bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of vaginal progesterone in established pre-term labor: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yadav Garima , Gupta Shivani , Singh Pratibha , Kansara Megha , Kathuria Priyanka , Gothwal Meenakshi , Sharma Charu 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Pre-term birth (PTB) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in newborn and infants. One of the proposed theories is the withdrawal of progesterone, either actual or functional, to be an antecedent to the onset of labor. The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of vaginal progesterone in delaying delivery following an episode of arrested pre-term labor.

Methods:
This is a pragmatic open-label randomized controlled trial that was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur. Hundred patients with singleton pregnancies presenting with pre-term labor between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation and treated successfully with acute tocolysis for 48 hours and steroids covered were randomized to receive either progesterone 400 mg vaginal suppository or no treatment.

Results:
The primary outcome was the duration of randomization to delivery interval, which was significantly higher in the study than in the control group (28 days versus 10 days). The secondary outcomes such as gestational age at delivery was also higher in the study group compared to the control group (82% versus 60% delivered after 37 weeks in the study group and control group, respectively). The neo-natal outcomes such as birth weight (2802 grams versus 2324 grams), incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (13% versus 26%), and newborn intensive care unit (NICU) admission (17% versus 31%) were lower in the study group, which signifies decreased neo-natal morbidities and mortalities in pre-term labor treated with maintenance tocolysis in the form of vaginal progesterone.

Conclusion:
Administration of vaginal progesterone (400 mg, daily) following an episode of arrested pre-term labor significantly increased the duration to delivery interval; that is, it reduced the rate of PTB before 37, 32, and 28 weeks of gestation among women. It further reduced the neo-natal morbidities such as RDS and NICU admission and increased the birth weight among infants of women assigned to progesterone treatment.
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Residents’ Well-Being in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
Authors: Alraeesi Fatima H. , Alblooshi Reyoof M. , Al Zuraiqi Esraa A. , Al Busumait Reem S. , Aman Reem A. , Al Fahim Maha M. , Darwish Ebtihal 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
During the Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, medical residents were deployed to help with managing patients in a wide range of settings. Unlike other COVID-19-related topics, the psychological impact of the pandemic on medical residents has received little attention.

Objective:
This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical residents’ well-being, depression, and stress levels.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. A total of 597 medical residents were identified and with the aim of a sample size of 300 participants; 242 responses were collected during the period between November 2020 to February 2021. Data were collected through an online survey utilizing Patient Health Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale. SPSS software was used for data analysis.

Results:
Most of the residents in our study were females (73.6%) and single (60.7%). Around 66.5% were depressed, 87.2% were under low-moderate stress, and 12.8% were under high stress. Majority (73.5%) of the single residents were depressed (P = 0.016). Being male has been found to lower the risk of developing depression (P = 0.042). The need to relocate for family protection increased the risk of developing depression (P = 0.022).Residents who were living with their friends/roommates were found to be under a high level of stress (P = 0.001). Surgical specialties’ residents were found to be the most under high stress (P = 0.044).

Conclusion:
Female gender, single status, and changing housing were risk factors for depression. Conversely, living with friends/roommates and working in surgical specialties were contributing to high-stress levels.
Frequency and predictors of depression among the elderly population of Karachi
Authors: Ali Zaheer , Amin Faridah , Saeed Rabeeya , Durrani Noureen , Pasha Muhammad Saad , Ahmed Iklhas 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Context:
Depression among the elderly is falsely considered as a normal part of aging and hence remains un-diagnosed in the majority. Elderly people are at a high risk of depression, which may produce a negative impact on their quality of life. Depression is a potentially treatable condition; hence, it is worthwhile to explore its burden in order to ensure its timely evaluation and management.

Aims:
To determine the frequency and predictors of depression among the elderly population of Karachi.

Settings and Design:
The current study was a cross-sectional study, conducted in out-patient clinics of a tertiary care hospital and its out-reach centers located in different areas of Karachi.

Methods and Material:
Patients aged 60 years and above were enrolled in the study. Demographic profiles and physical health conditions were investigated. Depression was assessed using Geriatric Depression Scale-15.

Statistical Analysis:
Data were entered in SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis.

Results:
A total of 232 participants were enrolled into the study with a median age of 65.8 [inter-quartile range = 61–69] years. Out of 232 participants, 186 (80.2%) were found to be depressed. In the multi-variable model, employment status, financial issues, and peer groups were left as independent predictors of depression.

