bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of artificial intelligence for the detection of pathological myopia from colour fundus images: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Prashar Jai , Tay Nicole 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Background
Pathological myopia (PM) is a major cause of worldwide blindness and represents a serious threat to eye health globally. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods are gaining traction in ophthalmology as highly sensitive and specific tools for screening and diagnosis of many eye diseases. However, there is currently a lack of high-quality evidence for their use in the diagnosis of PM.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of AI-based tools in PM was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance. Five electronic databases were searched, results were assessed against the inclusion criteria and a quality assessment was conducted for included studies. Model sensitivity and specificity were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird (random-effects) model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed.

Results
Of 1021 citations identified, 17 studies were included in the systematic review and 11 studies, evaluating 165,787 eyes, were included in the meta-analysis. The area under the summary receiver operator curve (SROC) was 0.9905. The pooled sensitivity was 95.9% [95.5%-96.2%], and the overall pooled specificity was 96.5% [96.3%-96.6%]. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for detection of PM was 841.26 [418.37–1691.61].

Conclusions
This systematic review and meta-analysis provides robust early evidence that AI-based, particularly deep-learning based, diagnostic tools are a highly specific and sensitive modality for the detection of PM. There is potential for such tools to be incorporated into ophthalmic public health screening programmes, particularly in resource-poor areas with a substantial prevalence of high myopia.
Urbanisation generates multiple trait syndromes for terrestrial animal taxa worldwide
Authors: Hahs Amy K. , Fournier Bertrand , Aronson Myla F. J. , Nilon Charles H. , Herrera-Montes Adriana , Salisbury Allyson B. , Threlfall Caragh G. , Rega-Brodsky Christine C. , Lepczyk Christopher A. , La Sorte Frank A. , MacGregor-Fors Ian , Scott MacIvor J. , Jung Kirsten , Piana Max R. , Williams Nicholas S. G. , Knapp Sonja , Vergnes Alan , Acevedo Aldemar A. , Gainsbury Alison M. , Rainho Ana , Hamer Andrew J. , Shwartz Assaf , Voigt Christian C. , Lewanzik Daniel , Lowenstein David M. , O’Brien David , Tommasi Desiree , Pineda Eduardo , Carpenter Ela Sita , Belskaya Elena , Lövei Gábor L. , Makinson James C. , Coleman Joanna L. , Sadler Jon P. , Shroyer Jordan , Shapiro Julie Teresa , Baldock Katherine C. R. , Ksiazek-Mikenas Kelly , Matteson Kevin C. , Barrett Kyle , Siles Lizette , Aguirre Luis F. , Armesto Luis Orlando , Zalewski Marcin , Herrera-Montes Maria Isabel , Obrist Martin K. , Tonietto Rebecca K. , Gagné Sara A. , Hinners Sarah J. , Latty Tanya , Surasinghe Thilina D. , Sattler Thomas , Magura Tibor , Ulrich Werner , Elek Zoltan , Castañeda-Oviedo Jennifer , Torrado Ricardo , Kotze D. Johan , Moretti Marco 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCities can host significant biological diversity. Yet, urbanisation leads to the loss of habitats, species, and functional groups. Understanding how multiple taxa respond to urbanisation globally is essential to promote and conserve biodiversity in cities. Using a dataset encompassing six terrestrial faunal taxa (amphibians, bats, bees, birds, carabid beetles and reptiles) across 379 cities on 6 continents, we show that urbanisation produces taxon-specific changes in trait composition, with traits related to reproductive strategy showing the strongest response. Our findings suggest that urbanisation results in four trait syndromes (mobile generalists, site specialists, central place foragers, and mobile specialists), with resources associated with reproduction and diet likely driving patterns in traits associated with mobility and body size. Functional diversity measures showed varied responses, leading to shifts in trait space likely driven by critical resource distribution and abundance, and taxon-specific trait syndromes. Maximising opportunities to support taxa with different urban trait syndromes should be pivotal in conservation and management programmes within and among cities. This will reduce the likelihood of biotic homogenisation and helps ensure that urban environments have the capacity to respond to future challenges. These actions are critical to reframe the role of cities in global biodiversity loss.
Emerging exotic compositional order on approaching low-temperature equilibrium glasses
Authors: Tong Hua , Tanaka Hajime 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe ultimate fate of a glass former upon cooling has been a fundamental problem in condensed matter physics and materials science since Kauzmann. Recently, this problem has been challenged by a model with an extraordinary glass-forming ability effectively free from crystallisation and phase separation, two well-known fates of most glass formers, combined with a particle-size swap method. Thus, this system is expected to approach the ideal glass state if it exists. However, we discover exotic compositional order as the coexistence of space-spanning network-like structures formed by small-large particle connections and patches formed by medium-size particles at low temperatures. Therefore, the glass transition is accompanied unexpectedly by exotic compositional ordering inaccessible through ordinary structural or thermodynamic characterisations. Such exotic compositional ordering is found to have an unusual impact on structural relaxation dynamics. Our study thus raises fundamental questions concerning the role of unconventional structural ordering in understanding glass transition.
