bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Evaluative Thinking in Generating, Evaluating and Scaling Innovations in Learning: A Case Study of the Greenland Education System
Authors: Lennert Mitdlarak 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Greenland education system has had an impressive growth over the past 50 years. But how are things with the quality and content of the primary school? The role of national government versus local government in countering the quality of learning is examined. What types of objectives are being set, what is being monitored and for what purpose? The chapter discusses the overall objectives for the education system, how context shapes evaluation culture and conditions for development, and how reforms inspired by foreign countries do not make sense if country and regional specific contexts, needs, stakeholder involvement and capacity building are not considered.
Personal and Ethnic Identity in Representatives of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Far North: The Nenets and the Sami
Authors: Flotskaya Natalya , Bulanova Svetlana , Ponomareva Maria , Flotskiy Nikolay , Kagan Olga 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the modern multicultural Russian society, the preservation of ethnocultural continuity, the formation of modern-day understanding of history, and the integration of ethnic and civic identities in the Indigenous peoples of the Far North and the Arctic, which are currently characterized by the intensification of ethnic processes, are becoming increasingly relevant. When describing the contemporary Russian North, we should note that it is characterized by highly contradictory processes, which combine both the integration of the Indigenous population and newcomers and the separation of different ethnic groups. Trying to understand this highly contradictory situation, we have conducted an empirical study of ethnic and personal identity in adolescents, as described below. Within the study, we have focused on the Nenets and the Sami communities as representative of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian Far North.
GA Adjustments in Amsterdam: Reinforcing Authority Through Transparency and Accountability (Late Sixteenth–Early Seventeenth Century)
Authors: Go Sabine 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis essay analyses GA procedures in Amsterdam in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by discussing the Statute Book of the ‘Chamber of Insurance and Average’. This manuscript is a unique guide to the handling of Averages in Amsterdam as it contains the regulations, the clarifications of the rules, some of the Chamber’s judgments and their accompanying calculations. The essay thus provides a snapshot of the institutional framework of maritime risk management in a critical period critical for the development of GA procedures in the emerging mercantile centre of Amsterdam.
Risky Narratives: Framing General Average into Risk-Management Strategies (Thirteenth–Sixteenth Centuries)
Authors: Ceccarelli Giovanni 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOver the last few years, historians have extensively investigated on the role of risk in the history of finance, and the development of risk-management techniques in the United States since the late nineteenth century. Well-established approaches that considered such innovations beneficial in themselves have been questioned, by pointing out the consequences of the pervasive spread of financial tools designed to mitigate risks. It appears, rather, that a socially uneven distribution of risk went along with the financial efficiency brought by these novelties, whose legitimacy rested on narratives identifying individual freedom with the taking of risks. This essay explores the possibility that something similar might have occurred in early modern Europe, when marine insurance provided an alternative to contracts previously used to mitigate the risks connected to sea trade. It also aims at discussing whether the spread of specialized insurance markets, beginning in the sixteenth century, brought to a substantial shift in the distribution of these types of risks from a restricted trading group to a broader social base.
General Average in Byzantium
Authors: Penna Daphne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe present essay focuses on the Byzantine sources on General Average and is a contribution on the evolution of the laws of General Average (GA). The GA principle has its roots in very ancient times. In Justinian’s Digest (sixth century AD), we find fragments of Roman jurists discussing Average rules from the so-called Rhodian law of jettison (lex Rhodia de iactu). There is also a later text, a Byzantine collection of maritime law provisions, compiled in the seventh or eighth century, the Νόμος Ροδίων Ναυτικός, which is known under the name Rhodian Sea-Law, and includes GA rules. The aim of this paper is to examine the GA rules in the Digest and in the Byzantine collection Rhodian Sea-Law and their transmission in the Basilica, which were promulgated around 900 A.D. and are considered the last important extensive Byzantine legislation. Short references will also be made to the development of GA rules after the Basilica.
