bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-supervised learning for medical image classification: a systematic review and implementation guidelines
Authors: Huang Shih-Cheng , Pareek Anuj , Jensen Malte , Lungren Matthew P. , Yeung Serena , Chaudhari Akshay S. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAdvancements in deep learning and computer vision provide promising solutions for medical image analysis, potentially improving healthcare and patient outcomes. However, the prevailing paradigm of training deep learning models requires large quantities of labeled training data, which is both time-consuming and cost-prohibitive to curate for medical images. Self-supervised learning has the potential to make significant contributions to the development of robust medical imaging models through its ability to learn useful insights from copious medical datasets without labels. In this review, we provide consistent descriptions of different self-supervised learning strategies and compose a systematic review of papers published between 2012 and 2022 on PubMed, Scopus, and ArXiv that applied self-supervised learning to medical imaging classification. We screened a total of 412 relevant studies and included 79 papers for data extraction and analysis. With this comprehensive effort, we synthesize the collective knowledge of prior work and provide implementation guidelines for future researchers interested in applying self-supervised learning to their development of medical imaging classification models.
Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers
Authors: Gao Catherine A. , Howard Frederick M. , Markov Nikolay S. , Dyer Emma C. , Ramesh Siddhi , Luo Yuan , Pearson Alexander T. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLarge language models such as ChatGPT can produce increasingly realistic text, with unknown information on the accuracy and integrity of using these models in scientific writing. We gathered fifth research abstracts from five high-impact factor medical journals and asked ChatGPT to generate research abstracts based on their titles and journals. Most generated abstracts were detected using an AI output detector, ‘GPT-2 Output Detector’, with % ‘fake’ scores (higher meaning more likely to be generated) of median [interquartile range] of 99.98% ‘fake’ [12.73%, 99.98%] compared with median 0.02% [IQR 0.02%, 0.09%] for the original abstracts. The AUROC of the AI output detector was 0.94. Generated abstracts scored lower than original abstracts when run through a plagiarism detector website and iThenticate (higher scores meaning more matching text found). When given a mixture of original and general abstracts, blinded human reviewers correctly identified 68% of generated abstracts as being generated by ChatGPT, but incorrectly identified 14% of original abstracts as being generated. Reviewers indicated that it was surprisingly difficult to differentiate between the two, though abstracts they suspected were generated were vaguer and more formulaic. ChatGPT writes believable scientific abstracts, though with completely generated data. Depending on publisher-specific guidelines, AI output detectors may serve as an editorial tool to help maintain scientific standards. The boundaries of ethical and acceptable use of large language models to help scientific writing are still being discussed, and different journals and conferences are adopting varying policies.
A burst of genomic innovation at the origin of placental mammals mediated embryo implantation
Authors: Taylor Alysha S. , Tinning Haidee , Ovchinnikov Vladimir , Edge Jessica , Smith William , Pullinger Anna L. , Sutton Ruth A. , Constantinides Bede , Wang Dapeng , Forbes Karen , Forde Niamh , O’Connell Mary J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe origin of embryo implantation in mammals ~148 million years ago was a dramatic shift in reproductive strategy, yet the molecular changes that established mammal implantation are largely unknown. Although progesterone receptor signalling predates the origin of mammals and is highly conserved in, and critical for, successful mammal pregnancy, it alone cannot explain the origin and subsequent diversity of implantation strategies throughout the placental mammal radiation. MiRNAs are known to be flexible and dynamic regulators with a well-established role in the pathophysiology of mammal placenta. We propose that a dynamic core microRNA (miRNA) network originated early in placental mammal evolution, responds to conserved mammal pregnancy cues (e.g. progesterone), and facilitates species-specific responses. Here we identify 13 miRNA gene families that arose at the origin of placental mammals and were subsequently retained in all descendent lineages. The expression of these miRNAs in response to early pregnancy molecules is regulated in a species-specific manner in endometrial epithelia of species with extreme implantation strategies (i.e. bovine and human). Furthermore, this set of miRNAs preferentially target proteins under positive selective pressure on the ancestral eutherian lineage. Discovery of this core embryo implantation toolkit and specifically adapted proteins helps explain the origin and evolution of implantation in mammals.
