bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Some Herbicides on Growth Indicators of Some Wheat Cultivars and Weight of Companion Weeds
Authors: Hammood Watheq Falhi , Al-Khaldy Rafid Ahmed Abbas , Safi Suhad Mathkoor A. , Al-Azawi Nagham M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An experiment was implemented in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Jadriya during the year 2020-2021. The study aimed to investigate the effect of some herbicides (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) combination and Axial, Weed Free and Weedy, on the companion weeds and growth indicators for three cultivars of wheat (Shame6, Samur, and GRAIME). The experiment was conducted according to a RCBD (in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates), while the cultivars represent the main treatments and herbicide treatments. The results showed the superiority of cultivar GRAIME in the trait of the number of tiller. meters 2 and the flag leaf area (centimeter2), as it recorded averages of 469.90 meters2 and 22.61 centimeter2 respectively. The cultivars did not differ significantly between them in terms of the dry weight of plants. In comparison, the cultivar Samur recorded the highest plant height of 135.12 centimeter and the lowest weed dry weight was 40.44 gram. meters-2, recording the highest inhibition ratio in the weed dry weight amounted to 62.60%. The combination treatment (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) for all traits was superior to the weedy treatment, which recorded the lowest averages, as it recorded 459.9 tiller.meters2, 124.89 centimeter, 22.70 centimeter 2, and 1344 gram. meters -2 for the number of tillers, plant height, flag leaf area, and the dry weight of wheat plants, respectively. Besides, the lowest average weed dry weight was 6.55 gram. meters -2 and the highest inhibition ratio in the weed dry weight was 93.97%, it was close to the results of the weed-free treatment. The treatment of cultivar GRAIME with (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) combination achieved the highest mean for the number of tillers, flag leaf area, and dry weight of wheat plants reaching 515.70 tiller. meters 2 and 25.20 centimeter 2 and 1371.20 gram. meters-2 respectively, In comparison, the lowest weed dry weight was achieved in the treatment of cultivar Samur and Shame6 with the combination of (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) reached 0.00 and 5.80 gram. meters-2 respectively and recorded the highest inhibition ratio of weed dry weight reached 100% and 94.44% respectively.
Genetic and Phenotypic Stability of Chickpea Genotypes Under the Influence of Different Planting Dates
Authors: Al-Qaisi Ahmed Mageed Harosh , Al-Bayati Hussein Ali Hindi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Afield experiment was carried out during the winter agricultural season (2021-2022) A.D in Baiji district within the conditions of Salah al-Din governorate to study the performance of new inputs from Chickpea crop and their source is Icardava in three planting dates, which are 1-11, 11-15 and 30-11-2021 AD. The genetic variance was higher than the environmental for all the studied traits and in the three environmentsThe study and phenotypic variance were high for the trait of total seed yield in three studied environments. The coefficient of genetic variation was high for the trait of total seed yield The Degree of broad sense heritability is high for all the studied traits and in the three environments, while the expected genetic Advance as a percentage of the general average of the trait is high for the two traits of the number of pods per plant and the total seed yield in the first and second environments. The environments and genotypes and their Interaction together according to the stability analysis were high. Significance for all studied traits. The genotype (G2) was more stable in the traits of the total seed yield and the two genotypes (G12 and G15) for the percentage of protein in the studied environments. The phenotypic stability was significant for the G2, G9, and G10 genotypes, and the G14 and G15 genotypes for the protein percentage trait.
Efficiency of Selection in Inducing Genetic-Molecular Variations in Sunflower
Authors: Ibrahim Muayad M. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Selection by the honeycomb is used to obtain high-yielding genotypes from the sunflower, The selection is carried out using several genotypes, as they are grown for more than one season, with a distance of 1.3 m between furrows and 1.5 m between the plants. The selection depends on the area of the sunflower disk. The selected seeds are randomly planted and pollinated in the third season. The seeds resulting from random pollination are sown in a comparative experiment with the original populations and evaluate them at different densities. Selection criteria are based high yield. In addition to studying the molecular indicators of the selected and original genotypes to know the genetic and molecular distance between them in order to choose the appropriate breeding method. Honeycomb selection is expected to improve plants performance for a number of genetic, phenotypic and physiological traits due to the additive gene. Therefore, we suggest adopting the honeycomb selection program to select active strains, whether by using improved varieties or strains to obtain new hybrids that are better than what is produced today through known breeding methods.
