bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A T cell-derived factor stimulating multipotential hemopoietic stem cells: molecular weight and distinction from T cell growth factor and T cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Authors: Schrader J W , Clark-Lewis I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The production of multipotential hemopoietic stem cells (CFUs) in cultures of murine bone marrow cells is supported by medium conditioned by concanavalin A-stimulated T cell hybridoma 123 or spleen cells. We present physiochemical evidence that this activity of these conditioned media, which we have operationally termed CFUs-stimulating activity (CFUs-SA), is due to a new T cell-derived lymphokine. CFUs-SA was shown by gel filtration to reside in a distinct fraction corresponding to a mean apparent m.w. of 29,000, and was distinguishable from T cell growth factor, not only by its lower apparent m.w. but also by chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose. After isoelectric focusing of neuraminidase-treated conditioned medium, CFUs-SA was found between isoelectric points 5 and 8. In this respect, CFUs-SA appeared similar to another factor, P cell-stimulating factor, which stimulates the growth of persisting (P) cells (homogeneous populations of cells resembling mast cells) and that occurred together with CFUs-SA in both the spleen and hybridoma-conditioned media. Isoelectric focusing separated CFUs-SA from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which focused as a single peak with an isoelectric point around 5.0. Thus CFUs-SA is due to a T cell-derived factor that is separable from T cell growth factor and T cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but has similar properties to P cell-stimulating factor.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mediated by T cell lines: process of selection of lines and characterization of the cells.
Authors: Ben-Nun A , Cohen I R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes alternative ways of deriving lines of rat lymphocytes capable of mediating EAE. The cells were demonstrated to bear markers specific for T lymphocytes and to be negative for surface Ig, and for Fc and complement receptors. The line cells were found to proliferate in vitro specifically in response to myelin basic protein (BP) associated with accessory cells syngeneic at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This accessory cell function could not be provided by purified populations of adherent cells from spleen, peritoneal exudates, or bone marrow cultures alone.
Immune complex induced generation of oxygen metabolites by human neutrophils.
Authors: Weiss S J , Ward P A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human neutrophils have been studied for their ability to respond with production of O(2) and H2O2 by human neutrophils contain a 1:2 weight ratio of antigen and antibody (molar ratio of 1.5:1). The metabolic stimulation of leukocytes is a linear function of the total amount of complex used. Complexes containing F(ab')2 are ineffective in stimulating leukocytes to produce O(2) and H2O2. The complexes that maximally stimulate production of O(2) by neutrophils differ from those complexes that are 1) most effective in complement fixation, 2) maximally taken up by neutrophils, and 3) most effective in the induction of enzyme release. These findings suggest that immune complex-induced damage in tissues may reflect the effects of a heterogeneous population of immune complexes.
Genetic regulation of the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). I. H-2 restriction of the murine humoral immune response to the a and d determinants of HBsAg.
Authors: Milich D R , Chisari F V 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection correlation of disease activity with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens has been suggested. However, no data are available regarding the nature and regulation of the immune response to the surface viral protein (HBsAg). This consideration and the current emphasis on production of an HBV vaccine led us to investigate the humoral immune response to HBsAg in inbred strains of mice to assess genetic factors that may regulate the humoral anti-HBs response. Studies with H-2 congenic and noncongenic inbred strains revealed the T-dependent humoral immune responses to the group-specific a and subtype-specific d determinants of HBsAg are regulated by gene(s) mapping to the murine MHC. The H-2q haplotype conferred high responsiveness, the H-2s,f haplotypes conferred low to nonresponsiveness, and the H-2a,b,d,k haplotypes were intermediate. Studies of H-2 recombinant strains allowed tentative mapping of regulation of the anti-a response and possibly the anti-d response to the K/I-A, I-B region of the MHC. The H-2-restricted regulation of the humoral immune response to HBsAg was circumvented by immunization with 10-fold higher HBsAg doses. These findings demonstrate a clear linkage between the murine MHC and the regulation of the immune response to specific determinants on HBsAg.
Identification and characterization of excretory-secretory products of Brugia malayi, adult filarial parasites.
