bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “deceasèd I” of the 1609 Sonnets
Authors: de Grazia Margreta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The only work by Shakespeare that expressly aspires to immortality is also the one that came closest to extinction. The “eternal lines” of the 1609 Sonnets were out of print for over a century and not fully incorporated into the canon until almost another had passed. During that long stretch, the sonnets were ensconced in an eclectic miscellany, John Benson’s 1640 Poems. Though discredited as spurious and corrupt by 1800, the sonnets in the 1640 format endured longer than in the authentic 1609 quarto. What gave the sonnets in their 1640 remake their power to endure? Certainly it was not the promise of access to the life of the poet. Through its distancing and generalizing rubrics, the edition rendered the 1609 Sonnets quite impersonal. How then did Benson’s Poems secure, at least for a time, a future for the sonnets? How did they capture what the Sonnets themselves presume: the literary attention of “ages yet unborn”?
Introduction
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A review of the development of the atomic theory of matter from antiquity through the nineteenth century is presented. The scientific tradition in Western Europe developed in parallel with the evolution of thought on matter, atoms, and the void. A separation between religion and science formed during this period. Boltzmann’s H theorem together with the Poincare recurrence conjecture are discussed. Detractors of atomic theory and the positivist movement delayed the acceptance of the notion of atoms in Physics by nearly 100 years compared to Chemistry.
Further developments of wave mechanics by Schrödinger
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We trace out Schrödinger’s development of his theory. In the beginning, there was no wave equation, but the de Broglie hypothesis motivated Schrödinger to find one. His work culminates with the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Perturbation theory, both static and time-dependent, were developed. The physical meaning of the wavefunction was defined.
Early attempts at interpretation of the theory
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While the theory proved successful at describing a broad range experimental results, from the black body spectrum to the hydrogen atom, the question arose as to what the theory was telling us about the nature of physical reality. Schrödinger’s attempt to represent particles as wave packets failed because of the spreading of the wave packets. Max Born, investigating how the theory could be applied to scattering processes, was led to introduce the probability interpretation of the wave function. In an attempt to summarize the physical meaning of the theory, Heisenberg introduced the uncertainty principle. Niels Bohr and his Copenhagen school developed the philosophical position known as “complementarity.” There was a bitter dispute between Schrödinger and the “Copenhageners” over the necessity of quantum jumps in the theory.
The final synthesis of quantum mechanics: the “transformation theory” and Dirac notation
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The mathematics underpinning quantum mechanics is reviewed and discussed at length. The Sturm-Liouville theory of linear differential equations is presented. It is shown that the solutions form a complete set of orthogonal functions with real eigenvalues, and the magnitude of the eigenvalues form an ascending series beginning from a minimum. The formulation of the Dirac bra-ket notation and its meaning and applications is developed. We examine the idea of Hilbert space and the general abstract form of the theory as developed by Dirac and Jordan, introducing the Dirac notation which will be used in the rest of the book.
The “completion of quantum mechanics” —the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics, October 1927
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This conference was lauded by Heisenberg as, “officially, the completion of the quantum theory,” while Langevin remarked it was, “where the confusion of ideas reached its peak.” The conference was held just as the theory had reached maturity, only two years after Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics was invented. De Broglie argued for his pilot wave theory, which was shot down by Pauli using an incorrect argument and in later years was re-introduced as the de Broglie–Bohm theory. Heisenberg and Dirac debated the meaning of superposition and the “collapse” of the wave function. Bohr and Einstein engaged in their legendary debate. In the conference proceedings, we see the main contributors to the new theory attempt to come to terms with its enigmas.
Weimar culture and quantum mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Most, but not all, of the fundamental work on quantum mechanics took place during the turbulent times of the Weimar republic, which was formed in Germany after the abdication of the Kaiser at the end of WWI. While many physicists are appalled at the implication that physical theories might, even to a limited extent, be influenced by their cultural milieu, we feel an overview of the latter might help in an overall understanding of the theory. We will see that such views were shared, to some extent, by Schrödinger. After a brief overview of the contemporary economic and cultural situation and the reactions of several of the originators of quantum theory, we pass on to Forman’s thesis regarding the influence of Weimar culture and quantum mechanics. This thesis has spurred an enormous debate, of which we give a short description.
