bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Barriers to Informal Enterprising
Authors: Tati Gabriel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter utilizes an intersectional and transnational approach to examine the entrepreneurial trajectories of Congolese self-settled refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo in the informal urban economy of Eswatini, in Southern Africa. The chapter also interrogates their perseverance and resilience toward overcoming systemic barriers in the processes of enterprising and achieving business sustainability in the major cities of Mbabane and Manzini. It also analyzes the extent to which informal entrepreneurship contributes to the well-being of their households in the host society. The results from data collected from these women suggest that business development among self-settled refugee women is riddled with numerous setbacks ranging from locational factors to competition with locals and more established traders and that their ability to persevere and negotiate around these barriers depends on personal circumstances, social investments, and social networks.
Language Training and Humanitarian Migrants’ Host Language Skills
Authors: Cheng Zhiming , Tani Bertuol Massimiliano , Wang Ben Zhe 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses language instruction as an important step to help integrate refugees, socially and economically, to improve their host country language proficiency. It also highlights the relationship between the acquisition of English-language skills and subsequent socioeconomic, health, and well-being outcomes of humanitarian migrants using panel data from the Building a New Life in Australia survey. The chapter argues that language skills are a critical manifestation of a migrant’s capacity to adapt to and integrate into the host culture and society. It further contends that migrants and refugees with competent local language skills tend to be culturally resilient and equipped with elevated levels of psychological resources to increase their self-efficacy and self-esteem. The chapter concludes that the benefits of government support for programs targeting migrants, especially refugees, are often downplayed relative to the costs of such programs.
The Self in Relationships
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines the construct of self (as distinct from soul) and distinguishes between self-as-knower (i.e., Pure Ego) and self-as-known (i.e., Empirical Me), following James’s psychology of individual differences. Continuing with James’s description of the self-as-known, the chapter divides the Empirical Me into its three hypothetical components (material self, social self, and spiritual/psychic self). Afterward, certain aspects of the spiritual/psychic self—that is, interpersonal aspects of personality—are discussed. Subsequently, the chapter briefly reviews Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of personality (including the self-system) as the foundation for Wiggins’s interpersonal circumplex theory of personality and social behavior. Next, it emphasizes Wiggins’s theory as the source of all of the personality constructs that will be covered in the book. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of the remaining chapters.
The Self in Relationships
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to the construct of the self by supplementing conceptual insight from the trait school of personality psychology with conceptual contributions from the cognitive school of personality psychology (as exemplified by the Situation-Person A-Person B-Interaction [SABI] model, the Cognitive-Affective Personality System [CAPS] model, the Culturally embedded CAPS [C-CAPS] model, and the Knowledge and Appraisal Personality Architecture [KAPA] model)—all of which were derived from social-cognitive personality theory. The chapter ends by noting an attempt to integrate perspectives from the cognitive school with perspectives from the self-affirming, humanistic/existential school of personality psychology (especially self-actualization theory), which addresses individuals’ lived experience as selves-in-context, relationally and societally speaking.
Torah Study vs. Deathwork
Authors: Aran Gideon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 relates to ZAKA in the context of ultra-Orthodox Judaism and then situates it in the context of Israeli society. The first half of the chapter discusses the status of the organization in the Haredi community, and the connections between its members and Haredim who do not belong to it. The emphasis is on the apparent conflict between the ideal of full-time Torah study and the devotion to caring for the dead. The second half of the chapter discusses the reciprocal – essentially ambivalent – relations between the organization and secular modern Jews, as well as the role it plays in relation to the institutions of the nation-state and civil society.
Strange Pairings
Authors: Aran Gideon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 deals with two opposing ideals of sacrificing oneself for a lofty cause, two interpretations of sainthood, represented by the two icons of Middle-Eastern suicide terrorism: The Palestinian Muslim human bomb and the Orthodox Jewish ZAKA volunteer who collects the former’s dismembered organs. Contrary to conventional wisdom they maintain an intricate curious alliance. Each of them accupies a significant place in the other’s imagination and they keep an unaware and denied mutual relationship. This chapter centers on the irony of two archrivals that see themselves as the complete opposite of each other and yet have much in common. While hating each other they tacitly communicate and unknowingly co-produce a dramatic scene of martyrdome nourished by rich religious reservoir of myth and ritual in which blood plays a major role..
