bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Variability and Radial Velocity of Planetary Nebula Central Stars
Authors: Ali A. , Mindil A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The extremely accurate estimates of stellar variability and radial velocity in the Gaia Data Release 3 (Gaia DR3) have enabled us to examine the close binarity and radial velocity (RV) of central stars (CSs) of planetary nebulae (PNe). This study is twofold: (1) searching for new close binary CS candidates to better understand how binarity affects the formation and evolution of PNe; and (2) extending the sample size of known RVs of PNe in order to understand their kinematics and the dynamics of the Milky Way. As a target sample, we used all true, possible, and likely PNe available in the literature. Then, we looked for their matched Gaia DR3 sources that provide measurements of variability and RV. As a result, we detected the first large collection of trustworthy photometric variability of 26 symbiotic stars and 82 CSs. In this CS group, there are 24 sources already classified as true close binary CSs in the literature. Hence, we discovered 58 new close binary CS candidates. This close binary (CB) sample represents more than half of what is currently available in the literature. In addition, we identified the radial velocities for 51 PNe. To our knowledge, 24 of these were measured for the first time. The RV measurements predicted by Gaia, based on the Doppler shift of the CS absorption lines, and those derived from nebular emission lines, show satisfactory agreement except for a few extremely high-velocity PNe.
A Morphological Study of Two Young Multipolar Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Wen Shi-Bo , Hsia Chih-Hao , Kang Xiao-Xi , Chen Rui , Luo Tao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We carry out an optical morphological and infrared spectral study for two young planetary nebulae (PNs) Hen 2-158 and Pe 1-1 to understand their complex shapes and dust properties. Hubble Space Telescope optical images reveal that these nebulae have several bipolar-lobed structures and a faint arc with a clear boundary is located at the northwestern side of Pe 1-1. The presence of this arc-shaped structure suggests that the object interacts with its nearby interstellar medium. Spitzer IRS spectroscopic observations of these young nebulae clearly show prominent unidentified infrared emission features and a weak silicate band in Pe 1-1, indicating that Hen 2-158 is a carbon-rich nebula and Pe 1-1 has a mixed chemistry dust environment. Furthermore, we construct two three-dimensional models for these PNs to realize their intrinsic structures. The simulated models of the nebulae suggest that multipolar nebulae may be more numerous than we thought. Our analyses of spectral energy distributions for Hen 2-158 and Pe 1-1 show that they have low luminosities and low stellar effective temperatures, suggesting that these nebulae are young PNs. A possible correlation between typical multipolar young PNs and nested nebulae is also discussed.
Data-driven approximation for extracting the transition dynamics of a genetic regulatory network with non-Gaussian Lévy noise
Authors: Lu Linghongzhi , Li Yang , Liu Xianbin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the study of biological systems, several methods based on statistical physics or machine learning have been developed for inference or prediction in the presence of complicated nonlinear interactions and random noise perturbations. However, there have been few studies dealing with the stochastic non-Gaussian perturbation case, which is more natural and universal than Gaussian white noise. In this manuscript, for a two-dimensional biological model (the MeKS network) perturbed by non-Gaussian stable Lévy noise, we use a data-driven approach with theoretical probabilistic foundation to extract the rare transition dynamics representing gene expression. This involves theories of non-local Kramers–Moyal formulas and the non-local Fokker–Planck equation, as well as the corresponding numerical algorithms, aimed at extracting the maximum likelihood transition path. The feasibility and accuracy of the method are checked. Furthermore, several dynamical behaviors and indicators are investigated. In detail, the investigation shows a bistable transition probability state of the ComK protein concentration and bifurcations in the learned transition paths from vegetative state to competence state. Analysis of the tipping time illustrates the difficulty of the gene expression. This method will serve as an example in the study of stochastic systems with non-Gaussian perturbations from biological data, and provides some insights into the extraction of other dynamical indicators, such as the mean first exit time and the first escape probability with respect to their own biological interpretations.
