bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clearance of Antigen Antibody Complexes from the Blood by the Reticulo-Endothelial System
Authors: Benacerraf B. , Sebestyen M. , Cooper N. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble complexes of antigens with rabbit antibody interfere by a phenomenon of competition with the phagocytosis of carbon particles by the reticuloendothelial system, when injected intravenously into mice and rabbits. Evidence is presented that at least the larger soluble antigen-antibody aggregates are phagocytized by the Kupffer cells of the liver.
The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the localization of antigen-antibody complexes in the sites of pathologic lesions of serum sickness.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity of sugars of known structure to inhibit precipitation of type XIV antibody from two different samples of horse antiserum by blood group substances and their P1 fractions was assayed by the quantitative inhibition technique. Of the compounds tested, the β-galactosides, galactosyl 1 → 4 β-N-acetylglucosamine, galactosyl 1 → 3 β-N-acetylglucosamine and lactose were found on a molar basis to be the most potent inhibitors of precipitation by intact and mild acid treated preparations.
The relative inhibitory capacity of β-galactosides was found to vary with the particular sample of horse anti-XIV employed and in addition varied for individual preparations when tested with the same antiserum. Inhibition findings do not permit a definitive conclusion regarding the linkage of terminal galactosyl substituents conferring type XIV cross reactivity to blood group substances.
The liberation of greater amounts of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine from the P1 fraction by enzymatic treatment together with the increased potency of galactose over N-acetylglucosamine in inhibiting the cross reaction, suggests that the increased type XIV reactivity of the P1 fraction results from exposure of additional terminal β-galactosyl rather than N-acetylglucosamine end groups.
Evidence that B P1 and type XIV cross reactive sites are conferred by different kinds of galactosyl groupings on the B substance was obtained from quantitative precipitin data showing the capacity to precipitate anti-B P1 to be independent of type XIV cross reactivity. Moreover, while enzymes of Clostridium tertium destroy type XIV reactivity they leave B P1 reactivity intact.
The Immunologic Competence of Chickens' Skin
Authors: Billingham R. E. , Silvers Willys K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that when grafts of adult chickens' skin are transplanted to the chorioallantoic membranes of 9-10-day-old chick embryos they heal in soundly, become vascularized and evoke a characteristic cellular response in the underlying extraembryonic mesenchymal tissue of their host. These grafts also bring about enlargement of, and certain lesions in, the hosts' spleens. It is argued that these changes are the result of an immunologic reaction on the part of certain cellular ingredients present in the skin grafts against the foreign cellular “transplantation” antigens of the embryonic hosts. Experiments involving the use of exsanguinated and perfused donors, and determinations of the minimal amount of whole blood required to produce lesions in the hosts' spleens, have shown that the immunologic competence of chickens's kin cannot simply be ascribed to the activity of certain leukocytic ingredients of the blood in its vessels, but must be regarded as residing mainly, if not entirely, in fixed cells of the skin which are almost certainly lymphocytes.
Starch-Gel Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Poulik M. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An immunoelectrophoretic method based upon one-dimensional and two-dimensional zone electrophoresis is described in detail. A discontinuous system of buffers was used in order to increase the resolving power of the starch-gel electrophoresis and to increase the sensitivity of the antigen-antibody reactions in agar gel. Results obtained with two-dimensional zone immunoelectrophoresis include a) demonstration of several “albumin like” proteins in a nephrotic serum and b) localization of an acidic α-1-glycoprotein (orosomucoid) in urine. Results obtained with the one-dimensional technique demonstrate a) immunologic specificity of crystalline transferrin (β-1-globulin) after interaction with diphtheria toxin and b) heterogeneity of crystalline diphtheria toxin and highly purified tetanus toxoid. Differences between the method of Grabar and Williams and the methods described are fully discussed.
The Reversibility of the Reaction between Rabbit Antibody and Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous publication, (1) the reaction between tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and rabbit antiserum was analyzed with the underlying assumption that the combination of virus and antibody was essentially irreversible. Although the data were compatible with this assumption and the subsequent hypothesis advanced, it was pointed out that they were also in harmony with the alternative concept of a reversible reaction. Additional evidence has now been obtained supporting the latter notion of a reversible TMV-antibody reaction. This communication will present the evidence suggesting reversibility and indicate that the reaction approaches an equilibrium state soon after the reagents are mixed.
The difficulty in demonstrating an equilibrium between virus and antibody resides chiefly in the large size of the virus particle. Where size is not a problem, as with haptens, for example, competition experiments, studies employing equilibrium dialysis, or light scattering techniques, have yielded much quantitative data in support of an equilibrium hypothesis (2–5).
