bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Lived Charges in Y6:PM6 Bulk‐Heterojunction Photoanodes with a Polymer Overlayer Improve Photoelectrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Lee Tack Ho , Hillman Sam A. J. , Gonzalez‐Carrero Soranyel , Difilippo Alessandro , Durrant James R. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPhotogenerating charges with long lifetimes to drive catalysis is challenging in organic semiconductors. Here, the role of a PM6 polymer overlayer on the photoexcited carrier dynamics is investigated in a Y6:PM6 bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) photoanode undergoing ascorbic acid oxidation. With the additional polymer layer, the hole lifetime is increased in the solid state BHJ film. When the photoanode is electrically coupled to a hydrogen‐evolving platinum cathode, remarkably long‐lived hole polaron states are observed on the timescale of seconds under operational conditions. It is demonstrated that these long‐lived holes enable the organic photoanode with the polymer overlayer to show enhanced ascorbic acid oxidation performance, reaching ≈7 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE without a co‐catalyst. An external quantum efficiency of 18% is observed using 850 nm excitation. It is proposed that the use of an organic overlayer can be an effective design strategy for generating longer charge carrier lifetimes in organic photoanodes for efficient oxidation catalysis.
Differential resilience effects of everyday political engagement against heterosexist victimization among sexual minority youth: The importance of identity‐based action
Authors: Chan Randolph C. H. , Leung Janice Sin Yu 
Published: June 2023

AbstractEveryday forms of political engagement, such as civic participation and collective action, have been recognized as a crucial factor for positive youth development, but less is known about their resilience effects on youth from marginalized populations, especially in less democratic societies. The present study investigated experiences of everyday political engagement among sexual minority youth in China and examined their compensatory and protective effects against heterosexist victimization. A sample of 793 Chinese sexual minority youth was included in the study. The results showed that collective action operated as a protective factor in buffering the effect of heterosexist victimization, such that its association with academic engagement was not significant among those with higher levels of collective action. In contrast, civic participation served the compensatory function and was associated with greater academic engagement, a stronger sense of school belonging, and fewer depression symptoms, but it did not protect against the negative effects of heterosexist victimization. The findings highlight the importance of identity‐based action among sexual minority youth and provide insight into the differential resilience effects of everyday political engagement. The study has implications for fostering resilience among sexual minority youth with victimization experiences in school and counseling settings.
Bifunctional modification of graphene by phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing silane compounds for smoke suppression and flame retardancy of epoxy resins
Authors: Huang Ziqin , Li Fangli , Liu Changjiang , Yang Meini , Pan Bingchan , Rao Wenhui , Lei Yuan , Yu Chuanbai 
Published: June 2023

AbstractEnhancing the flame retardancy with minimal impact on the mechanical and thermal performances of polymers remains a challenge. This study synthesized a phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing silane compound (D) using polyformaldehyde, KH‐550, and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) as raw materials through the Kabachnik‐Fields reaction. After that, D was grafted onto the surface of graphene after hydrothermal treatment to obtain a nano hybrid flame retardant (D‐GR). And D‐GR/EP composites exhibited good flame resistance (LOI = 30.1% and UL‐94 reaches the V‐1 rating) even if the load on D‐GR was 1 wt%. Indeed, the total heat release, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), and the total smoke release of 1% D‐GR/EP dropped by 13.54%, 28.62%, and 44.32%, respectively, in comparison to pure EP. The mechanical performance of 1% D‐GR/EP was effectively maintained, as indicated by the results of impact, tensile and flexural tests. A systematic evaluation indicated that the accession of D‐GR effectively inhibited smoke and heat releases that are ascribed to the synergistic effect of phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing silane compound and graphene. In this study, a facile method was provided for the synthesis of halogen‐free flame‐retardant epoxy composites with superior performances. The combustion products of the as‐prepared composites complied with green and environmental protection standards.
