bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Muslim Secular
Authors: Sohal Amar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Muslim political thought in modern South Asia has often been associated with religious nationalism and the creation of Pakistan. The Muslim Secular complicates that story by reconstructing the ideas of three prominent thinker-actors of the Indian freedom struggle: the Indian National Congress leader Abul Kalam Azad, the popular Kashmiri politician Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, and the non-violent Pashtun activist Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Revising the common view that they were mere acolytes of their celebrated Hindu colleagues M.K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, this book argues that these men produced a distinct Muslim secularity from within the grander family of secular Indian nationalism. At a time when many across the decolonizing world were separating identity-based majorities and minorities into sovereign equals, Azad, Abdullah, and Ghaffar Khan thought differently about the problem of religious pluralism in a postcolonial democracy. The minority, they contended, could conceive of the majority not just as an antagonistic entity, but as a category to which it can belong and which it can uniquely complete. Premising its claim to a united India upon Islam’s universalism, the Muslim secular jettisoned the demographic inequality between Hindus and Muslims by redefining equality itself. Rejecting its liberal definition for being too abstract and thus prone to majoritarian assimilation, these thinkers replaced it with their own rendition of parity to simultaneously evoke (cultural and ethical) commonality and (religious and regional) distinction between different Indians. Retaining their Muslimness and Indian nationality in full, equality-as-parity challenged both Gandhi and Nehru’s abstractions and Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s supposedly dangerous demand for Pakistan.
A Three-Nation Theory
Authors: Sohal Amar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a rare treatment of Sheikh Abdullah as a political (and indeed pan-Indian) thinker. It begins to illustrate that, by locating Islamic belief and concepts in the sub-national culture of pre-Partition India’s Muslim-majority regions, nationalists were able to settle the minority question and affirm secular Indian nationhood. Claiming that Kashmir was an ethno-linguistic nation of its own, Abdullah’s politics was designed to manage both its distinction from, and unity with, the rest of India. Like his émigré interlocutors, the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal and independent India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Abdullah formulated a notion of natural purity out of the celebrated Kashmiri landscape. This idea, because of its metaphorical power and significant disconnection from (past and present) human endeavour, was astonishingly unreliant on others to effectively render Kashmiri distinction. And yet nature is unable to definitively hand Kashmir over to its inhabitants. While its great qualities of economy and metaphor allow Kashmiris to momentarily escape more protracted narratives of history to define the ethnic nation, nature is simultaneously the alluring, non-human power gesturing towards a past of subjugation. Since the powerful outsider can, therefore, profit from the disconnect between Kashmiris and their beautiful land, Abdullah is forced to look elsewhere to found Kashmiri nationhood and connect it to an organic Indian federation of free peoples. So, much of this chapter explores how Abdullah deployed localized renderings of both Islam and socialism, a mainly negative historical imagination, and even the defunct Dogra monarch to fulfil this delicate task.
The prefrontal cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex receives perceptual information from the temporal and parietal cortices, and is in a position to perform ‘off-line’ processing, including holding items in a short-term memory when the items are no longer present in the input processing streams. This off-line capacity develops into a capability of manipulating and rearranging items in short-term memory, and this is called working memory, which is also implemented in the prefrontal cortex. This ability in humans develops into systems that can plan ahead, and then can control behaviour according to such plans, which is referred to as ‘executive function‘. Attractor networks are fundamental to understanding the functions of the prefrontal cortex in short-term and working memory; and in providing the source of the top-down bias in top-down models of attention. The frontal pole cortex is implicated in exploit vs explore behavioral strategies.
Language and syntax in the brain
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhat is computed in brain systems involved in language is assessed based on the neuropsychology and neuroimaging of language. This is complemented by a computational neuroscience approach in which some of the key principles of the operation of the cerebral cortex are used as a foundation for hypotheses about how syntax and semantics may be implemented in attractor networks, and how syntax might be implemented by a trajectory through a state space of coupled attractor networks in a biologically relevant model.
Contemporary Islamic Jihadism from a Counterterrorism Perspective
Authors: Mekky Omar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the emerging legal paradigm that the international community has put in place in order to respond to Islamic Jihadism, namely the counterterrorism legal framework. It focuses on exploring the legal implications of fighting contemporary Islamic Jihadism under the evolving counterterrorism framework and the challenges that it might pose to the other pre-existing legal frameworks, such as domestic laws, International Humanitarian Law, and International Human Rights Law. It further, discusses the role of the UNGA and UNSC in dealing with the phenomenon of terrorism and the dilemma of the ambiguity of its definition(s). This chapter also tackles the approach of the OIC—as it is often claimed to be the collective voice of the Muslim states—vis-à-vis the phenomenon of terrorism. Finally, it explores the jus ad bellum and jus in bello challenges that are posed by the contemporary fight against the Jihadist movements.
Americans in a World at War
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
On February 21, 1943, Pan American Airways’ celebrated seaplane, the Yankee Clipper, took off from New York’s Marine Air Terminal and island-hopped its way across the Atlantic Ocean. Arriving at Lisbon the following evening, it crashed in the Tagus River, killing twenty-four of its thirty-nine passengers and crew. Americans in a World at War traces the backstories of seven worldly Americans aboard that plane, their personal histories, their politics, and the paths that led them toward war. Combat soldiers made up only a small fraction of the millions of Americans, both in and out of uniform, who scattered across six continents during the Second World War. This book uncovers a surprising history of American noncombatants abroad in the years leading into the twentieth century’s most consequential conflict. Long before GIs began storming beaches and liberating towns, Americans had forged extensive political, economic, and personal ties to other parts of the world. These deep and sometimes contradictory engagements, which preceded the bombing of Pearl Harbor, would shape and in turn be transformed by the US war effort. As the Yankee Clipper’s passengers’ travels take them from Ukraine, France, Spain, Panama, Cuba, and the Philippines to Java, India, Australia, Britain, Egypt, the Soviet Union, and the Belgian Congo, among other hot spots, their movements defy simple boundaries between home front and war front and upend conventional American narratives about World War II.
