bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Witte’s Rollercoaster
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Serguei Witte, who is considered the father of Russia’s gold standard, joined the government as a conservative politician, which in financial terms meant inflationism. His 1892–95 plan to increase the volume of paper money was linked to the economic appropriation of Russia’s borderlands through the construction of waterways and railroads, the resettlement of peasants, and the development of the agrarian economy. Although Witte, disappointed because the financial efficiency of inflationism was insufficient to meet his goals, became an ardent supporter of the gold standard in 1895, he did not abandon his political stance. The gold reform of 1897 pursued the same objectives as those advocated by Witte’s earlier conservative mentors, such as the concentration of the government’s power over the production of money. As Witte reasoned, the gold ruble represented a better tool than a paper ruble to accomplish the objective of imperial expansion.
The Autocratic Standard
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The gold reform manifested a new iteration of financial nationalism that was fully compatible with both the orientation toward the West and the creation of favorable conditions for foreign investments. In preparation for the monetary reform, Witte tried to silence the opposition to the gold standard by taming newspapers, negotiating with journalists, and controlling public debates. Although Witte’s version of the gold standard looked similar to other models introduced in Europe and elsewhere, the political ramifications of the new monetary regime gave it a completely different meaning. Established by a royal decree in violation of all legislative procedures, the gold reform projected the autocratic principles onto finances. The transition to gold secured the ruble’s rate against constant fluctuations and increased the influx of foreign capital. In the absence of political guarantees, such as political representation and the State Bank’s independence from the government, the ruble’s standing and Russia’s credibility came to depend on the size of the gold reserve.
Introduction
Authors: Sitz Anna M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a pagan priest’s remarkable decision to reinscribe an epigram from the Persian Wars in the context of rising Christian dominance. This inscription demonstrates the continued vitality of ancient Hellenic culture even as pagan sanctuaries throughout the eastern Mediterranean gradually closed. Christian literature in this period was rife with calls for the destruction of pagan sanctuaries—but archaeology has shown that this rhetoric was rarely put into action. How do we explain this disconnect between rhetoric and reality? Sanctuaries were full of ancient inscribed texts, but they mainly dealt with civic matters, not with pagan religious beliefs. Stripped of their surrounding pagan ritual frames, these inscribed testaments of “polis religion” projected messages of civic privileges, illustrious rulers, and local benefactors. I argue that these inscriptions continued to be valued and engaged with in late antiquity, inflecting how people thought about, and reused, the remains of the pagan past.
Preservation
Authors: Sitz Anna M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents archaeological case studies of ancient inscriptions that were preserved in their original places and still visible at sanctuary sites in late antiquity. Although we may initially think these inscriptions were simply ignored as late antique cities evolved around them, in several cases Christian graffiti is found in the vicinity of these ancient texts, while other inscriptions survived despite major building projects taking place nearby. This suggests that leaving inscriptions in situ was a decision. Close attention to the content of these texts reveals that many featured famous rulers of the past, such as Alexander or Augustus, and therefore had the potential to frame local people’s relations with late antique emperors. Even largely illegible texts in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Palmyrene Aramaic, Latin, or Lydian could contribute to the construction of civic identity.
The Politics of German Idealism
Authors: Yeomans Christopher 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Politics of German Idealism reconstructs the political philosophies of Kant, Fichte, and Hegel against the background of their social-historical context. The simple guiding thought of this study is to understand German Idealist political philosophy as political, that is, as a set of policy options and institutional designs aimed at a broadly but distinctively German set of social problems. ‘Political’ here refers to use of the state’s power to enforce law, and ‘social’ to the norms and groups that are regulated by that enforcement but which also antedate or exceed that enforcement. Because the power to enforce law is very much still being actualized by state-building in the period at issue, ‘political’ refers quite narrowly to a certain kind of practical legal project rather than to a perennial set of problems from the history of philosophy. By way of method, the author claims that to reveal the political nature of German Idealist political philosophy requires understanding German Idealism as both taking place in and conceptualizing its own historical present—this is the sense in which it is not only political, but political philosophy. The most important general feature of the historical present of the German Idealists is the way in which the period from 1770 to 1830 was one of transition between early and late modernity, a so-called saddle period (Sattelzeit) in which the metaphor is of a Bergsattel or shallow valley between two mountain peaks.
