bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between measurements of the circumpapillary nerve fiber layer thickness and the thickness of the waist of the nerve fiber layer in the optic nerve head
Authors: Holm Jonatan , Kisonaite Konstancija , Yu Zhaohua , Wang Chunliang , Cao Qiran , Soderberg Per 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To compare measurements of circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness (cpRNFLT) and Pigment epithelium central limit Inner limit of the retina Minimal Distance (PIMD), respectively, between healthy and glaucoma eyes with regard to angular distribution of the measurements in the frontal plane and the variation coefficients for measurements of cpRNFLT‐2π and PIMD‐2π.Methods: 17 eyes without ocular pathology and 7 with glaucoma, each from a different subject, were included. In each eye, the ONH was captured in 3 iterated volumes at one occasion with the OCT‐Triton (Topcon, Japan). In each volume, the nerve fiber layer thickness was resolved in 12 frontal plane clock hrs as cpRNFLT with the Topcon software, and as PIMD with an automatic custom‐made software. Finally, the 12 clock hrs were averaged and the inter‐volume errors were determined with ANOVA for comparison of variation coefficients (CV:s) between cpRNFLT‐2π and PIMD‐2π.Results: PIMD‐2π was approximately 3 times higher than cpRNFLT‐2π in the healthy eyes and 2.5 times higher in the glaucoma eyes. In both groups, PIMD peaked superiorly and inferiorly, slightly shifted nasally, and cpRNFLT peaked superiorly and inferiorly, slightly shifted temporally. The CV for iterated measurements at the same occasion was slightly higher for PIMD‐2π than for cpRNFLT‐2π in the healthy eyes, and of the same order for PIMD‐2π and cpRNFLT‐2π in the glaucoma eyes.Conclusions: PIMD‐2π and cpRNFLT‐2π were lower in glaucoma‐ than in healthy eyes, probably due to less ganglion cell axons. PIMD‐2π was generally 2.5‐3 times higher than cpRNFLT‐2π. The CV:s were on the order of 1.5‐2.5 x10‐2 for both healthy‐ and glaucoma eyes and both quantities measured. Thus, averages of 3 volumes at each occasion is sufficient for comparison of measurements among occasions within subjects.
Automated analysis of retinal vascular features, age, sex and disc size in a large cohort of primary open angle glaucoma patients
Authors: Van Eijgen Jan , Fhima Jonathan , Reiner‐Benaim Anat , Beeckmans Lennert , Abramovich Or , Stalmans Ingeborg , Behar Joachim A. 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Deriving vascular features of retinal images is a proposed noninvasive method to assess vascular health. Although several studies have linked cardiovascular risk to retinal image features, they often rely on limited datasets or have used deep learning approaches with limited explainability. This research introduces an end‐to‐end method for analyzing the retinal vasculature in large retinal image datasets, applied for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods: 115,237 retinal images of the UZ Leuven Glaucoma Clinic were extracted. 4858 unique images remain of POAG patients (n = 3010) and controls (n = 1848) after image quality assessment, optic disk detection, region of interest definition, automated segmentation of arterioles and venules (LUNet algorithm), and parametrization of the vascular biomarkers (PVBM toolbox). Analysis of covariance and linear mixed models were used to adjust for age, sex and disc size.Results: Both arteriolar and venular diameter, area, length, tortuosity, branching angle, endpoints, intersection points and both mono‐ as multifractal dimension levels are independently lower in POAG patients and older patients (all p < 0.001), after adjustment for sex, disc size and multiple testing. The multivariate linear mixed models additionally show that the vascular features are significantly influenced by sex and disc size, which necessitates correct adjustment.Conclusions: This is the first time a fully automated end‐to‐end pipeline is published for the analysis of retinal vascular geometry in a large cohort (n = 4858). Given the independent similarities in retinal vascular geometry changes between older age and POAG prevalence the theory of pronounced vascular ageing in POAG patients is proposed. This novel approach enables quantitative analysis of eye vasculature and supports the study of its correlation with specific diseases, facilitating reproducible analysis of large datasets and providing explainability to deep learning approaches.
