bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards adversarial realism and robust learning for IoT intrusion detection and classification
Authors: Vitorino João , Praça Isabel , Maia Eva 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The internet of things (IoT) faces tremendous security challenges. Machine learning models can be used to tackle the growing number of cyber-attack variations targeting IoT systems, but the increasing threat posed by adversarial attacks restates the need for reliable defense strategies. This work describes the types of constraints required for a realistic adversarial cyber-attack example and proposes a methodology for a trustworthy adversarial robustness analysis with a realistic adversarial evasion attack vector. The proposed methodology was used to evaluate three supervised algorithms, random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), and one unsupervised algorithm, isolation forest (IFOR). Constrained adversarial examples were generated with the adaptative perturbation pattern method (A2PM), and evasion attacks were performed against models created with regular and adversarial training. Even though RF was the least affected in binary classification, XGB consistently achieved the highest accuracy in multi-class classification. The obtained results evidence the inherent susceptibility of tree-based algorithms and ensembles to adversarial evasion attacks and demonstrate the benefits of adversarial training and a security-by-design approach for a more robust IoT network intrusion detection and cyber-attack classification.
Analysis of fingerprints on a PPNB figurine from the Tell Halula site, Syria
Authors: Dyowe Roig Albert Epitié , Estebaranz-Sánchez Ferran , Martínez Laura M. , Molist Montaña Miquel 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWith the advent of the Neolithic, the first manipulation of clay for various purposes was observed. Fingerprints could be imprinted due to the plastic properties of clay. Their study and analysis can allow the estimation of the sex and age of the person who left them, thus providing insight into the social organisation of past populations. In the present study, we have analysed the fingerprints that were identified on a figurine representing a bovine animal found at the Neolithic site of Tell Halula in Syria. Tell Halula has a long period of occupation, from the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) to the Late PPNB, with some of the earliest evidence of monumental and/or collective architecture. To confirm the human origin of the prints, the presence of minutiae was first identified. In order to estimate the sex and age of the individual, both the Mean Epidermal Ridge Breadth and the Ridge Breadth were calculated. The mean ridge widths were 0.52 ± 0.076 for the first fingerprint and 0.50 ± 0.11 for the second fingerprint. The ridge density was found to be 6.5. The results indicated that the maker of the bovine figurine could be an adult male (~18/20 years old), taking both values into account. The results suggest that it is highly likely that the individual who handled the artefact was an adult male. However, given the small number of fingerprints in the Tell Halula figurine collection, little more can be said. Not much can be inferred about social structure and division of labour. There is therefore a need for further research into both the symbolism of the objects and who was responsible for their production.
Equations-of-state deduced form different types of black holes
Authors: Yassin Hayam , Elyazeed Eman R. Abo , Tawfik Abdel Nasser 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBlack holes are seen as thermodynamical systems. They can be characterized by thermodynamic intensive quantities such as temperature, pressure, and extensive quantities such as entropy and energy density. In this paper, we focus on the thermodynamical properties of (a) Schwarzschild, (b) Reissner–Nordström, (c) Kerr, and (d) Kerr–Newman black holes. These allow to estimate the corresponding equations-of-state (EoS) and the squared speed of sound for each of them. The latter helps to calculate the ratio of the bulk viscosity to the shear viscosity for each of the black holes. We conclude that the resulting EoS enhances when moving from Schwarzschild to Reissner–Nordström to Kerr, and to Kerr–Newman black holes.
Gust alleviation by spanwise load control applied on a forward and backward swept wing
Authors: Klug L. , Ullah J. , Lutz T. , Streit T. , Heinrich R. , Radespiel R. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe present paper investigates the feasibility of gust load alleviation at transonic speeds on a backward swept and a forward swept transport aircraft configuration. Spanwise-distributed control surfaces at the leading and trailing edges are employed to control gust-induced wing bending as well as wing torsion moments. The deflection amplitude and temporal flap actuation are determined by a novel scheme that builds on the aerodynamic strip theory. The aerodynamic effectiveness of the actuators is taken from a data base, computed from either 2D infinite swept wing simulations, or from yawed computations that take the effects of boundary-layer cross flow and the local sweep angle of the control surface into account. The present numerical flow simulations reveal that careful application of control laws at the trailing edge alleviates wing bending moments caused by strong vertical gusts by 85–90%, for both aircraft configurations. The application of leading-edge flaps introduces significant nonlinear aerodynamic interactions, that make the control of torsional moments comparably challenging. Here, the present results indicate that about 60% of wing torsion loads due to strong gusts can be removed.
