bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Military Onboarding for Medical Students and its Effect on Student Confidence in the Health Professions Scholarship Program
Authors: Bowers Andreanna E , O’Boyle Ethan , Garg Rahul , Lyons James 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) medical students typically enter the military with minimal military experience, commissioning specifically for the scholarship. During medical school, the only required training is a 5- to 6-week officer training course, which is neither specific to medicine nor guaranteed to be at the beginning of school, since it can be taken at any time. This lack of prior experience can lead to decreased confidence and understanding of the HPSP, specifically the medical school timeline leading up to the military match process and overall military. Our study investigated the effect of implementing a new military-specific orientation module on improving students’ confidence and specific knowledge about the HPSP and military training.

Materials and Methods
Two current HPSP students gave a 1-h presentation on the following topics: medical school reimbursements and finances, active duty training, military training, deferrals, the medical school timeline, and the types of medical residencies available associated with the HPSP. The orientation was held for first- and second-year medical students who were either enrolled or interested in the HPSP. The study participants (n = 21) completed a pre- and post-survey that assessed case-based knowledge (12 questions) and students’ confidence levels regarding the program (1 question each for the HPSP, overall military, and medical school timeline leading to the residency match). The pre- and post-survey results were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test to assess the change in students’ confidence and knowledge change after the presentation.

Results
The program significantly improved students’ confidence in understanding the HPSP (P = .0004), military (P = .003), and medical school timeline leading to the residency match (P = .002). Our study also significantly improved participants’ knowledge regarding reimbursements for medical school supplies (P = .041) and board exams (P = .001), active duty definition (P = .039), and deferment because of failure (P = .010) or fellowship (P = .025).

