bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulations of the Thermal Effect on Flow and Dispersion around an Isolated Building
Authors: Huang Xiaohui , Wang Hongtao , Gao Lizhen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of temperature on flow and pollutant dispersion around an isolated building was investigated by computational fluid dynamics. First, the accuracy of the standard k–ε turbulence model in simulating the thermal effect on the flow and dispersion was assessed. The results showed that the reattachment of the numerical simulation behind the building was longer than that in the experiment because it could not reproduce the periodic fluctuations in the wake region and that the momentum transfer in the lateral direction was underestimated. Despite this, the temperature and concentration of the numerical simulation were in good agreement with the experimental results. Then, the standard k–ε turbulence model was adopted to investigate the effect of the ground temperature on flow and dispersion. The result indicated that, with the increase in temperature, the reattachment length behind the building significantly decreased and the vertical upward velocity increased, suggesting that rising temperature changed the flow. As the flow changed, the pollutant dispersion also changed. The pollutant plume depth increased while its width decreased with increasing ground temperature. It can be seen from the pollutant flux analysis that both convective transport and turbulent transport play important roles in vertical dispersion. The influence of ground temperature on convective motion was more obvious than that on turbulent motion because of the changed airflow.

Significance Statement
(i) The accuracy of the standard k–ε turbulence model in simulating the thermal effect on the flow and dispersion was assessed. The results showed that the reattachment of the numerical simulation behind the building was longer than that in the experiment because it could not reproduce the periodic fluctuations in the wake region and that the momentum transfer in the lateral direction was underestimated. Despite this, the temperature and concentration of the numerical simulation were in good agreement with the experimental results. (ii) Rising temperature not only increases turbulent motion but also alters airflow and pollutant plume morphology.
A Radar-Based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Algorithm to Overcome the Impact of Vertical Gradients of Warm-Rain Precipitation: The Flood in Western Germany on 14 July 2021
Authors: Chen Ju-Yu , Reinoso-Rondinel Ricardo , Trömel Silke , Simmer Clemens , Ryzhkov Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The demand of accurate, near-real-time radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), which is key to feed hydrological models and enable reliable flash flood predictions, was highlighted again by the disastrous floods following after an intense stratiform precipitation field passing western Germany on 14 July 2021. Three state-of-the-art rainfall algorithms based on reflectivity Z, specific differential phase KDP, and specific attenuation A were applied to observations of four polarimetric C-band radars operated by the German Meteorological Service [DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst)]. Due to the large vertical gradients of precipitation below the melting layer suggesting warm-rain processes, all QPE products significantly underestimate surface precipitation. We propose two mitigation approaches: (i) vertical profile (VP) corrections for Z and KDP and (ii) gap filling using observations of a local X-band radar, JuXPol. We also derive rainfall retrievals from vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) profiles, which indirectly take precipitation gradients in the lower few hundreds of meters into account. When evaluated with DWD rain gauge measurements, those retrievals result in pronounced improvements, especially for the A-based retrieval partly due to its lower sensitivity to the variability of raindrop size distributions. The VP correction further improves QPE by reducing the normalized root-mean-square error by 23% and the normalized mean bias by 20%. With the use of gap-filling JuXPol data, the A-based retrieval gives the lowest errors followed by the Z-based retrievals in combination with VP corrections. The presented algorithms demonstrate the increased value of radar-based QPE application for warm-rain events and related potential flash flooding warnings.
Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Ocean Mooring Time Series Data
Authors: Sloyan Bernadette M. , Chapman Christopher C. , Cowley Rebecca , Charantonis Anastase A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In situ observations are vital to improving our understanding of the variability and dynamics of the ocean. A critical component of the ocean circulation is the strong, narrow, and highly variable western boundary currents. Ocean moorings that extend from the seafloor to the surface remain the most effective and efficient method to fully observe these currents. For various reasons, mooring instruments may not provide continuous records. Here we assess the application of the Iterative Completion Self-Organizing Maps (ITCOMPSOM) machine learning technique to fill observational data gaps in a 7.5 yr time series of the East Australian Current. The method was validated by withholding parts of fully known profiles, and reconstructing them. For 20% random withholding of known velocity data, validation statistics of the u- and υ-velocity components are R2 coefficients of 0.70 and 0.88 and root-mean-square errors of 0.038 and 0.064 m s−1, respectively. Withholding 100 days of known velocity profiles over a depth range between 60 and 700 m has mean profile residual differences between true and predicted u and υ velocity of 0.009 and 0.02 m s−1, respectively. The ITCOMPSOM also reproduces the known velocity variability. For 20% withholding of salinity and temperature data, root-mean-square errors of 0.04 and 0.38°C, respectively, are obtained. The ITCOMPSOM validation statistics are significantly better than those obtained when standard data filling methods are used. We suggest that machine learning techniques can be an appropriate method to fill missing data and enable production of observational-derived data products.

