bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score
Authors: Reid J , Nolan AM , Hughes JML , Lascelles D , Pawson P , Scott EM 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS) for dogs suffering acute pain, developed using psychometric methodology, measures pain to a level of precision suitable for clinical trials. However, for routine clinical use, where the emphasis is on speed, ease of use, and guidance for analgesia provision, a short form (CMPS-SF) was developed. The CMPS-SF comprises six behavioural categories with associated descriptive expressions (items): vocalisation (4), attention to wound (5), mobility (5), response to touch (6), demeanour (5) and posture/activity (5). Items are placed in increasing order of pain intensity and numbered accordingly. The observer chooses that item within each category which best describes the dog's behaviour and ranked scores are summed; the maximum pain score is 24, or 20 if mobility is impossible to assess. Veterinary surgeons in Glasgow, University College Dublin and North Carolina Veterinary Schools completed the CMPS-SF for 122 dogs undergoing post-operative care and thereafter were asked “Do you think this animal requires analgesia? Yes/No”. The population difference in median pain score, for dogs considered to require analgesia (seven) compared with those that did not (three), was highly statistically significant(P < 0.001). Consideration of a clinical decision-point for analgesia gave an intervention level of 6/24, and 5/20 when section B (mobility assessment) could not be carried out. Difficulties in recognising pain contribute to the sub-optimal use of analgesics in veterinary practice. The CMPS-SF provides a practical means of assessing acute post-operative pain and provides guidance with regard to analgesic requirement, so improving pain management and welfare. The CMPS-SF can be downloaded from the Glasgow Pain and Welfare website athttp://www.gla.ac.uk/vet/painandwelfare.
A preliminary study of behaviour-based indicators of pain in cats
Authors: Waran N , Best L , Williams V , Salinsky J , Dale A , Clarke N 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe aim of this preliminary study was to identify key behavioural indicators of pain in cats. The behaviour of cats before and after ovariohysterectomy was analysed using a detailed behavioural ethogram. A comparison of behaviours between cats given pre-operative analgesia only and cats given both pre- and post-operative analgesia indicated that both groups demonstrated changed behaviour following surgery, compared to a control group of cats which underwent anaesthesia but not surgery. However, some specific postures, such as ‘half-tucked-up’ and ‘crouching’, were identified that occurred with greater frequency in the cats receiving pre-operative analgesia only, as compared to those receiving additional post-operative analgesia. This indicates that there are some key behaviours that may be useful in determining pain in cats. Routine administration of pre- but not post-operative analgesia may be ineffective for adequately alleviating pain in cats.
Introduction of Foreign Female Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) Into an Existing Group: Behavioural Reactions and Changes in Cortisol Levels
Authors: Schmid J , Heistermann M , Gansloßer U , Hodges J K 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe present study examined the extent to which the introduction of three female Asian elephants (aged 3, 11, and 27 years) into a group of 1.4 (1 male, 4 female) elephants at Münster zoo, Germany, affects the behaviour and urinary Cortisol levels of the animals involved. At Münster, only the females were monitored — the bull was mainly kept separate. Behavioural observations were carried out before transfer and during the six-month period following transfer, and urine samples were collected regularly from each elephant during the whole observation period. All elephants showed behavioural changes to the process of introduction. The transferred animals increased their social behaviour after arrival in the foreign zoo. Two of them showed an increase in stereotypies and one a reduction in stereotypies. The elephants at Münster reacted with decreased frequencies of stereotypies and increased frequencies of social behaviour and manipulation/exploration behaviour. Six months after transfer, three of the four elephants at Münster and one of the three transferred elephants showed nearly the same behavioural activity pattern as before transfer. One female still showed elevated stereotypic behaviour. From the four elephants in which Cortisol measurements could be reliably performed (two of the transferred elephants and two elephants at Münster), only one individual at Münster responded to the process of introduction with a short-term elevation in urinary Cortisol levels. One elephant showed a negative correlation between locomotion and Cortisol levels and one a positive correlation between stereotypies and Cortisol levels. Taken together, the results suggest that transfer and introduction caused some stress responses in the elephants, but that stress was neither prolonged nor severe. Serious welfare problems may have been prevented through individual behavioural coping mechanisms and former experience with stressful situations.
Deflighting Procedures and Their Welfare Implications in Captive Birds
Authors: Hesterman H , Gregory N G , Boardman W S J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDeflighting is used to prevent large captive birds from escaping by limiting their ability to fly. This practice deprives birds of this normal behaviour, but can allow them to express other behaviours that would be suppressed if they were confined to cages or aviaries. The potential negative welfare issues associated with deflighting include the stress of capture and restraint, pain and discomfort associated with the procedure and during recovery, risk of post-operative infections, risk of neuroma formation which could lead to pain, and loss of the ability to fly. The potential practical and welfare advantages of deflighting include a reduction in the need to closely confine or cage birds to prevent them from escaping, and deflighting may be the only way of keeping particular birds in an open situation for display, such as in parks or zoos. In these respects, there must be a balance between the requirement for this practice and the welfare compromises it introduces for birds. By outlining temporary and permanent methods and the complications involved, the following review highlights potential welfare problems and discusses ways of avoiding them. It also evaluates the necessity of deflighting and the need for careful risk assessment.
