bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Coherence of the Oceanic Heat Transport Through the Nordic Seas: Oceanic Heat Budget and Interannual Variability
Authors: Vesman Anna , Bashmachnikov Igor , Golubkin Pavel , Raj Roshin 
Published: August 2023

The Atlantic Water is the main source of heat and salt in the Arctic. Properties of the Atlantic Water inflow regionally affect sea ice extent and deep water formation rate. The Atlantic Water heat transported into the Nordic Seas has a significant impact on the local climate and is investigated here along with its inter-annual variability. We use the ARMOR3D dataset, which is a collection of 3D monthly temperature, salinity and geostrophic velocities fields, derived from in situ and satellite data on a regular grid available since 1993. We compare the heat transport across seven zonal transects in the eastern part of the Nordic seas, from Svinøy section (65°N) to the Fram Strait (78.8°N).
The correlations of the interannual variations of the advective heat fluxes rapidly drop from Svinøy to Jan Mayen sections and between Bear Island and Sørkapp sections. This is a result of different tendencies over the latest decades in the southern and the northern parts of the study region, as well as of a differential damping of the observed periodicities along the Atlantic Water path on its way north (the amplitude of 5–6 year oscillations drops significantly faster than that of 2–3 year oscillations).
A certain link between the heat fluxes and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO) and East Atlantic (EA) indices is observed only for the southern sections. On the other hand, the heat fluxes at all sections show a consistent increase during the dominance of western weather type W and a decrease – of meridional weather type C. The link is explained by the variations of the wind fields, favourable for the sea-level build-up (Ekman pumping) east of the branching of the Norwegian Current for type W and an opposite tendency for type C.
Media Terbaik Untuk Pertumbuhan Jenis Azolla microphylla dan Azolla pinnata
Authors: Sarah Lady , Sembiring Mariani , Hidayat Benny 
Published: August 2023

Azolla sp merupakan tanaman yg serbaguna dan sangat bermanfaat bagi petani, banyak media yg digunakan untuk pertumbuhannya dan memberikan hasil yg mememuaskan, tetapi belum dapat diketahui mana media yg terbaik bagi Azolla sp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui media tumbuh terbaik dari jenis IRRI, pupuk NPK, pupuk kandang ayam, pupuk kandang kambing, dan pupuk kandang sapi pada pertumbuhan Azolla sp mycropylla dan Azolla sp pinnata, dan pH media , Kandungan C-Organik dan Kadar N pada Azolla sp microphylla dan Azolla sp pinnata. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan daua faktor perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama jenis Azolla sp dengan 2 jenis Azolla sp (Azolla sp microphylla dan Azolla sp pinnata), faktor kedua media pertumbuhan dengan 5 jenis (media IRRI, pupuk NPK, pupuk kandang ayam, pupuk kandang kambing dan pupuk kandang sapi). Media pertumbuhan terbaik pada Azolla sp adalah pada Azolla sp mycrophylla dengan media pupuk kandang ayam. Parameter yang diukur adalah berat basah biomassa Azolla sp, laju pertumbuhan relatif, pH, C-Organik, dan Kadar N. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian jenis Azolla sp berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan relatif, berat basah biomassa Azolla sp, dan kadar N dengan rataan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan A1 yaitu jenis Azolla sp microphylla, pemberian jenis media berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan relatif, berat basah Azolla sp, C-Organik dan kadar N dengan rataan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan pupuk kandang ayam, serta pH dengan rataan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan pupuk kandang sapi dan pemberian kombinasi jenis Azolla sp dan jenis media berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan relatif, berat basah Azolla sp, serta C-Organik dengan rataan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan A1M3 yaitu Azolla sp microphylla dengan pupuk kandang ayam.
Kesesuaian Lahan Bagi Pertumbuhan Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) di Desa Parisan Agung Kecamatan Dampelas Kabupaten Donggala
Authors: Taiyeb Asgar 
Published: August 2023

