bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of Xiphinema pupureum n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae), a new Xiphinema americanum group species detected from the rhizosphere of Ilex purpurea from Japan
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Ye Weimin , Munawar Maria 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new species of Xiphinema americanum group was recovered in the rhizosphere of holly (Ilex purpurea) imported from Japan. It is described and illustrated in the present study as X. purpureum n. sp. The new species is characterised by moderately long females 2267 (2115-2550) μm, round lip region slightly offset from the rest of the body, 103.5 (98.5-109.0) μm long odontostyle, genital branches without discernible endosymbiotic bacteria, vulva located at 54.1 (51.6-57.1)% of the body, tail 30 (24.3-33.4) μm long with a broadly rounded terminus, male absent and four juvenile developmental stages. The polytomous codes of the new species are as follows: A4/5, B2/3, C1/2, D2/3, E3, F1, G1, H2, I1/2/3. The new species was molecularly characterised using near full length 18S, ITS1, and 28S D2-D3 regions of rRNA, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences. The phylogenetic analyses placed X. purpureum n. sp. with X. americanum group species, particularly with X. brevicolle complex species. This is the third X. americanum group species described from Japan.
Relationship between suppression of plant defence systems by Meloidogyne javanica with the distance of different parts of the plant from the nematode establishment site
Authors: Behzadian Shiva , Sahebani Navazollah , Karimi Sepehr 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Suppression of plant defence systems by plant-parasitic nematodes is an important aspect of research on resistance induction in plants. The present work aimed to address the question of whether this suppressive ability by nematodes can be spread systemically and equally to other parts of the plant. The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and the host plant, tomato, was used with salicylic acid (SA) as a potent inducer of the plant defence systems. SA was sprayed on the second and fifth leaves, as near and far from the nematode establishment site, respectively. The results of hydrogen peroxide and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme evaluation in the root (site of nematode establishment), crown, second and fifth leaves showed that, firstly, the amount of defence compounds induced by SA in the leaves was not equal in all parts of the plant and gradually decreased from the aerial parts (treatment site) towards the roots. Furthermore, the synthesis and accumulation of the evaluated compounds in the younger parts of the plant (fifth leaf) was more than the older parts (second leaf), and the crown and root. Although the suppression of the plant defence systems by the nematode was transferred to other parts of the plant, the amount of this suppression gradually decreased in the parts farthest from the site of the nematode establishment. Based on the results, it is inferred that the success of a resistance induction strategy in plant disease management depends on the type of pathogen, type of inducer, place of application of the inducer on the plant and the induction area.
Phasmarhabditis villasmundi sp. n. infecting land gastropods in the Nature Reserve ‘Speleological Complex Villasmundo – S. Alfio’ in Syracuse Province, Sicily
Authors: Ivanova Elena S. , Clausi Mirella , Leone Diego , Spiridonov Sergei E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new nematode species, Phasmarhabditis villasmundi sp. n., was isolated from land gastropods in the Villasmundo-S. Alfio Nature Reserve in Syracuse Province, Sicily. Phasmarhabditis villasmundi sp. n. is characterised by the presence of males and females in the population and is recognised mainly by a conical female tail with prominent phasmids at its mid-length, spicules ca 82 μm long with a hole at the distal tip, infective juveniles with an average length of 773 μm and the distinct molecular characteristics of the new species. It is the second member of the genus described from Italy apart from P. apuliae Nermut’ et al., 2016 and is morphologically closest to this species. However, phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and D2-D3 LSU placed P. villasmundi sp. n. close to European P. neopapillosa and P. hermaphrodita, while P. apuliae appeared to be related to P. bohemica and the New World’s P. californica.
Insurgent Universality: An Alternative Legacy of Modernity
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article intends to summarise the content of my book Insurgent Universality: An Alternative Legacy of Modernity and expand the meaning of the term ‘universality’. Universality is not defined in abstract legal terms or by juxtaposition vis-à-vis a common enemy. Instead, I clarify the meaning of a more concrete and open practice of universality through historical examples and theories that I excavate from social practices.
‘Theses on Economic Policy’: A Document from the Verkhne-Uralsk Political Prison of 1933
Authors: Gusev Alexey V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis, and introduces the publication, of one of the texts of the documentary complex ‘The Verkhne-Uralsk Political Isolator Notebooks’ – the ‘Theses on Economic Policy’ of 1933. The article (DOI: 10.1163/1569206X-00002252) covers the history of the discovery of this complex of documents reflecting the ideological and political life of imprisoned members of the Opposition of the Bolshevik Leninists (Trotskyists) in the early 1930s, and discusses the context of their creation. On the basis of archival materials, the biography of one of the authors of the Theses – the agricultural economist, and a member of the Siberian opposition centre, F.P. Sasorov – is reconstructed. It is noted that Sasorov held a special position among the Bolshevik Leninists, determined by his economic views. He belonged to the current whose adherents were called ‘neo-Nepists’ by their opponents. This current advocated not just a return to the NEP cancelled by Stalin, but also an expansion of its scope, and this position is presented and argued for in the ‘Theses on Economic Policy’. A comparison of the views of Sasorov and his co-author G.A., stated in the Theses, including on the explanation of the crisis and the liquidation of the NEP, the policy of out-and-out collectivisation and forced industrialisation, with the views of Leon Trotsky, allows us to conclude that the thought of the imprisoned oppositionists developed independently, and not always in accordance with the guidelines of their exiled thought leader. The article also examines the forecasts of the development of the economic and socio-political situation in the USSR presented in the Theses.
