bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le taux de croissance et le degré d'oligopole
Authors: Marris R. L. 
Published: August 2023

The rate of growth and the degree of oligopoly.
Recent developments in the theory of growth place emphasis on the role of distribution but often the latter is used either as an exogenous variable in growth models or inversely. This may be because the behaviouristic characteristics of capitalist systems are not sufficiently expliciled. The present article deals with the determinants of the rale of growth in developed capitalist economies where investment decisions differ from decisions regarding thrift and from factors determining profits. A growth model is built for such an economy and the risks of stagnation in such a model evaluated.
La part des phénomènes monétaires dans le modèle de Keynes et dans les modèles de comptabilité économique
Authors: Denizet Jean 
Published: August 2023

Monetary phenomena in the keynesian and in national accounting models
The shortcomings of keynesian economics in the field of monetary theory reduces the usefulness of national accounting systems, built upon keynesian principles, for economic policy. The first part of the article analyses the nature of money and the characteristics of the supply of and demand for money in a system containing only bank money. Only a careful definition of these concepts can render possible an analysis of the role of monetary phenomena in short term fluctuations. This analysis, which constitutes the second part of the article, itself prepares the way for an examination of the different ways in which an influence may be exerted by the authorities on the banking structure itself and on the behaviour of economic units as regards money.
Croissance balancée ou non balancée ?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: August 2023

Growth-balanced or unbalanced
A conflict exists in the choice between economic interdependence, which favours balanced growth, and economies of scale, which call for concentrated growth. Economic doctrines have tended, in the past, with the exception of the work of List, to stress the advantages of comparative costs and, therefore, of concentrated growth. The growth of the British economy in the 19th century followed these lines. But the international setting today makes such concentrated, or unbalanced growth very risky. Nevertheless, balanced growth entails often a sacrifice of extra production and, for small countries, may even be impossible.
In practice, each country must choose the path of development which seems best suited to its situation. But the economist should be aware, when making policy recomendalions, of the existence of this choice.
Possibilisme et pôles de croissance : phénomènes de prestige et de propagation dans le cadre de l'industrialisation néerlandaise
Authors: Paelinck Jean 
Published: August 2023

Growth pole potentials : prestige and prop a gation phenomena in dutch industrialization
After the war, the Netherlands faced an urgent task not only of reconstruction but, also, of industrialization in order to provide for the rapid natural increase in the population. The only positive factor likely to favour economic growth was the increase in the labour force. Other factors exercised a brake on the process of industrialization. They were essentially : lack of skilled labour ; social resistances ; financing problems.
In concrete terms, it was decided to select 9 regions for development chosen according to a multiple criteria test. Nevertheless, the demographic factor, both as regards unemployment and relative population densities, seems to have been high in the planning authorities' priorities. The next step was to seek the reasons why the selected regions had not been developed before. Among the various locational gaps thus discovered, the transport aspect was predominant.
The technical conditions necessary for the creation of industrial centres in these regions were not sufficient alone. The success of the undertaking required the full collaboration of the population and of its elected representatives. This result was attained, in part, through an expert use of information media and specialized documentation centres. This aspect of Dutch industrialization was particularly important as the planning system deliberately left a great deal of initiative to private enterprise and local authorities.
Après le succès du capitalisme. Où allons-nous ?
Authors: Heimann Edouard 
Published: August 2023

After the success of capitalism — what next ?
The success of capitalism in the field of material progress cannot be denied. The age-long struggle of man against the forces of hunger and illness has been solved in the most developed countries of the world, and in particular in the United States. This has been accomplished in spite of or, rather, because of the increasing concentration of economic power in that country which renders accumulation and rapid technical progress possible.
The spirit of capitalism is the search for maximum efficiency. But this implies a violation of fundamental human needs of a non-economic character. Yet recent experience shows that the capitalist system has to admit certain other considerations, such as a social minimum and the control of economic fluctuations, which are not compatible in all respects with the principle of maximum efficiency. As a result, the present system is no longer capitalistic because it does not represent a hierarchy of social classes but a unified system with a universal style and a high level of social mobility.
Modern technological developments tend, however, to increase the alienation of man and the divorce between work and the other aspects of life. The result of modern industrial structures is to create an imperious need for expansion at all cost. It thus happens that, in the United States, felt needs increase loo slowly compared with solvable ones and selling costs become increasingly important. One solution would be to absorb surplus production in defense expenditure. Another would consist in international transfers of purchasing power. Finally, a modificalion of the structures of demand could lead to a richer life for all than at present.
Quelques aspects économiques et sociaux de la planification dans les pays sous-développés
Authors: Mouly Jean 
Published: August 2023

