bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canada’s Jagged Record on Social Policy Collaboration between Government and the Voluntary Sector
Authors: Levasseur Karine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of New Public Management reforms, many governments are now adopting collaborative governance approaches to address complex policy problems. This chapter explores why co-producing social policy has been unevenly adopted in Canada and offers three explanations: Public sector reform has limited the ability of voluntary sector organizations to engage in policy collaboration; voluntary sector organizations have limited policy capacity to engage as partners in collaboration; and governments themselves also have limited policy capacity to foster strong and effective collaborative governance relationships. New Public Management (NPM) plays a role in all three explanations, as the legacy of NPM reforms has been to undermine the development of policy capacity both within the voluntary sector and within governments in order to foster cross-sectoral collaboration. Nevertheless, the chapter identifies some areas where co-production has worked well.
Street-Level Organizational Theory
Authors: Spitzmueller Matthew C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Street-level organizational (SLO) theory argues that when public policy is ambiguous and workers use discretion to interpret it, a full account of policy practice must begin with an analysis of how policy is experienced and enacted by those who are charged with executing it. This article builds upon the conceptual foundation of SLO theory to examine how workers reproduce power in their everyday encounters with clients. It contends that power is located in the structural conditions of work and multidimensional in its effects. It concludes by pointing to the path ahead. SLO theory has evolved to engage critically with the New Public Management, making visible its perverse effects on public services. In the absence of meaningfully addressing the imbalance of resources and demands in public services, SLO theory cautions that new managerial reforms are bound to recapitulate familiar dilemmas that have long bedeviled policy practice.
Contracting for Social Programs
Authors: Johnston Jocelyn M. , Romzek Barbara S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Government contracting for social programs typically entails complex multiparty networks of providers, subcontractors, and shared clientele. The fundamental challenges for government contracting in this area include identifying (1) social programs as appropriate candidates for contracting, (2) competitive markets of providers, and (3) accurate transaction costs. Once the decision to contract is made, the government principal’s challenge is to develop the capacity to fashion and manage the contract, by identifying performance measures and procedures to collect performance data, and establishing strategies for accountability. Social service contracts are prone to incomplete or relational contracts because of the difficulty of specifying performance measures in advance. As a result, multi-provider contracts typically emphasize relationship building among a contract principal and multiple agents. Incomplete contracts typically rely as much on trust and informal accountability relationships among actors as they do on formal, structured accountability mechanisms.
The Financialization of the Welfare State and Co-creating Value for Public Services
Authors: Laforest Rachel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In response to fiscal pressures, significant reforms in social services are currently underway in Canada. This chapter looks at the changes in financial instruments to support nonprofit organizations that have resulted from a move away from grants and contributions toward market-oriented instruments. The scope and pace of transformation is remarkable, presenting valuable opportunities for innovation but also placing new demands on the behavior of nonprofit organizations, with important implications for the quality of social services. This chapter also examines the financialization of the welfare state as a phenomenon and the ongoing implications for how we understand the role of the public, private, and nonprofit sectors in the delivery of social services.
European Welfare States’ Detour(s) to Social Investment
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Ronchi Stefano 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Since the end of the twentieth century, European welfare states have been reconfiguring the basic policy mixes upon which they were built after 1945. In the process, the overarching social policy objective has shifted from fighting unemployment in the 1990s to promoting employment participation through social investment. This chapter introduces the concept of social investment as a key to understanding recent welfare state change in Europe, in an attempt to move the debate beyond the well-established regime approach. The social investment turn has been variable and truncated, with major detours, often cutting across regime-specific legacies. This chapter spells out five European social (and non-social) investment reform trajectories: “vanguard” countries in Northern Europe, “bandwagoners” (for example, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom), “latecomers” such as Germany and Spain, “newcomers” from the Eastern EU periphery, and slow or “non-movers” like France and Italy. The chapter elaborates on the prospects for social investment in the EU after the Great Recession, divided between the fiscal limits imposed by austerity and the silver linings implicit in generous welfare provision, which may act as a “beneficial constraint” for ratcheting employment in sync with social inclusion.
