bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond long-wave-infrared generation in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber
Authors: Chen Yi-Hao , Moses Jeffrey , Wise Frank 
Published: February 2023

Femtosecond long-wave-infrared (LWIR) pulses have found applications in several fields, but their generation is limited to CO2 lasers and solid-state frequency converters. Waveguide-based Raman red shifting provides another promising solution to efficiently generate LWIR pulses. Here, we numerically study LWIR pulse generation in a hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber. Several excitation schemes are considered, involving one or two pulses at either the same or different wavelengths. The analysis reveals that a waveguide structure enables tailoring of the Raman gain, which is required to produce pulses at LWIR wavelengths. With ∼5-mJ and 50-fs input pulses, clean 400-µJ and 88-fs pulses at 12 µm are theoretically generated with 41% total quantum efficiency. The simulations also provide insight into the nonlinear dynamics of the Raman gain, where the concept of a phonon amplifier underlies the optimal performance that can be achieved. Only the two-pulse scheme with a two-color source creates a good phonon amplifier for efficient LWIR generation.
Long-term risk of inflammatory bowel disease after endoscopic biopsy with normal mucosa: A population-based, sibling-controlled cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Sun Jiangwei , Fang Fang , Olén Ola , Song Mingyang , Halfvarson Jonas , Roelstraete Bjorn , Khalili Hamed , Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: February 2023

Background
Although evidence suggests a persistently decreased risk of colorectal cancer for up to 10 years among individuals with a negative endoscopic biopsy result (i.e., normal mucosa), concerns have been raised about other long-term health outcomes among these individuals. In this study, we aimed to explore the long-term risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after an endoscopic biopsy with normal mucosa.

Methods and findings
In the present nationwide cohort study, we identified all individuals in Sweden with a lower or upper gastrointestinal (GI) biopsy of normal mucosa during 1965 to 2016 (exposed, n = 200,495 and 257,192 for lower and upper GI biopsy, respectively), their individually matched population references (n = 989,484 and 1,268,897), and unexposed full siblings (n = 221,179 and 274,529). Flexible parametric model estimated hazard ratio (HR) as an estimate of the association between a GI biopsy of normal mucosa and IBD as well as cumulative incidence of IBD, with 95% confidence interval (CI). The first 6 months after GI biopsy were excluded to avoid detection bias, surveillance bias, or reverse causation. During a median follow-up time of approximately 10 years, 4,853 individuals with a lower GI biopsy of normal mucosa developed IBD (2.4%) compared to 0.4% of the population references. This corresponded to an incidence rate (IR) of 20.39 and 3.39 per 10,000 person-years in the respective groups or 1 extra estimated IBD case among 37 exposed individuals during the 30 years after normal GI biopsy. The exposed individuals had a persistently higher risk of overall IBD (average HR = 5.56; 95% CI: 5.28 to 5.85), ulcerative colitis (UC, average HR = 5.20; 95% CI: 4.85 to 5.59) and Crohn’s disease (CD, average HR = 6.99; 95% CI: 6.38 to 7.66) than their matched population references. In the sibling comparison, average HRs were 3.27 (3.05 to 3.51) for overall IBD, 3.27 (2.96 to 3.61) for UC, and 3.77 (3.34 to 4.26) for CD. For individuals with an upper GI biopsy of normal mucosa, the average HR of CD was 2.93 (2.68 to 3.21) and 2.39 (2.10 to 2.73), compared with population references and unexposed full siblings, respectively. The increased risk of IBD persisted at least 30 years after cohort entry. Study limitations include lack of data on indications for biopsy and potential residual confounding from unmeasured risk or protective factors for IBD.

Conclusions
Endoscopic biopsy with normal mucosa was associated with an elevated IBD incidence for at least 30 years. This may suggest a substantial symptomatic period of IBD and incomplete diagnostic examinations in patients with early IBD.
Hawler Medical University students’ perceptions of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shabu Sherzad A. 
Published: February 2023

Background
Protective measures like social distancing and staying home when possible were imposed by the public health authorities to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational institutions which had previously experienced only face-to-face traditional methods of service delivery suffered from huge difficulties in maintaining an effective teaching process. This cross-sectional study investigates the experiences of students of Hawler Medical University (Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan), exploring their e-learning experience and satisfaction when conventional classroom learning was suspended due to lockdown.

