bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bagley v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc.: A New Direction for the Enforceability of Sports Waivers?
Authors: Yen Alfred C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In Bagley v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., the Oregon Supreme Court considered a topic of widespread, daily significance – the enforceability of tort waivers in the context of sports and recreation. Although these Sports Waivers vary considerably in their precise form and deployment, they function primarily to release organizers and providers of sports and recreation from claims of negligence. Almost every adult has signed such a waiver. Indeed, such waivers are so common that one might fairly think that (assuming the waivers are enforceable) the typical sports or recreation provider faces little to no accountability for its own negligence. Bagley stands out among recent cases because it opened new directions for how to evaluate and draft Sports Waivers.
China’s Approach to Sustainable Development in Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Wei Dan , Rafael Ângelo Patrício 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The question of how to adequately integrate environment and labor provisions in free trade agreements is still a difficult one for both States and academicians. This article explores China’s approach to environment and labor issues in free trade agreements. For reference and comparison, it relies on the European Union’s and the United States’ approaches in their respective FTAs. The article identifies China’s preference for a case-by-case approach to the inclusion of environmental chapters in its FTAs. Additionally, in most FTAs it avoids to include provisions on labor standards. These two preferences represent major divergences from the European Union’s and the United States’ approaches, characterized by inclusion of chapters on environment and labor in all their modern FTAs. The article also finds that China’s FTAs rely solely on consultations and cooperation for the implementation of environmental and labor provisions, within the framework of Joint Committees and avoid the inclusion of civil society mechanisms. Moreover, resolution of disputes relies exclusively on consultations, in a diverse procedure than the one applicable to trade disputes. Despite alignment with the European Union model, this is another major point of divergence with the United States’ model, which applies the same enforcement mechanism for both environment and labor issues and trade issues and includes the possibility of applying sanctions. Finally, the article concludes that China’s options with regards to the treatment of environment and labor concerns in its free trade agreements aligns with both its domestic governance approach and its approach to international cooperation.
Qualitätsentwicklung in der Erwachsenenbildung im Zeichen der Ökonomisierung
Authors: Nittel Dieter , Kılınç Marlena , Klusemann Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Zusammenfassung
Der Aufsatz diskutiert den Zusammenhang zwischen dem sozialen Phänomen der Ökonomisierung und Erfahrungen im Umgang mit der Qualitätsentwicklung im Handlungsfeld der Erwachsenenbildung. Den Kern des Beitrags bildet eine Fallstudie über zwei stark kontrastierende Weiterbildungsorganisationen in Deutschland auf der Basis zweier Expert*inneninterviews. Bei der Ökonomisierung handelt es sich um einen Gegenstandsbereich, der keineswegs klar definiert ist – dem viele Sozial- und Erziehungswissenschaftler*innen aber Eindeutigkeit unterstellen. Die Fallbeispiele zeigen, dass Prozesse der Ökonomisierung auf einen nicht-ökonomischen Bewegungsmechanismus angewiesen sind.
Eco-friendly extraction of cellulose from Ailanthus altissima for nanocellulose production: physico-chemical properties
Authors: Rehman Noor , Hussain Zahid , Ullah Hidayat , Khan Muhammad Naveed , Khan Abbas , Khan Nasir Mehmood , Mian Inam Ullah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nanocellulose is a promising bionanomaterial which has gained significant attention due to its diverse applications in many important areas. Thus, scientists and technologists are constantly searching for the most economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly production to fulfill its growing need. In this study, cellulose and nanocellulose were isolated from the plant of Ailanthus altissima utilizing a multi-step, environmentally friendly approach involving alkaline treatment and chlorine-free bleaching. The analysis of purified cellulose was conducted by utilizing modern techniques, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis determined the degree of crystallinity of extracted cellulose i.e. 67.41 % and crystallite size 43.4 Å by using Segal method and Scherrer equation respectively. The TGA curve showed the thermal degradation pattern of the cellulosic and nanocellulosic material. Furthermore, SEM technique was used to study the morphological changes in the surface of lignocellulosic fibers with chemical treatment. This novel biomass source has to be a potential usage for a wide range of applications in industrial processes.
Are Metabolic Power Distribution and Accelerometer-Based Global Positioning System Variables Associated With Odds Ratios of Noncontact Injuries in Professional Soccer Players?
Authors: Nobari Hadi , Alves Ana Ruivo , Abbasi Hamed , Khezri Davood , Zamorano Angel Denche , Bowman Thomas G. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nobari, H, Alves, AR, Abbasi, H, Khezri, D, Zamorano, AD, and Bowman, TG. Are metabolic power distribution and accelerometer-based GPS variables associated with odds ratios of noncontact injuries in professional soccer players? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—The present study was intended to i) investigate the relationship between metabolic power average (MPA), acceleration (AcZ) and deceleration (DcZ) zones, and their differences (Δ) on 3 load levels with noncontact injuries in professional players throughout a full soccer season and ii) to analyze the injury risk associated between high-load versus low-load levels for each of the aforementioned parameters with odds ratios (OR) and relative risk (RR), respectively. Twenty-one professional soccer players (age = 28.3 ± 3.9 years) were monitored during a full season (48 weeks) through global positioning system (GPS). A relationship between MPA and accelerometer-based GPS, mainly in explosive actions (i.e., AcZs and DcZs), was found. A higher incidence of injuries in the high-load weeks compared with the low-load weeks were reported (mainly in MPA, AcZ1, AcZ2, and DcZ3 variables). Moreover, significant means of OR (mean = 4.3) and RR (mean = 2.6) of noncontact injuries were established in intense periods with higher metabolic load (i.e., power accelerations, AcZ1, x
2 = 0.022). Our results may be useful for coaches, sports scientists, and researchers regarding the optimization of the athletes' performance, as well as providing insights about the impact of intense exercise.
El problema epistemológico de la causalidad histórica en la didáctica de la historia: el papel de las causas en las explicaciones de ocho docentes de Estudios Sociales
Authors: Meléndez Montero Arturo 
Published: June 2023

