bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reactivity of Long-Lived Lymphocytes to Typhoid Vaccine in situ in Rat Popliteal Lymph Nodes
Authors: Miller John J. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The cells of the popliteal lymph nodes of rats were labeled with tritiated thymidine for 4 days after primary or secondary injections of OT or after a secondary injection of typhoid vaccine. Thiry-one days after the last dose of tymidine, rats of each group were challenged with typhoid vaccine. Increased numbers of heavily-labeled large lymphocytes and mitotic figures were found in the popliteal nodes for 2 days after challenge with typhoid vaccine regardless of the antigen given prior to labeling. This in situ reaction to typhoid vaccine was demonstrated as long as 7 months after labeling. Reasons indicating that these large lymphoid cells were derived from labeled, long-lived small lymphocytes are discussed. We believe these results confirm the validity of the method of following tritiated thymidine-labeled lymphocytes for long periods of time.
Immune Response in Chiroptera to Bacteriophage øX174
Authors: Hatten Betty A. , Allen Rae , Sulkin S. Edward 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immune response of bats, guinea pigs and rabbits to a series of three primary injections and a booster injection of bacteriophage φX174 was studied. Antiphage activity developed more rapidly in bats maintained at 24°C and 37°C than in other animals, but the magnitude and duration of the primary response was less, particularly in 24°C bats. Deviations in the percentage of phage inactivated by bat plasma pools from the mean indicated indirectly that individual 24°C bats varied considerably in their response to φX174. Prolonged primary production of ME-sensitive antibody was observed in 24°C bats, and 37°C bats had a large proportion of ME-sensitive antibodies throughout the first 21 days. Kinetic studies of φX174 inactivation indicated that 37°C bat antibodies developed during the latter part of the primary response did not bind phage irreversibly. Some instability was also noted in interactions between a diluted 35-day guinea pig antiserum and φX174. A booster injection of φX174 enhanced the neutralizing capacity of antibodies produced in all three animal species. Approximately 40% of the antiphage activity in 10-day postbooster plasma pools from 24°C bats was due to ME-sensitive antibody. Guinea pigs, rabbits and 37°C bats had little detectable ME-sensitive antibody during the secondary response by the assay procedures used. While the rate and extent of phage inactivation by a 30-day postbooster plasma pool from 37°C bats greatly exceeded that obtained with a comparable pool from 24°C bats, bat antibodies did not inactivate φX174 as rapidly or to the same degree as 30-day post-booster guinea pig or rabbit antisera. From these results it was concluded that the primary and secondary immune response of bats to immunization with φX174 was quantitatively and qualitatively less than the response of rabbits and guinea pigs to the same stimuli.
Experimental Allergic Uveitis
Authors: Wacker W. B. , Lipton M. M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs immunized with homologous retina in Freund's adjuvant developed both humoral and hypersensitive responses to retinal tissue, and were associated with production of experimental allergic uveitis in these animals. Serologic investigations indicated humoral antibody was made to two antigens of retinal specificity. One was extractable from retinal homogenate in saline, and the other was demonstrated in the particulate fraction of the ultracentrifuged homogenate. Antibodies to both antigens were produced by animals immunized with whole retinal emulsion, but a few of the animals made antibody to only one of the antigens. In these animals delayed hypersensitivity was elicited convincingly only to the extractable antigen.
Following immunization with either soluble or particulate fraction of retina, guinea pigs made humoral antibody only to the fraction used for immunization. Delayed hypersensitivity was demonstrated only in animals immunized with the extract.
The two antigens were limited in the guinea pig to retinal tissue, but similar antigens were demonstrated in the retinas of other species. Although humoral antibodies from guinea pigs immunized with homologous retina were reactive with heterologous retina, these animals showed delayed hypersensitivity only to guinea pig retina. Conversely, guinea pigs immunized with heterologous retina were not hypersensitive to homologous retina. These findings are correlated with previous observations that homologous, but not heterologous retina, was highly effective in production of experimental allergic uveitis in the guinea pig.
Further Studies on the Effect of Specific Antiserum on Induction, Maintenance and Termination of Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Establishment of immunologic tolerance to soluble somatic antigens derived from Shigella paradysenteriae was prevented in neonatal mice by a single injection of either rabbit or mouse antiserum to Shigella. Serum dilutions less than 1:100 were generally necessary to demonstrate this effect, even when the sera had agglutinin titers greater than 1:5120. Injection of antiserum on the day of birth, or 1 day thereafter, readily interfered with establishment of tolerance. An interval of several days or more between injection of antiserum and SSA resulted in no demonstrable effect on tolerance induction.
