bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Reducing Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Workload Enhance Equity in Program Access? Evidence from Burdensome College Financial Aid Programs
Authors: Bell Elizabeth , Meyer Katharine 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPersistent disparities in program access jeopardize social equity and erode a key pillar of democratic governance. Scholars have uncovered the causes of these disparities, including administrative burden and front-line discrimination, but less attention has been devoted to identifying tools for reducing disparities. We build on this work by arguing that reducing street-level bureaucrats’ workload may be a key lever for reducing disparities. We also argue that workload reductions will be especially effective at advancing equity when administrative burden is expanded and complexity in client cases could otherwise create room for racial discrimination. We leverage data on all high schools in Oklahoma from 2005 to 2014 (n = 4,155) to estimate the causal effects of a state policy that mandates a counselor-student ratio in a regression discontinuity design. In line with our hypotheses, we find that decreasing workload corresponds to an increase in access for intersectionally minoritized students—low-income Black, Native American, and Hispanic students. Moreover, we find that effects were concentrated in the years after administrative burden was expanded. Together, our findings suggest that reducing workload can alleviate longstanding disparities in program access.
SRG/eROSITA survey of Be stars
Authors: Nazé Yaël , Robrade Jan 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Massive stars are known X-ray emitters and those belonging to the Be category are no exception. One type of X-ray emission even appears specific to that category, the γ Cas phenomenon. Its actual incidence has been particularly difficult to assess. Thanks to four semesters of sky survey data taken by the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG)/extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA), we revisit the question of the X-ray properties of Be stars. Amongst a large catalogue of Be stars, eROSITA achieved 170 detections (20 per cent of the sample), mostly corresponding to the earliest spectral types and/or close objects. While X-ray luminosities show an uninterrupted increasing trend with the X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratios, the X-ray hardness was split between a large group of soft (and fainter on average) sources and a smaller group of hard (and brighter on average) sources. The latter category gathers at least 34 sources, nearly all displaying early spectral types. Only a third of them were known before to display such X-ray properties. The actual incidence of hard and bright X-rays amongst early-type Be stars within 100–1000 pc appears to be ∼12 per cent, which is far from negligible. At the other extreme, no bright supersoft X-ray emission seems to be associated with any of our targets.
Three-dimensional magnetothermal evolution of off-centred dipole magnetic field configurations in neutron stars
Authors: Igoshev Andrei P , Hollerbach Rainer , Wood Toby 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Off-centred dipole configurations have been suggested to explain different phenomena in neutron stars, such as natal kicks, irregularities in polarization of radio pulsars and properties of X-ray emission from millisecond pulsars. Here, for the first time, we model magnetothermal evolution of neutron stars with crust-confined magnetic fields and off-centred dipole moments. We find that the dipole shift decays with time if the initial configuration has no toroidal magnetic field. The decay time-scale is inversely proportional to magnetic field. The octupole moment decreases much faster than the quadrupole. Alternatively, if the initial condition includes strong dipolar toroidal magnetic field, the external poloidal magnetic field evolves from centred dipole to off-centred dipole. The surface thermal maps are very different for configurations with weak B = 1013 G and strong B = 1014 G magnetic fields. In the former case, the magnetic equator is cold while in the latter case, it is hot. We model light curves and spectra of our magnetothermal configurations. We found that in the case of cold equator, the pulsed fraction is small (below a few per cent in most cases) and spectra are well described with a single blackbody. Under the same conditions, models with stronger magnetic fields produce light curves with pulsed fraction of tens of per cent. Their spectra are significantly better described with two blackbodies. Overall, the magnetic field strength has a more significant effect on bulk thermal emission of neutron stars than does the field geometry.
Albatross: a scalable simulation-based inference pipeline for analysing stellar streams in the Milky Way
Authors: Alvey James , Gerdes Mathis , Weniger Christoph 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Stellar streams are potentially a very sensitive observational probe of galactic astrophysics, as well as the dark matter population in the Milky Way. On the other hand, performing a detailed, high-fidelity statistical analysis of these objects is challenging for a number of key reasons. First, the modelling of streams across their (potentially billions of years old) dynamical age is complex and computationally costly. Secondly, their detection and classification in large surveys such as Gaia renders a robust statistical description regarding e.g. the stellar membership probabilities, challenging. As a result, the majority of current analyses must resort to simplified models that use only subsets or summaries of the high quality data. In this work, we develop a new analysis framework that takes advantage of advances in simulation-based inference techniques to perform complete analysis on complex stream models. To facilitate this, we develop a new, modular dynamical modelling code sstrax for stellar streams that is highly accelerated using jax. We test our analysis pipeline on a mock observation that resembles the GD1 stream, and demonstrate that we can perform robust inference on all relevant parts of the stream model simultaneously. Finally, we present some outlook as to how this approach can be developed further to perform more complete and accurate statistical analyses of current and future data.