Methods
A self-administered online questionnaire designed on Google Forms was administered from 14 to 31 March 2020. The main section of the questionnaire asked participants to rate their agreement with statements concerning e-learning satisfaction using a five-point Likert scale, with answers ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.

Results
From an initial 1550 participants, 808 ultimately completed the processual stage. The majority of respondents were female, from the College of Medicine, of urban residence, and of an average economic situation. Three-quarters of the respondents had not participated in any online course before, 27.7% did not have the required electronic devices, 43.3% did not have the sufficient computer skills for the e-learning, and 38% thought that the University did not support the use of the e-learning system. During the processual stage, only 24.4% thought that the internet connection was good and helpful, 14.6% easily attended the online sessions, 35.6% thought that teachers have enough time to answer students’ questions and concerns, and 18% that the teaching materials contributed to the course objectives and overall learning outcome.

Conclusions
Hawler Medical students were not well prepared to engage in the e-learning process. The majority experienced internet access and other technical problems in accessing the online sessions. They did not feel that the e-learning process has contributed to the achievement of course objectives and overall learning outcomes.
Outcome and factors associated with undernutrition among children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Murni Indah K. , Patmasari Linda , Wirawan M. Taufik , Arafuri Nadya , Nurani Neti , Sativa Esta Rossa , Nugroho Sasmito , Noormanto  
Published: February 2023

Background
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially among those with undernutrition. Evaluating risk factors associated with undernutrition is important to improve clinical outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the outcome and factors associated with undernutrition among children with CHD.

Material and methods
A prospective cohort study was conducted among children with CHD at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia during February 2016 to June 2018. Clinical and demographic data were collected at the time of diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with undernutrition using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Significance was set as p<0.05.

Results
We recruited 1,149 children with CHD, of those, 563 (49%) were underweight, 549 (47.8%) were stunting, and 361 (31.4%) were wasting. In the multivariate analysis, cyanotic CHD, delayed diagnosis, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, syndrome, young maternal age, history of low birth weight, and being first child were independently associated with undernutrition. Underweight and stunting were significantly associated with increased mortality with OR of 3.54 (95% CI: 1.62–7.74), p<0.001 and OR 3.31 (95% CI: 1.65–6.64), p<0.001, respectively.

Conclusions
About half of the children with CHD were categorized with undernutrition. An increased risk of undernutrition was associated with cyanotic CHD, delayed diagnosis, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, syndrome, low birth weight, and being first child. Underweight and stunting were significantly associated with increased risk of death.
Deep learning for the diagnosis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Sakashita Kyoya , Akiyama Yukinori , Hirano Tsukasa , Sasagawa Ayaka , Arihara Masayasu , Kuribara Tomoyoshi , Ochi Satoko , Enatsu Rei , Mikami Takeshi , Mikuni Nobuhiro 
Published: February 2023

Objective
This study aimed to enable the automatic detection of the hippocampus and diagnose mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with the hippocampus as the epileptogenic area using artificial intelligence (AI). We compared the diagnostic accuracies of AI and neurosurgical physicians for MTLE with the hippocampus as the epileptogenic area.

Method
In this study, we used an AI program to diagnose MTLE. The image sets were processed using a code written in Python 3.7.4. and analyzed using Open Computer Vision 4.5.1. The deep learning model, which was a fine-tuned VGG16 model, consisted of several layers. The diagnostic accuracies of AI and board-certified neurosurgeons were compared.

Results
AI detected the hippocampi automatically and diagnosed MTLE with the hippocampus as the epileptogenic area on both T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The diagnostic accuracies of AI based on T2WI and FLAIR data were 99% and 89%, respectively, and those of neurosurgeons based on T2WI and FLAIR data were 94% and 95%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of AI was statistically higher than that of board-certified neurosurgeons based on T2WI data (p = 0.00129).

