bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption Spectra of the Carbohydrates of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Crowe M. O'L. , Smith L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The bacterial carbohydrates of the pneumococcus differ in their serologic and immunologic action, their chemical composition, some of their physicochemical properties, such as optical rotation and ionization, and according to their source. Those from typical cultures of the various types are distinctive in character and differ from preparations obtained from atypical, attenuated strains. With, possibly, the exception of the type III soluble specific substance, these materials have not been obtained in the chemically pure state. Additional data for purposes of comparison are essential to the further study of the relative significance of these different preparations in the antigenic and pathologic activities of the pneumococcus. Hence, this quantitative spectrophotometric study of preparations at different stages of purification was undertaken, and the preliminary work is here reported.
The preparations selected were, as far as possible, those which were used in chemical and immunological studies previously reported from this laboratory (1).
The Agglutinogens M and N of Landsteiner and Levine
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Zinsher Rebecca , Selkowe Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
The results of experiments with the technic of typing for M and N have been presented and discussed. The most important requirement for accurate results is the proper potent reagents. For the preparation of potent sera, prolonged and intensive immunization is necessary, and when preparing anti-M sera the desired effect is often obtained by giving the rabbits a long rest period (one or more months) followed by an additional brief course of injections. The preparation of the anti-N testing fluid from the immune serum offers more difficulty than the preparation of anti-M fluids, because of the greater tendency to non-specific absorption with the former. However, there is usually no difficulty in preparing fluids with a titer of at least 10 and 20, and with reagents of such potency accurate results are possible. The majority of bloods of the heterozygous type are less sensitive to agglutination than bloods of the corresponding homozygous types, so that it is important to include an adequate number of control bloods of each of the three types M, N, and MN in every experiment. Other factors which must be taken into account are the possible presence of interfering agglutinins, which can be removed by suitable absorption experiments, and the effect of variations of the concentration of the suspension, the age of the blood, and temperature on the reactions.
In medicolegal cases, absolute reliance should not be placed on any single set of reagents, and, of course, for such work adequate experience is of prime importance.
The Concentration of Antistreptococcus Plasmas of Different Antitoxic Potencies
Authors: Murdick Philip P. , Hendry Jessie L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for the concentration of antistreptococcus plasma.
The results obtained with this procedure in the concentration of a number of lots of plasma ranging in antitoxic potency from 100 to 1000 units per cubic centimeter are recorded. The average unit concentration is 5 with a 24-per-cent loss of antitoxin.
The Bactericidal Action of Whole Blood, with a New Technique for Its Determination
Authors: Heist George D. , Solis-Cohen Solomon , Solis-Cohen Myer 
Published: January 2023

Summary
That the serum of a pigeon does not differ in its action upon pneumococci from the serum of a mouse or rabbit would appear from our experiments as well as from those of previous investigators.
We have found, however, that if small numbers of living pneumococci are seeded, by a suitable method, in pigeon's blood before it coagulates the penumococci fail to multiply. On the contrary if pneumococci are seeded in mouse's or rabbit's blood before it coagulates the pneumococci grow with great vigor. The evidence points to the presence in the uncoagulated blood of the pigeon of a bactericidal factor which is absent from the blood of the mouse or rabbit.
Fresh defibrinated blood of both immune and susceptible species is an excellent culture medium for the pneumococcus, which shows that the bactericidal factor disappears during the process of coagulation.
Pneumococci fail to multiply in the blood of a rabbit which has been suitably inoculated with killed pneumococci, the reaction being specific to type.
The blood of a man that has recovered from lobar pneumonia prevents the growth of pneumococci belonging to the type which caused his disease.
The globoid bodies of poliomyelitis grow readily in uncoagulated human blood. They fail to grow when seeded in uncoagulated rabbit blood.
Many of the non-pathogenic bacteria usually met with as contaminations in bacteriological work, as for instance the B. subtilis, fail to grow when seeded in uncoagulated blood.
The tentative hypothesis advanced to cover the facts observed is that when small numbers of bacteria are seeded in blood before it has had time to coagulate only those bacteria grow and multiply which are pathogenic for the animal from which the blood is taken.
Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A Comparative Study
Authors: Kramer S. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In this, the first part of our comparative study of active immunizing agents, efforts were made employing the technique recommended by Brodie to duplicate the responses obtained by him in the experimental animal and in children, with 5 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of virus (corresponding to 0.5 gram of cord) rendered non-infective with 0.1 per cent formalin. Brodie states that he has produced an immunity sufficiently great to compare favorably with the immunity resulting from a frank attack of the experimental disease with residual paralysis (15).
