bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Quantitative Study of Serum Precipitin in Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Jackson Carol 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Doerr and Russ (1) were among the earliest workers to undertake any quantitative determinations on the relation of antigen to antibody in anaphylaxis. These investigators obtained the important information that there was apparently a complete parallelism between the ability of an immune serum to sensitize passively and its precipitin titer. They also observed the fact that the animals sensitized with serum precipitating in the highest dilutions could be shocked with the smallest amounts of antigen, whereas animals injected with serums in which little precipitin was present, gave little or no reaction even when large amounts of antigen were used to shock.
Friedberger (2) in an attempt to establish the relation of anaphylaxis to immunity assumed that a large volume of circulating antibodies might confer a state of “immunity” to anaphylaxis, since these circulating antibodies would bind the injected antigen and so protect the body cells.
An Ultramicro Technic for Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions
Authors: Hudson Charles L. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capillary tube technic developed by Richards, Bordley and Walker for the ultramicro chemical analysis of minute amounts of fluid has been adapted for the performance of certain immunological reactions. Precipitation and agglutination tests have been made with as little as 0.1 cu.mm. of reacting material. The sensitivity and reliability were found to be equal to those of standard macro methods. The apparatus required is neither expensive nor difficult to obtain and the technic is easily mastered.
The obvious advantages of the ultramicro method are the minuteness of the quantity of fluid required and the rapidity with which a determination can be completed. An additional advantage is the opportunity for microscopic observation of the precipitation and agglutination during the course of the reaction. The vividness with which the reactions may be seen contributes an appreciation of the character of these phenomena even to an observer experienced with macro methods.
The Chemical Composition of the Active Principle of Tuberculin
Authors: Seibert Florence B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
“Although the antigenic capacity of a protein depends on the entire large colloidal molecular structure, its specificity seems to reside in certain of the radicals of the molecule.” That this summarizing statement made by Wells (1) can be applied to the active principle of tuberculin, appears from the experiments described in this paper.
It has been shown previously (2) that the capacity to elicit a tuberculin skin reaction may reside in a whole series of molecules of widely differing molecular sizes, ranging from about 25,000 down to about 2,000, the latter being the smallest active molecule so far isolated. All of these molecules have been obtained from the protein fractions of tuberculin, and they are, in fact, the tuberculin protein or derivatives of this protein molecule.
Oral Immunization to Colds
Authors: Rockwell George E. , Van Kirk Herman C. , Powell H. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
There were used 1036 persons in this experiment: 536 were used as controls and 500 were given oral cold vaccine during the school year 1933–1934. The vaccine was in capsules, each of which contained in the dry form 100 billion each of a rough pneumococcus, and a streptococcus. The vaccine was high in bile-resisting heterophile antigen.
Among the 500 treated cases, 38 had a history of continuous colds, while 425 had a history of one to eight colds per year per person. Among the 536 controls, 9 had a history of continuous colds, while 527 had a history of only one to eight colds per year per person.
Among the 47 patients who gave a history of continuous colds, the 38 who were given the oral cold vaccine had, for that year, only a total of 41 colds; thus passing from a stage of continual coryza to an average of 1.08 colds per person. While of the nine cases used as controls, only one reported a less severe type this year.
Among those who had a history for the past three years of one to eight colds per year per person, 462 patients having a yearly average total during the previous three years of 1400 colds or 3.03 colds per person per year, while taking the vaccine this year had a total of only 604 colds, or an average of 1.30 colds per person, e.g. 1.73 colds less per person, a decrease of 57 per cent. The 527 cases used as controls had a yearly average total, for the past three years, of 1314 colds, or 2.49 colds per person per year. During the school year 1933–1934 this group had a total of 1156 colds, or 2.19 colds per person, which is 0.30 cold less per person, or a decrease of 12 per cent.
The vaccinated group had a decrease of 57 per cent in the number of colds, whereas the controls had a decrease of 12 per cent. The essential decrease due to the oral cold vaccine is thus 45 per cent.
This work is being continued and the results will be reported at a later date. The relationship between the response of the individual to the heterophile antigen and his incidence of colds is given in a separate article.
The Cytotoxic Principle in Anti-Euglena Rabbit Serum
Authors: Sauer Mary Elmore 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The presence of a specific cytotoxic principle in anti-euglena rabbit serum which does not require serum complement for its action has been confirmed. The cytotoxic effect of anti-euglena serum is enhanced by the presence of complement. The cytotoxic principle behaves like a true antibody in its specificity and absorption reactions, and in its association with the non-dialyzable globulin constituents of serum. Electrolytes may not be necessary for the reaction. Immune rabbit serum containing the cytotoxic principle passively sensitizes guinea pigs to the homologous organism.
Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Klugh George , Rule Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intracutaneous injection of 0.05 cc. of 5, 10 and 20 per cent suspensions of monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord did not produce in normal Macacus rhesus monkeys any reactions ascribable to the virus. Normal Macacus rhesus monkeys receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of a Berkefeld filtrate of the Kolmer vaccine of 4 per cent monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord in 1 per cent sodium ricinoleate showed mild temporary reactions ascribed to the effects of sodium ricinoleate. The intracutaneous injection of monkeys vaccinated fourteen months previously by 10 daily subcutaneous injections of Kolmer vaccine in dose of 0.05 cc. per kilogram of weight, with 0.05 cc. of 10 and 20 per cent suspensions of monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord produced no reactions ascribable to the effects of virus or possible acquired allergic sensitization to spinal cord protein. Among 34 human adults given intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of the Kolmer vaccine or a Berkefeld filtrate of it, mild temporary reactions occurred in 2 which were ascribed to the effects of sodium ricinoleate. There were no evidences of reactions due to virus or to natural allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein. Among 6 children varying in age from twenty-two months to seven years receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of Kolmer vaccine temporary reactions occurred in 3. Of 6 children varying in age from seven to twelve years receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of a Berkefeld filtrate of this vaccine, mild temporary reactions occurred in one. These reactions were ascribed to the irritating effects of sodium ricinoleate and spinal cord tissue rather than to attenuated virus or natural allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein. Among 18 children varying in age from eight months to eleven years receiving 3 subcutaneous injections of Kolmer vaccine at weekly intervals, 4 showed mild to moderate reactions following the intracutaneous injection of 0.1 cc. of Kolmer vaccine given about seven days after the last dose of vaccine. These reactions were ascribed to the irritant effects of sodium ricinoleate and spinal cord tissue plus the possibility of acquired allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein in the vaccine previously administered in at least one of these.
A Method for the Production of Staphylococcus Toxin and Toxoid
Authors: Leonard George F. , Holm August 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A potent staphylococcus toxin can be produced on semisynthetic medium, which has been heat sterilized.
Methods are reported in detail for titration of the toxin, and likewise the conditions for the conversion of staphylococcus toxin into toxoid.
A suitable test for the antigenicity of staphylococcus toxoid has been developed, which also may prove of value in clinical cases of staphylococcus infections for the determination of the patient's response to immunization with staphylococcus toxoid.
The Specificity of Intracutaneous Absorption
Authors: Smith G. H. , Cook M. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previously reported experiments (1) we have shown that the absorption of antigen from the cutaneous tissues of specifically immunized animals proceeds at a rate markedly in excess of that occurring in normal animals. Horse serum, injected intracutaneously into guinea-pigs immunized against horse serum, disappeared from the site of injection much earlier than did horse serum similarly injected into normal pigs. The question was not determined, however, as to whether the heightened reactivity of the tissues, attendant upon the immune state, pertained to the specific antigen only or whether it indicated an activation of a general mechanism of elimination extending to non-specific antigens. The experiments here reported deal with this point.
In the present work guinea-pigs immunized to one antigen were tested by the intracutaneous injection of the specific and also of a heterologous antigen to demonstrate to what extent absorption depends upon a specific factor.
Specific Reactions of the Body Fluids in Pneumococcic Infections
Authors: Lacy G. R. , Hartman C. C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The problem of the reaction of the body fluids in pneumococcus infections has claimed our interest for some time. Together with the grouping of the pneumococci which was begun in our laboratory in the fall of 1916, the following studies were made to determine if possible, the extent and the way in which the body fluids reacted to the pneumococci and to antipneumococcic sera. The materials examined were obtained from patients admitted to the Allegheny General Hospital. Sputum from persons presenting clinical manifestations of pneumonia were sent to the laboratory at the earliest opportunity and the grouping made according to the method of Dochez and Gillespie (1). When the type of pneumococcus to which the infection belonged had been determined, tests were begun for the purpose of demonstrating any defensive antibody formations that might be present in the body fluids. For this purpose, examinations were made of the blood serum, spinal fluids, urine, pleural fluid and, in those instances where autopsies were held, pericardial fluids.
