bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and Evaluation of a Formalin-Killed Chikungunya Vaccine
Authors: Harrison V. R. , Eckels K. H. , Bartelloni P. J. , Hampton C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Production methods and immunogenic characteristics of a formalin-inactivated Chikungunya vaccine prepared in bank-frozen green monkey kidney tissue culture were described. The total absence of untoward reactions or side effects and the excellent immunogenic response in volunteers attested to the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine.
Studies of the Mechanism of Binding of Chemically Modified Cytophilic Antibodies to Macrophages
Authors: Thrasher Susan G. , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemical modification of lysine or tryptophan groups of rabbit γG antibody led to marked reduction in its cytophilic binding ability. The procedures used, carbamylation, amidination and benzylation, were highly selective in their effect on the various properties of antibody. Thus, although they led to loss of complement-fixing ability and diminution in the rate of immune aggregation, they had no significant effect on the primary union of antibody with antigen or on the ability of antibody to mediate anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. This selectivity suggested that the modifications led to specific alteration of Fc binding sites rather than nonspecific alteration of the molecule as a whole. The fact that these chemical alterations affect both cytophilic binding and complement fixation does not imply a functional relationship between the two. Cytophilic binding did occur in the absence of complement. Moreover, the various treated antibodies had dissociation of these activities; concentrations of conjugated antibody sufficient for cytophilic rosette formation were not capable of fixing enough complement for detectable erythrocyte lysis. In this regard, differences in the ability of untreated antibody to mediate rosette formation and complement fixation in the direct and indirect procedures for cytophilic binding suggest that the mechanisms of complement-antibody and macrophage-antibody interaction are distinct, even though both reactions can be a property of the same antibody molecule.
Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness to a Glutamic Acid, Alanine, Tyrosine Copolymer in Mice
Authors: Martin W. J. , Maurer P. H. , Benacerraf B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice of various strains were immunized with a random terpolymer of glutamic acid60 alanine30 tyrosine10 (GAT10). The ability to produce significant anti-GAT10 antibody, detected by an antigen-binding assay, was possessed by mice of H-2a, H-2b, H-2d, H-2k histocompatibility alleles. Mice with H-2p and H-2s alleles were non-responders. Congenic mice that differed only at the H-2 locus responded according to their H-2 type.
IgE Levels in Normal Infants and Mothers and an Inheritance Hypothesis
Authors: Bazaral Michael , Orgel H. Alice , Hamburger Robert N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum was measured by an improved quantitative test (an assay with competitive inhibition of the binding of 125I PS-IgE to bromacetylcellulose-anti-ND-IgE).
IgE levels were determined in serum samples from 35 postpartum mothers (μ = 205 units/ml, range 19.4 to 810), 33 newborn cord sera (μ = 2.1 units/ml, range &lt;1 to 7.5), 23 6-week-old infants (μ = 5.5 units/ml, range &lt;1 to 31.6) and 17 6-month-old infants (μ = 57.6 units/ml, range 4.1 to 458). In 28 maternal-infant pairs we confirmed the absence of transplacental passage of IgE. Cord serum levels reported here are lower than those from other laboratories; in our study half of the newborns had less than 1.5 units/ml of IgE. No synthesis of IgE was apparent in the serum of one-third (8) of the 6-week-old infants, and only 3 of 23 overlapped the adult range. All 6-month-old infants had measurable IgE levels. The 3 with clinical allergy had 3 of the highest 4 serum IgE levels (47, 69, and 458 units/ml). In the adult group there was a presumptive fit to the Hardy-Weinberg distribution, consistent with simple Mendelian heredity of basal IgE levels.
