bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety of Personnel Using Quick-Actuating Closures on Pressure Vessels and Associated Litigation Issues
Authors: Reedy Roger F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Quick-actuating closures have been used on ASME pressure vessels for more than 50 years. This chapter was written because of the number of lawsuits filed against manufacturers of quick-actuating closures even though these were operated by the owners of pressure vessels for 20, even 30 and more, years without any serious accidents. This is because, in order to bring forth litigation, lawyers would skillfully take words in the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code completely out of context. Or, some attorneys for the injured party may misinterpret the Code rules to accuse the manufacturer of not having complied with the Code when the closure was made. So, based on experience, the author warns the writers of the ASME Code to assure that the rules are clear, concise, and understandable to the common man. He hopes that the rules in Section VIII, Division 1 will incorporate many of the suggestions mentioned in this chapter. To understand the current Code requirements for quick-actuating closures, the author identifies each of the changes made to the Code rules in Section VIII, Division 1, from 1952 Edition to the 2007 Edition of the ASME Code. The chapter includes an Appendix that provides guidance in the form of recommendations for the installation, operation, and maintenance of quick-actuating closures. This guidance is primarily for the use of the Owner and the User. The safety of the quick-actuating closure is the responsibility of the user. This includes the requirement for the user to provide training for all operating personnel, follow safety procedures, periodically inspect the closure, provide scheduled maintenance, and have all necessary repairs made in a timely fashion. The chapter also contains guidance for use by the designer. The chapter concludes with a list of suggested future changes in the Code for quick-actuating closures on pressure vessels.

History
Roger Reedy is the original author of this chapter introduced in the third edition and has updated it for the fourth, fifth and the current online edition.
Welding, Brazing and Fusing Qualifications
Authors: Swezy John P. , Feldstein Joel G. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the qualification of welding, brazing, and plastic fusing procedures and the qualification of individuals performing these procedures as required by the Construction Codes of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel and Piping Codes. It first traces the history of Section IX, outlines the organization of the Section, and reviews the scope of weld processes that Section IX addresses. Section IX contains rules for the qualification of the several weld processes such as oxyfuel welding, shielded metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and plasma arc, among others. The chapter then describes the classification of ASME base materials as given in Section IX. It explains the general requirements for both the welding procedure and welder performance qualification as well as the variables applicable to the welding procedure and welder performance qualification. The chapter also discusses the requirements to perform Charpy V-notch impact testing of the weld procedure qualification. It outlines the requisites for conducting the following testing and examination methods for groove weld and pressure-retaining fillet weld procedure qualification: tension test, guided-bend test, visual examination, volumetric examination, macroexamination, and fracture test. The qualification rules for two special weld processes, corrosion-resistant weld metal overlay and hardfacing overlay, are also explained. General requirements for brazing procedure and brazer performance qualification and the variables applicable to brazing procedure and brazer performance qualification are subsequently addressed. Finally, the chapter summarizes the general requirements for fusing procedure and fusing machine operator performance qualifications and identifies the variables applicable to fusing procedure and fusing machine operator performance qualification.
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels and ASME RTP-1–Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion-Resistance Equipment
Authors: Shelley Bernard F. , Bustillo Juan L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion on the basics of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) technology used in RTP-1 and Section X that may not be familiar to engineers and designers of metal vessels. It describes the resins and reinforcing fibers included in RTP-1 and Section X. The chapter then discusses the following processes used to manufacture RTP-1 and Section X vessels: contact molding, bag molding, centrifugal casting, and filament winding. The joining of vessel parts made by these methods is also discussed. The chapter describes ways to treat the two factors that complicate the stress analysis of FRP vessels. The scope of Section X and RTP-1 is covered next. It then looks at the design qualification of Section X, Class I, Class II, Class III, and RTP-1 vessels. In addition, it presents an example of a Section X Design Specification and its calculations as well as RTP-1 design examples. The chapter closes with a discussion on the quality assurance requirements of Section X and RTP-1.

