bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pulmonary Circulation in Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Bronfenbrenner Jacques 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction During the past three years methods of experimentation have been devised which render it possible to study pressure in the pulmonary circulation with a degree of readiness and an approach to normality unreached by earlier experiments. These methods have been described (1) (2) and have been tested in a series of published investigations (3) (4) and in a large amount of unpublished work. In the rabbit, cat, and monkey they permit observation of the pulmonary circuit under natural conditions of breathing and without encroachment upon the vascular bed. In the dog, owing to the depth and rigidity of the chest, artificial respiration must be used.
The gross physiological disturbances which make up the curious entity called acute anaphylactic shock differ widely in different species of animals, and owing to the fact that the pulmonary circulation has been difficult of access, precise measurements upon it during the anaphylactic reaction are lacking.
Sur L'Existence D'Un Troisième élément D'Isoagglutination
Authors: Lattes Leone , Cavazzuti Alfonso 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lattes and Cavazzuti have carried out investigations for the purpose of checking the experiences of Guthrie and his collaborators, and of Coca and Klein, according to which the theory of the four human isoagglutination groups cannot be maintained, because of the presence, which they have thought they could demonstrate, of additional isoagglutination elements (agglutinogen-agglutinin).
Lattes and Cavazzuti, while entirely confirming the truth of the facts placed in evidence by these authors, were unable to agree with their interpretation of them. Their own observations show, indeed, that most of these facts can be explained by variable quantitative relations among the cellular properties (sensitiveness to agglutination, avidity for agglutinin, degree of antigenic power) and the agglutinating properties of the sera; and that the hypothesis of a qualitative multiplication of the agglutinogens and agglutinins is, on the whole, not necessary. Particularly, the study of the two varieties of blood of group 2, which are claimed by Guthrie and Huck to exist, show clearly that there is no question of the presence of a supplementary agglutinogen, but of quantitative variations in the properties of the corpuscles.
Certain cases cannot be explained in this manner, and Lattes and Cavazzuti describe one such which would have constituted an absolute confirmation of the ideas of Guthrie and Huck, and demonstrated the insufficiency of the theory of the four groups. This instance consisted in the blood of a group 4 (Jansky) whose serum strongly agglutinated certain group 2 corpuscles; but, in studying this blood carefully, by all appropriate means, to demonstrate the genuineness of the agglutination, Lattes and Cavazzuti have reached the conclusion that they had to do here with a pseudo-agglutination, a misleading phenomenon, which can simulate the appearance of isoagglutination, but which has no specificity, which is not accompanied by absorption, and which does not necessarily coincide with autoagglutination in a strict sense. This phenomenon, then, can also, in some cases lead to error, and cause one to assume a multiplication of isoagglutination elements.
Isolation of Rat Lung Antigens Capable of Neutralizing Localizing Activity of Anti-Lung Antibodies
Authors: Tsuzuku Osamu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble material capable of neutralizing the localization in vivo of rabbit anti-rat lung antibodies was obtained by autolysis of the saline insoluble sediment of rat lung. The autolysate was fractionated by gel filtration into fractions which differed in the effectiveness in neutralizing the localizing activity as well as in antigenic composition as shown by immunodiffusion, indicating a multiplicity of the localizing antibodies and the corresponding antigens. The digestion of lung sediment with trypsin destroyed a major portion of lung antigens responsible for the localizing antibodies.
A Serologic Study of Herpesvirus Hominis Strains by Microneutralization Tests
Authors: Pauls Frank P. , Dowdle Walter R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-four Herpes virus hominis strains, isolated from patients with differing clinical manifestations, were screened by macroneutralization tests (α procedure). The results suggested the presence of at least two serologic types. Nineteen (79%) appeared to be similar and were designated as type 1 strains. Five (21%) appeared to fall into a second group and were designated as type 2 strains. Detailed microquantal neutralization tests (β procedure) were performed with four strains and their respective antisera. Statistical analyses of the neutralizing potency (pN) and the normalized pN(NpN) values using the standard two-way analysis of variance followed by comparison of all means by Tukey's method supported the hypothesis of two distinct serologic types.
The microtechnique coupled with the quantal neutralization test exhibited a high degree of reproducibility and sensitivity. The microtest utilizes a minimum of materials, equipment and time as compared with the macroprocedures and may be performed in any virology laboratory with normal competency in tissue culture work. Calculation of pN values requires only a few mathematical steps. The recommended microtest (β procedure) provides the diagnostic virology laboratory with a statistically sound and practical procedure for the antigenic analysis of H. hominis isolates.
The Radiation Resistance of Long-Lived Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells in Mouse and Rat Lymph Nodes
Authors: Miller John J. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rats and mice were given a secondary immunologic stimulus with typhoid-paratyphoid A and B vaccine and then were given twice daily injections of tritiated thymidine for 4 days into the hind footpad. Thirty days later the mice were exposed to 850 rad, 500 rad or were left nonirradiated, and the rats were exposed to 850 rad or left nonirradiated. Despite a marked, generalized destruction of lymphocytes, the aortic nodes of the mice and the popliteal nodes of the rats had larger values for per cent of small lymphocytes labeled in the period immediately following irradiation than did the nodes from the nonirradiated control animals. The mean grain counts of the labeled small lymphocytes from irradiated animals were equal to or larger than those from nonirradiated animals. These results are interpreted as demonstrating a relative radioresistance of long-lived, lymph node lymphocytes.
Large numbers of persistently labeled plasma cells were also found in lymph nodes after irradition. No difference could be found in the numbers or distribution of labeled plasma cells in lymph nodes from irradiated mice compared to lymph nodes from nonirradiated mice. There may have been a loss of a small proportion of the long-lived plasma cells present in the rat lymph nodes. We believe the ability of plasma cells to survive irradiation explains the radio-resistance of established antibody production.
GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND ΑSSESSMENT OF Β-CELL FUNCTION BY 3-HOUR ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE (OGTT) IN PATIENTS WITH Β-THALASSEMIA MAJOR WITH SERUM FERRITIN BELOW 1,000 NG/DL: RESULTS FROM A SINGLE ICET-A CENTRE
Authors: De Sanctis Vincenzo , Soliman Ashraf , Daar Shahina , Tzoulis Ploutarchos , Di Maio Salvatore , Kattamis Christos 
Published: January 2023

