bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Reconstruction with the Free Bipedicled Inferior TRAM Flap by Anastomosis to the Proximal and Distal Ends of the Internal Mammary Vessels
Authors: Li Senkai , Mu Lanhua , Li Yangquin , Xu Jun , Yang Mingyong , Zhao Zhenmin , Liu Yuanbo , Li Junlai , Ling Yichun 
Published: July 2002

Breast reconstruction after traditional radical mastectomy is particularly challenging for the plastic surgeon. Not only the breast, but subclavian and anterior axillary-fold deformities need to be corrected. An entire TRAM flap (including zone IV) is required, and bipedicled deep inferior epigastric vessels are needed to insure that the entire flap will survive completely. However, on the chest, it is difficult to locate the two suitable sets of recipient vessels for the two pedicles. The thoracodorsal vessels have usually been damaged during axillary dissection or radiation therapy.In the past, the proximal ends of the internal mammary artery and vein (IMA, IMV) have been used as recipient vessels with free flaps, with ligation of the distal ends. These authors have used both the proximal and distal ends of the IMA and IMV as recipient vessels for end-to-end anastomoses to the bipedicled deep inferior epigastric vessels (DIEA, DIEV) in seven clinical cases, with very satisfactory results obtained.Anatomic studies of the IMA and IMV were done in 10 dogs and two active patients, including studying hemodynamic changes at the proximal and distal ends of the IMA, and evaluation of perfusion units in the free bilateral TRAM flap. In the animal experiments, the mean pressure at the distal ends was 86/77 mmHg (left sides) and 87/78 mmHg (right sides); pressure was 63 to 71 percent of the proximal ends (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the pressures on the left and right sides. In the two patients, and in 5 others, the pressure at the distal ends was 66 and 58 mmHg, which was 75 to 77% of the pressure at the proximal ends. The blood flow at the two anastomotic stomas was similar in a 5-year follow-up.The clinical and experimental studies showed that the distal IMA has reduced perfusion pressure, but that it provides excellent flow and flap perfusion, allowing reliable use of two pedicles for survival of the entire flap.
The decay of a viscous vortex pair
Authors: Cantwell Brian , Rott Nicholas 
Published: July 2002

The evolution of a viscous vortex pair is investigated through the use of a heuristic model. The model is based on the linear superposition of two Oseen vortices of opposite circulation spaced a distance 2b apart. The vortices are allowed to evolve through viscous diffusion and their mutual induction. The motion is unforced and as a consequence the total hydrodynamic impulse is exactly conserved for all time. In the model the total circulation in the upper half plane is assumed to remain initially constant. This constraint is applied up to a finite time when the model solution reaches its asymptotic form corresponding to a drifting Stokes dipole dominated by interdiffusion of vorticity across the plane of symmetry. The drift velocity of the vortex pair is determined by the condition that the integrated pressure force vanishes on the line of symmetry at all times. At large time this leads to an asymptotic value of the drift velocity which scales with the similarity properties of the Stokes solution. To provide a more rigorous foundation for the drift, the asymptotic behavior of the flow for large time is investigated through an expansion of the solution in inverse powers of the time. First the second-order pressure is determined as a solution of a Poisson equation with the source term generated by the first-order flow field. Surprisingly, the solution turns out to be independent of the drift. Nevertheless, an exact condition for the drift is found by considering the limiting form of the second-order pressure at infinity where the flow is irrotational and the pressure can be computed directly from the first-order velocity field using Bernoulli’s equation. In this latter approach the far field pressure is determined up to an unknown function of time which upon comparison with the Poisson solution is identified as the drift. The exact drift obtained in this fashion differs by only 10% from the value obtained using the pressure field of the heuristic model. Finally, it is shown that the existence of the complete second-order asymptotic solution of the Navier–Stokes equations requires the inclusion of the same drift in the first-order solution that was found from the examination of the pressure. The second-order vorticity and streamfunction are determined; the latter contains a
free constant to accommodate conditions at earlier times. Prospects for the existence of higher-order asymptotic terms are discussed.
The self-similar topology of passive interfaces advected by two-dimensional turbulent-like flows
Authors: Vassilicos J. C. , Fung J. C. H. 
Published: July 2002

