bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
95 Identifying Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials as Potential Drivers of oral Hazard and Their Modulation by safe and Sustainable-by-Design Strategies
Authors: Roriguez-Garraus Adriana , Delpivo Camila , Candalija Ana Maria , Simeone Felice , Vázquez-Campos Socorro , Catalán Julia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Throughout their whole life cycle from production to waste disposal, nanomaterials (NMs) and nano-enabled products (NEPs) are in contact with humans by different exposure routes and may induce adverse health effects. After oral exposure they may give rise to local or even systemic toxic effects associated to their dissolution behaviour, intestinal absorption or by being trapped into the gastrointestinal barrier Safe and sustainable-by-design (SSbD) interventions to reduce or mitigate NM/NEP risks along their life cycle have been suggested in the last years. However, no clear physico-chemical (PC) properties modulating the hazard by the oral route have been identified. Based on published practical examples of successful SSbD strategies, key PC properties determining the technical function of the NM in the NEP as well as those modified by the SSbD intervention are identified. In addition, oral IATAs from the GRACIOUS project are used to identify which PC properties could be relevant to determine the fate of NMs/NEPs after oral exposure. A further literature search on the specific NM/NEP may help to unravel the relationships among key PC properties and associated mechanisms of hazards.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 862419.
97 Transferability and Reproducibility of Exposed Air-Liquid Interface co-Culture Lung Models
Authors: Braakhuis Hedwig , Gremmer Eric , Bannuscher Anne , Drasler Barbara , Keshavan Sandeep , Rothen-Rutishauser Barbara , Birk Barbara , Verlohner Andreas , Landsiedel Robert , Meldrum Kirsty , Doak Shareen , Clift Martin , Erdem Johanna Samulin , Foss Oda , Zienolddiny Shan , Serchi Tommaso , Moschini Elisa , Weber Pamina , Burla Sabina , Kumar Pramod , Schmid Otmar , Zwart Edwin , Vermeulen Jolanda , Cassee Flemming , Vandebriel Rob 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The establishment of reliable and robust in vitro models for hazard assessment, moving away from animal testing, requires evaluation of model transferability and reproducibility. Lung models that can be exposed via the air, by means of an air-liquid interface are promising in vitro models for evaluating the safety of nanomaterials (NMs) after inhalation exposure. We performed an inter-laboratory comparison study to evaluate the transferability and reproducibility of a lung model consisting of the human bronchial cell line Calu-3 as monoculture and, to increase the relevance of the model, also as co-culture with macrophages (derived from the THP-1 monocyte cell line or from human blood monocytes). Exposure employed the VITROCELL® Cloud12 system at physiologically relevant doses. Overall, the results of the seven participating laboratories are quite similar. No effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), quartz (DQ12) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) NM-105 exposure on cell viability and barrier integrity were seen in the monoculture and co-culture models. Most laboratories showed that LPS induced cytokine release in the co-culture models, but not the monoculture model. Exposure to DQ12 or TiO2 did not increase cytokine release, probably due to too low deposited doses. Interlaboratory variability indicated acceptable variation for cell viability measurements and relatively high variation for cytokine measurements. Based on the transferability and reproducibility of the model and its air exposure we are confident that, based on detailed SOPs, performing a new round of interlaboratory comparison, and increasing the deposited doses of NMs, these models may be taken further towards a possible OECD guideline.
106 Establishing a Physiologically Relevant in Vitro Airway Model to Assess the Impacts of Environmental Exposures, Like Smoking, on Covid-19 Susceptibility.
Authors: Bowsher Rachel , Goode Emma-Jane , Marczylo Tim , Wright Matthew , Bailey Alexis , Gooch Karen , Marczylo Emma 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures are commonly used for 3D modelling of the human airways and to examine the effects of direct exposure to airborne toxicants. We explored the suitability of human epithelial cell lines (RPMI 2560, HBEC-3KT, CALU-3 and A549) and primary cells (nasal, bronchiolar and small airways) grown at ALI as a physiologically relevant model to examine whether environmental exposures can increase the susceptibility of the human airways to SARS-COV-2 infection. Cultures were kept at ALI for up to 28 days to allow differentiation. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured weekly. Cells were harvested at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and transcriptional markers of basal, ciliated and mucus-producing cells together with SARS-COV-2 viral entry genes (ACE2, TMPRSS2 and Furin) and other genes of interest, were assessed by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Each cell line yielded differentiated models, with upregulation of markers of ciliated and mucus producing cells from day 7. In contrast to primary cells, immortalised cell lines did not produce cilia but, mucus was produced. TEER values increased with time, as expected, but values and therefore formation of tight junctions differed between models. Similarly, expression of viral entry genes increased as cells differentiated with marked differences across the different models. This study will be used to select the most appropriate ALI model for investigating the effect of environmental exposures such as smoking and vaping on susceptibility to SARS-COV-2 infection.
