bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of sustained attention abilities to real-world academic skills in children
Authors: Gallen Courtney L. , Schaerlaeken Simon , Younger Jessica W. ,   Project iLEAD Consortium, Younger Jessica Wise , O’Laughlin Kristine D. , Anguera Joaquin A. , Bunge Silvia A. , Ferrer Emilio E. , Hoeft Fumiko , McCandliss Bruce D. , Mishra Jyoti , Rosenberg-Lee Miriam , Gazzaley Adam , Uncapher Melina R. , Anguera Joaquin A. , Gazzaley Adam 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSustained attention is a critical cognitive ability that improves over the course of development and predicts important real-world outcomes, such as academic achievement. However, the majority of work demonstrating links between sustained attention and academic skills has been conducted in lab-based settings that lack the ecological validity of a more naturalistic environment, like school. Further, most studies focus on targeted academic measures of specific sub-skills and have not fully examined whether this relationship generalizes to broad measures of academic achievement that are used for important, real-world, academic advancement decisions, such as standardized test scores. To address this gap, we examined the role of sustained attention in predicting targeted and broad assessments of academic abilities, where all skills were assessed in group-based environments in schools. In a sample of over 700 students aged 9–14, we showed that attention was positively related to performance on targeted assessments (math fluency and reading comprehension), as well as broad academic measures (statewide standardized test scores). Moreover, we found that attention was more predictive of targeted math sub-skills compared to assessments of broad math abilities, but was equally predictive of reading for both types of measures. Our findings add to our understanding of how sustained attention is linked to academic skills assessed in more ‘real-world’, naturalistic school environments and have important implications for designing tools to support student’s academic success.
A randomized trial on the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lu Jin-Ying , Ou Horng-Yih , Wu Chung-Ze , Yang Chwen-Yi , Jiang Ju-Ying , Lu Chieh-Hsiang , Jiang Yi-Der , Chang Tien-Jyun , Chang Yi-Cheng , Hsieh Meng-Lun , Wu Wan-Chen , Li Hung-Yuan , Du Ye-Fong , Lin Ching-Han , Hung Hao-Chang , Tien Kai-Jen , Yeh Nai-Cheng , Lee Shang-Yu , Yu Hui-I. , Chuang Lee-Ming 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) has been demonstrated to be beneficial in glycemic control in animal models, but its application in humans has not been well studied. We randomly assigned 160 patients with type 2 diabetes on oral antidiabetic drugs 1:1 to the TENS study device (n = 81) and placebo (n = 79). 147 (92%) randomized participants (mean [SD] age 59 [10] years, 92 men [58%], mean [SD] baseline HbA1c level 8.1% [0.6%]) completed the trial. At week 20, HbA1c decreased from 8.1% to 7.9% in the TENS group (− 0.2% [95% CI − 0.4% to − 0.1%]) and from 8.1% to 7.8% in the placebo group (− 0.3% [95% CI − 0.5% to − 0.2%]) (P = 0.821). Glycemic variability, measured as mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) at week 20 were significantly different in the TENS group vs. the placebo group (66 mg/dL [95% CI 58, 73] vs. 79 mg/dL [95% CI 72, 87]) (P = 0.009). Our study provides the clinical evidence for the first time in humans that TENS does not demonstrate a statistically significant HbA1c reduction. However, it is a safe complementary therapy to improve MAGE in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The effect of coconut coir substrate on the yield and nutritional quality of sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) varieties
Authors: Tuckeldoe Roger B. , Maluleke Mdungazi K. , Adriaanse P. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe industry standard for estimating the quantity of horticultural produce harvested is crop yield. Producing sufficient amounts of high-quality biochemical ingredients crops can therefore aid in resolving concerns with food security and nutrition. Most producers prefer the use of organic substrate over natural soils when growing crops such as peppers in greenhouses, to ensure that there is a sufficient supply of food all year round. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of coconut coir substrate on the yield and biochemical constituents of peppers varieties grown under greenhouse environment. For two successive seasons [2021 and 2022], two sweet pepper types (Sondela and Ilanga) were cultivated on fertigated coconut coir and loamy soil (control). Fruit number, together with their dry weight and some biochemical constituents, were examined. To evaluate the impact of coconut coir substrate on the growth, yield, and biochemical constituents of different pepper cultivars grown in a greenhouse, dry plant materials and freeze-dried fruit samples were analyzed. Results showed that the coconut coir and variety (Ilanga) treatment combination produced more fruits than other treatments. Biochemical constituents such as vitamins, total phenols, total flavonoids, copper, iron and Zinc were in fruits grown under coir substrate when compared to loamy soil (control). Therefore, farmers are encouraged to grow sweet peppers varieties under coconut coir substrate for better yield, nutritional quality and profit maximisation.
