bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA-Binding Assay for Detection of Anti-DNA Antibodies in NZB/NZW F1 Mice
Authors: Steinberg Alfred D. , Pincus Theodore , Talal Norman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NZB/NZW F1 mice (B/W) spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (1, 2). This includes LE cell and anti-nuclear factor formation, severe glomerulonephritis, and uremia. The serologic and histologic abnormalities appear earlier in the female B/W mice who generally die of nephritis by 10 months of age. The renal disease is considered a soluble immune complex type of nephritis (3). DNA, anti-DNA antibodies and complement have been demonstrated in the glomeruli of these mice (3) as well as in patients with SLE (4).
Previous studies demonstrating serum anti-DNA antibodies in B/W mice have employed the techniques of immunofluorescence (3, 5), immuno-diffusion and complement fixation (3). These indirect methods are limited by variable patterns of fluorescent staining, non-precipitating antibody and anti-complementary activity. Recently a sensitive assay measuring the direct binding of radioactive DNA by immunoglobulin has been described for humans with SLE (6, 7).
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Lipsmeyer Eleanor A. , Kantor Fred S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pre-exposure of sensitized guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells to antigen renders them incapable of migration inhibition in capillary tubes. However, pre-exposure to the same antigen did not affect migration inhibition of heterologously sensitized cells. After a population of cells sensitized to multiple antigens was pre-exposed to one of them, none of the antigens was capable of inhibiting migration in the capillary tube system.
Antigen-Induced Cell Proliferation in Cultures from Antibody-Deficient Chickens
Authors: Meuwissen H. J. , Van Alten P. J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Bursectomized and irradiated, hypogammaglobulinemic chickens and irradiated controls were immunized with killed Brucella abortus. Cultures of splenic cells from these animals were subsequently stimulated with the same antigen. Hypogammaglobulinemic chickens did not produce antibody in vivo, but the uptake of tritiated thymidine after antigenic stimulation in vitro was unimpaired.
The results indicate that lymphoid cell lines dependent on the bursa of Fabricius for development to immunoglobulin-producing cells are not necessary for a vigorous response to Brucella antigens in vitro.
An Isotopic Antiglobulin Technique for Measuring Antibodies to Cell-Surface Antigens
Authors: Sparks F. C. , Ting C. C. , Hammond W. G. , Herberman R. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The isotopic antiglobulin technique of Harder and McKhann has been modified and the sensitivity increased. The method was shown to be immunologically specific and able to detect isoantibodies after first-set skin grafts which were not detectable by the cytotoxicity technique. Antibodies to different H-2 antigens were detected in the sera of several inbred mouse strains following immunization with spleen cells or skin grafts. In several of these antisera, antibodies were detected at serum dilutions which gave negative results by the cytotoxicity technique. Several variables of the technique were investigated and the number of washing procedures after each incubation was found to have the greatest effect on increasing the sensitivity of the test.
Use of Thymectomized, Irradiated Rats to Study Immunogenicity of Bovine λ Globulin
Authors: Williams R. Michael , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Adult Lewis rats, thymectomized, x-irradiated, and restored with syngeneic bone marrow, developed immunologic memory when 4 to 6 × 108 normal Lewis lymph node cells were injected before or up to 5 days after footpad injection of 1.0 mg of “crude” BGG in saline. Increasing the time interval from 10 to 30 days between x-irradiation plus bone marrow repopulation and the injection of lymph node cells plus primary antigen resulted in increased priming. Injection of lymph node cells up to 40 days before primary immunization had little effect on memory production. No priming could be demonstrated when lymph node cells were given 10 or more days after primary antigen.
The Effects of Ionic Strength, Temperature, and Antibody Class and Avidity on Fixation and Transfer of the First Component of Complement
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Over a wide range of ionic strengths the first component of complement (C′1a) was found to be readily eluted from IgG-sensitized cells at temperatures above 0°C. Even at 0°, loss of C′1a was high at ionic strengths appreciably above 0.037. With IgM Ab the effects of ionic strength were similar, but those of temperature were reversed: C′1a was increasingly better retained on cells as the temperature increased from 0° to 37°C. Conditions for reaching optimal C′1a activity with both classes of antibody (Ab) were determined.
