bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Publishing
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the publication process, using Milton and Bandia’s term ‘agents of translation’ to describe the important role played by publishers in the dissemination of foreign literature. The chapter shows how authors pitched new translations to publishing houses, and on what criteria publishers decided whether or not to print the proposed manuscript. This is demonstrated through a case-study of the Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin, using the reader reports produced in response to translations proposed to the firm over a fifteen-year period. The chapter also shows translators in negotiation with their publishers over royalties, and over the precise wording of translations. The political interests of publishers are discussed, notably the anticolonial politics of T. Fisher Unwin, and the chapter concludes with a comparison of two major series, Max Műller’s Sacred Books of the East, and the Wisdom of the East series published by John Murray.
Reading
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the reception of translations of Asian literature by individual readers and by communities of readers. It begins by demonstrating how an encounter with one specific translation could have a significant effect on someone’s life which would not have occurred had they encountered any other translation, by giving the example of John Addington Symonds and his reading of the homoerotic stories in Sadi’s Gulistan. The Gulistan is the central text for this chapter, with various readers shown responding to it in different ways. Evidence of reader response is adduced chiefly from commonplace books, in which individuals transcribed quotations they wished to remember, and the marginalia they wrote in their personal copies. It is argued that readers successfully liberated themselves from the moral, aesthetic, or political constraints of their society by exploring the alternatives available to them in Asian literature, sometimes through tension and frustration with an unsatisfactory translation.
Epilogue
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this brief Epilogue the publication, in 1928, of Mark Van Doren’s bestselling Anthology of World Poetry is identified as a watershed moment, after which the nineteenth-century drive to assemble an ‘oriental canon’ rapidly recedes. The Epilogue reflects on present-day trends in the increasingly Anglocentric publishing world, in which Asian texts are selected for translation based primarily on their marketability in the West. While these trends may have originated in the nineteenth century, it is proposed nevertheless that Victorian translation culture may offer us counter-examples with which to resist them and envisage alternatives, particularly if greater attention is paid in future to amateur translators and to ‘ordinary’ readers. The book closes with a final assertion of the physical presence of Asian texts in Victorian domestic and social spaces, giving several examples of non-expert readers who kept a humble shelf of ‘Eastern books’.
Economic Theories of Discrimination
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Theories of economic discrimination have addressed the most critical issues, such as, why group practice discrimination exists in labour market in hiring, wages, and occupation? Is the motive behind discrimination pecuniary or non-pecuniary or both? What are the consequences on discriminated groups? And which policies will reduce discrimination in labour market in hiring, wages, and occupation? This chapter reviews the relevant theories of economic discrimination with a focus on the labour market discrimination viewed from different perspective viz., neoclassical theory of discrimination, segmentation theory, identity theory, taste for discrimination theory, belief or imperfect theory, identity racial norm theory, and interlinkages of discrimination and prejudices.
Measuring Discrimination and its Impact on Poverty
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of the study is to estimate the extent of caste discrimination in employment, wages, and occupation and the impact of discrimination on income and poverty of regular salaried workers. In this chapter, we outline the methods such as Blinder-Oaxaca, Cotton, Neumark, Oaxaca-Ransom to estimate the extent of discrimination in wages. Further the current chapter also addresses occupational discrimination and non-linear decomposition method to measure employment discrimination. Finally the chapter presents the methodology to address the impact of the discrimination on reduction in income and increase in poverty. The chapter also discusses the justification and method of selection of caste group and sources of data used.
Employment, Wage Discrimination, and its Impact on Poverty
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Understanding the impact of employment, wage, and occupation discrimination on income loss and the poverty of discriminated groups such as scheduled castes is dealt in this chapter. A majority of the studies on labour market discrimination have nearly bypassed the impact of employment, wage, and occupation discrimination on the income and poverty of discriminated groups such as scheduled castes. The present chapter estimates the income loss and subsequently the incidence of poverty of the discriminated groups due to discrimination in employment and wages by using the method developed for this purpose. The chapter also addresses the regional variation of the impact of discrimination on poverty.
Untouchables’ Poverty
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of the empirical analysis. The sources and remedies of untouchables’ poverty, caste inequality in wage income and poverty, caste discrimination in employment, wages, and occupation are summarized in this chapter. This chapter also highlights the impact of discrimination on untouchables’ poverty. Lessons from theories and international experiences on policies are also discussed in great length. Based on the empirical results, it suggests the policies to overcome the discrimination in employment and wages. The chapter also suggests a policy of legal safeguards, affirmative action policy, and policy of reparation. The chapter finally concludes that elimination of labour market discrimination is necessary to achieve the reduction in poverty.
