bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weebly, Wobbly
Authors: Eby Meika , Orajiaka Nkeiruka , May Lauren 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The evaluation of a pediatric patient with leg pain and/or limping can be challenging in many cases, including younger nonverbal or preverbal children who are unable to characterize or localize the pain, and those with referred pain from sites other than the actual area of pathology. This chapter discusses common causes of hip pathology in pediatric patients presenting with vague upper leg pain without any other systemic symptoms (e.g., fever). It describes the various presentations and differential diagnoses and highlights the importance of initial imaging choice and pertinent radiographic findings. Early diagnosis is critical as delay can lead to significant morbidity.
Extreme Extremity
Authors: Nimjareansuk Waroot S. , Kim Jane S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pediatric extremity fractures are common musculoskeletal injuries presenting to the Emergency Department. Increased bone elasticity, comparably stronger ligaments, and the presence of physeal growth plates lead to unique fracture patterns in children. Unique fractures in pediatrics include torus fractures, greenstick fractures, Salter-Harris fractures, and triplane fractures. Salter-Harris fractures are common and involve the physis or cartilaginous growth plate, located at the junction of the metaphysis and epiphysis. Physeal injuries tend to occur in active children with a peak age of 11–12 years and are classified into 5 subtypes, depending on the site of involvement. Triplane fractures are complex traumatic Salter-Harris type IV fractures involving the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis of the distal tibia. Each diagnosis carries its own distinct radiographic findings, as well as short- and long-term follow-up. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of pediatric extremity fractures are important to avoid long-term complications such as angular deformity, growth disturbances, and joint incongruity.
FOOSHING through the Snow . . .
Authors: Fernandez David , Setty Bindu N. , Barata Isabel A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Supracondylar fractures are one of the most common pediatric fractures. They occur in children between the ages of 5 and 7 years after a fall on an outstretched hand with the elbow in extension (FOOSH). However, a small percentage occur from landing directly onto a flexed elbow. The hallmark feature is elbow pain and refusal to move the elbow. Proper and thorough physical exam is needed to evaluate for neurovascular injury. Ultimately, the diagnosis is made by an adequately obtained anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiograph of the elbow. Management varies depending on the degree of displacement (Gartland classification).
Sentinel Injuries: It’s What’s Inside That Counts
Authors: Zito Madeline , Shah Summit , Barata Isabel A. , Kaplan Dana 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter of the What Do I Do Now series on Pediatric Radiology discusses the indicated approach to imaging when evaluating an infant when there is a suspicion for physical abuse. The chapter addresses when clinicians should be concerned for abusive injuries, regardless of the provided history. The chapter reviews and discusses the mechanism of the most commonly seen inflicted injuries, including classic metaphyseal lesions (CML), rib fractures, and subdural hematomas (SDH). It also reviews the most commonly conducted imaging studies to identify inflicted injuries, including head computed tomography (CT) scans and skeletal surveys as recommended by the American College of Radiology and the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Shouldn’t This Be Connected?
Authors: Rocker Joshua , Sokoloff William C. , Thomas Anna 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pediatric cervical spine injuries following blunt trauma, though rare, have a high risk for devastating neurological sequelae. Atlanto-occipital injuries are one type of cervical spine injury which occurs when there is abnormal widening or distraction of the occiput from the atlas (C1). Providers must have a high index of suspicion for these injuries in young children who have sustained high-energy traumas as there is a significant risk for devastating neurological damage and other comorbidities. This chapter discusses the risk factors for a pediatric patient presenting with a cervical spine injury and the anatomy and physiology that predispose children to different types of traumatic cervical spine injuries. It then discusses atlanto-occipital injuries in further detail, including the methods for evaluating atlanto-occipital injuries on CT imaging, the role of MRI in evaluating these injuries, and their potential management by the emergency medicine and surgical teams.
Head First into the Pool
Authors: McAllister Aaron , Das Kristol 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although spinal injuries are uncommon in pediatrics, the effects can be devastating. A structured approach to a patient with a potential spinal injury is critical. PECARN has identified factors associated with cervical spine injuries in children which include altered mental status, focal neurologic deficits, neck pain, torticollis, substantial torso injury, predisposing condition for C-spine injury, high-risk MVC or a diving injury. In this chapter, the diagnostic evaluation for traumatic injuries to the spine are discussed with attention to aspects unique to children and axial load mechanisms, such as diving. Imaging modalities, including indications for CT and MRI, are reviewed.
