bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Framing Effects in Object Perception
Authors: Ivy Spencer , Mroczko-Wąsowicz Aleksandra 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn this paper we argue that object perception may be affected by what we call “perceptual frames.” Perceptual frames are adaptations of the perceptual system that guide how perceptual objects are singled out from a sensory environment. These adaptations are caused by perceptual learning and realized through bottom-up functional processes such that sensory information is organized in a subject-dependent way leading to idiosyncratic perceptual object representations. Through domain-specific training, perceptual learning, and the acquisition of object-knowledge, it is possible to modulate the adaptive perceptual system such that its ability to represent becomes bespoke. Different perceivers with different perceptual frames may, therefore, receive the same sensory information and perceive different perceptual objects due to the effects of framing. Consequently, we demonstrate the plausibility of this account by surveying empirical data concerning the functions of (1) multisensory integration, (2) amodal completion, and (3) predictive anticipation. Regarding (1), we argue that the perceptual system’s optimization processes employ perceptual frames to facilitate multisensory feature binding. Regarding (2), we argue that amodal completion can occur with or without the help of mental imagery, yet either instance of amodal completion requires perceptual frames. Regarding (3), we demonstrate that perceptually anticipating an object’s motion involves the implementation of perceptual frames. We conclude that framing effects are a matter of perceptual diversity and highlight the need to accommodate unique perspectives in the philosophy and science of perception.
Improving the Cardiovascular Outcomes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Towards More Precise Hypoxia-Based Models of Disease Severity
Authors: Qayyum Nida T. , Cole Andrew T. , Khayat Rami N. , Grosberg Anna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects at least 1 billion people worldwide, and its increasing prevalence is alarming considering an association to comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to demonstrated health disparities. This raises concerns regarding the current diagnostic standards, which are also impacted by disparities. The current review was aimed at identifying limitations in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the primary clinical indicator of OSA severity, and analyzing recent alternatives. In addition, the association between OSA and CVD was discussed, and, considering the role of intermittent hypoxia, solutions were proposed for improving OSA diagnosis.

Recent Findings
Based on a review of current literature, alternative metrics to the AHI such as the hypoxia burden, sleep apnea-specific pulse rate, and oxygen desaturation rate were shown to be correlated with indicators of CVD in OSA patients. A recent mathematical study also presents the possibility of a model-based metric to eliminate existing bias in diagnostics and to provide a more accurate quantification of tissue hypoxia.

Summary
The analyzed studies give incentive to look beyond current clinical standards in OSA. Through this review, we motivate the use of mathematical modeling as a future avenue to improve OSA diagnosis with a hypoxia-based approach.
Analysis of Traumatic Electric Scooter Injuries and Prevention
Authors: Nemeh Christopher , Schmoke Nicholas , Sheikh Fariha 
Published: January 2025

Purpose of Review
Electric scooter falls and collisions are becoming more prominent mechanisms of injury in trauma. With the continued use of electric scooters, hospitals are anticipated to more frequently encounter patients presenting with a wide array of injuries. We sought to analyze the pattern of injuries associated with electric scooters in adults and pediatrics and ascertain ways to prevent or limit the degree of injuries to patients who use electric scooters.

Recent Findings
The injuries associated with electric scooters have the potential to be severe and can include intra-abdominal hemorrhage, intra-thoracic hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, and fractures of the skull, facial bones, ribs, and long bones. There is some support for laws regarding electric scooter use which can be helpful to reduce the injury burden for this particular mechanism.

