bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAP Super-shedders
Authors: Whitlock R. H. , Sweeney R. W. , Fyock T. 
Published: February 2023

Traditionally, fecal cultures were either positive or negative for growth of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP). Nearly all culture-positive cattle were judged to be infected, shedding MAP, thus a threat to spread the disease to susceptible cattle and were culled from the herd as quickly as possible. Over time it was recognized that differences in MAP shedding existed among culture-positive cattle. Cattle were classified as low, moderate or high shedders based on the visible colonies of MAP on the surface of solid media, typically Herrold's egg yolk media (HEYM). Rarely did authors provide the estimated MAP colony forming units (cfu) per gram of manure. Additionally, culture methods were not standardized among diagnostic laboratories in the US, which made it difficult to compare results from one laboratory to another. Laboratories rarely used internal quality control fecal samples. As the infection and disease progressed, the intensity of fecal shedding of MAP increased, culminating in clinical disease which was associated with the greatest numbers of MAP present in manure. Since cattle with clinical signs lose weight and have decreased milk production causing them to be unprofitable, they are soon culled from the herd. If not culled from the herd, they would continue to lose weight and become emaciated with muscle weakness, leading to recumbency requiring euthanasia. The fewest colonies reported is one colony on one of four tubes ofHEYM, which translates into approximately six cfu/gram of feces, assuming the original sample was two grams; 5 ml was transferred from the fecal water tube to the second decontamination tube with HPC. That centrifugation technique was used and the pellet was re-suspended in 1 ml of antibiotic brew, with 200 ul of the re-suspended pellet inoculated onto each of four tubes of HEYM, all with mycobactin J. Low shedders typically had less than 10 colonies on the four tubes ofHEYM. Moderate shedders ranged from 11 to approximately 70 colonies of MAP, while high shedders had more than 70 colonies on any of the four tubes. Calculated on MAP cfu per gram of feces this would be up to 60 cfu for low shedders, 61 to 300 cfu per gram for moderate shedders and more than 300 cfu per gram for heavy shedders.
Over the past five years most laboratories in the US report the number of visible MAP colonies on each tube of HEYM, but rarely enumerate above 50 to 70 colonies per tube. Accounting for sample preparation, 50 colonies on each of four tubes represents an estimated 1,050 colony forming units of MAP per gram of manure. The objective of this study was to determine the range of MAP cfu/gram of manure in cattle classified as heavy shedders.
Epidemiology of Endemic Infectious Diseases
Authors: Schukken Ynte H. , Green Laura , Medley Graham 
Published: February 2023

Endemic infectious diseases (such as mastitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), Johne's disease (JD), or tuberculosis in cattle) are common causes of disease in livestock. They affect health and well-being and reduce the economic potential of each animal, herd and industry. Endemic diseases exhibit necessarily complex epidemiologic and pathogenic behavior; those that exhibit less complex behavior have generally already been controlled. We are still far from fully understanding the epidemiology and pa tho biology of many endemic infectious diseases. To improve animal health through control of infectious disease, we need to understand endemic disease persistence.
The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into some of the mechanisms for disease persistence. Weargue that heterogeneities in hosts and pathogens, and survival of the organism in the environment, play an important role in maintaining endemicity. The options to either eliminate or control endemic infectious diseases are explored using some common infectious disease examples. Finally, approaches to optimally manage infectious diseases of livestock are discussed.
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Authors: Snyder Joseph H. 
Published: February 2023