Thermal vestiges of avalanches in the driven random field Ising model
Authors: Yao Liheng , Jack Robert L 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We investigate the non-equilibrium behaviour of the 3 d random field Ising model at finite temperature, as an external field is increased through its coercive field. We show by numerical simulations that the phenomenology of avalanches—which are sharply defined only at zero temperature—also persists over a significant range of finite temperatures. We analyse the main differences between the thermal and zero-temperature systems, including an excess of small avalanches in the thermal case, whose behaviour is consistent with activated dynamical scaling. We also investigate the extent to which individual avalanches at finite temperature can be traced back to parent avalanches in the athermal system.
Comprehensive Modelling for Analyzing the Power Conversion Efficiency of Polycrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Device under Indoor Operating Conditions
Authors: Liew Son Qian , Chong Kok-Keong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently, most of the studies were mainly focused on the variation between outdoor solar spectral irradiance and standard AM1.5G spectrum, as well as their effects towards the performances of different PV technologies. Interestingly, limited studies have been conducted to study the effect of artificial lighting on the power conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) device. The spectral irradiance produced by indoor lighting differs significantly as compared to the that of standard AM1.5G spectrum, which inevitably leads to different performances of the PV under standard test conditions and under artificial lighting exposure. In this study, the performance modelling has been carried out based on the comprehensive method proposed by Chong et al. to predict the PCE of organic solar cell devices. From the measurement results, the spectrum of LED illumination has been compared with that of AM1.5G, in which the LED shows a relatively narrow band with significant peaks at 450 and 560 nm. Furthermore, the theoretical model has been successfully validated by comparing the simulated PCE and the measured PCE at reasonably deviations in the range of 3.0 – 23.3%.
A numerical analysis of ZnTe/AZO as tunnel junction in CdTe/Si tandem solar cell
Authors: Isah M , Doroody C , Rahman K S , Harif M N , Tiong S K , Amin N 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently, interest has shifted towards developing multijunction or tandem solar cells due to their high potential to generate higher efficiency than traditional single-junction solar cells. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and silicon (Si) solar cell materials have demonstrated significant potential in photovoltaic energy generation as tandem structures if fully developed. One approach for optimising CdTe/Si is to develop an effective tunnel junction that can electrically and optically interconnect the cadmium telluride and silicon cells with minimal loss. The wxAMPS 3.0 numerical simulation was used in this work to develop CdTe/Si tandem using zinc telluride/aluminium doped zinc oxide (ZnTe/AZO) as a tunnel junction (TJ). The result obtained shows an optimum efficiency of over 36 % with Voc = 1.945 V, Jsc = 21.519 mA/cm2, and FF = 86.823 % utilising the optimal 200 nm CdTe and Si absorber thickness of 300 μm. An analysis of the demonstrated results suggests that ZnTe/AZO tunnel junction will significantly contribute to the realisation of the CdTe/Si tandem solar cell. Hence, upon inserting a 40 nm highly doped ZnTe/AZO tunnelling junction to a CdTe/Si tandem configuration, the solar cell’s performance was enhanced by 48.190%.
Device Optimization of a Pb-Free All Perovskite Tandem Solar Cell with 29.59% Power Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Islam Mohammad Aminul , Hashish Mhd Deb Abou , Muhammad Hatta S F W , Soin Norhayati Binti , Khan Sobayel , Amin Nowshad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study has focused on simulating a highly efficient lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cell using the SCAPS 1D device simulation tool. In the tandem structure, the top cell used Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 (Eg = 1.80 eV), and the bottom cell used FAMASnGeI3 (Eg = 1.40 eV) as the absorber material. Also, ZnO and NiOx were used as the electron transport layer (ETL) and the hole transport layer (HTL), respectively. Primarily the individual top cell and bottom cell have been optimized. The highest efficiency of the top cell was found to be 17.13% with performance parameters VOC = 1.23V, JSC = 15.57 mA/cm2 and FF = 89.39%, whereas the optimized efficiency of the bottom cell was found to be 17.58% with performance parameters VOC = 0.85V, JSC= 27.38 mA/cm2 and FF = 75.34%. The thickness of the absorber of the top cell and bottom cell shows a significant impact on the device performance and the optimum thickness for the Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 absorber layer was found to be 400 nm, whereas for the FAMASnGeI3 layer was found to be 200 nm. Careful optimization of the tandem device has resulted in an improvement of the performance and obtained an efficiency of 29.59 %, with JSC of 17.50 mA/cm2, VOC of 2.09 V, and FF of 80.87%. The final simulated device sums up tremendous potential for the fabrication of a highly efficient PSC device using lead-free perovskite materials towards excelling commercialization.
