bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Incarceration Policy in the U.S. Federal System: Assessing Recent Approaches to Reducing Incarceration Rates
Authors: Davis Brandon R 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Although scholarship analyzing U.S. incarceration policy generally focuses on the federal government and federal criminal justice laws, state and local governments are principally responsible for the criminal justice strategy and tactics utilized within their jurisdictions, and that determines the size of state correctional populations. The overwhelming majority of the total U.S. prison population is under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities. Since 2010, forty-six states have reduced their prison populations, but the efficacy of these reforms and interventions has varied considerably. Utilizing a series of case studies, I analyze a range of state approaches to reducing the prison population and consider the effectiveness of these policies. The most effective approaches have focused on reducing prison admissions, creating or expanding early release opportunities, and decreasing readmission of conditional release violators.
Development and Validation of the Negative Symptom Inventory-Psychosis Risk
Authors: Strauss Gregory P , Walker Elaine F , Pelletier-Baldelli Andrea , Carter Nathan T , Ellman Lauren M , Schiffman Jason , Luther Lauren , James Sydney H , Berglund Alysia M , Gupta Tina , Ristanovic Ivanka , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypotheses
Early identification and prevention of psychosis is limited by the availability of tools designed to assess negative symptoms in those at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). To address this critical need, a multi-site study was established to develop and validate a clinical rating scale designed specifically for individuals at CHR: The Negative Symptom Inventory-Psychosis Risk (NSI-PR).

Study Design
The measure was developed according to guidelines recommended by the NIMH Consensus Conference on Negative Symptoms using a transparent, iterative, and data-driven process. A 16-item version of the NSI-PR was designed to have an overly inclusive set of items and lengthier interview to support the ultimate intention of creating a new briefer measure. Psychometric properties of the 16-item NSI-PR were evaluated in a sample of 218 CHR participants.

Study Results
Item-level analyses indicated that men had higher scores than women. Reliability analyses supported internal consistency, inter-rater agreement, and temporal stability. Associations with measures of negative symptoms and functioning supported convergent validity. Small correlations with positive, disorganized, and general symptoms supported discriminant validity. Structural analyses indicated a 5-factor structure (anhedonia, avolition, asociality, alogia, and blunted affect). Item response theory identified items for removal and indicated that the anchor range could be reduced. Factor loadings, item-level correlations, item-total correlations, and skew further supported removal of certain items.

Conclusions
These findings support the psychometric properties of the NSI-PR and guided the creation of a new 11-item NSI-PR that will be validated in the next phase of this multi-site scale development project.
Roles of lower-side leaf trichomes in diffusion resistance and gas-exchange characteristics across environmental gradients inMetrosideros polymorpha
Authors: Amada Gaku , Yoshiko Kosugi , Kitayama Kanehiro , Onoda Yusuke 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLeaf trichomes on the lower leaf surface are common in many plant species, especially those grown under dry and/or low-temperature conditions; however, their adaptive significance remains unclear. Lower-side leaf trichomes can directly decrease gas fluxes through increased gas-diffusion resistance but can indirectly increase gas fluxes through increased leaf temperature owing to increased heat-diffusion resistance. We examined whether the combined direct and indirect effects of trichome resistance increase photosynthetic rates and water-use efficiency (WUE) using Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud., which varies widely in the masses of lower-side non-glandular leaf trichomes across various environments on the Hawaiian Islands. We employed both field surveys, including ecophysiological measurements at five elevation sites, and simulation analyses to predict the gas-exchange rates of leaves with various trichome-layer thicknesses across a wide range of environmental conditions. Field surveys showed that the trichome-layer thickness was the largest at the coldest and driest site and the thinnest at the wettest site. Field surveys, experimental manipulations and simulation analyses demonstrated that leaf trichomes significantly increased leaf temperature owing to the increased heat resistance. Simulation analyses showed that the effect of leaf trichomes on heat resistance was much larger than that on gas-flux resistance. Leaf trichomes can increase daily photosynthesis only in cold dry areas by increasing the leaf temperature. However, the increased leaf temperature with leaf trichomes resulted in a consistent decrease in the daily WUE at all elevation sites. The magnitudes of trichome effects on gas-exchange rates were associated with the temperature difference across the elevational gradient, the strong light intensity in Hawaii, the leaf-size variation and the conservative stomatal behavior of M. polymorpha as well as the trichome-layer thickness. In summary, the lower-side leaf trichomes in M. polymorpha can be beneficial for carbon assimilation in low-temperature environments but not for water conservation in most environments in terms of diffusion resistance.
Highly cited tropical medicine articles in the Web of Science from 1991 to 2020: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Monge-Nájera Julián , Ho Yuh-Shan 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
An adequate response to health needs to include the identification of research patterns about the large number of people living in the tropics and subjected to tropical diseases. Studies have shown that research does not always match the real needs of those populations, and that citation reflects mostly the amount of money behind particular publications. Here we test the hypothesis that research from richer institutions is published in better-indexed journals, and thus has greater citation rates.

