bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Collodion-Particle Technic with Other Methods of Measuring Antibody
Authors: Lowell Francis C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The collodion-particle technic described by Cannon and Marshall was compared with the gelatin-interface test and the complement-fixation test. The comparisons were made using rabbit antisera for ovalbumin, ragweed-pollen extract and horse-serum. The collodion-particle technic consistently permitted the greatest dilution of serum without loss of the ability to give an easily visible antigen-antibody reaction. The titers obtained with the collodion-particle technic paralleled those obtained with the gelatin-interface and the complement-fixation tests.
Type 6 Pneumococcal Antibodies in Anti-Hemophilus Influenzae Horse Serum
Authors: Neter Erwin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Certain anti-H. influenzae horse sera cause agglutination and precipitation of pneumococcus type 6, namely, types 6a, 6b, and a third subtype of Dr. H. W. Lyall. Controls with normal horse serum, anti-pneumococcal types 1–5 and 7–32, anti-meningococcal and anti-Shigella paradysenteriae horse sera yielded negative results. One anti-H. influenzae horse serum which reacted strongly with H. influenzae failed to react with eleven out of twelve strains of pneumococcus type 6 and reacted only weakly with the remaining strain. Anti-H. influenzae types a and b rabbit sera failed to cause agglutination or precipitation of pneumococcus type 6. Type 6 anti-pneumococcus horse serum failed to react with H. influenzae type b. The possible origin and the significance of pneumococcal type 6 antibodies in anti-H. influenzae horse sera is discussed.
Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Analytic study of lattice-precipitation based on a plausible model of irreversible reactions leads to results not at all in agreement with the existing experimental data. The idea of competition between irreversible adsorption of antibody and simultaneous precipitation of the resulting compounds is inadequate to explain immune precipitation. The failure arises directly from the fact that aggregation proves to be much too slow a process to compete effectively with the more rapid progress of the initial reactions.
Since the initial reaction of antibody with antigen is probably complete at a time when aggregation is just beginning, it seems likely that antibody is actually removed from its compounds during the subsequent precipitation. This obviously calls for reversible initial reactions, and a process of selective precipitation similar to that previously described.
Certain alternative explanations are discussed in the light of this study, and its possible bearing on some unexplained features of the immune reactions is considered.
Chemical and Immunological Studies of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Brown Rachel , Robinson L. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preparations of the soluble specific substances of fifteen new types, subtypes, and untyped related strains of pneumococci were obtained by methods previously described—ultrafiltration followed by repeated fractional alcoholic precipitation in the cold. Type 7A alone failed to yield a highly purified product; from it only a colored product with a positive ninhydrin reaction was obtained.
Quantitative data such as percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, acetyl group, ash, and reducing sugars, optical rotation and relative viscosity, and qualitative tests for uronic acids and amino sugars were not adequate to distinguish between strains that are closely related serologically. Although quantitative differences were found, particularly in the percentages of nitrogen, acetyl group, and reducing sugar, and in the degree of optical rotation, they were often not greater than may occur in different preparations from the same strain. In general, specific carbohydrates of related types of pneumococci had similar properties. Differences were noted, however, in the precipitability of the soluble specific substances from aqueous solution by such salts as ammonium sulfate, basic lead acetate, and uranyl nitrate.
Carbohydrate preparations from pneumococci of types 18, 18A, and of strain no. 38123, which is related to type 18, were distinctive in that after hydrolysis type 18 gave a negative test for amino sugar, 18A gave a weakly positive, and no. 38123, a strongly positive test.
The type-26 soluble specific substance was unusual in that it reduced Fehling's solution before hydrolysis.
Preparations from all the strains precipitated homologous immune sera in dilutions of 1:4,096,000 or 1:8,192,000.
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Pillemer L. , Seifter S. , San Clemente C. L. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the preparation of highly purified C′1 (“mid-piece”) from human serum is described. Human C′1 is characterized as a euglobulin with an electrophoretic mobility of 2.9 × 10−5 in veronal buffer of pH = 7.8 and ionic strength 0.1. Examined in the Svedberg oil-turbine ultracentrifuge in a 1.2 per cent protein and 3 per cent NaCl concentration, the C′1 preparation was shown to contain a component which had a sedimentation constant of 6.9 S when corrected to water at 20 C, and which constituted 70 per cent of the material.
