bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Approach to Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Based on the n,mPR-Fuzzy Weighted Power Average Operator
Authors: Hamadneh Tareq , Ibrahim Hariwan Z. , Abualhomos Mayada , Saeed Maha Mohammed , Gharib Gharib , Al Soudi Maha , Al-Husban Abdallah 
Published: August 2023

A significant addition to fuzzy set theory for expressing uncertain data is an n,m-th power root fuzzy set. Compared to the nth power root, Fermatean, Pythagorean, and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, n,m-th power root fuzzy sets can cover more uncertain situations due to their greater range of displayed membership grades. When discussing the symmetry between two or more objects, the innovative concept of an n,m-th power root fuzzy set over dual universes is more flexible than the current notion of an intuitionistic fuzzy set, a Pythagorean fuzzy set, and a nth power root fuzzy set. In this study, we demonstrate a number of additional operations on n,m-th power root fuzzy sets along with a number of their special aspects. Additionally, to deal with choice information, we create a novel weighted aggregated operator called the n,m-th power root fuzzy weighted power average (FWPAmn) across n,m-th power root fuzzy sets and demonstrate some of its fundamental features. To rank n,m-th power root fuzzy sets, we also define the score and accuracy functions. Moreover, we use this operator to identify the countries with the best standards of living and show how we can select the best option by contrasting aggregate results using score values. Finally, we contrast the results of the FWPAmn operator with the square-root fuzzy weighted power average (SR-FWPA), the nth power root fuzzy weighted power average (nPR-FWPA), the Fermatean fuzzy weighted power average (FFWPA), and the n,m-rung orthopair fuzzy weighted power average (n,m-ROFWPA) operators.
Family physicians’ moral distress when caring for patients experiencing social inequities: a critical narrative inquiry in primary care
Authors: Molinaro Monica L , Shen Katrina , Agarwal Gina , Inglis Gabrielle , Vanstone Meredith 
Published: August 2023

BackgroundFamily physicians (GPs) working with patients experiencing social inequities have witnessed patients’ healthcare needs proliferate. Alongside increased workload demands fostered within current remuneration structures, this has generated concerning reports of family physician attrition and possible experiences of moral distress.AimTo explore stories of moral distress shared by family physicians caring for patients experiencing health needs related to social inequities.Design and settingA critical narrative inquiry, informed by the analytic lens of moral distress, conducted in Ontario, Canada.MethodTwenty family physicians were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling via word of mouth and email mailing lists relevant to addictions and mental health care. Physicians participated in two narrative interviews and had the opportunity to review the interview transcripts.ResultsFamily physicians’ accounts of moral distress were linked to policies governing physician remuneration, scope of practice, and the availability of social welfare programmes. These structural elements left physicians unable to get patients much needed support and resources.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that physicians experience moral distress when unable to offer crucial resources to improve the health of patients with complex social needs resulting from structural features of the Canadian health and social welfare system. Further research is needed to critically interrogate how health and social welfare systems around the world can be reformed to improve the health of patients and increase family physicians’ professional quality of life, potentially improving retention.
Échanges de bonnes pratiques ou espionnage pédagogique? Le rapport de George Costa‑Foru études sur “L’instruction publique dans certains des états les plus avancés d’Europe”, București, Tipografia Sf. Sava, 1860
Authors:   “Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca Faculty of History and Philosophy, Saurer-Chiorean Cora 
Published: August 2023

A rare book for us but a compulsory object of study for Romanian-speaking teachers in all Romanian schools of Transylvania in the year 1861. In a research related to school plurilingualism in Transylvania of the 19th century, in the correspondence of the studied author, George Bariț, I discovered an order of over 100 books with the title "Studii asupra instructiunii publice în unele din statele cele mai înaintate ale Europei" ("Studies on Public "Instruction in Some of the Most advanced States of Europe" by George Costa-Foru, published at the Printing House of the National College of St. Sava, in Bucharest, in 1860. The order will be sent to all the Romanian schools in Transylvania, with which George Bariț was in permanent exchange. The author, George Costa-Foru, director of the schools Ephoria in 1857, received an important mission from the representative of the Ottoman Porte in Bucharest, the caimacan Dimitrie Al. Ghica: in four months, he will have to travel across Europe and bring back information about the most advanced schools and educational institutions in the visited states. The way they function will be the model of a school and public education reform in Wallachia, but also, as it will be historically demonstrated, they will constitute the basis of the first Public Education Act in the newly formed Romania, a state created after the union of the two historical Romanian-speaking principalities, Moldova and Wallachia. In the present article, the interest is to introduce the volume with some observations about George Costa-Foru's journey and to put for the first time in the equation the importance of this journey, presented in the book more as a report to a mission then a literary diary. A list of all the institutions he visited is for the first time made available to the general public in our article. Was this really a baiting mission for the Turks or a simple gathering of information that will be the basis for the modernization of public education in the future sovereign state? The research in progress, of which this article is a part, will endeavour to shed light on this problem of pedagogical espionage: Costa-Foru returns with more than 480 original documents from the institutions visited, which he lists at the end of the report and officially hands over to the Minister of Public Instruction in 1857, the year of his trip. The book is the final report, Costa-Foru gives to his commander, but it does not tell us how these documents were obtained. They are still unknown to the public, but they are summarised in the appendix of the report written by George Costa-Foru.
Le principe de dualisme appliqué aux problèmes de croissance et de cycles
Authors: Akerman Johan 
Published: August 2023

