bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Song, Landscape, and Identity in Medieval Northern France
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book investigates how northern French vernacular poets and musicians writing in the late middle ages expressed relationships between people and their environments. It explores medieval French song through the critical and disciplinary lenses of ecocriticism and environmental history. The repertoire under scrutiny embraces the gamut of forms and genres of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century French music, considering the songs of the trouvères, the ars antiqua motet, the formes fixes, the plays of Adam de la Halle, and the lyric-infused narrative poetry of Guillaume de Machaut. Although these works have never before been conceptualized as a corpus of nature poetry, they routinely evoke nature and the outdoors. They feature the gardens, meadows, and trees found in the countryside that many of their authors inhabited, and they conceptualize nature as crucial to poetic inspiration, to the fulfillment of desire, and as a space symbolic of the sacred. Through a deep contextualization of these songs and the people who wrote them, Song, Landscape, and Identity offers a novel account that demonstrates how song could present modalities of engagement with nature that were determined by geography, gender, and status. Key questions include: How realistic is the nature imagery in these songs? What ways of interaction with a landscape do they encourage? Where, and for whom, were such experiences available? The answers to these questions reposition medieval song as a privileged vehicle through which songwriters expressed relationships between nature, place, and class.
Trouvère Identities
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the biographies of the trouvères who figure prominently in later chapters, such as Gace Brulé, Thibaut IV, Simon d’Authie, and Gilles le Vinier. After discussing the limited historical data known about the trouvères, the chapter shows that most of the prominent trouvères were either knights or clerics, and that as such, they were attached to well-established group identities. The chapter shows that medieval sources, particularly the songbooks known as A, M, T, and a, highlight these identities as well as the noble identities of the patrons who funded their production. In addition to depicting cleric-trouvères engaged in the activities of writing and disputation, this chapter shows that the portraits of knightly trouvères found in these songbooks borrows from the iconography of seals. This insight provides strong support for biographical interpretation of some trouvère songs since, for medieval viewers, it would have strongly connected the person of the author to the songs that followed the portrait.
In the Meadows
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that knightly trouvères used song to express their relationship to the land, which they understood through the lens of their chivalric identities. The songs of Gace Brulé show how knightly trouvères could harness the nature opening (Natureingang) to express an emotional attachment to a landscape that bore the hallmarks of an aristocratic estate. This emotional connection to the land was in keeping with chivalric ambitions wherein land was an important endpoint of prowess. The way that Gace combined the nature opening with pedes cum cauda form articulates a formulation of knightly identity grounded in emotional connection to the land. This connection endures in several generations of knightly trouvères, even in the songs of figures whose biographies fit imperfectly with the identity it communicates. The use of the nature opening in knightly trouvère songs is constant amid striking social and environmental changes, demonstrating the power of culture to create continuities of identity amid altered circumstances.
In the City
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores nature imagery in the songs of cleric-trouvères, who lived mostly in urban environments. In the songs of cleric-trouvères such as Adam de la Halle, Moniot d’Arras, Richard de Fournival, and others, the nature opening is conspicuously absent or alluded to derisively. In the additions to the Roman de Fauvel, the nature opening is inverted and subjected to parody. When plant imagery is found in the songs of cleric-trouvères such as Simon d’Authie and Gilles le Vinier, it differs markedly from the knightly nature openings. Instead of describing sweeping landscapes, cleric-trouvères emphasize inward, intimate connections with plant-life. Motets contrast vernacular nature imagery with the biblical tree of virtue and tree of vice.
The Song-Space of the Medieval Garden
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a subset of the song genre known as the rondet that describes a beautiful girl dressing (the “Bele Aelis” songs) or a dance performed in the distance (the “C’est la jus” songs). Examining the topography described in these songs, this chapter locates the setting on the medieval estate, mainly in the intensively cultivated garden settings that had become increasingly common. Close readings show that some of the songs dramatize the dynamics of seeing and being viewed, hearing and overhearing. These songs construct noble female identity as tied to both garden settings and the desire for privacy.
Conclusions
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The conclusion addresses the legacies of trouvère nature imagery in Machaut’s Remede de Fortune, a narrative work into which the composer interpolated his own songs. Machaut’s treatment of the nature opening shows his awareness of the ways in which knightly trouvères used it, but ultimately aligns him with the cleric-trouvères. This poetic continuity contrasts with dramatic changes in the environment, showing how identity projects attitudes into the future. The book closes by exploring echoes of medieval identity in the work of Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac, addressing how these speak to relationships between nature, culture, and change.
