bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of chocolate heat resistance with illipé butter stearin addition
Authors: Podchong Pawitchaya , Chalermchadpokin Chanunras , Sonwai Sopark , Ueno Satoru 
Published: January 2023

SummaryThe potential for using illipé butter stearin (IBS) as cocoa butter improver (CBI) in chocolate was investigated in this work. IBS was blended with cocoa butter (CB) in different weight ratios and solid fat content (SFC), crystallisation/melting thermograms, morphology and polymorphism of the blends as well as compatibility between IBS and CB were studied. IBS and CB exhibited a monotectic mixing behaviour, indicating that the two fats were compatible. Addition of 10%–25% IBS to CB increased SFC at all temperatures and the blends melted completely at body temperature. When IBS was added to dark chocolate (5% w/w of the final product), SFC, hardness and shape retention of the chocolate increased from those of the conventional dark chocolate made without IBS addition. Furthermore, fat bloom formation developed more slowly in the chocolate containing IBS. The results indicated that IBS increased heat resistance and fat bloom stability in chocolate without leaving waxy mouthfeel. Therefore, IBS has a high potential to be used as CBI for the chocolate industry.
Effect of starch on the gel properties and protein conformation of egg white subjected to alkali‐heat treatment
Authors: Ye Yang , Li Anjiao , Zhang Zhouyou , Liu Xiaoqin , Wang Wenting , Wang Yang 
Published: January 2023

SummaryThe colour, texture, water‐holding capacity (WHC) and particle properties of gels were examined to assess the impact of starch (cassava, corn and sweet potato starch) on the attributes of alkali‐heat‐induced gels. The results indicated that the whiteness, hardness and WHC of egg white gels were positively affected by starches. The microstructure of the mixed gel showed increasing reticulation and holes as the starch content increased, which contributed to the stiff structure of the gel. Although the gel made with corn starch had the lowest WHC, the gel made with sweet potato starch had the highest WHC. The average size of the gel particles decreased as a result of the inhibition of starch gelatinisation. Starch causes alterations in the protein secondary structure of egg white gels, primarily causing α‐helix and β‐sheet interconversion. The stiffness of the gels was improved by increasing the quantity of β‐sheet structures. According to the electrophoresis findings, a small amount of sweet potato starch can help prevent ovalbumin from degrading, while having no impact on the ability of the protein to cross‐link.
Physicochemical determinants and mechanisms of the hard‐to‐cook problem of Senegalia seeds, overlooked wild legumes in the arid tropics
Authors: Drabo Moustapha Soungalo , Shumoy Habtu , Savadogo Aly , Raes Katleen 
Published: January 2023

SummaryThis study was carried out to elucidate the factors responsible for the hard‐to‐cook problem of Senegalia seeds, overlooked wild legumes in the arid tropics. Accordingly, they were identified as medium size (diameter = 7–9 mm and weight = 60–100 mg), flattened (thickness = 1.5–2.5 mm), and wax‐coated seeds, demonstrating high and variable coat fractions (25–41), mucilage (15–39), lignin (2.2–4.9), cellulose (6.7–13), and hemicellulose (1.9–5.6) contents (g/100 g dry weight), cooking times (3–5 h), and hydration properties. The hard‐to‐cook problem was primarily associated with the seed coats' microstructures and chemical compositions (i.e., cellular layers and fibre compositions). Besides, sodium bicarbonate (common cooking aid) helped half the cooking times but failed to overcome the toughness of the seed coats. Furthermore, unfortunately, there was no clear association between the seeds' cooking properties and phylogenetic lineages, indicating that each species should be assessed individually. This work provides unprecedented insights that will considerably assist in selecting, formulating, and promoting food products from Senegalia seeds.
