bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between time spent on screens and reading with myopia, premyopia and ocular biometric and anthropometric measures in 6‐ to 7‐year‐old schoolchildren in Ireland
Authors: Harrington Síofra , O'Dwyer Veronica 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurposeMore time spent on near tasks has consistently been associated with the promotion of myopia. The World Health Organization advises limiting daily screentime to less than 2 h for children aged five and over. This study explored the relationship between time spent on screens and reading/writing with refractive status, ocular biometric and anthropometric factors in 6‐ to 7‐year‐olds in Ireland.MethodsParticipants were 723 schoolchildren (377 boys [51.8%]), mean age 7.08 (0.45) years. The examination included cycloplegic autorefraction (1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride), ocular biometry (Zeiss IOLMaster), height (cm) and weight (kg). Screentime and reading/writing time were reported by parents/legal guardians by questionnaire. Myopia (≤−0.50D) and premyopia (>−0.50D ≤ 0.75D) risk assessments were performed using logistic regression, and multivariate linear regression was used to analyse continuous variables.ResultsReported daily screentimes were 31% <1 h, 49.5% 1–2 h, 15.6% 2–4 h and 3.9% >4 h. Reading/writing times were 42.2% frequently, 48.0% infrequently and 9.8% seldom/never. Linear regression, controlling for age and ethnicity, revealed >2 h/day on screens was associated with a more myopic spherical equivalent [β = −1.15 (95% confidence intervals {CIs}: 1.62–0.69, p < 0.001)], increased refractive astigmatism (β = 0.29, CI: 0.06–0.51, p = 0.01), shorter corneal radius (β = 0.12, CI: 0.02–0.22, p = 0.02), higher axial length/corneal radius (β = 0.06, CI: 0.03–0.09, p < 0.001), heavier weight (β = 1.60, CI: 0.76–2.45, p < 0.001) and higher body mass index (BMI) (β = 1.10, CI: 0.28–1.12, p < 0.001). Logistic regression, controlling for age and ethnicity, revealed daily screentime >2 h was associated with myopia (OR = 10.9, CI: 4.4–27.2, p = 0.01) and premyopia (OR = 2.4, CI: 1.5–3.7, p < 0.001). Frequent reading/writing was associated with screentime ≤2 h/day (OR = 3.2, CI: 1.8–5.8, p < 0.001).ConclusionIncreased screentime was associated with a more myopic refraction, higher axial length/corneal radius ratio, increased odds of myopia, premyopia, higher degrees of astigmatism, increased weight, BMI and decreased reading/writing time. Dedicated education programmes promoting decreased screentime in children are vital to prevent myopia and support eye and general health.
Effects of Different Intervertebral Space Heights on Nerve Root Tension during Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Wu Yujie , Zhu Tong , Fu Zhiyi 
Published: February 2023

ObjectiveThere is no effective standard method to evaluate whether the nerve root tension is restored during lumbar decompression surgery, which is an important indicator for the recovery of nerve function. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of intraoperative nerve root tension measurement and to confirm the correlation between nerve root tension and intervertebral space height.MethodsA total of 54 consecutive patients (mean age, 54.3 years; range, 25–68 years) received posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with lumbar spinal stenosis and instability. The 110%, 120%, 130%, 140% height values of each lesion were calculated based on preoperative measurements of the intervertebral space height. The heights were intraoperatively expanded after the intervertebral disc was removed using the interbody fusion cage model. The tension value of nerve root was measured by pulling the nerve root for 5 mm with a self‐made measuring device. The nerve root tension value was measured before decompression, after discectomy at 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, and 140% of the height of each intervertebral space, and after placement of the cage during intraoperative nerve root tension monitoring.ResultsThe nerve root tension values at 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130% heights were significantly lower than those before decompression, and there was no statistical significance among the four groups. The nerve root tension value was significantly higher at 140% height and was statistically significant compared with that of 130% height. The nerve root tension value after cage placement was significantly lower than that before decompression (1.32 ± 0.22 N vs. 0.61 ± 0.17 N, p < 0.01), and the postoperative VAS score was also significantly improved (7.0 ± 2.24 vs. 0.8 ± 0.84, p < 0.01). The nerve root tension was positively correlated with the VAS score (F = 85.19, p < 0.01; F = 78.65, p < 0.01).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that nerve root tonometry can perform instant noninvasive intraoperative nerve root tension measurement. There is a correlation between nerve root tension value and VAS score. We found that when the height of the intervertebral space was increased to 140% of the original height, the nerve root tension increased the risk of injury significantly.
