bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody response to stage-specific Trichinella spiralis surface antigens in strong and weak responder mouse strains.
Authors: Jungery M , Ogilvie B M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antibody response to antigens on the cuticular surface of Trichinella spiralis was compared in two strains of mice, NIH mice, which control the parasite relatively strongly, and C3H, which reject this nematode more slowly. The evolution of the antibody response to the nematode surface was monitored by the appearance of antibodies that mediate the adherence of eosinophils to the worm and the appearance of antibodies that recognize molecules on the surface that can be labeled with 125I. Antibody responses were measured using three life cycle stages; muscle stage larvae, immature and mature intestinal stages, and newborn larvae. We found that NIH mice responded immunologically to the four molecules found in extracts of surface-labeled T. spiralis adult worms, but that C3H mice did not produce antibodies to one of these molecules until much later in the infection. NIH mice produced antibodies against both infective larvae antigens by day 4 after infection, whereas C3H recognized only one before day 30. Variations in antibody response also occurred against antigens on the surface of newborn larvae: antibody to one of these antigens was not present in C3H immune sera until day 30. Sera from the two strains likewise differed in their ability to mediate eosinophil adherence to each parasite stage, and in some of the life cycle stages, these differences corresponded to the recognition of specific antigens found on the parasites' surface. The links between recognition of defined parasitic antigens and the fate of the parasite in genetically different strains of mice are discussed.
CT hybridomas: tumor cells capable of lysing virally infected target cells.
Authors: Whitaker R B , Kauffman R S , Che M , Finberg R 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
By fusing primed murine lymphocytes with a syngeneic T cell lymphoma, we have been able to select for H-2-restricted, virus-specific cytotoxic T cell hybridomas (CTH). These T cell hybrids, which replicate in ordinary tissue culture medium or in ascites, are capable of lysing virally infected target cells, and their activity is facilitated by the presence of lectins in the assay medium. Unlike cells mediating lectin nonspecific lysis, these hybridomas are H-2 restricted and specific for single viral proteins. The ability to maintain these cells in culture for over 18 mo and to pass them in vivo without loss of activity or specificity indicates that they will provide sufficient material for the analysis of surface proteins and genetic information required for the recognition and lysis of virally infected cells by killer T cells.
Antigen-induced acceleration of shedding and replacement of B cell antigen receptors requires mature T cells.
Authors: Ashman R F , Noel E J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To determine which early and intermediate events in the response of antigen-binding B cells to a T-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes [SRC]) require T help, the antigen-induced changes in receptor turnover and surface IgD loss in BALB/c athymic nu/nu mice were compared with that of nu/+ littermates and +/+ BALB/c mice. Nonimmune SRC antigen-binding spleen B cells (ABC) from +/+, nu/+, and nu/nu BALB/c mice coexpressed IgM and IgD, and 85 to 95% retained receptors well when incubated for 2.5 hr in 100 micrograms/ml cycloheximide (which prevents receptor replacement). Also they were able to regain their ability to bind antigen by 18 hr after pronase treatment, but not by 2 hr. However, 5 days after in vivo immunization, 1) the proportion of ABC expressing surface IgD declined from around 90% to less than 50% in +/+ mice and nu/+ mice but not in nu/nu mice; 2) substantial recovery of antigen-binding occurred by 2 hr after pronase treatment in +/+ and nu/+ ABC but not in nu/nu ABC; and 3) when spleen cells were incubated in cycloheximide, uncompensated receptor shedding reduced +/+ and nu/+ ABC by around 80% but produced only about a 10% reduction in nu/nu ABC. Thus, although the ABC in nonimmune nu/nu mice appeared normal with respect to their surface Ig turnover and expression, they failed to undergo the normal antigen-induced loss of IgD or acceleration of surface Ig shedding and replacement, suggesting that these intermediate activation events require interaction with mature T cells. To determine whether this interaction had to occur during B cell development, during the development of the immune response, or during receptor shedding or replacement itself, cell transfer experiments were carried our wherein nu/+ T cells were transferred i.v. to nu/nu littermates 1 day before immunization with SRC. In the transfer recipients, pronase-treated day 5 ABC were then able to replace and shed their receptors at the accelerated rate, like ABC from +/+ and nu/+ mice. In contrast, the co-incubation of 5-day immune nu/+ T cells with nu/nu B cells did not alter the rate of shedding or replacement.
