bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rent Gaps, Gentrification and the ‘Two Circuits’ of Latin American Urban Economies
Authors: Richmond Matthew A. , Garmany Jeff 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRecent research in Latin America, and our own analysis of Brazilian cities, indicate that aspects of rent gap theory – in particular, the assumption that strong links exist between rent gaps and gentrification – do not fully account for observed empirical conditions. Drawing on Milton Santos' theory of “two circuits” of urban economies in the global South, we seek to develop an expanded framework better suited to explaining the Latin American context. Specifically, we argue that important socio‐spatial processes combine to embed what Santos called the “lower circuit” in certain parts of the city. This “territorialisation” of space by the lower circuit impedes the entry of the upper circuit, thus constraining expected rent gap capture and gentrification. We argue that only by taking both circuits into account, and considering how they become territorialised in urban space, can we properly grasp the relationship between rent gaps and gentrification in Latin American cities.
Macroeconomic effects of demographic change: From the perspective of China's urbanisation
Authors: Goh Soo Khoon , Wong Koi Nyen , McNown Robert 
Published: March 2023

AbstractConventional views hold that low fertility will lead to low economic growth in the future. We examine the case of China, which has experienced decades‐long below‐replacement fertility, resulting in a rapidly ageing population accompanied by unintended diminished labour force growth. Compensating for the decline in the working‐age population, strong internal migration from rural to urban areas continues to sustain a large, growing and productive urban workforce. To analyse these competing forces, this study employs a quasi‐structural model with several channels that are crucial to demographic‐macroeconomic relationships to assess the potential effects of demographic changes on economic growth in the long run. A long‐run relationship exists between the urban working‐age population, real capital stock and real GDP (rgdp). Although the total working‐age population is projected to shrink, it can be offset by the increased capital stock and continued internal migration to high‐productivity urban areas, so rgdp is projected to increase through 2050. Projected trends indicate that domestic savings will be sufficient to finance projected investment. China's continued emphasis on capital‐intensive production utilising a highly productive urban labour force plays a dynamic role in increasing output and sustaining economic growth for several decades despite persistent low fertility and population ageing.
Influence of R/FR ratio on response of maize, lettuce, and Amaranthus retroflexus L. to UV‐B radiation
Authors: Ma Li , Upadhyaya Mahesh K. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPlant species differ significantly in their response to environmental stressors and exposure to one stressor can modify their susceptibility to another stressor, which can have significant implications for crop‐weed competition. Plants exposed to low red/far‐red light (R/FR) ratio in a canopy may experience enhanced UV‐B radiation at a subsequent growth stage. The low R/FR ratio pre‐exposure may impact the susceptibility of weeds and crops to UV‐B radiation differently. This study investigates if exposure to different R/FR ratios and the associated changes in anthocyanin concentration influence plant susceptibility to subsequent UV‐B radiation. Maize (Zea mays L.), which contains anthocyanin in the leaf sheath, and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed), which contain anthocyanin in the lamina, were exposed to 0.3 and 1.1 R/FR ratio in growth chambers. Following R/FR ratio treatments, anthocyanin concentration in leaf sheath (maize) or lamina (lettuce and A. retroflexus) was measured and plants were exposed to three levels of UV‐B radiation. UV‐B exposure significantly inhibited a variety of plant growth and allometric parameters; however, R/FR ratio pre‐treatment did not influence plant response to subsequent UV‐B exposure. Pre‐exposure to low R/FR ratio reduced anthocyanin concentration by 60% in maize leaf sheath, and 31% and 100% in lettuce and A. retroflexus lamina respectively, but this influence did not affect the plant response to UV‐B radiation. These findings are significant to our understanding of the ecophysiological underpinnings of crops and weeds and their interactions in agroecosystems where both R/FR ratio and UV‐B radiation levels fluctuate.
On the origins of sleep disordered breathing, cardiorespiratory and metabolic dysfunction: which came first, the chicken or the egg?