Some economic and social aspects of planning in underdeveloped countries
The author defines underdevelopment as an insufficiency of capital relative to the natural resources exploitable by the population in the present state of technical development. The fundamental problem of such countries is the low capital /labour coefficient.
Two extreme policies can be envisayed : dilution of capital (spreading it as widely as possible), and concentration of capital (creating high capital intensity in particular areas). It is argued that both these policies are compatible with full employment. The true choice is one of period : immediate but not very productive full employment or productive full employment at a later dale.
The first type of policy would seem to be supported by the marginal principle, but the author advances a number of arguments for the view that marginalism is an unsatisfactory guide in such a context. Also, the apparent evidence of history in some less developed countries, which have had centres of capital intensity in petrol or mining but have nevertheless failed to develop generally, is misleading as a guide to the future because of the «colonial» character of the investment concerned.
Developed economies have not grown through simultaneous marginal») progress on many fronts, but have evolved around «centres of growth» (high capital intensity), and this is the relevant historical parallel. The need is to create such centres of growth at carefully specified points (which will often be centres of heavy industry ) in less developed countries.
The process of industrialisation brings material benefits, but the price of growth in «human costs» must also be considered. Such costs are not easy to assess precisely against the benefits of economic development ; the final part of the article comments upon their nature and possible importance.
Une technique statistique et analytique d'analyse régionale : description et projection
Authors: Dunn Edgar Streeter 
Published: August 2023

A statistical and analytical technique for regional analysis description and projection
The paper presents a new statistical and analytical technique for understanding the development of regions within the framework of national development. The basic element of this technique is the computation of geographical shifts in economic activity ; the method used requires the comparison of actual increments of employment in any region with a standard (national ) increment. This method is argued to be superior to the simple computation of percentage gains in employment by regions.
In the latter part of the paper, the technique is used to set out and discuss the regional shifts that have taken place in the United States between 1939 and 1954. A final section discusses the flexibility of the technique and its possible use for deeper analysis and for projection.
Commentaire à l'exposé de M. E. S. Dunn sur une méthode statistique et analytique d'analyse régionale - Présentation mathématique de la méthode
Authors: Rosenfeld F. 
Published: August 2023

A comment on Mr. Dunn's article
This mathematical comment on Mr. Dunn’s article argues that the use of the term proportional effect to mean the difference between his «net shifts» obtained globally, and those obtained by a sectoral breakdown, is unsatisfactory, and suggests an alternative formulation.
La théorie de la firme socialiste
Authors: Balassa Bela Alexander 
Published: August 2023

The theory of the socialist firm
The paper presents a theory of the socialist firm based on the maximisation of bonuses by the managers of enterprises , and applies the theory to the experience of the Hungarian economy.
Section I offers some general qualifications and observations (dealing with such matters as the importance of non-economic motives), and describes the premium conditions (based on the fulfilment of the production plan) existing in Hungary. The following section gives an analysis of the economics of bonus maximisation, beginning with a firm with two factors and one product, and proceeding to a more sophisticated situation with n inputs and n products.
The third part of the paper relates the earlier discussion to bonus maximisation in practice in the Hungarian case, and to the results of such maximisation for the behaviour of the firm. A final section summarizes the author's conclusions as to the effects of bonus maximisation on efficiency.
Les formes de la concurrence et la dispersion des salaires
Authors: Niveau Maurice 
Published: August 2023

Market forms and wage differences
Studies of the wage-structures of different countries have suggested two apparently contradictory conclusions : that wage-differences are important, and that in particular market conditions there is a long-period tendency towards equalisation of wages.
The purpose of the article is to examine the nature and extent of the influence of the conditions of competition in the markets for labour and for products upon wage-dispersion or equalisation.
An exposition and commentary upon the Marshallian marginalisl theory of wage-determination is used to provide the background for more detailed examination of the actual characteristics of labour and product markets, and of their consequences.
The effects of the structure of the labour market are considered in terms of the nature and degree of competition in that market, in terms of the supply of labour and the multiplicity of labour markets, and in terms of the relation between trade-union policies and the character of the market for labour. This leads to consideration of the mechanics of wage-determination, and its •effects on dispersion ; the importance of Union action and of the role of the State to the supply of labour are examined, and a further section considers «wage leadership» as a factor making for wage-equalisation.
The second part of the paper considers the influence of the level of economic activity on the labour market and the «spread » of wages. Cyclical fluctuations and economic development are distinguished and the significance of each for wage disparities is assessed.
Planification nationale et planification régionale
Authors: Della Porta G. 
Published: August 2023

