bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myopia control: short-term effect of 0.01% atropine vs. defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses—a retrospective study in European children
Authors: Guimarães Sandra , Barros da Silva Patrícia , Oliveiros Bárbara , Silva Eduardo 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To compare 0.01% atropine with DIMS spectacle lenses in the prevention of myopia progression in European children.

Methods
This was a retrospective study including data from pediatric European patients with myopia. From November 2021 to March 2022, only 0.01% atropine was prescribed because DIMS lenses were still not available in Portugal. From March to October 2022, only DIMS spectacle lenses were prescribed due to patients’ parents’ preference. Myopia progression endpoints were axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) differences between before and 6 months after treatment. AL and SE evolution were compared using a general linear model with repeated measures.

Results
The study included 98 eyes from 50 patients: 47 in the atropine group and 51 in the DIMS group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of initial AL, initial SE, sex or age. The mean AL elongation at 6 months was 0.057 mm in the atropine group (SD = 0.118) and 0.002 mm (SD = 0.077) in the DIMS group. SE progression was − 0.098 (SD = 0.232) D in the atropine group and − 0.039 (SD = 0.105) D in the DIMS group. AL elongation was significantly lower in the DIMS lens group (p = 0.038, partial Eta2 = 0.045). There was no difference in SE progression between groups (p = 0.302, partial Eta2 = 0.011).

Conclusion
Comparison between 0.01% atropine eyedrops and DIMS spectacle lenses for slowing the progression of myopia favored DIMS lenses in terms of AL elongation in a short-term follow-up. There was no difference in terms of SE between groups.
Creating a Safety Assurance Case for a Machine Learned Satellite-Based Wildfire Detection and Alert System
Authors: Hawkins Richard , Picardi Chiara , Donnell Lucy , Ireland Murray 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWildfires are a common problem in many areas of the world with often catastrophic consequences. A number of systems have been created to provide early warnings of wildfires, including those that use satellite data to detect fires. The increased availability of small satellites, such as CubeSats, allows the wildfire detection response time to be reduced by deploying constellations of multiple satellites over regions of interest. By using machine learned components on-board the satellites, constraints which limit the amount of data that can be processed and sent back to ground stations can be overcome. There are hazards associated with wildfire alert systems, such as failing to detect the presence of a wildfire, or detecting a wildfire in the incorrect location. It is therefore necessary to be able to create a safety assurance case for the wildfire alert ML component that demonstrates it is sufficiently safe for use. This paper describes in detail how a safety assurance case for an ML wildfire alert system is created. This represents the first fully developed safety case for an ML component containing explicit argument and evidence as to the safety of the machine learning.
Substance Use Patterns and Their Association with Depression and Social Factors During COVID-19 Among Harlem Residents in New York City
Authors: Vu Thinh T. , Dario Joseph P. , Mateu-Gelabert Pedro , Levine Deborah , Punter Malcolm A. , Borrell Luisa N. , Ngo Victoria K. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis study aimed to identify the prevalence of substance use before and during COVID-19; and examined its association with depression and social factors among 437 residents from the neighborhood of Harlem in Northern Manhattan, New York City. Over a third of respondents reported using any substance before COVID-19, and initiating/increasing substance use during COVID-19. The most common substances used before COVID-19 and initiated/increased during COVID-19 were smoking (20.8% vs. 18.3%), marijuana (18.8% vs. 15.3%), and vaping (14.2% and 11.4%). The percentages of any hard drug use were 7.3% and 3.4%, respectively. After adjustment, residents with mild (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 2.86, 95% CI 1.65, 4.92) and moderate (PR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.86, 5.56) symptoms of depression, and housing insecurity (PR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.12, 1.91) had at least a 47% greater probability of initiating and/or increasing substance use. Conversely, respondents with employment insecurity (PR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.57, 0.88) were 29% less likely to report such patterns. No association was found between substance use initiation and/or increase and food insecurity. High prevalence of substance use during COVID-19 may lead residents to turn to substance use as a coping mechanism for psychosocial stressors. Thus, it is essential to provide accessible and culturally sensitive mental health and substance use services.
