bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar Energy, Temperature and Rainfall
Authors: Huntley Brian John 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe climatic forces that determine Angola’s biodiversity and ecosystem patterns (and all life forms on Earth) are based on the energy that comes from the Sun. This chapter examines the concepts and functioning of solar radiation and photosynthesis, the basis of primary production. Strong seasonality of temperature and rainfall and their variation across latitude and altitude result in the diversity of Angola biomes, including Guineo-congolian lowland rain forest, Afromontane forest, mesic savanna, arid savanna, desert and mangrove biomes. Driving the climatic gradients are the oceanic and atmospheric systems, dominated in the north by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and in the south by the South Atlantic and Botswana Anticyclones. The physical processes driving these systems are described, and the local influences of maritime, continental, altitudinal and aspect factors that account for subtle changes from one ecoregion to the next are illustrated graphically and statistically. The recent impacts of El Niño events are described and the anticipated impacts of climate change on Angola are outlined.
The Ecological Role of Fire
Authors: Huntley Brian John 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFire is the great consumer of Africa’s vegetation cover, most markedly since the Late Miocene (10 Million years ago) due to the cooling and drying, and increased seasonality, of the climate. Dry winters presented ideal conditions for extensive fires, opening forests and expanding grassy savannas and their fire adapted trees and C4 grasses. This Chapter describes the complex geophysical and biological process and feedback mechanisms that govern different fire regimes and fire types, collectively termed pyromes. Fire regimes differ widely across Angola, with frequent, cool, small fires being typical of the miombo mesic savannas, rare, intense and large fires typical of arid savannas. Frequent, intense, large fires are typical of the extensive peneplains of the Lundas and Cuando Cubango. Responses of plants and animals to fires differ between biomes. Pyrophobic forest trees are fire-intolerant, but pyrophilic savanna trees have evolved many adaptive traits, such as thick bark, ligno-tubers, epicormic buds and self-pruning. The responses of humans to fire have evolved over millennia, being used as a tool in agriculture and hunting, but increasingly, with a frequency that is detrimental to ecosystem resilience and human wellbeing.
Herbivory: Mammalian Grazers and Browsers
Authors: Huntley Brian John 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe history of African savannas is characterised by the coevolution of C4 grasses, savannas, herbivores and humans. Rainfall seasonality and fire in the tropics have interacted with vegetation in the evolution of African savanna biomes and herbivores. Particularly in the arid/eutrophic savannas, the evolution of African herbivores has seen adaptations such as the ruminant gut and hypsodont teeth, two features of antelope that were precursors to their radiation. The ecological, physiological and evolutionary processes involved that led to the diversity and abundance of Africa’s wildlife fauna are described. Conversely, the negative impacts of the rapid increase in domestic livestock (cattle, sheep, goats) in Africa over the past 2000 years has led to habitat degradation, frequent mass mortalities of both livestock and pastoralists, and of indigenous wildlife populations. Landscape-level vegetation transformation, from open savannas to closed, unproductive thickets, often follow poor animal and rangeland management practices.
Implementing Behaviour Change Strategies
Authors: Félix Isa Brito , Guerreiro Mara Pereira 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter outlines a stepwise approach to implementing behaviour change strategies in chronic disease. In the first part of this chapter, examples of determinants of target behaviours discussed in Chapter 3 are listed, based on case studies developed in the Train4Health project and in the literature. This includes barriers or opportunities (facilitators) for diet, physical activity, smoking cessation and medication adherence. Next, a brief description of approaches to assess key determinants is presented. The second part of this chapter begins with an overview of the classification of behaviour change techniques. Then, we offer guidance for the development of an intervention plan, covering how behaviour change techniques can be implemented in practice, considering potential barriers to the target behaviour, the length of the intervention and the modes through which they can be delivered.
Communication and Person-Centred Behaviour Change
Authors: Cavaco Afonso Miguel , Quitério Carlos Filipe , Félix Isa Brito , Guerreiro Mara Pereira 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents critical components of the interaction between the professional and the person, needed to effectively support behaviour change. Most of these components are relational competencies assisted by communication skills. Relational competencies include person-centredness and shared decision-making, contributing to the person’s empowerment, a concept strongly linked with health literacy. Communication skills comprise the basic interchange and optimised linguistic features. Further, coping strategies to deal with negative emotions and psychosocial implications of chronic disease are summarised.This chapter also proposes an integrated approach (ABCD) for first and follow-up encounters in behaviour change interventions. The ABCD approach comprises four stages: setting the stage (A), establishing an information base (B), obtaining a commitment (C) and negotiating an intervention plan (D).
