bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Suppressive Effect of Interferon on the Ability of Mouse Spleen Cells Synthesizing IgE to Sensitize Rat Skin for Heterologous Adoptive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ngan Johnson , Lee Spencer H. S. , Kind Leon S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells which are synthesizing IgE can sensitize rat skin for HACA.2 When such cells are treated with mouse interferon, their ability to sensitize rat skin is reduced or completely inhibited. Two hundred PRD50 units of interferon reduced HACA reactions by more than 50%; 600 units gave complete inhibition. Interferon may act by inhibiting IgE synthesis and/or release.
Immunologic Cross-Reactions Between the Specifically Localizing Cells (SLC) Generated in Response to Sheep RBC and the Red Cells of Other Species
Authors: Thursh Donald R. , Chan Keith S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Some of the lymphoid cells selectively incorporating radioactive thymidine 3 days after primary immunization with SRBC which are capable of specifically localizing in the lymph nodes of adoptively immunized syngeneic recipients challenged with SRBC (SLC-SRBC)2 are also capable of specifically localizing in lymph nodes challenged with the red blood cells of a variety of other mammalian species. The one nonmammalian RBC tested, CRBC, failed to cross-react with SRBC by this parameter even qualitatively, although it remains possible that a feeble cross-reaction might be demonstrated with large enough experimental groups. As expected, the magnitude of the observed cross-reactions seems to vary inversely with the phylogenetic distance between the species, with ORBC showing the strongest cross-reaction (41 to 49%), ARBC showing the weakest (8 to 13%), and BRBC and HRBC occupying intermediate positions (13 to 20%). Cross-reactions between secondary anti-SRBC antibodies and the red cells of the other species were weak and inconstant, suggesting that the observed cross-reactions of specific localization may involve T cells more than B cells. During the course of these studies, it was also possible to verify experimentally our impression that with existing methods of selectively labeling SLC it is possible to study the phenomenon of specific localization using only one population of labeled cells, providing certain essential controls are employed.
Coexistence of Helper and Suppressor Activities in Carrier-Primed Spleen Cells
Authors: Chan Eva L. , Henry Claudia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both helper and suppressor activities for an in vitro IgG anti-hapten (Lac) response to Lac-HRBC were demonstrated in the same population of carrier (HRBC)-primed spleen cells. The relative radiosensitivity of suppressor activity permitted the selective removal of suppression and the demonstration of help. Both activities appear to be T cell-dependent and antigen-specific. Dilution analysis showed that help and suppression are mediated by distinct populations of cells.
Specific, Transient Suppression of the Immune Response by HGG Tolerant Spleen Cells
Authors: Doyle Michael V. , Parks Elliot , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous report, it was shown that spleen cells from mice made tolerant to human γ-globulin (HGG)5 could specifically inhibit the immune response of normal spleen cells after adoptive transfer to lethally irradiated recipients. However, that report also showed that the suppressive activity was only transiently associated with tolerant spleen cell populations. It was concluded from those experiments that while suppressive activity could be demonstrated in tolerant spleen cells under certain conditions, such activity was not obligatory for the maintenance of the tolerant state. The experiments presented here were performed to determine the nature of the effector cell(s) and the target cell(s) involved in this system of suppression of the immune response. Treatment of cells from tolerant animals with anti-thymocyte serum and complement to remove thymus-derived (T) cells completely abrogated suppressive activity. Removal of adherent cells from tolerant spleen cells by passage over glass wool columns resulted in partial loss of the suppression. The inhibitory activity of the suppressor cells was resistant to 900 R irradiation regardless of whether the tolerant spleen cells were irradiated before or after adoptive transfer.
The cellular target(s) for the suppressor cells was examined by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an alternative source of helper activity for the response to HGG. LPS, injected at the time of the initial antigenic challenge of mice that had been reconstituted with tolerant and normal spleen cells, prevented the expression of suppression against bone marrow-derived (B) cells. However, when LPS was presented only at the time of the secondary antigenic challenge, it was unable to overcome suppression of the immune response of reconstituted recipients. Thus, LPS could produce a state where the B cells were resistant to suppression, but LPS could not rescue the responsiveness of B cells once the cells in the reconstituted recipient had been suppressed. In addition, the immune responses to both the hapten dinitrophenol (DNP) and the carrier (HGG) were suppressed when recipients of tolerant and normal spleen cells were challenged with DNP 6HGG. This indicates that T helper cells are also a target for suppression.