Immunoprecipitin Reaction of Influenza Virus-Antibody Complex with Anti-IgG
Authors: Daugharty Harry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A virus immunoprecipitin radioassay (VIR) was developed to quantitate influenza virus interaction with specific antibody. After the initial virus-antibody reaction, quantitative binding of isotopically labeled anti-IgG resulted in the final formation of a virus immunoprecipitate. The anti-IgG radioactivity incorporated in this virus immunoprecipitate was a measure of the variation in any one of the reactants. This finding confirmed that the immunologic specificity of the VIR procedure was directly dependent upon virus antigen concentration and virus antibody dilution for proportional binding of the 125I-labeled anti-IgG with no prozone activity. Competitive inhibition of labeled anti-IgG antibody by unlabeled anti-IgG for detecting specifically bound virus antibody indicates the sensitivity of the virus immunoprecipitin reaction. Alternate methods for eliminating unbound anti-IgG from the virus immunoprecipitin complex, the carrier precipitate and the sucrose gradient methods were used. In the sucrose gradient method, the changes in the reactants, as evidenced by sedimentation behavior, were quantitative and proportional to the dilution of influenza antibody. Hemagglutination inhibition is no more reproducible and is not as sensitive or precise as the VIR for quantitating influenza-specific antibody. Correlation between the two tests indicates that they probably measure the same factor of influenza-specific antibody.
Studies on the Immune Response to Penicillin and Cephalothin in Humans
Authors: Spath Peter , Garratty George , Petz Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the critical factors in the titration of penicillin and cephalosporin antibodies using hemagglutination techniques. Emphasis was placed on the development of sensitive and reproducible methods for further investigational work as well as the development of a simple and practical method suitable for use by clinical laboratories with only occasional need for performing such tests. Conditions for optimal sensitization of erythrocytes with the antibiotics were evaluated including concentration of the antibiotics; pH, temperature, and time of sensitization; comparison of red cells from different donors; and the effects of varying conditions of storage and age of the red cells. Optimal sensitization of red cells by penicillin are obtained when 1 ml of fresh erythrocytes is incubated with 1,000,000 units Kbenzylpenicillin G in 15 ml Trimethylamine (TMA)-buffer, pH 10.0, at room temperature for 2 hr. Similarly, for preparation of cephalothin-sensitized red cells, 1 ml of fresh erythrocytes is incubated with 400 mg Na-cephalothin in 10 ml TMA-buffered saline (pH 10.0) at 37°C for 2 hr. Red cells sensitized at pH 10.0 with penicillin gave titers 30 times higher than those sensitized at pH 7.3, but only marginal differences were noted with cephalothin. Several hemagglutination systems were evaluated, including standard blood-banking methods such as saline, albumin and antiglobulin techniques. These were compared with agglutination in a diluent containing dextran, normal rabbit serum, and Tris-buffered saline (Dex-NRS-TBS). The indirect antiglobulin (Coombs') test using antibiotic-sensitized cells is optimal for clinical purposes. However, if numerous penicillin and cephalothin antibody titrations are to be performed for investigational work, direct agglutination in Dex-NRS-TBS is generally more practical.
Antigenicity of Alum and Aqueous Adenovirus Hexon Antigen Vaccines in Man
Authors: Kasel J. A. , Couch R. B. , Douglas R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The availability of similarly prepared hexon antigen vaccines of three different serotypes of adenovirus (types 1, 2 and 5) provided the opportunity to systematically examine the responses in man to several variables of subunit vaccine and vaccination. Each of the vaccines exhibited differing antigenicity for guinea pigs and was available as an aqueous and an adjuvant preparation. In addition to examining the effect of these variables of the vaccine, the effect of one and two injections and route of inoculation were also examined.
Recent studies with diphtheria toxoid in aqueous and adjuvant form have suggested that the physical state of antigen is of paramount importance for development of 11S IgA secretory antibody (1). In those studies, the aqueous diphtheria toxoid preparation stimulated secretory antibody following topical as well as parenteral administration. However, when adjuvant vaccine was given parenterally, volunteers developed high serum antibody titers but no 11S IgA secretory antibody and when given topically this vaccine was apparently non-antigenic.
