bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling periodontal host-microbe interactions using vascularized gingival connective tissue equivalents
Authors: Makkar Hardik , Lim Chwee Teck , Tan Kai Soo , Sriram Gopu 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Gingival connective tissue and its vasculature play a crucial role in the host’s immune response against the periodontal microbiome and serve as a bridge between the oral and systemic environments. However, there is a lack of representative models that mimic the complex features of vascularized gingival connective tissue and its interaction with the periodontal microbiome, hindering our understanding of periodontal health and disease. Towards this pursuit, we present the characterization of vascularized gingival connective tissue equivalents (CTEs) as a model to study the interactions between oral biofilm colonizers and gingival tissues in healthy and diseased states. Whole-mount immunolabeling and label-free confocal reflectance microscopy of human fibrin-based matrix embedded with gingival fibroblasts and microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated the generation of bi-cellular vascularized gingival CTEs. Next, we investigated the response of the vascularized gingival CTEs to early, intermediate, and late oral biofilm colonizers. Despite colonization, the early colonizers did not elicit any significant change in the production of the cytokines and chemokines by the CTEs representative of the commensal and homeostatic state. In contrast, intermediate and late colonizers representing a transition to a diseased state exhibited connective tissue and vascular invasion, and elicited a differential immune response accompanied by increased monocyte migration. The culture supernatants produced by the vascularized gingival CTEs in response to early and intermediate colonizers polarized macrophages towards an immunomodulatory M2-like phenotype which activates and protects the host, while the late colonizers polarized towards a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype. Lastly, in silico analysis showed a high strength of associations between the proteins and transcripts investigated with periodontitis and vascular diseases. In conclusion, the vascularized gingival CTEs provide a biomimetic in vitro platform to study host-microbiome interactions and innate immune response in periodontal health and diseased states, which potentially paves the way toward the development and assessment of novel periodontal therapeutics.
Soil warming duration and magnitude affect the dynamics of fine roots and rhizomes and associated C and N pools in subarctic grasslands
Authors: Bhattarai Biplabi , Sigurdsson Bjarni D , Sigurdsson Páll , Leblans Niki , Janssens Ivan , Meynzer Wendelien , Devarajan Arun Kumar , Truu Jaak , Truu Marika , Ostonen Ivika 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
The response of subarctic grassland's below-ground to soil warming is key to understanding this ecosystem’s adaptation to future climate. Functionally different below-ground plant organs can respond differently to changes in soil temperature (Ts). We aimed to understand the below-ground adaptation mechanisms by analysing the dynamics and chemistry of fine roots and rhizomes in relation to plant community composition and soil chemistry, along with the duration and magnitude of soil warming.

Methods
We investigated the effects of the duration [medium-term warming (MTW; 11 years) and long-term warming (LTW; &gt; 60 years)] and magnitude (0–8.4 °C) of soil warming on below-ground plant biomass (BPB), fine root biomass (FRB) and rhizome biomass (RHB) in geothermally warmed subarctic grasslands. We evaluated the changes in BPB, FRB and RHB and the corresponding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools in the context of ambient, Ts &lt; +2 °C and Ts &gt; +2 °C scenarios.

Key Results
BPB decreased exponentially in response to an increase in Ts under MTW, whereas FRB declined under both MTW and LTW. The proportion of rhizomes increased and the C–N ratio in rhizomes decreased under LTW. The C and N pools in BPB in highly warmed plots under MTW were 50 % less than in the ambient plots, whereas under LTW, C and N pools in warmed plots were similar to those in non-warmed plots. Approximately 78 % of the variation in FRB, RHB, and C and N concentration and pools in fine roots and rhizomes was explained by the duration and magnitude of soil warming, soil chemistry, plant community functional composition, and above-ground biomass. Plant's below-ground biomass, chemistry and pools were related to a shift in the grassland’s plant community composition – the abundance of ferns increased and BPB decreased towards higher Ts under MTW, while the recovery of below-ground C and N pools under LTW was related to a higher plant diversity.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that plant community-level adaptation of below ground to soil warming occurs over long periods. We provide insight into the potential adaptation phases of subarctic grasslands.
