bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental test of the influence of light availability on the evolution of eye size and behaviour in Daphnia
Authors: Howell Kaitlyn , Muh Sarah , Parajuli Bibek , Walsh Matthew R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
There exists extensive variation in eye size. Much work has provided a connection between light availability and differences in eye size across taxa. Experimental tests of the role of the light environment on the evolution of eye size are lacking. Here, we performed a selection experiment that examined the influence of light availability on shifts in eye size and the connection between eye size and phototactic (anti-predator) behaviour in Daphnia. We set-up replicate experimental populations of Daphnia, repeatedly evaluated phenotypic shifts in eye size during the ~50-day experiment, and performed a common garden experiment at the end of the experiment to test for evolutionary shifts in eye size and behaviour. Our phenotypic analyses showed that eye size rapidly diverged between the light treatments; relative eye size was consistently larger in the low versus high light treatments. Selection on eye size was also modified by variation in density as increases in Daphnia density favoured a larger eye. However, we did not observe differences in eye size between the light treatments following two generations of common garden rearing at the end of the experiment. We instead observed strong shifts in anti-predator behaviour. Daphnia from the low light treatment exhibited decreased phototactic responses to light. Our results show that decreased light relaxes selection on anti-predator behaviour. Such trends provide new insights into selection on eye size and behaviour.
Abstract
Declines in light availability favors shifts in phototaxis behavior but not eye size in experimental populations of Daphnia.
Can you trust your lawyer's call? Legal advisers exhibit myside bias resistant to debiasing interventions
Authors: Jeklic Mihael A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn a vast majority of disputes, settlement is superior to litigation, which involves uncertainty, legal fees, and opportunity cost. Unnecessary litigation also causes judicial backlog, wastes resources, and increases societal conflict. Major contributors to the lack of settlement are intransigent litigants who harbor overoptimistic predictions of litigation outcomes, even though they are looking at identical facts and applicable law. A study (N = 166) found significant myside bias in the participants' predictions of a judicial award (claimants' advisers expected awards that were 69% higher than defendants' advisers) and in their evaluation of arguments (both sides thought the arguments supporting their side were 30% more convincing than the arguments supporting their counterparty). Debiasing interventions—alerting to the myside bias, considering the perspective of the counterparty and dialectical bootstrapping—reduced the bias but did not eliminate it. Exploratory investigation indicated that a large proportion of advisers exhibited naïve realism and bias blind spot, and that cognitive reflection provided a limited measure of resistance to myside bias.
Nurses' coping strategies caring for patients during severe viral pandemics: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Temeng Eunice , Hewitt Rachael , Pattinson Rachael , Sydor Anna , Whybrow Dean , Watts Tessa , Bundy Chris 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundNurses play an essential role in responding to severe viral disease which bring considerable challenges to their personal and professional well‐being. This subsequently can affect the delivery of care and healthcare systems' organisational capacity to respond. Understanding nurses' experiences of these challenges will help inform healthcare policies.AimTo explore the experiences and coping strategies of nurses caring for patients during severe viral disease pandemics.DesignA mixed‐methods systematic review informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology.MethodsA mixed‐methods systematic review. Five electronic databases Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo, ASSIA and Scopus were searched on 4th April 2021. Results were reported in accordance with PRISMA. The findings were analysed and reported in the context of the Self‐Regulatory Common‐Sense Model.ResultsIn total, 71 peer‐review primary research articles describing nurses' experiences of caring for patients during SARS, MERS, Swine flu H1N1, Avian influenza or SARS‐CoV‐2 / COVID‐19 published in English from 2003 to 2021 were included. We found links between nurses' perception of the health threats, their emotional reactions, and coping strategies. Perceived health threats were influenced by organisational factors including frequent changes in clinical guidelines and workplace protocols, onerous workloads and working hours, unavailability of PPE, and lack of knowledge and training in pandemic management. These impacted nurses' physical, psychological and social well‐being. Nurses also reported helpful and unhelpful coping strategies to manage the health threats.ConclusionsIt is vital for stakeholders, policymakers, government and healthcare institutions to recognise and monitor the wider impact on healthcare workers from health emergencies. In addition, support to develop and implement effective systems and individual mechanisms to offset the anticipated impact pre and post pandemics/epidemics is needed. Our findings can inform those strategies for similar future health emergencies.Relevance to Clinical PracticeNurses are often the first point of contact in providing direct care to patients, hence they are at high risk of being infected. The findings from this review can help managers and policymakers in developing programmes to enhance resilience in the nursing workforce.No Patient or Public ContributionThis was a literature review study.
