bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Motivation Scale (LMS): Development and Validation with Prospective-Teachers in West Bengal, India
Authors: Ray Suvendu , Sikdar Deb Prasad 
Published: September 2023

Background: Learning motivation is the collective term for the internal and external factors that support or strengthen a learner's desire and willingness to acquire new knowledge. Every prospective teacher must acquire the skills necessary to do their job well, and learning is accelerated by learning motivation. Therefore, developing a standardised Learning Motivation Scale (LMS) is crucial for assessing the level of learning motivation among prospective teachers in West Bengal. The goal of the present study was to create a LMS to assess learning motivation level among prospective teachers.
Method: Fifty (50) prospective teachers from West Bengal, India, were given a self-administered version of the LMS, which consists of twenty-eight (28) items, to collect the data. The learning motivation scale was subjected to item analysis following the data collection in order to remove the poor items. Following that, the final scale's internal consistency was evaluated using the 225 participants (prospective teachers) who participated in the Cronbach's alpha method.
Result: The scale primarily consists of two subscales, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, each with twenty-eight (28) items measuring learning motivation. Following item analysis, the learning motivation scale's seven (7) poor items are eliminated in accordance with the discrimination index. As a result, 21 items from each of the two LMS subscales were kept. The scale's final iteration discovered 0.783 alpha values, a high level of statistically significant correlation.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Scale is a useful tool that researchers and instructors can use to effectively gauge the level of learning motivation among prospective teachers.
From EFL to ESL in the Eye of Saudi Vision 2030
Authors: Bahanshal Dalal A. 
Published: September 2023

Aims: Starting with the definitions of EFL and ESL, this paper aims to explore the transformation from teaching English as a foreign language to a second language in the context of Saudi Arabia to cope with the promising Saudi Vision 2030. At all levels, teaching in the Saudi context is inclined to be EFL teaching. However, English language proficiency has become an emergent need to determine the employment value in the competitive job market, nationally and internationally. Therefore, the transformation to ESL teaching is a focus nowadays for modulating the evolution of English Classroom Teaching in Saudi Arabia.
Study Design: This study is a qualitative one that uses a semi-structured interview has been conducted at the participants' convenient time and venue.
Place and Duration of Study: The study has taken place at one of the languages Institute (ELI) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during the second semester of the academic year 2021 – 2022.
Methodology: The participants who took part in this study are six female English teachers, Saudis, and non-Saudis, holding Ph.D. and master's degrees in different fields of language teaching with teaching experience varying from 5 years to more than 10 years.
Results: The study sought to investigate the university English language teachers' beliefs about the transformation of teaching English from a foreign language to a second language in line with SAV 2030. Data analysis has brought a variety of issues considering the benefits of shifting from EFL teaching and learning to ESL, the obstacles related to such a transit, the challenges that may be encountered throughout the transition process, and the adaption readiness of all stakeholders, educational policymakers, teachers, and students. Looking at participants' responses to the research questions, it was found that they were in agreement with the transformation from EFL to ESL. The study's findings were categorized according to the responses to the four research questions.
Conclusion: Since the declaration of VAS 2030, higher institutions in the kingdom have obliged their educational policies to an influential reformation that drives improvements in higher education to reach the successes intended by VAS 2030. The study results have provided substantial evidence that teaching the English language as an ESL rather than an EFL will conclusively add to Saudi English learners' skills and proficiency levels.
Ectopic Testis, Pubo-Penile: A Rare Entity
Authors: Jain Nitin , Ratan Simmi K. 
Published: September 2023

Background: Pubo-penile ectopic testis is a rare congenital anomaly in which the testis is situated along the penile shaft or along its root. We are reporting a rare case of penile testicular ectopia whose etiopathogenesis is poorly understood. We describe one case of Pubo-penile ectopic testis in a Eleven-years-old child. The diagnosis was made on physical examination alone. The condition was present since birth but child presented late and successfully treated.
