bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematics and strain
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic method for describing the motion, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in a deforming solid. For small displacement gradients, the concept of infinitesimal strain and infinitesimal rotation are introduced. Geometric constructions which elucidate normal and shear strains are discussed in detail. The matrix representation of all six components of strain is introduced, as well as the representation of strain in indicial notation. Important canonical states of homogeneous strain—uniaxial strain, simple shear, pure shear, and uniform compaction/dilatation—are analyzed in detail. Additionally, the notions of strain deviator and volumetric strain are developed.
Fatigue
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces methods for analyzing the fatigue failure of materials under oscillating loads. The notions of defect-free and defect-tolerant fatigue failure analysis are discussed. The defect-free approach is developed using the classical concept of S-N curves and endurance limits. Additionally the strain-life approach to defect-free fatigue analysis is developed using the Coffin–Manson relation for low-cycle fatigue and the Basquin relation for high-cycle fatigue. Cumulative fatigue damage using Miner’s rule is also discussed. In a defect-tolerant approach, where a component is assumed to have a pre-existing crack located at the most highly stressed location, it is presumed that such a crack grows incrementally to a critical size. The Paris law for incremental crack growth is presented and discussed.
Linear viscoelasticity under oscillatory strain and stress
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses linear viscoelasticity under steady-state oscillatory loading. Storage and loss moduli and storage and loss compliances for oscillatory conditions are discussed, as are loss tangents, phase lag, damping capacity, and energy dissipation. The concept of complex moduli to understand viscoelastic material behavior is discussed.
Shakespeare Beyond the Green World
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Unpicking the ecopolitics of Shakespeare’s plays at the Stuart court, this book establishes that the playwright was remarkably attentive to the environmental issues of his era. As a court dramatist, he designed his plays to captivate a patron deeply involved in both the conservation and exploitation of a burgeoning empire’s natural resources. Spurred by James’s campaign to unify his kingdoms, the Jacobean Shakespeare ventures beyond the green and pleasant lowlands of England to chart the wild topographies of an expansionist Great Britain: the blasted heath in Macbeth, the mines of Scotland in Timon of Athens, the overfished North Sea in Pericles, the Welsh mountains in Cymbeline, the Arctic fur country in The Winter’s Tale, the fens in The Tempest, overcrowded London and empty Ulster in Measure for Measure and Coriolanus, and the night in Antony and Cleopatra and King Lear. While these plays often simulate a monarch’s-eye view of the natural world, they also reveal that Crown policies were fiercely contested from below. In addition to trekking beyond verdant landscapes, Shakespeare Beyond the Green World seeks to mitigate the Anglocentric and anthropocentric bias of the archive by putting the plays into conversation with texts in which the subaltern wild growls back. Combining deep dives into environmental history with close readings of Shakespearean wordplay, original typography, and original performance conditions, this book rewilds the Renaissance stage. It spotlights Shakespeare’s tendency to humanize beasts and bestialize allegedly godlike monarchs, debunking fantasies of human exceptionalism. By clarifying how the Jacobean plays expose monarchical dominion as ecological tyranny, this study remains scrupulously historicist while reasserting Shakespearean drama’s scorching relevance in the Anthropocene.
“A Booth in Vanity Fair”
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1, “A Booth in Vanity Fair”: Charity Bazaars and the Methods of Fiction, narrates the progress of fundraising bazaars from their beginnings in the post–Napoleonic War era to the end of the nineteenth century when massive fairs held during London’s social season were a well-entrenched tradition. The author utilizes newspaper data to give a trajectory of bazaar development and draws broadly from material written and printed in conjunction with bazaars, including advertisements, press coverage, broadsheets, pamphlets, gift books, and instruction manuals. Together, these materials demonstrate the ways in which philanthropists adopted techniques from fiction to stage bazaars as vital scenes of civil society.
Fair Value
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores Harriet Martineau’s Dawn Island, published to be sold at the 1845 Anti-Corn Law Bazaar held in London’s Covent Garden Theatre. In keeping with the purpose of the bazaar, the tale purports to preach the doctrine of free trade. However, at a bazaar where the parodic market form of a ladies’ fancy fair clashed with the decidedly free-trade agenda of the Anti-Corn Law League, Martineau used her tale to critique the means League organizers used to devalue women’s labor. With pointed irony, the bazaar provided a venue where she could market a text to raise funds for the League, while that same text incorporated a subtle yet pointed critique of League methods.