Undergraduate medical student perceptions and learning outcomes related to anatomy training using Thiel‐ and ethanol‐glycerin‐embalmed tissues
Authors: Antipova Veronica , Niedermair Julian F. , Siwetz Martin , Fellner Franz A. , Löffler Sabine , Manhal Simone , Ondruschka Benjamin , Pietras Sandra M. , Poilliot Amélie J. , Pretterklieber Michael L. , Wree Andreas , Hammer Niels 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAnatomical dissection is known to serve as an integral tool in teaching gross anatomy, including postgraduate training. A variety of embalming techniques exist, resulting in different haptic and optical tissue properties. This study aimed to objectify learning outcomes and medical student perceptions related to the use of two widely used embalming techniques, namely Thiel and ethanol‐glycerin embalming. Between 2020 and 2022, first‐ and second‐year medical students enrolled in the course on topographic anatomy participated in this study. Objective structured practical examinations were carried out for the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and extremity regions following regional dissection just before the oral examinations began. Six to ten numbered tags were marked in prosections of each region in Thiel‐ and ethanol‐glycerin‐embalmed specimens. Following the examinations, the students were surveyed regarding the suitability of the two embalming techniques with respect to preservation, colorfastness, tissue pliability, and the suitability in preparing for their anatomy examinations. Consistently higher scores were achieved for the thoracic and abdominal regions in ethanol‐glycerin‐embalmed specimens when compared to Thiel. No benefit was found for Thiel‐embalmed upper or lower extremities. Tissues embalmed with ethanol‐glycerin were rated higher for preservation and suitability to achieve the learning objectives, tissue pliability was rated higher for Thiel‐embalmed tissues. Ethanol‐glycerin embalming appears to offer certain advantages for undergraduate students in recognizing visceral structures, which may align with students’ ideas on tissue suitability for their learning. Consequently, the benefits reported for Thiel embalming for postgraduate study unlikely reflect its suitability for novices.
Increasing trend of extreme winter warm spells in China and the intra‐seasonal differences
Authors: Ding Ting , Gao Jing , Gao Hui 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBased on the daily temperature observation data at 1992 stations in China, this study investigates the intra‐seasonal variations and trends of extreme warm spells during 1981–2022. The results indicate that the nationwide extreme cold and warm spells have both increased rapidly since the 21st century. However, different from cold extremes which occur evenly in winter months, the nationwide super warm spells have distinct intra‐seasonal differences, with more occurrences in February. The number of nationwide extreme warm spells has increased from 8 during 1981–2001 to 14 during 2002–2022, and the intensity has also increased obviously. Due to the spatial differences, the study area is divided into three regions to reveal the detailed features. It is found that the warm spell frequencies in most of China increase from December to February while decrease in northeastern China. Results demonstrate that extreme warm spells are concentrated in late winter in most regions (stations). The significant increasing trends are widespread from northern China to most parts of southern China, and the areas with increasing trend exceeding +0.6 day/decade are concentrated in North China and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Linear trends indicate that the significantly increasing trends in late winter contribute a major part to the variation in the whole winter in China.
Deep partial least squares for instrumental variable regression
Authors: Nareklishvili Maria , Polson Nicholas , Sokolov Vadim 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we propose deep partial least squares for the estimation of high‐dimensional nonlinear instrumental variable regression. As a precursor to a flexible deep neural network architecture, our methodology uses partial least squares for dimension reduction and feature selection from the set of instruments and covariates. A central theoretical result, due to Brillinger (2012) Selected Works of Daving Brillinger. 589‐606, shows that the feature selection provided by partial least squares is consistent and the weights are estimated up to a proportionality constant. We illustrate our methodology with synthetic datasets with a sparse and correlated network structure and draw applications to the effect of childbearing on the mother's labor supply based on classic data of Chernozhukov et al. Ann Rev Econ. (2015b):649–688. The results on synthetic data as well as applications show that the deep partial least squares method significantly outperforms other related methods. Finally, we conclude with directions for future research.
