bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Milk IgA Binds to Jejunal Epithelium in Suckling Rats
Authors: Nagura Hiroshi , Nakane Paul K. , Brown William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We conducted peroxidase-labeled antibody immunocytochemical studies on the gastrointestinal tracts of neonatal rats to determine the disposition of IgA ingested in maternal milk.
From the onset of suckling to sometime between the 15th and 21st days of life, IgA and the secretory component (SC) were localized on the luminal surfaces of villi in the proximal one-third of the small intestine. At the ultrastructural level, these components of secretory IgA were associated with the plasma membranes of the upper one-third to one-half of microvilli. The IgA could not be removed by vigorous washing or trypsin treatment; it was not internalized or transported through the enterocytes to intercellular spaces; it could not be attributed to endogenous sources within the neonates. By contrast with IgA, ingested IgG was bound to the lower portions of microvilli and intervening apical plasma membranes of jejunal enterocytes, and was internalized and transported through the cells in membranous vesicles.
In the distal small intestine, neither IgA nor IgG was bound to the epithelial surface, but both immunoglobulins were found in cytoplasmic vacuoles that did not fuse with lateral cell membranes or discharge their contents into intercellular spaces.
We conclude that villus enterocytes of neonatal rat jejunum have specific binding sites for maternal secretory IgA that are distinct from the sites that bind IgG. IgG binding is involved in transepithelial translocation of immunoglobulin into the circulation, but bound IgA remains on the epithelial surfaces. In the distal small intestine, IgA and IgG are taken nonspecifically into villus epithelial cells but are not transported through the cells intact.
A Mechanism for the Suppression of Graft-vs-Host Disease with Endotoxin
Authors: Thomson Philip D. , Rampy P. A. , Jutila John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was shown that as few as 5 × 106 adherent spleen cells from CBA mice pretreated with endotoxin would suppress the GVH reactivity of 2 × 107 whole normal spleen cells from CBA mice when given to BALB/c neonates. This suppressive effect was also observed after the incubation of these two spleen cell populations in vitro for 2 hr. This adherent cell population of mice treated with endotoxin was characterized, and cell-cell contact was observed between macrophages and lymphocytes after in vitro incubation. Although no cell product was detected in the in vitro incubation environment, which impaired the GVH reactivity of 2 × 107 CBA whole normal spleen cells, as little as 0.1 ml of serum from endotoxin-treated mice, rich in IgM antibody, suppressed the GVH reactivity of 2 × 107 CBA whole normal spleen cells when given to BALB/c neonates. Endotoxin treatment of CBA mice also prevented normal rejection of allogenic skin and tumors. A mechanism is proposed in which adherent spleen cells and humoral factors from mice treated with endotoxin interact with normal spleen cells from CBA mice to abrogate the GVH disease in BALB/c neonates.
Purification of Human Monocytes on Microexudatecoated Surfaces
Authors: Ackerman Samuel K. , Douglas Steven D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human blood monocytes, but not other Ficoll-Hypaque cells, adhere to plastic surfaces from which confluent BHK cells have been removed. EDTA (3 mM) rapidly and completely removes monocytes, providing a simple technique for preparation of human monocytes in suspension. The method should be valuable for studies of monocyte function where monocyte monolayers are not suitable.
Changes in Fluorescence Polarization of a Membrane Probe during Lymphocyte-Target Cell Interaction
Authors: Berke Gideon , Tzur Ruth , Inbar Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interaction of exposed membrane-lipid regions after mixing of immune peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes (PEL) and target cells (TC) was studied by monitoring the degree of fluorescence polarization (P) of 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), a lipophilic probe, which can be transferred upon contact of lipid phases. Since the P of DPH-labeled PEL and labeled TC differed significantly, detection of DPH translocation between labeled and nonlabeled cells was possible. A decrease in P was observed after interaction of DPH-labeled PEL and nonlabeled TC. Conversely, an increase in P was detected after nonlabeled PEL were allowed to react with DPH-labeled TC. These changes in P were evident when TC were reacted with specific PEL. However, substantial changes were also monitored with PEL immunized against third-party target cells. No significant changes in P were obtained when DPH-labeled TC were reacted with normal or immune lymph node cells or thymocytes, or with anti-TC antibody. These findings suggest that nonspecific collision of exposed membrane lipid regions occurs during immune PEL-TC interaction. We propose that binding of cytotoxic lymphocytes and TC is preceded by an unstable and nonspecific hydrophobic interaction of cells, which facilitates specific and stable binding. In support of this proposal is the finding that changes in the composition of membrane lipid constituents prevent binding of PEL and TC.
