bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Different Diphtheria Antitoxin Sera with Regard to Their Rate of Flocculation
Authors: Siebenmann Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of 15 diphtheria horses (toxin) were studied with regard to their rate of flocculation (Kf). Six of these 15 sera showed an irregular but distinct increase of the Kf values during hyperimmunization of the horse. Three horses, whose sera showed the most marked increase in Kf, were among the ones which developed unmistakable pathological blood changes.
Observations were made on the rate of flocculation of sera obtained from 3 horses hyperimmunized with concentrated toxoid.
A Hypothetical Mechanism of Antibody Formation
Authors: Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although the mechanism of antibody formation has naturally been a principal problem of immunology from its beginning, it remains still unsolved. Even a tentative hypothesis, giving a rational chemical picture of how antibody formation may occur should at least serve to focus though t and suggest experiment upon this problem. It would seem that the specific correspondence of antigen and antibody can best be explained by some sort of directing mechanism in antibody synthesis. A hypothesis involving such a mechanism ishere proposed and certain of its implications are pointed out.
“By definition an antigen is any substance which, introduced into the tissues orcirculating fluids of an animal, causes the appearance in these fluids, sooner or later, of substances which react specifically with the antigenic substance; i.e., specific antibodies” (1). The essential fact to be explained is that every or nearly every known sort of soluble protein which contains its full quota of amino acids is antigenic, i.e., gives rise on injection to antibodies which possess specific elective combining affinity with itself.
A Quantitative Study of the Precipitin Reaction with Special Reference to Crystalline Egg Albumin and Its Antibody
Authors: Culbertson James T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Numerous methods have been described for the determination of the amount of the precipitable antibody contained in an antiserum. For much of the experimental work, the determination of the presence or the absence of this antibody is the end sought, but frequently accurate quantitative values must be obtained to justify the conclusions drawn from the work. The two methods which were developed earliest and which at present are in widest use to measure the precipitin content of an antiserum are known as the antigen dilution method and the antiserum dilution method. Methods of greater accuracy based on the determination of dry weights and measured volumes of the precipitates have been devised. These methods have proved slow and tedious in manipulation and have not been generally used. Recently chemical analysis for the nitrogen content of the precipitate and of the precipitinogen has been employed.
A Quantitative Aspect of the Hypothetical Incorporation of Injected Antigen in Resulting Antibody
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From the quantitative interrelations of an immune serum prepared by the injection of an arsenic-containing diazo-protein, and as test-antigen, a heterologous arsenic-containing diazo-protein, we calculate conservatively that the Buchnerian hypothesis which claims antibody to be a conjugate of injected antigen and body-globulin, demands the presence of at least 2.5 and more probably 2500 times as much arsenic in the immune serum as could possibly be there according to the testimony of direct quantitative chemical test.
The number of chemically defined groups (haptens) entering the molecule during preparation of a synthetic diazo-protein is determined and shown to agree with the theoretical.
The proportion of protein-combined haptens necessary for visible specific precipitation is approximated for one antigen-antibody system.
A suggestion is given as to the number of specific combining groups (anti-haptens) in one molecule of the antibody in question.
Studies in Tobacco Hypersensitivity
Authors: Sulzberger Marion B. , Scholder B. , Feit Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During the past few years one of us has been patch-testing various types of skin conditions with a 10 per cent solution of nicotine salicylate and tobacco extract. At the Post Graduate Skin Clinic, a group of 43 cases has been tested, to date, including such conditions as dermatitis venenata, occupational dermatitis, etc. In this group there were many positive patch tests to other substances, but, it was astonishing to note, no really definite reactions to the relatively toxic nicotine solution. Two cases had a slight and ephemeral erythema at the test site. In spite of this apparent rarity of eczematous nicotine sensitizations, we have noted three strongly positive eczematous reactions to tests with tobacco extracts which were relatively nicotine free.
It is of interest to note that the only one of the patients with positive eczematous tobacco tests who could also be patch-tested to nicotine was absolutely negative to the alkaloid; and, furthermore, the patients with eczematous hypersensitivity to tobacco reacted only to some tobaccos and not to others.
Studies on Cultures and Broth Filtrates of Staphylococci. I
Authors: Burky Earl L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Certain strains of staphylococci produce a filtrable substance lethal for rabbits that is not the result of bacterial autolysis or the decomposition of the protein constituents of the media. The lethal factor is produced in cultures independently of the production of hemolysins. Less of hemolytic activity is associated with an increase in toxicity. The hemolysin is unstable while the lethal factor maintains its toxicity for periods as long as one year without refrigeration.
A discussion of the association of source of strains, lethal factor production and types of lesions produced by staphylococci is included. The nature of the toxin and its similarity to tuberculin is also discussed.
