bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coxiella
Authors: Kersh Gilbert J. , Bleeker‐Rovers Chantal P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Coxiella burnetii is a small, Gram‐negative rod that grows within a parasitophorous vacuole located in the cytoplasm of a host eukaryotic cell. It is a member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Transmission of C. burnetii to humans typically occurs by inhalation of the bacterium after it has been shed by animals. For chronic Q fever, where there is an identified nidus of infection, immunohistochemistry is an excellent method for the detection of C. burnetii antigens in tissue samples, particularly cardiac valve tissues that are colonized during chronic Q fever. Isolation of C. burnetii from human blood or tissue must be performed in a biosafety level 3 containment facility due to the low infectious dose of the agent and the potential for generating aerosols. Typing systems based on genetic differences between isolates are not standardized and are still undergoing development.
Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations
Authors: Turnidge John D. , Jorgensen James H. , Zimmer Barbara A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Determination of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of significant bacterial isolates is one of the most important functions of the clinical microbiology laboratory. The main objective of susceptibility testing is to predict the likely outcome of treatment with the antimicrobial agents tested. Clinical microbiology laboratories can choose from among several conventional and novel methods for the performance of routine antibacterial susceptibility testing. A laboratory may choose to perform rapid detection of some resistance mechanisms by molecular testing or by rapid phenotypic testing. Breakpoints are the values that determine the categories of susceptibility. The approach to setting breakpoints varies by organization or regulatory body. Antimicrobial resistance is becoming widespread among a variety of clinically significant bacterial species. The advent of more readily available molecular techniques, especially whole‐genome sequencing, opens up the possibility of a major shift in the diagnostic laboratory, from phenotypic susceptibility testing to genotypic prediction of resistance.
Susceptibility Test Methods: Fastidious Bacteria
Authors: Humphries Romney M. , Bard Jennifer Dien 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Most fastidious bacteria do not grow satisfactorily in standard
in vitro
susceptibility test systems that use unsupplemented media. This chapter summarizes the standard methods recommended by CLSI and EUCAST for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of
Streptococcus
spp.,
H. influenzae
,
N. gonorrhoeae
, and
N. meningitidis
. It summarizes methods for testing the infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria included in CLSI guideline M45‐A3 and/or EUCAST clinical breakpoint tables. The chapter provides test methods and indications for testing and the reporting of results. Regional and global surveillance studies for antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens including
H. influenzae
,
S. pneumoniae
, and
Moraxella catarrhalis
were conducted regularly. Several bacterial agents are identified as potential agents of bioterrorism by the CDC. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for most of these organisms are predictable, so susceptibility testing of naturally occurring isolates is often not necessary.
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey , Masciotra Silvina , Owen S. Michele 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are enveloped plus‐stranded RNA viruses. HIV viruses are classified based on phylogenetic relatedness of nucleotide sequences. Serum and plasma are the most common specimen types used for routine HIV antibody and antigen determinations in the laboratory. Because HIV can be isolated from the blood of the majority of HIV‐infected individuals, HIV culture was frequently utilized in the early years of the epidemic as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or for assessing the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Nucleic acid tests are needed for infant diagnosis because serologic tests are not useful for the detection of HIV infection in infants; maternal antibodies can persist in uninfected, HIV‐exposed infants until 18 months of age. Genotyping and variant calling information can identify nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations, termed drug resistance mutations, that code amino acid changes which can reduce the susceptibility of HIV to antiretroviral drugs.
Varicella‐Zoster Virus
Authors: Greninger Alexander L. , Koelle David M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter provides taxonomy, description of the agent, epidemiology and transmission, clinical significance, diagnosis overview, therapy overview, direct examination, isolation and identification, serologic tests, and antiviral therapy and susceptibility of Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV). VZV belongs to the family
Herpesviridae
, based on morphological criteria, and is one of the nine human‐pathogenic herpesvirus species identified so far. VZV may infect susceptible cells either by fusion at the cell surface or by endocytosis. VZV is ubiquitous and highly contagious, and therefore, primary infection with VZV usually occurs in early childhood. The clinical appearance of chicken pox is usually dominated by a generalized vesicular rash. VZV is responsible for some cases of vasculopathy in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons. One of the oldest direct detection methods is the Tzanck test. Analysis of CSF using nucleic acid amplification has become the method of choice for diagnosis of neurological disease associated with VZV.