VOGT triad: A classic but rare sequel of acute angle closure glaucoma
Authors: Younes Laarif , Nihal El Arari , Salma Hamidi , Ouadghiri Soukayna , Benchekroun Saad , Elhachimi Rim , Abdellah Amazouzi , Oufae Cherkaoui Lalla 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: We report a case of a 62 year old woman with history of multiple episodes of acute painful red eye over the past 2 years presenting to the consultation for visual acuity decrease since 1 year ago.Methods: The best corrected visual acuity was 3/10 OD and count fingers OG with a mild conjunctival hyperemia,clear cornea,a very shallow anterior chamber centrally and peripherally.The IOP was 26mmHg OD and 28mmHg OS and the left eye presented with nuclear sclerosis grade 2 with multiple glaucomaflecken( anterior sub‐capsular opacities),iris peripupilary atrophy patches extending from 12 hour to 8 hour and a slightly dilated sluggish pupil realizing the classic but rare vogt triad.Goniscopy found in OS a 360° closed angle with anterior peripheral synechiae over 270°.The fundus revealed a complete optic nerve excavation in the left eye.Results: The patient was diagnosed with chronic angle closure glaucoma complicating multiple undiagnosed acute angle closure glaucoma and started on prostaglandine analogues monotherapy then bitherapy with a good IOP control(14 mmHg and 17 mmHg).Conclusions: Vogt triad is found as a sequel of acute angle closure glaucoma and contains glaucomaflecken who are anterior subcapsular lens opacities secondary to ischemia,peripupilary iris patches of atrophy and sluggish pupilary reaction due to iris sphincter ischemia.It is rarely complete and can only be found in non diagnosed,neglected and repeated acute angle glaucoma closure.References
Bharathi, Shabana. Vogt's triad – Do we find the triad all the time?. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology ‐ Case Reports 3(2):p 584‐585, Apr–Jun 2023. | DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2511_22
Modulation of post‐surgery fibrosis in glaucoma filtration surgery by targeting retinoic acid signaling
Authors: Wang Xiaomeng , Wong Tina , Anjali Rajakrishna , Lim Seok Ting 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) aims to alleviate intraocular pressure by improving fluid drainage from the eye. However, post‐surgery scarring, particularly around the surgical site, can impede fluid flow and compromise surgical outcomes. Dysregulated inflammatory responses and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling contribute to excessive scarring. Retinoic acid signaling is known to modulate immune responses, ECM remodeling, and fibrosis in various organs. This study seeks to investigate the influence of key retinoic acid signaling components on post‐surgery scarring in the eye.Methods: Expression levels and patterns of selected retinoic acid signaling pathway components were assessed in conjunctival tissues of C57BL/6 mice undergoing GFS using RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. Mice with global deletion of specific retinoic acid signaling pathway components underwent GFS to evaluate their role in subconjunctival fibrosis. Inflammatory responses were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining for the pan‐myeloid marker CD11b, and fibrotic tissue was visualized using Masson's trichrome stain. Subconjunctival tissues from knockout and wild‐type littermate controls were analyzed for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and fibrotic markers via Western blot analysis.Results: GFS induced the expression of different components of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in mice. Deletion of specific retinoic acid signaling pathway components resulted in alterations in GFS‐induced recruitment of myeloid cells and ECM remodeling.Conclusions: Modulating retinoic acid signaling presents a promising approach for controlling post‐surgery fibrosis in the eye, offering an alternative avenue to enhance the outcomes of glaucoma filtration surgery.
Evaluation of the conjunctival bacterial flora in the New Zealand white rabbit
Authors: Cejudo Raquel Maroto , Encalada Denisse Michelle Espinosa , Rodriguez Oscar Esparcia , Sango Mónica Gómez‐Juarez , Pretel Fernando Andrés , Valenciano Carlos Cava 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: We aimed to characterize the normal bacterial flora of conjunctiva and eye lids of the white New Zealand rabbit.Methods: Twelve rabbits (Twenty‐four eyes) were employed. Before sampling, an ophthalmological examination of the ocular surface was performed to exclude the presence of any lesions.Microbiological sampling by sterile swabs was performed on the superior and inferior conjunctival fornix. Samples were placed in eSwab 1 mL transport medium (eSwab® ‐ Copan's Liquid Amies Elution Swab) and submitted for culture. They were cultured on blood agar, chocolate agar and sabouraud agar. Species identification was carried out by mass spectrophotometry (MALDI‐TOF, BioMèrieux®) and/or conventional techniques. They were seeded in triplicate and the quantification of the germs was expressed in terms of CFU/mL.Results: Seven different species were observed. The most frequent was Moraxella cuniculi (705 ±1129 CFU/mL), followed by Corynebacterium spp (71.43 ±267.3 CFU/mL) and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (5 ±10.92 CFU/mL). Other less frequently species observed were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Tsukamurella spp and Bacillus spp.Statistical analysis showed a significant statistical difference between M. cuniculli and the other species observed. (Krussal Wallis p < 0.001)Conclusions: M. cuniculi was the species with the highest CFU/mL in the conjunctival flora of the rabbit.
