bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the implementation of the new radiation quantities recommended by ICRU/ICRP for practical use in interventional radiology: a Monte Carlo study
Authors: Abdelrahman Mahmoud , Lombardo Pasquale , Dabin Jérémie , Struelens Lara , Vanhavere Filip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) proposed a new set of operational quantities for radiation protection for external radiation in its Report Committee 26 (ICRU
95). The new proposal aims to improve the coherence between the operational quantities and the definitions of the protection quantities in the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection set out in 2007 (Ann. ICRP
37). It is expected that this change in operational quantities will impact current dosimeter designs. Although for many photon energies, the conversion coefficients from physical field quantities to the new operational quantities will change relatively little, for radiation fields with low energy photon components, such as medical x-ray applications, there will be a significant decrease in the values of the conversion coefficients. This means that the numerical values of the new operational quantities will be much lower for the same radiation field. These values will be closer to the effective dose, but this change can still cause confusion for medical staff. It is important to examine the effect of the new set of dose conversion coefficients on the personal dose in realistic radiation fields. We performed a study to assess the effect of changing the definition of the operational quantity, personal dose equivalent (

H

p

), in realistic radiation fields in interventional radiology (IR) workplaces. The x-ray tube kilovoltage peak (kVp) in IR ranges between 60 and 120 kV. The medical staff is exposed to the scattered photons which have a wide range of energies depending on the beam configuration and the patient size. The objective of this study is to ‘quantitatively’ estimate the impact of implementing the new ICRU quantities of Report 95 in IR radiation fields using Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations of 560 different configurations in IR were performed using MCNPX to calculate fluence binned per energy and angle of incidence.

H

p

and

H

p

(
10
)

were then calculated for each configuration using dose conversion coefficients from fluence given by ICRU Reports 95 and 57, respectively. The results show that the mean of the ratio,

H

p

(
10
)

/

H

p

, is 1.6 for all simulated scenarios. This reduction will correct the current overestimation of the effective dose and should result in better compliance with the dose limits in IR. However, it may also have negative consequences on the safety culture among the medical staff. Special care will be needed when interpreting these lower doses.
SCADA data-driven blade icing detection for wind turbines: an enhanced spatio-temporal feature learning approach
Authors: Jiang Guoqian , Li Wenyue , Bai Jiarong , He Qun , Xie Ping 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Blade icing is one of the common issues of large-scale wind turbines located in cold regions, which will affect the safety and efficiency of the whole turbine system. Currently, data-driven fault detection has gained increasing interest due to the availability of a large volume of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. However, SCADA data has complex time-varying characteristics and strong spatio-temporal correlations among different sensor variables, thus it is still challenging to extract effective fault features for accurate detection. To this end, this paper proposes an enhanced spatio-temporal feature learning approach, called multi-task temporal spatial attention network (MT-STAN). It contains two core modules: a feature extraction module and a multi-task learning module. For better spatio-temporal feature extraction, a spatio-temporal attention block is first developed to extract important variables in the spatial dimension and temporal segments in the temporal dimension via the attention mechanism. Then, we design a multitask learning module, consisting of both deep metric learning and classification learning tasks, to further enhance the discriminative ability of the learned representations and improve the performance of fault detection. The proposed approach is evaluated on a real SCADA dataset, and the results show that our proposed MT-STAN model achieved better detection performance compared with several baseline models.
Impact of magnetic ripple on neoclassical equilibrium in gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Varennes R , Garbet X , Vermare L , Sarazin Y , Dif-Pradalier G , Grandgirard V , Ghendrih P , Donnel P , Peret M , Obrejan K , Bourne E 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The effect of magnetic field ripple on tokamak plasma without turbulence is studied numerically and augmented with a reduced analytical model that includes neoclassical processes in the presence of non-axisymmetric perturbation and stochastic transport. For this study, a magnetic field ripple perturbation has been implemented in the GYSELA gyrokinetic code. This implementation has been verified thanks to a test of toroidal angular momentum conservation. The GYSELA code was then successfully benchmarked against the NEO code, which solves the drift kinetic equation, and against the reduced model in the collisionality range

