bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Immunoglobulin G by Lysosomal Acid Proteases
Authors: Fehr Kurt , LoSpalluto Joseph , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Enzyme preparations from bovine spleen, human spleen, and lysosomal fractions of human synovial membrane tissue have been shown to degrade human IgG at pH 3.5. The major proteolytic activity is due to cathepsin D. The products of digestion have been shown to consist of fragments of IgG ranging from a slightly altered IgG with a molecular weight of approximately 135,000 to extensively degraded Fc and partially degraded Fab fragments.
Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of Rat IgE
Authors: Orange Robert P. , Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat IgE identified by its physicochemical and antigenic characteristics was shown to mediate the immunologic release of both histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) in the rat. The antibodies in homocytotropic antiserum which mediated histamine and SRS-A release after a 2-hr latent period were shown to be heat-labile, to elute on DE-52 cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration in the fractions known to contain rat IgE, and to sediment as an approximately 8S immunoglobulin on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Absorption with mono-specific guinea pig anti-IgE strikingly reduced the capacity of homocytotropic antiserum to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or the intraperitoneal release of histamine and SRS-A, thereby establishing that these biologic activities of homocytotropic antiserum are attributable to an antigenically unique rat immunoglobulin. The release of histamine and SRS-A mediated by rat IgE is dependent on the participation of the mast cell but does not require the circulating polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte or an intact complement system, thus differing from the PMN leukocyte- and complement-dependent pathway to SRS-A release mediated by the IgGa antibodies of hyperimmune serum.
Cross-Reactions Among Group a Streptococci
Authors: Wiley Grove G. , Bruno Pauline N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigens in type 43 streptococci were studied, which were responsible for confusing cross-reactions among numerous strains isolated during recent years from patients with streptococcal illness, notably pyodermas, sometimes complicated by acute glomerulonephritis. Bactericidal activity, which was either reciprocal or in one direction only, accompanied precipitin cross-reactions between type 43 and the other cross-protective types 33, 41, 52, 53, 56, Ross, C506 and G1. The experiments reported here showed that the cross-protective antibodies could be separated from the type-specific M antibodies by absorption with a strain which shared cross-protection, leaving only type-specific M antibodies. Absorption with one of these strains removed precipitin antibodies for the rest of the cross-reacting strains as well. This indicates that these reactions depend on the same antigenic determinants, and as far as tested, the cross-protective antibodies were removed also. The precipitin reactions between type 43 and strains P24037A and AD996 depended upon one of two non-protective R antigens, R1, which these strains shared with the type 43 representative strain, C126/21. The second R antigen, R2, has not been found in types other than 43 or independent of R1. In other work, a non-protective antigen was also found on M+ and M- variants of strain C107/24, the type 33 representative strain. This antigen accounted for positive precipitin tests with M- variants and anti-M sera. It has not been found in cocci of other types.
The Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Litman G. W. , Frommel D. , Finstad J. , Howell J. , Pollara B. W. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly purified preparations of radiolabeled lamprey immunoglobulin have been employed to study the structure of the immunoglobulin of this primitive vertebrate. The identity of the labeled material with that of the native immunoglobulin has been established. The lamprey immunoglobulin appears to be unique among vertebrate immunoglobulins since it has a unique molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, and sedimentation velocity. It is also extremely labile and dissociates in solvents in a complex manner. The observations presented show that this molecule lacks counterparts of heavy and light chains and does not possess interchain disulfide linkages between its major subunits. A structural model based on its dissociation behavior is presented and the implications of such a structure in terms of molecular function and phylogenetic development are discussed.
Inhibition of Guinea Pig Complement by Aromatic Amidine and Guanidine Compounds
Authors: Bing David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The enzymatically active form of the first component of guinea pig complement, C1̄,2 has been postulated to have an anionic binding site (1). The evidence for such a site is based on the ability of guinea pig C1̄ to hydrolyze N-tosyl arginine methyl ester (2). Examination of the competitive enzyme kinetics of C1s̄, the esterase enzyme which is part of the macromolecular complex constituting human C1̄, has provided direct evidence for an anionic binding site (3). This report describes the inhibition of the early acting components of guinea pig complement by aromatic amidine and guanidine compounds in the hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes sensitized with anti-Forssman antibody (EA). The data are consistent with inhibition at the level of C1̄, and further substantiate the evidence for an anionic binding site on guinea pig C1̄.
