bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Immunologic Study of The Iron-Binding Protein
Authors: Jager B. V. , Gubler C. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera prepared against two samples of crystalline iron-binding protein were examined as regards homogeneity by means of supernate analyses for simultaneous presence of antigen and antibody, by means of the Oudin diffusion method, and by their characteristics as determined with the quantitative precipitin technique.
Antisera thought to be homogeneous on the basis of these criteria were used for estimation of iron-binding protein in whole human serum. Certain antisera gave values for iron-binding protein that were in good agreement with chemical estimations of this protein. Other antisera, however, gave immunologic values which were in excess of chemical values.
Only by direct comparison of immunological values with chemical values was it possible to select suitable antisera for the immunologic estimation of iron-binding protein.
Effect of Glucose on the Growth of Influenza Virus in Deëmbryonated Eggs and Tissue Cultures
Authors: Daniels Joan B. , Eaton Monroe D. , Perry Maude E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When deprived of glucose, chick embryo tissues infected with influenza virus produced relatively small increments in hemagglutinin and infective virus. This effect of glucose deprivation could be reversed by the addition of glucose to deëmbryonated eggs at 48 hours and to tissue cultures as late as 5 days after infection. In tissue cultures deprived of glucose, oxygen consumption was 60 to 70% of the controls with glucose and deterioration of epithelium was observed in explants after depletion periods longer than four days. Bernkopf's observations on production from concentrated virus inocula of hemagglutinin in the absence of an increase in infective virus were confirmed in deëmbryonated eggs and in tissue cultures. Tissue cultures have been modified, without the use of complex enrichment, to produce virus yields equivalent to those obtained in the deëmbryonated egg.
The Influence of Chemicals on the Propagation of Poliomyelitis Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Schieble Jack H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit the propagation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture.
Five of nine analogues of amino acids, cysteic acid, dl-ethionine, N-dichloroacetyl-α-(p-nitrophenyl) glycine, α-amino-β-phenylethane sulfonic acid, and β-2-thienylalanine were found to inhibit viral growth.
Benzimidazole, 2,6-diaminopurine, and proflavin, all compounds involved in nucleic acid synthesis, were also effective inhibitors.
The vitamin analogues as a group were ineffective, but one of these, dl-homobiotin, was found to be active.
Glycerol monoacetin, an antagonist of fluoroacetate and phagopedin sigma, an antibiotic, were also found to be inhibitory.
The specificity of action of two analogues of amino acids, ethionine and β-2-thienylalanine, and of two metabolic analogues of purines, benzimidazole and 2,6-diaminopurine, was shown by the partial reversal of their inhibitory effect with the appropriate metabolites. These metabolites, d-methionine, dlphenylalanine, adenine, guanine, and uracil are therefore shown to be essential for the growth of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture.
Immunochemical Studies with the β-Galactosidase and Structurally Related Proteins of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Torriani Anna Maria 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera against purified Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (Gz) have been prepared. These antisera precipitate the enzyme but do not inactivate it. The fact that the enzyme titrates with this antiserum to the same endpoint whether it is determined with lactose or orthonitrophenol β-galactoside as substrate, demonstrates that both activities are associated with a single antigenic species. Inactive extracts (from cells which have not been induced to produce enzyme) as well as active extracts (from cells which possess the enzyme) contain a protein (Pz), inactive as a β-galactosidase which cross-reacts strongly with the antibody to Gz. Pz, although immunologically closely related to Gz is distinguishable by the following properties. Pz will precipitate 80–90% of the antibody directed against Gz, but leave a fraction which will react only with Gz to the exclusion of Pz. In mixtures of Pz and Gz, Gz precipitates preferentially and Pz remains in solution as long as the precipitation of Gz is not complete. Pz is nonantigenic for rabbits whereas Gz is an exceptionally efficient antigen. The following summarizes some other properties of Pz and Gz. Pz and Gz have very similar solubility properties but are separable by the fact that Gz and Pz have appreciable differences in their temperature coefficients of solubility. Gz is more stable than Pz towards the action of heat, ultraviolet irradiation and proteolytic digestion. Gz can be converted into an enzymatically inactive, immunologically identical protein by the action of dilute formalin under proper conditions. These results show that the induced formation (enzymatic adaptation) of β-galactosidase involves the appearance of a new antigen Gz and, therefore, the biosynthesis of a new protein. The significance of the immunological behavior of Pz and Gz is discussed with special reference to problems of protein homogeneity and interpretation of the reactions of complex systems.
