bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replication of Measles Virus in Continuous Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Gallagher Marie R. , Flanagan Thomas D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The replication of measles virus was studied in a T cell-like line, MOLT-4, and a B cell-like line, Raji. Both cell lines supported measles virus replication. The infected lymphoid cells were assayed for infectious virus and expression of measles antigens at timed intervals up to 84 hr after inoculation. At time 0, after a 2-hr adsorption period at 4°C, both cell lines produced a maximum of 3% infectious centers and up to 22% antigen-positive cells. Eventually all cells in both populations became infected during the experimental period. When Raji and MOLT-4 cells were infected under similar conditions 100% infection of cells was achieved 12 hr earlier in Raji than in MOLT-4. Increasing multiplicity of infection (MOI) from 1 to 10 made no significant change in the number of infected cells during the early part of the cycle. Spread of virus was largely due to released virus and not cell to cell transmission. Since only a small proportion of the population adsorbed the virus at any one time, and eventually all cells were infected, it was concluded that the receptors for measles virus were expressed at some phase of the cell cycle.
The Host Antigen Phenomenon in Experimental Murine Schistosomiasis
Authors: Boyer Markley H. , Ketchum Dana G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult Schistosoma mansoni grown in hamsters and transferred directly to the mesenteric vessels of C57BL10J mice previously immunized with hamster cells survive normally despite evidence of cytoxic and hemagglutinating antibodies directed against hamster cells. This finding indicates that species differences may play an important part in the manifestations of the host antigen phenomenon in experimental schistosomiasis.
Regulatory Substances Produced by Lymphocytes
Authors: Namba Yuziro , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
L cell mutant lines which were considerably more resistant to rat lymphotoxin (LT) than the original cell line were obtained by periodic additions of LT, partially purified from sensitized lymph node cell culture supernatants by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex gel filtration. Addition of actinomycin D to cultures of these mutant cells abrogated resistance to LT, suggesting that resistance was not due to a loss of LT receptors but probably to increased activity of a repair mechanism. These mutant lines were also more resistant to the proliferation inhibitory effect of LT in low concentration and to that of diluted culture supernatants of lymph node cells stimulated with antigen (ovalbumin) than the original cell line, but they remained as sensitive to inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) as the original line. The mutant lines also remained fully sensitive to both complement-dependent lysis by antibody and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, but showed increased resistance to the killing effect of rat lymph node cells sensitized with original L cells in vivo. These findings suggest that the lymphotoxic substance partially purified and characterized in this and in the previous paper may be an important mediator of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
IgM-Mediated, T Cell-Independent Suppression of Humoral Immunity
Authors: Ordal John , Smith Sean , Ness Dolly , Gershon Richard K. , Grumet F. Carl 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunological unreactive state occurring in (T,G)-A-L nonresponder mice after secondary antigen challenge was investigated. Syngeneic IgM anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody-containing plasma, transferred at the time of the time of primary challenge, induced persistent suppression of autologous specific antibody production. Removal of plasma IgM with goat anti-µ antisera removed the ability of the plasma to suppress. The induction and maintenance of the suppressed state were not different in thymectomized or sham-thymectomized animals. Primed animals subjected to graft-vs-host reaction (GVHR) at the time of secondary challenge switched over to IgG production. Animals suppressed by passive antibody transfer reacted to GVHR, at the time of secondary challenge, with specific IgM but not IgG antibody production.
Transfused normal spleen cells partially abrogated suppression only when (suppressed) hosts had been lethally irradiated. Spleen cells from antigen-plus-antibody suppressed donors, upon transfer to previously normal, syngeneic hosts, were less immunocompetent than spleen cells from untreated donors. These data are consistent with a model of IgM mediated, T cell-independent persistent suppression of humoral immunity.
