bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory
Authors: Halpern Cynthia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMemory has always been the primary mode for the transmission of human knowledge and culture for human communities over the vast ages of human evolution, up to and including the development of written history. Oral and Indigenous peoples matched their images and speech to the contours and shapes of the places they shared with other natural, more‐than‐human, inhabitants, and they recounted events in poems and songs, sagas and epics, stories and legends, myths and rituals, which they remembered and retold for countless generations. Even written history comes directly from memory, to be written and codified, rationalized and abstracted into alphabetic languages that reference human singularity and consciousness, all first registered in some particular mind, some particular document.
Minority Rights
Authors: Mookherjee Monica 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe idea of minority rights is deeply contested in contemporary political theory. The core controversy arising from the development of such rights in both theory and practice is whether the moral, legal, and political existence of groups may be truly recognized within the individualistic framework ofhumanrights. The concern is that the modern human rights regime, with its characteristic liberal reluctance to impose fixed group identities on individuals, inevitably struggles to respond fully to minority conflicts today, which often involve tense relations within and between groups, rather than simply relations between the individual and the state.
Mythology
Authors: Richey Mason 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

In general mythology refers to several things. At its base are myths, and therefore mythology first means the received corpus of
muthoi
(legendary stories of superhuman/supernatural deeds, usually ancient) believed to be true by a people, and often considered to explain the world's phenomena. Second, mythology means the study of myths, the application of reasoning (
logos
) to the
muthoi
in order to comprehend them. This general conceptual differentiation is also valid for mythology in the specific domain of politics and political thought. Accordingly, examples of the meaning of political mythology
qua
mythemes include Greek deities’ interference in wars, Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus, biblical accounts of the divine bestowing of law on humans, or Korea's founding by the quasi‐divine Tangun. Alternatively, political mythology construed as study of political myths goes back at least to classical Greek philosophy. The defining characteristic of this type of political thought vis‐à‐vis mythology is that it is reflective, taking mythology as material to be explained both in terms of the descriptive or normative meaning/interpretation of the content of the myths themselves and in terms of the political function that myths have when intervening in political affairs. Lastly, political mythology also refers to the set of more or less intentionally or naturally propagated narratives – usually mistaken – underpinning the beliefs of members of a political entity regarding themselves or events associated with them or that entity.
Nature
Authors: Arias‐Maldonado Manuel 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEver since Raymond Williams wrote that nature is one of the most complex words in language, nothing has become simpler than beginning an exploration of this concept, namely by making Williams's statement a triumphant opening line. Yet reflecting upon nature in the twenty‐first century involves the recognition that it is not just the concept that is remarkably complex, but also the reality that it struggles to grasp. Naturally, the ambiguities and paradoxes of the word have always reflected those of the world. In fact, human history can be seen as the history of our relationship, or relationships, with nature. It is no wonder then that the latter is a changing concept, one in which the many different dimensions of the human – the real and the ideal, the empirical and the normative, the factual and the legal – are contained, thus showing the scientific limits of our understanding as well as the different possibilities opened up by human existence. In more than one way, the continuous search for explanations and meanings in nature, which runs parallel to the gradual discovery of its inner makings by scientists, embodies human self‐reflection itself. We cannot understand ourselves without resorting to the notion of nature.
Occam (Ockham),William of (1280–1349)
Authors: Scott Joanna Vecchiarelli 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
William of Occam, born in Occam, Surrey, England, was a renowned nominalist and voluntarist philosopher working in the wake of his controversial predecessor Duns Scotus and at the same time as another publicly controversial writer, Marsilius of Padua. The effect of all three was to challenge the authority of the Aquinan consensus in philosophy, and in political theory to question the basis of absolutist claims of popes, monarchs, and emperors over the European citizen – faithful as he was at the end of the Middle Ages.
Paine, Thomas (1737–1809)
Authors: Fruchtman, Jack 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnglish‐born propagandist and activist Thomas Paine advocated political and social revolution and democratic reform in late eighteenth‐century America, Britain, and France. Known for his plain style and vivid imagery, Paine was one of the most popular writers of his age, whose works, which sold thousands in both official and pirated versions, supported the American cause during the Revolutionary War. He later responded to Edmund Burke's 1790 attack on the French Revolution. Paine believed that economic prosperity for all citizens had to accompany democratic reforms, which required the government to promote the financial welfare of the poor, the young, and the elderly.
