bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A practical and robust method for beam blocker-based cone beam CT scatter correction
Authors: Cui Hehe , Jiang Xiao , Tang Wei , Lu Hsiao-Ming , Yang Yidong 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective. In the traditional beam-blocker based cone beam CT (CBCT) scatter correction, the scatter measured in the region shaded by lead strips was multiplied by a correction factor to directly represent the scatter in the unblocked region. The correction factor optimization is a tedious process and lacks an objective stop criterion. To skip the optimization process, an indirect scatter estimation method was developed and validated in phantom imaging. Approach. A beam-blocker made of lead strips was mounted between the x-ray source and object for scatter estimation. The primary signal between lead strips in the blocked region was first calculated by subtracting the measured scatter, and then used to calculate the scatter signal in the unblocked region corresponding to the same attenuation path. The calculated scatter signal was smoothed via local filtration and used to correct the measured projection in the unblocked region. Finally, the CBCT was reconstructed via Feldkamp–Davis–Kress algorithm. A Catphan and a head phantom were used to verify the performance of the proposed method in both full- and half-blocker scenarios, and with and without a bow-tie filter. Main Results. For scans without the bow-tie filter, the CT number error was reduced to 3.97

±

2.27 and 5.51

±

3.90 HU in the full- and half-blocker scenarios, respectively, for the Catphan, and to 4.01

±

2.18 and 7.97 ± 4.05 HU for the head phantom. When the bow-tie filter was applied, the CT number error was reduced to 2.29