Summary
Traumas involving electric scooters are becoming increasingly prevalent. Injuries can be just as severe if not more severe than other trauma mechanisms. The focus of this chapter is to enhance the understanding of trauma from electric scooter injuries by summarizing injury patterns and evaluating the epidemiology to guide clinicians and highlight areas of future research.
An adjoint feature-selection-based evolutionary algorithm for sparse large-scale multiobjective optimization
Authors: Zhang Panpan , Yin Hang , Tian Ye , Zhang Xingyi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sparse large-scale multiobjective optimization problems (sparse LSMOPs) are characterized by an enormous number of decision variables, and their Pareto optimal solutions consist of a majority of decision variables with zero values. This property of sparse LSMOPs presents a great challenge in terms of how to rapidly and precisely search for Pareto optimal solutions. To deal with this issue, this paper proposes an adjoint feature-selection-based evolutionary algorithm tailored for tackling sparse LSMOPs. The proposed optimization strategy combines two distinct feature selection approaches. Specifically, the paper introduces the sequential forward selection approach to investigate independent sparse distribution, denoting it as the best sequence of decision variables for generating a high-quality initial population. Furthermore, it introduces the Relief approach to determine the relative sparse distribution, identifying crucial decisive variables with dynamic updates to guide the population in a promising evolutionary direction. Experiments are conducted on eight benchmark problems and two real-world problems, and experimental results verify that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms for solving sparse LSMOPs.
Detection of dynamic communities in temporal networks with sparse data
Authors: Djurdjevac Conrad Nataša , Tonello Elisa , Zonker Johannes , Siebert Heike 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTemporal networks are a powerful tool for studying the dynamic nature of a wide range of real-world complex systems, including social, biological and physical systems. In particular, detection of dynamic communities within these networks can help identify important cohesive structures and fundamental mechanisms driving systems behaviour. However, when working with real-world systems, available data is often limited and sparse, due to missing data on systems entities, their evolution and interactions, as well as uncertainty regarding temporal resolution. This can hinder accurate representation of the system over time and result in incomplete or biased community dynamics. In this paper, we consider established methods for community detection and, using synthetic data experiments and real-world case studies, we evaluate the impact of data sparsity on the quality of identified dynamic communities. Our results give valuable insights on the evolution of systems with sparse data, which are less studied in existing literature, but are frequently encountered in real-world applications.
Microwave activation of ground tyre rubber and its application in off-road tyre tread formulation
Authors: Hrdlička Zdeněk , Brejcha Jiří , Otruba Ján , Skočilas Jan , Štancl Jaromír , Kadeřábková Alena , Čadek Drahomír , Krmela Jan , Krmelová Vladimíra 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFinding a way to increase the amount of recycled waste tyres is a current global challenge. Among others, the production of ground tyre rubber (GTR) and its application in a new rubber compound looks as a perspective way. However, the compatibility of GTR and rubber matrix is limited, leading to insufficient properties of the new material. To improve them, it is suitable to activate the GTR prior to mixing. In this paper, GTR obtained by water jet process was activated with microwave irradiation (i) in a household oven at 400 W and 800 W for 1 and 3 min, and (ii) in an industrial device at 500 W, 1000 W, 1500 W and 1750 W for 1, 3 and 5 min. A total of 7% (w/w) of the irradiated GTR was incorporated into a carbon black-filled rubber compound based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR), with a formulation for off-road tyre treads. Most compounds containing microwave-treated GTR showed comparable or better properties than the reference with untreated GTR (tensile strength, 14.9 MPa; elongation at break, 437%; modulus at 300% elongation, 8.97 MPa; hardness, 65.6 Shore A). The industrial microwave device offered better results and the possibility of use of higher variation in conditions than the home microwave oven.
Efficacy of plant extracts and bio-fertilizers for the control of bacterial wilt and soft rot agents in potato
Authors: Elhalag Kamel M. , Al-Anany Mohamed S. , Megahed Allam A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study aims to assess the suppressive effect of plant crude extracts, bio-, and mineral fertilizers, plant-animal origin compost, and vermicompost for controlling potato bacterial wilt and soft diseases in in-vitro and in-vivo pots experiments. Nine plant crude extracts were screened in-vitro for their antibacterial effectiveness against Ralstonia solanacearum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Ethanolic and water crude extracts from peels and leaves of Punicum granatum L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh respectively, showed the most growth inhibition against the three tested bacteria. In-vivo assessment, the peels ethanolic and water crude extract for P. granatum L. were the most effective treatments that exhibited a 91% and 89% decrease in the disease severity, area under disease progress curve of R. solanacearum wilt disease, population count, and enhanced the potato growth parameters, triterpenoids, and higher potato yield compared to other assessed mineral and organic fertilizers. In another in-planta experiment, treating potato tubers with these plant extracts significantly suppressed the maceration symptoms on the tubers, pre-inoculated by either P. carotovorum or P. atrosepticum with a treatment efficiency (TE) of 100% for each, except for the water extract of E. camaldulensis Dehnh that showed 22% of efficiency as compared to untreated potato tubers. Phytochemical characterization and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids that have antimicrobial activity in both extracts. These treatments are recommended to be applied individually or as an effective component of integrated pest management program to enhance potato tolerance against bacterial pathogens during the growing season and storage.
Ritonavir loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for oral drug delivery and bioavailability enhancement
Authors: Chettupalli Ananda Kumar , Bukke Sarad Pawar Naik , Rahaman Shaik Abdul , Unnisa Aziz , Adepu Madhumitha , Kavitha Marati , Babu Molakpogu Ravindra , Narapureddy Bayapa Reddy , Onohuean Hope 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background
Ritonavir is an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor to treat HIV, AIDS infections.