Principles and Developments of General Average: Statutory and Contractual Loss Allowances from the Lex Rhodia to the Early Modern Mediterranean
Authors: Addobbati Andrea 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe purpose of GA is to partition the damage of maritime transport in an equitable and proportional way among all those who took part in the expedition. The legal principle is commonly deduced from the famous Lex Rhodia de jactu contained in the Digest, which would seem to limit the right of indemnity only to those losses which have been suffered voluntarily in order to save the ship, the men and most of the cargo. This limitation, which excludes all damages of fortuitous nature, will become axiomatic in the jurisprudence of the early modern age, but in more ancient times it was not always strictly observed, and above all it leaves open a space of indecision from which derive innumerable problems of practical order.
Who Are the Marine Mammals?
Authors: Das Krishna , Sköld Helen , Lorenz Anna , Parmentier Eric 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMarine mammals include toothed and baleen whales, as well as seals, sea lions, sea cows, sea otters and polar bears. They are adapted to an aquatic life in oceanic, coastal and riverine habitats. They range in size from sea otters to blue whales. The extreme diversity of marine mammals is related to their adaptations to different habitats and their use of different feeding strategies. The different kinds of marine mammals are not closely related but evolved from different terrestrial ancestors. Because they have been exposed to similar environmental constraints in their aquatic way of life, many evolutionary convergences can be found in different lineages. They have torpedo-shaped bodies, thick fur or fat layers to preserve heat, as well as impressive diving abilities. Here, we discuss these adaptations in their physiology and anatomy. Through hands-on exercises, students can test how their own muscle strength and heartbeat are affected by cold water.
How to Become a Marine Mammal Scientist
Authors: Knickmeier Katrin , Reckendorf Anja , Brennecke Dennis 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany young students dream about a career working with marine mammals. Although marine mammal jobs are limited and highly competitive, there are several ways to obtaining them. But, there is no magic formula to pursue a career in marine mammal science. We describe various skill sets and experiences that can improve your chances. Not the least, it is important to actively work towards your career goals and believe in your strengths. We interview marine mammal researchers to inspire students to follow their passion and pursue a career in natural sciences, which may lead to work on marine mammals. In times of climate change, pollution, habitat and biodiversity loss, there is a huge need for students interested in science, technology, biology, engineering and mathematics, to provoke a general change for the better.
Introduction to the Mohist Canon
Authors: Schemmel Matthias , Boltz William G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe briefly introduce the approach to a historical theory of knowledge that underlies our comparison of the Mohist Canon to other historical sources. Next, we discuss the text and its tradition, starting from their socio-cultural origins and ending with their reception in modern times. In this context we provide a translation of Liang Qichao’s preface to his interpretative work on the Mohist Canon from 1921. Finally, we outline the philological difficulties arising from the text’s confused transmission and give an overview of the structure of the text.
Lexical Appendix
Authors: Schemmel Matthias , Boltz William G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter presents text, translation and commentary for the 12 sections that constitute a ‘lexical appendix’ to the definitions of the Mohist Canon. The Canon of each typically gives one or more glosses for the entry word, the Explanations usually provide contexts and specific examples for the glosses that show what the intended inter-connections are and allow us to see how the semantic scope of the entry word might be conceived.
Solar Water Heating: Informing Decarbonization Policy by Listening to the Users
Authors: Moezzi Mithra , Wilhite Harold , Lutzenhiser Loren , Bartiaux Françoise 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSolar water heating, working correctly, can slash fossil fuel use in households. These systems have been popular in some countries for decades. But even in places environmentally well-suited to solar water heating, the technology is not necessarily widely used. Despite favourable weather, its early embrace of rooftop photovoltaics, and a generous decade-long incentive program, solar water heating is uncommon in California households. While there are many possible explanations, there has been little fieldwork on who uses solar water heating, the experiences of those who do, and how they relate to these conventional explanations. This chapter presents a picture of what we learned by talking to California households who use solar water heating systems, and relates these findings to policies and strategies for achieving low-carbon futures. The interviews were an unusual ethnographic element of a larger research project that sought to provide a broad view of the socio-technical landscape of solar water heating in California. We also discuss the role of these interviews in that project and the challenges of producing an integrated socio-technical analysis that can satisfactorily inform technology-centred solutions to problems seen by policy.
