bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypergammaglobulinemia in Chickens Congenitally Infected with an Avian Leukosis Virus
Authors: Qualtiere Louis F. , Meyers Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Significantly elevated (2- to 5-fold higher than controls) serum levels of IgG were found in chickens congenitally infected with F42 strain of avian leukosis (ALV-F42), a subgroup A avian leukosis virus (ALV). A further increase in IgG levels in congentially infected birds was found to be induced by injection of influenza virus in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were not significantly elevated in ALV congenitally infected chickens except in those animals that had been injected with influenza virus in CFA. Hypergammaglobulinemia in ALV infected birds resulted only after congenital infection and not after infection of immunologically competent birds. Therefore this phenonemen appeared to have striking parallels with other persistent or chronic viral infections that have been previously described in mammals.
The Metabolism of IgE
Authors: Waldmann Thomas A. , Iio Atsushi , Ogawa Makio , McIntyre O. Ross , Strober Warren 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
IgE metabolic turnover studies with purified radioiodinated IgE were performed in normal individuals and in a patient with IgE myeloma. The validity of the turnover studies was established in several ways, including comparisons of radioiodinated IgE turnover with the turnover of endogenously labeled 14C-IgE and with the turnover of infused unlabeled IgE in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia.
The geometric mean serum IgE concentration in 73 normal adults was 96 ng/ml with a 68% confidence interval of 24 to 386 ng/ml. Metabolic turnover studies in 10 control individuals disclosed a geometric mean total circulating IgE of 4.1 µg/kg, a mean percentage of the total exchangeable IgE in the intravascular space of 41%, a mean half-time of survival of IgE of 2.7 days, a mean fractional catabolic rate of 94% of intravascular pool per day, and a geometric mean synthetic rate of 3.8 µg/kg/day. IgE has the lowest synthetic rate and highest fractional catabolic rate of the five major classes of immunoglobulin molecules.
In contrast to these normal values, a patient with IgE myeloma had a serum IgE concentration of 42 mg/ml, a total circulating IgE of 1.7 g/kg, and a synthetic rate of 270 mg/kg/day. Furthermore, although the synthetic rate was vastly increased, the survival time was prolonged and the fractional catabolic rate was decreased to 5.1 days and 16 to 22% of the intravascular pool per day, respectively.
These data are compatible with the concept that IgE is catabolized in part by a mechanism common to all immunoglobulin classes and in part by a unique mechanism not available to other immunoglobulins. At very high IgE serum concentrations, such as those encountered in patients with IgE myeloma, the unique mechanism would be saturated and only the catabolic pathways available to all immunoglobulins would be available to IgE.
Perturbation of Lymphocyte Circulation in Experimental Murine Leprosy
Authors: Bullock Ward E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection of Lewis rats with Mycobacterium lepraemurium is characterized by granulomatous pathology primarily involving the paracortical areas of lymph nodes and periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths of the splenic white pulp. Intravenous infusion of radiolabeled thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL)2 from normal syngeneic donors failed to produce a significant increase of cell output and radioactivity in the thoracic duct lymph of infected rats as compared with a marked increase in matched control recipients. Conversely, the migration of TDL from infected donor rats was normal in uninfected control rats that had been infused with serum from infected donors.
The onset of the lymphocyte traffic disturbance takes place between 2 and 6 weeks after inoculation of viable M. lepraemurium. However, inoculation of heat-killed organisms produces little perturbation of lymphocyte circulation. Thus, the abnormal circulation of TDL in rats with active infection appears to be secondary to granulomatous pathology in lymphoid organs that disturbs cell traffic through these organs.
Perturbation of Lymphocyte Circulation in Experimental Murine Leprosy
Authors: Bullock Ward E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intravenous infusion of radiolabeled thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL)2 from normal syngeneic donors to rats experimentally infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium fails to produce a significant increase of cell output and radioactivity within the thoracic duct lymph. Conversely, there is a marked increase in cell counts and radioactivity in the thoracic duct lymph of control recipients.
