bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
51-OR: A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Study of BI 456906 in People with Overweight/Obesity
Authors: LE ROUX CAREL , STEEN OREN , LUCAS KATHRYN J. , STARTSEVA ELENA , UNSELD ANNA , HENNIGE ANITA M. 
Published: June 2023

Glucagon receptor (GCGR) agonism increases energy expenditure and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonism reduces energy intake; thus, dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonists, such as BI 456906, may be more effective at treating obesity than mono GLP-1R agonists. This dose-finding study tested efficacy and safety of BI 456906 in participants (pts) with overweight/obesity.
This double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled study (NCT04667377) randomised adults with BMI ≥27 kg/m2 to weekly subcutaneous BI 456906 (0.6, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8 mg) or PBO for 46 weeks (thereof 20-week (W) rapid, bi-weekly dose escalation; 26-W maintenance). Primary endpoint was bodyweight (BW) change (%) from baseline (BL) at W46. Secondary endpoints included proportion of pts reaching ≥5, ≥10 or ≥15% BW loss from BL at W46.
In total, 387 pts were randomised (treated set [TS], N=386; full analysis set [FAS], N=384; n≈77 per arm). At BL (FAS) mean age was 49.1 years, BW 105.7 kg and BMI 37.1 kg/m2; 31.8% of pts were male. BI 456906 therapeutic benefit vs PBO was shown by a non-flat dose response curve of BW change (%) from BL at W46. Mean BW reduced with dose over 46 weeks (FAS; 0.6 mg, −6.2%; 2.4 mg, −12.5%; 3.6 mg, −13.2%; 4.8 mg, −14.9%; vs PBO, −2.8%). At W46, BW loss (FAS) of ≥5, ≥10 and ≥15% was reached by 82.8%, 68.8% and 54.7% of 4.8 mg BI 456906 pts and 25.9%, 11.1% and 5.6% of PBO pts, respectively. Pts reaching and staying on 4.8 mg BI 456906 achieved BW loss of 18.7% at W46. Adverse events (AEs) were reported by 90.9% of BI 456906 pts (TS; 0.6 mg, 90.9%; 2.4 mg, 89.7%; 3.6 mg, 92.2%; 4.8 mg, 90.9%) and 75.3% of PBO pts, mainly gastrointestinal (TS; 0.6 mg, 57.1%; 2.4 mg, 85.9%; 3.6 mg, 75.3%; 4.8 mg, 81.8%; PBO, 41.6%); 24.6% of BI 456906 pts and 3.9% of PBO pts stopped treatment, mainly during dose escalation. Serious AE incidence was similar in BI 456906 and PBO pts (TS; 0.6 mg, 1.3%; 2.4 mg, 2.6%; 3.6 mg, 7.8%; 4.8 mg, 5.2%; vs PBO, 6.5%).
Over 46 weeks, BI 456906 showed substantial BW loss efficacy with no unexpected safety concerns.

Disclosure
C.Le roux: Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim Inc., Lilly, Herbalife International of America, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, GI Dynamics, Keyron Ltd. O.Steen: None. K.J.Lucas: None. E.Startseva: Employee; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. A.Unseld: None. A.M.Hennige: Employee; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH.

Funding
Zealand Pharma A/S; Boehringer Ingelheim
Mathematical modelling of metrological traceability chains
Authors: Velychko Oleh , Gordiyenko Tetyana 
Published: June 2023

Metrological traceability is a property of the measurement result and requires an established multi-level calibration hierarchy. The metrological traceability chain is established through the calibration hierarchy and is used to establish the metrological traceability of the measurement result. Approaches to the establishment of metrological traceability chains are based mainly on graphic images.
Special international guidelines and European recommendations on the measurement uncertainty are used to evaluate the measurement uncertainty during the calibration of measuring instruments. The measurement uncertainty necessarily increases along the calibration sequence and is different for different levels of the metrological traceability chain. The measurement uncertainty depends on measurement standards or measuring instruments used during calibration.
A mathematical model of the metrological traceability chain for different levels of the calibration hierarchy is proposed. This model includes, as components, such basic metrological characteristics for a certain level of the chain as the measurement range, measurement uncertainty, measuring instrument or measurement standard. As additional parameters for the metrological traceability chain, it is proposed to use data from the calibration certificate of the corresponding measuring instrument or measurement standard used at a certain level of the chain.
Recommendations regarding practical application of the developed mathematical model of the metrological traceability chain, which can be used for chains of any measurements, are proposed. They can be used to establish the required metrological characteristics for a certain level of the metrological traceability chain. Such a model and recommendations for its practical application can be used in national metrology institutes and calibration laboratories.
Implementation of NATO standards to improve the electromagnetic immunity and compatibility of equipment of the critical infrastructure objects
Authors: Neyezhmakov Pavel , Buriakovskyi Serhii , Vasylieva Olena , Velychko Volodymyr , Venislavskyi Fedir , Rudenko Serhii 
Published: June 2023