Enhancing the organic solvent resistance of ω‐amine transaminase for enantioselective synthesis of (R)‐(+)‐1(1‐naphthyl)‐ethylamine
Authors: Wang Chun‐Ning , Qiu Shuai , Fan Fang‐Fang , Lyu Chang‐Jiang , Hu Sheng , Zhao Wei‐Rui , Mei Jia‐Qi , Mei Le‐He , Huang Jun 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundBiocatalysis in high‐concentration organic solvents has been applied to produce various industrial products with many advantages. However, using enzymes in organic solvents often suffers from inactivation or decreased catalytic activity and stability. An R‐selective ω‐amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus (AtATA) exhibited activity toward 1‐acetylnaphthalene. However, AtATA displayed unsatisfactory organic solvent resistance, which is required to enhance the solubility of the hydrophobic substrate 1‐acetylnaphthalene. So, improving the tolerance of enzymes in organic solvents is essential.Main Methods and ResultsThe method of regional random mutation combined with combinatorial mutation was used to improve the resistance of AtATA in organic solvents. Enzyme surface areas are structural elements that undergo reversible conformational transitions, thus affecting the stability of the enzyme in organic solvents. Herein, three surface areas containing three loops were selected as potential mutation regions. And the “best” mutant T23I/T200K/P260S (M3) was acquired. In different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward 1‐acetylnaphthalene and the stability (half‐life t1/2) were higher than the wild‐type (WT) of AtATA. The results of decreased Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) values via 20‐ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations under 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% DMSO revealed that mutant M3 had lower flexibility, acquiring a more stable protein structure and contributing to its organic solvents stability than WT. Furthermore, M3 was applied to convert 1‐acetylnaphthalene for synthesizing (R)‐(+)‐1(1‐naphthyl)‐ethylamine ((R)‐NEA), which was an intermediate of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride for the treatment of secondary hyperthyroidism and hypercalcemia. Moreover, in a 20‐mL scale‐up experiment, 10 mM 1‐acetylnaphthalene can be converted to (R)‐NEA with 85.2% yield and a strict R‐stereoselectivity (enantiomeric excess (e.e.) value >99.5%) within 10 h under 25% DMSO.ConclusionThe beneficial mutation sites were identified to tailor AtATA's organic solvents stability via regional random mutation. The “best” mutant T23I/T200K/P260S (M3) holds great potential application for the synthesis of (R)‐NEA.
Intracellular transformation and disposal mechanisms of magnetosomes in macrophages and cancer cells
Authors: Gandarias Lucía , Gubieda Alicia G. , Gorni Giulio , Mathon Olivier , Olivi Luca , Abad‐Díaz‐de‐Cerio Ana , Fdez‐Gubieda M. Luisa , Muela Alicia , García‐Prieto Ana 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMagnetosomes are magnetite nanoparticles biosynthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. Given their potential clinical applications for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, it is essential to understand what becomes of them once they are within the body. With this aim, here we have followed the intracellular long‐term fate of magnetosomes in two cell types: cancer cells (A549 cell line), because they are the actual target for the therapeutic activity of the magnetosomes, and macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line), because of their role at capturing foreign agents. It is shown that cells dispose of magnetosomes using three mechanisms: splitting them into daughter cells, excreting them to the surrounding environment, and degrading them yielding less or non‐magnetic iron products. A deeper insight into the degradation mechanisms by means of time‐resolved X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy has allowed us to follow the intracellular biotransformation of magnetosomes by identifying and quantifying the iron species occurring during the process. In both cell types there is a first oxidation of magnetite to maghemite and then, earlier in macrophages than in cancer cells, ferrihydrite starts to appear. Given that ferrihydrite is the iron mineral phase stored in the cores of ferritin proteins, this suggests that cells use the iron released from the degradation of magnetosomes to load ferritin. Comparison of both cellular types evidences that macrophages are more efficient at disposing of magnetosomes than cancer cells, attributed to their role in degrading external debris and in iron homeostasis.
