bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended phase space thermodynamics of black hole with non-linear electrodynamic field
Authors: Abbas G. , Ali R. H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the thermodynamical properties of the black hole formulated in Einstein's theory of relativity associated with a nonlinear electromagnetic field. The transition of the black hole is analyzed using the mass, electric charge, coupling constant, and cosmological constant. We examine the thermodynamical aspects of exact black hole solutions to compute the black hole mass, temperature, entropy, Gibbs free energy, specific heat, and critical exponents in the phase space. Further, we study the stability of the black hole solution using the specific heat and Gibbs free energy. We examine the first and second phase changes and show a P-V criticality, which is similar to the van der Waals phase change. We also examine the equation of the state and the critical exponents.
Towards the use of SDD as an absolute detector for high-energy neutron measurements
Authors: Perelli Cippo E. , Cazzaniga C. , Paoletti M. , Colombi S. , Caruggi F. , Petruzzo M. , Rigamonti D. , Frost C. , Rebai M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As of today, the standard method employed in tokamaks for the absolute measurement of the neutron flux (thus of the nuclear fusion power) is based on activation foils, being the most robust and unbiased technique for the absolute determination of neutron fluence. However, this technique is not able to provide real-time data useful for the control of future fusion plants like DEMO. In this paper, we present some preliminary results about the R&D activity aimed at developing the Single-crystal Diamond Detectors (SDD) used for fast neutron measurements into an absolute neutron flux monitor. Tests have been conducted at the new NILE neutron source of the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, a facility with compact neutron generators with a maximum yield of 109 n/s and 1010 n/s for 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons, respectively. A series of neutron spectra and flux measurements have been taken with different SDD and associated DAQ. Comparisons with standard activation foils (and namely Fe, Zr, Al and Nb foils for 14 MeV neutrons and In for 2.5 MeV neutrons) and with other reference detectors are presented and discussed. Also discussed is the stability of the SDD over time when employed at high neutron rates in realistic neutron environment, and the effects of neutron irradiation on both the counting rate and detector resolution.
Design of an X-ray diagnosis system with TIADC
Authors: Ye H.Q. , Jin G. , Chen L. , Hu Q. , Sun Y. , Chen B.L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
X-ray diagnosis is a crucial aspect of nuclear experiments, as many fields in physical research require X-ray analysis. The X-ray diode (XRD) detector is commonly used in X-ray detection due to its short response time, necessitating a high-speed readout circuit. In this paper, we present the design of an X-ray diagnosis system with readout electronics utilizing time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADC). One of the challenging problems in TIADC is the mismatch problem between channels, which severely reduces the system's performance. We propose a fast calibration method for adjusting the mismatch, significantly improving the acquisition system's performance. We have implemented an adapted module to perform the calibration in real-time. In performance tests, the proposed method is shown to be as effective as other methods, and the electronic performance of the system meets the diagnosis requirements. The X-ray signals acquired by this system exhibit high quality in the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) of the SG-III laser facility.
A feasibility study of multi-electrode high-purity germanium detector for 76Ge neutrinoless double beta decay searching
Authors: Yang Jingzhe , Tian Yang , Dai Wenhan , Yang Mingxin , Jiang Lin , Wen Jingjun , Xue Tao , Zeng Ming , Li Yulan , Zeng Zhi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Experiments to search for neutrinoless double-beta
(0νββ) decay of 76Ge using a high-purity
germanium (HPGe) detector rely heavily on background suppression
technologies to enhance their sensitivities. In this work, we
proposed a pulse-shape analysis method based on a neural network
(NN) and a light gradient boosting machine (lightGBM; LGB) to
discriminate single-electron (background) and double-electrons
(0νββ signal) events in a multi-electrode HPGe
detector. In this paper, we describe a multi-electrode HPGe detector
system, a data-processing system, and pulse-shape simulation
procedures. We built a fully connected (FC) neural network and an
LGB model to classify the single- and double-electron events. The FC
network is trained with simulated single- and
double-electron-induced pulses and tested in an independent dataset
generated by the pulse-shape simulation. The discrimination
efficiency of the FC neural network in the test set for the
0νββ double-electron events signal was 77.4%, the
precision was 57.7%, and the training time was 430 min. The
discrimination efficiency of LGB model was 73.1%, the precision was
64.0%, and the training time was 1.5 min. This study demonstrated
that it is feasible to realize single- and double-electron
discrimination on multi-electrode HPGe detectors using an FC neural
network and LGB model. These results can be used as a reference for
future 76Ge 0νββ experiments.
