bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Hazard Assessment and Landslide Vulnerability Mapping for Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir Using GIS Technique
Authors: Bhagyaraj U. , Sreevalsa Kolathayar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the present study, earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility mapping of the two newly formed union territories of India namely Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir has been done based on Newmark’s methodology using GIS techniques. The vulnerability of the study area against induced seismic acceleration was estimated in terms of static safety factor (FSc). Terrain slope and Peak Horizontal acceleration (PHA) were taken as the major input for the study. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) was carried out by considering linear seismic source model to obtain PHA at the bedrock level using a MATLAB code developed by authors. The PHA was amplified to the ground surface using appropriate site correction factors considering the B-type site class. GIS technique was employed to get slope value from Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The two union territories were divided into 30m×30m grids and the static factor of safety values required to prevent the landslide for each grid were estimated. It is observed that both Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir are at risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, as many spots demand a critical safety factor (FSc) of greater than 1.0. It is apparent that the upper western sections of Jammu & Kashmir, which include Muzaffarabad district and parts of Punch district, are severely prone to landslides since they require FSc greater than 2.0. In comparison to other regions, the lower western region of Ladakh, near India’s political border, is demanding a high value of FSc. The map thus developed is an excellent guide to researchers for detailed study and to policymakers for taking remedial actions.
Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments from Southwestern Part of Bay of Bengal, India
Authors: Harikrishnan Sadanandan , Senthil Nathan Dharmalingam , Sridharan Mouttoucomarassamy , Nitin Agarwal , Anbuselvan Nagarajan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Twenty-nine shelf sediment samples have been collected from the Southwestern part of the Bay of Bengal in 5 transects lying offshore between the coasts of Cuddalore and Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India. Collected samples were analyzed for sediment texture, organic matter (OM), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni). Sandy fractions were found to be abundant in all transects except transect 3, because of the existence of the Pichavaram estuary fed by river Vellar in the north and Coleroon in the south. Among all the trace metals, Fe is the most abundant in the sediment samples. And metals such as Co, Pb, Cr and Ni are higher than the average background values, suggesting adverse effects of human activities in polluting the marine environment. The pollution indices viz. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), and Contamination Factor (CF) were calculated to assess trace metal pollution. The results imply that Cu, Co, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni in most of the sampling sites are highly contaminated in terms of Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo). Pb, Zn and Cr are heavily contaminated, while Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co showed moderate contamination, as demonstrated by the CF values. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA), explain the combination of geogenic and anthropogenic sources contributing trace metals to the marine system.
Estimation of Soil Erosion Using RUSLE Model and GIS Tools: A Study of Chilika Lake, Odisha
Authors: Behera Dhiroj Kumar , Jamal Saleha , Wani Suhail Ahmad , Mohd Taqi , Kumar Rajiv 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chilika Lake is the largest coastal lagoon on the eastern coast of India. The aerial extension of the lake fluctuates between 1165 km2 to 906 km2. The opening of new inlet into the lake has enriched its biodiversity but also has increased the rate of siltation, which inturn affected the lake’s water holding capacity, causing ecological repercussions and impacting its flora and fauna. The RUSLE model integrated with remote sensing and GIS techniques was used to assess the soil loss in watershed of Chilika Lake. The model takes into account various factor viz. Crop /cover management factor (C), Soil erodibility factor (K), slope length (L), Conservation support practice factor (P), Rainfall erosivity factor (R), and steepness factor (S) to estimate potential soil loss. The results of the study reveal that 486.92 km2 i.e., 73.16% area of the Chilika watershed falls under least risk category of soil erosion, 44.17 km2 (6.6%) under moderate category, while, about 11% is at high, 8.8% at very high, and 0.043 at severe risk of soil erosion. The analysis estimates the annual average soil loss rate in the catchment of Chilika Lake to be 32.41 ton/ha/yr. The raster layers developed to study spatial soil loss indicate that the catchment of the lake is under the grip of soil erosion and siltation problems. Therefore, the study recommends immediate action of conservation and management planning processes to save the lake from further degradation.
