bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hapten-Specific T Lymphocyte Activation by Glutaraldehyde-Treated Macrophages: An Argument against Antigen Processing by Macrophages
Authors: Thomas David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this communication the effects of glutaraldehyde treatment of trinitrophenyl-(TNP) modified macrophages on their ability to stimulate TNP-specific guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation were studied. TNP-modified macrophages briefly treated with glutaraldehyde retained much of their ability to stimulate TNP-primed T cells. In contrast, similar treatment of allogeneic macrophages or soluble protein antigen-pulsed syngeneic macrophages completely eliminated their ability to stimulate a mixed leukocyte reaction or protein antigen-specific proliferation, respectively. TNP-modification did not appear to interfere with glutaraldehyde reactivity since macrophages treated with glutaraldehyde before or after TNP-modification stimulated equivalent T cell responses. However, glutaraldehyde treatment of TNP-modified macrophages that had been cultured overnight dramatically reduced their ability to stimulate TNP-specific T cells. Glutaraldehyde-treated TNP-modified macrophages also expressed the same genetic restrictions of T cell activation as untreated stimulators. Thus, T cells primed with syngeneic TNP-modified macrophages were restimulated only by glutaraldehyde-treated TNP-modified syngeneic, but not by allogeneic, macrophages. These results are discussed with respect to the nature of the TNP-specific immunogen recognized by T cells.
Natural Cytotoxic Cells against Solid Tumors in Mice
Authors: Paige Christopher J. , Figarella Elizabeth Feo , Cuttito Michael J. , Cahan Anthony , Stutman Osias 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The following characteristics of the effector cells for natural cytotoxicity (NC) against BALB/c Meth A tumor cells in BALB/c and other mouse strains were observed: 1) time course studies showed that most of NC was completed by 12 to 24 hr of incubation; 2) pre-incubation at 37°C for as long as 6 days had no effect on NC activity; 3) pre-treatment with ammonium chloride had no effect on NC activity; 4) NC cells were not adherent to plastic surfaces; 5) NC cells showed some degree of adherence to nylon wool fibers and activity was recovered from the adherent population; 6) NC cells were partially retained by G10-Sephadex columns; 7) by using velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in Ficoll gradients, NC cells were homogeneous having an average sedimentation velocity of 4.3 to 4.5 mm/hr; 8) treatment with carbonyl iron and magnetism had no effect on NC activity; 9) treatment with various antisera + C including, anti-Thy 1, anti-Lyt 1, anti-Lyt 2, anti-Ala 1, anti-NK, rabbit anti-mouse brain, and rabbit anti-mouse Ig, had no effect on NC activity; 10) heat-aggregated Ig had no effect on NC-mediated CMC; 11) trypsin treatment decreased NC activity but the effect was reversible, dependent on trypsin dose, and detected only in short-term CMC assay. These properties were similar for NC cells obtained from normal or nude mice, as well as peritoneal exudates obtained 5 days after i.p. BCG. When compared to the properties of the NK cell, many similarities were evident although differences in sensitivity to pre-incubation at 37°C and in the relative degree of adherence to nylon fibers were found. It is proposed that both the NC and NK cells belong to a family of effector cells with similar functions.
Cell-Mediated Destruction of Cells Grown on Artificial Capillaries
Authors: Zwilling Bruce S. , Clayman David A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This investigation was designed to determine the conditions required to assess cell-mediated destruction of target L-cells grown on artificial capillaries. In control cultures that contained L-cells alone, solid nodules with a diameter of 1 mm as well as dense cellular growth could be visually observed by the 12th day of culture. Alloimmune spleen cells from both immunized and normal C57BL/10 mice were shown to be capable of destroying tritiated thymidine-labeled L-cells growing on artificial capillaries. The destruction of target cells grown as monolayers in capillary culture correlated well with monolayer cultures incubated in 16-mm plastic tissue culture wells. When target cells were grown in capillary culture for 5 days before the addition of effector cells, significant destruction by normal effector cells was not observed until the 15th day of culture whereas that mediated by immune cells was observed by the 7th day. The possible effects of cell-culturing conditions on the kinetics of cell-medicated destruction in capillary chambers are discussed.
