bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unmasking the tissue-resident eukaryotic DNA virome in humans
Authors: Pyöriä Lari , Pratas Diogo , Toppinen Mari , Hedman Klaus , Sajantila Antti , Perdomo Maria F 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Little is known on the landscape of viruses that reside within our cells, nor on the interplay with the host imperative for their persistence. Yet, a lifetime of interactions conceivably have an imprint on our physiology and immune phenotype. In this work, we revealed the genetic make-up and unique composition of the known eukaryotic human DNA virome in nine organs (colon, liver, lung, heart, brain, kidney, skin, blood, hair) of 31 Finnish individuals. By integration of quantitative (qPCR) and qualitative (hybrid-capture sequencing) analysis, we identified the DNAs of 17 species, primarily herpes-, parvo-, papilloma- and anello-viruses (&gt;80% prevalence), typically persisting in low copies (mean 540 copies/ million cells). We assembled in total 70 viral genomes (&gt;90% breadth coverage), distinct in each of the individuals, and identified high sequence homology across the organs. Moreover, we detected variations in virome composition in two individuals with underlying malignant conditions. Our findings reveal unprecedented prevalences of viral DNAs in human organs and provide a fundamental ground for the investigation of disease correlates. Our results from post-mortem tissues call for investigation of the crosstalk between human DNA viruses, the host, and other microbes, as it predictably has a significant impact on our health.
Safety and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Cancer and Viral Hepatitis: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience
Authors: Nardo Mirella , Yilmaz Bulent , Nelson Blessie Elizabeth , Torres Harrys A , Wang Lan Sun , Granwehr Bruno Palma , Song Juhee , Dalla Pria Hanna R F , Trinh Van A , Glitza Oliva Isabella C , Patel Sapna P , Tannir Nizar M , Kaseb Ahmed Omar , Altan Mehmet , Lee Sunyoung S , Miller Ethan , Zhang Hao , Stephen Bettzy A , Naing Aung 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Despite the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), patients with a viral hepatitis have been excluded from clinical trials because of safety concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate of adverse events (AEs) in patients with viral hepatitis who received ICIs for cancer treatment.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a retrospective study in patients with cancer and concurrent hepatitis B or C, who had undergone treatment with ICI at MD Anderson Cancer Center from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019.

Results
Of the 1076 patients screened, we identified 33 with concurrent hepatitis. All 10 patients with HBV underwent concomitant antiviral therapy during ICI treatment. Sixteen of the 23 patients with HCV received it before the initiation of ICI. The median follow-up time was 33 months (95% CI, 23-45) and the median duration of ICI therapy was 3 months (IQR, 1.9-6.6). Of the 33 patients, 12 (39%) experienced irAEs (immune-related adverse events) of any grade, with 2 (6%) having grade 3 or higher. None of the patients developed hepatitis toxicities.

Conclusion
ICIs may be a therapeutic option with an acceptable safety profile in patients with cancer and advanced liver disease.
The 1910s and 1920s
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers gay activities in the 1910s and 1920s. It highlights the rise of drag queens despite the antagonism that gay men and women have faced during their fight for visibility and civil rights. A man pretending to be a woman was the standard plot for America’s most prominent drag actor, Julian Eltinge. Another openly gay drag artist was Bert Savoy, who specialized in sophisticated Broadway revues such as Miss 1917 and Greenwich Village Follies. The chapter also looks at Broadway Brevities, a New York tabloid devoted to the doings of the famed and the reckless, as well as “pansies” and “dykes”, which emphasized popular stereotypes. It discusses the works of Mae West that featured narratives combining the outlaw world with Society and destabilized Americans’ respect for the elite.
The 1960s
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the rise of gay characters on Broadway, especially in plays by Britons. It considers the plays featuring gay people written by John Osborne, Shelagh Delaney, Terence Rattigan, Charles Dyer, and Frank Marcus. The Killing of Sister George (1966), The Best Man (1960), and Advise and Consent (1960) are only some of the few American works that featured a full-scale gay relationship. American artists started creating gay theatre from the inside as the gay culture in the industry has been so highly developed despite being legally sub rosa. The chapter expounds on the rise of gay culture in the West End and Broadway by referencing Oscar Wilde, A Patriot For Me (1969), and The Killing of Sister George.