Path integrals and scattering
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We present Feynman’s path integral derivation of the Schrödinger equation. The van Hove formulation of non-relativistic scattering is presented. We then give a full quantum mechanical treatment of non-relativistic scattering. Both the interaction of the beams with the apparatus and the scattering process itself are treated quantum mechanically. In the spirit of Schrödinger, particle trajectories do not appear, with all of the physics being contained in the phases of the wave function.
Introduction to quantum computing (with the assistance of Edward D. Davis)
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We trace the origins of quantum computing to attempts to set physical limits to the computing power of classical computers. Some ideas of Feynman are discussed and his interesting proof of Bell’s inequality is presented. The circuit model of quantum computing, due essentially to David Deutsch, is described. We give a simple demonstration of quantum error correction. Schor’s famous algorithm for efficient factoring of numbers is derived.
Other types of NPIs
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses three types of NPIs other than strong and weak ones, arguing that superstrong NPIs are idiomatic and stored as such with their licensers. Strong/weak NPIs are lexically connected with a negation that needs to be spelled out higher in the structure, either as an NM or incorporated in another expression, along the lines of Collins and Postal’s (2014) analysis of unary NPIs. Superweak NPIs, the chapter argues, following Lin et al. (2014, 2021), are referentially deficient and therefore only fine in non-veridical contexts; they may not entail the existence of a referent satisfying their description (after Lin 1996, 1998; Giannakidou 2011, 2018). In addition, the chapter shows that acquisitional data appear to confirm these analyses, and also that weak and strong NPIs like any or in years indeed form different types of NPIs than superstrong, strong/weak, and superweak NPIs.
Introducing bilingual processing research
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Bilingual language processing research explores the cognition of bilingualism. It studies how a bilingual speaker’s two languages are represented and organized in the mind and how they interact in language use. It is characterized by a broad definition of bilingualism, a clear focus on the cognitive aspects of bilingualism, a well-defined set of research questions about bilingual representation and processing, and the use of a rich repertoire of lab-based experimental tasks and paradigms. Historically, this research began in the 1950s with a focus on memory organization in bilinguals, but its focus shifted from memory organization to lexical organization in bilinguals in the 1970s. The rise of the information processing approach to cognition, the return of the mental chronometry as an approach to studying human cognition, and the use of computers in data collection in the 1980s all contributed to the development of bilingual language processing research as we know it today.
Lexico-semantic organization in bilinguals
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A central topic in bilingual processing research is how words and meanings are represented and organized in the mind of a bilingual speaker. Research on this topic deals with specific issues such as whether a bilingual speaker has one integrated bilingual lexicon or two separate lexicons, whether a bilingual speaker has an integrated semantic system or two separate semantic systems, and how a word in one language is linked to a word in another and to semantic representations. Multiple theoretical proposals have been put forward, such as the distributed conceptual feature model and the revised hierarchical model. Empirical research has led to some consensuses, e.g., that the two lexical systems are linked to a shared semantic system. Researchers differ in their view regarding other issues, e.g., whether less proficient bilinguals rely on lexical links more and whether bilinguals can access meaning equally efficiently from their two languages.
Cross-language priming
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cross-language priming refers to the effect of exposure to words in one language on word recognition in another. It is a phenomenon first intended to explore bilingual lexico-semantic organization. An asymmetry in cross-language priming was found in this research, showing that priming in the L1-to-L2 direction (forward priming) was usually robust and consistent, but L2-to-L1 (backward) priming was usually absent or weak. This asymmetry, particularly the asymmetry in translation priming, became the focus of many subsequent studies that explored how experimental tasks and participant variables may affect this asymmetry. Research showed that backward translation priming was more likely to occur in a semantic task than in a lexical task and among early, balanced, and highly proficient bilinguals than among late and less proficient bilinguals. Multiple explanations of this asymmetry were proposed and tested such as the resting-level account, the semantic richness account, the sense model, and the episodic L2 hypothesis.
Language switch and control in bilinguals
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A switch cost usually refers to a delay in performing a task when a switch of language is involved. This phenomenon has been actively explored to understand the mechanisms of language control and language regulation in bilinguals, often inspired by the inhibitory control model. This research has led to the discovery of four switch-related findings: widely observed switch costs, an asymmetry in switch costs, an L2 advantage in mixed-language condition, and a mixing cost. Multiple proposals have been forwarded to explain (a) what underlies these code switch effects, and (b) how language regulation is achieved in general. These proposals differ with regard to (a) whether an inhibitory process is involved in code switching and in language control in general, and (b) the locus of the switch effects (i.e., inside or outside of the bilingual lexicon).
