bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Onco-Neural Antigen: A New Neural Differentiation Antigen Expressed by Neuroblastoma, Oat Cell Carcinoma, Wilms' Tumor, and Sarcoma Cells
Authors: Seeger Robert C. , Zeltzer Paul M. , Rayner Sylvia A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This investigation defined a new neural differentiation antigen that is expressed by a number of tumors derived from neuroectoderm and surprisingly by some derived from mesoderm. Heteroantisera were prepared by immunizing rabbits with cultured human neuroblastoma cells followed by extensive absorption with nine different types of normal non-neural tissues and cells; sera were evaluated with cultured cells and radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A to detect binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens (CSA). One antiserum that was raised against LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells was analyzed in detail. It reacted well with seven neuroblastoma cell lines including LA-N-1; it also reacted, but to a lesser degree, with medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma cell lines. Seventeen additional cell lines and noncultured acute leukemia cells were minimally reactive or nonreactive with the serum. Absorption of the serum with homogenates of adult brain or adrenal reduced its binding to neuroblastoma cells more than 80%. Greater than 65% of the reactivity with LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells also was absorbed by homogenates of 10 of 10 neuroblastomas, seven of seven Wilms' tumors, five of eight sarcomas, two of three oat cell carcinomas, and one of six melanomas. Eight other types of malignancies did not remove significant activity compared to control non-neural normal tissue absorbents. Sequential absorption with adult brain or adrenal followed by the positive tumors demonstrated that both normal and tumor cells expressed the same antigen. We term the neural differentiation antigen(s) that is expressed by tumors derived from neuroectoderm and mesoderm an onco-neural antigen (ONA).
In Situ Lymphoid Cells of Mouse Mammary Tumors
Authors: Ruppert Barbara , Blazar Beverly , Medina Daniel , Heppner Gloria 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells isolated from several types of mouse mammary tumors are capable of stimulating tumor cell growth or survival in MCT assays. Lymph node and spleen cells of mice bearing such a tumor are specifically cytotoxic to the tumor cells. Surgical removal of the tumor is followed in 4 to 7 days by the appearance of stimulatory capacity in spleens and lymph nodes. By day 10, cytotoxic cells specific for the sensitizing tumor are again detected. These reach a peak on day 13. By day 17 no reactivity is detectable. The functional distribution of tumor-reactive lymphoid cells is different between tumor masses and peripheral lymphoid organs.
In Vitro Studies on Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Schrader John W. , Goldschneider Irving , Bollum Fred J. , Schrader Sabariah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The enzyme TdT is the earliest known marker of lymphocytic differentiation in rodents. Cells containing this enzyme were demonstrated in suspension cultures of mouse bone marrow cells that had been maintained in vitro for periods of 7 to 45 days. The cells were detected by immunofluorescence using purified antibodies to homogeneous TdT. Between 0.04 and 2.0% of cultured bone marrow cells from a variety of mouse strains were positive. More than 40% of the TdT-positive cells incorporated 3H-thymidine during a 20-min pulse. Surface Ig and Thy-1 antigens were not detected on the TdT-positive cells. The prevalence of TdT-positive cells was decreased 10-fold in cultures that had been treated with 10-6 M hydrocortisone 24 hr before harvesting. The results indicate that lymphoid progenitor cells can be generated in vitro.
Variations in Expression of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Genomes in Lymphoid Tissues of NZB Mice
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Chused Thomas M. , Sharrow Susan O. , Hartley Janet W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from Thy, Sp, LN, and BM of NZB mice were tested for expression of X-MuLV genomes as cell surface gp70 (XenCSA) or infectious virus. The results demonstrate major dissociations for these parameters of X-MuLV expression in different lymphoid compartments and suggest that factors involved in T lymphocyte differentiation modify the levels of expression in these two modes.
