bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetically Restricted Immune Responses in Guinea Pigs Primed in Vivo with Antigen-Bearing Macrophages
Authors: Yokomuro Kozo , Rosenthal Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs injected intradermally with antigen pulsed macrophages generate a population of immune T cells that proliferate in vitro on second exposure to antigen. T cells from F1 (2 × 13) guinea pigs immunized with DNP-OVA on one parental macrophage respond in vitro only to DNP-OVA on macrophages identical to those used for immunization and not to DNP-OVA associated with the other parental macrophages. These results demonstrate that the immunogenicity of antigen is dependent upon the macrophages used for priming in that, with this approach, strain 2 or 13 guinea pigs immunized with allogeneic macrophages pulsed with antigen do not respond to either allogeneic or syngeneic antigen-bearing macrophages. However, lysates of antigen-pulsed macrophages can still immunize either allogeneic or syngeneic recipient via their own macrophages. F1 (2 × 13) guinea pigs are immunized by insulin B chain pulsed strain 13 macrophages (responder) but not by strain 2 macrophages (nonresponder) suggesting that whether a F1 (nonresponder × responder) guinea pig recognizes antigen bound to a parental macrophage is genetically restricted before immunization to the same extent as the donor parental macrophages used for immunization.
Avian Antigen-Binding Cells
Authors: Higgins Gloria , McDermott Christine , Choi Yong Sung 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-binding B and T cells from chicken spleens were selected on plates of antigen-derived gelatin. Hapten-specific B cells from DNP-immune normal chicken spleens were selected on DNP-gelatin. As much as 165-fold functional enrichment of precursors of anti-DNP antibody-producing cells, as measured in an adoptive transfer system, was achieved. However, the enrichment of DNP-binding cells assessed by rosette formation and autoradiography was no more than 25-fold. HGG-specific T cells from bursectomized agammaglobulinemic chickens immunized with deaggregated HGG were selected on HGG-gelatin. In the fraction adherent to HGG-gelatin, at least a 20-fold enrichment of suppressors of the antibody response to TNP-HGG, as measured by adoptive transfer, was accomplished. In contrast, no more than 6-fold enrichment of HGG-binding cells was detected by autoradiography. Antigen-specific depletion and enrichment of suppressor T cells and of HGG-binding cells occurred in parallel, suggesting that suppressor cells can bind soluble antigen and can be isolated on antigen coupled to a solid support.
The Beige Mutation in the Mouse
Authors: Roder John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A point mutation, called beige, on linkage group 14 in C57BL/6 mice leads to a marked impairment in natural killing and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) of tumor cells. The defect in NK cytolysis was predetermined at the level of progenitor cells in the bone marrow as revealed in radiation chimeras. This impairment in NK function could not be accounted for by an altered organ distribution, target selectivity, or ontogenesis. Interferon did not fully restore the response, which suggests that the defect may not result solely from a lack of endogenous interferon stimulation in beige mice. The frequency of target-binding cells was normal in all lymphoid organs, which suggests that the defect is intrinsic to the NK cell and does not involve an altered population size or an inability to recognize and interact with the target. Rather, the defect may lie within the lytic pathway subsequent to target cell contact. These mice should provide a useful NK-deficient system for studies of T cell or macrophage immunity and in addition they provide a means for testing the in vivo significance of NK cells in resistance to tumors and virusinfected cells.
Activation of the Classical Complement Pathway in Human Serum by a Small Oligosaccharide
Authors: Dieminger Lothar , Schultz Duane R. , Arnold Patricia I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two small oligosaccharides were hydrolyzed from a native polysaccharide by polysaccharidases indigenous to the venom of the tropical ant Pseudomyrmex sp. after incubation for 5 hr at 37°C. They were purified by passage through an ultrafiltration membrane (m.w. cut-off, 500 daltons), cation exchange chromatography at pH 3 to separate the oligosaccharides from peptides, and gel filtration chromatography. The highly purified oligosaccharides contained no amino acids and no polar or nonpolar lipids.
The larger oligosaccharide had an estimated m.w. of 840 daltons, and the smaller 430 daltons. The larger species was a potent activator of C1 in normal human serum at 37°C, resulting in the consumption of its two natural substrates C4 and C2. It had no effect on the C1 INH, and its action was destroyed by treatment with sodium periodate.
