bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Composition of Ammodytes Viper Venom
Authors: Piantanida M. , Muić N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A considerable amount of information on the antigenic composition of snake venoms has been gained from cross-neutralizing effects between different venoms (or partially purified fractions) and their antisera. Grasset (1, 2) concludes, from a large number of cross experiments, that many venoms have an antigenic nucleus in common, but the group specificity does not always correspond to the zoological classification of snakes. Within a group, the venoms are supposed to be individually differentiated by secondary antigenic fractions in different proportions. The antiserum of one venom partially neutralizes all the venoms of the same group, but the effect is more complete for venoms containing more of the secondary components in common with the antigen used for immunization. Césari and Boquet (3) and other authors reach similar conclusions. The validity of these assumptions has not been confirmed directly; nevertheless they have proved very valuable for the preparation of polyvalent antisera.
In Vivo Localization of Labeled Rat Adrenal Antibodies
Authors: Spar Irving L. , Bale William F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After intravenous injection in rats the degree of localization of I131-labeled rabbit antibodies against rat adrenal tissue was measured in thirteen rat organs or tissues.
The labeled antibodies, after intravenous injection, localize strongly in rat adrenal tissue, less strongly but significantly in ovarian, kidney, spleen and liver tissue, and almost not at all in the other major body organs and tissues measured. Radioautographs indicated that localization in the adrenal was greatest in the zona reticularis, and in the kidney in the glomeruli.
The results suggest that an in vivo localization and reaction with adrenal tissue of auto-antibodies produced against the adrenal and perhaps other tissues may sometimes be a factor in endocrine malfunction. The results are also discussed with regard to the possible use of antibodies as carriers of radioactive or high neutron cross section isotopes for therapeutic purposes.
Mixed Bacterial Infections in Relation to Antibiotic Activities
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Sonn Constance , Swick Lois 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A high degree of protection was obtained by antibiotic-producing Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus strains of the human ocular microflora in mixed infections of mice with Clostridium septicum. Protection was obtained against at least 1,000 LD50 doses of this latter organism. The protection is most probably associated with in vivo secretion of functioning antibiotics. Strong correlation of in vitro and in vivo results with strains of varying antibiotic properties points to this conclusion. Failure to observe any differences in the abilities of these strains to survive in the tissues tends to rule out the possibility of nonspecific factors being operative. Solid protection was obtained both against the Clostridium septicum spores and vegetative cells. Living micrococci were more protective than heat-killed organisms. The latter apparently owe their small to moderate degree of prophylactic abilities to strongly adsorbed or intracellular antibiotic. This could not be washed off, and attempts to grow these organisms without antibiotic production were failures. Antibiotic-producing micrococci injected at sites removed from the Cl. septicum inoculation site, also seemed to confer a small degree of protection against lethal outcome. Delay in the injection of the antibiotic-producing micrococci until 2 or 5 hours after the Cl. septicum inoculum, greatly reduced the effectiveness of the protection, but did not completely eliminate it. Some of the animals injected after 5 hours had already developed local gas gangrene. The data presented strongly indicate that the human bacterial flora may represent a rich source of potentially valuable antibiotics for certain limited infections.
Relative Effects of Various Agents on Complement and Antibody Production. I
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The repeated injection of guinea pigs with ethionine or carbon tetrachloride in a dosage sufficient to produce chronic fatty degeneration of the parenchymal cells of the liver, brought about a definite decline in complement titer but did not significantly affect the development of agglutinative or complement-fixing activity in the serum in response to the injection of killed suspensions of Brucella abortus organisms. In rabbits, ethionine also reduced complement production but not that of antibody. Complement, antibody, and total serum-protein production were not reduced in rabbits or guinea pigs showing fatty infiltration of the liver resulting from a high-cholesterol diet. On the other hand, guinea pigs receiving repeated injections of gum-acacia solution showed reduced production of all three; antibody production was also reduced in similarly treated rabbits.