ν
⋆

∈

[0.05–0.5] for several amplitudes of the magnetic ripple. An observation, shared by the model, the NEO code and GYSELA simulations is that the thermal drive of the mean poloidal velocity—measured by the

k

V
P

coefficient—decreases sharply for large yet experimentally relevant magnetic ripple amplitudes, and may even change sign.
Probing bulk electron temperature via x-ray emission in a solid density plasma
Authors: Makur K , Ramakrishna B , Krishnamurthy S , Kakolee K F , Kar S , Cerchez M , Prasad R , Markey K , Quinn M N , Yuan X H , Green J S , Scott R H H , McKenna P , Osterholz J , Willi O , Norreys P A , Borghesi M , Zepf M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bulk electron temperatures are calculated for thin Cu targets irradiated by the petawatt class Vulcan laser, from the Kα yield obtained using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystals. Cu-Kα emission studies have been used to probe the bulk electron temperature. A 30–80 eV core temperature extends homogeneously over distances up to ten times the laser focal spot size. Energy shifting has been observed due to different ionization states produced for different temperatures in the plasma. Polarization dependencies of plasma temperature are observed through the production of x-rays in different targets. 2D PIC simulations were performed to measure the polarization dependency of bulk electron temperature, which supports our experimental results. This paper could be of importance in understanding the different behavior of laser coupling at different polarizations and their role in x-ray production.
Geometric Event-Based Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Giovannetti Vittorio , Lloyd Seth , Maccone Lorenzo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We propose a special relativistic framework for quantum mechanics. It is based on introducing a Hilbert space for events. Events are taken as primitive notions (as customary in relativity), whereas quantum systems (e.g. fields and particles) are emergent in the form of joint probability amplitudes for position and time of events. Textbook relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory can be recovered by dividing the event Hilbert spaces into space and time (a foliation) and then conditioning the event states onto the time part. Our theory satisfies the full Lorentz symmetry as a ‘geometric’ unitary transformation, and possesses relativistic observables for space (location of an event) and time (position in time of an event).
Arrested coarsening and large density fluctuations in driven particle mixtures in two dimensions
Authors: Lavrentovich Maxim O , Bolmatov Dima , Carrillo Jan-Michael Y 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study a driven, nonadditive binary mixture of spherical particles confined to move in two dimensions and immersed in an explicit solvent consisting of point particles with purely repulsive interactions. We show that, without a drive, the mixture of spherical particles phase separates and coarsens with kinetics consistent with an Ising-like conserved dynamics. Conversely, when the drive is applied, the coarsening is arrested and the system develops large density fluctuations. We show that the drive creates domains of a characteristic size which decreases with an increasing force. Furthermore, we find that these domains are anisotropic and can be oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the drive direction. Finally, we connect our findings to existing theories of strongly-driven systems, pointing out the importance of introducing the explicit solvent particles to break the Galilean invariance of the system.
Near perfect and polarization insensitive broadband absorber based on Al2O3 - Ti - Al2O3 triple layer structure
Authors: Meng Qiqi , Chen Fang , Cheng Shubo , Xu Yiping , Yang Wenxing , Yi Zao 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a polarization-insensitive and broadband absorber based on Al
2
O
3 - Ti - Al
2
O
3 rectangular periodic sandwich structure has been studied. Simulations indicate the absorbance remains over 97% at the wavelength from 599 nm to 1912 nm, and the corresponding average absorption is up to 98.5% in this range. Moreover, the broadband absorption is background refractive index and polarization insensitive. The absorption mechanism of the broad-band is studied by impedance-matching theory and finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, which is mainly originated from the cavity plasmonic resonance, surface plasmonic dipolar resonance, and near field plasmonic coupling effect. The proposed broadband absorber is expected to play a role in solar cell, which can be applied in the areas of solar cell design, imaging, and thermal emitters. Moreover, the use of Ti material and Al
