bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of Collaborative Teaching and Learning in Engineering Experimentation: the Hydrostatic Vacuum Tube
Authors: Wright Kamau , Wootton David , Sidebotham George , Baglione Melody , Chambers Reid , He Jason , Potoskie Zachary , Gilliar-Schoenenberger Lionel 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An experimentation course in the mechanical engineering program at The Cooper Union in New York, is designed to foster a collaborative learning environment. Like many undergraduate engineering laboratory-based courses, students are tasked with working in groups to conduct and design experiments and prepare detailed technical reports and presentations. This experimentation course has two sections and two instructors facilitating collaboration at the faculty level as well. Not only do these two instructors work together, but projects in the course have “clients” and “advisors/mentors” allowing for further collaboration with other faculty and in some cases other students involved in adjacent projects at the college. This study describes the nature of the course, collaboration, and the assessment of student teamwork using the Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) tool. A case study is detailed for one student-designed experiment, using a hydrostatic vacuum tube (HVT) apparatus and associated instrumentation. The collaborative environment and emphasis on experimentation have (1) supported students in functioning effectively on teams; and (2) facilitated students in demonstrating an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation in line with ABET Student Outcomes. These positive impacts can be built upon by exposing students to other strategic experimentation experiences throughout the curriculum.
Study of Different Flow Configurations and Heat Pipe Combination Effects in Air Cooling Systems
Authors: Carbajal Gerardo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The present work investigates the combined effect of flow rate pattern configuration and the presence of localized passive cooling systems such as heat pipes to improve the thermal performance of an air-cooling system. The combined heat pipe air-cooling system consists of 10 blocks (batteries) arranged in parallel and surrounded by 10 to 11 air passage channels; the blocks are subjected to variable heat generations. Previous studies have shown that air cooling systems do not provide a uniform temperature distribution when loaded with constant heat generation. Three flow configurations were numerically investigated: the U, Z, and I configuration, respectively. A three-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted to solve the continuity, momentum, and energy equations of the working fluid. The numerical model also included the presence of the ten blocks, heat pipe, and related boundary conditions. The heat pipe was modeled as a solid material with high effective thermal conductivity. The results from the three air configurations without the presence of heat pipes depict an increase in the temperature field in blocks 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 for the Z-configuration; blocks 2, 3, 8, and 9 for the I-configuration; and blocks 3, 4, 5, and 6 for the U-configuration. The I-configurations show a better temperature distribution on the blocks compared with the U and Z configuration. Different flow airflow rates were also investigated to reduce the hot spot temperature fields on the blocks. No significant difference was found in increasing the air mass flow rate. After placing a heat pipe closed to the air channels of the block with a high peak in temperature for the three air cooling configurations, the performance of the air-cooling system improved. The number of blocks with higher spot temperature was reduced to blocks 7 and 8 for Z-configuration, blocks 3 and 8 for the I-configuration and blocks 4 and 5 for the U-configuration. The presence of the heat pipe increased the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet for the three configurations. The results have shown that the U-configuration experienced the lowest pressure drop, and the I-configuration presented the most uniform temperature distributions of the block. The results revealed potential thermal performance improvement by using heat pipes in localized hot spot regions in air cooling systems for Li-Ion batteries or other cooling systems subjected to continuous or intermittent heat generation.
CFD and Experimental Investigation of Graphite Heat Spreader Based Cooling for Li-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and EVTOL (Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) Aircraft Applications
Authors: Bakhshi Shashwat , Dubey Prahit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Over the past few years, owing to different critical features such as high energy densities, safety, cycle-life etc., Lithium-ion batteries have been used successfully as an energy storage system for automotive applications. In addition, due to recent increase in interests towards developing EVTOL (Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aircrafts, demand for Li-Ion batteries capable of providing high power discharge and charge along with above mentioned features has increased. Thermal Management System (TMS) is a critical component of a Li-Ion battery system that enables sustained high-power peak performance, improves overall life-cycle, and reduces possibility of thermal runaway during regular vehicle operation. The current article studies two different cooling configurations for thermal management of a commercially available 9 A-h Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) Lithium-ion pouch cell for high C-rate conditions. The two configurations are referred to as the Double-sided cooling and Hybrid cooling, which includes a novel approach utilizing graphite-based heat spreader. The thermal performance for both configurations are studied through experimental testing and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modeling. During experimental analysis, the pouch cell was subjected to high C-rate discharges of 3C, 4C and 5C using an Arbin controller and thermal test bench including a cold plate, mass flow meter, and temperature sensors. The temperature response of the cell is measured using T-type thermocouples that are strategically installed on its surface using a thermal interface material. For the numerical analysis, time-accurate, conjugate heat transfer-based 3D CFD simulations are conducted on high spatial resolution grids with a commercially available finite-volume method based CFD software. Numerical simulations at the mentioned C-rates are then run to explore the overall temperature distribution on the cell body. Temperature estimates from the numerical model are compared to the test data for the most aggressive 5C discharge condition. Both experimental testing and numerical modeling show that the Hybrid cooling approach provides higher rate of heat transfer compared to Double-sided cooling, owing to high thermal conductivity of graphite. Average cell surface temperatures using Hybrid cooling are ∼3°C, 3.7°C and 4.3°C lower than Double-sided cooling for 3C, 4C and 5C discharge conditions, respectively. The maximum measured cell temperature at the end of the most aggressive 5C discharge is 6°C lower in the case of Hybrid cooling. The temperature gradients are also less aggressive thereby allowing for a more uniform temperature distribution within the cell. Additional results in terms of flow and temperature distributions are also provided for the cold plate present in the cooling setup.
