bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Hormone and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Bursa of Fabricius of Immature Chicks
Authors: Sullivan David A. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Estrogen, androgen, progestin, and glucocorticoid binding was measured in the immature chick bursa of Fabricius. Studies with whole bursal cytosol indicated the presence of distinct and noninteracting estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, and dexamethasone receptors with mean dissociation constants of 0.1, 0.3, 7.8, and 12 nM and average binding site concentrations of 1.9, 13.6, 42, and 520 fmoles/mg protein, respectively. Binding to saturable sites was specific for steroids with estrogen, androgen, progestin, or glucocorticoid activity. For example, estrone and diethylstilbestrol competed with estradiol, whereas progesterone, dihydrotestosterone, and dexamethasone did not. Similarly, testosterone competed for dihydrotestosterone binding, whereas estradiol, progesterone, and dexamethasone competed very little. In the presence of 5 µM cortisol, progestosterone binding was competed for by the anti-progestin R-5020, but not by dexamethasone, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone. Competition for dexamethasone binding was observed with cortisol and corticosterone but not with estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and progesterone.
When cytosol was prepared from bursal cell pellets that were predominantly lymphoid in nature, glucocorticoid but not estrogen, androgen, or progestin binding was identified. Since only glucocorticoid binding was found, it suggests that estrogen, androgen, and progestin receptors are present in epithelial cells of the bursa. Binding of dexamethasone in intact cells to cytosol and nuclear forms of the receptor complex and the temperature-dependent translocation of receptor complex from the cytosol to the nucleus were also shown. The results presented indicate that estrogens, androgens, progestins, and glucocorticoids interact with cells in the bursa of Fabricius at physiologic concentrations.
Immunologic Release of β-Hexosaminidase and β-Glucuronidase from Purified Rat Serosal Mast Cells
Authors: Schwartz Lawrence B. , Austen K. Frank , Wasserman Stephen I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The acid exoglycosidases β-hexosaminidase and β-glucuronidase are present in rat serosal mast cells at concentrations of 1.2 ± 0.5 units and 0.24 ± 0.11 units/106 cells, respectively, and are released in a dose- and time-dependent fashion in response to immunologic challenge with rabbit anti-rat F(ab′)2. The sum of the released and residual β-hexosaminidase and β-glucuronidase was no different from that of resting unchallenged cells, thereby indicating that release in physiologic buffer was sufficient for complete bioavailability of the secreted enzymes when assessed with small synthetic substrates. A comparison of the release of the acid exoglycosidases with that of histamine yields regression lines that have correlation coefficients of ≥ 0.97 for each enzyme and that intersect at the point of origin, suggesting absence of a threshold effect on the release of these mediators. The slopes of these regression lines indicate that at least 86 and 65% of the cellular content of β-hexosaminidase and of β-glucuronidase, respectively, are available for immunologic release and are therefore localized in mast cell secretory granules. The predominant isomeric form of β-hexosaminidase in the rat mast cell, as indicated by its chromatographic behavior, is type A and the A isomer is the predominant form released on immunologic activation of the cells. The only isomeric form of β-glucuronidase identified in rat serosal mast cells based upon its electrophoretic mobility is the lysosomal form, and this form was the only one released after immunologic activation of these cells. The mast cell secretory granule, based upon its content of acid hydrolases and its capacity to form phagolysosomes, is considered a modified lysosome, which also contains novel chemical mediators not generally observed in lysosomes of other cells.
Age-Related Changes in Suppressor Functions of Human T Cells
Authors: Kishimoto Susumu , Tomino Shinhachiro , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Fujiwara Hirokazu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functions of both naturally occurring suppressor and Con A-activated suppressor cels were compared among newborns, young adults, and aged subjects. When T cells were irradiated to remove suppressor activity and added to PWM-stimulated allogeneic B cell cultures, an enhanced Ig production resulted. This irradiation-induced enhancement for IgG production was significantly lower in aged group than in newborns or young adults (p ≦ 0.01). With regard to IgM production, the enhancement was significantly depressed in aged subjects as compared with newborns (p = 0.05). The radiation dose for the generation of T cells capable of exerting the greatest enhancement was between 900 and 1200 rads in both young adults and aged subjects, but as high as 1600 rads in newborns. Furthermore, newborns were shown to be enriched for T suppressor activity by co-culturing of allogeneic PBL with T cells in the presence of PWM as compared with young adults.
