bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immunoglobulins of Mice
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Barth Werner F. , Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Skin sensitizing capacities of five groups of mouse immunoglobulin were investigated.
Mouse 7 S γ2-globulins were capable of sensitizing guinea pig (heterologous) skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. No heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activity was present, however, in the 7 S γ1-globulin, β2A-globulin or γ1-macroglobulin classes.
The heterologous skin sensitizing ability of the 7 S γ2-globulins was further investigated by examining two subclasses, 7 S γ2a-globulin and 7 S γ2b-globulin, with the aid of purified mouse myeloma proteins. Heterologous skin sensitizing activity was identified in the γ2a-globulin but not in the γ2b-globulin subclass. The presence or absence of heterologous skin sensitizing activity within the 7 S γ2-globulin class correlated with the presence or absence of allotypic isoantigens and with specific antigenic determinants detected by rabbit antiserum.
Absence of an Antigenic Component of Complement in NZB Mice
Authors: Norins Leslie C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice of the NZB strain, which develop spontaneous autoimmune disease, have been found to lack the complement antigen Hc1 and functional complement. They readily form antibodies to this antigen when immunized with sera from normal strains of mice. The other NZ mouse strains tested, NZW, NZY and NZCW, possess the Hc1 antigen, as do hybrids of NZB with C3H and NZW. The presence of complement may be associated with the florid kidney lesions described for NZB/NZW hybrids.
I. Reverse Anaphylactic Reactions in Guinea Pig Ileum Strips Passively Sensitized in Vitro with Various Albumin Antigens
Authors: Liacopoulos-Briot M. , Halpern B. N. , Perramant M. F. , Liacopoulos P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reverse passive anaphylactic reactions were induced in guinea pig ileum strips sensitized in vitro with various albumin antigens. Guinea pigs from strains highly susceptible to direct anaphylaxis regularly gave reverse anaphylactic reactions. However, with use of a method of sensitization in a low ionic strength medium (isotonic buffered glucose (IBG) solution), reverse anaphylactic reactions could also be regularly induced in ileum strips of guinea pigs from various strains less susceptible to direct anaphylaxis.
Whatever may be the sensitizing medium (Tyrode's or IBG solution), reverse anaphylactic reactions are governed by the same quantitative conditions as the direct reactions, namely, a) the antigen concentration in the sensitizing medium, b) the length of incubation time with antigen and c) the amount of antibody used to elicit reverse anaphylactic contraction.
In contrast to γ-globulins, ovalbumin was found to be readily washed out of the sensitized ileum strips. Washing of ovalbumin-sensitized ileum strips for 10 to 20 min is sufficient for “desensitization.”
As in direct passive anaphylaxis, only antibodies originating from certain species are capable of eliciting reverse anaphylactic reactions: horse antibody was not capable of producing anaphylactic contraction in conditions where rabbit antibodies were active.
Nonspecific γ-globulins, when mixed with rabbit antibody for challenge, inhibited the reverse anaphylactic contraction of ileum strips sensitized with ovalbumin.
The evidence concerning the correspondence of this reversed procedure with the reversed reaction at the tissular level and the theoretical implications of the reported findings are discussed.
Immunity to Transplantable Tumors Following Viral Oncolysis
Authors: Lindenmann Jean , Klein Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intraperitoneal LD50 of Krebs 2 (K-2) and Sarcoma 180 (Sa-180) ascites tumors for inbred A2G mice was below 100 cells/mouse. Mice that had been inoculated with 106 Ehrlich ascites (EA) cells and 4 to 6 days later with WSA influenza virus underwent oncolysis and were subsequently resistant to challenge with all three tumors. This resistance could be transferred to normal A2G mice with serum or peritoneal exudate. The levels of active and passive immunity were comparable when measured with either EA or Sa 180 challenges, but definitely ower when measured with K-2.
Postoncolytic EA-immune sera from A2G mice agglutinated saline cell suspensions from all three tumors to similar titers. In addition, certain sera obtained after various challenge schedules gave a precipitation line in double diffusion tests with aqueous extracts from the three tumors. These sera and tumor extracts could also be used to induce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs.