Nurses’ compliance to standard precautions prior to and during COVID‐19
Authors: Dobrina Raffaella , Donati Daniele , Giangreco Manuela , De Benedictis Anna , Schreiber Silvana , Bicego Livia , Scarsini Sara , Buchini Sara , KWOK Stephen Wai Hang , Lam Simon Ching 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAimsTo measure nurses’ compliance with standard precautions during the COVID‐19 pandemic, compare findings with previous assessments and describe the barriers affecting nurses’ compliance.BackgroundHealthcare providers’ compliance with standard precautions is still limited worldwide. Implementation of infection control policies in hospitals is needed internationally, especially during a pandemic. Surprisingly, studies exploring nurses’ compliance with standard precautions are lacking during COVID‐19.MethodsA multicenter cross‐sectional study was adopted in two Italian hospitals. Nurses’ compliance with standard precautions was measured through The Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (Italian version). An open‐ended question explored the barriers to nurses' compliance with standard precautions. Reporting, followed the STROBE guidelines.ResultsA total of 201 nurses were enrolled in 2020. Nurses’ compliance with standard precautions was suboptimal. A statistically significant improvement in the compliance rate with standard precautions was observed between pre‐ and during COVID‐19 assessments. High compliance was found in the appropriate use of surgical masks, gloves and sharps disposal. Nurses perceived personal, structural and organizational barriers to standard precautions adherence.ConclusionNurses’ compliance with standard precautions was not 100%, and different factors impeded nurses to work safely. Our findings provide institutional leaders and educators with the basis for implementing policies to optimize nurse safety, well‐being and patient care.Implications for nursing and health policiesNurses have the right to work safely, and when the shortage of personal protective equipment and nurses during an emergency threatens healthcare quality worldwide, policymakers are challenged to act by establishing an effective allocation of resources for consistent compliance with standard precautions. Moreover, nurses should actively engage in the implementation of infection control policies to improve safe behaviours among citizens and students accessing hospitals.
Understanding the adsorption behavior of oxygen on the 3C–SiC(1 1 0) surface: A first‐principles study
Authors: Peng Sai , Chen Yijie , Jia Yunping , Hu Shuanglin , Zhou Xiaosong , Xu Canhui 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of atomic oxygen and molecular O2 on the 3C–SiC(1 1 0) surface is investigated by first‐principles calculations. The atomic O prefers to be adsorbed at the C top site (C–O) with adsorption energy of −1.95 eV after zero‐point energy correction, followed by the C–O–Si bridge site, Si–O–Si bridge site, and the Si top site (Si–O) with adsorption energies of −1.46, −1.36, and −1.13 eV, respectively. The molecular O2 separately trapped by the second nearest neighboring C and Si atoms (C–O–O–Si, M4 type) is the most stable configuration with the adsorption energy of −2.46 eV, which is followed by the Si–O–O–Si (M5 type), C–O–O–Si (M3 type), O–Si–O (M2 type), and Si–O=O (M1 type) configurations with the adsorption energies of −2.24, −1.87, −1.07, and −0.75 eV, respectively. All these molecular O2 adsorption configurations exhibit high tendency to dissociate with the dissociation barriers range of 0.09–0.19 eV. The adsorbed atomic O seems to be easily trapped at the C–O site due to the extremely low diffusion barrier. In addition, the infrared spectra of all the atomic O and molecular O2 adsorption configurations are predicted and compared with available experimental observations.
Prevalence of and association between atopic dermatitis and food sensitivity, food allergy and challenge‐proven food allergy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Christensen M. O. , Barakji Y. A. , Loft N. , Khatib C. M. , Egeberg A. , Thomsen S. F. , Silverberg J. I. , Flohr C. , Maul J. T. , Schmid‐Grendelmeier P. , Halling A. S. , Vittrup I. , Thyssen J. P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA) share similar type 2 inflammation and commonly co‐occur, but the precise proportion of AD patients with FA and vice versa, as well as the effect of AD disease severity on the strength of this association remains uncertain. The aim of this comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis was to determine the prevalence and bidirectional associations of AD with food sensitivity (FS), FA and challenge‐proven food allergy (CPFA). We searched PubMed and EMBASE and three independent reviewers performed title/abstract and full‐text review and data extraction. Overall, 557 articles (n = 225,568 individuals with AD, n = 1,128,322 reference individuals; n = 1,357,793 individuals with FS, FA or CPFA, n = 1,244,596 reference individuals) were included in quantitative analyses. The overall pooled prevalence of FS, FA and CPFA in individuals with AD were 48.4% (95% confidence interval: 43.7–53.2), 32.7% (28.8–36.6) and 40.7% (34.1–47.5) respectively. AD prevalence among individuals with FS, FA and CPFA were 51.2% (46.3–56.2), 45.3% (41.4–49.3) and 54.9% (47.0–62.8) respectively. Children with AD had higher pooled FS (49.8% (44.4–55.1)) and FA (31.4% (26.9–36.1)) prevalences than adults with AD (28.6% (13.4–46.8) and 24.1% (12.1–38.7) respectively). Prevalences of FS and FA numerically increased with AD severity. FS, FA and CPFA are common comorbidities of AD and are closely related. Physicians should be attentive to this relationship to optimize management and treatment strategies in patients.
