bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct peroral cholangioscopy with red dichromatic imaging 3 detected the perihilar margin of superficial papillary extension in a patient with intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct
Authors: Koiwai Akinobu , Hirota Morihisa , Murakami Keigo , Katayama Tomofumi , Kin Ryo , Endo Katsuya , Kogure Takayuki , Takasu Atsuko , Sakurai Hiroto , Kondo Noriko , Takami Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Kuniharu , Katayose Yu , Satoh Kennichi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIntraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPNB) are a tumor derived from bile duct epithelium that tends to spread laterally and non‐invasively. Surgery is the first‐choice treatment for IPNB. It is extremely important to accurately diagnose the extent of lateral tumor extension. Although peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) is a potentially useful modality for detecting tumor range with direct observation, poor image quality is a limitation of POCS. Recently, a new‐generation endoscopy system (EVIS X1) was equipped with functions such as red dichromatic imaging to improve image quality. A 75‐year‐old man with cholangitis was referred to our department. Various imaging studies showed a mass in the middle to lower bile duct and dilatation of the common bile duct and the intrahepatic bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed. A biopsy of the main tumor in the lower common bile duct revealed IPNB. It was difficult to determine the extent of superficial tumor extension with modalities such as contrast‐enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopic ultrasonography but the detailed evaluation was possible using POCS with red dichromatic imaging 3. The patient underwent hepatopancreatoduodenectomy. This case suggests the usefulness of direct observation using POCS with red dichromatic imaging 3 to determine the range of IPNB.
Endoscopic treatment of Bouveret syndrome with a combination of electrohydraulic lithotripsy and balloon expansion: A case report
Authors: Watanabe Kotaro , Kawai Hirokazu , Sato Toshifumi , Natsui Masaaki , Inoue Ryosuke , Kimura Mayuki , Yoko Kazumi , Sasaki Syun‐ya , Watanabe Masashi , Tsukada Yoshihisa , Terai Shuji 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBouveret syndrome is a rare type of ileus caused by the impaction of gallstones passing through a cholecystoenteric fistula in the duodenum. Endoscopic treatment with minimally invasive procedures is preferable for patients with this syndrome, typically for elderly individuals with a high surgical risk. Conventional endoscopic techniques often fail to remove impacted stones that are generally large and occasionally solid. We report the case of an 88‐year‐old bedridden woman with severe dementia who presented with difficulty in breathing. The patient was diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia. In addition, computed tomography showed a cholecystoduodenal fistula and a gallstone 37 mm in diameter that impacted the duodenal bulb. Bouveret syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of the computed tomography findings. The impacted stone was too large and hard to split with standard endoscopic lithotripsy using grasping forceps, mechanical lithotripter, polypectomy snare, basket catheter, and electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL). However, EHL with a dual‐channel therapeutic endoscope was achieved to drill a narrow hole approximately 20 mm deep into the stone, in four sessions. The stone was subsequently split by inflating the balloon, which was inserted into the hole, to 10 mm in diameter at 3 atm. All the split stones were spontaneously excreted during defecation after a few days. If the gallstone is too hard to fragment by endoscopic EHL alone, a combination of EHL and balloon expansion might be a useful alternative.
Legally Effective but Ethically Inadequate: Institutional Review Board Policies for Consent from Legally Authorized Representatives
Authors: Harrison Robert R. 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTThe prevailing approach to enrolling decisionally impaired adults in clinical research is to rely on permission from a default surrogate, one identified by law rather than by the prospective research participant. Reliance on a surrogate transfers the focus of ethical protection from a researcher‐participant relationship to a researcher‐surrogate relationship; the selection and role of the surrogate are therefore important. The Common Rule defers to state law governing default surrogate consent to research, but most states have no such law; for those states, the Common Rule defers to institutional policy. I reviewed twenty‐five of the study sites with the highest National Institutes of Health funding levels to elaborate the content of institutional review board (IRB) policies and compare those to a suggested paradigm for ethically defensible policies. My findings suggest that IRB policies provide inadequate protection because they recognize surrogates who lack knowledge of the subject's current values and preferences without imposing adequate additional safeguards.
