bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Twenty-One-Year Experience with Antigenic Variation among Influenza B Viruses
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Minuse Elva , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic relationships among influenza B viruses isolated over the 21-year period from 1940 through 1961 were studied with the use of both infected ferret sera and sera obtained from persons of three age groups after vaccination with monovalent vaccines. Three antigenic clusterings having successive periods of prevalence could be distinguished but were not sufficiently different from each other to warrant classifying them as distinct antigenic families in analogy to the influenza A viruses.
Immune Lysis of Thymus and Spleen Cells of Embryonic and Neonatal Mice
Authors: Schlesinger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cytotoxic effect of H-2 isoantibodies and complement on thymus and spleen cells of embryonic and neonatal C3H mice was investigated. The sensitivity of the cytotoxic test employed was increased by using small numbers of cells and by washing the antibody-sensitized cells prior to the addition of complement.
Spleen cells showed a low though definite sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of isoantibodies and complement as early as on the 15½ day of gestation and throughout the rest of gestation. During the first days of life the sensitivity of the spleen cells increased rapidly, and thereafter it gradually increased further to adult levels.
The thymus of 15½-day-old embryos was almost completely refractory to the cytotoxic effect of isoantibodies and complement. In the 17½-day-old embryo the thymus cells had already developed a high sensitivity. The sensitivity of the thymus cells showed only minor fluctuations throughout the gestation period and remained unchanged during the 1st month of life. A higher sensitivity was found in thymus cells of 6-month-old mice.
Fresh guinea pig serum had a distinctive toxicity for mouse thymus cells, probably due to the action of heat-labile naturally occuring antibodies in the presence of complement. Sensitivity of the thymus cells to the toxic effect of guinea pig serum appeared between the 15½ and 17½ day of gestation.
Factors Influencing Determination of Antigenic Relationships between Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Strains
Authors: Saturno A. , Henderson J. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of variables influenced measurements of antigenic relationships between Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) strains. These were: a) the infectious or noninfectious nature of the immunizing antigen, b) the purity of the antigen, c) the type of animal used for immune serum source and d) the type of serologic test employed for measuring antigenic similarities or differences between virus strains.
Such variations in immune responses have been interpreted as due in part to the selection by various hosts, during multiplication of the virus, of different antigenic subpopulations of WEE and in part to the measurement of different properties of the viruses by different serologic tests.
The Serologic Specificity of Interferon
Authors: Paucker Kurt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An improved method for the titration of antibodies against interferon has been described. The assay permits the use of 10 to 15 times less interferon for neutralization by antibody than conventional monolayer techniques. Neutralizing titers of anti-interferon sera are enhanced by a corresponding factor. Reading of the test is based on color change of the phenol red indicator in the medium, which can be recorded visually or in a photoelectric colorimeter. The assay has been used with L, HeLa and chick embryo fibroblast cells.
Antibodies against L cell interferon developed in guinea pigs only after a prolonged course of immunization. Similar results were obtained in rabbits injected with L interferon and in guinea pigs immunized with chick interferon. HeLa interferon of low potency failed to elicit antibodies.
Neutralization tests with anti-interferon sera disclosed that a) L interferon differs antigenically from the producer cell, b) L, chick and HeLa interferons posses different antigenic compositions and c) minor cross-protection of heterologous cells may be due to components in the preparations other than interferon.
Antigenic Variations in Herpes Simplex Virus Isolants from Successive Recurrences of Herpes Labialis
Authors: Ashe Warren K. , Scherp Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thirteen strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) were isolated from recurrences of herpes labialis in four persons. Antigenic variations among these strains were defined by comparing the kinetics of their neutralization by rabbit antisera against a range of strains. Successive isolants from the same person frequently varied antigenically, but not in a regular manner. Variations could not be correlated with sequence or temporal proximity of recurrences, or with labial sites of lesions. The data substantiated a previously proposed classification of the majority of HSV strains into four serogroups, and indicated existence of two additional serogroups. Neutralization kinetic analysis of the reactions of eight strains from two of the subjects with five samples of their own sera likewise showed that successive isolants from the same individual are not necessarily identical. Relative rates of neutralization indicated that antibody specific for the HSV isolant associated with a given recurrence of herpes labialis is demonstrable in the subject's serum within 18 to 30 hr after the lesion appears. The respective serologic relationships, however, did not correlate with those established by rabbit antisera, and varied with different serum samples from the same person.
On the Mechanism of Adjuvant Action of Nonspecific Stimulators of Antibody Formation
Authors: Uchitel I. Ya. , Khasman E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During recent years, the majority of investigators has been inclined to think that the adjuvant action of different substances is the result of their influence on the cells producing antibodies. However, there is no unity of opinion either on the nature of the changes occurring in the cells, or on their importance for antibody formation.
