bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Tetanus in Parabiotic Rats
Authors: Schellenberg Diana B. , Matzke Howard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Tetanus toxin inoculation of parabiotic rats produces symptoms in the injected parabiont comparable to those seen in single animals: ascending and general tetanus following intramuscular injection, and blood-borne tetanus following intravenous inoculation. In the latter case, the uninjected parabiont also develops blood-borne tetanus. When intramuscularly inoculated pairs without nerve crosses are left united the uninjected parabiont does not develop typical tetanus, but dies in a condition of respiratory distress designated “aspastic respiratory tetanus”. It is suggested that some lethal agent other than unaltered toxin produces this condition and the death of the animal. Following intramuscular inoculation of pairs with nerve crosses the uninjected parabiont develops local tetanus which may advance to ascending and general tetanus and death. Thus we may conclude that tetanus toxin can travel directly from the site of intramuscular injection to the spinal cord of the uninjected parabiont by way of a crossing nerve trunk. Following intramuscular inoculation of pairs without nerve crosses the uninjected parabiont does not develop blood-borne tetanus unless it is separated from its injected partner, even though it apparently receives and fixes a lethal dose of toxin. The possible significance of this is discussed.
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Plescia O.J. , Cavallo G. , Amiraian K. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The products of immune lysis, predominantly the stromata, inhibit both guinea pig C′and pig C′, the only ones examined.
The components of C′ affected are principally C′2 and C′4; there is a smaller and nonuniform change in C′1 and no measurable change in the activity of C′3. This is not the general pattern observed in the fixation of C′ by antigen-antibody complexes. Rather it is similar to the inactivation of C′ by the dipeptide glycyl-tyrosine, which acts probably as a competitive substrate for proteolytic components of C′.
The results clearly indicate that sensitization of stromata with hemolysin is a prerequisite for rendering the stromata inhibitory.
The inhibition is sufficiently rapid and extensive to play a part in determining the over-all characteristics of the immune hemolytic reaction.
Inactivation of Complement by Egg Albumin-Rabbit Antiegg Albumin
Authors: Cavallo G. , Plescia O. J. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Possible reasons for differences in the degree of inactivation of guinea pig, human, and pig C′ by a fixed quantity of an antigen-antibody system were investigated. It was found that a relatively high concentration of inhibitors in pig serum could account for the absence of fixation of pig C′ by small quantities of antigen-antibody which sufficed to inactivate guinea pig C′. These inhibitors in pig serum are fairly stable at pH 4.2. Hemolysins in pig serum are not involved in the inhibition of C′ fixation. Human serum was also found to contain less active inhibitors than those in pig serum.
An increase of the relative concentration of C′4 in pig serum did not increase the degree of fixation of pig C′. However, fixation of guinea pig C′ in the presence of heated pig serum resulted in a marked decrease in the inactivation of both C′ and C′4.
Hemagglutination Tests with Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Kagan Irving G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera against Ascaris lumbricoides var suum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, and Toxocara cati were prepared in rabbits by injection of lyophilized antigen and infection with viable eggs. These antisera cross-reacted with Ascaris and Toxocara antigens in hemagglutination tests. Absorption with heterologous antigen removed cross-reacting antibodies and produced generic specific antisera. Serum obtained by injection of antigen, showed higher titers than sera obtained by infection with viable eggs. Antisera prepared against polysaccharide whole-worm antigen obtained from human and pig ascarid worms, cross-reacted with antigen prepared from these 2 worms. Absorption of these sera with both homologous and heterologous antigens reduced the titers to 0. From the data, we concluded that crude polysaccharide antigen does not exhibit species specificity. Antigens prepared from saline extracts of whole worm or tissues of pig ascarids are effective antigens in the hemagglutination test, and without preliminary absorption, antigens of Toxocara or Ascaris worms cross-react with antisera prepared against these species.
Serum-Agar Double Diffusion Studies with Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Kagan Irving G. , Jeska Edward L. , Gentzkow C. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An antigenic analysis with an agar double diffusion technique was made with Ascaris lumbricoides var suum antigens. Whole worm antigens (saline soluble extracts) were compared to autoclaved antigens and polysaccharide-protein antigens prepared in a variety of methods. Four techniques were assayed for the preparation of polysaccharide antigens. Ethanol precipitation, formamide followed by precipitation with acid alcohol and acetone, boiling in 30% KOH followed by ethanol precipitation, and precipitation with acetone of saline soluble antigens. Polysaccharide-protein antigens were also prepared from Ascaris tissue fractions.
Initial boiling of whole worm homogenate with 30% KOH followed by precipitation with ethanol yielded an antigen that showed 1 band in the agar assay. Polysaccharide-protein antigens obtained with ethanol, formamide and acetone precipitation showed 4–9 bands with whole worm homogenate. Tissue polysaccharide-protein antigens were less complex than the whole worm antigen when they were prepared with formamide. The formamide method in general yielded antigens that were immunologically less complex than antigens produced by the other methods (with the exception of the KOH method with the whole worm antigen).