Philosophy of History
Authors: Hutchings Kimberly 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThere is a standard distinction drawn in the philosophy of history betweenspeculativephilosophy of history andanalyticalphilosophy of history. The former makes substantive philosophical claims about the overarching nature of historical development. The latter is concerned with the epistemological status of claims made by historians about the past, and how they are legitimated. Both of these types of philosophy of history are important in political thought: first, because philosophical ideas about history play a substantive role in political theories, in particular from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; second, because students of the history of political thought are doing a kind of history, and have therefore been obliged to reflect on the epistemological and methodological assumptions underpinning that historical work. We will look first at the role of speculative philosophy of history in political thought and then at debates about what kind of knowledge is possible in the history of political thought, and what difference this makes to how we understand the canon of western political theory.
Political Romanticism
Authors: Kompridis Nikolas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFor most of the recent century, romanticism has been much maligned and much misunderstood. It has been variously identified with repressive forms of communitarianism and nationalism, with kitsch and cultural conservatism, and with the dangerous aestheticization of politics. Antimodern, antidemocratic, quietistic, narcissistic, masculinist, and effeminate – the list of romanticism's purported sins is very long indeed. Given these various sins, what can explain the resurgent interest in romanticism today? What does it signal?
Politics and Culture
Authors: Leitch David G. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The interrelationship between culture and politics has been a focal topic for western political thinkers since the classical era. While earlier thinkers concentrated their attention on articulating how cultural practices could sustain or undermine different political forms, since World War II debate has centered on multiculturalism and on how the state can grapple with political boundaries that are no longer coterminous with cultural ones. Part of this challenge has been a decreasing consensus on just what culture is and how it can be defined; recent scholarship has inverted the traditional focus of culture and politics, to introduce important new questions about the politics behind characterizing culture.
Politics and Film
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn traditional approaches to film in the political studies disciplines, it has been ordinarily assumed that films are political when they explore the relationship between persons and recognized political institutions. However, those who have advanced film (or, more recently, “cinema studies”) in a wide variety of disciplines have approached political thinking with close attention to film form. Emphases have been on image juxtaposition (montage) and on various aspects of the camera work – the structure of the gaze, the deployment of bodies (which are either choreographically complicit or disruptive to a film's narrative), and a variety of kinds of shots (depth of focus, close‐ups, etc.).
Politics and Poetry
Authors: Destrée Pierre 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Poetry can have a privileged bond with politics, perhaps even more than any other art form. What work of art could have as clear and strong a political resonance as, say, Walt Whitman's “America” or “American Foliage,” Paul Éluard's “Liberty,” or Osip Mandelstam's sarcastic “Stalin Epigram”?
Prudence
Authors: Gould Harry D. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhile it is a commonplace that our leaders should act prudently and should promulgate and follow prudent policies, what this actually means has varied over time. Prudence has undergone numerous changes both in conceptualization and in valence. It has been treated as a virtue (in both Christian and pagan senses), and in some circles it remains enumerated among the virtues; however, others have treated prudence as a skill, or as a faculty. In correlation with its changes in valence, prudence has had a shifting relationship with morality: at some points it was understood as a defining feature of moral behavior, while for many twentieth‐ and twenty‐first‐century authors it represents an alternative to morality, a calculus of decision that might yield results inimical to the dictates of morality.
Public Morality
Authors: Surprenant Chris W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Public morality involves (1) the set of norms or principles determined by a society to be good; (2) the actions that society determines to be consistent with the promotion of these norms or principles; and (3) the laws or cultural practices established to encourage individuals to perform these actions. Frequently public morality is associated with issues relating to sex, drugs, and public decency. But, because how an individual determines what objectively good goals (s)he should pursue will likely be influenced by the society (s)he lives in, the conceptual underpinnings of public morality lie in political philosophy and in the appropriate role of the state in regulating the behavior of its citizens.
Public Opinion
Authors: West Chris 
Published: August 2023

Abstract“Public opinion” refers to any preferences, beliefs, mores, values, or other characteristics of individual or group thought that are consequential to politics and the conduct of government. As regimes may vary in type and cultural context, the extent to which public opinion generally, and the opinions of various publics or individuals within the general population, may be taken into account by government will vary as well. Though political actors often use the term in reference to very large numbers of people holding a collective opinion, it is most often the case that the “public” is comprised of many diverse “publics” that hold countervailing opinions, or even no opinions on any given subject of consequence to government.
