bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restraint and Accommodation
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 extends the logic of the theory developed in Chapter 3 regarding the role cyber operations could play in facilitating crisis de-escalation, specifically through acting as “accommodative signals” that convey a willingness to avoid escalation. The chapter draws on three sets of literature in the traditional security studies field: crisis bargaining and management, signaling, and secrecy and covert action. It integrates these and applies their logics to cyberspace. Specifically, the chapter argues that some cyber operations can act as accommodative signals, creating the conditions for crises to peacefully resolve, for the same reasons that they do not cause escalation. These cyber operations allow states to “do something” in a visible manner—defacing websites, disrupting traffic to a network, or even degrading military capabilities—that is not clearly linked to the government. Neither do they cause effects costly enough to prompt the other side to retaliate in a painful way, escalating the situation. Cyber operations are particularly useful as accommodative signals when a state is faced with more hawkish domestic political audiences pushing for a more aggressive stance during a crisis. In this context, a state can leverage the ambiguity around responsibility for cyber operations to take low-cost, but visible, actions in cyberspace to placate domestic veto players while not exacerbating the crisis. The chapter also explores how states can demonstrate restraint or signal reassurance in the use of its own cyber capabilities, as distinct from cyber operations as accommodative signals during non-cyber crises.
Introduction
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Introduction offers some historical background and defines key terms which will support a deeper understanding of the story which ensues. Beginning with some background on the Production Code (also called the Hays Code), The chapter explains that the Code acts as one of several ruses used during Hollywood’s Golden Age to distract the White moviegoing public from seeing the ways Hollywood projected nineteenth-century minstrel logic through a modern lens. Biased apparatuses of power like this are central to understanding this book’s central concept of covert minstrelsy. The nuanced history of blackface minstrelsy that follows, and how it differs from other forms of racial caricature, offers a framework for understanding how one’s vision may not always be reliable when determining whether something is racist. The introduction defines Covert minstrelsy—the phenomenon when sense perception, narrative, technology, and biased apparatuses of power (e.g., the Production Code) work together to reinforce pre-existing notions of race as well as to create new stereotypes through distraction—and elucidates how its various components work together to effectively elude one’s acknowledgement of racist imagery. Finally, the chapter preview gives an overview of each chapter individually, highlighting the ways in which covert minstrelsy operates in each chapter.
Integrating the Screen
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 situates Al Jolson’s blackface within a technological revolution. Understanding the impact that the “coming of sound” had on the visual image and its role in offsetting racial caricature from 1927 to 1930—the “pre-Code” era—lays the framework and foundation for future, more discreet iterations of covert minstrelsy that develop in the years following 1930. Jolson’s iconic sound/lip-synchronous performance of “Mammy” in The Jazz Singer (1927) not only transitions the nineteenth-century practice of “blacking up” into the sound era, but it offers blackface, and specifically blackface tied to sound, as the key to national integration. Establishing the sonic guise as motivated by both these early sound-synch experiments and Hollywood’s strong desire to avoid censorship in a rapidly changing industry, I analyze Irving Berlin’s song “Puttin’ on the Ritz” in the 1930 film by the same name as exemplary of the kind of micro-manipulations that would become so popular in future years. This includes the film’s soundtrack as well as small changes Berlin made to the musical compositions and their lyrics. Furthermore, “Puttin’ on the Ritz” has been inaccurately labeled the first “interracial” song and dance to be performed on the silver screen. This chapter examines this misleading label—a kind of affected integration—in combination with Berlin’s unique use of syncopation and lyricism, to show how even in the absence of visible blackface, Hollywood directors engaged in more covert forms of masking, teaching viewers how to see Blackness in a modern, urbanized context.
Public Works and Accolades
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 looks beyond Hollywood’s high-budget films intended for White spectatorship by reading independently produced race films alongside the racial caricature produced in mainstream Hollywood. Beginning with an analysis of race film, this chapter demonstrates four directions that depictions of Blackness took on the screen between the years 1929 and 1934: blackface performed by Black artists who capitalize on a successful White performer’s use of the blackface mask; all-Black films made by all-White creative teams that utilize a range of overt and covert disguises to uphold a set of imaginary beliefs about Black life and the Black body; the minstrel show-within-a-show and southern repossession formulas that allowed for flagrant uses of burnt cork; and finally the material realized through Oscar Micheaux and other Black filmmakers who linked themselves to White consciousness only insofar as it impacted the funding of their films. The remainder of this chapter recounts the concealed ways that White audiences utilized covert masks through a handful of exceptional Black artists, the most popular of which was the mask used by Bill Robinson. Robinson pioneered an era on screen, often making sacrifices through casting, song choice, choreography, and even his own relationship to the NAACP. This chapter introduces the Bill Robinson effect through which romanticized portrayals of an individual allow audiences access to a nostalgic and unquestioned slave-owning past while shielding them from the shameful parts of this narrative.
