bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classroom Research on Pragmatics
Authors: Martínez‐Flor Alicia , Sánchez‐Hernández Ariadna 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pragmatic competence involves the ability to produce and comprehend meaning and intentions in an appropriate way, given a particular social and cultural context. Dealing with pragmatic competence in the classroom context is a complex phenomenon since attention needs to be paid to how language, language users, and context of interaction interplay. Classroom organization is therefore essential in terms of what kind of input, opportunities for communicative practice, and provision of feedback are offered for learners to develop their pragmatic competence. This entry offers an overview of the research conducted in classroom contexts in three main areas: (a) opportunities for pragmatic development available in different classroom contexts, (b) types of classroom‐based research conducted on pragmatics, and (c) data collection methods employed to gather pragmatic‐related information in the classroom.
Pragmatics in Learner Corpora
Authors: Fernández Julieta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
They have attracted researchers wishing to understand second language (L2) acquisition because, especially when already available, they can provide instantaneous access to large pools of learner data that can be quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed for linguistic patterns through the iterative use of automatic computer software tools (i.e., using corpus linguistics methodology). Learner corpora have also attracted linguists wishing to answer questions about L2 pragmatics, which studies how learners (come to) understand and convey meaning in context. The use of corpus linguistics has allowed for the integration of “the more traditional qualitative or “horizontal” approach to pragmatics with the more quantitative or “vertical” nature of corpus linguistics” (Rühlemann & Clancy, 2018, p. 245). However, the marriage of these two fields has not always been straightforward because in interaction there is not a consistent one‐to‐one correspondence between a form and its pragmatic function(s) in a particular context. This entry introduces the use of learner corpus linguistics for the study of L2 pragmatics and discusses the issues of size, automatization, temporal design, and annotation.
Oral Corrective Feedback as a Pedagogical Strategy
Authors: Lyster Roy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The multifaceted roles of oral corrective feedback (CF) in second language (L2) instruction continue to attract the attention of both researchers and practitioners interested in how it can most effectively be integrated into classroom interaction in ways that benefit L2 development. Theoretical perspectives that run the gamut from cognitively to socially oriented suggest that oral CF is not only beneficial but may also be necessary for moving learners forward in their L2 development. This entry describes the purpose of CF and identifies various CF types that either provide or withhold correct forms; different types of learner responses to CF are also identified. The ways in which CF and subsequent learner responses are able to influence L2 development are then addressed along with the ways in which CF serves as a pedagogical strategy enabling teachers to scaffold classroom interaction, so that learners can take increasingly more responsibility for their own learning. Challenges that teachers must contend with in order to provide CF effectively are then presented before concluding with future directions for both research and professional learning opportunities for teachers.
Second Language Pragmatic Development
Authors: Fordyce Kenneth 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSecond language pragmatic development combines the fields of pragmatics and second language acquisition (SLA) to investigate how second language learners' pragmatic competence changes over time. The first section of this entry looks at theories that explain the processes of second language (L2) development. Some theories focus on the role of cognition in developmental processes, whereas others are oriented toward the role played by the social context of interaction as well as the social identity of learners. The second section summarizes research investigating whether there are typical patterns in the way in which L2 pragmatics develops. It shows that broad patterns of typical changes can be found through research with many learners; yet at the same time, individual trajectories of development are quite variable and influenced by a wide range of factors. The last section looks at the role of instruction in accelerating or influencing L2 pragmatic development. It outlines the key findings from many studies which have investigated the effects of different kinds of instruction on different aspects of L2 pragmatics. The key roles ofnoticingandprocessingas well as the need for greater attention to L2 pragmatics in second language classrooms are highlighted.