Distribution cycle of wind speed: A case study in the Southern Part of Malaysia
Authors: Derome Daniel , Razali Halim , Fazlizan Ahmad , Jedi Alias 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWind energy has historically helped many people and has been utilized for farming and seafaring. Today, modern usage is more comprehensive such as generating electricity. However, its usage in Malaysia remains at an all-time low. Numerous factors contribute to this result. Consequently, a full assessment of wind energy in a particular region is deemed necessary. This study investigates wind speed distribution in Mersing. It also illustrates the period during which the regional distribution statistics changed. The researcher used Autofit 5.6 and the Maximum Likelihood Method to figure out the parameter value of each distribution for wind speed data from 2012 to 2016. This study utilized three distinct methods of Goodness of fit (GOF) to estimate the optimal distribution ranking, such as Chi-Square, Anderson-Darling, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov. The results reveal that the Burr, Gamma, and Lognormal distributions correlate to the wind speed data in Mersing and the Burr distribution is the most appropriate. In addition, the findings indicate that distribution changes occur at a minimum rate of 8.89%. In conclusion, these findings reveal that there has been no significant change over the five years. This information enables stakeholders to determine whether they will earn a profit owing to changes in the distribution of a particular area, reducing risk.
The effect of trailing-edge wedge-tails on the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine airfoil
Authors: Abdalkarem Asmail A M , Abdullah Ahmad Fazlizan , Sopian Kamaruzzaman , Haw Lim Chin , Muzammil Wan Khairul , Wong Kok Hoe 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Passive flow control devices have been proposed by many researchers for suppressing dynamic stall and enhancing the aerodynamic performance of turbomachinery including wind turbines. These technologies are usually cheap, easier to implement, and no additional energy needed. In the present study, the effects of adding trailing edge wedge tail (WT)on the aerodynamic characteristics of a static airfoil have been evaluated. The aerodynamic behavior of 2D-NACA0021 airfoil equipped with WT have been studied numerically using the commercial code ANSYS FLUENT to solve the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equation (RANS). The effect of varying heights and lengths to height ratios (L/H) of WT have been studied. The results showed that the aerodynamic efficiency of NACA0021 airfoil influenced significantly by height of WTs comparing to slightly influence by length at L/H<1, and the maximum improvements of the lift and lift-to-drag ratio of the airfoil up to more than +38% and 28.8% respectively at optimum height 1.75%c and length 1%c compared to baseline airfoil case and suggested that to add trailing WTs as a retrofit to existing wind turbines.
Thermal performance of reflective insulation system and comparison against ASHRAE Standard
Authors: Ashhar M Z M , Lim C H 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The trend in building energy consumption has been steadily increasing and will continue to rise significantly in the future. The application of a reflective insulation system in roof assembly is proven to be effective in reducing heat gain across the roof and can enhance indoor thermal comfort. This paper presents the development of an Indoor Solar Simulator to evaluate the thermal resistance (RSI value) of reflective insulation systems for roof assemblies. This paper also compares RSI values obtained experimentally and the RSI values listed in ASHRAE Standard. The roof assemblies studied in this paper incorporate the same reflective insulation systems as listed in ASHRAE Standard. Thermocouples and heat flux transducers are installed at various locations and the RSI values are calculated using the average method as detailed in ISO 9869-1:2014. From the error analysis, it can be concluded the RSI values obtained experimentally using the Indoor Solar Simulator and ASHRAE Standard are in a good agreement with MAPE value of 6.13%. These discrepancies could be due to the thermal bridges from mechanical supports inside the air gap, or possibly the air gaps are not completely airtight and unventilated.