The transnasal endoscopic approach for resection of clival tumors: a single-center experience
Authors: Butenschoen Vicki M. , Krauss Philipp , Bernhardt Denise , Negwer Chiara , Combs Stefanie , Meyer Bernhard , Gempt Jens 
Published: February 2023

AbstractClival tumors present challenging entities regarding their treatment options. Due to their proximity to critical neurovascular structures, the operative goal of gross total tumor resection is rendered more difficult by a high risk of neurological deficits. Retrospective cohort study of patients treated for clival neoplasms through a transnasal endoscopic approach between 2009 and 2020. Assessment of preoperative clinical status, length of operation, number of approaches, pre- and postoperative radiotherapy, and the clinical outcome. Presentation and clinical correlation with our new classification. In total, 59 transnasal endoscopic operations were performed on 42 patients over 12 years. Most lesions were clival chordomas; 63% of the lesions did not reach the brainstem. Cranial nerve impairment was present in 67% of the patients, and 75% of the patients with cranial nerve palsy improved after surgical treatment. Interrater reliability for our proposed tumor extension classification showed a substantial agreement (Cohen’s κ = 0.766). The transnasal approach was sufficient to achieve a complete tumor resection in 74% of the patients. Clival tumors exhibit heterogeneous characteristics. Depending on clival tumor extension, the transnasal endoscopic approach can present a safe surgical technique for upper and middle clival tumor resection, with a low risk of perioperative complications and a high rate of postoperative improvement.
Transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation does not modulate Nogo N2 and Go/Nogo reaction times in somatosensory and auditory modalities
Authors: Yamashiro Koya , Ikarashi Koyuki , Makibuchi Taiki , Anazawa Sayaka , Baba Yasuhiro , Fujimoto Tomomi , Ochi Genta , Sato Daisuke 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTranscranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) of the primary sensory or motor cortex can improve sensorimotor functions by enhancing circuit excitability and processing fidelity. However, tRNS is reported to have little effect on higher brain functions, such as response inhibition when applied to associated supramodal regions. These discrepancies suggest differential effects of tRNS on the excitability of the primary and supramodal cortex, although this has not been directly demonstrated. This study examined the effects of tRNS on supramodal brain regions on somatosensory and auditory Go/Nogo task performance, a measure of inhibitory executive function, while simultaneously recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Sixteen participants received sham or tRNS stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a single-blind crossover design study. Neither sham nor tRNS altered somatosensory and auditory Nogo N2 amplitudes, Go/Nogo reaction times, or commission error rates. The results suggest that current tRNS protocols are less effective at modulating neural activity in higher-order cortical regions than in the primary sensory and motor cortex. Further studies are required to identify tRNS protocols that effectively modulate the supramodal cortex for cognitive enhancement.
Impending anthropogenic threats and protected area prioritization for jaguars in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Bogoni Juliano A. , Boron Valeria , Peres Carlos A. , Coelho Maria Eduarda M. S. , Morato Ronaldo G. , Oliveira-da-Costa Marcelo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractJaguars (Panthera onca) exert critical top-down control over large vertebrates across the Neotropics. Yet, this iconic species have been declining due to multiple threats, such as habitat loss and hunting, which are rapidly increasing across the New World tropics. Based on geospatial layers, we extracted socio-environmental variables for 447 protected areas across the Brazilian Amazon to identify those that merit short-term high-priority efforts to maximize jaguar persistence. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparisons of measures of central tendency. Our results reveal that areas containing the largest jaguar densities and the largest estimated population sizes are precisely among those confronting most anthropogenic threats. Jaguars are threatened in the world’s largest tropical forest biome by deforestation associated with anthropogenic fires, and the subsequent establishment of pastures. By contrasting the highest threats with the highest jaguar population sizes in a bivariate plot, we provide a shortlist of the top-10 protected areas that should be prioritized for immediate jaguar conservation efforts and 74 for short-term action. Many of these are located at the deforestation frontier or in important boundaries with neighboring countries (e.g., Peruvian, Colombian and Venezuelan Amazon). The predicament of a safe future for jaguars can only be ensured if protected areas persist and resist downgrading and downsizing due to both external anthropogenic threats and geopolitical pressures (e.g., infrastructure development and frail law enforcement).
