bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sentencing and the Conflict between Algorithmic Accuracy and Transparency
Authors: Ryberg Jesper , Petersen Thomas S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Predictive accuracy and transparency are generally recognized as ethically desirable features of algorithms at sentencing. However, it is often explicitly or implicitly assumed that there may be a conflict between transparency and accuracy. If an algorithmic tool is made more transparent, this will result in a loss of predictive accuracy and vice versa. The purpose of the present chapter is to discuss the nature of this conflict. More precisely, it is first argued that even if there is a conflict between transparency and accuracy, this does not demonstrate the conflict to be of genuine ethical significance. Second, even when there is a genuine ethical conflict between transparency and accuracy, this may sometimes be resolved in ways other than by engaging in trade-offs. Finally, the chapter discusses the theoretical and practical implications of these conclusions.
Algorithm-Based Sentencing and Discrimination
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
US courts are increasingly using algorithm-based recidivism risk prediction instruments in estimating offenders’ dangerousness and, thus, the warranted severity of the punishment. Some argue that this practice mitigates well-known biases in non-algorithm-based recidivism risk assessments. Whether this is so or not, in the present US context, algorithm-based sentencing is quite likely to be unfairly discriminatory. This claim might have radical implications regarding the US penal system in general (as well as that of all other countries); to wit, that it too is unfairly discriminatory against groups with high base crime rates. If so, we face a dilemma forcing us to revise some of our beliefs about penal justice.
The Compassionate Computer
Authors: Dagan Netanel , Baron Shmuel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Sentencing scholarship has largely neglected the possibility of applying algorithms to mercy. This doesn’t come as a surprise: Is there any greater contradiction than between algorithmic decision-making and the compassionate, human, and interpersonal nature of mercy? Such polarity brings some theorists and policymakers to reject algorithm-based sentencing altogether. In this chapter, we offer a preliminary attempt at integrating mercy within algorithmic sentencing. First, we distinguish between two main concepts of mercy—justice and pure—and different types of algorithms—deductive and inductive. Second, we argue the following: (a) as long as justice mercy can be reduced to a proportionality-related calculus (e.g., extra harsh suffering), it can be introduced through a deductive algorithm; (b) pure mercy, being unpredictable, and deviating from justice, can be incorporated mainly through an inductive algorithm. This is true, at least to some extent, even for theories that permit deviation from equality when exercising mercy.
Plea Bargaining, Principled Sentencing, and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Lippke Richard L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The development of AI sentencing algorithms raises the prospect of more consistent and transparent sentencing outcomes. However, the hoped-for improvements in sentencing may not occur in legal jurisdictions that permit prosecutors an outsized role in determining sentencing outcomes through plea bargaining. In what I term “robust” plea bargaining regimes, prosecutors often view charging decisions and sentencing recommendations strategically. They negotiate them in ways aimed primarily at producing guilty pleas rather than producing consistent or truthful outcomes. Prosecutors in such regimes might resist efforts to make the plea deals they forge more consistent and transparent. Given the centrality of charging decisions in determining sentencing outcomes in robust plea bargaining regimes, I examine the feasibility of devising AI charging algorithms.
Framing a Choral Curriculum Based on the Kodály Philosophy
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Kodály concept as it applies to the choral rehearsal. It defines musicianship using the concept of multiple dimensions of musicianship described in the book Kodály Today (2015) and the Kodály in the Classroom series. The multiple dimensions of musicianship, in combination with the Kodály approach, provide the foundation for developing a music curriculum for choirs from middle school through college. The chapter includes a discussion of goals for teachers to set with regard to performance and sight-reading and offers questions to consider in creating a choral studies curriculum. It outlines an approach to developing students as performers, stewards of their cultural heritage, critical thinkers, creative human beings, and informed listeners. It provides templates for several model choral curricula and choral rehearsal plans.
Getting Started
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter provides ideas, procedures, and techniques for laying the foundations of choral singing during the first few weeks of choral rehearsals for middle school, high school, and college-level choirs. It discusses recruiting and auditioning potential choir members and offers criteria for evaluating the rehearsals the occur in the beginning weeks of the term. It focuses on the aspects that best promote and maintain the choral music curriculum’s learning objectives. This chapter defines two models for teaching folk songs and canons, Performance Through Sound Analysis (PTSA) and Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation (PTSAN). It also provides several choral rehearsal templates and rehearsal plans.
