bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre‐exposure prophylaxis in real life: experience from a prospective, observational and demonstration project among men who have sex with men in Benin, West Africa
Authors: Diabaté Souleymane , Béhanzin Luc , Guédou Fernand A. , Goma‐Matsétsé Ella , Olodo Marius , Aza‐Gnandji Marlène , Dossouvo Alban , Akpaka Axel , Chagas Elyote , Gangbo Flore , Zannou Djimon Marcel , Alary Michel 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionSince many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa are willing to implement HIV oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for men who have sex with men (MSM), data are needed to assess its feasibility and relevance in real life. The study objectives were to assess drug uptake, adherence, condom use and number of sexual partners, HIV incidence and trends in the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia.MethodsIn this oral PrEP demonstration study conducted prospectively in Benin, a combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate‐TDF 300 mg and emtricitabine‐FTC 200 mg (TDF‐FTC) was offered daily or on‐demand to MSM. Participants were recruited from 24 August to 24 November 2020 and followed over 12 months. At enrolment, month‐6 and month‐12, participants answered to a face‐to‐face questionnaire, underwent a physical examination and provided blood samples for HIV, gonorrhoea and chlamydia.ResultsOverall, 204 HIV‐negative men initiated PrEP. The majority of them (80%) started with daily PrEP. Retention rates at month‐3, 6, 9 and 12 were 96%, 88%, 86% and 85%, respectively. At month‐6 and month‐12, respectively, 49% and 51% of the men on daily PrEP achieved perfect adherence (self‐reported), that is seven pills taken during the last week. For event‐driven PrEP, the corresponding proportions for perfect adherence (last seven at‐risk sexual episodes covered) were 81% and 80%, respectively. The mean number (standard deviation) of male sexual partners over the last 6 months was 2.1 (1.70) at baseline and 1.5 (1.27) at month‐12 (p‐value for trend <0.001). Consistent condom use during the last 6 months was 34% (enrolment), 37% (month‐6) and 36% (month‐12). Three HIV seroconversions (2‐daily and 1‐event‐driven) were recorded. Crude HIV incidence (95% confidence interval) was 1.53 (0.31−4.50)/100 person‐years. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence at the anal and/or pharyngeal and/or urethral sites was 28% at baseline and 18% at month‐12 (p‐value = 0.017).ConclusionsIn West Africa, oral PrEP introduction in routine practice as a component of a holistic HIV prevention package is feasible and may not result in a significant increase in condomless sex among MSM. Since HIV incidence was still higher, additional interventions, such as culturally tailored adherence counselling, may be needed to optimize the benefits of PrEP.
Field‐applying an inexpensive, 13C‐depleted, labile carbon source to study in situ fate and short‐term effects on soils
Authors: Potter Stephen W. , Kin Christar , Hall Steven J. , Sawyer John E. , McDaniel Marshall D. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundLabile carbon (Clabile) limits soil microbial growth and is critical for soil functions like nitrogen (N) immobilization. Most experiments evaluating Clabile additions use laboratory incubations. We need to field‐apply Clabile to fully understand its fate and effects on soils, especially at depth, but high cost and logistical difficulties hinder this approach.AimsHere, we evaluated the impact of adding an in situ pulse of an inexpensive and 13C‐depleted source of Clabile—crude glycerol carbon (Cglyc), a by‐product from biodiesel production—to agricultural soils under typical crop rotations in Iowa, USA.MethodsWe broadcast‐applied Cglyc at three rates (0, 216, and 866 kg C ha−1) in autumn after soybean harvest, tracked its fate, and measured its impact on soil C and N dynamics to four depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm). Nineteen days later, we measured Cglyc in microbial biomass carbon (MBC), salt‐extractable organic C, and potentially mineralizable C pools. We paired these measurements with nitrate N (NO3−–N) and potential net N mineralization to examine short‐term effects on N cycling.ResultsCglyc was found to at least 45‐cm depth with the majority in MBC (18%–23% of total Cglyc added). The δ13C values of the other measured C pools were too variable to accurately track the Clabile fate. NO3−–N was decreased by 13%–57% with the 216 and 866 kg C ha−1 rates, respectively, and was strongly related to greater microbial uptake of Cglyc (i.e., immobilization via microbial biomass). Crude glycerol application had minor effects on soil pH—the greatest rate decreased pH 0.18 units compared to the control.ConclusionsOverall, glycerol is an inexpensive and effective way to measure in situ, Clabile dynamics with soil depth—analogous to how mobile, dissolved organic C might behave in soils—and can be applied to rapidly immobilize NO3−–N.