The Dermatophytes and Their Relatives (
Trichophyton
,
Microsporum
,
Epidermophyton
,
Arthroderma
,
Nannizzia
,
Paraphyton
, and
Lophophyton
) and Other Agents of Superficial Mycoses
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Summerbell Richard C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

At present, a large number of primary studies related to rapid PCR of dermatological specimens for dermatophytosis and related mycoses have been published. Dermatophytes can in principle be tested for susceptibility to antifungal drugs using the standard CLSI M38‐A3 standard for moulds. For many years, the etiologic agents of dermatophytosis have been classified, along with some nonpathogenic relatives, in three genera:
Trichophyton
,
Microsporum
, and
Epidermophyton
, in the family
Arthrodermataceae
of the order
Onygenales
, phylum
Ascomycota
. Any dermatophytes capable of reproducing sexually, i.e., producing ascomata with asci and ascospores, also had historical teleomorph names in the genus
Arthroderma
or
Nannizzia
. Conversely, most geophilic species and those zoophilic organisms that rarely cause human disease are divided among
Arthroderma
,
Lophophyton
,
Paraphyton
, and
Nannizzia
.
Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma
Authors: van de Sande Wendy W. J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Eumycetoma was recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization in 2016. All fungi known to cause eumycetoma belong to the phylum Ascomycota.
Madurella mycetomatis
is the most common fungal causative agent of eumycetoma.
Medicopsis romeroi
is a coelomycetous anamorphic fungus. It might be misidentified as
Trematosphaeria grisea
when cultures lack pycnidia.
Neotestudina rosatii
has been isolated from soil from tropical countries; it is an ascomycete with spherical, deliquescent asci and rhomboid ascospores with one septum each. The genus
Scedosporium
comprises a small group of rather variable species. Magnetic resonance imaging and radiology are often used to identify the limits of the lesions and to determine if bone is affected. Antibody detection tests created in‐house have been used in some locations where eumycetoma is endemic.
General Approaches for Detection and Identification of Parasites
Authors: Garcia Lynne S. , Paltridge Graeme P. , Shimizu Robyn Y. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter discusses various approaches and diagnostic methods currently used for the diagnosis of parasitic infections. The purpose of a direct wet mount is to confirm the possibility of infection with certain protozoa and helminths, to assess the worm burden of the patient, and to look for organism motility. Immunoassay reagents are available commercially for several of the protozoan parasites, including,
Cryptosporidium
spp., the
Entamoeba histolytica
‐
Entamoeba dispar
group, and
E. histolytica
. Fecal culture methods are especially helpful for the detection of light infections with hookworm,
Strongyloides stercoralis
, and
Trichostrongylus
spp. and for the specific identification of parasites. The agar plate culture is recommended for the recovery of
S. stercoralis
larvae; it tends to be more sensitive than some of the other diagnostic methods and, with the exception of molecular methods, is currently the method of choice. The most widely used procedure for the diagnosis of pinworm infection is the cellulose tape.