Increasing myopia post‐COVID: Evidence from child vision screening age 3.5 to 5.5 years in Scotland
Authors: Evans Bruce , Pentland Lee , Edgar David , Shah Rakhee , Evans Benjamin , Conway Miriam 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Scotland's child vision screening by orthoptists at 3.5‐5.5 years is taken up by ~85% (40,000‐50,000 annually). Screening failures are referred for eye examinations, including cycloplegic refraction. Aim 1: report refractive error data from these examinations (5,000‐7,000 annually) for 3 years pre‐ and 2 years post‐COVID. Aims 2 and 3: investigate correlations between myopia and socio‐economic deprivation and urban/rural dwellings.Methods: Right eye spherical equivalent refraction (SER) data from 10 Health Boards (HB) were compared. Population proportions within each deprivation index quintile (DIQ) and living in different dwelling types are known for each HB. Associations were investigated between these variables and proportions of children in each HB who failed screening and were found to have myopia.Results: Frequency distributions revealed a myopic shift in SER post‐COVID. Median SER (IQR) was in 2013‐14 +1.25D (+0.50 to +2.63); 2014‐15 +1.38D (+0.38 to +2.50); 2015‐16 +1.38D (+0.50 to +2.63); 2020‐21 +1.13D (+0.25 to +2.25); 2021‐22 +1.25D (+0.37 to +2.25). Statistically significant findings: overall difference between years (Kruskal‐Wallis, p < 0.0005); pairwise comparisons (p < 0.0005) between each of the first 3 years and each of the last 2 years; but not (p > 0.66) in pairwise comparisons of 2013‐16 or of 2020‐22. The proportion of children with myopia (≤‐0.50D): < 8% annually 2013‐16, 12% in 2020‐21, 11% in 2021‐22. There was a linear trend for an increasing proportion with myopia (r2 = 0.94, p = 0.006). Correlations between the proportions of children in each HB with myopia and who fell within each DIQ were low (r2 < 0.33). There was a high positive correlation (r2 = 0.83, p = 0.002) between the proportion with myopia and proportion of dwellings that were flats/apartments.Conclusions: The proportion with myopia has increased post‐COVID. A strong association exists between living in flats/apartments and myopia, but no strong correlation with a deprivation index.
Impact of decreased fetal hemoglobin fraction on the development of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Fevereiro‐Martins Mariza , Aguiar Laura , Inácio Ângela , Cardoso Carlos , Santos Ana Carolina , Teixeira Filipa , Rosa Rita , Parreira Ricardo , Barros Pedro , Teixeira Susana , Mota Mafalda , Monteiro Madalena , Alfaiate Mário , Silva Renato , Breda Jorge , Guimarães Hercília , Marques‐Neves Carlos , Pinto Rui , Bicho Manuel 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the potential of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) as a predictor biomarker of the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Methods: Multicenter, observational, and prospective study of preterm newborns (PTNB) from eight Portuguese neonatal intensive care units born with gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks or birth weight (BW) < 1500 grams. ROP staging followed the International Classification of ROP (ICROP). Sociodemographic, clinical, and surplus blood after routine laboratory tests were collected. HbF levels were measured in the first 4 weeks of life using standardized methods. PTNB were divided into two groups based on ROP development: ROP or no ROP. Statistical analysis used SPSS with a significance level of p < 0.05.Results: 82 PTNB were included, with GA mean of 28.1±2.1 weeks, BW mean of 1055.8±258.3 grams, and 41 (50.0%) were female. Among PTNB, 29 (35.4%) developed ROP: 12 (14.6%) had stage 1, 10 (12.2%) stage 2, and 7 (8.5%) stage 3. Four (4.9%) PTNB required treatment: 2 (2.4%) with laser photocoagulation and 2 (2.4%) with anti‐VEGF.PTNB with ROP had statistically more red blood cell transfusions in the first 4 weeks of life than those without ROP (0 transfusions: 8 (27.6%) vs 43 (81.1%); 1 or 2 transfusions: 13 (44.8%) vs 9 (17.0%); 3 or 4 transfusions: 8 (27.6%) vs. 1 (1.9%); p < 0.001), even adjusting for GA (p = 0.009).PTNB with ROP had statistically lower HbF percentages than infants without ROP (median 62.7% (min. 31.3% – max. 85.1%) vs median 77.3% (min. 32.0% – max. 97.7%); p < 0.001) even adjusting for GA (p = 0.003). The Kaplan‐Meier survival curves reinforce these results, where PTNB groups with lower HbF percentages had a significantly higher probability of developing ROP (groups divided by the median: p < 0.001; groups divided by quartiles: p < 0.001).Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the reduction in HbF within the first four weeks of life may serve as an early and cost‐effective predictive biomarker for the development of ROP.