Instead of national planning, one should me for Italy the expression : development policy. The «Vannoni plan » which does not quite deserve that name, contains a governemental program of quantitative intervention in various sectors of the Economy and a qualitative method for directing private activity into chosen channels.
In this article, the author first describes the Vannoni plan, a rather loose indicative program that can be easily modified at any time. In short, a plan built on the French planning model. Then the author deals with the different methods of regional planning used in Italy and how these plans are linked to a national development policy. He concludes by stressing the necessary improvement to be made, in order to draw out of the many regional planning systems, now in use in Italy, a single and rational system of regional planning, that could both, be used everywhere, and be closely linked to a national planning system.
La Planification régionale en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Brenikov P. 
Published: August 2023

The article discusses the development and character of regional planning in Britain , beginning from the paradox that Britain now has one of the most impressive codes of planning legislation in the world , but has no provision for statutory planning at the regional or national level.
The author argues that the need for regional as distinct from local plans is firmly established. What is needed is a framework for drawing local plans together , and British planners are belter equipped than ever before to deal with problems at a regional level. But there remain strong suspicions of the regional concepts , and consequent difficulties in obtaining central and local government support for the kind of planning that the author believes to be required.
La Planification nationale et régionale en Italie
Authors: Della Porta G. 
Published: August 2023

The quick technical change that has occured in the last twenty years, ha» also raised a few problems in the economic field. And if Economics do not provide a quick and ready answer to these new problems some people will speak of a crisis of Economics as a Science. In order to solve these problems one must realize that Economics is no longer what they used to be «The Science of riches » but has gradually changed into «the Science of choices ».
In his article, the author shows why planning has become necessary and how it can help economic development. As the Economy does not grow everywhere at the same pace it is necessary to work out a regional planning system to supply the national planning system with the necessary information on regional discrepancies in the economic and also the psycho-social field.
In brief, when used together national an regional planning are permitting a much more efficient economic policy as they help to rule out economic fluctuations.
De la concurrence
Authors: Bouchard Maurice 
Published: August 2023

On competition
Competition has remained an ill defined notion and what was true in Cournot’s time : «Economics have brought no improvement whatever to trivial notions about competition... » is still true to-day. The purpose of this article is first, to find a belter explanation for competition on a homogenous market than the one given by classical theory.
In order to find a belter explanation for homogenous competition, the author has tried to find a theoretical way of measuring competition and in doing so to improve our knowledge about the conditions of pure competition. Then the author is criticizing the classical theory of pure competition and tries to prove that pure competition can be realized in oligopoly.
The second part of this article contains a close study of E. H. Chamberlin’s work.
In his conclusion the author stresses the point that it is necessary to choose between a mechanical and an economic notion of competition.
Remarque sur l'introduction de la notion de progrès technique dans la science économique
Authors: Fourastié Jean 
Published: August 2023

Some Remarks on the Introduction of the Notion of Technical Progress into the Science of Economics
The author argues that economic science has so far accepted only those parts of the theory of technical progress that do not demand a profound revision of classical conceptions. Despite the progress of the last ten years, the essentials of the theory of technical progress thus remain outside economic thought, because of the profound revision that their incorporation would require.
Present attitudes do not suggest that such a revision must remain out of the question, however, and technical progress is not the only new consideration — though it is an important one — with a claim to consideration.
Conditions de l'innovation industrielle
Authors: Williams B. R. 
Published: August 2023

The Conditions of Industrial Innovations
When considering the application of science to industry, Schumpeter’s distinction between invention and innovation is crucial. The application of an invention to the actual processes of production requires a lengthy and expensive period of development. Of course, not all inventions lead to innovation. Only a small proportion of scientific or engineering ideas thought worthy of further industrial research survive that test, and only a proportion of the ideas taken for development are actually embodied in new processes and new products.
Over a large section of industry, efforts are made to organise innovation, and to make it a normal and not a random event.
Inducing innovation requires much more than employing qualified scientists and technologists in research and development departments, it also requires a good supply of scientists in production and selling departments.
This leads the author to examine the economic aspects of innovation.
In his conclusion the author gives a summary of the conditions of rapid innovation :
1. The opportunities to innovate.
2. The capacity to innovate.
3. The pressure to innovate.
Recherche militaire et économie
Authors: Guérin Jean-Maurice 
Published: August 2023

Military Research and Economy
The article discusses the characteristics of military research, and suggests that such research enriches the country that undertakes it, not only because high-quality armaments are a valuable export, but because of the perpetual acquisition of knowledge, that derives from military research and armament manufacture and could not easily be otherwise obtained.
Such research is also argued to be economically valuable at the international level ; although it is only possible for an advanced economy, once it exists it helps keep that economy competitive.
Stratégie de la propagation de l'information technique dans les milieux agricoles
Authors: Estrangin Louis 
Published: August 2023

