bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Cannabis Legalization and Psychosis-Related Health Care Utilization
Authors: Elser Holly , Humphreys Keith , Kiang Mathew V. , Mehta Swapnil , Yoon Jong H. , Faustman William O. , Matthay Ellicott C. 
Published: January 2023

ImportancePsychosis is a hypothesized consequence of cannabis use. Legalization of cannabis could therefore be associated with an increase in rates of health care utilization for psychosis.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of state medical and recreational cannabis laws and commercialization with rates of psychosis-related health care utilization.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort design using state-level panel fixed effects to model within-state changes in monthly rates of psychosis-related health care claims as a function of state cannabis policy level, adjusting for time-varying state-level characteristics and state, year, and month fixed effects. Commercial and Medicare Advantage claims data for beneficiaries aged 16 years and older in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, 2003 to 2017 were used. Data were analyzed from April 2021 to October 2022.ExposureState cannabis legalization policies were measured for each state and month based on law type (medical or recreational) and degree of commercialization (presence or absence of retail outlets).Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes were rates of psychosis-related diagnoses and prescribed antipsychotics.ResultsThis study included 63 680 589 beneficiaries followed for 2 015 189 706 person-months. Women accounted for 51.8% of follow-up time with the majority of person-months recorded for those aged 65 years and older (77.3%) and among White beneficiaries (64.6%). Results from fully-adjusted models showed that, compared with no legalization policy, states with legalization policies experienced no statistically significant increase in rates of psychosis-related diagnoses (medical, no retail outlets: rate ratio [RR], 1.13; 95% CI, 0.97-1.36; medical, retail outlets: RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.96-1.61; recreational, no retail outlets: RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.93-2.04; recreational, retail outlets: RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.98-1.97) or prescribed antipsychotics (medical, no retail outlets RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.88-1.13; medical, retail outlets: RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.87-1.19; recreational, no retail outlets: RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.84-1.51; recreational, retail outlets: RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.89-1.45). In exploratory secondary analyses, rates of psychosis-related diagnoses increased significantly among men, people aged 55 to 64 years, and Asian beneficiaries in states with recreational policies compared with no policy.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort study of commercial and Medicare Advantage claims data, state medical and recreational cannabis policies were not associated with a statistically significant increase in rates of psychosis-related health outcomes. As states continue to introduce new cannabis policies, continued evaluation of psychosis as a potential consequence of state cannabis legalization may be informative.
Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Among Siblings of Children Who Died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Denmark
Authors: Glinge Charlotte , Rossetti Sára , Oestergaard Louise Bruun , Stampe Niels Kjær , Lynge Thomas Hadberg , Skals Regitze , Winkel Bo Gregers , Lodder Elisabeth M. , Bezzina Connie R. , Gislason Gunnar , Banner Jytte , Behr Elijah R. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Jabbari Reza , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob 
Published: January 2023

ImportanceSudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains a leading cause of death during the first year of life. The etiology of SIDS is complex and remains largely unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether siblings of children who died of SIDS have a higher risk of SIDS compared with the general pediatric population.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis register-based cohort study used Danish nationwide registers. Participants were all infants (&amp;lt;1 year) in Denmark between January 1, 1978, and December 31, 2016, including siblings of children who died of SIDS. Siblings were followed up from the index cases’ date of SIDS, date of birth, or immigration, whichever came first, and until age 1 year, emigration, developing SIDS, death, or study end. The median (IQR) follow-up was 1 (1-1) year. Data analysis was conducted from January 2017 to October 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresStandardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of SIDS were calculated with Poisson regression models relative to the general population.ResultsIn a population of 2 666 834 consecutive births (1 395 199 [52%] male), 1540 infants died of SIDS (median [IQR] age at SIDS, 3 [2-4] months) during a 39-year study period. A total of 2384 younger siblings (cases) to index cases (first sibling with SIDS) were identified. A higher rate of SIDS was observed among siblings compared with the general population, with SIRs of 4.27 (95% CI, 2.13-8.53) after adjustment for sex, age, and calendar year and of 3.50 (95% CI, 1.75-7.01) after further adjustment for mother’s age (&amp;lt;29 years vs ≥29 years) and education (high school vs after high school).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this nationwide study, having a sibling who died of SIDS was associated with a 4-fold higher risk of SIDS compared with the general population. Shared genetic and/or environmental factors may contribute to the observed clustering of SIDS. The family history of SIDS should be considered when assessing SIDS risk in clinical settings. A multidisciplinary genetic evaluation of families with SIDS could provide additional evidence.
