bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of Tilted Electron Vortex Flux Rope in the Magnetic Reconnection Tailward Outflow Region
Authors: Jiang K. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Xiong Q. Y. , Wei Y. Y. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWith high‐resolution data from Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, an ion‐scale flux rope (FR) with a heavily tilted axis is observed in the tailward outflow of a magnetic reconnection in the terrestrial magnetotail. Combined with the field‐aligned electron distribution and positions of MMS when the X‐line and FR are observed, the tilted axis is inferred to be caused by the extension of the X‐line in the dawn‐dusk direction. J · E′ is negative and electrons are losing energy in the FR. An ion‐scale electron vortex embedded in the plane perpendicular to the axis is observed inside FR. The induced magnetic field generated by the electron vortex has the same direction as the axial component, which can contribute to the axial component and increase the magnetic flux of the FR. Such electron vortex FRs may be an essential carrier of magnetic flux from near‐Earth X‐line to distant X‐line or interplanetary space.
MANGO: An Optical Network to Study the Dynamics of the Earth's Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Bhatt A. N. , Harding B. J. , Makela J. J. , Navarro L. , Lamarche L. J. , Valentic T. , Kendall E. A. , Venkatraman P. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Mid‐latitude All‐sky‐imaging Network for Geophysical Observations (MANGO) employs a combination of two powerful optical techniques used to observe the dynamics of Earth's upper atmosphere: wide‐field imaging and high‐resolution spectral interferometry. Both techniques observe the naturally occurring airglow emissions produced in the upper atmosphere at 630.0‐ and 557.7‐nm wavelengths. Instruments are deployed to sites across the continental United States, providing the capability to make measurements spanning mid to sub‐auroral latitudes. The current instrument suite in MANGO has six all‐sky imagers (ASIs) observing the 630.0‐nm emission (integrated between ∼200 and 400 km altitude), six ASIs observing the 557.7‐nm emission (integrated between ∼90 and 100 km altitude), and four Fabry‐Perot interferometers measuring neutral winds and temperature at these wavelengths. The deployment of additional imagers is planned. The network makes unprecedented observations of the nighttime thermosphere‐ionosphere dynamics with the expanded field‐of‐view provided by the distributed network of instruments. This paper describes the network, the instruments, the data products, and first results from this effort.
Alongshore Winds Force Warm Atlantic Water Toward Helheim Glacier in Southeast Greenland
Authors: Snow T. , Zhang W. , Schreiber E. , Siegfried M. , Abdalati W. , Scambos T. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEnhanced transport of warm subsurface Atlantic Water (AW) into Greenland fjords has driven glacier mass loss, but the mechanisms transporting AW to the fjords remain poorly characterized. Here, we provide the first direct satellite‐based observations of rapid (∼0.2 m/s) AW intrusion toward Sermilik Fjord abutting Helheim Glacier, one of Greenland's largest glaciers. The intrusions arise when coastal upwelling—through interactions with Sermilik's bathymetric trough on the continental shelf—triggers enhanced AW upwelling and inflow that can travel tens of kilometers along the trough within hours. A weakening or reversal of northeasterly alongshore winds stimulates the intrusions and is often associated with the passing of cyclones and subsequent sea surface lowering. Mooring data show that these intrusions produce subsurface ocean warming both at Sermilik Fjord mouth and within the fjord and that the warming signal in the fjord does not diminish during subsequent coastal downwelling events. Satellite imagery captures near‐synchronous AW intrusions at multiple troughs rimming southeast Greenland suggesting that these wind‐driven processes may play a substantial role in ocean heat transport toward the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Regional Variability in the Environmental Controls of Precipitation Regimes in the Tropics
Authors: Hagos Samson , Feng Zhe , Tai Sheng‐Lun , Chen Jingyi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe environmental factors that control precipitation regimes in Boreal winter rainfall in the tropics and their regional variabilities are examined using a simple statistical analysis and a machine learning (ML) model. Radar‐derived precipitation from field campaigns at Darwin Australia, Manaus Brazil, and the Equatorial Indian Ocean, along with the corresponding large‐scale environmental variables from ERA5 reanalysis, are used. The dependence of marginal distributions of frequencies of these regimes on five environmental variables are calculated. The variables are hourly column integrated precipitable water (PW), convective available potential energy, convective inhibition (CIN), and lower and upper tropospheric wind shear. The simple ML model that predicts the probability of transition from suppressed to an active regime as a function of the environmental variables is designed and optimized for a potential application as a trigger function for convection parameterizations. To the first order the analysis shows an abrupt increase in the probability of an active regime near PW > 60 mm and CIN of <100 J kg−1. The key differences in the frequencies of active regimes among the regions are found to be related to the fact that over Darwin there is strong variability in PW while CIN is generally low. Over Amazon, on the other hand, both PW and CIN are quite variable. Over the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation domain the comparatively frequent low PW is compensated for by consistently low CIN resulting in a moderate frequency of an active regime.