Legionnaires’ disease in Switzerland: rationale and study protocol of a prospective national case–control and molecular source attribution study (SwissLEGIO)
Authors: Fischer Fabienne B. , Bigler Melina , Mäusezahl Daniel , Hattendorf Jan , Egli Adrian , Julian Timothy R. , Rölli Franziska , Gaia Valeria , Wymann Monica , Fridez Françoise , Bertschi Stefanie ,   The SwissLEGIO Hospital Network, Akers Isabel , Albrich Werner C. , Bandeira Diane , Bernasconi Enos , Berthod Delphine , Boesing Maria , Calligaris-Maibach Romana , Clerc Olivier , Croxatto Antony , Deggim-Messmer Vanessa , Dräger Sarah , Droz Sara , Dumoulin Alexis , Emonet Stéphane , Friedl Andrée , Führer Urs , Garzoni Christian , Gisler Valentin , Gutmann Christine , Greub Gilbert , Hitz Eva , Kaiser Philipp , Keller Peter , Leuppi Jörg D. , Lienhard Reto , Mitrović Irena , Papadimitriou-Olivgeris Matthaios , Petrino Roberta , Preiswerk Benjamin , Risch Martin , Schrenzel Jacques , Suter Buser Brigitte J. , Tarr Philip E. , Thurnheer Maria Christine , de Lorenzi-Tognon Mikaël , Uccella Laura , Vázquez Miriam , Wepf Alexander , Wiggli Benedikt 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSwitzerland has one of the highest annual Legionnaires’ disease (LD) notification rates in Europe (7.8 cases/100,000 population in 2021). The main sources of infection and the cause for this high rate remain largely unknown. This hampers the implementation of targeted Legionella spp. control efforts. The SwissLEGIO national case–control and molecular source attribution study investigates risk factors and infection sources for community-acquired LD in Switzerland. Over the duration of one year, the study is recruiting 205 newly diagnosed LD patients through a network of 20 university and cantonal hospitals. Healthy controls matched for age, sex, and residence at district level are recruited from the general population. Risk factors for LD are assessed in questionnaire-based interviews. Clinical and environmental Legionella spp. isolates are compared using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Direct comparison of sero- and sequence types (ST), core genome multilocus sequencing types (cgMLST), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between clinical and environmental isolates are used to investigate the infection sources and the prevalence and virulence of different Legionella spp. strains detected across Switzerland. The SwissLEGIO study innovates in combining case–control and molecular typing approaches for source attribution on a national level outside an outbreak setting. The study provides a unique platform for national Legionellosis and Legionella research and is conducted in an inter- and transdisciplinary, co-production approach involving various national governmental and national research stakeholders.
Chaboche viscoplastic material model for process simulation of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V parts
Authors: Springer S. , Seisenbacher B. , Leitner M. , Grün F. , Gruber T. , Lasnik M. , Oberwinkler B. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
For the estimation and further optimization of the residual stress and distortion state in additively manufactured structures during and after the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process, thermomechanical simulation can be applied as a numerical tool. In addition to the detailed modelling of key process parameters, the used material model and material data have a major influence on the accuracy of the numerical analysis. The material behaviour, in particular the viscoplastic behaviour of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4 V which is commonly used in aerospace, is investigated within this work. An extensive material characterization of the viscoplastic material behaviour of the WAAM round specimen is carried out conducting low cycle fatigue (LCF) and complex low cycle fatigue (CLCF) tests in a wide temperature range. An elasto-viscoplastic Chaboche material model is parameterised, fitted, and validated to the experimental data in the investigated temperature range. Subsequently, the material model is implemented in the thermomechanical simulation of a representative, linear ten-layer WAAM structure. To finally determine the effect of the fitted material model on the estimation accuracy of residual stress and distortion, simulation results using the standard material model and the elaborated Chaboche model from this study are compared to experimental data in the substrate. The thermomechanical simulation with the Chaboche model reveals a better agreement with the experimental distortion and residual stress state, whereby the standard material model tends to an overestimation. The estimation accuracy with respect to the maximum distortion is improved from an error of 60% with the standard model to an acceptable error of about 6% using the elaborated model. Additionally, the estimated residual stress state shows a sound agreement to the experimental residual stress in the substrate.