Bon Homage
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Covert minstrelsy becomes more pervasive in Hollywood when Will Hays appoints Joseph Breen to lead the censorship review board. Chapter 4 begins during this shift in the Production Code Administration (PCA). The minstrel show-within-a-show continues to justify blatant blackface, minstrel music, and the tried-and-true formula of popular song, olio (variety), and afterpiece (which usually included slapstick and tap dancing). But more covert than the minstrel show-within-a-show is the use of the tribute guise. This chapter focuses on the benefit of labeling a performance a “tribute,” analyzed through two representative examples: Fred Astaire’s performance of “Bojangles of Harlem” in Swing Time and Eleanor Powell’s tribute to Bill Robinson in Honolulu three years later. Beyond its more visible use of excusing blackface during a time when the Code clearly stated that “entertainment which tends to degrade human beings” should be avoided, the “tribute” label allows White performers to re-introduce an Africanist rhythmic sensibility through their “blacked-up” White bodies. In doing so, Hollywood “authenticates” the tap dancing of Astaire and Powell at a time when the industry was employing fewer Black artists, thus creating a distance between a polyrhythmic aesthetic and Black corporeality. Simultaneously, by masquerading as Robinson, Astaire and Powell could present gambling and “sex perversion,” themes that the PCA viewed as moral offenses when delivered by White actors but acceptable material when performed through a Black filter.
Enlisting the Tropes
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
For a brief moment in the 1940s, the United States was forced to reconsider Black representation in cinema as part of supporting Black involvement in World War II. Activated by the Double V campaign people of color and liberal Whites worked together to instigate change, both onscreen and out in the world. However, many of Hollywood’s efforts were thwarted by a stronger economic desire to satisfy the industry’s biggest markets, often polarized in their social and moral viewpoints. The book’s Coda, “Enlisting the Tropes: Covert Minstrelsy in Action, 1942–1954,” argues that patriotism was something both markets could agree on and that appealing to a camp aesthetic was the most effective way of reaching these divided values. The willfully hackneyed nature of some of the musicals made during the war are what allowed them to be both adored by both sides and overlooked by the censors.
Leaders and Modes of Leadership
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Unlike the typical institutions of the modern state—schools, hospitals, and even government departments—the organizations described in this book were significantly bound up with the personality and profiles of their founders and early leaders. Even so, common across YouthSites is that each organization clearly articulated its purpose in the face of wider social opposition as a form of resistance. This organizing “against the grain” gave organizations in the sector distinctive characters, almost personalities, and these came about as a result of the quality of the individuals who devoted themselves to these organizations. It was the energy and drive of key individuals exploiting opportunities in education, the arts, youth work, and social care, all created in the city as a consequence of reforms to neoliberal governance, that gave character and integrity to their daily activities as much as their longer term purpose and function.
Preparing International Travelers
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapters in this section include: 1. The Pretravel Consultation 2. Perspectives: Travelers’ Perception of Risk 3. Vaccinations & Immunoprophylaxis—General Principles 4. Interactions Between Travel Vaccines & Drugs 5. Yellow Fever Vaccine & Malaria Prevention Information, by Country 6. Travelers’ Diarrhea 7. Perspectives: Antibiotics in Travelers’ Diarrhea—Balancing Benefit & Risk 8. Food & Water Precautions 9. Water Disinfection 10. Travel Health Kits 11. Last-Minute Travelers 12. Mental Health 13. LGBTQ+ Travelers 14. Complementary & Integrative Health Approaches to Travel Wellness 15. Prioritizing Care for Resource-Limited Travelers 16. Telemedicine 17. Perspectives: Risk Management Issues in Travel Medicine
Travel for Work & Other Reasons
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapters in this section include: 1. The International Business Traveler 2. Advice for Aircrew 3. Perspectives: People Who Fly for a Living—Health Myths & Realities 4. Health Care Workers, Including Public Health Researchers & Medical Laboratorians 5. Humanitarian Aid Workers 6. United States Military Deployments 7. Long-Term Travelers & Expatriates 8. Study Abroad & Other International Student Travel 9. Visiting Friends & Relatives: VFR Travel 10. Mass Gatherings 11. Adventure Travel 12. Sex & Travel Traveling internationally for work, study, and other reasons; preparing the following groups for international travel: aircrew, health care workers, humanitarian aid workers, members of the US military, long-term travelers & expatriates, students, people visiting friends and relatives, people traveling to attend mass gatherings, adventure travelers; guidance for people who travel internationally to have sex
Mathematicians
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Women’s participation in mathematics began rather late compared with their work in science. Their increasing involvement was noteworthy beginning in the 18th century. Rare earlier examples, Elena Cornaro Piscopia of the 17th century and Laura Bassi and Maria Gaetana Agnesi, both of the 18th century, are mentioned. Ada Lovelace (née Byron) was a pioneer of computing, and Sonia Kovalevsky worked in a range of areas of mathematics. Their fame and recognition have grown recently. A number of outstanding women mathematicians had unusually difficult careers, among them Mileva Marić-Einstein, Emmy Noether, Rózsa Péter, Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Mary Winston Jackson, and Maryam Mirzakhani. Of those figuring in this book’s narrative, Karen Uhlenbeck, still alive, received the prestigious Abel Prize in 2019 for her discoveries in mathematical physics.
