bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Blood Groups among the American Indians
Authors: Nigg Clara 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The percentage occurrence of the four Landsteiner blood groups in two series of full-blooded Indians is as follows: First series, comprising 316 Indians of many tribes: group I 70.89 per cent, group II 27.21 per cent, group III 1.58 per cent, group IV 0.32 per cent. Second series, comprising 457 Indians of the Navajo tribe only: group I 72.65 per cent, group II 26.91 per cent, group III 0.22 per cent, group IV 0.22 per cent. Because of the unusually high percentage of group I, both the corpuscular and serum isoagglutination elements were studied and were found to conform to those of true group I bloods.
Studies on the Dick Test and Agglutination Reaction in a Series of University Students
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Baumgartner Leona 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Out of a series of 176 volunteers, 44 gave quite definite histories of scarlet fever. Twenty-five per cent of those giving a history of scarlet fever gave positive Dick tests. It was noted that approximately half of the positives were obtained from individuals reporting having had severe cases with complications. Thirty-three and three tenths per cent of those giving a negative history of scarlet fever gave positive Dick tests. In comparing the skin reactions with agglutination reactions using a polyvalent streptococcus antigen it was observed that of the 55 individuals in all groups giving a positive skin test only 14.5 per cent possessed agglutinins as compared to 25.5 per cent of the 121 giving negative Dick tests. Among those giving no history of scarlet fever, 5 out of 44 or 11.3 per cent of those giving positive Dick tests also possessed agglutinins for Streptococcus scarlatinae, whereas 23 out of 88 or 26.1 per cent of those giving negative skin tests, possessed agglutinins for what is regarded by many as the etiological factor. Our results apparently add further evidence pointing to the streptococcus etiology of scarlet fever. They also suggest, however, the need of further work on the skin test and its correlation with immunity to scarlet fever.
The Effect on the Dick Test of Retesting with Strong (1:50) Toxin
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusion
The results when closely studied seem to suggest that in addition to any toxin-antitoxin mechanism there is also a local tissue mechanism that plays a rôle in these skin reactions.
Attention is called to the clinical effect of the intradermal injection into susceptible individuals of 0.1 cc. of 1:50 toxin.
Absorption experiments with human red cells apparently increased the toxicity of the toxin.
Induction of Systemic Delayed Hypersensitivity During Experimental Viral Infection of the Respiratory Tract with a Myxovirus or Paramyxovirus
Authors: Wetherbee Roger E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Development of systemic delayed hypersensitivity was demonstrated in inbred strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs experimentally infected with influenza A/Hong Kong/1968(H3N2) virus or parainfluenza 3 virus. Groups of seronegative guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally with live influenza A virus or parainfluenza 3 virus, or ether-inactivated parainfluenza 3 virus, and nasal washings, sera, and suspensions of peritoneal exudate cells were collected at varying intervals. Animals receiving the live virus suspensions shed virus for 6 to 8 days, developed significant rises in serum neutralizing antibody titers, and demonstrated systemic delayed hypersensitivity 6 or 7 days after inoculation, which persisted 25 days after inoculation. The group inoculated with ether-inactivated parainfluenza 3 virus failed to shed virus or manifest a systemic delayed hypersensitivity response although one animal had a rise in serum antibody titer.
The development of the delayed hypersensitivity correlates in time with the cessation of virus shedding and the appearance of circulating antibody. However, the role of delayed hypersensitivity in resolution of respiratory viral infections remains to be defined.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Hussain Rabia , Bradbury Susan M. , Strejan Gill 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An Ascaris suum allergen was obtained in purified form by a combined procedure employing Sephadex gel filtration and polyvinyl chloride block electrophoresis. The purity of the allergen (Asc-1) was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, sedimentation pattern in the ultracentrifuge and isoelectric focussing. The molecular weight of Asc-1 ranged from 17,000 (as determined by sedimentation equilibrium) to 19,000 (as determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration) and the sedimentation coefficient was 1.8S. The allergen was negatively charged (pI = 4.8 to 5), contained 8.6% reducing sugars and dissociated into subunits of equal molecular weight in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amino acid analysis showed high glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and lysine content, and absence of half-cystine, methionine, and amino sugars. The allergen stimulated the production of reaginic (Hc) antibodies in Bordetella pertussis-treated rats, and as little as 10-8 to 10-9 µg of Asc-1 elicited positive P-K reactions in rats passively sensitized with rat anti-Ascaris reaginic sera.
