bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Analysis of Simple Novelty Search
Authors: Wiegand R. Paul 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Novelty search is a powerful tool for finding diverse sets of objects in complicated spaces. Recent experiments on simplified versions of novelty search introduce the idea that novelty search happens at the level of the archive space, rather than individual points. The sparseness measure and archive update criterion create a process that is driven by a two measures: (1) spread out to cover the space while trying to remain as efficiently packed as possible, and (2) metrics inspired by k nearest neighbor theory.
In this paper, we generalize previous simplifications of novelty search to include traditional population (μ,λ) dynamics for generating new search points, where the population and the archive are updated separately. We provide some theoretical guidance regarding balancing mutation and sparseness criteria and introduce the concept of saturation as a way of talking about fully covered spaces. We show empirically that claims that novelty search is inherently objectiveless are incorrect. We leverage the understanding of novelty search as an optimizer of archive coverage, suggest several ways to improve the search, and demonstrate one simple improvement—generating some new points directly from the archive rather than the parent population.
Financial Implications for Families of Newborns Admitted in a Tertiary Care Neonatal Unit in Northern India
Authors: Gautam Arun , Singh Anita , Verma Akanksha , Naranje Kirti M , Gupta Girish 
Published: July 2023

Background Admission of a newborn to neonatal intensive care unit is very stressful for family and poses significant financial burden. Aim To estimate the cost of neonatal care in a tertiary care level institution in northern India. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 4 months at a 30-bedded level III neonatal unit in a tertiary care institute in north India. Data was collected from a self-written diaries by parents of all neonates admitted in the unit. The cost analysis included direct hospital cost and additional expenditure by families during entire hospital stay. Results A total of 135 newborns (86 males) were enrolled in this study. 60 babies required Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. The median total expenditure incurred in study cohort was US$172 (IQR 83.5–546.3); median duration of hospital stay was 7 (IQR 5–16) days. The total expenditure per day for babies with Neonatal intensive care unit stay was US$32.7 (IQR 23.5–48). The direct hospital charges amounted to approximately 3/4th of total expenditure, while rest 1/4th was additional cost incurred upon family. Conclusion The cost of care of a sick newborn in public sector hospital of India is substantial. Additional expenditure apart from direct cost of treatment contributes significantly to the financial burden.
PD-1 Deficiency in Regulatory T Cells May be Involved in the Pathogenesis of Takayasu's Arteritis
Authors: Gao Na , Li Taoao , Cui Wei , Zhao Limin , Zhang Jianghui , Pan Lili 
Published: July 2023

Objectives This study aims to investigate whether PD-1 expressions are abnormal in patients with TAK. Methods PD-1 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum cytokines IL-10, IL-7, IL-2, IL-15, CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10 were detected using a cytokine cytometric bead array. Immunohistochemistry staining analysis was used to test PD-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the aorta of three patients with TAK and three patients with atherosclerosis as controls. Results The mean fluorescence intensity of PD-1 in CD4+PD-1+ cells was decreased in patients with TAK and the frequency of CD4+Foxp3−PD-1+ cells among CD4+T cells was also decreased in peripheral blood relative to healthy controls ( P < .05). The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+PD-1+ cells in the CD4+CD25+T cell population was lower in patients with TAK than in healthy control and was lower in active TAK group ( P < .05). Comparing PD-1 and PDL-1 expression in aorta tissue showed that patients with TAK tended to have lower levels than patients with atherosclerosis, but the difference was not significant ( P > .05). Patients with TAK had higher serum levels of IL-10, IL-7, CCL2, and CCL3 ( P < .05). Conclusions Abnormal expression of PD-1 in serum and aorta tissue of patients with TAK may contribute to TAK pathogenesis. Key points PD-1 expression in both peripheral blood and aorta tissue of TAK patients decreased relative to healthy controls, indicating that PD-1 might be involved in TAK pathogenesis.
Preoperative stoma site marking reduces postoperative stoma-related complications in emergency surgery: A single center retrospective cohort study
Authors: Nozawa Hiroaki , Sasaki Sanae , Hayashi Chieko , Kawasaki Akiko , Sasaki Kazuhito , Murono Koji , Emoto Shigenobu , Ishihara Soichiro 
Published: July 2023

