bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Lieber Laura S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the history of religious theater after late antiquity is delineated in brief. This is done with an eye toward highlighting elements of continuity from the preceding study that persisted in subsequent centuries. Issues of the interrelationship between the “secular” canon and religious concepts and conventions, as well as official ambivalence toward theater and performance, are considered. Also explored are issues such as performative style and relationships among genres of liturgical presentation. The Epilogue concludes with a discussion of the significance of the study of “religious theatricality” in the study of late antiquity and suggests directions for further research.
The Evolution of IMF Conditionality
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros , Stubbs Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a central actor in global economic governance, often associated with bailout packages for countries in crisis. These packages mandate the introduction of far-ranging and intrusive policy reforms. But in recent years, IMF rhetoric suggests that the organization has radically changed the ways in which it offers financial assistance. This chapter examines to what extent the policy content has changed over time. This is based on archival material on the IMF’s lending operations between 1980 and 2019, covering 65,707 individual conditions across 132 countries in total. The chapter reveals little evidence of a fundamental transformation of IMF conditionality. The organization’s recent programs reincorporated many of the mandated reforms that the organization claims to no longer advocate, and the number of conditions has been increasing.
Conditionality and Health Policy
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros , Stubbs Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In setting the fiscal priorities of borrowing countries via the practice of conditionality, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has played an emphatic role in shaping the design and implementation of health policies and systems throughout the world. This chapter evaluates statistically the impact of IMF conditionality on government health spending and draws on IMF documents pertaining to West African countries to elucidate how IMF-supported policies impact health policy on the ground. The chapter finds clear evidence of adverse effects of IMF-mandated reforms on health systems. The higher the number of conditions in a lending program, the steeper the declines in public spending on health. Furthermore, pro-poor measures intended to safeguard such spending are mostly ineffective. They are implemented less than half of the time that they are included in programs, and when there is a tension between keeping up social spending or meeting strict targets for government budget cuts, the latter priority wins out.
Conditionality and Health Outcomes
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros , Stubbs Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Apart from any impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality on government health spending, scholars increasingly pay attention to the effect of broader public policies on the social determinants of health. In this context, market-oriented policies promoted by the IMF have long been argued to harm health outcomes, but systematic examinations on how these reforms impact population health remain limited. This chapter evaluates statistically the impact of IMF conditionality on a universal health coverage index and on neonatal mortality rates. It finds that IMF structural reforms—that is, policy conditions targeting fundamental changes in policy environment—adversely impact both proxies for health outcomes. The key drivers of these effects were conditions mandating SOE privatization, labor market deregulation, and trade liberalization. Additional analyses on the impact of these reforms on 23 health-related Sustainable Development Goal health targets and indicators revealed that 12 of these were negatively affected.
The Philosophy of Comics
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book advances the field of comics studies by attending to some of its most notable problems. It begins with what comics are: a treatment of the history of comics, the contrast between comics and cartoons, the tenuous place of comics in the artworld, and what it is to be a comic in the first place. It turns next to how comics work: what the fundamental media that compose comics are, how they push comics toward specific kinds of representation and expression; how comics are related to film, nongraphic literature, and theater; and what those relations tell us about the possibility of adapting comics into other media. Finally, it takes up why comics matter: what the value of particular comics is and what makes some comics better than others; why comics have been the objects of long-standing cultural condemnation and censorship; and, last, whether the treatment that comics have received is merited.
Formal Definitions of Comics
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is whether a definition can be formulated that encompasses all and only comics. After explaining what essentialist definitions are, arguments are considered from Morris Weitz and Aaron Meskin to outline the case for why the category of comics cannot be defined using an essentialist strategy. It is responded that Meskin might well be right, but that attempting the project of definition is important and worthwhile nonetheless. Extant definitions from David Kunzle, Robert Harvey, Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, and Hayman and Pratt are surveyed, and from them various candidates for necessary conditions on the category of comics are extracted. Each condition is assessed in turn, moving from the less plausible to the more plausible. Ultimately, it is shown that the best strategy for an essentialist framework is to advert to comics’ pictorial representationality, the sequence of spatially juxtaposed images, narrativity, and historical considerations.
