bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Irradiation on Natural Hemagglutinins of Mice
Authors: Kornfeld Lottie , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Naturally occurring agglutinins for chicken red cells were studied in normal and x-irradiated CF-1 mice. Following total body exposure to 550 or 700 r, the mean hemagglutinin titers of individual mouse sera declined gradually over a 10- to 12-day period and returned to normal levels by the 19th–21st day postirradiation. This effect of irradiation was not demonstrable with pools of sera. Titers of individual sera from irradiated mice were distributed over a wider range than titers of sera from normal mice.
The Upper Limit for the Size of the Human Antidextran Combining Site
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
With four human antidextran sera of 1,6 specificity isomaltoheptaose was not significantly better as an inhibitor than isomaltohexaose, but with a fifth antiserum the heptasaccharide was slightly better. The data indicate that in most instances the upper limit in size for most of the antibody combining sites is complementary to a hexasaccharide but that in one instance a detectable amount of antibody complementary to a heptasaccharide was found. A Russian and an American clinical dextran gave identical quantitative precipitin curves with two human antidextran sera of 1,6 specificity.
Immunologic Relationships Among the Spotted Fever Group of Rickettsias Determined by Toxin Neutralization Tests in Mice with Convalescent Animal Serums
Authors: Bell E. John , Stoenner Herbert G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tests of certain variables inherent in the spotted fever toxin neutralization test in mice revealed that a) spotted fever group toxins remained stable for a period of at least 3 hr at either room temperature (26°C) or at 2°C, b) serum antitoxin titers were maximum 15 min after mixing antiserum with toxin and they did not change significantly during 2 hr further incubation at room temperature, c) a relationship existed between the serum neutralization titer and the concentration of toxin neutralized: a 2-fold increase in quantity of toxin reduced the serum titer 4-fold. Three strains of Rickettsia rickettsii associated with spotted fever disease in man behaved alike in reciprocal cross neutralization tests. A strain of R. rickettsii from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, showed a significant serologic difference from one but not from the other two of these strains of R. rickettsii. The rickettsias of boutonneuse fever, South African tick bite fever, Kenya tick typhus and Indian tick typhus, were indistinguishable from one another by the mouse toxin test. These studies with Indian tick typhus confirm recent information concerning its serologic relationship with this group of rickettsias. R. rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii were clearly differentiated from one another by the mouse toxin test. Neither of these two rickettsias produced more than a slight degree of cross neutralization with the other. The rickettsia of Siberian tick typhus could be distinguished by the mouse toxin technique from R. rickettsii and R. conorii as well as from other spotted fever group strains studied. However, a relatively high one-way cross neutralization occurred between the Siberian agent and certain strains of R. rickettsii and the rickettsia from the tick Amblyomma maculatum, but not R. conorii. Two strains of Siberian tick typhus rickettsias, one from the tick Dermacentor nuttalli, and the other of human origin, gave complete cross neutralization with one another and were essentially alike in their cross reactions with other members of the spotted fever group. The maculatum rickettsia exhibited distinct serologic differences from all other spotted fever strains studied. This rickettsia did, however, give notably high nonreciprocal cross reactions with R. conorii strains and with the rickettsia of Siberian tick typhus. Guinea pig antisera against Rickettsia australis and Rickettsia akari showed little or no cross neutralization of toxins of 10 other strains of spotted fever group rickettsias.
Studies on Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse
Authors: Morgan Perry , Sherwood Noble P. , Werder Alvar A. , Youngstrom Karl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A report is made on the effects of x-irradiation (500 r) on the anaphylactic response of mice sensitized with bovine albumin-adjuvant emulsion and challenged with bovine albumin solution. X-irradiation given 1/12, 2, 4, 6 or 8 days before or 2, 4 or 6 days following sensitization failed to enhance the anaphylactic sensitivity when the interval between sensitization and challenge was 7 days. X-irradiation given 1/12, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 days before or 2, 4, 6 or 8 days after sensitization depressed the anaphylactic sensitivity of mice challenged 10 days after sensitization as measured by mortality incidence and changes in rectal temperatures. In general, a depressive effect of x-irradiation on the anaphylactic response was observed in mice exposed 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 days prior to or 2 days following sensitization when challenge was made 14, 21, 28, 35 or 42 days postsensitization. An enhancement of susceptibility to fatal anaphylaxis was discernible in sensitized animals receiving x-irradiation 4 days or more following sensitization when the interval between sensitization and challenge was 14, 21 or 28 days. No effect of x-ray on mortality incidence or change in rectal temperature was observed when the interval was 35 or 42 days.
