bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microalgae Photobioreactor for Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Production of Biofuel Feedstock
Authors: Admirasari Rahmania , Rifai Agus , Prayitno Joko , Santoso Arif Dwi , Susanto Joko Prayitno 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Microalgae cultivation is considered fit to the concept of green economy, in which greenhouse gases (GHG’s) mitigation and production of valuable substances is performed simultaneously. Carbon dioxide consumption by the algal cells reduces GHG’s emission to the atmosphere, while biomass conversion to biofuel feedstock supports the concept of circular economy of microalgae cultivation process. In this study, Chlorella sp. was cultivated in a Multi Tubular Airlift Photobioreactor (MTAP) system with a total volume of about 600 L. The result of a thirteen days batch culture showed the ability of the system to fix 1.57 g CO2 L-1 day-1. At the last day of experiment, 600 L MTAP showed biomass production of 0.35 g L-1 and 18% oil from cell dry weight was observed. This research showed the ability of 600 L MTAP to absorb 942 g CO2 and produce 37.8 g oil as biofuel feedstock. Compared to other experiments, percentage of oil in this experiment (18% from cell dry weight) was in the average range from other experiments (of about 10 – 40% from cell dry weight). However, this MTAP showed higher performance than other systems (mostly below 1 g CO2 L-1 day-1) in CO2 fixation rate.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Starch Foam Reinforced with Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Leaves Powder
Authors: Nugroho Agung , Legowo Agung Cahyo , Maharani Dessy Maulidya , Khairunnisa  , Ghofur Abdul 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Investigation of capability of high potential pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaves powder (PLP) as reinforcing material on the starch-based foam production has not been reported. This study was aimed to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of starch foam formed from the mixture of cassava starch and PLP. The foams were made using a baking process on a thermo-pressing machine at temperature of 170°C and 180°C of the lower and upper mold temperature during 120 seconds. The starch foams were formulated with four different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15%) of PLP as reinforcement and tested for their characteristics of mechanical (compressibility) strength, water adsorption, morphological structure, density, color appearance, and biodegradability. Addition of PLP up to 15% improved the physical and mechanical properties of the foams.
Investigation of Biodiesel Stability under Vacuum Heating Process
Authors: Pamungkas Ade , Solikhah Maharani Dewi , Pratiwi Fatimah Tresna , Romelan  , Matheofani  , Wirawan Soni Solistia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
High water content is one of the most concerning issues when implementing biodiesel as a diesel fuel blend. Vacuum heating is one of several methods to reduce the water content of biodiesel, at certain conditions, it may damage the stability of biodiesel. This study aims to understand the stability of biodiesel including water content, total acid number, and oxidation stability under vacuum heating process. The three stability parameters were tested according to ASTM D6304, ASTM D664, and EN 15751, respectively. Biodiesel with high water content was heated under a vacuum pressure of -720 mmHg. The heating temperature and time were varied to determine the effect of both variables on the stability of biodiesel. The result shows that higher heating temperature produces lower water content and higher reduction of oxidation stability. Similar effects were also observed at a longer heating time. However, either temperature or time variations gave no noticeable effect on the acid number, while oxidation stability can be maintained above 22 hours. The results of this study can be used as a recommendation in determining the limits of acceptable operating conditions in the biodiesel vacuum heating process.
Evaluation of Quality of Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel with High Ratio Blends
Authors: Hidayat J A , Sugiarto Bambang , Anggarani Riesta , Aisyah Lies , Fathurrahman Nur Allif , Yogi P , Muhammad Riza F , Muhammad Hasfi N , Umar  
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The limited availability of fossil fuels and the current issue of global warming has made biodiesel an alternative The first section in your paper fuel option. Biodiesel, which is processed through the transesterification reaction in its use has been approved as a commercial fuel with a low blending ratio. However, it is possible to use it with a high ratio. Blending biodiesel and diesel fuel with a high ratio, of course, many considerations must be agreed upon regarding the quality of the product. In this study, the quality of the biodiesel-diesel blending was evaluated. Characterization of the blending fuel properties with improvement was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the fuel blending and to indicate the maximum blending ratio that is suitable for use and does not harm the environment or its users. Diesel fuel (B0) with a cetane number of 48 and a cetane number of 51 is blended with FAME (B100) from a ratio of 10% FAME and 90% diesel (B10) to 90% biodiesel and 10% diesel (B90). Characteristics such as viscosity, density, FBT, Cleanliness, total contaminants, and CFPP were tested according to ASTM and ISO standards. The results showed an increase in the value of viscosity and density as the ratio increased but still met the ASTM D7467 standard of 0.855 mg/m3 in the B90 and the highest viscosity was 4.9 mm2/sec in the B70. The results of the FBT test, total contaminant, cleanliness, and CFPP the highest on B90 for all fuels.
