bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Antibody Against Human IgG by the Neutralization of IgG-Sensitized Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Daniels Charles A. , Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Notkins Abner Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody to human IgG was measured by its ability to neutralize herpes simplex virus (HSV) that had been sensitized with human anti-HSV IgG. Incubation of IgG-sensitized virus with anti-IgG showed that a linear relationship existed between the amount of virus neutralized and the concentration of anti-IgG. The reciprocal of the highest dilution of the anti-IgG serum that neutralized at least 50% of the IgG-sensitized virus was taken as the titer of the serum. The titer of the anti-IgG was affected by the concentration of anti-HSV IgG used to sensitize the virus, the concentration of sensitized virus and the amount of non-viral-bound human IgG in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. The measurement of anti-IgG by the neutralization of sensitized virus was shown to be as sensitive and possibly more sensitive than the measurement of anti-IgG by the hemagglutination technique.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mice
Authors: Sell Stewart , Park Arthur B. , Nordin Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Facilitation of localized hemolysis-in-agar plaque-forming cells (PFC) using antisera specific for each of the five immunoglobulin classes of mice (IgM, IgA, γ1, γ2a and γ2b) reveals that the peak production of IgM (direct) PFC in the spleens of mice occurs 4 days after receiving an optimal dose of sheep erythrocytes and is followed in 24 hr by the appearance of PFC representing each of the 7S immunoglobulin classes (IgA, γ1, γ2a and γ2b). while the number of direct (IgM) PFC falls after reaching a peak on day 4, 7S immunoglobulin antibody producing cells (indirect plaques) appear, decline and reappear in phases. 7S immunoglobulin antibody-producing cells appear more rapidly and in greater numbers in the secondary response, while direct (IgM) PFC are found in fewer numbers in the secondary response than in the primary response. However, indirect IgM PFC, apparently due to the production of IgM hemolysin of “low efficiency,” are a prominent feature of the secondary response.
The Dissociation of Human Serum 7S and Bovine Colostrum Immune Globulins into Subunits by Reduction-Alkylation-Succinylation
Authors: Bezkorovainy Anatoly , Zschocke Rainer , Grohlich Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human 7S and bovine colostral immunoglobulins were succinylated and reduced-alkylated, and their subunits were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 columns. Human 7S immunoglobulin yielded heavy chains with a molecular weight of 55,700 and light chains with a molecular weight of 22,300. Bovine colostral immunoglobulins gave heavy and light chains with molecular weights of 49,500 and 25,200, respectively. Since the molecular weight of the colostral immunoglobulin of 166,000 is not accounted for by two heavy and two light chains, the possibility is raised that another subunit possibly exists in colostral immunoglobulin. The succinylated proteins lost their ability to form precipitin lines with antisera to native bovine and human immunoglobulins, but they formed precipitin lines in the double diffusion system with an antiserum to the succinyl hapten residues.
Why Antibody Inhibits Vascular Clearance of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Normann Sigurd J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is a purified protein exotoxin, the vascular clearance of which is inhibited by specific burro antitoxin. As the amount of passively administered antitoxin is increased, the clearance of the toxin decreases. An explanation for this paradoxical effect of antibody on clearance was sought by examining the clearance of the toxin-antitoxin complex simultaneously yet independently of the clearance of the unbound toxin. By means of gel filtration, the binding of enterotoxin was measured and correlated with the in vivo effect of antibody on clearance. With increasing antibody concentration, there was a progressive change from rapidly removed unbound toxin to a more slowly removed toxin-antitoxin complex. Vascular clearance of the toxin in the normal animal was chiefly by means of glomerular filtration, and this mechanism appeared to be blocked when the toxin existed as an antigen-antibody complex.
Antigenic Relationships Between the First Component (C1) of Human and Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using rabbit antisera to C1 we have found antigenic similarities between human and guinea pig C1̄. With one rabbit anti-guinea pig C1 antiserum an antigenic difference between cell bound and fluid phase human C1̄ has been demonstrated. This antigenic difference may reflect a conformational change in the human C1̄ molecule as a result of binding to antigen-antibody complexes at the cell surface.
