bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E ε4 modulates astrocyte neuronal support functions in the presence of amyloid‐β
Authors: Fleeman Rebecca M. , Kuhn Madison K. , Chan Dennis C. , Proctor Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractApolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid transporter produced predominantly by astrocytes in the brain. The ε4 variant of APOE (APOE4) is the strongest and most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the molecular mechanisms of this increased risk are unclear, APOE4 is known to alter immune signaling and lipid and glucose metabolism. Astrocytes provide various forms of support to neurons, including regulating neuronal metabolism and immune responses through cytokine signaling. Changes in astrocyte function because of APOE4 may therefore decrease neuronal support, leaving neurons more vulnerable to stress and disease insults. To determine whether APOE4 alters astrocyte neuronal support functions, we measured glycolytic and oxidative metabolism of neurons treated with conditioned media from APOE4 or APOE3 (the common, risk‐neutral variant) primary astrocyte cultures. We found that APOE4 neurons treated with conditioned media from resting APOE4 astrocytes had similar metabolism to APOE3 neurons treated with media from resting APOE3 astrocytes, but treatment with astrocytic conditioned media from astrocytes challenged with amyloid‐β (Aβ), a key pathological protein in AD, caused APOE4 neurons to increase their basal mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolic rates more than APOE3 neurons. These changes were not because of differences in astrocytic lactate production or glucose utilization, but instead correlated with increased glycolytic ATP production and a lack of cytokine secretion in response to Aβ. Additionally, we identified that astrocytic cytokine signatures could predict basal metabolism of neurons treated with the astrocytic conditioned media. Together, these findings suggest that in the presence of Aβ, APOE4 astrocytes alter immune and metabolic functions that result in a compensatory increase in neuronal metabolic stress.image
A prospective randomized controlled study of Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii vaccine, Measles Mumps Rubella vaccine and Vitamin D3 in extragenital cutaneous warts
Authors: Lahoria Utkrist , Singh Saurabh , Bhardwaj Abhishek , Budania Anil , Chhajed Neelam , Rajagopal Srinivasan Varun , Singh Surjit 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDesignInterventional, prospective, four arm randomized control.SettingOutpatient department, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, AIIMS Jodhpur (Rajasthan), India.ParticipantsTwo hundred patients.MethodsThe intervention administered in the groups were normal saline (A), vitamin D3 (B), MIP (C), and MMR (D). The injections were given into the largest wart at 2‐weekly intervals until complete clearance or for a maximum of seven sittings. Post‐treatment clearance of the injected wart and the distant wart was compared on the basis of change in wart number, percentage clearance, and mean time to complete clearance. Side effects were recorded.ResultsA total of 197 patients were recruited. The mean percentage improvement in the injected and non‐injected warts was 68.4% and 66.8%, respectively. Intention to treat analysis (ITT) showed that complete clearance of lesions in injected wart occurred in placebo, vit D3, MMR, and MIP arms in 64%, 66%, 58%, and 55% patients, respectively (p > 0.05), while in the non‐injected warts in 62%, 64%, 52%, and 53%, respectively (p > 0.05). The mean time to achieve complete clearance of wart was fastest in MIP at 7.1 weeks followed by MMR at 7.2 weeks, VIT D3 at 7.4 weeks and in placebo group 7.8 weeks (p > 0.05). Side effects noted were fever, pain, erythema, and swelling which was highest in VIT D3 group (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe efficacy of immunotherapies was comparable to placebo with minimal side effects.
