bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Changes in Climate and Hydroclimate Extremes in East Africa
Authors: Gebrechorkos S. H. , Taye M. T. , Birhanu B. , Solomon D. , Demissie T. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractClimate change is affecting the agriculture, water, and energy sectors in East Africa and the impact is projected to increase in the future. To allow adaptation and mitigation of the impacts, we assessed the changes in climate and their impacts on hydrology and hydrological extremes in East Africa. We used outputs from seven CMIP‐6 Global Climate Models (GCMs) and 1981–2010 is used as a reference period. The output from GCMs are statistically downscaled using the Bias Correction‐Constructed Analogs with Quantile mapping reordering method to drive a high‐resolution hydrological model. The Variable Infiltration Capacity and vector‐based routing models are used to simulate runoff and streamflow across 68,300 river reaches in East Africa. The results show an increase in annual precipitation (up to 35%) in Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya and a decrease (up to 4.5%) in Southern Tanzania in the 2050s (2041–2070) and 2080s (2071–2100). During the long rainy season (March–May), precipitation is projected to be higher (up to 43%) than the reference period in Southern Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda but lower (up to −20%) in Tanzania. Large parts of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Southern Ethiopia show an increase in precipitation (up to 38%) during the short rainy season (October–December). Temperature and evapotranspiration will continue to increase in the future. Further, annual and seasonal streamflow and hydrological extremes (droughts and floods) are projected to increase in large parts of the region throughout the 21st century calling for site‐specific adaptation.
Spatial Distribution of Bioavailable Inorganic Nitrogen From Thawing Permafrost
Authors: Hansen Hans Frederik Engvej , Elberling Bo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractArctic permafrost contains large amounts of nitrogen (N), which may be bioavailable upon permafrost thaw. Here, we have compiled inorganic N data from published studies on the active layer and permafrost layers combined with new data to quantify the spatial variability of bioavailable inorganic N in permafrost‐affected ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere. Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) are typically extracted from samples using different agents and strength. The results of an extraction experiment are here used to recalculate published concentrations on NH4+ and NO3− to a “water extractable fraction.” The results show that upper permafrost across all sites and samples contains significantly more NH4+ compared to the root zone and was significantly and positively correlated with an increasing water/ice content despite a surprisingly high variation within and between sites. Based on the average reported permafrost thaw rates (0.4–0.8 cm y−1) for wet and dry landscape types, the average release of inorganic N (NH4+ and NO3−) from wet tundra ecosystems was calculated to be 2.0 [1.13–2.61] kg N ha−1 decade−1 and 1.3 [0.78–1.81] kg N ha−1 decade−1 for dry ecosystems. This brings permafrost‐derived inorganic N on the same order of magnitude as biological nitrogen fixation in relatively dry tundra ecosystems but only marginally compared to nitrogen fixation in wet ecosystems. These landscape‐specific variations highlight the need for improving the understanding of N mobilization linked to permafrost thawing, but also that N transfer from well‐drained slopes to lower parts of the landscape can be important for the potential plant growth (greening) downslope from surrounding landscape types with faster permafrost thawing.
Rare‐Earth Elements in Deep‐Sea Sediments in the South Pacific Gyre: Source Materials and Resource Potentials
Authors: Tanaka Erika , Mimura Kazuhide , Nakamura Kentaro , Ohta Junichiro , Yasukawa Kazutaka , Kato Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDeep‐sea sediments enriched in rare‐earth elements and yttrium (REY) plus scandium (Sc), termed “REY‐rich mud,” have attracted attention as a possible resource for these critical industrial elements. Examples have been reported from the western North Pacific, central Pacific, low‐latitude South Pacific, and eastern South Pacific. Although previous studies of pelagic clay have reported the existence of highly REY‐rich mud in the ultraoligotrophic South Pacific Gyre, neither the source materials nor the resource potentials for REY and Sc of the sediment have been quantified. We analyzed the major‐ and trace‐element contents of bulk sediments in Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Holes U1365A to U1370D, drilled in the South Pacific Gyre. The elemental relationships suggest that the enrichment in REY and Sc reflects the accumulation of biogenic Ca phosphate in an environment with low sedimentation rates as well as the tectonic transition of depositional environments from hydrothermally influenced sites near the mid‐ocean ridge to distal basins far from hydrothermal vents. The maximum total REY content of 4,662 ppm at Hole U1366C is the highest value yet reported from the South Pacific Ocean. Although the REY‐ and Sc‐enriched sediment layers of most cores from the South Pacific Gyre are located deeper beneath the seafloor than those elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean, Hole U1367B demonstrates large resource potentials (1.21 × 104 t/km2 of REY oxides and 102 t/km2 of Sc) in the uppermost 6.5‐m interval, making it the most promising site for REY and Sc yet found in the South Pacific Gyre.
