bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TROPOMI/S5P Total Column Water Vapor validation against AERONET ground-based measurements
Authors: Garane Katerina , Chan Ka Lok , Koukouli Maria-Elissavet , Loyola Diego , Balis Dimitris 
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Water vapor plays an important role in the greenhouse effect, rendering it an atmospheric constituent that requires continuous and global monitoring by different types of remote sensing instruments. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument Sentinel-5 Precursor (TROPOMI/S5P) Total Column Water Vapor (TCWV) is a new product retrieved from the visible blue spectral range (435–455 nm), using an algorithm that was originally developed for the GOME-2/MetOp sensors. For the purposes of this work, 2.5 years of continuous satellite observations at high spatial resolution are validated against co-located (in space and in time) precipitable water Level 2.0 (quality-assured) ground-based measurements from the NASA AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork). The network uses Cimel Sun photometers located at approximately 1300 stations globally to monitor precipitable water among other products. Based on data availability, 369 of the stations were used in this study. The two datasets, satellite- and ground-based, were co-located, and the relative differences of the comparisons were calculated and statistically analyzed. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the two products is found to be 0.91, and the mean bias of the overall relative percentage differences is of the order of −2.7 %. For the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (30–60∘ N), where the density of the ground-based stations is high, the mean relative bias was found to be −1.8 %, while in the tropics (±15∘) the TROPOMI TCWV product has a relative dry bias of up to −10 %. The effect of various algorithm and geophysical parameters, such as air mass factor, solar zenith angle, clouds and albedo, is also presented and discussed. It was found that the cloud properties affect the validation results, leading the TCWV to a dry bias of −20 % for low cloud heights (cloud top pressure (CTP) >800 hPa). Moreover, cloud albedo introduces a wet bias of 15 % when it is below 0.3 and a dry bias up to −25 % when the clouds are more reflective. Overall, the TROPOMI/S5P TCWV product, on a global scale and for moderate albedo and cloudiness, agrees well at -2.7±4.9 % with the AERONET observations but probably within about −8 % to −13 % with respect to the “truth”.
The altitude of green OI 557.7 nm and blue N2+ 427.8 nm aurora
Authors: Whiter Daniel K. , Partamies Noora , Gustavsson Björn , Kauristie Kirsti 
Published: January 2023

