bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying historical and future global change drivers that place species recovery at risk
Authors: Geary William L. , Tulloch Ayesha I. T. , Ritchie Euan G. , Doherty Tim S. , Nimmo Dale G. , Maxwell Marika A. , Wayne Adrian F. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractEcosystem management in the face of global change requires understanding how co‐occurring threats affect species and communities. Such an understanding allows for effective management strategies to be identified and implemented. An important component of this is differentiating between factors that are within (e.g. invasive predators) or outside (e.g. drought, large wildfires) of a local manager's control. In the global biodiversity hotspot of south‐western Australia, small‐ and medium‐sized mammal species are severely affected by anthropogenic threats and environmental disturbances, including invasive predators, fire, and declining rainfall. However, the relative importance of different drivers has not been quantified. We used data from a long‐term monitoring program to fit Bayesian state‐space models that estimated spatial and temporal changes in the relative abundance of four threatened mammal species: the woylie (Bettongia penicillata), chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii), koomal (Trichosurus vulpecula) and quenda (Isoodon fusciventor). We then use Bayesian structural equation modelling to identify the direct and indirect drivers of population changes, and scenario analysis to forecast population responses to future environmental change. We found that habitat loss or conversion and reduced primary productivity (caused by rainfall declines) had greater effects on species' spatial and temporal population change than the range of fire and invasive predator (the red fox Vulpes vulpes) management actions observed in the study area. Scenario analysis revealed that a greater extent of severe fire and further rainfall declines predicted under climate change, operating in concert are likely to further reduce the abundance of these species, but may be mitigated partially by invasive predator control. Considering both historical and future drivers of population change is necessary to identify the factors that risk species recovery. Given that both anthropogenic pressures and environmental disturbances can undermine conservation efforts, managers must consider how the relative benefit of conservation actions will be shaped by ongoing global change.
Error‐based simulation as a thought experimental method for changing “motion implies a force” misconception: An evaluation
Authors: Horiguchi Tomoya , Hirashima Tsukasa , Hayashi Yusuke 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundIn learning mechanics, students often believe that “force is exerted on moving objects.” As this misconception called “motion implies a force” (MIF) is difficult to correct, various teaching methods have been proposed, such as showing refutational/explanatory text (Palmer & Flanagan, 1997; Takagaki, 2004), promoting students' conceptual development (Dekkers & Thijs, 1998) and epistemology‐focused instruction (Elby, 2001).ObjectivesThe purpose of this research is to empirically examine the effectiveness of an alternative method we have proposed for helping students overcome MIF misconceptions. The method is called the “Error‐based simulation (EBS)” that creates a counterexample to students' misconceptions by simulating erroneous phenomena based on students' incorrect ideas.MethodsWe conducted a two‐year experimental implementation of EBS in mechanics classes at a technical college, and investigated the results. Students worked on the pre‐test, the exercise with EBS, the post‐test, and the delayed post‐test.Results and ConclusionsIn both years, MIF‐answers (wrong answers due to MIF) in the learning task (problems learned with EBS) significantly decreased from the pre‐test to the post‐test and the delayed post‐test. The decrease in other erroneous answers was not significant. EBS was effective mainly in correcting MIF‐answers, and the effect was maintained over the long term. In the transfer task (new problems), the ratio of MIF‐answers to all erroneous answers in both the post‐test and delayed post‐test was much lower than that on the learning task in the pre‐test. These results suggest that learning with EBS not only corrected MIF‐answers but also promoted the correction of MIF misconceptions. A comparison between our results and those of other methods for correcting MIF misconceptions revealed that the effect of EBS was equal to or greater than that of other methods mentioned above.
