bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is 10 cm ileal resection sufficient in locally advanced caecal cancer surgery?
Authors: Baik HyungJoo , Kim Jihyeong , Shin Jin Yong , Kim Kwang Hee , Seo Sang Hyuk , Kang Sang Hyun , Lee Hee Ju , Namkoong Kyung , Oh Min Kyung , An Min Sung 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundThere is no consensus as to how much ileal resection is sufficient when performing a right hemicolectomy for right colon cancers. Locally advanced caecal cancer has the highest incidence of peri‐ileal lymph node metastasis. Therefore, this study investigated whether the 10 cm ileum resection suggested by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum is oncologically safe in stage II and III caecal cancer.MethodsThe prospectively collected medical records of stage II and III caecal cancer patients who underwent a right hemicolectomy with at least D2 lymph node dissection were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the length of proximal ileal resected: group 1 (≤10 cm) and group 2 (>10 cm). Factors contributing to the 5‐year overall survival (OS) were analysed.ResultsThe study enrolled 89 patients with pathological stage II or III caecal cancer. The >10 cm group tended to be younger (P = 0.0938) with higher pathological N stages (P = 0.0899) than the ≤10 cm group. The 5‐year OS did not differ between the two groups. No significant difference was found between the two groups according to stage. Age (HR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.10, P = 0.0069) and N2 stage (HR = 5.38, 95% CI = 1.90–15.28, P = 0.0016) were significantly associated with OS in both uni‐ and multivariate analyses.ConclusionsThere was no OS benefit to resecting >10 cm of ileum in either stage II or III caecal cancer patients. Hence, we suggest that the ‘10 cm rule’ is sufficient for stage II and III caecal cancer patients.
Understanding unplanned return to theatre in rural South Australia general surgery: review of four major hospitals over a six‐year period
Authors: Liu Jianliang , Ow Yeong Yu Xiang , Bradshaw Emma , Bruening Martin , Anthony Adrian , Trochsler Markus , Edwards Suzanne , Maddern Guy 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundUnplanned return to theatre (URTT) is associated with longer hospital stay and higher mortality rates, placing extra burden on hospital resources. There is a lack of literature analysing causes of URTT in a rural general surgery department. This knowledge may be important to help identify patients at risk of URTT. This study aims to identify causes of URTT in rural general surgical patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective multicenter cohort involving four rural South Australian (SA) hospitals: Mount Gambier (MGH), Whyalla (WH), Port Augusta (PAH), and Port Lincoln (PLH). All general surgical inpatients admitted from February 2014 to March 2020 were analysed to identify all‐cause of URTT.ResultsOf the 44 191 surgical procedures performed, there were 67 (0.15%) URTT. The most common surgical subspecialty cases that resulted in URTT were Colorectal (47.1%), General surgery (33.2%) Plastics (9.8%), and Hepatopancreatico‐biliary (3.9%). The three commonest operations during URTT were washouts 22 (32.8%), interventions for haemostasis 11 (16.4%) and bowel resections 9 (13.4%). Sixteen (24%) of URTT followed emergency surgery. When comparing between elective and emergency admissions needing URTT, there were no statistical difference in age, gender, speciality type, types of surgery performed, and median number of days until URTT.ConclusionRates of URTT are low in South Australian rural hospitals when compared to our overseas counterpart. A wide range of surgery is being performed in rural centres, further supporting the need for rural surgical trainees to have a tailored curriculum encompassing subspecialities and being competent in managing any potential complications.
Factors affecting timeliness in management of head and neck cancer
Authors: Kwok Matthew Ming Kei , Wong Amy , Prasad Jessica 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundTimeliness in the management of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) can be affected by both patient and non‐patient related factors. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with the timeliness of managing HNC.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted on Western Health medical records including all new patients presenting to the Western Health HNC surgical outpatient clinic in the five‐year period from first January 2017 to 31st December 2021 with the diagnosis of a HNC. Both patient and non‐patient related factors were compared with the duration between a patient's referral to a HNC service and the commencement of their treatment.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty‐eight patients were included in this study. The median duration from referral to the commencement of treatment was 48 days. Lack of radiological or pathological investigations prior to referral to a HNC service as well as early staging were found to significantly impact timeliness in management. Socioeconomic factors such as non‐English speaking backgrounds, distance from the hospital and lack of social supports were not found to negatively impact timeliness of management.ConclusionThe management of patients with HNC require careful consideration of all patient and non‐patient related factors which may affect timeliness in management, particularly investigations performed prior to their referral to a HNC service.
