bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Halting genocide in a post-liberal international order: intervention, institutions and norms
Authors: Peak Thomas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Drawing on history and International Relations, this article considers how states might respond to genocide in a more realist, post-liberal international order (LIO). It argues that even within an emergent realist international order (RIO) that downgrades normative commitments to fundamental human rights, unchecked genocide will continue to pose a threat to international peace and security and states will be interested in halting it. Within an emergent RIO, many of the non-coercive tools for halting genocide made available by liberal order will be constrained. Yet, scholars have in any case found that where genocidal-type violence has already begun, non-coercive tools are rarely effective (Bellamy and McLoughlin, 2022; Broache and Cronin-Furman, 2021). This article suggests that within an RIO which encourages greater amounts of self-help, regional and local actors will have realpolitik motivations for undertaking military interventions which halt genocides occurring in their neighbourhood. While such dynamics are observable during earlier period of international history, an emergent RIO will also benefit from the persistence of fundamental norms such as the prohibition on genocide. Given these factors, and while it will be highly non-ideal, an emerging RIO might retain the possibility of effectively responding to some genocides.
Deal-making, diplomacy and transactional forced migration
Authors: Adamson Fiona B , Greenhill Kelly M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Former US President Donald J. Trump was infamous for his nakedly transactional approach to politics. However, as we demonstrate in this article through the lens of migration politics, this kind of unabashedly transactional approach is less an outlier than a common feature of contemporary international politics. Drawing in part upon initial findings from our ongoing Diplomacy of Forced Migration Dataset Project, we explore historical and contemporary cases to illustrate how transactional migration management ‘deals’ such as the 2022 UK–Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnership are not particularly new, unusual, or revolutionary. In this exploration of the long history of deal-making in the realm of forced migration management, we first define the phenomenon—which we term transactional forced migration (TFM)—and situate it within the growing literature on migration diplomacy, externalization and what is known as the instrumentalization and/or weaponization of migration. We then highlight illustrative historical precedents that presage what we are witnessing today. We additionally identify and unpack several of the under-appreciated connections between TFM schemes and other dimensions of diplomacy and international politics. We conclude with a summary of our argument, its implications for contemporary policy and a few thoughts about what current trends suggest the future is likely to hold.
Respiratory depression driven by membrane damage as a mechanism for linalool to inhibitPseudomonas lundensisand its preservation potential for beef
Authors: He Rongrong , Chen Haiming , Chen Weijun , Zhang Ming , Pei Jianfei , Chen Wenxue , Zhong Qiuping 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to investigate the mechanism of linalool against Pseudomonas lundensis and its application on beef.Methods and ResultsField emission scanning electron microscopy found that linalool exerted antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.5 ml l−1 by disrupting cell structure. Loss of cell membrane integrity was monitored due to leakage of nucleic acids and K+. In addition, respiratory depression appeared in Ps. lundensis based on inhibition of enzyme activities including hexokinase (HK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), citrate synthase (CS), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Subsequently, energy limitation also occurred according to the decrease in ATP content and ATPase activity. Molecular docking confirmed that linalool can combine with enzymes in cell wall (ddlB) and energy synthesis (AtpD) pathways to exert antibacterial effect. Of note, linalool has advantages for beef preservation by delaying quality changes including pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total viable count (TVC).ConclusionsLinalool has significant inhibitory effect on Ps. lundensis, and respiratory depression driven by membrane damage is the main inhibitory mechanism.
Differentiation of benign nevoid rests and metastatic melanoma in sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Phillipos Joseph , Khan Afaq , Jayasuriya Neil 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Patients with cutaneous melanoma routinely undergo sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. If this first lymph node is clear, the entire lymph node basin is very likely to be free from the metastatic disease. Lymph node analysis is therefore of great importance with respect to prognostication and further management. Various cell types, including benign nevoid rests, can mimic metastatic melanomatous cells in the SLN. There is no standardized method to differentiate naevoid rests from metastatic melanoma. Diagnosis is based on cell location, morphology and multiple immunohistochemical techniques, with no single test being completely diagnostic. We present a patient with Lentigo Maligna melanoma, who was found to have benign nevoid rests on SLN biopsy, and discuss the diagnostic tests and considerations in differentiating benign nevoid rests from metastatic melanoma.
Pneumatosis cystoides coli in a patient with stage IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Sanchez Gabriel Atan , Thompson Andrew Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A 49-year-old female with a background of stage IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and subsequent graft-versus-host disease from a bone marrow transplant presented to a rural hospital in New South Wales, Australia with 12-h history of painless per rectal bleeding and fever. On examination she had a soft, but distended abdomen. Laboratory investigations revealed thrombocytopenia and hypokalaemia. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis had a bizarre appearance due to pneumatosis cystoides coli extending from the ileocaecal junction to the mid-transverse colon. Given her benign abdominal examination, her management was initially supportive with intravenous antibiotics, intravenous fluid resuscitation and correction of electrolyte abnormalities.
Massive effects on chromatin after ploidy rearrangement in doubled haploids
Authors: Mateo-Bonmatí Eduardo 
Published: February 2023