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variety of dextrans cross-react with Types II and XX antipneumococcal sera and, to the extent of their cross-reactivity, remove the same fraction of anti-SII or anti-SXX. There appears to be no correlation between the proportions of the various linkages in the dextrans and the maximum quantity of antibody precipitable by any given dextran. Glycogen precipitates a portion of the anti-SII which cross-reacts with dextrans.
The relationship between the proportions of 1,6 linkages in the dextrans and their efficiency, on a weight basis, to precipitate 50% of their maximum cross-reacting anti-SII or anti-SXX was very similar to that found in another investigation for the dextran-human antidextran reaction. In general, dextrans with 70% or more α-1,6 linkages are equally efficient in precipitating cross-reacting antibody but precipitating efficiency declines with decreasing proportions of 1,6 linkages below 70%. Several dextrans were found which did not follow this relationship and all but two of the exceptional dextrans behaved similarly both in the cross-reactions and the dextran-antidextran reaction.
Quantitative inhibition studies with oligosaccharides show that oligosaccharides of the isomaltose series are the best inhibitors of the cross-reactions of anti-SII and anti-SXX with dextrans and anti-SII with glycogen. An upper limit in inhibiting power of the cross-reactions of anti-SII and anti-SXX with dextran N236 was reached with isomaltopentaose and isomaltotetraose, respectively, indicating extents of the complementary areas of the cross-reacting combining sites on these antibodies in close agreement to that found for the dextran-human antidextran system. With other dextrans, units as small as α-methylisomaltoside gave maximum inhibition of the cross-reactions. The crossreaction of anti-SII with glycogen was inhibited maximally by α-methylisomaltoside.
Differences in the proportion of total anti-SII cross-reacting with dextrans were found in two horse Type II antisera, confirming previously reported heterogeneities in the antibody responses of different animals to the same antigen (SII).
The cross-reaction of anti-SII with Friedländer Type B polysaccharide seems to involve a fraction of anti-SII independent, at least in part, from the fraction cross-reacting with dextrans. Quantitative inhibition studies with oligosaccharides showed that glucuronic acid residues may be involved in this cross-reaction since glucuronic acid was the only inhibitor tested which was effective.
Studies on Immunity to Toxins of Clostridium Botulinum
Authors: Wright George G. , Duff James T. , Fiock Mary A. , Devlin Henry B. , Soderstrom Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Procedures were developed for preparation of purified adsorbed toxoids for immunization of man against type A and type B toxins of Clostridium botulinum. Purified toxins were converted to toxoids at pH 5.5 and 35°C, in the presence of 0.6% formalin. The detoxification reactions deviated markedly from first order behavior. Preparations of type A toxin were usually detoxified for guinea pigs in 16 days; type B toxin required 20 days. Although the toxins were initially more toxic for mice than for guinea pigs, detoxification for mice occurred more rapidly than detoxification for guinea pigs. Toxoids were readily adsorbed on aluminum phosphate suspension, and bivalent adsorbed preparations were antigenic in mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. The adsorbed toxoids deteriorated slowly when held at 4°C, but retained appreciable antigenicity after 3 years.
Studies on the Immunologic Mechanism of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Karush Fred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two rabbit antibodies with specificity for well defined haptenic groups were studied. It was shown that haptens were unable to provoke PCA reactions in the guinea pig. Evidence for their interaction in vivo with specific antibody was, however, furnished by the demonstration of transitory protection against challenge with the complete antigen. These findings indicate that interactions in vivo between simple “monovalent” haptens and specific antibody do not provoke anaphylactic reactions.
Serologic Status of Children Four Years after Poliomyelitis Field Trial
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Napier John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
All 504 children in this study were known to be without demonstrable antibodies to any type of poliomyelitis virus prior to the field trial of 1954. Therefore changes in their serologic status can only be due to events transpiring during the 4-year period of observations, namely, additional doses of vaccine, subclinical infection, or both.
The proportion of children with antibodies in 1958 against type II virus was consistently high in all groups.
The incidence of type I antibodies was next highest but significant numbers of children were without them especially those not vaccinated within the last 2 years.
Type III antibodies were least prominent of all types in 1958, in fact, approximately one-third of all the subjects were lacking in these antibodies.
The over-all analysis showed that although there were only nine “triple negative” individuals, there were significantly high numbers of children without antibodies to one or more types 4 years after the field trial of vaccine in spite of a history of subsequent injections. Furthermore, the number of negatives might well have been larger without the benefit of intercurrent subclinical infection which was demonstrated to play a significant role in the current serologic status of these study groups.
In view of the extreme variation in vaccination history subsequent to the field trial and the findings of this study, it seems clear that most individuals with no history of vaccination during the past 2 or 3 years could well profit by an additional injection of vaccine.
