bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effects of a drought experiment on the reproductive phenology and ecophysiology of a wet tropical rainforest community
Authors: Vogado Nara , Laurance Susan G , Liddell Michael J , Engert Jayden E , Wurster Christopher M , Schiffer Michele , Thompson Andrew , Nichols Cassandra , Cernusak Lucas A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the intensity and occurrence of drought in tropical regions, potentially affecting the phenology and physiology of tree species. Phenological activity may respond to a drying and warming environment by advancing reproductive timing and/or diminishing the production of flowers and fruits. These changes have the potential to disrupt important ecological processes, with potentially wide-ranging effects on tropical forest function. Here, we analysed the monthly flowering and fruiting phenology of a tree community (337 individuals from 30 species) over 7 years in a lowland tropical rainforest in northeastern Australia and its response to a throughfall exclusion drought experiment (TFE) that was carried out from 2016 to 2018 (3 years), excluding approximately 30% of rainfall. We further examined the ecophysiological effects of the TFE on the elemental (C:N) and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) composition of leaves, and on the stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O) of stem wood of four tree species. At the community level, there was no detectable effect of the TFE on flowering activity overall, but there was a significant effect recorded on fruiting and varying responses from the selected species. The reproductive phenology and physiology of the four species examined in detail were largely resistant to impacts of the TFE treatment. One canopy species in the TFE significantly increased in fruiting and flowering activity, whereas one understory species decreased significantly in both. There was a significant interaction between the TFE treatment and season on leaf C:N for two species. Stable isotope responses were also variable among species, indicating species-specific responses to the TFE. Thus, we did not observe consistent patterns in physiological and phenological changes in the tree community within the 3 years of TFE treatment examined in this study.
Unravelling the intricacies of left ventricular haemodynamic forces: age and gender-specific normative values assessed by cardiac MRI in healthy adults
Authors: Yang Wenjing , Wang Yining , Zhu Leyi , Xu Jing , Wu Weichun , Zhou Di , Sirajuddin Arlene , Arai Andrew E , Zhao Shihua , Lu Minjie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Aims
Haemodynamic forces (HDFs) provided a feasible method to early detect cardiac mechanical abnormalities by estimating the intraventricular pressure gradients. The novel advances in assessment of HDFs using routine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) cines shed new light on detection of preclinical dysfunction. However, definition of normal values for this new technique is the prerequisite for application in the clinic.

Methods and results
A total of 218 healthy volunteers [38.1 years ± 11.1; 111 male (50.9%)] were recruited and underwent CMR examinations with a 3.0T scanner. Balanced steady state free precession breath hold cine images were acquired, and HDF assessments were performed based on strain analysis. The normal values of longitudinal and transversal HDF strength [root mean square (RMS)] and ratio of transversal to longitudinal HDF were all evaluated in overall population as well as in both genders and in age-specific groups. The longitudinal RMS values (%) of HDFs were significantly higher in women (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the HDF amplitudes significantly decreased with ageing in entire heartbeat, systole, diastole, systolic/diastolic transition, and diastolic deceleration, while increased in atrial thrust. In multivariable linear regression analysis, age, heart rate, and global longitudinal strain emerged as independent predictors of the amplitudes of longitudinal HDFs in entire heartbeat and systole, while left ventricular end-diastole volume index was also independently associated with longitudinal HDFs in diastole and diastolic deceleration (P &lt; 0.05 for all).

