bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fc dependence of macrophage accumulation and subsequent injury in experimental glomerulonephritis.
Authors: Holdsworth S R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An IgG-initiated, macrophage-mediated model of experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits. Experiments were designed to determine the importance of the Fc portion of this disease-initiating IgG antibody in inducing macrophage accumulation and subsequent proteinuria and histologic injury. The model was a passive model of the autologous phase of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis. Leukocyte depletion with nitrogen mustard prevented the development of proteinuria, macrophage accumulation, and histologic injury, but decomplementation with cobra venom had no effect, confirming leukocyte dependence but complement independence of injury in this model. The effect of equimolar kidney binding quantities of the intact disease-initiating IgG and an F(ab')2 fraction of this same antibody were compared. Intact IgG deposition was associated with heavy proteinuria (630 mg/24 hr, mean +/- 106 SD). A diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with prominent macrophage accumulation (54 +/- 21 macrophages/glomerulus) developed. Deposition of the F(ab')2 fraction was associated with only minimal proteinuria (28 +/- 7 mg/24 hr). Histologic appearances showed no significant glomerulonephritis, and macrophage accumulation (4.1 +/- 0.6 macrophages/glomerulus) was substantially prevented. Thus, macrophage accumulation and subsequent injury in this model are dependent on the Fc portion of the disease-initiating IgG molecule. These data suggest immune adherence is an important mechanism for macrophage accumulation in antibody-initiated glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, the prevention of the Fc-dependent macrophage accumulation and simultaneous abrogation of injury suggest the lesion is mediated by macrophages.
Biosynthesis of C4 by mouse peritoneal macrophages. II. Comparison of C4 synthesis by resident and elicited cell populations.
Authors: Newell S L , Atkinson J P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Five elicited macrophage populations synthesized one-third to one-tenth as much hemolytically active C4 when compared with resident peritoneal macrophages. This decrease in functional C4 activity was not caused by inhibitors or protease activity in the elicited macrophage supernatants. Analysis of C4 antigen indicated a similar reduction in the elicited cells compared with the resident macrophages. A defect in precursor processing or secretion was deemed unlikely because the intracellular C4 precursor was appropriately reduced in the elicited cells. We postulate that mouse resident peritoneal macrophages are a pluripotent cell population with broad capabilities in regard to the initiation of the inflammatory response. In contrast, elicited or activated macrophages may be more specialized cells, with one manifestation of this being the "down" regulation of C4 synthesis.
Characterization of the lysis of fresh human solid tumors by autologous lymphocytes activated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin.
Authors: Mazumder A , Grimm E A , Rosenberg S A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), obtained from patients with a variety of malignancies, when incubated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lysed fresh autologous tumors during a short-term 51Cr-release assay. These PHA-activated killer (PAK) cells produced maximum lysis of tumor cells by 4 to 8 hr of co-cultivation. PHA incubation induced the generation of cells lytic for autologous and allogeneic tumors but not autologous or allogeneic PBL. Cold target inhibition studies demonstrated that autologous and allogeneic tumors of various histologic types all shared the determinants recognized by PAK cells. Some adherent cells were necessary for generation of these PAK, but higher numbers were suppressive. Augmentation of tumor cell lysis was seen when adherent cells were partially removed before PHA activation. The PAK effector cell was OKT3+, OKT8+. The precursor cell of the PAK was separated from natural killer (NK) cells on Percoll gradients and was generated from thoracic duct lymphocytes, a population devoid of NK cells. Furthermore, the phenotype of the majority of the precursor cells was OKT3+, OKM1-. Activation by PHA for 2 days was found to be an efficient and convenient method for generating lymphoid cells lytic for fresh autologous human tumor. The biologic and possible therapeutic role of these cells is currently being investigated.
Natural killer (NK) cells as a responder to interleukin 2 (IL 2). I. Proliferative response and establishment of cloned cells.