Ensuring that domestic technical equipment meets modern safety and reliability requirements in accordance with NATO standards is a pressing problem in Ukraine. Without metrological support for testing the electromagnetic compatibility and immunity to powerful electromagnetic fields of natural and artificial origin, it is impossible to ensure reliable and safe use of modern electronic, electroenergetics and electric equipment in critical infrastructure facilities.
The paper presents the metrological traceability paths of the state measurement standards in the field of electromagnetic measurements, established at the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, to the SI units. The results of the research on the measurement standard of the electromagnetic field strength unit in the frequency range from 0.01 MHz to 43 GHz (NDETU EM-05-2021), established at the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, are described. The connection of the NDETU EM-05-2021 measurement standard with the measurement standards of the power unit of electromagnetic oscillations in coaxial and waveguide transmission lines and the standard of AC electric voltage is demonstrated.
The lists of tests in accordance with the AESTR-500 standard, which are supported by the measurement standards of the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, and the equipment that can be calibrated by the national measurement standards are given. The examples of tests for electromagnetic compatibility carried out in the testing centre of the State Enterprise “Kharkivstandartmetrologiya” are provided.
Based on the results of the developed statistical models at the Research and Design Institute “Molniya” for predicting the vulnerability to electromagnetic effects of atmospheric phenomena on critical infrastructure facilities, the examples of the distribution of lines of the equal potential (in kilovolts) on the ground surface in the short circuit mode and the distributions of probability density of lightning strikes are presented. The distributions of the equal potential lines on the ground surface in the short-circuit mode of high-voltage substations are modelled based on calculations.
Road lighting and mesopic vision
Authors: Nazarenko Leonid , Didenko Olena 
Published: June 2023

Human beings perceive information from the environment by using their sense organs. Vision is believed to provide the most information. There are three categories of vision: scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vision. The activity of two types of light-sensitive receptors in the eye, cones and rods, is different for each category. Cones and rods have a unique ability to adapt to different levels of illumination. Adaptation is the ability of the human eye to adapt to changing lighting conditions. Thanks to this mechanism, the human visual system has the ability to operate in a very wide range of pupil illuminations, that is, at different adaptive levels. At very low adaptive levels, only the rods are active, and the vision is called scotopic. As adaptive levels increase, starting at 0.005 cd/m2, the rods become less active, meanwhile the cones become active, and then the vision is called mesopic. At adaptive levels above 5 cd/m2, only cones are active, and the vision becomes photopic. Cones and rods have different spectral sensitivities: rods are more sensitive to short wavelengths, while cones are most sensitive within the visible spectral range. Cones are concentrated mainly in the part of the retina of the eye that is used for direct (on-line) vision, while rods are localized only in the areas used for peripheral vision. As a result, in case of mesopic vision, the peripheral vision becomes better with light sources that have a relatively large component of short wavelengths. The same is true for the subjective perception of brightness. At low adaptation levels, more rods become active, and thus these benefits are greater at low illumination levels.
Since photometric units are based on photopic vision, these advantages are not obvious. Thus, the correction factors should be determined according to the spectrum of light sources, which is characterized by the S/P ratio, and the illumination levels of road lighting.
The International Commission on Illumination has prepared a standard (CIE 115:2010 Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic). The main goals of road lighting are to ensure visual performance, visual comfort and to keep drivers alert.
Metrological studies of a reference installation for reproducing the mass flow of humid air
Authors: Serediuk Orest , Malisevych Vitalii , Tkachuk Vitalii 
Published: June 2023

The relevance of the development and metrological studies of reference installations when working in a humid gas medium is considered. The concept of creating a reference installation for reproducing the mass flow of humid air is outlined. An algorithm for the operation of a reference installation has been developed, which provides for the generation of water vapour as a component of the gas flow. Based on the algorithm and operation features of a reference installation, a list of the considered type A uncertainties, which relate to the estimation of the air volume measured by a reference meter, duration of the control volume reproduction, mass of generated water vapour during the period of reproduction of the volume, and relative humidity of the ambient air, was formulated. Type B uncertainties are considered, which are determined by metrological characteristics of the used measuring equipment: reference gas meter, chronometer, hygrometer, manometer, thermometer, and instruments for measuring the mass of generated moisture. Algorithms for evaluating the standard uncertainty by using the standard reference data are given: pressure and density of saturated water vapours, and air density under standard conditions. The formula and algorithm for its metrological evaluation based on the uncertainty theory for determining the compressibility coefficient of the ambient air used during the operation of the installation, taking into account its relative humidity, are also presented. The expressions for evaluating the combined and extended uncertainties of the developed installation are given.
The developed model relates to the mass measurement of wet gas and allows assessing the influence of operating conditions of the installation on the indications of the mass flow measuring equipment of various operating principles, for example, thermo-anemometric, ultrasonic.
The developed metrological model can be used to estimate metrological characteristics of reference installations operating in different types of gaseous medium, including natural gas.
The evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of the thousand-seed weight in accredited testing laboratories
Authors: Samoilichenko Olha , Mokiichuk Valentyn 
Published: June 2023

The evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of the seed quality indicators is an integral part of testing in accredited testing laboratories. The thousand-seed weight is one of the essential indicators, the limit values of which are not standardized, but are taken into account when determining the cost of a lot of seeds or seeding rates.
The developed method for evaluating the measurement uncertainty of the thousand-seed weight by measuring two weights of 500 seeds is presented in the paper. According to the analysis of a basic calculation formula, the impact of correctness and accuracy on the measurement uncertainty was assessed. It was shown that the major measurement uncertainty components are uncertainties of weighting and repeatability. The repeatability is advisable to be evaluated by Type В using the limit of repeatability, if the national standard specifies the testing method. The authors have analysed the conditions when other components can be neglected. The uncertainty budget and an example of its calculation were received.
Property rights to others' property in the context of updating the civil legislation of Ukraine
Authors: Kossak V.M. , Ilkiv O.V. 
Published: June 2023

Ukraine has constitutionally established its European integration aspirations, and therefore ensuring effective and proper legal regulation of property rights to other people's property in the context of updating the civil legislation of Ukraine are important issues. Carrying out reforms in the context of European integration processes is intended to change and improve approaches to both the grounds for acquisition and termination of real property rights. Therefore, it is appropriate to identify trends in their development, taking into account proposals for their reform, since any significant change in this area will inevitably lead to a new quality of legal regulation of the studied relations. Regulation of property rights to other people's property should be carried out taking into account the impact on this sphere of legal relations of the "normative content" of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand.
It has been expressed in the article a position on certain aspects of the legal regulation of the acquisition of ownership by acquisitive prescription, servitude, emphyteussis, superficies, acquisition or preservation of property without sufficient legal grounds. The issue of proper legal regulation of forced termination of rem rights to property has become especially relevant in modern conditions. Therefore, special attention has been paid to requisition as a basis for terminating real property rights.
The author concluded that the departure from the concept of the absoluteness of property rights was dictated by the change and expansion of the list of property rights, which in the modern period cannot be considered closed. The Civil Code of Ukraine emphasizes that other property rights to other people's property may be established by law. Interpreting this provision, one can come to the conclusion that the list of property rights defined in Art. 395 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is established by law, and not by agreement of the participants in property relations.
Penalty for non-payment of alimony under the agreement of parents on child support
Authors: Mykhalniuk O. V. 
Published: June 2023