Automatic image quality evaluation in digital radiography using a modified version of the IAEA radiography phantom allowing multiple detection tasks
Authors: Tsalafoutas Ioannis A. , AlKhazzam Shady , Tsapaki Virginia , Kharita Mohammed Hassan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate image quality (IQ) of for‐processing (raw) and for‐presentation (clinical) radiography images, under different exposure conditions and digital image post‐processing algorithms, using a phantom that enables multiple detection tasks.MethodsA modified version of the radiography phantom described in the IAEA Human Health Series No. 39 publication was constructed, incorporating six additional Aluminum (Al) targets of thicknesses both smaller and larger than the standard one. Raw and clinical images were simultaneously acquired using two digital radiography units from different manufacturers, various exposure parameters and different examination protocols. The phantom images were read using the free IAEA software (ATIA) that estimates automatically various IQ‐metrics in images of the original phantom. Since in the modified phantom had seven Al targets, images were read seven times, one for each different Al thickness. The IQ‐metrics’ values obtained were analyzed to investigate their dependence on incident air kerma on the image receptor, tube potential, examination protocol, image type (raw or clinical), Al‐target thicknesses, and manufacturer.ResultsThe IQ‐metric values calculated using the modified IAEA phantom images can be radically different between raw and clinical images, and between different manufacturers, irrespectively whether only the standard or all the different Al‐target thicknesses are considered. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and the signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) dependence on exposure conditions and post‐processing algorithms do not always follow the same trends for raw and clinical images and/or different manufacturers, while the signal‐difference‐to‐noise‐ratio (SDNR) and the detectability index (d′), despite their differences, seem more appropriate to characterize IQ. However, the d′ metric, which also considers both MTF and the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) should be considered more complete IQ‐metric than SDNR.ConclusionsThough theoretically d′ values should be calculated using raw images, clinical images can be also used, at least for constancy tests.
Real‐Time UVC Imaging and High Safety Communication Based on Dual‐Detectable Lead‐Free Perovskite Heterostructure
Authors: Cao Fa , Hong Enliu , Li Ziqing , Han Sancan , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractUltraviolet band C photodetectors (UVC PDs), which can convert the UVC light (200–280 nm) signals into detectable signals, have received tremendous attention due to their wide applications in bio‐medicine, communications, and imaging fields. However, current research primarily focuses on either the conversion of UVC light into electrical signals or its conversion into visible light signals. Here, a flexible dual‐detectable UVC PD based on Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets and CsCu2I3 film is reported, which can simultaneously convert UVC light into visible light and electrical signals, achieving the visual detection for invisible UVC light. The PD exhibits exceptional self‐powered UVC light (270 nm; 1.87 mW cm−2) detection abilities with a high responsivity (R) of 16.7 mA W−1, an impressive detectivity of 6.1 × 1011 Jones, a high on/off ratio of 3789, and an ultra‐high UVC/UVA (R270/R360) rejection ratio of 2.1 × 105. The dual‐detectable PD shows great application potential for safety communication and real‐time imaging. This work proposes a new type of flexible PD through material selection and structural design, thereby inspiring novel ideas to enhance the convenience and practicality of UVC photodetection.
Phase Transitions in Dimer/Layered Sb‐Based Hybrid Halide Perovskites: An In‐Depth Analysis of Structural and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Ciobotaru Iulia Corina , Ciobotaru Claudiu Constantin , Bartha Cristina , Enculescu Monica , Secu Mihail , Polosan Silviu , Besleaga Cristina 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWhen used as the active layers—either as a light absorber in photovoltaic devices or as an electroluminescent material in light‐emitting devices—lead‐free perovskites significantly impact the performance of optoelectronic devices. This study focuses on antimony‐based perovskites, which are promising for lighting applications. These types of perovskites enable the formation of self‐trapped excitons (STEs) with higher dissociation energy than lead‐based perovskites, which generate excitons with lower dissociation energy. The (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 crystals are synthesized using two methods, resulting in distinct spatial configurations – dimer and dimer/layered mixtures, each exhibiting unique structural and spectroscopic properties, as revealed by comprehensive multi‐parametric complementary analyses. Their emissive properties underscore the efficiency of the STE photoluminescence, driven by electron–phonon interactions and influenced by Sb‐Sb distances in (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 powder, whether dispersed in polymethyl‐methacrylate or solution. The phase transition from monoclinic to hexagonal (dimer) and trigonal (layered) structures enabled the tuning of the optical properties in direct correlation with the structural and electrical features. The photoluminescence behavior of the STEs, analyzed in conjunction with the Raman spectroscopy, elucidates the dynamic process of the electron‐phonon coupling effects in the dimer (face‐capping Sb–I octahedra) and layered (corner‐sharing Sb–I octahedra) crystallographic structures.