Splenectomy of infected rats prior to the infusion significantly increased the output of cells and radioactivity from the TD of these rats although it was not restored to normal. Serial quantitation of radioactivity in lymphoid organs of infected rats after infusion of 51Cr-labeled TDL revealed significantly increased uptake by the spleen as compared with the spleens of controls. Thus, the spleen of infected rats was a major trap for recirculating TDL. TDL were also trapped to a lesser extent by the lymph nodes and liver of infected rats.
The circulation of TDL was not disturbed significantly in control rats with massive splenomegaly and red pulp hyperactivity induced by i.p. injection of methyl cellulose. Since murine leprosy preferentially involves the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths of the splenic white pulp and paracortical area of lymph nodes, it is suggested that the disturbance of lymphocyte circulation is secondary to pathology within these areas.
Differences in Ultrastructural Appearance and Modulation of Endogenous and Exogenous Surface Immunoglobulin of Rabbit Lymphocytes
Authors: Linthicum D. Scott , Bahu Raja M. , Sell Stewart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous surface Ig (sIg)3 of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) differ in ultrastructural appearance and modulation characteristics. Endogenous sIg occurs as small sessile patches on 70% of freshly prepared PBLs after specific mixed anti-globulin immunoferritin labeling. These patches are closely associated with the surface membrane and readily undergo endocytosis when labeled cells are warmed to 37°C. The binding of exogenous Ig may be demonstrated by exposure of PBLs to normal allogenic or xenogenic serum in vitro. Aggregated IgG is responsible for the majority of the serum Ig binding; deaggregated IgG binds poorly and Fab′ fragments of IgG do not bind. Exogenous Ig exists as large aggregates precariously attached to the cell surface on approximately 70% of the PBLs which do not undergo endocytosis when warmed to 37°C but appear to be shed or sloughed from the cell surface. We conclude a) that most rabbit PBLs have both endogenous surface Ig and Fc receptors for aggregates of IgG; b) that endogenous and exogenous sIg can be differentiated by ultrastructural features; c) that exogenous sIg is not detectable on freshly prepared PBLs unless incubated in vitro with aggregated Ig; and d) the exogenous sIg may not have a functional role in lymphocyte activation.
A Galactose-Inhibitable Mitogen for Human Lymphocytes from the Sponge Axinella Polypoides
Authors: Phillips Stephanie Gordon , Bretting Hagen , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Of two galactose-binding hemagglutinins isolated from the sponge Axinella polypoides, axinella I was strongly mitogenic for human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and axinella II was not. Purified T cells responded strongly and B cells weakly to axinella I. Mitogenic response, as monitored by rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation on the third day of culture, was specifically inhibited by Dgalactose, Dfucose, raffinose, or 2-deoxy-D-galactose added within 5 hr of the mitogen. Mitogenic response was correlated with degree of lymphocyte agglutination. The effectiveness of a given sugar in inhibiting mitogenic response to axinella I paralleled its potency in inhibiting precipitation of lectin by blood group substances. If an inhibitory concentration of Dgalactose was added 24 to 40 hr after mitogenic activation, rate of 3H-thymidine uptake at 72 hr was two to twenty times above the rate induced in cultures to which no galactose was added. Dgalactose at a subinhibitory concentration (10 µg/ml) enhanced 3H-thymidine incorporation. Axinella I depressed 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by phytohemagglutinin or Con A, an effect reversible by Dgalactose. These findings suggest that axinella I has two antagonistic effects on human lymphocytes: a) mitogenic activation and b) depressive activity resulting from depletion of essential galactose moieties.
Characterization of Ia8 Antigen, Thy-1.2 Antigen, Complement Receptors, and Virus Production in a Group of Murine Virus-Induced Leukemia Cell Lines
Authors: Chesebro Bruce , Wehrly Kathy , Chesebro Kevin , Portis John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ia8, a cell membrane antigen controlled by gene(s) located in the I region of the H-2 complex, was found on 9 of 26 murine leukemia cell lines. In addition, 3 of the 9 Ia8-bearing lines had a membrane receptor for antigen-antibody-complement complexes. Six of 26 lines bore the Thy-1.2 antigen. Ia8 and Thy-1.2 antigens were mutually exclusive on the cell lines studied. The strain of virus used to induce the leukemia, the H-2 type of the cells, and the techniques of leukemia cell propagation all appeared to influence the antigenic characteristics of the cell lines obtained. Production of infectious murine leukemia virus in vitro and expression of leukemia virus-induced membrane antigens did not appear to correlate with the presence of Ia8 or Thy-1.2 antigens or with the H-2 type of the cells.
