bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Mechanism of the Arthus Phenomenon
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Marshall Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A study of the mechanism of the Arthus phenomenon, utilizing a purified protein for sensitization and the collodion particle agglutinative method for determining the precipitative titer of the serum, has revealed the following facts: In every instance in which the Arthus phenomenon was produced, specific precipitins were likewise demonstrated in the serum at the time of the cutaneous test.There is a definite parallelism between the precipitative potency of the serum and the intensity of cutaneous reactivity. The only instance of an exception was in young animals, where cutaneous reactivity to inflammatory stimuli in general is naturally low.Reduction in precipitative titer of an animal's serum by massive injection of antigen (partial desensitization) caused a marked decrease or disappearance of cutaneous hypersensitivity which, however, reappeared concomitantly with the subsequent rise in precipitative titer.Cutaneous hypersensitivity of rabbits passively sensitized by injection of serum from rabbits strongly hypersensitive, varied directly with the amount of serum injected. When the specific precipitins were removed from such sera by antigenic absorption, their capability of conferring passive sensitization disappeared.The Arthus phenomenon is dependent upon the union within tissues of circulating precipitin and its specific antigen.
Neutralization of Virus of Myxoma by Specific Immune Serum
Authors: Parker Robert F. , Bronson Lewis H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous study of infectious myxoma (1) it was found that the results of multiple intradermal inoculations of the virus were consistent with the hypothesis that infection follows the suitable introduction of a single viral particle. The implications of this quantal response were pointed out as they bore on the problem of titrating virus, and it was shown that by proper procedures accurate estimates could be made of the quantity of virus present in a suspension of it. In the present investigation the method has been extended to a study of the neutralization of virus by the serum of animals convalescent from infection.
Because of the extremely high mortality of the disease, studies of the phenomena of immunity have been restricted. However, Hobbs (2) in 1931 demonstrated that the serum of an animal convalescent from myxoma was capable of neutralizing the active agent.
Active Immunization of Mice with Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Wu Jui-Ping 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Active immunization of mice against hemolytic streptococci has been produced with human strains of varying degrees of mouse-virulence. Of five strains of high mouse-virulence studied, four produced immunity and one did not. Of eight strains of rather low mouse-virulence, four produced immunity which was slightly weaker than that produced by the more virulent strains, while with the remaining four strains of low mouse-virulence, no definite immunity could be demonstrated. Of the five strains that failed to immunize, two belonged to the “mucoid” variety which represented the only “mucoid” strains encountered during the course of the present study.
Active Immunity to Influenza Virus in the Mouse
Authors: Hare Ronald 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has now been repeatedly shown that it is possible to produce a considerable degree of immunity to the intranasal inoculation of influenza virus in both mouse and ferret by the parenteral injection of living or inactivated influenza virus. This communication is an account of experiments which have been carried out in order to investigate the specificity of the immunity produced and the effect which inactivation has on the specificity of the immunizing antigens.
Experimental Methods. Preparation of viral suspensions. All suspensions were prepared in the following way. Swiss mice were inoculated intranasally under ether-anesthesia with a heavy suspension of virus and were killed 48 hours later. Irrespective of whether there were pulmonary lesions or not, 5 per cent suspensions by weight were made by grinding the lungs in equal parts of broth and saline solution with a little sand. The suspensions were then clarified by centrifugation for 30 minutes in the more horizontal position of an angle centrifuge.
The Potencies of Commercial Antirabic Vaccines
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Tesar Walter C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies are made of the potencies of a large number of commercial phenolized and chloroform-killed anti-rabic vaccines using homologous and heterologous strains of challenge virus. Vaccinated mice have responded nearly equally to the two strains of fixed virus used; with one exception the vaccines developing the best protection against street virus were those most potent against these fixed viruses. All evidence points to the fact that a mouse test of vaccine potency made with fixed virus is a practical way of eliminating impotent commercial vaccines. It is shown that closely related strains of mice may differ in the immunity they develop following vaccination.
The Potency of Staphylococcal Toxoid
Authors: Farrell L. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Samples of staphylococcal toxoid as distributed for human use were tested in vitro for combining value with antitoxin. They ranged in potency from 1.2 to 51 Lb/ml. Three selected samples with dilutions thereof, having a representative range of in vitro potency, were injected into 6 groups of 8 or more rabbits according to the method proposed by the National Institute of Health. The specimens of blood from individual rabbits were titrated for α antitoxin separately and the results subjected to statistical analysis. The arithmetic mean antitoxic titer of the various groups showed that only the toxoid which had a combining value of 2.3 Lb/ml failed to pass the test. The analysis of the figures shows, however, that two toxoids which contained 3 Lb/ml would have only a small chance of passing retest. These should therefore be considered borderline toxoids. Toxoids which contained more than 10 Lb/ml passed the test with ease and the statistical analysis showed that they would probably never fail to do so. The requirements of the test proposed by the National Institute of Health are discussed in the light of these results and suggestions made for alterations in these requirements. It is proposed that the combining value with antitoxin be included as a complementary criterion of the antigenic potency of staphylococcal toxoid.
