bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous changes in mobility in response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Juanjuan , Tan Suoyi , Peng Cheng , Xu Xiangyanyu , Wang Mengning , Lu Wanying , Wu Yanpeng , Sai Bin , Cai Mengsi , Kummer Allisandra G. , Chen Zhiyuan , Zou Junyi , Li Wenxin , Zheng Wen , Liang Yuxia , Zhao Yuchen , Vespignani Alessandro , Ajelli Marco , Lu Xin , Yu Hongjie 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the measures taken by authorities to control its spread had altered human behavior and mobility patterns in an unprecedented way. However, it remains unclear whether the population response to a COVID-19 outbreak varies within a city or among demographic groups. Here we utilized passively recorded cellular signaling data at a spatial resolution of 1km × 1km for over 5 million users and epidemiological surveillance data collected during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak from February to June 2022 in Shanghai, China, to investigate the heterogeneous response of different segments of the population at the within-city level and examine its relationship with the actual risk of infection. Changes in behavior were spatially heterogenous within the city and population groups, and associated with both the infection incidence and adopted interventions. We also found that males and individuals aged 30-59 years old traveled more frequently, traveled longer distances, and their communities were more connected; the same groups were also associated with the highest SARS-CoV-2 incidence. Our results highlight the heterogeneous behavioral change of the Shanghai population to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak and the its effect on the heterogenous spread of COVID-19, both spatially and demographically. These findings could be instrumental for the design of targeted interventions for the control and mitigation of future outbreaks of COVID-19 and, more broadly, of respiratory pathogens.Significance StatementOur study utilized passively recorded cellular signaling data and epidemiological surveillance data to investigate the changes human mobility to a COVID-19 outbreak at an unprecedented within-city level and examine its relationship with the actual risk of infection. Our findings highlight the heterogeneous behavioral change of the Shanghai population to the 2022 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak and its heterogenous effect on the SARS-CoV-2 spread, both spatially and demographically. The implications of our findings could be instrumental to inform spatially targeted interventions at the within-city scale to mitigate possible new surges of COVID-19 cases as well as fostering preparedness for future respiratory infections disease outbreaks.
Rapid and Portable Quantification of HIV RNA via a Smartphone-enabled Digital CRISPR Device and Deep Learning
Authors: Ngo Hoan T. , Akarapipad Patarajarin , Lee Pei-Wei , Park Joon Soo , Chen Fan-En , Trick Alexander Y. , Hsieh Kuangwen , Wang Tza-Huei 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFor the 28.2 million people in the world living with HIV/AIDS and receiving antiretroviral therapy, it is crucial to monitor their HIV viral loads with ease. To this end, rapid and portable diagnostic tools that can quantify HIV RNA are critically needed. We report herein a rapid and quantitative digital CRISPR-assisted HIV RNA detection assay that has been implemented within a portable smartphone-based device as a potential solution. Specifically, we first developed a fluorescence-based reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA)-CRISPR assay for isothermally and rapidly detecting HIV RNA at 42 °C in < 30 min. When realized within a commercial stamp-sized digital chip, this assay yields strongly fluorescent digital reaction wells corresponding to HIV RNA. The isothermal reaction condition and the strong fluorescence in the small digital chip unlock compact thermal and optical components in our device, allowing us to engineer a palm-size (70 × 115 × 80 mm) and lightweight (< 0.6 kg) device. Further leveraging the smartphone, we wrote a custom app to control the device, perform the digital assay, and acquire fluorescence images throughout the assay time. We additionally trained and verified a Deep Learning-based algorithm for analyzing fluorescence images and detecting strongly fluorescent digital reaction wells. Using our smartphone-enabled digital CRISPR device, we were able to detect 75 copies of HIV RNA in 15 min and demonstrate the potential of our device toward convenient monitoring of HIV viral loads and combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Determinants of obesity among rural adolescents in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Baloyi Brenda , Mushaphi Lindelani Fumudzani , Mabapa Ngoako Solomon 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe increased prevalence of obesity is due to a decreased level of physical activity and increased intake of fast food. Furthermore, obesity among children and adolescent is a risk factor for life-threatening conditions including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), Cardio-metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer and reproductive disorders. The aim of this study is to describe the determinants of obesity. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 377 adolescents aged 13 to 20 years from 16 secondary schools in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District Limpopo Province, South Africa. Information about socio-demographic characteristics, household income, disease family history, and level of education of parents was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and waist circumference were taken by trained field workers and body mass index (BMI), and the waist-hip ratio were determined. Biochemical measurements and clinical assessment were done by a professional nurse following standard procedures. The prevalence of obesity is 22.2% in males and 32.6% in females by abdominal obesity by (waist circumference), whilst 11.1% (males) and 28.3% (females) by waist to hip ratio (WHR). Gender (β=0.32, p=0.018, 95%CI); age (β=1.28, p=0.015, 95%CI); source of income (β=3.25, p=0.008, 95%CI) and systolic blood pressure (β=1.04, p=0.01, 95%CI) were associated with obesity. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in females than in males in Thulamela municipality. There is a need to bring up children and adolescents in a health-promoting environment in an effort to reverse and stop the increasing trend of overweight and obesity.
ChatGPT versus human in generating medical graduate exam questions – An international prospective study
Authors: Cheung Billy Ho Hung , Lau Gary Kui Kai , Wong Gordon Tin Chun , Lee Elaine Yuen Phin , Kulkarni Dhananjay , Seow Choon Sheong , Wong Ruby , Co Michael Tiong Hong 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis is a prospective study on the quality of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) generated by the language model ChatGPT for the use in medical graduate examination.Methods50 MCQs were generated by ChatGPT with reference to two standard undergraduate medical textbooks (Harrison’s, and Bailey & Love’s). Another 50 MCQs were drafted by two university professoriate staffs using the same medical textbooks. All 100 MCQ were individually numbered, randomized and sent to five independent international assessors for MCQ quality assessment using a standardized assessment score on five assessment domains; namely, appropriateness of the question, clarity and specificity, relevance, discriminative power of alternatives, and suitability for medical graduate examination.ResultsThe total time required for ChatGPT to create the 50 questions was 20 minutes 25 seconds while it took two human examiners a total of 211 minutes 33 seconds for drafting the 50 questions.When a comparison of the mean score was made between the questions constructed by AI with those drafted by human, only in the relevance domain that the AI was inferior to human (AI: 7.56 +/- 0.94 vs human: 7.88 +/- 0.52; p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in question quality between questions drafted by AI versus human, in the total assessment score as well as in other domains.Questions generated by AI yielded a wider range of scores while those created by human were consistent and within a narrower range.ConclusionChatGPT has the potential to generate comparable-quality MCQs for medical graduate examination within a significantly shorter time.
A peptide derived from the SARS-CoV-2 S2-protein heptad-repeat-2 inhibits pseudoviral fusion at micromolar concentrations: Role of palmitic acid conjugation
Authors: Düzgüneş Nejat , Tao Zhihua , Zhang Yuxia , Krajewski Krzysztof 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated fusion is thought to involve the interaction of the membrane-distal, or N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) (“HR1”) of the cleaved S2 segment of the protein, and the membrane-proximal, or C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) (“HR2”) regions of the protein. Following the observations of Xia et al (Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, Xu W, Lan Q, Feng S, Qi F, Bao L, Du L, Liu S, Qin C, Sun F, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Jiang S, Lu L. Cell Res. 2020b Apr;30(4):343-355), we examined the fusion inhibitory activity of a PEGylated HR2-derived peptide and its palmitoylated derivative, using a pseudovirus infection assay. The latter peptide caused a 76% reduction in fusion activity at 10 μM. Our results suggest that small variations in peptide derivatization and differences in the membrane composition of pseudovirus preparations may affect the inhibitory potency of HR2-derived peptides.