Genetically instrumented LDL‐cholesterol lowering and multiple disease outcomes: A Mendelian randomization phenome‐wide association study in the UK Biobank
Authors: Pham Kitty , Mulugeta Anwar , Lumsden Amanda , Hyppӧnen Elina 
Published: May 2023

AimsLipid‐lowering medications are widely used to control blood cholesterol levels and manage a range of cardiovascular and lipid disorders. We aimed to explore the possible associations between LDL lowering and multiple disease outcomes or biomarkers.MethodsWe performed a Mendelian randomization phenome‐wide association study (MR‐PheWAS) in 337 475 UK Biobank participants to test for associations between four proposed LDL‐C‐lowering genetic risk scores (PCSK9, HMGCR, NPC1L1 and LDLR) and 1135 disease outcomes, with follow‐up MR analyses in 52 serum, urine, imaging and clinical biomarkers. We used inverse‐variance weighted MR in the main analyses and complementary MR methods (weighted median, weighted mode, MR‐Egger and MR‐PRESSO) as sensitivity analyses. We accounted for multiple testing with false discovery rate correction (P < 2.0 × 10−4 for phecodes, P < 1.3 × 10−2 for biomarkers).ResultsWe found evidence for an association between genetically instrumented LDL lowering and 10 distinct disease outcomes, suggesting potential causality. All genetic instruments were associated with hyperlipidaemias and cardiovascular diseases in the expected directions. Biomarker analyses supported an effect of LDL‐C lowering through PCSK9 on lung function (FEV [beta per 1 mg/dL lower LDL‐C −1.49, 95% CI −2.21, −0.78]; FVC [−1.42, 95% CI −2.29, −0.54]) and through HMGCR on hippocampal volume (beta per 1 mg/dL lower LDL‐C 6.09, 95% CI 1.74, 10.44).ConclusionsWe found genetic evidence to support both positive and negative effects of LDL‐C lowering through all four LDL‐C‐lowering pathways. Future studies should further explore the effects of LDL‐C lowering on lung function and changes in brain volume.
The role of NMDA receptors in bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Weiss Francesco , Caruso Valerio , De Rosa Ugo , Beatino Maria Francesca , Barbuti Margherita , Nicoletti Ferdinando , Perugi Giulio 
Published: May 2023

AbstractObjectivesGlutamatergic transmission and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology schizophrenic spectrum and major depressive disorders. Less is known about the role of NMDARs in bipolar disorder (BD). The present systematic review aimed to investigate the role of NMDARs in BD, along with its possible neurobiological and clinical implications.MethodsWe performed a computerized literature research on PubMed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement, using the following string: ((“Bipolar Disorder”[Mesh]) OR (manic‐depressive disorder[Mesh]) OR (“BD”) OR (“MDD”)) AND ((NMDA [Mesh]) OR (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate) OR (NMDAR[Mesh]) OR (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor)).ResultsGenetic studies yield conflicting results, and the most studied candidate for an association with BD is the GRIN2B gene. Postmortem expression studies (in situ hybridization and autoradiographic and immunological studies) are also contradictory but suggest a reduced activity of NMDARs in the prefrontal, superior temporal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus.ConclusionsGlutamatergic transmission and NMDARs do not appear to be primarily involved in the pathophysiology of BD, but they might be linked to the severity and chronicity of the disorder. Disease progression could be associated with a long phase of enhanced glutamatergic transmission, with ensuing excitotoxicity and neuronal damage, resulting into a reduced density of functional NMDARs.
Integrating cognitive load theory with other theories, within and beyond educational psychology
Authors: Hanham José , Castro‐Alonso Juan Cristobal , Chen Ouhao 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsThe long‐standing aim of cognitive load theory (CLT) has been to generate instructional design principles that show teachers how to instruct students effectively, based on knowledge of the intricacies of human cognitive architecture. Historically, the focus of CLT has been on identifying cognitive processes related to learning and instruction. However, the theory has become more multidisciplinary over time, drawing on theoretical perspectives both within, and beyond, educational psychology.ResultsThis Editorial presents a brief historical overview of key developments in CLT and seven key themes that are pertinent to research on CLT. These themes are as follows: Level of Expertise, Cognitive Load Measurement, Embodied Cognition, Self‐Regulated Learning, Emotion Induction, Replenishment of Working Memory, and Two Subprocessors of Working Memory. Summaries of the nine empirical contributions to the special issue are presented and discussed in relation to how they provide insight into one or more of these themes.ConclusionsUnderstanding the variables that impact student learning and instruction has always represented the core aim of CLT. The growing multidisciplinary features of CLT should provide researchers and practitioners with more holistic perspectives of the factors that predict student learning and, in turn, guide instructional design.