The compounds employed in this study were α phenylguanidine, p-aminobenzamidine, benzamidine and trimethylphenylammonium.
Pepsin Digestion of Mouse Antibody
Authors: Casey Francis B. , Tokuda Sei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1960 Nisonoff et al. described a method of producing F(ab′)2 fragments from human and rabbit IgG antibodies (1). The immunoglobulins are mixed with pepsin (3% by weight) in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5. The mixture is stirred for 18 hr at 37°C. The enzymatic action is terminated by raising the pH to 7.0 and by precipitating the globulins in 18% (w/v) sodium sulfate. This precipitate contains a relatively homogeneous preparation of 5S F(ab′)2 antibody fragments. Recently, Sinclair (2) reported that when this procedure is followed for mouse γ globulins, the pepsin-digested material is grossly contaminated with intact 7S antibodies. In order to obtain the 5S material it was necessary to subject the pepsin digest to sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation for 40 hr at 40,000 rpm, at 4°C. We have also encountered difficulties in preparing mouse F(ab′)2 according to the method described by Nisonoff et al.
Plasma Kinin System: Proenzyme Components
Authors: Wuepper Kirk D. , Tucker Ernest S. , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Human lymphoeytes can support the replication of 17-D yellow fever virus when stimulated in vitro with phytohemaggiutinin. Between 7 and 11 days following vaccination with 17-D virus, peripheral lymphocytes lose their ability to support virus replication but regain this capacity by the 25th day post-vaccination.
Immunochemical Studies on the Interaction between Staphylococcal Protein a and γG Globulin
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Messner Ronald P. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reactivity with staphylococcal protein A is a characteristic of IgG-1, -2 and -4 molecules. Human myeloma globulins of these types either precipitate with protein A or are capable of inhibiting such precipitation. In the present study chemical modifications of human myeloma globulins showed distinct effects on the reactivity with protein A. Carbamylation changed a precipitin reaction to one of inhibition. Acetylation rendered myeloma globulins completely non-reactive with protein A. Quantitative precipitin curves for the reaction between normal human γG or various myeloma globulins and staphylococcal protein A revealed marked quantitative differences with varying amounts of soluble complexes formed. Analytical ultracentrifugation of γG preparations with and without protein A revealed similar differences. No intermediate sized complexes were detected. Our results confirm a previous hypothesis that precipitation in this system is a secondary reaction after the primary combination between protein A and the Fc site on human γG globulin. Ultracentrifugational data also indicated that protein A may be univalent, structurally or functionally, in its reaction with γG.
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , Mascari Ruth A. , Hughes Stephanie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of the divalent and univalent fragments of the immune globulins of burro anti-rabbit lymphocyte serum (BALS), sheep anti-rabbit IgG (SAG) and rabbit anti-rabbit allotypic IgG (RAG) on rabbit lymphocytes in vitro was tested. The divalent (F(ab′)2) fragments of each immune globulin stimulated lymphocytes to transform. The univalent fragments (Fab) of SAG and RAG were also stimulatory, but the univalent fragment of BALS was not stimulatory. A different type of reaction site distribution or stimulatory mechanism for BALS in contrast to SAG and RAG is suggested.
Lymphocytotoxic Antibody Response to Cardiac Allotransplantation in Man
Authors: Mittal Kamal K. , Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Johnson Armead H. , Leachman Robert D. , Nora James J. , Rochelle Donald G. , Brooks David K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found in sera collected prior to transplantation from 3 (14%) of 22 cardiac allograft recipients. Of sera collected after transplantation, multiple samples from 15 of 28 patients (54%) contained lymphocytotoxins. These antibodies were found especially frequently in sera from patients who died of infection or who succumbed after repeated episodes of threatened allograft rejection. The findings of the present study suggest that development of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in cardiac allograft recipients is an ominous sign which, within 1 month after transplantation, may identify individuals who will experience an unfavorable clinical course.
