bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pavlov on the Conditional Reflex
Authors: Yokoyama Olga 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pavlov on the Conditional Reflex: Papers, 1903–1936 is a definitive translation of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s work on the conditional reflex. It presents a complete set of Pavlov’s papers and conference presentations on the topic, including one previously unpublished archival manuscript. A number of the chapters are presented in English translation for the first time. In addition to accurately conveying the content and correcting some entrenched translation errors that have plagued Pavlov’s legacy, translator Olga T. Yokoyama deliberately preserves Pavlov’s engaging, down-to-earth tone, and his reader-friendly speech style. The 67 translated papers are prefaced by three introductory essays: Yokoyama, linguist and translator, explains the need for this new translation, her approach to the task, and what Pavlov’s language reveals about his linguistic persona; Michael Fanselow, neurophysiologist, discusses how Pavlov’s thought and work are vitally relevant to modern neuroscience and psychology; Daniel P. Todes, historian of science and Pavlov biographer, sets the text within the context of Pavlov’s life and science, and explores his central concepts and terms. The introductory essays and translated papers are followed by reference materials; the glossary lets Pavlov speak for himself, with definitions of terms and concepts taken from their direct context in his papers; Pavlov’s original bibliography, listing works by his collaborators and students, is supplemented by an additional bibliography that includes works mentioned in the introductions and footnotes; an annotated name index compiles the personal names mentioned by Pavlov in these papers, defining the scope of his scientific universe on the subject.
“Internal inhibition” of the conditional reflexes and sleep are one and the same process
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
For a productive analysis of the work of any organ, it is necessary first of all to know its normal activity. Naturally, the same is true for the cerebral hemispheres as well. For the last 20 years I and my numerous collaborators worked precisely on this subject, using dogs. In order to capture the nervous activity in its totality, the total behavior of the higher animal, six sets of phenomena across the total nervous system need to be considered: (1) excitation, (2) inhibition, (3) the movement of both excitation and inhibition, (4) mutual induction: of inhibition by excitation (negative induction) and of excitation by inhibition (positive induction), (5) the phenomena of circuit closure and opening between various points in the system, and (6) the phenomena of analyzing, of decomposing, for the benefit of the organism, of the external world and the internal world (everything that takes place in the organism itself) into discrete entities.
Some problems in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
At this session, dedicated to the memory of a great Russian physician, I have been permitted to show my admiration for the talent, scientific achievements, and life of Nikola? Ivanovich Pirogov by presenting a report on the experimental work done by me jointly with my co-workers; although it is not specifically on surgery, it still is of a physiologic?-medical nature. Temperament is one of the most important components of constitution, and since constitution is currently at the very center of attention of the medical world, addressing my report to physicians will thus be justified. The physiological theory of temperaments is the fruit of new research on the higher nervous activity that is carried out using new methods.
A brief sketch of the higher nervous activity
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It seems to me that by now physiology finally has at its disposal a general outline of the normal activity of the entire central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, although, of course, it still lacks deep analysis and countless details of this activity. Evidently, its main function is to steadily maintain an equilibrium of the self-contained system of the organism within itself, i.e., among the elements that compose it, as well as between the system as a whole and the surrounding environment. Although in the higher animal, the lower parts of the central nervous system accomplish a lot in terms of coordinating the organism and its surroundings, in addition to their principal function of integrating the activity of the separate parts of the organism, the task of the most delicate and precise balancing of the organism and the environment falls on the cerebral hemispheres.
Experimental neuroses
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Edwin Guthrie’s article “Conditioning as a principle of learning” represents, I believe, an especially interesting and basic and, in my view, completely justified intention to superimpose, so to speak, the phenomena of so-called psychic activity on physiological facts, to merge, to equate the physiological and the psychological, the subjective and the objective. This, I am convinced, is a most important task for science today. The author addresses the problem of learning in general, providing a characterization of this process by listing its basic features, and in doing so he indiscriminately uses psychologists’ material, as well as our physiological data obtained on animals by the method of conditional reflexes. Up to this point the psychologist and the physiologist walk side by side. But beyond this point, a sharp divergence between us emerges.