An Uncommonly Good Foundation for Research Ethics
Authors: King Nancy M. P. 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTShould research ethics scholars, clinical investigators, and human research professionals read a thick book by a moral philosopher on the foundations of research ethics? Absolutely. Why? Because everyone who has tried to figure out how research ethics and regulatory compliance fit together, or tried to keep up with the vast array of regulations, guidance documents, educational materials, and scholarly literature, already knows that the human research protections system is mined with contradictions, gaps, and confusions. It holds together well enough, but many dedicated folks have long struggled to MacGyver rickety spots of theory and practice known to be problematic. For the Common Good: Philosophical Foundations of Research Ethics, by Alex John London, comes to the rescue, offering an eloquently structured, amply justified, and ultimately persuasive theoretical foundation on which many necessary repairs can now be built.
Components of local adaptation and divergence in pollination efficacy in a coevolving species interaction
Authors: Gross Karin , Undin Malin , Thompson John N. , Friberg Magne 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSelection leading to adaptation to interactions may generate rapid evolutionary feedbacks and drive diversification of species interactions. The challenge is to understand how the many traits of interacting species combine to shape local adaptation in ways directly or indirectly resulting in diversification. We used the well‐studied interactions between Lithophragma plants (Saxifragaceae) and Greya moths (Prodoxidae) to evaluate how plants and moths together contributed to local divergence in pollination efficacy. Specifically, we studied L. bolanderi and its two specialized Greya moth pollinators in two contrasting environments in the Sierra Nevada in California. Both moths pollinate L. bolanderi during nectaring, one of them–G. politella–also while ovipositing through the floral corolla into the ovary. First, field surveys of floral visitors and the presence of G. politella eggs and larvae in developing capsules showed that one population was visited only by G. politella and few other pollinators, whereas the other was visited by both Greya species and other pollinators. Second, L. bolanderi in these two natural populations differed in several floral traits putatively important for pollination efficacy. Third, laboratory experiments with greenhouse‐grown plants and field‐collected moths showed that L. bolanderi was more efficiently pollinated by local compared to nonlocal nectaring moths of both species. Pollination efficacy of ovipositing G. politella was also higher for local moths for the L. bolanderi population, which relies more heavily on this species in nature. Finally, time‐lapse photography in the laboratory showed that G. politella from different populations differed in oviposition behavior, suggesting the potential for local adaptation also among Greya populations. Collectively, our results are a rare example of components of local adaptation contributing to divergence in pollination efficacy in a coevolving interaction and, thus, provide insights into how geographic mosaics of coevolution may lead to coevolutionary diversification in species interactions.
Adjunctive nano‐curcumin therapy improves inflammatory and clinical indices in children with cystic fibrosis: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Talebi Saeedeh , Day Andrew S. , Safarian Mahammad , Sayedi Seyed Javad , Jaafari Mahmood Reza , Abbasi Zahra , Barghchi Hanieh , Kianifar Hamid Reza 
Published: March 2023

AbstractInflammation may develop due to internal dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein or external factors in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This prospective randomized clinical trial aimed to ascertain the effects of nano‐curcumin as an anti‐inflammatory agent and a CFTR modulator on clinical and inflammatory markers in children with CF. Children with CF were randomly assigned to receive daily curcumin or a placebo for 3 months. The primary outcome measure was to evaluate inflammatory indices, nasopharyngeal swab analysis, and clinical assessments via spirometry, anthropometric measurements, and quality of life (QOL) analysis. Sixty children were included. Intra‐group changes comparison showed that curcumin decreased the level of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) (median: −0.31 mg/L, IQR: −1.53 to 0.81; p = .01) and fecal calprotectin level (−29 μg/g, −57.5 to 11.5; p = .03), also increased the level of interleukin (IL)‐10 (6.1 pg/mL, 4.5–9; p = .01). Moreover, curcumin improved the overall QOL and the subscales of the questionnaire. Inter‐group changes comparison depicted the number of Pseudomonas colonies reduced by about 52% in the curcumin group and gained weight by about 16% (p > .05). Nano‐curcumin seems to be considered as an effective nutritional supplement on hs‐CRP, IL‐10, fecal calprotectin levels, and improving QOL in patients with CF.
