bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Quantitative Aspects of the Passive Sensitization of Human Basophils
Authors: Goldstein Byron , Dembo Micah , Malveaux Floyd J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We review the theory for the binding of IgE to Fc receptors on basophil surfaces. We then use the theory to analyze binding experiments of Malveaux et al. and T. Ishizaka on the passive sensitization of basophils from a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia and 75% basophilia. From their data we determine that the forward rate constant for the binding of human IgE to receptors on these human basophils is (3.0 ± 1.0) × 104 M-1 sec-1.
Intestinal Goblet Cell Mucus Release
Authors: Lake Alan M. , Bloch Kurt J. , Neutra Marian R. , Walker W. Allan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We previously reported that the infusion of certain soluble immune complexes stimulated mucus release from the rat small intestine in vivo. The present studies sought to evaluate the response of the intestine of normal and immunized rats to the infusion of antigen alone. One hour after the intraduodenal infusion of antigen, small intestinal washings were obtained and analyzed for the presence of 35S-labeled, high m.w. glycoprotein of goblet cell origin. The amount of goblet cell glycoprotein released was estimated from the radioactivity present in the void volume of a Sepharose 4B gel filtration column.
The release of goblet cell mucus was enhanced by antigen stimulation in orally immunized animals. The discharge of goblet cell mucus was not increased after antigen infusion in animals immunized by the i.p. route despite the induction of high levels of serum antibody. The inability to demonstrate release of mucus after antigen challenge in systemically immunized rats suggests that the amount or the type(s) of antibody required at the mucosal surface is produced only after oral immunization.
Activated T Cells in the Synovial Fluid of Arthritic Patients: Characterization and Comparison with in Vitro Activated Humand and Murine T Cells in Cooperation with Monocytes in Cytotoxicity
Authors: Galili Uri , Rosenthal Lili , Galili Naomi , Klein Eva 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes were separated from the synovial fluid of 34 arthritic patients. The majority of lymphocytes rosetted with SRBC and were thus of T origin. A proportion of these cells were activated as indicated by their high 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro, the formation of “stable” E rosettes, and their ability to attach to autologous monocytes and to human cells. Such attached activated T cells enhanced the cytotoxic activity of monocytes. Human and murine-activated T cells generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures also attached to cell lines of the same species, and after their attachment they enhanced the cytotoxic activity of monocytes and natural killer cells. It is suggested that one of the possible roles of activated T cells in immunologically damaged tissues is the attraction of circulating nonspecific killer cells to the site of the response.
Monocyte Dependence of Pokeweed Mitogen-Induced Differentiation of Immunoglobulin-Secreting Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Rosenberg Stuart A. , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) lost the capacity to generate immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) when depleted of adherent cells (AC). The diminished responsiveness of the nonadherent cells (NAC) could not be ascribed to cell death, altered PWM dose response characteristics, or a change in the length of incubation required to generate a response. Supplementation with autologous or homologous AC, but not 2-mercaptoethanol, restored the capacity of NAC to generate ISC after PWM stimulation. By standard criteria AC were found to contain 85 to 90% monocytes. Furthermore, the monocytes and not the few lymphocytes contaminating the AC were responsible for restoring PWM responsiveness to the NAC. PWM-induced DNA synthesis of NAC also was markedly reduced compared to PBM. Again, supplementation with monocytes restored responsiveness to NAC. The monocyte dependence of PWM-induced proliferation and generation of ISC was most apparent when cultural conditions were employed that limited cell-to-cell interaction.
Lack of Responsiveness of C3H/HeJ Macrophages to Lipopolysaccharide: The Cellular Basis of LPS-Stimulated Metabolism
Authors: Ryan J. L. , Glode L. M. , Rosenstreich D. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rate of glucose utilization has been used as a measure of LPS-induced activation of cultures of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ spleen cells, peritoneal cells, and purified peritoneal adherent cells. Peritoneal cells utilized 40 to 60 times more glucose than did spleen cells and purified adherent monolayers were more active than mixed peritoneal cells, suggesting that only macrophage metabolism was being measured. The cell preparations for C3H/HeJ mice were not activated by Escherichia coli K235 LPS prepared by extensive phenol extraction, whereas C3H/HeN cells were activated by that LPS. Cells from both strains were activated by a commercially obtained E. coli 0111:B4 LPS and butanol-extracted K235 LPS.