Epilogue
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue recaps the Borromeos’ rise from provincial upstarts to members of the Spanish governing elite and interrogates its significance. This trajectory was marred by setbacks, forcing the Borromeos to adapt in light of changes in government style. Having failed to ascend as military entrepreneurs, they reinvented themselves as princely servants. Only when they aligned their own interests with those of the monarchy could they successfully pose as members of the in-group. This refashioning as a service elite stabilized the rule of the peripheral nobility and of the composite Spanish monarchy. It is argued that the misrecognition of their dynastic interests explains why the Borromeos are today remembered as aloof paternalist rulers. The chapter closes with a reflection on the broader meaning of this case study, suggesting that the “courtization” of the nobility was driven neither by absolute monarchs nor the nobility, but by ordinary people who forced the warrior nobility to reinvent itself as a paternalist ruling elite.
Germanic Phylogeny
Authors: Hartmann Frederik 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis book is a computational re-evaluation and concluding examination of the genealogical relations between the early Germanic languages and their diversification from their most recent common ancestor Proto-Germanic. Further, this book presents a novel computational approach to the problem of linguistic diversification based on agent-based simulation of speech communities over time. This approach, presented alongside traditional phylogenetic inference, is based on wave-like linguistic diversification processes in geographically defined areas and can be modelled with agent-based approaches. The results of this study validate findings by previous research, generate new insights and shed light on debated issues. It further argues that the break-up of Germanic can be understood as a gradual disintegration process in which tree-like branching events are rare. Above all this is true for the eastern part of the Germanic-speaking area and West Germanic.
A Definition of Accountability
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines and elaborates on the concept of accountability as a condition. It also distinguishes this concept from two other concepts of accountability. First, it contrasts this book’s view of accountability from Stephen Darwall’s view of accountability as ‘moral responsibility to’. Second, it compares its view to Jesse Couenhoven’s view of accountability as ‘moral responsibility for’. In so doing, this chapter considers a way to think about the concept of accountability that differentiates it from the concept of responsibility. It proposes that a key distinction between ‘accountability’ and ‘responsibility’ is that ‘accountability’ is specifically concerned with the account of the person who is accountable: an account that is developed by the person to whom they are accountable.
The Story That Turned Paul’s Life Around
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to the theme of conversion to explore further what it means to be accountable to God in Christ. To do so, it begins by proposing a theological definition of conversion that is distinctive to the Christian faith. It then elaborates on this definition by applying it to a contemporary debate in New Testament studies about how to construe the turn that Paul’s life took following his road to Damascus experience. In so doing, it is argued that while it can be helpful to make Paul’s turn a focal point in the story of his accountability to God, we better represent Paul’s story when we make it primarily about the one God who holds him accountable and, furthermore, the one in whom Paul is held accountable, Jesus Christ. To do so, we must index the story of Paul’s life to the Christological stories of creation and reconciliation.
Free Trade Agreements and their Evolution
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the legal framework for FTAs as per WTO rules. It traces the three waves of FTA evolution globally that have now been followed by some mega-regional FTAs. It examines what have been their drivers and looks at how they have become deeper and wider in becoming both WTO plus and WTO extra. Some of the downsides of the FTAs are also discussed. How much of world trade gets routed through the FTAs is another aspect dwelt upon. The chapter further analyses to what extent the evolution is compatible and coherent with the WTO framework. Finally there is also a brief discussion about whether FTAs act as building blocks or stumbling blocks to multilateralism.
Minds and Representations
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
WThis chapter explores the implications of mental fictionalism for the nature of intentionality. An important feature of mental states is that they can represent things in the world. According to the representational theory of mind (or representationalism), the intentionality of thought is to be explained in terms of the content of mental representations. Since fictionalism denies the existence of these representations, it must adopt a different approach to intentionality, which looks to language and social norms. Once we understand the nature of its approach to intentionality, we can see that mental fictionalism can avoid the charge of incoherence (or cognitive collapse). The chapter closes by explaining why we should prefer fictionalism to realism about mental representations.