Neutrophil Receptors for IgG and Complement: Their Roles in the Attachment and Ingestion Phases of Phagocytosis
Authors: Scribner Duncan J. , Fahrney David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The functional roles of IgG and C3b in phagocytosis by human peripheral neutrophils were investigated. Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of human serum was severely depressed by heat inactivation of serum at 56°C for 30 min. Experiments with varying particle: leukocyte ratios in the presence of complement-inactivated sera showed that particle-bound C3b can mediate a 10-fold enhancement of the overall phagocytic rate. When sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with either IgG or IgM, only the former were bound to and readily internalized by neutrophils. Erythrocytes sensitized with both IgM and C3b were bound but not internalized. Furthermore, the presence of Fc fragments during incubation of S. aureus or latex beads with neutrophils in the presence of IgG or fresh serum affected a total inhibition of internalization but did not significantly alter adherence. Quantitative data regarding IgG sensitization indicated that bound C3b results in at least a 3-fold decrease in the amount of sensitizing IgG required for 50% maximal phagocytic response by neutrophils. On the basis of the above results, it is argued that particle-bound C3b functions primarily in the adherence phase and that bound IgG serves as a trigger for the internalization phase of phagocytosis.
Effect of Cross-Immunization on Monotypic Antibody Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2
Authors: Smith Jerry W. , Glorioso Joseph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New Zealand White rabbits were immunized subcutaneously with partially purified UV-inactivated preparations of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2) in complete Freund's adjuvant. After the initial immunizations, designated groups of animals received additional amounts of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 at 35-day intervals. Sera were absorbed with lysates of cells infected with heterotypic virus and the residual monotypic antibodies were detected by 51Cr-release assay using HSV-infected target cells. A positive correlation was found between the ratio of neutralizing antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 (II/I index) and the content of monotypic antibodies. Results showed that production of monotypic antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2, under the conditions employed, was independent of previous exposure to HSV.
Effects of Sodium Periodate Modification of Lymphocytes on the Sensitization and Lytic Phases of T Cell-Mediated Lympholysis
Authors: Schmitt-Verhulst Anne-Marie , Shearer Gene M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sensitization of mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro with sodium periodate-treated autologous spleen cells stimulated a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction and led to the generation of thymus-derived cytotoxic effector cells. These effectors were capable of lysing in 4 hr periodate-treated syngeneic and, to a lesser extent, periodate-treated allogeneic target cells. These results suggest that sensitization by periodate-treated autologous cells could result either from a specific reaction to modified self components or from a nonspecific mitogenic stimulation. Effector cells generated by allogeneic sensitization were detected on periodate-modified targets, irrespective of the H-2 antigens expressed by the targets. The effects of periodate modification on both stimulator and target cells were reversible by sodium borohydride, suggesting that the biologic effects of sodium periodate are dependent on the formation of a free aldehyde group on cell surface glycoproteins. Pretreatment of stimulator cells with neuroaminidase prevented the effect of periodate treatment, suggesting that the sensitization involves oxidized sialic acid residues. During the 4-hour 51Cr-release assay periodate-treated targets could be used to detect cytotoxic effector cells of any specificity. Fresh spleen cells and lymphocytes cultured for 5 days without antigen or in the presence of lipopolysaccharide did not lyse periodate-treated targets. An increasing level of cytotoxicity was detected on periodate-treated targets when the effector cells were generated, respectively, by stimulation with concanavalin A, by sensitization with periodate-modified autologous cells, or by sensitization with unmodified allogeneic stimulator cells. Although the lysis of periodate-treated targets is itself nonspecific, effector cell specificity could be determined by selective blocking of the lytic phase with cells syngeneic to the stimulators. These results indicate that a nonspecific interaction can occur between lymphocytes and periodate-treated target cells, but that this interaction leads to lysis only when the lymphocytes were activated to become cytotoxic effectors.
Antibodies Specific to Isoniazid and Isonicotinic Acid
Authors: Tse Kam S. , Vijay Hari , Attallah Nicholas , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antisera to isoniazid (INH) and its major metabolite, isonicotinic acid (INA), were prepared by immunization with conjugates of these compounds with human serum albumin. The antisera were rendered hapten-specific by exhaustive absorption with the immunizing carrier. Purified anti-hapten antibodies were also isolated with appropriate immunosorbents. As demonstrated by inhibition of the quantitative precipitin curves and of precipitating immune complexes in immunodiffusion tests, the antibodies to the two haptens reacted with either INH or INA, and also with isonicotinamide (INC); these three related molecules share the isonicotinyl group. The relative effectiveness of inhibition by free hapten of precipitating immune complexes consisting of either anti-INH or anti-INA antibodies and the related hapten-protein conjugates was INH &gt; INC &gt; INA.
In Vitro Hemolysis of Autologous Erythrocytes Caused by Immune Murine Spleen Cells and Spherules of the Fungus Coccidioides Immitis
Authors: Danley David L. , Pappagianis Demosthenes , Benjamini Eliezer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This communication describes an in vitro system wherein mouse erythrocytes are lysed in the presence of spherules of the fungus Coccidioides immitis and spleen cells from syngeneic mice immunized with a variety of antigens. The antigens include: tobacco mosaic virus in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), CFA alone, separate components of CFA, sheep erythrocytes, and allogeneic tumor. Spleen cells from mice sublethally infected with C. immitis are also capable of participating in this response. The lytic phenomenon, which does not require complement, is dependent upon the number of spleen cells per culture, the number of spherules per culture, the time of culture incubation, the amount of antigen injected into the animal and the time after immunization at which spleen cells are recovered. Live spherules or spherules killed with heat, with dimethylsulfoxide, or with formalin were effective participants, together with immune spleen cells, in the lytic reaction.
Mechanisms of Resistance Against Experimental Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection: The Importance of Antibodies and Antibody-Forming Capacity in the Biozzi High and Low Responder Mice
Authors: Kierszenbaum Pelipe , Howard James G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of antibodies and the host's antibody-forming capacity in resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection has been investigated in the Biozzi high and low responder lines of mice. Ab/L animals with low antibody-forming capacity were found to be more susceptible to i.p. infection with trypomastigotes than high-responders (Ab/H), whereas non-selected Swiss albino mice showed an intermediate level of susceptibility. The correlation between antibody-forming potentiality and susceptibility was consistently observed with both the Y and Tulahuén strains of the parasite, which differ in their preferential tissue tropism as well as virulence. A similar divergence in susceptibility was observed after subcutaneous infection with the Y strain which produces a more fulminating disease. Although Ab/L mice neither produced a significant antibody response to the parasite nor responded to prophylactic immunization with killed T. cruzi epimastigotes, they could be effectively protected by passive transfer of immune plasma.
An Enzyme-Linked Procedure for the Detection and Estimation of Surface Receptors on Cells
Authors: Cameron Deborah J. , Erlanger Bernard F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An enzyme immunoassay procedure has been developed for the visualization and estimation of lymphocyte surface receptors. β-Galactosidase (β-gal'ase) was covalently linked to sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (SARIg), to ovalbumin (OA), and to adenosine (A). Exposure of rabbit peripheral lymphocytes to SARIg-β-gal'ase and subsequent incubation with the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein-β-digalactopyranoside allowed visualization of B cells by fluorescence microscopy. Treatment with each of the above β-gal'ase conjugates and incubation with another fluorogenic substrate, 4-methyl-β-D-umbelliferylgalactopyranoside, made possible the estimation of the various receptors by spectro fluorimetry. Procedures used for enrichment of T and B cell populations could be monitored. Among the findings was that immunoglobulin-bearing cells (presumably B cells) formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The quantitative procedure was used to study lymphocyte population changes during immunization with an A-O A conjugate. An increase in the binding of A-β-gal'ase, SARIg-β-gal'ase, and OA-β-gal'ase by peripheral lymphocytes occurred repeatedly 6 to 8 days after immunization but lasted only a few days despite a continued high circulating antibody titer. These results are consistent with the possibility that immunization induces migration of lymphocytes into the circulation from bone marrow and/or thymus.
Increased Iodine Uptake by Obese Strain Thyroid Glands Transplanted to Normal Chick Embryos
Authors: Sundick Roy S. , Wick Georg 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Obese strain (OS) of chickens spontaneously develops autoimmune thyroiditis. Since a defect or abnormality of the thyroid gland may be involved in this disease experiments were performed to compare the iodine uptake of OS with normal thyroid glands. To minimize the interaction of the OS immune system with the thyroid gland during these studies, thyroids were removed from 16-day-old embryos and transferred to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 9-day-old normal White Leghorn (NWL) embryos. NWL thyroid glands were transferred to the same CAM. Six days later the 20-hr 131I uptake of the transplants was determined. Twenty OS thyroid lobes had a mean 131I uptake of 2960 ± 740 cpm, whereas the NWL thyroids incorporated significantly less iodine (890 ± 160 cpm; p &lt; 0.025). These results, along with a previous report suggest that an abnormality of the thyroid gland might be an important factor in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis.
Specific Removal of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Antibodies in Vivo by Extracorporeal Circulation over BSA Immobilized on Nylon Microcapsules
Authors: Terman David S. , Tavel Tracie , Petty Donald , Tavel Arnold , Harbeck Ronald , Buffaloe George , Carr Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine whether BSA, once immobilized on activated nylon microspheres, would be capable of specifically removing circulating BSA antibody in vitro and in vivo in an extracorporeal circulation system in dogs. Nylon microspheres were prepared and, after gentle hydrolysis and glutaraldehyde treatment, demonstrated a retention of up to 34.5 mg of BSA. In vitro studies showed that BSA immobilized on microspheres removed a significant percentage of BSA-binding activity. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established and mongrel dogs were then injected with anti-BSA and anti-HSA antibodies. After an equilibration period, BSA microspheres were introduced into the extracorporeal circulation system. After the insertion of BSA microcapsules, serum exhibited a sharp reduction in BSA binding over the next 15 min, with a more gradual diminution over the ensuing 60 to 90 min. There was no significant reduction in anti-HSA binding over the same time frame. This effect could not be attributed to release of BSA from the microspheres since no 125I-BSA was detected in the serum or organs of the dogs at the conclusion of the experiments. After extracorporeal circulation over nylon microspheres, there were only minimal changes in the host's hematocrit or leukocyte counts and no significant thrombotic material or cellular debris was recoverable on the capsules. These data suggest that antigen immobilized on nylon microspheres may specifically withdraw circulating antibodies in vivo with minimal release of its antigenic material and little alteration in the host's hematologic status.
Role of T Lymphocytes in the Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Warren Robert W. , Murphy Suzanne , Davie Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of activated T lymphocytes (ATC) on the avidity distribution of PFC in the secondary response was studied in normal mice. The total PFC response was not significantly changed for either direct or indirect PFC by administration of ATC before secondary antigen challenge. However, marked suppression occurred of indirect PFC that secreted high avidity antibody; no suppression was seen of high avidity direct PFC. At the same time, significant stimulation was seen of relative and absolute frequencies of indirect PFC that secreted middle and low avidity antibody. These effects were dependent on Thy 1-bearing, nylon nonadherent cells which demonstrated carrier specificity. In further characterization of these effects, it was found that increasing the number of ATC transferred produced progressive loss of high avidity PFC and compensatory increase in lower avidity PFC. Moreover, in these experiments, suppression of the high avidity response was inducible with the administration of ATC 5 weeks before to 3 days after the secondary immunization. Thus, it is likely that the avidity-modifying effects are dependent on T lymphocytes which influence the late stages of B lymphocyte maturation.
The Effects of Antigen Dose and Adjuvant on the Antibody Response; Amplification of Restricted B Cell Clones
Authors: Civin Curt I. , Levine Herbert B. , Williamson Alan R. , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-DNP antibody production in inbred strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with chemically defined DNP-oligolysines was enhanced by increasing the antigen dose or employing more potent adjuvants. However, the increase in antibody titer was not accompanied by an increase in antibody heterogeneity. Only a small number of anti-DNP antibody-producing B lymphocyte clones were triggered to produce antibody, regardless of the antigen dose or the adjuvant used for immunization or the resulting specific antibody titer. This restricted response occurred despite the capacity of these animals to synthesize a large number of distinct anti-DNP antibodies and of DNP-oligolysines to bind all these antibodies. These observations are inconsistent with the hypothesis that adjuvant and increased antigen dose enhance antibody titer by recruitment of more diverse precursor B cells (clonal recruitment), but support the hypothesis that adjuvant and increased antigen dose act by enhancing the expansion of a restricted few B lymphocyte clones (clonal expansion).
The C5b-9 Complex: Subunit Composition of the Classical and Alternative Pathway-Generated Complex
Authors: Podack Eckhard R. , Kolb William P. , Muller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The membrane attack complex of complement (C5b-9) is identical in composition regardless of which pathway of activation was instrumental in its formation. Band V protein was consitently a subunit of the soluble complex. Since band V protein is not required for complement-dependent cytolysis, it probably represents a membrane site equivalent in serum of the nascent C5b-9 complex.
Enhancement of DNA Synthesis and cAMP Content of Mouse Thymocytes by Mediator(s) Derived from Adherent Cells
Authors: Oppenheim Joost J. , Shneyour Amir , Kook Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants of adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells or human mononuclear cells were used as the source of lymphocyte activation factor (LAF). LAF was found to potentiate the effect of mitogens such as PHA and Con A on DNA synthesis by mouse thymocytes. However, LAF also was capable of reducing vigorous thymocyte reactions to Con A. Thus, LAF usually enhanced the effect of PHA on DNA synthesis by BALB/c thymocytes to a relatively greater degree than that of Con A. This change in the ratio of Con A to PHA response of thymocytes suggests that LAF can serve as a regulator of thymocyte DNA synthesis. Moreover, in the presence of LAF, allogeneic thymocytes developed the ability to have bidirectional mixed thymocyte reactions. Exposure to LAF not only improved the ability of parental thymocytes to act as responder cells, but, in addition, led to increased stimulatory activity of F1 thymocytes, presumably by promoting the differentiation of stimulator cells.
These indications that LAF affected differentiation were investigated further by studying its effect on the cAMP content of thymocytes. LAF stimulated significant immediate but transient elevations of intracellular cAMP and adenylate cyclase activity in thymocyte membranes. In contrast, the mitogens themselves failed to elevate or to influence the effect of LAF on the content of intracellular cAMP of thymocytes. Furthermore, the potentiating effect of LAF on mitogen-induced thymocyte DNA synthesis at times was enhanced by exogenous cGMP, carbachol, or imidazole. These findings suggest that LAF, through its stimulation of cAMP levels in thymocytes may in turn promote thymocytes to differentiate sufficiently to become competent to proliferate in response to mitogens.
Interaction Between Lymphocytes and Inflammatory Exudate Cells
Authors: Nakamura Shuji , Yoshinaga Masaru , Hayashi Hideo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were harvested from the peritoneal cavity stimulated with sodium caseinate. The cells were cultivated in vitro and the supernatant of these cultures (SUP) was tested for enhancing potency on DNA synthesis by syngeneic thymocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The enhancing potency of the SUP was markedly influenced by duration of the donor cultures of PMN, population density of the cultures, and protein concentrations in the medium, respectively.
The enhancing factor in the SUP was found to be non-dialysable, heat-labile, and stable in the pH ranging between 3 and 9 but labile in the pH below 2 or above 10; its m.w. was approximately 19,000 when measured by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-75. The factor had a proteolytic activity on 3H-acetyl hemoglobin (3HHb) at neutral pH (7.2). Both the proteolytic activity and thymocyte-helping potency of the SUP were similarly abolished by adding protease inhibitor (Trasylol) in soluble form, or by passing through a column of the inhibitor insolubilized. It was thus assumed that the enhancing effect of PMN on thymocyte response was associated with a neutral protease released from the cells: it may be termed a lymphocyte-helping protease (LHP).