bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Personal OmniGod
Authors: Bishop John , Perszyk Ken 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to motivate a search for a viable alternative to the standard analytic philosophers’ conception of God as the personal omniGod—that is, a personal being who is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good. It is argued that reasonable doubts may be raised especially about the religious adequacy of this standard conception. Taking God to be a supreme personal being arguably leaves us with an inadequate account of divine transcendence and immanence. This claim is bolstered by an appeal to an apophatic understanding of the classical doctrine of divine simplicity. It is argued, furthermore, that a ‘right relationship’ version of a (‘normatively relativized’) ‘logical’ Argument from Evil is successful, even considering what a personal God may be able to do in the hereafter to ‘defeat’ horrendous evils (as proposed in sophisticated speculative theodicies of the sort offered by Marilyn Adams). Relative to certain normative commitments that it seems reasonable to hold, a personal God with ultimate control over a creation marred by horrendous evils could not be regarded as perfectly good (and hence could not be regarded as having the perfect worth required to be the true object of worship). Outright atheism need not follow, however, since there may be a different and better understanding of the theist God which it is reasonable to judge as religiously adequate.
Personalist and Non-Personalist Understandings of Theism
Authors: Bishop John , Perszyk Ken 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides reasons for favouring a non-personalist understanding of theism over alternatives that retain a metaphysics of the divine as a supernatural personal being. It traces the path that led the authors to euteleology as their specific proposal for a non-personalist alternative to personal-omniGod theism. Alternatives canvassed include theological anti-realism or fictionalism; minor and major modifications to God’s omnipotence, including process theism; classical medieval theism, interpreted as based on a non-personalist metaphysics of the divine; and the idea that God is Love. The chapter concludes by ‘tabling’ (for elaboration and defence in Chapters 3 and 4) a realist euteleological metaphysics, focused on the claims that reality has an inherent overall telos (its supreme good) and that the Universe exists ultimately only because its telos is realized within it.
Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories
Authors: Nicholson Emma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Philip V of Macedon in Polybius’ Histories offers a historiographical and literary study of Polybius’ portrait of Philip V and aims to advance our knowledge of both the Macedonian king and the historian and his Histories. It takes a chronological and thematic approach, exploring how Polybius’ political, historiographical, and didactic aims impact the king’s depiction from beginning to end. The first half focuses on political and rhetorical aspects: it highlights the embedded Achaean perspective of the narrative and how this fundamentally shapes Philip’s image; it re-evaluates key character-defining episodes, such as the sack of Thermum and the attempt on Messene; and it problematizes Polybius’ claim that Philip became increasingly treacherous and tyrannical towards the Greeks after 215 bc. The second half explores how Polybius develops his interpretation of the king through ideological and literary means: it investigates how Polybius uses cultural politics to blacken Philip’s image and justify the exchange of Macedon and Rome as hegemonic powers in the Greek world; it rationalizes his use of a tragic mode for Philip’s last years, examining the implications this styling has for our historical understanding of the king; and it considers how tensions between Polybius’ narrative and commentary on Philip may be the result of his combination of historiographical and biographical modes of presentation. It finishes by resituating Philip in the broader context of the Histories, drawing comparisons between his portrait and that of other kings and leaders, and discussing how kings are shaped by and contribute to larger debates in the Histories.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholson Emma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The introduction outlines the aims of the monograph, introduces the figures of Philip V and Polybius, surveys the surviving literary, epigraphic, and numismatic sources pertaining to Philip V, and discusses the current state of scholarship on Philip V and Polybius and how this monograph proposes to contribute to these debates from a historiographical and literary perspective. It finishes with an examination of the aims and methodology of the Histories and how these features impact the portrait of Philip V (its ‘pragmatic’ and didactic nature, its style and universal structure, the symploke, and tyche’s impact on Macedon), and an outline of the structure of the volume.
Philip and the Romans
Authors: Nicholson Emma 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores Polybius’ portrait of Philip in relation to the Romans and posits that the historian attempted to offer an answer to the real world question of whether the Greeks should have sided with Macedon or Rome by exchanging their ideological and cultural positions in the Greek world. Following an outline of Polybius’ use of cultural politics, and his conceptions of Hellenism and barbarism, Philip’s character development is shown to represent a transition from Hellenic kingship to barbaric tyranny, and to occur in reverse correlation to the Romans’ change from barbaric to Hellenic qualities. The chapter then offers a close reading of the conference of Nicaea and the battle of Cynoscephalae and demonstrates how Polybius explains and justifies Macedonia’s defeat by Rome via these Greek cultural norms.