Such response was not apparent in our experiments. The serums of only two of the animals neutralized 0.1 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of virus, and both of these animals succumbed to 0.01 cc. of virus. Essentially identical results were obtained in the series of animals treated with 10 cc. formalized material, corresponding to 1 gram of poliomyelitis cord. Of the three animals that gave some evidence of neutralizing substance in their blood, 2 succumbed to 0.01 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of virus (or one-tenth of the minimal constant infective dose) and the third died of intercurrent infection.
A group of 14 non-immune children were inoculated with 5 cc. of formalized virus supplied and administered in the manner recommended by Brodie. These children were again bled one to two months later and their serums tested for the presence of neutralizing substance. Seven of the 14 children, or 50 per cent, had developed neutralizing substance in their serums at the time of the second bleeding. A control group of 17 non-immune children (as indicated by the absence of neutralizing substance in their serums at the time of the first bleeding) were again bled from one to three months later. Seven of these 17 children, or approximately 41 per cent, had developed neutralizing substance in their serums. A difference of 9 per cent in favor of the vaccinated group does not appear significant.
Vitamin C and Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Solomonica Bruno 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The following experiments were suggested by an earlier study (1) of the effect of endocrinal preparations on anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. Special attention had been paid to the effect of prolonged administration of anterior pituitary extract previous to and following sensitization over specified lengths of time. In the conclusions of that article it was emphasized first that administration of this glandular preparation was more efficacious in preventing anaphylactic shock if administered prior to sensitization than after the animal had been sensitized; and secondly, that there seemed to be a correlation between the state of the endocrinal system due to such treatment and the amount of protection that guinea pigs sensitized with horse-serum showed against anaphylactic shock. The question was left open whether this protection was due directly to the anterior pituitary extract or indirectly to the state of the adrenal, thyroid, and sexual glands which, as it is known, undergo changes after administration of an alkaline extract of the anterior pituitary gland.
Studies on Barbiturates
Authors: Mollari Mario , Randall William A. , Koppanyi Theodore 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Large amounts of sodium barbital or sodium phenobarbital inhibit complement hemolysis, and prevent the coagulation of citrated plasma and of whole blood.
Relatively small amounts of sodium barbital or sodium phenobarbital have no effect on the complement or on the coagulation of plasma and whole blood.
Barbital and phenobarbital even in saturated solutions have no effect on the complement or on the coagulation of plasma and whole blood.
The injection of large amounts of sodium barbital into an animal will neither change the complement activity of its blood serum, nor alter the coagulation of the plasma or whole blood.
Sodium carbonate in amounts sufficient to reach the hydrogen ion concentration existing in the mixtures after the addition of the sodium salts of the barbiturates produces similar effects on the complement activity of the serum, on the coagulation of citrated plasma, and of whole blood.
The inhibition of complement hemolysis, the prevention of coagulation of heated citrated plasma and of whole blood is due to the alkalinity of the medium.
Hemolytic Streptococcus Toxins and Antitoxins
Authors: Rane Leo , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A flocculative test for the titration of hemolytic-streptococcal toxins and antitoxins has been developed which is comparable to the Ramon method for titrating diphtherial toxins and antitoxins. The technic employed in flocculation is essentially that of the Ramon test.
Concentrated toxins, prepared by the method described, are preferable to crude toxins because they flocculate with greater rapidity.
One unit of antitoxin will combine in the flocculative reaction with 60,000 STD of toxin instead of with the 50 STD to be expected on the basis of the definition of an in vivo unit of antitoxin. This relationship has been true of all toxins tested except those modified by formalin.
Streptococcal toxins and antitoxins display individual variations in their flocculating time and are influenced by the same factors as diphtherial toxins and antitoxins.
The flocculating antibody is produced in horses in amounts which parallel the antibody produced against the erythrogenic toxin. It is at least possible that the two antibodies are identical. The average of the in vivo/in vitro ratios was found to be 0.963. The correlation-coefficient of the values obtained by the flocculative test and by the intracutaneous test in rabbits was 0.947 ± 0.023.
The Dochez NY 5 strain of hemolytic streptococcus was used as the basis for this study although flocculation was produced with other strains of hemolytic streptococci and their homologous antitoxins. The question of multiplicity of streptococcus-toxins is not dealt with in this report.
Chemical and Immunological Studies of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By ultrafiltration, pneumococcus culture filtrates of types I, II, III, and a nonvirulent atypical strain (I) were conveniently concentrated a hundred-fold. At the same time, from 97.4 to 99.3 per cent of the nitrogen was eliminated. Subsequently, by repeated fractional precipitations with alcohol, type-specific and species-specific polysaccharides were obtained in good yield and in a relatively high state of purification. These type-specific substances possessed greater activity in precipitation with immune serum than those prepared by other methods, and the type I regularly induced immunity in mice.