±

1.42 and 6.72

±

0.77 HU in the full- and half-blocker scenarios, respectively, for the Catphan, and 2.35

±

1.25 and 4.96 ± 1.89 HU for the head phantom. Significance. The proposed method effectively avoids the influence of the inserted beam blocker itself on the scatter intensity estimation, and proves a more practical and robust way for the beam-blocker based scatter correction in CBCT scanning.
The effect of crystal composition and environment on the color Doppler ultrasound twinkling artifact
Authors: Rokni Eric , Simon Julianna C 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective. Pathological mineralizations form throughout the body and can be difficult to detect using conventional imaging methods. Color Doppler ultrasound twinkling highlights ∼60% of kidney stones with a rapid color shift and is theorized to arise from crevice microbubbles as twinkling disappears on kidney stones at elevated pressures and scratched acrylic balls in ethanol. Twinkling also sometimes appears on other pathological mineralizations; however, it is unclear whether the etiology of twinkling is the same as for kidney stones. Approach. In this study, five cholesterol, calcium phosphate, and uric acid crystals were grown in vitro and imaged in Doppler mode with a research ultrasound system and L7-4 transducer in water. To evaluate the influence of pressure on twinkling, the same crystals were imaged in a high-pressure chamber. Then, the effect of surface tension on twinkling was evaluated by imaging crystals in different concentrations of surfactant (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) and ethanol (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%), artificial urine, bovine blood, and a tissue-mimicking phantom. Main results. Results showed that all crystals twinkled in water, with cholesterol twinkling significantly more than calcium phosphate and uric acid. When the ambient pressure was increased, twinkling disappeared for all tested crystals when pressures reached 7 MPa (absolute) and reappeared when returned to ambient pressure (0.1 MPa). Similarly, twinkling across all crystals decreased with surface tension when imaged in the surfactant and ethanol (statistically significant when surface tension <22 mN m−1) and decreased in blood (surface tension = 52.7 mN m−1) but was unaffected by artificial urine (similar surface tension to water). In the tissue-mimicking phantom, twinkling increased for cholesterol and calcium phosphate crystals with no change observed in uric acid crystals. Significance. Overall, these results support the theory that bubbles are present on crystals and cause twinkling, which could be leveraged to improve twinkling for the detection of other pathological mineralizations.
ResNet-integrated very early bolt looseness monitoring based on intrinsic feature extraction of percussion sounds
Authors: Yuan Rui , Lv Yong , Xu Shijie , Li Li , Kong Qingzhao , Song Gangbing 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Very early bolt looseness monitoring has been a challenge in the field of structural health monitoring. The authors have conducted a further study of the previous researches, with the aim of detecting very early bolt looseness conditions. The intrinsic features of vibro-acoustic signals contain the underlying dynamic characteristics denoting full range bolt looseness conditions. Correspondingly, this paper proposes a novel ResNet-integrated very early bolt looseness monitoring approach based on intrinsic feature extraction of percussion sounds. The intrinsic features of percussion-caused sound signals were extracted by variational mode decomposition (VMD), where the parameters of VMD were determined by grey wolf optimization algorithm. The optimal band-limited intrinsic mode functions were converted into two-dimensional time–frequency maps by continuous wavelet transform. The (red green blue) RGB images were adopted as the input of residual network (ResNet) to monitor very early bolt looseness conditions. The results and analysis illustrate the validity and superiority of the novel ResNet-integrated very early bolt looseness monitoring approach. The proposed approach in our researches provides a novel solution for very early bolt looseness monitoring in the field of structural health monitoring. The strategy can also be extended to other nonlinear signal processing-involved fields.
Deformation of an electron bunch caused by free-electron lasers
Authors: Sei Norihiro , Zen Heishun , Ohgaki Hideaki 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study reported the longitudinal compression and extension of an electron bunch by free electron laser (FEL) interaction. By observing coherent edge radiation generated by an FEL facility at Kyoto University, which has the highest extraction efficiency of an FEL oscillation, we found that an electron bunch interacting with a cavity-type linac FEL elongated when a detuning length of an optical cavity was positive. The transition from compression to extension of the electron bunch was bounded by a perfect synchronism condition between the electron bunch and the FEL pulse, and the change rate of the root-mean-square bunch length was as high as 14%. Therefore, it was experimentally demonstrated that a slight temporal difference between the electron bunch and the optical pulse dramatically changed not only the FEL power but also the outline of electron distribution in the bunch.
Probing reaction mechanisms through residual cross section measurement for 7Li+Zn system
Authors: Singh Ankur , Maiti Moumita , Nag T N , Sodaye S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Though the picture remains incoherent to draw a concrete conclusion, especially with weakly bound particles, prolific efforts have been devoted to unfolding the reaction mechanisms at energies below 10 MeV/u. The dearth of extensive data and ambiguous findings in the light to medium mass region galvanizes the exploration of the entire mass domain. In the course of discerning the underlying reaction mechanisms in 7Li fusion with natural Zn, the excitation function (EF) analysis has been reported within the energy range of 21–43 MeV. Residual cross sections have been measured employing the stacked foil activation technique followed by offline γ-spectroscopy. Subsequently, the measured EFs have been compared with theoretical predictions from statistical model codes PACE4 and EMPIRE3.2.2. EF analysis affirms the dominance of the complete fusion (CF) mechanism as revealed through the gross satisfaction of measured data from the n-emitting channels by both the model codes. The observed enhancement in subsequent channels relative to theory has been implicitly interpreted as the role of other mechanisms like breakup fusion and/or direct cluster transfer in populating residues owing to the low breakup threshold of weakly bound 7Li. A critical piece of experimental evidence concerning the discrepancy in the branching intensity of 93.31 keV γ-peak from the decay of 67Ga residue reported in various nuclear databases has been witnessed. Thus, the revised estimated intensity value has been reported, along with a discussion on the optimized production of Ga isotopes for medicinal applications.