Studies on Immune Factors Occurring in Sera of Chickens Against the Crithidia Stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi
Authors: Warren Lionel G. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown by immunologic methods that fowl sera contain at least two factors against the crithidia of Trypanosoma cruzi: a heat-stable factor which is in all probability a strongly agglutinating and sensitizing antibody, and a heat labile factor which is probably complement. The antibody was present in the sera of all mature normal birds tested, it was transmitted to the yolk and thence to the blood of the embryo, greatly reduced or lost after hatching and regained upon immunologic maturation. Birds hatched and reared under germ-free conditions had the antibody in their sera until shortly after hatching; however, after losing it, it did not reappear. The heat labile, lytic factor was present in the sera of birds regardless of environmental influence. It is concluded that the agglutinating factor (antibody) is due to response to a cross reacting antigen possibly present in a common contaminant of fowls.
Effects of Cysteine and Acetic Anhydride on the Antigenic and Catalytic Sites of Dog Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Schlamowitz Max 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of alkaline phosphatase(s) from dog intestine with cysteine causes the complete destruction of its enzymatic activity without impairing its ability to combine with and be precipitated by its antiserum. Treatment of the enzyme with acetic anhydride, although leaving its catalytic properties largely intact, destroys the ability of the enzyme to be precipitated by antiserum. However, combination with antibody, in the form of soluble complexes still takes place. These complexes are precipitated upon the addition of horse antirabbit γ-globulin antibodies. The relation of these observations to the chemical nature of the catalytic and antigenic sites of alkaline phosphatase is discussed.
Measles Antibodies in the Population of New Haven, Connecticut
Authors: Black Francis L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Measles CF and neutralizing antibody titers have been determined in approximately 300 serum specimens collected in the New Haven area. Antibodies were found in nearly all specimens from children with a history of measles and also, with a lower average titer, in 31% of children with negative histories.
Most specimens collected at birth contained antibodies. The proportion positive fell to a low point in the 1–4 year old group and then rose rapidly in the school age groups reaching more than 90% in the 8–9 year olds. This pattern of antibody development followed closely the age specific attack rate for reported cases. In children from whom histories were available no correlation was found between antibody titer and the length of time since the serum donor had had measles.
All adult age groups included 3–13% of individuals whose specimens gave negative reactions. The fraction of negative reactions did not change appreciably with increasing age but there was a gradual decrease in average titer in the adult age span.
The rate of antibody development was strongly influenced in preschool population groups by family size, but no relationship could be demonstrated between antibodies and class of housing.
An Immunochemical Study of Streptococcal Diphosphopyridine Nucleotidase
Authors: Pace M. Geraldine , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for concentrating DPNase from streptococcal cultures has been described. A high degree of purification of the enzyme was achieved by absorption on alumina gel, elution at alkaline pH followed by salt fractionation and finally by continuous flow curtain electrophoresis. Immunochemical studies of DPNase-anti-DPNase system were carried out using the purified enzyme and a globulin fraction prepared from rabbit antiserum.
Immune Degradation in Passively Sensitized Mice
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Wolins W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Whole-body counting was used to study the degradation of I131-labeled antigen in passively sensitized mice. In passively sensitized mice, antigen is degraded at an accelerated rate. ADAR (antigen degraded at the accelerated rate) is the difference at any time (t) between the residual antigen in the passively sensitized mouse and in normal mice expressed as a per cent of residual antigen in the normal. 97–99% of the antigen was degraded at an accelerated rate in mice injected with antigen-antibody ratios that correspond to equivalence or antibody excess in vitro. Antigen is degraded at an accelerated rate in mice injected with ratios of antigen to antibody that are in antigen excess in vitro, and are associated with little or no precipitation. The ADAR is inversely related to the amount of antigen used if the amount of antibody is held constant and if the antigen-antibody ratios are in antigen excess in vitro. In mice injected with antigen-antibody ratios which are in antigen excess in vitro, the amount of antigen degraded at the accelerated rate is estimated to be greater than the amount precipitated at equivalence. The accelerated degradation of the antigen in passively sensitized mice is completed 6–10 hr after the antigen is injected, and the half time of the accelerated degradation is independent of the antigen-antibody ratios used. The ADAR (determined at 24 hr) is a function of the amount of antibody used when the amount of antigen injected is held constant.