Association of low diastolic blood pressure with all‐cause death among US adults with normal systolic blood pressure
Authors: Wang Zhe , Yu Chuanchuan , Cao Xiaodi , He Youming , Ju Weizhu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAlthough the effect of intensive systolic blood pressure lowering is widely recognized, treatment‐related low diastolic blood pressure still worrisome. This was a prospective cohort study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Adults (≥20 years old) with guideline‐recommended blood pressure were included and pregnant women were excluded. Survey‐weighted logistic regression and cox models were used for analysis. A total of 25 858 participants were included in this study. After weighted, the overall mean age of the participants was 43.17 (16.03) years, including 53.7% women and 68.1% non‐Hispanic white. Numerous factors were associated with low DBP (<60 mmHg), including advanced age, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and diabetes. The use of antihypertensive drugs was also associated with lower DBP (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.26–1.83). DBP of less than 60 mmHg were associated with a higher risk of all‐cause death (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12–1.51) and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00–1.79) compared to those with DBP between 70 and 80 mmHg. After regrouping, DBP <60 mmHg (no antihypertensive drugs) was associated with a higher risk of all‐cause death (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.21–1.75). DBP <60 mmHg after taking antihypertensive drugs was not associated with a higher risk of all‐cause death (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.73–1.36). Antihypertensive drug is an important factor contributing to DBP below 60 mmHg. But the pre‐existing risk does not increase further with an additional reduction of DBP after antihypertensive drugs treatment.
Disaster Preparedness in K‐12 Schools: An Integrative Review
Authors: Horton Deborah , Spigelmyer Pamela , Zoucha Rick , Rebmann Terri 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe threat of a disaster or potential for a disaster is something that may be experienced by individuals globally. Schools are places of daily mass gatherings which make them an ideal target for mass casualty, natural disasters, and biological incidents.METHODSAn integrative review using Whittemore and Knafl's model was conducted to explore peer‐reviewed publications about K‐12 schools and natural disasters and pandemic preparedness and planning.RESULTSThemes identified from the systematic review of 12 articles reflected determinants and level of school preparedness, disaster plan components, compliance with government requirements, emergency equipment, supplies, drills, and training, collaboration with outside agencies, and perceptions of school preparedness. Preparedness for disasters and biological events among schools varies and multiple factors contribute to the level of preparedness. Perceptions of school preparedness differ among school community members. Schools perceive more preparedness for disasters than their actual level.CONCLUSIONSOur nation's schools are not adequately prepared for disasters. There is a need for further research in schools to identify and understand preparedness for disasters.
Determinants of awake oropharyngeal volume reduction between sitting and supine positions in children evaluated for snoring
Authors: Bokov Plamen , Dudoignon Benjamin , Delclaux Christophe 
Published: March 2023

SummaryPharyngeal collapsibility is a major determinant of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pathophysiology, but its anatomical predictors in children are largely unknown. We hypothesised that anatomical (tonsillar hypertrophy, narrow palate, nasal obstruction, dental/skeletal malocclusion, obesity) and OSA‐related (apnea‐hypopnea index, AHI) parameters could be related to a measure of awake pharyngeal collapsibility. We performed acoustic pharyngometry in children evaluated for suspected OSA, allowing us to measure the reduction of oropharyngeal volume in supine versus sitting position normalised for the volume in supine position (ΔV%), a measure of pharyngeal collapsibility. In addition to polysomnography and a clinical examination (anatomical parameters), acoustic rhinometry was used to assess nasal obstruction. A total of 188 snoring children were included, 118 (63%) of whom were obese and 74 (39%) of whom had moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≥5/h). The median (25th–75th percentiles) ΔV% in the whole population was 20.1% (4.7; 43.3). ΔV% was independently and positively associated with AHI (p = 0.023), z‐score of BMI (p = 0.001), tonsillar hypertrophy (p = 0.007), narrow palate (p = 0.035), and African (p < 0.001) ancestry. By contrast, ΔV% was not modified by dental or skeletal malocclusion, Friedman palate position class or nasopharyngeal obstruction. Tonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, narrow palate and African ancestry are independently associated with an increase in pharyngeal collapsibility in snoring children, thus increasing the risk of OSA. Increased pharyngeal compliance in African children may explain the increased risk of residual OSA after adenotonsillectomy observed in this population.