Utilization of Rice Straw Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor to Decreasing Effect of Elevation on CS Pipeline using Olga Simulator
Authors: Pramana A A , Afif M I 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In many infrastructure of oil and gas industries, corrosion is one of the most problems that often occur, especially in pipelines. Corrosion is caused by an electrochemical reaction between material surface and corrosion fluid. This problem will affect the economy, safety, and conservation. In this case, we should give a solution such as a method or tools to minimize corrosion’s effect so, it can improve safety and minimize the potential problems caused by corrosion and loss more cost. One of the ways is using organic corrosion inhibitors such as biomass agriculture waste and plant extract. A corrosion prediction model can be used to predict the corrosion rate such as NORSOK and de Waard models. Both methods are available in Olga Simulation software by Schlumberger that were used in this paper. Some of the parameters that influence corrosion were also tested: Evaluation of 1°, 2°, 3°, 4 °, and 5° of pipeline elevation to corrosion rate. Meanwhile, 31.71% of rice straw extraction (RSE) with 75% IE was used as a corrosion inhibitor compared with 30% of mono-ethylene glycol with 26% IE and 38.97% of lignin with 61% IE to determine the period of pipeline per year and to design of the pipeline. RSE that contains lignocellulose was able to give higher efficiency to decreasing corrosion. Moreover, this organic inhibitor give low cost. Therefore, this biomass would be potential as an alternative inhibitor rather than a commercial corrosion inhibitor with high cost.
Determination of Chemical Content of Porang Flour (Amorphophallus muelleri blume) by Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Budiastra I W , Noviyanti A A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Porang is well known with its high glucomannan content. Determination of the chemical content of porang flour is commonly carried out by chemical methods in the laboratory, which are known to take a long time and expensive. This study aims to determine the chemical content of porang flour using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The reflectance of porang flour was measured using an FT NIR spectrometer at a wavelength of 1000 to 2500 nm. The chemical content (water and glucomannan content) of porang flour was determined by oven and spectrophotometry as the reference method. The reflectance was transformed to absorbance and several spectral pre-treatments such as normalisation, detrending, standard normal variate (SNV), orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) with various PLS and PCR factors number were applied to obtain the best chemical content prediction of porang flour with NIRS. PLS and PCR were used for calibration of NIR spectra and chemical content of porang flour. The best calibration for determining the moisture content of porang flour was obtained using NIR spectra with normalisation pre-treatment and 8 PLS factor (r=0.92; SEC=0.15%; CV=2.13%; RPD=2.68). The best calibration for determining the glucomannan content of porang flour was NIR spectra with detrending pre-treatment at PLS factor 7 (r=0.86; SEC=0.54%; CV=0.90%; RPD=1.62). A lower accuracy was obtained for predicting water and glucomannan content using PCR calibration method. For water content, the best calibration was obtained by NIR spectra with normalisation pre-treatment and 12 PCR factors (r=0.91; SEC=0.16%; CV=2.21%; RPD=2.59). For glucomannan content, the best calibration was NIR spectra using detrending pre-treatment at 9 PCR factors (r=0.81; SEC=0.62%; CV=0.94%; RPD=1.55). This study shows that NIRS can be used to determine the chemical content of porang flour.
