bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dealing with Disasters
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter six explores visual and written accounts of natural disasters. Using accounts of storms and floods as well as the earthquakes of 1511 in Venice and 1536 in Genoa, this chapter underscores the place of cleanliness and dirt in explanations of natural disasters and highlights the importance of piety for early modern understandings of effective environmental management. Rather than sparking particular or new initiatives, natural disasters instead intensified discussions of human culpability and responsibility. As a result, what changed as a result of these events was the emotional and social context of environmental management more than the activities themselves. This context reaffirmed contemporary beliefs about the impact of human behaviour on the environment and often sparked concern about the locations in which ‘dangerous’ groups were located.
History
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The present state of ethnic inequality among the three major groups of Nepal— Khas Arya (hill high castes), Janajati (indigenous nationalities), and Madheshi (people of plains origin)—is largely a by-product of a historical process of assimilation of the people of other groups into the fold of the Khas Aryas’ culture, language, and religion. Since the unification of the country in 1768, the rulers have adopted a number of policy measures to develop Nepal as a monolithic state providing protection to one caste group (Khas Arya), one language (Nepali, mother tongue of hill castes), and one religion (Hindu). Migration of the people of the dominant group into the traditional homeland of national minorities (Janajati and Madheshi) is another noteworthy point. This eventually leads to translate cultural diversity into ethnic inequality. Against this background, Nepal has recently observed a rise of ethnicity among the non-dominant groups, each seeking identity-based political space.
A Matter of Numbers
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The 2013 Constituent Assembly (CA) II elections produced a reversed political equation in favour of traditional forces (Nepali Congress, or NC and Unified Marxist-Leninist, or UML) among political parties, and the Khas Aryas among the ethnic groups. Hence, a new NC-led coalition government with UML and other small parties hostile to identity politics, had a clear two-thirds majority in the Assembly after the 2013 elections. This alliance continued till the promulgation of the new constitution. At the middle of the journey, the Maoist party shifted camp, from radical to conservative pole, which allowed the traditional forces to control the process and finalize the constitution in fast-track. Among others, the new constitution has adopted territorial federalism, designed with a rejuvenation of the erstwhile five-development regions with a minor modification. Both the Janajatis and Madheshis have expressed their discontent on several provisions of the constitution, on the seven-provinces federal arrangement in particular.
Explaining away the witch trials
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the trial records, confessions, and lurid demonologies of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries psychiatrists found an extraordinary wealth of delusions, hallucinations, anxieties, and fears. Their quest to find an overarching explanation for them, and the witch trials, was fuelled by the zeal to prove that the past could be understood scientifically, that there was a key to such seemingly strange behaviour, and that the lock was embedded in the pathology of the mind. In this determination they wilfully conflated, confused, and misunderstood the nature of early modern witchcraft. Early psychologists and psychoanalysts were also drawn to the witch trial material and formulated their own equally problematic explanations.
The mad, the bad, and the supernatural in court
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The criminal and civil courts became controversial battlefields where legal minds clashed with psychiatrists over language, symptoms, and diagnoses. The influence of expert psychiatric witnesses raised fundamental issues about the nature of rational or irrational beliefs that juries had to grapple with in cultural as well as legal terms. They had to unpick what sorts of supernatural notions and convictions, such as diabolic influence, witchcraft, and spiritualism, were irrational in relation to societal norms. As a consequence, the attempt by many early psychiatrists to locate supernatural beliefs within the realm of the pathological gained little traction. The supernatural and ‘superstition’ could be found reasonable without being rational.
Epilogue
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The term ‘insanity’ has gone the same way as ‘madness’ and has been largely abandoned by the medical profession. Socio-cultural attitudes towards the supernatural and unorthodox faiths have also changed significantly, though not in the linear, progressive manner the old psychiatrists confidently mapped out. Today the supernatural continues to be a widely accepted reality for many. The pathologizing of the supernatural and radical religion during the nineteenth century was essentially an attempt to delineate, instigate, and map a new stage in Western society. Naïve or noble, repressive or responsible, the asylum movement evidently failed in achieving its aims.
Dürer’s Revenge
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows why Dürer was a different man when he delivered the commission to when he started work on it, full of creative hope for such a piece. When he finished it in 1509, it recorded a battle for the recognition of artists that resonates until today. As he painted the panel, Dürer chose to include his own figure, left in the centre background of the painting. He holds a sign on which is written his name and his monogram AD. No other artist ever dared to do the same.
