bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transactions Among Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition
Authors: Schutz Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The question, “Can you distinguish motivation from cognition and emotion?,” tends to create a theoretical illusion that motivation, emotion, and cognition can be measured and researched separately. However, when the research focuses on actual transactions occurring within particular activity settings nested within social-historical contexts, it becomes hard to distinguish where motivation ends and emotion or cognition begins. Researchers basically use these constructs or distinctions while trying to make sense out of human activity. At a theoretical and/or variable level, they may be able to suggest that there are distinctions among these three constructs and even develop separate measures. However, when the lens is changed to look at an actual activity which emerges over a designated period of time, the author suggests that the usefulness of those construct distinctions becomes much harder to maintain.
How Does Context Shape Motivation?
Authors: Bong Mimi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation arises in response to a goal, and it then operates within and interacts with an ever-evolving context. Sound motivational principles, therefore, should take into consideration the critical influence of contexts on motivation. While much is known about motivation in general, little is known about how motivation changes with context. For motivation science to have greater practical relevance, three questions about how context shapes motivation need to be resolved. First, does context change motivation? Second, which among many possible motivational beliefs determines action in a particular context? Third, is special motivation needed in a context that require intense engagement?
When It Comes to Motivating Others, What’s Easy Is Not Always What Works
Authors: Patall Erika A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
“If you finish your dinner, you can have dessert” is a phrase uttered nightly by millions of parents. At the core of this phrase is the belief that the best way to get people do something is to offer a reward or impose a consequence. Rewards and consequences do control behavior, which makes it seem like motivating others is pretty easy. You just need to find something the person likes (or dislikes). But it’s not nearly that simple. If you want to encourage motivation that creates long-lasting, high-quality behavior rather than makes people feel like vulnerable pawns, you need to tap into a person’s inner resources, including their interests, values, and identities. At the heart of optimally motivating others is taking their perspective and using it to create an environment that supports their inner resources.
Motivating People
Authors: Anderman Eric M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation is not a one-size-fits-all science. Whenever the question, “How do we motivate people?” is posed, the answer necessarily needs to be “It depends . . . ”. It depends on whom one is trying to motivate, and it depends on what one is trying to motivate that person to do. The author of this essay presents several real-world examples to illustrate this point. Similarly, the author also provides several strategies that can be offered to motivate people, each of which acknowledges that the recommended strategy depends on “who” is being motivated and “what” they are being motivated to do.
A Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth
Authors: Pekrun Reinhard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Control-value theory (CVT) can be used to understand and promote affective growth. The theory explains how emotion and motivation are shaped by individual appraisals of control and value as well as situational conditions, and how all three factors impact thought, action, and performance. Emotions and motivation are linked with these antecedents (control, value) and outcomes by reciprocal effects over time, which opens up various possibilities to manage emotions and motivate people. As the author of this essay explains, according to CVT, four major motivation strategies include modifying appraisals, enhancing personal competencies, changing emotional and motivational reactions, and changing situational factors.
Improving Social Contexts Can Enhance Student Motivation
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
How can we motivate school-aged children to achieve both personal and socially valued goals? In their pursuit of these school-related goals, students ask questions such as, “Can I do this?”, “Is this an interesting thing to do?”, “What am I supposed to do?”, “Does anybody care?”, and “Why will I succeed or fail?” Parents, teachers, and peers provide answers to these questions through their communication of values and expectations for social and academic accomplishments, their provisions of help and offering of social support, and their creation of an emotionally supportive and safe environment within which students can learn and interact with each other in positive ways.
What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to Learn
Authors: Patrick Helen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Student motivation is an important issue for teachers because low motivation undermines teachers’ efforts to help students learn. Researchers have accumulated a considerable body of research that addresses how teachers can promote their students’ motivation. In this essay, the author condenses much of this research into five principles which, when addressed by teachers, promote students’ adaptive motivation to learn by helping students want to learn, helping students learn, helping students recognize they are learning, communicating the teacher’s interest in the material, and communicating that the teacher wants to help students learn and that the teacher can do so. These jargon-free principles have been distilled from research that represents a range of motivational theories and use a variety of methodologies.
