bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out-of-home Child Care Research: A Cultural Perspective
Authors: Rosenthal Miriam K. 
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses the cultural context of inquiry and research into the effects of out-of-home child care on children’s development. In particular, it attempts to show how the study of such child care has been shaped by a Western world view in which white, middle class values and social ideology are particularly salient. The effects of this cultural context can be seen in the basic assumptions of studies on out-of-home child care, in the questions these studies pose for investigation, and in the motivation of the investigators engaged in this line of research. These in turn determine the research designs, the units of analysis for the examination of children’s functioning and of the child care environment, the operational definitions of variables, and the statistical procedures employed in many of these studies. The analysis begins by examining cultural variations in societal attitudes to out-of-home child care as a function of cultural context and basic assumptions concerning childhood, development, and the role ascribed to the family and the community at large in children’s development. The paper then proceeds to examine the relationship between cultural context and its valued developmental goals and the developmental outcomes studied in child care research. The relationships between goals set for child care, cultural beliefs concerning child-rearing practices, the definition of “quality of care” and the study of the relationship of home and child care, in child care research, are also examined. It then explores the major research questions and methodology concerning the effect of child care on development in the Anglo-American child care research tradition. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for culturally sensitive routes to studying child care.
A process evaluation of the CREDIT (court referral and evaluation for drug intervention and treatment) pilot programme
Authors: HEALE PENNY , LANG ERNIE 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Court Referral and Evaluation for Drug Intervention and Treatment programme (CREDIT) was developed by a small group of magistrates at the Melbourne Magistrates' Court who wished to address the high rate of re‐offending while on bail noted among illicit drug using offenders. An evaluation was conducted of the first 9 months' operation of the programme. The evaluation involved an analysis of key performance indicators (client uptake of CREDIT, retention in and satisfactory completion of treatment, the extent of re‐offending while on bail) and interviews with 30 key informants and six programme participants. Despite a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the efficacy of the programme according to the identified key performance indicators, key informant interviews revealed a high level of support for the continuation of the programme.
HIV risk behaviour and prevention in prison: a bleach programme for inmates in NSW
Authors: DOLAN KATE , WODAK ALEX , HALL WAYNE 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOne hundred and eighty‐one inmates in AIDS education courses were surveyed about their risk behaviour and access to disinfectants for syringe cleaning in 1993. Overall, 40% of respondents reported HIV risk behaviour in prison. One‐quarter of respondents reported injecting, of whom three‐quarters reported sharing syringes in prison. Most respondents who shared syringes reported cleaning them with disinfectants (96%), even though only one‐third reported having easy access to disinfectants. One‐sixth of respondents reported sharing tattooing equipment, of whom two‐thirds reported using a disinfectant to clean the tattoo needle. Few respondents reported fellatio (8%) or anal intercourse (4%) in prison. Although some respondents faced difficulty in obtaining disinfectants, almost all respondents cleaned syringes with bleach when sharing. High levels of risk behaviour in prison might be reduced by methadone maintenance and condom programmes. A trial of strict one‐for‐one syringe exchange warrants consideration.
The naloxone eye‐drop test for opioid dependence
Authors: DORE GLENYS M. , NIVEN BRIAN E. , HARGREAVES GORDON , CARADOC‐DAVIES GILLIAN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe use of topical ophthalmic naloxone to detect physiological opioid dependence was tested in two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials a week apart. The subject group consisted of opioid‐dependent patients on methadone maintenance treatment. The control group consisted of medical student volunteers. For trial 1, two drops of naloxone hydrochloride (1 mg/ml) were instilled in one eye of both subjects and controls, while two drops of an inert saline solution were instilled into the opposite eye. For trial 2 the procedure was repeated. However, on this occasion all controls were administered a single subcutaneous injection of morphine sulphate. Pupil diameter following administration of naloxone was measured by photographs taken at 0, 60 and 90 minutes. Complete data for both days were obtained from 15 controls and 13 subjects. A significant difference was found between mean changes in pupil/iris ratio for the control group compared with the opioid group for both trials. However, discriminant analysis revealed that the test is likely to produce significant numbers of false positive and false negative results. In addition, the test precipitated an opiate withdrawal syndrome in many subjects, and bilateral mydriasis was evident in trial 2. The naloxone eye‐drop test does not appear to be a useful tool in determining the presence of neuroadaptation to opioids.