Utility of GPT-4 as an Informational Patient Resource in Otolaryngology
Authors: Suresh Krish , Rathi Vinay , Nwosu Obinna , Partain Matthew P. , Glicksman Jordan T. , Jowett Nathan , Crowson Matthew G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe sought to understand the potential utility of ChatGPT as an informational resource for otolaryngology patients. We evaluated responses by GPT-4 to queries based on the American Academy of Otolaryngology’s Clinical Practice Guidelines. We found that while otolaryngology advice provided by ChatGPT is generally safe, it lacks accuracy and comprehensiveness, limiting its utility as an informational resource for patients.Lay SummaryAs the popularity of ChatGPT explodes, patients may turn to it for medical advice. We found that while otolaryngology advice provided by ChatGPT is generally safe, it lacks accuracy and comprehensiveness, limiting its utility as an informational resource for patients.
PrenatalBRCA1epimutations contribute significantly to triple-negative breast cancer development
Authors: Nikolaienko Oleksii , Eikesdal Hans P. , Gilje Bjørnar , Lundgren Steinar , Blix Egil S. , Espelid Helge , Geisler Jürgen , Geisler Stephanie , Janssen Emiel A.M. , Yndestad Synnøve , Minsaas Laura , Leirvaag Beryl , Lillestøl Reidun , Knappskog Stian , Lønning Per E. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundNormal cellBRCA1epimutations have been associated with increased risk of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the fraction of TNBCs that may haveBRCA1epimutations as their underlying cause is unknown.MethodsTo address this question, we analyzedBRCA1methylation status in breast cancer tissue and matched white blood cells (WBC) from 411 patients with primary breast cancer, including 66 TNBCs, applying a highly sensitive sequencing assay, allowing allele-resolved methylation assessment. Further, to assess the time of origin and the characteristics of normal cellBRCA1methylation, we analyzed umbilical cord blood of 1260 newborn girls.ResultsWe found concordant tumor and mosaic WBCBRCA1epimutations in 10 out of 66 patients with TNBC and in four out of six patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-low expression (<10%) tumors (combined: 14 out of 72; 19.4%; 95% CI 11.1–30.5). In contrast, we found concordance in only three out of 221 patients with ER≥10% tumors and zero out of 116 patients with HER2-positive tumors. Intraindividually,BRCA1epimutations affected the same allele in normal and tumor cells. AssessingBRCA1methylation in umbilical WBCs from girls, we found mosaic, predominantly monoallelicBRCA1epimutations, with qualitative features similar to those in adults, in 113/1260 (9.0%) of individuals.ConclusionsOur findings reveal prenatalBRCA1epimutations to be the underlying cause of around 20% of TNBC and low-ER expression breast cancers.
Blood lead concentrations in exposed forecourt attendants and taxi drivers in parts of South Africa
Authors: Olowoyo J.O. , Tshoni U.A. , Kobyana A.S. , Lion G.N. , Mugivhisa L.L. , Koski L , Wärmländer S.K.T.S. , Roos P.M. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundLeaded fuel was banned in South Africa in 2006, in order to improve human health and reduce environmental pollution. Lead (Pb) has been suggested to contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders, and the role of respiratory exposure to Pb from petrol fumes should not be neglected in this context. In addition to Pb, petrol contains various harmful chemicals including other neurotoxic metals and hydrocarbons.Objectives and MethodsHere, we investigated concentrations of Pb and other metals in blood from taxi drivers (n=21), petrol station forecourt attendants (n=38), and a control group (n=36). Participants were divided into three groups based on number of years worked as taxi drivers or forecourt attendants. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the health status of the participants. Blood samples were collected by medical professionals and analyzed for metal concentrations by ICP-MS.ResultsA positive correlation between number of years worked and Pb blood concentrations was found. The highest Pb concentration (60.2 μg/L) was observed in a forecourt attendant who had worked 11 to 20 years, and the average Pb concentration in this group (24.5 μg/L) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in forecourt attendants who had worked 2 to 5 years (10.4 μg/L). Some individuals had elevated concentrations of manganese, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and cobalt, yet not significantly elevated at the group level. The blood levels of arsenic appeared to be related to smoking. Mood swings, dizziness, headaches and tiredness were reported by the participants.ConclusionBlood Pb concentrations in petrol station forecourt attendants and taxi drivers exposed to petrol are elevated and correlate to exposure time. A health monitoring program should be erected for all individuals working in these industries, and preventive measures should be implemented to eliminate metal exposure from petrol.