Opinions have been voiced that adjuvants stimulate the cells to absorb the antigen, with or without subsequent phagocytosis; or that they facilitate the liberation of antibodies or, finally, that they augment the total cellular capacity to produce antibodies (1, 2).
Some investigators attach great importance to the cellular hyperplasia sometimes observed after the administration of adjuvants (3, 4), although after the introduction of endotoxin cellular alterations may be absent (5).
Intracellular Distribution and Degradation of Bacteriophage in Mammalian Tissues
Authors: Uhr Jonathan W. , Weissmann Gerald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following i.v. injection into guinea pigs or rabbits, bacteriophages T2 and φX 174 become associated with the large granule fraction of organs with an active reticuloendothelial system. One hour after injection, it was possible to release plaque-forming bacteriophage from the large granule fraction of guinea pig liver by lysing the granules in vitro with lysolecithin, an agent which disrupts membranous organelles. Forty-eight hours after injection of bacteriophage, the absolute number of plaque-forming units within large granules of liver had decreased, but these fractions were more immunogenic than after 1 hr, suggesting that metabolism preceded immunogenicity. Treatment of guinea pigs with excess vitamin A, an agent known to disrupt lysosomes of these large granule fractions, prolonged the 19 S antibody response to bacteriophage φX. Since the duration of the 19 S antibody response is antigen dependent, these findings support the hypothesis that the sequestration and proper degradation of antigens within lysosomes (or phagolysosomes) are necessary steps in the sequence of events leading to antibody formation.
Topography of Synthesis of S and V Antigens of Sendai Virus
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Azadova N. B. , Uryvayev L. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
S antigen of Sendai virus is synthesized in the nucleoli of infected cells and is then transported to the cytoplasm. V antigen of Sendai virus is synthesized in the perinuclear zone of the cytoplasm and moves to the periphery of the cell where S and V components are assembled and mature virus particles are formed. Treatment with proflavine does not affect the synthesis of either antigen but prevents the transportation of S antigen from nucleoli to the cytoplasm.
Association of the Lysosomes of the Reticuloendothelial System with Mouse Anaphylaxis
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following anaphylactic reactions induced with mouse antibody-antigen complexes in mice there appears a significant increase in acid phosphatase activity in the plasma and a decrease in three representative lysosomal enzymes of the liver. Intravenous injection of this enzyme fraction causes typical anaphylactic signs without desensitizing to further anaphylactic shock. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that lysosomes of the reticuloendothelial system are involved in anaphylactic shock in the mouse.
Serologic Studies of Primary Epidemic Typhus and Recrudescent Typhus (Brill-Zinsser Disease)
Authors: Murray Edward S. , O'Connor Jane M. , Gaon Jakob A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The major Rickettsia prowazeki antibody present in sera obtained from primary epidemic typhus patients between 11 and 58 days after onset of illness is 19 S. This is illustrated by the facts that a) the R. prowazeki agglutination titers of such sera are markedly reduced by contact with the sulfhydryl compound 2-mercaptoethanol and b) when such sera are subjected to electrophoresis and then diffused against a sonic vibrated R. prowazeki antigen, they form typical 19 S γ-globulin precipitin lines. The major R. prowazeki antibody present in sera obtained from Brill-Zinsser disease patients between 8 and 24 days following onset of illness is 7 S. This is illustrated by the facts that a) the R. prowazeki agglutination titers of such sera are unaffected by the sulfhydryl compound 2-mercaptoethanol and b) when such sera are subjected to electrophoresis in agar and then diffused against the supernatant of a sonic vibrated R. prowazeki antigen, they form typical 7 S γ-globulin precipitin lines. Various relationships of 19 S and 7 S antibodies to typhus immune responses are discussed.
Relationship between Blood Clearance and Viruria after Intravenous Injection of Mice and Rats with Bacteriophage and Polioviruses
Authors: Schultz Irwin , Neva Franklin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relationship between viremia and viruria occurring within 2 hr after intravenous injection with T2 bacteriophage and polioviruses was studied in mice and rats. Poliovirus was cleared from the blood at a slower rate than phage. Blood specimens obtained at 2 hr contained approximately 104 less phage particles but only 101.8 to 102.6 TCID50 less poliovirus than inoculated. Viruria could not be demonstrated if less than 109 phage particles or 105 TCID50 of poliovirus were injected. With larger doses of virus, the incidence of viruria increased and the amount of virus in the urine tended to increase. A gradient of at least 105:1 was observed between blood and urine concentrations of poliovirus and phage. This type of viruria occurring within 2 hr after intravenous injection of large doses of virus was designated “immediate viruria.” Despite bilateral ureteral interruption in mice and rats, poliovirus viruria was demonstrated in amounts comparable to those found in sham-operated or intact animals.