The Transnational Dimension of Cybersecurity: The NIS Directive and Its Jurisdictional Challenges
Authors: Contreras Paula 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis paper explores the jurisdictional challenges that arise from the transnational dimension of cybersecurity, by analysing and comparing the jurisdictional rules applicable to cross-border actors under the NIS Directive and the NIS 2 Proposal. It also comparatively examines the jurisdictional rules of two other EU regulatory instruments applicable to digital services—the GDPR and the DSA Proposal—that rely on the ‘main establishment’ connecting factor to allocate jurisdiction to one Member State over the others (one-stop-shop mechanisms). Lastly, it assesses whether the NIS 2 Proposal represents a step forward in addressing the complex jurisdictional challenges created by cybersecurity cases with cross-border elements.
Refining the Mandatory Cybersecurity Incident Reporting Under the NIS Directive 2.0: Event Types and Reporting Processes
Authors: Schmitz-Berndt Sandra 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe NIS Directive (NISD) and sector-specific cybersecurity regulations require the security incident reporting to supervisory authorities. Following the risk-based approach adopted in the NISD 1.0, the European Commission’s Proposal for an NISD 2.0 requires the reporting of incidents that have caused/have the potential to cause substantial or considerable harm, as well as cyberthreats to the competent national authorities in order to acquire a full picture of the threat landscape. The European Parliament strongly opposes any extension of reporting obligations beyond actual security incidents, whereas the European Council’s compromise approach supports at least the mandatory reporting of incidents with the potential to cause significant harm. This paper outlines and analyses the concepts utilized in the trilogue negotiation—‘significant incident’, ‘near miss’ and ‘cyberthreat’—from a legal perspective. Further, the distinct reporting processes and timelines proposed are addressed. In consideration of the increased attack surface and threat scenario, deficits of the NISD identified before the mitigation measures by the NISD 2.0 Proposal are assessed.
Cauchy slice holography: a new AdS/CFT dictionary
Authors: Araujo-Regado Goncalo , Khan Rifath , Wall Aron C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We investigate a new approach to holography in asymptotically AdS spacetimes, in which time rather than space is the emergent dimension. By making a sufficiently large T2-deformation of a Euclidean CFT, we define a holographic theory that lives on Cauchy slices of the Lorentzian bulk. (More generally, for an arbitrary Hamiltonian constraint equation that closes, we show how to obtain it by an irrelevant deformation from a CFT with suitable anomalies.) The partition function of this theory defines a natural map between the bulk canonical quantum gravity theory Hilbert space, and the Hilbert space of the usual (undeformed) boundary CFT. We argue for the equivalence of the ADM and CFT Hamiltonians. We also explain how bulk unitarity emerges naturally, even though the boundary theory is not reflection-positive. This allows us to reformulate the holographic principle in the language of Wheeler-DeWitt canonical quantum gravity.Along the way, we outline a procedure for obtaining a bulk Hilbert space from the gravitational path integral with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Following previous conjectures, we postulate that this finite-cutoff gravitational path integral agrees with the T2-deformed theory living on an arbitrary boundary manifold — at least near the semiclassical regime. However, the T2-deformed theory may be easier to UV complete, in which case it would be natural to take it as the definition of nonperturbative quantum gravity.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning disciplines with the potential to improve the nanotoxicology and nanomedicine fields: a comprehensive review
Authors: Singh Ajay Vikram , Varma Mansi , Laux Peter , Choudhary Sunil , Datusalia Ashok Kumar , Gupta Neha , Luch Andreas , Gandhi Anusha , Kulkarni Pranav , Nath Banashree 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe use of nanomaterials in medicine depends largely on nanotoxicological evaluation in order to ensure safe application on living organisms. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (MI) can be used to analyze and interpret large amounts of data in the field of toxicology, such as data from toxicological databases and high-content image-based screening data. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and nano-quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models can be used to predict the behavior and toxic effects of nanomaterials, respectively. PBPK and Nano-QSAR are prominent ML tool for harmful event analysis that is used to understand the mechanisms by which chemical compounds can cause toxic effects, while toxicogenomics is the study of the genetic basis of toxic responses in living organisms. Despite the potential of these methods, there are still many challenges and uncertainties that need to be addressed in the field. In this review, we provide an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques in nanomedicine and nanotoxicology to better understand the potential toxic effects of these materials at the nanoscale.
