bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Omnidirectional to Directional Pattern Switching Patch Antenna for Wireless Sensor Nodes at Nuclear Reactor Containment Building
Authors: Kumar Pratap , Suseela Sreeja Balakrishnapillai , Sankararajan Radha , Ebenezer Jemimah 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe novel design, prototyping, and characterization of an omnidirectional to directional radiation pattern switching planar antenna system are presented. The incorporation of the Yagi‐Uda antenna with an Alford loop antenna is proposed. The antenna is formed by a dipole, driver, reflector, and two directors. In a DC bias switching circuit with a combination of eight SMD PIN diodes and two parasitic elements, the antenna's radiation patterns can be shaped to concentrate energy in an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The introduction of switches using an SMD PIN diode at the arms of the driver element produces two switchable frequencies at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz. Switches at the directors and reflector control the radiation pattern and can be configured to omnidirectional pattern to directional radiation pattern at those resonance frequencies. The radiation patterns as well as the simulated and measured reflection coefficients (S11) are illustrated and analyzed. Return loss (S11) is observed to be −36.36 dB at resonance frequency of 2.45 GHz (2.35–2.69 GHz) with bandwidth 340 MHz and impedance bandwidth 21.1%, and −24.45 dB at resonance frequency of 915 MHz (854–1006 MHz) with bandwidth 152 MHz and impedance bandwidth 16.61%. When compared with the omnidirectional pattern while maintaining the horizontal polarization, the gain of the antenna increases from 4.6 dBi with 90.02% efficiency to 5.1 dB with 87.77% efficiency in a directional pattern. The developed antenna system's final dimensions are 2.45 λ × 1.80 λ × 0.01 λ. The antenna system is tested in a nuclear reactor containment building equipped with a wireless sensor node. The signal transmission indicates the zero (0) invalid frames with 100 dBm received signal strength indication (RSSI). The printable nature of the antenna architecture and successful transmission of signals across the nuclear reactor containment building make the antenna a good candidate for the wireless sensor node (WSN) in the nuclear reactor.
Transforming Dermatopathology With AI: Addressing Bias, Enhancing Interpretability, and Shaping Future Diagnostics
Authors: Kakish Diala Ra'Ed Kamal , AlSamhori Jehad Feras , Fajardo Andy Noel Ramirez , Qaqish Lana N. , Jaber Layan Ahmed , Abujudeh Rawan , Al‐Zuriqat Mohammad Hathal Mahmoud , Mohammed Amina Yahya , Nashwan Abdulqadir J. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) is transforming dermatopathology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and precision medicine. Despite its promise, challenges such as dataset biases, underrepresentation of diverse populations, and limited transparency hinder its widespread adoption. Addressing these gaps can set a new standard for equitable and patient‐centered care. To evaluate how AI mitigates biases, improves interpretability, and promotes inclusivity in dermatopathology while highlighting novel technologies like multimodal models and explainable AI (XAI).ResultsAI‐driven tools demonstrate significant improvements in diagnostic precision, particularly through multimodal models that integrate histological, genetic, and clinical data. Inclusive frameworks, such as the Monk scale, and advanced segmentation methods effectively address dataset biases. However, challenges such as the “black box” nature of AI, ethical concerns about data privacy, and limited access to advanced technologies in low‐resource settings remain.ConclusionAI offers transformative potential in dermatopathology, enabling equitable, and innovative diagnostics. Overcoming persistent challenges will require collaboration among dermatopathologists, AI developers, and policymakers. By prioritizing inclusivity, transparency, and interdisciplinary efforts, AI can redefine global standards in dermatopathology and foster patient‐centered care.
