bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Release of Histamine from the Blood Cells of the Rabbit by the Addition of Horse Serum or Egg Albumin in Vitro
Authors: Rose Bram , Browne J. S. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It was shown by Katz (1940) that incubation of the blood from a sensitized rabbit with the specific antigen in vitro resulted in the liberation of histamine from the cells into the plasma, thus demonstrating “anaphylaxis” in vitro. This was later confirmed by Dragstedt, Ramirez de Arellano and Lawton (1940).
It seemed that repetition of this experiment might be of interest particularly since it was previously shown that anaphylactic shock in the rabbit is accompanied by a marked and rapid decrease of the histamine-content of the whole blood, by a moderate decrease in that of the plasma (Rose and Weil, 1939), and by a diminution of the histamine-content of some of the tissues including the lung (Rose, 1940).
Methods. Adult (male and female) rabbits were used throughout. Six of these were sensitized by the intraabdominal injection of horse serum, receiving four doses of 2 ml each at two-day intervals.
Effect of Histaminase Pretreatment on Histamine Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Rose Bram , Browne J. S. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous paper, Karady and Browne (1) reported that histamine shock in guinea pigs could be markedly reduced in intensity if the animals were first treated with histaminase intravenously. The following method was used: Of thirty guinea pigs weighing from 250 to 300 grams, twenty were given 3 units of Torantil (T. 360) into the exposed jugular vein under light ether narcosis. In fifteen minutes when they had fully recovered, an injection of 4.0 mg of histamine was given intraabdominally. Ten control animals were injected with the same dose of histamine at the same time. Of the pretreated group 4 developed shock within twelve to fifteen minutes and only two died within thirty-five minutes. The remaining animals showed few symptoms. Out of the 10 control guinea pigs, 7 died within 10 minutes. From these findings, it was deduced that histaminase had a definite effect in vivo on histamine shock.
Immunological Relationship Between Spotted Fever and Exanthematic Typhus
Authors: Ruiz Castaneda M. , Silva Roberto 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The inoculation of a highly virulent strain of spotted fever virus into guinea-pigs recovered from typhus infection has shown that these animals are highly resistant to the new infection. There is a very low mortality rate as compared with normal animals and the duration of the febrile reaction is shorter. The transfer of the virus through a series of typhus-immune guinea-pigs shows a further decrease in activity for these animals, while the virus retains its virulence for normals.
Whether the typhus infection is orchitic or non-orchitic, including the typical Old World “Breinl” strain, seems to make no difference in the resistance to the spotted fever infection.
Cross-reactions with the technic of agglutination and of complement fixation are reported with spotted fever immune sera and typhus rickettsiae.
From the experimental data presented we conclude that there is a definite immunological overlapping between spotted fever and typhus infection.
The Use of Chick Embryo Tissues and Fluid as Antigens in the Complement Fixation Reaction in Influenza
Authors: Nigg Clara , Crowley James H. , Wilson Doris E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of several complement-fixing antigens from the embryonic tissues and fluid of the developing chick has been described.
These several antigens have been studied with ferret immune sera and compared with mouse lung antigens in complement fixation reactions with human sera.
The experimental data show that of all the antigens investigated, that prepared from the embryonic fluid of the developing chick is the antigen of choice on the basis of potency, yield, specificity, physical properties, and ease of production.
The Relationship Between Constant-Antiserum and Constant-Antigen Optimal Ratios Obtained with Rat and Guinea-Pig Precipitin
Authors: Colwell Charlotte A. , Youmans Guy P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera from 14 of 16 rats and from 14 of 17 guinea pigs immunized with sheep serum required from 1 to 2 times as much antiserum for the optimal constant-antigen ratio as for the optimal constant-antiserum ratio. Calculation of the quotient of the constant-antigen ratio/constant-antiserum ratio from fine tests done on 6 rat and 8 guinea-pig antisera showed that approximately 1.6 times as much antiserum was required for the constant-antigen optimum as for the constant-antiserum optimum. This quotient is similar to that obtained by Taylor with rabbit precipitin for crystalline ovalbumin. The exceptions were either weakly flocculating antisera or those exhibiting more than one zone of flocculation. These exceptions might be explained either by individual animal variation or by postulating that the constant-antiserum optimal ratio represents the reaction of a different antigen-antibody system from that yielding the constant-antigen optimal ratio.
