bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast-Charging Electrode Architecture Optimization through R2R Screen Printing
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhu Hongli 
Published: September 2023

Creating vertical channels is a viable strategy for reducing the tortuosity and improving the charge transfer kinetics of electrodes, hence enhancing the fast-charge capacity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to actualize fast-charging electrical products. Despite the fact that certain published approaches may directly render channels with electrodes without post-treatment, the control of channels’ diameter and edge distance is a challenge that may be exploited to investigate and optimize the relationship between channels and fast-charging electrodes. Moreover, the intricacy of these methods precludes their industrialization and commercialization. From the perspective of industrial and precision control channels, Roll-to-roll (R2R) screen printing is a simple, cost-effective, industrially scalable, and pattern-customizable continuous additive manufacturing approach for producing vertical channels, reducing the tortuosity of electrodes, and improving their fast-charging capabilities. Low-tortuosity electrodes manufactured by screen printing may be utilized to research the relationship between channel architecture and electrochemical performances of electrodes, as well as to boost and broaden mechanism studies and commercial applications.
In this work, we first applied screen printing to design and fabricate vertical channels with a high resolution. Channel arrangements, diameters, and edge distances were meticulously developed and illustrated for LIB electrodes in order to maximize their capacity at high current rates. Applying LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode ink, clear patterns were printed on the Aluminum substrate. By comparing and filtering, we revealed that 1) the staggered configuration enhances the high-rate charge capabilities of electrodes and 2) the channel diameter and edge distances decreasing improve the rate performances of electrodes. Specifically, at 4 and 6 C, the optimized electrode possesses a charge capacity that is two- and seven-times greater than the conventional bar-coated electrodes, respectively. In addition, neutron computed tomography demonstrated that the Li of the screen-printed electrodes was homogeneously spread along the channels during the charge and discharge operations. We believe that optimized channels accelerate ion transfer in the vertical direction, promote ion diffusion in the horizontal direction, and maximize transfer kinetics for electrodes. Although more research is required to improve the greatest resolution of screen printing technology and refine the internal design of screen-printed electrodes, R2R screen printing technology offers a new opportunity for the optimization, industrialization, and commercialization of fast-charging LIBs.
Voltage Differential Analysis during Power Discharge Operation in Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Wong Clement , Siegel Jason , Stefanopoulou Anna 
Published: September 2023

Constant Power Discharge (CPD) is a lucrative operating mode for grid-tied ESS in many energy markets. The CPD mode corresponds to an increasing current drawn as the ESS discharges. The operation can be modeled with an aged anode and cathode open circuit potentials (OCPn/p+RRC) model that can let us identify electrode-level (eSOH) parameters and resistance growth even though we do not have slow discharge with Constant Current. This identification process from realistic ESS field data, namely constant power discharge, will enable continuous eSOH diagnostics and lead to real-time and operando quantification of loss of active material and loss of lithium inventory (LAM and LLI, respectively).
In addition, the timing of when the cell groups' differential voltage peaks occur when the battery system is under constant power operations inform us about the imbalance among cell groups in a module of a battery system, as shown in the figure. Using the time separation among cell differential voltage peaks as a metric of cell imbalance can improve cell balancing algorithms that measure cell imbalance using maximum or minimum voltage, which can be directly affected by the power limits of the battery system.
The efficacy of the proposed algorithms is evaluated for multi-cell modules consisting of NMC/graphite cells, operating as part of a large-scale grid-connected energy storage system. Ultimately, by enabling improved diagnostics of the state of health of individual cells in a battery system and improved cell balancing algorithms, this work will enhance the performance and safety of large-scale lithium-ion battery systems.

