bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defiance
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Defiance Campaign of 1952 initiated the ANC-led Congress Alliance's efforts at mass action. The effort was fiercely opposed by the government. The government's reaction sparked ANC counter-measures: in response to the state's counter-measures, the ANC in 1953 introduced the M-Plan, a scheme to enable it to continue operating in the event of legal proscription. Nelson Mandela meanwhile encouraged Walter Sisulu to approach Maoist China to inquire about obtaining weapons for a South African armed struggle. The chapter also considers campaigns launched by the Congress Alliance in the mid-1950s, principally those against the Bantu Education Act, the Western Areas removal, and for the Congress of the People. The latter campaign led to the adoption of the Freedom Charter.
States of Emergency
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the State of Emergency that followed the Sharpeville Massacre, during which the ANC and PAC were banned, and a revolt in rural Pondoland was crushed by the state. In a referendum, South Africa's Prime Minister, H.F. Verwoerd, obtained white approval to establish a republic, but in the teeth of the hostility of other Commonwealth members, South Africa had to withdraw from that club. Nelson Mandela went underground, organized an abortive strike against the republic, and after that failed, set about obtaining support from his political comrades for an armed struggle. The chapter ends in December 1961 when Umkhonto we Sizwe (of which Mandela was the founding commander), and Poqo, which was an offshoot of the PAC, began military operations. They were joined by a third underground militia, the National Committee of Liberation (NCL).
Total Onslaught
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Distressed by the slow progress of its armed struggle, the ANC sent a delegation to Vietnam in 1978 to glean the lessons of that country's revolution. The outcome was a new strategy involving armed propaganda to pave the way for people's war. Also considered is the state's implementation of the policy of homeland independence, and why even the participants in that process questioned its credibility. The state also initiated a constitutional reform programme to respond to the growing unrest in the country. The proposals recommended a tricameral Parliament incorporating Asians and coloreds but excluding Africans. These initiatives were accompanied by continuous cross-border military operations to drive the ANC (and SWAPO) from South African controlled borders. The chapter considers the turmoil that the "Total Strategy" occasioned in the Frontline States of southern Africa.
Rainbow Nation
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the use of sport for "nation-building" in the immediate post-apartheid years. Among the sporting triumphs of the period were the Rugby World Cup of 1995, the Africa Cup of Nations in 1996, and the medals won in the 1996 Olympic Games. In political terms, the local government elections in 1995 were no less important than the 1994 elections in cementing the ANC's grip on the nation. A major political theme of the time was economic liberalization, and the chapter ends with the increasing controversy within the ANC over macroeconomic policy, whereby advocates of market-friendly approaches were pitted against champions of state-led development.
Reason and Inquiry
Authors: Koralus Philipp 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis book presents a unified theory of the human capacity for reasoning and decision-making. The erotetic theory accounts for a diverse range of empirically documented fallacies and framing effects and shows how the same mental processes that yield fallacies can yield what logicians call first-order validity and probabilistic coherence in reasoning, as well as rational decision-making as conceived by economists. The central idea is that our minds naturally aim at resolving issues, and if we are sufficiently inquisitive in the process, we can avoid mistakes. The erotetic theory holds that both the successes and the failures of reason are due to this aim. Rationality is secured if we reach what will be called erotetic equilibrium.
Introduction
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the intellectual and historiographical framework for the book. It explores the fertile concept of generation and its multiple and overlapping meanings in the early modern period. It surveys recent scholarship on the English Reformations and evaluates previous attempts to utilize the model of generation as a tool for exploring historical change, which have primarily focused on the modern era. It explains the methodological assumptions that underpin the study. Underlining the value of a generational approach to understanding the successive phases of religious change that marked the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it contends that this offers a revealing new lens onto the theological, liturgical, and cultural upheavals of the period. It also introduces the rich and varied body of source material on which the core chapters are based, summarizes the book’s architecture and structure, and highlights its principal arguments.
Generations and Seed
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that consciousness of being part of a historical or chosen generation was one of the by-products of the English Reformations. It examines the implications of the biblical language of generations and seed in early modern thinking and investigates what this reveals about senses of group identity derived from a shared location in time. It explores the various ways in which religious change engendered senses of belonging to a particular cohort bound by common experiences and transformed how people understood their relationships with their ancestors and descendants. It demonstrates that generational awareness was a mode of subjectivity intimately connected with the workings of memory, but that it also gave expression to collective hopes and dreams about the future, especially in the mid-seventeenth century, when the concept of ‘generation work’ became prominent in contemporary discourse. The chapter also examines the pressing questions that devout people from all denominations faced about the spiritual fate of their dead relatives and about how to ensure the salvation of their children and heirs. It traces these dilemmas and debates across the Atlantic to New England, where the appealing notion that election was in some sense a birthright found expression in the Half-Way Covenant.
