bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Relationship of Learning Styles of Undergraduate Medical Students to Academic Achievements
Authors: Khan Amjad Mahmood 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find out whether learning styles influence the academic achievements of students of medical schools.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019. Methodology: Two hundred medical students participated in the study by completing VARK (visual, aural, read/write, kinaesthetic) questionnaire. The learning styles were assessed based on the questionnaire. The performance grades were obtained from the students' Department of the college.
Results: Most students preferred unimodal learning 104(52%). However, there was a statistically significant gender difference. Most male students preferred unimodal learning (62.7%), whereas female students preferred bimodal (41.4%) learning styles. Aural learning was the most prevalent in the unimodal group 42(21%) in both male and female groups. The academic achievement was labelled as low (<50% marks in annual tests) and high (>50% marks). There were 72.5% (n=145) of highachievers. More male students were high-achievers than female students (80.5% vs. 68.4%). There was no significant relationship between learning style and academic outcome.
Conclusion: There was no difference in the outcome of academic achievement in subgroups of different learning styles. Further analysis revealed no gender differences in the effect of learning style on academic achievement.
Evaluating Unenhanced Multidetector Computed Tomography of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (CT KUB) as the Initial Imaging Service in Suspected Acute Renal Colic Patients
Authors: Saleem Nida , Balooch Salahuddin , Qayyum Adil , Afzal Tayyaba , Niazi Najam Us Saqib Khan , Adil Ruqqayia 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To assess the role of unenhanced multidetector computed tomography (CT) of kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB) in the initial imaging of suspected acute renal colic.
Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Pakistan, from Jan 2020 to Jan 2021.
Methodology: One hundred and thirty-eight cases of suspected acute renal colic underwent CT-KUB. The demographic,radiological, clinical, and follow-up data were recorded for each patient.
Results: There were 88(51.8%) males and 82(48.2%) females in the present study, with a mean age of 50.86±18.57 years. Out of 170 patients, only 138(81.17%) were indicated with acute findings, whereas 32(18.82%) individuals showed no acute findings.The mean stone size was found to be 4.77±0.98mm. Most of the stones had a location near the pelvic brim (n=47; 34.15%).
Conclusion: The use of CT KUB should be encouraged for the evaluation of renal colic.Keywords: Acute renal colic, Computed tomography (CT), Computed tomography of Kidneys, ureter and bladder (CT-KUB).
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2 Antibodies among Patients and Healthy Individuals of Lahore
Authors: Cheema Kanwal Hassan , Anwar Muhammad Saeed , Hameed Fatima , Rauf Majid , Sarwar Afia , Iqbal Mariam Danish 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2 antibodies in patients and healthy individuals presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Lahore.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department of Surayya Azeem Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from May to Jul 2020.
Methodology: The study included clinically suspected patients of COVID-19 referred by clinicians and healthy individuals presenting to the hospital for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, irrespective of age and gender.
Results: The SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was 704(59.4%) in our study. Out of 1184 individuals tested, 690 patients had a positive clinical history of COVID-19 infection, and 517(74.9%) were positive for COVID-19 antibodies. Out of 494 asymptomatic healthy individuals, positivity for COVID-19 antibodies was 187(37.8%). It was observed that positivity was significantly higher 169(44.0%) in contacts of COVID-19 infection patients compared to asymptomatic healthy individuals 18(16.3%).
Conclusion: Our study shows that the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general public in Pakistan has greatly increased.
The Spectrum of Oesophagal Varices, Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Child Pugh’s Class in Cirrhotic Patients at Tertiary CareHospital
Authors: Farooq Muhmmad Asif , Yasin Muhammad Awais , Parveen Bushra , Mansoor Hala , Khattak Abdul Latif , Siddique Muhammad 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find the association of Child-Pugh’s Class with oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic patients at CMH Lahore.
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Pathology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan, from Feb to May 2021.
Methodology: All patients with cirrhosis of the liver, irrespective of aetiology, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, were included in the study. Lab data was retrieved from the Pathology Department to calculate Child Pugh’s score. Endoscopic findings of oesophagal varices and portal gastropathy were recorded and their correlation/association with Child-Pugh’s Class was calculated separately by using Pearson’s coefficient.
