bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hall, Stuart (1932–2014)
Authors: Eldridge John 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Born in Jamaica, Stuart Hall was educated at Jamaica College and went to England as a Rhodes Scholar to Merton College, Oxford (1951–7). He read widely in literature and politics and went on to do graduate work on the novelist Henry James. He was drawn into the ferment of left‐wing politics, which characterized Britain in the early postwar period. With Charles Taylor, Raphael Samuel, and Gabriel Pearson he founded the
Universities and Left Review
and became a significant figure in the formation of the first wave of the New Left and the development of New Left Review Clubs, with strong links to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the peace movement. The
Universities and Left Review
merged with the
New Reasoner
and became the
New Left Review
, which he edited for two years until 1961. In that context he encountered significant figures on the left including Edward and Dorothy Thompson, John Saville, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Raymond Williams. He then proceeded to teach media, film, and popular culture at Chelsea College and together with Paddy Whannel wrote
The Popular Arts
. This represented a very early example of cultural studies in Britain, as generally understood.
Hellenism
Authors: Evangeliou Christos 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Hellenism (
Ελληνισμός
in Greek, from the verb
ελληνίζειν
or
hellenizein
, which means to speak, to think, to act and, in general, to behave like a Hellene) refers to that set of distinctive traits and characteristics which used to set the ancient Hellenes apart from the non‐Hellenes or barbarians. Historically, the meaning of Hellenism changed considerably, as we moved from the classical or Hellenic period to the Hellenistic or postclassical period, and more so with the coming of the new monotheistic religions of Christianity and Islam, which Hellenism opposed initially, being identified traditionally with the Hellenic polytheism and the Olympian pantheon. This entry will try to follow synoptically and briefly the historical and diachronic changes in the character of Hellenism in the last three millennia or so, from Homer to the present time.
Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715–71)
Authors: Audidière Sophie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Helvétius, a wealthy tax‐farmer of the French
ancien régime
, is the author of poetry and of two philosophical treatises:
De l'esprit
(1758) and
De l'homme
(1773, posthumous), leaving manuscript notes and a vast correspondence.
De l'esprit
, part of a memorable scandal, was one of the most widely read and most often republished works in eighteenth‐century France. Among French Enlightenment ideas, Helvétius's political thought, based on his anthropology, is noteworthy as a nonutilitarian policy of interest, which one may call issues of public interest, and as an original version of republicanism, centered on the reduction of wealth inequalities.
Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803)
Authors: Fox Russell Arben 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Johann Gottfried Herder was an educator, Lutheran pastor, literary critic, translator, philosopher, and central figure in the
Sturm und Drang
movement in German arts and letters. His writings have had a long, if usually indirect, influence on debates over nationalism, communitarianism, historical anthropology, and the role of language, religion, and folk culture in public life.
Historical Interpretation
Authors: Laursen John Christian , Mannies Whitney 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHistorical interpretation of political thought is, most generally, the setting of the authors and works of the field into their contexts in order to determine their meaning. It is almost unavoidable, since one must minimally describe an author such as Plato by such contexts as that he was an ancient Greek living in the times of the city‐states. Nevertheless, how to go on from the very basics of historical context, and how much more is required, has been the subject of much methodological debate. Thucydides was arguably the first political theorist to employ historical interpretation, explaining political ideas and developments in hisThe Peloponnesian Warin terms of the historical context. In recent decades, some of the most important schools of historical interpretation have been labeled the Cambridge School, the Straussians, the Marxists, GermanBegriffsgeschichteor conceptual history, historical hermeneutics, and, the most recent movement, comparative political thought.
Hook, Sidney (1902–89)
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sidney Hook was an American philosopher and prominent public intellectual. Born in Brooklyn, Hook attended City College of New York, where he studied philosophy with Morris Cohen. In 1927, he earned his PhD in philosophy from Columbia University under the direction of John Dewey. He spent most of his career at New York University. From 1973 until his death, Hook was a fellow at the Hoover Institution. Hook's philosophical interests and influence ranged from philosophy of science and metaphysics to philosophy of education, aesthetics, and ethics. He is best known, however, for his work in social and political philosophy and his public opposition to Soviet Communism. This work earned Hook the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1985.
Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)
Authors: Campbell Colin J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMax Horkheimer was a founding member and lifelong participant in the Frankfurt School of critical theory, where he collaborated with Friedrich Pollock, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, and others. Born to a wealthy Jewish family, as a young student he disagreed with his father's wish that he follow in the family business. After attending the universities of Munich and Frankfurt, he wrote hisHabilitationschriftin 1925, further developing his dissertation research on Kant'sCritique of Judgment. In 1930, after teaching as a privatdozent (lecturer) at Frankfurt University he became director of the Frankfurt School for Social Research, which had been newly established by Felix Weil and Carl Grünberg in 1923. He oversaw the emergency move of the institute into exile in New York and then Los Angeles in the wake of Hitler's victory in 1933. In 1949 he returned to Frankfurt and assumed a full professorship, which he held until his retirement in 1958.
Humanism
Authors: Farley Jared A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHumanism is a general term incorporating any philosophy that places human beings as its focal point, rather than the traditional focus of religious institutions or god(s). All ideas and actions are evaluated based upon how they impact humanity and the worth and dignity of individual humans. Thus for humanists, humanity becomes the standard by which ethics, science, art, politics, and economics are measured. All varieties of political philosophy contain elements of humanism as all make assumptions, either directly or indirectly, about human nature and values. While in contemporary usage humanism, especially secular humanism, has taken on a negative connotation the broader history, definition, and scopes of the term are frequently misunderstood. There are countless varieties of humanism, of both a religious and a secular nature. The Reformation of the sixteenth century and the eighteenth‐century Enlightenment, both of which heavily influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States, were profoundly shaped by humanist philosophy.
Information
Authors: Duff Alistair 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIt is safe to say that information has not hitherto been a central concept of political philosophy. Apart from occasional flashes – from ancient Greek speculations on the political significance oflogos(translatable in some contexts as “information”) to journalist‐philosopher Walter Lippmann's comments on information and the “good society” – information, unlike related concepts such as knowledge or education, has generally slipped under the disciplinary radar. However, today, amid the socio‐technical process of “informatization” – the dramatic rise in the salience of information as object of both consciousness and technology – political philosophers as well as economists and sociologists are beginning to ask what this phenomenon might imply for perennial questions concerning justice, freedom, and the role of the state.
International Political Theory
Authors: Gomes Bjorn 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis entry seeks to offer an overview of the field of international political theory. It begins by looking at some of its component features, and addresses questions such as “what is theory?”; “what is the distinction between international political theory and international relations theory?”; “what does the international stand for?”; and “who are the principal agents within the realm of the international?” The entry then proceeds to examine and discuss some of the main issues and ongoing debates within the field – just war theory, humanitarian intervention, sovereignty, human rights, citizenship and immigration, and global redistributive justice. It ends by asking if the claims of universal human rights are indeed universal and sustainable, given the cultural and political diversity of the world in which we live.
Interpretive Social Science
Authors: Schwartz‐Shea Peregrine 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Interpretive social science (ISS) positions human meaning‐making at the center of the research endeavor. Drawing on the hermeneutic and phenomenological traditions, interpretive researchers study social phenomena – for example, institutions, public policy, violence – in terms of the discourses, actions, artifacts, texts, and so on, that constitute these
within
specified geographies, cultures, and histories. This orientation toward contextuality implies that meaning is understood not as given nor fixed, but as constructed and dynamic. And differences in meaning are consequential: whether the estate tax is understood as an “inheritance tax” or a “death tax” affects its legitimacy; conceiving of immigrants as “illegal” or “undocumented” shapes their treatment; and depicting the public as “citizens” or “consumers” motivates the design and delivery of public services, to take but a few of myriad examples.
Intersectionality
Authors: Barvosa Edwina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Intersectionality is one of the most influential concepts in feminist political theory today. Rooted in black feminist thought, the central insight of intersectionality is that various inter‐related and mutually influencing forms of subordination and privilege shape each person's life. As a result, not only are diverse groups affected differently by various social divisions, even within social groups people may be set apart by intersecting influences. Among women for instance, although all women may experience the gender subordination of patriarchy, each woman is simultaneously immersed in other interpenetrating relations of privilege and/or oppression that will inter‐relate to make her experiences of patriarchy different from those of other women. Other inter‐related systems of influence can include hierarchies of race, class, age, sexual orientation, physical ability, language community, citizenship, and so on in a list of possible influences that potentially encompasses the fullest range of socially constructed human relations and categories.
