bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking Truth with Liquid Democracy
Authors: Berinsky Adam J. , Halpern Daniel , Halpern Joseph Y. , Jadbabaie Ali , Mossel Elchanan , Procaccia Ariel D. , Revel Manon 
Published: January 2025

The dynamics of random transitive delegations on a graph are of particular interest when viewed through the lens of an emerging voting paradigm: liquid democracy. This paradigm allows voters to choose between directly voting and transitively delegating their votes to other voters so that those selected cast a vote weighted by the number of delegations that they received. In the epistemic setting, where voters decide on a binary issue for which there is a ground truth, previous work showed that a few voters may amass such a large amount of influence that liquid democracy is less likely to identify the ground truth than direct voting. We quantify the amount of permissible concentration of power and examine more realistic delegation models, showing that they behave well by ensuring that (with high probability) there is a permissible limit on the maximum number of delegations received. Our theoretical results demonstrate that the delegation process is similar to well-known processes on random graphs that are sufficiently bounded for our purposes. Along the way, we prove new bounds on the size of the largest component in an infinite Pólya urn process, which may be of independent interest. In addition, we empirically validate the theoretical results, running six experiments (for a total of N = 168 participants, 62 delegation graphs, and over 11,000 votes collected). We find that empirical delegation behaviors meet the conditions for our positive theoretical guarantees. Overall, our work alleviates concerns raised about liquid democracy and bolsters the case for the applicability of this emerging paradigm. This paper was accepted by Martin Bichler, market design, platform, and demand analytics. Funding: This work was supported by the Michael Hammer Fellowship, the Office of Naval Research [2016 Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship, 2020 ONR Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship, and Grant N00014-20-1-2488], the Office of Secretary of Defense [Grants ARO MURI W911NF-19-0217 and ARO W911NF-17-1-0592], Simons [Investigator Award 622132], the Open Philanthropy Foundation, and the National Science Foundation [Grants IIS-178108, CCF-1733556, CCF-1918421, CCF-2007080, IIS-1703846, and IIS-2024287]. J. Y. Halpern was supported by a grant from the Cooperative AI Foundation [ARO Grant W911NF-22-1-0061]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.02470 .
Spatial variation and determinant factors of alcohol consumption in Ethiopia: Spatial and multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey
Authors: Daba Chala , Debela Sisay Abebe , Gasheya Kassahun Ayele , Endawkie Abel , Gebrehiwot Mesfin 
Published: January 2025

Background
Alcohol consumption continues to be a public health problem in Ethiopia. Previous investigations have been conducted on alcohol consumption in Ethiopia; however, these investigations were limited to specific localities, which could not represent the existing alcohol consumption in different parts of Ethiopia. Besides, the spatial variation of alcohol consumption was not well investigated in the previous studies, which could hinder the implementation of effective intervention towards alcohol consumption. Hence, this study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and determinant factors of alcohol consumption in Ethiopia.

Methods
Secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic health survey was used in this study. A total of 44,023 weight samples were included using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. The spatial variation of alcohol consumption was analyzed using ArcGIS version 10.7.1. The statistical significance of alcohol consumption clusters were identified using Kuldorff’s SaTScan version 10.2. A multi-level analysis was also conducted to identify factors associated with alcohol consumption using STATA version 14.

Results
In this study, 33.15% (95%CI: 32.5–33.8) of the study participants consumed alcohol with statistically significant spatial variation across regions of the country. Traditional religion (AOR = 13.7; 95%CI: 2.68–70.3), Regional variations (Amhara region—AOR = 3.56; 95%CI: 1.85–6.8, living in a low proportion of community literacy (AOR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.1–3.18), cigarette smoking habit (AOR = 15.82; 95%CI: 4.31–58.1), and chewing Khat (AOR = 2.98; 95%CI: 1.22–7.27) were positively linked with alcohol consumption. Hot spot areas of alcohol consumption were found in Tigray, Amhara, and some parts of Oromia regions. The statistical significance of the primary clusters was also observed in Tigray and Amhara regions.

Conclusions
We found that one-third of Ethiopia’s population is consuming alcohol. Having a cigarette smoking habit, chewing khat, high proportion of community literacy, and traditional religion were associated factors for alcohol consumption. Therefore, the federal government of Ethiopia, and ministry of health, and other concerned bodies should work in collaboration to decrease the proportion of people consuming alcohol.
Establishment of a physical exercise evaluation index system for school-age children with asthma
Authors: Zhao Yueheng , Meng Xianmei , Wang Suqing 
Published: January 2025

Objective
To construct a comprehensive physical exercise evaluation index system for asthmatic children aged 6–12 years.