Dynamic LCA of fuel cell-assisted bike in consideration of Pt catalyst degradation in various operating conditions
Authors: Nagado Ryuta , Sakai Satoshi , Ezawa Tomoya , Shimogawa Junnosuke , Katayama Noboru , Miao Shan , Dowaki Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Fuel cell (FC) systems have recently become increasingly popular in large applications, such as FC vehicles and stationary FC power systems for residences. The use of FC systems in smaller applications, such as electrically power-assisted bicycles and drones, is expected to expand. FC systems exert a low environmental impact during operation. However, in the future, the environmental impact during the manufacturing phase ought to be additionally considered. There is a concern that the sale of products may be restricted, if they fail to meet legal standards, such as the life cycle assessment (LCA) regulations in the EU countries. For instance, in TC 105 of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the technical specification of LCA methodology for a stationary FC co-generation system was issued. This study evaluates the abiotic depletion potential (ADP) in the manufacturing phase and global warming potential (GWP). As the platinum (Pt) catalyst of FC significantly impacts the environment, more than lithium and cobalt, used in conventional lithium-ion batteries, each FC application ought to be designed considering all life cycle stages, while optimizing performance product life. As a promising example, we analyzed the performance drop caused by Pt degradation during the use phase of the assisted bicycle. Moreover, the dynamic performance of the FC-assisted bikes with an FC device and the supplemental power source of a Li-ion battery were evaluated under various operating conditions.
Dynamic LCA of H2S adsorption from bio-syngas using mine residues
Authors: Torii Kento , Kumon Shoichi , Sato Kimitaka , Kato Shogo , Dowaki Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Hydrogen production from biomass and fuel cells is effective with respect to its small eco-burden and high energy efficiency. However, it is established that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gasified biomass (bio-syngas) can reduce the efficiency of fuel cells. To maintain high efficiency, H2S is removed by impurity adsorption. Although metal oxides are generally used as adsorbents, these can adsorb H2S only a single time, and the large amounts used represent an eco-burden. To overcome this problem, the use of mine waste (neutralized sediment) containing highly reactive iron was examined in a previous study, with H2S as an adsorbent to maintain a small eco-burden. It was found that its eco-burden is smaller than that of using metal oxides at 300°C. However, the authors treated the inlet H2S concentration, which affects sulfur capture capacity, as a constant, whereas the H2S concentration of biogas typically fluctuates dynamically between 50 and 1,200 ppmv. In addition, it is necessary to consider real situations from the perspective of a dynamic life cycle assessment. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the amounts of adsorbent used by considering changes in inlet H2S concentration. In this study, we investigated the relationship between changes in the inlet H2S concentration and sulfur capture capacity of neutralized sediment. The amounts used and eco-burden of neutralized sediment were calculated based on our experimental results, and on the basis of our findings, we established that the global warming potential of the proposed system at 300°0 was 70.7% smaller than that obtained using a metal oxide.
Financial Feasibility Analysis of Product Modification Cinnamon Java Roll as an Alternative to Sweet Snacks for People with Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nurdialy Mela , Hangesti Emi Widyasari R.A. , Devy  , Widodo Gatot 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The cinnamon plant that grows a lot in Indonesia provides bioactive components with health benefits, especially as a functional food used to avoid diabetes mellitus. There is an alternative snack for people with diabetes mellitus is cinnamon rolls. The study showed the following results: the production’s Break-Even Point (BEP) of 8,715 pieces, BEP of sales of IDR 139,446,148, Return on Sales of 43.96%, Return on Investment (ROI) of 462%, the NPV of IDR 624,120,256.97. Discounted Payback Period (DPBP) of 0.24-year, Profitability Index of 12.53, and Accounting Rates of Returns (ARR) of 98.9%. In conclusion, Cinnamon Java Roll is feasible for business, providing minimum product sales of 50.7%.