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(Invited) Iron Flow Battery with Slurry Electrode for Large Scale Energy Storage: Scale-up, Commercialization, and IP Challenges in an Academic Environment
Authors: Savinell Robert F. , Wainright Jesse S. , Sinclair Nicholas Scott 
Published: September 2023

Large-scale energy storage is required to meet a multitude of current energy challenges. These challenges include modernizing the grid, incorporating intermittent renewable energy sources (so as to dispatch continuous electrical energy), improving the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution, and providing flexibility of storage independent of geographical and geological location.
Through efforts supported by ARPA-E and the Department of Energy Office of Electricity, one technology we are developing utilizes an approach based on sustainable, low cost iron electrolytes in an iron flow battery (IFB). Advantages of the IFB include abundant, non-toxic, and non-corrosive materials that are used to provide an energy storage solution that has inherently safe operation and is environmentally friendly. In our approach to the all iron RFB, we introduced a flowing carbon slurry as the negative electrode as a substrate for plating iron during charging allowing storage of the plated iron in a tank external to the stack. This configuration decouples energy and power capacities. The work supported by DOE allowed us to address challenges encountered in scaling up from small laboratory cells to a large commercial size slurry IFB single cell. 1

In this presentation, we will address some of the challenges we encountered for demonstrating the technology within an academic environment in order to position it for commercial development. Even with funding to overcome the valley-of-death and technology-to-market assistance given by ARPA-E, we faced many challenges including hiring expertise to address scale-up, design and testing. We will discuss challenges faced with identifying partners and licensees for moving discovery to product. Also, we will describe the many types of interactions we had with the university Technology Transfer Office including patent disclosure, IP protection, and negotiating licenses.

Acknowledgements: This research was supported by ARPA-E contract DE-AR0000352. Partial support also was received from the DOE Office of Electricity Award #1111358,0 under Dr. Imre Gyuk.

1N.S. Sinclair, R.F. Savinell and J.S. Wainright, MRS Energy & Sustainability, 2022; doi: 10.1557/s43581-022-00046-8
(Invited) How to Identify, Parameterise and Use Complex Electrode Kinetic Models
Authors: Krewer Ulrike , Röse Philipp 
Published: September 2023

Electrochemical engineering transfers knowledge from surface/material level to higher levels to build well performing porous electrodes, cells and systems. Modeling accompanies this process at all levels, as it allows for deeper insights into limitations and for subsequent knowledge-driven design and optimization. Modeling tools at higher levels are already well established and predictive, when it comes to heat and mass transfer, as these phenomena are widespread in engineering. They struggle, however, to reproduce or predict the electrochemical behavior of electrodes.
The situation at the electrode level becomes tricky, as there frequently are complex reaction networks at the surface. These lead to a relationship of current, voltage and reactants, which cannot be accurately described by a Tafel- or Butler-Volmer-type rate equation. Identifying suitable reaction network models including reaction kinetic equations and parameterizing them is a challenge; this talk will present promising solutions and their application to selected examples from the electrolysis and battery field.
Besides the electrode surface itself, changes in electrolyte composition close to the electrode surface may occur, which alter electrode performance dramatically. Models may need to account not only for diffusion and migration of the main reactants, but also for transport of intermediates and chemical reactions in the electrolyte as well as phase changes. How can one be sure to have implemented proper processes and parameters? Also here, the talk will give an insight into promising solutions and the application to selected examples including oxygen reduction and CO2 reduction.
The thus identified and parameterized models reveal process limitations and sensitivities which allow for better design and operation of the electrodes. They are further suitable for integration into porous electrode or cell models for design and diagnosis purposes on higher levels.
Pulsed Rapid Thermal Annealing as a Low Thermal Budget Semiconductor Fabrication Process
Authors: Kuo Yue 
Published: September 2023