An efficient method for estimating vein density ofGlossopterisand its application
Authors: Esperança Júnior Mário G. F. , Cybis Gabriela B. , Iannuzzi Roberto 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGlossopteris‐type leaves are the most abundant floristic element from the Gondwanan continent and are recorded throughout the Permian, which was a period of extreme icehouse‐to‐hothouse climatic global change. Fossil leaf traits can be useful for the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments and identification of climatic changes throughout geological time, but the conservative morphology ofGlossopterisleaves has thus far made them difficult to use for this purpose. If the characters ofGlossopteriscan be better quantified then it should make them useful for tracking environmental changes over a wide geographical area and over a long time interval. Venation density is a highly variable leaf trait that might be useful for this purpose. This trait can be calculated, usually as vein length per centimetre squared, but this can be a time‐consuming procedure. In this paper we propose a new rapid method to estimate venation density in a conical sector ofGlossopterisleaf lamina using an accurate linear model whose predictors are three linear venation densities, measured as veins per centimetre. In addition to substantially reducing the data collection time, it is less biased and more reproducible than methods applied previously with this leaf type. Using this more robust method, preliminary results significantly distinguish the venation densities of leaves produced in wet and drier ecosystems, matching a pattern similar to modern plants. This is the first survey using a large sample size to reveal that environmental stress controlled the vein architecture of Palaeozoic plants, in a manner similar to plants in modern ecosystems.
Rare diseases presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Kanegane Hirokazu , Noguchi Atsuko , Yamada Yuki , Yasumi Takahiro 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a potentially fatal hyperinflammatory disorder characterized by hypercytokinemia caused by excessive activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. HLH is caused by a variety of factors and is classified into primary and secondary HLH. Familial HLH (FHL) types 1–5, X‐linked lymphoproliferative syndrome types 1 and 2, and FHL syndrome with hypopigmentation are all examples of primary HLH. Secondary HLH, on the other hand, is linked to infections, malignant tumors, autoimmune diseases, and other diseases. The causes of HLH vary, and finding the underlying disease is critical for diagnosis and treatment. The majority of HLH is caused by the aforementioned conditions; however, approximately 10% of cases are caused by rare diseases such as inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Novel IEI, such as RhoG, MAP kinase activating death domain, TIM3, and ZNFX1 deficiencies, have recently been identified as causes of HLH. IEM patients are rarely associated with HLH. Surprisingly, children with lysinuric protein intolerance and lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (Wolman disease) frequently develop HLH. This review focuses on the most recent knowledge of HLH caused by rare diseases such as IEI and IEM.