Stolen Soil
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Manuel’s shipping agency thrives during the 1930s, due in large part to the policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Spain’s Second Republic. Nevertheless, Spaniards like Manuel see such left-leaning governments as a threat to order and tradition. He and his partner, Marcelino Garcia, collaborate with the fascist-inspired Falange Party and do what they can to assist General Francisco Franco’s Nationalist coup. As international shipping agents they are able to open up far-flung information and supply networks for the rebels, pressure diplomats and leaders along vital trade routes, and throw up legal roadblocks against the loyalists in the United States, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere. The contest over ships during the Spanish Civil War helps to prepare Manuel for future battles in the Atlantic.
Dangerous Acts
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Stalin’s pact with Hitler in August 1939 turned the world upside down for leftist, Russian-speaking New Yorkers like Tamara, but the Nazi invasion of the USSR in June 1941, though heartbreaking and tragic, puts the world ideologically right side up again. After the Soviets join the Allies, Tamara throws herself into singing at benefit concerts and on radio programs for Russian War Relief. Meanwhile, concerns about the “morale” of conscripts pouring into US training camps mount. When war planners set out to find amusements for troops without resorting to government-run programs, which conservatives opposed, Tamara becomes one of the first Americans to volunteer to travel overseas with the newly created USO-Camp Shows, Inc.
Conclusion
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As Sully navigates toward Cabo Ruivo airport in Lisbon, ground crew radio final landing instructions to the cockpit. Disaster strikes minutes later. Recovery and salvage operations take weeks. The war that will unfold after the crash is in many ways not the same war that had taken place before the Yankee Clipper’s last flight. It is this last chapter of the war, when US industrial, diplomatic, and military might come alive, that generations of Americans will most like to remember. Over time, this focus on the war’s final stages will make it harder to reflect on just how close to disaster the world had come and how much Americans’ experiences and efforts had been intertwined with, and built upon, the work and resources of other people and places around the globe.
America’s Expanding, Unequal, and Hidden Health Care State
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Grow-and-Hide phenomenon: how the American state investment in the health care system grows substantially over time yet hides this investment. The chapter highlights how three main structural features explain Grow and Hide—use of the federal structure, delegating authority to the voluntary sector, and institutional fragmentation—along with discursive strategies used by political actors to hide growth and demonize government. The chapter also provides an overview of the major consequences of Grow and Hide: extreme fragmentation, private profiteering off high health care prices and lack of regulation, and focusing on the poor as “the problem” despite growing inequality.
Public Health Planning
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter documents how leaders in the public health network throughout the 1910s and 1920s were primarily concerned with developing a unified health care system that would provide prevention and treatment. They were adamant that despite state investment to develop the health care system, the provision of care could be provided under public and private auspices. As the health care system grew, public health leaders continued to hide the extent to which public health departments provided medical treatment but also hid the growing subsidies to the private voluntary sector, especially to the voluntary hospital system. Despite substantial subsidies to develop the U.S. hospital system in this early period, public discourse depicted voluntary hospitals as privately funded with minimal government involvement. This is how the Grow-and-Hide strategy worked, using the rhetoric of classic liberalism while expanding the role of government.
A new framework of the evolution of the ctenodactylids (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Asia: new species and phylogenetic status of distylomyins
Authors: Oliver Adriana , Carro-Rodríguez Patricia M , López-Guerrero Paloma , Daxner-Höck Gudrun 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTwo new species of ctenodactylid rodents, Prodistylomys taatsinius sp. nov. and Prodistylomys mongoliensis sp. nov., are described from the Valley of Lakes, Central Mongolia. They represent the first record of this genus in Mongolia. Prodistylomys is characterized by a simple dental pattern and high hypsodonty, reflecting an adaptation for tough vegetation in a dry environment, which is congruent with the aridification event that took place during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene. We performed the most complete phylogenetic analysis combining the largest sampling in the family Ctenodactylidae and the best-represented stratigraphical distribution for the sample. This allowed us to propose that the origin of ctenodactylids lies in East Asia during the Eocene, and after that, the group dispersed through western Asia, Europe, and Africa. The presence of several similar rodent taxa in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China confirms that these areas were part of a large bioprovince covering most of central Asia during the Oligocene and Early Miocene.
Assessment of computed tomography for the diagnosis of exudative and transudative pleural effusion
Authors: Pathak Subash , Mahat Asim , Yadav Gopal Kumar , Mishra Upama , Duwadi Bikash , Bhattarai Mamata , Rijal Alisha 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
The basic computed tomography (CT) characteristics of pleural effusion (PE) were analyzed, and the association between demographic factors and prominent CT findings with different types of PE was assessed. The individual CT characteristics and Light’s criteria for exudative PE were also evaluated. In addition, a cutoff for attenuation values of CT scans for exudative PE was determined.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study among 92 participants with PE was carried out at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The χ2 test, logistic regression analysis, and diagnostic statistics were calculated. The ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review committee of Institutional review board of National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS), Bir Hospital (Ref. 876/076/77).