Motivational Researchers Must Move Beyond Linear Models to Consider Motivational Processes as Part of a Complex System
Authors: Linnenbrink-Garcia Lisa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The development of motivation occurs as part of a complex, dynamic system. However, the majority of research on motivational beliefs does not adequately account for this complexity. For instance, researchers often study a specific form of motivation in isolation, examining its relation to engagement or learning after controlling for all other factors. However, this seems unlikely to reflect how various forms of motivation combine to shape engagement and learning. It also overlooks multiple patterns of development and assumes that motivational supports function in the same way across different individuals. This dominant perspective limits our understanding of motivational phenomena. Remedies are needed and suggested.
Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Gregory of Nyssa’s In Canticum Canticorum (Homilies on the Song of Songs) allegorically interprets the Song of Songs as the love between God and humanity and offers a rich collection of metaphors to illustrate the love and desire that draw the human to the divine. Within this collection of metaphors, the one that best illustrates Gregory’s depiction of the mystical ascent and union with God is that of visual perception in general, and the mirror more specifically, following Gregory’s interpretation of 1 Corinthians 13:12, “For now we see in a mirror, dimly, but then we will see face to face.” It is precisely vision’s subjectivity that allows it to become the prime metaphor for human mutability, and it is the enigmatic nature of this Pauline mirror that points to divine incomprehensibility, both of which merge to offer a foundation for Gregory’s doctrine of perpetual progress. Gregory breaks from the other authors of this project to reimagine vision’s subjectivity, along with human mutability, as the very foundation for growth and progress.
Conclusion
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Eyes and mirrors have long played a significant role in our collective imaginings, functioning in art, stories, metaphors, and scientific debates. The conclusion explores this significance of visual perception today and in antiquity to show that how we think we see says something about who we think we are, what we think we can know, and how we can act. Drawing from metaphor theory, it demonstrates vision’s link to discursive struggles over claims of Christian identity, Christian authority, and Christian epistemology. This final chapter ends by pointing to further areas of research relating to disability studies and epistemology.
Introduction
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introducing readers to the mixed-race group officially designated as Anglo-Indians since 1911 (and previously referred to as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons or, more pejoratively as "half-castes"), the chapter begins with the internationally famous examples of film stars Merle Oberon and Boris Karloff. The prism of their respective film careers highlights how changes of name and passing as white or European was one major strand of the wider experience of this group. The intertwined social, economic, and political position of the mixed in colonial India is then drawn out through a discussion of cinematic, televisual, and literary depictions of the Anglo-Indian dilemma towards the end of empire--caught between imperialism and nationalism--particularly through the film adaptation of John Masters' novel Bhowani Junction. Anglo-India as an imagined space within British India or "the Raj" is explored in relation to the external stereotypes and internal realities of Anglo-Indian monarchism, empire loyalism, identification with Britishness, and loyalty to Britain as an imagined homeland which, through migration, offers one possible route of escape, in the face of decolonisation and the looming threat of aggrieved and vengeful anticolonial Indian nationalism. An overview of existing literature on and by Anglo-Indians is followed by detailed book chapter summaries.
Forging a ‘Mixed-Race’ Community in India
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mixed-race origins and mixedness (métissage) in India are detailed from the first arrival of Europeans through early phases of community formation in the nineteenth century. Initial open-mindedness towards interracial sex is explained principally in terms of religious/denominational (i.e. Catholic vs. Protestant) and national rivalries between European powers. To secure Anglican/English predominance in initially tenuous colonial footholds, intermarriages with local or mixed-race women were at first officially sanctioned and financially incentivised. Social closure against the mixed, forcing their separation into a distinct and largely self-contained group (endogamy), followed a series of economic prohibitions on their employment in East India Company service from 1786–1808, triggering an increasing political self-consciousness within the group, articulated in a series of petitions to company state and imperial metropole in the 1820s. The reasons for this dramatic policy reversal are debated, alongside analysis of how a contrary attitude towards mixed-race women permitted them to retain a more elevated position, allowing for a prolongation of widespread "miscegenation" through the early nineteenth century. Thereafter the growth of racial and color prejudice is explored through literary sources and the emergence of so-called "scientific racism". Economic displacements from clerkships were followed by increasing employment by the group in the railways.
