bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic Properties of Mouse Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Hays Esther Fincher 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The studies comprising this report show that lymphoma cells from AKR mice with spontaneously occurring disease as well as those with primary disease induced by virus have specific antigenicity. Evidence, albeit indirect, is presented to support the concept that the tumor antigens are related to specific change in antigenic properties of the cell rather than to the presence of leukemogeneic virus at the cell surface. AKR mice immunized with C3H lymphoma cells were found not to develop cytotoxicity or transplantation resistance to syngeneic cells, indicating that a state of immunologic tolerance to the lymphoma antigen is present in this high lymphoma incidence strain.
Serum Factors and the Reticuloendothelial Uptake of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Koenig M. Glenn , Melly M. Ann , Goodman Jay S. , Rogers David E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Utilizing isolated perfused rabbit livers and rabbit serum, the following conclusions were made concerning the serum requirements for hepatic removal of both wild type and encapsulated staphylococci: Normal serum enhanced the hepatic removal of both wild type and encapsulated staphylococci.Both heat stable and heat labile serum factors were involved in this enhancement.The heat stable factor could be partially removed from normal serum by absorption with both wild type and encapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus but not by a coagulase-negative strain.As in phagocytic systems utilizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the encapsulated staphylococci appeared more resistant to phagocytosis and their hepatic removal was greatly enhanced by specific immune serum.Serum from animals immunized with wild type staphylococci consistently improved hepatic removal of wild type strains over that observed with normal serum only when heat labile factors were absent from such sera.The reticuloendothelial removal of staphylococci and the phagocytosis of staphylococci by polymorphonuclear leukocytes both appear to be serum-dependent host defense mechanisms.
Reversed Type Allergic Skin Reactions by Anti-γE-Globulin Antibodies in Humans and Monkeys
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The rabbit and guinea pig antisera specific for human γE-globulin induced erythema-wheal reactions in normal human individuals and increased permeability of monkey skin capillaries, whereas the antibodies specific for other immunoglobulins did not. The minimum dose of rabbit anti-γE-antibody to induce the skin reactions in both species was 10-6 to 10-5 µg N. The activity of the anti-γE sera was removed by absorption of the antiserum with γE-globulin. The results indicate that the skin reactions by anti-γE-antibodies are reversed type allergic reactions, and that both normal human subjects and monkeys have γE-globulin on the skin sites which are sensitized by human reaginic antibodies upon passive sensitization. A normal monkey serum and a chromatographic fraction of this serum neutralized the skin reactivity of the anti-γE serum in the monkey, indicating that monkey serum contains “γE-globulin,” which has similar antigenic structure and physicochemical properties to human γE-globulin.
On the Nature of Cryoglobulins
Authors: Zinneman Horace H. , Levi Donald , Seal Ulysses S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The cryoglobulins of two patients were studied. Each of the two cryoprecipitates consisted of two components. The first one, from the serum of a patient with “idiopathic cryoglobulinemia,” was composed of a 19 S and a 7 S component. Immunologic studies suggest that the 19 S component was an antibody to IgG, which had become abnormal and antigenic by the loss of sialic acid but retained its antigenic IgG determinants. The altered solubility, which renders the combination of these two globulins a cryoprecipitate, may also be the consequence of the absence of sialic acid from the 7 S component.
The second cryoglobulin was obtained from a patient with multiple myeloma. The cryoprecipitate was composed of a 7 S and a 3.5 S, but the 3.5 S composed of a 7 S and a 3.5 S, but the 3.5 S component constituted a cryoglobulin by itself. The 3.5 S also appeared in the urine of the patient, where it also had the qualities of a cryoglobulin. This 3.5 S cryoglobulin was a κ-type light chain by antigenic properties and chemical constituents with the possible exception of cystine.
The Effect of Salt-Induced Aggregation on the Gel Filtration of Chicken 7 S Antibodies
Authors: Van Orden Dianna E. , Treffers Henry P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A chicken antiserum obtained on the 8th day after immunization has been shown to have the immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of γG and a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 S in 0.35 M formic acid. In 0.87% NaCl, the antibody was eluted from a Biogel P 200 gel filtration column as a protein of approximately 150,000 MW; in contrast, in 5.8% NaCl, the antibody was aggregated, and the bulk of antibody activity was excluded from the gel. This aggregation was confirmed by quantitative immunodiffusion in agar containing 8% NaCl: a D20,w = 2.3 × 10-7 cm2/sec was obtained for the antibody. From this diffusion coefficient and the value of 13 S reported for the sedimentation coefficient in 8% NaCl, a MW of 540,000 is calculated for the aggregated antibody.
