bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immunosuppressive Effects of Rauscher Leukemia Virus Upon Spleen Cells Cultured in Cell-Impermeable Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Borella Luis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative differences were demonstrated in the effects of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) upon various expressions of the immune response. BALB/c mouse spleen cells were inoculated with RLV and cultured in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers. The suppressive effects of RLV on the cellular expression of IgM and IgG memory and on the cell responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and alloantigens were investigated. RLV inoculated at time zero of culture inhibited IgG but not IgM memory. Both responses were depressed when the interval between RLV inoculation and antigenic restimulation was increased. Removal of the macrophage-rich, adherent cell population depressed the IgM but not the IgG response, indicating that the early selective inhibition of IgG memory was not dependent on infection of macrophages by RLV. Incorporation of 3H-TdR was higher in cultures of spleen cells infected with RLV than in non-infected controls. This high background precluded accurate measurement of stimulation of DNA synthesis by RLV-infected BALB/c cells cultured with mitomycin-treated C57BL mouse spleen cells. However, infected cultures responded to PHA stimulation with 3H-TdR incorporation similar to that of the non-infected, PHA-stimulated cells. These data indicated that RLV-induced immunosuppression is not an all-or-none phenomenon; the degree of inhibition appeared to depend on the different immunocompetent units participating in various immune responses.
Role of the Bursa of Fabricius in IgG and IgM Production in the Chicken: Evidence for the Role of a Non-Bursal Site in the Development of Humoral Immunity
Authors: Lerner K. G. , Glick B. , McDuffie F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ablation of the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken at different times and by different techniques was carried out to assess the relative effects on production of antibodies to SRBC and of IgM and IgG. In confirmation of previous work, IgG and IgG antibody production were readily inhibited by bursectomy. In contrast, IgM production was increased by the methods used unless irradiation was added. Dipping eggs in testosterone propionate at 3 days of incubation, which completely prevented development of the bursa, resulted in IgM levels at 14 wk that were 4 × those of controls but not accompanied by any increase in the level of IgM anti-SRBC. The results indicate that: 1) the bursa has a major role in the maturation from IgM to IgG synthesis, and 2) the bursa is not essential for antibody and immunoglobulin production.
A Rapid Method for Direct HL-A Typing of Cultured Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Ferrone Soldano , Pellegrino Michele A. , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extensive use of cultured human lymphoid cell lines in transplantation immunology has increased the need for a simple and rapid typing method to directly determine their HL-A phenotype. Such a procedure would also permit the use of phenotyped cultured cell lines as a standard panel, thus improving the screening and characterization of cytotoxic HL-A alloantisera and facilitating comparison of these sera among different laboratories. Furthermore, since cultured cells are an excellent source of soluble HL-A antigens (1, 2), a rapid and direct method to determine their mosaic of HL-A determinants would facilitate the isolation and biologic characterization of these antigens. Thus far, cultured cells cannot be used efficiently in HL-A typing laboratories since these cells are extremely sensitive to the natually occurring cytotoxins in rabbit serum (3, 4) that is routinely employed as a source of complement (C) in the C-dependent cytotoxic reaction.
Characterization of Three Homogeneous Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Hurvitz Arthur I. , Kehoe J. Michael , Capra J. Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three homogeneous immunoglobulins were isolated from the serum or urine of three dogs with plasma cell dyscrasias. Antigenic and physicochemical characterization of the proteins showed that one was a macroglobulin, a second a γA myeloma paraprotein, and the third a Bence Jones protein. The proteins were characterized by physical, chemical and immunologic analysis and compared with human immunoglobulins, as well as with a previously studied canine macroglobulin. The studies confirmed the production of myeloma paraproteins by certain dogs with plasma cell dyscrasias and suggested their suitability for further elucidating the nature of canine immunoglobulins. In addition, such pure proteins should prove useful for comparative amino acid sequence analyses with human and murine myeloma proteins.
Activity in Vitro of Lymphocytes and Macrophages in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Sell Stewart , Nishio Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro activities and interactions of macrophages and lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitive and normal guinea pigs, in the presence or absence of antigen (PPD), were examined with the aid of phase-contrast time-lapse cinematography. Macrophages from peritoneal exudate had active amoeboid motion and numerous rapidly extending pseudopodia. Macrophages from normal or sensitized animals, in the presence of antigen and sensitized lymphocytes, and to a lesser extent sensitized thymocytes, formed considerably less active and less numerous pseudopodia, became spherical and were more sluggish in their movements. The motion of lymphocytes and thymocytes, normal or sensitized, was not affected by specific antigen. Non-sensitized macrophages aggregated and tended to become associated with lymphocytes in the presence of antigen and sensitized lymphocytes. These in vitro observations provided direct evidence of immunologically induced cellular interactions in delayed hypersensitivity systems.
