bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperativity in molecular recognition of feet-to-feet-connected biscavitands
Authors: Haino Takeharu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Octaphosphonate biscavitand and self-folding deep biscavitand show strong positive and negative cooperativity, respectively. The mechanism of the cooperativity is discussed in terms of thermodynamic parameters and the detailed structure of the host-guest complexes. The two cavitand units of both biscavitands are tightly connected via four butylene linkers; thus, they are conformationally coupled, with the first guest binding information transferred to the resting-state cavities. This preorganization modulates the successive guest binding process in strong positive and negative cooperative manners, even though they display structural similarity. The first guest complexation always preorganizes the resting-state cavities where an existing water cluster and a toluene molecule are enthalpically stabilized. Successive guest complexation competes with the water cluster or a toluene molecule, reducing enthalpy gains. However, the desolvation upon successive guest binding processes liberate the solvents within the resting-state cavities. The water cluster is composed of 12 water molecules that are released upon successive guest complexation, resulting in a large entropy benefit. In contrast, toluene desolvation results in a limited entropy benefit. The difference in entropy benefits directs the strong positive or negative cooperativity of the structurally similar biscavitands.
Reactivity of electrophilic cyclopropanes
Authors: Eitzinger Andreas , Ofial Armin R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cyclopropanes that carry an electron-accepting group react as electrophiles in polar, ring-opening reactions. Analogous reactions at cyclopropanes with additional C2 substituents allow one to access difunctionalized products. Consequently, functionalized cyclopropanes are frequently used building blocks in organic synthesis. The polarization of the C1–C2 bond in 1-acceptor-2-donor-substituted cyclopropanes not only favorably enhances reactivity toward nucleophiles but also directs the nucleophilic attack toward the already substituted C2 position. Monitoring the kinetics of non-catalytic ring-opening reactions with a series of thiophenolates and other strong nucleophiles, such as azide ions, in DMSO provided the inherent SN2 reactivity of electrophilic cyclopropanes. The experimentally determined second-order rate constants k
2 for cyclopropane ring-opening reactions were then compared to those of related Michael additions. Interestingly, cyclopropanes with aryl substituents at the C2 position reacted faster than their unsubstituted analogues. Variation of the electronic properties of the aryl groups at C2 gave rise to parabolic Hammett relationships.
Evaluation of phytochemicals and amino acid profiles of four vegetables grown on a glyphosate contaminated soil in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adesanya Enitan Omobolanle , Adesanya Olumide Olatunde , Egieyeh Samuel Ayodele 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Green vegetables are examples of staple plants eating in Nigeria, and are assumed to be a well-off basis of phytochemicals and amino acids that are useful for the management and prevention of infections. However, in the farming of these vegetables, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH (round up™)) are used as control against pests invasions which has cause reasons to be concern about their effects on the phyto-constituents present in these vegetables. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemicals constituents and amino acid profile of the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis Hook F, Amaranthus viridis Linn, Celosia argentea Linn and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst popular edible vegetables in Southwestern Nigeria. The vegetables seeds of these plants mentioned above were acquired from Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T) Ibadan. And on a land designed and previously treated with a GBH (round up™) the seeds were planted and allowed to grow. A destructive method of leaves after maturation was achieved by out rightly plucking them out and air-drying under shade. Phytochemical assessments were done on milled plant samples to determine the presence of ten phyto-constituents. Centrifugation of powdered samples (2 g each) with acetonitrile at 1000 rotations per minute’s (rpm) was used to extract amino acids. Thereafter the extracts were individually spotted on a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate and developed using the mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetic acid: water in ratio 7:2:1 v/v. The visualization for the presence of amino acids was completed by spraying the developed chromatographic plates with 0.5% ninhydrin in 2-propanol solution and observed in both day light and under the ultraviolet lamp and the retention factor (R

f
).calculated for the different spots developed to determine the type of amino acids present. The assessment of phytochemicals from the four vegetables reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins and steroids in all samples while anthraquinone glycosides, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were absent and other phytochemicals varying in them. Ssaponins was found absent in Telfairia occidentalis and flavonoids in Cnidoscolus aconitifolius respectively. The observation of the TLC plates in daylight shows that the vegetables likely contained primary, secondary and proline amino acids while the calculation of the R

f
values of the TLC spots observed under an ultraviolet (UV) light indicated that amino acids found in the vegetables were methionine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine. However, phenylalanine was found only in Celosia argentea. The study evaluated phytochemicals and amino acids parameters in four leafy vegetables grown on contaminated glyphosate based herbicide soil and assessments shows that their medicinal properties were not altered with the minimal exposure to contaminant.
From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement
Authors: Fraser Kurt M. , Pribut Heather J. , Janak Patricia H. , Keiflin Ronald 
Published: April 2023