T cells isolated from young adults, but not from aged subjects, enhanced IgM and IgG production by allogeneic B cells beyond the synergy obtained by control T cells when pretreated with mitomycin and then co-cultured with B cells and PWM. The means of maximal enhancements were significantly greater in young adults than in the aged (p = 0.02 for IgG, p &lt; 0.05 for IgM).
The study on the kinetics of generation of Con A-activated suppressor cells revealed that T cells isolated from young adults mediated maximal suppression of Ig production when activated by incubation with Con A for 2 days and added to PWM-stimulated PBL cultures. By contrast, T cells from aged humans required 1 or 2 more days of incubation with Con A to be activated to obtain the maximal suppressor activity. In addition, the means of maximal suppression of IgM and IgG production mediated by Con A-activated T cells were significantly greater in young adults than in the aged (p = 0.02 for IgG and p = 0.05 for IgM).
Impaired function of both naturally occurring suppressor and Con A-activated suppressor cells is discussed in relation to altered immunocompetence seen in aged humans.
Generation of H-2 Restricted Cytotoxic T Cells by Trinitrophenylated Proteins in Vitro: Specificity and Requirements
Authors: Ballas Zuhair K. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Addition of TNBS-conjugated soluble proteins to cultures of murine spleen cells, of the H-2k haplotype, led to the generation of MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells. This phenomenon was effected by a wide range of proteins including ovalbumin, bovine γ-globulin, bovine serum albumin, human γ-globulin, human serum albumin (TNP-HSA), and keyhold limpet hemocyanin. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in such manner showed specificity for the hapten rather than for the protein carrier, in that they lysed cells bearing hapten coupled to either heterologous or homologous carriers.
Spleen cell populations incubated with soluble HSA substituted to various degrees (8–40 moles TNP/mole HSA) displayed TNP on their surface as evidenced by a) C-mediated lysis, and b) spectrophotometric measurement of solubilized cell membranes. However, only those cells bearing HSA substituted at more than 26 moles TNP/mole HSA were susceptible to lysis by hapten-specific H-2 restricted CTL. Furthermore, TNP-HSA with lower substitution (&lt;26 mole/mole) did not stimulate hapten-specific cytotoxic responses.
These observations illustrate several features of target cell recognition by hapten-specific, H-2 restricted, cytotoxic T-cells: i) These CTL do not show specificity to the protein carrier. In this regard cytotoxic T cells differ from T cells responsible for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). ii) Hapten and H-2 need not be covalently linked. iii) Hapten display on the cell surface, even in relatively large amounts, is not in itself sufficient. Rather, it seems that some stringent requirements of protein derivatization and/or distribution have to be met irrespective of whether the protein substituted is intrinsic to the cell membrane or exogenously added. These findings represent a reproducible system for further investigation of the exact molecular nature of the antigenic determinants recognized by CTL.
Rapid Magnetic Purification of Rosette-Forming Lymphocytes
Authors: Owen Charles S. , Winger Larry A. , Symington Frank W. , Nowell Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High gradient magnetic separation, which has previously been shown effective in extracting erythrocytes from a flowing cell suspension, has been used to separate rosetted and unrosetted human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The hemoglobin in the sheep red cells used to form rosettes was first oxidized to the paramagnetic methemoglobin form. Samples of 50 × 106 lymphocytes could be processed in 10 min under sterile conditions with greater than 90% purity of the rosetted cell fraction and maintenance of T cell function in mixed lymphocyte cultures.