Methods
The RN-SLNs were prepared by using hot homogenization followed ultrasonication method and optimized by using a two-factor, three-level central composte design (CCD). The independent variables were selected as phospholipids (X1) and type of surfactants (X2), whereas the dependent variables were chosen as percent entrapment efficiency (%EE) (Y1), size of the particle (Y2), and percent cumulative drug release (Y3). Further, the formulated R-SLNs were characterized and in vitro drug release studies were performed. The optimized R-SLNs were subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.

Results
The solid lipid soya leccithin showed the maximum solubility of RN (103.34 mg/g) compared to stearic acid (81.44 mg/g), glyceryl monostearate (67.21 mg/g), Gelucire 39/1 (44.22 mg/g), and Compritol 888 ATO (31.23 mg/g). Further, the surfactant blend (Tween 80: Poloxamer 188 (8:2)) showed the maximum entrapment efficiency and was the most suitable surfactant. The optimized RN-SLN formulation showed a particle size of 265.06 ± 5.12 nm, % EE of 86.2 ± 3.16 and cumulative drug release of 94.8 ± 0.16%. In addition, in-vitro drug release studies confirmed a biphasic release pattern, and followed Higuchi’s model. The in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed an increase in bioavailability by 4.3 folds as compared to marketed formulation.

Conclusions
The optimized RN-SLNs significantly enhanced the solubility and bioavailability of RN. The results of the present study can become a promising platform for the enhancement of oral bioavailability by novel nano carriers.