Thermal annealing is required in the fabrication of many semiconductor devices. A proper annealing condition, e.g., temperature, atmosphere, and time, can improve the device performance, e.g., by reducing defect densities in bulk films and at interfaces. In addition, the annealing step can generate new structures in previously deposited thin films for various new functions. However, when the annealing condition is improper, e.g., the temperature is too high or the annealing time is too long, the device performance can deteriorate or dysfunction due to damage to the composing material, structure, or even the substrate. The thermal budget is critical in the thermal annealing step.
Pulsed rapid thermal annealing (PRTA), which exposes the sample to repeated cycles of short-period heating and cooling, is a low thermal budget process. In this presentation, the principle of PRTA is presented. Examples of using PRTA in the crystallization of amorphous silicon on the glass substrate to polycrystalline thin films for thin film transistors (TFTs) and solar cells, improving high-k gate dielectric properties for MOS capacitors and solid state incandescent light emitting devices (SSI-LEDs), and preparation of nanocrystals embedded high-k structure for nonvolatile memories will be shown (1-4). Limitations of PRTA and possible improvements will be discussed.

Kuo and P. M. Kozlowski, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69(8), 1092-1094 (1996).

Kuo, C.-H. Lin, and M. Zhu, IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conf.
PVSC 35, 3698-3701 (2010).

Y. Kuo and C. H. Lin, ECS 237th Meeting Abstract # 130648, May 10-15, 2020.

Y. Kuo, ECS 227th Meeting Abstract # 47306 (1333), May 24-28, 2015.
Elucidating Dynamic Conductive State Changes in Amorphous LLTO for Resistive Switching Devices
Authors: Shimizu Ryosuke , Cheng Diyi , Zhang Minghao , Meng Ying Shirley 
Published: September 2023

Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) is one of the promising memory devices to achieve neuromorphic computing that is a novel system to mimic human brain. ReRAM has a simple metal-insulator-metal structure and has advantages such as low power consumption and low manufacturing cost. Recently, our group has developed amorphous lithium lanthanum titanate (Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3, LLTO) thin film as a solid-state electrolyte for all solid-state thin-film batteries by using pulsed laser deposition, which has high ionic conductivity (≈10-3 S/cm) [1]. Beyond its application to energy storage devices, we found that the amorphous LLTO (a-LLTO) demonstrates a resistive switching response under the stimuli of an external electric field, where LLTO becomes high resistance state (HRS) at pristine state and switches to low resistance state (LRS) by external electric field. However, despite its unique feature, the resistive switching mechanism of a-LLTO is poorly understood.
Thus, in this work, we demonstrate successful observation of LLTO resistive switching behavior and optimize voltage range to achieve both resistive switching and cycling stability. Furthermore, electronic conductivity changes that provoke the LLTO switching are investigated through the comparison of thin films with different oxygen composition, under an hypothesis that oxygen vacancy plays a role in changing local LLTO conductivity. First-principles analysis also supports such conductivity change mechanism due to the local composition changes under electrical bias. Based on these experimental and computational results, the switching mechanisms are discussed with a simplified LLTO model. At last, in-situ testing of LLTO nano device under focused ion beam (FIB) setup, which aims for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to fully elucidate the switching mechanisms of LLTO at nanoscale.
Reference
[1] Lee, J. Z.; Wang, Z.; Xin, H. L.; Wynn, T. A.; Meng, Y. S. Amorphous Lithium Lanthanum Titanate for Solid-State Microbatteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 164 (1), A6268.

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(Invited) emerging Designs for Organic Infrared Photodetectors and Energy Storage
Authors: Ng Tse Nga 
Published: September 2023

The shortwave infrared spectral region (SWIR: 1-3 mm) is particularly powerful for health and environmental monitoring, enabling greater penetration depth and improved resolution in comparison to visible light. However, conventional SWIR sensors are limited by complex die transfer and bonding processing. This presentation will discuss the advances made in organic infrared detectors to overcome the issues in conventional SWIR detectors. The organic devices show photo-response spanning from the visible to 1.7 micron, using a new generation of semiconducting polymers that are processed by solution processing techniques and allow simple direct deposition. We will discuss the recent progress in identifying avenues that will improve sensor detector, such as understanding the origin of efficiency losses and materials optimization. Several demonstrations will show the various potential applications of organic infrared imagers, particularly for an up-conversion structure that combine photo-sensing and display in a compact structure without the need for pixilation. The imaging active area of 2 cm2 enabled concurrent recording of blood vessel location and blood flow pulses.
In addition to visualisation of infrared radiation, we are also developing the integration of redox polymers into supercapacitor structures to serve as energy supplies for wireless electronics. A new Faradaic electrode material comprised of a narrow bandgap donor−acceptor conjugated enhanced charge delocalization and thus improved stability dramatically. The supercapacitors were patterned by electrodeposition and showed a high areal power density of 227 mW/cm2, enabling rapid charging and high power output. The capacitance retention was 84% after 11,000 full redox cycles, offering the critical benefit of long cycle life. This work demonstrated the application of a new class of stable redox-active materials suitable to meet the energy storage needs for short-range wireless electronics.
(Invited) smart Wearable Electronics for Chronic Disease Management
Authors: Niu Simiao 
Published: September 2023