The dualism principle applied to the problem of growth and cycles.

Ii is important , first, to distinguish between causal analysis and normative models or plans. The theory of the multiplier, which confuses the two, seeking to be at the same time deductive and inductive, contradicts both itself and the facts. Secondly one must distinguish between variations of aggregate quantities and structural changes. Economic analysis treats cyclical fluctuations and growth in terms of aggregate quantities, implicitly assuming that all factors are atomistic and assuming away the problem of aggregation. Trade cycle theory generally ignores structural changes and increasing government intervention since 1914. Under what conditions do cycles arise ? Growth has a vague, partial, subjective meaning. There is no similarity between the continuous development of the XIXth century, when growth appeared linked to industrialisation in a world economy, and the discontinuous development since 1914, when growth is nothing but the annual increase, in a disrupted economy, of certain non-monelary series devoid of evolutionary meaning.
How can structural changes be apprehended ? Cf. W. Leontiefs analysis of the U. S. economic structure and Sir Dennis Robertson’s Banking Policy and the Price Level : Leontief’s matrix system and Sir Dennis’s concept of differentiated savings are elements of a structural analysis. The author’s own Ekonomisk Teori, II, contains tools of analysis for attacking the problem of the relation between the plans of groups and those of society. Entrepreneurs’ and the State’s investment plans are the agents of change in society ; how are they to be coordinated ? The article concludes with a schematical outline of the evolution of economic method since the end of the XVIIIth century.
Convertibilité ou intégration ?
Authors: Triffin Robert 
Published: August 2023

Monetary convertibility and economic integration are complementary rather than alternative objectives.
Full convertibility implies the absence of both exchange control and trade restrictions. It is thus equivalent to free trade , and impossible in practice.
Workable convertibility is defined by the free arbitrage between currencies and the absence of discriminatory trade restrictions. It is antagonistic to bilateralism.
Thus defined , convertibility requires some degree of integration of the monetary and economic policies of the main countries. This is necessary to avoid both the danger of unemployment and the risk of any one country reaping the benefits of making its currency inconvertible , when other currencies remain convertible.
In practice, worldwide integration would be clumsy and unnecessary. There is therefore wide scope for regional arrangements. Even then, mone¬ tary integration may call for some degree of political integration.
The paper ends by suggesting some lines along which intra-European monetary institutions and policies should be modified so as to reach the objective of convertibility.
Essai de reconstruction des catégories de l'emploi
Authors: Sellier François 
Published: August 2023

A tentative reconstruction of employment categories.
The keynesian concept of involuntary unemployment is difficult to define and appears unadapted to problems of economic growth. Two limiting definitions of “available” workers are proposed ; a) workers discharged during the preceeding period and b) all fit but unemployed members of the population aged 18 to 65 years.
The first definition accepts the state of the demand for labour, the second takes the demographic situation as given and trys to adapt the environment to it.
Pigou, while referring to the behaviouristic aspects of unemployment in the short period, in fact, gives more importance to the demographic situation in the long run. Beveridge in his two major studies of unemployment used consecutively the theory of Pigou and the theory of Keynes.
A series of categories is presented which makes it possible to define more precisely not so much the surplus supply of labour as the receptiveness of the environment to wage employment. The model makes it possible to examine other factors which influence the state of the labour market ; under-employment, disguised unemployment, non — salaried under — employment.
The process by which the “available” population enters the “active” population during periods of capital extension and of intensification of work leads to the conclusion that the concept of full employment is only relative.
Essai d'une théorie structurelle du change
Authors: Teilhac Ernest 
Published: August 2023

