bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrast mechanism at landing energy near 0 eV in super low-energy scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Aoyama Tomohiro , Mikmeková Šárka , Kumagai Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation with low landing energy of a few keV or less has become common. We have especially focused on the drastic contrast change at near 0 eV. Using a patterned sample consisting of Si, Ni and Pt, threshold energies where the total reflection of incident electrons occurs were investigated by SEM at near 0 eV. In both the cases of in-situ and ex-situ sample cleaning, drastic changes in the brightness of each material were observed at near 0 eV, with threshold energies in the order Si &lt; Ni &lt; Pt. This order agreed with the order of the literature values of the work functions and the surface potentials measured by Kelvin force probe microscopy. This result suggests that the difference of the threshold energy is caused by the difference in surface potential due to the work function difference of each material. Although the order of the threshold energies also agreed with those of work functions reported in the literature, the work functions of air-exposed surfaces should be rather considered as ‘modified work functions’, since they could be significantly altered by the adsorbates, etc. Nevertheless, the difference of the threshold energy for each material was observed with commercial SEM at landing energy near 0 eV, which opens a new possibility to distinguish materials, although the difference should be rather recognized as ‘fingerprints’, since surface potentials are sensitive to conditions of surface treatments and atmospheric exposure.
Unpaid Debts to London Booksellers: John Harrison the Elder’s Lawsuit against Two Chapmen in 1585
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article presents a transcript of a recently discovered booklist from a 1585 lawsuit at the Court of Common Pleas. This list describes a large book sale made on 3 May 1584 to two chapmen named John Herne and Thomas Jackson. It throws light on the Elizabethan book trade and the litigation practices of London booksellers, and it contains rare evidence on the trade prices of early modern books. It also records the earliest known purchase of Edmund Spenser’s celebrated Shepheardes calender (first published in 1579).
Resisting the inevitable: human rights and the data society
Authors: Dao André 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article outlines a methodology for describing the encounter between human rights and digital data technologies. The methodology is orientated around a set of traditions within law and humanities scholarship—in particular, thinking critically and co-productively about human rights, as well as a concern with the plurality of law, and forms of authority. The aim of the methodology is to resist digital and human rights fatalism. It does so by producing descriptions that offer resources towards a better understanding of how certain visions of the future succeed, and how failed visions might be rearticulated.
Developmental biodynamics: the development of coordination
Authors: Watkins James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Motor development in humans has been viewed historically from two viewpoints, the neuromaturation perspective and the information-processing perspective. However, these approaches fail to account for the great flexibility demonstrated by individuals in accommodating rapidly changing task demands. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the increasingly widely held dynamical systems view of motor development. From a dynamical systems perspective, coordinated movement emerges from the intrinsic self-organising properties of the dynamical system consisting of the individual, the task, and the environment. The actual pattern of movement that emerges depends upon the state of the system components which impose constraints on the types of movement that may emerge; the constraints arise from the anthropometry and physical ability of the individual (individual constraints), the requirements of the task (task constraints), and the prevailing environmental conditions (environmental constraints). Each type of constraint influences the movement pattern that emerges by encouraging certain types of movement and discouraging others. Abnormal movement due to cerebral palsy, disease, or injury is likely to be due to abnormal individual constraints in the form of abnormal energy sources. Therapy directed at normalising the abnormal energy sources is likely to be more effective than therapy directed at normalising the abnormal kinematics.
Molecular exercise physiology
Authors: Meinhold Marius , Wackerhage Henning 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Molecular exercise physiology is the study of exercise physiology using molecular biology methods. The development of differentiated cell types is regulated by transcription factors such as the muscle-making MyoD that can specify the cell type of a cell. Similar transcription factors regulate the development of muscle, tendons, and bones. Maternal nutrition and exercise affect development of the embryo and this is commonly through epigenetic mechanisms. Adaptation to exercise is a consequence of signal transduction which involves i) the sensing of exercise-related signals such as calcium, mechanical stress, or hormones by sensor proteins; ii) the convection, amplification, and computation of such signals by signalling proteins and networks; and iii) the regulation of the actual adaptations through gene expression, protein breakdown, or cell death by effector proteins. Many sport- and exercise-related traits as well as development and body height depend on both common and rare DNA sequence variations. Examples for rare DNA sequence variations with a large effect on a sport- and exercise-related trait are the muscle mass-increasing myostatin (GDF8) loss-of-function and the haematocrit-increasing erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gain-of-function mutations. In addition, hundreds to thousands of common DNA sequence variations contribute to the inherited variability of development, body height, strength, and endurance. Finally, current genetic performance tests are not meaningful as they only explain a fraction of the variation of sport- and exercise-related traits and there are ethical concerns.
