bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic and Biochemical Studies of Sh. Paradysenteriae Isolated in Puerto Rico
Authors: González Luis M. , Otero P. Morales 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A method for the determination of the types of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) has been presented (1) and the classification of one hundred different cultures of Sh. paradysenteriae reported. In this paper further evidence for the value of the method is offered. The classification of a larger number of strains and a comparative biochemical study of them is given.
The technic of the precipitative test consists of overlaying the immune sera with the antigenic extract obtained from the bacterial culture. Small tubes of 4 mm in diameter by 30 mm in length are used. The ring of precipitation usually appears from ten to fifteen minutes after the serum and antigen have been brought into contact. The test is performed at room temperature.
The antisera are prepared in rabbits by intravenous inoculation with formolized saline suspensions of freshly isolated cultures of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner).
Studies on the Relative Susceptibility of Young and of Full-Grown Rabbits to Intravenous Infection with Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: deGara Paul F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A single intravenous injection of varying amounts of strain N.Y.5 of Streptococcus pyogenes was given to young and to full-grown rabbits. Fourteen of 29 (48 per cent) full grown animals, and 26 of 32 (81 per cent) young rabbits survived the infection for at least one week.
Bacteremia was found 5 hours after the intravenous injection. After 24 hours the blood-cultures were sterile or contained only small numbers of streptococci. Heart-blood cultures taken in rabbits that died within 7 days contained innumerable hemolytic streptococci.
Arthritis occurred in the 26 young and in 12 of 14 full-grown animals that survived the infection. In young animals a greater number of joints was involved.
There is evidence to explain the greater susceptibility of full-grown rabbits to intravenous injections of hemolytic streptococci by the assumption that this age-group had become sensitized to these microörganisms through previous contact with them or with their products.
Studies of the Subgroups of Blood Groups A and AB
Authors: Young Lawrence E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The development of α1 agglutinins active against A1 cells at room and body temperatures was demonstrated in the serum of an A2 patient after 21 transfusions of A1 blood. This is the second reported case of the development of α1 agglutinins as a result of transfusion. The ability of a few individuals to form α1 or α2 agglutinins may depend upon some fundamental abnormality of the reticulo-endothelial system. This is suggested by the fact that in three of the five reported cases, the patients were suffering from atypical or acquired hemolytic anemia and, in two of these, other irregular agglutinins were demonstrated in addition to the α1 and α2 antibodies. Although serious or fatal hemolytic reactions due to incompatibility of the subgroups of A and AB have not been reported, the rapid destruction of donated cells due to α1 or α2 agglutinins has been clearly demonstrated. In the case presented the patient's own cells and group O cells were destroyed as rapidly as A1 cells, possibly because of the action of non-specific cold hemagglutinins. The appearance of α1 agglutinins in the serum of an A2 patient who received 5000 ml of group O blood is attributed to the absorption of the transfused α agglutinins by the patient's blood and tissue cells leaving unabsorbed the passively transferred α1 agglutinins. This is the first reported demonstration of the selective, in vivo absorption of α agglutinins. A2 patients who are transfused with sufficient quantities of group O blood may be rendered temporarily incompatible with prospective A1 donors. This disadvantage of the use of universal donors can probably be eliminated by adding A and B specific substances to the group O blood.
Antigens of Shigella Sonnei
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Mickle F. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three colonial types of S. sonnei are described which were associated with corresponding changes in antigenic structure of the organisms. Phase I culture appeared to correspond to the smooth of previous descriptions. Phase II was distinct in colony appearance and agglutination reactions, but was not a rough variant. Both phases I and II were found occurring naturally in cultures of S. sonnei and in stool cultures from cases of human S. sonnei infection but most cultures upon repeated transfer stabilized in phase II. A third colony type, R, (which had the usual characteristics of a true rough variant) was obtained from old cultures. This showed some, but slight, serological relationship to the phase II variant. The analogy between the phase I-phase II variation and the specific-group variation which has been described for certain paradysentery organisms is pointed out. The importance of the I–II variation in the serological identification of S. sonnei is discussed and attention is called to the selective action of certain differential media which permit growth of phase I forms while repressing phase II and colony type R.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature on Experimental Influenza in Mice
Authors: Sulkin S. Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The studies herein presented indicate that environmental temperature has little effect on mortality of Swiss mice infected with influenzal virus A. A significant effect was noted, however, on the general course of the experimental infection. Animals kept at higher environmental temperatures (95 F) showed significantly less pulmonary involvement than those kept at lower temperatures (60 F). These observations seem to be borne out to some extent by the known relation of climate and seasonal change to the frequency and severity of the disease in general, and would conform well to the known epidemiology of human epidemic influenza. It would appear that the occurrence of outbreaks of influenza may be affected by environmental temperature, influencing both infectivity of the virus and general resistance of the host.