Outline of a structural theory of change.
Two major periods may be distinguished in the evolution of international economic relations :
— The first is the passage from an implicit clearing which appeared with the development of instruments of exchange (exchange between private individuals with an organic mechanism of regulatory gold movements) to an explicit clearing which appeared with controlled exchange (exchange between public agents and the submission of monetary aspects to economic ones). For example, the Exchange Equalization funds and the Tripartite Agreement of 1936, going on to exchange control and clearing agreements. But this type of organized public clearing was «lopsided» in so far as it opposed countries practising controls and those with a free economy (Franco-German clearing in the inter-war period) and was restrictive as regards its bilateral or falsely multipateral character (clearing between Germany and the conquered countries).
— The second is the passage from the Bretton Woods system of monetary internationalism which was fictitious because it was conceived of as a system based upon individuals and not upon nations of unequal strength, to a real economic internationalism, that is, the Marshall Plan and long-term public international investment, or the substitution of lend lease and contributions from the victor for reparation payments from the defeated country and inter-allied debts. Thus long term economic productivity was substituted for immediate financial return.
Today, economic and monetary unification inside geographic regions is opposed, as a necessary stage in the development of the world economy, to an ineffectual world organization. The integration of Europe to the United States or the Soviet Union will be improved to the extent that Europe begins by integrating herself.
Sur la politique du plein emploi
Authors: Perroux François 
Published: August 2023

On full employment policies.
Neither the “classical” nor the keynesian models are sufficient for the correct formulation of a full employment policy.
Full employment is a compromise between maximum and optimum use of available labour. The adoption of a maximum percentage of unemployment cannot be applied in practice. Another method of multiple symptoms is suggested which leads to a redefinition of full employment : a high level of correctly applied employment which is compatible with economic expansion and growth without unbearable disequilibria.
After analysing the technical organs needed for the application of a correct policy of full employment three concrete applications of the policy are examined.
1° The adaptation of existing structures to a greater degree of international multilateralism. This implies an appropriate monetary policy differentiated according to the various sectors of the national economy, a non-global investment policy directed towards the increase of production and of productivity related to the state of the balance of payments, and a wage policy which complements and facilitates the realisation of these two criteria.
2° A full employment policy adapted to the type of problem which an American slump, given the structure of the contemporary American economy in relation to other national economies, would create. It is extremely doubtful whether purely national policies in other countries would be adequate in such an eventuality.
3° Employment and long-term economic growth. The perequistite is a policy of regional development centres in underdeveloped areas to avoid both the present waste of manpower in those areas and future conflicts of old and developing nationalisms.
Notes sur l'indétermination du concept de productivité dans une économie dynamique
Authors: Mainguy Yves 
Published: August 2023

Notes on the indetermination of the concept of productivity in a dynamic economy
The notion of the rhythm of production applies to a given period where production takes place on an unchanged basis. The study of economic progress, on the contrary, applies to periods between which changes, other then in the rhythm of production, have taken place. This distinction leads directly to the concept of productivity.
Productivity viewed, only as a difference in the rale of production, is indeterminate and does not help for the study of economic growth. Neither does it gel very close to what is called productivity in modern technical conditions.
The notion of productivity can only be applied to labour, as the idea of changes in rhythm are not applicable to fixed capital. It is, therefore, not by chance that students of productivity have been forced back upon the notion of the productivity of labour. What do economists have to say about the latter ?
Measures of productivity in specific activities and with reference to the quantity of labour supplied to obtain a given output need a ceteris paribus clause and are of only limited economic significance. Integral productivity of labour should compare the product with the sum of direct and indirect labour supplied. Rut this cannot be measured.
Whilst the notion of net productivity is more fertile economically, the technician, unlike the economist tends to eliminate price effects by assuming prices unchanged. For the economy as a whole, the need to increase productivity may be imperative from a technical point of view, but still be of doubtful value if employment is not full. The economist finds a better instrument in the relation between overall production and the overall number of consumers.
The latter notion of productivity does not describe completely economic progress which cannot be measured by a single index, and can only be defined in relation to a set of postulates. Rut it does help to express an overall economic situation. At this point, however, the concept of the productivity of labour is no longer of use for the technician.
Stocks et stratégie des entrepreneurs dans le cycle
Authors: Moret Michel 
Published: August 2023