It is suggested that the toxin-producing properties of unknown strains of staphylococci can be foretold by the degree of initial acidity and end alkalinity attained in broth cultures.
H and O Agglutination in Typhoid Fever, Other Febrile Diseases, and in Vaccination
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Wikle Walter T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The qualitative receptor analysis of Weil and Felix (1), and Felix (2) for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever has received little attention in this country. Since the incidence of typhoid fever in this especial locality offers unusual opportunities for such a study, the qualitative receptor analysis has been applied to a series of patients in the Memphis General Hospital who were suffering from typhoid fever and other febrile diseases, and to healthy vaccinated individuals. In all, 243 serums were studied and the results of these tests are presented in the tables which follow.
Felix (2) claims to be able to differentiate the agglutination reaction produced by infection from the one which follows the administration of typhoid vaccine on the basis of the type of macroscopic clumping obtained. The motile bacilli of the typhoid-paratyphoid group possess the double receptor apparatus originally described for the proteus bacilli, which indicates two important antigenic components, the H and O.
The Use of Rabbits in Standardization of Antisera Against Streptococcus Hemolyticus from Scarlet Fever and Erysipelas
Authors: Kolchin Betty S. , Vladimir Frances B. , Shapiro Rebecca , Feig Irena 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Facts have been presented corroborating Frazer's and Plummer's observations on the use of rabbits for titration of antitoxic sera of hemolytic streptococcus. This titration is done on the basis of the same principle which is applied to titration of antiscarlatinal sera on children. Full-grown white rabbits with thick skin and preferably heavier than 2400 to 2500 grams were used for titrations of sera with at least the same success as the chinchilla rabbits. The variation in the degree of rabbit skin susceptibility as expressed in the number of skin test doses evoking a reaction not less than 10 by 10 mm. is similar to the same variation on human and goat skins. The incidence of rabbits giving a positive reaction to 1 to 5 S.T.D. (human) of a sterile toxin is about 40 to 60 per cent. A skin reaction produced by an intradermal injection on the ventral side of the ear as described by Veldee, is utilized by us as a preliminary test for selection of susceptible rabbits. The test dose most suitable in neutralization tests for serum titrations was found by us to be the same as in tests on humans. Test doses greater than 5 S.T.D. can also be used in groups of rabbits in which reactions to 1 and 5 S.T.D. in a preliminary ear test were found to be below the adopted Standard. Serum values obtained in titrations against different doses of the same toxin are about the same.
So-Called “Serum Sickness” in Rabbits Following the Intravenous Injection of Various Foreign Serums
Authors: Khorazo Devorah 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence of so-called “serum sickness” occurred in 10 out of 36 rabbits following a single intravenous injection of normal horse serum. The positive reactions were obtained in the winter. During the summer a series of 12 animals gave entirely negative results. Attempts to produce similar reaction in rabbits with other foreign serums, such as normal human, sheep, guinea pig and dog serum were unsuccessful, irrespective of the time of the year the experiments were performed. There were no differences in precipitin production or antigen elimination in rabbits which developed local serum reactions when compared with those which failed to show any symptoms at all. Various observations suggest that the occurrence of serum sickness in man may be due to a peculiarity of horse serum. Since most of the human reactions follow the administration of therapeutic horse serum it would be interesting to learn whether serum sickness occurs in human beings after the injection of foreign serums other than that of the horse. The observations of Kraus suggest that serum sickness in man can be largely avoided by the use of cattle immune serums. We intend to endeavor to parallel these results in rabbits using the serums of immune animals of some of the species employed in the production of therapeutic antiserums.
Complement-Fixation with S and R Antigens and the Sera of 100 Cases of Tuberculosis
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Orr J. H. , Reed G. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An examination of sera from some 100 cases of active, pulmonary tuberculosis by routine quantitative methods of complement-fixation has shown no consistent correlation between the clinical history and the antibody titre of the serum.
It has been noted, however, that all tuberculous sera do not react equally well with carefully tested antigens prepared from S and R cultures of human tubercle bacilli. These two antigens are about equally efficient in detecting the complement-fixing anti-bodies in sera from cases of the chronic type, but the S antigen fixes specifically, in the presence of serum from the majority of acute cases, twice as much or more complement than is fixed by the R antigen. Serum from cases of the intermediate type usually fall between these extremes.
From the small number of cases studied, it would appear that the relative reactivity of sera with S and R antigens is more closely correlated with the activity of the tuberculous processes than is the actual concentration of complement fixing substances. Whether the S to R antibody index will prove to be valuable in prognosis as is suggested by these results, cannot however be determined without periodic determinations and correlation with a study of clinical progress. A study of this sort is now well advanced.