Introduction
Authors: Yeomans Christopher 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The simple guiding thought of this study is to understand German Idealist political philosophy as political, that is, as a set of policy options and institutional designs aimed at a broadly but distinctively German set of social problems. ‘Political’ here refers to use of the state’s power to enforce law, and ‘social’ to the norms and groups that are regulated by that enforcement but which also antedate or exceed that enforcement. Because the power to enforce law is very much still being actualized by state-building in the period at issue, ‘political’ refers quite narrowly to a certain kind of practical legal project rather than to a perennial set of problems from the history of philosophy. By way of method, I claim that to reveal the political nature of German Idealist political philosophy requires understanding German Idealism as both taking place in and conceptualizing its own historical present—this is the sense in which it is not only political, but political philosophy.
Conclusion: Interreligious Dialogue and the Future of Citizenship in the Middle East
Authors: Driessen Michael D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion reviews and advances the main arguments of the book in light of the case studies presented in Part III. The chapter argues that the convergences and divergences present in the four case studies capture the three levels of the book’s analysis—geopolitical, ideational, and social—and indicate how they are interacting to reshape the role of religion in politics in the post–Arab Spring, post-ISIS context of the Middle East. The collective meaning of these three dynamics is revealed in a particular way through the political discourse and action on citizenship, religious change, and solidarity that has been adopted by the interreligious initiatives featured in the case studies. The conclusion briefly revisits these three themes, which form the subtitle of the book, and reflects on their relationship to the interests of state power and the future of public religious engagement in the region.
The Peaceful Resolution of Territorial and Maritime Disputes
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Peaceful Resolution of Territorial and Maritime Disputes examines states’ strategic behavior in pursuing methods of peaceful resolution, ranging from negotiations through mediation to international courts. The book investigates how the high stakes associated with settlement of territorial and maritime disputes and the unpredictability of outcomes push states to pursue “strategic selection” and forum shopping. The process of strategic selection occurs at two interrelated stages: the initial pursuit of a particular method and venue—choice-of-venue, and decision-making in the context of the chosen venue—within-venue. The driving force behind strategizing is the hope of reducing uncertainty and of increasing the chances of winning. As the disputants progress through the settlement process, states reconsider and refine these strategies. Several mechanisms influence states’ strategies: past experience with resolution methods (winning/losing), the relationship between domestic law and international law, framing legal claims, and shaping the resolution procedures. This book embraces a multimethod approach and combines statistical analyses and in-depth qualitative interviews with states’ legal counsel, judges, arbitrators, government officials, and other experts from multiple countries. The book also highlights numerous real-world instances of territorial and maritime disputes including the Philippines v. China arbitration case in the South China dispute.
Conclusions
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The book concludes with an overview of the theory, the main arguments, and empirical results, stressing the applicability and timeliness of this inquiry. This chapter discusses how this research fits within the wider context of international law and international relations literature and considers the deep implications for policymakers and practitioners of international law. This concluding chapter highlights the complicated and multistage character of the settlement process in territorial and maritime disputes and how the inherently legal nature of disputes over sovereignty, coupled with the intricate framework of peaceful resolution methods, results in a fertile environment for strategic behavior. Overall, this book demonstrates that the deep-rooted, complex diversity of the international peaceful settlement regime should give rise to many empirically grounded studies about how strategic, political, and legal considerations shape states’ preferences. The conclusion highlights the fundamental reality that international dispute settlement constitutes a human-led enterprise whereby strategies and actions are carried out by international law practitioners, legal counsel, and decision makers.
The Nonproliferation Regime Period
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines nuclear decisions in Pakistan, South Africa, and Brazil. The nonproliferation regime period began in the aftermath of the shock of India’s 1974 nuclear fission test. The response from the international community led to the deepening, and later expansion, of the nonproliferation regime. In each of the three cases, anticipation of the future effects of the regime and opposition to what country elites viewed as discrimination by the nuclear weapons states affected state behavior. The influence of the military affected nuclear decision-making in Pakistan and Brazil, while the nuclear scientific organization was more influential in South Africa. Both Pakistan and South Africa succeeded in producing a nuclear arsenal, while Brazil’s leaders never made the decision to weaponize.
Changing the Course of Nuclear Weapons Programs
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter explores nuclear decision-making and development in Iran. One should not study the decision to start a nuclear weapons program as if the state’s ultimate goal is to quickly produce the weapons. Not only do nuclear aspirants pursue different goals, but changing circumstances may also lead a state to later deviate from the original goal. And because the outcomes produced by nuclear decisions may not be reached for months or years after the decision is made, examining the conditions at the time of the outcome will be misleading. Instead one should seek to understand the conditions at the time of the decision that paved the way to the outcome. This shift in focus could allow states to more productively respond to changes in their adversaries’ or allies’ nuclear weapons development and to create better nonproliferation policy tools.