Narrative, Time, and Space
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ways in which the arrangement of media characteristic of comics exerts strong pressures toward narrativity: storytelling is perhaps the most natural organizing principle for a comic. The main media that comics use for storytelling produce a verbal dimension and a pictorial dimension. It is shown how each of these guides the reader’s perception and understanding of narratives. Comics employ a range of complex techniques in order to portray temporal and spatial relations within the diegetic world. During explanation of these techniques, it is shown how narrative is constructed within individual panels, in the gutter between panels, and through the layout of panels on the page. Finally, the impacts of serial publication on narrative structure in comics is investigated.
Trans Children in Today's Schools
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Authored by a seasoned diversity educator, Trans Children in Today’s Schools provides a pragmatic and thorough approach to creating inclusive, safe, and flexible environments for gender-diverse young people. The primary audience for this text is parents and K–12 educators, as well as the extended support network in a child’s life. This book goes well beyond the what and why of gender diversity to answer the questions of how—how do we create inclusive environments for all children, how do we continue to educate ourselves, and how do we successfully navigate controversy and confusion so that we may best support children in today’s schools? This text addresses pertinent issues of privacy and visibility and outlines best practices for teaching gender diversity in the classroom. The text contains standalone content that will guide parents and educators on their journey, including steps for creating a student support plan.
The Court of the Martyrs
Authors: Ployd Adam 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of forensic rhetoric in Augustine’s dealings with the Donatists, who styled themselves the “church of the martyrs.” To deny them this claim, Augustine deploys the slogan non poena sed causa to argue that it is not the punishment but the cause that makes a martyr. This slogan and its subsequent denial of the title of martyr to the Donatists is best understood in terms of forensic status theory, especially a status of definition whereby the proper legal category of an act is disputed. Augustine similarly deploys forensic rhetoric against the charge of persecution, this time arguing, by way of a status of quality, that the persecution committed by Catholic officials is just because it is for the good of those persecuted.
Conditional reflexes in dogs after destruction of various parts of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The goal of this report is to present a preliminary summary of the experiments that have been carried out by my colleagues and me in the laboratories I supervise regarding the relationship between the conditional salivary reflexes and the cerebral hemispheres. First of all, we had to re-examine the existing claim (by Dr. Belitski?) that conditional salivary reflexes were connected with a certain area of the cerebral cortex and that they all disappear after extirpation of this area. The experiments by Dr. N. P. Tikhomirov described in his doctoral dissertation and the experiments by Dr. L. A. Orbeli, on which we shall report here today, completely refute the findings of Dr. Belitski?.
Influence of interruptions in the experiments with conditional reflexes in dogs
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
I would like to express my wholehearted gratitude for the high honor bestowed upon me (by electing me a member of your society) and for your delightful readiness to hear my presentation. I am convinced that sooner or later physiologists, with their study of the nervous system, and psychologists will have to be united in an intimate, friendly cooperation. For now, let each of us follow his own path, trying to utilize his own special resources. The more approaches, the greater the chances that we will finally happily converge, finding each other useful and indispensable.
Is Winter Coming?
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 by Wayne Sandholtz addresses the overall theme of value change from an IR perspective by exploring processes of change and decline in international norms. Sandholtz proposes to assess norm change by studying norm challengers’ and norm defenders’ beliefs regarding the validity of a norm over time. He urges readers not to conclude a tidal change too quickly, emphasizing that norms fluctuate over time and have built-in sources of resiliency. The posited resources are embeddedness in larger normative structures, domestic incorporation, and institutionalization in law. Finally, the chapter also outlines some of the challenges ahead.
Ideological Values and Norm Contestation in the ICC
Authors: Jorgensen Malcolm 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 by Malcolm Jorgensen assesses the effect of various contestations of the norms of legal accountability and anti-impunity for which the ICC is the focal institution. Jorgensen focuses on the more recent contestations by the United States, notably its opposition to ICC jurisdiction over nationals of non-parties in the Afghanistan investigation. He identifies foreign policy preferences of the US as a primary driver of change in the accountability value. He examines alternative conceptions of the relationship between sovereignty and accountability in the global legal order, which continue to be structured by competing ideological beliefs, between American policymakers and global counterparts and among American policymakers themselves. Overall, he identifies possible signs that value change is already underway concerning the ICC and the value of accountability.
