bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor Rights or Immigration Enforcement?
Authors: Boucher Anna K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the seminal case of Hoffman Plastic Compounds Inc. v. NLRB (2002), Jose Castro, an undocumented Mexican migrant worker employed in Hoffman Plastics, a PVC factory in Orange County, California, sought back payment following unfair dismissal for trade union organizing. This case was eventually litigated all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where, by a slim majority, the Court found that those without visa status were not entitled to enforce back pay under the National Labor Relations Act because this would be in conflict with restrictions against illegal immigration status under the Immigration Reform and Control Act. The case provides a useful lens for understanding the tension between labor and immigration regulation, not only in California but in all four countries examined in this book. The MWRD includes workers without visas and migrants working illegally (such as tourists) or working with lapsed visas; these data are analyzed in this chapter that considers the underrepresentation of undocumented workers as claim-makers.
Celestial Venus, Caesar’s Victories, and the Julian Calendar
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Cicero continued to deal with the problems stemming from the controversial decision he had taken at the end of his consular year, 63 b.c. He suffered exile in 58–57 b.c., and then had to decide within the following decade whether to support Caesar or Pompeius Magnus in their civil war. Caesar, perhaps influenced by Cicero’s invocation of the planet Jupiter in the poem he wrote about his consular year, seems to have found support in the appearance in the sky of Venus, his divine Julian ancestor, in her celestial manifestation during his final conflicts with Pompeius Magnus and his supporters, at his quadruple triumph, and at the dedication of his Temple of Venus Genetrix.
Antonius, Octavianus, and the Egyptian Mathematicus
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Antonius and Octavianus remained rivals after the deification of Caesar on the Kalends of January, 42 b.c. and the battles at Philippi that took place later in the same year in October 42 b.c., but both of them had a common political interest in maintaining the triumvirate with Lepidus. They also became brothers-in-law and associated with each other in social activities outside of politics. During this period of uneasy detente, Antonius received a troubling forecast from an Egyptian mathematicus who suggested that Antonius was inferior to Octavianus. It is most likely that the mathematicus based his prognosis on a comparison of the geniturae (natal horoscopes) of the two men.
Social Inclusion in Contemporary British Conservatoires
Authors: Porton Jennie Joy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses contemporary British music conservatoires and their practices, as experienced from the perspectives of alumni. Specifically, the discussion centers around the issue of social background in relation to class, and the social dimensions of pedagogy and learning, and how social position in wider society affects alumni experience of educational practices. This chapter demonstrates that alumni’s social backgrounds are intrinsically interwoven with their notions of self- and musical identity. It examines how social background impacts higher education experiences and how feelings of inequality are exacerbated by institutional practices. Qualitative data gathering was undertaken via interviews with 20 conservatoire alumni reflecting attendance dates spanning 1990 to 2018, representing seven institutions across England and Wales. Applying the lens of Stuart Hall and Pierre Bourdieu, a cultural and class-based analysis of the ethnographic data was generated. Ultimately, this study shows that conservatoires have typically underestimated the impact of their practices on musicians’ identity formation.
(Un)settling Institutional Hegemony
Authors: Kolbe Kristina 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the challenges that diversity strategies in classical music institutions in the “West” can entail and hopes to offer constructive perspectives for those working toward equality and social justice in the cultural sector. Drawing on ethnographic and interview data gathered through a year-long qualitative study of a diversity project initiated at a German opera house, the author teases out the contingencies of diversity discourses as they become institutionalized in the cultural production process. The chapter documents that this ambivalent process can indeed offer a critical lens through which to address and challenge classical music’s white elitism, while it simultaneously also risks reproducing racialized and classed inequalities. To harness the disruptive qualities of diversity discourses in favor of actual institutional and social change, the author argues that it is pivotal to fundamentally rethink the standardized production logics that have been entrenched in the “Western” classical music sector.
Staging a Loose Canon
Authors: Vincent Caitlin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Opera companies face a unique challenge in the 21st century: how to stage historical works in the face of modern-day cultural norms. Many companies rely on opera’s long-standing staging practices—including blackface and yellowface—for productions of canonical operas. Yet, as questions of racism and sexism come to the fore in the cultural sector, opera’s reliance on both historical repertoire and traditional staging practices is under increased scrutiny. This chapter considers the degree to which companies find themselves in an ideological conflict between operatic tradition and contemporary social expectations. This chapter examines how the nature of the operatic canon and the resulting rift between different audiences is forcing companies to address the artform’s institutionalized racism and misogyny. Drawing on examples of recent productions, it describes three strategies employed by companies in order to resolve the problematic elements of canonical works: (1) revision or reinterpretation, (2) education and contextualization, and (3) casting.