Exercise and physiological variability: analysis and applications
Authors: Biltz George R , Lundstrom Christopher J 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Physiological time series data for heart rate, respiratory rate, and gait all reveal sequential variability that is neither totally random nor completely regular. This irregular variability, observed across spatial and temporal scales, is an inherent feature of biological systems and physiological functions and can be distinguished as bounded variability. Exercise science traditionally reports the mean and standard deviation for a data set. However, these linear statistics do not recognise the interdependent and iterated physiological relationships that generate the temporal data sequence. In a complex systems approach, the time series data contain embedded information about the dynamics of the physiological processes that generated them. Variability analysis offers multiple methods to investigate scaling, power law, and fractal-like features in time series data. Complex systems and variability analysis characterise how physiological systems adapt to changes in their internal or external environments. Exercise and physical activity are opportunities to explore physiological variability and adaptability. Adaptability balances the more familiar principle of homeostatic stability and enhances understanding of the complexity of the response to exercise. The assessment of intra-individual physiological variability and adaptability allows insight into the heterogeneity of the exercise response and helps interpret interindividual differences. Variability analysis can be applied to time series data routinely collected during aerobic exercise testing. Wearable technology and analytics extend data collection and interpretation beyond the laboratory. Physiological variability analysis has the potential to individualise and improve physical activity interventions, training recommendations, and therapeutic exercise.
Cardiopulmonary responses to exercise
Authors: Armstrong Neil , McManus Ali M 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDuring exercise, children and adolescents adopt a different breathing pattern and hyperventilate for a given metabolic demand compared to adults. The ventilatory threshold occurs at a higher percentage of peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak) and the phase I delay and phase II ventilation time constant at the onset of exercise increase with age. After a rapid rise at the onset of exercise, stroke volume (SV) stabilises at ~50–60% V.O2peak. A continuing increase in heart rate (HR) is responsible for further increases in cardiac output (Q.) which rises in a curvilinear manner, with diminishing circulatory efficiency at near V.O2peak compensated for by an increase in arteriovenous oxygen content difference. Multiplicative allometric modelling of data has confirmed the importance of analysing sex-specific, concurrent changes in age-, growth-, and maturation-driven covariates when exploring the development of cardiopulmonary data. In all cases with age and fat-free mass (FFM) controlled for, maturity status does not make a significant, independent contribution to explaining the development of peak/maximum cardiopulmonary variables. Peak breathing frequency and HRmax are largely independent of sex, age, growth, maturity status, and V.O2peak. Pulmonary ventilation does not appear to limit the V.O2peak of healthy youth but even with FFM controlled for, SVmax or Q.max make an independent, significant contribution to explaining the development of cardiopulmonary fitness. Further longitudinal studies covering the prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal years and incorporating multiple covariates are necessary to elucidate fully the development of maximum cardiopulmonary variables and cardiopulmonary fitness.
Neuromuscular fatigue
Authors: Ratel Sébastien , Patikas Dimitrios A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Scientific evidence suggests that prepubertal children fatigue less than adults when performing whole-body dynamic activities, such as maximal cycling and short running bouts or maximal voluntary isometric and isokinetic muscle contractions. Although the mechanisms underpinning differences in fatigue between children and adults are not all fully understood, there is a consensus that children experience less peripheral fatigue (i.e. muscular fatigue) than their older counterparts. Central factors may also account for the lower fatiguability in children. Some studies have reported a higher reduction of muscle voluntary activation during fatiguing exercise in prepubertal children compared to adults. This could reflect a strategy of the central nervous system aimed at limiting the recruitment of motor units, in order to prevent any extensive peripheral fatigue. However, further studies are required to clarify this assumption.
