bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology of automated study of the workload of a helicopter pilot
Authors: Koronkov Sergei Olegovich 
Published: January 2023

The subject of the study is the contradiction between the need to conduct a study of the workload of helicopter pilots and the lack of methods regulated by regulatory and technical documents to ensure that such studies are carried out during the testing of new aircraft. The purpose of the study was to ensure the possibility of objectification of the pilot's workload during testing of modernized and created helicopter models, as well as in the process of flight simulator training. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the development of a pilot workload research program; the completion of a helicopter by installing a set of technical means for studying attention reserves; determining the pilot's workload; determining the integral indicator of the pilot's workload and drawing up a conclusion based on the results of the workload study. The main conclusion of the conducted theoretical and experimental research is that the developed methodology for studying the workload of a helicopter pilot, based on determining the reserves of his attention when performing professional activities, provides an adequate definition of the workload when performing helicopter tests on semi-natural modeling complexes and during flight simulator training. The results of verification and research of the effectiveness of the developed solutions have shown that the objectification of the pilot's workload during helicopter testing provides an opportunity to substantiate industry recommendations on the refinement and improvement of the layout of helicopter cabins, to rationalize the points of the flight part of the test program and to intensify the process of professional training of flight personnel.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of calmodulin-like proteins in cucumber
Authors: Liu Yunfen , Yin Feilong , Liao Lingyan , Shuai Liang 
Published: January 2023

Background
The calmodulin-like (CML) protein is a crucial Ca2+-binding protein that can sense and conduct the Ca2+ signal in response to extracellular stimuli. The CML protein families have been identified and characterized in many species. Nevertheless, scarce information on cucumber CML is retrievable.

Methods
In this study, bioinformatic analyses, including gene structure, conserved domain, phylogenetic relationship, chromosome distribution, and gene synteny, were comprehensively performed to identify and characterize CsCML gene members. Spatiotemporal expression analysis in different organs and environment conditions were assayed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Results
Forty-four CsCMLs family members were well characterized, and the results showed that the 44 CsCML proteins contained one to four EF-hand domains without other functional domains. Most of the CsCML proteins were intron-less and unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes; two tandemly duplicated gene pairs and three segmentally duplicated gene pairs were identified in the cucumber genome. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the hormone, stress, and plant growth and development-related elements were in the promotor regions. In addition, spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed distinctive expression patterns for CsCML genes in different tissues and environmental conditions, and a putative protein interaction network also confirmed their potential role in responding to various stimuli. These results provide a foundation for understanding CsCMLs and provide a theoretical basis for further study of the physiological functions of CsCMLs.
Effect of Transplanting Dates and Varieties on the Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Yield Components of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Hossain Shahadat , Huda Md. Nurul , Alam Md. Sarowar , Hossain Md. Golap , Ali Md. Arfan 
Published: January 2023

The study was carried out in the Research field of the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Hathazari, Chattogram, Bangladesh from November 2019 to April 2020 to observe the effect of transplanting date and variety for tomato production. Eight open-pollinated tomato varieties viz. BARI tomato-2, BARI tomato-3, BARI tomato-14, BARI tomato-15, Marglobe, Roma VF, Riograndi, and Khattabegun were considered as the factor A and two transplanting dates viz. 18th December 2019 and 18th January 2020 were considered as factor B. The study was laid out in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Different transplanting dates and varieties showed significant effects on the vegetative growth and yield of tomato. In 18th December transplanting, the highest number of fruits per plant was recorded in BARI Tomato-3 (46.87), followed by BARI Tomato-14 (43.22), while the lowest number of fruits per plant was recorded in variety Marglobe (13.00). Khattabegun variety had the maximum number of fruits per plant (14.17), followed by BARI tomato-3 (14.02) and BARI tomato-14 (13.97) on transplanting date 18th January. In 18th December transplanting, the highest yield was obtained from BARI tomato-14 (38.55 ton ha-1), followed by BARI tomato-3 (38.16 ton ha-1), while the lowest yield was found in variety Riograndi (9.17 ton ha-1). The highest yield was recorded in BARI tomato-15 (12.10 ton ha-1), while the lowest yield was observed in local variety Khattabegun (6.25 ton ha-1) on transplanting date 18th January. Therefore, it is concluded that BARI Tomato-14 and BARI Tomato-3 with a combination of transplanting date in 18th December was noted as the best combination to get the optimum yield of tomato.
