bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mendelian Randomization Analysis Shows that Elevated Eosinophil Cell Count Increases the Risk of Autoimmune Disorders but Protects Against Skin Cancer
Authors: Singh Aryamann , Akbari Parsa 
Published: March 2023

Background: Eosinophils are immune cells which are critical to the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders and skin cancer. We performed an integrated causal inference analysis with Mendelian randomization to demonstrate that although individuals with reduced eosinophil cell count are protected against autoimmune disorders such as asthma, they are at increased risk of skin cancer.
Methods: Epidemiology and public health has historically relied on observational studies to identify risk factors for disease; however, these methods are limited by reverse causation and confounding effects. In this study, we utilize genetic epidemiology and Mendelian randomization, a methodology that removes the risk for reverse causation, reduces pathways for confounding variables, and is an effective tool in identifying causal effects between risk factors and outcomes. Our analysis combines results from 12 genetic analyses from 5 different studies to explore the differential effect of eosinophil cell count on autoimmune and skin cancer disease risk.
Results: Raised eosinophil count resulted in increased risk of multiple autoimmune disorders including psoriasis (OR 0.0029 (95% CI: 0.0013-0.0046), P-value = 5.0x10-4), ankylosing spondylitis (OR 1.397x10-3 (95% CI: 0.0006-0.002), P-value = 4.0x10-4), and rheumatoid arthritis (OR 0.0011 (95% CI: 0.0004-0.0019), P-value = 2.1x10-3). In contrast, increased eosinophil cell count was protective against malignant melanoma (OR -0.001 (95% CI: -0.0017-(-0.0003)), P-value = 0.0074) and basal cell carcinoma (OR -0.0012 (95% CI: -0.0024-(-0.00007)), P-value = 3.7x10-2).
Conclusions: Results indicated that the causal effect of increased eosinophil count differentially increases the risk of immune related disorders and decreases the risk of oncology related skin diseases.
Risks and Complications Associated with Refractive Surgery
Authors: Li Jinghan , Xu Yao 
Published: March 2023

Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism (together called ametropia) are the top causes of vision impairement worldwide. Refractive surgery, surgical modification of refractive surfaces in the eye, are prominent solutions for treating ametropia. This study made a summary of the risks (poor refractive outcomes of either high residual ametropia after surgery or the postoperative development of refractive errors) and complications associated with seven refractive surgery procedures for ametropia. Risks and complications were summarized and discussed in categorized form, the incidence of each undesirable outcome in percent, rather than in quantified form, the severity of occurrence on average, help readers to identify the chances of undesirable results directly. The incidence of risks and complications were also stratified based on related factors, depending on the availability of data. Brief descriptions and analyses of the results of data summaries were included at the beginning of the discussion of the risks and complications of each refractive surgery procedure; specific data was also included to allow for comparison. In general, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), laser-assisted sub-epithelium keratomileusis (LASEK), and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) procedure were found to yield few undesirable outcomes, while all seven procedures were crucial for the system of solutions for refractive errors.
Financing the Underdogs
Authors: Wang Bryan , Blackstock Jonathan 
Published: March 2023

Small-market sports teams do not have the luxury of a massive media outlet, or an absurd salary cap that attracts superstars. These small market teams are not able to create a superteam that fans from any region of the U.S would be grateful to watch. To generate revenue and stay afloat financially is task in it of itself. These small-market teams must rely on non-materialistic attributes to survive in the professional sports world. In this essay I will discuss three market strategies that the Memphis Grizzlies and similar small-market teams have used to not only stay afloat, but create a system that brings in new supporters and revenue.
Is there a decrease in food waste in a male high school cafeteria setting when students are offered incentives to eat their food?
Authors: Yamin Ricardo , Wentzel Brian 
Published: March 2023

