bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
aniMotum, an R package for animal movement data: Rapid quality control, behavioural estimation and simulation
Authors: Jonsen Ian D. , Grecian W. James , Phillips Lachlan , Carroll Gemma , McMahon Clive , Harcourt Robert G. , Hindell Mark A. , Patterson Toby A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Animal tracking data are indispensable for understanding the ecology, behaviour and physiology of mobile or cryptic species. Meaningful signals in these data can be obscured by noise due to imperfect measurement technologies, requiring rigorous quality control as part of any comprehensive analysis.

State–space models are powerful tools that separate signal from noise. These tools are ideal for quality control of error‐prone location data and for inferring where animals are and what they are doing when they record or transmit other information. However, these statistical models can be challenging and time‐consuming to fit to diverse animal tracking data sets.

The R package aniMotum eases the tasks of conducting quality control on and inference of changes in movement from animal tracking data. This is achieved via: (1) a simple but extensible workflow that accommodates both novice and experienced users; (2) automated processes that alleviate complexity from data processing and model specification/fitting steps; (3) simple movement models coupled with a powerful numerical optimization approach for rapid and reliable model fitting.

We highlight aniMotum's capabilities through three applications to real animal tracking data. Full R code for these and additional applications is included as Supporting Information, so users can gain a deeper understanding of how to use aniMotum for their own analyses.
Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in adults admitted to the intensive care unit or post‐operative care unit: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta‐analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Maagaard Mathias , Barbateskovic Marija , Andersen‐Ranberg Nina C. , Kronborg Jonas R. , Chen Ya‐Xin , Xi Huan‐Huan , Perner Anders , Wetterslev Jørn 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo assess any benefit or harm, we conducted a systematic review of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) allocating adults to dexmedetomidine versus placebo/no intervention for the prevention of delirium in intensive care or post‐operative care units.Data SourcesWe searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and other databases. The last search was 9 April 2022.Data ExtractionLiterature screening, data extraction and risk of bias volume 2 assessments were performed independently and in duplicate. Primary outcomes were occurrences of serious adverse events (SAEs), delirium and all‐cause mortality. We used meta‐analysis, Trial Sequential Analysis, and GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).Data SynthesisEighty‐one RCTs (15,745 patients) provided data for our primary outcomes. Results from trials at low risk of bias showed that dexmedetomidine may reduce the occurrence of the most frequently reported SAEs (relative risk [RR] 0.69; 95% CI 0.43–1.09), cumulated SAEs (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52–0.95) and the occurrence of delirium (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.43–0.89). The certainty of evidence was very low for delirium. Mortality was very low in trials at low risk of bias (0.4% in the dexmedetomidine groups and 1.0% in the control groups) and meta‐analysis did not provide conclusive evidence that dexmedetomidine may result in lower or higher all‐cause mortality (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.18–1.21). There was a lack of information from trial results at low risk of bias for all primary outcomes.ConclusionsTrial results at low risk of bias showed that dexmedetomidine might reduce occurrences of SAEs and delirium, while no conclusive evidence was found for effects on all‐cause mortality. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low for occurrence of delirium to low for the remaining outcomes.
Treatment with the senolytics dasatinib/quercetin reduces SARS‐CoV‐2‐related mortality in mice
Authors: Pastor‐Fernández Andrés , Bertos Antonio R. , Sierra‐Ramírez Arantzazu , del Moral‐Salmoral Javier , Merino Javier , de Ávila Ana I. , Olagüe Cristina , Villares Ricardo , González‐Aseguinolaza Gloria , Rodríguez María Ángeles , Fresno Manuel , Gironés Nuria , Bustos Matilde , Smerdou Cristian , Fernandez‐Marcos Pablo Jose , von Kobbe Cayetano 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe enormous societal impact of the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic has been particularly harsh for some social groups, such as the elderly. Recently, it has been suggested that senescent cells could play a central role in pathogenesis by exacerbating the pro‐inflammatory immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, the selective clearance of senescent cells by senolytic drugs may be useful as a therapy to ameliorate the symptoms of COVID‐19 in some cases. Using the established COVID‐19 murine model K18‐hACE2, we demonstrated that a combination of the senolytics dasatinib and quercetin (D/Q) significantly reduced SARS‐CoV‐2‐related mortality, delayed its onset, and reduced the number of other clinical symptoms. The increase in senescent markers that we detected in the lungs in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 may be related to the post‐COVID‐19 sequelae described to date. These results place senescent cells as central targets for the treatment of COVID‐19, and make D/Q a new and promising therapeutic tool.
