bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus: An Integral Characteristic of Anti-Diabetic Medications
Authors: Ugwueze Chidiebere V. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background:
The complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) have incapacitated many patients, especially in poor-income countries. DM is an endocrine disease but its far-reaching complications arise from cardiovascular derangements. The cardiovascular complications usually stem from endothelial dysfunction, which culminates in atherosclerosis. Progressively, atherosclerosis results in microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Materials and Methods:
Literature searches were carried out in Google, PubMed, and MEDLINE using the following keywords: DM, endothelial dysfunction, biomarkers, anti-diabetic drugs, C-reactive protein (CRP), and intercellular adhesion molecule. Original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analytic articles were reviewed, and important findings were incorporated into this review.

Summary:
The review aims to evaluate mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction may arise from one or a combination of these molecular mechanisms: (i) decreased nitric oxide synthesis, (ii) activation of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species generation, (iii) activity of advanced glycation endproducts, (iv) activation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and (iv) defective insulin signaling and so on. The biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction were also explored and they include CRP, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, microalbuminuria, asymmetric dimethylarginine, Toll-like receptors, and others. The review also evaluated the effectiveness of anti-diabetic medications in modulating the biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Unusual Case of a Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State in a Young Adult with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rehman Yahya Ur 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic State (HHS) is a severe acute complication primarily associated with type 2 diabetes but very rare in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). T1DM necessitates consistent insulin management to prevent acute complications such as HHS. HHS is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia (exceeding 600 mg/dL), significant dehydration, and hyperosmolarity, typically without the presence of significant ketosis or acidosis. This condition leads to an altered mental status, which can range from confusion to coma, whereas diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is more commonly observed in T1DM and is characterized by hyperglycemia (generally lower than in HHS), ketosis, and metabolic acidosis due to the breakdown of fats into ketones. DKA presents with symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations). The presence of acidosis distinguishes DKA from HHS and necessitates a different treatment approach. HHS has a higher mortality rate than that of DKA due to its more insidious onset and the severity of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance that often accompany it. We present the case of an 18-year-old male with T1DM, who experienced HHS due to irregular insulin use caused by work and financial constraints, alongside a diet high in sugary foods, necessitating emergency intervention.
A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Prevalence and Distribution of MASLD using Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography in the General Population
Authors: Chhaya Gaurav , Jhaveri Kunal , Parikh Bhavini 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background:
The increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has plagued the general population of the world, which has revised the nomenclature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Transient elastography is one of the key screening methods for MASLD to evaluate the presence of fat and fibrosis in the liver.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional, observational study performed at the single diabetology center of Ahmedabad, in participants aged 18 years and above, and having any one cardio-metabolic risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obesity. Their lipid, sugar, and transient elastography parameters; controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were recorded.

Results:
In data of 141 participants, the presence of co-morbid conditions such as obesity (80.14%) was most common, followed by T2DM in 45.4%, while 79.5% had steatosis (> S0) and 27.6% had fibrosis (> F0/F1). Co-morbid conditions like higher weight and history of myocardial infarction (MI) were the major risk factors associated with increased CAP score, whereas higher weight and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were the risk factors for increased LSM values. Fibrosis index-4 score has a poor correlation with the LSM and CAP score individually.

Conclusion:
The distribution of liver fibrosis and steatosis assessed using the CAP and LSM score, in MASLD individuals, is prevalent among patients with a history of MI and excess weight; while higher HbA1c is significantly associated with LSM score only.
Knowledge and practice of indoor residual spray with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in the prevention and control of malaria in the endemic zone of rural area of west Tripura district, North East India: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Tripura Amar , Reang Taranga 
Published: January 2025

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:
The World Health Organization recommends indoor residual spray (IRS) including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), as a malaria vector control measure.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective was to assess the knowledge and practice of IRS with DDT in rural area of the West Tripura district.

METHODOLOGY:
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural area of West Tripura District during the period of June to July 2019. Two hundred adult participants were interviewed from randomly selected families using multistage simple random sampling technique using a predesigned, pretested interview schedule. Data were analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007 and the Epi-info version 6.0 (CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA).

RESULTS:
More than 43% of the families knew that DDT spray was for malaria prevention and control measures. Reasons for not allowing DDT spray were due to stains of houses (35.13%), bad odors (3.5%), unpreparedness (3.5%), uninformed (3%), and 7% other reasons.