The results presented in this paper are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of suppression which proposes that suppressive activity represents the induction of tolerance in immunologically competent cells by HGG which is closely associated with the tolerant spleen cells.
Early and Late Contact Sensitivity Reactions in Guinea Pigs Sensitized to Oxazolone
Authors: Baer Harold , Stone Sanford H. , Malik Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inbred strain 2 and random-bred guinea pigs injected with oxazolone in incomplete or complete Freund's adjuvant showed contact reactions within an hour after topical application when tested 3 weeks post-sensitization. The time for appearance of skin reactions at 5 days post-sensitization was 8 to 24 hr, more along classic delayed-type hypersensitivity lines. Immune serum harvested several weeks after sensitization was effective for passive transfer of early skin reactivity, while serum at 5 to 10 days was not. Lymph node cells taken 5 days after sensitization of donors could transfer only the late skin reactivity to histocompatible recipients; lymph nodes taken at 15 days did not contain cells capable of such transfers. The heterogeneity of mechanisms involved in the production of contact dermatitis suggested by these results provides new approaches to studies in this area of allergy research.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Takatsu Kiyoshi , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ongoing IgE antibody formation against ovalbumin (OA) in high responder mice was depressed by i.v. injections of either native or urea-denatured ovalbumin (UD-OA). Adoptive transfer experiments to determinethe helper function of spleen cells from the treated animals showed that helper function for both IgE and IgG antibody responses diminished after treatment. Evidence was obtained that treatment suppressed the expansion of IgE-B memory cells. When the same treatment with OA or UD-OA was given to OA-primed mice before the appearance of IgE antibody in their serum, OA-specific splenic suppressor T cells were demonstrable. Thus, the transfer of splenic T cells from treated mice into normal mice suppressed the primary IgE and IgG antibody responses of the recipeints to DNP-OA. It was also found that the transfer of the splenic T cells from UD-OA-treated mice into OA-primed mice depressed ongoing IgE antibody formation in the recipients. The results suggested strongly that the decrease of helper function and the depression of ongoing IgE antibody formation by repeated injections of UD-OA was caused by generation of antigen (OA)-specific suppressor T cells.
Proliferation of Murine Thymic Lymphocytes in Vitro Is Mediated by the Concanavalin A-Induced Release of a Lymphokine (Costimulator)
Authors: Paetkau Verner , Mills Gordon , Gerhart Stanley , Monticone Vicky 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes may in theory result directly from the interaction of mitogen with the cells, or indirectly as a result of the mitogen-stimulated release of lymphokines. In the case of murine thymic lymphocytes exposed to concanavalin A (Con A) in tissue culture, we have determined that mitogenesis depends upon a lymphokine. Interaction of the thymic lymphocytes with lectin is necessary, but not sufficient, for mitogenesis. A lymphokine, or costimulator for mitogenesis, is released by normal spleen or thymus cells during the first 16 hr of their exposure to Con A, and in the presence of a phytomitogen it stimulates thymic mitogenesis. Under conditions of low costimulator levels, no mitogenesis follows the interaction of Con A with cells. The response of adult CBA/J mouse thymocytes to phytohemmaglutinin (PHA) is very low, compared to their response to Con A. When costimulator is added to PHA, the cells respond as well as they do to Con A. Costimulator does not act through Con A-binding sites on thymus cells. Its production is dependent on both cells carrying θ surface antigen (T lymphocytes) and adherent cells of the macrophage-monocyte series. The adherent population, but not the T cells, may be heavily irradiated without affecting production of costimulator. Costimulator is not a mitogen on its own.
The Role of Macrophages in Thymocyte Mitogenesis
Authors: Mills Gordon , Monticone Vicky , Paetkau Verner 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The thymic lymphocytes of CBA/J mice respond to the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) only in the presence of adherent cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. Depletion of adherent cells abrogates the response, and macrophage-rich populations of cells restore it. The need for macrophages and mitogen is completely provided by irradiated splenic macrophages which have been exposed to Con A and washed free of the soluble mitogen. The mitogenmacrophage effect in this case is apparently not due to soluble factors.
