bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of age groups and task conditions provides additional evidence for differences in electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control across the lifespan
Authors: Goelz Christian , Reuter Eva-Maria , Fröhlich Stephanie , Rudisch Julian , Godde Ben , Vieluf Solveig , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe aim of this study was to extend previous findings on selective attention over a lifetime using machine learning procedures. By decoding group membership and stimulus type, we aimed to study differences in the neural representation of inhibitory control across age groups at a single-trial level. We re-analyzed data from 211 subjects from six age groups between 8 and 83 years of age. Based on single-trial EEG recordings during a flanker task, we used support vector machines to predict the age group as well as to determine the presented stimulus type (i.e., congruent, or incongruent stimulus). The classification of group membership was highly above chance level (accuracy: 55%, chance level: 17%). Early EEG responses were found to play an important role, and a grouped pattern of classification performance emerged corresponding to age structure. There was a clear cluster of individuals after retirement, i.e., misclassifications mostly occurred within this cluster. The stimulus type could be classified above chance level in ~ 95% of subjects. We identified time windows relevant for classification performance that are discussed in the context of early visual attention and conflict processing. In children and older adults, a high variability and latency of these time windows were found. We were able to demonstrate differences in neuronal dynamics at the level of individual trials. Our analysis was sensitive to mapping gross changes, e.g., at retirement age, and to differentiating components of visual attention across age groups, adding value for the diagnosis of cognitive status across the lifespan. Overall, the results highlight the use of machine learning in the study of brain activity over a lifetime.
Graphical Abstract
The PROB-PD trial: a pilot, randomised, placebo-controlled study protocol to evaluate the feasibility and potential efficacy of probiotics in modulating peripheral immunity in subjects with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Martini Stefano , Marino Franca , Magistrelli Luca , Contaldi Elena , Cosentino Marco , Comi Cristoforo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. No disease-modifying treatment is available, and therapy is symptomatic. The histopathologic hallmark is the loss of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in surviving neurons, but the underlying pathophysiology is unclear. Inflammatory mechanisms seem to play a prominent role, with an imbalance of immune functions and neurotoxicity caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Involvement of peripheral adaptive immunity, with an imbalance in T cell subpopulations and in the expression of transcriptional factors in CD4+ T cells, has also been reported. Although clinical presentation is defined by motor symptoms, patients also report non-motor symptoms, often before the onset of a clinically established disease. Etiopathogenesis of PD is unknown, but an initial aggregation of α-syn in the gut, with subsequent propagation along the vagus nerve to the brain has been hypothesised. Interestingly, in an α-syn overexpressing murine model, the absence of gut microbiota prevented both microglia activation and motor impairment, thus pointing to a fundamental role of microbiota in the development of PD. Magistrelli et al. showed that in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PD patients, probiotics modulate the in vitro production of cytokines toward an anti-inflammatory profile and reduce the production of ROS.

Methods
This is a pilot randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial protocol for a 12-week treatment with probiotics. At least 80 patients affected by PD will be recruited and randomly allocated to either the treatment or placebo group in a 1:1 ratio. General inclusion criteria will be the onset of PD 2 to 5 years before the trial and absence of autoimmune comorbidities or immunomodulating therapy. Our primary endpoint is the assessment of changes in extracellular cytokine levels (Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10) and ROS production. Secondary outcomes include changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and transcriptional factors mRNA levels.

