bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Suppression of the Primary Immune Response to a Thymus-Dependent Antigen
Authors: Persson Ulla 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen was depressed in vivo and in vitro in spleen cells from mice injected with LPS i.p. a few days before challenge with the antigen. Spleen cells from LPS-injected mice could, however, respond with increased DNA synthesis after activation with polyclonal B and T cell activators in vitro. The LPS-activated spleen cells could actively suppress normal cells in their response to the antigen sheep red blood cells. The suppressor cells contained in the LPS-activated spleens were most likely B lymphocytes, and the possible mechanism for their inhibitory function is discussed.
Stimulation of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Periodate, Galactose Oxidase, Soybean Agglutinin, and Peanut Agglutinin: Differential Effects of Adherent Cells
Authors: Novogrodsky Abraham , Stenzel Kurt H. , Rubin Albert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Blastogenic responses of normal human peripheral lymphocytes to three distinct groups of mitogens were studied: Group I—phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM); Group II—soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA); and Group III—galactose oxidase (GO) and sodium periodate (IO4-). SBA was mitogenic for human cells, and this effect was enhanced by treating the cells with neuraminidase (NA). PNA was mitogenic only after cells had been treated with NA. GO was effective before and activity was increased after lymphocytes were treated with NA. Responses to Group II and III mitogens were more variable than were those to Group I mitogens. Studies with purified T and B cells indicated that SBA and PNA were T cell mitogens, whereas IO4- and GO failed to stimulate either T or B cells. Adding macrophages back to this system indicated that they were both T cell mitogens with strict macrophage requirements. T cell responses to SBA and PNA were enhanced over responses to unfractionated cells to a degree that could not be explained simply by enrichment of the cultures with T cells. Removal of adherent cells from unfractionated cell suspensions again revealed a marked enhancement of responses to SBA and PNA, a consistent decrease in responses to IO4-, and a variable decrease in responses to GO. Similar results were found with 14C-leucine and 3H-uridine incorporation, as well as 3H-thymidine for the assessment of blastogenic response. Mechanisms responsible for these differential effects of macrophage depletion on lymphocyte responses to different groups of mitogens are yet to be determined. Either different mitogens require different lymphocyte to macrophage ratios for optimal stimulation, or some mitogens (i.e., SBA and PNA) form inhibitory complexees in the lymphocyte-macrophage mixture. In any case, variability in response to mitogenic agents in normal as well as pathologic states may be dependent on adherent cell populations, rather than on the lymphocytes themselves.
Cross-Linking of T Cell Mitogens: Effects on B and T Cell Proliferation and Immunoglobulin Synthesis
Authors: Basham T. Y. , Waxdal M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The T cell mitogens Pa-2, concanavalin A (con A) and its dimeric derivative succinyl-con A, were each cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate. Although the dose-response curves of these insoluble aggregated products were markedly changed from those of the soluble mitogens, each aggregate continued to stimulate DNA synthesis by murine thymus and T cells. Both aggregated Pa-2 and aggregated succinyl con A stimulated DNA synthesis by B cells from athymic (Nu/Nu) mice. Aggregated con A did not stimulate these cells and, like soluble con A, depressed the background incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Unlike soluble Pa-2, aggregated Pa-2 also greatly increased Ig production by both the B cell cultures and B + T cell cultures from normal (BALB/c) mice.
Localization of Receptors for Activated Complement on Visceral Epithelial Cells of the Human Renal Glomerulus
Authors: Shin M. L. , Gelfand M. C. , Nagle R. B. , Carlo J. R. , Green I. , Frank M. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptors for activated C3 have recently been demonstrated to be present in glomeruli of normal human kidneys. In the present communication, the precise location of these receptors within the renal corpuscle was studied with scanning electron microscopy. By this technique, the glomerular complement receptor (GCR) was found to be located on the visceral epithelial cell of the renal corpusle. This epithelial cell location was confirmed by comparison of in vitro GCR activity with the location of immunoglobulin and C3 deposited in vivo. Renal tissues in which Ig and C3 had been deposited in vivo diffusely in subepithelial loci had no in vitro GCR activity. Renal biopsies not showing Ig or C3 deposition or biopsies with Ig and C3 in the mesangium retained GCR activity. These results further confirm an important role for GCR in the trapping and deposition of C3 in some forms of immunologically mediated renal disease.