Clinical Description: 9 yrs old male child presented with swelling along base of penis since birth. On examination, left hemi-scrotum was empty with poorly developed scrotal sac. External genitalia was normal and appropriately developed. There was a single, firm, well defined, non-tender, mobile, oval shaped swelling of size 3.5 X 2.5cms, palpable at the base of the penis. Right sided testis was normally placed in scrotum. Testicular sensations were intact.
Management: Ultrasound abdomen and inguino-scrotal region was done & it confirmed the ectopic location of the testis. Incision was given over the swelling at the base of penis to mobilise the testis along with spermatic cord and it was taken through the superficial ring in to the scrotum by small inguinal incision. Orchidopexy was done & testis was anchored in the left extra dartos pouch. Postoperative period was uneventful and child was doing good in follow-up.
Conclusion: Pubo-penile ectopic testis is rare. Examination of a child with an empty scrotum should include examination of all potential ectopic sites. The diagnosis is based on physical examination. Treatment is surgical and long-term prognosis is excellent.
Comparative Study of Conventional Rotary and Rotary-Percussion Techniques in Grout Hole Drilling from the Perspectives of Time, Cost, and Quality
Authors: Winarno Setya , D. Prasetyo 
Published: September 2023

A dam foundation structure is usually strengthened by grouting, which begins with grout hole drilling. This paper aims to examine a comparison between conventional rotary and rotary-percussion drilling techniques in a drilling case study of the Tugu Dam Project, from the perspective of time, cost, and quality comprehensively. Primary data was obtained from the field investigation and interviews. Secondary data was gathered from available project documents of the PT Wijaya Karya-APTA KSO Project Contractor. The findings have highlighted that the implementation of the rotary-percussion technique for grout hole drilling is better than conventional rotary drilling. There are 16 days of time-saving and 3.84% cost-savings for the rotary-percussion technique, as a result of faster rate of penetration. The quality of grouting work using the rotary-percussion drilling technique tends to be of better quality, although there is a shortcoming due to the limited drilling depth of only 5m particularly.
Seasonal and circadian patterns of herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus) movements reveal temporal shifts in industry and coastal island interaction
Authors: Gutowsky S. E. , Baak J. E. , Craik S. R. , Mallory M. L. , Knutson N. , d'Entremont A. A. , Allard K. A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAnthropogenic food subsidies attract opportunistic generalists like gulls in high densities, which may lead to negative impacts on human communities and local ecosystems. Managing impacts requires understanding why gulls use particular natural or industrial sites at different times of day or phases of the breeding cycle. Use of natural and human‐influenced habitats likely varies temporally as gulls alter schedules and site selection to match the predictability of different resources as they vary through space and time relative to patterns in human activities (seasonal industries, the work week, working hours) and natural rhythms (daylight, tide cycles), while gull resource requirements and restrictions to movement also shift with changing reproductive demands.We quantified seasonal and circadian patterns in American herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus) interactions with anthropogenic and natural sites throughout breeding using GPS data from 15 gulls tracked over 3 years from two colonies. We examined the weekly probability of gull occurrence at distinct destinations (e.g. breeding colony, islands, offshore, fish processing plants), and how occurrence varied with time of day, weekday/weekend, tide phase and colony, using GLMMs with a binomial response for destination‐specific occurrence.Probability at the colony varied predictably through the breeding season (highest attendance from dusk to dawn, during incubation and early chick rearing), providing confidence in the modelling approach for detecting temporal patterns in behaviour. Gulls visited other islands mostly outside incubation and early chick rearing, and from dusk through the night, likely roosting. Occurrence offshore where interaction with fishing vessels is possible was highest from dusk to dawn, and differed among colonies, but was the most likely destination during incubation and early chick rearing. Occurrence at fish plants gradually increased until after fledging when attendance was highest from Aug‐Oct coincident with the peak of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) processing and was more likely during the weekdays, during working hours, and during low and flood tide.Gulls in southwest Nova Scotia, Canada, have the behavioural flexibility to adapt to both natural rhythms and human schedules when beneficial, enabling them to thrive in a region where industry and natural resources are abundant. These findings can provide information to guide when and where to test different subsidy management strategies locally, while also considering potential increased pressures on island ecosystems. We emphasise that management outcomes of reductions of food subsidies for opportunistic species depend on multiple factors, including availability of alternative food sources and timing of use.
