bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PS-BPC12-3: PLASMA XANTHINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY AND ITS RELATED FACTORS IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Murai Sayama , Koike Tsutomu , Arisawa Yu , Fujioka Hayato , Kakeshita Kota , Yamazaki Hidenori , Kinugawa Koichiro 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity has a key role in the development of oxidative stress and progression of cardiovascular diseases. In resistant hypertension, plasma XO activity is related to increased urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy. In this study, plasma XO activity and its related factors were investigated in essential hypertensive patients.

Design and method:
In 53 essential hypertensive patients (30 men, 64 ± 13 years) without taking anti-hyperuricemic agents, plasma XO activity was measured by using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. 38 healthy volunteers without any specific comorbidities were included as a control cohort. Associations between plasma XO activity and other clinical variables were also investigated in essential hypertensive patients.

Results:
Plasma XO activity was increased in essential hypertensive patients compared with the healthy cohort (log10XO 1.33 ± 0.47 nmol/L/hr vs 0.98 ± 0.37, p < 0.001). In essential hypertensive patients, plasma XO activity did not associate with age, blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration and urinary protein excretion. There were weak correlations between plasma XO activity and the levels of serum uric acid and blood glucose (r = 0.28, 0.32, p < 0.05, respectively). Plasma XO activity strongly correlated with body mass index (BMI) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = 0.46, 082, p < 0.001, respectively), and in multiple regression analysis, BMI and ALT were independent determinants for plasma XO activity (R2 0.57, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
In essential hypertension, plasma XO activity was increased accompanying with obesity and liver disfunction, irrespective of blood pressure elevation and renal dysfunction.
PS-BPC12-7: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND HYPERTENSION
Authors: Rozhdestvenska Anastasiia , Zhelezniakova Natalia 
Published: January 2023

Introduction:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects up to 50% of patients with hypertension (HT). Research data indicate a decrease in the activity of anti-inflammatory biomarkers with a simultaneous increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory agents.

Objective:
To assess the changes in anti-inflammatory systems (using kallistatin, IL-10) and pro-inflammatory activity (using IL-1β; and high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP)) in patients with NAFLD under the influence of concomitant HT.

Design and method:
63 patients with NASH and HT and 52 patients with isolated NASH were examined. Plasma kallistatin, IL-10, IL-1β; and hsCRP levels were evaluate using ELISA. The results were statistically processed using standard methods.

Results:
Kallistatin levels in patients with NAFLD and HT were on average 65.03 ng/ml (95% CI 61.38; 68.68), which was significantly lower than in the group with isolated NAFLD (83.42 ng/ml (95% CI 81.89; 84.94), p < 0.001) and control results (111.70 ng/ml (95% CI 106.14; 113.22), p < 0.001). The level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the group of NAFLD and HT also reached minimal values (12.69 pg/ml (95% CI 11.93; 12.95) against 14.34 pg/ml (95% CI 13.27; 14,34) in the group with isolated NAFLD (p < 0.001) and 16.19 pg/ml (95% CI 15.15; 17.74) in the control group (p < 0.001)). The opposite results were observed in the study of IL-1β; content, which was increased in the group with NAFLD and HT (17.55 pg/ml (95% CI 17.06; 19.73) versus 15.72 pg/ml (95% CI 15,25; 17.44) in the group with isolated NAFLD (p < 0.001) and 8.26 (95% CI 7.79; 8.46) in the control group (p < 0.001)).
In addition, patients with NAFLD and HT had an increase in CRP (7.90 mg/l (95% CI 7.96; 8.75) versus 6.55 mg/l (95% CI 6.47; 7.57) in the group with isolated NAFLD (p < 0.001) and 2.07 mg/l (95% CI 1.83; 2.85 mg/l) in the control group (p < 0.001)). It has been shown that with the progression of HT in patients with NAFLD, the level of kallistatin significantly decreases (p < 0.001, p = 0.011 for the HT stage and BP grade) and IL-10 (p < 0.001) with a simultaneous increase in IL-1β; (p < 0.001) and CRP levels (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Thus, patients with NAFLD and HT are likely to experience changes in biomarker status toward a pro-inflammatory profile and deepening of these deviations with the progression of concomitant hypertension.
PS-BPP01-4: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN TYPE 9 CONCENTRATION AND THE PREVALENCE OF CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM
Authors: Kunimura Ayako , Miura Katsuyuki , Segawa Hiroyoshi , Torii Sayuki , Kondo Keiko , Hisamatsu Takashi , Yano Yuichiro , Kadota Aya , Fujiyoshi Akira , Nakagawa Yoshihisa , Okamura Tomonori , Ueshima Hirotsugu 
Published: January 2023