Methods
The data in this study were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded database; the 2020 journal Impact Factor (IF2020) was updated to 30 June 2021. We considered places, subjects, institutions and journals.

Results
We identified 1041 highly cited articles with ≥100 citations in the category of tropical medicine. About a decade is needed for an article to reach peak citation. Only two COVID-19–related articles were highly cited in the last 3 y. The most cited articles were published by the journals Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), Acta Tropica (Switzerland) and PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (USA). The USA dominated five of the six publication indicators. International collaboration articles had more citations than single-country articles. The UK, South Africa and Switzerland had high citation rates, as did the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the UK, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA and the WHO in Switzerland.

Conclusions
About 10 y of accumulated citations is needed to achieve ≥100 citations as highly cited articles in the Web of Science category of tropical medicine. Six publication and citation indicators, including authors’ publication potential and characteristics evaluated by Y-index, indicate that the currently available indexing system places tropical researchers at a disadvantage against their colleagues in temperate countries, and suggest that, to progress towards better control of tropical diseases, international collaboration should increase, and other tropical countries should follow the example of Brazil, which provides significant financing to its scientific community.
From components to communities: bringing network science to clustering for molecular epidemiology
Authors: Liu Molly , Chato Connor , Poon Art F Y 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Defining clusters of epidemiologically related infections is a common problem in the surveillance of infectious disease. A popular method for generating clusters is pairwise distance clustering, which assigns pairs of sequences to the same cluster if their genetic distance falls below some threshold. The result is often represented as a network or graph of nodes. A connected component is a set of interconnected nodes in a graph that are not connected to any other node. The prevailing approach to pairwise clustering is to map clusters to the connected components of the graph on a one-to-one basis. We propose that this definition of clusters is unnecessarily rigid. For instance, the connected components can collapse into one cluster by the addition of a single sequence that bridges nodes in the respective components. Moreover, the distance thresholds typically used for viruses like HIV-1 tend to exclude a large proportion of new sequences, making it difficult to train models for predicting cluster growth. These issues may be resolved by revisiting how we define clusters from genetic distances. Community detection is a promising class of clustering methods from the field of network science. A community is a set of nodes that are more densely inter-connected relative to the number of their connections to external nodes. Thus, a connected component may be partitioned into two or more communities. Here we describe community detection methods in the context of genetic clustering for epidemiology, demonstrate how a popular method (Markov clustering) enables us to resolve variation in transmission rates within a giant connected component of HIV-1 sequences, and identify current challenges and directions for further work.
19. Visit-to-visit Systolic Blood Pressure Variability Independent of Mean Systolic Blood Pressure is Associated with Various Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Saputra P.B.T. , Lamara A.D. , Saputra M.E. , Pasahari D. , Wardani F. A. , Lituhayu P. K. , Theno A. F. , Regina A. , Azmi Y. , Al Farabi M.J. , Oktaviono Y.H. 
Published: April 2023

Background: The association between visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) and cardiovascular outcomes after being adjusted with mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) is questionable.

Objective: To systematically review studies quantifying the associations of visit-to-visit SBPV adjusted to mean SBP with cardiovascular outcomes.

Method: A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct was conducted on 27 November 2022. We included studies evaluating the association of various SBPV parameters with cardiovascular outcomes. Only clinical trials and cohort studies were included. We included all patients with available data on visit-to-visit SBPV and cardiovascular outcomes. Hemodialysis patients were excluded due to inter-hemodialysis BPV. Different parameters of SBPV (standard deviation, coefficient of variation, variation in mean) were extracted and analyzed as standardized hazard ratios, a log-hazard ratio for each unit of SBPV divided by its standard deviation. Generic inverse variance using random effect meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled standardized hazard ratio. The QUIPS tool for prognostic study was used for risk of bias assessment.

Result: A total of 9,944,254 subjects from 43 studies (21 trials and 22 cohorts) were included in meta-analysis. Increased visit-to-visit SBPV was associated with a risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.21, CI95%[1.16–1.25]), cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.1, CI95%[1.07–1.14]) cardiovascular events (HR 1.1, CI95%[1.07–1.13]), myocardial infarction (HR1.13, CI95%[1.07–1.19]) and stroke (HR 1.22, CI95%[1.16–1.29]). After sensitivity analysis for studies adjusted to mean SBP, SBPV is still significantly associated with all mentioned cardiovascular outcomes.