Laying the Foundation of Choral Singing Through Folk Songs and Folk Song Arrangements
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter aims to demonstrate how singing folk songs and folk song arrangements can strengthen the multiple dimensions of choral singers’ musicianship. Students entering a choral program often already know a selection of folk songs. The choral director can use this repertoire to develop vocal production, part-work, music literacy, improvisation, composition, and arranging and listening skills. The chapter ends with an overview of Kodaly’s choral legacy: The Kodály Choral Library, two- and three-part repertoire composed by Kodály based on folk stylistic elements, his classical art music, and his unaccompanied choral compositions. This repertoire can be used to develop sight-reading, part-hearing and part-singing skills and as an introduction to choral repertoire in general.
Sequencing Part-Work Skills in the Choral Rehearsal for Beginner (Level 1), Intermediate (Level 2), and Advanced (Level 3) Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides ideas for building better listening skills by means of the progressive development of part-hearing and part-singing. Part-singing is the ability to sing multipart music; part-hearing is the ability to hear other voice parts while singing one’s own. These are acquired skills. The chapter includes discussion of helping students build their part-hearing and part-singing in homophonic and polyphonic music. It applies the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation models to learning two-part folk song arrangements. The ultimate goal is to provide ideas that build students’ voices and ears simultaneously by concentrating on intonation and inner hearing. The chapter ends with a summary of the most important stylistic characteristics for the major compositional periods.
Sound Ways to Develop Music Theory Skills Through Audiation in the Choral Rehearsal
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the pedagogical tools that foster the development of audiation, notation, reading, and music theory skills in the choral rehearsal taught from a Kodály perspective. Choral directors often adopt specific teaching tools based on their own educational experiences. Because of this, they may not recognize the benefits of adopting pedagogical tools because they do not fully understand how to incorporate them into the choral rehearsal. Audiation and music literacy skills are essential dimensions of what it means to be a musician. Using the best practices to teach these skills can significantly enhance an ensemble’s sound and their ability to learn how to sight-read.
Music Theory and Sight-Reading Sequence for Level 2 Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to continue developing students’ ability to think in sound and learn more advanced rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic elements. The Level 2A intermediate theory sequence is intended for high school and college-level non-auditioned choirs, and Level 2B intermediate theory sequence is intended for auditioned high school and collegiate groups. The chapter offers detailed strategies for teaching triads and their inversions, functional harmony, cadences, modes, and figured bass, with numerous musical examples. Kinesthetic, aural, and written activities engage students with the material and aid in its absorption. Helpful tables suggest specific songs that demonstrate key elements in addition to the full gamut of scales, intervals, and chord spellings.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter presents strategies for teaching specific repertoire ranging from a medieval canon to the music of Béla Bartók, John Tavener, and Eric Whitacre. Each strategy includes preparation activities for presenting a choral octavo more effectively in the Vocal Warm-Ups and Music Theory through Performance sections of the choral rehearsal; presentation activities using the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation models of learning, in the Learning Choral Repertoire section; and practice activities, in the Practicing Octavo Repertoire section of the choral rehearsal. The chapter concludes with a guide to long-term planning in choral rehearsals.
Phrase and Form
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This unit introduces students to the concept of the musical phrase and, using several common songs as examples, show how to determine the form of compositions that are eight to sixteen measures in length. Using the sound-to-symbol approach, it has students learn a song aurally before attempting to read it from staff notation. This step is preceded by audiation, or hearing the song with the inner ear. Finally, a sight-reading exercise is given.
Democracy
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWhat makes democracy good? Does democracy promote peace and stability or cause dangerous division? Does democracy enlighten and ennoble us or make us angry and irrational? Does democracy make wise or foolish choices? Does democracy enhance our freedom, or does it make the majority our master? Does democracy create equality or is democratic equality an illusion? These questions have animated Western thought for 2,500 years. In this engaging work, leading democratic theorist Jason Brennan provides a curated, guided tour of the most important arguments for and against democracy, looking through the core values of stability, virtue, wisdom, freedom, and equality. The goal is to help readers understand what is really at stake in democracy and its alternatives. Democracy: A Guided Tour will give students, casual readers, and experts alike a crash course on the most significant works in philosophy, political science, and economics in assessing the promises and perils of democracy.