2
O
3 instead of noble metals has the advantages of thermal robustness, and lower cost.
Orders of chaoticity of unitaries
Authors: Ortega Adrian , Frigyik Andrew B , Koniorczyk Mátyás 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We introduce the concept of K-th order chaoticity of unitaries, and analyze it for the case of two-level quantum systems. This property is relevant in a certain quantum random number generation scheme. We show that no unitaries exist with an arbitrary order of chaoticity.
Photoluminescence and quantum yield behaviour of vanadium doped Zn2SiO4 phosphors facilely synthesized by sol-gel method
Authors: Diana P , Sebastian S , Saravanakumar S , Chidhambaram N , Shkir Mohd , Alqahtani Aminah Nasser 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Vanadium-doped Zinc Silicate (Zn2SiO4) phosphors were synthesized through the sol-gel method. Structural, morphological and optical techniques were used to investigate the effects of vanadium incorporation on their structure, morphology, and optical behaviour. We reported that vanadium incorporation in Zn2SiO4 phosphors significantly modifies their crystallinity, morphology, and photoluminescence properties. When vanadium is added to Zn2SiO4 phosphors, the energy band gap (Eg) changes from 5.29 to 2.34 eV. Vanadium dopants generate imperfections in Zn2SiO4 phosphors, the leading cause of their emissions in visible regions and quantum yield. Quantum yield is estimated at 7.06% for Zn2−xVxSiO4 (x = 0.08) phosphor. The luminescence decay lifetime of the prominent emissions of vanadium-doped Zn2SiO4 was measured using a double exponential fitting technique, and the average lifetime is 11.7 ns.
Topological nature of large bulk band gap materials Sr3Bi2 and Ca3Bi2
Authors: Sanjeev  , Singh Mukhtiyar , Kumar Ramesh , Srivastava Sunita , Kumar Tankeshwar 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Topological materials are an emerging class of materials attracting the attention of the scientific community due to their potential applications in the fields of spintronics and quantum computing. Using first-principles calculations, the structural, electronic, and topological properties of Sr3Bi2 and Ca3Bi2 compounds without and with spin–orbit coupling are investigated. In the absence of spin–orbit coupling, the projected bulk band structure revealed that the Sr3Bi2 compound host a type-I Dirac point along the F-Γ direction. Since the compound possesses time-reversal and space-inversion symmetries, this Dirac point is associated with the nodal line. The existence of a type-I nodal ring around the Γ-point in the kz = 0 planes, as well as a drumhead-like surface state within the nodal ring, suggested that Sr3Bi2 is a type-I nodal-line semimetal with no spin–orbit coupling. The inclusion of spin–orbit coupling introduced an energy gap of 0.36 eV between the valence band and conduction band at Dirac point. The topological surface states forming a Dirac cone between the bulk bandgap for (001) surface of Sr3Bi2 compound is calculated with spin–orbit coupling. The Z2 topological invariants (1;000), as calculated by using parity product criteria, suggested that Sr3Bi2 is a strong topological insulator. Ca3Bi2, another compound with a similar crystal structure, is also predicted to behave similarly to Sr3Bi2 compound without and with spin–orbit coupling. This research broadens the application of topological insulators and existing platforms for developing novel spintronic devices.
News from the BIPM laboratories—2022
Authors: Tavella Patrizia , Gressier Vincent , Wielgosz Robert , Stock Michael , Milton Martin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In order to fulfil its mission to ensure and promote the global comparability of measurements, the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures operates laboratories in the fields of physical metrology, time, ionizing radiation and chemistry. These laboratories act as centers for scientific and technical collaboration between Member States providing capabilities for international measurement comparisons on a shared cost basis. They coordinate international comparisons of national measurement standards agreed to be of the highest priority, and they establish and maintain appropriate reference standards for use as the basis of key international comparisons at the highest level and provide selected calibrations from them. In the following sections, we provide highlights of the work the laboratories have undertaken during 2022.
Design and Research of the Intelligent Water Temperature Monitoring System
