bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Factors Engineering in Risk-Based Inspections
Authors: Balkey Joseph P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
ASME’s Center for Research and Technology Development has published a number of risk-based inspection “guideline” books all with a standard format. Now they are publishing a risk-based inspections “Handbook” for fossil fuel plants that also follows this standard format. However, because portions of the “Handbook” refer to human error, not only has a Human Factors Engineering “Appendix” been added to expand the subject but the “Appendix” has been designed to follow the standard format in all the other risk-based inspection books. This at first seemed to be unusual because the “Handbook” assesses structural failures and the “Appendix” assesses human failures. However, for the parts in the “Handbook” that directly refer to human error, the parts in the “Appendix” closely match the format in the “Handbook”. For the parts in the “Handbook” that do not refer to human error, new purposes were created for those parts in the “Appendix”.
This paper compares the commonalties and differences between the two formats and lists expected findings where the parts match as well as unexpected findings where the parts in the “Appendix” discuss new applications. In these findings, this paper shows that the risk-based inspection procedure in fossil fuel plants require the human error procedure and the results from the human error procedure feed back into the Risk-based inspection procedure.
This paper’s introduction describes the ASME’s overall risk-based inspection program and how the “Handbook” and “Appendix” fit. Next, in the procedure section, the risk-based inspection procedure for fossil fuel plants is described with highlights of where a human error procedure is required and then the human error procedure is described. In the comparison section, the commonalties and differences between the two procedures are described and expected and unexpected findings are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes that both risk-based inspection and human error procedures need to have better plant-specific data and that the number of opportunities are growing for new applications.
Building Usable Change Documentation
Authors: Plung Daniel L. , Mullins William P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Across the missions of the Department of Energy (DOE) the planning of work and the management of risk is a systems problem of exceptional complexity. The shift in the international balance of power at the beginning of this decade dramatically changed the parameters of risk within which the DOE operates. Just a few years earlier federal and state regulatory authority were extended to the waste and environmental aspects of the nuclear weapons complex operations. For many, this also introduced an abrupt change to the historic perception of the risks of these operations. DOE, in the Energy and Research sectors, faces changes in risk management practices as these activities, still governed by DOE’s self-regulation authority in occupational and nuclear safety, are more and more compared to private sector counterparts for cost and safety performance. DOE intends to establish a contemporary, standards-based, integrated safety management system. However, the development of guidance for simultaneous accomplishment of both global and local changes in past practices is far from risk-free. The work of Department Standards Committee provides insight to change management challenges and opportunities on a department-wide scale. The Work Smart Standards protocol developed by the Committee promotes a focus on understanding the actual work/hazards matrix as seen from the perspective of multi-disciplinary teams with concise and relevant experience of that specific work. It also draws attention to the essential role that agreements play in achieving closure on planning and the implementation of plans in the face of persistent uncertainty from a wide variety of sources.
Providing Support That Helps Change Endure
Authors: Butler Ralph A. , Badie Eileen D. , Roberson Dana S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
One of the many challenges faced by the Department Standards Committee (DSC) is the support of change. The DSC’s charter is to define departmental criteria for establishing a standards-based management program and to assist in institutionalizing that program in the Department of Energy. Extensive use of the DSC Web Site, which resides on the Internet and is accessible at http://www.dsc.doe.gov/, allows communication of vital information necessary for facilitating and supporting change among many diverse audiences. Through this medium, real-time communication and document transfer can occur. Utilization of Web Site forums allows the interactive conversations necessary for document development, assessment, and concurrence. Interactive assistance by the Web Site Support Team provides on-line help for hesitant users and simplifies document usage and downloading. The DSC Web Site Support Team provides a web site that is simple and effective for users to share ideas and information. By so doing, information on the site is not only available twenty-four hours a day, but organization actions are more easily generated and preserved.
A New Twist to Learning
Authors: Balkey Joseph P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
ASME’s Center for Research and Technology Development is publishing a Handbook with a Human Factors Engineering Appendix for risk-based inspections of fossil fuel Plants. This paper shows the results of applying human error and long term memory models to a technique that estimates the optimum time to inspect equipment. One result is clarification of Bayes Rule and the optimum inspection technique. Another result is applying the inspection technique to retraining people. The third result is changing the method of presenting training material.
Table 1 shows how the information in this paper is presented. After a brief introduction, the idea of prior, new information, and posterior is applied to three situations: putting a golf ball, Bayes Rule, and optimizing inspections. The technique for optimizing inspections is then applied to retraining people. Finally, the idea of prior, new information, and posterior is applied as a training method.