Background and objective: Stoma site marking is an important factor in reducing stoma-related complications, thereby influencing the long-term quality of life in the elective setting. The impact of preoperative stoma site marking in emergency stoma creation is largely unknown. We aimed to determine whether preoperative stoma site marking in emergency stoma creation reduces stoma-related complications. Methods: Patients who underwent emergency stoma creation at our hospital between 2009 and 2022 were examined by reviewing our prospective database and retrospective chart review. Subjects were classified into the “marking (+)” or “marking (−)” group according to stoma site marking (194 and 151 patients, respectively). The changes in the frequency of stoma marking over time and the effects of stoma marking on stoma-related complications were analyzed. Results: The overall frequency of grade 2 or higher stoma-related complications was lower in the marking (+) group than in the marking (−) group (24% versus 36%, p = 0.010). Stoma site marking was associated with fewer soma site bleeding (2% versus 10%, p < 0.001), and the frequency of peristomal dermatitis was also lower (10%) in the marking (+) group (versus 18%, p = 0.042). Moreover, the lack of stoma site marking was an independent risk factor for overall stoma-related complications (adjusted odds ratio: 1.69, p = 0.034). Conclusions: Preoperative stoma site marking was associated with stoma-related complications in emergency surgery. The clinical significance of our attempt is worth validating with prospective studies.
Hypoperfusion intensity ratio as a predictor of outcomes after thrombectomy triage: A call for data homogeneity
Authors: Adusumilli Gautam , Kobeissi Hassan , Ghozy Sherief , Kallmes Kevin M. , Brinjikji Waleed , Kallmes David , Heit Jeremy J. 
Published: July 2023

Background Collateral blood flow markers have been associated with outcomes after thrombectomy in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO). Hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR), a metric reflecting tissue level collaterals, is one such marker with the potential to delineate patients who do and do not do well after thrombectomy. We determined if HIR correlated with successful reperfusion after thrombectomy. Methods Using Nested Knowledge, we screened literature for studies comparing patients with favorable versus unfavorable HIR, distinguished by a cutoff of 0.4, who underwent thrombectomy triage. The primary outcome was reperfusion success, as measured by thrombolysis in cerebral infarction ≥2b and secondary outcomes included rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, mortality at 90 days, and modified Rankin scale scores 0–2 at 90 days. A random effects model was used to compute pooled prevalence rates and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Three studies with 973 patients, 496 with favorable HIR, and 477 with unfavorable HIR were included in this meta-analysis. The odds of reperfusion success were not significantly different between patients who had favorable versus unfavorable HIR (OR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.31–3.04) across two of the studies. Analysis of the remaining outcome variables was precluded by significant heterogeneity in data element reporting. Conclusions This meta-analysis was considerably limited by heterogeneity. Future meta-analyses on this topic, and other topics in the field of neurointervention would benefit from improved harmonization of study design and data element reporting.
P-TransUNet: an improved parallel network for medical image segmentation
Authors: Chong Yanwen , Xie Ningdi , Liu Xin , Pan Shaoming 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDeep learning-based medical image segmentation has made great progress over the past decades. Scholars have proposed many novel transformer-based segmentation networks to solve the problems of building long-range dependencies and global context connections in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, these methods usually replace the CNN-based blocks with improved transformer-based structures, which leads to the lack of local feature extraction ability, and these structures require a huge number of data for training. Moreover, those methods did not pay attention to edge information, which is essential in medical image segmentation. To address these problems, we proposed a new network structure, called P-TransUNet. This network structure combines the designed efficient P-Transformer and the fusion module, which extract distance-related long-range dependencies and local information respectively and produce the fused features. Besides, we introduced edge loss into training to focus the attention of the network on the edge of the lesion area to improve segmentation performance. Extensive experiments across four tasks of medical image segmentation demonstrated the effectiveness of P-TransUNet, and showed that our network outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.
Characterization and in-depth genome analysis of a halotolerant probiotic bacterium Paenibacillus sp. S-12, a multifarious bacterium isolated from Rauvolfia serpentina
Authors: Singh Rajnish Prakash , Kumari Kiran , Sharma Parva Kumar , Ma Ying 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Members of Paenibacillus genus from diverse habitats have attracted great attention due to their multifarious properties. Considering that members of this genus are mostly free-living in soil, we characterized the genome of a halotolerant environmental isolate belonging to the genus Paenibacillus. The genome mining unravelled the presence of CAZymes, probiotic, and stress-protected genes that suggested strain S-12 for industrial and agricultural purposes.

