bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Invention of Value and the Value of Humanity
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
For far too long, Nietzsche thought, humanity has been actively trying to make itself worthless. His remedy for nihilism, so understood, was the invention of values, where activity under that heading was to be guided by a metavalue of his own invention, the value of the invention of values. (That metavalue is personified in Zarathustra by the infamous ‘Overman’.) Nietzsche’s program for restoring value to humanity was intended as, in the first place, a metaethical revolution, in that it rejected the common denominator of both what we now call moral realism and noncognitivism: that assessments have to appeal to something that is there already.
The Human Foundations of Our Political Ideals: An Essay on Gandhi’s Political Radicalism
Authors: Bilgrami Akeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
How does the concept of the “citizen,” so central to liberal political practice and the doctrines and arguments that underlie it, diminish the concept of the “human subject,” as Gandhi had claimed? Beginning with the chronic tension that has existed between the concepts of liberty and equality, this chapter expounds Gandhi’s view that the tension could not be resolved without removing these twin ideals from center stage, where they have defined the very idea of citizenship, placing there instead a more fundamental ideal that speaks directly to the concept of the human being: the ideal of an “unalienated life.” The chapter, then, explores the nature of alienation and the ideal that is sought in its overcoming, showing how liberty and equality, when reinterpreted as nesting within it, may, in turn, overcome the chronic trade-off relations that have afflicted them, while establishing the right priority of human being over citizen.
The Struggle for Existence
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin emphasizes that, for all plants and all animals in nature, far more individuals are born than can possibly survive: predation, competition, and physical stresses all take their toll, often in amazingly complex and surprising ways. Competition will be most intense among individuals that are the most similar to each other (i.e., among members of the same species). This competition will, in a sense, have individuals pushing each other, over the course of many generations—through survival, reproductive success, and the inheritance of favorable characteristics—to become better and better adapted to their way of life.
Geographical Distribution
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin explains why the same animal and plant species are often found living in many different places that are widely separated from each other, and why areas that are separated by physical barriers that prevent migration between them sometimes have similar species and sometime have different species. Darwin argues that the present geographical distribution of species is related to geological events and gradual changes in climate, along with differences in dispersal patterns and the impact of natural selection, and that these interesting species distributions make perfect sense if each species originated in a single location. Their later distributions will then be related to the ability of a given species to disperse over long distances and the amount of time that a separated population has been isolated from other members of the same species.
Geographical Distribution, Continued
Authors: Pechenik Jan A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Darwin continues his examination of species distributions and the possible explanations for those distributions. He argues that such distributions are difficult to explain through the idea of divine creation but that they can be explained in a convincing, logical way through dispersal mechanisms—including the dispersal of eggs and hatchlings—and their limitations; gradual rises of land areas over time; and the processes of competition, natural selection, and speciation. Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution by natural selection explains all of these issues, and he presents evidence from a large variety of sources. As always, Darwin always admits his uncertainties.
Immunity, Government-Funded Religious Associations, and Nondiscrimination Rules
Authors: Perez Nahshon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The second chapter begins with descriptions of the two case studies that represent the category of discrimination within government-funded religious associations. Section 2.1.1 explores the Jewish Free School (JFS) case, in which the UK Supreme Court forced the JFS to change admission policies. Section 2.1.2 describes the Martínez European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case, involving the right of Spain and the Catholic Church to refuse renewal of contract for Martínez, a teacher of religion in the Spanish public school system, whose views and actions were held to contradict Catholic doctrines. Section 2.2 explores why freedom of religious association matters, its justifications and extent. Section 2.3 presents a multivariable test that has been developed to evaluate cases of discrimination conducted by government-funded religious associations. Section 2.4 applies the multivariable test to the contested JFS and Martínez cases.