Reward seeking requires the coordination of motor programs to achieve goals. Midbrain dopamine neurons are critical for reinforcement, and their activation is sufficient for learning about cues, actions, and outcomes. Here we examine in detail the mechanisms underlying the ability of ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) dopamine neurons to support instrumental learning. By exploiting numerous behavioral tasks in combination with time-limited optogenetic manipulations in male and female rats, we reveal that VTA and SNc dopamine neurons generate reinforcement through separable psychological processes. VTA dopamine neurons imbue actions and their associated cues with motivational value that allows flexible and persistent pursuit, whereas SNc dopamine neurons support time-limited, precise, action-specific learning that is nonscalable and inflexible. This architecture is reminiscent of actor–critic reinforcement learning models with VTA and SNc instructing the critic and actor, respectively. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous dopamine systems support unique forms of instrumental learning that ultimately result in disparate reward-seeking strategies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDopamine neurons in the midbrain are essential for learning, motivation, and movement. Here we describe in detail the ability of VTA and SNc dopamine neurons to generate instrumental reinforcement, a process where an agent learns about actions they can emit to earn reward. While rats will avidly work and learn to respond for activation of VTA and SNc dopamine neurons, we find that only VTA dopamine neurons imbue actions and their associated cues with motivational value that spur continued pursuit of reward. Our data support a hypothesis that VTA and SNc dopamine neurons engage distinct psychological processes that have consequences for our understanding of these neurons in health and disease.
The SphK1/S1P Axis Regulates Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis via TRPC5 Channels
Authors: Jiang Zhong-Jiao , Gong Liang-Wei 
Published: April 2023

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid concentrated in the brain, is essential for normal brain functions, such as learning and memory and feeding behaviors. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the primary kinase responsible for S1P production in the brain, is abundant within presynaptic terminals, indicating a potential role of the SphK1/S1P axis in presynaptic physiology. Altered S1P levels have been highlighted in many neurologic diseases with endocytic malfunctions. However, it remains unknown whether the SphK1/S1P axis may regulate synaptic vesicle endocytosis in neurons. The present study evaluates potential functions of the SphK1/S1P axis in synaptic vesicle endocytosis by determining effects of a dominant negative catalytically inactive SphK1. Our data for the first time identify a critical role of the SphK1/S1P axis in endocytosis in both neuroendocrine chromaffin cells and neurons from mice of both sexes. Furthermore, our Ca2+imaging data indicate that the SphK1/S1P axis may be important for presynaptic Ca2+increases during prolonged stimulations by regulating the Ca2+permeable TRPC5 channels, which per se regulate synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Collectively, our data point out a critical role of the regulation of TRPC5 by the SphK1/S1P axis in synaptic vesicle endocytosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the primary kinase responsible for brain sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production, is abundant within presynaptic terminals. Altered SphK1/S1P metabolisms has been highlighted in many neurologic disorders with defective synaptic vesicle endocytosis. However, whether the SphK1/S1P axis may regulate synaptic vesicle endocytosis is unknown. Here, we identify that the SphK1/S1P axis regulates the kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis in neurons, in addition to controlling fission-pore duration during single vesicle endocytosis in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. The regulation of the SphK1/S1P axis in synaptic vesicle endocytosis is specific since it has a distinguished signaling pathway, which involves regulation of Ca2+influx via TRPC5 channels. This discovery may provide novel mechanistic implications for the SphK1/S1P axis in brain functions under physiological and pathologic conditions.
Anticipation of Appetitive Operant Action Induces Sustained Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Goedhoop Jessica , Arbab Tara , Willuhn Ingo 
Published: April 2023