Journey to the Netherlands
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Dürer and his wife Agnes travelled to Frankfurt in 1520, but this chapter argues that it is most likely that they did not meet Heller and look at the altarpiece. It charts the enormous changes in German society and Dürer’s career since 1509. The Reformation was transforming many of his ideas about art, but at the same time he found new inspiration for inspiring, ambitious paintings during his trip to the Netherlands in 1520–21. Dürer’s diary from this trip is a unique document telling us about the place of artists in Renaissance society. Most importantly, it reveals how rarities sourced by global merchants fascinated Dürer. Margaret of Austria, the Regent of the Netherlands, assembled such rarities in a new form of cabinet of curiosities, which Dürer admired. Their wonder about natural artefacts and Dürer’s tremendous esteem of Latin American achievements in crafts shows he saw painting as part of a far wider range of decorative goods that were increasingly marketed and that inspired him. In forging these tastes and networks with merchants, he stood at the vanguard of a new age of collecting.
Hans Fugger and the Age of Curiosity
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The magnitude and speed of change, such as the Reformations and the commercialization and proliferation of the arts as well as the global expansion, at the same time explain why, even for an artist of Dürer’s quality, it appears as anything but a foregone conclusion that we should remember his name and visit museums to revere his paintings. Hence the second part of this book looks at the merchant Hans Fugger and his interests in the arts during the pivotal second half of the sixteenth century, when Europe emerged as a society divided between Protestants and Catholics, its population grew, and statecraft became more sophisticated. Hans Fugger (1531–98), one of the richest men in the world at the time, was a typical collector and purveyor of novelties. Whereas Heller commissioned art because he was worried for his salvation, Hans Fugger was a confident Catholic in an age of religious renewal. Fugger has left us thousands of letters, although only one of them mentions Dürer’s name.
In Style!
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores why Hans Fugger cared so greatly about fine shoes, which he sourced from Antwerp. It investigates the great value of leather as decorative material in the Renaissance and Baroque periods more widely. This shows just why it was that leather hangings in rooms could seem far more attractive than canvases. Such ‘decorative’ items could be far more expensive and valued than what was beginning to be distinguished and elevated as ‘fine art’. Leather as material could be manipulated in a growing number of ways. Turned into a luxury good, it was highly attractive for contemporaries and inspired their competition.
The Art Agent
Authors: Rublack Ulinka 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This part examines an exceptional merchant characteristic of this age. Philipp Hainhofer (1578–1647) was a new type of Protestant luxury merchant who acted internationally as a professional art agent for courts, including the Catholic court of Bavaria. Hainhofer coordinated entire teams of Augsburg’s luxury craftspeople over decades to produce cabinets of curiosities as single pieces of furniture filled with hundreds of exquisite objects. Nowadays his creations feature in the glitziest of artbooks. They represent the best of the best in that age, and encapsulate its philosophical and spiritual programme to reveal the wonders of art and nature pushing the boundaries of perception and categorization of distinctions between both. Philipp Hainhofer’s cabinets adorned stately rooms from Florence and Vienna to Uppsala, and he was keen to find a client in the Americas. A mediator, aesthete, and trader of rare energy and vision, his activities underline how these collections were shaped by cultural entrepreneurs like him and emerging global markets for rarities, rather than by a programmatic vision of art privileging painting. As empires grew, cabinets of curiosities, and the forms of scientific knowledge as well as aesthetic, political, and religious sensibilities interlinked with them, and would continue to shape seventeenth- and eighteenth-century engagements with the arts. This chapter introduces the activities and significance of this foremost figure among European art agents.
The Rise of the Runaway-Woman Novelist
Authors: Gilbert Nora 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Dubbed in their own time “the Fair Triumvirate of Wit,” Aphra Behn, Delarivier Manley, and Eliza Haywood tantalized and scandalized the public with the sexual promiscuity of the stories they wrote and (it was widely believed) the lives they led. But their fictions and biographies were deemed scandalous on other grounds as well: it was not just that the Fair Triumvirate symbolized overt female sexuality in the public’s eyes, in other words, but that they symbolized unapologetic rejection of the social expectation for women to stay put in the home as well. Through close readings of Behn’s Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister (1684–87), Manley’s The New Atalantis (1709), and a representative sampling of Haywood’s runaway-woman fiction from the 1720s to the 1750s, this chapter highlights the extent to which the topos of female flight dominated and proliferated in the formative years of the novel form.