The Student's Research Companion
Authors: Aschari Omid , Berghaus Benjamin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Many students (and also supervisors) struggle with their final academic projects (and their supervisions). This struggle has taken away from the great potential of a learning experience the thesis, dissertation, or capstone project has to offer. We invite our readers to learn and reflect our thoughts on how a final academic project can turn into a purposeful journey of scientific entrepreneurs – and not just the final examination to be crossed off before finally being allowed into “the real world”. This book contains reflections on and suggestions how to tackle 50 common challenges that students tend to struggle with when working on the final academic projects of their bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral programmes. The presented mindsets are reflections by the co-founder and managing director and core faculty members of the twelve-year number-1-ranked (Financial Times Global Master’s of Management Ranking) Master in Strategy and International Management at University of St. Gallen. The mindsets are contextualized by the thoughts of 10 academic mentors from around the world and across disciplines. Our thoughts captured in this book do not deal with specific methodology, theory, and ways to cut corners, complete faster and easier. Instead, we focus on academic culture and a purposeful attitude for young, talented, and motivated human beings who seek to apply their academic skills to help solve problems. We instruct our readers to experience the process of their final academic project as a self-directed, productive, and healthy challenge and not a grinding overload.
The Earth's Magnetic Field
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Legendary anecdotes relate how Greco-Roman and Chinese societies may have first become aware of magnetism. For centuries it was thought to be a celestial power, but scientists learned through experimental investigations how magnetism is related to electrical currents. Its origin is now well understood at both large-scale and atomic levels. Deep within the Earth, it has a liquid iron core, where fluid motions and electrical currents are driven by the planet’s internal heat and modified by its rotation. They form a self-sustaining generator for the Earth’s magnetic field. For centuries, mariners have used the field to navigate across the world’s oceans. Their meticulous records now provide valuable information about changes in the field and related conditions in the Earth’s core. Surveys of the modern magnetic field—on land, at sea, and from satellites—provide information for geologists and geophysicists that helps them to explore the mineral wealth of unknown territories. The weak magnetism of rocks, acquired in the magnetic field at the time they formed, can be used to reconstruct the positions of continents in the distant geological past, thus enabling scientists to understand the planet’s history. In space, the Earth’s magnetic field interacts with the solar wind, a dangerous stream of electrically charged particles emitted by the Sun, and deflects it around the planet. Continuous records of changes in the magnetic field enable scientists to advise governments on measures to protect society against solar radiation, especially the violent electromagnetic events known as space weather.
What is Magnetism?
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The experimental method of acquiring scientific knowledge became widespread beginning in the 17th century. Empirical investigations by European scientists into the nature of magnetic fields established that they are produced by moving electrical charges. Conversely, a changing magnetic field is found to induce an electrical current in a conductor. Electrical and magnetic fields that oscillate in conjunction with each other form electromagnetic waves, a type of radiation that includes visible light but that can have wavelengths ranging from ultra-short, harmful gamma rays to very long radio waves. The physical laws that govern electricity and magnetism apply even at the atomic level. At atomic scale, the energy of an electron is found to be quantized in discrete units, so that the electrons orbiting an atomic nucleus do so in distinct shells. The quantized nature of energy allows electromagnetic radiation to exist at the subatomic level as both particles and waves.
IP and Evidence—A Twenty-Year Journey to the Mainstream
Authors: Humphries David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
IP has moved from being a niche area of policy to sitting at the heart of the UK government’s Innovation Strategy. This chapter discusses how an evidence-driven approach to formulating IP policy has been central to this journey, and the role of evidence-based research in developing a balanced IP framework. As the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) seeks to lead global conversations on some of the most important IP-related challenges of today, the chapter shows how this approach remains at the core of the UK IPO’s activities, and will help ensure that the UK’s IP framework remains fit to embrace the opportunities of the future.
Intellectual Property Teaching and Research: How Has the Academy Changed in the Past Two Decades?
Authors: Calboli Irene 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the developments that have characterized the Intellectual Property (IP) academy—intended as activities carried on by academics in institutions of higher education—as part of the celebratory volume for the twentieth anniversary of The IPKat blog. In particular, this chapter recounts and reflects on the history and changes of the IP academy from the mid-1990s until the present time, with specific attention to two primary areas: IP teaching and IP research. In particular, the chapter highlights that IP teaching and research rose to prominence towards the end of the 1990s following the growing economic importance of IP in the late 1980s and early 1990s. From being relegated to a peripheral field, the rise of globalization, the diffusion of the internet, and the growth of information-based industries all contributed to increasing the prominence of IP. At first, the new cohort of IP academics focused on the analysis of the legal texts and their application, including case law analysis. Shortly thereafter, they started to tackle larger issues and applied innovative and interdisciplinary methods in their teaching and research. In recent years, the breadth of the topics addressed has continued to increase. This chapter reviews these developments and the new trends that characterize the IP academy today.