Subdivisions of Group A and Group AB
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Evidence is presented to show that the agglutinogens A and B are probably regularly antigenic for human beings whose blood lacks the corresponding properties. A case is described which illustrates the immunization of a group B individual against agglutinogen A as a result of a transfusion of 150 ml of group AB blood.
Two cases are described which illustrate the isoimmunization of A2 individuals to A1 blood. In one the antigenic stimulus was provided by a transfusion of A1 blood; in the other, the source of the antigen was a fetus in utero. Because of the presence of immune α1 isoagglutinins in these patients' sera only A2 donors were used for subsequent transfusions, with satisfactory results. Evidence is presented which indicates that had A1 donors been used, hemolytic reactions most likely would have resulted.
The fact that cases similar to the two described in this paper have not been described previously indicates that isoimmunization based on subgroup differences must be rare, and probably even less frequent than isoimmunization against property Rh. This suggests that some equally rare constitutional anomaly may be required for an individual to produce immune α1 (or α2) isoantibodies. One possibility is that the A agglutinogen in the cells is poorly developed (as in the rare individuals of subgroup A3 and A3B); our two patients had typical A2 blood cells, however. Another possibility is that the serum contains weak irregular α1 (or α2) isoagglutinins to begin with. Observations are described which indicate that this was the probable explanation in at least one of our patients.
Reference to only one instance of immunization of A1 individuals by transfusions of A2 blood could be found in the literature. There is some evidence that the transfusion of group O blood into group A1B individuals can stimulate the formation of immune anti-O isoantibodies. This would be a source of danger where “universal” donors are used for transfusing group AB patients.
When selecting donors for patients of subgroups A and AB, it is probably safe to disregard the subgroups except in the rare cases where the patient's serum contains an irregular isoagglutinin, α1 or α2. Where the irregular isoagglutinin is present only donors of the homologous subgroup should be used.
A Comparison of Antibody Production by Rabbits Following Injection of Pneumococcus Vaccines Heated at 60° or Autoclaved
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Autoclaving of pneumococcus vaccines at 10 lbs pressure so alters the capsular antigen that it does not stimulate the development of type-specific agglutinins in rabbits as well as when heated at 60°. The degree of alteration varies with the type of pneumococcus. The difference is slight in types I and II vaccines, and most marked with type III vaccines.
The Leucopenic Action of Different Microorganisms and the Antileucopenic Immunity
Authors: Olitzki L. , Avinery Sh. , Bendersky J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented above indicate that the leucopenic factor is present only in certain groups of microörganisms. The following typical reactions were observed: General leucopenia, due to a decrease of both polynuclears and lymphocytes, could be produced by Bacteriaceae, Vibrios, N. meningitidis, Cl. botulinum and certain Staphylococci.Lymphopenic leucopenia due to a sharp decrease in the lymphocytes, associated with an increase in the polynuclears. This reaction could be produced by smaller quantities of the microorganisms recorded above and by a number of strains of Cor. diphtheriae.Polynucleosis due to a sharp rise in the polynuclears associated with a mild decrease in the lymphocytes. This reaction could be produced by minimal quantities of the microörganisms recorded above and by Streptococci, Bacillaceae, Mycobacterium and some Neisseriae.General leucocytosis due to a rise in all types of cells. This reaction was produced only in few cases by the injection of minimal quantities of bacterial substance (e.g. streptococci).
The differences in the reactions produced by the various groups of microörganisms seem to be qualitative, and due to their different chemical composition. Thus a general leucopenia was produced by less than 0.1 mg of certain Bacteriaceae, but could not be produced by Bacillaceae or Mycobacteriaceae even when 4 to 8 mg were injected.
Within the particular groups of microörganisms there seem to be certain quantitative differences. Thus the Salmonella-group, the Staphylococci, the Vibrios contain strains and species of high and low leucopenic activity. This fact deserves further investigation, possibly as a means of differentiation of various species belonging to the same group.
The treatment of animals with bacterial vaccines whether or not they contain the leucopenic factor resulted during a period of two to three days in a state of antileucopenic resistance. The same effect was obtained by the injection of normal sera. During this period of nonspecific resistance injection of bacteria which contained the leucopenic factor did not elicit a leucopenic reaction; the total count remained normal or rose and the polynuclear count did not increase.
