bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paraxanthine safety and comparison to caffeine
Authors: Szlapinski Sandra K. , Charrette Andrew , Guthrie Najla , Hilmas Corey J. 
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Caffeine, one of the most ubiquitous ingredients found in beverages and other ingested food products, has a long history of safe use. As a member of the methylxanthine class of stimulants, caffeine is not devoid of unwanted side effects at any serving level. Caffeine safety has been the subject of a safety workshop by FDA and the Institute of Medicine in the past decade. Thus, investigation into an alternate stimulant with similar pharmacology but improved safety is warranted. Paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) is the predominant metabolite of caffeine in humans with similar stimulant properties. The few toxicity studies that are available for paraxanthine suggest that the molecule is relatively safe, although thorough characterization of its safety is required prior to widespread incorporation into foods/beverages.Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of paraxanthine (Rarebird, Inc.) relative to caffeine through a battery of toxicological studies conducted in accordance with international guidelines. These studies evaluated the potential mutagenicity (bacterial reverse mutation, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration), genetic toxicity (in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation) and acute, sub-acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of paraxanthine in Sprague Dawley rats.Results/Discussion: There was no evidence of genetic toxicity or mutagenicity in the in vitro studies. An acute oral LD50 of 829.20 mg/kg body weight (bw) was established. There was no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects in the 14-day repeat dose oral toxicity study, wherein rats received low, mid, or high doses of paraxanthine (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg bw, n = 5 rats/sex/group). The same findings were observed in the subchronic repeat-dose 90-day oral toxicity study at daily doses of paraxanthine of 100, 150, or 185 mg/kg bw which were compared to caffeine at 150 or 185 mg/kg bw (n = 10 animals/sex/group). However, mortality was reported in two animals in the high dose caffeine-treated animals. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) from the 90-day study was determined to be 150 mg/kg bw for caffeine and 185 mg/kg bw for paraxanthine for both male and female Sprague Dawley rats. These findings may suggest that paraxanthine could be a safer alternative to caffeine in humans.
Типологічна структура та продуктивність насаджень з участю вільхи чорної у Волинському та Житомирському Поліссі України
Authors: Жуковський О. В. , Краснов В. П. , Курбет Т. В. 
Published: January 2023

Проаналізовано таксаційні характеристики насаджень з участю вільхи чорної з використанням реляційної бази даних "Лісовий фонд України" у Волинському та Житомирському Поліссі станом на 01.01.2017 року. Під час аналізу здійснено розподіл цих насаджень за едатопами, трофотопами і гігротопами загалом та окремо за областями; визначено для кожного типу лісорослинних умов середні таксаційні показники насаджень з участю вільхи чорної, зокрема вік, діаметр, висоту, відносну повноту, клас бонітету, запас. У Волинській області насадження з участю вільхи чорної зростають на площі 99593 га, Рівненській – 63912 га і Житомирській – 38495 га. Відзначено зменшення площ цих насаджень за просування із заходу на схід, що можна пояснити геоморфологічними особливостями цієї частини Полісся, її рельєфом, наявністю річок. Найбільші площі насаджень з участю вільхи чорної у борах і суборах притаманні Рівненський області – 172 та 8866 га, значно менші – у Волинській (122 і 6132 га) та Житомирській (101 і 5990 га) областях. І, навпаки, на Рівненщині встановлено значно менше площ з цими насадженнями, які зростають у грудах (332 га), тоді як на Волині їх більше у 4,4 раза, а на Житомирщині – у 8,5 раза. Максимальні величини середнього запасу деревостанів з участю вільхи чорної відзначено у вологих і сирих грудах. З'ясовано, що середній запас деревини у свіжих сугрудах становить 208 м3∙га-1 і вологих – 201 м3∙га-1. За умов, менш сприятливих для вільхи чорної (свіжі сугруди), величина цього показника вища. Це можна пояснити дещо меншим середнім віком деревостанів у вологих сугрудах, а також, можливо, проведенням інтенсивніших рубок догляду за лісом або санітарних рубок у більш вологих лісорослинних умовах. Подібну тенденцію, враховуючи більший середній вік насаджень у вологих умовах, спостережено й у суборах. Також встановлено значні величини середнього запасу деревини у найбідніших умовах – свіжих і вологих борах. У таких едатопах цей показник відповідно був 170 і 166 м3∙га-1, що потребує певного вивчення та пояснення.
Analisis Kesalahan Mahasiswa PGSD pada Materi Aritmatika Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Matematika Kelas Rendah
Authors: Saragih Riski Fitriani , Saragih Rajainal 
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to identify the errors of PGSD students in the arithmetic subject on the Low Grade Mathematics Education course at Efarina University, Pematang Siantar. The subjects of this study were semester III PGSD students at Efarina Univesity, Pematang Siantar in the academic year 2022/2023 as many as 33 people. Errors in mathematics in this study are divided into factual errors, conceptual errors, and procedural errors. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive research. The data collection method used was a test. The test instrument used was a conceptual understanding test to be able to find students errors. A total of 5 items in the test validated by three experts with the Lawshe’s CVR technique. The results showed that (1) The general error rate of PGSD study program students in Arithmetic material for Low Grade Mathematics Education was 57% which was in the medium error category, (2) There was a highest error of 82% (very high error category) and lowest 30% (low error category), (3) factual error average 34.5% (low category), (4) conceptual error 82% (very high category), and (5) procedural error average 67% (high category).
الروحية فى الخط العربى
Authors: Isnawati Zakiyah , Ihsan Muhammad , Asriandi Asriandi 
Published: February 2023

