bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Evolution of Icy Layer Outcrops on Mars' North Polar Ice Cap: A Sublimation‐Based Framework
Authors: Bramson Ali M. , Pascuzzo Alyssa C. , Becerra Patricio , Mustard Jack F. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTroughs carved into Mars' polar ice cap expose layers of different brightness and topography. These layers can be divided into two strata types: darker, higher dust content marker beds and brighter, lower dust content interbeds. In a companion paper (Pascuzzo et al., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JE008377), we measure the topographic protrusion of the marker beds and interbeds. Here, we investigate processes and factors that contribute to the evolution of these layers to gain insight into the sublimation rates and timescales for active trough wall retreat, specifically the development of observed layer topography. We perform thermal modeling and ice sublimation calculations to explain the topography and its lateral variations. We use our results to develop a novel sublimation‐based framework for the development of marker bed protrusion. Our results suggest that marker beds can develop the observed meter‐scale protrusions in thousands of years via cyclical bursts of differential sublimation modulated by lag production and removal. We find that marker bed topography can easily be formed within a single period of high insolation driven by Mars' axial precession. If the present‐day topographic signatures of exposed trough strata are driven strictly by the differential sublimation and lag processes proposed here, our results suggest that ice retreat may have occurred ∼60–125 kya, with the topographic relief forming in 1–20 kyr. These results also lead us to suggest that thick insulative allochthonous dust veneers (such as that observed in Pascuzzo et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JE008377)) may play an important role in forcing hiatuses in trough wall retreat during high insolation periods.
Development and Evolution of Icy Layer Outcrops on Mars' North Polar Ice Cap: Observations of Vertical and Lateral Variability
Authors: Pascuzzo Alyssa C. , Bramson Ali M. , Becerra Patricio , Mustard John F. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMars' north polar ice cap features troughs that cut into the ice, exposing subsurface layers of different brightness and topographic expression. Specifically, these layers represent two different stratum types: lower albedo (higher dust content) marker beds, which protrude out of the wall topographically, and higher albedo (i.e., icier) interbeds, which are recessed compared to the marker beds. Here, we investigate the role of local‐scale processes by performing a detailed geomorphic characterization of variability in these strata across two sites, using a novel approach to calculating true layer protrusion which utilizes data from high‐resolution Digital Terrain Models. We measure protrusions of the order of meters but find lateral variations within a single trough exposure, suggesting a role for local‐scale processes in the evolution of the layers. We find that the topographic relief of protruding marker beds decreases as a function of decreasing trough slope and brightness (a proxy for dust cover/content). We also observe the presence of an insulative allochthonous dust veneer present on discrete sections of the trough wall, which we suspect plays an important role in modulating ice loss from the trough walls. A companion paper (Bramson et al., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JE008360) models the contribution of insolation‐induced sublimation to present a new framework, and potential timescales for the development of the marker bed protrusion observed here.
Swash Zone Response to the Tsunami Triggered by the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
Authors: Matsuba Yoshinao , Tajima Yoshimitsu , Shimozono Takenori , Yamanaka Yusuke 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOn January 1, 2024, a destructive earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula in Japan, triggering a tsunami in the Sea of Japan. A 3D lidar, which was installed on a gravel beach 150 km from the epicenter before the earthquake, successfully measured nearshore waves and topographic changes during the tsunami event. This study is focused on the analysis of a novel data set to elucidate the swash zone processes caused by the tsunami, with a particular focus on the combined effects of the tsunami and wind waves on high wave runup and morphological changes. The observation data show that the mean sea level was elevated by 1 m when the largest tsunami arrived at the beach. In addition to the tsunami, wind waves reaching a height of 2 m induced wave setup of approximately 1 m and swash exceeding a height of 2 m. The empirical formulas considering the observed change in foreshore slope reasonably reproduced the observed runup heights, suggesting that an increase in the tsunami water level indirectly amplified wind wave runup by increasing the foreshore slope on the concave profile beach. High wind wave runup largely eroded the gravel beach, with the elevation of the upper beach face decreasing by 0.5 m during the tsunami event. We found that the area on the beach face affected by wind waves expanded in response to changes in the tsunami water level.