The addition of 10% C3H/HeN spleen cells to C3H/HeJ peritoneal cells resulted in a marked enhancement of glucose utilization. These findings suggest that LPS-induced enhancement of macrophage metabolism occurs both by direct action of LPS on macrophages as well as indirectly through activated lymphocytes.
T-T Cell Synergy in the in Vitro Generation of Secondary Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against Syngeneic SV-40 Transformed Cells
Authors: Glaser Moshe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concept of T-T cell interaction that was first suggested during cell-mediated immune response to alloantigens was evaluated in vitro in a syngeneic tumor system. Combinations of lymph node and thymus cells from mice immune against SV-40 transformed cells were shown to exhibit synergism with respect to in vitro generation of secondary cytotoxic effector cells against the corresponding target cells. That is, the activity exhibited by combinations of lymph node and thymus cells was greater than that given by equal numbers of the two cell types cultured separately. With respect to the kinetics and magnitude of effector cell generation, the response occurring in synergizing cultures closely resembled that of optimal numbers of lymph node cells. In addition, the antigen specificity of effector cells generated by synergizing cultures was similar to that of effectors derived from cultures containing optimal numbers of responding lymph node cells. Pretreatment of either lymph node or thymus cells with mitomycin C or x-ray irradiation completely abolished their synergistic interaction. The lymph node and thymus cell populations participating in synergy were found to be thymus dependent. since we have previously shown that similar T-T cell interaction occurs in rejection of a syngeneic SV-40 induced sarcoma in mice, it is proposed that the in vitro generation of secondary cytotoxicity provides an in vitro model for the study of in vivo thymus cell interactions in response to tumor-associated antigens. These results suggest that we may be dealing with the same or similar T cell populations described before as displaying synergy in response to alloantigens in the graft-vs-host, mixed lymphocyte, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions.
Human T Lymphocyte Subpopulations: Studies of the Mechanism by Which T Cells Bearing Fc Receptors for IgG Suppress T-Dependent B Cell Differentiation Induced by Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: Moretta Lorenzo , Mingari Maria Cristina , Moretta Alessandro , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism by which human T lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgG (TG cells) suppress B cell differentiation promoted by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and helper TM cells was studied. In this model system, autologous TG cells were shown to suppress via soluble factors released without detectable cell proliferation. In order to release these factors, TG cells needed to interact with PWM in addition to their reaction with IgG immune complexes during the isolation procedure. Suppression occurred only when TG cells were added early to mixtures of helper T and B cells cultured in the presence of PWM. B lymphocytes appeared to be resistant to suppression under a variety of experimental conditions. B cells “preactivated” by helper cells and PWM differentiated into plasma cells without any further help and were resistant to suppression by TG cells. B lymphocytes re-isolated from 2-day cultures containing TM cells, TG cells, and PWM retained their capacity to differentiate into plasma cells when cultured with helper T cells and PWM. B cell differentiation induced by helper supernatants was resistant to activated TG cells or their soluble factors. When TM cells were preincubated with suppressor supernatants, their ability to induce B cell differentiation was reduced; in contrast, similar pretreatment of B cells had no effect on their differentiation. These results suggest that TG cells can suppress the induction of polyclonal B cell differentiation by acting indirectly on helper TM cells.
