bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of a Regional, High-Resolution OSSE Framework to Study the Impact of Observations from Uncrewed Aircraft Systems on Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Murdzek Shawn S. , Ladwig Terra T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Using uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) for routine weather observations is becoming increasingly feasible, but two open questions are the impact UAS observations will have on operational NWP and the optimal configuration of a UAS observing network. Deploying hundreds to thousands of UAS across the United States to answer these questions is not feasible, so we propose using an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) instead. This article describes the development and validation of an OSSE framework for examining the impact of UAS observations on regional, convection-allowing NWP. The OSSE includes two weeklong nature runs (NRs) over CONUS with 1-km grid spacing, simulated conventional observations, a 3-km forecast system similar to the prototype Rapid Refresh Forecast System (RRFS), and verification workflows. Comparisons between the NR and various observations show that the NR generally mirrors reality, though the NR tends to produce too many reflectivity objects that are too large and a larger coverage of intense precipitation rates compared to reality. Comparing real-data and OSSE RRFS runs indicates that, for the majority of the variables examined, forecast errors are not systematically smaller in the OSSE, suggesting that there is no identical twin issue. Data-denial experiments using either real or simulated conventional observations indicate that the OSSE has a similar ordering of the most to least impactful observations, though the impact of aircraft observations tends to be larger in the OSSE. Altogether, these results suggest that the OSSE framework can be used to glean meaningful information about UAS observation impacts on regional NWP.

Significance Statement
There is enthusiasm for using uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs), commonly known as drones, to collect weather observations. It is unknown, however, how using UAS observations in weather forecast models will impact forecast skill and how to best configure a UAS weather-observing network. Answering these questions with actual UAS is expensive, so we propose a different approach called an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE). In an OSSE, a synthetic atmosphere is created and sampled in a manner consistent with various observing systems. This paper describes how we create and validate the OSSE. Results show that the OSSE generally mimics a real-data weather forecast model and can be used to estimate the impact of UAS observations on weather forecast model skill.
Development of a TSR-based method for understanding structural relationships of cofactors and local environments in photosystem I
Authors: Luo Lujun , Milon Tarikul I. , Tandoh Elijah K. , Galdamez Walter J. , Chistoserdov Andrei Y. , Yu Jianping , Kern Jan , Wang Yingchun , Xu Wu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
All chemical forms of energy and oxygen on Earth are generated via photosynthesis where light energy is converted into redox energy by two photosystems (PS I and PS II). There is an increasing number of PS I 3D structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The Triangular Spatial Relationship (TSR)-based algorithm converts 3D structures into integers (TSR keys). A comprehensive study was conducted, by taking advantage of the PS I 3D structures and the TSR-based algorithm, to answer three questions: (i) Are electron cofactors including P700, A-1 and A0, which are chemically identical chlorophylls, structurally different? (ii) There are two electron transfer chains (A and B branches) in PS I. Are the cofactors on both branches structurally different? (iii) Are the amino acids in cofactor binding sites structurally different from those not in cofactor binding sites?

Results
The key contributions and important findings include: (i) a novel TSR-based method for representing 3D structures of pigments as well as for quantifying pigment structures was developed; (ii) the results revealed that the redox cofactor, P700, are structurally conserved and different from other redox factors. Similar situations were also observed for both A-1 and A0; (iii) the results demonstrated structural differences between A and B branches for the redox cofactors P700, A-1, A0 and A1 as well as their cofactor binding sites; (iv) the tryptophan residues close to A0 and A1 are structurally conserved; (v) The TSR-based method outperforms the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and the Ultrafast Shape Recognition (USR) methods.

Conclusions
The structural analyses of redox cofactors and their binding sites provide a foundation for understanding the unique chemical and physical properties of each redox cofactor in PS I, which are essential for modulating the rate and direction of energy and electron transfers.
Recruiting participants for focus groups in health research: a meta-research study
Authors: Lander Jonas , Wallraf Simon , Pieper Dawid , Klawunn Ronny , Altawil Hala , Dierks Marie-Luise , John Cosima 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Focus groups (FGs) are an established method in health research to capture a full range of different perspectives on a particular research question. The extent to which they are effective depends, not least, on the composition of the participants. This study aimed to investigate how published FG studies plan and conduct the recruitment of study participants. We looked at what kind of information is reported about recruitment practices and what this reveals about the comprehensiveness of the actual recruitment plans and practices.