Suppressing Defects‐Induced Non‐Radiative Recombination for Activating the Near‐Infrared Photoactivity of Red Polymeric Carbon Nitride
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Huang Wei , Xu Yangsen , Li Yongliang , He Chuanxin , Ren Xiangzhong , Zhang Peixin , Mi Hongwei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMany cases of light absorption modification exceeding 700 nm or near‐infrared (NIR) light are reported for capturing more than half of the solar energy, however, very few modifications can produce NIR photoactivity due to the inevitably introduced defects‐induced non‐radiative recombination. Here, taking four kinds of C/O co‐doped red polymeric carbon nitride as examples, defect‐repairing is carried out using alkali metal molten‐salts (LiCl/NaCl and LiCl/KCl) or solid‐salt (KCl) to activate their NIR photoactivity. The defect repair results from the passivation of alkali metal valence electron pairing and the formation of crystalline polyheptazine imide structure with more complete polymerization. More importantly, it sharply eliminates bulk defects (such as carbon vacancy and nitrogen vacancy) introduced by C/O co‐doping. Since structural defects are inevitably introduced in most photocatalysts during expanding light absorption, this proposed strategy is bound to be universal in suppressing defects‐induced non‐radiative recombination to activate NIR photoactivity.
Tough Yet Reversible Hydrogel Adhesives with Cooperative Energy Dissipation for Multifunctional Wearable Sensors
Authors: Lu Gang , Zhu Qi , Ma Rui , He Wei , Wu Jun 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAchieving robust yet reversible adhesion between hydrogels and diverse substrates is of great importance and technically challenging. A family of phase‐segregated hydrogel adhesives with cooperative energy dissipation is reported. The resultant hydrogels display abundant nano‐aggregates comprising hydrophobic clusters and hydrogen‐bonded nanocrystals for efficient dissipation, and accumulated interfacial physical bonding like hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions for intrinsic adhesion work, thus synergistically leading to super tough yet reversible adhesion. Additionally, the size of nano‐aggregates can be well‐tuned by varying time of solvent exchange followed by dry‐annealing and swelling, thus enabling switchable mechanical robustness and water content as well as unprecedented interfacial toughness exceeding 3300 J m−2 on the polyhydric surfaces. Multifunctional stretchable and pressure sensors with high sensitivity and ionic conductivity are also demonstrated.
Strong and Ultratough Ionogel Enabled by Ingenious Combined Ionic Liquids Induced Microphase Separation
Authors: Tie Jianfei , Mao Zhiping , Zhang Linping , Zhong Yi , Xu Hong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIonogels have become a popular material in flexible electronics and soft robotics based on their excellent ionic conductivity, environmental tolerance, and electrochemical stability. However, it remains a challenge to develop an ionogel integrated with high strength, toughness, self‐healing, and adhesion. Herein, a novel strategy is established to design a high‐strength (0.97 MPa) and tensile (980%), excellent crack insensitivity, self‐healing ionogel based on the cosolvent method. By virtue of differential interactions between the specific polymer and various ionic liquids with gradient polarity, cosolvent systems are employed to achieve high‐performance ionogels by a simple one‐step polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography, atomic force microscopy, time‐domain nuclear magnetism, and density functional theoretical calculation are used to analyze the reasons. Microphase separation can be induced by hydrone or stretching to enhance strength of the ionogel. Therefore, ionogels can be assembled as strain and temperature sensors to monitor human movement and person's body temperature with a low detection threshold (0.1 °C) in extreme environments. This concept creates a new path to achieve soft materials with high performance, and provide a prospective strategy to regulate the in situ microphase change and performance of the resulting ionogel via the one‐step polymerization.