The Demonstration in Human Serum of “Conglutinogen-Activating Factor” and its Effect on the Third Component of Complement
Authors: Lachmann Peter J. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
It has been found that the intermediate complex EAC′1a,4,2a,3, if built-up with purified complement components, fails to react with bovine conglutinin. The participation of a further serum factor, distinct from the hitherto described complement components, is required for the reactivity toward conglutinin to be acquired. To this factor the name conglutinogen-activating factor (or KAF) has been provisionally given. KAF has been partially purified from human serum and has been found to be a β-globulin with a molecular weight of approximately 100,000. It appears to be present in serum in very small quantities. KAF reacts specifically with bound C′3 and no other complement components are necessary for the reaction to occur. The nature of the reaction on bound C′3 is unclear, but it seems more likely that KAF produces some change, possibly enzymatically, in the bound C′3 molecule than that KAF is bound stoichiometrically on the alexinated complex. Besides activating the conglutinogen, KAF makes bound C′3 very much more sensitive to enzymatic attack.
An Effect of Maintenance in Tissue Culture on Spleen Cells Transferred from Antigen-Injected Donors to Syngeneic Mice
Authors: Sher Stephanie E. , Harris T. N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Spleen cells from primed mice incubated with antigen in vitro for transfer to syngeneic mice showed a 4-day interval between cell-transfer and the appearance of antibody at a given threshold level in the recipient's serum, whether the cells were transferred directly or maintained in culture for periods of 1 to 4 days prior to transfer. When spleen cells from antigen-injected donors were transferred directly, the lag period in the recipients varied, being less than 4 days by the number of days between injection of antigen into the donor and collection of its spleen cells (the “donor interval”). However, when such cells were cultured in vitro before transfer, the lag period was constant relative to the time of transfer, 4 days, regardless of the donor interval. It appeared that the progress made in the donors' tissues toward the synthesis of antibody was nullified in tissue culture, so that no matter how many days of the total expected lag period had passed in the donor, the process began anew after in vitro culture and required 4 more days in the recipients' tissues.
The minimum time in culture required for the production of this effect was between 12 and 24 hr. The occurrence of the effect was not constant; the serum or serum fraction used in the medium was a factor.
Where this effect occurred, the cultured cells produced less antibody than control suspensions when the donor interval was 2 days, or longer, whereas no such difference was found with a 1-day donor interval or when the cells had been incubated with antigen in vitro. It is suggested that under the present conditions of tissue culture the processes of maturation or cell division by which antibody-producing cells are produced from their precursors could not occur in culture, as they can in the tissues of the donor or the recipient, and that cells already involved in antibody formation died in tissue culture, so that the processes of maturation or cell division necessarily began again in the recipient animal.
Complementarity of Heavy and Light Chains from Antibodies of the Same Specificity Derived from Different Rabbits
Authors: Zappacosta Serafino , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The specific activity of heavy chains derived from anti-DNP antibody of an individual rabbit was in general enhanced upon combination with light chains of the same specificity from a different rabbit. The activities of such recombinants could not be accounted for on the basis of additivity of binding capacities of the individual chains. This indicates that there are structural similarities, related to specificity, among the light chains of anti-DNP antibodies synthesized in different animals. In agreement with previous work, maximal activity of recombinants was observed when the chains were derived from the same animals.
Synthesis of the First Component of Guinea Pig Complement by Columnar Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Gordon James M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The hemolytic plaque assay has been adapted to the study of synthesis of C′1 by individual cells. With this method we found that in the guinea pig the only cells capable of producing plaques due to hemolytic C′1 were the columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine. The production of hemolytic plaques was inhibited by puromycin. None of the other cell types studied were capable of producing hemolytic plaques.
Immunosuppression during Acute Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Osborn June E. , Blazkovec Andrew A. , Walker Duard L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Murine cytomegalovirus was found to exert a suppressive effect on several components of the primary immune response during acute sublethal infection of 4-week-old mice. Neutralizing antibody against MCMV was delayed in appearance, with only minimal titers as late as 14 days after infection. Primary response to i.p. sheep erythrocytes was profoundly suppressed when antigen was administered during the acute stage of MCMV infection. This suppression affected both serum hemagglutinin levels and 19 S and 7 S hemolytic antibody-forming spleen cells. No splenic cell destruction or deletion could be detected at the dosage of virus used. Maximum suppression of hemolytic plaque formation correlated with peak viral concentration in the spleens of these mice; in the case of serum hemagglutinin, suppression persisted well beyond the time when MCMV had been effectively eliminated from the spleen. Evidence was also obtained to show that delay in processing of antigen could not fully account for the immunosuppression. Thus a nonlethal virus-induced alteration in immune cell competence is postulated. This change may relate antibody and interferon production, inasmuch as both functions are suppressed over the same interval in acute MCMV infection.