Bioregulator application enhances yield by modulating antioxidant efficiency of rainfed cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonolobaL. (Taub.)] in the hot arid region of India
Authors: Nathawat Narayan Singh , Yadava Narendra Dev , Singh Jai Parkash , Santra Priyabrata , Bhaskar Suryanarayana , Shekhawat Ravindra Singh , Rathore Vijay Singh 
Published: March 2023

SummaryWater deficiency is one of the most severe abiotic stresses in rainfed dry lands and limits crop productivity. Exogenous applications of salicylic acid (SA) have been applied to mitigate the adverse effects of water-deficit stresses, but the relative efficacy of different derivatives of SA in enhancing water-deficit tolerance along with the underlying physio-biochemical mechanism and yield of crops is not well documented. Field experiments were conducted to ascertain the relative efficacy of exogenous application of three plant bioregulators (PBRs) [SA, thiosalicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA)], each at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM), on the growth, physio-biochemical characteristics and yield of cluster bean under rainfed conditions. Based on a 2-year field experiment, the application of PBRs enhanced yield (from 8 to 16%). The yield enhancement with the application of PBRs was associated with elevated water content (from 9 to 17%), membrane stability (from 12 to 18%) and antioxidant enzyme activity (from 12 to 33%) and reduced lipid peroxidation (from −15 to −34%) in leaves. The effects of PBRs were conditionally type and concentration dependent. The application of SSA at a rate of 1 mM was more effective in enhancing water-deficit tolerance and improving the yield of cluster bean under water shortage conditions. This study provides empirical evidence of the potential for the application of SA and its derivatives to enhance crop yields under drought conditions. The results have direct implications for sustainable crop production for similar regions of the world facing water deficits.
Watermains Leakage and Outdoor Water Use Are Responsible for Significant Phosphorus Fluxes to the Environment Across the United States
Authors: Flint Elizabeth M. , Ascott Matthew J. , Gooddy Daren C. , Stahl Mason O. , Surridge Ben W. J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHuman activity has led to excess phosphorus (P) concentrations and the continued eutrophication of coastal and freshwaters across the United States (US). Developing more effective P management policy requires a comprehensive understanding of P sources in the environment. Public water systems across the United States widely dose water with phosphate (PO4) in order to control the corrosion of lead and copper within their distribution networks. Using public water system PO4 dosing facility data and target PO4‐P dosing concentrations, we estimate that PO4 dosing added 4–14.9 kt PO4‐P yr−1 into the US water distribution network in 2015. Using estimates of public water supply inputs and domestic water deliveries, we estimate that 0.7–2.6, and 0.8–3.1 kt PO4‐P yr−1 were then lost from the network due to watermains leakage and outdoor water use, respectively. After accounting for these fluxes, we estimate that 9.3 kt PO4‐P yr−1 was then returned to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and accounted for up to 2.7% of the national WWTP influent P load. As sources of P to the environment, lower and upper estimates of combined watermains leakage and outdoor water use PO4‐P fluxes exceeded P loads to surface waterbodies from documented point sources across 461–541 counties. The exceedance of these fluxes above other major components of the US P‐budget emphasizes the need to include them in P source apportionment studies, both across the US and in other countries where public water supplies are dosed with PO4.
Multi‐Instrument Observations of the Effects of a Solar Wind Pressure Pulse on the High Latitude Ionosphere: A Detailed Case Study of a Geomagnetic Sudden Impulse
Authors: Fogg A. R. , Lester M. , Yeoman T. K. , Carter J. A. , Milan S. E. , Sangha H. K. , Elsden T. , Wharton S. J. , James M. K. , Malone‐Leigh J. , Paxton L. J. , Anderson B. J. , Vines S. K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe effects of a solar wind pressure pulse on the terrestrial magnetosphere have been observed in detail across multiple datasets. The communication of these effects into the magnetosphere is known as a positive geomagnetic sudden impulse (+SI), and are observed across latitudes and different phenomena to characterize the propagation of +SI effects through the magnetosphere. A superposition of Alfvén and compressional propagation modes are observed in magnetometer signatures, with the dominance of these signatures varying with latitude. For the first time, collocated lobe reconnection convection vortices and region 0 field aligned currents are observed preceding the +SI onset, and an enhancement of these signatures is observed as a result of +SI effects. Finally, cusp auroral emission is observed collocated with the convection and current signatures. For the first time, simultaneous observations across multiple phenomena are presented to confirm models of +SI propagation presented previously.