Ms6244 is a novel Mycobacterium smegmatisTetR family transcriptional repressor that regulates cell growth and morphophysiology
Authors: Wani Saloni Rajesh , Dubey Abhishek Anil , Jain Vikas 
Published: January 2023

Transcriptional factors such as the TetR family of transcriptional regulators (TFTRs) are widely found amongst bacteria, including mycobacteria, and are accountable for their survival. Here, we characterized a novel TFTR, Ms6244, from Mycobacterium smegmatis that negatively autoregulates its expression and represses its neighbouring gene, Ms6243. We also report the binding of Ms6244 to the inverted repeats in the intergenic region of Ms6244 and Ms6243. Further, an Ms6244‐deleted strain shows various morpho‐physiological differences compared to the wild type. We further confirmed that the deletion of Ms6244 itself and not the resultant Ms6243 overexpression is the cause of the altered physiology. Our data thus suggest that Ms6244 is an essential regulator, having far‐reaching effects on M. smegmatis physiology.
The Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity With Clinical Hip Osteoarthritis in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures and the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Cohorts
Authors: Cheng Karen Y. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Kado Deborah M. , Schousboe John T. , Schenk Simon , Nevitt Michael , Lane Nancy E. , Hughes‐Austin Jan M. 
Published: January 2023

ObjectiveMetabolic dysregulation frequently co‐occurs with obesity, which has been shown to be a risk factor for lower extremity osteoarthritis (OA). We evaluated the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), alone and in combination with obesity, and hip OA.MethodsIn two parallel cross‐sectional analyses, we studied 403 women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and 2354 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and/or MetS (three of five National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) with clinical hip OA, defined as a modified Croft score of 2 or more or total hip replacement, and pain or limited range of motion. Our analysis adjusted for demographics.ResultsApproximately 3.5% of SOF women and 5.4% of MrOS men had clinical hip OA. Among women, obesity was not associated with hip OA, yet those with MetS had a 365% higher odds of hip OA (95% CI: 1.37‐15.83). Among men, those who had obesity had a 115% higher odds of hip OA (95% CI: 1.39‐3.32), yet MetS was not associated with hip OA. There was no interaction between MetS, obesity, and hip OA in either women or men.ConclusionIn women, but not in men, MetS was associated with hip OA. In men, but not in women, obesity was associated with hip OA. These findings suggest that mechanical effects of obesity may predominate in the pathogenesis of hip OA in men, whereas metabolic effects predominate in women.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission in a Flexible Phosphine Oxide and its Zn(II) Complexes—A Simple Approach to Blue Luminescent Materials
Authors: Kirst Christin , Knechtel Fabian , Gensler Manuel , Fischermeier David , Petersen Jens , Danaf Nader A. , Tietze Jonathan , Wedel Armin , Lamb Don C. , Mitrić Roland , Karaghiosoff Konstantin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEasily accessible blue‐emitting materials are in the focus of ongoing research, as they still lack the efficiency and lifetime of their red and green counterparts. The new multidentate phosphine oxide ligands and two respective ZnCl2 complexes presented here combine a straightforward synthesis with high yields and show interesting luminescent properties. The free ligand exhibits blue luminescence in the crystalline state, but not in amorphous films or diluted solution. In contrast, the Zn(II) complexes shows intense blue luminescence in the crystalline state as well as in amorphous thin films and in solution. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy measurements show luminescence lifetimes of 3–6 ns indicative of fluorescence. By combining the experimental data with quantum chemical calculations, we propose a model where the conformation of the molecule is restricted, either via the crystal environment, aggregation, or the steric fixation by the coordinating central atom, blocking the nonradiative relaxation from the excited into the ground electronic state. However, this nonradiative relaxation is still possible in the gas phase via elongation of a PC bond. These results may provide a general mechanism to explain the luminescence properties in a whole class of organic phosphine oxides.