The Mitogenic Effects of Endotoxin and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B on Mouse Spleen Cells and Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Peavy Duane L. , Adler William H. , Smith Richard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of Salmonella endotoxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were examined in vitro on mouse and human lymphocyte populations from unsensitized subjects. These substances were found to be extremely stimulatory to mouse spleen cells as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. In regards to size, general morphologic features, and staining properties, the cell cultures appear identical to cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, endotoxin failed to stimulate human peripheral lymphocytes while PHA and SEB produced a response over a wide dosage range. Attempts to detect stimulation of human lymphoid cells by endotoxin using various mammalian sera as augmentors were unsuccessful.
Requirement for Cross-Linkage in the Stimulation of Transformation of Rabbit Peripheral Lymphocytes by Antiglobulin Reagents
Authors: Fanger Michael W. , Hart David A. , Wells J. Vivian , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fab′ fragments of goat anti-rabbit fragment Fab and anti-rabbit fragment Fc were ineffective in the stimulation of transformation of rabbit peripheral lymphocytes. F(ab′)2 fragments had stimulatory activity comparable to that of the intact IgG antibody. Combination of Fab′ fragments of both goat anti-rabbit Fc and antirabbit Fab with the lymphocytes was demonstrated by their capacity to inhibit specifically transformation by the corresponding, intact antibody; in addition, transformation was observed when rabbit lymphocytes, pretreated with univalent fragments of goat anti-rabbit Fc, were subsequently allowed to react with bivalent antibody directed to the univalent fragments. These results indicate that the triggering of transformation by antiglobulin reagents is accomplished through crosslinkage of membrane constituents. Such a mechanism may be relevant to the stimulation of sensitive lymphocytes by antigen and thus may aid in providing a basis for understanding the mechanism of induction and paralysis in the immune response.
Reactivity of Normal Shark Immunoglobulins with Nitrophenyl Ligands
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Clem L. William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal nurse shark and lemon shark sera contain ∼17S and 7S immunoglobulins with anti-dinitrophenyl activity. Specifically purified 17S “anti-DNP” precipitated in gels with DNP-BSA conjugates, bound to DNP-immunoadsorbents (∼60%) but did not give detectable binding by equilibrium dialysis. The 7S “anti-DNP” did not precipitate in gels, nor did it bind radiolabeled hapten and only about 25% bound to DNP-immunoadsorbents. Of special interest was the observation that specifically purified 17S “anti-DNP” also agglutinated sheep erythrocytes. However, the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes could not be inhibited with DNP-OH. Whole nurse shark serum contains agglutinins to both sheep and chicken erythrocytes. Experiments showed that this was not due to heteroligating antibodies. The possibility is raised that many of the shark immunoglobulin molecules have a dual function, that is, as antibody and as a carrier for certain hormones or other small molecules.
Antibody Formation to Equine Anti-Lymphocytic Globulin (ALG) in Man: Effect on Absorption, Distribution and Effectiveness of the ALG
Authors: Butler William T. , Rossen Roger D. , Reisberg Margaret A. , Mazow Jack B. , Trentin John J. , Judd Kenneth P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Increased rates of plasma clearance of 125I-labeled horse IgG were observed in 16 of 17 patients treated with a prolonged course of anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) and in 3 of 5 volunteers who received a single small dose of ALG. Rapid immune elimination of ALG developed within 2 weeks of starting ALG treatment, and was accompanied by (1) the development of circulating anti-horse IgG antibodies which could be measured by passive hemagglutination or immunoadsorbent assays and by (2) the return of established delayed hypersensitivity which initially had been suppressed by the ALG treatment.