Kaligrafi Arab telah berkembang dalam berbagai bentuk dan gaya, terdapat korelasi secara prinsip antara kaligrafi Arab yang bermula dari konteks al Qur’an semata dengan substansi spiritual yang terus menyelubungi bentuk dan alunan penulisan kaligrafi Arab. Kaligrafi Arab muncul dan menduduki posisi yang sangat urgen dalam Islam sehingga dapat disebut sebagai leluhur seni visual Islam tradisional dan memiliki jejak yang sangat istimewa dalam peradaban Islam.
Kaligrafi Arab dikenal sebagai kebudayaan itu sendiri sehingga tulisan yang mempunyai keindahan ganda tersebut dianggap sebagai seni seorang yang berbudaya dan berkedisiplinan pikiran dan jiwa serta kekuasaan.
Dari sudut pandang spritualitas, kaligrafi bukan hanya sekedar tulisan indah melainkan seni yang syarat dengan nilai estetik yang dapat menata jiwa dan mengantar seseorang kepada pengakuan keesaan Allah, pencipta segala sesuatu. Pesan yang sangat mendalam dalam kaligrafi Arab adalah membawa pesaan kesejatian kebenaran yaitu identitas Tauhid kepada Allah.
Relationship between Febrile Seizures and the Incidence of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in Children at Sanjiwani General Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia
Authors: Diah Sutarini I Dewa Ayu Agung , Romy Windiyanto  
Published: February 2023

Background: Febrile seizures are the most common seizures in children. As many as 2% to 5% of children aged less than 5 years have had seizures accompanied by fever, and most occurrences are at the age of 17-23 months. Microcytic hypochromic anemia causes hypoxic conditions and neuronal instability due to iron depletion. This study aimed to explore the relationship between febrile seizures and the incidence of microcytic hypochromic anemia in children at Sanjiwani General Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia.
Methods: This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 59 subjects participated in this study. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software in univariate and bivariate to determine the relationship between febrile seizures and microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Results: There is a relationship between the incidence of febrile seizures and the incidence of microcytic hypochromic anemia, with p<0.05. This study also showed that the risk of febrile seizures increased 1.7 times higher in individuals with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Conclusion: There is a relationship between the incidence of febrile seizures and the incidence of microcytic hypochromic anemia in pediatric patients at Sanjiwani General Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia.
New ecological information on the little-known Sumatran endemics Black-and-white langur Presbytis bicolor Aimi &amp; Bakar, 1992 (Primates: Cercopithecidae)
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Rachman Nur , Putra Ega Oktovianus , Nainggolan Tohar , Basrowi Muhammmad , Sartono Aji , Nurmansyah Irvan , Syafutra Randi , Novarino Wilson , Negara Syafruddin Perwira , Rudiyanto Arif , Setiawan Arum , Yustian Indra 
Published: February 2023