Immunoglobulins of Rat Colostrum
Authors: Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The preliminary reports of others that a protein, designated IgA, distinct from other rat immunoglobulins is present in colostrum and serum have been confirmed. IgGa, IgGb, γ1 and trace amounts of IgM can be recognized in colostrum, but IgA is distinguishable in terms of unique antigenic characteristics and a concentration in colostrum relative-to-serum which vastly exceeds that of the other recognized rat immunoglobulins. Although it was not possible to demonstrate specific anti-hapten antibody within this class by the technique of radioimmunoelectrophoresis, the interaction of this protein with antiserum to rat Fab piece in agar double diffusion supports its designation as an immunoglobulin. For operational purposes the rat protein previously designated as IgA is now termed γ1, although it is not functionally homologous with the immunoglobulins so designated in other species.
Impaired Recovery of Plaque-Forming Cells in New Zealand Mice Given Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Staples P. J. , Talal N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An inverse relationship between age and the ability to recover from cyclophosphamide-induced depression of PFC response to sheep erythrocytes was discovered in NZB/NZW mice 3 to 10 weeks of age. Older animals recovered responsiveness more slowly than did Balb/c controls, while younger mice recovered more quickly. Bone marrow but not thymus cells were capable of restoring reactivity in older animals. These findings suggest a deficiency of immunocyte precursors in New Zealand mice at a time prior to the onset of their autoimmune diseases.
Application of the Paired Radioiodine-Labeled Antibody Technique (Prilat) to the Detection of Adenovirus 12 Tumor (T) Antigen
Authors: Evans M. J. , Yohn D. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paired radioiodine-labeled antibody technique (PRILAT) was used to detect adenovirus-12 (Ad-12) T antigen in Ad-12-infected HEp 2 cells and in Ad-12 hamster tumor cells. With appropriate absorption of the paired radiolabeled globulins the PRILAT proved to be highly specific. In comparative studies the PRILAT was 100 to 200 times more sensitive than complement-fixation and 10 times more sensitive than IF. The PRILAT permitted direct calculation of the micrograms of labeled globulins, immune and nonimmune, fixed by each control and test specimen. The method was employed to follow the synthesis of Ad-12 T antigen in synchronously infected HEp 2 cells. De novo synthesis was detected 8 hr post-infection (p.i.) in uninhibited and in cytosine arabinoside-inhibited cultures. Significant specific evanescent reactions that occurred 4 hr p.i. were believed to be due to P antigen released from infecting virions. Maximum T-antigen concentration was obtained 36 hours p.i. Shut-off appeared to occur sooner in the presence of viral DNA synthesis.
Macrophages and Age-Dependent Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus in Mice
Authors: Hirsch M. S. , Zisman B. , Allison A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages transferred from adult CBA mice protected suckling syngeneic mice from intraperitoneal infection with herpes simplex virus. Macrophages from adult mice stimulated with proteose-peptone solution were more effective in providing protection than were unstimulated macrophages. The enhanced resistance provided by stimulated macrophages was associated with more efficient phagocytosis and intracellular destruction of virus, and with greater production of interferon.
In contrast to the effects of stimulation on the adult mouse, the suckling mouse did not respond to proteose-peptone inoculation with the production of a population of macrophages that ingested more virus, produced more interferon, or more effectively destroyed virus.
An Analogue of Guinea Pig C8: In Vitro Generation and Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Stolfi Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A specific inhibitor for the reaction of the eighth component of guinea pig C was generated in vitro in preparations of partially purified C8 coincidentally with the loss of hemolytic C8 activity during storage at 2°C under conditions of low ionic strength (0.04) at pH 7.5, or after treatment with extremely low concentrations of trypsin. The C8 inhibitor demonstrated physicochemical properties similar to those of hemolytically active C8 in that it was protein in nature, had a sedimentation constant of 7.7 and exhibited extreme lability at 56°C; apparently it was generated from the hemolytically active species of the C8 molecule.