Effort perception
Authors: Lamb Kevin L , Parfitt Gaynor , Eston Roger G 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Research addressing children’s perceptions of exercise effort (their ‘perceived exertion’) has appeared steadily in the scientific literature over the last 44 years. Accepting that the established Borg adult rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was not appropriate for children, investigators set about developing child-specific scales which employed numbers, words, and/or images that were more familiar and understandable. Numerous studies have examined the validity and reliability of scales such as the CERT, PCERT, and OMNI among children aged 5–16 years, across different modes of exercise (cycling, running, stepping, resistance exercise), protocols (intermittent vs continuous, incremental vs non-incremental), and paradigms (estimation vs production). Such laboratory-based research has enabled the general conclusion that children can, especially with practice, use effort perception scales to differentiate between exercise intensity levels, and to self-regulate their exercise output to match various levels indicated on them. However, inconsistencies in the methodological approaches adopted diminish the certainty of some of the interpretations made by researchers. In addition, though often mentioned, the would-be application of effort perception in physical education and activity/health promotion contexts has been relatively ignored. Accordingly, the scope for research in this applied domain remains considerable.
Sedentary behaviour and health
Authors: Pearson Natalie , Sherar Lauren B 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Changes in environments, modes of transportation, and the pervasiveness of screen-based technology have significantly reduced the demands and opportunities for physical activity and increased the opportunities for time spent sitting. Children in high- and middle-income countries spend around half of their waking hours sitting, with sitting for screen time being the most prevalent leisure-time sedentary behaviour among these populations. While sedentary behaviour research is still in its relative infancy, there is increasing evidence that sedentary behaviours, and particularly screen-based sedentary behaviours, have deleterious effects on the physiological and psychological health of children and young people. Measuring sedentary behaviours is challenging because of the need to accurately assess volume (e.g. min·day−1), multiple domains of behaviour (i.e. sitting in the classroom vs screen time), and the posture of behaviours. There is a clear need to reduce the time that children and adolescents spend sitting, and given that sedentary behaviours are complex, there are many unique correlates and determinants that are behaviour and context specific. Interventions targeting reductions in screen time have typically been school- based and shown small effects. More recently, interventions have targeted sitting time in the classroom utilising sit-to-stand desks, active breaks, and lessons and these are showing some promise. Further work is required in currently under-represented groups, including those from low- to middle-income countries that are experiencing rapid economic transition as well as often-overlooked groups that have unique needs and challenges that may impact sedentary behaviours, such as children with learning difficulties and long-term health conditions.
Physical activity, exercise, and cardiovascular health
Authors: Ferreira Isabel , Gill Jason MR 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is partly a paediatric problem, as its onset extends back to childhood, even though clinical symptoms may not become apparent until much later in life. Therefore, from a primary prevention point of view, the extent to which physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at a young age may deter the early stages of the CVD process is of utmost importance. Although there are no studies thus far that have linked, prospectively, objectively measured physical activity during youth to the incidence of CVD later in life, available evidence suggests that youthful physical activity may confer protection if sustained throughout the life-course. There is also evidence (mainly in men) linking CRF in late adolescence to incidence of CVD. The beneficial impacts physical activity and CRF seem to have on other cardiometabolic risk factors during youth, such as adiposity, blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and their clustering may constitute pathways through which they will prevent adverse outcomes later in life. However, the evidence available thus far remains unclear, due to insufficient dissection of the confounding and/or mediating effects of adiposity in these associations. There is also no evidence to support the view that physical activity and/or CRF affects pre-clinical signs of arterial damage in youth. Unfortunately, this field of research has been populated by poor methodology and research practices that require in-depth attention. Still, by affecting the intermediary pathways, lifelong physical activity, particularly of higher intensities, may also deter the age-related decrease in CRF and related signs of premature arterial ageing.
Physical activity, exercise, and eating and weight disorders
Authors: Hills Andrew P , Street Steven J , Byrne Nuala M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Eating disorders are complex and multifactorial clinical conditions characterised by a negative self-evaluative style and a focus on body shape and weight. The prevalence of disturbed eating behaviour that falls short of the clinical threshold for diagnosis as illness is higher than frank eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Disturbed eating behaviours and frank eating disorders impact a significant proportion of the population and are more common in adolescent girls and young women. Although eating behaviour is a fundamental component of eating disorders, the limited consideration of other important factors, such as physical activity, point to a gap in the theoretical understanding of both aetiology and treatment options. Given the importance to general health and well-being and covariance with eating disorder symptomatology, the limited consideration of physical activity in theoretical frameworks, diagnostic schemes, and treatment paradigms is surprising. Current evidence suggests that treatment approaches to eating disorders should attempt to minimise physical activity in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and increase it in binge eating disorder. Further research is needed to better understand if, and if so how, physical activity might be incorporated as therapy for individuals with disturbed eating behaviours or eating disorders.