The Heat-Labile Serum Factor Associated with Intracellular Killing of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Li Isabel W. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The presence of fresh serum has been shown to be required for rapid phagocytosis and intracellular killing of virulent staphylococci by human blood leukocytes (1, 2). When human serum is subjected to heating, it no longer promotes killing but still causes demonstrable phagocytosis, though slower in rate and reduced in amount. The phagocytosis-promoting ability of human serum is apparently dependent upon the presence of antibody against the staphylococcal surface antigen or antigens and is removed by adsorption with ribitol teichoic acid isolated from the staphylococcal cell wall (3). The present report deals with the results of our study on the heat-labile serum factor responsible for rapid phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococci.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Human serum and leukocytes. Fresh samples of adult human blood were obtained from healthy subjects by venipuncture. Leukocytes were prepared by dextran sedimentation and were washed and resuspended in Hanks' solution.
Mouse β1C-Globulin: Production of Antiserum and Characterization in the Complement Reaction
Authors: Mardiney M. R. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Highly specific antibody to mouse β1C-globulin has been produced in rabbits by injecting incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing mouse complement adsorbed onto zymosan. The production of this antisera enabled analysis of the interaction of mouse β1C-globulin with EAC′1,4,2a cells, antigen-antibody precipitates and zymosan. The data revealed that the immediate reaction product upon interaction of β1C-globulin in these in vitro immune systems was a rapidly migrating β-α2-globulin, called β1C-globulin, and that this product was then transferred into an inactive, more slowly migrating component, β1D-globulin.
Ultracentrifugal analysis showed β1C-globulin to have an s-rate of 9.5 S, β1D-globulin to have an s-rate of 6.5 S and β1G-globulin to have an intermediate s-rate. A close similarity is shown to exist between human β1C-, β1G- and β1A-globulin and their mouse homologues.
Interaction of Rheumatoid Factors with Aggregated Subunits of Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Hirose Shun-Ichi , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies on the reactivity of human γ-globulin for the human rheumatoid factors suggest that the specificity of this reaction derives in part from the aggregated state of the γ-globulin and its component H chains. Native γ-globulin exhibits little, if any, reactivity in hemagglutination or gel diffusion experiments. Aggregated L chain preparations are likewise inactive. In contrast, heat-aggregated γ-globulin and turbid H polypeptide chains, as well as heat-aggregated F and S fragments, react with human rheumatoid factors. The inference has been drawn that the antigenic activity of human γ-globulin, or its subunits, for the rheumatoid factors is intimately associated with a change in the secondary or tertiary structure of these molecules which occurs on aggregation.
Studies on Adenovirus-12
Authors: Smith Kendall O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suspended KB cells can adsorb the majority of adenovirus particles in a suspension within 20 min. No detectable quantity of virus particles disappears within 1 hr after inoculation. Particles are still physically recognizable at 2 hr, but most have lost their infectivity. New virus appears at about 19 hr after inoculation and is formed at a uniform rate until about 54 hr. Ultimately, about 6700 particles and 67 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) are produced per infected KB cell. The formation of complement-fixing (CF) antigen roughly parallels the production of virus particles and infectious virus units. Over 98% of the countable virus particles and all of the measurable CF antigen remain intracellular throughout the growth cycle.
Density gradients are sensitive indicators of new virus formation, viral bands being clearly visible early in the growth cycle. Particles from gradients having a density of 1.34 or higher are highly infectious (1 particle in 5 to 8 is infectious), whereas those having densities of less than 1.29 are practically noninfectious (only 1 particle in 500 to 1000 is infectious).
Assembled or partially assembled virus particles account for no more than about 6% of the complement-fixing activity of crude, infected cell lysates. The remainder of the activity is in the form of very small, low density viral subunits. Purified virus having a density of 1.33 to 1.34 is not potent as CF antigen, more than 5 × 109 particles/ml being required for reaction. Ragged, partially assembled particles are somewhat more reactive, about 3 × 109 particles/ml being required to give a positive CF test. Artificially disrupted particles, showing a large number of capsomeres and a few short strands, are 4 to 8 times more potent as CF antigen than are intact particles.
Electron microscopic examination of crude, infected cell lysates shows huge quantities of unassembled viral components. It is calculated that less than one half of the CF antigenic viral materials synthesized is finally assembled into physically recognizable virus particles. Only about 1% of these particles are completed sufficiently to be infectious. Therefore, the efficiency of assembling viral elements into infectious virus particles within the KB cell is probably less than 5 parts in 1000.
Studies of Herpes Simplex Virus by the Gel Diffusion Technique
Authors: Tokumaru Tadasu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using gel diffusion technique, four precipitating antigens were found in preparations of herpes simplex virus. These antigens differed in their particle size, rate of diffusion in agar, density, chromatographic behavior, electrophoretic mobility and susceptibility to the destructive effects of various physical and chemical agents. All of these antigens elicited neutralizing antibodies when injected in laboratory animals.