Analysis of both oligosaccharides by gas chromatography revealed five sugars: glucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-galactosamine. Chemical analyses revealed the presence of reducing sugars in the larger species, but neither contained hexuronic acids. The latter were found in the native polysaccharide. The smaller oligosaccharide may be a monomer of the larger species. After electrophoresis on paper at pH 1.9, the 840-dalton oligosaccharide separated into two species: the first, which remained at the origin, contained reducing carbon atoms. The second migrated toward the cathode and contained no reducing sugars. Both species caused the consumption of C2 in human serum. The oligosaccharide(s) with a m.w. of 840 daltons is the smallest carbohydrate described that causes activation of the classical complement pathway.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Interstitial Nephritis
Authors: Neilson Eric G. , Phillips S. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs immunized with renal tubular antigens develop a severe interstitial nephritis. The complete expression of disease depends on a complex interplay between cellular and humoral mechanisms. The present studies were undertaken to analyze the lymphocyte diversity engendered during the course of this nephropathy. The results demonstrated a strong cellular recognition of the sensitizing antigens, as well as the concomitant development of a potent nonspecific suppressor system. Sequential analyses indicated that reactive T cells from different anatomic compartments maintained these distinctive functions. Judged from isotope incorporation studies, lymphocytes harvested from peritoneal exudates were more likely to recognize sensitizing renal tubular antigens than either spleen, lymph node, or peripheral blood cells. Lymph node cells, however, were more efficient in mediating the intense polyclonal immunosuppression that was typically present in nephritic animals after 1 week of disease. Delayed hypersensitivity measurements confirmed the in vivo presence of this immunosuppression. All of these observed T cell functions were fully developed before the appearance of antitubular antibodies in the kidneys of diseased animals. Eventually, however, the cellular recognition of the sensitizing antigens started to decline in the face of continued suppression and pathologic damage along cortical tubules. These findings are discussed in terms of the complex role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis and regulatory modulation of interstitial kidney disease.
A Cell Surface Antigen, TER, Expressed by Embryos and Germ Cells
Authors: Michaelson James , Artzt Karen , Bennett Dorothea , Caldwell Jane , Heath John K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An antiserum prepared in rabbits against the C3HeB/FeJ mouse ovarian teratocarcinoma E6496 was absorbed in vivo in C3HeB/FeJ mice. This absorbed antiserum identified an antigen, denoted TER, that is present on sperm, ova, embryonic germ cells, and cells of the early mouse embryo. TER was absent from all adult somatic cells tested, but found on several murine tumors.
Immunologic Tolerance to Allergenic Protein Determinants: Properties of Tolerance Induced in Mice Treated with Conjugates of Protein and a Synthetic Copolymer of D-Glutamic Acid and D-Lysine (D-GL)
Authors: Liu Fu-Tong , Bogowitz Cheryl A. , Bargatze Robert F. , Zinnecker Mark , Katz Lee R. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conjugates of proteins and the synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (protein-D-GL) reproducibly induce significant unresponsiveness to the protein antigens in experimental mice. Proteins studied include ovalbumin and antigen E of ragweed extract, the major allergen of ragweed pollen. The unresponsive state 1) can be induced in both unsensitized and previously sensitized experimental animals, 2) is selectively confined to responses of the IgE antibody class, 3) is long lasting, and 4) is highly antigen specific. IgE antibody responses can also be suppressed by administering comparable doses of unconjugated protein alone; however, the unresponsive state induced in this manner is only transient and rebound production of IgE antibody is often observed.
Results from the studies of the cellular basis of the protein-D-GL induced unresponsiveness demonstrate that 1) protein-D-GL conjugates do not induce unresponsiveness at the level of protein-specific B cells, 2) tolerance is not induced by virture of a detectable antigen-specific suppressor T cell mechanism, 3) tolerance is most probably induced in the antigen-specific helper T cell populations.
The significant IgE-selective and antigen-specific tolerogenic activity of protein-D-GL conjugates make these compounds potential candidates for use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of IgE-mediated human allergic disorders induced by protein allergens.
Modulation of Platelet Activation by Native DNA
Authors: Fiedel Barry A. , Schoenberger John S. , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Native DNA (dsDNA) was found to induce the aggregation of isolated human platelets and the release of platelet 5HT; this activation was inhibited by both theophylline and TYA, suggesting a role for cAMP and metabolic products formed from arachidonate. By contrast, nonaggregating amounts of dsDNA inhibited platelet activation induced by collagen or thrombin. This inhibition, which could be overcome by use of greater amounts of the stimulatory agents, was not associated with the loss of platelet viability. Activation of platelets by dsDNA was not observed in plasma or in isolated platelet systems to which small amounts of cell-free plasma were added. However, dsDNA maintained in plasma its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and thrombin. RNA and single-stranded DNA failed to induce platelet aggregation or release of 5HT and to block the platelet activation stimulated by dsDNA. Further, dsDNA did not significantly inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma stimulated by ADP or epinephrine. These data implicate dsDNA as a selective and potentially important activator and modulator of platelet responsiveness.
The Role of Complement in the Binding and Degradation of Immunoglobulin Aggregates by Macrophages
Authors: Kijlstra Aize , van Es Leendert A. , Daha Mohamed R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of complement (C) in the processing of soluble immune complexes by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages was studied in a homologous system in vitro by using isolated stable IgG2 aggregates as a model for immune complexes.
