bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Transplanted Lymphoid Cells, Irradiation, and Drug Therapy on Permanent Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Larsen Jørgen Hannover 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Abolition of the permanent and constant tolerance to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in inbred mice has hitherto only been possible by transplantation of syngeneic, sensitized or unsensitized lymphoid cells to the tolerant virus-carriers. A series of experiments showed that no essential difference exists between lymphoid cells isolated from the spleens, lymph nodes or buffy coat of hyperimmune, syngeneic mice in their ability to abolish the tolerance of virus-carrier recipients after transplantation. Large numbers of unsensitized thymus cells were without effect. Sensitized bone marrow cells only had a slight effect. Fetal liver cells were without effect. Using the same system with transplantation of lymphoid cells an Eichwald-Silmser effect was found in the highly inbred strain of C3H mice that was used. Large doses of transplanted, killed, syngeneic or living xenogeneic cells had no effect on the tolerance, nor did x-irradiation or treatment with cortisone or methotrexate. Syngeneic, sensitized lymphoid cells in Millipore chambers implanted into tolerant virus-carriers conferred the ability to produce antibody, but the viremia was not essentially affected.
Murine Malaria: The Role of Humoral Factors and Macrophages in Destruction of Parasitized Erythrocytes
Authors: Criswell B. Sue , Butler William T. , Rossen Roger D. , Knight Vernon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interactions between cellular and humoral factors in the response of mice to malaria were evaluated by placing Millipore diffusion chambers (0.22 µ pore size) containing washed macrophages from mice and mouse erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei in the peritoneal cavities of BALB/c- male mice that were normal or had acute or chronic malaria. Macrophages were obtained from normal mice, endotoxin-treated mice, quinacrine-treated mice, or mice with chronic malaria established by treatment with quinacrine hydrochloride. Parasitized erythrocytes were obtained from mice with acute malaria. The rate of destruction of parasitized erythrocytes alone in Millipore chambers was greater when chambers were placed in mice with chronic malaria than when placed in normal mice. This finding suggested that humoral factors diffused into the chamber causing increased destruction of parasitized erythrocytes. When macrophages from mice with chronic malaria were added to the chambers with parasitized erythrocytes, and implanted into normal mice, an enhanced rate of clearance of parasitized erythrocytes also occurred. Macrophages from normal mice or from endotoxin-treated mice did not increase the rate of clearance of parasitized erythrocytes when placed in normal mice. However, an accelerated rate of clearance of parasitized erythrocytes occurred when chambers containing parasitized erythrocytes and macrophages from normal mice or mice with chronic malaria were placed into mice with chronic malaria. Therefore, humoral factors not only acted directly on the chamber contents to cause destruction of parasites, but also possibly acted synergistically with macrophages to enhance destruction of parasitized erythrocytes.
Specificity of Anti-Poly G-Poly C Antibodies
Authors: Nahon-Merlin E. , Michelson A. M. , Verger C. , Lacour F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of rabbits with the double-stranded polynucleotide complex poly G·poly C adsorbed to methylated bovine serum albumin produced antibodies that reacted with RNA. These antibodies were specific for ribosomal RNA from animal cells and RNA from certain viruses.
Immunologic Enhancement in Malaria Infection (Plasmodium Berghei)
Authors: Jerusalem Christoph , Weiss Margaret L. , Poels Lambert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic enhancement of malaria (Plasmodium berghei) comparable to that described in tumor and transplantation immunity could be produced by a variety of active and passive immunization procedures, using quantities of antigen comparable to those commonly employed. Much greater quantities were required for the development of some degree of protection. The clinical importance and the possible relationship to tumor and transplantation immunity, and the possible mechanisms of this phenomenon, are discussed. Attempts at active and passive immunization against malarial parasites not only frequently failed to show beneficial results, but often led to exacerbation of the challenge infection. The challenge infection is influenced by various antibodies in different proportions. Non-cytotoxic antibody appears to act as an enhancing agent in the absence of a second, protective antibody; but it may play a minor role, or even be a decisive factor, in the presence of a protective antibody. The observed enhancement phenomenon appears to resemble the immunologic enhancement of tumor growth.
