bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of bone marrow depletion on prostaglandin E-producing suppressor macrophages in mouse spleen.
Authors: Shibata Y , Volkman A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The i.p. injection of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) into CBA/J mice effected increases in macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) when spleen cells were cultured with L cell culture filtrate as a source of colony-stimulating factor. Significant increases in phagocytic macrophages (M phi) with Fc receptors for IgG2a and IgG2b immune complexes were additionally noted among the spleen cells in these mice. These M phi effectively inhibited Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, probably reflecting a 10-fold increase above normal controls in prostaglandin E to 47 ng/3 X 10(6) spleen cells/ml. To determine whether the suppressor M phi are immediate derivatives of splenic M-CFC, we tried to induce suppressor M phi by the injection of CP into mice depleted of bone marrow M-CFC by the earlier administration of the bone-seeking isotope, 89Sr. This procedure reduced M-CFC in the bone marrow to less than 1% of normal for more than 30 days. Monocytes in the blood fell to 5% of normal by day 10 and were 30% on day 30. Levels of resident peritoneal M phi showed relatively little change in this period. By contrast, splenic M-CFC increased to 20-fold higher than the "cold" 88Sr controls. CP-induced suppressor M phi activity, however, was sharply reduced in 89Sr marrow-depleted mice on day 10, despite the striking increase in M-CFC. There was a threefold increase in the number of phagocytic M phi binding IgG2a immune complexes, with no significant increase in IgG2b binding M phi. The kinetics of recovery of suppressor M phi activity showed that on days 20, 30, and 50 after 89Sr injection the activities reached 20%, 30%, and 70% of the "cold" control, respectively, and correlated with the recovery of significant levels of M-CFC in the bone marrow. Taken together, these observations suggest that splenic M-CFC are not an immediate source of PGE-suppressor M phi in vivo. It appears more likely that the CP-inducible suppressor M phi, in particular, originate from radiosensitive bone marrow cells or require for differentiation a microenvironment provided by bone marrow cells. The data also suggest that the expression of the Fc gamma 2b receptor and of suppressor activity by CP-induced splenic M phi are related phenomena.
Cyclosporine blocks the induction of class I and class II MHC products in mouse kidney by graft-vs-host disease.
Authors: Autenried P , Halloran P F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of cyclosporine to prevent the increase in Ia and H-2K expression that occurs in mice with graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) was examined by means of absorption, indirect immunofluorescent staining (IIF), and indirect immunoperoxidase staining (IIP). Acute GVHD was induced in irradiated C3H/HeJ mice (H-2k) by injections of bone marrow and spleen cells from C57BL/6J mice (H-2b). Ten days after induction of acute GVHD, the spleens of mice not receiving cyclosporine expressed only donor Ia, reflecting their reconstitution by donor cells. The kidneys of such mice had a 10-fold increase in host Ia and H-2K expression, as previously reported. Treatment with cyclosporine reduced the amount of donor Ia and H-2K in spleens, and prevented the enhanced expression of recipient Ia and H-2K in kidneys in a dose-dependent manner. IIF or IIP staining showed that the principal change was in kidney tubules, where the induction of Ia and H-2K expression was greatly diminished. Cyclosporine administered to normal mice did not alter Ia expression except at high doses, at which it decreased Ia expression in kidneys and in spleens. The results suggest that prevention of enhanced MHC product expression could be part of the immunosuppressive actions of cyclosporine.
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes producing colony stimulating factor. A clonal and precursor frequency analysis.