Authors: Suzuki R , Handa K , Itoh K , Kumagai K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proliferative response of murine natural killer (NK) cells to a T cell growth factor, interleukin 2 (IL 2) was investigated by using the NK-enriched, low-density fractions (F.1) and NK-depleted, T cell-enriched, and high-density fractions (F.3) of normal spleen cells after Percoll-discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. When F.1 and F.3 cells were cultivated with IL 2-containing medium without addition of any other factors, like lectins, feeder layer, or macrophage products, F.1 but not F.3 cells showed an IL 2-dependent proliferative response. Growing populations showed a potent NK activity and consisted largely of cells with a morphology of large granular lymphocyte (LGL) and a surface marker profile characteristic for murine NK cells. By limiting dilution in the liquid culture and colony formation in the soft agar medium, F.1 but not F.3 cells showed a high frequency of clonal replication in IL 2. Almost all growing colonies in either medium showed a typical morphology of LGL. Further, F.1 cells treated with anti-asialo GM1 antibody and C, from which NK cells and cytolytic activity were almost completely abrogated and for which T cells were enriched, conversely formed a few IL 2-dependent colonies. From the colonies in soft agar, 11 clones, all of which showed a typical morphology (LGL), a typical surface profile with the exception of lacking IgG-Fc receptors for NK cells (Thy-1 +/-, Ly-5+, ASGM1+, Lyt-1-, Lyt-2-, Fc gamma R-), and a cytotoxic activity of activated nature, were established and maintained for a period of longer than 1 yr in the medium containing IL 2 alone. These results indicate that a major population in the naive spleens of normal mice that respond directly to IL 2 and clonally replicate without other stimulating factors may be NK cells.
Relapsing murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by myelin basic protein.
Authors: Fritz R B , Chou C H , McFarlin D E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is readily induced in many mammalian species by immunization with CNS tissue or myelin basic protein (MBP) purified from the CNS. EAE has been frequently used as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, EAE generally presents as an acute monophasic disease in the adult animal after immunization with MBP. After recovery, the animal is resistant to rechallenge with encephalitogen (1). Two exceptions to these observations have been reported. McFarlin et al. (2) reported that a variable number of Lewis rats showed signs of a single, mild relapse about a week after recovery from MBP-induced acute EAE. Panitch and Ciccone (3) have reported induction of recurrent EAE in rats immunized with human MBP. Chronic, relapsing EAE has been induced in the mouse; however, an apparent requirement for CNS tissue had been noted (4, 5). Recently, during the course of a series of experiments on the induction of EAE in SJL/J, PL/J, and (SJL/J X PL/J)F1 (SPL F1) mice, it was observed that the F1 mice frequently had paralytic relapses after recovery from MBP-induced symptoms. Experiments were initiated to examine this phenomenon, and the findings are presented below.
Idiotype-specific T lymphocytes. I. Regulation of antibody production by idiotype-specific H-2-restricted T lymphocytes.
Authors: Yamamoto H , Bitoh S , Torii M , Fujimoto S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for MOPC-104E myeloma cells of BALB/c origin could be induced in BALB/c, (BALB/c X BALB.B)F1, and (BALB/c X BALB.K)F1 mice. (BALB/c X BALB.B)F1 CTL activity specific for MOPC-104E was effectively inhibited by anti-H-2d but not by anti-H-2b alloantiserum. However, the activity was hardly blocked by specific anti-idiotypic antibodies to MOPC-104E. For further analysis of the recognition of idiotype on target cells by CTL, the effect of those lymphocytes on anti-dextran B1355S antibody-producing B lymphocytes, which have a cross-reactive idiotype to MOPC-104E, was investigated. Lymphocytes from the CTL population did inhibit antibody production by dextran-immune spleen cells, but those from the CTL population specific for irrelevant myeloma cells (MOPC-167) did not. The (BALB/c X BALB.K)F1 CTL population suppressed the antibody production of BALB/c but not of BALB.K. This indicates that F1 cells can preferentially see H-2 antigens of immunizing myeloma cells on target B lymphocytes. The inhibition of antibody production was antigen specific and was only restricted to the PFC that were inhibitable by anti-idiotypic antibodies. The surface phenotypes of the cells that inhibited the antibody production were Thy-1+, Lyt-1-, Lyt-2+, and I-J-. These results strongly suggest that CTL specific for MOPC-104E recognize self H-2 antigens simultaneously with idiotypic determinants on B lymphocytes. Possible immunoregulatory roles of idiotype-specific CTL on antibody production systems are also suggested.