The mesolimbic dopamine system is implicated in signaling reward-related information as well as in actions that generate rewarding outcomes. These implications are commonly investigated in either pavlovian or operant reinforcement paradigms, where only the latter requires instrumental action. To parse contributions of reward- and action-related information to dopamine signals, we directly compared the two paradigms: male rats underwent either pavlovian or operant conditioning while dopamine release was measured in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region central for processing this information. Task conditions were identical with the exception of the operant-lever response requirement. Rats in both groups released the same quantity of dopamine at the onset of the reward-predictive cue. However, only the operant-conditioning group showed a subsequent, sustained plateau in dopamine concentration throughout the entire 5 s cue presentation (preceding the required action). This dopamine ramp was unaffected by probabilistic reward delivery, occurred exclusively before operant actions, and was not related to task performance or task acquisition as it persisted throughout the 2 week daily behavioral training. Instead, the ramp flexibly increased in duration with longer cue presentation, seemingly modulating the initial cue-onset-triggered dopamine release, that is, the reward prediction error (RPE) signal, as both signal amplitude and sustainment diminished when reward timing was made more predictable. Thus, our findings suggest that RPE and action components of dopamine release can be differentiated temporally into phasic and ramping/sustained signals, respectively, where the latter depends on the former and presumably reflects the anticipation or incentivization of appetitive action, conceptually akin to motivation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is unclear whether the components of dopamine signals that are related to reward-associated information and reward-driven approach behavior can be separated. Most studies investigating the dopamine system use either pavlovian or operant conditioning, which both involve the delivery of reward and necessitate appetitive approach behavior. Thus, used exclusively, neither paradigm can disentangle the contributions of these components to dopamine release. However, by combining both paradigms in the same study, we find that anticipation of a reward-driven operant action induces a modulation of reward-prediction-associated dopamine release, producing so-called dopamine ramps. Therefore, our findings provide new insight into dopamine ramps and suggest that dopamine signals integrate reward and appetitive action in a temporally distinguishable, yet dependent, manner.
Relaciones comerciales entre Paraguay y la Unión Europea: Efectos del Sistema Generalizado de Preferencias Plus (1999-2018)
Authors: Cáceres-Benítez Marcos David , Cabral-López María Antonella 
Published: April 2023

This research aims to determine the effects of the Generalized System of Preferences Plus (GSP+) in the relations between Paraguay and the European Union (EU) from 1999-2018. The methodology followed was bibliographic-documentary research, with a quantitative approach. The main results indicate that, compared to the generalized preference schemes, the EU GSP + showed excellent results. In addition, trade relations during the validity of the system in question had a substantial increase, in terms of the level and diversification of exports. Likewise, the coefficient estimated in the model to show the effect of SGP+ was positive and its magnitude was the highest of the variables analyzed in the model.
Reseña del libro. Nudos críticos sobre la desigualdad de género
Authors: Mora-Castillo Laura Lucrecia 
Published: April 2023

The situation of women in Latin America and the Caribbean has experienced changes representing fundamental advances in their lives. These transformations occur in the context of historical, social, economic, political, and military emancipatory processes restructuring the patriarchal system. Despite the historical efforts, the structural and heterogeneous inequalities that women face persist in the region. Therefore, the Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO), with the joint effort of researchers within the region presented, in 2022, the book "Nudos críticos sobre la desigualdad de género". Thus, this review aims to critically analyze the main ideas in this book.
Racial Residential Segregation and the Health of Black Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ellis Deborah A. , Cutchin Malcolm P. , Carcone April Idalski , Evans Meredyth , Weissberg-Benchell Jill , Buggs-Saxton Colleen , Boucher-Berry Claudia , Miller Jennifer L. , Drossos Tina , Dekelbab M. Bassem , Worley Jessica 
Published: April 2023

Objectives
Black youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at heightened risk for suboptimal glycemic control. Studies of neighborhood effects on the health of youth with T1D are limited. The current study investigated the effects of racial residential segregation on the diabetes health of young Black adolescents with T1D.

Methods
A total of 148 participants were recruited from 7 pediatric diabetes clinics in 2 US cities. Racial residential segregation (RRS) was calculated at the census block group level based on US Census data. Diabetes management was measured via self-report questionnaire. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) information was gathered from participants during home-based data collection. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test the effects of RRS while controlling for family income, youth age, insulin delivery method (insulin pump versus syringe therapy), and neighborhood adversity.

Results
HbA1c was significantly associated with RRS in bivariate analyses, whereas youth-reported diabetes management was not. In hierarchical regression analyses, whereas family income, age, and insulin delivery method were all significantly associated with HbA1c in model 1, only RRS, age, and insulin delivery method were significantly associated with HbA1c in model 2. Model 2 explained 25% of the variance in HbA1c (P = .001).