Results: A total of 148 patients were included in the study. Male patients were 90(60.8%) and female were 58(39.2%). The age range was 27-85 years, with the mean of patients being 55.93±13.19 years. Association of Child Pugh’s Class with oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy revealed that higher grades of oesophagal varices (Grade-lll) and severe portal hypertensive gastropathy were found in Child Pugh’s Class-B (13.51%, 14.18%) and C (15.54%, 16.2%) as compared to Class- A (4.72 %, 1.35%). Child-Pugh’s Class positively correlates with both oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy by Pearson’s coefficient r=0.594 and 0.035, respectively; both have significant p values (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Child-Pugh’s Class has a positive correlation with both oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with cirrhosis
Post Total Thyroidectomy Hypocalcaemia and relation with the Age of the Patient
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Malik M Jalil , Hassan Mansoor , Naeem Saquib , Nadeem Syed farrukh , Hussain Fayyaz 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find the magnitude of clinically overt hypocalcaemia post-total thyroidectomy and its relation with the age of the patient.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2019.
Methodology: Sixty patients who were to undergo total thyroidectomy were included in the study in strict compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups according to their ages. In Group-A, patients younger than 50 and Group-B, patients older than 50 years were included. All the patients were followed up by clinical examination for the development of clinically overt hypocalcaemia and confirmed by measurement of serum calcium.
Results: Mean age of the patients was 42.75±13.05 years, with an age range of 20 to 68 years. Of all the patients, 14(23.3%) were male, and 46(76.7%) were females. Seven patients in Group-A developed post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia clinically,whereas, in Group-B, only one developed this condition. Clinical post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia developed more often in the younger age group and these results were statistically significant (p= 0.023).
Conclusion: Clinically overt hypocalcaemia develops more often in younger patients after total thyroidectomy.Keywords: Biochemical hypocalcaemia, Clinical hypocalcaemia, Post thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia, Total thyroidectomy
Comparison of Recurrence Rate of Wrist Ganglion Between Seton and Open Surgical Excision in Military Hospitals of Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Bilal , Ullah Jamil Salamat , Aziz Majid , Shahid Muhammad , Siraj Arsalan S , Tariq Shah Rukh 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To evaluate the recurrence following open surgical excision and Seton placement in treating symptomatic wrist ganglions in Military Hospitals in a six-month follow-up study.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, Combined Military Hospital, Dera Nawab Sahib Pakistan and Pakistan Airforce Force Hospital, Shorkot Pakistan, from Jun 2015 to Dec 2020.
Methodology: The patients were divided into two groups after informed consent. A consultant general surgeon carried out every procedure. The findings were recorded on a uniform proforma, and recurrence was recorded at ten days, six weeks and six months for both groups.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.45±8.13 years in Group-A (Seton-Group) and 28.56±8.32 years in Group-B (OpenSurgery). There was no difference in the recurrence rates between the Seton-Group (n=7, 4.35%) and Open Surgery-Group (n=2, 4.65%, p=0.931).
Conclusion: Seton insertion for treating Ganglions of the wrist is a simple, economical and cosmetic procedure which can be done in the outpatient department. It is a safe alternative to open resection for successful treatment of the wrist Ganglion.Keywords: Ganglion, Open surgery, Recurrence, Seton, Wrist.
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Patients of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Sukhera Zahra Asif , Mirza Muhammad Zill-e-Hamayun , Azam Rizwan , Gondal Ibrahim Zafar , Sukhera Asif Mumtaz , Arshad Komal 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the left ventricular systolic dysfunction and the association of various factors with this dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2020 to May 2021.
Methodology: We included the patients diagnosed with sleep apnea syndrome by a consultant pulmonologist based on a sleep study. Patients were labelled as having left ventricular systolic dysfunction if the ejection fraction was less than 40% on echocardiography.
Results: Eighty patients diagnosed with sleep apnea syndrome were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 48.551±9.971 years. Out of 80 patients, 19(23.75%) had left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography, while 61(76.25%) had no evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. With the application of relevant statistical tests, we found that patients with high body mass index and the presence of comorbid illnesses had a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction among patients with sleep apnea syndrome.
Conclusion: Considerable number of patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome showed the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography. High Body mass index and comorbid illnesses emerged as risk factors for left ventricular systolic dysfunction in our study population.
Comparison of the International Crowding Measure in Emergency Departments (ICMED) and the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS) in Tertiary Care Hospital to Measure Emergency Department Crowding
Authors: Zafar Zara , Ashraf Nadeem , Alamgir Wasim , Rehman Aayesha , Ain Qurat-Ul- , Ilyas Sumaira 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To compare NEDOCS with ICMED in predicting clinicians' concerns regarding crowding in the Emergency Department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.
Study Design: Prospective comparative study.
Place and Duration of Study: Accident & Emergency Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2021 to Jan 2022.
