bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual Pathways of Complement Interaction with Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Further evidence is provided to document the availability of dual pathways for the interaction of C with guinea pig immunoglobulins. Preformed aggregates containing the γ1 molecules, bypass C1, C4 and C2 in their attack on C3. This reaction is rapid, and is inhibited by salicylaldoxime or dilution of the serum used as a source of C. Magnesium provides the essential divalent cation for this fixation process, which is more efficient at 37°C than at 4°C. Preformed aggregates containing γ2 antibodies fix C more slowly, a process which is not diminished as the serum C is diluted and is not inhibited by salicylaldoxime. Preformed complexes of these immunoglobulins also require magnesium for the C3 shunt pathway.
Fate and Immunogenicity of Antigens Endocytosed by Macrophages: A Study Using Foreign Red Cells and Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Cruchaud Andre , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages which had ingested 51Cr SRBC were transferred into syngeneic mice. The recipient mice made anti-SRBC antibodies indicating that immunogen of SRBC had become available for immunologic recognition. The immune response was directed both to antigen(s) bound to macrophages and to antigen released into the extracellular fluid. The antigen bound to macrophages induced a much stronger immune response. Treatment of the macrophages with antibody or trypsin prior to transfer abrogated to a great extent the immune response to macrophage-bound SRBC. Tissue culture studies with SRBC labeled with 125I indicated that subsequent to their ingestion by macrophages there was extensive release of non-protein bound I, a likely indication of catabolism in intracellular vesicles. However, small amounts of protein-bound I were found on the plasma membrane of macrophages (i.e., removed by trypsin) and in culture supernatants. Further experiments with macrophages that had ingested SRBC opsonized with 125I rabbit anti-SRBC IgG showed the release of a few IgG molecules, some of which were smaller in size than monomer IgG. It was apparent that some molecules of antigen ingested by macrophages could escape extensive catabolism and could become available for immunologic recognition either at the surface of the macrophage or at a distant site.
Induction of Thyroiditis in the Rabbit by Intravenous Injection of Papain-Treated Rabbit Thyroglobulin
Authors: Anderson Charles L. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit thyroglobulin was partially digested with papain. Low molecular size fragments were separated by gel filtration and injected intravenously into rabbits. Circulating thyroid-specific antibodies appeared, as demonstrated by tanned cell hemagglutination, precipitation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Lymphocytic and monocytic infiltrates were demonstrated in the rabbits' thyroid glands. Antisera to papain-treated thyroglobulin reacted more strongly with the papain-treated antigen, in contrast to rabbits immunized with untreated thyroid antigen. On analysis by precipitation in gel, the papain-treated preparation showed at least two additional precipitating components that gave reactions of partial identity in intact thyroglobulin. Papain-generated rabbit thyroglobulin fragments serve as effective immunogens in the same species following intravenous injection without adjuvant.
Isolation of 7S IgM and Kappa Chains from the Surface Membrane of Tissue Culture Cells Derived from a Burkitt Lymphoma
Authors: Eskeland Trond , Klein Eva 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By homogenization or by freezing and thawing, mu and kappa structures were liberated from the surface of Daudi cells, a Burkitt lymphoma-derived culture line. After removal of the membranes and particles by ultracentrifugation, approximately one-third of the immunoglobulin structures remained in the supernatant. By density gradient ultracentrifugation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, it was established that the supernatant contained 7S IgM molecules and free kappa chains. Also, kappa structures were in excess on the sedimented membranes as compared with mu structures. The immunoglobulins were detected and quantitated by inhibition of passive hemagglutination.
Inheritance and Strain Distribution of a Rat Immunoglobulin Allotype
Authors: Gutman George A. , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inheritance and strain distribution of RI-1, a rat immunoglobulin allotype, was studied by passive hemagglutination. Two alleles, a and b, were shown to segregate as Mendelian co-dominants, and were unlinked to the major rat histocompatibility locus (Ag-B) and three coat color genes (A, C and H).