Efficacy and safety of front-line treatment regimens for Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chan Wee-Lee , Chong Vanessa Cui Lian , Wee Ian Jun Yan , Poon Li Mei , Chan Esther Hian Lee , Lee Joanne , Chee Yen-Lin , Jeyasekharan Anand D. , Chng Wee-Joo , Samuel Miny , de Mel Sanjay 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRituximab-based chemo-immunotherapy is currently the standard first-line treatment for Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM), while ibrutinib has emerged as an alternative. In the absence of randomised trials (RCTs) comparing these regimens, the optimal first-line treatment for WM remains uncertain. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought to assess the efficacy and safety of first-line treatment regimens for WM. We searched key databases from January 2007 to March 2023, including phase II and III trials, including treatment-naïve WM patients treated with rituximab-based regimens or ibrutinib. Response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities were evaluated. Four phase III and seven phase II trials were included among 736 unique records. Pooled response rates from all comparative and non-comparative trials were 46%, 33% and 26% for bendamustine rituximab (BR), bortezomib-dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, rituximab (BDRC) and ibrutinib rituximab (IR), respectively. Two-year pooled PFS was 89%, 81% and 82% with BR, BDRC and IR, respectively. Neuropathy was more frequent with bortezomib, while haematologic and cardiac toxicities were more common with chemo-immunotherapy and ibrutinib-based regimens respectively. Our findings suggest that BR yields higher response rates than bortezomib or ibrutinib-based combinations. RCTs comparing BR against emerging therapies, including novel Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, are warranted.
TRAF2/3 deficient B cells resist DNA damage-induced apoptosis via NF-κB2/XIAP/cIAP2 axis and IAP antagonist sensitizes mutant lymphomas to chemotherapeutic drugs
Authors: Vashisht Monika , Ge Huaibin , John Jessy , McKelvey Harlie A. , Chen Jingxin , Chen Zhangguo , Wang Jing H. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDeletion of TRAF2 or TRAF3 in B cells prolongs their survival. However, it remains unknown whether deletion of such factors affects B cells’ ability to tolerate DNA damage, which can be induced by chemotherapeutics and cause apoptosis. Genetic alterations of TRAF2 or TRAF3 are observed in subsets of human B-cell lymphomas and B cell-specific deletion of TRAF3 led to lymphoma development in aged mice. However, it remains unknown whether double deficiency of TRAF2 and TRAF3 accelerates B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we showed that B cell-specific TRAF2/3 double deficient (B-TRAF2/3-DKO) B cells were remarkably more resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis via upregulating cIAP2 and XIAP, which in turn attenuates caspase-3 activation. Mechanistically, resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis required NF-κB2, which effects by upregulating XIAP and cIAP2 transcription. B-TRAF2/3-DKO mice exhibited a shorter lifespan and succumbed to splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Unexpectedly, the incidence of B-cell lymphoma development in B-TRAF2/3-DKO mice was relatively rare (∼10%). Sequencing B cell receptor repertoire of diseased B cells revealed that TRAF2/3 deficiency caused abnormal oligoclonal or clonal expansion of B cells. While a fraction of mutant B cells (25–43%) from aged diseased mice harbored recurrent chromosomal translocations, primary B cells isolated from young B-TRAF2/3-DKO mice had no detectable chromosomal alterations, suggesting that TRAF2/3 deficiency per se does not cause evident genomic instability in B cells. Chemo-resistant TRAF3-deficient B-cell lymphomas were sensitized to chemotherapeutic drugs by blocking IAP activity using IAP antagonist. We conclude that double deficiency of TRAF2 and TRAF3 does not accelerate B-cell lymphomagenesis. Our studies provide insight into mechanisms regulating DNA damage-induced apoptosis and may help develop effective therapies targeting mutant B-cell lymphomas using IAP antagonist.
