bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fredriksvern og verksbyene i Norge
Authors: Johannessen Finn Erhard 
Published: January 2023

Fredriksvern and the company towns in Norway
About 25 company towns, mostly based on mining, can be identified in Norway in the 18th century, if we include very small ones with 200–300 inhabitants. Most people in a company town worked for the company, which also provided services like schools, churches, healthcare and often food supplies. It is obvious that a company town was a monopoly town. But the monopoly could be public or private, and the towns could be governed from within or remotely. Fredriksvern, which is presented in the most detail here, was an unusual company town, as it was connected to a naval shipyard. The shipyard was publicly owned, and the town can thus be classified as a public monopoly town. Who governed the town? Denmark-Norway was a strongly centralized state, and most decisions about Fredriksvern were made by the central administration in Copenhagen. However, the commander who knew the activity best could be influential by sending suggestions to Copenhagen. By far the biggest company town was Kongsberg, with around 8,000 inhabitants in the middle of the century. It was situated near a public silver mine and can also be classified as a public monopoly town, governed much like Fredriksvern. The five Norwegian copperworks situated in central Norway were, however, privately owned, mostly by shareholders living in Trondheim. Company towns like Røros, Kvikne and Løkken were consequently collective, private company towns, and they were governed remotely. Approximately 15 ironworks were situated in eastern and southern Norway. They were usually owned by individuals and could remain in the same families for generations. The small company towns connected to them can be called individual, private monopoly towns. The owners often lived in the town and behaved patriarchally towards their subordinates. To conclude: The company towns were monopoly towns, either public or private, and in the latter case either collective or individual. With the exception of most of the company towns connected to ironworks, they were governed from outside, in contrast to all other Norwegian towns.
Byeliten på 1700-tallet. De sterke nettverk
Authors: Bull Ida 
Published: January 2023

Urban elites in the 18th century: The strong networks
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Norwegian cities changed. The population became more differentiated, and the administrations of cities were adapted to absolute monarchy. Trade was in principle connected to cities, which forced merchants to settle in Norwegian cities to take part in export. Immigrant merchants soon joined the elites in the cities, establishing themselves as centres in networks connecting their regions to the international market. While the King was strengthening his local administration, the new economic elites secured a distinct influence on the economic and political conditions in the cities. This chapter discusses how this elite worked to affect the political administration of the major cities in the four regions in Norway: Bergen, Kristiania, Kristiansand and Trondheim, with a special focus on the latter. All of these cities were obliged to communicate through the King’s servants with Copenhagen. In addition, they all had important trading connections to other cities in Europe.
Immigrant merchants established strong networks in their new cities. Together with the King’s most prominent servants, these merchants constituted the cities’ elites. While the King’s men ruled the city, a consultative board was elected among men with citizenship – “de eligerte menn”. How this board was elected and functioned differed between cities, but in the larger Norwegian cities the international trading merchants monopolised the boards of elected men. Their education and experience from a larger world made their power seem self-evident.
However, towards the end of the 18th century, against the background of the French Revolution, their monopoly was no longer obvious. Citizens with lower status, especially craftsmen, contested the merchants’ power. This chapter discusses how conflict developed and pointed towards a more democratic evolution in the 19th century.
Kronans hantlangare eller självständiga elitborgare? Den tyskbördiga eliten i den svenska staden Nyen i slutet av 1600-talet
Authors: Kepsu Kasper 
Published: January 2023

The Crown’s henchmen or independent elite burghers? The German merchant elite in the Swedish town of Nyen in the late 17th century
This article deals with the merchant elite in Nyen, also called Nyenskans, the easternmost Swedish trading town at the far end of the Gulf of Finland. The town was founded in 1642 in the Swedish province Ingria and located in the same place that Saint Petersburg is located today. In the last decades of the 17th century, trade volumes in Nyen greatly increased, mostly because of prosperous transit trade based on naval stores. At the same time, Nyen was a border town with pivotal importance for Swedish military strategy. However, Nyen was destroyed by the Russians in 1703, and the merchants fled.