Aleutian Disease of Mink: Detection of Large Quantities of Complement-Fixing Antibody to Viral Antigen
Authors: McGuire T. C. , Crawford T. B. , Henson J. B. , Gorham J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of proposals have been suggested to explain the mechanism of plasmacytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia in mink infected with Aleutian disease (AD) virus. That the virus induces a myeloma-like proliferation of plasma cells and the production of immunoglobulins not directed toward specific antigens was suggested by several workers (1–5). The transition from polyclonal to monoclonal gammopathies in 10% to 20% of the infected mink with genotypes Aa and AA (non-Aleutian mink) supports this suggestion (2). However, detection of anti-virus antibody in the form of infectious virus-antibody complexes (6) and by direct and indirect immunofluorescence on infected tissue (7; J. B. Henson and T. B. Crawford, manuscript in preparation) demonstrates that some of the hypergammaglobulinemia represents antibody to AD viral antigens. A previous attempt by other investigators to demonstrate complement-fixation (CF) between AD-affected sera and infectious organ homogenates was unsuccessful (1).
Neoantigenic Expressions Engendered by Plasmin Cleavage of Fibrinogen
Authors: Plow Edward F. , Hougie Cecil , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cleavage of fibrinogen to its pathophysiologic fragments by plasmin is associated with the appearance of unique neoantigens recognizable by Ouchterlony and radioimmunochemical techniques. Recognition of these cleavage-specific neoantigens by antisera to fibrinogen D-fragment introduces additional molecular markers for the study of fibrinogen conformation and also may permit direct assay of plasma for fibrinogen cleavage.
The Immunologic Release of Constituents from Neutrophil Leukocytes
Authors: Henson Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction of rabbit neutrophils with immune complexes induced release of constitutents to the outside of the cell. Two situations were studied. In one, the neutrophils adhered to immune complexes dispersed along nonphagocytosable surfaces; in the other, the cells were allowed to engulf phagocytosable particles coated with antibody or complement. In each case, release of constituents from the neutrophil granules occurred. IgG antibody was as effective in stimulating release of enzymes as was C3, although they react with different receptors on the neutrophil membrane. Smaller quantities of immunologobulins were required to induce release if bound to the nonphagocytosable surface than if phagocytosed by the neutrophils in suspension.
Quantitation of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Authors: Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative aspects of the cell-mediated immune response of C57BL mice to a mouse DBA/2 mastocytoma cell have been studied by an in vitro assay involving the cytolytic activity of splenic lymphocytes towards 51Cr labeled target cells. Cytolysis of the DBA/2 mastocytoma cells by “sensitized” C57BL lymphocytes was shown to be a “one-hit” phenomenon, i.e., that lysis of a target cell resulted from single interaction with specifically sensitized “effector” cells. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of target cell destruction fell markedly with time following mixing with lymphocytes, and thus suggested that there is reciprocal death of the interacting cells at least from a functional standpoint, if not morphologically. These findings suggested a means of calculating the number of effector lymphocytes in the splenic pool of sensitized animals, by determining the maximal number of target cells that a given number of lymphocytes could lyse under specified conditions in gross target cell excess. Such determinations were used to compare the effect of mode and dose of antigenic stimulation on the cell-mediated immune response. Optimal antigenic stimulation of C57BL mice with alloantigenic mastocytoma cells was found to be by the intraperitoneal route. Maximal responses were elicited with 107 cells and occurred 11 days following antigenic stimulation. Under these conditions it was estimated that approximately 4% (4 × 104 out of 106) of the lymphocytes were effector cells. Incorporation of the mastocytoma cells into adjuvants (either complete or incomplete Freund's) resulted in a marked diminution of both humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Using complete Freund's adjuvant the maximal number of effector cells produced following antigenic stimulation with 3 × 107 mastocytoma cells was approximately 5 × 103/106 lymphocytes. The number of effector lymphocytes resulting from stimulation with 3 × 107 mastocytoma cells rose exponentially from day 4 (when the cytolytic activity was first demonstrable) and when there were calculated to be 50 effectors/106 lymphocytes to day 11 (4 × 104/106 lymphocytes) and fell therafter. The generation time of the cell population involved in cytolysis was estimated to be approximately 17 hr.