The Present
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter explores the boundless possibilities for gay theatre. It notes how Big Broadway can now star drag queens. The Prom (2018) featured a good and solid lesbian musical. The chapter then raises the debate on whether Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike (2012) is a gay play in any real sense. It details how John Kander worked on several pieces such as The Nance (2013) and Kid Victory (2015). The chapter also recognizes the works and influence of Edward Albee, who is considered as the Great American Gay Playwright. Finally, it highlights how there has always been an audience for gay theatre, enough to prove that straight people supported it alongside the birthright communicants.
Saving the Protestant Ethic
Authors: Lynn Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Going back to the Puritans, Protestant orientations to work and economics have shaped religious practice and wider American culture for several centuries. But setting aside the classical “Protestant ethic” associated with the early Puritans, American Protestantism has encompassed a wide range of orientations to work, some of which channeled religious enerigies away from the activities of day-to-day life. Saving the Protestant Ethic surveys an intra-religious movement seeking to “make work matter to God” among a religious population that previously sequestered religious energies from careers and secular work. Bearing the name the “faith and work movement,” this effort puts on display the creative capacities of religious and lay leaders to adapt a faith system to the changing socioeconomic conditions of advanced capitalism. Building from the insights and theory of Max Weber, Saving the Protestant Ethic draws on archival research and interviews with movement leaders to survey and assess the surging number of new organizations, books, conferences, worship songs, seminary classes, vocational programming, and study groups promoting classically Protestant and Calvinist ideas of work and vocation with American evangelicalism. Such efforts are traced back to early twentieth-century business leaders and theologically trained leaders who saw a desperate need for a new “work ethic” for religious laity occupying professional, managerial, and creative-class work.
Introduction
Authors: Lynn Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Sociologists have long been attuned to the role of moral scripts, symbols, and vocabularies that aid individuals in conferring meaning on their work. This project seeks to update understandings of how American evangelicals draw on theological resources to make their work meaningful. The method employed here follows the historical-cultural approaches of Max Weber, R. H. Tawney, Ernst Troeltsch, H. Richard Niebuhr, and E. P. Thompson, attending to the intersection of theological ideas and their location within a particular social stratum. The Introduction presents the central arguments of the book, provides an outline of chapter materials, and defines the terminology used in the work.
The Making of a Movement
Authors: Lynn Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out a social movement interpretation of the faith and work movement, tracking the growth of resources drawn upon by culture producers. The emergence and growth of the movement are charted on four different metrics: organizational creation, book production, conference creation, and funding sources. The author draws upon national survey data, demographics of conference attendees, and demographics of movement leaders to develop a tentative evaluation of the current size and scope of the movement. Several factors in this analysis suggest that the movement’s resources primarily find their way to a higher-educated stratum of American evangelicals.
Whose Work Matters to God?
Authors: Lynn Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter breaks down the manner in which the faith and work movement intersects with factors of gender, race, and social class. Movement leaders rarely provide precise definition to the term “work,” but often operate from tacit assumptions about work that connect it to the male breadwinner model of work most prominent among white males in the postwar American economy. The author examines the organizational decisions and discourse of faith and work conferences that reinforce this gendered and parochial understanding of work. Several invisible sorting mechanisms are found to be at work in channeling a particular type of worker toward the faith and work space. A review of women writing on faith and work themes reveals a discourse that frames the challenges of work in ways that are distinct from the wider, male-dominant movement. Another part of this chapter looks at sorting mechanisms that tailor faith and work messaging for creative-class workers with high levels of autonomy and room for creativity in their workplaces.
Afro-Protestantism and the Politics of Studying Black Life
Authors: Sorett Josef 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChapter 3 highlights the period from the 1930s through the 1940s, which saw race literature and religious practice broaden beyond previous Afro-Protestant paradigms and influence the academic and activist pursuits of a new generation of scholars in powerful ways. This chapter explores how a set of Afro-Protestant logics informed the scholarly pursuits of black intellectuals in these decades and privileged a specific kind of religious orthodoxy aligned with a politics of racial authenticity to set the terms for the study of “The Negro Church” and black religion more broadly. Books by Carter Woodson, Benjamin Mays, Joseph Nicholson, Zora Neale Hurston, and Arthur Huff Fauset, along with W. E. B. Du Bois’s pioneering efforts with Phylon: The Atlanta Review of Race and Culture, present a set of rich and nuanced accounts of black religious life. At the same time, these scholars adhered to and reinscribed an institutional and ethical (Afro) Protestantism as normative for black life, more generally.