Authors: Pantaleo G , Moretta A , Cillo C , Eliason J F , Moretta L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this report we describe the precursor frequency and the subset distribution of peripheral blood human T cells producing lymphokine(s) acting on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow precursors of the granulocyte/macrophage series, as assessed in a liquid microculture assay. Because the sensitivity of this system was similar to that of the classic colony formation assay in semi-solid (methylcellulose) medium, it is likely that the lymphokine activity measured in this assay corresponds to the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) activity. Single human T lymphocytes, isolated from peripheral blood by E rosetting and Ficoll-Hypaque gradients, were seeded into microculture wells by limiting dilution or micromanipulation techniques and were incubated under culture conditions that allow clonal expansion of essentially all T cells. After 15 to 20 days, microcultures were stimulated with PHA and CSF activity was assayed in culture supernatants 24 hr thereafter. About 45% (1/2.3) of peripheral blood T cells were found to give rise to CSF-producing progenies. Moreover, when fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified T4+ and T4- (or T8- and T8+) were analyzed, the frequency of the precursors of CSF-producing cells was 1/1.5 in the T4+ subset, whereas approximately one-third of the T8+ cells had this functional potential. To additionally characterize T cells responsible for CSF production, unfractionated T cells as well as T4+ and T4- cells were cloned by single cell micromanipulation. The resulting clones were analyzed simultaneously for the production of IL 2, production of CSF and for cytolytic activity in a lectin-dependent assay. It was found that 25/48 clones obtained from unfractionated T cells produced CSF, whereas 23/48 and 19/48 produced IL 2 or had cytolytic activity respectively. Six of the 25 CSF-producing clones had only this functional capability, whereas the remaining clones in addition displayed cytolytic activity (4/25), IL 2 production (10/25), or both (5/25). A similar functional heterogeneity was observed among T4+ and T4- clones, thus indicating that T cells producing CSF are functionally heterogeneous within both the T4+ and T8+ subsets.
Recombinant interleukin 1 suppresses lipoprotein lipase activity in 3T3-L1 cells.
Authors: Beutler B A , Cerami A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recombinant murine interleukin 1 (rIL 1) inhibits 3T3-L1 cell expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity when present in exceedingly dilute concentration (less than 10(-15) M). The extreme sensitivity of the adipocyte system to rIL 1 far exceeds that of the standard lymphocyte-activating factor assay. However, enzyme suppression is incomplete; even at micromolar concentrations, rIL 1 causes only about a 50% reduction in LPL activity. By contrast, cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) achieves nearly complete LPL suppression at subnanomolar concentrations. Concentrated solutions of rIL 1 are incapable of competing with radiolabeled cachectin for binding sites on 3T3-L1 cells. rIL 1-induced LPL suppression is abolished by the addition of a specific IL 1 neutralizing antiserum to the assay system. rIL 1 appears capable of influencing adipocyte expression of LPL, but apparently acts through a different mechanism than cachectin/TNF.
Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis.
Authors: Carvalho E M , Johnson W D , Barreto E , Marsden P D , Costa J L , Reed S , Rocha H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cellular immune responses were studied in 35 Brazilian patients with either active cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), active mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), or healed cutaneous leishmaniasis. The mean age and duration of illness in the two groups were as follows: 14 CL patients, age 28 +/- 13 yr, disease 5 +/- mo; and 16 ML patients, age 34 +/- 15 yr, disease 86 +/- 117 mo. Patients with CL and ML responded well to leishmania antigen in blastogenesis assays. However, the response of ML patients was over three times greater than the response of CL patients. There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of the lymphoproliferative response and the duration of disease activity. There were no significant differences between CL and ML patients in terms of the following parameters: lymphoproliferative responsiveness to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen) and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations (T and B cells, oKT8+ and OKT4+ cells, OKT4:OKT8 ratio). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ML patients also generated interferon-gamma containing lymphokine in response to stimulation with leishmania antigen. This lymphokine was capable of inducing macrophages from ML patients to inhibit the intracellular multiplication of leishmania in vitro. These studies have determined that the parameters of lymphocyte and macrophage functions evaluated in ML and CL patients are comparable, except for an enhanced lymphoproliferative response, with leishmania antigen in ML patients. This later finding may be a function of the long duration of active disease in this population and unrelated to the pathogenesis of their mucosal lesions.
Comparison of multiple HLA-A alleles at the DNA level by using Southern blotting and HLA-A-specific probes.