Impact of Altitude on Soil Physico-chemical Properties in a Topo-Sequence in Mid Himalayan Watershed: A Case Study from Dehradun District, Uttarakhand
Authors: Maurya Uma Kant , Roy Trisha , Bihari Bankey , Singh Madan , Bishnoi Rajesh , Kadam Darshan M. , Singh Lakhan , Shrimali S.S. , Muruganandam M. , Kumar Suresh , Sharma S.K. , Kumar Rakesh , Malik Anil , Verma Ramesh 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Soil properties are an outcome of the interplay between different soil forming factors and processes of which topography or altitude plays an important role. A study was conducted in the mid-Himalayan region to verify the impact of altitude on different soil properties. Geo-referenced soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depth from the agricultural fields with an altitudinal variation of 760 m to 1170 m above mean sea level (amsl). Soils of the area were dominantly gravely sandy loam texture; moderately to highly acidic in reaction with low soluble salts and very high soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Soil fertility of the region was high in available phosphorous (P), relatively medium to high in available nitrogen (N), whereas, potassium (K) content was in medium range. Among the micronutrients, deficiencies were recorded for boron (B) and manganese (Mn), whereas, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) content were high. It was observed that altitude had little/variable control over pH, EC, P, Cu, Mn, S and Fe distribution, whereas increasing trend of SOC, Zn, B, K and N content with altitude could be attributed to management practices and the effect of soil erosion and deposition at different altitude. The study indicated that the chemical and physical properties of soils were selectively affected by the altitudinal variations and are an important base for initiating scientific management of soil resources in the area.
Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Soil using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Contamination Indices: A Case Study of Gurugram Millennium City, Haryana, India
Authors: Panghal Vishal , Bhateria Rachna , Kumar Rohit , Arya Sunder Singh , Kumar Sunil 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Pollution of various environmental components, such as air, water, and soil, is caused by industrialization and urbanization in urban agglomerates. This study provides information about groundwater quality and the levels of heavy metals in the surface soils of Gurugram city. The groundwater and soil samples were analyzed for various chemical parameters. Heavy metals in groundwater and soil were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Groundwater samples show higher electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonates (HCO3-), and chlorides (Cl-). Water quality index (WQI) indicates that groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes. Most of the groundwater samples surpassed the prescribed limits for heavy metals. While in the case of soil, Cd, Ni and Cr were found above the average background value for soils. Contamination factors (CF) and Pollution load index (PLI) for various heavy metals in soil were found to vary from 0.006 to 20.9 and 0.64 to 1.93, respectively. The 70% of samples found with PLI &gt;1, indicate deterioration of soil quality. Three soil samples have a high ecological risk index (ERI) with values of more than 600. Average value of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) varies in the order Cd&gt;Pb&gt;Cu&gt;Zn&gt;Ni&gt; Cr&gt;Fe with average value 3.43, 1.73, 0.86, 0.029, -.23, -1.2 and - 7.14, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical technique, shows that the first three principal components (PC) account for 84.99% of the variance in groundwater samples. In soil samples, the first two PCs account for 76.97% of the variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) shows three clusters for groundwater samples and two clusters for soil samples. The study area shows higher pollution levels and needs an improved environmental management plan.
Structure and crystallization behavior of binary silver tellurite glasses and glass ceramics
Authors: Al-Mohammedi Waleed , Sherbiny Mohamed , Abdelghany Amr Mohamed , El-Damrawi Gomaa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUsing Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron micrographs (TEM-EDP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the local environment of Te atoms and the crystallization behavior of glasses in the system of chemical formula xAg2O. (100 − x)TeO2 (25 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol%) have been examined. Crystalline structure was evident in the XRD spectra of glasses containing 40 and 50 mol% TeO2. On the other hand, an amorphous structure has been observed in glasses with lower Ag2O concentrations (25, 30, and 35 mol%). Thermal heating could be used to crystallize the amorphous glasses’ structure. Using DSC measurements, the treatment's temperature was controlled. The species with good crystallinity include Ag2Te4O9 and Ag2Te2O5. The results of TEM and EDP, as well as both SEM and XRD, revealed that in glasses enriched with Ag2O, crystalline clustered species were formed. Raman data proved that the crystalline clustered is improved as a result of the formation of TeO3 units enriched with nonbridging oxygen bonds. In compositions containing less than 40 mol%, Ag2O plays the role of a glass modifier. At higher Ag2O concentrations, it plays the role of building crystalline clusters of the Ag2Te4O9 and Ag2Te2O5 types.
Body Uneasiness and Dissatisfaction Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Persons
Authors: Muzi Laura , Nardelli Nicola , Naticchioni Gabriele , Mazzeschi Claudia , Baiocco Roberto , Lingiardi Vittorio 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Introduction
While sexual minority people have been widely considered at risk for developing a range of body image concerns, evidence of body dissatisfaction and shame amongst LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) individuals is mixed. This study investigated differences in body uneasiness, body dissatisfaction, and self-blaming/attacking attitudes between LGB and heterosexual individuals, as well as within LGB groups, while also examining the predictive role of body mass index (BMI).

