bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Trial to Enhance Open-Hole Coiled Tubing Accessibility with the Use of a Special Coiled Tubing Lubricant
Authors: Chishti Sadaf Shoukatali , Gopalan Bathmanaaban , Craig Steven 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Use of metal-on-metal lubricants is a common way to enhance coiled tubing (CT) accessibility in extended reach (ER) wells. However, there is less data available on the effect of lubricants in open-hole applications. Historically, there is only a laboratory study (Sharma and Silviu 2020) that evaluated the effect of lubricants in an open-hole environment. This paper will discuss methodology and results from a 2-in CT field trial where a special CT metal-on-metal lubricant was utilized inside an open-hole completion to enhance accessibility to perform acid stimulation.
The wells have measured depth over 17,000-ft with about 7,000-ft of 6-in open-hole lateral, requiring CT acid stimulation. The open-hole formation type is carbonate with permeability values ranging up to 10 mD. The operator requires CT to reach maximum possible depth, providing maximum coverage for acid stimulation. Proprietary CT software is used to model CT accessibility with sensitivity analysis performed with possible coefficient of frictions (CoF) expected from the laboratory research mentioned earlier. The methodology of applying the special CT lubricant is based on filling the entire well with the lubricant solution to maximize CT accessibility.
These field trials were executed in October and November 2022. The plan was to run CT to the maximum possible depth in the absence of lubricant. Upon attaining friction lock, base CoF will be analyzed, and CT will be picked up to a certain depth. Special CT lubricant then will be applied at 2% concentration mixed in fresh water by pumping across the CT tubing annulus and via CT in the open-hole while running inside the hole. The special CT lubricant used in this case study was field proven to provide up 40-60% reduction in metal-on-metal CoF based on previous applications in cased completions. The open-hole effectiveness was predicted and modelled based on previous laboratory studies conducted (Sharma and Silviu 2020), which was observed to be in the range of 20 – 40% reduction in CoF for limestone samples. The actual CoF analyzed on one of the field trials was 17%.
Being a first-time application of special CT lubricant in open-hole environment, the methodology and results from this field trial will enable application in open-hole wells with similar formations, globally. With more applications of metal-on-non-metal lubricants, it will provide better understanding to the industry on their behaviors downhole.
Virtually Unplugging Perforations: High-Resolution Acoustic Imaging Enabling Statistical Analysis of Calibration and Post-Frac Perforation Entry and Exit-Hole Datasets
Authors: Simpson Greer , Mercer Ashley , Mantell Matt , Bourgeois Charles , Battistel Anthony , Pehlke Trent , Littleford Tom 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
High-resolution acoustic imaging technology provides operators with the ability to extract submillimetric measurements of perforations at any depth into a casing wall. Owing to its 3D nature, submillimetric acoustic data permits the extraction of highly accurate area-based measurements at any radial distance into a perforation, with key distances at the inner and outer casing boundaries. This novel technology is fluid agnostic and unaffected by the opacity or clarity of the fluid. The robust 3D measurement capabilities of the platform have made it an ideal means to evaluate casings and perforations in challenging environments such as hydraulically fractured wells. The integration of high-resolution acoustic imaging into numerous operators' hydraulic fracture and completions evaluation workflows has resulted in a highly insightful aggregate submillimetric perforation dataset. This large dataset has led to the development of a method that can virtually unplug perforations using a well-specific "perforation entry- and exit-hole area correlation." The established correlation can only be extracted using acoustic-based imaging, as it requires submillimetric resolution of both the inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) profiles of each perforation. Using this correlation, the resulting set of post-frac perforation exit-hole measurements improves the operators ability to complete a holistic well completion evaluation, even when the perforations are plugged due to unfavorable well conditions. The outcome is improved operational insight owing to the ability to directly compare stages with plugged perforations to those without. This approach can be applied at any point in the well's life cycle, allowing operators to revisit assessments and virtually unplug obscured and proppant-filled perforations. The methodology requires sound baseline knowledge of the downhole perforating charges performance. The baseline is typically obtained through a calibration stage, which is a stage of charges that are shot but left unstimulated to provide control measurements for a specific charge under the given well conditions. The current industry performance of downhole perforating charges is investigated using an aggregated dataset of calibration charges. To validate this solid-state acoustic imaging technology and demonstrates its high degree of accuracy for entry- and exit-hole perforation measurements, machined samples were scanned using this technology and with a metrology-grade laser scanner for comparison. This paper presents a novel virtual unplugging methodology enabled by highly accurate and validated entry-hole measurements, as well as other insights gained from the aggregate analysis of the world's largest calibration perforation dataset.