Islamic Political Thought
Authors: Tampio Nicholas 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIslamic political thought is a tradition of conceptualizing human affairs that originates with the Prophet Muhammad (570–632ce) in seventh‐century Arabia. In his lifetime Muhammad recited the Qur'an and established a precedent (sunna) that Muslims ever since have taken as a guide for how to establish a just community. In the following centuries Muslims spread the Islamic way of life (din) across the Middle East, North Africa, southern Europe, Iran, Central Asia, and India, until today approximately one and half billion people, or one fifth of humanity, identifies as Muslim. Islamic political thought has consistency insofar as certain terms – such as community (umma), justice (‘adl), and struggle (jihad) – recur throughout the Qur'an and Prophetic narratives (hadith) and subsequent political texts. Throughout its history, however, Islamic political thought has incorporated, as well as modified and challenged, Arab customs, Jewish law, Persian statecraft, Hellenistic philosophy, Christian theology, and European and American culture. Muslims are currently debating how to reconcile (or not) Islamic notions of community, justice, and struggle with concepts that first appeared in ancient Greece or medieval Christendom, such as democracy, liberty, and secularism. This entry provides a background to that debate by focusing on how leading Muslim thinkers address questions of sovereignty and law, or of who ought to govern according to which interpretation of Sharia (divine law).
Kemalism
Authors: Davison Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Republic of Turkey's founding and hegemonic ideology derived from the thought and practice of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), leader of the War of Independence (1919–22), first president, and “Eternal Leader” of the Republican People's Party and its single‐party regime (1920/23–1945/50).
Kojève, Alexandre (1902–68)
Authors: Nichols, James H. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Alexandre Kojève, born in Russia and educated there and in Germany, lived mostly in France, where he powerfully influenced intellectual life through a seminar on Hegel's
Phenomenology of Spirit
that he taught in Paris at the École Pratique des Hautes Études from 1933–9. After the war, he worked as a high‐level counselor in the Bureau of Foreign Economic Affairs of the French Ministry of Economics, where he dealt with such matters as the Marshall Plan, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Economic Community. He died in 1968 at an international meeting in Brussels.
Kolakowski, Leszek (1927–2009)
Authors: Janowski Zbigniew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

The most notable of Leszek Kolakowski's many works for political thought are
Main Currents of Marxism
(1976) and his study of Dutch Protestantism,
Chrétiens sans église
(1962).
Main Currents of Marxism
is a tour de force of Marxist thought from its conceptual beginnings in the dialectic of the third‐century Greek philosopher Plotinus to 1976 when the work was published. This massive and yet highly readable work was written without a single footnote, which points to the personal character of Kolakowski's enterprise. It is not a work written by a scholar but by someone who lived under the spell of the Marxist idea, contributed to its development, only to emerge from its grip as its most brilliant critic.
Laski, Harold (1893–1950)
Authors: Morefield Jeanne 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Harold Laski was a pluralist and socialist thinker and long‐time professor of political theory at the London School of Economics. He was best known for his sustained critique of the modern state in the history of political thought. Unlike the institutional pluralism of later American thinkers like Dahl, Laski's pluralism was influenced by early twentieth‐century English and French thinkers such as Neville, Cole, and DeGuit with whom he shared a critique of the idea of state sovereignty originally developed by Bodin and Hobbes.
Late Capitalism
Authors: Nickel Patricia Mooney 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLate capitalism designates a phase (ca. 1940–) in the historical relationship between economy, government, and culture involving the mode of production, the state, and ideology. The phrase “late capitalism” was debated as early as 1968, notably in Theodor Adorno's opening address to the 16th German Sociological Congress, in which he illustrated how technological rationality eclipsed alternative approaches to social organization and spilled over into everyday life, thus forestalling the realization that capitalism was an irrational means for most people to achieve well‐being. However, the phrase is most often associated with Ernest Mandel and with Fredric Jameson. Although Adorno, Mandel, and Jameson differ in their interpretations of Marxist theory, their respective positions on the historical contestability of capitalism are influenced by the work of Karl Marx.
Latin American Political Thought
Authors: von Vacano Diego 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Latin American political tradition is related to, but distinct from, European political ideas. It is not entirely certain if it can be classified as part of the “western” intellectual world, since, in many areas of Spanish and Portuguese America, there was significant influx of Indigenous ideas into the political mindset of thinkers, laws, and policies. To this day, we see a fusion of ideas derived from western European traditions with autochthonous ways of looking at political life in the public affairs of what is now called “Latin America.” Moreover, the very unity (both geographical and cultural) of the region can be called into question owing to the deep diversity of cultures, ethnicities, races, religions, languages, and modes of life that have been present in the area since before the term was employed. There is, however, a strong case to be made that the common trajectories and leitmotifs in the region can be construed as making up a generally coherent tradition of political ideas.