PCA Reactions in Adult Specific Pathogen-Free Chickens
Authors: Ettinger A. Conway , Hirata A. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Young chickens readily gave PCA reactions but as they became older they gradually lost this capacity (4). PCA reactions were elicited in SPF chickens ranging from 45 to 897 days of age. When these SPF chickens were later housed in an ordinary environment for more than 6 months, they retained their ability to give PCA reactions.
The Unique Molecular Weight of the Heavy Chain from Human IgG3
Authors: Saluk Paul H. , Clem L. William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human IgG consists of four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) which are known to differ from each other in certain antigenic, structural and biologic properties (1–5). In particular, the IgG3 subclass has many unique properties and it is catabolized faster than the other three subclasses (6, 7). Most monoclonal IgG cryoglobulins with anti-IgG activity belong to this subclass (8) as do IgG myeloma proteins that exhibit marked concentration- and temperature-dependent aggregation (9). In addition, IgG3 is the only subclass which does not react with staphyloccal protein A (10). One interesting structural feature unique to IgG3 is five inter-heavy chain disulfide bonds (11).
Recently we found that gel filtration of a IgG3 cryoglobulin on a Sephadex (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, N. J.) G-200 column at pH 3.9 yielded an elution position ahead of human Cohn fraction II (FII).
Ultrastructural Study of Clq.
Authors: Shelton E. , Yonemasu K. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified C1q was diluted in buffer to between 10 and 50 µg/ml and droplets were placed on carbon-coated 400-mesh copper grids. Some grids were rinsed with dilute buffered formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde in order to fix the molecules. All grids were rinsed and stained in either 2% potassium phosphotungstate or 1% uranyl acetate. Approximately 200 photomicrographs from six different preparations were analyzed.
The whole C1q molecule is made up of an undetermined number of dense subunits which measure, on the average, 65 to 70 Å in diameter. These sub-units are joined at a central attachment area by strands estimated to be 60 to 100 Å in length and 15 to 20 Å in width. The structure of the central attachment area is hard to define, but is definitely less complicated than the central region of the IgM molecule.
Cleavage of Human Cls̄ by Proteolytic Enzymes: Evidence for a C4-Binding Site of Cls̄ Distinct from the Catalytic Center
Authors: Taubman S. B. , Lepow I. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous reports have shown that trypsin, plasmin and lysosomal enzymes from human peripheral leukocytes generate esteratic activity from human C1s. With continued incubation, esteratic activity progressively diminishes. Present studies demonstrated that C1s̄ was cleaved into at least two fragments during incubation with these proteolytic enzymes. Only the heavier fragment retained esteratic activity; the lighter fragment increased in concentration with incubation time. Inactivation kinetics of C1s̄ were first-order both with respect to esteratic activity and residual ability to inactivate purified human C4 in solution. However, the rate of the latter reaction was much greater than the former and the rapid loss of ability to inactivate C4 was associated with C1s̄ cleavage, suggesting the presence of a C4-binding site on native but not cleaved C1s̄. Indeed, a complex of C4 and native, but not cleaved, 125I-C1s̄ could be demonstrated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation.
Characterization of the C3 Inactivator of Human Serum
Authors: Cooper N. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study was initiated to investigate the properties and mechanism of action of the C3 inactivator, a serum protein which inhibits the hemolytic activity of cell bound C3. The C3 inactivator was found to be inseparable from the C3 proactivator on purification, and the final preparations, homogeneous on disc- and on immunoelectrophoresis, possessed both activities.
Five separate preparations were isolated which differed slightly in charge and markedly in functional properties, suggesting the existence of several distinct functional sites in the proactivator molecule. These preparations are: 1) 5–6S β-pseudoglobulins; 2) antigenically indistinguishable on Ouchterlony analysis with specific antisera; 3) able to hydrolyze certain synthetic amino acid esters, such as acetyl glycyl-l-lysine methyl ester; 4) fully able to complex with cobra factor. These preparations, however, differ markedly in: 1) ability to cleave C3 in free solution in the presence or absence of cobra factor, 2) activity/protein ratios in the C3 inactivator assay and 3) ability to inhibit the hemolytic activity of C3 proactivator depleted serum.