A cross‐sectional study of alcohol, opioid use, and anxiety in agriculturally based occupations
Authors: Chasek Christine , Watanabe‐Galloway Shinobu , Rutt Rachel , Olson Ashley , Yoder Aaron 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurposeAlthough there are many studies that have examined substance use and mental health concerns in rural areas, there is a paucity of research related to the prevalence of substance use and mental well‐being in agriculturally based occupations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol and opioid misuse and anxiety among adults in agriculturally based occupations in the rural Midwest and to determine the risk factors for alcohol misuse.MethodsData were collected via mailed surveys with 1,791 surveys returned. Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, the Drug Abuse Screening Test‐1, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener, and reported demographic data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with alcohol misuse.ResultsYounger age, male, not married, agriculturally based workers were significantly associated with alcohol misuse. For opioid use, the highest prevalence rate (10%) was found among direct agricultural workers who were not married and in the age group 19‐39. The highest anxiety prevalence rate was found in participants aged 19‐39 (15.5%) who also scored in the highest level of alcohol misuse with a prevalence rate of 27.9%.ConclusionsFuture research is suggested in the areas of gender identity and anxiety in agricultural populations and agriculturally based occupations as protective factors for opioid misuse.
Mycobacterial phosphodiesterase Rv0805 is a virulence determinant and its cyclic nucleotide hydrolytic activity is required for propionate detoxification
Authors: McDowell James R. , Bai Guangchun , Lasek‐Nesselquist Erica , Eisele Leslie E. , Wu Yan , Hurteau Gregory , Johnson Richard , Bai Yinlan , Chen Yong , Chan John , McDonough Kathleen A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling is essential to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis. However, the roles of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) Rv0805, and the recently identified Rv1339, in cAMP homeostasis and Mtb biology are unclear. We found that Rv0805 modulates Mtb growth within mice, macrophages and on host‐associated carbon sources. Mycobacterium bovis BCG grown on a combination of propionate and glycerol as carbon sources showed high levels of cAMP and had a strict requirement for Rv0805 cNMP hydrolytic activity. Supplementation with vitamin B12 or spontaneous genetic mutations in the pta‐ackA operon restored the growth of BCGΔRv0805 and eliminated propionate‐associated cAMP increases. Surprisingly, reduction of total cAMP levels by ectopic expression of Rv1339 restored only 20% of growth, while Rv0805 complementation fully restored growth despite a smaller effect on total cAMP levels. Deletion of an Rv0805 localization domain also reduced BCG growth in the presence of propionate and glycerol. We propose that localized Rv0805 cAMP hydrolysis modulates activity of a specialized pathway associated with propionate metabolism, while Rv1339 has a broader role in cAMP homeostasis. Future studies will address the biological roles of Rv0805 and Rv1339, including their impacts on metabolism, cAMP signaling and Mtb pathogenesis.
“Hooked”: How Undergraduate Students Become Anthropology Majors
Authors: Kvitek Victoria L. , Cora Maria , Jhoslien Anastasia , Lee Briana M. , Storey Angela D. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHow and why do undergraduate students decide to become anthropology majors? We explore this question through mixed methods research conducted by undergraduate students at two public universities in the United States and one in New Zealand. We found that students often discovered anthropology once in college and many spoke about it as a dynamic major through which they might enact change. The major can affirm students’ identity, interests, and ways of thinking, even as it elicits anxieties about the state of the world, past and present, and concerns about the discourse of race in anthropology. We explore the major as a doorway into departmental and disciplinary communities of practice, arguing that undergraduate decisions to major in anthropology are connected to past experiences, family contexts, interdepartmental experiences, and global conditions. This research is part of the larger project organized through the American Anthropological Association that is discussed in this special issue.
Normal variation of mandibular asymmetry in children
Authors: Vespasiano Valeria , Klop Cornelis , Mulder Catharina S. , Koolstra Jan H. , Lobé Nicolaas H. J. , Beenen Ludo. F. M , Nolte Jitske W. , Becking Alfred G. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the normal variation of asymmetry in mandibles of children in the age group of 1 to 12 years.Materials and MethodsThe study group consisted of 92 cadaveric mandibles of children with a dental age of 1 to 12 years old in possession of ACTA (Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam), Faculty of Dentistry, the Netherlands. 3D models of the mandibles were obtained from CT‐scans and hemimandibular volumes of all mandibles were calculated. The condylar height, ramus height, mandibular body length and the gonial angle were bilaterally determined using a novel landmark‐based method, and the degree of asymmetry was calculated.ResultsNo relationship was found between dental age and asymmetry of the studied parameters (P < .05). The highest degree of asymmetry was found in the ramus height, whereas the gonial angle presented the lowest degree of asymmetry. A positive correlation was found between the asymmetry of the hemimandibular volume vs the height of the ramus (P < .05) and the length of the mandibular body (P < .05). An inverse correlation was found between the asymmetry of the ramus height vs the condylar height (P < .05), mandibular body length (P < .05) and gonial angle (P < .05).ConclusionsMandibular asymmetries in children did occur (9.8% of the included mandibles presented with a relevant overall asymmetry of ≥3%) and were unrelated to age. The different segments of the mandible seem to compensate for each other, in order to maintain a functional equilibrium.