The Limits of Transformational Authoritarian Constitutions
Authors: Crouch Melissa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the shift from authoritarianism to constitutional democracy through the legacies of past constitutions. It reflects on how Indonesia arrived at this period of constitutional democracy by characterizing the country’s constitutional developments in five main stages: the first and second period of the revolution constitution (1945–1949; 1959–1999); the interim period of constitutional democracy (1949–1959); the first period of constitutional democracy under the amended 1945 Constitution (1999–2019); and the second period of tangible threats to and decline of constitutional democracy (2019–present). The chapter argues that Indonesia’s initial 1945 Constitution was a constitution co-opted by authoritarian rule. The amended 1945 Constitution is a transformational authoritarian constitution in the sense that constitution-makers took the framework of the authoritarian constitution and, through amendment, transformed its commitments to constitutional democracy. Yet there is the risk of reversion to some aspects of the initial 1945 Constitution, which shows the paradox at the heart of choosing a transformational authoritarian constitution, rather than drafting a new one.
Striking the Right Balance
Authors: Diprose Rachael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Indonesia has achieved significant political and institutional reforms over the past two decades. Four sets of amendments to the 1945 Constitution allowed for the enactment of Indonesia’s decentralization laws, transferring significant fiscal and political authority to districts and municipalities, bypassing the once powerful provincial administrations unless sectoral imperatives cross-cut district boundaries. This went some way to addressing subnational demands for greater autonomy that had long beleaguered Indonesia’s central administration, which in the extreme resulted in regional rebellions and separatist insurgencies. The new centre-periphery bargain that was struck mitigated some past pressures and presented new opportunities, including more customized local services and subnational policy innovation suited to Indonesia’s varied local contexts. Yet, regional autonomy also created new challenges—the substantial increase in the scale of actors vying for power and influence in subnational regions has generated new tensions, especially over land claims and resource extraction rights, alongside centre-periphery struggles for licensing authority. In response, successive central administrations have sought to strengthen central powers in the mining sector, also winding back district government licensing authority in lucrative resource sectors. The question remains as to whether the slow creep of recentralization strikes the right balance in Indonesia’s centre-periphery and intra-periphery distribution of power and authority. Lessons from history elucidate the risks of extreme re-centralization, particularly if subnational regions receive few benefits. Contemporary lessons from Bangka Belitung and Banyuwangi show there is no easy fix for resource contestation through regulation or force, also illustrating the importance of creating inclusive subnational bargains.
The Constitutional and Legislative Foundations of Indonesia’s Electoral Regime
Authors: Aman Adhy , Tomsa Dirk 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter will outline the evolution of the institutional framework for elections in Indonesia and analyse how a lack of detailed constitutional provisions about the electoral system and frequent changes to the legislative framework have affected the conduct of elections and the trajectory of the political party system. Moreover, the chapter will also reflect on the roles of the General Election Commission (KPU) and the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process in Indonesia. It highlights that the vague constitutional provisions have provided flexibility for lawmakers to alter electoral institutions and processes through statutory laws occasionally checked by the Constitutional Court as guardian of the Constitution. Yet, while this flexibility has advantages, the frequent changes to Indonesia’s electoral systems for presidential and parliamentary elections have also posed enormous challenges for electoral management bodies, candidates, and voters. That Indonesia’s electoral regime remains one of the most democratic in Southeast Asia despite these challenges is largely due to the checks and balances provided by the Honorary Council of General Election Organisers (DKPP) and Bawaslu who have ensured that the General Election Commission conducts elections in line with its constitutional mandate of being national, permanent, and independent.
The Indonesian Constitutional Court and Informal Constitutional Change
Authors: Hendrianto Stefanus 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
During the constitutional reform process from 1999 to 2002, the 1945 Constitution underwent major revisions. Although the formal process of constitutional amendment ended in 2002, the creation of the Constitutional Court in 2003 prompted the process of informal amendment. This chapter argues that the main driving force of informal constitutional change is the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. Since its beginning, the Constitutional Court has fostered constitutional change through its interpretation of the written text. For instance, the Court’s interpretation of Article 33 on the Economic Clause has changed the scope and meaning of the Economic Clause. Similarly, in the area of electoral law, the Court has interpreted the meaning of some provisions in the Constitution beyond the written text. The role of the Constitutional Court in fostering informal constitutional change has occurred not only through the interpretation of the text, but also through the use of procedural tools, and it has even invented new procedural rules. In sum, this chapter argues that the Constitutional Court has become the primary actor in the silent transformation of the 1945 Constitution through informal constitutional change.
