bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated VMAT treatment planning using sequential convex programming: algorithm development and clinical implementation
Authors: Dursun Pınar , Hong Linda , Jhanwar Gourav , Huang Qijie , Zhou Ying , Yang Jie , Pham Hai , Cervino Laura , Moran Jean M , Deasy Joseph O , Zarepisheh Masoud 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective. To develop and clinically implement a fully automated treatment planning system (TPS) for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Approach. We solve two constrained optimization problems sequentially. The tumor coverage is maximized at the first step while respecting all maximum/mean dose clinical criteria. The second step further reduces the dose at the surrounding organs-at-risk as much as possible. Our algorithm optimizes the machine parameters (leaf positions and monitor units) directly and the resulting mathematical non-convexity is handled using the sequential convex programming by solving a series of convex approximation problems. We directly integrate two novel convex surrogate metrics to improve plan delivery efficiency and reduce plan complexity by promoting aperture shape regularity and neighboring aperture similarity. The entire workflow is automated using the Eclipse TPS application program interface scripting and provided to users as a plug-in, requiring the users to solely provide the contours and their preferred arcs. Our program provides the optimal machine parameters and does not utilize the Eclipse optimization engine, however, it utilizes the Eclipse final dose calculation engine. We have tested our program on 60 patients of different disease sites and prescriptions for stereotactic body radiotherapy (paraspinal (24 Gy × 1, 9 Gy × 3), oligometastis (9 Gy × 3), lung (18 Gy × 3, 12 Gy × 4)) and retrospectively compared the automated plans with the manual plans used for treatment. The program is currently deployed in our clinic and being used in our daily clinical routine to treat patients. Main results. The automated plans found dosimetrically comparable or superior to the manual plans. For paraspinal (24 Gy × 1), the automated plans especially improved tumor coverage (the average PTV (Planning Target Volume) 95% from 96% to 98% and CTV100% from 95% to 97%) and homogeneity (the average PTV maximum dose from 120% to 116%). For other sites/prescriptions, the automated plans especially improved the duty cycle (23%–39.4%). Significance. This work proposes a fully automated approach to the mathematically challenging VMAT problem. It also shows how the capabilities of the existing (Food and Drug Administration)FDA-approved commercial TPS can be enhanced using an in-house developed optimization algorithm that completely replaces the TPS optimization engine. The code and pertained models along with a sample dataset will be released on our ECHO-VMAT GitHub (https://github.com/PortPy-Project/ECHO-VMAT).
Mechanical metamaterials
Authors: Craster Richard , Guenneau Sébastien , Kadic Muamer , Wegener Martin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Mechanical metamaterials, also known as architected materials, are rationally designed composites, aiming at elastic behaviors and effective mechanical properties beyond (‘meta’) those of their individual ingredients—qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Due to advances in computational science and manufacturing, this field has progressed considerably throughout the last decade. Here, we review its mathematical basis in the spirit of a tutorial, and summarize the conceptual as well as experimental state-of-the-art. This summary comprises disordered, periodic, quasi-periodic, and graded anisotropic functional architectures, in one, two, and three dimensions, covering length scales ranging from below one micrometer to tens of meters. Examples include extreme ordinary linear elastic behavior from artificial crystals, e.g. auxetics and pentamodes, ‘negative’ effective properties, behavior beyond classical linear elasticity, e.g. arising from local resonances, chirality, beyond-nearest-neighbor interactions, quasi-crystalline mechanical metamaterials, topological band gaps, cloaking based on coordinate transformations and on scattering cancelation, seismic protection, nonlinear and programmable metamaterials, as well as space-time-periodic architectures.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Li Xiaoning , Fu Shiyao , Xie Yujun , Li Zhen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Recently, the remarkable advances in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have attracted much attention due to their 100% exciton utilization efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Although the commercialization of TADF materials is at an early stage, they exhibit enormous potential for next-generation OLEDs due to the comparable electroluminescence performance to metal of their phosphorescent complex counterparts, but without the presence of precious metal elements. This review summarizes the different types of TADF small molecules with various photophysical properties and the state-of-the-art molecular design strategies. Furthermore, the device engineering is discussed, and emerging optoelectronic applications, such as organic light-emitting electrochemical cells, organic lasing, and organic scintillators, are introduced. It is anticipated that this review can clarify the design of efficient TADF emitters and point out the direction of future development.
Pressure-induced superconductivity in Bi4(I1−x
Br
x
)4 crystals grown by chemical vapor transport and flux methods
Authors: Feng J J , Chen Z C , Fan Y J , Yang M , Zhuang J C , Liu J Y , Wang M H , He Z , Guo H T , Qian B , Shi Z X , Zhou W 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Achieving superconductivity in topological materials is thought as a promising route for realizing topological superconductivity, which may provide potential applications to quantum computation. Previously, rich superconducting phases have been reported in the pressurized Bi4I4 and Bi4Br4 crystals which belong to an interesting quasi-one-dimensional topological system. In this work, we have performed a high-pressure study on some Bi4(I1−x
Br
x
)4 crystals grown by two different methods. Remarkably, crystals grown by the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method and the self-flux method show clearly different pressure effects. In the CVT-grown crystals, only one superconducting transition is observed, while three superconducting transitions can be detected in crystals grown by the flux method. Through comparisons of the pressure-dependent phase diagrams and the upper critical field behaviors in the two kinds of crystals, the higher superconducting transition (>6 K) in the flux-grown crystals is suggested to come from the residual Bi. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy measurements on both kinds of crystals have confirmed the occurrence of a similar structural transition around 10 GPa in Br-doped samples. Overall, our data could be helpful for identifying the intrinsic pressure-induced superconductivity in various Bi-based materials.
Gyrokinetic simulation of short wavelength ion temperature gradient instabilities in the ADITYA-U tokamak
Authors: Singh Amit K. , Mahapatra J. , Chowdhury J. , Aggarwal D. , Hayward-Schneider T. , Ganesh R. , Lanti E. , Villard L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this work, linear and nonlinear collisionless electrostatic simulation studies of the standard and short wavelength ion temperature gradient mode (SWITG) for experimental profiles and parameters of ADITYA-U tokamak are performed using the linear global eigenvalue gyrokinetic code GLOGYSTO and the nonlinear global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code ORB5. All simulations are carried out with non-adiabatic ions and adiabatic electrons. The ADITYA-U tokamak which has recently been upgraded to divertor configuration, is small in size and well suited for investigation of micro-instabilities in the presence of density and temperature gradients. Due to steep density and temperature gradients, simulation shows that the SWITG mode naturally exists along with the standard ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode in ADITYA-U. In this work, the experimental shot# 33536 of the ADITYA-U tokamak is considered as a reference. There is good agreement in the growth rate and the real frequency values between GLOGYSTO and ORB5 with variations of less than