Mitogen Induced Cellular Cytotoxicity (MICC) in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Yonkosky Donna M. , Silverman Stuart L. , Cathcart Edgar S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) was noted to be markedly increased in patients with multiple myeloma as compared to normal controls and to patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Enhanced MICC was present at various effector-to-target cell ratios and at several mitogen concentrations. Removal of adherent, phagocytic cells by carbonyl iron, glass wool, or rayon columns abolished the MICC response from the peripheral blood of both multiple myeloma patients and normal controls. Thus, the effector cell mediating MICC may be monocytic in origin and closely resembles the suppressor cell for immunoglobulin synthesis described in patients with multiple myeloma. Our data suggest that the MICC assay with chicken red blood cells as targets may provide a convenient method for identifying pathologic conditions where this cytotoxic effector cell population plays an active role.
The Xenogeneic Effect
Authors: Simon Philip L. , Farrar John J. , Kind Phyllis D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A supernatant from human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), Xenogeneic Reconstitution Factor (XRF), was added to one-way murine MLC. This supernatant greatly enhances the generation of cytotoxic cells from C57BL/6 or DBA/2 responder thymocytes, as assayed by a standard 51Cr-release assay. This enhancement is shown 1) to be dependent upon the presence of BDF1 semi-allogeneic stimulator cells and 2) to result in the generation of cytotoxic cells that are specific for the H-2 type of the stimulating alloantigen. In some experiments, alloantigen-stimulated murine spleen cells, when cultured with XRF showed increased induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These experiments show that XRF contains a cytotoxic-cell activating factor(s) that is functionally similar to those found in murine-derived supernatants, and that this factor can participate in the generation of cytotoxic cells from precursors present in the murine thymus.
Multiple Occurrence of Spontaneous AKR/J Lymphomas with T and B Cell Characteristics
Authors: Greenberg Robert S. , Mathieson Bonnie J. , Campbell Pamela S. , Zatz Marion M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three Thy 1.1-positive and surface IgM-positive (Thy 1+, SIg+) AKR/J lymphoma lines are described. These doubly marked tumors arose spontaneously in the peripheral lymphoid organs of 14- to 16-month-old AKR/J mice that either had spontaneous thymus atrophy or had been thymectomized at 1 month of age. All lines bore surface Thy 1.1, Ly, Ig (μ-chain) and Fc receptor (FcR), detectable by immunofluorescence. Immune response region (Iak) antigen was present on the two lines tested. Persistence of Thy 1.1 antigen and SIg after long-term tissue culture provided evidence that these markers were not passively acquired. One of these tumor lines, AkTB-1 always grows in lymph nodes as Thy 1.1-positive, SIg-negative tumor cells, whereas tumor cells growing in the spleen are initially Thy 1.1 positive, SIg negative, but they rapidly acquire SIg, FcR, and Ia between 18 and 21 days of passage.
In Vitro Secondary MLR
Authors: Fathman C. G. , Collavo D. , Davies S. , Nabholz M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the kinetics and specificity of secondary in vitro mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). With limited numbers of primed responder cells (PRC) in the presence of “excess antigen” it was possible to obtain proliferative responses that were proportional to the number of PRC initially placed in culture. The responding cells, after an initial lag period, seem to grow exponentially until day 3 of culture. The responses of PRC (with the strain combinations and culture conditions described in this report) seemed to be directed toward stimulator cell determinants whose expression was determined by genes in the I region of the MHC. In one case, the relevant incompatibilities could be further restricted to the I-A region. Although PRC responded best to stimulator cells sharing the I region with the priming stimulator cell, apparent cross-reactivity could be observed by restimulating PRC with stimulator cells that did not carry the MHC haplotype of the priming stimulator cell. The rate of proliferation (measured as 3H-thymidine incorporation) in these apparent cross-reactions was reproducible and comparable to the rate observed in response to the priming stimulator cell. It was possible, therefore, to estimate the proportion of PRC that reacted in the presence of third party stimulator cells compared to the response of these PRC to the priming stimulator cells. We have estimated that the response of A (B6) PRC against H-2d and H-28 haplotype stimulator cells is about half of the response of these PRC to H-2b, the priming stimulator cell.
