bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intending as Practical Remembering
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates intending as action that involves continued practical reasoning as the agent acts. It is demonstrated that coherent action requires that the agent remember what she is doing, a memory constituted by her ongoing intention-in-action to act. This memory must track action in real time else the agent will lose track of what she is doing. Accordingly, practical remembering in ongoing intention requires that the intention be updated, a process that involves practical reasoning to further refine the content of the intention. The dynamics of such reasoning are revealed in the dynamics of working memory. This provides the biological and psychological basis for how the agent can directly access what she is doing by reporting on her remembering to act, for how the agent can keep time with her action, and for her sensitivity to changes in the world she acts in.
Deducing, Skill and Knowledge
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the structure of action to understanding reasoning in deduction. It examines both semantic and syntactic aspects of deduction. On semantic aspects, it shows that in deducing, a subject focuses cognitive attention in moving from premises to conclusion. Cognitive attention narrows. Psychological theories are drawn on to support a shift in cognitive attention during reasoning. On syntactical aspects, it shows that reasoners, through learning that focuses attention, become sensitive to logical form and respond by attending to said form in order to draw the correct conclusion. In both cases, deduction involves shifts of cognitive attention. Learning to construct proofs involves joint attention that leads to the acquisition of schemas, knowledge structures that provide a bias on solving the Selection Problem during reasoning. Carroll’s paradox is addressed by showing how the concept of a bias can resolve the paradox.
Of Musicians, Dancers, and the Maharaja
Authors: Kapuria Radha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter establishes the significance of arts patronage in early to mid-nineteenth-century precolonial Punjab, especially focused on the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (r. 1799–1839). It provides evidence for the flourishing patronage of the performing arts under Ranjit Singh, with musicians and dancers being an affluent and influential class at the Lahore darbār. Second, it establishes the political centrality of specifically female dancers in the ritual infrastructure Ranjit Singh assembled, as part of political negotiations with the British particularly, and with European visitors more generally. A special focus is on Ranjit Singh’s corps of ‘Amazons’: female dancers dressed as men, performing martial feats, the cynosure of all eyes (especially male and European) and their significance in representing the martial glory of the Sikh state. The chapter reveals how musicians and female performers lay at the interstices of the Indo-European encounter in general, and Anglo-Sikh interactions in particular. More broadly, it reassesses performance as ‘gift-giving’ at the Sikh court, to demonstrate the powerful impact of cultural symbologies of rule, and of affect in the history of early nineteenth-century Punjab.
Gender, Reform, and Punjab’s Musical Publics
Authors: Kapuria Radha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter foregrounds female performers and interlocutors as being equally important as their male counterparts in constituting the musical life of the city in colonial Punjab. It maps the journey from the powerful courtesan communities in the early nineteenth century that characterized Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s court and ends with the entrance of new middle-class women—particularly Hindu and Sikh—into spaces of public music performance in colonial Punjab. Along the way it delineates the campaigns led by the Anglicized reformist middle-class men to outlaw courtesans from Punjab’s musical publics. It begins in the 1860s, painting in broad brush strokes the musical developments connected to urban centres, before moving to the closing decades of the century to map the shifting connections between piety and pleasure in the context of Punjab’s urban musical publics. These years saw the emergence of new attitudes toward rāgadārī music, marked by a greater distancing from the specifically Punjabi practices of music-making that defined previous decades, with a new slant toward pan-Indian changes in musical practice. The primary shift tracked by this chapter occurred through the rise of a newer musical public and new forms of pedagogy, part of the larger re-situation of music within perspectives of nationalism and socio-religious reform. More broadly, it examines the interconnections between urbanity, gender, and middle-class discourse in colonial Punjab to better map the changes wrought on music with colonialism.
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Litigations
Authors: Lidén Moa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Once a criminal case reaches the litigation phase, confirmation bias in the earlier investigative phase may have resulted in evidence on which to make decisions becoming misrepresentative or even inaccurate. On top of this prosecutors and judges may themselves develop a confirmation bias. For example, prosecutors who decide to press charges may be less likely to undertake further investigation and the investigation that is undertaken has a more guilt-confirming nature. Furthermore, judges who have decided to detain an accused awaiting trial may be more likely to convict during the main hearing since they view the evidence against the accused as stronger. More research is needed into how to debias prosecutors but so far changing decision-maker, using Devil’s Advocate procedures, evidence review boards, and the like have appeared as possible options. For judges, debiasing techniques include structured evaluations of the evidence and changing decision-maker.