Investigation of Passive Radiative Cooling Using Biopolymers
Authors: Kamali Khanghah Zahra , Tenorio Miguel Moreno , Brown Judith , Mainieri Eymael Guilherme , Ghashami Mohammad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Passive thermal radiative cooling (PTRC) has drawn massive attention in the past few years due to its advantages, including excellent cooling potential, no emission of greenhouse gases, silent operation, low maintenance, and off-grid operation. PTRC has been successfully demonstrated to reduce the electricity consumption required for cooling and ventilation of buildings. Several radiative emitters have been studied in the literature, such as pigmented paints, nanoparticle-based coatings, photonic crystals, metamaterials, and polymers. Among them, polymers have proven to be inherently strong infrared (IR) emitters, scalable, low-cost, flexible, easy to apply, and durable candidates. In addition to these features, biopolymers are eco-friendly and currently abundant in the market. Despite their significant advantages, there have been limited studies on the applications of biopolymers for radiative cooling. In this study, we report promising performances from a commercially available, affordable, and applicable biopolymer, cellulose, as a PTRC emitter. We fabricated several cellulose films with various structural characteristics and thicknesses. The emissivity and reflectivity of these emitter surfaces were measured for the desired wavelengths and direction. The obtained measurements reveal relatively high magnitudes of diffuse emissivity in the atmospheric window and high reflectivity in the solar spectrum range. Using the materials’ reflectivity and emissivity data, we theoretically calculated the net cooling power and the expected temperature drop. Each emitter demonstrated high cooling power and considerable temperature reduction based on the average recorded weather conditions in Lincoln, NE.
Risk factors for myopia among children and adolescents: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses and systematic reviews
Authors: Ying Zhi-Qi , Li Dan-Lin , Zheng Xin-Yu , Zhang Xiao-Feng , Pan Chen-Wei 
Published: February 2023

AimsTo identify potential risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents and assess the credibility of each evidence, providing reference for the development of myopia prevention strategies.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases from inception to April 2022 to find systematic reviews or meta-analyses investigating the relationship between potential risk factors and myopia, and conducted an umbrella review. We recalculated the pooled effect sizes and 95% CIs of each potential risk factor through random-effects model, and reported its 95% prediction interval and between-study heterogeneity. Small-study effect and excess of significance bias were assessed to reveal potential publication bias.ResultsTwelve publications were included in this umbrella review, including eight meta-analyses and four qualitative systematic reviews. Twenty-two factors were identified, of which 16 were analysed quantitatively. Ten factors showed statistically significant association with myopia. Myopia in one or two parents and per additional hour of time spend outdoors per week were rated as highly suggestive evidence. Near work and gender were evaluated as suggestive evidence. The other five factors are weak evidence.ConclusionsWe found several risk factors for myopia with different levels of evidence, of which parental myopia presented the strongest association with myopia in children and adolescents. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the association between potential risk factors and myopia among children and adolescents and are important for informing parenting, education, clinical practice guidelines and public health policy.PROSPERO TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERCRD42022333053.