The hard lives of trees in African savanna—Even without elephants
Authors: Coetsee Corli , Botha Judith , Case Madelon F. , Manganyi Adolf , Siebert Frances 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe ongoing loss of large trees and densification of shrubs are two prevalent processes that take place in African savannas, with profound consequences for their structure and function. We evaluated herbivore impacts on savanna woody communities using a long‐term exclosure experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, with three treatments: the exclusion of large mammals only (i.e. elephant and giraffe), exclusion of all herbivores larger than a hare, and areas open to all herbivores. We asked three questions: (1) How did variable exclusion of herbivores affect woody density and structure across the catena (i.e. riparian, sodic and crest vegetation)? (2) Did the exclusion of herbivores result in unique woody species composition? (3) Did herbivore exclusion result in a higher proportion of palatable species? After 17 years, we found that herbivores mainly affected the heights and densities of existing species, rather than leading to turnover of woody species assemblages. Although densities of individuals increased in the full exclosure (350 ha−1), the change was more moderate than expected. By contrast, mixed mega‐and meso‐herbivores decreased the number of trees and shrubs (decreases of 780 ha−1) via a variety of physical impacts. Meso‐herbivores alone, on the other hand, had less impact on individual density (i.e. no change), but limited average height growth and canopy dimensions in certain habitat types. Where elephants are present, they are effective at reducing the density of woody stems to the point of counteracting woody encroachment, but at the same time are actively preventing the persistence of large trees (>5 m) as well as preventing trees from recruiting to larger size classes. However, the lack of massive recruitment and woody cover increases with elephant exclusion, especially for more preferred species, suggests that factors beyond elephants, such as dispersal limitation, seed predation, and drought, are also acting upon species.
De‐occupation as planetary politics
Authors: Petryna Adriana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRussia's attempted occupation of Ukraine informs a concept of de‐occupation in an age of 21st‐century planetary wars. The tide of war crimes committed in Ukraine is beyond dispute, having been identified by legal scholars as genocidal attempts to condemn the very foundations of livelihood. I discuss the precedents that have allowed such crimes to occur and describe how Ukrainians are trying to counter these crimes, forming a particular kind of resistance that strikes against impunity. I locate impunity's persistence within post‐Soviet spheres, where solidarities among civilians who have been subject to Russian militarization complicate the view that the war in Ukraine is just another proxy war between superpowers. Given the dearth of architectures of peace and security to prevent genocide, de‐occupation emerges as a process in which de‐occupied people not only restore their territory but also play a central role in asserting less ruinous, more livable planetary futures.
Gestational weight gain adequacy and intrapartum oxytocin and cesarean section use: Observational population‐based study in France
Authors: Amyx Melissa , Zeitlin Jennifer , Blondel Béatrice , Le Ray Camille 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionResearch on maternal prepregnancy weight suggests adiposity is associated with dysfunctional labor, but knowledge about how gestational weight gain (GWG) affects labor is sparse. Our objective was to evaluate associations between GWG adequacy and intrapartum obstetric interventions (oxytocin administration; cesarean section) necessitated by labor dysfunction.Material and methodsUsing national, population‐based French National Perinatal Survey 2016 data, we included term cephalic singleton pregnancies involving trial of labor (n = 9724). For the intrapartum oxytocin administration analysis, we included only women with spontaneous labor (n = 7352). GWG was calculated as the difference between end of pregnancy and prepregnancy weight (both self‐reported) and categorized as insufficient, adequate (reference group), or excessive by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; underweight <18.5, normal weight 18.5–24.9, overweight 25–29.9, obese ≥30 kg/m2) using the 2009 Institute of Medicine thresholds. Multilevel generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, unadjusted and adjusted for a priori confounders, evaluated intervention‐GWG adequacy associations within BMI categories (under/normal weight combined), stratified by parity (primiparas; multiparas).ResultsGWG adequacy was associated with oxytocin use among under/normal weight women (primiparas: insufficient 57.3%, adequate 60.8%, excessive 65.0%, p = 0.014; multiparas: insufficient 27.2%, adequate 29.1%, excessive 36.2%, p < 0.001) and overweight primiparas (insufficient 56.0%, adequate 58.7%, excessive 72.5%, p = 0.002). In unadjusted and adjusted models, trends of increased odds of oxytocin administration among women with excessive GWG were found regardless of parity and prepregnancy BMI. Similarly, among under/normal weight women, GWG adequacy was associated with intrapartum cesarean section (primiparas: insufficient 10.7%, adequate 12.7%, excessive 15.3%, p = 0.014; multiparas: insufficient 3.1%, adequate 3.5%, excessive 6.3%, p < 0.001) with increased cesarean section among multiparas with excessive GWG persisting in adjusted models (adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3–2.7). However, intrapartum cesarean section was reduced among multiparas with overweight and obese prepregnancy BMI and excessive GWG.ConclusionsExcessive GWG was associated with intrapartum oxytocin administration, regardless of parity or prepregnancy BMI, and cesarean section among women with under/normal weight prepregnancy BMI, providing evidence for benefits of healthy GWG for normal labor progression. Additional research is needed to verify our findings and understand differences by BMI.