These data indicate that the same agency may have a similar or relatively different effect on complement and antibody production in the same animal. This possibility should be considered therefore in evaluating the influence of any particular factor upon a state of immunity or resistance believed to be dependent upon the combined action of complement and antibody.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that C′x and C′y correspond to C′1,4 and C′2,3, respectively. The complex EAC′1,4 reacts with C′2 forming a complex EAC′1,4,2, which in turn reacts with C′3, yielding an activated or damaged cell, E*, which then undergoes the terminal transformation reaction to a ghost with release of hemoglobin. Mg++ is involved in the action of C′2. The complex EAC′1,4,2 has been isolated, and its reaction with C′2 has been studied. In a system containing optimal Ca++ and Mg++ the reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3 is the rate-controlling process. In a Mg++ deficient system the C′2 step is the pacemaker. The complex EAC′1,4,2 can serve as a substrate for the determination of C′3.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Levine Lawrence , Rapp Herbert J. , Marucci A. Alvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
At 37°C EAC′1,4,2 becomes unreactive with C′2 according to first order kinetics with a half-life of 10.3 minutes. C′2 is taken up by EAC′1,4,2, as determined by activity measurements and by analyses with radio-iodinated C′3. Under the usual experimental conditions only a small proportion of C′3 is fixed by EAC′1,4,2, leaving a major part free in the fluid phase. From these findings it follows that the reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3 comes to a standstill because of the decay of the cell substrate. The same is true in the reaction between Ea and C′. There is no lag in the reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3, indicating that the resulting formation of a damaged cell is essentially a single event with respect to time. The velocity of reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3 is directly proportional to the concentration of EAC′1,4,2 and varies as the second or third power of the concentration of C′3. This may mean that two or three “molecules” of C′3 must combine simultaneously, or nearly simultaneously, with EAC′1,4,2 for a productive reaction.
The Effects of Paba Derivatives on the Multiplication of Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Greiff Donald , Donahoe Hugh B. , Chiga Masahiro , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The rickettsiostatic activity of 1) isosteres of PABA, 2) p-halobenzoic acids, 3) p-alkoxybenzoic acids and 4) compounds with substitutions in the carboxyl group of PABA were determined. The compounds were titrated to an upper limit which was toxic to the embryo or inhibitory to the growth of rickettsiae and to a lower limit which was non-inhibitory to the growth of rick-ettsiae. PABA and its isosteres showed the following order of activity: p-aminobenzoic acid τ; p-methylbenzoic acid τ; p-fluorobenzoic acid. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid did not exhibit rickettsiostatic activity. The order of rickettsiostatic activity of the p-halobenzoic acids was: p-iodobenzoic acid τ; p-bromobenzoic acid τ; p-chlorobenzoic acid τ; p-fluorobenzoic acid. The rickettsiostatic activity of the effective p-alkoxybenzoic acids increased directly as the length of the carbon chain: p-pentoxy benzoic acid τ; p-propoxybenzoic acid τ; p-ethoxybenzoic acid τ; p-methoxybenzoic acid. p-Butoxy-benzoic acid was not active. p-Aminohippuric acid partially inhibited the growth of rickettsiae. Other compounds containing carboxyl group substitutions (p-aminoacetophenone and p-aminopropiophenone, and methyl-p-aminobenzoate) were very toxic to the embryos and did not inhibit rickettsiostatic activity when given in tolerated doses.
Quantitative Complement Fixation in Syphilis as a Statistically Controlled Assay
Authors: Bier Otto G. , Siqueira M. , Furlanetto R. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
The main interest of the present investigation lies in the application of well known methods of biological assay to quantitative studies of complement fixation.
A linear relationship was established between the logarithm of the amount of serum and the number of C′H50 fixed by a constant, optimal amount of cardiolipin antigen. Based upon this linearity, the dose-response curves for 11 different sera were compared. Regression lines with a common slope were calculated for 8 of these sera. As tested by the analysis of variance, these lines agreed with the experimental data within the limits of chance variation. The regression lines for 2 other sera, although exhibiting a different slope, could also be considered as parallel.
The potencies of 7 sera and their respective standard errors were calculated in relation to one serum, taken as a reference standard.
It is pertinent to mention that the only previous statistical treatment of complement fixation data known to us is that of Thompson (10), based on results furnished by the method of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner. From theoretical considerations, Thompson showed the possibility of establishing valid estimates of potency from dose-response curves under conditions other than those of straight lines intersecting at 0 dose, or parallel straight lines. The experimental data which conform to Thompson's model were obtained, however, by a method entirely different from the one adopted in this investigation.
Further work is required to establish the validity of the present method for the comparison of potencies of syphilitic sera, as well as for its application to other immune systems.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidin active against B. subtilis has been quantitated in the serum of the rat, rabbit, human, guinea pig, cow and dog. High values were obtained only in the rat and rabbit. Although the serums of healthy humans contain only small amounts of bactericidin the levels may increase several fold during the acute phase of various illnesses.
The bactericidin of rabbit serum was studied in detail. However, its tissue source was not determined and all attempts to extract bactericidin from the spleens, livers, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes of rabbits were unsuccessful.
Bactericidin in rabbit serum pH 7.4 was found to be completely destroyed by heating at 60°C for 2 hours and is a substance of cationic nature readily absorbable with bentonite. Its inactivation by citrate is apparently due to its property of forming a salt with citrate rather than to the withdrawal of calcium ions by citrate.