CONCLUSIONS:
Practice on indoor residual spray (DDT) was below the level of coverage required for mass effect recommended by the World Health Organization. However, the population had a good knowledge of the diseases spread by the mosquitoes.
Evaluation of epithelial toto bodies and their relationship with connective tissue inflammation in reactive lesions of the oral cavity: A preliminary study
Authors: Gowsalya M. , Hallikerimath Seema , Angadi Punnya V. 
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND:
Toto bodies are homogeneous eosinophilic bodies, round to oval in shape with a peripheral clear appearance, also known as “Mucopolysaccharide keratin dystrophy” due to its contents, often seen on the topmost layers of stratified squamous epithelium of reactive and inflammatory oral lesions. The present study aimed to correlate the presence of epithelial Toto bodies with inflammatory components of the connective tissue in oral reactive lesions to elucidate the association between them.

Material and Methods:
This preliminary study included 12 archival reactive lesional slides (seven pyogenic granuloma [PG] and five inflammatory hyperplasia) with toto bodies and the correlation with inflammatory component of the connective tissue with regard to such as intensity, type of inflammatory cells was evaluated.

RESULTS:
Toto bodies were found in PG (58%), followed by inflammatory hyperplasia (42%). Almost 75% of cases exhibited diffuse distribution of chronic inflammatory cells, predominantly plasma cells (58%), followed by lymphocytes (42%) in the underlying connective tissue, followed by focal inflammatory cells that accounted for only 25% of cases. A positive correlation of toto bodies with connective tissue inflammation was noted.

CONCLUSION:
There was a positive correlation seen between the existence of epithelial toto bodies with the underlying connective tissue inflammation. The existence of toto bodies may aid as a diagnostic clue for the lesion being reactive/inflammatory in origin
Prediction of low birth weight (LBW) among smokeless tobacco-using pregnant mothers by using stepwise logistic regression model
Authors: Ganganahalli Praveen , Kakade Satish V. , Patil Jyotsna A. , Pratinidhi Asha 
Published: January 2025

Abstract:

INTRODUCTION:
Children’s health is tomorrow’s wealth is one of the WHO’s slogans of the recent years. However, children’s health is to a great extent determined by factors that operate in utero, well before they are born. Newborns falling in the category of low birth weight (LBW) carry relatively greater risks of perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and substandard growth and development in the later life.

OBJECTIVES:
The objective of the study was to study birth weight pattern of newborn babies and to find determinants of LBW among babies born to women using Mishri during pregnancy and to construct predictive model for LBW using multiple binary regression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the obstetric wards on women admitted for delivery and using Mishri (form of Tobacco), and they were compared with the nonusers of any form of tobacco. Details of pregnancy and delivery followed by the estimation of serum levels of cotinine using ELISA technique were collected among both groups.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:
Statistical analysis used multiple binary regression model and tests of significance.

RESULTS:
LBW is eight times more commonly seen among users of Mishri compared to nonusers of Mishri. As the cotinine level increases, there is a significant decrease in birth weight (relative risk: 4–10 times) was observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Increase in cotinine levels and decrease in birth weight explain the dose–response relationship between the use of tobacco (Mishri) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (LBW). This can be applied to assess the risk among pregnant women who are using Mishri at their first antenatal care visit.
Effect of health education on the awareness of human papillomavirus infection among undergraduate students of a health sciences university – An interventional study
Authors: Muthusamy Sasitharan , Yogeshkumar S. 
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant public health concern associated with various cancers. Despite available vaccines, knowledge gaps persist among healthcare students, impacting vaccine uptake. This study aimed to assess the impact of an educational intervention on health-care students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HPV infection and vaccination. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the potential barriers to vaccination.

METHODOLOGY:
A pre- post-interventional study was conducted among 656 undergraduate healthcare students over a period of 1 year to assess baseline knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to HPV infection and vaccination using a self-structured validated questionnaire. Following this, an educational intervention, in the form of an interactive PowerPoint presentation, was conducted. Moreover, posttest surveys were administered 1 month after the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS v23.0.

