bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E Receptors on Blasts from Untreated Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (All): Comparison of Temperature Dependence of E Rosettes Formed by Normal and Leukemic Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Borella L. , Sen L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) and surface Ig on the bone marrow blasts was investigated in 29 children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In 6 of them more than 50% of the bone marrow blasts formed E rosettes, while in none of the 29 were surface Ig detected. The six children with rosette-forming blasts had WBC τ; 5 × 104/mm3 at admission and 4 of them presented with thymic enlargement. E-positive ALL blasts and normal human thymocytes formed rosettes after incubation for 1 hr at 4°C or 37°C. In contrast, normal human peripheral T lymphocytes from blood, spleen, and pleural fluid also formed rosettes at 4°C but these rosettes dissociated at 37°C. In two patients with E-positive ALL, the disappearance from blood of cells forming rosettes at 37°C during the 1st week of treatment paralleled the reduction in circulating blasts. Conversely, after 6 days of therapy almost one-half of the remaining cells formed rosettes at 4°C and had the morphologic features of normal lymphocytes. We conclude that, in contrast to peripheral T cells, normal thymic cells and E-positive blasts share the property of forming E rosettes after 1-hr incubation at 37°C. In patients with E-positive ALL this property may be used to evaluate drug effects upon leukemic and normal T lymphocytes.
Inhibition of Proliferation of Lymphoma Cells and T Lymphocytes by Suppressor Cells from Spleens of Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Kirchner Holger , Muchmore Andrew V. , Chused Thomas M. , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently demonstrated suppressor cells in spleens of mice bearing tumors induced by Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) which were non-T cells and inhibited phytohemagglutinin Moloney (PHA)-induced DNA synthesis of syngeneic normal spleen cells. From the present study, the suppressor cells appeared to be macrophages since they were radioresistant, inactivated by carrageenan, and removed by adherence columns and an iron/magnet technique. We have also found that suppressor cells were still fully active when added 16 hr after the mitogen, thus indicating that early mitogen-induced changes were not the target of suppressive action. It appeared that suppressor cells inhibited metabolic events related to the initiation of DNA synthesis and that they had a selective effect on proliferation-dependent lymphocyte effector functions. PHA-induced cytotoxic reactivity which in our system is largely independent of DNA synthesis was not depressed but actually enhanced in MSV spleens. Cytotoxicity of MSV spleen cells against syngeneic lymphoma cells was unaffected by suppressor cells whereas lymphocyte stimulation by mitomycin C-treated syngeneic lymphoma cells was inhibited. MSV spleen cells also inhibited DNA synthesis of cultured murine lymphoma cells. This function was only slightly diminished after treatment with anti-θ serum plus guinea pig complement. Furthermore, spleen cells from MSV tumor-bearing nude mice were as effective as spleen cells from their heterozygous littermates, thus suggesting that T lymphocytes are not the main effector cells of inhibition of lymphoma cell DNA synthesis. The inhibitor cells were radioresistant, inactivated by carrageenan, and removed by adherence columns and the iron/magnet technique. These data strongly suggest that the inhibitor cells of lymphoma cell DNA synthesis are macrophages and that they belong to the same group of cells as the suppressor cells of PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation.
Depression of Humoral Immunity to Sheep Erythrocytes in Vitro by Friend Virus Leukemic Spleen Cells: Induction of Resistance by Statolon
Authors: Weislow Owen S. , Wheelock E. Frederick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of normal spleen cells exposed to sheep erythrocytes in Marbrook chambers was depressed by the addition of Friend virus (FV) leukemic spleen cells. Fewer than 105 leukemic cells inhibited the PFC response of 107 normal cells. This immunodepression could not be produced with sonicated, irradiated, or mitomycin C-treated leukemic cells or with cellfree FV. It could be blocked by FV immune serum but was unaffected by high titers of purified interferon. Interferon did not inhibit the immune response of normal spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes. Spleen cells from mice treated with statolon or chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose statolon but not Newcastle disease virus or poly rI:poly rC were resistant to immunodepression in vitro by FV leukemic spleen cells. The unique ability of statolon to prevent immunodepression by leukemic spleen cells may be the basis of its FV leukemo-suppressive activity in vivo.