Methodology: This study was conducted at the Accident and Emergency Department over 14 different days, 30 data sets of 3-hour intervals each were collected using the NEDOCS and ICMED proforma. NEDOCS Scores and ICMED scores were calculated. In addition, perceptions of the staff regarding crowding and danger to the patient's status were recorded on Visual Analogue scales.
Results: The mean recorded NEDOCS score was 577.94±251.57, with 29 'extremely overcrowded' and 1 'overcrowded' data set.The mean ICMED score was 2.86±0.83. Twenty-four (80%) sets did not have crowding, with only six (20%) sets being categorized as 'crowded'. The NEDOCS score had a moderately positive correlation with the crowding perception of the staff (Correlation coefficient (r)=0.593).
Conclusion: NEDOCS was a more suitable measure for recording ED crowding in Pakistan, as it recorded the quantitative component of waiting time. ICMED, on the other hand, only recorded waiting time on a binary scale, with the waiting time impact not translated fully on the total score.
Coagulation Profile in Diabetes and Its Association with Diabetic Microvascular Complications
Authors: Khan Amna , Rauf Abdul , Khan Summaya , Sarfraz Muhammad Haroon , Tarrar Muhammad Shahid , Nisar Maryam 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To investigate the hemostatic parameters and to assess their relationship with microvascular complications in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2020.
Methodology: Patients with type-2 diabetes aged 40-70 years of both genders were included. We included sixty subjects with diabetes and sixty healthy individuals. HBA1c, prothrombin time, activated partial thrombin time, and fibrinogen levels were measured in both groups, and retinal photographs were taken.
Results: The platelet count was in the normal range for both groups but significantly lower in cases compared to controls (177.5±18.3 vs 231.2±18.1, p<0.001). Similarly, the mean fibrinogen level was significantly higher among cases compared to controls (298.2±11.4 vs 256.6±6.5, p<0.001). No significant difference was found between mean prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time among the groups. Most complicated cases belonged to the group with more than 7% glycosylated haemoglobin compared to non-complicated cases (p<0.001). A significant association between the level of HBA1c and diabetic retinopathy was found.
Conclusion: The study showed that with a rise in glycemic index, the coagulation profile derangement occurs, with an increase in fibrinogen levels, decrease in platelets count and increase in microvascular complications.
Impacted Mandibular Third Molars, A Nuisance to Neighbouring Mandibular Molars; A Radiographic Study
Authors: Khan Shafi Ullah , Mahmood Khalid , Rukhsar Muqaddas , Khan Imran , Ibrahim Aqeel , Iqbal Kanza , Umar Maryum 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To know the distal caries in mandibular second molars due to impacted mandibular third molars and their association with the type of impaction of patients who visited a tertiary care dental centre in Lahore, Pakistan.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: 28 Military Dental Centre, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from Dec 2020 to Nov 2021.
Methodology: The dental records of 378 patients reported at 28 Military Dental Centres were retrieved from the data bank,then decoded and analysed.
Results: Out of 378 patients, 242(64%) males and 136(36%) females were referred to Oral and Maxillofacial clinics of 28 MDC to undergo surgical extraction of mandibular third molar teeth. Mesio-angular 242(64%), depth Class-B 281(74.3%), and Ramal relationship I 224(59.3) were the most common impactions referred for surgical removal. 289(76.5%) impactions of all categories were unilateral. 178(73.6%) mesioangular impactions had neighbouring second molar distal caries on Orthopentomogram while none of the transverse impactions had neighbouring second molar caries. A significant association between angulation of impaction and neighbouring second molar caries has been noted (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Increased mandibular second molar distal caries were noted adjacent to Mesioangular, depth B, Class 1 Ramal relationship mandibular wisdom tooth impaction.Keywords: Distal caries, Mesioangular impaction, Orthopantomograms, Radiographic study, Surgical extraction.
Biopsy Proven Renal Morphology Cognizance into its Four-Year Evolving Pattern; A Pakistani Perspective
Authors: Ul Abedin Zain , Nabi Zahid , Anjum Nosheen , Hashmi Fasi , Mansoor Khurram , Ishaque Muhammad 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the pattern of Biopsy Proven Renal Diseases (BPRD) in a single tertiary care centre in Islamabad, Pakistan.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Nephrology, KRL Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar 2016 to Nov 2020.
Methodology: The archival records of all native renal biopsies performed in adults (>18 years) were retrospectively analyzed.The biopsies were performed according to standard indications and evaluated by light microscopy and immunofluorescence.
