bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was renowned as one of the largest and most magnificent in antiquity, and many people considered it the most impressive of the Wonders. It stood on the shores of a deep gulf formed by flooding of a glacial-age valley as sea level rose following the last Ice Age. The protected harbour and access to the hinterland up the Cayster (Küçük Menderes) valley made Ephesus an ideal cult centre and contributed to its vast wealth. However, erosion of the hills far to the east filled the river with muddy sediments, building a delta in the bay, and eventually cutting the harbour off from the sea. The enigmatic cult statue of Artemis figures briefly in the Christian Bible: “Fellow Ephesians, doesn’t all the world know that the city of Ephesus is the guardian of the temple of the great Artemis and of her image, which fell from heaven?” This phrase suggests that a meteorite was connected to the cult, as elsewhere in antiquity.
The Pharos at Alexandria
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Pharos was a beacon, later a lighthouse, built to guide boats into the new harbour of Alexandria along this low and treacherous coast, and was, from the start, a symbol of the power of the Ptolemy dynasty and its successor regimes. The rapid growth of Alexander the Great’s city was partly a result of its topography: the ridge that made Pharos Island protected the harbour from storms and ridges further inland gave a dry place to construct the city. These ridges formed in response to large-scale events during the last million years: glacial climate cycles and tectonic earth movements. The Pharos changed many times during its 1,500-year life: the initial wonder may have had a single story resembling the monumental gateways of Egyptian temples; by Roman times the wonder had two stories and the Islamic structure, most commonly used for reconstructions, had three levels topped by a mosque. The Pharos was damaged many times by storms and earthquakes, their effect compounded by local land subsidence, which ultimately led to undermining of the foundations and collapse of the monument in the 14th century. Because of the plague pandemic that swept through the Mediterranean region at that time, it was never rebuilt.
They’re Creepy and They’re Campy
Authors: Hook Jamie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Addams Family (1964–66, ABC) and The Munsters (1964–66, CBS) were iconic television texts of the 1960s that united family-centered narratives with horror through the representation of family units composed of literal monsters. While both are situation comedies, they are further unified by sensibilities that intentionally camped American middle-class mores and the generic tropes of the sitcom itself. Through analyzing these camp horror texts, this chapter argues that they contributed to the more liminal, tentative, and ambiguous representational practices of a decade that has since become shorthand for sweeping cultural change. Sitting at the crossroads between the mainstream and the subcultural, comedy and horror, and competing modes and meanings of camp, these shows constructed an image of the American family as simultaneously monstrous and endearing during a cultural maelstrom in which the institutional politics of the family were being reconsidered and renegotiated more broadly at the domestic and national level.
“Holy Fruit Salad, Batman!”
Authors: Kruger-Robbins Benjamin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how Batman (1966–68) functioned as a part of the American Broadcasting Company’s (ABC) competitive drive against the other two major networks, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), to push boundaries of acceptable denotative and connotative queer visibility in prime-time television. While academics and popular critics frequently cite William Dozier’s TV adaptation of Bob Kane’s comic series as a canonically camp, gay-inflected text, this chapter analyzes reception, production, and distribution artifacts surrounding Batman in conjunction with those relating to explicitly gay-themed episodes of the short-lived detective procedural N.Y.P.D. (1967–69). Such comparison reveals a dual branding strategy that positioned ABC as an emerging venue for “quality” adult gay content while tightening the network’s grip on queer-tinged “adolescent” entertainment. Ultimately, ABC’s camp stylization across its programming formed part of a complex and occasionally affirmative, if also socially problematic, overture to “new” audience demographics.
Backdoor Lawmaking
Authors: Ritchie Melinda N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Backdoor Lawmaking reveals how members of the US Congress use the federal bureaucracy as a backdoor for policymaking. Lawmakers pressure agencies to make policy changes in order to avoid obstacles in the legislative process. The book uses records obtained under the Freedom of Information Act in qualitative and quantitative analyses to show how members of Congress are incorporating agency regulations into a broader strategy of policymaking that spans branches of government and which lawmakers are most effective at using this approach. Lawmakers use agency regulations as a substitute for legislative action, pressure agencies to delay and block the implementation of law until new legislation is passed, and work with agencies to draft legislation. The bureaucracy also offers lawmakers a discreet way to represent controversial interests outside of the formal constraints of Congress. The book considers the implications of its findings for democratic accountability and representation and assesses the normative tradeoffs: Inter-branch policymaking allows members of Congress to evade accountability and to bypass the lawmaking process established in the US Constitution. Yet, it may be critical for preserving democratic norms given the growth of administrative lawmaking.
