bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Asylum Support Regulations 2000
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Asylum Support Regulations 2000, which came into force on 3 April 2000. Either an asylum-seeker or a dependant of an asylum-seeker may apply to the Secretary of State for asylum support. An application under this regulation may be for asylum support for the applicant alone or for asylum support for the applicant and one or more dependants. Article 4 details the circumstances which are prescribed for the purposes of subsection (2) of section 95 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 as circumstances where a person who would otherwise fall within subsection (1) of that section is excluded from that subsection (and, accordingly, may not be provided with asylum support). Meanwhile, Article 10 applies where the Secretary of State has decided that asylum support should be provided in respect of the essential living needs of a person.
The Immigration (Removal Directions) Regulations 2000
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Immigration (Removal Directions) Regulations 2000, which came into force on 2 October 2000. For the purposes of section 10(6)(a) (classes of person to whom directions may be given), the following classes of person are prescribed: owners of ships, owners of aircraft, agents of ships, agents of aircraft, captains of ships about to leave the United Kingdom, captains of aircraft about to leave the United Kingdom, and persons operating an international service. The chapter then details the requirements that may be imposed by directions. Paragraph (1) of Article 4 only applies if the directions specify that the relevant person is to be removed to a country or territory being a country of which they are a national or citizen; or a country or territory to which there is reason to believe that they will be admitted. Paragraph (1)(b) only applies if the relevant person arrived in the United Kingdom through the tunnel system.
The Immigration (Entry Otherwise than by Sea or Air) Order 2002
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the Immigration (Entry Otherwise than by Sea or Air) Order 2002. Article 2 applies where a person who requires leave to enter the United Kingdom by virtue of section 9(4) of the Immigration Act 1971 or by virtue of article 3 of the Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972, or a person in respect of whom a deportation order is in force, has entered or is seeking to enter the United Kingdom from the Republic of Ireland. Where this article applies, paragraphs 8, 9, and 11 of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971 shall have effect in relation to persons entering or seeking to enter the United Kingdom on arrival otherwise than by ship or aircraft as they have effect in the case of a person arriving by ship or aircraft, with the modifications set out in the Schedule to this Order. It shall apply where an illegal entrant entered the United Kingdom before the date when this Order comes into force, as well as where they entered the United Kingdom on or after that date. Article 2 shall not apply where a person has arrived in, but not entered, the United Kingdom before the date on which this Order comes into force.
The Immigration (Continuation of Leave) (Notices) Regulations 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the Immigration (Continuation of Leave) (Notices) Regulations 2006, which came into force on 31 August 2006. These Regulations concern the decision on an application for variation of leave. For the purpose of section 3C of the Immigration Act 1971, an application for variation of leave is decided based on two situations. The first is when notice of the decision has been given in accordance with regulations made under section 105 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Where no such notice is required, the second situation is when notice of the decision has been given in accordance with section 4(1) of the Immigration Act 1971.
The Appeals (Excluded Decisions) Order 2009
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Appeals (Excluded Decisions) Order 2009, which came into force on 1 April 2009. The Order specifies the decisions of the First-tier Tribunal which are excluded decisions, for the purposes of section 11(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. The first is a decision under section 103 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (appeals). The second is a decision under paragraphs 1, 5, 6, and 10(12) and (13) of Schedule 10 to the Immigration Act 2016. For the purposes of sections 11(1) and 13(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, the following decisions of the First-tier Tribunal or the Upper Tribunal are also excluded decisions: any procedural, ancillary, or preliminary decision made in relation to an appeal against a decision under section 40A of the British Nationality Act 1981 or section 82 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
The Citizens’ Rights (Restrictions of Rights of Entry and Residence) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the regulations may be cited as the Citizens’ Rights (Restrictions of Rights of Entry and Residence) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 and come into force when the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 or EEA Regulations 2016 are revoked. It points out that a person who is protected by the citizens’ rights provisions has leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom granted by virtue of the residence scheme immigration rules. It also covers the amendment of Immigration Act 1971 in relation to the definition of a relevant person. The chapter discusses the exclusion and removal from the United Kingdom and the decisions taken on grounds of public policy, public security, and public health. It highlights human rights considerations and interim orders to suspend removal and revocation of deportation and exclusion orders.
