bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterial Rna Preparations and Synthetic Polynucleotides for Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Purified Protein Derivative in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Casavant Conrad H. , Youmans Guy P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The adjuvant activity of mycobacterial RNA and synthetic polynucleotides for the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to PPD was determined. It was shown that when mycobacterial RNA or synthetic polynucleotides are injected together with purified protein derivative (PPD), delayed hypersensitivity to PPD developed as compared to no detectable delayed response when PPD was administered alone without adjuvant into guinea pigs. Four different criteria were employed to detect delayed hypersensitivity responses. These were the time, appearance, and magnitude of dermal reactions, histologic examination of dermal sections, passive transfer of sensitivity with sensitized spleen cells and the elaboration of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by sensitized spleen cells.
When synthetic polynucleotides were used as adjuvants and were injected into guinea pigs in combination with PPD, dermal reactions as well as MIF assays gave evidence that these animals exhibited delayed-type hypersensitivity. Poly U alone exhibited adjuvant activity for induction of delayed hypersensitivity to PPD. Trypsin and pronase treatment did not affect the adjuvant activity of mycobacterial RNA whereas KOH treatment completely abolished any adjuvant effect, suggesting that ribosomal protein did not contribute to the adjuvant characteristics of mycobacterial RNA. Titration experiments indicated that the adjuvant activity of mycobacterial RNA was greater than that of poly A:U.
The Plaque Cytogram Assay
Authors: Thornthwaite Jerry T. , Leif Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The plaque cytogram assay has been combined with pH 6.8, linear bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients to demonstrate the correlation between the morphology and buoyant density of immunocompetent cells. Ten types of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and four types of plaques have been identified and enriched in the density gradients. Reproducible density profiles of mouse erythrocytes, lymphoid cells, and PFC have been obtained with BSA gradients.
The density peak for mouse erythrocytes was about 1.080 g/ml, while the lymphoid cell density profile had several peaks with a maximum concentration at 1.064 g/ml. Three distinct peaks or shoulders were found in the density profile of hemolytic PFC.
Most of the density distributions of the individual morphologic classes of PFC were considerably narrower than that of the entire PFC distribution and were discrete from each other. The combined result that the PFC could be subdivided by morphology and density, and that the two phenomena were correlated establishes that the PFC are truly a heterogeneous population. Whether this heterogeneity is due to different stages in development or due to the existence of differing classes of cells will have to await future experimentation.
Studies on the Mechanism of Stimulation of the Humoral Response of Murine Spleen Cultures by Culture Fluids from Human Monocytes
Authors: Wood David D. , Cameron Patricia M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that media derived from cultures of human monocytes can stimulate the IgM and IgG anti-sheep erythrocyte response of normal or T celldeficient murine splenocytes in vitro. This culture fluid also causes a slight stimulation in the rate of B cell division and in the number of antibody-secreting cells occurring in the absence of added antigen. The active factors, which are released from the monocytes during the first 2 days of culture, appear to affect the murine B cells throughout the culture period.
Application of the Paired Label Radioantibody Technique to Detection and Subtyping of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Imai Mitsunobu , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for the detection and subtyping, in regard to w and r specificities, of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg). The binding of monospecific rabbit antibodies directed to either w or r determinant, labeled with 131I and 125I, respectively, by HBsAg was determined in the same experiment, taking advantage of the fact that these specificities are in general, expressed mutually exclusively. HBsAg in the test sample were bound to solid phase guinea pig anti-HBsAg antibody tube before the test.
The ratio of percentage uptake of 125I anti-r to that of 131I anti-w for 28 normal sera without antigen was 0.96 0.18. The ratio for seven sera containing HBsAg with w determinant was less than 0.1, and that for 34 with r determinant was more than 10; 100-fold difference was noted between values of w and r antigens.