Impact of different types of temporomandibular disorders on jaw functional limitation and psychological distress in orthodontic patients
Authors: Dan Ruichen , Li Jiaheng , Xie Tian , Luo Min , Lau Ruihan Sophie , Hu Shoushan , Wang Jun , Xiong Xin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundSome orthodontic patients are associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), and the differences between jaw function and psychological states in orthodontic patients with different types of TMDs remain unknown.ObjectiveThis cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of different types of TMDs in orthodontic patients and to evaluate the relationship between different types of TMDs and jaw functional limitation and psychological distress in orthodontic patients.MethodsA questionnaire was sent to patients willing to participate in this survey, which included questions about the demographic characteristics of the participants, the five TMD symptoms (5Ts) of the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs, the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale‐8 (JFLS‐8) and the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ‐4). The subjects were divided into three groups: painful TMDs (PT), non‐painful TMDs (NPT), and TMD‐free according to whether they had TMDs and its subtypes.ResultsA total of 670 valid questionnaires were collected from 182 males and 488 females. The prevalence of TMDs was 35.4%, of which the prevalence of PT was 11.8% and the prevalence of NPT was 23.6%. The median JLFS‐8 score of TMD patients was significantly higher than TMD‐free, and PT patients were significantly higher than NPT (p = .026). After adjusting for confounding factors, the jaw function and psychological states of PT patients and NPT patients were worse than those of the TMD‐free group.ConclusionsAmong the orthodontic patients surveyed, more than one‐third had TMDs and the prevalence of PT was lower than NPT. Having TMDs is associated with more severe jaw functional limitation, and PT patients were more serious than NPT patients. At the same time, the psychological states of TMDs patients were also worse.
Reality of clonidine poisoning in children and adolescents
Authors: Duong Chi , Lovett Caitlyn , Downes MIchael A , Isbister Geoffrey K 
Published: April 2023

AimWe aimed to describe the severity of clonidine poisonings in a paediatric population referred to a tertiary toxicology service.MethodsWe undertook a retrospective review of all presentations of clonidine poisoning in children or adolescents reported to a tertiary toxicology service from March 2014 to February 2020. Cases were divided into young children (0–6 years), older children (7–11 years) and adolescents (12–17 years). We report clinical effects: bradycardia, hypotension and abnormal Glasgow coma score (GCS), based on standard paediatric observation charts, interventions, length of emergency department stay, proportion admitted to a medical ward or paediatric intensive care unit.ResultsWe identified 111 clonidine poisonings, 41 young children, 9 older children and 61 adolescents. There were more females in the adolescent group and slightly more males in the younger age groups. The median dose ingested was 13 mcg/kg (interquartile range: 7–38 mcg/kg), which varied across ages. Clonidine alone was ingested in 78 cases (70%) and co‐ingestion was more common in adolescents (24/61; 39%). Thirty‐seven patients (33%) were admitted and 23 (21%) were admitted to paediatric intensive care unit. Median length of emergency department stay was 16.4 h, longer for adolescents. At least one abnormal observation occurred in 101 of 111 (91%) cases: 76 of 106 (72%) bradycardia, 76 of 110 (69%) hypotension and 4 of 99 (4%) GCS < 9. Thirteen (12%) had severe bradycardia, more common in young children and 23 (21%) had severe hypotension, more common in adolescents. For 27 children (0–11 years) ingesting 5–10 mcg/kg, 3 (11%) had severe bradycardia or severe hypotension and 1 received naloxone (4%). No cases ingesting <5 mcg/kg developed moderate/severe bradycardia or hypotension. Four cases received naloxone with no significant change, two patients got atropine with a transient response. One patient was intubated to facilitate safe inter‐hospital transfer.ConclusionPaediatric clonidine poisoning commonly results in bradycardia, hypotension and decreased GCS, but rarely severe or requiring major interventions. Children ingesting <5 mcg/kg do not require admission.