Worsening vision at age 4–5 in England post‐COVID: Evidence from a large database of vision screening data
Authors: Shah Rakhee , Edgar David F. , Evans Bruce J. W. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPurposeMyopia prevalence has increased in the UK at age 10‐16y, but little is known about younger children. We hypothesise that if the ‘myopia epidemic’ is affecting young children, then there will be increasing rates of bilateral reduced unaided vision (V) at vision screenings of children 4–5 years of age.MethodsRetrospective anonymised data from computerised vision screening at age 4–5 years were analysed from serial cross‐sectional data. Refractive error is not assessed in UK vision screening, so vision was investigated. Data were only included from schools that screened every year from 2015/16 to 2021/22. The criterion used was unaided monocular logMAR (automated letter‐by‐letter scoring) vision >0.20 in both the right and left eyes, so as to maximise the chances of detecting bilateral, moderate myopia rather than amblyopia.ResultsAnonymised raw data were obtained for 359,634 screening episodes from 2075 schools. Once schools were excluded where data were not available for every year and data were cleaned, the final database comprised 110,076 episodes. The proportion (percentage and 95% CI) failing the criterion from 2015/16 to 2021/22 were 7.6 (7.2–8.0), 8.5 (8.1–8.9), 7.5 (7.1–7.9), 7.8 (7.4–8.2), 8.7 (8.1–9.2), 8.5 (7.9–9.0) and 9.3 (8.8–9.7), respectively. The slope of the regression line showed a trend for increasing rates of reduced bilateral unaided vision, consistent with increasing frequency of myopia (p = 0.06). A decreasing linear trendline was noted for children ‘Under Professional Care’.ConclusionsFor children 4–5 years of age, there were signs of reduced vision over the last 7 years in England. Consideration of the most likely causes support the hypothesis of increasing myopia. The increase in screening failures highlights the importance of eye care in this young population.
Outdoor clinical testing with reference sunscreens to determine differences in skin response between populations of different ethnicity: A combined data analysis from 128 subjects
Authors: Granger Corinne , Passeron Thierry , Trullas Carles , Hosenally Muzzammil , Sokeechand Bibi Nusayha , Krutmann Jean , Lim Henry W. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundTwo previously published clinical studies by our group assessed erythema and pigmentation responses in outdoor conditions with three reference sunscreens, comparing their effectiveness under the full spectrum of natural sunlight. These studies followed an almost identical protocol but were conducted in two different locations and in two ethnic groups: broadly, Chinese (Singapore) and White European (Mauritius). We analysed the data from these two study populations to compare differences in skin response according to ethnicity.MethodsThe analysis included 128 subjects (53 were Chinese from Singapore and 75 were White European from Mauritius and Singapore). Products used were the reference sunscreens P3 (sun protection factor [SPF] 15), P5 (SPF 30) and P8 (SPF 50+) from ISO norm 24444:2019. Participants were exposed to outdoor sunlight for 2–3 h, depending on baseline ITA. Endpoints were erythema at 24 h: clinical score and colorimetry (Δa*) and pigmentation at 1 week based on colorimetry (ΔL* and ΔITA).ResultsAmong those with baseline ITA > 41, there were differences in erythemal response between the Chinese and White European groups, the White European group being more erythematous and also having a higher rate of photoprotection failure particularly at SPFs 15 and 30.ConclusionDifferences in skin response to sun influenced by ethnicity should be taken into account when making recommendations on sun safety.