Leaving the bike unlocked: trust discrimination in inter-ethnic encounters
Authors: Kanitsar Georg 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Migration and ethnic diversity are said to hamper the cultivation of social trust, as native citizens may hesitate to trust ethnic out-groups and racial minorities. This article examines trust discrimination against ethno-racial minorities in everyday interactions. In a field intervention, cyclists were approached with a request for help that required them to leave their bicycles alone for a short time. I experimentally manipulated the presence and the ethnic background of a bystander positioned close to the spot where the cyclists left their bikes behind and operationalized trust as the decision to leave the bike unlocked and unattended. I found that cyclists showed significantly less trust in the presence of ethno-racial minorities compared to natives. Furthermore, trust in the wild depends on the stakes involved, as measured by the value of the bike, and one’s vulnerability to trust betrayal, as indicated by the physical stature of the cyclists. By examining a real-life indicator of trust in inter-ethnic encounters, this study advances our knowledge of the ethnic boundaries of social trust and forms of covert discrimination in anonymous and multi-ethnic societies.
Confounding Variety?
Authors: Peck Jamie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Drawing on collaborative work originally developed with Jun Zhang, this chapter reworks the problematics of variety and variegation in dialogue with debates around the definition and specification of “Chinese” capitalism. The apparently sui generis nature of China’s development path and mode of economic governance has been taken as an alibi for theoretical defeatism, or dissent from so-called Western conventions of analysis. Alternatively, the fact that it presents as an ostensibly “more statist” counterpole to US-style liberal capitalism has given license to a new generation of Cold War–like theorizations, which tend to exaggerate the role of (free) markets and liberal governance in the West, while sequestering the more corrupting and overbearing functions of the state to the East. Proposing a different kind of move, this chapter seeks to make a virtue of the “frictions” between theoretical frameworks on the one hand and actually existing governance styles and socioeconomic conditions on the other, positioning Chinese capitalism as a generative case.
Drift of Multiple, Neutral Traits
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Drift of the multivariate mean provides an important baseline against which we can gauge the effects of multivariate selection. Multivariate drift is a function of elapsed time, effective population size, and the G-matrix. In the two-trait case at any given time, we can visualize the trait means of replicate populations as a cloud of points in bivariate trait space. Although each mean takes an erratic path through trait space as time unfolds, the statistical behaviour of the cloud is highly predictable. The dispersion cloud retains its shape and orientation, as it gradually expands in size from generation to generation. Moreover, the cloud shares its characteristic shape and orientation with the G-matrix. Tests of these predictions in natural populations reject drift as an explanation for trait radiation. In particular, the observed dispersion cloud is smaller, sometimes much smaller than expected by neutral drift of the trait means. The need for models that include selection as well as drift is also suggested by the empirical result that the major axis of the dispersion cloud can be aligned with the major axes of inheritance and/or selection.
Response of Multiple Traits to Selection
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the short term, the response of multiple traits to directional selection is a function of the G-matrix and the vector of selection gradients, β. Directional selection on a particular trait is expected to change the mean of that trait, but selection may also induce responses in genetically correlated traits. This phenomenon is familiar to plant and animal breeders, who counteract the undesirable correlated responses to selection by selecting on a special linear combination of traits. In the common case in which natural selection alone acts on the multivariate phenotype, the initial response may be biased towards directions with abundant genetic variation. On longer time scales, evolution may be temporarily constrained for certain kinds of traits, especially those that represent trait combinations with low mutation rates and little standing genetic variation. For most traits, however, evolution in the long term is not constrained by genetic variation. Calculations of minimum selective mortality indicate that only a small amount of directional selection each generation is required to account for even appreciable trait change that is observed in the fossil record.
Trait Evolution on Dynamic Adaptive Landscapes
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Although a variety of models have been proposed to explain adaptive radiations, a common feature of relatively successful models is peak movement. Nevertheless, some of these models fail to explain temporal patterns in large data sets assembled by Philip Gingerich and others. For example, models in which the optimum steadily moves in the same direction (with or without superimposed white noise fluctuation) fail to account for long-term data. The models that come closest to accounting for the data are ones in which the optimum moves rarely, but is then capable of substantial excursions (0–6 phenotypic standard deviations). Likewise, Brownian movement of the peak does a reasonable job accounting for actual adaptive radiations. These results direct our attention to the problem of formulating and testing alternative models for the peak controller process, providing a research agenda for the future.