Authors: Kaushal N A , Hussain R , Nash T E , Ottesen E A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although E-S antigens may be particularly important for both the pathogenesis and immunodiagnosis of helminth infections, little is known about the immunochemistry or functional roles in human filarial infections. In the present paper, we have done some initial identification and characterization of E-S products of adult Brugia malayi by employing a combination of sensitive biochemical and immunochemical techniques. E-S products, collected by incubating B. malayi adults in vitro in a defined protein-free medium, were radiolabeled with 125I. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and autoradiography of labeled E-S products revealed 11 protein bands in the m.w. range of 10,000 to 70,000. Comparison of radiolabeled E-S products and adult somatic antigen (B.m.A) in SDS-PAGE indicated many common bands, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis and competitive Staph-A RIA confirmed the presence of most E-S antigens in B.m.A. Of the 11 E-S bands, two appeared to be derived from the surface of the adult worms and microfilariae as shown by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography of lodogen surface-labeled parasites; the presence of two host proteins in E-S was detected by crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis. The E-S antigens were highly immunogenic when tested both with rabbit antiserum raised against B.m.A and with a serum pool of patients with natural filarial infection.
Augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity to serum proteins by vesicular stomatitis virus infection in mice: virus-suppressor cell interactions.
Authors: Katsura Y , Takaoki Y , Minato N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to heterologous serum proteins were investigated in mice. DTH was induced by a subcutaneous injection of antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Infection with VSV at the time of immunization did not affect the level of DTH elicited 3 wk later. Marked augmentation of DTH was observed only when previously immunized mice were infected with VSV simultaneously with restimulation by soluble antigen; either soluble antigen or the virus infection alone was ineffective. The augmentation was specific to the antigen used for the restimulation; in the mouse previously immunized with both bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human alpha-globulin (HGG), DTH to BSA but not to HGG was augmented by injecting soluble BSA and VSV, and vice versa. These results strongly suggest that cells involved in the suppression of DTH manifestation became susceptible to the virus after specific antigenic restimulation and were then eliminated.
Protection of neonatal mice against herpes simplex virus infection: probable in vivo antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Authors: Kohl S , Loo L S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infant mice are extremely susceptible to fatal Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. They are unable to produce antibody to HSV, and their leukocytes cannot mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to HSV-infected cells. In order to avoid H-2-dependent effector mechanisms and instead analyze possible in vivo ADCC, a murine model employing adoptive transfer of antibody and human leukocytes was developed. Administration of either human immune globulin or leukocytes i.p. from HSV immune or nonimmune humans could not protect infant C57BL/6 mice from fatal HSV infection. In contrast, a combination of a subneutralizing dilution of globulin and leukocytes from nonimmune or immune human donors, given one day before inoculation, was highly protective against lethal HSV infection. The cells involved included lymphocytes or monocyte-macrophages. At least 5 X 10(6) viable leukocytes (or 1 X 10(6) monocyte-macrophages) and immune serum globulin concentrations as low as 10(-8) were protective. Infected cell monolayer adsorption and DEAE column fractionation demonstrated that the protection by globulin was due to specific antiviral IgG antibody. Protection was n ot seen in animals receiving virus before immune transfer. Protection did not involve synergistic viral neutralization by antibody and cells, as shown by in vitro experiments. Animals receiving globulin and cells, unlike normal infant mice, had circulating antiviral antibody and peritoneal leukocytes able to mediate ADCC to HSV-infected cells. This is the first in vivo evidence for the role of human ADCC. This model also allows for the in vivo evaluation of the ability of cells from immunocompromised humans to curb viral infection.
Repeated isolation of unique Qa2+ Ia+ clonally derived cell lines from Qa2- mice.