The origin, evolution and functional divergence of HOOKLESS1 in plants
Authors: Wang Qi , Sun Jingyan , Wang Ran , Zhang Zhenhua , Liu Nana , Jin Huanhuan , Zhong Bojian , Zhu Ziqiang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractApical hooks are functional innovations only observed in angiosperms, which effectively protect the apical meristems out of damage during plant seedlings penetrating soil covers. Acetyltransferase like protein HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) inArabidopsis thalianais required for hook formation. However, the origin and evolution of HLS1 in plants are still not solved. Here, we traced the evolution of HLS1 and found that HLS1 originated in embryophytes. Moreover, we found that Arabidopsis HLS1 delayed plant flowering time, in addition to their well-known functions in apical hook development and newly reported roles in thermomorphogenesis. We further revealed that HLS1 interacted with transcription factor CO and repressed the expression ofFTto delay flowering. Lastly, we compared the functional divergence of HLS1 among eudicot (A. thaliana), bryophytes (Physcomitrium patensandMarchantia polymorpha) and lycophyte (Selaginella moellendorffii). AlthoughHLS1from these bryophytes and lycophyte partially rescued the thermomorphogenesis defects inhls1-1mutants, the apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypes could not be reversed by eitherP. patens, M. polymorphaorS. moellendorffiiorthologs. These results illustrate that HLS1 proteins from bryophytes or lycophyte are able to modulate thermomorphogenesis phenotypes inA. thalianalikely through a conserved gene regulatory network. Our findings shed new light on the understanding of the functional diversity and origin of HLS1, which controls the most attractive innovations in angiosperms.
Deep-learning electronic-structure calculation of magnetic superstructures
Authors: Li He , Tang Zechen , Gong Xiaoxun , Zou Nianlong , Duan Wenhui , Xu Yong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAb initio studies of magnetic superstructures are indispensable to research on emergent quantum materials, but are currently bottlenecked by the formidable computational cost. Here, to break this bottleneck, we have developed a deep equivariant neural network framework to represent the density functional theory Hamiltonian of magnetic materials for efficient electronic-structure calculation. A neural network architecture incorporating a priori knowledge of fundamental physical principles, especially the nearsightedness principle and the equivariance requirements of Euclidean and time-reversal symmetries ($$E(3)\times \{I,{{{\mathcal{T}}}}\}$$

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), is designed, which is critical to capture the subtle magnetic effects. Systematic experiments on spin-spiral, nanotube and moiré magnets were performed, making the challenging study of magnetic skyrmions feasible.
Basic Chemistry for Life Science Students and Professionals
Authors: Habtemariam Solomon 
Published: April 2023

Organic chemistry plays a vital role in the pharmaceutical industry. Knowledge of organic compounds is used to inform research and further the discovery and development of new medicines. Likewise, organic chemistry is fundamental to understanding biological reactions, mechanisms and all life sciences in general.
Basic Chemistry for Life Science Students and Professionals is an ideal introduction to organic chemistry in the context of the life sciences and pharmacy related disciplines; utilising drug molecules to illustrate the chemical basis of their efficacy and interaction with biological targets. This book builds upon the basic concepts of organic chemistry to develop the reader’s understanding of the importance of organic chemistry to the life sciences from natural product sources, their synthesis, and approaches to drug discovery.
Ideal for undergraduate students in the natural sciences, this book is also an excellent primer for postgraduates in a variety of disciplines including forensic science and allied-health programmes as well as professionals working in related fields seeking a comprehensive introduction to organic chemistry in the context of pharmaceuticals.