Isolation and antioxidant characterization of theaflavin for neuroprotective effect in mice model
Authors: Ahmad Arslan , Nosheen Farhana , Arshad Muhammad Umair , Saeed Farhan , Afzaal Muhammad , Islam Fakhar , Imran Ali , Noreen Rabia , Amer Ali Yuosra , Shah Mohd Asif 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe mandate of the current investigation was to elucidate the therapeutic and antioxidant perspective of black tea. Purposely, black tea compositional analysis followed by polyphenol extraction and antioxidant characterization was done. Moreover, the theaflavin from black tea extract was also isolated through the solvent partition method. Lastly, the neuroprotective effect of isolated theaflavin was assessed through a bio‐efficacy trial. The outcomes delineated that black tea showed promising nutritional composition with special reference to protein and fiber. Among the extraction solvent, ethanol performed better as compared to methanol and water likewise, higher extraction was noticed at 60 min followed by 90 and 30 min. All the extracts indicated antioxidant activity reflected through significant DPPH, TPC, FRAP, and beta carotene as‐69.13 ± 3.00, 1148.92 ± 14.01, 752.44 ± 10.30, and 65.74 ± 3.28, respectively. However, isolated theaflavin exhibited higher antioxidant capacity as‐737.74 ± 12.55, 82.60 ± 2.33, and 853.77 ± 9.55, for TPC, DPPH, and FRAP, respectively, as compared to extracts. In 15 days' efficacy was physically induced with sciatic nerve injury h sciatic nerve injury physically and treated with isolated theaflavin. A total of 12 healthy albino mice were randomly assigned to either the control (n = 6) or theaflavin (5.0 mg/kg (n = 6)) groups. In these groups, behavioral tests were used to assess and compare enhanced functional recovery as well as skeletal muscle mass measurement. Serum samples included oxidative stress markers. In theaflavin leaves, behavioral tests revealed a statistically significant (p < .001) improvement in sensorimotor function restoration, muscle mass restoration, a substantial decrease in TOS, a significant increase in TAC, and enhanced antioxidative enzyme activity. Considering the above‐mentioned therapeutic perspectives of theaflavin, the current research was planned to optimize the isolation of theaflavin from black tea and probed for their neuroprotective effect in mice models.
Environmental exposure assessment of lead and cadmium in street vended foods sold in selected locations in Kenya
Authors: Mwove Johnson , Imathiu Samuel , Orina Irene , Karanja Paul 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe preparation and handling practices, as well as raw materials for street food vending businesses, could be sources of toxic heavy metals in street vended foods (SVFs). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in ready‐to‐eat SVFs sold in selected locations within Thika town, Kenya. A total of 199 samples consisting of cereal‐based foods, sliced fruits, salads, groundnuts, tubers, fresh fruit juices, eggs, smokies, and sausages were randomly collected for analysis. The concentration of Pb and Cd in street vended foods (SVFs) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated that at least one of the food sample types was contaminated with Pb. The level of Pb contamination in SVFs ranged between 0.271 ± 0.070 and 1.891 ± 0.130 mg/kg with groundnuts recording significantly (p < .0001) higher levels (1.891 mg/kg) than all other food samples. Cadmium contamination levels in the SVF samples ranged between 0.001 ± 0.001 and 0.010 ± 0.003 mg/kg. Significantly (p < .0001) high levels of Cd were observed in cereal‐based foods (0.010 mg/kg) and fresh fruit juices (0.008 mg/kg). The Pb concentrations reported in this study are a food safety concern since they exceed the maximum recommended limits set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) food standards program. There is therefore a need for the establishment and enforcement of policies to govern the street food vending businesses to reduce heavy metal contamination in the SVFs.
