bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobilities
Authors: Helbig Adriana N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the history of Romani musicianship in Transcarpathia, Ukraine’s westernmost region that shares borders with Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania. A micro-ethnography of music-making in Uzhhorod, Transcarpathia’s administrative capital with a sizable Romani population, and home to one of Ukraine’s largest Romani organization, Romani Yag (Romani Fire), the chapter charts the history of associations between Romani musicians and Romani cultural, educational, political, and human rights organizations in post-Soviet Ukraine. This chapter uses music to highlight how shifts in borders have shaped and influenced Romani music traditions. It analyzes developments in Romani music concerning local, state, and international patronage, and offers perspectives on Romani modes of self-presentation.
Networks
Authors: Helbig Adriana N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 offers a history of development programs for Roms in Ukraine. It analyzes their impact on local, regional, state, and international levels and evaluates the positive and often unintended consequences of such interventions. Essential to an understanding of the outcomes is that initial programming initiatives did not include Romani voices and that the patterns set in place in the early years of post-Soviet collapse set the scenes for intervention programs of the twenty-first century. This chapter focuses on programs explicitly aimed at cultural development and how culture has been used as a political tool in the context of the broader post-Soviet society. Shaped by non-Romani imaginings of Romani engagements with music, this chapter explains how and why Romani music has become so politicized and analyzes its continued importance within the Romani rights movement.
Release
Authors: Helbig Adriana N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines expressions of emotional health among the Romani poor. It takes a critical look at the impact of living in a state of financial, emotional, and political instability and how such emotional states impact Romani psychological well-being. This chapter looks particularly at vocal expressions of pain and suffering. It also celebrates aural expressions of joy while pushing back at the historically rooted tropes that reduce Roms to nothing more than happy stage performers, somehow devoid of full humanity (and the attendant pain and suffering that comes with it). In discussing the processing of trauma that music allows, this chapter offers space to express raw emotion that impoverished Roms cannot afford. It also critiques the exploitation of female Romani vocality in development discourse. Breaking the silence of the visual gaze that frames development reports, this chapter analyzes the aural soundtrack that accompanies media depictions of the Romani poor.
Reflection
Authors: Helbig Adriana N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter reflects on activist fieldwork methods as a form of labor. It acknowledges the unforeseen physical, emotional, and psychological challenges of conducting ethnographic research in environments marred by violence. Finally, it urges activist scholars to recognize the importance of adequate training for research under duress. As the Internet grows as a research and activist tool, time and memory emerge as essential factors in data analysis. As personal and professional memories blur in cyber time, the researcher's experiences unwittingly (re)frame the ethnographic narrative.
Skepticism and Perspective
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Employing as an organizing principle the classical skeptic’s ten modes of suspending judgment, this long chapter forms the heart of the book by going systematically through the reasons for being distrustful of love as a source of insight, and by examining why each skeptical argument might be rejected. Proust’s narrator Marcel engages in relentless analysis of his love for Albertine—and, earlier, for Gilberte—and Swann’s love for Odette, tending to argue that love is merely subjective, but learning in spite of himself that loving subjectivity may be an essential condition for apprehending what is meaningful in each of our worlds. Adopting a “system of mental hygiene,” such as skeptical doubt toward one’s own emotions and what they reveal, appears to be a defense against the vulnerability that loving entails.
Oar Feet and Opal Teeth
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Oar Feet and Opal Teeth is an extended introduction to the form and biology of the small (at most a few millimeters) crustaceans known as copepods, as a group Copepoda. Brief biographical sketches of more than 20 practicing copepodologists emphasize their commitment to understanding these keystone aquatic organisms better. The focus is on the free-living forms in oceans and lakes, shaped like rice grains with feet. Forms and functions of their limbs are described, as well as the heart, brain, eyes, siliceous teeth, gut, and gonads. Variations are treated in food capture, mate-finding, reproduction, and development of embryos, larvae (nauplii), and juveniles (copepodites). Adaptations including high-speed escape jumps, transparency, several modes of bioluminescence, and diel vertical migrations to remain in the dark around the clock help copepods to avoid becoming predator gut contents. Emphasis is given to egg and larval modes of diapause and to chromatin diminution, a means shared with nematodes of dumping junk DNA. Species concepts and taxonomic practices for copepods are explained. Molecular genetics and high precision morphologic comparisons are marshaled to relate the distinct copepod orders and families as an evolutionary tree (a phylogeny) with its root in the Cambrian era.
The Front End
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 addresses the head section, or “cephalosome,” of a free-living copepod that carries sensory organs and bears ventral limbs variously equipped for slow propulsion and feeding. Cephalosome segments, fused on their dorsal surfaces, are covered with a smooth carapace. The medially located “rostrum,” a projection or pair of tubes filled with olfactory neurons, extends from the lower carapace edge. Just above is a hair-like projection, the also innervated frontal organ. Behind that internally are four darkly pigmented naupliar eyes, usually bundled together and appearing as a distinct spot. In a few families, two of the eyes are illuminated by lenses derived from the exoskeleton. The limbs and their functions are introduced in sequence: tubular antennules, biramous antennae and mandibles, and three limbs modified among species for different sorts of feeding. Left and right gnathobases, bearing silicious (hence, opal) teeth, extend from a basal mandible segment into the mouth. A bio of Barbara Sullivan opens the chapter. She independently discovered the mineral character of the teeth.
Let’s Go Inside
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Internal copepod anatomy is described, based largely on the work of the late Esther Lowe (published in 1935) and of Taisoo Park (published in 1966), and illustrated using their drawings. A bio tells what little is known of the scientific life of Lowe, who examined internal structures in Calanus finmarchicus using stained wax sections. Dr. Park’s career is summarized based on a generous interview. He used sections from Labidocera longipedata embedded in plastic. Organs considered are the heart and open circulation, a fibrous endoskeleton keeping the exoskeleton from collapsing, the gut, oil sac, excretory maxillary glands, functional aspects of the muscles, reproductive organs of both sexes, and the nervous system. Nerve structures detailed include the brain, statocysts located in the brain, and the ventral nerve cord.
Alpha Taxonomy I: Distinguishing Species
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses first the nature of taxonomy, the meaning of the term “species,” and the variety of so-called species concepts. A bio introduces Bruce Frost, a prominent marine copepod taxonomist, whose work provides an early example of the refined morphological observations that now allow distinction of new species by splitting seemingly well-defined older ones. Frost’s study of Clausocalanus for his dissertation under Abraham Fleminger illustrates the importance for oceanic zooplankton of examining specimens of a genus from its entire global range. That tropical/subtropical genus of thirteen species (five of them newly recognized by Frost and Fleminger) includes distribution patterns that recur in all widely distributed zooplankton groups. Frost later took precision taxonomy to Arctic and boreal waters, describing all seven species of Pseudocalanus (three of them newly recognized), again revealing distribution patterns common among planktonic animals and even algae. Frost’s other contributions to biological oceanography are mentioned.
Alpha Taxonomy II: Values of Named Species
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 relates the author’s experience identifying large numbers of very deep-living copepods collected at sea over the deep (4,000 meters) seafloor off California on a cruise led by James Childress and Erik Thuesen. My work provided names for copepods they studied alive for respiration and enzyme activities. Janet Bradford-Grieve, prominent copepodologist working in New Zealand and bio subject, provided me with “ID” help. More help came from Taisoo Park, and his bio is extended. Rough contingency was found between species’ metabolic data and variations in copepod body form and likely behavior. Aerobic enzymes are more abundant in muscular copepods alternating sinking with rapid swimming (like Gaetanus), anaerobic enzymes less so. “Thin-muscled floaters” (like Euaugaptilus) that hang quietly, lunging at passing prey, often have more anaerobic capacity. Very large, thick-muscled copepods like Bathycalanus and Megacalanus tend to be well supplied enzymatically for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
About Feeding I: Various Modes
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Free-living copepods come in predatory, omnivorous and mostly herbivorous versions, with appropriate sensory systems and limb structures for obtaining those meals. Corycaeus species are among the few predators that see their prey, clasp them with antennae modified as claws, then scrape nutrition with rasping mouthparts. Euchaeta (and other genera) directionally sense the sources of micro-eddies from swimmers around them with innervated antennular setae. They lunge toward the eddy source, impaling it with saber-like setae on their maxillae and maxillipeds. Jeannette Yen studied the details, and a bio covers her early career. Means for feeding on particles much less than 1 mm proved difficult to describe, at least correctly. However, studies of “particle clearance rates” were markedly improved in the 1970s using automated cell counting devices. Observed rates depend upon hunger level, particle size and particle concentration. Clearance rates for a copepod rise with food-particle concentration, then plateau, a curve termed its “functional response.
Feeding II: More About Eating
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Because copepods can extract large and small particles from a mixture, while avoiding medium-sized ones, they could not be simply filtering. Results from ultra-high-frequency movies of microscope-enlarged copepods in tiny aquaria show that they do filter. However, particles must mostly approach from suspension one-by-one in the step-like viscous flow generated by the limbs, starting and stopping with every limb cycle, despite limb sweep rates up to 100 per second. Thus, each particle can be examined (in less than 10 ms) before clearing water from around it with setal baskets, then sucking it in. That checking depends mostly on the scent of each particle in the viscous “aura” around it. Undesirable particles are swept back out. Chapter 7 tells some of the story of Swiss-American Rudi Strickler, a master of optical and filming techniques. He worked with several copepodologists to obtain radically magnified slow motion movies of copepods, showing how their high-frequency, feeding-limb movements allow this cell-by-cell acquisition and checking of food items. Careers of Strickler’s several coauthors were given boosts by doing the frame-by-frame analyses demonstrating the details.
Not Being Eaten I: Diel Vertical Migration
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Early near-surface zooplankton sampling revealed more of many species being caught at night than in daylight. Hypotheses abounded, several still current. For many species the answer is daily (“diel”) vertical migration (DVM): down to darker waters during daylight, up to better feeding at night. Daytime abundance increases in deeper, darker strata. A 1930s study by the late G. L. Clarke demonstrated DVM by Calanus finmarchicus. Algae and animals eating algae (protozoa to copepods) are more abundant in the surface; migrators must go there to feed. However, visual predators (e.g., fish) are more dangerous there in daytime. Avoiding visual predators is obviously advantageous, but selection of DVM for that advantage is difficult to prove. Chapter 8 details five studies demonstrating that predation-avoidance is usually the main gain. Bios cover the careers of Steven Bollens and Mark Ohman.
Not Being Eaten II: Other Defenses
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Predator avoidance adaptations other than escape jumps and DVM are described. Eyes of many fish search upward, their mouths opening toward prey above. A role is suggested for the red caps on the posterior oil sac tips of Calanus and its relatives: reducing the hunting success of such fish. Evolution of such red caps seems an instance of the so-called “Red Queen” process. Some nearly transparent grazing copepods with no DVM eat little during daylight, avoiding dark-pigmented guts. Other grazers eat less at night when potential prey, usually dinoflagellates, luminesce if disturbed. Best not to be located in a tiny center of flashing blue-green lights. Another turn of the Red Queen “rachet” could be the recently discovered responses of diatoms to some copepod secretions. One response is cell division without chain formation. One of two separate cells might avoid capture, a lesser stock loss than copepod meals of two or many cells. Bioluminescent blasts along the predator escape paths of Augaptilid copepods suggest they blind or distract eyed predators at night. The molecular biology of the luminescent systems of Metridia has been studied extensively, thanks to applications for tracing specific metabolic reactions.
Sex Determination in Copepods
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sexual reproduction has genetic and population-increase drawbacks. So, why does sex persist among animals? One answer is reviewed: meiosis provides essential genetic services. The sex of individuals in dioecious species, like copepods, is determined in a variety of ways. The mammalian XX vs. XY “heterochromosome” scheme is one. A possible case of sex determining genes scattered among chromosomes in Eurytemora is summarized from a thesis by the late Archie Vander Hart. In some copepods, like some reptiles, sex is determined by a variable aspect of the habitat during development, termed Environmental Sex Determination (ESD). Differing, cases are presented for several genera. A bio describes the work of Zair Burris on Acartia. Bios of Roger Harris and Xabier Irigoien cover their work together on ESD in Calanus, with support added from work by the author and others. Development of Calanus males and females is the same through the fourth copepodite (C4), with sex of C6 adults determined by something in the habitat of C5. Alternatively stated, genetic males could be switched to females in C5. A bio of Vietnamese scientist Tran The Do covers his work on the ESD of copepods parasitic in mussels and clams. A mature female of Pseudomyicola spinosus alone in a mussel determines the sex of arriving copepodites with a pheromone signal: “grow up male.” The opposite occurs for isolated males.
Chromatin Diminution
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Recounting the career of freshwater copepodologist Grace Wyngaard introduces studies of that habitat, one frequently ignored by marine biologists. Her work is largely on the genus Cyclops with many species. Where lakes freeze in winter, Cyclops copepodites bury in the bottom for diapause. Grace has compared that resting phase between lakes at lower and higher latitudes. She tested “heritability” (H) of the diapause tendency, given its latitudinal differences, along with H of fecundity and body size differences. Mesocyclops edax are larger in warm Florida with 50 eggs/sac, smaller in Michigan with cold winters and 21 eggs/sac. Working at James Madison University, Grace took up research on “chromatin diminution” (CD), known in Cyclopoids since 1894. All embryo cells divide again (mitosis) when there are about 16 (species vary) and chromosomes of all, save one, eliminate up to 95% of the cell chromatin content (presumably mostly “junk” DNA) transferred to daughter cells. The remaining cell also divides, its daughters retaining all of the chromatin. Those are the “germ cells,” destined to generate eggs or sperm. Variants are mentioned. The DNA only retained for germ cells has some role in meiosis or gamete development. A final section characterizes progress on understanding that role, much of it led by Grace.
Copepodite Diapause
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A diapause (noun, adjective, and verb) is a seasonal resting period of low activity and metabolism, akin to hibernation and aestivus. Winter burial of Cyclops (Chapter 14) is an example. Copepods of oceans and estuaries have two modes: 1) late copepodites load with lipids then descend far down, find neutral buoyancy and just hang still for whole seasons that vary by location and species, and 2) females spawn eggs of two distinct kinds, one equipped for immediate development and one for rest in the sediment (Chapter 17). Research on the significance and physiology of copepodite diapause in the family Calanidae started with studies of Calanus finmarchicus in Scottish sea lochs by Sheina Marshall and A. P. Orr. They demonstrated diapause from early summer until late winter. Results from across the North Atlantic and more recent decades are presented, particularly featuring work on up- and down-regulation of genes between active Calanus and those approaching or in diapause. Bios of Ann Tarrant and Mark Baumgartner, cooperating scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, introduce their results: Ann’s from gene regulation studies and Mark’s on Right Whales feeding in deep layers of C. finmarchicus in diapause.
Copepodite Diapause
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Three species of Neocalanus endemic in the subarctic Pacific diapause below 1000 meters, oil sacs loaded with wax. They spawn at depth, forming eggs from wax and tissue. Their eggs and nauplii are buoyant, rising to feed near the surface. A stock of N. plumchrus C5 enters diapause in late spring, then progressively matures from August to March. A similar diapause cycle, with more variable timing, is found in the larger N. cristatus. Females are the deep diapause stage of N. flemingeri of that species. Its males mature in June and stratify at 500 meters for mating with females passing through. Ovary maturation starts in November, with deep spawning focused on late January. Active and diapause phases are briefly reported for Southern Ocean Calanidae and Rhincalanus gigas. Tropical Calanoides natalis, found off Mauritania and around Africa to Oman, runs off several generations in coastal waters during productive upwelling seasons. Its C5s enter deep diapause offshore when upwelling subsides. Research by French scientists Denis Binet and E. Suisse de Sainte Claire studied that from Cote d’Ivoire. A bio of American oceanographer Sharon Smith covers similar cycling in the Arabian Sea. Her career involved remarkable and brave social interactions in Somalia and Oman.
Beta Taxonomy I: How Speciation Works
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The late Abraham Fleminger of Scripps Institution of Oceanography developed hypotheses about geographic (allopatric) speciation processes in oceanic copepod genera. His case study of the tropical (20°N to 20°S) genus Pontellina is retold: anatomical data for extant species and circumglobal distributions support range expansions and contractions leading to divergence into four distinctive species. Before his death in 1988, Fleminger published refined anatomical distinctions and rough distribution patterns (some from work by Bui Thi Lang) on the complex genus Eucalanus, recognizing fifteen species. In 1998, Erica Goetz, introduced here from a 2020 interview, enrolled at Scripps as a graduate student. For her dissertation she sought DNA sequence data to further clarify the species “structure” of Eucalanus. Erica needed new specimens, not formalin preserved ones. So, she joined cruises across warm oceans globally, collecting ethanol preserved and frozen specimens. Her DNA results showed strong genetic distinctions for “cryptic” Eucalanus species not previously distinguished morphologically. For more precise anatomical studies Erica was assisted by Janet Bradford-Grieve. These pairs of newly discerned, “cryptic” species are typically sympatric, living in the same waters. At the University of Hawaii, Erica continues work on cryptic species of Pleuromamma, Haloptilus and the geography of genetic variation in plankton generally. Some cases are presented in detail.
Beta Taxonomy II: Copepods in the Stream of Time
Authors: Miller Charles B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 20 considers recent reconstructions of arthropod and copepod phylogeny (evolutionary tree branching). Results from DNA and protein amino-acid sequences place the origin of Crustacea early in the Cambrian Period, with divergence of Copepoda at about 500 million years ago. Bios of Rony Huys and Geoffrey Boxshall introduce their work on the definition of copepod orders based on morphological distinctions. Orders are listed with the characters distinguishing them and our present understanding of their divergence sequence. The logics of current algorithms for reconstruction of phylogeny are explained, referring to an initial study of the family structure in order Calanoida by Diego Figueroa (bio in Chapter 21). A summary is presented of Geoffrey Boxshall and Janet Bradford-Grieve’s more complete phylogeny of Calanoida. Based on morphological characters of typical genera, they showed the contingency of “family clusters” with the habitat types in which they swim. A calanoid tree with the same level of family inclusion and good agreement was developed based on genetic sequence data by Silke Laakmann and colleagues.