Isolation and Purification of a Peptido-Rhamnomannan from the Yeast Form of Sporothrix Schenckii. Structural and Immunochemical Studies
Authors: Lloyd Kenneth O. , Bitoon Minda A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A peptido-rhamnomannan was isolated from the cells and culture medium of the human pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, grown in the yeast phase. It was purified by precipitation of its borate complex with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and then by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The sugars in the polysaccharide were identified as d-mannose (50%) and l-rhamnose (33%). The amino acid composition of the peptide resembled that of the peptide moiety of other fungal peptido-polysaccharides. The polymer was almost entirely (91%) precipitated by concanavalin A and the ratio of mannose to rhamnose in the precipitate was unchanged, showing that the sugars are components of the same polymer. Methylation analysis and partial acid hydrolysis showed that the basic structure of the polysaccharide is a peptido-mannan to which numerous l-rhamnose residues are attached. About 60% of the rhamnose residues could be preferentially removed by mild acid hydrolysis. The peptido-rhamnomannan precipitated with the sera of individuals (3) with sporotrichosis. Sera from a small number of patients with other fungal diseases and from normal individuals did not precipitate within the sensitivity limits of the method. The specificity of two of the sera were examined in more detail by studying their cross-reactions with other fungal mannans.
Augmented Anti-SIII Antibody Responses to an SIII-Protein Conjugate
Authors: Paul William E. , Katz David H. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits that had been primed with type III pneumococci (PnIII) manifested striking anamnestic anti-type-specific polysaccharide (SIII) responses to challenge with a covalent conjugate of SIII and bovine γ globulin (BGG) if they had received an intervening immunization with BGG. If no supplemental BGG immunization was given, the SIII-BGG complex caused no secondary anti-SIII response in primed animals. Furthermore, a single intravenous dose of SIII-BGG complex elicited a primary anti-SIII antibody response in rabbits. These results were interpreted in the light of cooperative cellular interactions in immune responses. An approach of this sort may be suitable for clinical immunization against a variety of bacterial polysaccharides.
Spontaneous Reoxidation of the Subunits of Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Authors: Mukkur T. K. S. , Inman F. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The consequences of subsequent reoxidation of human IgM that had been lightly reduced or extensively reduced were studied. When IgM was reduced with 0.02 M mercaptoethylamine (MEA), only the intersubunit interchain disulfide bonds were broken. The interchain bonds within each subunit, IgMs, remained intact. The percentage of μ and L chains in the alkylated IgMs, as measured by absorbancy at 280 nm, was virtually the same as that of the parent IgM (77% μ; 23% L). Reoxidation of the MEA-produced IgMs, in the absence of alkylation, led to the formation mainly of oxidized residual IgMs and apparently IgM. The percentage of μ and L chains in the reoxidized IgMs was the same as that of alkylated IgMs. In addition, the sedimentation coefficients of alkylated and of reoxidized IgMs were identical. On the other hand, reduction of IgM with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) resulted in cleavage of all interchain bonds in the molecule. In the absence of alkylation, spontaneous reoxidation of the mixture led to the formation of several entities intermediate in size between IgMs and IgM. The percentage of L chains, again measured by absorbance at 280 nm, in the alkylated 2-ME-produced IgMs and in reoxidized IgMs was a little lower than that of parent IgM; that of one of the faster sedimenting reoxidation products was only 12%. It was concluded that the nature of the oxidation products depended upon whether only intersubunit disulfide bonds were split or whether there also was extensive cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds within the subunits.
Antigenic Competition between Mouse Thyroglobulin and Bovine Serum Albumin Demonstrated by Adoptive Transfer
Authors: Twarog Frank J. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic interaction was found when lymphoid cells were transferred from donors immunized with both mouse thyroid extract (MTE) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and boostered 3 days before transfer. BSA antibody was suppressed and MTE antibody was enhanced in recipients of spleen and lymph node cells from these donors.
Detection of Bound C3 by a New Immunochemical Method
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Leonard Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3 bound to sheep erythrocytes (EC3) reacts with anti-C3 antibody. The C3-anti-C3 complex fixes complement and can be detected quantitatively by either 1) the C1 fixation and transfer test or 2) the amount of lysis which occurs when whole complement is added to the erythrocyte-C3-anti-C3 complex. The hemolytic activity of anti-C3 antibody is inhibited by fluid phase C3 or by C3 bound to immune complexes. We have devised a quantitative test for C3 antigen based on the inhibition of anti-C3 antibody by C3. The C3 to be measured (in either bound or fluid phase form) is added to a standard amount of anti-C3 antibody. Residual antibody activity is then determined by adding the absorbed antiserum to sheep EC3 indicator cells and measuring lysis of the cells which occurs after addition of whole guinea pig complement. By comparing the observed lysis with an inhibition-of-lysis curve obtained with known C3 antigen, the amount of test antigen can be estimated. The method is simple, rapid and reproducible and can detect nanogram amounts of bound C3.
Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Litman G. W. , Frommel D. , Finstad J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The subunit nature of bowfin (Amia calva) immunoglobulins was examined by a variety of physicochemical techniques. Dithiothreitol (DTT) reduced the 13.6S bowfin immunoglobulin, thought to be tetrameric, into monomeric subunits. The limited reduction procedure, designed to reduce only inter-subunit disulfides, cleaved light chains from the subunits and resulted in loss of the parent molecule's ability to agglutinate Brucella abortus. Relatively weak non-covalent bonding was detected between the heavy and light chains of both the high and low molecular weight bowfin immunoglobulins. The isolated bowfin heavy and light chains possessed CD spectra not unlike those of human μ heavy chains and κ light chains examined under identical solvent conditions. A mass difference, not attributable to carbohydrate, of ∼ 12,000 was detected between the heavy chains of the two size classes of bowfin immunoglobulin. When the heavy chains were compared antigenically, no differences were detected. Mass deletions of this nature lent support to the hypothesis that immunoglobulins evolved by end-to-end duplication of a primordial gene coding for approximately 110 amino acids.
Inhibition of Macrophage Migration: A Test System Using Human Monocytes
Authors: Goldberg Leonard S. , Louie James S. , Baker Mary H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A method for the assay of macrophage migration inhibiting factor (MIF) using human lymphocytes and isolated human peripheral blood monocytes is described. This technique allows one to investigate the lymphocyte's ability to produce MIF and the monocyte's ability to respond to it.
Studies with Anti-Pneumococcal Antibodies
Authors: Haber E. , Jaton J. C. , Waterfield M. D. , Margolies M. N. , Bloch K. J. , Cheng W. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies from a single rabbit immunized with type VIII pneumococci were isolated after each of three courses of immunization. A common amino acid sequence was demonstrable in the N-terminal region in all three antibody light chain preparations. This was the predominant sequence detected in second course antibody (&gt;90%); additional residues at several positions, were found in the first and third course antibodies. Peptide maps and radioautographs of chymotryptic digests of light chains, reduced and alkylated with [2-14C]-iodoacetic acid revealed two major cysteine-containing peptides in all three preparations. These peptides originated from the variable region of the light chain and were found in digests of non-antibody immunoglobulins of the same allotype. In the first and third course antibody, these two peptides were present in lower concentrations than in the second course antibody and were accompanied by additional cysteine-containing peptides.
Sequence Studies on Rabbit γG Heavy Chains
Authors: Fleischman J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amino acid sequence studies in certain regions of rabbit IgG heavy chains have been hampered by heterogeneity of the material. To overcome this, an antibody with uniform properties to group C streptococcal carbohydrate was isolated from the serum of a single rabbit. The antibody was mainly of a2 allotype; it showed restricted electrophoretic mobility and was more than 90% precipitable with group C carbohydrate. A partial sequence of 65 residues was obtained in the N-terminal part of its heavy chain, including a section hitherto unreported in any rabbit IgG. A comparison of the a2 sequence with those of the a1 and a3 allotypes revealed that about half of the first 34 residues are identical in all three allotypes.
Amyloid Proteins: The Amino-Terminal Variable Fragment of Immunoglobulins
Authors: Glenner G. G. , Harada M. , Isersky C. , Potter M. , Page D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purification of the major protein component of amyloid fibrils from human tissues and from tissues of the experimental murine disease has been accomplished by sequential gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B and Sephadex G-100 columns using 5 M guanidine-HCl in 1 N acetic acid with removal of over 28% of minor constituents. All amyloid proteins have a constant tryptophan content, a high dicarboxylic and short chain amino acid composition, an unreactive or Asx N-terminal group, monomeric molecular weight ranges of from 5000 to 18,300 and, in the human, heterogeneity of amyloid protein between individuals and homogeneity within the individual. Antibodies directed against the major amyloid protein of an individual cross-react with a component in the patient's serum. Immunologic evidence reveals the experimental murine protein to be derived from the N-terminal fragment of an immunoglobulin light chain of λ type and sequence analysis of a human protein categorizes it as derived from the N-terminal variable fragment of a κ I light chain.