Conclusion
The deep learning-based AI program is highly accurate and can diagnose MTLE better than some board-certified neurosurgeons. AI can maintain a certain level of output accuracy and can be a reliable assistant to doctors.
Recognition of English speech – using a deep learning algorithm
Authors: Wang Shuyan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The accurate recognition of speech is beneficial to the fields of machine translation and intelligent human–computer interaction. After briefly introducing speech recognition algorithms, this study proposed to recognize speech with a recurrent neural network (RNN) and adopted the connectionist temporal classification (CTC) algorithm to align input speech sequences and output text sequences forcibly. Simulation experiments compared the RNN-CTC algorithm with the Gaussian mixture model–hidden Markov model and convolutional neural network-CTC algorithms. The results demonstrated that the more training samples the speech recognition algorithm had, the higher the recognition accuracy of the trained algorithm was, but the training time consumption increased gradually; the more samples a trained speech recognition algorithm had to test, the lower the recognition accuracy and the longer the testing time. The proposed RNN-CTC speech recognition algorithm always had the highest accuracy and the lowest training and testing time among the three algorithms when the number of training and testing samples was the same.
Crystal structure of poly[diaqua-bis(μ
2-1,4-diaminobutane-N:N′)cobalt(II)] dichloride, C8H28Cl2CoN4O2
Authors: Jiehye Shin , Jaeun Kang , Do Junghwan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
C8H28Cl2CoN4O2, orthorhombic, Fddd (no. 70), a = 10.116(2) Å, b = 13.532(3) Å, c = 23.507(5) Å, V = 3217.8(11) Å3, Z = 8, R