Conclusion
Overall, the students felt more confident regarding the HPSP and showed improved knowledge after the orientation program. We found higher baseline knowledge regarding active duty tours, which their coordinators communicate well with HPSP students. Similar orientation programs could effectively improve the onboarding process of incoming HPSP students and those interested in applying for HPSP across multiple medical schools. Such programs can improve long-term student satisfaction and the duration of service following the minimum service commitments. Future research with a larger sample size and prospective design is needed to understand the long-term effects of this increased confidence on overall program satisfaction and military career.
FORECASTOR – II. Simulating galaxy surveys with the Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research
Authors: Marshall Madeline A , Amen Laurie , Woods Tyrone E , Côté Patrick , Yung L Y Aaron , Amenouche Melissa , Pass Emily K , Balogh Michael L , Salim Samir , Moutard Thibaud 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research (CASTOR) is a planned flagship space telescope, covering the blue-optical and UV part of the spectrum. Here, we introduce the CASTOR image simulator, a python GalSim package-based script capable of generating mock CASTOR images from an input catalogue. We generate example images from the CASTOR Wide, Deep, and Ultra-Deep surveys using simulated lightcones from the Santa Cruz semi-analytic model. We make predictions for the performance of these surveys by comparing galaxies that are extracted from each image using Source Extractor to the input catalogue. We find that the Wide, Deep, and Ultra-Deep surveys will be 75 per cent complete for point sources down to $\sim 27$, 29, and 30 mag, respectively, in the UV, u, and g filters, with the UV-split and u-split filters reaching a shallower depth. With a large area of $\sim 2200$ deg$^2$, the Wide survey will detect hundreds of millions of galaxies out to $z\sim 4$, mostly with $M_\ast \gtrsim 10^{9}\,{\rm M}_{\odot }$. The Ultra-Deep survey will probe to $z\sim 5$, detecting galaxies with $M_\ast \gtrsim 10^{7}{\rm M}_{\odot }$. These galaxy samples will enable precision measurements of the distribution of star formation in the cosmic web, connecting the growth of stellar mass to the assembly of dark matter haloes over two thirds of the history of the Universe, and other core goals of CASTOR’s legacy surveys. These image simulations and the tools developed to generate them will be a vital planning tool to estimate CASTOR’s performance and iterate the telescope and survey designs prior to launch.
A comparative analysis of GNSS-inferred precipitable water vapour at the potential sites for the Africa Millimetre Telescope
Authors: Frans Lott , Backes Michael , Falcke Heino , Venturi Tiziana 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a network of antennas across the globe currently used to image supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at a frequency of 230 GHz. Since the release of the image of M87$^{\ast }$ in 2019 and, subsequently, that of Sgr A$^{\ast }$ in 2022 by the EHT collaboration, the focus has shifted to dynamically imaging SMBHs. This has led to a search for potential sites to extend and fill in the gaps within the EHT network. The Gamsberg Mountain and the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) site are both located within the Khomas highlands and have been identified as potential sites for the Africa Millimetre Telescope (AMT). Precipitable water vapour (PWV) in the atmosphere is the main source of opacity and noise from atmospheric emissions when observing at millimetre to sub-millimetre wavelengths. This study aims to establish the PWV content and the atmospheric transmission at 86, 230, and 345 GHz at the AMT potential sites using Global Navigation Satellite System derived PWV data. Results show both sites have potential for observations at 86 and 230 GHz, with 345 GHz possible at the Gamsberg Mountain during winter. The overall median PWV of 14.27 and 9.25 mm was calculated at the H.E.S.S. site and the Gamsberg Mountain, respectively. The EHT window had PWV medians of 16.62 and 11.20 mm at the H.E.S.S. site and Gamsberg Mountain, respectively. Among the two sites, the Gamsberg Mountain had the lowest PWV conditions, therefore making it the most suitable site for the AMT.
Most m5C Modifications in Mammalian mRNAs are Nonadaptive
Authors: Li Zheng , Mi Kai , Xu Chuan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
5-Methylation (m5C) on mRNA molecules is a prevalent internal posttranscriptional modification in eukaryotes. Although m5C modification has been reported to regulate some biological processes, whether most mRNA m5C modifications are functional is unknown. To address this question, we analyzed the genome-wide evolutionary characteristics of m5C modifications in protein-coding genes of humans and mice. Our analysis of RNA sequencing data from 13 tissues of both species revealed that (i) the occurrence of m5C modification is exceedingly low, (ii) the fraction of m5Cs decreases with the amount of Cs across genes or tissues, (iii) m5C modifications are mostly unshared between species, and (iv) m5C sites and motifs do not exhibit greater evolutionary conservation. Additionally, we estimate that a large fraction of the observed mRNA m5C modifications may be deleterious. Together, these observations suggest that most m5C modifications in mammalian mRNAs are nonadaptive, which has important implications for understanding the biological significance of m5C and other posttranscriptional modifications.
Insectivore diet and abundance determine the contribution of bird species to services and disservices in an agricultural ecosystem
Authors: Jiménez-Albarral José Javier , Morán-López Teresa , Illera Juan Carlos , Miñarro Marcos , García Daniel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Insectivorous birds provide an essential ecosystem service in agriculture by feeding on arthropods considered pests but can also consume arthropods considered to be natural enemies of such pests. Therefore, depending on the dietary composition of the birds, intraguild predation could outweigh pest control services. This study addressed the agronomic quality, defined as the trade-off between ecosystem services (pest control) and disservices (intraguild predation), of 26 insectivorous bird species in culturally and economically important cider apple orchards in northern Spain. We used DNA-metabarcoding techniques to analyze birds’ diets. First, we examined whether the trophic position of bird species can be inferred from functional traits related to foraging and movement behavior and from the degree of insectivory in their diets. Then, we tested whether bird abundance and trophic position influenced agronomic quality, based on the proportion of arthropod crop pests and natural enemies in their diet. Finally, we combined bird abundance, insectivory, and agronomic quality to infer the potential contribution of each bird species to pest control. Bird trophic position was positively related to the degree of insectivory, with this effect being modulated by traits related to body size. The trophic position of birds was inversely related to their agronomic quality. Nevertheless, the agronomic quality only slightly affected the differential contribution of bird species to the whole assemblage effect. Overall, we found the potential of insectivorous bird species to control pests can be estimated based on their trophic position. Yet, in agroecosystems with uneven avian species abundance, the potential contribution of bird species to pest control services may be driven by their quantitative contribution rather than by the bird’s per capita, qualitative effects. Finally, our results suggest that rare insectivorous birds may have a redundant role in pest control, due to the overwhelming functional dominance of common species.
Invisible secularity: American theism beyond belief
Authors: Voas David 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is often asserted that religion is changing rather than declining and that the usual indicators give a misleading impression of growing secularity. The evidence presented here suggests that on the contrary, social measures like affiliation and attendance may understate the weakening of personal religiosity. The apparent persistence of belief in God conceals erosion in its substance, strength, salience, and stability. The levels of religiosity and spirituality among the religiously unaffiliated are declining, notwithstanding the rapid expansion in their numbers. Moreover, belief has not just diminished among Americans who no longer belong to religious organizations: it is fading from one generation to the next among people who continue to belong. Americans are becoming less confident in the existence of God, less persuaded that God is active and judgmental, less inclined to see God as important, and less likely to express consistent conviction. Contrary to claims that apparent secularization masks enduring (if unorthodox) invisible religion, implicit religion, diffused religion, lived religion, and so on, the evidence shows that continuing religious involvement disguises waning religiosity. The research is based on six waves of the Baylor Religion Survey (2005–2021) in conjunction with the General Social Survey (1972–2022).
Inference of multiple mergers while dating a pathogen phylogeny
Authors: Helekal David , Koskela Jere , Didelot Xavier 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The vast majority of pathogen phylogenetic studies do not consider the possibility of multiple merger events being present, where a single node of the tree leads to more than two descendent branches. These events are however likely to occur when studying a relatively small population or if there is high variability in the reproductive chances. Here we consider the problem of detecting the presence of multiple mergers in the context of dating a phylogeny, that is determining the date of each of the nodes. We use the Lambda-coalescent theory as a modelling framework and show how Bayesian inference can be efficiently performed using a Billera-Holmes- Vogtmann space embedding and a customised Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling scheme. We applied this new analysis methodology to a large number of simulated datasets to show that it is possible to infer if and when multiple merger events occurred, and that the phylogenetic dating is improved as a result of taking this information into account. We also analysed real datasets of Vibrio cholerae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to demonstrate the relevance of our approach to real pathogen evolutionary epidemiology. We have implemented our new methodology in a R package which is freely available at https://github.com/dhelekal/MMCTime.
Robotic transumbilical single-site re-staging surgery of ovarian granulosa cell tumor – case report and technical points with video
Authors: Cong Rong , Xue Yan , Li Yaling , Li Qiling , Zhao Lanbo 
Published: January 2025