Bilingualism beyond lexical processing
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on three topics on the cognition of bilingualism beyond lexical representation and processing. They are autobiographical memory in bilinguals, the representation and interaction of syntactic knowledge in bilinguals, and the consequences of bilingualism. Research on the first topic has demonstrated language-dependent encoding and organization of personal events and memories, and that the language one uses to retrieve the memory may affect what and how much detail is retrieved. Research on the second topic often employs the syntactic priming paradigm and has demonstrated an interaction of syntactic knowledge between languages. Finally, much of the research on the impact of bilingualism has focused on two areas: linguistic deficit and cognitive advantage. Findings regarding the former should be interpreted with caution as they often involved the comparison of L1 and L2 processing. Findings regarding the latter have been far from being consistent.
Accession
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When Tiberius died in ad 37 Macro went quickly to Rome to report the death. He persuaded the senate to put aside Tiberius’ will, which had made Caligula and Tiberius’ younger natural grandson, Gemellus, heirs to his property. The senate was now persuaded to acclaim Caligula as Imperator. In the meantime Caligula made his way to Rome, accompanying Tiberius’ corpse, and crowds came to greet him en route. He went before the senate at a meeting attended also by ordinary people and equestrians, where a law was decreed investing him with supreme power, apparently on the grounds that this was the consensus of the three orders of Roman society. He was thus arguably the first Roman emperor in the full constitutional sense of the term. Caligula’s behaviour was initially impeccable. He honoured his late parents and brothers; he abolished the hated treason laws; he held the consulship with his uncle Claudius, previously isolated from political life because of physical handicaps. The climax of this celebratory period was the long-awaited dedication of the Temple of Augustus on the Palatine hill at the end of August, ad 37. At some point after that Caligula fell ill, and there were serious concerns that he would die.
The Private Caligula
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Descriptions of Caligula’s appearance survive in the ancient sources. It seems that he was tall, with skinny legs. He was balding, about which he was sensitive, with deep-set eyes. He was also supposedly ugly, although his portraits on official coins show an unremarkable profile. He enjoyed dressing up in exotic clothing, often in the guise of gods or goddesses. He was an insomniac and very highly strung, but there are no serious grounds for concluding that he was mad in the clinical sense, being capable of rational decisions right to the very end. He was very sensitive about his status and took exception to familiar forms of his name, and to references to his youth. He seems to have been intellectually well-endowed, and was supposedly an effective orator. He enjoyed the usual popular entertainments of the day, the stage, the gladiatorial shows, and the chariot races. Caligula seems to have had a cruel sense of humour, and many of his outrageous statements may be misrepresentations of his dark witticisms. An excellent illustration of this is provided by Philo’s account of the meeting of an Alexandrian deputation with the emperor in ad 40.
Outside Rome
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tiberius had followed a policy of restraint on the frontiers, not wanting to expand the borders beyond those set by Augustus. Caligula pursued a more aggressive frontier policy. At the outset of his reign he confirmed the settlement, apparently favourable to Rome, reached between the Parthian king Artabanus and the Roman commander in Syria, Lucius Vitellius. In Africa he ended the arrangement whereby senatorial governors of Africa would command the one legion there. He moved that command to an imperial appointee. Prolemy, the ruler of Mauritania in north Africa, was removed and put to death. The reason for such an extreme measure is not clear, and it is speculated that Ptolemy may have been involved in a conspiracy. The incorporation of Mauretania into the empire began at this time. At the end of ad 39 Caligula left Rome to take action against Britain and Germany. The facts are difficult to ascertain. He seems to have carried out limited campaigns on the Rhine and to have led his troops to the Channel, but opted not to attempt an invasion of Britain, although he did accept the surrender of a minor ruler, Adminius/Amminus, who perhaps had been dislodged through dynastic squabbles. In Alexandria clashes between Jews and Greek became more intense and both sides were invited to send deputies to the emperor in Rome. In Judaea also there were serious disturbances and a Jewish uprising was narrowly averted.