The Political Ecology of Informal Waste Recyclers in India
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Waste is increasingly a site of social conflict. The questions related to waste management are not merely technical; what, how, where, and by whom become political questions. This book is about the power relations in recycling. Informal waste recyclers (so called waste pickers) are socially invisible. Their struggle aims to transform this situation. This book focuses on environmental conflicts, with two emblematic case studies from India. First, ship breaking, where the metabolism of a global infrastructure, namely shipping, shifts social and environmental costs to localized communities in order to obtain large profits. Second, the conflict around municipal waste management in Delhi shows how environmental costs are shifted to urban residents, and recyclers are dispossessed of their livelihood source: recyclable waste. The first is an example of capital accumulation by contamination, while the second involves both dispossession and contamination. Therefore, the book investigates ‘social relations of recycling’, which are the social relationships that recyclers must enter into in order to survive, to produce, and to reproduce their means of existence. It makes a case for the recognition of the contribution of informal recyclers in making the economy more sustainable, and in the name of justice, calls for due compensation for the services they provide. Based on extensive field work lasting a decade, the book presents a range of experiences to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized, and contested. The struggles of informal recyclers constitute an attempt to re-politicize waste metabolism beyond techno-managerial solutions by fostering counter-hegemonic discourses and praxis.
Delhi’s Waste Conflict
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates the struggles related to waste management in Delhi, India. We focus on a conflict that has erupted as authorities have progressively privatized the city’s solid waste management system in response to an increase in its volume, and a change in its composition. Authorities have embraced waste-to-energy incinerators hoping it would be a magic bullet, but encountered opposition from those who lose from this policy shift. Workers in the informal recycling sector fear that these changes threaten their access to waste, while middle-class residents oppose waste-to-energy incinerators because of their impact on ambient air quality. The Delhi waste conflict shows resistance against both capital accumulation by dispossession (recyclers are dispossessed of their livelihood source, namely recyclable waste), and accumulation by contamination (environmental costs are shifted to urban residents). The chapter narrates the emergence of an unlikely alliance between these groups, whose politics opposes the production of a waste-based commodity frontier within the city, as well as the imposition of exposure to waste. Scholarship on the materiality of cities has been criticized by critical urban scholars for being overly descriptive and failing to account for political economy. The chapter argues that in order to understand cities in the Global South whose metabolisms are subject to fierce contestations, it is necessary to incorporate materialist and critical perspectives. It concludes that the materiality and political economy of cities are co-constituted, and contestations over the configuration of urban metabolisms span these spheres as people struggle to realize situated urban political ecologies.
Conclusions
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes by showing how the case studies present a range of experiences to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized, and contested. First, a situated understanding of waste shows that there is a complex relationship between its materiality and political economy, including social and institutional dynamics. Their co-evolution shapes metabolisms and as a result political opportunities are fostered and foreclosed. Changes in the social metabolism ultimately lead to socio-metabolic reconfigurations which, in turn, eventually lead to ecological distribution conflicts. People struggle to defend, or realize, desirable situated urban political ecologies. Second, the book shows that examining the political economy of these processes, be it at the global or urban level, can help to clarify why the social metabolism changes in the way it does, meaning its driving forces. In particular, it argues that capital accumulation takes place at waste-based commodity frontiers through extra-economic means, namely both dispossession and contamination. Third, the book shows how the social relations of recycling are inherently intertwined with the waste metabolism. These are the social relationships that recyclers must enter into in order to survive, to produce, and to reproduce their means of life. The book evaluates their contribution and calls for a due compensation of recyclers’ services, instead of a dispossession of their means of production, and a shifting of social costs of enterprises and consumers to them, and other vulnerable social groups. The struggles of informal recyclers constitute an attempt to re-politicize waste metabolism beyond techno-managerial solutions by fostering counter-hegemonic discourses and praxis.
A Stream and Two Villas (Statius’ Silvae 1.3)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a detailed literary analysis of Statius’s Silvae 1.3 which honours Manilius Vopiscus and his Tiburtine villa. My reading follows the progress of the poem, as it first outlines the quality of the domain as a whole, then examines aspects of what a visitor might encounter. I survey Statius’ varied use of ekphrasis and trace his patterns of allusion, especially to the work of Virgil. Eroticism is a salient theme throughout as is the importance of a series of bodies of water, especially the river Anio, to the poem’s evolution to a celebration of beauty harmonised in both nature and art.