Conclusion
Our study provided comprehensive normal values of HDF assessments using CMR as well as presented with specific age and sex stratification. HDF analyses can be performed with excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility.
The Alchemy of the Right to Life during the Conduct of Hostilities: A Normative Approach to Operationalizing the ‘Supreme Right’
Authors: Waschefort Gus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The prevailing approach to the application of the right to life during the conduct of hostilities holds that the arbitrariness of loss of life in terms of international human rights law (IHRL) is determined by compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Through application of the interpretive principle of systemic integration, an alternative ‘normative approach’ is advanced. The normative approach is premised on a contextual consideration of the normative content and underlying values of the right to life rather than on the more mechanical approaches to its interpretation. The outcome reached that is based on this approach has two profound distinctions to that of the prevailing approach: (i) not all loss of life where IHL was not strictly complied with is ipso jure arbitrary and, conversely, (ii) at times, compelling factors necessitate a recalibration of arbitrariness along a spectrum between IHRL and IHL, with the result that loss of life may amount to arbitrary deprivation of life even when IHL is fully complied with. In the context of quintessential military operations, a two-pronged normative test is advanced to determine the circumstances in which non-compliance with IHL will result in arbitrary deprivation of life.
Following in the parents’ footsteps? Using sibling data to analyse the intergenerational transmission of social (dis)advantage in Scotland
Authors: Iannelli Cristina , Breen Richard , Duta Adriana 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study provides new evidence about the extent to which individual occupational status is determined by family of origin (ascription) and by educational attainment (achievement). Using linked administrative data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study, we measure intergenerational mobility using sibling correlations and we assess the effect of siblings’ education on their occupational status by examining between- and within-sibling differences. We show that about 36 per cent of siblings’ variation in occupational status in Scotland is attributable to shared family factors. Our observed measures of family background explain about 40 per cent of the shared family effect, meaning that family-based advantages in the Scottish labour market largely arise from unmeasured factors. We also find that siblings’ educational attainment accounts for 80 per cent of the variation between families in occupational status. While this may suggest that the Scottish labour market is highly meritocratic, previous research that showed a very strong family effect on educational attainment leads us to a different interpretation, namely that social inequalities in education are the main mechanism through which inequalities between families are reproduced (and perhaps legitimated) in the Scottish labour market.
War and peace: hired troops and military aid in Byzantine and English treaties, c.900–1200
Authors: Morris Ben 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The rulers of Byzantium and England are well known for their centralized nature and their active approach to diplomacy. Both powers often utilized treaties to bolster their military forces, and to undermine those of their foes. Of course, allegiance was not always clear-cut, with many powers having complex relations with their neighbours and the treaties catering to the conflicting obligations of those involved. This article focuses on the treaties of two of the most bureaucratic powers of the medieval world who have comparable treaty corpuses, utilizing the theme of military service to show that treaties were primarily pragmatic documents.
Predictors of Hospital-related Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Early Pandemic Phase: A Nationwide Inpatient Database Survey
Authors: Naseem Khadija , Sohail Abdullah , Quang Nguyen Vu , Khan Ahmad , Cooper Gregory , Lashner Bret , Katz Jeffry , Cominelli Fabio , Regueiro Miguel , Mansoor Emad 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection. However, most studies are single-center, and nationwide data in the United States are lacking. This study aimed to investigate hospital-related outcomes and predictors of these outcomes in patients with IBD and COVID-19 infection.

Methods
The National Inpatient Sample and National Readmission database were queried for all the patient hospitalizations with IBD with concurrent COVID-19 in the study group and non-COVID-19 related hospitalizations in the control group. For patients under 18 years, elective and trauma-related hospitalizations were excluded. Primary outcomes included mortality, septic shock, mechanical ventilation, and intensive care utilization. Secondary outcomes included length of stay and total hospitalization costs.

Results
From this query, 8865 adult patients with IBD and COVID-19 were identified. These patients were relatively older (62.8 vs 57.7 years, P &lt; .01), and the majority were females (52.1% with COVID-19 vs 55.2% without COVID-19). Patients with IBD and COVID-19 had higher mortality (12.24% vs 2.55%; P &lt; .01), increased incidence of septic shock (7.9% vs 4.4%; P &lt; .01), mechanical ventilation (11.5% vs 3.7%; P &lt; .01), and intensive care utilization (12% vs 4.6%; P &lt; .01). These patients also had higher mean length of stay (8.28 days vs 5.47 days; P &lt; .01) and total hospitalization costs ($21 390 vs $16 468; P &lt; .01) than those without COVID-19 infection.

Conclusions
Patients with IBD and COVID-19 have worse outcomes, with a higher incidence of severe COVID-19 disease, leading to higher mortality rates, longer lengths of stay, and increased total hospitalization costs. Encouraging preventive health measures and treating promptly with advanced COVID-19 therapies may improve outcomes and decrease the healthcare burden.
Distinct Neural Representations and Cognitive Behaviors Attributable to Naturally Developed Active Avoidance or Reactive Escape Strategies in the Male Rat
Authors: Jing Liang , Ma Chen , Xu Lin , Richter-Levin Gal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
The high individual variability in coping with stress is often attributed to genetic background differences, sustained environmental conditions, or a combination of both. However, the neural mechanisms underlying coping style variability are still poorly understood.

Methods
Here we examined the impact of a single extended emotional challenge on coping style variability and the associated involvement of the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 170) were trained in an extended 2-way shuttle avoidance (eTWSA) task for 7 days, and daily avoidance rates were measured. Forced swim test, elevated plus maze, or Morris water maze was tested before or after eTWSA exposure. Excitotoxic lesion of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was performed by Ibotenic infusion. Transient pharmacological blocking of DG, mPFC, or PAG was performed by muscimol or CNQX+TTX infusion.

Results
Exposing rats to eTWSA was found to lead to naturally developing dichotomous, not continuous, coping styles, which we termed active avoidance (AA) or reactive escape (RE). Prior emotional responses did not predict the developing coping style. AA was associated with beneficial outcomes, including reduced behavioral despair and improved spatial learning. RE led to impaired spatial retrieval. AA was abolished by lesioning or pharmacological blocking of the DG. RE was prevented by blocking mPFC or PAG.