Article 2 TEU as Constitutional Core of the EU Legal Order
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter zooms into the EU dimension of Article 2 TEU. Even without a formal constitution, the Court has started to distinguish a ‘constitutional framework’ from the plethora of Treaty provisions. This chapter pleads for deriving this ‘constitutional framework’ from the Union’s constitutional core enshrined in Article 2 TEU. Such an Article 2 TEU-based constitution would consist of those provisions that give expression to a founding value. Subsequently, this allows the Court to introduce substantive hierarchies between those Treaty provisions that give expression to an Article 2 TEU value and those that do not. This could lead to a threefold, hierarchical division of primary law: Article 2 TEU at its summit (the EU’s constitutional core), provisions giving expression to an EU value on the second level (the EU’s constitution), and the rest of EU primary law on a third one.
Towards a Tyranny of EU Values?
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the general risks of mobilizing Article 2 TEU before the Court of Justice. On the one hand, the indeterminacy of these values might provide a gateway for the Luxembourg judges’ political, moral, or ideological convictions thereby jeopardizing the rule of law. The Court can respond to such concerns by deciding value-related cases in the Grand Chamber or full Court, by rigorously applying recognized legal methods, and by making the sources that inspire the concretization of Article 2 TEU more transparent. On the other hand, the judicial enforcement of these indeterminate values might raise democratic concerns. For one, such concerns can emerge when the Court reviews the value compliance of democratically elected national governments. At the same, the judicial activation of Article 2 TEU might further tip the institutional balance, among the Union institutions, towards the EU judiciary. This chapter demonstrates how to mitigate these risks.
Introduction
Authors: Zenobi Luca 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The Introduction situates the book in the context of three overarching themes: the defining features of medieval borders, the nature of pre-modern forms of territoriality, and the spatial fabric of the state in Italy. It begins by presenting the questions which will lead the inquiry into the world of borders: what can borders tell us about the relationships between a society and its spaces? And similarly, what can they tell us about the polities which they bounded? It then establishes two analytical concepts underlying the book’s investigation. The first is that borders should not be seen as universal artefacts but rather as spatial constructs specific to an era. The second is that the assertion of territoriality—and, with that, the making of borders—should be seen as a practice, not simply as a fact. Finally, it discusses existing interpretations of state and territory formation in late medieval Italy, evaluating their usefulness as well as any shortcomings. This is followed by four preliminary remarks (concerning chronology, source balance, terminology, and geographical definitions respectively) and by an outline of the book’s seven chapters.
Aphantasia and Conscious Thought
Authors: Lennon Preston 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The sensory constraint on conscious thought says that if a thought is phenomenally conscious, its phenomenal properties must be reducible to some sensory phenomenal character. This chapter argues that the burgeoning psychological literature on aphantasia, an impoverishment in the ability to generate mental imagery, provides a counterexample to the sensory constraint. The best explanation of aphantasics’ introspective reports, neuroimaging, and task performance is that some aphantasics have conscious thoughts without sensory mental imagery. This argument against the sensory constraint supports the existence of a non-sensory phenomenology of thought. Moreover, this argument can be extended to show that this non-sensory phenomenology determines a thought content. Finally, it can potentially diagnose the disagreement over cognitive phenomenology in the philosophy of mind, as such disagreement may turn on interpersonal variation in mental imagery.
Seeing through Transparency
Authors: Bordini Davide 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Since the 1990s the so-called transparency of experience has played a crucial role in core debates in philosophy of mind. However, recent developments in the literature have made transparency itself quite opaque. The very idea of transparent experience has become quite fuzzy, due to the articulation of many different notions of transparency and transparency theses. Absent a unified logical space where these notions and theses can be mapped and confronted, we are left with an overall impression of conceptual chaos. This is a problem, given the constant and ubiquitous references to transparency in the literature and its prominent position in the contemporary philosophy of mind. My goal in this chapter is to restore clarity through proper analysis of the mutual relations between the different transparency theses. This allows me to uncover a unitary multidimensional logical space where existing (as well as possible) views can be properly singled out and located.
Truth and Content in Sensory Experience
Authors: Mendelovici Angela 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience, David Papineau argues that sensory experiences are non-relational states that do not essentially have truth conditions. Papineau further claims that sensory experiences are not essentially representational and that truth conditions arise from environmental correlations. While I agree with the first part of the picture––that sensory experiences are intrinsic states that do not essentially have truth conditions––I don’t think Papineau follows his arguments to their proper conclusions. For even on a non-relational view of sensory states, it’s plausible that sensory experiences are essentially representational in that they constitute what we think, perceptually experience, or otherwise entertain. Further, because of this, the truth conditions of perceptual experiences cannot be entirely independent of the relevant non-relational features. If this is right, then we arrive at a version of representationalism that Papineau dismisses, a view he calls “pure phenomenal intentionalism.”