CRISPR-Cas adaptation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Mitić Damjan , Bolt Edward L. , Ivančić-Baće Ivana 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Prokaryotes use the adaptive immunity mediated via the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR associated (CRISPR-Cas) system for protection against invading elements such as phages and plasmids. The immunity is achieved by capturing small DNA fragments or spacers from foreign nucleic acids (protospacers) and integrating them into the host CRISPR locus. This step of CRISPR-Cas immunity called ‘naïve CRISPR adaptation’ requires the conserved Cas1–Cas2 complex and is often supported by variable host proteins that assist in spacer processing and integration. Bacteria that have acquired new spacers become immune to the same invading elements when reinfected. CRISPR-Cas immunity can also be updated by integrating new spacers from the same invading elements, a process called ‘primed adaptation’. Only properly selected and integrated spacers are functional in the next steps of CRISPR immunity when their processed transcripts are used for RNA-guided target recognition and interference (target degradation). Capturing, trimming, and integrating new spacers in the correct orientation are universal steps of adaptation to all CRISPR-Cas systems, but some details are CRISPR-Cas type-specific and species-specific. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas class 1 type I-E adaptation in Escherichia coli as a general model for adaptation processes (DNA capture and integration) that have been studied in detail. We focus on the role of host non-Cas proteins involved in adaptation, particularly on the role of homologous recombination.
Die aktuelle Weiterentwicklung des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten
Lernzielkatalogs Medizin und die neue ÄApprO – wie wird die
Transfusionsmedizin abgebildet?
Authors: Schäfer Richard , Ahlers Olaf , Schrezenmeier Hubert 
Published: February 2023

Die Rahmenbedingungen der medizinischen Ausbildung in DeutschlandDie Studierenden an den deutschen medizinischen Fakultäten werden seit
Jahrzehnten durch die lokalen Curricula sowie mittels vielfältiger und in
verschiedensten Medien verfügbarer Lehr und Lernmaterialien effektiv auf die
jeweiligen Abschnitte der Ärztlichen Prüfung (Staatsexamina)
vorbereitet. Eine besondere Rolle spielen hier die Sammlungen bisheriger
Prüfungsfragen, die vom Institut für medizinische und
pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen basierend auf dem sogenannten
Gegenstandkatalog (GK) entwickelt werden.
Diagnostik und Therapie der alpha- und
beta-Thalassämien
Authors: Cario Holger 
Published: February 2023

ZusammenfassungDie komplexe Behandlung von Patienten mit Thalassämien stellt nicht nur
eine medizinische, sondern angesichts der in den letzten Jahren deutlich
gestiegenen Patientenzahlen auch eine gesellschaftliche Herausforderung dar, die
eine sehr enge Zusammenarbeit aller Behandler erfordert. Der vorliegende Beitrag
erläutert Ursachen und Pathogenese der alpha- und
beta-Thalassämien und bietet eine Übersicht zu Klinik und
Therapien.
Renin, Aldosterone, and Cortisol in Pregnancy-Induced
Hypertension
Authors: Lewandowski Krzysztof C , Tadros-Zins Monika , Horzelski Wojciech , Krekora Michał , Lewinski Andrzej 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Introduction We aimed to assess renin, aldosterone, and cortisol in the
early stages of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), i. e., at the time
of diagnosis.
Methods During the postural test, we measured aldosterone, renin [Liason
DiaSorin Inc. (Italy)], as well as cortisol, sodium, potassium, and 24-h urinary
sodium and potassium excretion in 62 women with newly diagnosed PIH, 70 healthy
women during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and in 22 healthy non-pregnant
women.