The Susceptibility of Mother Mice and Pregnant Mice to the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Campbell Charles H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments revealed that certain pregnant mice and mother mice nursing young were susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus produced in cultures of bovine kidney cells. Removal of the young 1 or 2 days before inoculation resulted in a decrease in the susceptibility of the mother mice. Regardless of the amount of virus inoculated, a maximum of about 40% to 70% of the mothers were susceptible, whereas others displayed no sign of infection.
Inactivation of Viruses by the Photodynamic Action of Toluidine Blue
Authors: Hiatt C. W. , Kaufman Eleanor , Helprin Jerome J. , Baron Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In a study of the rates of inactivation of 11 different viruses by the photodynamic action of toluidine blue and visible light, a wide range of variation was encountered. Relative velocity constants, determined under standard conditions of dye concentration and light intensity, ranged from 1.0 for T3 coliphage and vaccinia virus to less than 0.001 for poliovirus and Coxsackie B2 and appeared to correspond at least approximately with accepted taxonomic groupings.
According to a hypothetical mechanism for this reaction, the dye combines at sites essential for infectivity, providing “marked targets” for the destructive action of the light energy. The dye then acts as a photosensitizer by absorbing light of specific quantum energy and transferring the energy increment to the virus particle at the site of combination.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Henle Werner , Lief Florence S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison was made of the usefulness of type-specific, soluble (S) and strain-specific, viral (V) antigens in the serodiagnosis of Asian (A2), and, to a lesser extent, of A1 influenza patients.
It was found that V antigens composed of virus identical with, or closely related to, the infecting agent provide diagnostically significant answers in all patients provided the acute and convalescent stage sera are collected at appropriate times. The appearance of antibodies to a new V antigen may require at times more than 2 weeks following onset of illness.
Conclusive diagnostic antibody responses may be measured with homologous V antigens even under conditions where the S-antigen fails to provide an answer; that is, a) in infants and children under 5 years of age, who often do not respond with anti-S; and b) in those patients of all ages, who possess relatively high levels of anti-S in the first serum so that no significant increments become detectable in the second.
Many patients show concomitant rises in antibodies to V antigens of strains which had been circulating in earlier years, even though no antigenic relationship may be demonstrable in vitro between the test and infecting viruses. Such heterologous anti-V responses are, as a rule, lacking, or no longer measurable under the same conditions in which S antigen is found to be inadequate.
A screening test has been described for rapid evaluation of numerous sera during epidemics and found suitable for a service laboratory which often receives bloods collected at times other than optimal. If the acute and convalescent stage sera are taken early; i.e., within the first few days and 2 weeks after onset of illness, respectively, often only the S antigen (or V antigen of an earlier strain) may afford an answer. If the paired sera are collected late; i.e., about 1–2 and 3–4 weeks after onset, only the homologous V antigen may still provide diagnostically significant results. These differences are explained on the basis that recall of antibodies to S antigen and V antigens of earlier strains is rapid in patients who had previous experiences with influenza antigens, whereas antibodies to a new V antigen develop at a slower rate.
The complement-fixation test has none of the difficulties inherent in the hemagglutination-inhibition and may be employed to advantage for strain-specific serodiagnosis.
Immunochemical Studies of Human Serum Rh Agglutinins
Authors: Chan P. C. Y. , Deutsch H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Rh saline and albumin type antibodies of human serum show distinct chemical and immunologic specificities. These two antibodies do not appear to be dissociation or aggregation products of each other. Mercaptan dissociation of the saline agglutinin and papain digestion of the albumin type antibody leads to their being converted into molecules which are unable to effect their usual agglutinin reactions but which are still capable of combining with antigen.
Studies in Immunization
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits immunized with BSA-rabbit anti-BSA specific precipitates combined with Freund's complete adjuvant produced circulating antibody and delayed hypersensitivity to the BSA portion of the complex. Rabbits immunized with specific precipitates given intravenously produced antibody to the BSA portion when the complex was formed at equivalence but not when the complex was formed in antibody excess. An additional antibody produced by some rabbits was shown to be directed towards the rabbit γ-globulin portion of the complex. No antibody was found which could be considered specific for the particular complex used for immunization.