The optimal ionic strength for transfer of C′1a from EAC′1a to EAC′4 (red cells sensitized by Ab and the first and fourth components of complement, respectively) was found to be approximately 0.115 for both IgG and IgM Ab. When all conditions of C′1a fixation, washing and transfer were optimal, essentially 100% of the C′1a originally bound to sensitized cells could be accounted for by transfer to EAC′4, regardless of the class of Ab used. Transfer of C1a from IgG-sensitized cells was appreciably better at 30°C than at 0°, but with IgM Ab the converse was true. Kinetic studies showed that transfer was essentially complete within 5 to 15 min.
C′1a dissociated less readily from EAC′1a, 4 than from EAC′1a, indicating that cell-bound C′4 contributes to the bond between C′1a and its site of attachment.
In contrast to the situation with IgM Abs, with IgG it was not possible to reach a saturation level of C′1a; with each increase in amount of C′1a added, there was an increase in the number of SAC′1a generated, even when the ratio of C′1a:SAC′1a exceeded 100:1.
Immunochemical Relationships of Certain Streptococcal Group and Type Polysaccharides to Pneumococcal Capsular Antigens
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Willers Jan M. N. , Michel Marc F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The quantitative data on cross-reactions of streptococcal group-like and group F polysaccharides permit these conclusions:
z1 apparently contains non-reducing end-groups of L-rhamnose; z2 precipitates antipneumococcal type VII serum relatively independently of the type II substance occurring in the same cell but has groupings in common with TIV; z3 appears to contain 1,3-linked L-rhamnose; z4 overlaps markedly with TIV and z6 in anti-PnVII and reacts as if it contained end-groups of D-galactose.
Type I polysaccharide overlaps somewhat with z1 in anti-PnVII and with TIII in anti-PnX; galactose is probably involved. Precipitation of anti-PnVII with TII removes some of the antibody reactive with z2; after both are removed there is no further precipitation with z1. Possibly PnSVII and z1, z2 and TII all contain 1,2-linked L-rhamnose or a few non-reducing end-groups of this sugar. The reactions of TII in anti-PnVIII and -XIX show for the first time that the long-known cross-reaction between PnVIII and XIX is due to multiple residues of 1,4-linked D-glucose.
Like TI, TIII cross-reacts in anti-PnX and also precipitates anti-PnXIII, XIV and XX, the last not being due to glycogen-like linkages of D-glucose. The strong reactions of TIV with anti-PnVII and XVI are accounted for by multiples of non-reducing end-groups of β-D-galactose, as is perhaps also the heavy precipitation in anti-PnXVII. TIV also precipitates anti-PnVIII and -XIX, at least partly for the same reason as TII. z6 shows almost complete overlapping with z1 in anti-PnVII and -XXIII.
A New Allotypic Antigen of Rabbit Colostral γA Immunoglobulin
Authors: Masuda Tohru , Kuribayashi Kagemasa , Hanaoka Masao 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit isoantiserum to colostral γA of a rabbit with genotype a2a2-b4b4 reacted with some normal rabbit sera and colostrums. The reaction was due to antigenic specificity present only on α chain, but not on the Fab part of γA and γ chain. This determinant was identified as a new rabbit γA allotype and was localized on the Fc part. This new allotype was named c1, and its hypothetical controlling gene locus, “c.”
Among 70 rabbits tested, the sera and colostrums of 11 showed c1 specificity. The c1 marker was expressed not only in rabbits of a genotype a2a2-b4b4, but also in rabbits lacking in a2 or b4 specificity (for example, a1a3-b4b5).
Allotypes a1 and a3, in addition to b4 and b5, were found in colostral γA molecules and their subfragments, Fab.
The Response of Long- and Short-Lived Small Lymphocytes of the Rat to Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: Stayner Larry , Schwarz M. Roy 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Small lymphocytes of the thoracic duct lymph, mesenteric lymph node, spleen and thymus from Lewis and Wistar rats were exposed to PWM in vitro. The results of radioautographic studies reveal that both the long- and short-lived small lymphocytes transformed in the presence of PWM, but the short-lived populations of the thoracic duct lymph, mesenteric lymph node and spleen were more responsive. In contrast, the short-lived cells of the thymus transformed less than the long-lived small lymphocytes of the same organ. The responsiveness of short-lived small lymphocytes from a given tissue reflected the number of cells from this tissue required to initiate graft-versus-host reactions.