Beyond the Symbiodiniaceae: diversity and role of microeukaryotic coral symbionts
Authors: Bonacolta Anthony M. , Weiler Bradley A. , Porta-Fitó Teresa , Sweet Michael , Keeling Patrick , del Campo Javier 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMany corals form intimate symbioses with photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These symbioses have been deeply studied, particularly in reef-forming corals. The complex microbial community that is associated with corals contains other members that have also been well characterized such as bacteria. However, our understanding of the coral holobiont and subsequently coral reef ecosystems is not complete if we do not take into consideration the microeukaryotes like protists and fungi. Microeukaryotes are currently the greatest enigma within the coral microbiome. Only a handful of them have been characterized, very few have been cultured and even less have genomes available. This is a reflection of a smaller community of scientists working on this particular group of organisms when compared with bacteria or Symbiodiniaceae, but also of the many technical challenges that we face when trying to study microeukaryotes. Recent advances in the use of metabarcoding are revealing the importance of microeukaryotes in corals in terms of abundance and presence, with notable examples being the green algaeOstreobiumand the apicomplexans Corallicolidae. We believe that it is timely and necessary to present what we know so far about coral microeukaryotes before the expected flow of high-throughput metabarcoding studies exploring the microeukaryotic fraction of the coral microbiome.
Mechanisms for African easterly wave changes in simulations of the mid-Holocene
Authors: Bian Jianpu , Räisänen Jouni , Zhang Qiong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe mid-Holocene was a warm period with significantly amplified precipitation in North Africa, and a northward shifted Western African Monsoon during boreal summer. We conduct simulations for the pre-industrial and mid-Holocene periods to investigate the connection between summer rainfall variability and changes of African easterly waves (AEWs) during the mid-Holocene. Summer rainfall increases and migrates northward during the mid-Holocene, but the magnitude of change fails to reconcile the discrepancy with mid-Holocene proxy evidence, possibly due to no prescribed vegetation change in our simulations. The spectrum of summer rainfall over the Sahel and West Africa reveals enhanced synoptic time scale (3-to-6 days) variability during the mid-Holocene, which is consistent with the enhanced AEW activity influence. Specifically, the southern AEW track strengthens and migrates poleward during the mid-Holocene period, which modulates summer rainfall over the Sahel and West Africa. By comparison, the northern AEW track changes less and produces a minor contribution to rainfall changes in those regions. We find enhanced baroclinic and barotropic instabilities to promote the AEW activity during the mid-Holocene, with a doubling of the eddy kinetic energy of the meridional wind from that in PI, and baroclinic energy conversion plays a more important role. Stronger low-level meridional thermal gradients increase moisture flux from the Atlantic Ocean to inland.The amplified AEW activity, together with promoted moist convection and increased precipitation, results in a northern shift of the summer rainfall band during the mid-Holocene.
Pre-eruptive rhyolite magma ascent rate is rapid and independent of eruption size: a case study from Ōkataina Volcanic Centre, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Elms Hannah C. , Myers Madison L. , Nichols Alexander R. L. , Wallace Paul J. , Wilson Colin J. N. , Barker Simon J. , Charlier Bruce L. A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractVolatile measurements in mineral-hosted sealed melt inclusions, and open-ended embayments, have previously been used to study magma ascent dynamics in large rhyolitic eruptions. However, despite occurring more frequently, smaller-volume explosive events remain under-studied. We present magmatic volatile data from quartz-hosted melt inclusions and embayments for eight post-25.4 ka rhyolitic eruptions at Ōkataina Volcanic Centre, Aotearoa New Zealand. Seven originated from within the main caldera, and the other erupted from the associated Ōkareka Structural Embayment. Melt inclusions preserve volatile contents of 2.92–5.82 wt% H2O and 13–126 ppm CO2, indicating pre-eruptive storage depths of 4.5–7.4 km, with younger eruptions being more shallow. The lack of correlation between H2O, CO2, inclusion size or distance to the crystal rim suggests magma bodies experienced variable degrees of degassing during magma storage, with some amount of post-entrapment volatile modification prior to and concurrent with final magma ascent. Diffusion modelling of measured H2O gradients in melt embayments indicates ascent rates of 0.10–1.67 m.s−1 over time spans of 20–230 min for the intra-caldera events. In contrast, ascent rates for the eruption from the Ōkareka Structural Embayment may be more rapid, at 1.59–4.4 m.s−1 over a time span of 22–34 min. Our findings imply that the final, pre-eruptive magma movement towards the surface could be less than a few hours. Comparisons with published data for caldera-forming explosive events reveal no clear relationships between final ascent rate, eruption size or initial volatile content, implying that other factors besides eruption volume control rhyolite magma ascent.