On the Specificity of Brominated and Iodinated Proteins
Authors: Finkelstein Morris H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of their well known studies on chemically altered proteins, Obermayer and Pick (1) were able to demonstrate that iodination or nitration produced compounds which were antigenically distinct from the original protein and from each other.
These experiments are generally accepted as a proof that the introduction of substituents into the aromatic nuclei of the proteins causes the appearance of a new specificity depending entirely on the nature of the substituent.
This view is not fully supported by the experimental facts and later work would tend to stress the significance of the place of substitution, the number of entering groups, and structural alterations other than substitution. Thus Landsteiner and Prasek (2) obtained cross-reactions between nitro-proteins and diazoproteins and Wormall (3) was able to confirm these results and to demonstrate a close immunological relationship between iodinated and brominated proteins, and by means of the inhibition reaction even some relationship to chlorinated compounds.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous article from this laboratory (1), it was pointed out that a rabbit, sensitized to some protein, will show the presence of of both skin sensitivity and serum precipitins for some weeks after it enters the sensitized state; that with time, the serum precipitins disappear from the circulation, while the capacity of the animals to give a skin sensitivity response remains. In this article data will be presented which demonstrate the relation between skin sensitivity and serum precipitins on a more quantitative basis.
Experimental. Preliminary experiments have shown that the greater the quantity of protein used in the sensitization of a rabbit, within certain limits, the more extensive is the production of serum precipitins by the animal. On the basis of this observation, a series of rabbits was sensitized with small amounts of protein, with a view to limiting the production of serum precipitins. It was recognized that the skin sensitivity response would also be limited.
The Volume of Precipitate in Precipitin Reactions
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A procedure has been described whereby the quantity of precipitate resulting from the action of precipitin and antigen can be measured. At one point in titrations, as usually practiced, the greatest quantity of precipitate is formed and this we have called the zone of maximum precipitation. With this as a basis we have been able to show that the quantity of precipitate will vary proportionately with change in quantity of either antigen or immune serum. A linear type of reaction has been demonstrated. In addition similar linear relationships have been shown in the determinations of antigen and antibody in the supernatant after precipitation has taken place. In cow serum and its precipitin we have not been able to show that in a given series either antigen or antibody is completely utilized. Where a single antigen, such as egg albumin, was employed with its precipitin, there occurred within a narrow zone complete binding of both antigen and antibody, while in either direction one or the other was still present in active form.
The Comparative Value of Tuberculoprotein (MA 100) and Old Tuberculin, with Especial Reference to Sensitization
Authors: Aronson Joseph D. , Nicholas Rae V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A study was undertaken to ascertain the value of tests with tuberculoprotein (MA 100) by comparing the number and the character of the reactions to comparable quantities of this substance and Old Tuberculin, and by determining whether human beings could be sensitized to the tuberculoprotein.
From their studies Funk and Huntoon (1) and Mariette and Fenger (2) concluded that with tuberculoprotein (MA 100) a somewhat higher percentage of positive reactions can be obtained than with Old Tuberculin, that the amount of tuberculoprotein (M100) employed was sufficient to detect the majority of cases of manifest tuberculosis, and that no untoward effects result from its use in this quantity.
These conclusions however were based chiefly upon injections of 0.01 mgm. of Old Tuberculin and 0.0005 mgm. of tuberculoprotein (MA 100), amounts so small that positive reactions are to be expected only in those who are more sensitive to the action of tuberculin.
Meningococcus Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Ferry Newell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antimeningococcic serum, when injected intraperitoneally into monkeys, following intraspinal inoculation with live meningococci, in doses comparable to those previously used with experimental meningococcus antitoxin, did not prevent death from meningitis.
Meningococcus toxin, when injected intracisternally into monkeys, produced symptoms similar to those found in meningococcus cerebrospinal meningitis following experimental inoculation with the live meningococcus intraspinally.
Meningococcus antitoxin, when mixed with meningococcus toxin and injected intracisternally, had a very appreciable neutralizing effect on the toxin.
Monkeys which had recovered from previous intracisternal injections of meningococcus toxin, either neutralized or unneutralized with meningococcus antitoxin, were protected against a fatal dose of live meningococcus culture.
On Absorption of Phage by Bacilli
Authors: Levine Philip , Frisch Arthur W. , Cohen E. V. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous publications a specific reaction of phage with crude carbohydrate containing bacterial extracts was demonstrated (1). Obviously the question arose as to the relationship of the specificity of the reaction with bacterial extracts as compared with the bacterial bodies themselves. Although numerous publications on absorption experiments of phage and bacteria are available, systematic investigations analogous to those on absorption of antibodies by bacteria are still lacking largely on account of technical difficulties incidental to absorption experiments, namely prolonged centrifugations or numerous filtrations required to obtain fluids for testing the residual phage.
