bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf vein density correlates with crassulacean acid metabolism, but not hydraulic capacitance, in the genus Clusia
Authors: Leverett Alistair , Ferguson Kate , Winter Klaus , Borland Anne M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Many succulent species are characterized by the presence of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and/or elevated bulk hydraulic capacitance (CFT). Both CAM and elevated CFT substantially reduce the rate at which water moves through transpiring leaves. However, little is known about how these physiological adaptations are coordinated with leaf vascular architecture.

Methods
The genus Clusia contains species spanning the entire C3–CAM continuum, and also is known to have &gt;5-fold interspecific variation in CFT. We used this highly diverse genus to explore how interspecific variation in leaf vein density is coordinated with CAM and CFT.

Key Results
We found that constitutive CAM phenotypes were associated with lower vein length per leaf area (VLA) and vein termini density (VTD), compared to C3 or facultative CAM species. However, when vein densities were standardized by leaf thickness, this value was higher in CAM than C3 species, which is probably an adaptation to overcome apoplastic hydraulic resistance in deep chlorenchyma tissue. In contrast, CFT did not correlate with any xylem anatomical trait measured, suggesting CAM has a greater impact on leaf transpiration rates than CFT.

Conclusions
Our findings strongly suggest that CAM photosynthesis is coordinated with leaf vein densities. The link between CAM and vascular anatomy will be important to consider when attempting to bioengineer CAM into C3 crops.
Investigating the diversification of holocentromeric satellite DNATybainRhynchospora(Cyperaceae)
Authors: Costa Lucas , Marques André , Buddenhagen Christopher E , Pedrosa-Harand Andrea , Souza Gustavo 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsSatellite DNAs (satDNAs) are repetitive sequences composed by tandemly arranged, often highly homogenized units called monomers. Although satDNAs are usually fast evolving, some satDNA families can be conserved across species separated by several millions of years, probably because of their functional roles in the genomes. Tyba was the first centromere-specific satDNA described for a holocentric organism, until now being characterized for only eight species of the genus Rhynchospora Vahl. (Cyperaceae). Here, we characterized Tyba across a broad sampling of the genus, analysing and comparing its evolutionary patterns with other satDNAs.MethodsWe characterized the structure and sequence evolution of satDNAs across a robust dadated phylogeny based on Hybrid Target-Capture Sequencing (hyb-seq) of 70 species. We mined the repetitive fraction for Tyba-like satellites to compare its features with other satDNAs and to construct a Tyba-based phylogeny for the genus.Key ResultsOur results show that Tyba is present in the majority of examined species of the genus, spanning four of the five major clades and maintaining intrafamily pairwise identity of 70.9% over 31 Myr. In comparison, other satellite families presented higher intrafamily pairwise identity but are phylogenetically restricted. Furthermore, Tyba sequences could be divided into 12 variants grouped into three different clade-specific subfamilies, showing evidence of traditional models of satDNA evolution, such as the concerted evolution and library models. Besides, a Tyba-based phylogeny showed high congruence with the hyb-seq topology. Our results show structural indications of a possible relationship of Tyba with nucleosomes, given its high curvature peaks over conserved regions and overall high bendability values compared with other non-centromeric satellites.ConclusionsOverall, Tyba shows a remarkable sequence conservation and phylogenetic significance across the genus Rhynchospora, which suggests that functional roles might lead to long-term stability and conservation for satDNAs in the genome.
Simulated infection alters the behavior of pair bonded songbirds and their healthy neighbors
Authors: Love Ashley C , Anthony Anna C , Nash Aimee , Campos-Melara Angel , Kodali Jahnavi , DuRant Sarah E 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While infection and perceived infection risk can influence social and reproductive behavior in several taxa, relatively little is known about how infection specifically affects pair bond behaviors. Some pair bond maintenance behaviors may be costly to maintain during infection, and infection could promote avoidance behaviors within an established pair. Many species exhibiting pair bonds are part of larger social groups, and behavioral shifts in established pairs can result in altered extra-pair contact rates that could also shape disease transmission. Using captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), we examined how an immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) influences activity, social behavior, and pair bond maintenance behaviors in established pairs and their healthy neighbors. We observed shifts in individual and pair maintenance behaviors in both immune-challenged pairs and healthy pairs exposed to a social cue of infection (sick conspecifics). Specifically, LPS-challenged birds decreased activity and social interaction attempts relative to control birds, consistent with LPS-induced sickness behavior. LPS-challenged birds also increased the frequency of clumping (perching together in bodily contact) between individuals within a pair. Healthy birds exposed to immune-challenged conspecifics decreased flight activity and increased self-preening, behaviors which could function to limit infection risk. Exploring how both infection and the perceived risk of infection shape behaviors within and among paired individuals will increase our understanding of the role of social behaviors in shaping disease dynamics.
Spatial learning overshadows learning novel odors and sounds in both predatory and frugivorous bats
Authors: Dixon Marjorie May , Carter Gerald G , Ryan Michael J , Page Rachel A 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To forage efficiently, animals should selectively attend to and remember the cues of food that best predict future meals. One hypothesis is that animals with different foraging strategies should vary in their reliance on spatial versus feature cues. Specifically, animals that store food in dispersed caches or that feed on spatially stable food, such as fruits or flowers, should be relatively biased towards learning a meal’s location, whereas predators that hunt mobile prey should instead be relatively biased towards learning feature cues such as odor or sound. Several authors have predicted that nectar-feeding and fruit-feeding bats would rely relatively more on spatial cues, whereas closely related predatory bats would rely more on feature cues, yet no experiment has compared these two foraging strategies under the same conditions. To test this hypothesis, we compared learning in the frugivorous bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, and the predatory bat, Lophostoma silvicolum, which hunts katydids using acoustic cues. We trained bats to find food paired with a unique and novel odor, sound, and location. To assess which cues each bat had learned, we then dissociated these cues to create conflicting information. Rather than finding that the frugivore and predator clearly differ in their relative reliance on spatial versus feature cues, we found that both species used spatial cues over sounds or odors in subsequent foraging decisions. We interpret these results alongside past findings on how foraging animals use spatial cues versus feature cues, and explore why spatial cues may be fundamentally more rich, salient, or memorable.
Factoring in Family: Considerations of Parenthood in the Assessment, Enforcement, and Collection of Legal Financial Obligations (LFOs)
Authors: Martin Brittany T , Spencer Suarez Kimberly , Giuffre Andrea , Edgemon Timothy G , Horowitz Veronica 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Prior research has yet to address how criminal legal system actors take parenthood into account when imposing and enforcing LFOs. Drawing on evidence from 205 semi-structured interviews conducted across four states, this study explores the relationship between monetary punishment and parenthood from the perspectives of court and community corrections professionals. Engaging Kathleen Daly’s framework of familial paternalism (1987a, 1987b, 1989a, 1989b), we find that system actors obtain and interpret information about defendant circumstances to (1) consider family complexity, (2) construct deservingness and (3) curb spill-over punishment. Ultimately, we find that system actors consider parental status in relation to LFOs and defendants’ ability to pay, though their decisions also hinge on gender and the nature of parental involvement.
Functional imaging and anatomical connections in squirrel monkeys reveal parietal–frontal circuits underlying eye movements
Authors: Stepniewska Iwona , Kahler-Quesada Sofia , Kaas Jon H , Friedman Robert M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of squirrel monkeys contains subregions where long trains of intracortical microstimulation evoke complex, behaviorally meaningful movements. Recently, we showed that such stimulation of a part of the PPC in the caudal lateral sulcus (LS) elicits eye movements in these monkeys. Here, we studied the functional and anatomical connections of this oculomotor region we call parietal eye field (PEF) with frontal eye field (FEF) and other cortical regions in 2 squirrel monkeys. We demonstrated these connections with intrinsic optical imaging and injections of anatomical tracers. Optical imaging of frontal cortex during stimulation of the PEF evoked focal functional activation within FEF. Tracing studies confirmed the functional PEF-FEF connections. Moreover, tracer injections revealed PEF connections with other PPC regions on the dorsolateral and medial brain surface, cortex in the caudal LS, and visual and auditory cortical association areas. Subcortical projections of PEF were primarily with superior colliculus, and pontine nuclei as well as nuclei of the dorsal posterior thalamus and caudate. These findings suggest that PEF in squirrel monkey is homologous to lateral intraparietal (LIP) area of macaque, supporting the notion that these brain circuits are organized similarly to mediate ethologically relevant oculomotor behaviors.
Exploring the heterogeneity of brain structure in autism spectrum disorder based on individual structural covariance network
Authors: Guo Xiaonan , Zhang Xia , Chen Heng , Zhai Guangjin , Cao Yabo , Zhang Tao , Gao Le 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by highly structural heterogeneity. However, most previous studies analyzed between-group differences through a structural covariance network constructed based on the ASD group level, ignoring the effect of between-individual differences. We constructed the gray matter volume-based individual differential structural covariance network (IDSCN) using T1-weighted images of 207 children (ASD/healthy controls: 105/102). We analyzed structural heterogeneity of ASD and differences among ASD subtypes obtained by a K-means clustering analysis based on evidently different covariance edges relative to healthy controls. The relationship between the distortion coefficients (DCs) calculated at the whole-brain, intra- and interhemispheric levels and the clinical symptoms of ASD subtypes was then examined. Compared with the control group, ASD showed significantly altered structural covariance edges mainly involved in the frontal and subcortical regions. Given the IDSCN of ASD, we obtained 2 subtypes, and the positive DCs of the 2 ASD subtypes were significantly different. Intra- and interhemispheric positive and negative DCs can predict the severity of repetitive stereotyped behaviors in ASD subtypes 1 and 2, respectively. These findings highlight the crucial role of frontal and subcortical regions in the heterogeneity of ASD and the necessity of studying ASD from the perspective of individual differences.
Using The Virtual Brain to study the relationship between structural and functional connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicenter study
Authors: Martí-Juan Gerard , Sastre-Garriga Jaume , Martinez-Heras Eloy , Vidal-Jordana Angela , Llufriu Sara , Groppa Sergiu , Gonzalez-Escamilla Gabriel , Rocca Maria A , Filippi Massimo , Høgestøl Einar A , Harbo Hanne F , Foster Michael A , Toosy Ahmed T , Schoonheim Menno M , Tewarie Prejaas , Pontillo Giuseppe , Petracca Maria , Rovira Àlex , Deco Gustavo , Pareto Deborah 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The relationship between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) captured from magnetic resonance imaging, as well as its interaction with disability and cognitive impairment, is not well understood in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The Virtual Brain (TVB) is an open-source brain simulator for creating personalized brain models using SC and FC. The aim of this study was to explore SC–FC relationship in MS using TVB. Two different model regimes have been studied: stable and oscillatory, with the latter including conduction delays in the brain. The models were applied to 513 pwMS and 208 healthy controls (HC) from 7 different centers. Models were analyzed using structural damage, global diffusion properties, clinical disability, cognitive scores, and graph-derived metrics from both simulated and empirical FC. For the stable model, higher SC–FC coupling was associated with pwMS with low Single Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) score (F=3.48, P$\lt$0.05), suggesting that cognitive impairment in pwMS is associated with a higher SC–FC coupling. Differences in entropy of the simulated FC between HC, high and low SDMT groups (F=31.57, P$\lt$1e-5), show that the model captures subtle differences not detected in the empirical FC, suggesting the existence of compensatory and maladaptive mechanisms between SC and FC in MS.
Symptoms and Systemic Drug Reactions in Persons Receiving Weekly Rifapentine Plus Isoniazid (3HP) Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Sadowski Claire , Belknap Robert , Holland David P , Moro Ruth N , Chen Michael P , Wright Alicia , Millet Joan Pau , Caylà Joan A , Scott Nigel A , Borisov Andrey , Gandhi Neel R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Three months of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid (3HP) therapy for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is recommended worldwide. The development of symptoms and systemic drug reactions (SDRs) on 3HP have not been fully characterized. We aimed to determine the patterns of symptom development and identify SDRs and associated factors in patients taking 3HP.

Methods
We analyzed symptoms data in participants receiving 3HP in the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium's iAdhere study (Study 33). We examined the patterns of symptom reporting across participants from baseline and 4 monthly visits. Bivariate analyses and multivariable regression models were used to identify factors associated with SDRs. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results
Among 1002 participants receiving 3HP, 768 (77%) reported at least 1 symptom; 97% of these symptoms were grade 1 (79%) or grade 2 (18%). Most symptoms developed in the first month and resolved. A total of 111 (11%) participants had symptoms that met criteria for SDRs; however, 53 (48%) of these participants completed therapy. Factors associated with SDRs and discontinuation included female sex (RR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.19–3.54), age ≥45 years (RR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.19–3.31), and use of concomitant medications (RR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.15–4.42).

Conclusions
Although most patients receiving 3HP reported symptoms, most were mild, occurred early, and resolved without stopping treatment. Among patients experiencing SDRs, nearly half were able to complete therapy. Patient and provider education should focus on differentiating severe reactions where 3HP should be stopped from minor symptoms that will resolve.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01582711.
Magnetic resonance assessment of left atrial scar formation following a novel very high-power short-duration workflow for atrial fibrillation ablation
Authors: Sciacca Vanessa , Fink Thomas , Körperich Hermann , Bergau Leonard , Guckel Denise , Nischik Flemming , Eckstein Jan , Braun Martin , Hamriti Mustapha El , Imnadze Guram , Piran Misagh , Sommer Philipp , Sohns Christian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAimsAtrial fibrillation (AF) ablation protocols using energy delivery with very high power and short duration (vHPSD) have been introduced to improve lesion formation. This study reports procedural data of vHPSD ablation in AF patients and analyses characteristics of ablation-induced left atrial (LA) scar formation from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods and resultsSixty consecutive patients undergoing index pulmonary vein isolation following our institutional Q4U-AF workflow were prospectively enrolled. Ablation was conducted using a contact force sensing catheter allowing for vHPSD ablation using a temperature-controlled ablation mode. Thirty patients underwent cardiac late gadolinium enhancement MRI of the LA 3 months after ablation to assess LA scar. Mean procedural duration was 66.5 ± 14.8 min. Mean ablation time was 4.7 ± 0.9 min with a mean number of 69.9 ± 14.2 applications. First-pass isolation was achieved in 51 patients (85%) for the right pulmonary veins (RPVs), in 37 patients (61.7%) for the left pulmonary veins (LPVs), and in 34 patients (56.7%) for both pulmonary veins (PVs). Magnetic resonance imaging at 3 months post-ablation demonstrated a mean scar width of 14.4 ± 2.6 mm around RPVs and 11.9 ± 1.9 mm at LPVs (P &gt; 0.05). Complete PV encirclement was observed in 76.7% for RPVs, in 76.7% for LPVs, and in 66.7% for both PV pairs. During a mean follow-up of 4.7 ± 1.4 months, arrhythmia recurrence was observed in 3.3% of the patients.ConclusionPulmonary vein isolation following a novel vHPSD workflow resulted in short procedure duration and high acute and mid-term efficacy. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated durable and transmural PV lesions with homogeneous and contiguous scar formation.
Effects of pore fluids on the hardening of shear modulus in tight dolomite: experimental observations and theoretical modelling
Authors: Li Dongqing , Wei Jianxin 
Published: February 2023

SUMMERYUnderstanding the influence of pore fluids on acoustic characteristics of rocks containing pores of low aspect ratio, that is, cracks is crucial for both laboratory and field observations of seismic exploration. Unlike the petrophysical aspects of conventional rock species, those of tight dolomites are relatively more complex and poorly understood. To address this problem, we investigated the ultrasonic velocity of dry and saturated tight dolomite in the effective pressure range of 2–60 MPa and analysed the variation in shear modulus upon fluid saturation. Our results showed that while undergoing the change in form from the dry state to being saturated with water, the rock may weaken or harden, and the shear modulus may correspondingly either decrease or increase. Shear modulus hardening was more apparent in dolomites, with microcracks mostly dispersed between and within particles of a high proportion of soft pores with a wide distribution range of aspect ratio. This study used the Walsh–Hudson model to satisfactorily simulate the hardening of shear modulus in fluid-saturated tight dolomites. The suppression of squirt flow that is responsible for the increased shear modulus of fluid-saturated tight dolomites tested at sufficiently high frequencies. As the change in shear modulus affects the prediction of longitudinal and shear wave velocities, using Gassmann's theory to fluid substitution in unconventional reservoirs such as tight dolomite may yield inaccurate results. Therefore, it may be necessary to consider variation in shear modulus while selecting the appropriate simulation model.
Transcriptome Analysis of Dermal Fibroblasts Derived From Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Patients Reveal Disease-Specific Gene Expression and Pathological Regulation
Authors: Singh Sneha , Madhukar Major , Dikhit Manas Ranjan , Ravidas Vidya Nand , Pandey Krishna , Sen Abhik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a dermal form of the disease, occurs in some visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients following treatment. The PKDL disease mechanism is not yet clearly understood. Here we have studied the role of dermal fibroblasts in VL and PKDL disease mechanism.

Methods
Dermal fibroblasts were grown from skin biopsy explants collected from individual VL and PKDL patients and healthy controls. Fibroblasts from the third passage were subjected to RNA sequencing to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Significantly important genes were further validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
Transcriptome analysis of PKDL versus VL identified 516 DEGs (263 were overrepresented and 253 were underrepresented in PKDL). Among the top hub genes, MMP2, IL1B, CXCL8, IFIH1, NFKB1A, IL6, ISG15, and EGFR were underexpressed and ACTB, HSP90AA1, RAB7A, and RPS27A were overexpressed in PKDL compared to VL.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that PKDL fibroblasts may present antigens through the MHC I pathway activating CD8+ T-cell mediated response, while VL fibroblasts express nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)-mediated chemokines, IL1B, IL6, and IL8, resulting in the recruitment of natural killer (NK)-cells and monocytes to the site of infection, leading to the clearance of parasite from the skin and visceralization of the disease.
Influence of factors commonly known to be associated with health inequalities on antibiotic use in high-income countries: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Harvey Eleanor J , De Brún Caroline , Casale Ella , Finistrella Viviana , Ashiru-Oredope Diane 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntroductionInappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antimicrobial resistance. High-income countries have high rates of antibiotic use, with a prevalence of health inequalities amongst populations.ObjectivesTo understand the influence of factors commonly known to be associated with health inequalities on antibiotic use in high-income countries.MethodsFactors commonly known to be associated with health inequalities were defined as protected characteristics under UK’s Equality Act (age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race/ethnicity, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation), socioeconomic characteristics (income, insurance, employment status, deprivation, education), geography (urban versus rural, region) and vulnerable groups. The study followed PRISMA-ScR and, PRISMA-E statements.ResultsFifty-eight of 402 identified studies met inclusion criteria. Fifty of those papers (86%) included one or more protected characteristics, 37 (64%) socioeconomic characteristics, 21 (36%) geography and 6 (10%) vulnerable groups. Adults in older age groups, especially those in residential care, had the highest antibiotic use. The influence of race or ethnicity and antibiotic use was particular to country context. Areas of high deprivation had higher antibiotic use compared with areas of no or low deprivation, and geographical variation existed within countries. When faced with health system barriers, migrants relied on alternative routes of antibiotic supply other than prescription.Recommendations for future researchTo investigate how factors and wider social determinants of health interplay and impact antibiotic use, using frameworks/approaches to reduce health inequalities such as England’s Core20PLUS approach. Antimicrobial stewardship initiatives should equip healthcare professionals to review patients at the highest risk of antibiotic use.