Mesh sensitivity analysis for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells using ANSYS Fluent
Authors: Ashour Abshir M. , Ibrahim Adnan , Sopian Kamaruzzaman , Alzahrani Khaled S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Improving the design of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) is crucial but requires a deep understanding of the basic science surrounding the technology. In this study, the membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA), catalyst layers channels, and gas diffusion layers are modelled using the commercial PEMFC simulation package built into ANSYS FLUENT 12.1. With various mesh sizes of 20,40 and 80 cells, a mesh sensitivity study of a cross-section of the fuel cell membrane, anode, and cathode, was carried out while 16000 data iterations were collected. The simulation results showed that all data points of membrane and anode layers converged before or at 10,000 iterations, while varying cathode needs more time to converge. A study of iterations and convergence, resulting in the comparison of various meshes at different data points, is discussed while a comprehensive description of the simulation’s parameters is provided, and the emphasis is placed on determining the convergence criteria that are necessary for delivering consistent results. One of the purposes of this experiment is to demonstrate that high-quality computer modelling and simulation of fuel cells can accelerate the discovery of fuel cell components that are optimally designed. As a result, the study confirmed that computer modelling can contribute to a better understanding the mechanics and reactions occurring within the fuel cell and its layers in order to improve its performance and lifecycle in the future.
Laser-treatment-induced surface integrity modifications of stainless steel
Authors: Gong Na , Wei Yuefan , Meng Tzee Luai , Karyappa Rahul , Cao Jing , Tan Chee Kiang Ivan , Suwardi Ady , Zhu Qiang , Liu Hongfei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractScanning of a high-power laser beam on the surface of martensitic stainless steel (SS420) has been studied, addressing the effect of scanning rate V on integrity modifications in the near-surface regions. Structural, compositional, and crystallographic characterizations revealed the presence of ablations, surface melting/resolidification, surface oxidations, and austenite (γ-phase) precipitations when V ≤ 20 mm s−1. Melt pool (MP), heat affected zone (HAZ), and base material have been clearly distinguished at the cross-section of the slow-scanned samples. Adjacent MPs partially overlapped when V = 5 mm s−1. Theγ-phase precipitations solely occurred in the MPs, i.e., of ∼ 400μm deep for V = 5 mm s−1, while oxidations dominantly occurred in the surface regions of shallower than ∼30μm within the MPs. Compositional analysis revealed increased Cr-, Mn-, and Si-to-Fe ratios at the laser-scanned surface but without variations along the surface normal direction. The enhanced surface hardness has been achieved up to 805 HV, and the hardness monotonically decreased when moving deeper (i.e., ∼1000μm) into the base material. These observations shed new light on surface engineering of metallic alloys via laser-based direct energy treatments.
Machine-learning-assisted Monte Carlo fails at sampling computationally hard problems
Authors: Ciarella Simone , Trinquier Jeanne , Weigt Martin , Zamponi Francesco 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Several strategies have been recently proposed in order to improve Monte Carlo sampling efficiency using machine learning tools. Here, we challenge these methods by considering a class of problems that are known to be exponentially hard to sample using conventional local Monte Carlo at low enough temperatures. In particular, we study the antiferromagnetic Potts model on a random graph, which reduces to the coloring of random graphs at zero temperature. We test several machine-learning-assisted Monte Carlo approaches, and we find that they all fail. Our work thus provides good benchmarks for future proposals for smart sampling algorithms.
Who serves as a juror?