Emancipation, Civil Rights, and the Origins of “Voodoo” in the 1850s–1880s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the mid-nineteenth century, the word “voodoo” first appeared in English-language newspapers and books. Initial reports told of ceremonies in New Orleans that brought women of different races together to perform illicit rites. However, the Union takeover of the city in 1863 quickly shifted public narratives about “voodoo” to allegations about superstitious African Americans who were unprepared for emancipation. This chapter follows the development of the term “voodoo” through Reconstruction, as it became a mechanism to discuss the alleged barbaric beliefs that supposedly showed that people of African descent were unfit to vote or hold public office. This chapter concludes with a study of the evolution of “voodoo” in the late nineteenth century, as it incorporated allegations about spiritual practices in Haiti— the first Black republic in the Americas.
Sex Trafficking and Sacred Oaths in the 1990s to the Present
Authors: Boaz Danielle N. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Over the past few decades, human trafficking networks have transported thousands of West African women and girls to Europe. The organizers of some smuggling rings have administered ritual oaths to bind these women to their traffickers before they leave for Europe and to convince them that they will die a painful death if they abandon their service before repaying their debt. Many scholars, police officers, and human rights experts have begun to refer to these rituals as “voodoo oaths,” even though they have no connection to New Orleans Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, or West African Vodun. This chapter explores this most recent evolution of the term “voodoo” which is deeply connected to discussions about the rights of Black immigrants. This chapter also problematizes this terminology by exploring the possible origins of these rituals and the positive uses of similar sacred oaths in African societies.
Space Technology and War
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses space technology and war. German V-2 rockets in World War II and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) during the Cold War presumably show an inherent connection between space exploration and war. Wernher von Braun wanted spaceships yet financed his V-2s by creating terror in London. But Albert Speer, Hitler’s minister of munitions, thought that the V-2 had been a terrible waste of manpower and resources. V-1s, which were not intended for space, would have been far more effective. Nor could the V-2 carry an atomic warhead, contrary to suggestions. ICBMs carrying hydrogen bombs created mutually assured destruction (MAD), which prevented war between the superpowers. And ICBMs did not need space rockets (liquid propellants); they did better with solid rockets. New terrifying space weapons would face MAD again, but President Reagan’s “Star Wars Defense” would be ineffective against bombers and cruise missiles. Satellites also made a nuclear test-ban treaty possible.
Introduction: The Limits of Consent in International Law
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter outlines the issues raised in the subsequent five chapters. It argues that current theories regarding the sources of international law lack a foundation for explaining how states can be required to assume legal obligations that transcend state consent. In making this case, the chapter critiques attempts to expand the concept of customary international law to include certain types of legal norms that form over a short period of time without necessarily reflecting widespread, consistent state practice. Rather, it provides an overview of current theories on the sources of international law and examines how international law is directly connected to the four variables that characterize the structure of the international system: the nature of the constitutive units, the organizing principles of the system, the density of interaction among the units, and the scope and depth of institutionalization within the system.
Torture
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the prohibition of torture became a universal legal norm in international law despite its widespread practice. It explores the way this influences how political leaders attempt to reconcile this ban with the commonality of the use of torture. It discusses how the torture ban developed from a violation of international law of states to an international crime of public officials that could be prosecuted through international tribunals and domestic courts through universal jurisdiction. The universality of the ban on torture is reflected in the sheer volume and authority of international and regional treaties, conventions, organizational charters, judgments by domestic, regional, and international tribunals, and soft law. The increasing number and breadth of legal sources prohibiting torture has led to a cross-fertilization, creating a rich, detailed, and increasingly consistent body of general international law.
The Telegraphed Brain
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the long history of the neuron doctrine via the cultural phenomenon of the telegraph in British and American poetry and prose. At a time when many scientists still considered the majority of the brain to consist of a simple “primordial mass,” the telegraph proposed a different take on the material nature of thought. Even decades before neurons could be observed in the brain, the now common experience of transmitting “thought” over wires teased the cultural imaginary of the mid-1800s to conceptualize the brain as a system of connected wires. Especially in periodicals, a multitude of writers, engineers, and physicians (both trained and amateur) began to translate the Romantic notion of brain-as-harp into the technophile metaphor of the telegraph-brain—a metaphor that, in turn, laid the groundwork for one of the most important insights about the material structure of the brain: its electrochemical, neuronal nature.
