bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic management of colorectal polyps
Authors: Gao Pingting , Zhou Kaiqian , Su Wei , Yu Jia , Zhou Pinghong 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Colorectal polyps are premalignant lesions in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic polypectomy is an effective strategy to prevent colorectal cancer morbidity and more invasive procedures. Techniques for the endoscopic resection of polyps keep evolving, and endoscopists are required to perform the most appropriate technique for each polyp. In this review, we outline the evaluation and classification of polyps, update the recommendations for optimal treatment, describe the polypectomy procedures and their strengths/weaknesses, and discuss the promising innovative methods or concepts.
Building near-surface velocity models by integrating the first-arrival traveltime tomography and supervised deep learning
Authors: Yang Huachen , Li Pan , Ma Fei , Zhang Jianzhong 
Published: May 2023

SUMMARY
Accurate near-surface velocity models are necessary for land seismic imaging. First-arrival traveltime tomography (FTT) routinely used for estimating near-surface velocity models may fail in geological complex areas. Supervised deep learning (SDL) is capable of building accurate velocity models, based on tens of thousands of velocity model-shot gathers training pairs. It takes lots of time and memory space, which may be unaffordable for practical applications. We propose integrating the FTT and SDL to build near-surface velocity models. During the neural network training, the FTT-inverted models rather than the original seismic data are used as the network inputs and corresponding true models are the outputs. The FTT-inverted and true models are the same physical quantities and with the same dimensions. Their relationship is less non-linear than that between shot gathers and true models. Thus, the neural network of the proposed method can be trained well using only a small number of training samples, dramatically reducing the time and memory costs. Numerical tests demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. We applied the proposed method to a land data set obtained in mountainous areas in the west of China and obtained satisfactory near-surface velocity models and stacking images.
3-D anisotropic modelling of geomagnetic depth sounding based on unstructured edge-based finite-element method
Authors: Wang Ning , Yin Changchun , Gao Lingqi , Qiu Changkai , Ren Xiuyan 
Published: May 2023

SUMMARY
Geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) is a geophysical electromagnetic (EM) method that studies the deep structure and composition of the Earth by using long-period EM signals from geomagnetic observatories and satellites. In this paper, a 3-D anisotropic GDS modelling algorithm is developed. The curl–curl equation is discretized using the edge-based finite-element method on unstructured tetrahedral grids. In order to solve the computationally demanding problem of EM modelling on a global scale, the complex linear system is first separated into the equivalent real linear systems and then the real system is iteratively solved by the flexible generalized minimum residual method with a block diagonal pre-conditioner. This will greatly reduce the condition number of the linear system and thus speed up the solution process. We verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm by comparing our results with the existing methods. After that, we design a subduction zone model to simulate the EM responses under isotropic and anisotropic environments, respectively. The numerical results show the high efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the response differences between isotropic and anisotropic models. This research can provide theoretical and technical support for the high-accuracy and efficient inversion of GDS data for the geo-dynamic study.
Characterizing Physical Interactions between Male and Female Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) in Relation to Female Receptivity and Insemination Outcomes Using a Hydrophobic Fluorescent Dye
Authors: Cramer Monica M , Gabel Thomas M , Duvall Laura B 
Published: May 2023