Binding Studies with Antibodies Having Phosphorylcholine Specificity and Fragments Derived from Their Homologous Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 27 Capsular Polysaccharide
Authors: Bennett Larry G. , Glaudemans Cornelis P. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 27 (S-27) has been fragmented into oligosaccharides by controlled degradations. Binding of these derived small ligands with heterogeneous rabbit anti-S-27 antibody of selected phosphorylcholine affinity indicates that a major immunodeterminant of S-27 is the phosphorylcholine moiety, but that these anti-P.C. antibodies are also capable of binding to the polysaccharide backbone from which the P.C. has been removed.
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency: A Molecular Model for Selective Loss of T Cell Function
Authors: Ochs Ute H. , Chen Shi-Han , Ochs Hans D. , Osborne William R. A. , Scott C. Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Absence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) is associated with severe T cell immune deficiency and normal B cell function. Patients with this enzyme defect accumulate inosine, guanosine, and their respective deoxycompounds, all of which are substrates for NP. We have evaluated the effect of these four NP substrates on PHA-stimulated lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines with B and T cell characteristics. Inosine and deoxyinosine had little inhibitory effect on human lymphocytes, whereas guanosine and deoxyguanosine inhibited DNA and protein synthesis in both PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes and hyman lymphoblastoid cells. In all experiments, deoxyguanosine was more toxic than guanosine.
Human lymphoblastoid cells with T cell characteristics (T-LCL) were found to be particularly sensitive to the presence of deoxyguanosine. At low µM concentrations 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine incorporation into the T-LCL was markedly decreased. At a concentration of 10 µM, no cell growth occurred and 50% of the cells were killed. Partial reversal of the toxic effect of deoxyguanosine on the T-LCL could be achieved with simultaneous addition of deoxycytidine. Human lymphoblastoid cells with B cell characteristics (B-LCL) were not inhibited at these low deoxyguanosine levels but cell growth and incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine were moderately decreased at higher deoxyguanosine concentrations. In a B-LCL established from a patient with NP deficiency, neither DNA nor protein synthesis was inhibited by guanosine or deoxyguanosine at concentrations that affected other B cell lines.
The extreme sensitivity of the T lymphoblasts and relative resistance of B lymphoblasts to the toxicity of deoxyguanosine or one of its metabolic products may explain the selective loss of T cell function in patients with NP deficiency.
Genetic Control of the IgG2a Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in Mice: Isotype- and Antigen-Specific T Cell-Mediated Suppression in Low Responders
Authors: Seman Michel , Zilberfarb Vladimir 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgG2a response to sheep erythrocytes is examined in different congenic strains of mice. B10, B6, and C57BL/Ks animals produce a low level of IgG2a antibodies to SRBC during the primary response in vivo. They remain low responders after secondary challenge in vitro. Total spleen cells or nylon-purified T cells from these low responders inhibit the IgG2a response of H-2 compatible-responding mice in a mixed culture system. This suppression is mediated by Thy-1+, Ly-1-, Ly-2+, and I-J+ T cells only present in the spleen of low responding animals. These suppressor T cells appear to be IgG2a-and SRBC-specific. Function of non-H-2-linked genes as regulators of suppressor T cells differentiation is discussed.
Natural Killing of Measles-Infected Cells by Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Ault Kenneth A. , Weiner Howard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus (M-HeLa) show markedly increased susceptibility to natural killing (NK) by normal human blood lymphocytes compared to uninfected HeLa cells. The killing is mediated by the same population of non-B, non-T lymphocytes with avid Fc receptors for IgG that mediate other forms of NK and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). There is no evidence that this NK is mediated by antibody; specifically, the killing regenerates after being abolished by extensive treatment of the effector cells with trypsin or pronase, and it cannot be inhibited by large amounts of F(ab′)2 fragments of anti-measles antibody or by a large excess of normal γ-globulins. In addition, NK of M-HeLa is strongly correlated (r = 0.79, p &lt; 0.001) with NK of an unrelated cell line (K-562) that does not contain measles virus and is a standard target for NK. The strong correlation between NK of M-HeLa and K-562 is confirmed by cold-target inhibition studies showing cross-competition between the two cell lines. Killing cannot be enhanced by addition of supernatants from lymphocytes cultured with M-HeLa to fresh lymphocytes cultured with M-HeLa, HeLa, K-562, or other cell lines, making it unlikely that interferon or other soluble factors have a role in this system. These studies suggest that persistent infection of HeLa cells with measles virus results in the modification of the HeLa cell membrane and that this modification is similar to some structure on K-562 that is important for NK. In addition, these studies raise the possibility that NK could play a role in host defenses against measles virus infection.