Sheep, goats and camelids are small enough to be "manhandled" for restraint for painful procedures. In addition, their nature as prey animals makes them relatively docile and disinclined to vocalize loudly when subjected to pain, with the exception of goats. As a result, they have traditionally been handled with less attention to pain management than other species. Nevertheless, they feel pain and suffer as much as any other species and should be treated with as much care and attention to analgesia and pain management.
One of the primary goals of pain management is to prevent CNS nociceptive "windup" through preemptive analgesia. To this end, we look for drugs that decrease or prevent transmission of painful stimuli to the brain to be administered sufficiently in advance of the painful stimuli so there is minimal CNS excitation. Often this can best be accomplished by use of several drugs in combination--the so-called anesthetic or analgesic "cocktail". Other drugs may be added before, during, or after painful procedures to further modulate pain. By combined, integrated pain management we hope to bring patients through minor surgeries with minimal suffering and loss of production.
Small Ruminant and Camelid Critical Care Tips and Tricks
Authors: Callan Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Small ruminant and camelid veterinary medicine can be an important and economically viable portion of veterinary practice. The evolution of small ruminant and camelid owners has put veterinarians in the position to be expected to provide more extensive care for some of these patients. The New World Camelid industry continues to grow in the United States, although it is uncertain how long this growth will be sustained. The sale prices for New World Camelids remain high and due to the investment nature of these animals, owners will often seek high-level veterinary care. In addition, owners are obligated to seek appropriate medical treatment of animals with mortality insurance and this may necessitate more extensive medical care. There is also an increase in the number of owners raising pet livestock, in particular sheep and goats. These clients will often pursue veterinary medical care that is in excess of the monetary value of the animal. For these reasons, it is important for practitioners working with these species to be familiar with basic critical care techniques.
The methods described are developed from the collective experiences of clinicians at the Colorado State University James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital. While these methods are biased toward the types of routine and tertiary cases that we see, they will provide the general practitioner with many tools to treat routine and critical care patients. The topics and key concepts presented can be put to use immediately in a veterinary practice.
The growth characteristics of algae in the presence of N-acylhomoserine lactones
Authors: Yang Yuankun , Wen Xinyu , Liu Jie , Chen Shu , Wang Bin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Algal–bacterial symbiotic system is ubiquitous in natural water and has an important impact on water quality and environment such as algal toxins from extracellular secretions. In general, the species diversity and abundance of this system can be dynamically regulated by quorum sensing (QS). However, very little is known about extracellular secretions of algal–bacterial symbiotic system under the QS process. In this study, the effects of N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) on the algal–bacterial symbiotic system were investigated. When the supplemental concentration was between 250 and 500 μg/L, the biological dry weight, Chl-a, and phycocyanin of algae cells and the fluorescence intensity of extracellular humic acid and fulvic acid increased greatly. Whereas, when the supplemental concentration was greater than 750 μg/L, the concentration of Chl-a and phycocyanin showed opposite patterns. This result indicates that AHLs can mediate communication between algae cells and bacteria, and bacteria can regulate the growth of algae by secreting signal molecules. The results of this study also provide useful information for blue-green algae outbreaks prediction by changing trend of AHLs in water.
Total mechanical energy budget in open-channel transitions with turbulent flows
Authors: Mahmoudi Mahsa , Banihashemi Mohammad Ali 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The issue of mechanical energy budget has received a lot of attention in open-channel flows which are frequently turbulent. Turbulent motions play a major role in the total mechanical energy of the flow field. It is difficult to evaluate total mechanical energy balance and energy loss for 3-D turbulent flows in irregular open channels due to the formation of vortices and the presence of secondary currents. In 3-D turbulent flows, the effect of these phenomena has often been considered as the empirical coefficient of energy loss. In this study, these details in the total mechanical energy budget are investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, a new form of the total mechanical energy equation and a relationship for the energy loss in 3-D turbulent flows are derived, and their applications are examined in open-channel transitions. For this purpose, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically, and the results are used to obtain the various terms in the total mechanical energy balance equation and analyze the details. The relationships derived in this study generally support the concept of the total mechanical energy budget to comprehend the turbulence parameters affecting the mechanical energy balance in various open-channel flows.
Does Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Consumption Improve Blood
Glucose, Body Weight and Body Mass Index? A Systematic Review
and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials
Authors: Atefi Masoumeh , Heidari Zahra , Shojaei Mehrnaz , Askari Gholamreza , Kesharwani Prashant , Bagherniya Mohamad , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) has a structure similar to whole grains and contains phytochemicals and dietary fiber. Hence, it is considered a food substance with a high nutritional value.

Objective:
The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of quinoa in reducing fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight (BW), and body mass index (BMI) in a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Methods:
A comprehensive search in ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases as well as Google Scholar, was conducted up to November 2022 to identify reports of randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of quinoa on FBG, BW, and BMI.

Results:
Seven trials comprising 258 adults with mean ages of 31 to 64 years were included in this review. Studies used 15 to 50 grams of quinoa/per day as an intervention, and the intervention was between 28 to 180 days. In a dose-response analysis of FBG, there was significant evidence of a nonlinear association between intervention and FBG based on the quadratic model (P-value for nonlinearity= 0.027); hence, the slope of the curve increased when quinoa intake was nearly 25 g/day. In comparison between quinoa seed supplementation and placebo, our findings showed that quinoa seed supplementation did not have a significant effect on BMI (MD: -0.25; 95% CI: -0.98, 0.47; I2=0%, P=0.998) and BW (MD: -0.54; 95% CI: -3.05, 1.97; I2=0%, P=0.99), when compared with placebo. Evidence of publication bias was not found among the included studies.