Functional Characterization of Mouse T Lymphocytes with IgM-Fc Receptors
Authors: Andersson Birger , Skoglund Ann-Charlotte , Rosen Anders 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The function of mouse T lymphocytes with receptors for IgM-Fc was analyzed by using immunofluorescence and a column separation method. The cellular uptake of FITC-IgM was inhibited with unlabeled Fc5 µ. IgM-FcR+ cells were active in ADCC against IgM-sensitized target cells, but not against IgG-coated target cells. The cells mediating ADCC with IgM antibody were shown to be distinct and physically separable from those mediating ADCC with IgG antibody. Helper T lymphocytes for humoral antibody formation in a hapten-carrier system were shown to be IgM-FcR+ and Fc-IgG-.
Immunotherapy of a Murine Ovarian Carcinoma with Corynebacterium Parvum and Specific Heteroantiserum
Authors: Bast Robert C. , Knapp Robert C. , Mitchell Agota K. , Thurston Joan G. , Tucker Robert W. , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunotherapy with a combination of Corynebacterium parvum and specific heteroantiserum is significantly more effective than treatment with either single agent in prolonging the survival of mice that have received an i.p. injection of syngeneic murine ovarian carcinoma (MOT) cells. In vitro, a combination of C. parvum-activated peritoneal cells and specific heteroantiserum has proven significantly more effective than either single component in destroying 51Cr-labeled MOT cells in the absence of complement. Activation of peritoneal cells to produce lysis of tumor in the presence of specific antiserum peaked 3 to 7 days after a single injection of C. parvum and declined to baseline over 3 to 4 weeks. With repeated i.p. injections of C. parvum at appropriate intervals, activation of peritoneal cells could be prolonged and augmented. Among the routes tested, only i.p. administration of C. parvum was effective, although activation of peritoneal cells for cooperation with heteroantiserum was observed over a broad range of i.p. dosage (0.45 to 4.20 mg). These data suggest that the administration of C. parvum by appropriate doses, routes, and schedules can attract and activate a population of peritoneal effectors that mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity more effectively than resident peritoneal cells.
Differential Growth of Allogeneic Bone Marrow and Leukemia Cells in Irradiated Guinea Pigs
Authors: Bhan Atul K. , Kumar Vinay , Bennett Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Growth of normal bone marrow and L2C leukemia cell grafts was studied in lethally irradiated strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs by measuring 125IUdR uptake in the spleen and bone marrow and by histologic examination of these tissues. Allogeneic bone marrow cells proliferated as well as syngeneic cells in both strain 2 and 13 animals. Since strains 2 and 13 guinea pigs differ only at the I region of the major histocompatibility complex, this observation indicates that Ia disparities are not relevant to marrow graft rejection in the guinea pig.
Both Ia positive and Ia negative L2C leukemia cells of strain 2 origin grew well in the spleen of irradiated strain 2 animals. However, irradiated strain 13 animals showed considerable resistance to the growth of both leukemia cell lines. F1 hybrids (2 × 13) also showed resistance to the growth of the leukemia cells, although resistance was less than in strain 13 animals. These observations suggest the existence of an effector system capable of mediating natural resistance to L2C cells in unimmunized strain 13 and F1 guinea pigs. The nature of antigens recognized by these radiation resistant effector cells are not entirely clear. However, Ia antigens, or tumor-associated antigens dependent upon Ia antigens for immunogenicity, do not seem to be the primary targets in this phenomenon.
Avian Antigen-Binding Cells
Authors: Higgins Gloria , Choi Yong Sung 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-binding cells (ABC) from spleens of HGG-immunized, bursectomized agammaglobulinemic (Bx) chickens were detected by direct autoradiography with 125I-HGG and by sandwich autoradiography with HGG plus 125I-goat-anti-HGG. The specificity of antigen binding was demonstrated by 1) inhibition of binding of 125I-HGG by preincubation with unlabeled HGG and 2) a specific increase in ABC after immunization. The ABC from Bx chickens were not B cells, as shown by the virtual absence of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in this population and by the lack of inhibition of antigen binding by anti-immunoglobulin sera. The ABC were not macrophages and did not bind HGG via Fc receptors because their frequency was unchanged after passage over nylon wool or incubation with antigen-antibody complexes. The temperature dependence and azide stabilization of the ABC were characteristic of antigenbinding T cells. Therefore, T cells capable of binding soluble antigen were demonstrated in Bx chicken spleen, which is free of contamination by B cells and passively adsorbed antibody.
