bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision Support for the Optimization of Continuous Processes using Digital Shadows
Authors: Idzik Christian , Hilger Daniel , Hosters Norbert , Kemmerling Marco , Niemietz Philipp , Ortjohann Lucia , Sasse Jana , Serafeim Alexandros , Wang Jing , Wolff Daniel , Hirt Gerhard 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDecision support systems can provide real-time process information and correlations, which in turn assists process experts in making decisions and thus further increase productivity. This also applies to well-established and already highly automated processes in continuous production employed in various industrial sectors. Continuous production refers to processes in which the produced material, either fluid or solid form, is continuously in motion and processed. As a result, the process can usually not be stopped. It is only possible to influence the running process. However, the highly nonlinear interactions between process parameters and product quality are not always known in their entirety which led to inferior product quality in terms of mechanical properties and surface quality. This requires accurate representations of the processes and the products in real-time, so-called digital shadows.Therefore, this contribution shows the necessary steps to provide a digital shadow based on numerical, physical models and process data and to couple the digital shadow with data analysis and machine learning to enable automatic decision support. This is exemplified at various stages throughout two different process chains with continuous processes: first, by using a thermoplastic production process called profile extrusion, and second, on the example of a metal processing process chain, from which three processes are described in more detail, namely, hot rolling, tempering, and fine blanking. Finally, the presented approaches and results are summarized.
Changing from Financial Control to Financial Management in the Public Sector: An Introduction to the Changes That Will Be Required
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIntroducing public financial management and internal control (PFM/IC) is a major organisational reform. It has significant managerial consequences, not least on the relationships between elected and appointed officials. Where the reform has been introduced it has frequently been treated as a financial and budgetary control reform but it has far more wide reaching effects if it is to be properly introduced. Not the least of the benefits is that PFM/IC provides an ability to put substance into the meaning of the terms ‘efficiency and effectiveness’ but that in turn requires significant managerial reform. PFM/IC ought to really be regarded as a managerial reform and it is from this perspective that the reform should be viewed. Managerial reform should be the starting point for implementation. Consequently, to achieve success top management commitment to the reform, by both political and senior appointed officials is essential.
Monitoring the Change from Administration to Management: Demonstrating This Through the Utilisation of a Statement of Internal Control
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract“As with any reform information should be available about how well the reform is proceeding and what have been the results of the reform. With PFM/IC very often the information about the reform progress is limited to information about the procedural arrangements that have been adopted, that is, the laws and regulations. This tells the observer, who could be a ministry of finance, a parliament, a state auditor or civil society nothing about how effectively the reform has been applied, the level of benefits arising from the reform or indeed the costs. It says nothing about weaknesses which may have emerged or how they have been dealt with. In this chapter a more effective form of reporting is recommended which is called a ‘statement of internal control’. This statement should be prepared by the head of operational management and approved by the political head of the organisation. Examples are given of this statement. Ideally this statement should be published as part of the transparency and accountability arrangements.
Public Sector Reform, Delegation, and PFM/IC
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis guide makes clear that the PFM/IC reform should be regarded as much as a management reform as a technical reform. Consequently those involved in the development and application of this reform ought to consider as part of the reform process, those managerial related issues which will affect implementation. One is the structure of the civil service (and by extension, the local government service), another is delegation and sometimes delegation can be inappropriate. A further topic that should be considered is the personnel management arrangements. Are these compatible with a managerial approach to the implementation of the PFM/IC reform. Again, where proposals are made involving public administration reform, these must be compatible with the reforms that are necessary to achieve an effective PFM/IC reform. These are the issues which are discussed in this chapter.
Implementing Public Financial Management and Internal Control (PFM/IC)
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIntroducing PFM/IC has a wide range of impacts. It requires an appreciation of the separate roles of the politician for policy development, implementation strategy and operational management oversight and that of the appointed official for policy implementation. A feature of PFM/IC is the development of delegation and accountability, although delegation decisions can be complex and depend upon circumstances and personalities. This chapter provides a broad overview of the issues that need to be addressed and which are developed in more detail in the succeeding chapters. Those issues include transparency and the involvement of parliament, changes to the budgetary and accounting arrangements and the development of performance information systems.
