bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vector Fields and Complex Integration
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the relationship between vector fields and complex integration. It begins by defining the concepts of flux and work. Although the chapter primarily focuses on two-dimensional flows, it is important to mention the concept of flux in three dimensions. If a fluid is flowing through ordinary space, it no longer makes sense to speak of the flux across a curve, but it does make sense to speak of the rate at which the fluid crosses a surface. The total flux is then obtained by integrating this quantity over the whole surface. Just as in two dimensions, the incompressibility of a three-dimensional flow is equivalent to the statement that all closed surfaces (that do not contain sources or sinks) have vanishing flux. The chapter then considers the complex potential.
Brazil
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In Brazil, Latin America’s largest economy, offshore financial services have a deep impact on state power. They affect Brazilian state power through both sides of the balance sheet—taxation and money creation. Yet, it is offshore banking that is more consequential. In Brazil, offshore finance has become an integral part of the domestic cycle of money, tax, and debt. Starting in the 1960s, offshore banking largely replaced onshore money creation. Offshore banking enhanced state power by providing access to preferential liquidity. It helped finance Brazil’s ‘economic miracle’ in the late 1960s–1970s and boosted growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Yet, offshore banking also undermined state power during Latin America’s 1982 crisis. Following this economic and political fallout, the Brazilian state built defensive measures against offshore finance. It protected its tax base through a mix of domestic and international measures. And it effectively mitigated the risks of offshore banking through regulation and central bank interventions. Brazilian state power became resilient towards offshore finance. Nevertheless, given the structural dependence on offshore banking, and the level of corruption it enables, offshore finance remains a double-edged sword for the Brazilian state.
Introduction
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Introduction anticipates in seven steps the main thesis about the relation of ‘the people’ (as transgenerational democratic sovereign, author of the constitution) to its pro-tempore living cohorts. First, it specifies what law the people’s constituent power may be under, compatibly with the people’s presumed sovereignty. The second step aims at clarifying how the people’s constituent power should relate to the electorate’s power to amend the constitution: both can be understood as relating according to a serial or sequential model of democratic sovereignty. In a third step specific principles are articulated for evaluating the legitimacy of exercises of constituent and amending power by the transgenerational people and its living cohorts. A fourth step focuses on the bearer of constituent power and offers a ‘political conception of a people’. Not being endowed with agency, as the living citizens, the people need to be represented. In a fifth step ‘representing the people’ is defined as the mandate to interpret the people’s will, scripted in a constitution, and a clarification follows of: (i) the exact nature of that mandate, (ii) its relation to democracy, and (iii) the quality of the mandate’s execution. In the sixth step the criteria are outlined for evaluating a constitutional court’s fulfilment of its mandate to represent the people via adjudication. Finally, the seventh step consists of identifying the limits of amending power and justifying them in terms of cross-generational reciprocity. In closing, the Introduction anticipates the contents of the chapters of the book.
In Revolutionary Russia
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Nâzım’s first years in Moscow, between the spring of 1922 and the summer of 1924. Beginning with the arrival of Nâzım and his friends in the Soviet capital and the time they spent at a summer camp outside Moscow, attention then shifts to a discussion of Communist University of the Toilers of the East and the other educational institutions established by the Comintern in the early 1920s. Subsequent sections trace the backgrounds of the other Turkish students whom Nâzım and his friends encountered at the university, and the individuals with whom Nâzım and Vâlâ socialized during their initial months in Moscow. The final section of this chapter discusses Nâzım’s poetry from these years, and in particular his adoption of the Russian Futurist style.
Epilogue
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This epilogue examines Nâzım’s legacy and explains what happened to others whose lives were discussed in this book. It goes up to the late 1980s, focusing upon the late-life activities of the last of Nâzım’s friends, lovers, and comrades. Another section discusses the TKP in the aftermath of Nâzım’s death. The final section of the epilogue offers a concluding analysis of Nâzım’s life, his generation, and the transition from the late imperial age to a post-imperial one. The book ends with a return to the original point of contact with Nâzım: on the shores of the Bosphorus, awaiting his brother-in-law Refik to pick him up in the motorboat.