Additional Studies of the Inactivation of the Virus of Epidemic Influenza by Soaps
Authors: Stock C. Chester , Francis Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented have shown that the rate of inactivation of the PR8 strain of influenza virus, Type A, by sodium oleate is rapid or gradual depending upon the ratio of the two reactants. For effective inactivation, the minimal ratio is, as previously reported, about 0.001M/per cent (oleate concentration/virus suspension). Sodium oleate at pH 7.5 has been shown to inactivate other strains of influenza virus in addition to PR8, including the Lee strain of influenza virus, Type B; WS (both neurotropic and pneumotropic activities); and the Melbourne and PR8 strains from chick embryo tissue culture. Of the new detergents tested upon the PR8 strain of virus, Duponol LS, Zephiran, Aerosols OT, MA, AY, IB, and OS, only the first three rendered the virus non-infectious.
Immunization of mice with PR8 virus, which after inactivation with sodium oleate had been kept one day, one week, and one month in the ice-box, revealed that even after one month the virus was as effective antigenically as immediately after inactivation by soap.
Detection with the Electron Microscope of Rod-Shaped Particles in Stools of Normal and Poliomyelitic Individuals
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
By means of differential ultracentrifugation a macromolecular fraction can be isolated from stools of normal children and of patients with poliomyelitis (1). When obtained from normal stools, these preparations are non-pathogenic for monkeys. When isolated from stools of human patients infected with poliomyelitis, they produce poliomyelitis in rhesus (Macaca mulata) monkeys. In view of the successful application of the electron microscope to the determination of the sizes and shapes of viruses (2), it became desirable to examine such stool concentrates in this instrument. This report presents a preliminary account of studies of such fractions which have been made at Camden, N. J., and at Stamford, Conn.
In March, 1942, samples from several extracts of human stools were prepared by isolating in the ultracentrifuge that fraction which is sedimented by spinning at 39,000 rpm (about 107,000 times g) for 60 min but is not sedimented at 18,000 rpm (about 20,000 times g) for 20 min.
Rh Antibodies in the Maternal Circulation Without Clinical Manifestations of Erythroblastosis in the Child
Authors: Dockeray Gerald C. , Sachs Hans 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since Landsteiner and Wiener (1940–41) discovered the Rh factor in 85 per cent of the white population, the knowledge of this new blood factor and its antibody has claimed an outstanding interest. It may be recalled that on the one hand accidents occur following repeated transfusions of Rh-positive blood into Rh-negative individuals, as Wiener and Peters (1940) first pointed out. On the other hand, Levine and his co-workers (1939 to 1942) demonstrated that accidents may be caused by the very first transfusion of blood of the homologous group when Rh-positive blood is used in Rh-negative intra- or post-partum patients. Here isoimmunization from the foetus in utero is responsible for the formation of Rh antibodies in the mother. Finally, Levine, Katzin, and Burnham, Levine and Polayes (1941) observed that the majority of women giving birth to infants with erythroblastosis foetalis are Rh-negative and develop antibodies against the Rh factor, the baby being Rh-positive.
The Volume Change Accompanying the Quellung Reaction of Pneumococci
Authors: Johnson Frank H. , Dennison W. Landon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The volume change accompanying the Quellung reaction of Type I pneumococci has been studied by two methods: 1) direct optical measurement, with the microscope, of a large number of cells, and calculation of volumes from average dimensions, considering each cell a prolate spheroid; and 2), counting the number of cells and measuring their total volume after packing to a constant level in the capillary base of specially calibrated Hopkins' tubes, at centrifugal forces up to 142,000 times gravity.
Before Quellung, the average volume per cell was found to range from 1.26 to 3.87 cubic microns, including results of both methods. The ratio of the volume of swollen: unswollen cells by the two methods agreed within better than 10 per cent. The volume increase accompanying the Quellung varies with the potency of the antiserum, and the cells used in different experiments, ranging from approximately 3 to 8 times the volume previous to the Quellung. The average increase in volume per cell in homologous antiserum diluted 1:3, amounted to from 2.9 to 10.1 cubic microns. The centrifugal method has an accuracy altogether satisfactory and should provide a convenient means for investigating the volume change accompanying Quellung in relation to various factors.
Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A complete solution is obtained for the equilibrium between bivalent antigen and bivalent antibody in a system restricted to the formation of linear chains. Some typical results of antigen titrations are tabulated, showing the effects of variation in bond-strength, steric interaction, relative proportion of reactants, and volume, on the maximal degree of aggregation possible. The principal conclusion is that surprisingly little aggregation can occur by specific means unless the reactions are of irreversible character. This conclusion, logically extended to systems of higher valence, emphasizes the importance of the structural effects of ring closure to the application of the lattice hypothesis.
The problem of ring closure and its effect on the equilibrium is discussed, and a general method of approach is indicated. No explicit treatment is attempted at this time, except for the limiting case of perfectly flexible chains.