Source Identification of Organic Carbon in Mountainous Reservoirs Sediments Using Stable Isotopes and n‐Alkanes
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Xu Jianfeng , Ye Wei , Wang Kai , Lu Haiming , Tang Xianqiang , Wang Danyang , Xie Deti , Ni Jiupai , Chen Fangxin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study focuses on the sources of organic carbon (OC) in surface sediments of reservoirs in the mountainous regions, as well as their dynamics and contribution mechanisms in the carbon cycle. Spatial variations in organic carbon, n‐alkanes, δ13C, and δ15N were analyzed, and a Bayesian isotope mixing model was applied to quantify the relative contributions of different OC sources. The results indicate that the concentration range of organic carbon in sediments is 0.88%–3.72%. The average concentration of long‐chain n‐alkanes is 3.69 μg/g, accounting for 71.4%, indicating that the main source of organic carbon is allochthonous organic carbon. In addition, the Bayesian mixture model results of carbon and nitrogen isotopes also indicate that allochthonous organic carbon is the main contributor. Specifically, sewage (33.1%), C₃ plants (27.1%), and soil organic carbon (19.9%) were identified as the dominant sources. This research highlights the influence of human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, on OC dynamics and underscores the role of reservoirs in regulating OC transport. The findings provide critical insights into the mechanisms of OC sequestration in agricultural watersheds and offer valuable guidance for water resource management and ecological protection strategies in mountainous environments.
Reduction of Pacific Double‐ITCZ Bias by Convection Parameterization in NCAR CESM2.2
Authors: Song Xiaoliang , Zhang Guang J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe impact of convective closure on the double‐ITCZ bias in the NCAR CESM2.2 is investigated in this study. The standard CESM2.2 simulates a remarkable double‐ITCZ bias in the central and eastern Pacific, especially in boreal winter and spring. Modifications to the closure in convection parameterization scheme greatly reduce the double‐ITCZ bias in all seasons, demonstrating that convection parameterization can substantially influence the double‐ITCZ bias in CESM2.2. Further analyses suggest that convection parameterization can modulate the tropical atmosphere‐ocean feedback processes, through which it influences the SST in the southern ITCZ region and hence the double‐ITCZ bias. The changes in the upper ocean temperature advection induced by modified convective closure plays important roles in reducing the warm SST bias and double‐ITCZ precipitation bias in the southern ITCZ region. The modified convective closure improves the low‐level cloud and shortwave cloud radiative forcing in the southeastern Pacific. However, surface heat flux plays only a limited role in reducing warm SST bias and double ITCZ bias because the impacts of shortwave radiation changes are largely canceled by changes in longwave radiation and latent heat flux.
Comparative Hypothesis Testing of Auroral Ionospheric Layer Causing Global Navigation Satellite System Scintillation
Authors: Blinstrubas G. , English A. , Stuart D. J. , Hampton D. L. , Lamarche L. , Nishimura Y. , Datta‐Barua S. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAs Global Navigation Satellite System electromagnetic waves pass through the ionosphere, especially in auroral zones, ionospheric irregularities cause the waves to scintillate. Identification of the ionosphere scattering layer is an important factor in understanding the cause of scintillation. This work implements two techniques to determine whether signal scattering for Global Positioning System L1 and L2C signals might be in the E‐ or F‐layer. The first technique used is an updated process of Sreenivash et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006779), in which the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) maximum electron densities and their uncertainties hypothesize the layer in which scattering has occurred. The density‐based method predicts a majority of F‐region scintillation events for 2014, with a majority of E‐region events found for 2015 to 2019. The second technique consists of using the ratio of the 630 (red) to the 428 nm (blue) intensity in optical all‐sky images (ASIs) to hypothesize the scattering layer with ASI. The decision threshold is set to 1.35 based on the GLobal airglOW model. From 2014 to 2018 174 events have both PFISR data and ASIs with clear viewing conditions and alignment to within 25° of magnetic zenith. There is an agreement between the two methods for 128 (74%) events.