Network anatomy in logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Mandelli Maria Luisa , Lorca-Puls Diego L. , Lukic Sladjana , Montembeault Maxime , Gajardo-Vidal Andrea , Licata Abigail , Scheffler Aaron , Battistella Giovanni , Grasso Stephanie M , Bogley Rian , Ratnasiri Buddhika M. , La Joie Renaud , Mundada Nidhi S. , Europa Eduardo , Rabinovici Gil , Miller Bruce L. , De Leon Jessica , Henry Maya L. , Miller Zachary , Gorno-Tempini Maria Luisa 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized linguistically by gradual loss of repetition and naming skills, resulting from left posterior temporal and inferior parietal atrophy. Here, we sought to identify which specific cortical loci are initially targeted by the disease (epicenters) and investigate whether atrophy spreads through pre-determined networks. First, we used cross-sectional structural MRI data from individuals with lvPPA to define putative disease epicenters using a surface-based approach paired with an anatomically-fine-grained parcellation of the cortical surface (i.e., HCP-MMP1.0 atlas). Second, we combined cross-sectional functional MRI data from healthy controls and longitudinal structural MRI data from individuals with lvPPA to derive the epicenter-seeded resting-state networks most relevant to lvPPA symptomatology and ascertain whether functional connectivity in these networks predicts longitudinal atrophy spread in lvPPA. Our results show that two partially distinct brain networks anchored to the left anterior angular and posterior superior temporal gyri epicenters were preferentially associated with sentence repetition and naming skills in lvPPA. Critically, the strength of connectivity within these two networks in the neurologically-intact brain significantly predicted longitudinal atrophy progression in lvPPA. Taken together, our findings indicate that atrophy progression in lvPPA, starting from inferior parietal and temporo-parietal junction regions, predominantly follows at least two partially non-overlapping pathways, which may influence the heterogeneity in clinical presentation and prognosis.
Educating the Next Generation of Cancer Researchers: Evaluation of A Cancer Research Partnership Training Program
Authors: Zhu Lin , Dodd SJ , Chen Yuku , Kaminsky Emily R. , Liu Zhiqing Elaine , Ma Grace X. , Ogunwobi Olorunseun O. , Fang Carolyn Y. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAfrican American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Hispanic (or Latinx), Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander groups are underrepresented in the biomedical workforce, which is one of the barriers to addressing cancer disparities among minority populations. The creation of a more inclusive biomedical workforce dedicated to reducing the burden of cancer health disparities requires structured, mentored research and cancer-related research exposure during the earlier stages of training. The Summer Cancer Research Institute (SCRI), a multicomponent 8-week intensive summer program funded under the Partnership between a Minority Serving Institute and a National Institutes of Health-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. This study assessed whether students who participated in the SCRI Program report greater knowledge and interest in pursuing careers in cancer-related fields than their counterparts who did not participate in SCRI. Successes, challenges, and solutions in providing training in cancer and cancer health disparities research to improve diversity in the biomedical fields were also discussed.
