bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relative Effectiveness of Pure Penicillins Against Bacillus Anthracis in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Housewright Riley D. , Berkman Sam , Henry Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relative activities of penicillins commercial, F, G, K, and X are 38, 52, 100, 29 and 160, respectively, against Bacillus anthracis in vitro. The relative effectiveness of these same penicillins in protecting mice against experimental anthrax is 100, 80, 100, 40 and 107. The effectiveness of penicillin K against anthrax in mice is greater than its reported effect against streptococcal and pneumococcal infections in mice. The penicillins of choice in the treatment of anthrax are penicillins X, G and F as indicated by these experiments on mice. In general, these results agree with those obtained by other workers on streptococcal and pneumococcal infections in mice and syphilis and gonorrhea in man.
The Antibody Response in Human Beings Inoculated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine, Chick Embryo Type
Authors: Warren Joel , Smadel Joseph E. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Japanese encephalitis vaccines which were prepared from infected mouse-brain or chick-embryo tissue, and were of adequate potency as measured by the standard mouse-protective test, were found to be equally effective in immunizing human beings when the vaccines were administered to soldiers in two doses of 2.0 ml each given four days apart. Approximately 30 per cent of the men developed neutralizing antibodies following immunizations with either vaccine. Human beings immunized with 3.0 ml of chick embryo vaccine given subcutaneously in doses of 1.0 ml on the first, seventh, and thirtieth day developed neutralizing antibody with twice the frequency obtained with the first schedule. Similar results were obtained in a small group of persons who received three intracutaneous injections of 0.1 ml each of vaccine over a period of a month. A recall dose of vaccine administered subcutaneously to eight persons one year after vaccination elicited a significant rise in neutralizing antibody in five cases. A recall dose of 0.1 ml injected intradermally into another group of eight previously vaccinated persons resulted in a marked rise in the serum neutralization index of all eight. Neutralizing antibodies which appeared following primary vaccination persisted for a year in six of fourteen individuals. Only one of the human volunteers receiving either vaccine by either schedule developed specific complement-fixing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus following primary vaccination. However, an appreciable number of soldiers had antibodies which reacted with antigen prepared from normal chick embryo. Complement-fixing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus appeared in low titer in the sera of about one third of the persons who were repeatedly vaccinated.
The Application of the Falling Drop Technic
Authors: Lipton Murray M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been presented for the quantitative analysis of pneumococcal polysaccharide based on the falling drop time of NaOH solutions of antigen-antibody precipitates. Falling drop time data were converted to density difference values by calculation. When the density difference of precipitates formed by the interaction of known quantities of polysaccharide with an antiserum was plotted as the ordinate and milligrams of polysaccharide as the abscissa, a standard curve was obtained. For the estimation of unknown quantities of polysaccharide, the density difference was found. The amount of polysaccharide was found by projection on the standard curve.
The results indicate that the method just presented is simple, rapid and accurate. The average variation in the amount of polysaccharide determined by this technic when compared to the amount actually present was 7 per cent for a total of 145 determinations.
Antibacterial Activity of Hexenolactone in Vitro
Authors: Bartholomew James W. , Hervey Francis L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hexenolactone exerted an antibacterial action against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hexenolactone was bactericidal in concentrations of 1:100 to 1:400; bacteriostatic in concentrations of 1:200 to 1:1000; inhibitory in concentrations of 1:1000 to over 1:3200; depending on the test organism. In some instances, increased concentrations of hexenolactone resulted in decreased antibacterial activity.
Immunological Experiments with Denatured and Insoluble Proteins
Authors: Schmidt Carl L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
To study the influence of denaturation, coagulation and insolubility on the production of fixation antibodies, rabbits were immunized respectively against the following antigens: Egg albumin heated (dry) to 110°C., egg albumin heated in solution, to 100°C. without coagulation, egg albumin coagulated by heat. The sera of these animals reacted equally with the native (unheated) and with the denatured antigen. Using sodium caseinate as antigen, fixation antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of rabbits which had been immunized by injecting a suspension of washed casein. The theoretical considerations are discussed.
Prolonged Protection of Guinea Pigs against Histamine by Means of Pellets of Pyribenzamine in Beeswax Implanted Subcutaneously in Beeswax
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Correll James W. , Ladd Anthony T. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subcutaneous pellets containing 500 mg of Pyribenzamine in 2.0 g of beeswax protected 13 of 14 guinea pigs against a lethal dose of histamine for 7 days and occasionally for as long as 16 days.
Salmonella Atlanta, a New Member of the Salmonella G Group
Authors: Saphra Ivan , Seligmann Erich 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Salmonella atlanta, a new type recovered from the stool of a sick child, has been described. It belongs to the G group and has the formula XIII·XXIII·XXXVI b —; abbreviated XIII·XXIII; b—. It initiated a single factor study of the other members of this group, which now may be differentiated not only by their flagellar antigens but also by the distribution of six partial antigens.