25
%

. Two maxima of growth rate versus mode number are obtained, the first around

k

θ

ρ

s

≃
0.4

is the standard ITG, the second around

k

θ

ρ

s

≃
1.2

is the SWITG. Additionally, using linear stability analysis, it is observed that the SWITGs are suppressed for low values of

R
0

/

L
T

i.e. only the standard ITG mode remains unstable. For the ADITYA-U tokamak, nonlinear global simulations with ORB5 are also carried out. Nonlinearly, SWITG dominating case results are compared with the conventional ITG case, where SWITG is relatively suppressed. The nonlinear contribution of the SWITG mode to the total thermal ion heat transport is found to be minimal due to an increased zonal flow shearing effect on the SWITG mode suppression, even though it may be linearly more unstable than the conventional long wavelength (

k

θ

ρ

s

<
1

) ITG mode.
Effect of fiber content on mechanical parameters and crack development of two kinds of reinforced cement soil
Authors: Zhang Jingshuang , Shu Yonghua 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
PVA fiber and basalt fiber are two kinds of common fibers used to reinforce cementitious materials and are widely used in engineering, therefore it is of great interest to study the effect of the content of the two kinds of fibers on the strength change of the cementitious materials. In this study, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and digital image correlation (DIC) test of cement soil with different contents (0,0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) were carried out. The following conclusions were drawn: in the process of uniaxial compression, the curve of specimens can be roughly divided into five stages: compaction, elasticity, plastic yield, failure and residual stage; the UCS of the soil specimens increased with the increase with the content of the two kinds of fibers, the UCS of 1% PVA fiber can be increased to 179.32% of the control group, but when the content is greater than 0.75%, the development of strength was limited by fiber aggregation; The modulus of deformation and the compressive toughness index of the soil specimen are linearly related to the compressive strength; DIC technology can simply and efficiently monitor the horizontal strain field changes and crack development of specimens in several stages, which can be extended to the actual project.
Preparation and characterization of lanthanum-based perovskite oxides LaMO3 (M=Fe, Cr, Mn) thin films by electrophoretic deposition
Authors: Aljurays Raghad K , Loucif Aicha , Amer Mabrook S , AlMayouf Abdullah M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, we report the fabrication and characterization of

LaM

O

3

(
M
=
Fe
,
Cr
,
Mn
)

perovskite thin films deposited on FTO substrates via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the formation of the orthorhombic structure for

LaFe

O

3

and

LaCr

O

3

films and the trigonal structure for the

LaMn

O

3

film. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs revealed nano-spherical particles with an average grain size of about 50 nm covering the

