bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Aspects of Phagocytosis as Influenced by the Number of Bacteria and Leucocytes
Authors: Hanks John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Unless the relative number of bacteria and leucocytes, and the number of each per unit volume, can be controlled in phagocytic tests, the values for the percentage of leucocytes which ingest bacteria and the average number of bacteria per leucocyte are subject to misinterpretation. This applies to all situations except when two or more serums are compared simultaneously against the same suspension of bacteria and leucocytes. With constant numbers of leucocytes, increases in bacterial numbers increase the values for percentage-phagocytosis and for bacilli-per-leucocyte. Within the range of ratios analyzed, the bacilli-per-leucocyte values change as a linear function of the number of bacteria, while the percentage-phagocytosis values change according to the logarithm of the bacterial numbers. As measured by the percentage of the available bacilli engulfed, the effectiveness of the phagocytic system decreases as the number of bacteria and the phagocytic values rise. With constant numbers of bacteria, increase in the number of leucocytes lowers the percentage-phagocytosis and bacilli-per-leucocyte values, but the effectiveness of the system is increased. With constant ratios of bacilli to leucocytes, increase in the absolute numbers of each component (numerical density of the system) causes higher phagocytic values and increasing action of the leucocytes on the bacteria during unit time, under the conditions of these experiments. When bacterial numbers increase in the presence of a constant number of leucocytes, the ingestion rate does not keep pace with the increasing possibilities for collision between the bacteria and leucocytes. The decreasing ratio of ingestions to collisions is attributed to the less adequate sensitization of the bacteria and to other physical factors which are undetermined.
Cutaneous Reactivity of Guinea Pigs to Gum-Arabic
Authors: Seideman Roy M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Evidence of an allergic response to gum-arabic as measured by cutaneous reactivity has been demonstrated in both tuberculous and normal guinea pigs after repeated intracutaneous tests with tuberculin diluted with acacia. That this sensitization is dependent upon a true antigen-antibody reaction is shown by positive anaphylactic and precipitin reactions. Although chemical analysis of gum-arabic points to the possibility of a protein fraction, further investigation is necessary to establish the chemical nature of the sensitizing fraction of acacia. Reports by other investigators call attention by inference to a protein or proteid substance, which is responsible for the antigenic activity of gumarabic. This study calls into question the use of a tuberculin solution containing gum-arabic in epidemiological and immunological work.
Toxicity of Antiseptics
Authors: Welch Henry , Brewer Charles M. , Hunter Albert C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The simplification of the procedure for determining the relative toxicity of germicides by the use of hemolytic complement has not been found possible by these studies.
By the use of certain germicidal solutions it is possible to separate hemolytic complement from those components of plasma which bring about rapid phagocytosis.
The contention of Ward and Enders that human complement cannot increase the absolute capacity of a serum to promote phagocytosis has been confirmed by a different technic with guinea pig complement.
Further Inoculation-Experiments with the Common-Cold Virus
Authors: Powell H. M. , Sparks A. L. , Clowes G. H. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cold-virus has not proved fatal for Swiss mice when passaged in series. A few fatalities were due to associated bacteria. Cold-virus passage in ferrets has been followed in several instances by depression of body-temperature. The specificity of this has not been proven. No leucocytic reactions were observed. Both attenuated (formalin-treated) and raw viruses have been used hypodermically and intranasally in a total of 83 adult persons. The hypodermic use of cold-virus vaccine appears fairly safe; however intranasal use seems sometimes to cause colds. An irregular degree of immunity to inoculation colds may be imparted by the use of cold-virus vaccine. The evidence thus far obtained in small groups of adult subjects indicates the ineffectiveness of cold-virus vaccine in preventing natural colds.
The Antigenic Composition and Immunizing Properties of Trypanosomes
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Olitzki L. , Kligler Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented on the antigenic composition of Tr. evansi and Tr. lewisi and on the toxic and immunogenic properties of the various components of the cell.
Tr. evansi has a higher lipoid and lower residue content than Tr. lewisi.
The lipoid and protein fractions when injected into animals produce a leucocytosis and a rise in temperature.
None of the fractions on injection produces a hypoglycemia or a depression of temperature as is the case with toxic fractions from bacterial cells.
The various antigenic fractions of Tr. evansi fail to induce any immunity in rats.
The residue of Tr. lewisi possesses some immunizing properties; this is not the case in Tr. evansi.
Injection of whole, dead trypanosomes (Tr. evansi) produces a partial and transient immunity.
Treatment with a drug of an active infection of Tr. evansi results in a more solid and durable immunity against a reinfection with the homologous strain; this immunity is extremely variable in individual rats, in some lasting 2 or 3 months and in exceptional instances as long as 9 months.