Migration Inhibitory Activity in Serum and Cell Supernatants in Patients with Sezary Syndrome
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Edelson Richard , Cohen Stanley , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The abnormal lymphocytes from patients with the Sezary syndrome produce macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIF) both in vitro and in vivo. Five of six individuals studied had significant serum MIF activity and one had borderline activity. In contrast, in this study 47 normal individuals and 9 of 10 patients with extensive skin disease other than that of the Sezary syndrome had no such activity. Since the neoplastic T cells in patients with the Sezary syndrome localize in the skin, their production of chemical mediators in that site may be responsible for the generalized exfoliative erythroderma seen in that disease.
Inhibition by ɛ-Aminocaproic Acid of the Activation of the First Component of the Complement System
Authors: Soter Nicholas A. , Austen K. Frank , Gigli Irma 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of EACA on C1 in whole human serum and on C1 and C1̄ as isolated molecules was assessed hemolytically. There was selective inhibition of C1 without effect on the levels of C4, C2, C3, and C9 in whole human serum that was reversed by dialysis. EACA was found to inhibit the intrinsic activation of C1 without inhibiting the already active molecule. This was confirmed by the capacity of trypsin to uncover C1 activity in cellular intermediates formed by C1 treated with EACA that did not evolve in the absence of this extrinsic activating mechanism. Inasmuch as the trypsin-dependent recovery of C1 was incomplete, an effect on binding cannot be excluded.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response to the H-2 Associated Slp Alloantigen in the Mouse
Authors: Passmore Howard C. , Hansen Ted H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A survey of sixteen standard inbred and congenic resistant strains of mice reveals that the ability to mount an immune response to the Slp allotype is associated with the H-2 type of the recipient. Strains carrying the H-2r, H-2k, and H-2q haplotypes are able to produce specific antibody whereas strains of the H-2b haplotype are non-responders. Analysis of F1-hybrids and four informative intra-H-2-recombinants demonstrates that the ability to respond to the Slp allotype is controlled by a dominant gene associated with the K end of the H-2 complex.
Control of J Chain Biosynthesis in Relation to Heavy and Light Chain Synthesis, Polymerization and Secretion
Authors: Kaji Hideko , Parkhouse R. M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse myeloma tumors and some variants derived from them were labeled in vitro with tritiated leucine and the radioactive J chain was assayed in cell lysates by precipitation with an antiserum specific for mouse J chain. The major findings were: 1) J chain can be found in an IgG2b-secreting cells (MPC-11). These data, together with previous findings suggest that cells secreting all classes of IgG synthesize J chain, even though there is no apparent requirement for J chain in assembly of the IgG molecule. Hence production of J chain does not depend upon secretion of a polymeric immunoglobulin. 2) Intracellular J chain can be found in myeloma variants that do not produce heavy chains showing that production of J chain may not coordinately be linked to the synthesis of heavy chain. 3) J chain was found in cells synthesizing, but not secreting, immunoglobulin. Thus production of J chain is not linked to secretion of immunoglobulin. 4) J chain could not be detected in plasma cells that do not produce immunoglobulins. It was also not found in mouse leukemic cells, suggesting that production of J chain is probably linked in some way to immunoglobulin production.
Humoral Immunity in Rodent Malaria
Authors: Diggs Carter L. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum which protects rats against Plasmodium berghei infections fails to sensitize parasitized erythrocytes in vitro for in vivo destruction. Further, the efflux of 86Rb from parasitized erythrocytes in the presence of complement is not accelerated. On administration to animals with preexisting malaria, it does, however, produce a relatively slow decline in parasitemia, a phenomenon interpreted in terms of the gradual production and/or release of reactive antigenic determinants associated with maturation of the parasites. Protective activity is elaborated in the serum of animals during the development of parasitemia, thus creating a situation in which there is apparently the coincident presence of antibody and its putative antigen in the circulation. Little absorption of protective activity by parasitized cells or parasites was observed in vitro. However, in vivo removal of the protective activity during an ongoing infection could be demonstrated. These observations favor the notion that protective antibody exerts its influence not on the bulk of the parasitized erythrocytes, but rather on some subpopulation thereof. The cumulative evidence of this and other studies suggests that the stage(s) involved are the schizonts and/or merozoites.