A general treatment leading from equilibrium to statistical expressions for the structure of linear polymers is appended. Certain inferences, applicable to real precipitates, concerning the relation between the structure of aggregates and the properties of individual bonds, are drawn from the study of the simpler system. In immune precipitates, structural effects are probably far more important in determining the properties of the aggregate than is the intrinsic strength of the bond itself. It is for this reason that the composition of the precipitate, which is intimately connected with the initial equilibrium between specific bond-forming groups, is easier to predict than the amount of precipitate, which is largely determined by structural factors. It follows also that immune reactions may differ considerably depending on the physical character of the antigen, independently of the nature of the combining groups.
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Seifter S. , Dozois T. F. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the purification of C′2 of human complement is briefly reported.
Purified preparations of C′1 and C′2 are not bactericidal per se; however, when they are combined respectively with the other components of the complement system they are bactericidal against sensitized V. comma.
Since these same purified components operated similarly in a hemolytic system, this is additional proof of the identity of the hemolytic and bactericidal complementary components.
The Opsonization Test in Brucellosis
Authors: Tovar Raul M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Due to the fact that the use of a 0.4 per cent solution of sodium citrate in the opsonic test for the diagnosis of Brucella infection fails to prevent the action of “normal” opsonins, we found it advisable to increase to 1 per cent the final concentration of the citrate. This concentration, furthermore, has no inhibitory effect upon the specific opsonins. Formalin-killed Brucellae have been found suitable for performing the opsonic test, thus eliminating some of the disadvantages from the use of living microorganisms. The antigens can be standardized and preserved for several months.
The Serological Types of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Weil A. J. , Black J. , Farsetta K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner is antigenically heterogenous as has early been recognized by Kruse (1). Of the several attempts to classify the serological variants of the Flexner bacillus, the work of Andrewes and Inman (2) has found the widest recognition, especially throughout the English-speaking world. They distinguished five races and two subraces. This classification was based upon the differentiation of four distinct antigenic components which were termed “primary agglutinogens.” For these, the symbols V, W, X, and Z were introduced. The fifth “race,” termed Y, was thought to be characterized by the presence of a mixture of the four antigens V, W, X, and Z rather than by an antigen of its own. However, it is difficult to understand how Andrewes and Inman came to this conclusion: The experimental documentation of their paper contains good evidence for the existence of an antigen characteristic for all the strains of their Y race; it shows up clearly in their absorptive tests.
A Dropping Bottle As an Aid in Macroscopic Slide Agglutination
Authors: Krumwiede Charles 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The macroscopic slide agglutination method has been more or less generally known for years. The value of the method, however, has not been generally appreciated, probably due to the fact that most of the serums employed for identification purposes have not been sufficiently active to give an immediate or prompt agglutination even in low dilutions. Coca (1) utilized the method in cholera examinations and, to our knowledge, he was the first to publish a description of the method. We have utilized it for some years as a routine in examinations of feces for members of the typhoid-paratyphoid dysentery types (2) and also as an aid in the search for meningococcus carriers (3). As very potent sera become more generally available its use will undoubtedly spread to most laboratories.
There is one inconvenient feature in the method which we believe to have overcome by the device here reported.
The Antigenic Properties of Hemocyanin
Authors: Schmidt Carl L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemocyanin prepared from the circulating fluid of the abalone (Haliotis) was precipitated by ammonium sulphate within the limits found by Alsberg and Clark from Limulus polyphemus. It appears to be a globulin. The sera of rabbits immunized with this preparation of hemocyanin gave positive fixation and precipitin tests. It was toxic for guinea-pigs previously sensitized to this substance but not toxic for normal animals. These experiments support the chemical viewpoint that the chemical makeup of hemocyanin is very different from hemoglobin since the latter is non-antigenic.
A Study of the Precipitin Test in Cases of Pneumococcus Empyema
Authors: Floyd Cleveland 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The large measure of success attendant upon the use of immune sera in the treatment of certain types of pneumococcus pneumonia has given rise to the hope that other infections of similar origin might be benefited.
The invasion of the pleural cavity by the pneumococcus, secondarily to pneumonia, is common—in fact, it is the rule rather than the exception. Whether this infection gives rise to dry pleurisy, or empyema, depends upon the virulence of the micro-organism, the amount of chemiotactic action exerted and the destructive action of elaborated toxins. The very nature of the lymphatic circulation of the pleura with the opportunities for the inflow of immune substances, unquestionably tends to reduce materially the number of secondary cases of empyema. Where, however, the lymph channels are blocked with fibrin and cells as the result of acute pleural infection, there may be a great difference between the amount of circulating antibodies in the body at large and their abundance in the pleural exudation.
Simplification and Partial Revision of the Factors Involved in the Complement Fixation Test for Infectious Abortion in Cattle
Authors: Gibbs Charles S. , Rettger Leo F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement fixation test as applied to infectious abortion is specific, and serves as a valuable method of diagnosis.
