bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swedish Christian Schools as a Case Study of How New Practices Relate to Theological Issues
Authors: Wenell Fredrik , Andersson Greger 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Swedish Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal churches have, since the 1990s, started elementary schools. In this study, we examine theological issues that this new ‘practice’ brings about or makes visible. We have performed semi-structured interviews with church and school leaders, as well as focus group interviews with staff at three schools. In our analysis, we note that the aim of the schools is not to convert pupils but to create a certain culture and thereby to develop good people. These schools do not have other core values or different aims than public schools but describe these values and aims as Christian. However, the informants believe that they have better tools with which to accomplish these values and aims. We suggest that the informants assume an ethics that focus on values such as individual freedom, tolerance, and love, that conversion is not regarded as a requisite to a good life, and that explicit religious activities are placed in the private sector. These assumptions are not, we argue, seen as new, or caused by the engagement in elementary schools; rather they are regarded as ongoing ‘changes’ in the churches under consideration here that become visible in this praxis.
People Living with Dementia Celebrating Christian Worship: Agency and Vulnerability in Ethnographical Research
Authors: Krause Katharina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Based on ethnographic research on worship with people living with dementia, this contribution raises the issue of agency in pastoral practice as well as in its empirical investigation. Both empirical research and professional literature on worship tend to position people living with dementia as vulnerable, frail and in need of protection and care, thereby fostering an image of passive fragility. Research experience however tells a different story. People take an active part in what is going on, sometimes even claiming liturgical leadership. The paper discusses how such discrepancies could be reflected in actual research. With its focus on methodology, it makes a case for a deeper understanding of agency both in contexts of liturgical studies and pastoral care.
Using an Ecological Approach to Explore Teacher Agency during the Implementation of a Citizen Science Education Program Using Arduino
Authors: Na Seo-Ha , Kim Jong-Uk , Ga Seok-Hyun , Park Changmi , Kim Chan-Jong 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Citizen science education is a new approach in science education for promoting scientific inquiry related to localized problems and for engaging in social action based on inquiry results. Using agency as a lens for understanding teachers’ practices when using this approach is important. In this ethnographic case study, a teacher implementing a citizen science education program using Arduino was investigated from an ecological approach using temporal and relational dimensions of agency. In the iterational dimension, the teacher’s own experiences and traits from life and professional histories were identified. His identity as a teacher and his religious values formed the projective dimension. Encouraging administrators, the financial difficulties of the school, and the COVID-19 pandemic were major elements of the practical-evaluative dimension. Findings reveal the complex array of the teacher’s agency in the context of implementing citizen science education with Arduino with students, which contributes new understandings about science teacher agency.
Random Forest Analysis of Factors Predicting Science Achievement Groups: Focusing on Science Activities and Learning in School
Authors: Hong Jeehye , Kim Hyunjung , Hong Hun-Gi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study explored science-related variables that have an impact on the prediction of science achievement groups by applying the educational data mining (EDM) method of the random forest analysis to extract factors associated with students categorized in three different achievement groups (high, moderate, and low) in the Korean data from the 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The 57 variables of science activities and learning in school collected from PISA questionnaires for students and parents were analyzed. Variables related to students’ past science activities, science teaching and learning methods, and environmental awareness were found to played important roles in predicting science achievement. When checking partial dependence plots for major variables, science activities and instructional strategies had a high probability of changing the prediction of an achievement group. This study focused on science-related contextual variables that can be improved through government policies and science teachers’ efforts in the classroom.
The Uncertain Status of the Korea-Japan Joint Development Agreement of the Continental Shelf and Its Prospects
Authors: Kim Suk Kyoon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As the expiration date of the Japan-Korea joint development of the continental shelf in the East China Sea comes closer, the joint development agreement is becoming a hot issue between Korea and Japan. The Joint Development Zone (jdz), established under the joint development agreement, is set to expire in 2028 unless the two countries agree otherwise. Despite not having any commercially significant discovery of oil and gas in the jdz, it has served as a provisional arrangement to manage peacefully the disputed continental shelf in the tri-junction where China also claims jurisdiction. Given its significant role in the peaceful management of overlapping marine resources and jurisdiction claims over decades, the two countries need to engage in negotiations to come up with a solution to the pending issues concerning the development of the jdz. The jdz area has the potential to become a flashpoint of conflicts in the strained relations between the two countries, if the agreement expires without any provisional or permanent arrangements.