Learning to work with the black box: Pedagogy for a world with artificial intelligence
Authors: Bearman Margaret , Ajjawi Rola 
Published: May 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrating into our society. University education needs to maintain its relevance in an AI‐mediated world, but the higher education sector is only beginning to engage deeply with the implications of AI within society. We define AI according to a relational epistemology, where,in the context of a particular interaction,acomputational artefact provides a judgement about an optimal course of action and that this judgement cannot be traced. Therefore, by definition, AI must always act as a ‘black box’. Rather than seeking to explain ‘black boxes’, we argue that a pedagogy for an AI‐mediated world involves learning to work with opaque, partial and ambiguous situations, which reflect the entangled relationships between people and technologies. Such a pedagogy asks learners locate AI as socially bounded, where AI is always understood within the contexts of its use. We outline two particular approaches to achieve this: (a) orienting students to quality standards that surround AIs, what might be called the tacit and explicit ‘rules of the game’; and (b) providing meaningful interactions with AI systems.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicArtificial intelligence (AI) is conceptualised in many different ways but is rarely defined in the higher education literature.Experts have outlined a range of graduate capabilities for working in a world of AI such as teamwork or ethical thinking.The higher education literature outlines an imperative need to respond to AI, as underlined by recent commentary on ChatGPT.What this paper addsA definition of an AI that is relational: A particular interaction where a computational artefact provides a judgement about an optimal course of action, which cannot be easily traced.Focusing onworking withAI black boxes rather than trying tosee insidethe technology.Describing a pedagogy for an AI‐mediated world that promotes working in complex situations with partial and indeterminate information.Implications for practice and/or policyFocusing on quality standards helps learners understand the social regulating boundaries around AI.Promoting learner interactions with AI as part of a sociotechnical ensemble helps build evaluative judgement in weighting AI's contribution to work.Asking learners to work with AI systems prompts understanding of the evaluative, ethical and practical necessities of working with a black box.
COVID‐19 in Chihuahua, Mexico: Assessing its spatial behaviour through the inverse distance weighted interpolation technique
Authors: Ibarra‐Bonilla Jesús S. , Villarreal‐Guerrero Federico , Pinedo‐Alvarez Alfredo , Prieto‐Amparán Jesús A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis study focused on the spatial evolution of COVID‐19 in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Data were retrieved from governmental databases and analyzed by means of GIS, applying the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. The period of December 2019 through November 2021 was split into eight seasons. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to assess the reliability of the interpolations, showing acceptable values (RSME < 25). During the period, the municipalities of Juarez and Chihuahua reached the highest number of confirmed cases and deaths, Juarez being the main hotspot of contagion (37.2% of confirmed cases; 46.9% of deaths). Four waves of contagion were identified during the evaluated period, with Fall 2020 being the strongest season. Since Fall 2020, the spread of the disease was more often observed in municipalities with the highest human mobility. Although the spread of COVID‐19 decreased after Spring 2021, in Fall 2021 records indicated a continuous increase in cases in the state. That could be due to a relaxation of the implementation of sanitary measures, as well as to the propagation of novel COVID‐19 variants having an elevated infectious level. Geospatial techniques allowed for an understanding of the spatial spread of COVID‐19 and could be useful for its control.
Novel and efficient method for culturing patient‐derived gastric cancer stem cells
Authors: Morimoto Tomonori , Takemura Yukitoshi , Miura Takemitsu , Yamamoto Takehito , Kakizaki Fumihiko , An Hideo , Maekawa Hisatsugu , Yamaura Tadayoshi , Kawada Kenji , Sakai Yoshiharu , Yuba Yoshiaki , Terajima Hiroaki , Obama Kazutaka , Taketo Makoto Mark , Miyoshi Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2023

AbstractExperimental techniques for patient‐derived cancer stem‐cell organoids/spheroids can be powerful diagnostic tools for personalized chemotherapy. However, establishing their cultures from gastric cancer remains challenging due to low culture efficiency and cumbersome methods. To propagate gastric cancer cells as highly proliferative stem‐cell spheroids in vitro, we initially used a similar method to that for colorectal cancer stem cells, which, unfortunately, resulted in a low success rate (25%, 18 of 71 cases). We scrutinized the protocol and found that the unsuccessful cases were largely caused by the paucity of cancer stem cells in the sampled tissues as well as insufficient culture media. To overcome these obstacles, we extensively revised our sample collection protocol and culture conditions. We then investigated the following second cohort and, consequently, achieved a significantly higher success rate (88%, 29 of 33 cases). One of the key improvements included new sampling procedures for tumor tissues from wider and deeper areas of gastric cancer specimens, which allowed securing cancer stem cells more reproducibly. Additionally, we embedded tumor epithelial pieces separately in both Matrigel and collagen type‐I as their preference to the extracellular matrix was different depending on the tumors. We also added a low concentration of Wnt ligands to the culture, which helped the growth of occasional Wnt‐responsive gastric cancer stem‐cell spheroids without allowing proliferation of the normal gastric epithelial stem cells. This newly improved spheroid culture method may facilitate further studies, including personalized drug‐sensitivity tests prior to drug therapy.