The Role of Ultrasonographic Inferior Vena Cava Measurement in the Volume‐Based Classification of Patients With Hyponatremia
Authors: Şirin İlker , Çığşar Gülşen , Sönmez Bedriye Müge 
Published: June 2023

ObjectivesTo demonstrate the role of inferior vena cava (IVC) collapsibility in the assessment of volume status in hyponatremic critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED) with bedside IVC imaging and to predict volume status with response to fluid therapy.MethodsA prospective 110 hypotonic hyponatremic patients aged >18 years with a serum sodium level under 125 mEq/L and at least one symptom of hyponatremia, who presented or referred to the ED was conducted. Demographical, clinical, and laboratory characteristics with bedside measurement of IVC diameter of patients were recorded. Volume status was divided into 3 subgroups: hypovolemic‐G1, euvolemic‐G2, and hypervolemic‐G3. An ED trainee with a certification to perform basic and advanced ultrasonography (USG) training carried out the USG examinations. A diagnostic algorithm approach was made according to the results.ResultsSymptom severity was significantly greater in the hypervolemic group than the other groups (P = .009 and P = .034, respectively). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower in the hypovolemic group compared with the other groups (P < .001 and P = .003, respectively). There was a significant difference between the ultrasonographically measured IVC min, IVC max, and mean IVC values across the three volume‐based groups (P < .001).ConclusionConsidering the diversity of physical examination (PE) findings, with the highly heterogenous nature of hyponatremia, a new measurable algorithm can be developed on the basis of contemporary hyponatremic patient management guidelines.
Comparison of Low‐Level to High‐Level Disinfection in Eliminating Microorganisms From Ultrasound Transducers Used on Skin: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Peters Nathan , Williamson Frances , Bauer Michelle J. , Llewellyn Stacey , Snelling Peter J. , Marsh Nicole , Harris Patrick N. A. , Stewart Adam G. , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionThere is a lack of international consensus as to whether high‐ or low‐level disinfection (HLD or LLD) is required for ultrasound (US) transducers used during percutaneous procedures. This study compared the effectiveness of LLD to HLD on US transducers contaminated with microorganisms from skin.MethodsTwo identical linear US transducers repeatedly underwent either LLD or HLD during the study. Randomization determined which of these transducers was applied to left and right forearms of each participant. Swabs taken from transducers before and after reprocessing were plated then incubated for 4–5 days, after which colony forming units (CFU) were counted and identified. The primary hypothesis was the difference in the proportion of US transducers having no CFUs remaining after LLD and HLD would be less than or equal to the noninferiority margin of −5%.ResultsOf the 654 recruited participants 73% (n = 478) had microbial growth from both transducers applied to their left and right forearms before reprocessing. These were included in the paired noninferiority statistical analysis where, after disinfection, all CFUs were eliminated in 100% (95% CI: 99.4–100.0%) of HLD transducer samples (n = 478) and 99.0% (95% CI: 97.6–99.7%) of LLD transducer samples (n = 473). The paired difference in the proportion of transducers having all CFUs eliminated between LLD and HLD was −1.0% (95% CI: −2.4 to −0.2%, P‐value <.001).ConclusionsDisinfection with LLD is noninferior to HLD when microorganisms from skin have contaminated the transducer. Therefore, using LLD for US transducers involved in percutaneous procedures would present no higher infection risk compared with HLD.
Second Harmonic Imaging of Nasal, Auricular, and Costal Cartilage
Authors: Dilley Katelyn K. , Lal Akarsh , Nguyen Theodore V. , Wong Brian J. F. 