The structure and assembly of reaction centre-light-harvesting 1 complexes in photosynthetic bacteria
Authors: Swainsbury David J.K. , Qian Pu , Hitchcock Andrew , Hunter C. Neil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chlorophototrophic organisms have a charge-separating reaction centre (RC) complex that receives energy from a dedicated light-harvesting (LH) antenna. In the purple phototrophic bacteria, these two functions are embodied by the ‘core’ photosynthetic component, the RC-LH1 complex. RC-LH1 complexes sit within a membrane bilayer, with the central RC wholly or partly surrounded by a curved array of LH1 subunits that bind a series of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and carotenoid pigments. Decades of research have shown that the absorption of light initiates a cascade of energy, electron, and proton transfers that culminate in the formation of a quinol, which is subsequently oxidized by the cytochrome bc1 complex. However, a full understanding of all these processes, from femtosecond absorption of light to millisecond quinone diffusion, requires a level of molecular detail that was lacking until the remarkable recent upsurge in the availability of RC-LH1 structures. Here, we survey 13 recently determined RC-LH1 assemblies, and we compare the precise molecular arrangements of pigments and proteins that allow efficient light absorption and the transfer of energy, electrons and protons. We highlight shared structural features, as well as differences that span the bound pigments and cofactors, the structures of individual subunits, the overall architecture of the complexes, and the roles of additional subunits newly identified in just one or a few species. We discuss RC-LH1 structures in the context of prior biochemical and spectroscopic investigations, which together enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis in the purple phototrophic bacteria. A particular emphasis is placed on how the remarkable and unexpected structural diversity in RC-LH1 complexes demonstrates different evolutionary solutions for maximising pigment density for optimised light harvesting, whilst balancing the requirement for efficient quinone diffusion between RC and cytochrome bc1 complexes through the encircling LH1 complex.
Research progress of intrinsic polymer dielectrics with high thermal conductivity
Authors: Zhou Wenying , Yao Tian , Yuan Mengxue , Yang Yating , Zheng Jian , Liu Jing 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHeat dissipation has become an important challenge and technical bottleneck for the rapid development of high‐frequency microelectronic devices and high‐voltage electrical equipment. Thus, there is a great urgent need for high‐performance intrinsically thermally conductive polymer (ITCP) to realise effective heat dissipation. In recent year, the ITCP has received extensive attention due to excellent overall performances and clear advantages over conventional heat conductive polymer composites. The thermal transport physics and its relation with the multiscale chain conformations in polymers with diverse morphologies are reviewed. Then, the current understanding of how the chemistry of polymers, multiscale chain morphologies and conformations would affect phonon transport and the resulting thermal conductivity (TC) in both amorphous and crystalline polymers to unveil the important chemistry‐structure‐property relationships is discussed and anaysed. The latest advances in engineering ITCP from oriented fibre to bulk amorphous states for a high TC are summarised. Lastly, the challenges, prospects and outlook of ITCP have been proposed. The authors anticipate that the present paper will spire more fundamental and applied research in the intrinsic polymer dielectrics field to advance scientific understanding and industrial applications.
A new double mode control strategy for power router with very wide DC voltage range
Authors: Huang Jingjing , Dong Zhao , Li Geng , Wang Jinyu , Yao Jingyu , Zhang Aimin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn household applications, the power router is a cost‐effective device for AC/DC power conversion. To make it compatible with various types of DC loads without introducing extra power conversion stages, it is important that the power router can work in an extremely wide DC voltage range. However, this poses great challenges for the controller design. To address this concern, a double mode control scheme is proposed. The high frequency resonant DC/DC converter is employed together with a DC/AC converter to form the power router. Its circuit features on voltage gain and active power ratio are presented to guide the accurate controller design. Mode I is designed to ensure the high efficiency DC/DC conversion while the desired output DC voltage of power router is tracked by a DC/AC converter. For mode II, the phase shift scheme is triggered to eliminate the loss induced by the reactive power, and the desired output DC voltage is adjusted by DC/DC converter. Mode I and II cooperate to guarantee the wide DC voltage range to satisfy different load requirements. The experimental validation in a lab‐scale power router prototype shows that the proposed scheme not only provides extremely wide voltage range, but also guarantees high efficiency by effectively tracking the resonant frequency.