Contours of Family Dynamics
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter seeks to enter the private household of medieval Islamic lands and determine its internal composition, hierarchies, and relationships. These were guided by a patriarchal order which imposed considerable limitations upon its female members. At the same time, the chapter reveals moments that afforded women considerable agency in their different family capacities. In addition, there is much to be said for the liminal nature of the place of women within the family. Their movement between the private and the public, between different households, and their changing images, both motherly and seductive, lending support and positing a threat to their male counterparts, imbued women’s positions with a liminality that reinforced their agency. Women’s agency became the focus of a set of norms and practical considerations that resulted from an ongoing attempt to balance between the two primary poles of commitment that feature in this book, namely kinship and the religious community. Whereas the former was governed by material considerations, sentimental attachments, and legal principles, the latter was motivated by a profound commitment to religious ideals that were upheld by communal agents and stipulated in sacred texts.
Religiously Mixed Families as Sites of Competing Religious Traditions
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 is concerned with the phenomenon of religiously mixed families in early and medieval Islamic contexts. The significance of this historical phenomenon for understanding related phenomena such as conversion to Islam, religious syncretism, as well as the survival of non-Muslim religious communities, cannot be overstated. It is here that the tensions and interplays between kinship and community were most pronounced, rendering religiously mixed families a valuable framework for historical inquiry into female religious agency. Accordingly, the chapter reads into legal principles of separation between family members of different religious affiliations as reflections of instances of religious hybridity. These reveal not only aspects of daily life but also the questions, dilemmas, and conflicts that emerged from a religiously mixed kinship setting. As can be expected, religiously mixed families were the outcome of two primary trends—conversion to Islam and marriage between Muslims and non-Muslims. The defiance of communal identities, however, did not necessarily result in the severance of ties between converts and those who married outside the fold on the one hand, and their original religious communities on the other. In fact, there is much to suggest the obverse, thus resulting in an extensive body of normative literature that came to terms with the phenomenon, yet at the same time attempted to contain it.
“No bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another” (Q 53: 38)
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to examine the significance of women’s liminal position in the context of religiously mixed kinship settings. It shows that the intrinsic qualities that afforded women a mediating agency between different social, spatial, and normative arenas rendered their place particularly meaningful in relation to cross-religious exchanges. As mothers and wives, women were in a unique position to introduce ideas and practices that originated in one religious tradition to a home that was dominated by another. The chapter reveals, however, different concerns, or emphases, on the part of different religious leaderships regarding the presence of women in religiously mixed families. While Syrian ecclesiastical authorities appear to have been concerned with the contribution of that presence to an ongoing state of communal fragmentation, rabbinic legal discourse reflects a preoccupation with its practical implications, and Islamic legal principles with its potential threats to the religious integrity of Muslim believers. The extent to which these differences allow for generalizations, however, remains an open question.
Hewers of Wood, Drawers of Gall
Authors: Steffen William H. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how the stage’s physical materials create meaning and position race as a construction of degraded European environments. In Titus Andronicus, Aaron’s black “hue” both begets and justifies the physical, bodily “hews” he orchestrates against the Andronicii, which are figuratively aligned with the excessive consumption of timber. In Lust’s Dominion, Eleazar’s furious “gall” (referencing both his ire and a popular ingredient in both ink and blackface cosmetic recipes) informs his audience how they should read his “Inky” face. The chapter investigates these material wooden puns in the context of England’s timber crisis and economic expansion at the turn of the seventeenth century. Through reorienting our understanding of Aaron and Eleazar around the wooden commodities that may have constituted their black skin on stage—namely, cork and galls—this chapter shows how the performance of “race” on stage was mediated by the natural world and the human commodification of it.
Fighting Power
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
An account of the ways World War II was fought, in the air, on land and at sea. The focus is on the key technologies, whether tanks, or bomber aircraft or submarines. Over the course of the war the Allies learned from past mistakes, organized their forces more effectively for major operations, used intelligence soundly, and developed more advanced weapons. The chapter argues that without these many improvements in fighting ability, the war would have lasted longer and Axis defeat more costly to achieve.
Front Line I
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the way armed forces were recruited, trained, and organized for World War II. The armed forces were mainly civilians in uniforms, a fraction of them volunteers. There were also women serving in most armed forces, though only the Soviet Union gave women combatant roles. The social structures of armed forces varied between the warring powers, but the importance of propaganda, ideology, religious belief and popular culture were common to many. These many aspects of military life defined the nature of the institution and explain the capacity of the military organization to keep large numbers of civilian-soldiers fighting despite the costs.