Kornelis H. Miskotte’s Biblical ABC s
Authors: Ziegler Philip G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Kornelis H. Miskotte's theology generally, and his Biblical ABC s—an important wartime work newly translated into English—in particular represent a welcome provocation to contemporary Christian theology. This essay assesses the key theological claims at the heart of the work, reflects critically upon their meaning and significance, and then draws them into converation with a number of current trends and trajectories in current theological research and writing. In this way, the significance of the work in its own right as well as its—perhaps surprising—relevance to the present theological discussion is brought to light.
Black Protest as Public Theology
Authors: Harris Antipas L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study investigates African American protests with particular interest in major movements of the civil rights and hip-hop eras. While scholars argue over the comparisons between the two eras, this work searches for underlining philosophical strands that may locate black protest as intimately cultural-theological. It considers Bourdieu’s habitus as ideological framework to understand philosophical and even more so theological dynamics of black protest. Cultural-theological conclusions inform contemporary protests of their ideological roots in philosophical underpinnings crucial to identity and more rigorous intergenerational effectiveness.
The Business of Publishing in the Early Beirut Nahḍa: Khalīl al-Khūrī, Partnerships, and the Literary Committee
Authors: Edwards Anthony 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article examines the business and economics of publishing in the early Beirut Nahḍa. First, the practice of patronage to bring original works to print shows how money facilitated cultural production in the 1850s. Next, a case study of Khalīl al-Khūrī’s (1836–1907) newspaper and press, Ḥadīqat al-Akhbār (“News Garden”, established 1858) and al-Maṭbaʿa al-Sūriyya (“the Syrian Press”, established 1857), reveals the operational challenges and financial difficulties of being a cultural entrepreneur and printing pioneer. Lastly, a comprehensive study of al-ʿUmda al-Adabiyya li-Ishhār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya (“the Literary Committee for Publishing Arabic Books”, 1860–67), a partnership for which al-Khūrī was the project runner and printer, illustrates the role of crowdfunding and the importance of cooperation among the Beirut middle class. This article presents a realistic account of being “in the business” of publishing in the Arabic literary revival.
A Visual Depiction of Jewish Circumcision at Dura-Europos
Authors: Soon Isaac Tsun-Yeung 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This short note argues that the Ezekiel cycle on the frescoes of the Dura-Europos synagogue displays the only known ancient image of circumcision on a Jewish body. The cycle, modelled after the vision of dry bones episode in Ezek 37, depicts a body that is circumcised. Although there is only one body that displays circumcision, it is intelligible in the wider visual context of bodily reconfiguration, as separate limbs and heads form full bodies, and as human genitalia develop from small ambiguous appendages to larger distinct features. The presence of circumcision on a resurrected body is coherent with ancient Jewish literature that conceives of circumcision as present on angelic and perfected bodies, even in resurrection (Gen. Rab. 48:8). This visual depiction of a resurrected circumcised man at Dura affirms circumcision as a part of ancient Jewish notions of bodily perfection.
Taking Stock of the Academic Work of Geo Widengren: Some Observations on a Forgotten Classic and an “All-Round Historian of Religion”
Authors: Stausberg Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Swedish scholar Geo Widengren (1907–1996) was a towering figure on the international landscape of the history of religions. This essay reads Widengren as a forgotten classic, i.e., an author whose works have ceased to be read by contemporary students and scholars. Widengren considered himself an “all-around historian of religion” – an aim that nowadays, in the context of increased differentiation and specialization that came about with the successful growth of the discipline, has fallen from grace. Widengren emphasized the importance of history (which does not take the present state of affairs as a necessary given), and he advocated the attempt to get beyond value-judgements informed by Christian ideas and Western presumptions of historical supremacy. In a time of ground-breaking discoveries of new sources, Widengren set out to recontextualize the Bible, Judaism, and Christianity in Middle Eastern religious history (in particular Iran). The essay proposes that Widengren’s de-Christianization of the history of religions resonated with societal changes that lastingly challenged the hegemony of Christianity in academia and other public (social and political) institutions. For Widengren, the gold standard of work in the history of religions was the ability to read sources in their original languages. Yet, rather than yielding objective and value-free interpretations, his sort of philology reimposed problematic assumptions and patterns that obscured rather than clarified his readings. Widengren advocated the separation of historical from systematic perspectives, but instead of following Joachim Wach’s early program of systematische Religionswissenschaft for the latter he chose the somewhat misleading label “phenomenology.” Like other phenomenologists and historicists, Widengren repudiated evolutionism – and he was one of the most outspoken critics of this approach in the history of our discipline. He also criticized the comparative method as practiced by evolutionists; yet Widengren was aware of the importance and pitfalls of comparison in the study of religion/s. The essay concludes with some reflections on the importance of scholars’ roles as supervisors, mentors, and members of committees; Widengren assumed the role of paterfamilias in the development of the history of religions in Sweden, but the present generation of Swedish scholars have finally cast off his shadows.