The Response of Infants to Inoculation with Type I Pneumococcus Carbohydrate
Authors: Davies John A. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of a group of fifteen infants from two to fifteen months of age inoculated subcutaneously and intracutaneously with type I pneumococcus carbohydrate, only one responded, during the period of observation, with demonstrable humoral type I pneumococcic antibody.
Studies on Serum Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Manako K. , Kee R. , Takeda S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diphtheric antitoxin is precipitable by the precipitating serum prepared with the floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin (P.V.At.), whereas pneumococcal antibody is precipitated by the precipitating serum prepared with specific precipitates of pneumococcal SSS (P.V.Ab.) in their optimal proportions and also in the range of excessive precipitin. The former precipitating serum absorbs also antipneumococcal antibody from antipneumococcal horse serum, but it is only in the range of the mixtures containing far less antipneumococcal serum than the quantity present in the optimal proportion. The latter precipitating serum absorbs also antitoxin from antidiphtheric horse serum, but this absorption occurs only in the secondary zone and not in the primary or main zone.
Comparative Titrations of Antimeningococcus Sera Produced with Living Cells and with Broth Filtrates
Authors: Kirkbride Mary B. , Cohen Sophia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In an attempt to demonstrate differences that might be present in antibacterial and antitoxic sera, horses were immunized over a period of months with toxic filtrates of broth cultures or with toxic filtrates and living cells. The sera thus produced were tested by various laboratory methods in comparison with standard therapeutic sera produced by the immunization of horses with living cells injected intravenously, and with meningococcus antitoxin prepared elsewhere.
None of the different methods employed, including intracutaneous tests on persons, could be considered satisfactory as a means of titrating antitoxic potency. The lack of a practical and dependable method of standardization of the antitoxic serum was apparent.
Nevertheless, it was possible to draw certain definite conclusions from the sum of the trends in the various tests of antitoxic potency: Qualitative differences between the antitoxic and the antibacterial sera were not evident by the methods employed.Marked antitoxic potency was not demonstrable in either type of serum.The slight or moderate neutralizing activity which was indicated in the sera in one or another of the tests, was usually but not always more pronounced in the antitoxic as compared with the antibacterial serum. No striking quantitative difference between the samples of antitoxin and the standard therapeutic material could, however, be said to obtain.
Definite quantitative differences in the agglutinative and precipitative activities of the sera and in their protective action for mice against virulent living cultures were established. The standard sera were much the more potent in these respects.
Separation and titration of the water-soluble and water-insoluble globulin fractions of the sera produced with toxic filtrates and with living cells or cells and filtrate indicated a different distribution of the active substance in the sera. The significance of this is not clear, especially since concentration failed to enhance markedly the antitoxic potency.
The data accumulated from this investigation do not warrant the substitution of toxic filtrates for the living cultures now used for the production of therapeutic serum.
Studies in Experimental Hypersensitiveness in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Walzer Matthew , Gray Irving , Straus Henry W. , Livingston Saul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recent studies by Walzer, Sherman, Feldman, and Kaplan (1, 2) it was demonstrated that the mucous membranes of the eyes and of the nose in humans could be passively sensitized at will with sera containing atopic reagins. Gray and Walzer (3) have shown that the mucous membranes of the rectum in man are also subject to passive local sensitization with such sera. Similar studies in human beings on the mucous membranes of organs in the thorax and abdomen were naturally limited because of the inaccessibility of such tissues.
Recently, Straus (4) demonstrated conclusively that the skin of the Macacus rhesus monkey could be passively sensitized with human atopic antibodies. This finding suggested the use of the rhesus monkey for studying passive sensitization of those organs which could not be experimentally explored in human subjects. The present communication is a brief preliminary report of the results of such experiments in passive sensitization performed on some of the abdominal organs in the rhesus monkey.
A Constituent of Peptone Broth as a Cause of Cross Reactions with Antisera Prepared against Group C (Lancefield) Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Bliss Eleanor A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A heterologous precipitative reaction with group C streptococcal antisera has been described. This reaction, first noted when HCl-extracts of hemolytic streptococci belonging to other Lancefield groups were tested against group C antisera, has been shown to occur also with extracts of extraneous microörganisms such as B. coli, with “extracts” of sterile Neo-peptone and Bacto-peptone broth, and with saline solutions of Neo-peptone. Immunization of rabbits with strains belonging to other groups of hemolytic streptococci has not, in our hands, resulted in the formation of similar heterologous antibodies. Sterile Neopeptone broth was equally inert. Washing of the bacterial suspensions from which the HCl-extracts were prepared abolished the reaction. There was also no reaction when the organisms for the extracts were grown in peptone-free broth. The use of washed group C vaccines did not interfere with the production of the heterologous antibody in rabbits. The heterologous reaction appears to depend upon two things—the use of group C streptococci for antibody production and the presence of peptone, or some constituent of peptone, in the HCl-extracts.
