bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’évolution de l’architecture militaire amiénoise et son impact sur les faubourgs (1346-1550)
Authors: Béghin Mathieu 
Published: September 2023

La défaite française à la bataille de Crécy en 1346 incite le roi de France à renforcer la défense de la cité d’Amiens (Somme) en demandant aux autorités locales de procéder aux travaux nécessaires. Ces dernières décident d’enclore les quatre faubourgs qui s’étaient développés au sud de la cité dans une vaste enceinte. Jugé inapproprié, le tracé est modifié par le pouvoir royal, ce qui provoque une première phase de destructions. Par la suite, la confirmation d’Amiens dans son rôle de ville-refuge en 1359 contraint l’échevinage à multiplier les destructions défensives dans les faubourgs entourant la cité dès les années 1360. Les conséquences les plus terribles (destruction de bâtiments, spoliation de terres, recul de l’habitat) sont toutefois à attribuer à l’introduction de la fortification bastionnée qui se manifeste à Amiens dès la première moitié du XVe siècle. De par sa situation de zone de marche du royaume de France, Amiens se trouve au cœur de la politique défensive royale. Cela se traduit par d’importantes campagnes de rénovation et de modernisation des fortifications, surtout entre les mi-xve et mi-xvie siècles, époque durant laquelle la couronne de France fait de cette ville l’un des bastions dans la guerre contre les ducs de Bourgogne, puis contre la famille des Habsbourg. Ce contexte géopolitique eut de lourdes répercussions sur l’occupation des abords de la ville, allant même jusqu’à engendrer une redéfinition du terme « faubourg » dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle.
Le château d’Étaples au xvie siècle
Authors: Byhet Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Construit en 1172 par Mathieu d’Alsace, comte de Boulogne, le château d’Étaples (Pas-de-Calais) connaît d’intenses campagnes de modernisation entre 1545 et 1547, afin de parer aux raids anglais des troupes du roi Henri VIII qui ont conquis Boulogne en 1544, ainsi que de nombreux travaux de réparation à la suite des sièges menés dans le cadre des guerres de la Ligue entre 1584 et 1597. Toutes ces modifications transforment profondément la forteresse qui présente un aspect radicalement différent à la fin du xvie siècle : désormais, elle est protégée par un ouvrage à cornes élevé sur son flanc ouest, par un ouvrage tenaillé aménagé sur ses flancs nord et est et par un moineau installé à son angle sud-est ; à l’intérieur de ses vieux murs, probablement en lieu et place du donjon comtal, elle comprend logis du gouverneur, casernes et grenier à grains. Toutefois, la plupart de ces ouvrages seront construits en vain, car le château verra son rôle défensif décroître de manière inexorable dans le courant du xviie siècle.
Apprendre, créer et travailler en famille. L’exemple de la dynastie Bonnart, marchande d’estampes à Paris sous l’Ancien Régime
Authors: Cugy Pascale 
Published: September 2023

Ce texte évoque la question du travail en famille dans le cadre d’un métier libre – la gravure en taille-douce – à Paris sous l’Ancien Régime. Il s’appuie sur l’exemple de la dynastie Bonnart, particulièrement célèbre pour sa contribution à l’image de mode et souvent présentée par les historiens de l’estampe comme le prototype de la fratrie heureuse où l’union rend indiscernable la part de chacun. Il étudie de façon concrète le rôle joué par les différents membres de la famille au sein de la production, mettant en valeur un fonctionnement qui tend à suivre l’exemple fourni par les corporations tout en se montrant fortement attaché à la liberté d’entreprise. Les questions de la transmission – concernant tant l’apprentissage que l’héritage –, du rôle du cadre familial du point de vue de la création et du commerce, ainsi que du poids du patrimoine sont successivement abordées.
Dans et hors la ville : la définition des territoires dans les textes de coutumes en Normandie
Authors: Jean-Marie Laurence 
Published: September 2023