Immunopathology of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 3 Infection
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Levey-Leblond E. , Prevost C. Le 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal adult A strain mice are resistant to MHV3 infection. A strain mice immunosuppressed by 600 rads of x-irradiation or by anti-lymphocyte serum treatment became susceptible to the virus and died with specific lesions of the liver and high virus titers. However, mice immunized with MHV3 before sublethal x-irradiation resisted a second injection of virus. Resistant adult (A × C3H) F1 hybrids undergoing graft-vs-host (GVH) reaction became highly susceptible to MHV3 injected 8 days after parental cell injection. Virus titer 3 days after injection was 2 logs higher in mice undergoing GVH than in controls. However F1 hybrid mice resisted virus challenge when the first injection of virus was given 2 weeks before GVH induction. In addition, thymectomy also modified the behavior of resistant animals toward virus infection. It appears, therefore, that cell-mediated immune functions play an important role in resistance of mice to MHV3.
Immunologic and Biochemical Properties of the Histamine-Sensitizing Factor from Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Lehrer Samuel B. , Vaughan John H. , Tan Eng M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A highly potent extract of the histamine sensitizing factor (HSF) of Bordetella pertussis was isolated by extraction of bacterial cells with urea buffer and subsequent gel filtration. This preparation of HSF also contained leukocytosis-promoting activity and adjuvant activity for reaginic and hemagglutinating antibodies. Digestion of this extract with pronase or trypsin partially destroyed histamine-sensitizing activity, leukocytosis-promoting activity, and adjuvant activity for reaginic antibody, but did not affect adjuvant activity for hemagglutinating antibody. Antisera to HSF was prepared by immunizing rabbits with either whole bacteria or partially purified extract. These antisera contained several precipitating antibodies to Bordetella pertussis extract demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Antisera added in vitro to Bordetella pertussis extracts or passively administered in vivo to mice, reduced or abolished all biologic activities except adjuvant activity for hemagglutinating antibody. These results suggest that HSF might be an antigenic component of Bordetella pertussis which also possesses leukocytosis-promoting activity and adjuvant activity for reaginic antibody.
Increased Resistance of Immunoglobulin a Dimers to Proteolytic Degradation after Binding of Secretory Component
Authors: Lindh Erik 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The contribution of secretory component to the stability of secretory IgA against proteolysis has been studied by a new approach, i.e., by comparing the proteolytic degradation of IgA dimers with the degradation of the complexes formed in vitro between these proteins and secretory component. The results show that attachment of secretory component to the dimeric backbone of the secretory IgA molecule is accompanied by a significantly increased resistance of this backbone against digestion by both trypsin and pepsin. This protective effect may be a physiologic function of secretory component or may be due merely to unspecific blocking by secretory component of one or more sensitive peptide bonds in the IgA backbone.
Immunochemical Quantitation of the Third Component of Guinea Pig Complement in Fluid Phase and Bound to Cell Surfaces
Authors: Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of the absolute amount of guinea pig (GP) C3 bound to cell surfaces. The test is based on the inhibition of anti-C3 by C3. The C3 to be measured is added to a standard amount of anti-C3 antibody and the residual activity is determined by its capacity to sensitize EC43gp for lysis by GPC. By comparing the observed lysis with inhibition-of-lysis curves obtained with known C3 antigen, the amount of test antigen can be determined. The method is simple, rapid, and reproducible and can detect nanogram amounts of C3.
The C3 content of six normal guinea pig sera was found to be 1365 ± 56 µg/ml (ranges 1120 to 1510 µg/ml) by the inhibition method described in this paper.
Guinea pig hepatoma cells, line-1 and line-10, harvested from the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs contained approximately 6.7 × 103 to 6.2 × 104 GPC3 per cell whereas tumor cells sensitized with anti-Forssman or specific anti-tumor antibody contained from 1 to 9 × 105 C3 per cell. Susceptibility to killing by antibody and GPC could not be correlated with the amount of GPC3 bound to the surfaces of the tumor cells.
Comparisons made between the amounts of C3 bound to antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and nucleated cells suggest there is a fundamental quantitative difference in the fixation of selected C components.