The objective of this article is to know how the epistemological problem of historical causality manifests itself in the teaching of history focusing especially on the historical explanations developed by teachers. For this, first a theoretical-epistemological discussion is presented regarding the causes and their functioning in the historical explanation recognizing that the systemic approach supposes an overcoming of the reductionisms related to the nomological and intentional types of explanation. Secondly, an empirical study carried out through a qualitative survey applied to eight Social Studies teachers is exposed. It is concluded that most of these educators do not understand the complex nature of historical causality which is why they base their explanations on epistemological reductionisms.
Phase transformation, thermal behavior, and magnetic study of new (FeSiBP)100-XCuX glassy alloys obtained by melt-spinning in air
Authors: Perea-Cabarcas D. , Parra Vargas C. A. , Echeverría Echeverría F. , Bolívar Osorio F. J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn the current work, a new variation of the FeSiBPCu system with good glass forming ability and soft magnetic properties was developed and investigated. The effect of copper addition on the FeSiBP base alloy was studied in the system (Fe0.77Si0.08B0.1P0.05)100-xCux with x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 at%. Microstructural evolution upon the annealing process was evaluated by XRD and TEM, revealing the formation of α-Fe(Si), Fe2B and Fe3(B,P) crystalline phases. VSM allowed to determine that the combination of chemical composition and microstructure with the best soft magnetic properties after the annealing corresponds with the alloy with 0.75% Cu. In addition, activation energy for glass transition and the first crystallization event were calculated using the Kissinger method. The research findings demonstrated that maintaining the relationship between the main elements, it is possible to keep the good glass forming ability with the possibility of developing a nanocrystalline structure with soft magnetic performance.
Graphical abstract
On the creation of near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centre ensembles by implantation of type Ib diamond
Authors: Healey A. J. , Scholten S. C. , Nadarajah A. , Singh Priya , Dontschuk N. , Hollenberg L. C. L. , Simpson D. A. , Tetienne J.-P. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDense, near-surface (within $$\sim 10$$