Degradation of immunoglobulin aggregates by macrophages is markedly stimulated in the presence of fresh serum, an effect that was shown to be mediated via the classical pathway of C. After treatment with serum, aggregates were isolated from the serum proteins by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and subsequently presented to the macrophages; it appeared that the stimulating effect was mediated via the binding of C to the aggregates and is probably therefore not due to generation of free C split products in the medium.
Degradation by macrophages of serum-treated aggregates with comparable sedimentation rates increased as the concentration of the serum in which the aggregates had been incubated increased. Furthermore, a stimulated degradation of aggregates could be correlated with the ability of the aggregates to activate the C system as assessed by C4 consumption. Enhanced degradation of the aggregates was eliminated when the C receptors of the macrophages were removed by trypsin treatment before incubation with the aggregates. These results thus suggest that the effect observed is dependent on the ability of the aggregates to bind and activate C components and requires the presence of intact cellular C receptors. Experiments in which the rate of binding of the aggregates to the macrophage cell membrane was compared with the ingestion and digestion of membrane-bound aggregates showed that C increased the rate of binding but had no effect on the subsequent processing of the aggregates.
These studies thus demonstrate that C plays an important role in the clearance of soluble immunoglobulin aggregates by mononuclear phagocytes.
Biosynthesis and Post-Synthetic Modification of a Precursor (PRO-C5) of the Fifth Component of Mouse Complement (C5)
Authors: Ooi Yuet M. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse peritoneal macrophages synthesized and secreted a precursor (pro-C5) of the fifth component of serum complement (C5) in short-term tissue culture. Approximately 0.2% of the newly synthesized intracellular protein and 0.8% of secreted protein were precipitable with antiserum to mouse C5. The precursor is similar in size to the native serum protein (210,000 daltons), but consists of a single polypeptide chain. In contrast, serum C5 consists of two polypeptide chains (m.w. 125,000 and 83,000) linked by disulfide bridges. An electrophoretic variant of pro-C5 distinct from intracellular C5 was detected in medium from macrophage cultures.
Propagation of Antigen-Specific T Cell Helper Function in vitro
Authors: Schrier Rachel D. , Skidmore Barry J. , Kurnick James T. , Goldstine Steven N. , Chiller Jacques M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-induced proliferation of primed lymph node cells was abrogated by treatment with anti-Ly 1 serum and complement (C) but not with anti-Ly 2 serum and C. Lymph node cells from animals primed to ovalbumin were activated with antigen in vitro, followed by propagation in an antigen-free supernatant fluid obtained from lectin-induced normal spleen cells. T cells processed in this manner displayed a stepwise enrichment of helper activity for antibody production as measured in a secondary hapten-carrier response. The sequential increase in antigen-specific help was paralleled by a rise in the antigen-induced proliferative response, a phenomenon whose expression was dependent on the presence of syngeneic or semi-syngeneic irradiated filler cells.
Cell-Mediated Lympholysis by Human Maternal and Neonatal Lymphocytes: Mother's Reactivity against Neonatal Cells and Vice Versa
Authors: Granberg Christer , Hirvonen Toivo , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Maternal reactivity in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) against cells from her own child is, in average, half of the maternal reactivity against unrelated adult cells. This finding remains the same when cells from a newborn or from an older child are used, suggesting that the reduced maternal reactivity is based rather on the one haplotype identity between the mother and child than on the occurrence of specific maternal tolerance. Consistently, CML-capacity of the child, directed against cells of own mother, is half of the control values, again independently of the child's age.
Differences between Syrian Hamster Strains in Natural Killer Cell Activity Induced by Infection with Pichinde Virus
Authors: Gee Sydney R. , Clark David A. , Rawls William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult MHA hamsters are susceptible to a fatal Pichinde virus infection and are unable to limit viremia. Adult hamsters of other strains, such as LVG and LSH, limit viremia and do not develop fatal disease. Both survival and the ability to limit viremia are each controlled by a dominant gene. During studies to delineate the role of cytotoxic cells in Pichinde virus infection, it was observed that MHA hamsters exhibited appreciable levels of cytotoxic activity against syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells and that this activity increased after Pichinde virus infection. In contrast, LSH hamsters showed lower endogenous cytotoxicity and less enhancement after virus infection. The cytotoxicity was primarily mediated by a cell with characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells. The separation of MHA hamster spleen cells by velocity sedimentation revealed that fractions of the gradient containing maximum NK activity also contained numerous infectious centers, whereas the corresponding fractions from gradients of LSH hamster spleen cells showed less cytotoxicity and contained one-tenth the number of infected cells. These observations suggest that a population of cells, defined by NK activity, may be a target for Pichinde virus replication, and that the activity of these cells is only minimally expressed in the resistant LSH strains.