Four New Provisional Serotypes of Shigella
Authors: Ewing W. H. , Hucks M. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four serotypes which have the biochemical characteristics of typical shigellae are described. It is believed that these serotypes should be considered for possible future addition to the Shigella schema, but for the present should remain sub judice. Cultures of one of the serotypes did not produce acid from mannitol and hence should be considered for addition to subgroup A (Shigella dysenteriae subgroup) of the schema. Cultures of the other three serotypes ferment mannitol, but were not related serologically to members of the Shigella flexneri group and therefore should be considered for addition to the Shigella boydii subgroup (subgroup C). The serologic relationships of the new serotypes to known shigellae and to Escherichia coli O groups are described.
The Quantitative Determination of the Extent of Despeciation of Modified Equine Antitoxin
Authors: Levine Leo , Wyman Louise , Chen Bei-Loo , Murphy Julia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is presented for estimating the relative reactivity with respect to horse serum of antitoxins processed from horse plasma, by observing skin reactions of sensitized rabbits. It is feasible to test 4 preparations, each on 3 rabbits, with standard fiducial limits of from 53% to 188% of the true value. As the sensitizing dose was increased, the relative reactivity of a given test material appeared greater. The function was asymptotic at higher dose levels. The greater the sensitizing dose, the smaller was the variance of the relative reactivity within its replicates. Movement of control and test reaction diameters in opposite directions of magnitude upon a second skin challenge demonstrated simultaneous partial desensitization to normal horse serum and sensitization to the modified antigen consequent upon the first challenge. Incubation periods between sensitization and skin challenge of 2, 3, and 4 weeks made no difference in values obtained for relative reactivity. Relative skin reactivity of various preparations as determined in sensitized rabbits showed correlation with anaphylactic tests in guinea pigs. The less reactive of 2 materials compared in human subjects was also the less reactive when compared by the rabbit skin test.
Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Weller Thomas H. , Enders John F. , Robbins Frederick C. , Stoddard Marguerite B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In 1949, in preliminary notes, we recorded the fact that the in vitro propagation of the poliomyelitis viruses may be accomplished in suspended cell cultures of various types of human tissues. The present paper details the procedures we have employed in the preparation and maintenance of suspended cell cultures for this purpose, and summarizes observations on the behavior of poliomyelitis viruses in such cultures, as observed during the past 4 years.
Each of 3 antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus has been propagated in suspended cell cultures of human embryonic skin and muscle tissue, in cultures of human embryonic brain tissue and in cultures of mature human kidney tissue. In addition it has been demonstrated that one or more of these 3 types of virus will multiply in cultures of various other human embryonic tissues, including intestine, adrenal and spleen. Likewise, mature human tissues including thyroid, foreskin, and testis have been successfully employed for the cultivation of the Lansing strain as well as materials from two tumors, an embryoma of the kidney, and a neuroblastoma. Poliomyelitis virus has also been cultivated in monkey kidney cultures.
Assay of the infectivity of materials removed from the tissue cultures was perfomred by the classical method of titration in animals and also by the technique of titration in vitro employing the cytopathogenic effect of the poliomyelitis viruses as an indicator of viral activity. Materials from cultures prepared with human embryonic skin-muscle tissues, kidney tissue, or brain tissues yielded the highest infectivity titers. Serial propagation in suspended cell cultures of human embryonic skin-muscle tissue was achieved for 23 passages with the Lansing strain, for a cumulate period of 331 days in cultivation, and for 15 passages with the Brunhilde strain, during a total period of 267 days. Throughout these prolonged periods of cultivation, virus production in each instance remained essentially constant as assayed by the in vitro technique. The titers as determined in vitro were in most cases equivalent to those observed in the central nervous system of the infected animal. However, in experiments with Lansing virus prolonged cultivation in human tissues was associated with a marked decline in apparent infectivity titer of the agent for the mouse. Likewise, in one experiment with Brunhilde virus, a significant decrease in the apparent infectivity titer for the monkey was observed.
Relationship of Various Antiorgan Sera
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In our previous studies (1, 2) concerning tissue specificity we were constantly faced with the fact that the various tissues showed a very great complexity of relationship. In many cases this complexity tended to cloak the evidence of the tissue specificity and it was only by means of comparative, quantitative studies that we were able to prove certain facts. It was, however, evident that tissue specificity could actually be demonstrated in the case of the tissues which were used (namely, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle and testicle). Furthermore, there was noted a relationship between the various organs of animals of the same species, which was evidently due to a species specificity. In addition there were suggestions of a further relationship between the various organs which could not be explained by the simple species specificity.
Studies on the Toxicity of Human Blood Plasma for Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Levinson S. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. Introduction. In our previous report (1), we have briefly mentioned the phenomena produced by the intravenous injection of human plasma into the guinea-pig which we associated with coagulation changes. It is the object of this paper to report in some detail the results of this observation, and to show briefly the relationship it has with anaphylaxis and the associated phenomena.