Even more striking than the effect of macrophages on fresh cultures of thymic lymphocytes is their ability to restimulate quiescent cells 72 hr after their first stimulation with Con A. The quiescent cells respond immediately and quantitatively to Con A in the presence of fresh macrophages. This stimulation, like that of fresh thymocytes, is also controlled by a lymphokine (“costimulator”) produced by mixing macrophages, mitogen, and T lymphocytes.
Our data suggest a model in which two signals are required for mitogenesis. First, the interaction of macrophage, T cell, and mitogen elicits a soluble costimulator, which is itself not mitogenic. Secondly, in the presence of costimulator, the mitogen (either soluble, or, more efficiently, bound to macrophages) induces a proliferative response in the T cell.
Lysis of Tumor Cells by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Boyle Michael D. P. , Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The guinea pig hepatoma (line-1) treated with anti-Forssman antibody (TA) and GPC sequentially released 86Rb, 14C from 14C aminoisobutyric acid and failed to exclude trypan blue. Incubation of TA with fluid phase GPC for 1 min caused maximal 86Rb release; however, if the GPC was removed at this time, the cells were not subsequently killed. Using a number of naturally occurring human sera deficient in a complement component we have shown 86Rb release requires the binding of the complement components 1 through 8, but there was no absolute requirement for C9. Irreversible damage to the cell as measured by 14C AIB release or uptake of trypan blue required the complete sequence of complement components. These observations indicate that 86Rb release is not a reliable indicator of cytotoxicity.
Characterization of Ia Antigens in Mouse Serum
Authors: Callahan Gerald N. , Ferrone Soldano , Poulik M. David , Reisfeld Ralph A. , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera obtained from normal B10.BR mice were shown to inhibit selectively a specific anti-Ia alloantiserum. Partial purification of the Ia antigenic activity was accomplished by isolation of the high density lipoproteins from these sera by fractional precipitation with sodium phosphotungstate and MgCl2. Both H-2.23 and Iak antigens present in this high density lipoprotein fraction were completely adsorbed by rabbit anti-rat β2-microglobulin immunoadsorbents, whereas specific anti-H-2.23 immunoadsorbents removed only the H-2 activity. These data demonstrate that Ia antigens, like H-2 antigens in the sera of B10.BR mice are associated with high density lipoproteins and further suggest that both H-2 and Ia antigens are associated with a β2-microglobulin-like molecule.
Activation of the Complement Attack Mechanism in the Fluid Phase and its Control by C5̄6̄7̄-INH: Lysis of Normal Erythrocytes Initiated by Zymosan, Endotoxin, and Immune Complexes
Authors: Lint Thomas F. , Behrends Carole L. , Baker Patricia J. , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Addition of zymosan-serum complexes to guinea pig erythrocytes in guinea pig complement-EDTA was found to result in substantial lysis of the bystander cells in the presence of polycations such as poly-L-lysine of 178,000 daltons. Involvement of the alternative C pathway was shown, and the optimum time, temperature, and eruthrocyte and polycation concentrations were defined; a surprising efficiency was observed at low temperatures and high cell concentrations. Several lines of evidence indicated that this hemolysis was mediated via the complex of the C system and modulated by serum inhibitors of (-INH): lysis was observed only with zymosan-serum complexes possessing C-consuming activity; it was not observed in C5-depleted guinea pig serum but was restored upon addition of purified C5; the addition of partially purified -INH substantially depressed hemolysis; and poly-L-lysine which is known to neutralize -INH in solution resulted in substantial enhancement of hemolysis. We also sought to determine whether the addition of complement activators directly to erythrocyte-serum mixtures could result in the hemolysis of bystander erythrocytes. It was found that zymosan, endotoxin, antigen-antibody complexes, and aggregated human γ-globulin each could initiate such bystander lysis under appropriate conditions. Lysis again was favored by increased erythrocyte concentrations, low temperatures, and the presence of polycations such as poly-L-lysine, and was found to be mediated via the C system. -INH blocked cytolysis whereas poly-L-lysine potentiated hemolysis by neutralization of -INH. These experiments emphasize the propensity for formation and lysis of bystander erythrocytes during C activation generally, the role of -INH in the control of this lysis, and the susceptibility of these interactions to modulation by highly charged macromolecules.