The Effect of Variations in Methanol Concentration on the Esterification Process against Quality of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil
Authors: Dewi Mubarokah Nuriaini , Maulana Safana Tsabita Nurani , Nurani Maulana Safira Tsafiqa , Sesira Michelle Sarah , Husein Alamsyah Muhammad Iqbal , Sandi Samuel Armawan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Used cooking oil has the potential to be used as raw material for biodiesel. However, the high Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content in used cooking oil can interfere with the transesterification process. This issue will affect the quality of biodiesel yields. Therefore, FFA content in used cooking oil must be reduced through a pre-treatment process by adding activated carbon adsorbent from charcoal. In this study, the adsorption process was carried out by mixing used cooking oil and activated carbon using 20% NaOH for 3 hours. Then the degumming process was carried out by adding 0.5% v/v HCl from the volume of used cooking oil. Then add 0.5% NaOH by weight of used cooking oil and distilled water gradually, accompanied by heating to a temperature of 120 °C. In the esterification stage, the variables used are the comparison of methanol with a ratio of 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6, 1: 8, and 1:10. In this study, the lower acid number obtained from all variables was 2,24 mg KOH/g sample. Meanwhile, the most optimal result was the 1: 2 variables with a density of 0.8531 g/ml, and the kinematic viscosity at 40°C was 4.94 mm2/s.
Glycerol and monoglycerides determination in biodiesel methyl ester from palm oil using gas chromatography
Authors: Katili Marsha , Bethari Sylvia Ayu , Sujarwati Widi , Devitasari Rossy Dwi , Anggarani Riesta , Aisyah Lies , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo , Fathurrahman Nur Allif 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Monoglycerides and glycerol are by-products contaminants, after transesterification, in biodiesel that can lead to severe operational and engine problems such as wax precipitation, filter plugging and engine deposits. Therefore, strict regulations have been made, and accurate quality control is required. In this work, levels of monoglycerides and glycerol were determined using gas chromatography (GC) equipment with flame ionization detector (FID) refers to standard methods ASTM D6584 and EN 14105. However, the monoglycerides determination still needs firmness and validation to develop standard calibration series to fit the constituent fatty acid components of the feedstock used. This paper shows three fatty acids, i.e., monoolein, monopalmitin, and monostearin, as major components in palm-based biodiesel, which would be prepared as standard calibration and determined from commercial biodiesel samples in the determination of monoglyceride levels accurately and thoroughly. The result shows that standard solutions produce a curve with high linearity; it was above 0.998 (for free glycerol, monopalmitin, monoolein, and monostearin) and its accuracy values were >95%. However, the result for eight commercial biodiesel samples in Indonesia had a range of 0.23-0.54% w/w for total monoglycerides, 0.07 to 0.14 (% w/w) for total glycerol, and < 0.01% w/w for free glycerol, which was fulfilling to the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specification requirements.
Assessing water affinity properties of biodiesel, diesel fuel, and blends by measuring water saturation and water absorption
Authors: Abdurrojaq Nurmajid , Nulhakim Lukman , Zaelani Rizal , Ginanjar Kemal , Anggarani Riesta , Aisyah Lies , Fathurrahman Nur Allif , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Biodiesel has many advantages and technical aspects of being blended in any proportion with diesel fuel to support diversification energy policy. However, biodiesel absorbs more moisture than diesel fuel since methyl esters are hygroscopic compounds, and there is a limited amount of published information about water affinity properties. Water content can affect the fuel’s characteristics, reducing fuel quality if it accumulates into free, emulsion, or soluble water. This paper reports the water affinity properties of biodiesel, diesel fuel, and their blends through water saturation. It indicates a maximum water content value that the fuel can retain at a specific temperature and moisture absorption by controlled temperature and humidity. The results show that the pristine biodiesel has a water saturation range of (1366 to 1771) mg.kg-1 in the temperature range of (288.15 to 313.15) K. Therefore, diesel fuel has a maximum water saturation of 255 mg.kg-1 at a temperature of 313.15 K. The water saturation curve shows that biodiesel-diesel blends have a water saturation with a slope range of (12.20 to 15.11) mg.kg-1 water per 1%-vol biodiesel in diesel fuel blend in the temperature range (288.15 to 303.15) K. During eight days of observation on eight commercial biodiesels, the moisture absorption value was 1094 mg.kg-1 at a temperature of 298.15 K with a relative humidity of 90 %. It was also found that high moisture quickly affects the water content point in the storage period.