Emergency transfusion with whole blood versus packed red blood cells: A study of 1400 patients
Authors: Ruby Kristen N. , Dzik Walter H. , Collins Julia J. , Eliason Kent , Makar Robert S. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundLow‐titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) is increasingly used for emergency transfusion. We studied whether initial release of LTOWB compared with packed red blood cells (pRBCs) reduced overall blood requirements for patients needing emergency transfusion. Secondary outcomes examined included survival and non‐lethal adverse clinical outcomes.Study Design and MethodsA retrospective, single‐center, before‐versus‐after study compared patients transfused with emergency‐release, uncrossmatched pRBC followed by component therapy (2016–2019) versus patients transfused with emergency‐release, uncrossmatched LTOWB followed by component therapy (2019–2022).ResultsOutcomes were available for 602 patients in the pRBC group versus 749 in the whole blood group. The two groups were similar for age, sex, race, estimated blood volume, ABO blood groups, and underlying diagnosis. Use of LTOWB was associated with increased blood product use at 24 h (4.0 (2.0–12.0) in pRBC group versus 6.5 (4.2–12.7) in LTOWB group, p < .0001) and at 7 days (5.5 (3.0–13.0) in pRBC group versus 7.3 (4.3–14.3) in LTOWB group, p < .0001). Initial use of LTOWB was not associated with improved 24 h or 30 day survival nor lower incidence of non‐lethal adverse clinical outcomes compared with pRBC.DiscussionOur study showed a statistically significant increase in total blood use and blood acquisition costs for patients receiving initial emergency transfusion with LTOWB compared with pRBC. The initial use of LTOWB offered no advantage over component therapy for 30 day survival or selected non‐lethal adverse outcomes.
A secondary CD34+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia unmasked and mobilized by G‐CSF in an autologous stem cell donor with testicular cancer
Authors: Cooling Laura , Kelley Justin , Sexton Edison , Anand Sarah , Hoffmann Sandra 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundLate complications of chemotherapy include treatment‐related secondary leukemias. We describe an unusual case of a new treatment‐related acute lymphoblastic leukemia (t‐ALL) that was unmasked and mobilized by G‐CSF during autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell collection (HPCC) in a young man with testicular cancer.MethodsElectronic chart review of the patient medical history and pertinent laboratory findings. Patient CD34 and blast results were compared to 4249 autologous and 437 allogeneic HPCC performed between 2004 and 2022. In autologous donors, the %blast and %CD34 were compared by linear regression and paired t‐test using commercial software.ResultsThe patient was a 21‐year‐old male with relapsed testicular cancer referred for G‐CSF cytokine‐only mobilization and autologous HPCC. His pre‐mobilization WBC count and differential were normal. On the day of HPCC, his WBC = 37.9 K/mcL with 12% blasts and 9.75% circulating CD34+ cells. The patient was admitted 9 days after HPCC with a normal WBC count and 15% blasts. He was diagnosed with a pro‐B t‐ALL bearing an t(4:11)(q21:q23) translocation and KMT2A‐AF4 rearrangement. Upon review, this patient had the highest %CD34 among 4686 HPCC and was the only donor with %CD34 > 1% after a cytokine‐only mobilization.ConclusionWe report a case of t‐ALL that mimicked CD34+ HPC and was mobilized by high‐dose G‐CSF. Up to 70% of secondary leukemias bear 11q23/KMT2A rearrangements, which occur at the multipotent stem cell stage and can result in myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. Donors who have received past chemotherapy, especially with topoisomerase II inhibitors, are at increased risk for 11q23/KMT2A leukemias.