Design
Based on knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP) theory, we constructed an item pool for a physical exercise evaluation index system using a literature review and semistructured interviews and refined the index system through two questionnaire cycles with Delphi experts.

Results
For the two questionnaire rounds, the recovery rate was 100%, the experts’ authority coefficients were 0.850 and 0.836, and the coordinated coefficients were 0.167 and 0.202 (P<0.001). Finally, four first-level indicators, namely, disease factors, exercise environment, exercise practice, and exercise psychology; 11 second-level indicators; and 50 third-level indicators were developed as a physical exercise evaluation index system for asthmatic children.

Conclusion
A physical exercise evaluation index system built using a literature review, qualitative interviews, and Delphi technique can provide scientific guidance for children with asthma, caregivers and health professionals to comprehensively assess the children’s physical exercise.
Barriers and facilitators to conducting human subjects research at a safety net institution from the perspective of researchers
Authors: Barnes Sarah J. , Na Yewon , Drainoni Mari-Lynn , Linas Benjamin A. , Bosch Nicholas A. , Tamlyn Autumn L. 
Published: January 2025

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed glaring problems with clinical research enterprise. Faced with crisis, several trials opened rapidly but enrolled homogenous populations with few Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) individuals. Inclusive trial enrollment is important to inspire trust and confidence in BIPOC populations that have been historically excluded or harmed from research and to improve the generalizability of research findings. Safety-net hospitals and institutions often care for BIPOC populations, and thus it is essential to improve equitable participation in research at these institutions. In this study, we sought to understand barriers and facilitators to research participation at safety net institutions.

Methods
We conducted semi-structured interviews among principal investigators, research assistants, research coordinators, and research nurses who conducted human subjects research at an urban, safety-net hospital from October, 2022 to December, 2022. We used inductive qualitative methods to identify themes associated with barriers and facilitators to clinical research participation.

Results
We completed 28 interviews and identified five themes: (1) compared to non-safety net systems, safety-net systems were perceived to require additional resources and funding to achieve comparable research recruitment and retention; (2) language barriers and translational processes are burdensome for researchers; (3) interactions between research staff and patients impact trust; (4) social determinants of health specific to safety-net populations are a barrier to participation; (5) competing priorities between clinical staff and researchers exist.

Conclusion
Safety net institutions face several barriers to conducting human subjects research. However, identified facilitators may help inform future efforts to reduce inequities in research participation.
Temporal trends in aerobic physical activity guideline adherence among nationally representative samples of U.S adults between 2011 and 2019: Cross-sectional findings from a sample of over 2 million adults
Authors: Abernethy David , Bennie Jason , Pavey Toby 
Published: January 2025

Background
Physical inactivity is a significant public health concern associated with numerous adverse health outcomes and substantial economic costs. This study describes the prevalence, trends and correlates for adherence to moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) guidelines among a large sample of U.S. adults.

Methods
Data from the 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys were analyzed. Self-reported MVPA was assessed by the same item across each survey. Population-weighted prevalence was calculated for meeting MVPA guidelines (150+ mins/wk). Adjusted prevalence ratios for reporting sufficient MVPA across sociodemographic, behavioral and health variables were calculated by multivariate Poisson regression.

Results
Data was available for 2,052,288 respondents (≥ 18 years). Across the surveys, the prevalence of sufficient MVPA fluctuated but remained between 49.5% and 51.1%. Among those aged 18 to 24, the prevalence of sufficient MVPA declined between surveys, from 56.5% in 2011 to 49.7% in 2019. Notable correlates of adhering to guidelines included male sex, higher education, former and never smokers, normal body mass index and increased fruit and vegetable consumption.

Conclusion
From 2011 to 2019, approximately half of US adults reported sufficient MVPA, with a steady decline observed among young adults. While many identified correlates of adhering to PA guidelines were observed, this study has provided further evidence for correlates that had previously provided inconsistent or inconclusive results. These findings emphasize the complexity of addressing physical inactivity and the importance of multifaceted public health strategies tailored to diverse populations.
Depression among people living in rural and urban areas of Thailand: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mahikul Wiriya , Lamlertthon Wisut , Ngaosuwan Kanchana , Nonthasaen Pawaree , Srisermphoak Napat , Chancharoen Wares , Chatree Saimai , Arnamwong Arpaporn , Narayam Pisinee , Wandeecharassri Chatchamon , Wongpanawiroj Pakin 
Published: January 2025

Background
Depression has a growing trend in the population worldwide. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of depression among individuals residing in rural (Ban Luang district, Nan Province) and urban (Lak Si, Bangkok) areas of Thailand. Understanding the differences in depression between these two settings can provide insights for specific targeted interventions and mental health policies.