1.69-inch Electro-Mechanical Pipe Cutting Deployed on Digital Slickline
Authors: Heaney Francis Michael , Powell Bryan David , MacKay Gerard Steven , Mlcak Mathew Craig 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Digital slickline (DSL) has been deployed in the industry since 2013 (Loov et al., 2014 & Wiese et al., 2015) and has proven to be an effective tool to improve well intervention efficiency from the traditional two-unit slickline and eline model. Since initial deployment, the product has continuously expanded services with on-command explosive triggers, non-explosive setting tools, downhole anchors, surface readout (SRO) pulse neutron formation evaluation services, production logging, and multi-finger calipers. Numerous case study papers extol the DSL time savings, which leverages one slickline rig-up & down compared to multiple rig ups and downs when a slickline and a separate eline unit are dispatched to complete the same work scope. On complex interventions such as multiple tubular patches, these savings could be several days, especially if each unit required scheduling to be on location. (Heaney et al., 2020). Other papers (Koriesh et al., 2022) highlight the opportunities for deploying a small and lightweight slickline unit to address offshore platform limits that would not support the larger eline units. Additional benefits of DSL include reduced personnel on board (POB), fewer crane lifts, faster rig up & down, and increased cable speeds compared to eline. Although DSL has many attributes, it still uses a slickline cable, albeit coated, that has a much lower breaking strength than eline and has limited communication bandwidth; nevertheless, the efficiency savings on many interventions is transformative.
One service requested for DSL is a non-explosive pipe recovery device to reduce health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risks and provide cost containment in areas that require an explosive escort. One specific device proven effective in pipe recovery is the eline deployed electro-mechanical cutter, which can produce a complete flare-free machine shop quality cut that other pipe-cutting devices cannot match. There are multiple variations of the electric cutting tool, and all employ proprietary high-powered motors that allow the cutting blade to sever the tubular. The novel feature in this paper is a battery-powered 1.69-inch electro-mechanical pipe-cutting tool deployed on DSL or eline to cut pipe from 2.375 to 3.5-inch diameter that dominates many completions globally. The paper will discuss tool development details and verification testing to ensure a battery-powered device could sever the expected downhole tubulars.
Applications of Machine Learning Methods to Predict Hole Cleaning in Horizontal and Highly Deviated Wells
Authors: Mendez Michael , Ahmed Ramadan , Karami Hamidreza , Nasser Mustafa , Hussein Ibnelwaleed , Garcia Sergio , Gonzalez Andres 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Machine learning (ML) has become a robust method for modeling field operations based on measurements. For example, wellbore cleanout is a critical operation that needs to be optimized to enhance the removal of solids to reduce problems associated with poor hole cleaning. However, as wellbore geometry becomes more complicated, it gets more difficult to predict the cleaning performance of fluids. As a result, optimization is often challenging. Therefore, this study aims to develop a data-driven model for predicting hole cleaning in deviated wells to optimize drilling performance.
More than 500 flow loop measurements from 8 studies are used to formulate a suitable ML model to forecast hole cleanout in directional wells. Measurements were obtained from hole-cleaning experiments that were conducted using different loop configurations. Test sections ranged in length from 22 to 100 feet, in hole diameter from 4 to 8 inches, and in pipe diameter from 2 to 4.5 inches. The experiments provided measured equilibrium bed height at a specific flow rate for various fluids, including water-based and oil-based fluids and fluids containing fibers. Several relevant test parameters, including fluid and cutting properties, well inclination, and drilling string rotation speed, were also considered in the analysis. The collected data has been analyzed using the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM). Six different machine learning techniques (Random Forest, Linear Regression, Neural Networks, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline, Support Vector Machine, and Boosted Decision Tree) have been evaluated to select the most appropriate method for predicting bed thickness in a wellbore. Also, we compared the predictions of the selected ML method with those of a mechanistic model for cases without drill string rotation. Finally, using the ML model, a parametric study has been conducted to investigate the impact of various parameters on the cleanout performance of selected fluids.
