bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting unexpected scores of individual students in an examination based on past scores and current daily efforts
Authors: Alauddin Nursuhana , Tanaka Saki , Yamada Shu 
Published: January 2023

PurposeThis paper proposes a model for detecting unexpected examination scores based on past scores, current daily efforts and trend in the current score of individual students. The detection is performed soon after the current examination is completed, which helps take immediate action to improve the ability of students before the commencement of daily assessments during the next semester.Design/methodology/approachThe scores of past examinations and current daily assessments are analyzed using a combination of an ANOVA, a principal component analysis and a multiple regression analysis. A case study is conducted using the assessment scores of secondary-level students of an international school in Japan.FindingsThe score for the current examination is predicted based on past scores, current daily efforts and trend in the current score. A lower control limit for detecting unexpected scores is derived based on the predicted score. The actual score, which is below the lower control limit, is recognized as an unexpected score. This case study verifies the effectiveness of the combinatorial usage of data in detecting unexpected scores.Originality/valueUnlike previous studies that utilize attribute and background data to predict student scores, this study utilizes a combination of past examination scores, current daily efforts for related subjects and trend in the current score.
Interactions of warming and altered nutrient load timing on the phenology of oxygen dynamics in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Basenback Nicole , Testa Jeremy M. , Shen Chunqi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe effects of nutrient loading on estuaries are well studied, given the multitude of negative water quality and ecosystem effects that have been attributed to excess nitrogen and phosphorus. A current gap in this knowledge involves the sensitivity of seasonal cycles of estuarine biogeochemical processes to direct (warming) and indirect influences (nutrient load timing) of climate change. We used a coupled hydrologic–biogeochemical model to investigate changes in the phenology of hypoxia and related biogeochemical processes in Chesapeake Bay under three different hydrologic regimes. Shifts to earlier nutrient load timing during idealized simulations reduced the overall annual hypoxic volume, resulting from discernable, but relatively small reductions in phytoplankton biomass and both sediment and water‐column respiration. Simulated increases in water temperature caused an increase in spring/early summer hypoxic volume associated with elevated respiration rates, but an associated exhaustion of organic matter in the early summer caused a decrease in late summer/fall hypoxic volume due to lowered respiration. Warming effects on hypoxia were larger than nutrient timing effects in scenarios where warming was restricted to spring and when it was applied to all months of the year. These idealized simulations begin the process of understanding the potential impacts of future climatic changes in the seasonal timing of key biogeochemical processes associated with eutrophication.
Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota in Brazilian broilers: Genomic characterization of third‐generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone‐resistant strains
Authors: Saidenberg Andre Becker Simoes , Franco Leticia Soares , Reple Jessica Nacarato , Hounmanou Yaovi Mahuton Gildas , Casas Monique Ribeiro Tiba , Cardoso Brenda , Esposito Fernanda , Lincopan Nilton , Dalsgaard Anders , Stegger Marc , Knöbl Terezinha 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSalmonella serovars Heidelberg and Minnesota encoding antimicrobial resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are often detected in poultry/poultry meat. We analysed the genomes of 10 Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) and 4 Salmonella Minnesota (SM) from faecal isolates of Brazilian poultry. These featured virulent and multidrug‐resistant characteristics, with AmpC beta‐lactamase (blaCMY‐2) predominance (9/14), for all SM (4/4) and some SH (3/10) located on IncC plasmid replicons. IncC carrying blaCTX‐M‐2 was only detected among SH (3/10). Mutation in the gyrA/parC genes was present in all SH, whereas SM harboured parC mutation plus qnrB19 on ColRNAI plasmids (3/4). In silico resistance overall corroborated with phenotypic results. Core genome phylogenies showed close clustering and high similarities between the Brazilian and poultry meat/food isolates from Europe, and to human isolates from European countries with documented import of Brazilian poultry meat. Conjugation assays with SM successfully transferred blaCMY‐2, and qnrB19 to an Escherichia coli recipient. The findings reinforce the ongoing antimicrobial resistance acquisition of SH and Minnesota and the risks for disseminating resistant strains and/or mobile elements which may increasingly affect importing countries and the need for controlling AMR in major poultry‐exporting countries like Brazil.