Genome‐wide association and replication studies for handedness in a Korean community‐based cohort
Authors: Song Youhyun , Lee Dasom , Choi Ja‐Eun , Lee Ji Won , Hong Kyung‐Won 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionHandedness is a conspicuous characteristic in human behavior, with a worldwide proportion of approximately 90% of people preferring to use the right hand for many tasks. In the Korean population, the proportion of left‐handedness is relatively low at approximately 7%–10%, similar to that in other East‐Asian cultures in which the use of the left hand for writing and other public activities has historically been oppressed.MethodsIn this study, we conducted two genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) between right‐handedness and left‐handedness, and between right‐handedness and ambidexterity using logistic regression analyses using a Korean community‐based cohort. We also performed association analyses with previously reported variants and our findings.ResultsA total of 8806 participants were included for analysis, and the results identified 28 left‐handedness‐associated and 15 ambidexterity‐associated loci; of these, two left‐handedness loci (NEIL3 [rs11726465] and SVOPL [rs117495448]) and one ambidexterity locus (PDE8B/WDR41 [rs118077080]) showed near genome‐wide significance. Association analyses with previously reported variants replicated ANKS1B (rs7132513) in left‐handedness and ANKIB1 (rs2040498) in ambidexterity.ConclusionThe variants and positional candidate genes identified and replicated in this study were largely associated with brain development, cerebral asymmetry, neurological processes, and neuropsychiatric diseases in line with previous findings. As the first East‐Asian GWAS related to handedness, these results may provide an intriguing reference for further human neurologic research in the future.
Agmatine improves liver function, balance performance, and neuronal damage in a hepatic encephalopathy induced by bile duct ligation
Authors: Ganjalikhan‐hakemi Sepideh , Asadi‐Shekaari Majid , Pourjafari Fahimeh , Asadikaram Gholamreza , Nozari Masoumeh 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionIn the current study, we investigate whether oral administration of agmatine (AGM) could effectively reduce motor and cognitive deficits induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) through neuroprotective mechanisms.MethodsThe Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham, BDL, BDL+ 40 mg/kg AGM, and BDL+ 80 mg/kg AGM. The BDL rats were treated with AGM from 2 weeks after the surgery for 4 consecutive weeks. The open field, rotarod, and wire grip tests were used to assess motor function and muscle strength. The novel object recognition test (NOR) was performed to evaluate learning and memory. Finally, blood samples were collected for the analysis of the liver markers, the animals were sacrificed, and brain tissues were removed; the CA1 regions of the hippocampus and cerebellum were processed to identify apoptosis and neuronal damage rate using caspase‐3 immunocytochemistry and Nissl staining.ResultsThe serological assay results showed that BDL severely impaired the function of the liver. Based on histochemical findings, BDL increased the neuronal damage in CA1 and Purkinje cells, whereas apoptosis was significantly observed only in the cerebellum. AGM treatment prevented the increase of serum liver enzymes, balance deficits, and neuronal damage in the brain areas. Apoptosis partially decreased by AGM, and there were no differences in the performance of animals in different groups in the NOR.ConclusionsThe study suggests AGM as a potential treatment candidate for HE because of its neuroprotective properties and/or its direct effects on liver function.
Optimization of mRNA extraction from human nasal mucosa biopsies for gene expression profile analysis by qRT‐PCR
Authors: Bräuer A. U. , Sevecke‐Rave J. , Gläser A. , Nahrath P. , Hummel T. , Witt M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractQuantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) is the gold‐standard method for analyzing modifications in gene expression in cells and tissues. However, large quantities of high‐quality RNA samples are needed for analyzing the expression of multiple genes from one human tissue sample. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for extracting large amounts of RNA from human nasal mucosal biopsies. The quality and quantity of samples were sufficient for qRT‐PCR analyses of the expressions of various genes, in duplicate. In contrast to other protocols, we optimized RNA isolation to increase the amount from nasal biopsy samples for analyses of multiple genes. In most previous publications, expressions of only one or a few genes, including housekeeping genes, were analyzed because the amount of biological material was small. We were able to improve our protocol with respect to the yield and quality of RNA. This is likely to produce better results from molecular analyses of very small biopsy samples of human nasal mucosa.