Contrasting Seasonal Distribution Patterns of Two Boreal Aerial Hawking Bat Species in Finland
Authors: Lundberg Piia , Kotila Miika , Meramo Katarina , Suominen Kati M. , Suutari Miina , Pietikäinen Tia‐Marie , Vasko Ville , Lilley Thomas M. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTClimate change poses significant consequences for temperate bat species, potentially altering their distribution ranges and generating novel interactions among species sharing similar ecological niches. Recent observations suggest distribution range expansion in the Palearctic aerial hawking bat, Pipistrellus nathusii, prompting an investigation into its interaction with Eptesicus nilssonii, a northern Palearctic species overlapping with the previous in many ecological characteristics. This study examines the spatiotemporal variations between the two boreal bat species to form an evidence‐based background onto which future research on, e.g., resource competition, can be built. A comprehensive community science project engaged over 470 participants from 45 high schools to collect acoustic data on bat echolocation calls across Finland, in northern Europe, during the summers of 2019–2020. Our modelling approach reveals distinct spatiotemporal patterns for each species. In early summer, E. nilssonii activity is concentrated in the southern region, whereas by late summer, observations are distributed across our study area, though predominantly in the south. This pattern suggests that E. nilssonii could exhibit post‐breeding vagrant behaviour, an observation only recently evidenced in bats. Conversely, the activity of P. nathusii remains notably low throughout the season, with observations concentrated along the south coast during both early and late seasons, making it challenging to fully model its distribution. Despite initial expectations of overlap given their similar foraging behaviour and habitat preferences, the limited activity and coastal association of P. nathusii suggest low competitive interaction with E. nilssonii. These findings contribute to our understanding of bat spatial ecology amid changing environmental conditions, emphasising the necessity for ongoing monitoring to ascertain the long‐term implications of shifting species distributions.
Interspecific Variations in Interplant Communication and Ecological Characteristics in Trees
Authors: Yamawo Akira , Hagiwara Tomika , Yoshida Satomi , Ohno Misuzu , Nakajima Riku , Mori Yusuke , Hayashi Tamayo , Yamagishi Hiroki , Shiojiri Kaori 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTPlants evolve diverse communication systems in adapting to complex and variable environments. Here, we examined the relationship between plant architecture, population density and inter‐plant communication within tree species. We tested the hypothesis that trees of species with complex architecture or high population density (high population density: HPD) communicate among conspecifics via volatiles. In addition, we hypothesize that states of mycorrhizal symbiosis (arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhiza) which relation to population density can predict the development of interplant communication in trees. We tested induced defense as an indicator of communication in saplings of nine tree species with various complexities of architecture (number of leaves per shoot) and either low (low population density: LPD) or HPD, either exposed for 10 days to volatiles from a damaged conspecific or not exposed. We evaluated the number of insect‐damaged leaves and the area of leaf damage on these trees after 1 and 2 months in the field. Most exposed HPD trees had less leaf damage than controls. However, LPD trees did not differ in leaf damage between treatments. These results are partially supported by plant hormone analysis. In addition, the presence of inter‐plant communication was positively correlated with both the number of leaves per shoot (complexity of plant architecture) and population density. The analysis which combined results of previous studies suggests that states of mycorrhizal symbiosis predict the development of interplant communication; interplant communication is common in ectomycorrhiza species. These results suggest the importance of plant architecture and population density as well as state of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the development of interplant communications within tree species.
Current and novel biomarkers in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Galusko Victor , Wenzl Florian A. , Vandenbriele Christophe , Panoulas Vasileios , Lüscher Thomas F. , Gorog Diana A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCardiogenic shock (CS) carries a 30–50% in‐hospital mortality rate, with little improvement in outcomes in the last decade. Challenges in improving outcomes are closely linked to the frequent late presentation or diagnosis of CS where the ‘point of no return’ has often passed, leading to haemodynamic dysregulation, progressive myocardial depression, hypotension, and a downward spiral of hypoperfusion, organ dysfunction and decreasing myocardial function, driven by inflammation and metabolic derangements. Novel therapeutic interventions may have varying efficacy depending on the type and stage of shock in which they are applied. Biomarkers that aid prediction and early detection of CS, provide early signs of organ dysfunction and define prognosis could help optimize management. Temporal change in such biomarkers, particularly in response to pharmacological interventions and/or mechanical circulatory support, can guide management and predict outcome. Several novel biomarkers enhance the prediction of mortality in CS, compared to conventional parameters such as lactate, with some, such as adrenomedullin and circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3, also able to predict the development of CS. Some biomarkers reflect systemic inflammation (e.g. interleukin‐6, angiopoietin 2, fibroblast growth factor 23 and suppressor of tumorigenicity 2) and are not specific to CS, yet inform on the activation of important pathways involved in the downward shock spiral. Other biomarkers signal end‐organ hypoperfusion and could guide targeted interventions, while some may serve as novel therapeutic targets. We critically review current and novel biomarkers that guide prediction, detection, and prognostication in CS. Future use of biomarkers may help improve management in these high‐risk patients.