gt
(F) = 0.0361, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1069, T = 100.5 K.
The crystal structure of 1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)urea, C14H11Cl3N2O
Authors: Li Yingju , Yang Zhimao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
C14H11Cl3N2O, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 8.3600(4) Å, b = 12.0085(8) Å, c = 14.3665(6) Å, V = 1442.27(13) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt
(F) = 0.0460, wRref
(F
2) = 0.0944, T = 293 K.
The Chinese Debt Trap Diplomacy Narrative: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Liu Kerry 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
China’s debt trap diplomacy has been debated among academia, think tanks, and the policymaking community. Unlike previous research, which mainly focuses on China’s lending practice and strategic intentions, this study looks at the measurement of this narrative and its relations with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the China threat narratives. In particular, based on Google Trends search results from 1 February 2018 to 7 November 2021, this study creatively created weekly time series data to measure the narratives. Based on an autoregressive distributed lag model, this study finds that the BRI narrative and the China threat narrative make significant contributions to the debt trap diplomacy narrative. Results based on sub-datasets show that these significant relations are mainly driven by the English-speaking Indian public and that these relations are insignificant in the United States. This study contributes to the literature on China’s debt trap diplomacy by bringing solid empirical evidence and to academia as well in methods by presenting a (still) new quantitative approach to international relations.
Nondomination and the ambitions of employment law
Authors: Bagchi Aditi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is something missing in existing discussions of domination. While republican theory, antisubordination theory, and critical legal theory each have contributed significantly to our understanding of domination, their focus on structural relationships and group subordination can leave out of focus the individual wrongs that make up domination, each of which is an unjustified exercise of power by one person over another. Private law (supported by private law theory) plays an important role in filling out our pictures of domination and the role of the state in limiting it. Private law allows us to recognize domination in wrongs by one person against another, and it has the potential to articulate the state-enforced boundaries on domination as well as a framework for thinking through inevitable compromises between the aspiration to nondomination and other basic interests of a liberal state. We can understand employment law as continuous with private law, that is, attempting to vindicate a nondomination principle in the context of employment by regulating specific acts of employers. Alternatively, we might understand employment relationships to define group membership, commonly recognized along class lines. In that case, employment law is not about individual nondomination but about mitigating class subordination. It might do this in service of the antisubordination principle, or in order to ensure that employees are capable and ready to exercise the responsibilities of democratic citizenship. While these various purposes largely coincide, there are points of normative divergence which sometimes require that we prioritize one or other function of employment law over the others.
Relational and associational justice in work
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This Article explores the idea that the moral standards of relational or interpersonal justice can be used to lay the foundations for a theory of justice in work, rather than relying on principles of justice developed for society as a whole in philosophical theories of distributive justice. It is argued that a rich and distinctive scheme of interpersonal justice can be developed by using a method of internal critique and by focusing on two distinctive features of contracts of employment. Because they are incomplete by design, like other relational contracts, contracts of employment depend for their success on a broad obligation of performance in good faith. Contracts of employment also usually function within organizations which provide the source of customary norms of associational justice that govern relations between members of the firm. These principles of associational justice include rewards based on desert, a strong egalitarian principle, protection from unjustified exclusion, and a right to have a voice in the affairs and the direction of the organization.
The classical liberal version of labor law: Beware of coercion dressed up as liberty
Authors: Epstein Richard A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this Article, I contest on both theoretical and empirical grounds the progressive agenda, as represented by Hanoch Dagan, that seeks to advance the unionization movement in the name of individual autonomy and property. Theoretically, the Article shows that the common-law account of autonomy, which stresses freedom of action from external constraints involving the use or threat of force, provides the best analytical framework, one that undermines the modern progressive case for collective bargaining by workers. The negative account of autonomy applies to all persons; its correlative duties are simple. It applies regardless of the overall level or distribution of wealth. It is scalable from small to large societies. And it forces employers to respect the full range of material and psychological needs in order to recruit and retain their workers.
In contrast, the modern progressive alternative imposes no clear correlative duties on employers. It has no obvious way to constrain the dominance of union forces. And its commands are sufficiently complex that they are often not understood by the workers whom they are intended to protect.
Empirically, this Article shows that the institutional rigidity of union structures in dynamic markets fails; and it rejects the claim that individual workers are wedded to their current employer, given competitive forces that allow for rapid entry and exit. Given the long-term systematic advantages of the classical liberal model, it is no surprise that unions are generally in decline in major industrial societies.
Good faith in employment
Authors: Tsuruda Sabine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This Article argues that the duty of good faith in contractual performance offers powerful but neglected resources to empower workers to pursue their legitimate interests and resist mistreatment by employers. The duty of good faith creates a joint authority structure within contractual relationships, vesting co-contractors with equal and joint authority over the meaning, purposes, and, hence, the requirements of their contract. Implementing such an authority structure requires ensuring that the parties to a contract have the communicative space and epistemic resources they need to uncover and develop a common understanding of their contract. In the context of employment, such an authority structure would be transformative. It would require legal recognition of a variety of employee speech rights and protection from termination for reasonable and good faith refusals to perform work, and would offer a legal basis to challenge the scope and enforceability of at-will employment clauses. The duty of good faith could thus supply a common law foundation for rights and obligations commonly associated with labor law.
CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO GRUPO DE ESTUDOS EM RUMINANTES DOMÉSTICOS DURANTE A PANDEMIA DE COVID-19
Authors: Carlos Fontes Baptista Filho Luiz , Cosme Rocha Karine , Lira Carreiro Isabela , Vieira Cruz Luana , Daniele Nunes da Silva Ananda , Rabelo Ramalho Ramos Taciana 
Published: February 2023