Variable Region Sequence Differences Associated with Rabbit Light Chain Allotypes
Authors: Hood L. , Waterfield M. , Morris J. , Todd C. W. , Eichmann K. , Krause R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The light chains from eight individual rabbits, two from each of the four allotypes, were run on the automatic protein sequencer for 21 residues. The resulting PTH-amino acid derivatives were quantitated by gas chromatography and after hydrolysis with the amino acid analyzer. It is possible to distinguish unequivocally the light chains from each of the four allotypes. These differences include striking shifts in the ratios of VK subgroups expressed (e.g., the b6 light chains seem to be predominantly of the VKI subgroup whereas b4's and b5's express primarily the VKII subgroup). These differences include amino acid substitutions (e.g., b9 chains show predominantly a serine at position 9 whereas the other subgroups express predominantly an alanine at this position). Thus in rabbit light as well as heavy chains, V region sequences correlate with allotype differences. Obviously light chains offer a much simpler system than heavy chains for studying the structural basis for V region sequence differences and rabbit allotypy.
Possible Role of Antibody Specificity in Genesis and Survival of Plasmacytomas
Authors: Leon Myron 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity of a myeloma protein may play a role in the genesis and/or the survival of a plasmacytoma. If the immunoglobulin synthesized by a plasma cell cross-reacts with an appropriate determinant present inside the cell it may cause alteration of cellular metabolism. Such an altered cell may be more prone to neoplastic transformation than a normal plasma cell. If secreted myeloma protein cross-reacts weakly with external membrane determinants, it may act as an enhancing antibody, protecting the plasmacytoma from the normal cytotoxic surveillance system. Plasmacytomas secreting antibodies with such specificities may thus have a higher rate of survival than plasmacytomas secreting immunoglobulins that have no affinity for plasma cell membranes.
Hemolytic Anemia in Agammaglobulinemic Chickens: A Model of “Autoimmune” Disease in Immune Deficiency
Authors: Weiden Paul L. , Blaese R. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Agammaglobulinemic chickens, which have less than 0.5% of normal immunoglobulin levels, develop a hemolytic anemia with variable frequency. Autologous red blood cell (RBC) survival studies using DFP-3H-labeled cells demonstrated a survival of 15 days in agammaglobulinemic anemic chickens compared with 30 days in normal chickens. Homologous survival studies demonstrated normal survival of normal RBC in agammaglobulinemic anemic chickens and shortened survival of agammaglobulinemic anemic RBC (Aγ-RBC) in three of four normal chickens. Aγ-RBC could be specifically agglutinated by an antibody present in the normal serum of several species. Several lines of evidence indicate that chicken immunoglobulin is not on the Aγ-RBC surface and hence not involved in the agglutination reactions observed. Infectious agents were not identified in the agammaglobulinemic anemic chickens. The absence of an autoantibody in this hemolytic anemia, which is similar to that described in other species as “autoimmune,” was consistent with the concept that autoantibodies may not play a primary pathogenetic role in at least some phenomena generally characterized as autoimmune. The most likely etiologic factor in the hemolytic anemia was thought to be an unidentified infectious agent, although the contribution of the absence of immunoglobulin per se could not be adequately evaluated. The pertinence of the use of the agammaglobulinemic chicken as a model for “autoimmune” phenomena in immune deficient humans was discussed, and the necessity of proper controls in using anti-immunoglobulin sera in the investigation of hemolytic anemias was stressed.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Ribosomal Protein from BCG
Authors: Ortiz-Ortiz L. , Solarolo E. B. , Bojalil L. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tuberculin activity of ribosomal material isolated from BCG was studied. Ribosomal material was able to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in BCG-sensitized guinea pigs, in addition to early inflammatory reactions in both BCG-sensitized and non-sensitized animals. Ribosomal RNA and protein were isolated from the above material and their tuberculin activity was studied. Whereas purified RNA was unable to elicit any inflammatory reaction, ribosomal protein did induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in BCG-sensitized guinea pigs. No early inflammatory reactions were observed with the latter material. In addition, ribosomal protein sensitized guinea pigs not only against the specific ribosomal protein but also against PPD. Its activity was destroyed by pronase treatment but resisted heat treatment.
