bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured low‐rank reconstruction for navigator‐free water/fat separated multi‐shot diffusion‐weightedEPI
Authors: Dong Yiming , Koolstra Kirsten , Li Ziyu , Riedel Malte , van Osch Matthias J. P. , Börnert Peter 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeMulti‐shot diffusion‐weighted EPI allows an increase in image resolution and reduced geometric distortions and can be combined with chemical‐shift encoding (Dixon) to separate water/fat signals. However, such approaches suffer from physiological motion‐induced shot‐to‐shot phase variations. In this work, a structured low‐rank‐based navigator‐free algorithm is proposed to address the challenge of simultaneously separating water/fat signals and correcting for physiological motion‐induced shot‐to‐shot phase variations in multi‐shot EPI‐based diffusion‐weighted MRI.Theory and MethodsWe propose an iterative, model‐based reconstruction pipeline that applies structured low‐rank regularization to estimate and eliminate the shot‐to‐shot phase variations in a data‐driven way, while separating water/fat images. The algorithm is tested in different anatomies, including head–neck, knee, brain, and prostate. The performance is validated in simulations and in‐vivo experiments in comparison to existing approaches.ResultsIn‐vivo experiments and simulations demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to extra‐navigated and an alternative self‐navigation approach. The proposed algorithm demonstrates the capability to reconstruct in the multi‐shot/Dixon hybrid space domain under‐sampled datasets, using the same number of acquired EPI shots compared to conventional fat‐suppression techniques but eliminating fat signals through chemical‐shift encoding. In addition, partial Fourier reconstruction can also be achieved by using the concept of virtual conjugate coils in conjunction with the proposed algorithm.ConclusionThe proposed algorithm effectively eliminates the shot‐to‐shot phase variations and separates water/fat images, making it a promising solution for future DWI on different anatomies.
Multi‐echo–based fat artifact correction for CEST MRI at 7 T
Authors: Tkotz Katharina , Liebert Andrzej , Gast Lena V. , Zeiger Paula , Uder Michael , Zaiss Moritz , Nagel Armin M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeCEST MRI is influenced by fat signal, which can reduce the apparent CEST contrast or lead to pseudo‐CEST effects. Our goal was to develop a fat artifact correction based on multi‐echo fat–water separation that functions stably for 7 T knee MRI data.MethodsOur proposed algorithm utilizes the full complex data and a phase demodulation with an off‐resonance map estimation based on the Z‐spectra prior to fat–water separation to achieve stable fat artifact correction. Our method was validated and compared to multi‐echo–based methods originally proposed for 3 T by Bloch–McConnell simulations and phantom measurements. Moreover, the method was applied to in vivo 7 T knee MRI examinations and compared to Gaussian fat saturation and a published single‐echo Z‐spectrum–based fat artifact correction method.ResultsPhase demodulation prior to fat–water separation reduced the occurrence of fat–water swaps. Utilizing the complex signal data led to more stable correction results than working with magnitude data, as was proposed for 3 T. Our approach reduced pseudo‐nuclear Overhauser effects compared to the other correction methods. Thus, the mean asymmetry contrast at 3.5 ppm in cartilage over five volunteers increased from −9.2% (uncorrected) and −10.6% (Z‐spectrum–based) to −1.5%. Results showed higher spatial stability than with the fat saturation pulse.ConclusionOur work demonstrates the feasibility of multi‐echo–based fat–water separation with an adaptive fat model for fat artifact correction for CEST MRI at 7 T. Our approach provided better fat artifact correction throughout the entire spectrum and image than the fat saturation pulse or Z‐spectrum–based correction method for both phantom and knee imaging results.
Experiences of parents whose school‐aged children were treated with therapeutic hypothermia as newborns: A focus group study
Authors: Kokkonen Nassef Sari , Blennow Bohlin Mats , Jirwe Maria 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAimTo describe parents' past and present experiences of their newborn infant's therapeutic hypothermia (TH) treatment after perinatal asphyxia 10–13 years after the event.BackgroundNewborn infants are treated with TH following perinatal asphyxia to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.DesignA qualitative descriptive design using focus groups (FGs).MethodsTwenty one parents to 15 newborn infants treated with TH between 2007 and 2009 participated in five FGs. The FGs were transcribed verbatim and analysed using framework approach. The SRQR checklist was followed for study reporting.ResultsTwo main categories were identified: hardships and reliefs during TH treatment and struggles of everyday life. Both categories include three subcategories, the first: (1) concern and gratitude for the unrecognized treatment, (2) insufficiency of information and proposed participation and (3) NICU nurses instilled security and hope. The second with subcategories: (1) unprocessed experiences of the TH treatment, (2) later challenges at school and (3) existential and psychological challenges in everyday life.ConclusionTH of their newborns affected the parents psychologically not only during the treatment, but lasted months and years later. Information and communication with health care professionals and school management were inefficient and inadequate. The parents' concerns could be prevented by an improved identification and understanding of the problems and the needs of the infants and their families before discharge.Relevance for Clinical PracticeThrough more personalized and efficient preparation and communication by the nursing staff before discharge, many of the parents' worries and problems could be reduced. Check‐up of parents' needs of psychosocial support before and after discharge and offering counselling should become routine. Also, nurses at Well‐Baby Clinics and in school health care should receive knowledge about TH treatment and the challenges the children and the parents experience.Patient or Public ContributionParticipation of parents was limited to the data provided through interviews.
