bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of IgE-Induced Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit. Lack of Correlation between the Intravascular Release of Histamine and Anaphylactic Sensitivity
Authors: Halonen Marilyn , Pinckard R. Neal , Meng Aniko L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of viable adult peritoneal exudate cells together with soluble bovine serum albumin (BSA) to newborn rabbits facilitated the subsequent development of anaphylactic sensitivity to BSA. In contrast, the administration of killed peritoneal exudate cells to littermates of the above rabbits did not result in the development of anaphylactic sensitivity. Both groups of rabbits had statistically similar incidences of detectable anti-BSA IgE antibody immediately before anaphylactic challenge on day 91, and no other class of anti-BSA antibody was detectable. Anaphylactic positive and negative rabbits were compared for differences in IgE-induced intravascular changes that occurred after anaphylactic challenge. Although substantial decreases in total blood histamine, basophils, and platelets were observed 1 hr after anaphylactic challenge, no statistical differences between the two groups were noted. These data indicate that the phenotypic expression of IgE-induced anaphylactic sensitivity in the rabbit is dependent upon factors in addition to those controlling the circulating levels of free and basophil-bound IgE antibody.
Pulmonary Host Defenses
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Thompson Russell E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody responses in serum and the lower respiratory tract of rabbits immunized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. After parenteral immunization, IgG agglutinative antibody was present in bronchial secretions, which was probably derived from the intravascular pool of IgG by diffusion into respiratory fluids. After intranasal vaccination, antibody activity was detected in both secretory IgA and the IgG fractions of bronchial secretions; it was considered possible that locally synthesized IgG antibody was elicited. Immune secretory IgA had an inhibitory effect on the growth of lag phase Pseudomonas organisms in addition to its agglutinative activity, both of which were specific for the immunizing serotype. IgG and bronchial secretions did not have this inhibitory effect. IgM and complement components were noticeably absent from bronchial secretions which would indicate that the immune milieu of normal lungs is quite different from that of serum.
Protection Against Enteric Bacterial Infection by Secretory IgA Antibodies
Authors: Fubara Ernest S. , Freter Rolf 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper elaborates and extends earlier reports from this laboratory on the mechanisms by which coproantibodies protect against enteric bacterial infection. Purified antibody preparations obtained from the lumen of the intestine of orally vaccinated germfree mice, containing very small amounts of S-IgA but no other serologically active immunoglobulins, were found to protect mice against experimental enteric cholera infection. This protection was associated with a reduction in that fraction of the total vibrio population which was adsorbed to the mucosa. Total counts of intestinal vibrio populations were not affected. The mechanism of this process was investigated by using metabolic inhibitors in experimental infections of intestinal loops of rabbits. Iodoacetate reversed the antibody-mediated shift of the vibrio population away from association with the mucosa. This suggests that the mucosal cell may furnish some accessory factor which, in conjunction with antibody, results in an antibacterial mechanism on the mucosal surface. Iodoacetate had no effect on total vibrio population and adsorption of vibrios in nonimmunized intestinal loops. Consequently, a direct effect of iodoacetate on the vibrios, rather than on the mucosal cells, is a less likely explanation for the observed effects.
Absence of Rosette-Forming Cells in Delayed Hypersensitive Agammaglobulinemic Chickens
Authors: Theis G. A. , Weinbaum F. I. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity was produced by immunization with sheep erythrocytes (SE) in adjuvants in bursectomized and normal chickens and the numbers of rosette-forming cells (RFC) in the spleen were determined. It was found that RFC occurred only in animals with τ 0.1% of normal serum γ-globulin levels and that an increase over background was seen primarily after intravenous immunization with SE in such animals. RFC were not killed by specific rabbit anti-chicken thymus sera but were eliminated by treatment with anti-bursa or anti-chicken Ig sera in the presence of C. Incubation of cells with anti-Ig at 4°C also inhibited 100% of RFC. It was concluded that none of the RFC in the chicken are of thymic origin.