This paper has these three goals. One, explain a technique that shows the optimum time to inspect equipment. Two, expand this technique to also show the optimum time to retrain people and a new technique to help retrain them. Three, recognize the need for collecting and maintaining failure rate data.
Nuclear Power Reactor Safety Improvements: Mitigation Versus Emergency Preparedness
Authors: Margulies T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a national perspective of the values and impacts of filtered vented containments and instrumentation and monitoring of Event V scenarios as a means to mitigate severe reactor accident releases of radioactivity for operating reactors. The costs are comparable to emergency preparedness measures such as stockpiling potassium iodide for the population and have additional protection benefits of reducing substantially non-inhalation pathway contributions to offsite health effects, as well as, protecting land from contamination.
A Mechanical Reliability Evaluation of Several Electrically Conductive Epoxies: Part II — Thermal Stability and Thermo-Mechanical Creep
Authors: Rafanelli Anthony J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Electrically conductive epoxies have become attractive alternatives to traditional tin-lead solder as bonding media for electronic interconnections. However, these materials, being of a different nature than solder, have not undergone as extensive material and mechanical characterization as the latter. Subsequently, a comprehensive, multi-phase evaluation is warranted prior to approving a direct substitution. Such an evaluation would include several key mechanical studies such as basic material properties, fatigue, creep, and fracture. This paper reports on results of both thermal and thermo-mechanical creep studies performed on samples of conductive adhesive epoxies. In addition, testing was also performed on eutectic or near eutectic solder, to provide a benchmark for comparison. Results on remaining phases will be reported as subsequent parts to this paper.
Control of Thermal Deformations of Integrated Optical and Shape Memory Alloys Fibers
Authors: Birman Victor 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate one of the possible areas of application of smart materials to microelectronics. The problem considered in the paper is related to the requirement to prevent optical fibers from a contraction at low temperatures. This task is achieved by combining an optical and a shape memory alloy fibers. If the latter is in the austenite phase at a reference temperature, it will experience a martensite transformation when the temperature is reduced below the martensite start value. The martensite transformation of a shape memory material is accompanied by its expansion. Therefore, it is possible to design an assembly where a contraction of the optical fiber will be compensated by an expansion of the shape memory fiber yielding a prescribed deformation.
Physics of Failure Based CAD Software for Reliability Assessment of Hybrid Optoelectronic Packages
Authors: Mead Patricia F. , McCluskey Patrick , Chen Qing Yan , Haislett Don 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Reliability assessment of microelectronic printed circuit board assemblies has been routinely achieved using physics of failure based CAD software packages that feature closed-form mathematical models for relevant degradation and failure processes. With the current trend toward development of hybrid electronic products that feature optoelectronic components along side microelectronic circuitry, reliability assessment techniques that build upon previously established CAD methodologies are attractive. Development of failure models for optoelectronic components is currently hampered due to the relative immaturity of the optoelectronic market. This has limited useful field data which can help to identify areas of priority, and also provide data leading to physics of failure degradation models. However, incorporation of optical components into CAD reliability software using currently available models is achievable today. This paper reports a CAD reliability assessment of a laser transmitter module which features a fiber pigtailed diode laser bonded to a printed circuit board assembly containing the laser driver and logic circuitry. The assessment has been carried out using existing CAD software developed at the University of Maryland Computer Aided Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) Electronics Packaging Research Center. A brief review of the CAD resuit is followed by an overview of major failure mechanisms for diode lasers (LDs), light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a few comments on optical fiber interconnect reliability issues. This approach for implementing virtual product verification through CAD assessment of optoelectronic product reliability is suggested, and is particularly useful for product designers and engineers responsible for reliability engineering of hybrid microelectronic/optoelectronic products.
Procedure for CAD Assessment of Thermal Management Performance in a Diode Laser Structure
Authors: Kamath Rajesh R. , Mead Patricia F. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines a procedure which may be used to formulate a mathematical expression useful for determining thermal management requirements in a semiconductor diode laser structure. A semi-analytical expression is derived for the steady state operating temperature of the laser emitter for a laser array structure. The methodology combines a finite element analysis (FEA) of thermal profiles in a laser structure, a design of experiments (DOE) investigation of various parameters involved in the heat generation and dissipation process, and a theoretical heat transfer analysis of the structure under operation. The FEA output produces a 2-dimensional transient and steady state temperature profile within the laser structure. The FEA method is then used in performing a DOE investigation to determine the thermal effect of specified operating parameters, including laser emitter spacing, laser performance requirements (output power), and heatsink material. Physical relationships derived from heat transfer analysis of the laser structure are used to determine the subset of heatsink material characteristics necessary to produce a valid expression for steady state operating temperature in the laser emitter region as a function of our design variables. Results of the analysis are applied to diode laser degradation mechanisms and the thermal enhancement factors for each mechanism are calculated. This procedure may be used to assess different thermal management strategies and their implications on reliability.