Israel and the Cyber Threat
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book offers the first comprehensive examination of Israeli policies and practice in both the civil and military cyber realms as well as insights into what other countries can learn from its experience. The book is designed for cyber theorists and practitioners, people interested in the Middle East, and general audiences. It explores how and why Israel has become a global cyber power, despite its small size, arguing that a combination of strategic and economic necessity, along with an innovative culture, has driven Israel’s success. The Israeli cyber experience is studied through the lens of realist and constructivist international relations theories and many of the major quandaries facing cyber theorists and practitioners alike are analyzed. The book focuses on Israel’s civil and military cyber strategies, including the organizational structures and policies it has put in place; national capacity building, including the unique contribution of the IDF and defense establishment to Israel’s cyber ecosystem; and international cyber cooperation. It presents comprehensive pictures of all significant cyber attacks conducted against Israel as well as Iran’s cyber policies, institutions, and capabilities. Particular attention is devoted to Israel’s military cyber response, including the cyber attacks it is known to have conducted. Each chapter takes an in-depth look at the major actions Israel has taken in a different dimension of the cyber realm, placing them in a broader context to help readers understand state behavior in the cyber realm generally. The book concludes with the first proposal for a comprehensive Israeli national cyber strategy.
The Civil Cyber Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the most detailed and comprehensive treatment to date of Israel’s civil cyber strategy and of the role of the INCD (Israel National Cyber Directorate). The chapter traces Israel’s actions and strategies to deal with security threats by examining cabinet and institutional decisions beginning in 2000. It further argues that domestic and bureaucratic politics played an important role in shaping such decisions. The chapter proceeds to examine the role of the INCD, including its responsibilities, and the National Cyber Security Strategy it issued in 2017, which consisted of four primary components: a concept of operations, defensive strategy, national cyber capacity building, and international cooperation. The chapter concludes by looking at the criticisms and successes of the INCD. The chapter argues that while imperfect, the INCD has achieved important successes and Israel is better defended now than in the past.
The Military Cyber Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Israel’s military cyber strategy, and how it has worked to turn the cyber realm into an advantage over its adversaries. While Israel does not have a formal military cyber strategy, the chapter looks at what can be determined regarding Israel’s existing offensive and defensive strategies from the publicly available information. This includes a detailed presentation of the primary cyber units in the Israel Defense Force, Israel Security Agency (Shin Bet), and other relevant agencies and an in-depth discussion of how the cyber realm fits into Israel’s broader national security strategy, including its purported nuclear capabilities. The chapter concludes with a detailed look at some of the major offensive cyber attacks that have been attributed to Israel, including its role in Olympic Games and Stuxnet, Operation Orchard, and numerous attacks in Iran, including against its largest port and nuclear facilities.
A Precarious Life
Authors: Willis Roxana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A Precarious Life offers an internal view of conflict among one of the most socio-economically disadvantaged communities in Britain. The long-term ‘ethnography at home’ is narrated through the life and death of the author’s father, Paul, who worked in the coke ovens of the Corby steelworks until its closure in 1980. After closure, Paul ran a mobile grocery shop on his council estate and surrounding areas, which suffered an assortment of injuries in the post-industrial decades that followed. By engaging closely with the social practices of Paul and members of his relational community, this book provides a rare emic account of the classed and racialized tensions that occur within a precariously situated subsection of society. Through this process, layers of meaning are noticed, articulated, and deployed to make intelligible communal tensions. As the chapters progress, a complex ethical terrain is brought into view, where moral conflicts and dilemmas are rife. From this new perspective, a disjuncture becomes apparent between top-down theories that guide the criminal law, on the one hand, and norms that make better sense of the social world navigated by residents on an over-criminalized estate, on the other. A Precarious Life calls on legal scholars to understand better and engage with this alternative normative order, which embraces an ethics of honesty, relationality, solidarity, and care—captured by the central notion of mutuality.