Minds and Materials
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter will show that mental fictionalism offers a new perspective on the relationship between mind and material culture. According to the extended mind thesis, items of material culture can form part of the material basis for our mental states. The extended mind thesis assumes a representationalist account of mental states. This chapter argues that, by rejecting representationalism and turning to fictionalism, we can retain the important insights underlying the extended mind thesis, while avoiding its more problematic consequences. The chapter closes by responding to the worry that fictionalism makes the success of folk psychology a miracle.
Dead Dogs and Rattles
Authors: Smith Christopher 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of the Latin religious experience from the 8th to the 6th century BC by referencing the Robigalia and the dynamically changing social structures. The Latin site Osteria dell’Osa, particularly the annual celebration of the Robigalia festival in Rome, provides evidence of how the ancient agricultural practice evolved through the years. Colin Renfrew proposed a framework based on Middle Range Theory to reduce the misinterpretation of cult sites and to postulate certain universal truths about religion and ritual. The chapter then presents an experiential understanding of religion to explore the changes indicated by archaeological evidence in ritual symbolism and practice. It also covers the nature of the society where rituals are conducted.
Visual Rhetoric, Retaliatory Humiliation
Authors: Euben Roxanne L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The ISIS videos staging the executions of American captives are usually understood within the logic of instrumental rationality as devices to deter, recruit, and “sow terror.” By contrast, taking these videos as performative events and communicative acts in need of close reading brings into sharp relief a disjuncture between what they say and how they work. While the verbal rhetoric largely hews to the logic of instrumental rationality, the visual rhetoric enacts what Islamists define as retaliatory humiliation, an inversion of power in two different registers. It symbolically converts the public abjection of the captives by the Islamist executioner into an enactment of ISIS’s invincibility and American impotence. Second, it transposes the roles between the United States—mass terrorist, failed sovereign, and rogue state—and ISIS, now repositioned as legitimate, invincible sovereign. Circulating repetitively across digital networks, the events depicted are constituted as continually unfolding, part of an ongoing present rather than a completed past. This makes available to millions the viscerally intense and immediate experience of witnessing such humiliation, soliciting spectators either to suffer vicariously with the victim—or relish the brutal humiliation of two men who have, through metonyomic slide, become the American body politic. Inasmuch as such rhetorical practices seek to actually constitute their audiences through the visual and visceral power of their address, the end of ISIS’s caliphate in Iraq and Syria augurs not the irrelevance of the videos but the remaking of their affective power in aspirational terms.
Introduction
Authors: Bullock Justin B. , Chen Yu-Che , Himmelreich Johannes , Hudson Valerie M. , Korinek Anton , Young Matthew M. , Zhang Baobao 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance, the editorial team provides an overview of what we mean by artificial intelligence and by governance. The introduction then briefly maps how governance has evolved to respond to the evolution of technology and culture. It argues that our governance ecosystem has adapted to include a strong pairing of humans not only with machines but also with other artificial entities, such as markets and organizations. It is within this ecosystem that modern AI, particularly in the form of machine learning, has entered the governance ecosystem, with important consequences both for the governance ecosystem and for AI development, implementation, and use. From this general overview of AI and governance and their ecosystem, the Introduction offers a section by section summary of the Handbook. Section 1 is the Introduction and Overview from various contributors. Section 2 sets the Value Foundations of AI Governance. Section 3 focuses on Developing an AI Governance Regulatory Ecosystem. Section 4 provides Frameworks and Approaches for AI Governance. Section 5 examines the Assessment and Implementation of AI Governance. Section 6 explores AI Governance from the Ground Up. Section 7 analyzes the Economic Dimensions of AI Governance. Section 8 takes a close look at Domestic Policy Applications of AI. And finally, Section 9 turns to questions of International Politics and AI. Taken together, these sections provide a general overview of the current discourse around AI and governance.
Fentanyl
Authors: Dunn Kelly E. , Bird H. Elizabeth , Durgin Caitlyn J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that was engineered to have good lipid solubility to aid its use in medicinal settings. Fentanyl is relatively easy to synthesize and for this and other reasons it has infiltrated the illicit heroin supply throughout North America. Fentanyl is unique relative to other opioids; it has a different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of effects. These characteristics contribute to its heightened side effect profile, which includes opioid-related respiratory depression, as well as additional medical comorbidities. This chapter reviews a brief history of fentanyl in the United States and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles with particular emphasis on its unique biphasic excretion pattern and risk for delayed onset of respiratory depression. The chapter also reviews the fentanyl-related withdrawal syndrome; its overdose profile, which includes components consistent with other opioid agonists (e.g., respiratory depression) and components unique to fentanyl (e.g., muscle rigidity/wooden chest syndrome, hypoxia, laryngospasm/vocal cord closure); the complexities of using naloxone in the context of fentanyl; and how fentanyl may be contributing to otherwise rare medical comorbidities, like an amnestic syndrome and bacterial infections. Finally, the chapter reviews fentanyl-related complexities in treatment, spanning harm reduction efforts to interactions with medications for opioid use disorder (most notably buprenorphine).