Effect of Foliar Nutrition with Brassinolide on Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Several Sesame Cultivars
Authors: Nasser Seif El-Din M. , Sarhan Ismail A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 2022, researchers in the Karma region of Anbar Governorate applied foliar nutrition with brasinolide to four different sesame cultivars to see how it affected their growth. The study followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with a split-plot layout and three replicates. Brassinolide concentrations occupied the main plots (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg L-1), while the cultivars (Sumer, Rafidain, Wadea, Hadd) occupied the sub-plots. The results indicated that the Sumer cultivar recorded the lowest number of days from planting to the beginning of flowering, which amounted to 39.83, it also gave the highest average plant height of 198.17 cm. The cultivar Hadd was superior in the number of branches (6.29 plant-1), the leaf area (7863 cm2 plant-1), and the dry weight of the plant (223.48 gm). Whereas, the Wadea cultivar outperformed in the leaves content of chlorophyll (26.53 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight). The brasinolide concentration of 1.5 mg L-1 recorded the shortest period from planting to the beginning of flowering (38.67 days), plant height (199.17 cm, number of branches 5.08 branch plant-1, leaf area 5619 cm2 plant-1, chlorophyll content (26.93 mg 100 gm-1 fresh weight, and plant dry weight 215.58 gm. There was a significant interaction between the cultivar Sumer and the concentration of 1.5 mg L-1 in the number of days from planting to the beginning of flowering and plant height. Also, there was an interaction between Hadd cultivar and the same concentration in the number of branches, leaf area and dry weight of the plant. While, the cultivar Wadea, it also interacts with the same concentration in the leaf’s chlorophyll content.
Effect of the Growth Regulator Gibberellins and Nano Iron Spraying on the Content of Oils, Phenolic Compounds and Flavonoids in the Roots of Fennel Plant
Authors: Al-Mamouri Rana Rais Arak , Asl Basma A. , Hussien Madeha H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out for the autumn season 2021 in Al-Watifia area - Al-Musauib project / Babylon province, with coordinates (longitude (44°22′ and 44°31′ east) and latitudes (32°32′ and 32°36′ north) and in a loamy soil to study gibberellin and spray Nano iron fertilizer in the roots of the local cultivar Foeniculum vulgare Mill. it used 4 levels of gibberellin growth regulator (0, 50, 100, 150 mgm L-1) with four levels of nano-iron (0, 25, 50, 75 mgm L-1). A factorial experiment was conducted by Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, and the averages of parameters compared with the LSD test of 5%. The results indicated that: The treatment of gibberellin growth regulator at a level of 100 mgm L-1 significantly increasing value of root content of the volatile oil Estagole, Carene and - Pinene α gave highest averages amounted to 318.10, 66.16 and 56.50 mg L-1, respectively. While the treatment of spraying nano iron with a level of (75 mgm L-1) was increased and gave the highest averages of 319.67, 65.26 and 47,53 mgm L-1. In terms of the best interaction treatment between them, the interaction between the two factors (gibberellin at a level of 100 mgm L-1) + Iron sprayed at level of 75 mgm L-1) was increased and it gave the highest averages of the above oily compounds, which were 488.08, 110.25 and 81.60 mgm L-1, respectively.As for the roots’ content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, the concentration of gibberellin (100 mgm L-1) was significantly increase in the roots’ content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds Rutin, Eriocitin, and Quercetin, by giving them the highest averages amounted to 74,68, 64,24, 359,35 mgm L-1, respectively. As for the phenolic compound Ellage acid, it did not differ significantly from the 150 level of gibberellin, as it gave average of 41.97, and the level of 100 mgm L-1 had an average of 41.70, As for iron spray, the level (75 mgm L-1) was increasing the roots’ content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids Rutin, Ellage acid, Eriocitin and Quercetin by giving them the highest averages of 74.24, 44.31, 62.67 and 365.60 mgm L-1, respectively. While the interaction between the two factors (gibberellin at a level of 100 mgm L-1 + iron spray at a level of 75 mgm L-1) gave the highest averages of the above phenolic compounds amounting to 89.17, 52.13, 65.32 and 449.33 mgm L-1, respectively.