The Proliferative Response of Human Lymphocytes to Antigen Is Suppressed Preferentially by Lymphocytes Precultured with the same Antigen
Authors: Borkowsky William , Valentine Fred T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human blood lymphocytes activated in vitro with antigen to which the donor is reactive are capable of suppressing the secondary proliferative response of autochthonous fresh cells to antigen. Both antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific suppression can be detected in each experiment. These suppressor cells act by decreasing the number of lymphocytes entering the proliferative response rather than by slowing or otherwise inhibiting ongoing proliferation. The suppressor cells must be added soon after fresh cells are stimulated with antigen to be effective, but the suppressor cells themselves need not proliferate to exert their effect. Suppressor cells are optimally effective when added in numbers equal to those of the responding population, but still exert a significant effect at one-eighth that number.
The Fate of IgE Bound to Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Isersky Chaviva , Rivera John , Mims Sharon , Triche Timothy J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study investigates the fate of the cell-bound IgE by using a well-characterized rat basophilic leukemia cell line and a purified IgE myeloma protein. Both histamine-releasing and nonreleasing cell lines were examined. In both cases, no evidence for cell-mediated IgE catabolism could be elicited. Both the dissociated IgE and the receptors remained intact for prolonged periods of time, as demonstrated by binding assays. Internalization and/or recycling of membrane-bound IgE could not be demonstrated by E. M. autoradiography. We found only limited time-dependent changes in accessibility to anti-IgE antibody, trypsin, or elution at low pH (2.9 to 3.1). A biphasic dissociation of cell-bound 125I-IgE during incubation in the presence of excess unlabeled IgE was reproducibly observed; the more slowly dissociated IgE was also less readily dissociated at pH 3.4. These studies lead us to conclude that, in vitro, IgE resides in a functional orientation on the surface of RBL-1 cells, for prolonged periods of time.
Detection and Characterization of Human Leukemia-Associated Antigens on Leukemic Cell Lines and Thymocytes
Authors: Yoshizaki Kazuyuki , Seon Ben K. , Barcos Maurice P. , Minowada Jun , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The γG fractions of baboon and rabbit anti-MOLT-4 (a human leukemic T cell line) sera were extensively absorbed with glutaraldehyde-aggregated fetal calf serum and pools of normal human spleen cells and peripheral blood cells, both of which were derived from several different individuals. The spleen and peripheral blood cell preparations used contained normal T lymphocytes as well as B lymphocytes. The absorbed γG fractions were then further treated with several normal (nonmalignant) B cell lines that possessed HLA alloantigens known to be expressed on MOLT-4 cells. The resulting absorbed γG fractions of baboon (Abs-BαMOLT) and rabbit (Abs-RαMOLT) antisera were tested against thymocytes, leukemic T cell lines (MOLT-4, CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, RPMI 8402) and a leukemic null cell line (NALM-1), various normal B cell lines, normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, normal spleen lymphocytes, and other control cells. Three different tests were used for both Abs-BαMOLT and Abs-RαMOLT: 1) A complement-dependent cytotoxicity test, 2) an 125I-antibody binding assay, and 3) a quantitative absorption-cytotoxicity test. Both the Abs-BαMOLT and Abs-RαMOLT that we used detected antigens common to the four leukemic T cell lines and to thymocytes and did not react with any of the control cells including normal T cells and cultured normal B cell lines. Abs-BαMOLT differed from Abs-RαMOLT in that only the former reacted with NALM-1, a leukemic null cell line, and only the latter reacted with an antigen(s) on MOLT-4 that was not detectable on thymocytes from certain donors. The Abs-RαMOLT was used for the isolation and partial characterization of the human thymus leukemia-associated antigens reported in the following paper.
Changes in Surface Immunoglobulin Isotypes on Purified Antigen-Binding Cells after Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Kenny James J. , Kessler Steven W. , Ahmed Aftab , Ashman Robert F. , Scher Irwin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-binding cells (ABC) were isolated from 5-day immune and nonimmune mice via a two-step centrifugation procedure. Their surface immunoglobulins (sIg) were then stained with fluorescein-conjugated anti-Ig, anti-µ, and anti-γ-specific reagents and analyzed on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), or labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed surface iodination and examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Nonimmune ABC, unfractionated and ABC-depleted lymphocytes had identical FACS profiles after anti-µ and anti-Ig staining. Surface radioiodination and SDS-PAGE analysis showed that these nonimmune ABC exhibited a greater amount of δ than µ on their surface with only a trace of γ. In contrast, immune ABC bore more µ than δ and 30 to 50% of these ABC also bore surface γ. Immune ABC also showed a reduced amount of total sIg compared to Fl-anti-Ig stained unfractionated or ABC-depleted lymphocytes.