Conclusion:
The current study found a significant burden of depression among elderly people in Karachi. Employment status, financial problems, and relationship with peers have been identified as risk factors of depression. There might be over-reporting of depression as the data collection was conducted during the coronavirus disease 2019 first wave. Hence, further community-based research is warranted to confirm the findings.
A Systematic Review Approach in Understanding the COVID-19 Mechanism in Diabetes and its Progression to Diabetic Microvascular Complications
Authors: Sonkar Gyanendra Kumar , Singh Sangeeta , Sonkar Satyendra Kumar 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
In uncontrolled hyperglycemia, lungs, tongue, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways having increased glycosylated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can serve as good viral binding sites for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to a greater tendency and considerable risk of prolonged life-threatening disease. This review was written with the objective to extract the recent advances, updates, and discoveries about the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on patients with diabetes and its microvascular complications. It was further written with the aim to discuss the current state of knowledge that has not yet been confirmed or unconfirmed, leading to various debatable issues about COVID-19-associated with microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods:
We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and searched scientific sites related to our review article such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE of last nearly two and half years.

Results:
The individuals who are suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus experience more organ damage by SARS-Cov-2 due to cytokine storm. The pro-inflammatory state, lower primary immune system response, and increased ACE2 level with dysregulation of vascular function and the prothrombic state in patients with diabetes may increase the vulnerability for COVID-19 and worsened prognosis. The patients have reduced prognosis leading to microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. In diabetes retinopathy, it induces the changes in the vasculature of the retinal veins. These viruses can directly affect the nervous tissue and/or can indirectly via activating the immune system-mediated mechanisms leading to diabetic neuropathy as well.

Conclusions and Implications:
During the cytokine storm the amount of D-dimer in the serum gets significantly increased, due to increased activating plasmin at the early stage of inflammation. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to diabetic complications leading to increased mortality rate in patients with COVID-19. Thus, diabetes and its associated microvascular complications may lead to the severity and mortality in the patients with COVID-19. More of clinical practice and further studies should be implicated through this review article. Laboratory findings and clinical records are of much help in patients with diabetes and COVID-19. Worldwide studies from different countries apart from China should be considered to reach a conclusion about the conditions of patients with diabetes and microvasculature complications around the world.
Interpretation of Urine Routine Report of a Diabetic Patient
Authors: Agrawal Prabhat , Singh Shoorvir , Khurana Mudit , Agarwal Kanika , Pursnani Nikhil , Gautam Ashish 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of multiple complications, among which one of the most dreaded complications is diabetic nephropathy. Early diagnosis and appropriate management will at least prolong the life of the kidney and prevent the development of end-stage renal failure.

Materials and Methods:
Simple urinalysis is a useful tool for early diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease and helps differentiate between diabetic and nondiabetic kidney diseases. In this review, we have discussed the usefulness of urinalysis for a diabetic patient.

Results:
Early detection of an abnormality can be an alarming sign, and we can diagnose treatable causes of renal failure in diabetic patients.

Conclusions:
History, examination, and urinalysis are sufficient in most of the cases for diagnosing diabetic kidney disease. Renal biopsy is indicated in special situations where diagnosis cannot be made even after appropriate non-invasive investigations. Few limitations of the study are resource settings and knowledge of this simple test to predict an alarming sign of the kidney disease.
Zeolite A/ZnCl2 nanoparticles as a catalyst for eco-friendly synthesis of pyrazole-1- carbothioamides with docking validation as Covid-19 main protease (MPRO) inhibitor
Authors: M. Younis Norhan , M. Abdelghany Amr , Shaaban Fathy , K. Khatab Tamer , Abdel-Latif Ehab , M. Metwally Heba 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. The synthesized Zeolite A/ZnCl2 nanoparticles via the hydrothermal route were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM/EDAX techniques. The characterized catalyst was used for the eco-friendly synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide derivatives. Under solvent-free conditions, a multi-component reaction between hydrazine, isothiocyanate, and chalcone was done with a prepared nano-catalyst as an inexpensive, recyclable, easy-to-get, and nontoxic catalyst. The molecular docking study explained that dihydro-1-carbothioamide pyrazoles can be considered COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors. In order to investigate the 3D conformation of the compounds that were synthesized, the density functional theory (DFT) was applied with a B3LYP hybrid functional and a 6-311++ G(d,p) basis set. This allowed us to investigate the compounds' electronic and charge transfer properties. In this series of compounds, the derivative 30d showed the lowest HOMO–LUMO energy gap.