The constancy of this quotient, its similarity to the quotient of rabbit antiserum to crystalline ovalbumin, as well as the results of tests with serum proteins precipitated with ammonium sulphate, suggest that the majority of these animals responded to the intraäbdominal injection of sheep serum with circulating precipitins for only a few of the several antigens in sheep serum.
Development of Neutralizing Antibodies to the Viruses of Equine Encephalomyelitis (Western Strain) and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Man and Animals, Together with Recovery of the St. Louis Virus from the Blood of Monkeys
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralizing antibodies against the virus of western equine encephalomyelitis can be demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid of convalescent patients. Twenty-one or 26.2 per cent of 80 fluids tested were found to be positive. Twenty (31.2 per cent) of 64 sera from these 80 patients were also positive. All except 3 of the 20 gave positive reactions in both blood and spinal fluid. No neutralizing substances were demonstrated with fluids of negative sera. Antibodies were found in the fluids from 2 to 4 months after removal from the patients, and when taken at varying periods after 8 days from the onset.
Virus was recovered during the first few days from the blood and cisternal fluid of monkeys inoculated either intracutaneously or intracerebrally with the virus of equine encephalomyelitis alone (Br strain) and from the blood on the sixth, twelfth, twenty-fourth and seventy-second hours and fourth day of those inoculated by the same routes with the St. Louis virus alone.
Both viruses could be recovered at different intervals from the blood of those monkeys which received a mixture of the equine and St. Louis strains. Identification of the virus was determined by means of the neutralization test with known positive sera.
Antibodies to the western equine encephalomyelitic virus were demonstrated in the sera of 8 human cases taken prior to death and also in the serum of one experimental monkey. They were found at varying periods, ranging from 2 days after the onset of the equine disease to 9 months in 98 positive human sera tested. In 4 monkeys inoculated intracutaneously with the western equine virus, antibodies began to appear irregularly about the fifth or sixth day after injection and were more regularly present in 7 to 9 days, becoming progressively stronger through the fifth week. The neutralizing substances did not appear as early in the cerebrospinal fluid, but were found in small amounts by the eighth or ninth day, to become stronger by the tenth or eleventh. They either failed to appear or were only weakly positive in those animals running a fatal course after intracerebral inoculation of the equine virus.
Neutralizing substances were more difficult to demonstrate in the serum of the monkeys given the St. Louis virus intracutaneously. They appeared only occasionally after 14 days, but could be found within 9 to 14 days after intracerebral injection. The disease did not run a fatal course in these animals. In the mixed infection, with a single exception practically no antibodies developed against the St. Louis virus in either blood or spinal fluid following either route of inoculation.2
The Effect of Ninhydrin Upon Horse-Serum-Protein and Antibodies
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Ninhydrin combines with some of the amino groups of serum-proteins, to produce altered proteins having new physical and chemical properties. Such ninhydrinized proteins are not coagulated by heat at reactions higher than pH 5.5. In salt-free solution, their isoelectric point is shifted toward the acid side. In the presence of salt they are insoluble at reactions lower than pH 5.0. They are more readily salted out by neutral salts than are the unaltered proteins. The blue pigment is readily formed from the albumin and pseudoglobulin of the serum, but to a lesser extent or not at all by the water-insoluble globulins. Thyphoid H-agglutinins are not injured by ninhydrin; they are considerably concentrated in the acid- and the salt-precipitates of ninhydrinized horse-serum. They are among the first of the proteins of immune horse-serum to be altered. Typhoid O-agglutinins and type I pneumococcal antibodies are partially destroyed by ninhydrin. Certain similarities as well as differences between the action of ninhydrin and formaldehyde upon serum-proteins and antibodies have been indicated and discussed.