Advanced Horn Literature
Authors: Douglass Grana Natalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The final portion of the book focuses on more challenging horn repertoire. Passages demand greater flexibility, technical proficiency, and transposition fluency, as well as include more advanced harmonies and preliminary chromaticism. Like the previous sections of the book, horn players work sequentially to sing, buzz, and play not only the horn parts but also important parts from the orchestra or accompaniment. Inner hearing exercises with the repertoire strengthen internal pitch while tapping rhythms or showing pitches on handstaff. Advanced exercises connect parts together with varied polyphonic tasks, building the ability to hear the score while playing. These studies may be done independently or with a partner.
Right Hand
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses creating the best, most resonant sound possible with the bow through maintaining a constant bow speed; a straight bow; creating a plane between the arm and the bow that never changes regardless of which string is being played; leading with the wrist rather than the elbow; keeping a constant “natural” bow hold that is relaxed, open, and flexible; always approaching the string from above.
Universalism, 1941–1945
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In September 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, a ten-year alliance with Italy and Germany that solidified the fascist juggernaut. Failing to defeat Britain, Hitler launched a vicious war on the Soviet Union but within a few years was in retreat across Europe in the face of Allied armies. The United States also brutally pared back Imperial Japanese forces toward Tokyo in a multi-pronged land, sea, and air counter-offensive across the Pacific. In 1940, however, the Roosevelt administration was looking for ways to contain Axis power by aiding Britain and Russia and undermining Japan’s war machine. Liberal trade policy was not a war priority, but the United States’ entry into war in December 1941 ended its isolationism and convinced policymakers that a postwar world order of free trade was necessary. As protectionism abated in the emergency, planning went forth for a universal postwar capitalist peace through policies and institutions.
Revolt, 1964–1970
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Like his predecessors, Lyndon Johnson believed in the capitalist peace. But the 1960s, though a high point for American economic power, also began a weakening of political influence worldwide. Just as the Vietnam War sapped American power, trade policy also hit three headwinds: from protectionism, from challenges from the global South, and from pressure to improve relations with the communist bloc. By the 1960s, with European and Japanese recovery complete for World War II, America began to seek the status quo as anti-communist fervor in foreign policy gave way to economic concerns at home and abroad. In an age of restiveness, rebellion, and détente, the capitalist peace argument was tougher to make than it had been before. Protectionism strengthened once again, and this time around, Big Labor and some Democrats joined the ranks criticizing free trade, particularly as the country’s relative decline in the world seemed more apparent.
Black Liberalism Can’t Save Us
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds upon the concerns raised in chapter 3 about the dim prospects for pursuing corrective justice by using race-first appeals. It argues that these prospects remain dim even when they are dressed up in liberal ideology to recruit philosophical liberals as allies. A prominent proponent of this strategy, philosopher Charles Mills, does this by attacking the dominant liberal theory of justice in contemporary philosophy and offering alternative principles to transform liberalism into a better tool for pursuing small-tent racial justice remedies. Mainstream liberals may be reluctant to support Mills’s redemption ideas, especially if this means supporting black reparations, affirmative action, and other race-specific policies. Doubts about Mills’s project are presented in this chapter.
Epilogue
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book has argued for lowering the race-first flag and for fostering a united front of marginalized groups to advance the cause of racial progress in postracial America. Some scholars who accept the standard story of racial progress appeal to thinkers within the black radical tradition to support the case for flying the race-first flag. There is ongoing debate concerning how to understand this tradition, over which black thinkers count as radical. However, there is a danger of ignoring lessons from this tradition that support the case for pursuing progress via a more united front among a broader cross section of marginalized groups. Thinking about the contributions of black thinkers to America’s understanding of its democratic experiment, the nation’s failure to realize its democratic values, and how to struggle productively in making it do better comprise a place to extract these valuable lessons.