Authors: Conde Silvia V. , Polotsky Vsevolod Y , Joseph Vincent , Kinkead Richard 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a complex, sex specific and highly heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, sleep fragmentation and repeated fluctuations of arterial blood gases for several hours per night are at the core of the problem; together, they impose significant stress to the organism with deleterious consequences on physical and mental health. SDB increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, depression and anxiety disorders; however, the same health issues are risk factors for SDB. So, which came first, the chicken or the egg? What causes the appearance of the first significant apnoeic events during sleep? These are important questions because although moderate to severe SDB affects ∼500 million adults globally, we still have a poor understanding of the origins of the disease, and the main treatments (and animal models) focus on the symptoms rather than the cause. Because obesity, metabolic dysfunction and stress‐related neurological disorders generally appear progressively, we discuss how the development of these diseases can lead to specific anatomical and non‐anatomical traits of SDB in males and females while considering the impacts of sex steroids. In light of the growing evidence indicating that the carotid bodies are important sensors of key metabolic and endocrine signals associated with stress and dysmetabolism, we propose that these organs play a key role in the process.
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Asymptotically Accurate Analytical Solution for Timoshenko-Like Deformation of Functionally Graded Beams
Authors: Amandeep  , Singh Satwinder Jit , Padhee Srikant Sekhar 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA closed-form analytical solution is developed for a planar inhomogeneous beam subjected to transverse loading, using a variational asymptotic method (VAM). The VAM decouples the problem into a cross-sectional and an along-the-length analysis, leading to a set of ordinary differential equations. These equations along with associated boundary conditions have been solved to obtain the closed-form analytical solutions. Three distinct gradation models have been used to validate the present formulation against 3D finite element analysis and few prominent results from the literature. Excellent agreement has been obtained for all the test cases. Key contributions of the present work are (a) the solutions have been obtained without any ad hoc and a priori assumptions and (b) the ordered warping solutions result in Euler–Bernoulli type deformation in the zeroth-order, whereas the higher-order solutions provide novel closed-form expressions for transverse shear strain and stress. Finally, the effect of inhomogeneity on various field variables has been analyzed and discussed.
Self-Equilibrium, Mechanism Stiffness, and Self-Stress Design of General Tensegrity With Rigid Bodies or Supports: A Unified Analysis Approach
Authors: Wang Yafeng , Xu Xian , Luo Yaozhi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The use of general tensegrity systems that incorporate rigid bodies beyond axially loaded members has garnered increasing attention in practical applications. Recent preliminary studies have been conducted on the analysis and form design of general tensegrity systems with disconnecting rigid bodies. However, existing methods cannot account for connections between different rigid bodies. In practical applications, general tensegrity systems may have interconnected rigid bodies, rendering the analysis method proposed in previous studies inapplicable. To address this issue, this work proposes a comprehensive and unified analysis method for general tensegrity systems. The proposed formulation allows for the incorporation of connections between rigid bodies and general tensegrity systems with supports into the developed framework, enabling uniform analysis. Equilibrium and compatibility equations are derived through an energy approach combined with the Lagrange multiplier method. Self-stress states and mechanism modes are then computed based on these formulations. The stiffness of the mechanism mode is analyzed and validated using both the product force method and the reduced geometric stiffness matrix method. Furthermore, a self-stress design approach based on semi-definite programming (SDP) is proposed to determine feasible member forces that can stabilize general tensegrity systems. Illustrative examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This study expands the scope of the analysis theory for tensegrity systems and provides a fundamental and unified analysis approach that can be applied to any type of tensegrity system.
A Comparison of Graph-Theoretic Approaches for Resilient System of Systems Design
Authors: Chatterjee Abheek , Helbig Cade , Malak Richard , Layton Astrid 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
System of systems (SoS) are networked integration of constituent systems that together achieve new capabilities not possible through the operation of any single system. SoS can be found across all aspects of modern life such as power grids, supply chains, and disaster monitoring and tracking services. Their resilience (being able to withstand and recover from disruptions) is a critical attribute whose evaluation is nontrivial and requires detailed disruption models. Engineers rely on heuristics (such as redundancy and localized capacity) for achieving resilience. However, excessive reliance on these qualitative guidelines can result in unacceptable operation costs, erosion of profits, over-consumption of natural resources, or unacceptable levels of waste or emissions. Graph-theoretic approaches provide a potential solution to this challenge as they can evaluate architectural characteristics without needing detailed performance simulations, supporting their use in early stage SoS architecture selection. However, no consensus exists as to which graph-theoretic metrics are most valuable for SoS design and how they should be included in the design process. In this work, multiple graph-theoretic approaches are analyzed and compared, on a common platform, for their use as design tools for resilient SoS. The metrics central point dominance, modularity, specialized predator ratio, generalization, vulnerability, and degree of system order are found to be viable options for the development of early stage decision-support tools for resilient SoS design.