A Test of the Alternation-(“Lattice”-)Hypothesis with Divalent and Trivalent Haptens
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A prediction of the alternation-(-“lattice”-“mutual-multi-valence”-“framework”) hypothesis that antibody and divalent hapten should precipitate, was tested with a variety of haptens. Unfavorable evidence was obtained; visible precipitation did not occur. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the possibility remains that the precipitation of divalent haptens by antibody observed by others is due to the fact that they were not molecularly dispersed, as Landsteiner originally suggested.
A Descriptive Theory of Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the preceding paper we have shown that it is possible to make explicit, often quantitative, predictions concerning the behavior of homogeneous precipitating systems conforming to the lattice-hypothesis. By direct comparison of these predictions with experimental data, we shall be able to judge the degree to which the underlying theory represents the facts. Certain limitations to the quantitative application of the theory should be recalled.
Whenever precipitates of the composition r ∼ g1 are encountered, a mechanism not postulated by the lattice-hypothesis is indicated. Any assumption sufficient to account for this mechanism will imply a deviation from the equilibria developed in the general theory. Independently of this mechanism, the single assumption that antigen and antibody are multivalent leads to further deviations postulated by the restricted theory. These effects, deriving from the theory itself, are predictable, however. They are of two kinds.
A Descriptive Theory of Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the preceding paper, general expressions are derived for an hypothetical initial equilibrium between multivalent antigen and multivalent antibody, which form the basis for a General theory of precipitation, which postulates a minimal disturbance of the initial equilibrium during aggregation, and a Restricted theory, which specifies the direction of disturbances of the initial equilibrium if antigen and antibody are indeed multivalent. For the special case of lattice-formation, the restricted theory is developed in a preliminary way to permit quantitative description of the composition of precipitates, and more fully to deal with flocculation-times and the meaning of optimal proportions. The restricted theory leads to the concept of selective precipitation,which is probably adequate to explain the small volume effect observed in precipitating systems, and the different effects of excess of either reagent. The relation of structure .to the properties of lattices are considered in connection with the solubility of precipitates and the problem of reversibility of biologic effects of antigen-antibody reactions. Experimental methods are suggested for the measurement of the parameters of lattice-systems, which are three: the maximal valence of antigen, the maximal valence of antibody, and the dissociation-constant of the unit-valence. These, together with concentration-factors, completely define an ideal lattice-system. In the application of the theory to experimental precipitating systems additional parameters such as the homogeneity and functional symmetry of the reactants, and nonspecific associative forces, are considered. In no case do available data clearly show that these influences seriously prejudice the usefulness of the theory. It is likely, however, that such instances will be found. It is suggested that the principal parameter defining the individuality of different immune sera to a given antigen is the dissociation-constant of the specific valence. At present there is no reason to suppose that the diverse properties of different antisera, including their specificity, in any way imply a corresponding diversity of the fundamental immune response. The unit-valence appears to represent an area of contact of the order 10—3 cm2. The relation between the dissociationconstant of the unit-valence and the structure of the antigenic surface is discussed briefly. The dissociation-constant of the immunologic valence is believed to be strongly influenced by associated substances foreign to the specific antibody. The evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the hypothesis that antibody and antigen are multivalent, and that the maximal valence of antibody is small, probably two. The maximal valence of antigen is probably limited primarily by the physical surface of the molecule. Several definitions of practical usefulness are proposed in part IIc.
The encouragement and instruction continuously offered by Dr. Bronfenbrenner have contributed decisively to the results achieved in this study.