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part 5 Exemption: Licensed Sponsors) Order 2022
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the order that may be cited as the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part 5 Exemption: Licensed Sponsors) Order 2022. The order comes into force on 11 April 2022 and extends to England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It considers a licensed sponsor as a specified category of person in respect of the provision of immigration advice or immigration services. The chapter highlights immigration advice or immigration services that are provided in relation to an individual by the licensed sponsor free of charge. It considers the entry clearance or leave of a main applicant to enter or remain in the United Kingdom under the immigration rules for the purposes of work or study in the United Kingdom.
The Octopoid Soul
Authors: Rapp Christof 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Stoic philosophy of mind is usually not considered to belong to the aftermath of Aristotelian hylomorphism, as the physical theory behind the Stoic account of the soul is clearly incompatible with Aristotelian hylomorphism. The chapter argues that there are nevertheless remarkable similarities between the Aristotelian and the Stoic account of the soul. Most notably, the Stoic idea of a centralized soul that stretches out to the animal’s peripheral sense organs like the tentacles of an octopus bears a significant resemblance to Aristotle’s cardiocentric model of the soul, as it is depicted in Aristotle’s Parva Naturalia (together with De Motu Animalium) and in his biological work
Alexander of Aphrodisias and the Stoics
Authors: Helle Reier 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the clash between Alexander of Aphrodisias’ version of hylomorphism and the Stoic theory of pneuma-matter blending. For the Stoics, animals, plants, and inanimate natural bodies are composed of pneuma (‘breath’) and matter, and by blending with matter pneuma causes the composite to be what it is. Alexander argues that the Stoic theory is explanatorily inadequate, because pneuma cannot do the causal work needed, and Stoic blending cannot yield a unified whole. I examine Alexander’s objections, and I develop an account of how he means to avoid similar deficiencies in his own hylomorphic theory. While the Stoics face significant explanatory problems, Alexander’s view, it turns out, is not without difficulties. For the explanatory role given to the underlying bodies and their manner of combination (‘the upwards story’) leaves Alexander without a precise account of how and why the material basis is connected to the form of the composite.
Averroes, Intellect, and Liberal Hylomorphism
Authors: Ogden Stephen R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Averroes (Ibn Rushd) is the most important medieval commentator on Aristotle, but he holds a thoroughly unique position on intellect and hylomorphism. This chapter lays out the contours of his view, noting both its liabilities and strengths, especially in light of renewed interest in hylomorphism. Averroes builds on a liberal hylomorphism common to all hylomorphic accounts of cognition, and he properly distinguishes human beings (treated in broadly naturalist terms) from intellect (conceived in far more transcendent terms, i.e. as two completely separate substances). I argue that the result is still genuine––albeit liberal––hylomorphism, not collapsing into Cartesian substance dualism. This view is worth considering since it conserves important hylomorphic desiderata while taking seriously the perennial problem of intellect.
Descartes’ Mind-Body Holism and the Primacy of Experience
Authors: Alanen Lilli 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Descartes’ use of hylomorphic language, and reflects on the tensions that his view of human nature creates for his dualism. The chapter examines some crucial texts in light of recent interpretations which take Descartes’ holistic view of the mind-body union seriously while at the same time trying to save his dualist commitments. One option is to accept substance dualism without a coherent view of human nature, another to accept a strong form of mind-body holism with deflated notions both of substance and dualism. The reading pursued here is along the lines of the latter, but it comes with worries concerning both the nature of Descartes’ dualism and the traces of hylomorphism in his doctrine. The chapter discusses the primacy and nature of the experience Descartes appeals to as a basis for our understanding the unity of human nature and explores its implications for his dualistic psychology.
Brexit and the Digital Single Market
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Digital Single Market (DSM) 2014–19 was the largest component of the EU’s Single Market programme. It comprised a considerable number of Directives, Regulations, and instruments to facilitate cross-border digital services. The DSM was important for the UK given that one-fifth of its service exports stem from the digital sector and the EU represents its largest export market. The UK had substantial input in DSM policy. This book examines the important historical role of the UK in DSM development, the consequences of Brexit for the UK’s digital sector, and future EU and UK policy trajectories. It assesses vertical industry sectors (audio-visual media services, online platforms, telecommunications, creative industries) and horizontal sectors (competition law, consumer issues, data protection, copyright). The book demonstrates how the UK acted as a policy entrepreneur in pushing for a deregulatory framework by exploiting temporal events historically. It then observes the current challenges presented by Brexit which includes loss of the country-of-origin principle and freedom of movement, changes to copyright and VAT regimes, complications with cross-border data transfer, administrative procedures, and international taxes on digital products and services. The book finds that the UK continues to innovate in the digital sector but is constrained by external factors both at EU and global levels. It also observes how EU policy is taking a new direction in its 2020 Digital Strategy programme which leans towards greater protection of European champions and digital sovereignty, a tightening of its data protection regime, and greater regulatory intervention in digital markets.