Conclusion
The results indicate that a single exposure to a significant emotional challenge can lead, in otherwise healthy individuals, to dichotomous development of an active or reactive coping style with distinctive neural correlates and subsequent behavioral significance.
The Morphosyntax of Objects to Participles in the Qurʾān
Authors: van Putten Marijn 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This paper examines how Quranic text treats the construction of a participle in predicative position when it is followed by a direct object. While the medieval grammarians typically say that the participle may be either followed by the object in the accusative or form a construct phrase with it regardless of the definiteness of the object, close examination of the behaviour of participles in predicative positions in the Quranic text shows that a clear correlation presents itself. Indefinite objects are marked with the accusative, whereas definite objects are formed through a genitive construction. This thus means that the linguistic register of the Qurʾān, different from other forms of Classical Arabic, represents a kind of differential object marking on the objects of predicative participles, differentiating between indefinite and definite objects.
The Christian Arabic dialect of Mērgī
Authors: Hassan Qasim 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The area northeast of Mosul, a collection of villages with varying topography and terrain, is known for being a mosaic of ethnic and religious minorities. The village of Mērgī, the focus of interest in this paper, is one of the historical Christian settlements in the area, located on the southern foot of the Mount Maqlūb. Based on a fieldwork carried out in 2022 in Mērgī, this article investigates the linguistic situation in this village and carries out comparisons with the other well-documented related dialects in the vicinity.
Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide prevents corpus cavernosum fibrosis and erectile dysfunction in bilateral cavernous nerve injury–induced rats
Authors: Xi Yuhang , Ge Yunlong , Hu Daoyuan , Xia Tian , Chen Jialiang , Zhang Chi , Cui Yubin , Xiao Hengjun 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Corpus cavernosum (CC) fibrosis significantly contributes to post–radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction (pRP-ED). Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSD)–derived peptide has gained significant concern as a potent antagonist of tissue fibrosis. However, applying CSD peptide on bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI)–induced rats remains uninvestigated.

Aim
The aim was to explore the therapeutic outcome and underlying mechanism of CSD peptide for preventing ED in BCNI rats according to the hypothesis that CSD peptide may exert beneficial effects on erectile tissue and function following BCNI through limiting collagen synthesis in CC smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) and CC fibrosis.

Methods
After completing a random assignment of male Sprague Dawley rats (10 weeks of age), BCNI rats received either saline or CSD peptide treatment, as opposed to sham-operated rats. The evaluations of erectile function (EF) and succedent collection and histological and molecular biological examinations of penile tissue were accomplished 3 weeks postoperatively. In addition, the fibrotic model of CCSMCs was used to further explore the mechanism of CSD peptide action in vitro.

Outcomes
The assessments of EF, SMC/collagen ratio, α-smooth muscle actin, caveolin-1 (CAV1), and profibrotic indicators expressions were conducted.

Results
BCNI rats exhibited significant decreases in EF, SMC/collagen ratio, α-SMA, and CAV1 levels, and increases in collagen content together with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad2 activity. However, impaired EF, activated CC fibrosis, and Smad2 signaling were attenuated after 3 weeks of CSD peptide treatment in BCNI rats. In vitro, TGF-β1–induced CCSMCs underwent fibrogenetic transformation characterized by lower expression of CAV1, higher collagen composition, and phosphorylation of Smad2; then, the delivery of CSD peptide could significantly block CCSMC fibrosis by inactivating Smad2 signaling.

Clinical Implications
Based on available evidence of CSD peptide in the prevention of ED in BCNI rats, this study can aid in the development and clinical application of CSD peptide targeting pRP-ED.

Strengths and Limitations
This study provides data to suggest that CSD peptide protects against BCNI-induced deleterious alterations in EF and CC tissues. However, the available evidence still does not fully clarify the detailed mechanism of action of CSD peptide.