Catalyst‐Free Depolymerization of Aromatic and Aliphatic Polyesters Using Me3SiI
Authors: Liu Xin , Kobylarski Marie , Berthet Jean‐Claude , Cantat Thibault 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIodotrimethylsilane (Me3SiI) promotes the depolymerization of a variety of alkyl and aromatic polyesters, such as poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), polylactic acid (PLA) as well as polyethylene and polybutylene terephthalates (PET, PBT), in the absence of catalyst. The monomer products, e. g. the silylester monomers and/or their value‐added derivatives, involving reactive iodo groups (alkyl iodides and acyl iodides), are obtained in high yields. The reaction outcomes are influenced by the solvent (e. g. CH2Cl2, CH3CN), temperature (25 °C to 200 °C) and the amount of Me3SiI. The depolymerization of PES gives the corresponding silylester which then cyclizes into succinic anhydride. With PLA, the ester CH3CH2CO2SiMe3 and propionyl iodide (CH3CH2COI) are formed. They can be selectively obtained by adjusting the reaction conditions. As expected, the decomposition of aromatic polymers PET and PBT affords the bis(trimethylsilyl) terephthalate compound (1,4‐{CO2SiMe3}2C6H4). In the case of PET, the formation of the latter species is hampered by the I2, released by the decomposition of the generated diiodoethane. The initial addition of an iodine trap (1‐pentyne) avoids these side reactions. This work demonstrates that the length of the carbon chain linking the carboxylic acid units is a crucial factor influencing the ease of the reaction and the nature of the products.
Counterfactual Based Approaches for Feature Attributions of Stress Factors Affecting Rice Yield
Authors: Shetty Nisha P. , Muniyal Balachandra , Sriyans Ketavarapu , Garg Kunyalik , Pratap Shiv , Priyanshu Aman , Kumar Dhruthi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTAgriculture is a crucial sector in many countries, particularly in India, where it significantly influences the economy, food supply, and rural livelihoods. The increased integration of Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) into agriculture has enabled substantial advancements in predicting crop yields and analyzing factors affecting them. The counterfactual reasoning framework of DICE outperforms LIME and DICE in offering finer insights into feature importance and the relative impact of different factors on yield prediction. DICE provided the clearest causal insights, demonstrating how adjustments to attributes like sandy alfisols and surface texture could lead to significant changes in crop yield by affecting water retention and nutrient availability. SHAP ranked features like phosphate and potash based on their average importance across the dataset, offering a global view of influential factors but lacking in‐depth causal understanding. LIME provided localized insights on immediate influences, such as average rainfall and nitrogen content, although it fell short in revealing broader causal interactions essential for targeted agricultural interventions. The findings highlight the significance of counterfactual explanations in agricultural ML models, as they provide a robust understanding of causal relationships, going beyond correlation‐based attributions. The study provides understandable and practical insights, allowing for focused actions to enhance productivity and adaptability in agriculture. By improving the interpretability of agricultural machine learning models, the research ultimately supports the creation of predictive systems that strengthen sustainable practices and economic development within the agricultural industry.