Conclusion: Systolic blood pressure variability, independent of mean SBP, is associated with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42023389113
Delirium prevention and management in hospitalized older adults
Authors: Blodgett Thomas J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
Delirium is a common neurocognitive disorder among hospitalized older adults, and it can have devastating effects. The purpose of this article is to inform NPs in the hospital setting to recognize, prevent, and manage delirium in older adults. The roles of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions are described.
Melanoma risk prediction based on a polygenic risk score and clinical risk factors
Authors: Wong Chi Kuen , Dite Gillian S. , Spaeth Erika , Murphy Nicholas M. , Allman Richard 
Published: April 2023

Melanoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the Western world: third in Australia, fifth in the USA and sixth in the European Union. Predicting an individual’s personal risk of developing melanoma may aid them in undertaking effective risk reduction measures. The objective of this study was to use the UK Biobank to predict the 10-year risk of melanoma using a newly developed polygenic risk score (PRS) and an existing clinical risk model. We developed the PRS using a matched case–control training dataset (N = 16 434) in which age and sex were controlled by design. The combined risk score was developed using a cohort development dataset (N = 54 799) and its performance was tested using a cohort testing dataset (N = 54 798).
Our PRS comprises 68 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.639 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.618–0.661]. In the cohort testing data, the hazard ratio per SD of the combined risk score was 1.332 (95% CI = 1.263–1.406). Harrell’s C-index was 0.685 (95% CI = 0.654–0.715). Overall, the standardized incidence ratio was 1.193 (95% CI = 1.067–1.335). By combining a PRS and a clinical risk score, we have developed a risk prediction model that performs well in terms of discrimination and calibration. At an individual level, information on the 10-year risk of melanoma can motivate people to take risk-reduction action. At the population level, risk stratification can allow more effective population-level screening strategies to be implemented.
Apollo Rising: Acute Conjunctivitis Outbreak in India, 2022
Authors: Prajna Namperumalsamy Venkatesh , Prajna Lalitha , Teja Vishnu , Gunasekaran Ramesh , Chen Cindi , Ruder Kevin , Zhong Lina , Yu Danny , Liu David , Abraham Thomas , Ao Wendy , Deiner Michael , Hinterwirth Armin , Seitzman Gerami D. , Doan Thuy , Lietman Thomas M. ,   on behalf of the SCORPIO (Seasonal Conjunctivitis Outbreak Reporting for Prevention and Improved Outcomes) Study Group
Published: April 2023

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to identify pathogens associated with the 2022 conjunctivitis outbreak in Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods:
This prospective study was conducted in November 2022. Patients with presumed acute infectious conjunctivitis presenting to the Aravind Eye Clinic in Madurai, India, were eligible. Anterior nares and conjunctival samples from participants were obtained and processed for metagenomic RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq).

Results:
Samples from 29 patients were sequenced. A pathogen was identified in 28/29 (97%) patients. Coxsackie virus A24v, a highly infectious RNA virus, was the predominant pathogen and detected in 23/29 patients. Human adenovirus D (HAdV-D), a DNA virus commonly associated with conjunctivitis outbreaks, was detected in the remaining patients (5/29). Hemorrhagic conjunctiva was documented in both HAdV-D and Coxsackie virus A24v affected patients but was not the predominant clinical presentation. Phylogenetic analysis of Coxsackie virus A24v revealed a recent divergence from the 2015 outbreak.

Conclusions:
Coxsackie virus A24v and HAdV-D were cocirculating during the 2022 conjunctivitis outbreak in Tamil Nadu, India. Clinical findings were similar between patients with HAdV-D and Coxsackie virus A24v–associated conjunctivitis. As high-throughput sequencing technologies become more readily available and cost-effective, unbiased pathogen surveillance may prove useful for outbreak surveillance and control.
Research progress of viral sepsis: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Li Jianping , Luo Yiqi , Li Hao , Yin Yunhong , Zhang Yi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sepsis is a common systemic disease characterized by various physiological and pathological disorders. It can result from infection by various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The rate of culture-negative sepsis is almost 42%, indicating that most patients may have nonbacterial infections. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, viral sepsis has attracted growing attention because many critically ill patients develop sepsis. Viral sepsis can be caused by viral infections and combined with, or secondary to, bacterial infections. Understanding the common types of viral sepsis and the main characteristics of its pathogenesis will be helpful for effective diagnosis and treatment, thereby reducing mortality. Early identification of the causative agent of viral sepsis can help reduce the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In this article, we reviewed the common viruses of sepsis, their potential pathophysiology, targets of diagnosis, and remedies for viral sepsis.
Closed Incision Negative Pressure Therapy in Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: A Comparison of Outcomes
Authors: Wareham Carly M. , Karamchandani Manish M. , Ku Gabriel De La Cruz , Gaffney Kerry , Sekigami Yurie , Persing Sarah M. , Homsy Christopher , Nardello Salvatore , Chatterjee Abhishek 
Published: April 2023

Background:
We aim to discern the impact of closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) on wound healing in the oncoplastic breast surgery population.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent oncoplastic breast surgery with and without ciNPT in a single health system over 6 years. Oncoplastic breast surgery was defined as breast conservation surgery involving partial mastectomy with immediate volume displacement or replacement techniques. Primary outcomes were rates of clinically significant complications requiring either medical or operative intervention, including seroma, hematoma, fat necrosis, wound dehiscence, and infection. Secondary outcomes were rates of minor complications.