Interplay of structure and photophysics of individualized rod-shaped graphene quantum dots with up to 132 sp² carbon atoms
Authors: Medina-Lopez Daniel , Liu Thomas , Osella Silvio , Levy-Falk Hugo , Rolland Nicolas , Elias Christine , Huber Gaspard , Ticku Pranav , Rondin Loïc , Jousselme Bruno , Beljonne David , Lauret Jean-Sébastien , Campidelli Stephane 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNanographene materials are promising building blocks for the growing field of low-dimensional materials for optics, electronics and biophotonics applications. In particular, bottom-up synthesized 0D graphene quantum dots show great potential as single quantum emitters. To fully exploit their exciting properties, the graphene quantum dots must be of high purity; the key parameter for efficient purification being the solubility of the starting materials. Here, we report the synthesis of a family of highly soluble and easily processable rod-shaped graphene quantum dots with fluorescence quantum yields up to 94%. This is uncommon for a red emission. The high solubility is directly related to the design of the structure, allowing for an accurate description of the photophysical properties of the graphene quantum dots both in solution and at the single molecule level. These photophysical properties were fully predicted by quantum-chemical calculations.
Global mass of buoyant marine plastics dominated by large long-lived debris
Authors: Kaandorp Mikael L. A. , Lobelle Delphine , Kehl Christian , Dijkstra Henk A. , van Sebille Erik 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe fate of plastics that enter the ocean is a longstanding puzzle. Recent estimates of the oceanic input of plastic are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the amount measured floating at the surface. This discrepancy could be due to overestimation of input estimates, processes removing plastic from the surface ocean or fragmentation and degradation. Here we present a 3D global marine mass budget of buoyant plastics that resolves this discrepancy. We assimilate observational data from different marine reservoirs, including coastlines, the ocean surface, and the deep ocean, into a numerical model, considering particle sizes of 0.1–1,600.0 mm. We find that larger plastics (>25 mm) contribute to more than 95% of the initially buoyant marine plastic mass: 3,100 out of 3,200 kilotonnes for the year 2020. Our model estimates an ocean plastic input of about 500 kilotonnes per year, less than previous estimates. Together, our estimated total amount and annual input of buoyant marine plastic litter suggest there is no missing sink of marine plastic pollution. The results support higher residence times of plastics in the marine environment compared with previous model studies, in line with observational evidence. Long-lived plastic pollution in the world’s oceans, which our model suggests is continuing to increase, could negatively impact ecosystems without countermeasures and prevention strategies.
Shortwave absorption by wildfire smoke dominated by dark brown carbon
Authors: Chakrabarty Rajan K. , Shetty Nishit J. , Thind Arashdeep S. , Beeler Payton , Sumlin Benjamin J. , Zhang Chenchong , Liu Pai , Idrobo Juan C. , Adachi Kouji , Wagner Nicholas L. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Ahern Adam , Sedlacek Arthur J. , Lambe Andrew , Daube Conner , Lyu Ming , Liu Chao , Herndon Scott , Onasch Timothy B. , Mishra Rohan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWildfires emit large amounts of black carbon and light-absorbing organic carbon, known as brown carbon, into the atmosphere. These particles perturb Earth’s radiation budget through absorption of incoming shortwave radiation. It is generally thought that brown carbon loses its absorptivity after emission in the atmosphere due to sunlight-driven photochemical bleaching. Consequently, the atmospheric warming effect exerted by brown carbon remains highly variable and poorly represented in climate models compared with that of the relatively nonreactive black carbon. Given that wildfires are predicted to increase globally in the coming decades, it is increasingly important to quantify these radiative impacts. Here we present measurements of ensemble-scale and particle-scale shortwave absorption in smoke plumes from wildfires in the western United States. We find that a type of dark brown carbon contributes three-quarters of the short visible light absorption and half of the long visible light absorption. This strongly absorbing organic aerosol species is water insoluble, resists daytime photobleaching and increases in absorptivity with night-time atmospheric processing. Our findings suggest that parameterizations of brown carbon in climate models need to be revised to improve the estimation of smoke aerosol radiative forcing and associated warming.