Practices, Provision and Protest: Power Outages in Rural Norwegian Households
Authors: Wethal Ulrikke 
Published: January 2023

AbstractElectricity plays a vital role in everyday life. However, electricity-dependent practices are often taken for granted, and the complex underlying infrastructure tends to be invisible—until power supply is disrupted. Drawing on qualitative interviews with rural Norwegian households, this chapter takes practices as the starting point for examining how daily life changes during power outages and how households experience the consequences of such outages. The aim is to use households’ perspectives to understand the consequences of power outages and show how disruption influences relations between infrastructures, practices, customers and providers. Using the three elements of practice—materials, competences, meanings—I demonstrate how power failures temporarily break the linkages between elements in electricity-dependent practices, and how households forge linkages between other items and technologies, embodied knowledge and competences, and new meanings, in order to continue daily life. This re-assembling of elements in practices demonstrates the complexity of power-outage consequences and explains how rural Norwegian households can cope relatively well with lengthy power outages. The chapter also sheds light on the difficulties of trying to reduce consequences to monetary terms. Rather than worrying about the economic costs of power outages, households focus on maintaining their daily routines. The ability to adapt during outages demonstrates a relatively high level of flexibility, but this does not mean that households do not value having secure power supplies.
Vision on Vision: Defining Similarities Among Early Modern Illustrations on Cosmology
Authors: Valleriani Matteo , Kräutli Florian , Lockhorst Daan , Shlomi Noga 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the present work we show how many scientific illustrations of the early modern period can be used to track the evolution of visual knowledge and to detect historical communities involved in the production of the editions analyzed. In particular, we define three sorts of historically meaningful similarities among scientific illustrations, we show how such illustrations can be extracted from the sources and then clustered by means of fully computer-based methods, and finally we conclude with an example to show the potential of our approach.
A Brief History and Structure of KGEMM
Authors: Hasanov Fakhri J. , Joutz Frederick L. , Mikayilov Jeyhun I. , Javid Muhammad 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIt is useful to provide a brief overview of the development stages of KGEMM, as these stages shaped the structure of the current version of the model. As mentioned previously, KGEMM has been developed to have a better representation of the Saudi Arabian economic (sectoral and macro) and energy relationships. The main motivation for developing it was that there was no available model (including subscription based) that properly represented the Saudi Arabian economy and could comprehensively inform the policy decision-making process.
The Patient Workers Inside Hospital
Authors: Freebody Jane 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFreebody explores how a patient’s class, gender, age, physical health and mental condition influenced the allocation of occupation in French and English institutions. Class was an important consideration since manual labour was considered unsuitable for the middle classes, particularly for women, despite its alleged benefits as a therapy. Whether a patient’s condition was perceived as curable or incurable made a difference to the type of occupation prescribed in England, and to whether it was prescribed in France. The reasons why curable patients at the acute stage of their illness were more likely to be prescribed occupational therapy in England, or unoccupied and treated biologically in France, are examined. In both countries, incurable patients, and those whose condition had deteriorated into chronicity, were allocated work around the hospital, provided they were physically fit, for the benefit of both institution and patient. Freebody compares the material conditions of English and French, rural and metropolitan institutions, that provided the context for patient work, and the varied approaches towards offering incentives to work.
The Reform that Never Happened: A History of Children’s Suffrage Restrictions
Authors: Sandin Bengt , Josefsson Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we discuss the history of children’s voting rights in Sweden. Despite the remarkable strengthening of children’s rights in Sweden in the late twentieth century, and the fact that proposals to expand children’s right to vote have continuously been filed, this has not resulted in a lowering of the voting age after 1974 when it was set to 18 years of age. At the same time a growing number of other countries have lowered the voting age. In this chapter we explore historical restrictions on children’s voting rights and possible explanations to why age limits to voting rights have not been lowered. The answers can be sought in how the age barriers on voting have been situated in relation to other political questions, to party-political dynamics, and to how the institutional framework around children’s rights has developed. The voting age has not been lowered largely because of institutional path dependencies and political barriers to change. Partly, apparently, because of the prolific development of democratic institutions and child inclusive policies. The Swedish case serves as an illustration of the complexity of the historical factors that influence changes in the age of voting, and the interplay between national and international processes.