Association between toxic metals, vitamin D and preterm birth in theMaternal–Infantresearch on environmental chemicals study
Authors: Fisher Mandy , Marro Leonora , Arbuckle Tye E. , Potter Beth K. , Little Julian , Weiler Hope , Morisset Anne‐Sophie , Lanphear Bruce , Oulhote Youssef , Braun Joseph M. , Kumarathasan Premkumari , Walker Mark , Borghese Michael M. , Ashley‐Martin Jillian , Shutt Robin , Fraser William D. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundToxic metals, like lead, are risk factors for preterm birth (PTB), but few studies have examined low levels found in most Canadians. Vitamin D, which may have antioxidant activity, protects against PTB.ObjectivesIn this study, we investigated the impact of toxic metals (lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic) on PTB and examined if maternal plasma vitamin D concentrations modify these associations.MethodsWe investigated whether concentrations of metals in whole blood measured in early and late pregnancy were associated with PTB (<37 weeks) and spontaneous PTB in 1851 live births from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Study using discrete time survival analysis. We also investigated whether the risk of PTB was modified by first‐trimester plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations.ResultsOf 1851 live births, 6.1% (n = 113) were PTBs and 4.9% (n = 89) were spontaneous PTB. A 1 μg/dL increase in blood lead concentrations during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PTB (relative risk [RR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 2.20) and spontaneous PTB (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.13, 2.60). The risk was higher in women with insufficient vitamin D concentrations (25OHD <50 nmol/L) for both PTB (RR 2.42, 95% CI 1.01, 5.79) and spontaneous PTB (RR 3.04, 95% CI 1.15, 8.04). However, an interaction on the additive scale was not present. Arsenic was associated with a higher risk of PTB (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02, 1.19) and spontaneous PTB (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03, 1.20) per 1 μg/L.ConclusionsGestational exposure to low levels of lead and arsenic may increase the risk of PTB and spontaneous PTB; individuals with insufficient vitamin D may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of lead. Given our relatively small number of cases, we encourage testing of this hypothesis in other cohorts, especially those with vitamin D‐deficient populations.
Clinical and dermatoscopic features of temporal triangular alopecia in infants
Authors: Guan Zhiwei , Shi Weijie , Ren Min , Bi Tiantian , Su Haihui 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize the clinical and dermatoscopic features of temporal triangular alopecia in infants and explore the clinical significance of dermatoscopy in the diagnosis of triangular alopecia temporalis in infants.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on 20 children with temporal triangular alopecia diagnosed in the dermatology clinic of Tianjin Children's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2021. Dermatoscopy was performed on all children, and images were collected.ResultsThe clinical features of 20 children were 15 males and five females, all of which were born immediately after birth; There were eight cases (40%) in the left temporal region, 10 cases (50%) in the right temporal region, one case (5%) in the head region, and one case (5%) in the occipital region; 19 cases were single (95%), one case was multiple (5%); There were 21 skin lesions, 15 triangular lesions (71.4%), four quasi‐circular lesions (19%), and two lance‐shaped lesions (9.5%). Trichoscopic features: The hair follicle opening in all skin lesions is normal, and the hair follicle opening can be seen with fluffy hair (vellus hair). The vellus hair is evenly distributed, and the length is diverse (both short and long vellus hair exist in the same hair loss area). There are 14 cases of white vellus hair (70%), five cases of white spots (25%), one case of honeycomb pigment pattern (5%), and one case of vascular dilation pattern (5%).ConclusionTemporal triangular alopecia in infants has typical clinical and dermatoscopic characteristics, and the dermatoscopy can provide clinical basis for its diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
Smallness and democracy in Pacific island countries from an institutional perspective
Authors: Makita Jun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectiveAlthough a relation between smallness and democracy has often been examined, it cannot be said that an academic conclusion has been established. Focusing on Pacific island countries, this article has examined how democracy of microstates works and clarified a smallness‐democracy relation in the political process.MethodsThis article focuses on the political institutions.such as the executive system, the legislature's system, the election system, and the political party system—, and examines how these institutions mutually influence one another.ResultsIn the Pacific island countries, some important factors, including smallness and traditional human relationships, play a vital role in the political process, which makes their politics democratic and stable.Conclusions“Micro‐Cooperative Democracy” is presented as a new type of democracy that corresponds to neither the Majoritarian nor Consensus models.