Orographic mechanical and surface thermal effects of the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau on extratropical intraseasonal waves in boreal summer: numerical experiments
Authors: Zhu Tao , Yang Jing , He Bian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The intensity and location of boreal summer extratropical intraseasonal oscillations along the subtropical westerly jet (EISO-SJ) are crucial in triggering and distributing extreme events over Eurasia. Based on numerical experiments, this study distinguishes the orographic mechanical and surface thermal forcing of the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau (i.e. TIP-MF and TIP-TF) on EISO-SJ. The TIP-MF primarily modulates the amplitude of EISO-SJ that strengthens over the upstream and weakens over the downstream. Comparatively, the TIP-TF not only reduces/increases the intensity of EISO-SJ over the TIP upstream/downstream, but also significantly migrates the track of EISO-SJ northward. Further analysis demonstrates that the changes of the westerly jet, eddy energy propagation and energy conversion are consistent with the track and amplitude changes of EISO-SJ. This study indicates the variations of the TIP surface sensible heating in interannual variation and global change, as well as the terrain uplift of the TIP in paleoclimate influence on the mid-latitude subseasonal variation.
Polyurethane/halloysite nano tubes/sericin based electrospun nanocomposite for sustained drug release
Authors: Joshi Mangala , Roy Sukumar , TV Ayeshvaryaa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of the production of electrospun nanofibre composite mainly for biomedical applications is reported. Biocompatible polyether-based polyurethane, natural proteinaceous polymer silk sericin (SS) and natural inorganic nanoclay halloysite as a drug carrier with a model drug chlorhexidine acetate were used to produce nanofibres by electrospinning technique. Sericin was extracted from Bombyx mori silk cocoons by high pressure high temperature (HT-HP) degumming. Chlorhexidine acetate (CA), an antimicrobial agent, was loaded into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) at different weight ratios, and 1:1 weight ratio showed the maximum loading which was confirmed by TGA and XRD analysis. Electrospinning of polymer solution with different compositions of polyurethane, sericin, CA and CA-HNTs was conducted at 10% w/v concentration, 20 kV voltage, 15 μl min−1 flow rate and 10 cm distance which resulted in the formation of bead-free uniform fibres. Antimicrobial activity of nanofibrous webs was evaluated by the disc diffusion method (AATCC 90) and it was found that CA and CA-HNT loaded nanofibres show sustained antibacterial action against both the Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. The CA-HNT and sericin/CA-HNT loaded nanofibres showed controlled release of CA. In addition, the cytocompatibility assessment of developed nanofibrous composites showed good biocompatibility. Hence the produced composite nanofibre can serve as an excellent material for sustained drug release for various biomedical applications.
Sharp ballistic p–n junction at room temperature using Zn metal doping of graphene
Authors: Leontis Ioannis , Prando Gabriela Augusta , Anastasiou Konstantinos Andreas , Bacon Agnes , Craciun Monica Felicia , Russo Saverio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ballistic graphene p–n junctions (GPNJs) are uniquely suited to develop electrical counterparts of optical circuits as the large transparency enables a better carrier modulation in their interfaces than the diffusive junctions. Here we demonstrate a low-cost and scalable method for the fabrication of ballistic planar GPNJs based on the deposition of physisorbed Zn adatoms. A detailed study of spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy through a quartz transparent substrate enables the accurate mapping of the charge doping and strain across the graphene/Zn interface and underneath the metal layer. At the same time, the electrical measurements of transistor structures with varying channel length, i.e. transfer length electrical measurements, and their modeling reveal the ballistic nature of the charge transport up to room temperature.
Effects of annealing on particle size and pore size distribution of hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO3 nanopowders and their grain-growth kinetics during sintering
Authors: Lee Jongbeom , Jeong Jinyoung , Jeong Haguk 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
With an increase in the annealing temperature, the hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO3 nanopowders increased in particle sizes from 100 to 260 nm and decreased in pore volume from 7.2 to 2.82 cm3 g−1, while the pore size remained constant at 3.06 nm. Samples with different initial particle sizes were sintered in the temperature range of 1210 °C–1300 °C and for periods of 0.5–48 h at 1270 °C. The kinetic grain-growth exponent of the sintered BaTiO3 samples, n, was proportional to the increase of an initial particle size and the decrease of pore volume, and the grain growth obeyed the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for the grain growth of the sintered BaTiO3 samples with initial particle size of 100, 155 and 260 nm were 737, 702 and 755 kJ mol−1, respectively, indicating that the activation energy was independent of the initial particle size in the range of 100–300 nm under identical purity conditions, and pore volume was supposed to be attributed to the velocity of grain growth.