Effects of age, gender, duration of drug use and infection with viral hepatitis B and C on lymphocyte subsets in a population of HIV‐negative injecting drug users in Italy
Authors: REZZA GIOVANNI , D'EGIDIO PIETRO , COZZI LEPRI ALESSANDRO , COSTANTINI DAMIANO , PETRUCCI ANDREA , PEZZOTTI PATRIZIO 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract A series of 716 HIV‐negative IDUs entering a large drug treatment centre in central Italy was studied to evaluate the pattern of T‐lymphocyte subsets among IDUs and to determine the effects of individual variables such as age, gender, duration of drug use and infection with viral hepatitis B and C. To this end, white cell count, total lymphocyte count and absolute number of lymphocyte subsets (i.e. CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), HBV markers and HCV serology, were determined. For each individual, information on age, gender and duration of drug use was collected. To evaluate the association between level of lymphocyte subsets and phases of HBV infection, participants were stratified into three groups: (A) negative for all markers; (B) HBsAg‐positive, with or without HBeAg, and HBsAb‐negative; and (C) HBsAg and HBeAg‐negative, positive for any other serological marker. The median absolute number of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ was 1909, 1080 and 770 cells/mm3, respectively, and did not vary across age bands. The CD8+ count was higher in males than in females. There was a tendency for CD3+ lymphocyte counts (mainly due to CD8+ counts) to be higher in individuals with 6‐8 years of drug use compared to those who started injecting 4 years before or less. There was no evidence of increasing counts for a duration of drug use of more than 8 years. With regard to HBV, there was a general tendency for individuals in group “C” to have higher CD3+ and CD8+ counts than those in group “A”. Finally, there was no difference in absolute lymphocyte count subsets between HCV‐positive and HCV‐negative IDUs. In conclusion, demographic and behavioural factors such as long‐term heroin use or infection with HCV do not seem to influence the level of lymphocyte subsets among HIV‐negative IDUs, nor does the infection with HBV seem to determine dramatic changes in CD4+ counts.
Effects of acute ethanol on ventricular myofibrillary protein synthesis in vivo in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Authors: SIDDIQ TAHIR , SANDHU GURJINDER , RICHARDSON PETER J. , PREEDY VICTOR R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract The acute inhibitory effects of ethanol (75 mmol/kg body weight; i.p.; 2.5 hour) on the synthesis of the myofibrillary and other protein fractions in normotensive and hypertensive rats were investigated. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 days aortic constriction to induce hypertension. Controls were sham‐operated and subjected to controlled feeding so that both groups of rats received identical food intakes. At the end of the study the left ventricles were analysed. Hypertension was associated with a significant increase in the content of myofibrillary and non‐contractile proteins with slightly reduced protein synthesis. A marked decrease in the rates of contractile and non‐contractile protein synthesis occurred in response to ethanol dosage in sham‐operated control rats. The decline in myofibrillary protein synthesis was greater in the hypertensive animals. A reduction in the synthesis of contractile proteins will compromise the formation of new contractile elements and contribute to the impaired contractility of hypertensive ethanol misusers.
Alcohol and injuries in elderly people
Authors: ADAMS WENDY L. , JONES THOMAS V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInjuries are a common cause of morbidity and mortality among elderly people. Falls are the most common type of accident, accounting for around 40% of injuries. There is substantial evidence that heavy alcohol use is an important risk factor for injuries in younger people, but results of the few studies of alcohol and injuries among elderly people have been inconsistent. In this paper, we review the literature on the effects of alcohol on gait and balance and present reasons that a causal relationship between alcohol and injuries is biologically plausible. We review the epidemiological studies of the relationship between alcohol and falls, hip fractures and other injuries in the elderly population and discuss sources of error in these studies. Selection bias, small sample sizes, measurement error and potential confounders such as age, gender, health status and medications may have played a substantial role in negative results from several studies. Further research that will help clarify the relationship between alcohol and injuries in elderly people is sorely needed.
Association of polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 gene with alcohol‐related organ injuries, especially liver cirrhosis
Authors: YAMAUCHI MASAYOSHI 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe class I hepatic alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are primarily responsible for ethanol metabolism in humans. Genetic polymorphism at the ADH2 locus results in the inheritance of isozymes of strikingly different catalytic properties. In European and Caucasian American populations, β1, which is encoded by ADH21, is the most common form of the enzyme, while β2, encoded by the ADH22 allele, is found primarily in Orientals. The β2β2 enzyme encoded by ADH22/ADH22 is approximately 20 times more active in ethanol oxidation than the β1β1 enzyme. In vivo the kinetic differences of ADH2 isozymes may influence individual risk for the effects of ethanol. This article will review the role of polymorphisms at the ADH2 loci in genetic predisposition to alcoholism and alcohol‐related organ injury, especially alcoholic cirrhosis.