The Sniper and the Psychopath
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamental question of the defense industry’s role and legitimacy for societies. It begins with a parable of a psychopath doing something self-serving that has beneficial moral consequences. Analogously, it is argued, the defense industry profiting by selling weapons that can kill people makes it useful in solving moral problems not solvable by people with ordinary moral scruples. Next, the chapter argues that while the defense industry is a business, it is also implicated in the security of its home nations. In addition, its products can be used for good or evil. Thus, it must navigate conflicting values, with the result that the rules often thought to rightly regulate the industry—codes of business ethics, engineering ethics, procurement ethics, plus laws of the land and dicta of conscience—need supplementing by general moral reflection. This chapter argues for a principle that tells how to decide when to violate the rules, for a theory of rational choice on which choosing by this principle is rational, and for teaching that theory to defense industry employees to ensure their ethical behavior.
What Ethical Dilemmas? The U.S. Defense Industry and Foreign Arms Sales
Authors: Edward Peartree C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the locus of ethical dilemmas which arise when the U.S. defense industry sells arms abroad. The chapter argues that with respect to arms exports, ethical dilemmas for the defense industry are few because of the unique level of government oversight to which it is subject. The chapter contends that for an ethical dilemma to exist, a defense firm must have a choice, citing Kant’s famous dictum that “ought” implies “can.” For the industry itself, then, ethical issues have been reduced to questions of compliance. That the industry is largely compliant with these regulatory burdens is not due to any particular virtue in this sector but because firms find cooperation to be in their best interest. Punishment for deviation from the rules is severe (inability to sell its wares), and relying on the government to approve foreign sales provides a shield from liability should something go wrong. The chapter retraces and explains modern U.S. arms export control policy to demonstrate how the U.S. government is morally responsible for foreign weapons sales.
Space Ethics for the Modern Warrior
Authors: Green Brian D. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers some of the ethical challenges facing the defense industry and the U.S. Department of Defense’s newest service, the Space Force, in relation to technology for outer space. The chapter finds that because many of the “new space” startups are nontraditional contractors, established norms in the defense industrial sector are unfamiliar to such newcomers. This includes matters such as gift rules and restrictions on post-government employment, as well as impartiality and fair dealing standards. These rules have proven to be essential controls for preventing, identifying, and punishing misconduct, and they must be established and enforced anew for the many nondefense contractors in the space sector. The chapter also offers a broad overview of the concerns that motivate the ethical standards governing relationships between the military and the defense industry. The chapter points out that the government’s concern for ethical lapses arises not only from their intrinsic wrongfulness but also from the understanding that such failures can have tertiary consequences potentially harmful to national security interests.
The Compliance Mentorship Program
Authors: Tillipman Jessica , Surampudi Vijaya 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes to improve compliance in small to midsize contractors by creating a “compliance mentor-protégé program,” addressing in part concerns about small firms that cannot afford comprehensive compliance programs. The chapter contrasts the resources and expertise that large firms dedicate to compliance, also detailing additional burdens placed on defense contractors, with the limited resources that are available to firms with less capital and smaller profit margins. It also notes the strain that this asymmetry places on the entire supply chain: if large contractors depend on small subcontractors for essential components, then the debarment of a small firm for misconduct can have far-reaching ramifications. As a solution, the chapter recommends a model similar to the U.S. mentor-protégé program introduced in 1991. The chapter cites two recent government studies indicating that program is working largely as intended. Accordingly, this program could have wider application abroad. After all, the “critical gap” in internal controls between large and small firms is not only an American problem but is a simple question of economics.
Strange Bedfellows?
Authors: Schooner Steven L. , Matsuda Evan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers reflections on the potential for the academy’s engagement with the defense industry, which encapsulates the purpose of this entire volume. The preceding chapters ask if the converse in a representative democracy might be “out of sight, out of mind.” How did the United States, which was originally conceived as a government that would be responsive to the will of its people, come to be a nation that boasts the world’s most powerful military, spends the most resources on defense, and exports the most dangerous weapons? How can such a country not study, research, analyze, think, and talk about the ethical aspects of its defense industry? This chapter contends that focusing on the underlying policies, and asking the why question, rather than simply how or what, is a valuable exercise because the military enterprise, the defense industry, and the market that binds private sector contractors with government customers are sprawling—impenetrable to the uninitiated, overwhelming to the casual observer, and riddled with inconsistent policies. The hard work and the thought-provoking issues are endless, notably as the intrinsic ethical dilemmas do not conform to intellectually lazy categories. Indeed, it is not just that these issues are ripe for debate or that they provide innumerable research opportunities. Rather, they are a critically important component of the kind of practical knowledge that citizenship in a representative democracy requires.