Sixty Years of International Performers’ Rights: Time for a Performers’ Copyright?
Authors: Pavis Mathilde 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reflects on recent developments in international performers’ rights. In doing so, the discussion reveals a key tension: while performers’ rights are now well established under international laws, the relevance of the framework is threatened by new technologies, notably Artificial Intelligence (AI). The chapter describes how AI can produce faithful reproductions of performances without triggering infringement under the law. This is due to fact that performers’ rights protect recordings of a performance but not the performance itself. This leaves performers unprotected against unauthorized imitations of their interpretations. When AI creates new performance using pre-existing recordings, it does not reproduce the recordings but imitates them through data synthetization. As such, this use of performances falls outside the scope of protection granted by performers’ rights. This begs the question whether performers’ rights are still fit for purpose. Should performers’ rights be reformed, and importantly, has time come for a performers’ copyright?
Music Copyright Infringement Cases in the US and UK: Building a House Upon the Sand or the Rock?
Authors: Bosher Hayleigh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since the case against Robin Thick and Pharrell Williams over their song Blurred Lines, which found that there had been unlawful copying of Marvin Gaye’s song Got to Give it Up, there have been an increasing number of disputes around copying of music. This trend is clearly seen in US case law and has perhaps influenced rightholders to bring similar claims in the UK. This chapter provides an overview of the key music copyright infringement cases in the US and UK over the past decade. In doing so, it argues that the application of the legal test, particularly in relation to questions of access and taking of a substantial part, needs to be reconsidered in view of both digital music consumption and production practices.
Automatic Content Recognition (ACR) Technologies: A Copyright Management Tool for Content-Sharing Platforms
Authors: Luceri Giorgio 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The increasing possibilities of the internet and the rise of the so-called Web 2.0 have led to a debate about the growing challenges related to the protection of intellectual property (IP) rights in digital environments. If technology has been one of the causes of legislative response, it has also been an essential tool for monitoring the distribution and management of copyright-protected works online and improving protection in digital contexts. Automatic Content Recognition (ACR) technology provides a content-monitoring system useful for managing the distribution, detection, and even misuse of copyright-protected works, and has also helped users and intermediaries meet obligations and responsibilities to rightholders. This chapter discusses the advent of the internet and its implications for copyright, the ability of technologies to recognize content, the use of ACR technologies by certain types of intermediaries such as content-sharing platforms for copyright management on the internet, and whether content monitoring might raise concerns about the balance between the rights of creators, the liability regime for intermediaries, and the freedom of expression of users.
Retromark: The Last Twenty Years of Trade Marks
Authors: Meale Darren 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Retromark posts have looked back on major trade mark cases, with each volume considering up to ten decisions from the six months before publication. This chapter packs twenty years of developments into ten topics, each with a focus on a particularly significant case from the past two decades. Topics include targeting, which started with Euromarket Designs; functions, featuring a whole host of major cases including Arsenal v Reed and L’Oréal v Bellure; the issue of bad faith in several forms such as those central to the SkyKick and Monopoly cases; the ‘theoretical’ nature of dilution in UK trade mark practice; and the development of the blocking injunction jurisdiction by the UK courts which culminated in the UK Supreme Court’s judgment in Cartier.
Revaluing Periods of Concurrent Use in Likelihood of Confusion Analyses
Authors: Michels Lucas S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In 2014, the original Utah, US-based Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the ‘LDS Church’) filed a Canadian trade mark infringement lawsuit against a fundamentalist offshoot sect, known as the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints Inc, headed by Winston Blackmore (the ‘Blackmore Sect’), who had maintained an insular sect in Bountiful, rural British Columbia. While the LDS Church had operated in Canada before this Blackmore Sect, and registered marks for variations of its name before any attempts by the Blackmore Sect, the Blackmore Sect had registered its corporate name in British Columbia prior to the lawsuit and had maintained its Bountiful settlement under variations of the LDS Church name since 1946. Despite the Blackmore Sect having lost this case, the case highlighted discrepancies in trade mark law across jurisdictions concerning the evaluation of evidence of periods of concurrent use in likelihood of confusion analyses. While the internet has profoundly changed how prospective consumers become aware of marks, allowing public recognition of marks well beyond the locales of where their goods and services may originate or be provided, the legal determination of the value of evidence of periods of concurrent use in likelihood of confusion analyses in major jurisdictions still largely focused on geographical proximity of the territories of use and trade channels. This chapter evaluates discrepancies in such existing legal frameworks and suggests factors to be adopted to more adequately assess and value evidence of prolonged periods of concurrent use in likelihood of confusion analyses.