Preparation of Fluorescent Antibody Reagents Monospecific to Light Chains of Human Immunoglobulin
Authors: Takahashi Morinobu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Anti-light chain antibodies that react well with separated light chains and intact immunoglobulins of human beings could be readily produced in rabbits and goats by immunization with the Fab fragment of normal human IgG. Antibodies against light chains of κ or λ type were specifically purified from rabbit anti-normal Fab sera and rendered monospecific by the exclusive use of solid immunoadsorbents coupled with appropriate antigens. The anti-κ or anti-λ antibodies thus prepared were conjugated with fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine and used for the study of immunoglobulin production in individual cells of hematopoietic origin in established culture.
Communications
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When EAC′1 (erythrocytes sensitized by antibody and the first component of complement) are prepared with an amount of IgG antibody (Ab) just sufficient to produce about 100 C′1-fixing sites/cell, the C′1 can be quantitatively transferred from these cells in a short time at 30°C at ionic strength (µ) = 0.063. If 50 times as much IgG Ab is used, but C′1 is limited to produce about 100 or fewer SAC′1/cell, then almost no C′1 transfer occurs at 30°C, µ = 0.063, but much of the C′1 will transfer at µ = 0.14. It is suggested that C′1 bound to IgG dimers transfers readily at µ = 0.063, while C′1 bound to IgG trimers transfers readily only at µ = 0.14 or higher, and C′1 bound to IgG tetramers may fail to transfer altogether. With IgM Ab, a slight similar effect was noted, to the extent that for equivalent amounts of C′1 transfer it was necessary to increase the ionic strength as larger amounts of IgM were used to sensitize erythrocytes.
Density of BAI Strain A Avian Leukosis Virus-Antibody Complexes Relative to Antigen-Antibody Ratio
Authors: Fritz Robert B. , Beard J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immune complexes of differing antibody-virus ratios were prepared with rabbit anti-BAI strain A avian leukosis virus and the homologous antigen by means of the quantitative precipitin reaction. These complexes were centrifuged to their equilibrium densities on potassium tartrate gradients and the results were compared with the analogous properties of free virus and normal rabbit γ globulin centrifuged under the same conditions. The equilibrium density of the complexes was greater than that of the free virus and was directly proportional to the antibody-virus ratio. Normal rabbit globulin was not sedimented significantly under the same experimental conditions.
Cytophilic Antibody in Heterologous Antilymphocytic Serum: Its Presence, Absorption and Possible Biologic Significance
Authors: Gill P. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies on the mode of action of antilymphocytic serum (ALS) have suggested that its primary site of action is on the thymus-derived small lymphocyte (1, 2). It has also been suggested that these cells are eliminated rather than temporarily inactivated (3) and that an important part of this process is opsonization followed by phagocytosis (2). Greaves et al. (4) recently showed that there was a significant correlation between the immunosuppressive potency of ALS, and its opsonic titer as estimated by a technique involving the adherence of opsonized mouse lymphocytes to mouse peritoneal macrophages in monolayer culture.
The present communication describes macrophage-cytophilic antibody in rabbit anti-mouse-lymphocytic serum (RAMLS). This may well be of significance in relation to the work cited above, as cytophilia has been defined as the property of opsonizing antibody which provides the receptors that permit binding of antigen to the macrophage cell membrane in preparation for phagocytosis (5).
Purification of the First Component (C′1) of Complement by Zonal Ultracentrifugation and of the Second (C′2) by Electrofocusing
Authors: Colten H. R. , Borsos T. , Bond H. E. , Rapp H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The zonal centrifuge has been used to purify viruses, subcellular organelles and macromolecules of biologic interest. In this report we describe a preparative zonal ultracentrifugation method for the separation from serum of chemically and functionally highly purified first component (C′1) of guinea pig and human complement. The observation that the sedimentation rate of C′1 varies inversely with the ionic strength of the medium made the development of this purification procedure possible. At an ionic strength of 0.3 or greater the sedimentation constant of C′1 is about 4 and at an ionic strength of 0.15 or less the sedimentation constant of C′1 is about 18. The purification procedure consists of a two-cycle centrifugation: the first at µ = 0.75 separates C′1 from 19 S serum proteins; the cycle at µ = 0.065 separates C′1a, now an 18 S molecule, from the smaller molecules.