Physicists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
It has been a long and arduous journey for female physicists, from being often alone among their male counterparts to becoming a less unusual contributor to modern physics. There was a gender-neutral atmosphere at the Vienna Radium Institute fostering the development of women scientists. Marie Curie in Paris became one of the greats in both physics and chemistry. Lise Meitner was a co-discoverer of nuclear fission, and Leona Woods Marshall participated in taming it in the world’s first nuclear reactor. Maria Goeppert Mayer discovered the shell structure of the atomic nucleus and was the only female Nobel laureate in physics during 113 years between Marie Curie’s in 1903 and Donna Strickland’s in 2018. The physicist Rosalyn Yalow’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was for her contribution to a medicinal discovery. Chien-Shiung Wu and Mildred Dresselhaus are most famous for their discoveries in elementary particle physics and carbon science, respectively.
Physicians, Surgeons, and Nurses
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Healing is an activity where women have found opportunities, though not always on equal terms. It used to be a stereotype to have a male doctor and a female nurse, and this is not yet as obsolete a notion as it should be. The first female medical doctors appeared by the middle of the 19th century, and it was an uphill battle, and even more so for female professionals of color. A rare recognition was bestowed on Florence Sabin, an MD and distinguished researcher, for whom a statue was erected at the U.S. Capitol. Russian medical students benefited from their separate school when renowned professors walked out of Moscow University to protest the autocracy and joined the Moscow Higher Courses for Women. Women have enriched the world of physicians and surgeons, but the most iconic names in collective memory belong to nurses: Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole.
Inventors and Technologists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The renowned inventor Hertha Ayrton lived between the 19th and 20th centuries, yet even today relatively few women become inventors and technologists. When Ayrton’s fellowship at the Royal Society came up, it was declined on account of her husband already having been an FRS, and she was not considered to be an independent entity. Katharina Blodgett was lucky in having a fair-minded Nobel laureate mentor, Irving Langmuir. Pioneer aviators and space travelers had to be physically and emotionally able to handle unexpected situations and needed the necessary knowledge to do so. Of the seven individuals mentioned in this category, both aviators and two of the space travelers lost their lives during their respective missions. The modern innovator Nobel laureate Frances Arnold combined engineering and biochemistry to produce mutations of enzymes for useful purposes.
Insatiable Thirst
Authors: Zeitoun Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how political and economic forces drive our use and abuse of water. It describes how states have developed infrastructure and systems which drive water use—the so-called hydraulic mission. This mission drives and/or facilitates other state projects such as conquest of territory, along with the displacement of some people and the pacification of others. The more that water is disconnected from the rain, the more it becomes a great way to drive profit. Schemes that dry up lakes and bloom deserts are perfectly rational in this logic. The fixes we develop when these schemes falter (like desalination, covering reservoirs, bottling water) are equally convenient and short-sighted.
Hostile Waters
Authors: Zeitoun Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines what is referred to sensationally as ‘water wars’ (or ‘water peace’). It reveals how the bulk of analysis of water conflicts in parts of the world where tensions run high is based on assumptions developed in very different neighbourhoods. It examines the challenges (and legal entitlement) of upstream states face when they start using water, and the inevitable effects on downstream communities (who have a legal entitlement not to experience significant harm). Nationalist sentiment is found to underlie hoarding along the Nile, Tigris, and Jordan rivers, suggesting that diplomatic attempts to transform water conflicts deal with the perceptions and effects of the tensions rather than avoid upsetting the status quo. Diplomacy seeking to shift towards more equitable arrangements over transboundary waters may employ the principles of International Water Law, as norms about reconciling elements of the natural world with political borders advance.