The Study of Problems of Immunity by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Suzuki Yoshio 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
By these experiments it has been possible to show definitely that the natural immunity of rats for diphtheria toxin and chickens for tetanus is due to two factors—a special resistance of at least certain of the cells of these animals and further to the existence of neutralizing substances in their plasma. The plasma of these animals protects not only the cells of these animals against lethal doses of toxin but it also protects the cells of susceptible animals.
So far heart muscle and ovary or in other words connective tissue cells have alone been studied. The resistance of many other tissue may be similarly investigated; such as, nervous tissue, other epithelial tissues and lymphoid tissue.
A sufficient number of experiments have not been made to give quantitative results. The method allows this study and a further investigation into the nature of the cellular resistance and the mechanism of neutralization as indicated in the plasma tests.
A Note on the Relation Between Proteolysins and Haemolysins
Authors: McNeil Archibald , Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This note is a report of studies undertaken with a view of determining whether specific proteolysins are produced in animals on protein injections, if a procedure simulating the production of specific haemolysins be adhered to.
The question of the presence of specific proteolytic substances in the blood of animals injected with proteins, is an old one and no attempt will be made here to go over the range of literature. Suffice it to recall that the so-called Abderhalden reaction for cancer and pregnancy, which was based on the assumption of the presence of such proteolysins in the blood (2), is now discarded. More recently, Taylor and Hulton (1) also, studied this problem from a biochemical viewpoint. They injected various proteins into rabbits with a view of detecting the presence of proteolytic ferments in the blood of these animals, obtaining negative results.
A Contribution to the Study of the Complement Fixation Reaction for Tuberculosis
Authors: Von Wedel Hassow 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The complement fixation reaction for tuberculosis has occupied the attention of many investigators for the past seventeen years,and it has been studied mainly from the standpoint of its possible value to clinical medicine in the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. The methods commonly employed for diagnosing tuberculosis leave much to be desired and there is little doubt that many cases escape detection until marked damage has been done. A test, therefore, that will give a sure and early diagnosis,is of the utmost value both to the patient and to the general public.
The results of the early work with this complement fixation test were of such a contradictory nature that they were of little practical value. However, the reports of recent investigators seem to promise that this test will be of marked value to the clinician.
The following is a brief review of some of the more important investigations made during the past few years.
A Note on Bleeding Guinea-Pigs and on Preserving Sheep's Erythrocytes
Authors: Wenner John J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. The Bleeding of Guinea-Pigs. In serological work where guinea-pig's blood is essential, investigators are often seriously handicapped by not being able to obtain this fluid at all, or in sufficient quantities. This handicap may be due to a scarcity of these animals or to the expense resulting from their use in large numbers.
Several methods may be employed for drawing the blood from the animal. If a very small quantity is desired, it is possible to bleed the animal from its marginal ear vein and collect the blood in a Wright tube. This is, however, a slow process and can be carried out successfully only on an adult animal. In a few laboratories blood is drawn directly from the animal's heart with a sterile syringe. By this method a considerable quantity of blood may be taken readily, without any serious injury to the animal; the technic involved is, however, so difficult that few investigators make use of it.
Two Antigens of High Molecular Weight: Hemocyanins of Limulus Polyphemus and Fulgur Caniculatus
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ratio by weight of antibody to antigen in the equivalence zone was determined for two hemocyanins, Limulus polyphemus and Fulgur caniculatus, and compared with that predicted by the authors' formula connecting this ratio with the molecular weight of antigen. The results, 1.23 (σM = 0.067), and 0.68 (σM = 0.025) are significantly lower than the predicted results but definitely of the right order of magnitude.
Relation of the Adrenal Glands to Immunological Processes
Authors: Fox Charles A. , Whitehead R. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The administration of cortico-adrenal extract to normal rats, immunized with a single injection of sheep cells produces an increase of 60 to 70 per cent in the hemolysin titers over those of control rats. The prolonged administration of cortico-adrenal extract to rabbits immunized with repeated injections of large doses of sheep cells, results in an increased titer, especially marked during the early stages of the immunization process. The rabbits receiving the extract maintain their body weights and general body growth. The cortical extract had no effect on the leucocyte count in the blood of the immunized rabbits. The significance of the stimulation in the immunological response produced by the extract, is discussed.