We study the topology, and in particular the self-similar and space-filling properties of the topology of line-interfaces passively advected by five different 2-D turbulent-like velocity fields. Special attention is given to three fundamental aspects of the flow: the time unsteadiness, the classification of local spatial flow structure in terms of hyperbolic and elliptic points borrowed from the study of phase spaces in dynamical systems and a classification of flow structure in wavenumber space derived from the studies of Weierstrass and related functions. The methods of analysis are based on a classification of interfacial scaling topologies in terms of K- and H- fractals, and on two interfacial scaling exponents, the Kolmogorov capacity DK and the dimension D introduced by Fung and Vassilicos [Phys. Fluids 11, 2725 (1991)] who conjectured that D≳1 implies that the interface is H-fractal. An argument is presented (in the Appendix) to show that D≳1 is a necessary condition for the evolving interface to be H-fractal through the action of the flow, and that D≳1 is also sufficient provided that no isolated regions exist where the flow velocity is either unbounded or undefined in finite time. D is interpreted to be a degree of H-fractality and is different from the Hausdorff dimension DH. In all our flows, steady and unsteady, interfaces in particular realisations of the flow reach a non-space-filling steady self-similar state where D and DK are both constant in time even though the interface continues to be advected and deformed by the flow.
It is found that D is equal to 1 in 2-D steady flows and always increases with unsteadiness, that DK generally decreases with unsteadiness where the interfacial topology is dominated by spirals, and that DK increases with unsteadiness where the interfacial topology is dominated by tendrils. In those flows with larger number of modes, DK is a non-increasing function of unsteadiness and a decreasing function of the exponent p of the flow’s self-similar energy spectrum E(k)∼k−p. DK’s decreasing dependences on unsteadiness and the exponent p can be explained by the presence of spirals in the eddy regions of the flow. The values of D and DK and their dependence on unsteadiness can change significantly only by changing the distribution of wavenumbers in wavenumber space while keeping the phases and energy spectrum constant.
‘Fanm Se Poto Mitan: Haitian Woman, the Pillar of Society
Authors: N'Zengou-Tayo Marie-José 
Published: July 2002

In this paper Marie-Jose N'zengou-Tayo draws on a variety of sources, both historical and contemporary, to describe the journey of Haitian women from nineteenth-century post-War of Independence, to present-day Haitian society. The paper is divided in two sections. In the first, the author traces a brief social history of women, quoting anthropological and sociological studies from the 1930s to the 1970s. She begins with rural peasant women noting their significant involvement in farming, marketing and in the internal food trade sector. The development of polygamy and common law unions as the most common form of conjugal union is seen as a practical response to survival in rural Haiti. The author notes the major impact on women's lives of continued political upheavals, violent repression, rural degradation and migration to the cities. Opportunities for employment in a deprived urban setting, and women's initiatives in income generating are also described under the Duvalier regimes. A brief overview of the lives of the middle class is included, although there is a paucity of research in this area available to the author. Violence against women is a regular threat facing domestic workers, and a means of repression used by the state against women across classes. In the second section N'Zengou-Tayo addresses the literary representation of Haitian women by both female and male Haitian writers. The paper examines how female writers have developed subversive narrative strategies to shape a female identity in order to break away from the stereotypes portrayed in men's writing. N'Zengou-Tayo concludes that the tremendous contribution of Haitian women to their society has neither been recognized nor documented. Despite this, the resilience of Haitian women, whether in their daily lives or in their writing, has enabled them to make strides towards improving their lives.
Metaphors of Inscription: Discipline, Plasticity and the Rhetoric of Choice
Authors: Brush Pippa 
Published: July 2002

The metaphor of inscription on the body and the constitution of the body through those inscriptions have been widely used in recent attempts to theorize the body. Michel Foucault calls the body the ‘inscribed surface of events’ (Foucault, 1984: 83) and Elizabeth Grosz argues that the ‘female (or male) body can no longer be regarded as a fixed, concrete substance, a pre-cultural given. It has a determinate form only by being socially inscribed’ (Grosz, 1987: 2). The body becomes plastic, inscribed with gender and cultural standards. While Foucault assumes the existence of a pre-inscriptive body, many theorists reject that idea and argue that ‘there is no recourse to a body that has not always already been interpreted by cultural meanings’ (Butler, 1990: 8). The constitution of the body rests in its inscription; the body becomes the text which is written upon it and from which it is indistinguishable. Starting from Catherine Belsey's suggestion that to ‘give the metaphor literal significance … is to … isolate it for contemplation’ (Belsey, 1988: 100), I discuss this metaphor of inscription, using cosmetic surgery as one literal example. While some theorists reject the pre-inscriptive body, the popular discourses advocating changing one's body assume unproblematically the existence of a body prior to these ‘elective’ procedures and reinforce the mind/body dualism which recent theory has sought so insistently to reject. I examine how popular discourses of body modification enforce a disciplinary regime (in Foucault's sense) and impose degrees of both literal and figurative inscription. Juxtaposing these two perspectives, I explore how both discourses efface the materiality of the body and the social contexts within which bodies are experienced and constructed. While the rhetoric surrounding cosmetic surgery denies the physical process and the economic constraints, so theories of the body which stress the body's plasticity also deny the materiality of that process and the cultural and social contexts within which the body is always placed.
Writing from Experience: The Place of the Personal in French Feminist Writing
Authors: Thomas Lyn , Webb Emma 
Published: July 2002