Nanoengineered Laser Shock Processing Via Pulse Shaping for Nanostructuring in Metals: Multiscale Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Xiang Sen , Liu Xingtao , An Licong , Qu Haozheng , Cheng Gary J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractModulating the heating and cooling during plastic deformation has been critical to control the microstructure and phase change in metals. During laser shock peening under optimal elevated temperatures, high-density dislocations and nanoprecipitates can be generated to greatly enhance material strength and fatigue life in metals. Currently, heating control during laser shock is limited to steady-state heat transfer, such as hot plate, irradiative heating, or far-infrared heating, which is slow for practical treatment and does not provide the transient conditions for generating nanostructures during shock processing. In this paper, we propose a general methodology to modulate the heating and cooling during laser shock processing via temporal pulse shaping, namely dual pulse laser shock peening (DP-LSP), which combines both ultrafast-heating and laser shock peening in one operation to generate desired microstructure and mechanical property. By modulating the duration of pulses as well as the spacing between pulses, different processing temperatures can be achieved. To test the feasibility of this novel process, DP-LSP has been applied to an Al matrix nanocomposite. Single pulse laser shock peening was able to remelt large second phase precipitates due to fast cooling, resulting in smaller grains (500 nm), while using DP-LSP with the appropriate pulse duration, dynamic precipitation effects can generate nanosized (30 nm) intermetallic phase Al3Ti with high density. By generation of grain size refinement, high-density nanoscale precipitates, and dislocations after DP-LSP, the yield strength increases by 18% and 102% compared with single pulse processing, and original sample respectively. Finite element method modeling was used to simulate the temperature profile in the alloy during the temporal modulated dual laser pulsing. A phase-field model and multiscale dislocation dynamics were applied to study dislocation dynamics and nanoprecipitation generation during DP-LSP, and their interactions at elevated temperatures. The work provides the basis for controlling microstructure in DP-LSP to enhance mechanical properties in metals.
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Method for Disassembly Sequential Task Optimization Based on Human–Robot Collaborative Disassembly in Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling
Authors: Xiao Jinhua , Gao Jiaxu , Anwer Nabil , Eynard Benoit 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
With the wide application of new Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries in various industrial fields, it is important to establish a systematic intelligent battery recycling system that can be used to find out the resource wastes and environmental impacts of the retired EV battery. By combining the uncertain and dynamic disassembly and echelon utilization of EV battery recycling in the remanufacturing fields, human–robot collaboration (HRC) disassembly method can be used to solve huge challenges about the efficiency of retired EV battery recycling. In order to find out the disassembly task planning based on HRC disassembly process for retired EV battery recycling, a dynamic disassembly sequential task optimization method algorithm is proposed by Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). Furthermore, it is necessary to disassemble the retired EV battery disassembly trajectory based on the HRC disassembly task in 2D planar, which can be used to acquire the optimal disassembly paths in the same disassembly planar by combining the Q-learning algorithm. The disassembly task sequence can be completed through standard trajectory matching. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by disassembly operations for a specific battery module case.
Assessment of Concussion Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among Adolescent Female Club Soccer Athletes
Authors: Davidson Bridget , Anglim Madyson , Williams Richelle M. 
Published: March 2023

Concussion education for athletes is essential for informed decision making to aid recovery. Education about concussion symptoms, treatment, and protocols can improve symptom recognition, reporting behaviors, protocol compliance, and overall health outcomes. This pilot study aimed to understand current concussion knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among female club soccer players aged 12–18 years. Findings identified gaps in concussion education and knowledge among these athletes. Continued concussion education efforts are needed to increase concussion knowledge and players’ confidence, focusing on creative education practices.
Strategies for Controlling a Whole-Body Task With Uncertain Initial Conditions: Application to the Upstart on Bars
Authors: Hiley Michael J. , Yeadon Maurice R. 
Published: March 2023

The upstart is commonly used on bars in artistic gymnastics following a release and regrasp skill, where the gymnast will perform a flighted element before catching the bar. The variability of the flighted element leads to varying initial conditions prior to the upstart. The aim of the study was to understand how technique can be manipulated in order to ensure success at the task despite this variability. More specifically, the study aimed to quantify the ranges of initial angular velocity a gymnast could cope with in an upstart using (a) a fixed timing technique, (b) with one additional parameter to modify timings as a function of initial angular velocity, and (c) a further additional parameter to extend the range. Relationships were established, using computer simulation modeling, between the movement pattern parameters, which defined the technique, and the initial angular velocity of the upstart. A two-parameter relationship outperformed both the one-parameter relationship and the fixed timing solution in terms of the range of initial angular velocities the model could cope with. One of the two parameters governed the time by which the initiation of the shoulder extension should be reduced as a function of increased initial angular velocity, and the other parameter performed the same function for the remaining timing parameters at the hip and shoulder. The present study suggests that gymnasts, and, therefore, humans, may be able to modify movement patterns to cope with uncertain initial conditions using a relatively small number of parameters.