Electron microscope studies of the comparative cytologic effects of lysozyme and bactericidin on B. subtilis indicated that lysozyme exerts its principal lytic effect on the cell wall, whereas bactericidin tends to lyse all components of the cell. It is also notable that polymorphonuclear leukocytes which are rich in lysozyme do not appear to contain bactericidin.
The results provide strong evidence that the bactericidin of rabbit serum, active against B. subtilis, is distinct from lysozyme and independent of lysozyme in its action.
The Isolation and Characterization of Heat-Resistant Mutants of the Najarian Strain of NDV
Authors: Goldman Elise Cahn , Hanson Robert P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The heat resistance of the Najarian strain of Newcastle disease virus at 56°C ± 0.2 as measured by hemagglutination and egg infectivity tests is discussed. Subcultures of greater heat resistance were obtained by inoculating embryos with virus that survived exposure to various periods of heating at 56°C. The isolate was considered to be a mutant when it differed significantly from the original strain and was obtained from inocula which contained less than one infective unit per inoculated embryo. The infectivity of the mutant NAJ/H1 for embryos survived exposure to 56°C for 240 minutes as compared to the parent that survived for 60 minutes. The hemagglutinin of the mutant persisted for at least 300 minutes as compared to 45 minutes for the parent. It was shown that heat-resistant mutants were more readily isolated when short rather than long periods of heat treatment were employed. This was done in a series of cycles in which the virus contained in embryonic fluids was heated and then injected into embryonating eggs and allowed to multiply.
Studies on Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Stark Orton K. , Crispell Earl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various mechanisms which have been suggested to account for “immunological paralysis” following injection of large doses of SI have been reviewed. Experimental evidence does not support some of these.
When 500 μg of C14-SI is injected into mice the radioactivity of splenic extracts remains essentially unaltered for the period of one year, indicating persistence in the animal tissue of the antigen or of some complex formed with it. In contrast free antigenic C14-SI in the spleen at the end of one year is reduced to approximately 1.5 per cent of that present two days after injection. Preliminary experiments indicate that mice which have been immunized by injection of an antigenic dose of SI promptly lose their immunity when given 500 μg, as would be expected if the mechanism postulated is true.
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that “immunological paralysis” is a result of the removal of antibodies as rapidly as formed through union with the excess antigen. This mechanism would account for the fact that larger than minimal dosages of SI require longer periods for the production of free antibodies. Studies of dosage size might show that many antigens may produce short term deleterious effects on the degree of immunity produced when injected in large doses.
Quantitative Studies in Hemagglutination
Authors: Wilkie M. H. , Becker E. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of the assay technique described in the first paper, anti-B sera and B antigens from different genotype sources were investigated and no significant differences were found except in the A1B source of B antigen. Increasing cell concentrations increased the HD50 of a given serum and eventually depressed the slope of the regression lines produced by this technique.
Effects of Antisera on Tyrosinase in Glomerella Extracts
Authors: Owen Ray D. , Markert Clement L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera produced in rabbits by the injection of Glomerella extracts rapidly inhibit, and slowly precipitate, the tyrosinase activity of the extracts. Effects of variations in substrate, antiserum, and extract concentrations suggest that a competitive relationship, perhaps of the sort that has been designated “kinetic competition,” prevails between at least a fraction of the antibodies and the substrate, with regard to the portion of the enzyme surface that includes its substrate-combining sites. Complexity of serum effects on the enzymatic activity, including dialyzable and nondialyzable inhibition and protection, activation, or reactivation of the enzyme, as well as characteristics of the course of the tyrosinase reaction itself, prevents the application of a rigorous kinetic analysis to this system at this time.
Inhibition and precipitation of the enzymatic activity by antisera provide a delicate system to test for serological differences among Glomerella tyrosinases. Some of the factors involved in enzyme serology, important in this connection, are discussed.
The Interaction of Serum with Erythrocytes Modified by Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S. , Lem Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cell-sensitizing substance of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) differs from the virus hemagglutinin. Two different sorts of red cell sensitization may occur, one of which results in agglutination by immune serum, the other in agglutination by infectious mononucleosis serum. The sensitizing component for infectious mononucleosis serum varies with the NDV strain and persists through passage at limiting dilutions. It may be a useful genetic marker.