The Age of Confessionalisation
Authors: Matthiesen Toby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the Age of Confessionalisation. In the 14th and 15h centuries, clerics delineated boundaries between Sunnism and Shiism more clearly and encouraged rulers to enforce what they considered the right belief. Despite the conflict and differences between the Ottomans and Safavids, both dynasties spearheaded the Muslim Age of Confessionalism. The chapter explains how the respective interpretations of Islam that the two dynasties embraced (Hanafism and Usulism) became the most widespread schools within Sunnism and Shiism respectively. Moreover, both interpretations were well-suited for early modern administration and legitimisation while simultaneously capable of coming to terms with each other.
Roles and Virtues
Authors: Hu Jing Iris 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Some influential scholars in Confucian philosophy argue that roles rather than virtues are at the centre of Confucian ethics. The advocates of this Confucian Role Ethics maintain that roles are not only important for providing ethical guidance for those who fulfil them; roles also constitute the Confucian moral agent. This chapter defends a controversial claim—roles do not constitute moral agency for Confucian women, and nor can they offer sufficient moral guidance; instead, they are supplemented by virtues. The argument for this claim recognizes that, historically, Confucian women, unlike men, experienced—and were educated to expect—a drastic change of roles and social relationships when leaving their maternal family and moving in with their husbands and in-laws. These changes prepared Confucian women to embrace a view of moral agency through which they learn to focus on virtues as a more reliable source of moral guidance than roles.
John Dewey’s Analysis of Moral Agency as Pragmatist Role Ethics
Authors: Simons John 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter renders the analysis of moral agency by John Dewey, one of the founders of American pragmatism, as an account of pragmatist role ethics. For Dewey, moral obligations arise naturally in, and are constitutive of, the role relationships that are necessary to a society’s existence. The purpose of morality is regulation of the mutual reciprocal expectations that people have of one another’s conduct in their enactment of social roles. Dewey insists that acts with moral significance are enactments of the self. Thus, when making morally significant choices of role and performance, the agent is choosing the sort of person she is or wants to become. Deliberation over the choice is influenced by three independent sources of normativity, which often diverge in influence: the agent’s own judgement of the moral praiseworthiness of the choice; its socially recognized obligations; and whether the character trait it reveals will be approved by others.
All Together Now
Authors: Taylor Erin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends a novel account of the connection between social roles and their associated demands. Consider pairs of statements such as: (a) “Maura is Ethan’s mother” and (b) “Maura has an obligation to provide for Ethan.” It is natural to think that such pairs of sentences don’t merely state two unconnected truths about the agents involved. Rather, in each case, the truth of (b) seems to be in some sense explained by the truth of (a). Competing theories of the moral status of social roles, and their associated obligations, aim to explicate the nature and significance of this explanatory connection. The present chapter does this by arguing that many of the obligations or norms that attach to social roles morally bind us by default. These norms are morally binding since, first, they are ultimately explicable in terms of conventional moral duties and, secondly, those conventional duties enjoy a default but defeasible good standing.
The Part We Play
Authors: Isaacs Tracy 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of social group membership understood as a role. We use social group categories such as gender, race, class, sexuality, etc., to identify social groups to which individuals belong. Roles are parts that people play within a given collective context. The context also defines the roles. Roles’ occupants have powers, obligations, and responsibilities qua role occupant. This chapter’s central question is: does considering social group membership as roles enable us to deepen our ethical understanding of oppressive social and political contexts and of what is morally required of us when we are living in such contexts? The chapter argues that a role analysis of social group membership in oppressive social contexts can help people living within them to gain a more determinate understanding of their obligations with respect to the collective goal of eradicating injustice.
Role Ethics and Institutional Functions
Authors: Cordell Sean 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by setting out the problem of role-indeterminacy raised in Michael Hardimon’s ‘Role Obligations’. It then considers the prospects for a solution in terms of a functional account of institutions which determine those roles. After giving some instances of the role-indeterminacy problem and focusing on the case of role-requirements being misspecified by institutions (‘ersatz obligations’), three ways in which a functional view might be formulated in response to this problem are discussed. First, a backward-looking etiological approach (roughly, what some institution is ‘there for’ in the first place); secondly a present-focused ‘practical’ view (roughly, what it is ‘used for’); and thirdly a forward-looking teleological account in terms of institutional ends (roughly, what it is ‘good for’). After running through the attractions and shortcomings of these accounts, an alternative view is defended as more coherent. Using language borrowed from Aristotle, this alternative treats institutions as having an ergon, a ‘characteristic activity’.