Kenya
Authors: Gichohi Matthew K. , Arriola Leonardo R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Kenya’s uneven progress toward democracy is closely linked to the political control of institutions. Kenyan presidents have consistently employed lawfare—the manipulation of constitutional, legislative, and judicial institutions—to protect executive power and limit liberalization. Kenyan civil society and opposition parties have often failed to rein in the executive through legal strategies because their interests have diverged at critical moments of reform. Members of the opposition, in particular, have allowed themselves to be coopted by presidents during key reform episodes, thereby weakening pressure for overhauling the executive’s constitutional powers. Kenyan presidents have also exploited their role as national leaders, institutionally and symbolically, to depict international criticism as neocolonial or unwarranted interventions. However, the international relationship has been a relatively weaker and inconsistent instrument for Kenyan presidents to obstruct democratization. Because Kenyan governments remain dependent on international finance and aid, they have been unable to prevent civil society groups from using their own international linkages to lobby for international pressure for democratic reform. As a result, while Kenyan presidents regularly depict themselves as defenders of the national interest, they have only been able to use sovereignty claims to buy themselves time in delaying reforms.
Malawi
Authors: Gloppen Siri , Kanyongolo Fidelis , Shen-Bayh Fiona , Wang Vibeke 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Constitutional democracy in Malawi has prevailed despite a series of setbacks. The chapter links this resilience to the interaction between state actors like the judiciary, civil society actors, and a shifting political opposition that at critical junctures have succeeded in confining or overturning authoritarian attempts, often in a concerted cooperation with international actors. The judiciary has remained largely independent, despite recurring attempts by the executive to exert undue influence through threats, bribes, irregular appointments, and removal of judges. The courts in Malawi have been able to maintain a supportive constituency in civil society as well as in the political opposition. This support is in turn mobilized to protect the courts at critical moments. Although the relations between the government and international pro-democracy forces have been characterized by fits and starts (not unlike Malawi’s democratic trajectory), international actors have at critical moments contributed toward safeguarding judicial independence and accountability mechanisms that have kept political channels open. Donor support and leverage contribute to both the mobilizing potential of civil society and the relative restraint of the government.
Conclusion
Authors: Arriola Leonardo R. , Rakner Lise , van de Walle Nicolas 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Democratic Backsliding in Africa? Autocratization, Resilience, and Contention has shown that the region’s democratic experience over the past two decades largely reflects status quo politics: We have witnessed neither substantial progress nor regression in advancing political and civil liberties since the initial transitions of the early 1990s. The observed democratic stagnation obscures the actual political battles playing out between incumbent elites attempting to stay in power and an opposing elite contesting control of the state. African incumbent leaders have strategically used the law and courts to control the contestation for power and participation in politics and they have used sovereigntist claims to shield themselves from the scrutiny or pressure from external actors. Opposition forces have also at times scored significant victories in securing democratic spaces, particularly when they are not directly challenging the core interests of the executive branch. In the concluding chapter we summarize some of the key arguments of the book before examining the findings and generalizations that can be made from the case studies. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the unsettled issue areas in need of further research.
The Volitional Theory of Causation
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book presents a history of the volitional theory of causation—the philosophical proposal that volition, or will, of the same or broadly the same stamp as that which we experience in our own deliberate and voluntary doings, should be taken as the basis for all causality. Few today know much about the volitional theory of causation, and even fewer have given it any serious attention. But if current opinion regards this suggestion as an unusual one, of minor importance, the historical record shows otherwise, revealing that it is a theory which has been proposed and developed again and again throughout the modern era. Its obscurity is only a recent phenomenon. Starting at the beginning of the Early Modern period and progressing right up modern times, the historical discussion takes in both supporters and critics, as well as both famous and less well-known figures, to tell the story of a long-running debate which contemporary history of philosophy has forgotten.