Immunologic Release of Histamine and Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis from Human Lung
Authors: Tauber Alfred I. , Kaliner Michael , Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of prostaglandins to suppress the IgE-dependent antigen-induced release of histamine from human lung tissue requires concentrations which increase tissue levels of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and involves a receptor distinct from that utilized by beta adrenergic agents. The inhibition of histamine release and concomitant rise of cyclic AMP in response to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) occurs in a dose response fashion, reaching a peak within 1 min and persisting for at least 60 min. That the supression of mediator release from the subpopulation of target cells by the prostaglandins is related to elevations in total tissue cyclic AMP is supported by the kinetic relationship of the two events, the augmentation of both events in the presence of a methylxanthine, and the finding that the relative potency of isoproterenol, norepinephrine, PGE1 and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) to inhibit mediator release is in accord with their relative capacity to elevate cyclic AMP. The finding that low doses of prostaglandins enhance mediator release while reducing tissue levels of cyclic AMP reveals that these agents could profoundly modulate the immunologic release of chemical mediators.
C3 Destruction in Serum by Zymosan: Dependency on the Early Components of C and Hageman Factor
Authors: Gigli I. , Koethe S. , Austen K. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incubation of zymosan with whole human serum yields a pattern of C utilization characterized by the preferential destruction of C3. The prerequisites for the effect of zymosan in whole serum were examined by utilizing sera deficient in certain proteins of the C- and kinin-forming systems. Incubation of C2-deficient serum or Hageman factor-deficient serum with zymosan resulted in minimal C3 destruction. Reconstitution of the serum with either C2, or activated or precursor Hageman factor, respectively, yielded destruction of C3 comparable to that obtained in normal serum. C3 destruction in Fletcher factor-deficient serum (prekallikrein deficient) was normal. Analysis of zymosan particles after incubation with normal serum indicated that C1, as assessed by C1 transfer, was present. A pH 3.6 or 7.0, 0.6 M NaCl eluate of the particles contained IgM, IgG, properdin, and β1C/β1A. In addition, the eluate was capable of correcting the clotting activity of Hageman factor-deficient plasma.
Participation of Factors B, D, E, and C3b Inactivator in Cobra Venom (CVF)-Induced Activation of the Alternate C Pathway
Authors: Ruddy S. , Fearon D. T. , Austen K. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two serum proteins are required for the generation of an active CVF complex capable of cleaving and inactivating C3: properdin factor B (C3PA, GBG) and factor D, an α-globulin of 26,000 m.w. Decay at 37°C of active CVF complex prepared from purified CVF, B, and D results in the appearance of the electrophoretically altered fragments of factor B. Although mixtures of CVF, B, and D are highly active in C3 destruction, even large amounts of these reagents are inefficient in initiating the interaction of the terminal components so as to achieve the lysis of urisensitized sheep erythrocytes in the presence of guinea pig serum-EDTA. Factor E, a euglobulin of 150,000 to 200,000 m.w., is required for the development of lytic activity comparable to that observed with whole serum.
Substitution of C3b for CVF in reactions with factors B and D also results in C3 destruction and cleavage of factor B.
Isolation of the Proenzyme Forms of C1r and C1s from Human Serum
Authors: Valet Gunter , Cooper Neil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The precursor forms of human C1r and C1s were isolated from the neutral or acid euglobulin fractions of serum. The precipitate was dissolved, adsorbed to a DE-32 cellulose column at pH 7.5, and eluted with a linear salt gradient in the presence of 0.001 M EDTA. The separate pools containing C1r or C1s were each rechromatographed at pH 8.0 under similar conditions on TEAE-cellulose. The final step for each protein was a separation on Sephadex G-200 at pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.001 M EDTA. A four step assay was employed to locate precursor C1r in column fractions. First, C1r present in the fractions was activated with trypsin; second, precursor C1s was added and the mixture was incubated to allow activation of C1s by C1r̄; third, C4 was added and after an additional incubation period, residual C4 was quantitated hemolytically.