On Differentiation in the Suipestifer Group and on Resistance to Phage
Authors: Levine Philip , Frisch Arthur W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Phages for various suipestifer strains differ both in their direct reactions and in their absorption effects. Such studies with one of the suipestifer phages revealed the close parallelism of the specificities revealed by antibody and phage. With one exception, both sorts of reagents revealed the same subgrouping of suipestifer strains. Other results point to the existence of further differences of strains within a particular subgroup. For the diagnosis of the species suipestifer the suipestifer fraction in a polyvalent phage is less specific than phages for particular strains of the homologous group. The property of any culture in its behavior to phage may be employed along with other criteria to aid in its identification. This is particularly significant for certain cultures which are resistant to phage action but, nevertheless, absorb specifically. The nature of bacterial resistance to bacteriophage is discussed in terms of variation in antigenic composition.
Studies on Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Jones F. G. , Moss J. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The need for active immunization against Clostridium tetani infection is evident, especially in those instances in which it has been necessary for industrial and constructional workers to receive numerous prophylactic injections of tetanus antitoxin over a comparatively short period of time owing to various individual injuries. This has resulted in development of a hypersensitivity to horse serum proteins with the resulting severe serum reactions after injection which incapacitate the workers for variable periods of time. Active immunization could be adopted advantageously among military forces and in groups that are unusually subject to injury under conditions where C. tetani might exist and the potential danger from tetanus is high.
Historical. In 1924 Ramon (1) detoxified soluble products of Cornebacterium diphtheriae using 0.4 per cent formaldehyde. This work was followed by Descombey's (2) observation that the same technic was applicable to the soluble products of C. tetani with subsequent production of tetanus toxoid.
A Study of the Virulence of Meningococcus Strains and of the Protective Activity of Antimeningococcus Sera
Authors: Cohen Sophia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By the use of gastric mucin to enhance the virulence for mice of meningococcus cultures, further comparative data on stock and recently isolated strains have been secured. Marked differences in virulence occurred among both stock and recent cultures. Certain stock strains of groups I and III which have been used in the production of serum for many years were found to have retained a relatively high degree of virulence.
A larger proportion of recent strains than of stock strains proved to be highly virulent, but a number of the fresh cultures were of a low degree of virulence.
A reduction in the virulence of two stock strains as well as a loss in precipitative activity resulted from their maintenance on certain media. Thus, the type of medium was again shown to be an important factor in preserving the essential activities of strains which are to be used in the production of serum.
Polyvalent antimeningococcus serum produced with six stock strains exhibited marked protective potency against a virulent stock strain and highly virulent recent strains of groups I and III. The results of comparative tests of various routine and experimental sera indicated wide variations in protective activity.
As a gauge of the protective activity of antimeningococcus serum, the method described gives definite promise of value.
On the Agglutinogens M and N of the Ainu
Authors: Kubo Tadao 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the first study of the racial distribution of the agglutinogens M and N, Landsteiner and Levine found significant differences between whites and American Indians. However, most of the races thus far examined have a similar distribution of the factors. Table 1 shows the distribution of M and N in several parts of Japan.
In 1934, Kubo and his co-workers (1) studied the distribution of M and N substances among the Ainu in the Shizunai district. The results are shown in table 2.
It appears that the distribution of M and N among the Ainu differs considerably from that among the Japanese.
Discussion. 1. Considering differences in distribution of the agglutinogens M and N, the races of the world may be divided into three groups. Let s and t represent the frequencies of M and N respectively; the three groups are determined as follows:
Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A Comparative Study
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Grossman L. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
We have been unable to obtain evidence of attenuation of the poliomyelitis virus by 1 per cent sodium ricinoleate.3
Thirty animals received 5 doses each by subcutaneous inoculation at weekly intervals. Sixteen of the animals developed sufficient neutralizing substance in their blood to neutralize a single constant infective dose of virus. All but 2 succumbed to the intracerebral inoculation of the same dose of virus.
Studies on the Mechanism of Immunity in Typhus Fever
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of guinea pigs infected with or recovered from either variety of typhus (Mexican and European) possess opsonins for Rickettsia prowazeki (Mexican type). The opsonizing properties have been observed in the blood of guinea pigs as early as 96 hours after the inoculation of Mexican typhus virus.
In the convalescent and recovered guinea pigs the opsonizing properties of the serum have been found to persist as long as 3 months after the infection.
The sera from patients and human convalescents from Mexican typhus, possess opsonizing properties for rickettsial bodies. This property is still apparent in the sera of persons who had had typhus or Brill's disease from 2 to 6 years previous to the date of the present studies.
Following vaccination with the formalinized Mexican rickettsiae, opsonins appeared in the blood of a normal man.
Anti-proteus X-19 sera fail to opsonize the rickettsiae of Mexican typhus fever.