bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment Of Perceived Causes and Levels of Stress Amongst Clinical Dental Students and House Surgeons. A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wali Aisha Wali , Ikram Kashif , Siddiqui Talha , Jawed Rubab , Muhammadi Khaliq Dad , Ahmed Mazid , Qudos Abdul 
Published: February 2023

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess perceived causes and levels of stress amongst clinical dental students and house surgeons of Baqai Dental College.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2018 – December 2018 after getting ethical approval from ethical committee, Baqai Medical University and permission for data collection was approved from R&D department, Baqai Dental College. (BDC/ERB/2018/011) Dental students from third year, final year and house surgeons were included in the study (n= 250). A structured pre validated questionnaire DES questionnaire 21 consisted of 23 closed ended questions with three responses of categories that are 1) No stress, 2) Mild- moderate and 3) severe stress was used. Data was analysed for frequency and percentages and chi –square test was done to assess the association between academic qualifications with other variables.
Results: The response rate was 59.2%. Majority of them were females 56.8% and 43.2% were male participants. Forty three (28.9%) of the participants reported severe stress regarding fear of getting infectious disease from patients. Thirteen (35.1%) of 3rd year BDS students reported stress regarding examination and grading of patient when compared to 4th year BDS students and house surgeons with a significant relationship. Seventeen (22.7%) of 4th year BDS students reported severe stress due to fear of failure in examination when compared to 3rd year BDS students and house surgeons. Thirteen (35.1%) of the 3rd year BDS students reported stress regarding difficulty with class work
Conclusion: The outcomes of the concluded study are:

Maximum stress level was reported due to fear of getting infectious diseases from patients and fear of failure in examination.
Women reported maximum stress levels than men.
3rd year BDS students reported severe stress than 4th year BDS students.
Association Of Severity of Anemia and Depression Among Patients Presenting with Oral Ulceration
Authors: Razi Afifa , Butt Atif Iqbal , Qureshi Saima , Akram Iqra , Ali Aeman , Saghir Ayesha , Nazir Nosheen 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the association of severity of anemia with depression among patients presenting with oral ulceration at Ziauddin University Dental OPD, Karachi, Pakistan.
Materials and methods: It was an observational study conducted at the department of oral medicine and diagnosis of Ziauddin College of dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan for the duration of one year. One sixty one patients of age 20-50 years of either gender presenting with active aphthous stomatitis (burning sensation on NRS?2 and pain on NRS?3) from last 3-6 months were included in the study using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. All the patients were assessed for depression using Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9) and anemia using CBC. PHQ-9 score?5 was deemed as depression positive and the hemoglobin (Hb) level less than 13 g/dL for men and less than 12 g/dL for women was deemed as anemia. Data regarding demographics along with characteristics of oral ulcerations were also noted on pre-designed proforma. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze data.
Results: Out of 161 patients with oral ulcers, depression was prevalent in 69%. About 37% of the patients were moderately anemic, 32% were severely anemic and 31% had mild anemia. The significant association was found between depression and severity of anemia (p=0.028). The factor such as age?35 years, female sex and multiple ulcer lesions among anemic and depressed patients were found statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The study concluded that depression and anemia are significantly correlated and can increase the incidence of oral ulceration.
Keywords: Oral ulcer, aphthous ulceration, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, depression, anemia, hemoglobin level
Assessment of Common Problems of Post Graduate Students Pursuing F.C.P.S and M.D.S in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Due To COVID 19 Lockdown
Authors: Behroz Erum , Kumar Sarvaich , Mottani Danish Ali , Ahmed Hafiz Zuhair , Bibi` Ayesha , Khan Sohail 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Objective: To assess the common concerns of FCPS and MDS trainees in Orthodontics due to COVID-19 lockdown.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in different institutes of Sindh which offered FCPS/MDS training in Orthodontics. The study was carried out after approval from the ethical commit- tee. A questionnaire was designed comprising of 15 questions. Each question aiming to assess the difficulties faced by trainees due to the imposition of lockdown. The questionnaire was distributed amongst 80 participants/trainees in the training year 2 to 4.
Results: The average age of study participants was 29 years with range of 27 to 38 years. In this study a large number of subjects said that they were unsure regarding completion of cases due to lockdown i.e; n=63,(77.8%). Approximately half of the study subjects thought that there will be mas- sive patient burden after resuming to the normal practice i.e 40(49.4%). Nearly quarter of them were puzzled that due to lockdown it was difficult to focus on thesis and research work i.e 18(22.2%). Few of them also responded that after resuming to the normal practice there would be pressure from su- perior authorities for academic works i.e; n=9,(11.1%).