PGC-1α inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and alleviates liver fibrosis following hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury
Authors: Zhang Yanting , Zhang Linzhong , Zhao Yanmian , He Jing , Zhang Yanghao , Zhang Xiuying 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOxidative stress can induce inflammation, promoting macrophage polarization and liver fibrosis following hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, how PGC-1α regulates macrophage polarization following hepatic I/R remains largely unknown. Male C57BL/6 wild-type mice were pre-treated with vehicle or trichostatin A (TSA) for 2 days and subjected to surgical induction of I/R. Liver injury and fibrosis in individual mice were examined longitudinally and the expression levels of IL-6, STAT3, M2-type macrophage markers, Collagen I and α-SMA in the liver of mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and Western blot. The potential interaction of PGC-1α with phosphorylated NF-kBp65 was determined by immunoprecipitation. The impacts of PGC-1α deficiency in hepatocytes on their IL-6 production and macrophage polarization were tested in a Transwell co-culture system. Moreover, the M2-type macrophage polarization and liver fibrosis were examined in hepatocyte-specific PGC-1α knockout mice and AAV8-mediated PGC-1α over-expressing mice following liver I/R. The down-regulated PGC-1α expression by I/R was negatively correlated with IL-6 levels in the liver of I/R mice and PGC-1α deficiency enhanced IL-6 expression, STAT3 activation and M2-type macrophage polarization in the I/R mice, which were abrogated by TSA treatment. In addition, PGC-1α directly interacted with phosphorylated NF-kBp65 in I/R livers. Hepatocyte-specific PGC-1α deficiency increased IL-6 production and promoted macrophage polarization toward M2 type when co-culture. More importantly, administration with AAV8-PGC-1α rescued the I/R-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling and M2-type macrophage polarization in the liver. These results suggest that PGC-1α may alleviate the I/R-induced liver fibrosis by attenuating the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling to limit M2-type macrophage polarization. PGC-1α may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Demonstration of an AI-driven workflow for autonomous high-resolution scanning microscopy
Authors: Kandel Saugat , Zhou Tao , Babu Anakha V. , Di Zichao , Li Xinxin , Ma Xuedan , Holt Martin , Miceli Antonino , Phatak Charudatta , Cherukara Mathew J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractModern scanning microscopes can image materials with up to sub-atomic spatial and sub-picosecond time resolutions, but these capabilities come with large volumes of data, which can be difficult to store and analyze. We report the Fast Autonomous Scanning Toolkit (FAST) that addresses this challenge by combining a neural network, route optimization, and efficient hardware controls to enable a self-driving experiment that actively identifies and measures a sparse but representative data subset in lieu of the full dataset. FAST requires no prior information about the sample, is computationally efficient, and uses generic hardware controls with minimal experiment-specific wrapping. We test FAST in simulations and a dark-field X-ray microscopy experiment of a WSe2 film. Our studies show that a FAST scan of <25% is sufficient to accurately image and analyze the sample. FAST is easy to adapt for any scanning microscope; its broad adoption will empower general multi-level studies of materials evolution with respect to time, temperature, or other parameters.
