bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Change in Parental Health Literacy in Relation to Children's Oral Health
Authors: Schmiege Sarah J. , Jiang Luohua , Albino Judith , Johnson Rachel L. , Wilson Anne R. , Brega Angela G. 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Although health literacy (HL) skills may change over time, most research treats HL as a constant, using baseline HL to predict other health-related constructs. Few studies have explored change in HL over time.

Objective:
We examined person-level differences in HL trajectories. We identified subgroups (latent classes) based on longitudinal assessments of HL and examined the association of class membership with demographic and oral health variables.

Methods:

We used four measurement waves of parental HL data, reflecting the risk of limited HL, collected as part of an intervention to reduce dental decay in American Indian children (
N
= 579 parent-child dyads at baseline). Repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) models were estimated to identify subgroups of HL trajectories over time. We examined class membership in association with baseline demographics and with 36-month assessments of parental oral health knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors as well as pediatric oral health.

Key Results:

A four-class model best fit the data. The largest class (
high HL
; 49.7% of the sample) was characterized by high levels of HL at all waves. A second class (improving HL; 17.7%) improved over all waves. The remaining two classes were characterized as moderate HL (20%) and low HL (12.6%) and maintained relatively stable HL levels over time. Higher educational attainment was associated with membership in the
high HL
and
improving HL
classes. Older age among this young-adult sample and higher income also were associated with
high HL
class membership. Parents in the high HL and
improving HL
classes exhibited more favorable performance on measures of oral health knowledge, beliefs, and behavioral adherence than did those in the other classes. Class membership was not associated with pediatric oral health.

Conclusions:

RMLCA demonstrated person-level variability in HL trajectories. Longitudinal patterns were associated with baseline demographics and prospectively with parental oral health knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors, but not with pediatric oral health. [

HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2023;7(2):e89–e98.

]
Management of Stage IV Neovascular Glaucoma in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy with Single Step Pars Plana Vitrectomy + Endolaser + Trabeculectomy + Mitomycin C Versus 2-Step Approach, i.e., Pan Retinal Photocoagulation Followed by Trabeculectomy + Mitomycin C
Authors: Narnaware Shilpi , Bawankule Prashant , Raje Dhananjay , Bansal Anju , Gupta Richa 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
To compare the success between single-step pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) + Endolaser (EL) + Trabeculectomy + mitomycin C (MMC) and 2-step approach, i.e., pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) followed by Trabeculectomy + MMC in cases of stage IV neovascular glaucoma (NVG) secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods:
Prospective, interventional study including 16 eyes of 16 patients with stage 4 NVG in cases of PDR between July 2019 and December 2020. Depending on the type of surgery, patients were divided into two groups. Group I: PRP followed by Trabeculectomy + MMC (n = 8), Group II: Combined PPV + EL + Trabeculectomy + MMC (n = 8). All patients received intravitreal bevacizumab 3 days before the surgery in both groups. Success criteria were postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) of <20 mm Hg with or without antiglaucoma medication.

Results:
Postoperative IOP decreased significantly in both groups, but the mean IOP after 6 months was lower in combined group (17 mm Hg) than trabeculectomy group (22.25 mm Hg; P = 0.204). Combined group required fewer anti-glaucoma medications (mean: 0.88) than trabeculectomy group (mean: 1.38). Cumulative surgical success rates for combined group and Trabeculectomy groups were 100% and 75% respectively. No significant differences in intraoperative complications were observed between the groups.

Conclusion:
In stage 4, NVG secondary to PDR, single step combined approach including PPV + EL + Trabeculectomy + MMC could be more effective in controlling IOP with better visual outcome than Trabeculectomy + MMC.
Costing analysis of an information & communications technology-enabled primary healthcare facility in India
Authors: Faujdar Dharamjeet Singh , Prinja Shankar , Singh Tarundeep , Sahay Sundeep , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: May 2023

Background & objectives:
Information and communications technology (ICT) has often been endorsed as an effective tool to improve primary healthcare. However, evidence on the cost of ICT-enabled primary health centre (PHC) is lacking. The present study aimed at estimating the costs for customization and implementation of an integrated health information system for primary healthcare at a public sector urban primary healthcare facility in Chandigarh.