Performance improvement of a zero‐voltage switching interleaved high step‐up DC–DC converter with low‐voltage stresses
Authors: Nouri Tohid 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel interleaved ultra‐large gain zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) DC–DC converter for renewable energy systems. By using coupled inductor (CI) and built‐in transformer (BIT), a high‐voltage gain is achieved. The secondary windings of the CIs are connected in series with the primary winding of the BIT and the secondary winding of the BIT is inserted in voltage multiplier cell (VMC). In such a case, the voltage gain is proportional to the multiplication of the turn's ratios of the CI and BIT. To increase the devices’ utilization, the active clamp circuit not only provide ZVS performance for the metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFETs) and recycles the leakage energy, but also participates in voltage gain enhancement. The voltage stress across the switches is considerably decreased and the low duty cycle reduces the conduction and switching losses. Low input current ripple, equal current sharing without a dedicated controller and common ground are the other merits of the proposed converter. Steady‐state analyses are presented and through a fair comparison, the superiority of the proposed converter over the state‐of‐the‐art is guaranteed. Finally, a 500‐W laboratory prototype with 20‐ to 400‐V voltage conversion is built to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
A target parameter estimation algorithm for integration of radar and communication based on orthogonal time frequency space
Authors: Shang Xiaoke , Zhang Zhenkai , Xiao Yue 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOrthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is a new method technique that supports reliable information transmission in a strong Doppler environment. Aiming at the radar target parameter estimation problem of integration of radar and communication (IRC) based on OTFS, this paper proposes a two‐step radar target parameter estimation algorithm combining maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and gradient descent (GD) principle. Firstly, the echo signal of the OTFS integrated signal is constructed and based on this, the ML estimation model is constructed, and the alternating projection (AP) algorithm is employed to make a rough estimation of the target parameters. Then the rough estimation results of the AP‐ML algorithm are employed as the initial value of the GD algorithm for the fine parameter estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better target parameter estimation performance and resolution while reducing the computational complexity.
Early-Onset Pectus Excavatum Is More Likely to Be Part of a Genetic Variation
Authors: Billar Ryan , Heyman Stijn , Kant Sarina , Wijnen René , Sleutels Frank , Demirdas Serwet , Schnater J. Marco 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background Potential underlying genetic variations of pectus excavatum (PE) are quite rare. Only one-fifth of PE cases are identified in the first decade of life and thus are of congenital origin. The objective of this study is to test if early-onset PE is more likely to be part of genetic variations than PE that becomes apparent during puberty or adolescence.
Materials and Methods Children younger than 11 years who presented with PE to the outpatient clinic of the Department of Pediatric Surgery at our center between 2014 and 2020 were screened by two clinical geneticists separately. Molecular analysis was performed based on the differential diagnosis. Data of all young PE patients who already had been referred for genetic counseling were analyzed retrospectively.
Results Pathogenic genetic variations were found in 8 of the 18 participants (44%): 3 syndromic disorders (Catel–Manzke syndrome and two Noonan syndromes), 3 chromosomal disorders (16p13.11 microduplication syndrome, 22q11.21 microduplication syndrome, and genetic gain at 1q44), 1 connective tissue disease (Loeys–Dietz syndrome), and 1 neuromuscular disorder (pathogenic variation in BICD2 gene).
Conclusion Early-onset PE is more likely to be part of genetic variations than PE that becomes apparent during puberty or adolescence. Referral for genetic counseling should therefore be considered.
Trial Registration: NCT05443113
Electrical Stimulation for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-analysis for Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Hongzhi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background Different types of electrical stimulation (ES) showed diverse effects on children with cerebral palsy (CP). Previous studies reported inconsistent results for effects of ES on children with CP. The present study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to summarize these diverse results.
Methods We searched for studies exploring effects of ES on children with CP in databases (PubMed and Web of Science) from their inception until December 2022. Standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using STATA 12.0 software.