Methods
We conducted a systematic search of FG studies in PubMed and Web of Science published between 2018 and 2024, and included n = 80 eligible publications in the analysis. We used a text extraction sheet to collect all relevant recruitment information from each study. We then coded the extracted text passages and summarised the findings descriptively.

Results
Nearly half (n = 38/80) of the studies were from the USA and Canada, many addressing issues related to diabetes, cancer, mental health and chronic diseases. For recruitment planning, 20% reported a specific sampling target, while 6% used existing studies or literature for organisational and content planning. A further 10% reported previous recruitment experience of the researchers. The studies varied in terms of number of participants (range = 7–202) and group size (range = 7–20). Recruitment occurred often in healthcare settings, rarely through digital channels and everyday places. FG participants were most commonly recruited by the research team (21%) or by health professionals (16%), with less collaboration with public organisations (10%) and little indication of the number of people involved (13%). A financial incentive for participants was used in 43% of cases, and 19% reported participatory approaches to plan and carry out recruitment. 65 studies (81%) reported a total of 58 limitations related to recruitment.

Conclusions
The reporting of recruitment often seems to be incomplete, and its performance lacking. Hence, guidelines and recruitment recommendations designed to assist researchers are not yet adequately serving their purpose. Researchers may benefit from more practical support, such as early training on key principles and options for effective recruitment strategies provided by institutions in their immediate professional environment, e.g. universities, faculties or scientific associations.
Anemia in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, determinants, and health impacts in Egypt
Authors: Azzam Ahmed , Khaled Heba , Alrefaey Alrefaey K. , Basil Amar , Ibrahim Sarah , Elsayed Mohamed S. , Khattab Muhammad , Nabil Nashwa , Abdalwanees Esraa , Halim Hala Waheed Abdel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The WHO considers anemia in pregnancy a severe public health issue when prevalence surpasses 40%. In response, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine anemia among pregnant women in Egypt, focusing on its prevalence, determinants, and associated complications.

Methods
We conducted a systematic literature search for studies published between January 1, 2010, and August 18, 2024, to identify studies from Egypt reporting on anemia in pregnant women, including its prevalence, associated determinants, and complications. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to estimate pooled prevalence, odds ratios (OR), and standardized mean differences (SMD). Sensitivity analyses and publication bias were performed. All statistical analyses were conducted using R software.

Results
Eighteen studies met the eligibility criteria with a total sample size of 14,548. The overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women was 49% (95% CI: 42–57), with no significant difference between Upper and Lower Egypt (P = 0.66). The sensitivity analysis demonstrated the absence of influential outliers and Egger’s test indicated no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.17). Anemia prevalence was significantly higher in the third trimester (65%) compared to the second trimester (47%) (P = 0.03). Among anemic pregnant women, most cases were mild (47%) and moderate (47%). The determinants of anemia among pregnant women included being over 30 years old (OR: 1.95), residing in rural areas (OR: 1.76), illiteracy (OR: 1.93), birth spacing < 2 years (OR: 2.04), lack of iron supplementation (OR: 2.59), presence of intestinal parasites (OR: 1.38), antenatal visits < 5 (OR: 5.27), multiparity, and low income, all with statistical significance (p < 0.05). Regarding dietary determinants, a low intake of meat, vegetables, fruits, and high tea consumption was consistently associated with a higher risk of anemia. For neonatal complications, infants born to anemic mothers had significantly lower Apgar scores, gestational ages, and birth weights (P < 0.05), with birth weight being the most adversely impacted (SMD = -1.3).

Conclusions
This meta-analysis shows 49% anemia prevalence in pregnant Egyptian women, indicating severe health concern. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions aimed at addressing the key determinants identified in this study.
Using group model building to frame the commercial determinants of dietary behaviour in adolescence – findings from online system mapping workshops with adolescents, policymakers and public health practitioners in the Southwest of England
Authors: Chavez-Ugalde Yanaina , De Vocht Frank , Jago Russell , White Martin , Toumpakari Zoi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
In England, 23% of children aged 11 start their teenage years living with obesity. An adolescent living with obesity is five times more likely to live with obesity in adult life. There is limited research and policy incorporating adolescents’ views on how they experience the commercial determinants of dietary behaviour and obesity, which misses an opportunity to improve services and policies that aim to influence the prevalence of childhood obesity. This study reports the findings from online Group Model Building system mapping workshops in which we explored the mechanisms by which commercial drivers influence adolescents’ dietary behaviour.