Since the intensity of staining with Fl anti-µ did not change after immunization, the reduced total sIg and increased µ/δ on the immune ABC were attributable to loss of sIgD after antigenic stimulation of the ABC. This antigen-induced loss of sIgD could be simulated on non-immune ABC and on unfractionated spleen cells by proteolytic removal of the sIgD.
Slow Reacting Substance (SRS) from Ionophore A23187-Stimulated Peritoneal Mast Cells of the Normal Rat
Authors: Yecies Lewis D. , Wedner H. James , Johnson Stephen M. , Jakschik Barbara A. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When rat peritoneal mast cells were exposed to the ionophore A23187, a principle was released that possessed the biologic properties of slow reacting substance (SRS) from various sources. The response was dose, time, and temperature dependent with no activity being demonstrated in unstimulated cells. Supporting evidence that the mast cell product was similar or identical to SRS obtained from other sources include: 1) appropriate differential bioassay profile, 2) resistance to lipolysis and proteolysis, 3) acid lability and base stability, 4) inactivation by limpet arylsulfatase, and 5) inhibition by low concentrations FPL 55712. These data demonstrate that the isolated rat peritoneal mast cell contains the biosynthetic capacity to produce a bioreactive substance with the properties of SRS.
C1q: Isolation from Human Serum in High Yield by Affinity Chromatography and Development of a Highly Sensitive Hemolytic Assay
Authors: Kolb William P. , Kolb Linda M. , Podack Eckhard R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, has been isolated from human serum in fully hemolytically active form by affinity column chromatography and gel filtration with Bio-Gel A-5M. The affinity column was prepared by covalent coupling of purified human IgG to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Final yields of C1q ranged from 25 to 40% with 650- 890-fold purification based on recovery of hemolytic activity. The preparations were free of contaminating serum proteins as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic and immunochemical criteria. The final C1q preparations were also devoid of any demonstrable C1q-inhibitor activity.
A C1q-depleted reagent (C1qD) was obtained from the nonadsorbed protein containing fractions of the human IgG-Sepharose 4B affinity column and utilized in conjunction with sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) for the detection and quantitation of C1q hemolytic activity. Employing optimal quantities of C1qD in the hemolytic assay mixture, the highly purified C1q preparations contained 0.5 to 1 × 1013 effective molecules/mg and 0.5 to 1 × 1012 effective C1q molecules/ml of human serum. This assay would therefore reproducibly detect less than 1 ng of C1q hemolytic activity.
Orally Induced Tolerance
Authors: Dumont Allan E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mattingly and Waksman have recently reported clear-cut and convincing data demonstrating the formation of antigen-specific suppressor cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) after oral administration of antigen (1). To consider formation of suppressor cells in GALT as an independent process responsible for orally induced tolerance, however, is to ignore information specifically implicating the liver in the induction of this tolerance. Thus, the authors overlook the fact that direct intraportal injection of sheep erythrocytes (2), bovine γ-globulin (3), or picryl chloride (3) renders susceptible animals immunologically unresponsive to these materials, and that the tolerogenic effect of oral feeding of a simple chemical antigen is abolished by diverting portal flow from the liver (4).
The precise mechanism responsible for immunologic unresponsiveness after portal circulation of antigen to the liver is unknown but in several of the papers cited by Mattingly and Waksman, the following possibilities are considered: 1) the liver may sequester immunogenic fragments of antigen-antibody complexes and thus allow tolerogenic components to exert their effect (5); 2) intrahepatic portal lymphoid tissue may form IgA that joins with absorbed antigen to suppress immunologically active cells (6); 3) induction of suppressor cells may require access of antigen to liver (7).