Adsorption of Safranin‐O Dye Onto Almond Shell Sustainable Activated Carbon: Identifying Key Process Factors and Their Effects
Authors: Jassim Nawras J. , Younis Fitna H. , Alshamkhani Maher T. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWater pollution is a critical issue requiring urgent action to minimize contamination and ensure a sustainable future for humanity. Dyes are widely utilized in many industries, generating worries about water contamination. This study aimed to develop an inexpensive and sustainable process for safranin dye removal from polluted water using biomass waste. Almond shells were carbonized at a temperature of 500°C and then chemically activated using phosphoric acid to produce activated carbon. The activated carbon samples were analyzed using (XRD), (SEM), (EDX), N2‐adsorption–desorption isotherms, and (FTIR) analysis. Activated carbon was selected and evaluated for its ability to adsorb safranin dye from simulated wastewater. A definitive screening design DSC was utilized to quickly examine the impact of six adsorption process factors (initial dye concentration, pH, ionic strength, adsorbent dose, contact time, and ultrasonic power) on the adsorption capacity of safranin dye. A mathematical model was developed to determine the effect of each factor and the contribution and interactions between the factors on the adsorption capacity of safranin dye. The experimental results showed that the initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and ultrasonic power effects were most important. In contrast, the contact time and ionic strength do not have a clear and significant impact. The outcomes were promising, wherein the maximum adsorption capacity of safranin‐O dye was 57.4 mg/g (25°C), 300 mg/L initial dye concentration,100 mg adsorbent dose, pH in the range 7–10, and 228‐W ultrasonic power. The adsorption experimental equilibrium data show that the Langmuir model is suitable for safranin‐O adsorption behavior. Kinetic experimental data showed that the adsorption processes followed pseudo‐second‐order. The reported results revealed that the DSD experimental design can be utilized to determine the essential and non‐essential factors in the batch adsorption process of safranin‐O by reducing time, cost, and number of experiments.
Approach to backyard poultry. Part 1: seeing pet chickens in general first‐opinion practice
Authors: Elven Heather 
Published: January 2025

Background: Backyard poultry numbers in the UK have increased rapidly over the past few years. Despite this rise, there is still a perceived level of reservation among owners keeping chickens as pets in approaching their local first‐opinion veterinary practice for help and advice, and from veterinarians in providing advice as they feel ill prepared to manage poultry cases within practice. Although undergraduate courses have improved over the years to include some teaching of poultry cases, there are still multiple factors that can lead to reduced confidence in dealing with backyard poultry, including cases frequently being sent to specialist veterinarians reducing exposure in first‐opinion practice, difficult species‐specific husbandry‐related issues, and fears of not being well enough equipped to deal with such cases. With further clinical resources and signposting, handling a poultry case and managing preventive medicine and emergency situations can be transformative for poultry welfare, and is becoming an essential part of clinical practice as backyard poultry clients present themselves more frequently to first‐opinion companion animal practice.Aim of the article: This two‐part series provides vets with a starting point to feel more confident with examining backyard poultry cases in practice, and be able to provide advice to clients to improve patient experience and long‐term chicken welfare. These articles will primarily focus on pet chickens and aim to encourage companion animal clinicians to get involved with further poultry learning and poultry clients. This article covers the general approach to seeing pet chickens in first‐opinion practice. Part two, to be published in a subsequent issue of In Practice, focuses on improving welfare and management of backyard poultry.
Managing obesity and metabolic disease in donkeys
Authors: Sullivan Rebekah , Boocock Hannah 
Published: January 2025

Background: There are many donkeys kept in the UK, occupying a variety of roles from companion animal and show donkey to working in small industries, such as beach donkeys. Both mixed practice and equine vets may be called upon by donkey owners to provide clinical guidance and expertise. Donkeys may also be seen within the context of welfare concerns. As for many companion animal species, obesity is a common finding in donkeys and can represent a welfare problem. It is vital that any vet or registered veterinary nurse that may be involved with veterinary care of donkeys is able to recognise an obese donkey, provide dietary guidance and understand and manage the clinical implications of obesity.Aim of the article: This article outlines the nutritional needs of donkeys and their background physiology, which may contribute to a propensity towards obesity. It also discusses metabolic diseases and the management of obesity and associated clinical conditions.