Immunity to Chlamydial Infections of the Eye
Authors: Watson Ronald R. , MacDonald A. Bruce , Murray Edward S. , Modabber Farrokh Z. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, a chlamydial infection of the eye, induced systemic, delayed hypersensitivity as measured by skin testing and by the macrophage-migration inhibition (MI) assay. Four to 6 days after infection positive skin reactions marked the onset of delayed hypersensitivity. Skin reactions were larger and more positive from days 11 through 83 post-infection; smaller and less positive reactions were observed on days 350 to 850. The results of the MI assay correlated well with skin tests. Circulating and eye secretion antibodies appeared by day 11 and were still present in low titers by day 850. These results indicate that the ocular, chlamydial infection induced long lasting, systemic responses in the circulating, secretory, and cell-mediated immune systems. The role of cell-mediated immunity in resistance to chlamydial reinfection of the eye is discussed.
T Cell Deficiency in Mouse Allogeneic Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Urso Paul , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For obtaining direct evidence of cellular defects in immunologically deficient chimeras, spleen adherent (A) and nonadherent (T and B) cells, were cultured in vitro with sheep erythrocytes and the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was determined. Chimera A cells cultured with normal host or donor T and B cells produced normal levels of PFC. The response of chimera T and B cells cultured with normal A cells was considerably lower than that of normal host or donor cells. The response of spleen T and B cells from the allogeneic combination (BALB/c × DBA/2)F1 bone marrow → (C3H × C57BL)F1 was enhanced by thymus cells from rats, normal hosts, and various mouse strains including parental BABL/c (donor) mice but not by cells from normal donors and parental DBA/2 (donor) mice. Bone marrow cells were also ineffective. In the allogeneic combination (C3H × C57BL)F1 → (BALB/c × DBA/2)F1 host thymus again was effective but not donor thymus. Thymus cells from chimeras did not improve the response of either allogeneic combination. Chimera T and B cells cultured with normal host or donor T and B cells severely inhibited the response of host cells but only slightly affected donor cells. Thus, the T cell population is defective in allogeneic chimeras while A cells behave normally and B cells are present and functional in the spleen. Improvement of the response by genetically incompatible (to donor-type chimera cells) thymus cells suggests an allogeneic effect which may be enhanced by the sensitivity of chimera cells to host antigens. The contrasting influences of host, donor, and parental (donor) thymus cells in reconstitution of immune competence indicates that nonspecific and specific factors are operating in inducing immunologic deficiency in chimeras.
Characteristics of a Cytotoxin (“Lymphotoxin”) Produced by Stimulation of Human Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Peter James B. , Stratton Joan A. , Stempel Kerstin E. , Yu David , Cardin Claire 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulated lymphocytes derived from human peripheral blood, tonsils, adenoids and thoracic duct lymph elaborate a cytotoxic activity (cytotoxin, lymphotoxin) which causes release of 14C-protein or 51Cr from prelabeled L cells or HeLa cells. Mouse mastocytoma and Ewing's sarcoma cells, as well as red blood cells and lymphocytes of several species, are not susceptible to the cytotoxin and none of the cells tested, including L cells, absorb or inactivate the cytotoxin. Inhibition of L cell proliferation by mitomycin C or colchicine does not alter susceptibility to cytotoxin but cytotoxin-induced release of 51Cr is increased by irradiation of L cells.
The kinetics of action of cytotoxin are complicated by a lag phase which is temperature sensitive as opposed to the rate of 51Cr release itself which is similar at different temperatures after the lag phase is completed.
Characteristics of the cytotoxic activity, including its heat lability, inhibition by certain drugs, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, molecular size, and polydisperse chromatographic pattern, are similar regardless of the lymphocyte source. Most of the cytotoxic activity induced by stimulation with purified phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and purified protein derivative tuberculin (PPD) is precipitated at 37% to 50% (NH4)2SO4 saturation. The cytotoxin elaborated by PPD stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes is significantly more heat labile than that induced by mitogen.
A variety of putative substrates for the cytotoxin do not inhibit its action. Serum of some normal rabbits contains a potent inhibitor.