Polyclonal activation of murine B lymphocytes by immune complexes.
Authors: Morgan E L , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine splenic B lymphocytes are stimulated by homologous immune complexes to proliferate and secrete polyclonal antibody. The use of antibody from whole serum or monoclonal antibodies to form complexes resulted in the stimulation of mouse B lymphocytes. The ratio of antibody to antigen appears to be critical for the generation of the polyclonal antibody response. Because antigen and antibody are added independently at culture initiation, the exact nature of the complex is unknown, but optimal polyclonal antibody formation occurs in slight antigen excess. Immune complex-induced polyclonal antibody production requires the presence of both macrophages and T cells, whereas B cell proliferation requires only macrophages. The role of the macrophage appears to be to cleave a low m.w. (17,000) fragment from the complex, which is responsible for lymphocyte activation.
Murine T cell suppression demonstrable in the absence of cytotoxicity and the effect of Cyclosporin A on this system.
Authors: Hutchings P R , Cooke A , Gunn H C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro culture of murine spleen cells in FCS without prior immunization or allogeneic stimulation leads to the development of spontaneous cytotoxicity. This cytotoxicity is not H-2 restricted and can affect any subsequent in vitro assays using syngeneic cells, especially if those assays include prolonged culture in FCS. Studies on murine spleen cells cultured in NMS, however, led to the detection of a suppressor system that did not display cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, it was found that this suppression, in contrast to the cytotoxicity and suppression generated during culture in FCS, was not sensitive to CYA. The suppressor cell may be an effector or an inducer of suppression and is sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement. It is suggested that some in vitro suppression is really due to cytotoxicity that may be directed toward FCS determinants adsorbed onto syngeneic targets.
Is the delayed-type hypersensitivity observed after a low dose of antigen mediated by helper T cells?
Authors: Milon G , Marchal G , Seman M , Truffa-Bachi P , Zilberfarb V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In mice receiving, i.v., a dose of antigen optimal for antibody response, no delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction is detectable. In contrast, in mice receiving a dose of antigen too small to induce B cell activation, a DTH reaction is elicitable shortly and transiently after immunization. Using a sensitive titration assay of DTH-mediating T lymphocytes, this reciprocal relationship between antibody production and DTH responses was reinvestigated. The absence of peripheral DTH reactivity in mice primed i.v. with a high dose of antigen (10(9) heterologous red blood cells) does not result either from the absence of activation and clonal expansion of DTH-mediating cells or from induction of suppressive mechanisms but results from a decreased circulation of DTH-mediating cells. The present studies show that DTH-mediating cells disappear from blood to enter the spleen only when specific B lymphocytes are present and activated by a high dose of antigen. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that T cells activated by antigen can function either as helper cells for B lymphocytes or as DTH-mediating cells, depending on the environment they reach during their migration. In order to demonstrate that the same cell may support the two functions, monoclonal T lymphocytes were assayed for their helper function and for their ability to transfer a DTH reaction.
Growth at limiting dilution of human T cell colonies from T cell-depleted peripheral blood leukocytes.
