bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for Induction of Anti-DNA Antibodies by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in Mice
Authors: Izui Shozo , Kobayakawa Takatoshi , Zryd Marie-José , Louis Jacques , Lambert Paul-Henri 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of various polyclonal B lymphocyte activators (PBA) to induce, in mice, the formation of anti-DNA antibodies was compared with their ability to mediate the release of DNA in circulating blood and to stimulate polyclonal antibody synthesis in vivo.
Anti-DNA antibodies or polyclonal antibody synthesis were induced in mice after the injection of at least 10 µg lipopolysaccaride (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium, 1 mg dextran sulfate (DS), or 2 mg purified protein derivative of tubercle bacteria RT32 (PPD). Smaller quantities of LPS (0.1 µg) or DS (500 µg) were sufficient to cause the release of DNA in circulating blood, whereas PPD was not able to provoke such a release at any concentration used.
The association of anti-DNA antibodies with polyclonal antibody synthesis in mice injected with various PBA contrasts with the lack of correlation between the formation of anti-DNA antibodies and the release of measurable amounts of DNA in circulating blood. These results strongly suggest that the induction of anti-DNA antibodies by PBA is a consequence of the polyclonal B lymphocyte activation.
The Basic Concepts of Immunity
Authors: Manwaring W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There are few immunologists who have not had occasion to resent the skepticism with which many of the theoretical phases of our subject have been received by workers in the older medical sciences. “An esoteric cult based on an hypothesis that was discarded generations ago by normal physiologists,” is a typical criticism, that was made in my presence, several years ago, by Professor Cushny. “An ingenious collection of metaphors,” was the parallel comment by Professor Starling. “A pseudoscience of juggled hypotheses and superficial analogies,” in the opinion of Jacques Loeb.
The obvious answer, of course, is to point to the fact that the criticism applies equally well to many phases of their own subjects. Nevertheless, I have thought it might not be without interest if I took up very briefly certain typical concepts of immunology, with an inquiry as to how far these concepts are in accord with known physiological facts.
A Study of Pollen Immune Serum
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of pollen extracts in the treatment of hay-fever occasions certain demands upon the laboratory supplying this material: The solution should not be too irritating for subcutaneous administration.The solution should be the most potent possible.The solution should be stable in content of the antigenic substances.
In the effort to meet these conditions many formulae have been used; but the need for stabilizing, and especially for standardizing the process has not thus far been satisfactorily solved. Heretofore, the most dependable factor for measuring the strength of a given solution has been the nitrogen content. That this can be accurately correlated with the antigenic content or with the skin reaction has been lately questioned (1), (2), (3), (4). And even if the nitrogen alone could determine the original antigenic value of a solution, it offered no further evidence as to the stability of the extract alone or as to the influence of other factors, such as preservative.
On the Serological Relationship of Acid-Fast Bacteria
Authors: Furth J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the early unsuccessful experiments of Koch (1) to differentiate various acid-fast bacilli by means of agglutination tests, numerous investigators have failed in similar attempts, (Defalle (2), Courmont and Potet (3), Fritzsche (4), Twort, Todd and Perkins (5) and others). Search for distinguishing differences among the various acid-fast microörganisms by means of the complement fixation test has revealed a universally strong group reaction. For this reason Bordet (6), Gengou (7), Fritzsche (4), Harris and Lanford (8), Cooke (9), Twort, Todd and Perkins (5) and others found differentiation practically impossible. In fact, some of these investigations increased the prevailing confusion for they seemed to bring acid-fast bacteria into intimate antigenic relationship with otherwise unrelated microörganisms. For example, Fritzsche (4) extends Koch's observations and finds that Actinomyces resemble the acid-fast bacilli. Massol, Calmette (10) states, has demonstrated that diphtheria bacilli bind antibodies produced by the tubercle bacilli and inversely, tubercle bacilli fix antibodies produced by diphtheria bacilli.