Methods:
We undertook economic costing of an ICT-enabled PHC based on health system perspective and bottom-up costing. All the resources used for the provision of ICT-enabled PHC, capital and recurrent, were identified, measured and valued. The capital items were annualized over their estimated life using a discount rate of 3 per cent. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the effect of parameter uncertainties. Finally, we assessed the cost of scaling up ICT-enabled PHC at the state level.

Results:
The estimated overall annual cost of delivering health services through PHC in the public sector was

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202304000-00002/231FF04/v/2023-06-12T144437Z/r/image-tiff

7.88 million. The additional economic cost of ICT was

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202304000-00002/231FF04/v/2023-06-12T144437Z/r/image-tiff

1.39 million i.e. 17.7 per cent over and above a non-ICT PHC cost. In a PHC with ICT, the cost per capita increased by

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202304000-00002/231FF04/v/2023-06-12T144437Z/r/image-tiff

56. On scaling up to the state level (with 400 PHCs), the economic cost of ICT was estimated to be

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202304000-00002/231FF04/v/2023-06-12T144437Z/r/image-tiff

0.47 million per year per PHC, which equates to approximately six per cent expenditure over and above the economic cost of a regular PHC.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Implementing a model of information technology-PHC in a state of India would require an augmentation of cost by about six per cent, which seems fiscally sustainable. However, contextual factors related to the availability of infrastructure, human resources and medical supplies for delivering quality PHC services will also need to be considered.
Etiological Profile and Clinico Epidemiological Patterns of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Kumar Vijayan Senthil , Sivasubramanian Srinivasan , Padmanabhan Padmapriya , Anupama Cherayi Padinjakare , Ramesh Kiruba , Gunasekaran Palani , Krishnasamy Kaveri , Kitambi Satish Srinivas 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:
Establishing the etiological cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is challenging due to the distinct distribution of various etiological agents. This study aims to determine the etiological profiles of both viruses and bacteria and their associated clinico-epidemiological features among the AES suspected cases in Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods:
Samples of 5136 suspected AES cases from January 2016 to December 2020 (5 years) were subjected to the detection of etiological agents for AES through serological and molecular diagnosis methods. Further, the clinical profile, age- and gender-wise susceptibility of cases, co-infection with other AES etiological agents, and seasonality pattern with respect to various etiological agents were examined.

Results:
AES positivity was established in 1480 cases (28.82%) among the 5136 suspected cases and the positivity for male and female groups were 57.77% and 42.23%, respectively. The pediatric group was found to be more susceptible than others. Among the etiological agents tested, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was the predominant followed by Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Varicella Zoster virus, and others. Co-infection with other AES etiological agents was observed in 3.5% of AES-positive cases. Seasonality was observed only for vector-borne diseases such as JEV, dengue virus, and West Nile virus infections in this study.

Conclusion:
AES was found to be a significant burden for Tamil Nadu with a diverse etiological spectrum including both sporadic and outbreak forms. Overlapping clinical manifestations of AES agents necessitate the development of region-specific diagnostic algorithm with distinct etiological profiles for early detection and effective case management.
Assessment of the effects of hydrogen water on human gingival fibroblast cell culture in patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Bhatt Akanksha , Nayak Aarati , Bhat Kishore , Bogar Chetana , Nayak Ranganath , Naik Sachita 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Activated inflammatory cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate pathogens. Under normal conditions, the pathogens are taken care of, and tissues are repaired. However, in periodontal disease, persistent inflammation causes increased ROS release and impaired healing. Therefore, removal of overproduced ROS using antioxidants is necessary. Hydrogen water has an antioxidative effect on cells and impedes oxidative stress-related disorders.

Aim:
To study the effect of hydrogen water on cell viability, migration, and its antioxidative potential in fibroblasts obtained from chronic periodontitis patients.

Materials and Methods:
The gingival tissue samples were obtained from 26 subjects (13 periodontally healthy individuals and 13 chronic periodontitis patients) and processed. The human gingival fibroblasts were cultured and the assays were commenced once adequate growth was detected. The effect of hydrogen water on cell viability was checked by neutral red assay, while the migration potential was assessed by transwell migration assay. The antioxidative potential of hydrogen water was evaluated by CUPRAC assay.