History
Late Peter J. Conlisk was the originator of this chapter for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd editions. Bernard F. Shelley updated this chapter for the 4th and 5th editions. The current online edition was updated by Juan L. Bustillo and reviewed by D. Bruce Hebb.
Repair/Replacement Activities for Nuclear Power Plant Items
Authors: Swayne Richard W. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the requirements of IWA-4000 for repair/replacement (R/R) activities for nuclear power plant items. It examines the background of these R/R activities, notes some of the changes in R/R activity requirements since the original 1970 Edition, and reviews in detail the requirements in IWA-4000 in the 2015 Edition of Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The discussion of the scope and applicability of Section XI R/R activities is informative to both new and longtime users. The chapter discusses the alternative requirements for small items, which is described in IWA-4131.1 and covers the requirements for items that are rotated from stock and for those involving mechanical clamping devices. It describes the responsibilities of two organizations, identified in IWA-4000, that may perform R/R activities: the Owner and the R/R Organization. The chapter explains the content of the R/R program and the R/R plan and discusses three additional general requirements included in IWA-4000: verification of acceptability, inspection by an Authorized Inspection Agency, and documentation. The new provisions that have been added in IWA-4200, such as provisions for addition of new systems, and improved and expanded provisions for reconciliation of Construction Codes and Owner’s Requirements, are also described. The chapter includes numerous Code Interpretations and Code Cases to help clarify and implement R/R activities. It looks at the design provisions that were added in the new Subarticle IWA-4300. The chapter details the changes and addenda made to IWA-4400 in the area of welding, brazing, metal removal/defect removal, fabrication, and installation and explains the specific requirements of IWA-4400. It discusses the examination and pressure testing requirements provided by IWA-4500 as part of the R/R activity. The chapter also provides a general overview of the alternative, specialized welding methods mentioned in IWA-4600.

History
Richard E. Gimple was the original author of this chapter for the first, second and third editions. Richard W. Swayne updated this chapter for the fourth, fifth and sixth editions.
Description of Rules of Section XII Transport Tank Code
Authors: Rana Mahendra D. , Staniszewski Stanley , Xu Kang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a broad overview of Section XII Transport Tank Code, which provides rules for construction and continued service of pressure vessels used in the transportation of dangerous goods via highway, rail, or water. It begins with an overview of the scope and general requirements of the Code including rules on pressure relief devices, stamping, marking certification, reports, and records. The scope of the Code applies to pressure vessels 450 L and above, including additional components and criteria addressed in Modal Appendices that are to be used along with applicable regulations and laws. The Modal Appendix covers Categories 406, 407, 412, 331, and 338 cargo tanks permanently mounted on trucks or wheels used for transporting hazardous materials over public roads. The sections on materials and design rules cover design conditions and allowable stresses, design temperatures, design and allowable working pressures, the design of formed heads, and external pressure design. The coverage also includes information on flat heads and covers, openings and reinforcements, the design of welded joints, and articles covering portable cryogenic tanks including materials and design. The rules for fatigue design are also given in the article covering portable cryogenic tanks. The sections on fabrication, inspection, and testing provide information on general requirements for tanks fabricated by welding; the responsibilities and duties for inspection of transport tanks while being manufactured and for continued service; requirements for nondestructive examination; and rules for transport tanks after they leave the manufacturing facility and are in use by the carriers of hazardous materials.