Results show the relative influence of different variables on the prediction of cuttings bed. Accordingly, flow rate, drill string rotation, and fluid behavior index have a strong impact on dimensionless bed thickness, while other parameters such as fluid consistency index, solids density and diameter, fiber concentration, and well inclination angle have a moderate effect. The Boosted Decision Tree algorithm has provided the most accurate prediction with an R-square of approximately 90%, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of close to 0.07, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of roughly 0.05. A comparison between a mechanistic model and the selected ML technique shows that the ML model provided better predictions.
Sustained Annulus Pressure: A Case Study into the Application and Integration of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing
Authors: Webster Michael James , Fiorilo Elena , Salamanca Maria Eugenia , Lopez Andrea Cristina , Orlandi Carlos Pedro Rodolfo , Urmantseva Lena 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS) allowed us to continuously gather information behind casing, while changing the wells surface conditions. The objective of this case study is to identify the potential causes of the sustained annulus pressure using distributed optical data, integrated it with conventional well information to help define remedial action.
The sensing fiber was deployed utilising fiber-enabled slickline allowing the measurement of the whole well over the duration of the survey. Conventional memory Gamma Ray, CCL, Pressure and Temperature sensors were also run on the fiber slickline. A program consisting of an initial baseline, a sequence of bleed off, shutin and production periods were used to create measurable events for the fiber to detect over a 7 hour survey period. With the integration of the information provided by the memory tools, it is possible to determine the location of the sustained pressure contribution and the fluid behavior related to the pressure and temperature changes. The combination of simple data acquisition and rapid processing at wellsite ensured data quality and enabled the option of potential remediation during the same visit to the well.
This case study from South America highlights the application of this service in a remote wellsite location with sustained casing pressure issues, the authors concluded that the contribution point was located at the Rayoso Formation and the entry point was the 9 5/8" shoe. Liquid dropout effects during the production phase were confirmed with pressure indications from the memory gauge at the bottom of the fiber.
DFOS enabled slickline provides information that allows potential remediation during the same well visit. This case study presents a simple deployment and interpretation methodology reducing time and costs and bringing fiber technology to a mass market. Partnering with key suppliers to simplify the process, helped to make fiber a routine part of an integrated surveillance service.
Enhanced Productivity Using Real-Time Coiled Tubing Assisted by Temperature Mapping and Integrated Dynamic Diversion Acid Squeeze Technique in a Highly Depleted Reservoir of West Kuwait
Authors: Al Sebea Salem Hamad , Abu-Eidah Abdullah Ibrahim , Patra Milan , Al-Eidi Mohammad , Khandelwal Nakul , Chawla Sapna , Gaur Rishika , Alkreebani Mohammad 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the current cost-constrained oil field environment, operators must complete their wells while minimizing capital expenditure. Operators respond to these challenges by utilizing customized diagnostic services and specialized tools in a single run to save on rig costs. Coiled Tubing (CT) deployed fiber- optics assist in taking Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) during acid stimulations to estimate fluid volume distribution in the horizontal openhole with a specialized jetting tool to create wormholes and complex microfractures.
This paper discusses an acid stimulation process using dynamic fluid energy to divert flow into a specific sweet spot in the well to initiate and accurately pinpoint acid stimulation. The treatment efficiency was monitored and visualized in Real Time (RT) with CT-conveyed fiber-optic DTS. This acid stimulation process, named Integrated Dynamic Diversion (IDD), often uses two independent fluid streams: the acid phase down the treating string and other liquids or foamed fluid down the annulus. Two different fluids mix downhole with high energy to form a homogenous mixture.
Pre-job DTS injection profile diagnostics identified a non-permeable zone, and the stimulation pumping schedule was adjusted accordingly. Using the IDD process, this was done in RT by changing the depths and increasing the number of stages across the non-permeable zone. Post-job injection profile DTS diagnostics confirmed an increase in injectivity across the non-permeable zone with a uniform injection across the entire openhole. This proved the value of combining RT CT with IDD using a dual pumping process and the specialized jetting tool. Post-job production results also indicate a sustainable production with an oil gain of +500 BOPD.
Applying the IDD methodology with DTS services is the most appropriate solution to address the unique challenges of openhole operations, formation technical difficulties, high-stakes economics, and untapped high potential from intermittent reservoirs. This paper presents post-job results obtained from stimulating multiple zones along the lateral and describes the lessons learned in implementing this methodology, which can now be considered best practice for applications with similar challenges in other fields.
Two Successful Case Histories of Advanced Live Well Deployment in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Parra David , Hasanov Emil , Piven Alexander , McClean Charlie 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The use of Coiled Tubing (CT) has been over the past years a preferred method to deploy long, heavy screens and guns in highly deviated wells in a single run without killing the well, therefore reducing the risk and improving job efficiency. Two case histories are presented in this paper. The first involves deployment of 88m of screens and the second deployment of 125m of 3-3/8-in guns including blank sections.
After revising several techniques, the best approach was to use an Advance Live Well Deployment (ALWD) system to deploy and set the screens, and to deploy and retrieved guns, with a tubing encapsulated electrical wire which enabled the Coiled Tubing Telemetry (CTT) system with the ultimate goal to perform a safe and cost-saving well intervention, as compared to other options such as conventional wireline perforating. In the first job, the objective was to remove a plug to get access to the zones below and deploy/set 88m of ceramic screens in one run. In the second job, the objective was to set a plug in the tubing to isolate lower zones and run 125m of guns to perforate tubing and casing. Extensive job planning was done including CT simulations to reach target depth, shock modeling to confirm forces are within CT limitations, and yard tests to verify deployment (screens) and deployment/reverse deployment (guns) procedures.
CTT system with a Tension Compression Torque (TCT) sensor was used during deployment/reverse-deployment operations. Casing Collar Locator (CCL) sensor was run for depth correlation during screen/guns positioning and packers setting (screens). Deployment Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) was changed to a firing BHA before running in the hole for setting the packer and electrically activating the guns. With the ALWD system, 88m of ceramic screens were successfully run and set inside existing screens, as well as 125m of guns/blank sections were successfully deployed/reverse-deployed.
Based on the success of these two case histories, the ALWD combined with CTT system has been proven to be the preferred method when dealing with long screens deployment and perforation intervals in live well conditions.
Interventions in High Cross-Flow / Auto Gas Lift Well in Chirag Field, Caspian Region
Authors: Adilov Ravan , Karimova Ravana , Aliyev Javid 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the intervention activities performed under high crossflow conditions in Chirag Auto Gas Lift (In-situ GL/Natural GL) completion design where crossflow between the reservoir zones posed a major challenge. Auto Gas Lift design was installed on a few selected wells of the Chirag field due to a lack of conventional gas-lift equipment, compressors, and pipelines. When Auto gas lift wells are shut in, crossflow occurs between the high-pressure gas-bearing zone used to lift the oil and the lower- pressured oil-bearing reservoir zone. The amount of crossflow is controlled by installing a choke (gas lift valve) across the gas bearing zone. On well A completed in August 2020, an oversize Gas Lift Valve was installed which created suboptimal flowing conditions, production deferrals and severe crossflow during shut-in. An intervention activity was carried out to replace the oversized valve in this severe crossflow condition. Installation of a plug was necessary to stop the cross-flow during the valve change-out operation but proved to be very challenging because the force from the crossflow - a rushing mixture of gas/sand - would be pushing against the cross-sectional area of any tool that is to be RIH. This paper describes the multiple options that can be worked out via modelling to define the optimal approach for successful intervention operations in high crossflow environments.
The rate of cross-flow in the well can limit well intervention options. Due to piston force created by cross- flow, conventional methods of reservoir isolation are not always feasible, hence deployment method needs to be thoroughly analyzed during job planning. Several ways of reservoir isolation methods – utilizing slickline or e-line methodology have been cross-checked through rigorous modelling and collaboration with the contractors. This modelling revealed that well A crossflow conditions exceeded the safe operating limits of the Slickline wire and would introduce significant damages to the e-line wire due to the build-up piston force on the plug as it expands. After a few iterations, the optimized solution was identified as having an anchor that would be set before the plug and allow the passage of the gas flow through it. This intervention activity was carried out successfully on Well A as a result of the mutual efforts of all partners. The article also discusses the option of killing the well as a last resort to proceed with a required intervention job.