Synopsis
Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, presents a major threat to human health across the globe as a vector of disease-causing pathogens. Females of this species generally mate only once. From this single mating event, the female stores sufficient sperm to fertilize the multiple clutches of eggs produced during her lifetime. Mating causes dramatic changes in the female’s behavior and physiology, including a lifetime suppression of her mating receptivity. Female rejection behaviors include male avoidance, abdominal twisting, wing-flicking, kicking, and not opening vaginal plates or extruding the ovipositor. Many of these events occur on a scale that is too miniscule or fast to see by eye, so high-resolution videography has been used to observe these behaviors instead. However, videography can be labor intensive, require specialized equipment, and often requires restrained animals. We used an efficient, low-cost method to record physical contact between males and females during attempted and successful mating, determined by recording spermathecal filling after dissection. A hydrophobic oil-based fluorescent dye can be applied to the abdominal tip of one animal and can be subsequently transferred to the genitalia of animals of the opposite sex when genital contact occurs. Our data indicate that male mosquitoes make high levels of contact with both receptive and unreceptive females and that males attempt to mate with more females than they successfully inseminate. Female mosquitoes with disrupted remating suppression mate with and produce offspring from multiple males, transferring dye to each. These data suggest that physical copulatory interactions occur independently of the female’s receptivity to mate and that many of these interactions represent unsuccessful mating attempts that do not result in insemination.
Ontogenetic Plasticity in Shoaling Behavior in a Forage Fish under Warming
Authors: Berio Fidji , Morerod Camille , Qi Xuewei , Di Santo Valentina 
Published: May 2023

Synopsis
Shoaling behavior is known to increase survival rates during attacks from predators, minimize foraging time, favor mating, and potentially increase locomotor efficiency. The onset of shoaling typically occurs during the larval phase, but it is unclear how it may improve across ontogenetic stages in forage fishes. Warming is known to increase metabolic rates during locomotion in solitary fish, and shoaling species may adjust their collective behavior to offset the elevated costs of swimming at higher temperatures. In this study, we quantified the effects of warming on shoaling performance across the ontogeny of a small forage fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio) at different speeds. Shoals of larval, juvenile, and adult zebrafish were acclimated at two temperatures (28°C and 32°C), and metabolic rates were quantified prior to and following nonexhaustive exercise at high speed. Shoals of five individuals were filmed in a flow tank to analyze the kinematics of collective movement. We found that zebrafish improve shoaling swimming performance from larvae to juveniles to adults. In particular, shoals become more cohesive, and both tail beat frequency (TBF) and head-to-tail amplitude decrease with ontogeny. Early life stages have higher thermal sensitivity in metabolic rates and TBF especially at high speeds, when compared to adults. Our study shows that shoaling behavior and thermal sensitivity improve as zebrafish shift from larval to juvenile to adult stages.
Common data model for sickle cell disease surveillance: considerations and implications
Authors: Smeltzer Matthew P , Reeves Sarah L , Cooper William O , Attell Brandon K , Strouse John J , Takemoto Clifford M , Kanter Julie , Latta Krista , Plaxco Allison P , Davis Robert L , Hatch Daniel , Reyes Camila , Dombkowski Kevin , Snyder Angela , Paulukonis Susan , Singh Ashima , Kayle Mariam 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective
Population-level data on sickle cell disease (SCD) are sparse in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is addressing the need for SCD surveillance through state-level Sickle Cell Data Collection Programs (SCDC). The SCDC developed a pilot common informatics infrastructure to standardize processes across states.

Materials and Methods
We describe the process for establishing and maintaining the proposed common informatics infrastructure for a rare disease, starting with a common data model and identify key data elements for public health SCD reporting.

Results
The proposed model is constructed to allow pooling of table shells across states for comparison. Core Surveillance Data reports are compiled based on aggregate data provided by states to CDC annually.

Discussion and Conclusion
We successfully implemented a pilot SCDC common informatics infrastructure to strengthen our distributed data network and provide a blueprint for similar initiatives in other rare diseases.
Strategic nutrient sourcing for biomanufacturing intensification
Authors: Noroozi Kimia , Jarboe Laura R 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