Authors: Koller B H , Ward F E , DeMars R , Orr H T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Numerous alleles of the HLA-A gene have been serologically identified. In this report we present a rapid and straightforward means to assess HLA-A polymorphism at the genomic level. Using 5' and 3' HLA-A-specific DNA probes and Southern blotting, we have placed the recognition sequences for five endonucleases relative to the coding regions of 15 HLA-A alleles. These data permit two interesting conclusions: four of the HLA-A alleles studied are associated with unique restriction fragments, and HLA-A alleles of a cross-reactive group are more closely related at the DNA level than are noncross-reactive alleles.
Differences in "host infiltrates" among lymphoma patients treated with anti-idiotype antibodies: correlation with treatment response.
Authors: Garcia C F , Lowder J , Meeker T C , Bindl J , Levy R , Warnke R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To correlate treatment responses with numbers and types of "host cell infiltrates," lymphoid tissues from 10 patients with low-grade B cell malignancies were stained before, during, and after anti-idiotype therapy with a panel of monoclonal antibodies applied to frozen sections. Tissue penetration by the anti-idiotype antibodies was confirmed in five patients by these immunoperoxidase methods. Large numbers of phenotypic T helper cells were the main component of the "host infiltrate" in most patients. Two patients showed a complete and a near-complete clinical remission, four others had partial responses, and four did not respond to therapy. The two patients that developed clinical remission demonstrated the largest number of T cells, T helper cells, TAC+ cells, Leu-7+ cells, and in general the smallest number of proliferating cells as measured by the Ki-67 antibody. Other major differences in host cells were not evident among the patients. These preliminary data suggest that the type and amount of "host infiltrate" in low-grade B cell lymphomas may predict which patients will respond to anti-idiotype therapy.
Beneficial effect of testosterone in the treatment of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in rats.
Authors: Ansar Ahmed S , Young P R , Penhale W J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Early thymectomy and sublethal irradiation of normal rats consistently induces a sex-dependent chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. Females are much more susceptible to this autoimmune disorder than are males. The possible therapeutic effects of testosterone (Te) on established autoimmune thyroiditis has been investigated in this model. The pathologic condition of the gland before treatment was monitored by a thyroid grafting and extirpation techniques. Te administration by either parenteral injection or implantation caused significant regression of established thyroiditis. Repeated doses of Te ester in oil were found to be more effective than powdered free-Te given by implantation, and frequently produced complete resolution of chronic lesions involving the entire gland. In these thyroids, there was reappearance of normal thyroid architecture and complete absence of mononuclear cellular infiltration. However, no inhibitory effect on serum autoantibody production to thyroglobulin was noted with any form of Te treatment. These observations strengthen the concept that cellular rather than humoral mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of thyroiditis.
Changes in mouse MHC expression during the cell cycle of Con A-treated spleen cells.
Authors: Muller C P , Stephany D A , Wunderlich J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study was directed at correlating the expression of class I MHC determinants with different segments of the cell cycle by using dual laser flow microfluorometry to measure levels of both DNA and cell surface H-2Kd or H-2Dd determinants for single cells. Con A-treated mouse spleen cells were identified as being in the G2/M or G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle on the basis of propidium iodide or Hoechst 33342 dye bound to DNA. Monoclonal anti-H-2 antibodies, indirectly fluoresceinated with goat anti-mouse IgG, were used to detect MHC determinants. The average level of both Kd and Dd determinants expressed by G2/M cells was about 1.6-fold higher than that expressed by G0/G1 cells. These observations indicate that the average-size G0/G1 and G2/M cells have the same apparent surface density of Kd and Dd determinants, insofar as we estimate that these cells differ in surface area by a factor of about 1.5. We also analyzed the expression of Kd and Dd determinants by measuring how they changed as a function of the intensity of forward light scatter from cells. For both G2/M and G0/G1 cells, changes in light scatter intensity were associated with parallel changes in levels of Dd and Kd determinants, indicating a common mechanism(s) that controls their cell surface expression.
Interleukin 1 increases the binding of human B and T lymphocytes to endothelial cell monolayers.