The Specificity and Cross-Reactivity of Antisynaptosome Antibodies as Determined by Sequential Adsorption Analysis
Authors: Mickey Don D. , McMillan Paul N. , Appel Stanley H. , Day Eugene D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An improved iso-osmotic, Ficoll-sucrose, density-gradient technique for isolating synaptosomes, synaptic membranes, brain mitochondria and three forms of myelin from adult rat brain is described. Antibodies raised in rabbits to isolated synaptosomes, synaptic membranes, brain mitochondria and liver mitochondria, when assayed by means of sequential adsorption analysis, showed that a major class of determinants is shared by brain mitochondria and synaptic membranes, that another major class is shared by myelin and synaptic membranes and that a third class is shared by liver mitochondria and the various brain fractions. Besides these crossreactivities synaptosomes also displayed a class of distinctive determinants separate from those of myelin; brain mitochondria displayed a class of distinctive determinants separate from those of synaptic membranes and from liver mitochondria, and liver mitochondria displayed a class of distinctive determinants separate from those of brain mitochondria. Synaptosomes also combined with a small but definite amount of antibody in two different antisera that did not cross-react either with isolated synaptic membranes or brain mitochondria at the given concentrations, thereby revealing a distinctive class of synaptosome determinants, possibly conformational in nature.
Complement-Requiring Neutralizing Antibodies in Hyperimmune Sera to Human Cytomegaloviruses
Authors: Graham Bettie J. , Minamishima Yoichi , Dreesman Gordon R. , Haines Harold G. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High-titered antisera to two strains of human (C87 and AD169) and two strains of monkey (GR2598 and GR2757) cytomegaloviruses (CMV) were prepared in primates hand-reared in captivity and free of pre-existing antibodies. Unlike monkey CMV, which elicited the production of complement-independent neutralizing (CIN) antibodies, hyperimmune sera to the two human strains were found to contain chiefly complement-requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibodies. The CRN antibodies elicited by human CMV were specific for the immunizing virus and were not directed to host-cell components. Treatment of whole serum with 2-mercaptoethanol indicated that 7S antibodies comprised the major population of CRN antibody activity in both early and late anti-human CMV sera. Preparations of highly purified early and late IgG (6.4S) and IgM (18.6S) anti-human CMV immunoglobulins all required complement for neutralization. The complement dependency of late IgG appears to be a phenomenon unique for antisera against human CMV. Cross-neutralization tests indicated a two-way cross between the two human viruses and a two-way cross between the two monkey viruses with negligible interspecies reactivity.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Okumura Ko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An enhanced and sustained production of homocytotropic antibody (HTA) was induced in rats that received 400 R of whole body x-irradiation and simultaneously were immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract (DNP-As) and Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The donor rats were hyperimmunized by repeated injections of DNP-As, As (unconjugated carrier) or DNP-BSA (hapten coupled to a different carrier) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Suspensions of 108 to 109 thymocytes or spleen cells from hyperimmunized donors were passively transferred to recipient rats that were producing high titers of HTA. The production of HTA against DNP-As in the recipients was drastically reduced within 2 days after the transfer of thymocytes or spleen cells from donors hyperimmunized with DNP-As or As, whereas cells from the donors immunized with DNP-BSA showed no inhibitory effect. The results indicate that carrier-specific thymus-derived lymphocytes negatively regulate the HTA formation that is virtually hapten-specific.