With the partial revision and simplification of technic presented in this paper the method should be thoroughly practical and reliable.
The most satisfactory antigen was obtained on nutrient agar containing Fairchild peptone, and having an initial hydrogen ion concentration of PH 6.8.
The incubation period of the B. abortus cultures should not exceed four to five days, and the stock antigen suspensions should be prepared immediately following the removal of the culture tubes from the incubator.
Antigen suspensions with a turbidity of 1.75 in terms of the McFarland nephelometer lend themselves readily for direct antigen titration.
The Wenner method of bleeding guinea-pigs, with the present refinement, is a very practical and economic one, and can be mastered readily by the ordinary operator.
Complement stabilized with 40 per cent of a 12 per cent sodium acetate solution retains its complementary properties for three to four weeks.
Formalinized sheep's blood may be used for three to four weeks as the immediate source of hemolytic antigen in the fixation test. Freshly-washed corpuscles from formalinized blood may be used also as antigen for hemolysin production.
Positive and negative sera should be used as controls in the final fixation tests.
Drying by Sublimation
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Hull Lewis W. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The recent developments in desiccation from the frozen state have been traced and the basic principles described, including initial freezing, methods of carrying out the removal of the water-vapor, degree of vacuum, temperature of desiccation, heating the frozen product without thawing, completeness of desiccation, changes occuring during desiccation and storage, and the type of final container suitable for such products as blood plasma, blood serum, penicillin, and other substances. The factors which control the speed of drying and the ultimate limitations for the most rapid drying cycle are discussed. Much has been learned in relation to these considerations as a result of present-day large-scale production of blood plasma. The manner in which recent developments affect the selection of equipment suitable for use in research laboratories and for the production of blood plasma and other products in hospitals has been discussed.
The Specificity of Acquired Tumor Immunity
Authors: Gross Ludwik 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Forty-five mice of the C3H inbred line were inoculated intracutaneously with a small dose of a spindle cell sarcoma (Sa 1) that had been originally induced with methylcholanthrene in an animal of the same line. All of the inoculated animals developed tumors, and 25 recovered spontaneously. These 25 mice were reinoculated with, and found immune to, sarcoma 1. Nineteen of these immunized animals were now submitted to intracutaneous inoculation of a rhabdomyosarcoma (Sa 2) that had also been induced with methylcholanthrene in an animal of the same inbred line. At the same time, 17 control animals were inoculated with equal, or smaller, doses of the same neoplasm (Sa 2). Fourteen of the 19 immunized mice, and 12 of the 17 controls developed tumors (rhabdomyosarcomas). In addition; 6 animals immunized against sarcoma 1, and 6 normal control mice were inoculated intracutaneously with a mammary carcinoma (Ca 1) that had originated spontaneously in a female of the same inbred line. Five of the immunized animals, and 6 control mice developed progressively growing carcinomas at the site of inoculation.
It results from these experiments that tumors may be immunologically different in spite of the fact that they originated in homozygous animals. This observation may be explained by assuming that immunity acquired against tumors is directed specifically against the tumor, as such, that had been used for immunization, and that tumor immunity is not caused by genetic differences between the cells of the host and those of the animal in which the tumor originated. The implications of these and previous (6, 7, 18–21) observations are discussed. Acquired immunity to tumors, and natural resistance are discussed and compared with those observed in various communicable diseases. Finally, a classification of tumor immunity is suggested.
Studies on Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Griffin A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Response to individual antigenic components of Listeria monocytogenes varies with the stage of immunization. In the response to labile antigens, antibodies a, b, and d appeared early in the immunization period. Antibody a showed a tendency to decrease toward the end of the period. Antibody c was slow in appearing but developed rapidly in the latter half of the period. The response to stable antigens was more irregular. In two serums, antibody iii was very low in the early part of the immunization period, but somewhat later reached a titer as high as or higher than the major antibodies, which were decreasing. It is suggested that repeated analyses during the course of immunization are desirable to obtain complete expression of all antigenic components.
The Development of Active Immunity in Swiss Mice with Infective and Non-Infective Suspensions of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Geer H. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suspensions of poliomyelitis virus (Armstrong Lansing strain), inactivated by formalin, retain much of their antigenic property. Significant protection is conferred to mice vaccinated with inactivated mouse- and rat-passage virus.
Production of Clostridium Perfringens Alpha Toxin
Authors: Logan Milan A. , Tytell Alfred A. , Danielson Irvin S. , Griner Alice M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure is described by which 800–1000 LD50/ml of Cl. perfringens (Type A) α-toxin and α-antitoxin combining power equivalent to 9–12 units per ml (Lb) is regularly obtained in 3–8 L quantities of culture.