Heterologous Corpuscular Anaphylaxis
Authors: Hyde Roscoe R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
This paper furnishes proof for the theory of corpuscular anaphylaxis and disposes of the claim that the phenomenon is, in reality, due to small amounts of serum that may have been introduced with the corpuscles in the sensitizing and test doses. Sheep corpuscles sensitize guinea pigs to chicken corpuscles, and since sheep serum does not sensitize guinea pigs to chicken serum the conditions for serum anaphylaxis are excluded.
An unsuspected difference between the rabbit and guinea pig in their anaphylactic behavior toward these cells comes to light. Chicken cells sensitize rabbits to sheep and goat cells, but sheep cells do not sensitize rabbits to chicken cells. The converse is true of the guinea pig. Sheep and goat cells sensitize guinea pigs to chicken cells but chicken cells do not sensitize to sheep and goat cells.
The serum of the sheep and goat give cross reactions in guinea pigs, a relationship that holds for these corpuscles. The corpuscles of the sheep and goat, however, sensitize guinea pigs for chicken corpuscles. This relationship does not hold for sheep and goat sera, for they do not sensitize guinea pigs to chicken serum.
Table 7 shows that anaphylaxis in the rabbit follows the behavior of the hemolytic antibody in its action toward chicken, sheep and goat cells. The phenomenon does not follow the behavior of the agglutinin toward these cells. In the guinea pig anaphylaxis does not follow the behavior of either the agglutinins or hemolysins toward the red cells of the chicken, sheep and goat.
The death obtained in the guinea pigs with the red cells was typical of anaphylactic shock as evidenced by the onset of symptoms, the violent death and autopsy findings.
The Lethal Action of Brain Extracts for the Rabbit and Guinea Pig
Authors: Hyde Roscoe R. , Parsons Elizabeth I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The following rather curious and unsuspected phenomenon was encountered in connection with the intravenous injection of an extract of rabbit brain into the ear vein of the rabbit. This tissue had been thoroughly macerated in physiological salt solution and allowed to stand for two hours at 37°C. The mixture was centrifuged, the supernatant liquid withdrawn and injected in 2 cc. amounts. The rabbits died within from two to three minutes without outward manifestation of violent symptoms such as one sees in anaphylactic shock. The rabbit dies as if all its vital functions were suddenly overwhelmed. Autopsy showed no distinguishing characteristics beyond a greatly engorged liver.
We were inclined at first to believe that death resulted from mechanical obstruction of the blood stream as it was impossible to centrifuge the macerated brain mixture free from finely suspended particles. This assumption was strengthened by the fact that the material when passed through a Berkefeld filter proved non-“toxic” for the rabbit even when injected in 10 cc. amounts.
Intermediate Molecular Weight Eosinophil Chemotactic Factors in Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells: Immunologic Release, Granule Association, and Demonstration of Structural Heterogeneity
Authors: Boswell R. Neal , Austen K. Frank , Goetzl Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously uncharacterized eosinophil chemotactic activity of apparent m.w. 1500 to 2500 by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration was present preformed in rat peritoneal mast cells, was associated with the mast cell granules, and was released by challenge of the mast cells with rabbit anti-rat F(ab′)2 antiserum. Further purification of this activity by Dowex-1 chromatography revealed two peaks of eosinophil chemotactic activity eluting at pH 5.4 to 4.4 and pH 3.1 to 2.1, respectively. On Sephadex G-50 gel filtration both activities filtered just behind the α chain of insulin (m.w. 2540). The more acidic material gave a major peak of eosinophil chemotactic activity on high pressure liquid chromatography whereas the less acidic material separated into two equal peaks of eosinophil chemotactic activity of different hydrophobicity. Both the less acidic and the more acidic intermediate m.w. activities required a concentration gradient for expression of eosinophil chemotactic activity and were capable of rendering eosinophils unresponsive to homologous or heterologous chemotactic stimuli. Checkerboard assays of the more acidic factor over a range of concentrations did not reveal chemokinetic activity in the chemotactic dose-range and neither the more acidic nor the less acidic factors enhanced the spontaneous migration of eosinophils when placed on the cell side alone of the chemotactic chamber. The mast cell serves as a source of several eosinophil chemotactic factors differing in size and charge, which could possibly stabilize the chemotactic gradient and sustain an influx of eosinophils to the site of mast cell activation.
Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Pneumococcal Cell Wall Teichoic Acid
Authors: Winkelstein Jerry A. , Tomasz Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the cell wall plays a major role in the activation of the alternative pathway by the pneumococcus. The present studies were performed in order to identify the biochemical component of the pneumococcal cell wall responsible for activating the alternative pathway.
Teichoic acids were extracted from purified pneumococcal cell walls by three different procedures, and in each case they were able to activate the alternative pathway at concentrations as low as 3 to 10 µg/ml. In contrast, the residual cell walls, which contained the peptidoglycan, lost their activity in proportion to the amount of teichoic acid that had been extracted. Notably, cell walls extracted with periodate lost over 98% of their teichoic acid and the residual peptidoglycan was unable to activate the alternative pathway at concentrations as high as 1 mg/ml.
When an autolysin defective pneumococcal strain is grown in the presence of penicillin, cell wall polymers are secreted into the medium. Crude preparations of secreted cell wall polymers were found to be able to activate the alternative pathway. The activity was removed by absorption with TEPC-15 myeloma with anti-choline specificity. Since both cell wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid contain choline and are removed by TEPC-15 absorption, the activity in the crude preparations of cell wall polymers could have been due to one or both of these compounds. However, purified lipoteichoic acid was unable to activate the alternative pathway. Thus, the ability of crude preparations of cell wall polymers to activate the alternative pathway was due to the presence of cell wall teichoic acid.
The results of these studies demonstrate that cell wall teichoic acid, rather than peptidoglycan, is responsible for pneumococcal activation of the alternative pathway.
Immune Response to Phosphorylcholine
Authors: Köhler Heinz , Richardson Bruce C. , Smyk Sue 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Homologous and isologous anti-idiotypic antibodies against the PC-binding BALB/c myeloma protein HOPC-8 were raised in A/He and BALB/c mice, respectively. Isologous and homologous anti-HOPC-8 serum suppressed the response to PC in vitro specifically. The antibodies were purified by using HOPC-8 immunoabsorbent. Purified isologous and homologous anti-idiotypic antibody were labeled with 125I and compared for Ig class composition and idiotype-binding specificity. Both kinds of anti-idiotypic antibodies were predominantly IgG1, were highly specific for the HOPC-8 idiotype, and had a similar affinities for the PC-binding site. These findings demonstrate that anti-HOPC-8 antibodies raised in A/He and BALB/c mice are very similar in their biologic and immunochemical properties.
Infection with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Activates Murine Thymus-Independent (B) Lymphocytes
Authors: Sultzer Barnet M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes from BCG-infected mice respond with enhanced or depressed levels of proliferation relative to the nonspecific levels of stimulation induced by tuberculin. The type of response obtained depends on how BCG was administered and the source of the lymphocytes. The proliferation of splenic B lymphocytes was depressed when BCG was given i.v. and unchanged when BCG was given subcutaneously, whereas the lymph node B cell response was enhanced regardless of the route of injecting BCG. BCG was found also to be a mitogen for normal B cells in vitro and to stimulate polyclonal activation of B cells in vivo. Finally, evidence is presented which indicates that the depressed splenic B cell response to tuberculin may be due to the activation of suppressor T cells.