Delayed egg-laying in Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio in relation to increased rainfall in east-central Poland
Authors: Golawski Artur , Golawska Sylwia 
Published: March 2023

AbstractClimate change has affected the breeding parameters of many animal species. In birds, most studies have focused on the effects of temperature on clutch phenology and clutch size. The long-term influence of other weather factors, including rainfall, on breeding parameters have been analysed much less often. Based on a 23-year dataset and 308 broods, we documented shifts in the timing of breeding, clutch size and mean egg volume in a long-distance migrant, the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, from a central European population. We found a 5-day shift towards delayed breeding, but no differences in brood size or egg volume during those 23 years. The GLM analysis showed that the mean May temperature had a positive influence on the clutch initiation date, whereas the number of days with rain delayed laying. During the period 1999–2021, there was no change in the mean May temperature, but total precipitation and the number of days with rain in May increased. Thus, delayed nesting in this population was probably due to the increase in rainfall during this period. Our results provide a rare example of delayed nesting in birds in recent years. Predicted changes in the climate make it difficult to assess the long-term impact of global warming on the viability of Red-backed Shrike populations in east-central Poland.
Real-time facial emotion recognition system among children with autism based on deep learning and IoT
Authors: Talaat Fatma M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDiagnosis of autism considers a challenging task for medical experts since the medical diagnosis mainly depends on the abnormalities in the brain functions that may not appear in the early stages of early onset of autism disorder. Facial expression can be an alternative and efficient solution for the early diagnosis of Autism. This is due to Autistic children usually having distinctive patterns which facilitate distinguishing them from normal children. Assistive technology has proven to be one of the most important innovations in helping people with autism improve their quality of life. A real-time emotion identification system for autistic youngsters was developed in this study. Face identification, facial feature extraction, and feature categorization are the three stages of emotion recognition. A total of six facial emotions are detected by the propound system: anger, fear, joy, natural, sadness, and surprise. This section proposes an enhanced deep learning (EDL) technique to classify the emotions using convolutional neural network. The proposed emotion detection framework takes the benefit from using fog and IoT to reduce the latency for real-time detection with fast response and to be a location awareness. From the results, EDL outperforms other techniques as it achieved 99.99% accuracy. EDL used GA to select the optimal hyperparameters for the CNN.
Dental status and its correlation with polypharmacy and multimorbidity in a Swiss nursing home population: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Anliker Noemi , Molinero-Mourelle Pedro , Weijers Mariëtte , Bukvic Hristina , Bornstein Michael M. , Schimmel Martin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Objective
To assess the correlation between oral health status in terms of present teeth, implants, removable prostheses, and polypharmacy and/or multimorbidity in three Swiss nursing homes with affiliated or integrated dental care.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in three Swiss geriatric nursing homes with integrated dental care. Dental information consisted of the number of teeth, root remnants, implants, and presence of removable dental prostheses. Furthermore, the medical history was assessed in terms of diagnosed medical conditions and prescribed medication. Age, dental status, polypharmacy, and multimorbidity were compared and correlated using t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients.

Results
One hundred eighty patients with a mean age of 85.5 ± 7.4 years were included of which a portion of 62% presented with multimorbidity and 92% with polypharmacy. The mean number of remaining teeth and remnant roots were 14.1 ± 9.9 and 1.0 ± 3.1, respectively. Edentulous individuals comprised 14%, and over 75% of the population did not have implants. Over 50% of the included patients wore removable dental prostheses. A negative correlation with statistical significance (p = 0.001) between age and tooth loss (r = − 0.27) was observed. Finally, there was a non-statistically correlation between a higher number of remnant roots and specific medications linked to salivary dysfunction; specifically antihypertensive medication and central nervous system stimulants.

Conclusion
The presence of a poor oral health status was associated with polypharmacy and multimorbidity among the study population.

Clinical relevance
Identifying elderly patients in need of oral healthcare in nursing homes is a challenge. In Switzerland, the collaboration of dentists and nursing staff is still improvable, but is urgently needed due to the demographic changes and raising treatment demand of the oldest portion of the population.
Women Want Choices: Opinions from the Share.Learn.Shape Global Internet Survey About Multipurpose Prevention Technology (MPT) Products in Development
Authors: Friedland B. A. , Plagianos M. , Savel C. , Kallianes V. , Martinez C. , Begg L. , Guthrie K. M. , Venkatasetty D. , Pickett J. , Haddad L. B. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWomen need multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) to simultaneously prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, with or without contraception. User feedback early in product development is critical for maximizing uptake and continuation. Our global online survey (April 2017–December 2018) explored women’s opinions about MPT formulations in development (e.g., fast-dissolving vaginal inserts, vaginal films, intravaginal rings, injectables, implants), preferences for long-acting or “on-demand” methods, and interest in a contraceptive MPT versus products for HIV/STI prevention alone. Of the 630 women in our final analysis (mean 30 years old; range 18–49), 68% were monogamous, 79% completed secondary education, 58% had ≥ 1 child, 56% were from sub-Saharan Africa and 82% preferred a cMPT versus HIV/STI prevention alone. There were no clear preferences for any specific product or product type (long-acting, on-demand, daily). No single product will appeal everyone, however, adding contraception is likely to increase uptake of HIV/STI prevention methods for most women.