Senile Cardiac Amyloid: Demonstration of a Unique Fibril Protein in Tissue Sections
Authors: Cornwell Gibbons G. , Natvig Jacob B. , Westermark Per , Husby Gunnar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera were raised against degraded amyloid fibrils isolated from the heart of a patient with senile cardiac amyloidosis (SCA), and from a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The antisera were absorbed and used in indirect immunofluorescence to identify an amyloid fibril protein (ASCA) in heart tissue from patients with senile cardiac amyloidosis and to identify the amyloid fibril protein (AMCT) found in association with medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Absorbed anti-ASCA antiserum did not react with normal tissue such as heart, liver, spleen, and striated muscle, or with amyloid tissue known to contain amyloid fibril proteins AA, AλI, AλIV, AλV, AMCT or with pancreatic tissue containing islet amyloid deposits. The reactions with senile amyloid heart tissue could be blocked completely by degraded amyloid fibrils extracted from senile amyloid heart tissue or by amyloid fibril protein ASCA isolated from such fibrils. The anti-AMCT antiserum showed a similar specific reaction restricted to amyloid associated with MCT. In addition, antisera specific for amyloid fibril proteins AA, AλI, AλIV, and AλV failed to react with senile cardiac amyloid, pancreatic islet amyloid, or medullary thyroid amyloid.
Heterogeneity, Polypeptide Chain Composition and Antigenic Reactivity of C3 Nephritic Factor
Authors: Daha Mohamed R. , Austen K. Frank , Fearon Douglas T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF), recognized by its capacity to stabilize the cell-bound amplification C3 convertase, C3b,Bb, was purified from sera of three patients with hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis and of two patients with partial lipodystrophy by QAE-A50 Sephadex and SP C-25 Sephadex chromatography, affinity for the fluid phase amplification C3 convertase, and QAE-A50 Sephadex chromatography. Each C3NeF preparation exhibited heterogeneity during cation exchange chromatography and the isoelectric points of the eluted fractions ranged from pI 8.3 to 8.9. The chromatographic fractions were interacted with purified B, D̄ and C3 to form fluid phase C3b,Bb(C3NeF) which sedimented as a 10S complex on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation; the isolated convertase was decayed with release of C3NeF, which was separated from C3b and Bi by anion exchange chromatography.
Purified preparations of C3NeF radiolabeled with 125I were bound from 92 to 98% by 109 erythrocytes bearing C3b,Bb whereas erythrocytes carrying C3b bound from 0.6 to 18% and EA engaged in no specific uptake. Analysis of all 125I-C3NeF preparations by SDS-PAGE demonstrated an apparent m.w. of 150,000. After reduction in the presence of 8 M urea each 125I-C3NeF preparation revealed polypeptide chains of 54,000 and 23,500 m.w. which corresponded with the positions of the heavy and light chains of reduced IgG. The reaction of 125I-C3NeF from four patients was positive with Sepharose-bound antisera to IgG, γ1, γ2, κ and λ and negative with antisera to µ, α, δ, γ3 and γ4, while C3NeF from the fifth patient differed in not reacting with antiserum to κ. These studies indicate that C3NeF is an autoantibody directed against the antigens expressed by the amplification C3 convertase, C3b,Bb.