The Behavioural Repertoire of Non-Breeding Group-Housed Female Laboratory Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
Authors: Held S D E , Turner R J , Wootton R J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany studies on group-housing of laboratory rabbits to date have focused on management aspects and economic implications. Our aim here is to provide behavioural background information for future investigations focusing on behavioural and welfare aspects of group-housing. In the present study, we established the behavioural repertoire of female laboratory rabbits kept in single-sex groups in enriched floor-pens. Thirty-six adult does of common laboratory breeds were kept in groups of four in enriched floor-pens. Behavioural observations were carried out over a period of 30 months with a total observation time of 21 h per group and 4.2 h per focal animal. Observations took place at natural dusk and dawn and lasted for 120 or 180 min per group. Most of the behavioural elements in the repertoire of mixed-sex wild and domestic rabbits were also observed here in single-sex groups of laboratory does. However, in the absence of males, sexual behaviours were directed towards other females and no maternal behaviours, other than nest building at the end of pseudopregnancies, were exhibited. Attention is drawn to differences between the behavioural repertoire reported here and that of singly caged laboratory rabbits.
Kim Chae-gyu syndrome: South Korean politics and divergent filmic portrayals of the assassination of Park Chung Hee
Authors: Yang Sungik 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe assassination of the dictator Park Chung Hee by his intelligence chief Kim Chae-gyu was a momentous events in South Korean history, which garnered two feature-length filmic depictions released fifteen years apart in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The President's Last Bang, released in 2005, was an irreverent black comedy in which all those involved that fateful evening were villains in their own right. The Man Standing Next, from 2020, took a much different tack. Kim gained a righteousness and revolutionary motivation that had been absent in the portrayal in the earlier film, in which Kim's intentions remained open to interpretation. This article analyzes the changes in Kim's depiction in the context of shifting respective political contexts, particularly the impeachment of Park's daughter Park Geun-hye in 2016, and the shadow cast by the legacies of authoritarianism, the specter of which seemed to loom over Korea again during the younger Park's administration. Consequently, the outpouring of public fervor in the ensuing candlelight vigils reaffirmed societal support for democracy and consequently elevated Kim Chae-gyu, Park's bane, to the role of champion of Korean democracy when it seemed under threat once again.
Global Climate Change Increases Terrestrial Soil CH4 Emissions
Authors: Guo Jiahuan , Feng Huili , Peng Changhui , Chen Huai , Xu Xuan , Ma Xuehong , Li Li , Kneeshaw Daniel , Ruan Honghua , Yang Hongqiang , Wang Weifeng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIncreased greenhouse gas emissions are causing unprecedented climate change, which is, in turn, altering emissions and removals (referring to the oxidation of atmospheric CH4 by methanotrophs within the soil) of the atmospheric CH4 in terrestrial ecosystems. In the global CH4 budget, wetlands are the dominant natural source and upland soils are the primary biological sink. However, it is unclear whether and how the soil CH4 exchanges across terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere will be affected by warming and changes in precipitation patterns. Here, we synthesize 762 observations of in situ soil CH4 flux data based on the chamber method from the past three decades related to temperature and precipitation changes across major terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Our meta‐analysis reveals that warming (average warming of +2°C) promotes upland soil CH4 uptake and wetland soil CH4 emission. Decreased precipitation (ranging from −100% to −7% of local mean annual precipitation) stimulates upland soil CH4 uptake. Increased precipitation (ranging from +4% to +94% of local mean annual precipitation) accelerates the upland soil CH4 emission. By 2100, under the shared socioeconomic pathway with a high radiative forcing level (SSP585), CH4 emissions from global terrestrial ecosystems will increase by 22.8 ± 3.6 Tg CH4 yr−1 as an additional CH4 source, which may be mainly attributed to the increase in precipitation over 30°N latitudes. Our meta‐analysis strongly suggests that future climate change would weaken the natural buffering ability of terrestrial ecosystems on CH4 fluxes and thus contributes to a positive feedback spiral.