There appears to be an alarming amount of food waste among first world countries. This is especially true in school cafeterias in the United States. This food waste creates a double track of negative effects: the resources required to produce it and the effort required to dispose of it. A possible solution to reduce food waste in male teenagers is to create a positive reinforcement for eating their whole meal. This study determined the effect of offering an incentive as an intervention in a high school cafeteria setting to decrease individual food waste among high school students. Seventy four male high school students were studied under a control phase in which normal levels of individual food waste were assessed and under an experimental phase, in which a cookie was given if all the food was consumed. The incentive resulted in a 64.5% reduction in individual food waste in the high school cafeteria. This strategy could be implemented in similar settings to help decrease food waste.
Effects Of Online Tutoring On Test Scores, Confidence, and Future Career Paths During The Pandemic
Authors: Gao Grace , Kosovsky Rodion 
Published: March 2023

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, online learning has rapidly begun to replace in-person learning and demand for online tutoring has grown. The switch to remote learning has also exacerbated learning inequality, as shown by students’ test scores. The paper examines the efficacy of ManhattanACE’s mathematics online tutoring model to provide a template for creating a valuable online tutoring experience.
To understand the main aspects of online learning and its effects on students’ learning outcomes, an electronic survey was created and sent to the students. The survey contained both Yes/No questions and scaled 1-5 questions. Analysis of the survey responses shows that through a combination of factors such as passionate tutors and a responsive learning environment that feels like a community, online learning can boost both students’ grades in math class and the effectiveness of virtual learning, while fostering students’ confidence in their skills and future career choices. These three outcomes can, in turn, work to minimize educational and resource inequality.
Evidence of Gender Inequality in Agriculture Related to Climate Change
Authors: Feng Wandi , Homan Mackenzie 
Published: March 2023

When considering the negative effects of climate change, its relevance to a person’s socio-economic status and cultural background is often ignored. In other words, climate change affects everyone, but its effects on different individuals and groups differ due to long standing inequalities in human society. The importance of gender discrimination in particular is in deseperate need of additional attention during this unprecedented global environmental event.
A plethora of research articles and data show that women are affected disproportionately by climate change. To expand, sexism in relation to climate change is especially evident in agriculture. In this case, negative impacts of climate change are further intensified due to the industry’s close connection with the environment. Therefore, additional research should be dedicated towards understanding the discrimination against female farmers, and thus it is the focus of this essay.
The essay focuses on developing African nations where conventional agriculture is the main source of income. By using previous research and database searches from scientific journals, governmental websites, and international organizations, the increasing burdens on female farmers in climate crises will be analyzed. Throughout the investigation, it was discovered that African rural women are excessively exposed to climate change threats and lack adaptability. When viewing this through a holistic lens– acknowledging the cultural and historical backgrounds of Africa–it was concluded that subordination of rural women in all contexts is responsible for their predicament in climate crises. To address these issues, the essay proposes potential solutions from educational, economics, and political perspectives.
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERATURAN WALIKOTA PALEMBANG NOMOR 57 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG TUGAS POKOK , FUNGSI DAN TATA KERJA PADA DINAS PERHUBUNGAN KOTA PALEMBANG
Authors: Saputra Iswanda , Fadilah Arief , Hamdian Reby 
Published: March 2023

Implementasi kebijakan peraturan Walikota Palembang nomor 57 tahun 2016 tentang tugas pokok fungsi dan tata kerja pada Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palembang belum efektif dan efisien karena tidak didukung sumberdaya manusia yang profesional serta proses dan prosedurnya masih berbelit-belit dan terlalu birokratis. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu “Bagaimana Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Walikota Palembang 57 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tugas Pokok, Fungsi Dan Tata Kerja Oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palembang. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Sedangkan analisisnya menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pola pikir inductive analysis yang diimbangi dengan rasionalisasi synthesis analysis. Pisau analisisnya menggunakan Teori Konsep Kebijakan, Manajemen Strategi. Dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Walikota Palembang 57 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tugas Pokok Fungsi Dan Tata Kerja Pada Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palembang tersebut belum dibarengi dengan Sosialisasi dan Pembinaan yang berkesinambungan, serta Pengawasan, Monitoring dan Evaluasi yang berkelanjutan. Penyebaran tugas pada beberapa unit dalam implementasi kebijakan dalam satu organisasi hanya untuk memberikan kekhususan dan membentuk keahlian dari implementor.
Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan Rumah Sewa Mahasiswa Untuk Budidaya Sayuran Pada Media Tanam Portabel
Authors: Romdhon M. Mustopa , Widiono Septri , Nusril Nusril 
Published: March 2023

Pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan di rumah sewa mahasiswa yang terbatas harus terpadu (Lakitan, 2012), kontinu (Suryana et al, 1997) serta sumber bahan pangan tambahan (Novitasari, 2011).Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan mahasiswa tinggal dirumah sewa dalam waktu relatif lama menimbulkan rasa jenuh dan stres yang dapat menurunkan imunitas tubuh. Mahasiswa perlu mengisi waktu luang dengan kegiatan positif, salah satunya dengan pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan rumah sewa mahasiswa untuk budidaya sayuranpada media tanam portable. Kegiatan ini menggunakan metode observasi, pelatihan, dan pendampingan. Alat dan bahandigunakan terdiri dari Pot/polybag/kantong besar, Benih sayur kangkung dan pokcay, Pupuk kandang, pupuk urea dan tanah, Spanduk Pelatihan serta kamera untuk pembuatan dokumentasi dan video kegiatan.Hasil dari kegiatan ini diketahui mahasiswa pionir peserta program telah menguasai budidaya kangkung dan pokcay pada media tanam portable di rumah sewa.Hasil ini merokemdasikan kegiatan sejenis perlu diperluas kepada mahasiswa yang berada di rumah tinggal bersama orang tua.
Transmigrasi Sebagai Upaya Pertanian
Authors: Purba Yudhi Zuriah Wirya , Saleh Wardi 
Published: March 2023

Pelaksanaan program transmigrasi adalah pemerataan pada berbagai aspek pengembangan. Penyelenggaraan transmigrasi yang selama ini berciri sentralistik, kini dihadapkan pada tantangan berupa penerapan asas desentralisasi dan otonomi. Sejak reformasi atau era otonomi daerah, dan penolakan transmigrasi di beberapa daerah, transmigrasi sebagai contoh yang khas dan strategi pengembangan wilayah yang original di Indonesia pada dasarnya masih merupakan program yang masih dibutuhkan di daerah-daerah terutama dalam konteks pengembagan wilayah di luar Pulau Jawa. Dalam konteks tersebut, diperlukan reorientasi pelaksanaan program transmigrasi, yang utama terkait dengan pengembangan wilayah adalah bagaimana menempatkan pemukiman/ kawasan transmigrasi sehingga dapat benar-benar terintegrasi dengan wilayah – wilayah sekitarnya sebagaimana suatu kawasan fungsional, sehingga tidak menjadi kawasan yang bersifat ekslusif. Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan dalam hal ini adalah merancang keterkaitan antara pemukiman/kawasan transmigrasi dengan wilayah-wilayah sekitarnya, baik keterkaitan fisik-spasial, sosial,ekonomi maupun budaya. Keterkaitan yang kuat ini diharapkan dapat mengeliminir berbagai stigma negatif dari program transmigrasi dan sekaligus akan mampu memicu pengembangan wilayah khususnya wilayah-wilayah di luar Pulau Jawa. Untuk mendukung reorientasi pembangunan kawasan transmigrasi, sudah waktunya dikembangkan konsep dan strategi baru pengembangan kawasan transmigrasi disertai dengan indikator-indikator pengembangan yang lebih komprehensif, baik menyangkut indikator perkembangan fisik, perkembangan ekonomi, social capital dan lingkungan. Tiga kendala utama dalam penyelenggaraan program transmigrasi, yaitu: struktural, berupa lemahnya organisasi, sumber daya aparat yang berkaitan dengan integrasi dan sinkronisasi, substansial yang berkaitan dengan kebutuhan agar pembangunan transmigrasi ikut memantapkan pembangunan nasional meskipun anggaran terbatas dan teknis operasional, yang berkaitan dengan kurang tepat pemilihan lokasi sehingga kurang terpadu program antar sektor dan antar kegiatan pembangunan.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Mubarak Sadia , Imran Majeed Syed Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Alamgir 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To carryout frequency domain analysis ofheart rate variability in patients with coronary arterydisease.
Methods: Forty coronary artery disease patients with coronary artery stenosis greater than 70% of at least onevessel lumen were included. Patients with diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, structural heart diseases andbundle branch block were excluded. DMS 300 4A Holter monitors were used to obtain long-term 12 leaddigital ECG recordings. Cardio Scan premium luxury software was used for analysis of heart rate variability.
Results: The mean values of heart rate variability in patients were TP (2171.70 ± 1028.7), VLF (1661.41 ±807.88), LF (392.71 ± 227.92), HF (112.03 ± 77.90) and LF/HF ratio (4.03 ± 1.75). On comparison with normalreference values there was a significant decrease (p-value < 0.05) in all parameters except VLF (p-value =0.351). TP was reduced in all the patients (100%), VLF in 26 (65%), LF in 36 (90%), HF in 36 (90%) and LF/HFratio in 29 (72.5%) patients. The difference between the frequency of patients with decreased heart ratevariability was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) except VLF (p-value = 0.082).
Conclusion: Heart rate variability decreases significantly in patients with coronary artery disease.
Assessment of First Aid Emergency Knowledge Among Medical Students from First Year to Final Year-A Comparative Study
Authors: Hisam Aliya , Mashhadi Syed Fawad , Ameer Zainab , Khan Affan Ahmed , Sattar Danish , Tahir Zeeshan , Yaqub Pakeeza 
Published: March 2023

