bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct democracy and its integrity. The Italian 2020 and the Turkey 2017 constitutional referendums
Authors: Kersting Norbert , Regalia Marta 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhat is the role of referendums in different regimes from authoritarian electoral democracies to democratic systems? In this article we use the Direct Democracy Integrity Index to analyse the Turkish (2017) and Italian (2020) referendums to understand if they can be seen as contributing to majoritarianism or to consensus democracy, depending on rules such as who can call a referendum and on the integrity of the referendum itself and considering the misuse of the instrument by the executive especially in the initial phase of the referendum. Turkey and Italy are used as a most different systems design: a modern autocracy and a consolidated democracy are actually similar in their extensive and frequent use of nationwide constitutional referendums. We conclude that the constitutional referendum in modern autocratic Turkey contributed to majoritarian developments and strengthened the president, while in democratic Italy the referendum also offered incentives for minorities and regions to express dissent. Integrity was more problematic in the pre-referendum phase.
A policy cycle of electoral reform: comparing directly elected chief executives in Israel and Turkey
Authors: Krumm Thomas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn studying electoral reforms, the democratic context is often a neglected variable. Israel and Turkey, at different times with different levels of democracy, have implemented a similar reform, the direct election of the chief executive. While there were similar justifications at the time of the introduction, the reforms then took on different dynamics. In Israel the reform was reversed, while in Turkey it became the centrepiece of further autocratisation. Adapting a framework of policy-analysis, the article explores similarities and differences in both cases. It argues that the democratic environment turns out as an important factor to explain the different trajectories of seemingly similar policy reforms in both cases. While the reverse reform in the Israeli case is linked to advantages in processing expert and civil society information, the trajectory in the Turkish case is based on the different power structure in the course of presidentialisation. Applying a comparative policy analysis to these cases of electoral reform, the article concludes that the democratic environment, that is, the degree of freely available information, helps explaining the different trajectories in both cases.
Production of Metabolites in Microalgae Under Alkali Halophilic Growth Medium Using a Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Source
Authors: Roy Uttam K. , Wagner Jonathan , Radu Tanja 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe production of metabolites in microalgae is influenced by extreme cultivation conditions. Bicarbonate is an inorganic carbon source for phototrophic microalgae culturing. In this study, the effect of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (0.4–13 g L−1) on the accumulation of metabolites in Dunaliella tertiolecta biomass is presented. The highest levels of primary metabolites [lipid (239.6 ± 24.3 mg g−1), protein (336.2 ± 47.5 mg g−1)], secondary metabolites [total phenolic (12.8 ± 2.0 mg g−1), total flavonoid (14.4 ± 2.3 mg g−1), total ascorbate (4.7 ± 1.1 mg g−1)], and pigments [chlorophyll (27.2 ± 3.1 mg g−1), carotenoid (2.0 ± 0.1 mg g−1)] were observed when cells were grown with 5.7 g L−1 of DIC (NaHCO3). The highest biomass concentrations (1.5 ± 0.1 g L−1) were obtained for cells grown in a mixture of DIC (4.3 + 1.1 g L−1, NaHCO3 + Na2CO3). This study recommends the optimal levels of bicarbonate carbon of 5.7 g L−1 for maximising the generation of metabolites in the biomass. It also demonstrates that exogenous excessive DIC in the growth medium would be an effective stressor to produce high-value metabolites in Dunaliella or alkali-halophilic strains.
Graphical Abstract
Multivariate Gaussian processes: definitions, examples and applications
Authors: Chen Zexun , Fan Jun , Wang Kuo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGaussian processes occupy one of the leading places in modern statistics and probability theory due to their importance and a wealth of strong results. The common use of Gaussian processes is in connection with problems related to estimation, detection, and many statistical or machine learning models. In this paper, we propose a precise definition of multivariate Gaussian processes based on Gaussian measures on vector-valued function spaces, and provide an existence proof. In addition, several fundamental properties of multivariate Gaussian processes, such as stationarity and independence, are introduced. We further derive two special cases of multivariate Gaussian processes, including multivariate Gaussian white noise and multivariate Brownian motion, and present a brief introduction to multivariate Gaussian process regression as a useful statistical learning method for multi-output prediction problems.