Conservées pour un nombre important de villes et ports de Normandie, les coutumes de villes sont des sources connues mais peu exploitées. Si certaines relèvent principalement du tarif de taxes, d’autres envisagent diverses prérogatives de pouvoirs urbains et témoignent de l’existence de juridictions qui s’étendent au-delà de ce que l’on peut appeler la ville elle-même. Elles fixent des normes et définissent des territoires juridictionnels, à la fois zones de domination et de privilèges pour les populations qui y résident. L’analyse des textes permet de mieux comprendre ce que sont ces territoires et quelles en sont les limites. À ce titre la question de la signification du terme « ville » est posée, de même que celle du rôle de l’enceinte. Les textes établissant des règles, en particulier en matière de prélèvement de taxes, permettent aussi d’analyser les modalités spatiales des contrôles.
Post-tonsillectomy surgical emphysema — a case report
Authors: Kamel H. , Fahmy F. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTonsillectomy is still the most common surgical procedure performed in most ENT departments worldwide. Although it is considered a safe procedure, its complications can be serious and potentially life threatening. The development of cervicofacial emphysema after tonsillectomy is a very rare complication, which in most cases resolves spontaneously, but on the other hand it can be life threatening especially if associated with pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum.
Does hepatitis C virus enhance prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and affect its severity? An Egyptian study
Authors: Hassan Elham A. , Malek Mohamed O. Abdel , Hasan Ali A. , Ahmed Asmaa O. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and severe form of pulmonary fibrosis characterized by gradual loss of pulmonary function. Despite rigorous research, the etiology of IPF has remained unknown. Viruses, for example, hepatitis C virus (HCV), had been implicated in IPF etiology; however, data on the prevalence of HCV infection in IPF patients were limited.

Aim of the study
Our aims were to assess the prevalence of HCV antibodies in IPF patients and to assess the relationship between severity of pulmonary and hepatic dysfunction.

Materials and methods
IPF patients were prospectively enrolled from Chest Department, Assiut University Hospital. HCV antibodies were detected using the third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients’ pulmonary and hepatic functions were evaluated.

Results
HCV antibodies were significantly higher in IPF patients than in controls (29.4 vs. 14%, P = 0.04). Patients with HCV had significantly more severe hypoxemia and lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide than those without HCV (47.7 ± 11.3 vs. 54 ± 18.7, P = 0.03 and 52.7 ± 8.4 vs. 67.3 ± 9.5, P = 0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference between HCV-positive IPF patients and HCV-negative IPF patients regarding spirometric parameters and liver function parameters.

Conclusion
This higher prevalence of HCV and its effect on pulmonary functions in IPF patients may contribute in IPF pathogenesis, which hopefully will allow currently available antiviral drugs or novel therapeutic approaches to treat or modify the course of this devastating disease.
Role of ultrasound in the management of pleural diseases in respiratory intensive care patients
Authors: Helala Leila A. , Madkour Ashraf , Osman Nehad M. , Hetta Waleed M. , Hakim Inas M. Abdel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Ultrasonography (US) has become an invaluable tool in the management of critically ill patients.

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the role of US in the diagnosis and treatment of pleural diseases in patients in the respiratory intensive care unit.

Patients and methods
This study recruited 55 patients who presented with suspected clinical and/or radiological evidence of pleural disease in whom US and chest radiography were performed. In addition, US-guided interventions were carried out whenever needed and computed tomography scans of the chest where obtained whenever possible.

Results
Pleural effusion was the most common pleural disease encountered (54.5%). US correctly predicted the nature of most pleural effusions, whether transudative or exudative (84%). US was significantly more sensitive than chest radiography in the diagnosis of pleural effusion and pleural thickening (P = 0.00 and 0.004, respectively) and had significantly better sensitivity for unilateral effusions and for septations compared with computed tomography (P = 0.004). There was almost perfect agreement between US results and the final diagnosis in all pleural diseases, with κ values ranging from 0.9 to 0.98. A total of 67 US-guided interventions were carried out, with a success rate of 94%, and only one (1.5%) complication was encountered in the form of partial pneumothorax. US affected the diagnosis and altered the treatment policy, with recorded favorable outcomes. Short-term training programs enable pulmonologists to acquire US examination skills after 30 examinations.