Glioblastoma Spheroid Invasion through Soft, Brain‐Like Matrices Depends on Hyaluronic Acid–CD44 Interactions
Authors: Safarians Gevick , Sohrabi Alireza , Solomon Itay , Xiao Weikun , Bastola Soniya , Rajput Bushra W. , Epperson Mary , Rosenzweig Isabella , Tamura Kelly , Singer Breahna , Huang Joyce , Harrison Mollie J. , Sanazzaro Talia , Condro Michael C. , Kornblum Harley I. , Seidlits Stephanie K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIncreased secretion of hyaluronic acid (HA), a glycosaminoglycan abundant in the brain extracellular matrix (ECM), correlates with worse clinical outcomes for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. GBM cells aggressively invade the brain parenchyma while encountering spatiotemporal changes in their local ECM, including HA concentration. To investigate how varying HA concentrations affect GBM invasion, patient‐derived GBM cells are cultured within a soft, 3D matrix in which HA concentration is precisely varied and cell migration observed. Data demonstrate that HA concentration can determine the invasive activity of patient‐derived GBM cells in a biphasic and highly sensitive manner, where the absolute concentration of HA at which cell migration peaked is specific to each patient‐derived line. Furthermore, evidence that this response relies on phosphorylated ezrin, which interacts with the intracellular domain of HA‐engaged CD44 to effectively link the actin cytoskeleton to the local ECM is provided. Overall, this study highlights CD44–HA binding as a major mediator of GBM cell migration that acts independently of integrins and focal adhesion complexes and suggests that targeting HA–CD44–ezrin interactions represents a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent tumor cell invasion in the brain.
Thin‐Film Composite Membrane with a Hydrophobic Substrate for Robust Membrane Distillation
Authors: Xie Shaodan , Chen Yuanmiaoliang , Feng Dejun , Wang Zhangxin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMembrane distillation (MD) is a promising thermal desalination technology, but its application is largely limited by membrane wetting. This study introduces a thin‐film composite (TFC) membrane comprising a polyamide (PA) surface layer, a polydopamine (PDA) interlayer, and a hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane substrate for anti‐wetting MD operations. With a PDA reaction time of 1 h, a compact and hydrophilic PDA interlayer forms on the PVDF membrane substrate, facilitating the subsequent formation of the PA surface layer. With 2 cycles of interfacial polymerization process, a dense PA surface layer forms on the PDA interlayer, rendering a TFC membrane with robust wetting resistance. From diffusion experiments and breakthrough pressure measurements, the TFC membrane exhibits excellent wetting resistance because the dense PA surface layer can prevent the wetting contaminants from reaching the hydrophobic membrane substrate due to the combination of the size exclusion effect and capillary effect. The results from this study shed lights on a new approach for the fabrication of robust MD membranes for practical applications.
Potential of Single Transition Metal Atom Embedded C2N as Efficient Catalysts for N2O Reduction: Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Liu Xinmiao , Sheng Li 
Published: January 2023

AbstractConverting the toxic air pollutant N2O into less harmful gas has potential advantages. Herein, the feasibility of the N2O reduction reaction over pristine C2N and TM/C2N (TM = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) monolayers are explored by density functional theory calculations with Grimme‐D3 correction. The results reveal that the existence of TM atoms indeed improves the adsorption performance of C2N, where the TM atoms act as both electron acceptors and donors, favoring the activation of N2O and CO molecules. Based on thermal stability, selectivity, and catalytic activity, TM/C2N (TM = V and Mn) catalysts are screened from the above transition metal atoms. In particular, N2O reduction is a thermodynamically and kinetically favorable pathway, which can take place with negligible energy barriers on V/C2N and Mn/C2N catalysts. The CO2 desorption on V/C2N and Mn/C2N catalysts is the rate‐limiting step with the desorption barrier of only 13.1 and 15.1 kcal mol−1, respectively. These results suggest that the screened TM/C2N (TM = V and Mn) materials can be used as promising catalysts for the adsorption and reduction of environmentally unfriendly N2O molecules.