The Effect of Infrared Radiation on Stimulation of Mutations in the Housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Al-Hamzah Forat Abd , Al-Ameri Dalal Tareq , Hamzah Abbas Kadhim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This research was designed for the purpose of studying the effect of 5 periods of exposure to infrared radiation (0,5,10,20 and 30) minutes on the product of phenotypic mutations of housefly: musca domestica by calculating the percentage of abnormalities, which included distortions of wings and tentacles, small body size, depreciation rate and rate emergence rate for adults. The results showed that the infrared radiation had significant effects in causing deformations, especially in the period 20 and 30 minutes, while the exposure periods caused clear effects in the larval mortality, where the highest mortality rate reached 72% for the period 30 minutes. While this rate decreased to 15% and 19% for periods 5 and 10 min. respectively, and thus formed significant differences as a compared with the control group, while the lowest percentage of emergence was 18% at period 30, which led to a decrease in rate of adults emerging.
Effect of Some Nematicides on Hatching Eggs and Viability of Second Stage Juveniles of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Ayyash Luay M. , Theer Rashid M. , Saleh Hamood Muhidi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three nematicides, Blue Guard, Garland garlic extract, Nema-kill at two concentrations of 50 and 100ppm in inhibiting egg hatching and killing second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode, M. incognita under laboratory conditions. The results showed the effectiveness of nematicides in inhibiting eggs and killing juveniles with significant differences compared with control treatments. Garland garlic extract 100ppm achieved the highest inhibition rate of 94.4% compared with nematicides, blue guard 100ppm and Nema-kill 100ppm, which amounted to 65.6 and 60.2%, respectively, after 7 days compared with control treatment 4.2%. The results also showed significant differences in the killing of juveniles by the superiority of the Garland garlic extract 100 ppm, which achieved the highest killing rate of juveniles that reached 88.4% compared with treatments of the pesticide, blue guard 100 ppm and Nema-kill 100 ppm, which amounted to 59.2 and 58%, respectively, after 4 days.
Evaluation Effectiveness of Some Insecticides on Stages of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Almolla Waleed Kh. Ali , Alebady Emad Q. Mohammed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The results of a study showed the effect of some insecticides (Indoxacarb, Pymetrozine and Mythoxyfenozide) on stages plodia interpunctella (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) Variation in the average mortality percentages the insect phases for the three insecticides as reached Indoxacarb insecticide 79.67, 50.00, 60.00 and 50.00% respectively as reached Pymetrozine insecticide 55.00, 50.00, 50.00 and 50.00% respectively and Mythoxyfenozide insecticide reached 70.66, 53.33, 40.00 and 60.00% respectively. The results From the results of the statistical analysis, it was found that Indoxacarb insecticide More effective in mortality the stages of the insect on average 59.92% then Mythoxyfenozide reached 56.00% and finally Pymetrozine insecticide reached 51.25%. The results showed that egg stage is more sensitive to the three insecticides than the other stages as reached 68.46, 51.11, 50.00 and 53.33% respectively. The results showed that the average mortality percentages were directly proportional to the increase in the concentrations of the three insecticides.