LaMn

O

3

surface with fewer porosities compared to the other films. Moreover, the

LaMn

O

3

film exhibited a higher transparency in the visible region (∼84%). The estimated bandgaps of

LaFe

O

3

,

LaCr

O

3

,

and

LaMn

O

3

perovskite films were found to be 2.17, 3.18, and 2.92 eV, respectively. In addition, the refractive indices of all deposited films were calculated using five empirical models that relate the refractive index to the bandgap, which consistently revealed a decrease in refractive index with an increase of bandgap energy This study holds significant implications for the field of perovskite thin films as we contribute new insights into the fabrication of lanthanum-based perovskite thin films using the EPD technique. The comprehensive characterization of microstructural, morphological, and optical properties provides valuable information for understanding the structure-property relationship in these materials. Furthermore, the determination of bandgaps and refractive indices enhances our understanding of the optical properties of perovskite films. The findings from this study pave the way for potential applications in optoelectronic devices, where fine-tuning of material properties is critical for optimal device performance.
Study on the mechanism of water-induced degradation of slip zone soils and FDEM coupled simulation of slopes based on multi-scale characteristic
Authors: Fan Ruan , Xudong He , Taihong He , Wenjia Tang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The evolution of the mechanical properties of slip zone soils had a greater impact on the structure of soil slopes with large upper porosity and excellent infiltration conditions. Especially under the rainfall effect, it was easy to be affected by the infiltration effect of internal injury, which will lay a ‘hidden danger’ for the slope body to trigger sliding in the secondary transformation process. In this paper, based on Haijiao ping landslide in Guizhou, SEM image recognition techniques were used to reveal the water-induced degradation mechanism of the sliding zone soil from multiple scales and the damage parameters were obtained. Meanwhile, the FDEM numerical model was established to simulate the stability of the slope coupled with indoor TCT test results. The results proved that the angle of internal friction decreased linearly with the increase of water content on the macroscopic scale, but the cohesive force showed an increase and then a significant decrease. The effect of matrix suction in the microscopic scale was significant at lower water content, the internal cohesion formed a large number of agglomerate structures to resist external deformation, but the microstructure was loose and porous after sufficient water immersion. The pore space spreads directionally and the area increases by 2.66 times. The cross-scale discrete-finite element coupled simulation method based on image recognition can visually respond to the macroscopic mechanical properties and stability change response of the slope body caused by microscopic damage. The water-induced degradation effect of rainfall on slip zone soils was the inherent factors for the initiation deformation of landslide. The artificial excavation was the external factor that triggered the slope to slide. This type of landslide was more concealed in its natural state and prone to deformation when excavated after long-term rainfall.
Explaining the decline of US wind output power density
Authors: Regner Peter , Gruber Katharina , Wehrle Sebastian , Schmidt Johannes 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
US wind power generation has grown significantly over the last decades, in line with the number and average size of operating turbines. However, wind power density has declined, both measured in terms of wind power output per rotor swept area as well as per spacing area. To study this effect, we present a decomposition of US wind power generation data for the period 2001–2021 and examine how changes in input power density and system efficiency affected output power density. Here, input power density refers to the amount of wind available to turbines, system efficiency refers to the share of power in the wind flowing through rotor swept areas which is converted to electricity and output power density refers to the amount of wind power generated per rotor swept area. We show that, while power input available to turbines has increased in the period 2001–2021, system efficiency has decreased. In total, this has caused a decline in output power density in the last 10 years, explaining higher land-use requirements. The decrease in system efficiency is linked to the decrease in specific power, i.e. the ratio between the nameplate capacity of a turbine and its rotor swept area. Furthermore, we show that the wind available to turbines has increased substantially due to increases in the average hub height of turbines since 2001. However, site quality has slightly decreased in this period.
Photocatalytic and thermoelectric performance of asymmetrical two-dimensional Janus aluminum chalcogenides
Authors: Haman Zakaryae , Kibbou Moussa , Khossossi Nabil , Bahti Soukaina , Dey Poulumi , Essaoudi Ismail , Ahuja Rajeev , Ainane Abdelmajid 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Through a density functional theory-driven survey, a comprehensive investigation of two-dimensional (2D) Janus aluminum-based monochalcogenides (Al2XY with X/Y = S, Se, and Te) has been performed within this study. To begin with, it is established that the examined phase, in which the Al-atoms are located at the two inner planes while the (S, Se, and Te)-atoms occupy the two outer planes in the unit cell, are energetically, mechanically, dynamically, and thermally stable. To address the electronic and optical properties, the hybrid function HSE06 has been employed. It is at first revealed that all three monolayers display a semiconducting nature with an indirect band gap ranging from 1.82 to 2.79 eV with a refractive index greater than 1.5, which implies that they would be transparent materials. Furthermore, the monolayers feature strong absorption spectra of around 105 cm−1 within the visible and ultraviolet regions, suggesting their potential use in optoelectronic devices. Concerning the photocatalytic performance, the conduction band-edge positions straddle the hydrogen evolution reaction redox level. Also, it is observed that the computed Gibbs free energy is around 1.15 eV, which is lower and comparable to some recently reported 2D-based Janus monolayers. Additionally, the thermoelectric properties are further investigated and found to offer a large thermal power as well as a high figure of merit (ZT) around 1.03. The aforementioned results strongly suggest that the 2D Janus Al-based monochalcogenide exhibits suitable characteristics as a potential material for high-performance optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications.
Epidemiological evidence on drinking water salinity and blood pressure: a scoping review
Authors: Xeni Christina , Oliva Raymond , Jahan Farjana , Romaina Iqbal , Naser Abu Mohd , Rahman Mahbubur , Fleming Lora E , O Gribble Matthew , Makris Konstantinos C 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In addition to diet, drinking water can be an important contributor to the total body burden of salts. Water salinity (defined as the amount of dissolved salts in a body of water) has been associated with adverse health effects. We mapped the current research on drinking water salinity and its effects on blood pressure (BP). We aimed to identify knowledge gaps in the methodology and tools used in the epidemiological literature to address water salinity effects on BP. We performed a scoping review of epidemiological studies by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases from 1980 to 2022. Reviews, study comparisons, meta-analyses, commentaries, viewpoints, correspondence, protocols, studies in clinical settings, animal or in vitro studies, or not in English, were excluded. Epidemiologic studies including systolic/diastolic BP and/or the risk of hypertension as the main health outcome and drinking water salts (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, including electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids) as the main exposures were included. After screening 246 articles, 29 articles were retained. Most studies were conducted in Bangladesh and USA (n = 9 and n = 9, respectively). The majority of studies were cross-sectional (n = 18; 62%). The study populations were adults (55%) or children (35%) or both (10%). Only eight (28%) studies did not collect urine samples and only three studies (10%) did not record participant BP. About half of the studies (n = 15, 52%) reported a positive significant (p < 0.05) association between salts in drinking water and higher BP and/or risk of hypertension; while 24% and 24% reported non-significant (p > 0.05) and significant (p < 0.05) negative associations (with lower BP mainly attributed to higher Mg, Ca, and K (rather than Na) levels in drinking water). More longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate the impact of drinking water salinization on cardiovascular health and risk of hypertension. Under a changing climate, this may be particularly important for coastal populations, as sea level rise in combination with the overexploitation of groundwater would differentially perturb the salinity of their drinking water supplies.
Prediction of postoperative complications after oesophagectomy using machine-learning methods
Authors: Jung Jin-On , Pisula Juan I , Bozek Kasia , Popp Felix , Fuchs Hans F , Schröder Wolfgang , Bruns Christiane J , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
Oesophagectomy is an operation with a high risk of postoperative complications. The aim of this single-centre retrospective study was to apply machine-learning methods to predict complications (Clavien–Dindo grade IIIa or higher) and specific adverse events.

