bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of one-dimensional dam-break flood routing based on HEC-RAS
Authors: Mo Chongxun , Shen Yue , Lei Xingbi , Ban Huazhen , Ruan Yuli , Lai Shufeng , Cen Weiyan , Xing Zhenxiang 
Published: January 2023

Dam-break is a serious disaster resulting in severe damage to downstream communities. Therefore, analyzing the affected range and the evolution process of dam-break floods in advance is valuable. However, the difficulties and challenges lie in the complexity of the breaking process of earth-rock dams, the uncertainty in the evolution of dam-break floods, and the geographical variability. Given this, the objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the dam-break flood evolution. The study chooses Chengbi River Reservoir as the research object, HEC-RAS as the simulation software, unsteady flow differential equations and one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations as the control equations, and it uses four-point implicit finite difference method for discrete solution. In this paper, the dam-break flood evolution is simulated under three boundary conditions (full breach, 1/2 breach, 1/3 breach), and the main results are as follows. From the dam site section to the Tianzhou hy-drological station section, the peak discharge decay rates of the three schemes are 78%, 77%, and 67%, respectively. The water level decay rates of the three schemes are 47%, 36%, and 30%, respectively. A 1 m increase in the bursting water level elevation increases the peak flow by ap-proximately 7%, and the highest water level in front of the dam by 1 m, and delays the peak time by 1.5 h on average. In addition, the preliminary inundation extent for the Baise City is obtained. The analysis results can provide a fundamental basis for flood control as well as a reference for flood disaster management.
Multi-scale pore structure characteristics and main controlling factors analysis of Longtan formation shale in Northwest Guizhou
Authors: Huang Yuqi , Zhang Jinchuan , Zhang Peng , Tang Xuan , Yang Junwei 
Published: January 2023

Marine-continental transitional shale strata are widely distributed in China and have high gas potential. The Longtan shales are a typical marine-continental transitional coal-bearing shale system in Northwest Guizhou. Low-temperature N2 adsorption experiments and high-pressure mercury injection experiments were carried out on the unweathered shale samples from Well JS-1. The multi-scale fractal dimensions were calculated based on the MESP (Menger-sponge) model, MESA (mercury saturation) model, and FHH (Frenkel-Halsey-Hill) model respectively. The macropores (≥100 nm) are mainly inorganic with a fractal dimension D1 between 2.8628–3.2057, indicating the macropore structure is relatively complex. The proportion of the macropores in total pores is not high in comparison to mini-micropores (&lt;50 nm), and the content of brittle minerals and pyrite mainly controls its structure. Among the mesopores (50–100 nm), inorganic pores are still the primary pore type, but the proportion of organic pores increases. The fractal dimension D2 is between 2.2125–2.3016. It has medium complexity, and the proportion in the total pores is slightly higher than that of macropores. The influence of organic matter abundance on mesopore structure is greater than that in macropore because of the increase in the proportion of organic pores, making the controlling mechanism of mesopore structure more complicated. Mini-micro pores are mainly organic pores. The fractal dimension D3 (fractal dimension of mini-micropores under low relative pressure, P/P0 ≤0.5) ranges between 2.6709–2.8648, and D3’ (fractal dimension of mini-micropores under high relative pressure, P/P0 &gt;0.5) ranges between 2.6661–2.9256, indicating complex pore structures and rough surfaces. Mini-micropore accounts for the highest proportion of the total pores and its structure is mainly controlled by the abundance of organic matter. The pore structures of macropores and mesopores greatly influence the proportion of desorption gas in shale, while the structure of mini-micropores can control the maximum adsorbed gas volume of shale.
Spatio-temporal assessment of regional scale evolution and distribution of glacial lakes in Himalaya
Authors: Mohanty Litan , Maiti Sabyasachi , Dixit Ankur 
Published: January 2023

Glacial lakes are a potential threat to the livelihoods and precious infrastructures in the Himalayan region. The expansion of these lakes under the influence of global warming further poses a grievous risk of natural disasters in the form of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) that necessitates regular monitoring to reduce and mitigate its implications. This research focuses on the regional scale distribution and evolution of glacial lakes in the Himalayan mountain range with their causes. We used Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and operational land imager (OLI) images, Google Earth imageries, Shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model, and Aphrodite climatic data to study lake evolution and its controlling parameters. A total of the 5,409 glacial lakes was taken for the size expansion analysis, which excludes supraglacial lakes. An expansion rate of 2.98%/yr and 1.01%/yr in glacial lakes number and size was found from 1990 to 2020, respectively. The glacial lakes are distributed mainly in Langtang, Bhutan, Sikkim and Everest region; while, new lakes are forming at higher elevations continuously. The highest lake size expansion was noted in 2015–2020 (36.51%) followed by 2000–2010 (21.72%) and 2010–2015 (10.65%), while 1990–2000 (3.36%) showed a lowest expansion rate. The highest expansion rate was noticed near an elevation band of 5000–5500 m. Moreover, lakes in the central and eastern Himalaya are highly decrease by climatic change, i.e., increase in temperature a decrease precipitation. The feature selection algorithm was used to identify the importance of various controlling parameters, which showed temperature change rate, glacier fed lake, glacier snout steepness, proximal distance, glacier calving frontal width, precipitation change rate and lake type gave higher weightage towards lake size change.
Fluorine in shallow groundwater in China: A review of distribution, occurrence and environmental effects
Authors: Zhao Ping , Zhang Shuheng , Xu Kaijian , Zhao Yuejiao , Shen Pengju , Zhu Lele , Zheng Liugen 
Published: January 2023