Archetypal analysis for visual field loss characterization of leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Coutinho Catarina , Zanchetta Ferdinando , Carbonelli Michele , Galzignato Alice , Battista Marco , Fantaguzzi Federico , Amore Giulia , Carelli Valerio , Brotto Luigi , Nucci Paolo , Checchin Lisa , Savini Giacomo , Bandello Francesco , La Morgia Chiara , Cascavilla Maria Lucia , Fioresi Rita , Barboni Piero 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Characterization of Visual Field (VF) loss patterns of chronic stage Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) patients by application of machine learning (ML).Methods: For chronic stable LHON patient, at least 2 years after disease onset, 24‐2 and 30‐2 VFs tests performed by SITA standard Humphrey VF analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec) were collected. Two groups were considered: with visual acuity (VA) recovery, when a change of more than 0.2 decimal or from off‐chart to on‐chart vision after initial loss of vision; and without VA recovery. Resorting to Python, archetypal analysis (AA) was implemented to each group using the VFs total deviations (TDs). Spearman correlations were performed between each archetype (AT) relative weight and the VFs mean deviation (MD).Results: From 117 patients (203 eyes), 104 VFs made up the Recovered Group, and 115 VFs the Not Recovered Group. Both AA models were made up of 7 ATs. For the Recovered Group, the normal VF AT had the highest weight (33.40%), followed by different severity central scotoma ATs (AT2, 16.32%; AT3, 11.82%; AT5, 10.37%). For the Non‐Recovered Group, first the widespread loss AT (47.87%), followed by enlarged central scotoma ATs (AT2, 11.13%; AT5, 8.97%). For the Recovered Group, AT3 (Cecocentral Scotoma), AT4 (Fenestration) and AT6 (Widespread loss) weights decreased with increasing MD; and AT1 (normal VF) and AT5 (Central Scotoma) increased with increasing MD. The AT1 (Widespread Loss) weight of the Non‐Recovered Group decreased with increasing MD, while AT5 (Enlarged Central Scotoma) weight increased with increasing MD.Conclusions: Implementation of AA‐ML allowed the association of more severe and widespread visual loss patterns to LHON patients without visual recovery, whereas less severe and more centralized patterns to recovered patients, as expected. Therefore, the presented VF analysis might present as a standardized method for LHON visual loss characterization, providing further characterization of patients with and without vision recovery.
Distribution and associated factors of keratometry and corneal astigmatism in general elderly population
Authors: Nabovati Payam , Hashemi Alireza , Aghamirsalim Mohamadreza , Hashemi Hassan , Khabazkhoob Mehdi 
Published: January 2025

Purpose: To determine the distribution and associated factors of keratometry and corneal astigmatism in people aged 60 years and above.Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, 160 clusters were randomly selected from Tehran city (Iran) using the multi‐stage cluster sampling method. All participants underwent optometric examinations including testing uncorrected and best‐corrected distance visual acuity, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction, and subjective refraction. Pentacam imaging for all participants was carried out using Pentacam AXL. Keratometry and corneal astigmatism were reported based on Pentacam's data.Results: 4244 eyes from 2268 individuals were analyzed. The average, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval of flat keratometry, steep keratometry, mean keratometry, and corneal astigmatism were 44.02±1.58 diopters (95% confidence interval: 43.94 to 44.1), 44.86±1.67 diopters (95% confidence interval: 44.78 to 44.94), 44.44±1.58 diopters (95% confidence interval: 44.36 to 44.52), and 0.84±0.74 diopters (95% confidence interval: 0.81 to 0.87), respectively. According to the multiple generalized estimating equation model, the mean keratometry was significantly higher in males, in myopes, and in those with higher systolic blood pressure. Moreover, the mean keratometry was inversely related to the axial length, height, anterior chamber depth, corneal diameter, and central corneal thickness. The prevalence of various types of corneal astigmatism > 0.50 diopters was as follows; with‐the‐rule: 32.5%, against‐the rule: 18.2%, and oblique: 10.0 %.Conclusions: The present study investigated the normal distribution of keratometry and corneal astigmatism in elderly, and results can be used in clinical matters, especially in intraocular lens power calculation. Sex and some biometric components such as anterior chamber depth, corneal diameter, and central corneal thickness are significantly related to keratometry.