Serologic Typing of Rickettsiae of the Spotted Fever Group by Microimmunofluorescence
Authors: Philip Robert N. , Casper Elizabeth A. , Burgdorfer Willy , Gerloff Robert K. , Hughes Lyndahl E. , John Bell E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The micro-immunofluorescence (micro-IF) method was used to type rickettsiae belonging to the spotted fever or typhus groups according to their surface antigens. Seventy-two strains of rickettsiae from diverse sources, with varying histories of laboratory manipulation and immunologic characterization by other methods, were cross-tested against their mouse antisera. Fifteen serologic patterns (serotypes) were observed, 12 associated with spotted fever-group (SFG) rickettsiae and three with typhus group (TG) organisms. The reaction patterns of strains within each serotype were homogeneous. Nine of the SFG serotypes and the three TG serotypes were characteristic for rickettsiae that have been classified by other biologic procedures as to species (classified serotypes). The classified SFG serotypes included Rickettsia rickettsii (R-like), R. rickettsii (Hlp-like), R. sibirica, R. parkeri, R. conorii, R. rhipicephali, R. montana, R. australis, and R. akari. The three TG serotypes included R. prowazekii, R. typhi, and R. canada. Three SFG serotypes included rickettsiae that have not been identified as to species. Each consisted of two or more strains isolated in different years from widely-spaced localities in the United States and were considered to be distinct serotypes, which for the time being are unclassified. They included two strains of rickettsiae isolated from Dermacentor occidentalis ticks in California, three strains recovered from D. parumapertus ticks in southwestern United States, and three strains obtained from Ixodes pacificus ticks in Oregon. Each of three other strains had patterns of reaction that differed from those of all other rickettsiae. However, they were single representatives and evidence derived from this study is not sufficient to consider these as comprising additional serotypes.
The results obtained by micro-IF are in general agreement with other procedures for antigenic differentiation of rickettsiae belonging to the SFG and TG. Therefore, an immunologic basis for serologic classification of these rickettsiae is likely. Micro-IF should prove to be particularly useful for determining taxonomic and epidemiologic relationships among SFG rickettsiae because of its simplicity and general applicability.
Lack of Generation of Killer Cells in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction Between Mitogen-Stimulated and Unstimulated Autologous Lymphocytes
Authors: Katz Paul , Haynes Barton F. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study has demonstrated that the Con A-activated cell-mediated autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is not associated with the generation of cytotoxic effector cells that kill autologous targets. Thus, the suppression of antibody production of PWM stimulated lymphocytes by autologous Con A-activated suppressor cells cannot be explained by detectable cytotoxicity. We have further demonstrated that the stimulator cell in this system is a nonadherent non-T cell.
Studies on Immunosuppression by Cobra Venom Factor
Authors: Martinelli Giorgio P. , Matsuda Takemasa , Waks Harriet S. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CVF administered before immunization can profoundly depress humoral responses in C-sufficient mice. In AKR/J C5- mice given CVF before i.v. immunization with SRBC, only IgG levels were depressed, IgM titers being equivalent to those of untreated controls. The immunosuppressive effect became inapparent when the i.p. route of immunization was adopted. In DBA/2J C5- mice reduction of both IgG and IgM titers was observed irrespective of the route of immunization. The degree of suppression was, however, much more marked when mice were challenged intravenously. Essentially identical results were obtained with C5+ DBA/1J mice. These studies indicate that immunosuppression by CVF is unrelated to activation of the late C components. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the possibility that the generation of biologically active C fragments in conjunction with a C3 deficiency may account for immunosuppression by CVF.