The theories of anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock are so numerous that it is only possible to mention a few of them, especially those which may have any bearing on our findings. Biedl and Kraus (2), Schultz and Jordan (3) among others have shown that the peculiar and rapid fatal character of anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig depends on the valve-like closure of the bronchioles, due partly to the special susceptibility of the bronchiolar musculature, and partly to the thick lining of these tubes in the guinea-pig, so that when contraction of the bronchi take place, the lumen is obstructed.
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity in Brucellosis
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of the surface-active agents, Duponol WA and Lorol, for the preparation of skin test antigens from Brucella suis is described. These reagents were more effective than Tergitol 7, Tween 80, Triton A-20, phenol and water. The time of onset of cutaneous hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was related to the number of living organisms used for sensitization. The intensity of the allergic response reached a maximum after 8 weeks of infection and decreased to a relatively constant level from the tenth to eighteenth week of infection. Reactions of the purpura type were produced in guinea pigs by the crude extract from the fourth to tenth week of infection. Such reactions were not observed in response to the partially purified reagent. The crude extract exhibited specificity for Brucella infection in guinea pigs. Responses in animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Coccidioides immitis were not of the same order of magnitude in size or intensity as were produced in experimental Brucella infections. The partial purification and crystallization of the antigen by precipitation at pH 4–5 and ammonium sulfate precipitation at 6–10% of saturation at pH 7.0 and 5 C was described. The antigen is water-soluble near pH 7.0, thermostable and inactivated by trypsin. Tests for the presence of desoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids were negative while the tests for protein were positive. Only traces of carbohydrate were detected in the purified antigen. Upon further purification skin test activity of the reagent sharply increased, while the concentration of carbohydrate and of substances responsible for strong ultraviolet absorption at 2700 Å decreased. The final product showed a low specific density at this wave length. Repeated intradermal injections of the allergen did not result in the development of either systemic (anaphylactic) or dermal sensitivity in normal guinea pigs. These intradermal injections of the purified antigen resulted in very minor stimulation of agglutinin formation in guinea pigs and in a small group of humans. Guinea pigs infected subcutaneously with as few as 9 cells of Br. suis responded to the cutaneous test with the purified antigen 1 week following infection. The antigen was about 225% more potent when used to skin-test rabbits infected for 4 weeks with Br. suis (homologous species) than for rabbits infected for 4 weeks with Br. abortus or Br. melitensis (heterologous species). An allergen capable of detecting skin sensitivity in guinea pigs infected with Br. suis could not be extracted from Br. abortus strain A19 under the conditions of the method used successfully on Br. suis. Upon storage at 5 C for 11 months a solution of the purified antigen lost 85% of its skin test potency. Response to dosage data on various preparations were susceptible to analysis of relative potency by virtue of the parallelism of the log dose-log response relationship. The skin-test antigen inhibits the linear migration of leukocytes of normal guinea pigs in direct proportion to its concentration.
A Serologically-Active Erythrocyte-Sensitizing Substance from Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Chang Shih-Man 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serologically active substance capable of specific sensitization of erythrocytes, the ESS, has been isolated from typhus rickettsiae by boiling typhus rickettsia-infected yolk-sac material in dilute alkali. No such ESS can be isolated from uninfected yolk sac by the same method.
On the Lack of Agreement of the Constant Toxin and Constant Antitoxin Flocculation Reactions of Diphtheria Toxin and Equine Antitoxin
Authors: Bowen Harry E. , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Six equine antitoxins and 4 toxins and toxoids were investigated, with respect to their flocculating properties. The earlier, graphical presentation of Boyd demonstrating the existence of distinct optima for constant toxin and constant antitoxin procedures was fully confirmed in all cases. The flocculation reaction was equated with respect to total concentration and ratio AT/T with the following general conclusions: Log time of flocculation bears an inverse linear relationship to log concentration of toxin plus antitoxin. Log time of flocculation bears a third-order parabolic relationship to ratio AT/T. The overall speed of reaction and the magnitude of relationships a. and b. are dependent upon both the toxin and antitoxin in question. Evidence is offered to indicate that toxin-antitoxin pairs showing different optima by routine flocculation procedures can be made to give identical optima in constant toxin and constant antitoxin titrations by using procedures which eliminate all pertinent variables except the ratio AT/T. On the basis of these findings the authors suggest that failure to obtain identical results by the constant toxin and constant antitoxin methods is primarily because of failure to control the total concentration of reagents and, of lesser importance, to establish comparable AT/T intervals. For routine purposes, either the constant toxin or the constant antitoxin method can be made most nearly ideal (in the sense of measuring the single variable, AT/T ratio) by using a toxin of about 3.5 times the titer of the antitoxin and ignoring any difference in volume from tube to tube. A more exact procedure would depend upon knowing the specifically precipitable N of the antitoxins and applying this information to adjusting the total concentration (of antitoxin plus toxin) in each tube to a constant value. The latter would be most readily accomplished by diluting the antitoxin to contain the same concentration of specifically precipitable N as the toxin against which it is to be titrated and to proceed with the titration without regard for the final total volume.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague. V. Multiplication and Persistence of Virulent and Avirulent Pasteurella Pestis in Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Walker D. L. , Foster L. E. , Chen T. H. , Larson A. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some avirulent strains of Pasteurella pestis progressively decrease in numbers in host tissue without indication of multiplication, but viable bacilli can still be found up to the 6th to the 9th days after inoculation. Other strains maintain their numbers well for 5 or 6 days and are then progressively eliminated. Some strains multiply and definitely increase in numbers before being overcome and the tissue sterilized. With the avirulent strains studied, at no time were bacilli cultured from the blood later than 15 minutes after injection.