RESULTS:
The median age of the students in the study was 21 years. Pretest surveys revealed knowledge gaps and misconceptions among participants with a knowledge score of 10.59 ± 6.58 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), attitude score of 1.31 ± 1.944 (mean ± SD) and pretest willingness to receive the vaccine was 6.4%. Whereas, postintervention, significant improvements were observed in knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HPV infection and vaccination, with a mean knowledge score of 25.82 ± 8.34 and a mean attitude score of 3.84 ± 4.259. Practices also improved, with more participants expressing readiness to receive (75.9%) and advocate for vaccination. Moreover, the study demonstrated the potential barriers to vaccination as lack of awareness, nonavailability, and cost of the vaccine.

CONCLUSION:
Targeted educational interventions effectively improved HPV vaccination awareness and acceptance among health-care students. These findings contribute to public health efforts in HPV prevention and control.
Efficacy of modified electroconvulsive therapy as augmentation agent in treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Singh Chitrakshee , Kumar Sudhir , Pandey Abhinav , Singh Paramvir 
Published: January 2025

AIM:
The aim of the study was to study the efficacy of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) as an augmentation agent in schizophrenia, with particular emphasis in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
A prospective open-label, raters blinded within a group interventional study done over 1 year with 40 consenting adults with a diagnosis of treatment-resistant schizophrenia as per Conley and Kelly’s criteria. With preanesthetic clearance, they were put on a supervised regular MECT regimen after baseline clinical global impression (CGI), PANSS, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) application with improvement recorded by repeat application of psychopathology measurement scales.

RESULTS:
after a mean of 11.10 ± 1.6 MECT sessions ranging from 8 to 14, we observed an improvement of 30.6% ± 3.5% in total PANSS score with significant improvement in CGI and BPRS.

CONCLUSION:
The study endorses the efficacy of MECT augmentation in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
A comparison of serum cystatin C with traditional biomarkers of renal function in patients of essential hypertension in a tertiary care center of the Kumaun region
Authors: Singh Sangeeta , Saini Aman , Joshi Basant Kumar 
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION:
In India, hypertensive renal disease, the second leading cause of chronic kidney failure, necessitates dialysis or renal transplantation. Most traditional renal function indicators, such as serum urea and creatinine, track disease progression and therapy response. Cystatin C, an excellent glomerular filtration rate (GFR) indicator, is freely filtered through the glomerular membrane, and its concentration is solely dictated by GFR. About 25%–40% of untreated hypertensives develop hyperuricemia. Microalbuminuria is a traditional renal function biomarker and outcome predictor in renal disease patients. This research compared blood cystatin C to standard renal function indicators (serum urea, serum creatinine [Scr], serum uric acid, urine microalbumin, and urinary total protein) in essential hypertension patients in a Kumaun tertiary care institution.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
One hundred hypertensive individuals aged 30–60 years and 50 age- and sex-matched normotensive controls were studied. The fully computerized Roche Cobas C501 Analyzer assessed Scr and urea. Estimation of serum cystatin C was done by turbidimetric method using semiautomatic analyzer (MERCK Microlab 300). A urine sample taken over a 24-h period for total protein concentration and urinary microalbumin was taken in a clean plastic container. The preservative was 10% HCL. Using pyrogallol red and turbidimetric immunoassay, urine total protein and microalbumin were measured.

RESULTS:
In comparison to the control group and Stage II hypertension participants, hypertensive people exhibited substantially greater mean blood urea, creatinine, urine total protein, and urinary microalbumin levels. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0007). Only Stage II hypertensives had substantially lower mean estimated GFR (eGFR) and eGFR (Scr) levels than controls. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Cases and Stage II hypertensives had considerably higher mean blood cystatin C levels than controls and Stage I hypertensives. Serum cystatin C correlated positively with urea, creatinine, and urine microalbumin, but negatively with uric acid (r = 0.004; P > 0.05). Linear connections were found between parameters.

CONCLUSION:
Our investigation found that cystatin C-based GFR equations beat Scr ones. Serum cystatin C is more sensitive than Scr for detecting early renal function deterioration in hypertensive individuals.
Knowledge and practice regarding eye donation among degree college students of Belagavi city
Authors: Kumar S. Vinod , Metgud Chandra S. 
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION:
Sight is crucial for our existence. In India, corneal opacity is the leading cause of blindness among people aged 0–49 years. The only treatment for corneal blindness is transplantation, necessitating increased awareness, and dispelling myths about eye donation. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice regarding eye donation among degree college students of Belagavi city.

Material and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1018 degree college students from Belagavi, selected through proportionate sampling. The data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Collected data were entered using Microsoft Excel and analyzed in SPSS software.