Conclusion
US is an efficient and suitable method for evaluating pleural disease in the respiratory intensive care unit, especially pleural effusion. US-guided pleural interventions have been successful and have shown favorable outcomes and minimal complications. Short-term training could enable mastering of US use.
Prognostic factors and outcome of mechanically ventilated interstitial lung disease patients
Authors: El-Abdeen Ashraf Zin , Shaaban Lamiaa H. , Farghaly Shereen , Omar Yara Y. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
The prognosis of mechanically ventilated interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients was controversial in previous studies. Identifying the factors associated with mortality could guide therapy and allow good use of ICU resources.

Aim
The aim was to study the outcome of ILD mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the respiratory ICU and to demonstrate the possible factors associated with mortality in these patients.

Patients and methods
The observational prospective study was carried out on ILD patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, either invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Clinical, radiological, and outcome assessments were done for all enrolled patients. For outcome assessment, patients were classified into either survivors or nonsurvivors.

Results
Twenty-one (70%) of the patients were subjected to NIV, whereas nine (30%) of them were subjected to IMV. The overall mortality rate was 53.3%. However, the mortality rate was 35% in patients with NIV, but 100% in patients with IMV. Severity assessment scores were significantly higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. Nonsurvivors also presented significantly with lower pH and higher PaCO2 compared with survivors. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II score greater than or equal to 18.5, Simplified Acute Physiology Score greater than or equal to 27.5, Glasgow coma scale score less than 12.5 and PaO2/ FiO2 less than 161.5 were associated with increased risk of mortality of ILD patients.

Conclusion
Mechanically ventilated ILD patients had a poor outcome. However, the survival rate of ILD patients was better on NIV than IMV. Severity assessment scores and PaO2/FiO2 could predict the risk of mortality in ILD patients.
Differentiation between pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization in immunocompromised patients
Authors: Sadon Amal Abd Elazeem , Saraya Mohamed A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
The diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is mainly based on microscopic detection of P. jirovecii in the respiratory samples. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can detect low levels of P. jirovecii DNA but cannot differentiate between infection and colonization. Therefore a new and more accurate assay have to be used. 1,3 BD-glucan (BD-glucan) with a threshold value of 100 pg/ml can differentiate P. jirovecii infection from colonization.

Aim
The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of qPCR and BD-glucan assays in differentiating pneumocystis infection from colonization in immunocompromised patients with help of radiological pulmonary infiltrates.

Patients and methods
This study consisted of 75 immunocompromised patients (37 renal transplanted patients and 38 HIV patients) who were admitted for radiological pulmonary infiltrates and who presented a clinical picture suspecting PJP. They were investigated using microscopic staining of their respiratory samples (induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage).By applying both qPCR and serum BD-glucan assays we can differentiate between P. jirovecii infection from colonization.

Results
In this study, the first group of 25 patients were diagnosed as definite PJP, the second group of 20 patients were diagnosed as having pneumonia with P. jirovecii colonization, and a third group of 30 patients were diagnosed as having pneumonia without colonization. The number of copies of fungal DNA detected by qPCR were significantly higher in a definite PJP than in those with pneumonia accompanied with P. jirovecii colonization. Also BD-glucan assays were significantly higher in definite PJP by applying a threshold value of 100 pg/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of qPCR for differentiation of PJP infection from colonization were 100 and 64%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of BD-glucan were 100 and 96%, respectively.