Of the 5 bands found in whole worm formamide polysaccharide-protein antigen assayed by the double diffusion method, 1 component was isolated in the cuticle and a second immunological distinct antigen in unembryonated egg. All antigens contained appreciable amounts of protein and carbohydrate and have been tentatively called polysaccharide-protein complexes.
Replacement of Magnesium by Cobalt and Manganese in the Interactions of the Properdin System with Bacteria and with Zymosan
Authors: Wardlaw Alastair C. , Blum Livia , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the functional replacement of Mg++ by other cations in the interactions of properdin and complement with bacteria and with zymosan.
Of 22 cations tested, only Mg++, Co++ and Mn++ were able to restore bactericidal activity to serum that had been treated with cation-exchange resin. Mg++ was quantitatively the most effective, being twice as active as Co++ and five times as active as Mn++ on a molar basis. Ca++ was completely inactive.
Mg++, Co++ and Mn++, when added to resintreated serum at levels that effectively restored bactericidal activity, also restored the ability of the serum to form a properdin-zymosan complex with zymosan at 17°. However, only Mg++ and Co++ restored to resin-treated serum the property of rendering C′3 susceptible to inactivation by zymosan at 37°C.
These findings point out differences between the mechanism of the bactericidal activity of the properdin system and the inactivation of C′3 by zymosan.
Effect of Receptor-Destroying Enzyme on the Growth of EMC Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Kodza Helen , Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE), extracted from cultures of Vibrio cholerae, protected HeLa cell cultures against infection with EMC tissue culture virus. No such protection was observed against infection with Coxsackie Group B (types 3 and 5) or poliomyelitis (types 1–3) tissue culture virus. Further analysis of the protective reaction showed that contact between HeLa cells and RDE results in adsorption, with subsequent elution, of the enzyme and that enzyme-modified cells are temporarily incapable of adsorbing an infectious dose of EMC virus. RDE was not adsorbed on L cells and did not protect these cells in tissue culture against EMC virus infection.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Influenza Virus Isolated in the Epidemic of Early Summer, 1957
Authors: Tokuda Masao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
During the influenza epidemic of the early summer of 1957, 15 strains of influenza virus were isolated from throat washings of patients and were identified as influenza type A. The antigenic composition of these viruses is very different from that of the type A viruses isolated in the past. The recently isolated viruses can be divided into 2 groups by the avidity of virus for antibodies: one reacted strongly with specific and nonspecific antibodies, and the other with difficulty with specific antibodies. Sera should be treated with NaIO4 when the former is used in the H-I tests but need not be treated when the latter is used. During the epidemic, about 30% of the population of Kyoto City developed antibodies against the recently isolated virus.
Serologic Variants of Leptospira Types Resulting from Growth in Immune Serum
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Leptospira grippotyphosa, Leptospira pomona and Leptospira canicola have been subjected to prolonged cultivation in the presence of homologous immune sera. A marked reduction in agglutinability by the sera in which the strains were grown resulted. Comparison of the altered strain of L. grippotyphosa with the original culture by reciprocal absorption indicated that both loss and gain of antigenic components had apparently occurred. The change in serologic reactivity observed in these three types has remained stable for more than 8 months.
Quantitative Considerations of the Rheumatoid Factor
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Ellis Peggy Jo , Marshall Harry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Precipitation of the rheumatoid agglutinating factor with purified preparations of gamma globulin has been studied. The values and limitations of present precipitin techniques for accurately measuring the factor have been defined.
Absorption with rabbit immune precipitates selectively removed that portion of the rheumatoid factor responsible for agglutination of sheep cells coated with rabbit antibody, with minimal reduction of agglutination titer for cells coated with human γ-globulin. Quantitative precipitation technics, however, demonstrate very significant reduction of material precipitable by human Fraction II after such absorption.
The sharp specificity of the rheumatoid factor towards certain systems is emphasized.
Immunochemical Studies of Poliovirus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Through fractionation in the ultracentrifuge of partially purified concentrated poliovirus from monkey kidney tissue cultures, and by infectivity and serologic assay of the fractions so obtained, evidence has been obtained for the existence of four distinct viral particles. These have been designated ID+, NID+, NID- and NIC-, representing, respectively, infectious virus particles possessing immunologic D specificity, and a sedimentation coefficient of about 160 S, noninfectious particles of D specificity and 160 S, noninfectious particles of D specificity exhibiting a sedimentation coefficient of 80–90 S, and noninfectious particles of C specificity exhibiting a sedimentation coefficient of 80–90 S. The designation of C and D specificity refers to reactivity in complement fixation tests with suitable acute or convalescent phase sera, respectively.