Multifaceted information-seeking motives in children
Authors: Molinaro Gaia , Cogliati Dezza Irene , Bühler Sarah Katharina , Moutsiana Christina , Sharot Tali 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFrom an early age, children need to gather information to learn about their environment. Deciding which knowledge to pursue can be difficult because information can serve several, sometimes competing, purposes. Here, we examine the developmental trajectories of such diverse information-seeking motives. Over five experiments involving 521 children (aged 4–12), we find that school-age children integrate three key factors into their information-seeking choices: whether information reduces uncertainty, is useful in directing action, and is likely to be positive. Choices that likely reveal positive information and are useful for action emerge as early as age 4, followed by choices that reduce uncertainty (at ~age 5). Our results suggest that motives related to usefulness and uncertainty reduction become stronger with age, while the tendency to seek positive news does not show a statistically significant change throughout development. This study reveals how the relative importance of diverging, sometimes conflicting, information-seeking motives emerges throughout development.
Nanoscale ductile fracture and associated atomistic mechanisms in a body-centered cubic refractory metal
Authors: Lu Yan , Chen Yongchao , Zeng Yongpan , Zhang Yin , Kong Deli , Li Xueqiao , Zhu Ting , Li Xiaoyan , Mao Shengcheng , Zhang Ze , Wang Lihua , Han Xiaodong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the competing modes of brittle versus ductile fracture is critical for preventing the failure of body-centered cubic (BCC) refractory metals. Despite decades of intensive investigations, the nanoscale fracture processes and associated atomistic mechanisms in BCC metals remain elusive due to insufficient atomic-scale experimental evidence. Here, we perform in situ atomic-resolution observations of nanoscale fracture in single crystals of BCC Mo. The crack growth process involves the nucleation, motion, and interaction of dislocations on multiple 1/2 < 111 > {110} slip systems at the crack tip. These dislocation activities give rise to an alternating sequence of crack-tip plastic shearing, resulting in crack blunting, and local separation normal to the crack plane, leading to crack extension and sharpening. Atomistic simulations reveal the effects of temperature and strain rate on these alternating processes of crack growth, providing insights into the dislocation-mediated mechanisms of the ductile to brittle transition in BCC refractory metals.
Benefit-cost analysis of coordinated strategies for control of rabies in Africa
Authors: Bucher A. , Dimov A. , Fink G. , Chitnis N. , Bonfoh B. , Zinsstag J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPrevious research suggests that dog mass vaccination campaigns can eliminate rabies locally, resulting in large human and animal life gains. Despite these demonstrated benefits, dog vaccination programs remain scarce on the African continent. We conducted a benefit-cost analysis to demonstrate that engaging into vaccination campaigns is the dominant strategy for most countries even in the absence of coordinated action between them. And quantify how coordinated policy measures across countries in Africa could impact rabies incidence and associated costs. We show that coordinated dog mass vaccination between countries and PEP would lead to the elimination of dog rabies in Africa with total welfare gains of USD 9.5 billion (95% CI: 8.1 – 11.4 billion) between 2024 and 2054 (30 years). Coordinated disease control between African countries can lead to more socially and ecologically equitable outcomes by reducing the number of lost human lives to almost zero and possibly eliminating rabies.
Plant immunity suppression by an exo-β-1,3-glucanase and an elongation factor 1α of the rice blast fungus
Authors: Liu Hang , Lu Xunli , Li Mengfei , Lun Zhiqin , Yan Xia , Yin Changfa , Yuan Guixin , Wang Xingbin , Liu Ning , Liu Di , Wu Mian , Luo Ziluolong , Zhang Yan , Bhadauria Vijai , Yang Jun , Talbot Nicholas J. , Peng You-Liang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFungal cell walls undergo continual remodeling that generates β-1,3-glucan fragments as products of endo-glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), which can be recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger plant immune responses. How fungal pathogens suppress those responses is often poorly understood. Here, we study mechanisms underlying the suppression of β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that an exo-β-1,3-glucanase of the GH17 family, named Ebg1, is important for fungal cell wall integrity and virulence of M. oryzae. Ebg1 can hydrolyze β-1,3-glucan and laminarin into glucose, thus suppressing β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity. However, in addition, Ebg1 seems to act as a PAMP, independent of its hydrolase activity. This Ebg1-induced immunity appears to be dampened by the secretion of an elongation factor 1 alpha protein (EF1α), which interacts and co-localizes with Ebg1 in the apoplast. Future work is needed to understand the mechanisms behind Ebg1-induced immunity and its suppression by EF1α.