Relevance Theory and Language Acquisition
Authors: Foster‐Cohen Susan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Relevance Theory argues that comprehension of intentional communication rests on the hearer's capacity to infer the speaker's message from what has been expressed in context, guided by the search for relevance. Hearers follow a path of least effort, given their knowledge and beliefs about the world and the speaker. The theory has provided explanations for how and why L1 learners both interpret and misinterpret utterances, depending on their stage of linguistic and cognitive development, particularly their understanding of the mental states of others. In L2 acquisition, pragmatic expectations from the L1 and levels of linguistic proficiency in the L2 lead to extensive use of metapragmatic skills and epistemic vigilance to interpret utterances as intended, design utterances appropriately, and foster intercultural communication. In both L1 and L2 acquisition, indirect, nonliteral, and figurative language (metaphor, irony, sarcasm, etc.) has been the focus of a number of studies and, particularly in the case of work involving individuals on the autism spectrum, has been instrumental in refining Relevance Theory itself.
Pragmatics and Translation Studies
Authors: Wang Bo , Ma Yuanyi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this entry, we briefly discuss how pragmatics has been applied in translation studies and explore the interface between the two fields of inquiry. We first illustrate how the different aspects of pragmatics are applied in translation, including context, speech act, deixis, cooperative principle and implicature, politeness, and face as well as relevance theory. We then introduce some comprehensive frameworks that involve pragmatics in translation studies and suggest some future directions in this line of research, such as (a) the transdisciplinary and eclectic models and (b) the application of experimental methods such as keystroke logging and eye tracking.
Translanguaging and Language Learning
Authors: Wei Li 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The concept of translanguaging has developed from an agentive learner strategy, against monolingual language‐of‐instruction policies, to an analytical perspective that focuses on the dynamics of bi‐ and multilinguals in transcending the boundaries of named languages and the boundaries between language and other semiotic resources in meaning‐making. It has attracted a great deal of attention from linguists and language professionals, generating thousands of research publications on topics ranging from inclusion and social justice, to multimodal communication and visual arts, to cognitive processes of language selection. This entry first outlines the origin of the concept of translanguaging and its theoretical implications and then explores how it contributes to the research and practice of language learning. It aims to show how the translanguaging perspective reconceptualizes the language learner as legitimate, multicompetent language users in their own right and not in relation to the so‐called monolingual native speaker and language learning as a process of cultural translation.
Identity, Language Learning, and Teacher Education
Authors: Lauwo Monica Shank , Norton Bonny 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the field of applied linguistics, early interest in identity focused on language learners and language learning, which has expanded to include language teaching and language teacher identity. There is now emerging interest in identity and language teacher education, including language teacher educator identity. In the first section of this article, we discuss the changing conceptions of identity in applied linguistics, and its relationship to identity research in language learning and teaching. In the second section, we examine the implications of this research for language teacher education. These implications relate to the need to intentionally support language teacher identity development as an integral aspect of teacher education, the importance of centering considerations of student identity affirmation and negotiation, and attention to ways in which teacher educator identity plays a significant role in language teacher education.
Bioinspired Amyloid Fibril‐Based Hydrogel with Engineering Programable Functionalities for Diverse Applications
Authors: Wang Weiqiang , He Bo , Xiao Tingting , Xu Minrui , Liu Bolin , Gao Yongshan , Chen Yanan , Li Jie , Ge Binghui , Ma Jinming , Ge Honghua 
Published: June 2023

AbstractNatural proteins display organized hierarchical structures and tailored functionalities that cannot be achieved by synthetic approaches, highlighting the increased interest in developing protein‐based materials. Protein self‐assembly allows fabricating sophisticated supramolecular structures from relatively simple building blocks, a strategy naturally employed by amyloid proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins. However, the design of self‐assembled bioinspired materials with multi functionalities is still challenging. Inspired by the natural self‐assembly proteins (such as mussel foot proteins and amyloid proteins), a temperature‐inducible engineering programable hydrogel‐like amyloid nanostructure is developed by using a genetically modular fusion approach. The resulting hydrogel‐like assemblies display outstanding adhesive capacity, high stability, and broad substrate universality. The employed SpyCatcher/SpyTag system allows modifying the hydrogel‐like assemblies with any functional proteins of interest. Owing to their strong adhesive capacity and functional flexibility, such amyloid fibril‐based hydrogel shows advantages in the immobilization of diverse enzymes for highly efficient biocatalysis, fabrication of multi‐layered functional coatings, and construction of functionalized 3D scaffold for cell culture. Overall, a modular and straightforward approach is established to obtain a genetically programable nanostructure platform. The novel hydrogel‐like assemblies described here may be potentially applied to but not limited to synthetic biology, surface/interface engineering, and tissue engineering.