The successful design of economically viable bioprocesses can help to abate global dependence on petroleum, increase supply chain resilience, and add value to agriculture. Specifically, bioprocessing provides the opportunity to replace petrochemical production methods with biological methods and to develop novel bioproducts. Even though a vast range of chemicals can be biomanufactured, the constraints on economic viability, especially while competing with petrochemicals, are severe. There have been extensive gains in our ability to engineer microbes for improved production metrics and utilization of target carbon sources. The impact of growth medium composition on process cost and organism performance receives less attention in the literature than organism engineering efforts, with media optimization often being performed in proprietary settings. The widespread use of corn steep liquor as a nutrient source demonstrates the viability and importance of “waste” streams in biomanufacturing. There are other promising waste streams that can be used to increase the sustainability of biomanufacturing, such as the use of urea instead of fossil fuel-intensive ammonia and the use of struvite instead of contributing to the depletion of phosphate reserves. In this review, we discuss several process-specific optimizations of micronutrients that increased product titers by twofold or more. This practice of deliberate and thoughtful sourcing and adjustment of nutrients can substantially impact process metrics. Yet the mechanisms are rarely explored, making it difficult to generalize the results to other processes. In this review, we will discuss examples of nutrient sourcing and adjustment as a means of process improvement.

One-Sentence Summary
The potential impact of nutrient adjustments on bioprocess performance, economics, and waste valorization is undervalued and largely undercharacterized.
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate oxidative stress-induced islet impairment via the Nrf2/HO-1 axis
Authors: Liu Peng , Cao Baige , Zhou Yang , Zhang Huina , Wang Congrong 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress may disrupt insulin secretion and β-cell survival in diabetes mellitus by overproducing reactive oxygen species. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) exhibit antioxidant properties. However, the mechanisms by which hUC-MSCs protect β-cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress remain underexplored. In this study, we showed that intravenously injected hUC-MSCs engrafted into the injured pancreas and promoted pancreatic β-cell function in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The in vitro study revealed that hUC-MSCs attenuated high glucose-induced oxidative stress and prevented β-cell impairment via the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. Nrf2 knockdown partially blocked the anti-oxidative effect of hUC-MSCs, resulting in β-cell decompensation in a high-glucose environment. Overall, these findings provide novel insights into how hUC-MSCs protect β-cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress.
Motivation for using data-driven algorithms in research: A review of machine learning solutions for image analysis of micrographs in neuroscience
Authors: Thiele Frederic , Windebank Anthony J , Siddiqui Ahad M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Machine learning is a powerful tool that is increasingly being used in many research areas, including neuroscience. The recent development of new algorithms and network architectures, especially in the field of deep learning, has made machine learning models more reliable and accurate and useful for the biomedical research sector. By minimizing the effort necessary to extract valuable features from datasets, they can be used to find trends in data automatically and make predictions about future data, thereby improving the reproducibility and efficiency of research. One application is the automatic evaluation of micrograph images, which is of great value in neuroscience research. While the development of novel models has enabled numerous new research applications, the barrier to use these new algorithms has also decreased by the integration of deep learning models into known applications such as microscopy image viewers. For researchers unfamiliar with machine learning algorithms, the steep learning curve can hinder the successful implementation of these methods into their workflows. This review explores the use of machine learning in neuroscience, including its potential applications and limitations, and provides some guidance on how to select a fitting framework to use in real-life research projects.
Regulating non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for fetal sex determination