The Icy Planet
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book is about the effects of climate change on planet Earth’s icy parts. The melting of ice will both raise sea level and warm the climate further by reducing the white surfaces that reflect solar energy back into space. The book sets out carbon dioxide’s role as the control knob of our climate over the past 1,000 million years, then explores what is happening to ice and snow in Antarctica, the Arctic, and the high mountains. Fluctuations in carbon dioxide over the past million years were aided by slow changes in the Earth’s orbit and the tilt of the Earth’s axis, which created switches between glacial times when ice sheets covered northernmost Europe and North America, and brief warm interglacial periods like that of the past 12,000 years during which human civilization developed. Those controls then cooled our climate into a “neoglacial” period during which glaciers advanced everywhere, culminating in the Little Ice Age of 1400–1850. Our increasing emissions of greenhouse gases helped to move our climate out of the Little Ice Age. More than 90% of all the fossil fuel ever burned has been burned since 1950, creating a rupture with the previous climate system, taking us into a new climate regime, that of the Anthropocene. While the increase in global temperature since 1900 seems low at 1.2°C, it is double that in the polar regions where ice is melting. To regain ice we must get off the fossil fuel train now and return to the CO2 concentrations of about 1930.
Women and War in the Modern Era
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Within democracies, there are voters and there are leaders. But there are also many layers of social organization in between—interest groups and social movements that play a vital role in setting the tone and structure of political debate, altering norms of acceptable behavior and encouraging active political participation by others. This chapter shows that women’s greater on average preference for peace continues to shape international affairs. Traveling across three countries—Israel, Liberia, and Japan—and three continents, it looks not only at women voters and leaders in action but also at women’s social movements and the vital role they can play in shaping peace.
The Many Ramayanas of Lanka
Authors: Henry Justin W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter collates references to Ravana in Sinhala folklore, poetry, and topographical and historical prose texts from the fourteenth century to the British colonial period. I argue that formative Sinhala Buddhist impressions of Ravana were generated in large part through highly informal contexts; that is, through storytelling and the composition and augmentation of poetic verses, not as a derivation from the canonical sources or “high kāvya” which one might expect (the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa or Kampan’s Tamil version of the epic). I argue that the establishment of Ravana’s character in Sri Lankan imagination during the early modern period appears to have been the result of exchanges between ordinary people—largely outside of the purview of courts, salons, and monastic colleges.
Conclusion
Authors: Thalmann William G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter draws together the main themes of the preceding chapters. The space of the Ptolemaic empire provides a place and function for bucolic, urban, and even mythic spaces. The bucolic Idylls, as well as some others, speak to the conditions of mobility and rootlessness of the early Hellenistic world, ask what it would mean to be “in place,” and reflect questions of self and other in this multicultural world. The bucolic poems in particular raise the question of readers’ relations to fictional worlds. The desire they arouse in the reader for an always out-of-reach natural world of fullness and presence is the counterpart of the herdsmen’s erotic desire. This analogy offers perspective on the question of why one would want to read bucolic poetry in antiquity or today and how readers might negotiate the status differences between themselves and herdsmen.
How Understanding Genetics Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 1, introduces the science of genetics and its role in behavior. Classic experiments testing the influence of nature or nurture as they pertain to alcohol misuse and dependency are described. The gene–environment relationship of behavioral disorders is discussed with an emphasis on genotypic and phenotypic expression. Radiation exposure and carcinogens and their relationship to genetic injuries are presented. Asynchronous and synchronous communication technologies are introduced. Engineering of medications for chemotherapy of genetic-based disorders is discussed. The Asian flushing reaction is introduced as example of genetic predisposition to abstinence from alcohol. Ambiguous loss and stigmatized grief as reactions of families with a child expressing a genetic mutation are introduced.
How Understanding the Nervous System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 2, introduces the development of the nervous system, the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively), and specific brain areas in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). Meningitis is introduced as the signature illness and discussed in terms of its association with poverty. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highlighted as the signature injury. Technological and engineering advances that treat TBIs are presented, including hyperbaric oxygen treatment and medications to reduce swelling of the brain after trauma. Epidemiological data that inform public health professionals are introduced that describe how to determine which population is at risk for illness or injuries. Caregiver burden, as it affects health of a patient and their family, is presented.
