bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capitalist Peace
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The United States pursued free trade from the Great Depression onward as part of its grand strategy of coordinating resources and policies to achieve long-term diplomatic objectives. Ever since Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration, which launched a trade policy steeped in a liberal internationalist worldview, the United States linked trade to global prosperity, to winning wars and peace, and to shaping the world order. Free trade was a cornerstone of an ideology of “capitalist peace.” That concept placed trade liberalization in service to political internationalism. By pursuing freer commercial exchanges, capitalist peace ideology knitted trade to national security imperatives and political causes. To be sure, capitalists sought a particular type of global trade, just like communists did and fascists before them. But capitalists harnessed the market, rather than using the state, through free trade. Leaders believed that free trade advanced private enterprise and thus the cause of capitalist peace, which, in turn, promoted prosperity, democracy, security, and attendant by-products like development, cooperation, integration, and human rights. In so doing, the capitalist peace paradigm—with a core of liberal internationalist principles that were ever changing to meet new circumstances and pressures—projected US power, interests, and values into the international arena even as capitalism brought both positive and negative results to the global order. This book shows that free trade internationalism has always been contested—by protectionists in particular but by nations of the global South as well, yet even the skeptics acknowledged the force of capitalist peace thinking.
Epilogue
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We cannot effectively tackle the existential problems of global warming and biodiversity decline while the neoclassical economists who advise governments continue to regard the environment as a valueless externality. Treating the air as a dumping ground for carbon emissions is clearly a bad idea with enormous social implications, as is treating the oceans as a dumping ground for heat and meltwater. We are experiencing the iron law of unintended consequences. Market fundamentalism has been found just as wanting in environmental matters as it was in banking in 2008. Relying on markets has put us in a dire predicament. Magical thinking is not going to help us. Government has a duty to regulate industry so that it does not lead to, and preferably acts to reverse global overheating and biodiversity loss. We cannot allow businesses to go on eroding Earth’s natural capital. Losing Earth’s refrigerator is bad for humans, not just for the planet.
“Somebody Needed an Archaeologist”
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Reisners arrive in Cairo, where George Reisner starts work at the Egyptian Museum, publishing amulets, models of ships and boats, canopic jars, and the Amarna tablets. He meets the American painter Joseph Lindon Smith and American philanthropist Phoebe Apperson Hearst, who offers him an on-the-job learning position as an archaeologist, so Reisner effectively changes careers, turning down Assyriology positions at Yale and in the Berlin Museum. Reisner also secured Hearst funding for Grenfell and Hunt’s papyrological excavations at Oxyrhynchus. He conducts a reconnaissance survey in Upper Egypt before deciding where to dig. A return home solidifies Reisner’s association with Phoebe Hearst over Sara Yorke Stevenson from Philadelphia.
The Road Taken
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Hearst Expedition launches into action with excavations at Deir el-Ballas, el-Ahaiwah, and the vast cemeteries of Naga ed-Deir. Reisner develops a system for site survey and a stratigraphic approach to excavation, while also realizing that anatomical analyses of human remains is necessary. Reisner receives the medical treatise now known as “Papyrus Hearst” as a thank-you gift from an Egyptian farmer. His team expands to include Albert Lythgoe and Arthur C. Mace; the expedition is also visited by his Harvard professor David Gordon Lyon and his wife, Tosca. The Reisners return to Germany during the off-season, and in September 1902, Phoebe Hearst invites them to Berkeley, where Reisner delivers a lecture series and enjoys a Hearst dinner party thrown in his honor.
Devastation and Realignment: The Birth of the HU–MFA Expedition
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn 1905 Phoebe Hearst terminated her financial support of the Hearst Expedition. Even a visit to Giza in 1905, and the discovery of the famous “slab stela” of Wepemnefret just after she left, did not alter her decision. This prompted the creation of the Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition (1905–47), as the result of hard-won negotiations during the summer of 1905 among Harvard, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Reisner, Lythgoe, and David Gordon Lyon. The formal agreement stipulated that art objects should go to the MFA, while archives and publication rights belonged to Harvard, but all for the duration of just one year (1905–6). Reisner also explored the chances of leading a Harvard expedition to Palestine, supported by David Gordon Lyon’s donor Jacob Schiff.