Generation of Chemotactic Activity from Human Serum and Purified Components of Complement by Serratia Proteinase
Authors: Chapitis J. , Ward P. A. , Lepow I. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of culture filtrates of Serratia marcescens to effect immunoelectrophoretic (IEP) conversion of C3 in human serum in the presence of EDTA or of purified C3 correlated with elaboration of Serratia proteinase. This was confirmed with purified proteinase (supplied by Dr. C. Decedue). Higher concentrations of purified proteinase were required for partial IEP conversion of C3 in serum (500 µg proteinase/ml) than purified C3 (1 to 2 µg/ml), indicating the presence of a serum inhibiter which was localized in a 36% to 57% saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of pseudoglobulin. The extent of IEP conversion of purified C3 was a function of proteinase concentration and incubation time and was associated with loss of hemolytic activity and cleavage of C3 with appearance of two light fragments (estimated molecular weights 34,000 and 5,600). Chemotaxis for rabbit neutrophils was found in the slowly sedimenting region of sucrose gradients.
Activated C5: Its Stabilization by Complexing with C6 and the Catalytic Role of Cell-Bound C2a in Its Formation
Authors: Goldlust M. B. , Shin H. S. , Mayer M. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the course of our work on the formation and properties of the EAC1̄,,5b,6 intermediate, we have found that eluates prepared from these cells contain a complex factor which has an apparent sedimentation rate of 14S to 15S and comprises C5b and C6. This material, designated C5b/6, converts EAC ∼ 3 (EAC or EAC4,3b) to EAC ∼ 6 (i.e., an intermediate susceptible to lysis by C7, C8 and C9). The conversion proceeds in the presence of EDTA. In contrast, native C5 and C6 will react only with EAC to yield EAC ∼ 6, i.e., cell-bound C2a is essential for the reaction with native C5 and C6. The lack of C2a requirement in the reaction with C5b/6 is supported by the observation that monospecific rabbit anti-guinea pig C2 does not inhibit C5b/6 actionon EAC ∼ 3. On the other hand, as would be expected, monospecific rabbit anti-guinea pig C5 effectively blocks conversion of EAC ∼ 3 to EAC ∼ 6 by C5b/6.
Detection of Antibodies to the Basic Protein of Human Myelin by Radioimmunoassay and Immunofluorescence
Authors: Lennon Vanda A. , Whittingham Senga , Carnegie Patrick R. , McPherson Thomas A. , Mackay Ian R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific antibodies to a basic protein that is a component of myelin were demonstrated quantitatively by gel filtration radioimmunoassay in three species, rabbit, guinea pig and rat, after a single immunization with the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. In the rabbit, the antibody to 125I-labeled basic protein was IgM at the peak primary response and IgG late in the response after a second immunization. There was good correlation between the results of two methods for detecting this antibody, namely, radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence using unfixed frozen sections of rabbit central nervous tissues. Fluorescence with anti-basic protein serum was specific for the basic protein and occurred predominantly in areas containing myelinated fibers. The speckled pattern contrasted with the more diffuse pattern given by an anti-myelin serum, suggesting restricted exposure of the antigenic determinants of the basic protein in the intact central nervous system. Following immunization, more than 85% of guinea pigs had measurable levels of antibody that were correlated with time after immunization, but not with immunizing quantity of basic protein. In the Lewis rat, the serum antibody level and severity of clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were proportional to the quantity of basic protein. The lowest quantity induced clinical and histologic EAE but no measurable antibody. There was no clear correlation between presence or levels of antibody to basic protein and neurologic disease in any of the species studied. The determinant(s) of the basic protein molecule that induce antibody production, as yet not identified, were apparently not in the same region of the molecule as the main encephalitogenic determinant.