Simulation of Neighborhood‐Scale Air Quality With Two‐Way Coupled WRF‐CMAQ Over Southern Lake Michigan‐Chicago Region
Authors: Montgomery Anastasia , Schnell Jordan L. , Adelman Zachariah , Janssen Mark , Horton Daniel E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe southern Lake Michigan region of the United States, home to Chicago, Milwaukee, and other densely populated Midwestern cities, frequently experiences high pollutant episodes with unevenly distributed exposure and health burdens. Using the two‐way coupled Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (WRF‐CMAQ), we investigate criteria pollutants over a southern Lake Michigan domain using 1.3 and 4 km resolution hindcast simulations. We assess WRF‐CMAQ's performance using data from the National Climatic Data Center and Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System. Our 1.3 km simulation slightly improves on the 4 km simulation's meteorological and chemical performance while also resolving key details in areas of high exposure and impact, that is, urban environments. At 1.3 km, we find that most air quality‐relevant meteorological components of WRF‐CMAQ perform at or above community benchmarks. WRF‐CMAQ's chemical performance also largely meets community standards, with substantial nuance depending on the performance metric and component assessed. For example, hourly simulated NO2 and O3 are highly correlated with observations (r > 0.6) while PM2.5 is less so (r = 0.4). Similarly, hourly simulated NO2 and PM2.5 have low biases (<10%), whereas O3 biases are larger (>30%). Simulated spatial pollutant patterns show distinct urban‐rural footprints, with urban NO2 and PM2.5 20%–60% higher than rural, and urban O3 6% lower. We use our 1.3 km simulations to resolve high‐pollution areas within individual urban neighborhoods and characterize seasonal changes in O3 regimes across tight spatial gradients. Our findings demonstrate both the benefits and limitations of high‐resolution simulations, particularly over urban settings.
Clumped Isotope Thermometry in Plant‐Derived Carbonates
Authors: Stein Rebekah A. , Turner Andrew C. , Amundson Ronald , Stolper Daniel A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe genus Celtis includes widespread trees that produce drupes with aragonite endocarps, or “hackberries.” These carbonate endocarps are preserved in the fossil record, often in cave deposits or packrat middens, and thus are targets for paleoclimate reconstructions. Stable oxygen isotopes in Celtis endocarps have been used as proxies for oxygen isotopic composition of past stream water and for paleothermometry. Here, we explore the suitability of hackberry carbonates for paleoclimate reconstructions based on carbonate clumped‐isotope thermometry. We sampled modern hackberries grown at sites across North America (n = 37) for stable and clumped isotope analyses. Measured clumped‐isotope temperatures are found to be within the range of measured local modern growing season surface temperatures and typically in dual clumped‐isotope equilibrium. As such, we propose that hackberry clumped‐isotope measurements can be used to reconstruct past Earth‐surface air temperatures.
A Global Reassessment of the Spatial and Temporal Expression of the Late Miocene Biogenic Bloom
Authors: Pillot Q. , Suchéras‐Marx B. , Sarr A.‐C. , Bolton C. T. , Donnadieu Y. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Late Miocene Biogenic Bloom (LMBB) is a late Miocene to early Pliocene oceanographic event characterized by high accumulation rates of opal from diatoms and calcite from calcareous nannofossils and planktic foraminifera. This multi‐million year event has been recognized in sediment cores from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Based on existing studies, it is not clear whether the LMBB is a global omnipresent event, or whether it is restricted to certain regions or oceanographic environments. Moreover, the origin of this event is still widely discussed. In this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the geographical and temporal aspects of the LMBB by compiling published ocean drilling (DSDP, ODP, and IODP) records of sedimentation rates, and CaCO3, opal, and terrigenous accumulation rates that cover the late Miocene and early Pliocene interval. Our data compilation shows that manifestations of the LMBB are present in many different locations but in a very heterogeneous way. The compilation shows that the sites where the LMBB is expressed are mainly located in areas with a high productivity regime (i.e., upwelling systems). We suggest that one of the possible hypotheses to explain the onset of the LMBB could be a global increase in upwelling intensity due to an increase in wind strength or an increase in deep water formation, ramping up global thermohaline circulation.
A Family of Soil Water Retention Models Based on Sigmoid Functions
Authors: Li Peijun , Zha Yuanyuan , Zuo Bingxin , Zhang Yonggen 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe soil water retention curve is the fundamental soil hydraulic property to characterize soil water movement and solute transport. Many efforts have been devoted in the past decades to developing models to describe soil water retention curves. However, most of them are empirical equations or assume that soil pore size distributions conform to a lognormal distribution. Yet, few effects have been undertaken to systematically propose and compare a series of possible alternative probability density functions to describe the sigmoid retention curves with parameters physically explainable. Here, we proposed a family of five soil water retention models based on sigmoid functions with parameters of clear physical implications coinciding with the statistical measures of soil pore size distribution. Compared with the widely used models (i.e., Brooks & Corey, 1964; Kosugi, 1996; van Genuchten, 1980), the proposed models have somewhat improved performances to characterize water retention data for a wide range of soil textures without introducing additional model parameters. Two of the proposed models are capable of characterizing the observed two local extrema in the moisture capacity curves. The associated unsaturated hydraulic conductivity models of the proposed soil water retention models are also derived, which show superior performance in characterizing the observed hydraulic conductivities compared with competing models, especially in macropore regimes. Additionally, we analyzed the parameter‐equivalent conversion between the proposed and the existing models, and a simple linear regression equation can be used to derive the parameters of the proposed models from the existing and other alternative different proposed models.