Creolization, Mixing, and Plurality
Authors: Kendall Hannah 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, editor Christina Scharff interviews composer Hannah Kendall about her career trajectory, recent compositions, and views on the lack of diversity in the field of classical music. Hannah Kendall begins by telling us about the wider, structural reasons that would have almost prevented her from pursuing composition and the work on equity, diversity, and inclusion she did while pursuing her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in the UK. Currently doing a PhD (DMA/doctorate) in composition at Columbia University in the City of New York (USA), Hannah Kendall discusses her recent work and the ways in which it engages with the current political moment, as well as taking up wider issues around creolization, “mixing-up,” and plurality. She shares her views on the shift toward “diversity” in the classical music field, the effect the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the classical music sector, and advice for activists/musicians who want to make change.
The New “Yellow Peril” in “Western” European Symphony Orchestras
Authors: Kawabata Maiko 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The “Yellow Peril”—a term referring to the historical racist phobia of invasion by foreigners, specifically East Asians—also describes a current problem among professional Western European orchestras. Interviews with ethnically Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese musicians reveal that bullying, microaggressions, and discrimination occur in a range of settings from conservatoires to auditions, rehearsals, concerts, and tours. The reasons why the pervasive stereotypes of the soulless automaton or the perpetual outsider persist ultimately appear to be structural: the deeply entrenched Eurocentric hypocrisy that the “universal” language of classical music belongs exclusively to white people reflects a white supremacist ideology. While US scholars (Yoshihara, 2007; Yang, 2014; Wang, 2015) have documented racism against East Asian and Asian-American classical musicians, Yellow-Perilism in Berlin, London, or Vienna has received less attention in academic literature. Acknowledging existing inequality is a necessary first step if orchestras are to become truly more diverse and inclusive.
On Leaving Classical Music
Authors: Gray Anthony 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews Anthony Gray about racism in classical music in the UK, which over time led to his decision to leave the classical music sector. Anthony describes training at a music conservatoire and the experiences that led to him becoming aware of his Black identity within this space. Subsequently, working in education and outreach for major classical music institutions, he describes the microaggressions, racism, and lack of solidarity from colleagues that he experienced. Anthony reflects on the lack of activism in classical music compared to the theater world, where he now works, which has seen more active demands for change. Overall, he describes the hierarchical world of classical music as one where people have to fit in to existing structures, or get out—and for him, there was no option other than to get out.
(Dis)orient Yourself!
Authors: Ryan Eleanor 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
How does whiteness inform ways of being in classical music? How does it orient practice and how might its modes of control and containment be disoriented? This chapter reports on whiteness as an ontology entangled within the author’s practices as a white classical musician teaching and performing in Trinidad. Writing autoethnographically, the author analyzes the formation of white musical subjectivity and incidents from working life through the lens of critical race and decolonial theory to explore the affective and discursive powers of whiteness and how these emerge as embodied performances. The author argues that the reflexivity of critical autoethnographic research is effective in disorienting whiteness, but that to challenge white ontologies it is necessary to both engage in critique of the discourse surrounding classical music, and disrupt the recursive nature of music pedagogies to reorientate classical music as a space for all bodies.
Everyday Bridges
Authors: Ponchione-Bailey Cayenna 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Everyday Bridges” provides a glimpse into some of the challenges faced by a conductor working to promote social justice within and through mainstream orchestral performance. It explores ways the author has met those challenges, in particular acting as a bridge between the conventions and expectations of orchestral practices and the people and ideas that are not yet part of these everyday routines. Through the example of a commissioning project from 2017, insight is given into the extra time, money, skills, and emotional labor often required to produce concerts that veer even slightly away from the conventional practices that facilitate the efficient functioning of our modern-day orchestra industry. This chapter is a behind-the-scenes peek into what is often required to try to make positive change in the orchestra sector, concert by concert.