Characteristics of Large Hell Gate Direct-Fired Boiler Units
Authors: Caldwell W. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Among the outstanding features which characterize this boiler installation is a capacity of each of the two units in excess of 1,000,000 lb per hr. The direct-fired, slag-tapped furnace with a twin arrangement of sectional header boilers above a single furnace is an innovation. The building that houses the two boilers, bunkers, and all auxiliaries is 78.7 ft by 106.5 ft and is 162 ft high, or a building volume of 680 cu ft per 1000 lb steaming capacity per hour. The steam conditions of 275 lb per sq in. pressure and 725 F temperature are the same as those prevailing in the remainder of the plant. The circulation of each half of the boiler unit, with its accompanying proportion of water walls, is independent. The superheater, economizer, and air heater of each half of the unit are also independent. The air-inlet end of the air heaters and similarly the gas-discharge end of the air heaters are connected to a common plenum chamber to eliminate the fan auxiliaries as a source of boiler outage. By this arrangement the unit may develop about 75 per cent of maximum capacity with half of the fan equipment idle. Aside from innovations regarding the twin arrangement, the boiler and furnace are of conservative design. Heat-release rates, absorption rate per unit of surface, and gas velocities entering the tube bank are moderate. Large boiler drums were provided in order to confine water-level fluctuations within safe limits regardless of the rapidity or range of load changes. The visible range within the water glass accommodates a 13 per cent change in the volume of water contained in the boiler and water walls up to the normal water level. This is equivalent to 4.5 per cent of the hourly output at maximum capacity on the basis of solid water.
Stainless Steel in Aircraft Construction
Authors: Flader Fredric 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The characteristics of a new material, commonly known as stainless steel, are considered, with facts and conclusions concerning its adaptability and suitability for use in aircraft construction. The type of steel discussed is called 18-8, by the proportions of chromium and nickel used. This material is selected because it is austenitic in character and is more readily procurable than some of its kindred alloys. The strength-to-weight ratios of 18-8 stainless steel are first considered in relation to comparable values from aluminum alloy, which is the most widely used metal in aircraft structures. This comparison is made using four criteria as representing the value of a material for structural uses. These criteria are (1) tensile strength, (2) the strength of columns, (3) the strength of members in bending, and (4) the deflection or stiffness characteristics. In this connection the finishes which are necessarily employed on aluminum alloy as corrosion preventives are charged against that material.
Elements of Milling, Part 2
Authors: Boston O. W. , Kraus C. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The results are given of a series of experiments in which a single-point tool corresponding to a single tooth of a milling cutter was used in removing metal in a dynamometer of a pendulum type. The values of energy as a function of variable feed, depth, width, and front- and side-rake angles of the cutter were determined when cutting three steels and a brass, in both groove and land cutting. It is found that all data obtained follow the general equation for energy in which E = Cwfxdy. It is shown that invariably groove cutting requires greater energy than land cutting. It also is shown that greater values of front rake on the cutter reduce the energy required to remove a chip, while the value of side rake for a given value of front rake exerts no appreciable influence on energy values. The results of some 24,000 commercial tests made by students at the Ohio State University in cooperation with the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company are presented and analyzed. The results are shown to agree substantially with those obtained with the single-point tool and that the foregoing energy equation holds for all types of milling, such as slabbing, groove cutting, half-side milling, and facing.