Methods
The multistage stratified random sampling was applied to select the study participants. We recruited participants from rural and urban communities in Thailand using a structured survey questionnaire through either face-to-face interviews or in paper or electronic form. We collected data on depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) tool and sociodemographic characteristics and conducted descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis.

Results
Of 867 survey participants, 420 were from rural areas (Nan) and 447 were from urban areas (Bangkok). Participants’ mean age was 55.9±9.5 years in rural areas and 56.0±12.0 years in urban areas. Most participants in urban areas were women, married, and had lower education levels (71.1%, 50.3%, 58.8%, respectively). The overall prevalence of depression across both settings was 18.6%. We found a higher prevalence of depression in the urban (31.8%) than the rural (4.5%) setting. In multiple logistic regression analysis, urban residence was significantly associated with higher rates of depression compared with rural residence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 9.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.08–17.52). Nuclear family and using social media were associated with lower levels of depression in urban areas (AOR 0.50 and 0.43, 95% CI 0.27–0.93 and 0.22–0.84, respectively). Higher education level was significantly associated with higher levels of depression in rural areas (AOR 3.84, 95% CI 1.19–12.42).

Conclusion
This study emphasized the difference in depression and related factors between rural and urban areas of Thailand, highlighting a greater prevalence in urban areas. To help prevent depression, it is important to address specific challenges in each setting, such as those faced by highly educated individuals living in rural areas with high depression rates, exploring social media use patterns in urban populations, and understanding dynamics of the nuclear family. Our findings can inform the development of public health policies aimed at effectively mitigating the burden of depression and improving overall mental well-being in specific settings.
Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults aged 70 years and older, 1990–2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors: Meng Kaifang , Chen Xu , Chen Zhishang , Xu Jing 
Published: January 2025

Background
Life expectancy at age 70 has continued to rise globally over the past 30 years. However, a comprehensive assessment of the burden of COPD in older adults is lacking. We aimed to estimate the burden of COPD and its attributable risk factors among adults aged ≥70 years.

Methods
Data on the prevalence, incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors of COPD among adults aged ≥70 years from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories, were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to illustrate temporal trends at global and regional levels from 1990 to 2021.

Results
In 2021, the global numbers of prevalent and incident COPD cases among older adults were 99.7 and 7.4 million, increasing by 162.2% and 157.4% from 1990. The prevalence and incidence rates increased from 18823.5 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 16324.4–21208.4) to 20165.6 (17703.8–22549.4) and 1429.0 (1224.2–1613.0) to 1502.7 (1309.0–1677.9) per 100,000 population (EAPC 0.31, 95% CI 0.28–0.33; 0.17, 95% CI 0.16–0.19). The global numbers of COPD-associated deaths and DALYs in 2021 reached 2.9 and 45.4 million, increasing by 70.7% and 70.0% from 2019, while the corresponding rates declined (both EAPC <0). The highest prevalence and the largest increase in incidence rate occurred in high sociodemographic index (SDI) regions, while the largest increase in death and DALY rates occurred in the low SDI regions. The United States had the highest prevalence rates in 2021, while Iran had the largest increase. From 1990 to 2021, the death rates attributable to ambient ozone pollution-related COPD in older adults have risen, particularly in low and low-middle SDI regions.

Conclusion
COPD in older adults has progressively become a global health challenge with rising prevalence and incidence rates. Although the death and DALY rates attributed to COPD have globally decreased in older adults, the absolute counts are rapidly increasing. The inequalities across different regions and countries underscore a multi-faceted approach to COPD management in older adults.
Hemorrhagic Shock Presenting as the First Manifestation of Inflammatory Stricturing Crohn's Disease
Authors: Sumethasorn Matt , Lee Patrick , Mann Neel K. , Choi Sarah M. , Xiao Guang-Qian , Cherfane Cynthia , Zhang Bing 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
While hematochezia is common in Crohn's disease (CD), severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage causing hemodynamic instability is rare. Strictures, another frequent complication, usually cause obstructive symptoms. We report the first case of hemorrhagic shock from ulcerated ileal strictures as the initial presentation of CD. Standard endoscopy and abdominal imaging did not identify the bleeding source, but capsule endoscopy detected ulcerated strictures confirmed by double-balloon enteroscopy. The patient underwent small bowel resection to reduce rebleeding risk and was started on anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. This atypical presentation of stricturing CD with hemorrhagic shock underscores the importance of small bowel enteroscopy in guiding clinical decisions.
Психологические стрессы в современной России: общий уровень, более уязвимые группы и способы совладания
Authors: Радаев Вадим Валерьевич 
Published: January 2025