Exploring the overlap between alopecia areata and major depressive disorder: Epidemiological and genetic perspectives
Authors: Foo J. C. , Redler S. , Forstner A. J. , Basmanav F. B. , Pethukova L. , Guo J. , Streit F. , Witt S. H. , Sirignano L. , Zillich L. , Awasthi S. , Ripke S. , Christiano A. M. , Tesch F. , Schmitt J. , Nöthen M. M. , Betz R. C. , Rietschel M. , Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundResearch suggests that Alopecia areata (AA) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) show substantial comorbidity. To date, no study has investigated the hypothesis that this is attributable to shared genetic aetiology.ObjectivesTo investigate AA‐MDD comorbidity on the epidemiological and molecular genetic levels.MethodsFirst, epidemiological analyses were performed using data from a cohort of adult German health insurance beneficiaries (n = 1.855 million) to determine the population‐based prevalence of AA‐MDD comorbidity. Second, analyses were performed to determine the prevalence of MDD in a clinical AA case–control sample with data on psychiatric phenotypes, stratifying for demographic factors to identify possible contributing factors to AA‐MDD comorbidity. Third, the genetic overlap between AA and MDD was investigated using a polygenic risk score (PRS) approach and linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) regression. For PRS, summary statistics from a large MDD GWAS meta‐analysis (PGC‐MD2) were used as the training sample, while a Central European AA cohort, including the above‐mentioned AA patients, and an independent replication US‐AA cohort were used as target samples. LDSC was performed using summary statistics of PGC‐MD2 and the largest AA meta‐analysis to date.ResultsHigh levels of AA‐MDD comorbidity were reported in the population‐based (MDD in 24% of AA patients), and clinical samples (MDD in 44% of AA patients). MDD‐PRS explained a modest proportion of variance in AA case–control status (R2 = 1%). This signal was limited to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6. LDSC regression (excluding MHC) revealed no significant genetic correlation between AA and MDD.ConclusionsAs in previous research, AA patients showed an increased prevalence of MDD. The present analyses suggest that genetic overlap may be confined to the MHC region, which is implicated in immune function. More detailed investigation is required to refine understanding of how the MHC is involved in the development of AA and MDD comorbidity.
Head anatomy of a lantern shark wet‐collection specimen (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae)
Authors: Staggl Manuel Andreas , Ruthensteiner Bernhard , Straube Nicolas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this study, we apply a two‐step (untreated and soft tissue stained) diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography array to a wet‐collection Lantern Shark specimen of Etmopterus lucifer. The focus of our scanning approach is the head anatomy. The unstained CT data allow the imaging of mineralized (skeletal) tissue, while results for soft tissue were achieved after staining for 120 h in a 1% ethanolic iodine solution. Three‐dimensional visualization after the segmentation of hard as well as soft tissue reveals new details of tissue organization and allows us to draw conclusions on the significance of organs in their function. Outstanding are the ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception, which appear as the dominant sense along with the olfactory system. Corresponding brain areas of these sensory organs are significantly enlarged as well and likely reflect adaptations to the lantern sharks' deep‐sea habitat. While electroreception supports the capture of living prey, the enlarged olfactory system can guide the scavenging of these opportunistic feeders. Compared to other approaches based on the manual dissection of similar species, CT scanning is superior in some but not all aspects. For example, fenestrae of the cranial nerves within the chondrocranium cannot be identified reflecting the limitations of the method, however, CT scanning is less invasive, and the staining is mostly reversible and can be rinsed out.