Social Context and Legal Developments
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of the right to equality in relation to sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, and age in the UK (including the EU and ECHR), US, Canada, India, and South Africa, demonstrating the ways in which anti-discrimination law responds to the social and historical context in which it is embedded. For all of these, a key first step has been to acknowledge the role of society in obscuring these identities and to recognize and conceptualize the rights-bearers as full participants in society. Equality laws must then be shaped to further the right to equality on all four dimensions of substantive equality.
The Insanity Defence in French Law
Authors: Guinchard Audrey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 2016, the Human Rights Watch report on French prisons concluded that the mentally ill offenders suffer ‘a double punishment’, as they are likely to be sentenced to prison for longer and with inadequate care. One identified factor was Article 122-1 of the Criminal Code (CP), which defines the French ‘insanity’ defence. Using a historical perspective and contemporary medico-legal writings, this chapter demonstrates that the 1992 re-codification of the French law defence of mental disorder in Article 122-1 CP has exposed and accentuated perennial fault lines in the articulation of the defence’s important features: the definition of the disorder to trigger the defence; the understanding of the impact the disorder should have for the defence to be accepted; and the modulation of the outcome of the defence in light of prior fault. Determining the boundaries between responsibility, irresponsibility, and attenuated responsibility has never been as straightforward as is often claimed. The fraught and tense debates which have surrounded the case of Halimi, decided in April 2021 by the French Supreme Court, confirm the need for clarification and reform. This evolution of the French law defence in turn sheds light on English criminal law’s own approach to the insanity defence and its satellites: automatism, diminished responsibility, and intoxication.
Criminal Insanity in Norwegian Law
Authors: Gröning Linda 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the current Norwegian rules concerning criminal incapacity and insanity as defined in section 20 of the Norwegian Penal Code, considered from both historical and comparative perspectives. These rules came into force on 1 October 2020, as the result of the law reform that was initiated in the aftermath of the case concerning Anders Behring Breivik, who killed 77 people in Oslo and at Utøya on 22 July 2011. The chapter also includes an overview of the central approaches and systems in Norwegian insanity law and a discussion about the background of the current rules and the law reform in 2020.
The Insanity Defence in China
Authors: Jiang Lilou 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the insanity defence regime in China. It presents the evolution of the criteria and procedures surrounding the insanity defence, depicts the decisive role that psychiatric assessment plays in the proceedings, and then investigates the factors militating against China’s judicial authority from ordering a psychiatric assessment for capital crime offenders raising the defence of insanity. As will be observed, the procedural and evidentiary rules for raising the insanity defence in China are radically different from western countries. It further examines the public stigma in Chinese society and traditional philosophical thoughts behind the historical harsh treatment of mentally ill offenders. Finally, it concludes that the insanity defence has not effectively exempted capital crime offenders with mental illness from the death penalty, and the punitive attitude towards mental illness will continue influencing stakeholders’ choices in the context as long as China’s judicial system emphasizes the superiority of social stability over individual human rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Mackay Ronnie , Brookbanks Warren 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief survey on various formulations and reformulations of the insanity defence as reflected in both common law and civil law jurisdictions. Throughout this discussion the significance of the role of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is acknowledged and its potential impact on future formulations of the insanity defence, pointing towards the continued need for reform. The chapter contains a brief commentary on the principal elements of each chapter and offers some final thoughts on how the varied jurisdictions which are the subject of this volume reveal some fundamental commonalities and constant aspects, in particular the continued favouring of M’Naghten Rules based defences in a number of common law jurisdictions.
Synthesis
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from gasification is an extraordinarily versatile material. It can be used directly as a fuel, but also used as a raw material to produce a variety of other gaseous and liquid fuels, as well as chemical products. The CO–H2 mixture is called synthesis gas. The composition of the synthesis gas can be adjusted to any desired value via the water–gas shift reaction. Subsequent uses of the “shifted” gas include formation of synthetic gasoline and other liquid fuels; substitute natural gas; and methanol, useful as a fuel itself, for production of chemicals, or for conversion to gasoline. Synthesis gas technology is tremendously versatile, offering a route from coal (or other carbon sources) to liquid fuels, gaseous fuels, and many products used in the chemical industry. However, this technology has prodigious emissions of carbon dioxide and a significant appetite for water.
