bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous bending fatigue test of cantilever hinge for digital micromirror devices
Authors: Tong Xinlei , Xu Linyan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the fatigue life of cantilever-style hinges in digital micromirror devices (DMD), which are critical for their optical switching function. The hinges, which facilitate the rotation of reflective mirrors, are subjected to significant mechanical stress due to repetitive flexing, posing a risk of device failure. Prior to the main continuous bending fatigue test, a preliminary resonance-based fatigue experiment was conducted using microscopic laser Doppler vibrometry. The amplitude-frequency response of the cantilever-hinged micromirrors was measured, identifying a resonant frequency through Gaussian curve fitting. Operating at this resonant frequency, the micromirrors achieved stable performance more than 2×10¹⁰ oscillation cycles, with frequency stability throughout, affirming the reliability of the hinge structure under low-stress, high-cycle fatigue conditions. To further assess fatigue resistance, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was subsequently employed to conduct continuous bending fatigue tests, in which cyclic stress loading was applied to induce continuous bending in the cantilever hinges. Force-displacement curves obtained during the loading process were analyzed to determine the deflection and spring constants of the hinges at different stages of bending. Experimental results reveal that after 5×10⁵ continuous bending cycles, plastic deformation occurred in the hinges along the bending axis, with the end morphology of the hinge exhibiting a significant residual plastic deformation of 417.18 nm compared to its initial state. This research provides valuable insights into the high-stress, low-cycle fatigue behavior of nanoscale devices, contributing to the understanding and improvement of DMD reliability.&#xD;
Antiferromagnetic Skyrmion based Energy-Efficient Leaky Integrate and Fire Neuron Device
Authors: Bindal Namita , Rajib Md Mahadi , Raj Ravish Kumar , Atulasimha Jayasimha , Kaushik Brajesh Kumar 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The development of energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware using spintronic devices based on antiferromagnetic (AFM) skyrmion motion on nanotracks has gained considerable interest. Owing to their properties such as robustness against external magnetic fields, negligible stray fields, and zero net topological charge, AFM skyrmions follow straight trajectories that prevent their annihilation at nanoscale racetrack edges. This makes the AFM skyrmions a more favorable candidate over the ferromagnetic (FM) skyrmions for future spintronic applications. This work proposes an AFM skyrmion-based neuron device exhibiting the leaky-integrate-fire (LIF) functionality by exploiting either a thermal gradient or alternatively a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) gradient in the nanotrack for leaky behavior by moving the skyrmion in the hotter or lower PMA region, respectively to minimize the system energy. Furthermore, it is shown that the AFM skyrmion couples efficiently to the soft FM layer of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) enabling efficient read-out of the skyrmion. The maximum change of 9.2% in tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) is estimated while detecting the AFM skyrmion. Moreover, the proposed neuron device has an energy dissipation of 4.32 fJ per LIF operation thus, paving the path for developing energy-efficient devices in AFM spintronics for neuromorphic computing.
High-Yield Synthesis of FeNC as Support of PtFe Nanoparticles for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction by a Green Ball Milling Method
Authors: Jin Huihui , Jiang Nannan , Chen Yujia , Feng Zhijie , Cheng Haoying , Guan Lunhui 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Enhancing catalytic activity, durability and reducing costs are major challenges in commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Non-precious metal catalysts face durability challenges when applied to PEMFCs, while platinum (Pt)-based catalysts are hampered by their high costs and weak interactions with carbon supports, limiting their application in PEMFCs. Combining Pt-based catalysts with iron-nitrogen-carbon (FeNC) supports can improve the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. However, traditional preparation methods for FeNC supports, such as liquid-phase and hydrothermal synthesis, are cumbersome and have low yield. Here, we introduce a simple ball-milling method to synthesize FeNC with high yield that achieves a high-surface-area and uniform dispersion of Fe atoms. The FeNC support anchors PtFe nanoparticles at FeNₓ sites. This enhances support-alloy interactions and suppresses particle aggregation. The obtained catalyst denoted as PtFe/B-FeNC exhibits an exceptional mass activity of 2.57 A mgPt-1 at 0.9 V, representing a 12.2-fold increase compared to the commercial Pt/C. There is only 30 mV degradation for the catalyst after 120k cycles, indicating outstanding stability. This research paves the way for the green synthesis of PtFe/B-FeNC with high yield, facilitating the development of commercial materials for other electrochemical devices.
