bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and specificity in signal detection with the reporting odds ratio and the information component
Authors: Trillenberg Peter , Sprenger Andreas , Machner Björn 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPurposeAs measures of association between an adverse drug reaction (ADR) and exposure to a drug the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the information component (IC) can be used. We sought to test the reliability of signal detection with these.MethodsWe simulated ADR counts as binomially distributed random numbers for different expected ADR frequencies and theoretical reporting odds ratios (RORs). We then calculated the empirical IC and the empirical ROR and their confidence intervals. The rate of signals that was detected despite a theoretical ROR of 1 represented the false positive rate, and represented the sensitivity if the ROR was >1.ResultsFor expected case counts below 1 the false positive rate oscillates from 0.01 to 0.1 even though 0.025 were intended. Even beyond expected case counts of 5 oscillations can cover a range of 0.018 to 0.035. The first n oscillations with the largest amplitude are eliminated if a minimum case count of n is required. To detect an ROR of 2 with a sensitivity of 0.8, a minimum of 12 expected ADRs are required. In contrast, 2 expected ADRs suffice to detect an ROR of 4.ConclusionSummaries of measures for disproportionality should include the expected number of cases in the group of interest if a signal was detected. If no signal was detected the sensitivity for the detection of a representative ROR or the minimum ROR that could be detected with probability 0.8 should be reported.
A novel brick for bispecific antibody construction
Authors: He Yan , Ma Haili , Wang Cong , Ai Zhilong , Wu Qiao , Chen Hongyan , Lu Daru 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn recent years, the development of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has become a major trend in the biopharmaceutical industry. By simultaneously engaging two molecular targets, bsAbs have exhibited unique mechanisms of action that could lead to clinical benefits unattainable by conventional monoclonal antibodies. The type of structure used to construct a bsAb directly influences the distance, angle, degree of freedom, and affinity between the two antibody binding sites and the interaction between the two antigens or the cells where the antigens are located, which have been bound by the antibody. Consequently, the structure of the bsAb is one of the most vital factors affecting its function. Herein, we reported for the first time a novel basic module bsAb format, VFV (Variable domain‐Fab‐Variable domain). And then, the feasibility of the VFV format was demonstrated by constructing a series of engager‐like basic module bsAbs. Next, a series of VFV bsAbs containing Fc (VFV‐Ig), Fab (VFV‐Fab), or Hinge (VFV‐Hinge) were developed based on Hxb module, and all of them had adequate purity and activity. Finally, a T cell engager bsAb with the potential to overcome on‐target off‐tumor activity was constructed according to the structural characteristics of VFV, which validated that the VFV module can be used as a new brick for the construction of various bsAbs. In a word, the successful construction of this bsAb format for the first time not only enriches the arsenal of the bsAb format, but also provides inspiration for the construction of new bsAbs. Nevertheless, we are fully aware that as a proof‐of‐concept study, this paper has many shortcomings, and there is still a lot of work to be done to determine whether VFV can serve as a platform for drug development.
Effects of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles on German cockroach development, indoxacarb resistance, and bacterial load
Authors: Zha Chen , Turner Matthew , Ray Ritesh , Liang Dangsheng , Pietri Jose E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is a ubiquitous and medically significant urban pest. The ongoing development of insecticide resistance in global populations of B. germanica has complicated control efforts and created a need for improved tools. We previously reported that disruption of the gut microbiota by oral administration of the antimicrobial doxycycline reduced resistance in an indoxacarb resistant field strain and also delayed nymphal development and reduced adult fecundity. However, the application of doxycycline for cockroach control in the field is impractical. Here, we sought to determine whether two metal nanoparticles with known antimicrobial properties, copper (Cu) and zinc oxide (ZnO), have similar effects to doxycycline on the physiology of B. germanica and could provide more practical alternatives for control.RESULTSWe found that dietary exposure to 0.1% Cu nanoparticles, but not ZnO, significantly delays the development of nymphs into adults. However, neither of the nanoparticles altered the fecundity of females, and ZnO surprisingly increased resistance to indoxacarb in a resistant field strain, in contrast to doxycycline. Semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) further revealed that prolonged dietary exposure (14 days) to Cu or ZnO nanoparticles at the low concentration readily consumed by cockroaches (0.1%) does not reduce the load of the bacterial microbiota, suggesting alternative mechanisms behind their observed effects.CONCLUSIONSTogether, our results indicate that ingestion of Cu nanoparticles can impact German cockroach development through an undetermined mechanism that does not involve reducing the overall load of the bacterial microbiota. Therefore, Cu may have some applications in cockroach control as a result of this activity but antagonistic effects on insecticide resistance should be considered when evaluating the potential of nanoparticles for cockroach control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nicotine‐mediated dopamine regulates short neuropeptide F to inhibit brown planthopper feeding behavior in tobacco‐rice rotation cropping