60% of Americans live with at least one chronic disease. These diseases and associated comorbidities are now the leading causes of death in the United States. Effective management of complex chronic diseases requires body-wide, long-term, accurate, and continuous monitoring of multiple physiological signals from wearable devices to precisely determine the pathological state. These wearable physiological signal monitoring can dramatically reduce the demand of physician visiting and increase patients’ engagement and treatment adherence rate. Although wearable bioelectronic devices have shown huge potential in chronic disease management, existing technology still mostly relies on rigid chip components, where the interface between chips and skin/tissue has been a bottleneck that limits the system performance (noise, robustness etc). To address these challenges, my research has been involved in the exploration of rational system design concepts, material and device fabrication innovation, and tailored algorithms to enable smart wearable electronics that targets next-generation chronic disease management.
Here I would like to discuss two of my developed technology platforms to elaborate the concept of smart wearables. First, I will describe a body area sensor network technology platform. In the system design concept side, this technology utilizes a novel wireless hybridization strategy and an unconventional detuned RFID working regime that provide an ideal skin interface. In the material/device side, this system integrates several skin-conforming polymer-based soft devices (ring oscillators, RF diodes, antennas, transistors etc.) as an integrated soft multimode sensing sticker. (1,2) Next, I will describe a wireless closed-loop smart bandage that can accelerate and monitor the wound healing process. (3) Such smart bandage also integrates new design concepts (wireless, battery-free design that combines both sensing and stimulation), novel materials (low-impedance, high-toughness, and tunable adhesion hydrogel as skin interface) and closed-loop control algorithms. Overall, the developed technology platform could assess multiple health outcomes and treatment responses to various chronic diseases. Ultimately, this technology will help to reduce chronic disease burden, lower medical costs, and provide a better quality of life for patients.
References:
1. “A Wireless Body Area Sensor Network System Based on Stretchable Passive Tags”. Nature Electronics 2019, 2, 361.
2. “High-Frequency and Intrinsically Stretchable Polymer Diodes”. Nature 2021, 600, 246-252.
3. “Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing”. Nature Biotechnology 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01528-3.
(Invited) ultrasensitive Low Cost Flexible Sensors and Bioinspired Sutureless Anastomosis Devices
Authors: Kang Sung Hoon 
Published: September 2023