The significance of the cell composition in relation to the antigenic and pathogenic properties of the parasite is discussed and a comparison made with the acid-fast bacteria also having a high lipoid content.
Serum Cholesterol in Horses During Immunization with Pneumococci
Authors: Member Samuel , Bruger Maurice , Chassin Maurice R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although it is generally assumed that cholesterol plays some part in immune reactions, the evidence is largely indirect and conflicting. For example, Koldaev (1) found no change in the cholesterol content of the blood in horses immunized against tetanus, diphtheria and typhoid organisms, Marie (2) found less cholesterol than normal in the sera of immunized horses and Danysz-Michel and Laskownicki (3) noted an increase in rabbits immunized with paratyphoid B. Ionesco-Mihaiesti and Damboviceanu (4) observed an increase in the cholesterol of the serum of horses immunized with paratyphoid B which paralleled the agglutinin titer; the serum cholesterol fell to normal in approximately two months while the antibody titer remained high. Recently, Chassin and Bruger (5) demonstrated higher agglutinin titers against E. typhosa in rabbits with induced hypercholesterolemia after injection of typhoid vaccine than in control rabbits with normal blood cholesterol values.
The Antitoxin Response of Partially Immunized Guinea Pigs to Infection with Tetanus Spores
Authors: Zuger Bernard , Greenwald Charles K. , Gerber Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs given a single injection of 1 ml. of tetanal toxoid will react subsequently with an increased antitoxin titer when infected with a lethal dose of spores. This rise in titer will first be evident on the seventh day after infection in some of the guinea pigs, especially in those that are without symptoms or if with symptoms, in those that will recover. This rise is small, a significant one not taking place until the 8th to 10th day, in contrast to the significant rise in titer that takes place on the 4th–5th day when similarly prepared animals are given toxin instead of spores. There is no evidence that the increase in titer thus induced influences the clinical course. It is also shown that when an additional dose of toxoid is injected simultaneously with the spores, a significant rise in titer is evident on the 5th day.
Polysaccharides of Blastomyces Dermatitidis
Authors: Peck Robert L. , Martin Donald S. , Hauser Charles R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Chemical analysis of Blastomyces dermatitidis indicates that this fungus contains at least two distinct polysaccharides.
Minute quantities of these polysaccharides fix complement with sera prepared by immunizing rabbits with whole Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Patients with American blastomycosis who are in the allergic state of the disease respond to intracutaneous injection of the polysaccharide with a swelling which reaches its maximum within 24 hours.
Experience with one patient has shown that intravenous injection of a solution of this polysaccharide not only results in a decrease of carbohydrate sensitivity but also abolishes the sterile abscess-formation produced in an allergic patient by injection of heat-killed whole organisms.
The Agglutination of Human Erythrocytes in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Curnen Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Type 14 antipneumoccal horse sera agglutinate human erythrocytes of all four major blood groups in high titers. Antipneumococcal horse sera for other types do not exhibit this phenomenon. The type 14 antipneumococcal horse sera, and occasional samples of type 5 and 7 horse sera, also agglutinate monkey and rabbit erythrocytes. The antirabbit agglutinins had the characteristics of cold agglutinins whereas the antihuman hemagglutinins were both warm and cold agglutinins. A large percentage of antipneumococcal rabbit sera, both those for type 14 and those for other types, have agglutinins for human red blood cells of groups AB and A and agglutinins and hemolysins for sheep red blood cells. The antihuman hemaggltuinins in type 14 horse sera and in the various antipneumococcal rabbit sera are not associated with hemolysins for the corresponding erythrocytes. All the agglutinins for the human erythrocytes in type 14 sera can be removed by sufficient absorption with heat-killed type 14 pneumococci. The agglutinins for human erythrocytes of all types can be removed from type 14 antipneumococcal horse sera by sufficient absorption with human erythrocytes of any one blood group. Large amounts of erythrocytes are necessary to accomplish this. Absorption of type 14 antipneumococcal sera with sufficient amounts of human erythrocytes to absorb all the human hemagglutinins removes only a portion of the type 14 pneumococcal agglutinins. The human group-A agglutinins in antipneumococcal rabbit sera may be reduced appreciably by absorption with sheep red blood cells. The reverse, however, is not true. Absorption with human group A cells does not materially alter the power of the antipneumococcal rabbit sera to agglutinate or to hemolyze sheep red blood cells. The possible relation of these findings to certain fatal reactions and to the hemoglobinuria observed following the injections of type 14 antipneumococcal horse sera is discussed.