An Argument against Papineau’s Qualitative View of Sensory Experience
Authors: Pautz Adam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In his excellent book The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience (2021), David Papineau argues against standard theories of sensory experience: the sense datum view, representationalism, naïve realism, and so on. The only view left standing is his own “qualitative view.” On Papineau’s physicalist version, all experiences are nothing but neural states, and the only features essentially involved in experience are intrinsic neural properties. This essay argues that Papineau’s view is inconsistent with the essentially spatial character of visual experience. Along the way it answers Papineau’s objection against representationalism about experience—my own preferred view of sensory experience. His objection is that representationalism is inconsistent with the claim that experiences are “here-and-now” states with causes and effects. It is shown that representationalism is quite consistent with that claim.
Unfitting Absent Emotion
Authors: Fritz James 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The world provides us with an ocean of opportunities for fitting emotion. But we are beings with limited emotional resources, so missed opportunities are common. This chapter argues that these failures to take up fitting emotions are very frequently unfitting in their own right—so frequently, in fact, that most of us lead lives replete with unfitting absences of emotion. It begins by showing that, whenever an emotion can be unfitting in virtue of being too weak, the absence of that emotion can also be unfitting, and for just the same reason. But emotional responses to a host of everyday objects—a funny joke, a nasty insult, and so on—can be unfittingly weak. This means that failures to respond emotionally to an enormous host of everyday objects are similarly unfitting.
Actual Dialogue
Authors: Ingram Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores what is required for moral dialogue to be appropriately inclusive and cooperative. In doing so, it fleshes out the intuitionist view of dialogical moral inquiry defended in Chapter 6, and sets up claims that will play an important role in the discussion of disagreement and debunking arguments in Chapter 8. More specifically, this chapter explains how dialogical moral inquiry would have to work in practice in order to refine our intuitions and enable justified moral beliefs at the frontiers of moral inquiry. It offers accounts of inclusion and cooperation in which empathy—specifically, a virtue of empathic cooperation—plays a central role, and it explains how significant institutional, structural changes will be needed to facilitate inclusive and cooperative dialogue in practice.
Contactless and longitudinal monitoring of nocturnal sleep and daytime naps in older men and women: a digital health technology evaluation study
Authors: Ravindran Kiran K G , della Monica Ciro , Atzori Giuseppe , Lambert Damion , Hassanin Hana , Revell Victoria , Dijk Derk-Jan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
To compare the 24-hour sleep assessment capabilities of two contactless sleep technologies (CSTs) to actigraphy in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods
We collected 7–14 days of data at home from 35 older adults (age: 65–83), some with medical conditions, using Withings Sleep Analyser (WSA, n = 29), Emfit QS (Emfit, n = 17), a standard actigraphy device (Actiwatch Spectrum [AWS, n = 34]), and a sleep diary (n = 35). We compared nocturnal and daytime sleep measures estimated by the CSTs and actigraphy without sleep diary information (AWS-A) against sleep-diary-assisted actigraphy (AWS|SD).

Results
Compared to sleep diary, both CSTs accurately determined the timing of nocturnal sleep (intraclass correlation [ICC]: going to bed, getting out of bed, time in bed &gt;0.75), whereas the accuracy of AWS-A was much lower. Compared to AWS|SD, the CSTs overestimated nocturnal total sleep time (WSA: +92.71 ± 81.16 minutes; Emfit: +101.47 ± 75.95 minutes) as did AWS-A (+46.95 ± 67.26 minutes). The CSTs overestimated sleep efficiency (WSA: +9.19% ± 14.26%; Emfit: +9.41% ± 11.05%), whereas AWS-A estimate (−2.38% ± 10.06%) was accurate. About 65% (n = 23) of participants reported daytime naps either in bed or elsewhere. About 90% in-bed nap periods were accurately determined by WSA while Emfit was less accurate. All three devices estimated 24-hour sleep duration with an error of ≈10% compared to the sleep diary.

Conclusions
CSTs accurately capture the timing of in-bed nocturnal sleep periods without the need for sleep diary information. However, improvements are needed in assessing parameters such as total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and naps before these CSTs can be fully utilized in field settings.