Restricted Complement Activation by Escherichia Coli with the K-1 Capsular Serotype: A Possible Role in Pathogenicity
Authors: Stevens Paul , Huang Shena N-Y. , Welch William D. , Young Lowell S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eighty per cent of blood culture isolates of K-1 Escherichia coli are “resistant” to in vitro opsonization and phagocytosis by normal human leukocytes and serum. To investigate why most of bacteremic K-1 E. coli are poorly opsonized by normal human serum, we undertook this study to assess the serum opsonic requirements for K-1 isolates particularly in regard to the role of the alternative pathway of complement activation. To ascertain the role of complement in opsonization, we used an in vitro opsonic and bactericidal killing system and a method that determines complement activation by measuring consumption of hemolytic complement. For both assays, MgEGTA was used to specifically block the classic pathway while leaving the alternative intact. Additionally, we used the bactericidal killing assay to determine the possible participation of specific opsonins, like antibody, in the opsonization of these E. coli by using a serum source that was either previously absorbed with bacteria to remove antibody or by using purified K-1 capsular antigen to block specific K-1 antibody. Data demonstrate that E. coli K-1 are opsonized only by the classic pathway of complement via antibody that is not specific for the capsular K-1 antigen. Furthermore, the hemolytic complement consumption method was shown to be far less sensitive in determining which complement pathway is activated during opsonization of E. coli K-1. The restriction of these bacteremic K-1 E. coli isolates to the classic pathway of complement activation and the requirements for specific antibody for effective opsonization may be important factors underlying the pathogenicity of these bacteria.
Cell Surface Glycoproteins of Rat Lymphocytes
Authors: Mitchell Richard N. , Bowers William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Oxidation of viable rat lymph node lymphocytes with either periodate or a combination of neuraminidase and galactose oxidase (NGO), followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride, labels similar sets of cell-surface molecules as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Periodate and NGO induce blast transformation of lymph node lymphocytes (oxidative mitogenesis), and borohydride reduction inhibits the proliferative response. Thus, it is inferred that some or all of the glycoproteins that are labeled with tritiated borohydride may be involved in mediating the stimulation caused by the oxidizing agents.
Treatment of lymph node lymphocytes with 5 units/ml papain abolishes the response to periodate or NGO but does not significantly affect the response to Con A. At the same time, papain treatment eliminates the labeled bands representing six high m.w. glycoproteins (175,000, 170,000, 160,000, 155,000, 100,000, and 70,000 daltons). No significant effect is seen on the labeling of the other components visualized in the slab gels. The results implicate the subset of six high m.w. papain-sensitive sialoglycoproteins in mediating oxidative mitogenesis of rat lymph node lymphocytes.
Tumor Neutralization, Immunotherapy, and Chemoimmunotherapy of a Friend Leukemia with Cells Secondarily Sensitized in Vitro:
Authors: Cheever Martin A. , Greenberg Philip D. , Fefer Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if cells primed in vivo could be rendered more effective in killing tumor by secondary sensitization in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were primed with a viable antigenic syngeneic Friend leukemia (FBL-3). The immune spleen cells secondarily sensitized by 5-day culture with irradiated FBL-3 (CiFx) became significantly more effective than fresh noncultured immune cells (Ci) in in vitro cytotoxicity, tumor neutralization (Winn assay), and immunotherapy of an early leukemia. However, in chemoimmunotherapy of advanced leukemia, CiFx were no more effective than Ci. Moreover, Ci cultured with irradiated C57BL/6 spleen cells (CiCx), i.e., without secondary sensitization in vitro, became markedly less effective than noncultured Ci. C57BL/6 mice inoculated with 5 × 106 FBL-3 on day 0 received on day 5 cyclophosphamide (CY) plus Ci, CiFx, or CiCx. CY alone doubled the median survival time (MST) to day 26. As an adjunct to CY, Ci or CiFx prolonged the MST to day 53 and day 55 and cured 16/72 and 20/66 mice, respectively, whereas CiCx prolonged the MST to only day 33 and cured 1/36 mice. To determine if the lack of enhanced effect after secondary sensitization in vitro reflects the nature of primary exposure to antigen, other priming regimens were studied. When mice were primed with irradiated FBL-3 or with cross-reacting MSV, CiFx were more effective than Ci in chemoimmunotherapy. Thus, enhancement by secondary in vitro sensitization of primed cells to eradicate advanced leukemia is dependent upon the method of priming and cannot be predicted by results of the in vitro tumor cytotoxicity, tumor neutralization, or immunotherapy of early leukemia. Moreover, primed cells lose effectiveness in tumor therapy if cultured without secondary stimulation.