King Menkaure versus the “Pestiferous Sheikhs” of Palestine
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAfter putting Cecil Firth in charge of the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Reisner focused on the Menkaure Valley Temple at Giza (1908, 1910) and the Harvard excavations at Samaria (1909–10). At Giza he found four perfectly preserved triads of King Menkaure in 1908, and then in 1910 an even larger and more impressive dyad, or pair statue of the king and his queen (or mother?). The fact that this statue shipped to Boston later turned several heads and raised many eyebrows in Cairo. At Samaria, Reisner spent two seasons on the mound, working with Clarence Fisher and undoing the “damage” done by his 1908 predecessor, Gottlieb Schumacher. He explored the Omri-Ahab palace, Israelite city wall, the walls built by Babylonian colonists, the Herodian temple, and other areas. He eventually discovered a series of ostraca, inscribed sherds with the oldest Hebrew writing yet known. Theodore Roosevelt rattled the Cairo population with an incendiary speech in 1910, and William Randolph Hearst approached Reisner about collecting on his behalf. Additional Egyptian excavations during these years took place at Mesaeed and, under Fisher’s direction while Reisner returned to teach at Harvard and serve as curator at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, at the site of Zawiyet el-Aryan.
The Near-Destruction of Two American Expeditions
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClarence Fisher and George Reisner clashed over the treatment of their Egyptian workmen, since all their Qufti families were related. The crisis began with fundamental misunderstandings between Fisher and his Reisner-loaned reis Mahmud el-Meyyit, who turned to Reisner after being fired by Fisher. This threatened the stability of both expeditions, and authorities from both the Penn Museum and the MFA in Boston had to get involved. Ashton Sanborn, working for they paranoid Fisher but bearing no ill will toward Reisner, was caught in the middle. Meanwhile at Nuri, Aspelta’s sixteen-ton sarcophagus was removed from its burial chamber, thanks to Said Ahmed’s ingenuity. Oric Bates died of influenza at Camp Zachary Taylor in 1918 preparing to join the war effort. At last war’s end signaled a return to archaeology for many foreign expeditions.
“The Work Is His God”: Gebel Barkal, el-Kurru, and Meroe
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractExcavations continued at Gebel Barkal, el-Kurru, and Meroe, with pyramid burial chambers, foundation deposits, jewelry, and other items. The true significance of el-Kurru as a major royal cemetery for some of Nubia’s greatest kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty was slowly revealed. The painted burial chambers of Queen Qalhata and King Tanwetamani provided another unexpected surprise. The expedition also found upright royal horse grave burials at el-Kurru complete with trappings made of faience and other materials. With his budget overstretched, Reisner required additional approvals from the MFA in Boston. Assisted by Walter Kemp, Reisner also found a stela of Queen Tabiry, which he misread as evidence of a Libyan connection (and origin?) of the inhabitants of el-Kurru. March 1919 brought civil unrest in Egypt, which stranded the expedition in the Sudan far longer than originally planned. Dows Dunham completed his war service and rejoined the expedition in late 1919, discovering the victory stela Thutmose III at Gebel Barkal. Reisner and Dunham found another important text: the long Meroitic inscription of King Tanyidamani, a language that remains undeciphered today. Ashton Sanborn left Fisher’s Penn Expedition and formally joined the HU–MFA team. Reisner weighed in on the political events in Cairo, the Milner Commission, and other British responses to recent post-war unrest. Walter Kemp shot himself at Harvard Camp, Giza, in December 1920. Returning to Meroe, with Ashton Sanborn and eventually Lyman Story, Reisner found a Hellenistic rhyton signed by Athenian potter Sotades. Reisner’s first(?) fictional short story dates to 1921.
Excursus: Showdown with Breasted over Egyptian Archaeology
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis short chapter covers James Breasted’s initially secret plan to use $10 million from John Rockefeller Jr. to offer the Egyptians a new Cairo Museum, but with a scientific committee that would gain decision-making power over the granting of excavation concessions, effectively ousting Pierre Lacau from the French traditional position of administrative control. As Reisner slowly learned of the plan he opposed it, which led to a bitter rivalry between the two erstwhile friends and colleagues. This dispute lasted a decade, from 1925 to 1935. Eventually, Breasted’s tone-deaf approach to the Egyptian authorities resulted in the collapse of his dream, and for the time being, the status quo was preserved.
Looking Back and Taking Stock
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBy this point the expedition focused on the backlog of Giza publication material. Excavations were reduced, aiming primarily to fill in gaps in the Giza documentation. Reisner’s eye problems required surgeries that were ultimately unsuccessful, and encroaching blindness resulted throughout the 1930s. During his recuperation at the home of his friend Judge Pierre Crabitès, with Joseph Lindon Smith’s help he terminated Noel Wheeler’s employment, based on the latter’s diminishing dedication to the work. He also completed a monograph on tomb development, a prequel necessary, he felt, for his future Giza Necropolis publications. For distraction, he took to having detective novels read aloud to him, and eventually amassed a collection of nearly two thousand volumes. At the urging of Joseph and Corinna Lindon Smith, Reisner summarized for the MFA the history of the expedition, and its expenses and publications output, all in defense of the expedition in the face of the Depression and universal budget cuts. In 1935 he renewed his friendship with James Breasted, estranged for a decade, just prior to Breasted’s unexpected death. His mentor, David Gordon Lyon, also died in 1935. Russian expatriate draftsman Alexander Floroff joined the expedition in 1934. New MFA director George Harold Edgell proved one of Reisner’s staunchest supporters.