Authors: Moreau J F , Miller R G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using a new culture system, we found that up to one-fourth of nylon-wool nonadherent human peripheral blood lymphocytes (NAd) could give rise to a colony containing T cells. Even after NAd cells were depleted of T cells (rosette-forming and/or OKT3+ cells and/or OKT11+ cells), up to one-ninth of cells could still give rise to a colony containing T cells. Colonies were grown in microwell liquid cultures in a vol of 0.02 ml/culture seeded with from 2 to 40 cells. Each cell concentration was set up with 60 or more replicates, and the results were analyzed using limiting dilution theory. Growth had an absolute requirement both for lymphokine(s) present in the supernatant of PHA-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes and for PHA. A fit to limiting dilution theory could be obtained only when heavily irradiated (3000 rad) peripheral blood leukocytes or NAd cells were also included, 300 cells/well being optimum. The system supported the development of OKT3+ and OKT11+ cells from OKT3-, OKT11-, OKM1-, and OKla1- precursors. All colonies contained some OKT3+ and OKT11+ cells, usually more than half the colony cells carrying the markers. Some colonies also contained OKTM1+ cells and OKla1+ cells at a frequency such that some colony cells must carry more than one marker.
Analysis of Fc (IgG) receptors on human peripheral blood leukocytes by dual fluorescence flow microfluorometry. II. Quantitation of receptors on cells that express the OKM1, OKT3, OKT4, and OKT8 antigens.
Authors: Titus J A , Sharrow S O , Segal D M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for the expression of Fc(IgG) receptors (FcR) by a quantitative dual fluorescence flow microfluorometric (FMF) technique. Mononuclear cells from all donors tested were distributed into three distinct subsets on the basis of FcR expression: cells expressing high, intermediate, or background levels of FcR. To characterize these subsets, cells were doubly labeled for FcR and with OKM1, OKT3, OKT4, or OKT8 hybridoma antibodies by using nonoverlapping red and green fluorophores. Each cell was then analyzed for the presence of both labels with a dual laser flow cytometer. Cells that did not express FcR were heterogeneous for OKT3, OKT4, and OKT8, did not express OKM1, and were primarily T cells on the basis of rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes (E+ cells). Most of the cells that expressed intermediate levels of FcR (an average of 1.3 x 10(4) FcR/cell) also expressed high levels of OKM1 but did not bind OKT3, OKT4, or OKT8 hybridoma antibodies. These cells were characterized as monocytes because they were removed by passage over Sephadex G-10 columns and because they were larger than the other cells as judged by light scatter. The majority of cells with the highest FcR density (an average of 4.5 x 10(4) FcR/cell) formed rosettes with E and were, by definition, T gamma cells. These cells expressed negligible levels of OKT4 and intermediate levels of OKM1, levels that clearly distinquished them from monocytes. The T gamma cells were heterogeneous in the expression of both OKT3 and OKT8, with approximately 20% being positive for OKT3 and OKT8. The level of OKT3 expression for the OKT3 and OKT8. The level of OKT3 expression for the OKT3+ T gamma cells was about the same as for as for OKT3+ T nongamma cells. In contrast, the OKT8 T nongamma cells expressed lower levels of OKT8 than did the OKT8+ T nongamma cells. By compaing our results with those obtained by other invesigators, we tentatively assigned functions to the subsets of cells that we describe here.
Lymphokine production by human T cell hybridomas.
Authors: Le J , Vilcek J , Sadlik J R , Cheung M K , Balazs I , Sarngadharan M G , Prensky W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T cell hybridomas were generated by hybridization of SH9 cells, the 6-thioguanine-resistant variant of human T lymphoma Hut102-B2, with concanavalin A-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The hybrid nature of the established cell lines was documented by the difference in D14S1 restriction fragment length polymorphism between SH9 and the hybridoma cell DNA, and by the expression of OKT11 antigen on hybrid cells. T cell growth factor, macrophage growth factor (MGF), and interferon (IFN) activities have been demonstrated in the supernatants of different hybrid cultures, but not in SH9 cell cultures. Substantial quantities of MGF were secreted by several hybrids including the L23 line. MGF activity was dose-dependent, heat-labile, and synergistic with indomethacin. High titers of IFN activity were found in the cultures of hybridoma L415 and its subclones. Neutralization with specific antisera showed the IFN synthesized by L415 clones was immune interferon (IFN-gamma). Like the parental SH9 line, all of the hybridomas producing these lymphokines exhibited a cell surface phenotype typical for helper T cells. The hybridoma system therefore shows potential for the study of various lymphokines produced by human helper T lymphocytes.