Serologically Detectable Human Melanoma-Associated Antigens Are Not Genetically Linked to HLA-A and B Antigens
Authors: Curry Russell A. , Quaranta Vito , Pellegrino Michele A. , Ferrone Soldano 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serologic, structural and immunogenic data accumulated in animal model systems suggest that some tumor-specific antigens are newly expressed or modified histocompatibility antigens (see for review 1). This evidence raises the possibility that in man some tumor-associated antigens may derive from histocompatibility (HLA) antigens. We tested this hypothesis in the human melanoma system by investigating whether human chromosome 6, which carries the major histocompatibility complex region (2, 3), controls the expression of serologically detectable melanoma-associated antigens (sd-MAA). An absence of genetic linkage between sd-MAA and HLA antigens would cast serious doubts on the proposition that sd-MAA are modified HLA antigens. In our studies, we prepared hybrid clones by fusing cultured human melanoma cells with murine fibroblasts. We tested these hybrids for expression of sd-MAA and HLA-A and B antigens after a number of passages in vitro, during which a preferential loss of human chromosomes resulted in cells with a few human chromosomes superimposed on essentially complete murine genomes.
Characterization of Human Breast Milk Macrophages Cytostatic for Human Cell Lines
Authors: Balkwill Frances R. , Hogg Nancy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Approximately 40% of the cells in human early lactation milk possessed the characteristics of macrophages, being adherent, phagocytic, α napthyl acetate esterase positive, and possessing C3b and Fc receptors. These cells were also cytostatic for MDA 157, a cell line derived from a pleural effusion of human breast cancer, and HEL 23, a strain of human fetal lung fibroblasts. Investigations into the cytostatic phenomenon indicated that the cytostasis could not be mediated by macrophage-conditioned medium and that very close contact between breast milk macrophages and target cells was required. Cytostasis was not fully effective until 18 hr after the initial interaction between macrophages and target cells.
Augementation of Antigen-Stimulated Histamine Release from Human Basophils by Serum-Treated Zymosan Particles
Authors: Thomas Larry L. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although antigen-stimulated histamine release from human basophils is well characterized, the response of basophils to other stimuli is less well studied. Complement-coated particles are prominent among the stimuli generated during inflammatory reactions; accordingly, the effect of serum-treated zymosan particles (Zx) on histamine release from human basophils was examined. Although Zx alone failed to stimulate histamine release from basophil-containing mononuclear cells of allergic and nonallergic individuals. Zx consistently augmented antigen or anti-IgE stimulated release. The percent enhancement ranged from approximately 20 to 100%, depending on the level of antigen-stimulated release, and occurred in a concentration-dependent fashion. The kinetics of augmentation were extremely rapid, with augmented release evident 1 min after addition of the stimuli. Serum requirements for preparation of Zx were consistent with involvement of C3b in the enhancement. Failure to demonstrate participation of a soluble component(s) indicated that Zx enhanced release by a direct effect, presumably mediated by a C3b receptor, on the basophil membrane. It is suggested that occurrence of a similar enhancement in vivo may contribute to an amplification of allergic reactions that are superimposed upon an inflammatory state.