Significance Statement
Moored observational time series of ocean boundary currents monitor the full-depth variability and change of these dynamic currents and are used to understand their influence on large-scale ocean climate, regional shelf–coastal processes, extreme weather, and seasonal climate. In this study we apply a machine learning technique, Iterative Completion Self-Organizing Maps (ITCOMPSOM), to fill data gaps in a boundary current moored observational data record. The ITCOMPSOM provides an improved method to fill data gaps in the mooring record and if applied to other observational data records may improve the reconstruction of missing data. The derived gridded data product should improve the accessibility and potentially increase the use of these data.
The virtual family conference in stroke rehabilitation: Education, preparation, and transition planning
Authors: Ritsma Benjamin R , Gariscsak Peter J , Vyas Aarti , Chan-Nguyen Sophy , Appireddy Ramana 
Published: December 2022

Objective To examine the virtual family conference as an educational, preparatory, and transition planning intervention in stroke rehabilitation. Design Observational–cross-sectional study. Setting Inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Subjects Eighty-seven carers, participating in 48 conferences, were evaluated. Interventions The virtual family conference, involving the patient, carer(s), and interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, completed prior to community transition. The conference protocol and framework, consisting of nine primary themes and additional sub-themes, are outlined. Teleconferencing was the utilized virtual modality. Main measures Carers were assessed via questionnaires regarding pre- and post-conference rated: (1) stroke-related knowledge, (2) satisfaction with information provision, and (3) confidence, preparedness, and stress associated with community transition; by use of the Stroke Knowledge and Community Transition Preparedness Questionnaire, Mant et al. Information Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Kingston Caregiver Stress Scale. Results Significant improvement in post-conference carer-rating was noted for knowledge, pertaining to stroke nature/impairments, stroke management/prevention, functional status, and community services. Significant gains were demonstrated in post-conference satisfaction with information provided regarding stroke and discharge planning, across all assessed topics. There was also a significant increase in carer-reported confidence and preparedness for the community transition as well as a significant reduction in self-perceived stress for elements of the caregiving role. Organization of community follow-up care was consistently enabled within the proposed framework. Conclusions The virtual family conference intervention demonstrated efficacy in facilitating carer education and preparation, along with discharge planning prior to community transition from stroke rehabilitation. Thus, illustrating potential benefits of family conferences and feasibility of their virtual application in stroke rehabilitative care.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the assessment of testicular perfusion in infertile men with clinical varicocele
Authors: Tsili Athina C , Sofikitis Nikolaos , Boukali Ekaterini , Kaltsas Aris , Maliakas Vasileios P , Argyropoulou Maria I 
Published: December 2022

Background Varicocele represents the most common correctable cause of male infertility. The presence of non-invasive imaging parameters providing evidence as to which patients with varicocele are at risk for infertility would be important. Purpose To explore the role of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using semi-quantitative parameters in the assessment of testicular perfusion in infertile men with clinical varicocele. Material and Methods The study cohort included 11 infertile men with clinical varicocele and six controls, with prior paternity. Subtraction DCE-MRI was performed after gadolinium administration, using a three-dimensional fast field-echo sequence. Time-signal intensity curves were created and semi-quantitative parameters were calculated. The independent samples t-test was used to compare basic T1 perfusion parameters between infertile testes with clinical varicocele and normal testes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the most significant predictor of the diagnosis of clinical varicocele. Results Both testes with clinical varicocele and normal testes enhanced moderately and homogeneously, with a linear increase of enhancement throughout the examination. Higher mean values of maximum enhancement ( P = 0.026), maximum relative enhancement ( P = 0.024), and wash-in rate ( P = 0.013) were detected in the testes of infertile men with clinical varicocele, compared to the normal population. The wash-in rate proved the most significant predictor of the diagnosis of clinical varicocele ( P = 0.013). Conclusion DCE-MRI may provide a valuable insight into the testicular perfusion of infertile men with clinical varicocele. The wash-in rate proved a strong and independent predictor of the diagnosis of clinical varicocele.
Effect of the respiratory motion of pulmonary nodules on CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy
Authors: Kim Dasom , Han Ji-Yeon , Baek Jin Wook , Lee Ho Young , Cho Hwa Jin , Heo Young Jin , Shin Gi Won 
Published: December 2022