Experimental study on synchrotron radiation photoionization of secondary organic aerosol derived from styrene ozonolysis
Authors: Huang Ming‐Qiang , Wang Huan‐Huan , Shan Xiao‐Bin , Sheng Liu‐Si , Hu Chang‐Jin , Gu Xue‐Jun , Zhang Wei‐Jun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSecondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced by ozonolysis of styrene and other alkene compounds is a major part of fine particles in urban atmospheres. The atmospheric ozonolysis process of styrene is simulated in a smog chamber, and the formed SOA particles are detected on‐line by a synchronous radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer (VUV‐PIMS) in this study. Through molecular ion peaks in the photonionization mass spectra of SOA and the corresponding photoionization efficiency curve, combined with off‐line measurement verification of ultraviolet visible and infrared absorption spectra, it is determined that formaldehyde, formic acid, benzene, phenol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid are the main constituents of styrene SOA. These provide new information for studying the atmospheric ozonolysis oxidation mechanism of styrene. VUV‐PIMS can get over complicated sample preparation procedures, secondary pollution, and other shortcomings of the off‐line method and is a useful instrument to measure constituents and unveil the formation process of SOA particles.
Owner‐implemented paired‐stimulus food preference assessments for companion dogs
Authors: Waite Mindy R. , Kodak Tiffany M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBehavioral interventions for animals typically require the inclusion of programmed reinforcers. Although pet owners and human caregivers can often identify items that the animal will consume, preference assessments can more accurately determine relative preference rankings between various stimuli, which is important given that higher preferred items tend to function as more effective reinforcers than lower preferred items. Preference assessments have been developed to identify rankings for a variety of stimuli across species, including the domesticated dog (Canis lupus familiaris). However, previous preference assessments for dogs were developed for laboratory use and could be challenging for dog owners to perform alone. The purpose of this study was to modify existing dog preference assessment methods to produce a valid and feasible preference assessment for dog owners. Results suggest that the preference assessment identified preference rankings for individual dogs. Owners were able to implement the protocol with high integrity and found the protocol acceptable.
Farmers' awareness of digital credit: Does financial literacy matter?
Authors: Sarfo Yaw , Musshoff Oliver , Weber Ron 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between financial literacy and farmers' awareness of digital credit in rural Madagascar. We apply questions that demonstrate individuals' understanding of the four fundamental concepts for financial decision making: numeracy, interest compounding, inflation and risk diversification to measure farmers' financial literacy. We find that financial literacy has a positive and statistically significant effect on farmers' awareness of digital credit. Our study highlights the importance of financial literacy for increasing farmers' awareness of digital credit in rural areas of Madagascar and supports the widely held view that financial literacy is crucial for individuals' awareness of financial products.
Social pensions and children's nutrition: Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Santosh 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of social pensions on child nutrition and health outcomes in Nepal. Empirical estimates suggest that the outcomes are heterogeneous with gender playing a key role, both of the social pension recipients as well as that of the children. The social pension received by females is found to have a positive influence on the weight‐for‐height of girls but no such impact is existent on that of boys. In contrast, social pensions received by male had no implications for children's nutrition irrespective of their gender.