Requirement for an Extra Factor from Serum for Bacterial Killing by Nascent C5̄6̄7̄, C8 and C9
Authors: Goldman J. N. , Ruddy S. , Austen K. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An activated complex of C5 and C6 (C) appears in the supernatants of reaction mixtures containing purified C5 and C6 and sheep erythrocytes which have been reacted with antibody and the first four C components (EAC1423). Addition of C7 to C yields the trimolecular complex C which, for a short time, can affix to the surface of an unsensitized erythrocyte rendering it susceptible to lysis upon the further addition of C8 and C9 (reactive lysis). Lysis is readily accomplished when sheep erythrocytes are the target cells, however, killing of rough Escherichia coli cannot be accomplished with the same reagents over a wide range of concentrations, even though the bacteria are highly susceptible to killing by whole serum. The addition of an extra factor present in a pH 7.5 pseudoglobulin fraction of human serum does lead to killing of the bacteria.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) of Reduced and Dissociated C3 and C5: Studies of the Polypeptide Chain (PPC) Subunits and Their Modifications by Trypsin (TRY) and C4̄2̄-4̄2̄3̄.
Authors: Nilsson Ulf , Mapes J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Our previous PAGE studies (according to Weber and Osborn) revealed an α and a β PPC of C5 of the approximate m.w. of 120,000 and 80,000, respectively. Our present studies show a similar structure of human C3, with an α and a β PPC of approximately 110,000 and 70,000 m.w. respectively. Furthermore, the effects of TRY and of - on C3 and C5 were explored by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and by PAGE. C3b (TRY) and C3b () were both faster than C3 and indistinguishable by IEP. C5b (TRY) was distinctly faster than C5b () which was, however, only slightly faster than C5 by IEP. PAGE analysis indicated that the modifications observed by IEP were all related to degradations of the α PPC:s of C3 and C5: conversion of C3 to C3b (TRY) or C3b () coincided with a reduction of the m.w. of the α PPC of C3 by approximately 7000 to 8000; conversion of C5 to C5b (TRY) coincided with the reduction of the α PPC of C5 by approximately 18,000, whereas conversion of C5 to C5b () coincided with a reduction by less than 18,000.
Evidence for a New Cytotoxic Mechanism: The C1 Bypass Activator Pathway
Authors: Frank Michael M. , May Joseph E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with 20 to 40 times the quantity of IgG or IgM antibody required for lysis via the classical C pathway (EA') undergo lysis in C4-deficient guinea pig serum (C4D) or C2-deficient human serum (C2 titer — &lt;0.05% normal) (C2D). The mechanism of this lysis was found to proceed via a previously undescribed cytotoxic pathway which had an absolute requirement for C1 and components of the alternate C pathway.
Two independent lines of investigation demonstrated the requirement of C1 for lysis in the C-deficient sera: 1) serum depleted of C1 by low ionic strength precipitation sustained a marked loss of lytic activity which was overcome by the use of the C-cell intermediate EAC1; 2) Mg-EGTA completely inhibited lysis by this pathway while allowing normal function of the alternate C pathway.
The Platelet in C-Blood Coagulation Interaction
Authors: Zimmerman Theodore S. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Investigation of the coagulation abnormality in the blood of rabbits congenitally deficient in C6 indicates that C can markedly enhance platelet coagulant activity and that failure of this mechanism is responsible for the clotting defect. Addition of inulin to platelet-rich normal rabbit plasma enhances platelet coagulant activity 20-fold more than either collagen, kaolin, or ADP. No effect on coagulant activity of C6-deficient platelet-rich plasma is seen after addition of inulin, nor can an effect be demonstrated on platelet-free normal rabbit plasma. Addition of inulin to C6-deficient platelet-rich plasma does induce partial aggregation, probably due to C3 binding, and partial release (less than 5%) of vasoactive amines. Subsequent addition of C6 is followed by maximal aggregation (due to both ADP-independent and ADP-dependent mechanisms), as well as additional release of vasoactive amines and evolution of clot-promoting activity. Generation of clot-promoting activity and vasoactive amine release are complete before significant leakage of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase.