Optical Properties of Metacrystals Based on Protein Nanocages
Authors: Junker Niklas O. , Lindenau Anja , Rütten Michael , Lach Marcel , Nedilko Alexander , Chigrin Dmitry N. , von Plessen Gero , Beck Tobias 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe optical properties of 3D metacrystals made of gold nanoparticles in protein nanocages are studied. These metacrystals have sizes of tens of micrometers and are of high structural and optical quality. Through microspectroscopy measurements and model calculations it is demonstrated that the metacrystals show plasmonic absorption in the green wavelength range and are largely transparent in the red and infrared ranges. By using empty nanocages as placeholders in the metacrystal lattice, it is possible to control how strongly the metamaterial absorbs. Measurements on a pyramidal metacrystal show that it deflects visible light. The deflection shows evidence for anomalous refraction at short wavelengths and normal refraction at long wavelengths. The refractive dispersion is ascribed to the optical dispersion relation of the plasmonic metamaterial.
Photobreeding Heterojunction on Semiconductor Materials for Enhanced Photocatalysis
Authors: Jiang Kai‐Bin , Huang Wei‐Qiang , Song Tian‐Tian , Wu Pei‐Xuan , Wang Wen‐Fei , Chen Qing‐Song , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Guo Guo‐Cong 
Published: June 2023

AbstractConstruction of heterojunctions to photocatalysts is one of the most promising approaches to improve charge separation efficiency; however, the established constructing processes usually require high‐temperature conditions and/or the adding of highly concentrated or expensive exotic species, and the improvement of effective contact and charge exchange between heterojunction components remains a problem. This work proposes an unprecedented “photobreeding” method and realizes the direct growth of Zn nanowires and Mott–Schottky heterojunctions from ZnS or viologen‐coated ZnS microspheres through a photochemical reaction at room temperature without external species, while demonstrating the hypothesis proposed 140 years ago on the formation of Zn in the photochromic process of ZnS. After photobreeding of the heterojunctions, the hydrogen production efficiency of the photocatalysts increases by 2 orders of magnitude. This inexpensive, facile and efficient synthetic method will find applications in H2 production, organic synthesis, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and so on.
Unique Chirality Selection in Neural Cells for D‐Matrix Enabling Specific Manipulation of Cell Behaviors
Authors: Li Ya , Wang Yulin , Ao Qiang , Li Xiaohui , Huang Zhongbing , Dou Xiaoqiu , Mu Ning , Pu Ximing , Wang Juan , Chen Tunan , Yin Guangfu , Feng Hua , Feng Chuanliang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractManipulating neural cell behaviors is a critical issue to various therapies for neurological diseases and damages, where matrix chirality has long been overlooked despite the proven adhesion and proliferation improvement of multiple non‐neural cells by L‐matrixes. Here, it is reported that the D‐matrix chirality specifically enhances cell density, viability, proliferation, and survival in four different types of neural cells, contrasting its inhibition in non‐neural cells. This universal impact on neural cells is defined as “chirality selection for D‐matrix” and is achieved through the activation of JNK and p38/MAPK signaling pathways by the cellular tension relaxation resulting from the weak interaction between D‐matrix and cytoskeleton proteins, particularly actin. Also, D‐matrix promotes sciatic nerve repair effectively, both with or without non‐neural stem cell implantation, by improving the population, function, and myelination of autologous Schwann cells. D‐matrix chirality, as a simple, safe, and effective microenvironment cue to specifically and universally manipulate neural cell behaviors, holds extensive application potential in addressing neurological issues such as nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative disease treatment, neural tumor targeting, and neurodevelopment.