A Century of Translation
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a chronological account of English orientalism from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth centuries, identifying which key texts are translated, and at what time, into English from Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Chinese, and Japanese. It proposes that in the middle of the nineteenth century a new kind of translation begins to emerge, targeted not at specialists but at the general reader, and that this trend is epitomized by an anthology published in 1845, the Rose Garden of Persia by Louisa S. Costello. The chapter defines two opposed terms that recur throughout the rest of the book, ‘popular translation’ and ‘scholarly translation’, and charts the rise of the ‘popularizer’ of Asian literature. It concludes by demonstrating how, by the early twentieth century, there existed an ‘open market’ in translations in which readers could choose between two, three, or as many as a dozen alternative translations of a given Asian text.
Wage Inequality and Untouchables
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examined various aspects of wage inequality across caste groups for regular salaried and casual workers for the years 2004–05 and 2017–18. The chapter includes inequality in average wage rate between the scheduled castes and higher castes by educational level, industry, regional, and occupation groups. The chapter estimates within and between group inequalities in wage earnings using generalized entropy measure, Theil Index, and relative contribution of factors to wage inequality through Gary Fields’ decomposition method. The chapter also estimates the wage gap between the scheduled castes and higher castes in public and private sectors for formal and informal workers.
Introduction
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the specific way in which this book will think about the concept of accountability and also considers the motivations for its approach. It begins by highlighting the book’s commitment to thinking more positively about the nature of accountability, by pointing to how relationships of accountability can serve to elevate the persons who are being held accountable. It then draws attention to the narratival view of accountability that will be advanced. In the second part of the chapter, there is an introduction to four key features that characterize the theology of accountability this book will put forward: (1) accountability is ultimately to God; (2) accountability is essential to human flourishing; (3) a theology of accountability holds to an interpersonal view of morality; and (4) accountability to God finds its fulfilment in Jesus Christ. Finally, the Introduction ends with an overview of the book’s chapters.
The Fall from Accountability to God
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a theological reading of the Genesis story of the Fall, arguing that this story presents sin as rooted in the fall away from accountability to God. More specifically, in conversation with Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Karl Barth, the chapter contends that the tree of life reveals the garden in Eden to be a place of accountability to God, where the fullness of life and flourishing is defined by God’s judgement. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil, by contrast, reveals the deathly possibility of humans rejecting God’s judgement in favour of prioritizing their own judgement, grounded in their own autonomy. As such, the disobedient act of eating from this tree of the knowledge of good and evil represents the human fall away from accountability to God.
Mind as Metaphor
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book develops a new approach to the mind called mental fictionalism. The key idea behind this approach is that the mind is a useful fiction. The book begins with our ordinary conception of the mind (known as folk psychology). At present, the dominant interpretation of folk psychology sees it as an attempt to describe our inner machinery (a view the author calls Cartesianism). The representational theory of mind (or representationalism) argues that our folk theory is true, and that our thoughts (especially our propositional attitudes, such as beliefs and desires) are representations inside our heads. Mental fictionalism offers a new interpretation of folk psychology. According to mental fictionalism, when we attribute beliefs and desires, we do not claim that people have representations inside their heads; we merely pretend that they do. Our ordinary conception of the mind is fundamentally metaphorical: we project the ‘outer world’ of human culture (especially language) onto the ‘inner world’ of the mind. This is an enormously useful way of making sense of people and their behaviour. But we should not forget that this inner world is only a fiction.
Contrasts, Causes, and Consciousness
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops and motivates mental fictionalism by comparing it to well-known alternative positions, such as behaviourism and instrumentalism. It also considers how fictionalism relates to Gilbert Ryle’s view of the mind and Daniel Dennett’s influential work on the intentional stance. The chapter tries to show that fictionalism has advantages over each of these positions. It also responds to two important objections that might be levelled against mental fictionalism. The first is that it overlooks the fact that mental states are causes (mental causation). The second is that it cannot explain the immediate, conscious awareness that we have of our own mental states (introspection).
Student Violence at Oxford in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Larsen Andrew E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the nature of student violence in Oxford during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It argues that the phenomenon of student violence is a complex and multi-faceted issue. Most evidence of student violence in between centuries falls into the broad categories of personal conflicts, town-gown violence, conflicts with ecclesiastical institutions, North-South conflicts, and struggles with political factions within the university. Letters and chronicle accounts of student violence are often distinctly biased in favour of scholars, so they generally present scholars as innocent victims of unprovoked violence by townsmen. The chapter mentions the limited use of the Coroner’s Rolls and the Eyre Court Rolls in giving a cold accounting of facts, motivations for violence, and the relationship between victims and killers.