This article comments on:Piskorz EW, Xu L, Ma Y, Jiang H. 2023. Doubled-haploid induction generates extensive differential DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 74, 835–847
A herbaceous species provides insights into drought-driven plant adaptation
Authors: Johnson Kate M , Fletcher Leila R 
Published: February 2023

This article comments on:Thonglim A, Bortolami G, Delzon S, Larter M, Offringa R, Keurentjes JJB, Smets E, Balazadeh S, Lens F. 2023. Drought response in Arabidopsis displays synergistic coordination between stems and leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 74, 1004–1021
Risk Factors for Cage Migration Following Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Combined with Posterior Instrumentation: A Multicenter Retrospective Study of 983 Cases
Authors: Kimura Hiroaki , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Otsuki Bungo , Shimizu Takayoshi , Murata Koichi , Takemoto Mitsuru , Odate Seiichi , Shikata Jitsuhiko , Sakamoto Takeshi , Tsutsumi Ryosuke , Ota Masato , Kitaori Toshiyuki , Matsuda Shuichi 
Published: February 2023

Study Design.A multicenter retrospective study.Objective.This study aimed to elucidate the incidence and risk factors of lateral cage migration (LCM) after lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) combined with posterior instrumentation.Summary of Background Data.LLIF has recently become a widely accepted procedure for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases. Although LLIF complications include vascular, nerve, and abdominal organ injuries, few studies have identified specific risk factors for LCM after LLIF.Methods.Between January 2015 and December 2020, 983 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases or osteoporotic vertebral fractures underwent LLIF combined with posterior instrumentation. The fusion sites were located within the lumbosacral lesions. LCM was defined as a change of >3 mm in the movement of the radiopaque marker on radiographs. Patients were classified into LCM and non-LCM groups. The medical records and preoperative radiographs were also reviewed. The 1:5 nearest-neighbor propensity score matching technique was used to compare both groups, and radiological parameters, including preoperative disc height (DH), preoperative sagittal disc angle (SDA), disc geometry, height variance (cage height minus DH), and endplate injury, were analyzed to identify the factors influencing LCM incidence.Results.There were 16 patients (1.6%) with LCM (10 men and 6 women; mean age 70.1 y). The Cochran–Armitage trend test showed a linear trend toward an increased rating of LCM with an increasing number of fused segments (P=0.003), and LCM occurred at the terminal cage-inserted disc level in all patients in the LCM group. After propensity-matched analysis, we identified high DH (P<0.001), large SDA (P=0.009), round-type disc (P=0.008), and undersized cage selection (P<0.001) as risk factors for LCM.Conclusion.We identified risk factors for LCM after LLIF combined with posterior instrumentation. To avoid this complication, it is important to select the appropriate cage sizes and enhance posterior fixation for at-risk patients.
Combined nutritional and frailty screening improves assessment of short-term prognosis in older adults following percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Mangalesh Sridhar , Daniel Kevin Varughese , Dudani Sharmila , Joshi Ajay 
Published: February 2023

BackgroundFrailty and malnutrition are well-known factors influencing outcomes of myocardial infarction (MI) in older adults. Due to considerable overlap between both entities, whether the simultaneous assessment of frailty and nutrition adds nonredundant value to risk assessment is unknown.MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study on 402 patients aged at least 65 years diagnosed with ST-elevation MI that underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Nutritional status was assessed by Controlling Nutritional Status score (CONUT), Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Geriatric Nutritional Response Index. Frailty was assessed by Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), Derby frailty index, and acute frailty network. Primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), comprising all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, and unplanned repeat revascularization during 28-day follow-up. Increment in Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score performance following the addition of nutrition and frailty was assessed.ResultsThe incidence of MACE was 8.02 (6.38–9.95) per 1000 person-days. The CONUT score and CFS were the best predictors of MACE and independent predictors in the multivariate Cox-regression models [hazard ratios, 2.80 (1.54–5.09) and 2.54 (1.50–4.29)]. CONUT score classified 151 (37.6%) patients as malnourished, and CFS classified 131 (32.6%) as frail. The addition of both CONUT and CFS to the GRACE score led to better model discrimination and calibration through improved c-statistic (+0.165) (P< 0.0001) and Akaike and Bayesian information criteria.ConclusionCombining CONUT and CFS provides nonredundant prognostic value despite their overlapping nature. Combined nutritional and frailty screening may improve risk prognostication in older adults following MI.
Recent advances in epilepsy surgery
Authors: Medina-Pizarro Mauricio , Spencer Dennis D. , Damisah Eyiyemisi C. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
Technological innovations in the preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques and outcome prediction in epilepsy surgery have grown exponentially over the last decade. This review highlights and emphasizes relevant updates in techniques and diagnostic tools, discussing their context within standard practice at comprehensive epilepsy centres.