Aims: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the glucose homeostasis and surrogate indexes of insulin sensitivity and resistance, during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), in β- thalassemia major patients (β-TM) with serum ferritin (SF) below 1,000 ng/mL.
Patients and methods: The retrospective cohort study evaluated the medical records of 24 β-ΤΜ patients from 2010 to 2022. Αt the year of study the mean age of patients was 31.0 ± 4.1 (20-37.11) years; 13 (54.1%) were females. The most commonly used iron chelator was deferoxamine (DFO: 75%), followed by deferiprone (DFP:12.5%) and deferasirox (DFX: 12.5%). Insulin sensitivity and resistance indexes were derived from OGTT. A liver iron concentration (LIC) < 3 mg/g d.w. and a global heart T2* value < 20 ms were considered as conservative cut-off values for insignificant iron overload (IOL).
Results: The mean SF levels in the whole study cohort population at the age of evaluation was 549.6 ± 232.3 ng/mL. Based on the SF levels, two groups were identified: Group A (N = 14) < 500 ng/mL and Group B (N=10) 500-1,000 ng/mL. Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) during OGTT was observed in 4 patients of Group A (28.5 %) and in 5 patients of Group B (50%) (P: 0.29). The remaining 15/24 patients (62.5%) had glucose dysregulation (GD). The mean age at starting iron chelation therapy (ICT) and the mean SF peak in Group A versus Group B were significantly higher in group Α. The GD was associated with significantly attenuated IGI (first phase of insulin response) and impaired oral disposition index (oDI). Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) was the most common associated endocrine complication in both groups of patients.
Conclusions: This study showed that efficient iron chelation monotherapy in patients with β-TM and SF < 1,000 ng/ml did not entirely prevent glucose metabolism disorders, insulin secretion and sensitivity, and development of acquired hypogonadism.
Carcinosarcoma of buccal mucosa: A case report
Authors: Daljit Tanshi , Melgandi Wineeta , Ansari Faiz Akram , Rathi Arun Kumar , Singh Kishore 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by biphasic histology defined by epithelial and mesenchymal components. Because of the aggressive nature, early risk of metastasis, and high mortality, this tumor is associated with poor prognosis. Surgery is considered as the main modality of treatment, although radiotherapy can be discussed in inoperable cases. The present paper describes a rare case of carcinosarcoma of buccal mucosa.
Cutaneous metastasis in bladder cancer
Authors: Daljit Tanshi , Melgandi Wineeta , Ansari Faiz Akram , Rathi Arun Kumar , Singh Kishore 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Cutaneous manifestation of cancers is a rare occurrence, even more so for bladder cancer, with a limited number of published reports. Iatrogenic implantation has been a major cause for it. With no clear distinction pattern from other common dermatological lesions, scattered occurrence, and poor survival; no definitive strategies are present for the management of these dermal manifestations. The present article describes a case of scalp lesion consistent with metastatic urothelial carcinoma along with a review of the literature.
Blood Counts and Homocysteine in Acute Stroke
Authors: Chakraborty Debabrata , Bhattacharjee Pradipta , Dey Sadanand , Bhaumik Sanjay , Choudhary Aditya , Karan Kishalaya , Sen Priyanjita , Mukherjee Mohuya , Pramanick Gobinda , Ray Nirmalya , Chakrapani Anupam , Singh Satya Narayan , Singhania Binod Kumar , Sengupta Biswajit , Das Kajal , Mantry Aditya , Ukil Bhaskar , Ghosh Rahul 
Published: January 2023