Evolution of the G-matrix on Dynamic Adaptive Landscapes
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Experimental studies show that the G-matrix can be shaped by directional selection, so it is natural to ask whether the directional selection associated with peak movement will have appreciable, long-lasting effects on G. Simulation studies have explored the evolution of a two-trait G-matrix under a variety of peak movement scenarios. For example, when the adaptive peak moves at a constant, moderate rate, genetic variation is enhanced, not diminished, by peak movement. Furthermore, peak movement along a genetic line of least resistance promotes stability of the G-matrix. Thus, the greatest stability of the G-matrix can be expected when the M-matrix, the G-matrix, and the adaptive landscape are in three-way alignment, and the adaptive peak moves in that direction as well. Under these circumstances the G-matrix evolves towards an especially stable cigar shape. Simulation studies have also shown that both peak movement and correlational selection can promote the evolution of modular structure in the P- and G-matrices. Finally, we note that studies of G-matrix response to realistic selection regimes provide a bridge to genomic study of adaptation.
Evolution Along Selective Lines of Least Resistance
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we introduced the idea of a selective line of least resistance (SLLR), the principal axis of a selection surface. Trait variation in this direction causes the smallest loss in fitness and hence the least resistance to selection. In Chapters 12–14 we showed that successful models of adaptive radiation allow the adaptive peak to move according to a stochastic process (e.g., Brownian motion). In this chapter we connect these two ideas by formulating the supposition of SLLR peak movement, an argument that the adaptive peak tends to move in the direction of the SLLR of the adaptive landscape. After examining the basis for this supposition, we explore the ability of SLLR peak movement to explain allometric evolution and the evolutionary maintenance of bilateral symmetry.
Speciation and Extinction of Lineages
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the roles of speciation and extinction, as well as within-lineage evolutionary process (mutation, inheritance, selection, population size), in shaping adaptive radiations. We begin by pointing out that on theoretical grounds trait evolution associated with speciation is likely to make a smaller contribution than within-lineage processes. We then introduce a theoretical framework that allows us to assess the effects of trait evolution on sexual isolation, speciation, and radiation. Using a sequence of models, we show that the efficacy of the Fisher-Lande process depends on relaxing selection on female mating preferences or allowing random movement of natural selection optima. Finally, we turn to traits that influence resource utilization and competition between species. We show that random movement of natural selection optima of such traits can drive ecological radiation, isolation, and speciation.
From Evolutionary Process to Pattern—a Synthesis
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, we established the feasibility of accounting for fundamental processes of evolution and adaptive radiation with models of moving peaks. In this chapter, we review those arguments and examine their implications. A model of the trait mean chasing a perpetually moving adaptive peak provides a strong basis for understanding adaptive evolution and radiation. Both the foundations and the predictions of this model are supported by empirical evidence. Furthermore, adaptive peak models bridge between the domains of evolution and ecology, as well as between micro- and macro-evolution. Peak movement is the common denominator of adaptive peak models that successfully account for data on trait divergence on all timescales, as well as iconic adaptive radiations. Although stochastic models of peak movement can predict the broad features of adaptive radiation, the study of limits on radiation remains a growing point in theoretical work. Regions of trait space densely populated by species means may often represent regions of recurrent peak movement. In addition to shaping adaptive radiations, the adaptive landscape shapes patterns of mutation, inheritance, and peak movement.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines ‘appearance’ and explains how lookism, or discrimination on the basis of appearance, is important, not only in its own right but also in terms of its connection with other forms of discrimination. A test is proposed for distinguishing genuine appearance discrimination from cases in which appearance is a proxy for something else, such as membership of a racial group. Different ways in which appearance discrimination may arise are identified: it may be rooted in prejudices or stereotypes, or in non-rational reactions, or in aesthetic or moral judgements. Two normative approaches to appearance discrimination are considered, viz., libertarianism and utilitarianism, in order to distinguish them from my own. The charge that my approach, which is rooted in a pluralist theory of what makes discrimination wrong, is too individualist is considered but rejected on the grounds that it can give a central role to structural injustices.
Non-contingent Wrongness
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers various definitions and distinctions, including definitions of both direct and indirect discrimination, and distinctions between contingent and non-contingent wrongness, between non-contingent wrongness and intrinsic wrongness, and between pluralist and monist theories of what makes discrimination wrong. It begins the process of defending a pluralist theory by identifying two potential sources of non-contingent wrongness. Firstly, the disrespect that is involved when someone who performs an act of discrimination fails to give due weight to the moral status of those who are the victims of it, either by not attributing to them the capacities in virtue of which they have that standing or by not giving due weight to their possession of these capacities. Second, the deliberative unfairness that is involved when a selector fails to give due weight to the interests of each of the candidates in a process of appointing to an advantaged social position.