Circulating tumor cells PD‐L1 expression detection and correlation of therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition in advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhou Qing , Liu Xiangning , Li Ji , Tong Bing , Xu Yan , Chen Minjiang , Liu Xiaoyan , Gao Xiaoxing , Shi Yuequan , Zhao Jing , Zhong Wei , Wang Mengzhao 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionThis study investigated whether programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood can serve as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsWe employed a negative enrichment method to isolate CTCs. We identified PD‐L1 + CTCs as PD‐L1+/4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI)+/CD45‐circulating tumor cells through an immunofluorescence method. Tumor tissue PD‐L1 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between CTC PD‐L1 expression and patients' prognostic features was estimated through the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsCTCs released a higher detection rate of PD‐L1 expression than tumor tissues (53.0% vs. 42.1%). No correlation was observed between them. Forty‐nine NSCLC patients received anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 immunotherapy (three with combined anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), two with four cycles of combined immune checkpoint inhibitors [ICIs] plus chemotherapy and ICI monotherapy for maintenance). Patients with PD‐L1 expression on tissue or CTCs had a median progression‐free survival (mPFS) of 5.6 months (n = 36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6–7.5 months), significantly longer than those without PD‐L1 detection (n = 9, mPFS of 1.4 months, 95% CI 1.3–1.5 months, log‐rank p = 0.032). The multivariable Cox proportional‐hazard model suggested that the tissue or CTC PD‐L1 expression was associated with a lower risk of progression (hazard ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.98, p = 0.043).ConclusionsCTCs and tumor tissues reveal heterogeneous expression of PD‐L1 in NSCLC patients. Patients with baseline PD‐L1 expression on CTCs or tissue showed prolonged mPFS and may help to identify the subsets of patients who potentially benefit from immunotherapy.
Scale dependency of lidar‐derived forest structural diversity
Authors: Atkins Jeff W. , Costanza Jennifer , Dahlin Kyla M. , Dannenberg Matthew P. , Elmore Andrew J. , Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Hakkenberg Christopher R. , Hardiman Brady S. , Kamoske Aaron , LaRue Elizabeth A. , Silva Carlos Alberto , Stovall Atticus E. L. , Tielens Elske K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLidar‐derived forest structural diversity (FSD) metrics—including measures of forest canopy height, vegetation arrangement, canopy cover (CC), structural complexity and leaf area and density—are increasingly used to describe forest structural characteristics and can be used to infer many ecosystem functions. Despite broad adoption, the importance of spatial resolution (grain and extent) over which these structural metrics are calculated remains largely unconsidered. Often researchers will quantify FSD at the spatial grain size of the process of interest without considering the scale dependency or statistical behaviour of the FSD metric employed.We investigated the appropriate scale of inference for eight lidar‐derived spatial metrics—CC, canopy relief ratio, foliar height diversity, leaf area index, mean and median canopy height, mean outer canopy height, and rugosity (RT)‐‐representing five FSD categories—canopy arrangement, CC, canopy height, leaf area and density, and canopy complexity. Optimal scale was determined using the representative elementary area (REA) concept whereby the REA is the smallest grain size representative of the extent. Structural metrics were calculated at increasing canopy spatial grain (from 5 to 1000 m) from aerial lidar data collected at nine different forested ecosystems including sub‐boreal, broadleaf temperate, needleleaf temperate, dry tropical, woodland and savanna systems, all sites are part of the National Ecological Observatory Network within the conterminous United States. To identify the REA of each FSD metric, we used changepoint analysis via segmented or piecewise regression which identifies significant changepoints for both the magnitude and variance of each metric.We find that using a spatial grain size between 25 and 75 m sufficiently captures the REA of CC, canopy arrangement, canopy leaf area and canopy complexity metrics across multiple forest types and a grain size of 30–150 m captures the REA of canopy height metrics. However, differences were evident among forest types with higher REA necessary to characterize CC in evergreen needleleaf forests, and canopy height in deciduous broadleaved forests.These findings indicate the appropriate range of spatial grain sizes from which inferences can be drawn from this set of FSD metrics, informing the use of lidar‐derived structural metrics for research and management applications.