The World of the Mexica
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Mexica empire that underwent a lengthy period of state formation before the Spaniards arrived. The chapter notes that Teotihuacan played a formative role in the development of Mexica. The exchange of goods within the region allowed the creation of a society based on the division of labor, which enabled the development of craftmanship and agriculture, and allowed for growth in the production of luxury goods and textiles. The social standing of a person from Mexica depended on their birth. The basis of social inequality in the region was related to control over land, work, and the power to govern, which were in the hands of the nobility. In addition, an individual’s military success in battle was central to his social standing. The chapter also considers that everyday life in Mexica was intimately intertwined with religion and culture. It explains why the tlatoani was blamed for the Mexica’s demise, which correlates to the reputation of Moctezuma II and the Fall of Tenochtitlan.
Endless Conquest
Authors: Rinke Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the aftermath of the Fall of Tenochtitlan. The indigenous city-states allied with the Spaniards had achieved their goal of leaving Mexica vulnerable to defeat. However, Hernán Cortés believed the war was far from over after the Fall of Tenochtitlan, as his goal had been to consolidate power, supplant the Mexica rulers, and surpass them by creating a unified body politic with a single religion. The chapter explains how Cortés baptized the country New Spain to subordinate directly to the crown even though the boundaries of the new country were not precisely defined. It explores the rise of Cortés’s reputation as well as a shift in his mindset when in 1547 he instructed his heirs to return all properties that were unlawfully acquired to their respective indigenous owners. However, his legitimate son had no interest in doing his will after Cortés’s death.
Victory in Africa
Authors: Parnell David Alan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Belisarius was reinstated as General of the East after he helped to put down the Nika Riot, but his new assignment was in the West. The Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) tasked Belisarius with an assault on the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa, to restore Roman rule in the region. Belisarius sailed with his wife, Antonina, on this expedition. Arriving in North Africa, Belisarius defeated the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum (September 533) and the Battle of Tricamarum (December 533), and he captured the Vandal King Gelimer by March 534. Thus Belisarius won the war in about six months. He was rewarded by Justinian back in Constantinople with a triumph and the ancient Roman Republican office of consul.
Deportation and the Excluded Undeportable
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on if and when those who are not yet citizens can be rightfully deported from the territory to an alleged “home country.” Deportation is the forced, involuntary removal of individuals from the territory on which they are located, and on which they are often residing. The right to deport is typically treated as a legitimate part of an immigration regime; if states can make rules about whom to admit and whom to exclude, then they should be able to enforce those rules, according to many scholars. The chapter then examines several reasons to think that deportation ought to be treated, in general, as a harm to be avoided where it can be. It also looks at what the arguments against the widespread use of deportation mean for the conditions that face stateless peoples. In particular, the fact of stateless peoples demonstrates that immunity from the risk of deportation is not the only benefit offered by citizenship status. Through a consideration of what is owed to stateless peoples, the chapter explores citizenship as a status that protects its holders first from exclusion from territory and second from exclusion from membership.
Resettling (LGBTQ+) Refugees
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with an account of integration and the duties it imposes, both on states and immigrants, in part with the purpose of distinguishing a separate category of duties—duties of resettlement—that are owed to resettling refugees. All migrants who settle in a new state must integrate, but refugees’ path to the host state is in significant ways distinct from the path taken by voluntary migrants. Indeed, refugees face different sets of challenges and, correspondingly, states have distinct duties towards them. The chapter considers how integration programs should confront the persistence of ongoing injustice in host societies, especially injustice that shares a resemblance with the form of persecution resettled refugees may have escaped. It looks at the duties owed to specifically LGBTQ+ refugees who escape persecution on the basis of their sexual/gender identity and who resettle into spaces that nevertheless suffer from homophobia.
Cultural Accommodations and Naturalization Ceremonies
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the final step in the naturalization process: the oath ceremony. It considers whether inclusion requires accommodating cultural practices of would-be citizens or whether a host state can permissibly refuse accommodations at this stage. The chapter begins with the context that has framed recent political theory discussions around the legitimacy of naturalization requirements. Too often, the adoption of more stringent naturalization requirements is borne from an animosity towards immigrants, especially those from Middle Eastern and Muslim-majority countries. The taking of the oath represents the formal acceptance, by naturalizing individuals, of subjection to state power in exchange for the state’s commitment to protecting their full and equal rights as citizens. On this conception of what the citizenship ceremony is, the accommodation of religious and cultural practices does not undermine the purpose of the ceremony and thus should be permitted.