Objectives:
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined in the world. We need to find easy, available, and reliable parameters on which we can depend to prevent stroke, predict outcome, and determine prognosis. This will help in stroke management in the future.

Materials and Methods:
We noted blood counts and serum homocysteine levels in acute stroke patients after the exclusion of confounding factors. Our team recorded the detailed demographic and blood parameters (blood counts and homocysteine) of acute stroke patients who got admitted to different departments of our hospital in 5 months. We later correlated or tried to find the association between these parameters and stroke severity (NIHSS), other clinical parameters such as dysarthria and stroke outcome (Modified Rankin Score (mRS) at discharge and at 3 months). The team also tried to find relationships, if any, with different stroke subtypes as per the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification.

Results:
Out of 100 patients (34 females and 66 males), we had 28 patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). The high neutrophil count and total leukocyte count correlated with stroke severity, dysarthria, and outcome at 3 months (poor mRS). While, it was the opposite in the case of lymphocyte count. Homocysteine level did not correlate with stroke severity or outcome but with dyslipidemia. HHcy was more prevalent among patients with large artery atherosclerotic disease.

Conclusion:
Findings of our study were agreeable to earlier studies on the relationship between blood counts and stroke prognosis. Although high homocysteine level was associated with stroke, its level was not found to be related to stroke severity or outcome. However, further study with a larger sample size is required to draw a confident conclusion.
Detection of EhCRT Gene Expression in Entamoeba histolytica-Infected Children and its Correlation with Interleukin 25 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Authors: Khalaf Noor Mohammed , Khalil Hatham Ebraheem , Abood Ahmed Sattar 
Published: January 2023

Objectives:

Entamoeba histolytica is a human enteric protozoan, which is the causative agent of amebiasis. The host activates a series of immunological responses to protect against the parasite after contact with the ameba and further invasion of the gut epithelium layer. As a result, the ameba has developed a variety of evasion mechanisms to hold out the immune response and continue to survive and cause disease. The calreticulin (EhCRT) is one of the immunogenic molecules of E. histolytica that induces an immune response in the human host. Increase in the expression of the EhCRT gene could provide control mechanism that allows the parasite to adapt and survive in host tissues.