Changing Classical Music from the Inside
Authors: Nwanoku Chi-chi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews Chi-chi Nwanoku about her experience of being a Black classical musician based in the UK and how this led to her founding the Chineke! Orchestra. Chi-chi describes the challenges that this has involved, but also the reasons why it is important and the progress that has been achieved. She talks about Chineke!’s work in bringing composers of color into the classical music canon and in changing the concert experience—changes that are rippling out into the orchestra world more widely. Overall, she emphasizes how important it is that musicians of color and People of Color feel that classical music belongs to them, and that they are the purveyors of this music.
Reflecting on the Work of Gender Relations in New Music
Authors: Farnsworth Brandon , Lovell Rosanna 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of key actions by the activist group Gender Relations in New Music, which advocates for increased gender equality and intersectional diversification in contemporary classical music (CCM). The chapter describes this particular group’s activities, which have included creating statistics, organizing events, protesting actions, and connecting interested people in this still disparate area of CCM. Through a retrospective analysis of these actions collectively, the article argues that strategies of relationality and coalition-building have made GRiNM’s critiques of CCM institutions unique, and have gradually both adapted themselves and informed the evolving discourse around the diversification of contemporary music.
Addressing Inequalities in the Music Industry before, during, and after COVID-19
Authors: Annetts Deborah , Bain Vick , Collins Chris , Karunasaagarar, and Dr. Kathryn Williams Vinota 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the work of the UK’s Independent Society of Musicians (ISM) in tackling inequalities within the classical music industry and the wider music sector. It offers a brief outline of research into existing inequalities, before focusing on the ISM’s work to address equality and diversity through the Dignity at Work campaign. The campaign was launched in 2017 and has produced three reports that explore the prevalence of discrimination within the music sector: Dignity at Work, Dignity in Study (produced jointly with the Musicians’ Union and Equity), and Dignity at Work 2: Discrimination in the music sector. The chapter then examines the effect of the pandemic upon musicians, many of whom were self-employed and whose livelihoods were negatively affected by the measures introduced by the government to curb the spread of COVID-19; and how the ISM’s campaigning work evolved through the pandemic to include calls for improved support for musicians financially and to help them return to performing.
Planning and Paying for Streets in Cities in the Pre-Freeway Automobile Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Between 1908 and 1929, the automobile became the primary means of transportation in the United States. But it also brought with it a set of new urban traffic-congestion problems. Concerned local officials engaged the services of planners and engineers who responded with increasingly sophisticated traffic regulations, as well as major street improvements. Their plans not only reflected a desire for civic grandeur, but also included practical solutions for congestion, though the two aspirations were sometimes at odds. As their interventions grew more elaborate, and costlier, elected officials had to devise new means of paying for urban roads.
Sherpas on the Moon
Authors: Weibel Deana 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Sherpas on the Moon: The Case for Including ‘Native Guides’ in Space Exploration” discusses questions about the role of the “native guide” in the history of exploration and what role might be played by Indigenous communities in the exploration of outer space. The historically downplayed importance of Indigenous explorers and overemphasized contributions of scholars and adventurers from colonial powers are linked to the contemporary practice of intellectually marginalizing certain populations as well as excluding from space exploration countries and peoples not deemed adequately technologically advanced. This chapter discusses astronomical knowledge of Indigenous groups and skills developed by non-Western populations with a history of exploration, knowledge, and skills that are likely transferable to other situations. It concludes that including Sherpas (and other groups) in lunar expeditions and other human space exploration voyages is essential both from the perspective of human rights and for the viability of homo sapiens on other worlds.
Starlink or Stargazing
Authors: Masson-Zwaan Tanja 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Starlink or Stargazing: Will Commerce Outshine Science?” addresses the potential conflict between space science and space commerce, discussing possible solutions. Increasing trends in commercialization and privatization of space activities mean it is becoming increasingly difficult for national authorities to balance the valid but potentially conflicting interests of various stakeholders. Low Earth orbit is becoming increasingly contested and congested. One of the consequences is a sharp increase of interference by (commercial) large satellite constellations with (publicly funded) astronomy. This chapter argues that some early suggestions emanating from the astronomical community are not legally sound, and that focus should instead be shifted to more viable legal arguments to ensure a balanced consideration of the interests of all legitimate stakeholders in the exploration and use of outer space. It urges governments and the international space governance community to acknowledge their responsibility, before the dark skies and accessible internet are lost for future generations.