Ultra‐Sensitive Bio‐Polymer Iontronic Sensors for Object Recognition from Tactile Feedback
Authors: Cicek Melih Ogeday , Durukan Mete Batuhan , Yıldız Bayram , Keskin Deniz , Doganay Doga , Çınar Aygün Simge , Cakir Murat Perit , Unalan Husnu Emrah 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSupramolecular polymer gels show promise for use in batteries, supercapacitors, and multifunctional sensors. However, their poor stiffness and ionic conductivity hinder their large‐scale utilization. Herein, a cellulose‐based supramolecular bio‐polymer gel (SBPG) with high ionic conductivity and exceptional stiffness is reported. These properties are translated into proof‐of‐concept iontronic pressure sensors with an ultra‐high sensitivity of 1 475 000 kPa−1. The technological potential is demonstrated via fabrication of a prototype smart glove using only eight pressure sensors based on this novel gel. Smart glove sensors with 90% classification accuracy for object recognition are demonstrated using a tactile feedback algorithm.
Quartz‐Like Structure, Optical Activity, and High Stability in the First Chiral Cation‐Coordinated Perovskite Semiconductor
Authors: Han Xiang‐Bin , Chai Chao‐Yang , Jin Ming‐Liang , Fan Chang‐Chun , Zhang Wen 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPoor stability is a significant challenge to organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for practical optoelectronic applications, which results from their inherent ionic nature and soft structures. The coordination bonding strategy is supposed to be a valid approach by enhancing the interaction between the cations and inorganic frameworks. Herein, the first pair of cation‐coordinated perovskites with high stability, achieved through coordination bonds between the cations and [PbXn] anions instead of the weak hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force presented in conventional ionic perovskites, is reported. In L/R‐(4HOPD)PbBr3 (4HOPD = 4‐hydroxypiperidine cation) (L/R=Left/Right–handed), one of the six halogen atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom from the cation. The PbO bond contributes to the high stability under a double 85 test. L/R‐(4HOPD)PbBr3 crystallizes in the tetragonal system, belonging to one of 11 enantiomorphic space group types, P41212 and P43212. Similar to quartz, the chirality originates from the helical assembly of achiral units. The chirality‐induced optical rotatory power is 16.84° mm−1 at 404 nm. Moreover, the uniaxial negative birefringent property with a comparable Δn value makes it a good alternative to quartz. The remarkable stability of this new perovskite presents significant potential for further investigation into stable perovskites and their applications in optical rotation and polarizing optics.
Simulation for diversity, equity and inclusion in emergency medicine residency training: A qualitative study
Authors: Nadir Nur‐Ain , Winfield Ashlea , Bentley Suzanne , Hock Sara M. , Backster Anika , Bradby Cassandra , Rotoli Jason , Jones Nathaniel , Falk Michael 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe last few years have seen an increased focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives across organizations. Simulation has been used in varying degrees for teaching about DEI topics with emergency medicine; however, there are no established best practices or guidelines on this subject. To further examine the use of simulation for DEI teachings, the DEISIM work group was created as a collaboration between the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Simulation Academy and the Academy for Diversity and Inclusion in Emergency Medicine (ADIEM). This study represents their findings.MethodThis qualitative study was conducted using a three‐pronged approach. Initial literature search was conducted followed by a call for submission of simulation curricula. These were then followed by five focus groups. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed by a professional transcription service, and then subjected to thematic analysis.ResultsData were analyzed and organized into four broad categories including Learners, Facilitators, Organizational/Leadership, and Technical Issues. Challenges within each of these were identified, as were potential solutions. Select pertinent findings included focused faculty development, a carefully planned approach that utilized DEI content experts and the use of simulation for workplace microaggressions or discriminations.ConclusionsThere appears to be a clear role for simulation in DEI teachings. Such curricula, however, should be undertaken with careful planning and input from appropriate and representative parties. More research is needed on optimizing and standardizing simulation‐based DEI curricula.