Use of live viral vaccines after HCT: Still a lot to learn
Authors: Sabaini Paula Moreira da Silva , Machado Clarisse M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRevaccination program after HCT is necessary due to the loss of lifelong immunity acquired by previous vaccination or infections. The program is complex and even in a favourable scenario, it takes more than 2 years to be completed.As the complexity of HCT increases (alternative donors, diversity of monoclonal antibodies), studies evaluating the response to vaccination in this population are welcome, especially those that evaluate live attenuated vaccines given their scarcity.Furthermore, measles, mumps, rubella and even yellow fever, and poliomyelitis outbreaks have perplexed infectious diseases clinicians and epidemiologists globally, most of them due to the decline in vaccination coverage rates in children and adults, because of the growth of antivaccine movements around the world.The study of Lin et al. adds important information about measles, mumps and rubella vaccination after HCT.
Shorter regimens improved treatment outcomes of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis patients in Tanzania in 2018 cohort
Authors: Mleoh Liberate , Mziray Shabani Ramadhani , Tsere Donatus , Koppelaar Inge , Mulder Christiaan , Lyakurwa Dennis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectiveIn 2018, shorter treatment regimens (STR) for people with drug‐resistant tuberculosis (DR‐TB) were introduced in Tanzania and included kanamycin, high‐dose moxifloxacin, prothionamide, high‐dose isoniazid, clofazimine, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. We describe treatment outcomes of people diagnosed with DR‐TB in a cohort initiating treatment in 2018 in Tanzania.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted at the National Centre of Excellence and decentralised DR‐TB treatment sites for the 2018 cohort followed from January 2018 to August 2020. We reviewed data from the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program DR‐TB database to assess clinical and demographic information. The association between different DR‐TB regimens and treatment outcome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Treatment outcomes were described as treatment complete, cure, death, failure or lost to follow‐up. A successful treatment outcome was assigned when the patient achieved treatment completion or cure.ResultsA total of 449 people were diagnosed with DR‐TB of whom 382 had final treatment outcomes: 268 (70%) cured; 36 (9%) treatment completed; 16 (4%) lost to follow‐up; 62 (16%) died. There was no treatment failure. The treatment success rate was 79% (304 patients). The 2018 DR‐TB treatment cohort was initiated on the following regimens: 140 (46%) received STR, 90 (30%) received the standard longer regimen (SLR), 74 (24%) received a new drug regimen. Normal nutritional status at baseline [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 6.57, 95% CI (3.33–12.94), p < 0.001] and the STR [aOR = 2.67, 95% CI (1.38–5.18), p = 0.004] were independently associated with successful DR‐TB treatment outcome.ConclusionThe majority of DR‐TB patients on STR in Tanzania achieved a better treatment outcome than on SLR. The acceptance and implementation of STR at decentralised sites promises greater treatment success. Assessing and improving nutritional status at baseline and introducing new shorter DR‐TB treatment regimens may strengthen favourable treatment outcomes.
Comparison between self‐organizing map and principal component analysis for water quality assessment and hydro‐geochemical characterization in dyke intruded complex geological settings
Authors: Gupta Surabhi , Maiti Saumen 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHydro‐geochemical characterization is challenging in dyke intruded complex geological setting. The comparison between self‐organizing map (SOM) classification and principal component analysis (PCA) is used for better understanding of hydrogeological process surrounding Amarpur dyke in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. Total 30 water samples were collected and tested for 12 physicochemical parameters. The K‐means clustering with SOM grouped the water quality data into cluster 1 (46.67%, low mineralization), cluster 2 (36.67%, moderate mineralization) and cluster 3 (16.67%, high mineralization). The clusters of the majority of samples identified by PCA analysis is almost same as identified by SOM with little difficulty in discriminating between cluster 2 and cluster 3. The transformation of Ca‐HCO3 to Ca‐Cl‐SO4 occurred because of exchange of Ca2+ with Na+ adsorbed in the aquifer leading excess of sulphate ions. The results of this study suggest that SOM is an effective tool for a better understanding of patterns and processes driving water quality.