The impact of digital inequities on gastrointestinal cancer disparities in the United States
Authors: Fei‐Zhang David J. , Moazzam Zorays , Ejaz Aslam , Cloyd Jordan , Dillhoff Mary , Beane Joal , Bentrem David J. , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundModern‐day internet access and technology usage substantially impacts aspects of surgical care but remain ill‐defined for their associations with gastrointestinal‐cancer (GIC) outcomes. We sought to develop the Digital Inequity Index (DII), a novel, a self‐adapted tool to quantify access to digital resources, to assess the impact of “digital inequity” on GIC care and prognosis.MethodsAdult (20+) patients with gastrointestinal malignancies between 2013 and 2017 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database. DII was calculated based on 17 census‐tract level variables derived from the American Community Survey and Federal Communications Commission. Variables were categorized as infrastructure‐access (i.e., electronic device ownership, broadband type, internet provider availability, income‐broadband subscription ratio) or sociodemographic (i.e., education, income, disability status), ranked relative across all US counties, and then averaged into a composite score. The association between DII and surgery receipt, staging, surveillance period, and survival time were assessed with multiple logistic and linear regressions.ResultsAmong 287 228 patients, increasing DII was associated with increased odds of late‐stage disease (highest odds ratio [OR]: 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.10 for hepatic) and decreased odds of receiving surgery (lowest OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.93–0.96 for hepatic). Higher DII was associated with shorter postoperative surveillance length (largest decrease −20.4% for hepatic) and overall survival length (largest decrease −16.0% for pancreatic). Sociodemographic and infrastructure‐access factors contributed equivalently to surveillance time disparities, while infrastructure‐access factors contributed more to survival disparities across GIC types.ConclusionsAs technology dependence has increased, inequities in digital access should be targeted as a contributor to surgical oncologic disparities.
Development, stability‐indicating assessment, and evaluation of influential method conditions using a full factorial design for the determination of Nintedanib esylate‐related impurities
Authors: Yenda Parvateesam , Katari Naresh Kumar , Satheesh Balasubramanian , Gundla Rambabu , Muchakayala Siva Krishna , Rekulapally Vijay Kumar 
Published: March 2023

The design of an appropriate analytical method for assessing the quality of pharmaceuticals requires a deep understanding of science, and risk evaluation approaches are appreciated. The current study discusses how a related substance method was developed for Nintedanib esylate. The best possible separation between the critical peak pairs was achieved using an X‐Select charged surface hybrid Phenyl Hexyl (150 × 4.6) mm, 3.5 μm column. A mixture of water, acetonitrile, and methanol in mobile phase‐A (70:20:10) and mobile phase‐B (20:70:10), with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and 0.05% formic acid in both eluents. The set flow rate, wavelength, and injection volumes were 1.0 ml/min, 285 nm, and 5 μl, respectively, with gradient elution. The method conditions were validated as per regulatory requirements and United States Pharmacopeia general chapter < 1225 >. The correlation coefficient for all impurities from the linearity experiment was found to be > 0.999. The % relative standard deviation from the precision experiments ranged from 0.4 to 3.6. The mean %recovery from the accuracy study ranged from 92.5 to 106.5. Demonstrated the power of the stability‐indicating method through degradation studies; the active drug component is more vulnerable to oxidation than other conditions. Final method conditions were further evaluated using a full‐factorial design. The robust method conditions were identified using the graphical optimization from the design space.
Comparing lethal and non‐lethal methods of active population control for harbor seals in British Columbia
Authors: Nelson Benjamin W. , Walters Carl J. , Trites Andrew W. , McAllister Murdoch K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPinniped populations around the world increased rapidly after hunting and culling during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ended. Some believe that pinnipeds are now preventing the recovery of certain fish populations, and that controlling pinniped population abundance using lethal measures such as harvesting or by non‐lethal means like contraception could recover fish populations. It is unclear, however, how effective and how long it would take for such methods of population control to bring numbers of pinnipeds down to target levels. We used sex‐ and age‐structured population models to estimate how quickly harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) abundance in British Columbia, Canada, could be reduced by 50%, through combinations of lethal removals and sterilization of adult females. Models were fit to seal abundance, demographic, and harvest data collected between 1879 and 2014. Simulation modeling suggests reliance on contraception exclusively is unlikely to reduce the current harbor seal population (numbering ~100,000) by 50% within 25 years, and would result in more variable outcomes, compared to lethal removals. Contraception could be combined with harvesting to maintain a target abundance of harbor seals (although captive studies with harbor seals are needed to confirm the efficacy of contraception). Our simulation modeling approach provides a useful framework to assess how non‐lethal measures could be integrated into policies that promote active population control of harbor seal numbers.