Black-and-white langur Presbytis bicolor Aimi & Bakar, 1992 is a rare endemic leaf-eating monkey that occurs only in a limited distribution between the Indragiri River and Batanghari River, Sumatra, Indonesia. In this paper, we summarize historical records of P. bicolor, put the distribution records into the map (including new localities, but still in geographic range), and provide new additional pieces of information on its ecology. We collected all published and unpublished of our observations on P. bicolor from January 2016 to April 2022. Our findings suggest P. bicolor can tolerate and survive in the degraded forest habitat, particularly in areas where rubber plantations are present. It was confirmed that P. bicolor fed leaves of Para rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae) and Mango Mangifera sp (Anacardiaceae); and it was reported that they also fed various plants. No indications of hunting or illegal collecting for the pet trade, but the mortality due to electrocution from power lines and road accidents have been detected and confirmed for this species.
V907 Sco Switched to the Eclipsing Mode Again
Authors: Zasche Petr , Vokrouhlický David , Barlow Brad N. , Mašek Martin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
V907 Scorpii is a unique triple system in which the inner binary component has been reported to have switched on and off eclipses several times in modern history. In spite of its peculiarity, observational data on this system are surprisingly scarce. Here we make use of the recent Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observations, as well as our own photometric and spectroscopic data, to expand the overall data set and study the V907 Sco system in more detail. Our analysis provides both new and improved values for several of its fundamental parameters: (i) the masses of the stars in the eclipsing binary are 2.74 ± 0.02 M
⊙ and 2.56 ± 0.02 M
⊙; and (ii) the third component is a solar-type star with mass

1.06

−
0.10

+
0.11

M
⊙ (90% C.L.), orbiting the binary on an elongated orbit with an eccentricity of 0.47 ± 0.02 and a period of 142.01 ± 0.05 days. The intermittent intervals of time when eclipses of the inner binary are switched on and off are caused by a mutual

26

.°

2

−
2.2

+
2.6

inclination of the inner- and outer-orbit planes, and a favorable inclination of about 71° of the total angular momentum of the system. The nodal precession period is

P

ν

=

63.5

−
2.6

+
3.3

yr. The inner binary will remain eclipsing for another ≃26 yr, offering an opportunity to significantly improve the parameters of the model. This is especially true during the next decade when the inner-orbit inclination will increase to nearly 90°. Further spectroscopic observations are also desirable, as they can help to improve constraints on the system’s orbital architecture and its physical parameters.
Patchy Kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect with Controlled Reionization History and Morphology
Authors: Chen Nianyi , Trac Hy , Mukherjee Suvodip , Cen Renyue 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Using the novel semi-numerical code for reionization AMBER, we model the patchy kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect by directly specifying the reionization history with the redshift midpoint z
mid, duration Δz, and asymmetry A
z. We further control the ionizing sources and radiation through the minimum halo mass M
h and the radiation mean free path λ
mfp. AMBER reproduces the free-electron number density and the patchy kSZ power spectrum of radiation–hydrodynamic simulations at the target resolution (1 Mpc h
−1) with matched reionization parameters. With a suite of (2 Gpc/h)3 simulations using AMBER, we first constrain the redshift midpoint 6.0 < z
mid < 8.9 using the Planck 2018 Thomson optical depth result (95% CL). Then, assuming z
mid = 8, we find that the amplitude of

D

ℓ
=
3000

pkSZ

scales linearly with the duration of reionization Δ
z
and is consistent with the 1σ upper limit from South Pole Telescope (SPT) results up to Δ
z
< 5.1 (Δ
z
encloses 5%–95% ionization). Moreover, a shorter λ
mfp can lead to a ∼10% lower

D

ℓ
=
3000

pkSZ

and a flatter slope in the

D

ℓ
=
3000

pkSZ

−

Δ

z

scaling relation, thereby affecting the constraints on Δ
z
at ℓ = 3000. Allowing z
mid and λ
mfp to vary simultaneously, we get spectra consistent with the SPT result (95% CL) up to Δ
z
= 12.8 (but A

z
> 8 is needed to ensure the end of reionization before z = 5.5). We show that constraints on the asymmetry require ∼0.1 μ
k
2 measurement accuracy at multipoles other than ℓ = 3000. Finally, we find that the amplitude and shape of the kSZ spectrum are only weakly sensitive to M