The Study of Calcium-Sulphate Scale Prevention at Higher Steam Pressures
Authors: Straub Frederick G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The results of previous tests run by the author indicated that there was a possibility of using soda ash for treatment of boilers operating even as high as at 1000 lb steam pressure. However, these tests were run in steel bombs without the generation of steam and were equilibrium tests. In actual operation the results might be different. Consequently, a small one-tube boiler was built for test purposes. The boiler was constructed so that heat could be furnished to the heating tube at a constant rate and as high as 100,000 Btu per sq ft per hr. The boiler was operated so that the concentration of chemicals in the boiler would be independent of the steaming rate. At the same time scale could be formed, removed, or prevented from forming on the heating tube. The thickness of the scale formed could be measured and the scale analyzed. The temperature increase of the tube wall due to the scale could also be measured. This boiler has been operated at steam pressures between 160 and 2700 lb. The results obtained are given in the paper.
Number of Active Coils in Helical Springs
Authors: Vogt R. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Due to the torsional displacement between cross-sections of the helical spring bar or wire in the so-called dead or inactive coils on each end of the spring, the total deflection of the spring is greater than that which corresponds to the deflection of the free coils. The exact amount of the spring deflection corresponding to the influence of the “inactive” coils can be calculated for known loading conditions of the spring and can be closely estimated for all springs subjected to conventional spring-practise loads. The deflections of the end coils are calculated in terms of the deflection of active coils. A test to determine the actual number of active coils is suggested and examples are given.
Performance of Cutting Fluids When Sawing Various Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Kraus C. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of tests conducted on a Peerless high-speed, 9-inch-capacity hacksaw. Two types of tests were runs: The first to determine the influence of four typical cutting fluids on the wear of the teeth of tungsten-steel hacksaw blades, the second to determine the influence of eleven cutting fluids on high-speed-steel blades when sawing each of eight different metals.
The time required to saw through a 1½-inch-square section of each metal was obtained and used to indicate the performance of the cutting fluid. In these tests high-speed-steel hacksaw blades were used, inasmuch as they retained the initial degree of sharpness without visible change throughout the test. The comparative tests were run at constant speed and constant feeding pressures.
It is shown that a mineral-lard oil causes the tungsten-steel blades to wear fastest. Plain mineral oil produces the next fastest degree of wear, followed in order by an emulsion and a sulphurized mineral oil. The sulphurized mineral oil permitted the least degree of dulling on the saw blades and, at the same time, kept the sawing time to a time below that for any of the other cutting fluids. Cutting fluids produced a rather wide variation in cutting time when cutting steels, but gave more uniform values when cutting aluminum, malleable cast iron, cast iron, and brass.
Effects of Side Leakage in 120-Degree Centrally Supported Journal Bearings
Authors: Needs Sydney J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Theoretical treatment of journal-bearing lubrication, based on the assumption that the bearing is infinitely wide, and hence has no oil flow from the sides of the film, has been brought to a high degree of development during recent years. Less is known, however, of the various phenomena that occur in an actual oil film. Experiments, necessarily on a bearing of finite proportions and from which oil is leaking at the sides of the film, show results entirely different from those predicted by the theory which takes no account of side leakage.
From the viewpoint of bearing design, it is highly desirable to have further information for applying the excellent theoretical charts now available. The most important work on this problem has been done by A. G. M. Michell (4) and Albert Kingsbury (5). In 1905, Mr. Michell published a mathematical solution for a plane slide block of finite width. In all cases considered, he assumed the film thickness at the entering edge to be twice that at the trailing edge. The oil viscosity was assumed constant throughout the film. In 1931, Mr. Kingsbury published a method of investigating any film form regardless of shape, viscosity variation, or boundary conditions.
In a later publication (6), Mr. Kingsbury introduced the idea of optimum bearing conditions and pointed out that in the case of a plane rectangular slide block the best results at finite and infinite widths are not found with the same film form. By means of the method developed and used by Mr. Kingsbury, the present paper undertakes an analysis of this problem in the case of 120-deg centrally supported journal bearings. The effect of side leakage is found to vary not only with the bearing dimensions of length and width, but also with the load carried by a bearing of given proportions.
Results are given in tabular form and also by curves, and from these, optimum operating conditions are apparent. The problem of the best bearing for a given minimum film thickness, load, speed, and journal diameter is treated, the only assumption being a desired average oil viscosity in the film.