The Garden of Atedius Melior
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Poem 3 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. A genethliacon and, in conclusion, eulogy for the writer’s friend Atedius Melior, it directs us to the latter’s garden and centres on an expansive aition, of the poet’s invention, devoted to the god Pan’s attraction for the nymph Pholoe. The chapter’s primary focus rests on Statius’ brilliant word usage and, more generally, on the intellectual background on which he draws. It refers regularly to the poetry of Horace, Tibullus, and especially Virgil in my search to elucidate Statius’ original genius.
Who is the vulnerable individual?
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The discussion about vulnerability emerged in various fields including political philosophy, gender studies, law, ethics, and sociology. Scholars from those different fields often engaged with each other and adapted an understanding of vulnerability developed in other areas (for example, from political theory to bioethics). This chapter refers to the legal literature on vulnerability. However, legal scholars have not yet fully developed an original approach to the notion of vulnerability. Most base their ideas on the work of theoreticians of other fields, such as Martha Fineman, who writes extensively about the relations between law, the state, and individual vulnerability. Presenting those different theoretical approaches helps place the origins of the notion of vulnerability and understand how it changes the perception of institutions, rules, and the individual’s place in society. This chapter argues that the layered vulnerability theory (from Luna) is one of the most suitable approaches to address those issues and the best response to several criticisms. Building on those theoretical definitions of the vulnerable individual, it considers how EU law has employed the notion of vulnerable persons in different sectors. The chapter gives also special attention to two sectors that seem particularly relevant compared to data protection law: research regulation and consumer protection.
The vulnerable data subject in the GDPR
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Building on the different theories and ways of understanding vulnerability (as addressed in Chapter 3), this chapter looks at the notion of vulnerability in the data protection discourse and, in particular, in the GDPR. After an analysis of the manifestations and the effects of data subjects’ vulnerability, this chapter aims to show how the consumer vulnerability literature mentioned in the previous chapter informs the notion of the vulnerable individual in data protection. Consequently, a more systematic analysis of the GDPR provisions related to vulnerable data subjects—and in particular to children—shows the need to analyse vulnerability from the perspective of power imbalance. Such a perspective can also be found in the new proposed EU Artificial Intelligence Act, which offers additional stimulating elements for protecting vulnerable individuals in the digital environment, complementing the GDPR provisions.
Conclusions
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this research, highlighting the findings of the different chapters of this book. It is an opportunity to show that the GDPR contains both a notion of the ‘average’ data subject and the ‘vulnerable’ data subject. In addition, looking at vulnerability theories, the most appropriate theory to represent human vulnerability in the data-driven environment seems to be Luna’s ‘layered’ theory. That theory is perfectly in line with the risk-based approach of the GDPR. However, the GDPR is not only a tool for analysing and assessing vulnerability but also one used to prevent or mitigate data subjects’ vulnerability. This is possible through the GDPR principles (eg fairness, lawfulness, transparency), the GDPR rights and duties. This chapter also contains a call for further research.
The Domestic Abuse Act 2021: A Snapshot and Update
Authors: Edwards Susan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 (DAA). Stakeholders were given an impetus involved in the prevention of domestic abuse to establish strategies for improving the response to domestic abuse and victim protection. The chapter highlights the importance of reducing the prevalence of domestic abuse after the Crime Survey for England and Wales estimated 2.3 million people were affected by domestic abuse. The increase in police-recorded domestic violence and abuse reflects the changes in police recording practice and victim reporting. The chapter then elaborates on the statutory definition of domestic abuse and the statutory framework for the Domestic Abuse Commissioner (DAC).
Domestic Violence and Abuse: Context and Background
Authors: Edwards Susan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the problem of domestic violence and domestic abuse. It cites the numerical extent of domestic violence and abuse. Historically, domestic violence defines a variety of forms of abuse committed in the domestic context largely by men on women, albeit legal remedies needed evidence of the physical assault. The chapter then elaborates on the evolution of protective remedies by considering the provisions introduced by the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. It also discusses the trends and limitations of Domestic Violence Prevention Notices (DVPN) And Domestic Violence Prevention Orders (DVPO). Moreover, the protection of domestic abuse victims and the prosecution of offenders operates within the broader international human rights framework, which includes the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Istanbul Convention.