Immune Response to Levan
Authors: Bona C. , Lieberman R. , Chien C. C. , Mond J. , House S. , Green I. , Paul W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response of normal adult, of young and of nu/nu BALB/c mice to bacterial levan was characterized in terms of its relative specificity for levan and for inulin and of the expression of a family of cross-reactive idiotypes (IdX) found on BALB/c myeloma proteins which bind inulin and levan. Normal adult BALB/c mice immunized with levan develop prompt antibody responses which can be detected by serum hemagglutinin assays or by enumeration of plaque-forming cells. These antibodies are specific for levan and many also bind inulin. In addition, the IdX is expressed on a substantial fraction of the anti-levan antibodies, particularly those that bind both inulin and levan. The response to levan is thymus independent in that nu/nu BALB/c mice and lethally irradiated BALB/c mice reconstituted only with bone marrow cells produce anti-levan antibodies. However, the response of nu/nu BALB/c mice to levan is unusual in that the titer of anti-inulin antibodies and of serum IdX is very low. When young mice (2 to 4 weeks of age) are immunized with levan they respond quite well, but their anti-levan antibodies also fail to bind inulin or to express the IdX. These results suggest that the unusual specificity of the response of nu/nu BALB/c mice may reflect the need for a functional thymus in the normal maturation of the thymus-independent lymphocytes which respond to levan with the secretion of antibodies that bind inulin and express the IdX.
Finally, cells secreting antibodies specific for the IdX are regularly observed in the spleens of mice immunized with bacterial levan. This is consistent with regulation of the anti-levan response by autoanti-idiotype antibodies.
Spontaneous Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Humans: Role of Interferon and Immunoglobulins
Authors: Trinchieri Giorgio , Santoli Daniela , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocytes secrete high levels of interferon a few hours after being cultured with certain tumorderived or virus-transformed cell lines. Interferon and interferon inducers (e.g., viruses, inducer cell lines, synthetic inducers), after short incubation with lymphocytes, increase several-fold the cytotoxicity of human natural killer cells. When lymphocytes are tested as effector cells against interferon-inducing target cell lines in an 18-hr test of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the enhancing effect of the interferon released in the culture medium is responsible for 80 to 90% of the total cytotoxicity observed. The ability or inability of different target cell lines to induce interferon is responsible for the apparent difference in selectivity of the cytotoxicity against various targets when fresh lymphocytes, cultured lymphcoytes, or interferon-activated lymphocytes are used as effector cells. Moreover, some of the apparently specific results obtained in competitive assays with unlabeled target cells are also dependent on the ability or inability of the competitor and target cells to induce interferon.
Interferon does not increase the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by human lymphocytes, which suggests that spontaneous and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity are mediated by different effector cells or that a unique class of effector cells can mediate cytotoxicity with two independent mechanisms. The inability of rabbit F(ab′)2 fragment antihuman IgG to inhibit spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity, renders unlikely the possibility that the activity of the human natural killer cells is dependent on cytophilic anti-target cell antibodies adsorbed in vivo to the effector lymphocytes.
In Situ Lymphoid Cells of Mouse Mammary Tumors
Authors: Blazar Beverly A. , Heppner Gloria H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells were isolated from mouse mammary tumors by isokinetic gradient centrifugation. ϑ-bearing and ALS-sensitive cells were always the largest subpopulations found in these tumors. In fractions 4 to 6 from the isokinetic gradient, ϑ-positive cells ranged from 8 to 46% in autochthonous tumors and 14 to 47% in passaged tumors, and ALS-positive cells ranged from 34 to 46% in autochthonous tumors and 14 to 100% in passaged tumors. SIg-positive cells were only found in occasional tumors and, where present, averaged 2% of the separated population. Fc receptor-bearing cells averaged 15% and phagocytic cells averaged 8% of the cells found in fractions 4 to 6 of the gradient. Occasional ALS-positive and one-third of the Fc receptor-bearing and phagocytic cells also separated in fractions 7 to 10 of the isokinetic gradient. Although the individual tumors were very variable in the proportions of the various lymphoid subpopulations that they contained, this variability was a stable characteristic for at least one passage generation.