Assessing OCD Symptoms and Severity
Authors: Bleier Maria , Woody Sheila R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the methods and tools for evidence-based assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Using case material to highlight some of the major tasks of assessment, the chapter outlines the purposes of assessment and discusses special challenges presented by OCD, such as the shame associated with socially unacceptable obsessional content. Several types of assessment tools are discussed, including structured diagnostic interviews, semi-structured interviews to assess the profile and severity of OCD symptoms, self-report instruments, behavioral assessment and self-monitoring, and assessment of OCD-relevant appraisals, beliefs, and functional impairment. The importance of linking assessment findings to an evidence-based treatment plan is discussed.
Assessing Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Muroff Jordana 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Over the past 25 years, assessments of hoarding have evolved substantially. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of hoarding-specific measures of core diagnostic features (e.g., difficulty discarding, clutter, distress), associated cognitive and behavioral symptoms (e.g., beliefs about saving, attachment, acquisition), the living environment (e.g., clutter, risks, presence of squalor), and the impact on individual and family functioning (e.g., activities of daily living, family accommodation). Hoarding-specific assessments are multimodal and include clinician interviews, self-reports from clinical and nonclinical populations, family reports, practitioner reports, and behavioral tasks (e.g., discarding, categorization). This chapter examines the characteristics and psychometric properties of hoarding-specific assessments. It concludes with a discussion of considerations and directions for future research on the assessment of hoarding, including technology-based innovations.
Combining Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Tolin David F. , Sain Kimberly S. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It is well established that pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are effective monotherapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This chapter examines the efficacy of combining the two treatments. First, the chapter covers meta-analytic strategies for studies in which the two treatments were applied simultaneously, compared to monotherapy. Results indicate that combined therapy is superior to medication monotherapy, whereas the superiority of combined therapy over CBT monotherapy is small to neglible. Second, the chapter gives a systematic review of studies in which one treatment was applied after the initiation of the other, often when the first treatment failed. Results show that second-line CBT and medications can be effective when patients do not respond adequately to first-line monotherapy. Finally, meta-analysis is used to examine the efficacy of D-cycloserine (DCS), a compound purported to potentiate a biological mechanism of CBT. Results suggest that DCS, when combined with CBT, is associated with a small but significant advantage over placebo after treatment, and some data suggest that the advantage may be more evident mid-treatment.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Cultural Issues
Authors: Hee Yang Yoon , Moulding Richard , Nedeljkovic Maja , Foroughi Elham , Doron Guy , Kyrios Michael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cross-cultural understanding of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Epidemiological studies suggest a reasonably consistent prevalence of OCD around the world. The role of culturally influenced factors (such as religiosity and beliefs) in the presentation of OCD is also considered, with religion being considered particularly important in the presentation of OCD, although not in its prevalence per se. The influence of cultural factors on help-seeking behaviors and its role in assessment (including misdiagnosis) is considered. The importance of culture for treatment is also discussed, including the role of religious factors, along with other issues relating to working with clients from minority cultures. Limitations of the literature base are discussed, particularly the lack of non-Western studies and the lack of comparative cross-cultural studies.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Kelly Megan M. , Phillips Katharine A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often-severe disorder characterized by distressing or impairing preoccupations with nonexistent or slight defects in one’s physical appearance. Individuals with BDD suffer from time-consuming obsessions about their bodily appearance and excessive compulsive behaviors (for example, mirror-checking, excessive grooming, and skin-picking). Functioning and quality of life are typically very poor, and suicidality is markedly elevated. BDD currently affects 0.7% to 2.9% of the population; however, BDD typically goes unrecognized in clinical settings. This chapter discusses BDD’s definition and classification, epidemiology, demographics, and clinical features, including several case descriptions of BDD, age at onset, course of illness, comorbidity, morbidity (including suicidality), gender similarities and differences, and healthcare utilization. In addition, BDD’s relationships to obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychotic disorders, and social anxiety disorder are discussed.