The Toxicity-Indices of Some Basic Antiseptic Substances
Authors: Welch Henry , Brewer Charles M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relative toxicity of a number of commonly used antiseptics and widely different germicidal substances has been given. By comparing the destruction of the phagocytic activity of the blood with germicidal capacity, their toxic index has been calculated. The diversity of the compounds tested precluded a classification into groups on the basis of relative efficiency. Some of the data were sufficiently provocative to elicit a discussion of certain factors having a possible bearing on relative toxicity.
Selective Agglutination
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described which shows agglutination due to “major” agglutinins in mixtures of homologous and heterologous agglutinogens.
Suitable dilutions of brucella-serum capable of agglutinating both abortus and melitensis to the same titer, show preference for the homologous organism when both antigens are mixed in equal amounts. The test which we have named selective agglutination has been successfully used for the classification of sera from patients suffering from brucellosis and also for differentiation of the brucella strains.
The selective test replaces the absorptive test in routine work to advantage and has been used for diagnostic purposes not only in brucellosis but in typhoidpara-typhoid infections.
The Opsonins of Normal and Immune Sera
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Weisberger A. S. , Pillemer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A thermolabile antistaphylococcic opsonin is found in active guinea-pig serum. The opsonin operates as a function of its concentration but no zone-phenomenon is noted. The magnitude of opsonization by the fresh serum is the same whether the organism is viable or not, but the opsonic action of active guinea-pig serum is greater for an avirulent strain of staphylococci than for a virulent strain.
The opsonic activity of active guinea-pig serum is optimal in hypotonic solutions and is markedly reduced in hypertonic solutions. Since, however, a staphylococcic rabbit-antiserum operates optimally at a physiological salt solution range, this finding may serve as a means of differentiating between the two sera.
The staphylococcic antiserum shows a typical zone-effect and its active principle is relatively thermostable. The active guinea-pig serum and the antiserum require from 20–30 minutes for optimal activity but during the first few minutes active guinea-pig serum shows a greater opsonic effect than the antiserum.
The addition of active guinea-pig serum to optimal and suboptimal concentrations of the staphylococcic rabbit-antiserum prevents the latter from exerting its full opsonic activity so that the level of opsonization is found in the range of the effect of the added normal serum.
The addition of concentrated antiserum to active guinea-pig serum results in an inhibition of the fresh serum action and the prozone-effect of the antiserum becomes evident.
Studies on Chemical Nature and Standardization of Pollen-Antigen
Authors: Rockwell George E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been re-emphasized that the pollen-antigen is destroyed by alkalies and oxidation, but is not destroyed by acids. It has been shown that when concentrated HCl is added to ragweed-pollen-extract it combines with the antigen to form the hydrochloride which precipitates out. This reaction provides a means of separation and purification of the pollen-antigen. Analysis of this purified antigen, shows it to have a minimal molecular weight of 4453 as determined by its sulphur-content. It contains 36 nitrogen-groups, one SH group and is able to combine with 10 molecules of HCl. The pollen-antigen-molecule is pictured as containing 10 basic groups loosely combined with some other substance. This other substance is a hapten or a residue antigen. The purified pollen-antigen is levo-rotatory. An X-ray picture of the pollen-antigen hydrochloride indicates it to be a complex molecule. It is believed that the pollen-antigen is a polypeptide which contains a large per cent of the basic amino-acids (arginine, histidine, lysine). It is shown that 0.0022 microgram of pollen-antigen hydrochloride nitrogen equals 1 Noon unit and 0.0033 microgram equals 1 protein-nitrogen unit.
Studies on Antibody-Antigen Mixtures
Authors: Kulka Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method to investigate the effect of Ab-A mixtures on normal living isolated tissue has been described.
Normal living uterine tissue and intestinal strips respond to Ab-A mixtures with immediate histamine-like contractions. This reaction is apparently specific and produces a state of refractoriness which is specific.
The outcome of the reaction depends on a quantitative relationship between antibody and antigen and on another serum-factor which is probably complement.