Conclusion: This study analyzed those major concerns were non-availability of basic materials for procedures, fear of completion of cases due to lockdown and massive patient burden in clinics after uplifting of lockdown. Therefore, Covid-19 lockdown has in many ways affected the academic and clinical activities of the post-graduate students. The uncertainty to tackle this surprise situation is still an unanswered question.
Students and Faculty Perspective of Effective Feedback Analyzed in an Outcome Based Medical Education System of KSA
Authors: Gulzar Zeb Nida , Zareen Nusrat , Almutairi Ahmed , Malik Sana , Humayun Farhat , Sheikh Naseer ud din , Afzal Kamran 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To evaluate and compare the students’ and faculty’s perspectives of feedback & its values in an outcome-based medical education system.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, self-evaluated questionnaire-based observational study con- ducted on the students (group A) and faculty members (group B) of the College of Medicine, Majmaah University by convenience sampling technique. Prior to taking the feedback, consent was taken from the students and faculty members. The responses were recorded on a scale of 1-5 and the data was analyzed using SPSS version (25). The relationship between categorical variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test and a p value of 0.05’ was considered significant.
Results: The questionnaire responses from the A and B groups were recorded. Three important elements were examined: efficacy, value, and the technique for recording constructive feedback. Both groups believed that positive feedback is essential. While there was agreement on various aspects, a substantial difference was also noticed between the perceptive of the two groups in a few areas. Generally, students were observed of being responsive and perceptive, but the instructor’s responded oppositely. There was a considerable disparity in the extent/quantity of input supplied. While the teachers thought it was acceptable, the students did not.
Conclusion: The observed differences between the two stakeholders could create a barrier in the effectiveness of feedback and hence the learning process. The comparison in perspective helped in to understand that students and faculty members approve and understand the effectiveness and value of feedback. Encouraging and utilizing this mode to improve learning is required to strengthen students’ education and teaching environment. There were a few conflict areas in accepting, encouraging, and utilization of feedback in the learning process. The medical education department may play a role in abolishing these conflicts to best utilize the affectivity of feedback.
Subtrochanteric fractures treated with dynamic condylar screw
Authors: Sahito Badaruddin , Khaskheli Javed Hussain , Kumar Dileep , Lakho Muhammad Tahir , Younis Muhammad , Ayub Arsalan Khalil 
Published: February 2023

Objectives: To assess the functional outcome of dynamic condylar screws to treat subtrochanteric fractures in adult patients.
Methods: The prospective descriptive study was conducted at the department of orthopedic surgery, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau civil hospital Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2016 to October 2019. A total of 47 patients of 18 to 60 years of either gender with subtrochanteric fractures treated with dynamic condylar screw were included in the study. After consent and counseling, patients were operated on by a consultant orthopedic surgeon and fixed with a dynamic condylar screw. Postoperatively patients were regularly followed at 2nd, 6th, 12th, 16th, 20th weeks, and onwards monthly for at least one year. Functional outcomes such as infection, union, failure of fixation were observed in all patients. SPSS software version 23 was used to analyze data. Mean and SD was reported for numeric variables, whereas frequency and percentage were reported for categorical variables. A Chi-square test was used to assess the association between variables.
Results: The mean age was estimated as 37.53±12.31 years. Most of the patients were male (74.5%), and 25.5% were females. About 27 patients had a fracture on the right side (57.4%) and 20 on the left side (42.6%). Out 47 cases, 3 were lost to follow, 33 patients showed excellent outcomes, 6 cases had a good outcome, 3 cases had fair outcomes, and 2 cases had poor functional outcomes. During the follow-up, 42 cases showed union, 3 lost to follow-up, 1 died, and 1 patient had implant break. About 2 patients had infections in post- operative duration because of fracture.
Conclusion: Subtrochanteric femur fractures are challenging to operate, especially in our society where extensive trauma becomes more frequent. Dynamic condylar screws showed overall acceptable results. It is simple, locally made, readily available, and cheap, with almost the same result as other implants around proximal femur fractures.
Experience of Women after Immediate Postpartum Insertion of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (PPIUCD), a Long-Acting Reversible Contraception
Authors: Ali Fauzia , Tazeen Fatima Munim  , Shabnum Nadeem  , Khatoon Aisha , Masood Zubaida 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the experience (during and post procedure) of women after immediate postpartum and post placental Insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), a long acting reversible contraceptive (LARC).
Methods: This prospective and longitudinal study was conducted during February 2019 to September 2019 in Gynae and Obstetrics department Unit 1 at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital. All 141 booked and non-booked patients who delivered in the hospital and received immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD),either post placental, intra cesarean or within 48 hours after delivery were included in the study regardless of the mode of delivery either intra-cesarean or spontaneous vaginal delivery. Written consent was taken for the contraceptive device insertion and verbal consent was taken to fill the proforma which included basic demographic information, their overall experience with postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device. Immediate experience was measured by assessing the pain during procedure and post insertion period. Further all participants were followed at six weeks and 6 months to collect information about any complains removal of IUCD and overall experience.