Anti-immunoglobulin in combination with cytochalasin stimulates proliferation of murine B lymphocytes.
Authors: Rothstein T L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ability of cytochalasin to influence the stimulation of murine B lymphocytes through surface immunoglobulin was assessed during short term cultures. Modest doses of anti-immunoglobulin alone did not stimulate proliferation of mouse spleen cells at 2 days. Cytochalasin B alone also had no effect. However, anti-immunoglobulin in combination with cytochalasin B stimulated substantial proliferation as judged by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Cytochalasins A, E, and D, and dihydrocytochalasin B were all effective in promoting B cell proliferation. Spleen cells from xid-defective (CBA/N X DBA/2)F1 male mice failed to proliferate in response to anti-immunoglobulin plus cytochalasin, suggesting that this treatment affects the same subset of B cells as anti-immunoglobulin plus B cell growth factor. Moreover, proliferation that was stimulated by anti-immunoglobulin plus cytochalasin B was not affected by T cell depletion. Cytochalasin may circumvent the need for, or replace, a second signal for proliferation.
Phenotypic expression of B lymphocytes. III. Marginal zone B cells in the spleen are characterized by the expression of Tac and alkaline phosphatase.
Authors: Hsu S M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The marginal zone of the spleen contains lymphocytes with an intermediate morphologic form between small lymphocytes and plasmablasts. The majority of cells can be stained by B cell monoclonal antibodies including B1, Leu-14, and Leu-12. The most significant finding is the expression of an interleukin 2 receptor (Tac) and an enzyme-alkaline phosphatase by the marginal zone B lymphocytes. The Tac antigen is not normally present in B cells, but can be found in a portion of in vitro-activated B lymphocytes. In conjunction with other evidence, the marginal zone B lymphocytes may represent the activated B cells in the early stages of B cells differentiation. Alternatively, the Tac-positive, marginal zone B lymphocytes may be a discrete subpopulation of activated B cells.
Influence of RU 41.740, a glycoprotein extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae, on the murine system. II. RU 41.740 facilitates the response to Con A in otherwise unresponsive T-enriched cells.
Authors: Wood C D , Möller G 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
RU 41.740, a glycoprotein extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae, is a polyclonal B cell activator in the thymus-independent category, and both RU 41.740 and its fraction F1 induce the production of interleukin 1 (IL 1). RU 41.740 alone appears to have no direct effect on T-enriched cells. However, we show here that when given in conjunction with concanavalin A (Con A), RU 41.740 enabled nylon wool-passed T cells, which had been accessory cell depleted and lost responsiveness to Con A, to proliferate in response to Con A. Analysis of this observation indicated that RU 41.740 probably acted via a residual accessory cell population and that contact of this cell with the T cell was necessary for Con A activation of the T cell. Because both lectin/antigen and a source of IL 1 are required to stimulate accessory cell-depleted T cells, the mechanism of action of RU 41.740 in this system may be by induction of IL 1 from residual accessory cells in the nylon wool-passed, T-enriched cell population. However, two other agents that stimulate IL 1 production, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and F1, do not enable T-enriched cells to respond to Con A in this system.
Identification and purification of NK cells with lysosomotropic vital stains: correlation of lysosome content with NK activity.
Authors: Shau H , Dawson J R 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The lysosome content of lymphocytes has been analyzed with lysosomotropic vital stains and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which account for virtually all natural killing activity in peripheral blood, are quantitatively different from small lymphocytes (SL) in this respect. LGL obtained by Percoll gradient density centrifugation accumulate more of the lysosomotropic vital dyes than SL do, staining with either neutral red or mepacrine (quinacrine). Furthermore among the LGL-rich, low density lymphocyte population highly, granulated cells can be separated from less granulated ones by mepacrine staining and FACS. Thus, separated highly granulated LGL express very high natural killing, whereas the less granulated low density large lymphocytes do not kill.