The relationship between COVID‐19 fear levels and healthy lifestyle behaviors of elderly individuals: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yıldız Erman , Çiftçi Meltem Çapar 
Published: February 2023

BackgroundIt is known that fear of COVID‐19 is associated with many lifestyle behaviours including delays in access to healthcare services and smoking status. However, the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviours and fear of COVID‐19 in older individuals remains unclear. Therefore, there is a need for research that examines the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviours and fear of COVID‐19 in elderly individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the COVID‐19 fear levels of elderly individuals and their healthy lifestyle behaviours.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was carried out with individuals at or over the age of 65 registered at a public health centre located in eastern Turkey (N = 494). Data collection tools included a form for descriptive variables and two scales, the Fear of COVID‐19 Scale (FCV‐19 S) and the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Scale–II (HLSBS‐II). Descriptive statistics, independent‐samples t‐test, ANOVA, correlation analyses, and hierarchical linear regression analyses were used in the analysis of the data.ResultsThe mean HLSBS‐II and FCV‐19 S scores of the participants were 127.61 ± 24.76 and 20.96 ± 7.29, respectively. While fear of COVID‐19 alone, as indicated by the FCV‐19 S score, explained 2.4% of the total variance in healthy lifestyle behaviours, fear of COVID‐19, having a university degree, and high economic status together explained 7.5% of the total variance in healthy lifestyle behaviours indicated by scores on the HLSBS‐II.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that fear of COVID‐19 and healthy lifestyle behaviours were dynamics that are positively related, albeit to a small extent, to each other for elderly individuals. Additionally, it was revealed that elderly individuals have moderate levels of fear of COVID‐19 and healthy lifestyle behaviours.
“Saving lives with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir one transplant patient at a time”
Authors: Belden Katherine A. , Yeager Sarah , Schulte Jamie , Cantarin Maria P. Martinez , Moss Sean , Royer Tricia , Coppock Dagan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundSolid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk of complications from COVID‐19. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) can reduce mortality from COVID‐19 but is contraindicated in patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors (CI), which depend on cytochrome p4503A (CY3PA). In this study, we aim to show the feasibility of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir administration to SOT recipients receiving CI with coordination of medication management and limited tacrolimus trough monitoring.MethodsWe reviewed adult SOT recipients treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir from 4/14 to 11/1/2022 and assessed for changes in tacrolimus trough and serum creatinine after therapy.ResultsOf 47 patients identified, 28 were receiving tacrolimus and had follow‐up laboratory testing. Patients had a mean age of 55 years, 17 (61%) received a kidney transplant and 23 (82%) received three or more doses of SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccine. Patients had mild‐moderate COVID‐19 and started nirmatrelvir/ritonavir within 5 days of symptom onset. Median baseline tacrolimus trough concentration was 5.6 ng/mL (Interquartile range 5.1–6.7), while median follow‐up tacrolimus trough concentration was 7.8 ng/mL (Interquartile range 5.7–11.5, p = 0.0017). Median baseline and follow‐up serum creatinine levels were 1.21 mg/dL (Interquartile range 1.02–1.39) and 1.21 mg/dL (interquartile range 1.02–1.44, p = 0.3162), respectively. One kidney recipient had a follow up creatinine level >1.5 times baseline. No patients were hospitalized or died from COVID‐19 in the follow up period.ConclusionWhile administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir resulted in a significant increase in tacrolimus concentration, this did not result in significant nephrotoxicity. Early oral antiviral treatment in SOT recipients is feasible with medication management, even with limited tacrolimus trough monitoring.
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The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups
Authors: Goldstone Robert L. , Andrade‐Lotero Edgar J. , Hawkins Robert D. , Roberts Michael E. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHumans routinely form groups to achieve goals that no individual can accomplish alone. Group coordination often brings to mind synchrony and alignment, where all individuals do the same thing (e.g., driving on the right side of the road, marching in lockstep, or playing musical instruments on a regular beat). Yet, effective coordination also typically involves differentiation, where specialized roles emerge for different members (e.g., prep stations in a kitchen or positions on an athletic team). Role specialization poses a challenge for computational models of group coordination, which have largely focused on achieving synchrony. Here, we present the CARMI framework, which characterizes role specialization processes in terms of five core features that we hope will help guide future model development: Communication, Adaptation to feedback, Repulsion, Multi‐level planning, and Intention modeling. Although there are many paths to role formation, we suggest that roles emerge when each agent in a group dynamically allocates their behavior toward a shared goal to complement what they expect others to do. In other words, coordination concerns beliefs (who will do what) rather than simple actions. We describe three related experimental paradigms—“Group Binary Search,” “Battles of the Exes,” and “Find the Unicorn”—that we have used to study differentiation processes in the lab, each emphasizing different aspects of the CARMI framework.