Educator's blueprint: A how‐to guide for developing high‐quality multiple‐choice questions
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Bailitz John , Fix Megan , Shappell Eric , Wagner Mary Jo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMultiple‐choice questions are commonly used for assessing learners' knowledge, as part of educational programs and scholarly endeavors. To ensure that questions accurately assess the learners and provide meaningful data, it is important to understand best practices in multiple‐choice question design. This Educator's Blueprint paper provides 10 strategies for developing high‐quality multiple‐choice questions. These strategies include determining the purpose, objectives, and scope of the question; assembling a writing team; writing succinctly; asking questions that assess knowledge and comprehension rather than test‐taking ability; ensuring consistent and independent answer choices; using plausible foils; avoiding grouped options; selecting the ideal response number and order; writing high‐quality explanations; and gathering validity evidence before and evaluating the questions after use.
Development of a lecture evaluation tool rooted in cognitive load theory: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Jordan Jaime , Haas Mary R. C. , Hickam Grace , Murray Collyn T. , Hill Jeffery , Cico Stephen J. , Wolff Meg , Manthey David E. , Wagner Jason C. , Santen Sally A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundDidactics play a key role in medical education. There is no standardized didactic evaluation tool to assess quality and provide feedback to instructors. Cognitive load theory provides a framework for lecture evaluations. We sought to develop an evaluation tool, rooted in cognitive load theory, to assess quality of didactic lectures.MethodsWe used a modified Delphi method to achieve expert consensus for items in a lecture evaluation tool. Nine emergency medicine educators with expertise in cognitive load participated in three modified Delphi rounds. In the first two rounds, experts rated the importance of including each item in the evaluation rubric on a 1 to 9 Likert scale with 1 labeled as “not at all important” and 9 labeled as “extremely important.” In the third round, experts were asked to make a binary choice of whether the item should be included in the final evaluation tool. In each round, the experts were invited to provide written comments, edits, and suggested additional items. Modifications were made between rounds based on item scores and expert feedback. We calculated descriptive statistics for item scores.ResultsWe completed three Delphi rounds, each with 100% response rate. After Round 1, we removed one item, made major changes to two items, made minor wording changes to nine items, and modified the scale of one item. Following Round 2, we eliminated three items, made major wording changes to one item, and made minor wording changes to one item. After the third round, we made minor wording changes to two items. We also reordered and categorized items for ease of use. The final evaluation tool consisted of nine items.ConclusionsWe developed a lecture assessment tool rooted in cognitive load theory specific to medical education. This tool can be applied to assess quality of instruction and provide important feedback to speakers.
The impact of fellowship‐trained medical toxicology faculty on emergency medicine resident in‐training examination scores
Authors: Theiler Carly A. , Vakkalanka J. Priyanka , Obr Brooks J. , Hansen Nicole , McCabe Daniel J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) In Training Exam (ITE) gauges residents' medical knowledge and has been shown to correlate with subsequent performance on the ABEM board qualifying examination. It is common for emergency medicine (EM) residencies to employ subspecialty‐trained faculty members with the expectation of improved resident education and subspecialty knowledge. We hypothesized that the presence of subspecialty faculty in toxicology would increase residents' scores on the toxicology portion of the ITE.MethodsWe assessed ABEM ITE scores at our institution from 2013–2022 and compared these to national data. The exposure of interest was the absence or presence of fellowship‐trained toxicology faculty. The primary outcome was performance on the toxicology portion of the ITE, and secondary outcome was overall performance on the exam.ResultsResidents who had ≥1 toxicology faculty were 37% (95% CI: 1.01–1.87) more likely to surpass the national average for toxicology scores, and those who had ≥2 toxicology faculty were 77% (95% CI: 1.28–2.44) more likely to surpass the national average for toxicology scores on the ABEM ITE. With the presence of ≥2 toxicology faculty, there was also an increase in toxicology score by years in training, with residents being 63% (95% CI: 1.01–2.64), 68% (95% CI: 1.08–2.61), and 92% (95% CI: 1.01–3.63) more likely to surpass the national average for toxicology score in first, second, and third years of residency, respectively. There was no significant relationship between the presence of toxicology faculty and the overall ABEM ITE scores.ConclusionsThe presence of fellowship‐trained toxicology faculty positively impacted residents' performance on the toxicology portion of the ABEM ITE but did not significantly impact the overall score. With the presence of ≥2 toxicology faculty we noted an improvement in toxicology scores throughout the 3 years of training, indicating that an individual rotation or educational block is probably less important than spaced repetition through a longitudinal curriculum.