Toward a Framework for Comparing Accountability Regimes in Healthcare
Authors: Vrangbæk Karsten , Byrkjeflot Haldor 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The debate on accountability within the public sector has been especially lively over the past decade. Significant progress has been made in developing conceptual frameworks and typologies for characterizing different features and functions of accountability. At the same time, however, there has been a lack of sector-specific adjustment of such frameworks. In this chapter we present a framework for analyzing accountability within healthcare. The chapter makes use of the concept of “accountability regime” to signify the combination of different accountability forms, directions, and functions in operation at any given point in time. We show that reforms can introduce new forms of accountability, change existing accountability relations, or change the relative importance of different accountability forms. They may also change the dominant direction and shift the balance between different functions of accountability. We further suggest that developments in accountability regimes are best analyzed with a combination of top-down and bottom-up perspectives and that there is a need to develop research strategies to support this aim.
Reform Pathways for Integrating Employment Assistance to Marginalized Groups
Authors: Rønningstad Chris , Andreassen Tone Alm , Breit Eric , Minas Renate 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Service integration—understood as cooperation and collaboration between sectors and organizations—is commonly employed in European countries as a response to internal fragmentation of social security systems. In this chapter, drawing on research from Europe, we show how countries differ on central dimensions regarding service integration aimed at the unemployed. Further, we discuss how service integration depends on countries’ historical and institutional conditions as they follow different reform pathways. We also show how service integration is not a “once and for all” decision but may change over time. We illustrate these points by comparing recent reforms in Norway and Sweden, which, despite being relatively similar welfare states, have developed very different levels of service integration. We conclude the chapter with some broader remarks about service integration and reform pathways.
Section Overview
Authors: Filgueira Fernando , Arza Camila , Blofield Merike 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the Latin American section and provides an overview of its main findings. It discusses the governance and management for social policy in a region with high levels of inequality, informal employment, low fiscal efforts, and major weaknesses in terms of social risks and state capacity. Besides these similarities, wide variations also exist in social policy regimes across countries in terms of governance, administrative arrangements, levels of decentralization, and mixes of public services and private services. Innovations in social policy over the 21st century have produced a range of mixed systems that are not always consistent, distributionally sound, or sustainable. The chapters in this section contribute to understanding these trends and their implications for the governance and management of social policy in Latin America.
The Slow and Reluctant Development of Social Citizenship in Latin America
Authors: Filgueira Fernando , Arza Camila , Blofield Merike 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter puts the region’s social protection policy models into historical, political, and social context. It distinguishes four major stages in Latin American welfare state models, clearly associated with four stages in Latin American state-building: the minimalist “welfare” state of the primary export period; the contribution-based welfare state under the import substitution model; the turn to the reluctant welfare state and the introduction of the market into social affairs that characterized the Washington Consensus era; and finally, the expansionary stage of post-Washington Consensus until the mid-2010s. In the initial stages, the state role was minimal, focusing on primary education and boosting urban sanitation infrastructure. In the import substitution period, there was a strong push for modern social protection, tied firmly to protection for formal workers. However, informal labor markets and incomplete protection against a variety of risks produced a stratified model of social security with incomplete coverages. The liberal turn led to a focus on extreme poverty along with an increased reliance on market mechanisms in healthcare, education, and pensions. As the 20th century came to an end, pressures for more inclusive social policies promoted the expansion of coverage and benefits. The return and resilience of democracy, an export-oriented external stance, and the substantial economic growth of the first decade and a half of the 21st century were all factors that contributed to this new and still unstable social citizenship contract.
Social Policy and State Capacity from a Sub-National Perspective
Authors: Niedzwiecki Sara , Pribble Jennifer 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Cross-national research on Latin American social policy has taken state capacity for granted. We argue that this omission has important consequences, especially in decentralized countries where there are large capacity differences across the territory. State capacity matters for the development of the welfare state at every stage of the policymaking process, including program design, implementation, and outcomes. Capable states are able to design social policies that cover a broad segment of the population and enjoy financial viability. Moreover, policy implementation is more successful in strong states, as they are able to reach all corners of the territory and provide higher-quality services. These high-quality services, in turn, can promote well-being. In this chapter, we focus on the ability of the state to successfully administer the provision of basic health services in Argentina and Chile. We selected the cases because they are examples of capable states at the national level, but exhibit important sub-national variation.While we would expect territorial gaps in a federal, decentralized country such as Argentina, the results in Chile are the more surprising, given its unitary and centralized character.