Maturation of B Lymphocytes in Rats
Authors: Strober Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We examined the ability of large and small thoracic duct cells obtained from Lewis rats primed to DNP to restore the adoptive secondary anti-DNP response in irradiated syngeneic hosts given an excess of T helper cells. The large cells were four to five times more active on a per cell basis than were the small cells. However, the large cells constitute only 7 to 8% of the thoracic duct cells and, therefore, make a minor contribution to the restorative activity of the unfractionated cells.
Pretreatment of thoracic duct cell donors with high specific activity 3H-TdR for 48 hr before cannulation markedly reduced the memory B cell activity of the large cells, but had little effect on that of small cells. In addition, the activity of the large cells diminished with time after primary immunization, but that of the small cells remained stable. Immunofluorescent staining of the large and small cells for surface IgM and IgG, and subsequent sorting on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FA CS), showed that surface IgM was present on large memory B cells, and that IgG was present on small memory B cells. The experimental results suggest that two subpopulations of memory B cells in the thoracic duct lymph differ by size, rate of turnover, persistence after primary immunization, and class of surface IgG.
Nucleoside Specificity in the Carrier IgG-Dependent Induction of Tolerance
Authors: Stollar B. David , Borel Yves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Induction of tolerance to nucleoside haptens in BALB/c mice with isologous IgG conjugates bearing four nucleosides simultaneously (A,G,C,T)-IgG was confirmed. A mixture of separate nucleoside-IgG tolerogens (A-IgG, G-IgG, C-IgG, and T-IgG) was as effective or more effective than the (A,G,C,T)-IgG form in suppressing the response to (A,G,C,T)-KLH. The nucleosides acted independently and simultaneously, since tolerogens with varying combinations of nucleosides caused specific suppression of the respones to only those nucleosides present on the tolerogen. Nucleoside-IgG conjugates did not suppress the response to denatured DNA-methylated bovine serum albumin, in which larger oligonucleotide determinants predominate. In varying combinations, guanosine was the dominant nucleoside both for immunization and for induction of tolerance. After three or four immunizations, control immunized animals made mainly IgG anti-nucleoside antibodies and this IgG antibody formation was preferentially suppressed in tolerogen-treated animals. Tolerance could be established before the primary or secondary immunization and it then persisted for at least 75 days through a fourth course of immunization. The same dosage of tolerogen did not reverse a strongly established anti-nucleoside antibody production after a tertiary response.
Release of Chemical Mediators from Partially Purified Human Lung Mast Cells
Authors: Paterson Nigel A. M. , Wasserman Stephen I. , Said Jonathan W. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lung mast cells dispersed by enzymatic digestion of human lung fragments were concentrated to greater than 50% purity by sedimentation in isopycnic and velocity gradients. The dispersed lung mast cells had a characteristic ultrastructural appearance including granules with a scroll or reticular structure surrounded by perigranular membranes. Histamine and preformed eosinophilotactic activity sedimented with the mast cells on isopycnic gradients, and the mast cells and these mediators were separated from the bulk of the other lung cells after velocity gradient sedimentation. The histamine content of isolated lung mast cells was calculated to range from 1.0 to 5.5 pg/cell. The quantity of SRS-A generated with anti-IgE or specific antigen was relatively limited but confined to the mast cell-rich fractions and associated with the release of histamine and eosinophilotactic activity.