Septuagenarian Archaeology
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes Egypt through the eyes of aspiring Egyptology and MFA assistant curator Betty Eaton, who traveled to Egypt for the first time. Pierre Lacau was succeeded by Etienne Drioton as head of the Antiquities Service. Reisner kept new MFA director Harold Edgell informed, particularly about negotiations for an Anglo-Egyptian peace treaty. Edgell in turn negotiated with Harvard to grant Reisner an honorary degree at commencement. Joseph and Corinna Lindon Smith continued their visits to Egypt, and Smith enjoyed annual exhibitions of his work at Harvard Camp. In March 1937 they visited Quft, the hometown of most of the workmen. The HU–MFA Expedition pared back due to Depression-era budget cuts. Reisner’s volume on tomb development appeared, as he continued writing chapters for his magnum opus on the Giza Necropolis. One new addition was Russian draftsman Nicholas Melnikoff. In addition, he had Hansmartin Handrick, Alexander Floroff, William Stevenson Smith, Evelyn Perkins, and the sons of reis Said Ahmed, Mohamed and Mahmud Said. He also participated in an international conference in Cairo on excavations. In Boston Dows Dunham prepared for a future without George Reisner in the field, wondering how to deal with the backlog of shipped artifacts, the publications obligations, and the general lack of space. The chapter ends with the surprise seventieth birthday party for Reisner at Harvard Camp, which included the gift of a repeater watch, whose bells allowed him to discern the time, day or night, despite his blindness.
Suffrage, Democracy, and War
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The adoption of women’s suffrage in national elections brought expectations of dramatic political and social change throughout the world. But the reality of suffrage was more nuanced. Many who lived through suffrage did not feel they were living through a revolution. Women did not vote in large numbers and their voting patterns did not appear to differ all that much from men’s. But like many notable social, economic, and biological changes, political change can accumulate in slow and gradual ways. Far from having little noticeable effect, recent research has shown that women’s suffrage has in fact brought about significant economic, social, and political change at the domestic level. This chapter describes these changes and presents novel evidence that women’s votes have also had a dramatic, pacifying impact on international affairs.
Women’s Votes and the World Wars
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The prospect that the modern era is more peaceful than at any point in history may seem hard to fathom when considering the events of the twentieth century. How can one make sense of the millions killed in conflict in light of the advance of the supposedly pacifying effects of women’s suffrage over this period? This chapter examines what, if any, influence women’s votes had on three defining episodes of the twentieth century: America’s entry into World War I, Britain’s response to Hitler’s aggression in Czechoslovakia, and the beginning of the end of the Cold War following the U.S. 1984 presidential election. In each case, the chapter shows that women’s votes, motivated by issues of war and peace, affected the political process in meaningful ways even when they did not succeed in preventing war.
On the Margins of Bucolic
Authors: Thalmann William G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In itself, the bucolic world may be elusive, but it is given shape and definition by what is at its margins. This chapter considers three poems that, in the Theocritean corpus as it has come down to us, perform this function of definition. Idyll 4 is set within the bucolic world but depicts that world as in the process of dissolution. Absence is not productive but destructive. In his absence at Olympia, Aigon’s cattle starve, bucolic song is replaced by racy court poetry and debased epinician, and sexuality is reduced to crude coupling. The contrast points up the values of a thriving bucolic world. Idyll 10 introduces the world of agricultural labor, where bucolic song is confronted with a work song. Idyll 21 features fishermen and the toil and poverty that condition their lives. Both offer contrasts with bucolic values: on the one hand, the necessity of labor to avoid starvation, no time for song except to accompany work, the gritty realities of subsistence; on the other hand, leisure for love and song, fantasy and imagination. Two opposite approaches to life.
How Understanding the Endocrine System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 3, presents the endocrine system and its effect on behavior in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). The structure and function of each endocrine gland is described in detail. Malfunction of the growth hormone that results in acromegaly, or giantism, is one of the signature illnesses discussed while the signature injury is blunt force trauma. The technology of apparatuses that treat diabetes is examined in depth, as well as biomedical engineering associated with insulin treatment. The incidence and prevalence of pancreatic cancer and its correlation with age and ethnicity are highlighted when focusing on mathematics associated with epidemiology. Finally, contingency management–prize reinforcement (CM-PR) therapy is introduced as a clinical intervention for children who are struggling with managing their diabetes.