Contingent Wrongness
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the task of defending a pluralist theory of what makes discrimination wrong. It argues that discrimination is wrong when it plays a role in creating or sustaining unjust consequences. Discrimination may do so by contributing to the production of an unjust distribution of benefits and burdens; or by contributing to lowering the moral status of the members of a group; or by reinforcing the power structures that facilitate these effects. The chapter does not commit to any particular theory of distributive justice, but it sets out some requirements that are compatible with my subsequent arguments and that can be met by a family of such theories. These requirements relate to limits on what inequalities can be just, sensitivity to personal responsibility, and the importance of personal autonomy. It concludes by resisting various attempts to reduce the plurality of wrong-making features of discrimination to a single consideration.
Appearance and Personal Relationships
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Appearance discrimination is rife in personal relationships, such as in the choice of friends or romantic partners, but is widely regarded as morally unobjectionable. This chapter questions that view, partly by comparing appearance discrimination in this context with racial discrimination. It argues that, like racial discrimination, appearance discrimination in personal relationships may be morally impermissible because it is disrespectful or because it is harmful in a way that contributes to the creation of an unjust distribution of opportunities. One way in which it may be disrespectful is by reducing a potential romantic partner to her appearance. There is nevertheless a moral prerogative that permits us to discriminate when forming a personal relationship when otherwise we would be unable to obtain the goods characteristic of that relationship or would be unable to obtain these goods to any great extent.
Prevention
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
There is a powerful case for prohibiting appearance discrimination in the context of employment when it is non-contingently wrong in virtue of being disrespectful or unfair. When appearance discrimination is only contingently wrong because it has unjust consequences, then in principle at least it might be mitigated by compensation. But the injustice to which it contributes may be sufficiently grave to justify preventing it through legislation. Some have suggested that existing legislation against discrimination on the basis of disability might be extended to cover some cases of appearance discrimination in employment. It is argued, however, that it would be better to develop legislation targeted specifically at appearance discrimination in this context. Legislation against appearance discrimination in other contexts, such as personal relationships, would face both practical and normative objections. It could not be enforced in a way that was publicly checkable and did not violate the defendants’ right to privacy.
Pickwickand After
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe Pickwick Papers (March 1836–November 1837) consolidates these experiments. With the tale of Gabriel Grub, published at the end of December, and dated for January (a Janus-faced product), Dickens foregrounds a teller and an audience, comfortably ensconced in a rural manor house. Grub, a morose and lonely sexton, is digging a grave on Christmas Eve, when Goblins abduct him to show in moving images that people should be accepting and cheerful despite life’s setbacks. He disappears, returning decades later, a contented rheumatic. Received by the townsfolk, the lesson that life can only be justly evaluated from its end is discounted. There were no memorable midwinter celebrations in Dickens’s next four books: little Nell dies in midwinter, and though Mary Hogarth, Dickens’s sister-in-law, dies in May 1837, ever afterward Dickens consecrated New Year’s Day to her memory. One “up” note: Dickens’s son, Charley, was born on Twelfth Night, 1837.
Behaviours, Learning, and Organizations in Complex and Evolving Environments
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn modern capitalism, business firms are a central locus of technological advance, employ most new technologies, produce and market new products, and operate new production processes. Modern firms operate in environments that are changing over time in ways that cannot be predicted in any detail. Technological advances are one of the primary forces causing permanent uncertainty, but other causes concern the complexity and evolution of markets and competition more generally. In this chapter, we present a capability-based theory of the firm, seen as a problem-solving entity characterized by distinct internal distributions of knowledge and power and patterns of division of labour. From that perspective, analyse ‘what firms do’ and ‘how well they do it’. Distinctive organizational capabilities are also important in that they persistently shape the destiny of individual firms—in terms of, for example, profitability, growth, and probability of survival. Together, we offer a general interpretation of the behaviour of agents in complex evolving environments in terms of routines, heuristics, and higher-level rules apt to change these agents.
Hieroglyphic Worlds
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops an alternative perspective on the British aristocracy and its literary representations by considering the inter-war fiction of two American moderns: F. Scott Fitzgerald and Edith Wharton. Beginning with the provocative question of whether American elites ever count as truly aristocratic, this chapter considers how Fitzgerald and Wharton fashion narratives of social, intellectual, and literary sophistication in order to imagine how upper-class Americans might operate, if only tentatively and precariously, on the same footing as their British counterparts. Examining Wharton’s unfinished novel, The Buccaneers, as well as more familiar works, the chapter proposes that the two novelists stage their Anglo-American encounters as modern re-enactments of what Franco Moretti has called the “doubling” of the ruling classes one hundred years earlier. In the modern as in the earlier instance, the result is a new set of representations of an emergent middle-class aristocracy.