Lack of Correlation between Infectivity, Serologic Response and Challenge Results in Immunization with an Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine
Authors: Raggi Livio G. , Lee George G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
White Leghorn chickens of two different ages and sources were vaccinated with diluted and undiluted infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine. Statistical evaluation of the results showed: Incubation period was prolonged by the presence of congenital passive antibodies, and by using a vaccine that was diluted 100-fold.The combined factors of age and dose level affected vaccination reaction in that per cent of infectivity was highest and reactions were most severe in older birds receiving undiluted vaccine.Congenital passive immunity interfered with the development of active antibodies in that geometric mean serum neutralization titers peaked lower and later in birds having maternal antibodies than in birds from a susceptible source.Per cent of resistance on two challenge dates (7 weeks and 6 months after vaccination) was higher in the older birds vaccinated with the undiluted vaccine.There was no difference between immune and susceptible sources in immunity over the long run (at 6 months) in chicks vaccinated against IB within their 1st week of life.None of the six groups of birds showed any correlation between infectivity and serologic responses, between infectivity and challenge results, or between serologic responses and challenge results.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Pasteurella Tularensis
Authors: Thorpe Bert D. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Host mechanisms of resistance to Pasteurella tularensis infections in white mice, guinea pigs and rabbits were studied by using passively transferred phagocytic cells and sera to protect the challenged animals. Homologous and heterologous cells and sera from normal and previously immunized (recovered) animals were used. Three strains of the pathogen, varying in virulence for the three animal species, were used as challenge organisms. It was found that specific antibodies, whether from a homologous or heterologous source, were capable of increasing the survival times of challenged animals, while phagocytes from immune animals (homologous and heterologous) increased the survival times and decreased the mortality rates. This latter phenomenon was also evident using normal cells from a naturally resistant species to protect a naturally susceptible species. It was concluded that cellular factors were of critical importance in acquired immunity to tularemia while specific antibodies per se were of less significance.
The Flocculation Test and the Law of Mass Action
Authors: Levine Leo , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are presented which show that flocculation time in both the Ramon and Dean-Webb methods is the resultant of two different interacting variables which affect the velocity of precipitation. One is the independent variable of interest, namely, the equivalence ratio. The other is the mass-law effect, that is, the variation from tube to tube of the product of the concentrations of the reactants which is a necessary consequence of keeping one reactant constant. A new, equally simple method is proposed which eliminates the mass-law effect by maintaining a constant product of concentrations. Comparisons of all three methods are presented in both the diphtheria and tetanus systems.
Studies on Histoplasmosis
Authors: O'Hern Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results of two tests of experimental histoplasmosis in hamsters showed that infections induced by i.d. inoculation progressed to a somewhat slower, less extensive dissemination and to an earlier clearance of organisms from the tissue than infections induced by s.c. inoculation.
The Histoplasma inhibitory factor (HIF) was demonstrated in 30% of the animals (66% of those infected more than one week) with infections of moderate intensity induced by i.d. inoculation of 10,000 yeast cells; whereas, in infections resulting in early and extensive dissemination, induced by either i.d. or s.c. inoculation of 50,000 Histoplasma yeast cells, little or no HIF was demonstrable.
HIF activity could be demonstrated in portions of liver and in saline extracts of liver tested against in vitro grown organisms of the homologous and two heterologous strains of Histoplasma. No HIF activity was demonstrable against a variant strain derived from the homologous strain organism.
Heated liver extracts, aqueous suspensions of alcohol soluble material and heated fractions thereof also exhibited HIF activity.
No HIF activity could be detected against the mycelial form of Histoplasma in initial cultures of infected tissue or in tests using in vitro grown organisms.
The inadequacies of the present methods of testing for HIF are discussed and suggestions are made for following the production of the inhibitor in the living animal.