Investigations of the Complement-Fixing Sites of Immunoglobulins
Authors: Johnson Brian J. , Thames Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Indirect evidence for the complement-fixing site of human IgG1 has been found by using chemical modification of the immunoglobulin. These results implicate the amino acid residues, tryptophan, tryosine, and arginine. Furthermore, by the use of synthetic peptides it has been shown that the area surrounding the tryptophan and tyrosine at positions 277 and 278 probably constitutes the locus of the complement-fixing site of human IgG1. By anology, the tryptophan at position 488 of human IgM is implicated in the complement-fixing site of this immunoglobulin. Evidence for this is presented by a peptide which mimics the sequence 487–491 of human IgM and possesses the ability to consume complement. The relative complement-fixing ability of this peptide is 200 times less effective than human IgG1.
H-2 Compatibility Requirement for Virus-Specific T Cell-Mediated Effector Functions in Vivo
Authors: Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Welsh Raymond M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adoptive immunization of recipient mice preinfected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is mediated exclusively by virus-specific thymus-derived lymphocytes, when assayed in a short-term transfer model. Protection, measured as reduction of LCMV plaque-forming units in spleens, is conferred only if donors of immune spleen cells and recipients share the K or the D region of the H-2 gene complex. I region compatibility is neither necessary nor sufficient. The F1 → Parent combination is as effective as a syngeneic system. Admixture of a 6-fold excess of immune allogeneic cells did not impair the protective effect exerted by syngeneic immune spleen cells in vivo. Furthermore, allogeneic spleen cells or target cells added in syngeneic systems in vitro did not allogeneicly inhibit or suppress cytolytic activity. H-2 mutant mice B6.H-2bf did not protect wild type H-2Kb B10.A(5r) or vice versa. Therefore, these mice define the gene(s) coding for the relevant cell-surface structure involved.
These results are consistent with the idea that immune T cells, which are specific for virally altered cell-surface self structures impair virus growth in vivo either by lysing target cells, probably before infectious virus is released, or alternatively via activities exerted by lymphokines.
Relationship between β2-Microglobulin and Cell-Surface Alloantigens of the Mouse
Authors: Geib Roy , Poulik Miroslav D. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Kearney J. F. , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Molecular relationships between β2m and other cell surface antigens (H-2, Tla, Ia, and Thy-1) were studied with the double immunofluorescence method. Cells were incubated with an antiserum against one antigen, capped, and then tested with an antiserum against a second antigen. Capping of β2m on thymocytes led to simultaneous capping of H-2 and Tla but not Thy-1 antigens; capping of H-2 and Tla (but not Thy-1) antigens resulted in capping of all β2m detectable by the immunofluorescence method. Similarly, capping of β2m on B or T lymphocytes resulted in capping of H-2 and vice versa. Ia antigens on B lymphocytes were not capped after the redistribution of β2m. We conclude from these data that, in the cell membrane of thymocytes, virtually all the β2m molecules are associated with H-2 and Tla, but not with Thy-1, and that on the cell surface of T or B lymphocytes, virtually all β2m is associated with H-2 but not with Ia. We found no evidence of any significant free β2m on either thymocytes or splenocytes.
Serotonin-Induced Production of a Monocyte Chemotactic Factor by Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Foon Kenneth A. , Wahl Sharon M. , Oppenheim Joost J. , Rosenstreich David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serotonin and histamine are released during the early phase of inflammatory reactions. To determine if these vasoactive amines might play a role in the cell-mediated phase of inflammation, studies were undertaken to assess their influence on some immunologic functions of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). PBL were cultured with serotonin or histamine, and assayed for a proliferative response and their cell-free supernatants were assayed for the presence of a mediator with chemotactic activity for monocytes. Neither serotonin nor histamine were directly chemotactic for monocytes. When serotonin was cultured with PBL factors chemotactic for monocytes as well as polymorphonuclear leukocytes were produced in the absence of a proliferative response. Production of the factor chemotactic for monocytes was specifically blocked by methysergide, a serotonin antagonist and nonspecifically blocked by cycloheximide which interferes with leukocyte protein synthesis. Some decarboxylated precursors of serotonin also induced the monocyte chemotactic factor. This serotonin-induced chemotactic factor was demonstrated to be a product of mononuclear cells, and the majority of chemotactic activity was physicochemically similar to the previously characterized lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor, suggesting that this factor is a lymphocyte product.