Pain in the Back
Authors: Margius Deanna , Gorgens Sophia , Foster David , Ganapathy Shankar Srinivas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Pediatric patients with back pain should always be screened for red flag findings that are associated with potentially high morbidity or mortality conditions. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are a common cause of low back pain in children, particularly among young athletes. Spondylolysis refers to fracture or a congenital defect of the pars interarticularis of the vertebra. Spondylolisthesis results from progression of spondylolysis, in which there is anterior dislocation of the vertebra. Patients present with intermittent low back pain that is worse with activity and midline lumbar spinal tenderness to palpation, typically along L4 or L5. In addition, neurological abnormalities may be present. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the lumbar spine. Advanced imaging with CT or MRI may be necessary if clinically warranted and if initial radiographs show no signs of fracture or displacement. The treatment is typically conservative, with physical activity restrictions, bracing, and rehabilitation exercises. However, refractory pain or neurologic impairment may require spinal fusion surgery.
Biosignature line ratios of [P ii] in exoplanetary and nebular environments
Authors: Hoy Kevin , Nahar Sultana N , Pradhan Anil K 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Being the backbone element of deoxyribonucleic acid, phosphorus is a key component in the search for life in the Universe. To aid in its detection, we present line emissivity ratios for the five lowest-lying forbidden [P ii] transitions, namely those among the levels 3s23p2(3P0, 3P1, 3P2, 1D2, and 1S0). The wavelengths range between 0.44 and 70 µm, and several lie within the spectroscopic domain observable with the JWST. These line ratios have been calculated using a new collisional-radiative-cascade (CRR) model combining calculated collision strengths and level-specific recombination rate coefficients, with both data sets computed using the accurate Breit–Pauli R-matrix method. The CRR model includes a new scheme for (e + ion) recombination to emission-line formation. We compare its effect to models incorporating only electron-impact excitation and spontaneous radiative decay. We find that (e + ion) recombination has a significant impact on all line ratios, and represents a major improvement in physical accuracy of emission-line models.
Safety incidents and obstructive sleep apnoea in railway workers
Authors: Abeyaratne M , Casolin A , Luscombe G 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundCurrent evidence is lacking to justify more stringent screening for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in the rail industry. Population-based studies indicate a complex association between body mass index, age, apnoea–hypopnoea index and vehicle crash risk.AimsTo study the association between OSA severity and the occurrence of safety incidents in safety-critical rail workers with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA, and to identify if OSA treatment is associated with the occurrence of fewer safety incidents.MethodsA retrospective medical file audit was conducted on railway workers attending health assessments between 2016 and 2018, who met the criteria to be referred for sleep studies. The association between OSA severity, treatment and the number of incidents in the 3 years before their health assessment appointment was explored using a Poisson log-linear regression.ResultsA substantial proportion (44%, 274/630) of railway workers with confirmed OSA had at least one incident in the 3 years prior to appointment. The odds of an incident were significantly reduced in those with moderate OSA compared with severe OSA (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–0.98), but not those with mild OSA (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.76–1.24). There was a statistically significant relationship between combined OSA severity and treatment status, where the likelihood of an incident increased in those with severe untreated OSA compared with those receiving treatment (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.16–2.64).ConclusionsOur results suggest that more stringent screening to identify severe OSA early, and close surveillance of treatment of those with severe OSA, should be considered.
More Streams at the Saṅgam
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 further situates the Khrist Bhaktas by exploring them within the broader context of Christianities in South Asia up through the contemporary period, in the more particular context of Catholicism in Banaras, and in the geographical locus of Khrist Bhakta activity today, Mātṛ Dhām Āśram. The Āśram is an index of Indian Catholicism’s shifting trends in post-Independence India, beginning as a space for seminarians of the Indian Missionary Society, becoming a center for inculturating Catholicism in the 1970s, and is now a North Indian home for the Indian Catholic Charismatic movement. This development occurred during broader emancipatory stirrings involving Dalits and Śūdras—legally designated SCs and OBCs, those classes representing the majority of Banaras’s Khrist Bhaktas. The chapter concludes by focusing on the history of modern movements of social emancipation among the region’s subalterns, for whom the veil between liberation in this world and the next is understandably thin.