The most powerful burghers were of German or Baltic-German descent. Some had an ethnic background from Sweden and The Netherlands. The town was dominated by roughly 10–20 families, in particular Hueck and Luhr, closely tied by marriage. The elite families had an important position as mediators in the transit trade between the merchant houses in Amsterdam and Lübeck and suppliers of raw materials from north-eastern Europe. They had commercial experience and good transnational networks as well as political power. The elite merchants were active in long-distance trade, but many also served as city councillors. The ability to lend money to other burghers, in turn, resulted in a strong grip on local trade.
Still, the elite could not control the town without considering the Crown. During the final decades of the 17th century, the central government tightened its grip on the town for military and strategic reasons. Control was looser than in the core areas of Sweden, but stricter than in other towns in the Eastern Baltic provinces. Though state-ruled to a degree, Nyen can also be characterised as a privatized monopoly town and network town.
Arendal 1650–1723 – en monopolby eller en konkurranseby?
Authors: Dørum Knut 
Published: January 2023

Arendal c. 1650–1723 – a monopoly town or a competition town?
The small town of Arendal, including the surrounding areas, became the second largest shipping region in Norway around 1700, due to the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of a few families and social networks, and an efficient credit system that created social bonds. All this revolved around a lucrative business: the export of boards and planks to the Netherlands and England. Undoubtedly, Arendal succeeded in accumulating remarkable fortunes and incomes despite the fact that the population around 1720 did not exceed more than 700–750. It is clear that a few families rose to dominate the town and came to control a vast part of the timber trade, and were ultimately regarded as ‘mighty lords’. It was assumed by the state tenants and the inhabitants that the wealthy merchant Lauritz Pedersen Brinch ran the town between 1660–1702. Did Arendal in the period between roughly 1650–1723 fit the typology of a ‘privatized monopoly town’, which resembles what Finn-Einar Eliassen coined a ‘landlord town’, or was it a ‘competition town’? The answer is both yes and no. We do find family dynasties, but their power base seems to be wider and more complex than in Eliassen’s category. Furthermore, Arendal developed to become more like a competition town than a monopoly town.
In this chapter, it will be argued that the town of Arendal tended to be dominated by three families that were strongly intertwined through marriage. Two of these families owned the land on which the town was founded, and this ownership gave them a certain kind of control in the recruitment of new merchants. However, the increasing trend toward tenancy or transfer of land lease contracts between houseowners – often without the approval of the landlords – indicates that control of the land was limited from the perspective of the landlords. Therefore, ownership does not seem to be the key element for economic, political and social dominance, as Eliassen maintains. What appears to have mattered most were the strategic marriages and alliances between families, along with strategic ownership outside the town in connection with trade and transport, especially along the river system. This was followed by a credit system that compelled peasants and labourers to work and deliver timber or lumber at low prices to the wealthy merchant dynasties. However, the family dynasties did not end up monopolizing trade completely. They did not have the power to do so, nor was it in their interest to establish a trade monopoly. The number of families grew between 1650–1723, and by 1720, the town had 15–20 wealthy families. At the same time, about 50 merchant families in the Arendal area were heavily involved in the timber business.
Norske provinsmatadorer: familien Adeler og makten i Kragerø ca. 1620–1760
Authors: Teige Ola 
Published: January 2023

Norwegian provincial matadors. The Adeler family and the power in the town Kragerø c. 1620–1760
This chapter describes the Norwegian coastal town of Kragerø and the position of the Adeler family in its political, social and commercial life in the period 1620–1760. It illustrates how local elite families exercised power in such towns in the early modern period, the strategies they used, and the sources of this power. In this regard, Kragerø is close to an ideal example of a town controlled by just one or a few mighty families. For 35 years, it was ruled by a single, undisputed “matador” and for the following 65 years by a small local elite.