Unnatural Deaths
Authors: Bessel Richard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
World War II resulted in the deaths of tens of millions of civilians, unnatural deaths caused by bombing, deliberate terror, genocide, starvation, and imprisonment. The chapter examines the military impact on casualty rates before looking at the mass murders committed by security forces and the regular military. The most notorious was the genocide of the Jews, which is examined here alongside the pattern of atrocity in occupied areas of Europe and Asia. In addition to deliberate killing, there was widespread starvation, notably in Greece, China and India, and epidemic diseases caused by the conditions of war, particularly typhus. The chapter concludes by asking how this level of casualties was possible.
University Drama in Performance, Manuscript, and Print
Authors: Blank Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines several impressive, large-scale university theatrical productions from the 1570s and 1580s, illustrating both their theatrical complexity and their influence on the burgeoning commercial theater. It focuses mainly on two academic playwrights, Thomas Legge and William Gager, whose productions bring forth the tremendous capabilities of the university stage. The chapter begins with Legge’s Richardus Tertius, a lengthy three-part tragedy which to some extent may have inspired Shakespeare’s Richard III. It then turns to Gager’s surviving corpus, demonstrating how the theatrical effects his plays featured in performance resist the longstanding notion that they were merely straightforward neoclassical adaptations. These were the kinds of elaborate productions, the chapter argues, which caught the attention of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. It considers how commercial playwrights might have encountered university plays and the different forms—manuscript, print, word of mouth—in which these plays circulated. The chapter’s concluding section focuses on Gager’s relationship with Joseph Barnes, Oxford’s first university printer, and it discusses how print became an invaluable tool for the distribution of his plays both within and beyond the academic sphere.
The Insular Academy
Authors: Blank Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses several sixteenth-century plays that dramatize the inwardness of the early modern university. It begins with Edward Forsett’s comedy Pedantius, which debuted at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1581. The play was ostensibly a satire of the scholar Gabriel Harvey, but in a larger sense it presented an unflattering portrait of academic culture, signifying how university drama provided a medium for institutional critique. The chapter shows how this trend moved from the university stage to the commercial stage in the hands of two “University Wits,” Christopher Marlowe and Robert Greene. The chapter examines two of their plays in particular, Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus and Greene’s Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, which brought onto the public stage elements of the academic satire that the authors had witnessed at university. The public stage, this chapter argues, became a space in which playwrights could critique the insularity of the university—a tradition that had its origins in the universities themselves. The chapter shows how Shakespeare participated in this tradition with Love’s Labour’s Lost, a play primarily concerned with a particularly virulent aspect of academic isolation: the exclusion of women.
Shakespeare’s Sweet Boy
Authors: Hokama Rhema 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I argue that Shakespeare used several topoi from Reformed devotional culture to describe both stage performance and erotic performance in the Sonnets. Although previous readers of the Sonnets have regarded the poet’s rote performance and reiteration of praise from the public liturgy as evidence of devotional hypocrisy, I maintain that these interpretations stem from a misunderstanding of the role of the Book of Common Prayer in English devotional culture. Liturgical devotion in early modern England operated within a nexus of social exchange and straddled the divide between private and public worship. For Shakespeare’s poet, to co-opt those modes of devotion in describing his erotic entreaties to his boyfriend would not have been regarded as evidence of hypocrisy. On the contrary, these forms of public devotion allowed Shakespeare to imagine a distinctly early modern sense of self that existed at the crossroads of public expression and experiential devotion.
Adam and Eve in Bed and at Prayer
Authors: Hokama Rhema 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6, I explore a paradox in Milton’s theological understanding of the liturgy in my readings of his Eikonoklastes and Paradise Lost. In his polemical writings, Milton vehemently criticized Charles I’s use of set prayer, describing the king’s appropriation of set prayers in Eikon Basilike as a form of devotional plagiarism. At the same time, Milton also used set liturgy in crafting his own literary prayers, and appropriated the liturgies of the Book of Common Prayer as the basis for Adam and Eve’s worship in Paradise Lost. I argue that while these Edenic prayers would have sounded like the state liturgy for Paradise Lost’s Caroline readers, Milton in fact intended to strip those prayers of their political and theological contexts by imagining an Edenic origin for these forms of worship. In doing so, I suggest that Milton intended to present these Edenic forms of prayer as having the devotional equivalency of a number of other bodily acts of praise and worship. Milton saw bodily acts such as sex and eating as having the devotional power of prayer itself; to have sex and to eat in Eden was, for Milton, as good—if not better—than formal worship in the state church.