Effect of Allelopathic Potential of some Plants Root Exudates Concerning Growth and Pathogenicity of some Fungus on Brassica oleracea Varplant
Authors: Hussien Ahmad M. , Abbas Muntaha Sabaa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of allelopathic exudates of five plant species, namely (maize, barley, Sunflower, chard, and mung bean) concerning the release of organic substances exudated from their roots and their effect on the germination and growth of brassica oleracea var plant, as well as their impact on the growth of two isolated fungi, Rhizoctona solani and Pythium ulitmum. According to the laboratory results, chard root exudates had the highest rate of Brassica oleracea var seed germination, reaching 100%, while maize plant exudates had the lowest rate, 23.33%, compared to the control treatment, which was 100%. Sunflower and mung bean plant exudates had germination rates of 50, 43%, respectively, while barley exudates had a germination rate of 90%. Furthermore, the laboratory results also revealed discrepancy in the above-mentioned root exudates regarding the reduction of the diagonal growth of the two fungi, R.solani and P. ulitmum. Obviously, 10-day-old chard root exudates outperformed in reducing the diagonal growth of both fungi, with an average colony diameter of 0.00 cm for P. ulitmum and 1.59 cm for R.solani when compared by the control treatment (water only), which amounted to 9.00 cm. On other hand, Sunflower root exudates had the highest diagonal growth of the two fungi was reaching to 4.86 cm for R.solani and 8.50 cm for P. ulitmum. The chemical analysis of these five plants’ exudates shows that the highest concentration of the terpene compound was obtained by separating this compound from chard root exudates, using HPLC method, which amounted 3.55 55 μg/g. While the least concentration was in the maize treatment, which reached 15 μg/g. Whereas the total phenolic compounds were more concentrated in the root exudates of mung bean, which reached 52.69 μg/g, and the lowest concentration was in the root exudates of Sunflower reaching 7.89 μg/g. With regard to, the ferulic acid compound, the highest rate was observed in the root exudates of mung bean, which amounted to 19.87 μg/g, then, chard control comes in second place in which the concentration reached 10.25 μg/g. while the least concentration of the same compound was in Sunflower root exudates reached 5.69 μg/g. Seemingly, the diversity and variation of concentrations of allopathic compounds exudated from the roots of these plants, which may either negatively or positively affect the germination of Brassica oleracea var plant and the accompanying pathogenic fungi, are considered to be the cause of the varying effect of the understudied plant roots’ metabolites on germination percentages of Brassica oleracea var plant as well as in the reduction of the diagonal growth of the both fungi, R. solani and P. ulitmum.
Effect of Overwintering Time on Survival Adults of Eurygaster testudinaria Geoffroy in Iraq
Authors: Al-Hadrawi Tamkin I. , AllAllah Anwar Jassam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A field study was conducted to determine the effect of overwintering time on the survival adult of Eurygaster testudinaria Geoffroy in Kufa/Najaf Governorate during the season 2019-2020. The results showed there is a difference in the survival rate of females and males according to the time of laying sunn pest in the overwintering site. The results showed the lowest survival rate for adults was in the first and second treatment of placing insects in overwintering site, and the maximum survival period for adults was three months. while the highest survival rate for females and males was 100 and 98% on the fourth treatment after a month of placing insects in overwintering site respectively, then this percentage gradually decreased until reached 77 and 66% at the end of January, respectively. The results also showed that the weight of sunn pest adults differed according to the date of entry the insect into overwintering site. The highest percentage of weight loss for females and males was 2.3,3.94% and 2.26,2.08% in the first and second treatment in May after a month from Putting insects in overwintering site respectively. The lowest percentage of weight loss was0.2 and 0.21% on the fourth treatment after a month of treatment, then this percentage gradually increased reached 3.22% at the end of January for females and 4.36% in December for males.
Integrated Control of White Rot in Eggplant by using Pseudomonas flourescens, Penicillium Commune and Trichoderma asperellum in Iraq
Authors: Al-Karaawi Kadhim Z. K. , Al-Waily Dhia S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The results of isolation and diagnosis of the fungus growing from Sclerotia and isolated from the infected explants showed that the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was isolated. The results of the antagonistic ability test of the biological resistance elements against S.sclerotiorum gave a high antagonistic ability compared to the control treatment. The treatment of P.fluorescens gave the highest percentage of inhibition against the pathogenic fungus, followed by the treatment of P.commune and T.asperellum. The results showed the efficiency of biological resistance elements, including P.fluorescens, T.asperellum and P.commune, either singly or in combination with each other, in reducing the percentage of infection severity with S.sclerotiorum under plastic house conditions and in the greenhouse, where it amounted between 5.55-50 compared to the control treatment (pathogenic fungi alone), which amounted to 94.44% and under field conditions in the greenhouse, which amounted to 5.55-66.66% compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 83.33%. It provided good protection for eggplant, which was positively reflected on all plant growth parameters, in addition to an increase in the cumulative weight of eggplant fruits.