Suppression of Antigen and Mitogen Induced Human T Lymphocyte DNA Synthesis by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide: Mediation by Monocyte Activation and Production of Prostaglandins
Authors: Ellner Jerrold J. , Spagnuolo Philip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies further characterize the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on circulating human mononuclear cells. Escherichia coli LPS did not induce 3H-thymidine incorporation in unseparated mononuclear cells from healthy subjects during 5 days of culture. However, in co-culture experiments, LPS 2 to 20 µg/ml suppressed the response to suboptimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin and streptokinase-streptodornase by 36 to 84%. Depletion of adherent cells or phagocytic cells resulted in a T lymphocyte-enriched population highly responsive to stimulation by antigens and mitogens but refractory to suppression by LPS. Add-back experiments confirmed adherent cell dependence of the suppressive activity of endotoxin. Moreover, 5 × 104 adherent cells cultured with LPS for 24 hr and then washed inhibited the response of 1.5 × 105 T lymphocytes to antigen by 44 to 67%. Larger numbers of untreated adherent cells had a similar effect.
Endotoxin was shown to activate monocytes under these cultural conditions by the criteria of increased attachment to plastic surfaces (by 2.0-fold) and increased release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (by 6.6-fold). The prostaglandin release of cells cultured with LPS was reversed by indomethacin. Indomethacin and RO-20-5720 also blocked inhibition of lymphocyte function by large numbers of adherent cells and endotoxin-activated adherent cells. Moreover, supernatants of macrophages cultured with or without LPS suppressed T lymphocyte function; this activity was diminished when indomethacin was present during supernatant generation. These findings suggest that bacterial LPS activates human monocytes to produce prostaglandins that suppress T lymphocyte function.
B Cell Function in Human Marrow Transplant Recipients Assessed by Direct and Indirect Hemolysis-in-Gel Assays
Authors: Ringden Olle , Witherspoon Robert , Storb Rainer , Ekelund Elsie , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B cell function was studied in 35 healthy controls and 42 individuals who were recipients of bone marrow transplants for aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancy. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by killed Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (Staph. aureus). Antibody secretion was measured as plaque forming cells (PFC) in a direct hemolysis-in-gel assay by using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-coupled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and in an indirect assay with protein A coupled SRBC and antisera against human IgG, IgA, and IgM. A pH of 7.5 in culture was crucial for optimal antibody secretion to occur. Lymphocytes from patients studied during the first 3 months after transplantation (short-term patients) had lower cell survival after 6 days in culture than that of lymphocytes from healthy controls, whereas cell survival of lymphocytes from patients studied more than 1 year after transplantation (long-term patients) was equal to that of controls. Short-term patients tested in the direct assay showed a mean of 12 ± 4 [S.E.] PFC/106 cells compared to a mean of 300 ± 91 PFC/106 in the controls (p &lt; 0.01). The mean number of PFC/106 in long-term patients was 310 ± 222.
In healthy controls, the direct assay detected about 4% of the IgM-producing B cells found in the indirect assay. Twelve short-term patients were studied with both assays. None of the patients had PFC with the direct assay, but 11 showed some PFC in the indirect assay. The indirect PFC responses after stimulation by Staph. aureus were significantly lower for patients than for controls (IgG p &lt; 0.05, IgA p &lt; 0.01, IgM p &lt; 0.01).
In summary, short-term marrow graft recipients had deficient B cell responses in vitro, but in long-term patients this function was normal.
Cross-Reactivity of Rat, Mouse, and Human IgD
Authors: Golding Hana , Cuchens Marvin A. , Leslie Gerrie A. , Rittenberg Marvin B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly purified sheep anti-rat lymphocyte membrane IgD (mIgD) was used to detect cross-reactivity with the putative murine-δ chain on mouse lymphocytes. Cross-reactivity is demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent staining and by immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled lymphocyte membrane extracts followed by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels. In addition, cross-reactivity of anti-rat-δ with human IgD is shown by gel diffusion analysis.
The anti-rat-δ reagent stained both Ig5a+ and Ig5b+ lymphocytes. Preincubation of Ig5b+ (but not Ig5a+) cells with monoclonal allotype-specific antibodies (anti-Ig5b) under capping conditions caused inhibition of staining by the sheep anti-rat-δ reagent, indicating that it is the δ-chain that is recognized on mouse lymphocytes and that the anti-rat-δ reagent does not distinguish between mouse-δ allotypes. Furthermore, absorption of the sheep anti-rat-δ serum with purified human IgD reduced subsequent staining of mouse lymphocytes by approximately 50%; staining was not affected by absorption with human IgM. This xenogeneic anti-δ antiserum appears to detect determinants on the δ-heavy chain, which are shared by at least three species of mammals, suggesting that these determinants represent important molecular features conserved during evolution.