Recent findings
High-resolution structural imaging has set an unprecedented opportunity to detect previously unrecognized subtle abnormalities. Machine learning and computer science are impacting the methodologies to analyse presurgical and surgical outcome data, building more accurate prediction models to tailor treatment strategies. Robotic-assisted placement of depth electrodes has increased the safety and ability to sample epileptogenic nodes within deep structures, improving our understanding of the seizure networks in drug-resistant epilepsy. The current available minimally invasive techniques are reasonable surgical alternatives to ablate or disrupt epileptogenic regions, although their sustained efficacy is still an active area of research.

Summary
Epilepsy surgery is still underutilized worldwide. Every patient who continues with seizures despite adequate trials of two well selected and tolerated antiseizure medications should be evaluated for surgical candidacy. Collaboration between academic epilepsy centres is of paramount importance to answer long-standing questions in epilepsy surgery regarding the understanding of spatio-temporal dynamics in epileptogenic networks and its impact on surgical outcomes.
South Africa’s male homicide epidemic hiding in plain sight: exploring sex differences and patterns in homicide risk in a retrospective descriptive study of postmortem investigations
Authors: Matzopoulos R , Prinsloo M , Mhlongo S , Marineau L , Cornell M , Bowman B , Mamashela TA , Gwebushe N , Ketelo A , Martin LJ , Dekel B , Lombard C , Jewkes R , Abrahams N 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundSouth Africa has homicide rates six times the global average, predominantly among men, but little is known about male victims. As part of the country’s first ever study of male homicide we compared 2017 male and female victim profiles for selected covariates, against global averages and previous estimates for 2009.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective descriptive study of routine data collected through postmortem investigations, calculating age-standardised mortality rates for manner of death by age, sex and province and male-to-female incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We then used generalised linear models and linear regression models to assess the association between sex and victim characteristics including age and mechanism of injury (guns, stabs and blunt force) within and between years.Findings87% of 19,477 homicides in 2017 were males, equating to seven male deaths for every female, with sharp force and firearm discharge the most common external causes. Rates were higher among males than females at all ages, and up to eight times higher among males aged 15-44 years. Provincial rates varied overall and by sex, with the highest comparative risk for men vs. women in the Western Cape Province (11.4 males for every 1 female). Male homicides peaked during December and were highest on weekends, underscoring the prominent role of alcohol as a risk factor. Significantly more males tested positive for alcohol than females.InterpretationThe massive, disproportionate and enduring homicide risk borne by adult South African men highlights the negligible prevention response. Only through challenging the normative perception of male invulnerability can we begin to address the enormous burden of violence impacting men. There is an urgent need to address the insidious effect of such societal norms alongside implementing structural interventions to overcome the root causes of poverty and inequality and better control alcohol and firearms.FundingSouth African Medical Research Council and Ford Foundation.
Optimized testing strategy for the diagnosis of GAA-FGF14ataxia
Authors: Bonnet Céline , Pellerin David , Roth Virginie , Clément Guillemette , Wandzel Marion , Lambert Laëtitia , Frismand Solène , Douarinou Marian , Grosset Anais , Bekkour Ines , Weber Frédéric , Girardier Florent , Robin Clément , Cacciatore Stéphanie , Bronner Myriam , Pourié Carine , Dreumont Natacha , Puisieux Salomé , Dicaire Marie-Josée , Evoy François , Rioux Marie-France , Hocquel Armand , La Piana Roberta , Synofzik Matthis , Houlden Henry , Danzi Matt C. , Zuchner Stephan , Brais Bernard , Renaud Mathilde 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundDominantly inherited GAA repeat expansions inFGF14are a common cause of spinocerebellar ataxia (GAA-FGF14ataxia; SCA27B, late-onset). Molecular confirmation ofFGF14GAA repeat expansions has thus far mostly relied on long-read sequencing, a technology that is not yet widely available in clinical laboratories.MethodsWe developed and validated a strategy to detectFGF14GAA repeat expansions using long-range PCR, bidirectional repeat-primed PCRs, and Sanger sequencing. We compared this strategy to targeted nanopore sequencing in a cohort of 22 French Canadian patients and next validated it in a cohort of 53 French index patients with unsolved ataxia.ResultsDiagnosis was accurately confirmed for all 22 French Canadian patients using this strategy. Method comparison showed that capillary electrophoresis of long-range PCR products significantly underestimated expansion sizes compared to nanopore sequencing (slope, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.81 to 0.93]; intercept, 14.58 [95% CI, -2.48 to 31.12]) and gel electrophoresis (slope, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.78 to 0.97]; intercept, 21.34 [95% CI, -27.66 to 40.22]). The latter techniques yielded similar size estimates. Following calibration with internal controls, expansion size estimates were similar between capillary electrophoresis and nanopore sequencing (slope: 0.98 [95% CI, 0.92 to 1.04]; intercept: 10.62 [95% CI, -7.49 to 27.71]), and gel electrophoresis (slope: 0.94 [95% CI, 0.88 to 1.09]; intercept: 18.81 [95% CI, -41.93 to 39.15]). We identified 9 French patients (9/53; 17%) and 2 of their relatives who carried anFGF14(GAA)≥250expansion.ConclusionThis novel strategy reliably detected and sizedFGF14GAA expansions. It compared favorably to long-read sequencing and can readily be implemented in clinical laboratories.
Machine learning assisted discovery of synergistic interactions between environmental pesticides, phthalates, phenols, and trace elements in child neurodevelopment
Authors: Midya Vishal , Alcala Cecilia Sara , Rechtman Elza , Hertz-Picciotto Irva , Gennings Chris , Rosa Maria , Valvi Damaskini 
Published: February 2023