The Use of Human F(ab′)2 Fragments as Blocking Agents in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Hornung M. O. , Layne E. , McDonald J. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
F(ab′)2 fragments free of contaminating IgG were prepared from purified IgG obtained from two human anti-HL-A sera. One serum was polyspecific, reacting with 80% of a panel of allogeneic cells in cytotoxicity tests; the other was monospecific anti-HL-A1. The F(ab′)2 fragments were non-cytotoxic but did bind to appropriate HL-A type cells as judged by immunofluorescence studies. Test cells, selected from among those that reacted positively in cytotoxic studies with each serum, were incubated with whole serum or F(ab′)2 fragments (15 mg/ml), then washed, irradiated and tested for their ability to stimulate target cells. The latter were selected as non-reactive in the cytotoxicity test but lacking antigens present on the test cells. All cells were O Rh+ and gave a normal response to PHA. In the mixed lymphocyte reaction, test cells treated with cytotoxic serum or F(ab′)2 fragments did not stimulate the target cells, whereas untreated test cells gave significant stimulation. The effect was complete when polyspecific anti-HL-A serum was used but only partial when monospecific anti-HL-A 1 serum was used in a system in which the test cells carried, in addition to HL-A 1, three other foreign HL-A antigens (3, 5, 8). It was suggested that the mechanism of action is alteration of the test cells' membrane potential by aggregated IgG or F(ab′)2, causing them to repel negatively charged lymphocytes and thus fail to establish the contact required for lymphocyte activation. The F(ab′)2 fragments of human cytotoxic anti-HL-A sera appeared to have the necessary qualitative properties required for an immunologically specific immunosuppressive agent in human transplantation.
Antibody-Mediated Suppression of the Immune Response: Effect on the Development of Immunologic Memory
Authors: Safford John W. , Tokuda Sei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the immune response to a second injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) following a primary immune response suppressed by passive antibody was investigated in C57BL/Ks mice. Mice received a primary injection of SRBC and homologous anti-SRBC serum; 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks later groups of mice were challenged with SRBC. The immune response was evaluated by determining the number of cells synthesizing 19S or 7S anti-SRBC in the spleens. A quantitatively low response which qualitatively resembled a secondary immune response was observed when mice were challenged with SRBC 2 weeks after the primary immune response had been suppressed by passive antibody. This response could not be duplicated in normal mice by priming with lower doses of antigen, suggesting that simple antigen clearance is not the sole mechanism in antibody-mediated suppression of the primary immune response. Increasing the interval up to 8 weeks between the suppressed primary response and the second challenge of antigen resulted in responses which approached those observed in the secondary response of normal mice. The possibility that antibody might prevent full expression of the secondary immune response was studied by testing the response in the antibody-free environment of a cell culture system. The immunologic responsiveness of spleen cells from normal mice, from mice injected with anti-SRBC, from mice primed with SRBC only, and from mice given anti-SRBC and SRBC was examined in cell culture. Spleen cells obtained from normal mice and from passively immunized mice responded with equal in vitro primary responses to SRBC, showing that the suppressive effects of antibody can be washed from the cells. Spleen cells obtained from passive antibody-suppressed mice produced a secondary response in vitro equal to that seen in cell cultures prepared from primed spleen cells. These results show that although passive antibody suppressed the synthesis of antibody during the primary response, priming for a secondary immune response was not inhibited.
Amino Acid Sequences of Free and Blocked N-Termini of Leopard Shark Immunoglobulins
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , Nitecki D. E. , Goodman J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peptides with N-terminal pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA) were isolated from the heavy and light chains of leopard shark immunoglobulins. The complete amino acid sequences of three such peptides from the H chains of both 19S and 7S proteins, and the partial sequence of a peptide from the L chains, were determined. The sequences bore little homology to the variable (V) region sequence of human H chains. Leopard shark H and L chains were also subjected to 10 cycles of automatic Edman degradation. The sequences of the H chains of the 19S and 7S proteins were identical, as were those of the L chains. The yields obtained indicate that at least 40% of the H chains and 25% of the L chains had free N-terminal residues. The H chain sequences showed substantial homology with human H chains, but the degree of homology with human VH, VK, Vλ and shark VL was approximately the same. The L chain sequence exhibited equal homology with human VK and Vλ, but was less closely related to human VH. These results show that the leopard shark, like mammals, has both blocked and free N-terminal sequences in its immunoglobulin H and L chains. This indicates that genetic divergence of V-region subclasses was an early evolutionary event.