Convergent imaging-transcriptomic evidence for disturbed iron homeostasis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Authors: Kanaan Ahmad Seif , Yu Dongmei , Metere Riccardo , Schäfer Andreas , Schlumm Torsten , Bilgic Berkin , Anwander Alfred , Mathews Carol A. , Scharf Jeremiah M. , Müller-Vahl Kirsten , Möller Harald E. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neuropsychiatric movement disorder with reported abnormalities in various neurotransmitter systems. Considering the integral role of iron in neurotransmitter synthesis and transport, it is hypothesized that iron exhibits a role in GTS pathophysiology. As a surrogate measure of brain iron, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was performed in 28 patients with GTS and 26 matched controls. Significant susceptibility reductions in the patient cohort, consistent with reduced local iron content, were obtained in subcortical regions known to be implicated in GTS. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative association of tic scores and striatal susceptibility. To interrogate genetic mechanisms that may drive these reductions, spatially specific relationships between susceptibility and gene-expression patterns extracted from the Allen Human Brain Atlas were assessed. Correlations in the striatum were enriched for excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory neurochemical signaling mechanisms in the motor regions, mitochondrial processes driving ATP production and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in the executive subdivision, and phosphorylation-related mechanisms that affect receptor expression and long-term potentiation. This link between susceptibility reductions and normative transcriptional profiles suggests that disruptions in iron regulatory mechanisms are involved in GTS pathophysiology and may lead to pervasive abnormalities in mechanisms regulated by iron-containing enzymes.
The spectrum of psychiatric manifestations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a systematic review of published case reports and case series
Authors: Garg Ravindra Kumar , Kar Sujita Kumar , Malhotra Hardeep Singh , Pandey Shweta , Jain Amita , Rizvi Imran , Uniyal Ravi , Kumar Neeraj 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundData related to psychiatric manifestations in SSPE is currently available only in form of isolated case reports. In this systematic review, we evaluated the spectrum of psychiatric manifestations and their impact on the course and outcome of SSPE.MethodsData were obtained from four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar), with the most recent search conducted on 27/03/2023. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the PROSPERO registration number for the protocol is CRD42023408227. SSPE was diagnosed using Dyken’s criteria. Extracted data were recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. To evaluate the quality of the data, the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool was employed.ResultsOur search resulted in 30 published reports of 32 patients. The mean age was 17.9 years. Schizophrenia, catatonia, and poorly characterized psychotic illnesses were the three most common psychiatric presentations (60%) in SSPE cases. Mania or depression was reported among 23% (7/32) cases. In 10% of cases, the initial clinical presentation of SSPE was considered functional/ hysterical. In approximately 81% (26/32) cases, the course of SSPE was rapidly progressive (either acute fulminant or subacute). Treatment with antipsychotic drugs had poor or no response. Out of 17 patients who received antipsychotic drugs 6 patients noted severe extrapyramidal adverse effects, that further deteriorated the clinical condition of the patients.ConclusionSeveral patients with SSPE inadvertently end up in psychiatric care due to some psychiatric manifestation. Early psychiatric disorders in SSPE are often subtle and diagnosis of SSPE is easily missed.
Annotating Macromolecular Complexes in the Protein Data Bank: Improving the FAIRness of Structure Data
Authors: Appasamy Sri Devan , Berrisford John , Gaborova Romana , Nair Sreenath , Anyango Stephen , Grudinin Sergei , Deshpande Mandar , Armstrong David , Pidruchna Ivanna , Ellaway Joseph I. J. , Leines Grisell Díaz , Gupta Deepti , Harrus Deborah , Varadi Mihaly , Velankar Sameer 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMacromolecular complexes are essential functional units in nearly all cellular processes, and their atomic-level understanding is critical for elucidating and modulating molecular mechanisms. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) serves as the global repository for experimentally determined structures of macromolecules. Structural data in the PDB offer valuable insights into the dynamics, conformation, and functional states of biological assemblies. However, the current annotation practices lack standardised naming conventions for assemblies in the PDB, complicating the identification of instances representing the same assembly.In this study, we introduce a method leveraging resources external to PDB, such as the Complex Portal, UniProt and Gene Ontology, to describe assemblies and contextualise them within their biological settings accurately. Employing the proposed approach, we assigned standard names and provided value-added annotations to over 90% of unique assemblies in the PDB. This standardisation of assembly data enhances the PDB, facilitating a deeper understanding of these cellular components. Furthermore, the data standardisation improves the PDB’s FAIR attributes, fostering more effective basic and translational research and education across scientific disciplines.