Summer Hydrography and Circulation in Storfjorden, Svalbard, Following a Record Low Winter Sea‐Ice Extent in the Barents Sea
Authors: Vivier Frédéric , Lourenço Antonio , Michel Elisabeth , Skogseth Ragnheid , Rousset Clément , Lansard Bruno , Bouruet‐Aubertot Pascale , Boutin Jacqueline , Bombled Bruno , Cuypers Yannis , Crispi Olivier , Dausse Dennis , Le Goff Hervé , Madec Gurvan , Vancoppenolle Martin , Van der Linden Fanny , Waelbroeck Claire 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStorfjorden, Svalbard, hosts a polynya in winter and is an important source region of Brine‐enriched Shelf Water (BSW) that, if dense enough, feeds the Arctic Ocean deep water reservoir. Changes in the BSW production may thus have far‐reaching impacts. We analyze the water mass distribution and circulation in Storfjorden and the trough south of it, Storfjordrenna, using hydrographic sections occupied in July 2016, following a winter characterized by the lowest ice coverage recorded in the Barents Sea. These observations reveal an unusual hydrographic state, characterized at the surface by the near absence of Melt Water and Storfjorden Surface Water, replaced by a saltier water mass. At depth, BSW (maximum salinity of 34.95) was found from the bottom up to 90 m, above the 120‐m deep sill at the mouth to Storfjordrenna. However, no gravity driven overflow was observed downstream of the sill: the dome of BSW remained locked over the depression in a cyclonic circulation pattern consistent with a stratified Taylor column. Observations further reveal a previously unreported intrusion of Atlantic Water (AW) far into the fjord, promoting isopycnal mixing with entrapped Arctic Water. This intrusion was possibly favored by positive wind stress curl anomalies over Svalbardbanken and Storfjordrenna. The bottom plume exiting Storfjordrenna was weak, carrying Polar Front Water rather than BSW, too light to sink underneath the AW layer at Fram Strait. Whether Storfjorden switched durably to a new hydrographic state, following the observed Atlantification of the Barents Sea after 2005, remains to be established.
Pathways and Timescales of Connectivity Around the Antarctic Continental Shelf
Authors: Dawson Hannah R. S. , Morrison Adele K. , England Matthew H. , Tamsitt Veronica 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) and Antarctic Coastal Current advect heat, freshwater, nutrients, and biological organisms westward around the Antarctic margin, providing a connective link between different sectors of the continental shelf. Yet the strength and pathways of connectivity around the continent, and the timescales of advection, remain poorly understood. We use daily velocity fields from a global high‐resolution ocean‐sea ice model, combined with Lagrangian particle tracking, to shed light on these timescales and improve our understanding of circumpolar connectivity around Antarctica. Virtual particles were released along vertical transects over the continental shelf every 5 days for a year and were tracked forward in time for 21 years. Analysis of the resulting particle trajectories highlights that the West Antarctic sector has widespread connectivity with all regions of the Antarctic shelf. Advection around the continent is typically rapid with peak transit times of 1–5 years for particles to travel 90° of longitude downstream. The ASC plays a key role in driving connectivity in East Antarctica and the Weddell Sea, while the Coastal Current controls connectivity in West Antarctica, the eastern Antarctic Peninsula, and along the continental shelf east of Prydz Bay. Connectivity around the shelf is impeded in two main locations, namely, the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and Cape Adare in the Ross Sea, where significant export of water from the continental shelf is found. These findings help to understand the locations and timescales over which anomalies, such as meltwater from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, can be redistributed downstream.