A growing body of literature suggests that higher developmental exposure to individual or mixtures of environmental chemicals (ECs) is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the effect of interactions among these ECs is challenging to study. We introduced a composition of the classical exposure-mixture Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression, and a machine-learning method called signed iterative random forest (SiRF) to discover synergistic interactions between ECs that are (1) associated with higher odds of ASD diagnosis, (2) mimic toxicological interactions, and (3) are present only in a subset of the sample whose chemical concentrations are higher than certain thresholds. In the case-control Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment study, we evaluated multi-ordered synergistic interactions among 62 ECs measured in the urine samples of 479 children in association with increased odds for ASD diagnosis (yes vs. no). WQS-SiRF discovered two synergistic two-ordered interactions between (1) trace-element cadmium(Cd) and alkyl-phosphate pesticide - diethyl-phosphate(DEP); and (2) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(TCP-246) and DEP metabolites. Both interactions were suggestively associated with increased odds of ASD diagnosis in a subset of children with urinary concentrations of Cd, DEP, and TCP-246 above the 75thpercentile. This study demonstrates a novel method that combines the inferential power of WQS and the predictive accuracy of machine-learning algorithms to discover interpretable EC interactions associated with ASD.SynopsisThe effect of interactions among environmental chemicals on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis is challenging to study. We used a combination of Weighted Quantile Sum regression and machine-learning tools to study multi-ordered synergistic interactions between environmental chemicals associated with higher odds of ASD diagnosis.Graphical Abstract
Subnational HIV incidence trends in Malawi: large, heterogeneous declines across space
Authors: Wolock Timothy M , Flaxman Seth , Chimpandule Tiwonge , Mbiriyawanda Stone , Jahn Andreas , Nyirenda Rose , Eaton Jeffrey W 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe rate of new HIV infections globally has decreased substantially from its peak in the late 1990s, but the epidemic persists and remains highest in many countries in eastern and southern Africa. Previous research hypothesised that, as the epidemic recedes, it will become increasingly concentrated among sub-populations and geographic areas where transmission is the highest and that are least effectively reached by treatment and prevention services. However, empirical data on subnational HIV incidence trends is sparse, and the local transmission rates in the context of effective treatment scale-up are unknown. In this work, we developed a novel Bayesian spatio-temporal epidemic model to estimate adult HIV prevalence, incidence and treatment coverage at the district level in Malawi from 2010 through the end of 2021. We found that HIV incidence decreased in every district of Malawi between 2010 and 2021 but the rate of decline varied by area. National-level treatment coverage more than tripled between 2010 and 2021 and more than doubled in every district. Large increases in treatment coverage were associated with declines in HIV transmission, with 12 districts having incidence-prevalence ratios of 0.03 or less (a previously suggested threshold for epidemic control). Across districts, incidence varied more than HIV prevalence and ART coverage, suggesting that the epidemic is becoming increasingly spatially concentrated. Our results highlight the success of the Malawi HIV treatment programme over the past decade, with large improvements in treatment coverage leading to commensurate declines in incidence. More broadly, we demonstrate the utility of spatially resolved HIV modelling in generalized epidemic settings. By estimating temporal changes in key epidemic indicators at a relatively fine spatial resolution, we were able to directly assess, for the first time, whether the ART scaleup in Malawi resulted in spatial gaps or hotspots. Regular use of this type of analysis will allow HIV program managers to monitor the equity of their treatment and prevention programmes and their subnational progress towards epidemic control.