h
under a fixed reionization history and radiation mean free path.
The Binary and the Disk: The Beauty is Found within NGC3132 with JWST
Authors: Sahai Raghvendra , Bujarrabal Valentin , Quintana-Lacaci Guillermo , Reindl Nicole , Van de Steene Griet , Contreras Carmen Sánchez , Ressler Michael E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The planetary nebula (PN) NGC 3132 is a striking example of the dramatic but poorly understood mass-loss phenomena that (1–8) M
⊙ stars undergo during their death throes as they evolve into white dwarfs (WDs). From an analysis of JWST multiwavelength (0.9–18 μm) imaging of NGC 3132, we report the discovery of an extended dust cloud around the WD central star (CS) of NGC 3132, seen most prominently in the 18 μm image, with a surface-brightness-limited radial extent of ≳2″. We show that the A2V star located 1.″7 to CS’s northeast (and 0.75 kpc from Earth) is gravitationally bound to the latter, as evidenced by the detection of relative orbital angular motion of 0.°24 ± 0.°045 between these stars over ∼20 yr. Using aperture photometry of the CS extracted from the JWST images, together with published optical photometry and an archival UV spectrum, we have constructed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the CS and its extended emission over the UV to mid-IR (0.091–18 μm) range. We find that fitting the SED of the CS and the radial intensity distributions at 7.7, 12.8, and 18 μm with thermal emission from dust requires a cloud that extends to a radius of ≳1785 au, with a dust mass of ∼1.3 × 10−2
M
⊕ and grains that are 70% silicate and 30% amorphous carbon. We propose plausible origins of the dust cloud and an evolutionary scenario in which a system of three stars—the CS, a close low-mass companion, and a more distant A2V star—forms a stable hierarchical triple system on the main sequence but becomes dynamically unstable later, resulting in the spectacular mass ejections that form the current, multipolar PN.
An Analytical Model of Turbulence in Parker Spiral Geometry and Associated Magnetic Field Line Lengths
Authors: Laitinen T. , Dalla S. , Waterfall C. O. G. , Hutchinson A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Understanding the magnetic connections from the Sun to interplanetary space is crucial for linking in situ particle observations with the solar source regions of the particles. A simple connection along the large-scale Parker spiral magnetic field is made complex by the turbulent random walk of field lines. In this paper, we present the first analytical model of heliospheric magnetic fields where the dominant 2D component of the turbulence is transverse to the Parker spiral. The 2D wave field is supplemented with a minor wave field component that has asymptotic slab geometry at small and large heliocentric distances. We show that turbulence spreads field lines from a small source region at the Sun to a 60° heliolongitudinal and heliolatitudinal range at 1 au, with a standard deviation of the angular spread of the field lines of 14°. Small source regions map to an intermittent range of longitudes and latitudes at 1 au, consistent with dropouts in solar energetic particle intensities. The lengths of the field lines are significantly extended from the nominal Parker spiral length of 1.17 au up to 1.6 au, with field lines from sources at and behind the west limb considerably longer than those closer to the solar disk center. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding charged particle propagation and the importance of understanding the turbulence properties close to the Sun.
Simulation of the Solar Energetic Particle Event on 2020 May 29 Observed by Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Cheng Lei , Zhang Ming , Lario David , Balmaceda Laura A. , Kwon Ryun Young , Cohen Christina 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a stochastic three-dimensional focused transport simulation of solar energetic particles (SEPs) produced by a data-driven coronal mass ejection (CME) shock propagating through a data-driven model of coronal and heliospheric magnetic fields. The injection of SEPs at the CME shock is treated using diffusive shock acceleration of post-shock suprathermal solar wind ions. A time-backward stochastic simulation is employed to solve the transport equation to obtain the SEP time–intensity profile at any location, energy, and pitch angle. The model is applied to a SEP event on 2020 May 29, observed by STEREO-A close to ∼1 au and by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) when it was about 0.33 au away from the Sun. The SEP event was associated with a very slow CME with a plane-of-sky speed of 337 km s−1 at a height below 6 R