Process simulation and distillation unit design vacuum fractionation of rhodinol from citronella oil
Authors: Ayunda OR , Rusli MS , Agustian E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The application of biodiesel will increase in accordance with the government’s mandatory program for saving fossil fuels. The challenging would come from particulate levels and water content. One of the efforts to fix the issues is by adding rhodinol from citronella oil as an additive. This research was conducted to design a vacuum distillation process which has 500L of capacity and determine the design of the fractionation distillation unit. Simulation was carried out using the Aspen HYSYS software. The result of the simulation is expected to provide an overview of the fractionation process that would comply with the standard after some data validation. The simulation was applied by vacuum pressure in 4-5 mbar and variation of reflux ratios 1,2, and 3. The best simulation obtained was reflux ratio 2 at 47.80% geraniol and 61.34% citronellol concentrations. The simulation also obtained the following results are maximum and minimum pipe diameter of 0.04 m 0.02 m, the maximum and minimum thickness of 3.7 mm 2.8 m, column height of 10.5 m, column diameter of 0.2412 m, and thickness of 3 mm, condenser length and diameter of 1.11 m and 0.2032 m, reboiler length, and diameter of 1.5 m and 0.6515 m.
Synthesis of Ketones from Palm Fatty Acids Over Layered Double Hydroxide Mg/Al/Cu Catalyst
Authors: Soejana Firman Arief , Hambali Erliza , Farobie Obie 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The synthesis of ketones from C18:1 fatty acid using the fatty acid decarboxylation method has been carried out to increase the added value of oil palm derivative products. One of the derivative products of palm oil is Crude Palm Oil, which can be converted into fatty acids through the triglyceride hydrolysis process. Currently, palm oil fatty acids are the most potential environmentally friendly raw material in Indonesia. This research aims to synthesize ketones from palm oil fatty acids under different fatty acid types and catalyst concentrations. Ketone compounds were synthesized using a base catalyst of solid layered double hydroxide based on Mg/Al/Cu environmentally friendly because it does not produce by-products that can become pollutants. The ketone product was analyzed using the Fehling test, Tollens test, and FTIR. The results showed that the success of ketone synthesis using the fatty acid decarboxylation method into ketones through the Fehling test that red brick precipitate did not form and the Tollens test also indicated no silver mirror formation. Meanwhile, the results of the FTIR test showed the presence of ketone compounds at peak frequencies of 1697–1710 cm-1. This study confirms that ketones produced from fatty acids have the potential to be environmentally friendly raw materials for diesel fuel, lubricants, and surfactants.
Simultaneous bioconversion of rice straw into an intermediate product using ionic liquid and native extracellular hydrolytic enzyme from indigenous actinomycetes
Authors: Satria H , Yuwono S D , Rinawati  , Nurhasanah  , Ellen AY 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Bioethanol production technology using lignocellulosic substrates has become a focus to overcome the limited supply of fossil fuels in the current century. Simultaneous saccharification requires an understanding of suitable efficient procedures in bioconversion row material into fermented sugar. In this study, the effect of pre-treated rice straws using ionic liquid on enzymatic saccharification by isolated actinomycetes was investigated. Ionic liquid to rice straw in a ratio (IL/RS) was set up 0 to 3 (g/g), and the remaining of the ionic liquids in pre-treated biomass was examined for their effect on the hydrolytic enzyme activity of the actinomycetes. Three actinomycetes were isolated from decomposed rice straw and were purified and screened for their cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity; one strain, namely ActRS-4, was selected as an optimum isolate for further hydrolysis examination. Both cellulase and xylanase activity exhibit a peak at a ratio IL/RS of 1 (g/g), the activity was 27.72 and 66.16 U/ml, respectively. The highest yield of sugar was also achieved at this IL/RS ratio for 8 days of incubation. The pretreatment indicates that it could promote an increase in the yield of glucose and xylose by 28% and 37% respectively. This study was promising to develop a one-pot conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol using the biological process.