The Reticulo-Endothelial System and Immunity in Hog-Cholera
Authors: Kernkamp H. C. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The artificial immunization of swine against hog-cholera has been carried on to a greater or lesser extent in this and other countries for the past quarter century. in general, the results have been satisfactory, and especially when adequate doses of antiserum of good quality and antigen of high virulence are used to treat swine that are free from disease and are of weaning age (forty to fifty days) or over. Under these conditions an active immunity of a high order is produced and usually considered to be of lifelong duration. Not infrequently, however, even where the factors attendant upon its success have apparently been fulfilled, either no immunity is produced or the immunity is of a lower order and short duration. The reason for these occurrences is not known. It seems rational to suspect that it rests in the mechanism of the body responsible for the development of immunity.
Serological Studies of the Reptilia
Authors: Bond Glenn C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This work had for its primary purpose, a study of the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of alligator-blood, and their relationship to the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of human blood. Fifty specimens of a single species, Alligator mississippiensis, were used in this study.
Isohemagglutination could not be demonstrated by cross matching the serum and cells of all the specimens of blood examined.
Agglutinogens similar to the human A, B, M, and N factors could not be demonstrated in alligator-erythrocytes.
It was found that all of the 40 specimens of alligator-serum examined for hemagglutinins contained at least 3 agglutinins: a species agglutinin for all human cells, an agglutinin similar to the alpha agglutinin of human serum, an agglutinin similar to the beta agglutinin of human serum.
Studies on Antipneumococcic Rabbit Serum
Authors: Gerlough Tillman D. , Palmer John W. , Blumenthal Reuben R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ratios of mouse-protective units to antibody-nitrogen content of types I, II, III, IV, V, VII, and VIII antipneumococcic rabbit plasma, serum, and concentrates have been determined. By comparison with the official standard sera for types I, II, V, VII and VIII, and with tentative standards for types III and IV, the values obtained vary from about 900 units per milligram of antibody-nitrogen for type II and about 1100 for types I, IV, and VIII, to about 1500 for types III and V, and 2000 for type VII. It is felt that the greater part of the variation is due to the difficulty of determining the mouse-protective units for the various types and titrating the sera in terms of them.
Influence of Electrolytes on the Cutaneous Reactivity of Seitz-Filtered Ragweed Solutions
Authors: Koch C. A. , Zoss A. R. , Hirose R. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods for the preparation of “electrolyte-free” ragweed pollen extracts (i.e. having an electrical conductivity less than 20 × 10−6 reciprocal ohms) are presented. The reduction of the electrolyte-content of a ragweed pollen extract per se did not significantly diminish its capacity to produce intracutaneous reactions in ragweed pollen-sensitive subjects. If “electrolyte-free” ragweed pollen extracts of specified concentrations were passed through Seitz filters, the filtrates did not produce intracutaneous reactions in ragweed pollen-sensitive subjects. The specific activity of Seitz-filtered “electrolyte-free” ragweed pollen extracts could be restored or enhanced by the addition of electrolytes in proper concentration. A definite relationship between the specific activity of Seitz-filtered ragweed pollen extracts and the electrolytes contained therein has been demonstrated. This relationship was found to be dependent upon: (a) a certain alteration of unknown character produced by filtration through a Seitz filter-pad. (b) the concentration and type of contained electrolytes.
Studies in Osmotic Pressure
Authors: Kosakai Mitsuji 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After blood corpuscles have been treated for a short time with certain concentrations of boric acid that are not directly injurious to those cells, the sudden immersion of the treated corpuscles in a physiological solution of sodium chloride causes their complete hemolysis.
This “boric acid hemolysis” does not occur if the addition of the physiological saline solution is made gradually or if the corpuscles are immersed, even suddenly, in more concentrated solutions of sodium chloride or of other non-hemolytic substances.
That the destructive force responsible for this form of hemolysis is that of “osmotic pressure” is shown by the fact that the minimal non-hemolytic concentrations of all of the substances examined were found to be of identical “osmotic concentration.”
Studies in Protein Intoxication
Authors: Boughton T. Harris 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Comparatively few observations are recorded on the histological changes produced by chronic or repeated protein intoxication, and these have been mostly in guinea-pigs, since rabbits are in general less well suited to this kind of work than guinea-pigs. Longcope (1) reports finding lesions consisting of necrosis, leukocytic infiltration, and fibrosis in the liver, heart, and kidney of guinea-pigs and rabbits, and in the kidneys of cats and dogs as well. The writer has previously reported (2) the finding of degenerative and necrotic lesions of the epithelium, and infiltration, fibrosis and vascular lesions in the kidneys of guinea-pigs, and also (3) vascular lesions in the smaller arteries of the liver, kidney, spleen and heart of guinea-pigs. The purpose of the present paper is to report findings in the organs of rabbits treated in a similar manner, and to point out certain differences between these and lesions of similar organs in guinea-pigs.