Studies with the Somatic Antigen of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Halbert Seymour P. , Mudd Stuart , Doak Beatrice W. , Gonzalez Luis M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The somatic antigen which is present in the surface of the bacterial cell of Shigella paradysenteriae is the principal component of the cell concerned in mouse protection and agglutination. The somatic antigen is an extremely potent antigen. In one instance, by active immunization of mice, 50 per cent protection against 100,000 MLD was obtained with as little as 0.077 μg of the antigen. The somatic antigen seems to be the principal carrier of the toxicity of the whole organism. The isolated somatic antigen does not seem to be superior to the killed whole bacterial cell as a prophylactic vaccine against bacillary dysentery.
A Method of Producing in Inbred Albino Rats a High Percentage of Immunity from Tumors Native in Their Strain
Authors: Aptekman Paul Myron , Lewis Margaret Reed , King Helen Dean 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During our studies on the extraction of substances from induced primary and transplanted rat sarcomata, we obtained a fat soluble fraction that in some instances brought about a sarcoma when injected into rats (Aptekman, King and Lewis '43) and also an alcohol-soluble fraction that inhibited the growth of grafts of tumors and conferred immunity from further growth of grafts of the same tumor in a large percentage of the treated rats.
It, therefore, seemed of moment to expand our studies in regard to the tumor-inhibiting fraction in the hope of reaching a clearer understanding of this complicated biological process.
Material and Method. As was shown by King and Lewis ('45), an injection of a carcinogenic agent (1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene, 2:3 benzypyrene or methylcholanthrene dissolved in olive oil) into the right axilla of rats resulted in the development of a malignant tumor at the site of the injection in every one of the injected rats.
Studies on Bacterial Viruses
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert J. , Lee Miriam E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several acridine compounds effectively inhibited bacteriophage multiplication in infected suspensions of E. coli. The antiviral effect of the acridines was counteracted by ribose nucleic acid, suggesting that some cellular mechanism involving nucleic acid or a related substance is essential to virus reproduction. The processes leading to virus multiplication were more sensitive to disturbances of this mechanism than was the bacterial growth rate.
The Duration of Antibody-Formation after Injection of Killed Typhoid Bacilli in Water-in-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Freund Jules , Bonanto Mary V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinins against typhoid bacilli were found in the sera of one group of rabbits after 3 years and 1 month following 2 simultaneous subcutaneous injections and in another group of rabbits, 3 years and 5 months after the second subcutaneous injection of killed typhoid bacilli suspended in salt solution and incorporated into a mixture of a lanolin-like substance and oil.
Antigenic Relationships of the West Nile, Japanese B Encephalitis, and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunologic relationships of the West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, and Japanese B encephalitis viruses were investigated by subcutaneous cross-neutralization test in 3-day-old mice and by cross-immunity tests.
In addition to specific neutralization of virus by homologous immune serum, cross-reactions were observed to occur in the following directions. West Nile immune serum neutralized the St. Louis virus, but not the Japanese; St. Louis immune serum neutralized the West Nile and Japanese viruses; and the Japanese immune serum neutralized the West Nile and St. Louis viruses. These findings, added to the recent report of Casals and the original observations of Smithburn, indicate that these viruses, while immunologic entities, are all related one to another. The amount of antigen shared in common, however, appears to be very small, judging by the difficulty in eliciting the cross-reactions, and by the relatively small amount of crossing present when demonstrable.
Present attempts to confirm the serologic findings by cross-immunity tests were negative, as has been the experience of others.
The occurrence of cross-reactions introduces a complicating factor in the diagnosis of infections due to these viruses, and it is suggested that such reactions may be eliminated by appropriate adjustment of the specificity of the versatile extraneural neutralization test in young mice.
The Action of Penicillin on Staphylococci
Authors: Blair John E. , Carr Miriam , Buchman Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A large proportion of cultures of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus are susceptible to penicillin. Some strains of definitely high natural resistance may be encountered. Staphylococci may be made resistant to penicillin by growth in progressively increasing concentrations in broth. Their metabolic activity is retarded, and their pathogenicity is reduced or lost. The coagulase reaction is unaffected. This in vitro resistance is temporary; restoration to sensitivity, but only partial return to pathogenicity, may be effected by serial transfer in broth. Staphylococci may acquire resistance during penicillin therapy. Their metabolic activity is retarded, but their pathogenicity is often unaltered. The coagulase reaction is unaffected. This resistance appears to be permanent. Penicillin has no effect on the coagulase reaction. It occurs even in the presence of concentrations of penicillin which are ultimately bactericidal. Penicillin has no effect on the formation of staphylococcal alpha-toxin, and neither enhances or destroys pre-formed toxin. The implication of resistance acquired by staphylococci during penicillin therapy is discussed.