In Vitro Responses of CBA/N Mice: Spleen Cells of Mice with an X-Linked Defect that Precludes Immune Responses to Several Thymus-Independent Antigens Can Respond to TNP-Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Mosier D. E. , Scher I. , Paul W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from CBA/N mice with an X-linked B cell defect were examined for their ability to form antibody in vitro after stimulation with the T-independent antigen TNP-LPS. In contradistinction to their failure to respond to some conventional T-independent antigens such as type III pneumococcal polysaccharide or DNP-AECM-Ficoll, spleen cells from (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male mice were able to make a specific anti-TNP PFC response after culture with TNP-LPS. Their response differed from that of phenotypically normal (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 female litermate spleen cells in that more TNP-LPS was required to elicit the peak anti-TNP response and the anti-TNP antibody secreted by F1 male cells was of lower avidity than that of F1 female cells. The polyclonal antibody response to unsubstituted LPS did not differ substantially between normal and defective B cells. Thymus-derived cells were not required for the TNP-LPS response by either F1 male or female cells. We conclude that CBA/N B cells can respond to certain T-independent antigens that are able either to induce a very strong activating signal upon ligand-surface receptor interaction and/or to stimulate immature B cells (with a characteristic high surface immunoglobulin profile) which fail to respond to antigens like DNP-AECM-Ficoll.
Regulatory Effect of Interferon on T Cells in Vitro
Authors: Heron Iver , Berg Kurt , Cantell Kari 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified human lymphocyte interferon (PIF) was added to mixed lymphocyte cultures; DNA synthesis was measured and killer-cell generation was determined. At certain concentrations, PIF inhibited proliferation, but at the same time increased the killer efficiency of the resultant culture cells. It is suggested that lymphokines, apart from their normal mediator function, may play a role as regulators of the generating immune response.
Solubilization of IgA Immune Precipitates by Complement
Authors: Miller Gary W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complement (C) system can solubilize immune precipitates prepared with antibodies of the IgG class, and apparently also of the IgM class. This paper shows that C can also solubilize immune precipitates prepared with two different antigen-binding IgA myeloma proteins. Immune precipitates were prepared with a) mouse myeloma protein TEPC 15 and PC-KLH, and b) mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315 and DNP-BSA. The precipitates could be solubilized by fresh mouse serum, but not by zymosan- or heat-inactivated serum. The rate of solubilization was not affected by the removal of Ca++ ions. These results verify that the C-mediated solubilization effect can proceed entirely via the alternative C pathway, and lend increased support to the view that the effect is a general phenomenon, not restricted to a particular antibody class or type of antigen.
Comparison of the Inactivation of IgM and IgG Complement Fixation Sites by Acid and Base
Authors: Stollar B. David , Stadecker Miguel J. , Morecki Shoshana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit IgM antibodies to denatured mammalian or T6 bacteriophage DNA or poly(A)·poly(U) irreversibly lost complement-(C) fixation reactivity on exposure to low pH and reneutralization, with a halving of the complement-fixation titer occurring after treatment at about pH 3. The titers of IgG antibodies to denatured phage DNA, to poly(A)·poly(U), or to hemocyanin were halved only after exposure to pH 2. Inactivation by acid was enhanced by low protein concentrations, incubation at higher temperatures, and by slow reneutralization; under all these conditions it was more extensive with IgM than with IgG. Inactivation of IgM C-fixation activity at pH 2.5 and room temperature was a first order reaction, with a half-time of about 20 min. Both classes retained antigen-binding activity after exposure to pH 2. In the alkaline range, full C-fixation reactivity was retained by both classes after reneutralization from pH 11.5, some loss occurred at pH 12, and total irreversible inactivation occurred by pH 12.5. In the latter case, antigen-binding activity was also lost. The C-fixation inactivation curves in the alkaline range were similar for IgG and IgM antibodies.
Characterization of Antibodies to the Structural Polypeptides of HBsAg: Evidence for Subtype-Specific Determinants
Authors: Gold Jon W. M. , Shih J. Wai-Kuo , Purcell Robert H. , Gerin John L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antisera prepared in guinea pigs to the structural polypeptides of HBsAg/adw and HBsAg/ayw were examined by a modified passive hemagglutination assay for antibodies to the subtype-specific d and y determinants. All of the isolated polypeptide fractions stimulated antibodies to both group-specific and subtype-specific antigens of the native HBsAg particle from which they were derived. These data indicate that the polypeptides have similarities in their immunochemical structure.