Influence of H-2 Complex on Susceptibility to Infection by Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Tucker Henry St. G. , Weens Joan , Tsichlis Philip , Schwartz Robert S. , Khiroya Raman , Donnelly Judith 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Titers of infectious ecotropic MuLV in mouse spleen were examined after deliberate infection. In congenic mice differing only in H-2 haplotype, a gene (or genes) within the H-2 complex determined either a high virus titer (H-2k, H-2d, H-2a) or a low titer (H-2b, H-2q). Susceptibility to high virus titers was inherited as a dominant trait. Kinetic studies revealed similar initial patterns of infection in both groups, with a fall in titer in the “resistant” strain occurring from week 6 through 10 after infection. Anti-VEA antibody titers differed significantly between the groups, but no mechanistic role for antibody in eliminating virus was apparent. Genes outside the H-2 complex were shown to influence MuLV titers after infection as well.
Fractionation of Lymphocyte Subpopulations Which Regulate Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions
Authors: Rich Robert R. , Chu Lily , Solliday Rich Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four days after injection of allogeneic lymphocytes BALB/c splenic T cells suppress proliferation of syngeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Conversely, lymph node cells from the same mice amplify MLR responses. To further characterize these functional subpopulations, alloantigen-primed lymphocyte suspensions from both organs were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit-gravity. After fractionation MLR suppressor cells from spleens localized exclusively in rapidlly sedimenting fractions of large cells. MLR suppressor activity of cells from these fractions, as well as that of unfractionated spleen cell suspensions, was abolished by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Spleen cell fractions of similar sedimentation velocity also secreted a soluble MLR suppressor into culture supernatants. Although inhibitory of MLR, spleen cells of rapid sedimentation velocity did not suppress responses to T cell mitogens. In marked contrast with the effects of spleen cells, large 4-day-alloantigen-primed lymph node cells had no suppressive activity in MLR. MLR amplifier cells of uncertain derivation were found in fractions of medium sedimentation velocity from both spleens and lymph nodes. Fractionation of alloantigen-primed lymph node cell suspensions did reveal, however, a subpopulation of small cells with MLR suppressor activity which was unaffected by treatment with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement. The data thus indicate that large alloantigen-activated lymphocytes are not intrinsically suppressive nor are cells which suppress MLR necessarily large. We consequently conclude that regulation of MLR responses by alloantigen-primed lymphocytes involves a complex interaction between distinct functional subpopulations of cells which are separable both by physical and biologic properties.
Binding of Affinity Cross-Linked Oligomers of IgG to Cells Bearing Fc Receptors
Authors: Segal David M. , Hurwitz Esther 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of covalently cross-linked oligomers of rabbit IgG antibodies to tumor cells resembling macrophages and lymphocytes and to normal spleen cells has been measured. With all cells trimeric IgG binds with greater affinity than does the dimer, which in turn binds more tightly than does the monomer. However, as the oligomers increase in size, the individual monomeric subunits bind with decreasing energy. The macrophage tumor line, P388D1, binds oligomers with greater affinity than does the lymphocyte line, AKTB-1, but the differences in affinities are not great, differing by at most a factor of 5 in equilibrium constant. Normal spleen cells bind oligomers in the same concentration range as the tumor cells.
The kinetics of binding do not occur as single first or second order reactions and suggest a multistage mechanism for oligomer binding. The presence of large concentrations of monomeric IgG tends to weaken oligomer binding and increases the exchange rate of bound oligomer from the cells. Since plasma and extracellular fluid also contain large concentrations of monomeric IgG, it is suggested that many immune complexes will bind weakly to the types of cells examined here and will rapidly exchange with IgG from the external medium.