O período de pandemia de COVID-19 mudou completamente a forma de relacionamento, não sendo diferente com as instituições de ensino e grupos de estudos, que necessitaram interromper suas atividades presenciais, como medida de controle da transmissão da doença. Nesse contexto, o Grupo de Estudos em Ruminantes Domésticos-GERD da Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco idealizou atividades de extensão que pudessem evitar ou diminuir transtornos provocados pelo ócio e distanciamento social imposto aos acadêmicos e profissionais, devido às mudanças na rotina e hábitos dos discentes, problemas de origem afetiva e pós-traumáticos. O ciclo de palestras compreendeu videoconferências com diversos profissionais do país, nas áreas de clínica, cirurgia, produção e reprodução de ruminantes. Objetivou-se com o relato de experiência descrever as atividades do GERD, como ferramenta na disseminação de saberes durante o período de pandemia. Realizou-se ciclo de palestras online, com ocorrência quinzenal, o qual foi divulgado através de redes sociais utilizando-se Google Forms para inscrição e videoconferência (StreamYard e YouTube) para transmissão das palestras. Foram realizadas catorze palestras em que participaram 1.497 ouvintes, entre eles graduandos, pós-graduandos e profissionais do Brasil e países vizinhos. A contribuição das atividades do GERD na pandemia, apesar de modificada em sua essência, trouxe atualizações acadêmicas aos discentes participantes do grupo e ouvintes de suas palestras, desenvolvendo em seus integrantes um instinto cívico de ajuda ao próximo, reduzindo a desocupação e consequentemente a susceptibilidade à distúrbios emocionais em uma parcela da população particularmente susceptível, como a classe veterinária.
AS OPORTUNIDADES DO ENSINO REMOTO PARA SUPERAR OS DESAFIOS DA PANDEMIA
Authors: Rosane Barboza Mendonça Carla , FeksaFrasson Sabrina , Da Silva Barboza Lucas , Dellinghausen Borges Caroline , DalleMulle Santos Cassandra , Valesca Rodriguez Alicieo Tatiana 
Published: February 2023

A alimentação equilibrada está envolvida com o desenvolvimento adequado de crianças, melhor resposta imune, menor risco de desenvolvimento de doenças e maior expectativa de vida. Considerando esses aspectos relevantes, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a experiência do projeto de extensão “Alimentação saudável: vamos praticar?”, realizado com as crianças da pré-escola e do 4º ano do ensino fundamental, do Colégio São José – Pelotas, relatando as oportunidades proporcionadas pelo sistema remoto, no ano de 2020. Para a execução das atividades foram realizados 4 “encontros” virtuais com as turmas de 4º ano do ensino fundamental, além da produção de um vídeo e um “encontro” com as turmas do Pré 1. Com o 4º ano, foram trabalhados os aspectos relacionados aos malefícios de uma dieta inadequada e a importância nutricional dos vegetais; as alterações nos alimentos e a importância da higiene, tanto de alimentos como na proteção do coronavírus. O vídeo para o Pré 1 versou sobre os benefícios da alimentação saudável; e no momento on-line, foi trabalhada a forma de higienizar os vegetais, além do preparo de frutas em formatos divertidos. Ao final das atividades, foi solicitada a avaliação dos discentes do 4º ano e professoras do Pré 1. Verificou-se boa aceitação das crianças, o que tornou a experiência produtiva e interessante. O resultado da avaliação foi muito positivo, demonstrando efeitos importantes na conscientização dos educandos. Além de viabilizar com segurança as atividades de extensão, o ensino remoto mostrou a vantagem de possibilitar a participação das famílias, mesmo que de forma indireta.
A INOVAÇÃO NO CONTEXTO DA EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA - CONCEITOS E POSSIBILIDADES NA ÁREA DA QUÍMICA
Authors: André Sangiogo Fábio , Bork Abib Kohn Paola , Moura de Freitas Flávia 
Published: February 2023

Este estudo tem objetivo de definir o conceito de inovação no espaço da extensão universitária, bem como compreender como se estabelece a inovação a partir do estudo de caso dos projetos de extensão desenvolvidos na área da Química da Universidade Federal de Pelotas/RS. A pesquisa envolveu o levantamento de projetos de extensão em vigência, por meio de buscas no portal institucional da universidade, bem como a análise dos seus objetivos e propostas. Os projetos analisados trazem exemplos de objetivos, de abordagens e de perspectivas de ação na área da Química, com aspectos coerentes com a definição de inovação prevista à extensão universitária, permitindo articulações e contribuições aos sujeitos que atuam na e com a comunidade. Os resultados ressaltam a importância da extensão universitária e indicam que a inovação pode perpassar diferentes objetivos, possibilidades, espaços e públicos.