Hybrid Approach to Development of a Separable Interconnection for High Density Applications
Authors: Pryputniewicz Dariusz R. , Pryputniewicz Ryszard J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Competitive trends to miniaturize digital electronic systems have introduced extraordinary challenges concerning the design of the system packages, especially high density packages. This, in turn, has led designers to develop a number of different electrical transmission structures for device interconnections, with particular emphasis on separable interconnections. Development of interconnections employs some of the most advanced technologies available today. These technologies, classified as Analytical, Computational, and Experimental Solutions, constitute ACES methodology, on which a hybrid approach to development of electronic interconnections is based. In this paper, fundamentals of the ACES methodology are briefly discussed, principles of the hybrid approach are outlined, use of this approach to development of a concept of a separable interconnection for high density, high digital speed applications is illustrated, and characteristics of the concept solution are enumerated.
Electromagnetic (EM) Quantification of the Microwave Antenna for the Transurethral Prostatic Thermotherapy
Authors: Zhu Liang , Xu Lisa X. , Yuan David Y. , Rudie Eric N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Experiments were performed in a tissue microwave equivalent phantom gel to quantitatively examine the volumetric heating produced by a microwave antenna with a peripheral cooling system for the transurethral prostatic thermotherapy. The volumetric heat strength. which is determined by the specific absorption rate (SAR) of microwave energy in the gel, was calculated from the initial transient temperatures at various locations within the phantom gel. Based on previous research. expression for the SAR distribution was extended to three dimensions. which includes its dependence on radial, angular and axial direction. The parameters in this expression and the convection coefficient due to the chilled water running around the antenna were determined using a least-square residual fit of the analytical predictions to the experimental SAR measurements. The analytical expression of the three-dimensional SAR distribution obtained in this study will help provide a better understanding of the microwave heating pattern in the prostatic tissue and thus to aid in designing improved applicators. It can also be used in the future as an accurate input to heat transfer models to predict temperature distributions during the transurethral microwave thermotherapy.
Thermally-Induced Pore Formation in Cell Membranes
Authors: Karlsson Jens O. M. , Toner Mehmet 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A statistical mechanical model of pore formation in lipid bilayer membranes due to thermal fluctuations is coupled with a model of diffusion in pores to obtain predictions of cell membrane permeabilities to a variety of molecules. Predictions of pore size distributions in the cell membrane, as well as activation energies for transmembrane transport, are obtained for water, glycerol, and electrolytes, in a wide range of cell types. A good correlation between theoretical predictions and experimental data from the literature indicates that diffusion through transient bilayer pores may be an important cause of increased membrane permeability in thermally stressed cells.
Measurement of Water Transport During Freezing Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Devireddy Ramachandra V. , Raha Debopam , Bischof John C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A new technique using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was developed to investigate water transport in whole tissue slices (1–5 mm3) and suspended cells during freezing. The tissue and cellular DSC data were correlated to water transport data by freeze substitution tissue microscopy and standard cellular cryomicroscopy techniques respectively. Sprague Dawley liver tissue and a (non-attached) lymphocyte (Epstein Bar Virus Transformed, EBVT) human cell system, were chosen as our tissue and cell model systems. The DSC was used to quantitatively monitor the heat released by water transported from the cell to the frozen vascular/ extracellular space in both systems at 5°C/min. Cryomicroscopy experiments verified that at a slow cooling rate of 5°C/min no intracellular ice formation (IIF) occurred in either system. The sub-zero volumes of the tissue and cells were obtained as a function of temperature by both DSC and cryomicroscopy. By fitting a model of water transport for cells and tissues, dV/dt = f (Vb, B, T (t), Lp (Lpg, ELp)), to the DSC data for both systems, the following biophysical parameters were obtained, for rat liver tissue: Lpg = 2.25 μm/min-atm, ELp = 75.76 kcal/mole, and for EBVT lymphocytes: Lpg = 0.15 μm/min-atm, ELp = 28.78 kcal/mole. These results compare favorably to a recent study which found water transport parameters in whole liver tissue (Pazhayannur and Bischof, 1996) and to the single cell cryomicroscopy data we obtained in this study. The DSC technique is shown to be a fast and powerful method to obtain dynamic water transport information during cell and tissue freezing.