Kecamatan Dampelas berpotensi untuk peningkatan ekonomi dan pelibatan masyarakat dalam menyangga areal KPH (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan) Dampelas-Tinombo. Desa Parisan Agung menjadi sentra usaha tani Durian yang merupakan MPTS (multi purpose tree species) dan hasil hutan bukan kayu. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi kelas kesesuaian lahan bagi tanaman durian Desa Parisan Agung, Dampelas, wilayah Kabupaten Donggala. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode FAO menggunakan matching system, dimana karakteristik lahan pertanaman durian dicocokkan dengan persyaratan tumbuh tanaman. Parameter dari kualtas dan karakter lahan yang dikaji antara lain: faktor iklim berupa jeluk hujan tahunan dan temperatur udara, faktor edafik diantaranya drainase, KTK, reaksi tanah atau pH, unsur makro NPK, Kejenuhan Basa, C-Organik, kemiringan lahan dan singkapan batuan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesesuaian lahan durian di desa Parisan Agung kecamatan Dampelas adalah S2, dengan faktor pembatas curah hujan, drainase pH tanah dan ketersediaan hara berupa N, P, dan K.
Pengaruh Berbagai Dosis Hidrogel dan Frekuensi Penyiraman Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) pada Sistem Vertikultur
Authors: Tambing Yohanis , Somba Bunga Elim , Nazara Wijaya 
Published: August 2023

Tanaman bawang merah membutuhkan air yang banyak untuk pertumbuhan optimalnya, sehingga perlu penyiraman dua kali sehari, karena itu diperlukan teknik budidaya hemat air. Hidrogel merupakan material makro molekul yang mampu menghemat penggunaan air dengan menyerap dan melepaskan air secara reversibel dalam tanah lingkungan perakaran. Dengan makin terbatasnya lahan pertanian, sehingga bawang merah juga mulai diusahakan di lahan sempit, yaitu lahan pekarangan di perkotaan secara vertikultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis hidrogel dan frekuensi penyiraman yang tepat terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah dengan sistem vertikultur. Penelitian ini didesain menurut Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan diulang 3 kali (3 kelompok). Faktor pertama adalah dosis hydrogel, terdiri dari 4 taraf, yaitu: H0= kontrol (tanpa hidrogel), H1 = 0,2 g/tanaman, H2 = 0,4 g/tanaman, H3 = 0,6 g/tanaman. Faktor kedua adalah frekuensi penyiraman, terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu : F1 = penyiraman setiap hari 1 kali, F2 = Penyiraman setiap 2 hari 1 kali, F3 = Penyiraman setiap 4 hari 1 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara dosis hidrogel dan frekuensi penyiraman berpengaruh nyata pada jumlah anakan (2 MST) dan bobot segar umbi, artinya dapat menghemat penggunaan air. Kombinasi perlakuan dosis hidrogel 0,2 g/tanaman dengan frekuensi penyiraman 4 hari sekali (H1F3) menunjukkan bobot segar umbi tertinggi yaitu 82,63 g/tanaman dan berbeda nyata dengan kombinasi dosis 0,2 g/tanaman pada penyiraman setiap hari 1 kali (H1F1) dan 2 kali setiap hari (H1F2), demikian juga halnya terjadi pada jumlah anakan.
Pengaruh Buangan Limbah Cair Perkebunan Sawit Terhadap Indeks Pencemaran Sungai Pasangkayu di Kecamatan Pedanda, Kabupaten Pasangkayu
Authors: Zulfahmi Zulfahmi , Syafrudin Syafrudin , Priyambada Ika Bagus 
Published: August 2023

Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang sangat penting di Provinsi Sulawesi Barat Kabupaten Pasangkayu. Sektor pertanian sangat didominasi oleh subsektor perkebunan khususnya perkebunan kelapa sawit. Lokasi perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Pasangkayu dominan berada di sepanjang aliran Sungai Pasangkayu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji status mutu air Sungai Pasangkayu dengan menggunakan metode indeks pencemaran, di Kecamatan Pedanda. Penelitian ini menganalisis nilai parameter pH, TSS, BOD, COD dan minyak lemak yang disampling dari Sungai Pasangkayu yang terpengaruh oleh limbah perkebunan kelapa sawit. Panjang segmen sungai yang disampling adalah 11,38 km yang dibagi menjadi 4 titik pantau/stasiun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status mutu air Sungai Pasangkayu termasuk dalam kategori tercemar ringan hingga tercemar berat. Sungai Pasangkayu sudah tidak mampu lagi menerima tambahan beban cemaran karena telah melewati kriteria mutu air (untuk kelas II). Nilai indeks pencemaran tertinggi sebesar 11,44 diperoleh di Stasiun 3 akibat akumulasi pemanfaatan lahan yang beragam di sekitar titik sampling. Nilai indeks pencemaran terendah sebesar 4,42 yang merupakan daerah perkebunan sawit. Berdasarkan periode bulan, indeks pencemaran tertinggi sebesar 10,26 di bulan September disebabkan karena kondisi pada saat pengambilan sampling terjadi hujan sehingga memungkinkan pencucian lahan perkebunan sawit yang berakibat masuknya limbah cair ke badan air sungai. Pemantauan kualitas air dan pengawasan terhadap pemanfaatan lahan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi pengelolaan dan pengendalian pencemaran yang tepat agar status mutu air Sungai Pasangkayu dapat dipertahankan sesuai peruntukannya.
جريمة العدوان بين الاقرار والتعريف والتفعيل
Authors: Abed Ibrahim A. 
Published: August 2023

ا’قرت جريمة العدوان في نظام روما الاساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية (ICC) عام 1998 ولكن ا’رجىء تعريفها لحين نفاذ نظام روما بعد مصادقة (30) دولة عليه ، وهو ما تم عام 2002 ، ثم اتفاق جمعية الدول الاطراف في هذا النظام بعد مرور (7) سنوات على نفاذه وهو ما تم عام 2010 (مؤتمر كامبالا) بعد اجراء تعديلات على النظام ، وكذلك ارجىْ تفعيل هذه التعديلات لحين اتفاق جمعية الدول الاطراف في عام 2017 ، وقد تم الاتفاق على التفعيل ابتداءا من عام 2018 ، وبذلك اصبحت ال (ICC) مختصة بجريمة العدوان اضافة الى الجرائم الثلاث الاخرى ( جريم الحرب، جريمة الابادة الجماعية ، والجريمة ضد الانسانية ). وتناول البحث كيفية تعريف جريمة العدوان ومدى تاثر التعريف بقرار الجمعية العامة (3314) لسنة 1974 وماهية اركان هذه الجريمة وطبيعة تعديلات مؤتمر كامبالا وكيفية تفعيل هذه التعديلات ومدى الحاجة لاصدار اعلانات بموافقة الدول او رفضها لهذه التعديلات ، اضافة الى توضيح حدود اختصاص ال(ICC) على جريمة العدوان ، وماهية العلاقة بين المحكمة ومجلس الامن الدولي ومواقف الدول وبالاخص الاعضاء الدائميين فيه ، واخيرا بحث آثار الانسحاب من المحكمة ومدى شمولها باحكام اتفاقية فيينا لقانون المعاهدات لسنة 1969 .
پابه‌ندبوون به‌ خستنه‌ڕووی ئافره‌ت وئاریشه‌كانی له‌ ڕۆمانی(شار) ی "حوسێن عارف" دا‌‌
Authors: Qadir Sarkawt S. , Saeed Nawzad W. 
Published: August 2023

ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ كه‌ له‌ ژێر ناونیشانی (پابه‌ندبوون به‌ خستنه‌ڕووی ئافره‌ت و ئاریشه‌كانی له‌ ڕۆمانی (شار) ی "حوسێن عارف"‌)دایه‌‌، هه‌وڵیداوه‌ له‌ چوارچێوه‌ گشتییه‌كه‌دا وێنای بارودۆخ و ژیان و گوزه‌رانی ئافره‌تی كورد بكات له‌ ‌شاری سلێمانی، بێگومان له‌ ڕۆمانی ناوبراو دا. ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ له‌ دوو به‌ش پێكدێت، به‌شی یه‌كه‌م ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ په‌یوه‌ندی نێوان (ئه‌ده‌ب و پابه‌ندبوون)، ئه‌م به‌شه‌ش چه‌ند ته‌وه‌رێك له ‌خۆ ده‌گرێت، له‌ ته‌وه‌ری یه‌كه‌مدا باسی زاراوه‌ و چه‌مكی پابه‌ندبوون كراوه‌، له‌ ته‌وه‌ری دووه‌میشدا باسی ڕۆمان و پابه‌ندبوون به‌ بیری ماركسیزم كراوه‌، كه‌ تیایدا ڕونكردنه‌وه‌ی پێویست له‌ باره‌ی ئایدۆلۆژیا و فه‌لسه‌فه‌ی ماركسیزم خراوه‌ته‌ڕوو. هه‌رچی به‌شی دووه‌مه‌ ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ وێناكردنی ئافره‌ت و ئاریشه‌كانی له‌ ڕۆمانی شاری (حوسێن عارف)دا، ئه‌م به‌شه‌ش شه‌ش ته‌وه‌ر له‌ خۆ ده‌گرێت، له‌ ته‌وه‌ری یه‌كه‌مدا باس له‌ به‌ كۆیله‌كردنی ئافره‌تان كراوه‌، له‌ كاتێكدا له‌ ته‌وه‌ری دووه‌مدا باسی به‌ زۆر به‌ شودانی كچان كراوه‌، هه‌رچی ته‌وه‌ری سێیه‌میشه‌ ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ ڕونكردنه‌وه‌ی دیارده‌ی ڕه‌دوكه‌وتن. ته‌وه‌ری دواتریش خۆی له‌ باسكردنی دیارده‌ی ته‌ڵاقدان ده‌بینێته‌وه‌. ته‌وه‌ری پێنجه‌میش ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ توندوتیژی و جۆره‌كانی، كه‌ سێكسی و جه‌سته‌یین. له‌ كۆتا ته‌وه‌ریشدا ئاماژه‌ به‌ بێبه‌شكردنی ئافره‌تان كراوه‌ له‌ مافه‌كانیاندا.‌
Biochemical Changes during Plantlet Regeneration in Two Accessions of Mucuna pruriens
Authors: Raghavendra S , Ramesh C K , Kumar V , Khan M H M , Harish B S 
Published: August 2023

The genus Mucuna is an important medicinal herb and is extensively used in traditional Indian systems of medicine for various ailments. In vitro culture technique provides an alternative to plant propagation and germplasm conservation. Our aim was to study the biochemical changes occurring during regeneration of shoots (plantlets) from explants of two accessions of Mucuna pruriens, by monitoring the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and changes in levels of some hydrolytic enzymes. A rapid micropropagation system was developed using Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with BAP and IAA combined. In both the accessions, 3.0mg l-1 6-BAP, in combination with 0.2mg l-1 IAA, induced shoot buds and shoot elongation; however for multiple-shoot induction, a slightly higher concentration of cytokinin, i.e., 3.5mg l-16-BAP, in combination with 0.2mg l-1 IAA, was required. Results of the present study confirm an active growth of explants revealed by nitrate assimilation enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes. It is concluded that medium composition, growth regulator combination and culture incubation conditions are all vital in both the accessions of Mucuna pruriens for induction of in vitro plant regeneration.
Induction of Off-Season Flowering in Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Cv. Balanagar
Authors: Vinay G M , Chithiraichelvan R 
Published: August 2023

Pruning and defoliation are essential operations for inducing off-season flowering and fruiting to yield better quality and quantity of fruits in custard apple. Trees were subjected to two levels of pruning (25% and 50%) combined with use of chemical defoliants (urea 5%, Ethrel 2000ppm, potassium iodide 1%, or ortho-phosphoric acid 1%) besides the Control, with each treatment replicated thrice. Early initiation of flowering and better vegetative growth was seen in pruned (25%) and defoliated trees than in the Control or other treatments. Maximum off-season yield (10.33kg/ plant) was obtained in T4 (25% pruning, combined with 5% urea spray as defoliant) and T6 (25% pruning, combined with 1% potassium iodide-spray as defoliant). Findings of this investigation helped standardize pruning and defoliation practices on a scientific basis for off-season production of custard apple fruits.
Survey of Nematode-Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable-Growing Areas in Kenya
Authors: Wachira P M , Muindi J N , Okoth S A 
Published: August 2023