Effect Trichoderma spp on Wheat ( Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Aljboori Qasim H. A. , Babenko Andrey , Gulik Elena , Kurovsky A.V. , Mikhailova Svetlana 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The objective this study were to determine effect of Trichoderma spp and Humic acid 60% on three Varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The study included two factors, first factor was immersion of seeds in Humic acid 60% solution Humic acid 60% + Trichoderma spp150Mg/l, Humic acid 60% + Trichoderma spp 250Mg/l, symbols T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively. The second factor is three varieties of wheat (Iba99, Adina, Dijlla) and the plant variety is represented by V1, V2, V3 respectively. Treatments were Design (RCBD) with three replicates Statistics were evaluated followed by Duncan multiple range test to compare means at P< (0.05). Data presented the use of Humic acid 60% + Trichoderma spp250 Mg/l led to a significant increase in the studied traits as well as the interaction between variables where treatment V2T4 were highest significant increase in plant height, root length and spike length, which reached 95.07 cm plant height, 14.93 cm length Root, spike length is 11.50 cm, while treatment V1T4 were the highest significant increase in leaf reach, reaching 26.80 cm.
Isolation, Identification and Cultivation of Ganoderma spp. and Evaluation of Their Efficiency in Inhibiting Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria tenuissima
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkarem , Saadi Mahmoud Adel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fruit bodies of three Ganoderma isolates coded by Has.AA-6, Has.AA-7 and Has.AA-8 were collected from the trunks of Poplar, Sidr and Apricot trees, respectively, from some districts in Salah al-Din Governorate. It was phenotypically diagnosed to the genus level depending on the shapes, colors and sizes of the fruit bodies as well as the internal tissues and basidiospores. Molecular diagnoses to the species level was carried out depending on the percentage of identical 5.8S rRNA gene sequences with strains of fungi in the World Genetic Bank at the NCBI. Ganoderma isolates identified as G. applanatum Has.AA-6, G. lucidum Has.AA-7 and G. resinaceum Has.AA-8, and recorded in the World Genetic Bank at the NCBI under the accession number ON834523.1, ON834541.1 and ON834527.1, respectively. The results of cultivation of Ganoderma spp. showed a superiority of the biological efficiency of the corn cobs supplemented with wheat bran, which were 27.73, 31.27, 31.64 and 32.07%, compared to unsupplemented this medium, as the biological efficiency reached 26.18, 26.67, 27.21, 27.22, and 27.22% for G. lucidum, G. applanatum, G. resinaceum and G. resinaceum 1049 respectively. The role of the filtrate, mycelium biomass and fruit bodies of Ganoderma spp. against the pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum and A. tenuissima was studied, the results showed that the extracts of all Ganoderma spp. have a significant superiority in inhibiting the growth of both pathogenic fungi compared to the control treatment, the alcoholic extract of G. resinaceum fruit bodies recorded the highest inhibition of the F. oxysporum and A. tenuissima in which the colonies diameters reached 3.21 and 2.4cm, respectively, while G. lucidum gave the lowest colony diameter of F. oxysporum and A. tenuissima, which reached 2.61 and 2.25 cm, respectively, compared to with a diameter of 8.5 cm for colonies of both pathogenic fungi in the control.
Isolation and Diagnosis of Fungi Found in the Water and Beach of Sawa Lake
Authors: jassim Sofia Jabbar , Nuaimy Ahmed Ayad Al , Makki Alyaa Adnan , Al-Waeli Hassan Abbas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In a study conducted to isolate and diagnose the fungi found in the waters and beach of Sawa Lake, it was found a number of fungi (Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger and Trichothecium roseum), which had the ability to grow in PDA culture medium. It had a different frequency of appearance, it was highest in Aspergillus niger with a percentage of 32.42%, followed by the Trichothecium roseum and Fusarium solani with percentages of 25.22% and 13.24%, respectively. As for measuring the level of pathogenicity of fungal isolates on radish seeds, it was found the Trichothecium roseum gave the highest rate of inhibition of seed germination reached 90%, while Aspergillus niger gave an inhibition rate of 80% and Fusarium solani gave 60% inhibition rate of radish seed germination. The antagonistic susceptibility was also tested between fungal and six bacterial isolates using the toxic medium method, most of which were inhibiting the growth of fungi due to their production of many compounds that hindered the growth of fungi, including hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, sidrophore and IAA.