A Human T-Independent B Lymphocyte Mitogen Extracted from Nocardia Opaca
Authors: Brochier Jean , Bona Constantin , Ciorbaru Rita , Revillard Jean-Pierre , Chedid Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nocardia water soluble mitogen (NWSM), a mitogen specific for mouse and rabbit B cells, activates blood, spleen, and tonsil lymphocytes from all the humans tested. Evidence is presented that it acts selectively on human B lymphocytes. B-enriched cells were recovered from anti-Ig-coated Sephadex columns or after elimination of E rosetteforming cells: they were able to incorporate tritiated thymidine when they were cultivated in the presence of NWSM whereas they were not activated by PWM. Conversely T-enriched suspensions did not respond to NWSM although they were able to be stimulated by PHA and PWM. Moreover, the response to NWSM remained unchanged after T cells had been killed by anti-HTLA serum and complement and disappeared after B cells had been killed by anti-HBLMA serum. After stimulation by NWSM, the number of direct plaque-forming cells to HRBC, LPS, and TNP was significantly increased, showing a polyclonal activation of human B lymphocytes. Since no evidence of T cell help for B cell activation has been found, NWSM thus appears to be a T-independent human B lymphocyte mitogen.
The Effector Cells in Human Peripheral Blood Mediating Mitogen-Induced Cellular Cytotoxicity and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Nelson David L. , Bundy Bonita M. , Pitchon Howard E. , Blaese R. Michael , Strober Warren 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The identity of the effector cells in human peripheral blood capable of mediating mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated utilizing effector cell populations consisting of purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and cell surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-negative and sIg-positive lymphocyte subpopulations obtained by Sephadex anti-Fab immunoabsorbent column fractionation techniques. Chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) and Chang liver cells were used as target cells in both cytotoxicity assays. With CRBC targets, MICC was mediated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, sIg-positive lymphocytes (B cells), and sIg-negative lymphocytes. On the contrary, with Chang liver cells as targets, MICC was mediated only by lymphocytes, and effector cells occurred exclusively in sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulations containing thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Further purification of sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulations on antigen-antibody coated plastic surfaces yielded a nonadherent T lymphocyte population depleted of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes that was capable of mediating MICC against both CRBC and Chang cell targets. With use of CRBC targets, ADCC was mediated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulations. However, with Chang cell targets, ADCC was mediated only by lymphocytes, and effector cells were present only in sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulations. SIg-positive lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes were not effective in mediating ADCC against either CRBC or Chang cell targets.
These studies demonstrate that the nature of the target cell employed in MICC and ADCC reactions is of critical importance in defining the effector cell(s) capable of mediating cytotoxicity.
Schistoma Mansoni Soluble Egg Antigens: Determination of the Stage and Species Specificity of their Serologic Reactivity by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Hamburger Joseph , Pelley Ronald P. , Warren Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three highly purified Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens reactive with sera from mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni (major serologic antigens—MSA1, MSA2, and MSA3) were utilized in radioimmunoassays for determining their stage and species specificity. Inhibition studies revealed that MSA1 was completely stage specific, since its binding to S. mansoni chronic infection serum (CIS) could not be inhibited either with cercarial or adult worm antigen. MSA2 and MSA3 were specific with regard to adult worm antigen but their binding to CIS was slightly inhibited by cercarial antigen. Immature eggs in comparison with mature eggs contained only negligible amounts of MSA1 whereas MSA2 and MSA3 were present in large quantities. Fluid from eggs hatched in spring water (hatch fluid-HF) contained considerable amounts of MSA1 as well as MSA2 and MSA3. With regard to species specificity, MSA1 essentially did not cross-react with crude soluble egg antigens (SEA) from Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium whereas MSA2 and MSA3 showed partial cross-reactivity. Antibody dilution studies with sera from animals and humans infected with heterologous schistosome species (i.e., S. japonicum and S. haematobium) indirectly confirmed the high degree of species specificity of MSA1.
The degree of serologic specificity of MSA1 as demonstrated in this study parallels that of the sensitizing activity of S. mansoni eggs and SEA for granuloma formation, as demonstrated in previous investigations. This study, therefore, indicates that MSA1 may be a major immunopathologically active egg antigen. In addition, the high degree of species specificity of MSA1 suggests its use in the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni.