bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying irradiation in spider pulsars: the extreme case of PSR J1622−0315
Authors: Turchetta Marco , Linares Manuel , Koljonen Karri , Sen Bidisha 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
We present the first multiband optical light curves of PSR J1622−0315, among the most compact known redback binary millisecond pulsars, with an orbital period $P_\mathrm{orb}=3.9 \, \text{h}$. We find a flux modulation with two maxima per orbital cycle and a peak-to-peak amplitude ${\simeq} 0.3 \, \text{mag}$, which we attribute to the ellipsoidal shape of the tidally distorted companion star. The optical colours imply a late-F to early-G spectral-type companion and do not show any detectable temperature changes along the orbit. This suggests that the irradiation of the star’s inner face by the pulsar wind is unexpectedly missing despite its short orbital period. To interpret these results, we introduce a new parameter fsd, defined as the ratio between the pulsar wind flux intercepted by the companion star and the companion intrinsic flux. This flux ratio fsd, which depends on the spin-down luminosity of the pulsar, the base temperature of the companion and the orbital period, can be used to quantify the effect of the pulsar wind on the companion star and turns out to be the most important factor in determining whether the companion is irradiated or not. We find that the transition between these two regimes occurs at fsd ≃ 2–4 and that the value for PSR J1622−0315 is fsd = 0.7, placing it firmly in the non-irradiated regime.
Breaking degeneracies in the first galaxies with clustering
Authors: Muñoz Julian B , Mirocha Jordan , Furlanetto Steven , Sabti Nashwan 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
The high-redshift galaxy UV luminosity function (UVLF) has become essential for understanding the formation and evolution of the first galaxies. Yet, UVLFs only measure galaxy abundances, giving rise to a degeneracy between the mean galaxy luminosity and its stochasticity. Here, we show that upcoming clustering measurements with the JWST, as well as with Roman, will be able to break this degeneracy, even at redshifts z ≳ 10. First, we demonstrate that current Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) measurements of the galaxy bias at z ∼ 4–6 point to a relatively tight halo-galaxy connection, with low stochasticity. Then, we show that the larger UVLFs observed by JWST at z ≳ 10 can be explained with either a boosted average UV emission or an enhanced stochasticity. These two models, however, predict different galaxy biases, which are potentially distinguishable in JWST and Roman surveys. Galaxy-clustering measurements, therefore, will provide crucial insights into the connection between the first galaxies and their dark-matter haloes, and identify the root cause of the enhanced abundance of z ≳ 10 galaxies revealed with JWST during its first year of operations.
Horizontally Transferred DNA in the Genome of the Fungus Pyricularia oryzae is Associated With Repressive Histone Modifications
Authors: Kobayashi Natsuki , Dang Thach An , Pham Kieu Thi Minh , Gómez Luciano Luis B , Van Vu Ba , Izumitsu Kosuke , Shimizu Motoki , Ikeda Ken-ichi , Li Wen-Hsiung , Nakayashiki Hitoshi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a means of exchanging genetic material asexually. The process by which horizontally transferred genes are domesticated by the host genome is of great interest but is not well understood. In this study, we determined the telomere-to-telomere genome sequence of the wheat-infecting Pyricularia oryzae strain Br48. SNP analysis indicated that the Br48 strain is a hybrid of wheat- and Brachiaria-infecting strains by a sexual or parasexual cross. Comparative genomic analysis identified several megabase-scale “insertions” in the Br48 genome, some of which were possibly gained by HGT-related events from related species, such as P. pennisetigena or P. grisea. Notably, the mega-insertions often contained genes whose phylogeny is not congruent with the species phylogeny. Moreover, some of the genes have a close homolog even in distantly related organisms, such as basidiomycetes or prokaryotes, implying the involvement of multiple HGT events. Interestingly, the levels of the silent epigenetic marks H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 in a genomic region tended to be negatively correlated with the phylogenetic concordance of genes in the same region, suggesting that horizontally transferred DNA is preferentially targeted for epigenetic silencing. Indeed, the putative HGT-derived genes were activated when MoKmt6, the gene responsible for H3K27me3 modification, was deleted. Notably, these genes also tended to be up-regulated during infection, suggesting that they are now under host control and have contributed to establishing a fungal niche. In conclusion, this study suggests that epigenetic modifications have played an important role in the domestication of HGT-derived genes in the P. oryzae genome.
Disparities in Mpox Vaccination Among Priority Populations During the 2022 Outbreak
Authors: Alavian Naseem , Mourad Ahmad , Woodhouse Edwin W , Niehaus Emily , Cunningham Hayley , Zavala Sofia , Kohler Patricia , Pappas Steven , Yarrington Michael E , Okeke Nwora Lance , Wolfe Cameron R , Cox Gary M , Dicks Kristen V , Stout Jason E 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
The 2022 mpox outbreak disproportionately affected men who have sex with men and persons living with HIV (PLWH). A 2-dose mpox vaccine series was deployed in mid-2022. Structural racism and insurance status may have affected equitable vaccination.

Methods
We defined 3 cohorts: PLWH with at least 1 clinic visit between 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022 (n = 2066), HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) recipients as of 1 January 2022 (n = 262), and all mpox-vaccinated patients in our health system between 1 July 2022 and 30 November 2022 (n = 807). We identified patients with prior diagnosed sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as having a positive test result for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis between 1 July 2021–1 July 2022. The primary outcome was receipt of at least 1 dose of mpox vaccine.

Results
We identified 224 (10.8%) PLWH and 50 (19.0%) PrEP patients who received at least 1 dose of mpox vaccine. Among PLWH, White race (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% CI, 1.11–2.16), private insurance (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.01–3.34), prior STI (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 2.16–4.27), prior COVID-19 vaccination (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.93–5.20), and prior influenza vaccination (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.30–1.96) independently predicted mpox vaccination. Within the PrEP cohort, prior COVID-19 vaccination and seasonal influenza vaccination predicted mpox vaccination. Uninsured patients were vaccinated later in the outbreak than patients with private insurance (median time to vaccination, 41 days in the privately insured group vs 83 days in the uninsured group; P &lt; .0001).

Conclusions
Race, insurance status, prior STI, and previous receipt of other vaccines influenced uptake of mpox vaccine. Addressing health disparities and vaccine acceptance will be essential in improving future outbreak response.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in DiagnosingPneumocystisPneumonia: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tekin Aysun , Truong Hong Hieu , Rovati Lucrezia , Lal Amos , Gerberi Danielle J , Gajic Ognjen , O’Horo John C 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundPneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a growing concern as the immunocompromised population expands. Current laboratory approaches are limited. This systematic review aimed to evaluate metagenomic next-generation sequencing (MNGS) tests’ performance in detecting PCP.MethodsFive databases were searched through December 19, 2022, to identify original studies comparing MNGS with clinically diagnosed PCP. To assess the accuracy, symmetric hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models were used.ResultsEleven observational studies reporting 1442 patients (424 with PCP) were included. Six studies focused exclusively on recipients of biologic immunosuppression (none with HIV-associated immunosuppression). Six were exclusively on bronchoalveolar lavage, while 1 was on blood samples. The sensitivity of MGNS was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90–0.99), and specificity was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92–0.98), with negative and positive likelihood ratios of 0.02 (95% CI, 0.01–0.05) and 19.31 (95% CI, 10.26–36.36), respectively. A subgroup analysis of studies exclusively including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood samples demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.78–0.99) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.80–0.98) and a specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.88–0.99) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.76–1.00), respectively. The sensitivity analysis on recipients of biologic immunosuppression showed a sensitivity and specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90–0.98) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.84–0.98), respectively. The overall confidence in the estimates was low.ConclusionsDespite the low certainty of evidence, MNGS detects PCP with high sensitivity and specificity. This also applies to recipients of biologic immunosuppression and tests performed exclusively on blood samples without the need for BAL. Further studies are required in individuals with HIV-associated immunosuppression.
Modernity and Granularity in History and International Relations
Authors: Bukovansky Mlada , Keene Edward 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introduction by two of the editorial team for the Handbook explains how the volume is organized. We have encouraged all our authors to engage with two general themes. One is ‘modernity’, which raises questions about the chronological development of different ways of ordering the international, and how to navigate between structural change and continuity. The other is ‘granularity’, which is intended to unlock the potential for generating fresh insights by adopting different framings in geographical space, historical time, and levels of both agency and structure. The Handbook develops these themes through four sections, looking at the relationship between the academic disciplines of History and International Relations (IR); the various practices through which international relations are conducted; the widespread habit of dividing scholarship by certain periods or regions; and studies of individual phenomena in terms of both their specific character and wider implications.
Global Sources of International Thought
Authors: Yudan Chen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Since the end of the twentieth century, we have witnessed an increased interest in non-Western international thought which has contribute to a stronger connection between History and International Relations (IR), helping us to grasp the current complex world derived from the various traditions. The current search for global sources of international thought is largely dominated by the tension between ‘pre-modern global’ and ‘modern international’. To collect ‘international’ texts from pre-modern non-Western classics and construct intellectual traditions, either a thinker-centred approach or a concept-centred approach is adopted. To interpret these texts in the realm of international relations, existing studies vary from seeing non-Western ideas as compatible with the modern Western IR, to regarding them as ontological, epistemological, normative and methodological challenges, or even substitutes, for the latter. Searching for global sources of international thought is a potential way to build a global future, which requires a true ‘global’ vision even beyond the dualism between West and non-West.
State, Territoriality, and Sovereignty
Authors: Branch Jordan , Stockbruegger Jan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers three concepts—state, territory, sovereignty—that are fundamental not only to the intersection of History and International Relations (IR) but also to IR theoretical debates. We track how the literature on these concepts has changed over time and discuss broad critiques and avenues for future research. We argue that state, territory, and sovereignty need to be studied as analytically distinct yet interrelated outcomes and processes. Key challenges for historical IR scholarship include overcoming a Eurocentric bias inherent in these concepts, how to apply contemporary concepts to earlier historical periods, and how—and whether—to draw lessons from history for contemporary politics. Finally, historical IR scholars could pay more attention to the important yet largely unexplored material dimensions of state, territory, and sovereignty.
Religion, History, and International Relations
Authors: Lynch Cecelia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Religion, until recently, has been marked in the history of International Relations (IR) primarily by its absence. In this chapter, I show how this absence is part of a foundational European mythology that has begun to be challenged. Nevertheless, there is still considerable work to do in understanding the ontological and cosmological richness of religious commitments in international relations, both historically and today. To do this work, it is necessary to reassess the concept of modernity in the foundational mythology of religion’s absence in IR. Moreover, deepening our understanding of granularity and practice must also be integral to comprehending the role of religion in IR. In this contribution, I assess: 1) the foundational European mythology and the understanding of modernity that has developed from the European story, 2) how decolonization both replicated and challenged that story, 3) how the post-Cold War resurgence of religion in IR forces more attention to granularity (and practice), and 4) the utility of the neo-Weberian approach to religion and religious ethics (Lynch 2009), along with a deeper appreciation of the range of religious ontologies extant in the world, for providing a path forward for the discipline in its analysis and understanding of the power of religious practices and commitments.
Origins, Histories, and the Modern International
Authors: Walker R. B. J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Many stories have been told about the origins of the modern international political order, with 1648 and Westphalia being the most pervasive markers, not only of a starting point but also of how the international political order has come to be defined and understood. Focusing on the work of the historian Martin Wight, this chapter explores how attempts to resist this foundational mythology can lead to its re-affirmation. In the process, it explores a broad but still circumscribed range of alternative possibilities, especially how Wight’s preferred alternative, the collapse of a universalist empire in fifteenth-century Europe, generated accounts of what it means to begin that still shape our understanding of something international. These offer an even more unsettling reading of what is now at stake in the politics of origins than those grounded in claims about some supposedly Westphalian moment.
Nationalism
Authors: Mayall James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins and spread of nationalism world-wide and the impact of this development on the evolution of international society and vice-versa. This examination is conducted in four sections. First, since both international society and political nationalism originated during the period of Western hegemony, the legacy and implications of these origins for the contemporary global system are analyzed. The discussion then notes that while history is indispensable for the study of nationalism it is not sufficient and seeks to substantiate this claim by exploring the debate between modernists and primordialists on the rise and spread of nationalism. The third section traces the evolution of international society and the impact of modernity on nationalism and the international order. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the problem nationalists face in crafting nationalist policies and the historical ways in which they have resolved the problem.
Modernity and Modernities in International Relations
Authors: Zarakol Ayşe 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that versions of ‘modernization theory’ still haunt International Relations (IR)’s understanding of ‘modernity’. ‘Modernization theory’ posits a teleology of political development wherein Western societies lead the way and others follow in their footsteps. It is an understanding that was foundational to the discipline, and despite having come under much criticism in the intervening decades, this understanding has not been rejected by IR. IR historical narratives, whether about the emergence of the modern state or the modern international system, inevitably reproduce this teleology, and critical scholarship does not really challenge it either beyond a normative critique. Metahistorical narratives of this type cannot be dismantled by micro-level critiques but have to be replaced by alternatives of a similar scale. We need to develop alternative metahistorical narratives of global modernity in which all actors share the same temporal space and have similar levels of agency. The chapter demonstrates these claims through a detailed examination of the ‘emergence of the modern state’ literature.
The ‘West’ in International Relations
Authors: O’Hagan Jacinta 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The West is at once one of the most important concepts in the history of international relations and one of the most elusive and contested. To understand the role played by the West in the history of international relations, we need to delve into the different ways the West has been conceptualized and articulated at different historical conjunctures. This chapter does this through exploring different narratives of the West that have been articulated across time and space. It focuses on three sets of narratives: the civilizational West, the liberal West, and the fragmenting West. The exploration of these narratives allows us to investigate the patterns and variations in invocations of the West by different voices at different historical conjunctures; to note the tropes, myths, histories, and different representations of the West that these narratives draw upon; and to observe the forms of global agency and international order that they legitimate.
The Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gordon Daniel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter portrays recent debates about whether or not the eighteenth century is still a valuable source of theory in International Relations (IR). Postmodernist criticism is itself criticized but also partially upheld. The chapter then delineates the principal visions of international relations in the Enlightenment, including balance of power thinking, proposals to establish peace through international government, and revolutionary dreams of purging the world of war by means of revolution. The chapter profiles leading thinkers such as Vattel, Hume, Kant, Fichte, and Paine. It draws attention to the recurrence of debates about capitalism. Does ‘commerce’ conduce to peace or war? The growth of a public intellectual sphere containing contrary visions of commerce and international relations constitutes the modernity of the eighteenth century.
‘Asia’ in the History of International Relations
Authors: Kang David C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine two areas of scholarship that embody the themes of this volume. First is the almost universally accepted link between war and state formation. Although it is common to see the modern state as arising in eighteenth century Europe, centralized bureaucratic states defined over territory emerged in East Asia in the sixth to eighth centuries ad; furthermore, they emerged under a hegemonic system in which war was relatively rare, not a competitive balance of power system with regular existential threats. The second area of scholarship focuses on granularity—measuring war in historical East Asia. It appears that patterns of war and other violence were systematically different in East Asian history. In both cases, a careful study of East Asian history leads to many potential insights and is an ideal way to move beyond and widen the interaction between the study all History and International Relations.
The ‘International’ and the ‘Global’ in International History
Authors: Rosenboim Or , Tonooka Chika 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter addresses two meaningful spatial and conceptual notions: the international and the global. While the international has often been interpreted as more limited in scope and scale than the global, both reflect domains of political knowledge and structure extending beyond the state. These domains have important political stakes grounded in issues of war and peace, the world’s growing interconnectedness, and major transformations in world order. Yet, as we argue, the global and the international remain in flux, undergoing continuous theoretical scrutiny, and embodying ever-changing interpretations. The chapter analyses the different meanings of the global and the international in three distinct periods: the years around the two world wars, 1960–1980s, and in twenty-first-century theorizations. Focusing on European and American perspectives, the chapter traces continuities and changes in international and global thinking and highlights some historical features of these locales that continue to shape our understanding of world politics today.
The Seven Years’ War
Authors: Schweizer Karl 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the pre-war reversal of alliances, culminating in the ‘Diplomatic Revolution’, the outbreak of hostilities in Europe and overseas, as well as the ensuing strategic, fiscal, and political dimensions of global conflict. Congruent with the Handbook’s key guiding precepts of granularity and modernity, the chapter also aims to illuminate the spatial dimensions of the Seven Years’ War, evolving within a transformative matrix blending human decision-making with key structural features of the international system including size, power distribution, alliance patterns, issues of territory, and dynastic rivalries among others. It further integrates the novel perspectives of international history, conflict research and world system analysis that encourage rethinking of the approaches to war generally.
Liberal Progressivism and International History
Authors: Ashworth Lucian M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Liberal internationalism is a complex cluster of ideas that, in the stream of time, weather and are redeposited in new forms. This chapter explores two moments of weathering and redepositing in the history of liberal internationalism. The first is the savaging of the classical liberal Bernard Bosanquet by his new liberal opponents during The First World War. The second, associated with the debates over postwar reconstruction in the early 1940s, sees the formation of two distinct forms of liberal internationalism exemplified by the 1943–44 writings of David Mitrany and F. A. Hayek. Both moments reveal how liberal internationalism confronted problems of industrial modernity, and how different thinkers took different lessons from their readings of their place in history. By taking a fine-grained analysis of these two intellectual moments, this chapter draws lessons for a wider, and coarser grained, history of liberal internationalism.