The Dna Synthetic Response of Adoptively Transferred Thymocytes in the Spleens of Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Hencin Ronald S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The DNA synthetic response of adoptively transferred thymocytes was measured in the spleens of lethally irradiated syngeneic mice by determining the uptake of 125I-labeled 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as a source of antigenic stimulation and the effects of varying both the antigen (100-fold range) dose and the thymocyte (50-fold range) dose were studied. The shape of the thymocyte response curve was similar to that of thymus-derived lymphocytes responding in radiation chimeras. At all thymocyte doses studied the largest antigen dose (0.2 ml of packed SRBC) produced the best response. With this antigen dose, no significant variation in peak response was seen over a 10-fold thymocyte dose range although the peak occurred earlier with the highest thymocyte dose. These results suggest that this technique is useful for studying the response of thymocytes to antigen and that the response itself is a complex one.
Suppression of In Vitro Antigen-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by Carrageenan, a Macrophagetoxic Agent
Authors: Lake W. Wayne , Bice David , Schwartz Howard J. , Salvaggio John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Carrageenan, a high molecular weight sulfated polygalactan with known macrophage toxic properties was added to cultures of normal and sensitized lymphocytes from human peripheral blood and guinea pig lymph nodes to determine its effect on phytohemagglutinin, and antigen-induced 3H-TdR lymphocyte incorporation. Carrageenan was not toxic for guinea pig or human lymphocytes per se and induced no lymphocyte transformation in vitro. With high doses in the range of 1000 µg/ml and above, some decrease in 3H-TdR uptake was noted. Phytohemagglutinin-induced human and guinea pig lymphocyte transformation was not affected by carrageenan but a marked dose-dependent suppression of antigen-induced 3H-TdR lymphocyte uptake was noted in both species. This suppressive effect was not due to reagent or antigen dilution. It was observed when carrageenan was added to cell cultures prior to antigen or up to 6 hr later, but not when added after 17 hr. These findings suggest that carrageenan acts at an early stage of macrophage-antigen processing and are consistent with previous reports of inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation using anti-macrophage serum. They provide further evidence that phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation is not mediated by macrophages and that macrophage-lymphocyte interaction occurs with cells from the peripheral blood as well as from lymph nodes.
A Polypeptide Chain from Leopard Shark 19S Immunoglobulin Analogous to Mammalian J Chain
Authors: Klaus G. G. B , Halpern M. S. , Koshland M. E. , Goodman J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An acidic polypeptide which co-elutes with L chains from Sephadex G-200 and exhibits rapid mobility in alkaline-urea disc electrophoresis was found in leopard shark 19S Ig. The polypeptide was released from the molecule by complete but not partial reduction of the disulfide bonds, and it was not observed in preparations of shark 7S Ig. It thus bears a strong similarity to the J chain of mammalian polymeric immunoglobulins.
Sandfly Fever: Sequential Changes in Neutrophil Biochemical and Bactericidal Functions
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Krasner Robert I. , Bartelloni Peter J. , Yang Mei C. , Beisel William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutrophil function was evaluated during the course of experimental infection with sandfly fever virus in volunteers by in vitro assay of quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction, leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-PGD) activities and by a bactericidal assay utilizing a strain of Staphylococcus aureus as a test organism. In the first study group in six infected subjects, leukocyte G-6-PD activity was reduced to as low as 5 to 6% and quantitative NBT dye reduction was depressed to 20 to 30% of baseline values in comparison to two uninfected subjects who did not show these changes. No changes were detected in leukocyte 6-PGD in control or infected subjects. These impairments in leukocyte function occurred between the 4th and the 7th day after infection and returned to normal between the 19th and 25th days.
In a second study group of nine men, in each of seven infected subjects, bactericidal activity was diminished by as much as 45% of baseline values, usually by the 7th to the 25th day in comparison to two uninfected subjects who did not show these changes. The changes in bactericidal capacity of earliest onset and of greatest amplitude occurred between the 3rd and the 7th day in two subjects who presented with the most severe clinical illness. By 32 days postinfection, bactericidal activity had returned to baseline values. These changes in leukocyte function were unrelated to total leukocyte count and occurred following the neutropenia characteristic of the disease.