Published: June 2023

ObjectiveThere is little knowledge about the histological organization of facial and costal cartilages in terms of matrix structure and cell morphology. Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging is a nonlinear imaging technique that capitalizes on signal generation from highly ordered macromolecules such as collagen fibers. The purpose of this study was to use SHG microscopy to image collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, chondrocyte size, and density of these cartilages.Study DesignExperimental.MethodsSurgical remnants of septal, lower lateral, rib, and auricular cartilages were collected following surgery, sectioned into 0.5–1 mm thick samples and fixed to facilitate batch process imaging. A Leica TCS SP8 MP Microscope and multiphoton laser were used to image the specimens. Images were analyzed for cell size, cell density, and collagen fiber directionality patterns using ImageJ.ResultsSHG images of septal specimens show mesh‐like structure of the ECM. There appears to be a superficial layer, characterized by flattened lacunae and middle zone, marked by circular lacunae clusters, similar to what is observed in articular cartilage. The structure of the ECM depicts a visible orientation perpendicular to the surface of the perichondrium. Cell size and density analysis through ImageJ suggests variety across cartilage types. Directionality analysis indicates that the collagen in the ECM displays preferred direction.ConclusionThis study establishes clear extracellular models of facial and costal cartilages. Limitations include heterogeneous cartilage thickness due to processing difficulties. Further studies include automating the cutting process to increase uniformity of tissue thickness and increasing sample size to further validate results.Level of Evidence2 Laryngoscope, 133:3370–3377, 2023
Can Patients with Wilson's Disease Develop Copper Deficiency?
Authors: Chevalier Kevin , Obadia Mickaël Alexandre , Djebrani‐Oussedik Nouzha , Poujois Aurélia 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundWilson's disease (WD) is a rare genetic condition characterized by a copper overload in organs secondary to mutation in ATP7B gene. Lifelong decoppering treatments are the keystone of the treatment but must be regularly adapted to obtain a correct copper balance and could lead to copper deficiency (CD).ObjectivesStudy the characteristics of CD in WD patients.MethodsCD cases from our cohort of 338 WD patients have been investigated. CD was defined by the association of serum copper, exchangeable copper and urinary copper excretion assays less than two standard deviations from the mean with cytopenia and/or neurological damage of spinal cord origin. A systematic review of literature about cases of CD in WD patient was performed in PubMed database according to PRISMA guidelines.ResultsThree WD patients were diagnosed with CD in our cohort. Review of the literature found 17 other patients. Most of the patients had anemia and neutropenia associated with neurological symptoms (especially progressive posterior cord syndrome). All the patients were treated with Zinc salts and the symptoms occurred more than a decade after the initiation of treatment. The adaptation of the treatment allowed a correction of the cytopenia but only a partial improvement of the neurological symptoms.ConclusionsWD patients can develop CD after many years of zinc therapy. Anemia and neutropenia are red flags that should evoke CD.
Sparsier2Sparse: Self‐supervised convolutional neural network‐based streak artifacts reduction in sparse‐view CT images
Authors: Kim Seongjun , Kim Byeongjoon , Lee Jooho , Baek Jongduk 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundSparse‐view computed tomography (CT) has attracted a lot of attention for reducing both scanning time and radiation dose. However, sparsely‐sampled projection data generate severe streak artifacts in the reconstructed images. In recent decades, many sparse‐view CT reconstruction techniques based on fully‐supervised learning have been proposed and have shown promising results. However, it is not feasible to acquire pairs of full‐view and sparse‐view CT images in real clinical practice.PurposeIn this study, we propose a novel self‐supervised convolutional neural network (CNN) method to reduce streak artifacts in sparse‐view CT images.MethodsWe generate the training dataset using only sparse‐view CT data and train CNN based on self‐supervised learning. Since the streak artifacts can be estimated using prior images under the same CT geometry system, we acquire prior images by iteratively applying the trained network to given sparse‐view CT images. We then subtract the estimated steak artifacts from given sparse‐view CT images to produce the final results.ResultsWe validated the imaging performance of the proposed method using extended cardiac‐torso (XCAT) and the 2016 AAPM Low‐Dose CT Grand Challenge dataset from Mayo Clinic. From the results of visual inspection and modulation transfer function (MTF), the proposed method preserved the anatomical structures effectively and showed higher image resolution compared to the various streak artifacts reduction methods for all projection views.ConclusionsWe propose a new framework for streak artifacts reduction when only the sparse‐view CT data are given. Although we do not use any information of full‐view CT data for CNN training, the proposed method achieved the highest performance in preserving fine details. By overcoming the limitation of dataset requirements on fully‐supervised‐based methods, we expect that our framework can be utilized in the medical imaging field.