The Role of Peyer's Patches in the Local Immune Response of Rabbit Ileum to Live Bacteria
Authors: Keren David F. , Holt Peter S. , Collins Hugh H. , Gemski Peter , Formal Samuel B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chronic, isolated, ileal (Thiry-Vella) loops in rabbits have been used to study the role of Peyer's patches in the local immune response of the intestine to live, locally invasive bacteria. Three weekly doses of Shigella X16 were administered to these isolated loops and the IgA and IgG activity against shigella were measured in samples of sera and loop secretions by using an enzymelinked immunoassay technique. Secretions from loops containing a Peyer's patch exhibited a stronger early IgA response to the bacteria than did secretions from loops lacking a Peyer's patch. The enhanced early local immune response in loops containing a Peyer's patch may reflect more efficient processing of the antigen by the specialized follicle-associated epithelium that overlies Peyer's patches, or it may be a result of the increased chance of an antigen encountering immunocompetent cells among the large number of lymphocytes in the Peyer's patch. However, IgA against the bacteria in later fluids from both types of loops were comparable. the local immunity achieved in loops lacking a Peyer's patch may have resulted from local invasion of the epithelium with stimulation of lymphocytes in the lamina propria, or bacterial antigens may have been brought to mesenteric lymph nodes for processing. Alternatively, if small isolated lymphoid follicles (which are present throughout the intestine although not visible without histologic examination) have functional capabilities similar to those of Peyer's patches, they may play a role in the response seen in secretions from both types of loops. Clearly, Peyer's patches are important structures, but it is still unknown whether they can exert some unique influence on the local immune response of the gut, or whether they have gained eminence over smaller intestinal lymphoid structures by virtue of their prominence.
Alloantigen-Induced T Helper Activity
Authors: Panfili Peter R. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Addition of histoincompatible lymphocytes can influence the course of ongoing immune responses. Such allogeneic effects may either augment or diminish immune responses. We describe here the minimal genetic differences necessary to generate positive allogeneic effects (allohelp) in a humoral immune response.
The antibody response to sheep erythrocytes of T celldepleted mouse spleen cells was reconstituted by addition of syngeneic or allogeneic nylon wool column-passaged spleen T cells. T cells were pretreated with mitomycin C before culture to prevent development of allosuppression and cytotoxic lymphocytes. Positive allogeneic effects were operationally defined as superior helper effects (to generate greater antibody forming cell responses) with T cells allogeneic rather than syngeneic to the responding B cells. Thus, addition of allogeneic T cells resulted in many more antibody forming cells than did equal numbers of syngeneic T cells, and fewer allogeneic than syngeneic T cells were necessary to generate comparable responses.
With congenic, recombinant, and mutant mouse lines, genetic differences in the H-2 complex and those associated with Mls were each sufficient to provide positive allogeneic effects. With intra-H-2 recombinants, differences at either I or D were sufficient. A disparity at H-2K alone, as provided by the H-2 mutant B6.C-H-2ba against the parental line C57BL/6By, also induced helper effects. The significance of these results is discussed.
Comparison of Binding of IgE and IgG Antibodies to Honeybee Venom Phospholipase-A
Authors: Paull Barry R. , Jacob Gregory L. , Yunginger John W. , Gleich Gerald J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We compared the quantities and avidities of IgE and IgG antibodies from three phospholipase-A (PLA) sensitive patients during honeybee venom immunotherapy. IgG antibody was purified by affinity chromatography through a Sepharose anti-IgE Column followed by ionexchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex. IgE antibody was obtained by elution from the Sepharose anti-IgE column with 4 M guanidinium HCl and by passage of the eluate over Sepharose anti-IgG. Absolute amounts of IgE and IgG antibody to PLA were determined by immunoabsorption and radioimmunoprecipitation, respectively. IgE antibody to PLA accounted for 25.1% to 28.7% (X̄ = 27.0%) of the total IgE protein; IgG antibody accounted for 0.073% to 0.210% (X̄ = 0.130%) of the total IgG protein. The relative avidities of IgE and IgG antibodies were assessed by the ability of equimolar amounts to bind radioiodinated PLA. In two patients, avidities of IgE and IgG antibody for PLA were comparble, whereas in the third, IgG antibody bound PLA more avidly than IgE antibody. The valence of IgE antibody was greater than 1.9, assuming that PLA behaved as a univalent ligand in extreme antigen excess. IgG antibody was able to inhibit binding of IgE antibody in the PLA radioallergosorbent test (RAST) from 10% to 40% at a molar excess of 10- to 1000-fold. The results indicate that: 1) IgE antibody to PLA accounts for a high percentage of total IgE protein; 2) the avidities of IgE and IgG antibodies are similar (two of three patients); 3) the valence of IgE antibody approaches two; and (4) IgG antibody can interfere with the measurement of IgE antibody in the PLA RAST.