Enhancing the Implant Osteointegration via Supramolecular Co‐Assembly Coating with Early Immunomodulation and Cell Colonization
Authors: Wang Chenglong , Shou Zeyu , Xu Chengwei , Huo Kaiyuan , Liu Wenjie , Liu Hao , Zan Xingjie , Wang Qing , Li Lianxin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOsteointegration, the effective coupling between an implant and bone tissue, is a highly intricate biological process. The initial stages of bone‐related immunomodulation and cellular colonization play crucial roles, but have received limited attention. Herein, a novel supramolecular co‐assembled coating of strontium (Sr)‐doped metal polyphenol networks (MPN) modified with c(RGDfc) is developed and well‐characterized, for eliciting an early immunomodulation and cellular colonization. The results showed that the (Sr‐MPN)@RGD coating significantly regulated the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype by controllable release of Sr, and promote the initial adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by RGD presented on MPN. Notably, the (Sr‐MPN)@RGD attenuated osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress as well as enhanced osteoblast differentiation and angiogenesis due to macrophage polarization toward M2 phenotype, which in turn has a profound effect on neighboring cells through paracrine signaling. In vivo results showed that the (Sr‐MPN)@RGD coating manifested superior osseointegration and bone maturation to the bare Ti‐rod or Ti‐rod coated with MPN and Sr‐MPN. This work contributed to the design of multifunctional implant coatings that address the complex biological process of osteointegration from the perspective of orchestrating stem cell recruitment with immunomodulatory strategies.
A study on the variation of cytokine and electrolyte levels in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, and Assamese macaques
Authors: Duan Suqin , Hou Jinghan , Li Yanyan , Sun Wenting , Li Mingxue , Chen Lixiong , Xu Hongjie , Jin Weihua , Liu Quan , Tang Jie , Deng Zijun , Yang Fengmei , He Zhanlong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundNon‐human primates (NPHs), such as rhesus macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, and Assamese macaques, play a crucial role in biomedical research. However, baseline cytokine and electrolyte data for these three species, particularly data stratified by age and sex, are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish and analyze age‐ and sex‐specific cytokine and electrolyte profiles in these three species.MethodsThis study included 40 rhesus macaques (21 males, 19 females), 33 cynomolgus monkeys (17 males, 16 females), and 45 Assamese macaques (25 males, 20 females) classified by age (1–5 years, 6–12 years, >13 years) and sex. The levels of 23 immune function indicators and 5 electrolyte indicators were measured.ResultsAmong the three monkey species, the levels of sCD40L, IL‐18, MCP‐1, MIP‐1β, TGFa, K+, Na+, and Cl− exhibited species‐, sex‐, and age‐related differences. Comparison within the same species，sex had no significant impact on cytokine levels in NHPs but did affect electrolyte levels, particularly Cl− and Na+ levels, in cynomolgus monkeys and Assamese macaques. Electrolyte levels in NHPs were not affected by age, whereas the levels of certain cytokines, particularly sCD40L, GM‐CSF, and IL‐10, varied with age. The remaining 21 cytokines demonstrated no significant age‐related changes.ConclusionsSignificant variations in cytokine and electrolyte levels exist among different monkey species, sexes, and age groups. This research provides valuable resources for NHP researchers and sets the stage for further exploring the impacts of sex and age on NHP physiology and immune function.
Comprehensive Passivation of Surface and Bulk Defects in Perovskite for High Efficiency Carbon‐Based CsPbI3 Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Peng Xin , Wu Haosheng , Zhang Guizhi , Chen Yueying , Cai Weizi , Pan Zhenxiao , Rao Huashang , Zhong Xinhua 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCarbon‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have the advantages of high stability and low cost, but their mean efficiency has become an obstacle to commercialization. Defects, which are widely distributed on the surface and bulk of films, are an important factor in C‐PSCs for low efficiency. The conventional post‐treatment method through forming a low‐dimensional (LD) perovskite layer usually fails in manipulating the bulk defects. Herein, we propose a strategy of combining wet film (uncrystallized) treatment with dry film treatment to in situ form LD perovskite throughout the grain boundaries inside of the film and on the surface of the film, thereby simultaneously passivating the bulk and surface defects in the CsPbI3 film. As a result, the photoluminescence lifetime is significantly improved from 22.5 ns to 92.1 ns. The assembled CsPbI3 C‐PSCs based on the above strategy deliver a champion efficiency of 19.65 %, which is a new record efficiency for inorganic C‐PSCs.