Conclusion
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that even as the moral commitment to equality appears to have taken hold, the realization of substantive equality among citizens and residents of democratic states remains out of reach for too many. For all their commitment to inclusion, democracies engage in extensive exclusion and offer a range of justifications for doing so. Full inclusion into a state and society must track subjection to state power or else that subjection is unjust. Because subjection demands inclusion and precludes exclusion, the theoretical and policy analysis must then shift to determining clear standards for when someone is properly considered to be subjected. States may differ, within reason, on exactly where they draw the line.
A Definition—and a Measure
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A definition and a measure of empathic concern are provided. Empathic concern is defined as an other-oriented emotional state elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of another in need. Rather than feeling as the other feels, empathic concern involves feeling for the other. Moreover, it doesn’t refer to a single emotion but is an umbrella term that includes feelings described not only as empathy and concern but also as sympathy, compassion, tenderness, sorrow, sadness, distress, grief, and more. The author and colleagues have developed a brief six-item Empathic Concern Index to measure empathic concern and have used experiments to establish the Index’s induced-state validity. Experimental results are provided, as is a copy of the Emotional Response Scale in which the six empathic-concern items are embedded.
Realizing the Potential of Empathic Concern
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Realizing the potential of empathic concern is well underway. This chapter reviews some of the better-known programs in which empathy has been used to improve interpersonal and/or intergroup relations. Empathy has been used to increase prosocial behavior, as well as to reduce animosity, prejudice, and discrimination in educational settings, in protracted political conflicts, through media, and by orchestrating prosocial motives. Programs include Roots of Empathy, the Jigsaw Classroom, discrimination simulations, intergroup-dialogue classes, conflict-resolution workshops, peace workshops/camps, storytelling, media, and orchestration of empathy-induced altruism and moral motivation. It is hoped that reviewing these programs in the context of the conceptual framework and research described in previous chapters will prompt development of future programs that can further tap the potential of empathic concern.
The Iranian #MeToo Movement
Authors: Basmechi Farinaz 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Iran’s #MeToo movement started three years prior to the global #MeToo when in 2017 women were protesting mandatory hijab laws in Iran. #MeToo became viral in 2020 in Iran. This chapter discusses the legal and cultural perspectives toward sexual and gender violence in Iran. A content analysis is conducted on tweets related to the #MeToo and other related hashtags, such as #Rape and #NoMeansNo. Revealing stories, rising awareness, political and cultural context, role of power, class, and race are the shared themes found in the content of tweets related to the movement. The consequences and effects of Iranian #MeToo movement and their connections with global #MeToo movement shows that the Iranian #MeToo is adapted to the local Iranian conditions and is related to major questions regarding gender-based violence in Iran. Despite this specificity to local conditions, the Iranian version of #MeToo has used and modified the main claims and hashtags of the global #MeToo. This analysis situates the Iranian #MeToo in both the global and local conversations regarding feminism and women’s rights.
Iberian Legacies
Authors: McFarlane Anthony 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the institutional and cultural framework of Spanish and Portuguese government in the Americas, showing that although colonial legacies would later be blamed for the resilience of political and social hierarchies, in fact, they played an ambiguous role. The chapter explores both Spanish and Portuguese systems of rule, from the foundational early colonial era through an eighteenth-century era of reform, to the first phases of early nineteenth-century state-building. Traditionally, contractualist ideologies coexisted with much power-sharing; reforms designed to strengthen metropolitan centers and increase their profits prompted critical responses which drew on older traditions, as well as on new ideas associated with the Enlightenment and American and French revolutions. Although the new states which emerged had many self-consciously novel features, including constitutions and representative assemblies, they were also shaped by some older practices, notably in the extent to which power continued to inhere in towns and localities.
Democracy and Liberal Constitutionalism
Authors: Rivera José Antonio Aguilar , Zimmermann Eduardo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores constitution-making, an almost universal concomitant of the forging of new, independent states across the region in this period. It explores in turn models consulted—from the United States, France, Spain’s Cádiz Constitution, and Britain; how constitutions were given a public profile through publications and celebrations; what issues new constitutions usually dealt with, and how they dealt with them, and finally–in the form of case studies of Mexico and Argentina—increasing tendencies to evoke “democracy” during constitution-making processes. It has been suggested that “Creole constitutionalism” tended to converge on similar institutional solutions: unified, centralized, strongly presidentialist, political systems. This chapter emphasizes the persistence of ideals of legislative power and devolution to localities as coexisting impulses.