Mechanisms of Heat Flux Across the Southern Greenland Continental Shelf in 1/10° and 1/12° Ocean/Sea Ice Simulations
Authors: Morrison Theresa J. , Dukhovskoy Dmitry S. , McClean Julie L. , Gille Sarah T. , Chassignet Eric P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe presence of warm Atlantic water on the Greenland continental shelf has been connected to the accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, particularly in the southwest and southeast shelf regions. Results from two high‐resolution coupled ocean‐sea ice simulations that utilized either the 1/10° Parallel Ocean Program (POP) or the 1/12° HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are used to understand the flux of heat on and off the southern Greenland shelf. The analysis reveals that the region of greatest heat flux onto the shelf is southeast Greenland. On the southwestern shelf, heat is mainly exported from the shelf to the interior basins. We identify differences in the shelf break current structure and on‐shelf heat content between the two simulations. Just south of the Denmark Strait, there is a seasonally persistent pattern of multi‐day variability in the cross‐shelf heat flux in both simulations. In the POP simulation, this high‐frequency signal results in net on‐shore heat flux. In the HYCOM simulation, the signal is weaker and results in net off‐shelf heat flux. This variability is consistent with Denmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break.
Driving Forces of Extreme Updrafts Associated With Convective Bursts in the Eyewall of a Simulated Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Qin Nannan , Wu Liguang , Liu Qingyuan , Zhou Xingyang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMany studies have indicated that convective bursts (CBs) are closely related to tropical cyclone (TC) intensification, but few studies have been conducted on the mechanisms that control the formation and evolution of CBs. In this study, the 1‐min output data of a simulated TC are used to understand the convective extreme updrafts of CBs in the TC eyewall. Three different reference states including the local square‐area mean (LAM), the lower wavenumber‐components mean (WNM), and the arc‐area mean (ArcM) are used to calculate the driving forces of convective extreme updrafts. Contrary to the WNM and ArcM reference states, the LAM reference state struggles to capture realistic basic state structures. The LAM reference state can be modified through the inclusion of the mean hydrometeor mixing ratio in the basic state to produce physically consistent forcing in relation to the simulated convective extreme updrafts. The simulated convective extreme updrafts in the TC eyewall exhibit two peaks at middle and upper levels, respectively, since the effect of hydrometeor loading, decelerates the air parcels between the updraft maxima. While the positive buoyancy makes air parcels in the CBs accelerate at middle levels, in agreement with previous studies, it is found that, at the upper levels, both the positive buoyancy and the upward vertical perturbation pressure gradient force accelerate the air parcels. This study suggests that the vertical perturbation pressure gradient force also plays an important role in the formation of CBs in the TC eyewall.
The Ratio Distribution of Evapotranspiration to Precipitation well Related With Soil Thickness in Karst Watershed of Southwest China
Authors: Zhang Rongfei , Xu Xianli , Guo Jingsong , Sheng Zhuping 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET) is predominant variable for water management in various types of ecosystems, and it has been intensively studied through in situ measuring and modeling methods. However, it is challenging to measure actual ET and upscale it to regional level for karst landscapes, where aquifers typically show remarkable and rapid responses to precipitation events. There is an urgent need to quantify water fluxes to provide reliable evidence for the protection and sustainable management of karst water resources. Therefore, in this study, five plots were built to observe actual ET based on Thermal Dissipation Probes, redesigned ventilated chamber and in‐site microlysimeters in a karst watershed in southwest China. Then, three models (Penman‐Monteith‐Leurning, PML; Remote Sensing‐Priestley and Taylor; and Hargreaves) were constructed to upscale ET estimation to the regional level based on Landsat‐8 images and MODIS data. The results showed that: (a) The PML model performed better than other models (p < 0.01) with higher R2 values (0.72 for MODIS images and 0.87 for Landsat‐8 images); (b) Daily ET exhibited significant seasonal variability and different spatial distribution, and yearly ET exhibited well related with soil thickness (R2 = 0.58); (c) Daily ET had a slightly positive correlation with DEM, however, had a negative correlation with ground temperature. This study is helpful to improve accuracy of measured and estimated ET by combining remote sensing data, and it has important implications for upscaling it to regional level. It suggests that ET is strongly regulated by constant supply of water, vegetation coverage, and available energy in karst catchments.