Efficacy of different wet feeds on the growth performance of mud crab Scylla serrata during fattening in cages
Authors: Nivas Naveen , Kaippilly Dinesh , Gopalakrishnan Ayyaru 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
Mud crab culture/fattening is a lucrative business with high profit margins because they have high economic and export value. Compared with shrimp culture, crab fattening has many advantages such as a short production cycle, high tolerance to poor water quality, rapid growth rates in captivity, etc. Currently, cheap commercial feed for crabs is unavailable, so raw feeds such as low-value fishes have been used for rearing mud crabs. The current study was conducted to determine the growth performance of mud crab Scylla serrata that were fed with different processed wet feeds.

Methods
Crabs weighing 250–300 g were stocked in individual cages, and the experiment was conducted with three different feed treatments including processed chicken intestine, processed shrimp head waste, oyster meat, and the control feed was processed small-sized low-value fish.

Result
Of all the feeds, mud crabs that were fed with chicken intestine showed better performance, followed by oyster meat, shrimp head waste, and low-value fish.

Conclusion
The present study concludes that fattening mud crabs with chicken intestine as feed showed better growth and economic performance.
Propagation algorithm for hybrid uncertainty parameters based on polynomial chaos expansion
Authors: Wang Zong‐fan , Wang Li‐qun , Wang Xiu‐ye , Sun Qin‐qin , Yang Guo‐lai 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis article presents an uncertainty analysis method for systems with hybrid stochastic and fuzzy uncertainty parameters based on polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). Parameters in the system are described by probability boxes, interval numbers, and fuzzy sets, respectively, based on the differences in their limited stochastic knowledge. First, this method transforms the uncertain parameters into standard normal distribution and interval variables through equal probability transformation or ‐cut operations. Second, the Legendre and Hermite polynomials are used as the PCE model's primary functions, and the expansion coefficients are calculated by the Galerkin projection method based on sparse grid numerical integration. Then, the system response bounds under the pre‐defined confidence level can be obtained using a genetic algorithm to solve the optimization problem constructed based on PCE models. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the method are illustrated by taking the tank bi‐directional stabilized system and the double‐pendulum‐controlled system as examples. The numerical results show that the system response bounds obtained by the PCE model optimization algorithm are consistent with the Monte Carlo simulation. Still, the computational efficiency is much higher. The proposed method effectively combines fuzzy sets and probability boxes and dramatically simplifies the analysis process of uncertain systems. The method exhibits fine precision even in high‐dimensional uncertainty analysis problems.
Rationalising the retro‐Diels‐Alder fragmentation pattern of viscutins using electrospray interface‐tandem mass spectrometry coupled to theoretical modelling
Authors: Moyo Babra , Novokoza Yolanda , Tavengwa Nikita Tawanda , Kuhnert Nikolai , Lobb Kevin , Madala Ntakadzeni Edwin 
Published: June 2023

RationaleAlthough mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool in structural elucidation of unknown flavonoids based on their unique fragmentation patterns, proposing the correct fragmentation mechanism is still a challenge from tandem mass spectrometry data only. In recent years, computational tools such as molecular networking and MS2LDA have played a major role in the identification of structurally related compounds through an in‐depth survey of their fragmentation patterns.MethodsTherefore, in this study, three viscutin molecules in Viscum combreticola Engl. crude extracts were characterised using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry and MS2LDA, a computational tool. Ion‐trap mass spectrometry and density functional theoretical modelling were used as confirmatory tools to rationalise the unique fragmentation patterns observed for these molecules.ResultsHere, MS2LDA revealed the presence of a unique Mass2Motif in all the three viscutin molecules at m/z 137, which was confirmed to be a 1,3A− RDA (retro‐Diels‐Alder) fragmentation product using liquid chromatography‐ion‐trap mass spectrometry and density functional theoretical modelling. Moreover, MS2LDA proved to be useful in differentiating this spectral feature that was specific to viscutin molecules in the presence of other isobaric ions at m/z 137 occurring in compounds in other molecular families.ConclusionTherefore, the results of the current study showed that computational tools such as MS2LDA are essential in uncovering some gas‐phase fragmentation reactions of molecules in MS and that theoretical modelling is a powerful tool in rationalising these reactions in metabolite identification.