Transition Metal and Base‐Free Electro‐Oxidative Regioselective Trifluoromethylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: Halder Atreyee , Ghosh Sayan , De Sarkar Suman 
Published: June 2023

AbstractA green electrochemical C(sp2)−H trifluoromethylation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by engaging Langlois’ reagent is reported. This oxidative regioselective CF3‐functionalization strategy operates under open atmosphere, in an undivided cell and at ambient temperature. Regioselective C−CF3 bond formation was achieved exclusively by applying this mild protocol exhibiting broad functional group compatibility affording the desired product up to 79% isolated yield. Mechanistic studies indicated a radical pathway for this electrochemical redox transformation.
Synthesis of Ferrocene 1,3‐Derivatives by Distal C−H Activation**
Authors: Gupta Princi , Madhavan Suchithra , Kapur Manmohan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe third position of cyclopentadienyl ring of a monosubstituted ferrocene has remained as an inaccessible chemical space for direct functionalization. Until recently, functionalizing the C(3)‐position while bypassing the predominantly active C(2)‐position is the most challenging task. Herein, we report a distal C−H functionalization of monosubstituted ferrocenes using an easily removable directing group with precise site‐selectivity, under a PdII/ mono‐N‐protected amino‐acid ligand catalytic system. The robust synthetic protocol leads to the synthesis of ferrocene 1,3‐derivatives with broad scope in olefins while functionalizing ferrocenyl methylamine in moderate to good yields via a highly strained ferrocene appended 12‐membered palladacycle intermediate.
Substituent Effect to Fine‐Tune Energy Levels of Atom‐Precise [MoOS3]2− Modified Copper(I) Thiolate Clusters Boosting Recyclable Photocatalysis
Authors: Cao Yun‐Dong , Yin Di , Li Si , Dong Xi‐Yan , Feng Y. , Liu Hong , Fan Lin‐Lin , Gao Guang‐Gang , Zang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe propulsion of photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production is limited by the rational design and regulation of catalysts with precise structures and excellent activities. In this work, the [MoOS3]2− unit is introduced into the CuI clusters to form a series of atomically‐precise MoVI−CuI bimetallic clusters of [Cu6(MoOS3)2(C6H5(CH2)S)2(P(C6H4−R)3)4] ⋅ xCH3CN (R=H, CH3, or F), which show high photocatalytic H2 evolution activities and excellent stability. By electron push‐pull effects of the surface ligand, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of these MoVI−CuI clusters can be finely tuned, promoting the resultant visible‐light‐driven H2 evolution performance. Furthermore, MoVI−CuI clusters loaded onto the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 carriers significantly reduced the loss of catalysts in the collection process, efficiently addressing the recycling issues of such small cluster‐based catalyst. This work not only highlights a competitively universal approach on the design of high‐efficiency cluster photocatalysts for energy conversion, but also makes it feasible to manipulate the catalytic performance of clusters through a rational substituent strategy.
Mechanochemical Mediated Coexistence of B←N Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Guadalupe Vasquez‐Ríos María , Campillo‐Alvarado Gonzalo , MacGillivray Leonard R. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMechanochemistry afforded a photoactive cocrystal via coexisting (B)O−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds and B←N coordination. Specifically, solvent‐free mechanochemical ball mill grinding and liquid‐assisted grinding of a boronic acid and an alkene resulted in mixtures of hydrogen‐bonded and coordinated complexes akin to mixtures of noncovalent complexes that can be obtained in solution in equilibria processes. The alkenes of the hydrogen‐bonded assembly undergo an intermolecular [2+2] photodimerization in quantitative conversion, effectively reporting the outcome of the self‐assembly processes. Our results suggest that interplay involving noncovalent bonds subjected to mechanochemical conditions can lead to functional solids where, in the current case, the structure composed of the weaker hydrogen bonding interactions predominates.