Defective Potassium Poly(Heptazine Imide) Preventing Spin Delocalization and Hole Transfer Deactivation for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Chueh Li‐Che , Lin Tzu‐Jen , Lee Hao‐Cheng , Wu Jih‐Jen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAnti‐site defective potassium poly(heptazine imide) (KPHI) with the central nitrogen atoms partially replaced by graphitic carbon atoms in the flawed heptazine rings is prepared by direct ionothermal treatment of the rationally designed supramolecular complex in KSCN salt molten. Compared to the KPHIs without the anti‐site defect, the anti‐site defective KPHI demonstrates significantly improved photocatalytic and dark photocatalytic performances for H2 evolution reaction (HER). In the presence of the hole scavenger, the anti‐site defective KPHI exhibits superior photocatalytic stability for HER lasting 20 h, whereas the deactivation is observed from the ordinary KHPIs after 3 h HER. Moreover, the H2 yield in the dark by the stored photoelectrons in the anti‐site defective KPHI increases by more than an order of magnitude. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the anti‐site defective unit in KPHI not only prevents spin delocalization but also inhibits the deactivation of hole transfer, which are beneficial to photoelectron storage and photocatalytic activity. The findings in this study provide insight into the photophysical and catalytic properties of KPHI, which conclude a strategy to improve the performances for solar energy conversion and storage by incorporating intrinsic anti‐site defects in KPHI.
Controlled Synthesis of SnO2 Nanostructures as Alloy Anode via Restricted Potential Toward Building High‐Performance Dual‐Ion Batteries with Graphite Cathode
Authors: Jayan Parvathy , Anjali Anil , Park Sangho , Lee Yun‐Sung , Aravindan Vanchiappan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDual‐ion batteries (DIBs) are considered one of the promising energy storage devices in which graphite serves as a bi‐functional electrode, i.e., anode and cathode in the aprotic organic solvents. Unlike conventional lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), DIBs reversibly store the cations and anions in the anode and cathodes during redox reactions, respectively. The electrolyte is a source for both cations and anions, so the choice of electrolyte plays a vital role. In the present work, the synthesis of SnO2 nanostructures is reported as a possible alternative for graphite anode, and the Li‐storage performance is optimized in half‐cell (Li/SnO2) assembly with varying amounts of conductive additive (acetylene black) and limited working potential (1 V vs Li). Finally, a DIB using recovered graphite (RG) fabricated from spent LIB as a cathode and SnO2 nanostructures as an anode under balanced loading conditions. Prior to the fabrication, both electrodes are pre‐cycled to eliminate irreversibility. An in‐situ impedance study has been employed to validate the passivation layer formation during the charge‐discharge process. The high‐performance SnO2/RG‐based DIB delivered a maximum discharge capacity of 380 mAh g−1. The electrochemical performance of DIB has been assessed by varying temperature conditions to evaluate their suitability in different climatic conditions.
Application of Metathesis Protocols to the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of some Functionalized β‐Amino Esters and Azaheterocycles
Authors: Semghouli Anas , Nonn Melinda , Remete Attila M. , Fustero Santos , Kiss Loránd 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this account our aim was to give an insight into the application of metathesis protocols (ROM, RCM, RCEYM, CM, RRM) for the synthesis of various azaheterocyclic frameworks. Due to the high biological potential and importance in peptide chemistry and drug design of β‐amino acids our intention is to give a highlight on the synthetic procedures and transformation of these class of compounds with the above‐mentioned metathesis strategies with emphasis on selectivity, stereocontrol, substrate‐directing effect or functional group tolerance.