The Practical Steps for Initiating a Successful PFM/IC Reform
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractGiven the nature of the PFM/IC reform and the radical managerial changes that it requires, before embarking on the reform a country ought to be clear about the implications of the reform and consequently the impacts that it will have. A primary objective of PFM/IC is to facilitate the achievement of a government’s objectives and to improve the quality of public expenditure, that is enhance public value. It also has other benefits if properly implemented, including enhancing transparency and accountability. Change though has to occur and that change will be quite fundamental. All change has repercussions which may be unacceptable to some and therefore may be resisted. PFM/IC, if implemented properly, changes power structures and such changes can be an important source of resistance. Therefore an important first step before embarking upon the reform should be to carry out a series of tests to assess whether the reform is appropriate at this time, and whether the reform is possible given the scope of the changes that will be required. This chapter sets out those tests. Those advocating the reform should also recognise that this is not a ‘quick fix’ type of reform and that is the reason why wide support is essential.
Risks and Unintended Consequences of the Reform
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAll reforms carry risks and they may have unintended consequences. This chapter discusses these features of the PFM/IC reform process. It provides some examples of where risks and unintended consequences have occurred. Perhaps the greatest risk and the one most likely to occur is that of a ‘fake’ reform. In the author’s experience this is the one for which there is some evidence because those responsible for implementation tend to be focussed on the bureaucracy associated with the reform, because it provides ‘evidence’ of implementation, but there is no substance. The managerial implications are completely overlooked. The end result is higher costs because of the added bureaucracy but no tangible benefits in terms of improvements in public value. An aim of this guide is to avoid these risks and unintended consequences from occurring.
The Re-allocation of Entrepreneurial Talent During Transition from Socialism to Market Economy: Some Conceptual Thoughts
Authors: Sorgner Alina , Wyrwich Michael 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOne of the stylized facts in the literature is that the level and quality of entrepreneurship is determined by institutional framework conditions—the so-called rules of the game. In this conceptual contribution, we show that this insight is also key to understand the massive surge in start-up activity after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. Our contribution draws on recent work analyzing who decided to start a venture in East Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall. In this previous work, it was found that many individuals who demonstrated commitment to the anti-entrepreneurial communist regime in the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) launched their own new ventures soon after German re-unification. We argue that the previous commitment to communism of post-socialist entrepreneurs reflects a tendency toward rent-seeking, which is a form of unproductive entrepreneurship. Once institutions changed radically, their entrepreneurial efforts were directed toward start-up activity. In the current contribution, we reflect on this evidence and discuss to which extent it can be generalized beyond the East German context.
From East to West. Modernization in the Western and Northern Territories of Poland (1944–1989)
Authors: Walerski Konrad 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAt the end of World War II (1943–1945), the Soviet Union appropriated the eastern parts of Poland, while part of Germany was incorporated into the remaining Polish territory. This was a revolutionary transformation. The German population of Silesia, Pomerania, and Eastern Prussia was replaced by Poles mainly from the Polish eastern territories. This initiated a process of organizing a new social and economic reality in a socialist way: settlement, reconstruction of towns and villages, industry, administration, education, and encounters of different social groups, regional cultures, and mentalities. Till the end of the 1970s, these regions were seen by Polish sociologists as social laboratory in which the process of “Soviet-inspired modernization” took place at high speed.
Historical Legacies of Regional Innovation Activity: The Case of East and West Germany
Authors: Fritsch Michael , Greve Maria , Wyrwich Michael 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe investigate how 40 years of a communist regime in East Germany and the subsequent German unification affected innovation activities. The empirical evidence suggests that the benefits of integrating the two innovation systems were much greater in the West than in the East, which has resulted in an increasing gap in innovation activities between the two regions. Innovation activity in East Germany was highly concentrated in a few hot spots that have a tradition of innovation reaching back to the time before the Second World War (WWII). The innovation activities that we observe in Germany today are strongly shaped not only by separation into a socialist and a capitalist part after WWII but also by the shock transformation over the course of rapid reunification, which has had lasting effects.