Intellectual Property and Sustainability
Authors: Lagarde Laetitia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
One of the emerging trends that cuts across all sectors in terms of legal and business issues is that brands are facing huge sustainability challenges. Consumers are looking to companies to be more transparent about their supply chains, including with regard to human rights, plastic pollution, treatment of workers, or how they source raw materials. All of this desire for authenticity and sustainability has been increased with the Covid-19 health crisis. IP lawyers certainly know how to attribute and protect the value of intangible assets (from protecting R&D, technology, through patents or tech transfer, as well as trade mark portfolios) and that those intangible assets are vital to driving economic growth and brand value. The brand value of sustainability and sustainable business practices should be considered essential to a long-term strategy for brand owners. Indeed, sustainability policies help drive sales and consumer confidence, as long as they avoid initiatives like ‘greenwashing’. In this decisive decade to achieve real progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, and as sustainability is becoming more embedded in consumer culture, both brands and their lawyers still have a lot to learn about sustainability.
The Changing Impact of IP on Individuals and Small Businesses and the Importance of Pro Bono Services
Authors: Jones Stephen , Bosher Hayleigh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The IPKat blog itself started out as an educational resource. Whilst it now serves a wider audience and broader purposes, education and the sharing of information and best practices remain at the heart of the blog. This chapter draws on Stephen and Hayleigh’s experience of pro bono services in the IP field to highlight its growing importance in legal education, and to present reflections on some of the lessons learnt and benefits from the IP Pro Bono service offered by the Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys, the Chartered Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys, and other professional bodies in the UK.
The Russian Imaginary of Robots, Cyborgs, and Intelligent Machines
Authors: Solovyeva Anzhelika , Hynek Nik 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes three formative phases in defining the Russian cultural perspective on AI. The earliest attempts to conceptualize the nexus between human beings and machines emerged during the Bolshevik Revolution. In the mid- to late twentieth century, Soviet progress in computer engineering, cybernetics, and AI facilitated fantasies about intelligent machines. Since the end of the Soviet Union, AI algorithms have become part of daily life and both research and popular culture envision machines that ever more accurately replicate lifeforms. Some trends have persisted across the phases: utopian hopes and dystopian fears; the alignment of technology with politics; interest in organic forms and the anthropomorphization of machines; the quest for human–technology integration (cyborg); and fascination with the cosmos. These patterns of continuity and change testify to how Russia’s history and politics influences how it imagines AI.
Maoli Intelligence
Authors: Arista Noelani 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues that indigenous data sovereignty is not new, but rather is rooted in the practices and protocols Indigenous communities developed to secure, verify, and maintain traditional and ancestral knowledge. Centring Hawai‘i, this chapter provides a comparative Indigenous epistemological framework for reconsidering artificial intelligence (AI) as Maoli Intelligence (real, indigenous, Hawaiian). It provides a mini example in the successful inter-Indigenous prototyping project called Hua Ki‘i, which produced a point-and-click Hawaiian language application. Because ʻIke Hawai‘i is instantiated in the largest indigenous language oral-to-textual archive in North America and the Polynesian Pacific, it provides sufficient materials to develop approaches that are scalable to other contexts. The author makes the case for using Maoli Intelligence to shape the computational architecture of our future digital technologies, asking what the future of computational science, AI, and an ethics based out of Indigenous concepts of relationality might become if Indigenous technological capacity is allowed to flourish.
Artificial Intelligence Elsewhere
Authors: Adams Rachel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter contributes to scholarship on decolonization, and what it means and requires to decolonize AI, by exploring an alternate cultural perspective on nonhuman intelligence from that portrayed in the more well-known Western canon. It investigates how cultural and traditional systems outside the West have understood and narrated human relations with nonhuman intelligence and enchanted objects, and what this means in relation to global debates around AI and the future of humanity that have—to date—largely centred on Western experiences. The chapter focuses on the transgendered ogbanje—a changeling child or reincarnated spirit—of Nigerian Yoruba and Igbo cultural traditions. Through engagement with the works of Chinwe and Chinua Achebe and Akwaeke Emezi, it explores the role anthropomorphism, representation and gender play in making intelligence culturally identifiable, whether this offers an alternative imaginary for transcending the normative binaries that AI fortifies, and what kind of politics this requires.