What’s in a Name?
Authors: Mayne Alan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Is “slum” a useful term to describe the poorest districts of an increasingly urbanized modern world? Notwithstanding the word’s widespread use by commentators, urban planners and developers, the judgmental and paternalistic assumptions that have been historically embedded in the term continually compromise efforts to redevelop disadvantaged urban neighborhoods on more functional and equitable lines. This chapter reviews the early nineteenth-century origins of the word “slum” and its subsequent spread across the world as a result of colonialism and urbanization. It overviews the ways in which the word conditions our understanding of urban disadvantage and of the policy options that are available to overcome it. The chapter contends that more-effective social inclusion and urban renewal programs need to be grounded in what “slum”-based thinking has always ignored: the commonsense viewpoints and self-help strategies of the poor themselves.
The Spillover Effects of Fire, Riot, and Epidemics from Slums
Authors: Smart Alan , Tretter Eliot 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Urban planning of whole cities, rather than improvements to the precincts of elites, in western cities and in their colonies, began to a significant degree in response to threats that spilled over from slums. Fires, epidemics, and riot were perceived as dangers, particularly during industrial urbanization, that required new forms of intervention. While each of these threats has received attention, the impact of their commonality of spillover from slums to the districts of the powerful has been neglected. This chapter reviews a range of contexts in which this dynamic is explored. It traces the impact of fires, epidemics, and riots on urban planning from the eighteenth through twenty-first centuries in both metropolitan and colonial cities. The chapter concludes by noting that while later waves of urban planning were more influenced by concern for the poor and disadvantaged, even now worries about the spillovers of negative externalities from poor areas to the rich appear to be the primary motivation for city planning.
The Political Construction of Slums in India
Authors: Gooptu Nandini 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The slum in India is a relational concept, brought into being through actions of the state and non-state actors, who create specific forms of knowledge about the slum, imbuing it with multiple meanings and attributes. The colonial construction of slums as insanitary sites of disease contagion and as spatial aberrations consisting of debased humanity were further elaborated in postcolonial India, with the changing dynamics of nationalism, development, and democratic politics as well as class conflict over rights to the city. Slum populations have been variously portrayed as criminal, illegal interlopers in the city who undermine democratic politics, as multitudinous consumers of scarce urban resources, as reckless polluters who degrade urban life and thwart both urban and national development, yet worthy of benevolent ministrations of the state and elites. The idea of the slum has been at the heart of struggles over the nation and the city, spatially, ideologically, and politically.
Historical Archaeology and the Evolution of Twentieth-Century Slums in Detroit
Authors: Ryzewski Krysta 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Between 1880 and 1920 Detroit’s population exploded due first to the city’s gradual industrialization and then to the rapid development of the automobile industry during the initial decades of the 1900s. The influx of newcomers filled existing working-class housing to capacity and introduced a host of social welfare issues into local governance and city planning. These changes manifested spatially in the proliferation of crowded and poorly maintained neighborhoods, which housed different configurations of the city’s poor and working-class residents. This chapter employs historical archaeological sources to examine the evolution, depiction, and manipulation of slum neighborhoods in Detroit. Case studies of three different neighborhoods demonstrate how conceptions of slums in Detroit changed over time, how residents in these neighborhoods lived in ways that, at times, departed from stereotypes of slum dwellers, and how the so-called slums of Detroit contrasted from counterparts in other North American cities.
Legitimacy as a Driver of the Competition Between Institutions of Internet Governance
Authors: Brousseau Eric 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the history and debates around internet governance in an attempt to explain how multi-stakeholderism—embodied in the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)—replaced the multilateral model of governance that prevailed in the pre-internet era under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The extent to which the outcome of the confrontation between ICANN and the ITU reflects the superiority of multi-stakeholderism over multilateralism is discussed in detail. Both organizations’ development paths and histories are assessed to understand the circumstances that led the US government to propose an alternative to an intergovernmental organization, an alternative that was then supported by a large coalition of players. The current limits of the regime that now governs the internet is also reviewed, while its open-ended character is highlighted. Finally, an analysis is offered of the game of legitimacy establishment that has been played, and how ICANN, to date, has remained ahead.