History
Stephen V. Voorhees was the co-author of this chapter for the first edition.
The second-fourth editions were updated by Mahendra D. Rana and Stanley Staniszewski. Mahendra D. Rana, Stanley Staniszewski and Kang Xu updated the fifth edition and the current online edition.
ASME Piping Code: B31.1, Power Piping
Authors: Meyer Jimmy E. , Vilminot Kristi A. , Frey Joe 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the ASME B31.1 Power Piping Code and provides additional insight into the proper use of the Code. The chapter intends to supplement and provide additional insight to the proper use of the Code. It begins with a discussion of the conditions or considerations for the design of piping systems; the basis of the allowable stresses, quality factors, etc. to be used for the design of piping systems; and the requirements for pressure design of piping components. The chapter briefly addresses various piping components or types of piping joints which might be limited to nonhazardous or nonflammable fluids, size limitation, pressure, and temperature limits. It also addresses the requirements for designing power piping systems subject to thermal expansion, contraction, or other displacement stress producing loads. The chapter then provides information on the factors to be considered during the design of pipe supports and those piping systems typically found in power generating facilities. It presents some examples of how the piping codes are interrelated for some common carbon steel and stainless steel Pressure Rating/Dimensional Standards, Material Forming Standards, and Material Grades. The chapter lists the acceptable standards for Code construction such as ASME, API, AWWA, ASTM, etc. It then addresses the requirements for fabrication, assembly, inspection, examination, testing, and maintenance of piping systems. A number of appendices are included in the Code. The Mandatory Appendices contain information on allowable stress, thermal expansion data, moduli of elasticity, stress intensification factors and rules for nonmetallic pipes to name a few. The Nonmandatory Appendices include information on safety valves, corrosion, and operation and maintenance and more.

History
Charles Becht IV was the author of “Chapter 16” titled “B31.1 Power Piping” for the original, second and third editions. Chapter 17 of the third edition was revised in its entirety and renumbered as Chapter 36 in the fourth edition. The fifth edition was authored by Jimmy E. Meyer and Joe Frey. The current online edition has been updated by Jimmy E. Meyer and Kristi A. Vilminot.
Transportation Pipelines, Including ASME B31.4, B31.8, B31.8S, B31G, and B31Q Codes
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
There are five ASME codes that apply to the transportation of oil and gas by pipeline. ASME B31.4 covers the transportation of liquids such as crude oil and refined petroleum products. The standard also covers certain non-hydrocarbon liquids, namely anhydrous ammonia, carbon dioxide, and aqueous mineral slurries. This chapter discusses the 2019 Edition of B31.4. ASME B31.8 covers transmission and local distribution of natural gas. This chapter discusses the 2020 Edition of B31.8. ASME B31.8S is a supplement to B31.8 covering integrity management of natural gas transmission pipelines. This chapter discusses the 2020 Edition of B31.8S. B31G covers evaluation of the fitness for service of B31.4 and B31.8 pipelines affected by corrosion. This chapter discusses the 2020 Edition of B31G. B31Q covers the qualification of frontline personnel who work on B31.4 and B31.8 pipeline systems. This chapter discusses the 2021 Edition of B31Q.

History
This chapter was newly created for the fourth edition. Michael J. Rosenfeld is the original author and has updated all editions including the current online edition.
Effects of Powerchair Football: Contextual Factors That Impact Participation
Authors: Vandenbergue Aurelien , Barfield J.P. , Ahmaidi Said , Williams Stephanie , Weissland Thierry 
Published: June 2023

The aim of this study was to identify contextual factors that negatively affect activity and participation among powerchair football (PF) players. Thirty-seven semistructured interviews were conducted with PF players (Mage = 27.9 ± 8.2 years) in France (n = 18) and the United States (n = 19). Participants reported acute back and neck pain as the primary morbidities resulting from PF participation, with sustained atypical posture in the sport chair as the primary cause. Competition-related physical and mental stress were also identified as participation outcomes. Accompanying the many benefits of PF, participants recognized negative impacts of discomfort, physical fatigue, and mental fatigue. Interventions such as seating modifications, thermotherapy to combat pain, napping to combat acute physical stress, and mental preparation to manage state anxiety were all identified as prospective interventions.
What Are We Aiming for in Eccentric Hamstring Training: Angle-Specific Control or Supramaximal Stimulus?
Authors: Alt Tobias , Knicker Axel J. , Nodler Yannick T. , Strüder Heiko K. 
Published: June 2023