Chloromycetin in Experimental Rickettsial Infections
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Cruise Anita B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental data were presented which indicated that chloromycetin has a rickettsiostatic effect in embryonated eggs infected with R. tsutsugamushi, R. mooseri, R. rickettsi, R. akari, R. prowazeki and R. burneti. Chemotherapeutic tests in mice or guinea pigs infected with any one of the first four agents listed also gave evidence of a beneficial effect of the drug, although the effect on guinea pigs infected with R. rickettsi was much less striking. Treatment was of value in both infected eggs and animals when therapy was delayed for appreciable periods of time after infection.
Chloromycetin had only a suppressive effect on the growth of R. tsutsugamushi in mice since the infectious agent could be recovered from tissues of apparently healthy mice which were treated for 100 days after infection. Preliminary observations suggested that the drug may under certain circumstances sterilize the tissues or cause complete suppression of growth of organisms in mice inoculated with R. akari or guinea pigs injected with R. rickettsi. Chloromycetin had no direct rickettsiocidal action on R. tsutsugamushi in vitro. Furthermore, mice under treatment could not be shown to differ consistently from normal animals in their response to rickettsial toxins.
Values for the blood and urine levels of chloromycetin encountered in mice given the antibiotic followed the general pattern observed in man but guinea pigs showed low levels after corresponding doses.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attempt has been made to saturate the anti-kidney antibody-binding sites in the mouse kidney. The administration of even 15 mg of a globulin fraction of anti-mouse-kidney rabbit serum (G-anti-MK) did not saturate these sites, since this quantity of unlabeled anti-kidney antibody had no appreciable effect on the renal accumulation of radioactivity in animals that simultaneously were given radioiodinated G-anti-MK. A minimum value for the amount of antibody which can localize in the kidney was calculated, and was found to correspond to about 3 per cent of the weight of a mouse's glomeruli. When large amounts (about 15 mg) of either G-anti-MK or globulin fraction of anti-mouse-spleen rabbit serum (G-anti-MS) were given along with radioiodinated G-anti-MK there occurred an unusually rapid decline in the blood levels of radioactivity, indicating a physiological effect of these sera.
Biophysical Studies of Blood Plasma Proteins. XIII
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Deutsch H. F. , Wetter L. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four γ-globulin fractions of human serum which differ slightly in average electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 have been investigated by physical and immunochemical methods. Each preparation consists of several antigens, and the quantitative immunological behavior of each fraction is determined by the relative proportions of the various components present. The difficulties involved in using immunological methods for assay of γ-globulin in body fluids are discussed. The various fractions differ from one another most strikingly in the region of antigen excess.
Studies on the Antigens of Human Red Cells
Authors: Moskowitz Merwin , Dandliker Walter B. , Calvin Melvin , Evans Robert S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A water soluble fraction, elinin, was separated from human red cells. It contained the Rh, A and B factors when prepared from red cells of the respective type. Another fraction, S protein, was also separated from red cells and was devoid of the above-mentioned factors. The serological properties of these fractions and the stability of the Rh and A factors under various conditions are described.
Purification of the Bovine γ-Globulin Factor Which Suppresses Variation in Brucella Abortus
Authors: Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for the chemical purification of the bovine γ-globulin factor which suppresses variation of Brucella abortus. The procedure involves heat treatment at 63 C, precipitation with 0.5 saturated (NH4)2SO4, fractional precipitation with 0.58 saturated NaCl at low pH, and treatment with chloroform. The purified factor exhibits typical protein reactions, and has a sedimentation pattern characteristic for a single protein.
When blood sera from Brucella-vaccinated cows are fractionated by the above procedure, no fractions with selective activity can be isolated, whereas normal serum yields active subfractions.
Bovine fraction II appears to be non-homogeneous with respect to selective activity.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Bentoff Judith 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The solubility of tetanal toxoid prepared from toxin produced on the medium of Mueller and Miller has been determined in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and temperature.
On the basis of these studies, a three step method is presented for the preparation of purified tetanal toxoid containing over 1500 Lf/mg protein nitrogen.
Treatment with Chloramphenicol, Aureomycin, and Terramycin of the Pneumonia of Mice Caused by Feline Pneumonitis Virus
Authors: Kneeland Yale , Price Katherine Mills 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this communication is to report in some detail the effect of three of the newer antibiotics on experimental infection with the virus of feline pneumonitis. The antibiotics studied are chloramphenicol, aureomycin and terramycin, and the condition under scrutiny is the pneumonitis of mice resulting from intranasal inoculation of feline pneumonitis virus.