γ-Globulin fractions derived either from rabbit or mouse antisera had similar effects in preventing tolerance induction. IgM and IgG rich fractions prepared by sucrose gradient centrifugation of γ-globulin prepared from pooled rabbit or mouse hyperimmune serum were also effective. However, IgG fractions prepared from “early” immune rabbit or mouse serum, which had low titers to Shigella, were ineffective.
Whole serum, γ-globulin, or IgM and IgG fractions pooled from serum specimens obtained from partially tolerant mice several months old also had little or no effect when injected into other mice at birth, together with SSA. Undiluted “tolerant” sera, even those with titers in the range of 1:256, were less effective in blocking establishment of tolerance than higher dilutions of “early immune” mouse or rabbit serum with lower agglutinin titers. Injection of specific antiserum or immunoglobulin fractions generally did not affect established tolerance in young adult mice. However, injection of such serum to tolerant mice several months of age often resulted in more rapid termination of tolerance.
Latency in Human Infections with Tric Agents
Authors: Hanna Lavelle , Dawson Chandler R. , Briones Odeon , Thygeson Phillips , Jawetz Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Direct immunofluorescent staining of conjunctival cells is, at present, the most sensitive method for the detection of TRIC agents. Detailed evidence for the specificity of the method is provided. By means of immunofluorescent staining, TRIC agents can be detected in specimens from the eye of many individuals who do not exhibit current clinical activity of trachoma or inclusion conjunctivitis. Examples from spontaneously infected individuals and from experimental infection in volunteers support the belief that latent infection with TRIC agents is commonplace and may occupy an important role in the natural history of these infections which involve many millions of people. We propose that the clinical signs of activity in trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis do not adequately reflect the presence of the infectious agent. Future considerations of diagnosis, treatment and control must include subclinical infection and latency of TRIC agents.
A Correlate of Human Delayed Hypersensitivity: Specific Inhibition of Capillary Tube Migration of Sensitized Human Lymph Node Cells by Tuberculin and Histoplasmin
Authors: Thor Daniel E. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The migration of human monocytic-phagocytic sensitive cells from lymph node tissue culture suspensions was consistently and specifically inhibited by 10 µg/ml of PPD or 30 µg/ml of histoplasmin. Complete correlation of the inhibition of cell migration with the delayed hypersensitivity skin test was obtained in 27 patients sensitive to PPD, histoplasmin, or to neither or both of these antigens. For migration of these cells to occur, prior maintenance as tissue culture suspensions for 72 hr was necessary before placement in the capillary tubes for 36 hr. During tissue culture, a large proportion of the lymphocytes developed the ability to phagocytize microsized iron particles and this transformation is probably relevant to the development of the migrating cell population.
The application of the capillary tube cell migration method to man will facilitate the elucidation of factors important in human delayed hypersensitivity reactions and has implications for evaluating the role of delayed hypersensitivity in autoimmunity, contact sensitivity, infectious diseases and transplantation immunity.
Immunologic Studies of a Partially Purified Sheep Erythropoietin
Authors: Rioux Ernest , Erslev Allan J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
One-third of immune sera from rabbits immunized with a partially-purified sheep ESF were able to neutralize completely or partially the biologic activity of a given amount of sheep ESF. Stronger ESF-neutralizing immune sera were also able to suppress normal mouse erythropoiesis and to neutralize heterologous anemic sera. Weaker ESF-neutralizing sera did not significantly decrease normal mouse erythropoiesis and did not regularly neutralize heterologous anemic sera. Therefore a relative species-specificity of immune serum to sheep ESF is postulated. The similarity to insulin and growth hormone, two protein hormones capable of giving rise to antibodies in species in which they are biologically active, is stressed and possible causes of the antigenicity of sheep ESF in rabbits are briefly discussed.
Heterogeneity in Antibodies Specific for Aggregated Human γG-Globulin
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibodies produced to aggregated human γG-globulin under autologous, isologous and heterologous conditions were compared by contrasting the specificity of antibodies present in rheumatoid arthritic sera, in the serum of a patient with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and in guinea pig antisera. In each case antibody specific for the aggregated molecule, and exhibiting no affinity for its native form, was produced, and invariably the antigenic determinants eliciting antibody production were located in the Fc region of the aggregated antigen.
The antibodies produced under the different conditions were readily distinguishable by their hemagglutination and antigen-binding characteristics. Rheumatoid factor showed species cross reactivity, whereas the anti-isologous and anti-heterologous denatured γG-globulin antibodies were directed entirely against species-specific determinants.
Following aggregation of the Fc fragments of HGG, only a portion of the aggregated molecules (about 60%) possessed antigenic determinants capable of reacting with any of the antibodies. Although individual Fc aggregates showing reactivity with one group of antibodies were frequently shown to be antigenic for antibodies of the other groups, a portion of the aggregates reacted exclusively with each of the antibodies.