Neon lasing (λ = 540.1 nm) in a dense optical cavity pumped by a pulsed inductive cylindrical discharge
Authors: Razhev A M , Churkin D S , Tkachenko R A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The experimental results of the lasing characteristics dependence of the inductive neon laser (λ = 540.1 nm) on the optical cavity quality factor are presented. In the described experiments, the laser was operated in the amplified spontaneous emission mode. A frontal-substrate resonator (made according to the type of an open Fabry–Perot interferometer) was used, as well as a dense resonator with a reflection coefficient of the front mirror of 82%. Replacing the front substrate with an output mirror resulted in an increase in the lasing energy and optical pulse duration from 8.5 μJ to 41 μJ and from 10.0 ± 0.1 ns to 14.8 ± 0.1 ns, respectively. It is shown that the use of a dense resonator allows us to change the shape of the laser beam in the far field from annular to circular and to obtain intensity distribution close to uniform.
Characterization of micro pore optics for full-field X-ray fluorescence imaging
Authors: An S. , Krapohl D. , Thörnberg B. , Roudot R. , Schyns E. , Norlin B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Elemental mapping images can be achieved through step scanning imaging using pinhole optics or micro pore optics (MPO), or alternatively by full-field X-ray fluorescence imaging (FF-XRF). X-ray optics for FF-XRF can be manufactured with different micro-channel geometries such as square, hexagonal or circular channels. Each optic geometry creates different imaging artefacts. Square-channel MPOs generate a high intensity central spot due to two reflections via orthogonal channel walls inside a single channel, which is the desirable part for image formation, and two perpendicular lines forming a cross due to reflections in one plane only. Thus, we have studied the performance of a square-channel MPO in an FF-XRF imaging system. The setup consists of a commercially available MPO provided by Photonis and a Timepix3 readout chip with a silicon detector. Imaging of fluorescence from small metal particles has been used to obtain the point spread function (PSF) characteristics. The transmission through MPO channels and variation of the critical reflection angle are characterized by measurements of fluorescence from copper and titanium metal fragments. Since the critical angle of reflection is energy dependent, the cross-arm artefacts will affect the resolution differently for different fluorescence energies. It is possible to identify metal fragments due to the form of the PSF function. The PSF function can be further characterized using a Fourier transform to suppress diffuse background signals in the image.
Development of a heavy ion beam probe diagnostic for HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Fan H.R. , Gao L.T. , Liu A.D. , Zhuang G. , Ido T. , Xu M. , Huang J.C. , Zhang J. , Feng C.Q. , Zhou C. , Liu H. , Nie L. , Liu Y.X. , Fu B.Z. , Li J.Q. , Liu W.D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) is being developed and tested on the
HL-2A tokamak.
To focus on the turbulence measurement in high beta scenarios with the toroidal
magnetic field of 1.35 T, a 500 kV thallium beam is chosen and optimized.
The locations of the injection and detection system are determined based on the
probing beam trajectory calculations.
The status of the accelerator, sweep system, analyzer, and control
system is described.
Four pairs of sweep plates are positioned in both primary and secondary
beamlines to actively control the beam trajectory, where the
poloidal sweepers require a maximum of 15 kV voltages to be applied.
A parallel-plate energy analyzer with multi-slits is supplied by 100 kV
high voltage for the electric potential measurement.
The signal intensity is also evaluated to be hundreds of nA levels,
5 × 107 V/A amplifiers are therefore designed.
Software is also developed to include the data acquisition as well as the
control and monitoring of HIBP subsystems.
Synergistic contributions of climate and management intensifications to maize yield trends from 1961 to 2017
Authors: Medina Hanoi , Tian Di 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Understanding contributions of climate and management intensifications to crop yield trends is essential to better adapt to climate changes and gauge future food security. Here we quantified the synergistic contributions of climate and management intensifications to maize yield trends from 1961 to 2017 in Iowa (United States) using a process-based modeling approach with a detailed climatic and agronomic observation database. We found that climate (management intensifications) contributes to approximately 10% (90%), 26% (74%), and 31% (69%) of the yield trends during 1961–2017, 1984–2013, and 1982–1998, respectively. However, the climate contributions show substantial decadal or multi-decadal variations, with the maximum decadal yield trends induced by temperature or radiation changes close to management intensifications induced trends while considerably larger than precipitation induced trends. Management intensifications can produce more yield gains with increased precipitation but greater losses of yields with increased temperature, with extreme drought conditions diminishing the yield gains, while radiation changes have little effect on yield gains from management intensifications. Under the management condition of recent years, the average trend at the higher warming level was about twice lower than that at the lower warming level, and the sensitivity of yield to warming temperature increased with management intensifications from 1961 to 2017. Due to such synergistic effects, management intensifications must account for global warming and incorporate climate adaptation strategies to secure future crop productions. Additional research is needed to understand how plausible adaptation strategies can mitigate synergistic effects from climate and management intensifications.
Integrable boundary conditions for staggered vertex models
Authors: Frahm Holger , Gehrmann Sascha 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Yang–Baxter integrable vertex models with a generic