The Properties of Lymphocytes Which Carry Immunologic Memory of φX 174
Authors: McGregor D. D. , Mackaness G. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells that carry immunologic memory of φX 174 have been studied in the rat. Memory cells could not be detected in thoracic duct lymph before the 10th day after priming. Thereafter, they increased rapidly in number to reach a plateau by the 4th week. This long latency was not due to a protracted process of maturation of cells formed and delivered to the lymph during the early post-induction period because memory never appeared in rats immunized adoptively with cells obtained before the 11th day. The fact that φX memory cells are resistant to inhibition by vinblastine also indicates that memory is carried by cells which are released from regionally stimulated lymphoid tissue only after they have ceased dividing and become functionally mature.
Adoptively acquired memory decays rapidly at first, but slowly from the 2nd week after cell transfer. This suggests that two cell populations of differing half-life are involved. If two distinct populations are necessary to the full expression of φX memory, both populations recirculate because the memory cells in lymph draining the sites of the primary response and those reaching the central lymph of adoptive hosts give parallel dose-response curves.
Regulation of the in Vitro Early Anamnestic Antibody Response by Exogenous Cholera Enterotoxin and Cyclic AMP
Authors: Cook Richard G. , Stavitsky Abram B. , Schoenberg Melvin D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin was injected into the hind foot pads of rabbits. Six days later cell suspensions were prepared from the popliteal lymph nodes. Various amounts of hemocyanin (1 ng to 100 µg) were added to 1 × 107 cells to induce an anamnestic antibody response. Various amounts of cholera enterotoxin, which stimulates the enzyme adenylate cyclase, or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (AMP), were added to the cultures with or without hemocyanin. De novo synthesis of antibody, protein, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) from radioactive precursors was assayed. The addition of cholera toxin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP for the first 24 hr with optimal (1 µg) or supraoptimal (100 µg) amounts of hemocyanin enhanced antibody synthesis by at least 100 to 200%. Addition of the toxin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP for the same period to cells minus hemocyanin or with suboptimal amounts (1 to 100 ng) of antigen failed to enhance antibody synthesis. Addition of these agents for 72 to 120 hr to hemocyanin-induced cultures consistently inhibited antibody synthesis. These agents slightly inhibited DNA and RNA synthesis. The increase in protein synthesis caused by the toxin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP was almost totally accounted for by the increase in antibody synthesis. Neither toxin nor cyclic nucleotide promoted the antibody response in the presence of antibody to rabbit thymus-derived lymphocytes; these lymphocytes as well as bursa-equivalent lymphocytes were required for potentiation of the response. Macrophages were not required either for induction of the anamnestic response or for enhancement of this synthesis by cyclic nucleotide or cholera toxin. Both IgM and IgG antibody synthesis were regulated by exogenous cholera toxin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. A number of possible cellular mechanisms of regulation of the antibody response through the cyclic AMP pathway were discussed. These included the effects of modifications of this pathway on the activities of T lymphocytes early (0 to 24 hr) and B lymphocytes late (72 to 120 hr) in the response and on the apparent reversal of high zone tolerance.
Cytotoxic Effects of Antigen- and Mitogen-Induced T Cells on Various Targets
Authors: Bevan Michael J. , Cohn Melvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mitogen-induced cytotoxicity was studied by culturing mouse spleen cells with an optimum mitogenic dose of concanavalin A (Con A) for 2 days and, after washing, assessing their ability to lyse tumor targets. We show that rapid lysis occurs only when the correct concentration of an agglutinating mitogen (phytohemagglutinin P (PHA) or Con A) is present in the assay. PHA is more efficient than Con A in revealing the cytotoxic effect. The Con A-induced effector cytotoxic cell is shown to be sensitive to anti-ϑ serum and complement. Cytotoxic T cells were also induced by H-2 different allo-immunization. These effector cells specifically lyse targets which bear the immunizing H-2 antigens in the absence of PHA. When PHA is present in the assay, they will also lyse syngeneic tumor targets nonspecifically. Since not all dividing T cells (e.g., T lymphomas, and T blasts induced by M locus different, H-2 similar mixed lymphocyte culture) lyse PHA-P815, we propose that this assay measures only a subset of effector T cells, namely, cytotoxic T cells, regardless of their antigen specificity.
The tumor cells, P815 and EL4, are sensitive both to antigen-specific T cell-mediated lysis in the absence of PHA and to nonspecific, PHA-revealed lysis. Small lymphocytes, T cell blasts, and B cell blasts are sensitive to lysis by T cells which are directed against H-2 antigens on their surface, but are not very susceptible to nonspecific T cell lysis in the presence of PHA. The reason for this difference in susceptibility of tumor and normal cells to PHA-revealed nonspecific T cell lysis is not known but may have some relevance to in vivo tumor rejection.
Macrophage Requirement for Production of Guinea Pig Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in Vitro
Authors: Nelson Robert D. , Leu Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methods devised for generation and assay of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on a reduced scale have permitted the performance of experiments which demonstrate that glass bead column-purified guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes do not produce MIF or proliferate in response to antigen. Evidence that the macrophage is the essential cellular element eliminated by the purification procedure is demonstrated by the restoration of both lymphocyte responses upon addition of 5% macrophages to the purified lymphocytes. Autologous, immune and syngeneic, non-immune peritoneal exudate macrophages were equally effective in restoring MIF production by purified lymphocytes. Supernatants which inhibited the migration of peritoneal exudate macrophages had only minimal or no effect on the migration of alveolar macrophages, confirming that the inhibitory effects studied were attributable to MIF and not cytophilic antibody.
Synthesis of Antibody and Immunoglobulins without Detectable Antibody Function in Cells Responding to Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Miller Hugh R. P. , Ternynck Thérèse , Avrameas Stratis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells (IFC) and antibody-forming cells (AFC) are compared in the popliteal nodes of mice challenged, in the hind footpads, with horseradish peroxidase (PO) in Freund's complete adjuvant. A rise in the number of IFC without antibody function precedes the appearance of AFC. IFC reach peak numbers 7 days before AFC. Control experiments show that the majority of IFC without antibody function are responding to PO and not to adjuvant. Kinetic and radioautographic data suggest that IFC arise by division and differentiation; however, the doubling time of AFC is too rapid to be accounted for by cell division alone. Double staining techniques revealed the presence of immunoglobulin and antibody in different compartments of the same cell in 5 to 15% of the AFC. It is postulated that some AFC are recruited, possibly from cells already synthesizing immunoglobulin determinants.
Distribution and Association of Heavy and Light Chain Variable Region Subgroups among Human IgA Immunoglobulins
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Kehoe J. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A series of randomly selected human IgA myeloma proteins were examined for the presence of the VHIII subgroup, as defined by the possession of an unblocked amino terminal amino acid and characteristic linked residues along the heavy chain. Blocked heavy chains were classified as VHB proteins. The data showed that 20 of 30 such random alpha chains (67%) were classifiable as members of the VHIII subgroup. Similarly, 75% of heavy chains isolated from pools of normal serum IgA contained a VHIII variable region. The pattern stands in marked contrast to the situation in human IgG proteins where approximately 20% of heavy chains from both pools and myeloma proteins are VHIII. There was thus a clear divergence of the pattern of variable region: constant region association between these two classes of immunoglobulin.
Some more limited data were obtainable for the light chains of the IgA myeloma proteins. Certain predilections for light chain subgroup:heavy chain subgroup (VHIII or VHB) associations were discernable, but more data are required for definite conclusions.
Overall, this study suggests that although the pool of available variable region sequences is indeed shared among human IgA and IgG proteins, the partitioning is not exactly equivalent between the two immunoglobulin classes. The pattern is particularly apparent at present for the VHIII subgroup which comprises approximately 70% of human alpha chains and only about 20% of human gamma chains.