Discussion
This study is designed to highlight the potential beneficial role of probiotics administration on peripheral immunity through the modulation of gut microbiota. Explorative outcomes will be evaluated to assess variations in motor and non-motor symptoms and the possible correlation with probiotics administration.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05173701. Registered 08 November 2021
Immigrants and refugees, tourists and vagabonds: why and how they integrate differently
Authors: Çelik Çetin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the integration of immigrants and refugees by drawing on Bauman's conceptual distinction of tourists and vagabonds. Through qualitative interviews with immigrants and refugees in Istanbul, the study highlights differences in their networks, perceptions of the city, the nature and conditions of their stay, and their sense of being welcomed. The study illustrates, differences in resources, status, and the host society's ethno-racial hierarchy result in different adaptation processes. The study's findings contribute to scholarship on ethnicity and migration by comparatively revealing potential variations in refugee integration.
Experimental and numerical study on dynamic stall under a large Reynolds number
Authors: Wei Binbin , Gao Yongwei , Hu Shuling 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDynamic stall under large Reynolds numbers and large reduced frequencies has a significant effect on the performance of the wind turbine blades, helicopter rotors, etc. So the dynamic stall physics of the NACA0012 airfoil under a large Reynolds number of Re = 1.5 × 106 was studied using experimental and numerical methods. The reduced frequency range was k = 0.035 – 0.1. The unsteady flow field in dynamic stall was studied in detail by using the transient pressure measurement and the numerical simulation based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equation. And the time-frequency characteristics of the dynamic stall were studied using the wavelet analysis. The study showed that the aerodynamic performance during the dynamic stall was dominated by the shear layer vortex (SLV) and the leading edge vortex (LEV), and the phase difference between the SLV and the LEV was the key factor in the existence of the bimodal characteristics of the aerodynamic force/moment. There was a significant linear correlation between the negative peak of the vortex-induced Cp and the Cn in the reduced frequency range studied in this paper. During the convection of the near-wall LEV to the trailing edge, the high-frequency features firstly decay, and the multi-scale structures of the LEV become more significant as the reduced frequency gradually increases.
Microtaper leaky-mode spectrometer with picometer resolution
Authors: Cen Qingqing , Pian Sijie , Liu Xinhang , Tang Yuwei , He Xinying , Ma Yaoguang 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe wide application of optical spectroscopy makes miniaturized spectrometers with fundamental importance. The scalability, high-performance, low-cost, and small footprint are still contradicting each other and limiting the applicability of miniaturized spectrometer for practical application. Here we propose a compact spectrometer that satisfies the four advantages. The device uses a fiber taper tip to generate complex leaky mode patterns within 1 mm length. The unique correspondence between the pattern and wavelength operates effectively for hundreds of nanometers spectral range while providing a spectral resolution around ~ 1 pm. The integration of multiple taper tips enables hyperspectral imaging applications. The working range of our device can be further extended using different materials and detectors while keeping the similar architecture.
A ENCRUZILHADA DOS NANOFOODS NO BRASIL: ENTRE A EMERGÊNCIA DE UMA ARTICULAÇÃO POLÍTICA E AS DIFICULDADES NA COORDENAÇÃO DE AÇÕES PARA O SETOR
Authors: Fernandes Rafael Gonçalves , Varella Marcelo Dias 
Published: May 2023

Objetivo: Este artigo científico tem como objetivo central abordar a temática da necessidade de uma articulação política em nanoalimentação no Brasil, que indique os caminhos seguros na comercialização dos produtos alimentícios com nanotecnologia. Principalmente diante dos potenciais riscos à ingestão de algumas substâncias em nanoescala. Metodologia: É importante esclarecer que inexiste regulamentação específica para a nanotecnologia no Brasil e que alguns desses nanoalimentos já estão sendo comercializados no mercado de consumo. Diante desse cenário, o método a ser utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, tendo como fio condutor a pesquisa bibliográfica e a coleta de informações junto aos órgãos competentes, com base na Lei de Acesso à Informação.Resultados: Identificou-se que uma futura coordenação de ações perpassa pela união de esforços de algumas organizações públicas ligadas à segurança alimentar, bem como da iniciativa privada responsável pela industrialização desses produtos. Assim, defendeu-se que cabe ao Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisan) a formulação de políticas públicas direcionadas ao setor, por meio da coordenação de ações interministeriais e da participação comunitária dos conselhos e dos órgãos responsáveis. Em contrapartida, compete à Anvisa a análise técnica dos riscos e da regulamentação dessa novel food, em diálogo com o setor privado.Contribuições: Estudos científicos indicam que, no nível nano, a toxidade dessas substâncias pode ser diferenciada e prejudicial à saúde de seres vivos e ao meio ambiente. Assim, a principal contribuição da presente pesquisa está em identificar quais são os agentes responsáveis pela regulação e pela formulação de políticas públicas dos nanofoods no cenário brasileiro. Tal abordagem também auxilia no esclarecimento sobre os potenciais riscos e adverte sobre a emergência do desenvolvimento seguro e sustentável dessa nova tecnologia.
A INVOCAÇÃO DAS EXPECTATIVAS DO INVESTIDOR PARA DETERMINAR UMA DESAPROPRIAÇÃO INDIRETA NA ARBITRAGEM INTERNACIONAL DOS INVESTIMENTOS
Authors: Monebhurrun Nitish 
Published: May 2023