Effectiveness and reliability of the four‐step STANDING algorithm performed by interns and senior emergency physicians for predicting central causes of vertigo
Authors: Gerlier Camille , Fels Audrey , Vitaux Hélène , Mousset Carole , Perugini Alberto , Chatellier Gilles , Ganansia Olivier 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundFor emergency physicians (EPs), acute vertigo is a challenging complaint and learning a reliable clinical approach is needed. STANDING is a four‐step bedside algorithm that requires (1) identifying spontaneous nystagmus with Frenzel glasses or, alternatively, a positional nystagmus; (2) characterizing the nystagmus direction; (3) assessing the vestibuloocular reflex (head impulse test); and (4) assessing the gait. The objective was to determine its accuracy for diagnosing central vertigo when using by naïve examiners as such as interns and its agreement with senior EPs.MethodsThis was a prospective 1‐year diagnostic cohort study among patients with vertigo, vestibulovisual symptoms, or postural symptoms seen by 20 interns trained in the four‐step examination. The algorithm was performed first by an intern and second by a senior EP and categorized as either worrisome when indicating a central diagnosis and benign or inconclusive when indicating a peripheral diagnosis. The reference test was diffusion‐weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsAmong 312 patients included, 57 had a central diagnosis including 33 ischemic strokes (10.5%). The main etiology was benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (32.7%). The likelihood ratios were 4.63 and 10.33 for a worrisome STANDING, 0.09 and 0.01 for a benign STANDING, and 0.21 and 0.35 for an inconclusive STANDING, for interns and senior EPs, respectively. The algorithm showed sensitivities of 84.8% (95% CI 75.6%–93.9%) and 89.8% (95% CI 82.1%–97.5%), negative predictive values of 96.2% (95% CI 93.7%–98.6%) and 97.5% (95% CI 95.5%–99.5%), specificities of 88.9% (95% CI 85.1%–92.8%) and 91.3% (95% CI 87.8%–94.8%), and positive predictive values of 64.1% (95% CI 53.5%–74.8%) and 70.7% (95% CI 60.4%–81.0%), respectively. The agreement between interns and senior EPs was very substantial (B‐statistic coefficient: 0.77) and almost perfect for each step: (1) 0.87, (2) 0.98, (3) 0.95, and (4) 0.99.ConclusionsWith a single training session, the algorithm reached high accuracy and reliability for ruling out central causes of vertigo in the hands of both novices and experienced EPs. A future multicenter randomized controlled trial should further its impact on unnecessary neuroimaging use and patient's satisfaction.
Increased herbivory but not cyanogenesis is associated with urbanization in a tropical wildflower
Authors: Rivkin L. Ruth , de Andrade Antonio C. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUrbanization is associated with numerous changes to the biotic and abiotic environments, many of which lead to a loss of biodiversity. Some studies have documented increased herbivory rates in cities, which has been hypothesized to lead to the evolution of novel defence traits in plants. Yet evidence supporting this hypothesis is contradictory and entirely absent from South American cities. To address this research gap, we evaluated herbivory rates in the native urban wildflower, Turnera subulata (Turneraceae), along an urbanization gradient in Joao Pessoa, Brazil. We predicted that higher rates of herbivory in cities would lead to the expression of cyanogenesis, a chemical defence found in a closely related Turnera species. We estimated herbivory rates and screened for cyanogenesis in 32 populations along the urbanization gradient, quantified by the Human Footprint Index and the amount of impervious surface surrounding each site. We found herbivory rates increased in T. subulata populations with increasing urbanization, but we did not find evidence of cyanogenesis in any of the populations. Our results suggest that although herbivores respond positively to urbanization, the fitness effects of leaf herbivory may be insufficient to select for the evolution of cyanogenesis in some plants. Our results provide valuable insight into the effects of urbanization on plant‐herbivore interactions in the tropics.