A post‐marketing pharmacovigilance study of avapritinib: Adverse event data mining and analysis based on the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database
Authors: Rong Li , Xie Mengyuan , Jiang Manxue , Qiu Hongyu , Kong Lingti 
Published: January 2023

AimsAvapritinib was first approved by the FDA in January 2020 and represents the first precision‐targeted drug for gastrointestinal stromal tumours. However, there is a lack of large‐scale data relating to adverse events (AEs) related to its use. We aimed to explore the avapritinib‐related AEs in real‐world practice based on the post‐marketing data.MethodsWe extracted all avapritinib‐related reports submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) by June 2022. Based on disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis, we then calculated the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), information component (IC) and empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) to evaluate whether there is a significant association between avapritinib and AEs. Gender, age and time to onset were comparable between haemorrhage/non‐haemorrhage, serious/non‐serious, death/non‐death AEs, respectively.ResultsIn total, 3120 cases related to avapritinib were documented in the FAERS database, and 44% were reported within 30 days of commencing avapritinib. A total of 331 different AE signals were detected, and no significant differences between males and females was identified. Although the number of AEs associated with an abnormal skin texture and executive dysfunction was small, the signal intensity is high, suggesting that these events are strongly correlated with avapritinib. Subgroup analysis showed that elderly male patients were more likely to suffer from serious AEs compared to females (P < .01), but there was no significant difference between the haemorrhage group and the non‐haemorrhage group. Analysis of fatalities due to avapritinib‐related AEs indicated that sex, age and time‐to‐onset were all significantly related to death (P < .05).ConclusionOur study provides a more precise description of the incidence and characteristics of AEs after using avapritinib, clinicians should be particularly careful when prescribing avapritinib to elderly male patients, especially within the 30 days.
Why caregivers have no autonomy‐based reason to respect advance directives in dementia care
Authors: Lauridsen Sigurd , Folker Anna P. , Andersen Martin M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAdvance directives (ADs) have for some time been championed by ethicists and patient associations alike as a tool that people newly diagnosed with dementia, or prior to onset, may use to ensure that their future care and treatment are organized in accordance with their interests. The idea is that autonomous people, not yet neurologically affected by dementia, can design directives for their future care that caregivers are morally obligated to respect because they have been designed by autonomous individuals. In this paper, we first criticize the idea that ADs can retain moral authority in severe dementia by arguing that it is paradoxical. Second, we consider two arguments that initially seem to refute this critique of ADs, but we eventually dismiss them. The first argument states that ADs retain moral authority in severe dementia because autonomously formed interests, for example, ADs, can only be appropriately discarded by autonomous persons. This we term the historical autonomy argument. We dismiss it by demonstrating how we, in analog cases, are not obligated to continue to respect autonomously formed interests even though they have been discarded under nonappropriate conditions. The second argument is that ADs can be justified by what we term external interests. While we agree that people with severe dementia plausible can be said to have external interests, we show that ADs cannot express such interests and hence cannot be justified by them. We conclude that none of the discussed arguments support the use of ADs and because of this, the idea of ADs should be reassigned.
Pharmacokinetic and dose‐finding study of osimertinib in patients with impaired renal function and low body weight
Authors: Fujiwara Yutaka , Makihara Reiko , Hase Tetsunari , Hashimoto Naozumi , Naito Tomoyuki , Tsubata Yukari , Okuno Takae , Takahashi Toshiaki , Kobayashi Haruki , Shinno Yuki , Zenke Yoshitaka , Ikeda Takaya , Hosomi Yukio , Watanabe Kageaki , Kitazono Satoru , Sakiyama Naomi , Makino Yoshinori , Yamamoto Noboru 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe safety of osimertinib is limited in patients with severe or moderate renal impairment, or low body weight. This study aimed to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and recommended dose (RD) of osimertinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐mutated non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with impaired renal function and low body weight. Thirty‐one eligible patients were enrolled and allocated into four cohorts: A, normal renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≥ 50 mL/min/1.73 m2) and normal body weight (≥45 kg); B, moderate renal impairment (eGFR = 30‐50 mL/min/1.73 m2); C, low body weight (<45 kg); and D, severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or undergoing dialysis). PK parameters and safety were evaluated with a starting dose of 80 mg osimertinib administered orally once daily in cohorts A, B, and C and 40 mg once daily in cohort D. The PK parameters in cohorts A, B, and C were found to be similar. No dose‐limiting toxicity was observed, and the RD was determined to be 80 mg once daily in patients with moderate renal function and low body weight. Four serious adverse events, acneiform rash, diarrhea, QTc prolongation, and interstitial lung disease, were noted. Although the PK parameters of osimertinib were similar across all cohorts, toxicity occurred more frequently in patients with impaired renal function and low body weight. Clinicians should prescribe osimertinib with caution in NSCLC patients with impaired renal function and low body weight.