Visual Arts and Visualization
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA literature survey of spiritual masters and their early temple-residences and extinct gyal khars indicate the impermanence of wall paintings they housed. Yet the techniques of preparing base-coat plaster and palletes of mineral and organic colours for frescoes lasted long. Some plant-based colours are common to both painting and fabric or yarn dyeing. Experiences of pigment preparation were distilled into a theory of colours in the 17th century Tibet and this is recalled in the light of Bhutanese practices. The earliest fresco in the country is that of Paro Taktshang rock face with its style exceedingly alike the 11th century Drathang monastery in south-western Tibet. Evolution of artistic styles is traced from ancient mural paintings of Tamshing temple and Khoma temple to an ‘unsurpassed subtlety’ in Tango Gyalsey Zimchung and Tongsa Lama Lhakhang. With the exception of Drukpa Kunley’s rebelliously haunting poetry, erotic art could not emerge in the monastic environment, but flourished in terms of phallic images on rural houses, though this too is threatened in modern Bhutan. Erotic performances by clowns in mask dance festivals and dances performed naked are linked to rites of fecudinity and fertility. The final part delineates my hypothesis that Vajrayana iconography have been influenced by its primary purpose: to instruct and support meditative visualization.
Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This is an introductory book for computational neuroscience. The book starts with a high-level overview and some fundamental questions about brain theories, a brief discussion about the role of modeling, and some other basic facts from neuroscience. The book also reviews essential scientific programming in Python and the basic mathematical and statistical concept used in the book. The following part of the book focuses on basic mechanisms and modeling of single neurons or population averages. This starts from detailed discussion of changes in the membrane potentials through ion channels, spike generations, and synaptic plasticity, with increasingly abstractions in the following chapters. After this, the information processing capabilities of basic networks are described, including feedforward and competitive recurrent networks. The last part of the book describes some examples of combining such elementary networks as well as some examples of more system-level models of the brain. This new edition of my book incorporates recent lessons from deep learning. While there are excellent books on deep learning, the emphasis here is their connection to brain processing. An important aspect is thereby the concepts of representational learning and computation with uncertainties. Also, I now included gated recurrent neural networks that are becoming an important fundamental mechanism when thinking about brain processing. While we will not be able to dive into all the recent progress, I hope that the text will guide further specific studies and research.
Introduction and outlook
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter is outlining the big picture and defines the scope of the computational neuroscience discussed in this book. It outlines some basic facts of brain organization and principles that are important guiding principles. This chapter includes a discussion on the role of scientific modeling in general and in neuroscience specifically. In addition, it outlines a high-level theory of the brain as a predictive model of the world together with some further important principles.
Neurons and conductance-based models
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells that thought to be essential for the information-processing mechanisms in the brain. This chapter summarizes the basic functionality of neurons and outlines some of their fascinating biochemical processes. These include an outline of chemical synapses, the parametrization of the response of the postsynaptic membrane potential to synaptic events, the origin of action potentials and how they can be modelled using elegant differential equations introduced by Hodgkin and Huxley, generalizations of such conductance-based models, and compartmental models that incorporate the physical structure of neurons.The review in this chapter is intended to justify simplifications of following models and to mention some of the neuronal characteristics that may be relevant in future research.
Feature maps and competitive population coding
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about representing information with maps, and about competitive dynamics in neuronal tissue. The chapter starts with an outline of a basic model of a hypercolumn in which neurons respond to specific sensory input with characteristic {tuning curves}. Such features are often represented in topographically organized maps in the brain. It is discussed how such topographic feature maps can be self-organized. The chapter goes on to study the dynamics of activating such maps and model this with dynamic neural field theory. Several examples are discussed of how signatures of such competitive dynamics can be seen in a variety of examples from different parts of the brain. This chapter includes some more formal discussions of population coding, as well as some extensions of the basic models including dynamic updates of internal represented through path-integration.
Modular networks and complementary systems
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores combinations of basic networks, starting with a discussion of modular mapping networks that can improve the performance of monolithic networks through the strategy of divide-and-conquer. The following discussion of modular recurrent networks explores how coupled dynamical system could balance between the independence of the modules and the cooperation between them. This seems important when considering coupled networks in the brain with drastic consequences of catastrophic synchronization when this balance is disrupted. A system-level example of interacting networks is a model of a complementary memory systems.