Results: A total of 134 renal biopsies were studied. Among these, 85(61.1 %) were males, and 49(36.5 %) were females. The mean age was 44.70±14.63 years. Primary glomerulonephritis’s were the predominant group of diseases found in 93(69.4%) cases. Membranous nephropathy (MN) was the most common lesion in 52(38.8%), followed by focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 22(16.4%) cases. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (Ch. TIN) 12(9.0%) was the third most common lesion among all biopsies. Other diagnoses included lupus nephritis (LN) 10(7.5%) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 9(6.7%). One sample one-sided t-test was used to estimate the minimum proportion of occurrence of different biopsies in our concerned population. The estimated minimum proportion of membranous nephropathy (MN) was 0.31, with a p-value of 0.034.
Conclusion: We concluded that primary Glomerulonephritis (PGN) is the most common renal disease, and membranous nephropathy is the most common biopsy-proven Glomerulopathy in our concerned population.
Current Causes and Clinical Pattern of Fixed Drug Eruption at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Habib Aamir 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To identify the current common causative drugs and the clinical pattern of FDE in Pakistani patients presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Pakistan, from Nov 2018 to Oct 2021.
Methodology: Patients of all ages and sexes reporting in dermatology outpatient during the study period with Fixed drug eruption (FDE) were included in the study after taking informed consent. Diagnosis of FDE was based on the finding of welldemarcated erythematous patches or plaques and violaceous pigmentation. In cases where history was not suggestive, the drug was confirmed by an oral provocation test. In addition, the causative drug, site(s) affected, duration, number of skin lesions, history of FDE, and the purpose for using the drug were noted for each patient.
Results: Sixty-one patients were included in the study. Doxycycline (thirteen patients, 21.3%) was the commonest causative drug, followed by Quinolones and Paracetamol in ten (16.4%) patients each, Cotrimoxazole in eight (13.1%) patients and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in seven (11.5%) patients. Multiple lesions were common in patients with a history of FDE. The disease affected single-body sites in 16(26.23%) patients only. The most common site was the genital area in forty-two (71.19%) patients, followed by upper limbs in thirty-one (52.54%) patients and lips in twenty-eight ...............
Conclusions: Knowing the current causative drugs and carefully seeking a history of FDE may help prevent recurrent FDE.
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Patients Admitted with Depression at A Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan
Authors: Riaz Sahar , Azad Nadia , Mansoor Sawera , Abbas Nadeem , Hayat Khalid , Zubair Usama Bin 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To consider adverse childhood experiences in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan with depressive disorder.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Sep 2018 to Aug 2020.
Methodology: All the patients who were admitted to the psychiatry ward of the hospital after being diagnosed with depression were included in the study. Detailed history and mental state examination were carried out on all patients by a psychiatrist, and the adverse childhood experience questionnaire was administered.
Results: Out of 400 patients admitted with a diagnosis of depressive episode in the hospital during the study period, 59(14.75%) were males, and 341(85.25%) were females. The mean age of the study participants was 39.49±8.926 years. 153(38.25%) did not have significant adverse childhood experiences, while 247(61.75%) had significant adverse childhood experiences. The severity of depressive episodes and substance use had a statistically significant relationship with the presence of significant adverse childhood experiences in our study participants (p-value<0.001).
Conclusion: The presence of significant adverse childhood experiences was alarmingly high in patients admitted with a depressive episode in our study. These experiences were associated with the more severe forms of depressive illness and comorbid illicit substance use.
The Efficacy of Infrared Light Therapy in the Treatment of Onychomycosis
Authors: Sadal Rabia A Ghafoor , Habib Aamir 
Published: March 2023

Objective: To study the efficacy of Infrared light therapy in treating Onychomycosis.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Jan to Jul 2022.
Methodology: A total of 122 patients of either gender with Onychomycosis were included in the study. Sessions with infrared light (24W Red Bulb, 660nm-850nm wavelength) were arranged once a week. The total duration of therapy consisted of four weeks in the case of fingernails and eight weeks in the case of toenails. Patients were called for follow-up at the end of the first, second, and third months after completion of treatment for efficacy evaluation.
Results: The mean duration of complaints was 9.12±2.58 weeks, and the mean weight of patients was 84.11±8.38Kg. Male patients were 36(29.5%), and females were 86(70.5%). 98(80.3%) patients had toenail involvement, and 24(19.7%) patients had fingernail involvement. Efficacy was defined as 2/3rd (66.0%) clearance of the nail plate after 90 days of completion of treatment from the first observation at the time of presentation on visual examination. Efficacy in our study was observed in 25(20.5%) patients.
Conclusion: Our study concluded that infrared light therapy is an effective treatment modality for Onychomycosis.