Statistical Analysis:
Intergroup comparison was done using Mann–Whitney U-test. Intragroup comparison was done using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:
Hydrogen water was nontoxic to the fibroblasts at 24 h and 48 h. The intergroup comparison of the cell viability between hydrogen water-treated periodontally healthy gingival fibroblasts (HF) and fibroblasts from patients with chronic periodontitis (CF) showed a statistically significant (P = 0.00) difference at 24 h and 48 h. Hydrogen water also positively influenced the migratory capacity. Hydrogen water-treated fibroblasts obtained from chronic periodontitis patients showed more migration in comparison to the healthy group (P = 0.00). Hydrogen water showed an antioxidative potential. The maximum potential was seen in relation to the fibroblasts obtained from chronic periodontitis patients at 48 h.

Conclusion:
Hydrogen water was nontoxic, increased the migratory capacity, and showed an antioxidative potential on human fibroblasts obtained from periodontally healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis.
Assessment of tongue posture in class I malocclusion with vertical malrelations
Authors: Al-Shennawy Ahmed M. , Yousif Atia A. E. W. , Abo Taha Neven F. 
Published: May 2023

Introduction
Tongue is a soft muscular tissue which is mainly made of mucosa, muscles, vascular and nerve supply. The mucosa of body is formed from the first pharyngeal arch and third pharyngeal arches; while the skeletal muscles develop from myoblast that migrate from occipital somite's.

Aim
Owing to its effect on the building structures all around and vital functions, this study was carried out to assess the tongue posture in vertical malrelations; in class I malocclusion.

Materials and methods
A cephalometric study was carried out on 153 adult patients (76 female, 75 male) from 17 to 22 years old) with skeletal class I. The sample was selected according to the mandibular plane angle (SN/GO-GN) and categorized according to vertical facial pattern into; high angle (SN/MP >37), low angle (SN/MP <27) and average angle (SN/MP 32 ± 5°); including 26 females and 25 males in each group. The tongue position was calculated along horizontal line passing through the incisal edge of the lower central incisor to the cervical distal third of the lower second molar and extending posteriorly. Taking the cervical area as a center, six angles will be drawn at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 12°, and 150°. The contours of the dorsum of the tongue and the palate and six distances will be measured at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150° between tongue and palate contour.

Results
Tongue positions were found to be higher in position in skeletal class I malocclusion in low and high mandibular plane (posterior part of the tongue); on the other, lower tongue position (anterior part) was found in increased mandibular plane angle without sex differences

Conclusion
Tongue position is affected by the position of the mandible in vertical plane; regarding the anterior or posterior part without sex differences.
La Iglesia y el Nuevo Mundo. Constitución jurídica
Authors: Leal Lobón Manuel 
Published: May 2023

En la conquista, colonización y evangelización de las Indias se dio una estrecha colaboración y alianza Iglesia-Estado, amalgama que reforzaba a ambas instituciones, aunque siempre bajo el control estatal, supervisada y coordinada por el Consejo de Indias. Las relaciones Iglesia-Estado en América pasaron por diversas modalidades: Patronato, Vicariato y Regalismo. En el siglo XVI rige el Patronato, basado en las concesiones Pontificias que ponía en manos de la Corona española el ‘cuidado’ sobre la Iglesia americana. Desde fines del XVI, religiosos y juristas españoles elaboraron la teoría del Vicariato, según la cual los reyes, en virtud de la donación papal, eran Vicarios de la Santa Sede en las Indias y adquirían competencias en materia de disciplina eclesiástica. En el siglo XVIII el Regalismo asume ambas posiciones y las convierte en jurisdicción civil al considerar que los derechos esenciales del Patronato y el Vicariato no se basan en concesiones papales sino que son prerrogativas inherentes a la Corona, regalías o atributos del poder real.
ATATÜRK TARAFINDAN CUMHURİYET HALK PARTİSİ’NE MİRAS BIRAKILAN ÇANKAYA ARAZİSİNİN HAZİNEYE SATILMASI OLAYI
Authors: UNAT Kadri 
Published: May 2023