Supervised Withdrawal Opioid Use Disorder Treatments
Authors: Dunn Kelly E. , Huhn Andrew S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Supervised opioid withdrawal (also referred to as detoxification or detox) is a medical treatment aimed at fully discontinuing opioid use in persons who are physically dependent on opioids. There is a long history of supervised withdrawal treatment programs in the United States, although the approach has varied wildly and to this day there is little guidance regarding best practices. Early approaches to supervised withdrawal favored an abrupt discontinuation of opioids rather than longer opioid tapers, though recent data support an extended approach. Withdrawal is a highly variable process with many decision points, including residential versus outpatient status, choice of withdrawal treatment and complementary/supportive interventions, duration of treatment, percent change in daily dose, and whether the withdrawal schedule is determined by the patient, provider, or both. Several treatments to help reduce withdrawal severity will be discussed. This chapter reviews the historical basis of withdrawal programs; the data supporting the aforementioned decision points; and the rationale, efficacy, and unique considerations for the different withdrawal methods. Outcomes following withdrawal programs, including resolution of medical comorbidities, overdose risk, and linkage to aftercare are also reviewed. Since the United States now has a formal indication of opioid withdrawal, this chapter also includes a discussion of important considerations for empirical trials of medications and/or other interventions for opioid withdrawal management. Future efforts to maximize the efficacy of withdrawal treatment, and importantly, to link individuals to long-term care (preferably with a medication for OUD) are important directions for future research and practice.
Sex as a Biological Variable and Gender as a Social Construct in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Huhn Andrew S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The opioid crisis has devasted individuals, families, and communities in the United States and abroad. Improving opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment requires a nuanced understanding of the risk factors associated with the onset of OUD, and barriers to successful, long-term recovery. Women and men might have several unique risk factors for initiating opioid use, progressing from non-medical opioid use to OUD, and experiencing negative OUD treatment outcomes. These unique risk factors are best understood by examining sex as a biological variable and gender as a social construct in persons with OUD. Toward this end, the research reviewed in this chapter includes sex-based biological factors that affect opioid use, such as neurohormonal interactions with the endogenous opioid system and sex-based differences in neural development, as well as gender-based societal influences that can lead to OUD and potentially stymie attempts at treatment, such as traditional gender roles within the family unit and stigma surrounding OUD treatment. Factors that encompass the intersection of sex and gender are also discussed in the context of OUD treatment, including co-morbid mental health conditions, chronic pain, and response to medications for OUD (MOUD). Building on the preclinical and clinical research on these topics, future studies should aim to optimize pharmacotherapeutic approaches within subpopulations of women and men with OUD, develop strategies to better engage women and men with childcare responsibilities in OUD treatment, and reduce stigma associated with living with OUD and seeking treatment for OUD.
Cultural Intelligence and Cultural Learning
Authors: Sterelny Kim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Humans live in social worlds that are often larger and always more complex and inter-dependent than those of great apes, with life success requiring the ability to navigate one’s social environment. It is very plausibly suggested that human minds are specifically adapted to these social worlds, though the specific details of these hypotheses vary considerably. It is also true that humans are much more dependent on social learning: very little in our behavioural repertoire is uninfluenced by social learning, and humans have many capacities that would be difficult or impossible to acquire without social support. This is known as cumulative cultural learning and humans are said to live in social environments that are not just encultured but cumulatively encultured. As a consequence, it has also been suggested that human minds are specifically adapted to enhance social learning abilities, making it possible to acquire capacities beyond those an individual could acquire individually. Again, specific suggestions vary, though imitation learning and/or sophisticated forms of theory of mind are often mentioned. This chapter reviews these ideas, suggesting that cognitive adaptations for life in complex social environments probably suffice to explain enhanced social learning as well. If so, human minds are adapted for encultured social environments but not specifically for cultural learning.