Results:
The study examined 92 cases of PE, with 78.3% occurring in males and the majority affecting individuals aged 55–74 years old. Results showed that on CT scans, pleural thickening [odds ratio (OR): 13.89, 95% CI: 4.96–38.86, P < 0.05], pleural nodules (OR: 12.72, 95% CI: 2.64–61.18, P < 0.05) and loculations (OR: 13.46, 95% CI: 4.03–44.89, P < 0.05) were significantly associated with exudative PE. Of these, pleural nodules had the highest specificity (96.4%) and positive likelihood ratio (9), whereas pleural thickening had the highest sensitivity (70.3%). When using the criterion “pleural fluid Lactate Dehydrogenase concentration as positive if it was over two-thirds of the upper limit of normal serum Lactate Dehydrogenase,” the CT scan had a positive likelihood ratio of 22.52. The study also found that an attenuation value ≥9.70 HU could indicate an exudative PE (area under the curve: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70–0.90, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The CT characteristics, such as pleural thickening, pleural nodules, and loculations, were more likely to be present in exudative PE. In addition, the attenuation values of PE could also determine its nature as either exudate or transudate, with an attenuation value of >9.70 HU indicating an exudative PE.
Histopathology-validated lesion detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer with mpMRI, [68Ga]PSMA-11-PET and [11C]Acetate-PET
Authors: Sandgren Kristina , Strandberg Sara N. , Jonsson Joakim H. , Grefve Josefine , Keeratijarut Lindberg Angsana , Nilsson Erik , Bergh Anders , Söderkvist Karin , Thellenberg Karlsson Camilla , Friedrich Bengt , Widmark Anders , Blomqvist Lennart , Berg Loegager Vibeke , Axelsson Jan , Ögren Mattias , Ögren Margareta , Nyholm Tufve , Riklund Katrine 
Published: August 2023