In the early 17th century, Kragerø developed as a shipping port for timber products from nearby sawmills. The Adeler family established themselves as sawmill owners, helped by their ties to noble county governors. The first known family member, Søren Jensen, came to the area as a servant to one of these governors. His son, Niels Adeler, inherited his father’s business and expanded it by aggressively acquiring local sawmills, forest properties and shipping businesses. This was fueled by massive lending. Adeler played a leading role when the local merchants successfully petitioned the Danish-Norwegian king to grant the port town rights in 1666. Adeler was then appointed mayor. He was both a royal official and a merchant, and in the 1670s and 80s his family controlled three-quarters of the local trade economy, i.e., ships, import of goods, and sawmills with export quotas. He also controlled the other town offices by using his network and influence with the king to install clients in them. The only power base he did not control was the land the town was built on, which was leased to the houseowners. In similar towns, this asset provided the owners with considerable influence locally. In 1675, Niels Adeler advanced to the post of county governor, while one of his sons inherited the mayoralty. His business expansion led to substantial debt, but he managed to avoid bankruptcy. However, after his death in 1694, his business empire collapsed, leaving nothing to his many children. This chapter documents how two of his sons reacted to the loss of wealth and power with anger and violent attempts to bully the town bailiff into letting them keep their father’s properties. A sister, Anna Adeler Poulsen, married a merchant and stayed on. They built a trading house and became one of the 4–5 elite families who dominated the town. The Adeler Poulsen family lost its position when Anna’s grandsons sold the remaining properties after 1760.
PENGARUH PELATIHAN KEPEMIMPINAN DASAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SELF EFFICACY PADA SISWA SMK
Authors: Fitriany Rany , Ivonesti Syarifah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract: The Effects of Basic Leadership Training to enhance Self-Efficacy of Vocational High School Students.This study is aimed at recognizing the effects of Basic Leadership Training to enhance Vocational High School Students’ Self-Efficacy. The study used quasi-experiment method with the one group pretest-posttest design. Participants were vocational high school students. Self-efficacy was measured using self-efficacy scale, interview and observation. The data were analyzed using paired sample t-test to get the statistical data of measurement for before and after intervention. Study suggested that t= 1.879, sig=0.071 (sig>0.05). it indicates that there is no sinificant effects of basic leadership training to paricipants’ self-efficacy before and after intervention.Abstrak : Pengaruh Pelatihan Kepemimpinan Dasar Untuk Meningkatkan Self Efficacy Pada Siswa SMKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pelatihan kepemimpinan dasar untuk meningkatkan self efficacy siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala Sefl Efficacy, wawancara, dan observasi. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah The one Group Pretest-postest Desaign. Analisis menggunakan menggunakan analisa statistik Paired sample t-test digunakan untuk melihat perbedaan self efficacy siswa SMK sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan pelatihan kepemimpinan dasar. Hasil penelitian self efficacy siswa SMK menunjukan bahwa nilai t sebesar 1,879 dengan sig 0,071 (nilai sig > 0,05) berarti hipotesis ditolak yaitu tidak ada perbedaan self efficacy sebelum pelatihan dan setelah mengikuti pelatihan kepemimpinan dasar siswa SMK. Mean dari skala self efficacy adalah sebesar 5,535 dengan standar deviasi sebesar 15,59. Artinya tidak ada pengaruh peningkatan terhadap self efficacy siswa SMK setelah mengikuti pelatihan kepemimpinan dasar.