Non‐glandular findings on breast ultrasound. Part II: a pictorial review of chest wall lesions
Authors: Corvino Antonio , Catalano Orlando , Varelli Carlo , Cocco Giulio , Delli Pizzi Andrea , Corvino Fabio , Caiazzo Corrado , Tafuri Domenico , Caruso Martina 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe breast ultrasound (US) field-of-view (FOV) includes glandular parenchyma as well as tissues located anterior to and posterior to it, up to pleural line. For that, it is possible to incidentally identify lesions unrelated to breast parenchyma during screening or diagnostic US; sometimes a palpable lump may be the reason of the imaging exam. Furthermore, abnormality related to chest wall are easier and more accurate detected after mastectomy. Hence, radiologists should know the US appearance of lesions which may develop from all tissues present in this region and displayed in the US FOV, without focusing only on glandular abnormalities while performing the exam. This is the second of a two-part series on non-glandular breast lesions; in detail, part two provide an overview of US appearance, differential diagnosis, and pitfalls of chest wall lesions. They may have an infectious, traumatic, inflammatory etiology or be benign or malignant neoplasms. The US role in the assessment of chest wall abnormalities is limited, usually computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance are requested as second-level imaging exams to characterize and to assess better their relationship with surrounding structures because of larger and panoramic view. Finally, US could be useful to guide biopsy.
Mfu16 is an unstable fire blight resistance QTL on linkage group 16 of Malus fusca MAL0045
Authors: Emeriewen Ofere Francis , Richter Klaus , Wensing Annette , Malnoy Mickael , Peil Andreas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA strong fire blight resistance QTL (Mfu10) was previously detected on linkage group 10 (LG10) of Malus fusca accession MAL0045, using several strains of the causative bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. As no strain capable of breaking the resistance of MAL0045 has been found, we hypothesized that another locus contributes to its fire blight resistance. However, none was detected with strains previously tested on the progeny. Here, an avrRpt2EA mutant strain (Ea1038) with the chromosomal S-allele deleted and complemented with the less aggressive C-allele, was used to phenotype MAL0045 × ‘Idared’ progeny. We performed phenotype-genotype analyses using the first genetic map of MAL0045, which is scarcely dense, and a recently constructed saturated map. As expected, Mfu10 was detected on LG10 with Ea1038, as was previously with other strains. Interestingly, a QTL with a logarithm of odds (LOD) thresholds of 5.5 and 2.9, significant at the genome-wide and chromosome levels, respectively, was detected with Ea1038 on LG16 (Mfu16) in a subset of 76 individuals, but only using the saturated map. Progenies carrying both Mfu10 and Mfu16 were significantly more resistant than progenies carrying only Mfu10. However, the LOD of Mfu16 diminished to 2.6 in a larger subset of individuals. We hypothesize that Mfu16 is present in the genome of MAL0045 albeit unstable in the progeny.
Presenting Three Case Reports of Congenital Vaginal and Complete Uterine Septum with Double Cervix (U2bC2V1) with Different Reproductive Outcomes: Is There a Need for Surgical Treatment?