Authoritarian Regimes and Nuclear Nonproliferation Norms
Authors: Tokhi Alexandros 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 by Alexandros Tokhi offers an IR perspective on the development of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear non-use norms which protect the fundamental values of international peace and security. Tokhi focuses on the challenge of authoritarian states’ non-compliance or behavioural contestation. He argues that nonadherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)—even by only a few states—may undermine essential confidence in security cooperation. He examines the Iranian nuclear crisis to probe the conditions under which norms and underlying values of the NPT remain resilient or are strengthened. Tokhi finds that norm defenders should strengthen domestic actors with interest in NPT compliance to avert a loss of the norm’s social or legal validity.
The Status of International Women’s Rights
Authors: Kuhlmann Lea Barbara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
From a legal perspective, Chapter 15 by Lea Barbara Kuhlmann analyses the fate of gender equality norms. Kuhlmann cautions against the view that contestations have fundamentally changed women’s rights. She addresses examples of violence against women and gender-based violence as well as reproductive rights. She argues that states have signalled their opposition to women’s rights for over four decades, for instance, by formulating reservations—albeit impermissible ones—or interpretative declarations. Instead, she argues, soft law documents have anchored reproductive rights in human rights law. The subsequent monitoring and law-interpreting activity of the UN human rights treaty bodies have so far shielded these value-based legal norms and ensured their robustness.
Introduction
Authors: Petsalis-Diomidis Alexia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the aims of the volume: first, to analyse two-dimensional images of Greek vases, both graphic and photographic, created from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, highlighting the range of their styles and functions in a variety of artistic and scholarly contexts; second, to demonstrate that images of archaeological objects are not just illustrations, reflecting or complementing texts, but are themselves active producers of knowledge. There is an outline of what the volume can offer to different audiences (archaeologists, art historians, and classical reception scholars). There then follows a brief sketch of the history of the reception of Greek vases in modernity, dealing in turn with the main trends in art history, archaeology, classics, and classical reception studies. This is designed to provide a broad landscape within which to place one form of classical reception—two-dimensional depictions—with which the volume is concerned.
Images of Greek Vases as a Basis for a Scientific Archaeology
Authors: Bernard Marie-Amélie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the 1830s and 1840s, Eduard Gerhard (1795–1868) worked to establish archaeology as a scientific discipline. His approach to the study of antiquity was comprehensive in its combination of archaeology, art history, epigraphy, numismatics, and philology. He founded an international institution, the Instituto di corrispondenza archeologica, and later took up the post of archaeologist at the Königliches Museum in Berlin. During this time, he worked to create the Apparat, which would become an important scholarly tool for the study of the classical world. It featured thousands of drawings of Greek vases by a variety of artists. Some of these drawings were later engraved and published, thus finding a wider audience. The drawings reflect important changes in the tradition of depicting Greek vases, as Gerhard strove to distinguish them from those in earlier publications. The drawings of the Apparat were to be ‘scientific’ in their standardization, their avoidance of personal artistic styles and any obvious changes or corrections to the vessels.
Sources of the Earth’s Magnetic Field
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The internal structure of the Earth is known from the analysis of seismic waves that pass through its interior. A thin brittle crust covers a solid silicate mantle, which surrounds an iron core. The temperature in the core is high enough for the outer part to be liquid, but high pressure makes the inner core solid. The main part of the magnetic field at the Earth’s surface originates inside the liquid core. A small part of the surface field originates outside the Earth in an electrically charged part of the uppermost atmosphere called the ionosphere. Mathematical analysis of the internal field shows that it is dominated by a dipole component, which, along with additional nondipole fields, is generated in the liquid outer core. A short-wavelength part of the internal field has a shallower origin; it is produced by permanently magnetized rocks in the crust and lithosphere, the Earth’s hard outer shell.
The IP Profession over the Last Twenty Years
Authors: Cook Trevor 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the nature of the UK IP profession (and the various sub-professions within it) and the changes that have taken place in it over the last twenty years, although the origin of some of these changes can be traced back ten years earlier to the establishment of the Patent County Court, the precursor to the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court. It takes note of the expanding scope of rights of representation and rights of audience of both patent and trade mark attorneys in IP litigation, although it also notes that less use is made of these rights than might have been envisaged when they were introduced and that most IP litigation, irrespective of whether or not it is conducted within patent attorney firms or their associated law firms, is in fact done by solicitors and barristers. It discusses the success of the UK patent attorney profession within the wider European patent attorney profession, noting that this is the only UK IP profession which will be able directly to participate in the new Unified Patent Court, and it speculates on how it and some of the different national IP professions will fare in the new court.