In Vitro Studies on Allotype Suppression
Authors: Adler Louise T. , Fishman Marvin , Adler Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The regulatory effects of rabbit antibodies specific for light chain determinants (b locus) on the formation of rabbit serum immunoglobulins have been studied in an in vitro system which measures the response of unprimed rabbit spleen cells to solubilized T2 phage antigen. Treatment of spleen cells from b4b4 rabbits with anti-b4 serum, which was either incorporated into the culture medium or employed in appropriate pulse treatment of the cells before culture, prevented the formation of T2 neutralizing antibodies by such cells. Spleen cells of heterozygous (b4b5) rabbits formed anti-T2 antibodies which could be shown to be divided between the b4 and b5 specificities. Incorporation of anti-b4 or anti-b5 serum into the culture medium suppressed the specific anti-T2 response and, except in the instances noted in the text, did not significantly change the level of T2 neutralizing antibodies marked with the alternate allelic determinant. These findings are discussed in the light of the compensatory formation of an alternate immunoglobulin type which occurs during allotype suppression in vivo.
Lysis of Tumor Cells by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two antigenically distinct diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig hepatoma cell lines, line-1 and line-10, sensitized with rabbit anti-Forssman or with tumor-specific antibody, were more susceptible to killing by human complement (HuC) than by guinea pig complement (GPC). This difference could not be ascribed to differences in the amount of C1, C4, and C3 fixed: millions of C4 and hundreds of thousands of C3 were detected on cells whether they were killed or not killed by the C sources. Tumor cells sensitized with anti-Forssman IgM antibody generally had more GP C4 and C3 than Hu C4 and C3 bound to their surfaces. Cells sensitized with anti-tumor antibody generally had more Hu C4 and C3 than GP C4 and C3 bound to their surfaces.
The resistance to killing of nucleated cells by antibody and C may be due in part to intrinsic properties of the cell.
Normal Function of Immunologic Stem Cells from Aged Mice
Authors: Harrison David E. , Doubleday John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Marrow or spleen grafts from aged donor mice produced antibody-forming cells as effectively as did grafts from younger controls in recipients tested 3 to 10 months after the transplantation. All recipients were lethally irradiated, and the T6 chromosome marker was used to demonstrate that they were populated by donor cell lines.
Recipients of aged or younger control grafts gave similar responses when stimulated with varying doses of antigen and when tested at different times after the transplantation except in two cases: 1) Recipients of aged spleen grafts gave significantly lower responses than younger controls for the first few weeks after the transplantation. 2) If recipients had been thymectomized before lethal irradiation, aged cell lines (pooled marrow and spleen cells) gave only 37% of the responses of younger controls.
Given sufficient time and intact young recipients, immunologic stem cell lines from old donors populated recipients with cells having normal immune responses. These results suggest that age-related immunologic defects are not intrinsically timed in the precursor cell lines that populate the immune system.
Functional Heterogeneity Among the T-Derived Lymphocytes of the Mouse
Authors: Burns F. Dorr , Marrack Philippa C. , Kappler John W. , Janeway Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When spleen cells are cultured for 4 days in the presence of fetal bovine serum, T-cells are generated which nonspecifically suppress the humoral responses of non-precultured cells to a variety of antigens. These T cells can be generated from both short-lived, sessile T1 cells and long-lived, recirculating T2 cells, and thus appear similar to suppressor T cells activated by concanavalin A.