Background and aims:
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a promising new target for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. However, the influence of circulating PCSK9 concentration on atherosclerotic plaque formation in the younger, healthy population is not fully elucidated. We assessed the relationship between serum PCSK9 concentration and coronary artery calcium (CAC) prevalence in the general population with no history of cardiovascular disease in different age group.

Methods:
Community-dwelling Japanese men (n = 622) aged 46–82 years, without a history of cardiovascular disease or lipid-lowering medications, were included. Serum PCSK9 concentration and CAC score were measured using the Agatston method, and CAC was defined as an Agatston score of > 10. Multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per 1 SD of the serum PCSK9 concentration for the presence of CAC. We conducted further analysis stratified by age (< 60, 60–69, and 70 ≦ years).

Results:
The average age, LDL-C, and median serum PCSK9 concentration were 68 years, 122 mg/dL, and 240 ng/mL, respectively. After multivariable adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, no significant association was observed between serum PCSK9 concentration and CAC prevalence (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.05, 95% CI 0.97–1.13). With age stratification, serum PCSK9 concentration was significantly associated with CAC prevalence in men aged < 60 years (aRR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01–1.88), but not in men aged 60–69 years (aRR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85–1.10) or ≧ 70 years (aRR 1.08, 95% CI 0.99–1.19).

Conclusions:
A higher serum PCSK9 concentration was associated with a higher CAC prevalence in men aged < 60 years, which was independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The results of our study suggest that serum PCSK9 concentration might be associated with earlier-stage atherosclerosis.
PS-BPP02-4: DIFFERENCES IN RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING HYPERTENSION WHEN HYPERTENSION REFERENCE VALUES ARE CHANGED
Authors: Sakoda Takashi , Akasaki Yuichi , Kawasoe Shin , Kubozono Takuro , Sasaki Yuichi , Ikeda Yoshiyuki , Ohishi Mitsuru , Miyahara Hironori , Tokushige Koichi 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
In 2017, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) lowered the diagnostic reference value for hypertension to 130/80 mmHg. On the other hand, the Japan Society of Hypertension (JSH) Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypertension 2019 set the diagnostic reference value at 140/90 mmHg because there is insufficient evidence to set it at 130/80 mmHg in Japan. We sought to determine whether there were differences in risk factors predicting future development of hypertension if the diagnostic threshold were lowered in Japan.

Method:
Of 137,308 subjects who underwent health checkup between 2007 and 2015, 18,657 middle-aged men who were observable for 5 years were included in the study. First, we adapted the JSH2019 criteria and used nominal logistic regression analysis to explore factors involved in the development of hypertension in normotensive subjects who are judged to be normotensive at the first checkup and hypertensive 5 years later. Age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, uric acid, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, HbA1c (JDS), eGFR, smoking history, daily drinking habit were used as factors for adjustment. Next, the ACC/AHA2017 criteria were adapted and analyzed using the same method to examine the differences in relevant factors from the adaptation of the JSH2019.

Results:
12,296 subjects were considered normotensive at first checkup according to JSH2019 criteria. After 5 years, 2,568(20.8%) were diagnosed with hypertension. Age [OR = 1.04, CI = 1.03–1.05, p < 0.001], BMI [OR = 1.08, CI = 1.03–1.13, p < 0.001], uric acid [OR = 1.11, CI = 1.06–1.16, p < 0.001], HbA1c(JDS) [OR = 1.19, CI = 1.10–1.28, p < 0.001], and daily drinking habit [OR = 0.75, CI = 0.66–0.86, p < 0.001] were associated with development of hypertension at 5 years. On the other hands, 7,892 subjects were considered normotensive at first checkup when AHA/ACC2017 criteria were adapted. After 5 years, 5.549(45.1%) were diagnosed with hypertension. Age [OR = 1.03, CI = 1.01–1.04, p < 0.001], BMI [OR = 1.08, CI = 1.02–1.14, p = 0.006], uric acid [OR = 1.15, CI = 1.08–1.21, p < 0.001] and daily drinking habit [OR = 0.69, CI = 0.60–0.80, p < 0.001] were associated with development of hypertension at 5 years.