C-Mediated Release of Membrane-Bound Immune Complexes
Authors: Miller Gary , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse B lymphocytes bind soluble immunecomplexes consisting of 125I-BSA, mouse anti-BSA, and C (AgAbC) by means of membrane receptors for C components (probably C3 split products) and for Ab aggregated by antigen. The membrane-bound complexes, which appear as “caps” in radioautographs, are neither ingested nor shed when the cells are kept in tissue culture medium for several hours at 37°C. However, when the cells are suspended in fresh mouse serum at 37°C, most of the complexes are rapidly released. Guinea pig or human sera release the complexes less rapidly. Studies of 51Cr-labeled cells show that the release of complexes is not caused by cell death; neither is it the result of dissociation or extensive enzymatic degradation of the complexes, since the released complexes are precipitated by 50% saturated ammonium sulfate and are eluted with the void volume on Sephadex G-200. The release is mediated by the alternate pathway for C fixation.
C3-Dependence of B-Cell Activation?
Authors: Bitter-Suermann D. , Dukor P. , Gisler R. H. , Schumann G. , Dierich M. , König W. , Hadding U. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is growing evidence that LPS are B cell mitogens, can substitute for T cells, and activate the alternate pathway of the C system (bypass), but the interdependence of these phenomena is unclear. Therefore the effect of other potent bypass-activators, especially CVF, was investigated with regard to the mentioned activities and the role of C3: 1) Purified, pyrogen-free CVF in its soluble form or coupled to Sepharose (Seph-CVF) as well as LPS (E. coli 0111:B4) are strongly mitogenic for B cells. In the presence of C3-sufficient but not C3-depleted fetal calf serum (FCS), lymph node cells (LNC) from congenitally athymic nude mice can be stimulated by CVF and Seph-CVF with a concentration optimum of 16 µg/ml (30-fold enhancement of the H3-Th. uptake). 2) Bypass-activating B cell mitogens can substitute for T cells in a T cell-dependent antibody response: Addition of LPS, CVF or most effectively Seph-CVF restores the potential of antibody formation to SRBC in B cell cultures, supplemented with macrophages or 2-mercapto-ethanol and FCS (50- to 100-fold rise in 19S plaque-forming cells).
Reconstitution of Serum C1q After Bone Marrow Transplantation in Patients with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Authors: Ballow M. , Day N. K. , Biggar W. D. , Park B. H. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Five patients with severe combined immune deficiency (CID) disease and diminished serum C1q (27 to 44% of normal) who received bone marrow transplantation to reconstitute immunologic function were studied. The diagnosis of CID was made according to the WHO criteria. Serum levels of C1q were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion according to the method of Hanauer and Christian. Agematched controls had a serum concentration of 20.2 µg N/ml, whereas our patients with CID had a mean level of 6.3 µg N/ml. Three of the five patients had successful engraftment, partial or full immunologic reconstitution, and an increase in the serum C1q to normal after bone marrow transplantation. One patient failed to have a graft “take” with no evidence of immunologic reconstitution, and the C1q remained very low. In the fifth patient the serum levels of C1q fluctuated widely, but despite normal immunologic function the C1q remained deficient.
Nonimmune Activation of C: Two New Phenomena
Authors: Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report two new phenomena which involve nonimmune activation of C. The first now has been seen in seven individuals with various diseases from whom freshly collected blood had normal C activity but which upon coagulation showed depletion of C1, C4 and C2 (but not C3–C9) hemolytic activities. This consumption was prevented by heparin and EDTA, retarded by citrate and hirudin, but unaffected by EACA; the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. In the second phenomenon, interactions between certain polyanions (heparin (H), chondroitin sulfate, dextran sulfate, hyaluronic acid) and polycations (protamine (P), polybrene, neomycin) in human serum (1:5) resulted in pronounced C consumption as well as precipitation, and these effects were compared during heparin-protamine interactions. Optimum precipitation was observed when approximately 70 µg H (10 anticoagulant units) were reacted with 100 µg P; reduced H precipitation was observed when larger amounts of H were added.