Objetivo: O presente artigo examina a função das expectativas dos investidores estrangeiros na determinação de uma desapropriação indireta em arbitragens de investimentos internacionais. A desapropriação indireta ocorre quando uma medida regulatória do Estado que tem o objetivo de reger uma determinada política pública projeta efeitos que são equiparados a uma desapropriação. O impacto da medida no investimento estrangeiro é de natureza a neutralizá-lo e a torná-lo inoperante. Na prática do Direito Internacional dos Investimentos, os acordos de proteção dos investimentos bem como a jurisprudência arbitral têm se referido às expectativas inequívocas e razoáveis dos investidores para analisar os efeitos desapropriatórios das medidas regulatórias do Estado. Contudo, os contornos dessas expectativas ainda não estão nitidamente delimitados, de forma a dificultar a busca da legitimidade e da razoabilidade das expectativas dos investidores. O artigo aborda essa problemática.Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada de forma qualitativa com base em fontes primárias e secundárias. Uma amostra de acordos de proteção de investimentos e da jurisprudência arbitral foi, para tanto, estudada. Utilizou-se, outrossim, um método indutivo, partindo de casos concretos para compreender e para explicar a legitimidade e a razoabilidade das expectativas do investidor.Resultados: Conclui-se que o uso das expectativas legítimas para identificar uma desapropriação indireta deve ser embasado em representações objetivas, claras e inequívocas feitas pelo Estado ao investidor de formar a legitimar as suas expectativas. Demonstra-se também que a delimitação das expectativas depende obrigatoriamente do comportamento adotado pelo investidor durante as suas operações.Contribuições: O artigo apresenta uma reflexão para racionalizar o uso das expectativas do investidor no Direito Internacional dos Investimentos e, mais especificamente, na arbitragem internacional entre investidor e Estado. Contribui-se com uma metodologia para justificar em quais casos, sob quais condições e com quais limites as expectativas podem ou não ser consideradas para identificar uma desapropriação indireta.
Investigating the possible existence of hyper-heavy nuclei in a neutron-star environment
Authors: Moustakidis Charalampos 
Published: May 2023

The synthesis of hyper-heavy elements is investigated under conditions simulating neutron star environment. The constrained molecular dynamics approach is used to simulate low energy collisions of extremely n-rich nuclei. A new type of the fusion barrier due to a “neutron wind” is observed when the effect of neutron star environment (screening of Coulomb interaction) is introduced implicitly. When introducing also a background of surrounding nuclei, the nuclear fusion becomes possible down to temperatures of 108 K and synthesis of extremely heavy and n-rich nuclei appears feasible. A possible existence of hyper-heavy nuclei in a neutron star environment could provide a mechanism of extra coherent neutrino scattering or an additional mechanism, resulting in x-ray burst or a gravitational wave signal and, thus, becoming another crucial process adding new information to the suggested models on neutron star evolution. These proceedings are part of a paper that has already been published and the relevant reference is: M. Veselský et al., PRC 106, L012802 (2022).
Microscopic analysis of octupole shape phase transitions and critical points in neutron rich actinides
Authors: Prassa Vaia 
Published: May 2023