Specific antileucopenic immunity could be produced by active immunization. In accordance with the observation that the leucopenic factor is heat resistant, immunity against the leucopenic factor was produced by bacteria which contained a common heat-resistant O-antigen like E. typhosa and S. enteritidis.
Conferment of specific antileucopenic immunity by injection of immune serum was not regularly successful. After the three-day period of nonspecific antileucopenic resistance only three animals out of eleven showed complete antileucopenic immunity.
Immunity in Scarlet Fever
Authors: Kolchin Betty S. , Klein Irving F. , Feig Irena , Waldman Janet , Cohen Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Antitoxic titers were determined in 30 Dick-positive nurses prior to immunization: 19 had less than one unit, ten—from one to two, and one nurse had 7.5 units per 1 ml of serum. The nurses reacting positively received a series of toxin-injections with doses selected on the basis of local and systemic reactions caused by the preceding injections. Although all became Dick-negative, only one–third of them responded with a progressive rise of antitoxic titer, while in the remainder the antitoxin-rise was found only in the early stage of immunization or not at all. Antitoxin-formation following injections with toxin occurred more readily in persons who had, previous to these injections, at least about one unit of circulating antitoxin per 1 ml of serum. Persons not responding to toxin-injections by antitoxin-formation, remained refractory in spite of very large additional doses. In a group of 43 nurses a wide variation was observed in the amount of toxin required for their immunization. Antitoxin-formation was usually scant in persons who responded with severe local and systemic reactions. None of the 43 persons, who became Dick-negative after immunization, contracted scarlet fever during exposure in the wards. Likewise—none of the yearly 400 student-nurses became ill with scarlet fever during the first 3 years of obligatory immunization of the Dick-positive subjects. Of the 4 members of the medical and nursing staff who subsequently became ill with scarlet fever, 3 were positive to 2 S.T.D., while negative to 1 S.T.D. The fourth entered the ward service before the Dick test was performed and on the first day of illness was found to be positive.
A Factor in Normal Human Blood which Participates in Streptococcal Fibrinolysis
Authors: Milstone Haskell 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fibrinolysin of a group A strain (Co) of hemolytic streptococcus does not exert its characteristic rapid action on human fibrin, if the fibrin is sufficiently pure. Such human fibrin can be rendered susceptible to the fibrinolysin by the addition of a lytic factor present in the euglobulin fraction of normal human serum. The human lytic factor also renders preformed rabbit fibrin susceptible to the group A fibrinolysin. The lytic factor contaminates the usual crude fibrin clot but is distinct from thrombin and fibrinogen.
The Effect of Dilution on the Reaction Between Pneumococcus and Its Specific Antibody
Authors: Morris Marion C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous publication (1) it was shown that mixtures of pneumococcus type I and its specific antibody may be prepared which upon dilution fail to infect mice. The dilution was extensive enough to permit the conclusion that the antibody present could not account for the results, unless such antibody were firmly bound to the pneumococcus during its exposure to the more concentrated serum in the original mixture. It was also shown that the observations were not attributable to aggregation of the pneumococci in the concentrated mixtures. These results, therefore, bring evidence for the existence of a firm union of pneumococci and antipneumococcal antibody which is not affected by dilution.
On the other hand, Enders and Shaffer (2) have observed that neutral mixtures of pneumococcus type III and its specific antibody become infectious on dilution.
Further Studies in Passive Protection Against the Virus of Influenza by the Intranasal Route
Authors: Zellat Joseph , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intranasal instillation of anti-influenza A serum protects mice against subsequent infection with heterologous as well as homologous strains of influenza A virus but not against influenza B virus. Anti-B serum affords protection against the influenza B virus but not against the various A-strains tested. The occasional failure of protection after intranasal administration of the serum under ether anesthesia has been overcome by a spraying technic. The inhalation of immune serum droplets led to more uniform results. While the passive immunization experiments showed encouraging results in mice, ferrets were not equally well protected. Fever and nasal symptoms could not be prevented by the intranasal serum dose but pulmonary involvement was markedly reduced. Possible reasons for such differences are discussed.
The Occurrence of Salmonella Antigens in Dysentery Bacilli
Authors: Bornstein S. , Saphra I. , Daniels J. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Salmonella antigens were identified in Shigella strains. It can be stated that mutual antigens occur in the Salmonella, Escherichia-Aerobacter and Shigella groups; in other words, within the whole genus Bacterium. The presence of the VI, XIII complex in Hiss-Y strains should be remembered in the performance of agglutinative tests for diagnostic purposes.