Through a discussion of the work of Marie Cardinal and Annie Ernaux, this article aims to problematize the anglophone academic world's tendency to associate French feminisms predominantly with avant-garde or highly theoretical texts. The work of Ernaux and Cardinal is presented alongside a discussion of its reception by readers and critics in France, and by academics in English-speaking countries. The first part of the article identifies aspects of Ernaux's and Cardinal's works which cannot be encompassed within a critical framework based on the dichotomy between naïve realism on the one hand and the politically and linguistically radical text on the other. Ernaux's plain language, for instance, is clearly very unlike the linguistic experimentation of ‘feminine writing’; nonetheless the emphasis on social class in her writing constitutes a political intervention which is at least equally valid. The reception study in the second part of the article provides further evidence of the relevance to gender politics in France of Cardinal's The Words to Say It (1975) and texts published by Annie Ernaux in the 1980s and 1990s. The ambivalent response of critics seems to indicate the troubling nature of writing which combines the codes of realism and autobiography (or autobiographical fiction in Cardinal's case) with the depiction of taboo subjects such as menstruation, or a daughter's response to her mother's debilitating illness and death. The article also charts the widespread popularity of these texts in France, particularly with women readers, and gives some examples of the pleasures described in letters to the authors. In conclusion, we argue that the ambivalent space between popular and high culture occupied (albeit differently) by Ernaux and Cardinal may be particularly effective in terms of gender politics, and that even in the late 1990s, the personal may be as political as ever.
An overview of diversion strategies for Australian drug‐related offenders
Authors: SPOONER CATHERINE , HALL WAYNE , MATTICK RICHARD P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper provides a descriptive overview of options for diversion of drug‐related offenders from the criminal justice system. Drug‐related offences include drug offences (for example, possession of a prohibited substance); offences that are directly linked to intoxication (for example, drink‐driving or assault); and offences committed to support drug use (for example, theft). After an offence has been detected by police, multiple opportunities for diversion occur throughout the criminal justice process. (a) Pre‐arrest: when an offence is first detected, prior to a charge being laid. This is known as police diversion and includes fines, warnings and cautions, sometimes with educational information or referral to assessment and treatment. (b) Pre‐trial: when a charge is made but before the matter is heard at court. Examples are treatment as a condition of bail, conferencing and prosecutor discretion. (c) Pre‐sentence: a delay of sentence while assessment and treatment are sought. (d) Post‐sentence: as part of sentencing, for example suspended sentences, drug courts, noncustodial sentences and circle sentencing. (e) Pre‐release: prior to release from a sentence, on parole. Issues for diversion programmes include net widening, the ethics of coercion to treatment, the needs of families and intersectoral collaboration. A framework for diversion is presented in which increasingly treatment‐focused and coercive diversion strategies are used as offenders' criminal careers and drug problems increase.
Clb5-associated Kinase Activity is Required Early in the Spindle Pathway for Correct Preanaphase Nuclear Positioning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Segal Marisa , Clarke Duncan J. , Reed Steven I. 
Published: July 2002