Receptivity to Political Cues
Authors: Malka Ariel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Receptivity to political cues refers to the responsiveness of citizens to signals in political messages. These signals often associate a political viewpoint with a candidate, political party, or ideology or associate a candidate with a political party, ideological label, or interest group. As a way of reaching a political opinion, receptivity to political cues is often contrasted with systematic processing of substantive political information. Similarly, political cues are distinguishable from policy frames, which are the arguments and phrases that impact the lens through which a policy message is interpreted. Although cues and policy frames can be manipulated independently within experiments, they often co‐occur in the real world (e.g., “Republicans oppose expanding unemployment insurance because doing so would discourage work”).
Ressentiment
Authors: Abbas Asma 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Ressentiment is the feeling of being wounded repeatedly by an injury: a sufferer internalizes the injury, relies upon it for meaning, and seeks a cause for it outside of herself, keeping the hurt current and valid. The search for a cause, just like the wounding, is enacted repeatedly, always terminating on another entity – an individual or a group – that is both the cause of the wound and the rightful target of hurt feelings. In the longevity of the wound is rooted an identity for the injured, who are called upon to react to the cause of the hurt, even to negate it, in order to seek redress and justice. In this process, new political and moral values are generated. This feeling's potential to mediate, often even encapsulate, moments within an individual's ethical and political experience accounts for its status as a political concept.
Sex/Gender Relationship
Authors: Boryczka Jocelyn M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

“One is not born, but rather becomes, woman,” Simone de Beauvoir asserts in
The Second Sex
. This claim captures how sex, the biological differentiation of male from female based on reproductive capacity, relates to gender, the socially constructed meanings of masculine and feminine identity assigned to men and women. Society or culture, not nature or biology, then creates the norms, rules, and laws for people's behavior, which grants them more freedom in determining their destiny. Establishing what gender means conceptually and interrogating its relationship to sex alters the terrain of twentieth‐century political thought. Initially, it provided another set of analytic tools for engaging two critical questions: what is a woman, and why have women generally been oppressed across cultures throughout history? Feminist political theory emerges as a field of study during the 1960s and 1970s by responding to these questions in ways that liberate women from the traditional sex roles of mother and wife used to secure their subordination to men and deny them access to public life.
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616)
Authors: Miller Char Roone 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWilliam Shakespeare, widely regarded as the greatest English playwright and poet, exerted an unmatched influence on the English language; his unfailing ear for human interaction and strong hand for constructing scenes of personal and social exploration make his work an unmatched source of political thought. He staged dramatic late medieval examinations of kingship in the presence of kings and queens. He examined the contradictions and complexity of evolving notions of sovereignty; explored new developments in monetary debt; critically examined gender, sex, and race; and gave subtle portrayals of an increasingly democratic social world that delighted princes and peasants. Thirty‐eight plays, 154 sonnets, two long poems, and several other poems have survived to the present day. Two plays are considered lost.
Sorel, Georges (1847–1922)
Authors: Jennings Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGeorges Sorel was educated in Paris and for many years worked as an engineer for the French government. In 1889 he published his first two books. One was devoted to the trial of Socrates, the other to biblical exegesis. It was in the early 1890s that Sorel began what was to be a lengthy engagement with Marxism. He also read, and was heavily influenced by, the work of Giambattista Vico.
Structuralism
Authors: Caverly Matthew M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractStructuralism is an intellectual movement which claims that underlying sets of structures are the guiding forces for human behavior. This view has developed in an interdisciplinary fashion encapsulating philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, history, sociology, and political theory by its notion that largely unconscious structures determine the ethics, language, worldviews, literature, politics, and cultural predilections of all peoples. Structuralism originated in the works of the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) and became associated principally with French philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. The paradigm's primary developer was the anthropologist Claude Lévi‐Strauss (1908–2009), who applied Saussure's structuralist framework to the analysis of kinship systems.
Sun Yat‐sen (1866–1925)
Authors: Lee Theresa Man Ling 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sun Yat‐sen (1866–1925) is regarded as the founding father of modern China by both the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. As such Sun holds a unique place in Chinese history by transcending what was once an irreconcilable ideological and political divide between the two. This seemingly paradoxical point of convergence remains a useful gauge to Sun's significance.
