bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A Comparative Study
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Grossman L. H. , Hoskwith B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three preliminary experiments comprising a group of 18 animals indicated that a significant immune response might be obtained by the subcutaneous inoculation of the equivalent of 1 to 2 grams of purified virus adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel.
Of a group of 10 animals receiving the equivalent of 1.5 grams of virus inoculated in three doses of 5 cc. each subcutaneously, at weekly intervals, the serums of 7 neutralized the test dose of virus and 7 of the animals have thus far resisted increasing doses up to 1.6 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of a very potent virus (VM no. 8). Of the 10 animals inoculated with the equivalent of 2 grams of virus, the serums of 8 neutralized the test dose of virus. Of the 8 animals who lived sufficiently long to permit the intracerebral test, 5 neutralized the same test dose intracerebrally and three of these animals have thus far resisted increasing doses up to 1.6 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of potent virus (VM no. 8).
Studies on the Mechanism of Immunity in Typhus Fever
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Typhus-immune serum contains complement-binding antibodies for Rickettsia prowazeki (Mexican type), but not for B. proteus X-19 or X-19 SSS.
The sera from rabbits immunized against B. proteus X-19 fix complement in the presence of Rickettsia prowazeki as well as with the homologous antigens.
A Study of the Antigenic Properties of Certain Normal and Pathological Lymphoid Deposits in Tissues of Chickens
Authors: Olson Carl , Zeissig Alexander 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Forssman's antigen is present in the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, normal peripheral nerve, peripheral nerve affected with the disease of fowl-paralysis, and in diffuse and nodular lymphocytoma-tissues of the chicken.
The sera of rabbits injected intravenously, with aqueous suspensions of normal peripheral nerves and peripheral nerves affected with the disease fowl-paralysis of the chicken, contain two additional antibodies. One of these is directed toward an alcohol soluble antigen which is similar to brain-lipoid-antigen. The other is specific for a water soluble antigen present only in aqueous suspension of chicken's nerve-tissue.
No antigenic differences were found between the normal and pathological deposits of lymphoid tissue of the chicken.
No antibody response was obtained after intravenous injection of dogs, pigeons or sheep with tissue-suspensions of diffuse and nodular lymphocytoma of the chicken.
Further Studies on the Relation of Heterophile Immunity to the Incidence of Colds
Authors: Rockwell George E. , Van Kirk Herman C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The above data indicate: That there is a definite, but of course not absolute, correlation between the amount of heterophile immunity and the incidence of upper respiratory infections, i.e., the greater the heterophile immunity the fewer respiratory infections.That heterophile immunity contributes definitely toward protection against upper respiratory infections.
The Influence of Narcotics on Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Farmer Laurence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The findings of Besredka concerning the anti-anaphylactic action of certain narcotics were confirmed. In the control experiments only 4 out of 25 guinea pigs survived the shocking reinjection. Urethane administered to sensitized guinea pigs prior to the shocking reinjection led to the survival of 15 out of 30 animals. Although ether inhalation led to the survival of three out of nine animals it is felt that these experiments are not conclusive. Morphine hydrochloride does not protect guinea pigs from fatal anaphylactic shock. Besredka's interpretation of this phenomenon, which assumes that the action of the narcotics takes place in the central nervous system, is held to be incorrect. An explanation is advanced on the basis of their action on the bronchial musculature.
A Study of the Pneumococcic Toxins and Antitoxins in Animals
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Little Paul A. , Lyon Braden M. , Voigt Edwin F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The skin-test-dose of the toxins of the pneumococcus in human beings is about the same as that in the skin of susceptible rabbits. Twenty per cent of the usual laboratory rabbits are susceptible to these toxins; but nearly all of the breed of rabbit known as “Havana red” are susceptible. Elevation of temperature is caused by the intra-abdominal injection of toxin of the pneumococcus into rabbits in quantities of 3,000 skin-test-doses or more; 15,000 skin-test-doses failed to kill. With the use of a highly concentrated toxin, the lethal dose for the mouse (16,000 skin-test-doses) could be established (intra-abdominal injection). Antitoxin capable of specific neutralization of the respective toxin could be produced in rabbits. Tests of comparative toxicity of scarlatinal and pneumococcal toxins in mice showed the former to be twice as strong as the best type III pneumococcic toxin available at the time.