KEY WORDS: Zeolite A/ZnCl2 nanoparticles, Pyrazole-1-carbothioamides, Docking, XRD, SEM/EDX, HRTEM

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 391-404.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.11
Computational molecular docking and in silico ADMET prediction studies of pyrazole derivatives as Covid-19 main protease (MPRO) and papain-like protease (PLPRO) inhibitors
Authors: K. Khatab Tamer , S. Hassan Ashraf 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. The inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) prevents viral multiplications. Molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) studies of pyrazole-indole molecules 6a, b, Schiff bases 8a, b, and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 10a, b were performed and done. Based on the molecular docking study verified that the presented structures (6a, 6b, 8a, 8b, 10a, and 10b) give promised attached bonds with the active site in the COVID-19 main protease (Mpro). The results of in silico ADMET prediction study revealed that these compounds may be considered candidates for the discovery or development of new series of COVID-19 drugs.

KEY WORDS: Pyrazole, Fused pyrazole, Schiff bases, COVID-19, Molecular docking, Computational studies

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 449-461.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.14
Effect of synthesized carbon quantum dots on the photocatalytic properties of ZnO
Authors: Bi Irié Williams Irié , Kouadio Fodjo Essy , Bi Boussou Narcisse Pomi , Alla  Martin Aka , Koffi Koffi Kra Sylvestre Koffi , Albert Trokourey , Gu Zhen 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. In this work, synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used to form ZnO/CQDs nanocomposite. The characterization of this nanocomposite using X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that ZnO NPs and ZnO/CQDs nanocomposite have the same profile, suggesting that the presence of CQDs does not impinge the crystal structure of ZnO in ZnO/CQDs nanocomposite. Besides, an analysis performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displays plate-like nanostructure with an average thickness of about 22 nm and 25 nm for ZnO NPs and ZnO/CQDs, respectively. Furthermore, the reflectance study in the visible range shows a reduction of sunlight reflection intensity of ZnO/CQDs compared with the reflection intensity of ZnO NPs. In addition, the photocatalytic studies indicate that the rate of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) of ZnO/CQDs nanocomposites is higher than that of ZnO NPs. Indeed, in optimized conditions, the photocatalytic activity can reach 100% within 45 min of sunlight exposure for the degradation of 7.5 mg/L MB using ZnO/CQDs while it takes 90 min using ZnO NPs under the same conditions. These fascinating results is attributed to the reduction of the reflective properties of ZnO/CQDs.

KEY WORDS: Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs), Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, Sunlight reflectance property, Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 463-476.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.15
Water-soluble total sugars and total free amino acids of the two varieties of teff [Eragrostic tef (Zuccagni) Trotter] cultivated in different regions of Ethiopia
Authors: Yisak Hagos , Singh Chandravanshi Bhagwan , Redi-Abshiro Mesfin , Ele Yaya Estifanos 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter] is cereal grain native to Ethiopia as staple food to millions of people. However, no research work has been reported for characterization with respect to water-soluble total sugars and total free amino acids in white and brown teff grains. The main objective of this study was to determine water-soluble total sugars and total free amino acids (TFAA) in the white and brown teff grain varieties. The determined water-soluble total sugar contents of white and brown teff grain sample extract was ranged between 2.69±0.12 – 4.56±0.08 g GE/100 g and 2.22±0.04 – 4.74±0.19 g GE/100 g, respectively. The mean TFAA contents for white and brown teff samples was found in the range between 181.4±30.0 – 638.9±42.6 mg AE/100 g and 471.7±37.0 – 927.1±32.4 mg AE/100 g, respectively. The mean value of the TFAA in brown teff samples was found higher than that of white teff samples. Pearson correlation was in the opposite direction, indicating that the biosynthetic pathways for the water-soluble total sugars and TFAA in both white and brown teff varieties might be opposite. Therefore, the present study indicated that teff is rich in the water-soluble total sugars and TFAA.

KEY WORDS: Teff, Sugars, Amino acids, Glucose, Ninhydrin, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 299-313.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.5
Complexation of alkaline earth metals Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ with adrenaline hormone: Synthesis, spectroscopic and antimicrobial analysis
Authors: Majid A. Adam Abdel , S. Refat Moamen , Gaber Ahmed , Grabchev Ivo 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. Adrenaline complexes with bivalent ions Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ in methanol at 60 oC were prepared. The prepared complexes were isolated and characterized using elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, mid infrared, Raman laser, UV-Vis., 1H–NMR spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Upon the spectroscopic, conductivity and elemental analyses, the stoichiometric reactions indicated 1:2 (M:L) for Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ complexes [Ca(Adr)2(H2O)2](H2O)4Cl2, [Sr(Adr)2(H2O)2]Cl2 and [Ba(Adr)2(H2O)6]Cl2 while the molar ratio of 1:1 (M:L) for Mg2+ with a formula [Mg2(Adr)2(H2O)7]Cl4. The interpretation of Raman and infrared spectra confirmed the coordination mode, which was through the two-catechol moiety OH phenolic groups. The in vitro antibacterial activity of adrenaline chelates that have been tested against three gram-positive bacteria, two gram-negative bacteria, and two strains of fungus showed that antimicrobial activity of the metal chelates are more effective than the adrenaline free ligand.