The Nature of the Stimulatory Cell in Human Allogeneic and Autologous MLC Reactions; Role of Isolated IgM-Bearing B Cells
Authors: Gottlieb Alice Bendix , Fu Shu Man , Yu David T. Y. , Wang Chang Yi , Halper James P. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly purified surface IgM-bearing B cells were isolated from T cell- and monocyte-depleted mononuclear cells by their ability to rosette with purified anti-IgM antibodies covalently linked to bovine red blood cells. Surface IgM-bearing B cells from both peripheral blood and tonsil were found to be excellent stimulator cells in unidirectional MLC reactions. In the majority of cases, the surface IgM-bearing B cells had a higher stimulatory capacity in the allogeneic MLC than non-T cells lacking surface IgM. Monocytes were also demonstrated to be good stimulators in the allogeneic MLC when a low number of cells was used. At high numbers, inhibition of tritiated thymidine uptake was observed, which appeared to be partly due to the release of prostaglandins and cold thymidine.
The population of non-T cells lacking surface IgM also showed stimulation that was especially strong in certain individuals. Because of the heterogeneity of this fraction, the primary cell involved could not be determined. It is of interest that this population was a more potent stimulator in the autologous MLC than was the surface IgM-bearing B cell fraction, although the latter was clearly active. Results from these studies also indicated that monocytes were relatively poor stimulators in the autologous MLC. Isolated Fab′ fragments of a rabbit anti-human Ia antiserum caused significant inhibition of both the allogeneic and autologous MLC.
A New Mouse Myeloma Cell Line that Has Lost Immunoglobulin Expression but Permits the Construction of Antibody-Secreting Hybrid Cell Lines
Authors: Kearney John F. , Radbruch Andreas , Liesegang Bernhard , Rajewsky Klaus 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have isolated a subclone of the mouse myeloma cell line P3-X63-Ag8 that does not express immunoglobulin heavy or light chains. This clone X63-Ag8.653 can be used for efficient fusion with antibody-forming cells to obtain hybrid cell lines producing pure monoclonal antibodies. Screening of hybrid cell lines for specificity and immunoglobulin classes was done with a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Differential Activation of Cytotoxic and Suppressor T Cells against Syngeneic Tumors in the Mouse
Authors: Yamauchi Katsumi , Fujimoto Shigeyoshi , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxic T cell against a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, S1509a, was induced in syngeneic mice by deliberate immunization with mitomycin C (MMC)-treated live tumor cells. The soluble tumor antigen (STA) extracted from the same tumor by 3 M KCl was, however, unable to induce the cytotoxic T cell upon immunization, although it was able to activate predominantly the suppressor T cell that then specifically suppressed the effect of the cytotoxic T cell against the homologous tumor. The suppressor T cell generated by STA had the same characteristics as those found in tumor-bearing animals: 1) The suppressor T cell has a very strict specificity against individual tumors; 2) The cell expresses cell surface determinants controlled by genes in the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex.
The activity of the cytotoxic T cell was completely inhibited by live tumor cells but not by STA, whereas that of the suppressor T cell was neutralized by STA. The results that cytotoxic and suppressor T cells are activated under different conditions, and that the antigenic determinants recognizable by these two cell types are not the same. The soluble extract contains only the determinants recognizable by the suppressor T cell, and the cytotoxic T cell can be activated only by the determinants associated with self antigen present on the surface of live tumor cells.
Organ and Isotype Distribution of Plasma Cells Producing Specific Antibody after Oral Immunization: Evidence for A Generalized Secretory Immune System
Authors: Weisz-Carrington Paul , Roux Maria E. , McWilliams Michael , Phillips-Quagliata Julia M. , Lamm Michael E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were induced to produce IgA antibodies against ferritin after oral immunization. Such antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence in plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa as well as in secretory sites located elsewhere, such as the lactating mammary gland, salivary gland, and respiratory tract. The observation suggested that cells immunized locally via the gut could home to distant secretory sites. To confirm this hypothesis, lymphocyte transfer studies were done with mesenteric node (MN) versus peripheral node (PN) cells from orally immunized donors into nonimmunized recipients. IgA anti-ferritin cells from MN homed to exocrine targets, whereas IgM and IgG anti-ferritin cells homed to PN. The findings overall support the concept of a generalized and interrelated secretory immune system.