Stable Water Isotopes as an Indicator of Surface Water Intrusion in Shallow Aquifer Wells: A Cold Climate Perspective
Authors: Yapiyev Vadim , Rossi Pekka M. , Ala‐Aho Pertti , Marttila Hannu 
Published: January 2023

AbstractGroundwater in shallow aquifers is commonly used for community water supply in cold climates. Shallow groundwaters are inherently susceptible to contamination from land‐use and surface water intrusion threatening drinking water usage. We used a large‐scale snapshot data set of stable water isotopes from shallow glaciofluvial aquifers used for drinking water supply in Northern Finland to assess surface water intrusion risks and recharge conditions. This data set was supplemented by long‐term stable water isotope precipitation data, Geographic Information System proximity analysis and multivariate statistics. The isotope analysis suggest that a warm season contributes about 60% to the total annual precipitation in the region. This is reflected in the aquifers isotopic composition as it represents an approximately equal mixture of warm and cold season precipitation. Groundwater isotope data normalized to precipitation inputs by line‐conditioned excess (lc‐excess) was used to flag the water supply wells impacted by surface water intrusions. The proximity analysis showed some of the wells may be affected by intrusions from gravel pit ponds, lakes and peatland drainage. On the larger scale, the wells in coastal areas were more likely to have evaporated water (intrusion) compared to inland regions of Northern Finland due to lower water availability and the presence of man‐made structures. This application of stable water isotopes with lc‐excess is a useful approach not only for recharge studies but also within water management for supply well surface water contamination risk assessment.
Labour market participation after spinal cord injury. A register-based cohort study
Authors: Halvorsen Annette , Steinsbekk Aslak , Leiulfsrud Annelie Schedin , Post Marcel W. M. , Biering-Sørensen Fin , Pape Kristine 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Study design
A register based cohort study.

Objectives
To investigate labour market participation following spinal cord injury (SCI) and to describe the impact of personal and SCI characteristics.

Setting
Norway.

Methods
Persons registered with SCI in the Norwegian SCI registry 2011–2017, and matched reference individuals without SCI from the general population (named controls) were followed for up to six years after injury using national registry data on employment, education, income, and social security benefits. Main measures of labour market participation were: (1) Receiving any amount of pay for work, and (2) Receiving sickness and disability benefits.

Results
Among the 451 persons with SCI (aged 16–66 years and working before injury), the estimated percentages receiving pay for work and sickness and disability benefits in the sixth years after injury were 63% (95% CI 57–69) and 67% (95% CI 61–72).
Corresponding percentages for the controls (n = 1791) were 91% (95% CI 90–93) for receiving pay for work and 13% (95% CI 12–15) for receiving sickness and disability benefits. Among persons with SCI, less severe neurological outcome, higher level of education, younger age at injury, and a stronger pre-injury attachment to employment (higher employment income, having an employer, less receipt of benefits), were associated with higher labour market participation.

Conclusion
SCI substantially decreased labour market participation up to six years after injury compared to matched controls. Even if a relatively large proportion of persons with SCI remained in some degree of work activity, more than half did so in combination with receiving benefits.