Authors: Triantafyllidou Olga , Papageorgiou Maria , Christopoulos Panagiotis , Kastora Stavroula , Kalampokas Emmanouil , Kalampokas Theodoros , Vlahos Nikos 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCongenital uterine anomalies (CUAs) consist of structural disorders of the female genital tract arising as a result of abnormal fusion or resorption of the Müllerian ducts. The prevalence of CUAs is 5.5% in the general population, 8.0% in infertile women, and 13.3% in women with a history of miscarriage. Here, we present three cases of women with complex genital tract anomalies, including cervical duplication and vaginal septum with different reproductive outcomes. A complete uterine septum with double functional cervix may have a wide spectrum of reproductive outcomes: from completely normal conception and pregnancy to infertility and recurrent pregnancy losses. In these cases, we advised patients to complete their evaluation by undergoing hysteroscopy, to provide reliable information for the anatomical status of the cervix, tubal ostia, and, especially, the uterine cavity. In cases of infertility or recurrent miscarriages, the dilemma is whether to proceed with the resection of the uterine septum in combination with the resection of vaginal one. We suggest that among women with this type of CUAs, surgical treatment should be offered. Further evidence from larger population studies is needed as the risks of surgical treatment cannot be disregarded.
Ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor of carbon-based materials for meta-photonics-heterostructure, lasers, and holographic displays
Authors: Abbas Arwa Saud 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCarbon-based materials (CM) growth techniques include common growth factors for meta-photonics-heterostructure, holographic displays, and lasers. In this article, a review of basic growth using several sources is presented. The solid and gas sources of CVD and PLD techniques are discussed. Additionally, doping types and the fabrication of the CM devices are covered to satisfy the requirements of the light emitters’ functionality in the physics of materials as follows: (a) direct bandgap, (b) UV range of 0.1 μm < λG< 0.4 μm, 12.40 eV < EG> 3.10 eV, and (c) p-n junction formation. Additionally, conversion of injected electrical current into light in the semiconductor materials using the anti-electrons process for creating light emitters is proposed. Therefore, this review study explores the potential of the selected CM sources as an inexpensive and abundantly available renewable natural source for highly crystalline nanolayers. The CM status of epitaxial thin-film growth is introduced as well as device-processing technologies for prediction. Finally, the positron process in direct light conversion is discussed.
Urban modification of heavy rainfall: a model case study for Bhubaneswar urban region
Authors: Swain Madhusmita , Nadimpalli Raghu , Das Ananda K. , Mohanty U. C. , Niyogi Dev 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAn increase in urbanization has been witnessed from 1980 to 2019 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The impact of this increase in urban areas on rainfall pattern and intensity has been assessed in this study. To evaluate these changes, four heavy rainfall events, such as 06thMarch 2017, 23rdMay 2018, 20 – 22 July 2018, and 04 – 08 August 2018, have been simulated with 1980, 2000, and 2019 land use land cover (LULC) obtained from United States Geological Survey imageries. With these two LULC sensitivities, urban canopy model (UCM) experiments have also been carried out. These experiments suggest that incorporating corrected LULC is necessary for simulating heavy rainfall events using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Urbanization increases the rainfall intensity, and the spatial shift was more pronounced along the peripheral region of the city. The vertically integrated moisture flux analysis suggests that more moisture present over the area received intense rainfall. An increase in urbanization increases the temperature at the lower level of the atmosphere, which increases [planetary boundary layer height, local convection, and rainfall over the region. Contiguous Rain Area method analysis suggests that the 2019 LULC with single layer UCM predicts a better spatial representation of rainfall. This combination works well for all the four cases simulated.
The Prevalence of Positional Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in a Sample of the Saudi Population
Authors: Wali Siraj O. , AlQassas Ibrahim , Qanash Sultan , Mufti Hani , Alamoudi Malak , Alnowaiser Maha , Bakraa Reem , Alharbi Abdullah , Ossra Wejdan , Alhejaili Faris , Alshumrani Ranya , Batawi Ghadah A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Positional obstructive sleep apnoea (POSA) is of important clinical significance, as positional treatment can augment or obviate continuous positive airway pressure. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of POSA and its characteristics using different definitions.