Conclusion
Administration of CSD peptide significantly retarded collagen synthesis in CCSMCs, limited CC fibrosis, and prevented ED via confrontation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling in BCNI rats.
The Leibowitzer Rebbe: Yeshayahu Leibowitz and Hasidism
Authors: Lewis Justin Jaron 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The controversial Israeli public intellectual Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994) has jokingly been called “the Leibowitzer Rebbe.” The humor is in the obvious incongruity of associating Leibowitz with anything Hasidic. He was the most rationalist of religious thinkers and said disparaging things about Hasidism and its leaders. Yet Leibowitz and Hasidism are closer than they appear. Building on insights from other scholars, I will show the affinities between Leibowitz and some of the Hasidic masters. Drawing on his writings, interviews, and correspondence, I will demonstrate that Leibowitz read and cited Hasidic books; he engaged with Hasidic teachings, and acknowledged learning from them. I argue that a full understanding of his challenging thinking must take Hasidic sources into account. This paper makes a contribution to scholarship on Leibowitz, one of the most interesting modern Jewish thinkers, and to our understanding of the relationship of Hasidism with modern Judaism as a whole.
A closer look at the binary content of NGC 1850
Authors: Saracino S , Kamann S , Bastian N , Gieles M , Shenar T , Reindl N , Müller-Horn J , Usher C , Dreizler S , Hénault-Brunet V 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Studies of young clusters have shown that a large fraction of O-/early B-type stars are in binary systems, where the binary fraction increases with mass. These massive stars are present in clusters of a few Myr, but gradually disappear for older clusters. The lack of detailed studies of intermediate-age clusters has meant that almost no information is available on the multiplicity properties of stars with $M\lt 4\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. In this study we present the first characterization of the binary content of NGC 1850, a 100 Myr-old massive star cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud, relying on a VLT/MUSE multi-epoch spectroscopic campaign. By sampling stars down to M = 2.5 M⊙, we derive a close binary fraction of 24 ± 5 per cent in NGC 1850, in good agreement with the multiplicity frequency predicted for stars of this mass range. We also find a trend with stellar mass (magnitude), with higher mass (brighter) stars having higher binary fractions. We modelled the radial velocity curves of individual binaries using the joker and constrained the orbital properties of 27 systems, ∼17 per cent of all binaries with reliable radial velocities in NGC 1850. This study has brought to light a number of interesting objects, such as four binaries showing mass functions f(M) &gt; 1.25 M⊙. One of these, star #47, has a peculiar spectrum, explainable with the presence of two discs in the system, around the visible star and the dark companion, which is a black hole candidate. These results confirm the importance and urgency of studying the binary content of clusters of any age.
BASS-XL: X-ray variability properties of unobscured active galactic nuclei
Authors: Tortosa Alessia , Ricci Claudio , Arévalo Patricia , Koss Michael J , Bauer Franz E , Trakhtenbrot Benny , Mushotzky Richard , Temple Matthew J , Ricci Federica , Rojas Lilayu Alejandra , Kawamuro Taiki , Caglar Turgay , Liu Tingting , Harrison Fiona , Oh Kyuseok , Powell Meredith Clark , Stern Daniel , Urry Claudia Megan 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
We investigate the X-ray variability properties of Seyfert 1 Galaxies belonging to the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS). The sample includes 151 unobscured (NH &lt; 1022 cm−2) AGNs observed with XMM–Newton for a total exposure time of ∼27 ms, representing the deepest variability study done so far with high signal-to-noise XMM–Newton observations, almost doubling the number of observations analysed in previous works. We constrain the relation between the normalized excess variance and the 2–10 keV AGN luminosities, black hole masses, and Eddington ratios. We find a highly significant correlation between $\sigma _{\rm NXS}^2$ and MBH , with a scatter of ∼0.85 dex. For sources with high L2–10 this correlation has a lower normalization, confirming that more luminous (higher mass) AGNs show less variability. We explored the $\sigma _{\rm NXS}^2$ versus MBH relation for the sub-sample of sources with MBH estimated via the ‘reverberation mapping’ technique, finding a tighter anticorrelation, with a scatter of ∼0.65 dex. We examine how the $\sigma _{\rm NXS}^2$ changes with energy by studying the relation between the variability in the hard (3–10 keV) and the soft (0.2–1 keV)/medium (1–3 keV) energy bands, finding that the spectral components dominating the hard energy band are more variable than the spectral components dominating in softer energy bands, on time-scales shorter than 10 ks.
Self-gravity of debris discs can strongly change the outcomes of interactions with inclined planets
Authors: Poblete Pedro P , Löhne Torsten , Pearce Tim D , Sefilian Antranik A 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Drastic changes in protoplanets’ orbits could occur in the early stages of planetary systems through interactions with other planets and their surrounding protoplanetary or debris discs. The resulting planetary system could exhibit orbits with moderate to high eccentricities and/or inclinations, causing planets to perturb one another as well as the disc significantly. The present work studies the evolution of systems composed of an initially inclined planet and a debris disc. We perform N-body simulations of a narrow, self-gravitating debris disc, and a single interior Neptune-like planet. We simulate systems with various initial planetary inclinations, from coplanar to polar configurations considering different separations between the planet and the disc. We find that except when the planet is initially on a polar orbit, the planet–disc system tends to reach a quasi-coplanar configuration with low vertical dispersion in the disc. When present, the Zeipel–Kozai–Lidov oscillations induced by the disc pump the planet’s eccentricity and, in turn, affect the disc structure. We also find that the resulting disc morphology in most of the simulations looks very similar in both radial and vertical directions once the simulations are converged. This contrasts strongly with massless disc simulations, where vertical disc dispersion is set by the initial disc-planet inclination and can be high for initially highly inclined planets. The results suggest caution in interpreting an unseen planet’s dynamical history based only on the disc’s appearance.