Identification of a Heat Labile Human Serum Factor (UF) with GBG; Participation in Anaphylatoxin-Forming Systems
Authors: Lynen R. , Schmidt G. , Vogt W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A heat-labile factor of human serum (UF) which together with properdin is implicated in classical anaphylatoxin (AT) formation by zymosan has been purified. It is a β-globulin, m.w., about 90000; pI, 5.7 (4°C). Functionally, UF is identical with properdin factor B, immunochemically with GBG. No antigenic relation exists between conglutinogen-activating factor and UF.
By treatment of human serum with zymosan UF is cleaved into two fragments carrying the antigenic determinants of glycine-rich α-globulin (GAG) and glycine-rich γ-globulin (GGG), respectively. A fraction of GGG is bound to the zymosan together with other factors, forming a labile, C3 and C5 cleaving, and AT-releasing complex. The same cleavage of UF is seen when serum is treated with free or insolubilized CVF. Insolubilized CVF incubated with human serum and washed acquires stable C3-cleaving and AT-releasing activities, inhibitable by anti-CVF or anti-UF serum. No such activity develops when insolubilized CVF is incubated with serum lacking UF or with purified UF alone.
Allotypic Markers on Fab Fragments of Mouse Immunoglobulins
Authors: Spring Susan B. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Allotypic determinants were detected on the Fab fragments of mouse IgG by guinea pig antisera prepared against polymerized Fab fragments of IgG from the C57BL and AKR strains. Different markers were detected by the two antisera. Indirect precipitation, with 125I-labeled Fab as ligand, was used for the assay. Each of the two markers was present on 20 to 25% of the Fab population. With one antiserum it was shown that this was due to restriction of the marker to one IgG subclass (IgG2a); it was inferred that a subclass restriction applies to the other antiserum as well. This, and the absence of markers on free light chains, suggest that the determinant(s) are present in the CH1 domain. Among various strains there is a close correlation between the possession of a Fab marker and the linkage group, based on Fc determinants, to which a strain belongs. With antiserum to C57BL Fab all strains in a given linkage group were the same with respect to the presence or absence of the Fab marker; strains carrying the Ig-1b allele were positive whereas all other strains tested were negative. Strains with a given allele also behaved similarly with respect to the anti-AKR Fab antiserum, except that this reagent divided the Ig-1a allelic group of strains into two subgroups.
The Use of Protein-Substituted Nylon Catheters for Selective Immunoadsorption in Vivo
Authors: Lyle Leon R. , Parker Brent M. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nylon tubing was partially hydrolyzed with acid and conjugated with human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin (OA) by means of a water soluble carbodiimide or glutaraldehyde. The antigen-substituted tubing reacted specifically with antibody in vitro as indicated by selective uptake of 125I-labeled anti-HSA or 131I-labeled anti-OA from mixtures of the two radioactive proteins. The HSA-substituted tubing had a 125I to 131I ratio of τ; 2.5 whereas the OA-substituted tubing had a ratio of &lt; 0.4. The antigen-substituted tubing was evaluated for its ability to interact with antigen in vivo by passing lengths of HSA and OA tubing into the inferior vena cava of heparinized dogs. As in the in vitro experiments selective binding of 125I anti-HSA or 131I anti-OH antibody was observed. Kinetic measurements indicated that if the tubing were cycled continuously through the venous system it would be possible theoretically to remove milligram amounts of antibody over a 24-hr period. Since nylon tubing can be conjugated to a variety of proteins, haptens, and hapten protein conjugates, the nylon catheter system may be applicable to the removal of circulating antigens and antibodies in man and experimental animals.
Analysis of Specificity of Antibodies Contained in Antiserum against Poliovirus with Mutants Resistant to Inhibitors in Equine Serum
Authors: Urasawa Shozo , Urasawa Tomoko , Kanamitsu Masatsugu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By propagating poliovirus (Mahoney strain) in cell culture in the presence of normal equine sera, mutant viruses resistant to virus-inhibitory factors in animal sera (inhibitor-resistant mutants) were obtained. Neutralization of various inhibitor-resistant mutants with a number of inhibitory sera showed the presence of five kinds of inhibitory factors (inhibitors) differing in specificity from one another. Further, antibody absorption tests with five different inhibitor-resistant mutants revealed that antiserum against Mahoney strain contained at least five kinds of antibodies with different specificities. On the basis of these results, the antigenic constitution of Mahoney strain was investigated.