Results In all groups, there was a significant increase in aldosterone and
renin in upright versus supine posture (p<0.01). Both supine and upright
aldosterone concentrations were higher in healthy pregnant women than in women
with PIH and the lowest in healthy not-pregnant [supine
(median±intequartile range): 25.04±18.4 ng/dL,
18.03±12.58 ng/dL, and
7.48±4.78 ng/dL, p<0.001, upright:
31.60±21.32 ng/dL,
25.11±13.15 ng/dL, and
12.4±12.4 ng/dL, p<0.001, for healthy pregnant,
pregnant with PIH, and non-pregnant, respectively]. Supine renin concentrations
were higher only in healthy pregnant (p<0.001), while in the upright
position, there was a difference only between healthy pregnant and women with
PIH (p=0.002). Both in supine and upright positions, there was no
difference in the aldosterone-to-renin ratio between healthy pregnant women and
women with PIH, though, in both groups, the ratio was higher than in
non-pregnant women (p<0.001). Morning cortisol concentrations and 24-h
urinary sodium excretion were lower in women with PIH than in healthy pregnant
(p<0.001, p=0.002, respectively).
Conclusion Hyperaldosteronism is not involved in the etiology of PIH. In
PIH, there is also a tendency towards lower sodium excretion and lower morning
cortisol concentrations.
Mind the gap: Measured and Calculated Osmolarity are Not
Interchangeable in Diabetic Hyperglycemic Emergencies
Authors: Blank Sebastiaan Paul , Blank Ruth Miriam 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Introduction Small case series have reported that diabetic ketoacidosis is
associated with an elevated osmolar gap, while no previous studies have assessed
the accuracy of calculated osmolarity in the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
The aim of this study was to characterize the magnitude of the osmolar gap in
these conditions and assess whether this changes over time.
Methods In this retrospective cohort study, two publicly available
intensive care datasets were used: Medical Information Mart of Intensive Care IV
and the eICU Collaborative Research Database. We identified adult admissions
with diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state who had
measured osmolality results available contemporaneously with sodium, urea and
glucose values. Calculated osmolarity was derived using the formula 2Na
+ glucose + urea (all values in mmol/L).
Results We identified 995 paired values for measured and calculated
osmolarity from 547 admissions (321 diabetic ketoacidosis, 103 hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic states and 123 mixed presentations). A wide variation in the
osmolar gap was seen, including substantial elevations and low and negative
values. There was a greater frequency of raised osmolar gaps at the start of the
admission, which tends to normalize by around 12–24 h. Similar
results were seen regardless of the admission diagnosis.
Conclusions The osmolar gap varies widely in diabetic ketoacidosis and the
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state and may be highly elevated, especially at
admission. Clinicians should be aware that measured and calculated osmolarity
values are not interchangeable in this population. These findings should be
confirmed in a prospective study.
Lessons from the Total Synthesis of Highly Substituted Benzophenone Natural Products
Authors: Schmalz Hans-Günther , Münzer Lukas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn this account, we summarize the results and experience gained during 20 years of research in the field of polyketidic natural products displaying a tetra-ortho-substituted benzophenone substructure. As demonstrated by the various approaches towards mumbaistatin and pestalone as targets of high biological relevance, the synthesis of such systems is surprisingly difficult due to the intense interactions of the functional groups adjacent to the ketone bridge. We report successes and failures, as well as the discovery of surprising reactivities that are important for understanding the non-enzymatic formation of related compounds in Nature.1	Introduction2	Mumbaistatin3	Pestalone4	Conclusion
The Synthesis of 3-Nitrooxypropanol, a Methane Mitigant for Sustainable Farming with Environmental Impact: A Review
Authors: Marco-Contelles José 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHerein it is summarized and critically discussed the different methods reported in the current literature and patents for the synthesis of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). Among the small molecules 3-NOP is possibly one of the smallest (chemical formula: C3H7NO4; molecular weight: 121.09) showing interesting biological properties. Particularly, 3-NOP is an efficient inhibitor of methyl CoM reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of methanogenesis in anaerobic systems (e.g., ruminants), and a potent methane mitigant, able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. 3-NOP is the active ingredient of Bovaer, a feed additive for ruminants. Furthermore, 3-NOP has been incorporated in a number of nitrate esters as NO-donors, showing diverse pharmacological activities for the treatment of inflammation or cardiovascular diseases.1	Introduction2	Synthetic Approaches to 3-NOP Based on the Nitrating Agent3	From 3-NOP to Bovaer4	Conclusions
Design strategy for a dual-wedge prism imaging spectrometer in spectroscopic nanoscopy
Authors: Song Ki-Hee , Sun Cheng , Zhang Hao F. 