Therapeutics of managing reduced red cell mass associated with chronic kidney disease – Is there a case for earlier intervention?
Authors: Elliott Jonathan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractReduced red cell mass is a poor prognostic indicator in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Whilst overt anaemia impacts on the quality of life of patients with CKD, lowered red cell mass may also compromise oxygen delivery to proximal tubular cells and contribute to progressive kidney injury. Epidemiological data from cats with CKD support this hypothesis although controlled interventional studies involving drugs that raise red cell mass in trials designed to test this hypothesis are lacking in both human and veterinary medicine. Recombinant analogues of erythropoietin (EPO) are currently standard of care for human CKD patients where low red cell mass impacts on their quality of life. Resistance to EPO is encountered in 20% to 40% of patients treated, probably due to functional iron deficiency, reflecting the difficulties of managing iron deficiency associated with the chronic inflammation of CKD. Similar issues are likely faced in managing anaemia in feline CKD although published data on the use of human EPO analogues are limited as such treatment in cats risks antibody formation resulting in red cell aplasia and transfusion dependency and so is reserved for late stage cases only. This article reviews the recent alternative therapeutic approach to increase red cell mass using HIF‐prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors and explains their mode of action and theoretical advantages over EPO analogues in the context of iron metabolism. The results of human clinical trials and the potential benefit of adopting this approach in feline CKD patients are discussed.
Research gaps and opportunities in autoimmune hepatitis—Results of the international autoimmune hepatitis group research workshop 2022
Authors: Snijders Romée J. A. L. M. , Assis David N. , Oo Ye H. , Sebode Marcial , Taubert Richard , Willemse José , Tomsin Bert , Lohse Ansgar W. , Drenth Joost P. H. , Gevers Tom J. G. ,   the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) collaborators and the European Reference Network for Rare Liver Diseases (ERN RARE‐LIVER)
Published: April 2023

AbstractAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare autoimmune liver disease that is characterised by a chronic inflammatory immune reaction directed against hepatocytes. The disease results in a substantial reduction in quality of life and potentially leads to liver‐related complications or death. The International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) initiated a series of research workshops to uncover the scientific gaps and opportunities in AIH. This review summarises the results of the latest workshop in Maastricht in 2022 and reviews the current challenges in adult AIH, particularly in relation to four important aspects of AIH: diagnostics; new immunomodulatory therapies; clinical trial design; and unmet clinical needs. This review also summarises the progress made since the AIH workshop in 2017. Patients and patient representatives were actively involved in the parallel working groups alongside clinicians and researchers. Despite 40 years of experience with diagnosing and treating AIH, false diagnoses occur and treatment is still based on nonselective immunosuppression. In addition to the need for more specific diagnostic tests, prognostic markers and tailor‐based treatments, a major unmet clinical need was identified in areas of care delivery and health‐related quality of life.