Authors: Cavender D E , Haskard D O , Joseph B , Ziff M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte binding to specialized high-endothelial venules (HEV) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches is the first step in normal lymphocyte emigration and recirculation. The development and maintenance of HEV in these lymphoid organs are thought to be immunologically controlled. Because postcapillary venules in chronic inflammatory tissue often resemble the HEV of lymphoid tissue and may also be a site of lymphocyte emigration, examination of the effects of immunologic and inflammatory mediators on endothelial cells (EC) may provide important information about the physiology of both normal lymphocyte recirculation and chronic inflammation. It is reported here that treatment of human umbilical vein EC monolayers in vitro with affinity-purified human interleukin 1 (IL 1) markedly enhances the binding of both B and T lymphocytes. Increased binding was observed within 1 h of treatment of EC with as little as 0.04 U/ml IL 1. This effect of IL 1 was EC-specific, because pretreatment of T cells or human skin fibroblasts with IL 1 did not increase the binding of lymphocytes. Stimulation of binding required active EC metabolism because incubation of EC with IL 1 at 4 degrees C, or prior fixation of EC, prevented enhanced binding. The action of IL 1 was not associated with EC damage. The secretion of IL 1 by macrophages and perhaps other cells in inflammatory lesions may exert a positive feedback signal on EC to enhance further emigration of lymphocytes into the inflammatory focus.
Effect of alpha-endorphin on the antigen-induced primary antibody response of human blood B cells in vitro.
Authors: Heijnen C J , Bevers C , Kavelaars A , Ballieux R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interference of alpha-endorphin with the primary antibody response to ovalbumin (OA) of human blood lymphocytes in vitro was investigated. It was found that alpha-endorphin can block the OA-specific IgM-PFC response in a concentration of 0.05 to 0.5 microM. The decrease in the PFC response is due to an inhibitory effect of alpha-endorphin at the T cell level as well as at the B cell level. It appears that the neuropeptide is capable of blocking the production and/or secretion of antigen-specific T cell helper factor as well as of anti-OA antibodies by PFC. In addition, alpha-endorphin was shown to be capable of inhibiting the transition of B cells into PFC, which normally occurs after stimulation with antigen in the presence of adequate T cell helper activity. When alpha-endorphin, lacking the N-terminal amino acid residue tyrosine, is added to the cultures, inhibition of the PFC response is no longer observed. This indicates that alpha-endorphin influences the PFC response via opiate receptor interaction.
An extra disulfide bridge in the constant domain of Rana catesbeiana immunoglobulin light chains.
Authors: Mikoryak C A , Elliott B W , Kimball M E , Steiner L A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunoglobulins of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana are unusual in that, in all classes, the light chains are not disulfide bonded to heavy chains or to other light chains. Moreover, the light chains contain six, rather than the usual five, residues of half-cystine. As none of these half-cystines is in the sulfhydryl form or is alkylated after mild reduction, we suggested that the light chains probably contain three intrachain disulfide bridges. We have now carried out experiments to confirm the existence of an extra intrachain disulfide bridge in Rana catesbeiana light chains and to determine its location. Disulfide bridge assignments were based on 1) isolation and sequence analysis of S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine-containing peptides and 2) isolation, from unreduced light chains, of peptides containing a disulfide bridge. Half-cystine residues were found at positions 134 and 194, and these were shown to be joined in the conserved intradomain disulfide bridge. In addition, we found that a residue of half-cystine, located at the third position from the carboxy-terminus, forms a disulfide bridge with a half-cystine at position 119, near the amino-terminus of the domain, the latter residue replacing a proline that has been found at this position in all other light chains. An intrachain disulfide bridge has not been found at this location in any other light chain.
Two independent pathways of helper activity provided by a single T cell clone.