Taxation and State Capacity
Authors: Mahon James E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although Latin American tax systems have historically reflected a lack of state capacity, reforms of taxation and administration in the past few decades have strengthened states in several ways. Governments in the region still do not tax as progressively as most others in the world, but the “neoliberal” tax and administrative reforms, enacted with the help of international financial institutions from 1967 to about 2000, did raise revenue more effectively. They also laid the groundwork for greater confidence in the impartiality of tax enforcement and the control of spending. In addition, many of the same technological advances that have facilitated the evasion of taxes on capital assets and income have also aided tax innovations that enhance both equity and efficiency. Independently of these trends, the commodity boom of the 2000s helped fund an expansion of social spending. And along with a few mildly progressive tax reforms, this has brought Latin American patterns closer to the expectations of two major theories of fiscal politics, the median voter model and the idea of the fiscal contract.
Time-Use Data, Unpaid Work, and Social Well-Being
Authors: Scuro Lucía , Vaca Iliana 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Time is a finite resource that people use in different ways depending on multiple sociocultural factors that reflect social structure, power relationships, and the prevailing gender order, among other things. The sexual division of labor in the region restricts some in using this time freely and autonomously, resulting in a lack of own time. As occurs with income, the lack of own time and of the ability to manage it freely is a significant contributor to inequality. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the production structure, gender roles, and family make-up have reinforced stark differences between men and women with respect to time distribution. This has led to inequalities in opportunities and outcomes for personal and professional development. The region must take advantage of the progress made in the past few years in the production of statistics with a gender perspective. In order to increase well-being and sustainable development, it is important that countries in the region continue promoting satellite accounts that allow the value of unpaid domestic and care work to be included in national accounts. In order to guarantee better harmonization and balance between time spent on domestic, employment, and personal activities, public policies and administrative arrangements should recognize and seek to redistribute unpaid work and its impacts in the realms of labor market opportunities, social security access, poverty alleviation, health, education, and transport, among other areas.
Australia’s National Disability Insurance
Authors: Carey Gemma , Dickinson Helen , Fletcher Michael , Reeders Daniel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The National Disability Insurance Scheme is one of the most significant welfare reforms Australia has seen in a century. The reform incorporates several themes that have been gaining traction in other countries, including individual budgets and actuarial (or social investment) approaches. This chapter provides an overview of NDIS’s emergence and first phase of development from 2013-2017 and an analysis of the program’s more unusual attributes within the broader personalization agenda. In particular, we assess the use of actuarial approaches and their implications for the administration of the scheme. At the heart of the scheme sits a tension between the unusually prominent role given to actuarial methods (which are typically used for monitoring and forecasting costs) and the fundamental objective of achieving the best possible outcomes for people with a disability (taking account of value-for-money constraints).
The Four Nuclear Security Summits
Authors: Gill Amandeep 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how former president Barack Obama’s vision of a global effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear material within four years took the shape of the Nuclear Security Summits. The summits held at Washington, DC (2010, 2016), Seoul (2012), and The Hague (2014) were an innovative leaders-led multilateral platform that succeeded in promoting a concerted international response to the threat of nuclear terrorism. The summits’ Communiqué, Work Plan, and voluntary commitments in the form of ‘gift baskets’ accelerated progress on the physical protection of nuclear material and facilities, the minimization of high-risk materials such as highly enriched uranium (HEU), and the renewed commitment to international nuclear security instruments such as the Amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (A/CPPNM). The brassage of different domains of expertise in the preparatory process and the time pressure of recurrent summits resulted in higher-quality outcomes than would have been possible in traditional multilateral forums. However, the process was self-limiting since the attention of leaders cannot normally be sustained for long on technical issues. It was also constrained by the interconnectedness of nuclear issues. Progress on nuclear security could not be delinked forever from the politics of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament. While further summits on nuclear security are not planned, leaders-led initiatives to combat global threats, including the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) terrorism, remain a possibility. The Nuclear Security Summit process offers valuable lessons for such initiatives in the future.