In contrast to serotonin, histamine did not stimulate the production of monocyte chemotactic factor, nor did it induce proliferation. However, when 10-5 M histamine was added to a substimulatory concentration of serotonin (10-5 M), chemotactic activity comparable to or greater than the peak activity of serotonin alone was measured. This synergistic effect between serotonin and histamine suggests that the combination of these two amines may contribute to the induction of monocyte exudation in inflammatory reactions.
Analysis of the Cross-Reactive Immune Suppression Induced by the Random Copolymers L-Glutamic Acid50-L-Tyrosine50 (GT), L-Glutamic Acid60-L-Alanine40 (GA), and L-Glutamic Acid60-L-Alanine30-L-Tyrosine10 (GAT)
Authors: Waltenbaugh Carl , Debré Patrice , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cross-reactivity in the induction of immune suppression by the structurally related polymers of L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and/or L-tyrosine (GAT, GA, GT) was studied. SJL (H-2s) and DBA/1 (H-2q) mice are nonresponders to GAT and GT, whereas SJL, but not DBA/1 responds to GA. Both strains respond to these polymers when complexed to the immunogenic carrier methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). Preimmunization with GA suppresses GA-MBSA as well as GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses in DBA/1 mice. Likewise, GAT suppresses GAT-MBSA and GA (SJL) and GA-MBSA (DBA/1) PFC responses in both strains while being totally ineffective on GT-MBSA responses. GT preimmunization suppressed GA, GAT-MBSA, and GT-MBSA PFC responses in SJL but not DBA/1 responses. This study demonstrates that cross-reactive immune suppression does not follow predictable patterns based upon cross-reactivity of specific antibodies and that cross-suppression is not reciprocal.
Synergism between Immune Complexes and Serum from Tumor-Bearing Mice in the Suppression of Mitogen Responses
Authors: Kilburn Douglas G. , Fairhurst Maureen , Levy Julia G. , Whitney Richard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune complexes either adhering to the cells, or added to cultures, synergized with an inhibitor present in serum to suppress the proliferative response of lymphocytes to specific antigens or to B cell or T cell mitogens. The suppressive effect was dependent on the concentration of both the complex and the serum and was substantially higher when the serum was taken from tumor-bearing, rather than normal mice. Immune complexes alone were not suppressive, but appeared to activate or increase the effectiveness of an inhibitor present in serum. Complexes of syngeneic mouse serum or specifically purified rabbit or sheep antibody, as well as heat aggregated mouse or rabbit Ig, were all effective, whereas heat-aggregated F(ab′)2 fragments of rabbit Ig were not, suggesting that any aggregate bearing exposed Fc fragments could mediate synergy. Purified T lymphocytes were equally as sensitive to inhibition as the whole spleen cell population, implying that the suppression acted directly on responding cells rather than via an accessory cell.
Guinea Pig Lymphocyte-Derived Macrophage Aggregation Factor: Its Separation from Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Postlethwaite Arnold E. , Kang Andrew H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from guinea pigs having delayed hypersensitivity to horse-radish peroxidase (HRPO) when cultured in vitro with HRPO produce a large m.w. factor (τ; 100,000 daltons) that causes peritoneal macrophages from nonimmune animals to aggregate. The macrophage aggregation factor (MAF) can be separated from macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by gel filtration of active lymphocyte supernatants on Sephadex G-150. MAF is heat stable (56°C for 30 min) but inactivated by trypsin.
These data suggest that aggregation of macrophages in vitro by lymphokine-rich culture supernatants is nót due to MIF but is caused by a separate large m.w. factor.