Heavy Metals Pollution in Soil and Their Remediation Techniques: A Review
Authors: Mohasin Mohd , Habib Khalid , Rao P. Smriti 
Published: January 2023

Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with large atomic weights and densities that are at least five times greater than those of water. Their widespread dispersion in the environment as a result of their numerous agricultural, industrial, residential, medicinal, and technical applications has raised questions about their possible consequences on human health as well as environment. A broad review of heavy metal clean-up technologies is included in this paper. The following technologies are described together with the destiny of heavy metals: Bioremediation, stabilization/solidification, separation, and concentration are examples of in-situ and ex-situ technologies. electrokinetics, Soil flushing, barriers and treatment walls, treatment by chemical, soil amendments, and phytoremediation are examples of in-situ technologies. One of the ex-situ processes is soil cleaning.
Estimates of Medicaid and Non-Medicaid Net Prices of Top-Selling Brand-name Drugs Incorporating Best Price Rebates, 2015 to 2019
Authors: Clemans-Cope Lisa , Epstein Marni , Banthin Jessica , Kesselheim Aaron S. , Hwang Thomas J. 
Published: January 2023

ImportanceThe US spends far more on brand-name prescription drugs than other comparable countries. However, studies of prescription drug spending in the US are often limited because there can be substantial differences in the confidential rebates that drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid vs other payers.ObjectivesTo demonstrate an approach for improved estimation of Medicaid rebates through case studies of 18 top-selling drugs to better understand trends in net Medicaid and non-Medicaid spending and prices for brand-name drugs.Design, Settings, and ParticipantsThis was a cross-sectional study of US pricing data from 2015 to 2019 derived from Medicaid State Drug Utilization data SSR Health, Medi-Span, the Federal Supply Schedule, and IQVIA. Pricing data for 18 top-selling brand-name drugs measured consistently in both SSR Health, which captures US sales reported by publicly traded companies, and IQVIA’s top US prescription drugs by nondiscounted spending in 2015 to 2019. Data were accessed and analyzed from January 2019 to June 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresGross and net Medicaid and non-Medicaid drug spending for the sample of 18 drugs and prices corresponding to a 30-day supply of medication.ResultsMedicaid aggregate gross spending for the 18 drugs in the sample increased 173%, from $3.6 billion in 2015 to $9.9 billion in 2019, and estimated net spending after discounts increased by 119%, from $1.4 billion to $3.0 billion. Medicaid inflation-linked rebates reduced average gross price per 30-day supply by an estimated 43% in 2019, and up to 67% for individual drugs. In addition to the basic rebate, the best price provision reduced the average gross price per 30-day supply by an estimated 3% in 2019 and up to 54% for individual drugs. Between 2015 and 2019 across all study drugs, estimated average non-Medicaid net 30-day prices were between 1.9 and 2.6 times higher than Medicaid net prices. Excluding adalimumab—a spending anomaly because of the entry of a new high-cost formulation—net prices weighted by average gross spending decreased annually by 1% from 2015 through 2019 for Medicaid, while increasing by 2% for non-Medicaid payers.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of 18 top-selling brand-name drugs, excluding 1 anomaly, Medicaid average net prices declined from 2015 to 2019. Simultaneously, for non-Medicaid payers, net price increased more than previously published marketwide growth rates, raising the importance of restraining drug price growth in non-Medicaid markets. Rigorous and transparent methods to estimate Medicaid discounts are imperative to understand patterns in Medicaid and non-Medicaid prices and develop policies that better align drug prices with clinical benefits.