Different Types of Serologic Reactivity to Bedsonia (Psittacosis Group) Antigen in Various Hosts. Discussion of Some Related Problems
Authors: Terzin Alexander L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
About 450 Bedsonia-positive serum samples from acutely sick, convalescent or apparently healthy humans and animals have been investigated by both CF and CFI tests with an ornithosis antigen prepared in our laboratory. Sera of humans (with three exceptions) and sera of horses, reacted in the CF test only. Sera of sheep (with one exception), as well as sera of pigs and cattle, showed either a positive CF or a positive CFI test. Sera of pigeons showed either positive CF or positive CFI tests or both. The sera of other birds (ducks, geese, hens and turkeys) reacted positively in the CFI test only (apparently an inherent characteristic of those orders). Significantly different types of serologic reactivity have been observed in various groups of Bedsonia-positive sheep. Sera which were positive in both CF and CFI tests showed a zone in the CF test mostly of the same height as the titer revealed in the CFI test. Sera positive in the CF test only have been mixed in various proportions with pigeon serum shown to be positive by the CFI test only, and the mixtures have been titrated by both tests. Results suggest the following conclusion: both types of antibodies (complete and incomplete), if contained in the same serum specimen or mixed in various proportions, may compete for the antigen resulting in a partial or complete suppression of their respective activities as manifested by positive CF test only with no zoning, by negative CF test and positive CFI test, or by positive CF test with zoning and positive CFI test, mostly with titers equaling the height of the zone revealed in the CF test.
Similarly, as the specificity of the CF titers can be verified by testing the sera vs various antigens of unrelated specificity, also specificity of the CFI titers has been checked by setting up CFI tests vs indicator systems of unrelated specificity. By means of several checkerboard titrations we have verified the well known observations that pigeon sera when titrated in the presence of larger doses of antigen show lower prozones in the CF test, and the titers obtained in the CFI test are lower if larger doses of antigen are used in the indicator system.
A simple test is proposed to determine if the so-called type III serologic reactivity (positive CF test with a prozone and a positive CFI test) is induced due to the presence of complete antibodies in an excess, or to the presence of incomplete antibodies as well as the complete ones.
Both serologic and epizootologic observations presented here seem to indicate the presence of the virus of enzootic abortion of ewes in Yugoslavia. Other observations concerning CF serology of the Bedsonia group of viruses are discussed.
Effects of γ-Rays on the Serologic Properties of Ovalbumin
Authors: Leone Charles A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Samples of lyophilized ovalbumin were irradiated, under vacuum in a high energy, uniform field of γ-rays, to absorb dosages of 30, 60 and 100 electron volts/molecule (6.5, 13.0 and 21.7 × 106 rads). Solutions of the γ-irradiated ovalbumins were fractionated by promptly precipitating the radiation-denatured molecules at the isoelectric point of native ovalbumin, and by heating the neutral systems at 50°, 60° and 68°C and by precipitating the thermolabile constituents at the isoelectric point. Quantitative serologic tests on the solutions revealed that the irradiated ovalbumins had a dose-related loss of correspondence to native protein. Removal of the radiation-denatured and thermolabile constituents improved the correspondence of the supernatants to the native solutions. Supernatants from native and irradiated preparations, heated at 68°C, showed thermal damage serologically. Radiation-denatured and thermolabile proteins exhibited a low, essentially constant and doseunrelated serologic correspondence to native ovalbumin. The serologic data are interpreted as revealing, in γ-irradiated lyophilized ovalbumin, the existence of a spectrum of molecules exhibiting various degrees of structural degradation.
Genetic Influences on ISO-Immunization in the Rabbit
Authors: Cohen Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The production of iso-antibody is not simply a factor of donor-recipient incompatibility. Certain donor-recipient combinations, involving the same incompatible antigens, have different probabilities of antibody production. Antibody productivity may reflect the balance between compatible and incompatible units in an antigenic complex and the relative strength of the incompatible antigens.
Studies on the Inhibition of Immune Hemolysis by Phlorizin
Authors: Rodriguez Eugene , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are described with regard to the mechanism of inhibition of immune hemolysis by phlorizin. It has been demonstrated that this inhibitor exerts little interference with the hemolytic process prior to the step involving interaction of EAC′1,4,2 with C′3. The presently available evidence is not considered adequate to conclude whether the suppressive action of phlorizin can be attributed to its interaction with EAC′1,4,2 or with C′3.
A Capillary Tube Agglutination Test for Histoplasmosis
Authors: Cozad George C. , Larsh Howard W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A capillary tube agglutination test, using stained particles from disintegrated yeast phase cells of Histoplasma capsulatum as antigen, is described.
Serum specimens from rabbits reinfected with yeast cells of H. capsulatum were used to develop and standardize the CTA test and to evaluate its usefulness as compared to the complement fixation test. High titers of agglutinins were found to occur during the active stage of the disease, when animals exhibited signs and symptoms, but these titers diminished as the disease subsided. Complement-fixing titers also rose upon exposure of animals to living inocula, but these persisted in high titers after agglutinins had subsided.
Encouraging results were obtained in the application of the CTA test to sera from human cases of histoplasmosis and these studies are to be expanded.
The test as described is simple to perform, rapid, and the end points are strikingly obvious because of the stained antigen used. This antigen is easily prepared and remains stable for a long time. Large numbers of sera can be screened in a short time, using undiluted serum.