121 Cross Government, Industry and Academia Knowledge Sharing Workshops on Opportunities for Advanced Materials (AM) in the UK
Authors: Nasser Fatima , Bard Delphine , Castro Fernando A , Clifford Charles , Evans Gareth , Gee Mark , Heale Frances , Koltsov Denis , Price Alex , Smith Rachel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Key decision-making organisations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Commission (EC) have started to focus on the industrial and economic implications of advanced materials (AMs). Internationally, there is a strong push for a sustainable and circular economy in which 'safety by design', recyclability and re-use will be high on the agenda. It is important material scientists, industry, and regulators consider how to work together to support the safe use of AMs. In 2021, DEFRA, HSE Science Division, NPL, UK HSA and BSI held an online workshop with industry experts, materials scientists and regulators to create a UK knowledge sharing community on the safe exploitation of AMs. This first workshop assessed the level of interest in creating an UK AM knowledge sharing community focussing on the application of safe by design for safer adoption of AMs. The participants concluded that any definition of AM related to a novel material property may be necessary but would make it difficult to use from a practical regulatory perspective. A second event is planned for early 2023 to share views on the benefits and pitfalls of the safe commercialisation of AMs; including the societal benefits that may arise and the potential obstacles to the wider adoption of these new materials. These events are being attended by organisations developing AMs, those manufacturing and using AMs, and also health and safety experts and regulators. The poster will summarise the outcomes of the two workshops.
124 Risk Assessment and Management of Exposure in a Nanotechnology Industrial Plant: Tools and Exposure Monitorization Following a Tiered Approach
Authors: Laranjeira João , Delgado Erina , Carvalho Fernanda , Matos Cristina , Alberto Rita , Martins Carla , Bianchin Alvise , Pamphilis Marco , Forlin Enrico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nanotechnology as an emerging field has been revolutionizing the materials sector in a broad range of industrial and commercial applications, due to the nanoscale enhanced material properties. In industrial facilities, workers exposure to airborne nanomaterials can occur mainly through inhalation. However once airborne nanomaterials are released, their deposition in surfaces enhances the risk of dermal and eye exposure and to lesser extent even ingestion. On the other hand, if adequate filters, maintenance, and waste programs are not used, the release and emission of industrial indoor airborne nanomaterials can promote contamination of the environmental compartments, and consequently represent an exposure risk for the general population. It is well known that inhaled nanomaterials can cause a variety of pulmonary illnesses. Several challenges arise when assessing and managing the Health and Safety risks of nanoproducts, due to the limited hazards understanding and knowledge, as well as their exposure potential to humans and the environment, which results in the lack of exposure limit values. As the uncertainties and complexity associated with nanoproducts encompass a broad range of parameters that significantly account for the risk, the implementation of a tiered approach was carried out to screen the potential risks of the workers exposure when handling nanopowders in order to design well supported control measures. This pragmatic and structured strategy was based in the application of sequential nanospecific tools having a life cycle perspective for the nanoproduct under development. An exposure monitorization campaign made in the facility was accomplished using two measurement equipment.
10 Validation of an Aerosol Exposure-Air Liquid Interface (AE-ALI) System to Facilitate Realistic Hazard Identification of Nano-Sized Aerosols
Authors: Buckley Alison , Guo Chang , Laycock Adam , Leonard Martin , Smith Rachel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To facilitate hazard characterisation for inhaled engineered nanomaterials we have established an aerosol exposure air-liquid-interface (AE-ALI) system, incorporating a Cultex RFSTM cell exposure system. While offering potential benefits in terms of more realistic aerosol exposure mode over traditional submerged in vitro models and being in-line with the principles of the 3Rs, (replace, reduce and refine animal use), detailed system characterisation is required to produce reliable and reproducible results. As such, this work looked to fully characterise our AE-ALI system with a view to optimising cell viability of system controls and deposition quantity, uniformity, and reproducibility for engineered nanomaterials. Using a nano-CeO2 aerosol, the effects of exposure conditions and system parameters (e.g. temperature, electrostatic precipitator voltage and airflow) on deposition efficiency, pattern and reproducibility were investigated using ICP-MS. While results showed that appropriate choice of operating parameters can produce broadly uniform deposition, reproducibility was low, and dose monitoring during exposures is recommended. After initial optimisation of the system for deposition, the effect of exposure duration, well size and flowrate on cellular responses (e.g. cytotoxicity (LDH) and selected gene expression (IL-8, CXCL1, HMOX1, SPP1) of system controls (H2O aerosol) was investigated using human lung alveolar (A549) and primary small airway epithelial cells. Results indicate that even after optimisation for cell health, the system itself is “toxic” to cells in comparison to incubator controls, with increasing effects observed with exposure duration meaning exposure durations must be minimised. Results from this study highlight the need for detailed characterisation of AE-ALI systems prior to use.