Generation of functional I-Ed variants from an antigen-presenting macrophage cell line.
Authors: Schwarzbaum S , Diamond B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We report the ability of the BAC1.2 macrophage cell line to present antigen both to populations of antigen-primed lymph node cells and to T cell hybridomas. We also describe the selection of I-Ed variants derived from this cell line. These variants have lost the ability to present antigen to an I-Ed plus ovalbumin-specific T cell line, but retain the ability to stimulate an I-Ad plus ovalbumin-restricted T cell line, and a T cell line reactive with I-Ed alone. These variants should aid in the elucidation of structural elements of the I-E molecule involved in the interaction with helper T cells.
Studies on antigens associated with the activation of murine mononuclear phagocytes: kinetics of and requirements for induction of lymphocyte function-associated (LFA)-1 antigen in vitro.
Authors: Strassmann G , Springer T A , Adams D O 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Macrophages activated and primed in vivo, although not resident or responsive macrophages, express the lymphocyte function associated (LFA)-1 antigen. By contrast, the biochemically related Mac-1 antigen is expressed on all populations of macrophages. In the present paper, we studied regulation of the LFA-1 antigen in vitro. LFA-1 could be induced in vitro on thioglycollate (TG)-elicited but not on proteose peptone (PP)-elicited or resident macrophages. Specifically, macrophage-activating factor (MAF), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or picogram amounts of endotoxin (LPS) induced LFA-1 on TG-elicited macrophages following overnight incubation. Interferon, -alpha or -beta, fucoidin, and colony-stimulating factor were not effective. While some levels of LFA-1 could be detected as soon as 10 hr, peak expression was observed after 16 to 32 hr of incubation. The induction could be completely abrogated by cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis was required. These results indicate that the induction of LFA-1 on mononuclear phagocytes is closely regulated and that the requirements for such induction are distinct from but share certain similarities with induction of cytotoxic functions and expression of Ia antigen.
The induction and suppression of in vitro IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody synthesis by human lymphocytes stimulated with tetanus toxoid in the absence of in vivo booster immunizations.
Authors: Lum L G , Culbertson N J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This report presents a new approach that by-passes booster immunizations with tetanus toxoid (TT) before in vitro studies of antibody (Ab) production. The methodology for optimal TT-induced synthesis of specific IgG anti-tetanus toxoid Ab (IgG anti-TT) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from randomly selected TT immune individuals without recent booster immunizations is described. PBMC from most normal immune subjects could be repeatedly induced to produce in vitro IgG anti-TT; PBMC from subjects with high TT titers are not required for this new approach. This approach uses high cell concentrations in multiple replicate microcultures and TT washout to obtain optimal IgG anti-TT synthesis. Washed cultures produced more Ab than nonwashed cultures (p less than or equal to 0.005). The readdition of TT (2.5 to 250 ng/ml) to the culture media after washout of TT on day 4 suppressed specific Ab formation, whereas diphtheria toxoid added at comparable doses did not inhibit specific Ab formation. Suppression of antibody synthesis mediated by T cells could be induced by TT per se, and was not due to binding of synthesized Ab to TT in the latter 8 days of culture. In addition, suppression could not be induced in the first 4 days of culture by IgG anti-TT, IgG, or IgM. This approach permits the analysis of antigen-specific regulatory circuits in the steady and activated immune states, and the evaluation of in vivo and in vitro effects of biologic response modifiers on specific Ab production.
Antigenic profile and functional characterization of human peritoneal macrophages.