Role of the Posterior Hypothalamus in Mediating the Lethal Action of Bacterial Endotoxin in the Rat
Authors: Porter Philip J. , Kass Edward H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The LD50 of endotoxin is approximately twice as great when given intracardially as when given into the carotid artery. Elevation of ambient temperature increases the body temperature of rats and decreases the LD50 strikingly. Rats maintained at elevated temperatures respond to endotoxin with hyperthermia rather than the usual hypothermia. In hyperthermic animals, the intracarotid route is still about twice as lethal as the intracardiac. Stereotactic ablation experiments, performed to localize the site of unusual sensitivity to endotoxin in the brain, indicated that lesions in the paraolfactory area, superior colliculus or lateral hypothalamus had no effect on the lethal action of endotoxin. However, lesions in the posterior hypothalamus protected rats against an otherwise lethal dose of endotoxin, and did so in the absence of significant alterations in body temperature. Lesions in the anterior hypothalamus produced hyperthermia and were associated with decreased resistance to the lethal action of endotoxin. It is concluded that there are graded sites of sensitivity to endotoxin, and that the posterior hypothalamic area is the most sensitive so far discerned. The lethal action of endotoxin is therefore manifested, in part at least, through the mediation of the posterior hypothalmus. No conclusions are drawn as to whether the action of endotoxin is direct or indirect, or related to hypersensitivity.
Radiosensitivity of the Immune Response to Sheep Red Cells in the Mouse, as Measured by the Hemolytic Plaque Method
Authors: Kennedy J. C. , Till J. E. , Siminovitch L. , McCulloch E. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
γ-Ray survival curves have been obtained for the capacity of adult male mice to respond to the injection of sheep erythrocytes by the production of hemolytic plaque-forming cells (11, 12). When antigen was given within 2 hr after irradiation of the mice, the survival curve was found to be a simple negative exponential, with a D37 of 80 rads. No significant change in this curve was found when an interval of 10 days separated radiation and antigen injection, indicating that radiation-induced damage to the immune system was not repaired during this interval. The capacity of plaque-forming cells to form plaques was found to be much less sensitive to radiation than was the capacity of the animals to produce plaque-forming cells. No decrease in the capacity of plaque-forming cells to form plaques was found for doses of radiation up to 2 kilorads.
On the basis of these survival curves, it is suggested that the spleens of normal mice contain a minimum of 103 cells which do not themselves produce hemolysin, but respond to the injection of antigen by proliferation and differentiation into hemolysin-producing cells. Further, when these cells, which may be termed antigen-sensitive cells, are rendered incapable of proliferation by radiation they are not replaced to a significant degree for a period of at least 10 days.
Immunologic Response to Subarachnoid and Intracerebral Injection of Antigens
Authors: Panda J. N. , Dale H. E. , Loan R. W. , Davis L. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody response in rabbits was measured after canine red blood cells (RBC) and Brucella antigen were injected s.c., i.v., into the cisterna magna (i.c.m.), and into the substance of the brain (i.c.). The following average agglutinin titers were observed after injection of RBC: s.c., 1:320; i.v., 1:5,120; i.c.m., 1:30,000; and i.c., 1:160. The following average hemolysin titers were observed after injection of RBC: s.c., 1:10; i.v., 1:16; i.c.m., 1:28; i.c., 1:8. After injection of Brucella antigen, agglutinin titers were s.c., 1:200; i.v., 1:900; and i.c.m., 1:2,560.
In splenectomized rabbits agglutinin and hemolysin titers after s.c. injection were similar to titers after s.c. injection in normal rabbits. After i.v. injections in splenectomized rabbits, titers were similar to those attained after s.c. injection. Titers after i.c.m. injection in splenectomized rabbits were similarly lower than titers produced by i.c.m. injection in normal rabbits.
Magnitude of the antibody response was thought to be related to the distribution of antigen in the body; the extremely high titers after i.c.m. injection, to a “slow leak” of antigen from the cerebrospinal fluid into the blood.