Enumeration and Analysis of Antibody-Forming Cell Precursors in the Neonatal Mouse
Authors: Press Joan L. , Klinman Norman R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of antibody-forming cell precursors (B cells) obtained during murine development to participate in the splenic focus response to a hapten-protein conjugate was determined by the technique of adoptive cell transfer to irradiated, syngeneic, carrier-primed recipient mice. Spleen fragments from recipients of fetal liver, fetal spleen, or neonatal spleen cells produced anti-hapten antibody when exposed in in vitro primary organ culture to dinitrophenylated hemocyanin (DNP-Hy). The number of antibody-producing fragments (splenic foci) obtained was linearly related to the number of nucleated spleen cells injected, and did not vary significantly for neonatal spleen cell populations obtained during the 1st week of postnatal life. Although neonatal foci released less antibody than that reported for adult foci (1), the dose dependence of antigenic stimulation is comparable for both neonatal and adult primary precursor cells, implying comparable mechanisms for antigenic recognition and stimulation. The frequency of precursor cells in the neonatal spleen for the haptenic determinant DNP is only slightly lower than the reported frequency (1) of adult precursor cells of the same specificity. This finding is discussed in terms of the relevance of antigenic selection to the generation of diversity.
Separation of Lymphocytes from Disaggregated Mouse Malignant Neoplasms by Sedimentation in Gradients of Ficoll in Tissue Culture Medium
Authors: Zettergren Judy G. , Luberoff Douglas E. , Pretlow Thomas G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is reported for separating lymphocytes from solid tumors. After the sequential use of columns of glass beads, velocity (isokinetic) sedimentation, and isopycnic sedimentation, lymphocytes were obtained in 76.3 to 96.8% purity from disaggregated tumors. When isopycnic sedimentation was omitted, lymphocytes were obtained in 58.4 to 95.1% purity.
Characterization and Antibody-Binding Capacity of Streptococcal Group a Carbohydrate Haptens
Authors: Shulman Stanford T. , Ayoub Elia M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tritium-labeled group A streptococcal carbohydrate haptens have been prepared by incubation of acid hydrolysates of group A carbohydrate with 3H-borohydride. Isolation of hapten was achieved by column and thin layer chromatography. These procedures yielded an antigenically univalent hapten, “α hapten,” with an estimated molecular weight of 1100 daltons and a rhamnose: glucosamine molar ratio of 6:1. The α hapten inhibited the binding of A-carbohydrate with homologous antiserum. Comparative antibody-binding studies were performed with group A streptococcal rabbit antibody preparations by using the α hapten and a synthetic 3H-p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetylglucosamine (3H-pNøNAG) hapten. These studies demonstrate that average association constants (K0) obtained with the α hapten are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the K0 determined with 3H-pNøNAG. Significantly less nonspecific binding was observed with the α hapten. Binding studies with the α hapten enabled the determination of K0 for a number of antibody preparations which failed to evidence specific binding with 3H-pNøNAG. The availability of the α hapten makes more feasible the reliable determination of K0 for antibody prepared under various conditions.
Reconstitution of T Cell-Depleted Spleen Cell Populations by Factors Derived from T Cells
Authors: Gorczynski R. M. , Miller R. G. , Phillips R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Initiation of an in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) requires the production of a nonspecific soluble mediator which is present in the culture supernatants of antigen-stimulated thymus-derived (T) cells. This factor was shown to act early in the immune response and probably directly affects bone marrow derived (B) cells. However, the stimulation of the PFC response caused by the factor depends upon the presence of some intact T cells. These T cells can still function after 1300 rads of ionizing radiation. The factor does not simply cause proliferation of small numbers of surviving T cells, and is exhausted from the medium when cultures of B cells with the active supernatant are stimulated with antigen.