Cellular Mechanisms Driving the Distinct Behavior of Trichocyte Keratins in Wound Healing
Authors: Li Wenfeng , Qing Rui , Zhang Haojie , Wang Ziwei , Yuan Yuhan , Wang Lili , Deng Jia , Wang Bochu , Hao Shilei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTrichocyte keratins hold significant promise in accelerating wound healing. Yet it is difficult to discriminate characteristics and mechanisms from their subtypes because of the high sequence homology. Here, the distinct wound healing properties in terms of wound closure rate, epidermal regeneration and angiogenesis of 17 kinds of human hair keratins is reported. Each trichocyte keratin shows distinct behaviors with unique advantages. Amongst all, recombinant keratin (RK) 33B, RK34, RK39 and RK84 show the highest efficiency in wound closure acceleration, and RK34, RK37 and RK81 presented the strongest angiogenic performance. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed the regulatory mechanisms of trichocyte keratins in the proliferation and migration of keratinocyte and blood vessel generation. Finally, the keratins with strong re‐epithelialization and angiogenic performances significantly accelerate wound closure in a diabetic rat model established in‐house. The findings provide a panorama view of trichocyte keratin performance in wound healing and that may harbor potential for finely tailored keratin development and precision applications.
Bifunctional Bidentate Organic Additive toward High Brightness Pure Red Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Rui Hongsong , Wu Xiaoming , Qiu Yuan , Liu Xuguang , Bu Shixiao , Cao Huanqi , Yin Shougen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractQuasi‐2D perovskites have attracted extraordinary attention for applications in solution‐processable light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the performance of quasi‐2D perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) is limited by the wide n phases distribution and the inevitable defects in the emitting films. Herein, a novel bidentate organic molecule ethyl thiooxamate (ETO) with two different electron‐rich functional moieties (C═O and C═S) as an additive is introduced in antisolvent ethyl acetate (EA) to achieve high quality quasi‐2D perovskite (PEA2CsPb2I7) films. The unsaturated Pb defects caused by iodine vacancy (VI) and Pb‐I (PbI) antisite can be simultaneously passivated though the synergistic action of the C═O and C═S moieties. Meanwhile, suppressing the formation of large n phases results in a more concentrated n phases distribution and improves the cascade energy transfer for boosting the excitons’ radiative recombination. As a result, the fabricated 656 nm pure red PeLEDs show a high maximum luminance of 6483 cd m−2 and a high peak external quantum efficiency of 20.73% with a CIE coordinate of (0.705, 0.293). The optimal device exhibits the superior performances to the reported red quasi‐2D PeLEDs at ≈640–690 nm. This work provides a guidance for rational designing of multidentate organic molecules toward high performance quasi‐2D PeLEDs.
Multifunctional Hydrogels for the Healing of Diabetic Wounds
Authors: Xiang Tao , Guo Qianru , Jia Lianghao , Yin Tianyu , Huang Wei , Zhang Xinyu , Zhou Shaobing 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe healing of diabetic wounds is hindered by various factors, including bacterial infection, macrophage dysfunction, excess proinflammatory cytokines, high levels of reactive oxygen species, and sustained hypoxia. These factors collectively impede cellular behaviors and the healing process. Consequently, this review presents intelligent hydrogels equipped with multifunctional capacities, which enable them to dynamically respond to the microenvironment and accelerate wound healing in various ways, including stimuli ‐responsiveness, injectable self‐healing, shape ‐memory, and conductive and real‐time monitoring properties. The relationship between the multiple functions and wound healing is also discussed. Based on the microenvironment of diabetic wounds, antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and pro‐angiogenic strategies are combined with multifunctional hydrogels. The application of multifunctional hydrogels in the repair of diabetic wounds is systematically discussed, aiming to provide guidelines for fabricating hydrogels for diabetic wound healing and exploring the role of intelligent hydrogels in the therapeutic processes.