Genetic Control of Lymphocytes Suppression
Authors: Primi Daniele , Hammarström Lennart , Smith C. I. Edvard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Con A-activated cells from old NZB mice were found capable of inhibiting the polyclonal response of cells from young NZB and BALB/c animals. Furthermore, Con A-preactivated spleen cells from young NZB and BALB/c mice did not significantly affect the response of spleen cells from old NZB mice. These results suggest that the defective suppressive activity in old NZB mice may be traced to a defect at the B cell level.
Functional Characteristics of BALB/c T Cell Lines: Suppression in the Mixed Lymphocyte Response and Cell-Mediated Lysis
Authors: Kim K. Jin , Weinbaum Fredric I. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously, 10 BALB/c T cell lines (Thy 1.2+, Ig-) were shown to express different combinations of Ly 1 and Ly 2 antigens. The possible immunologic function(s) of these tumor cells was determined by investigating the effects of these cells on the responses to mitogens, the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR), and the generation of cell-mediated lysis (CML) by normal spleen cells. Five T cell lines, Pl798 and BALENTL 3, 5, 8, and 9, continued to synthesize DNA after exposure to large doses of irradiation. Only BALENTL 4, 6, 7, and 14 (Ly 1-2+) and BALENTL 13 (Ly 1+2-) were radiosensitive and therefore amenable to study. BALENTL 4 and 14 gave significant suppression of the MLR between BALB/c and C57BL/6; BALENTL 14 also inhibited the generation of BALB/c effector cells against C57BL/6 spleen cells. None of these T cell lines had any effect on the proliferative response of BALB/c spleen cells induced by concanavalin A. However, there was approximately 50% suppression of the phytohemagglutinin response of BALB/c spleen cells by BALENTL 14.
Modulation of Immune Response by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Multifocal Effects of LPS-Induced Suppression of the Primary Antibody Response to a T-Dependent Antigen
Authors: Uchiyama Takehiko , Jacobs Diane M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice injected with 2 to 50 µg bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have a reduced capacity to make an antibody response in vitro to trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC) when tested 1 to 7 days later. Recovery is gradual, and these cells are fully functional 2 weeks after in vivo LPS treatment. Unresponsiveness resides in the nonadherent splenic cell populations, and can be shown to have a suppressive cell component, which is irradiation sensitive and has some characteristics of a thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell). In addition, neither bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) nor T cells in the spleens of LPS-treated mice are functionally normal in their abilities to cooperate during an antibody response in vitro. LPS-B cells cooperated poorly with nylon wool-enriched T cells from normal mice but cooperated well with irradiated carrier-primed T cells or nylon wool-purified splenic T cells from carrier-primed mice. LPS-T cells have a reduced capacity to interact with normal B cells and appear to contain a suppressor cell component. These results indicate that the effects of exposure of immunocompetent cells to LPS are multifocal and can include suppression as well as stimulation of antibody formation.
Distribution and Identity of Thy-1-Bearing Cells during Ontogeny in Rat Hemopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Ritter Mary A. , Gordon Lance K. , Goldschneider Irving 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution and identity of Thy-1+ cells during ontogeny in the rat were examined by immunofluorescent and histologic techniques, and the relative amount of Thy-1 antigen on different cell types was assessed by quantitative absorption. Thy-1+ cells were subsequently studied by dual immunofluorescence for the simultaneous expression of either T or B lymphocyte markers. The results indicate that the Thy-1 antigen is present on hemopoietic precursors and on at least some of their lymphoid (both T and B) and nonlymphoid descendants. In addition, six serologically distinct subpopulations of lymphoid cells were identified, and their position in T and B cell maturational pathways is discussed.
Immunoregulation of Heymann's Nephritis
Authors: Litwin Allen , Bash Jerry A. , Adams Louis E. , Donovan Rebecca J. , Hess Evelyn V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pretreatment of Lewis rats with a series of injections of a renal tubular antigen (RTA) in IFA prevented induction of Heymann's nephritis (HN) when the rats were challenged with RTA in FCA. This absence of disease was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining for rat IgG and histologic examination of the kidneys as well as by lack of development of significant proteinuria. Passive transfer of spleen and lymph node cells from rats receiving such pretreatment into syngeneic recipients prevented induction of HN when these recipients were challenged with RTA in FCA. Passive transfer of serum obtained from pretreated rats was without effect. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms involved in preventing HN by this pretreatment regimen was the induction of suppressor cells. The results of spleen cell transformation indicated that the suppressor cells were specific for RTA as the immune response to a second antigen, PPD, was unaffected. When rats already had active early HN, the disease course was unaffected by transfer of suppressor cells.