Physiological and morphological scaling enables gigantism in pelagic protists
Authors: Burke Janet E. , Elder Leanne E. , Maas Amy E. , Gaskell Daniel E. , Clark Elizabeth G. , Hsiang Allison Y. , Foster Gavin L. , Hull Pincelli M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPlanktonic foraminifera are pelagic protists frequently used to study paleoenvironmental change. Many planktonic foraminifera, like other taxa in Rhizaria, reach gigantic proportions relative to other pelagic protists (> 600 μm), placing them in a size class dominated by metazoans. Here, we combine new and existing respiration rate measurements, micro‐CT scans, and test size measurements to investigate allometric scaling of metabolic rates, relative biomass density, and mixotrophy in contributing to the ability of planktonic foraminifera to reach large sizes. Respiration rate increases with foraminiferal biovolume with a slope of 0.51 ± 0.18. This allometric scaling slope is lower than those reported in other plankton. Further, the basal respiration rates for planktonic foraminifera exceed those of other organisms in their size class when probable biomass, rather than test volume, is considered. Using the allometric regression on a published database of modern planktonic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean, we estimate that gigantic individuals account for 15.3–26.1% of foraminiferal community respiration in temperate and tropical/subtropical latitudes, despite making up only 4.5–8.3% of individuals. We hypothesize that shallow scaling of test size with metabolism and of test size to actual biomass is the key factor allowing for gigantism in planktonic foraminifera. Having a large test and broadcasting rhizopodial networks increases the functional volume of the organism, allowing higher passive prey encounter rates to support the elevated metabolic rates in planktonic foraminifera. Mixotrophy may act as a mitigating factor for metabolic challenges at low latitudes, accounting for the presence of large populations of giant, predominately mixotrophic Rhizarians in these assemblages.
Effect of Drying on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel, Zinc, Aluminium and AZ31B Magnesium Alloy During Cyclic Accelerated Corrosion Tests
Authors: Popova Kateryna , Prošek Tomáš 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn cyclic atmospheric accelerated corrosion tests used in the automotive industry, drying is usually simulated by reducing the relative humidity (RH) to 50% or 70%, which is significantly higher than during real vehicle operation. This study investigated the effect of RH in dry phases of a cyclic corrosion test on the corrosion of carbon steel, zinc, aluminium and AZ31B magnesium alloy. Three modifications of a test with the drying RH of 30%, 50% and 70% were carried out, and average and real‐time corrosion rates, corrosion morphologies and composition of corrosion products were evaluated. The drying RH had a specific effect on the corrosion of each metal. The corrosion rate of carbon steel was the highest in the test with the highest drying RH while zinc and aluminium showed a decrease in corrosion rates with increasing drying RH. The mechanism of magnesium alloy corrosion was influenced by electrolyte distribution with the highest corrosion rate in the test with drying at 50% RH. Drying at 30% RH was found to provide the best correlation to the real‐world performance of the metals.
Vascular endothelial cell injury: causes, molecular mechanisms, and treatments
Authors: Xia Tian , Yu Jiachi , Du Meng , Chen Ximeng , Wang Chengbin , Li Ruibing 
Published: January 2025

AbstractVascular endothelial cells form a single layer of flat cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, extending from large vessels to the microvasculature of various organs. These cells are crucial metabolic and endocrine components of the body, playing vital roles in maintaining circulatory stability, regulating vascular tone, and preventing coagulation and thrombosis. Endothelial cell injury is regarded as a pivotal initiating factor in the pathogenesis of various diseases, triggered by multiple factors, including infection, inflammation, and hemodynamic changes, which significantly compromise vascular integrity and function. This review examines the causes, underlying molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches for endothelial cell injury, focusing specifically on endothelial damage in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, sepsis, and diabetes. It delves into the intricate signaling pathways involved in endothelial cell injury, emphasizing the roles of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory mediators, and barrier damage. Current treatment strategies—ranging from pharmacological interventions to regenerative approaches and lifestyle modifications—face ongoing challenges and limitations. Overall, this review highlights the importance of understanding endothelial cell injury within the context of various diseases and the necessity for innovative therapeutic methods to improve patient outcomes.