bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How biofilm changes our understanding of cleaning and disinfection
Authors: Maillard Jean-Yves , Centeleghe Isabella 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBiofilms are ubiquitous in healthcare settings. By nature, biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobials and are associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Resistance of biofilm to antimicrobials is multifactorial with the presence of a matrix composed of extracellular polymeric substances and eDNA, being a major contributing factor. The usual multispecies composition of environmental biofilms can also impact on antimicrobial efficacy. In healthcare settings, two main types of biofilms are present: hydrated biofilms, for example, in drains and parts of some medical devices and equipment, and environmental dry biofilms (DSB) on surfaces and possibly in medical devices. Biofilms act as a reservoir for pathogens including multi-drug resistant organisms and their elimination requires different approaches. The control of hydrated (drain) biofilms should be informed by a reduction or elimination of microbial bioburden together with measuring biofilm regrowth time. The control of DSB should be measured by a combination of a reduction or elimination in microbial bioburden on surfaces together with a decrease in bacterial transfer post-intervention. Failure to control biofilms increases the risk for HAI, but biofilms are not solely responsible for disinfection failure or shortcoming. The limited number of standardised biofilm efficacy tests is a hindrance for end users and manufacturers, whilst in Europe there are no approved standard protocols. Education of stakeholders about biofilms and ad hoc efficacy tests, often academic in nature, is thus paramount, to achieve a better control of biofilms in healthcare settings.
Positron emission tomography imaging of the sodium iodide symporter senses real-time energy stress in vivo
Authors: Dzien Piotr , Mackintosh Agata , Malviya Gaurav , Johnson Emma , Soloviev Dmitry , Brown Gavin , Uribe Alejandro Huerta , Nixon Colin , Lyons Scott K. , Maddocks Oliver , Blyth Karen , Lewis David Y. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Tissue environment is critical in determining tumour metabolic vulnerability. However, in vivo drug testing is slow and waiting for tumour growth delay may not be the most appropriate endpoint for metabolic treatments. An in vivo method for measuring energy stress would rapidly determine tumour targeting in a physiologically relevant environment. The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is an imaging reporter gene whose protein product co-transports sodium and iodide, and positron emission tomography (PET) radiolabelled anions into the cell. Here, we show that PET imaging of NIS-mediated radiotracer uptake can rapidly visualise tumour energy stress within minutes following in vivo treatment.

Methods
We modified HEK293T human embryonic kidney cells, and A549 and H358 lung cancer cells to express transgenic NIS. Next, we subjected these cells and implanted tumours to drugs known to induce metabolic stress to observe the impact on NIS activity and energy charge. We used [18F]tetrafluoroborate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to non-invasively image NIS activity in vivo.

Results
NIS activity was ablated by treating HEK293T cells in vitro, with the Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor digoxin, confirming that radiotracer uptake was dependent on the sodium–potassium concentration gradient. NIS-mediated radiotracer uptake was significantly reduced (− 58.2%) following disruptions to ATP re-synthesis by combined glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation inhibition in HEK293T cells and by oxidative phosphorylation inhibition (− 16.6%) in A549 cells in vitro. PET signal was significantly decreased (− 56.5%) within 90 min from the onset of treatment with IACS-010759, an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, in subcutaneous transgenic A549 tumours in vivo, showing that NIS could rapidly and sensitively detect energy stress non-invasively, before more widespread changes to phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase, phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase, and GLUT1 were detectable.