Selective Cell Surface Expression of Thymus Leukemia Antigen during S Phase of the Cell Cycle
Authors: Williams Jackie L. , Pickering Jerry W. , Wolcott Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expression of the thymus leukemia antigen (TL) was studied on a murine leukemia cell line (ASL-1W) grown in vitro and separated into cell cycle phases by velocity sedimentation or growing synchronously in culture. The expression of TL was determined qualitatively by direct cytotoxicity and quantitatively by a modified inhibition of cytotoxicity assay. TL expression was found to vary with DNA synthesis. The hypothesis that expression is coordinately regulated with DNA synthesis, and the relationship of this to the restricted expression of TL on rapidly dividing cells is discussed.
Action of the C3b-Inactivator on Cell-Bound C3b
Authors: Law S. K. , Fearon Douglas T. , Levine R. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The action of C3bINA and β1H on cell-bound C3b is described in this paper. The α-polypeptide of C3b that binds covalently to cell surfaces is cleaved by the C3bINA and β1H into two fragments: one of 60,000 (C3bα-60) and another of 40,000 (C3bα-40) daltons. The β-chain of C3b is unaffected by the C3bINA and β1H. The three polypeptides, C3bα-60, C3bα-40, and C3β, are held together as a single unit by disulfide bonds. This unit, referred to as C3b', is covalently bound to cell surfaces via the C3bα-60 polypeptide. The conversion of C3b to C3b' by C3bINA and β1H abolishes the ability of the C3b-bearing cells to adhere to human erythrocytes as well as the ability to form, on the cell surface, the B, &D, and properdin-dependent amplification C3-convertase. However, the agglutinability of the cells with either anti-C3c or anti-C3d is not affected.
Treatment of the C3b'-bearing cells with trypsin releases fragments of C3b' into solution, leaving a polypeptide of 32,000 daltons covalently linked to the membrane. Since the trypsinized cells are agglutinable by anti-C3d but not by anti-C3c, the 32,000 dalton polypeptide appears to correspond antigenically to C3d.
Activation of Membrane Phospholipase a by Guinea Pig Lymphotoxin (GLT)
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshiro , Sawada Jun-Ichi , Osawa Toshiaki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of GLT on target cells (L·P3 cells) labeled with radioactive fatty acids was examined. After incubation for 1 or 2 hr, no change in the survival ratio was observed, but radioactive fatty acid was released from phospholipids of the cells. When incubation was continued for 4 or 5 hr, the survival ratio was decreased with a concomitant increase of the radioactivity of triglyceride of the target cells and enhancement of calcium uptake into the target cells. These results could be explained by activation of membrane-bound phospholipase A after the binding of GLT to cell surface receptors.
Suppression of Cell-Mediated Immune Reactions by Monosaccharides
Authors: Baba Tohru , Yoshida Tomoko , Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various monosaccharides have been shown capable of inhibiting lymphokine activity in in vitro assay systems. In this study, we demonstrate that l-fucose can inhibit the ability of lymphokine-containing supernatants to induce skin reactions or cause reductions in the macrophage content of peritoneal exudates. Moreover, l-fucose can inhibit the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction and the peritoneal macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR) induced by antigen in actively immunized guinea pigs. The effect of l-rhamnose, another sugar with in vitro inhibitory activity, was investigated in the MDR, and was also shown to be inhibitory. l-arabinose, which has no in vitro effect on lymphokines, had no suppressive effect on any of the in vivo systems studied. No monosaccharide inhibition of Arthus reactions or nonspecific inflammation could be found in these studies. The results demonstrate that monosaccharides capable of inhibiting lymphokine activity in vitro are effective in suppressing in vivo manifestations of cellular immunity.