Graphical abstract
Legal and ethical implications of AI-based crowd analysis: the AI Act and beyond
Authors: Veltmeijer Emmeke , Gerritsen Charlotte 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe increasing global population and the consequent rise in crowded environments have amplified the risks of accidents and tragedies. This underscores the need for effective crowd management strategies, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) holding potential to complement traditional methods. While AI offers promise in analysing crowd dynamics and predicting escalations, its deployment raises significant ethical concerns, regarding privacy, bias, accuracy, and accountability. This paper investigates the legal and ethical implications of AI in automated crowd analysis, with a focus on the European perspective. We examine the effect of the GDPR and the recently accepted AI Act on the field. The study then delves into remaining concerns post-legislation and proposes recommendations for ethical deployment. Key findings highlight challenges in notifying individuals of data usage, protecting vulnerable groups, balancing privacy with safety, and mitigating biased outcomes. Recommendations advocate for non-invasive data collection methods, refraining from predicting and decision-making AI systems, contextual considerations, and individual responsibility. The recommendations offer a foundational framework for ethical AI deployment, with universal applicability to benefit citizens globally.
Dead or dormant? German Ostpolitik after Ukraine
Authors: Klinke Ian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Germany’s 2022 Zeitenwende (watershed) has been widely interpreted as a break with Berlin’s decades-long attempts to offer security ‘with rather than against Russia’. In the 1970s, West Germany’s social democrat-led government had embarked on Ostpolitik (Eastern policy) as a way of normalising relations with the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and other Soviet satellites by fostering closer economic ties with Moscow. This policy was extended by subsequent governments and even endured, though in new form, after the fall of the Berlin wall. Ostpolitik is now commonly seen to have culminated in a Kremlin-friendly political landscape and an economy dependent on Russian gas. More than two years after Zeitenwende, the jury is still out as to whether Ostpolitik has been dismantled or simply remains on hold. This article shows that although German politics has experienced a seismic shift since the invasion, forces of continuity remain in operation. Ostpolitik was always in part the symptom of a desire to do realpolitik in Europe. This urge is unlikely to disappear.
An evaluation of reduced hack and squirt (RHS) treatment with aminocyclopyrachlor and aminopyralid for invasive tree control in Florida
Authors: Enloe Stephen F , Leary James K , Lastinger Cody , Lauer Dwight K 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Reduced hack and squirt (RHS) is an herbicide injection technique that controls woody species with a limited number of hacks. When used with aminopyralid or aminocyclopyrachlor, the technique controls multi-stem shrubs such as Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi and Eugenia uniflora L. However, additional data is needed to compare its effectiveness on other woody invasive species against standard individual plant treatment techniques. We compared RHS with aminocyclopyrachlor or aminopyralid administered with 0.5 ml of undiluted concentrate (240 g L-1) against traditional basal bark and cut stump techniques using triclopyr at 96 and 120 g L-1 respectively, on six invasive trees in Florida, USA. For all species tested, the RHS technique with aminocyclopyrachlor was not different or was more effective than basal bark or cut stump treatment with triclopyr. The RHS technique with aminopyralid was effective on certain species but did not control as many species as RHS with aminocyclopyrachlor or cut stump treatment with triclopyr. The RHS technique required significantly less time than cut stump treatment but was not different than basal bark treatment. Across all species, when compared to basal bark and cut stump treatment with triclopyr, the RHS approach resulted in reductions of average total herbicide mix applied by 98 and 89%, respectively. For herbicide active ingredient, when compared to basal bark and cut stump treatment with triclopyr, RHS resulted in reductions of 95 and 86%, respectively. These results indicate that when compared to conventional individual plant treatment (IPT) approaches with triclopyr, the RHS approach yielded a high level of target efficacy on a broad spectrum of species, comparable or shorter application times, and substantial reductions in herbicide mix and active ingredient applied. Future research should seek a continued refinement of this technique for woody plant control on other troublesome invaders.
Materiality of Traumatic Experience and the Limits of Representation in Hassan Bani Ameri's Gonjeshkha Behesht ra Mifahmand (Sparrows Understand Heaven)
Authors: Ghodrati Maryam 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper examines the materialization of trauma as both a narrative and embodied phenomenon in Hassan Bani Ameri's 2006 novel, Gonjeshkha Behesht ra Mifahmand, using contemporary narrative and trauma theory. The postmodernist narrative, told from the perspective of a photojournalist, reconstructs events surrounding the death of a celebrated Iran-Iraq War commander. I argue that traumatic truths resist full integration into conventional frameworks of understanding, evident in the novel's non-linear, fragmented narrative and its shift from visual realism to confessional surrealism in an ending that challenges traditional storytelling and historical documentation. By vividly simulating the sensory processing of traumatic memories, the novel emphasizes the material reality of trauma that demands to be seen, heard, and physically felt, thus negating celebratory institutional narratives around the culture of war and martyrdom.
Framing the Judiciary: Effects of Partisan, Procedural, and Populist Frames on Apex Court Perceptions in Czechia
Authors: Juzgenbayev Alisher 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Students of comparative law have long argued that undermining judicial independence is electorally costly, and that the norms against interference uphold institutional checks and balances essential to constitutionalism. However, evidence from countries with robust judiciaries suggests that exposing voters to deficiencies in the legal process or the courts’ partisan leanings can reduce perceptions of judicial legitimacy, making such interference on part of would-be authoritarians more likely. The rise of populist politicians poses additional risks: by emphasizing judges’ unelected status and counter-majoritarian tendencies, populists may erode legitimacy, framing judges as part of a “corrupt elite” opposing “the people.” This rhetoric challenges liberal-democratic norms that limit state interference with individual rights. To test whether one observes the effects of partisanship and procedural fairness on voters’ perceptions of the courts outside the US context, and whether populist messages produce comparable effects, a pre-registered survey experiment is conducted in the context of Czechia, a country that, until recently, has had both a populist executive and a strong and independent Constitutional Court. The study presented respondents with vignettes describing an important electoral ruling of the Czech Constitutional Court, embedding messages that highlighted judges’ unelected status, the ruling’s procedural irregularities, or its partisan implications. Contrary to expectations, findings show no significant effects of any message type on perceptions of judicial legitimacy. The results of the study suggest that the marginalization of robust judiciaries in backsliding democracies may be a largely elite-driven institutional process, with uncertain electoral payoffs.
Gone with the Rebels: Reshaping Local Orders in Post-Peace Agreement Colombia
Authors: Gutiérrez José A. , Voyvodic Clara 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The 2016 peace agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC-EP, and the demobilization of the latter, dismantled the governance structures in regions formerly under rebel control. Drawing from a relational security framework, this article explores how, across three case-studies, communities use their former experience of rebel governance as a framework through which they could express expectations and dissatisfaction with new types of order. This blueprint is also used to make specific demands to new or reconstituted armed groups and to take direct action to address governance gaps, reproducing and co-constructing order post-demobilization. However, we observe that both the organization of the community and the capacity and ideology of armed groups could also be limiting factors to the community’s reproduction of order post-demobilization. From a peacebuilding perspective, this means that there can be pressure from below in favor of remobilization, as a predictable insurgent order may be preferable to uncertainty.
Child marriage, educational attainment, and comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS: a multi-country analysis
Authors: Onagoruwa Adenike , Wodon Quentin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Understanding the link between HIV/AIDS knowledge and child marriage is important for designing and planning effective intervention programmes. Despite significant advances in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, it remains important to study the impact of child marriage on HIV/AIDS knowledge because HIV/AIDS continues to affect millions globally. This study investigated the association of child marriage with scores on an index measuring comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. Analysis was conducted on a sample of women aged 18–24 years, using nationally representative DHS household surveys from 18 countries. Findings indicate that there is no direct statistically significant effect of child marriage on women’s comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS once controls for other factors affecting knowledge are included in the regression. However, the coefficients for educational attainment are statistically significant in most countries, at least when secondary or higher education is considered. This suggests that child marriage may affect knowledge about HIV/AIDS indirectly through its impact on educational attainment for girls who marry early.