Evidence was presented to suggest that a correlation existed between the antigenic complexity of aggregated Fc fragments and their molecular size. Thus, small Fc aggregates (dimers and trimers) were found to lack antigenic determinants present in larger aggregates (hexamer and greater).
It was also shown that many, if not all, of the antigenic determinants revealed by nonspecific denaturation of HGG are also present on the γG-antibody molecule following combination with homologous antigen.
Difference in the Immunoglobulin Class of Polioantibody in the Serum of Men and Women
Authors: Ainbender Eugene , Weisinger Ruth Berger , Hevizy Magda , Hodes Horace L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
We have measured by radioimmunodiffusion (RID) the specific IgA and IgG polioantibody in the sera of 36 men and 36 women. We have found in 8 women the IgA polioantibody titer was equal to or greater than the IgG polioantibody titer. In 6 women, the IgA polioantibody was 50% of the IgG titer. No man was found to have an IgA polioantibody titer equal to 50% of his IgG polioantibody titer. In fact, 33 of the 36 men had an IgA polioantibody titer which was less than 20% of their IgG polioantibody titer. The other 3 men had an IgA polioantibody titer which was 25% of their IgG titer. These data show that the adult female population contains a significant number of women in whom the IgA polioantibody is equal to or greater than the IgG polioantibody. No such individuals were found among the adult male population. Thus we have demonstrated for the first time that there is a significant difference in the immunoglobulin pattern of the polioantibody in the serum of the adult male and the adult female.
Immunology in 1968
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is gratifying to have, as a perogative of office, this opportunity again to speak to the members of the American Association of Immunologists and their guests. It occurs to me that some 33 years have passed since the first time I had the honor to present, with a considerably quickened pulse, a paper at a meeting of this Association.
In keeping with the long-established tradition that the Presidential Address may follow any desired course, I propose to speak of certain matters which may seem only distantly related but do support a single theme, the state of the discipline of immunology. The reasons for choosing this course are several, and chief among them is the belief that some of these matters very much need airing.
Probably only a few older members of the Association are aware that it was organized in New York City, shortly after 1914, largely as a result of the vision and vigor of one man, Dr. Arthur F. Coca.
Availability of Isoantigens to Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Witz Isaac , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Iodinated and purified C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 isoantibodies have been shown to exhibit in vivo localization in organs of DBA/2 mice when injected. Lung, spleen and liver fixed large proportions of the injected antibodies while kidney, thymus, lymph nodes, and heart did not fix large amounts of isoantibodies.
Only minute amounts of isoantibodies were fixed in the brain, but the localization was highly specific. There was essentially no localization of normal globulin in the brain.
No localization could be detected in organs of C57BL/6 mice which served as isoantibody donors. Some cross-localization was observed in the tissues of other inbred strains, depending on their genetic relation to the DBA/2 mice.
The degree of in vivo localization of isoantibodies does not represent the amount of the corresponding isoantigens in a certain organ, but depends mostly on the availability of these antigens to localizing antibodies.
Heterogeneity in the Ability of Rabbit 7 S and 19 S Neutralizing Antibodies to Differentiate Between Intratypic Antigenic Variants of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Hampar Berge , Mage Michael G. , Keehn Mary Alice 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The ability of early (7 day) and late (7 week) rabbit 7 S and 19 S antibodies to differentiate between two intratypic herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigenic variants was studied by carrying out neutralization kinetic tests. The early and late 19 S antibodies could differentiate between these HSV variants in the presence of complement (C′), and the late 19 S antibody could also differentiate between these variants in the absence of C′. However, neither the early nor the late 7 S antibodies could differentiate between these HSV variants in the presence of C′, but the late 7 S antibody could differentiate between these variants in the absence of C′. The ability of the late 7 S antibody to differentiate between these HSV variants in the absence of C′ was destroyed by treatment of the antibody with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), although 2-ME treatment did not reduce the neutralization titers of the late 7 S antibody.
A Quantitative in Vitro Study of the Chromatographic Distribution and Immunoglobulin Characteristics of Human Blocking Antibody
Authors: Lichtenstein L. M. , Holtzman N. A. , Burnett L. S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
This report describes the immunoglobulin and chromatographic characteristics of human blocking antibody. Studies were carried out on a pool of serum from 20 allergic donors who had been immunized with ragweed antigen E as a form of therapy for ragweed hay fever. The serum and serum fractions were subjected to chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, CM-cellulose, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G 200. Blocking activity was assayed by an in vitro technique: the inhibition of antigen E induced histamine release from isolated human leukocytes. This technique is more than 10 times as precise as the usual skin assay. Immunoglobulins were determined qualitatively by immunodiffusion against specific antisera and quantitatively by the Preer technique. Recovery of blocking activity was about 70%. In each fractionation procedure blocking antibody and IgG eluted together. Purified IgA had less than 1% the activity of IgG preparations and IgM antibody contributed less than 1% to the activity of the whole serum. Absorption of the serum with anti-IgA and treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol did not decrease its blocking titer, while absorption with anti-IgG caused a decrement of more than 97%. Circulating reaginic antibody appeared to account for less than 1% of the total serum activity. It was concluded that blocking activity is essentially a function of IgG molecules.