Immune Response of Mice to Active Virus and to Formalin-Inactivated Virus of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that mice could be immunized by means of a sufficient dosage of formalin-inactivated virus of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis to at least as high a degree of cerebral resistance as that induced by active virus. Cerebral resistance, high at 2 weeks after vaccination of both groups, fell gradually over a period of 6 months; it was once more raised to a high degree by further antigenic stimulus.
Mice vaccinated with a sufficient dosage of formalin-inactivated virus had developed at 2 weeks fully as high a concentration of serum-neutralizing antibodies as mice vaccinated with active virus. The concentration fell in both groups during the following 6 months. At the end of that time, mice injected with a single dose of either active or inactivated virus gave a greater antibody-response than after the initial course of vaccination.
Since each rise and fall of cerebral resistance of vaccinated mice was reflected by similar rise and fall of serum-neutralizing antibody, a correlation has been demonstrated between titer of antibody and degree of cerebral resistance.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Zittle Charles A. , Seibert Florence B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic examination of the M-substance confirmed the fact that the nucleic acid present was free and that there was very little other contamination of the type-specific protein. Determinations of the mobility of the chemically purified type-specific M-protein at various pHs indicated that its isoelectric point is about pH 5.4. The mobility of the NPA-protein at pH 6.0 and 8.0 has been found to be twice as great as that of the M-protein and permits the recognition of each in mixtures. Nucleic acid was found to be the principal contaminant of NPA preparations. The nucleic acids encountered have high mobilities and the values determined in mixtures of protein and nucleic acid, such as the M-substance and NPA, were similar to those for purified streptotoccal nucleic acids. The data obtained for streptococcal nucleic acid are discussed in relation to the mobilities of yeast and thymus nucleic acid. It was concluded that the streptococcal capsular polysaccharide was not present in any of the streptococcal fractions studied since no component was seen with the mobilities to be expected from a study of the similar vitreous-humor polysaccharide. The mobility of this polysaccharide was high and the same at both pH 6.0 and 8.0. The group-specific polysaccharide, observed in one preparation of other streptococcal fractions, on the basis of this and more extensive observations with the purified polysaccharide, had little or no mobility.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement-fixing activities of antipneumococcal rabbit-sera, types 1-32, with purified homologous type-specific carbohydrate as antigen have been titrated by a preliminary serum-dilution method and by the technic described by Wadsworth, Maltaner, and Maltaner.
All of these pneumococcal systems were found to be sensitive to an excess of antigen; a 20-per-cent increase in the amount of antigen over that required for maximal fixation with a given quantity of serum usually resulted in a slight decrease in the amount of complement fixed. An excess of immune serum, on the other hand, was without significant effect.
Linear relationships between serum and complement in the presence of the maximally reactive dose of antigen were noted with almost all the sera tested both in tests incubated for one and one-half hours at 37 C and in those held for twenty-four hours at 3–6 C. Linear relationships were also observed between antigen and complement under these conditions. With type-1 unconcentrated sera and a few concentrated sera of other types, however, this direct proportionality between serum and complement and between antigen and complement was not obtained.
Linear relationships between serum and the maximally reactive amount of antigen were demonstrated with all sera tested, type-1 sera included. This relationship was uniform in determinations with different pools of guinea-pig complement.
In general, a given quantity of immune serum fixed 2 to 3 times as much complement during preliminary incubation for twenty-four hours at 3–6 C as in one and one-half hours at 37 C, and required approximately twice as much antigen for maximal fixation at the lower temperature. This increase in the amount of complement fixed at 3–6 C by a constant quantity of serum was therefore roughly proportional to the increase in the maximally reactive dose of antigen.
The relative merits of three different ratios as an expression of serum-titer are discussed.
The Relation of Cholesterol to Antigen in Tissue-Extracts Prepared According to a Standardized Procedure
Authors: Kent John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Alcoholic tissue-extracts prepared according to a uniform procedure are identical in antigenic activity when standardized by determination of the optimal ratio, cholesterol:extract. The practical application of these methods offers the means for maintaining a constant maximal degree of antigen-sensitivity in complement-fixation tests for syphilis.
With tissue-extracts prepared by the method to which reference is made, optimal cholesterol-concentration is, within detectable limits, related by direct proportion to the saline dilution of antigen that elicits a given maximal serum-reaction. Thus, it appears that, under constant conditions, a quantitative relation exists between optimal cholesterol-concentration, the essential constituents of alcoholic tissue-extract, and a given degree of serum-reaction, so that a gravimetrically determined quantity of cholesterol may be made the standard of reference in the adjustment of antigen for use in complement-fixation tests for syphilis.