Methods
We retrospectively examined a cohort of patients who underwent polysomnography (PSG) between 2013 and 2019 at two sleep centres. Demographic data and PSG data were collected from 624 patients with an apnoea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5. POSA was defined using different criteria as follows: (1) AHI of at least twice as high in the supine position as in the lateral position (Cartwright’ s definition). (2) A supine AHI ≥ 10 and a lateral AHI < 10 (Marklun’s definition). (3) AHI of at least twice as high in the supine position than in the lateral position, with the lateral AHI not exceeding 5 (Mador’s definition or Exclusive POSA; e-POSA). (4) AHI ≥ 15/h; a supine AHI ≥ twice that of the nonsupine AHI ≥ 20 min of sleep in the supine and nonsupine positions; and a nonsupine AHI < 15 (Bignold’s definition).

Results
The prevalence of POSA was 54% (Cartwright), 38.6% (Mador), 33.8% (Marklund) and 8.3% (Bignold). Multivariate regression analysis showed a body mass index (BMI) < 35 kg/m2 was the only significant predictor of POSA. Mador’s definition had the highest diagnostic yield (sensitivity 63%; specificity 100%; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 90.2%).

Conclusion
POSA is common, but its prevalence depends on the definition used. Low BMI was identified as a significant predictor.
The evaluation of urban spatial quality and utility trade-offs for Post-COVID working preferences: a case study of Hong Kong
Authors: Song Qiwei , Dou Zhiyi , Qiu Waishan , Li Wenjing , Wang Jingsong , van Ameijde Jeroen , Luo Dan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe formation of urban districts and the appeal of densely populated areas reflect a spatial equilibrium in which workers migrate to locations with greater urban vitality but diminished environmental qualities. However, the pandemic and associated health concerns have accelerated remote and hybrid work modes, altered people's sense of place and appreciation of urban density, and transformed perceptions of desirable places to live and work. This study presents a systematic method for evaluating the trade-offs between perceived urban environmental qualities and urban amenities by analysing post-pandemic urban residence preferences. By evaluating neighbourhood Street View Imagery (SVI) and urban amenity data, such as park sizes, the study collects subjective opinions from surveys on two working conditions (work-from-office or from-home). On this basis, several Machine Learning (ML) models were trained to predict the preference scores for both work modes. In light of the complexity of work-from-home preferences, the results demonstrate that the method predicts work-from-office scores with greater precision. In the post-pandemic era, the research aims to shed light on the development of a valuable instrument for driving and evaluating urban design strategies based on the potential self-organisation of work-life patterns and social profiles in designated neighbourhoods.
Using focus groups with dairy cattle veterinarians to explore learning about calf welfare
Authors: Sumner Christine L , Bolduc Naseeb , von Keyserlingk Marina AG 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dairy calf welfare is a growing interest within the veterinary field. However, a limited understanding of the conception of calf welfare by dairy cattle veterinarians can hinder efforts to promote welfare improvements on farms. The aim of this study was to explore how focus groups can promote learning about dairy calf welfare issues among cattle veterinarians. Focus groups (n = 5), that collectively had 33 participants representing five Canadian provinces and different geographical regions, were conducted as part of a continuing education workshop for Canadian cattle veterinarians. Two trained individuals undertook exploratory data analyses using applied thematic analysis and adult learning theory to develop a codebook of the data and identify the main themes. There were three main themes about learning that emerged from guided peer-discussion: (i) defining a shared concept of animal welfare from the veterinary perspective to diagnose the problem; (ii) understanding the problems of calf welfare by self-examination and group reflection; and (iii) negotiating the best approach to address the problems through sharing of ideas on improving calf welfare, including strategies for addressing welfare problems. In conclusion, focus groups can facilitate animal welfare learning within the veterinary profession.