Contesting Anglo-India
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines discordant left-wing voices. Whilst Kenneth Wallace subsequently focused on practical problems, like unemployment and demography, intellectually he and Cedric Dover championed pan-Eurasianism--rejecting the 1911 redesignation of the group and seeking to make common cause with other mixed-race peoples of the European empires, thereby laying the imaginative groundwork for a potential mixed-race nation of Eurasia. Dover became famous for his subsequent career in Britain and the United States and what Nico Slate refers to as his "colored cosmopolitanism". However, the main thrust of his interdisciplinary work Half-Caste articulated this vision alongside his efforts to debunk Nazi pure race theory pseudoscience and to establish, "scientifically" (in terms of eugenics), the genetic superiority of people of mixed-race (i.e. heterozygosity). Others argued in favour of racial absorption into whiteness through mate selection. What united the efforts of those of wildly different political viewpoints was their shared desire to build up racial self-respect and a positive sense of group identity. The chapter's other major theme--racial passing--was, by contrast, largely an attempt to dissociate from the group. Primarily an individual strategy, it facilitated access to better employment and marriage prospects within the elaborately gradated socioracial hierarchy of British colonial society.
Anglo-India Under Siege
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes Anglo-Indian roles defending the colonial state, and intertwined anxieties concerning their future in a self-governing India. Anglo-Indians served in the police, the Intelligence Branch, and the Raj's strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, principally the railways, telegraphs, and customs services. After the disbandment of the Anglo-Indian Force/AIF following the conclusion of the Great War, Army authorities refused to recognise Anglo-Indians as a "martial race", substituting de facto compulsory enlistment in the Auxiliary Force (India)/AF(I). Nonetheless, despite ongoing discrimination, Anglo-Indians remained keen to volunteer for the Royal Air Force/RAF during the Second World War. In these military and auxiliary roles Anglo-Indians policed anticolonial terrorism, infrastructural/industrial sabotage, civil unrest, and intercommunal conflict, especially Hindu-Muslim. British parliamentary debates over Anglo-Indians' future involved Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee, while the proposals of the Cripps Mission of 1942 stunned Henry Gidney, encouraging agricultural colonisation in McCluskiegunge (founded by Earnest Timothy McCluskie) and the Britasian League of Calcutta's proposed Andaman Islands scheme. Colonisation assumed various guises-- Europeanising, Christianising, segregationist, confidently mixed, or pan-Eurasiainist--triangulating between pro-British, pro-Indian, and separationist orientations. The chapter concludes with the discordant cases of a Nazi sympathizer and Colonel Cyril John Stracey of Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army/INA.
The End of Anglo-India?
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During the Quit India movement of 1942, pressure on all Indian communities to abandon British/Western clothing in the spirit of sartorial nationalism reached fever pitch. Anglo-Indians remained attached to markers of their European ancestry, especially the topi. Dress was but one of several perceived threats to Anglo-Indians' hybridized identity. In this climate and with Indian independence imminent, Frank Anthony sought to reorient Anglo-Indians through his communal nationalist formula "Anglo-Indian by community, Indian by nationality". Despite Anthony promising the preservation of Anglo-Indians' English mother tongue and westernized culture, a significant pro-British faction opposed his prescription. After unavailing pleas to the incoming Labour government in London and their Cabinet Mission of 1946 for representation in the Constituent Assembly of India, Anthony met with Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Vallabhbhai Patel, who generously conceded three seats on the constitution-making body, enabling Anthony to achieve almost unique constitutional recognition. In Pakistan, a rival leader, Cecil Edward Gibbon, sought to rebrand Anglo-Indians as Anglo-Muslims (though Anglo-Pakistanis or "Anglos" remained more common). Some sought to register as British as an insurance against deterioration in their position whilst remaining in India and Pakistan. Others proposed colonization schemes or emigrated, principally to Anglosphere countries, resulting in a global diaspora.
A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris takes inspiration from Immanuel Kant’s inquiry into the question, “Is the human race constantly progressing?” This book asks the question, “Are we, as social welfare agents, morally progressing in our efforts at administering social welfare to those in need?” To answer this question, this work offers a substantive analysis of the dominant Discourses on social welfare in the United States, from colonial times to the present. It is a genealogical analysis based on the approach developed by Michel Foucault. Such an analysis examines the formulation of what is considered an effective intervention within different historical eras and how this meaning arises from the particular conditions of that era. Once fully described and understood, this analysis offers the opportunity to explore areas of knowledge that are subjugated within the dominant Discourse and, hence, can lead to moral blind spots. For example, one of the moral blind spots of the present era of professional social work is the propensity at times for social workers to inadvertently embrace the role of social control agent rather than that of an agent for social change. It is hoped that the insights generated from this historical investigation can serve to help social workers maintain an awareness of present moral blind spots in the practice of social work and thus avoid them.