From Schoolyards to Factory Floors
Authors: Willis Roxana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Criminal law scholarship often begins with the presupposition that individuals are autonomous. However, philosophers and legal scholars have compellingly shown that the autonomous individual does not exist in a metaphorical state of nature; instead, autonomy is a moral ideal in liberal societies, which certain people can attain if the socio-economic conditions are conducive for them to do so. This chapter argues that structural inequality in Britain prohibits the least advantaged from becoming autonomous. Ethnographic analysis—including working-class biography and ethnographic portraiture—shines a light on how precariously situated participants must navigate a challenging trajectory from punitive schooling into precarious forms of deregulated and insecure work. Rather than regarding structural conditions in England as apt for all to attain autonomy, this chapter indicates that the autonomous individual would struggle to flourish in such coercive conditions, where workers describe themselves as ‘scared to fart without a good excuse’. Importantly, if class inequality in Britain thwarts the possibility of universal autonomy, then the presupposition of the autonomous individual in criminal law requires imminent revision.
A Violence Continuum
Authors: Willis Roxana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 revisits the topic of violence. It challenges the modern criminal law’s focus on interpersonal forms of violence, which fails to adequately address the violence of states, corporate actors, and other groups. The theoretical device of the ‘continuum of violence’ developed by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois is employed to widen conceptions of violence beyond the individual. From this theoretical viewpoint, two additional forms of violence come into view: structural violence and symbolic violence. Structural violence is explored in three ways: first, in relation to the workplace injuries of former steelworkers who suffered lifelong and fatal conditions due to the failure of employers to provide adequate health and safety equipment; second, in relation to residents’ exposure to toxic air following the failure of the local state to safely dispose of toxic waste after the closure of the steelworks, leading to multiple birth defects; and third, injuries related to the state-led demolition of parts of the Lincoln council estate. Symbolic violence is explored as part of the historical process outlined in the Introduction, in which poverty is reconceptualized as a marker of immorality. A tendency emerges, which is core to the criminal law, which relegates structural factors to the background and places responsibility on those harmed by structural and symbolic violence. The final section considers the reality of unemployment and challenges the propensity to blame individuals for the wider injuries they must endure.
THE DOMESTIC CLOCK IN EUROPE
Authors: Matthes Dietrich 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe two sections of this chapter describe the development of weight and spring-driven clocks for domestic use from the late thirteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. The chapter includes information on specific countries and how technology changed through the years. Section One covers the period from the thirteenth century to the invention of the pendulum. Section Two covers the time from Huygens to the end of the eighteenth century. Both sections describe the technical aspects of the mechanisms and changing forms and styles for the cases that contained them. Finally, due attention paid to regional and national variations.
Introduction
Authors: Labuda Patryk I. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter sets out the research question, the research design, and the book’s main arguments. Situating the book’s objectives within ongoing discussions about the International Criminal Court’s problems, it explains why greater attention to questions of institutional design in international criminal law is needed. Then, against the backdrop of the complementarity turn, which is defined as a shift towards the domestic enforcement of international criminal law, the chapter explains why growing support for criminal law-oriented capacity building and increasingly cooperative relations with incumbent governments may inadvertently rehabilitate the state as a solution to, rather than a cause of, impunity for international crimes.
International Intervention and Domestic Prosecutions
Authors: Labuda Patryk I. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines to what extent the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the International Criminal Court encouraged domestic prosecutions of serious crimes in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Focusing on areas of synergy, antagonism, and indifference, it assesses how international civil servants influence domestic prosecutorial policy, and, in turn, how state-based actors shape international prosecutorial strategy and case selection. It argues that, despite the divergent elements of institutional design, international investigative practices are generally similar and that divisions of labour, if any, depend less on mandates and more on incumbent governments’ willingness to cooperate with international prosecutors. While evidence of international criminal tribunals positively influencing domestic prosecutorial policy is uncommon and there is a risk of states free-riding on international trials, primacy may provide stronger incentives than complementarity for international civil servants to challenge states over crimes committed by suspects affiliated with incumbent governments.
The Constitutional Basis for Trademark Parodies in India and South Africa
Authors: Banerjee Arpan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two noteworthy cases involving trademark parodies—the decision of the South African Constitutional Court in the Laugh It Off case and an order of the Delhi High Court in Tata v. Greenpeace, which relied on the former. Both cases are good examples of a “constitutionalization” approach toward IP rights. In Laugh It Off, the court disagreed with the decisions of the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Cape High Court, and permitted the sale of a t-shirt ridiculing a famous beer brand. In Greenpeace, the court refused to prevent Greenpeace from using an online game to highlight alleged environmental violations of Tata, one of India’s best-known corporations. In both cases, the courts placed primacy on free speech principles. However, Greenpeace stands out for not merely involving a trademark infringement claim but also a defamation claim, and further concerning noncommercial use. The chapter accordingly considers the relevance of Greenpeace, in which a final order is still pending, in today’s context of “meme warfare.”