Conclusions
NIS acts as a rapid metabolic sensor for drugs that lead to ATP depletion. PET imaging of NIS could facilitate in vivo testing of treatments targeting energetic pathways, determine drug potency, and expedite metabolic drug development.
Sea surface temperature clustering and prediction in the Pacific Ocean based on isometric feature mapping analysis
Authors: Tseng John Chien-Han , Tsai Bo-An , Chung Kaoshen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIsometric feature mapping (ISOMAP) is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method and closely reflects the actual nonlinear distance by the view of tracing along the local linearity in the original nonlinear structure. Thus, the first leading 20 principal components (PCs) of low-dimensional space can reveal the characteristics of real structures and be utilized for clustering. In this study, a k-means algorithm was used to diagnose SST clustering based on ISOMAP. Warm and cold El Niño–Southern Oscillation events were subdivided into Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific types, and a two-dimensional cluster map was used to depict the relationship. The leading low-dimensional PCs of ISOMAP were considered as the orthogonal basis, and their trajectories demonstrated meaningful patterns that could be learned by machine learning algorithms. Predictions of SST in the Pacific Ocean were performed using support vector regression (SVR) and feedforward neural network (NN) models based on the low-dimensional PCs of ISOMAP. The forecast skills, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), were comparable to those of current numerical models.
Delineation of shallow volcanic structures from audio-frequency magnetotelluric data beneath Ulleung Island, East Sea (Sea of Japan)
Authors: Hong Jinpyo , Kim Kiyeon , Oh Seokhoon , Kwon Hyoung-Seok , Choi Sung Hi , Park Sun-Cheon 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAs volcanoes are closely related to the living environment of humans, in particular via natural hazards and geothermal energy, scientific studies on volcanic edifice structures are required. Ulleung Island is a Quaternary volcanic island located in the mid-western East Sea (Sea of Japan). In this study, we conducted an audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) survey to image the substructure of the Ulleung volcanic edifice. In addition, the electrical structure was interpreted from the geothermal system perspective, geochemical compositions of volcanic rocks, and the possibility of the presence of a magma reservoir. AMT data were obtained from 25 stations and processed using the remote reference technique. Then, the three-dimensional (3-D) approach was reasonably adopted according to dimensionality analysis. Before conducting the 3-D inversion, the effects on topography and ocean were analyzed using a simplified 3-D synthetic model, because Ulleung Island is surrounded by sea and the topography is undulating. Most AMT stations on Ulleung Island are distorted by topographical and oceanic effects; in particular, oceanic effects are significant at frequencies lower than 10 Hz. The 3-D inversion was conducted with full impedance components and vertical magnetic transfer functions in a frequency range of 10,000–1 Hz. The results show that the Ulleung volcanic edifice is characterized by two layers of electrical structures as follows: near-surface resistive anomalies and an underlying conductive layer. Considering the high geothermal gradient on Ulleung Island, we suggest that the conductive layer of the volcanic edifice is due to hydrothermal alteration of basaltic rocks, with a potential heat source underneath. Based on the geochemical characteristics of the Ulleung volcanic rocks, the possibility of heat transfer from a trachytic magma reservoir within the shallow crustal is suggested. In summary, this study presents a geological interpretation of shallow volcanic structures beneath Ulleung Island and the possibility of an active magma reservoir as a potential heat source for the volcanic edifice.
Graphical Abstract
Evolution of neurodegeneration in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus: a monocentric follow up study
Authors: Klemke Leonard L. , Müller-Schmitz Katharina , Kolman Aschwin , Seitz Rüdiger J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to examine in patients with idiopathic and neurodegenerative normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) if motor and cognitive performance as well as changes in biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evolve differently.

Methods
41 patients with a typical clinical and MR-/CT-morphological presentation of NPH divided into an Alzheimer-negative (AD–, n = 25) and an Alzheimer-positive (AD+, n = 16) group according to neurodegenerative biomarkers (S100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, β-amyloid 1–42, Tau protein, phospho-Tau, protein-level and CSF pressure) in CSF. Follow-up of cognitive and gait functions before and after a spinal tap of 40–50 ml CSF of up to 49 months. Clinical, motor, neuropsychological and CSF biomarkers were analyzed using a repeated multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc testing.

Results
Gait and neuropsychological performance and CSF biomarkers evolved differently between the AD− and AD+ patients. In particular, the AD+ patients benefited from the spinal tap regarding short-term memory. In contrast, gait parameters worsened over time in the AD+ patients, although they showed a relevant improvement after the first tap.