Vector bundles on fuzzy Kähler manifolds
Authors: Adachi Hiroyuki , Ishiki Goro , Kanno Satoshi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We propose a matrix regularization of vector bundles over a general closed Kähler manifold. This matrix regularization is given as a natural generalization of the Berezin–Toeplitz quantization and gives a map from sections of a vector bundle to matrices. We examine the asymptotic behaviors of the map in the large-N limit. For vector bundles with algebraic structure, we derive a beautiful correspondence of the algebra of sections and the algebra of corresponding matrices in the large-N limit. We give two explicit examples for monopole bundles over a complex projective space CPn and a torus T2n.
Prevalence of at-risk NASH and its association with metabolic syndrome in US adults with NAFLD, 2017–2018
Authors: Payne Julia Y. , Alkhouri Naim , Le Phuc , Rothberg Michael B. , Polanco Prido , Sakkal Celine , Dasarathy Srinivasan 
Published: January 2023

Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher risk for NASH and significant fibrosis. Presence of NASH and advanced fibrosis are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with NAFLD. Using a noninvasive method, we determined the prevalence of at-risk NASH and its association with MetS components in a large population-based analysis. We used the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included adults ≥18 years with NAFLD (controlled attenuation parameter ≥274 dB/m). Pregnancy, subjects with other causes of liver disease or missing data were excluded. FibroScan-AST (FAST) score was calculated using aspartate aminotransferase, liver stiffness measurement, and controlled attenuation parameter. Patients with a FAST score >0.35 were considered to have at-risk NASH, defined as NASH with NAFLD activity score ≥4 and fibrosis stage ≥2 on liver biopsy. The sample included 687 patients. The overall prevalence of at-risk NASH was 11.6% (95% CI: 8.8–15.1) and was higher in males than females (15.8% vs. 6.5%; p < 0.001). Subjects with comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, MetS, and insulin resistance) had between 1.3 and 1.7 times higher prevalence than the general population. Among MetS components, elevated glucose/diabetes, large waist circumference, and low HDL were independent risk factors for at risk-NASH. The number of MetS components was also important—one additional component increased the odds of at-risk NASH by 2 times. The FAST score had the highest correlation with alanine aminotransferase (r= 0.70; p < 0.001). We estimated ~9 million people in the US have at-risk NASH and may benefit from active surveillance and therapy.
Unveiling abundance-dependent metabolic phenotypes of microbial communities
Authors: Jiménez Natalia E. , Acuña Vicente , Cortés María Paz , Eveillard Damien , Maass Alejandro 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTConstraint-based modeling has risen as an alternative for characterizing the metabolism of communities. Adaptations of Flux Balance Analysis have been proposed to model metabolic interactions in most cases, considering a unique optimal flux distribution derived from the maximization of biomass production. However, these approaches do not consider the development of other potentially novel essential functions not directly related to cell growth which forces them to display suboptimal growth rates in nature. Additionally, suboptimal states allow a degree ofplasticityin the metabolism, thus allowing quick shifts between alternative flux distributions as an initial response to environmental changes.In this work, we present a method to explore theabundance-growth spaceas a representation of metabolic flux distributions of a community. This space is defined by the composition of a community, represented by its members’ relative abundance and their growth rate. The analysis of this space allows us to represent the whole set of feasible fluxes without needing a complete description of the solution space unveiling abundance-dependent metabolic phenotypes displayed in a given environment. As an illustration, we consider a community composed of two bioleaching bacteria,Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidansWenelen andSulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidansCutipay, finding that changes in the composition of their available resources significantly affects their metabolic plasticity.IMPORTANCEIn nature, organisms live in communities and not as isolated species. Their interactions provide a source of resilience to environmental disturbances. Despite their importance in ecology, human health, and industry, understanding how organisms interact in different environments remains an open question.In this work, we provide a novel approach which, only using genomics information, studies the metabolic phenotype exhibited by communities, where the exploration of suboptimal growth flux distributions and the composition of a community allows to unveil its capacity to respond to environmental changes, shedding the light of the degree of metabolic plasticity inherent to the community.
A Novel Algorithm to Calculate Elementary Modes: Analysis ofCampylobacter jejuniMetabolism
Authors: Said Yanica , Singh Dipali , Sebu Cristiana , Poolman Mark 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe describe a novel algorithm, ‘LPEM’, that given a steady-state flux vector from a (possibly genome-scale) metabolic model, decomposes that vector into a set of weighted elementary modes such that the sum of these elementary modes is equal to the original flux vector.We apply the algorithm to a genome scale metabolic model of the human pathogenCampylobacter jejuni. This organism is unusual in that it has an absolute growth requirement for oxygen, despite being able to operate the electron transport chain anaerobically.We conclude that 1) Microaerophilly inC. jejunican be explained by the dependence of pyridoxine 5′ -phosphate oxidase for the synthesis of pyridoxal 5′ - phosphate (the biologically active form of vitamin B6), 2) The LPEM algorithm is capable of determining the elementary modes of a linear programming solution describing the simultaneous production of 51 biomass precursors, 3) Elementary modes for the production of individual biomass precursors are significantly more complex when all others are produced simultaneously than those for the same product in isolation and 4) The sum of elementary modes for the production of all precursors in isolation requires a greater number of reactions and overall total flux than the simultaneous production of all precursors.