Investigation of Flow Behavior of Turbulent Wall-Jet in the Viscous Shear Regime With Moving Wall Condition
Authors: Behera Vishwa Mohan , Rathore Sushil Kumar 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis work involves studying the effects of plate motion on the turbulent flow behavior of a wall jet stream flowing over a flat plate moving at a constant velocity in a quiescent atmosphere. A modified low-Reynolds-number turbulence model developed by Yang and Shih (YS model) is used to perform the numerical investigation. The YS model involves applying integration to a wall technique to capture the flow and heat transfer phenomenon in the near-wall region. The Reynolds number is taken as 15,000 and Prandtl number of the fluid as 7. The plate motion effect on the flow behavior is observed for the various velocity ratios Up =0−2. The velocity vector diagrams and the local velocity profiles at various axial locations are plotted to analyze the flow pattern variation with the plate velocity. Based on the investigation of velocity profiles, nearly self-similar velocity profiles are noticed for Up=0, 0.5, and 2 whereas for Up=1.0 and 1.5, the velocity profiles display similarity near the wall but diverge away from the wall. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) (k)  and its dissipation rate (ε) within the viscous shear regime are predicted for moving plate conditions. The dissipation rate appears to be higher for higher velocity ratios. Overall, the plate motion significantly influences the flow field.
A Novel Method to Achieve Fast Multi-Objective Optimization of Hydrostatic Porous Journal Bearings Used in Hydraulic Turbomachine
Authors: Gu Yandong , Wang Dongcheng , Cheng Li , Schimpf Artur , Böhle Martin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe hydrostatic journal bearing equipped with a carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon-based porous bushing is employed in the hydraulic turbomachine. The bearing exhibits high load capacity, but may unduly consume pressurized lubricant. This study aims to maximize the load capacity and minimize the feeding power. The journal radius, nominal clearance, porous bushing length, porous bushing thickness, feeding pressure, and material permeability are selected to optimize. A fast optimization method is proposed, integrating an in-house porous journal bearing solver (PBS), sampling method, surrogate model, and genetic algorithm. Behind PBS, a theoretical flow model based on the Reynolds lubrication equation and the Darcy equation is established, and a new numerical method based on the finite difference method is proposed. PBS substitutes ansysfluent by calculating bearing performances accurately and instantly, which is the first novelty to facilitate optimization. Then, artificial neural networks are trained as error-free and time-efficient surrogate models to produce bearing objectives in the evolution, which is the second acceleration highlight. The running time is reduced significantly. The load capacity is improved by 68.1%, whereas the feeding power declines by 50.5%. In the optimized case, a sharp pressure hump leads to greater load capacity, while the radial velocity decreases, resulting in reduced feeding power.
Instability and Parametric Amplification of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Periodically Plucked by a Rotating Magnet
Authors: Tai Wei-Che 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMagnetic plucking is an enabling technique to harvest energy from a rotary host as it converts the low-frequency excitation of rotational energy sources to high-frequency excitation that leads to resonance of small-scale piezoelectric energy harvesters. Traditional nonlinear analysis of the plucking phenomenon has relied on numerical integration methods. In this work, a semi-analytical method is developed to investigate the stability and bifurcation behaviors of rotary magnetic plucking, which integrates a second-order perturbation technique and discrete Fourier transform. Analysis through this method unfolds that the oscillatory response of the beam can lose stability through the saddle-node bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation, which eventually causes the beam to collide with the rotary host. Further, the influence of the magnetic gap and rotational speed on the stability is discussed. The study also reveals that the nonlinearity of the magnetic force can amplify the electrical power at primary resonance. As a result, the traditional impedance matching approach that neglects the nonlinearity of the magnetic force fails to predict the optimal electrical resistance. Finally, a finite element analysis shows that the instability is sensitive to damping, and the traditional single-mode approximation can lead to considerable error.