Octupole constrained energy surfaces, and spectroscopic observables of four isotopic chains of: Cm, Cf, Fm and No with neutron numbers 186 N200 are analysed using a collective quadrupole - octupole Hamiltonian (QOCH). The parameters of the Hamiltonian are determined by axially reflection-asymmetric relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov calculations based on the energy density functional DD-PC1, and a finite-range pairing interaction. The theoretical results suggest quantum phase transitions from non-octupole to octupole deformed shapes and to octupole vibrations with increasing neutron number. 288Cm is possibly close to the critical point of a simultaneous phase transition from spherical to prolate deformed and from non-octupole to stable octupole deformed configurations.
Management of Bilateral Horizontally Impacted and Dilacerated Maxillary Central Incisors at the Nasal Floor: A Multidisciplinary Specialist Approach
Authors: Sinnott Paula Mairéad , Parker Kate , Noar Joseph 
Published: May 2023

In cases of horizontally impacted and dilacerated maxillary central incisors where alignment is attempted, treatment is often prolonged, and achieving an optimal result can be uncertain. We present a case of bilateral horizontally impacted maxillary central incisors lying against the nasal floor, associated with supernumerary teeth, further complicated by a dilaceration, where alignment of the impacted incisors was completed efficiently. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To demonstrate an orthodontic case of how impacted dilacerated central incisors at the nasal floor were efficiently aligned.
Management of Lower Incisor Extraction Cases. Part 1: Case Selection and Planning
Authors: Scholey John , Visram Semina , Patel Yatisha A 
Published: May 2023

Extraction of a lower incisor as part of an orthodontic treatment plan is still considered one of the more unusual choices in contemporary clinical practice. There are, however, situations where this treatment choice may be either enforced, or it provides an additional option that can both simplify treatment and increase efficiency. This article examines clinical situations where extraction of a lower incisor is necessary for reasons of poor pathology, position, or when actively choosing this incisor for extraction and maintaining the equivalent of three lower incisors is of benefit to the patient. In the first part of this series, we focus on appropriate case selection and aids to planning. The second part of this series concentrates on problems encountered when extracting a lower incisor, and how these are managed. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This two-part series guides clinicians on case selection and management of patients where the final occlusion will result in three lower incisors. It will look at case selection, treatment planning, problems that may be encountered and potential solutions.
Unusual Case Report: Ectopic Canines, Resorption and Hypodontia in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Rosenthal Dayna , Mistry Paroo 
Published: May 2023

Ectopic maxillary canines are present in 1–3% of the population and may consequentially cause root resorption in 66.7% of lateral incisors. Ectopic canines are thought to be of polygenic and multifactorial origin, although Msx1 and Pax9 are suggested genetic candidates. Hypodontia is present in up to 11.3% of the population and is associated with mutations in Msx1, Pax9 and Axin2. Previous studies have separately demonstrated similarities in hypodontia and ectopic canines in monozygotic twins. This report discusses similarities clinically and using cone beam computed tomography in 14-year-old male genetically identical twins. While hypodontia and ectopic canines have both previously been linked with a genetic origin, this report suggests there is also a genetic predisposition to root resorption. The association between hypodontia and ectopic canines is usually associated with the guidance theory and hypodontia of upper lateral incisors; however, this report highlights the occurrence of ectopic canines and hypodontia of premolar teeth. It also presents the sequelae of severe root resorption associated with ectopic canines and idiopathically in areas of non-impacted canines CPD/Clinical Relevance: The role of the general dental practitioner in early recognition of hypodontia and ectopic canines and the importance of referral for an orthodontic opinion is emphasized.
Clinical Psychology and its role in the Orthognathic Surgical Pathway
Authors: Taloumtzi Matoula , Devine Ciarán P , Priestley Charlotte , Millwaters Michael 
Published: May 2023