Authors: Wang Zhuolin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the industrial production process, people need to detect and control the temperature in various types of heating furnaces. The equipment selected for the water temperature control system designed in this paper is a single-chip microcomputer. The single-chip microcomputer has the characteristics of low power consumption, high performance, good reliability, and ease of production. Moreover, the single-chip microcomputer is more convenient, simple, and flexible in step control of temperature, which can improve the technical indicators of the controlled temperature, thus greatly improving the reliability of the product. In the design process, firstly, the hardware design is carried out. Secondly, the software design is carried out. And finally, comprehensive debugging is carried out to realize the constant temperature intelligent control of water temperature.
The CMS muon drift tubes HL-LHC Upgrade demonstrator at Run 3 start
Authors: Redondo Ignacio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The electronic system of the CMS Drift Tubes (DT) chambers will be replaced to continue operation during high luminosity running of the LHC (HL-LHC). The upgraded architecture sends all signals to the backend, where complex logic will be performed with a precision matching the maximum chamber resolution, now only available offline. A demonstrator has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) in one of the sixty sectors of the detector. Over LS2 we have integrated this system in the CMS operations environment and tested its stability over extended cosmics data-taking campaigns, also with the magnetic field on. This paper describes the time synchronization achieved and early performance in collisions at Run 3 start.
Study of the internal quantum efficiency of FBK sensors with optimized entrance windows
Authors: Carulla M. , Centis Vignali M. , Barten R. , Baruffaldi F. , Bergamaschi A. , Borghi G. , Boscardin M. , Brückner M. , Dinapoli R. , Ebner S. , Ficorella F. , Fröjd E. , Greiffenberg D. , Hammad Ali O. , Hasanaj S. , Heymes J. , Hinger V. , King T. , Kozlowski P. , Lopez Cuenca C. , Mezza D. , Moustakas K. , Mozzanica A. , Paternoster G. , Ronchin S. , Ruder C. , Schmitt B. , Thattil D. , Zhang J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Single-photon detection of X-rays in the energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV is difficult for hybrid detectors because of the low quantum efficiency and low signal-to-noise ratio. The low quantum efficiency is caused by the absorption of soft X-rays in the entrance window of the silicon sensors. The entrance window consists of an insensitive layer on the surface and a highly doped layer, which is typically from a few hundred nanometers to a couple of micrometers thick and is comparable to the absorption depth of soft X-ray photons (e.g. the attenuation length of 250 eV X-ray photons is ∼100 nm in silicon). The low signal-to-noise ratio is mainly caused by the small signal amplitude (e.g. ca. 70 electrons for 250 eV X-ray photons in silicon) with respect to the electronic noise. To improve the quantum efficiency, the entrance window must be optimized by minimizing the absorption of soft X-rays in the insensitive layer, and reducing charge recombination at the Si-SiO2 interface and in the highly doped region. Low gain avalanche diodes (LGADs) with a multiplication factor between 5 and 10 increase the signal amplitude and therefore improve the signal-to-noise ratio for soft X-rays, enabling single-photon detection down to 250 eV. Combining LGAD technology with an optimized entrance window technology can thus allow hybrid detectors to become a useful tool also for soft X-ray detection. In this work we present the optimization of the entrance window by studying the internal quantum efficiency of eight different process technology variations. The sensors are characterized using light emitting diodes with a wavelength of 405 nm. At this wavelength, the light has an absorption depth of 125 nm, equivalent to that of 276 eV X-rays. The best variation achieves an internal quantum efficiency of 0.992 for 405 nm UV light. Based on this study, further optimization of the quantum efficiency for soft X-rays detection is planned.
Inkjet printing of silver conductive ink on textiles for electronic applications: impact of ink formulation on electrical performances of the ink