Disclosure policy design and regulatory agent behavior
Authors: Makofske Matthew P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMandatory disclosure promotes self‐regulation of product quality but may also provide incentives for firms to manipulate disclosed information. Collection of quality information by inspectors protects against direct manipulation, but firms may attempt to unduly influence inspectors. In Las Vegas, Nevada, food‐service health inspections are numerically scored, with health code violations from three categories carrying prescribed demerit amounts. For disclosure however, numeric scores are coarsened into letter grades, which may encourage lobbying of inspectors to under‐report violations near threshold scores. Beginning in 2013, the demerit amount prescribed for each good‐practices violation was reduced from 1 to 0; whereas the letter‐grade scale and penalties prescribed for major and critical violations (3 and 5 demerits each) remained unchanged. Exploiting this removal of scoring implications from good‐practices violations, coupled with the discontinuous punishment severity inherent in letter‐grade disclosure, I find that inspectors significantly under‐reported good‐practices violations prior to 2013—by 31%–90% in some cases—when those violations were likely to affect letter grades. Without careful design, disclosure policies supplementing inspection programs may inadvertently undermine the regulatory efforts they were meant to support.
Implementing human factors in anaesthesia: guidance for clinicians, departments and hospitals
Authors: Kelly F. E. , Frerk C. , Bailey C. R. , Cook T. M. , Ferguson K. , Flin R. , Fong K. , Groom P. , John C. , Lang A. R. , Meek T. , Miller K. L. , Richmond L. , Sevdalis N. , Stacey M. R. 
Published: January 2023

SummaryHuman factors is an evidence‐based scientific discipline used in safety critical industries to improve safety and worker well‐being. The implementation of human factors strategies in anaesthesia has the potential to reduce the reliance on exceptional personal and team performance to provide safe and high‐quality patient care. To encourage the adoption of human factors science in anaesthesia, the Difficult Airway Society and the Association of Anaesthetists established a Working Party, including anaesthetists and operating theatre team members with human factors expertise and/or interest, plus a human factors scientist, an industrial psychologist and an experimental psychologist/implementation scientist. A three‐stage Delphi process was used to formulate a set of 12 recommendations: these are described using a ‘hierarchy of controls’ model and classified into design, barriers, mitigations and education and training strategies. Although most anaesthetic knowledge of human factors concerns non‐technical skills, such as teamwork and communication, human factors is a broad‐based scientific discipline with many other additional aspects that are just as important. Indeed, the human factors strategies most likely to have the greatest impact are those related to the design of safe working environments, equipment and systems. While our recommendations are primarily provided for anaesthetists and the teams they work with, there are likely to be lessons for others working in healthcare beyond the speciality of anaesthesia.
Africa's Next Debt Crisis: A Relational Comparison of Chinese and Western Lending to Zambia
Authors: Gort Joris , Brooks Andrew 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAfrica faces a new debt crisis fuelled by Chinese and Western lending. At the forefront is Zambia, which defaulted on Eurobond payments in 2020. The article sets the developing Africa‐wide crisis within a relational comparison that draws the current Zambian moment together with the financial collapse of the 1980s. By placing Chinese lending within a comparative global frame, we make three contributions. First, Zambia provides a “spatial fix” for capital, but such African borrowing is not passive and shapes hegemonic struggles between China and the US. Thus secondly, Africa's relationship with debt is co‐constituent in the remaking of the global economy, as signalled by the contested execution and interpretation of development‐as‐modernisation. Finally, a relational comparison of the two debt crises demonstrates that global capitalist hegemony is, partly, engineered by the consent and coercion of African governments, yet the human costs of borrowing are fully borne by the world's poorest.