The Twitters of the Machine
Authors: Powers John 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Bolex H-16 camera, the technology most emblematic of the avant-garde. It highlights two discourses that were prominent in small-gauge film culture: the Bolex as a chronographically precise scientific instrument and as marked by a portability that required filmmakers to regulate their bodies physically while shooting. Through inventive approaches to time-lapse cinematography and embodied shooting styles, the avant-garde interpreted these discourses as invitations to explore the dialectics of control in art making by putting the precarity of the human body into dynamic tension with the Bolex’s mechanical precision. Films by Marie Menken, Andrew Noren, M. M. Serra, Gary Beydler, Henry Hills, Robert Fulton, Abigail Child, Nancy Holt, Robert Smithson, and Carolee Schneemann, many of which draw from developments in performance, painting, contact improvisation, and the martial arts, demonstrate that experimental filmmakers remodeled the Bolex for an avant-garde film culture that valued intermedial investigations of the body’s contingencies.
Autocracy and Oligarchy in Russia
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Income inequality in Russia is extreme, and wealth inequality is higher than in any other country in the world. Russia’s economic inequality has resulted not only from the privatization of state assets in the 1990s, but also from the continuing exploitation of opportunities to profiteer from corrupt and cronyistic relations between those controlling rent-extracting assets, both in state and in private sector activity, and those in power. The regime has refrained from limiting the influence of oligarchs as a group. Beginning in the early 1990s, the regime made concessions to powerful economic interests to maintain power, and this alliance has persisted since then. Together with a growing economic reliance on natural resources, regime policies have led to a diminishing middle class, extreme wealth concentration at the top, and economic precariousness for much of the population. To maintain power, the regime has suppressed all democratic institutions and turned to ultranationalism and aggression.
Market Transition and Inequality in China
Authors: Remington Thomas F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
China’s economic liberalization bears both similarities to and differences from Russia’s. As in Russia, China’s liberalization created numerous opportunities to manipulate the rules of the transition and to extract rents, creating wide gaps between winners and losers. Although economic growth has raised incomes for the population, the growth flows most to those at the top. Total economic inequality—when hidden incomes are included—is rising. Despite awareness of the problem of inequality, China’s regime has avoided taking the difficult policy measures needed to ensure a more inclusive model of economic growth. Instead, corruption and cronyism remain rampant. As in Russia, the current regime has foreclosed any movement toward democracy, instead turning toward personalist, authoritarian rule and an expansionist foreign policy.
The Knowledge Version in Assertion
Authors: Williams John N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 argues that some but not all assertions of the form p and I do not know that p are absurd or irrational. This goes against the view that the norm of assertion is to assert only what one knows. Various arguments for this view are considered and criticized. In reality, there are different types of assertions, distinguished by different aims and governed by different norms, which are often practical rather than epistemic.
How to be a plant
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Plants are primary producers, converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars through photosynthesis. Plant pathogens take advantage of this energy source, and because the plant immune system is not comprised of specialized cells or organs, every plant cell must defend itself. The plant vascular system moves water and mineral nutrients through xylem; powered by transpiration, water is drawn up from the root, through the stem, and out stomates in the leaf. Phloem distributes carbon-rich compounds throughout the plant from source to sink. Plants are modular, producing an indeterminate number of repeating units of leaves, stems, and roots, with new cells generated in meristems. Asexual (clonal) reproduction may occur in plants via fragmentation, apomixis, or other mechanisms. Sexual reproduction occurs in vascular plants via seeds, which in Angiosperms are produced inside fruits that in turn develop from flowers. Plant life histories range from reproducing once in a lifetime (semelparous) to reproducing repeatedly (iteroparous). Plant hormones govern cell growth and division, physiological processes, phenology, and senescence, and can be manipulated by pathogens to disrupt normal growth patterns. Plant taxonomy emphasizes plant families as useful groupings that often share important chemical traits and other features.