Some like it hot: Temperature and hydrodynamic factors influence Xenobalanus globicipitis attachment to cetaceans
Authors: Dolezal Milan M. , Foroughirad Vivienne , Fish Frank E. , Jacoby Ann‐Marie , Collier Melissa A. , Murphy Colin J. , Rittmaster Keith A. , Mann Janet 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBarnacles can reveal much about the physiology, health, and spatial ecology of their cetacean hosts. Here, we examine how temperature and hydrodynamic factors impact presence of Xenobalanus globicipitis, a pseudo‐stalked barnacle that attaches exclusively to cetaceans. We hypothesized that temperature is a key environmental factor (i.e., water temperature) and physiological factor, in that X. globicipitis prefers the warmest skin temperature for attachment, possibly as a mechanism for survival in colder waters. First, we demonstrate a global relationship between spatial ecology of host species and presence of X. globicipitis. Notably, X. globicipitis is absent in the four species occupying waters with the lowest sea surface temperature (SST) year‐round, but present in migratory species that likely acquire the barnacle in waters with higher SST. Second, barnacle attachment location on common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) dorsal fins corresponds with fin temperature and hydrodynamics. Although body temperature may influence attachment location on the body of the animal, hydrodynamic forces, as previously proposed, determine how well barnacles can remain attached during the adult stage. X. globicipitis prevalence likely provides important bioindicator, ecological, and physiological information about its host. As parasitic infestation has some cost, these results have implications for cetacean health in warming seas.
What are key characteristics of adults with advanced heart failure discharged from ICU?
Authors: Edmiston Elizabeth A. , Hardin Heather K. , Dolansky Mary A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundAs the number of people with heart failure and treatment complexity increases, many hospitals are implementing Advanced Heart Failure Intensive Care Units (AHFICU). However, little evidence concerning the clinical characteristics of people admitted to AHFICUs exists. Understanding the clinical characteristics of people admitted to the AHFICU will assist nurses with implementing tailored interventions to ensure high‐quality care delivery.AimThe purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of people who are admitted to and discharged from an AHFICU.Study DesignBaseline data from a longitudinal descriptive study were collected on adults (N = 43) admitted to an AHFICU. Heart failure severity, self‐management ability, cognition, sleep quality, and other clinical characteristics were assessed.ResultsMost study participants were New York Heart Association functional class IV (n = 24) or class III (n = 14), indicating poor functional capacity. Over half had mild cognitive impairment and poor sleep quality was prevalent (92.7%). Participants had adequate levels of heart failure knowledge, but low levels of heart failure self‐management decision‐making and ability.ConclusionsInterventions to address the unique clinical characteristics of AHFICU patients include sleep hygiene, integration of cognitive, sleep, and self‐management assessments into the electronic medical record. Addressing the unique clinical needs of people with heart failure will lead to patient‐centered, evidence‐based, and safe care.Relevance to Clinical PracticeUnderstanding characteristics of this population addresses this evidence gap and targeted clinical interventions to address unique discharge needs of this population are proposed. Sleep quality education should be done throughout hospitalization on sleep strategies and self‐management coaching to facilitate adoption of new sleep routines. Healthcare providers should ensure each patient has care support upon discharge and take cognitive status into consideration during teaching. Addressing self‐management readiness should include providing scenarios as part of discharge preparation. Providers must include addressing comorbidities and how they may affect heart failure self‐management, such as teaching about sleep apnea device use and encouraging compliance.
Blockchain technology and federated machine learning for collaborative initiatives in orthodontics and craniofacial health
Authors: Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Rampa Sankeerth , Venugopalan Shankar Rengasamy , Elnagar Mohammed H. , Lee Min Kyeong , Oubaidin Maysaa , Yadav Sumit 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThere is a paucity of largescale collaborative initiatives in orthodontics and craniofacial health. Such nationally representative projects would yield findings that are generalizable. The lack of large‐scale collaborative initiatives in the field of orthodontics creates a deficiency in study outcomes that can be applied to the population at large. The objective of this study is to provide a narrative review of potential applications of blockchain technology and federated machine learning to improve collaborative care. We conducted a narrative review of articles published from 2018 to 2023 to provide a high level overview of blockchain technology, federated machine learning, remote monitoring, and genomics and how they can be leveraged together to establish a patient centered model of care. To strengthen the empirical framework for clinical decision making in healthcare, we suggest use of blockchain technology and integrating it with federated machine learning. There are several challenges to adoption of these technologies in the current healthcare ecosystem. Nevertheless, this may be an ideal time to explore how best we can integrate these technologies to deliver high quality personalized care. This article provides an overview of blockchain technology and federated machine learning and how they can be leveraged to initiate collaborative projects that will have the patient at the center of care.