Context: Different resistance exercise determinants modulate the musculotendinous adaptations following eccentric hamstring training. The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) can be performed 2-fold: the movement velocity irreversibly increases toward the end of the range of motion or it is kept constant. Design: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate if the downward acceleration angle (DWAangle) can be used as a classification parameter to distinguish between increasing and constant velocity NHE execution. Furthermore, the kinetic and kinematic differences of these 2 NHE execution conditions were examined by analyzing the DWAangle in relation to the angle of peak moment. Methods: A total of 613 unassisted NHE repetitions of 12 trained male sprinters (22 y, 181 cm, 76 kg) were analyzed. Results: The majority of analyzed parameters demonstrated large effects. NHEs with constant velocity (n = 285) revealed significantly higher impulses (P < .001; d = 2.34; + 61%) and fractional time under tension (P < .001; d = 1.29; +143%). Although the generated peak moments were significantly higher for constant velocity (P = .003; d = 0.29; +4%), they emerged at similar knee flexion angles (P = .167; d = 0.28) and revealed on average just low relationships to the DWAangle (). DWAangle highly correlated with the impulse () and δ (DWAangle–angle of peak moment; ). Conclusions: Relating DWAangle to angle of peak moment assists to distinguish between significantly different NHE execution, which will potentially elicit different musculotendinous adaptations. These insights are essential for coaches and athletes to understand how to manipulate eccentric hamstring training to change its purpose.
Powassan virus persistence after acute infection
Authors: Telford Sam R. , Piantadosi Anne L. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Survivors of Powassan encephalitis often have persistent neurological disease. A new mouse model replicates some elements of the human disease and demonstrates the presence of viral RNA in the brain as well as myelitis more than 2 mo after the acute infection. The related tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) also have common neurological sequelae, and models for these better-studied diseases provide evidence for prolonged virus, RNA, and inflammation in some cases, in addition to damage from the acute encephalitic disease. A better understanding of the biological basis for persistent signs and symptoms after Powassan encephalitis, currently a rare disease, could benefit from further studies of the more prevalent flaviviral encephalitides.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Invasive-Based Strategies in Patients With Chest Pain and Detectable to Mildly Elevated Serum Troponin: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Miller Chadwick D. , Mahler Simon A. , Snavely Anna C. , Raman Subha V. , Caterino Jeffrey M. , Clark Carol L. , Jones Alan E. , Hall Michael E. , Koehler Lauren E. , Lovato James F. , Hiestand Brian C. , Stopyra Jason P. , Park Carolyn J. , Vasu Sujethra , Kutcher Michael A. , Hundley W. Gregory 
Published: June 2023

Background:
The optimal diagnostic strategy for patients with chest pain and detectable to mildly elevated serum troponin is not known. The objective was to compare clinical outcomes among an early decision for a noninvasive versus an invasive-based care pathway.

Methods:
The CMR-IMPACT trial (Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Strategy for the Management of Patients with Acute Chest Pain and Detectable to Elevated Troponin) was conducted at 4 United States tertiary care hospitals from September 2013 to July 2018. A convenience sample of 312 participants with acute chest pain symptoms and a contemporary troponin between detectable and 1.0 ng/mL were randomized early in their care to 1 of 2 care pathways: invasive-based (n=156) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)–based (n=156) with modification allowed as the patient condition evolved. The primary outcome was a composite including death, myocardial infarction, and cardiac-related hospital readmission or emergency visits.