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause severe damage to a wide range of economic crops, causing upto 5% yield losses globally. In Kenya, vegetables are affected, among other pests, by parasitic nematodes, causing upto 80% loss in yield. Nematode control is very difficult and relies heavily on use of chemical nematicides. Use of these chemical nematicides leads to biological magnification, and elimination of natural enemies of other pathogens, thus creating a need for greater application of pesticides, increased production costs, and development of insecticide-resistance. These factors have led to a growing interest in search for alternate management strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to document nematode-destroying fungi in selected, major vegetable-growing areas in Kenya as a step towards developing a self-sustaining system for management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected from five vegetable-production zones, viz., Kinare, Kabete, Athi-river, Machakos and Kibwezi, and transported to the laboratory for extraction of nematode-destroying fungi. The soil-sprinkle technique described by Jaffee et al (1996) was used for isolating the nematode-destroying fungi from soil, while, their identification was done using identification keys described by Soto Barrientos et al (2001). From this study, a total of 171 fungal isolates were identified as nematodedestroying. The highest population was recorded in Kabete, at 33.9% of the total, followed by Machakos, Kibwezi, Athi-river, with the least in Kinare, at 24.6, 22.2, 11.7 and 7.6% of the total population, in that order. Arthrobotrys was the most frequent genus, with mean occurrence of 7.3, followed by Monacrosporium with 6 and Stylophage with 5.2. A. dactyloides was significantly (P=0.002) affected by the agro-ecological zone, with the highest occurrence recorded in Kabete, and the least in Athi-river. Kibwezi recorded highest diversity index, with a mean of 1.017, while, Athi-river recorded the least, with a mean of 0.333. Kibwezi had the highest species richness, recording a mean of 3.4, while, the least mean of 1.6 was recorded in Athi-river. Mean species richness of 2.2 was recorded for both Kabete and Machakos, and 1.8 for Kinare. From the three genera recorded, Arthrobotrys was more effective at trapping nematodes compared to Monocrosporium and Stylopage. The genus Arthrobotrys had the highest number of trapped nematodes, with a total population of 57, followed by Monacrosporium, the least being Stylopage, with 45 and 36, respectively, in a period of 104 hours. From the study, it is evident that agricultural practices affect occurrence and diversity of nematodedestroying fungi, and, Arthrobotrys can be used as a bio-control agent for managing plant-parasitic nematodes.
Economic Analysis of Post-Harvest Loss and Marketing Efficiency in Guava (cv. Allahabad safeda) in Karnataka
Authors: Gajanana T M , Murthy D Sreenivasa , Saxena A K , Rao D V Sudhakar , Sudha M , Dakshinamoorthy V 
Published: August 2023

Post-harvest losses (PHL) in guava (cv. Allahabad safeda) were estimated at the field and retail levels in Karnataka, and impact of this loss on marketing efficiency was studied. Results indicated that the total PHL was 13.29% consisting of field-level loss (9.17%) and retail level loss (4.12%). The producer's share was 51.52% and PHL, when included as an item of cost, reduced the share to 45.80%. PHL also reduced marketing efficiency index from 1.06 to 0.88, thereby indicating the importance of PHL and scope for minimizing it to improve the efficiency of the marketing system in guava.
Evaluation of Brinjal Genotypes against Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Santhosha H M , Indiresh K M , Gopalakrishnan C , Singh T H 
Published: August 2023

Forty brinjal genotypes were screened by artificial inoculation using Ralstonia solanacearum inoculum at a concentration of 1.0 X 108 cfu/ml (O.D600 = 0.3). Genotypes Arka Nidhi, Haritha, Swetha, Surya, IIHR-3, IIHR-555, WCGR, R-2588, WL-2230, L-3261, L-3270, L-3272 and Arka Anand were found to be resistant to bacterial wilt, whereas, IIHR-7, L-3263, L-3268 and L-3269 were moderately resistant. Genotypes R-2584, R-2586, R- 2592, L-3260, L-3262, L-3264, L-3266 and L-3267 were moderately susceptible, and genotypes R-2580, R-2582, R-2587, R-2591, R- 2593 and R- 2595 were found to be susceptible. Lastly, genotypes R-2581, R- 2594, R-2589, R-2590, WL-2232, Pusa hybrid-6, Arka Shirish, R-2585 and R-2583 were found to be highly susceptible to bacterial wilt. Resistant and moderately resistant genotypes showed longer incubation period.
Plant Traits in Fig as Indicators of Resistance to Shoot Borer, Dyscerus? Fletcheri Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Jayanthi P D Kamala , Verghese Abraham , Chittiraichelvan R , Kumar Ravindra 
Published: August 2023