Abstract. We have performed a large statistical study of the peak emission altitude of green O(1D2–1S0) (557.7 nm) and blue N2+ 1 N (427.8 nm) aurora using observations from a network of all-sky cameras stationed across northern Finland and Sweden recorded during seven winter seasons from 2000 to 2007. Both emissions were found to typically peak at about 114 km. The distribution of blue peak altitudes is more skewed than that for the green, and the mean peak emission altitudes were 114.84 ± 0.06 and 116.55 ± 0.07 km for green and blue emissions, respectively. We compare simultaneous measurements of the two emissions in combination with auroral modelling to investigate the emission production mechanisms. During low-energy electron precipitation (<∼ 4 keV), when the two emissions peak above about 110 km, it is more likely for the green emission to peak below the blue emission than vice versa, with the difference between the two heights increasing with their average. Modelling has shown that under these conditions the dominant source of O(1S), the upper state of the green line, is energy transfer from excited N2 (A3Σu+), with a rate that depends on the product of the N2 and O number densities. Since both number densities decrease with higher altitude, the production of O(1S) by energy transfer from N2 peaks at lower altitude than the N2 ionisation rate, which depends on the N2 number density only. Consequently, the green aurora peaks below the blue aurora. When the two emissions peak below about 110 km, they typically peak at very similar altitude.
The dominant source of O(1S) at low altitudes must not be energy transfer from N2, since the rate of that process peaks above the N2 ionisation rate and blue emission due to quenching of the long-lived excited N2 at low altitudes.
Dissociative recombination of O2+ seems most likely to be a major source at these low altitudes, but our model is unable to reproduce observations fully, suggesting there may be additional sources of O(1S) unaccounted for.
Improved representation of phosphorus exchange on soil mineral surfaces reduces estimates of phosphorus limitation in temperate forest ecosystems
Authors: Yu Lin , Caldararu Silvia , Ahrens Bernhard , Wutzler Thomas , Schrumpf Marion , Helfenstein Julian , Pistocchi Chiara , Zaehle Sönke 
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) availability affects the response of
terrestrial ecosystems to environmental and climate change (e.g., elevated
CO2), yet the magnitude of this effect remains uncertain. This
uncertainty arises mainly from a lack of quantitative understanding of the
soil biological and geochemical P cycling processes, particularly the P
exchange with soil mineral surfaces, which is often described by a Langmuir
sorption isotherm. We first conducted a literature review on P sorption experiments and
terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) using a Langmuir isotherm. We then
developed a new algorithm to describe the inorganic P exchange between soil
solution and soil matrix based on the double-surface Langmuir isotherm and
extracted empirical equations to calculate the sorption capacity and
Langmuir coefficient. We finally tested the conventional and new models of P
sorption at five beech forest sites in Germany along a soil P stock gradient
using the QUINCY (QUantifying Interactions between terrestrial Nutrient
CYcles and the climate system) TBM. We found that the conventional (single-surface) Langmuir isotherm approach
in most TBMs largely differed from P sorption experiments regarding the
sorption capacities and Langmuir coefficients, and it simulated an overly low soil
P-buffering capacity. Conversely, the double-surface Langmuir isotherm
approach adequately reproduced the observed patterns of soil inorganic P
pools. The better representation of inorganic P cycling using the double-surface
Langmuir approach also improved simulated foliar N and P concentrations as well as
the patterns of gross primary production and vegetation carbon across the
soil P gradient. The novel model generally reduces the estimates of P
limitation compared with the conventional model, particularly at the low-P
site, as the model constraint of slow inorganic P exchange on plant
productivity is reduced.
Gridded pollen-based Holocene regional plant cover in temperate and northern subtropical China suitable for climate modelling
Authors: Li Furong , Gaillard Marie-José , Cao Xianyong , Herzschuh Ulrike , Sugita Shinya , Ni Jian , Zhao Yan , An Chengbang , Huang Xiaozhong , Li Yu , Liu Hongyan , Sun Aizhi , Yao Yifeng 
Published: January 2023

Abstract. We present the first gridded and temporally continuous quantitative
pollen-based plant-cover reconstruction for temperate and northern
subtropical China over the Holocene (11.7 ka to present) obtained by applying the
Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model.
The objective is to provide a dataset of pollen-based land cover for the
last ca. 12 millennia that is suitable for palaeoclimate modelling and for the evaluation
of simulated past vegetation cover from dynamic vegetation models and
anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) scenarios. The REVEALS reconstruction
was achieved using 94 selected pollen records from lakes and bogs at a
1∘ × 1∘ spatial scale and a temporal resolution
of 500 years between 11.7 and 0.7 ka and in three recent time windows
(0.7–0.35 ka, 0.35–0.1 ka, and 0.1 ka to present). The dataset
includes REVEALS estimates of cover and their standard errors (SEs) for 27
plant taxa in 75 1∘ × 1∘ grid cells distributed
within the study region. The 27 plant taxa were also grouped into 6 plant
functional types and 3 land-cover types (coniferous trees CT,
broadleaved trees BT, and C3 herbs/open land (C3H/OL)), and their REVEALS
estimates of cover and related SEs were calculated. We describe the protocol
used for the selection of pollen records and the REVEALS application (with
parameter settings) and explain the major rationales behind the protocol. As
an illustration, we present, for eight selected time windows, gridded maps of
the pollen-based REVEALS estimates of cover for the three land-cover types
(CT, BT, and C3H/OL). We then discuss the reliability and limitations of the
Chinese dataset of Holocene gridded REVEALS plant cover, and its current and
potential uses. The dataset is available at the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC;
Li, 2022; https://doi.org/10.11888/Paleoenv.tpdc.272292).
The Impact of Gut Bacterial Metabolites on Brain Disorder
Authors: Qurat-ul-Ain  , Shahzad Asif , Hussain Shoukat , Mehmood Rizwan , Jaan Muhammad Nauman 
Published: January 2023