Associations between older adults’ physical fitness level and their engagement in different types of physical activity: cross-sectional results from the OUTDOOR ACTIVE study
Authors: Albrecht Birte Marie , Stalling Imke , Recke Carina , Doerwald Friederike , Bammann Karin 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivesTo describe the prevalence of different types of physical activities and to explore the association between engagement in these physical activities and performance in the physical fitness dimensions among older adults living in Bremen, Germany.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwelve subdistricts in Bremen, Germany.Participants1583 non-institutionalised adults aged 65–75 years residing in one of the 12 subdistricts in Bremen, Germany (53.1% female).Primary outcome measuresLevel of physical fitness in five dimensions: handgrip strength (hand dynamometry), lower muscle strength (30 s-chair stand test), aerobic endurance (2 min-step test), lower body flexibility (sit-and-reach test), and upper body flexibility (back scratch test); classified using normative values.ResultsIn this study population, home-based activities (housework, gardening) and activities for transport (walking, cycling) were performed by nearly all the participants, while leisure activities were less prevalent. Logistic regression revealed a positive association between being in or over norm in handgrip strength with cycling (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.15), hiking/running (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.16) and other sports (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.37 to 7.56). Lower muscle strength was positively related to cycling (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.65), gym training (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.26) and dancing (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.00 to 4.61). Aerobic endurance was positively associated with cycling (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.65), gym training (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.36), aerobics (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.26), dancing (OR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.10 to 6.22) and ball sports (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.30 to 3.29). Apart from housework and upper body flexibility (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.78), flexibility dimensions did not show any significant associations.ConclusionsWhile muscle strength dimensions and aerobic endurance were associated with several physical activities, flexibility dimensions were associated with none of the investigated activities apart from housework. Especially cycling and leisure activities (eg, hiking/ running, gym training, aerobics, dancing) showed great potential for sustaining and increasing physical fitness in older age.
ACTIVE STRIDES-CP: protocol for a randomised trial of intensive rehabilitation (combined intensive gait and cycling training) for children with moderate-to-severe bilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Sakzewski Leanne , Pool Dayna , Armstrong Ellen , Reedman Sarah Elizabeth , Boyd Roslyn N , Elliott Catherine , Novak Iona , Trost Stewart , Ware Robert S , Comans Tracy , Toovey Rachel , Peterson Mark D , Kentish Megan , Horan Sean , Valentine Jane , Williams Sian 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionFor children with cerebral palsy (CP), who are marginally ambulant, gross motor capacity peaks between 6 and 7 years of age with a subsequent clinical decline, impacting their ability to engage in physical activity. Active Strides-CP is a novel package of physiotherapy targeting body functions, activity and participation outcomes for children with bilateral CP. This study will compare Active Strides-CP to usual care in a multisite randomised waitlist-controlled trial.Methods and analysis150 children with bilateral CP (5–15 years), classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III and IV will be stratified (GMFCS III vs IV, age 5–10 years; 11–15 years and trial site) and randomised to receive either (1) 8 weeks of Active Strides-CP two times/week for 1.5 hours in clinic and one time/week for 1 hour alternating home visits and telehealth (total dose=32 hours) or (2) usual care. Active Strides-CP comprises functional electrical stimulation cycling, partial body weight support treadmill training, overground walking, adapted community cycling and goal-directed training. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, immediately post-intervention at 9 weeksprimary endpointand at 26 weeks post-baseline for retention. The primary outcome is the Gross Motor Function Measure-66. Secondary outcomes include habitual physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, walking speed and distance, frequency/involvement of community participation, mobility, goal attainment and quality of life. Analyses will follow standard principles for randomised controlled trials using two-group comparisons on all participants on an intention-to-treat basis. Comparisons between groups for primary and secondary outcomes will be conducted using regression models. A within-trial cost utility analysis will be performed.Ethics and disseminationThe Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, The University of Queensland, The University of Melbourne and Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committees have approved this study. Results will be disseminated as conference abstracts and presentations, peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, and institution newsletters and media releases.Trial registration numberACTRN12621001133820.