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdc28, regulates both G1/S and G2/M phase transitions by associating with stage-specific cyclins. During progression through S phase and G2/M, Cdc28 is activated by the B-type cyclins Clb1–6. Because of functional redundancy, specific roles for individual Clbs have been difficult to assign. To help genetically define such roles, strains carrying a cdc28ts allele, combined with single CLB deletions were studied. We assumed that by limiting the activity of the kinase, these strains would be rendered more sensitive to loss of individual Clbs.
By this approach, a novel phenotype associated with CLB5 mutation was observed. Homozygous cdc28-4ts clb5 diploids were inviable at room temperature. Cells were defective in spindle positioning, leading to migration of undivided nuclei into the bud. Occasionally, misplaced spindles were observed in cdc28-4 clb5 haploids; additional deletion of CLB6 caused full penetrance. Thus, CLB5 effects proper preanaphase spindle positioning, yet the requirement differs in haploids and diploids. The execution point for the defect corresponded to the time of Clb5-dependent kinase activation. Nevertheless, lethality of cdc28-4 clb5 diploids was not rescued by CLB2 or CLB4 overexpression, indicating a specificity of Clb5 function beyond temporality of expression.
Risk Factors for Uterine Fibroids among Women Undergoing Tubal Sterilization
Authors: Chen Chao-Ru , Buck Germaine M. , Courey Norman G. , Perez Kimberly M. , Wactawski-Wende Jean 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are reported to be the most common benign gynecologic tumors affecting premenopausal women, and they are often associated with considerable morbidity. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for uterine fibroids among women undergoing tubal sterilization. Cases comprised women aged 17–44 years whose uterine fibroids were first visualized at the time of tubal sterilization (1978–1979 or 1985–1987) or who reported a history of uterine fibroids (n = 317). Controls were randomly selected from women with no laparoscopic evidence of or history of fibroids (n = 1,268). Adjusted odds ratios were estimated using unconditional logistic regression separately for White (n = 1,235) and African-American(n = 350) women. Risk factors for White women included: age 40–44 years (odds ratio (OR) = 6.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.5, 11.6), ≥5 years since last delivery (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.1), lifetime cigarette smoking of ≥1 pack/day (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.3), menstrual cycle length of &gt;30 days (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.3), and menstrual bleeding for ≥6 days (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.0). Parous women were at reduced risk compared with nulliparous women (OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.3). Advancing age was the only significant risk factor for African-American women (ages 40–44 years, OR = 27.5; 95% CI: 5.6, 83.6). Current oral contraceptive use and elective abortion were not associated with fibroids.
Invited Commentary: Studying the Epidemiology of Uterine Leiomyomata—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Schwartz Stephen M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata have a substantial impact on women's reproductive health, but epidemiologists have focused relatively little energy on identifying risk factors for this condition. Only a handful of studies, most of which were not designed to address methodological challenges posed by these tumors, have been conducted. These studies focused almost exclusively on reproductive and hormonal characteristics as possible risk factors, but consistent relations have not emerged. Three new reports (from two studies) in this issue of the Journal target the paucity of information on uterine leiomyomata risk factors by testing novel hypotheses, by employing designs that incorporate subclinical tumors or account for variable management of clinically recognized disease, or by using a combination of these approaches. The success of these strategies and the contributions of the new findings are discussed. Recommendations are made for a program of research that eventually could improve our knowledge of uterine leiomyomata etiology and yield clues to the prevention of associated morbidity.
Bone Mass and the Risk of Colon Cancer among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Zhang Yuqing , Felson David T. , Ellison R. Curtis , Kreger Bernard E. , Schatzkin Arthur , Dorgan Joanne F. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Levy Daniel , Kiel Douglas P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although postmenopausal estrogen use has been associated with a lower risk of colon cancer in women, some studies do not confirm such findings. No known study has examined the effect of cumulative estrogen exposure on colon cancer risk. Bone mass has been proposed as a marker of cumulative exposure to endogenous and exogenous estrogens. By using data on 1,394 Massachusetts women in the Framingham Study who underwent hand radiography in 1967–1970, the authors examined the association between bone mass (from relative areas of the second metacarpal) and colon cancer incidence. Over 27 years of follow-up, 44 incident colon cancer cases occurred. Colon cancer incidence decreased from 2.19 per 1,000 person-years among the women in the lowest age-specific tertile of bone mass to 1.59 and 1.08 among women in the middle and the highest tertiles, respectively. After adjustment for age and other potential confounding factors, the rate ratios of colon cancer were 1.0, 0.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.3, 1.3), and 0.4 (95% confidence interval: 0.2, 0.9) from the lowest to the highest tertile (p for trend = 0.033). No association was found between bone mass and rectal cancer. The findings suggest that women with higher bone mass, perhaps reflecting greater cumulative estrogen exposure, have a decreased risk of colon cancer.
Excess Incidence of Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer among US Black Men: Role of Social Class and Other Risk Factors
Authors: Morris Brown Linda , Hoover Robert , Silverman Debra , Baris Dalsu , Hayes Richard , Swanson G. Marie , Schoenberg Janet , Greenberg Raymond , Liff Jonathan , Schwartz Ann , Dosemeci Mustafa , Pottern Linda , Fraumeni Joseph F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Data from a population-based case-control study were used to evaluate the relation between social class factors and squamous cell esophageal cancer and the extent to which alcohol, tobacco, diet, and low income contribute to the higher incidence among Black men than among White men in the United States. A total of 347 male cases (119 White, 228 Black) and 1,354 male controls (743 White, 611 Black) were selected from three US geographic areas (Atlanta, Georgia, Detroit, Michigan, and New Jersey). Cases were residents of the study areas aged 30–79 years who had been diagnosed with histologically confirmed esophageal cancer between 1986 and 1989. The adjusted odds ratios for subjects with annual incomes less than $10,000 versus incomes of $25,000 or more were 4.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.1, 8.7) for Whites and 8.0 (95% confidence interval: 4.3, 15.0) for Blacks. The combination of all four major risk factors—low income, moderate/heavy alcohol intake, tobacco use, and infrequent consumption of raw fruits and vegetables—accounted for almost all of the squamous cell esophageal cancers in Whites (98%) and Blacks (99%) and for 99% of the excess incidence among Black men. Thus, lifestyle modifications, especially a lowered intake of alcoholic beverages, would markedly decrease the incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer in both racial groups and would narrow the racial disparity in risk. Further studies on the determinants of social class may help to identify a new set of exposures for this tumor that are amenable to intervention.