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome and behavioral effects produced by maternal drug use
Authors: WEINTRAUB ZALMAN , BENTAL YORAM , OLIVAN ANITA , ROTSCHILD AVI 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOver the last two decades, drug and alcohol abuse by pregnant women has spread to epidemic proportions. Maternal drug abuse has neurobehavioral and somatic effects which may be long‐lasting and devastating to the offspring. Opiates, such as heroin and pain killers that contain a narcotic component, are widely abused today. A prominent manifestation of fetal exposure to these drugs is the neonatal withdrawal syndrome, which typically includes wakefulness, jitteriness and other symptoms of cerebral irritability. These, in turn, may interrupt early mother‐infant interaction, affecting the infant's long‐term emotional and cognitive development. Fetal cocaine exposure may cause neonatal cerebral irritability, changes in habituation responses, reduced head circumference, poor mental development and long‐lasting impairment of the brain. Benzodiazepines can cause fetal dysmorphism (including microcephaly), neurological and behavioral impairments and neonatal withdrawal symptoms. Maternal use of amphetamines may cause neonatal dysphoria and agitation, as well as long‐term lassitude and drowsiness that may result in poor feeding. Fetal exposure to alcohol may cause neonatal withdrawal symptoms, maladaptive behavior in childhood and the fetal alcohol syndrome (including microcephaly). Maternal alcohol consumption is also a common cause of mental retardation. Fetal exposure to marijuana may delay maturation of the visual system and impair memory and verbal performance at 2 years of age. The inevitable conclusion is that society must seek ways not only to treat, but also to prevent this epidemic. To this end, a key factor would be to identify potential drug abusing mothers before they reach the stage of prenatal care and educate them regarding the fatal consequences of drug abuse.
Substance misuse in Aboriginal Australians
Authors: GRACEY MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAustralia's Aborigines lived in isolation from the rest of humanity as successful hunter‐gatherers for tens of thousands of years. That isolation ended abruptly with British colonization in the late 18th century and was followed by a traumatic 200 years for Aborigines who are now seriously disadvantaged, socio‐economically and in terms of their health standards. It has often been assumed that the Aborigines had no access to psychotropic substances before permanent European contact but several pieces of evidence dispute this view. The history of Aboriginal contact with and usage of intoxicating substances, including alcohol, is extremely complex and affected by a maze of restrictive government policies. These interact with a wide range of other Federal and State policies which have changed rapidly since the late 1960s when Aborigines were first granted the franchise; access to unrestricted drinking followed soon afterwards. Today Aborigines suffer disproportionately to other Australians from the physical and social consequences of excess alcohol consumption, tobacco usage, petrol and other solvent sniffing, usage of marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine and heroin, as well as other drugs. The Aboriginal population is dispersed in cities, towns, fringe settlements, rural and remote areas over this vast continent and there are different patterns of drug usage from place to place. This review attempts to synthesize some of this information in order to give an overview to the history, background, current status of substance misuse by Aborigines as well as some strategies being used to try to overcome this serious problem.
Liver disease due to illicit substance use
Authors: RIORDAN STEPHEN M. , WILLIAMS ROGER 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhile the adverse neurological, cardiovascular, renal, haematologic and musculoskeletal consequences of the use of various illicit substances are widely appreciated, less attention has been directed to possible hepatotoxic effects. This is an important issue in view of increasing evidence in both experimental animals and humans that the use of some illicit substances may be associated with substantial liver damage, leading on occasion to acute liver failure. This manuscript reviews the effects on the liver of some of the most commonly used illicit substances, including ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine), other amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, angel dust (phencyclidine), lysergic acid diethylamide and marijuana. Additional causes of liver damage in those using illicit substances are discussed.
Alcohol problems in a general hospital
Authors: FOY AIDAN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlcohol is a ubiquitous drug which is responsible for a substantial amount of ill health and approximately 20% of patients in a general hospital will have alcohol‐related problems, although only 4% will be admitted with alcohol‐caused conditions. Eight per cent of patients, however, can be expected to have sufficient neuroadaptation to be at risk of withdrawal. This level of prevalence of alcoholism in general hospital patients requires that hospitals must become expert at providing good quality care for alcohol‐related problems in all areas including obstetrics, but particularly in the management of intoxication, withdrawal and the various alcoholrelated diseases. This paper provides some suggested benchmarks for acceptable standards of care for alcohol problems in the acute hospital.