Methods
Patients with resectable adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction who underwent Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy between 2016 and 2021 were included. The tested algorithms were logistic regression after recursive feature elimination, random forest, k-nearest neighbour, support vector machine, and neural network. The algorithms were also compared with a current risk score (the Cologne risk score).

Results
457 patients had Clavien–Dindo grade IIIa or higher complications (52.9 per cent) versus 407 patients with Clavien–Dindo grade 0, I, or II complications (47.1 per cent). After 3-fold imputation and 3-fold cross-validation, the overall accuracies were: logistic regression after recursive feature elimination, 0.528; random forest, 0.535; k-nearest neighbour, 0.491; support vector machine, 0.511; neural network, 0.688; and Cologne risk score, 0.510. For medical complications, the results were: logistic regression after recursive feature elimination, 0.688; random forest, 0.664; k-nearest neighbour, 0.673; support vector machine, 0.681; neural network, 0.692; and Cologne risk score, 0.650. For surgical complications, the results were: logistic regression after recursive feature elimination, 0.621; random forest, 0.617; k-nearest neighbour, 0.620; support vector machine, 0.634; neural network, 0.667; and Cologne risk score, 0.624. The calculated area under the curve of the neural network was 0.672 for Clavien–Dindo grade IIIa or higher, 0.695 for medical complications, and 0.653 for surgical complications.

Conclusion
The neural network scored the highest accuracies compared with all of the other models for the prediction of postoperative complications after oesophagectomy.