Discovery of a selective and biologically active low-molecular weight antagonist of human interleukin-1β
Authors: Hommel Ulrich , Hurth Konstanze , Rondeau Jean-Michel , Vulpetti Anna , Ostermeier Daniela , Boettcher Andreas , Brady Jacob Peter , Hediger Michael , Lehmann Sylvie , Koch Elke , Blechschmidt Anke , Yamamoto Rina , Tundo Dottorello Valentina , Haenni-Holzinger Sandra , Kaiser Christian , Lehr Philipp , Lingel Andreas , Mureddu Luca , Schleberger Christian , Blank Jutta , Ramage Paul , Freuler Felix , Eder Joerg , Bornancin Frédéric 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHuman interleukin-1β (hIL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in many diseases. While hIL-1β directed antibodies have shown clinical benefit, an orally available low-molecular weight antagonist is still elusive, limiting the applications of hIL-1β-directed therapies. Here we describe the discovery of a low-molecular weight hIL-1β antagonist that blocks the interaction with the IL-1R1 receptor. Starting from a low affinity fragment-based screening hit 1, structure-based optimization resulted in a compound (S)-2 that binds and antagonizes hIL-1β with single-digit micromolar activity in biophysical, biochemical, and cellular assays. X-ray analysis reveals an allosteric mode of action that involves a hitherto unknown binding site in hIL-1β encompassing two loops involved in hIL-1R1/hIL-1β interactions. We show that residues of this binding site are part of a conformationally excited state of the mature cytokine. The compound antagonizes hIL-1β function in cells, including primary human fibroblasts, demonstrating the relevance of this discovery for future development of hIL-1β directed therapeutics.
Unexpected worker mating and colony-founding in a superorganism
Authors: Zhuang Mingsheng , Colgan Thomas J. , Guo Yulong , Zhang Zhengyi , Liu Fugang , Xia Zhongyan , Dai Xueyan , Zhang Zhihao , Li Yuanjian , Wang Liuhao , Xu Jin , Guo Yueqin , Qu Yingping , Yao Jun , Yang Huipeng , Yang Fan , Li Xiaoying , Guo Jun , Brown Mark J. F. , Li Jilian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe emergence of caste-differentiated colonies, which have been defined as ‘superorganisms’, in ants, bees, and wasps represents a major transition in evolution. Lifetime mating commitment by queens, pre-imaginal caste determination and lifetime unmatedness of workers are key features of these animal societies. Workers in superorganismal species like honey bees and many ants have consequently lost, or retain only vestigial spermathecal structures. However, bumble bee workers retain complete spermathecae despite 25-40 million years since their origin of superorganismality, which remains an evolutionary mystery. Here, we show (i) that bumble bee workers retain queen-like reproductive traits, being able to mate and produce colonies, underlain by queen-like gene expression, (ii) the social conditions required for worker mating, and (iii) that these abilities may be selected for by early queen-loss in these annual species. These results challenge the idea of lifetime worker unmatedness in superorganisms, and provide an exciting new tool for the conservation of endangered bumble bee species.
Coordination of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation revealed by targeted long read sequencing
Authors: Zhang Zhiping , Bae Bongmin , Cuddleston Winston H. , Miura Pedro 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNervous system development is associated with extensive regulation of alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA). AS and APA have been extensively studied in isolation, but little is known about how these processes are coordinated. Here, the coordination of cassette exon (CE) splicing and APA in Drosophila was investigated using a targeted long-read sequencing approach we call Pull-a-Long-Seq (PL-Seq). This cost-effective method uses cDNA pulldown and Nanopore sequencing combined with an analysis pipeline to quantify inclusion of alternative exons in connection with alternative 3’ ends. Using PL-Seq, we identified genes that exhibit significant differences in CE splicing depending on connectivity to short versus long 3’UTRs. Genomic long 3’UTR deletion was found to alter upstream CE splicing in short 3’UTR isoforms and ELAV loss differentially affected CE splicing depending on connectivity to alternative 3’UTRs. This work highlights the importance of considering connectivity to alternative 3’UTRs when monitoring AS events.