Conclusion:
The present analysis revealed the beneficial effects of quinoa on the blood glucose level. Further studies on quinoa are needed to confirm these results.
A Short Review of Antimalarial Compounds with Sulfonamide Moiety
Authors: Dantas Leonardo C. , Campos Vinicius R. , Borges Julio C. , Pinheiro Luiz C.S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Malaria is a public health problem that causes thousands of deaths, primarily in children in
African regions. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have helped to save thousands of
lives; however, due to Plasmodium's resistance to available treatments, there is a need to search for
new low-cost drugs that act through different mechanisms of action to contain this disease. This review
shows that compounds with sulfonamide moiety, possibly, act as inhibitors of P. falciparum carbonic
anhydrases, moreover, when linked to a variety of heterocycles potentiate the activities of these
compounds and may be used in the design of new antimalarial drugs.
Role of Circulating Exosomes in Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive
Review
Authors: Lu Zhiwen , Tang Haishuang , Li Sisi , Zhu Shijie , Li Siqi , Huang Qinghai 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that contain multiple macromolecules secreted by the
parent cells and play a vital role in intercellular communication. In recent years, the function of exosomes
in cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) has been intensively studied. Herein, we briefly review the
current understanding of exosomes in CVDs. We discuss their role in the pathophysiology of the diseases
and the value of the exosomes for clinical applications as biomarkers and potential therapies.
Antifungal Effect of Carrot Carotenoids on Candida Species
Authors: Askari Neda , Madani Mahboobeh , Fouladgar Masoud , Shakib Pegah 
Published: February 2023

Background:Candidiasis is a serious problem in women's health that is caused by Candida species, especially Candida albicans. In this study, the effect of carotenoids in carrot extracts on Candida species including Candida albicans ATCC1677, Candida glabrata CBS2175, Candida parapsilosis ATCC2195, and Candida tropicalis CBS94 was investigated.Methods:In this descriptive study, the carrot plant was prepared from a carrot planting site in December 2012, and then the characteristics of the plant were determined. After extracting carotenoids from carrots, the susceptibility of different Candida species to carotenoids in carrot extract was determined. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration of the extracts were measured by the macro-dilution method. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney post-hoc test with Bonferroni adjustment.Results:The highest growth inhibition zone was obtained for carrot extract at a concentration of 500 mg/ml for C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. The MFC of carrot extract on Candida species was 62.5 mg/ml for C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis, and 125 mg/ml for C. tropicalis. The MFC of carrot extract on Candida species was 125 mg/ml for C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis, and 250 mg/ml for C. tropicalis.Conclusion:The present study can be the starting point for research activities in this direction and promises new therapies based on the use of carotenoids.
Predicting Preeclampsia Using Principal Component Analysis and Decision
Tree Classifier
Authors: Musa Farida , Prasad Rajesh 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Preeclampsia affects pregnant women, resulting in stroke, organ failure, and other health problems like seizures. The effect of preeclampsia is most pronounced in developing countries and it affects about 4% of pregnant women causing several illnesses and even death. The key to solving the problem of preeclampsia is its early detection and use of machine learning algorithms that can take various demographic features, biochemical markers, or biophysical features, select important features and find hidden patterns that point to preeclampsia.

Objective:
The objective of this research is to develop a machine-learning framework to detect Preeclampsia in pregnant women.

Methods:
This research develops a model to detect preeclampsia using principal component analysis (PCA) as a feature selection, k-means as an outlier detection, a combination of SMOTE oversampling, random under sampling and the decision tree (DT) to classify and predict the risk of preeclampsia among pregnant women. The data was obtained from the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria.

Results:
Findings revealed that the combination of the PCA, SMOTE and random undersampling and DT outcome resulted in the best accuracy of 96.8% which is better than the accuracy of existing work (92.1%). Furthermore, the reliability of the model was measured and tested using Bayesian Probability.

Conclusion:
The developed model can be helpful to Health care providers in checking preeclampsia among women with high blood pressure during their second antenatal visits.
Development and Study of a Knowledge Graph for Retrieving the
Relationship Between BVDV and Related Genes
Authors: Bai Yunli , Zhou Weiguang , Lv Jia , Chang Lu , Li Yingfei , Wang Rulin 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause diarrhea, abortion, and immunosuppression
in cattle, imposing huge economic losses for the global cattle industry. The pathogenic
and immune mechanisms of BVDV remain elusive. The development of a BVDV-gene knowledge base
can provide clues to reveal the interaction of BVDV with host cells. However, the traditional method of
manually establishing a knowledge base is time-consuming and inefficient. The method of developing a
knowledge base based on deep learning has noticeably attracted scholars' attention recently.