A Quantitative Study of the Ramon Diphtheria Flocculation Reaction
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Robinson Elliott S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An absolute quantitative method for the titration of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, similar to that used by Heidelberger and his co-workers for the precipitin reaction, has been described. The results demonstrate once more that toxin and antitoxin unite in more than one proportion. An explanation of the Danysz phenomenon is given in these terms. Estimated values for the amount of toxin nitrogen per Lf unit, obtained from six titrations, varied between 0.00042 and 0.00048 mgm. nitrogen per Lf, regardless of the purity of the toxin and antitoxin preparations used. The maximum antitoxic antibody nitrogen precipitable from 300 units of antitoxin, either as whole sera or ammonium sulfate concentrates, is approximately 0.47 or 0.0016 mgm. per unit. One highly opalescent concentrated antitoxin gave a somewhat higher figure and a sample of concentrated and purified “globulin-modified” antitoxin from the Lederle Laboratories gave a lower figure. The equivalence or neutral zone lies between 0.5 and 1.4 Lf units of toxin per unit of antitoxin. The ratio of antitoxin nitrogen to toxin nitrogen is about 7.0 at the antitoxin end of the neutral zone, about 3.5 at the flocculation point and about 2.5 in the region of toxin excess. The flocculation reaction is closely analogous to the precipitin reaction but differs from it in that flocculation occurs only in the immediate neighborhood of the equivalence zone. The results calculated from these experiments are not expected to undergo significant change even though purer toxins and antitoxins may be used, provided that the purification process does not cause a splitting or degradation of the toxin or antitoxin molecules.
The Opsonic Action of Serum
Authors: Gordon J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been shown by Gordon, Whitehead and Wormall (1) that ammonia-treated serum, in which the complement is entirely inactivated through destruction of the fourth component, is nevertheless still able to opsonise staphylococci. This fact indicates that the whole complement system is not necessary for opsonic action, a view supported by further data described by Gordon, Whitehead and Wormall (2), Gordon (3) and Gordon and Thompson (4).
Recently Maltaner (5) has shown that a suspension of leucocytes, either unheated, or heated at 55°C. for ½ hour, can supply fourth component to ammonia-treated serum, and that in this respect the heated suspension is actually more active than the unheated. The suspension of leucocytes acts in conjunction with the ammonia-treated serum in the same way as heated normal serum has been shown to do.
The Effect of Active Immunization on the Lipid Content and Phagocytic Activity of Blood Leucocytes of Rabbits
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Orr J. H. , Reed G. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The concentration of phospholipid and, to a lesser degree, of free cholesterol in human white blood cells has been found to increase following parturition (1), following surgical operations when a normal convalescence ensued (2) and during normal convalescence from fever and infection (3). When surgical operation was followed by serious infections and prolonged convalescence or death (2) and when fever and infection resulted in death (3) the concentration of phospholipid was found on the contrary to be low or to fall during the failure of the patient to exhibit normal recovery. Comparing these results with the fundamental studies of Bloor, Okey and Corner (9) and Bloor and Snider (10), on the relation between lipid composition and physiological activity in tissues, Boyd (2, 3) suggested an association between the phospholipid content of human white blood cells and immunity to infections.
On the Presence of M Agglutinogens in the Blood of Monkeys
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the first report on the properties of M and N, some observations on the blood of animals were recorded (1). The property M was demonstrable in the blood of each of ten chimpanzees examined but not in orang-utans, gibbons, a number of individuals belonging to some species of lower monkeys, or several species of mammals and birds. The blood of chimpanzees was found also to possess property N, when tested with a particular anti-N serum.
In a recent and careful investigation by Dahr (2) on the blood of anthropoids and other monkeys, M was shown to be present in the blood of a species of lower monkey (Meerkatze1). This report and similar unpublished observations by one of us (W.) prompted us to reinvestigate the subject.
The explanation of the apparent discrepancies concerning the blood of lower monkeys has now been found in the fact that various anti-M immune sera are not identical in their reactions.
Studies on Serum Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Takeshima K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The supernatant fluid of the indicating mixture of antipneumococcal horse serum and pneumococcal SSS showed a smaller ratio to the precipitin prepared with the specific precipitates of pneumococcal SSS (P.V.Ab.) than the original serum, inindicating a decrease of the B-fraction; its ratio to the precipitin prepared with the floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin (P.V.At.) was the same as that of the original serum. The supernatant fluid of indicating mixtures of diphtheric toxin and its antitoxin showed a smaller ratio to the precipitin prepared with the floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin (P.V.At.) than did the original serum, indicating a decrease of the A-fraction. This decrease of A-fraction (a fraction reacting with P.V.At.) was shown to be less marked in a combined diphtheria- and tetanus-antitoxic horse serum, of which diphtheric antitoxin constituted only a small part of its A-fraction, than the decrease of the same fraction in antidiphtheric horse sera. These observations indicate that diphtheric antitoxin or pneumococcal antibody constitutes only a part of the fraction reacting with P.V.At. or P.V.Ab. respectively.