Authors: Yuan Longyu , Liang Qichang , Li Yanfang , Dai Yangsuo , Shen Jianmei , Hu Liming , Xiao Hanxiang , Zhang Zhenfei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe tobacco‐rice rotation cropping (TRRC) is an ecologically friendly system that can both alleviate soil nicotine pollution and decrease the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) fitness on rice. However, few studies on this green and effective rotational cropping system have been reported. In particular, the underlying mechanisms of TRRC on the significant reduction of field pest population at the molecular level is still unknown.RESULTSField investigation showed that BPH population decreased significantly in TRRC than in rice‐rice successive cropping (RRSC) field. In addition, the short neuropeptide F (NlsNPF) and its receptor NlA7 of BPH had half‐times lower levels in the TRRC field. Behavioral bioassay indicated a 1.93‐fold increase in the number of salivary flanges of the dsNlsNPF group, while BPH fitness parameters, such as honeydew, weight gain, and mortality decreased significantly. Dopamine (DA) content in BPH decreased by ~11.1% under the influence of nicotine, and its presence increased the expression levels of NlsNPF and NlA7. Exogenous DA application eliminated the inhibitory effects of nicotine on BPH feeding and restored the fitness levels of its parameters. Independent application of either a mixture of dsNlsNPF with a nanocarrier or nicotine to the normal rice field revealed that the latter could produce better effects in combination with dsRNA.CONCLUSIONThese findings confirmed that DA regulated NlsNPF to inhibit the BPH feeding behavior in TRRC. The results not only provided novel findings on the mechanism of pest‐host interactions, but also presented new method for integrated pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Fungicidal activity of novel quinazolin‐6‐ylcarboxylates and mode of action on Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Xu Jialin , Yan Dongmei , Chen Yongjun , Cai Danni , Huang Fengcheng , Zhu Lisong , Zhang Xianfei , Luan Shaorong , Xiao Ciying , Huang Qingchun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDFungal diseases remain important causes of crop failure and economic losses. As the resistance toward current selective fungicides becomes increasingly problematic, it is necessary to develop efficient fungicides with novel chemotypes.RESULTSA series of novel quinazolin‐6‐ylcarboxylates which combined the structures of pyridine or heterocyclic motif and the N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)quinazolin‐4‐amine moiety, a binding group of ATP‐binding site of gefitinib, were evaluated for their fungicidal activity on different phytopathogenic fungi. Most of these compounds showed excellent fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea and Exserohilum rostratum, especially compound F17 displayed the highest activity with EC50 values as 3.79 μg mL−1 against B. cinerea and 2.90 μg mL−1 against E. rostratum, which was similar to or even better than those of the commercial fungicides, such as pyraclostrobin (EC50, 3.68, 17.38 μg mL−1) and hymexazol (EC50, 4.56, 2.13 μg mL−1). Moreover, compound F17 significantly arrested the lesion expansion of B. cinerea infection on tomato detached leaves and strongly suppressed grey mold disease on tomato seedlings in greenhouse. The abilities of compound F17 to induce cell apoptosis of the non‐germinated spores, to limit oxalic acid production, to reduce malate dehydrogenase (MDH) expression, and to block the active pocket of MDH protein were demonstrated in B. cinerea.CONCLUSIONThe novel quinazolin‐6‐ylcarboxylates containing ATP‐binding site‐directed moiety, especially compound F17, could be developed as a potential fungicidal candidate for further study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
A push–pull strategy to suppress stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) attacks on pasture cattle via a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and traps with m‐cresol lures
Authors: Lehmann Alexander T. , Brewer Gary J. , Boxler David J. , Zhu Junwei J. , Hanford Kathryn , Taylor David , Kenar James A. , Cermak Steven C. , Hogsette Jerome A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDStable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] are economically important pests of cattle and other livestock. As an alternative to conventional insecticides, we tested a push–pull management strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and an attractant‐added stable fly trap.RESULTSIn our field trials we found that weekly applications of a push–pull strategy can reduce stable fly populations on cattle as well as a standard insecticide (permethrin). We also found that the efficacy periods of the push–pull and permethrin treatments following on‐animal application were equivalent. Traps with an attractant lure used as the pull component of the push–pull strategy captured sufficient numbers of stable flies to reduce on‐animal numbers by an estimated 17–21%.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first proof‐of‐concept field trial demonstrating the effectiveness of a push–pull strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid‐based repellent formulation and traps with an attractant lure to manage stable flies on pasture cattle. Also notable is that the push–pull strategy had an efficacy period equivalent to that of a standard, conventional insecticide under field conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Dimensionality of Morphological Knowledge—Evidence from Norwegian Third Graders
Authors: Kristensen Jarl K. , Andersson Björn , Bratlie Siri S. , Torkildsen Janne V. K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the dimensionality of morphological knowledge by examining different sources of variance. According to the Morphological Pathways Framework (Levesque et al., Journal of Research in Reading, 44, 10–26, 2021), morphological awareness, morphological analysis and morphological decoding are related, but distinct dimensions of morphological knowledge. However, multidimensionality might also stem from construct‐irrelevant variance due to methodological artifacts. We assessed 612 Norwegian third graders on five measures of morphological knowledge and one measure of general vocabulary. Fitting a series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models, we evaluated the dimensionality of morphological knowledge both within and across the five tests. Furthermore, we fitted three structural equation models (SEMs) to explore how different conceptualizations affect the relationship between morphological knowledge and general vocabulary: a five‐factor model, a bifactor model, and a higher‐order model representing morphological awareness, morphological analysis and morphological decoding. CFAs supported a multidimensional view of morphological knowledge and highlighted the need to account for construct‐irrelevant variance. SEM analyses further illustrated that construct‐irrelevant variance introduces a confounding element to the relations between morphological knowledge and vocabulary in the test‐specific five‐factor model, as only the bifactor and higher‐order models separate between construct‐relevant variance and variance due to methodological artifacts. The bifactor model is useful for separating sources of variance, especially during test development. For research purposes, however, we recommend conceptualizing morphological knowledge in line with Levesque et al., Journal of Research in Reading, 44, 10–26, 2021, to increase knowledge of morphological dimensions and their relations to other areas of literacy.