Aim of the Study:
This study was designed to detect the EhCRT gene of E. histolytica by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in stool samples of children with amebiasis and its roles in host–parasite relationship via measuring the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 25 (IL25) by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) technique in their serum.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 86 diarrheal fecal samples were collected from children in age <1 year to 13 years suspected to be infected with E. histolytica during the period from December 30, 2020, to September 1, 2021. Microscopically positive samples were the subject to conventional PCR and real-time PCR for the detection of E. histolytica HM1:IMSS strain using (Psp) gene sequences and detection of calreticulin (EhCRT) expression. Blood was withdrawn from each child included in the study for ELISA test to measure the level of IL25 and TNFα.

Results:
Fecal samples for microscopic examination revealed that 71 (82.6%) children had amebic colitis, E. histolytica gene was detected in 44 samples (71%) using conventional PCR, and the immunogene EhCRT was expressed in 36 stool samples using real-time PCR. The results of the recent study showed highly significant elevation in the level of TNFα and IL25 in the amebic group (Eh+ve PCR). The majority of amebic children were in the age group of 1–4 years, had mucoid, acute, and with primary episodes of diarrhea.

Conclusion:

E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite highly prevalent among diarrheal children and is responsible for gastrointestinal amebiasis in the human host. The PCR is a useful tool in the diagnosis of E. histolytica infection. It is clear that the expression of the calreticulin gene (EhCRT) concedes with the duration of diarrhea a virulence factor that plays a role in host pathogenic pathways. The findings of this study showed that the level of TNFα in the serum of children infected with amebic colitis (Eh gene + ve) is significantly increased during the course of infection and the cytokine IL25 exhibits a significant drops in the same children.
The impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Childhood Immunization in Baghdad/Al-Karkh
Authors: Khesro Nadia Adil , Sabri Mary Mohammed , Sami Roaa Muayed 
Published: January 2023

Background:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is extensively impacting national and international public health. Routine childhood immunization is projected for being adversely affected by COVID-19 mitigation measures. Consequently, vaccine preventable disease outbreak might be a big problem to encounter in the near future.

Objectives:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of vaccination delay and explore the barriers leading to that and parents' attitude toward the importance of vaccination timelines.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period between of May 1st and of August 1st, 2021. A sample of 400 parents attending vaccination unit with their under 2-year-old children were selected from health-care centers from Al-Karkh directorate.

Results:
The study shows that 266 (66.5%) of the parents were mothers, 134 (33.5%) were fathers, 288 (72%) of them were aged 30 y ears or less, 210 (52.5%) of them were college graduate or higher educational level, 302 (75.5%) of them did not have a health worker in their family, 292 (73%) of them had <3 children. This study revealed that 274 (68.5%) of the parents reported a delay in their children's vaccination timeliness, 198 (49.5%) of which was significant delay of more than 1 month and 76 (19%) was a delay of 2–4 weeks only. 126 (31.5%) reported an on-time vaccination. This study also showed a highly significant association between vaccination delay and history of COVID-19 infection in the family. This study demonstrated that curfew and difficulty in transportation 154 (38.5%) and fear of getting COVID-19 infection 142 (35.5%) were the most encountered barriers for vaccination delay. This study also showed that 51% of the parents had good level of attitude toward the importance of vaccination timeliness for their children. In addition, it showed a significant association between the level of attitude with the age and educational level of the parents and with having a health worker in the family.