Stocks and entrepreneurial strategy during the business cycle
Stock changes are of strategie importance for business fluctuations but the total volume of stocks is a very heterogeneous quantity. A fundamental distinction is between desired and unwanted stocks. Other distinctions may also be established, for example according to the types of product slocked and their place in the production process.
Stocks are frequently considered as a residual quantity but, in fact, stocking policy may also play an active role as part of entrepreneurial strategy.
A study of the passive role of stocks in the business cycle leads to the conclusion that such an explanation is incomplete because it ignores the active role played by slocks. From the latter point of view slocking policy forms part of the general policy of the firm in order to ensure its expansion or simply its continued existence.
Three stocking policies are examined : stocks forming a basis for manoeuvre by the entrepreneur, speculative stocks, slocks due to a deliberate anti-cyclical policy followed by the firm. The introduction of active stocking policy does not invalidate the work done on the analysis of the passive role of slocks but it does render unlikely a purely mechanical explanation of the cycle which supposes a strict periodicity through time.
Joseph A. Schumpeter : History of Economic Analysis
Authors: James Emile 
Published: August 2023

Joseph A. Schumpeter’s history of economic analysis
Although Schumpeter did not limit himself to the field he set out to study — the history of the development of economic analysis — his book makes available to us for the first time a history of the emancipation of economics as an indépendant discipline and of the continual process of improvement of its analytical tools.
Des expériences monétaires récentes aux mécanismes monétaires de demain
Authors: Denizet Jean 
Published: August 2023

From recent monetary experiences to the monetary mecanisms of the future
The following articles represent a survey of recent monetary experiences in a number of countries whose structure and monetary problems differ greatly. Despite the differences between the opinions expressed by their authors they all tend towards the same conclusion ; the greatly improved knowledge of the reality of monetary mecanisms and the adaptation of monetary policy to the economic situation of each country. The various methods of control of the supply of money (Bank rate, open market operations, variable liquidity ratios) have therefore to be adapted to economic circumstances. As regards the interdépendance of different national monetary policies the progress in Western Europe towards the establishment of an international payments system is also of the greatest importance.
It would, therefore, be premature and dangerous, as a result of criticisms levelled at certain aspects of monetary policy, to neglect the vital role for the future of the control of monetary and financial flows.
Sur la croissance économique des nations modernes
Authors: Kuznets Simon 
Published: August 2023

Reflections on modern economic growth of nations.
If modern economic growth is defined as the spread of a system of production based upon the increased application of organized systems of tested knowledge it is clear that the sum of tested, or scientific knowledge which has potential economic significance is very wide indeed. The increased speed of economic growth over the last century or so implies an increased rale of addition to the stock of knowledge in existence. If , recently , necessity has become less the mother of invention than in the past and invention tends to become the mother of new needs and impulses this implies that the backlog of unused knowledge in society may have increased. If this is so, all countries tend to become underdeveloped and large unused growth potentials in rich countries may prevent an outflow of capital from more to less economically developed countries. It may follow also that it is no longer correct to say that there are technical limits to growth. But even if there is now no fixed limit to economic growth potential we still need to know how the accumulation of knowledge may be maximized. Finally, skewness in the distribution of the human potential devoted to increasing the stock of knowledge or in applying it raises problems of national adaptations in order to make possible the maximum use of the economic growth potential of the transnational stock of knowledge.
The problem of the national exploitation of, or adjustement to the growth potential of knowledge may be approached through an examination of the prerequisites which seem exist for rapid economic growth to rake place. These seem to include an acceleration in population growth, a rise in capital formation proportions, a big redistribution of population and labour accompanying a decline in agriculture and a growth of cities, changes in the character of organizational units and a transformation of values. These changes are the work of active minorities and entail painful transition periods of controlled economic revolution. Once the transition period is over, sustained economic growth may depend increasingly upon social, political and economic institutions and their adaptation to the changing opportunities for economic growth offered by the application of science to production.
But economic growth in any one country is not cut off from the international situation of that country. Economic growth acts with unequal impact upon nations. The major innovation, determining a distinct epoch in economic growth , begins in one or a few pioneering nations and then spreads oat to others. In this process account must be taken not only of «peacetype» international movements of men and goods but also of the political or power element in international relations. The latter seems, in fact, to be increasing in importance both inside national frontiers and internationally.
Profit et croissance économique
Authors: Harris C. Lowell 
Published: August 2023

Profit and economic growth.
Profit is related to economic growth in two important ways. It provides an incentive for growth and , at the same time, in so far as it is realised, represents a source of the means of financing growth.
The author considers what is the nature of profit as an incentive for innovation and managerial efficiency and the degree of incentives of this kind which is desirable. As regards the role of profit as a source of finance for growth, it seems that, in proportion to its size, it is more important than other incomes. Nevertheless, its use depends upon institutional factors. It is necessary to consider also the disadvantages of monopoly, exploitation and excessive profits. But attempts to remedy these defects should not lead to neglect of the fundamental cost element for society of pure profit.