Results
Molecular identification by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing showed its closest match to other Paenibacillus species. The complete genome size of S-12 was 5.69 Mb, with a GC-content 46.5%. The genome analysis of S-12 unravelled the presence of an open reading frame (ORF) encoding the functions related to environmental stress tolerance, adhesion processes, multidrug efflux systems, and heavy metal resistance. Genome annotation identified the various genes for chemotaxis, flagellar motility, and biofilm production, illustrating its strong colonization ability.

Conclusion
The current findings provides the in-depth investigation of a probiotic Paenibacillus bacterium that possessed various genome features that enable the bacterium to survive under diverse conditions. The strain shows the strong ability for probiotic application purposes.
Clinical factors associated with acute abdominal symptoms induced by gastric anisakiasis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study
Authors: Okagawa Yutaka , Sumiyoshi Tetsuya , Imagawa Takayuki , Sakano Hiroya , Tamura Fumito , Arihara Yohei , Kanari Yusuke , Sakurada Akira , Oiwa Shutaro , Jin Takashi , Tomita Yusuke , Minami Shinya , Hisai Hiroyuki , Muramatsu Hirohito , Katsuki Shinichi , Maeda Masahiro , Kondo Hitoshi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Gastric anisakiasis typically causes severe abdominal symptoms; however, we incidentally detected asymptomatic gastric anisakiasis cases during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The factors associated with developing acute abdominal symptoms induced by gastric anisakiasis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical factors associated with abdominal symptoms of gastric anisakiasis by comparing symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study involving 264 patients diagnosed with gastric anisakiasis at nine hospitals in Japan between October 2015 and October 2021. We analyzed patients’ medical records and endoscopic images and compared the clinical factors between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups.

Results
One hundred sixty-five patients (77.8%) were diagnosed with abdominal symptoms, whereas 47 (22.2%) were asymptomatic. Older age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, gastric mucosal atrophy, and gastric mucosal atrophy of the Anisakis penetrating area were significantly more common in the asymptomatic group than in the symptomatic group. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (p = 0.007), sex (p = 0.017), and presence or absence of mucosal atrophy (p = 0.033) were independent factors for the occurrence of acute abdominal symptoms. In addition, cases that were Helicobacter pylori naïve, with an elevation of white blood cells, or without an elevation of eosinophils were more common in the symptomatic group than in the asymptomatic group.

Conclusions
Age, sex, and presence or absence of gastric mucosal atrophy were the clinical factors associated with the occurrence of acute abdominal symptoms. Older and male patients and those with gastric mucosal atrophy were less likely to show abdominal symptoms. The mechanisms of the occurrence of symptoms induced by gastric anisakiasis remain unclear; however, our results will help clarify this issue in the future.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of scrub typhus in northern Fujian, China, from 2015 to 2019
Authors: Huang Jin , Deng Kaixiang , Chen Jiawei , Zhang Meiquan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of scrub typhus in northern Fujian Province on the southeast coast of China.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on 303 patients with scrub typhus admitted to the First Hospital of Nanping City, Fujian Province, from January 2015 to December 2019. The epidemic characteristics were analyzed, such as the annual number of cases, age distribution, sex distribution, and seasonal distribution in each region. The patient's clinical manifestations, signs, complications, auxiliary examinations, and prognosis were analyzed.