Objective
PET/CT and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) are important diagnostic tools in clinically significant prostate cancer (csPC). The aim of this study was to compare csPC detection rates with [68Ga]PSMA-11-PET (PSMA)-PET, [11C]Acetate (ACE)-PET, and mpMRI with histopathology as reference, to identify the most suitable imaging modalities for subsequent hybrid imaging. An additional aim was to compare inter-reader variability to assess reproducibility.

Methods
During 2016–2019, all study participants were examined with PSMA-PET/mpMRI and ACE-PET/CT prior to radical prostatectomy. PSMA-PET, ACE-PET and mpMRI were evaluated separately by two observers, and were compared with histopathology-defined csPC. Statistical analyses included two-sided McNemar test and index of specific agreement.

Results
Fifty-five study participants were included, with 130 histopathological intraprostatic lesions >0.05 cc. Of these, 32% (42/130) were classified as csPC with ISUP grade ≥2 and volume >0.5 cc. PSMA-PET and mpMRI showed no difference in performance (P = 0.48), with mean csPC detection rate of 70% (29.5/42) and 74% (31/42), respectively, while with ACE-PET the mean csPC detection rate was 37% (15.5/42). Interobserver agreement was higher with PSMA-PET compared to mpMRI [79% (26/33) vs 67% (24/38)]. Including all detected lesions from each pair of observers, the detection rate increased to 90% (38/42) with mpMRI, and 79% (33/42) with PSMA-PET.

Conclusion
PSMA-PET and mpMRI showed high csPC detection rates and superior performance compared to ACE-PET. The interobserver agreement indicates higher reproducibility with PSMA-PET. The combined result of all observers in both PSMA-PET and mpMRI showed the highest detection rate, suggesting an added value of a hybrid imaging approach.
The First Collective Examination of Immunosuppressive Practices Among American Intestinal Transplant Centers
Authors: Weiner Joshua , Llore Nathaly , Ormsby Dylan , Fujiki Masato , Segovia Maria Cristina , Obri Mark , Jafri Syed-Mohammed , Liggett Jedson , Kroemer Alexander H.K. , Matsumoto Cal , Moon Jang , Di Cocco Pierpaolo , Selvaggi Gennaro , Garcia Jennifer , Ganoza Armando , Khanna Ajai , Mazariegos George , Wendel Danielle , Reyes Jorge ,   for The American Intestinal Transplantation Working Group
Published: August 2023

Background.
Unlike other solid organs, no standardized treatment algorithms exist for intestinal transplantation (ITx). We established a consortium of American ITx centers to evaluate current practices.

Methods.
All American centers performing ITx during the past 3 y were invited to participate. As a consortium, we generated questions to evaluate and collect data from each institution. The data were compiled and analyzed.