The Communist New Man Versus the Bourgeois Individual: Family Enterprise in Poland and East Germany
Authors: Kamosiński Sławomir 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe operation in the Polish People’s Republic and the German Democratic Republic of the non-socialized sector of the economy (the individual sector), in particular the limited number of family firms, was a remarkable phenomenon in the centrally planned economic system that prioritized socialized (‘nationalized’) ownership. The stability of legal rights to own and freely use property is of key importance for the everyday operation of small family firms. Sometimes referred to as ‘business marathon runners’, family firms are organizations of long duration. They draw on past experience and form their individual ritual of cooperation with those around them, based on tradition, ethics, and the so-called ‘principles of the founder’. This chapter aims to explain the mechanisms that allowed the foundation of family businesses in an economic system that was based mainly on nationalized ownership of the means of production accompanied by central planning and administratively determined prices.
Taking Part, Apart: Inclusion of Researchers from the German Democratic Republic in Their International Scientific Communities
Authors: Gläser Jochen , Laudel Grit 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we present a discussion of ways in which researchers in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) became recognised members of their international scientific communities by negotiating the interplay of adverse conditions of research in the GDR and field-specific practices of knowledge production. The conditions for research as provided by the GDR and as shaped by the GDR’s international relations enabled and constrained the inclusion of researchers in the knowledge production of their scientific communities. We ask how researchers in two fields—semiconductor physics and molecular biology—managed to become recognised members to their communities’ knowledge production under adverse conditions. Our interviews suggest three partial answers: the right topic at the right time, a partial match between a field’s epistemic practices and the research conditions in the GDR, and the existence of “inclusion mentors” who actively promoted the inclusion of their younger colleagues.
The Question of Legacies: Socialist Elites in Post-Socialist Transformations—East Germany’s Elites from a Comparative Perspective (1990–2020)
Authors: Cordes Charlotta , Felde Mareike zum , Pleines Heiko 
Published: September 2023

AbstractToday’s knowledge about elites in East Germany since 1990 is still shaped by the convergence perspective, which implicitly defines West Germany as the benchmark of desired development. In this contribution, we challenge existing assumptions by changing the reference frame. To do so, we compare a sample of office holders in politics and the economy (1990–2020) in East Germany with corresponding elite members in selected countries of Eastern Central Europe (N = 2439). We differentiate between two groups within the elite of East Germany defined by the place of their socialisation prior to 1989, which happened either in East Germany or in West Germany. We consider their political learning process, professional background as well as their age and gender. While East Germany’s regional elites are, in many aspects of their social profiles, very similar to the national elites in East Central Europe, our analysis also identifies important differences. Moreover, we argue that for a better understanding of political elites the question of political socialisation and experience should be at the centre of further investigation.
Empathy and the Acquiring of a Caring Perspective
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to the theme of caring in ethics. It is here explained how can empathy develop a caring perspective and, by means of that, a moral character. The concept of receptivity (analysed, i.e. by Michael Slote) is demonstrated to be essential for moral behaviour and receives in this chapter further attention that links it inextricably to empathy. Finally, the causal chain that connects empathy with care and care with (moral) action is illustrated in its circularity, which, far from being a weakness, reveals the strength of the ties between empathy, caring, and morality.
Empathy and Virtue
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to the in-depth analysis of the link between empathy and virtue. The main claim is that empathy can be considered as a virtue, and to prove that, several topics are dealt with. Firstly, it is illustrated how empathy can be guided by phronesis and, thanks to it, can become a reliable ally of morality and a virtue in the traditional sense of the term. Furthermore, the moral benefits of feeling with (i.e. ‘empathy’) are made visible by means of a comparison with feeling for (i.e. ‘compassion’ or ‘pity’), and finally, the possible role empathy might play within Kantian ethics is here examined in order to demonstrate how even the supporters of a rationalist kind of ethics should not be too hasty in leaving empathy out of the picture.
A Taxonomy of Empathy
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract‘A Taxonomy of Empathy’ presents a new systematisation for the phenomenon of empathy, based on the difference between what the author calls low-level empathy and high-level empathy. The first one is a form of direct, unmediated, conceptually poor, and intuitive kind of empathy which does not require the use of imagination and is akin to the concept of empathy supported by many phenomenologists, the second one is instead based on the use of imagination, mental simulations, and narratives. Narrative empathy is here represented as a subcategory of high-level empathy. The idea of the author is to overcome the rigid separation between advocates of empathy as perspective-taking and proponents of empathy as an unreflective phenomenon.