Eddy Deformation and Kinetic Energy Conversion During the Eddy‐Kuroshio Interaction East of Taiwan
Authors: Wang Ru , Liu Ze , Li Haiyan , Yin Yuqi , Hou Yijun 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEddy‐mean flow interactions have always been of interest to researchers because they are among the causes of energy cascades. Different from most previous studies, this research concentrates on the Kuroshio Current's effect on an eddy during multiple independent elliptical eddy‐Kuroshio interactions. Eddy deformation during the eddy‐Kuroshio interaction is applied as the statistical criterion to select the typical eddies that interact with the Kuroshio east of Taiwan. There are 9 anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and 15 cyclonic eddies (CEs) that satisfy the criteria from the 1993 to 2018 satellite altimeter data. The blocking effect caused by the anti‐phase velocity at the contact interface of the CE and Kuroshio results in the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) at the CE edge being obviously inhomogeneous, while the AE does not result in the same effect. Moreover, the temporal variation in EKE during the eddy‐Kuroshio interaction precedes the AE/CE deformation by approximately 0.55/0.27 interaction cycles. The Kuroshio has different modulation mechanisms for different eddy polarities. Barotropic and baroclinic instabilities contribute to the generation of EKE, with barotropic instabilities providing more than 10 times as much as baroclinic instabilities for the AE and 4 times as much for the CE. The advection effect of the AE on the Kuroshio is in anti‐phase with the effect of the Kuroshio on the AE, which eventually makes the AE shrink. They are in phase for the CE and lead the CE to eventually become meandering.
Using Satellite‐Derived Fire Arrival Times for Coupled Wildfire‐Air Quality Simulations at Regional Scales of the 2020 California Wildfire Season
Authors: Lassman W. , Mirocha J. D. , Arthur R. S. , Kochanski A. K. , Farguell Caus A. , Bagley A. M. , Carreras Sospedra M. , Dabdub D. , Barbato M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWildfire frequency has increased in the Western US over recent decades, driven by climate change and a legacy of forest management practices. Consequently, human structures, health, and life are increasingly at risk due to wildfires. Furthermore, wildfire smoke presents a growing hazard for regional and national air quality. In response, many scientific tools have been developed to study and forecast wildfire behavior, or test interventions that may mitigate risk. In this study, we present a retrospective analysis of 1 month of the 2020 Northern California wildfire season, when many wildfires with varying environments and behavior impacted regional air quality. We simulated this period using a coupled numerical weather prediction model with online atmospheric chemistry, and compare two approaches to representing smoke emissions: an online fire spread model driven by remotely sensed fire arrival times and a biomass burning emissions inventory. First, we quantify the differences in smoke emissions and timing of fire activity, and characterize the subsequent impact on estimates of smoke emissions. Next, we compare the simulated smoke to surface observations and remotely sensed smoke; we find that despite differences in the simulated smoke surface concentrations, the two models achieve similar levels of accuracy. We present a detailed comparison between the performance and relative strengths of both approaches, and discuss potential refinements that could further improve future simulations of wildfire smoke. Finally, we characterize the interactions between smoke and meteorology during this event, and discuss the implications that increases in regional smoke may have on future meteorological conditions.
HCO+ Dissociative Recombination: A Significant Driver of Nonthermal Hydrogen Loss at Mars
Authors: Gregory Bethan S. , Elliott Rodney D. , Deighan Justin , Gröller Hannes , Chaffin Michael S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHydrogen escape to space has shaped Mars' atmospheric evolution, driving significant water loss. An unknown fraction of atmospheric H lost acquires its escape energy from photochemical processes, with multiple observational studies suggesting much higher densities of such “hot” H than models predict. Here, we show that a previously unconsidered mechanism, HCO+ dissociative recombination, produces more escaping hot H than any previously studied process, potentially accounting for more than 50% of escape during solar minimum aphelion conditions and ∼5% of the expected long‐term average loss. This hot H is predicted to impact observed brightness profiles negligibly, posing a significant challenge to the interpretation of spacecraft remote sensing observations. This mechanism's efficiency is largely due to the high (63%–83%) albedo of the planet to H at 1–10 eV energies, indicating the likely importance of dozens of similar photochemical mechanisms for the desiccation of Mars, Venus and planets throughout the universe.
Comparative Study of Worst Month Rain Rate and Attenuation Statistics for Satellite Links in Nigeria
Authors: Ibitokun J. , Ojo J. S. , Ogunjo S. T. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis study aims to characterize the dynamic trend of the worst case scenario of rain rate and attenuation for satellite links applications in Nigeria. Rain rate data for four locations (Akure, Jos, Ikeja, and Port Harcourt) were obtained from the Tropospheric Data Acquisition Network at the Centre for Atmospheric Research, NASRDA at an integration time of 5 min from January 2013 to December 2014. The statistics of time series of worst month rain induced attenuation were computed using the method of Synthetic Storm Technique. The International Telecommunication Union model was found to overestimate the Q‐factor in Akure, Port Harcourt, and Ikeja by 34%, 115%, and 50%, respectively while a 25% underestimation was observed in Jos. The results obtained in this study will be useful for location based link design in tropical Nigeria to reduce the uncertainty of specification of design for communication links.