Legal Certainty in the Indonesian Constitutional Court
Authors: Cammack Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Indonesian Constitutional Court has interpreted its constitutional review powers expansively to offer a broad category of individuals and groups who feel that their constitutional rights have been impaired an avenue for obtaining unmediated access to the means for obtaining redress. One of the tools the Court has used to enlarge its constitutional review jurisdiction is the constitutional guarantee of legal certainty. Early applications of this provision reflected an understanding of the requirement of legal certainty as establishing a narrow and essentially formal test for the validity of the law. Inevitably, however, the use of a claim of legal uncertainty to bring a constitutional challenge began to grow, and litigants can now use the provision to obtain judicial review of almost any statute on any grounds.
Origins of Music
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Earliest evidence of music-making goes back at least 40,000 years to the Upper Paleolithic Era when humans were first arriving in Europe. Two conflicting ideas about the origins of music point to music either as an “invention,” something that piggybacked onto other brain functions, or as evolutionary in origin, having biological foundations. Researchers who support music as evolutionary suggest a proto-musical language for communication that was important in mother-infant bonding and in group bonding. That proto-musical language later split into language and music—language to express facts and ideas and music to express emotion. We have inherited our compulsion to be engaged with music because it was necessary for survival for our Stone Age ancestors. Researchers in the origins of music refer to “music” as cultural product, and to “musicality” as the set of cognitive and biological traits that make it possible to make music. The voice was no doubt the first musical instrument, followed closely by, or perhaps simultaneously with, drumming either on the body or other available surfaces. Instruments such as the flute followed, and it is possible to know from replicas how 40,000-year-old flutes, such as the Gießenklösterle flute, sounded.
Born for Music
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Infants are born with remarkable musical abilities. They show beat perception at an early age, demonstrate music memory and embodied cognition, recognize a melody regardless of beginning pitch (what scientists call relative pitch), and if drumming with an adult, show abilities in synchronization by the age of two and a half. There is a sensitive period for learning music as there is for language—the first five to six years of a child’s life. Children have a template in their minds for the sound of language before they begin to learn the alphabet or words. Similarly, they should have a template in their minds for the sound of music before they can begin to learn notation. Many music educators, such as Zoltan Kodály, Carl Orff, Shin’ichi Suzuki, and Edwin Gordon, have advocated singing and movement first, notation later—known as “sound before sign” or “sound before symbol.” Infants and toddlers who are in interactive music classes with parents not only become enculturated much earlier to the organizations and structures of their native music, but they also display better early communication skills. Singing, playing rhythmic games, and moving to music with children provide a foundation for later music learning.
Learn an Instrument—Change Your Brain
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Multiple brain areas are involved in the processing of music, including regions in both hemispheres, all four lobes, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. Each person’s brain changes in response to his learning and experience; these changes are called neuroplasticity. Because music is a multisensory as well as a motor experience, because musicians have usually begun studying early in life, and because nearly all the brain areas involved in making music show neuroplastic changes, musicians are of particular interest to researchers, and musicians’ brains have come to be considered models of both functional and structural neuroplasticity, having changed due to years of practice. The auditory-motor connection may be the oldest pathway for music, but as we learn music, one neuron connects with another, forming neural networks throughout the brain connecting the many areas necessary for making music, including all the sensory areas, motor areas, and areas involved in processing emotion and memory. All sensory information enters the brain as electrical impulses, and all communication within the brain occurs via electricity and chemicals.
Learning and Memory—Two Sides of the Same Coin
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Learning and memory are two sides of the same coin: learning is the process by which new information is encoded in the brain; memory is the encoding of the information itself. The three categories of memory are sensory, short-term memory (including working memory), and long-term memory. All are necessary for musicians. There are two kinds of long-term memory: declarative, which is memory for a piece of music, and procedural, which is memory for how to play an instrument. There are five stages one goes through in learning and performing music: encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval, and reconsolidation. When one walks onstage to perform, the brain initiates a motor-action plan, smaller motor movements incorporated into larger sequences of movements happening in a particular order. When one has a memory slip, it is not motor memory, or procedural memory, that is lost; it is declarative memory, the facts and details of the piece. Successful practice includes meaningful encoding of the musical material, use of a retrieval structure to access the material, and practice to ensure rapid retrieval from long-term memory.