Radioactively labeled horse IgG was found in the 7S region of sera of four patients tested before development of rapid immune elimination. In three patients studied after onset of rapid immune elimination of horse IgG, the serum proteinbound radioactivity sedimented more rapidly than 7S in the ultracentrifuge. In one case, the labeled protein was completely removed from the circulation within minutes of injection and broken down into small molecular weight fragments. Absorption of ALG after intramuscular injection was impaired in the presence of anti-horse IgG antibodies.
These results suggest (1) that antibodies form in allograft recipients against ALG despite simultaneous treatment with large doses of azathioprine and corticosteroids, and (2) that these antibodies interfere with the absorption, distribution and the immunosuppressive effectiveness of ALG.
The Interferon Refractory State: in Vivo and in Vitro Studies of Its Mechanism
Authors: Borden Ernest C. , Murphy Frederick A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interferon synthesis is followed by a period of refractoriness during which restimulation with inducer fails to elicit an interferon response. This period persisted in mice absolutely for 4 days and partially for 13 days; interferon was initially induced with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and animals were restimulated with an unrelated viral inducer. The development of refractoriness was found to be a graded function of the amount of inducer given and interferon made. Exhaustion of interferon-producing capabilities did not cause the refractory state; it developed both in vivo and in vitro after doses of NDV which elicited a less than maximal response. Furthermore, after an amount of inducer was given which was insufficient to infect all cells with complete infectious virus, refractoriness developed in cultures. In both mice and L cells refractoriness lagged significantly behind maximal interferon production; it was not discernible for 12 to 24 hr after measurable interferon response. Using this delay in the onset of refractoriness, partial biologic separation of repressive activity from antiviral activity of interferon preparations was achieved. Pretreatment of L cell monolayers with 75 units/ml of interferon preparations, collected 36 hr after inoculation of inducer, repressed interferon synthesis to a decidedly greater degree than those collected at 8 hr. Pretreatment of L cell monolayers with small amounts of interferon, 2 units/ml, enhanced interferon production to NDV. These findings suggest a newly synthesized repressor as the mediator of the interferon refractory state.
Immunofluorescent Localization of Human Immunoglobulin in Tissues from Cardiac Allograft Recipients
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Reisberg Margaret A. , Brooks David K. , Leachman Robert D. , Milam John D. , Mittal Kamal K. , Montgomery John R. , Nora James J. , Rochelle Donald G. , Rickaway Ruth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Direct immunofluorescence studies of 14 human cardiac allografts revealed extensive deposits of immunoglobulin in the sarcolemma, muscle fibers, and in successive layers within the thickened intima of the coronary arteries. In contrast, original hearts from eight recipients and biopsies of six donor hearts taken before transplantation showed little bound immunoglobulin. Sarcolemma-bound IgG was seen significantly more frequently in hearts which succumbed to early rejection. Sera collected before transplantation from 15 to 17 cardiac allograft recipients contained antibodies reactive with cardiac muscle from unrelated donors by indirect immunofluorescence, but not with kidney tissue or skeletal muscle from the same unrelated donors. Pretransplant sera from eight of nine patients also contained antibodies which reacted with the patient's own heart. These results suggest that human cardiac allografts provoke a strong humoral as well as a cell-mediated rejection response and provide evidence which links deposition of immunoglobulin within the arterial intima to the evolution of the obliterative vascular lesion seen in the majority of the cardiac allografts.