Conclusions
The results substantiate the recently reported association between a tap-responsive NPH and CSF changes of Alzheimer disease. Furthermore, they suggest that the AD changes in CSF manifest in an age-related fashion in AD− patients presenting with NPH.
The effect of preemptive gabapentin and pregabalin on postoperative pain of septoplasty with and without turbinoplasty: a randomized triple-blind controlled clinical trial
Authors: Abbasi Rohollah , Hashemian Farnaz , Ahmadi Mohammad Saeed , Jahanshahi Javaneh , Khoshraftar Ebrahim , Karimian Amin , Moradi Abbas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Septoplasty is a painful process. Nowadays, opioids and non-opioids are used to control patients’ pain, which has different efficacy and consequences. We aimed to assess the effect of preemptive gabapentin and pregabalin on postoperative pain of septoplasty with and without turbinoplasty.

Methods
This randomized triple-blind controlled clinical trial was performed on patients over 18 years who were candidates for elective septoplasty in Besat Hospital of Hamadan. In this study, 102 patients were randomly assigned to three equal groups, including pregabalin, gabapentin, and placebo. The pain score (VAS scale), analgesic use, and complications were assessed at the second, sixth, and 16th hours after surgery.

Results
Results showed that the mean pain score in the control group was higher than pregabalin and gabapentin at all times after surgery (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the pregabalin and gabapentin groups (P = 0.729). At the second and sixth hours after surgery, the amount of analgesic used in the control group was significantly higher than pregabalin and gabapentin (P < 0.001). But there was no significant difference between pregabalin and gabapentin groups regarding the used analgesics. Also, at 6 h after surgery, the incidence of complications in the control group was significantly higher than in the pregabalin group (P = 0.006), but there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the gabapentin group.

Conclusions
Administering gabapentin or pregabalin, 1 h before surgery in patients undergoing septoplasty with or without turbinoplasty, can reduce postoperative pain and complications. Therefore, it is recommended to administer 300 mg oral pregabalin or 600 mg oral gabapentin 1 h before surgery to reduce pain after septoplasty.

Trial registration
Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT2015112024852N2. Registered on August 28, 2016—retrospectively registered, https://www.irct.ir/trial/20897.
The physiological consequences of a very large natural meal in a voracious marine fish, the staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus)
Authors: Wood Chris M. , Wang Jun , Jung Ellen H. , Pelster Bernd 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Little information exists on physiological consequences when wild fish eat natural food. Staghorn sculpins at 10–13°C voluntarily consumed 15.8% of their body mass in anchovies. Gastric clearance was slow with &gt;60% of the meal retained in the stomach at 48 h, and was not complete until 84 h. At 14–24 h post-feeding, pH was depressed by 3 units and Cl− concentration was elevated 2-fold in gastric chyme, reflecting HCl secretion, while in all sections of the intestine, pH declined by 1 pH unit but Cl− concentration remained unchanged. PCO2 and total ammonia concentration were greatly elevated throughout the tract, whereas PNH3 and HCO3− concentration were depressed. Intestinal HCO3− secretion rates, measured in gut sacs in vitro, were also lower in fed fish. Whole-animal O2 consumption rate was elevated approximately 2-fold for 72 h post-feeding, reflecting ‘specific dynamic action’, whereas ammonia and urea-N excretion rates were elevated about 5-fold. Arterial blood exhibited a modest ‘alkaline tide’ for about 48 h, but there was negligible excretion of metabolic base to the external seawater. PaCO2 and PaO2 remained unchanged. Plasma total amino acid concentration and total lipid concentration were elevated about 1.5-fold for at least 48 h, whereas small increases in plasma total ammonia concentration, PNH3 and urea-N concentration were quickly attenuated. Plasma glucose concentration remained unchanged. We conclude that despite the very large meal, slow processing with high efficiency minimizes internal physiological disturbances. This differs greatly from the picture provided by previous studies on aquacultured species using synthetic diets and/or force-feeding. Questions remain about the role of the gastro-intestinal microbiome in nitrogen and acid–base metabolism.
Efficacy of lung boost device on pulmonary function and chest expansion in pleural effusion patient: a randomized control trial protocol
Authors: Zunzunwala Saurabh , Vardhan Dr Vishnu 
Published: September 2023