The percentage of circulating fibrocytes is associated with increased morbidity of pulmonary hypertension in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Liu Xing , Li Xinjian , Duan Junying , Zhang Ruining , Zhang Haipeng , Wang Weiding , Shi Bingshuo , Zhou Hong , Li Guangping 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is highly prevalent in patients receiving dialysis. The precise mechanisms underlying PH in hemodialysis (HD) patients have not been adequately addressed. Emerging experimental evidence indicates that circulating fibrocytes may contribute significantly to this process. Methods: We measured the proportion of circulating fibrocytes using flow cytometry analysis and prospectively analyzed patients during HD from February 1, 2017, to February 1, 2022. Then we investigated correlations between circulating fibrocytes, inflammation cytokines, PH, and their affective factors that predict the prognosis of HD patients. Results: The cohort included 192 patients. During a follow‐up of 5 years, we registered 66 all‐cause deaths, and 11 patients received kidney transplantation. The incidence of PH among HD patients was 30.9%. We found that the circulating fibrocyte level significantly correlated with pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (r = 0.412, p < 0.05). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the percentage of circulating fibrocytes was an independent predictor of PH (odds ratio [OR]: 2.080, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.539–2.812, p < 0.001). Controlling for confounding covariates in the multivariate Cox regression models, the presence of PH conferred an increased risk of all‐cause mortality in HD patients [hazard ratio (HR): 2.183, 95% CI:1.257–3.788, p = 0.006]. Conclusion: The prevalence of PH was high in HD patients and was associated with higher all‐cause mortality. Higher circulating fibrocyte level was an independent predictor of the presence of PH; these fibrocytes may serve as early detection markers and novel therapeutic targets.
High-Resolution Thickness Mapping with Deepfit and Lamb Guided Waves
Authors: Tong Junkai , Lin Min , Li Jian , Chen Shili , Liu Yang 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Accurately predicting the remaining wall thickness of metal structures like plates, pipes and pressure vessels is of significant importance to the petrochemical industry. However, traditional ultrasonic probing techniques demand point by point scan of the target structures, which costs enormous time and money. In this paper, we present a robust guided wave tomography algorithm, DeepFIT. The algorithm adopts a neural network to approximate the execution of descent direction matrix in fast inversion tomography (FIT). To achieve robust imaging, signal components and corresponding phase velocity maps of A0 mode Lamb guided waves are input into DeepFIT for training. This technique guarantees that the inversion process can be significantly accelerated, circumventing the enormous computational burden caused by Hessian and Jacobian matrix calculation in full waveform inversion (FWI). The proposed method builds the foundation for fast and robust quantitative industrial inspection with Lamb guided waves.
Numerical Analysis of Guided Wave Transmission Through a Rail Containing Numerous Small Cracks
Authors: Loveday Philip W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Guided wave ultrasound is used to monitor continuously welded rail track in a system which transmits guided wave ultrasound between alternate transmit and receive stations along the rail and triggers an alarm if the signal is not received. During field testing, a section of rail was encountered where transmission through one rail was poor. Visual inspection showed that there was considerable flank wear and numerous gauge corner cracks. These cracks, while small, occurred roughly every 5 mm over a length of a few meters so the total number of cracks would be of the order of 1000 cracks. The scattering from the numerous small cracks was investigated using the hybrid 3D finite element - semi-analytical finite element technique. A substructuring approach was used, with reduction of internal degrees of freedom, to enable the analysis of a long section of rail with numerous cracks. The numerical analysis was used to investigate the transmission coefficient of the operational mode used in the monitoring system to determine if the presence of the small cracks could cause the observed poor transmission. It was found that significant transmission loss can occur but the transmission coefficient did not decrease monotonically with increasing number of cracks. This unexpected behavior requires further investigation.