The Suppressive Role of Mouse Peritoneal Phagocytes in Agglutinin Response
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In an attempt to determine the possible role of peritoneal phagocytes in the initiation of agglutinin response to RBC, bio-assay curves were first constructed to assess the immunogenicity of the test antigen by culturing in vivo varying numbers of sheep RBC with 107 primed mouse spleen cells. This number of spleen cells, when optimally stimulated, synthesized as much antibody as an intact mouse. Observations made at varying time intervals after culture of RBC with fixed or varying numbers of phagocytes revealed that immunogens or immunogen-like substances were neither released nor stored by phagocytes actively engaged in phagocytosis in either in vitro or in vivo conditions. Furthermore, when fixed or varying numbers of peritoneal phagocytes were cultured in vivo together with a fixed number of spleen cells and RBC, they were shown to be destructive competitors rather than “symbionts” of spleen cells undergoing either a primary or secondary antibody response. Finally, non-opsonized and opsonized RBC were injected into glycogen-treated and untreated mice by the intraperitoneal and intravenous routes, and the results showed that minimum response was obtained when opsonized RBC were injected i.p. into glycogen-treated mice, and maximum response when nonopsonized RBC were injected i.v. into untreated mice. These results show that peritoneal phagocytes respond to foreign RBC as scavenger cells and are not essential for the initiation of antibody response.
Role of Sialic Acid Receptors in Adsorption of Influenza Virus to Chick Embryo Cells
Authors: Haff Richard F. , Stewart Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of CE cell monolayers with neuraminidase produced 2.5- to 4.7-fold inhibition of plaque formation with different myxoviruses on subsequent infection. Continued incubation in the presence of neuraminidase failed to increase appreciably the extent of inhibition. In contrast, neuraminidase at 800-, 4000- and 500-fold lower concentrations modified receptors for virus on RBC and released sialic acid from mucin and N-acetyl neuramin-lactose, respectively, under comparable conditions. Thus, a large proportion of virus receptors on CE cells were refractory or relatively resistant to enzyme action.
Evidence is presented that plaque reduction which was observed was probably attributable to the neuraminidase component of the enzyme preparation. On the other hand, the action of neuraminidase on virus infection could be distinguished from that on RBC by pH effect and by lack of competitive inhibition with N-acetyl neuramin-lactose. A difference between CE and RBC receptors for the same virus was further indicated by release of significant quantities of sialic acid from CE cells by concentrations of neuraminidase which produced hemagglutination inhibition but no reduction in infectious centers.
Extent of plaque inhibition by neuraminidase was reflected by decrease in virus adsorption to the cells.
Cryptococcus Neoformans Polysaccharide: Studies of Serologic Properties and Role in Infection
Authors: Bennett John E. , Hasenclever H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A complement fixation test for polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans was found to detect concentrations of as little as 0.25 to 1.0 µg/ml, depending on the preparation of polysaccharide. The test was less sensitive toward other polysaccharides but did react with those from Hansenula minuta, Hansenula capsulata, Cryptococcus laurentii and Diplococcus pneumoniae. The test was used to demonstrate that cryptococcal polysaccharide injected intracisternally into rabbits disappeared rapidly from the cerebrospinal fluid but appeared and persisted for weeks in the bloodstream. Cryptococcal polysaccharide injected i.v. into rabbits or mice also persisted in the bloodstream for weeks. The inability of mice to clear this foreign antigen from their bloodstream was felt to help account for the high titers of cryptococcal polysaccharide found in the mice infected with C. neoformans. An i.v. injection of polysaccharide into mice caused no gross toxicity but hastened mortality if the mice were infected subsequently with a large inoculum of C. neoformans.
Dinitrophenylated Bacitracin A as an Antigen in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Abuelo J. G. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bacitracin A and its dinitrophenylated derivatives were investigated for antigenicity because they offer several unusual characteristics: a) they are small molecules composed of twelve amino acids; b) they have well-defined structures; c) the dinitrophenyl hapten groups couple to the bacitracin A molecule at known positions and d) bacitracin and its dinitrophenylated derivatives may be obtained in a highly purified state. These properties make bacitracin A and its derivatives suitable for use in the investigation of the nature and characteristics of antigenicity and the homogeneity of the antibody population obtained after immunization with a relatively simple antigen.