Objective:
The study aimed to explore the substitution of deep learning for manual mining of BVDVrelated
genes and to develop a knowledge graph of the relationship between BVDV and related genes.

Methods:
A deep learning-based biomedical knowledge graph development method was proposed,
which used deep learning to mine biomedical knowledge, model BVDV and various gene concepts, and
store data in a graphical database. First, the PubMed database was used as the data source and crawler
technology to obtain abstract data on the relationship between BVDV and various host genes. Pretrained
BioBERT model was used for biomedical named entity recognition to obtain all types of gene
entities, and the pre-trained BERT model was utilized for relationship extraction to achieve the relationship
between BVDV and various gene entities. Then, it was combined with manual proofreading to obtain
structured triple data with high accuracy. Finally, the Neo4j graph database was used to store data
and to develop the knowledge graph of the relationship between BVDV and related genes.

Results:
The results showed the obtainment of 71 gene entity types, including PRL4, MMP-7, TGIF1,
etc. 9 relation types of BVDV and gene entities were obtained, including "can downregulate expression
of", "can upregulate expression of", "can suppress expression of", etc. The knowledge graph was developed
using deep learning to mine biomedical knowledge combined with manual proofreading, which
was faster and more efficient than the traditional method of establishing knowledge base manually, and
the retrieval of semantic information by storing data in graph database was also more efficient.

Conclusion:
A BVDV-gene knowledge graph was preliminarily developed, which provided a basis for
studying the interaction between BVDV and host cells.
Identification of Membrane Protein Types Based Using Hypergraph
Neural Network
Authors: Lu Weizhong , Qian Meiling , Zhang Yu , Wu Hongjie , Ding Yijie , Shen Jiawei , Chen Xiaoyi , Li Haiou , Fu Qiming 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Membrane proteins play an important role in living organisms as one of the
main components of biological membranes. The problem in membrane protein classification and prediction
is an important topic of membrane proteomics research because the function of proteins can be
quickly determined if membrane protein types can be discriminated.

Methods:
Most current methods to classify membrane proteins are labor-intensive and require a lot of
resources. In this study, five methods, Average Block (AvBlock), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT),
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Histogram of Orientation Gradient (HOG), and Pseudo-PSSM
(PsePSSM), were used to extract features in order to predict membrane proteins on a large scale. Then,
we combined the five obtained feature matrices and constructed the corresponding hypergraph association
matrix. Finally, the feature matrices and hypergraph association matrices were integrated to identify
the types of membrane proteins using a hypergraph neural network model (HGNN).

Results:
The proposed method was tested on four membrane protein benchmark datasets to evaluate its
performance. The results showed 92.8%, 88.6%, 88.2%, and 99.0% accuracy on each of the four
datasets.

Conclusion:
Compared to traditional machine learning classifier methods, such as Random Forest (RF),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), etc., HGNN prediction performance was found to be better.
MaxDEL: Accurate and Efficient Calling of Genomic Deletions from
Single Molecular Real-time Sequencing Using Integrated Method
Authors: Yu Xinyu , Lv Yaoxian , Cai Lei , Gao Jingyang 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing data are characterized by
long read length and high read depth. Compared to next-generation sequencing (NGS), SMRT sequencing
data can present more structural variations (SVs) and have greater advantages in calling variation.
However, there are high sequencing errors and noises in SMRT sequencing data, which causes
inaccuracy in calling SVs from sequencing data. Most existing tools cannot overcome sequencing errors
and detect genomic deletions.

Objective:
In this investigation, we propose a new method for calling deletions from SMRT sequencing
data called MaxDEL.

Methods:
Firstly, MaxDEL uses a machine learning method to calibrate the deletion regions from the
variant call format (VCF) file. Secondly, it develops a novel feature visualization method to convert
the variant features to images and uses these images to accurately call the deletions based on a convolutional
neural network (CNN).

Results:
The result shows that MaxDEL performs better in terms of accuracy and recall for calling
variants when compared to existing methods in both real data and simulative data.

Conclusion:
MaxDEL can effectively overcome SMRT sequencing data's noise and integrate new
machine learning and deep learning technologies. The method can capture the variant features of the
deletions and establish the learning model between images and gene data. In our experiment, the
MaxDEL method is superior to NextSV, SVIM, Sniffles, Picky and SMRT-SV, especially in recall
and F1-score.