bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proximate and Microscopy Analysis of Coal in Tamalea Village, Bonehau District, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Taliding TU , Widodo S , Ilyas A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Coal deposits that have been found in Tamalea Village, Bonehau District are one of the coal resources found in West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Coal study in this area will provide information about the characteristics of coal in the West Sulawesi area. This study aims to determine the initial composition of coal quality based on proximate analysis and the appearance of minerals in coal using microscopic analysis. The results of the proximate analysis of coal show that the moisture content ranges from 3.65% to 8.42%, the ash content ranges from 5.59% to 64.96%, the volatile matter shows a value vary from 17.69% to 62.83%, and fixed carbon ranged from 13.70% to 46.76%. The results of microscopic analysis showed the presence of several dominant minerals, namely clay, quartz, and pyrite. The presence of these dominant minerals affects the quality of coal, namely the high content of ash, and allows variations in the total sulfur content. The appearance of the mineral pyrite under a microscope shows that pyrite is formed through syngenetic and epigenetic processes. The most dominant processes in the coal samples studied is the epigenetic process. Syngenetic pyrites are mostly small framboids composed of tiny micro-crystals. Epigenetic framboids vary in shape and size with large and massive microcrystals. The pyrite content as a sulfur carrier shows a specific vertical distribution trend with the same pattern, namely the ash content and pyrite mineral appearance are higher in the coal seam adjacent to the floor compared to the coal seam adjacent to the roof.
Characteristics of the Forest Clove Plant Organ (Syzygium obtusifolium L) Endemic Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Kamsurya M Y , Ala A , Musa Y , Rafiuddin  
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Forest clove (Syzygium obtusifolium L.) has not been widely known for its properties and characteristics. To recognize them properly, deeply, and thoroughly, efforts are required to characterize the morphological characteristics of the main organs. The research aims to reveal the morphological characteristics of the main organ (cormus) of the forest clove plant, which include roots, stems, and leaves. The research was conducted on the island of Ambon, Maluku, Eastern Indonesia, for five months from May-September 2020. This research is survey research, data collection using a questionnaire arranged according to IPGRI criteria. The list of questions was filled indirectly to the field. The results showed that the root system of the forest clove plant was a taproot consisting of primary roots followed by lateral roots (primary root branches), secondary, tertiary, and quartet-like roots which were then overgrown with root hairs. Lateral root branches are large, and in subsequent root branches, the size is smaller but in increasing numbers. The trunk is round, with a diameter ranging from 12.5-25.5 cm, the surface of the trunk is rough brown and grayish, accompanied by black spots. The branching pattern is intensive with the main branching angles included in the medium category, meaning that the angles formed with the main rods range from 45-90o. The leaves of the forest clove plant are oblong with a length ranging from 15-25.5 cm and a width of 5.5-9.5 cm. The correction factor to determine leaf area is 0.65, therefore the leaf area ranges from 53.63 to 157.46 cm2. The shape of the base of the leaf is tapered, the angle of the petiole is sharp (<45o). The nature of the tips of the leaves is rather hard, the texture of the leaves is strong, the edges are flat, and the color of the leaves is dark green (green 139 A).
Efforts to Provide National Hybrid Corn Seed for Farmers in Gold Mining Area
Authors: Bahtiar  , Azrai M , Salman D , Arsyad M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Facing public objections to the existence of the PT Gold Mine Company. Meares Soputan Mining/Tambang Tondano Nusajaya (MSM/TTN), then in 2019 the manager of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) fund collaborated with the Indonesian Cereal Research Institute (ICERI) to foster farmers to produce hybrid corn seeds in order to meet the needs of farmers around the company. The two activities carried out are: the practice of making hybrid corn seeds and demonstration plots farming of the seed yield. The practice of making seeds is carried out in PT.MSM/TNT’s 1.0 ha. Implementers are trained in Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for corn seed production hybrid and accompanied in the field during activities: planting, selection (Roguing), removal of male flowers (Detasseling) and at harvest. The seeds produced were the Nakula Sadewa (Nasa-29) variety with consideration of the suitability of location characteristics with varietal potential. The yield is 1.0 ton with very good seed quality (99% germination). The 250 kg of seeds were used for demonstration plots farming area of 10 ha in the following planting season, involving 110 farmers spread over 8 villages around the mining area of PT. MSM/TNT. Farm demonstration plot results showed that, the Nasa-29 variety gave good growth with productivity levels achieved between 6.73 t/ha to 7.52 t/ha. This level of production is relatively high compared to the level of production local seed, only ranging from 4.25 t/ha to 5.65 t/ha. The response of farmers to the appearance of the Nasa-29 variety was positive so that the CSR manager of PT.MSM/TNT increased the area of seed production to 5.0 ha in 2020.