Conclusion
Both BD-glucan and qPCR assays had high diagnostic values in differentiating definite PJP from P. jirovecii colonization, and by applying qPCR with two cutoff values combined with serum BD-glucan using a threshold value of 100 pg/ml.
Safety and diagnostic yield of thoracic ultrasound-assisted transthoracic biopsy performed by a pulmonologist
Authors: Ashour Laila , Ramzy Eman , El-Gharib Mohamed , Maher Rehab , El-Embaby Dalia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Transthoracic ultrasonography (US) is still not utilized to its full potential by respiratory physicians, despite being a well-established and validated imaging modality. It allows for an immediate and mobile assessment that can potentially augment the physical examination of the chest. This work aims to assess safety and diagnostic yield of thoracic US-assisted transthoracic biopsy performed by a pulmonologist . Patients and methods The present study was conducted upon 75 patients who are referred to the Pulmonary Medicine Department, Ain Shams University Hospitals with radiological assessment that reveals pleural-based mass with or without pleural effusion, anterior mediastinal mass, peripheral lung lesions or chest wall lesions. The present study was conducted upon 75 (67 male and 8 female) patients with mean±SD age 58.8±15.64.

Results
This study showed that 31 cases were presented by peripheral pulmonary mass, 29 pleural lesions, nine mediastinal and six chest wall lesions, 57 of them diagnosed by sonar guided biopsy, 51 of them were malignant and the remaining six were benign.

Conclusion
Transthoracic US-assisted cutting-needle biopsy is an excellent first-line diagnostic tool for pleural-based lesions of at least 3 cm in diameter. It is a quick, low-cost, safe and well-tolerated tool in the hands of pulmonologists and has a high sensitivity for pleural-based malignancies.
Erectile dysfunction in pulmonary tuberculosis: is it a common association?
Authors: Magdy Doaa M. , Metwally Ahmed , El Zohne Randa A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Genital tuberculosis (TB) has negative influences on the reproductive function, and pulmonary TB causes disruption of the sexual function as well. The purpose of this study was to estimate the influence of pulmonary TB on male sexual function and sex hormones.

Patients and methods
Of the 55 newly diagnosed male patients with pulmonary TB (40 pulmonary and 15 extrapulmonary: six with TB lymphadenitis and nine with TB pleuritis), 20 healthy volunteers served as control. All patients were evaluated: full clinical data, sputum smear examination, chest radiography, serum testosterone levels, and The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaires.

Results
Of the studied TB cases 78.1% had erectile dysfunction, with a higher prevalence in pulmonary TB (67.2%) when compared with the 10.9% in extrapulmonary TB. As regards radiographic patterns, the patients presented with consolidation/cavitary lesion had the highest prevalence (60%). According to the IIEF questionnaires, the total score in the pulmonary group was significantly lower than that in the extrapulmonary group (10.8±2.05 vs. 20.2±3.09) (P=0.000*). The mean testosterone level was significantly decreased in pulmonary TB cases. Sputum grading of acid-fast bacilli in patients with pulmonary TB showed that the testosterone level was significantly decreased among patients with ‘3+’ (>10 acid-fast bacilli/field) sputum smears (3.23±2.88 ng/ml) when compared with sputum negative. A significant correlation was found between bacillary load and the total score of IIEF and serum testosterone levels (r=−0.323, P=0.000*).

Conclusion
Pulmonary TB has a negative impact on male sexual function. Thus, sexual problems should be in mind during the assessment and evaluation of patients with TB.
Evaluation of lung cancer patterns and bronchoscopic presentations in patients admitted to Abbasia Chest Hospital
Authors: Muhammad Farrag A. , Haytham Diab S. , Mostafa Khalaf A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, accounting for more cancer-related deaths compared with colon, breast, and prostate combined.

Aim
The aim of this work is to detect the predominant bronchoscopic presentations and anatomical sites for all histopathological types of lung cancer.

Patients and methods
This study was conducted prospectively in the bronchoscopy units in Abbasia Chest Hospital. It included 132 patients suspected clinically and radiologically to have lung cancer and admitted to the hospital during the period from July 2016 to March 2017. Of them, 81 patients were pathologically diagnosed as having primary lung cancer.