The Role of an Activatable Esterase in Immune-Dependent Phagocytosis by Human Neutrophils
Authors: Musson Robert A. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Diisopropylphosphofluoridate, cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates, and cyclohexyl phenylalkylphosphonofluoridates, which are potent, irreversible inactivators of serine esterases, inhibit the phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes by human neutrophils. Two types of inhibition were observed: a) “cell-dependent” inhibition, which is determined by measuring the ingestion of neutrophils pretreated with the esterase inhibitors and washed; and b) “phagocytosis-dependent” inhibition, which is due to the presence of the inhibitors during phagocytosis.
With the cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates, phagocytosis-dependent inhibition was always greater than cell-dependent inhibition. Cell-dependent inhibition was irreversible and dependent on the duration of the incubation of neutrophils with inhibitor. Both types of inhibition were dependent on the concentration of the inhibitor. Poorly or non-phosphorylating analogues of the cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates of DFP were not inhibitory; nor did fluoride, the hydrolysis product of these inhibitors, inhibit ingestion under either condition. In addition, neither method of treating the neutrophils resulted in a decrease in neutrophil viability. Furthermore, pretreating the EAC1423 with the inhibitors did not decrease ingestion.
We conclude that cell-dependent inhibition is due to the inactivation of an esterase required for phagocytosis which is in or on the neutrophil in an active form, and thus is susceptible to inhibition by the esterase inactivators before contact of the neutrophil with the phagocytic stimulus. Phagocytosis-dependent inhibition is interpreted as being due to inactivation of an esterase required for phagocytosis which is normally in an inactive precursor proesterase form that is activated by the interaction of the neutrophil with the phagocytic stimulus. The distinctly different inhibition profiles of the active and activatable esterases indicate that they are two different activities.
The Reactions of Antibodies to Paragloboside (Lacto-N-Neotetraosyl Ceramide) with Human Erythrocytes and Lymphocytes
Authors: Schwarting Gerald A. , Marcus Donald M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Paragloboside (lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide) is a biosynthetic precursor of the ABH and P1 blood group glycosphingolipids and of one class of gangliosides. This study concerns the specificity of rabbit anti-paragloboside antibodies, and their reactions with human erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Lacto-N-neotetraose was approximately 10 times as effective as lacto-N-tetraose in inhibiting complement fixation by purified IgG antibodies to paragloboside. The purified antibodies cross-reacted weakly with lactosyl ceramide, asialo GM1, and lacto-N-neotetraosyl polylysine. The purified IgG and IgM antibodies exhibited weak hemagglutinating activity which was enhanced by treatment of erythrocytes with papain or neuraminidase. In contrast to a macroglobulin described by Tsai et al. (J. Immunol. 117:717, 1976), which also binds paragloboside and lacto-N-neotetraose, anti-paragloboside antibodies reacted equally well with normal adult, Oi, and umbilical cord erythrocytes. The IgG antibodies to paragloboside reacted with about 60% of B lymphocytes of peripheral blood and 5 to 10% of T cells. The relationship between antibodies to paragloboside and other lectins and antibodies directed against β-galactosyl groups, including anti-T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antibodies, is discussed.