Introduction
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Why does the Moon always turn the same face toward the Earth? What are those large light and dark splotches that we call the “Man in the Moon’? Are the Moon’s craters volcanoes, like those we see on the Earth? If not, what caused the craters? Does life exist on the Moon? Where did the Moon come from? Are the Earth and the Moon twin planets, was the Moon flung off the primordial Earth, or did Earth’s gravity capture it? Or did the Moon have some completely different origin? What can study of the Moon tell us about the ancient Earth? These are some of the questions to be addressed in this book.
The Ancient Astronomers
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Every advanced ancient society has studied the Moon and the heavens, including the Babylonians, Indians, Mayans, Egyptians, Muslims, and Chinese and especially the Greeks. They learned to make accurate calendars, predict eclipses (and determine why they occur rarely), figure out that the Earth is a sphere, measure the sizes of the Earth and the Moon, calculate the tilt of the Earth’s axis, and observe that it wobbles over time. The most portentous discovery was the realization that the Earth floats freely with nothing to hold it aloft. This made possible the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus that the Sun and not the Earth is at the center of the solar system. But the naked eye could take the ancient astronomers no further.
Rosetta Stone of the Solar System
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Each of the three theories of the Moon’s origin had serious defects. The fission theory would have required the proto-Earth to spin four times as fast as today. Co-accretion predicted that the Moon and the Earth would have the same density; instead, it differs significantly in the two bodies. Capture of a passing Moon was highly improbable and would have been a one-off event that failed to account for the many other moons of the solar system. When scientists analyzed the Moon rocks back on Earth, they found them to be devoid of water, enriched in elements that melt only at high temperatures, and depleted in those that are volatile, that evaporate at low temperatures. Quite different from our rocks on the Earth. The Moon rocks from Tranquility Base turned out to be 3.7 billion years old, older than the oldest known terrestrial rock at the time. None of the three classic theories could explain these facts and the other new evidence, leaving scientists at a loss. The expensive and promising Apollo missions had raised more questions than they answered. That does not defeat scientists but only spurs them on to greater effort.
Volcanism on the Moon
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Does the Moon have volcanic rocks, or has meteorite impact created everything on the Moon’s surface? The Apollo 15 mission and the later flights of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which launched in 2009, found a number of small features that impact could not explain, leaving volcanism as the only possibility. These include “rilles”—sharp, sinuous canyons that on Earth would have been carved by water, but the Moon has no water. Small, steep-sided domes are found in a few places. Scientists believe they are made of highly viscous lavas that froze in place. These features collectively show that the Moon has enough internal heat to melt rocks and turn them into magma.
Mother of Selene
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Scientists pursued the giant impact theory along two tracks: (1) testing it against the measured geochemistry of the Earth and the Moon, especially the isotopic composition of oxygen in the two bodies, and (2) performing computer simulations of a collision between two huge objects in space. The question they were trying to solve was how much of the Moon that resulted from the collision came from the proto-Earth and how much from the impactor, which they named Theia, the mother of Selene, goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology. The computer simulations showed that most of the Moon came from Theia. But the Moon and the Earth have virtually identical oxygen isotope ratios. If the Moon had come from some other part of the solar system, this would have required an enormous coincidence, something that scientists abhor. The other possibility was that the proto-Earth and Theia had different isotope ratios, but they had been homogenized in the fiery vapor cloud that resulted from the giant collision.
Ultimate Freedom
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Freedom of choice is the subject. “How dare you!” challenged Greta Thunberg. The members of the climate summit had freedom of choice to act on the scientific evidence she presented rather than on personal desire. What is the difference between acting on desire and acting on what you prefer because of scientific acceptance? There is a form of preference that is an ultimate explanation of choice. In this book it is called a power preference. It is a preference that loops back on to itself, a fixed-point vector, and suffices to explain human agency. The power preference includes scientific explanation and is compatible with determinism.
Determinism, Ultimate Preference, and the Consistency Claim
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to explain how scientific determinism can be consistent with freedom of choice. The purpose is to offer an account of freedom of choice that is logically consistent with a scientific theory maintaining that all choice is covered by scientific laws. This could be described as what has been called compatibilism, now called classical compatibilism. Since the term compatibilism has been co-opted to involve a weaker constraint on freedom, requiring only that a person do what he or she fully desires, even if no option is available, the preference here is to speak of the consistency claim. It is the claim that freedom of choice containing a choice among options, including the option not to choose as one does, is consistent with scientific laws covering all choice. This chapter is a defense of the consistency of ultimate freedom with determinism.