The Typological Phenomenology of Religion – Resurrected: Managing a Legacy from Geo Widengren
Authors: Jensen Jeppe Sinding 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The recent publication of an anthology edited by Göran Larsson concerning the legacy, life and work of the once renowned Swedish scholar Geo Widengren (1907–1996) motivates an analysis of why the then well-known Phenomenology of Religion fell into disrepute as a comparative field in the study of religion and what may be done to resurrect it. Based on a historical review of the problem, a new and different theoretical and methodological foundation for comparative studies is offered. It proceeds from a set of philosophical anthropological tenets about the basically organizing nature of human belief and behaviour – here called ‘homo ordinans’ – as manifested in language, culture, society, and religion.
“Make Azusa Great Again”
Authors: Grey Jacqueline N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article explores how some of the historiography of the Azusa Street Mission reflects the rhetoric of American exceptionalism. It first explores American exceptionalism as well as the development of the Azusa Street Mission in the context of global Pentecostalism. Second, some accounts of the Azusa revival are examined to observe the language of exceptionalism in the retelling of this event. Yet, it is not the purpose of this article to diminish the significance of the Azusa Street Mission in the development of global Pentecostalism. Instead, third, the great contribution of Azusa is discussed, namely, the emphasis on the democratization of the Spirit and its corollary of a Spirit-led, nondiscriminatory leadership. While not distinct in this vision in the context of global Pentecostalism, the Azusa Street Mission does function as an important symbol for the current pentecostal community that aspires to function as a post-racist church. Some implications of this for an emerging pentecostal political theology are briefly presented.
Tears of the Olive Trees: Mandatory Palestine, the UK, and Reparations for Colonialism in International Law
Authors: Wilde Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Palestinian people seek a reckoning for the failure of the UK to enable their self- determination during the League of Nations Mandate period and in 1948. The common view of international lawyers is that the law of self-determination only became applicable to colonial peoples in the second half of the 20th Century. Consequently, the UK, and the League Council, had a free hand on the question of the status of the Palestine Mandate. This is mistaken. The special clause of the League Covenant applicable to Palestine, providing for provisional independence, could not be lawfully bypassed. The UK’s failure to comply with this was a violation of international law with ongoing consequences, thereby serving as a basis for contemporary accountability. This case study reveals the existence and potential of legal avenues for colonial reparations rooted in not generally-applicable legal norms but sui generis rules specific to the case at hand.
Reflections on Georges Scelle’s Theory of the Law of dédoublement fonctionnel in the Law of the Sea: Two Models for the Protection of Community Interests
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A tension between two opposing forces, that is, the force of division and that of unity, is increasingly sharpened in the law of the sea today. An essential question that arises is how one can protect community interests in the divided ocean. The law of dédoublement fonctionnel advocated by Georges Scelle provides an insight into this question. According to Scelle’s theory of the law of dédoublement fonctionnel, State organs perform a dual function: the national function of protecting State interests and the public service function of safeguarding community interests. The law of dédoublement fonctionnel seeks to reconcile these functions. Scelle’s harmonistic vision of international law is well worth reconsidering in the law of the sea and beyond. This article examines the relevance of Scelle’s theory in the context of the law of the sea and explores two models for the protection of community interests at sea.
Manichaeology, Early Christianity, and Religious Identity
Authors: de Wet Chris L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article serves as a response to Johannes van Oort’s creative and erudite analysis of the status quaestionis and constitution of Manichaean studies, most aptly termed, “Manichaeology”. What I aim to achieve with this short study is a reflection and some suggestions on how the study of Manichaeology, in relation to early Christian studies, can assist us in better conceptualizing how we might understand religious identity in Late Antiquity. Several scholars of Manichaeism have made major strides in locating Manichaeism and early Christianity as what we might call proximate discursive formations. These discursive formations constantly overlap, constitute, construct and, indeed, deconstruct elements of shared religious identity in the late ancient world, and their interaction offers us a useful case study for developing a more cautious, nuanced, and considered approach to understanding religious identity during this period.