Der Rote Keulenkopf
Authors: Petersen Frank 
Published: June 2023

Zusammenfassung„Fehlgeschlagene“ Versuche führen manchmal zu überraschenden Erkenntnissen, die bedeutender sein können als die beabsichtigten Resultate. Henry Dales genaue Beobachtungsgabe und wissenschaftlicher Instinkt, aus seinen „misslungenen“ Versuchsdurchführungen richtige Schlüsse zu ziehen, sind Paradebeispiele für die Innovationskraft der Zufallsbeobachtung, der Serendipität. Als er 1906 die bekannte blutdrucksteigernde Aktivität des Adrenalins durch Ergotalkaloide umkehren konnte, erklärte er den beobachteten Effekt mit der Existenz zweier entgegengesetzter Wirkungen des Hormons. Sein Postulat zweier Typen von receptive Substances, die in den Arterien lokalisiert seien, wurde erst vierzig Jahre später mit der Entdeckung der α‐ und β‐Adrenorezeptoren bestätigt. Bei der Verabreichung eines Ergotextraktes und der dadurch induzierten Reduktion der Herzrate stieß Dale auf die Aktivität des Acetylcholins, das sein Projektteam erstmalig aus einer biologischen Quelle isolierte. Der deutsch‐US‐amerikanische Pharmakologe Otto Löwi, Henry Dale und Wilhelm Feldberg zeigten die Übereinstimmung des Acetylcholins mit dem unbekannten „Vagusstoff“, den Löwi zuvor in seinem historischen Froschherzexperiment entdeckt hatte, womit er die chemische Signalübertragung von Nervenreizen bewies. Das uterotone Ergotoxin hingegen geriet zu einem herben Rückschlag für Henry Dale und Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., da es die Erwartungen der britischen Mediziner nicht erfüllte. Erst 1918 gelang dem schweizerischen Naturstoffchemiker Arthur Stoll bei der Sandoz AG in Basel die Isolierung des ersten reinen Ergotalkaloids, des Ergotamins. Der Metabolit wurde 1921 in die Gynäkologie und Geburtsheilkunde eingeführt und wenig später zur Behandlung des akuten Migräneanfalls zugelassen. 1922 konnte Dale nicht mehr ausschließen, dass andere Substanzen als Ergotoxin und Ergotamin die eigentlichen therapeutisch relevanten Wirkstoffe des Mutterkorns sein könnten. 1932 war die Sensation perfekt, als der junge schottische Frauenarzt Chassar Moir die uterotone Aktivität eines Moleküls des Mutterkorns nachwies, das bis dahin unentdeckt geblieben war.
Influence of the longest ethylene and isotactic propylene sequences on crystallization elution fractionation of ethylene/propylene copolymers
Authors: Voraruth Voradon , Anantawaraskul Siripon , Mehdiabadi Saeid , Soares João B. P. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCrystallization elution fractionation (CEF) is the newest crystallization‐based technique for estimating the chemical composition distribution of ethylene/1‐olefin copolymers. Understanding the separation mechanism of CEF for ethylene/propylene copolymers over their full compositional range is challenging because the crystallizabilities of the copolymer chains depend on the longest ethylene sequence and on longest isotactic propylene sequence. We developed a mathematical model to describe the CEF mechanism for ethylene/propylene copolymers over the entire compositional range using population balances for the crystallization and dissolution stages. The joint distribution of longest ethylene and isotactic propylene sequences determines how the copolymer populations crystallize and dissolve. The model was validated with experimental CEF profiles of ethylene/propylene copolymers varying from pure ethylene to propylene homopolymers.
Unveiled Supercapacitive Performance of Se‐doped Graphene Nanoarchitectonics Prepared via Supercritical Fluid Technique
Authors: Vivekanand  , Balaji Srinivasan Suresh , Nasrin Kabeer , Sathish Marappan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDoping of graphene with variety of heteroatoms is presently focused for electrochemical supercapacitor applications because it functions as a hybrid supercapacitor. Herewith, we report the fabrication of Se‐doped graphene with selenium dioxide using a supercritical fluid technique. Both the existence as well as the quantity of Se‐doping in graphene are established using XPS and EDAX techniques. The Se‐doped graphene derived from the weight ratio of selenium dioxide and graphene oxide of 1 : 3 resulted in an enriched gravimetric capacitance achieving 581 F g−1 (1 M H2SO4). The specific capacity of the optimised Se‐doped graphene based symmetric supercapacitor in 0.01 M solution of ammonium metavanadate in 1 M H2SO4 solution is found to be 420 C g−1 and attained an improved capacitance retention of 85% over 50000 cycles along with 94% coulombic efficiency. The energy density of the Se‐doped graphene symmetric supercapacitor is found to be 23.33 Wh kg−1 in 0.01 M solution of ammonium metavanadate in 1 M H2SO4 solution.