Authors: Taylor-Sands Michelle , Warton Chanelle , Bowman-Smart Hilary 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can be used to determine the chromosomal sex of the fetus at an early stage in a pregnancy. The use of NIPT for fetal sex determination raises concerns about potential selective termination of pregnancy by prospective parents who desire a child of a particular sex. Although sex selection for medical reasons is generally accepted, non-medical sex selection (NMSS) has been the subject of considerable controversy. In this article, we explore the current regulatory landscape around reproductive genetic testing techniques that may lead to NMSS, both internationally and within Australia. Specifically, we contrast the approach to regulating preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) with the minimal regulation of NIPT in Australia as a case study for reform. We examine ethical concerns raised in relation to NMSS, which form the basis of the current moratorium on the use of PGT for NMSS. We then highlight some key differences between using PGT for NMSS and NIPT for fetal sex determination to determine whether access to the latter should be regulated and, if so, how. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to restrict access to NIPT for fetal sex determination and, based on our Australian case study, recommend a facilitative approach to regulating NIPT that would support individuals to make informed reproductive decisions.
Cryptococcosis in Africa: What the data tell us
Authors: Ibe Chibuike , Okoye Chinonyelum Annette , Nweze Emeka , Otu Akaninyene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a neglected tropical disease and the main cause of fungal-related deaths in HIV-positive persons in Africa. It is an AIDS-defining illness that has almost surpassed tuberculosis (TB) in mortality despite wide coverage with antiretroviral therapy. What is known about the cryptococcosis burden in Africa is from estimations based on data from a few studies on the infection burden and associated complications. Consequently, the projected implications of cryptococcosis in Africa have been based on these estimations. This systematic review is aimed at providing unique and up-to-date data on the burden of cryptococcosis in Africa using published hospital-based research data on cryptococcosis in HIV infected and uninfected persons. The review also focused on providing temporal data on the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic options for cryptococcosis in Africa. From our results, about 40 948 cases of cryptococcosis were reported in Africa from 1969 to 2021, and the highest prevalence of cryptococcosis was from southern Africa. The most isolated species was Cryptococcus neoformans 42.4% (17 710/41 801) and only 1.3% (549/41 801) isolates were C. gattii. C. neoformans (serotype A) VN I 64.5% (918/1522) was the most prevalent serotype in Africa, while C. gattii (serotype C) VG IV was thought to pose a huge danger. However, C. neoformans (serotype A) VN I continued to be the major threat in Africa. Due to the limited availability of molecular typing methods and the widespread use of culture, direct microscopy, and serological techniques for diagnosis, 23 542 isolates were uncharacterised. Amphotericin B and flucytosine combination therapy is highly recommended for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. However, these drugs are expensive and remain largely unavailable in most African countries. Amphotericin B requires laboratory facilities to monitor for toxicity. Although fluconazole monotherapy is the readily available treatment option for cryptococcosis, drug resistance, and high mortality have been recorded in majority of cases in Africa. The lack of awareness and paucity of published data on cryptococcosis are likely to have contributed to the underestimation of cases in Africa and led to underprioritisation of this important disease.
The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS): new constraints on the integrated radio spectrum of M 31
Authors: Harper Stuart E , Barr Adam , Dickinson C , Peel M W , Cepeda-Arroita Roke , Copley C J , Grumitt R D P , Leahy J Patrick , Jonas J L , Jones Michael E , Leech J , Pearson T J , Readhead A C S , Taylor Angela C 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is our closest neighbouring spiral galaxy, making it an ideal target for studying the physics of the interstellar medium in a galaxy very similar to our own. Using new observations of M 31 at 4.76 GHz by the C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS), and all available radio data at 1° resolution, we produce the integrated spectrum and put new constraints on the synchrotron spectral index and anomalous microwave emission (AME) from M 31. We use aperture photometry and spectral modelling to fit for the integrated spectrum of M 31, and subtract a comprehensive model of nearby background radio sources. The AME in M 31 is detected at 3σ significance with a peak near 30 GHz and flux density 0.27 ± 0.09 Jy. The synchrotron spectral index of M 31 is flatter than our own Galaxy at α =−0.66 ± 0.03 with no strong evidence of spectral curvature. The emissivity of AME averaged over the total emission from M 31 is lower than typical AME sources in our Galaxy, implying that AME is not uniformly distributed throughout M 31 and instead is likely confined to sub-regions – this will need to be confirmed using future higher resolution observations around 20–30 GHz.