HUBUNGAN KECEMASAN STATISTIKA DAN PRESTASI AKADEMIK DENGAN PROKRASTINASI AKADEMIK SEBAGAI MODERATOR
Authors: Nisaa Mustika , Siaputra Ide Bagus , Natalya Lina 
Published: January 2023

Abstract: The contribution of academic procrastination to the relationship between statistical anxiety and student academic achievement. Statistics is one of the subjects that can arouse students anxiety. Statistics anxiety will have an impact on weakening their level of achievement so that students tend to ignore it because of reluctance and this will worsen the level of student achievement. This study aims to examine the role of academic procrastination in the relationship between statistical anxiety and academic achievement. This research was conducted using a quantitative survey method using measuring instruments SAS (Statistics Anxiety Scale), PPS (Pure Procrastination Scale) and the pre-test, pre-UTS, and UTS scores as benchmarks for academic achievement. Participants were 240 students who active 3rd semester students and take measurement of psychology courses in the 2020/2021 academic year. The results showed that academic procrastination did not act as a moderator in the relationship between statistics anxiety and academic achievement. The conclusion is that students who have statistical anxiety reports as well as delay in assignments do not have a significant impact on their academic achievement.Keywords: statistic anxiety, academic achievement, academic procrastination Abstrak: Hubungan Kecemasan Statistika dan Prestasi Akademik dengan Prokrastinasi Akademik Sebagai Moderator. Statistika merupakan salah satu mata kuliah yang dapat membangkitkan kecemasan mahasiswa. Kecemasan mahasiswa terhadap statistika akan berdampak pada pelemahan tingkat kinerja mereka sehingga mahasiswa menjadi cenderung menunda karena adanya keengganan dan hal tersebut akan semakin memperburuk tingkat kinerja mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran prokrastinasi akademik dalam hubungan kecemasan statistika dan prestasi akademik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif survei (N : 240) mahasiswa aktif semester 3 yang tengah mengambil mata kuliah pengukuran psikologi pada tahun ajaran 2020/2021. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan alat ukur SAS (Statistics Anxiety Scale), PPS (Pure Procrastination Scale) serta nilai pre-test, pre-UTS, dan UTS sebagai tolak ukur prestasi akademik mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil bahwa prokrastinasi akademik tidak berperan sebagai moderator pada hubungan kecemasan statistika dan prestasi akademik. Kesimpulannya bahwa mahasiswa yang memiliki kecemasan statistika sekaligus melakukan penundaan dalam mengerjakan tugas tidak berdampak secara signifikan terhadap prestasi akademiknya.Kata kunci : kecemasan statistika, prestasi akademik, prokrastinasi akademik
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MONOPOLI GAME BERBASIS MUATAN LOKAL TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Sari Dessy Dwitalia , Susilawaty Susilawaty 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using Monopoly Games media based Local Content on the speaking skills of fourth grade students of SDN Pasar Lama 3 Banjarmasin. This research uses quasi experimental. The research uses three classes, namely class IV A, B, and C SDN Pasar Lama 3 Banjarmasin The results showed that: (1) there was a difference in the effect of using Monopoly Games media based Local Content on speaking skills with a significance value of 0,000 <0.05. Keywords: Skills, Speaking, Monopoly ABSTRAKMedia Monopoly Games Berbasis Muatan Lokal dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan siswa kelas IV dalam keterampilan berbicara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan media Monopoly Games Berbasis Muatan Lokal terhadap keterampilan berbicara siswa kelas IV SDN Pasar Lama 3 Banjarmasin. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan quasi experimental. Adapun penelitian ini menggunakan tiga kelas yaitu kelas IV A, B, dan C SDN Pasar Lama 3 Banjarmasin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh penggunaan media Monopoli Games Berbasis Muatan Lokal terhadap keterampilan berbicara dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 < 0,05. Kata Kunci: Keterampilan, Berbicara, Monopoli, Game
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA KAYU OPERASI HITUNG BILANGAN BULAT DENGAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK
Authors: Mailani Elvi , Almi Fadilah Putri 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop a Wooden Medium Round Count Operations Operation with a Scientific Approach that was appropriate for Class I Students MIN 3 Medan City T.A 2019/2020. The type of research used is Research and Development (ADD and Development) with the ADDIE model through 5 stages, namely the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation stages. The subjects in this study were all students of class 1-B MIN 3 Medan City. The results of the study on aspects of media assessment got a score of 91.25% with a very decent category.Keywords: Media, Feasibility, Timber Compute Operations ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Mengembangkan Media Kayu Operasi Hitung Bilangan Bulat Dengan Pendekatan Saintifik yang Layak digunakan untuk Siswa Kelas I MIN 3 Kota Medan T.A 2019/2020. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Research and Development) dengan model ADDIE melalui 5 tahapan yaitu tahap Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas 1-B MIN 3 Kota Medan. Hasil penelitian pada aspek penilaian media mendapat perolehan skor 91,25% dengan kategori sangat layak. Kata Kunci: Media, Kelayakan, Kayu Operasi Hitung Bilangan Bulat