Authors: Boumegnane Abdelkrim , Batine Assia , Nadi Ayoub , Dahrouch Abdelouahed , Stambouli Abdelhamid , Cherkaoui Omar , Tahiri Mohamed 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Printed electronics technology is one of the most dynamic in the world, allowing for the low-cost fabrication of electronic networks on textile substrates using the inkjet printing technique which is commonly used in various industries. In the field of formulation of conductive inks, silver nanoparticles are generally used as precursors that confer electrical conductivity to the printed patterns. In the present work, we synthesized silver nanoparticles by an ecological reduction method and then dispersed them in a PEG/Glycerol mixture to prepare a conductive ink. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as the morphology of the printed silver tracks was characterized by SEM. The developed ink was then successfully printed on a piece of pre-treated cotton fabric to produce flexible electronic components on the textile.
Two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks TM3(HAT)2: a new family of promising single-atom electrocatalysts for efficient nitrogen fixation
Authors: Wang Chun , Zhou Xiaocheng , Li Yafei 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Achieving efficient nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under mild conditions is desirable but still challenging due to the lack of high-performance catalysts. Herein, we report the feasibility of a new type of two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (cMOFs) featuring dense single-metal-atom sites, namely TM3(HAT)2 monolayers (TM = transition metal from groups 4 to 10, HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene), as NRR catalysts. We construct an efficient four-step screening strategy and identify the W3(HAT)2 monolayer as a candidate with considerable stability, activity, and selectivity based on density functional theory (DFT) computations. The analysis of bonding, integrated-crystal orbital Hamilton population, and Bader charge uncovers the NRR activity origin of the TM3(HAT)2 monolayers and elucidates the structure–performance correlations. Meanwhile, our results show that a simple descriptor ϕ based on the inherent nature of the TM atoms can be applied to accelerate the screening of candidates without explicit DFT calculations. This work highlights a feasible strategy to prescreen and design high-performance cMOF-based electrocatalysts.
Simulating Majorana zero modes on a noisy quantum processor
Authors: Sung Kevin J , Rančić Marko J , Lanes Olivia T , Bronn Nicholas T 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The simulation of systems of interacting fermions is one of the most anticipated applications of quantum computers. The most interesting simulations will require a fault-tolerant quantum computer, and building such a device remains a long-term goal. However, the capabilities of existing noisy quantum processors have steadily improved, sparking an interest in running simulations that, while not necessarily classically intractable, may serve as device benchmarks and help elucidate the challenges to achieving practical applications on near-term devices. Systems of non-interacting fermions are ideally suited to serve these purposes. While they display rich physics and generate highly entangled states when simulated on a quantum processor, their classical tractability enables experimental results to be verified even at large system sizes that would typically defy classical simulation. In this work, we use a noisy superconducting quantum processor to prepare Majorana zero modes (MZMs) as eigenstates of the Kitaev chain Hamiltonian, a model of non-interacting fermions. Our work builds on previous experiments with non-interacting fermionic systems. Previous work demonstrated error mitigation techniques applicable to the special case of Slater determinants. Here, we show how to extend these techniques to the case of general fermionic Gaussian states, and demonstrate them by preparing MZMs on systems of up to seven qubits.
Sequence-based prediction of pH-dependent protein solubility using CamSol
Authors: Oeller Marc , Kang Ryan , Bell Rosie , Ausserwöger Hannes , Sormanni Pietro , Vendruscolo Michele 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSolubility is a property of central importance for the use of proteins in research in molecular and cell biology and in applications in biotechnology and medicine. Since experimental methods for measuring protein solubility are material intensive and time consuming, computational methods have recently emerged to enable the rapid and inexpensive screening of solubility for large libraries of proteins, as it is routinely required in development pipelines. Here, we describe the development of one such method to include in the predictions the effect of the pH on solubility. We illustrate the resulting pH-dependent predictions on a variety of antibodies and other proteins to demonstrate that these predictions achieve an accuracy comparable with that of experimental methods. We make this method publicly available at https://www-cohsoftware.ch.cam.ac.uk/index.php/camsolph, as the version 3.0 of CamSol.