Methods
We ran a series of 3 online Group Model Building workshops with adolescents and one Group Model Building workshop with policymakers and public health practitioners. Adolescents portrayed their views on how food and beverage industries influence what they choose to buy and eat in a system map, and then proposed a set of policy actions to promote healthier food environments. We shared the system map created by adolescents with policymakers and public health practitioners to reflect on how current policy interventions match adolescents’ views on the most influential factors.

Results
The system map contains 37 elements connected by 70 hypothesised causal links and five feedback loops. These elements were grouped into six themes that portray the complexity of factors that influence adolescents’ food choices in their physical and digital environments, disproportionately encouraging the consumption of unhealthy products. Policymakers and public health practitioners reflected on the power and the deep level of influence food companies exert on adolescents’ behaviour. They recognised that the coexisting influence of food marketing and social media on mental health and body image is not well reflected in current policy and research efforts.

Conclusions
This study highlights the need for public health policymaking processes to provide youth with a space to voice influential elements and consequences, thereby co-creating policies and designing interventions to buffer risk factors and increase well-being in this critical transitional stage.
A mixed-method study on physicians’ perceptions of pay for performance: impact on professionalism, morality and work-life balance
Authors: Kavas Mustafa Volkan , Tut Hasan , Senyurek Gamze , Elhan Atilla Halil 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Pay-for-performance system (P4P) has been in operation in the Turkish healthcare sector since 2004. While the government defended that it encouraged healthcare professionals’ job motivation, and improved patient satisfaction by increasing efficiency and service quality, healthcare professionals have emphasized the system’s negative effects on working conditions, physicians’ trustworthiness, and cost-quality outcomes. In this study, we investigated physicians’ accounts of current working conditions, their status as a moral agent, and their professional attitudes in the context of P4P’s perceived effects on their professional, social, private, and future lives.

Methods
First, we held 3 focus groups with 19 residents and 1 specialist regarding their lived experiences under P4P and thematically analyzed the transcripts. Second, we developed a questionnaire to assess how generalizable the qualitative findings are for a broader group of physicians. The tool has three parts questioning 1) demographic information, 2) working conditions, and 3) perceived consequences and effects of P4P. 2136 physicians responded to the survey. After refining the data, we conducted the statistical analysis over 1378 responses by using Spearman's correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for categorical data, and Kruskal–Wallis variance analysis.

Results
Thematic analysis revealed two dimensions: 1) factors leading to estrangement, and 2) manifestations of estrangement. As for the initial, participants thought that P4P affected relationships at work; family and social relationships; working conditions; quality of the specialty training; quality of healthcare services; and it caused healthcare system-related consequences. Concerning the latter, the following themes emerged: Estrangement of the physician; damaging effects on physician’s psychology; physician’s perception of their future life; and physician as a moral agent. According to EFA, a 5-factor structure was appropriate: F1) Estrangement; F2) adverse effects on the physician’s quality of life; F3) favorable consequences; F4) physicians becoming disreputable; F5) unfavorable consequences.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that under P4P, physicians have become more estranged towards their profession, their patients, and themselves. They suffer from deteriorating working conditions, lack of motivation, lack of work-related satisfaction, and hopelessness regarding their future. Furthermore, P4P impairs their ability to realize themselves as moral subjects practicing in alignment with professional values and principles.
Definition and developmental goals for Nordic emergency medicine
Authors: Björnsson Hjalti Már , Palomäki Ari , Skjærbæk Christian Baaner , Klinting Frederik Pors , Meyer Frida , Rasmussen Jørn Einar , Bjørnsen Lars Petter 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Although Emergency Medicine is now globally an established specialty, the Nordic countries have been relatively slow to implement it into their health care systems. To facilitate the development of EM in the Nordic area, a working group was formed with representation from all national EM societies; DASEM (Danish Society for Emergency Medicine), FiSEM (Finnish Society of Emergency Medicine), ISEM (Icelandic Society for Emergency Medicine), NCEM (Norwegian College of Emergency Medicine), and SWESEM (Swedish Society for Emergency Medicine). This group was tasked with creating a Nordic EM manifesto—to create a definition and developmental goals for Nordic Emergency Medicine. The commentary provides an overview of the current status and challenges facing EM in the Nordic countries.
Characterization of adrenal glands on computed tomography with a 3D V-Net-based model
Authors: Chen Yuanchong , Zhang Yaofeng , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Xiaoying 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the performance of a 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions in characterizing adrenal glands as normal or abnormal.