Statistical analysis
χ2 test was used to examine the relationship between the two qualitative variables. Student’s t test was used to assess the statistical significance of the difference between the two study group means. McNamara test was used assess the statistical significance of the difference between a qualitative variable measured twice for the same study group.

Results
A total of 81 patients (73 males and eight females) with primary lung cancer were included in the study; most of them were in the sixth decade of life. The main anatomical sites of bronchogenic carcinoma were main bronchi and lower lobe bronchi equally (24% each), followed by lower lobe bronchi (20%). Most common macroscopic bronchoscopic presentations of bronchogenic carcinoma were end bronchial lesion (46.91%) followed by external compression (12.35%) and then mucosal infiltration and external compression (9.88%).

Conclusion
Persistent pulmonary complaints like productive cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis should be investigated immediately. Proper screening and early diagnostic methods should be applied on a large scale to find out suspected patients who at risk to develop lung cancer.
Frequency of hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension in cirrhotic liver patients
Authors: El-Maraghy Abbas S. , Abu Naglah Ahmed A. , Amin Ayman , Merghany Kamal A. , Khalil Mohamed M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Chronic liver diseases may cause abnormal changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. There are two important and pathophysiologically different pulmonary vascular abnormalities – hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN). Pathophysiologically, HPS results from vasodilatation, whereas PPHTN results from vasoconstriction.

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of HPS and PPHTN in dyspneic cirrhotic hepatic patients.

Patients and methods
This study included 87 patients with cirrhotic liver disease admitted to Al-Azhar University Hospitals from September 2013 to September 2015. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was based on clinical, biochemical, serological, and metabolic workup, abdominal ultrasound, or liver biopsy. All patients in this study were subjected to complete medical history taking and clinical examination, liver function tests, plain chest radiography, and thoracic high-resolution computed tomography, abdominal ultrasonography, arterial blood gas analysis in the supine and standing positions, calculation of alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient, saline two-dimensional contrast-enhanced echocardiography, and right-heart catheterization only for all cases with PPHTN.

Results
The present study showed that the prevalence of HPS was 25.28% (22 out of 87 cases) and was higher than the prevalence of PPHTN, which was 5.7% (5 out of 87 cases).

Conclusion
HPS and PPHTN are not uncommon in patients with hypoxemia and chronic hepatic disease. Diagnoses of such disorders are essential, especially in patients who are listed for liver transplantation.
Cardiac evaluation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using echocardiography
Authors: Mohammed Yasser Moustfa , ElShahid Ghada Samir , Osman Nehad Mohammed , Abd ElHameed Nehal Qadry 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant cause of death. Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in COPD.

Aim
We used echocardiography to evaluate cardiac function in patients with COPD and correlated echocardiographic findings with COPD severity.

Patients and methods
We performed a prospective cross-sectional study on 60 patients with stable COPD who presented to the Abbasia Chest Hospital during the period from November 2016 till August 2017. Spirometry was performed for all participants using American and European Thoracic Society (2005) recommendations. They were classified according to GOLD guidelines (2017) and evaluated by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography according to American and European Association of Echocardiography ASE recommendations.

Results
Echocardiographic examination of left ventricular functions revealed no cases of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, but left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was found in ~25%. Right ventricle dilatation was found in ~18% of the patients. Tricuspid regurge was seen in ~75%, with variable grades from mild to severe. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was found in ~40% of the patients. It was more prevalent in patients with severe and very severe disease. Correlation between echocardiographic findings and severity of COPD revealed significant positive correlation only with right ventricle size, tricuspid regurgitation, and PH.

Conclusion
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction appears to be frequent in patients with COPD, but it is not related to the disease severity. Abnormal right heart changes could be expected. Presence of PH has a linear relationship with COPD severity.