Studies on Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Arend William P. , Mannik Mart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The quantitative tissue uptake of soluble immune complexes made with rabbit γG antibodies, was studied in normal and complement-depleted rabbits. The immune complexes that were cleared quickly from the circulation were primarily localized in the liver; less than 1% of the injected complexes was found within the lungs, kidneys or spleen. The tissue distribution of complexes made with intact antibodies was unchanged in complement-depleted rabbits. Soluble complexes made with reduced and alkylated antibodies fixed complement ineffectively. There was no hepatic uptake of HSA-anti-HSA and decreased uptake of γG-anti-γG and γM-anti-γM complexes, made with reduced and alkylated antibodies. In the latter two instances residual hepatic uptake was due to human γG or γM antigens in the complexes. It was concluded that the in vivo interaction of the fixed tissue macrophages and γG class of antibodies in soluble immune complexes was not mediated by circulating complement components. However, studies with a Waldenström's macroglobulin suggested that the in vivo interaction of macrophages and γM depended upon the third component of complement. It appeared that the complexes had to contain more than two γG antibody molecules for rapid uptake by the RES to occur. The RES uptake of complexes did not depend on their physical size. The rapidly removed complexes fixed complement strongly in vitro, although their in vivo uptake by the RES did not depend on an intact complement system in the circulation.
Conversion of Non-Immune Rabbit Spleen Cells by Ribonucleic Acid of Lymphoid Cells from an Immunized Rabbit to Produce IgM and IgG Antibody of Foreign Heavy-Chain Allotype
Authors: Bell Clara , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells (SpC) from non-immunized rabbits homozygous for one allotype at the a heavy-chain locus of immunoglobulins were incubated with RNA extracts of lymph nodes from immunized homozygous rabbits of a different genotype to yield IgM “direct” plaque-forming cells (PFC) or IgG “indirect” PFC. The heavy-chain allotype of the antibody in the plaques was identified by radioautography and by inhibition of plaque formation using anti-allotype antibodies. The allotype of the RNA donor rabbit was identified in 75% to 86% of the IgM “direct” plaques and in 43% to 62% of the IgG “indirect” plaques. The allotype of the SpC donor rabbit was found in 2% to 12% of the IgM “direct” plaques and in 24% to 39% of the IgG “indirect” plaques. The lysates of “RNA-converted” SpC were analyzed for immunoglobulins of each heavy-chain allotype by immunodiffusion. Allotypes of both RNA and SpC donor rabbits were found in the lysates, whereas only that of the SpC donor was found in the lysates of untreated SpC, and neither allotype was found in the RNA extracts. These results were similar to those reported previously for light-chain allotypes and indicated that a component of the RNA extract provided information for synthesis of at least part of the heavy chains as well as the light chains of the IgM and IgG antibody molecules.
Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness to Limiting Doses of Proteins and Hapten Protein Conjugates in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Green Ira , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As shown earlier for responsiveness to limiting doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA), strain 2 and not strain 13 guinea pigs form antibody when immunized with low doses of human serum albumin (HSA), an antigen strongly cross-reactive with BSA. (2 × 13)F1 animals responded as did the parental strain 2 animals, indicating dominant genetic control of responsiveness to limiting doses of BSA and HSA. Responsiveness to low doses of BSA in (2 × 13)F1 × 13 back-cross offspring was associated with inheritance of the PLL gene and also of the major strain 2 histocompatibility specificities. Genetic control of the immune response to BSA and HSA in strain 2 and strain 13 animals was specific, as no significant difference was observed in the antibody response of these guinea pigs to limiting doses of several other unrelated proteins. Random-bred Hartley guinea pigs immunized with low doses of HSA were distributed into distinct populations with high or low anti-HSA antibody responses. Responsiveness to limiting doses of HSA in these random-bred animals was not associated with possession of the PLL gene. Antihapten antibody response depended upon the gene controlling responsiveness to the carrier molecule in strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs immunized with limiting doses of DNP7-BSA. Strain 2 guinea pigs formed considerably higher levels of anti-DNP antibody than strain 13 guinea pigs in response to this antigen. In contrast, strain 13 guinea pigs developed significantly higher anti-DNP serum antibody levels than strain 2 animals when immunized with DNP6-GPA.