Contrast sensitivity functions measured using simple optics and computer testing
Authors: Hammond Billy R. , Leathers Taylor A. , Wooten Billy R. , Renzi‐Hammond Lisa M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPurposeContrast sensitivity function (CSF) testing is a common approach to assessing clinical changes to specific aspects of spatial vision. Different stimulus presentations and testing procedures, however, yield significant differences in CSF curves that are more a feature of the method than the observer. In this study, we designed a simple optical device for measuring CSF that could be directly calibrated and compared with a commonly used computer‐based system.MethodsTwenty‐one participants (M = 28.95 ± 10.34 years; 66.7% female; 81.0% non‐Hispanic White; best corrected visual acuity 6/9 or better) provided photopic CSFs (from measurements at 1.6, 3.2, 8, 16 and 24 cycles per degree, with spatial frequency presentation randomised) using both the Metropsis test platform and a simple optical device over two test sessions (one session/method, randomised, counterbalanced) separated by 1–7 days. The optical system used 520 nm lasers that were made Lambertian using two integrating spheres with a 3.5° circular exit port. These beams were combined with a beam splitter that allowed constant measurement of light output and contrast modulation using sine‐wave gratings on glass. In Metropsis, 2° Gabor stimuli were presented for 0.5 s with either a vertical or a horizontal orientation via a two‐alternative forced choice paradigm with contrast modulated until four (first) and eight (last) reversals were complete.ResultsBoth methods took approximately the same amount of time to generate a CSF and yielded curves that were consistent with past studies using similar methods but different from each other. The optical system showed a 3.5 times higher maximum sensitivity and yielded higher test–retest reliability.ConclusionsUsing simple optics to measure CSF yields low noise, high sensitivity and reliability. The ability to calibrate the stimuli directly is an advantage over computer‐based methods.
Out‐of‐pocket expenses associated with pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Kaslow Whitney W. , Jaworski Nancy A. , Crawford Courtney , Taylor Katherine , Bearl David W. , Dodd Debra , Godown Justin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionHeart transplantation in children is associated with high resource utilization. However, the financial burden on families and the association with patient and demographic factors remains unclear. This study aims to examine out‐of‐pocket expenses associated with pediatric heart transplantation.MethodsAn anonymous REDCap survey was distributed to caregivers of children who have undergone heart transplantation using social media, national organizations, and during clinic encounters from May through August 2022.ResultsThere were a total of 146 respondents. The median monthly out‐of‐pocket expense was $250 (IQR $75–$500) and 20 respondents (13.7%) reported monthly expenses of >$1000. Families with commercial insurance reported significantly higher out‐of‐pocket expenses compared to those with government‐sponsored insurance (median $350 vs. $100, p < .001). Families with government‐sponsored insurance were most happy with their insurance coverage, followed by commercial insurance and then coverage through the Affordable Care Act (p < .001 for all pairwise comparisons). There was no statistically significant difference in overall transplant‐related out‐of‐pocket expenses based on total household income (p = .222). Monthly out‐of‐pocket expense was not associated with the number of medications, type of immunosuppressants, or post‐transplant complications including rejection, PTLD, or CAV (p = NS for all). Cardiac catheterizations and unplanned admissions were reported as the events that incurred the highest out‐of‐pocket expense.ConclusionFamilies of children who have undergone heart transplantation can incur significant out‐of‐pocket expenses and strategies to mitigate this financial burden should be investigated.