The Distinction Between Public Financial Management and Internal Control (PFM/IC) and Public Financial Administration and Internal Control (PFA/IC)
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAll countries will have in place before they introduce PFM/IC some form of internal control arrangements designed to ensure that budgetary and financial control exists. These arrangements can be summarised in the term public financial administration and internal control (PFA/IC). The quality of these arrangements varies considerably between countries. Before introducing PFM/IC an appreciation of the differences between PFM/IC and PFA/IC needs to be fully recognised and not least the difference in the managerial implications. In addition, the quality of the existing PFA/IC should be assessed because that quality provides the foundation for the implementation of PFM/IC. If that quality is poor, as evidenced by weak financial and budgetary control and often with extensive corruption, introducing PFM/IC is the wrong reform and what should occur is the strengthening of PFA/IC. This chapter explains in detail the differences between PFA/IC and PFM/IC.
The Responsibilities of the Top Operational Management Official in Public Organisations for the Implementation and Quality Control of PFM/IC
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn many developing and transitional economy countries there is a degree of confusion about who is responsible for what at the top of the organisation. In a ministry is it the minister who is responsible for the quality of operational management as well as for the development of policy and the strategy for the implementation of that policy or is it the top appointed official? Indeed in some countries there is no single top appointed official. This chapter explains that with the introduction of PFM/IC the organisational structure of a public organisation has to clarify the different responsibilities of elected and appointed officials. A clear leadership role has to exist to secure effective implementation of PFM/IC. The chapter explains that with the implementation of PFM/IC such is the range of operational management responsibilities that falls upon the top appointed official that it would be virtually impossible for an elected official to satisfactorily undertake all those responsibilities. It also compares the role of the top appointed official operating in a pre-PFM/IC environment with that applying in a post PFM/IC environment. An important feature of PFM/IC is the development of good corporate governance arrangements and the responsibility for securing the quality of corporate governance lies with the top appointed official.
The Role of the Head of Finance and the Finance Department in Line Ministries and Other Public Organisations with the Application of PFM/IC
Authors: Hepworth Noel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPFM/IC has a major impact upon the role and responsibilities of the head of finance. The role extends well beyond that of bookkeeper and financial adviser. An important element of the role is to create a financially aware management and to act as the key financial adviser to management. This will require the extension of the head’s technical skills. The head of finance should also be concerned with the longer run financial resilience of the organisation and should be prepared to challenge any proposals, whether made by operational management or policy makers which might undermine that resilience. The head should also be prepared to challenge proposals which did not conform with any ministry of finance rules, for example, returns on capital investment. A key relationship of the head of finance would be with the top operational management official, the state secretary or equivalent. The head should be a member of the top management team, where one exists, of the organisation.
Development and Modernization Under Socialism and After: An Introduction
Authors: Günther Jutta , Jajeśniak-Quast Dagmara , Ludwig Udo , Wagener Hans-Jürgen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe German Democratic Republic (GDR) was the most developed economy under state socialism. After World War II, this system had been introduced in Eastern Central Europe (ECE) under Soviet rule, and it collapsed throughout the region in 1989–90. It had not fulfilled the high expectations concerning development and modernization. In the twentieth century, modernization was pursued along two roads, the liberal and the collectivist. What prevented the latter from succeeding?Prominent features of the system stood in the way of typical modernization trends, such as the organizational, functional, and international division of labor. Extensive unbalanced growth (industrialization)—imperative for the Soviet Union in its early years—was less urgent for the higher developed societies of ECE. They would have needed continuous structural change, specialization, and innovation to keep up with the West. But they were unable to rid themselves from the fetters of the Soviet system.The lack of innovation may be seen as major deficiency of the state socialist system. Traditionally, East German science and engineering enjoyed a high reputation and were further promoted in the socialist period. The problem was to get new products and processes adopted to production due to bureaucratic red tape in planning, a monopolistic industry structure, and low risk-taking of the firm managers. The entrepreneurial habitus lay dormant under the cover of socialism. After the system collapse, it had to be resuscitated in the transition period.
When Backwardness Became an Advantage: Professional Stays Abroad in the West as Midwife of the Transformation in Poland
Authors: Jajeśniak-Quast Dagmara 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSocialist Poland was one of the few countries in the Eastern Bloc that was able to make targeted use of professional and scientific exchange programmes with the West. Thanks to Poland’s membership since the founding of the UN and the country’s qualification as a “developing country”, Poland was able to build on the programmes and grants of international organisations, above all the Technical Bureau of the United Nations and the foundations much more than, for example, the GDR or Czechoslovakia. Thus, in the case of Poland, Gerschenkron’s theory of the “advantage of backwardness” can be used to explain the transformation process. In the process of system transformation, the role of professional stays abroad by Polish experts and scientists in the West, since the late 1960s, should not be underestimated. Thanks to a liberal travel policy, the experts from Poland had an enormous advantage over the other countries in the Eastern Bloc. Many of those experts formed the post-communist elite after 1989—the “midwifes” of the transformation.