Studies on the Seventh Component (C′7) of Complement
Authors: Mayumi M. , Shimada K. , Sekine T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From experiments with sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration the molecular weights of guinea pig C′7, human C′7 and rabbit C′7 were estimated to be 120,000, 130,000 and 130,000, respectively. In zone electrophoresis on Geon or agarose, C′7 of human, guinea pig and rabbit serum migrated, in this order, in the β globulin region.
The C′7 of the three species reacted well with EAC′1–6 prepared with guinea pig components. From quantitative analysis of C′7 site formation, the dose response curve yielded a straight line when this reaction step was analyzed with the aid of Mayer's one-hit theory. Guinea pig C′7 reacted with EAC′1–6 at an ionic strength of µ = 0.15 as well as at an ionic strength of µ = 0.74. C′7 activity was shown to disappear from the fluid phase after the reaction with EAC′1–6.
Guinea pig antiserum to rabbit C′7 inhibited the hemolytic activity of human and rabbit C′7 but not that of guinea pig C′7.
The Serum Bactericidal Reaction. III. Antibody and Complement Requirements for Killing a Rough Escherichia Coli
Authors: Goldman John N. , Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank , Feingold David S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The serum bactericidal reaction was studied using the rough E. coli 200P and a system of serum reagents made selectively deficient in various complement components. In replacement experiments functionally pure individual components were added and requirements for C1, C4 and C2, and C9 as well as antibody were shown. Cellular intermediates BAC1 and BAC142 were demonstrated. The results suggest that the entire complement system is required to kill bacteria.
Note Added in Proof. Inoue et al. (Inoue, K., Yonemasu, K., Takamizawa, A. and Amano, T. Biken J., 11: 203, 1968) have recently reported that BAC142 cells, C3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lysozyme were required for immune bacteriolysis of a rough strain of E. coli. The complement components used were purified from guinea pig serum. Results were based on observations of spheroplast formation: with the complete system about 25% of the rod-shaped bacteria were converted to spheroplasts.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Cultured Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Namba Yuziro , Hanaoka Masao 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Murine myeloma cells (MOPC-31B) were established in long term culture and retained the capacity to produce and secrete IgG myeloma proteins. The mechanism of synthesis of myeloma protein was analyzed at the cellular and subcellular levels, and the following results were obtained. Light and heavy chains are separately synthesized on different polysomes, 200 S and 280 to 300 S with 12 S and 22 S messenger RNA, respectively. Synthesized heavy chains form H-L complexes with free light chains, which are maintained as a large pool in the cytoplasm, then H2-L2 complexes are formed and secreted after the attachment of carbohydrate in considerable amount.
The Influence of Heredity and Environment on Human Immunoglobulin Levels
Authors: Allansmith M. , McClellan B. , Butterworth M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, kappa and lambda levels were determined in 24 sets of fraternal twins, 21 sets of identical twins, and 15 normal subjects bled weekly for 25 weeks. By statistical comparison of differences among these groups, the influences of heredity and environment on immunoglobulin levels were determined. An hereditary influence was detected on the levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgD, and an environmental influence was detected on the levels of immunoglobulins IgA and IgM and on light chains kappa and lambda.
Some Antigenic and Physical Properties of Virus-Like Particles in Sera of Hepatitis Patients
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Smith Kendall O. , Gehle Warren D. , Shulman N. Raphael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Australia antigen was detected by Blumberg, Alter and Visnich in 1965 in human sera by formation of a precipitin line in Ouchterlony gel diffusion slides (1). Antibodies used to detect the antigen are found in sera from patients who have received multiple transfusions The antigen is rare in healthy Americans, but common in patients with either infectious or serum hepatitis, patients with Down's syndrome who have anicteric hepatitis, patients with leukemia or leprosy, and apparently healthy persons in certain tropical populations (2). Bayer, Blumberg and Werner described 19 to 21 mµ particles in antigen-containing serum fractions from sucrose gradients (3). The particles were aggregated by the same sera that precipitated the antigen. Blumberg and co-workers and Prince have suggested that the antigen is a virus or is intimately associated with a virus that is responsible for hepatitis in man (2–5).