Reform and Revolution
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTo overcome capitalism, the strategies of reform and revolution continue to play a prominent role. Historically, both strategies have led to state-dominated societies with a top-down structure of domination. This is no coincidence, as both strategies are fundamentally state-oriented and aim at gaining state power by “climbing the mountain” or “jumping over the gorge” and a subsequent reorganisation of society by the state. However, both strategies provide valuable insights into overcoming capitalism, with reformism strengthening the process element and revolution heralding the necessary break. Strengths and weaknesses of both strategies are discussed and variants critical of the state are evaluated. In the end, it is not the name that matters, but combining reformist and revolutionary insights with the development of a societal alternative as part of the struggle to overcome capitalism.
Transvolution
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTransvolution is a third strategy for societal transformation alongside from reform and revolution. A liberation process must include needs-oriented self-organised societal constitution. In a first step, an early form of a society-constituting new way of re/production and mediation emerges. In a second step, this early form is societally generalised; it expands and creates a fundamental break with capitalism. Transvolution is a new paradigm of societal transformation linked to theories such as prefigurative and interstitial practices that can help rethink emancipatory politics.
The Individual and Society
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors’ own theoretical foundations are outlined. Their theory of the individual comes from Klaus Holzkamp’s Critical Psychology. For Critical Psychology, humans stand out from animals because they produce their own living conditions such as houses, infrastructure, language or state, racism and market, and therefore can change them. According to Critical Psychology, humans have both sensual-vital needs such as the pursuit of food or shelter, and productive needs to participate in the disposition of the societal conditions in order to secure the sources of need satisfaction. They understand society as a material, symbolic and social framework for action that has a certain degree of independence. Society is determined by forms of mediation via market, state planning, self-organisation and so on. This mediation can provide a logic of inclusion that promotes solidary and just action, or a logic of exclusion that prompts living at the expense of others to satisfy one’s own needs.
Commonism
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCommonism is an alternative to market economy and real socialism because it goes beyond their common basis of wage labour, money and private or state property. Products are not produced in the form of commodities that are sold for money, but as commons for the direct satisfaction of needs. The chapter discusses common questions such as “Who cares about waste disposal?” and focuses on the question of coordination and mediation through commoning. Stigmergy, a signal-based coordination mechanism that communicates needs, can be used to create ex-ante planning of re/production. Conflicts are an important part of a free society and are not resolved by a central institution as envisioned by the followers of council theory, but in many places in a polycentric coordination mechanism. This polycentric coordination allows for planning and aggregation as long as the needs of the (care-) workers involved and their (commons-) enterprises are included. It builds on meta-structures providing information such as CO2emissions or expected shortages or helps negotiate conflicts. It creates a society that can overcome ethics as the basis of solidarity and create a logic of inclusion that makes the inclusion of others the best selfish option.
Seed Form Theory
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe final chapter explores how the seed form of commonism—the commons—can become societally dominant. It introduces the five-step process, a heuristic model for analysing historical processes of qualitative change. It discusses various existing commons such as open pastures, free software and commoning within top-end multinationals or social movements, as well as their limits and strengths. The main section assesses different scenarios of a shift in dominance from capitalism to commonism, such as slow expansion, crisis, partner state and social movements. It ends with some remarks on current practices.
Food Systems: Seven Priorities to End Hunger and Protect the Planet
Authors: von Braun Joachim , Afsana Kaosar , Fresco Louise O. , Hassan Mohamed Hag Ali 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFood Systems at the global level and in many countries and regions are failing to end hunger, assure the safety of foods, provide adequate nutritious foods and contribute to obesity. How we produce and consume food has implications for the health of people, animals, plants and the planet itself. In this chapter, we focus on priority actions and the key role of science and research to accelerate the transformation to healthier, more sustainable, equitable, and resilient food systems. We stress that policy innovations, institutional innovations, and technology innovations are closely connected and need to be pursued in an integrated approach. We note the need for systems innovations and call on the science communities to commit to enhanced collaboration among all relevant disciplines of sciences for this purpose. Drawing on a comprehensive food systems framework, actions for seven science-driven innovations are elaborated in this chapter, each with concrete examples.