How Understanding the Circulatory System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 6, covers the circulatory system and focuses on its structure and function. Special attention is given to the contribution of smoking to heart disease and the technologies associated with surgical treatments for arrhythmias, a condition whereby the heartbeats become disorganized. Engineering is introduced by explaining medications that treat cardiac problems. A discussion of mathematics related to the field of epidemiology includes the incidence and prevalence of heart disease and the concept of social determinants of health. Finally, the section on clinical application to health covers smoking cessation using nicotine replacement therapies and nonmedical interventions, as well as motivation to change using the transtheoretical stages of change.
“Four More Years”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the return of Richard Nixon from his successful Moscow summit and the resulting boost to his reelection prospects. While enjoying an upsurge in public approval, the Watergate burglary occurs. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and others make it clear to Nixon that the arrests are a potential threat to his presidency. The Watergate burglars are a “plumbers” unit, which has conducted other illegal activities including a break-in of Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office. Former Attorney General John Mitchell and White House counsel John Dean advise the president to shut down the FBI investigation. The chapter discusses the ongoing fighting in South Vietnam and the historic photo of Kim Phuc, a 10-year-old who has been napalmed by a South Vietnamese plane. While the Linebacker Operation prevents a complete communist takeover of the South, the North Vietnamese make substantial territorial gains. Following the Moscow summit, Russian president Podgorny encourages Hanoi to make a compromise. Chinese officials also urge the North Vietnamese to temporarily accept President Thieu as Saigon’s leader pending new elections there. Riding a wave of public approval for his diplomacy, Nixon expects to defeat Democratic nominee George McGovern. This chapter describes the protest of Ron Kovic, Bobby Muller, and other Vietnam veterans at the Republican National Convention.
“You’re Three for Three, Mr. President!”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reelection of Richard Nixon and its impact on the war. Despite the president’s victory, more antiwar candidates win congressional elections, increasing the likelihood that congressional funding for the war will soon be cut off. Although McGovern’s candidacy had failed, his campaign had boosted the antiwar forces in Washington. In this chapter, Kissinger finally gets Hanoi to agree that General Thieu can remain in power, at least briefly. But the Saigon government finds the agreement inadequate, with the result that the deal he has negotiated begins to unravel. Kissinger and Haig try to get a more accommodating attitude in Saigon, which does not materialize. A crucial point for Saigon’s leader is the presence of thousands of North Vietnamese troops in the South. General Haig is sympathetic to President Thieu’s outlook and begins to quietly undermine Kissinger. While the State Department is kept in the dark about the negotiations, more complete information is given to the Russians, whose help is sought. Le Duc Tho continues negotiating with Kissinger but indicates that because of disagreements in the Politburo, he needs to return to Hanoi for consultation. Nixon and Kissinger inaccurately claim that Hanoi has broken off negotiations and make this a reason to initiate massive bombing in the North (Christmas bombings). In Laos and Cambodia, the military situation deteriorates.
Epilogue
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the aftermath of the Vietnam War. When taking part in a panel at the Kennedy Library in 2006, Kissinger received some hostile questions from the audience. In response he claimed the Vietnam War had been needlessly lost because of domestic dissent and divisions in the United States. However, the author argues that while domestic dissent played a role, the war was lost because of other long-standing factors: the unpopularity and corruption of the Saigon government, the poor morale of the South Vietnamese military, and the greater dedication of the enemy. The chapter also recognizes the Paris Agreement as merely a cover-up for the United States to allow it to exit the conflict and safely bring its people home. While Kissinger maintains that morality should never have entered the debate, the author claims that the exclusion of moral concerns led the Nixon administration to make unwise choices. Unfortunately, the self-serving assumption that global freedom and security depends on US military supremacy has persisted in the decades since the Vietnam War.
Entering Dimensions in Testimony
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Dimensions in Testimony project, led by the USC Shoah Foundation, involves 360-degree filming of Holocaust survivors in a light stage as they answer in the region of one thousand questions over the course of a week. The interviews create a database of answers that can be accessed through a “virtual conversation” in which a museum visitor interacts with a two- or three-dimensional display of the survivor interview. This chapter reflects on Dimensions in Testimony pilots held at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington in 2016 and the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York in 2018, then contextualizes the project by exploring how the public understanding of holographic technology has been culturally constructed through Hollywood films. We then explore how interactive testimony’s distinctive form of “truthfulness” is shaped through the active participation of museum visitors, arguing that performative encounters with the Holocaust have the potential to provide a charged, embodied experience of historical disappearance and loss.