Perceptions of psychosocial adjustment to acquired communication disorders: applications of the Code‐Muller Protocols
Authors: Code Chris , Muller Dave J. , Hogan Anthony , Herrmann Manfred 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ‘Code‐Muller protocols’ (CMP) were introduced in 1983 and originally aimed to compare perceptions of psychosocial adjustment to aphasia and related disorders from the separate perspectives of patients, relatives and speech and language therapists as a basis for counselling. In later studies the items of the CMP were also used to examine perceptions of their importance as possible therapy targets in the rehabilitation of people with communication disorders. This paper describes the development of the CMP and presents an overview of their application in aphasia, laryngectomy and acquired deafness and discusses some clinical implications. Studies published in the past 15 years show that aphasic people and their relatives or significant others are significantly more optimistic concerning psychosocial adjustment than their therapists. Furthermore, optimism changes during the course of illness. The relative weightings given for therapy or rehabilitation targets significantly differ between different professional groups concerned with aphasia rehabilitation (speech and language therapists/pathologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, psychologists and physicians) and are influenced by clinical experience.
Instrumental assessment and treatment of hypernasality, following maxillofacial surgery, using SNORS: a single case study
Authors: Main Alison , Kelly Steve , Manley Graham 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe super nasal oral ratiometry system (SNORS) is a commercially available system which measures both nasal and oral airflow during speech, allowing the very rapid movement of the velum to be measured. SNORS uses a modified oxygen mask, which houses the airflow sensors and microphones, and a standard personal computer. By calculating nasalance (the percentage of airflow that is nasal), an estimation of velopharyngeal closure, which is independent of speech intensity, is achieved. SNORS can be used for objective assessment, where the subject is required to speak a number of words selected to demonstrate velopharyngeal function. SNORS also provides biofeedback, using a simple realtime display of nasal and oral airflow. Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is the inability to make adequate velpharyngeal closure, and may be the result of either neurological or, as in this case, structural abnormalities. It results in abnormal speech characteristics, such as omissions, substitutions or weak articulation of consonants, and hypernasality. T.W., a 52 year old male, had very hypernasal speech following extensive maxillofacial surgery, for the removal of a tonsillar carcinoma. SNORS was successfully used as both an assessment and a therapy tool in the treatment of this patient. The effectiveness of conventional speech and language therapy vs. SNORS biofeedback therapy was compared. Initially, while there was some movement of the velum, the patient could not achieve velopharyngeal closure. Conventional therapy aimed to strengthen and improve the function of the velum and following this there was some minimal improvement: the patient could now achieve, but not maintain, closure. Reassessment, following a non‐treatment period, showed little further change. SNORS biofeedback therapy was then given. This raised the patient's awareness of his velopharyngeal function, thus helping him to maintain closure, thereby reducing hypernasality. SNORS therapy proved significantly more effective than conventional speech and language therapy, in this case. Further intervention is outlined, and the benefits of multiparameter assessment of speech are discussed.
Inappropriate sexual behaviour experienced by speech‐language therapists
Authors: Williams Timothy H. , de Seriere Jo , Boddington Lyn 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInappropriate sexual behaviour by clients or patients of health professionals has been noted as a considerable problem in a number of professions. Similarly, sexual harassment by colleagues or employers has been identified as causing stress and harm. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the experience of speech‐language therapists in New Zealand of inappropriate sexual behaviour (ISB) by colleagues, clients, and care givers of clients. A questionnaire developed by McComas and colleagues to investigate ISB directed by patients at physical therapists in Canada was adapted to meet the broader requirements of this study. This questionnaire was sent to all members of the New Zealand Speech‐Language Therapists' Association and to current third‐ and fourth‐year students in the Bachelor of Speech and Language Therapy degree programme in 1994. The overall return rate was 70%. A large number of respondents (81%) reported experiencing some level of ISB. The number of incidents of ISB from clients and colleagues was identified with equal frequency; care givers less frequently. Fewer students than qualified therapists reported ISB as sexual harassment. ISB affects work performance (e.g. absenteeism) and causes psychological reactions (e.g. stress). A majority of respondents reported being satisfied with how they handled ISB but considered there would be value in having training for both qualified and student therapists in managing such behaviour. Conclusions drawn from the study are that colleagues as well as clients are a serious source of ISB for qualified and student speech‐language therapists; that negative effects in this group are similar to those in other professions; that speech‐language therapists experience less ISB from clients than some other professions; and that, despite legal steps to curb sexual harassment, it continues to be an issue that requires local administrative and educative attention.