The gut microbiome has been connected with human health and sickness, including all those affecting the brain, according to new evidence. Abnormalities in this microbiota-gut-brain axis have emerged as a significant component in the pathophysiology of depression, prompting exploratory research into the neuro-active potential of gut microbial metabolic products. Over the last decade, research has revealed a plethora of complicated interactions between the microbiota and the immunological and metabolic systems, many of which have important consequences for human health. Therefore in review, we emphasise accumulating evidence suggesting the microbiome exerts effect on the brain via multiple routes linking the stomach to the central nervous system. While knowledge of the influence of gut bacteria on neurological function is still developing, understanding the gut-microbiome-brain links has the potential to transform neuroscience by discovering possibly new etiologies for mental and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, our results show that patients with diverse brain disorders have changed bacterial metabolites, as well as the possible neuroactive effects of gut-derived SCFAs, p-cresol, serotonin derivatives, and bacterial amyloids on disease onset and progression. The results of this study might lead to more understanding of the gut–brain axis and, as a response, to possible diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventative measures for brain disorders.

Keywords:
Evaluasi Terhadap Proses Pelaksanaan Disiplin Gereja di Gereja Kemah Injil Indonesia Petleng Alor Baru Berdasarkan Matius 18:15-17
Authors: Fanmabi Yosina Pada , Tanhidy Jamin , Budiman Sabda 
Published: January 2023

The background of the process of implementing church discipline in GKII Petleng Alor Baru Region is that GKII Petleng Alor Baru Region has its own church discipline rules, namely there are congregations who sin, are not reprimanded first, but are directly subject to church discipline. This process of implementing church discipline is not in accordance with the teachings of the Bible in Matthew 18:15-17. This study aims to explain the evaluation of the process of implementing church discipline in GKII Petleng, Alor Baru Region based on Matthew 18:15-17. The method used in this study is qualitative with a type of evaluation research to evaluate the problems that occur and compare the problems with existing theories. To obtain the data the author conducted interviews with the Congregational Pastor, the Congregational Governing Body, the disciplined congregation and the Deputy Regional Chairperson. Based on the results of research that the author has conducted at GKII Petleng, Alor Baru Region, the author finds that GKII Petleng Alor Baru Region has not carried out the process of applying church discipline based on Matthew 18:15-17.

Latar belakang proses pelaksanaan disiplin gereja di GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru adalah GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru memiliki aturan disiplin gereja yang tersendiri yaitu ada jemaat yang berbuat dosa, tidak ditegur terlebih dahulu, namun langsung dikenakan disiplin gereja. Proses pelaksanaan disiplin gereja ini, belum sesuai dengan ajaran Alkitab dalam Matius 18:15-17. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan evaluasi terhadap proses pelaksanaan disiplin gereja di GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru berdasarkan Matius 18:15-17. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian evaluasi untuk mengevaluasi masalah yang terjadi dan membandingkan masalah tersebut dengan teori yang telah ada. Untuk mendapatkan data penulis melakukan wawancara kepada Gembala Sidang, Badan Pengurus Jemaat, jemaat yang didisiplin dan Wakil Ketua Daerah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan di GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru, maka penulis menemukan bahwa GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru belum melakukan proses penerapan disiplin gereja berdasarkan Matius 18:15-17
Analisis Reflektif Teologi Estetika John Navone
Authors: Telnoni Wike Yuciana 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT:
The presence of the media as one of the determinants of ideal body standards in self-esteem and beauty is a product of popular culture that has been created for a long time The ideal body standard is constructed through products from well-known brands advertised by Selebgram, influencers and celebrities through social media platforms. One standard of beauty and body beauty displayed by them is to have white skin. Women who have white skin are considered to have privileges, luxury, cleanliness and show an auara of beauty. One of the product that is being advertised, namely the Scarlett Whitening product, most women have reconstructed their minds so that being beautiful and beautiful does not have to be white. The author argues that basically true beauty and beauty can be achieved if we are not attached and able to respect ourselves as we were created by looking at the point of view of feminist criticism and aesthetic theology by John Navone.
Key words: Advertising, Aesthetic Theology, Feminist, Social media, Women.
Biodegradasi Limbah Cuci Mobil dengan Aerobic Suspension Culture pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Sabun
Authors: Mahannada Aqiela , Mindaryani Aswati 
Published: January 2023