Further evidence for two functions for T cells during the antibody response in culture has been obtained by studying the ability of cultures of B and A cells to respond when the two T cell functions are provided sequentially. For example, if B cells are preincubated in vitro for 24 hr with an active supernatant, they can give subsequent PFC responses either in vivo or in vitro when mixed with irradiated normal (unprimed) T cells. Investigation of the need for intact T cells has shown that this requirement, unlike the nonspecific factor, represents an antigen-specific function for T cells. This specificity has been demonstrated with irradiated T cells from mice tolerant to SRBC. In the presence of the active supernatant and a suitable B cell source these irradiated T cells can reconstitute the response to horse erythrocytes but not SRBC.
Reversibility of the Immunodepression Due to Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
Authors: Mocarelli Paolo , Villa Maria Luisa , Garotta Gianni , Porta Carla , Bigi Giuseppe , Clerici Enrico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Earlier studies from our laboratory indicated that mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC)2 produce far fewer plaque-forming cells (PFC) after immunization with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) than do normal animals. The immunodepression develops shortly after a low dose of EAC, before wasting, and does not result from lymphocyte depletion of peripheral organs, as ascertained by cytometric and histologic studies (1, 2).
The failure to produce PFC may be due to lymphocyte malfunction or to some other mechanism such as antigen processing in tumorbearing animals.
In the present study we demonstrate that thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, and spleen cells from tumor-bearing and normal donors, transferred to x-irradiated syngeneic mice, produce the same numbers of PFC to SRBC.
Materials and Methods. Animals. C57BL inbred mice, 8 to 12 weeks old, were used.
Tumor. Inocula of 107 cells of a half-diploid and half-tetraploid strain of EAC were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into prospective donors of thymus, bone marrow and spleen cells (3).
Production of Functional T Cells after Treatment of Bone Marrow with Thymic Factor
Authors: Miller Harold C. , Schmiege Susan K. , Rule Allyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incubation of bone marrow cells with thymic factor obtained from bovine thymus tissue resulted in the development of cells with T lymphocyte-like function. Adoptive transfer of these cells into lethally irradiated syngeneic mice followed by antigen stimulation with sheep erythrocytes provided a system for testing the ability of the thymic factor-treated cells to induce B cells to become antibody-forming cells. The former were capable of substituting for thymocytes since antibody-forming cells were detected in the recipient spleens upon assay for hemolytic plaques 9 days after transplantation. Limiting dilution experiments in which graded numbers of thymic factor-treated marrow cells were transferred along with a nonrestricted supply of normal bone marrow cells and antigen indicated that the critical number of thymic factor-treated marrow cells needed to synergize with B cells in the production of an anti-SRBC response was contained in 3 × 105 marrow cells. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the thymic factor-treated cells and thymus-derived T cells are discussed.
Effect of Cortisone Therapy on Serum Complement Components
Authors: Atkinson John P. , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Male guinea pigs weighing 300 to 400 g were given a daily subcutaneous injection of 5, 20 or 100 mg/kg body weight of cortisone acetate. Measurement of serum cortisol demonstrated sustained blood levels proportional to the dose. All nine components of the classical complement pathway were measured by functional assay. At 5 mg/kg/day significant (p &lt; 0.05) changes noted were a 20 and 51% elevation of the CH50 and C1 titers, respectively. C4, C2, and C3–9 complex were higher than saline treated controls but these increases were not statistically significant. High dose glucocorticoid therapy produced a marked depression in the titer of a number of components. At 20 mg/kg/day C4 and C8 titers were most strongly affected although all components except C1 and C9 were at least 15% lower than controls. At 100 mg/kg the titers of all components except C1 and C9 were markedly depressed. During the first 2 weeks of therapy there was a progressive fall in complement followed by stabilization at these lower levels. On discontinuation of therapy 2 weeks were required before the levels of these components returned to normal. Albumin and globulin levels, hematocrit, spleen size, and percentage of weight gain were unaltered by cortisone therapy. There was no effect on hemolytic complement levels by adding hydrocortisone in vitro to guinea pig serum in comparable doses to those obtained in vivo. Thus, altered catabolic and/or synthetic rates are responsible for the cortisone-induced changes in serum complement.