Some Suggestive Experiments with B. Influenzae; Its Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Ferry N. S. , Houghton E. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Susceptibility of Laboratory Animals. The question as to the pathogenicity of Pfeiffer's bacillus for laboratory animals has never been given the attention it deserves, as practically all text books dismiss the subject with a very few words, leaving an impression that it is non-pathogenic, except for the human subject and perhaps the monkey.
Woolstein has called attention to the pathogenicity of this organism for the monkey, rabbit, guinea-pig and white mouse. She found that the white mouse “succumbs to intraperitoneal injections of cultures irrespective of their origin” giving rise to a peritoneal exudate containing large numbers of the influenza bacilli, as does the heart's blood. The microorganisms were found in other organs, and the spleen was always swollen.
Guinea-pigs succumb to intraperitoneal injections of one blood agar culture of all meningeal, and about one-half of the respiratory strains tested. The peritoneal fluid was increased at times to 8 cc. and the spleen was increased to two or three times its normal size.
The Poisons of the Influenza Bacillus
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It was shown in a preliminary report (1) that the filtered blood broth cultures of B. influenzae are toxic for rabbits. It was stated that the serums of rabbits which had been immunized to the poison possess neutralizing power for the poison. Whether this poison belonged to any known class of poisons was not established. It is the purpose of this paper to give in greater detail the work done to date on this poison of the influenza bacillus with especial regard to its possible classification.
Experimental Preparation of media. The poison is produced by the growth of B. influenzae on several different mediums, in fact, on any medium which contained rabbit hemoglobin in sufficient quantities. The medium, however, from which the poison for this work was obtained, was made as follows.
Studies in Protein Intoxication
Authors: Boughton T. Harris 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has long been known that the parenteral injection of albumoses or “pepton” into animals produces marked effects on blood pressure and on the coagulability of the blood. The earliest important work was reported by Schmidt-Muelheim in 1880 (1) and by Fano in 1881 (2). The similarity of this “pepton poisoning” to anaphylactic shock was noted by de Waele in 1907 (3), by Biedl and Kraus in 1909 (4), and by Arthus (5). Since these original observations were recorded an enormous amount of study has been devoted to this topic with the purpose of analysing the mechanism of this toxic action, and possibly of throwing some light on the mechanism of anaphylaxis. Hardly any observations, however, have been recorded on the histologic changes resulting from pepton poisoning.
Simonds (6) describes marked passive hyperemia occurring in the livers of dogs dying from acute pepton shock, and thrombi in the sinusoids of the livers after several injections of peptone.
Complementary and Opsonic Functions in Their Relation to Immunity
Authors: Moore Hiram D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The great deficiency noted by Ramon C. Downing in the complementary power of the blood serum of some guinea-pigs, has been confirmed by the writer's experiments.
Complement titrations made by the writer, in which positive and negative control was employed, seemed to indicate that the apparent lack of complement in the blood serum of some guineapigs is not due to the presence therein of anything interfering with the action of amboceptor.
The biological tests applied to the blood serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs which had been systematically immunized by repeated inoculations, gave positive evidence of the presence of both bacteriolytic and agglutinating antibodies; moreover, when inoculated with large doses of live virulent culture, such guinea-pigs manifested more or less active immunity to the bacteria injected.
Titration of the blood serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs, before and after the production of active immunity, gave practically the same complement titer.
The results of experimental inoculation of one hundred non-immunized complement-deficient guinea-pigs and a like number of complement-normal guinea-pigs, seem to indicate that complement bears some relation to natural immunity.
The results of counting the bacteria in 4800 leucocytes of complement-deficient and complement-normal guinea-pigs show that the phagocytic index of the serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs is about one half that of the complement-normal animals.
Production of Diphtheric Toxin of High Potency (100 Lf) on a Reproducible Medium
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Miller Pauline A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By modifications of an earlier method, mainly in reduction of the NaCl and potassium ion concentrations, and the use of rather shallower layers of medium, the yield of diphtheric toxin has been increased from 60 to about 100 flocculating units per milliliter. Full directions for the preparation of the medium are given.
The Effects of Acids and Alkalis on the Fourth Component of Complement, and the Rôle of Calcium
Authors: Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
End-piece and the fourth component are relatively unstable in acid solutions and stable in alkaline solutions.
Organic acids which remove calcium do not inactivate the fourth component exclusively. Removal of calcium in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions does not inactivate the fourth component of complement.
Mid-piece and the third component are relatively unstable in alkaline solutions and stable in acid solutions.
There appears to be no immediate and direct relationship between calcium and the fourth component of complement.