Immune Cell Function, Viruses and Autoimmunity in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Talal Norman , Steinberg Alfred D. , Jacobs Michael E. , Gazdar Adi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of autoimmunity in New Zealand mice is related to genetic, immunologic and viral factors. Evidence was presented to suggest that thymus-dependent immune functions may be depressed and bone marrow-dependent functions augmented in these mice. Antibodies to RNA and DNA appear spontaneously and can also be induced by treatment with polyinosinic·polycytidylic acid (rI·rC). Antibodies binding 14C-rI·rC in human lupus sera and in New Zealand mice developing lupus have greatest specificity for reovirus double-stranded RNA. Treatment of New Zealand mice with RNA and cyclophosphamide induces immunologic tolerance and suppresses antibodies binding 14C-rI·rC. Induction of tolerance in this way prevents the accelerated formation of anti-RNA antibodies normally induced by Moloney leukemia virus. This finding suggests that virus-accelerated and natural disease occur through a similar mechanism, and supports the hypothesis that common viruses may act as an antigenic stimuli for a genetically hyper-responsive antibody-producing system.
Procholeragenoid: An Aggregated Intermediate in the Formation of Choleragenoid
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. , Fujita Koichiro , LoSpalluto Joseph J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A high molecular weight polymer, designated “procholeragenoid,” is an intermediate in the heat-mediated conversion of the cholera exo-enterotoxin, choleragen, to the natural toxoid, choleragenoid. The demonstration of this polymer offers an explanation for the conversion of the toxin, ca. 90,000 m.w., to the antigenically identical toxoid, ca. 60,000 m.w., without apparent loss of a fragment. Isolated procholeragenoid has little residual toxicity and is immunogenic for mice.
Suppression of Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigenic competition between two specific haptens was demonstrated at the cellular level in local rabbit lymph nodes. Competition was shown to exist whether the hapten was linked to the same or to different carriers. Competition existing at certain critical doses of immunogen indicated that the phenomenon is not a true competition for a cell type or for some aspect of the antigen-processing system. The test antigen and the competing antigen were injected simultaneously into opposite side footpads of the rabbits and suppression was demonstrated in local lymph node cell responses. The data indicate that a circulating inhibitor was elaborated during the immune response.
Graft-vs-Host Inhibition
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Rimm Alfred A. , Saltzstein Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro treatment of immunocompetent cells was tested in an effort to prevent graft-vs-host (GVH) disease and to promote survival of allogenic radiation chimeras. Spleen cells from adult strain-A mice were mixed and incubated for 1 hr at 37°C with liver cells from 5-day-old strain-A mice. There was no apparent decrease in hematopoietic stem cell function in the incubated liver and spleen cell mixtures when compared with stem cell function in separate cell suspensions maintained at 4°C. Severe GVH disease occurred when fresh strain-A spleen cells were given to lethally irradiated CBA mice. No mice survived longer than 33 days. Incubation of spleen cells alone for 1 hr at 37°C or incubation of liver-spleen cell mixtures for 1 hr at 4°C did not appreciably improve survival. Incubation of spleen cells alone for 2 hr at 37°C caused improved 30-day survival of the allogeneic radiation chimeras. Significant inhibition of GVH disease was also observed when lethally irradiated CBA mice were treated with strain-A spleen cells that had been incubated with strain-A liver cells for 1 hr at 37°C.
Immunity to Disease Caused by Hemophilus Influenzae Type b
Authors: Schneerson Rachel , Rodrigues Louis P. , Parke J. C. , Robbins John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified type b capsular polysaccharide of Hemophilus influenzae induced a serum antibody response in 20 adults with pre-existing antibodies. Using absorption experiments in mouse protection and passive hemagglutination and complement-dependent bactericidal assays, the anti-type b antibodies induced by immunization had identical characteristics to “natural” and infection-induced antibodies. Further evidence for the protective quality of anti-type b antibodies was derived from the finding of an inverse relationship between the age incidence of influenzal meningitis and the percentage of individuals of different ages with serum anti-capsular antibodies. Most infants and children with disease did not have anti-capsular antibodies during the acute phase of their disease. Patients with antibody deficiency syndromes, highly susceptible to disease with H. influenzae type b, did not have detectable serum anti-type b antibodies.
Removal of Neuraminic Acid from H-2 Alloantigens Without Effect on Antigenic Reactivity
Authors: Shimada Akira , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Murine H-2 alloantigen glycoprotein fragments (10% carbohydrate comprised of sialic acid, fucose, galactose, mannose and glucosamine) were treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. While nearly 100% of the sialic acid was removed, no loss of H-2 antigenic reactivity occurred.
Functional Relationship of Factor B in the Properdin System to C3 Proactivator of Human Serum
Authors: Goodkofsky Ira , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Factor B in the properdin system is a heatlabile protein requiring, in addition to properdin, other serum factors, and Mg2+, for formation of a complex with zymosan which preferentially inactivates C3 and later acting components. Factor B is a β-pseudoglobulin which is distinct from C2. Evidence has been presented that factor B is functionally identical to an independently isolated serum protein, C3 proactivator (C3PA). These observations serve both to identify and characterize factor B and, in conjunction with earlier evidence, to establish the properdin system as an alternate pathway to C3 and later acting components, independent of C1, C4 and C2.