Liberal Theory
Authors: Marwah Inder S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLiberal theory is better characterized as a family of concepts, ideals, and commitments than as a single, readily identifiable doctrine. Reflecting both the principle of toleration from which they emerge and the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and autonomy that run through them, liberal theories are inescapably diverse, mutable, and capacious, crystallizing in myriad ways around a foundational set of moral and political principles. It is thus misleading to speak of liberal theory in singular terms; liberal theory is best understood as a shifting network of moral, political, and philosophical concerns and commitments.
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65)
Authors: Kautz Steven 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAbraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States (1861–65). He presided over the nation during a period of moral and constitutional crisis arising from the tragedy of American slavery. If Lincoln was “the greatest among those associated with the cause of popular government,” that achievement is due to the respect he showed to the people he led, above all in a series of speeches in the 1850s that challenged them to understand the nature of American democracy and to act, even to the point of Civil War, on that understanding.
Magna Carta
Authors: Worcester Kenton W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Magna Carta is a medieval charter of rights that was stamped with the king's great seal on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, on the Thames riverbank in southern England. Revised and reissued following the death of King John, and again in 1217 and 1225, the document was formally incorporated into law at the close of the thirteenth century.
Malcolm X (El‐Hajj Malik El‐Shabazz) (1925–65)
Authors: Ambar Saladin Malik 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMalcolm X was among the twentieth century's most prolific and uncompromising spokespersons for the human rights of African Americans and those fighting for racial justice throughout the world. His militant stand for black dignity, which is often associated with his signature phrase “by any means necessary,” was seen as both an electrifying and a fearsome call for black self‐determination.
Maoism
Authors: Chandra Uday 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Maoism refers to an ensemble of revolutionary ideas and practices inspired by the life and work of the Chinese political leader and philosopher Mao Tse‐tung (1893–1976). Broadly, these ideas and practices seek to deploy militant, even violent methods to install a new radical democratic regime that is committed to the collective pursuit of dignity, freedom, and equality.
Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979)
Authors: Macdonald Bradley J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHerbert Marcuse was a political theorist associated with the first generation of the Frankfurt School, a group of interdisciplinary scholars who promoted and developed a critical theory of society. While all the theorists in this group shared a basic commitment to uncovering the roots and conditions of human oppression and repression in advanced industrial society and to developing philosophical, cultural, and political resources designed to bring about human liberation, Marcuse's theory became the most famous and the most directly political one during their lifetime.
Markets
Authors: Grewal David Singh 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMarkets are institutions that allow for the exchange of commodities. They exist in concrete form when buyers and sellers meet in person to trade goods or services, either through barter, in which goods or services are exchanged directly for other goods or services, or else through money‐mediated transactions, in which currency, a unit of exchange representing value, enables more sophisticated trades among multiple agents or across time. Today, markets are generally understood as enabling the decentralized distribution of goods and services, coordinated through a system of prices and driven by the incentive of (individual) self‐interest.
Mouffe, Chantal (1943–)
Authors: Wenman Mark 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChantal Mouffe started her career in the late 1970s as a Marxist, and today she is one of the leading theorists in the Anglo‐American academy, working with a broadly poststructuralist approach. Mouffe's oeuvre moves through a number of distinct phases: an initial Marxist period elaborated in her first edited volume of 1979,Gramsci and Marxist Theory; a post‐Marxist stage developed in the influential 1985Hegemony and Social Strategy, co‐authored with Ernesto Laclau; and a consolidated period, from the early 1990s on, where Mouffe's work is best understood as part of an emerging tradition of agonistic democracy and where, in particular, she has sought to address the challenges posed by the German legal theorist Carl Schmitt.
National Socialism
Authors: Graf Rüdiger 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNational socialism refers to both an ideology and a political movement that ruled Germany in the years from 1933 to 1945, an epoch which is commonly described as the “Third Reich,” the “national socialist dictatorship,” or simply the “time of national socialism.” It was simultaneously the most important and the least theoretically elaborated version of fascism and has also been defined as a form of totalitarianism that dominated many countries for at least some part of the twentieth century. Its main carriers were the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP) and its affiliated organizations.
Natural Rights
Authors: Dow Douglas C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The concept of natural rights posits the existence of certain rights that are understood to be possessed by all individual persons, universally and equally distributed, and not contingent upon any particular governmental concession. While the full and proper recognition of natural rights by political authorities may be dependent upon time and place, their real existence does not derive from human sources. Rather, they are given by God, or constitute part of an ordered and lawful universe. Natural rights may authorize persons to resist the arbitrary exercise of power, especially by governmental authorities.