A Biodegradable Antigen Nanocapsule Promotes Anti‐Tumor Immunity via the cGAS‐STING Pathway
Authors: Jia Xiangqian , Chen Hang , Wu Mengling , Wang Luyao , Li Tiantian , Ma Jing , Yi Xueqing , Tan Pengcheng , Zheng Peiyuan , Du Juanjuan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMaterials‐based antigen delivery systems can augment the immune response by improving antigen uptake in antigen‐presenting cells, targeting lymph nodes, prolonging antigen exposure, enhancing cross‐presentation, etc. Recent research revealed that some antigen carriers activate the innate immune pathways without additional adjuvant. Here, a vaccine delivery platform (antigen nanocapsules) constructed by a one‐step in situ polymerization is reported, weaving a biodegradable polymer network around the antigen surface. This simple technology allowed us to study the immunomodulatory effect of various antigen carriers. An antigen nanocapsule (NC7) capable of inducing dendritic cell activation and cross‐presentation is identified. Further mechanistic studies revealed that NC7 activated the cGAS‐STING pathway in a cGAS‐dependent manner. Moreover, the subcutaneously injected NC7 accumulated in the lymph nodes and elicited strong cytotoxic T cell immunity and T cell memory against established cancer. Collectively, the often‐neglected immunomodulatory effect of various cationic antigen carriers, enabling potential application in cancer vaccines, is uncovered.
Hydrazone‐Based AIEgens with Photofluorochromic Ability for Rewritable, Intensity‐Variable, and High‐Resolution Photopattern
Authors: Zhang Minjie , Zhang Jianyu , Alam Parvej , Li Wenlang , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Jia Guocheng , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPhotoswitches with multiple fluorescence states known as photofluorochromism upon photo‐induced isomerization show practical applications in information storage, anticounterfeiting, and sensors. However, it is still challenging to realize rapid isomerization, efficient fluorescence, and gradient signal output simultaneously. Herein, by incorporating luminogenic units with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) features into photo‐responsive hydrazone, a series of novel photofluorochromic AIE compounds are developed. These newly designed compounds exhibit quantum yields of up to 38.4% and could undergo reversible and swift photo‐isomerization upon 450/365 nm irradiation. Accordingly, the fabricated photopatterns based on them are utilized as quantitatively described images for information storage, which show excellent rewritability and intensity‐variable fluorescence with a high resolution of 10 µm. This work provides a new strategy to develop intelligent photopattern systems with continuous gradient fluorescence for information storage and cybernetics.
Fast‐Switching Speed and Ultralong Lifespan Au/Prussian Blue Electrochromic Film for Iris Devices Applications
Authors: Xu Miao , Wang Shen , Zhou Shengyu , Ding Zhenmin , Xu Hongbo , Zhao Jiupeng , Li Yao 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPrussian Blue (PB) is an excellent electrochromic (EC) material, possessing many praiseworthy advantages such as proper redox potential, large transmittance, environmental benignity, neutral colored state, and low cost. However, the co‐influence of weak interaction force and low electrical conductivity results in poor cyclic stability and slow switching speed. In this work, the novel Pt/Au and Au/PB films are prepared by electrodeposition to improve the EC properties of PB. The introduction of Au and Pt nanoparticles not only enhances the conductivity and inhibits polarization, but also increases the contact area and alleviates the stress and strain caused by volume expansion during ion insertion/extraction. Furthermore, the Pt/PB and Au/PB heterojunction with a strong inner electronic field promote the separation of electrons and holes and quicken charge transfer. In consideration of the better electrical conductivity, higher transmittance and strong local plasma resonance effect of Au nanoparticles, the Au/PB film shows ultrastable EC cyclic stability (96.4% after 2000), fast coloration/bleaching switching time (1.36/2.32 s), small charge transfer resistance (38.2 Ω), and high coloration efficiency (131.3 cm2 C−1). In addition, the EC iris devices are designed and assembled using Au/PB film as an EC layer to confirm the feasibility of the material in digital cameras and mobile phones.