Differential Effect of Heterologous Anti-Lymphocyte Serum on Antibody-Producing Cells and Antigen-Sensitive Cells
Authors: Möller Göran , Zukoski Charles 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit antiserum to mouse lymphocytes (anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS)) did not suppress the primary cellular 19 S or 7 S immune response to sheep red blood cells when given after the antigen. Furthermore, ALS failed to decrease the number of antibody-producing cells when injected into animals already hyperimmunized against sheep red blood cells, but had marked suppressing effect on the antigen-sensitive cells in these animals. This was investigated by a transfer system: hyperimmune spleen cells from ALS-treated and untreated donors, respectively, were mixed with sheep red blood cells and inoculated into irradiated (600 r) syngeneic, nonimmunized recipients. The number of 19 S and 7 S antibody-producing spleen cells was determined 7 days later. Transfer of spleen cells from ALS-untreated donors resulted in excessive cellular 7 S production, in the recipients. The total number of 7 S cells exceeded 106 per spleen and the proportion varied between 1 and 50% as a rule. Pretreatment of the immunized donors by ALS caused a reduction of more than 90% of the number and proportion of 7 S antibody-producing cells in the secondary hosts. Analogous results were obtained for 19 S production. The effect could not be ascribed to destruction of ALS-treated cells in the secondary recipients. The results suggest a differential effect of ALS on antibody-producing cells and antigen-sensitive cells.
The Synthesis of Ribonucleic Acid during Early Antibody Induction
Authors: Lazda Velta A. , Starr Jason L. , Rachmeler Martin 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The early events in the primary antibody response of rats to flagella were characterized by a period of enhanced incorporation of radioactive nucleotides into RNA preceding antibody formation. During this period of apparently accelerated RNA synthesis, a rapidly labeled RNA was detected on spleen ribosomal aggregates, predominantly 2 and 3 to 4 ribosomal clusters, after a 1-hr P32 labeling. A large portion of the newly synthesized RNA extracted from the ribosomal aggregates sedimented as 29 S and 18 S ribosomal RNA. The RNA with the greatest specific activity however, was found as a polydisperse peak with sedimentation constants in the 6 to 12 S range, but with a sharp peak of high specific activity in the 18 S region. This broad range of sedimentation values of the RNA was peculiar to RNA extracted from immunized rat spleen preparations. The rate of RNA synthesis returned to normal by 5 days after immunization. The actual functioning of the newly synthesized RNA as messenger RNA for antibody synthesis was not demonstrated, but the kinetics of formation and the relationship of the RNA synthesis to the antibody response suggest that this might be its role.
The Metabolism of Messenger RNA Synthesized after Primary Immunization
Authors: Lazda Velta A. , Starr Jason L. , Rachmeler Martin 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The synthesis of RNA in rat spleen cells was stimulated by immunization. Analyses of the RNA associated with ribosomes extracted from these cells which had been immunized 24 hr previously, revealed that during the 1st hr after injection of P32, the RNA synthesized in greatest amounts had messenger-like sedimentation characteristics. Over the next 24 hr, there was an extensive accumulation of stable ribosomal RNA, but the messenger RNA accumulated relatively slowly. The base composition of the 6 to 12 S RNA, measured from the P32 distribution in the various nucleotides, differed from the nucleotide composition of ribosomal and soluble RNA, and resembled more closely that of DNA in the GMP + CMP to AMP + UMP ratios. Particularly high UMP:AMP ratios also characterized this RNA. The base ratios of the messenger RNA which accumulated were different from those of the rapidly labeled but unstable 6 to 12 S RNA. On the basis of these results, it is apparent that the synthesis of at least two major species of messenger RNA are stimulated by immunization. One species is labile and may code for structural proteins and enzymes. One other is relatively stable and may be the message for antibody synthesis.
The Cell-Migration-Inhibition Correlate of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Thor Daniel E. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When nonsensitive cells were incubated with an RNA extract from lymph nodes of human donors sensitive to tuberculin purified-protein-derivative, histoplasmin or both, the migration of these cells from capillary tubes was specifically inhibited by these antigens.
This RNA extract contained no detectable DNA and less than 3% protein and was inactivated by RNase but not by DNase or trypsin.