Streptococcal Related Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Markowitz A. S. , Horn Donald , Aseron C. , Novak Robert , Battifora H. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rhesus monkeys both actively and passively. The actively induced disease was brought about by immunizing the animals with alum-precipitated PGT CM (soluble glycoprotein from the nephritogenic streptococcal protoplasmic membrane) and the passively induced disease by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-PGT CM γ globulin-rich fraction. In both instances the disease was moderate in intensity and relatively short in duration. Of special interest however, was that in both instances the γ globulin (whether heterologous or autologous) and C3 deposition was grossly granular and located in the mesangium. Analytical and preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis of PGT CM would tend to explain the moderate disease induced in that only a small portion of the immunogen employed (12% or less) is cross-reactive with glomerular basement membrane.
Association of Polypeptides with Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Egan Marianne L. , Smyth Robert D. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal exudate (PE) cells were incubated with synthetic polypeptides and the association of antigen with extracted cellular RNA was determined. Positively charged polypeptides were in higher concentration in the RNA fraction than were negatively charged polymers. Neutral polymers were associated to the least extent (0 ng to 0.2 ng/µg RNA). Incubation of insoluble methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) complexes of a negatively charged polymer (GAT) with PE cells resulted in RNA-associated polypeptide concentrations equivalent to those observed with the positively charged polymer (LAT) without a carrier protein. The levels of RNA-associated antigen were related to concentration of polypeptide in the incubation mixture. GAT was associated with RNA or PE cells from GAT-tolerant rabbits to a greater extent than with RNA from cells of normal or GAT-immune animals. Lymph node, spleen, bone marrow or testes cells exhibited no markedly different degree of pattern of association with the various RNA fractions. Association of antigen with low molecular weight RNA was demonstrated by methylated albumin-kieselguhr column chromatography and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation.
Inhibition of Histamine and SRS-A from Monkey Lung Tissue by Chlorophenesin
Authors: Malley A. , Baecher L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Chlorophenesin completely inhibited allergen-reagin-induced histamine and SRS-A release from monkey lung tissue. Preliminary studies suggest that chlorophenesin mediates this inhibition by activating adenylcyclase.
Combined Effect of Phytohemagglutinin and Antithymocyte Serum on Skin Xenograft Survival in Mice
Authors: Chen C. M. C. , Chung C. F. , Tsai L. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is generally regarded as a weak immunosuppressive agent. Calne et al. (1) initially reported that it can potentiate the immunosuppressive action of azathioprine in dogs with renal allografts when the two substances were given together. Later on, Gertner et al. (2) recorded again that combination of PHA with either azathioprine or prednisone increased markedly the survival time of skin allografts in dogs and decreased the need for toxic doses of azathioprine and prednisone. Recently, Stefani and Moore (3) suggested that there might be a synergistic effect of PHA and antilymphocyte serum (ALS) in preventing allograft rejection in the clinical situation. In view of the previous evidence that PHA can significantly prolong the survival time of skin xenografts in mice (4) and that antithymocyte serum (ATS) has a greater immunosuppressive effect than ALS on allograft survival (5, 6), it seemed justifiable to do a preliminary experiment concerning skin xenografts in mice treated with a combination of PHA and ATS to see whether a significant synergistic effect could be obtained in this model.
Method of Serum IgA Isolation
Authors: Mestecky J. , Kulhavy R. , Kraus F. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the second most abundant immunoglobulin in human serum, the isolation of large quantities of it in immunochemically pure form has been difficult. Fractionation procedures for purifying serum IgA have recently been reviewed by Vaerman (1). Because of the similarity between IgA and IgG, techniques based on net-charge and molecular-weight differences between the two give a low yield. Other methods, based on specific antigenic determinants of IgA, require a monospecific antiserum and its attachment to form an immunoadsorbent.
The method reported here used the F(ab′)2 fragment of antibody to IgA; the immune precipitate was dissociated in low pH buffer and the components were subsequently separated by gel filtration.
An antiserum specific for IgA was produced in the goat. Immunochemically pure secretory IgA (S-IgA) from human colostrum was mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant (2) and injected both subcutaneously and intramuscularly. Three immunizations, of 20 mg S-IgA each, were given 3 weeks apart.