Dynamic Optical Grating Based on a Photomechanical Molecular Crystal
Authors: Li Wangxiang , Berges Adam J. , Bekyarova Elena , Bardeen Christopher J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOrganic photomechanical crystals transform molecular‐scale photoisomerization events into largescale crystal shape changes. The results in this paper demonstrate that this photomechanical motion can be harnessed to reconfigure reflective elements on the crystal surface to actively control light propagation. This is accomplished by using a single organic photomechanical crystal composed of 1,2‐bis(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐thienyl)‐3,3,4,4,5,5‐hexafluoro‐1‐cyclopentene, which undergoes a reversible ring‐open to ring‐closed photoisomerization. Electron beam lithography patterning followed by a sublimation development step leaves periodically positioned, 120 nm deep grooves that are coated with gold metal to form a reflective grating on the crystal surface. Under UV irradiation, expansion of the bulk crystal increases the grating period by ≈5% and changes the diffraction angle of a 633 nm probe laser beam by 0.7° (first order) and 1.3° (second order). The grating period change can be reversed by visible light exposure and repeated for multiple cycles. The crystal expansion and thus the diffraction angle can also be continuously tuned by controlling the duration of light exposure. Anisotropic crystal expansion and contraction due to molecular photoisomerization enables low‐power light sources to steer light beams continuously over a range of diffraction angles.
A Human‐Specific De Novo Gene Promotes Cortical Expansion and Folding
Authors: Qi Jianhuan , Mo Fan , An Ni A. , Mi Tingwei , Wang Jiaxin , Qi Jun‐Tian , Li Xiangshang , Zhang Boya , Xia Longkuo , Lu Yingfei , Sun Gaoying , Wang Xinyue , Li Chuan‐Yun , Hu Baoyang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNewly originated de novo genes have been linked to the formation and function of the human brain. However, how a specific gene originates from ancestral noncoding DNAs and becomes involved in the preexisting network for functional outcomes remains elusive. Here, a human‐specific de novo gene, SP0535, is identified that is preferentially expressed in the ventricular zone of the human fetal brain and plays an important role in cortical development and function. In human embryonic stem cell‐derived cortical organoids, knockout of SP0535 compromises their growth and neurogenesis. In SP0535 transgenic (TG) mice, expression of SP0535 induces fetal cortex expansion and sulci and gyri‐like structure formation. The progenitors and neurons in the SP0535 TG mouse cortex tend to proliferate and differentiate in ways that are unique to humans. SP0535 TG adult mice also exhibit improved cognitive ability and working memory. Mechanistically, SP0535 interacts with the membrane protein Na+/K+ ATPase subunit alpha‐1 (ATP1A1) and releases Src from the ATP1A1‐Src complex, allowing increased level of Src phosphorylation that promotes cell proliferation. Thus, SP0535 is the first proven human‐specific de novo gene that promotes cortical expansion and folding, and can function through incorporating into an existing conserved molecular network.
Biomaterial Strategies for Selective Immune Tolerance: Advances and Gaps
Authors: Carey Sean T. , Bridgeman Christopher , Jewell Christopher M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAutoimmunity and allergies affect a large number of people across the globe. Current approaches to these diseases target cell types and pathways that drive disease, but these approaches are not cures and cannot differentiate between healthy cells and disease‐causing cells. New immunotherapies that induce potent and selective antigen‐specific tolerance is a transformative goal of emerging treatments for autoimmunity and serious allergies. These approaches offer the potential of halting—or even reversing—disease, without immunosuppressive side effects. However, translating successful induction of tolerance to patients is unsuccessful. Biomaterials offer strategies to direct and maximize immunological mechanisms of tolerance through unique capabilities such as codelivery of small molecules or signaling molecules, controlling signal density in key immune tissues, and targeting. While a growing body of work in this area demonstrates success in preclinical animal models, these therapies are only recently being evaluated in human trials. This review will highlight the most recent advances in the use of materials to achieve antigen‐specific tolerance and provide commentary on the current state of the clinical development of these technologies.