Conclusions
RRS was associated with glycemic control in a sample of Black youth with T1D and accounted for variance in HbA1c even after controlling for adverse neighborhood conditions. Policies to reduce residential segregation, along with improved screening for neighborhood-level risk, hold the potential to improve the health of a vulnerable population of youth.
New armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) species to Hungary on imported tropical fruits
Authors: Szita Éva , Fetykó Kinga Gabriela , Gerő Kornél , Magyari-Meskó Réka , Kaydan Mehmet Bora 
Published: April 2023

AbstractScale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) fauna on imported tropical and subtropical fruits collected between 2013 and 2021 was investigated. The study revealed two armored scale insect (Diaspididae) species new to the fauna of Hungary (namely Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) and Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (Bouché)). Number of species of the Hungarian scale insect fauna increased to 279, while number of species collected on imported tropical and subtropical fruits changed to 16.
Identifying Opportunities for Impact of Community-Based Pharmacist-Led Biometric Health Screenings on ASCVD Risk
Authors: Newell Bradley , Kells Ashley , Robertson Amy , Braun Tasha , Ward Kimberly , Rohling Brent , Melton Brittany 
Published: April 2023

Introduction. Community-based pharmacists are uniquely positioned to assist in the early detection of underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) as it affects approximately 50% of adults in the United States. To facilitate discussion between providers and patients, the 2013 Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular (ASCVD) Risk Estimator Plus was created to calculate a patient’s cardiovascular risk for primary prevention. Organizations utilize annual biometric health screenings to help employees identify health risks previously undetected. The goal of this study was to evaluate how community-based pharmacists could impact ASCVD risk for a large population.
Methods. This was a retrospective analysis of annual pharmacist-led 15-minute biometric health screening data from a large regional community-based pharmacy chain. Employees between the ages of 20 and 79 who had completed at least three biometric health screenings between July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2020 were included. Incomplete biometric health screening records were excluded. To calculate cardiovascular risk and identify perceived gaps in care, prescription fill history of study participants were used. The pharmacists did not make clinical interventions with the information found.
Results. A total of 10,001 patients were included. Median baseline ASCVD risk was 1.5% and increased to 1.8% (P<0.001). Additionally, 1,187 patients with an ASCVD risk ≥7.5%, showed statistically significant improvements in several screening parameters.
Conclusions. Improvements were seen in several biometric health screening parameters. If community-based pharmacists were to clinically intervene, there would be a potential for greater CVD prevention.
Return to Sport After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction: A Survey of The American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
Authors: Xu Shin , Cheema Sana , Tarakemeh Armin , Randall Jeffrey , Bechtold Megan , Mullen Scott , Schroeppel Paul , Mulcahey Mary , Vopat Bryan 
Published: April 2023

Introduction. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are a common sports injury, and typically require a prolonged post operative rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to survey members of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) to determine their return to sport (RTS) criteria after primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR).
Methods. A 23 question, anonymous survey hosted through Google Docs was distributed electronically to AOSSM members. This survey included questions regarding the timing, as well as any functional tests or other metrics used to determine when an athlete is ready to RTS.
Results. 863 surgeons responded over four months. The most popular graft choice was bone patellar tendon bone autograft (63%). For non-pivoting sports, 43% of respondents allowed RTS at 5 - 6 months, while 31% allowed RTS at 7 - 8 months. For pivoting sports, 34% of respondents allowed RTS at 7 - 8 months, while 36% allowed RTS at 9 - 10 months. The most common criteria for return to non-pivoting sports include full knee motion (89%) and time after ACLR (76%). The most common criteria for return to pivoting sports include full knee motion (87%) and passing a hop test (80%). Only 21% of respondents assessed for psychological readiness to RTS.
Conclusions. RTS occurred sooner in non-pivoting than pivoting sports, with similar RTS criteria in both groups. Most respondents do not assess for psychological readiness to RTS.
Shear-wave velocity structure of sediments from the inversion of explosion-induced Rayleigh waves: Comparison with cross-hole measurements
Authors: Malagnini Luca , Herrmann Robert B. , Mercuri Alessia , Opice Stefano , Biella Giancarlo , Franco Roberto de 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRayleigh waves generated by a 10-kg dynamite explosion were recorded along a dense, linear array of 47 seismic stations. The array had a total length of 1.4 km, and it was deployed on the sediments of the Po River floodplain near the city of Ferrara (Northern Italy).The recorded signals were dominated by fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves. Several techniques, including multiple-filter analysis, phase velocity stacking, and single-station cross-correlation, were used to obtain group and phase velocity dispersion from subsets for the data set. Synthetic seismograms were computed for one velocity structure, showing a good match to the recorded waveforms. Late Rayleigh-wave codas were characterized by persistent, monochromatic ringing, interpreted as due to surface waves scattered by weak lateral heterogeneities. Scattering within the alluvium of the great Po River Valley likely occurred across a reticular system of ancient, secondary river beds. Compared to the rest of the floodplain, these preferential directions of local drainage are characterized by different sedimentary environments.The availability of in situ, cross-hole measurements of shear-wave velocities allowed the comparison with our results from surface observations, demonstrating that the analysis of explosion-induced Rayleigh waves can be used for the geophysical characterization of flat-layered structures at a local scale for seismic engineering purposes.