Objectives: To assess the level of first aid knowledge among undergraduate medical students in Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. The research aimed to compare the level of medical knowledge across five years of medical training and to evaluate the effect of demographic details on the degree of first aid awareness.
Study Design: The study design is cross-sectional.
Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Army Medical College, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Nov 2021 to Apr2022
Methodology: A preformed questionnaire was used and was divided into two groups: The first group contained two parts: i) Personal information and ii) Question about previous attendance of the first aid course. The second group contained 14 questions aimed at assessing major aspects of first-aid. The results for every year were compared. Data was entered an SPSS version 25.
Results: In the study there was a marked increase in the level of first aid knowledge from first year to final year. The study also showed that those living at home had better scores than those availing university accommodation. Demographic background or receiving training in first-aid had an insignificant effect on it.
Conclusion: The study discovered that the academic year had a substantial impact on knowledge levels. From first year to final year, there was a significant increase in first-aid knowledge. Every year, medical students' first-aid education should be reinforced in order to improve their skills.
Pathology-Based Tumour Registry Analysis of Cases of Female Genital Tract Malignancies
Authors: Anwar Madeeha , Khadim Muhammad Tahir , Asif Muhammad , Din Hafeez Ud , Jamal Shahid 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To study the frequency and distribution of Female genital tract (FGT) malignancies through data recouped from the tumour registry of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan.
Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology Department, Armed Force Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from 2009-2018
Methodology: A total of 1586 cases of malignant tumours of FGT were retrieved from the AFIP tumour registry, and data were analyzed in terms of the age of the patients' site of the tumour. It was also compared with regional and international data.
Results: Thirty-seven thousand seven hundred ninety-three malignant cases were reported at AFIP from 2009-2018, out of which 1586(4.19%) were of the female genital tract. Ovarian malignancies were most frequent among FGT tumours,637(40.1%), followed by uterine tumours 519(32.6%). Carcinoma of the cervix was found in 237 cases (15%). Vulva and vaginal cases were seen in only 7.7% patients. The FGTs ranked fourth among the top ten commonest tumours in females.
Conclusion: The most common malignancy of the female genital tract was ovarian cancer. Endometrial carcinoma was the second most frequent gynaecological malignancy, followed by cervical carcinoma. Ovarian malignancies were in fourth position among the top ten commonest female tumours in the current analysis as well, as in the previous analysis from AFIP.
Establishing Reference Intervals for HBA1C in all three Trimesters of Pregnancy; A Cross-Sectional Study on Healthy Pregnant Women of Quetta, Baluchistan
Authors: Khan Azadi , Asif Naveed , Ullah Raza , Khan Taimoor Ashraf , Khan Asma , Malik Saima Shakil 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To establish the reference intervals in healthy pregnant females of Quetta, Baluchistan, for Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in all three trimesters of pregnancy.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department Combined Military Hospital, Quetta Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019.
Methodology: Blood samples of healthy pregnant females were drawn for Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Fasting plasma glucose and haemoglobin were also measured to rule out hyperglycemia and anaemia. Samples for Glycated haemoglobin(HbA1c) were analyzed by Turbidimetric Immuno-inhibition (TINIA) method. For all the trimesters, 5th and 95th percentiles were taken as reference intervals for Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and compared for each trimester.