Цель работы ― проанализировать текущий уровень психологического (не)благополучия российского населения в условиях наслоения внешних шоков, выявить основные группы, в большей степени подверженные умеренному и сильному уровню психологического стресса, и исследовать поведенческие практики, к которым прибегают россияне для совладания со стрессовыми состояниями.
Использованы данные опроса 3 тыс. участников потребительской онлайн-панели компании OMI, проведенного весной 2024 г. Опрашивалась российская городская интернет-аудитория в возрасте 18 лет и старше. Кроме дескриптивной статистики применена мультиномиальная логистическая регрессия для определения предикторов психологического стресса разного уровня, а затем бинарная логистическая регрессия со способами совладания в качестве зависимых переменных и уровнем психологического стресса в качестве основной объясняющей переменной.
В результате обнаружен высокий уровень распространенности признаков психологического неблагополучия, выяснено, что к психологическому стрессу больше склонны женщины по сравнению с мужчинами, молодые люди по сравнению с представителями старших возрастов, группы с более низким уровнем душевого дохода, а также респонденты, вовлеченные в постоянное чтение тревожных новостей (думскроллинг). Одним из наиболее влиятельных факторов выступает ухудшение материального положения семьи. При возникновении умеренного и тем более сильного психологического стресса люди чаще обращаются за психологической помощью к психологам и психотерапевтам, употребляют антидепрессанты и успокоительные лекарства, прибегают к регулярному потреблению алкоголя, вовлекаются в эмоционально нагруженные формы потребления (импульсивное и особенно компульсивное). А попытки избежать потока тревожных новостей чаще оказываются неудачными.
Благодарность. Работа выполнена в Лаборатории экономико-социологических исследований НИУ ВШЭ в рамках проекта «Экономическое поведение домашних хозяйств» при поддержке Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ.
Автор благодарит З. В. Котельникову и Т. А. Нестика за полезные замечания к рукописи данной работы.
Surgical treatment of posttraumatic kyphosis of the lumbar spine: compensatory changes and dynamics of sagittal balance
Authors: Borzykh K. O. , Rerikh V. V. 
Published: January 2025

Objective. To analyze clinical and radiological results of staged surgical interventions in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic kyphosis of the lumbar spine and to identify a mechanism of deformity compensation.Material and Methods. The data obtained from the case histories of 42 patients operated on for clinically significant posttraumatic kyphosis at the L3 and L4 vertebral levels were studied. Patients underwent staged surgical interventions in one surgical session. Demographic data and radiological results of surgical treatment were evaluated.Results. As a result of surgical interventions, local kyphosis was corrected on average by 29.66° ± 13.83° from 15.48° ± 13.04° to-14.19° ± 8.85°. After correction of posttraumatic kyphosis, statistically significant changes in the parameters of sagittal curvatures of the spine were revealed: an increase in thoracic kyphosis (TK) and lumbar lordosis (LL), changes in the parameters of the spinopelvic balance PT and SS with a p-level < 0.05, as well as in the global angle (p < 0.001) were noted. According to the GAP scale, 26 (61.9 %) patientsmoved to a more balanced category. A correlation (r = 0.45; p < 0.05) was found between the indices of local kyphosis and the GAP scores before surgery. The total duration of all surgical stages was 318 [150; 600] minutes, and blood loss was 677 [150; 1800] ml. In 9 (21.4 %) patients, 12 intra- and postoperative complications were noted.Conclusion. The main compensatory mechanisms of posttraumatic deformities with the apex at L3 and L4 vertebrae are a decrease in thoracic kyphosis, the thoracolumbar lordosis and pelvic retroversion. Staged surgical treatment for posttraumatic spinal deformities significantly improves the parameters of the spinopelvic and global sagittal balance. It ameliorated the sagittal profile of patients in 61.9 % of cases and was accompanied by moderate duration of surgery and intraoperative blood loss and an acceptable number of complications.