Analysis of Empirical Bayesian Kriging Methods for Optimization of Measured Resources Estimation of Laterite Nickel
Authors: Swara H R , Nur I , Ilyas A , Widodo S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Laterite nickel deposits are formed from the intense weathering of ultramafic igneous rocks. The distribution of Ni content in an area does not always have a stationary data. One method of resource estimation and precise geological modeling is the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) method which is known to be able to perform precise estimates for stationary and non-stationary data. The results of this study were found that thickness of the limonite layer will increase as the slope decreases, while in the saprolite zone the thickness will increase with increasing the degree of slope up to the limit of 16°-25° then the thickness will decrease when crossing that limit. In the limonite zone, the concentration of Ni is maximally concentrated at a high degree of slope (>16°), while in the saprolite zone, Ni content is maximally concentrated on a slope of 16°-25° and then decreases in Ni content when passing through a slope of 25°. Validation of the estimation results and geological modeling using RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and linear regression in the limonite and saprolite zones indicate that the EBK method is a precise method for resource estimation and geological modeling.
Ductility of Precast Beam-Column with Dowel Connection Due to Cyclic Load
Authors: Sofyan Y F F , Parung H , Amiruddin A A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Precast concrete elements have advantages in terms of working time efficiency and quality uniformity. But beyond the benefits, there is something else to consider, namely the connection method. In addition, the ductility value is a measure of the success of precast concrete elements in construction, especially when it comes to absorbing earthquake loads in the form of cyclical loads. This study aims to analyze the ductility value of the precast beam-column with dowel connection under cyclic loading. The sample test was performed with cyclic loading based on the displacement control method. The sample consists of 1 monolith beam-column (BN) and 1 beam column with dowel connection (BG). The results of the investigation revealed that the beam-column with dowel connection (BG) had a higher ductility value than the monolith beam-column (BN). Based on the ductility classification according to ASCE 41-17, both samples were categorized as moderate ductility.
Compressive Strength Characteristic of Concrete Using Mountain Sand
Authors: Tumpu M , Rangan P R , Mansyur  
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The used of fine aggregate as concrete mixture in building construction is certainly inseparable from the availability of materials. One area that has abundant reserved of fine aggregate was in Lembang Marinding, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province which can be used as fine aggregate in concrete mixture. This research was conducted to determine the compressive strength of concrete from Lembang Marinding sand which was classified as mountain sand as concrete mixture. This research method was carried out experimentally in the laboratory, which was this study aims to obtain the physical properties of the material and which will be used in concrete mixture with a concrete quality plan of f’c 25 MPa. To obtained the results, a series of tests were carried out on 15 cm × 30 cm concrete cylindrical specimens based on Indonesia requirements, SNI 03-2847-2019 standard, to produce compressive strength of concrete. The results showed that the use of natural sand (mountain sand) from Lembang Marinding can be used as fine aggregate in the concrete mixture. The average compressive strength of the concrete produced at the age of 28 days was 26.83 MPa. The compressive strength results obtained have met the planned concrete quality in this research.
Impact of Palm Plantations In West Sulawesi Province: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Anas K , Naping H , Salman D , Tenriwaru N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Based on data from BPS-Statistics of West Sulawesi Province, vast oil palm plantations in West Sulawesi province continued to increase. This increase in the area of oil palm plantations had led to the conversion of land functions from cocoa plantations, rice fields, ponds and forests to oil palm plantations. This study This study aimed to explore the various impacts of land conversion into oil palm plantations. This study used secondary data and descriptive methods to describe the impacts that occurred when the land conversion was carried out. The results of this study indicated the occurrence of various impacts, for example, reduced rice farmers and reduced food agricultural land, changes from polyculture plantations to palm oil monocultures, changes in regional hydrological conditions and agrarian disputes.
Sustainability Study of Mangrove Area Management in the North Coast of Makassar City (Case Study: Lantebung and Untia)
Authors: Sari K I , Budimawan  , Selamat M B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Among the mangroves area on the north coast of Makassar are in Lantebung and Untia. The mangrove area is denominated as an ecotourism protected area based on community empowerment and sustainable tourism. As a coastal area that has potential resource, it needs to be managed so that the resource remains sustainable even though they are used optimally. The purpose of this study as to analyse the status of the sustainability of mangrove management in Lantebung and Untia. Analysis of mangrove management sustainability in Lantebung and Untia using Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) method with Rap-Mforest approach modified from Rapfish. The result of the analysis show that the mangrove area management sustainability index in Lantebung and Untia is in the moderate sustainable category for the ecological dimension. Meanwhile, in the socio-economic and institutional dimensions, Lantebung was included in the moderate sustainable category and Untia was included in the less sustainable category. The Monte Carlo analysis method shows that the sustainability index is classified as good and acceptable because the stress value is less than 25%.