Results
From 2015 to 2019, the age distribution of scrub typhus cases was mainly concentrated in 40–49 y (17.16%), 50–59 y (24.09%), and 60–69 y (26.73%). There were no sex differences among the patients. 68.98% of the cases were concentrated in rural areas, with farmers having the highest proportion. However, this study compared prognostic factors in the cured and uncured groups, and found significant differences in non-farmer occupation and diagnosis time ≥ 8 days. Scrub typhus showed two peaks north of Fujian; the prominent peak was from June to July, and the other slight rise was from October to November. The SDE plot showed that the cases were mainly concentrated in Yanping, Shunchang, Zhenghe, and Songxi counties. The number of cases in hilly and mountainous areas was higher than in plain areas. The main diagnostic methods in this area are based on specific eschar and epidemiology, while the positive rate of the Weil-Felix test is low.

Conclusions
The results of this study can guide primary care institutions to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of scrub typhus and take effective public health intervention measures in endemic areas.
Feasibility of using software-aided selection of virtual monoenergetic level for optimal image quality of acute necrotising pancreatitis based on dual-energy computed tomography: a preliminary study
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Liao Kai , Huang Zixing , Deng Liping , Tang Hehan , Wang Yi , Ye Zheng , Chen Xinyue , Song Bin , Li Zhenlin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of software-aided selection of monoenergetic level for acute necrotising pancreatitis (ANP) depiction compared to other automatic image series generated using dual-energy computed tomography (CT).

Methods
The contrast-enhanced dual-source dual-energy CT images in the portal venous phase of 48 patients with ANP were retrospectively analysed. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of pancreatic parenchyma-to-necrosis, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pancreas, image noise, and score of subjective diagnosis were measured, calculated, and compared among the CT images of 100 kV, Sn140 kV, weighted-average 120 kV, and optimal single-energy level for CNR.

Results
CNR of pancreatic parenchyma-to-necrosis in the images of 100 kV, Sn140 kV, weighted-average 120 kV, and the optimal single-energy level for CNR was 5.18 ± 2.39, 3.13 ± 1.35, 5.69 ± 2.35, and 9.99 ± 5.86, respectively; SNR of the pancreas in each group was 6.31 ± 2.77, 4.27 ± 1.56, 7.21 ± 2.69, and 11.83 ± 6.30, respectively; image noise in each group was 18.78 ± 5.20, 17.79 ± 4.63, 13.28 ± 3.13, and 9.31 ± 2.96, respectively; and score of subjective diagnosis in each group was 3.56 ± 0.50, 3.00 ± 0.55, 3.48 ± 0.55, and 3.88 ± 0.33, respectively. The four measurements of the optimal single-energy level for CNR images were significantly different from those of images in the other three groups (P < 0.05). CNR of pancreatic parenchyma-to-necrosis, SNR of the pancreas, and score of subjective diagnosis in the images of the optimal single-energy level for CNR were significantly higher, while the image noise was lower than those in the other three groups (all P = 0.000).