Authors: Rosenson R S , Flaherty L , Levine H , Reinisch C L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Qa2+ tumor cell lines were previously isolated from individual BALB/cBy (Qa2-) splenic lymphomas induced by murine sarcoma virus-murine leukemia virus-Moloney (MSV-MuLV-M). Two clonally derived cell lines, ORA I-a and Thorbly, and one noncloned cell line, BOMS, expressed Qa2, but neither Ly-1 nor Ly-2 were detected. In order to determine whether eight cloned and two noncloned tumor cell lines all represented a unique population of transformed cells, the presence of a series of surface differentiation antigens as studied. In addition to Qa2, each cell line examined expressed IAd, IEd, H-2Kd, H-2Dd, and receptors for C3b and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig). Neither Thy-1.2 nor Ig were detected on the cell surfaces, and cytoplasmic Ig was not precipitated from metabolically radiolabeled and detergent-solubilized cell extracts. However, monocyte specific alpha-napththyl acetate esterase-containing granules were present in all cell lines examined. Therefore, a unique Qa2+ monocytic cell is repeatedly isolated after chronic MSV-MuLV-M infection. Further analysis of these cells may provide insight into both the regulation of Qa2 expression and the interactions between monocytes and lymphocytes during leukemogenesis.
A human myeloma cell line that does not express immunoglobulin but yields a high frequency of antibody-secreting hybridomas.
Authors: Pickering J W , Gelder F B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We selected an 8-azaguanine-resistant variant of a human myeloma cell line (RPMI 8226) by cloning the parental cells on a feeder layer of mouse spleen cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of 8-azaguanine. Culture media and cellfree extracts of both the parental and variant (8226 AR/NIP4-1) cell lines were assayed for production of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains by double immunodiffusion and for lambda-chain by radioimmunoassay. Secretion of free lambda-chain by the parental cell line was confirmed. In contrast, no immunoglobulin heavy or light chains were detected in culture medium of the variant cell line by either immunodiffusion or radioimmunoassay. No intracellular lambda-chain could be detected in the variant cells by radioimmunoassay of cellfree extracts or by immunofluorescence of fixed cells. Hybridomas were produced by fusion of 8226AR/NIP4-1 cells with lymphocytes from a mesenteric lymph node recovered at surgery from a hypertransfused renal transplant recipient. Twenty hybrid culture supernatants were assayed for immunoglobulin by double immunodiffusion, and 15 contained either IgG (lambda) or IgG (kappa). None produced IgM or IgA. An IgG (kappa)-producing hybridoma was shown by immunofluorescence not to express lambda-chain. A second fusion between the variant cell line and spleen cells from a renal transplant patient produced a stable hybridoma secreting IgM (lambda) antibody specific for the I antigen.
A human helper T cell clone secreting both killer helper factor(s) and T cell-replacing factor(s).
Authors: Kaieda T , Okada M , Yoshimura N , Kishimoto S , Yamamura Y , Kishimoto T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A human helper T cell clone (d4), which showed its helper effect on the differentiation of both T and B cells, was established by MLC reaction of normal T cells against a B lymphoblastoid cell line (CESS) followed by cloning in the presence of IL2 and x-irradiated CESS and autologous non-T cells. d4 cells helped the induction of cytotoxic T cells against UV-treated CESS cells. Antigen-stimulated d4 cells secreted helper factor(s) involved in the induction of cytotoxic T cells (killer helper factor(s), KHF), and KHF activity could be separated into two fractions, one with the m.w. of 15,000 to 20,000 and the other with the m.w. of 45,000 to 50,000. The factor with 15,000 to 20,000 m.w. showed IL 2 activity; the other factor showed gamma-interferon activity without IL 2 activity, suggesting that both IL 2 and gamma-interferon exerted KHF activity. d4 cells or their culture supernatant showed helper activity in the induction of IgG in a B cell line (CESS). The helper activity of the supernatant (TRF) was absorbed with CESS cells but not with IL 2-dependent CTLL, whereas KHF activity was absorbed with IL 2-dependent CTLL but not with CESS cells. The results showed that TRF and KHF were distinct molecules and a single helper T cell clone could secrete helper factors for both B and T cells.
Alkaline phosphatase activity as a membrane marker for activated B cells.