Sequence of Events in Mice Early in Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Matangkasombut Pornchai , Seastone C. V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By removing the spleens from stimulated mice at intervals and transferring them to γ-irradiated recipients, it was possible to follow the kinetics of the response to immunizing and paralyzing doses of type I pneumococcal polysaccharide (SI). A linear relationship was established between the degree of adoptive immunity and the logarithm of the number of primed cells transferred. Transient appearance of primed cells was demonstrated in mice developing immunologic paralysis; these cells could no longer be demonstrated 5 days after antigenic stimulation. Cell proliferation appeared to be required. A transient response to a very small immunizing dose similar to that following a paralyzing dose was demonstrated; unresponsiveness was not produced by this amount of SI. Immune suppression was demonstrated when mitomycin C was given prior to the administration of sheep red blood cells or SI.
Transfer of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin in the Guinea Pig by γG2 from Immunized Donors
Authors: Pick Edgar , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera of guinea pigs that had been immunized with tubercle bacilli and had been challenged by intracardiac injection of OT 4 hr before death were effective in transferring cutaneous hypersensitivity to neutral recipient guinea pigs. The mediator was a γG2-immunoglobulin. The lesions that developed in recipients after intradermal injection of OT were considered to be the result of an antigen-antibody interaction of an Arthus or of cutaneous anaphylaxis type, rather than those of delyed hypersensitivity. The conclusion was based on the following observations: peak reactions occurred between 12 and 18 hr after skin testing; the histology was not characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity; positive transfers by serum factors could not be accomplished when delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-BGG was produced in donors; and PPD was incapable of eliciting a positive skin response in recipient guinea pigs that yielded positive test with OT.
The Role of Monobasic Aliphatic Fatty Acids in Immune Agglutination of Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Smith J. Kelly 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Even numbered unesterified fatty acids of chain length 10 carbons and greater are capable of increasing significantly the agglutination titers of hyperimmune rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum. They do so in a manner which is dependent upon the binding properties of the erythrocyte and upon the concentration of the fatty acid, the antibody and inhibitor substances such as albumin. In general, the longer the chain length and the greater the degree of unsaturation, the more effective the fatty acid is in enhancing agglutination. The evidence indicates that it is the detergent properties of the acids that enable them to bind effectively to the erythrocyte and to produce agglutination by reducing the repulsive forces between the cells. Although it is clear that unesterified fatty acids are adsorbed to sheep erythrocytes during the normal course of sensitition, under most conditions their influence on hemagglutination can be expected to be minimized by the effects of dilution, competitive binding, and by the occurence of antibody dependent maximum agglutination. The possibility that these observations may have some in vivo significance is discussed.
Enhancement of Phagocytosis of Group a Streptococci by Antibody Fragments Derived from Rabbit Immunoglobulin by Pepsin Digestion
Authors: Perkins John C. , Hahn Jerome J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
F(ab′)2 and Fab′ fragments of rabbit IgG antibody were prepared by peptic digestion and purified by exclusion chromatography. The bivalent and univalent antibody fragments were shown to retain the ability to enhance the phagocytosis of homologous, virulent group A streptococci in the presence of fresh, heparinized, normal human blood.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with γG Antibodies
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Anaphylactic release of histamine from mouse mast cells passively sensitized by purified homologous anti-hapten antibodies was demonstrated. The reaction was critically dependent on the Ag-Ab proportions used for sensitization and challenge and could be provoked by addition of freshly prepared Ag-Ab complexes. No fixation of the antibodies to the cells prior to the Ag-Ab reactions could be demonstrated. The release of histamine was complete 2 min after challenge.
A New Method for the Enumeration of Single Antibody-Producing Cells
Authors: Diener E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new method is described for the enumeration of single cells producing antibody against a pure protein preparation from Salmonella adelaide flagella. Cells with adherent bacteria, cultured in nutrient agar, give rise to bacteria adherence colonies which can be counted under low power magnification. The method discloses an extremely low level of background of 0.03 adherence colonies/106 spleen cells. Critical tests have affirmed that adherence colonies are due to cells actually taking part in the immune response. Since the method is based on an antigen known to be highly immunogenic and capable of evoking secondary responses as well as tolerance under defined circumstances, all major phenomena of immunity can be studied at the cellular level.