This inhibitor has been called the C8-analogue because it appears to function by competitive binding to and blocking of C7 sites. The reactivities of both hemolytically active C8 and the C8-analogue with the C7 site were influenced in a similar manner by temperature and ionic strength, and the reactions of both were inhibited by Antrypol (Imperial Industries, Ltd., Great Britain). Moreover, EAC7 that had been reacted with the C8-analogue were capable of depleting C9 from the fluid phase of reaction.
The Abolition of Tolerance of Skin Homografts in Rats with Isoantiserum
Authors: Lubaroff David M. , Silvers Willys K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of passively-transferred isoantibody to destroy hitherto long-tolerated skin homografts in inbred rats was investigated. A total of about 6.0 ml of isoantiserum, which was directed against the alien histocompatibility antigens of Ag-B locus compatible or incompatible grafts, was injected intraperitoneally over a 7-day period. Control animals received either normal rat serum or serum from rats immunized with sheep red blood cells. Within 12 hr after transfer of specific immune serum to rats bearing Ag-B incompatible grafts, the grafts became inflamed and some developed minor lesions, but excepting those instances in which acute rejections were observed, all grafts subsequently recovered and appeared normal. However, in 10 of 22 (45%) of these animals the grafts underwent total destruction within 49 days after the serum was transferred. Rats whose grafts still survived 50 days after serum transfer were retreated with specific antibody. This increased the number of rejected grafts to 17 of 22 (77%). In contrast with these results, rats tolerant of Ag-B compatible homografts were completely refractory to attempts to terminate the tolerant state, nor did such grafts display any transient inflammatory reaction.
Animals in which tolerance was abolished as a result of immune serum transfer were rechallenged 50 to 100 days later with skin from the original donor strain. These grafts were promptly and consistently rejected, suggesting that although the antibody probably exerted some direct inimical effect on the graft, the abolition of tolerance observed was complete, and was procured by abolition of the chimeric state of the host.
Studies of Antibody Formation in Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Auerbach R. , Ruben L. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were made on the ability of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, to produce an immunologic response to heterologous erythrocytes. Using tissue culture procedures, it was shown that spleen explants obtained from adult Xenopus can produce specific agglutinins and hemolysins when exposed to sheep or mouse red blood cells in vitro. Using a plaque-forming cell assay, it was demonstrated that the response in vitro is essentially similar to that obtained upon immunization in vivo, and that the response in both instances appears to be characteristically a primary one.
Common Antigenic Determinants in Fd Fragments of Guinea Pig γ1, γ2 and γM Immunoglobulins
Authors: Oriol R. , Binaghi R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various immunoglobulin classes have been found in the guinea pig. There are two 7S classes, denoted γ1 and γ2 (1), and a macroglobulin γM; two other classes have recently been described and are probably similar to human IgA (R. Asofsky, personal communication) and IgE (2).
Studies with γ2 and γ1 have shown the existence of two types of light chains, designated κ and γ by analogy with their human counterparts (3). No information is available on the light chains of the other classes. Peptide analysis of γ2 and γ1, their isolated chains and proteolytic fragments has indicated rather different composition of their Fc fragments but very similar Fd fragments (4).
The present report offers evidence that there are common antigenic determinants in the Fd fragments of γ2 and γ1, also shared by γM.
Materials and Methods. Normal γ2 was obtained from normal serum by precipitation with 18% Na2SO4 and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in phosphate buffer 0.005 M, pH 8.
The G4 Subclass in IgG Fractions Prepared by Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Skvaril Frantisek , Morell Andreas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human immunoglobulin IgG consists of four distinct groups of molecules, known as the subclasses of IgG and referred to as G1, G2, G3 and G4 (1–3). Antigenic and structural differences between the four subclasses are located on the heavy chains of the molecules (4, 5). Molecules of both light chain types, κ and λ, are represented in all IgG subclasses. All four subclasses can be demonstrated in normal human serum by immunodiffusion tests with subclass-specific antisera. So far, techniques for the isolation of IgG subclasses from normal human serum have not been developed. This communication reports qualitative differences in the subclass composition of IgG purified by some of the most common chromatographic methods.