Blood Entanglements
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Evangelicals and gangs are tightly linked in lower-class communities. The two groups share a religious cosmos, are members of the same families, use similar organizational strategies, and engage each other in local marketplaces. Pastors and gang leaders compete for power within communities but also informally share community governance. Gang members can even be found in churches and faith-based organizations, while an evangelical presence exists within prisons and other gang-controlled spaces. To make sense of such findings, I introduce the entanglement thesis. The thesis explains how and why evangelicals have such frequent and often intimate interactions with gangs—groups that many evangelicals believe are evil. The entanglement thesis also helps to explain how evangelicals are engaged with Latin American society and social problems more generally. Data for Blood Entanglements comes from the Religion, Global Poverty, and International Development Project (RPD). The ongoing study contains 143 interviews, sixteen focus groups, and ethnographic data from churches, penal centers, schools, health clinics, marketplaces, and homes. It provides new and unique insights into evangelical and gang identity and interactions. In the concluding chapter, I propose policy recommendations that are commensurate with my research findings. They are intended for evangelicals and those wishing to partner with evangelicals to reduce gang prevalence and violence. Blood Entanglements thus offers theoretical insights that are built on extensive empirical data and which are policy relevant. In short, the book contributes significantly to the literature on Latin American religion and culture.
Introduction
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the central puzzle of the book: How do evangelicals and gangs, the two most ubiquitous social organizations in lower class El Salvador, interact? And what does this say about how evangelicals interact with society and social problems more generally? In a world where global political, economic, and social systems connect many of us to events El Salvador, answers to such questions take on increased importance. The chapter provides historical sketches that outline the rise of evangelicals and gangs in El Salvador, including the transnational origins of both. It then explains the inadequacies of existing ways of thinking about evangelical social interaction. The chapter introduces a new theoretical lens, the entanglement thesis, that more usefully frames the contemporary evangelical experience in Latin America, including the relationship between evangelicals and gangs.
Infiltrated Organizations
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Evangelicals and gangs both find ways to infiltrate organizations that are under the other group’s control. Gang members sometimes are welcome in evangelical churches and non-profit programs because evangelicals want to minister to them. But more darkly, gang members sometimes gain control over some aspects of evangelical ministries. They also use the cover of being a church goer or even a pastor to carry on with gang business. Likewise, evangelicals find ways to gain a presence in prisons and gang members’ homes. Gang members sometimes resist such evangelical incursions by using threats and violence, but they also often accommodate evangelicals in such spaces. Three case studies, those of an evangelical NGO, a church, and a prison ministry, show how low barriers to entry and shared social networks allow evangelical organizations and gang controlled social spaces to be arenas of entanglement between the two groups.
Maintaining Order in the Face of Disagreement
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that a principle of liberal neutrality constrains order maintenance policing. Many cities are confronted with purportedly disorderly use of public space. These are among the most difficult problems for police to handle, but cities increasingly rely on them for solutions. This chapter argues that the just maintenance of order requires judicious use of police discretion informed by the principle of neutrality, and often requires declining to invoke police authority, in service of protecting pluralism and diverse ways of living. There are ineliminable disagreements over the acceptable use of public space, and such disagreement is an example of pluralism that diverse societies must tolerate or even embrace. This implies that police must opt for strategies of containment, rather than dispersing contentious uses of space. Finally, the dynamic nature of cities requires a presumption of deference to the established uses of public and private space.
Feeling Unreal
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Feeling Unreal presents a comprehensive and contemporary overview of depersonalization/derealization disorder. The book examines in depth, and through many personal vignettes, the many shapes and forms that the dissociative state of mind known as depersonalization takes, its conceptualization over the past two centuries of psychiatric study, its detection, and its measurement. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disorder are explicated and brought to life with clinical vignettes. The book covers with similar attention and details both psychological and biological perspectives on understanding the disorder. Treatment chapters discuss medications and transcranial magnetic stimulation; psychoeducation; and cognitive-behavioral, acceptance, mindfulness, and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy. Illuminating literary and philosophical reflections on the condition enrich the reading. Contemporary societal factors such as chronic internet use and virtual reality and their impact on detachment and depersonalization are explored.