Building a Coffee Agribusiness Development Strategy in Rural Area: Focus Group Discussion Approach to the Coffee Farmers
Authors: Junais I , Samsuar S , Useng D , Ali H M , Yusran  
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Agribusiness had a big role in development of agricultural economy transformation to create community prosperity. This research aimed to identify problem and organize coffee agribusiness strategy development in rural area. We study about this case in a rural area with a good potential in Sulawesi Island. We use deep focus discussion approach to the chosen farmers and then we accompanied and observed them for two years. We have finished the preliminary research to build information on village comparative advantage through village potential spatial base as one of approaches in strengthening agribusiness commodity development strategies. In this article, we concluded that agribusiness strategy development of coffee that started from institutional strengthening of coffee farmers, made the corporation base group would be the main buffering power of farmers to strengthen their position in the agribusiness system. By using corporation, the strengthening of farmers was conducted not only in production sector but also in business sector, how to build a strong business network. Strong corporate bargaining position in business chain would stimulate inclusive business. Good inclusive business for farmers when they created a good quality of coffee product therefore it could the stability of market price. The role of government through the regulation strengthening was needed to keep the stability of the inclusive agribusiness system.
The effect of liquefaction on mineral breakage physical in the Palu City, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Umar H , Irfan U R , Sahabuddin  , Cakrawala M S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Central Sulawesi province had a 7.4 magnitude earthquake in 2018, which was followed by liquefaction in Palu City, Donggala Regency, Sigi Regency, and Parigi Moutong Regency. The boulder sediments, sand, silt, and clay make up the liquefaction material. The extent of mineral damage, mineral surface area, porosity, and sand permeability were all evaluated in this study. By digging a 1 x 1 x 2 m trench at 27 sites, a vertical sampling of liquefaction material was done in both liquefaction-affected and unaffected areas. Smear slides for petrographic investigation were created after the separation of grain sizes. Quartz, biotite, orthoclase, hornblende, plagioclase, and opaque minerals were among the minerals found. Mineral area values in the liquefaction area are lower than in the unaffected area. The Petobo liquefaction area has the highest value of mineral damage, followed by Balaroa, while Sibalaya has the lowest value. In the liquefaction area, where quartz and opaque minerals are less damaged than other minerals, the percentage of mineral damage exceeds 40%. A factor in the deterioration in the carrying capacity of residential land is liquefaction, which causes significant mineral damage but little change in the value of the mineral area. It is suggested that the Petobo and Balaroa areas be designated as green spaces and water catchment areas, while the Sibalaya area can be repurposed as a set of regulated and constrained residential communities.
Removal of pollutants from wastewater using activated carbon from durian peel
Authors: Musthapa Siti Maisarah Binti Haji , Shams Sharhriar , Reddy Prasad D.M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The efforts in reducing food waste can lead to better water management with less land required for food production and indirectly having a positive impact on the livelihoods and the environment. In order to support the practice of reducing food waste in Brunei Darussalam, one must find ways to recycle or reuse them, particularly waste generated from fruit peels. This paper investigates the feasibility of utilising Durian (Durio zibethinus) rinds to remove pollutants in wastewater, namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Nitrates by the process called adsorption. Durian is a local fruit and has high consumption in the country. Hence, it produces a large amount of waste, particularly in the form of peels or rinds. In the present research, the fruit peels are treated by dehydration and carbonisation method prior to utilisation. The variable parameters will be investigated such as the effect on particle size, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and agitation. The maximum COD removal percentage was found to be 68.2 % with an adsorption capacity of 690 mg/g. Overall, carbonised samples gave a better outcome than dehydrated samples. Possibly due to the presence of a unique pore structure in carbonised samples that allows organic matter to be adsorbed on the surface.