Electrochemically Responsive 3D Nanoarchitectures
Authors: Hamidinejad Mahdi , Wang Heng , Sanders Kate A , De Volder Michael 
Published: September 2023

AbstractResponsive nanomaterials are being developed to create new unique functionalities such as switchable colors and adhesive properties or other programmable features in response to external stimuli. While many existing examples rely on changes in temperature, humidity, or pH, this study aims to explore an alternative approach relying on simple electric input signals. More specifically, 3D electrochromic architected microstructures are developed using carbon nanotube–Tin (Sn) composites that can be reconfigured by lithiating Sn with low power electric input (≈50 nanowatts). These microstructures have a continuous, regulated, and non‐volatile actuation determined by the extent of the electrochemical lithiation process. In addition, this proposed fabrication process relies only on batch lithographic techniques, enabling the parallel production of thousands of 3D microstructures. Structures with a 30–97% change in open‐end area upon actuation are demonstrated and the importance of geometric factors in the response and structural integrity of 3D architected microstructures during electrochemical actuation is highlighted.
Asymmetric Π‐Bridge Engineering Enables High‐Permittivity Benzo[1,2‐B:4,5‐b′]Difuran‐Conjugated Polymer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Yueyue , Xiao Zuo , Cui Minghuan , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Tan Furui , Shang Luwen , Li Wanpeng , Qin Chaochao , Ding Liming 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOrganic solar cells (OSCs) exhibit complex charge dynamics, which are closely correlated with the dielectric constant (ɛr) of photovoltaic materials. In this work, a series of novel conjugated copolymers based on benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]difuran (BDF) and benzotriazole (BTz) is designed and synthesized, which differ by the nature of π‐bridge from one another. The PBDF‐TF‐BTz with asymmetric furan and thiophene π‐bridge demonstrates a larger ɛr of 4.22 than PBDF‐dT‐BTz with symmetric thiophene π‐bridge (3.15) and PBDF‐dF‐BTz with symmetric furan π‐bridge (3.90). The PBDF‐TF‐BTz also offers more favorable molecular packing and appropriate miscibility with non‐fullerene acceptor Y6 than its counterparts. The corresponding PBDF‐TF‐BTz:Y6 OSCs display efficient exciton dissociation, fast charge transport and collection, and reduced charge recombination, eventually leading to a power conversion efficiency of 17.01%. When introducing a fullerene derivative (PCBO‐12) as a third component, the PBDF‐TF‐BTz:Y6:PCBO‐12 OSCs yield a remarkable FF of 80.11% with a high efficiency of 18.10%, the highest value among all reported BDF‐polymer‐based OSCs. This work provides an effective approach to developing high‐permittivity photovoltaic materials, showcasing PBDF‐TF‐BTz as a promising polymer donor for constructing high‐performance OSCs.
An Enhanced Interlayer Construction Strategy for High‐Frequency Copper Clad Laminates: Resolving the Contradiction between Signal Loss and Adhesion
Authors: Mei Xiaokang , Yang Shu , Lei Jiang , Li Qinyuan , Li Kaikai , Xie Yingxi , Yao Yunpeng , Lu Longsheng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn high‐frequency printed circuit boards (PCBs), there is an inherent contradiction between minimizing signal loss and maximizing adhesion strength. To tackle this issue, this work presents a simple approach by developing an enhanced interlayer through a two‐step process involving anodization/APTES (3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane) treatment. The anodization yields micro/nano oxide structures with low surface roughness, thereby reducing the skin effect. One side of the enhanced interlayer is mechanically anchored and chemically bonded to copper foils, while the other side is coupled with bismaleimide/triazine‐based resins (BT resins), significantly augmenting the adhesion strength. Eight‐layer PCBs manufactured employing this method exhibit an insertion loss of −1.3553 dB in−1 at 32 GHz. Compared to two conventional brown oxide methods, the insertion loss is reduced by 7.80% and 3.24%, respectively, with a more substantial reduction observed at higher frequencies. The peel strength of samples ranges from 0.554 to 0.589 N mm−1, demonstrating maximum enhancements of 34.78% and 164.13% in comparison to the two brown oxide methods, respectively. Moreover, eight‐layer PCBs undergo lead‐free reflow soldering tests, solder float tests, and thermal fatigue tests without encountering any failures. Consequently, the proposed method holds significant practical significance in addressing the challenge associated with low signal loss and high adhesion strength in high‐frequency PCBs.