Toxoids in Active Immunization Against Gas Gangrene
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The efficacy of active immunization of guinea pigs and human beings by the administration of plain and especially of alum-precipitated toxoids of Clostridium tetani has now been so well proven as to require no comment or review of the literature. Much less investigation, however, has been devoted to the problem of active immunization of the lower animals and human beings against the principal Clostridia of gas gangrene by their respective toxoids. If this were found safe and effective as immunization against tetanus, it might be possible to effectively immunize human beings simultaneously against tetanus and gangrene with a mixture of their respective toxoids and especially those, as soldiers and civilians, particularly exposed to the risks of accidents and infection of wounds. In this connection it may be stated, however, that the effectiveness of the sulfonamide compounds in the prevention of infection of war wounds, especially by the prompt topical application of sulfanilamide, has greatly lowered the incidence of infections due to the pyogenic microorganisms and of tetanus and gangrene as well.
Studies on the Stabilizing Diluent for Old Tuberculin
Authors: Gottschall R. Y. , Koppa T. M. , Tripp J. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Edematous reactions in the guinea pig after injection of a tuberculin-diluent containing borax-boric acid buffer, gum acacia and phenol are due to the phenol.
Sensitivity to gum acacia could not be demonstrated by the methods employed.
Of 1624 human subjects tested with the diluent, none showed reactions that did not disappear within 72 hours. The reactions that were elicited could not be interpreted as positive tuberculin-reactions.
The diluent does not cause a significantly greater number of reactions than does phenolized saline.
There is no appreciable difference between the kind or number of positive reactions when old tuberculin diluted in the stabilizing diluent is compared with tuberculin diluted in phenolized saline.
Electrophoresis of Normal Rabbit-Serum
Authors: Sharp D. G. , Taylor A. R. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic analysis has been made of 12 normal rabbit-sera by the moving-boundary-method of Tiselius. Mobility-measurements at pH 7.8, 0.2 ionic strength, and 1 C show coefficients of variation for the individual components somewhat less than the analogous findings with a similar series of normal human plasmas.
Composition of the sera is reported in terms of the respective areas under the various component-peaks of the refractive index-gradient-curves produced by the method of crossed slits. Gamma-globulin areas were subject to the greatest variation, the maximum being that between 13 and 29½ per cent of the total protein. The variation in amount of beta-globulin was of less magnitude, but in several instances the boundary split into 2 and possibly 3 parts which varied greatly in relative size from one experiment to the next.
The alpha-globulin of rabbit-serum moved only slightly slower than the albumin, and good separation was difficult to obtain, particularly in cases where the albumin-content was high. Separate area-measurements were possible in 3 cases where the alpha-globulin constituted 5.5, 7.5, and 7.9 per cent of the total protein.
The globulin-content of these 12 sera was about 10 per cent higher than that reported for another group of normal rabbits by Seibert (3). It is possible that such differences may be due to species-variation or to differences in diet. Nevertheless, the individual variations found here are much greater than this group-variation, emphasizing the difficulty of establishing a normal pattern.
A Study of Four Antigenic Components of Rabbits' Erythrocytes
Authors: Knopfmacher H. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Levine and Landsteiner (1) were the first to identify an isohemagglutinogen in rabbits, later called H1. A second agglutinogen of rabbits' red blood corpuscles was discovered by Fischer and Klinkhart (2), who were also able to demonstrate a two-receptor system (3). On the basis of the presence or absence of the antigens rabbits could be classified in any of the 4 blood groups O, H1, H2, and H1H2. More recent studies by Fischer (4) have disclosed the existence of 3 more hemagglutinogens, H3, H4, and H5.
Castle and Keeler (5) studied the inheritance of antigens H1 and H2 and found that they were transmitted by three allelomorphic genes, two of which (H1 and H2) appeared to be dominant over the third one (O).
On the basis of their isoimmunization experiments Levine and Landsteiner (6) postulated the presence of a great number of additional agglutinogens in rabbits' blood corpuscles.