Results: A total of 388 samples were taken, of which 136(35.05%) females were from the first trimester, 128(32.98%) and 124(31.97%) from the second and third trimesters, respectively. The mean age of the study population was 25.1±3.7 years in the first trimester, 26.7±4.5 years in the second-trimester while and the third trimester it was 26.8±4.8 years. In the first, second,and third trimesters, the reference intervals for Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were 3.8-5.2%, 4.1-5.4%, and 4.2-5.7%,respectively.
Conclusion: For the exact diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, each laboratory should establish its reference intervals of Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for each trimester as it varies from trimester to trimester.
Correlation between Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Malaria in Endemic Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Munir Khurram , Khan Memoona , Saulat Zeenat 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find a correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice of malaria in endemic areas and to identify any significant factors associated with them.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of the Study: Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Khuzdar, from Nov 2019 to Oct 2020.
Methodology: People admitted with malaria from Khuzdar district, and surrounding areas were included in the study.Patients with the communication barrier were excluded. Patients with debilitating illness or pregnant ladies and those allergic to the drugs were also excluded from the study.
Results: Total 203 people with a confirmed malarial diagnosis were enrolled. The age of participants ranged from 20-48 years,with a mean of 30.49±6.45 years. All the study participants had heard about malaria and had adequate knowledge about its mode of transmission. 84.3% patients had a positive attitude towards understanding disease as potentially life-threatening.70.9% patients had good practices about using anti-mosquito sprays, and 71.9% had good practices about using personal protective clothing. Our study showed that malaria prevention practice was significantly associated with endemic areas (p<0.001).
Conclusions: All the patients had adequate knowledge about malaria. Targeted interventions towards malaria prevention in endemic areas should be enhanced.
Serological and Molecular Characterization of Blood Group A2 in Pakistan
Authors: Habib Iram , Salamat Nuzhat , Ud Din Nasir , Yazdani Muhammad  Sajid , Khan Saleem Ahmed , Naeem Muhammad Abdul 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of Blood Group A2 genotype among Group A Pakistani whole blood donors.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion (AFIT), Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020.
Methodology: One thousand (1000) healthy and unrelated blood donors were selected. The blood samples were typed for ABO, and those of Blood Groups-A and AB were further subtyped with the help of anti-A1 lectin to categorize them as A1,non-A1, A1B and non-A1B Groups. Next, DNA of non-A1 samples was extracted, and a Polymerase Chain Reaction using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) for type A2 was performed, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
Results: Among one thousand blood donors, 247(24.7%) were typed as Blood Group-A, 94(9.4%) as AB-Group, 339(33.9%) BGroup and 320(32%) O Group with variable strength of reaction with ABO antisera. A and AB Blood Groups were further subgrouped as A1 202(20.2%), A1B 77(7.7%), non-A1 45(4.5%) and non-A1B 17(1.7%). Anti-A1 antibodies were detected in 6(13.3%) of non-A1 samples. PCR of non-A1 samples showed 32(12.9%) to be genotypically A2, and the remaining 13(5.2%) were not A2 and were not further resolved.
Conclusion: Blood Group A2 is not a rare Subgroup in our population. PCR-SSP is a more specific technique than anti-A1 lectin for establishing the Blood Group status of an individual.