A Study of a Complex Precipitating System Containing Two Cross-Reacting Egg Albumins as Antigens
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Oudin Jacques 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using simple diffusion in gel tubes, either hen egg albumin (HEA) or duck egg albumin (DEA) reacting alone with an anti-HEA rabbit serum gave the expected straight line relation when, with time constant, the penetrations h were plotted against the logarithm of the concentration g of the reacting antigen. The relation followed the previously described equation: h = γlogg/g0 where g0 is a constant, proportional to the concentration of the antibody reacting with HEA or DEA. The slope γ was the same for HEA and DEA. When the two egg albumins were mixed in varying proportions, two precipitation zones were usually observed. The penetration of the zone of HEA was slightly increased by the presence of DEA, while the penetration of the zone of DEA was greatly increased by the presence of HEA. An equation has been derived which predicts approximately the penetration hD of the zone of DEA from the concentrations gH and gD of HEA and DEA in the mixture: where g0H and g0D represent the g0 values for HEA and DEA in the 1st equation and γ is the slope derived from the 1st equation. After partial absorption of the serum with DEA, the slopes were no longer identical for the two egg albumins reacting alone, so that no equation of the above type could be applied to the reaction of the mixtures, but the general features of the curves remained the same as above. The maximum amounts of antibody nitrogen precipitable by HEA and DEA from nonabsorbed serum and serum absorbed with varying amounts of DEA were determined. It was noted that a) the difference between the two maximum values did not vary much when the quantity of the heterologous antigen DEA used for absorption was within a certain range, and b) the amount of antibody precipitable by HEA after absorption by DEA did not reach its lowest value for a previous absorption by DEA at the equivalence ratio. If the previous absorption was carried out with an excess of DEA, the antibody precipitable by HEA was still further decreased. Two possible explanations for the latter observation have been discussed.
Studies on the Constant-Antigen Precipitation Reaction of Alkaline Phosphatase, Ovalbumin and γ-Globulin
Authors: Schlamowitz Max 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Constant-antigen neutralization or precipitation curves for some readily identifiable antigens (alkaline phosphatases, I131 ovalbumin, immune rabbit γ-globulin) are presented. The application of constant-antigen systems is discussed.
Immunity Afforded by Specifically Absorbed, Unabsorbed and Combinations of Salmonella Antisera
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Earle Harold , Ikari Norman , McCullough Norman B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Employing Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteriditis, and their respective immune sera, absorbed, and native, in mouse protection tests, the relationship of antibody components in conferring protection was investigated by altering an immune serum so that only one reactive component remained, and by quantitatively increasing a component in both unheated and inactivated immune sera.
An absorbed serum containing only antibody to somatic antigen 9 gave greater protection than the native immune serum. Enhancement of protection occurred when a single antibody component, 121,122 was increased in amount in mixtures of the two immune sera. This increase of protection was independent of complement. The degree of enhancement and the degree of protection was not the same in all experiments and depended upon more than the interactions of the 121,122 components present.
Mechanisms which might possibly explain these results are discussed.
Characteristics of the Toxoplasma Hemagglutination Test Antigen
Authors: Lunde Milford N. , Jacobs Leon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Toxoplasma hemagglutination test antigen, which is a lysate of washed parasites, loses potency rapidly when stored in the liquid state. It is stable for long periods when kept frozen or when lyophilized or precipitated by acetone and dried from ether. The dry powders are stable at 37° C and 56° C for at least five months and one month respectively.
Potency is lost on filtration through a No. 02 Selas candle. The antigen elicits a skin reaction in toxoplasmin-sensitive patients. It also produces antibodies demonstrable by dye test when injected into mice.
The antigen appears to be mainly protein in nature, with a high concentration of ribonucleoprotein. Nitrogen content seems to be correlated with potency.
The hemagglutination test has presented difficulties with small animal sera, but has given consistently good results with human sera. It lags about four days behind the dye test in the demonstration of antibodies in early cases of human toxoplasmosis, but agrees very well with the dye test in late stages of the infection.
The test has been performed satisfactorily with red blood cells of sheep or of “O” rH negative humans, and with formalinized cells.
Immunochemical Study of the Enzymatic Degradation of Human Serum Albumin: An Analysis of the Antigenic Structure of a Protein Molecule
Authors: Lapresle Claude , Kaminski Marie , Tanner Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic structure of human serum albumin has been studied by the aid of enzymatic digestion. The presence on the albumin molecule of two main types of antigenic determinants reacting with multiple antibodies has been demonstrated. These antigenic determinants are separated in different ways depending on the enzymes and the conditions used. Trypsin does not split human serum albumin into different precipitating components; chymotrypsin splits it into two different precipitating components; pepsin, similarly to rabbit spleen extract, splits it into three different precipitating components. Chymotrypsin at pH 4.5 splits the molecule into three precipitating components which are different from these obtained after pepsic digestion. The enzyme in rabbit spleen extracts responsible for the splitting of the antigenic structure of human serum albumin has been demonstrated to be similar to cathepsin A.