A Graft vs. Host Reaction in a Xenogeneic Combination: The Reaction of Murine Cells in Rats
Authors: Saleh Wasfy , MacLean Lloyd D. , Gordon Julius 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The injection of viable immunologically competent mouse cells under the kidney capsule of cyclophosphamide-treated rats produces a localized graft vs. host (GVH) reaction, manifested by infiltration and destruction of the kidney cortex. The reaction, shown to be a GVH reaction by cytological analysis, can be inhibited by antisera specific to the cells injected.
A Role of Macrophages in the Stimulation of Immune Responses by Adjuvants
Authors: Unanue Emil R. , Askonas Brigitte A. , Allison Anthony C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bordetella pertussis vaccine or beryllium sulfate proved to be potent adjuvants in increasing the antibody response to Maia squinado hemocyanin in mice. Antigen-containing macrophages treated with B. pertussis in vitro elicited much higher antibody titers when injected into mice than they did in the absence of the adjuvant. Lymph node cells treated in vitro with adjuvants and injected into irradiated mice gave the same antibody titers as they did in the absence of adjuvants. Hence in the system employed, adjuvants were shown to exert their enhancing effects on antibody-producing cells only after uptake by macrophages. Adjuvant-treated macrophages injected simultaneously with antigen-containing macrophages also led to increases in the immune response; thus adjuvant action did not require the presence of antigen and adjuvant in the same macrophage. The overall catabolism and retention of 131I-labeled hemocyanin in macrophages was not significantly altered in the presence of adjuvants.
Capillary Tube Migration for Detection of Human Delayed Hypersensitivity: Difficulties Encountered with “Buffy Coat” Cells and Tuberculin Antigen
Authors: Kaltreider H. Benfer , Soghor David , Taylor Janie B. , Decker John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The usefulness of a simple in vitro capillary tube migration system using human buffy coat cells has been investigated in relation to tuberculin skin sensitivity. A lack of reproducibility of the method was demonstrated and the movement of cells out of capillary tubes was found to depend primarily upon gravity. No correlation between cell “migration” and skin sensitivity was found. It is concluded that this convenient technique, in its present form, is not suitable for the detection of delayed hypersensitivity in man.
Assessment of a Bacterial Adherence Colony (BAC) Method for Enumeration of Antibody-Forming Cells to E. Coli Somatic Antigen
Authors: Friedman Herman , Allen Jerry , Landy Maurice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The number of individual lymphoid cells producing antibody to E. coli somatic lipopolysaccharides was studied in mice by means of a bacterial adherence colony technique. Cultures of spleen cells with bacteria in nutrient agar plates resulted in formation of adherent micro-colonies which could be differentiated microscopically from the much smaller colonies originating from non-adhering bacteria. The specificity of the antibody-producing cells was attested by their sensitivity to blocking with specific antigen and with anti-globulin serum.
The adherence technique, performed in parallel with the direct complement-dependent bacteriolytic procedure, using a “lawn” of viable E. coli, detected more “background” antibody-forming cells in spleens of non-immunized mice. This difference was of the order of 10-fold.
In immunized mice bacterial colony-forming cells were first discernible about 24 hr after immunization and reached a peak of 100,000 or more in the spleen by the 5th day after antigen atimulation. Maximal responses were elicited by 10 to 50 µg of antigen. The bacteriolytic plaque assay was less sensitive throughout.
Studies on the Radiosensitive Phase of the Antibody Response in Rabbits
Authors: Pribnow James F. , Silverman Myron S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages from irradiated donors were shown to recovery the ability to induce antibody formation in normal recipients. Recovery took place within approximately 27 days, regardless of whether cells were transferred to recipients 5 days or 20 days after irradiation of donors.
Irradiated recipients of sensitized macrophages formed no antibody during the first 21 days after cell transfer. These rabbits responded to challenge with BGG with what appeared to be a typical secondary response. Recipients of irradiated sensitized cells (750 r) responded in a similar manner. When recipients of sensitized macrophages had received 750 r rather than 450 r, there was neither a primary nor a secondary response.