Published: February 2023

Spectroscopic single-molecule localization microscopy (sSMLM, or spectroscopic nanoscopy) has been established as a key tool in functional super-resolution imaging by providing spatial and spectral information of single molecules at nanoscale resolution. A recently developed dual-wedge prism (DWP) imaging spectrometer, a monolithic optical component, has broadened the accessibility of sSMLM with an improved imaging resolution of more than 40%. It also improved the system reliability by reducing the number of discrete optical components. However, achieving its optimal performance requires the comprehensive understanding of the underlying constraints of the key system parameters, such as the refractive index of the DWP, spectral dispersion (SD), axial separation for three-dimensional (3D) biplane reconstruction, and the overall dimensional constraints. In this work, we present a generalized design principle for the DWP imaging spectrometer. Specifically, we develop the theoretical framework capturing the influence of the primary design parameters, including the achievable SD and localization performance, for different design cases. It further establishes the workflow to design and optimize the DWP imaging spectrometer for better multi-color functional imaging. This will give practical guidance for users to easily design the DWP imaging spectrometer, allowing for straightforward 3D sSMLM implementation.
On the use of Kalman filters for high-order mode rejection in PZT-based microscanners
Authors: Frigerio Paolo , Cozzi Sara , Molinari Luca , Barbieri Andrea , Carminati Roberto , Merli Massimiliano , Langfelder Giacomo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This work discusses and compares two strategies for closed-loop control of quasi-static silicon mirrors for raster-scanning applications, actuated by thin films of lead–zirconate–titanate and with embedded piezoresistive angular displacement sensors. A first feedback control approach, based on piezoresistive readout of the device angular displacement through an integrated sensor, shows limitations related to high-order resonant modes of the mechanical structure. To overcome this issue, a feedback control scheme based on the use of a Kalman filter to estimate the angular displacement and velocity of the scanner is presented, achieving a maximum positioning error of 0.14∘ (1.75% of a 8∘ full-scale angular displacement), and a mean error within

±

0.03
∘

(0.74% peak-to-peak) over 80% of the scanned trace.
Study on surface of polydimethylsiloxane irradiated by laser with assistance of pre-strain and its regulation on cell alignment
Authors: Deng Yu , Xie Kaiwu , Zhong Shiyu , Cai Junjing , Tsui Gary Chi-Pong , Huang Zhenjia , Guo Zhongning , Huang Zhigang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, wave-pattern with particles on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface was induced by laser with the assistant of pre-strain. By analyzing the laser treated surface with an energy dispersive spectrometer, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope, it is found that no chemical modification occurs, but the young’s modulus of the treated surface shifts dramatically to 43.4 MPa. This Young’s modulus change, together with the existence of pre-train, causes buckling phenomenon that forms the wave-pattern with particles when the pre-strain is unloaded. As the laser fluence varies from 7.9 mJ cm−2 to 14.3 mJ cm−2, the wave-pattern with particles only appeared with the pre-strain at 30% and 45%. The laser fluence contributes positively to the length and the amplitude of the wave-pattern, while increased elongation on PDMS results in shorter wavelengths but higher amplitudes. HELA cells were seeded on the treated surface to verify the effect of the wave-pattern with particles on cell alignment. The experimental results show that the wave-pattern with particles improves the cell attachment. It was found that 96.2% of cells align at 0°–15° when the gap between two neighboring treated zones is shorter than the cell length. However, the cell alignment changes its direction to 75°–90° when the treated zone is narrowed and the gap is enlarged. This paper provides a simple method for forming a wave-pattern with particles and utilizes the pattern to regulate cell behavior.