Considering the moral implications of psychiatric diagnosis for children
Authors: Isobel Sophie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIncreasing numbers of children are meeting criteria for psychiatric disorders. While diagnoses may be of situational and individual benefit, they also have sustained and significant impacts on children's lives, including what they believe to be true, and how they understand themselves. Psychiatric diagnosis, therefore, has moral implications for children. This paper considers these moral implications, including uncertainty about the accuracy, treatment efficacy and long‐term effects of psychiatric diagnosis for children through a critical lens. Challenges of identifying, diagnosing and treating childhood mental illness are explored, including a discussion of the familial and societal contexts of adversity and understandings of accepted behaviour and responses. Emphasis is sustained on the importance of child agency and rights and how these may conflict with protective discourses about childhood, compounding epistemic injustices for children. The author proposes that there is a need to consider the child voice, while also being conscious of the boundaries of possibility of constructed reality, alongside the development of new ways of speaking about and understanding child distress. Achieving this requires questioning and critique of systems of psychiatric diagnosis applied to children and increased consideration of shared social and political responsibilities to prevent childhood adversity.
Protracted oxygenation across the Cambrian–Ordovician transition: A key initiator of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event?
Authors: Kozik Nevin P. , Young Seth A. , Lindskog Anders , Ahlberg Per , Owens Jeremy D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFluctuations in marine oxygen concentrations have been invoked as a primary driver for changes in biodiversity throughout Earth history. Expansions in reducing marine conditions are commonly invoked as key causal mechanisms for mass extinctions, while increases in marine oxygenation are becoming an increasingly common causal mechanism invoked for biodiversification events. Here we utilize a multiproxy approach to constrain local and global marine paleoredox conditions throughout the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician from two drill core successions in Baltoscandia. Local paleoredox proxies such as manganese concentrations and iron speciation reveal that both sites in the Baltic paleobasin had persistently anoxic and predominantly euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) bottom water conditions throughout the study interval. Corresponding trace metal datasets indicate nuanced contraction and expansion of global anoxic and euxinic conditions along continental margins during the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Lastly, thallium isotope data from these locally reducing sections suggest a global expansion of oxygenated shelf and deeper marine environments from the late Cambrian into the Early Ordovician. This evidence for increasingly oxic marine environments coincides with increases in burrowing depth and tiering in marine animals, as well as diversification of body fossils throughout this ~8‐million‐year interval. The collective geochemical datasets provide some of the first direct paleoredox evidence for an increase in marine oxygen concentrations as a key mechanism for the Ordovician radiation of marine life.
(Un)making occupational gender segregation: Intergenerational reproduction of gender‐(a)typical occupational aspirations in China
Authors: Hu Yang , Coulter Rory 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOccupational gender segregation can be traced back to gender‐typed occupational aspirations formed early in life. Analyzing nationally representative data from the 2010–2018 China Family Panel Studies (N = 2410 adolescents aged 10–19), we examine the relationships between parents' occupations, their gender‐(a)typical occupational expectations, and adolescents' gender‐(a)typical occupational aspirations. Our research makes three distinctive contributions. First, we clarify how gender‐role modeling works by distinguishing adolescents' direct imitation of parents' occupations from their indirect gender‐role learning based on the gender orientation of parents' occupations. Second, we propose and test a new theory of “gender boundary‐setting” to understand how the opposite‐sex parent's gender‐typed occupation can erect gender boundaries that reinforce their children's gender‐typed aspirations. Third, we examine the role of parents' gender‐(a)typical occupational expectations in shaping adolescents' gendered aspirations and how such expectations relate to adolescents' social learning based on parents' occupations. We find that girls' gendered occupational aspirations are shaped by direct occupational imitation, indirect gender‐role learning, gender boundary‐setting, and parents' gendered expectations, whereas boys' aspirations are only shaped by direct imitation. Parents' expectations and adolescents' social learning operate independently of each other. Our findings provide new insights into the supply‐side mechanisms underpinning the intergenerational reproduction of occupational gender segregation.