Tree stems are a net source of CH4 and N2O in a hemiboreal drained peatland forest during the winter period
Authors: Ranniku Reti , Schindler Thomas , Escuer-Gatius Jordi , Mander Ülo , Machacova Katerina , Soosaar Kaido 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nutrient-rich northern peatlands are often drained to enhance forest productivity, turning peatland soils into sinks of methane (CH4) and sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). However, further attention is needed on CH4 and N2O dynamics during the winter period to fully understand the spatio-temporal variability of fluxes. Besides soil, tree stems can also emit CH4 and N2O. However, stem contribution is not considered in most biogeochemical models. We determined the temporal dynamics of winter-time CH4 and N2O fluxes in a drained peatland forest by simultaneously measuring stem and soil fluxes and exploring the relationships between gas fluxes and soil environmental parameters. During sampling (October 2020–May 2021), gas samples from Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies) trees were collected from different tree heights using manual static chambers and analysed using gas chromatography. Soil CH4 and N2O concentrations were measured using an automated dynamic soil chamber system. Tree stems were a net source of CH4 and N2O during the winter period. The origin of stem CH4 emissions was unclear, as stem and soil CH4 fluxes had opposite flux directions, and the irregular vertical stem flux profile did not indicate a connection between stem and soil fluxes. Stem N2O emissions may have originated from the soil, as emissions decreased with increasing stem height and were driven by soil N2O emissions and environmental parameters. Soil was a net sink for CH4, largely determined by changes in soil temperature. Soil N2O dynamics were characterised by hot moments—short periods of high emissions related to changes in soil water content. Tree stem emissions offset the soil CH4 sink by 14% and added 2% to forest floor N2O emissions. Therefore, CH4 and N2O budgets that do not incorporate stem emissions can overestimate the sink strength or underestimate the total emissions of the ecosystem.
Climatically induced anomalies in tree-ring structure of Abies pindrow (Royal ex D. Don) and Taxus baccata (L.) growing in Hindu-Kush mountainous region of Pakistan
Authors: Tayyab Muhammad , Muhammad Sohaib , Nawaz Hassan , Ali Amir , Malik Sarah Maryam , Waheed Muhammad , Rasool Kashif , Khan Muhammad Jawad Tariq , Khan Zaheer-ud-din , Zahid Muhammad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Dendroclimatic potential from Abies pindrow Royal ex D. Don. (fir) and Taxus baccata L. (yew) was investigated by developing four different types of tree-ring width chronologies (by ARSTAN program) in a mixed broadleaf forest of Kalam, KP, Pakistan. Firstly, measured tree-ring width series were cross-dated and identified the best and least (cross-matched with master plot) samples with the most applied Skeleton Plot Model (SPM) method alongside checking the quality through statistical program (COFECHA). Tree-ring attributes (age, growth rate and earlywood and latewood) were also measured with maximum age (677 years) was observed in fir plant and maximum growth rate (6.096 mm year−1) in yew plant with clear demarcations of earlywood and latewood formation. Yew trees were observed to be more sensitive species towards climatic variations (expressed population signal = 0.945, mean sensitivity = 0.321 and signal to noise ratio = 3.214) while fir trees were comparatively less affected by climatic alterations of the study site (expressed population signal = 0.954, mean sensitivity = 0.314 and signal to noise ratio = 2.453). Correlation between tree-ring series of T. baccata with the master series was found to be more significant as compared to A. pindrow after developing series plots of both the species by using package dplR in R. Potential ecological and anatomical explanations for these results were also discussed. Sensitivity of samples showed good climatic signals which are valuable for dendroclimatic growth response investigations leading to reconstruction of past climate as well as possible future climate predictions.
The effect of consumer lockdown on the relationship between environmental beliefs and pro-environmental behaviors
Authors: Trujillo Carlos A , Arias Claudia , Diaz Angela M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study investigates the disruptive effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on the relationship between environmental beliefs and pro-environmental behaviors. We used a survey conducted in the four major cities of Colombia before COVID-19 arrived in December 2019 and then repeated it in October 2020, after most of the major restrictions on mobility and economic activity had been lifted. The survey captured ecocentric and anthropocentric beliefs using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) and Pro Environmental Behaviors (PEBS) using 18 questions about energy and water savings, recycling, and sustainable purchasing. In the 2020 survey, we included a measure of the severity of the individual’s experience of disruption, including economic, family, and health-related aspects. Controlling for demographic variables, we analyzed (1) descriptive changes in NEP and PEBS, (2) the moderating effect of the disruption on the effect of NEP on PEBS, (3) the direct effect of disruption severity on PEBS, and (4) the moderating effect of severity on the effect of NEP on PEBS in 2020. We found that disruption caused by the lockdown crisis decreased anthropocentric beliefs and slightly increased ecocentric beliefs. This disruption also modified the effects of NEP on PEBS, thereby ameliorating the capacity of NEP to activate PEBS. The severity of experience moderated most of these effects. We discuss the implications of our results for the theory of environmental beliefs and pro-environmental behaviors and offer recommendations to reverse the potential negative effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the promotion of sustainable consumption.