The Premodern Discourse (c. 1820–1920)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris describes the Premodern Discourse (1820–1920) on social welfare and begins by offering three anecdotes of social welfare practices that appear strange when viewed from our present understanding: a city pageant to promote social welfare, penitentiaries as a model for our society, and the orphan trains. The various elements of the Discourse are thoroughly explained while periodically referring back to the anecdotes in order to understand how these practices made sense to social welfare agents of that era. This era was marked by the rapid integration of society, yet concern arose that the moral integration of society was being quickly outpaced. Hence, the urgent need of this era is identified as that of attending to the moral integration of society. Enlightenment thought also exerted a strong influence in this era, leading to the rise of individualism in American culture.
Solutions, Narrative, and Strengths
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 9 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris, the three major approaches comprising postmodern practice (the strengths perspective, solution-focused therapy, and narrative therapy) are given thorough treatment, and common themes are identified: the fostering of hope, belief in client strengths, and faith in clients’ ability to direct the helping process. Extended case examples are provided for each approach and their meanings elucidated through reference to the Postmodern discourse. These meanings and their insights—such as client strengths—are contrasted with how they are misconstrued when being applied within the Modern Discourse of understanding. Unlike previous chapters, the emerging nature of the Postmodern discourse limits examination of moral blind spots as they are only emerging as well. Lastly, reflections are offered on how one can fully employ these insights to improve one’s practice.
Thomas Mann’s Joseph Tetralogy
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on Thomas Mann’s Joseph tetralogy, basing its egalitarian emphasis on Mann’s use of Wagnerian motifs to structure the Hebrew Bible’s Joseph story. It emphasizes the tetralogy’s egalitarian effect through the way Mann’s narrative has Joseph—edified by conversations that resists privileging his story—stepping out of the center of Genesis as he recognizes that his story is one among others and that none of them are privileged. The chapter closes with an intervention that resets the scene in which Joseph reveals himself to his brothers, responding to their queries about his ambiguous identity (as an Israelite and Egyptian) by revising the encounter in a subjunctive mood. The rewriting displaces Genesis’s patriarchal framing with an imagined fraternal one, based on how a Schoenbergian atonal dissonance (substituting for Wagnerian motifs) could have given each voice/tone the same value so that Joseph’s would not be the central tonic.
Sculpting in Time
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3, a critical analysis of Michael Haneke’s film Caché, is an inquiry into the way visual arts intervene and disrupt the inequalities within the metropolitan venues in which immigrant populations from former colonies dwell. Haneke’s interpersonal drama, which involves the abjection of an Algerian immigrant, refers allegorically to French society’s treatment of their immigrant population as a whole. The film drama is composed in the form of a whodunit (in which the viewer is positioned as a coinvestigator in a drama in which there is no singular “who”), but is meant to refer allegorically to a hidden part of French postcolonial history. The chapter concludes with a focus on the way the film ends, with an implicit suggestion that a younger generation is positioned to resist to France’s suppressions of memory and history.
Founders
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The birth of satyagraha as developed by Mohandas Gandhi during the Indian passive resistance campaign of 1906-7 opens this chapter. Also considered is the 1907 conflict between white miners and mine-owners, as the former sought to protect their racial privileges against the latter's cost-cutting measures. The white workers won a major victory when Louis Botha, the prime minister of the Transvaal, decreed the repatriation of the Chinese miners. Botha's premiership owed to a British decision to grant self-government to the former Boer republics. The chapter discusses the next stages of this reconciliation process, as the Transvaal and the Orange Free State joined the colonies of the Cape and Natal in advancing towards "Closer Union". The process culminated with the creation of the Union of South Africa in May 1910. White unity encouraged parallel efforts among the black population, leading to the January 1912 formation of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), the forerunner of the African National Congress.
Red Peril
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses South Africa's political realignment after the Rand Revolt, as the Nationalist and Labour parties concluded an electoral pact, and the South African and Unionist Parties merged. The realignment saw J.B.M. Hertzog become Prime Minister in 1924, while black South African politics moved left. Clements Kadalie initiated efforts to transform the ICU into a nationwide labor federation, while the CPSA--prodded by the Moscow-based Comintern--sought to build a popular base within existing black organizations. The communists gained important support from Josiah T. Gumede, the president from 1927 of the African National Congress (as the SANNC was re-named in 1923). The leftward shift in black politics was, however, fiercely resisted by the State, and by black conservative leaders within the said organizations, as the chapter narrates.