Conclusions:
Adapting the AHA/ACC2017 criteria will result in more people developing hypertension than the JSH2019 criteria. Aging, elevated uric acid, and daily drinking habits are risk factors that predict future hypertension, even according to the AHA/ACC2017 criteria.
PS-BPP02-7: DEFINING THE OPTIMAL CUT-OFF POINTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE COMPONENTS TO PREDICT THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN TOYOOKA CITY
Authors: Kishimoto Ichiro 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
Early control of blood pressure is critical to delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and preventing future cardiovascular events and mortality. The primary objective of the study is to assess the optimal cut-off points of blood pressure components for predicting the worsening of proteinuria or renal function.

Design and method:
Retrospective longitudinal data from 2013–2017 specific health surveys among participants of National Health Insurance in Toyooka City were analyzed (n = 5,169 at baseline). Association of blood pressure at baseline and worsening of dip-stick proteinuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during follow-up were determined with Cox proportional hazard analysis. The optimal cut-off points were determined with time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC).

Results:
Survival analysis revealed that worsening of proteinuria during follow-up was significantly associated with baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels independently of age, gender, or HbA1c levels. Time-dependent ROC curves for detecting worsening of proteinuria during follow-up revealed that the optimal cut-off points of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 126 mmHg (sensitivity 0.62, specificity 0.45) and 81 mmHg (sensitivity 0.38, specificity 0.70), respectively. When the whole population was categorized with the systolic blood pressure levels of < 126, 126–139, or > = 140 mmHg, the age, gender, and HbA1c-adjusted risks for worsening proteinuria in the highest and intermediate systolic blood pressure groups were 1.5-fold (p = 0.002) and 1.3-fold (p = 0.014) higher than that in the lowest group, respectively. In addition, the risks for more than a 15%-decrease in eGFR during follow-up in the highest and intermediate groups were 2.0-fold (p < 0.001) and 1.6-fold (p = 0.009) higher than that in the lowest group, respectively. When the whole population was categorized with the diastolic blood pressure levels of < 81, 81–89, or > = 90 mmHg, the risks for worsening proteinuria in the highest and intermediate diastolic blood pressure groups were 1.5-fold (p = 0.004) and 1.2-fold (p = 0.056) higher than that in the lowest group, respectively. Furthermore, the time-dependent ROC curve for detecting more than a 15%-decrease in eGFR during follow-up revealed that the optimal cut-off point of pulse pressure was 52 mmHg (sensitivity 0.48, specificity 0.58). In subjects with a baseline pulse pressure of > = 52 mmHg, the adjusted odds ratio for detecting more than a 15%-decrease in eGFR during follow-up was 1.5-fold higher than in those with a baseline pulse pressure of < 52 mmHg (p = 0.005).

Conclusions:
Data from specific health surveys revealed regional blood pressure-related risks associated with worsening of CKD among participants of National Health Insurance.
PS-BPP03-1: PREDICTIVE ABILITY FOR NEW-ONSET CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES BY MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM USING HEALTH CHECKUP DATA
Authors: Kawasoe Shin , Kubozono Takuro , Ojima Satoko , Kawabata Takeko , Salim Anwar Armed , Ikeda Yoshiyuki , Miyahara Hironori , Tokushige Koichi , Ohishi Mitsuru 
Published: January 2023

Background:
In Japan, many data on relatively healthy individuals exist because specific health checkups are conducted annually for individuals aged 40 and older for the purpose of early detection and intervention of lifestyle-related diseases. Efforts to effectively utilize these data to predict the future development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important from the perspective of improving prognosis and quality of life, as well as healthcare economics.

Aim:
We aimed to evaluate the predictive ability of machine learning algorithms for newly developed CKD using health checkup data.