Outcomes after minor lower limb amputation for peripheral arterial disease and diabetes: population-based cohort study
Authors: Birmpili Panagiota , Li Qiuju , Johal Amundeep S , Atkins Eleanor , Waton Sam , Chetter Ian , Boyle Jonathan R , Pherwani Arun D , Cromwell David A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
Patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease are at increased risk of minor amputation. The aim of study was to assess the rate of re-amputations and death after an initial minor amputation, and to identify associated risk factors.

Methods
Data on all patients aged 40 years and over with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease, who underwent minor amputation between January 2014 and December 2018, were extracted from Hospital Episode Statistics. Patients who had bilateral index procedures or an amputation in the 3 years before the study were excluded. Primary outcomes were ipsilateral major amputation and death after the index minor amputation. Secondary outcomes were ipsilateral minor re-amputations, and contralateral minor and major amputations.

Results
In this study of 22 118 patients, 16 808 (76.0 per cent) were men and 18 473 (83.5 per cent) had diabetes. At 1 year after minor amputation, the estimated ipsilateral major amputation rate was 10.7 (95 per cent c.i. 10.3 to 11.1) per cent. Factors associated with a higher risk of ipsilateral major amputation included male sex, severe frailty, diagnosis of gangrene, emergency admission, foot amputation (compared with toe amputation), and previous or concurrent revascularization. The estimated mortality rate was 17.2 (16.7 to 17.7) per cent at 1 year and 49.4 (48.6 to 50.1) per cent at 5 years after minor amputation. Older age, severe frailty, comorbidity, gangrene, and emergency admission were associated with a significantly higher mortality risk.

Conclusion
Minor amputations were associated with a high risk of major amputation and death. One in 10 patients had an ipsilateral major amputation within the first year after minor amputation and half had died by 5 years.
Improving tremor response to focused ultrasound thalamotomy
Authors: Holcomb James M , Chopra Rajiv , Feltrin Fabricio S , Elkurd Mazen , El-Nazer Rasheda , McKenzie Lauren , O’Suilleabhain Padraig , Maldjian Joseph A , Dauer William , Shah Bhavya R 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound thalamotomy is an incisionless therapy for essential tremor. To reduce adverse effects, the field has migrated to treating at 2 mm above the anterior commissure-posterior commissure plane. We perform MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound with an advanced imaging targeting technique, four-tract tractography. Four-tract tractography uses diffusion tensor imaging to identify the critical white matter targets for tremor control, the decussating and non-decussating dentatorubrothalamic tracts, while the corticospinal tract and medial lemniscus are identified to be avoided. In some patients, four-tract tractography identified a risk of damaging the medial lemniscus or corticospinal tract if treated at 2 mm superior to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure plane. In these patients, we chose to target 1.2–1.5 mm superior to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure plane. In these patients, post-operative imaging revealed that the focused ultrasound lesion extended into the posterior subthalamic area. This study sought to determine if patients with focused ultrasound lesions that extend into the posterior subthalamic area have a differnce in tremor improvement than those without. Twenty essential tremor patients underwent MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound and were retrospectively classified into two groups. Group 1 included patients with an extension of the thalamic-focused ultrasound lesion into the posterior subthalamic area. Group 2 included patients without extension of the thalamic-focused ultrasound lesion into the posterior subthalamic area. For each patient, the percent change in postural tremor, kinetic tremor and Archimedes spiral scores were calculated between baseline and a 3-month follow-up. Two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare the improvement in tremor scores, the total number of sonications, thermal dose to achieve initial tremor response, and skull density ratio between groups. Group 1 had significantly greater postural, kinetic, and Archimedes spiral score percent improvement than Group 2 (P values: 5.41 × 10−5, 4.87 × 10−4, and 5.41 × 10−5, respectively). Group 1 also required significantly fewer total sonications to control the tremor and a significantly lower thermal dose to achieve tremor response (P values: 6.60 × 10−4 and 1.08 × 10−5, respectively). No significant group differences in skull density ratio were observed (P = 1.0). We do not advocate directly targeting the posterior subthalamic area with MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound because the shape of the focused ultrasound lesion can result in a high risk of adverse effects. However, when focused ultrasound lesions naturally extend from the thalamus into the posterior subthalamic area, they provide greater tremor control than those that only involve the thalamus.
When Information Conflicts with Obligations: the Role of Motivated Cognition
Authors: Wang Ao , Wang Shaoda , Ye Xiaoyang 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We experimentally test how psychological motivations can impact the processing of purely objective information. We first document that, when the high-stakes College Entrance Exam is held in the month of Ramadan, Chinese Muslim students perform significantly worse. When asked about the impact of fasting, they severely underestimate the cost of taking the exam during Ramadan, even when presented with direct empirical evidence. In the experiment, we randomly offer students reading materials in which well-respected Muslim clerics explain that it is permissible to postpone the fast until after the exam. Consistent with an interpretation of motivated cognition, students who receive the material distort the statistics about the fasting cost significantly less and become more accepting of delaying the fast for the exam.