This agent was isolated in 1942 by Baker (1) from lungs of cats showing catarrhal symptoms and pneumonia. He demonstrated that it could be readily established in mice with the production of transmissible pneumonitis, and cultivated in embryonated eggs. He also discovered elementary bodies in affected tissues. Subsequently Thomas and Kolb (2) showed by complement fixation studies that Baker's virus was closely related to psittacosis virus and the Nigg pneumonitis virus of mice, thereby placing it in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of large filterable viruses.
In Vivo Antibiotic Production by Escherichia Coli
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Swick Lois S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated that antibiotic-producing strains of Escherichia coli will secrete antibiotics while growing in the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissues of mice. Significant levels of antibiotic appear in the serum, as well as in the local exudates, of such infected animals. Injection of non-antibiotic-producing E. coli strains yielded exudates and sera devoid of inhibitory activity. The antibiotic produced by one of these organisms in vivo seems to be identical with that produced in vitro.
Effect of X-Rays on Immunity: A Review
Authors: Taliaferro William H. , Taliaferro Lucy Graves 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Unequivocal evidence of effects of X-irradiation on immunity is found in animals irradiated shortly prior to immunization with nonliving antigens. Irradiation before immunization eliminates direct ionizing effects on the antigen, and nonliving antigens eliminate such factors as invasiveness and continuing immunization from antigen multiplication. Nevertheless, work of great importance has been done on infections. This work, however, has to be interpreted with due regard to the fact that immunity of the host and virulence of the parasite, as the terms are used in this review, are measured to a large extent in terms of each other and are more or less reciprocal: In terms of this relationship, a faster recovery from infection by a host or a smaller parasite population in an irradiated host, as compared to untreated controls, may be the result of (1) an increased immunity of the host or (2) injury to the parasite so that its virulence is lowered.
Improved Methods for Determining Antistreptolysin S
Authors: Robinson John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A 50 per cent hemolytic inhibition end point, spectrophotometric method for determining antistreptolysin S afforded increased accuracy, economy and efficiency. Certain simplifications were employed in Todd's 100 per cent inhibition end point method for antistreptolysin S titration, and in the preparation of serum streptolysin S.
Serological Epidemiology: Antibody Patterns in North Alaskan Eskimos
Authors: Paul John R. , Riordan John T. , Kraft Lisbeth M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of antibody determinations has been carried out for epidemiological purposes on 242 blood samples covering a wide age distribution, and collected from a semi-remote Eskimo colony on the north coast of Alaska.
This population was chosen in the belief that its relative isolation had kept the members relatively free from frequent exposure to some of our common acute infectious diseases.
The so-called specific antibody tests employed have included: the neutralization test for Lansing poliomyelitis virus and for some of the Coxsackie viruses; complement fixing antibodies to the mumps virus; antistreptococcal enzyme tests; complement fixing antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, and tests for syphilis. “Non-specific” tests have included the measurement of gamma globulin by chemical means, and sheep cell agglutinin titrations.
In a few of the tests herein reported, significant deviations from expected patterns appear. These deviations were usually manifested by a delay in the age at which a given antibody appears, and the speed with which it builds up to what we have arbitrarily termed “usual adult levels.”.
Implications as to a more general use of the methods used are discussed.
Antibody in Lymphocytes from Hyperimmunized Rabbits
Authors: Erslev Allan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits hyperimmunized with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine were bled before and during immunization.
The blood from each bleeding day was pooled and the white blood cells from approximately 100 ml of blood were isolated and extracted.
Extracts corresponding to between 0.040 and 0.100 ml of lymphocytes were analyzed for antibody protein employing a quantitative immunochemical technique.
No significant amount of antibody protein was found in these volumes in spite of significant amounts of antibody in the same volume of plasma.
Analysis of Immunity in Experimental Tsutsugamushi Disease
Authors: Kuwata Tsuguo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice, initially immunized with active rickettsiae and resistant to subsequent inoculation, could not withstand invasion of reinoculated rickettsiae into tissues: that is to say, superinfection is possible in experimental Tsutsugamushi disease. Superinfection occurs whether doses of rickettsiae as large as 105 LD50 or as small as 10 LD50 are used. Reinoculated rickettsiae invade immunized tissues, and persist longer than 180 days.
The Effect of Thorotrast on the Removal of Bacteria in the Splanchnic Area of the Intact Animal
Authors: Martin Samuel P. , Kerby Grace P. , Holland B. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By a method of continuous intravenous infusion of bacteria combined with hepatic venous catheterization, the removal of bacteria from the blood circulating into the splanchnic area of the intact rabbit has been quantitated. The interference of thorotrast with the subsequent removal of Micrococcus aureus from the blood stream of the rabbit is maximal 19 to 24 hours after the administration of thorotrast. The mechanism by which thorotrast produces its blocking effect remains obscure.