A review of ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductor radiation detector for high-energy particles and photons
Authors: Cheng Wenzheng , Zhao Feiyang , Zhang Tianyi , He Yongjie , Zhu Hao 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Radiation detectors have gained significant attention due to their extensive applications in high-energy physics, medical diagnostics, aerospace, and nuclear radiation protection. Advances in relevant technologies have made the drawbacks of traditional semiconductor detectors, including high leakage currents and instability, increasingly apparent. Ga₂O₃, diamond, and BN represent a new generation of semiconductor materials following GaN and SiC, offering wide bandgaps of around 5 eV. These ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors demonstrate excellent properties, including ultra-low dark current, high breakdown fields, and superior radiation tolerance, underscoring their promising potential in radiation detection. In this review, we first discuss the materials and electrical properties of Ga₂O₃, diamond, and BN, along with the general performance metrics relevant to radiation detectors. Subsequently, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress in X-ray detection, charged particle detection (e.g., α particles and carbon ions), as well as fast neutron and thermal neutron detection, focusing on aspects such as chip fabrication processes, device architectures, and testing results for radiation detectors based on these three materials.
The experiment that does not work: a discussion about the glass electrification in history and in physics textbooks
Authors: Silva Daniel dos Anjos , Rinaudo Marta , Leone Matteo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Since the beginnings of electricity research in the late XVI century, it was discovered that rubbing a glass object with a suitable substance causes this object to attract light bodies that are nearby. Over time, it was understood that glass is electrified by friction and the small bodies are electrified by induction at a distance. This simple experiment was later incorporated into the first electrostatic machines and soon became one of the classic electrostatic experiments in physics textbooks. In this article, we show that there may be more to this historical demonstration experiment than meets the eye, and that repeating this experiment in a school laboratory could be a terribly complicated affair.
Numerical Investigation on the Interaction between Droplets and Vacuum Arc Plasma Considering Ablation Cloud
Authors: Yang Ze , Lu wuxin , Cai Dongsheng , Huang Qi , Xing Yankai , Wang Lijun 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Droplets in vacuum arc can have significant influence on the plasma characteristics and be harmful to devices such as vacuum ion sources and vacuum interrupters. Especially for the droplets with a diameter of the order of magnitude of 100 μm, the plasma parameters can be significantly affected by the ablation cloud. However, this physical mechanism is still unclear due to the lack of self-consistent theoretical research. This study established a self-consistent model to simulate the interaction between droplets and vacuum arc plasma. Dynamic meshing is used to study droplet movement. The simulation results revealed that the ablation cloud of the droplet with a diameter of the order of magnitude of 100 μm can considerably affect vacuum arc parameters. An increase in the droplet temperature increases the droplet vapor density, which increases friction between the ablation cloud and the plasma from the cathode side. Therefore, the deceleration and temperature rise of the droplet decrease. With the increase of the initial droplet diameter, the ablation cloud area increases, which decreases the electron temperature. However, the droplet temperature and droplet velocity are not proportional to the droplet diameter, which indicates the critical role of ablation cloud.
An image encryption algorithm based on a novel 4D hyperchaotic system and improved Knight’s Tour scrambling algorithm
Authors: Deng Xuan , Chen Zhong , Long Bofeng , Liu Tongzhe , Wu Ximei , Zheng Zhiwen , Zou Shuanglong , Cao Can 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an advanced image encryption algorithm that integrates a novel 4D hyperchaotic system and an improved Knight’s Tour algorithm for enhanced security. The 4D hyperchaotic system, characterized by its complex dynamics and multiple positive Lyapunov exponents, generates pseudo-random sequences with high sensitivity to initial conditions. These sequences are utilized in both pixel-level scrambling and bit-level diffusion processes, ensuring robust encryption. The Knight’s Tour, a classical pathfinding algorithm, is enhanced through chaotic sequence-based randomization, improving path randomness and addressing traditional limitations like deadlock issues. Additionally, a nonlinear diffusion process, inspired by the Josephus ring algorithm, further strengthens the encryption scheme by introducing dynamic scrambling of pixel values. Security analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm offers a large key space, excellent resistance to cryptanalysis, and robustness against various attacks such as noise and cropping. Especially in image encryption, resistance to differential attacks is a crucial performance metric, typically evaluated using NPCR and UACI. The expected values are NPCRE = 99.6094% and UACIE = 33.4635%. The NPCR and UACI values obtained from the experimental images encrypted by the proposed algorithm are close to these expected values. This work highlights the potential of integrating hyperchaotic systems in image encryption for applications requiring high levels of security, such as military communications, cloud storage, and digital healthcare systems.
Resonant tunneling diode cellular neural network with memristor coupling and its application in police forensic digital image protection
Authors: Yu Fei , Su Dan , He Shaoqi , Wu Yiya , Zhang Shankou , Yin Huige 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Due to their biological interpretability, memristors are widely used to simulate synapses between artificial neural networks. As a type of neural network whose dynamic behavior can be explained, the coupling of resonant tunneling diode-based cellular neural network (RTD-CNN) with memristors has rarely been reported in the literature. Therefore, this paper designs a coupled RTD-CNN model with memristors (RTD-MCNN), investigating and analyzing the dynamic behavior of the RTD-MCNN. Based on this model, a simple encryption scheme for the protection of digital images in police forensic applications is proposed. The results show that the RTD-MCNN can have two positive Lyapunov exponents, and its output is influenced by initial values, exhibiting multistability. Furthermore, a set of amplitudes in its output sequence is affected by the internal parameters of the memristor, leading to nonlinear variations. Undoubtedly, the rich dynamic behaviors described above make the RTD-MCNN highly suitable for chaos-based encryption scheme design in the field of privacy protection. Encryption tests and security analysis validate the effectiveness of this scheme.