Time-domain observation of ballistic orbital-angular-momentum currents with giant relaxation length in tungsten
Authors: Seifert Tom S. , Go Dongwook , Hayashi Hiroki , Rouzegar Reza , Freimuth Frank , Ando Kazuya , Mokrousov Yuriy , Kampfrath Tobias 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe emerging field of orbitronics exploits the electron orbital momentum L. Compared to spin-polarized electrons, L may allow the transfer of magnetic information with considerably higher density over longer distances in more materials. However, direct experimental observation of L currents, their extended propagation lengths and their conversion into charge currents has remained challenging. Here, we optically trigger ultrafast angular-momentum transport in Ni|W|SiO2 thin-film stacks. The resulting terahertz charge-current bursts exhibit a marked delay and width that grow linearly with the W thickness. We consistently ascribe these observations to a ballistic L current from Ni through W with a giant decay length (~80 nm) and low velocity (~0.1 nm fs−1). At the W/SiO2 interface, the L flow is efficiently converted into a charge current by the inverse orbital Rashba–Edelstein effect, consistent with ab initio calculations. Our findings establish orbitronic materials with long-distance ballistic L transport as possible candidates for future ultrafast devices and an approach to discriminate Hall-like and Rashba–Edelstein-like conversion processes.
Structural conservation of antibiotic interaction with ribosomes
Authors: Paternoga Helge , Crowe-McAuliffe Caillan , Bock Lars V. , Koller Timm O. , Morici Martino , Beckert Bertrand , Myasnikov Alexander G. , Grubmüller Helmut , Nováček Jiří , Wilson Daniel N. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe ribosome is a major target for clinically used antibiotics, but multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria are making our current arsenal of antimicrobials obsolete. Here we present cryo-electron-microscopy structures of 17 distinct compounds from six different antibiotic classes bound to the bacterial ribosome at resolutions ranging from 1.6 to 2.2 Å. The improved resolution enables a precise description of antibiotic–ribosome interactions, encompassing solvent networks that mediate multiple additional interactions between the drugs and their target. Our results reveal a high structural conservation in the binding mode between antibiotics with the same scaffold, including ordered water molecules. Water molecules are visualized within the antibiotic binding sites that are preordered, become ordered in the presence of the drug and that are physically displaced on drug binding. Insight into RNA–ligand interactions will facilitate development of new antimicrobial agents, as well as other RNA-targeting therapies.
Model-predicted geometry variations to compensate material variability in the design of classical guitars
Authors: Brauchler Alexander , Gonzalez Sebastian , Vierneisel Manuel , Ziegler Pascal , Antonacci Fabio , Sarti Augusto , Eberhard Peter 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMusical instrument making is often considered a mysterious form of art, its secrets still escaping scientific quantification. There is not yet a formula to make a good instrument, so historical examples are regarded as the pinnacle of the craft. This is the case of Stradivari’s violins or Torres guitars that serve as both models and examples to follow. Geometric copies of these instruments are still the preferred way of building new ones, yet reliably making acoustic copies of them remains elusive. One reason for this is that the variability of the wood used for instruments makes for a significant source of uncertainty—no two pieces of wood are the same. In this article, using state-of-the-art methodologies, we show a method for matching the vibrational response of two guitar top plates made with slightly different materials. To validate our method, we build two guitar soundboards: one serving as a reference and the second acting as a copy to which we apply model-predicted geometry variations. The results are twofold. Firstly, we can experimentally validate the predictive capabilities of our numerical model regarding geometry changes. Secondly, we can significantly reduce the deviation between the two plates by these precisely predicted geometry variations. Although applied to guitars here, the methodology can be extended to other instruments, e.g. violins, in a similar fashion. The implications of such a methodology for the craft could be far-reaching by turning instrument-making more into a science than artistic craftsmanship and paving the way to accurately copy historical instruments of a high value.
High performance, single crystal gold bowtie nanoantennas fabricated via epitaxial electroless deposition
Authors: V. Grayli Sasan , Kamal Saeid , Leach Gary W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMaterial quality plays a critical role in the performance of nanometer-scale plasmonic structures and represents a significant hurdle to large-scale device integration. Progress has been hindered by the challenges of realizing scalable, high quality, ultrasmooth metal deposition strategies, and by the poor pattern transfer and device fabrication yields characteristic of most metal deposition approaches which yield polycrystalline metal structure. Here we highlight a novel and scalable electrochemical method to deposit ultrasmooth, single-crystal (100) gold and to fabricate a series of bowtie nanoantennas through subtractive nanopatterning. We investigate some of the less well-explored design and performance characteristics of these single-crystal nanoantennas in relation to their polycrystalline counterparts, including pattern transfer and device yield, polarization response, gap-field magnitude, and the ability to model accurately the antenna local field response. Our results underscore the performance advantages of single-crystal nanoscale plasmonic materials and provide insight into their use for large-scale manufacturing of plasmon-based devices. We anticipate that this approach will be broadly useful in applications where local near-fields can enhance light–matter interactions, including for the fabrication of optical sensors, photocatalytic structures, hot carrier-based devices, and nanostructured noble metal architectures targeting nano-attophysics.