East Meets West
Authors: Fu Po-Shek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Cold War and the Chinese civil war converged in the crossroads of British Hong Kong. It was a base for the opposing powers’ cultural and propaganda war to win the hearts and minds of Chinese diaspora around the world. This chapter maps out the confluence of propaganda and psychological warfare, colonial surveillance and censorship, and industrial and business environment that shaped the multivalent history of China, Taiwan, and the United States’ contest for the hearts and minds of overseas Chinese in the region. It focuses on the émigré Mandarin film world, what began with the migration of filmmakers and political exiles from the mainland on the eve of the Communist victory, and which was to cast a long shadow of uncertainty and political antagonism to the British colony.
Bentham’s Chapter III
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although IPML is focused on the role that penal law can play in reducing the amount of wrongdoing, Bentham acknowledges that other forces can have this effect through their “sanctions.” His concept of a sanction is explained. He somewhat mischaracterizes the religious and moral sanctions. For his purposes the religious sanction should be defined so as to include social processes premised on false religious beliefs. Bentham sometimes connects the moral sanction to the love of reputation, but in effect benevolence is the “internal” or psychological manifestation of moral consciousness. Bentham’s discussion here and elsewhere in IPML makes clear that the “political sanction,” or “penal law,” is what’s now called criminal law.
Bentham’s Chapter XIII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter XIII begins Bentham’s treatment of punishment. His first topic is the three main categories of cases where punishment is “unmeet,” or inappropriate. These all are cases where punishment fails to produce the most happiness. The main examples of cases where punishment is “groundless” occur when an action that was right is to be punished. Bentham’s account is explained. “Cases in which punishment must be inefficacious” largely involve psychological states of the offender at the time of an offense. This category includes the cases where a person should have a legal excuse. Bentham’s argument for saying this is that when agents are in certain psychological states, they’re undeterrable. The third category is cases where punishment is unprofitable. This occurs if the moral “expense” of a type of punishment is relatively large, and the reduction in crime that it produces is relatively small. This possibility is explained with an example.
Graphs
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Diagrams of musical spaces often take the form of graphs in the sense of mathematical graph theory. The fundamental principles and some musical applications of graph theory are presented in this chapter. In addition to finite undirected graphs, there are discussions of directed graphs, graphs with loops and multiple edges, and infinite graphs, as well as the concepts of dual graphs, graph isomorphisms, and lattices. Illustrations include several kinds of tonnetz graphs, both finite and infinite; subset lattices; “ski-hill lattices” displaying metric relationships; and several versions of a graph depicting smooth voice-leading relationships between triads in a hexatonic collection. The chapter concludes with an introduction to transformation graphs and networks, including the distinction between event networks and spatial networks.
Groups I
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The algebraic structures known as groups underlie many musical concepts, including the operations of pitch-class set theory and twelve-tone theory. In this chapter, musical intervals and transformations are taken as prototypes for the more general concepts of group theory. The group axioms are presented, along with a general method of solving equations in groups. The cyclic group of transposition operators and the dihedral group of transpositions and inversions are studied in detail, including both the finite groups in pitch-class space and the analogous infinite groups in pitch space. Interval spaces (Lewin’s Generalized Interval Systems) are defined, culminating in a discussion of Lewin’s insight about the relationship between interval structures and simply transitive groups of transformations.
Transformations II
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines some formal and theoretical considerations involving transformation graphs and networks, as well as transformational relationships among serial structures. The path consistency condition is presented as a property of some transformation graphs, not (as in Lewin) a requirement for all of them, and other related consistency properties are studied. Several kinds of isomorphism and isography of transformation graphs and networks are defined. The theory of Klumpenhouwer networks is outlined, along with the attendant controversy. Some relationships among twelve-tone rows may be modeled by UTTs and similar transformations, as illustrated by examples from the serial music of Webern; UTTs may also play the role of coordinate transformations relating different schemes for labeling the forms of a row. The duality between pitch-class numbers and order numbers is examined using techniques from group theory and permutation theory; representing a row via a 12-by-12 array aids in visualizing this duality.
Spaces IV
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Several of the most important OPTIC spaces are studied in detail, in as many as four voices and therefore as many as four dimensions. Topologically, many OPTIC spaces are orbifolds, a kind of space that may include singularities (points with exceptional topological characteristics, such as mirror boundaries) and other sometimes counterintuitive features. As equivalence relations are added, the successively smaller spaces that arise can be identified with fundamental regions or normal regions within previously constructed larger spaces, often bounded by axes or planes of symmetry. OP-space takes the form of a Möbius strip in two voices, and analogous but more complex forms in higher dimensions as the number of voices increases. T-, PT-, OPT-, and OPTI-spaces are also studied in two, three, and four voices; OPTI-space is compared with maps of set-class space. Paths traced by musical voice leadings highlight distinctive features of each space. Spaces accommodating cardinality equivalence, mathematically more intractable than the other OPTIC relations, are discussed only briefly.