Results The meta-analysis included 19 randomized controlled trials (including 265 CP patients in test group and 263 CP patients in corresponding control group). The study showed an increased improvement in gross motor function, walking speed, step length, and daily living activities in ES group compared with corresponding control group with random effects models (gross motor function: SMD = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.43–2.65; walking speed: SMD = 3.71, 95% CI = 1.49–5.92; step length: SMD = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.65–3.13; daily living activities: SMD = 5.18, 95% CI = 3.04–7.31), whereas the study showed no significant difference in change of muscle strength between ES group and the corresponding control group with a random effects model (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI = −0.12 to 0.97).
Conclusion The study demonstrated that ES might be used as therapy to improve gross motor function, gait, and daily living activities in children with CP.
Decarboxylative, Radical C–C Bond Formation with Alkyl or Aryl Carboxylic Acids: Recent Advances
Authors: Tibbetts Joshua D. , Cresswell Alexander J. , Askey Hannah E. , Cao Qiao , Grayson James D. , Hobson Sophie L. , Johnson George D. , Turner-Dore Jacob C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe ubiquity of carboxylic acids as naturally derived or man-made chemical feedstocks has spurred the development of powerful, decarboxylative C–C bond-forming transformations for organic synthesis. Carboxylic acids benefit not only from extensive commercial availability, but are stable surrogates for organohalides or organometallic reagents in transition-metal-catalysed cross-coupling. Open shell reactivity of carboxylic acids (or derivatives thereof) to furnish carbon-centred radicals is proving transformative for synthetic chemistry, enabling novel and strategy-level C(sp3)–C bond disconnections with exquisite chemoselectivity. This short review will summarise several of the latest advances in this ever-expanding area.1	Introduction2	Improved Decarboxylative Arylations3	sp3–sp3 Cross-Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Aliphatic Bromides4	sp3–sp3 Cross-Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Aliphatic Alcohols and Amines5	Doubly Decarboxylative sp3–sp3 Cross-Coupling of Carboxylic Acids6	Decarboxylative C–C Bond Formation from (Hetero)aryl Carboxylic Acids7	Conclusions
External Validation of a Prediction Model Assessing Risk of Delivery in Fetuses with Growth Restriction after Diagnosis of Abnormal Umbilical Artery Doppler
Authors: Yu Hope Y. , Wang Wei , Benson Carol B. , Doubilet Peter , Rouse Dwight J. , Little Sarah E. 
Published: April 2023

Objective We have previously described a model using maternal, antenatal, and ultrasonographic characteristics to assess the risk of delivery within 7 days following diagnosis of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (UAD) in pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction (FGR). Therefore, we sought to validate this model in an independent cohort.
Study Design Retrospective, single referral center study of liveborn singleton pregnancies from 2016 to 2019 complicated by FGR and abnormal UAD (systolic/diastolic ratio ≥95th percentile for gestational age [GA]). Prediction probabilities were calculated by applying the original model (Model 1) to the current cohort (Brigham and Women's Hospital [BWH] cohort). The variables of this model include GA at first abnormal UAD, severity of first abnormal UAD, oligohydramnios, preeclampsia, and prepregnancy body mass index. Model fit was assessed with area under the curve (AUC). Two alternative models (Models 2 and 3) were created to identify a model with better predictive characteristics than Model 1. The receiver operating characteristics curves were compared using the DeLong test.
Results A total of 306 patients were assessed for eligibility, 223 of whom were included in the BWH cohort. Median GA at eligibility was 31.3 weeks, and median interval from eligibility to delivery was 17 days (interquartile range: 3.5–33.5). Eighty-two (37%) patients delivered within 7 days of eligibility. Applying Model 1 to the BWH cohort resulted in an AUC of 0.865. Using the previously determined probability cutoff of 0.493, the model was 62% sensitive and 90% specific in predicting the primary outcome in this independent cohort. Models 2 and 3 did not perform better than Model 1 (p = 0.459).
Conclusion A previously described prediction model to predict risk of delivery in patients with FGR and abnormal UAD performed well in an independent cohort. With high specificity, this model could assist in identifying low-risk patients and improve antenatal corticosteroid timing.
Key Points