Immunoprophylaxis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in the Infant Ferret
Authors: Suffin Stephen C. , Prince Gregory A. , Muck Katie B. , Porter David D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infant ferrets can be protected from respiratory syncytial virus challenge at 3 days of age by gestational infection of their mothers. Ferrets acquire their immunity to respiratory syncytial virus postpartum via immunizing products of lactation. The level of protection against viral replication correlates with the maternal serum neutralizing titer or a concomitant factor. Passive administration of adult ferret serum with a neutralizing titer of 1:1024 or greater, either i.p. or orally does not confer immunity. A nonantibody-mediated protective mechanism appears to play an important role in protecting the infant ferret from respiratory syncytial virus replication. Our findings allow the testing of the efficacy of future human vaccines before human clinical trial.
Isolation of Functional Subsets of Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes
Authors: Norris David A. , Morris Richard M. , Sanderson Richard J. , Kohler Peter F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monocytes were isolated by counterflow centrifugation of Ficoll-Hypaque separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The monocytes formed a bimodal volume distribution of “large” and “small” phagocytic esterase-positive, peroxidase-positive cells with peaks at 470 and 410 µ3, respectively. The large monocytes were predominately Fc receptor positive, and were able to lyse both sensitized human and chicken erythrocyte targets in ADCC assays, whereas the small monocytes were largely FcR negative and were inactive against sensitized human erythrocyte targets. However, ADCC against chicken erythrocyte targets was seen in some fractions containing small monocytes and was probably due to FcR+ lymphocytes (K cells) in those fractions. These experiments establish that monocytes are effectors of ADCC against both human and chicken erythrocyte targets and that the peripheral blood monocyte is heterogeneous in size, function, and surface receptor distribution.
Single Mouse Cells Producing Two Antibody Molecules and Giving Rise to Antigen-Driven Intraclonal Variation after Immunization with Two Unrelated Antigens
Authors: Couderc Jacques , Bleux Christian , Ventura Michel , Liacopoulos Panayotis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) simultaneously lysing two different hapten-red cell indicators (double PFC) appear regularly along with PFC lysing only one indicator, on the 4th to 5th day of secondary response in mice primed 2 to 4 months before with hapten-protein conjugates mixed in Freund's complete adjuvant. Addition of soluble-specific inhibitors, i.e., the same haptens conjugated to different protein-carriers, results in an inhibition of the corresponding specific lytic activity and the disappearance of the double PFC. Micromanipulation of these cells from the initial medium into a second medium, containing both indicator RBC and one specific inhibitor, inhibited the corresponding specific lysis in 80% of double cells without affecting the unrelated lytic activity. Subsequent micromanipulation into a third inhibitor-free medium resulted in a recovery of the double lysis in more than 50% of them. This evidence for the synthesis of two different antibody molecules by double PFC was further strengthened by individual cell culture experiments; most of these cells divided and engendered daughter PFC-secreting antibody of only one of the two specificities, thus showing first, the transient nature of double production, and second, that each lytic activity can be inherited separately.
Individual cell cultures also showed occurrence of clonal variation in progeny of single PFC. Among PFC from mice immunized with two antigens to progeny variation occurred in 24 out of 46 (0.656) parental cells as against only 1 out of 40 (0.025) observed among individual PFC from animals immunized with one antigen. Moreover, this variation was antigen driven since absence for 48 hr of the one antigen resulted in discontinuance of generation of daughter PFC of the corresponding specificity. A similar degree of antigen-driven variation was observed when spontaneous PFC or PFC arising early after immunization (2nd or 3rd day) with one antigen were individually cultured for 48 hr with a different antigen; one part of parental PFC (0.545) yielded variant daughters of the specificity of the latter antigen, whereas the other part (0.455) yielded progeny of the same as the parental PFC specificity in a clonal manner. These results suggest that differentiation of B cells during the early phase after antigenic stimulation would involve a process of intracellular selection and/or rearrangement of V genes.