The UK’s Role in EU Telecommunications Policy
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of the UK in EU telecommunications policy formation. The UK supported deregulation and privatisation by taking a market lead in Europe. It addressed monopolies and privatisation through key appointments to the European Commission and chaired the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on telecommunications liberalisation. The UK showed full support for the EU Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications and Services (the ‘Convergence initiative’). The chapter does not find much policy divergence post-Brexit. The UK continues to be a member of the Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Télécommunications (CEPT) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) where it is in close alliance with the EU on international standard setting. There are, however, signs of policy divergence in newer areas such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the UK is prone to additional pressure from internet service providers (ISPs) to loosen rules on net neutrality at the domestic level.
Platform Regulation and the Liability of Intermediaries
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses platform regulation relating to online harm and disinformation. It examines its beginnings in in the EU with European Parliament proposals in 2000, leading up to the Commission’s 2018 and 2022 Codes of Practice on disinformation. The chapter then turns to the 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA), contrasting it with the UK’s 2022 proposals for a UK Online Safety Act. The chapter shows that the EU’s approach was not dissimilar to that of the UK until 2022. Post-Brexit, the EU is applying more stringent procedures to online platforms, reflecting German and French preferences, with increased use of statutory measures, most prominently the 2022 DSA. The chapter draws some conclusions about the implication of divergence in legislation for the UK and market operators.
FinTech
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Financial services have remained a growth area for the UK. In 2021, the EU still comprised the UK’s largest market for financial services and made up 20 per cent of service exports to the EU. There has, however, been an overall decline in UK exports to the EU and a rise to non-EU states. As with e-commerce, the EU regards the UK to be a competitor on its doorstep and has responded accordingly. Consequently, the UK did not receive the equivalence decisions it had expected from the EU in the financial services sector. The chapter shows that this has turned the UK increasingly to dependence on growth in FinTech markets. Here the UK has showed innovation in the use of sandboxes, an approach which has been mimicked in Europe. However, there is ongoing policy divergence between the EU and UK. The proposed 2022 Financial Services and Markets Bill aims to remove residual EU legislation relating to financial services.
Competition Law
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses EU competition policy as applied to digital markets with a focus on the UK. EU competition policy is explained from its outset in the EU’s founding treaties to the 2021 Digital Markets Act, which sets out new classifications for online platforms which are identified as ‘gatekeepers’. The chapter analyses decision-making in online platform, telecommunications, and chipset markets. DG Competition’s approach is compared to the progression of UK competition policy post-Brexit with assessment of the UK’s capacity to handle large online platforms. Lastly, the chapter evaluates UK cooperation agreements and memoranda of understanding with the EU, EU states, and other countries.
Heir through Hope
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book traces the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and William Short that was developed in years shared in France and carried forward through the French Revolution and Short’s return to the United States, and on into Jefferson’s retirement. It describes Jefferson’s lifelong concern for Short’s moral well-being and his practical management of Short’s career and estate. It analyzes disagreements between the two men over land use, American politics, French culture, and the meaning of the French Revolution. It places Short’s disinclination to follow Jefferson’s advice within the larger context of the problematic transfer of republican values in the Early National period of US history while describing how each man sought to make an imaginary yet heartfelt father–son relationship work. It assesses the impact on their relationship of three aspects of Short’s life without counterpart in Jefferson’s experience: Short’s fourteen-year affair with Duchess Rosalie de La Rochefoucauld, his subsequent avoidance of marriage, and his status as a childless bachelor. Jefferson’s generosity toward Short is shown in creative tension with his political and moral principles.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the background and context of Thomas Jefferson’s decision to dub William Short his “adoptive son.” It argues for the significance of Jefferson’s status as a father without an acknowledged son, for despite fathering three sons with Sally Hemings, he could not claim them as his heirs. It introduces the hopes that Jefferson invested in Short’s future and his concern for the younger man’s moral well-being. It describes the emotional contours of their relationship and its status within that of the correspondence they conducted and preserved. This chapter summarizes the book’s narrative arc, introducing the themes contained within its structure.