Methods
A sample of cisgender lesbian women (n = 163), gay men (n = 277), bisexual women (n = 135), bisexual men (n = 39), heterosexual women (n = 398), and heterosexual men (n = 219) completed an online survey assessing different aspects of body image between May and July 2020.

Results
Gay and bisexual men reported greater body image disturbance and self-blaming attitudes relative to heterosexual men. In contrast, lesbian women reported lower body uneasiness than their bisexual and heterosexual counterparts, but greater self-hate. Moreover, lesbian and bisexual women showed more body dissatisfaction than gay men, and bisexual individuals reported more body uneasiness than individuals in other sexual minority subgroups. Higher BMI emerged as a significant predictor of body image concerns and dissatisfaction.

Conclusions
Body image dimensions showed sexual identity–based differences. Determining the specific nuances of body image in LGB individuals can provide important information on potential risk factors that may impact mental health outcomes.

Policy Implications
In-depth knowledge of body dissatisfaction and uneasiness in individuals with LGB identities may have critical implications for the development of personalized prevention and treatment strategies.
Overstating the effects of anthropogenic climate change? A critical assessment of attribution methods in climate science
Authors: García-Portela Laura , Maraun Douglas 
Published: March 2023

AbstractClimate scientists have proposed two methods to link extreme weather events and anthropogenic climate forcing: the probabilistic and the storyline approach. Proponents of the first approach have raised the criticism that the storyline approach could be overstating the role of anthropogenic climate change. This issue has important implications because, in certain contexts, decision-makers might seek to avoid information that overstates the effects of anthropogenic climate change. In this paper, we explore two research questions. First, whether and to what extent the storyline approach overstates the effects of anthropogenic climate change. Second, whether the objections offered against the storyline approach constitute good reasons to prefer the probabilistic approach. Concerning the first question, we show that the storyline approach does not necessarily overstate the effects of climate change, and particularly not for the reasons offered by proponents of the probabilistic approach. Concerning the second question, we show, independently, that the probabilistic approach faces the same or very similar objections to those raised against the storyline approach due to the lack of robustness of climate models and the way events are commonly defined when applying the probabilistic approach. These results suggest that these objections might not constitute good reasons to prefer the probabilistic approach over the storyline approach.
Transmission of parasitic mites (Riccardoella oudemansi) between limacid slug hosts: the role of parasite and host behaviour
Authors: Roper Mark J. , Arnold Ruth E. , Storer Kieran E. , Green Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTransmission between hosts is crucial to the growth, development and reproduction of many parasites. As a consequence, parasites are under selection to maximise transmission success and exhibit many behavioural and morphological adaptations that allow detection of, and movement between, hosts. However, transmission success is not determined by parasites alone, but is also shaped by host behaviours. Often, host behaviours function to minimise the risk of exposure to parasites; in some cases, however, host behaviours may be manipulated by parasites to increase transmission success. In this study, we investigated transmission of the parasitic miteRiccardoella oudemansibetween slug (Limacus maculatus) hosts, considering the role of both host and parasite behaviour in determining transmission success. Host-host transmission occurred when slugs were in physical contact, but mites were also capable of moving across the substrate to locate new hosts, a process facilitated by mucus trails. We found no strong evidence that slugs avoid parasitised conspecifics, or that mites manipulate slug behaviour to increase transmission. Finally, mites showed a preference for the mucus of parasitised slugs, but did not discriminate between mucus from their own host and another parasitised slug. A general preference for mucus from parasitised slugs is likely to be important in encouraging mites to remain in close contact with their host and may also facilitate host-switching and outbreeding. We encourage further study of parasitism byRiccardoellain limacid slugs, where cross-species variation in host social behaviour may drive differences in the rate and success of parasite transmission across slug species.