Authors: Mottolese M , Natali P G , Atlante G , Cavallari A , DiFilippo F , Ferrone S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antigenic profile and the functional properties of human peritoneal macrophages have been analyzed by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) and functional assays. All peritoneal macrophages were stained by the anti-class I HLA MoAb Q6/64. Between 40 and 100% of the cells were stained by the anti-HLA-DR + DP MoAb Q2/80, Q5/6, and Q5/13; approximately 80% of the cells were stained by the anti-HLA-DQ MoAb BT3.4, and about 95% were stained by the anti-macrophage MoAb OKM1. Peritoneal macrophages were not stained by the anti-dendritic cells MoAb Ki-M4 or by MoAb to T cell subsets, although all of the MoAb were reactive with the appropriate substrates. More than 60% of the cells expressed Fc receptors and C3 receptors, and displayed phagocytic activity. Peritoneal macrophages were effective in stimulating autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes and in presenting soluble antigens to T cells. These reactions were blocked by the anti-HLA-DR + DP MoAb Q5/13, but were not affected by the anti-dendritic cells MoAb Ki-M4 or by the anti-class I HLA MoAb Q6/64. These results suggest that human peritoneal macrophage preparations, without detectable contamination with dendritic cells, can induce proliferation of autologous and allogeneic T cells, and that class II HLA antigens play a significant role in these phenomena.
Salivary gland lymphocytes in primary Sjogren's syndrome lack lymphocyte subsets defined by Leu-7 and Leu-11 antigens.
Authors: Fox R I , Hugli T E , Lanier L L , Morgan E L , Howell F 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Primary Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes and dry mouth due to lymphocytic infiltration of lacrimal and salivary glands. Biopsies of their salivary glands provided an opportunity to characterize the phenotypic and functional properties of inflammatory site lymphocytes. We found that the salivary gland lymphocytes (SGL) of SS patients differed from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the same patients because: a) SGL lacked lymphocytes reactive with anti-Leu-7 and anti-Leu-11 monoclonal antibodies; b) SGL lacked natural killer (NK) activity; and c) SGL lacked the ability to suppress polyclonal B cell responses in the presence of complement fragment C3a, a function that requires the presence of Leu-7+ cells. These studies also showed that the SGL of SS patients differed from tonsillar lymph node (LN) lymphocytes of immunologically normal individuals because tonsillar LN contained Leu-7+ T cells, and tonsillar LN could suppress polyclonal B cell responses in the presence of the complement fragment C3a. The absence of this regulatory subset in the salivary glands of SS patients may contribute to pathogenesis, because these cells may be important in the suppression of polyclonal antibody synthesis and in the elimination of neoplastic or viral infected cells.
A myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte line that mediates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Authors: Vandenbark A A , Gill T , Offner H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A T lymphocyte line, BP-1, expressing the T helper phenotype was selected from Lewis rats immunized with guinea pig myelin basic protein (GP-BP) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The BP-1 line responded specifically to GP-BP but not to PPD after the first round of selection, and responded to rat but not human or bovine BP. When injected i.p. into histocompatible Lewis or F1 (Lewis X P2) recipients, the BP-1 line induced both clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in ears challenged intradermally with GP-BP but not PPD. The severity of clinical signs and the degree of ear swelling were dependent on the dose of BP-1 cells injected. Both activities were detectable with as few as 0.1 X 10(6) BP-1 line cells and required prior activation of the line cells with GP-BP presented by accessory cells. Lewis rats that had recovered from EAE induced by injection of GP-BP in CFA were more susceptible than naive rats to BP-1 line-mediated disease, requiring as few as 0.03 X 10(6) line cells. Clinical EAE and DTH could be serially transferred into F1 (Lewis X P2) recipients with BP-1 cells and back to nonirradiated Lewis parents with activated splenocytes, suggesting that BP-1 cells persist in recipient rats. These results demonstrate the potent biologic activities of an autoreactive BP-specific T lymphocyte line. This line possesses properties similar to BP lines described previously as well as to culture-conditioned splenic T effector cells; thus, the data presented here bridge the gap between these two approaches for studying T effector lymphocyte functions.
Murine interstitial nephritis. IV. Long-term cultured L3T4+ T cell lines transfer delayed expression of disease as I-A-restricted inducers of the effector T cell repertoire.