Imagery—Music in the Mind’s Eye, Ear, Body
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Musicians tend to use visual and auditory imagery when they practice but are less familiar with motor imagery. When we imagine the movements necessary to play an instrument, or motor imagery, we are using kinesthesia, the sense that delivers information to the brain about effort, movement, position, and weight delivery, One can learn a great deal about the value of motor imagery through the story of pianist Fei-Ping Hsu, who practiced for ten years using motor imagery when he was not allowed to physically practice during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Hsu was able to return to playing and forge an international career following the end of the Revolution due to his use of motor imagery. Rather than the generic term “mental practice,” one should more accurately use visual imagery, auditory imagery, and motor imagery, which are specific brain processes. Visual perception and imagery share processing areas in the brain, as do auditory perception and imagery. In motor imagery, all the areas of the brain involved in music processing are active, with the single exception of the primary motor cortex, which sends signals to the muscles. Motor imagery has been shown in multiple studies to be the only kind of imagery that causes neuroplastic changes in the brain in a nearly identical way to physical practice.
Resurrection, Selfhood, and the Church
Authors: Trigg Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the middle decades of the seventeenth century, the authorities of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were challenged by a series of radical religious thinkers: Anne Hutchinson, Samuel Gorton, and the Quakers. Chapter 1 demonstrates that unconventional theologies of resurrection were central to these controversies. Moving beyond the Puritan premise that conversion prefigured resurrection, radicals claimed that converted men and women had already risen from the dead in a spiritual sense. This realized eschatology emboldened them to imagine and establish new forms of religious and political communities in the colonies. The chapter contests the long-standing scholarly narrative linking Reformed religion to the disenchantment and individualization of mortality, showing that it was radicals on the fringes of Protestantism who anticipated secular attitudes toward death more closely. By stripping the end of biological existence of spiritual meaning, they foreshadowed the modern separation of death from life.
The Nature of Propositional Ignorance
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches both the Standard and New Views on ignorance. On these views, ignorance is, respectively, the lack of knowledge and the lack of true belief. The chapter then considers in detail several considerations for each of them. The chapter explains why the author favors the New View, even though there is also some evidence for the Standard View. After that, the chapter explores whether ignorance implies a violated duty to inquire, as Duncan Pritchard has argued. Finally, it addresses the objection that an account of ignorance should be able to explain why ignorance has negative epistemic value.
Varieties of Propositional Ignorance
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers in more detail six varieties of propositional ignorance: disbelieving, suspending, undecided, unconsidered, deep, and complete ignorance. It was argued in the previous chapters that there are at least two rival views to the New View that the author has defended, namely, the Standard View, on which ignorance is lack of knowledge, and Duncan Pritchard’s Normative View, on which ignorance is the lack of true belief that issues from the violation of a duty to inquire. This means that—depending on which view on ignorance one embraces—one could distinguish at least two more varieties of ignorance, namely, true belief that falls short of knowledge and true belief from duty violation. This chapter explores each of these alleged varieties of ignorance. Subsequently, it spells out the difference between first- and second-order ignorance. Finally, it shows how distinguishing these varieties of ignorance can be helpful in developing a philosophical thesis or argument by applying it to John Rawls’s well-known “veil of ignorance” argument.
Strategic Ignorance
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the epistemology of ignorance developed in part 1 to ideas and concepts in agnotology. It is argued that the conception of strategic ignorance in agnotology is not a rival to the New View defended in chapter 3, as it is a conception that zooms in on contingent properties of ignorance rather than accounting for the nature of ignorance. It also considers whether the field of agnotology better fits with the Standard View or with the New View. Subsequently, it discusses strategic ignorance on a group level. After that, it turns to the different kinds of ignorance distinguished in chapter 2: Can one in agnogenetic practices aim at objectual and practical ignorance as well? It also addresses the question of whether agnotology’s strategic ignorance is disbelieving, suspending, undecided, unconsidered, deep, or complete ignorance. Finally, it explains how agnotology can gain from taking the notion of degrees of ignorance on board.
Conceptual Framing
Authors: McGraw Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the intellectual history and conceptual framing that shape the presentation of ethnographic cases in the subsequent chapters. After a review of the models of music and ethics that informed the author’s prior assumptions, the chapter describes a conceptual frame that emerged over the course of fieldwork. The experience of music as ethics emerges at the intersection of four components of social thought: our general concept of ethics; our ideas about the nature of musical meaning; our attitudes about the good that music offers; and our beliefs about the proper ways to exchange and distribute the good.