Suppression of Reaginic Antibody Formation
Authors: Lee Weng Y. , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reaginic antibodies to DNP and ovalbumin were induced readily in B6D2F1 mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 µg of DNP-ovalbumin suspended with 1 mg aluminum hydroxide in 0.5 ml of saline. The formation of anti-DNP reaginic antibody was completely suppressed by treatment of mice with a conjugate consisting of the hapten coupled to an isologous, nonimmunogenic carrier, viz., murine γ-globulins. However, this treatment did not affect the level of antibody formation to the carrier of the immunizing antigen. The induction of unresponsiveness was dose dependent, complete suppression being achieved with 1 mg of the tolerogen. The state of unresponsiveness could be maintained for prolonged periods (these observations were made over a period of at least 8 months) by repeated injections of the tolerogen at intervals of 2 months. More importantly, the state of unresponsiveness could be induced readily not only in normal, but also in sensitized mice, i.e., this treatment was capable of abrogating an ongoing reaginic response, and the suppression was immunologically specific. Hence this system appears to have a great potential for adaptation to the treatment of allergic diseases in man.
Ly-4.2: A Cell Membrane Alloantigen of Murine B Lymphocytes
Authors: McKenzie Ian F. C. , Snell George D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Ly-4 locus defines an alloantigenic specificity present on the surface of lymphocytes of some mouse strains and detected in lymphocytotoxicity tests by an antiserum (BALB/c × SWR)F1 anti-B10.D2. In this paper are presented results which indicate that Ly-4.2 is predominantly represented on B cells and not T cells. In cytotoxicity tests with rabbit complement, the distribution of Ly-4.2 is restricted: thymus 5%, TDL 12%, spleen 60%, lymph node 30%, bone marrow 36%, Peyer's patches 55%, peritoneal exudate cells 35%, and peripheral lymphocytes 35%. This distribution is the reciprocal of that obtained with anti-Thy-1 antiserum. Further, when both reagents were used together, almost all cells in these tissues were lysed, excepting those with bone marrow. When anti-Ly-4.2 and anti-Thy-1.2 were used sequentially, it was apparent that these specificities were present on different cell populations. As Thy-1 is a marker for T cells, Ly-4 is therefore, presumably, a marker for B cells. This conclusion was confirmed by testing mice depleted of T cells (“nude”; thymectomy + anti-lymphocyte serum treatment; thymectomy, irradiation + reconstitution with bone marrow) where the majority of lymphocytes were Ly-4.2+, Thy-1.2-; and by testing tumors, where, for the most part, this reciprocal relationship held true. Appropriate studies indicate that the Ly-4.2 antibody does not detect a surface immunoglobulin allotype. Anti-Ly-4.2 antiserum may provide a useful alloantigenic marker distinct from immunoglobulin, mouse-specific bone marrow-derived lymphocyte antigen, and “β” for detecting some or all, B cells.
Ly-4.2: A Cell Membrane Alloantigen of Murine B Lymphocytes
Authors: McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The alloantigenic specificity Ly-4.2 can be detected on a proportion of lymphocytes by the antiserum (BALB/c × SWR)F1 anti-B10.D2. In the preceding study it was shown that these lymphocytes were not thymus-derived (T) cells, as they were Thy-1 (ϑ)(-), and were therefore presumably B (bone marrow-derived) cells. Evidence is now presented for the reaction of the Ly-4.2 antiserum with functional B cells. Thus, the Ly-4.2 and Thy-1.2 specificities were detected on antigen-binding rosette-forming cells (RFC) in mice both immune and non-immune to sheep red cells (SRC). RFC formed to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were also Ly-4.2(+). Memory cells to both SRC and LPS could be detected with anti-Ly-4.2 and anti-Thy-1.2 antisera, thereby indicating that both T and B cells are involved in memory to these antigens. Both direct and indirect antibody-forming cells (the PFC) could be inhibited, in vitro, by anti-Ly-4.2 antiserum, although it is likely that not all PFC are Ly-4.2(+).
Neither of the specificities Ly-4.2 nor Thy-1.2 were detected on the bone marrow precursor of the splenic colony forming unit (the CFU). In an assay for B cells, the treatment of lymph node or spleen cells with anti-Ly-4.2 before transfer to irradiated recipients could inhibit the ability of these cells to make PFC to SRC, and this capacity could only be restored by bone marrow cells and not by thymus cells. These studies provide clear evidence for the presence of the Ly-4.2 specificity on antibody-forming cells and their precursors (B cells).