Government and the Social Order
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the government and social order of the new Roman empire. The system of Diocletian, who was the founder of the new empire, terminated the transfer of wealth from east to west and made the eastern empire a fiscally integral and potentially autonomous unit. The core of the new system was a census of all taxable assets, calculated in notional units of iuga (for cultivated lands) and capita (for the agricultural workforce). The chapter looks into the pillars of imperial ideology, such as the notion that the emperors should help the weak and protect them from oppression. It elaborates on how Diocletian's reforms tamed the army.
Political Consolidation and Religious Polarization (491–518)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter cites the notion of political consolidation and religious polarization during the years 491-518. It elaborates on the emergence of Anastasius, who had the most detailed surviving account of a Roman imperial accession. Immediately after the war, Anastasius implemented a reform of the empire’s monetary economy and tax regime. The chapter looks into the neglect and destruction of pagan monuments being offset by the construction of Christian churches and charitable institutions like hospitals. It acknowledges the change of city governance in the fifth century when new groups, hitherto unrepresented in municipal governance, took on a major role in local decisions.
The Sleepless Emperor (527–540)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the ruling of Justinian. It notes how the people of Constantinople rose against Justinian in 532. A month after massacring thousands of the Roman populace, Justinian defined emperors as men who worked day and night on the people's behalf. In the first years of his reign, Justinian brought his love of order by establishing the standardization of the law and the correction of moral depravity and religious deviance. Thus, Justinian believed that the Christian state should not be tolerant of pagans and demanded their baptism. The chapter also notes Justinian's ambitious program of legal and administrative reform and church building while his army conquered North Africa, Sicily, and Italy.
The Cost of Overextension (565–602)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the reign of Justin II, who was the son of Justinian's sister. It explains that the new regime placated wealthy interests and was willing to blame Justinian's regime for the difficulties it found itself. Justin II suggested bringing back Roman tradition and restoring the right to divorce by mutual consent. The chapter also looks into the brewing conflict internationally, citing Justin II's attempts to cultivate close relations with the Turks to counterweight against the Persians and Avars. While Roman culture did not change dramatically in the sixth century, it did waste energy during the conflict over Chalcedon that kept culture in stasis.
Holding the Line (641–685)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the unstable dynastic arrangement of Herakleios since it formed factions with two dynastic lines. The reign of Konstantinos IV should have been the end of Constantinople, but the Romans began to win battles and started the gradual trajectory of long-term revival and expansion. Thus, Constantinople secured its position in Italy. The chapter also considers the notion of Monothelitism and the movement of anti-Monotheletism that believed it was a heresy posing a major threat to the Church. It notes that Justinian II ascended to bear the throne and take over a battered empire after the passing of Konstatinos IV.
Life and Taxes among the Ruins
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes life in Constantinople, which is a Christian city full of holy relics and a trendsetter in the veneration of saints and images. The barbarian kingdoms of Europe looked at the eastern empire as the gold standard for Roman imperial identity. However, in the seventh century, the City's decline became one aspect of Romania's catastrophic downturns after the nation lost the Balkans to the Avars and Slavs and the east to the Arabs. The chapter considers the work of Abd al-Malik to strengthen the definition of Arab-Muslim identity in contrast with the majority's religions. It also looks into Justinian II's ascension to the throne, which coincided with the period of Romanness becoming a political identity and an ethnic identity.
Reform and Consolidation (775–814)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter cites the emergence of Eirene as an emperor after the death of Konstantinos V. Eirene acquired the dynasty’s flair for powerful theater, which unveiled the extent of power that a woman could wield in the court system if she were as ruthless as her male counterparts. Alongside Eirene's reign was the restoration of icons after overturning Hiereia, which ultimately resulted in the rise of iconophiles that set the stage for the Second Iconoclasm. The chapter details the conflicts between Eirene and Konstantinos VI and the reforms of Nikephoros I on imperial administration, both of which correlate to the Bulgars and Arabs. It also covers the revival of monasticism that intersected with iconoclasm.