Stratification Of LIver Disease (SOLID): protocol for a prospective observational cohort study to determine the optimum biomarker strategies for the detection of advanced liver disease at the primary–secondary care interface
Authors: McPherson Stuart , Jarvis Helen , McGonigle John , Bedlington Joan , Dean Jill , Hallsworth Kate , Hanon Elodie , Liddle Trevor , Luvai Ahai , Mansour Dina , Patel Preya , Renwick Laura , Teare Dawn , Tanney Christina , Anstee Quentin 
Published: February 2023

IntroductionUndiagnosed fatty liver disease is prevalent in the community, due to high rates of harmful alcohol consumption and/or obesity. Fatty liver disease can progress to cirrhosis and its complications. Early identification of liver disease and treatment may prevent progression to cirrhosis. Biomarkers including FIB-4, enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF), PRO-C3 and vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE) can stage liver fibrosis, but it is not known how well they perform in a primary care population. Moreover, no assessment of long-term prognostic ability of these biomarkers has been conducted in primary care. We aim to evaluate the performance of fibrosis biomarkers in primary care to develop a pathway to detect advanced fibrosis.Methods and analysisThis prospective, observational cohort study will recruit 3000 individuals with fatty liver disease risk factors (obesity, type 2 diabetes or hazardous alcohol consumption) at their primary care ‘annual chronic disease review’. Participants will have a ‘liver health check’. Two pathways will be evaluated: (1) all have FIB-4, ELF and VCTE performed, and (2) patients have an initial assessment with FIB-4 and ELF, followed by VCTE in only those with increased FIB-4 and/or ELF. Individuals with suspected significant/advanced liver fibrosis (liver stiffness measurement>8 kPa), will be reviewed in secondary care to confirm their fibrosis stage and institute treatment. The performance of FIB-4, ELF, PRO-C3, VCTE and novel biomarkers alone or in combination for advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis will be evaluated. Participants will be followed longitudinally via their electronic health records to assess long-term clinical outcomes.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the London-Chelsea Research Ethics Committee (22/PR/0535; 27 June 2022). Recruitment began on 31 October 2022. Outcomes of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific meetings. A lay summary of the results will be available for study participants and will be disseminated widely by LIVErNORTH.
Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of uric acid-lowering therapy in patients with different kidney functions: study protocol for a systematic review, pairwise and network meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Yaqing , Song Runxia , Hua Ying , Su Xiaole , Wang Lihua 
Published: February 2023

IntroductionHyperuricaemia has been implicated in the development of kidney function in populations with chronic kidney disease; however, the benefits of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) remain uncertain in different clinical studies. The different kidney functions of enrolled populations and distinct pharmacokinetic characteristics of ULT might be of the essence for the contrasting results. In this study, we will synthesise all available data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies, then evaluate the outcomes of ULT in patients stratified by different estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) stratifications. Furthermore, we will attempt to explore a relatively optimal ULT regimen using a Bayesian network meta-analysis in different eGFRs.Methods and analysisWe searched published and unpublished data from MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials and ClinicalTrials.gov website (before March 2022) for RCTs and cohort studies without language restriction. In the pairwise meta-analysis, all regimens of ULT will be pooled as a whole and compared with controls in different eGFRs. The random-effects model will be applied to generate the summary values using the software Stata V.12.0 (StataCorp). Network meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework will be conducted to explore the relative efficacy profiles of different ULTs and to find optimal ULT in different eGFRs. The software of WinBUGS V.1.4.3 and R2WinBUGS package of R V.3.1.1 will be used in the network meta-analysis. Primary outcomes will be the occurrence of major cardiovascular events and kidney failure events. Secondary outcomes will include the rate of change in eGFR per year, all-cause death, changes in serum uric acid level and major adverse events. Two authors will independently review study selection, data extraction and quality assessment.Ethics and disseminationThe meta-analysis does not require ethical certification. The results will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and through presentations at academic conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021226163.