A Novel Non-autonomous Hyperchaotic Map Based on Discrete Memristor Parallel Connection
Authors: Wu Weiping , Wang Mengjiao , Yang Qigui 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Since the method of discretizing memristors was proposed, discrete memristors (DMs) have become a very important topic in recent years. However, there has been little research on non-autonomous discrete memristors (NDMs) and their applications. Therefore, in this paper, a new NDM is constructed, and a non-autonomous hyperchaotic map is proposed by connecting this non-autonomous memristor in parallel with an autonomous memristor. This map exhibits complex dynamical behaviors, including infinitely many fixed points, initial-boosted attractors, initial-boosted bifurcations, and the size of the attractors being controlled by the initial value. In addition, a simple pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) was designed using the non-autonomous hyperchaotic map, and the pseudo-random numbers (PRNs) generated by it were tested using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP800-22 test suite. Finally, the non-autonomous hyperchaotic map is implemented on the STM32 hardware experimental platform.
Analyzing students’ drawings of the greenhouse effect: common features associated to the understanding of the phenomenon
Authors: Fiorello Camilla , Di Mauro Marco , Malgieri Massimiliano , Rosi Tommaso , Toffaletti Stefano , Onorato Pasquale , Oss Stefano 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper studies the use of students’ drawings to investigate their conceptualizations of the physical mechanisms underlying the greenhouse effect at various levels of education. As a method of investigation, grids were created to investigate key elements of students’ drawings to understand their mental models. The results show a lack of clear distinction between atmosphere and greenhouse gases in a significant portion of the drawings, highlighting common challenges in conceptualization. It is also noted that students’ representations are influenced by external sources, suggesting that the analysis should be extended to textbooks and online content. This study demonstrates, therefore, how students’ drawings can be used as qualitative tools to explore their mental models of greenhouse effect.
Teaching physics through astronomy in secondary school: the Asiago Teachers’ Network on Astrophysics
Authors: Carli Marta , Mattia Leonardi Allesio , Ciroi Stefano , Pantano Ornella 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present the development and outcomes of the ATENA – Asiago Teachers’ Network on Astrophysics project. The initiative encompassed a professional development program and learning community for physics teachers, grounded in authentic collaboration and action research. The group’s collective inquiry centred on the integration of Astronomy into the secondary school curriculum, with the goal of fostering a comprehensive understanding of the physics of the Universe. Four physics topics spanning various grades were selected, and teaching-learning sequences informed by Physics and Astronomy Education Research were collaboratively developed by participants. Here, we present the development of the professional development program and highlight the main elements of three out of the four teaching-learning sequences. These results aim to support physics educators in incorporating astronomy into their physics teaching.
Awakening a sense of belonging to the professional community among pre-service physics teachers
Authors: Haverlíková Viera , Velmovská Klára 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The shortage of physics teachers is nowadays reality in many countries. It leads to the need for changes in pre-service teacher education. To support professional identity and building a professional community, a new experiential camp is offered to pre-service teachers. The contribution presents initial research focused on identifying students’ expectations, relevance of content and applied methods, as well as on satisfaction of participants. Building a sense of belonging to the professional community is a long-term process, nevertheless first effect was observed.
Fostering pre-service physics teachers’ diagnostic skills and readiness through video vignettes and micro-teaching sessions: An exploratory single-case study
Authors: Krumphals Ingrid , Sebastian Feser Markus 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A primary duty for physics teachers is to provide students with opportunities to engage in subject-specific learning processes. Such processes are always accompanied by students’ (mis)conceptions. Consequently, diagnosing students’ conceptions is a daily, essential, and challenging task for physics teachers. Prospective physics teachers should, therefore, receive appropriate preparation regarding this task during their university-based teacher education. To meet this requirement, we developed a course for Austrian pre-service physics teachers that incorporates the usage of video vignettes and micro-teaching sessions as learning arrangements to enhance participants’ diagnostic skills. Within the present study, we followed a single case study design to explore if and to which extent the self-confidence in diagnosing students’ conceptions of pre-service physics teachers who participated in this course changed over time. Our data analysis revealed mixed findings, as our participants showed increases, decreases, and U-shaped change-patterns regarding their self-confidence in diagnosing students’ conceptions. These findings indicate that participating in our developed course may have highly diverging effects on different pre-service physics teachers.
Research on the Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission in Shaanxi Province Based on the STIRPAT Model
Authors: Wu Mengying , Hou Ke , Ma Wenqing 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
To proactively address the growing environmental challenge of global warming, China has set an ambitious goal of achieving a carbon peak by 2030. As a significant contributor to China’s energy output, the carbon emissions produced in Shaanxi Province are of paramount importance in achieving the country’s overarching objective. By examining the factors that contribute to carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province, providing a scientific foundation for the development of low-carbon economic growth strategies is provided in this paper. Previously, hypothesis analysis based on linear relationships was employed in environmental impact assessment, which has been identified as having shortcomings, including issues with multiple covariance and insufficient model interpretation. A comparison is made between the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) model and existing methods. The STIRPAT model offers greater flexibility, scalability, and the capacity to handle nonlinear relationships. When combined with ridge regression, it can also address the issue of multicollinearity and enhance the stability and reliability of the model. The STIRPAT model is particularly well-suited to the study of carbon emission influencing factors in Shaanxi Province, as it allows for the incorporation of several key factors, including population, affluence, and technology. The results of the empirical analysis show that GDP (Gross Domestic Product), urbanization level, population size, industrial structure and technological progress are the main factors affecting carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province, and it is also proved that the model has a very high accuracy, with an R2 value of 0.961, and can accurately fit the carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province. Among them, technological progress is the most crucial factor affecting carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province, and every one percent increase in the level of technological progress reduces carbon emissions by 0.268 per cent while other factors remain unchanged, so the rapid development of renewable energy technologies, such as solar energy, wind energy and hydropower, and the application of new low-carbon materials, such as bio-based materials and biodegradable polymer materials, should be actively promoted.
Calculation of the critical bound-continuum limit of the one-electron atoms interacting with the generalised exponential cosine screened potential using scattering formalism
Authors: Ghosh Santu , Das Biswajit , Das Netai , Ghoshal Arijit 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The critical values of the screening parameters (β and θ) of the generalised exponential cosine screened potential (GECSCP), characterising the critical bound-continuum limit of the one-electron atoms interacting with this potential, have been calculated accurately by exploring the scattering state solution of the corresponding Schrodinger equation at the zero-energy. It is shown that the scattering length (SL) corresponding to an attractive potential becomes singular and the zero-energy resonance occurs when the potential loses the ability of supporting any bound state. More generally, when the potential loses the ability of holding a particular s bound state, the SL becomes singular. In order to obtain the SL, correct up to the twelfth decimal place, for the attractive GECSCP as a function of β and θ, the corresponding Schrodinger equation is solved numerically within the framework of the Numerov method containing an error of order 0.1 × 10-16. The quantitative and qualitative natures of the SL are then analysed in detail to obtain the accurate critical values of the screening parameters that correspond to the singularities of the SL. Special emphasis is given to study the critical behaviour of the cosine Coulomb potential. Our present results for the critical bound-continuum limit are in nice agreement with the hitherto established results.&#xD;
Study of the settling and interactions of a pair of two-dimensional bottom-heavy squirmers in a vertical channel
Authors: Qi Ting ting , Lin Jianzhong , Ouyang Zhenyu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, the squirmer model with a prescribed tangential velocity is used as a model for swimming microorganisms where its geometric center is offset from the center of mass (bottom-heavy). The settling behavior and interactions of two bottom-heavy squirmers in a vertical channel are simulated numerically under low Reynolds number. Five settling modes, i.e., stable vertical settling, stable inclined settling, wall-attracting oscillatory, oscillatory, and chaotic motion are identified. In addition to the swimming Reynolds number Res (0.1-1.0), density ratio &gamma; (1.1-2.1), and swimming strength &beta; (-7-7), another bottom-heavy parameter ER (the ratio of the distance from the center of mass to the geometric center relative to the radius, in the range of 0-0.75a0) is introduced. The effects of these parameters on the settling modes of bottom-heavy squirmers, terminal Reynolds number Ret, and interactions of the two bottom-heavy squirmers are discussed. The results showed that a pair of neutral bottom-heavy squirmers more easily achieved a stable structure at the channel center. In contrast, a pair of bottom-heavy pushers were more likely to be captured by the channel walls, leading to a stable structure near the walls. The stable symmetric structure of a pair of bottom-heavy pullers was disturbed, resulting in turbulence. Increasing the swimming strength &beta; accelerates the settling of a pair of pushers. For different ER, the settling speed of two bottom-heavy pushers is greater than that of two bottom-heavy pullers. Additionally, the difference in settling speed between two bottom-heavy squirmers becomes more pronounced with an increase in Res. As &gamma; increases, the settling behavior of bottom-heavy squirmers with high &beta; differs from that of those with low &beta;. Moreover, Ret of a pair of pushers gradually approaches that of neutral bottom-heavy squirmers.