Motor Control and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses control and decision systems that learn from general guidance in form of environmental feedback. It starts with a short overview of classical control systems that describe well basic motor control in the brain. The chapter then continues to adaptive control systems that can learn optimal actions from reward feedback. This is somewhat different to the basic supervised learning discussed previously where the teacher would specify precisely the desired response of an agent. It is also different to unsupervised learning as there is still some feedback from the environment in form of reward. The goal of a reinforcement learning agent is to figure out which actions to take in order to achieve optimal returns, often in noisy settings.
The cognitive brain
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This last chapter has the intention to give some examples of these systems in theories on a higher cognitive level and a brief introduction to causal networks as one important framework for such models. It with outlining some hierarchical and attentive vision to give a small example how the brain integrates mechanisms beyond monolithic models such as deep learning. This chapter includes a discussion of a workspace hypothesis that shows how the brain is able to produce novel solutions to new tasks within modular architectures. Finally, there is an outline of models that describe cognitive reasoning with Bayesian causal networks and also give an outlook to more general directions of causal learning.
Belief Fundamentalism and Representational Pluralism
Authors: Silva Jr Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The belief requirement on knowledge together with the existence of distinct representational states is central to understanding the relationship between knowledge and factual awareness. This chapter explores two principal claims. The first is that knowing that p requires believing that p. The second is that there are representational states that are not beliefs states: seeming states and states of inferential representation. Both claims pave the way for understanding how and why factual awareness is a more basic state than knowledge, as well as for understanding the more specific claim that factual awareness is a genus of which knowledge is but one species.
Knowledge, Awareness, and Ordinary Language
Authors: Silva Jr Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There are different ways of seeking to relate knowledge and factual awareness. One way is to treat knowledge as the more general state and to treat factual awareness as a kind of knowledge. Alternatively, one could identify knowledge and factual awareness, and thus treat neither state as being more general. Another way is to treat factual awareness as the more general state and to then treat knowledge as a kind of factual awareness. This chapter argues against the idea that knowledge is more general than factual awareness, and it also argues that the case for identifying knowledge and factual awareness is underdetermined.
Awareness and the Possession of Reasons
Authors: Silva Jr Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is now common, though not uncontroversial, to regard facts as the normative reasons that justify our actions and attitudes. But in order for a fact to be a reason that justifies an action or attitude for a given agent it must be a fact that is possessed by that agent. Knowledge-centric views of possession ground our possession of reasons, at least partially, in our knowledge of them or in our being in a position to know them. This chapter defends two claims: that awareness-centric accounts of possession are just as well placed to explain the motivations behind knowledge-centric views of possession, and that such views are also better placed to explain the reasons we possess in certain cases of inference and environmental luck.
The Natures of Awareness and Knowledge
Authors: Silva Jr Paul 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a theory of factual awareness and of knowledge. The basic idea is that factual awareness is to be understood along virtue-theoretic lines while knowledge is to be understood as safe belief for sufficient reasons. The result is an ideologically unique normative, anti-luck, virtue epistemology whose motivations are natural and grounded in insights about the natures of factual awareness and knowledge. Despite optimism that a reductive analysis of both knowledge and factual awareness is possible, this chapter concludes with a discussion of what would happen if factual awareness were taken to be beyond reductive analysis.
Justifying Public Reason
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ideal of public reason is an exemplification of ‘common good’ but understood not as a common denominator of actual human preferences but rather as ‘publicly admissible criteria of argument’ (Pettit) expresses the fundamental value of respect for persons, and it is argued that, as a value underlying public reason, respect must be understood in a sense which is at the same time thin, as ‘recognition’ (in contrast to thick, evaluative, merit-based conceptions of respect) and active (in contrast to passive manifestations of respect, such as deference or toleration). Still, respect itself is too vague to sustain a political ideal as weighty as that of public reason. Respect has to be seen as part of a constellation of values, of which freedom and equality are of particular importance. Each of these values enhances our political life in ways which can be explained in terms of another value. In this constellation, freedom is understood through a presumptive evil of coercion; and political equality, in an outcome-oriented agency sense. These three values interact and support each other in a configuration of moral ideals which render the principle of public reason attractive and, indeed, compelling.