Beyond Visualization: Remote Sensing Applications in Prehispanic Settlements to Understand Ancient Anthropogenic Land Use and Occupation in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
Authors: Rodríguez Osorio Daniel , Giraldo Santiago , Mazuera Eduardo , Burbano Andrés , Figueredo Estefanía 
Published: January 2023

AbstractArchaeology is increasingly employing remote sensing techniques such as airborne lidar (light detection and ranging), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and photogrammetry in tropical environments where dense vegetation hinders to a great extent the ability to understand the scope of ancient landscape modification. These technologies have enabled archaeologists to develop sophisticated analyses that overturn traditional misconceptions of tropical ecologies and the human groups that have inhabited them in the long term. This article presents new data on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia that reveals the extent to which its ancient societies transformed this landscape, which is frequently thought of as pristine. By recursively integrating remote sensing and archaeology, this study contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship examining ancient land use and occupation in densely forested contexts.
Bedrock geological map predictions for Phanerozoic fossil occurrences
Authors: Ye Shan , Peters Shanan E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGeographically explicit, taxonomically resolved fossil occurrences are necessary for reconstructing macroevolutionary patterns and for testing a wide range of hypotheses in the Earth and life sciences. Heterogeneity in the spatial and temporal distribution of fossil occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) is attributable to several different factors, including turnover among biological communities, socioeconomic disparities in the intensity of paleontological research, and geological controls on the distribution and fossil yield of sedimentary deposits. Here we use the intersection of global geological map data from Macrostrat and fossil collections in the PBDB to assess the extent to which the potentially fossil-bearing, surface-expressed sedimentary record has yielded fossil occurrences. We find a significant and moderately strong positive correlation between geological map area and the number of fossil occurrences. This correlation is consistent regardless of map unit age and binning protocol, except at period level; the Neogene and Quaternary have non-marine map units covering large areas and yielding fewer occurrences than expected. The sedimentary record of North America and Europe yields significantly more fossil occurrences per sedimentary area than similarly aged deposits in most of the rest of the world. However, geographic differences in area and age of sedimentary deposits lead to regionally different expectations for fossil occurrences. Using the sampling of surface-expressed sedimentary units in North America and Europe as a predictor for what might be recoverable from the surface-expressed sedimentary deposits of other regions, we find that the rest of the globe is approximately 45% as well sampled in the PBDB. Using age and area of bedrock and sampling in North America and Europe as a basis for prediction, we estimate that more than 639,000 occurrences from outside these regions would need to be added to the PBDB to achieve global geological parity in sampling. In general, new terrestrial fossil occurrences are expected to have the greatest impact on our understanding of macroevolutionary patterns.
Genotype–environment interaction and sexual dimorphism in the genetic evaluation of yearling weight in Simmental cattle raised in Brazil
Authors: Moura G. F. , Arce C.D.S. , Santos J. C. G. , Santos D.J.A. , Aspilcueta-Borquis R. R. , Pegolo N. T. , Gomide A. P. C. , Marques L. F. A. , Oliveira H. N. , Araujo Neto F. R. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of genotype–environment interaction (GEI) on the yearling weight of Simmental cattle raised in Brazil, including the sex dimorphism in reaction norm models. The environmental gradient (EG) was formed using the average weight at 365 days of the contemporary groups. Two approaches were adopted in this study to evaluate reaction norms for weight at 365 days: a single-trait model and a multitrait model in which the data for males and females were separated and considered different traits for the analysis of sexual dimorphism. The genetic parameters were estimated using the Bayesian inference and Gibbs sampling. Analysis of the trend of the heritability estimates obtained with the single-trait model along the EG revealed a value of about 0.33 (EG: −21) in the worst environments, which decreased in the intermediate environments and reached a value of 0.24 in EG: −8, with a subsequent increase of the estimates up to 0.51 in EG: +23. Using the multitrait model, similar trends were observed for the heritability estimates, which ranged from 0.25 to 0.54 for males and from 0.23 to 0.50 for females. The results show that the weight of Simmental cattle raised in the tropics is influenced by GEI and greater genetic progress could be obtained by selecting better environments. However, no significant differences in the response to most environmental changes were observed between sexes and there is only evidence of genetic heteroscedasticity in environments with lower production levels.