∼
10

nm) ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond are moving into prominence as the workhorse of many envisaged applications, from the imaging of fast-fluctuating magnetic signals to enacting nuclear hyperpolarisation. Unlike their bulk counterparts, near-surface ensembles suffer from charge stability issues and reduced formation efficiency due to proximity to the diamond surface. Here we examine the prospects for creating such ensembles by implanting nitrogen-rich type Ib diamond, aiming to exploit the high bulk nitrogen density to combat surface-induced band bending. This approach has previously been successful at creating deeper ensembles, however we find that in the near-surface regime there are fewer benefits over nitrogen implantation into pure diamond substrates. Our results suggest that control over diamond surface termination during annealing is key to successfully creating high-yield near-surface NV ensembles generally and implantation into type Ib diamond may be worth revisiting once that has been accomplished.
Graphical Abstract
IMPLEMENTASI E-MODUL METABOLISME PROTEIN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIOKIMIA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS
Authors: Nurjayadi Muktiningsih , Kurniadewi Fera , Susanti Tri 
Published: June 2023

Appropriate media and learning resources can optimize learning innovations in the 21st century. The use of technology has become an efficient alternative in the implementation of learning. This research aims to implement the protein metabolism electronic modules (e-modules) as biochemistry teaching materials to improve students’ critical thinking (CT) skills. This research refers to comparative quantitative nonparametric methods by comparing measurements of CT skills before applying e-modules during the lesson with the height of CT skills after using the e-module. The e-modules include videos, images, animations, links to various primary sources, and formative tests that follow the learning outcomes. As the result, the advancement of CT skills from the final measurements illustrated a reduction in the number of students categorized as bad and poor and an increasing number of students categorized as good and excellent. Furthermore, the skill improvement can also be seen through the Two Tail T-Test, with a tcount of 4.7752, while the ttable value for the Two Tail T-Test of 2.0262. Since tcount > ttable suggests a significant difference between the initial and final measurement scores test, H0 is rejected, and H1 is accepted. This research concludes that there is an increase in students' CT skills after participating in biochemistry learning using this protein metabolism e-module.
Chemistry Students’ Understanding of Lewis Structure, VSEPR Theory, Molecular Geometry, and Symmetry: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Habiddin Habiddin , Farizka Lilla , Shuid Ahmad Naqib bin 
Published: June 2023

Most chemical concepts are abstract, hierarchical, and constructed from basic to complex concepts. Lewis structure, VSEPR theory, molecular geometry, and molecular symmetry have hierarchical idea. This study attempted to characterize and determine the relationship between students’ knowledge of Lewis structure, VSEPR theory, molecular geometry, and molecular symmetry of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-year chemistry students at a public university. This study involved 88 students in total selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. The instrument was a relevant short-answer question on the three topics. The data were measured using nonparametric statistics, especially the Kruskal-Wallis difference and Spearman Rank correlation tests. This study’s results show differences in understanding of Lewis structure, molecular geometry, and symmetry between the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-years students. The 3rd-year students always performed better than the 1st and 2nd-year students for all topics. The test result confirms a positive and strong relationship between students’ understanding of Lewis structure and molecular geometry for the three groups of students with ρ values of 0.979, 0.979, and 0.966 (< 0.01) for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-year students, respectively.
Optic bionanospherical probe from Gd\(_2\)O\(_3\): Yb, Er upconverting nanosphere and mAb^CD133 antibody for precise imaging label of cancer stem cell NTERA-2
Authors: Nguyen Huong , Do Thi Thao , Nguyen Trong Nghia , Nguyen Thi Nga , Pham Thi Lien , Ha Thi Phuong , Nguyen Van Nghia , Vu Duong , Tran Thu Huong , Tran Kim Anh , Le Quoc Minh 
Published: June 2023