Methods:
We included individuals aged 30–69 years who had a health checkups between April 2008 and March 2018 with baseline (year X) and 5-year (year X + 5) data. CKD was defined as < 60 ml/min/1.73m2, and those with hypertension in year X were excluded. Three different machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Neural Network, were evaluated to predict the development of new-onset CKD at year X + 5 from baseline (year X) data, and the AUCs of the ROC curve were used to assess the predictive ability of the models. Explanatory variables included physical measurements, blood pressure and pulse rate, laboratory values, lifestyle-related indicators, and medication history.

Results:
A total of 58,418 participants (age 53.8 ± 10.2 years, male 49.9%) were included in this study. Among them, 3,997 individuals (6.8%) had newly developed hypertension in year X + 5. The indices of predictive ability were as follows: Random Forrest, AUC 0.88, accuracy 0.93, recall 0.99, precision 0.93; Logistic Regression, AUC 0.89, accuracy 0.93, recall 0.99, precision 0.94; Neural Network, AUC 0.89, accuracy 0.93, recall 0.99, precision 0.93. The variables with the highest importance features were baseline creatinine level (0.49), age (0.24), systolic blood pressure (0.07), and anti-hypertensive medication (0.06).

Conclusions:
The AUCs of the model predicting the development of CKD after 5 years ranged from 0.88 to 0.89, which were generally superior to previously reported risk models using statistical methods. Baseline creatinine levels, age, and blood pressure were found to contribute significantly to new-onset CKD.
PS-BPP03-3: CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND METABOLIC CHARACTERIZATION OF METABOLICALLY HEALTHY OBESITY CLASSIFIED BY THE NEWLY PROPOSED DEFINITION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Wei Dongmei , Marrachelli Vannina Gonzalez , Melgarejo Jesus , Liao ChiaTe , Janssens Stefan , Verhamme Peter , Monleon Daniel , Redon Josep , Aelst Lucas Van , Vanassche Thomas , Zhang ZhenYu 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
The varying definition of metabolic health is responsible for the debate about whether metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. An empirically derived definition of metabolic health has been newly proposed to identify individuals with obesity but without excess mortality risk. This study aimed to evaluate the association of MHO classified by the new definition with cardiovascular events and to reveal the metabolic characterization of MHO.

Design and method:
We classified 1331 Flemish people (mean age: 51.3 years; women: 50.3%) by their metabolic health status (systolic blood pressure < 130 mmHg, waist-to-hip ratio < 0.95 for women or 1.03 for men, and absence of antihypertensives and diabetes) and obesity status (body mass index > = 25 kg/m2). Plasma 44 metabolites were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regressions and logistic regressions, accounting for sex, age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and physical activity.

Results:
During 5.6 years of follow-up, 111 cardiovascular events and 33 diabetes incidents occurred. MHO was not associated with cardiovascular events (HR 1.61, 95% CI: 0.49–5.27) compared with metabolically healthy normal weight. The HRs were 3.19 (95% CI: 1.07–9.53) and 3.27 (95% CI: 1.15–9.32) for metabolically unhealthy normal weight and obesity, respectively. Individuals with metabolic health had a lower risk of diabetes (HR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.06–0.77). Compared with metabolically unhealthy obesity, MHO was associated with eight metabolites, including six with positive association (2-aminobutyrate, 4-aminobutyrate, alanine, leucine, 4-hydroxybutyrate, and acetate) and two with negative association (valerate and lactate). Metabolites positively associated with MHO showed inverse associations with diabetes risk, while metabolites negatively associated with MHO showed positive associations with diabetes risk. The associations of these metabolites with MHO reversed their directions compared with metabolically healthy normal weight. None of the eight metabolites was associated with cardiovascular events.