Population statistics of intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies using the newhorizon simulation
Authors: Beckmann R S , Dubois Y , Volonteri M , Dong-Páez C A , Trebitsch M , Devriendt J , Kaviraj S , Kimm T , Peirani S 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
While it is well established that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) coevolve with their host galaxy, it is currently less clear how lower-mass black holes, so-called intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), evolve within their dwarf galaxy hosts. In this paper, we present results on the evolution of a large sample of IMBHs from the newhorizon zoom volume, which has a radius of 10 comoving $\rm Mpc$. We show that occupation fractions of IMBHs in dwarf galaxies are at least 50 per cent for galaxies with stellar masses down to $10^6 \rm \ M_\odot$, but BH growth is very limited in dwarf galaxies. In newhorizon, IMBHs growth is somewhat more efficient at high redshift z = 3 but in general, IMBHs do not grow significantly until their host galaxy leaves the dwarf regime. As a result, newhorizon underpredicts observed AGN luminosity function and AGN fractions. We show that the difficulties of IMBHs to remain attached to the centres of their host galaxies plays an important role in limiting their mass growth, and that this dynamic evolution away from galactic centres becomes stronger at lower redshift.
The value-added catalogue of ASAS-SN eclipsing binaries – III. Masses and radii of Gaia spectroscopic binaries
Authors: Rowan D M , Jayasinghe T , Stanek K Z , Kochanek C S , Thompson Todd A , Shappee B J , Giles W 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Masses and radii of stars can be derived by combining eclipsing binary light curves with spectroscopic orbits. In our previous work, we modelled the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) light curves of more than 30 000 detached eclipsing binaries using phoebe. Here, we combine our results with 128 double-lined spectroscopic orbits from Gaia Data Release 3. We also visually inspect ASAS-SN light curves of the Gaia double-lined spectroscopic binaries on the lower main sequence and the giant branch, adding 11 binaries to our sample. We find that only 50 per cent of systems have Gaia periods and eccentricities consistent with the ASAS-SN values. We use emcee and phoebe to determine masses and radii for a total of 122 stars with median fractional uncertainties of 7.9 per cent and 6.3 per cent, respectively.
Unveiling the time evolution of chemical abundances across the Milky Way disc with APOGEE
Authors: Ratcliffe Bridget , Minchev Ivan , Anders Friedrich , Khoperskov Sergey , Guiglion Guillaume , Buck Tobias , Cunha Katia , Queiroz Anna , Nitschelm Christian , Meszaros Szabolcs , Steinmetz Matthias , de Jong Roelof S , Nepal Samir , Lane Richard R , Sobeck Jennifer 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Chemical abundances are an essential tool in untangling the Milky Way’s enrichment history. However, the evolution of the interstellar medium abundance gradient with cosmic time is lost as a result of radial mixing processes. For the first time, we quantify the evolution of many observational abundances across the Galactic disc as a function of lookback time and birth radius, $\rm \text{R}_\text{birth}$. Using an empirical approach, we derive $\rm \text{R}_\text{birth}$ estimates for 145 447 APOGEE DR17 red giant disc stars, based solely on their ages and $\rm [Fe/H]$. We explore the detailed evolution of six abundances [Mg, Ca (α), Mn (iron-peak), Al, C (light), Ce (s-process)] across the Milky Way disc using 87 426 APOGEE DR17 red giant stars. We discover that the interstellar medium had three fluctuations in the metallicity gradient ∼9, ∼6, and ∼4 Gyr ago. The first coincides with the end of high-α sequence formation around the time of the Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus disruption, while the others are likely related to passages of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. A clear distinction is found between present-day observed radial gradients with age and the evolution with lookback time for both [X/Fe] and [X/H], resulting from the significant flattening and inversion in old populations due to radial migration. We find the $\rm [Fe/H]$–$\rm [\alpha /Fe]$ bimodality is also seen as a separation in the $\rm \text{R}_\text{birth}$–$\rm [X/Fe]$ plane for the light and α-elements. Our results recover the chemical enrichment of the Galactic disc over the past 12 Gyr, providing tight constraints on Galactic disc chemical evolution models.