Against Wisdom
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers and reviews arguments and evidence in favor of the view that democracies make foolish and unwise decisions. Plato argues that some people know better than others and that democratic bodies as a whole are incompetent. Justice requires that we do what is right, not what is popular. John Stuart Mill argues that democracy can lead to a class-based political system in which government serves the poor at the expense of the many. He defends a plural voting scheme on the grounds that it gives everyone a say but also is more reliable than pure democracy. Hayek argues that instead of asking whether democracy outperforms other political systems, we should instead ask whether some decisions should remain inside civil society or the market, because all governments are incompetent to make them. The chapter ends by considering the empirical evidence in contemporary political science that most citizens are extremely ignorant of and misinformed about basic and non-basic political information.
The Ideology of Competition in School Music
Authors: Powell Sean Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book explores competition as a structuring force in school music and provides critiques of that system from multiple philosophical and theoretical perspectives. Competition is seen by many music teachers, students, and supporters as natural and inevitable—something that is a taken-for-granted aspect of music education or an irresistible force, rather than a choice. The book uncovers this ideological nature of competition and examines its effect on student learning, teacher agency, and equity within music education. It considers ways in which music educators might reconsider the role of competition in their teaching practice and offers alternative frameworks for organizing school music.
Cynicism
Authors: Powell Sean Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to determine how the competitive structure of school music persists, despite misgivings by music teachers, by arguing that many individuals have developed a “cynical distance” to the competitive system. This cynical distance allows one to express critique of the authoritative structure—to deny its usefulness, fairness, and claim to power over one’s practice—while simultaneously acting as if one accepts the authority of the status quo. The chapter argues that cynicism has become a primary mode of music teacher subjectivity within high-stakes competitive school music environments, mirroring the cynicism found among workers in all sectors in late capitalism. Cynical music teachers engage in a disavowal of the competitive structure which, paradoxically, allows that structure to maintain hegemony. Cynics believe they have direct access to a “true” and “authentic” praxis. This allows the cynic to relinquish responsibility for changing the system, leading to a “decaf” resistance—a resistance without risk or the possibility of real change.
The Lost Trophy
Authors: Powell Sean Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter employs the “trophy” as a shorthand symbol for the objects that we pursue in order to fill-in the lack at the center of our subjectivity. As music teachers engaged in a competitive system, we may be literally pursuing trophies, but we could substitute many other “objects”: “first division rating,” “honor ensemble status,” “having the most students in all-state,” “beating the neighboring school,” “receiving a lifetime achievement award,” “obtaining the high-status job,” “performing that Grade 6 composition,” and so on. This unattainable or lost object is what psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan termed, within his idiosyncratic algebra, the objet petit a (or objet a). This is the object-cause of desire, the cause of desire itself rather than the object of desire (which is the concrete object that substitutes for this unattainable object). Objet a is a complex concept that evolved over the course of Lacan’s work. This chapter offers the “lost object” as a useful concept to help us understand the unrelenting desire at the heart of competition in music education
When Words Are Inadequate
Authors: Ma Nan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book is the first English-language, transnational history of modern dance written from and beyond the perspective of China. It contributes to the dance scholarship on the early to mid-twentieth-century global dissemination of modern dance, where China is typically missing, by recuperating the Chinese contributions to this movement. It also extends the horizon of China studies, where modern dance is largely missing, by rewriting the cultural history of modern China from a bodily movement–based perspective through the lens of dance modernism. The book examines the careers and choreographies of four Chinese modern dance pioneers—Yu Rongling, Wu Xiaobang, Dai Ailian, and Guo Mingda—and their connections to canonical Western counterparts, including Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman, Rudolf von Laban, and Alwin Nikolais. Tracing these Chinese pioneers’ varied experiences in Paris, Tokyo, Trinidad, London, New York, and China’s metropolises and borderlands, it shows how they each contributed to, adapted, and ultimately reimagined the legacies of early Euro-American modern dance. In so doing, the book reinserts China into the multi-centered, transnational network of artistic exchange that fostered the global rise of modern dance and further complicates the binary conceptions of center/periphery and West/East. The book also explores the relationships between performance and representation, choreography and politics, and nation-building and global modernisms: by situating modern dance within an intermedial circuit of literary and artistic forms, it demonstrates how modern dance provided a kinesthetic alternative and complement to other sibling arts and participated in unique ways in China’s successive revolutions, reforms, wars, and political movements.