33 The Ultrhas Project: Ultrafine Particles from Transportation – Health Assessment of Sources
Authors: Øvrevik Johan , Rothen-Rutishauser Barbara , Jalava Pasi , Sipopula Olli I , Hänninen Otto , Bucchianico Sebastiano Di , Adam Thomas , Hupfer Andreas , Etzien Uwe , Zimmermann Ralf 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Current regulations of particulate matter (PM) based on ambient mass concentrations does not encompass source dependent variation in toxicity or the impact of high numbers of ultrafine PM (UFPs) which contribute little to total PM mass. UFPs may pose risks due to their small size and high number/surface area concentrations and propensity to penetrate tissue barriers and reach the circulation and secondary target organs. ULTRHAS (2021-2025) is a project funded under the EU’s Research and Innovation program Horizon 2020 (Grant Agreement No. 955390). The project will specifically address (i) the impact of different transport modes, fuel technologies and wear components, including atmospheric ageing processes, on the physicochemical characteristics of particulate and gaseous emissions; and how these processes and characteristics affects (ii) the biological responses leading to harmful effects in the lung and beyond by applying state-of-the-art emission measurement, exposure and toxicity-testing approaches under highly controlled laboratory conditions. ULTRHAS will (iii) rank the health hazards of different transport mode emissions and (iv) apply an advanced health impact assessment framework incorporating burden of disease methods to quantify baseline and policy scenario impacts for development and prioritization of mitigation measures; and (v) evaluate the future impact and acceptance of new policies on public health, taking into account social aspects. ULTRHAS aims to provide enhanced understanding of health threats posed by nanoparticles from different transport modes; optimize a framework for toxicity and hazard assessment of aerosols; provide guidance for prioritization of mitigation measures for future legislation on air pollutants.
39 Investigation of Workplace Silica Exposures Using Novel Samplers and Methods
Authors: Hall Samantha , Hunwin Graeme , Bard Delphine , Leese Liz , Morton Jackie 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Scientists from the Health and Safety Executive visited a range of workplaces where there was the potential for exposure to silica. The aim of the visits was to determine potential worker exposures to dust and respirable crystalline silica by static air monitoring and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). To evaluate potential airborne exposures low-cost particle monitors were deployed alongside more established scientific equipment. On site airborne dust concentrations were measured at different locations using two photometers, an optical particle counter (OPC) and a respirable cyclone. The size distribution was measured in real-time using a low-cost OPC and by offline analysis of a polycarbonate membrane filter housed inside an inhalable sampler using a Coulter Counter III. Pre and post shift samples of EBC were taken from 29 workers, with samples analysed by single particle inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry to measure Si-containing particles. The real-time air monitoring data showed sustained increased concentrations or peaks corresponding to specific areas or activities, therefore indicating the tasks and/or locations most likely to contribute to worker exposure. The low-cost instruments were also effective in highlighting site locations and tasks most likely to contribute to worker exposure. An approach combining multiple sampling techniques provided a good characterisation of airborne, silica containing dusts. The EBC results consistently showed increased numbers of silicon containing particles post-shift compared with pre-shift.
42 Elucidating an Association Between Air Pollution and Mental Health
Authors: Christoforou Ella , Mizen Amy , Lyons Jane , Fry Rich , John Ann , Clift Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Air pollution (AP) is a significant environmental risk to human health. Historically, the impact of AP exposure has focused upon the physical health effects, yet the implications of AP on mental health have received limited attention. Despite this, recent research has highlighted emerging evidence supporting a possible aetiological link. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the potential consequences of AP upon mental health and well-being. In a PRISMA based systematic review multiple databases were searched from January 2012 to 2022 for peer-reviewed, English-language, human based primary research. Of the 2,224 studies identified in the literature search, 94 met the inclusion criteria. The mental health and wellbeing issues explored were psychosis, anxiety, suicide, mania, overall diagnosed conditions, and self-reported wellbeing symptoms. Depression was omitted due to the volume of attention the condition has received in the literature. Key air pollutants, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were investigated. Data revealed a positive association between psychotic disorders and NOx exposure in ten studies with only one contradictory finding. Whereas the other conditions received multiple contradictory findings. To compare these results to real-life situations, currently a pilot study is exploring associations between psychotic disorder diagnoses and AP, specifically NOx, in Wales using the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) database. There is a large body of evidence showing associations between mental health and AP. However, due to research complexities and some contradictory findings more high-quality research is required to elucidate these relationships.