An Aramaic Ritual for Burning Straw in Sefire IA:36–37
Authors: DeGrado Jessie , Richey Madadh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Old Aramaic inscription Sefire I (KAI 222) includes, in a series of mimetic curses, a debated clause that has been read by most previous scholars to involve a mysterious {gnbʾ} gannābaʾ(?) ‘thief’, which (or who?) is symbolically burned (Sefire IA:36–37). The present article argues that there are lexicographic (cognates in later Aramaic dialects) and phonological (geminate prenasalization) grounds for understanding {gnbʾ} to encode instead ganbaʾ (< *gabbaʾ) ‘straw’. The burning of this straw to symbolize consequences should a treaty partner renege has clear parallels in Mesopotamian and Syro-Anatolian magical and ritual language, including treaty curses, and produces a more typical image in a list of mimetic curses involving materials (wax), objects (a bow and arrow), and animals (a calf).
Remembering Jerusalem
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article analyzes John Calvin’s 1562–1563 lectures on Lamentations as a case study for exploring the role of biblical exegesis in creating and shaping what scholars such as Judith Pollmann have demonstrated to be early modern memory practices. Lamentations is not one of the better-known books of the Christian canon, and although it was central to Catholic Holy Week liturgies, it appears to have played little to no role in Reformation-era doctrinal and ecclesiastical controversies. In content, Calvin’s eighteen lectures on these five poems of lament are typical of Calvin’s historicizing approach to the Bible. Calvin shows deep appreciation for the events underlying the biblical text (in this case, he argues, the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians as a recent calamity) and seeks to relate the biblical past to the conditions of the present. But they can also be considered as a form of memory culture: an effort to engage with a past disaster that not only provides a negative object lesson for the present but, in addition, invites participation in a process of collective memory-making among Calvin’s sixteenth-century Genevan auditors and wider readership.
‘Why Korea Failed?’: The American Discourse of Korea’s Historical Failure at the Turn of the 20th Century
Authors: Oh Sang Mee 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The discourse of Korea’s failed history has been mostly a production of Japanese colonial scholarship, but the early texts that American authors produced were what guided the Western understanding of Korean history during the long 20th Century. Despite the importance of these texts that left significant imprints on later academic works and policy decisions, scholars have not as yet examined properly the American discourse of failure in Korean history. This article analyzes the representative American books on Korean history of authors William E. Griffis and Homer B. Hulbert to describe the emergence of the American discourse of Korea’s failed history in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. It argues that early American authors of accounts of Korean history wrote them in a specific narrative structure that depicted Korea’s past as a story of gradual decline that ended with failure. These works identify three major themes – isolation, victimization, and dependency – as explanations for why Korea failed. Then, the article examines the doctoral dissertations of Harold J. Noble and George M. McCune to show how this early narrative framework during the 1930s and the 1940s continued thereafter to shape U.S. understanding of Korea even into the 1950s, informing both policymakers and scholars.
Journey to Equality: The Establishment of the Relationship Between the United States and Republic of Korea Forces in the Vietnam War
Authors: Shim Hosub 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article examines the problem of Operational Control (opcon) in the relationship the Republic of Korea Forces in Vietnam (rokfv) built with the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. When the rokfv deployed in Vietnam, they faced the dilemma of pursuing their own interests while maintaining a good relationship with U.S. forces. Therefore, the rokfv refused to fight under the opcon of U.S. forces, even though all rok troops remaining in South Korea were under U.S. opcon. Instead of arguing who would have opcon over the rokfv, the United States and the rok negotiated the establishment of a cooperative relationship. Although their opcon was not perfect at first, the rokfv nevertheless proved their military professionalism and achievements through securing areas and building company bases in their Vietnamese territories, rather than search-and-destroy operations, to achieve pacification. As a result, the rokfv built a parallel command in which the South Vietnamese, Americans, and South Koreans cooperated, which allowed them to carry out a Korean style of war under a more equal relationship with U.S. forces.
The Rivers of America: Colonialism and the History of Naming
Authors: Baumgarter Alice L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
American rivers retain Native names twice as often as mountain ranges and four times as frequently as basins and summits. If renaming the landscape was, as historians argue, the handmaiden of colonialism, then this pattern has important implications for our understanding of American history. With case studies of four rivers, this article explores why rivers like the Housatonic and the Mississippi retained Native names, while waterways like the Charles and the Columbia did not. The ease of water travel meant that White newcomers explored major American rivers at an early date, when they still depended on Indigenous Americans for their survival. Although Europeans often tried to strike Indigenous names from the map, they could not always remove them from broader usage—and names, of course, were useful only insofar as they served as a common shorthand for particular places. Renaming the landscape, therefore, was as complicated and contingent as conquering it.