27 Aralık 1919’da Ankara’ya gelen Mustafa Kemal Paşa, önce Ziraat Mektebinde, ardından da Gar Müdürlüğü Direksiyon Binasında ikamet etti. Fakat İstasyondaki bina Atatürk’ün çalışma ve dinlenmesi için yetersiz kalınca uygun bir konut arayışı içine girildi. Daha sakin bir ortamda yaşamasını sağlamak amacıyla da Çankaya bağlar bölgesinde bulunan bağevi, Ankara Müftüsü Rıfat Börekçi’nin organizasyonuyla Ankaralılar tarafından satın alınarak Mustafa Kemal Paşa’ya armağan edildi. Atatürk, böylelikle yeni yaşam yeri olarak söz konusu dönemde Ordu Köşkü, günümüzde ise Atatürk Köşkü olarak isimlendirilen yapıya yerleşti. Takip eden yıllarda köşkün arazisine komşu arazileri de satın alan Atatürk, Çankaya’da yer alan mal varlığını Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’ne bıraktı. Ancak CHP yönetimi, bu araziyi 24 Ekim 1949’da hazineye (devlete) sattı.
Bu çalışma, Atatürk’ün CHP’ye bıraktığı Çankaya arazisini, bununla ilgili satış işleminin detaylarını, bu satıştan dolayı Demokrat Parti iktidarında başlatılan inceleme neticesinde Maliye Müfettişi Lütfü Kamu tarafından hazırlanan raporu, konunun partiler arası ilişkilere nasıl yansıdığını ve nasıl sonuçlandığını konu edinmektedir. Böylelikle söz konusu satış işlemiyle ilgili mevcut soru işaretlerinin giderilmesine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.
Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting How Africans Interpret Instructional Materials and Chinese as a Foreign Language
Authors: Mkhumbuleni Dr. Donald 
Published: May 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of socio-cultural differences in the interpretation of Chinese Language Instructional Materials (CLIM) by African students.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there are adequate Chinese language instructional materials at Stellenbosch University but they contain culturally unfamiliar elements for the African learners. In addition, many textbooks for foreign languages include cultural references that are foreign to their students. Because of the cultural differences, the information presented in the course materials is less easily understood. Students at Stellenbosch can be said to have an optimistic outlook on Chinese in general
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that the introductory topics in the Chinese language curriculum emphasize more on teaching of the Chinese culture. Also, efforts should be made to localize the learning resources for a more effective teaching of the language. The Chinese language curriculum could place greater emphasis on helping African students gain an appreciation for Chinese culture in its foundational or introductory materials. CFL course requirements in universities should also be examined in light of the foregoing
The molecular basis of the Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Smail Harem Othman 
Published: May 2023

This analysis aimed to clarify the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome and explain the role of genetic material in the genetic disease's development and treatment. Fragile X syndrome is an X-linked mutation inheritance disorder. The mutated gene is called FMR-1. This is important for normal brain development and synaptic plasticity, which was verified and recognized in 1991, and this has become a hope for more clarification. FMR1 influences the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), but identifying functional targets was complex and directly related to translational control and showed that dysregulated translation initiation signaling was observed for the FMR1 gene in the FMR1 knockout mouse model of FXS.
Because of the epigenetic alteration, such as hypermethylated at the DNA promoter region, and chromatin modification, such as H3K9 methylation, the FMR1 gene can be imprinted. Still, their mechanisms of aberrant epigenetic marks play a role in the etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders, some of which we still do not fully understand and need to show more. The opportunities for epigenetic markers to map and alter epigenetic marks and the potential for therapies based on epigenetics and noncoding manipulation. For neurodevelopmental and behavioral conditions, including mental retardation, autism, anxiety, and mood disturbance, FMR1 loss of control is a model.
Most studies have focused on the new and effective approach for Fragile X syndrome, which is Gene therapy is unarguably the definitive way to treat and possibly cure genetic diseases. Many of them are under clinical trial, but more studies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9-based method, should be approved. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are highly effective for generating models. Most research is used in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome, where AAVs have been used to express fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is missing or highly reduced in the disorder. The vast expansions need southern blotting in myotonic dystrophy. Fragile X is diagnosed by a form of Southern blotting that relies on the size and the FRAXA gene's methylation status. Almost always, genetic testing is performed by PCR. The few Southern blotting uses include checking for significant destructive gene rearrangements and complete mutations of fragile X and myotonic dystrophy. Expansions suppress the expression of closely adjacent genes, causing loss of function. A named FMRI (fragile-X mental retardation syndrome) gene cDNA probe. Some unique molecular mechanisms, such as CGG expansion in Fragile-X syndrome, can make a particular sequence change in a gene far more probable than any other change.
Pola Komunikasi Orang Tua Terhadap Perilaku Belajar Anak Usia 7-12 Tahun Pada Masa Covid-19 Di Desa Purwosari Kecamatan Bandar, Kabupaten Bener Meriah
Authors: Fitri Ruhama , Bahri Samsul , Fauziana Fauziana 
Published: May 2023