With rapid economic development and the increasing demand for drinking water, a large amount of groundwater is exploited, resulting in a high F− content in groundwater, which is harmful to the environment and human body. In this study, 5,464 data points of fluoride in shallow groundwater were collected, and the F− content distribution, occurrence form and environmental impact of shallow groundwater were discussed. The results showed that 1) the F− content in shallow groundwater in China ranged from 0 to 60 mg/L, with a mean content of 0.90 mg/L; the lowest average F− content in shallow groundwater in Southwest China was 0.36 mg/L; South China (1.20 mg/L), Northeast China (1.25 mg/L) and Northwest China (1.25 mg/L) were considered high-fluoride areas, and North China (0.93 mg/L), East China (0.67 mg/L) and Central China (0.80 mg/L) were considered low-fluoride areas. The mean F− content in groundwater differed between provinces and cities. 2) The F− in shallow groundwater mainly occurred in ionic, complex ionic and organic fluoride molecular states. 3) The influence of a high F− content in shallow groundwater on the environment was mainly manifested in the increase in water F− concentration and soil F− and vegetable F− content. The influence of a high F− content on the human body was mainly manifested in an increase in urinary F− content in children, a high prevalence of dental fluorosis in children, an increase in skeletal fluorosis rate in adults with age, and an influence on cognitive function of older adults. These results provide a basis for F− pollution control and high-fluoride water treatment.
Sensitivity of boundary layer parameterization schemes in a marine boundary layer jet and associated precipitation during a coastal warm-sector heavy rainfall event
Authors: Shen Yian , Du Yu 
Published: January 2023

The sensitivity of planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes in a marine boundary layer jet and associated precipitation is investigated in this study. Six PBL parameterization schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, including YSU, MYJ, MYNN, ACM2, BouLac, and UW schemes, are examined in simulating a marine boundary layer jet (BLJ) over South China Sea and associated coastal precipitation during a warm-sector heavy rainfall event (19–20 May 2015) near the coast of South China. The results show that YSU, MYJ, MYNN, and BouLac schemes can generally reproduce the coastal warm-sector heavy rainfall with 6-h accumulated precipitation exceeding 50 mm, but not for the ACMs and UW schemes. No convection initiation occurs in the ACM2 run, while rainfall is located to further north with weaker intensity in the UW run. Meanwhile, weakest and strongest BLJs are simulated in the ACM2 and UW runs, respectively. In the ACM2 run, the weaker BLJ with the maximum wind speed less than 17 m s−1 induces weaker convergence and lifting in the upwind side of the coastal terrain as well as less water vapor transport to the coastal area, which thus inhibit convection initiation. On the contrary, the too strong BLJ in the UW run with large area of wind speed greater than 18 m s−1 causes the northward movement of convection along with cold pools, and rainfall moves further north accordingly. The differences in BLJs’ strength among PBL schemes are attributed to varying simulated low-level vortex on the northern side of the BLJ through veering ageostrophic winds. The intensity of the simulated low-level vortex is affected by variations in boundary layer mixing over land and associated vertical temperature stratification under different PBL schemes.
Water level fluctuation controls carbon emission fluxes in a shallow lake in China
Authors: Yuan Xiaomin , Liu Qiang , Li Shuzhen , Cui Baoshan , Yang Wei , Sun Tao , Wang Xuan , Li Chunhui , Cai Yanpeng , Li Miao , Zhou Jialiang 
Published: January 2023