The Influences of Evaporation and Aquitard on Groundwater Dynamics and Solute Transport in a Tidal Flat With a Slope Break
Authors: Luo Manhua , Li Hailong , Li Gang , Wang Wei , Yu Shengchao , Ma Qian , Zheng Yan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCoastal groundwater dynamics and solute transport were influenced by multiple factors including aquitards, tides, evaporation, and slope breaks in coastal aquifers. However, quantification of the impacts of these factors on groundwater flow and salinity distribution remains a challenge. In this study, both field observations and numerical modeling were applied to investigate hydraulic heads and groundwater salinity in a tidal flat with large‐scale seepage faces at Laizhou Bay, China. Results showed that seepage‐face evaporation increased groundwater salinity landward and promoted groundwater and salt exchange within the intertidal zone significantly in comparison to the case without evaporation. Seawater infiltrated the aquifer on the left of the slope break and discharged on the right, forming a groundwater circulation cell, which notably influenced leakage flow between unconfined and confined aquifers through the aquitard. The aquitard prevented approximately 85% of inland freshwater discharge near the slope break, resulting in the formation of two atypical freshwater discharge tubes in the upper and middle intertidal zones. Two additional groundwater circulation cells developed in the lower intertidal zone due to the spring‐neap tidal cycle. The outflow and inflow fluxes over a spring‐neap tidal cycle were numerically estimated to be 1.46 and 1.27 m2/d, respectively, with evaporation accounting for 45% of the outflow flux. These findings provide significant insights for further investigations on groundwater dynamics and solute transport in multi‐layered coastal aquifers, and have strong implications for biogeochemical processes within the intertidal zone.
Medical history predicts phenome-wide disease onset and enables the rapid response to emerging health threats
Authors: Steinfeldt Jakob , Wild Benjamin , Buergel Thore , Pietzner Maik , Upmeier zu Belzen Julius , Vauvelle Andre , Hegselmann Stefan , Denaxas Spiros , Hemingway Harry , Langenberg Claudia , Landmesser Ulf , Deanfield John , Eils Roland 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed a global deficiency of systematic, data-driven guidance to identify high-risk individuals. Here, we illustrate the utility of routinely recorded medical history to predict the risk for 1741 diseases across clinical specialties and support the rapid response to emerging health threats such as COVID-19. We developed a neural network to learn from health records of 502,489 UK Biobank participants. Importantly, we observed discriminative improvements over basic demographic predictors for 1546 (88.8%) endpoints. After transferring the unmodified risk models to the All of US cohort, we replicated these improvements for 1115 (78.9%) of 1414 investigated endpoints, demonstrating generalizability across healthcare systems and historically underrepresented groups. Ultimately, we showed how this approach could have been used to identify individuals vulnerable to severe COVID-19. Our study demonstrates the potential of medical history to support guidance for emerging pandemics by systematically estimating risk for thousands of diseases at once at minimal cost.
Assessment of candidate high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma predisposition genes through integrated germline and tumour sequencing
Authors: Subramanian Deepak N. , Zethoven Maia , Pishas Kathleen I. , Marinović Evanny R. , McInerny Simone , Rowley Simone M. , Allan Prue E. , Devereux Lisa , Cheasley Dane , James Paul A. , Campbell Ian G. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHigh-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) has a significant hereditary component, only half of which is explained. Previously, we performed germline exome sequencing on BRCA1 and BRCA2-negative HGSOC patients, revealing three proposed and 43 novel candidate genes enriched with rare loss-of-function variants. For validation, we undertook case-control analyses using genomic data from disease-free controls. This confirms enrichment for nearly all previously identified genes. Additionally, one-hundred-and-eleven HGSOC tumours from variant carriers were sequenced alongside other complementary studies, seeking evidence of biallelic inactivation as supportive evidence. PALB2 and ATM validate as HGSOC predisposition genes, with 6/8 germline carrier tumours exhibiting biallelic inactivation accompanied by characteristic mutational signatures. Among candidate genes, only LLGL2 consistently shows biallelic inactivation and protein expression loss, supporting it as a novel HGSOC susceptibility gene. The remaining candidate genes fail to validate. Integrating case-control analyses with tumour sequencing is thus crucial for accurate gene discovery in familial cancer studies.