Background Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB) is highly affected by respiratory motion; however, respiratory motion of target nodule during the PTNB and its effect on CT-guided lung biopsy have not been studied. Purpose To investigate the effect of the respiratory motion of pulmonary nodules on CT-guided PTNB. Material and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the procedural CT scans of 426 pulmonary nodules that underwent PTNB during quiet breathing. Maximal and average respiratory motions were measured using the difference of table position of the targeted nodule between multiple procedural scans. Diagnostic performance, complications, and technical factors of PTNB in nodules with large motion (maximal motion >1 cm) were compared with those in nodules with small motion (≤1 cm). Results The mean maximal and average respiratory motions between tidal volume breathing were 5.4 ± 4.4 and 2.7 ± 2.6 mm, respectively. Sensitivity and accuracy were 93.1% and 96.1% in nodules with large motion, compared with 94.7% and 95.9% in nodules with small motion, respectively. Respiratory targeting ( P < 0.001), needle modulation ( P < 0.001), motion artifact of target ( P < 0.001), target disappearance from scans ( P < 0.001), and number of performed CT scans ( P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the large motion group, with no significant difference in radiation dose and complications between the groups. Conclusion The respiratory motion of pulmonary nodules during CT-guided PTNB may cause technical difficulties but does not affect diagnostic performance nor complications associated with PTNB.
Surgical goniolens for tag identification and removal in DMEK surgery
Authors: Vaccaro Sabrina , Bosio Lorenzo , Parekh Mohit , Gadhvi Kunal A , Giannaccare Giuseppe , Scorcia Vincenzo , Semeraro Francesco , Kaye Stephen B , Romano Vito 
Published: December 2022

Introduction We describe a novel technique for identifying endothelial Descemet membrane (DM) tags remaining after descemetorhexis in patients undergoing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) surgery. Methods A surgical goniolens is applied to the corneal surface after descemetorhexis in order to visualize the peripheral inner corneal layer at 360° and identify endothelial-DM tags. Results A detailed visualization of the peripheral inner corneal layer is possible using goniolens, without using any staining in the anterior chamber. Conclusion The technique may be used to screen the posterior corneal surface for any retained endothelial-DM tags. It may to lower the risk of remaining tags and indirectly lower the incidence of DMEK graft detachment.
Cerebral small vessel disease: Recent advances and future directions
Authors: Markus Hugh S , de Leeuw Frank Erik 
Published: December 2022

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) causes lacunar stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and is the most common pathology underlying vascular cognitive impairment. Increasingly, the importance of other clinical features of SVD is being recognized including motor impairment, (vascular) parkinsonism, impaired balance, falls, and behavioral symptoms, such as depression, apathy, and personality change. Epidemiological data show a high prevalence of the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of white matter hyperintensities and lacunar infarcts in community studies, and recent data suggest that it is also a major health burden in low- and middle-income countries. In this review, we cover advances in diagnosis, imaging, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and treatment. The two most common pathologies underlying SVD are arteriolosclerosis caused by aging, hypertension, and other conventional vascular risk factors, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) caused by vascular deposition of β-amyloid. We discuss the revised Boston criteria of CAA based on MRI features, which have been recently validated. Imaging is providing important insights into pathogenesis, including improved detection of tissue damage using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) leading to its use to monitor progression and surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. Advanced MRI techniques can demonstrate functional or dynamic abnormalities of the blood vessels, while the high spatial resolution provided by ultrahigh field MRI at 7 T allows imaging of individual perforating arteries for the first time, and the measurement of flow velocity and pulsatility within these arteries. DTI and structural network analysis have highlighted the importance of network disruption in mediating the effect of different SVD pathologies in causing a number of symptoms, including cognitive impairment, apathy, and gait disturbance. Despite the public health importance of SVD, there are few proven treatments. We review the evidence for primary prevention, and recent data showing how intensive blood pressure lowering reduces white matter hyperintensities (WMH) progression and delays the onset of cognitive impairment. There are few treatments for secondary prevention, but a number of trials are currently evaluating novel treatment approaches. Recent advances have implicated molecular processes related to endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide synthesis, blood–brain barrier integrity, maintenance and repair of the extracellular matrix, and inflammation. Novel treatment approaches are being developed to a number of these targets. Finally, we highlight the importance of large International collaborative initiatives in SVD to address important research questions and cover a number which have recently been established.
Resilience and mental health in UK urology trainees
Authors: Terry Tim R 
Published: December 2022