The article examines new approaches to the application of liability in case of non-payment of child support under the agreement of parents on the maintenance of their joint minor children. The legal nature and peculiarities of the child support agreement in the family law of Ukraine are investigated. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of determining the conditions of liability for non-payment of alimony, the form and amount of maintenance, performance and termination of the agreement, and recovery of penalties in case of arrears.
Based on the analysis of the provisions of the current family law of Ukraine, the author concludes that in accordance with the amendments to Part 1 of Article 196 of the Family Code of Ukraine, a penalty may be recovered if maintenance is provided on the basis of an alimony agreement and it does not expressly provide for liability for late performance of the obligations imposed on the parties, i.e. provision of maintenance. Thus, in accordance with part 1 of Article 196 of the Family Code of Ukraine, a penalty for non-payment of alimony may be collected both in the case of a court decision and in the case of an alimony agreement, even if the agreement does not contain any penalty provisions.
As regards the grounds for liability, the article proves that in case of breach of the alimony agreement, the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine governing civil law contracts with due regard for the specifics of family law regulation apply.
The author examines two components for the application of this liability:
- The debt arose from the payment of child support established by a court decision or by agreement between the parents (a notarised child support agreement under Part 1 of Article 189 of the Family Code of Ukraine);
- The existence of guilty actions of the person obliged to pay alimony by court decision or by agreement between the parents, which led to the debt.
In other words, if the debt arose due to circumstances beyond the control of the latter (illness, accountant's error, actual inability to make payments for other valid reasons), no penalty can be charged. At the same time, the form of the payer's fault (intent or negligence) does not matter to the court.
Aspects of ensuring the rights of shareholders in the process of activities of joint-stock companies
Authors: Bortsevych P.S. 
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of ensuring the rights of shareholders in the process of conducting contractual work by a joint-stock company. The article emphasizes that a joint-stock company can enter into various contracts to ensure the conduct of its business activities. Depending on the subject and price of the contract, as well as taking into account the conditions of concluding the contract, the legislator separately defines contracts that can be qualified as significant contracts and contracts with interest. The conclusion of the specified contracts by a joint-stock company, taking into account the essence of the concept of corporate rights, can directly affect the conditions for shareholders to exercise the right to receive dividends and/or part of the company's property in proportion to their share in the authorized capital during the liquidation of the joint-stock company. Therefore, it is an important issue to ensure the rights of shareholders in the process of concluding significant contracts and contracts with interests by joint-stock companies. The article analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine on the issue of contracts by joint-stock companies. It is noted that the norms of the new Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies", which entered into force on January 1, 2023, provide for a slightly new approach to the essence of the concepts of a significant contract and a contract with an interest and the procedure for their conclusion.
The article emphasizes that depending on such essential conditions as the subject of the contract and its price, some of the contracts should be classified as significant. As for the contract with an interest, the determining factor for such qualification is the person of the counterparty of such a company, which can be, for example, an official of the joint-stock company itself or another person who is related to an official of the company. Therefore, the provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine define the procedure for agreeing to conclude such contracts in order to prevent negative consequences that may occur when the joint-stock company fulfills its obligations under the specified contracts.
The conclusions emphasize the need for further improvement of the mechanism of application of the current legislation of Ukraine in practice to ensure reliable security of the joint-stock company and protection of shareholders' rights.
Accounting procedure for operations with cryptocurrency as a variety of virtual assets
Authors: Mogyl L.S. 
Published: June 2023

The article examines the procedure for accounting transactions with cryptocurrency as a special type of asset. Circulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine currently does not have proper legislative regulation, and the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" adopted in 2022 has not yet entered into force. There is no proper legal provision for accounting and taxation of transactions with cryptocurrency carried out by business entities taking into account the advantages of using a decentralized means of circulation. Solving the issue of proper accounting of cryptocurrency and operations with it will contribute to the unshadowing the economy and the receipt of taxes to the state budget.
It has been established that cryptocurrency can exhibit characteristics of goods, cash and their equivalents, financial instruments, investment real estate, intangible assets, shares, etc. With this in mind, the article analyzes permissible options for classifying cryptocurrency and operations with it to specific classes of accounting accounts based on international and national accounting regulations (standards).
The European practice of accounting for operations with cryptoassets is analyzed, which is based on two options for accounting for cryptocurrencies: as an intangible asset or as stocks. It was concluded that in the absence of a single methodical approach to the issues of proper accounting of cryptocurrency and operations with it, it is necessary to use international accounting standards and recommendations for accounting of cryptocurrency developed on their basis as an intangible assets (if it is held for sale in the everyday economic activity) or stocks (if held for the purpose of obtaining an investment profit from resale). The purpose of its use by the business entity should be the basis for selecting the recommended accounting options for cryptocurrency as a virtual asset.
Peculiarities of determining the burden of proof in economic litigation
Authors: Nikolenko L.M. 
Published: June 2023

The article examines the issue of determining the specifics of the burden of proof in economic litigation based on the analysis of legislation and judicial practice, including that of Great Britain, the United States, and the European Court of Human Rights.
An analysis of the concepts "duty of proof" and "burden of proof" was carried out, it was determined that the duty of proof means a measure of proper behavior, the violation of which may lead to the application of a measure of responsibility. At the same time, non-fulfillment of the burden of proof cannot be the basis for applying any sanctions, but leads to negative consequences in the form of recognition of a certain circumstance as unproven and the participant in the case receiving a negative court decision.
It has been proven that in the conditions of the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to European and unification of terminology, it is more successful to use the concept of "burden of proof" in Ukrainian legislation.
It is noted that an important element of the competitiveness of the process is the standards of proof - special rules that the court should be guided by when deciding the case. These rules make it possible to assess how well the parties fulfilled the requirements regarding the burden of proof and how well they were able to convince the court of their position, which makes the evaluation of the evidence reasonable.
The essence and features of the standard of proof are defined, taking into account the principle of the probability of evidence. The features and types of the standard of proof, the burden of proof in the countries of the Anglo-American legal system are characterized.
The process of proof is analyzed and the concept of "disclosure of evidence" is distinguished, which means the duty of each person participating in the case to disclose the evidence, which he refers to as the basis of his claims and objections, to other persons - participants in the case, before the beginning court session