Strategies for the Propagation of Technical Information in the Agricultural Sector
The transmission of information presents very different problems in an agricultural sector, with numerous and often very small firms, from those encountered in an industrial sector characterised by large firms.
The author examines the particular nature of agricultural activity and the characteristics of agricultural entrepreneurship. On this basis, he discusses the nature and problems of communication in the French agricultural sector, and the importance therein of the activities of professional bodies.
The article concludes that new sources of information about innovation, etc., are developing, and that the professional bodies have and will continue to have an important part to play in this regard. Rut a family-type agriculture labours under severe handicaps from this point of view : every effort must be made to overcome these, particularly with the prospect of a European market for agriculture before the end of the century.
Ordre social, monnaie et régulation
Authors: Parguez Alain 
Published: August 2023

Hayek conclut sa théorie du capital en dénonçant les thèses scandaleuses qui forment le cœur de l’économie keynésienne. Pour la science classique dont Hayek est l’aboutissement, Keynes est non récupérable. La réflexion moderne sur la théorie des ménages et des réseaux et les équilibres non-walrasiens explique la condamnation, elle conclut à l’acquitement de Keynes ! Hayek raisonne selon le modèle du Parasite. La société naturelle admet un Ordre, forme la plus englobante de l’équilibre, qui se révèle par trois lois. La loi d’austérité croissante, la loi de l’offre et de la demande, la loi du marché. Cet ordre demeure aussi longtemps que la société est contrôlée par un système de mesures objectives qui reflète la rareté absolue de la forme première de la valeur, le capital-argent, l’or.
La monnaie de crédit apparaît comme une négation du circuit de l’or. C’est un corps étranger à la société, un parasite, introduit par une coalition — l’Etat et la Banque — pour substituer la régulation par le plan à la régulation par le marché. Le plan abolit le système de mesures objectives, il émet de faux messages, il crée l’inflation, il nie l’Ordre. Contradiction, car ou bien la monnaie moderne est parasite, mais alors il faut attribuer aux agents un comportement aberrant, ou bien on leur reconnaît une rationalité minimale, mais la monnaie n’est plus parasite.
Preuve de l’existence d’une régulation monétaire, d’un ordre beaucoup plus général que l’ordre classique, fondée sur la monnaie de crédit et non sur la négation. La monnaie forme un réseau qui explique la formation d’un système de mesure assurant la coordination des plans des entreprises. Réseau qui est étudié dans le circuit du revenu et dans le circuit du capital qui l’englobe. Ordre socialement moins parfait que l’ordre hayekien puisqu’il n’exclut pas le chômage involontaire car il est hiérarchique et non égalitaire.
The role of increasing returns, technical progress and cumulative causation in the theory of international trade and economic growth
Authors: Kaldor Nicholas 
Published: August 2023

Cet article tend à montrer que, contrairement aux enseignements de la théorie économique classique, le libre échange favorise la croissance des nations industrialisées déjà développées et peut exercer un effet restrictif sur la croissance des pays moins développés auxquels on demande de se spécialiser dans l’exportation de produits primaires.
Ce type de spécialisation est incompatible avec un niveau de vie élevé pour la simple raison qu’un faible pourcentage seulement de la main-d’œuvre peut être employé de manière efficace dans des activités basées sur les ressources naturelles.
Les paradigmes monétaires : Keynes, Friedman et les autres
Authors: Lévy-Garboua Vivien , Maarek Gérard 
Published: August 2023

Depuis au moins une décennie, la controverse entre keynésiens et monétaristes a constitué le cœur du débat de politique monétaire, au point d’occulter les acquis antérieurs de la théorie.
L’objet de cet article est de remettre la pensée des protagonistes de cette querelle dans le perspective de celles de leurs éminents prédécesseurs : Wicksell, Hayek, Rueff. A cette fin est proposé le concept unificateur de «paradigme monétaire», construction complexe à l’aide de laquelle chaque auteur tente de justifier le mode de régulation macro-économique qui a sa préférence. Il apparaît à l’examen que le clivage fondamental passe moins entre keynésiens et monétaristes qu’entre quantitativistes (qu’ils sont chacuns à leur manière) et partisans d’un système souple d’émission de monnaie. La prééminence du quantitativisme devra cesser pour, qu’au sortir de la crise des années quatre-vingt, soit retrouvée l’expansion dans la stabilité monétaire.