Immunoelectrophoretic Studies on Serum Proteins
Authors: Williams Curtis A. , Grabar Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunoelectrophoretic methods can be used to determine the mobility of specific precipitating antibodies and to relate these to normal components of the immune serum. Antibodies of immune horse serum show a wide range of mobilities from that of γ-globulin to that of the rapidly-migrating β-globulin. The mobilities of horse serum proteins with immune function do not all correspond to those of horse serum components revealed by rabbit antisera against normal and immune horse serum. Antibodies of the ass and rabbit have the mobility of γ-globulin, although two close but distinctly different mobilities are revealed in the case of the rabbit antisera. The value of immunoelectrophoretic analysis to the control of separation and purification of antibody rich serum fractions is pointed out.
Studies on the O Antigen of Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Landy Maurice , Johnson Arthur G. , Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunological studies have demonstrated that when a somatic antigen of the “Boivin” type is freed of protein, the resultant lipopolysaccharide exhibits no loss in antigenic activity. Indeed antigenic activity in mice, rabbits, and man is increased considerably. This product approached immunological homogeneity in the quantitative precipitin test more closely than the “Boivin” type antigen, as evidenced by an improved supernatant analysis and the formation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in the region of far antigen excess. The essentially complete agreement of agglutinin nitrogen values with total precipitable N values for horse and rabbit antisera, together with evidence that serological specificity was entirely comparable to that of intact typhoid bacilli, all provide evidence that the immunologically active form of the somatic O antigen in S. typhosa is the lipopolysaccharide.
Antibodies to Shigellae in Normal Human Sera
Authors: Weil A. J. , Felsen J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a population where the incidence of shigellosis is low, agglutinating antibodies versus the types, 1, 2, 3 and (to a lesser degree) 4, of Sh. flexneri were found with frequency. Antibodies versus Sh. flexneri type 6, Sh. sonnei, Sh. dysenteriae type 2 (ambigua) and the alkalescens bacillus were rare. The normal Flexner antibodies are directed against components of the group antigen rather than against the type-characterizing antigens. These antibodies frequently have the properties of a cold agglutinin in that they are more reactive at 5°C than at 37°C. Non-agglutinating (univalent) antibodies were also found. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Type 2 Poliomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Kamitsuka Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In this report, some additional evidence has been obtained for the existence of biologic variations among Type 2 strains of poliomyelitis viruses. The differences observed among such strains as Leyva and Theiler's Lansing are well defined and are clearly at variance in respect to the prototype Lansing virus. Variations encountered with those strains intermediate in position are also well defined. These strains are of interest because they have been passaged relatively infrequently and presumably possess native biologic characters. In contrast, strains passaged many times in rodents, or in monkeys, change their biologic properties and acquire additional characters, some of them peculiar to the recipient host. Hence, the designated characters assigned to the 16 strains are not viewed as stable; for it is clear that changes occur among strains of Type 2 poliomyelitis viruses studied under varying influences in the experimental laboratory.
Experimental data obtained during the study provided opportunity for comparing monkey kidney epithelial cell cultures and mice and monkeys with regard to their sensitivities in delineating available units of poliomyelitis virus. In most instances, tissue cultures were the superior indicator systems.
Separation of Tetanus Antitoxin Dissociated from a Toxin-Antitoxin Precipitate
Authors: Bolyn A. E. , Moskowitz M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The foregoing study has shown that after treatment with pepsin of a toxin-antitoxin precipitate dissolved at pH 3, a substantial quantity of inactive precipitate may be removed by adjusting the pH to about 4.7 and heating in a water bath of 45°C for a short time. After removing the precipitate, the clear supernatant, which contained free antitoxin, was concentrated and fractionated at varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate. Most of the antitoxin activity was precipitable at between 40 and 50% saturation with ammonium sulfate. The fraction obtained under the latter conditions showed only one electrophoretic component, when studied in a phosphate buffer of 0.20 ionic strength and pH 7.7 at a protein concentration of 1%. It had an antitoxic activity of 1,470 units per mg nitrogen by the flocculation test and 1,330 units per mg nitrogen by the animal protection tests.
The Timing of Antigen Injection Relative to Whole Body X-Irradiation and the Development of Circulating Antibody and the Splenic Histologic Reaction in the Rat
Authors: Fitch Frank W. , Wissler Robert W. , LaVia Mariano , Barker Patricia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody formation and the histological reaction of the rat spleen have been studied following intravenous antigenic stimulation at varying times relative to whole body x-irradiation. Irradiation within four days after antigen injection caused a depression of the peak of antibody. This depression became more marked as the interval between irradiation and antigen injection was shortened. Irradiation 1 and 6 days before antigen injection abolished antibody formation.
The amount of circulating antibody was correlated with the degree of hyperplasia and increase in pyronin staining of cells of the splenic red pulp. Depression of circulating antibody by whole body x-irradiation appears to be related to alteration of the histologic response to antigenic stimulation.