Those strains which are effective in stimulating development of immunity in mice may be the ones that, even though incapable of extensive multiplication, are rich in soluble envelope antigen or may be the ones that, although less productive of envelope antigen, have the capacity to multiply and to attain numbers adequate to provide necessary quantities of envelope antigen.
The Hemagglutinin of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Chanock Robert M. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When physiologic salt solution was used for the extraction of mouse brains infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus, hemagglutinin appeared at varying times after the suspensions were prepared, zone phenomena, as well as incomplete patterns of agglutination, were frequently encountered, and the activity quickly disappeared on storage at 4 C, even when the large particles were removed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 1 hour. When the pH of 7.2 exhibited by unbuffered saline suspensions of mouse brain was changed to 7.5 to 8.5 with dilute NaOH prior to centrifugation, the zone phenomena and incomplete patterns disappeared. It was, furthermore, found that the stability of the hemagglutinin on storage at 4 C could be maintained as long as the pH of the solution remained at about 7.7 or higher, and the larger tissue particles were removed by centrifugation. Physiologic salt solution, buffered at pH 9.0 with borate-KCl in 0.016 M concentration, was found to be an excellent fluid for the extraction of hemagglutinin from infected mouse brains. By its use, hemagglutinin of high potency was regularly demonstrated in 13,000 rpm supernates obtained immediately after preparation of the suspension. No zone phenomena were encountered and the solution could be stored in an ordinary refrigerator for at least 290 days without loss of titer. Even when this optimum method was used for extraction, no hemagglutinin could be obtained from the brains of mice infected with the Webster No. 3 strain of St. Louis encephalitis which has had a very large, although unknown, number of mouse passages over a period of 18 years.
The Hemagglutinin of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus. III. Properties of Normal Inhibitors and Specific Antibody; Use of Hemagglutination-Inhibition for Diagnosis of Infection
Authors: Chanock Robert M. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
To overcome the marked instability of the SLE hemagglutinin at the pH that is optimum for hemagglutination, inhibition tests were performed by mixing hemagglutinin diluted at pH 7.7 and 1 C with serum or tissue suspension adjusted to pH 6.5 at room temperature, and immediately adding the erythrocyte suspension. The normal inhibitor in mouse brain was extracted in larger amounts by hypotonic than by isotonic solutions, and was largely associated with particles sedimentable at 13,000 rpm for 1 hour. The normal inhibitor in brain is not destroyed during the course of infection. Human and rabbit sera contain more normal inhibitor than mouse brain extracts. Normal inhibitor in solution can remove hemagglutinin from erythrocytes and reverse hemagglutination without affecting the receptors on the red cells.
The SLE normal inhibitor is only partially removed from serum by extracting with chloroform in a manner that removes practically all of the inhibitor for the Japanese B hemagglutinin. Precipitation and extraction with an appropriate amount of acetone yields a fraction which is practically devoid of normal inhibitor, but contains all the specific hemagglutination-inhibition antibody. The SLE hemagglutinin combines with specific antibody in different proportions from normal inhibitor. For each fourfold increase in concentration of hemagglutinin, the 50% inhibitory titer dropped twofold for specific antibody and fourfold for normal inhibitor. Antisera for the West Nile and Japanese B virus contained specific antibody for the SLE hemagglutinin but in much lower titer than antisera for the SLE virus. Specific hemagglutination-inhibition antibody in high titer was found in 8 patients with St. Louis encephalitis during the acute phase of the illness. Tests on human beings, without history of encephalitis, revealed that the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody was absent among residents in a nonendemic area, and present in low titer only among those residents of an endemic area who also possessed neutralizing antibody for the SLE virus.