Prebursal Stem Cells in the Intraembryonic Mesenchyme of the Chick Embryo at 7 Days of Incubation
Authors: Lassila Olli , Eskola Jussi , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclophosphamide-treated 18-day-old chick embryos were transplanted with cells from 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme; the recipients and donors were identical at the major histocompatibility locus. At the age of 35 days, the cell recipients were studied to determine the reconstitution capacity of the transplanted cells. The transplantation resulted in a complete restoration of IgM and IgG class antibody production against human gammaglobulin and Brucella abortus, and of microscopic morphology of the bursa of Fabricius and of the germinal center formation in the spleen. These findings demonstrate that 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme of the chick embryo harbor prebursal stem cells. These findings confirm our previous observations in the yolk sacembryo chimeras indicating that lymphoid stem cells originate in the intraembryonic hematopoietic sites.
Inhibition of Autoimmune Tubulointerstitial Nephritis in Guinea Pigs by Heterologous Antisera Containing Anti-Idiotype Antibodies
Authors: Brown C. Alan , Carey Kathleen , Colvin Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strain XIII guinea pigs immunized with rabbit tubular basement membrane (TBM) develop a severe tubulointerstitial nephritis mediated by anti-TBM antibodies. Experiments were performed to determine whether heterologous antibodies to the anti-TBM antibodies (anti-idiotypes) could suppress this autoimmune disease. Anti-TBM antibodies were eluted from strain XIII kidneys with anti-TBM disease and were partially purified by ion exchange chromatography. Antisera to various fractions (I, IV, VI; corresponding to IgG2, IgG1+2, and IgG1, respectively) were raised in rabbits. The antisera were repeatedly absorbed with normal strain XIII serum to remove reactivity to normal IgG. Ten milliliters of the absorbed rabbit antisera or control sera were given i.p. to strain XIII animals at the same time they were sensitized with rabbit TBM and ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. After 14 days, control animals immunized with TBM, but given either no serum, normal rabbit serum, or antiserum raised against eluates from normal strain XIII kidneys, developed severe tubulointerstitial nephritis with 84.4 ± 5.8, 64.6 ± 9.8, and 96.2 ± 3.5% of the renal cortex involved, respectively. Animals given the anti-idiotype sera had significantly less disease, with 12.6 ± 8.3 (VI), 16.5 ± 5.1 (IV), and 31.2 ± 10.4% (I) of the cortex affected. These animals also had significantly reduced levels of anti-TBM antibodies as measured by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. The antibody response to ovalbumin and tuberculin skin test reactions were not affected. A radioimmunoassay was developed to determine whether the most active rabbit antisera (VI) had anti-idiotypic activity. These sera bound specifically to the iodinated fraction VI anti-TBM antibody eluate, and pre-absorption of the fraction VI with either anti-guinea pig IgG or by guinea pig TBM removed the reactivity with the rabbit antisera.
These results indicate that specific inhibition of an autoantibody response and its consequent disease can be achieved by means of antisera raised to the autoantibodies. The mechanism has not been established, but it is believed to be due to idiotype suppression. A similar approach might prove suitable in other autoimmune diseases.