The effects of heading time on yield performance and HvGAMYB expression in spring barley subjected to drought
Authors: Ogrodowicz Piotr , Kuczyńska Anetta , Krajewski Paweł , Kempa Michał 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn the lifetime of a plant, flowering is not only an essential part of the reproductive process but also a critical developmental stage that can be vulnerable to environmental stresses. To ensure survival during drought, plants accelerate the flowering process, and this response is known as “drought escape.”HvGAMYB—transcription factor associated, among others, with flowering process and anther development in barley—has also an important role in developmental modification and yield performance in plants subjected to stressed conditions. Due to the fact that information about the mechanisms associated both with the flowering acceleration and the anther or pollen disruption is limited, the exploration of the potentialHvGAMYBrole in flower development may shed light on pollen and spike morphology formations in plants grown under unfavorable water conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize differences in responses to drought among early- and late-heading barley genotypes. These two subgroups of plants—differentiated in terms of phenology—were analyzed, and traits linked to plant phenotype, physiology, and yield were investigated. In our study, the drought stress reactions of two barley subgroups showed a wide range of diversity in terms of yield performance, anther morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, and pollen viability. The studied plants exhibited different yield performances under control and drought conditions. Moreover, the random distribution of genotypes on the biplot showing variability of OJIP parameters in the second developmental point of our investigation revealed that prolonged drought stress caused that among early- and late-heading plants, the studied genotypes exhibited different responses to applied stress conditions. The results of this study also showed that theHvGAMYBexpression level was correlated positively with traits associated with lateral spike morphology in the second developmental point of this investigation, which showed that this association occurred only under prolonged drought and highlighted the drought stress duration effect on theHvGAMYBexpression level.
Ethanol production from non-detoxified hardwood spent sulfite liquor in submerged fed-batch culture using advanced yeasts
Authors: Bezuidenhout Niel , Rorke Daneal C. S. , van Rensburg Eugéne , Diedericks Danie , Görgens Johann F. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo improve process feasibility, it is essential to use hardwood spent sulfite liquor (HSSL) as the main feedstock for bioethanol production, without prior detoxification. In addition, operating at large-scale under cost-effective conditions such as a small inoculum size (< 1 g/L), pH 5, using industrially acceptable nutrients, and without sugar addition, will require the use of harsh, concentrated HSSL streams. The potential of non-detoxified HSSL as a feedstock for ethanol production using two recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, CelluX™4 and TFA7, was assessed. The inhibitory effect of non-detoxified HSSL was mitigated, and the ethanol titer increased from 4.1 to 7.9 g/L when pulse fed-batch was used instead of batch production, with CelluX™4 performing best. Both strains made use of the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway, with strain TFA7 engineered for increased tolerance against inhibitors. By administering concentrated HSSL in pulses to shake-flask cultures, the ethanol titer could be increased by approximately 50–90% when compared to simple batch cultures supplemented with 20%, 40%, and 60% (v/v) dilutions of HSSL. CelluX™4 was used in non-aerated, non-sterile 5-L bioreactor fermentations with a low cell concentration (< 1 g/L), pH 5, and 5 g/L corn steep liquor (CSL) as the nitrogen source. In comparison, undiluted HSSL was fed continuously to obtain a final 65% (v/v) HSSL supplementation, which corresponded to a total sugar concentration of 70.8–80.8 g/L. Despite the use of harsher, concentrated feedstock and inexpensive process conditions, the reactor fed-batch fermentations obtained ethanol yields of 0.35–0.43 g/g, which, based on a maximum theoretical ethanol yield of 0.51 g/g of hexoses or pentoses, corresponds to yield efficiencies of 68.6 and 84.3%. This illustrates an improvement on the highest titers reported in the literature for non-detoxified HSSL. The use of the advanced industrial S. cerevisiae strain, CelluX™4, combined with a fed-batch strategy, offers an inexpensive and straightforward process with real upscaling potential for industrial HSSL fermentations.
A human-centred design approach for the development and conducting of maritime cyber resilience training
Authors: Erstad Erlend , Hopcraft Rory , Vineetha Harish Avanthika , Tam Kimberly 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Due to the increase in the digitalization on board ships, the potential consequences of a cyber-induced incident can threaten the safety of the ships. A known challenge in the maritime industry is communication between ship owner management onshore and the crew on board a ship, especially during incident handling. To mitigate this issue and enhance cooperation in the digital age, crew and ship owner management need to meet, train for, and discuss cyber risks and their challenges. One way to enhance cohesive teams and effective communication is through the application of a human-centred design (HCD) approach to holistic team training. This paper proposes how simulator instructors should utilise HCD for the development of maritime cyber resilience training, tailored to a variety of maritime stakeholders including ship’s crew and onshore support personnel. To do this, this paper will explore relevant learning theories and current maritime and cyber-related training methods. The paper will then demonstrate, through a practical application, the effectiveness of adopting HCD when designing maritime cyber resilience training. This application will argue that maritime simulators present an effective training solution for new cyber-related incidents. The authors demonstrate the application of HCD by showcasing a ballast water handling system cyber incident designed for the simulator. The development of such a training resource allows all participants to experience the consequences of a cyber-attack in a safe environment whilst enhancing their ability to respond (i.e. communicate with each other) effectively.