Results.
Ten centers participated, performing 211 ITx during the past 3 y (range, 3–46; mean 21.1). Induction regimens varied widely. Thymoglobulin was the most common, used in the plurality of patients (85/211; 40.3%), but there was no consensus regimen. Similarly, regimens for the treatment of acute cellular rejection, antibody-mediated rejection, and graft-versus-host disease varied significantly between centers. We also evaluated differences in maintenance immunosuppression protocols, desensitization regimens, mammalian target of rapamycin use, antimetabolite use, and posttransplantation surveillance practices. Maintenance tacrolimus levels, stoma presence, and scoping frequency were not associated with differences in rejection events. Definitive association between treatments and outcomes, including graft and patient survival, was not the intention of this initial collaboration and is prevented by the lack of patient-level data and the presence of confounders. However, we identified trends regarding rejection episodes after various induction strategies that require further investigation in our subsequent collaborations.

Conclusions.
This initial collaboration reveals the extreme heterogeneity of practices among American ITx centers. Future collaboration will explore patient-level data, stratified by age and transplant type (isolated intestine versus multivisceral), to explore the association between treatment regimens and outcomes.
Mediation and Longitudinal Analysis to interpret the association between clozapine pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, and absolute neutrophil count
Authors: Lock Siobhan K. , Legge Sophie E. , Kappel Djenifer B. , Willcocks Isabella R. , Helthuis Marinka , Jansen John , Walters James T. R. , Owen Michael J. , O’Donovan Michael C. , Pardiñas Antonio F. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractClozapine is effective at reducing symptoms of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but it can also induce several adverse outcomes including neutropenia and agranulocytosis. We used linear mixed-effect models and structural equation modelling to determine whether pharmacokinetic and genetic variables influence absolute neutrophil count in a longitudinal UK-based sample of clozapine users not currently experiencing neutropenia (N = 811). Increased daily clozapine dose was associated with elevated neutrophil count, amounting to a 133 cells/mm3rise per standard deviation increase in clozapine dose. One-third of the total effect of clozapine dose was mediated by plasma clozapine and norclozapine levels, which themselves demonstrated opposing, independent associations with absolute neutrophil count. Finally, CYP1A2 pharmacogenomic activity score was associated with absolute neutrophil count, supporting lower neutrophil levels in CYP1A2 poor metabolisers during clozapine use. This information may facilitate identifying at-risk patients and then introducing preventative interventions or individualised pharmacovigilance procedures to help mitigate these adverse haematological reactions.
The interplay between air pollution, built environment, and physical activity: perceptions of children and youth in rural and urban India
Authors: Patel Jamin , Katapally Tarun Reddy , Khadilkar Anuradha , Bhawra Jasmin 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTThe role of physical inactivity as a contributor to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk in children and youth is widely recognized. Air pollution and built environment can limit participation in physical activity and exacerbate NCD risk; however, the relationships between perceptions of air pollution, built environment, and health behaviors are not fully understood, particularly among children and youth in low and middle-income countries. Currently, there are no studies capturing how child and youth perceptions of air pollution and built environment influence physical activity in India, thus, this study investigates the association between perceived air pollution and built environmental factors on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels of children and youth in both rural and urban India. Online surveys captured MVPA, perception of air pollution and built environment factors, as well as relevant sociodemographic characteristics from parents and children aged 5 to 17 years in partnership with 41 schools across 28 urban and rural locations during the Coronavirus disease lockdowns in 2021. After adjusting for age, gender, and location, a significant association was found between the perception of air pollution and MVPA levels (β = −18.365, p < 0.001). Similarly, the perception of a high crime rate was associated with lower MVPA levels (β = −23.383, p = 0.002). Reporting the presence of zebra crossings and pedestrian signals or attractive natural sightings was associated with higher MVPA levels; however, this association varied across sociodemographic groups. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing air pollution and improving the built environment to facilitate outdoor active living, including active transportation – solutions that are particularly relevant not only for NCD risk mitigation, but also for climate change adaptation.