High-strength alterations in the water level due to extreme climate change and increased anthropogenic activities have implications for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission variations in shallow lakes. However, the consistency of the carbon emission flux in response to water-level fluctuations and temperature is still unclear. Here, we evaluated the water depth (WD) on the magnitude and variation sensitivity of CH4, CO2, and GHG, and then the temperature dependence of carbon emissions was estimated at different water levels. The water depth threshold indicated a maximum CH4 (97.5 cm) and CO2 (10 cm), resulting in a water depth threshold of GHG at 54.6 cm. Inside the whole WD, the effect of rising water depth on CH4, CO2 and GHG sensitivity shifted from a positive effect to a negative effect at a WD of 97.5 cm. And CH4, CO2 and GHG in 10 cm&lt;WD&lt;97.5 cm show the highest emission flux and sensitivity to varying water depths. Furthermore, a consistency of carbon emission flux responding to water depth and temperature was only found in specific zones of shallow lakes with 10 cm&lt;WD&lt;97.5 cm, indicating that the temperature dependence of CH4 and CO2 are driven by the hydrological regime without water level stress, shifting the GHG emission flux. Ensuring the restoration management goal related to the carbon peak by governing the time of threshold occurrence is essential.
Numerical simulation of the effect of atmospheric condition on the lightning strike for wind turbine
Authors: Yang Ning , Jiang Wei , Jin Chenlu , Zhang Shuqin , Hou Wenhao 
Published: January 2023

The risk of lightning exposure increases as wind turbine size increases, and lightning accidents have grown up to be a severe threat to wind turbines. The present paper focuses on the influence of the changes in atmospheric conditions around the rotating blade for the upward leader initiation. A 2D computational fluid dynamics model was established to obtain the air pressure distribution around the blades, and the simplified inception model was used to determine the initiation of the upward leader mechanism. In this paper, two significant factors of velocity and attack angle were studied. The results show that the trigger height is about an 11.2% difference for 120 m/s with the peak current of return stroke at 30 kA; the difference has reached about 28% for the attack angle of 10°. The research indicates that the area with higher air pressure is exposed to a greater risk of lightning strikes, and the probability of lightning strikes will increase as the blade attack angle increases.
Structure and fracture characterization of the Jizan group: Implications for subsurface CO2 basalt mineralization
Authors: Fedorik Jakub , Delaunay Antoine , Losi Giacomo , Panara Yuri , Menegoni Niccolo , Afifi Abdulkader M. , Arkadakskiy Serguey , Al Malallah Murtadha , Oelkers Eric , Gislason Sigurður R. , Ahmed Zeyad , Kunnummal Noushad 
Published: January 2023

The coastal region of southwest Saudi Arabia contains a thick sequence of Late Oligocene basalts in the Jizan Group, which accumulated along the continental rift that preceded the opening of the Red Sea. These basalts are targeted for the disposal of CO2 emitted from industrial sources by subsurface carbon mineralization processes. The disposal potential of the Jizan Group basalts depends on having adequate permeability along fracture networks capable of conducting injected fluids away from the wellbores. The basalts in the Jizan Group generally lack primary permeability due to hydrothermal alteration, but are cross-cut by a dense network of fractures. In this paper, we describe and interpret the structural geology of the area based on field and geophysical data, and characterize the fracture development in the Jizan Group. The Jizan Group in the area comprises a bimodal suite of 30–21 Ma volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and lacustrine sediments that accumulated in a continental rift valley similar to the East African rift. It consists predominantly of basaltic lavas that were fed by dense swarms of sheeted basalt dikes intruded parallel to the rift axis. Structurally the area is composed of half grabens bounded from the west by antithetic normal faults, and from the east by a megaflexure. Fractures in the Jizan Group were characterized by ground and aerial digital photogrammetry of outcrops. Mean P21 fracture intensities from 12 scattered meter scale outcrops are in the range 5–54 m−1, which demonstrates that the Jizan Group is highly fractured. Fracture directions are multimodal. The dominant fracture trend is 140–160 N, which is parallel to the sheeted dike swarms and normal faults, and therefore parallel to the paleo-rift axis. Additional conjugate and orthogonal fracture sets are also recognized. The presence of pervasive fracture-based permeability in the Jizan Group will facilitate the injection and mineral carbonation of carbon dioxide in the mafic volcanic rocks in this region.
Tephrostratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene deposits from the Detroit Rise eastern slope (northwestern Pacific)
Authors: Derkachev Alexander , Gorbarenko Sergey , Portnyagin Maxim , Zhong Yi , Nikolaeva Nataliya , Shi Xuefa , Liu Yanguang 
Published: January 2023