Authors: Mann R , Zakheim B , Clayman M , McCafferty E , Michaud L , Neilson E G 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the present study we observed that long-term cultures of tubular antigen-reactive L3T4+ T cells from immune SJL mice are able to adoptively transfer interstitial nephritis by 12 wk after i.v. injection. Lesions that develop under these conditions generally occur in the absence of anti-tubular basement membrane antibody formation. These cultured T cell lines are I-A restricted, require L3T4-associative interactions, and are tubular antigen specific, but do not share the phenotype, function, or H-2-restriction characteristics of Lyt-2+ nephritogenic effector T lymphocytes. Rather, our L3T4+ T cell lines, and phenotypically similar lymphocytes harvested from renal infiltrates, are inducers of this Lyt-2+ effector T cell repertoire. Such effector T cells, typically found in immune lymph nodes 4 to 7 days after immunization, can be induced in vitro within 5 days and will acutely transfer disease within another 5 days when placed under the kidney capsule. These findings collectively indicate that the time course for optimal effector cell differentiation and potential expression is relatively short. The immunologic inertia we previously observed between immunization or i.v. adoptive transfer and the development of cellular lesions, therefore, seems to reside in other systemic or interactional events beyond the timely formation of effector T cells.
Human natural killer cytotoxic factor (NKCF): role of IFN-alpha.
Authors: Steinhauer E H , Doyle A T , Kadish A S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relationship between production of NKCF and IFN-alpha by human lymphocytes was studied. NKCF activity was generated in response to K562-inducer cells. The presence of NKCF in supernatants was always accompanied by antiviral activity, but in several experiments IFN was detected without concomitant NKCF. In no instance was NKCF activity detected in the absence of IFN. Cell lines which were good inducers of IFN-alpha were found to be good inducers of NKCF. NKCF activity of supernatants was completely adsorbed after incubation with MOLT-4 cells, whereas there was only minimal depletion of IFN-alpha activity. Most of the antiviral activity and all of the NKCF activity of preformed supernatants was neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha serum, whereas anti-IFN-gamma serum and pH2 inactivation had minimal effect on either activity. Addition of IFN-alpha to neutralized supernatants restored NKCF activity. These experiments support the hypothesis that IFN-alpha is involved in the modulation of NKCF-lytic activity. Both antiviral and NKCF activities were abrogated when anti-IFN-alpha serum was added to cultures of lymphocytes plus inducer cells (induction phase). The addition of purified IFN-alpha to such cultures was effective in allowing resumption of NKCF activity; however, addition of IFN-gamma to these cultures did not overcome this block. The addition of purified IFN-alpha directly to supernatants generated in the presence of anti-IFN-alpha serum could not restore their NKCF activity, thereby suggesting an additional requirement for IFN-alpha in the production of NKCF. The possible role of IFN-alpha in the generation of NKCF and expression of its lytic activity is discussed.
Characterization of a T4+/Leu-8+ T cell clone that directly helps B cell Ig production by secreting B cell differentiation factor.
Authors: Goldstein H , Volkman D J , Ambrus J L , Fauci A S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A human T4+/Leu-8+ T cell clone (YA2) was established by phytohemagglutinin activation and interleukin 2 (IL 2) propagation. Functional characterization of this clone demonstrated that it provided potent help towards Ig production by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells in the presence of small numbers of autologous T cells or by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC)-activated B cells in the presence of B cell growth factor (BCGF). YA2 provided no help to resting B cells and minimal help to either unactivated B cells cultured with BCGF or SAC-activated B cells. Supernatant generated from clone YA2 by IL 2 stimulation had significant B cell differentiation activity but no BCGF or IL 2 activity. Thus, YA2 is a T4+/Leu-8+ potent direct helper only to B cells that are activated and proliferating due to its selective secretion of a differentiation factor, and not an activation and growth factor. The availability of phenotypically defined cloned populations of T cells with restricted functional helper activity related to the secretion of selected B cell tropic factors should prove useful in the dissection of the role of individual T cell subsets in the regulation of the human B cell cycle.