Reciprocal regulation of LINC00941 and SOX2 promotes progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lu Jun-Tao , Yan Zhao-Yang , Xu Tong-Xin , Zhao Fan , Liu Lei , Li Fei , Guo Wei 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLINC00941 is a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and emerging as an important factor in cancer development. However, the exact function and relative regulatory mechanism of LINC00941 in carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain to be further clarified. The present study was to investigate the expression level, functions, and mechanisms of LINC00941 in ESCC tumorigenesis. LINC00941 was significantly upregulated in ESCC, and upregulated LINC00941 was correlated with dismal patient outcomes. LINC00941 functioned as an oncogene by promoting cells proliferation, stemness, migration, and invasion in ESCC. In terms of mechanisms, SOX2 could bind directly to the promoter region of LINC00941 and activate its transcription. In turn, LINC00941 upregulated SOX2 through interacting with interleukin enhancer binding factor 2 (ILF2) and Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. LINC00941 recruited ILF2 and YBX1 to the promoter region of SOX2, leading to upregulation of the transcription of SOX2. Moreover, LINC00941 could promote the binding ability of ILF2 and YBX1 on mRNA of SOX2 and further stabilize SOX2 mRNA. Therefore, LINC00941 contributed to the malignant behaviors of ESCC cells via the unrestricted increase in SOX2 expression. In conclusion, our data indicate that LINC00941 exacerbates ESCC progression through forming a LINC00941-ILF2/YBX1-SOX2 positive feedback loop, and LINC00941 may be a promising prognostic and therapeutic target for ESCC.
Salmonella effector SopB reorganizes cytoskeletal vimentin to maintain replication vacuoles for efficient infection
Authors: Zhao Shuangshuang , Xu Qiuping , Cui Yanqin , Yao Su , Jin Sihui , Zhang Qian , Wen Zeyu , Ruan Haihua , Liang Xin , Chao Yanjie , Gong Sitang , Sansonetti Philippe , Wei Ke , Tang Hong , Jiu Yaming 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA variety of intracellular bacteria modulate the host cytoskeleton to establish subcellular niches for replication. However, the role of intermediate filaments, which are crucial for mechanical strength and resilience of the cell, and in bacterial vacuole preservation remains unclear. Here, we show thatSalmonellaeffector SopB reorganizes the vimentin network to form cage-like structures that surroundSalmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs). Genetic removal of vimentin markedly disrupts SCV organization, significantly reduces bacterial replication and cell death. Mechanistically, SopB uses its N-terminal Cdc42-binding domain to interact with and activate Cdc42 GTPase, which in turn recruits vimentin around SCVs. A high-content imaging-based screening identified that MEK1/2 inhibition led to vimentin dispersion. Our work therefore elucidates the signaling axis SopB-Cdc42-MEK1/2 as mobilizing host vimentin to maintain concrete SCVs and identifies a mechanism contributing toSalmonellareplication. Importantly, Trametinib, a clinically-approved MEK1/2 inhibitor identified in the screen, displayed significant anti-infection efficacy againstSalmonellaboth in vitro and in vivo, and may provide a therapeutic option for treating drug-tolerant salmonellosis.
Ligand recognition mechanism of the human relaxin family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4)
Authors: Chen Yan , Zhou Qingtong , Wang Jiang , Xu Youwei , Wang Yun , Yan Jiahui , Wang Yibing , Zhu Qi , Zhao Fenghui , Li Chenghao , Chen Chuan-Wei , Cai Xiaoqing , Bathgate Ross A .D. , Shen Chun , Eric Xu H. , Yang Dehua , Liu Hong , Wang Ming-Wei 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMembers of the insulin superfamily regulate pleiotropic biological processes through two types of target-specific but structurally conserved peptides, insulin/insulin-like growth factors and relaxin/insulin-like peptides. The latter bind to the human relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFPs). Here, we report three cryo-electron microscopy structures of RXFP4–Gi protein complexes in the presence of the endogenous ligand insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) or one of the two small molecule agonists, compound 4 and DC591053. The B chain of INSL5 adopts a single α-helix that penetrates into the orthosteric pocket, while the A chain sits above the orthosteric pocket, revealing a peptide-binding mode previously unknown. Together with mutagenesis and functional analyses, the key determinants responsible for the peptidomimetic agonism and subtype selectivity were identified. Our findings not only provide insights into ligand recognition and subtype selectivity among class A G protein-coupled receptors, but also expand the knowledge of signaling mechanisms in the insulin superfamily.