Conclusion
Optimal single-energy level imaging for CNR of dual-source CT could improve quality of CT images in patients with ANP, enhancing the display of necrosis in the pancreas.
Immediate visual reproduction negatively correlates with brain entropy of parahippocampal gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus in bipolar II disorder adolescents
Authors: Liu Haiqin , Gao Weijia , Cao Weifang , Meng Qingmin , Xu Longchun , Kuang Liangfeng , Guo Yongxin , Cui Dong , Qiu Jianfeng , Jiao Qing , Su Linyan , Lu Guangming 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundBrain entropy reveals complexity and irregularity of brain, and it has been proven to reflect brain complexity alteration in disease states. Previous studies found that bipolar disorder adolescents showed cognitive impairment. The relationship between complexity of brain neural activity and cognition of bipolar II disorder (BD-II) adolescents remains unclear.MethodsNineteen BD-II patients (14.63 ±1.57 years old) and seventeen age-gender matched healthy controls (HCs) (14.18 ± 1.51 years old) were enlisted. Entropy values of all voxels of the brain in resting-state functional MRI data were calculated and differences of them between BD-II and HC groups were evaluated. After that, correlation analyses were performed between entropy values of brain regions showing significant entropy differences and clinical indices in BD-II adolescents.ResultsSignificant differences were found in scores of immediate visual reproduction subtest (VR-I, p = 0.003) and Stroop color-word test (SCWT-1, p = 0.015; SCWT-2, p = 0.004; SCWT-3, p = 0.003) between the two groups. Compared with HCs, BD-II adolescents showed significant increased brain entropy in right parahippocampal gyrus and right inferior occipital gyrus. Besides, significant negative correlations between brain entropy values of right parahippocampal gyrus, right inferior occipital gyrus and immediate visual reproduction subtest scores were observed in BD-II adolescents.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study suggested that the disrupted function of corticolimbic system is related with cognitive abnormality of BD-II adolescents. And from the perspective temporal dynamics of brain system, the current study, brain entropy may provide available evidences for understanding the underlying neural mechanism in BD-II adolescents.
The emergence of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking during adolescence and early adulthood
Authors: Alves Joana , Perelman Julian , Ramos Elisabete , Kunst Anton E 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
While it is known that educational inequalities in smoking start during early and middle adolescence, it is unknown how they further develop until adulthood. The aim of this article is to map, in the Portuguese context, how educational inequalities in smoking emerge from pre-adolescence until young adulthood.

Methods
This study used longitudinal data from the EPITeen Cohort, which recruited adolescents enrolled in schools in Porto, Portugal. We included the 1,038 participants followed at ages 13 (2003/2004), 17, 21, and 24 years. We computed the odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence of smoking states (never smoking, experimenter, less-than-daily, daily and former smoker) and the incidence of transitions between these states, as function of age and education, stratified by sex. We also added interaction terms between age and education.

Results
Educational inequalities in daily smoking prevalence, with higher prevalence among those with lower educational level, emerged at 17 years old and persisted until higher ages. They were formed in a cumulative way by the increased risk of experimenting between 13 and 17 years, and increased risk of becoming daily smoker between 17 and 21 years. The incidence of smoking cessation was higher among the higher educated. Inequalities were formed similarly for women and men, but with lower level and showed no significance among women.

Conclusions
These results highlight that actions to prevent smoking should also take in account the potential impact in smoking inequalities, and should focus not only on middle adolescence but also on late adolescence and early adulthood.
Predicting COVID-19 exposure risk perception using machine learning
Authors: Bakkeli Nan Zou 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Self-perceived exposure risk determines the likelihood of COVID-19 preventive measure compliance to a large extent and is among the most important predictors of mental health problems. Therefore, there is a need to systematically identify important predictors of such risks. This study aims to provide insight into forecasting and understanding risk perceptions and help to adjust interventions that target various social groups in different pandemic phases.

Methods
This study was based on survey data collected from 5001 Norwegians in 2020 and 2021. Interpretable machine learning algorithms were used to predict perceived exposure risks. To detect the most important predictors, the models with best performance were chosen based on predictive errors and explained variances. Shapley additive values were used to examine individual heterogeneities, interpret feature impact and check interactions between the key predictors.

Results
Gradient boosting machine exhibited the best model performance in this study (2020: RMSE=.93, MAE=.74, RSQ=.22; 2021: RMSE=.99, MAE=.77, RSQ=.12). The most influential predictors of perceived exposure risk were compliance with interventions, work-life conflict, age and gender. In 2020, work and occupation played a dominant role in predicting perceived risks whereas, in 2021, living and behavioural factors were among the most important predictors. Findings show large individual heterogeneities in feature importance based on people’s sociodemographic backgrounds, work and living situations.

Conclusion
The findings provide insight into forecasting risk groups and contribute to the early detection of vulnerable people during the pandemic. This is useful for policymakers and stakeholders in developing timely interventions targeting different social groups. Future policies and interventions should be adapted to the needs of people with various life situations.