Measurement of the DNA Synthetic Capacity of Activated Lymphocytes: Nucleotide Triphosphate Incorporation by Permeabilized Cells
Authors: Buckley Patrick J. , Wedner H. James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The incorporation of [3H]-methyl thymidine (3H-TdR) into newly synthesized DNA by lymphocytes incubated with mitogenic lectins may not be an accurate reflection of the number of lymphocytes actually stimulated. To circumvent the problems associated with 3H-Tdr incorporation in lectin-activated lymphocytes, the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine triphosphate ([3H]-TTP) into DNA in human peripheral blood lymphocytes made permeable by cold, hypotonic shock was examined. Ficoll/Hypaque-purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes, incubated in the presence or absence of optimal mitogenic concentrations of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (con A), were made permeable by incubation for 15 min at 4°C in a buffer of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8), 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 4 mM MgCl2. These cells incorporated [3H]-TTP into DNA when incubated in the presence of ATP, dATP, dCTP, and dGTP. The incorporation was linear with cell number and with time for 30 to 60 min in both stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes. The incorporation was blocked by deletion of any one of the nucleotide triphosphates, or by agents which are known inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The newly synthesized DNA ranged from 4 × 106 to 2 × 108 daltons in size, as measured by centrifugation on alkaline sucrose gradients and was the product of true, semiconservative replication, as determined by CsCl density gradient centrifugation of DNA synthesized in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate. The assay has been applied to the measurement of DNA synthesis by a human T cell tumor line and to lectinstimulated murine lymphocytes as well as to human lymphocytes.
Because this method 1) circumvents potential variations in nucleotide transport, metabolism, and pool size, 2) allows direct measurement of DNA synthetic capacity, and 3) provides a means of comparing the DNA synthetic responses of different cell populations or cells from different species to a given stimulus, we suggest that this method is generally applicable to the assay of stimulated lymphocytes and may provide a more accurate measure of lymphocyte activation.
Tumor-Growth Suppression in Vivo: Cooperation between Immune Lymphoid Cells Sensitized in Vitro and Nonimmune Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Alaba Olusola , Bernstein Irwin D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from rats immunized with syngeneic (C58NT)D Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells restimulated in vitro with mitomycin C-treated (C58NT)D cells become cytotoxic to tumor targets and demonstrate an increased ability to adoptively confer antitumor immunity to nonimmune recipients. The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether nonimmune host cells participated in the local inhibition of tumor growth mediated by in vitro-activated cytotoxic cell populations. Adoptive transfer of antitumor immunity to irradiated syngeneic rats was more efficient when the recipients were reconstituted with normal bone marrow. A quantitative relationship was observed between the number of bone marrow cells administered and tumor-growth inhibition. Bone marrow cells from thymectomized, thoracic duct drained rats similarly were able to reconstitute lethally irradiated thymectomized recipients. Lymph node, thymus, or spleen cells were inactive when tested under the same conditions. Peritoneal-exudate (PE) cells contributed to decreased tumor growth in the presence or absence of sensitized lymphocytes. The results show that nonimmune bone marrow cells, although not required for tumor-growth suppression, interact synergistically with immune lymphocytes. These results suggest that in vitro-sensitized cells appear to inhibit tumor growth in vivo by at least two independent mechanisms: a direct, presumably cytotoxic effect on tumortarget cells and by indirect recruitment of a nonimmune radiosensitive bone marrow-derived host cell.