Di antara beberapa jenis limbah, limbah cuci mobil merupakan salah satu limbah yang sangat terkontaminasi dengan pengotor dan kandungan kimia yang cukup tinggi. Untuk memenuhi baku mutu limbah cair, pengolahan limbah cuci mobil ini perlu diperhatikan. Pada penelitian ini, dila-kukan sistem pengolahan limbah hasil cuci mobil dengan sistem aerob menggunakan activated sludge, ditujukan untuk menghasilkan effluen yang baik dan aman bagi lingkungan. Digunakan 4 bioreaktor dengan variasi konsentrasi sabun, yaitu bioreaktor yang berisi limbah cuci mobil mur-ni sebanyak 4L, serta bioreaktor berisi limbah murni dengan tambahan sabun cuci mobil 2 mL, 4 mL, dan 8 mL Bakteri diaklimatisasikan terlebih dahulu sampai massa dari activated sludge adalah 570-670 mg/L. Setelah bakteri tumbuh dan stabil, limbah cair hasil cuci mobil ditambahkan untuk menggantikan substrat. Sampel limbah diambil pada waktu 0;0,5;1;2;4;6;24;dan 48 jam. Dari penelitian ini didapat nilai COD removal hingga 67,79% dan sCOD removal hingga 67,89%. Nilai parameter TS dan TVS mengalami peningkatan akibat pertumbuhan bakteri. Nilai amonia dan surfaktan removal terbaik didapatkan 18,30% dan 69,57%. Nilai pH masih dalam rentang normal (8,07-8,65), dan DO cukup tinggi pada kisaran 6,8-7,5 mg/L. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini juga didapatkan nilai parameter kinetika bakteri setiap bioreaktor, yaitu µm dan Ks.
Analisis Losses Pada Proses Penerimaan Pertamax Melalui Kapal Tanker di PT. OPQ
Authors: Venriza Oksil , Dwi pratiwi Heni 
Published: January 2023

Terminal Bahan Bakar Minyak (TBBM) merupakan suatu fasilitas yang disediakan oleh PT. Pertamina yang berfungsi untuk Penerimaan (Receiving), Penimbunan (Storage), dan Penyaluran (Distribution) produk BBM. Akan tetapi pada proses penerimaan, losses tidak bisa dihindari. PT. Pertamina menetapkan toleransi Loading loss – 0,2%, transport loss -0,15%, Discharge loss -0,2% dan Supply Loss -0,2%. Losses yang terjadi dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor teknis maupun non-teknis. Dengan menggunakan Metode Perbandingan untuk dapat menganalisa perbandingan rata–rata hasil muatan cargo antara Bill of Loading dengan Actual Receipt, juga menggunakan uji hipotesis metode komparatif Independent T Test. Independent T Test merupakan uji perbedaan dua sample yang tidak berpasangan agar dapat menganalisa perbandingan rata–rata kedua sample tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Losses penerimaan produk pertamax melalui kapal tanker di PT. Pertamina Patra Niaga Integrated Terminal Lhokseumawe terhitung mulai Januari sampai dengan Desember 2021, yaitu Loading Loss – 0,02%, Transport Loss 0,00%, Discharge Loss 0,21% dan supply Loss 0,40%. Pada transport loss, losses yang terjadi masih dibawah ketetapan toleransi. Sedangkan untuk discharge Loss dan supply loss mengalami gains. Pada perhitungan Discharge Loss dan Supply Loss terdapat NEW B/L untuk dapat membandingkan nilai pada B/L dan AR, B/L harus habis dibongkar di single port dalam satu voyage.
What constitutes altruism in the present medical context?
Authors: Sajjad Madiha 
Published: January 2023

Altruism is one of the core components of medical professionalism as specified by the American Board of Internal medicine (ABIM) in their ‘Project Professionalism’ document. (Stobo, J., Kohen, J., Kimball, H., LaCombe, M., Schechter, G., & Blank, 1995) Conventionally in the medical context, it was understood as a selfless concern for patients without the expectation of an external reward,(Xiao et al., 2021) almost bordering on self-sacrifice (Harris, 2018). Even the feelings of self-satisfaction and gratification were questioned when considering this service to others. This imparted an almost messiah-like image to the doctors for a long time, which they had to strive to uphold and were bound to fall short. They were doomed to harbor guilt for and thus hide a profit-based motivation to practice(O’Riordan, 2019).
Achieving the competencies of an educational researcher
Authors: Khan Rehan Ahmed 
Published: January 2023