Deconstructing and Reprivileging the Education System for Space
Authors: de Vigne Janet 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
“Deconstructing and Reprivileging the Education System for Space” examines differences between examples of future education represented in science fiction, arguing that decolonizing and reinventing the curriculum would be desirable and essential for its future success. There is a growing focus on exposing the flaws in Western-centric educational systems and a developing awareness of what it might mean to decolonize the curriculum. Education currently privileges the few, because of the socioeconomic inequities of race and gender inherent in the present hegemonies, but also those present in models defining and propagating “knowledge”: ability, difference, sustainability, and culture. A reinvented curriculum would aim to equip all participants to flourish through deep, plurilingual, and pluricultural approaches to learning. This chapter discusses algorithmic, personalized models of child-centered learning, positioning Indigenous and Western ways of knowing as equal and in opposition to the flawed social reproduction of today in preparation for an inevitable move into space.
Sacred Rivals
Authors: Peterson Joseph W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Sacred Rivals focuses on French Catholic ideas about Islam and Arab-ness—“Catholic orientalism”—in the context of religious culture wars in France and missionary work in colonial Algeria. Relying on research from ten different public and private archives, the book tacks back and forth between the way the stereotype of “Islam” was used and abused in religious and political debates in French society; and fine-grained stories of actual missionary encounters with Muslims in Algeria, where missionaries and their potential converts came into intimate, daily contact. Bringing domestic French representations together with colonial realities of Islamo-Christian contact, this book uncovers how Catholic ideas about Islam influenced and were influenced by missionary experiences. Counter-intuitively, it was sometimes the most conservative Catholics who spoke most sympathetically of Muslim religiosity, because they felt embattled by the rise of secularization in France, optimistic about the sudden opportunity for Catholic missions in Algeria, and envious of the apparent piety and unity of Muslim society. By contrast, “liberal,” mainstream Catholics—who loudly professed their respect for the liberty of Muslim consciences and hence their opposition to Catholic missions in French Algeria—were often quicker to denigrate Islam as backward, fanatical, and dangerously theocratic. As the century wore on, and as Catholics increasingly came to identify with France’s more secular “civilizing mission,” the conservatives’ admiration for Islam would be eclipsed by a more racialized, colonialist orientalism. Disillusioned with the possibility of Muslim conversion and seeking an explanation for their failure, even missionaries in Algeria joined in with racially-coded attacks on “Arab” Islam.
God and Caesar
Authors: Peterson Joseph W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter two sketches out the realities of missionary and colonial administrator conflict in Algeria, especially where Jesuit missionaries were concerned. The chapter traces the history of several Jesuit attempts to evangelize Algerian Muslims, perhaps inspired by the philo-Islamic optimism of Veuillot and other French conservatives. Jesuit attempts to proselytize among Muslims were galling to laic administrators. The military administrators of the Arab Offices wanted to convince their colonial subjects that religion was an internal matter and that they could thus accept the benefits of French civilization, medicine, or governance without compromising their religious belonging. The Jesuits, on the contrary, wanted to preserve the all-pervasive religiosity of indigenous society, yet to transfer that theocratic religious loyalty to themselves, the Christian marabouts.
Compel Them to Come
Authors: Peterson Joseph W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter Seven focuses on the education of the Algerian orphans Lavigerie adopted from the famine, and especially the orphans selected for special attention at the petit séminaire indigène. Examining the operation of this “indigenous” seminary closely reveals how Lavigerie and the White Fathers put their ethnographic assumptions into practice. These children were governed according to racialized assumptions about Arab laziness and immorality. Lavigerie moved these Algerian seminarians to the south of France, where some died, and others were expelled for misconduct. The most successful among them went on to study medicine at Lille, in the hopes that they might at least give medical assistance to the White Fathers’ missions. But even these French-educated medical students could not escape the colonial racism of the “indigenous code.”
Epilogue
Authors: Peterson Joseph W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue looks to the “Antislavery Crusade” of c. 1890 and other turn of the century manifestations of anti-Muslim solidarity to illustrate how far Catholics had come in vilifying Islam and siding with secular France’s imperial “civilizing mission.” There follows a brief survey of developments in French attitudes towards the “Muslim world” since the era of Algerian decolonization. Today, much like in the nineteenth century, right-wing agitators still occasionally pose as admirers of Islam in order to score points against the supposedly liberal, decadent West. But more common—from the Rassemblement National to more mainstream groups—is the “liberal Catholic” discourse, claiming that Islam lacks religious tolerance while simultaneously defending a culturally Christian vision of France.