Serological Studies of the Reptilia
Authors: Bond Glenn C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This paper had for its primary purpose, a study of the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of snake blood and their similarity to human hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens.
By an appropriate technic it was found that isohemagglutination did not occur with the samples of snake blood examined. Heterohemagglutination and heterohemolysis did occur between genera and between families of the Serpentes. This heterohemagglutination showed no correlation to zoological grouping.
From a comparative study of snake and human bloods it was observed that the snake erythrocytes examined did not contain agglutinogens for human Alpha and Beta agglutinins. Snake serum, however, may or may not contain agglutinins which act similarly to the Alpha and Beta agglutinins of human serum. In addition to these 2 specifically acting agglutinins, it was found that some snake sera contain an agglutinin which can be absorbed by human cells of any group. The specific agglutinins of snake serum and the Alpha and Beta agglutinins of human sera are equally thermolabile.
Appropriately selected and absorbed snake sera can be used to determine the blood grouping of unknown human cells.
Anaphylaxis in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Severe and fatal anaphylaxis was produced in monkeys by means of egg-white. Repeated injections proved more effective for sensitization than a single dose of antigen. Precipitins were found after multiple doses but not after a single sensitizing injection. The Arthus reaction was demonstrable when specific precipitins were present. Passive transfer to monkeys was successful with rabbit and monkey anti-egg-white serums and also rabbit anti-crystalline ovalbumin serum. An interval of one-half hour was as effective as forty-eight hours. Transfer to guinea pigs was also demonstrated with monkey serums which contained precipitins, when followed forty-eight hours later by egg-white. Attempts to passively sensitize local skin sites with the above-mentioned antiserums proved negative when various intervals were employed. Dilution, or filtration of egg-white through paper, diminished its capacity for sensitization or shock Crystalline ovalbumin as well as whole egg-white failed to produce precipitins to crystalline ovalbumin in the monkey. This may account for its relative ineffectiveness for sensitization and shock. However crystalline ovalbumin caused shock in monkeys passively sensitized with rabbit anti-crystalline ovalbumin serum. Actively sensitized monkeys which had recovered from anaphylactic shock following the administration of egg-white were shown to be desensitized when tested on the following day. The specificity of the above reactions was established by control tests with horse serum. The Schultz-Dale test for smooth muscle contraction proved negative on uterine and intestinal strips excised from monkeys actively and passively sensitized. Fatal anaphylaxis usually occurred within six minutes after the shocking dose of egg-white and was usually preceded by respiratory difficulty, unconsciousness and collapse. Gross examination of the internal organs showed occasional emphysema of the lungs with petechial hemorrhages. Following shock, the blood platelets were reduced to approximately one-third or less of their original number, and the clotting time was appreciably delayed.
Sensitization and Antibody Formation in Monkeys Injected with Tubercle Bacilli in Paraffin Oil
Authors: Casals J. , Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Coulaud (1) has shown that the addition of paraffin to heat-killed tubercle bacilli promotes the sensitization of rabbits to tuberculin. Saenz (2) found that the solid paraffin could be replaced by liquid paraffin oil. He produced very intense and lasting sensitization in guinea pigs by subcutaneous or intramuscular injections of 1 cubic centimeter of paraffin oil containing a large amount of heat-killed and dried tubercle bacilli. Freund, Casals and Hosmer (3) observed that, both in the guinea pig and the rabbit, the addition of small amounts of paraffin oil to heat-killed tubercle bacilli augmented not only sensitization but also the formation of complement-fixing antibodies.
The purpose of the present work was to determine whether paraffin oil containing heat-killed tubercle bacilli effectively sensitizes Macacus rhesus monkeys, a species said to be lacking in the capacity to develop cutaneous sensitization to tuberculin.
The Polyvalency of Crotalidic Antivenins
Authors: Githens Thomas S. , Wolff Nigel O'C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
With American pit viper venoms the fatal dose for 20 gram mice injected intraperitoneally approximates that for 350 gram pigeons injected intravenously. No difference in time of onset and character of paralysis from very toxic and less toxic venoms, such as was observed in pigeons, was seen in mice. Venoms causing late paralysis and showing better neutralization by “Cascabel” antivenin in the pigeon are also better neutralized by this antivenin in the mouse. Certain bothropic venoms are equally well neutralized by the two types of antivenin. Certain foreign true viper venoms are neutralized to some extent by both types of antivenin, others little if at all.