Antisera were prepared in Rhesus monkeys1 by immunization with isolated IgG myeloma proteins of the different subclasses and made monospecific by appropriate absorption. When tested in Ouchterlony analysis and immunoelectrophoresis, the specific antisera reacted with isolated myeloma proteins of both light chain types of the respective subclass.
Enhancement of the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide in Mice Treated with Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Barth Rolf F. , Stashak Philip W. , Amsbaugh Diana F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mice treated with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and immunized with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) showed a tenfold increase in the number of direct splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC); no indirect PFC were detected in such mice. These findings suggest that ALS may have selectively eliminated a population of cells which exerts a regulatory effect on the antibody response to SSS-III.
Antigenic Release of Histamine from Rabbit Leukocytes
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suspensions of washed leukocytes from immunized rabbits release histamine on contact with the immunizing antigen. This allergic response is calcium- and temperature-dependent and occurs in the absence of added plasma or serum. The leukocytes become reactive within 5 days after a single injection of antigen. The responsiveness of the cells reaches a peak in 2 weeks and persists for at least 8 weeks. Cells from hyperimmunized rabbits do not release histamine in the presence of antigen. Histamine release from rabbit leukocytes is not accompanied by enhanced efflux of 86Rubidium or the uptake of trypan blue. Studies with DNP conjugates suggest that a multiplicity of determinants, all possessing the DNP group, participate in histamine release from rabbit leukocytes. These cells lose their ability to release histamine after incubation with antigen in the absence of calcium. Although leukocytic histamine release may be observed when rabbit PCA tests are negative, there is good correlation between the two reactions.
Effects of Irradiation on Initial and Anamnestic Hemolysin Responses in Rabbits: Antigen Injection Before X-Rays
Authors: Taliaferro William H. , Taliaferro Lucy Graves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alterations in the rise and fall of the initial and anamnestic hemolysin responses were studied by immunizing groups of rabbits intravenously with 108.3 fresh sheep red blood cells/kg before total body irradiation. Control groups for the two responses consisted of immunized unirradiated rabbits. Irradiation with a small (25 to 100 R) or large (500 to 700 R) dose was carried out at five stages in both responses, i.e., during induction, during the latent period, before and just after peak titer and during the so-called steady state. Over-all effects of irradiation were evidenced by stimulation (high peak titers, attained within normal times and rates) and delayed enhancement (high peak titers and/or prolonged production, attained after a retarded time and at decreased rates). Stimulation occurred maximally when a small dose of x-rays was given during induction or during the latent period of the initial response, to a much less extent during similar stages of the anamnestic response and to a minor extent during the hemolysin rise and decline of either response. Delayed enhancement occurred maximally when a large dose of x-rays was given during induction, the latent period or the acute rise of the initial response and to a less extent during similar stages of the anamnestic response. Delayed enhancement was only faintly evident in both responses when a large dose of x-rays was given after peak titer in that more rapid declines of hemolysin were only occasionally interrupted by slight rises in hemolysin.
These results on immunization before irradiation, in agreement with our recent study on immunization after irradiation, suggest that the immunologically competent initial cells, as compared to the memory cells, may be more easily stimulated and, although more or less equally injured, may recover more rapidly and may overcompensate for the injury for a longer time.
Studies on Tetanus Antitoxin
Authors: Cohen H. , Nagel J. , van der Veer M. , Peetoom F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was found earlier that fresh tetanus toxin and tetanus toxoid carry two antigenic determinants each of which elicits tetanus antitoxin in rabbits and man. In this paper the purification of a degraded tetanus toxin carrying only one antigenic determinant is described. It was shown in quantitative precipitation studies that the antitoxin corresponding to this determinant could be absorbed from antitoxic rabbit sera and human immunoglobulin confirming earlier findings. Both antibodies could be isolated from antigen-antibody precipitates. Their reactivity in double diffusion tests with fresh tetanus toxin and degraded toxin was analyzed. The degraded toxin was shown to be antigenic in rabbits and to elicit specific antitoxins.