These difficulties were circumvented in the experiments here reported by making the tests in a manner similar to that employed in the demonstration of a reaction between phage and extracts of bacteria, i.e., by adding the test organism to the previously (non-centrifuged) incubated mixture of phage and constant amounts of heat-killed bacteria (one hour at °C.) of the several Salmonella species.
The Transmission of Diphtheria Antitoxin from Hen to Egg
Authors: Jukes T. H. , Fraser D. T. , Orr M. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subcutaneous injection of laying hens with diphtheria toxoid resulted in the appearance of a low but definite antitoxin potency in the serum. Simultaneously, diphtheria antitoxin appeared in the eggs, and was found to be associated with the second protein, livetin, of the yolk. There was some indication of a parallel relationship between the concentration of antitoxin in the blood serum and its concentration in the livetin fraction of the yolk.
On the Use of Immune Serum at Various Intervals after the Inoculation of Yellow Fever Virus into Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Davis Nelson C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Immune serum from recovered animals, when injected at 24 to 48 hours following inoculation with yellow fever virus, was capable of preventing fever or ameliorating the disease in a significant proportion of experimental monkeys. After forty-eight hours the effect was less definite. In no instance did the serum prevent death when administration was delayed until the temperature of the monkey had reached 104°F.
The Inheritance of Diphtheria Immunity in Ducks
Authors: Fraser D. T. , Jukes T. H. , Branion H. D. , Halpern K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of ducks with diphtheria toxoid resulted in the appearance of antitoxin in their blood serum. The amount of antitoxin present showed wide individual variations. The immunity was found to protect against injections of diphtheria toxin. The serum antitoxin decreased rapidly after injections were discontinued. The decrease coincided with the time when the birds began to lay eggs. The eggs were found to contain antitoxin in the livetin fraction of the egg yolk. The concentration of antitoxin in the yolk was found to vary with the concentration in the serum. The amounts of the proteins vitellin and livetin in unit volume of egg yolk were found to vary independently of each other, and independently of the individual which laid the eggs. No relation was found between yolk livetin concentration and yolk antitoxin concentration. Ducklings newly hatched from eggs laid by immunized birds were found to contain antitoxin in their blood serum. None could be found in the serum of three weeks' old ducklings from the same mothers.
The Relation of Serum Protein Fractions to Serum Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Jones Lloyd , Fleisher Moyer S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We have shown in previous studies that in order to cause the appearance of serum sickness in rabbits a minimal quantity of whole serum measured in cubic centimeters must be injected into the animals; 5 to 7 cc. of serum pro kilogram was found to be adequate to cause the appearance of serum sickness in 25 to 80 per cent of the animals (1). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that two additional factors influence the occurrence of serum sickness, namely, the reactive capacity of the individual animal injected and the ability of the particular serum or batch of serum to produce serum sickness (2). With the idea of analyzing further this latter factor, it seemed advisable to determine the possible rôle of the various serum protein fractions in causing serum sickness.
In most of the experiments here reported, we have used the pooled serum from a single group of 8 horses.
Concerning Vaccination of Monkeys Against Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A chloroform-treated vaccine of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord in a total dosage of 1 cc. by subcutaneous and intracutaneous injection failed to immunize 2 monkeys against intracerebral inoculations of virus. A sodium ricinoleated vaccine appeared to produce slight immunity in 1 monkey by subcutaneous injection while intracutaneous injections immunized 2 additional animals in a more convincing manner. An untreated vaccine by intracutaneous injection successfully immunized 1 animal but failed to protect 2 animals when administered by stomach tube. A heated vaccine failed to immunize 5 monkeys when administered subcutaneously, intracutaneously and by stomach tube.
A Comparison of the Sensitizing and the Therapeutic Effect of Rabbit and Horse Antipneumococcus Type I Serums in Albino Mice
Authors: Mehlman Julia , Seegal Beatrice Carrier 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In studies on passive anaphylaxis in the guinea pig Avery and Tillett (1) have reported that while rabbit antipneumococcus serum readily confers passive sensitivity on this animal such that the intravenous injection of the pneumococcus specific carbohydrate results in anaphylactic death, horse antipneumococcus serum injected into guinea pigs fails to produce this passive sensitization. In a further study of passive sensitization in the guinea pig we have shown that rabbit antipneumococcus serum sensitized this animal so that general anaphylaxis, uterine sensitivity, and skin hypersensitivity followed the appropriate injection of the specific pneumococcus carbohydrate. However, horse antipneumococcus serum conferred sensitivity to the skin only, both general anaphylaxis and uterine contraction being absent (2). The marked differences observed in the ability of rabbit and horse antipneumococcus type I serums to passively sensitize the guinea pig led us to study the immunological reactions of these two serums in the white mouse.