S
as reported in the SOHO/LASCO CME catalog. We compute the time profiles of particle flux at PSP and STEREO-A locations, and estimate both the spectral index of the proton energy spectrum for energies between ∼2 and 16 MeV and the equivalent path length of the magnetic field lines experienced by the first arriving SEPs. We find that the simulation results are well correlated with observations. The SEP event could be explained by the acceleration of particles by a weak CME shock in the low solar corona that is not magnetically connected to the observers.
GlobULeS. IV. UVIT/AstroSat Detection of Extremely Low Mass White Dwarf Companions to Blue Straggler Stars in NGC 362
Authors: Dattatrey Arvind K. , Yadav R. K. S. , Rani Sharmila , Subramaniam Annapurni , Singh Gaurav , Sahu Snehalata , Singh Ravi S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We report the discovery of extremely low mass white dwarfs (ELM WDs) as a companion of blue straggler stars (BSSs) in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 362 using images from AstroSat's Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT). Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 26 far-UV (FUV) bright member BSSs are created using data from the UVIT, the UltraViolet and Optical Telescope (UVOT), Gaia EDR3, and the 2.2 m ESO/MPI telescope. A single SED is fitted to 14 BSSs, whereas double-SED fits revealed ELM WDs as binary companions in 12 of the 26 BSSs studied. The effective temperature, radius, luminosity, and mass of the 12 ELM WDs are found to have a range of T
eff = 9750−18,000 K, R = 0.1−0.4 R
⊙, L = 0.4−3.3 L
⊙, and M = 0.16−0.20 M
⊙. These suggest that 12 BSSs are post-mass-transfer systems formed through the case A/B mass transfer pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first finding of ELM WDs as companions to BSSs in globular clusters. This cluster is known to have a binary BSS sequence, and the 12 binary and 14 single BSSs (as classified by the SEDs) follow the mass transfer and collisional sequence of BSSs in the color–magnitude diagram. The cooling ages of nine of the ELM WDs are found to be younger than 500 Myr. Though the binary BSSs may have formed during the core collapse (∼200 Myr) or as part of the dynamical evolution of the cluster, they provide new insights on the dynamics of this cluster.
Polarization Properties of the Weakly Magnetized Neutron Star X-Ray Binary GS 1826–238 in the High Soft State
Authors: Capitanio Fiamma , Fabiani Sergio , Gnarini Andrea , Ursini Francesco , Ferrigno Carlo , Matt Giorgio , Poutanen Juri , Cocchi Massimo , Mikusincova Romana , Farinelli Ruben , Bianchi Stefano , Kajava Jari J. E. , Muleri Fabio , Sanchez-Fernandez Celia , Soffitta Paolo , Wu Kinwah , Agudo Iván , Antonelli Lucio A. , Bachetti Matteo , Baldini Luca , Baumgartner Wayne H. , Bellazzini Ronaldo , Bongiorno Stephen D. , Bonino Raffaella , Brez Alessandro , Bucciantini Niccolò , Castellano Simone , Cavazzuti Elisabetta , Ciprini Stefano , Costa Enrico , De Rosa Alessandra , Del Monte Ettore , Di Gesu Laura , Di Lalla Niccolò , Di Marco Alessandro , Donnarumma Immacolata , Doroshenko Victor , Dovčiak Michal , Ehlert Steven R. , Enoto Teruaki , Evangelista Yuri , Ferrazzoli Riccardo , Garcia Javier A. , Gunji Shuichi , Hayashida Kiyoshi , Heyl Jeremy , Iwakiri Wataru , Jorstad Svetlana G. , Karas Vladimir , Kitaguchi Takao , Kolodziejczak Jeffery J. , Krawczynski Henric , La Monaca Fabio , Latronico Luca , Liodakis Ioannis , Maldera Simone , Manfreda Alberto , Marin Frédéric , Marinucci Andrea , Marscher Alan P. , Marshall Herman L. , Mitsuishi Ikuyuki , Mizuno Tsunefumi , Ng C.-Y. , O’Dell Stephen L. , Omodei Nicola , Oppedisano Chiara , Papitto Alessandro , Pavlov George G. , Peirson Abel L. , Perri Matteo , Pesce-Rollins Melissa , Petrucci Pierre-Olivier , Pilia Maura , Possenti Andrea , Puccetti Simonetta , Ramsey Brian D. , Rankin John , Ratheesh Ajay , Romani Roger W. , Sgrò Carmelo , Slane Patrick , Spandre Gloria , Tamagawa Toru , Tavecchio Fabrizio , Taverna Roberto , Tawara Yuzuru , Tennant Allyn F. , Thomas Nicholas E. , Tombesi Francesco , Trois Alessio , Tsygankov Sergey S. , Turolla Roberto , Vink Jacco , Weisskopf Martin C. , Xie Fei , Zane Silvia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The launch of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) on 2021 December 9 has opened a new window in X-ray astronomy. We report here the results of the first IXPE observation of a weakly magnetized neutron star, GS 1826−238, performed on 2022 March 29–31 when the source was in a high soft state. An upper limit (99.73% confidence level) of 1.3% for the linear polarization degree is obtained over the IXPE 2–8 keV energy range. Coordinated INTEGRAL and NICER observations were carried out simultaneously with IXPE. The spectral parameters obtained from the fits to the broadband spectrum were used as inputs for Monte Carlo simulations considering different possible geometries of the X-ray emitting region. Comparing the IXPE upper limit with these simulations, we can put constraints on the geometry and inclination angle of GS 1826–238.