Comparative Study between Organic Liquid Fertilizer and Commercial Liquid Fertilizer and Their Growth Performances on Mustard Greens
Authors: Muthu Hashwni Devi , Izhar Tengku Nuraiti Tengku , Zakarya Irnis Azura , Saad Farah Naemah Mohd , Ngaa Muhammad Hazizar 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Organic liquid fertilizers (OLF) are made up of essential plant nutrients, as well as beneficial microbes that assist in the recycling of organic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the macronutrient content of organic liquid fertilizers and compare the growth performance of mustard greens under Wick System hydroponic conditions. Market wastes also known as vegetable wastes, were utilized to produce organic liquid fertilizers and compare it to commercial fertilizer (Nutrient Solution, NS). The vegetable wastes were fermented with water and Effective Microorganisms (EM) Bokashi separately. The ratios used for fermentation are 2 kilograms of vegetable wastes, 0.5 litres of water and 100 grams of EM Bokashi. A parameter study on the OLF and OLF with Bokashi to determine the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were done. Thereafter, four Wick System (pure water, OLF, OLF with Bokashi and NS) were setup to monitor the growth performance of mustard greens twice a week. The organic liquid fertilizers are produced after 40 days of fermentation and used at a dilution of 1: 10 in the hydroponic system. The OLF and OLF with Bokashi showed the ranges of pH values as 5.1 and 4.6 respectively. The results for the hydroponic system showed that OLF demonstrated the best growth performance. The number and size of leaves and the height of the plants in the NS hydroponic system were almost similar to the plants in OLF hydroponic system. The colour of plants in OLF changed slightly to yellowish green towards the end of the growing season. The life spent of mustard greens in OLF with Bokashi hydroponic system was the least compared to other hydroponic system. This study showed that organic liquid fertilizer is as effective as commercial liquid fertilizer. Considering, it has all the nutrients that plants need to grow.
Effect of organic substrate thickness on synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment
Authors: Halim M S M , Ibrahim A H , Tengku Izhar T N , Ismail S , Jabit N A , Ku Ishak K E H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A Successive Alkalinity Producing System (SAPS) employing an organic substrate of peat soil and limestone aggregate was investigated for the restoration of synthetic Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The composition, carbon content, and particle size distribution of the peat soil and limestone were determined by characterisation. Iron sulphate (FeSO4) and sulfuric acid were used to create synthetic AMD (H2SO4). The synthetic AMD was acidic (pH4.0) and had a concentration of iron (Fe) of 100 ppm. A laboratory scale physical model of a tailing pond was created. The synthetic AMD was introduced and filtered through the media. Following that, samples of effluent water were collected and examined to ascertain the pH level. Furthermore, the Fe concentration was determined using a UV-Vis test with a retention duration ranging from 6 to 48 hours. After only 6 hours of retention time, the new technology successfully reduced more than 85% iron concentration and neutralised pH. These findings demonstrated that a combination of peat soil and limestone of adequate thickness might potentially be recommended as an additional treatment media for treating AMD with SAPS.
Integrated Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Using Carbon Based Nanocomposites (ZnO-AC)
Authors: Lee X Y , Mokhtar Z , Hasan M , Halim H N A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Malachite green dye is widely used in dye industries, aquaculture industries and food industries. The prevalence of this malachite green in the effluent of wastewater could potentially harm human health and destroy the aquatic system. Hence, to completely destroy its presence in the effluent, a technique of integrated adsorption and photocatalytic degradation was introduced. Integrated photocatalyst adsorbent (IPCA) utilizing zinc oxide as photocatalyst and supported on activated carbon derived from melinjo shell, ZnO-AC was synthesized. Activated carbon derived from the melinjo shell provides a porous surface for adsorption while zinc oxide is sensitive to photons and enhances better light absorption. ZnO-AC was subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization. The analysis revealed a porous sponge network and an intense peak of zinc oxide at 650-700 cm−1. The performance of ZnO-AC was evaluated by studying the effect of initial dye concentration (10-50 ppm), pH (2-11) and ZnO-AC dosage (5-25 mg) in the presence of UV light. In this study, the optimum conditions for dye degradation were found to be 10 ppm initial dye concentration, pH 11 and 15 mg ZnO-AC dosage. Kinetic behaviour of the dye degradation was also investigated. The photocatalytic degradation followed Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and the data corresponded well with pseudo-first-order kinetics.
Role of tin (IV) oxide as cathodic catalyst on wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation in a baffled microbial fuel cell
Authors: Yap Kea-Lee , Ho Li-Ngee , Guo Kun , Liew Yun-Ming , Lutpi Nabilah Aminah , Azhari Ayu Wazira , Ong Soon-An 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has attracted extensive attentions over the past decade because it able to treat wastewater and generate bioelectricity concurrently. However, the development of cost-effective cathodic catalysts to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction was vital for practical implementation. The effect of cathodic catalyst of tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) on the removal of synthetic wastewater and power generation in a baffled MFC was explored. SnO2 was synthesized using tin (IV) pentahydrate and sodium hydroxide through a hydrothermal method. SnO2 was characterized using X-ray diffractometer before applied on the carbon plate (CP) to identify the phase composition and crystal structure, respectively. Results indicated that the chemical oxygen demand removal of synthetic wastewater was increased up to 18 % under the presence of SnO2. The application of SnO2 on CP has significantly increased the oxygen reduction reaction reactivity in the cathodic chamber.