It is a long journey to become a competent educational researcher. The researcher requires both technical and non-technical competencies to become a skilled researcher (Baral, 2021). This editorial does not address the assessment and entrustment of these competencies. Rather it focuses on the competencies required to become an educational researcher. This includes conduct of research, research skills at the workplace, discipline-specific knowledge, professionalism, communication skills, critical thinking, leadership, management, and job market skills.
The conduct of research is the practice of scientific investigation with integrity(Iqbal, 2021). It includes but is not limited to collaboration, managing conflicts of interests and commitments, data acquisition and its management, human research protection, mentoring, peer review, publication practices, and research misconduct whereas research skills at the workplace include searching for information, taking notes, time management, problem-solving and communicating results(Marks-Maran, 2015). Can we analyze and systematically develop these research skills? The answer is yes. The Research Skills Development framework developed by John and Kerry is a tool that can analyze and plan a curriculum for the systematic development of research skills (Hendriarto, Mursidi, Kalbuana, Aini, & Aslan, 2021). The framework is based on different facets of student research: curious, determined, discerning, harmonizing, creative, and constructive. These facets vary at different stages of students’ autonomy of researching skills: prescribed, scaffolding, open-ended, and unbounded researching (Willison & O’Regan, 2007).
Measuring Adaptive Expertise in Radiology Residents: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Farooq Faiza , Mahboob Usman , Ashraf Rabia , Arshad Sumiya 
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Adaptive expertise is the ability of individuals to create innovative solutions when they come across novel problems or workplace challenges. Clinicians are often adept at handling routine clinical procedures but lack confidence and a proper strategy when previously un-encountered situations arise. Lots of research has been conducted on basic concepts and development of adaptive expertise however major chunk of literature belongs to non- medical fields. Little is studied about assessment of adaptive expertise in medical professionals and postgraduate residents.Objective: To measure adaptive expertise (AE) of radiology residents and to assess any association between the AE of postgraduate radiology residents (PGR) and their years of training.Methods: This multicenter correlational study involved 181 radiology residents from nine major teaching hospital of Lahore,Pakistan from May to October 2019. Katerina Bohle Carbonell Adaptive Expertise Inventory was used as a data collection tool. The questionnaire contained a total of eleven items encompassing two dimensions of AE: domain-specific and innovative skills. Total scores representing AE of PGRs were measured. AE scores and years of training were correlated using Spearman rho correlation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to further evaluate the association between AE and years of postgraduate training.Results: Out of 181 residents there were 78 (43.1%) males and 103 (56.9%) females. Most of them, 97 (53.6%) were enrolled in four years fellowship (FCPS) program and 62 (34.3%) were in the first year of their residency. Total AE scores of all radiology residents ranged from 33 to 54. AE scores and years of residency were positively correlated (rs= 0.4, p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA and Post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test further revealed significant pairwise differences between mean scores of residents’ groups (p = < 0.05) rejecting the null hypothesis.Conclusion: Overall, this study concludes that residents acquire adaptive expertise perpetually with progression in their training.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive Expertise (AE), Radiology, Postgraduate Residents (PGRs)
An assessment of some aerosol properties in Midwestern Power Plant plumes
Authors: Komp Mark J. , Auer Jr. August H. 
Published: January 2023

In the course of conducting case studies relating to inadvertent weather modification in the St. Louis metropolitan area under the auspices of Project METROMEX, it has been possible to obtain airborne aerosol measurements describing the plumes from the several fossil-fueled power plants operating in the area. The purpose of this paper is to provide some additional insight into inadvertent weather modification by examining the transport and detection of Aitken Condensation Nuclei (ACN) within these plumes; in addition, one case study illustrating the evolution of the aerosol spectra in the downwind plume from a 2400 MW plant will be shown. It is anticipated that the general description of plume behavior rendered herein will find utility in the prediction and modeling of such meteorological phenomenon.