Background: The respiratory system is consisting of alveoli, bronchioles, pleura etc. The pleura is the name for the layer of tissue that is thin covers every lung and folds to the back side and creates border of the cavity of chest. Pleural effusion medically is termed for an accumulation of fluid above the required amount in the pleural space. Firstly, while evaluating the subjects with effusion of pleura is to determine if it is an exudate or a transudate. The factors that are pathophysiological may be clinically significant and play role in differentiating trait of effusion of pleura -transudate vs. exudates-include oncotic pressure that is low, increase in pressure of pulmonary capillary, increased permeability, obstruction of lymphatic system, and lowered pressure between pleura. Aim: To find the efficacy of the lung boost device on pulmonary functions and chest expansion in pleural effusion patient. Methods: A total of 70 of participants with pleural effusion would be taken in the study and they are separated in two groups 35 participants in single group. Group A would be having lung boost device and group B would be treated with Conventional Physiotherapy program which will be included in both the groups. Treatment will last for two weeks with six sessions a week. Pre- and post-intervention pulmonary function test and chest expansion would be found out and would be sent for the analysis. Expected results: The results of the study are expected to prove lung boost device is more effective than conventional physiotherapy. So that it can help in increasing expansion of chest and function of pulmonary system of patients with effusion of pleura.
Randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of metacognitive interventions on planning skills in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with mixed symptom presentation. Pilot trial design
Authors: Kajka Natalia , Kulik Agnieszka 
Published: September 2023

Cel pracyCelem pilotażowego badania eksperymentalnego była ocena wpływu 25 interwencji metapoznawczych na umiejętność planowania u dzieci z ADHD.MetodaW eksperymencie uczestniczyło 45 dzieci z ADHD o typie mieszanym, w wieku 7-12 lat (M = 10,41; SD = 1,42), wraz z rodzicem. Dzieci zostały losowo przydzielone do jednej z trzech grup, określających rodzaj zastosowanej techniki metakognitywnej w treningu: grupa Mapa Myśli, grupa Notatka Rysunkowa, grupa kontrolna. Następnie brały udział w 25 tematycznych treningach.
Pomiar był wykonywany na początku i na końcu treningów za pomocą narzędzi: Kwestionariusz Conners 3, Test Mapy Parku.WynikiStwierdzono istotne różnice w nasileniu średnich wyników dla zmiennej planowanie między pierwszym a drugim pomiarem (M1 = 6,13; SD1 = 0,35; M2 = 5,67; SD2 = 0,82) w grupie kontrolnej oraz nieistotne różnice w natężeniu średnich wyników dla tej zmiennej w grupach Mapa Myśli i Notatka Rysunkowa. Wynik uzyskany w zakresie siły efektu dla wyniku istotnego jest wysoki (rc = 0,53).WnioskiU dzieci, które nie uczestniczyły w treningu, wynik uległ pogorszeniu, a w grupach eksperymentalnych wyniki były bez zmian.
Partitioning the Expected Value of Countermeasures with an Application to Terrorism
Authors: John Richard S. , Dillon Robin L. , Burns William J. , Scurich Nicholas 
Published: September 2023

Benefit–cost analyses are critical to support U.S. agencies’ programmatic decision making. These analyses are particularly challenging when one of the benefits is adversary deterrence. This paper presents a framework for calculating the value of deterrence related to countermeasures implemented to mitigate an attack by an adaptive adversary. We offer an approach for partitioning the benefit of countermeasures into three components: (1) threat reduction (deterrence), (2) vulnerability reduction, and (3) consequence mitigation. The benefit of a countermeasure is measured by the expected value of countermeasure implementation (EVCI) attributable to a specific countermeasure. It is based on the concept of expected value of imperfect control, defined as the difference in the expected values of alternatives with and without countermeasures. The EVCI represents all the benefits of implementing the countermeasure and is derived from three sources: (1) changes in attack probability (threat reduction from deterrence), (2) changes in detection probability (vulnerability reduction), and (3) changes in the distribution of attack outcomes (consequence mitigation). We partition the EVCI and estimate the portion attributable to each of these three sources to quantify the unique benefit of each. We provide two applications of the partitioning methodology using examples from the published literature that examine countermeasures designed to protect commercial aircraft against man-portable air defense systems. The proposed framework provides an approach for explicitly accounting separately for deterrence, vulnerability reduction, and consequence mitigation in benefit–cost analyses. It provides quantifiable insights into how countermeasures reduce terrorism risk. Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under [Grant Award 22STESE00001-02-00]. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This award was made to Northeastern University and the University of Southern California is a sub-awardee. This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant 2027296] awarded to Decision Research.
How well do we assess the adequacy of bending films in scoliosis?
Authors: Lim Kevin B. L. , Lee Nicole K. L. , Yeo Beatrice S. , Lim Victoria M. M. , Ng Stacy W. L. , Mishra Neeraj 
Published: September 2023