Globalization
Authors: Wirtén Eva Hemmungs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter is focused on how we might think of the book and its attendant practices of publishing, bookselling, and reading within the broader history of globalization and digitization. One of the main lines of inquiry concerns questions of copyright and censorship, both crucial to questions of ownership and control, authorship and creativity, as well as to the ongoing question of where the boundaries of cultural works are drawn. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works from 1886 constituted a watershed moment in the international and later global history of the book. At the close of the nineteenth century, the interconnectedness of sophisticated communication networks meant that it was essential to create an international infrastructure securing protection for these assets, assets that were prone to cross-border competition. Copyright mediates social relations, and the Berne Convention addressed several of the most important relationships that can be identified within the orbit of the book: those between authors and readers, between new technologies and the stability and instability of the work, between publishers and the market, and between the global North and the global South. Such dependencies and relationships were enabled by more efficient transportation and communication networks and set within fast-moving economic and cultural transformation. Changes included new book technologies, geopolitical alliances that sought to redress previous imbalances in global access to knowledge, and the integration of publishing into larger media conglomerates from the 1960s.
Rent-seeking Business Elites and Populism in Poland and Hungary
Authors: Szanyi Miklós 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of economic structures and business elites in Poland and Hungary during the process of transition. After the successful completion of the post-socialist transition process, East Central European countries started to give up rigorous compliance with the liberal political and economic model advocated by the international advising community and the EU. A more authoritarian approach to policymaking gained influence and the concepts of illiberal democracy and populism replaced the liberal concepts. The chapter analyses this process of change and its determinants. It interprets the U-turn as the revival of the strong rent-seeking traditions in the region. This turn served the interests of the nationalistic political elite that was pushed to the background during the liberal phase of the transition process by a ‘comprador’ elite. Populism replaced the role of advisers in the legitimation of the new rent-seeking practices.
Business Factions, Populists, and the Social Bloc Perspective
Authors: Ban Cornel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
How do growth regimes characteristics constrain the choices of populists regarding their relations with business? What business factions are likely to uphold, and respectively oppose, the national-populist turn in the neoliberal policy regime of foreign direct investments (FDI)-led growth regimes? To answer these questions, this chapter focuses on the organizational linkage between populists and business via changes in the dominant social bloc of the dominant growth regime. By examining the case of resilient (Hungary) and fleeting (Romania) populist projects, the empirical analysis makes three claims. First, while populists in FDI-led growth regimes can challenge crisis-ridden multinational financial capital due to its secondary relevance to the growth regime, they are better off politically when they do not challenge the structural power of multinational industrial capital. Indeed, in contrast to Romania, multinational industrial business was an essential social bloc ingredient in Hungary, bolstering its resilience. Second, since attacks against foreign financial institutions comes with sovereign bond risk, the fate of the attack hinges on having institutional capabilities such as a central bank ready to credibly monetize debt and a revenue agency with an enforceable commitment to adequate tax collection. Third, the chapter reaffirms the centrality of the medium and petite bourgeoisie for the populist project, thus challenging the claim the interest of the SME sector is to be opposed to populism. However, the case of Romania shows that under certain conditions the populists may lose the support of the domestic SME sector, thus cracking the populist social bloc.
The Populism of Transnational Plutocrats
Authors: Harrington Brooke 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical context and implications of the asymmetrical merger of commercial and political elites in right-wing populism. While this merger has given rise to some of the most consequential figures in politics over the past century, it is not new: in fact, its origins and even some of its key practices, go back to the ancient world. And now, as then, the commercial-political elite threatens the very systems of governance that enriched and empowered them in the first place. What’s new is their transnationality, which I link to the rise of financialization and the growth of the offshore system. A key insight offered by this reading is that right-wing populist movements represent the arrival onshore of an ethos that has been the distinguishing feature and primary appeal of the offshore world for decades: elite impunity. This is offered to voters both as entertainment, and as a luxury good in which they can partake by proxy in return for their support. The chapter thus extends the late twentieth-century tradition in elite theory to incorporate contemporary understandings of the global mobility of wealth, power, and spectacle.