Qualitative and Quantitative Studies of Cytotoxic Immune Cells
Authors: Canty Timothy G. , Wunderlich John R. , Fletcher Freeman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A quantitative assay of in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been used to detect the appearance of cytotoxic cells in the spleens of immunized BALB/c mice. Biometric techniques which utilize dose response curves suggested quantitative and qualitative changes in immune activities of different lymphoid populations. The immune responses to intraperitoneal injections of allogeneic tumor cells were studied as functions of both time and immunizing cell dose. Spleen cell-mediated cytotoxicity was detectable 3 days after immunization. The response was maximal after about 10 days and then fell gradually. The highest response to a single intraperitoneal exposure occurred after injection of 107 EL-4 cells. Higher doses of cells resulted in lower responses. The response to a second immunizing dose of EL-4 cells was quicker and reached a peak at about 7 days. In addition to changes in total immune activity, a qualitative change occurred in cell-mediated immunity during the course of primary and secondary responses. With an increase in total immune activity, cytotoxic activity of the average immune cell appeared to increase. The time course and immunizing dose dependence of cytotoxic antibody levels and cell-mediated responses were similar after primary immunization. Hyperimmunization resulted in increasing cytotoxic antibody titers but decreasing cell-mediated activity. Cellular immunity in the hyperimmune animals appeared to have been stimulated but effectively suppressed. This suppression was reversible by transfer of the hyperimmune spleen cells with antigen to sublethally irradiated hosts.
The Significance of the Mast Cell Response to Bee Venom
Authors: Higginbotham R. D. , Karnella S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Local tissue mast cells were found to rapidly secrete their heparin-containing granules in a dose-related response to subcutaneous injection of relatively small amounts of bee venom. The shed granules formed complexes with cationic protein in vivo and these complexes were subsequently ingested by adjacent mononuclear cells. Addition of heparin to bee venom in vitro resulted in the formation of complexes with reduction in both cytolytic and lethal activities of the venom. It is suggested that mast cell granules may, during transfer from mast cells to phagocytic cells, sequester noxious cationic proteins of bee venom and that dermal mast cells may thus be strategically situated and uniquely adapted to serve as a local means of resistance to bee sting.
The Interaction of Human IgM and Clq
Authors: MacKenzie Malcolm R. , Creevy Nancy , Heh Mona 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction between human IgM Waldenström's protein and human Clq is demonstrated. One mol of IgM combined with 1 mol of Clq indicating a valence of 5 for C1q. The division of IgM proteins into at least two groups by their affinity for Clq is directly confirmed.
Immunologic Investigations of Meningococcal Disease
Authors: Edwards Earl A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patients with fatal fulminant meningococcemia had readily detectable levels of soluble group-specific meningococcal antigen in their sera. Patients with meningococcal meningitis who recovered did not give a positive test for meningococcal antigen with the test described (counterimmunoelectrophoresis). The test is rapid, sensitive and specific for meningococcal group-specific antigens. Three patients had levels of 1.5 µg/ml to 4.5 µg/ml of meningococcal antigen in their acute-phase blood samples. Such levels may signal the onset of fulminant meningococcemia. An important relationship yet to be determined is the threshold level of circulating meningococcal antigen in the serum and the reversibility of the disease process. Preliminary observations indicate such a level may exist. The rapidity and specificity of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test for meningococcal antigen should permit its use in studying spinal fluids, as well as serum, for rapid identification of the infecting organism. Eight spinal fluids have been examined to date for Neisseria meningitidis antigen. The results all agreed with the isolation and identification of meningococci by bacteriologic methods.
Study of the Interaction of Concanavalin A with Staphylococcal Teichoic Acids
Authors: Reeder W. J. , Ekstedt R. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction of Concanavalin A with teichoic acids from S. aureus and S. epieermidis has been studied by gel diffusion and precipitation in a fluid system. It was found that Concanavalin A reacted with alpha-glucosylated but not with beta-glucosylated teichoic acids from S. epidermidis. It was similarly found that Concanavalin A reacted only with the alpha-linked N-acetylglucosamine teichoic acids from strains of S. aureus. These observations were substantiated by quantitative precipitin and hapten inhibition studies using specific antisera to the staphylococcal strains studied. The usefulness of the interaction of Concanavalin A with teichoic acids in studying the immunochemistry of these antigens was demonstrated.
The Antigen Receptor in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Hill William C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-specific receptors have been demonstrated on lymphoid cells from guinea pigs sensitized to give delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. A unique affinity label was used to trace the reactive molecule. After solubilization of the cell membrane, two specifically labeled components of restricted molecular weight were isolated by chromatographic methods.