Z

2

-staggering can be expressed in terms of composite

R

-matrices given in terms of the elementary R-matrices. Similarly, integrable open boundary conditions can be constructed through generalized reflection algebras based on these objects and their representations in terms of composite boundary matrices

K

±

. We show that only two types of staggering yield a local Hamiltonian with integrable open boundary conditions in this approach. The staggering in the underlying model allows for a second hierarchy of commuting integrals of motion (in addition to the one including the Hamiltonian obtained from the usual transfer matrix), starting with the so-called quasi momentum operator. In this paper, we show that this quasi momentum operator can be obtained together with the Hamiltonian for both periodic and open models in a unified way from enlarged Yang–Baxter or reflection algebras in the composite picture. For the special case of the staggered six-vertex model, this allows constructing an integrable spectral flow between the two local cases.
The effect of microstructural and texture evolutions during thermomechanical treatment on corrosion resistance of 310s austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Heidari R B , Eskandari M , Yeganeh M 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this study, the evolution of the microstructure and texture during thermomechanical treatment and its effect on corrosion properties of 310s austenitic stainless steel were investigated. This stainless steel was cryo-rolled at 50 and 90% thickness reductions, and then the 90% cryo-rolled sample was annealed at 750 °C for 5 and 30 min. SEM and optical microscope images were used to examine the microstructure of the samples. Fritoscopy test was also used to calculate the volume fraction of the martensite phase. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed in the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution to investigate the corrosion behavior of the studied steel. The results showed that the cryo-rolling process caused the reduction of grain size, texture strengthening and transformation of austenite to strain-inducedαʹ-martensite phase. Decreasing grain size and increasing texture components containing dense planes are beneficial factors and the formation of theαʹ-martensite phase is a harmful factor for corrosion resistance. It was observed that annealing at 750 °C for 30 min caused the grain growth and texture weakening, while a favorable condition is developed in the annealed sample for 5 min. After 90% cryo-rolling and subsequent annealing at 750 °C for 5 min, the corrosion resistance was significantly improved compared to the as-received sample and reached 37 kΩ.cm2. Formation of the sub-micron microstructure along with the high volume fraction of Brass and Goss texture components were the main reasons for improving corrosion resistance at 750 °C–5 min.
Plasma diagnosis of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films by filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition
Authors: WANG Minglei , ZHANG Lin , LU Wenqi , LIN Guoqiang 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) deposition is regarded as an important technique for the synthesis of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films due to its high ionization rate, high deposition rate and effective filtration of macroparticles. Probing the plasma characteristics of arc discharge contributes to understanding the deposition mechanism of ta-C films on a microscopic level. This work focuses on the plasma diagnosis of an FCVA discharge using a Langmuir dual-probe system with a discrete Fourier transform smoothing method. During the ta-C film deposition, the arc current of graphite cathodes and deposition pressure vary from 30 to 90 A and from 0.3 to 0.9 Pa, respectively. The plasma density increases with arc current but decreases with pressure. The carbon plasma density generated by the arc discharge is around the order of 1010 cm−3. The electron temperature varies in the range of 2‒3.5 eV. As the number of cathodic arc sources and the current of the focused magnetic coil increase, the plasma density increases. The ratio of the intensity of the D-Raman peak and G-Raman peak (I
D/I
G) of the ta-C films increases with increasing plasma density, resulting in a decrease in film hardness. It is indicated that the mechanical properties of ta-C films depend not only on the ion energy but also on the carbon plasma density.
Asymptotic analysis on positive solutions of the Lane-Emden system with nearly critical exponents
Authors: Kim Seunghyeok , Moon Sang-Hyuck 
Published: January 2023

We concern a family

{
(

u

ε

,

v

ε

)