Results:
ciNPT was used in 75 patients; standard postsurgical dressing was used in 142 patients. Mean age (P = 0.73) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (P = 0.11) were similar between the groups. The ciNPT cohort had higher baseline BMIs (28.23 ± 4.94 versus 30.55 ± 6.53; P = 0.004), ASA levels (2.35 ± 0.59 versus 2.62 ± 0.52; P = 0.002), and preoperative macromastia symptoms (18.3% versus 45.9%; P ≤ 0.001). The ciNPT cohort had statistically significant lower rates of clinically relevant complications (16.9% versus 5.3%; P = 0.016), the number of complications (14.1% versus 5.3% with one complication, 2.8% versus 0% with >2; P = 0.044), and wound dehiscence (5.6% versus 0%; P = 0.036).

Conclusions:
The use of ciNPT reduces the overall rate of clinically relevant postoperative complications, including wound dehiscence. The ciNPT cohort had higher rates of macromastia symptoms, BMI, and ASA, all of which put them at increased risk for complications. Therefore, ciNPT should be considered in the oncoplastic population, especially in those patients with increased risk for postoperative complications.
Technical Feasibility of Whole-eye Vascular Composite Allotransplantation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Laspro Matteo , Chaya Bachar F. , Brydges Hilliard T. , Dave Nikhil , Thys Erika , Onuh Ogechukwu C. , Tran David , Kimberly Laura L. , Ceradini Daniel J. , Rodriguez Eduardo D. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
There are over 43 million individuals in the world who are blind. As retinal ganglion cells are incapable of regeneration, treatment modalities for this condition are limited. Since first incepted in 1885, whole-eye transplantation (WET) has been proposed as the ultimate cure for blindness. As the field evolves, different aspects of the surgery have been individually explored, including allograft viability, retinal survival, and optic nerve regeneration. Due to the paucity in the WET literature, we aimed to systematically review proposed WET surgical techniques to assess surgical feasibility. Additionally, we hope to identify barriers to future clinical application and potential ethical concerns that could be raised with surgery.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus from inception to June 10, 2022, to identify articles pertaining to WET. Data collection included model organisms studied, surgical techniques utilized, and postoperative functional outcomes.

Results:
Our results yielded 33 articles, including 14 mammalian and 19 cold-blooded models. In studies performing microvascular anastomosis in mammals, 96% of allografts survived after surgery. With nervous coaptation, 82.9% of retinas had positive electroretinogram signals after surgery, indicating functional retinal cells after transplantation. Results on optic nerve function were inconclusive. Ocular-motor functionality was rarely addressed.

Conclusions:
Regarding allograft survival, WET appears feasible with no complications to the recipient recorded in previous literature. Functional restoration is potentially achievable with a demonstrated positive retinal survival in live models. Nevertheless, the potential of optic nerve regeneration remains undetermined.
Purine anabolism creates therapeutic vulnerability in hepatocellular carcinoma through m6A-mediated epitranscriptomic regulation
Authors: Hung Man Hsin , Chang Ching Wen , Wang Kathy Cheng , Chaisaingmongkol Jittiporn , Ruchirawat Mathuros , Greten Tim F. , Wang Xin Wei 
Published: April 2023

Background and Aims:
Purines are building blocks for the cellular genome, and excessive purine nucleotides are seen in tumors. However, how purine metabolism is dysregulated in tumors, and impacting tumorigenesis remains elusive.

Approach and Results:
Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of purine biosynthesis and purine degradation pathways were performed in the tumor and associated nontumor liver tissues obtained from 62 patients with HCC, one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. We found that most genes in purine synthesis are upregulated, while genes in purine degradation are inhibited in HCC tumors. High purine anabolism is associated with unique somatic mutational signatures linked to patient prognosis. Mechanistically, we discover that increasing purine anabolism promotes epitranscriptomic dysregulation of DNA damage repairing (DDR) machinery through upregulating RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. High purine anabolic HCC is sensitive to DDR-targeting agents but not to standard HCC treatments, correlating with the clinical outcomes in 5 independent HCC cohorts containing 724 patients. We further showed that high purine anabolism determines the sensitivity to DDR-targeting agents in 5 HCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions:
Our results reveal a central role of purine anabolism in regulating DDR, which could be therapeutically exploited in HCC.