Ba‐Alginate Microspheres for Protein Encapsulation by Aerosolization
Authors: Asri Hatice , Liman Gamze , Mert Serap 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe encapsulation efficiency, release profiles, and kinetics of BSA from Ba‐alginate microcapsules with the size of 150–215 μm, prepared by aerosolization method starting from different BSA concentrations (w/v: 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.30%), were investigated. The critical BSA w/v ratio was found to be 0.15%, and BSA release from both Ba‐ and Ca‐alginate microcapsules, prepared for comparison, was continued up to 25 and 3 h, respectively. Korsmeyer‐Peppas model was found to be valid for Ba‐alginate microcapsules according to release kinetics analysis. BSA‐loaded Ba‐alginate microcapsules were more durable and had a longer release profile than Ca‐alginate microcapsules. FTIR analysis of Ca‐alginate and Ba‐alginate microcapsules confirms the cross‐linking of Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions with alginate and supports the presence of BSA in BSA‐loaded Ba and Ca‐alginate microcapsules. Moreover, the developed BSA‐Ba‐alginate microcapsules did not show swelling behavior at pH = 1.2 and remained intact in sodium citrate solution until 24 h. These results demonstrate that Ba‐alginate microcapsules are resistant in the stomach environment and suitable for encapsulation of water‐soluble molecules such as BSA.
Preparation of CoNi‐LDH‐Modified Polypropylene‐Based Carbon Fiber Membranes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Minghang , Liu Qiongxia , Zhang Mingguang , Deng Yu , Liu Cheng , Hu Fangyuan , Jian Xigao , Chen Yousi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of flexible electronic devices has placed higher demands on the development of high‐performance flexible supercapacitors. In this work, a safe and simple method was developed to prepare cobalt–nickel layered double hydroxide (CoNi‐LDH) flexible electrodes. Metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived CoNi‐LDH was successfully grown on the surface of polypropylene nonwoven flexible carbon fiber membranes through plasma oxidation treatment, grafting of cobalt‐based MOFs, and room‐temperature etching in Ni2+ solution. The prepared flexible modified carbon fiber membrane (CPO‐CoNi‐40‐0.5) has good mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 159.26 ± 63.03 kPa. In addition, the CPO‐CoNi‐40‐0.5 electrode has a high specific capacitance of 580 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The assembled supercapacitor maintains 99% of the initial specific capacity after 7000 cycles and 98% of the initial specific capacity when it is folded at 90°, showing excellent long cycle stability and bending resistance. This paper provides a new way to promote the development of high‐performance and low‐cost flexible electrodes.
Photomediated One‐Pot Multicomponent Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of N‐Acyl/Sulfonyl‐α‐Phosphonated‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline via Twice Acyl/Sulfonyl Iminium Formation
Authors: Zhang Yun , Nie Jia‐Huan , Du Yao , Ye Xin‐Rui , Cui Bao‐Dong , Mou Xue‐Qing , Liu Jia‐Bao , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Chen Yong‐Zheng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractN‐acyl/sulfonyl‐α‐phosphonated 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroiso‐quinolines (THIQs) are significant structural motifs in organic synthesis and drug discovery. However, the one‐pot approach enabling direct difunctionalization of THIQs remains challenging. Herein we report a photomediated one‐pot multicomponent cascade reaction to access N‐acyl/sulfonyl‐α‐phosphonated THIQs via twice acyl/sulfonyl iminium. This method features air as an oxidant, high atom and step economy, and mild conditions.