Rare earth photonic nanomaterials are increasingly prominently applied in various fields of biomedicine. Currently, there is greater focus on the investigation to control the size and shape of nanomaterials, including the nanospherical form, which allows for precise labeling by only one nanoparticle. This paper demonstrates, for the first time, the construction of a biological nanospherical probe (BNSP) Gd2O3: Yb3+, Er3+/Silica/NH/mAb^CD133 for diagnostic labeling of cancer stem cells (CSCs) NTERA-2. The BNSP was constructed using highly monodisperse spheres with around 200nm uniform size of Gd2O3: 7.6% Yb3+, 1.6% Er3+. They were functionalized by an amine group-contained shell coating and conjugated with CD133 monoclonal antibody. The functionalized nanosphere Gd2O3: Yb, Er/silica/NH2 showed strong upconversion luminescence in red color upon laser excitation in the near-infrared region at 975 nm. The Gd2O3: Yb3+, Er3+/silica/NH2 was carefully implemented to conjugate mAb^CD133 via a linker, glutaraldehyde, to obtain the predictable probe Gd2O3: Yb3+, Er3+/Silica/NH/mAb^CD133. Then, this BNSP was tested in vitro for its capacity to label NTERA-2 cancer stem cells. The efficient labeling based on the fluorescent immunoassay method was detected by incorporating a nanophotometer, Field Energy Scan Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and precisely determined by fluorescent microscopy. The study shows that the BNSP is highly efficient with targeting capacity and specificity in the labeling of cancer stem cells. These advanced results open up promising avenues for the development of precise imaging diagnostics in cancer cellular biomedicine, and beyond.
Cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of Streblus asper from northeastern Thailand on A549 lung cancer cells
Authors: KARIRAT Thipphiya , PHANITCHA Thitiyakorn , WIBOONCHAT Wanatsuda , SAENGHA Worachot , DEESEENTHUM Sirirat , SOMBOONWATTANAKUL Issaraporn , SENAKUN Chadaporn , WANGKAHART Eakapol , PHOLCHAMAT Sirinya , SUNTHAMALA Phitcharat , LUANG-IN Vijitra 
Published: June 2023

Thailand's second-leading cause of death is lung cancer. Thai indigenous herbal plants are sought after as an alternative treatment against lung cancer. This work aimed to examine cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antimigratory capacities of different parts of Streblus asper (SA) from northeastern Thailand on A549 lung cancer cells. Plant leaves, twigs, bark and wood were used for ethanolic extraction by maceration. The highest cytotoxicity of 85.46% was found in twig extract (IC50 57.46 µg/mL) assessed by an MTT assay. The lowest IC50 (18.42 µg/mL) was also found in twig extract using a clonogenic assay indicating its most antiproliferative activity in a long-term therapy. In addition, all SA extracts displayed antimigratory activity against A549 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, especially twig extract. Apoptotic characteristics were noticeable in SA extract treated cells. The maximum DPPH-scavenging activity, FRAP value, total phenolic and flavonoid content were found in twig extract. GC-MS analysis revealed that twig extract contained four prominent components namely ethyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, lupeol and γ-sitosterol. Real-time PCR results showed that genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p21, and cytochrome c) linked to apoptosis were significantly affected by all SA extracts. The various SA components' ethanolic extracts exhibited moderate-to-high cytotoxic action towards A549 cells. This work will significantly advance the utilization of the plant as an alternative source of medicine for rural Thais, and it paves the way for future research to determine the active compound(s) and anticipate new drug candidates.
Methodology &quot;Identification of Problems and Growth Areas in the Sales and Service System: the advantages of a non-imitation approach&quot;
Authors: Gurov Oleg 
Published: June 2023

The authors present their methodology for sales and service system analysis for organizations with a branch network. The methodology has been successfully tested in 2023 and proves to be relevant. Despite the digital transformation, particularly affecting the development of sales channels and the move to digital, branch networks continue to play a significant role in business. Classic sales channels and the branch network solve a multitude of problems. The success of the sales and service model depends on several factors, and a successful combination of all elements allows to develop and manage sales and service in the long term. The proposed methodology enables you to cost-effectively identify the current state, key challenges and growth opportunities of your sales and service system to optimize your operating model. The proposed methodology includes surveys of top managers, directors and branch employees, analysis of internal audit results and sales results, as well as an SMS survey of employees. The results obtained reveal the main problems that directly or indirectly influence sales results and service quality. On the basis of these data, we make recommendations to optimize the sales and service system and develop an action plan to improve sales and customer service quality.
O Papel do Orçamento em Empresas Varejistas do Rio Grande Do Sul no Contexto da Pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Rosa Caroline Da , Gabbi Ronie Elton , Brizolla Maria Margarete Baccin , Brum Argemiro Luis , Baggio Daniel Knebel 
Published: June 2023