How to be a bacterium
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Plant-associated bacteria are heterotrophic prokaryotes, forming a diversity of types of symbioses with plants. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, and they achieve large population sizes very rapidly through exponential growth. Bacteria often grow in biofilms on plants or in soil, incorporating extracellular polysaccharides as structure. Quorum-sensing in bacterial colonies coordinates gene expression. Phytoplasmas are wall-less bacteria that form obligate symbioses inside plant cells, and can often disrupt plant growth. Bacterial growth is affected by temperature, moisture, and pH; bacteria can be obligately aerobic, obligately anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic. Many bacteria carry extrachromosomal plasmids that include genes useful in pathogenicity or tolerance to antibiotics. Plasmids can spread among unrelated bacteria, creating high rates of horizontal gene transfer; this results in a reticulate pattern of evolution. Bacteria have a diversity of secretory systems that are used not only to secrete enzymes to break down complex resources but to transfer toxins or other chemical into other bacteria or into plant host cells.
Evolution
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary biology includes microevolution, which incorporates genetics into the study of traits, and macroevolution, which focuses on patterns of traits across the history of life. Evolution proceeds via both random changes in allele frequency through genetic drift and non-random changes through natural selection. Genetic drift is important in small populations and through bottlenecks such as colonization events, including pathogen colonization of a new host. Genetic drift and gene flow together influence genetic structure. Natural selection shapes heritable traits in ways that maximize host fitness; directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection each have consequences for trait evolution and maintenance of genetic diversity. Pathogen virulence is subject to an evolutionary trade-off between within-host fitness and between-host transmission, and the evolution of virulence ultimately depends on the details of pathogen life history. Plants also face trade-offs in the evolution of defenses due to costs of resistance. Pathogen host range varies from specialist to generalist; traits conferring high fitness on one host may involve trade-offs in ability to colonize other hosts. Coevolution involves reciprocal selection between hosts and pathogens and can be described as an escalating “arms race” of novel weapons and counter-weapons, or “trench warfare” of back-and-forth advances between host and pathogen. According to the Red Queen Hypothesis, coevolution promotes the evolution of sexual reproduction. Coevolutionary dynamics vary spatially and populations are connected by gene flow, creating a Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. Many traits influencing plant–pathogen interactions are evolutionarily conserved, creating a phylogenetic signal in traits and in pathogen host ranges.
The plant microbiome
Authors: Gilbert Gregory S. , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The assemblage of microbes that inhabit the plant as symbionts comprises the plant microbiome. The activities of plant roots have a great effect on the density and composition of bacteria and fungi growing around them, known as the rhizosphere effect. Plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere have large impacts on plant health. Rhizobia are symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in association with legumes, relying on a complex signaling process that results in the production of root nodules. Mycorrhizae are plant–fungal symbioses that extend the capacity of roots to absorb nutrients and water; the four major groups are ectomycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhizae, ericoid mycorrhizae, and orchid mycorrhizae. Common mycorrhizal networks connect plants and result in the transfer of signals, carbon, and nutrients among individuals and even among species. Endophytic fungi and bacteria colonize all parts of plants including the phylloplane; endophytes may be commensals, parasites, or mutualists, with a variety of impacts on the hosts. Endophytes may be horizontally transmitted or vertically transmitted, colonizing seeds and then growing in the next generation of plants. Microbes in the plant microbiome interact with each other through parasitism, predation, competition, antibiosis, and sometimes syntrophy. Such microbe–microbe interactions shape access to the plant by plant pathogens.
A Kantian Conception of Kantian Freedom
Authors: Emmett Kelin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues against the view of Kantian freedom encapsulated in Henry Allison’s Incorporation Thesis, which has gained widespread support among Kantians. According to Allison, Kant thought that all action, even heteronomous action, requires an act of freedom. So construed, Kant’s disagreement with Hume was not simply about the freedom required for moral agency, but for all agency more generally, so that even if Kant’s argument for the categorical imperative were to fail, our agency could still be free in a morally neutral and limited sense. This chapter argues that this view is unable to meet the criterion necessary for its successful defense, and that attempts to do so face a trilemma as well as collapse Kant’s distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives. It concludes that Kant locates freedom in the capacity to will autonomously—in accordance with the categorical imperative.
Bread as Freedom
Authors: Zylberman Ariel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although Kant holds that the state should support the poor, nowhere does he explicitly offer an argument for this conclusion. The aim of this chapter is to develop a freedom-based reconstruction of such an argument: the state’s duty is required for our freedom as rational animals and as active citizens in a republican state. The proposed interpretation contrasts with received ones which have sought to ground the state’s duty in beneficence, prudence, or property. If the proposed interpretation is correct, it highlights two aspects of Kant’s understanding of freedom that are often ignored, namely, how our freedom is essentially animal and social.