49 Exposure Assessment and Health Surveys at Metal Additive Manufacturing Facilities
Authors: Assenhöj Maria , Almstrand Ann-Charlotte , Ljunggren Stefan A , Ohlin Anna-Carin , Karlsson Helen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of building parts from 3D model data by joining materials. AM includes different techniques, such as binder jetting and powder bed fusion which uses metal powder as feedstock. Knowledge regarding exposure-related health risks in metal AM environments is still limited. Herein, we report emission data from 8 different AM companies along with health examinations of 39 controls and 48 additive manufacturing machine users (AMMU).
Exposure assessment of dust and metals was performed through stationary and personal sampling of total and inhalable dust followed by metal analysis by ICP-MS. Two handheld particle-counting instruments, Lighthouse 3016-IAQ (0.3-10 µm) and Philips Aerasense NanoTracer (10-300 nm), were used to identify dusty work tasks and thereby to help prioritize preventive measures. Health examinations consisted of questionnaires, spirometry, blood sampling after a workweek and collection of urine samples before and after a workweek. Clinical markers in urine (α1-microglobulin) and plasma (ASAT, ALAT, ALP, ApoA-1, ApoB, SAA1/PON1), and urinary metal levels were analyzed.
Results: Daily averages of dust and metal exposure were in general low compared to Swedish occupational exposure limits. However, particle counting instruments identified specific work tasks with high exposure risk. Mann Whitney U-test indicated statistical differences between exposed and controls for three clinical markers; ASAT and ApoA-1 in plasma as well as α-1-microglobulin in urine. There were no significant increase in exposure markers Monday to Friday nor between AMMU and controls at a group level. Although high exposure levels were seen in some individuals.
51 Retained Particle Surface area Drives Inflammation in Rat Lungs Following Acute, Subacute, and Subchronic Inhalation of Nanomaterials
Authors: Cosnier Frédéric , Seidel Carole , Valentino Sarah , Schmid Otmar , Bau Sébastien , Vogel Ulla , Devoy Jérôme , Gaté Laurent 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The difficulty of nanomaterial (NM) grouping can be simplified if the most toxicologically relevant dose metric is used to assess the toxicological dose-response. Retained surface area could be useful for this purpose. Here, we thoroughly investigated the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation (based on polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx (% PMN) in lung bronchoalveolar lavage) and the retained surface area in the lung. 4-week inhalation studies were performed in rats with three benchmark materials: the TiO2 P25 and the carbon black Printex-90 as poorly soluble particles of low toxicity (PSLT), and the multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) MWNT-7. We compared our results to published data from nearly 30 rigorously selected articles relating to acute (1-week) to subchronic (13-week) inhalation exposure to the classes of NMs considered. Short and long post-exposure recovery times (immediately after exposure up to more than 6 months) allowed us to examine both acute and chronic inflammation. A dose-response relationship across short-term and long-term studies was revealed linking pulmonary retained surface area dose (measured or estimated) and % PMN. This relationship, taking the form of sigmoid curves, is dependent on the class of NM considered and sometimes on the duration of exposure but is independent of the post-exposure time. Based on retained surface area, long and thick MWCNTs (few hundred nm long with an aspect ratio greater than 25) had a higher inflammatory potency with 4 cm²/g lung sufficient to trigger an inflammatory response (at 6% PMN), whereas retained surfaces greater than 150 cm²/g lung were required for PSLT.
52 Use of Exposure Data to Evaluate the Impact of the Boelv on Industry Practices; case Study ASW/RCF.
Authors: Webster Dawn , Robinson Nicola 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study assesses the impact of the 0.3f/ml BOELV for aluminosilicate wools/refractory ceramic fibres (ASW/RCF), as implemented in 2020, on exposure levels at industrial sites. Now in its 26th year, CARE/PSP is the European programme collecting representative data for occupational exposure to airborne fibrous dust. With the changing regulatory landscape, CARE participants conducted a review of the data, focusing on evidence of reduced exposure or changed industrial practices since 2017 when the BOELV was first introduced. The data was split pre- and post- 2017 and also compared to alkaline earth silicate wool (AES/LBP) which is not classified and thus not covered by the BOELV, to consider the impact on exposure. An independent third-party statistician extracted the relevant data for this study. There are significant differences in workplace exposure among functional job categories (FJCs), since the introduction of the BOELV there has been a reduction in exposure, greater use of alternative AES/LBP and move to increased use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) across all FJCs where ASW/RCF is being used. The data review for the period 2017-2021 has demonstrated an overall reduction in fibre exposure at both manufacturers and users’ facilities. The introduction of the BOELV for ASW/RCF has led to a greater awareness of the need to control fibrous dust. An increased uptake in the use of RPE and the use of RPE with higher protection factor is observed. There also appeared to be a move to alternative non-classified HTIW where appropriate.