Introduction:
Robotic laparo-endoscopic single-site (R-LESS) surgery is a potential advancement from the conventional single-site surgery in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) management for early ovarian cancer including granulosa cell tumors. This case report details the use of a novel robotic surgical system for a trans-umbilical single-site re-staging procedure to assess its feasibility and safety. It also discusses the technical challenges encountered during omentectomy, one of the most challenging steps of the surgery, since it requires changing of instrument direction from pelvic to abdominal area.

Case presentation:
We presented a case of a female in 40 years old who came to our hospital for a re-staging surgery. She underwent open abdominal right ovarian and fallopian tube resection in local hospital, and post-operative pathology reported ovarian granulosa cell tumor. Since she insisted to have MIS, robotic laparo-endoscopic trans-umbilical single-site re-staging surgery was planned for her. The scope of the surgery was total hysterectomy, left ovarian and fallopian tube resection, and omentectomy. The whole surgery took 240 min. Console time was 173 min. Intra-operative bleeding was 50 mL. The patient left our hospital 3 days after surgery with no complications.

Discussion:
Ovarian granulosa cell tumor is not common. Staging can be performed under MIS in highly selected patients. During infra-colic omentectomy, spaces were rather narrow for valid movement of robotic arms. To solve this problem, assistant played crucial role for traction and exposure.

Conclusion:
To conclude, single-site robotic surgery was feasible for staging of ovarian granulosa cell tumor with highly selected patients.
A rare case of necrotizing fasciitis secondary to a perforated appendix
Authors: Iqbal Rana Sikandar , Gohar Ali , Azhar Rida , Tahir Seemal , Afzal Usama , Ayyan Ahmed , Ali Masab , Ahmad Muhammad Husnain 
Published: January 2025

Introduction and importance:
Acute appendicitis is a common emergency, but its variable presentation can delay diagnosis and treatment, leading to severe complications. Necrotizing fasciitis, although rare, can arise as a life-threatening consequence of perforated appendicitis. Prompt recognition and intervention are crucial to prevent fatal outcomes.

Case summary:
A 23-year-old male presented with right iliac fossa pain and vomiting. Physical examination revealed tenderness and rebound tenderness in the right iliac fossa, with an Alvarado score of 7/10 and leukocytosis, suggestive of acute appendicitis. Emergency laparotomy revealed a perforated appendix with purulent fluid, which was drained, and abdomen was irrigated. Postoperatively, the patient initially stabilized but deteriorated on the second postoperative day. A CT scan revealed multiple abscesses and necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall. Re-exploration with abscess drainage and debridement was performed, but the patient developed septic shock and multiple organ failure, leading to his death.

Discussion:
This case underscores the potential for severe complications like necrotizing fasciitis following perforated appendicitis, even in previously healthy individuals. Delays in diagnosis and imaging, as well as reliance solely on clinical judgment, can contribute to adverse outcomes. Early recognition of necrotizing fasciitis and aggressive management, including broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical debridement, are essential to improve survival in such cases.