Authors: Shigeta M , Takahara S , Knox S J , Ishihara T , Vitetta E S , Fathman C G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data presented in this paper demonstrate the existence of two separate pathways by which a single T cell clone can induce B cell differentiation. With the use of high doses of antigen, a T cell clone can induce a primary antibody response in unprimed B cells. With the use of low doses of antigen, the same T cell clone can induce an immunoglobulin (Ig)G response in primed B cells. The primary response is accompanied by T cell proliferation and lymphokine production (interleukin 2, B cell growth factor, B cell differentiation factor for immunoglobulin M, and B cell differentiation factor for immunoglobulin G). The secondary response does not require proliferation and occurs independently of detectable lymphokine production. Variants of the wild type T cell helper clone have been isolated. One variant can provide help to unprimed B cells when high doses of antigen are used. This variant cannot provide help to primed B cells when low doses of antigen are used, nor can it provide help to CBA/N "xid" B cells at any antigen concentration tested. Additional variants have been isolated that proliferate on antigen-pulsed-presenting cells, but fail to secrete detectable lymphokines and do not induce B cell differentiation. These results suggest that a single T cell helper clone has multiple functional activities that can be independently expressed.
Single cell analysis of calcium mobilization in anti-immunoglobulin-stimulated B lymphocytes.
Authors: Ransom J T , DiGiusto D L , Cambier J C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rapid increase in the concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca++i]) in B cells after mIg crosslinking has been documented previously by fluorimetric analysis of cell populations loaded with the fluorescent Ca++ indicator Quin 2. Although providing a valuable indication of Ca++ mobilization in the population as a whole, it has not been possible to determine whether only a subpopulation of the cells or the entire population exhibits this response. In this report, we describe the marriage of flow cytometry and Quin 2 technology, which permits discrimination of Ca++ mobilization by subpopulations of cells, as well as in whole populations. We have determined that the entire mIg+ population exhibits a synchronous increase in [Ca++i] rapidly after stimulation. Furthermore, all members of the population appear to undergo an approximately equal response.
Enhancement of antigenic potency in vitro and immunogenicity in vivo by coupling the antigen to anti-immunoglobulin.
Authors: Kawamura H , Berzofsky J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the effect of targeting an antigen to the immune system, by covalently coupling it to anti-immunoglobulin (Ig), on its efficacy for T cell stimulation in vitro and its immunogenicity for antibody production in vivo. In vitro, we compared the potency (for stimulation of a ferritin-specific T cell line) of free ferritin, ferritin coupled to goat antimouse IgM (heavy (H) chain specific), ferritin coupled to anti-IgG (H and light (L) chain specific), or ferritin coupled to anti-IgA (H chain specific), as well as a mixture of free ferritin plus goat anti-IgG. The ferritin coupled to anti-IgM or to anti-IgG (H + L), which could bind to surface Ig of B cells, stimulated T cell proliferation at concentrations of ferritin at least 10-fold lower than those required for the other forms of the antigen over the entire time course of the response, with 1000 rad-irradiated spleen cells as presenting cells. Because the goat antibodies were all of the same IgG isotype and coupling ratio, the failure of goat anti-IgA to enhance potency served as a control to exclude Fc receptor binding as the mechanism. The effect was not due to the nonspecific activation of B cells to become more efficient antigen-presenting cells, because mixtures of ferritin plus anti-IgG (H + L) had no effect, and the anti-IgG coupled to ferritin did not enhance presentation of myoglobin to a myoglobin-specific T cell line. The enhanced presentation of ferritin conjugated to goat anti-IgG (H + L) or to anti-IgM was sensitive to radiation doses greater than 2000 R, and was effective at less than one-tenth the number of spleen cells, consistent with the predominance of B cells as antigen-presenting cells for this form of the antigen rather than macrophages and dendritic cells only. When B cells and accessory cells were purified from T-depleted spleen cells, only the B cell preparation but not the accessory cell population manifested enhanced presentation of ferritin coupled to anti-IgG compared with free ferritin, and it was radiosensitive. Finally, allogeneic B cells could not mediate the enhancement in the presence of syngeneic splenic accessory cells (SAC); therefore, the enhancement was not due to shedding of immune complexes from B cells and subsequent presentation by SAC. We conclude that targeting the antigen to B cells as presenting cells greatly enhances its efficacy in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)