Review—Drag Coefficients of Non-Spherical and Irregularly Shaped Particles
Authors: Michaelides Efstathios E. , Feng Zhigang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe knowledge of simple and relatively accurate closure equations for the drag coefficients of nonspherical particles is very important for Eulerian multiphase numerical codes that require such inputs for the solution of the momentum equation. However, the existing correlations for the drag coefficients are laden with high uncertainty, which propagates in the numerical results. This review paper examines critically the state of our knowledge of the drag coefficients of nonspherical particles starting with our understanding of the “size” and “shape” of particles. Lengthscales and other parameters that have been used to characterize sizes of nonspherical particles are presented. Shape factors and shape descriptors that have been used in past correlations are also presented together with an appraisal of their applicability. Several correlations that have been developed for the determination of the drag coefficients of nonspherical particles with regular and irregular shapes are also presented together with available information on their accuracy and applicability. Based on the review of the available correlations general recommendations are offered on the use of the correlations as closure equations and inputs in computatioal fluid dynamics (CFD) codes.
Habitual physical activity levels of adults with heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jordan Cara , Charman Sarah J , Batterham Alan Mark , Flynn Darren , Houghton David , Errington Linda , MacGowan Guy , Avery Leah 
Published: February 2023

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify habitual physical activity (PA) levels of patients with heart failure (HF) and assess the quality of reporting of device-assessed PA.MethodsEight electronic databases were searched up to 17 November 2021. Data on the study and population characteristics, method of PA measurement and PA metrics were extracted. A random-effects meta-analysis (restricted maximum likelihood with Knapp-Hartung SE adjustment) was conducted.ResultsSeventy-five studies were included in the review (n=7775 patients with HF). Meta-analysis was restricted to mean steps per day, encompassing 27 studies (n=1720 patients with HF). Pooled mean steps per day were 5040 (95% CI: 4272 to 5807). The 95% prediction interval for mean steps per day in a future study was 1262 to 8817. Meta-regression at the study level revealed that a 10-year increment in the mean age of patients was associated with 1121 fewer steps per day (95% CI: 258 to 1984).ConclusionsPatients with HF are a low-active population. These findings have implications for the way in which PA is targeted in patients with HF, and interventions should focus on addressing the age-related decline observed as well as increasing PA to improve HF symptoms and quality of life.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020167786.
Association of infection withToxoplasma gondiiandToxocaraon cognitive function among US adults aged 60 and over, NHANES 2011–2014
Authors: Kruszon-Moran Deanna , Brody Debra , Pearce Bradley 
Published: February 2023

BackgroundToxoplasma gondiiandToxocaraare common parasites that infect humans globally. Our aim was to examine the relationship betweenT. gondiiandToxocarainfection and cognition.MethodsMultivariate logistic regression was used to test the association ofT. gondiiandToxocaraseropositivity on indices of cognitive function (a word list learning trial with delayed recall from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, an animal fluency test (AFT) and a digit symbol substitution test (DSST)) among 2643 adults aged 60 years and older in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.ResultsSeropositivity toT. gondiiorToxocarawere both associated with lower scores in all three cognitive function measures examined in univariate analyses. Except for the DSST, these associations were not significant after adjustment for age, gender, race and Hispanic origin, poverty level, education, US birth status, depression and hypertension. On stratification to account for significant interactions,Toxocaraseropositivity was associated with worse scores on the AFT among those born outside the USA, worse scores on the DSST among those aged 60–69 years, female, Hispanic and with a high school diploma or less. Lower DSST scores withToxocarainfection was greater for adults living below compared with at or above the poverty level.ConclusionsSeropositivity to these parasites, particularly toToxocara, may be associated with diminished cognitive performance in certain subgroups of older adults.