Conclusion:
Delayed diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis can result in rare but fatal complications such as necrotizing fasciitis. This case emphasizes the importance of timely intervention, imaging, and a high index of suspicion to mitigate mortality in these uncommon but severe presentations.
Very rare Palestinian case report of PRUNE1 p.Asp106Asn mutation: a mutation of global developmental delay
Authors: Idkaidak Sara , Abu-Hilal Lila H. , Atawneh Osama , Janem Abdelrhman Muwafaq , Alqarajeh Firas 
Published: January 2025

Introduction and importance:
The PRUNE1 gene (prune exopolyphosphatase 1), situated on chromosome 1q21.3, encodes a protein crucial for early fetal brain development, regulating processes like the polymerization of microtubules, migration of cells, and proliferation. Common features of Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies (NMIHBA) include progressive microcephaly, hypotonia, spastic quadriparesis, intellectual disability, and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Case presentation:
A 4-month-old male infant, born at 39 weeks and 2 days via Cesarean, prenatal ultrasound findings were positive for ventricular dilation (hydrocephalus). Postnatally, the infant required admission for transient tachypnea of the newborn. Developmental delays and limb stiffness were evident by 2 months of age, prompting neurological evaluation. Examination at 4 months revealed dysmorphic features, including frontal bossing, low-set, malformed ears, and dolichocephaly, alongside axial hypotonia, spasticity, and knee contractures. Genetic testing confirmed a c.316G>A mutation in the PRUNE1 gene, establishing the diagnosis of NMIHBA.

Clinical discussion:
PRUNE1-related NMIHBA is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by profound developmental delays, microcephaly, and variable neurological findings. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition and genetic testing in infants with suggestive dysmorphic and neurological features. While management remains supportive, early diagnosis aids in family counseling and long-term care planning.

Conclusion:
This report describes a rare presentation of NMIHBA in a Palestinian infant with a PRUNE1 gene mutation, contributing to the limited literature on this disorder. Further studies are required to understand the phenotypic spectrum and molecular mechanisms underlying PRUNE1-related disorders.
The 100 most influential papers on Lewy body dementias: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Nadeem Zain Ali , Danial Ahmad , Imran Zoya , Jamil Adeena , Nusrat Butool , Jawed Sara , Siddiqui Amna , Shaikh Unsa Habib , Saleh Aalaa , Rao Rameen 
Published: January 2025

Introduction:
Lewy body dementias (LBDs) are poorly understood neurodegenerative diseases. We aim to uncover the most cited articles and authors in the field, and to analyze the citations for gender differences.

Methods:
Two authors extracted the relevant articles from Scopus and ranked them according to the number of citations. Separate lists were prepared for the top 100 original articles and the top 15 review articles.

Results:
The 100 original studies were published from 1980 to 2019, with the greatest number published in the year 2000. The total citations ranged from 350 to 2640, with a median of 494.5. These articles originated from 17 countries, with major contributions from the USA (n = 31). While most of the first authors were men (n = 67), the citations per year were higher where the first authors when women. The last authors of the top 100 original articles were also predominantly male (n = 70). The greatest number of articles were published in neurology (n = 12) and brain (n = 11).

Conclusion:
Our results provide insights into the research trends and provide a list of the most influential papers on LBDs. Resolving the observed differences and promoting contribution from people all over the world is necessary to accelerate advancement in the field.
The importance of neurosurgical nursing in low- and middle-income countries – a critical review
Authors: Inshutiyimana Samuel , Uwishema Olivier , Ramadan Nagham , Ghanem Laura , Al Maaz Zeina , Mukamitari Victoire , Wojtara Magda , Mshaymesh Sarah 
Published: January 2025

Background:
Neurosurgical nursing involves the provision of pre- and post-operative care to neurologic patients. Specialized nurses in the field of neurosurgery are vital for patient outcomes and wellbeing. Nevertheless, there is underestimation and limited access to neurosurgical nursing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review primarily aims to shed light on the significance of nursing in the neurosurgical department of LMICs. It provides insight into the healthcare systems, the collaborative approaches that emerged in this concern, and the issues pertaining to integrating neurosurgical nursing in these countries.

Methods:
Literature search was conducted from March 2024, where the articles were retrieved from PubMed/Medline, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and Embase. The terms “neurosurgical nursing,” “neurosurgery,” “neurosurgical care,” “neurosurgical nurses,” and “low- and middle-income countries OR LMICs” were used to search relevant studies. Previous articles discussing neurosurgical care in LMICs were considered in this review.

Results:
Nurses participate in 90% of interactions between healthcare providers and patients. They provide holistic care by considering the physical, cultural, and psychosociological needs pertaining to their patients. Furthermore, they possess ability to establish rapport via communication with patients which improves the standard of care delivered. To achieve results satisfactory to the wellbeing of affected populations, neurosurgical disciplines necessitate the aid of skilled nursing colleagues. However, there is a lack of relevant technology, innovations, and funding alongside human resources in LMICs.

Conclusion:
Education, training, and dynamic collaboration are crucial factors for neurosurgical nurses to provide the best quality of care to patients. It is also pivotal to focus on research concerning the present issue, implement further policies which encourage dynamic cooperation between the neurosurgical multidisciplinary team, and collaborate on a global level to enhance neurosurgical nursing in LMICs.