Twenty Years of Change in IP Strategy and Litigation
Authors: Stone David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the many changes that have occurred to IP strategy and litigation over the last twenty years. Procedurally, there has been a real judicial drive to streamline IP cases, to manage litigation costs, to deal with issues proportionately, and to restrict evidence to what is necessary to decide disputes. More generally, the IP world has been impacted over the last two decades by trends such as globalization and digitization. IP practitioners now use a whole range of digital tools to work in global teams and to advise on IP issues across numerous jurisdictions. Moreover, new technologies have given rise to increased levels and novel types of IP infringements as well as difficult questions regarding interoperability and standardization. This summary highlights these important changes and introduces issues that are dealt with in greater depth in later chapters.
Twenty Years of US Digital Copyright: Adapting from Analogue
Authors: Ginsburg Jane C 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This review of the period 2001–21 in US copyright law will summarize digital-dominated developments concerning the scope of exclusive rights and exceptions and liability regimes. It will address several developments, all related to the impact of the internet on the exploitation of works of authorship. Digital storage and communications have called into question the scope of the exclusive rights set out in the US Copyright Act, and they have considerably expanded the reach of the fair use exemption. They have strained statutory and common law regimes of secondary liability and prompted the development of a ‘volition’ predicate to primary liability. While case law concerning non-digital subject matter or scope of protection has also abounded—including the Supreme Court’s rejection of constitutional challenges to Congress’s power to extend the copyright terms of existing works and to restore copyright to certain foreign works that had fallen into the public domain in order to comply with international obligations; the court’s failure to clarify the impenetrable statutory standard for the protection of applied art; and the court’s interpretation of the first sale doctrine to establish a rule of international exhaustion—space constraints compel the choice to confine this overview to the digital domain.
Twenty Years After—the State of EU Copyright Law
Authors: Martin-Prat Maria 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Between 2000 and 2020, we witnessed the expansion and consolidation of the harmonization of copyright and related rights law in the EU. This chapter provides a brief overview of key developments in those two decades, from the early years where legislative intervention was still guided by international harmonization (and a relative level of agreement), through the years where the debate about the need for a reform of the system was at its peak, until now. It examines the increasingly important role of the Court of Justice of the European Union and it concludes with an assessment of the system as it stands today and possible developments going forward.
The Gnostic Machine
Authors: Konior Bogna 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As debates around artificial intelligence (AI) discourses beyond the West draw increased attention in media and technology studies, Eastern Europe remains a neglected territory. Eastern European scholars, having emerged from Soviet constraints on intellectuals, have only recently entered this discipline. This chapter, looking to expand the canon of media theory and philosophy, investigates the allusions to AI in Summa Technologiae, a unique work at the intersection of philosophy and popular science published in 1964 by Polish intellectual and science fiction writer Stanisław Lem. Lem’s futurology, focusing on the relationship between technology and human cognitive capacities and evolutionary trajectories, anticipates discussions around possible models of AI. The chapter contextualizes Summa within the Polish intellectual scene at the time, which uniquely combined Catholic theology with cybernetics, and proposes a reading of Lem’s imagination of AI as a ‘gnostic machine’; an evolutionary, existential technology that operates at the limit of human comprehension.
Fiery the Angels Fell
Authors: Cave Stephen , Dihal Kanta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to distinguish the themes distinctive of narratives about artificial intelligence (AI) from the United States. These works tend to be extreme: either utopian or (more often) dystopian. We illustrate the utopian strand with an analysis of Isaac Asimov’s ‘The Last Question’ (1956), situating it within an American ideology of technology that associates technological mastery with ontological superiority, the legitimation of settler-colonialism, and the pursuit of a ‘second creation’ on earth. We then examine the inherent instability of this vision, which explains why it can tip so readily to dystopia. These include fears of decadence and the slave-machine uprising, both of which revolve around loss of control. We then examine three degrees of loss of control: from willingly giving up autonomy to the machine in the 2008 film WALL-E, to value misalignment in Martin Caidin’s The God Machine (1968), to utter extermination in the Terminator franchise.