Transmediating Kinesthesia
Authors: Ma Nan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the life, career, and choreographies of Wu Xiaobang in Tokyo, Shanghai, and beyond in the 1930s and 1940s and his strategies to adapt the central European modern dance he learned in Japan into “China’s new dance.” The chapter leverages the conception of kinesthesia in modern dance, which refers to the contagious nature of bodily movement. The significance of kinesthesia in wartime China lies in its potential of transforming spectators offstage into quasi-participants of the performance onstage and thus blurs the distinction between the active performer(s) and the passive audience, which had political and practical implications for the role of modern dance in an age of total war and mass mobilization. Moreover, early modern dance often promoted kinesthesia as a bodily means to challenge the hegemonic system of language- and representation-based paradigms. However, Wu did not pit kinesthesia against language or narrative, but instead incorporated elements of these, along with properties of other artistic mediums, into his dance. This strategy of transmediation, called “reverse integration” here, was partly caused by the status of modern dance being a “latecomer” in the Chinese field of other more well-established modern art forms. It was also the result of the somewhat conflicting dual goals of modern dance in China—to position itself as a legitimate and independent urban high art on the one hand and, on the other hand, as a useful tool for mass enlightenment and mobilization during a time of national crisis, revolution, and total war.
Epilogue
Authors: Ma Nan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The “Epilogue” introduces Guo Mingda, a Chinese male modern dancer-choreographer and theorist. Guo left Republican China (1912–1949) for the United States in 1947, obtained his master’s degree in dance education from the University of Iowa (1947–1950), pursued a doctorate in dance education at New York University (1951–1954), learned various schools of Euro-American modern dance, studied dance and choreography with Alwin Nikolais (1910–1993) at the Henry Street Playhouse in New York for four years (1952–1955), and returned to socialist China in 1955. Guo translated, integrated, and reinterpreted histories and theories of various schools of modern dance and played an instrumental role in preserving the modern dance discourse in socialist China—during a time when modern dance was banned—and in reviving the genre in the Reform Era of the 1980s. Therefore, Guo’s modern dance endeavors provided an important “(anti-)American link” that connected the end of modern/new dance in China in 1960 and the genre’s resurgence in the early 1980s, with the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) in between.
What is Exploitation?
Authors: Boucher Anna K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter creates a classification schema of exploitation in the workplace by drawing upon the historical development of labor laws. This classification schema comprises five main components: (1) criminal infringements, (2) economic violations of wage and hour entitlements, (3) safety violations, (4) leave and other workplace entitlement violations, and (5) discrimination violations. The chapter then uses this schema to analyze data from the MWRD, finding that the vast majority of substantiated violations against migrant workers are economic (81%) but that the other four components are also present. Important points of difference also emerge across the jurisdictions. There are more safety violations in Canada than elsewhere and a far higher number of discrimination cases in Canada and England than in Australia or California. This chapter explores the differences across the jurisdictions and provides some data on differing case success rates across violation types.
“A Member of the Family”?
Authors: Boucher Anna K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The chapter starts with the case of Binti Salim Udin, who was brought to the United Kingdom and worked in a household until, when accused of theft, she drank a bottle of drain-cleaning acid and destroyed her esophagus. She brought a series of criminal charges against the employer, which were dropped, and then proceeded with a claim for underpayment of wages. The case was appealed in Nambalat v. Taher & Anor.: Udin v. Pasha & Ors. (2012) EWCA Civ 1249, in which three migrant domestic workers, including Ms. Udin, failed in their challenge to their classification under British law as “members of the family” who need not be paid the national minimum wage. This chapter covers how women are subjected to different and, in some cases, graver forms of workplace harm than men. These include sexual assault and harassment, but also sex-based trafficking and exploitation in gendered work, such as domestic care work. Key gendered statistics from the MWRD are analyzed, including the prevalence of female litigants in some jurisdictions, their underrepresentation in others, the types of claims that women bring, and those claim types where they are underrepresented.
A Fatal Fall
Authors: Boucher Anna K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the case of R v. Metron Construction (2013) five migrant workers in the construction sector fell from a swing stage that was being used to build an apartment block in downtown Toronto. Four were killed, the other rendered a quadriplegic. The company, Metron Construction, faced first civil, then criminal charges, and, ultimately, the second-in-charge manager was imprisoned for industrial manslaughter (R v. Kazenelson 2018). The case raises important issues about workplace safety and training for migrant workers, the precariousness of visa status in the construction industry, and challenges in proving the causal link between employers’ behavior and their liability for migrant workers’ injuries. More broadly, this chapter looks at how the occupational sector in which migrants are employed affects their workplace rights and the role played by government bodies in preventing such injuries. These issues are explored and data from the MWRD are presented, arranged according to International Standard Classification of Occupations groupings.