Political Cultures and Practices in Spanish South American Cities
Authors: Alonso Paula , Ternavasio Marcela 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores—especially through case studies of cities in Argentina and Peru—the role played by ideas about “democracy” in post-independence Spanish American urban political culture, arguing that it is essential to pay close attention to specificities of context to understand what the term signified to contemporaries. An overview of the characteristics of Spanish American cities and towns, and their vital role in government and politics, is followed by a survey of ways in which new ideas about popular sovereignty were expressed and experienced in urban settings. Focusing on what would become Argentina and Peru, especially on Buenos Aires and Lima, the chapter describes the implications of broad franchises there, and their coexistence with top-down rule. Only in the 1840s and 1850s did these states develop more open political cultures, supported by print media. “Democracy” was in that context often invoked, but in ways shaped by local concerns.
Democracy in Mexico
Authors: Thomson Guy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Mexico, where legacies of Spanish rule encouraged on the one hand defenses of monarchism and social hierarchy, and on the other hand, fervent support for decentralization (“federalism”) and equality in politics and society. This context left its mark on discussion of “democracy,” which was quite often viewed as a social form and as such, contrasted with “aristocracy.” Though it was championed in the 1820s, in the context of buoyant participatory politics and early party formation, it lost favor during the subsequent reaction. Thereafter, even liberals often expressed some ambivalence about it, sometimes seeing it as an irresistible historical force necessary to a better future, though turbulent and destructive while it raged, at other times seeing merits in the arguments of French “Doctrinaire” thinkers about the need to restrict access to political influence to ensure the triumph of reason.
The Allure of Democracy in New Granada, 1810–1870
Authors: Posada-Carbó Eduardo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in New Granada, especially the future republic of Colombia, where “democracy” seems to have had more allure than elsewhere in the region. There, it was championed relatively early, sustained by the relative stability of the new representative system and ultimately gaining wide endorsement from popular “democratic societies.” Strong early support for independence and the foundation of a republic provided the context in which “democracy” first achieved currency. Simón Bolívar, who tried to weld the territory into a larger union, came to question its fit with local conditions; democracy was then championed by his critics. In the 1830s it acquired a new edge in the context of partisan political struggle. Democratic societies were founded both to build partisan support and elevate the people. From the later 1840s, the use of the term accelerated. It retained partisan connotations, though all parties made some attempt to identify with it.
Love and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Here, I orient the reader toward the philosophical issues with which this project is concerned: specifically, to the question of whether love can reveal anything true about a person. I discuss how affective dispositions underlie our momentary episodes of emotion, thus rendering us vulnerable when we love someone. Is the perceived meaning of others, and of the world, an illusion? Or could we be apprehending reality when we discern value and meaning? Proust’s novel raises these questions but is conflicted about how to answer them. I note that we will consider the reasons for skeptical doubt or distrust but emphasize why love and subjectivity might indeed be truth-revealing.
On Loving Badly and Discovering Truth Nonetheless
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This short chapter defends the unfashionable view that, in Proust, the one who loves really does become aware of the beloved’s distinguishing features—despite all the obstacles to accurate possession that were sorted out in the previous chapter, as well as the impossibility of gaining full and transparent knowledge of another person for whom a world exists. One need not be a moral saint to get to know the beloved other, to some degree and in some ways, and the allure of skeptical doubt is a cop-out by someone who despairs of partially apprehending the inexhaustible depths of another person.
Introduction
Authors: Demetriou Denise 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction begins with the arrival in Athens of Zeno the Stoic, a Phoenician immigrant from Kition on Cyprus, and uses his story to illustrate how despite prejudice and discrimination, immigrants thrived in their host societies. Zeno’s story exemplifies the adaptive strategies that immigrants mobilized to mediate their experiences and encourage a sense of membership and belonging, the new identities they constructed, the policies that host and home states employed to promote or manage migration, and the multiple ways migrants changed both themselves and the societies they joined. The introduction shows that ancient Mediterranean polities were hosts to large percentages of immigrants and adopts a broad definition of migrants to reveal the presence and contributions of those migrants, especially Phoenician ones who left behind plenty of epigraphic texts that are often bilingual, and the responses of both their home and host states.