I will present our efforts for investigating flexible electronic sensors for potential health monitoring applications and bioinspired sutureless anastomosis devices for easier, faster, and safer surgery.
Highly sensitive flexible tactile sensors are of continuing interest for various applications including human–machine interface systems, internet of things, and wearable health monitoring devices. Current technologies for high sensitivity piezoresistive sensors tend to rely on costly materials and/or fabrication methods, limiting accessibility and scalability. Here, we report a facile sacrificial casting–etching method to synthesize nanoporous carbon nanotube/polymer composites for ultra-sensitive and low-cost piezoresistive pressure sensors. Our synthesis method overcomes the limitations of the traditional solution-dip-coating method for adhering nanoscale conductive materials to the nanoscale porous surface. Importantly, we show ultra-high sensitivity with a strain gauge factor over 300, which is ∼50 times higher than that of traditional CNT-based piezoresistive sensors. For practical tactile sensing applications, we demonstrate that the sensors can detect both gentle pressures (1 Pa–1 kPa) and low pressures (1 kPa–25 kPa) with a fraction of the cost. Our nanoporous polymer composite could contribute to expanding the scope of using nanocomposite sensors for medical applications from its easy tunability for sensing diverse range of tactile signals.
Anastomosis, the surgical connection of adjacent tubular organs is a foundational surgical skill for many surgical procedures. The current standard of anastomosis is manually suturing two tubular structures together around an opening with fine sutures. However, it requires several years of surgical training, a long time (60 to 90 minutes per anastomosis) for procedure, and, at times, specialized equipment, facility and staffs. Thus, it is an expensive (up to $35,000 per procedure).Moreover, even in the hands of skilled surgeons, the anastomosis can be complicated by leakage or thrombosis. To address current challenges, we investigated a sutureless anastomosis device inspired by rose prickles. I will present our approach to design, fabricate, and test devices. Our device showed the failure force comparable to that of the handsewn suture (4.9 N) and no leakage up to 45 mL/min flow rate, well above the physiologic blood flow rate. Compared with handsewn anastomosis, the device resulted in minimum deformation of the anastomotic site. From in-vivo non-survival porcine studies, the device showed successful anastomosis (< 5 min per anastomosis) with no leaking for both arterial and venous anastomoses. We envision our findings can contribute to enabling easier, faster, and safer anastomosis, and making anastomotic techniques more accessible to a broad range of clinicians, researchers, and patients across the world.
(Invited) triboelectric Nanogenerator Based Sensors for Water Quality Evaluation
Authors: Pradel Ken , Urano Toshiyuki , Mizukami Junji 
Published: September 2023

Clean water is a necessary component for all life. Unfortunately, in many countries, both developed and not, clean water is not a guarantee. Because of that, there has been a growing market for personal water quality sensors and tools. This ranges from electronic meters to determine pH and salinity, to reagent strips for heavy metals such as lead and mercury. Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses, and in our search for new technology to compete with this, have been investigating the principle of triboelectrification as one possibility. When objects of different work functions are placed in contact, there is a charge transfer that occurs. When hooked up to an external load, and cyclically contacted and released, this can be harnessed for power generation in the form of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) or nanosensors (TENS). While the technology began with contacting solid objects, it was soon discovered that the principle also applies to interactions between solids and liquids.
We have begun investigations on constructing triboelectric sensors for detecting small amounts of contaminants in water. By chemically modifying a copper wire, we can detect concentrations of contaminants such as acetone at concentrations as low as 5% per volume, while avoiding false positives from similar compounds like ethanol. We were also able to measure ammonia in water at similar concentrations. The coating preferentially binds to the target molecule, changing the work function, which in turn changes the output voltage. A Dobot Magician robot arm is used to help produce more consistent and reproducible signals. In the future, we will continue pushing this technology to detect other common contaminants, while miniaturizing the robotics and computer systems for collecting and processing the data, respectively.

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Ionic Decoupling in PEM Water Electrolyzers and Cost-Effective Cell Components
Authors: Proch Sebastian Karl , Bexell Ulf , Westlinder Jörgen 
Published: September 2023

Potential profiles through the PEM water electrolyzer anode compartment have been found to be highly dependent on feedwater resistivity (see Figure 1). Typical type II industrial feedwater leads to a considerable drop in local potential from the anode catalyst layer (> 1.5 V vs. RHE) to the bipolar plate (1.0 V vs. RHE). At such a potential, cost-effective materials like stainless steel and carbon are stable [1] which expands their use case from PEM fuel cells to PEM water electrolyzers. Moreover, the potential profiles suggest substituting most of the PTL by more cost-effective materials than titanium, e.g., stainless steel [1].
[1] H. Becker et al. Assessing potential profiles in water electrolysers to minimize titanium use,
Energ. Environmental Sci
. 2022, 15, 2508-2518.

Figure 1