Authors: Lerner Renée Lettow 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at who serves as a juror. This question is closely linked to the purpose of the jury. Many possible purposes of the jury are mutually incompatible. For example, if the purpose of the jury is to be impartial, then the jury almost certainly will not be representative of the entire community, as certain biases may be widespread. Societies have various rules for jury service, including, in the past, property requirements. In the United States, jury service for women did not automatically follow the right to vote. In the South, black people did not regularly serve on juries until the 1960s. A persistent problem is people who refuse to answer a jury summons; as a result, some legal systems rely on volunteers. The United States is an extreme outlier in permitting extensive questioning of potential jurors. In complicated or technical cases, juries of experts have proved useful.
Peace: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Peace: A Very Short Introduction explains how the concept of peace has broadened from the absence of overt violence and war. Today, it incorporates concepts and practices such as mediation and negotiation, peacekeeping, peacebuilding, development, law, institutionalization, conflict resolution or transformation, and statebuilding. This VSI traces the evolution of peace, looking at the key themes, concepts, theories, and terminology. It demonstrates how efforts at peacemaking help shape contemporary international politics. Through the use of the latest theoretical and empirical research, the VSI presents and furthers the understanding of the overall evolution of the international peace architecture (IPA).
The victor’s peace in history
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of the victor’s peace, which evolved from the historical view that peace emerges from a complete military victory. This formulation implied military control or occupation, colonialism, or imperialism. Massive industrialization strengthened the capacity of states and imperial powers to trigger wars. Eventually, some states shifted to fascism as demands skyrocketed for territory, material sources, and markets. The chapter then looks at the emergence of the balance of power system, which rested upon a framework of alliances that maintained a negative peace between states and empires.
Introduction
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This introduction argues that suburbs are a global phenomenon and suggests some loose boundaries for suburbs as a spatial, demographic, and social phenomenon. In the two centuries since the first modern suburbs developed around industrializing English cities, peripheral communities have grown around cities in every part of the world. As the world becomes more urbanized over the twenty-first century, most of the new residents of metropolitan areas will live in suburbs. Suburbs come in many styles and with many names, and each nation measures them differently, making it difficult to develop useful statistical comparisons. Even in a single country like the United States, social scientists debate the best approach to defining suburbs as individual entities and as a set of communities that surround a core city. In this light, the term sprawl is particularly slippery, sliding ambiguously between aesthetic and objective criteria.
The first suburban century
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the first century of large-scale suburban growth in England, the United States, and Australia from roughly 1840 to 1940. A key determinant of suburb patterns was changing transportation technologies, from horse-drawn street railroads to steam railroads and electric trams or streetcars and then to automobiles. Each improvement greatly expanded the land available for development and allowed newer suburbs to have lower residential densities. Suburbs differentiated by economic status—small terrace houses and small cottages for England and for American workers, leafy neighborhoods of large houses for the affluent. Architectural styles differed by national taste, but variations on the bungalow were common in the early twentieth century. Ebenezer Howard’s plan for Garden City satellites inspired idealist planners from England to Germany, Australia, Brazil, and the United States. Even the more successful Garden City suburbs housed only miniscule numbers compared to English council housing and American subdivisions.
Vertical suburbs
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Many countries have chosen to build their suburbs upward, with high-rise apartments, rather than outward, with low-rise terrace housing and single-family houses. Since World War II, this has been a common choice when national governments have taken the lead in providing for exploding urban populations, and this chapter focuses on three areas in which this approach was dominant. The Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies shared a common style, using precast concrete slabs to build clusters of eight- or ten-story towers with small, standard apartments for immigrants from the countryside. Western European nations such as Sweden and especially France did much the same, creating the banlieue cityscape of suburban Paris. Singapore did the same, providing standardized tower block apartments as part of the national modernization strategy. Other cities, such as Toronto, have groves of suburban apartments, but Prague, Paris, and now Beijing have entire forests.