Breaches of Orders, Notification, and Police Powers (Sections 39–43)
Authors: O’Neill Martin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the provision of breaches of orders, notification, and police powers. It clarifies that the domestic violence protection order (DVPO) did not carry any criminal sanction upon breach. However, unlike the DVPO, a breach of the domestic abuse protection order (DAPO) can result in a conviction for a criminal offence with a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment or a fine. According to government minister Victoria Atkins, the severity of the consequences aims to put pressure on the perpetrator to comply and discourage non-compliance. The chapter highlights the consequences of failure to notify and the subsequent notification requirements. It considers the court's discretion with breaches due to concerns that some victims may be deterred from reporting a breach because of the ultimate criminal sanction.
Offences Involving Abusive or Violent Behaviour (Sections 68–69)
Authors: Bettinson Vanessa , Phippen Andy , Bond Emma 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the provisions on offences that involve abusive or violent behaviour in an intimate or family relationship. It explains that the provision extended to include people who are personally connected and living together. Moreover, the amendment followed a Home Office Consultation, which determined that further awareness raising and improved understanding of the offence was needed to increase case numbers progressing to the prosecution stage. The chapter looks into provisions concerned with threats to disclose private sexual photographs with the intent to cause distress. It elaborates on the notion of intent and anonymity under the context of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021.
Offences Against the Person (Sections 70–71)
Authors: Ofer Nogah , Davy Felicia , Herring Jonathan , Edwards Susan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on sections 70 and 71 of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Section 70 introduced a new stand-alone criminal offence of non-fatal strangulation and suffocation, which corrects a systemic inadequacy in the way the existing law prior to the 2021 Act was applied in practice. The chapter considers strangulation and suffocation as gendered crimes. Meanwhile, Section 71 regulates the rough sex defence that determines whether serious bodily harm was inflicted. The chapter cites how the section highlighted the issue of sexual violence and its consequences, which in turn raise awareness, redress media-driven misconceptions, and alter public perception.
Offences Committed Outside the UK (Sections 72–74)
Authors: Malone David 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provisions on offences committed outside the UK as determined by the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Regardless of whether the individual committing the act is a British citizen, the jurisdiction of the criminal law of England and Wales does not extend to acts committed abroad. Moreover, the Act extends the jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. However, the extension of the extraterritorial jurisdiction does not necessarily mean the offence will be trialled in the UK. The chapter details the provisions concerned with offences committed in Northern Ireland. It also considers the amendment to the provisions for certain violent and sexual offences committed overseas.
Offenders: Police and Prosecution (Sections 75–77)
Authors: O’Neill Martin , Bland Matthew , McLellan Vicki 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Sections 75 to 77 of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021 that revolve around police and prosecution. The strategy for prosecution and management of offenders arose following criticism that perpetrators were absent from the domestic abuse narrative. The chapter considers the function and features of the Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Harassment (DASH) tool, MAPPA (Multi-agency public protection arrangements) guidance, and SPECSS+ (Separation, pregnancy, escalation, community issues, stalking and sexual assault) model. It also discusses the polygraph conditions for offenders released on licence. Meanwhile, Section 77 focuses on the guidance about the disclosure of information by UK police forces.
Homelessness, Tenancy and Charging (Sections 78–80)
Authors: Harrison Stephanie , Sergides Marina , Edwards Susan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the notion of homelessness and charging indicated in the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021's Section 78-80. It starts with Section 78 and Section 79 is established as a response to the campaign of domestic abuse survivors calling for access to housing support and greater tenure security in an effort to mitigate homelessness. Meanwhile, Section 79 amends the Housing Act 1985 (secure tenants and rights of secure tenants) by inserting a new section 81ZA, which indicates the process of lifetime secure tenancy for eligible tenants. The chapter then elaborates on Section 80, which focused on the medical evidence of domestic abuse. It highlights the importance of the health professional's relevancy in the case.
Schedules
Authors: O’Neill Martin , Edwards Susan , Malone David 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the provisions concerning the provisions of remands, consequential amendments, and offences committed outside the UK. Further provisions in Section 40 allow for remand in custody or on bail ad provide time scales in defined circumstances. England and Wales' criminal law jurisdiction was extended to have extra-territorial effect concerning the offence enacted in accordance with the Istanbul Convention's Article 34, which requires the UK to ensure that the intentional conduct by a UK national. The chapter discusses the extension of territorial jurisdiction through the amendments of the Protection from Harassment Order (Northern Ireland) 1997, the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 and the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009. It also considers the consequential amendments of provisions concerned with strangulation and suffocation offences.