Reducing Corruption
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 canvasses some of the many mechanisms that are needed to address corruption effectively. Because there are multiple forms of corruption, controlling it requires diverse kinds of interventions and many agents will be involved in such interventions. As we come to appreciate, where the levels of corruption in a particular society are low, a vast array of mechanisms and agents are involved in controlling it. Chapter 4 includes coverage of at least ten important areas that require attention in our quest to address corruption. These include the importance of effective accountability mechanisms, appropriate transparency embedded in supportive contexts, and good institutional design. Promoting ethically robust processes, procedures, expectations, and strong institutions are also significant. Ensuring appropriate training is in place for employees so they can uphold corruption-curbing standards and professional conduct is similarly important, as is the need for robust procedures that can govern conflicts of interest. Independent oversight and monitoring will be crucial to sustained success of all interventions. When corruption involves a collective action problem, special attention is needed to reform social norms. Forming social action coalitions can be especially important in addressing several varieties of corruption. More generally, reducing corruption requires strong coalitions of stakeholders, including sector professionals, civil society organizations, and communities. The research survey also allows us to appreciate the many agents that have a role to play and therefore the range of actors that will potentially be in view as we move to the project of exploring agents’ responsibilities.
The Future of Deference in the World and Equivalence in the EU
Authors: Schürger Jonas 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe fifth chapter turns away from the current legal system and attempts to give an outlook on the future global financial architecture. The first section of this chapter addresses the controversial question of how a truly global system should be designed. Is there a need for a harmonized and thus globally uniform supervisory law, or is competition between different national legal systems the better way for the future? This book aims at striking a balance between these positions. It is argued that the concept of deference should be an essential component of any future global financial market architecture. The second section of this chapter is devoted to the future of equivalence in the EU. European equivalence mechanisms should be refined and improved to overcome the challenges identified in the first two chapters. For this development, insights can be drawn from the experiences of deference in Switzerland and the US.
The importance of observing the client’s behaviour during psychological chat
Authors: Dewanti Septinda R , Astuti Budi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, technology-based counselling like artificial intelligence (AI) and messenger-based counselling (MBC) is believed to be beneficial. However, how to observe and to interpret the client’s behaviour during MBC is not simple even for the counsellor, and AI will not be able to do so. For instance, the behaviours worth highlighting when conducting MBC are type-delete-retype-delete-retype, the typing period, emoticons and replay quickness.
Acute calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis is associated with an increased rate of hip and knee joint surgery
Authors: Harris David , Frampton Christopher , Patel Sandeep , White Douglas , Arad Uri 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
Acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis is a distinct manifestation of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). No studies have specifically examined whether acute CPP crystal arthritis is associated with progressive structural joint damage. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the relative rate of hip and knee joint arthroplasties as an estimate of structural joint damage accrual, in a population of patients with acute CPP crystal arthritis.

Methods
Data were collected from Waikato District Health Board (WDHB) to identify an acute CPP crystal arthritis cohort with clinical episodes highly characteristic of acute CPP crystal arthritis. Data on hip and knee joint arthroplasties were collected from the New Zealand Orthopaedic Association’s Joint Registry. The rate of arthroplasties in the cohort was compared with the age–ethnicity-matched New Zealand population. Additional analysis was performed for age, obesity (BMI) and ethnicity.

Results
The acute CPP crystal arthritis cohort included 99 patients; 63 were male and the median age was 77 years (interquartile range, 71–82). The obesity rate was 36% with a median BMI of 28.4 kg/m2 (interquartile range, 25.8–32.2), comparable to the New Zealand population. The standardized surgical rate ratio in the cohort vs the age–ethnicity-matched New Zealand population was 2.54 (95% CI: 1.39, 4.27).

Conclusion
Our study identified a considerable increase in the rate of hip and knee joint arthroplasties in patients with episodes of acute CPP crystal arthritis. This suggests CPP crystal arthritis may be a chronic condition, leading to progressive joint damage.