Gel Diffusion Studies of Cross Reacting Antibody
Authors: Jennings Robert K. , Yeatman John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reaction of partial identity provides an opportunity to study simultaneously the properties of precipitates formed by homologous antigen combined with strictly specific antibody alone, by heterologous antigen combined with cross reacting antibody alone, and by homologous antigen combined with both forms of antibody. Following removal of soluble material from the agar, the relative solubilities of the component part of the pattern may be examined by permitting excess antigen to diffuse from the surface of the plate. With several rabbit sera studied, the product of the heterologous reaction is soluble in an excess of heterologous antigen. Cross reacting antibody from different rabbit antisera produce heterologous precipitates that may vary from rapid solubility to insolubility in an excess of homologous antigen. With some antisera, the homologous precipitate appears to dissolve uniformly, though rather slowly, in excess homologous antigen; in others, the zone is composed of mingled precipitates that vary as to the ease of reversal under similar circumstances. It is suggested that antibody avidity and perhaps other factors may modify the composition, location and form of zones produced by superficially identical antisera.
The Relationship between Delayed Hypersensitivity and Circulating Antibody Induced by Protein Antigens in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sell Stewart , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sensitization by injection of immune precipitates in adjuvant induces not only delayed hypersensitivity but also the steps leading to immune antigen elimination—i.e., the production of circulating antibody. It appears that during the course of immunization the delayed hypersensitive state develops first, then gives way to the Arthus type of sensitivity as antibody production is manifest. The delayed hypersensitive state may reappear after regression of the Arthus reactivity. The possibility of delayed hypersensitivity as a step leading to the production of circulating antibody is discussed.
The administration of soluble antigen intravenously to sensitized guinea pigs will block the appearance of the delayed reaction to the same antigen. Soluble antigen also tends to speed up the sequence of events leading to the production of circulating antibody when given after immunization with precipitated antigen in adjuvant.
The Resistance-Promoting Activity of Endotoxins and Other Microbial Products
Authors: Hook Edward W. , Wagner Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The resistance-promoting activity of typhoid vaccine, xerosin and bacterial endotoxin against the neurotoxic action of influenza virus is similar in many respects to the effect of these compounds on resistance to cerebral typhoid infection of mice. Minute doses of endotoxin or vaccine injected intracerebrally produce marked protection against neurotoxic challenge whereas large doses injected intraperitoneally increase resistance to virus neurotoxicity only slightly. The protective effect against the neurotoxic action of virus develops by 2–4 hr after intracerebral injection of endotoxin and persists for about a week. The refractory state is not related to suppression of infectious virus in brains and it has not been possible to demonstrate virus neutralizing factors in cerebral tissue of resistant mice. Intracerebral injection of aleuronat, an irritant, did not alter resistance to neurotoxic challenge. A prior intracerebral injection of endotoxin or typhoid vaccine did not alter susceptibility to cerebral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis or neurotropic influenza viruses.
Although these studies shed no light on the mechanism of altered resistance after injection of endotoxin, they emphasize the importance of local factors in determining the protective effect.
Immunochemical Studies with Human Albumin and γ-Globulin of Placental Origin
Authors: Subrahmanyam D. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenicity of placental albumin and γ-globulin were compared with the corresponding serum proteins. The presence of two new components in placental γ-globulins that are absent in serum γ-globulins has been demonstrated by agar diffusion studies. No immunochemical difference was detected in placental and serum albumins. The new components in placental γ-globulins were found in placental tissue and their presence was further confirmed by immuno-electrophoresis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
The Role of Multiplication of Pasteurella Pestis in Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Pathogenesis of Flea-Borne Plague
Authors: Cavanaugh Dan C. , Randall Raymond 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The result of experiments conducted in this laboratory to determine the fate of virulent strains of Pasteurella pestis inoculated into an animal host by a blocked flea led to an examination and extension of the observations of Burrows (3) and Burrows and Bacon (4). These workers found that virulent strains of the plague bacillus, in contrast to avirulent strains, can occur in three forms or types: a) phagocytosis-sensitive (S-type), b) nonencapsulated phagocytosis-resistant (R-type), and c) (M-type), which is visibly well encapsulated, rich in Fraction I and is highly resistant to phagocytosis. Further, they found that polymorphonuclear leukocytes could phagocytize and destroy a large percentage of the phagocytosis-sensitive (S-type) organisms.
Our findings agreed with their observations that the R- and M-forms that occur only in virulent strains of the plague bacillus were resistant to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We confirmed their findings that polymorphonuclear leukocytes could readily phagocytize and destroy the phagocytosis-sensitive S-form of both virulent and avirulent strains of P. pestis.
On the other hand we have demonstrated that the phagocytosis-sensitive S-type of virulent P. pestis is ingested by and multiplies within mononuclear leukocytes of normal mice and guinea pigs. On release from the damaged monocytes the bacilli are of the encapsulated M-type and are highly resistant to phagocytosis by either neutrophils or monocytes.