Authors: García-Rozas C , Plaza A , Díaz-Espada F , Kreisler M , Martínez-Alonso C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase activity was assayed by a microtiter assay (with p-nitrophenylphosphate used as substrate) in the plasma membrane of mouse spleen cells activated in vitro by the B cell mitogen LPS and the T cell-dependent B cell mitogen, PWM. No activity was detected in spleen cells cultured in the presence of the T cell mitogens PHA and Con A. This alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in the blast-enriched 30 to 40% fraction of discontinuous Percoll gradients in LPS-treated cultures, and the enzymatic activity assayed was susceptible to inhibition by the alkaline phosphatase inhibitors EDTA and L-phenylalanine. These data support the idea that the membrane alkaline phosphatase activity could be used as a marker for activated B cells.
Concanavalin A-induced human lymphocyte mitogenic factor: activity distinct from interleukin 1 and 2.
Authors: Duncan M R , George F W , Hadden J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fresh human mononuclear cells (MNL) cultured in serum-free medium and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) produce a lymphokine functionally similar to the previously described antigen-induced lymphokine human lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF). T lymphocytes appear to be the source of Con A-induced LMF and the presence of adherent monocytes is required for maximal production. The proliferative response to LMF, assayed either as supernatant fluids in the presence of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside or as partially purified 27,000 to 35,000 m.w. fractions from Bio-Gel P-100 columns, indicates LMF is distinct from Con A. LMF acts almost exclusively on B lymphocyte-enriched (E rosette-negative) MNL while exhibiting only minimal activity on T lymphocytes and no activity on monocytes. LMF preparations induce both B cell proliferation and the maturation and proliferation of E rosette-negative T cell progenitors into E rosette-positive cells. Assay of interleukin 1 (IL 1) and interleukin 2 (IL 2) preparations for LMF activity implicate IL 2 as the T cell progenitor stimulating factor. Assay of the proliferation of human IL 2-dependent alloreactive T lymphocyte line/ATLL) indicates that LMF preparations contain IL 2, IL 2 activity, however, is completely removed by absorption of LMF preparations by ATLL cells, whereas LMF activity (B cell proliferation) is unabsorbable, thus distinguishing LMF from IL 2. These absorbed LMF preparations contain no IL 1 activity as assayed by murine thymocyte proliferation, nor does IL 1 have LMF activity. These results indicate that Con A-induced LMF contains a functionally distinct lymphokine with the ability to act as a B cell growth factor.
An epidermal cell-derived cytokine triggers the in vivo synthesis of serum amyloid A by hepatocytes.
Authors: Sztein M B , Luger T A , Oppenheim J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates macrophages to produce a number of closely related soluble mediators, including interleukin 1 (IL 1), endogenous pyrogen (EP), and serum amyloid A (SAA) inducer, which are able to induce hepatocyte production of SAA, an acute-phase reactant. Keratinocytes also produce a soluble mediator, epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF), which is very similar to IL 1. The experiments reported here show that unpurified ETAF-containing preparations, as well as ETAF after chromatography by gel filtration (Sephacryl S-200), anion-exchange on DEAE, phenyl-Sepharose, or isoelectrofocusing, were all able to induce the in vivo production of SAA by hepatocytes. Additionally, ETAF and SAA inducer exhibited the same pattern of temperature sensitivity. These observations add further support to the hypothesis that ETAF, IL 1, EP, and SAA inducer comprise a group of closely related mediators and that nonlymphoid cells can produce mediators that can regulate systemic inflammatory reactions.
Membrane phenotype of the rat cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
Authors: Gilman S C , Rosenberg J S , Feldman J D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined rat cytotoxic T lymphocytes for expression of W3/25, OX8, Ia, Thy-1 antigens, and Fc gamma receptors using an effector cell-target cell conjugate formation assay in conjunction with immunofluorescence techniques. Lymph node, spleen, and peritoneal exudate T cells from Lewis rats immunized with allogeneic BN tumor cells specifically bound to and lysed BN tumor targets and BN blast cells, but did not bind or lyse syngeneic Lewis sarcoma cells, Lewis blast cells, or Lou/M blast cells. The numbers of binding and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were greatest in peritoneal exudate cells of immunized rats, less in spleens, and least in lymph nodes. Seventy to 80% of the lymphocytes bound to tumor targets were OX8+ T lymphocytes; less than 12% expressed W3/25, Ia, Thy-1, or Fc gamma R. Moreover, only OX8+ T cells efficiently lysed the target cells to which they were bound. The membrane phenotype of rat cytotoxic T lymphocytes was: OX8+, W3/25-, Ia-, Thy-1, and Fc gamma R-. Monoclonal OX8 antibody did not inhibit target cell binding or subsequent lysis by effector T cells, and there was no diminution of target cell binding or cytotoxic activity when the OX8 antigen was shed from the cell surface before interaction with target cells. There was no preferential association of OX8 antigen at the interface between the effector and target cell. Thus, OX8 antigen marks a subset of rat T lymphocytes that are cytotoxic but the molecule appears not to play a functional role in the cytotoxic process.