Carbon stress causes earlier budbreak in shade‐tolerant species and delays it in shade‐intolerant species
Authors: Piper Frida I. , Fajardo Alex 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPremiseClimate change may lead to C stress (negative C balance) in trees. Because nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are required during metabolic reactivation in the spring, C stress might delay budbreak timing. This effect is expected to be greater in shade‐intolerant than in shade‐tolerant species, owing to the faster C economy in the shade‐intolerant.MethodsWe experimentally induced C stress in saplings of six temperate tree species that differed in their light requirements by exposing them to either full light or shade from summer to spring, then recorded the date of first budbreak for the individuals. Because the levels of C reserves that represent effective C stress may differ among species, we estimated the degree of C stress by recording survival during the experiment and measuring whole‐sapling NSC concentrations after budbreak.ResultsShade reduced NSC concentrations and increased the sugar fraction in the NSC in all species. In the shade, shade‐intolerant species had higher mortality and generally lower NSC concentrations than the shade‐tolerant species, indicating a trend for more severe C stress in species with faster C economy. In shade‐intolerant species, budbreak started earlier and proceeded faster in full light than in shade, but in shade‐tolerant species budbreak was delayed in full light. The effects of the light environments on budbreak were not greater in shade‐intolerant than in shade‐tolerant species.ConclusionsOur study reveals a correspondence between budbreak responses to light and the light requirements of the species. This finding confirms that C metabolism has a significant role in triggering budbreak and demonstrates that whether C stress accelerates or delays budbreak depends on the species' light requirements.
Risk factors for COVID‐19 among Californians working outside the home, November 2020 ‐ May 2021
Authors: Wong Jessie , Cummings Kristin J. , Gibb Kathryn , Rodriguez Andrea , Heinzerling Amy , Vergara Ximena P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundHigher incidences of COVID‐19 mortality and outbreaks have been found in certain industries and occupations. Workplace factors, including working in close proximity to others and contact with the public can facilitate SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, especially without appropriate protective measures. Limited information is available about workers at highest risk for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.MethodsA phone‐based, nonprobability study was conducted between November 2020 and May 2021 among California workers who were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2. Participants were asked about demographics and workplace factors, including industry, occupation, and implementation of COVID‐19 mitigation measures. Using the SARS‐CoV‐2 occupational exposure matrix, three exposure metrics and a combination index were used to categorize occupations. We assessed the association between workplace risks and SARS‐CoV‐2 test positivity using adjusted logistic regression.ResultsWe enrolled 451 (13%) of 3475 potentially eligible workers in the study: 212 with positive and 239 with negative SARS‐CoV‐2 test results. Those working very close to others and with the highest combined exposure index had a positive association with SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity. Primarily indoor workers had a lower odds of test positivity compared to those with any outdoor work. There was no association between public‐facing occupations and test positivity. Participants with employers who implemented mitigation measures in all three control categories—engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment—had lower odds of test positivity than those with fewer mitigation measures.ConclusionsWorker groups with higher risk factors should be prioritized for outreach. Assessment of occupational risk factors collectively can provide insight to inform preventative actions for workers, employers, and public health entities.