Our results also show that the plague blocked flca inoculates its host with the phagocytosis-sensitive S-type of virulent P. pestis which is readily phagocytized and destroyed in great numbers by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By contrast, those bacilli that are ingested by the monocytes in vivo rapidly multiply, and on release from the damaged cells are of the M-type and are resistant to phagocytosis by both polymorphs and monocytes, a condition that permits the establishment of bubonic plague in a susceptible host.
Studies on the Immobilization Antigens of Paramecium
Authors: Preer John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immobilization antigen A from stock 51 of Paramecium aurelia has been characterized. It is largely or wholly protein, containing about 16% nitrogen, and possibly small amounts of carbohydrates. From 13 to 15 amino acids have been identified. It has a low electrophoretic mobility with an isoelectric point around pH 4.0. It has a diffusion coefficient of about 2.8 × 10-7 cm2/sec, sedimentation coefficient of 8.3 Svedbergs, intrinsic viscosity of around 0.11 (g/100 ml), frictional ratio of 1.8, and molecular weight of around a quarter of a million. It's properties indicate an asymmetric molecule.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Todd Earl W. , Pillemer Louis , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
A systematic study of the Zymosan procedure for the purification of human properdin has been performed and optimum conditions for maximal yield and purity of properdin at each step of the method have been defined. The results of this investigation have been incorporated into a revised procedure for the purification of properdin which has permitted preparation of human properdin from serum in 45–80% yield with a purity of 900–1150 units of properdin/mg of nitrogen. Such fractions were purified about 2500-fold over serum and contained about 1 μg of nitrogen/unit of properdin.
The stability of purified properdin to heat depended upon the initial concentration of properdin. Complete inactivation of solutions containing 100–200 units of properdin/ml occurred during heating at 100°C for 30 min, whereas complete inactivation of solutions containing 50 units and 5 units/ml occurred during heating at 66°C for 30 min and 56°C for 30 min, respectively.
Purified properdin could be maintained for at least 8 months without appreciable loss of activity by sterile filtration and storage at 2°C or by lyophilization and storage under vacuum.
The data presented in this report on the effect of physicochemical environment on the binding of properdin to Zymosan also provided additional information on the kinetic requirements of this interaction in serum. A detailed study of this reaction and of the inactivation of the third component of human complement by the properdin-Zymosan complex will be reported elsewhere.
The biochemical, immunologic, and physicochemical characterization of purified properdin is presented in the following paper.
Acquired Immune Tolerance in Mice to Crystalline Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Hughes Walter L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice exposed soon after birth to crystalline bovine serum albumin acquire an immune tolerance for this antigen, which lasts for several weeks. This tolerance is demonstrated by the lack of anaphylactic response to a challenge following suitable sensitizing injections. The sensitizing procedure was one that produced a high incidence of anaphylaxis in normal (neonatally not exposed) litter mates. Tolerance is also demonstrated by an almost complete lack of circulating antibodies as measured by the Farr technique (ammonium sulfate precipitation of labeled antigen in immune serum). The acquired tolerance diminishes with time and is succeeded by a state of hypersensitivity. The mechanism for the establishment of tolerance and immunity in mice may therefore coexist during the first 2 weeks of life. The degree and duration of the tolerant state is related to the amount of antigen given during the early postnatal period. An interpretation of these results has been presented based on the assumption that antigen is retained at intracellular sites.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Mueller A. P. , Wolfe H. R. , McGibbon W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four inbred lines of SCWL chickens were assayed for the response to a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin. Quantitative antibody nitrogen determinations of the sera obtained on day 8 postinjection show that differences do exist among lines in the ability to respond. Chickens not responding to a single injection of antigen, did respond to a second injection. No nonresponders were found in any of the lines tested. Chickens assayed for circulating antibovine serum albumin on days 6, 8 and 10 showed the antibody content to be higher on day 8 than on day 6 or 10 postinjection. No exception was found in 133 birds tested. No reduction in variability was immediately apparent in using these inbred lines rather than chickens from a randomly bred population.
Studies on Variation in Virulence of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Li C. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various methods and materials have been tested for their ability to reduce the mouse virulence of type III poliomyelitis virus grown in tissue culture. Two virulent variants were used as testing virus, the LH-v K11, not purified by the plaque method, and the LH-v K15, purified by the plaque method. The mouse virulence of the former could be more readily reduced by certain testing factors.
When 5-bromouracil was incorporated in the maintenance medium for culture of the test virus LH-v K11, its mouse virulence was slightly reduced and the effect could be detected by the plaque method. After 10 serial passages in the presence of 5-bromouracil, plating of the virus yielded no virulent plaques whereas the control series yielded about 50% virulent plaques.
When certain cell lines, most of them stable ones maintained in lactalbumin or bovine plasma hydrolysate medium (Travamin), were used for culture of the test virus LH-v K15, its virulence was markedly reduced after two serial passages.