Introduction of magneto-fluorescence fluctuation microspectroscopy for investigating quantum effects in biology
Authors: Antill Lewis M. , Kohmura Mizuki , Jimbo Chiho , Maeda Kiminori 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Magnetic field effects on radical pairs in chemical systems are generally well understood and have been successfully investigated with various spectroscopic techniques. However, understanding radical pairs and their quantum nature in biological systems is still in its infancy, which is due to the limitation of high-sensitivity instrumentation. Another reason for this lack of understanding is due to the complexity of biochemical reactions and minute magnetic field-induced changes on radical pair reactions (as low as or lower than a percent). The system design presented here is a new optical system to capture the quantum mechanical nature of biology with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Our magneto-fluorescence fluctuation microspectroscopic approach has the capability of measuring magnetic field effects as low as 0.2% on fluorescence signals near the single-photon level with single-photon avalanche diodes, and is demonstrated by magnetic field effects on 23 molecules. An additional detection system in the form of an EMCCD camera offers spatially resolved magnetic field effects with a novel post hoc digital lock-in amplifier for phase-sensitive camera detection. The aforementioned attributes are demonstrated with radical pair photochemical reactions on model biological systems. The instrument uncovers the importance of photodegradation on protein–flavin interactions via magnetic field effects, which will prove paramount when searching for similar quantum effects in biological locales.
Interaction-driven breakdown of Aharonov–Bohm caging in flat-band Rydberg lattices
Authors: Chen Tao , Huang Chenxi , Velkovsky Ivan , Ozawa Tomoki , Price Hannah , Covey Jacob P. , Gadway Bryce 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Flat bands in condensed matter systems can host emergent states of matter, from insulating states in twisted bilayer graphene to fractionalized excitations in frustrated magnets and quantum Hall materials. A key phenomenon in certain flat-band systems is Aharonov–Bohm caging, where particles become localized due to destructive interference caused by gauge fields. Here we report on the experimental realization of highly tunable flat-band models populated by strongly interacting Rydberg atoms. By employing synthetic dimensions, we engineer a flat-band rhombic lattice with twisted boundaries and explore the control of Aharonov–Bohm caging during non-equilibrium dynamics through a tunable gauge field. Microscopic measurements of Rydberg pairs reveal the interaction-driven breakdown of Aharonov–Bohm caging in the limit of strong dipolar interactions, where lattice bands mix. In the limit of weak interactions, where caging persists, we observe effective magnetism arising from the interaction-driven mixing of degenerate flat-band states. These observations offer insights into emergent phenomena in synthetic quantum materials and expand our understanding of quantum many-body physics in engineered lattice systems.