Synthesis of novel 5‐amido‐2‐carboxypyrazines as inhibitors of the type three secretion system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Li Zhenyu , Su Jiahang , Liu Zhiyong , Shen Yuemao , Tang Hui 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA series of novel 5‐amido‐2‐carboxypyrazine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for the inhibitory activities against the T3SS of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Preliminary results displayed that the compounds 2f, 2g, 2h and 2i showed potent inhibitory activities against T3SS. Compound 2h was identified as the most potent T3SS inhibitor and the SPI‐1 effector secretion was strongly inhibited by 2h in a dose‐dependent manner. The effects of compound 2h on the SPI‐1 genes transcription might be via impacting the SicA/InvF regulatory pathway.
Scalable and Efficient Functional Map Computations on Dense Meshes
Authors: Magnet Robin , Ovsjanikov Maks 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe propose a new scalable version of the functional map pipeline that allows to efficiently compute correspondences between potentially very dense meshes. Unlike existing approaches that process dense meshes by relying on ad‐hoc mesh simplification, we establish an integrated end‐to‐end pipeline with theoretical approximation analysis. In particular, our method overcomes the computational burden of both computing the basis, as well the functional and pointwise correspondence computation by approximating the functional spaces and the functional map itself. Errors in the approximations are controlled by theoretical upper bounds assessing the range of applicability of our pipeline. With this construction in hand, we propose a scalable practical algorithm and demonstrate results on dense meshes, which approximate those obtained by standard functional map algorithms at the fraction of the computation time. Moreover, our approach outperforms the standard acceleration procedures by a large margin, leading to accurate results even in challenging cases.
Reciprocal interaction between mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery in aged rats
Authors: Li Yitong , Li Yue , Chen Lei , Li Yi , Liu Kaixi , Hong Jingshu , Wang Qian , Kang Ning , Song Yanan , Mi Xinning , Yuan Yi , Han Dengyang , Liu Taotao , Yang Ning , Guo Xiangyang , Li Zhengqian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionEmerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR). Mitochondria exist in a dynamic equilibrium that involves fission and fusion to regulate morphology and maintains normal cell function via the removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. Nonetheless, the relationship between mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy, and how they influence mitochondrial function in the development of postoperative dNCR, remains poorly understood. Here, we observed morphological alterations of mitochondria and mitophagy activity in hippocampal neurons and assessed the involvement of their interaction in dNCR following general anesthesia and surgical stress in aged rats.MethodsFirstly, we evaluated the spatial learning and memory ability of the aged rats after anesthesia/surgery. Hippocampal mitochondrial function and mitochondrial morphology were detected. Afterwards, mitochondrial fission was inhibited by Mdivi‐1 and siDrp1 in vivo and in vitro separately. We then detected mitophagy and mitochondrial function. Finally, we used rapamycin to activate mitophagy and observed mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial function.ResultsSurgery impaired hippocampal‐dependent spatial learning and memory ability and caused mitochondrial dysfunction. It also increased mitochondrial fission and inhibited mitophagy in hippocampal neurons. Mdivi‐1 improved mitophagy and learning and memory ability of aged rats by inhibiting mitochondrial fission. Knocking down Drp1 by siDrp1 also improved mitophagy and mitochondrial function. Meanwhile, rapamycin inhibited excessive mitochondrial fission and improved mitochondrial function.ConclusionSurgery simultaneously increases mitochondrial fission and inhibits mitophagy activity. Mechanistically, mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy activity interact reciprocally with each other and are both involved in postoperative dNCR. These mitochondrial events after surgical stress may provide novel targets and modalities for therapeutic intervention in postoperative dNCR.