Sedimentation of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Sharples Centrifuge
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Sharples centrifuge, readily available and easily run, has proven to be capable of sedimenting poliomyelitis virus from suspensions of infected central nervous system tissue, from stool suspensions and from naturally infected sewage. As a result such materials are concentrated and partially purified so that they are suitable for testing by intracerebral inoculation.
Of six suspensions of stool samples from paralytic patients five yielded positive results after concentration of virus in the Sharples centrifuge. In three out of four samples no additional virus could be found in the Sharples supernate when the sensitive ultracentrifugal method was applied.
Two of three samples of naturally infective sewage after similar treatment in the Sharples centrifuge produced paralysis in monkeys. One of the latter samples yielded a negative test by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. One sample, negative after Sharples treatment, produced mild (non-paralytic) poliomyelitis in a monkey after concentration by ammonium sulfate.
Studies on the Physiology of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Hochwald Adolf , Rackemann Francis M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anaphylactic shock in the rat can be produced with a certain regularity. The rat is susceptible only during a rather short time, between the tenth and fifteenth day after sensitization. The symptoms are relatively mild; no fatalities have been observed in our experiments, and around one-half of the animals did not show any symptoms. This refers to rats of 120 to 150 g weight and fed a complete diet. The reaction is specific; an antigen to which the rat has not been prepared does not provoke symptoms.
Sensitization with 1–2 mg of protein divided in several injections seems as effective as a hundredfold of this dose. Multiple injections seem necessary.
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency does not alter the reactivity of the rat to shock.
Treatment of the rats with medium doses (20 mg per day) of ascorbic acid simultaneously with the sensitizing injections leads to a greater severity of anaphylactic shock. A fatal anaphylaxis has been observed in this group.
Thyroxin, given shortly before the test injection, also enhances the severity of the shock.
A combination of both—ascorbic acid during sensitization and thyroxin before shock—gives the most severe anaphylaxis observed in our experiments.
The differences in the reaction of the rat and the guinea pig in anaphylaxis are in degree rather than in kind. It is possible that they depend upon variations in the functions of the adrenal cortices of the two animals.
Studies on Lymphogranuloma Venereum Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Hilleman Maurice R. , Nigg Clara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A lymphogranuloma venereum complement-fixing antigen was extracted from infected yolk sac suspensions with anesthetic ether. The activity of the ether extract antigen represented four- to eight-fold enhancement. Maximal enhancement in the ether extract antigen depended on (a) preliminary aging of the yolk sac suspensions, (b) degree of dispersion of the extract in saline solution, and (c) absence of phenol. The purified ether extract antigen possessed the same complement-fixing group reactivity as phenolized unextracted antigen. The similarity of extract antigen to glucolipid fractions of bacterial origin was discussed.
Studies on Lymphogranuloma Venereum Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Bowser Betty M. , Nigg Clara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A high percentage of serums from patients in the early stages of syphilis gave complement fixation reactions with phenolized boiled antigens prepared either from yolk sacs infected with lymphogranuloma venereum or from normal yolk sacs. Such nonsepcific reactions preclude a serological diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum. The nonspecific reactions observed with syphilitic serums were completely eliminated by using phenolized boiled supernate-antigens. Phenolized boiled supernate-antigens prepared from yolk sacs infected with lymphogranuloma venereum also gave positive complement fixation reactions with the serums of patients recovered from psittacosis and ornithosis. These cross reactions emphasize the close antigenic relationship within the psittacosislymphogranuloma venereum group of viruses.
The Recovery of Poliomyelitis Virus from the Stools of Experimentally Infected Monkeys and Chimpanzees
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following the inoculation of various strains of poliomyelitis virus into monkeys and chimpanzees by various parenteral routes, virus has been detected in the stools of seven primate species. Finding poliomyelitis virus in stools and intestinal contents in the monkey or chimpanzee is not sufficient evidence to point to the mouth as the portal of entry. The experiments do not indicate however whether the virus may be excreted first into the upper part of the alimentary tract and subsequently find its way to the intestines. In each of two chimpanzees a “healthy” carrier state lasting two and four weeks respectively developed following intracutaneous inoculation of the SK strain. A third chimpanzee that became a virus carrier had only slight transitory symptoms in the second week following inoculation. Virus appeared in the stools of some animals before any symptoms of the disease in the central nervous system were apparent.
Psittacosis Vaccines Prepared from Chick Embryo Tissues
Authors: Wagner J. C. , Meiklejohn G. , Kingsland L. C. , Hickish H. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Psittacosis (strain 6 BC) vaccines have been prepared which, following 3 intraäbdominal injections of 0.5 ml each, protected 75 percent or more mice against intraäbdominal challenges of 10,000 to 1,000,000 LD50 of the virus, and conferred definite protection against small challenges (1 to 10 MLD) by the respiratory and intracerebral routes. The best vaccines were prepared from infected yolk-sacs by a procedure which involved lyophilization prior to ether extraction. Such vaccines were extremely rich in elementary bodies. The immunizing potency of vaccines appeared to be related to their elementary body content. The complement-fixing antigenic titer of vaccines appeared to have no relation to immunizing potency.
