Kangaroo Mother Care implementation research to develop models for accelerating scale-up in India and Ethiopia: study protocol for an adequacy evaluation
Authors: Medhanyie Araya Abrha , Alemu Hibret , Asefa Anteneh , Beyene Selemawit Asfaw , Gebregizabher Fisseha Ashebir , Aziz Khalid , Bhandari Nita , Beyene Habtamu , Brune Thomas , Chan Grace , Cranmer John N , Darmstadt G , Duguma Dereje , Fikre Addisalem , Andualem Bizuayehu Gashaw , Gobezayehu Abebe Gebremariam , Mariam Damen Haile , Abay Tedros Hailu , Mohan H L , Jadaun Arun , Jayanna K , Kajal F N U , Kar Arin , Krishna Raghav , Kumar Aarti , Kumar Vishwajeet , Madhur Tarun Kumar , Belew Mulusew Lijalem , M Rajini , Martines Jose , Mazumder Sarmila , Amin Hajira , Mony Prem K , Muleta Mekonnen , Pileggi-Castro Cynthia , Pn Rao Suman , Estifanos Abiy Seifu , Sibley Lynn M , Singhal Nalini , Tadele Henok , Tariku Abraham , Lemango Ephrem Tekle , Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun , Upadhyay Ravi , Worku Bogale , Hadush Marta Yemane , Bahl Rajiv 
Published: April 2023

IntroductionKangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is the practice of early, continuous and prolonged skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the baby with exclusive breastfeeding. Despite clear evidence of impact in improving survival and health outcomes among low birth weight infants, KMC coverage has remained low and implementation has been limited. Consequently, only a small fraction of newborns that could benefit from KMC receive it.Methods and analysisThis implementation research project aims to develop and evaluate district-level models for scaling up KMC in India and Ethiopia that can achieve high population coverage. The project includes formative research to identify barriers and contextual factors that affect implementation and utilisation of KMC and design scalable models to deliver KMC across the facility-community continuum. This will be followed by implementation and evaluation of these models in routine care settings, in an iterative fashion, with the aim of reaching a successful model for wider district, state and national-level scale-up. Implementation actions would happen at three levels: ‘pre-KMC facility’—to maximise the number of newborns getting to a facility that provides KMC; ‘KMC facility’—for initiation and maintenance of KMC; and ‘post-KMC facility’—for continuation of KMC at home. Stable infants with birth weight<2000 g and born in the catchment population of the study KMC facilities would form the eligible population. The primary outcome will be coverage of KMC in the preceding 24 hours and will be measured at discharge from the KMC facility and 7 days after hospital discharge.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained in all the project sites, and centrally by the Research Ethics Review Committee at the WHO. Results of the project will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication, in addition to national and global level dissemination.Study statusWHO approved protocol: V.4—12 May 2016—Protocol ID: ERC 2716. Study implementation beginning: April 2017. Study end: expected March 2019.Trial registration numberCommunity Empowerment Laboratory, Uttar Pradesh, India (NCT12286667); St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India and Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India (CTRI/2017/07/008988); Society for Applied Studies, Delhi (NCT03098069); Oromia, Ethiopia (NCT03419416); Amhara, SNNPR and Tigray, Ethiopia (NCT03506698).