Results:

Participants (N=312, mean age, 60.6 years, SD 11.3; 125 women [59.9%]), were followed over a median of 2.6 years (95% CI, 2.4–2.9). Early assigned testing was initiated in 102 out of 156 (65.3%) CMR-based and 110 out of 156 (70.5%) invasive-based participants. The primary outcome (CMR-based versus invasive-based) occurred in 59% versus 52% (hazard ratio, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.86–1.57]), acute coronary syndrome after discharge 23% versus 22% (hazard ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.67–1.71]), and invasive angiography at any time 52% versus 74% (hazard ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.49–0.87]). Among patients completing CMR imaging, 55 out of 95 (58%) were safely identified for discharge based on a negative CMR and did not have angiography or revascularization within 90 days. Therapeutic yield of angiography was higher in the CMR-based arm (52 interventions in 81 angiographies [64.2%] versus 46 interventions in 115 angiographies [40.0%] in the invasive-based arm [
P
=0.001]).

Conclusions:
Initial management with CMR or invasive-based care pathways resulted in no detectable difference in clinical and safety event rates. The CMR-based pathway facilitated safe discharge, enriched the therapeutic yield of angiography, and reduced invasive angiography utilization over long-term follow-up.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01931852.
Impact of a Prior Cancer Diagnosis on Quality of Care and Survival Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study in England
Authors: Teece Lucy , Sweeting Michael J. , Hall Marlous , Coles Briana , Oliver-Williams Clare , Welch Cathy A. , de Belder Mark A. , Deanfield John , Weston Clive , Rutherford Mark J. , Paley Lizz , Kadam Umesh T. , Lambert Paul C. , Peake Michael D. , Gale Chris P. , Adlam David ,   on behalf of the VICORI Collaborative
Published: June 2023

Background:
An increasing proportion of patients with cancer experience acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We investigated differences in quality of AMI care and survival between patients with and without previous cancer diagnoses.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study using Virtual Cardio-Oncology Research Initiative data. Patients aged 40+ years hospitalized in England with AMI between January 2010 and March 2018 were assessed, ascertaining previous cancers diagnosed within 15 years. Multivariable regression was used to assess effects of cancer diagnosis, time, stage, and site on international quality indicators and mortality.

Results:
Of 512 388 patients with AMI (mean age, 69.3 years; 33.5% women), 42 187 (8.2%) had previous cancers. Patients with cancer had significantly lower use of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (mean percentage point decrease [mppd], 2.6% [95% CI, 1.8–3.4]) and lower overall composite care (mppd, 1.2% [95% CI, 0.9–1.6]). Poorer quality indicator attainment was observed in patients with cancer diagnosed in the last year (mppd, 1.4% [95% CI, 1.8–1.0]), with later stage disease (mppd, 2.5% [95% CI, 3.3–1.4]), and with lung cancer (mppd, 2.2% [95% CI, 3.0–1.3]). Twelve-month all-cause survival was 90.5% in noncancer controls and 86.3% in adjusted counterfactual controls. Differences in post-AMI survival were driven by cancer-related deaths. Modeling improving quality indicator attainment to noncancer patient levels showed modest 12-month survival benefits (lung cancer, 0.6%; other cancers, 0.3%).

Conclusions:
Measures of quality of AMI care are poorer in patients with cancer, with lower use of secondary prevention medications. Findings are primarily driven by differences in age and comorbidities between cancer and noncancer populations and attenuated after adjustment. The largest impact was observed in recent cancer diagnoses (<1 year) and lung cancer. Further investigation will determine whether differences reflect appropriate management according to cancer prognosis or whether opportunities to improve AMI outcomes in patients with cancer exist.
Regional Inequalities in Nineteenth-Century Female Wages: Evidence from Belgium
Authors: Buyst Erik , Delabastita Vincent 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Although recent studies on the geography of the female labor force have highlighted strong spatial variation in women’s labor market participation, little is known about regional female wage inequalities in nineteenth-century industries. An analysis of female regional wage inequality for late-nineteenth-century Belgium, a country known for its early industrialization, finds a positive correlation between female industrial employment and wage levels, underlining the importance of industrial labor demand in shaping the female labor market experience. This finding is augmented by a correlational analysis of various market drivers.