Results: The mean age was 27.3 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 4.42. Among all the participants, 77(54.6%) had Cesarean section and 64(45.4%) had vaginal delivery. During procedure only 5(3.5%) had complain of mild pain and no immediate post procedural complains was recorded. 86(73.5%) participants at 6 weeks and 78(69.03%) participants at 6 months had no complained. Overall experience was found satisfactory in 86(73.5%) participants.
Conclusion: Postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) provided satisfactory experience to majority of the women. So we recommend its use for better maternal and child health.
Quality of Life among Youths having Repaired Non-syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in Karachi
Authors: Azeem Syeda Arzoo , Haider Syed Mahmood , Abbasi Zubair Ahmed , Abbas Zafar , Iqbal Hoor u lain 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Objective: To compare general quality of life of youths having repaired non-syndromic CLP with controls using a generic quality of life instrument, Youth Quality of Life – Research Version (YQOL-R).
Methods: case control study was conducted from January, 2017 to December, 2018. Inclusion criteria was patients having repaired non syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate, age 15 to 29 years, of either gender while controls were healthy individuals of similar age. Quality of life was measured using validated YQOL-R instrument. Data of 62 cases and 107 healthy controls, consented for study was analysed using statistical software, SPSS version 20.
Results:. Mean age was 22.09+5.04. Cronbach’s alpha for domains of sense of self was 0.630, relationship domain (0.795), environmental domain (0.826) and general quality of life domain was 0.688 and for YQOL-R was 0.866. Significant difference was observed for self care domain (63.10 vs. 73.50; p-value = 0.001), relationship domain (79.5 vs. 83.73; p-value = 0.013), environmental domain (70.89 vs. 84.60; p-value = 0.001), general quality of life domain (79.80 vs. 86.04; p-value = 0.012) and percent score of total perceptual score between cases and controls (73.32 vs. 81.97; p-value = 0.001).
Conclusion: Compared to cases healthy controls had a better quality of life as they have significantly better results in self care, relationship, environment and general quality of life domains along with mean perceptual percentage.
Cross-Infection Control Practices among Dental Undergraduates and Graduates in Prosthodontics- A Survey in Dental Colleges of Karachi
Authors: Lone Muneeb Ahmed , Kumar Bharat , Kanwal Samina , Ilyas Farnaz , Sultan Nadia , Zille-Huma  , Lone Maham Muneeb 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To assess the cross infection control practices among undergraduates and graduates working in the department of Prosthodontics in various public and private dental colleges of Karachi.
Methods: After approval from IRB, the self-administered questionnaire was sent via emails or social media platforms to undergraduate final year students and graduates currently working in Prosthodontics department of dental colleges of Karachi. Along with demographics, the questionnaire included close ended multiple-choice questions related to participants’ practice regarding cross infection control. A reminder was sent after 2 weeks to help improve response rate. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.
Results: Out of total 617 respondents, there were 410(66.5%) final year dental students and 207(33.5%) house officers. Majority of participants 502(82.3%) had attended lecture regarding cross-infection control measures during their academic years, while only 178(28.8%) had attended hands-on workshops on the same. Majority 530(85.9%) recommended autoclave for sterilization for instruments. Almost all participants 603 (97.7%) wear gloves and perform hand hygiene 527(85.4%). More than two-thirds 416 (67.4%) respondents disinfect impressions, trial wax dentures, bite registrations and metal trials before sending to the dental laboratory. Almost 50% of the participants did not disinfect plastic impression trays, shade guide, rubber bowl, wax knife, carver and spatula in between patients.
Conclusion: Results of this study highlight the need of re-emphasizing cross-infection control measures and practices in the Prosthodontics OPD. Strict administrative protocols should be set to implement cross-infection control practices. Lectures and hands-on workshops regarding cross-infection control, disinfection and sterilization should be a mandatory part of curriculum and be reiterated in continuing dental education seminars.