Emergent community architecture despite distinct diversity in the global whale shark (Rhincodon typus) epidermal microbiome
Authors: Doane Michael P. , Reed Michael B. , McKerral Jody , Farias Oliveira Lima Laís , Morris Megan , Goodman Asha Z. , Johri Shaili , Papudeshi Bhavya , Dillon Taylor , Turnlund Abigail C. , Peterson Meredith , Mora Maria , de la Parra Venegas Rafael , Pillans Richard , Rohner Christoph A. , Pierce Simon J. , Legaspi Christine G. , Araujo Gonzalo , Ramirez-Macias Deni , Edwards Robert A. , Dinsdale Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMicrobiomes confer beneficial physiological traits to their host, but microbial diversity is inherently variable, challenging the relationship between microbes and their contribution to host health. Here, we compare the diversity and architectural complexity of the epidermal microbiome from 74 individual whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) across five aggregations globally to determine if network properties may be more indicative of the microbiome-host relationship. On the premise that microbes are expected to exhibit biogeographic patterns globally and that distantly related microbial groups can perform similar functions, we hypothesized that microbiome co-occurrence patterns would occur independently of diversity trends and that keystone microbes would vary across locations. We found that whale shark aggregation was the most important factor in discriminating taxonomic diversity patterns. Further, microbiome network architecture was similar across all aggregations, with degree distributions matching Erdos–Renyi-type networks. The microbiome-derived networks, however, display modularity indicating a definitive microbiome structure on the epidermis of whale sharks. In addition, whale sharks hosted 35 high-quality metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) of which 25 were present from all sample locations, termed the abundant ‘core’. Two main MAG groups formed, defined here as Ecogroup 1 and 2, based on the number of genes present in metabolic pathways, suggesting there are at least two important metabolic niches within the whale shark microbiome. Therefore, while variability in microbiome diversity is high, network structure and core taxa are inherent characteristics of the epidermal microbiome in whale sharks. We suggest the host-microbiome and microbe-microbe interactions that drive the self-assembly of the microbiome help support a functionally redundant abundant core and that network characteristics should be considered when linking microbiomes with host health.
Hepcidin deficiency in mice impairs white adipose tissue browning possibly due to a defect in de novo adipogenesis
Authors: Deschemin Jean-Christophe , Ransy Céline , Bouillaud Frédéric , Chung Soonkyu , Galy Bruno , Peyssonnaux Carole , Vaulont Sophie 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe role of iron in the two major sites of adaptive thermogenesis, namely the beige inguinal (iWAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) has not been fully understood yet. Body iron levels and distribution is controlled by the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin. Here, we explored iron homeostasis and thermogenic activity in brown and beige fat in wild-type and iron loaded Hepcidin KO mice. Hepcidin-deficient mice displayed iron overload in both iWAT and BAT, and preferential accumulation of ferritin in stromal cells compared to mature adipocytes. In contrast to BAT, the iWAT of Hepcidin KO animals featured with defective thermogenesis evidenced by an altered beige signature, including reduced UCP1 levels and decreased mitochondrial respiration. This thermogenic modification appeared cell autonomous and persisted after a 48 h-cold challenge, a potent trigger of thermogenesis, suggesting compromised de novo adipogenesis. Given that WAT browning occurs in both mice and humans, our results provide physiological results to interrogate the thermogenic capacity of patients with iron overload disorders.
Magnetic dipole effects on unsteady flow of Casson-Williamson nanofluid propelled by stretching slippery curved melting sheet with buoyancy force
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Nagaraja Basavarajappa , Almeida Felicita , AjayKumar Abbani Ramakrishnappa , Al-Mdallal Qasem , Jarad Fahd 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn particular, the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model and buoyancy effect have been taken into account in the numerical simulation of time-based unsteady flow of Casson-Williamson nanofluid carried over a magnetic dipole enabled curved stretching sheet with thermal radiation, Joule heating, an exponential heat source, homo-heterogenic reactions, slip, and melting heat peripheral conditions. The specified flow's partial differential equations are converted to straightforward ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg 4-5th order tool has been used to generate solution graphs for the problem under consideration. Other parameters are simultaneously set to their default settings while displaying the solution graphs for all flow defining profiles with the specific parameters. Each produced graph has been the subject of an extensive debate. Here, the analysis shows that the thermal buoyancy component boosts the velocity regime. The investigation also revealed that the melting parameter and radiation parameter had counterintuitive effects on the thermal profile. The velocity distribution of nanofluid flow is also slowed down by the ferrohydrodynamic interaction parameter. The surface drag has decreased as the unsteadiness parameter has increased, while the rate of heat transfer has increased. To further demonstrate the flow and heat distribution, graphical representations of streamlines and isotherms have been offered.