A comparative study was conducted on fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars Deanna and Poona to test whether antixenosis due to plant traits was at least partially responsible for a differential susceptibility to the shoot boring curculionid weevil, Dyscerus? fletcheri. Field evaluation revealed significant difference in borer incidence in cvs. Poona (6.25%) and Deanna (75%). Further, traits of plant architecture such as number of primary/ secondary/ terminal shoots, plant vigour and density of terminal shoots were significantly higher in cv. Deanna, which was highly susceptible to shoot borer. However, latex-flow index was significantly higher in cv. Poona that was resistant to the borer. A step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that the tested plant traits explained 60% of the total variation in stem borer infestation (y=-0.96-0.02x1+0.23x2-0.03x3+0.24x4+1.28x5-1.31x6, R2=0.60) in the susceptible cultivar, Deanna. Role of these traits in preference/non-preference of D. fletcheri for a cultivar is discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Flowering in African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Var. Cracker Jack
Authors: Naik M Raja 
Published: August 2023

An investigation was conducted during the year 2000 to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on flowering in African marigold. Results revealed that among the four levels of nitrogen tested, highest level of nitrogen (N3) led to minimum number of days for the first flower-bud to become visible (31.66 days), days to flower-break (38.55 days), days to full-flowering (50.66 days). Plants receiving N2 recorded significantly high number of flower heads per plant (28.42) and yield (11.11 t/ha). Among the three levels of phosphorus tested, days taken to appearance of the first flower-bud, flower-break and full-flowering were significantly earlier in a treatment with no phosphorus (P0). However, number of flower heads per plant was significantly higher in P2 (28.3). As for interaction effect, a combination of the highest level of nitrogen with no phosphorus (N3P0) recorded early flowering. Number of flower heads per plant was higher in N3P2 (31.83). Highest flower-yield (11.65 t/ha) was recorded in N3P2. Thus, it is concluded that nitrogen application advances flowering, while, phosphorus application delays flowering.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Vegetative Growth and Yield in Mango Cv. Himsagar
Authors: Singh S R , Banik B C , Hasan M A 
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of various combinations of integrated nutrient management schedules on vegetative growth and yield in mango cv. Himsagar at Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur, B.C.K.V., Nadia, West Bengal, during the years 2009-2011. Maximum total increment in plant height (108.00 cm), plant spread in E-W direction (123.00 cm) and N-S direction (105.00 cm), and tree volume (85.95 m3) was recorded in 500:250:250g NPK/tree/year + 50kg FYM + 250g Azospirillium (T6) compared to that in other treatments. This treatment (T6) also significantly increased total number of fruits (234.12 fruits / tree), average fruit weight (263.10g) and yield (58.56kg /tree).
Factors Affecting in Vitro Shoot Regeneration in Hypocotyls of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in the Early Steps of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
Authors: Prakash D P , Ramachandra Y L , Hanur Vageeshbabu S 
Published: August 2023

An attempt was made to assess the effect of size, age and position of the explant, pre-culture and high cytokinin concentration in the pre-culture medium on shoot regeneration in brinjal hypocotyls co-cultivated with Agrobacterium. The study was carried out using hypocotyl explants of brinjal cv. Manjarigota, Agrobacterium strain A208 and shoot regeneration medium (full-strength basal MS medium, 2μM BAP + 0.05μM NAA, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar) containing Cefotaxime (250-500mg l-1) and Kanamycin (100mg l-1). Hypocotyl explants showed callus initiation and shoot regeneration response after 10-12 and 20-22 days of culture, respectively. Five-day-old explants did not survive Agrobacterium infection, and ten-day-old explants showed higher shoot regeneration (29±1.91%) than older explants. Explants of medium size (1cm long; 32±2.62%) from the apical region (38.57±2.61%) showed better shootregeneration ability than explants of any other size or region. A period of four days of pre-culture (33.33±3.76) was optimal best for best shoot-regeneration in hypocotyl explants. No regeneration was seen in hypocotyl explants at shorter or longer pre-culture period. High cytokinin (10μM) in shoot regeneration medium during pre-culture enhanced shoot regeneration response (47.27±2.98%) in explants co-cultivated with Agrobacterium. Effects of various factors documented in this study will be useful in developing an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol in brinjal cv. Manjarigota.