The Effect of the Judicial Decision of unclos Tribunals on the clcs Procedure: The Case of the South China Sea Dispute
Authors: Seta Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Asia-Pacific States have recourse to the dispute settlement system provided in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) and rely on the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (clcs) to delineate the extended continental shelf. unclos tribunals are responsible for delimitating maritime zones, and the clcs for delineating the outer limits of the continental shelf. However, the work of the clcs has been suspended at times, owing to other States’ objections. This article investigates the 2019 Malaysian submission to the clcs by reviewing the precedents and existing literature. This submission has become a contentious issue, because of diplomatic note verbales submitted by, among others, China. This article argues that the clcs should handle the Malaysian submission on the premise that the Malaysia–China dispute over the so-called “nine-dash line” can be regarded as resolved, based on a 2016 Arbitral Tribunal decision under Annex vii.
Article 51 of unclos at 40: Military Training as Other Legitimate Activities?
Authors: Honniball Arron N. , Darmawan Aristyo R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Article 51 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) governs the legitimate activities of an immediately adjacent neighbouring state within certain areas of an archipelagic state’s archipelagic waters, utilising open-textured terms and subsequent bilateral agreements to balance states’ interests. In the context of both the signing of the 2022 Expanded Framework Agreements between Indonesia and Singapore and the 40-year anniversary of the adoption of unclos, this article examines the interpretation and application of Article 51 in respect of military training activities. This analysis demonstrates that the purposively ambiguous wording of the exceptional ‘Singapore Clause’ is best understood in the light of Singaporean and Indonesian negotiation crafting, as well as their subsequent implementation efforts (1995–2022). On military training activities, the states have consistently sought to conclude bilateral arrangements which align with the object and purposes of an Article 51 bilateral agreement in all but name.
Balancing Navigational Rights of Ships and Maritime Security of Coastal States: The Case of Designating Archipelagic Sea Lanes of Indonesia and the Philippines
Authors: Trang Pham Ngoc Minh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
40 years after the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos), the regime related to the navigation of ships in archipelagic waters has remained underdeveloped. It is due to the paucity of practices of archipelagic states establishing archipelagic sea lanes (asl s) as well as adopting national laws and regulations concerning such passage.
In the Southeast Asian region, Indonesia and the Philippines are the two archipelagic states, and they actively contributed in the development of the archipelagic regime during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Nonetheless, they have not fully designated a system of asl s. This situation led to several contentious incidents at sea, particularly related to the passage of warships in archipelagic waters, between the two countries and other user states.
This article will analyse the practices of Indonesia and the Philippines in establishing asl s and their concomitant consequences. Particularly, it focuses on the attempt to harmonize the domestic legal systems of these two countries with international rules and regulations prescribed in unclos, and their subsequent practices at the International Maritime Organization (imo). This article is a reflection of the archipelagic states regime of unclos after 40 years of adoption.
Removing Carbon Dioxide through Offshore ccs and Seaweed Cultivation in China: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Zou Keyuan , Zhang Lei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
China has pledged to achieve carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. To achieve these goals, a significant reduction in carbon dioxide (co2) emissions is required and thus ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (cdr) technologies are needed. This article explores the legal issues of two ocean cdr approaches, i.e. offshore carbon dioxide storage (ccs) and seaweed cultivation under the legal regimes for both climate change and oceans. Although there are no specific Chinese laws and regulations governing the offshore ccs or seaweed cultivation for carbon removal in place, some relevant existing environmental and other laws and regulations are applicable to such activities.
Feels Like Our Language: Vernacular Poetics in Premodern Kerala
Authors: Goren-Arzony Sivan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the Līlātilakam, a premodern work from Kerala that analyzes the grammar and poetics of “Rubies and Coral” (Maṇipravāḷam), Kerala’s main premodern literary form, which combines Sanskrit and the local language. By examining the poetic sections of the Līlātilakam, I show some of the ways in which they are used to demonstrate that Rubies and Coral is not only a fitting tool for writing poetry in the Sanskrit style but also an autonomous literature with an internal structure of its own. In my analysis I illustrate this through the use of three case studies focusing on syntax, bi-textuality, and poetic convention.