Pore Formation and Pore Dynamics in Bilayer Membranes
Authors: Zhelev Doncho V. , Needham David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Pore formation in cell membranes is widely used to deliver hydrophilic substances to the cell interior, such as DNA, drugs etc. Among the methods used for pore formation are electroporation and exposure of the membrane to mild surfactants, such as digitonin or lysolipid. Pore formation in the first case is a result of the apparent electrocompression generated across the membrane, while in the second case, it is a result of the preferential partitioning of the surfactant molecules at the edge of spontaneously formed membrane defects. Both in electroporation and when surfactants are used, pores form mainly in lipid membrane domains. Thus, the use of model membranes allows us to access important characteristics of pore formation and dynamics, such as their dependence on membrane composition and far field membrane tension. The role of these characteristics in pore formation is studied by using single lipid vesicles, which are manipulated by glass micropipets.
Thermal Characteristics of Two Phase Thermosyphon Cooling Module for Multi-Chip Device
Authors: Choi Sung-Bong , Nam Sang-Sig , Kim Jae-Hee , Kwak Ho-Young 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A thermosyphonic cooling module (TSCM) has been designed, fabricated and tested to cool the multi-chip plugged into a planar packaging system. The cooling module consists of a cold plate and an integrated condenser. With an allowable temperature rise of 56 °C on the surface of the heater, the cooling module TSCM can handle a heat flux about 2.7 W/cm2.
The transient characteristics of the cooling module have proved to be excellent; that is, when a heat load is applied to the system, steady state can be achieved within 10 ∼ 15 minutes. It has been found that the length of the vapor channel between the cold plate and the condenser and ambient as well as the condenser temperatures affect the system performance.
Lean Manufacturing Cell Design
Authors: Black J. T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the lean production company, the manufacturing engineers are responsible for designing, building, testing, and implementing the manufacturing equipment for the manufacturing cells. These cells are designed for flexibility — they can handle changes in product design as well as external customer demand. This means the manufacturing engineer must have machine design skills in addition to system design skills. The key here is that the manufacturing equipment is custom designed and custom built for the manufacturing system and for the users of the equipment (the internal customer). However, many companies have designed interim cells using machine tools designed for stand-alone applications in the job shop. Industrial examples of these two kinds of cells are presented.
Automated Customized Fixture Configuration Design for Rapid Response Manufacturing
Authors: Wu Y. , Rong Y. , Chu T. C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Flexible fixturing is a necessary aspect of FMS and CIMS. Computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) has become a research focus in implementing FMS and CIMS. Although modular fixtures have been used in industry as flexible fixtures, there are some limitations to be used in large-batch and mass productions where dedicated fixtures are utilized. By combining CAFD with 3-D lithographic and/or CNC machining techniques, customized fixtures can be rapidly designed and fabricated to reduce manufacturing lead-time.
In this paper, an automated customized fixture design system is introduced. Based on fixture structure analysis. fixtures are divided into functional components, fixture bases, and supporters of connections. A geometry-element generator is designed to adaptively generate fixture components with dimensions according to workpiece geometry and operational information. Locator/clamp selection is automatically conducted with connections to a fixture base. Once fixture units are designed individually. the connections may be modified into combined units based on certain criteria. Interference checking and fixture unit modifications are also automatically performed in the system. Fixture design examples arc given at the end of the paper.
A Dynamic Feedback Method for Machine Selection: Prototype and Simulation Study for Integrated Process Planning
Authors: Zhang Daguang , Zhang Hong C. , Smith M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Process planning is usually performed without concurrent considerations on production constraints, and hence the resultant plans are less valid in terms of schedulibility. Among several attempts to create integrated algorithms for process planning and scheduling, very little has been done successfully in developing an integration prototype under which the related integration algorithms can be justified. This paper first briefly reviews the background of this dynamic multi-objective decision problem. Then a prototype is proposed with a heuristic integrative algorithm — machine selection using a dynamic decision table which is maintained by dynamic loading feedback method. A simulation study was performed to verify the algorithm and the significant outcomes were obtained.