Specific Stimulation and Suppression of a Primary in Vitro Plaque-Forming Cell Response by Monovalent Lipid Haptens in Fluid Liposomal Membranes
Authors: Humphries Gillian M. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Multilamellar, “fluid” liposomes containing an appropriate concentration of a synthetic dinitrophenylated lipid hapten behave as T-independent (TI), adherent cell-dependent antigens for primary, in vitro, stimulation of hapten-specific IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC). The appropriate concentration of hapten is approximately 1 mol% with respect to the other liposomal lipids, cholesterol, and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). At a higher hapten concentration, 4 mol%, liposomes will suppress the anti-dinitrophenyl PFC response to co-cultured immunogenic liposomes, but not the anti-sheep cell response to co-cultured sheep cells. This suppression is also TI. The ability of “fluid,” haptenated liposomes specifically to stimulate or to suppress the TI PFC response is determined by the ratio of hapten to other lipids in a manner that is independent of the total hapten concentration in culture.
Inhibition of the in Vitro Outgrowth of Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Lymphocytes by TG Lymphocytes
Authors: Shope Thomas C. , Kaplan Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T lymphocyte subpopulations from subjects not acutely infected with EBV have been selected and examined for ability to inhibit the outgrowth of autologous B lymphocytes that have undergone in vitro infection with EB virus. The results show that only TG lymphocytes are inhibitory. TG lymphocytes from subjects who are EBV antibody-negative inhibit as well as those from subjects who have EBV antibody. TG lymphocyte populations, as well as other T cell fractions obtained from neonatal subjects, fail to inhibit the outgrowth of infected, autologous lymphocytes under the conditions tested. We propose that NK cells are responsible for the inhibitory effects described in this report.
Local Xenogeneic Graft-Vs-Host Reaction: A Practical Assessment of T Cell Function Among Cancer Patients
Authors: Mavligit Giora , Ishii Yoshifumi , Patt Yehuda , Wong Wendy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The local xenogeneic graft-vs-host reaction (XGVHR) was used as a practical bioassay to assess T lymphocyte function and immunocompetence among cancer patients. Positive XGVHR was found in 99.5% of normal donors, 70% of cancer patients with early stage disease, and 30% of cancer patients with metastatic disease (p &lt; 0.001). A minimum of 4.5 × 106 immunocompetent T lymphocytes are necessary in order to elicit a positive XGVHR. Negative reactions among cancer patients are characterized by the lack of edema fluid accumulation and the appearance of the host basophils at the test site. This suggests that insufficient amounts of lymphokines are being released by the incompetent T lymphocytes, whereas the host is capable of mounting a rejection reaction as evidenced by the appearance of the basophils. Preliminary evidence suggests that the immunologic defect detected by the XGVHR cannot be corrected by monocyte depletion. The identification of putative suppressor T cell subsets may bear immunotherapeutic implications in the future.
Humoral and Cellular Regulation of Alloimmunity in Pregnancy
Authors: Pavia Charles S. , Stites Daniel P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using the cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) test, it was found that lymphoid cells from pregnant BALB/c females (gravid by C57BL/6 males) were not directly cytotoxic for 51Cr-labeled target cells posessing the same haplotype as the paternal parent. During various stages of gestation and degrees of parity, splenic lymphocytes from interstrain (BALB/c × C57BL/6) pregnant mice were equivalent to those from virgin BALB/c females in their in vitro proliferative responses to paternal strain cells (C57BL/6) in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and also in their ability to develop in vitro into cytotoxic effector cells toward paternal strain alloantigens. Suppressor activity on the part of splenocytes from pregnant mice could not be detected in the MLR and CML assay. Heat-inactivated serum from allogeneically pregnant BALB/c mice, when compared to serum from virgin or syngeneically pregnant females, regularly depressed both proliferative and effector phases of the MLR between related parental strain cells. The degree of inhibition was related to the final concentration of pregnant serum in culture with 1 to 3% serum producing greater than 75% inhibition. The inhibitory serum was not cytotoxic by using a sensitive 51Cr release assay, and the suppressive effect was associated with histocompatibility differences between the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mating combination. Thus although pregnancy across strong H-2 differences acts as a poor in vivo inducer of the effector component of cellular immunity, the in vitro proliferative functions of spleen cells from pregnant mice are intrinsically normal, but may be modulated by factors present in pregnancy serum.