Eunuchs in the Sunnī Legal Discourse: Reflections on the Gender of Castrated Men
Authors: Tolino Serena 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper I focus on how Muslim jurists gendered and discussed castrated men – eunuchs. Eunuchs were a common characteristic of many pre-modern societies, well beyond Islamic contexts. Far from being only “harem guardians”, they had a very important role in court politics and in dynastical decisions but also in the military and the administrative sphere. Numerous sources confirm that their presence in several Islamic courts must have been impressive. This seems in contrast to the fact that castration is seen as strongly prohibited in Islamic law. The fact that eunuchs were usually enslaved and then castrated outside the Islamic world, where Islamic law did not apply, or on its borders, where the caliphal control was less strong, contributes to explaining this apparent contradiction. Given their presence in the dār al-Islām, Muslim jurists took them for granted and, even though not so extensively as in the case of the ḫunṯā, or intersex person, they also were confronted with the issue of their gender. In this article I focus on the question of how Muslim jurists gendered them. In the first part of the article I will focus on how castration was practiced, as this allows us to see how the surgery had an impact on the body of the eunuchs, but also how the different forms of castration had an impact on how castrated men were categorized by Muslim jurists. In the second part of the article I investigate how Sunnī Muslim jurists gendered eunuchs, focusing in particular on scholars from the 9th to the 14th century.
Framing the “Human Commodity”: Descriptions of Enslaved Bodies in Purchase Deeds from the 3rd/9th to the Early 10th/Late 15th Century
Authors: Emunds Laura 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article looks at the way the bodies of slaves are described in 27 purchase deeds dating back to the time between the 3rd/9th and the early 10th/late 15th century and originating mostly from Egypt and Jerusalem. Examining this kind of documentary evidence not only allows a glimpse in the physical appearance of people otherwise mostly marginalised in the sources; furthermore, it enriches our understanding of how the bodies of enslaved persons were legally framed in order to define them as a “human commodity” in valid sales.
Since Muslim jurists categorised slaves as regularly tradable, this article presents in a first step the main features of Islamic sales law regarding the stipulations concerning the definition of a commodity. In this first part, I focus on the opinions of the Ḥanafī and Šāfiʿī schools of law that are considered majoritarian because of their prevalence in the regions the evidence originates from. Secondly, I investigate how these regulations were incorporated into the purchase deeds of slave sales. In other words, how and in which categories were the bodies of slaves described? What kind of bodily features were considered as flaws noteworthy of being recorded by the scribes in purchase deeds either as being existent or in the form of a seller’s warranty against them? In short, what kind of description was applied to frame a human body as merchandise? And finally, did these descriptions evolve and change over time and if yes, how?
Is Maternity Determined by Pregnancy and Delivery? Five Andalusī Interpretations of Qurʾān LVIII,2
Authors: Serrano Ruano Delfina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article focuses on the use of Qurʾān LVIII,2 by contemporary Muslim jurists in debates about surrogacy arrangements. As argued by Ayman Shabana in a rich article published in 2015, the majority of those jurists claim that Qurʾān LVIII,2 provides an unequivocal legal definition of maternity and establishes that pregnancy and delivery provide the decisive criteria to determine whether a woman is the mother of a child instead of her contribution to that child’s genetic constitution. Since I am not convinced that the verse in question says exactly that, I have turned to authoritative interpretations of Qurʾān LVIII,2. Being a scholar of Islamic law familiar with legal sources from the pre-modern Islamic West, I have selected the well-known Qurʾān commentaries by Ibn Barraǧān, Ibn ʿAṭiyya, Abū Bakr Ibn al-ʿArabī, Ibn al-Faras al-Andalusī, and al-Qurṭubī. My intention is not to advocate for or against surrogate maternity but to delve into Andalusī Qurʾānic exegesis and show its interest to explore issues such as the legal definition of maternity that have acquired greater relevance in the wake of modern medical technologies.
After expanding the context of the examined exegetical works towards Arabic lexicography and pre-modern Islamic medical views on procreation and embryology, I show that Andalusī exegetes were aware of debates about women’s contribution to procreation, took a position in those debates and deemed the issue worthy of inclusion in their tafsīrs. Eventually I argue that none of the examined tafsīrs can be cited in support of the idea that Qurʾān LVIII,2 provides the textual basis of the Islamic legal definition of maternity let alone that legal maternity is determined by pregnancy and delivery to the exclusion of conception.