Orthognathic surgery is a major elective procedure that can pose a significant amount of psychological distress to patients before, during and after surgery. These patients tend to have higher levels of state anxiety and a poor (facial) body image of themselves. Patients less satisfied by their outcomes tend to have had particularly high expectations of surgery beforehand. Therefore, it is important to ensure that there are effective and supportive psychology services in place. Here, we assess the utility and the role of clinical psychology in modern, holistic orthognathic surgery and the tools used to assess patients for further psychological intervention. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should be aware of the services available to patients who are transitioning through the orthognathic surgery pathway.
Diagnostic Dilemmas: Case Presentation
Authors: Oliver Graham , Atack Nikki 
Published: May 2023

This article reports on a case presenting to a university dental hospital. We encourage readers to assess and develop their own management plan. Potential options and the treatment carried out are discussed. CPD/Clinical Relevance: There is often more than one treatment option to manage a malocclusion; however, there may only be one option that is acceptable to the patient in addressing their concerns. Appreciation of alternative treatment plans and implications for patients is important to consider when discussing and consenting for treatment.
Dental core trainees’ experience of vasovagal episodes while attending the operating theatre
Authors: Baker Rosalind , Singh Rabindra P 
Published: May 2023

Vasovagal presyncope and syncope while attending operating theatres have been reported among medical trainees. However, no such studies are available in relation to dental trainees. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, preventative measures and attitudes towards these events among dental trainees. An anonymised online questionnaire was sent to all dental core trainees in the Thames Valley and Wessex regions (n = 34). Nineteen of these participated (56% response rate). Ten (53%) had experienced a presyncopal or syncopal episode. The majority had experienced an episode during a major operation. High operating room temperatures and needing to stand for a long time were reported as the most common predisposing factors (60%). Several different actions were taken to prevent further episodes, with 90% of respondents reporting that these helped. Seven trainees expressed their desire to pursue a surgical career; five of these had experienced a vasovagal event. Most (78%) felt that this would not discourage them from following a career in surgery. Seven respondents felt that there was a perceived stigma about trainees who experienced such an episode. This study revealed that operating theatre related syncope is common among dental trainees. We highlight the importance of educating trainees on preventative strategies.
Six-month blood pressure and glucose control among HIV-infected adults with elevated blood pressure and hyperglycemia in northern Tanzania: A prospective observational study
Authors: Sakita Francis M. , Prattipati Sainikitha , Chick Jordan , Samu Linda P. , Maro Amedeus V. , Coaxum Lauren , Galson Sophie W. , Samuel Dorothy , Limkakeng Alexander T. , O’Leary Paige R. , Kilonzo Kajiru G. , Thielman Nathan M. , Temu Gloria , Hertz Julian T. 
Published: May 2023

Background
People with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa are increasingly developing age-related comorbidities. The purpose of this prospective observational study was to describe 6-month outcomes among Tanzanians with HIV and elevated blood pressure or hyperglycemia under current care pathways.

Methods
Adults presenting for routine HIV care were enrolled and underwent blood pressure and blood glucose measurements. Participants with abnormal blood pressure or glucose were referred for further care, as per current guidelines. Participants’ blood pressure and point-of-care glucose were re-evaluated during their 6-month follow-up visit. Elevated blood pressure was defined as systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg. Hyperglycemia was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl or random glucose ≥200 mg/dl. An electrocardiogram was obtained at enrollment and at follow-up. Interim myocardial infarction and interim myocardial ischemia were defined as new pathologic Q waves and new T-wave inversions, respectively.

Results
Of 500 participants, 155 had elevated blood pressure and 17 had hyperglycemia at enrolment. At 6-month follow-up, 7 (4.6%) of 155 participants with elevated blood pressure reported current use of an anti-hypertensive medication, 100 (66.2%) had persistent elevated blood pressure, 12 (7.9%) developed interim myocardial infarction, and 13 (8.6%) developed interim myocardial ischemia. Among 17 participants with hyperglycemia, 9 (56%) had persistent hyperglycemia at 6 months and 2 (12.5%) reported current use of an anti-hyperglycemic medication.

Conclusions
Interventions are needed to improve non-communicable disease care pathways among Tanzanians with HIV.