Direct Pore‐Scale Numerical Simulation of Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation
Authors: Razbani Mohammad Amin , Jettestuen Espen , Røyne Anja 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMicrobially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising method for eco‐friendly solutions in geotechincal engineering. MICP involves highly coupled processes in geochemistry and bacterial metabolism that take place in a porous medium. Advancement of these processes drives calcite crystal growth which leads to a decrease in porosity and permeability of the medium. Mathematical models are being developed and used to predict the fate of system at different conditions. Micro‐scale and local bio‐geochemical evolution and its role on the overall macroscopic fate of MICP needs further investigation. In this work, a pore‐scale reactive transport model of MICP for biocementation is developed in a closed system. MICP is simulated in a sample porous geometry in 2D using a native geochemical solver and a lattice Boltzmann solver that handles diffusive transport. We present reactive‐transport factors to up‐scale pore‐scale effects and quantify the efficiency of MICP at different stages of the process. Our results show that pore‐scale effects on the average concentration of urea and calcium are not significant after the initial 20% of urea have been consumed. On the other hand, the pH evolution in the system is significantly affected by pore‐scale effects. We also explored effects of biomass density and biomass distribution on the reactive transport factors, as well as the effect of the urea to calcium ratio on the resulting crystallization patterns. We found that a higher ratio of rate of ureolysis to rate of precipitation leads to more nucleation sites and more uniform calcite precipitation in the geometry.
Monolithically integrated triaxial high-performance micro accelerometers with position-independent pure axial stressed piezoresistive beams
Authors: Yu Mingzhi , Zhao Libo , Chen Shanshan , Han Xiangguang , Jia Chen , Xia Yong , Wang Xiaozhang , Wang Yonglu , Yang Ping , Lu Dejiang , Jiang Zhuangde 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWith the increasing demand for multidirectional vibration measurements, traditional triaxial accelerometers cannot achieve vibration measurements with high sensitivity, high natural frequency, and low cross-sensitivity simultaneously. Moreover, for piezoresistive accelerometers, achieving pure axial deformation of the piezoresistive beam can greatly improve performance, but it requires the piezoresistive beam to be located in a specific position, which inevitably makes the design more complex and limits the performance improvement. Here, a monolithically integrated triaxial high-performance accelerometer with pure axial stress piezoresistive beams was designed, fabricated, and tested. By controlling synchronous displacements at both piezoresistive beam ends, the pure axial stress states of the piezoresistive beams could be easily achieved with position independence without tedious calculations. The measurement unit for the z-axis acceleration was innovatively designed as an interlocking proof mass structure to ensure a full Wheatstone bridge for sensitivity improvement. The pure axial stress state of the piezoresistive beams and low cross-sensitivity of all three units were verified by the finite element method (FEM). The triaxial accelerometer was fabricated and tested. Results showing extremely high sensitivities (x axis: 2.43 mV/g/5 V; y axis: 2.44 mv/g/5 V; z axis: 2.41 mV/g/5 V (without amplification by signal conditioning circuit)) and high natural frequencies (x/y axes: 11.4 kHz; z-axis: 13.2 kHz) were obtained. The approach of this paper makes it simple to design and obtain high-performance piezoresistive accelerometers.
DropLab: an automated magnetic digital microfluidic platform for sample-to-answer point-of-care testing—development and application to quantitative immunodiagnostics
Authors: Hu Xuyang , Gao Xiangyu , Chen Songlin , Guo Jinhong , Zhang Yi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn point-of-care testing (POCT), tests are performed near patients and results are given rapidly for timely clinical decisions. Immunodiagnostic assays are one of the most important analyses for detecting and quantifying protein-based biomarkers. However, existing POCT immunodiagnostics mainly rely on the lateral flow assay (LFA), which has limited sensitivity or quantification capability. Although other immunodiagnostic assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), offer more sensitive and quantitative results, they require complex liquid manipulations that are difficult to implement in POCT settings by conventional means. Here, we show the development of DropLab, an automated sample-in-answer-out POCT immunodiagnostic platform based on magnetic digital microfluidic (MDM) technology. DropLab performs microbead-based ELISA in droplets to offer more sensitive and quantitative testing results. The intricate liquid manipulations required for ELISA are accomplished by controlling droplets with magnetic microbeads using MDM technology, which enables us to achieve full automation and easy operations with DropLab. Four ELISAs (the sample in triplicates and a negative control) can be run in parallel on the thermoformed disposable chip, which greatly improves the throughput and accuracy compared to those of other POCT immunodiagnostic devices. DropLab was validated by measuring two protein targets and one antibody target. The testing results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of DropLab matched that of the conventional ELISA in a microwell plate. DropLab brings MDM one step closer to being a viable medical technology that is ready for real-world POCT applications.