Studies on Mouse Antibodies
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Mice injected once with ovalbumin or ferritin in Freund's adjuvant responded by producing 19 S and 7 S antibodies. Although 19 S antibody production continued for several months, the relative proportions of 7 S to 19 S changed from 5 to 1 at 2 weeks after immunization to 150 to 1 after 11 weeks. Sera that contained mainly 7 S antibody lost, upon reduction and alkylation, much of their aggregative efficiency and some of their precipitable antibody. The antibody in such reduced sera has been shown to combine promptly with antigen to form soluble complexes. That the effect of the reducing agent on aggregative properties was upon the antibody proper has been shown by experiments in which possible effects upon combining complement were shown to be irrelevant. It has also been shown that original activity was restored to treated serum by oxidation.
Reduced antisera against ferritin failed to agglutinate tanned cells coated with ferritin unless the concentration of ferritin used in coating of the cells was increased 10-fold above that needed to sensitize cells to agglutination by control sera. Complement fixation by reduced 7 S antibody has been shown to be diminished, especially when it was studied in dilute systems and at 37°C.
Antigenic Analysis of Virulent and Attenuated Type I Polioviruses by Quantitative Complement Fixation
Authors: Gerber Paul , Birch Suzette M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic character of a neurovirulent Type I poliovirus and its attenuated mutant were analyzed by means of a quantitative complement fixation (CF) test. This technique yielded highly reproducible results and clearly distinguished the two virus strains in reciprocal cross-reactions.
In contrast to the results obtained by the quantitative CF test no significant difference was found in the neutralization rate between anti-Mahoney serum and the two viruses.
Immunochemical Properties of Human γA Isohemagglutinin
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Lee Evelyn H. , Fudenberg Hugh 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isohemagglutinins were detected in pure γA-globulin (IgA), γM-globulin (IgM) and γG-globulin (IgG) fractions of sera from normal and immunized human subjects. The anti-A isoagglutinin in the immune sera was associated with both polymer and monomer forms of IgA. On a weight basis, the polymer form IgA antibody and IgM antibody had comparable hemagglutinating activities. The hemagglutinating activity of the monomer form IgA antibody was lower than that of the polymer form antibody, but higher than that of IgG antibody. The hemagglutinating activity of both polymer and monomer forms of IgA isoagglutinins was markedly diminished by reduction and alkylation.
In contrast to the IgG and IgM isoagglutinins, the IgA isoagglutinins did not hemolyze homologous red cells with either guinea pig or human C′. The IgA isoagglutinin did not sensitize guinea pig skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
Local Cellular Antibodies
Authors: Thonard John C. , Dalbow Milton H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The gingival tissues of conventionally reared rats and guinea pigs were challenged antigenically with whole sheep erythrocytes. Upon sacrifice, cell suspensions of spleens and gingivae were prepared and assayed for antibody production according to the plaque technique of Jerne. Antibody-forming cells were found in approximately 50% of the inoculated gingivae. Circulating hemolysins were found in the sera of all rats and over 80% of the guinea pig sera. It is concluded that antibody production, associated with indigenous cells, can take place in suitably stimulated oral mucosa; the origin of these immunologically competent cells remains a matter for conjecture.
Detection of Two Antibodies in Single Plasma Cells by the Paired Fluorescence Technique
Authors: Hiramoto R. N. , Hamlin M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The concept that a single antibody-forming cell may have the capacity to synthesize more than one antibody simultaneously was tested. This problem was approached by using a single antigen on which two determinant groups could be detected. Guinea pigs were hyperimmunized with a column-purified human γ-globulin preparation. Animals showing antibodies that reacted with a single band to the whole antigen but with two bands to the papain-digested antigen by immunoelectrophoresis were sacrificed and the spleen sections studied to see if any single cell was responding with two antibodies to both fragments of the whole antigen. A multiple antibody response in individual cells was detected using the sensitive indirect paired fluorescence technique.
From a total of 482 antibody-containing cells counted, 30% had antibodies directed toward the CP-I fragment and 24% to the CP-II fragment. It appeared that about 45% of the cells contained antibodies directed to both the CP-I and CP-II fragments. The gradation of colors caused by the combination of tetramethylrhodamine and fluorescein conjugates in the multiple antibody-producing cells and the selective quenching studies of fluorescence at pH 4.0 indicate that different cells contained different amounts of one type of antibody over the other.
Subtypes of Bence-Jones Proteins
Authors: Nachman Ralph L. , Engle Ralph L. , Stein Stefan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic differences among Bence-Jones proteins within each major type have been demonstrated. This heterogeneity appears to be independent of the Inv (a) type. At least two subtypes were demonstrated among the proteins in the panels of Type K and Type L proteins studied.