Influence of Temperature on Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs Passively Sensitized with the Globulins of Types I and II Antipneumococcic Horse Serum and Shocked with Type Specific Carbohydrates
Authors: Bailey G. Howard , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Guinea pigs injected intraabdominally or subcutaneously with relatively large amounts of the combined globulins of types I and II antipneumococcic horse serum and kept at a room temperature of from 20°C. to 25°C. for about 48 hours, did not respond to an intravenous injection of combined specific carbohydrates of types I and II pneumococci at the end of this period. Guinea pigs injected by the same routes with these globulins in an amount which ordinarily led to no characteristic response, were sensitized to the specific carbohydrates so that fatal anaphylactic shock occurred in a large per cent of the cases, if the animals had been exposed for the same period after injection of the antiserum, to environmental temperatures of 7°C. or from 38.5°C. to 42°C. Guinea pigs which had been starved at room temperature before and after the subcutaneous injection of this amount of the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum, were not sensitive to injection of type-specific carbohydrates. Guinea pigs injected with the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum and kept at ordinary room temperature for about 48 hours, could be fatally shocked with the type-specific carbohydrates if the animals were injected with a solution of quinine hydrochloride about one hour before the injection of the specific haptens. There appeared to be some relationship between the degree of loss in weight of guinea pigs exposed to a low environmental temperature, and the degree of passive sensitization to typespecific carbohydrates following the injection of the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum. The rate of metabolism of the animals seems to be important in passive sensitization with antipneumococcic horse serum.
The Influence of Urethane on Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Farmer Laurence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Urethane (and chloralose) in vitro inhibit anaphylactic contraction of sensitized plain musculature (uterine strips) of guinea pigs. This phenomenon may explain the mode of action of urethane in the prevention of fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. Although the presence of urethane inhibits this anaphylactic contraction of plain musculature, it does not prevent the union of antigen and antibody. These phenomena confirm the correctness of Dale's “two-stage” conception of anaphylaxis.
The Blood Groups and M-N Types in Mental Diseases
Authors: Herman Morris , Derby Irving M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The distribution of the four blood groups was determined in a control series of 1444 individuals and the distribution of the M-N types in a similar series of 1905 individuals. With these results were compared the percentile distributions of the blood groups and M-N types in a series of 1849 patients with mental disease. With regard to mental disease in general, no significant deviation from the control-series percentages was found in either the blood groups or M-N types. In addition, the following groups of psychoses were analyzed individually: the catatonic and paranoid types of dementia præcox, the manic depressive, with cerebral arteriosclerosis, general paresis, with epilepsy, involutional, alcoholic, and miscellaneous. In none of these formal groupings could any significant variation from the normal percentages be found. In one instance a difference three times the probable error and in another instance a difference of five times the probable error was found, but as was pointed out even differences of these magnitudes can occur by chance alone, especially when a long series of comparisons is made.
Hence, the present study indicates very definitely that the distribution of the blood groups and the M-N types in mental disease in general and also in the various mental diseases considered individually is identical with that occurring in normal individuals. The contradictory reports published in the literature are due chiefly to the failure to take into account the probable error of the observed frequencies, and in occasional instances to errors in technic.
The Agglutinogens M and N in Anthropoid Apes
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The reactions obtained with a variety of anti-M and anti-N fluids, confirm the original observation of Landsteiner and Levine that the blood of all chimpanzees contains agglutinogens similar to but not identical with the human agglutinogens M and N. Moreover, it could be shown that M agglutinogens are also present in the blood of gibbons, orang-utans and certain species of lower monkeys. The degree of resemblance between the M agglutinogens in monkey or ape blood and human blood shows a certain degree of correlation with the position of the monkey or ape in the evolutionary scale.
From the behavior of different anti-M sera in tests on monkey blood, the existence of a number of qualitatively different M agglutinins may be assumed, yet all the sera behave alike in tests on human blood. Which M agglutinins will be formed when rabbits are immunized with human M blood evidently depends upon constitutional attributes of the rabbit.
Supplementary Note on Ultrafiltration in the Preparation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharides
Authors: Brown Rachel , Robinson L. K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The isolation of pneumococcal polysaccharides by ultrafiltration (1) is greatly facilitated if a peptone-dialysate or ultrafiltrate is used in the medium. The procedure is similar in principle to that used in other studies of the purification of diphtheria toxin (2). The details of the preparation are outlined as follows:
Eleven hundred sixty grams of peptone (Parke, Davis and Company) suspended in tap water to a total of 4.5 kgm. are divided between two bags of cellophane1 and held for seven hours at 90°C. in a bath of 24.5 kgm. of tap water. To the dialysate are added an equivalent amount of tap water, 0.1 per cent potassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.1 per cent potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.5 per cent sodium chloride; the broth is then adjusted to pH 7.8. For further refinement the sterile peptone dialysate is subjected to ultrafiltration through a 4.7 per cent nitrocellulose-coated thimble2 and the filtrate used for culture medium as described above for the original dialysate.