KEY WORDS: Adrenaline, heavy metals, infrared, biological outcomes
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 357-372.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.9
Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in Mbale city, Uganda
Authors: Turyahabwe Remigio , Asaba Joyfred , Mulabbi Andrew , Wamono Emma , Gudoyi Paul Makoba 
Published: December 2022

This study assessed the environmental and socio-economic impact of waste management practices in Mbale city. We used questionnaires, interviews, focused group discussions and field observations to collect the required data, which was analysed using basic descriptive statistics and Chi square test (χ2). Results indicate that, the solid waste management practices employed in Mbale City resulted into degradation of air quality (P<0.001), water quality (P<0.001) and land (P<0.101). Socio-economic analysis indicated that costs of waste management practices outweighed the benefits. The management practices were associated with severe health issues to the households living near dumpsites and waste management employees, although revenue and employment opportunities were also created in some instances in remote areas of the city there is limited sorting of hazardous from ordinary wastes that have come with associated effects on the environment. A conclusion was reached that, despite employing many citizens, the present solid waste management practices in Mbale City responsible for injuries incurred by scavengers (waste collectors), land and air quality degradation as citizens lack knowledge of proper waste management systems. Therefore, City authorities should sensitize the masses on best waste management practices like sorting and recycling and provide incentives for collection, sorting and assemblage of recyclable non-biodegradable wastes.
Prevalence of Dental Traumas and Mouthguard use Among Contact Sports’ Players in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Uwayezu Donat , Nzabonimana Emmanuel , Dufitinema Emmanuel , Dushimirimana Egide , Tuyishimire Alexandre , Dukuzumuremyi Claude , Ntigura Eustache , Gatarayiha Agnes , Uwambaye Peace 
Published: December 2022

Background
Dental traumas are widely prevalent in contact sports and are among the main public oral health concerns. They are attributed to nonuse and/or insufficient use of mouth guards, as protective means, for players in the game.
Objectives
The study aims to assess the prevalence of dental traumas among the contact sports and to determine the significance of using mouth guards in the prevention of such traumas.
Methodology
This was a cross sectional study conducted on the selected sports games in Kigali city, Rwanda. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analysed for any associations between independent variables and dependent variable with chi-square and logistic regression tests. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for the analysis.
Results
The prevalence of dental trauma was 58.9% among contact sports players in Kigali. Most respondents had information about mouth guards (94.7%) and many of them (62.2%) affirmed they could prevent dental traumas. This study has shown a significant association between dental traumas and mouth-guard use where players who did not use mouthguards were 5.8 times more likely to have dental traumas compared to those who used them regularly [OR=5.81;95% CI=2.44-13.82; p<0.001].
Conclusion
A high prevalence of dental traumas was observed among the players despite the proven protection of using mouthguards. Therefore, putting emphasis on regular use of mouthguards would result in a huge reduction of risk and keep those traumas to a minimum.
Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(3):315-322
Prevalence and Risk Factors For Intestinal Nematodes Infections among Primary School Children at Kigeme Refugee Camp, Southern Province, Rwanda
Authors: Nzitakera Augustin , Turinayo Jean d’Amour , Uwiragiye Jean Baptiste , Mukakalisa Doreen , Dushimirimana Emmanuel , Kanimba Philbert 
Published: December 2022

Background
Intestinal parasitic infections are common in camps of internally displaced people or refugees. Although, much has been done in Rwanda for their control in the general population, little is known about the prevalence among children in refugees’ camps.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal nematodes infections and associated risk factors among primary school children at Kigeme refugee camp, southern province of Rwanda in 2021.
Methods
A cross sectional study was conducted; a total number of 383 stool samples were collected and examined using formal ether concentration technique.
Results
Approximately, one out of two participants (48.0%) were found to be infected with at least one intestinal nematode. Ascaris lumbricoides was found to be most prevalent (81%), followed by Trichirus trichiura (7.1%) and hookworm (3.8%). Parental illiteracy was identified as a risk factor, while knowledge on transmission roots of intestinal nematodes was seen as a protective factor.
Conclusion
Family members and parental education in particular is key as far as prevention of intestinal nematodes infections is concerned. Enhancement of public health education about hygiene and sanitation as well as regular mass drug administration could be important in fighting against intestinal parasitic infections.
Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(3):332-339