Conclusion:
We conclude that 68.5% of sample had vaccination delay since the COVID-19 pandemic has started and good level of attitude toward the importance of vaccination timeliness. This indicates the need for strict recommendation about the importance of routine immunization schedule and need to commit to it even during pandemic situations.
Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricle Diastolic Dysfunction Using Transmitral Doppler Acceleration Rate of Mitral Inflow E-Wave
Authors: Alsalman Adel Adel , Farhan Hasan Ali , Qasim Marwa 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Diastolic dysfunction (DD) has a high prevalence in the community. Although it often remains asymptomatic, it can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The assessment of the left ventricular diastolic function (DF) should be an integral part of a routine examination, particularly in patients presenting with dyspnea or heart failure.

Patients and Methods:
A cross-sectional study started from June 2018 to February 2019. The study was conducted in four medical institutions in Baghdad. Mitral inflow for the assessment of left ventricular DF depending on guideline 2016 was performed.

Results:
Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was higher in a group with normal DF than in the group with DD (P = 0.0001). Mean E/A ratio was higher among patients 2.15 ± 0.48 than in the control Group 1.30 ± 0.50 the difference between them was significant (P = 0.0001). Mean acceleration time (AT) was longer in individual with normal DF (88.23 ± 13.85) than that of patients with LVDD (72.89 ± 8.88), while the acceleration rate in LVDD group (1364.38 ± 277.31) was higher than that in normal LVDF (859.12 ± 275.95). There was a significant difference (P = 0.0001) between the two groups.

Conclusion:
AT and rate were significantly correlated with DD in normal EF group, but both of them have no relation to the grading of DD.
The Role of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratios in Diagnosing Thyroid Nodule
Authors: Mihson Haider Salim , Maikhan Ayad Khani , Shuwelif Ali Rodan 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Thyroid nodule is a common clinical finding and may be associated with a 5%–7% risk for malignancy. Methods for the detection of malignancy had their own drawbacks, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) may give a promising result to solve this dilemma.

The Aim of the Study:
This study aims to evaluate NLR and PLR as predictors of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodules. Also, to estimate their effect on tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and extrathyroidal extension.

Patient and Methods:
Prospective cohort study conducted at Major Teaching Hospital over a period of 1 year. Patients with solitary thyroid nodules were included in the study and according to histopathological results divided into two groups (A: Malignant and B: Benign), blood samples were drawn from participants, and measurement of lymphocyte, neutrophil, platelet, NLR, and PLR was done.

Results:
Both NLR and PLR were higher in cases of malignancy with a cutoff point for NLR >2.9 associated with 84.8% sensitivity (SN) and 71.4% specificity (SP), while PLR >140.15 associated with 87.9% SN and 71.4% SP. High NLR is further associated with larger tumor size.

Conclusion:
Both NLR and PLR are good predictors of malignancy of thyroid nodules. NLR of more than 2.9 is associated with larger-size tumors.
Procalcitonin as Predictor of Bowel Injury in Penetrating Abdominal Injury
Authors: Maikhan Ayad Khani , Shuwelif Ali Rodan , Mihson Haider Salim 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Diagnosis of bowel injury may be considered one of the difficulties in penetrating abdominal trauma.

Aim of the Study:
The aim of this study is to estimate the predictive ability of procalcitonin in diagnosing bowel injury in multiply injured patients.

Patient and Methods:
In a cross-sectional study at the Emergency Department of Al-Kindy teaching hospital over 1 year, patients were had penetrating abdominal trauma, and measurement of procalcitonin to all participants to estimate its predictive ability.

Results:
Procalcitonin was found to be a single independent predictor of bowel perforation with sensitivity of 90.3%, specificity of 80.6%, and cutoff point of 4.5 ng/ml.

Conclusion:
Procalcitonin level of more than 4.5 ng/ml in cases of penetrating abdominal injury may be considered an aiding predictor for bowel perforation, thus shifting the treatment toward surgical intervention.