The human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. III. Immune circuits.
Authors: Smolen J S , Chused T M , Novotny E A , Steinberg A D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction represents the proliferative response of T cells to determinants presented on autologous non-T cells. Purified T4+ cells vigorously proliferate in response to stimulation by either (B + null) cells or M phi, whereas purified T8+ cells proliferate very little without a source of help. Such help can be provided by mitomycin C-treated T4+ cells, which indicates that proliferation of T4+ cells is not necessary for the help. M phi suppress the human AMLR, as measured by the response of T cells to stimulation by (B + null) cells. The target of this M phi-induced suppression was found to be the T4+ inducer cell. In contrast to the suppressive effects of M phi on T4+ cells, M phi did not suppress T8+ cells. The available data suggest that the human AMLR is a two-part inducer circuit. One part can be stimulated preferentially by M phi and the other by (B + null) cells; however, M phi prevent activation of the (B + null) cell part of the circuit. These results may provide an explanation for the differential activities of different regulatory circuits without and also with antigenic stimulation.
Acquisition of immune competence by a subset of human cortical thymocytes expressing mature T cell antigens.
Authors: Umiel T , Daley J F , Bhan A K , Levey R H , Schlossman S F , Reinherz E L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies indicated that the human thymus is composed of several discrete compartments. Cortical thymocytes are reactive with a monoclonal antibody, anti-T6 (TL-like) and coexpress antigens defined by antibodies anti-T4 and anti-T8. In contrast, most medullary thymocytes are unreactive with anti-T6, express either T4 or T8 antigens, and more importantly, brightly stain with anti-T3 and anti-T1, which define mature T cell antigens. Only a minor population of cortical thymocytes strongly express T1 and T3 antigens (T1+T3+). In the present study, we characterized this latter subpopulation of brightly staining T1+ cortical thymocytes. Because murine and human cortical thymocytes alone bear receptors for peanut agglutinin (PNA), cortical PNA+ thymocytes were separated from medullary PNA- thymocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and were subsequently fractionated into PNA+T1+ (strongly anti-T1-reactive) and PNA+T1- (unreactive or weakly anti-T1-reactive) populations. The PNA+T1+ cells represented only 10 to 20% of thymic cortical lymphocytes. Whereas the PNA+T1- subset was unresponsive to PHA or alloantigen even in the presence of IL 2, the PNA+T1+ subset gave a brisk response to both stimuli on addition of IL 2. This latter response was similar to that of the PNA-T1+ medullary thymocytes. These results suggest that acquisition of mature T cell antigens is associated with immunocompetence despite a cortical localization.
Size of the transmembrane channels produced by complement proteins C5b-8.
Authors: Ramm L E , Whitlow M B , Mayer M M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been shown previously that erythrocytes can be lysed by complement proteins C5b-8, albeit at a much lower rate than C5b-9. We have now performed kinetic sieving experiments with resealed erythrocyte ghosts using sucrose (0.9 nm molecular diameter) and inulin (3.0 nm molecular diameter) as markers. We found that treatment of the ghosts with C5b-8 released sucrose, but not inulin. Addition of C9 to ghosts carrying C5b-8 dramatically increased the rate of sucrose flux and, in addition, caused release of inulin. Hence, unlike C5b-9 channels, those formed by C5b-8 measure less than 3 nm in diameter. Formation of C5b-8 channels was very slow compared with that of C5b-9 channels. Also, we found that about two-thirds of the C5b-8 ghosts did not have sucrose-releasing channels, but such channels were formed on reaction with C9.