Cyber Security for Nuclear Facilities
Authors: Aghara Sukesh K. , Spirito Christopher 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The digital revolution that began in the late twentieth century has transformed every facet of modern life and applications. The application of digital controls in the nuclear industry has led to an important change in the design of engineering systems and their management, operations, and maintenance. Digital controls bring superior performance, design flexibility, and lower costs. Every industry, including the energy sector, is undergoing a digital transformation to benefit from these advances. Nuclear facilities, especially nuclear power plants (NPPs), have been relatively slow to the adoption of digital transformation due to concerns about cyber threats. Analogue systems are significantly more isolated than digital ones; isolated systems limit points of entry and hence reduce the attack surface, although are still vulnerable to insider threats. Nuclear facilities involve operational technology, which poses its own unique security challenges that must be addressed before NPPs can deploy broad scale digitization. Despite such concerns, digital systems can increasingly be found in nuclear facilities as demand grows for increased productivity, predictability, reliability, and modernization of operations. The chapter addresses five key areas related to securing the digital assets at nuclear facilities: understanding the attack surface; graded protection and nuclear facility architectures; cyber threat actor capabilities against nuclear facilities; inclusion of cyber security in the risk management plan; and defensive operations and incident response.
Sensible Well-being
Authors: Diaconu Mădălina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Based on the reinterpretation of aesthetics as aisthetics or the theory of perceptual experience, this chapter explores the impact of touch, smell, and taste on mental health and well-being in general. The first section provides a historic retrospective of the intellectualist and anti-hedonistic coalition in Western philosophy and theology and examines the consequences of repressing these three ‘secondary senses’ for aesthetics, art, and everyday life. Understanding the subject as incarnate and relational enables the argument in the second part that inter- and multimodal environmental perception represents the rule. Examples of common and artistic practices demonstrate that tactility in the broad sense, olfaction, and the sense of taste are crucial for a positive relation to one’s bodily self (self-acceptance), to other people (togetherness, conviviality), and to physical, natural or built, environments (co-naturality or feeling at home in the world). Finally, the silence of the body, physical health and regeneration, comfort, pleasure, happiness, and existential fulfilment emphasize different shapes and stages of wellness.
On the Well-Being of Aesthetic Beings
Authors: Irvin Sherri 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As aesthetic beings, we are receptive to and engaged with the sensuous phenomena of life while also knowing that we are targets of others’ awareness: we are both aesthetic agents and aesthetic objects. Our psychological health, our standing within our communities, and our overall well-being can be profoundly affected by our aesthetic surroundings and by whether and how we receive aesthetic recognition from others. When our embodied selves and our cultural products are valued, and when we have rich opportunities for aesthetic experience and for the exercise of aesthetic agency, the aesthetic can foster and sustain well-being and help to make our lives worthwhile. But when we are subjected to aesthetic blight, restriction of our aesthetic agency, and aesthetic devaluing of our embodied selves and our communities’ cultural products, the aesthetic can do great harm: such aesthetic manoeuvres play a significant role in oppression and social hierarchy related to race, gender, fatness, and disability. This essay explores the notions of aesthetic objects and aesthetic agents, their relations with each other, and the unique affordances of persons’ status as simultaneously aesthetic objects and aesthetic agents. It examines the prospects for bodily aesthetic experience to promote well-being and, at the end, considers how the aesthetic might play a role in establishing forms of mutual vulnerability and recognition to combat oppressive social hierarchies.
The Implications of Uncertainty for Fairness
Authors: Lind E. Allan , van den Bos Kees 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
There are two substantial literatures in social and organizational psychology that sit at the interface of uncertainty and fairness concerns. Work on “informational uncertainty” examines how people respond to lack of certainty about the informational bases of fairness judgments. Work on “personal uncertainty” addresses how fairness processes are themselves affected by uncertainty about how one is being evaluated by others in social or organizational contexts and what personal implications the resulting feelings have on people’s reactions. This chapter addresses both informational and personal uncertainty, examining how uncertainty affects the generation of fairness judgments and the use of fairness to guide attitudes, decisions, and behavior in organizational settings. The review indicated that research and theory on these topics can tell us a great deal about fundamental processes in organizational psychology. Studies on informational uncertainty processes show how people seek to “fill in the gaps” in their understanding of what is fair and whether management and organizational supervisors are trustworthy. Research on personal uncertainty management shows that when people are treated fairly, this helps them to manage their insecurities and to cope when they are alarmed. The underlying psychological dynamics seen in both of these literatures illustrate basic social psychological concerns that are important to, but sometimes neglected in, the understanding of how people behave within organizations.