Cellular Cooperation During in Vivo Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses
Authors: Janeway Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cellular interactions in adoptive secondary anti-hapten antibody responses to the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) have been studied. It was shown that DNP-specific B cells must interact with carrier specific helper T cells to give optimal responses. Independent titration of B cell and helper cell activity in adoptive anti-DNP antibody responses gave the following results: Doubling the number of transferred B cells approximately doubled the subsequent antibody response. Doubling the number of helper cells leads to nearly 4 times as much anti-DNP antibody, measured 7 days after boosting (“premium effect”). This marked effect of helper cell number on the antibody response is thought to be due primarily to the interaction of two populations of carrier-specific cells in the helper effect, or to the interaction of two activities of a single population of helper cells, namely clone activation and clone expansion. Only a very small proportion of the premium effect given by helper cells could be attributed to increases in antibody affinity.
Cellular Cooperation During in Vivo Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses
Authors: Janeway Charles A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An adoptive secondary anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody response involving T-B cell collaboration has been studied. In particular, attempts have been made to affect the unexpectedly steep log dose-response curve obtained when graded numbers of helper cells are transferred to irradiated recipients given a fixed number of B cells (premium effect). A variety of means were used to alter helper cell activity, and this activity was then measured quantitatively, as was the ability of the helper cells present after these treatments to give a premium effect. It was shown that activated T cells are approximately twice as active as spleen cells in helper activity and give a comparable premium effect. Graded doses of anti-θ serum plus complement markedly reduce the helper activity of spleen cells without affecting the premium effect given by the residual cells. Treatment of primed cell donors with limited doses of heterologous anti-mouse thymocyte serum (ATS) before transfer does not affect B cell activity, but readily inactivates helper cells, again without affecting the premium effect given by the residual cells. Adult thymectomy (ATx) of helper cell donors before priming with carrier led initially to increased helper activity relative to agematched control donors. This increase may reflect the loss of nonspecific suppressor T cells from spleens shortly after ATx. Late after ATx, there was about a 2-fold decrease in helper activity, probably reflecting a loss of helper cell precursors. At no time was there any change in the premium effect.
In view of the failure of any of the techniques used to abolish the premium effect given by helper cells in this response, it seems likely that this premium effect is due to the cooperative interaction of two very similar types of mature T cell. Alternatively, the premium effect observed here may result from the interaction of two activities of a single type of T cell which is mediated by independent factors.
Changes in the Immunochemical Properties of Highly Purified Properdin in Human Serum
Authors: Minta Joe Oduro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fate of highly purified properdin (P̄) upon introduction into normal human serum or properdin-depleted serum (RP) was investigated. It was observed that, concomitant with the activation of the alternate pathway components, properdin underwent immunochemical alterations characterized by a shift in mobility from γ2 to β2 position and by an increase in the sedimentation rate from 5.1S to between 6.8 and 9.3S. The immunoelectrophoretic behavior of C3 was also altered with the appearance of a β2 arc in addition to the β1c arc. The immunochemical properties of altered P̄ resemble those of “native” properdin in fresh serum. The principle in serum (designated factor F) mediating these changes is a euglobulin with an approximate sedimentation rate and molecular weight of 9.0S and 250,000 daltons, respectively. The alteration in the immunochemical properties of P̄ may be due to aggregation of P̄ molecules or a complex formation between P̄ and a serum euglobulin (probably C3) mediated by factor F and it is associated with loss of ability of P to initiate the alternate pathway of complement activation upon interaction with serum.
Antibodies to Thymocytes in Sera of Normal Controls and of Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Singal D. P. , Grof P. , MacCrimmon D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera from normal healthy individuals and from patients with schizophrenia were tested for cytotoxic antibodies against thymic antigens located on thymocytes. It was found that the sera from schizophrenics do not show higher cytotoxicity to mouse and rabbit thymocytes than the sera from normal controls. Furthermore, absorption of sera with adult mouse thymocytes and brain failed to show any difference between the sera from these two groups of subjects.