Anti-empathism: Jesse Prinz
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, the criticisms advanced to empathy by Jesse Prinz are taken into account and carefully analysed. In particular the author attempts to trace the structure Prinz gave to his criticisms by dividing them into three: those concerning moral judgement, those concerning moral development, and those concerning moral motivation and conduct. This structure will be of fundamental importance to the work, because it is by tracing this structure that the author will respond to the criticism of empathy and simultaneously present his theories.
Anti-empathism: Paul Bloom
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the chapter ‘Anti-empathism: Paul Bloom’, the author offers a description and an in-depth analysis of the criticisms made to empathy by Paul Bloom, trying to follow the structure Bloom gave to his critiques in his 2016 book about empathy and examining in which sense it is possible to affirm—as Bloom does—that empathy acts as a spotlight, that has many biases and that is corrosive.
The Knowledge Quartet as a Theoretical Lens to Explore Kindergarten Teachers’ Teaching of Mathematics
Authors: Carlsen Martin , Erfjord Ingvald , Hundeland Per Sigurd 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyse kindergarten teachers’ teaching of mathematical activities for 5-year-olds to characterise the competence on which their teaching is based. The Knowledge Quartet, proposed by Rowland et al. (J Math Teach Educ 8(3):255–281, 2005), is argued to be suitable for analysing the mathematical competence of kindergarten teachers revealed foundational knowledge, knowledge-in-action and knowledge-in-interaction in their teaching. The paper reports an analysis of one kindergarten teacher’s taught activity within the frame of a project where mathematical activities had been designed by researchers. Taking advantage of her competence, the kindergarten teacher nurtures the children’s processes of appropriating the involved mathematical concepts. Some modifications to the Knowledge Quartet as an analytical tool are suggested due to kindergarten particularities.
Kindergarten Professionals’ Perspectives on Observing Children’s Mathematical Competencies
Authors: Benz Christiane , Reuter Friederike , Maier Andrea , Zöllner Johanna 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObserving on a diagnostic basis allows a qualified view of children’s present and potentially following mathematical competencies and is therefore vital for adaptive learning support processes. Awareness of appropriate support measures is essential for the planning of learning environments, play activities, and individually adequate interaction. The paper reports on the results of a study addressing in-service kindergarten professionals’ selection of and reflection on suitable diagnostic situations and diagnostic tools. First, aspects of professionals’ observing and diagnosing competencies will be reflected, including the use of the concept of diagnosing according to recent competence models for teachers and early childhood educators. Then, different situations suitable for observing and diagnosing children’s competencies in early mathematics education will be discussed as well as different tools for recording. Hypotheses for professional development concerning diagnostic and observation skills will be presented based on reflections and perspectives of professionals attending an in-service project.
The Real World of Toddler Mathematics
Authors: Palmér Hanna , Björklund Camilla 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe focus of this paper is the expression ‘mathematizing’, which was introduced by the famous Dutch mathematician Hans Freudenthal. His starting point was that mathematics should be taught so that the knowledge becomes useful for the learner, which is why all mathematics teaching should be based on the learner’s world and experiences. He referred to the learner’s world as a context relevant to those who are to learn where the ‘real world’ ought to precede the mathematics. Based on empirical examples, we elaborate in this paper on what ‘real world’ and thus mathematizing may imply in the context of preschool mathematics with the youngest learners in the education system. The results show that ‘real world’ can involve both imagination and play, but mathematization is only noticed when there is a problem that, from the child’s perspective, needs to be solved.
Preschool Teacher Practices During a Collective Play-Related Thinking: Dialectic Between Pretend Play and Mathematics
Authors: Amrar Linda , Clerc-Georgy Anne , Dorier Jean-Luc 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA broad range of literature discusses the link between pretend play and learning. More specifically, the close link between pretend play and mathematics highlights the urge to develop the mathematical thinking of children through pretend play activities. In this case, collective play-related thinking (CPRT) is used as a tool to promote awareness on the mathematical aspects of a pretend play activity. The aim of this case report is to investigate the practices used by a preschool teacher to seize mathematical teaching opportunities during a CPRT. Results suggest the use of four practices by the teacher: guiding a two-level intersubjectivity, fostering the development of an imaginary situation, raising awareness on challenges, and creating meaning between symbolization in the play and symbolization in a cultural tool. The study contributes to our understanding of the dialectic between play-related thinking and mathematical thinking through a CPRT.