RESULTS:
The mean ± standard deviation age of participants was 20.15 ± 1.04 years. Among the 1018 students, 12.88% of them had good knowledge score, 65.91% had average knowledge score, and 21.21% had poor knowledge score regarding eye donation. Around 331 (32.50%) of the students had favorable practice score for eye donation activities.

CONCLUSION:
The study highlights that while most students were aware of eye donation, detailed knowledge and favorable practice was less prevalent. Targeted educational programs could enhance these aspects, ultimately increasing corneal donation rates.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics in milk samples
Authors: Badwanache Pratiksha , Dodamani Suneel 
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND:
This study was undertaken to determine the amount and type of microplastics in different milk samples.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Sample collection was done from branded, dairy, and directly from the cow shed and was then transferred to a conical flask. Containers were wrapped with aluminum foil to avoid contamination of the samples. A total of 100 mL of 5% sodium chloride solution was added to 200 mL of milk sample, rotated for 2 min, and was kept to undergo density separation for 15 min in a water bath. Whatman filter paper Grade I of pore size 11 µm is used for filtration. The samples were filtered using a vacuum filtration setup with a vacuum pressure of 0.5 bar pressure and stored in clean Petri dishes. These were kept in a hot air oven for drying at 60°C for 3 h and at room temperature for 24 h for complete drying of the filter paper.

RESULTS:
Fourier transform infrared analyses determined that the polystyrene type of microplastics was higher, showing red, blue, violet, and green colors by microscopic analysis.

CONCLUSION:
Three categories of milk samples (branded, dairy, and cowshed) were taken and analyzed, the results showed more microplastics in branded milk packets than in dairy and fresh cowshed milk samples which are lower than other food products.
Double burden of malnutrition among adolescents: Evidence from a cross-sectional study among school-going adolescents in Bangalore city
Authors: Balasubramanya Bhavya , Johnson Avita Rose , Sulekha T. 
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND:
Previously, low- and middle-income nations grappled with widespread undernutrition, but now encounter the added challenge of overweight/obesity. Rapid urbanization has led to changes in the diet and physical activity of Indian adolescents. Malnutrition during adolescence has far-reaching consequences into adulthood.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of adolescents in schools and identify associated factors, with the aim of assessing whether the double burden of malnutrition exists among urban adolescents.

METHODS:
A cross-sectional study was conducted across four schools of Bangalore city with a universal sampling of 752 adolescents aged 10–19 years. Height and weight were entered into the WHO AnthroPlus software to compute body mass index-for-age and categorize nutritional status as per Z-scores. Sociodemographic details and data on diet and physical activity were collected by the interview schedule. The Chi-square test and Independent t-test were done to associate nutritional status with various exposure variables, followed by multiple logistic regression separately for undernutrition and for overweight/obesity.

RESULTS:
The prevalence of adolescent undernutrition was 13.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.89%–15.71%) and significantly associated with middle adolescence (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6 [1.43–2.75]), <8 h of sleep (OR = 1.68 [1.07–2.65]). The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 13.3% (95% CI: 10.89%–15.71%) and significantly associated with female gender (OR = 2.10 [1.33-3.31]), consumption of aerated drinks (OR = 2.35 [1.24–4.44]), and bakery products (OR = 1.68 [1.24–4.44]).

CONCLUSION:
Among urban school-going adolescents, there exists a double burden of malnutrition, with an equal proportion of undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Initiatives are needed to promote healthy eating and physical activity among adolescents, periodic health appraisals at school and enhancing the quality of meals at school and at home through health education and policy change.
Neuropsychiatric manifestation of corpus callosum dysgenesis: A case series
Authors: Ragashree M. R. , Anusha M. S. , Hiremath Shivanand B. , Mangalwedhe Sameer Belvi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract:
The aim of this study is to present the cases of patients who visited the psychiatric department because of their disorderly behavior related to a psychotic episode. Before admission, the patient underwent thorough examination and investigations to rule out acute organic causes of altered mental status, and a radiological examination of the brain revealed abnormalities of the corpus callosum. The commissural pathway, the corpus callosum which connects the two hemispheres of the brain, is either partially or completely absent in patients which is a rare congenital condition. It plays a role in the brain’s motor, sensory, and cognitive functions. With regard to the prevalence of undetected abnormalities of corpus callosum and potential underlying genetic contributions in patients with severe mental illness, this case series offers an interesting incidental anatomical finding in patients with psychotic symptoms.