Isolation and Characterization of Distinct Antibody Populations from Antisera Directed against Idiotypes of Rabbit Homogeneous Antibodies
Authors: Mudgett M. , Coligan J. E. , Kindt T. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A hapten, 3-0-α-N-acetylgalactosaminosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine, was found to inhibit the binding of eight idiotypic antisera directed against different homogeneous antistreptococcal Group C polysaccharide antibodies. The sensitivity of the different idiotypic reactions to inhibition by a given concentration of hapten was found to be quite variable, ranging from 20 to 80% inhibition. This result suggested that idiotypic antisera contained two populations of antibodies: those which are reactive with determinants in the antigen-binding site and those directed against nonbindingsite idiotypic determinants. This suggestion was verified by fractionation of idiotypic antisera on affinity chromatography columns consisting of homogeneous antibodies attached to Sepharose. The absorbed idiotypic antibodies were separated into two populations by successive elution with the Group C hapten and ammonium thiocyanate. The antibody fraction obtained by elution with the hapten comprised approximately 33% of the total idiotypic antibody recovered from the column. The hapten-eluted fractions from different idiotypic antisera varied in their sensitivity to hapten inhibition although each could be inhibited to a greater extent than the original antiserum or the ammonium thiocyanateeluted fraction. One of the hapten anti-idiotype fractions appeared to be homogeneous by isoelectric focusing whereas the other hapten and ammonium thiocyanate-eluted fractions contained multiple bands. Kinetic analysis revealed that idiotypic reactions of antibody fractions obtained by hapten elution were competitively inhibited by the hapten, although the mechanism by which the competition occurs was not completely resolved by this analysis.
Immunochemical and Biologic Studies of the Lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides Melaninogenicus Subspecies Asaccharolyticus
Authors: Mansheim Bernard J. , Onderdonk Andrew B. , Kasper Dennis L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from the outer membrane complex of Bacteroides melaninogenicus by gel chromatography by using sodium deoxycholate (NaD), an endotoxin-disaggregating detergent in the running buffer. Reaggregation occurred after removal of residual NaD. LPS was also prepared by the phenol/water method for comparison. The LPS was composed of loosely bound lipid (62%) and carbohydrate (32%), with less than 5% protein. Glucose, galactose, and glucosamine were the major sugars as detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) were found to be absent when using colorimetric tests. Fatty acid analysis by GLC disclosed an unusual pattern; β-OH myristic acid was notably absent. Biologic activity was assessed with the dermal Shwartzman test, the Limulus lysate assay, and the chick embryo lethality test. LPS preparations gave no positive skin reactions in rabbits in doses up to 1 mg, compared to Salmonella typhi 0:901 endotoxin which was positive at 12.5 µg. Limulus lysate gelation and chick embryo lethality occurred at doses 30-fold or more different from Salmonella endotoxin controls. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) studies demonstrated the presence of capsular polysaccharide as a contaminant found in the phenol/water extracted LPS. This polysaccharide could be removed partially by further purifying the LPS with ultracentrifugation.
The LPS of B. melaninogenicus lacks two of the core sugars characteristic of aerobic Gram-negative endotoxins, has a unique fatty acid composition, and displays low biologic potency. These findings may explain the rarity of septic shock in patients infected with this organism. The presence of capsular polysaccharide contaminating the phenol/water-extracted LPS may explain partially the serologic heterogeneity which has been described previously in studies of the LPS of this organism.
Responses of Human Platelets to Immunologic Stimuli: Independent Roles for Complement and IgG in Zymosan Activation
Authors: Martin S. Eric , Breckenridge Robert T. , Rosenfeld Stephen I. , Leddy John P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of the zymosan (Z)-induced human platelet response with washed platelets, fresh agammaglobulinemic plasma, and purified human IgG has identified a previously unrecognized role of IgG in this reaction, in addition to the previously reported requirements for C and fibrinogen. The rate-limiting step involves the assembly of C components on the Z particles and is independent of immunoglobulin. After the heat-labile components (supplied by agammaglobulinemic plasma) are Z bound, Z-specific IgG (apparently antibody) can bind to Z very rapidly, conferring on the previously inactive Z-complement-fibrinogen intermediate the capacity to induce platelet aggregation and serotonin release. The critical function of this Z-bound IgG appears to be in the interaction of the active Z complex with the platelet through Fc receptors, since soluble Fc fragments of each IgG subclass can totally block platelet activation. It is proposed that the human platelet requires a dual, or multi-site, stimulation to become activated during some forms of immunologic injury. These findings may provide some insight into clinical syndromes involving thrombocytopenia and intravascular coagulation during sepsis.