}

ε
>
0

\{(u_{\varepsilon },v_{\varepsilon })\}_{\varepsilon > 0}

of solutions of the Lane-Emden system on a smooth bounded convex domain

Ω
\Omega

in

R

N

\mathbb {R}^N

\[

{

−
Δ

u

ε

=

v

ε

p

a
m
p
;
in
Ω
,

−
Δ

v

ε

=

u

ε

q

ε

a
m
p
;
in
Ω
,

u

ε

,

v

ε

>
0

a
m
p
;
in
Ω
,

u

ε

=

v

ε

=
0

a
m
p
;
on
∂
Ω
,

\begin {cases} -\Delta u_{\varepsilon } = v_{\varepsilon }^p & \text {in } \Omega , \\ -\Delta v_{\varepsilon } = u_{\varepsilon }^{q_{\varepsilon }} & \text {in } \Omega , \\ u_{\varepsilon },\, v_{\varepsilon } > 0 & \text {in } \Omega , \\ u_{\varepsilon } = v_{\varepsilon } =0 & \text {on } \partial \Omega , \end {cases}

\]
for

N
≥
4

N \ge 4

,

max
{
1
,

3

N
−
2

}
>
p
>

q

ε

\max \{1,\frac {3}{N-2}\} > p > q_{\varepsilon }

and small
\[

ε
≔

N

p
+
1

+

N

q

ε

+
1

−
(
N
−
2
)
>
0.

\varepsilon ≔\frac {N}{p+1} + \frac {N}{q_{\varepsilon }+1} - (N-2) > 0.

\]
This system appears as the extremal equation of the Sobolev embedding

W

2
,
(
p
+
1
)

/

p

(
Ω
)
↪

L

q

ε

+
1

(
Ω
)

W^{2,(p+1)/p}(\Omega ) \hookrightarrow L^{q_{\varepsilon }+1}(\Omega )

, and is also closely related to the Calderón-Zygmund estimate. Under the natural energy condition, we prove that the multiple bubbling phenomena may arise for the family

{
(

u

ε

,

v

ε

)

}

ε
>
0

\{(u_{\varepsilon },v_{\varepsilon })\}_{\varepsilon > 0}

, and establish a detailed qualitative and quantitative description. If

p
>

N

N
−
2

p > \frac {N}{N-2}

, the nonlinear structure of the system makes the interaction between bubbles so strong, so the determination process of the blow-up rates and locations is completely different from that of the classical Lane-Emden equation. If

p
≥

N

N
−
2

p \ge \frac {N}{N-2}

, the blow-up scenario is relatively close to that of the classical Lane-Emden equation, and only single-bubble solutions can exist. Even in the latter case, we have to devise a new method to cover all

p
p

near

N

N
−
2

\frac {N}{N-2}

. We also deduce a general existence theorem that holds on any smooth bounded domains.
Virtual wards: a rapid evidence synthesis and implications for the care of older people
Authors: Norman Gill , Bennett Paula , Vardy Emma R L C 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Virtual wards are being rapidly developed within the National Health Service in the UK, and frailty is one of the first clinical pathways. Virtual wards for older people and existing hospital at home services are closely related.

Methods
In March 2022, we searched Medline, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and medRxiv for evidence syntheses which addressed clinical-effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, barriers and facilitators, or staff, patient or carer experience for virtual wards, hospital at home or remote monitoring alternatives to inpatient care.

Results
We included 28 evidence syntheses mostly relating to hospital at home. There is low to moderate certainty evidence that clinical outcomes including mortality (example pooled RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60–0.99) were probably equivalent or better for hospital at home. Subsequent residential care admissions are probably reduced (example pooled RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.22–0.57). Cost-effectiveness evidence demonstrated methodological issues which mean the results are uncertain. Evidence is lacking on cost implications for patients and carers. Barriers and facilitators operate at multiple levels (organisational, clinical and patient). Patient satisfaction may be improved by hospital at home relative to inpatient care. Evidence for carer experience is limited.

Conclusions
There is substantial evidence for the clinical effectiveness of hospital at home but less evidence for virtual wards. Guidance for virtual wards is lacking on key aspects including team characteristics, outcome selection and data protection. We recommend that research and evaluation is integrated into development of virtual ward models. The issue of carer strain is particularly relevant.