Enhancing Activity of Thymocyte Culture Cell-Free Medium on the in vitro Immune Response of Spleen Cells from Neonatally Thymectomized Mice to Sheep RBC
Authors: Doria G. , Agarossi G. , Pietro S. Di 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral lymphoid tissues are made up of mixed populations of thymus-dependent and thymus-independent lymphocytes. In the mouse immunized with sheep red blood cells (RBC), specific antibodies are produced by thymus-independent cells upon interaction with thymus-dependent cells and the antigen (1). The nature of this interaction is not understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed (2). Our previous studies (3) have shown that cooperation between thymocytes from normal mice and splenocytes from neonatally thymectomized mice or from thymectomized chimeras (mice thymectomized in adult life, lethally irradiated, and grafted with isogenic bone marrow cells) can occur in vitro, because a primary immune response could be induced in vitro only if both the thymocytes and thymus-independent cells were cultured with sheep RBC. This in vitro system was used to investigate whether receptor sites are involved in the cooperation between thymocytes and splenocytes from neonatally thymectomized mice.
Depletion of Antibody-Forming Cells and Their Precursors from Complex Lymphoid Cell Populations
Authors: Rosenthal Alan S. , Davie Joseph M. , Rosenstreich David L. , Blake J. Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes are now known to be a heterogeneous cell population which contains at least two functional subtypes. One subtype of cell (B-lymphocyte) bears easily detectable amounts of membrane-associated immunoglobulin; studies in mice have established that these lymphocytes are of bone marrow origin and include the precursors of antibody-forming cells (1, 2, 3). A small number of cells within this population of surface immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes from non-immunized animals specifically bind antigen and the frequency of such cells increases subsequent to immunization (4, 5). The other major subtype lacks easily detectable surface immunoglobulin and mediates a variety of cellular immune phenomena (6, 7). These lymphocytes in the mouse are derived from the thymus and possess surface differentiation antigens, such as θ, which allow their identification (1). Further delineation of the structure and function of lymphocyte subpopulation and of the interactions between them would be aided by development of techniques to obtain relatively pure populations.
In Vitro Inhibition of Plaque and Rosette Formation by α Globulin
Authors: Glaser Moshe , Cohen Isaac , Nelken David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies on the α globulin fraction from plasma of normal individuals have shown that it possesses immunosuppressive properties and interferes with lymphocyte functions in vitro. Cooperband et al. (1, 2) have shown that human α globulin inhibits lymphocyte transformation in vitro following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and specific antigenic stimulation. Since α globulin fraction can also suppress antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo (3–6), experiments were conducted to assess its biologic activity in an in vitro system by the hemolytic plaque assay and the rosette formation technique.
Materials and Methods. Alpha globulin was isolated from normal human plasma by DEAE cellulose chromatography according to the procedure described by Mannick and Schmid (7). Immunoelectrophoresis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed this material to be primarily α2 globulin. Male local adult white rats of a strain developed at the Hebrew University were used in the hemolytic plaque formation and the rosette formation experiments.
Genetically Determined Immune Responses: In Vitro Studies
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Blood leukocytes, spleen, bone marrow, and fetal liver cells from strains of mice that respond well (HR) or poorly (LR) to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A—L were challenged in vitro with this antigen. At the peak of the response, there were 2 to 100 times more HR than LR blood, spleen, and marrow cells proliferating; however, there was no detectable difference when stem cells from HR and LR embryos were stimulated. An antiserum to the ϑ antigen greatly reduced the responses to (T,G)-A—L of HR and LR blood, spleen, and marrow cells; this antiserum had no effect on the response by cells from fetal liver. Spleen-incubated HR thymus cells were more effective than similarly treated cells from LR mice in increasing the proliferation of fetal lymphoid cells challenged with (T,G)-A—L. The results suggest that LR strains respond poorly to (T,G)-A—L because of an antigen-induced cell membrane change that affects primarily the function of the thymus-passaged cell; this change impedes contact between thymus-passaged cells and the specific antibody-producing precursors with the result that proliferation and/or recruitment of the latter is impaired.