AimsTo determine whether side-bending films in scoliosis are assessed for adequacy in clinical practice; and to introduce a novel method for doing so.MethodsSix surgeons and eight radiographers were invited to participate in four online surveys. The generic survey comprised erect and left and right bending radiographs of eight individuals with scoliosis, with an average age of 14.6 years. Respondents were asked to indicate whether each bending film was optimal (adequate) or suboptimal. In the first survey, they were also asked if they currently assessed the adequacy of bending films. A similar second survey was sent out two weeks later, using the same eight cases but in a different order. In the third survey, a guide for assessing bending film adequacy was attached along with the radiographs to introduce the novel T1-45B method, in which the upper endplate of T1 must tilt ≥ 45° from baseline for the study to be considered optimal. A fourth and final survey was subsequently conducted for confirmation.ResultsOverall, 12 (86%) of 14 respondents did not use any criteria to assess the bending film adequacy; the remaining two each described a different invalidated method. In total, 12 (86%) of the respondents felt T1-45B was easy to learn and apply. There was fair to substantial intra-rater reliability (k = 0.25 to 0.88) which improved to fair to almost perfect (k = 0.38 to 0.88) post-introduction of the guide. Inter-rater reliability varied considerably among the rater groups but similarly increased following introduction of the guide (kS1 = 0.19 to 0.34, kS2 = 0.33 to 0.43 vs kS3 = 0.49 to 0.5, kS4 = 0.35 to 0.43).ConclusionMany surgeons and radiographers do not assess spinal bending films for adequacy. We propose that the change in the plane of the upper endplate of T1 on side-bending can be used in this evaluation. In the T1-45B method, a change of ≥ 45° on side bending qualifies as an adequate bend effort.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(9):689–695.
Assessment of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the Central Region of Somalia: A 3-year retrospective study
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed Abdelrahman , Ali Omer Abdikarin , Osman Aamir Muse , Abatcha Mustapha Goni , Ahmed Abdirahman Abdirizak , Ali Ali Mohamed , Dirie Abdifatah Ahmed , de Oliveira Celso José Bruno , Osman Abdinasir Yusuf , Wang Shu-Hua , Vieira Rafael F. C. 
Published: September 2023

Background
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a public health emergency and a threat globally. Although increasing MDR-TB cases have been recently reported in Somalia, limited information is known. This study aims to determine the prevalence of drug-susceptible and MDR-TB in suspected patients referred to the TB Department in Mudug Hospital, Galkayo, Somalia, and identify potential factors associated with MDR-TB.

Methods
A 3-year hospital laboratory-based retrospective study was conducted by manually reviewing laboratory records of Mycobacterium tuberculosis specimens and GeneXpert MTB/RIF results from January 2019 to December 2021 at the reference mycobacteria laboratory department in Mudug Hospital.

Results
A total of 714 positive GeneXpert-MTB results were identified: 619 (86.7%) were drug susceptible (no Rifampin resistance [RR] detected) and 95 (13.3%) with RR detected or defined as MDR-TB. Most of the MDR-TB patients were males (71.6%, 68/95) and between the ages of 15 to 24 (31.6%, 30/95). Most isolates were collected in 2021 (43.2%, 41/95). Multivariate analyses show no significant difference between patients having MDR-TB and/or drug-susceptible TB for all variables.

Conclusion
This study showed an alarming frequency of MDR-TB cases among M. tuberculosis-positive patients at a regional TB reference laboratory in central Somalia.