A Factor in Maternal Plasma during Pregnancy That Suppresses the Reactivity of Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Kasakura Shinpei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Blood samples were obtained from 50 primiparous mothers immediately after delivery and from 18 primigravidas after the 12th to 38th weeks of gestation. Maternal specimens were also obtained during the early puerperium. Cord blood from full-term newborns was collected at the end of the second stage of labor. The effects of pregnancy and fetal plasmas on the reactivity of mixed leukocyte cultures from both mother-newborn pairs and unrelated pairs were studied. Control plasmas were taken from adult females who had no previous history of pregnancy or blood transfusion and from non-pregnant primiparas. a) MLC from both maternal-newborn pairs and unrelated adult pairs had consistently diminished reactions in test pregnancy plasma when compared with control plasma. b) Pregnancy plasmas of longer gestation times were more inhibitory. c) This inhibitory activity reached a maximum at the time of delivery and disappeared a few days later. d) Control maternal plasmas from non-pregnant primiparas were not inhibitory. e) Fetal plasma also suppressed the reactivity of MLC from mother-newborn pairs. Unlike maternal plasma, fetal plasma did not significantly affect the reactivity of MLC from unrelated adult pairs.
Immunobiology of Human Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Stites Daniel P. , Levin Alan S. , Austin Kay E. , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twenty-two lymphoid cell lines with capacity for long term proliferation in tissue culture were derived from patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin biosynthesis was demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and direct immunofluorescence in each of 22 lines examined. On the basis of qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the immunoglobulins produced it cannot be concluded that the cells in culture retain the biochemical abnormalities of the particular disease state of the cell donor.
Antibody Production in Normal Children Receiving Penicillin at Birth
Authors: Fellner Michael J. , Klaus Maria V. , Baer Rudolf L. , Rausen Aaron R. , Ross Christine A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serial determinations of serum penicillin antibody and immunoglobulin G, A, and M concentrations were performed from birth in 159 normal infants, 69 of whom received parenteral penicillin at birth as prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia, and 90 of whom were treated by a non-penicillin method of prophylaxis. Low levels of penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies were present in 15/159 (9%) cord sera. This was shown to represent active fetal synthesis following prenatal exposure. Penicilloylspecific IgM antibodies were detected at 1 year of age in 1/22 (5%) infants who never received penicillin therapy, in 12/36 (33%) infants who received penicillin therapy only at birth, and in 15/27 (56%) infants who received penicillin therapy both at birth and subsequently. Penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies were detected at 5 years of age in 11/17 (65%) children who received penicillin therapy only after the neonatal period, and in 8/10 (80%) children who received penicillin both at birth and subsequently. Penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies were detected in 486/600 (81%) adults who received penicillin only after the neonatal period. There was a statistically significant greater incidence of penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies at 1 year of age in the group treated only at birth vs the group who received no penicillin therapy. There was also a statistically significant greater incidence of penicilloylspecific IgM antibodies in the adults who received penicillin therapy after the neonatal period as compared to the 1-year-old children who received penicillin therapy only at birth or at birth and subsequently. These differences were no longer present by 5 years of age. None of the 10 children studied at 5 years of age who had received penicillin at birth had penicilloyl-specific IgG antibodies, delayed skin test reactivity or skin-sensitizing antibodies. No adverse reactions were noted in any of the children studied. It appears that although penicillin therapy at birth is associated with an earlier onset of demonstrable penicilloyl-specific IgM antibodies, this difference is no longer present by 5 years of age, at which time the incidence resembles that observed in adults.