Cell state-dependent allelic effects and contextual Mendelian randomization analysis for human brain phenotypes
Authors: Haglund Alexander , Zuber Verena , Abouzeid Maya , Yang Yifei , Ko Jeong Hun , Wiemann Liv , Otero-Jimenez Maria , Muhammed Louwai , Feleke Rahel , Nott Alexi , Mills James D. , Laaniste Liisi , Gveric Djordje O. , Clode Daniel , Babtie Ann C. , Pagni Susanna , Bellampalli Ravishankara , Somani Alyma , McDade Karina , Anink Jasper J. , Mesarosova Lucia , Fancy Nurun , Willumsen Nanet , Smith Amy , Jackson Johanna , Alegre-Abarrategui Javier , Aronica Eleonora , Matthews Paul M. , Thom Maria , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Srivastava Prashant K. , Malhotra Dheeraj , Bryois Julien , Bottolo Leonardo , Johnson Michael R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Gene expression quantitative trait loci are widely used to infer relationships between genes and central nervous system (CNS) phenotypes; however, the effect of brain disease on these inferences is unclear. Using 2,348,438 single-nuclei profiles from 391 disease-case and control brains, we report 13,939 genes whose expression correlated with genetic variation, of which 16.7–40.8% (depending on cell type) showed disease-dependent allelic effects. Across 501 colocalizations for 30 CNS traits, 23.6% had a disease dependency, even after adjusting for disease status. To estimate the unconfounded effect of genes on outcomes, we repeated the analysis using nondiseased brains (n = 183) and reported an additional 91 colocalizations not present in the larger mixed disease and control dataset, demonstrating enhanced interpretation of disease-associated variants. Principled implementation of single-cell Mendelian randomization in control-only brains identified 140 putatively causal gene–trait associations, of which 11 were replicated in the UK Biobank, prioritizing candidate peripheral biomarkers predictive of CNS outcomes.
Orphanhood and caregiver death among children in the United States by all-cause mortality, 2000–2021
Authors: Villaveces Andrés , Chen Yu , Tucker Sydney , Blenkinsop Alexandra , Cluver Lucie , Sherr Lorraine , Losby Jan L. , Graves Linden , Noonan Rita , Annor Francis , Kojey-Merle Victor , Wang Douhan , Massetti Greta , Rawlings Laura , Nelson Charles A. , Unwin H. Juliette T. , Flaxman Seth , Hillis Susan , Ratmann Oliver 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Deaths of parents and grandparent caregivers threaten child well-being owing to losses of care, financial support, safety and family stability, but are relatively unrecognized as a public health crisis. Here we used cause-specific vital statistics death registrations in a modeling approach to estimate the full magnitude of orphanhood incidence and prevalence among US children aged 0–17 years between 2000 and 2021 by cause, child age, race and ethnicity, sex of deceased parent and state, and also accounted for grandparent caregiver loss using population survey data. In 2021, we estimate that 2.91 million children (4.2% of children) had in their lifetime experienced prevalent orphanhood and caregiver death combined, with incidence increasing by 49.5% and prevalence by 7.9% since 2000. Populations disproportionately affected by orphanhood included 5.2% of all adolescents; 6.4% and 4.7%, respectively, of non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, and non-Hispanic Black children; and children in southern and eastern states. In 2021, drug overdose was the leading cause of orphanhood among non-Hispanic white children, but not among minoritized subgroups. Effective policies and programs to support nearly three million bereaved children are needed to reduce the acute and long-term negative effects of orphanhood.
Provenance of late Pleistocene loess in central and eastern Europe: isotopic evidence for dominant local sediment sources
Authors: Fenn K. , Millar I. L. , Bird A. , Veres D. , Wagner Doris 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLoess profiles along the Danube River provide a record of long-term Quaternary dust (loess) deposition in central-eastern Europe. Here, Sr–Nd isotopic data from four loess-palaeosol profiles (47 samples) spanning the last two-glacial-interglacial cycles are presented. The isotopic compositions generated by this study are compared with bedrock and sedimentary samples from Europe and North Africa to decipher the sources of sediment. The results demonstrate that over the last 300 ka the alluvial plains of the Danube (which are themselves sourced from surrounding mountain belts) are a local source of material and consequently sediment experiences aeolian transport over relatively short distances. The results dispute the commonly held assumption that the Sahara was a sediment contributor to loess in central-eastern Europe as North African contributions are not needed to explain loess signatures. Consequently, the findings suggest a suppressed southerly wind direction and dominance of the westerly and north-westerly wind systems over the entirety of the record.