Spontaneous Modulation of Granulomatous Hypersensitivity in Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Authors: Boros D. L. , Pelley R. P. , Warren K. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous diminution of granuloma formation around schistosome eggs in chronic schistosomiasis mansoni has been demonstrated previously. In the present study these findings were confirmed by injecting schistosome eggs into the pulmonary microvasculature and removing the lungs 8 days later from mice infected for 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks; the mean area of inflammation around the eggs was then measured. At 4 weeks a primary reaction was seen, by 8 weeks a massive secondary reaction occurred, but by 12 weeks the lesion was considerably reduced in size, and at 20 weeks it was smaller than the primary reaction. Concomitant measurements of humoral hemagglutinins to soluble egg antigens (SEA) revealed no detectable antibodies at 4 and 6 weeks, relatively low levels at 8 weeks, and an exponential increase in hemagglutinins at 12 weeks and beyond. Immunodiffusion analysis revealed no precipitins at 8 weeks, 1 major band and 2 minor bands at 12 and 16 weeks, and 2 major bands and 1 minor band at 20 weeks. Spleen cells from 8-week-infected mice showed peak migration inhibitory factor (MIF) output at a concentration of 1 µg/ml of soluble egg antigens and suppression of lymphokine secretion at higher concentrations. At 12 and 16 weeks, exponentially lower antigen concentrations both stimulated and suppressed peak MIF output; at 20 weeks MIF was not detectable after stimulation over a wide range of antigen concentrations. Delayed footpad swelling to SEA reached its peak at 10 weeks and declined thereafter, but the response to PPD in tuberculin-sensitized schistosome infected mice remained constant over the period of time studied.
Fractionation and Characterization of Surface Antigens from Group a Neisseria Meningitidis
Authors: Cheng William C. , Webb Elsie , Vedros Neylan , Ng James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Group A meningococcal surface components were first subjected to fractionation with a mixture of chloroform-methanol. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the aqueous phase containing 30 to 40% of the original material revealed only two polypeptide components and a slowly migrating carbohydrate component. The soluble fraction of the interphase was found to contain most of the bacterial surface proteins and the chloroform-methanol phase essentially all of the lipid components. The components of the aqueous phase were further fractionated by use of the hydrophobic affinity column, 4-phenylbutylamino-Sepharose and gradient elution with NaCl to yield fractions I and II. Fraction II was further separated into a minor and a major component (IIb) with Sephadex G-200.
Fraction I contained the group A polysaccharide in ionic linkages with a minor polypeptide component (6%). It elicited bactericidal antibodies in rabbits and protected mice against homologous challenge, whereas the polysaccharide alone was non-immunogenic in these animals. Fraction IIb was a polysaccharide-polypeptide complex with unknown linkages; it induced a low concentration of rabbit antibodies that were bactericidal to group A and C meningococci. Mice vaccinated with fraction IIb were most resistant to homologous challenge and the resistance was also extended to challenges with group B and C cells. Fractions I and IIb appeared to be useful alternatives to the currently employed group-specific polysaccharide vaccines for the protection against drug-resistant meningococci. A simplified procedure for the preparation of group-specific polysaccharide was presented.
Quantitative and Immunologic Aspects of the Handling of 2,4 Dinitrophenyl Guinea Pig Albumin by Macrophages
Authors: Ellner Jerrold J. , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies correlating quantitative aspects of the handling of dinitrophenyl guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA) by guinea pig macrophages with the potential of cell-associated antigen to initiate proliferation of immune T lymphocytes have examined the nature of immunologically relevant antigen. After the loss of 75% of cell-bound DNP-GPA during the first 24 hr of in vitro culture, the remaining antigen persists qualitatively unchanged throughout further culture. However, coincident immunogenicity of the macrophage-associated DNP-GPA progressively decreases, suggesting loss of accessibility of the antigen to responding immune lymphocytes. There is a small, stable, surface antigen pool but these studies suggest that the immunologically critical fraction of DNP-GPA, as regards guinea pig T cell activation, is resistant to trypsinization and inaccessible to antibody.