Accessing human capital resources for entrepreneurial endeavors through social networks: The implications of strong tie superiority, social media, and heterogeneous human capital
Authors: Chen Mo , Angus Ryan W. , Herrick Heidi N. , Barney Jay B. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractResearch SummaryThis paper uses formal modeling and simulation to develop a more robust theory of how entrepreneurs gain access to human capital resources through their strong and weak social network ties. Whereas prior work focuses on the informational context in which an endeavor operates (i.e., is it risky or uncertain), the models developed in this paper introduce untested assumptions implicit in prior work regarding strong tie superiority, the effects of social media, and human capital heterogeneity. Through a series of simulation analyses, the paper explores a broad range of values for these alternative assumptions and identifies the conditions under which strong and weak ties are the most likely source of human capital for entrepreneurial endeavors.Managerial SummaryEntrepreneurs often need to enlist the support of others to achieve their objectives. This paper develops a better understanding of how entrepreneurs can access the human capital their endeavors require through their social network ties. The paper explores a broad range of conditions to identify when an entrepreneur's strong social network ties are the most likely source of human capital—and when the entrepreneur's weak ties are the most likely source. This paper challenges the assumption that strong ties have an inherent advantage over weak ties in entrepreneurial settings, investigates the impact of social media networks, and highlights the challenges entrepreneurs face when attempting to enlist the support of individuals with different types of human capital.
Hourglass‐Shaped Nanocages with Concaved Structures Based on Selective Self‐Complementary Coordination Ligands and Tunable Hierarchical Self‐Assembly
Authors: Xu Yaping , Zhang Haixin , Su Haoyue , Ma Jianjun , Yu Hao , Li Kehuan , Shi Junjuan , Hao Xin‐Qi , Wang Kun , Song Bo , Wang Ming 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) structures constructed via coordination‐driven self‐assemblies have recently garnered increasing attention due to the challenges in structural design and potential applications. In particular, developing new strategy for the convenient and precise self‐assemblies of 3D supramolecular structures is of utmost interest. Introducing the concept of self‐coordination ligands, herein the design and synthesis of two meta‐modified terpyridyl ligands with selective self‐complementary coordination moiety are reported and their capability to assemble into two hourglass‐shaped nanocages SA and SB is demonstrated. Within these 3D structures, the meta‐modified terpyridyl unit preferably coordinates with itself to serve as concave part. By changing the arm length of the ligands, hexamer (SA) and tetramer (SB) are obtained respectively. In‐depth studies on the assembly mechanism of SA and SB indicate that the dimers could be formed first via self‐complementary coordination and play crucial roles in controlling the final structures. Moreover, both SA and SB can go through hierarchical self‐assemblies in solution as well as on solid–liquid interface, which are characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is further demonstrated that various higher‐order assembly structures can be achieved by tuning the environmental conditions.