Systemic orchestration of cell size throughout the body: Influence of sex and rapamycin exposure inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Szlachcic Ewa , Labecka Anna Maria , Privalova Valeriya , Sikorska Anna , Czarnoleski Marcin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAlong with differences in life histories, metazoans have evolved vast differences in cellularity, involving changes in the molecular pathways controlling the cell cycle. The extent to which the signalling network systemically determines cellular composition throughout the body and whether tissue cellularity is organized locally to match tissue-specific functions are unclear. We cultured genetic lines ofDrosophila melanogasteron food with and without rapamycin to manipulate the activity of TOR/insulin pathways and evaluate cell-size changes in five types of adult cells: wing and leg epidermal cells, ommatidial cells, indirect flight muscle cells, and Malpighian tubule epithelial cells. Rapamycin blocks TOR multiprotein complex 1, reducing cell growth, but this effect has been studied in single cell types. As adults, rapamycin-treated flies had smaller bodies and consistently smaller cells in all tissues. Regardless, females eclosed with larger bodies and larger cells in all tissues than males. Thus, differences in TOR activity and sex were associated with the orchestration of cell size throughout the body, leading to differences in body size. We postulate that the activity of TOR/insulin pathways and their effects on cellularity should be considered when investigating the origin of ecological and evolutionary patterns in life histories.
Canary in the Forest? – Tree mortality and canopy dieback of western redcedar linked to drier and warmer summer conditions
Authors: Andrus R.A. , Peach L.R. , Cinquini A.R. , Mills B. , Yusi J.T. , Buhl C. , Fischer M. , Goodrich B.A. , Hulbert J.M. , Holz A. , Meddens A.J.H. , Moffett K.B. , Ramirez A. , Adams H.D. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTTree mortality and partial canopy dieback are increasing in many forest ecosystems from unfavorable climate conditions. Examining how tree growth and mortality are affected by climate variability can help identify proximate causes of tree mortality and canopy dieback. We investigated anomalously high mortality rates and partial canopy dieback of western redcedar (Thuja plicata, WRC), a culturally, ecologically, and economically important species in the Pacific Northwest (USA), using tree-ring methods. We sampled trees in three tree status groups—no canopy dieback, partial canopy dieback, and trees that died (0-30 years ago)—from 11 sites in coastal (maritime climate) and interior (continental climate) populations of WRC trees. In our study, WRC tree mortality was portended by on average 4-5 years of declining radial growth. Warmer and drier climate conditions in May and June that extend the annual July-September dry season reduced radial growth in 9 of 11 sites (1975-2020). Defining drought events as warm, dry May-June climate, we found that WRC trees recovered radial growth to pre-drought rates within three years when post-drought climate conditions were average or cooler and wetter than average. However, radial growth recovery from drought was slower or absent when conditions were warmer and drier during the post-drought recovery period, which appeared to lead to the widespread mortality event across coastal populations. Annually resolved tree mortality in coastal populations predominately occurred in 2017-2018 (80% of sampled trees) and coincided with exceedingly hot temperatures and the longest regionally dry period for May to September (1970-2020). In interior populations, tree mortality was associated with warmer, drier conditions from August to September. Our findings forewarn that a warming climate and more frequent and severe seasonal droughts will likely increase the vulnerability of WRC to canopy dieback and mortality and possibly other drought-sensitive trees in one of the world’s largest carbon sinks.
Sensitive inference of alignment-safe intervals from biodiverse protein sequence clusters using EMERALD
Authors: Grigorjew Andreas , Gynter Artur , Dias Fernando H. C. , Buchfink Benjamin , Drost Hajk-Georg , Tomescu Alexandru I. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSequence alignments are the foundation of life science research, but most innovation focused on optimal alignments, while ignoring information derived from suboptimal solutions. We argue that one optimal alignment per pairwise sequence comparison was a reasonable approximation when dealing with very similar sequences, but is insufficient when exploring the biodiversity of the protein universe at tree-of-life scale. To overcome this limitation, we introduce pairwise alignment-safety to uncover the amino acid positions robustly shared across all suboptimal solutions. We implemented this approach into EMERALD, a dedicated software solution for alignment-safety inference and apply it to 400k sequences from the SwissProt database.