Materials and Methods. Animals. Hartley strain albino guinea pigs weighing about 400 g, obtained from the same dealer but not from an inbred colony, were used for immunization.
Antigens. Bacitracin A (Fig. 1) (1) was coupled to 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups according to the method of Craig, Konigsberg and Hill (2), and the products were purified by countercurrent distribution.
Blood Groups in the Rabbit
Authors: Cohen Carl , Tissot Robert G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two new isoantibodies have been prepared which detect the antigenic products for the heretofore immunologically undetectable alleles at two blood group loci of the rabbit. Three of the five known blood group systems of the rabbit can now be completely identified. Both antibodies are of the 19 S variety and will agglutinate the corresponding red blood cells in saline. The anti-L is a good dosage serum, and the L antigen is much stronger than the antigenic product of its allele. The L antigen does not play a role in fetal-maternal isoimmunization, nor is it an effective histocompatibility antigen. The reaction of anti-M with its corresponding erythrocytic antigen is not strong, as is also characteristic of the reaction of the antibody to the antigen controlled by its allele.
Fluorescent Antibody Staining
Authors: Wood B. T. , Thompson S. H. , Goldstein G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid method of preparing bright and specific staining fluorescent antibodies is described. The method is discussed emphasizing a) the need for chromatographically homogeneous antibody globulin, b) the importance of pH in the coupling reaction and c) the advantages of fractionating the fluorescent antibody reaction mixture on DEAE-cellulose.
Improved Measurement of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Titer
Authors: Miller Gail Lorenz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An improved procedure for measurement of hemagglutinin titer of influenza virus has been developed. Interference due to inhibitors was minimized through the use of a longer period of incubation of the virus-red blood cell mixtures; that due to enhancing agents, by incorporation of gelatin into the diluent medium. Protective action against loss of hemagglutinin was also afforded by the gelatin. The kinetics of the hemagglutinin titration, as revealed by the relationships between long virus dilution and percentage of transmission of the mixtures of virus and red cells, are described for different strains of the virus, and the implications of the findings with regard to meaningful application of the method are discussed.
Single Lymph Node Cells Producing Heteroclitic Bacteriophage Antibody
Authors: Mäkelä O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fractions of antibody could be isolated from anti-T2 sera by using adsorption onto and elution from T4 phage, which inactivated T4 more effectively than T2. Corresponding aberrant (heteroclitic) fractions were isolated from anti-T4 sera with the aid of T2. Few single lymph node cells from rats and mice immunized with T2 phage were found to liberate antibody heteroclitic for T4 or T6. Heteroclitic serum antibody could be the product of a relatively small number of such cells. These cells are thought to form the tail of a continuous distribution of anti T2 cells producing different degrees of cross-reaction with T4 or T6.
Surface Properties of the Egg and Mouse Lines of A1 Influenza Virus
Authors: Borecký L. , Lackovič V. , Rathová V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Changes in the surface properties of a viral population were studied in the course of adaptation of A1/Moscow/1949 influenza virus to mouse lung. The mouse line virus (Em2), as compared with egg line virus (Em1), was found to be non-sensitive to both α and β inhibitors. Heating at 56°C for 30 min converted the Em2 virus to the “indicator” state, while heating at 62°C caused complete destruction of its hemagglutinating ability. The hemagglutinins of mouse virulent virus (Em2) were highly sensitive also to treatment with trypsin or papain. On the other hand, the immunogenicity and antibody-binding capacity of Em2 virus were higher and were independent of the presence of thermolabile components in sera which seem to be necessary for the reaction of egg line virus (Em1) with early antibodies in hemagglutination-inhibition tests. The two lines of virus differed also in their ability to agglutinate bovine erythrocytes at room temperature. Some of these markers were tested in various other strains of myxovirus. Attempts were undertaken to obtain “pure” populations of the Em1 and Em2 lines by passaging the egg line virus in the presence of trypsin and the mouse line virus in the presence of normal sera in eggs. The results of these studies are discussed.