Generation of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Ryser Jean-Etienne , Cerottini Jean-Charles , Brunner K. Theodor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants (SN) from secondary (20) mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) obtained 18 to 24 hr after restimulation of C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 long-term MLC cells with irradiated spleen cells of the original stimulating strain are shown to stimulate strong cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses when added to primary (10) long-term MLC cells. Under the conditions used, no stimulating activity was found in SN obtained from MLC containing normal C57BL/6 spleen cells and irradiated DBA/2 spleen cells, or from control cultures of C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 long-term MLC cells and irradiated spleen cells of the responding strain. Active SN were also produced after restimulation of long-term C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 MLC cells that had previously undergone six successive cycles of specific restimulation in vitro. Since the seventh restimulation resulted in a proliferative response without formation of CTL, this finding suggests that the cells involved in the production of active SN may be distinct from CTL or their precursors.
The stimulatory activity of 20 MLC SN was particularly evident after SN addition to 10- to 15-day 10 MLC cells, whereas the response of 20-day 10 MLC cells and of alloimmune spleen cells was of a lower magnitude. No significant lytic activity was generated after addition of 20 MLC SN to normal spleen cells. Under optimal conditions, the kinetics of the CTL response induced by 20 MLC SN was similar to that obtained after restimulation with irradiated allogeneic cells. While the same SN was able to stimulate CTL responses in 10 long-term MLC prepared with unrelated strain combinations, the lytic activity thus obtained was specific for the original stimulating alloantigens used during 10 stimulation. The CTL response of long-term MLC cells was unaffected by prior removal of cellular debris followed by trypsin treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that SN produced in 20 MLC contain nonspecific factors that are able to induce 20 CTL responses without the participation of alloantigen.
Cellular Basis of Tolerance to Serum Albumin in Adult Mice
Authors: Zan-Bar Israel , Murphy Donald B. , Strober Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The surface markers and size of suppressor cells were determined in adult (BALB/c × C57BL/Ka)F1 mice which were tolerized with a single injection of deaggregated bovine serum albumin (BSA). Suppressor cells from the spleens of tolerized donors were assayed in a cell transfer system in which graded numbers of cells were injected into irradiated syngeneic mice along with limiting numbers of T cells primed to BSA and an excess of B cells primed to DNP-BSA. Adoptive hosts were challenged with DNP-BSA in saline, and the anti-DNP response was measured. Suppressor cells were antigen specific as shown by the inhibitory activity of BSA-tolerant spleen cells on the response to DNP-BSA, but not to DNP-BGG. Suppressor cells were eliminated by in vitro treatment with anti-Thy 1.2, anti-Ly-2.2, anti-I-J subregion antisera and C, but not with anti-Ly-1 or anti-I-A subregion antisera. Neither unprimed nor primed helper T cells were detected in the spleen of tolerized donors after in vitro treatment with anti-Ly-2.2 antisera. Both helper and suppressor T cells from the spleens of primed or tolerized donors, respectively, showed a rapid sedimentation velocity (S &gt; 3.7 mm/hr).
Inherited Deficiency of the Sixth Component of Complement: a Silent or Null Gene
Authors: Glass David , Raum Donald , Balavitch Diane , Kagan Elliott , Rabson Arthur , Schur Peter H. , Alper Chester A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four families have been studied, some members of which have inherited deficiency of the sixth component of complement. The genetically determined electrophoretic variants of C6 were evaluated in all family members. Seven individuals were found who did not have the variant found in the serum of the parent from whom they inherited the deficiency. It is inferred that the isolated low levels of C6 in these individuals results from the heterozygous state of a normal C6 variant gene and a silent or null C6 gene; the genes determining electrophoretic variants and the low serum levels of C6 are allelic.