12 September 4 am: Mapping Turkey’s 1980 Military Coup
Authors: Marcella Valentina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The military rule that was inaugurated by the coup d’état of 12 September 1980 plays a key role in the history of modern Turkey. With this seizure of power, the third since the foundation of the republic, the military promoted a set of reforms that radically reshaped the political system, the institutions, and society. Even though elections were held three years later, the regime left an enduring legacy that remains hard to come to terms with. At the same time, studies on the military era have started to flourish almost simultaneously and the regime never ceased to be a prominent research object. This article maps the historiography on the 1980 era by discussing a selection of publications that in the past forty years opened the debate or led it in new directions. The article engages with the work of scholars from various disciplines and academic traditions, without neglecting publications by journalists and other authors. Even from this mapping, that includes a small and not exhaustive sample of studies, the 1980 era emerges as an undoubtedly complex period, whose understanding can count, however, on a set of landmark publications.
The (In)evitability of Precedent
Authors: Pin Andrea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Drawing mainly from the common law tradition, the article identifies the notion and the normative value of precedent, summarizes its historical development, and distinguishes between its application in the fields of case law, constitutional law, and statutory legislation. It then ponders the pros and cons of precedent-based adjudication and the institutional and ethical requisites for its application. It finally considers the recent phenomena of arbitration courts and para-judicial institutions that patrol the web, which seem to resist the logic and ramifications of precedent-bound adjudication.
The Use of Judicial Precedent as a Form of Activism by the Court of Justice: Strengthening the Union’s Powers to Protect the Rule of Law
Authors: Di Gaetano Martina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The article analyses the strategic use of the reference to its caselaw by the Court of Justice as a tool to innovate EU law. It compares such use in two areas of EU law, both recently at the heart of a number of important cases: on the one hand, the European Arrest Warrant (eaw), particularly the balance between national judges’ powers to refuse the execution of the eaw and the principle of mutual trust; on the other, the recent developments in the caselaw concerning judicial independence in the context of the worsening rule of law backsliding in Poland. It shows that, while in both cases the Court makes consistently relies upon its ‘settled caselaw’, it does so in different ways. Specifically, in the case of judicial independence, the Court refers to its previous caselaw to expand and consolidate the power of EU institutions vis-à-vis Member States’ national autonomy.
The Armed Attack Against Ukraine and the Italian Reaction From a Ius ad Bellum Perspective
Authors: Spagnolo Andrea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Russian aggression against Ukraine provoked an unprecedented response from “Western” States, which promptly and increasingly transferred weapons to the latter State. The present article, looking in particular at the Italian domestic practice, argues that supplying weapons to Ukraine is legitimate under ius ad bellum, since Ukraine is lawfully exercising its right to self-defence. This conclusion will be reached through an analysis of the arguments advanced by Russia to justify the “special military operation” launched on the 24 February 2022.
Religious Appropriation of the Slave Trade
Authors: Lamak Kefas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an attempt to better understand the trans-Atlantic and sub-Saharan slave trade, religion’s use of conversion by Christians and Muslims alike, has instituted and justified slavery. In this article, I explore different religious (Conjuration, Islam, and Christianity) practices by the enslaved African people when they were forcibly displaced and resettled to the New World. I also examine how the enslaved African people reused religion to fight for their freedom.
Black Natural Law and Black Bioethics, Measured by References to Anna Julia Cooper and Womanist Wordings
Authors: Walker Theodore 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Here is a critical appreciation of Black Natural Law (2016) by Vincent Lloyd and “black bioethics” (2020) by Keisha Ray and others. Both are measured by references to A Voice from the South (1892) by Anna Julia Cooper, A Singing Something: Womanist Reflections on Anna Julia Cooper (1994) and Sisters of Dust, Sisters of Spirit: Womanist Wordings on God and Creations (1998) by Karen Baker-Fletcher. These “womanist wordings” suggest “black natural law” and “black bioethics” should be supplemented by art, and by recourse to nature (all of nature) and environmental bioethics, including struggles for environmental justice and earth healing.
The Greek Fragments of the Apophthegmata Patrum in Vat. iber. 4
Authors: Németh András 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This contribution presents and analyses a new discovery of three passages from the Greek Apophthegmata Patrum (Pambo 7–8, Sisoes 14) as the middle layer of a double palimpsest (Vat. iber. 4). These passages seem to have been brought together for this manuscript (ff. 1 + 5, middle layer) in either Palestine or Egypt in a multilingual environment between the sixth and eighth centuries. The variant readings demonstrate a close affinity with the old Greek alphabetical collection. At the same time, the association of Pambo 8 and Sisoes 14 shows an attempt to group the apophthegms thematically. The script evinces some peculiar palaeographic features worthy of attention.