The Vascular Processes in the Shwartzman Phenomenon As Observed in Pulmonary Reactions
Authors: Weir John M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The Shwartzman reaction to a filtrate of B. typhosus was studied in the lungs of rabbits. The following findings were revealed in the experiments: The intratracheal injection of a filtrate of B. typhosus produces an acute alveolitis. Four hours after the intratracheal injection intravenously injected bacteria and India ink are localized in the alveolar spaces because of an inflammatory alteration of permeability of the pulmonary blood vessels.Twenty-four hours after the intratracheal injection of filtrate the inflammatory reaction is subsiding. At this period, when the reactivity of the prepared site in the Shwartzman reaction is at its peak, there is no alteration of permeability when measured by intravenous injections of bacteria or India ink.When the “shocking” dose of filtrate is given intravenously into animals which have been previously prepared by an intratracheal injection of filtrate, the changes produced by the “shocking dose” are confined to the pulmonary blood vessels, and consist of widespread thrombosis of arterioles and venules, dilatation of the capillaries, engorgement of the capillaries with granulocytes, and disruption and swelling of the endothelium. There is no alteration of the alveolar exudate from that seen twenty-four hours after the preparatory injection. When bacteria or India ink are injected intravenously at this period, they are fixed within the blood vessels, and the India ink is plastered to the endothelium. The reaction is non-specific, for there is equal fixation of Staphylococcus aureus and B. typhosus in the lungs at this time.When bacteria were injected intravenously into rabbits which had received both the preparatory injection and the shocking injection of a filtrate of B. typhosus, embolic pneumonias were present three days after the injection of bacteria. B. typhosus produced a lobular consolidation, and Staphylococcus aureus produced abscesses.
From these findings it is concluded that the Shwartzman reaction occurs within the blood vessels of the lung as the result of an alteration of the blood vessels by the preparatory injection and that the hemorrhagic congestion that characterizes the Shwartzman reaction is secondary to the widespread thrombosis. The non-specific fixation of the bacteria indicates that the reaction is not due to an antigen-antibody reaction.
On the Agglutinative Titration of Antimeningococcal Sera, Types I and III with the Encapsulated Bacteria
Authors: Little Paul A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated in this paper that the antibodies which elicit the reaction of capsular swelling with types I and III meningococcus also take part in the agglutinative reaction between antimeningococcal sera and the homologous organisms. It was found possible to titrate the specific capsular antibodies even in the presence of somatic antibodies through the use of suspensions of organisms in which the capsules have been preserved. The capsules may be kept intact for some time by using formaldehyde as a preservative rather than phenol.
Microscopic Observations on the Behavior of Living Blood Vessels of the Rabbit during the Reaction of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Abell Richard G. , Schenck Harry P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technic is described for observing directly with the high powers of the microscope the behavior of the arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the rabbit's ear in the anaphylactic reaction. Such observations show that, in a rabbit sensitized to horse serum, intravenous injection of this antigen, or its introduction by way of the moat, may be followed by: (a) arteriolar contraction, with obliteration of the lumina of the arterioles and stoppage of the circulation, (b) increased adherence of leukocytes to the blood vascular endothelium, and leukocytic emigration through the walls of the capillaries and venules in large numbers, and (c) sticking of leukocytes to each other to form clumps, or emboli, which block the circulation in many capillaries and venules. Under some conditions all of these reactions may follow a single injection of horse serum, either intravenously or directly into the moat. Under others, arteriolar contraction may occur in the absence of extensive leukocyte-sticking, emigration, or the formation of leukocytic clumps. The repeated introduction of serum into the moat causes emigration of leukocytes in increasing numbers from the capillaries and venules, the formation of leukocytic clumps, extravasation of erythrocytes, and finally, in localized regions, endothelial destruction. Such destruction is followed by growth of new blood capillaries into the injured regions, even in the continued presence of serum. No contraction of the capillaries or venules occurred during any of the reactions. Although the blood in the vessels could be very clearly seen with the microscope, no specific precipitate was observed at any time.
The Conjugation of Haptens in Vivo
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described whereby skin sensitivity to colloidal phenolphthalein and to body-conjugated phenolphthalein was produced. The method consists of feeding phenolphthalein to animals or injecting them with colloidal phenolphthalein and using their serums as antigens to inject into other animals of the same or of a different species. These antigens were found to contain appreciable amounts of a conjugated phenolphthalein and but little or no free phenolphthalein. It is believed that by this method other non-antigenic substances may be made antigenic (9).