O orçamento é um artefato que expressa os objetivos organizacionais e que pode ser utilizado para múltiplas funções. A pandemia de covid-19 trouxe às empresas a necessidade de adaptação e de reorganização de processos para que pudessem ser mantidas as suas atividades. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo buscou analisar a percepção de gestores de empresas varejistas do Rio Grande do Sul sobre o papel do orçamento empresarial nos primeiros meses da pandemia de covid-19. Um estudo de campo foi realizado com uma amostra de empresas associadas da Câmara de Dirigentes Lojistas de Santa Maria/RS. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário eletrônico composto de questões estruturadas (múltipla escolha e escala likert) e não estruturadas. Os dados foram analisados pelos valores percentuais gerados pelo aplicativo Google Forms, à luz da literatura sobre o orçamento empresarial, com ênfase nas características do artefato, potencialidades e limitações. Os resultados apontaram que, na percepção dos gestores, o orçamento foi uma importante ferramenta para a tomada de decisões, mas pode ser melhor utilizado como instrumento de planejamento, de controle e de diálogo nas organizações. Palavras-chave: orçamento empresarial, varejo, planejamento.
Residencias, hospitales y personas mayores durante la COVID 19: Estudio desde la afectación de derechos fundamentales
Authors: Dalli Almiñana María 
Published: June 2023

Tras más de tres años desde que la COVID-19 causara, en unas pocas semanas, miles de fallecimientos en las residencias de personas mayores en España, este artículo analiza los hechos con el objetivo de valorar si se pudieron haber vulnerado derechos fundamentales reconocidos. Para ello se analizan los criterios que se siguieron para ordenar el acceso al sistema sanitario durante la crisis, prestando especial atención al traslado de personas mayores y dependientes desde las residencias. El análisis jurídico se centra en el derecho a la vida y a la integridad física en relación con el derecho a la protección de la salud, de acuerdo con la interpretación del Tribunal Constitucional y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, así como en la prohibición de discriminación por diversos motivos, principalmente la edad y la discapacidad.
Recibido: 15.05.2023Aceptado: 13.06.2023
MODERNIZATION OF NATURAL GAS TREATMENT
Authors: Liintin Ilia A. , Erofeev Vladimir I. 
Published: June 2023

Link for citation: Liintin I.A., Erofeev V.I. Modernization of natural gas treatment. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 6, рр.126-133. In Rus.
The relevance. Most of the existing fields in the Russian Federation are at the last stage of development. They are characterized by low wellhead pressures, increase in water cut, as well as a large amount of mechanical impurities. These factors have a detrimental effect on the technical and economic performance of the installations, as well as on the further transport of gas through the main gas pipelines. As a result, there is an urgent need to create new efficient technologies in the preparation of natural and associated petroleum gases. In addition to creating new technologies, it is possible to upgrade the existing well production facilities or change process parameters. The main aim: to modernize the current technological scheme of natural gas treatment. Object: complex gas treatment plants of gas fields. Method: modeling with a software package «UniSim Design». Results. It was calculated and shown how much of the hydrate formation inhibitor must be supplied to the gas pipeline during transportation from a cluster of gas wells to a complex gas treatment unit. The dew point temperatures were calculated before and after the upgrade of the inlet separator, as well as the percentage of moisture in natural gas before and after the upgrade of the gas treatment unit. If the wellhead and reservoir pressures drop significantly, it is necessary to carry out a general reconstruction of fields, prefabricated networks, it is possible to combine fields, install modular compressor stations, since the pressure and amount of gas for booster compressor stations will not be enough. In this regard, supersonic separation is the most promising method for separating and purifying gas condensate mixtures from moisture and acid gases. After replacing the separator with a 3S-separator in the complex natural gas purification unit, the dew point temperature of the commercial gas decreased. Gas pressure at the outlet of the 3S-separator has values corresponding to the process mode of absorber operation and the amount of separated moisture and liquid, in percentage terms, will increase.