Distances
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Concepts of distance capture important musical intuitions in many spaces, intuitions not adequately captured by interval functions. This chapter describes distance functions and distance spaces, known to mathematicians as metrics and metric spaces. Some distance functions, especially those in real and modular distance spaces, are closely related to interval functions, but others are not. Among the concepts studied are isometries (distance-preserving mappings), distances derived from graphs or groups, relationships between distances and path lengths, and products and quotients of distance spaces. Several kinds of distance functions may be defined in OPTIC spaces, including the max distance, the Euclidean distance, and the voice-leading distance. As is often the case, spaces involving cardinality equivalence introduce complexities that do not arise in other spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
South Asia’s Christians are vital for understanding the growth of Christianity in the Global South, and yet their stories are often overlooked. What makes them unique is not the dramatic numerical growth, but their history of interaction with other religious traditions, most notably Hindus and Muslims. This interaction traces back to the oldest Christian tradition in India, the Thomas Christians, who maintained ties to the Persian Christians of West Asia while living side by side with Hindu and Muslim neighbors in Malabar. During the modern period, Christians encountered other faiths through knowledge production, interreligious debates, and conversion. By far the greatest response to Christianity came from Dalit or tribal communities, whose mass conversions, poetry, theology, and embrace of Pentecostalism are essential for understanding South Asian Christianity and its place within World Christianity today.
Upper Caste Converts to Protestantism
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Instances of conversion among Brahmins and other upper castes were less frequent than those among Dalits, but they carried weighty implications because of their coverage in local print media and transnational missionary publications. By converting to another religion, members of high castes risked losing their reputation, social status, and livelihood. At the same time, they could make a huge impact in the evolving Indian public sphere by discussing their experiences and theology in their writing and through activism and spirited exchanges with their opponents. In many instances, books written about such converts by family members, missionaries, or other admirers amounted to hagiographies. Adulation of these so-called “trophies of grace,” however, paid little attention to the intensity of their struggles as persons caught between different worlds. The case of Pandita Ramabai Dongre (1858–1922) illustrates the unique Christian consciousness arising from the social location of Brahmin converts.
Dalits and Social Liberation
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which Christianity has interacted with entrenched social structures in India. Evangelical missionaries encountered caste hierarchies and untouchability in India at the very time when other Evangelicals were engaged in antislavery agitation in England, the islands of the Caribbean, and the American colonies. Comparisons between the two contexts shed light on how Evangelicals understood their mandate and how emancipatory their impact really was. Both Gandhi and Ambedkar championed their own notions of social and political liberation, but it was Ambedkar’s ideas, as we shall see, that won the hearts of both Dalits and Dalit converts to Christianity. Aspects of Ambedkar’s legacy shaped key tropes of Dalit Christian theology, which resisted the oppressive structures of their day and incorporated Dalit experiences into their readings of the New Testament.
Early Childhood Experiences Shape Health Throughout Life
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the crucial ways in which experiences in early childhood shape adult health. Favorable material and psychosocial conditions early in life—particularly the first 5 years—can launch a child on pathways toward optimal health and well-being. Conversely, unfavorable experiences (e.g., economic insecurity, food insecurity, abuse or neglect, a parent with mental illness, an incarcerated parent, or insufficient stimulation during critical/sensitive periods for brain development) in early childhood can set off a vicious cycle leading to both social disadvantage and ill health in adulthood and, in turn, to disadvantage for the next generation, continuing the vicious cycle. Economic adversity and effects of systemic racism experienced in early childhood are threats to lifelong health in many ways, including through effects of stress, poor nutrition, and exposures to environmental hazards. Chronic stress due to inadequate economic resources can make it more difficult even for motivated parents to provide adequate stimulation for brain development in the crucial early years. Children from middle-class as well as low-income families experience substantial benefits from early childhood interventions such as center-based care and education or home visiting. Psychosocial adversity (e.g., family disruption, domestic violence, and child abuse) in early childhood is strongly associated with adverse adult outcomes; insufficient attention has been given to the economic conditions that produce or exacerbate adverse psychosocial events in families with young children. In this chapter, initiatives to make early childhood healthier and more equitable are discussed.