The Origin of Left-Handed Poly[d(G-C)]
Authors: Jovin Thomas M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe discovery of a reversible transition in the helical sense of a double-helical DNA was initiated by the first synthesis in 1967 of the alternating sequence poly[d(G-C)]. In 1968, exposure to high salt concentration led to a cooperative isomerization of the double helix manifested by an inversion in the CD spectrum in the 240–310 nm range and in an altered absorption spectrum. The tentative interpretation, reported in 1970 and then in detailed form in a 1972 publication by Pohl and Jovin, was that the conventional right-handed B-DNA structure (R) of poly[d(G-C)] transforms at high salt concentration into a novel, alternative left-handed (L) conformation. The historical course of this development and its aftermath, culminating in the first crystal structure of left-handed Z-DNA in 1979, is described in detail. The research conducted by Pohl and Jovin after 1979 is summarized, ending with an assessment of “unfinished business”: condensed Z*-DNA; topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) as an allosteric ZBP (Z-DNA-binding protein); B–Z transitions of phosphorothioate-modified DNAs; and parallel-stranded poly[d(G-A)], a double helix with high stability under physiological conditions and potentially also left-handed.
Representing Children
Authors: Josefsson Jonathan , Sandin Bengt , Hanson Karl , Balagopalan Sarada 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn this introductory chapter we situate children’s rights and representation in a context of childhood politics. The question of children’s representation is particularly timely in today’s world not only because of demographic shifts and the increase of the generation under 18 years of age but also because of the global challenges we face. Despite making up half of the world’s population, children and youth have in many respects been denied the capacity to represent their interests, particularly on matters of political import. However, it is clear that young people in many contexts have been understood as either competent contributors to politics with a legitimate claim to represent themselves, or in other cases, have been regarded as posing a considerable risk to society and stability. In the chapter we start by outlining three key elements of children’s representation. Firstly, we suggest that children’s representation consists of how children as a group, or the child and childhood as a figure, is portrayed or described. Second, children’s representation involves speaking or acting on behalf of children or children’s state of being so represented and [Author1] thus involves a performative act. Thirdly, children’s representation is an act of, and the result of, politics and political struggles around childhood. In the following sections we present and discuss the contributions of the volume in relation to the main themes of the book; Childhood politics: from rights and participation to representation, children’s representation and the international politics of children’s rights, and, children’s representation in times of inequalities and injustices.
Combatting Child Poverty in the Childhood Moratorium: A Representational Lens on Children’s Rights
Authors: Reynaert Didier , Formesyn Nicole , Roets Griet , Roose Rudi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe focus on ‘child poverty’ in policy, practice and academia (in industrialized countries) has increased significantly in recent years. This is in large part due to the increasing number of children growing up in poverty. Child poverty is generally considered as a violation of children’s rights, as they are recognized in the Convention on the Rights. In this chapter we discuss the issue of ‘child poverty’ in relation to children’s rights, relying on the work of Nancy Fraser. Fraser developed an understanding of social justice as ‘parity of participation’ that consists of three domains: redistribution, recognition and representation. In this contribution, we suggest that children in poverty are represented differently compared to their parents in poverty in claims for social justice. For children, demands for combatting child poverty appear within the ‘childhood moratorium’. The childhood moratorium can be considered as a separate and exclusive domain for children with social provisions such as the school, youth work and youth care. In this childhood moratorium, children are represented as the ‘victim of poverty’ and are thought of as the ‘deserving poor’. Consequently, investing in child care and education, for instance, is widely regarded as the best way to combat child poverty. In contrast, parents are represented as the ‘undeserving poor’, responsible for their own poverty situation and the poverty situation of their children. Therefore, activating measures are set up to compel parents to take responsibility. The distinction between the way in which children and parents are represented needs to be understood from a particular interpretation of children’s rights. Despite the fact that a child rights-based approach is set forward as an important frame of reference to combat child poverty, different interpretations can exist of such an approach, resulting in different ideas on the representation of children and parents. Based on in-depth interviews with 30 families living in poverty, we argue that a segregated approach of the representation of children and parents in poverty can be considered as a problem of ‘misrepresentation’. This injustice can have a negative impact on realizing children’s rights for children living in poverty. This is so because such an approach narrows thesocialproblem of poverty down to aneducationalproblem. Opposite to that is an approach of child poverty from a children’s rights perspective that connects both representational claims of children with representational claims of parents.
Child Figurations in Youth Climate Justice Activism: The Visual Rhetoric of the Fridays for Future on Instagram
Authors: Buhre Frida 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how contemporary children and youth climate activists utilize or challenge dominant childhood figurations in climate change discourses. Through digital participant observation, I study the global online participatory culture of Fridays for Future communities on Instagram. What forms of visual rhetoric do grassroots activists use to gain visibility and what forms of childhood political subjectivities are represented? The analysis shows that the activists use various strategies to create visually dramatic images, ranging from humor to competence, from anger to joy, and from mass-demonstrations to artistically creative small-scale strikes. The chapter argues that such visual rhetoric is embedded with certain figurations for the children and youth activists such as (1) the child speaking truth to power, (2) the global mass of children and youth, (3) the competent and responsible children and youth, and (4) the humor and creativity of activism. I suggest that these figurations both make use of adultist perceptions of children and youth for strategic purposes and that they also challenge passive and futurist figurations of children in climate discourse by emphasizing the present power of children and youth.