Focus versus format: An American view of South Korea's regional engagement
Authors: Cooper Zack 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe United States and South Korea are both shifting their engagement in the Indo‐Pacific, but in fundamentally different ways. In recent years, Washington has altered the format of its engagement in the region—shifting toward an increasingly minilateral approach seen in the Quad and AUKUS arrangements. On the other hand, Seoul has sought primarily to alter the focus of its engagement—shifting from a narrow focus on the Korean Peninsula toward a broader regional approach. In other words, American leaders have adjusted the format of their engagement while Korean leaders have adjusted the focus of their engagement. This has created a disconnect. As South Korea has aligned its focus to that of the United States, Seoul has expected Washington to integrate South Korea more deeply into American regional strategy. Yet, US efforts to build minilaterals have seldom included South Korea. Addressing this divide will require leaders in both capitals to adjust their approaches to both focus and format in the Indo‐Pacific.
Cardiotoxicity and pharmacogenetics of doxorubicin in black Zimbabwean breast cancer patients
Authors: Nyangwara Vincent Aketch , Mazhindu Tinashe , Chikwambi Zedias , Masimirembwa Collen , Campbell Thomas B. , Borok Margaret , Ndlovu Ntokozo 
Published: January 2023

AimsDoxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is a significant cause of mortality in cancer care. This study was conducted to establish the frequency of DIC in Zimbabwean breast cancer patients on doxorubicin and to test the DIC predictive power of genetic biomarkers.MethodsA cohort of 50 Zimbabwean breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin were followed up for 12 months with serial echocardiography and genotyped for UGTA1A6*4, SLC28A3 and RARG. Eleven per cent of the patients experienced DIC.ResultsThe frequencies of SLC28A3 (rs7853758), UGT1A6*4 (rs17863783) and RARG (rs2229774) were 60.7%, 17.9% and 14.3%, respectively. No association between DIC and the three variants was observed.ConclusionsThis is the first study on the prevalence of DIC and associated genetic biomarker predictive evaluation in Zimbabwean breast cancer patients. The genetic frequencies observed in our study were different to those reported in other populations. A larger sample size with a longer follow‐up time will be necessary in future studies.
Not revenge, but change is sweet: Experimental evidence of how offender change and punishment play independent roles in victims' sense of justice
Authors: Hechler Stefanie , Funk Friederike , Kessler Thomas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhat positive effects do victims gain by punishing their offenders? Previous research suggests that punishment increases victims' justice‐related satisfaction only when the offender indicates that they changed their moral attitude and behaviour. However, offender change may increase justice‐related satisfaction independently of punishment. So far, it is empirically unclear whether punishment affects satisfaction beyond offender change (e.g. by producing the change), and whether punishment has positive effects on victims that are independent of offender change, specifically how it empowers victims. In two studies, we use a full experimental design to test the unique influence of punishment and offender change on victims' justice‐related satisfaction and empowerment. In a third study, we extend the design and additionally test for the effects of assigned versus self‐selected punishment. Across three studies (N = 824) with different methodological approaches, we consistently found that offender change alone increased victims' justice‐related satisfaction—and this effect was not moderated by punishment. Study 2, but not Study 3, showed that punishment alone empowered victim—and this effect was not moderated by offender change. This indicates that offender change and punishment have independent roles in producing positive effects on victims. Overall, it was offender change and not punishment that made victims feel that justice has been done.
Aurantiamide suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome to improve the cognitive function and central inflammation in mice with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shen Heping , Pei Hongyan , Zhai Liping , Guan Qiaobing , Wang Genghuan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimThis study was aimed at exploring the mechanism by which aurantiamide (Aur) targeted NLRP3 to suppress microglial cell polarization.MethodsThe 7‐month‐old APP/PS1 mice and C57BL/6 mice were applied to be the study objects, and Aur was administered intragastrically to APP/PS1 mice at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg. The changes in the neurocognitive function of mice were measured by Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. In the in vitro experiments, the mouse BV2 cells were employed as the study objects, which were subject to treatment with 10 μM and 20 μM Aur and induced with LPS and IFN‐γ in order to activate BV2 cells and induce their M1 polarization.ResultsAur was found to suppress the M1 polarization of mouse microglia, reduce central neuroinflammation, and improve the cognitive function in mice. Meanwhile, Aur suppressed the activation and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome. The results of experiments in vitro demonstrated that Aur inhibited the activation and M1 polarization of BV2 cells.ConclusionAur targets NLRP3 and suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.