Conclusion:
This new definition of metabolic health can be replicated to stratify cardiovascular risk for individuals with or without obesity. The metabolic characterization of MHO was not completely ‘healthy’, which might help to identify novel targets for intervention.
PS-BPP05-1: ASSOCIATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES AND HOME BLOOD PRESSURE: THE MASUDA STUDY
Authors: Kinuta Minako , Hisamatsu Takashi , Fukuda Mari , Taniguchi Kaori , Nakahata Noriko , Kanda Hideyuki 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
The prevalence of elevated blood pressure (BP) remains high, with the greatest absolute burden of elevated BP particularly in the East Asian and Pacific regions. Temperature and BP are closely related; however, few studies have examined the association of out-of-office BP with indoor or outdoor temperature. The effect of the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures on BP also remains unknown. we examined the association of indoor and outdoor temperatures, and their difference with self-measured BP at home.

Design and method:
Using 2-year data on temperature and self-measured home BP in healthy 352 participants (mean age, 49.8 years; 46.0% women) from a population-based cohort. We measured home BP and indoor temperature at the same time in the morning and evening every day. Outdoor temperature at the same time period of the home BP measurements in Masuda City was based on the national data from the Japan Meteorological Agency. A linear mixed model was used for analyzing the association between home BP and indoor or outdoor temperature as fixed effects and each participant as a random effect adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking, obesity, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, and antihypertensive medication use.

Results:
We observed BP measurements of 82,900 in the morning and of 66,420 in the evening. After adjustment for age, sex, and possible confounders, indoor temperature was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP in the morning and evening. A 1 °C increase in the indoor temperature reduced systolic/diastolic BP by 0.37/0.22 mmHg, respectively, in the morning and 0.45/0.30 mmHg, respectively, in the evening (all P-values < 0.001). The magnitude of associations was stronger for indoor than outdoor temperature. Similarly, a 1 °C increase in the indoor temperature above outdoor temperature decreased systolic/diastolic BP by 0.33/0.12 mmHg, respectively, in the morning and 0.45/0.26 mmHg, respectively, in the evening independent of outdoor temperature (all P-values < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Our findings highlight the importance of indoor temperature for influencing home BP levels. The control of indoor temperature is considered an easy approach for the general population to tackle. It is necessary to control the rise in home BP by controlling indoor temperature in order to reduce high BP, possibly leading to reduced mortality and morbidity from CVD.
PS-BPP05-5: HIGH LEVELS OF FATTY LIVER INDEX PREDICT NEW-ONSET HYPERTENSION WITH DYSGLYCEMIA
Authors: Wu Dan , Hirata Aya , Hirata Takumi , Imai Yukiko , Kuwabara Kazuyo , Funamoto Mika , Sugiyama Daisuke , Okamura Tomonori 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
To investigate whether the fatty liver index (FLI) predicts the development of hypertension in individuals with and without dysglycemia in the general Japanese population.

Design and method:
A total of 3114 participants including 1036 men and 2078 women who received specific health checkups in 2013 were observed until 2018. We defined dysglycemic as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus. The participants were divided into 6 groups based on FLI tertile by sex and whether they had dysglycemia. The data was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for the incident of hypertension. The model was adjusted for age, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, smoking and alcohol drinking, and further adjusted for systolic blood pressure (SBP) at baseline.

Results:
During a five-year follow-up period, a total of 853 of the 3114 participants had new onset hypertension. Using the low FLI group with normoglycemia as a reference, the risk of developing hypertension was significantly elevated in the high FLI group with normoglycemia, after confounders except for SBP, in male and female [HR (95% CI) male: high, 1.52 (1.06–2.17); female: high, 1.86 (1.43–2.42)], and also, in the high FLI group with dysglycemia, the risk was significantly elevated [male: low, 1.11(0.71–1.74); moderate, 1.58(1.05–2.39); high, 2.05(1.43–2.92); female: low, 1.56(0.97–2.49); moderate, 1.06(0.65–1.71); high, 2.98(2.19–4.07)]. After adjusting for SBP, the significance disappeared in high FLI with normoglycemia among male. meanwhile it remained unchanged in high FLI with normoglycemia in female and in high FLI with dysglycemia in male and female, respectively.

Conclusions:
Our study showed that FLI was independently associated with the risk of new-onset hypertension with or without dysglycemia. It suggests high FLI population, even in normoglycemia, should be managed for prevention of hypertension. The risk of developing hypertension was more pronounced in the dysglycemic population with high FLI, which may help predict subjects at high risk of developing hypertension in the dysglycemic population.