Cyclic AMP as a mediator of prostaglandin E-induced suppression of human natural killer cell activity.
Authors: Goto T , Herberman R B , Maluish A , Strong D M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of cyclic AMP in mediating the prostaglandin (PG) E2-induced suppression of natural killer (NK) cell function was studied. Highly purified preparations of human large granular lymphocytes (LGL; which have been shown to be closely associated with human NK activity) and T lymphocytes were obtained by using Percoll gradients. Basal cyclic AMP was similar in both cell populations. With LGL, PGE2 (but not PGF2 alpha) suppressed NK activity (75%) and enhanced cellular cycle AMP (600%). In contrast, in small, high density T lymphocytes, PGE2 caused very small increases in cyclic AMP (20%). Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEI) such as isobutyl methylxanthine and theophylline also increased cyclic AMP and suppressed NK activity in LGL. The effect of PGE2 and PDEI, in combination on cellular cyclic AMP and NK activity, was greater than the effect of each agent alone. Finally, exogenous derivatives of cyclic AMP also suppressed NK activity. These results indicate that in LGL, increased cellular cyclic AMP mediates the action of PGE2 on the suppression of NK activity.
Schistosoma mansoni adult microsomal antigens, a serologic reagent. I. Systematic fractionation, quantitation, and characterization of antigenic components.
Authors: Tsang V C , Tsang K R , Hancock K , Kelly M A , Wilson B C , Maddison S E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A systematic and quantitative search was conducted to identify and isolate a serologically pertinent antigen with high specific activity and low cross-reactivity from adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Adult worms of S. mansoni quickly thawed from liquid N2 temperatures were disrupted by controlled homogenization in isotonic buffered sucrose. Differential centrifugation of the homogenate yielded three particulate and one soluble fractions: the 480 x G pellet (nuclear), the 7650 x G pellet (mitochondrial), the 360,000 x G pellet (microsomal), and the 360,000 x G supernatant (cytosol). Quantitative analysis indicated a major concentration of specific antigenic activities in the microsomal fraction. Further purifications of the urea-solubilized, n-butanol-treated microsomal particles by gel filtration and ionic-exchange chromatography resulted in a microsomal antigen (MAMA) possessing high specific activity and low cross-reactivity. The final purification post-ionic exchange chromatograph showed a 30-fold increase of specific antigen activity over that of the cytosol fraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot by the "Western blot" technique (EITB) indicated specific antigenic activities in association with several different m.w. bands (heterogeneous m.w. by extrapolation = 4.3 to 11.9 x 10(6), 2.0 x 10(5), and 2.0 x 10(4) daltons) of the MAMA fraction. When compared with other reported serologic antigens, MAMA showed substantially higher specific activity and lower cross-reactivity.
Immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. II. Responses to parasite and nonparasite antigens in jirds with Brugia pahangi.
Authors: Lammie P J , Katz S P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chronic B. pahangi infection (greater than or equal to 5 mo) in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus, leads to the induction of adherent nonspecific suppressor cells that are capable of modulating the in vitro mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells. In the present studies, a correlation between suppression of mitogen responsiveness and lack of reactivity to B. pahangi antigens was observed in vitro with splenic lymphocytes from chronically infected animals. However, the ability of jirds with a chronic B. pahangi infection to develop in vivo humoral responsiveness to SRBC and DTH to DNFB was comparable to that of uninfected controls. Analysis of the relationship between the development of antigen-specific and nonspecific immunoregulatory activity over the course of the infection was undertaken, too. Altered in vitro responsiveness of spleen cells from infected jirds to mitogens and B. pahangi antigens was associated with the onset of microfilaremia (8 wk post-infection). A transient lack of reactivity to SRBC was observed after the development of a patent infection in jirds. However, nonspecific suppressor cells capable of modifying the in vitro mitogen responsiveness of normal lymphocytes were not observed in the spleens of B. pahangi-infected animals exhibiting a lack of reactivity to SRBC. The relationship of antigen-specific suppressor cells to immunoregulation in experimental filariasis is discussed.