A Study of Infections Caused by Mumps and Newcastle Disease Viruses. II. Some Properties of Specific and Non-Specific Serum Hemagglutination Inhibitor Components
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Monley Anne , Jenson Marian H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A component present in serums obtained from apparently healthy human beings and rhesus monkeys inhibits hemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes by mumps and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses. A similar non-specific component, which undergoes fluctuation, occurs in serums of human beings convalescent from mumps parotitis and of monkeys infected with mumps or ND viruses. Specific serum-inhibitor substance, also present following infections from these viruses, is stable. Non-specific inhibitor is partially inactivated at 62 C for thirty minutes. It may be inactivated or destroyed by acetone, chloroform, trypsin, papain, and sodium periodate. These data, among others, provide further evidence that the cross-reactions observed in hemagglutination-inhibition reactions with mumps and ND viruses and serums obtained from human beings convalescent from mumps parotitis cannot be due to corresponding antigens shared in common by these viruses.
Quantitative Aspects of Influenza Virus Multiplication
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. , Edney Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Inoculation of large quantities of influenza virus into the allantoic cavity of embryonated hens' eggs has been shown to result in the production of “incomplete” haemagglutinating virus, which is incapable of further multiplication (1, 2) and which is smaller than the normal infective particle (3, 4). The work reported in this paper was undertaken to find out how many virus particles have to be taken up by a cell to result in the liberation of “incomplete” virus.
Theoretical. The provisional hypothesis was adopted that the average yield of virus per cell is not related to the number of infective particles taken up by that cell until a critical number is reached beyond which there is complete suppression of yield. Since the production of “incomplete” virus occurs with large inocula, the critical number of infecting particles which suppresses haemagglutinin production must be greater than the number which suppresses the production of infective virus.
Interaction of Protein Antigens and Antibodies
Authors: Kleinschmidt W. J. , Boyer P. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies on the inhibition of the egg albumin-anti-egg albumin reaction have been conducted with 20 amino acids and acetylated amino acids and 40 related compounds to determine the extent and possible specificity of any inhibitory effects. Relatively high concentrations of the amino acids and acetylated amino acids were required to produce inhibition and no specificity of their effects was apparent. Variable inhibitory effects were noted with compounds having different chemical properties. The inhibition produced by substances with similar functional groups appeared to increase with increase in the molecular weight of the compound tested.
The inhibition of precipitate formation by KF, KCl, KBr, KI, and KCNS decreased in the same order as the familiar lyotropic series, CNS− τ; I− τ; Br− τ; Cl− τ; F−. With these inorganic anions increase in degree of hydration is accompanied by decreased inhibitory power.
The effect of pH on the egg albumin-anti-egg albumin reaction has been measured and interpreted in terms of the groups of the interacting proteins which undergo change in the pH ranges where onset of inhibition is noted.
Studies on the Immunization of White Mice Against Infections with Bacterium Tularense
Authors: Frederick Bell J. , Larson Carl L. , Wicht W. C. , Ritter Sara S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The successful immunization of white mice against challenge with Bacterium tularense is described. The immunization procedure consisted of a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 ml of an ether-extracted vaccine. Four strains of B. tularense differing markedly in virulence were of equal potency when used as vaccines. The mice should be at least 40 days old when vaccinated.
Considerable immunity was apparent when the mice were subsequently challenged subcutaneously with serial 10-fold dilutions of a strain of B. tularense which possessed full virulence for mice but diminished virulence for rabbits. The protection conferred upon immunized mice was measured by the differences in LD50 titers of the control and vaccinated groups of mice.
Inhibition of the Shwartzman Reaction by Pyrogenic Substances
Authors: Bennett Ivan L. , Cluff Leighton E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pyrogenic bacterial materials in doses too small to produce the Shwartzman phenomenon will induce in rabbits a state of nonreactivity to materials which are ordinarily potent in eliciting the phenomenon. The mechanism of this type of resistance is probably similar to that which is responsible for tolerance to the effect of bacterial products on body temperature but other possibilities need to be ruled out.
The Relation Between the Infectivity and the Hemagglutinin of Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (GDVII)
Authors: Morris Marion C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The usefulness of the hemagglutination test as a measure of viral concentration depends upon the constancy of the quantitative relationship between infectious virus and hemagglutinin. As additional viruses are found capable of inducing agglutination of red cells, it becomes necessary to determine whether the reaction is due wholly or in part to the virus itself, and to ascertain how inhibitory influences may affect the virus-hemagglutinin ratio.
Observations reported to date on the GDVII strain of murine encephalomyelitis (1, 2) indicate that the agglutination of human red cells which occurs at 4 C, HA(4), with infected mouse-brain preparations is due to the virus per se. In the course of experiments already reported (3), however, it became clear that this problem needed further investigation.
When infected mouse brain was treated with trypsin, agglutination of human cells occurred at 20 C, HA(20), although the untreated virus failed to cause hemagglutination at this temperature.