The United Kingdom’s Transition from Prescriptive to Outcome-Focused Nuclear Security Regulation
Authors: Hobbs Christopher , Parkhouse Tom 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines nuclear security regulation in the United Kingdom and focuses on the transition over the past few decades from a prescriptive to an outcome-focused regime. It explores what drove this change and how it was achieved and details some of the challenges encountered at different stages and how these were overcome. Key findings include the need for considerable and sustained effort to alter a regulatory approach, which goes beyond revising related guidance and processes to also encompass significant changes in understanding and assessing risk, organizational culture, and professionalism within both the regulator and nuclear operators. As such, if a similar transition was to be attempted in other contexts, it is unlikely to be achieved rapidly and instead will require considerable effort over a long period of time, involving a series of smaller steps towards this goal.
Nuclear Security in China
Authors: Guo Xiaobing 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As a country with an ambitious nuclear energy plan, China has sought to make significant progress in enhancing domestic and international nuclear security. First, China has improved its own national nuclear security architecture including its legal framework, technical standards, and guidance. Second, China has strengthened its practices in terms of physical protection, accounting, transportation of nuclear materials, and nuclear emergency responses. Third, China has further solidified its cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other countries. This chapter explores the motivation behind China’s nuclear security efforts, the progress made, and the challenges that China faces in this area.
The Interface between Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Security
Authors: Harris Jason T. , Rane Shraddha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The nexus of nuclear safety and security is protecting human life and health and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Stakeholders continually strive to enhance nuclear safety and security with a view to avoiding trade-offs between the two elements. Nuclear safety and security interfaces are examined in the chapter through emphasizing common linkages that promote synergies and highlighting specific areas where conditions may conflict. In the goal to achieve effective integration, the role of organizational culture is emphasized in strengthening safety and security. It provides some recommendations for developing a healthy nuclear safety and security regime, followed by a discussion on the benefits of a risk-informed approach. Finally, it presents an overview of recent research in the interface between nuclear safety and security.
Case Studies of a Nuclear Forensic Examination
Authors: Smith David K. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
States are increasingly using nuclear forensics as both a preventive and responsive measure for countering the threat of nuclear and other radioactive material falling outside of regulatory control. The chapter examines published nuclear forensics case studies through the lens of a ‘nuclear forensics model action plan’, drawing insights from recommended international guidance on the conduct of an examination and relating these to actual practice in the field. The diverse case studies contained in the chapter demonstrate that nuclear forensics can be successfully applied to mitigate risks from diverted materials, prosecute those responsible for malicious acts, and inform and improve the implementation of nuclear security measures.
Socialist Realism, Kitsch, and the Middlebrow Symphony
Authors: Fairclough Pauline 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
It seems unlikely that the label of socialist realism will ever break free from its taint of artistic compromise and mediocrity. Yet the enduring popularity of Soviet music from the Stalin era seems to challenge these long-held associations. While some have been quick to draw links between these “socialist realist” symphonies and the Europe-wide shift away from 1920s modernism, it would be disingenuous to pretend that compulsion played no role in shaping the Soviet symphony under Stalin. But equally, this epoch in Soviet musical history produced works of lasting global popularity, making it difficult to insist that they must be somehow compromised. In this chapter I argue that we need to both acknowledge the pressures composers and critics were under and admit that socialist realism, as a literary concept, was implied rather than fulfilled by even the most successful Stalin-era symphonic works. Here, I contend that “middlebrow” is a more useful umbrella term for this repertoire, acknowledging both the element of compulsion and the potential for artistic success within its confines.
Borges and the Creative Economy of the Apocryphal
Authors: Alonso Estenoz Alfredo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Borges’s use and creation of apocryphal texts, authors, and stories is central to his creative and critical mind. He conceived the apocryphal as a challenge to literary authority and the notion of original authorship. Furthermore, as Iván Almeida has argued, the apocryphal allowed Borges to exert a condensation and refinement of his sources, whether they are real of fictional. The example Almeida quotes comes from “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” where the modified phrase “copulation and mirrors are abominable,” recalled by one of the characters, is from a literary point of view superior to the original. This essay illustrates this and other uses of the apocryphal in Borges’s work and life––his tendency to alter or misquote, but also to construct a narrative of his own life that is rich in uncertain events.