin G. , Lee I-Min , Matthews Charles E. , Newton Robert L. , Nordström Anna , Nordström Peter , Palta Priya , Patel Alpa V. , Pettee Gabriel Kelley , Pieper Carl F. , Pompeii Lisa , Rees-Punia Erika , Spartano Nicole L. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Whincup Peter H. , Yang Shengping , Fulton Janet E. ,   for the Steps for Health Collaborative
Published: December 2022

Background:
Taking fewer than the widely promoted “10 000 steps per day” has recently been associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. The relationship of steps and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains poorly described. A meta-analysis examining the dose–response relationship between steps per day and CVD can help inform clinical and public health guidelines.

Methods:
Eight prospective studies (20 152 adults [ie, ≥18 years of age]) were included with device-measured steps and participants followed for CVD events. Studies quantified steps per day and CVD events were defined as fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were completed using study-specific quartiles and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI were meta-analyzed with inverse-variance–weighted random effects models.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 63.2±12.4 years and 52% were women. The mean follow-up was 6.2 years (123 209 person-years), with a total of 1523 CVD events (12.4 per 1000 participant-years) reported. There was a significant difference in the association of steps per day and CVD between older (ie, ≥60 years of age) and younger adults (ie, <60 years of age). For older adults, the HR for quartile 2 was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93), 0.62 for quartile 3 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.74), and 0.51 for quartile 4 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.63) compared with the lowest quartile. For younger adults, the HR for quartile 2 was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.35), 0.90 for quartile 3 (95% CI, 0.64 to 1.25), and 0.95 for quartile 4 (95% CI, 0.61 to 1.48) compared with the lowest quartile. Restricted cubic splines demonstrated a nonlinear association whereby more steps were associated with decreased risk of CVD among older adults.

Conclusions:
For older adults, taking more daily steps was associated with a progressively decreased risk of CVD. Monitoring and promoting steps per day is a simple metric for clinician–patient communication and population health to reduce the risk of CVD.
Spatiotemporal Trends in Near-Natural New Zealand River Flow
Authors: Queen Laura E. , Dean Sam , Stone Dáithí , Henderson Roddy , Renwick James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is affecting rivers worldwide, threatening water availability and altering the risk of natural hazards. Understanding the pattern of regional streamflow trends can help to inform region-specific policies to mitigate and adapt to any negative impacts on society and the environment. We present a benchmark dataset of long, near-natural streamflow records across Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) and the first nationwide analysis of observed spatiotemporal streamflow trends. Individual records rarely have significant trends, but when aggregated within homogenous hydrologic regions (determined through cluster analyses), significant regional trends emerge. A multitemporal approach that uses all available data for each region and considers trend significance over time reveals the influence of decadal variability in some seasons and regions, and consistent trends in others. Over the last 50+ years, winter streamflow has significantly increased in the west South Island and has significantly decreased in the north North Island; summer streamflow has significantly decreased for most of the North Island; autumn streamflow has generally dried nationwide; and spring streamflow has increased along the west coast and decreased along the east coast. Correlations between streamflow and dynamic and thermodynamic climate indices reveal the dominant drivers of hydrologic behavior across NZ. Consistencies between the observed near-natural streamflow trends and observed changes in circulation and thermodynamic processes suggest possible climate change impacts on NZ hydrology.