Quantitation of Immunoglobulins and L-Chains by Complement Fixation Tests
Authors: Barnett Eugene V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Specific antisera to H chains of γG-, γA- and γM-immunoglobulins and to κ and λ light chains were used to quantitate the respective antigens by the sensitive complement fixation technique. Antigens were detectable and were quantitated in hypo-γ-globulinemic fluids, eluates from sensitized red blood cells, saliva, tears and cerebrospinal fluids. Two peaks of complement fixation were obtained with some specimens of tears. It was suggested that this was due to the presence of both serum and secretory γA-immunoglobulins in tears. The quantitation of immunoglobulins and L-chains by complement fixation tests appears to be both sensitive and reproducible.
The Response of Cultured Human Thymus Cells to Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Claman Henry N. , Brunstetter Frank H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Studies of human thymus cells in short-term (3 to 91 hr) tissue cultures have shown the stimulation produced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). This has been demonstrated by increased uptake of isotopically labeled DNA, RNA and protein precursors measured by autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. The appearance of “blast cells” after culture with PHA has been shown by electron microscopy. There was wide variability from the one thymus cell preparation to another with regard to the dose of PHA and the concentration of cells per culture required for maximal isotope uptake. Thymus cells from older patients appeared to respond better to PHA than did thymus cells from younger patients. A comparison of cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes with cultures of human thymus cells indicates that at least some thymus cell preparations respond to PHA as well as do peripheral blood leukocyte preparations.
Direct Immunofluorescent Tissue Culture Assay for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) infection has been under investigation in several laboratories (1–5). Although LCM virus may be grown in tissue culture, no cytopathic effect has been substantiated (3, 6, 7). Hitherto the sole means of assaying for LCM virus has been by mouse titration tests. This assay is limited most noticeably by the number of animals used and time required to observe an effect.
The report of immunofluorescent staining in the study of LCM virus infection (3, 4, 6) suggested that a fluorescent assay system could be devised. This communication reports a direct immunofluorescent tissue culture assay for LCM virus.
Materials and Methods. LCM virus. NIH 7022 strain of LCM virus (mouse brain passage) was obtained from Dr. Wallace P. Rowe, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.
Mice. Weanling non-inbred Swiss Webster mice were obtained from a local breeder. Latent LCM infections were not detected in these mice.
Communications
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Pinchuck Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although it has been reported previously that strain 13 guinea pigs cannot react immunogenically against lysine-containing polymers and polypeptidyl proteins (1–5), reinvestigation of this problem has indicated a major disagreement with these results.
Guinea pigs of inbred strain 13 weighing 300 to 400 g were obtained from the closed colony at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and from the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Missoula, Montana. They were immunized with random polymers of α-l-amino acids incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant. Additional studies employed the polymers of α-d-amino acids aggregated with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). The basic protocol was the same as that employed previously (6, 7). Animals were injected twice, at intervals of 2 weeks, with 100 µg of the polymer plus adjuvant. Three weeks after the second injection the animals were bled from the retroorbital sinus and were skintested with 100 µg of the specific polymer.
Equine Antibodies to Human γG-Globulin
Authors: Johnston Sarah L. , Allen Peter Z. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Successive bleedings were obtained from a single horse during the course of immunization with human γG-globulin. Each antiserum was separated into γ1- and γ2-antibody fractions by a procedure involving salt fractionation followed by sequential anion and cation exchange chromatography. Isolated γ1-antibody fractions from each bleeding gave a flocculating type quantitative precipitin curve while isolated γ2-antibody fractions gave the conventional type precipitin curve. Solubilities of specific precipitates obtained with γ1 and γ2 fractions were estimated from the slopes of volume dependence curves and specific solubilities of 2 to 3 and 14 to 18 µg total N/ml were found for γ2 and γ1 specific precipitates, respectively.
Specific precipitates solubilized by excess antigen were examined with antisera to equine serum components. Each solubilized γ2 specific precipitate was shown to contain γGa- and/or γGb-globulins. Solubilized specific precipitates prepared from isolated γ1 fractions of each bleeding were shown to contain at least four components. Two components could be identified as IgG(T) and IgG immunoglobulins while a third component having a mobility between that of γ2- and γ1-globulin and a fourth with γ1 mobility were not identified and remain to be classified.
Preparation of Fluorescent Antibody Reagents Monospecific to Heavy Chains of Human Immunoglobulin
Authors: Takahashi M. , Yagi Y. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Fluorochrome-conjugated antibody reagents monospecific to γ-, α- or µ-heavy chains of human immunoglobulin were prepared from goat antisera by the extensive use of solid immunoadsorbents for the specific purification of desired antibodies and for the removal of other antibodies.