Methods
A total of 1086 CT image series with focal adrenal lesions were retrospectively collected, annotated, and used for the training of the adrenal lesion segmentation model. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the test set was used to evaluate the segmentation performance. The other cohort, consisting of 959 patients with pathologically confirmed adrenal lesions (external validation dataset 1), was included for validation of the classification performance of this model. Then, another consecutive cohort of patients with a history of malignancy (N = 479) was used for validation in the screening population (external validation dataset 2). Parameters of sensitivity, accuracy, etc., were used, and the performance of the model was compared to the radiology report in these validation scenes.

Results
The DSC of the test set of the segmentation model was 0.900 (0.810–0.965) (median (interquartile range)). The model showed sensitivities and accuracies of 99.7%, 98.3% and 87.2%, 62.2% in external validation datasets 1 and 2, respectively. It showed no significant difference comparing to radiology reports in external validation datasets 1 and lesion-containing groups of external validation datasets 2 (p = 1.000 and p > 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion
The 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions can be used for the binary classification of adrenal glands.

Critical relevance statement
A 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions can be used for the detection of abnormalities of adrenal glands, with a high accuracy in the pre-surgical scene as well as a high sensitivity in the screening scene.

Key Points

Adrenal lesions may be prone to inter-observer variability in routine diagnostic workflow.

The study developed a 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions with DSC 0.900 in the test set.

The model showed high sensitivity and accuracy of abnormalities detection in different scenes.

Graphical Abstract
Eating disorders in minority ethnic populations in Australia, Canada, Aotearoa New Zealand and the UK: a scoping review
Authors: Williams-Ridgway A. , McGowan R. , McNeil S. , Tuomainen H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Historically, eating disorder (ED) research has largely focused on White girls and women, with minority ethnic populations underrepresented. Most research exploring EDs in minority ethnic populations has been conducted in the United States (US). The aim of this scoping review, the first of its kind, was to systematically examine research on disordered eating and EDs among minority ethnic populations in Australia, Canada, Aotearoa New Zealand and the United Kingdom (UK), four countries with shared sociocultural and healthcare characteristics. An inequity lens was applied to highlight gaps in research, access, and treatment experiences.

Method
Five databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINHAL and Web of Science) were searched up to March 7, 2024. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and full texts against eligibility criteria resulting in the inclusion of 87 records (76 peer-reviewed articles and 11 theses). Included studies were charted according to their focus, study design, sample characteristics and findings, with a particular focus placed on prevalence, access to treatment and treatment experience.

Results
The majority of identified studies were conducted in the UK (61%, 53 studies). There was a notable lack of studies investigating assessment, diagnosis and intervention. Methodologies varied, though most studies utilised cross-sectional survey designs. Most samples were non-clinical, exclusively or predominantly girls and women, and focused on adolescents and young adults. Asian populations were the most frequently studied minority ethnic group. Understanding of prevalence and treatment experience amongst minority ethnic groups was limited.

Conclusion
There is a need for further research addressing inequities in ED prevalence, service access, and treatment experiences among minority ethnic and Indigenous groups, especially in Australia, Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand. Improved ethnicity data collection and culturally sensitive approaches to assessment, diagnosis and treatment are essential. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are provided.
Finnish parents’ perceptions of death following the traumatic death of a child
Authors: Hussin Nur Atikah Mohamed , Talvitie Terhi , Laitinen Eetu , Aho Anna Liisa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Children are expected to outlive and live longer than their parents. However, the traumatic death of a child challenges parents’ understanding of life and death. If parents are unable to form their own perceptions of death after such a loss, it can hinder their ability to cope and adjust. This study aims to explore parents’ perceptions of death following the traumatic death of a child. To recruit participants, an online advertisement was posted on the websites of Finnish bereavement organizations, their member mailing lists, and closed discussion groups. The study consisted of two phases. In the initial phase, 66 parents responded to open-ended questions via the LimeSurvey platform. Subsequently, 17 parents were interviewed in-depth over the phone. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis. The perceptions of parents who had experienced the traumatic death of a child included death is universal, awakening or preparing for their own death, reunion in death, death and spiritual growth, and death is unjustified. These findings highlight the importance of providing support to parents following the traumatic death of a child, which can help them reconstruct perceptions of death and better adapt to their loss.