In the absence of published quantitative data on resilience and mental health in the UK urology trainees, this paper analyses the 2018 and 2021 General Medical Council National Training Surveys with regard to the outcomes of seven work-related questions for all trainees and at all stages of training. The answers to these questions are used as a proxy for burnout levels in urology trainees and also to understand the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on training. In addition, the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that may influence a urological trainee’s performance are reviewed as these can act as negative drivers on personal and professional performance. The use of a trainee’s reflective practice and emotional intelligence are promoted to allow early diagnosis of burnout and prompt institution of viable treatment options. Level of evidence: 2b
China's National Survey on Teaching-Research Officers and Institutions
Authors: Hu (胡惠闵) Huimin , Shen (沈伟) Wei 
Published: December 2022

Highlights A national survey of basic education teaching-research institutions was conducted as the first nationwide comprehensive survey that involved teaching-research officers and institutions in China. The structures and functions of the provincial, prefectural, and county teaching-research institutions, as well as their role differentiation, were analyzed. The future position and development of teaching-research institutions remain important for teachers’ professional development, as well as the development of teaching and research.
Interventions to reduce infections in patients with hematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chai Khai Li , Wong Jonathan , Weinkove Robert , Keegan Anastazia , Crispin Philip , Stanworth Simon , Morrissey C. Orla , Wood Erica M. , McQuilten Zoe K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia is common in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and multiple myeloma (MM). No previous systematic reviews (SRs) have compared different approaches to infection prevention. We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of prophylactic immunoglobulin, antibiotics, and vaccination in these patients. We performed an SR and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of prophylactic immunoglobulin, antibiotics, and vaccination in adult patients with hematological malignancies commonly associated with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia, specifically, CLL, NHL, and MM. We searched PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Cochrane Registry up to 9 January 2021. Results for dichotomous data were expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and pooled in a random-effects model. This review was registered with PROSPERO CRD42017070825. From 10 576 studies screened, there were 21 completed RCTs and 1 ongoing. Of these, 8 evaluated prophylactic immunoglobulin (n = 370; 7 published before 2000), 5 evaluated prophylactic antibiotics (n = 1587), 7 evaluated vaccination (n = 3996), and 1 compared immunoglobulin to antibiotics (n = 60). Prophylactic immunoglobulin reduced the risk of clinically documented infection (CDI) by 28% (n = 2 trials; RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.96), and vaccination reduced the risk by 63% (RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.30-0.45). Prophylactic antibiotics did not reduce the risk. No intervention reduced all-cause mortality. Prophylactic immunoglobulin and antibiotics increased the risk of adverse events. Findings should be interpreted with caution, given the high risk of bias in many studies. There is a clear need for high-quality contemporary trials to establish the effectiveness of different approaches to preventing infection.
Outcomes before and after providing interdisciplinary hematology and pulmonary care for children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Zeno Rachel N. , Stanek Joseph , Pugh Courtney , Gillespie Michelle , Kopp Benjamin T. , Creary Susan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
People with sickle cell disease (pwSCD) are at risk of developing lung conditions that complicate their SCD but often face health care access barriers. An interdisciplinary clinic providing pulmonary care for pwSCD was created in 2014 at the Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH) to address access barriers that may prevent optimized treatment. We hypothesize that pwSCD and pulmonary disease would have fewer hospitalizations for acute chest syndrome (ACS), asthma, and vaso-occlusive episodes in the 2 years after their initial SCD-pulmonary clinic visit compared with the 2 years before. From 2014 to 2020, 119 pwSCD were evaluated in the SCD-pulmonary clinic and followed up at the NCH for at least 2 years before and after this initial visit. Acute care outcomes, pulmonary function, polysomnography, echocardiogram, laboratory, and medication prescribing data were collected and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranked and McNemar tests. The median number of acute care visits for ACS (P &lt; .001) and asthma (P = .006) were significantly lower during the 2 years after pwSCD’s initial SCD-pulmonary clinic evaluation compared with the 2 years before. Asthma and allergic rhinitis were more frequently diagnosed and prescriptions for hydroxyurea (P = .005) and inhaled corticosteroids (P = .005) were more common in the post–SCD-pulmonary clinic period. The median number of prescribed systemic corticosteroids was lower in the 2 years after SCD-pulmonary clinic evaluation (P &lt; .0001). Lactate dehydrogenase and white blood cell counts also significantly decreased. Implementing a multidisciplinary SCD-pulmonary clinic is feasible and may allow improved management of pulmonary problems and lead to improvements in the usage of health and acute care.