Effects of a Nonspecific Stimulation on Tissue Radiosensitivity During the Course of Antibody Production
Authors: Strauch Dieter , Stender Hans-Stephen , Winter Horst 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rats given 0.2 ml of a 2.0% carbon suspension subcutaneously 10 and 5 days prior to irradiation with 200 r or 500 r and immunized with Brucella melitensis 48 hr after irradiation developed higher antibody titers in a shorter period of time than rats not given the carbon suspension. Cytologic examinations of lymph nodes revealed that the carbon suspension initiated a marked stimulation of the stem cells of the lymphoreticular tissue. These cells were only slightly altered by subsequent irradiation. When the carbon suspension was given 1 hr after irradiation with 200 r and the antigen 48 hr later, antibody production proceeded as in nonirradiated rats, suggesting that the effects of irradiation on antibody production are dependent not on the mere presence of an antigen or the specific biochemical processes induced by the antigen, but rather on the status of the antibody forming cellular substratum at the time of or during the first hours following irradiation.
Antigenic Studies on Elastase
Authors: McIvor Barbara C. , Moon Henry D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although crystalline elastase has a molecular weight of only 25,000, an antibody was obtained in rabbits injected with an elastase-adjuvant mixture. The antibody produced a precipitin reaction in vitro as well as passive anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Two different preparations of crystalline elastase were used in this study; the antibody to each of these preparations precipitated either antigen. These antibodies formed precipitin lines in agar gel not only to the two crystalline elastase preparations but also to the electrophoretically separated active component of the crystalline enzyme. In addition the specificity of the antibody was demonstrated by its ability to neutralize the enzymatic activity of elastase.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cortisone has been shown to inhibit the primary response in rabbits, as measured by antigen elimination techniques, to a small dose of a soluble antigen. The data suggest that this inhibitory effect is probably exerted early in the sequence of events leading to antibody synthesis. Despite variation in time of initiation and duration of cortisone treatment, inhibition of the secondary response occurred in only 50% of the animals. The ability of bacterial endotoxins to incite antibody formation in cortisone-inhibited rabbits was established.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Arday Florence Roth , Pillemer Louis , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A 100-fold purification of the third component of human complement (C′3) has been achieved, employing Fraction III-1 (Cohn Method 9) as starting material. The final product was electrophoretically heterogeneous but was free of the activities of other components of complement, properdin, plasmin and C′1-esterase. The purified fraction derived from Fraction III-1 was active in the properdin system in restoring the bactericidal and virus neutralizing properties of serum deficient in the third component (R3) and fortified with properdin. Although the purified fraction derived from Fraction III-1 was highly active in restoring the hemolytic activity of R3, it was only slightly active in hemolyzing erythrocytes in the state EAhuC′1, 4, 2. The significance of this observation is discussed. Preformed properdin-Zymosan complex failed to inactivate C′3 in Fraction III-1 or in any fraction derived from it. Partial purification of C′3 from normal human serum was then performed. It was possible to show that the inactivation of partially purified C′3 by properdin-Zymosan complex required a factor present in serum and certain serum fractions. This reaction proceeded independently of divalent cations. These observations are discussed in terms of previous studies on the properdin system and in relation to the complexity of the reactions in which C′3 is involved.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Banovitz Jay , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By the electrophoretic examination of unabsorbed and absorbed sera it was shown that only the γ-globulin component of chicken serum contributes a large amount of antibody protein to the precipitate of antigen and antibody. It was concluded that the α-globulin component could only have a minor role in the precipitin reaction.
It was not possible to demonstrate α-globulin in redissolved HGG-anti-HGG precipitates.
The γ-globulin fractions examined usually contained about 1–20% less precipitable antibody nitrogen than the corresponding whole serum. This finding does not support the contention that up to 50% of the antigen-antibody precipitate may be α-globulin (1, 3).
Quantitative Immunohematologic Studies of Hemagglutination
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Akeroyd Joseph H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An assay procedure for determining the relative potency of the agglutinating strength of isohemagglutin containing sera with an average error of 16.5 per cent (95% confidence limits) has been developed and applied to the A-anti-A blood group system. The confirmation of Mavrides' findings that an equilibrium exists between anti-A and the A1 antigen shows the close similarity to the behavior of the B-anti-B system as found by Wurmser et al., and Wilkie and Becker. The finding of Wilkie of the lack of true equilibrium of the anti-B component of group O sera has also been found to apply to the anti-A component of O sera.