KONTRIBUSI TINGKAT PEMAHAMAN PERUMUSAN PANCASILA TERHADAP KOMPETENSI GURU SD NEGERI DI KECAMATAN MEDAN HELVETIA
Authors: Siregar Waliyul Maulana 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine: (1) Contributions of the comprehension of Pancasila understanding level for the competence of the teachers’ personal competence in primary public school subdistricts Medan Helvetia, (2) Contributions of the comprehension of Pancasila understanding level for teachers’ social competence primary public school subdistricts Medan Helvetia. This study took a sample of 96 elementary school teachers in Medan Helvetia District.The results of the research are: 1) There is a contribution for the comperehension of Pancasila understanding towards personal competence amounted to 0.666 with the effective contribution amount to 44.36%, 2) There is a contribution for the comperehension of Pancasila understanding towards social competence amounted to 0.666 with the effective contribution of 20, 8%. Keywords: Pancasila, Personality, Social ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Kontribusi tingkat pemahaman perumusan Pancasila terhadap kompetensi kepribadian guru SD Negeri di Kecamatan Medan Helvetia, (2) Kontribusi tingkat pemahaman perumusan Pancasila terhadap kompetensi sosial guru SD Negeri di Kecamatan Medan Helvetia. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel sebanyak 96 guru SD Negeri di Kecamatan Medan Helvetia.Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut didapat kesimpulan berupa: 1) Terdapat kontribusi tingkat pemahaman perumusan Pancasila terhadap kompetensi kepribadian dengan kategori kuat sebesar 0,666 dengan sumbangan efektif 44,36%, dan 2) Terdapat kontribusi tingkat pemahaman perumusan Pancasila terhadap kompetensi sosial dengan kategori sedang sebesar 0,456 dengan sumbangan efektif 20,8% Kata Kunci : Pancasila, Kepribadian, Sosial
TEACHING ENGLISH BY USING GAME FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Zati Vidya Dwi Amalia , Anifah Anifah , Susanti Sani , Nainggolan Elizon 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTIn Indonesia, English begins to be taught in primary school from the first grader by adjusting to children’ ability. Teaching English by using games is one of the best ways to teach children. Games can be used to draw students’ attention to learn English. But, firstly, teachers should consider that a game must has an educational purpose and value, such as Whispering words game, Word family game, Words search game, Board race game, Hot seat game and many mores. The teachers only need to determine the type of games that fits the particular topic of learning and learning purpose. Keywords: Teaching English, Games, Students
PENGARUH PENGALAMAN AWAL PENDIDIKAN ANAK TERHADAP KESIAPAN BERSEKOLAH ANAK TAMAN KANAK-KANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI KOTA SAMARINDA
Authors: Maghfirah Febry , Nurani Yuliani , Nurjannah Nurjannah 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of children's early education experience on school readiness of children aged 5-6 years in Samarinda Ulu District, Samarinda City. The population in this study were children aged 5-6 years who attended kindergarten group B in Samarinda Ulu District. The sampling technique is stratified random sampling. Data collection techniques through distributing questionnaires to parents to find out the initial experience of children's education and to teachers for school readiness data. The results showed that there were differences in school readiness of children aged 5-6 years between children who participated in KB - TK A - TK B, TK A - TK B, and TK B. Keywords: children's early education experience, school readiness, early childhood ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengalaman awal pendidikan anak terhadap kesiapan bersekolah anak TK Usia 5-6 tahun di Kecamatan Samarinda Ulu Kota Samarinda. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 5-6 tahun yang bersekolah di TK kelompok B di Kecamatan Samarinda Ulu. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu Stratified random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada orang tua untuk mengetahui pengalaman awal pendidikan anak dan kepada guru untuk data kesiapan bersekolah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kesiapan bersekolah anak usia 5-6 tahun antara anak yang mengikuti KB – TK A – TK B, TK A – TK B, dan TK B. Kata Kunci: pengalaman awal pendidikan anak, kesiapan bersekolah, anak usia dini