Clinical characteristics of post‐refractive surgery corneal ectasia
Authors: Son Yengwoo , Jeon Hyun Sun 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics, visual acuity (VA), and topographic patterns in patients who developed corneal ectasia (CE) following myopic laser vision correction (LVC).Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records for patients diagnosed with CE after laser vision correction between 2009 and 2023 at a tertiary hospital in Korea. We collected various data, including patient demographics, medical history, the type of refractive surgery and postoperative periods., VA at their initial and final visits, refractive errors, and topographic biometric data.Results: In total, 36 eyes of 28 patients (13 females and 15 males) were included, and 8 (28.5%) cases were bilaterally involved. The most common type of surgery was LASIK (24 patients, 85.7%), while the remaining patients underwent LASEK (3 patients, 10.7%) or PRK (1 patient, 3.6%). In unilaterally involved eyes (20 eyes), VA, spherical equivalent (SE), and astigmatism of CE‐affected eyes were significantly different from those of eyes with uninvolved eyes (all p < 0.001). In eyes with over 12 months of follow‐up observation (12 eyes of 9 patients), no significant progression was noted in VA (p = 0.392), SE (p = 0.675), astigmatism (p = 0.737), and topographic parameters.Conclusions: CE can develop even after comprehensive preoperative screening following LVC. This condition can significantly impact patients' quality of life by substantially reducing VA. Moreover, considering the spectrum of diseases that keratoconus represents, there is a possibility that CE may cease to progress after a certain age. Further investigations are required to understand the progression of CE concerning age in affected patients.
Identifying factors associated with perfluorohexyloctane treatment response in dry eye disease patients with meibomian gland dysfunction: A post‐hoc analysis
Authors: Zhu Lei 
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The heterogeneous nature of dry eye disease (DED) associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) poses challenges for effective treatment, necessitating a deeper understanding of associated factors. Perfluorohexyloctane eye drops (PED, SHR8058) have shown efficacy in DED treatment, yet variability in treatment response remains unclear. This post‐hoc analysis explores factors associated with PED treatment response to identify patient subgroups benefiting most.Methods: Using data from a phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, salinee‐controlled, multicenter clinical study (NCT05515471), this post hoc responder analysis aggregated data from 156 patients in the PED treatment group. Response outcomes for signs and symptoms were assessed using total corneal fluorescein staining (tCFS, ≥ 3 reductions from baseline) and eye dryness score (EDS, ≥ 30% reduction from baseline), respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression using stepwise selection method, with the cutoff p‐value to enter of 0.1 and stay in the model set at 0.05 were applied to explore potential variables associated with response outcomes.Results: Among 156 patients treated with PED, the mean (SD) of tCFS and EDS was 6.2 (1.9), and 64.7 (15.1) at baseline. In both univariate and multivariate regression analysis for signs response, tCFS score and ametropia showed association with signs response (odds ratio [OR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08‐1.73 and OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.27‐7.25 respectively in multivariate analyses). Regarding symptoms, EDS (OR 1.1; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.11), awareness of DED symptoms (OR 1.0; 95% CI, 0.93‐0.99), dryness frequency (OR 1.0; 95% CI, 0.93‐1.00), and tCFS (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.05‐1.77) were independent associated factor of EDS in multivariate analysis.Conclusions: These post hoc findings suggest that tCFS score, ametropia, EDS, awareness of DED symptoms and dryness frequency are associated with PED treatment response.