Effect of Locally Administered Endotoxin on Regenerating Appendix Structure and Responses of Appendix Cells to Mitogens
Authors: Blythman Hildur E. , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In adult rabbits subjected to appendicostomy and sublethal irradiation, there was almost total destruction of appendix follicle lymphocytes with relative preservation of appendix domes and thymus-dependent areas (TDA). Regeneration of follicles was very incomplete during a 21-day period of observation. Daily instillation of endotoxin (LPS) or of killed Escherichia coli into the appendix over a 7-day period or longer failed to enhance follicle regeneration but gave rise instead, to an obvious and marked stimulation of macrophages, which replaced the follicle lymphocyte population entirely in most rabbits. The response of appendix cells in culture to PHA was parallel to the relative proportion of cells in the TDA, as established histologically, and was therefore exaggerated in the instances where follicle macrophages were stimulated and follicle lymphocytes depressed.
This experimental situation (regeneration after x-ray) differs from the normal developmental pattern of the appendix in young rabbits because of the presence of a large preexisting population of macrophages, responsive to LPS stimulation from the lumen and capable of overwhelming normal lymphocytic function.
Lymphocyte Phytohemagglutinin Responsiveness, Immunoglobulins and Autoantibodies in Aging Humans
Authors: Hallgren H. M. , Buckley C. E. , Gilbertsen V. A. , Yunis E. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes declines in aged humans. Older humans exhibit a rise in the incidence of autoantibodies. The incidence of autoantibodies becomes significantly greater among older subjects over 80 years of age and is most significant in humans with low lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin responses. Serum levels of IgG and IgA were increased in subjects surviving beyond the 7th decade. Correlations could not be detected between serum immunoglobulin levels, titers of individual autoantibodies and the lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. These observations suggest that hyperglobulinemia, impaired lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin responsiveness, and increased frequency of autoantibodies are characteristic of surviving older humans and represent associated events in the natural history of human life.
Synthesis of IgG, IgA, IgM by Chicken Tissues: Immunofluorescent and 14C Amino Acid Incorporation Studies
Authors: Bienenstock John , Gauldie Jack , Perey D. Y. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chicken tissues have been studied with immunofluorescent techniques to establish the distribution and relative numbers of cells stained specifically with anti-α, -µ, and -γ antisera. In the gut, IgA predominated; most numbers of IgA cells were found in the duodenum, and less further down the intestinal tract. The cecal tonsil contained mostly IgG, followed by IgM cells. Only a few IgA cells were seen in the cecal tonsil. The spleen showed a similar distribution of immunoglobulins. No positive cells were seen in either crop or Peyer's patches. 14C-labeled amino acid incorporation into IgA, IgM, and IgG was also studied by in vitro organ culture techniques and radioimmunoelectrophoresis. These results confirmed the immunofluorescent studies. The thymus showed labeling of IgG but not IgA. Bursa incorporated label into IgG and IgM only. The Harderian gland, an exocrine gland of unknown function in the orbit, showed synthesis primarily of IgG and IgM.
Antigen-Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Osborne David P. , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Employing the model of highly specific hapten-carrier conjugate-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in primed mouse spleen cells, we have investigated the role of various cell populations in generating this response. The depletion of adherent cells results in no loss of cell viability and no decrease in dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-induced replication. After depletion of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes with anti-ϑ serum and complement, the response of DNP-KLH-primed spleen cells to DNP-KLH was reduced by 66%. On the other hand, a population of DNP-KLH-primed spleen cells depleted of immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes by treatment with rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies and complement developed a response to DNP-KLH only 59% of that seen with normal cells. These findings indicate that DNP-KLH antigen-induced DNA synthesis is a mixed cell response, with replication occurring largely in the B lymphocyte population. T lymphocytes also form a portion of the replicating pool and may be more crucially required for a triggering step in the antigen-induced DNA synthetic response in the mouse. The cellular components of KLH and DNP-d-GL-induced DNA synthesis in normal and DNP-KLH-primed mouse spleen cells were also investigated in detail.