Physical activity, exercise, and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Turner Lauren , van Mil Edgar GAH , Riddell Michael C 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Regular physical activity and exercise improve cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and insulin sensitivity and lower the risk of premature all-cause mortality in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, exercise in individuals with T1D is complex, and the type, time, intensity, and duration of the activity will all influence a patient’s glycaemic response. Careful monitoring of blood glucose before, during, and following exercise can help patients make informed treatment decisions. Based on the glycaemic response to exercise, children, and adolescents with T1D can implement feeding or insulin strategies to help maintain euglycaemia.
Physical activity, exercise, and mental health
Authors: Cadenas-Sanchez Cristina , Torres-Lopez Lucia V , Migueles Jairo H 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an extensive description of the associations of physical activity and physical fitness with mental health outcomes in youths. Both physical activity and physical fitness have been considered relevant markers of physical health outcomes in children in the last decades. This chapter discusses whether they can also be considered markers of mental health in this population. Although most of the evidence thus far is observational, experimental studies have been conducted in recent years to investigate the cause–effect relation between physical activity and mental health in children. In summary, small- and medium-sized associations have been extensively confirmed in observational studies, while several experimental studies point to a small, yet positive, effect on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents. These associations include numerous psychological well-being and ill-being indicators. As such, these constructs could also be considered markers of mental health in youth. In addition, this chapter also discusses the potential mechanisms that may explain such beneficial effects, including neurobiological, psychosocial, and behavioural factors. All the available evidence and this mechanistic view are considered to propose some practicalities to guide teachers and professionals in the development of physical activity programmes to maximise the effects on mental health outcomes in children. The recommendations, based on the available evidence, include aspects such as the intensity of the physical activity, the duration of the sessions and programmes, and the context for the delivery to preserve a sound mind in children.
Bio-banding in youth sport
Authors: Malina Robert M , Cumming Sean P , Coelho-e-Silva Manuel J 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Bio-banding refers to grouping youth athletes within a given chronological age range into specific maturity groups based on predicted maturity status. Percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation is the commonly used indicator of maturity status. Bio-banding is to some extent a modification of the concept of maturity-matching. Most applications to date have been limited to football. Bio-banded formats appear to change the constraints of the game and offer new challenges and learning opportunities for early- and late-maturing athletes. Bio-banding also appears to have benefits for the grouping and conditioning of athletes during the interval of the adolescent growth spurt, specifically optimising training effects and mitigating injury risk. Both youth and their coaches have responded favourably to bio-banded football tournaments and to training in bio-banded groups. Further research is required to validate, better understand, and refine the practice of bio-banding. Studies need to be extended beyond football among boys, specifically to football among girls and to athletes of both sexes in other sports.
Morphology of the youth athlete
Authors: Martinho Diogo V , Valente-dos-Santos João , Malina Robert M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Study of the morphology of adult and youth athletes has a long tradition in the sport sciences. Studies of youth ordinarily focus on body size, body proportions, and body composition in the context of growth and maturation. Heights and weights of youth athletes vary within and among sports, but differences among sports are more apparent during adolescence than during childhood. The ratio of sitting height to height, an indicator of proportions, overlaps among athletes in different sports and also shows ethnic variation. Relative fatness is commonly a focus of study, though variation in the distribution of fat and lean tissues is increasingly of interest. Studies addressing maturity-associated variation among youth athletes are largely limited to height and weight; corresponding data for body proportions and body composition are limited. In contrast to height and body proportions, components of body composition, specifically bone mineral and fatness, are influenced by systematic training. Variation in body size, body proportions, and body composition and their interactions with maturity status and timing have implications for persistence in sport. There is a need to address potential interactions among growth, maturation, functional capacities, and sport-specific skills of youth athletes with coach perceptions of talent and potential.