The main goal of the study is to establish the spatial and temporal distribution of pyroclastic material from large explosive eruptions of the volcanoes of Kamchatka, the Kuril, and Aleutian Islands to create a generalized tephrochronological model and reveal patterns of explosive activity in this region. This paper presents new data on the composition of volcanic ash (tephra) found in the Pleistocene deposits of the northwestern Pacific from the eastern slope of the Detroit Rise (northwestern part of the Imperial Ridge), 450–550 km east of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Eleven layers and lenses of tephra aged from 28 to 245 ka, which were previously unknown, were studied in the core Lv63-4-2. Their stratigraphic position and age were determined based on age models developed in this study. Based on the geochemical composition of volcanic glass (determined using an electron microprobe), seven layers were correlated with tephra from several cores in the northwestern Pacific and the Bering Sea. The obtained results supplement the information on large explosive eruptions of volcanoes in the region and their periods of activity. They also allow the development of a generalized tephrochronological model of Quaternary deposits, which is necessary for stratigraphic correlation, and of paleooceanological and paleogeographic reconstructions.
Graves disease is more prevalent than Hashimoto disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Wang Lu-Ting , Huang Chi-Yu , Lin Chao-Hsu , Cheng Bi-Wen , Lo Fu-Sung , Ting Wei-Hsin , Lee Yann-Jinn 
Published: January 2023

IntroductionAutoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common associated autoimmune disorder in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Early detection of AITD is crucial to optimize glycemic control, growth, and intellectual development. In this prospective cohort study, we sought to characterize the prevalence, incident ages and risk factors of AITD in children and adolescents with T1D.Materials and methodsPatients with T1D diagnosed at ≤ 18 years at MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, from 1990 to 2019 underwent annual screening for AITD. Institutional Review Board-approved data on age, sex, and disease profile are collected. Statistical analysis was performed by using independent sample t test for continuous variables, chi-squared test for categorical variables, and Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative incidence of AITD were calculated. A p value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWe prospectively followed up 808 patients with T1D, 761 patients were included in the study. Of these patients, 197 (25.9%) of them had thyroid autoimmunity, meaning positivity of thyroid autoantibodies. Females had a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity than males (59.9%, p = 0.012). Altogether, 5.5% patients developed AITD (4.1% had Graves disease; 1.4% had Hashimoto disease), at a mean age of 17.8 ± 8.5 years. The cumulative incidence of AITD at 30 years of disease duration was 0.29 in the total group and was significantly higher in females (0.39, n = 397) than in males (0.15, n = 364, p&lt;0.001).DiscussionIn Taiwan, the prevalence of AITD in pediatric population with T1D increases with age, a longer disease duration and female sex. For early detection of autoimmune thyroid disease in Taiwanese children and adolescents with T1D, an annual AITD screening program should be implemented.
Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of immune checkpoint molecules and regulators in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Ding Jia-Tong , Yang Kang-Ping , Lin Kong-Lan , Cao Yu-Ke , Zou Fang 
Published: January 2023

BackgroundConsidered a significant risk to health and survival, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin, which is mainly due to the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells.Scope of reviewIn recent years, the role of immune checkpoints in the treatment of cancer has been increasingly recognized, but unfortunately, little attention has been paid to the significant role they play both in the development of secondary diabetes with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the treatment of T1D, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4(CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene-3(LAG-3), programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1), and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein-3(TIM-3). Here, this review summarizes recent research on the role and mechanisms of diverse immune checkpoint molecules in mediating the development of T1D and their potential and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.Major conclusionsImmune checkpoint inhibitors related diabetes, similar to T1D, are severe endocrine toxicity induced with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Interestingly, numerous treatment measures show excellent efficacy for T1D via regulating diverse immune checkpoint molecules, including co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules. Thus, targeting immune checkpoint molecules may exhibit potential for T1D treatment and improve clinical outcomes.
Efficient metformin transformation in sulfite/UV process co-present with oxygen
Authors: Gu Yurong , Zhang Yi , Jiang Chengchun , Dong Zijun , Bai Xue 
Published: January 2023

UV/sulfite process without oxygen has been extensively explored and used for the degradation of many micro-pollutants. In the present work, a UV/sulfite process in the presence of oxygen was applied to degrade a widely used pharmaceutical compound, metformin (MET). The results showed that the oxygen-involved UV/sulfite process could efficiently degrade MET. At an initial concentration of 2.5 mg/L, 86.0% of MET was removed from the contaminated water within 180 min irradiation at a sulfite dosage of 10 mM, solution pH of 9, and UV intensity of 4,092 μW/cm2. In addition, sulfate radical (SO4•-), hydroxide radical (•OH), hydrogen atom (•H), and hydrated electron (eaq−) were found to be the dominant active species contributing to MET removal in the studied process through scavenging experiments. The increase in UV intensity, sulfite dosage, solution pH, and reaction temperature enhanced MET degradation in the investigated process to a certain extent, whereas the introduction of bicarbonate and fulvic acid slightly suppressed MET degradation. Finally, the degradation products of MET were identified. The oxygen-involved UV/sulfite process exhibited a remarkable denitrification capacity (&gt;80%) in MET. The findings of this study may offer a novel approach for treating emerging contaminants.