Epilogue
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This is a brief discussion of the interaction between a first-order system and a higher-order system, resembling system 1 and system 2 in Kahneman (2011). The first-order system of desire and belief may have an important role in first-order functioning essential to survival, but it is not the hero of the story of agency. The higher-order system has the role of evaluating desire and belief, deciding whether desires should be satisfied and whether beliefs should be accepted. That system has access to the states of the first-order system and looping back onto itself to the states of itself. The evaluations of the higher-order system are a source of evidence, as I have argued (Lehrer 2011, 2019), as an evaluator of evidence of reflexive exemplarization. Evaluations and reasonings of the higher-order system form preferences, which are the ultimate explanations of choice in ultimate freedom. It is also a discussion of degrees of freedom suggested by Corlett (2020). The conclusion is that ultimate freedom does not come in degrees. It is ultimate.
The Origins of Trust and Distrust
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the foundations of political trust by looking at the historical relationship between capitalists and authoritarian regimes in Asia during the periods of regime formation. Critical antecedents to relationships between capitalists and the state—colonial arrangements, the Japanese Occupation, and wars for independence—and the early decades of state-building and mass violence (the 1950s–1960s) explain varying outcomes in political vulnerability and trust. Capitalists in both Indonesia and China experienced political vulnerability, although for different reasons. The Chinese Communist Party established a pattern of accommodation and reprisal for capitalists early in the 1950s, which, combined with campaign-style governance, created a relationship of uncertainty and distrust. In Indonesia, economic elites of Chinese origin were both cultivated and threatened by Suharto’s New Order regime. In Malaysia, by contrast, capitalists developed a lasting relationship of reciprocity with political elites in the wake of ethnic and class-based conflict during the 1940s through the 1960s.
China’s Capitalists under Reform
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Mutual alignment of interests between the CCP, low-level bureaucrats, and the private sector characterized the Chinese political economy for the first two decades of the reforms (1978–98). The era was characterized by financial exclusion but practical embrace of the private sector, which relied on self-financing mechanisms. Toward the late 1990s and in the early 2000s, discipline in both the public and private financial systems broke down. Tax recentralization disconnected local officials from the firms in their jurisdictions, and land finance introduced an alternative source of investment and self-enrichment for local officials. In the financial system, institutional reforms to expand equity markets and introduce a bureaucratic—as opposed to a party-driven—regulatory system to govern banks and other nonbank financial institutions diminished CCP political control but did not replace it with either market discipline or rule of law. The chapter also discusses how capitalists adapted to an uncertain and distrustful political relationship with the regime.
Crisis and Reconfiguration
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Mutual endangerment in China produced financial crisis, especially the 2015 stock market crisis and waves of asset expatriation from 2013. The Xi Jinping administration responded by cracking down on the private sector and elements of the party itself, seeking to restore state discipline to a chaotic financial system. The CCP’s efforts included an anticorruption campaign, campaigns against crime, and the emergence of state investment and the use of the party-state as a corporate governance mechanism. The chapter examines these crises and responses drawing on corporate filings and financial data. It concludes that the CCP’s attempts to restore discipline can either result in stagnation, as in Malaysia, or might result in increased distrust between the state and business and, therefore, further manifestations of mutual endangerment.
A Flicker of Freedom
Authors: Capes Justin A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This opening chapter introduces and clarifies the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP), a basic version of which says that a person is morally responsible for what he did only if he could have avoided doing it. The chapter also includes an explanation of why the principle is important, introduces the basic challenge posed to the principle by the Frankfurt cases, and discusses various attempts to address that challenge. The chapter concludes with a sketch of the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases to be defended in the remaining four chapters of the book. If that analysis of the Frankfurt cases is correct, then far from being counterexamples to PAP, Frankfurt cases actually provide further confirmation of the principle.
The Symmetry Argument
Authors: Capes Justin A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends the symmetry argument for the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases. The argument is based on two main ideas, both of which are defended at length in the chapter. The first is that the range of things an agent is morally responsible for in omission cases is determined in part by what the agent could and couldn’t have done. The second is the symmetry thesis, according to which moral responsibility is determined by the same sorts of considerations whether it’s moral responsibility for actions or moral responsibility for omissions that’s at issue. Together these two claims support the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases.