bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students' knowledge and attitudes towards ill-effects of tobacco use in Jos metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Umoh A. E. , Otoh E. C. , Jalo J. H. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: Young people are vulnerable to a range of ill behaviours including tobacco use. Preventing tobacco use among youths may be an easier task than helping adults break the habit of smoking and overcome its ill effects. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of students towards the ill-effects of tobacco use on health.
Method: This was a cross-sectional study involving secondary and tertiary school students from the Capital Teritory of Plateau State of Nigeria (Jos North, Jos South and Jos East). A twostage sampling technique was used with four secondary schools selected from each of the three Local Government Areas (LGAs). Two tertiary schools were selected from Jos South and three from Jos North proportionally to the number of schools in the two LGAs. The second stage was the selection of 661 students from the selected seventeen schools using systematic sampling procedure. A self/interviewer-administered questionnaire on smoking habits, knowledge of the different forms of tobacco, ill-effects of tobacco use, and attitude towards quitting was used for data collection.
Result: The mean age was 18.09±2.11 years for secondary school students and 30.65 ±8.72 years for tertiary school students. The prevalence of tobacco use among secondary and tertiary school students were 13.6% and 22.4% respectively. More than half of the students use tobacco for social influence and cigarette was the major form of tobacco use. Majority (92.9%) of the students were generally aware of the fact that tobacco use has adverse effects on health but, the knowledge of the specific side effects was relatively low especially among current users. More than a quarter of the attempted quitters (n=68) sought advice about quitting from friends rather than health professionals.
Conclusion: Knowledge of the specific hazards of tobacco use was low, especially among current users of tobacco. This study, there is an urgent need for education on tobacco and the initiation of cessation campaigns among the youths. Education on the ill-effects of unhealthy lifestyle such as tobacco use should be incorporated into secondary school curriculum. Oral health professionals, as major stakeholders, should be fully involved in these campaigns.
Techniques for mandibular block anaesthesia - the practice of Nigerian dentists
Authors: Akadiri O. A. , Olusanya A. A. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To assess the knowledge and practices of Nigerian dentists in the use of alternative techniques for inferior alveolar nerve block.
Method: A survey was conducted using a self administered structured questionnaire distributed among a cross-section of Nigerian dentists. Participants were to distinguish between four alternative methods of mandibular block anaesthesia namely; Gow-Gate block (GGB), Akinosi block (AB), Vazirani block (VB) and Retromolar block (RB). The questionnaire sought demographic information about participants, types of practice, when and how the dentists received formal teaching on these techniques, how often they used the techniques, and the reasons for conventional block failure they have encountered.
Result: There were 273 respondents comprising 165 (60.4%) males and 105 (39.6%) females within the age range of 24-56 years (mean 34.4 + 6.8 years). Two hundred and forty nine (91.2%) respondents were aware of alternative methods of achieving IAN block but 45 (16.5%) employed alternative techniques in less than 5% of cases, 57 (20.9%) in 5-10% of cases and 12 (4.4%) in more than 10% of cases. Akinosi block was the preferred alternative (p = 0.045). Most of the alternative techniques were taught without clinical demonstrations. The relationship between years of experience and encounter with conventional block failure on one hand [p = 0.126] and experience and usage of alternative techniques [p= 0.063] were not statistically significant. The common causes of conventional block failure highlighted were aberrant anatomy (76.9%), local infection (67%), uncooperative patients (64.8%), trismus (59.3%) and poor technique (56%).
Conclusion: There is a deficiency in the undergraduate curriculum of Nigeria Dental Schools with respect to training in dental anaesthesia. Majority use conventional nerve block routinely while alternative techniques are rarely employed.
The practices and effects of tooth mutilation in a Nigerian rural population
Authors: Ukegheson G. E. , Akadiri O. A. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: The study was carried out to investigate the practices and effect of tooth mutilation in two rural communities in Nigeria.
Method: A structured questionnaire was administered on subjects in two rural communities in the Niger-Delta area of Nigeria. The questionnaire was used to collect demographic information of the subject and the reasons for, methods of tooth mutilation and its effects on the oral health of participants were recorded. Data obtained were coded and computerized analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0.
Result: A total of 37 (36.3%) participants out of 102 patients who visited the dental clinic during the free dental care mission completed the questionnaire. There were 9 (24.3%) male and 28 (75.3%) female in two communities of Okorenkoko and Agudama. Most of the participants received information concerning this act through family members or friends with various reasons given for engaging in this act. Also, various deleterious effects of tooth mutilation was found with 25 (67.6%) experiencing pain during the process, 12 (32.4%) noticed progressive tooth discolouration while 8 (21.6%) experienced signs of infection with either pus discharge or upper lip swelling or both.
Conclusion: Rural dwellers, irrespective of level of education are still indulging in mutilatory practices to the dental tissues and on the long run, most mutilated teeth, would most likely become symptomatic and may result into extraction worse sequelae.
Knowledge of ethical obligations amongst dental house officers and final year dental students.
Authors: Ehigiator O. , Ojo A. O. , Azodo C. C. , Ezeja E. B. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To assess graduating dental students and house officers' perception as regards to protection and management of patient's clinical information.
Method: This descriptive cross-sectional survey among the entire graduating dental students and house officers in a Teaching Hospital in the Southern part of Nigeria was conducted between August and September, 2010. The self-administered questionnaire sought answers to required patient information, patient information management, handling of patient, legal obligation to patient and the communication channel between patient and a third party.
Result: The overall response rate was 87.6%. Out of the 85 respondents, 61 (71.8%) and 24 (28.2%) were dental students and house officers respectively. House Officers exhibited significantly better knowledge of identifiable patient information, confidentiality of patient information, taking custody of hospital care notes and mode of release of detailed information concerning child care to non-attending father than the dental students (P<0.05 ). House officers also exhibited better, though, not-significant knowledge in release of information about HIV- infected husband to the spouse than dental students. Dental students exhibited better knowledge in data storage area, release of patient information to colleagues and police than the House officers.
Conclusion: There was overall poor knowledge on the protection of patient data and relevant clinical information. However, experience in dental practice appeared to have resulted in the differences noted in the protection and management of patient's clinical information among graduating dental students and house officers.
Knowledge and awareness of orthodontics among Nigerian school children in selected private and public schools in Lagos
Authors: Adegbite K. O. , Ajisafe O. A. , Ogunbanjo B. O. , Adeniyi A. A. , DaCosta O. O. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: This study sought to assess the knowledge and awareness of Nigerian adolescents concerning orthodontics, to determine possible factors influencing their knowledge of orthodontics as well as to find out if socioeconomic status has any effect on their knowledge and awareness.
Method: This cross-sectional descriptive questionnaire based study was conducted in two secondary schools (one private and one public) in Lagos State.
Result: A total of 408 students, participated in the study of which only 98 (24.0%) had ever heard the term ‘orthodontics’, and of this number only 16 could correctly explain the meaning of the term orthodontics. Majority of the respondents with correct responses attended a private school. Significantly more of the private school students correctly identified that orthodontists are involved in rearranging the teeth (p=0.006) and not involved in cleaning the teeth (p=0.008). There was a significant difference in the knowledge of the students from the public and private school concerning the impact of malocclusion on speech (p=0.002) and appearance (p=0.000). The overall orthodontic knowledge is deficient. However knowledge was better among the children from the private school compared to those from the public school. The results obtained from this study, clearly show that there is need to provide oral health education especially to improve the orthodontic knowledge of these adolescents especially about malocclusion and its consequences. It is expected that this would improve their knowledge and consequently increase the demand for and the uptake of the available orthodontic services.
A longitudinal study of the prevalence of gingival bleeding among selected Nigerian pregnant women
Authors: Opeodu O. I. , Dosumu E. B. , Arowojolu M. O. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To assess the prevalence of gingival bleeding following gentle periodontal probing during pregnancy as compared to after child birth in the same set of women.
Method: Three hundred and eighty-four consecutive pregnant women in third trimester were selected at the antenatal clinics of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, and the University College Hospital, both in the city of Ibadan, south western part of Nigeria. An 18-item questionnaire was administered on the subjects to obtain information on their use of oral contraceptive prior to getting pregnant, their experiencing gingival bleeding at any point in time before or during pregnancy and their methods of oral hygiene procedure. This was followed by intra-oral examination to assess the presence or absence of gingival bleeding, which was determined by gentle probing of the gingival crevice with a Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) probe. The appearance of bleeding within 10 seconds indicates a positive score. The same set of women were re-examined at two other occasions following child birth.
Result: Seventy-two (20.9%) of the subjects reported that they had been experiencing gingival bleeding during toothbrushing before the study. Two-hundred and sixty-one of the subjects bled during pregnancy and this reduced to 192 and 127 at the 6th and 14th week post-partum examination respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the gingival bleeding on probing during pregnancy in comparison to the 6th and 14th week postpartum periods respectively (p = 0.000).
Conclusion: The study shows that pregnancy must have played a major role in the tendency for the gingiva to bleed as there was statistically significant reduction in gingival bleeding following parturition.
A pilot survey of impression materials and techniques used by dentists in the fabrication of fixed indirect restorations
Authors: Ajayi Y. O. , Akinboboye B. O. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To assess the choice of impression material and impression technique used by Nigerian dentists for the fabrication of cast restoration.
Method: A self administered questionnaire was distributed to dentists present at two national dental meeting held at Abuja and Lagos in 2011. The questionnaire assessed their choice of impression materials and technique.
Result: Fifty one out of 70 questionnaires were returned filled giving a response rate of 73%. There were 54.9% of the respondents who reported addition curing silicone impression as their first choice material for cast restorations, while 27.4% use alginate as first choice impression. The use of stock plastic trays by the respondents was significantly higher than metal and custom trays. Two-third of the respondents poured their impressions within one hour. All the respondents poured alginate impression after 15 minutes. A significantly high percentage (76%) of the respondents did not retract the free gingival before taking impression. Conclusion: The use of alginate impressions to produce cast restorations was common among the respondents. Since no previous study has documented the use of alginate to produce accurate fitting cast restorations, there is need to investigate the accuracy of alginate impressions in a clinical setting.
Association between traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and caries experience in a selected northern Nigerian population
Authors: Taiwo O.O. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To determine the association between traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and caries experience in a selected Nigerian population and the influence(s) of gender and location on this association.Method: The sample size included 799 school children proportionately selected through multistage sampling technique. Caries experience (DMFT) and TDIs to the teeth were evaluated clinically by one examiner (intra-examiner reliability was 0.852 by Cronbach’s Alpha test). The TDIs were classified according to the modified Ellis classification. Diagnosis of caries was at cavitation level. Analysis was by the use of SPSS v17.0.Result: There were 450 (56.3%) males and 43.7% females. Subjects were aged 12 to 21 years (Mean 12.25 ± 0.93). About half (51.8%) were from the urban areas. Prevalence of TDIs and caries was 14.6% and 12.4% respectively. TDIs were more prevalent among males (P = 0.015, OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.103, 2.519), with enamel fracture (74.5%) being the commonest (74.5%) TDI seen. Dental caries was commoner in the rural areas (DMFT [ ] = 0.249, B = 0.029, 95% CI = -0.180, -0.009). There was no significant association between caries experience and TDIs ( = 0.197, p = 0.944, 95% CI = -0.125, 0.117) and neither by gender nor location (P>0.05). The odds of having TDIs in those with dental caries was 1.04, 95% CI = 0.581, 1.885.Conclusion: There was no association between TDIs and caries experience in the studied Nigerian population. Caries experience was more in the rural areas and being male was associated with a higher probability of having a traumatized tooth.
Cervical vertebrae staging in pre-orthodontic patients in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Ize-Iyamu I.N. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To determine the prevalence of the various stages of skeletal maturation of the cervical vertebrae in pre-orthodontic patients in Benin City, Nigeria.Method: The first six cervical vertebrae of 105 untreated orthodontic patients attending the clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were assessed on the cephalometric radiograph to determine the stages of maturation. Correlations between age, gender, type of malocclusion and skeletal maturation stages were determined using the software SPSS (version 16). Significant values of P<0.05 were applied were applicable.Result: The average age of participants was 14±1.5 years with an almost equal gender distribution. Cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) stage 3 was the most frequently occurring with 26.7% of the sample population. This was also seen mostly in the 11-yearold age group. The least frequently reported was CVM stage 1 with 5.7%. According to dento-skeletal patterns, CVM stage 3 was most prevalent in bimaxillary proclination with (29.3%). Others include mandibular retrusion, maxillary protrusion and skeletal 2 with 26.3%, 25% and 17.2% espectively. Males showed a higher distribution in the CVM stage 3 than females. There was also a significant association between age and Cervical maturation, P<0.05.Conclusion: Cervical Maturation stages 1-6 were identified in pre-orthodontic patients aged 7-21-years. Stage 3 was the most frequently occurring.CVM stage and is seen more in 11-year-old-males. Females demonstrated a higher number in CVM stages 4 and 5. The correlation coefficient between age and CVM was 0.86 (P<0.05) for stage 3.
Estimation and comparison of tensile bond strengths at resin-dentin interface of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems
Authors: Garewal R. , Garewal J. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: To estimate and compare the Tensile Bond Strengths and to observe the resindentin interface of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems to dentin of primary and permanent molar teeth.
Method: Thirty non-carious exfoliated primary human molars and thirty extracted permanent molars were randomly assigned to four groups according to adhesives used. The specimens were subjected to tensile bond strength (TBS) testing at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Mean TBS was statistically analyzed with student ‘t’ test. Interfacial morphologies were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Result: Etch-and-rinse adhesive Adper Single Bond 2 Total Etch® yielded high bond strength when applied to both primary and permanent dentine. For the one-step Adper Easy One® self-etching adhesive, the bond strength was relatively low regardless of the dentine type. SEM interfacial analysis revealed funnel shaped resin tags and a rough hybrid layer in specimens subjected to total etch system and cylindrical shaped and a smooth hybrid layer in specimens subjected to self etch system in both primary and permanent teeth.
Conclusion: The total-etch systems provide better adhesion to primary and permanent tooth dentine. The self etch systems though convenient to use, do not match the bond strengths of conventional total etch systems. Also, it can be concluded that both adhesives show weaker bond strengths to primary tooth dentin.
Availability of non- and low-fluoride paediatric toothpastes in Nigeria: a need for indigenous affordable formulations
Authors: Umesi D.C. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: Some studies in Nigeria have shown a high prevalence of fluorosis. This study looks at toothpastes manufactured locally to determine the availability and affordability of low- fluoride paediatric toothpastes in Nigeria.Method: Toothpastes manufactured locally in Nigeria which bear the Nigerian Agency for Food and Drug Administration (NAFDAC) approval number were purchased from open markets, reputable supermarkets and pharmacies. The cost price and fluoride content were recorded for each of the toothpastes.Result: Twenty-one toothpastes manufactured locally in Nigeria were identified. Thirteen toothpastes had sodium fluoride as the active fluoride compound while five had sodium monofluorophosphate. Seventeen toothpastes had optimum fluoride content (1100 – 1450 ppm fluoride or 0.306 – 0.32% w/w sodium fluoride or 0.76 – 0.85% w/w Sodium monofluorophosphate), one had low-fluoride content (500ppm or 0.1106% w/w sodium fluoride) while three were non-fluoride toothpastes. The low-fluoride toothpaste was designated as paediatric while the non-fluoride toothpastes were herbal formulations. A cost analysis of the toothpastes showed that the lone paediatric low-fluoride toothpaste was sold at more than three times the cost of the optimum-fluoride toothpastes.Conclusion: The majority of toothpastes manufactured locally in Nigeria have optimum fluoride content, the non-fluoride toothpastes are herbal formulations while only one toothpaste is a low-fluoride paediatric toothpaste. The present cost of the paediatric toothpaste makes it unaffordable and unavailable to the average child in Nigeria. Companies which manufacture toothpastes locally are encouraged to produce more brands of paediatric low-fluoride toothpastes for the Nigerian market at affordable prices.
Analysis of 155 cases of head and neck cancers seen over a 3-year period at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Authors: Omitola O.G. , Osagbemiro B.B. , Obiorah C.C. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: Head and neck cancers are group of malignancies that affect the head and neck region. They remain a serious public health concern worldwide with more than half a million cases diagnosed annually. The prevalence and presentation vary from one region to the other. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of presentation of this lesion in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH).Method: Records of all histologically diagnosed head and neck cancers during the study period were retrieved from the Cancer Registry of UPTH. Information collected were age, sex, histopathological diagnosis and site of primary lesion. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 and summary statistics of frequency and central tendency werepresented.Result: There were 155 patients comprising 95 (61.3%) males and 60 (38.7%) females, giving a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range of the patients was 1-85 years with a mean age of 37.8±20.6. The highest incidence of HNC was found in the 40-49 (18.7%) age group while least number of patients was found in the 80-89 (2.6%) age group. Carcinomas (44.5%) was the most common malignant lesion with squamous cell carcinoma been the most common. The next most common lesions were the Lymphomas (25.8%). The neck (29.7%) was the most commonly affected site followed by the oral cavity (22.5%) while the parotid region and the larynx with 1.9% respectively were the least affected sites.Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinomas were the most frequent HNC seen in our centre and the patients within the 5th decade were most frequently affected with male predominance. Common sites affected were the neck, oral cavity, eye, and the nasopharynx.
A study of histopathological variants of orofacial llpoma in a Nigerian population
Authors: Omoregie O.F. , Akpata O. , Ojo M.A. 
Published: August 2023

Objective: The rarity of llpoma In the orofacial region has made It difficult to ascertain the dinlcopathological pattern of orofadal lipoma in our environment. This study alms to determine the age, gender, sites and histopathological variants of orofadal llpoma In a Nigerian population.
Method: A 21-year retrospective review was performed on patients' dlnlcal notes, histopathology slides and reports of all histopathologically diagnosed orofacial lesions in the Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.
Result: Of the 1116 diagnosed lesions within the study period, there were 15 (1.3%) cases of lipoma. There was a female to male ratio of 2: 1, with a mean age of 31±1.2 years and the peak age group was the 4111 decade of life (n=6, 40.0%). The buccal mucosa (n=B, 53.3%) and the forehead (n =4, 26. 7%) were the commonest orofacial sites of the lesion. The conventional llpoma (n=B, 53.3%) was the predominant lesion, followed by angiolipoma (n=3, 20.0%), flbrollpoma (n= 2, 13.3%), spindle cell llpoma (n= 1, 6. 7%) and Intramuscular llpoma (n= 1, 6. 7%).
Conclusion: This study revealed a low prevalence of orofacial lipoma comparable to previous report. The lesion occurred predominantly In adult females and the buccal mucosa was the commonest orofacial site. Apart from the conventional lipoma. angiolipoma was the second most frequent hlstopathological variant of the lesion. Early surgical Intervention andhistopathological evaluation of clinically suspicious cases of orofacial lipoma is recommended, to avoid facial disfigurement and to rule out a malignant lesion mimicking the benign type.