How Understanding the Lymphatic System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 4, covers the structure and function of the lymphatic system in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). Signature illnesses covered are human immunodeficiency virus positivity (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The signature injury is damage to the spleen caused by blunt force trauma. Female condoms are presented as a technological innovation associated with prevention of HIV and AIDS. Biomedical and pharmaceutical engineering concepts explain the action of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) medication and its use with pregnant women. This chapter introduces epidemiological data of global prevalence and incidence rates of the HIV+ diagnosis. Harm reduction is discussed as a clinical intervention recommended for breaking the relationship between intravenous drug use and HIV+/AIDS.
How Understanding the Sensory System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 5, is a compound chapter that focuses on anatomical structures and functions of the auditory, visual, gustatory, and olfactory senses in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). Technological inventions and engineering of apparatuses to treat signature illnesses and injuries are discussed for each system. Epidemiologic analysis of the prevalence of screening for hearing deficits and referrals to early intervention services for hard-of-hearing children, vision loss related to diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma and its treatment, including marijuana usage, is discussed. Empirical findings inform clinicians about depression and suicidal thoughts among clients with vision impairments. The importance of strengthening relationships of parents of hard-of-hearing children and their nontherapeutic schools are presented, as well as recovery from COVID-19-related loss of taste and smell.
Introduction
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines volatile states’ behaviors as behaviors that shift toward more cooperation and conflict in ways that appear inconsistent to observers. Leveraging data simulations and historical examples, this chapter explains how volatility’s inconsistent nature makes it different from other well-studied ideas of change in states’ behaviors (such as cycles, escalation, or instability). Scholars have so far dismissed volatility in states’ behaviors. But, this chapter explains, volatility can ignite conflict and hamper conflict by spurring fear. Given the wide-ranging consequences of states’ volatile behaviors, explaining where such behaviors come from is important for understanding international politics. The chapter then discusses how the prevalent mean-centric approach in the field of International Relations has kept scholars from studying volatility, a concept that has received much attention instead in other fields of inquiry. After briefly explaining why volatility emerges from the interaction of power and domestic interests, this chapter also presents the book’s mixed-method research design.
Theory
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of power and interests in increasing volatility in states’ behaviors toward their counterparts. It argues that growing relative power acts as a permissive condition, thus making volatile behavior possible. The presence of a heterogeneous set of domestic interests with access to power, in contrast, catalyzes volatility. The chapter also explains why alternative explanations (mixed signals, foreign policy hedging, leaders’ type, and contentious issues) can often be effective at explaining change in states’ behaviors. Such explanations, however, are not sufficient to account for why such change is volatile in some circumstances but not others. In addition to putting forward a theory of variance, this chapter rejects an episodic understanding of international politics in favor of looking at dynamics.
Conclusions
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter delves into the value added of studying volatility in states’ behaviors. It is divided into three parts. The first part illuminates how understanding the root causes of volatility can stave off its worst consequences in international politics, including stifling trust and igniting escalation. The second part leverages findings in this book on the connection between power and interests on the one hand and volatility on the other to illuminate future paths of research on mixed findings regarding key issues such as compliance, reputation, credible commitments, and audience costs. Finally, the chapter charts out the ways in which the theory and findings in this book can help extend the study of volatility in International Relations beyond volatility in states’ behaviors. In particular, it points toward the study of nonstate actors and of the international system itself.
“Mired in Stalemate”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the year 1968 and America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. American involvement in the affairs of Vietnam had begun decades earlier when the Truman administration agreed to extend economic and military aid to France, which had been struggling against a communist-led independence movement that threatened colonial rule in Indochina. That commitment had been expanded by President Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy to include the creation and subsequent protection of a separate anticommunist government in South Vietnam. Under President Lyndon Johnson, the war rapidly became a massive, highly visible, and profoundly divisive affair. The American peace movement, which had struck its deepest roots on college campuses, also expanded rapidly during this time. By November 1968, when Richard Nixon was elected president of the United States, the public was bitterly split over issues of race, crime in the streets, sexual norms, cultural values, attitudes toward authority, and beliefs about the role of government in correcting social injustice.