Room Temperature Viscous Flow of Amorphous Silica Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Bruns Sebastian , Minnert Christian , Pethö Laszlo , Michler Johann , Durst Karsten 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe increasing use of oxide glasses in high‐tech applications illustrates the demand of novel engineering techniques on nano‐ and microscale. Due to the high viscosity of oxide glasses at room temperature, shaping operations are usually performed at temperatures close or beyond the point of glass transition Tg. Those treatments, however, are global and affect the whole component. It is known from the literature that electron irradiation facilitates the viscous flow of amorphous silica near room temperature for nanoscale components. At the micrometer scale, however, a comprehensive study on this topic is still pending. In the present study, electron irradiation inducing viscous flow at room temperature is observed using a micropillar compression approach and amorphous silica as a model system. A comparison to high temperature yielding up to a temperature of 1100 °C demonstrates that even moderate electron irradiation resembles the mechanical response of 600 °C and beyond. As an extreme case, a yield strength as low as 300 MPa is observed with a viscosity indicating that Tg has been passed. Those results show that electron irradiation‐facilitated viscous flow is not limited to the nanoscale which offers great potential for local microengineering.
Limits to capital: Assessing the role of race on the Paycheck Protection Program for African American farmers in America
Authors: Sant'Anna Ana Claudia , Kim Kevin N. , Demko Iryna 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe examine Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) lending among African American and white farmers. Using data from the U.S. Small Business Administration we run fixed effect estimations with a Mills inverse ratio. Our findings suggest discrimination due to limited capital access. We find statistically significant differences between approved loan amounts among African American farmers due to income level and location of their farms. These had minimal effects on white farmers. Our results call for policymakers to carefully monitor the PPP distribution in areas more vulnerable to financial difficulties. We provide policy recommendations.
Enhanced recognition of adolescents with schizophrenia and a computational contrast of their neuroanatomy with healthy patients using brainwave signals
Authors: Nsugbe Ejay 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSchizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder which is prevalent in individuals around the world, where diagnosis methods for this disorder are done via a combination of interview style questioning of the patient alongside a review of their medical record; but these methods have been largely criticised for being subjective between psychiatrists and largely unreplicable. Schizophrenia also occurs in adolescent individuals who have been said to be even more challenging to diagnose largely due to delusions being mistaken for childhood fantasies, and established methods for adult patients being applied to diagnose adolescents. This work investigates the use of electroencephalography (EEG) signals acquired from adolescent patients in the age range of 10–14 years, alongside signal processing methods and machine learning modelling towards the diagnosis of adolescent schizophrenia. The results from the machine learning modelling showed that the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and fine K‐nearest neighbour (KNN) produced the best recognition results for models with easy and hard interpretability, respectively. Additionally, a computational method was applied towards contrasting the neuroanatomical activation patterns in the brain of the schizophrenic and normal adolescents, where it was seen that the neural activation patterns of the normal adolescents showed a greater consistency when compared with the schizophrenics.
Boundary‐Connected Higher Order Weyl Semimetals in a Helix‐Shaped Phononic Crystal
Authors: Zhang Yuexin , Tang Jie , Zhang Sheng , Xiang Yuanjiang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe proposal of higher‐order topology leads to intriguing wave propagation properties beyond the conventional bulk‐boundary principle in condensed matter physics. Theoretical and experimental models have been conducted to reveal exotic higher‐order hinge and corner states in lower dimensions. Meanwhile, this concept is extended to semimetals and verified in platforms like acoustic and photonic systems. However, most existing schemes are confined to Cn‐symmetric‐like frameworks. Here a phononic higher‐order Weyl semimetal (HOWSM) is put forward by introductions of artificial gauge flux shape. Distinguished from most existing schemes, the traditional two‐dimensional lattice with a vertical screw‐extending operation is deformed, which guarantees the emergence of higher‐order Weyl points. The invariant index is utilized to measure different phases between non‐trivial topological and normal insulators visibly. Simulation results indicate that the structure supports robust hinge wave transmission in a piling sample. This work brings new approaches for constructing HOWSMs and enriches the potential applications in manufacturing high‐performance acoustic devices.