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
As a test for latent malaria the complement fixation reaction with any of the antigens described has proven of only limited value. In chronic relapsing vivax malaria an auto-antibody is often associated with relapses and parasitemia and may be detected with normal human stromata. The “soluble” purified vivax antigen does not react with the auto-antibody but appears to indicate a specific malarial response unrelated to the patient's state of immunity. This antigen, as well as gallinaceum antigen, contains substances reactive with Wassermann antibody.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Wiseman Robert W. , Meiklejohn Gordon , Lackman David B. , Wagner John C. , Beveridge Gerald W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Penicillin showed a definite therapeutic effect when given by the subcutaneous route to mice infected with Gleason strain of psittacosis, the Borg Strain, pigeon ornithosis virus (P 207), meningopneumonitis virus (Cal 10), and mouse pneumonitis virus (Nigg). Oral sulfadiazine was effective in mice infected with the two psittacosis strains and the mouse pneumonitis virus, but not in mice infected with the Borg Strain, SF Strain, Pigeon Ornithosis Virus (P 207), Meningo-pneumonitis Virus (Cal 10), and feline pneumonitis virus. Results obtained with the two drugs in mice were, in each instance, in agreement with those obtained in chick embryos.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Grossberg Donald B. , Wittler Ruth G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods employing methanol under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature are described for the purification of tetanal toxoid. The antigenicity and the flocculative power of the purified material are quantitatively recovered and are concentrated about 300 times on a nitrogen basis over the parent toxoids.
The purified toxoids do not shock guinea-pigs sensitized to culture medium, indicating that they are relatively free of anaphylactogenic properties.
Procedures are given for the processing of the purified material to a stable state suitable for assay and immunization. Freezing and drying, sterile filtration in the presence of glycine and alum-precipitation do not alter the antigenic values of the purified tetanal toxoids.
The considerations discussed in the text suggest that the purified toxoids may prove useful for immunization of man against tetanus.
Standardization of the Cardiolipin-Lecithin-cholesterol Antigen in the Complement-Fixation Test with Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The study of cardiolipin antigen with cerebrospinal fluids supplements one previously made with serum to demonstrate the relationships between the three constituents—cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol—essential to the standardization of the test.
Neither cardiolipin nor lecithin alone had antigenic action with cerebrospinal fluids. In contrast to the results with serum, the anticomplementary activity of cardiolipin was somewhat more marked in the presence than in the absence of cerebrospinal fluids.
Mixtures containing lecithin and cardiolipin, without cholesterol, in ratios between 3:1 and 10:1 were highly antigenic. Raising or lowering the proportion of lecithin diminished the reaction.
In cholesterolized mixtures the ratio of cholesterol:lecithin required for optimal reaction gradually increased as the lecithin:cardiolipin ratio decreased; namely, from 2:1 in solutions containing lecithin:cardiolipin in ratio of 20:1, to 5:1 in solutions containing lecithin and cardiolipin in ratio of 1.25:1. However, the several optimally sensitized solutions containing lecithin and cardiolipin in ratios varying from 20:1 to 1.25:1 did not differ as markedly in reactivity with cerebrospinal fluids as they did in tests of serum.
Anticomplementary reaction appeared in cholesterolized solutions containing as little as 1.25 parts of lecithin to 1 of cardiolipin.
A solution containing lecithin and cardiolipin in ratio of 5:1 and cholesterol in ratio of 3.4:1 with lecithin such as was previously recommended for use in tests of serum appears satisfactory also for use with cerebrospinal fluids. The composition of the antigen used and the saline dilutions required for optimal reaction in the quantitatively standardized complement-fixation test are indicated.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Sickles Gretchen R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement-fixing activities of fractions of one pooled normal and three pooled antipneumococcal rabbit sera (types 2, 3, and 7) have been studied quantitatively in the presence and absence of homologous type-specific carbohydrate antigen.
Considered in relation to total nitrogen content, the water-insoluble globulin was, of these fractions, the most anticomplementary; the concentrated water-soluble globulin fraction had about the same degree of anticomplementary activity as the original serum; the albumin fraction had a negligible effect on complement.
In titrations of the activities of the various fractions of antipneumococcal sera with homologous type-specific carbohydrate, a somewhat better agreement was noted between W, the maximally reactive dose of antigen, and η, the amount of antibody nitrogen present, than between η and K', the number of units of complement required for 50-per-cent hemolysis. Although individual preparations differed in this respect, this observation suggested that the procedures of fractionation might have affected the combining activity of antibody with antigen less than its complement-fixing capacity in the presence of the same antigen.