USOMAJI-HAKIKI: MKAKATI WA UELEKEZAJI WA MBINU ZA UANDISHI KATIKA RIWAYA
Authors: Maitaria Joseph Nyehita 
Published: February 2023

Usomaji-hakiki ni mbinu muhimu kwa watunzi-watarajiwa, wanagenzi na watunzi watajika katika ulingo wa utunzi wa riwaya ya Kiswahili. Usomaji huu unaweza kumsaidia mwenye aria ya kutunga na kuwasilisha miswada yao kwa nia ya kuchapishwa. Aidha, usomaji huu unahitaji mkakati wa kujitolea kwa hiari. Ingawa kuna aina mbalmbali za usomaji wa riwaya kuna baadhi ambao ni wa kijumla mno na wenye viwingu vya matatizo. Kwa maana hii, hauwezi kumfunulia kumsaidia msomaji mwenye azma ya kujifunza au kuimarisha zaidi mbinu na taratibu za utunzi wa riwaya kusudiwa. Usomaji-hakiki wa riwaya za Kiswahili unaweza kusaidia katika kuwaelekeza wanagenzi na hata vigogowanaweza kujifunza na kunoa kunga zao za uwasilishaji wa riwaya. Makala hii inajaribu kudokeza namna usomaji-hakiki unavyoweza usomaji wa dhati kwa malengo ya kujenga ari ya kutunga, Kuwasilisha na hatimaye uchapishaji wa miswada ya riwaya ya Kiswahili. Isitoshe, Makala hii itapendekezwa namna usomaji-hakiki unaweza kama mbinu ya usomaji wa tanzu nyingine kifasihi kama hadithi fupi, tamthila na ushairi wa Kiswahili.
Synergistic Antifungal Analysis of Carica papaya Leaf and Solanum melongena Peel Ethanolic Extracts Against Candida albicans
Authors: Kiprop J. Dorcas , Walekhwa Michael , Wambugu Esbon N , Otieno Filex 
Published: February 2023

Infectious diseases are responsible for most mortalities and morbidities globally. They are estimated to cause 17 million deaths annually. Candida albicans is a microflora found in mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Though a commensal organism, it can cause either oropharyngeal or vaginal candidiasis in immunocompromised states. It thus, is a common opportunistic infection especially in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Management of candidiasis requires use of antifungal agents but some are costly or drug-resistant. Therefore, there is need for exploration of novel and affordable treatment modalities. Medicinal plants offer alternative therapeutic modalities. Against this backdrop, we sought to evaluate synergistic antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and Solanum melongena fruit peel against Candida albicans. Ethical approval was sought from School of pharmacy, Kabarak University Research Ethics Committee (KUREC) and National commission for science, technology, and innovation (NACOSTI). Experimental research design was employed. Green leaves of Carica papaya were obtained from the school’s herbarium while the eggplant fruit was purchased from Nakuru town market. The sample plants were dried and powdered. Phytochemical analysis was carried out and antifungal activity evaluated via disk diffusion method. Phytochemical studies showed presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in both plants. Anthraquinone glycosides were absent in both samples. Carica papaya and Solanum melongena ethanolic extracts respectively showed activity against Candida albicans at different concentrations with zones of inhibition of 8.34mm and 7.98mm, respectively, at the highest concentrations. S. melongena extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition against Candida albicans compared to C. papaya extracts. Combined ethanolic extracts of Solanum melongena and Carica papaya showed higher activity at all concentrations than individual extracts, implying synergism between the two plant extracts. The difference in zones of inhibition was significant at different concentrations(P<0.05).
Conclusion: The study findings have demonstrated that Carica papaya and Solanum melongena extracts have remarkable antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This makes them potential efficacious antifungal agents against Candida albicans.
CHALLENGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ONLINE LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN KENYA
Authors: Mogeni Collins , Zigama Jean Claude 
Published: February 2023

The covid 19 pandemic caused a disruption in the education system in Kenya and the whole world, instutions had to get a way of continuing with the learning process without involving the learners physically, online learning which had not been explored in the previous years was now the only option remaining for the universities in Kenya and around the world. The paper analyzes how online learning was implemented and what were the challenges and achievements of the online learning. And the way in which students adapted to the new method of instruction. Universities adopted the online learning using online learning platforms such as zoom meeting, Microsoft teams, WhatsApp groups and other platforms which enabled the online interactions between the learners and the teachers, the online learning to a large extent was successful as students were able to attend classes, make presentations and sit exams online leading to a smooth process of learning. Students and teachers experienced various challenges in using the online platforms as this was a very new idea, some students and learners lacked a stable network to carry out the online classes, this made the students and teachers to at times miss classes. Lack of a reliable source of electricity also affected the online classes as the electricity would go off without prior notice, truance on the part of student where some skipped classes out of their own wish. The challenges not withstanding online learning has achieved more in the learning process as the interaction between the teacher and learner has been improved through the use of live classes and video conferencing, this has led to universities adopting full online courses especially those that do not require practical training. However, improvements are to be introduced in the online learning such as providing recorded lessons for every lesson attended. Virtual libraries to be improved to include all materials needed for the course being studied. It has therefore been proven that online learning is a as equally effective as the face-to-face learning.