Histocompatibility-Linked Susceptibility for Hepatosplenomegaly in Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Authors: Salam Ekram Abdel , Ishaac Soad , Mahmoud Adel A. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In schistosomiasis mansoni, the pathogenesis of hepatosplenic disease has been shown to be due primarily to immune mechanisms. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between the development of schistosomal hepatosplenomegaly in Egyptian school children and the HLA antigens. Two groups of schistosome-infected children with similar fecal egg counts were examined: one group (23 children) had no clinically demonstrable hepatosplenomegaly whereas all the children (28) in the second group suffered from liver enlargement. Furthermore, 13 of the 28 individuals in the latter group had splenomegaly as well. Our results show that hepatosplenomegaly was related to the presence of two HLA antigens: HLA A1 and B5. The average relative risk of developing hepatomegaly is 29 for HLA A1 and 18.9 for B5 and in the presence of both antigens it increases to 55.6. Furthermore, the severity of hepatomegaly was correlated with the presence of these two HLA antigens. These findings represent a step toward elucidating the factors controlling the pathogenic mechanisms in human schistosomiasis mansoni.
Fcγ Receptor of the Murine Macrophage-Like Cell Line P388D1
Authors: Haeffner-Cavaillon Nicole , Klein Michel , Dorrington Keith J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of the binding of monomeric murine IgG2a and IgG2b to the macrophage-like cell line P388D1 confirmed the existence of at least two classes of Fc receptors. One receptor binds IgG2a preferentially, whereas the second interacts better with IgG2b. Approximately equal numbers of each class of receptor were present. The receptors showed a marked cross-specificity toward IgG2 subclass proteins but did not recognize murine IgG1. The P388D1 receptors were used to study the phylogenetic emergence, the conservation, and evolution of the molecular structures necessary for the expression of cytophilic activity by IgG. Heterocytophilic activity of plasma, sera, or purified immunoglobulins from modern representatives of the major phylogenetic families was assessed by competitive displacement of specifically bound radiolabeled IgG2a or IgG2b. The P388D1 Fc receptors showed marked species specificity. Fish IgM and non-IgM 7S immunoglobulins from amphibians, reptiles, and avians lacked cytophilic activity toward P388D1; only turtle plasma could displace murine IgG2 proteins from their receptors. In higher vertebrate species, rat, rabbit, and human IgG competed for the two classes of receptor equally well. In contrast, both guinea pig IgG1 and IgG2, and also IgG from bovine, sheep, goat, horse, and opossum lacked the ability to interact with P388D1. Canine IgG could displace murine IgG2a but not IgG2b from their receptors. These results, when compared to the data available on macrophage receptors for homologous and heterologous IgG in most of the above species, indicate that cytophilic structures have diverged in parallel with the cell-surface receptors and that mouse, rabbit, and human macrophage Fc receptors are structurally related.
Studies on the Fcγ Receptor of the Murine Macrophage-Like Cell Line P388D1
Authors: Haeffner-Cavaillon Nicole , Dorrington Keith J. , Klein Michel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Binding studies of human IgG proteins to murine P388D1 cells indicated that they bind to an apparently homogeneous Fc receptor population. The association constant was 0.89 × 106 M-1 at 22°C and was comparable to the binding affinities of homologous murine IgG2a and IgG2b. The number of receptor sites was found to be approximately 6 × 105/cell. Fcγ1 and Fcγ3 fragments bound with an affinity comparable to that of the parent proteins. The P388D1 receptors could discriminate between the human IgG subclasses; the relative cytophilic activity was IgG3 &gt; IgG1 &gt; IgG4 and IgG2 was devoid of binding activity. Fragments corresponding to the Cγ2 and Cγ3 domains of human IgG1 were both unable to bind to the P388D1 receptors either alone or in equimolar combination. This suggests that the cytophilic site may be formed cooperatively by interaction between the two domains. The integrity of the hinge region appeared to be essential for full expression of cytophilic activity since reduction of the hinge-region disulfides in both human IgG1 and its Fc fragment markedly decreased their binding affinity. In addition, a mutant IgG1 molecule lacking the hinge region was significantly less cytophilic than its normal counterpart.