Change in mean postoperative pain in patients undergoing tonsillectomy with cold water versus usual practice: A pragmatic trial
Authors: Iftikhar Haissan , Zahid Nida , Zubair Adan , Wasif Mohammad , Baig Nabeel N. , Abid Khadijah , Awan Muhammad Ozair , Awan Muhammad Sohail 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionTonsillectomy is one of the most common procedures performed in otolaryngology. There are various methods to perform tonsillectomies (cold and hot). Thermal damage and inflammation of the surrounding tissue using monopolar cautery is said to point to increased pain whereas immediate cooling of the burnt area is thought to reduce pain owing to heat dissipation. Our objective was to determine the difference in mean post‐tonsillectomy pain scores among patients irrigated with cold water (4°C) and in patients not irrigated with cold water.Material and MethodsA quasi‐experimental trial was conducted from January 2016 to December 2017 at a tertiary care hospital. All tonsillectomies were carried out with monopolar cautery at a power of 20 W. Patients either received cold water irrigation post tonsillectomy of the tonsillar bed (intervention arm) or no irrigation (control arm). The pain score was measured on Days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. Pain scores were charted on a visual analog scale on the respective days.ResultsSeventy‐eight patients were included in the study. The mean age of our patients was 10.26 (4.24) years old in the intervention arm, and 11.95 (4.19) years old in the control arm. It was observed that the pain was significantly lower in patients with cold water irrigation of the tonsillar fossa on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7 (p = 0.001). There were no readmissions postprocedure and none of our patients developed any complications postsurgery.ConclusionsIn this trial, we report a reduced pain score at all days of observation in the intervention group. Irrigation of the tonsillar fossa is a safe, cost‐effective, and less technically demanding technique that could be employed to reduce postoperative pain. Further studies with randomization, blinding and a larger sample size could further improve on our results.
Home-Making in 17th Century Amsterdam: A 3D Reconstruction to Investigate Visual Cues in the Entrance Hall of Pieter de Graeff (1638–1707)
Authors: Piccoli Chiara 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the role of 3D modelling in enhancing our understanding of the spatial arrangement and representational character of a room in a 17th century Dutch home. The case study presented here is the entrance hall (“voorhuis” in Dutch) of the house of Pieter de Graeff and Jacoba Bicker located at Herengracht 573 in Amsterdam. This research draws upon a heterogenous dataset which includes the surviving architecture, the probate inventory of De Graeff’s properties that was drawn up after his death, and the almanacs in which he recorded some of the construction works in the house. This paper shows how the “materialization” of the inventoried objects in a 3D model suggests otherwise unnoticeable intentions and visual cues underlying their disposition within the room. In addition, this approach offers a non-intrusive and non-destructive way of visualizing past building phases and a room’s forgotten function which prompts a more dialogical engagement with architectural heritage in comparison to permanent physical reconstructions.
Correction to: Representation Learning for Natural Language Processing
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: June 2023

In the original version of the book, the following belated correction has been incorporated in both Preface and Chapter 8. In the Preface, a new reference citation has been added in Chapter 8.The original version of Chapter 8 was revised with a new paragraph replacing the first paragraph in section 8.3.The chapter and the book have been updated with the changes.