Surface Acoustic Wave Suppression for Near-Surface Defect Imaging Using Laser Induced Phased Arrays
Authors: Davis Geo , Fuwaires Ahmed Al , Kamintzis Panagiotis , Lukacs Peter , Keenan Alan , Pieris Don , Stratoudaki Theodosia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Laser induced phased arrays (LIPAs) offer fast and efficient remote ultrasonic imaging for processes operating in extreme environments and restricted access such as additive manufacturing and welding. In this work, LIPAs are synthesized in the non-destructive thermoelastic regime using an 8 ns pulsed 1064 nm generation laser and a 532 nm continuous wave detection laser. The acquired Full Matrix data is post-processed using the Total Focusing Method (TFM) to image near-surface side-drilled holes inside an Aluminium sample. The images generated, however, contain contribution from the surface acoustic wave (SAW). In laser ultrasonics, SAW is the strongest wave mode generated, and consequently, a region of the image generated is saturated by the SAW arrival (SAW cross-talk). The SAW cross-talk region extends into the sample starting at the scan surface and hence masks any features/defects within this region. This study explores and compares various signal processing techniques such as frequency-wavenumber filtering, phase coherence imaging and amplitude thresholding of ultrasonic signals in order to suppress/remove the SAW cross-talk from the ultrasonic data captured using LIPA for successful imaging of near-surface defects. The mode suppression is achieved by targeting the characteristics of the SAW: its velocity, amplitude and phase. The different methods of wave suppression are compared, and relative merits of each technique are discussed.
Directionally Dependent Guided Wave Scattering for the Monitoring of Anisotropic Composite Structures
Authors: Hervin Flora , Fromme Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Carbon fiber composite laminates, consisting of highly anisotropic ply layers, are widely used in aerospace structures due to their good strength to weight ratio. However, due to poor interlaminar strength, composite components are prone to barely visible impact damage during aircraft operation. Sparse array guided wave imaging, using a network of distributed sensors, is an important Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) tool for the detection and localization of in-service damage in composite structures. However, the anisotropy of composite laminates influences guided wave scattering, impacting imaging performance. Defect characterization can be improved by considering the scattering characteristics of various damage types for the sparse array signal processing. Guided wave scattering (A0 Lamb wave mode) was investigated around an artificial insert delamination in a quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) panel. Permanent magnets, mounted on an undamaged region of the plate, were also used as scattering targets and compared to the delamination case. Full 3D Finite Element (FE) simulations were performed for both the delamination and magnet cases and compared to wavefield data obtained from non-contact laser measurements. Good agreement was found between the experimental measurements and simulations. Scattered guided wave amplitudes around each damage type show strong directional dependency with energy focusing along the fiber directions of the outer ply layers of the laminate. Distinct scattering behavior was observed for each damage type. A forward scattered wave was observed for the delamination, whereas the magnet blocked forward wave transmission. Implications of anisotropy and angular scattering on sparse array SHM of different defect types are discussed.
Towards Robust Multi-Casing Evaluation Using Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors
Authors: Omar Saad 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Electromagnetic Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) sensing, for multi-casing corrosion evaluation in Oil and Gas industry, can be categorized as either collocated or non-collocated methods. Our recent 3D finite-element modeling- and advanced processing-based studies [7-8] showed that although collocated sensors, having localized sensitivities, give an intuitive time-to-depth (qualitative) corrosion display, they lack the sensitivity to fully resolve casings behind the second pipe in addition to suffering badly from eccentering and changing pipe properties. Inversion of multiple spacings and multi-frequency non-collocated measurements in centralized settings [2] gives good results for up to four centered pipes but the quality of results is severely compromised by casing and tool eccentering (limiting maximum utilizable frequency for interpretation), and by ghosting effect (double indication of same heterogeneity – limiting reliability near casing collars).
In this work, the impact of approaching anomalies and eccentering, as typically encountered while logging a multi-casing oil and gas well, will be analyzed in detail through 3D modeling studies and advanced processing schemes introduced to address these issues.