Effect of Cytochalasin B on Human Lymphocyte Responses to Mitogens: Time and Concentration Dependence
Authors: Hoffman Rosemary , Ferguson Ronald , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and cytochalasin B (CB). Low concentrations of CB (0.5 to 2.0 μg/ml) augmented, whereas high concentrations of CB (τ;2.0 μg/ml) inhibited the mitogenic response to Con A when Con A and CB were added at the initiation of culture. Augmented responses could also be found by adding normally inhibitory high concentrations of CB after 72 to 96 hr incubation with Con A. Preincubation of the cells with CB 5 min to 4 hr before adding Con A also resulted in potentiation of the mitogenic response. CB did not increase spontaneous transformation and worked as well in various solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, and ethanol). The effect was totally reversible by removing CB before adding Con A. CB had no effect on 3H-Con A binding to cells. The potentiating effect of CB was still evident after removal of CB, Con A, or both from cultures that had been simultaneously exposed to Con A and CB for at least 2 days. CB augmented the response of human lymphocytes to Con A-adsorbed, x-rayed autologous lymphocytes. In the presence of optimal concentrations of CB, x-ray-damaged cells respond better to Con A; the response to suboptimal and supraoptimal concentrations of Con A is better, and the response with delayed addition of α-methyl-D-mannoside is better. CB also potentiates the response of human lymphocytes to pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin. Direct observation of cells in culture demonstrated the development of huge clusters of cells during mitogenic responses to Con A in the absence of CB. Circumstances which inhibited the mitogenic response to Con A totally prevented the development of cellular aggregates (prolonged incubation with high concentrations of CB). Each of the conditions which augmented the mitogenic response to Con A was accompanied by the formation of multiple small, relatively uniform cellular aggregates. These observations suggest that CB affects cell-cell interaction possibly by affecting distribution of Con A on the cell surface, by affecting cell surface net negative charge, or by increasing the response to chemotactic stimuli. CB may be acting in some manner to enable certain nonresponsive cells to respond to a mitogenic stimulus, although an increase in the response of individual cells cannot be ruled out.
Detection of Plaque-Forming Cells in the Peripheral Blood of Actively Immunized Humans
Authors: Thomson Philip D. , Harris Nick S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ten adult human volunteers were immunized with Salmonella typhi and their peripheral blood leukocytes were collected for 14 days after immunization. These peripheral blood leukocytes, rich in lymphocytes, were plaqued in a modified Jerne assay against sheep erythrocytes coated with either Salmonella or Escherichia lipopolysaccharide. A specific direct and indirect PFC response developed in immunized individuals by day 7 and peaked at day 10. This vigorous PFC response rapidly declined to normal levels by day 14. This marked and specific PFC response of human peripheral blood leukocytes may be developed as a useful tool for monitoring the humoral immune response of patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Evidence that Human α-Lymphotoxin Is Not an RNase
Authors: Moy Jeffrey , Rosenau Werner 
Published: December 2022

Conclusion
In view of the results presented above, we conclude that human a-LT has no demonstrable RNase activity, and that the enzTmatic activity described by others was a contaminant. Ribonucleases are widely distributed throughout biologic systems. This notion is supported by our observation of RNase activity in crude supernatants of human lymphoid cells, whether stimulated with PHA or not. At this time, we have no knowledge of the precise mechanism of this lymphokine, although there is evidence that it binds to target cells (6), alters the cellular membrane (7), and increases target-cell synthesis of RNA (8, 9). This last phenomenon may be involved in a reparative process, since inhibitors of RNA synthesis greatly enhance LT-induced cytotoxicity (5).
A Study of the Variable Heavy Chain (VH) Region of Membrane-Bound Ig on Human Chronic Leukemic Lymphocytes
Authors: Førre Øystein , Frøland Stig S. , Natvig Jacob B. , Michaelsen Terje E. , Johnson Peter M. , Ly Bernt , Laake Knut 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from 20 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied for membrane staining by direct immunofluorescence by employing anti-F(ab′)2, anti-VHI, anti-VHII, anti-VHIII subgroup-specific antisera, as well as light chain-specific antisera. Some lymphocyte preparations were also studied in indirect immunofluorescence with an antiserum raised against a fragment (VH) corresponding to the variable region of the heavy chain of a human IgG3 myeloma protein (Kup). Lymphocytes from each CLL patient demonstrated a restriction of VH subgroups expressed on the cell membrane; six were restricted to the VHI subgroup, seven to VHII, and seven to the VHIII subgroup. This restriction gave further evidence for monoclonality of the membrane-bound Ig and the leukemic cell proliferation. Antiserum to the VH fragment stained closely similar percentages of CLL lymphocytes to that obtained with anti-F(ab′)2 antiserum. Furthermore, double staining revealed that the same cells were stained with anti-VH antiserum as were stained with anti-F(ab′)2 antiserum, i.e., only the B lymphocytes.