Penerapan pola komunikasi yang tidak tepat berdampak pada perilaku belajar. Setiap anak memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, oleh karena itu pola komunikasi akan menghasilkan perilaku belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola komunikasi orang tua terhadap perilaku belajar anak usia 7-12 tahun pada masa COVID-19 di Desa Purwosari Kecamatan Bandar, Kabupaten Bener Meriah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, motode deskriptif. Subjek penelitian orang tua anak usia 7-12 tahun berjumlah 28 orang dan anak usia 7-12 tahun berjumlah 65 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data mengunakan reduksi data, Penyajian data, dan penarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Desa purwosari kecamatan Bandar Kabupaten Bener Meriah, dalam mendampingi anak ketika belajar orang tua mengunakan pola komunikasi yang berbeda-beda yaitu: pola komunikasi membebaskan (permissive), otoriter dan demokratis. Pola komunikasi membebaskan orang tua cenderung mengabaikan anak ketika belajar sehingga perilaku belajar anak tidak terarah dan tidak tersetruktur, anak belajar sesuai keinginan sendiri, mudah mengabaikan tugas dan kewajiban belajar di rumah. Orang tua yang mengunakan pola komunikasi otoriter, orang tua bersikap berkuasa memberikan perintah serta larangan-larangan sehingga perilaku belajar anak merasa dipaksa dalam belajar. Sedangkan orang tua yang menggunakan pola komunikasi demokratis, adanya sikap keterbukaan antara orang tua dan anak, sehingga perilaku belajar anak terarah dan tersetruktur, anak belajar dengan santai, tidak terbebani dan cepat menyerap pelajaran dengan jadwal belajar yang telah disusun bersama. Dari ketiga pola komunikasi di atas, pola komunikasi yang efektif ketika anak belajar dirumah saat pandemi COVID-19 adalah pola komunikasi demokratis.
A Review on Recent Achievements and Challenges in Electrochemical Machining of Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Asmael Mohammed , Memarzadeh Amin 
Published: May 2023

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a modern, unconventional manufacturing technique that uses the electrochemical dissolution of metal to produce pieces with a predetermined shape, dimensions, and surface polish. Tungsten carbide (WC) is used in many fields and applications due to its high wear resistance and hardness. WC is used in cutting tools, mining and drilling equipment, wear parts, industrial machinery, aerospace and defence components, and medical equipment. It gives a workpiece a particular shape and number of boreholes, removes a damaged outer coat, and eliminates surface roughness. Though the ECM of WC is fraught with difficulties and obstacles, altering the electrolytes and refining the technological equipment and process of the ECM of WC can help improve machining accuracy and stability. In the current study, we examined the ECM of WC and compiled a reliable database from reliable sources using the keywords "electrochemical machining" and "tungsten carbide". Research papers constitute the majority of these publications. It was discussed how WC behaves anodically as it applies to ECM, which experiments were conducted with various electrolytes, and how they performed. Several ECM modes have been considered, and each mode has been evaluated in detail for challenges and gaps.

Received: 30 March 2023 | Revised: 20 April 2023 | Accepted: 9 May 2023

Conflicts of Interest
Mohammed Asmael is the Associate Editor for Archives of Advanced Engineering Science, and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.