Trends in mortality related to unintentional poisoning in the South Asian region from 1990 to 2019: analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study
Authors: Khan Nadeem Ullah , Khan Uzma , Khudadad Umerdad , Ali Asrar , Raheem Ahmed , Waheed Shahan , Razzak Junaid Abdul 
Published: February 2023

ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the burden of unintentional poisoning in South Asian countries from 1999 to 2019.DesignAn ecological study conducted at the regional level for South Asian countries, based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.SettingWe extracted unintentional poisoning data from the Global Burden of Disease Study data set from 1990 to 2019 to assess trends in mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost, years lived with disability (YLDs) and causative agents in South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan).Outcome measuresWe determined the per cent change and 95% CI for the period between 1990 and 2019 by age, gender and country. We also conducted Poisson regression to measure the percentage change in the rate per year.ResultsThe absolute number of deaths due to unintentional poisoning in South Asia decreased (−32.6%) from 10 558 deaths in 1990 to 7112 deaths in 2019. The age standardised death rate from unintentional poisoning in South Asia has seen a downward trend (−55.88%), declining from 0.87 (0.67–1.01) age-standardised per 100 000 population in 1990 to 0.41 (0.34–0.47) in 2019. Among age groups, under 9 years and 10–19 years have seen downward trends for death and DALYs, accounting for −93.5% and −38.3%, respectively. YLDs have seen an upward trend (5.9%), increasing from 10 461.7 per 100 000 in 1990 to 11 084 per 100 000 in 2019. YLDs in women increased by 7.4%, from 11 558.2 per 100 000 to 12 418.3 per 100 000. The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) adjusted by all age groups and gender for DALYs in all South Asian countries has reduced significantly (IRR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96 to 0.97) from 1990 to 2019.ConclusionThis study showed reduction in death and DALYs due to unintentional poisoning in South Asia except YLDs which is showing an increasing trend. Public health systems should continue efforts to minimise and prevent disabilities arising from unintentional poisoning in South Asia.
Experience of LGBTQIA2S+ populations with gambling during the COVID-19 pandemic: protocol for a mixed-methods study
Authors: Brodeur Magaly , Roberge Pasquale , Cotton Julie-Christine , Monson Eva , Morvannou Adele , Poitras Marie-Eve , Lacasse Anaïs , Jutras-Aswad Didier , Couturier Yves , Loignon Christine , Audette-Chapdelaine Sophie , Auger Anne-Marie , Bertrand Karine , Dorceus Sabruna , Simon Olivier , Hudon Catherine 
Published: February 2023

IntroductionResearch undertaken since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has provided us information about the impact of the pandemic on the gambling habits of the general population. However, very little is known about certain subgroups at increased risk of developing gambling disorder, such as the LGBTQIA2S+ population. The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gambling behaviours among LGBTQIA2S+ individuals. In addition, we want to understand the experiences of the LGBTQIA2S+ population with gambling disorder and identify interventions that LGBTQIA2S+ people have found to be effective in addressing problem gambling during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods and analysisThis study has a sequential explanatory mixed-method design in two phases over 2 years. The first phase is a correlational study. We will conduct a cross-sectional survey using a stratified random sampling among Canadian residents who are 18 years of age or older, self-identify as sexually and gender-diverse (ie, LGBTQIA2S+) and have gambled at least once in the previous 12 months. This survey will be administered online via a web panel (n=1500). The second phase is a qualitative study. Semistructured interviews will be conducted with LGBTQIA2S+ people with problematic gambling (n=30).Ethics and disseminationThis research project has been ethically and scientifically approved by the Research Ethics Committee and by the CIUSSS de l’Estrie—CHUS scientific evaluation committee on 3 March 2022 (reference number: 2022-4633—LGBTQ-JHA). Electronic and/or written informed consent, depending on the data collection format (online survey and online or in-person interviews), will be obtained from each participant. A copy of the consent form and contact information will be delivered to each participant.
Has COVID-19 increased inequality in mortality by income in the Netherlands?
Authors: Wouterse Bram , Geisler Joana , Bär Marlies , van Doorslaer Eddy 
Published: February 2023

BackgroundIn the Netherlands in 2020, COVID-19 deaths were more concentrated among individuals with a lower income. At the same time, COVID-19 was a new cause that also displaced some deaths from other causes, potentially reducing income-related inequality in non-COVID deaths. Our aim is to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the income-related inequality in total mortality and decompose this into the inequality in COVID-attributed deaths and changes in the inequality in non-COVID causes.MethodsWe estimate excess deaths (observed minus trend-predicted deaths) by sex, age and income group for the Netherlands in 2020. Using a measure of income-related inequality (the concentration index), we decompose the inequality in total excess mortality into COVID-19 versus non-COVID causes.ResultsCause-attributed COVID-19 mortality exceeded total excess mortality by 12% for the 65–79 age group and by about 35% for 80+ in the Netherlands in 2020, implying a decrease in the number of non-COVID deaths compared with what was predicted. The income-related inequality in all-cause mortality was higher than predicted. This increase in inequality resulted from the combination of COVID-19 mortality, which was more unequally distributed than predicted total mortality, and the inequality in non-COVID causes, which was less unequal than predicted.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in income-related inequality in all-cause mortality. Non-COVID mortality was less unequally distributed than expected due to displacement of other causes by COVID-19 and the potentially unequal broader societal impact of the pandemic.