Empathy and the Importance of Affectivity
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that empathy is the basic emotional mechanism we use to understand others and that is always in place. The idea that we are guided by an objective attitude in interpersonal relationships is confuted and, on the opposite, it is illustrated how empathy makes visible the notion of import in the moral field and calls for a participatory attitude. The case of death penalty is examined to provide an explanation for the transformative power of empathy regarding our understanding of moral values.
Overcoming Empathy’s Judgemental Biases
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn ‘Overcoming Empathy’s Judgemental Biases’ is the topic of the supposed biases empathy inherently has which is scrutinised in depth. In particular, it is shown that many of the biases attributed to empathy are in fact prejudices already present in the subject and which are not caused by empathy. Quite on the opposite, they can affect it. Examples from the literature, together with psychological and philosophical studies, are here discussed in order to demonstrate how empathy can help to overcome our prejudices, make us more receptive, disclose a world of values, and develop important ethical capabilities such as representative thinking.
Empathy and Moral Development
Authors: Camassa Manuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter addresses the issue of whether empathy is a necessary feature for the development of morality. Scholars who deny this role usually tend to stress the importance of imitation and role models to the detriment of empathy. However, in this chapter, it is shown not only that imitation without empathy cannot suffice for the development of a healthy, reflected, and adult morality, but also that the psychological mechanism of imitation based on role models depends on empathy as well to work correctly. In particular, empathy seems fundamental to learn moral rules.
The Development of Mathematical Thinking in Young Children’s Play: The Role of Communicative Tools
Authors: van Oers Bert 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this article I will summarize some of the main findings over the past three decades of a research program on emergent mathematical thinking in young children. The program is based on a cultural-historical activity theory perspective (CHAT), and focused mainly on identifying the productive conditions that may promote mathematical thinking in young children (4–8 years old). After clarifying briefly the methodological starting points of the research program, and explaining some theory-based tenets, I will list a number of productive conditions (play format, schematizing, narrative competence and intertextuality) that empirically turned out to be positive in promoting meaningful mathematical thinking in young children, especially elaborating the importance of communicative tools that help children to exchange their meanings regarding mathematical objects (like number, numerosity, quantity, relations and changes).
Play Responsive Assessment of Children’s Mathematical Proficiencies in Norwegian Kindergarten
Authors: Rinvold Reinert A. , Skorpen Leif Bjørn 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article focuses on kindergarten teachers’ assessment of mathematical proficiencies in Norwegian kindergartens from the perspective of cultural historical activity theory. We discuss how children’s involvement and freedom of change depend on the way proficiencies are observed by kindergarten teachers using an observation scheme developed for this purpose. Mathematical proficiencies are found either to be observed by adult extensions of children’s play or in daily life activities, or activities organized for the purpose of observation. The concepts responsiveness to cultural meaning and play-responsive assessment are introduced and related to the concept play-responsive teaching.
Supporting One-Year-Olds’ Digital Locating: The Mediating Role of the Apps and the Teacher
Authors: Christiansen Silje Fyllingsnes 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAlthough there is some research on how very young children engage in mathematical activities, little is known about how teachers facilitate this engagement through digital tools. In this paper, the relationship between digital apps, kindergarten teachers’ facilitation and 18-month-old children’s mathematical engagement is explored. Artefact-centric activity theory was used to analyse video recordings of children and a kindergarten teacher engaging with three digital apps. The results show how children engaged with the mathematical activity of locating and that the teacher facilitated their engagement by following the children’s interests and adding verbal and body language to what the children did on the tablet they were using. The apps’ design supported the opportunities that the teachers had to facilitate children’s engagement with aspects of locating, to different degrees. The results provide information about the kinds of apps that could support the youngest children’s mathematical engagement, and how kindergarten teachers can facilitate young children’s digital explorations of locating.
Mathematical and Computational Thinking in Children’s Problem Solving with Robots
Authors: Meaney Tamsin , Severina Elena , Gustavsen Monica , Hoven Camilla S. , Larsen Sofie B. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractProgrammable robots are now found in many early childhood centres. However, little research has considered how young children’s problem solving may link computational thinking to mathematical understandings. While most research about robots in kindergarten is from intervention studies to improve children’s computational thinking, in this study we observed two children solving tasks with a robot in a naturalistic setting. We identified when the children had a problem that they could not immediately solve, by looking for signs of uncertainty, for example by putting their hand to their mouth, stopping and/or looking up at the teacher. By analysing the children’s problem solving of those problems, alongside a teacher, we were able to identify how aspects of computational thinking were connected to mathematical understanding. In particular, number understandings, such as the difference between ordinal and cardinal counting and early addition, seemed important for solving problems related to sequencing, decomposition and debugging. The children’s developing understanding about counting may have contributed to the children’s uncertainty about programming the robot.