Transfer of Skin Homograft Immunity with a Plasma Factor
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Perey D. Y. E. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive transfer of skin homograft immunity was achieved in mice by injection of a small volume of plasma from grafted, x-irradiated, syngeneic donors. After injection of plasma, the mice received a skin graft from the same strain as those placed on the plasma donors. Recipients of plasma from irradiated, sensitized donors showed a marked acceleration of rejection as compared to controls. Neither plasma from grafted, non-irradiated mice, nor plasma from irradiated, non-grafted donors could transfer sensitivity to normal recipients. The plasma factor has been shown to be specific. Passive transfer of sensitivity could also be achieved with normal isologous spleen cells which had been incubated in vitro with plasma from grafted, x-irradiated donors. The nature of the factor responsible for transfer of this immunity remains to be determined.
γG Erythrocyte Autoantibodies: Comparison of in Vivo Complement Coating and in Vitro “Rh” Specificity
Authors: Eyster M. Elaine , Jenkins David E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Panreacting γG antibodies were eluted from the red cells of 35 patients with positive direct Coombs' tests. Twelve patients had γG coated cells and 23 had γG + C coated cells. Six of 12 γG and 6 of 23 γG + C eluates showed “Rh” specificity by their failure to react with the Rhnull blood. After absorption with Rhnull cells, an additional γG eluate and seven γG + C eluates showed “Rh” specificity. In these eluates specificity was obscured by the presence of additional antibodies of other specificities and was not apparent until antibodies lacking “Rh” specificity were removed by absorption with Rhnull cells. These findings suggest that the γG antibodies from γG and γG + C coated cells are similar and provide additional support for the concept that surface configuration of red cells as well as the characteristics of antibodies involved may be important in determining whether γG autoantibodies coat erythrocytes with C.
L-Asparaginase in Experimental Auto-Immune Disease: Inhibition of Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Khan Amanullah , Hill Joseph M. , Adachi Mitsuo 
Published: December 2022

Summary
EAE was induced in Lewis rats by intracutaneous injections of guinea pig spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. Clinical or histologic evidence of EAE developed in all the control rats. The experimental animals were treated with L-asparaginase in varying doses. The enzyme was given intraperitoneally starting on the day of inoculation and was continued for 28 days. Doses of 2500 IU/kg/day or higher inhibited EAE in all the animals. EAE did not develop in a group of treated animals during 6 weeks after the cessation of therapy. L-Asparaginase didnot produce myelo-suppression or an anti-inflammatory effect. It is suggested that L-asparaginase may prove to be useful in the management of auto-immune disease in man.
The Antigenic Specificity of Blood Groups Which Differentiate Populations of Fresh Water Catfish
Authors: Kuhns William J. , Chuba Joseph V. , Nigrelli Ross F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Erythrocytes derived from fresh water catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur) and Ictalurus catus (Linneaus), referred to as groups I and II, were capable of eliciting specific immune responses as demonstrated by cross-immunization, stimulation of goats and rabbits, and absorption studies of immune antisera. Two forms of immune response were elicited in goats and rabbits, one against an antigen common to erythrocytes from individuals of groups I and II, and the other against a Forssman-like antigenic substance present on group I, but not group II, erythrocytes. The presence of two classes of immunoglobulins formed during immune responses was suggested on the basis of differences in sensitivity of agglutinins to mercaptoethanol before and after antigenic stimulation. Members of group I possessed a soluble blood group substance in serum and mucus, as demonstrated by agglutination-inhibition tests in the presence of human anti-A antiserum, lima bean lectin, and hemagglutinins in serum from group II individuals.