Theater and Politics
Authors: Barrett Richard A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThere exists a longstanding tension between politics and theater, with politics at times limiting theater to being a tool to reshape the human world for the ends of a particular regime, and theater threatening to dominate the political realm. Socrates accused Aristophanes’ comedy of mis‐portraying him in a way that ultimately led to his trial and death. Rousseau thought theater could corrupt a society. Nietzsche, on the other hand, held out hope that theater might provide the impetus for a transfiguration that would bring about a healthier civilization.
Truth Commissions
Authors: Bakiner Onur 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Truth commissions are ad hoc panels established to investigate past human rights violations, identify the patterns and causes of violence, and make recommendations for political‐institutional, legal, and social reform. Forty countries launched truth commissions between 1974 and 2009. Typically governments and/or intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations create truth commissions during transitions from authoritarian rule or internal conflict, but recently consolidated democracies have also established them. Scholars, policy‐makers, and human rights activists advocate truth commissions to discover the facts of human rights violations, to devise a reparations program for the victims, to raise the public's awareness about human rights, and to promote reconciliation across social and political actors.
Universalism/Universalization
Authors: Ingram James D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Universalisms are theories or doctrines that claim to be valid for or of everyone. What they hold to be universal, what aspects of people they are meant to apply to and in what way, varies enormously. There is a multitude of often competing universalisms in metaphysics, epistemology, natural science, anthropology, social theory, and religion, and an even greater number of challenges to their claims to universality. Even within moral and political philosophy, there has been little agreement among universalists about what qualities, values, or principles are universal, or how they are universal. Contemporary political theory has tended to focus its discussion of universalism on the nature and scope of moral and political principles, norms, or values, such as human rights or justice.
Violence
Authors: Shapiro Kam 
Published: August 2023

AbstractViolence is typically defined as the deliberate infliction of bodily harm. Many theories of politics are centrally concerned with the organization and containment of violence so understood. However, critical theories of political violence variously conceptualize the nature and significance of violence as a dimension of politics. They extend the nature of harm defined as violence (which can be social, psychological, or discursive). Further, some challenge the view that violence is exclusively destructive. As they contend, it can also play a constitutive role in political organization, law, and identity.
Weber, Max (1864–1920)
Authors: Breiner Peter 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThough originally trained as a jurist before turning to political economy, Max Weber is today typically identified with his approach to sociology and his methodological cautions on what social science can and cannot do. However, his reputation as a founder of sociology has its roots in his encounter with political economy. As an economist, Weber sought to steer between the German historical political economy that derived economic institutions from the national culture in which they had developed and the new economic theory of marginal utility that derived general laws from formal deductive models. But he realized he could only resolve this dispute through sociology. From that viewpoint he wrote groundbreaking articles on the methodology of the social sciences, studies of the origins of capitalist development includingThe Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, studies on the economic ethics of world religions, and above all, inquiries laying out the variety of ideal types of social action and social relations, culminating in his massive unfinishedEconomy and Society.
Whitman, Walt (1819–92)
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe publication ofLeaves of Grasson or about July 4, 1855 represented an act of political and aesthetic revolution. Printed at Whitman's expense, the volume bore no author's name, only a daguerreotype engraving of the poet, dressed as a workingman, which appeared opposite the title page. The 12 untitled poems were introduced by a prose preface in which the poet declared America's literary independence. In the first and longest poem (later entitled “Song of Myself”), the poet named himself: “Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, / Disorderly fleshy and sensual … eating drinking and breeding” (1996: 50).
Young, Iris Marion (1949–2006)
Authors: Weldon Laurel 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIris Marion Young was a social and political theorist, philosopher, and social critic whose scholarship sought to understand and expose the deep problems of group domination and oppression in their many forms. Drawing on intellectual innovations of contemporary social movements as well as concepts in Continental, liberal, and feminist social and political theory, Young delineated the various dimensions of these problems. She cast them as being fundamentally aboutpower, as problems of structural inequality that advantaged some social groups and disadvantaged others. Her work contributed both directly and indirectly to policy debates about how best to address problems of inequality and domination, and sparked many lively debates about contemporary political issues including representation, justice, multiculturalism, gender, body politics, and identity politics. Her work has thus been influential in both theoretical and applied fields as well as in a wide range of areas of philosophical and scholarly endeavor, from aesthetics, literary theory, and political theory to public policy and sociological theory.