Functional and Behavioral Responses of the Natural Enemy Anthocoris nemoralis to Cacopsylla pyri, at Different Temperatures
Authors: Reeves Laura A. , Garratt Michael P. D. , Fountain Michelle T. , Senapathi Deepa 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAnthocoris nemoralis is the dominant predator of pear sucker (Cacopsylla pyri) in the UK. Anthocoris nemoralis migrates into orchards in spring or is introduced as a biocontrol agent, reaching peak population levels in July-August, contributing to effective control of summer pear sucker populations. However, due to temperature dependent development and metabolism there are concerns that C. pyri populations or feeding rates may increase due to changing climatic conditions. Thus, how A. nemoralis responds to temperature, impacts its ability as a biocontrol agent. Functional response assays, monitoring attack rate and handling time of A. nemoralis and behavioral assays, using Ethovision tracking software occurred, to assess the impact of temperature on predation. Experiments were conducted at current and future July-August mean temperatures, predicted using RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (medium and high, representative concentration pathway) emissions scenarios, using 2018 UK Climate Projections (UKCP18). All treatments demonstrated a Type II functional response, with female anthocorids demonstrating shorter handling times and higher attack rates than males. Males showed longer prey handling times at 18 °C compared to 23 °C and more time was spent active at lower temperatures for both sexes. Females did not show significant differences in attack rate or handling time in response to temperature. Overall prey consumption was also not significantly affected by temperature for either sex. This study suggests that anthocorids are likely to remain effective natural enemies under future predicted temperatures, due to non-significant differences in prey consumption.
The wildland-urban interface in Poland reflects legacies of historical national borders
Authors: Kaim Dominik , Helmers David P. , Jakiel Michał , Pavlačka Daniel , Radeloff Volker C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractContextThe wildland-urban interface (WUI) is an area where houses are located near wildland vegetation. As such, the WUI is a focal area of wildfire risk, human-wildlife conflicts, and other human-nature interactions. Although there is a wide consensus on the impact WUI existence might have, little is known about the WUI spatial determinants over long periods, especially in countries with long settlement history.ObjectivesOur goal here was to map the WUI across Poland, and to quantify the extent to which historical legacies shape current WUI pattern, since Poland is one of the countries, which experienced substantial political changes over time, which had an impact on historical settlement development.MethodsWe analysed a database of nearly 15 million building locations and a 10-m Sentinel-2-based land cover map to produce a country-wide WUI map of Poland. Then we compared the WUI pattern among parts of Poland which belonged to different political entities in 1900s and 1930s and also among different ecoregions. Lastly, we verified the effects of the historical borders or landscape units borders on WUI patterns with a discontinuity analysis.ResultsWe found that a substantial part of Poland is WUI, and over 60% of all buildings are in WUI. However, WUI patterns differ considerably across the country, and WUI hotspots are located around the largest metropolitan areas in central and southern part of Poland and in the Carpathians. Furthermore, WUI patterns reflect pre-1945 national borders indicating long-term legacies of past settlement patterns and urban planning approaches. Diversity among ecoregions was much less pronounced than among past political entities.ConclusionsOur work shows that current WUI pattern is to large extent shaped by former political conditions, which is likely true not only in Poland, but also in many parts of Europe and elsewhere where settlement history goes back centuries.
The evidence for repurposing anti-epileptic drugs to target cancer
Authors: Aroosa Mir , Malik Jonaid Ahmad , Ahmed Sakeel , Bender Onur , Ahemad Nafees , Anwar Sirajudheen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs are versatile drugs with the potential to be used in functional drug formulations with drug repurposing approaches. In the present review, we investigated the anticancer properties of antiepileptic drugs and interlinked cancer and epileptic pathways. Our focus was primarily on those drugs that have entered clinical trials with positive results and those that provided good results in preclinical studies. Many contributing factors make cancer therapy fail, like drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and cost; exploring all alternatives for efficient treatment is important. It is crucial to find new drug targets to find out new antitumor molecules from the already clinically validated and approved drugs utilizing drug repurposing methods. The advancements in genomics, proteomics, and other computational approaches speed up drug repurposing. This review summarizes the potential of antiepileptic drugs in different cancers and tumor progression in the brain. Valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, lacosamide, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam are the drugs that showed potential beneficial outcomes against different cancers. Antiepileptic drugs might be a good option for adjuvant cancer therapy, but there is a need to investigate further their efficacy in cancer therapy clinical trials.

Graphical Abstract
Polycentric disaster governance in a federalising Nepal: interplay between people, bureaucracy and political leadership
Authors: Vij Sumit 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn evolving democracies, top-down approaches to response and recovery in disaster governance remain predominant. Taking the case of Nepal, this research explains how Nepal’s disaster governance has been accentuating different degrees of monocentric and polycentric configurations post-2015. Polycentricity is defined as a governance configuration where a combination of small, medium, and large-scale autonomous units coexists that are interdependent in making rules, developing policies, and implementing them within a specified scale of governance. Based on confidential interviews (n = 23) and policy documents (n = 48) analysis, the study shows how disaster governance has been taking shape in Nepal, after the 2015 earthquake and with the ongoing federalisation process. This research found that in Nepal, there is a polycentric configuration at and across the national and provincial levels, whilst higher degrees of monocentric characteristics are still prominent at the municipal level. Further, our findings suggest subtle conflicts (or conflicts of interest) between the newly elected municipal representatives and the existing bureaucracy. Such tensions have arisen due to the drive and enthusiasm of the political leaders to bring transformative changes at the municipal level in quick succession. The article concludes that polycentric governance configurations in Nepal are rather becoming complex—complementing and inciting competition between various actors.
The causal efficacy of composites: a dilemma for interventionism
Authors: Blanchard Thomas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis paper argues that the interventionist account of causation faces a dilemma concerning macroscopic causation – i.e., causation by composite objects. Interventionism must either require interventions on a composite object to hold the behavior of its parts fixed, or allow such interventions to vary the behavior of those parts. The first option runs the risk of making wholes causally excluded by their parts, while the second runs the risk of mistakenly ascribing to wholes causal abilities that belong to their parts only. Using as starting point Baumgartner’s well-known argument that interventionism leads to causal exclusion of multiply realized properties, I first show that a similar interventionist exclusion argument can be mounted against the causal efficacy of composite objects. I then show that Woodward’s (2015) updated interventionist account (explicitly designed to address exclusion worries) avoids this problem, but runs into an opposite issue of over-inclusion: it grants to composites causal abilities that belong to their parts only. Finally, I examine two other interventionist accounts designed to address Baumgartner’s argument, and show that when applied to composites, they too fall on one horn (exclusion) or the other (over-inclusion) of the dilemma. I conclude that the dilemma constitutes an open and difficult issue for interventionism.
Heart 2 Heart: Pilot Study of a Church-Based Community Health Worker Intervention for African Americans with Hypertension
Authors: Lynch Elizabeth B. , Tangney Christy , Ruppar Todd , Zimmermann Laura , Williams Joselyn , Jenkins LaDawne , Epting Steve , Avery Elizabeth , Olinger Tamara , Berumen Teresa , Skoller Maggie , Wornhoff Rebecca 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAfrican Americans (AAs) have higher prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension than Whites, which leads to reduced life expectancy. Barriers to achieving blood pressure control in AAs include mistrust of healthcare and poor adherence to medication and dietary recommendations. We conducted a pilot study of a church-based community health worker (CHW) intervention to reduce blood pressure among AAs by providing support and strategies to improve diet and medication adherence. To increase trust and cultural concordance, we hired and trained church members to serve as CHWs. AA adults (n = 79) with poorly controlled blood pressure were recruited from churches in a low-income, segregated neighborhood of Chicago. Participants had an average of 7.5 visits with CHWs over 6 months. Mean change in systolic blood pressure across participants was − 5 mm/Hg (p = 0.029). Change was greater among participants (n = 45) with higher baseline blood pressure (− 9.2, p = 0.009). Medication adherence increased at follow-up, largely due to improved timeliness of medication refills, but adherence to the DASH diet decreased slightly. Intervention fidelity was poor. Recordings of CHW visits revealed that CHWs did not adhere closely to the intervention protocol, especially with regard to assisting participants with action plans for behavior change. Participants gave the intervention high ratings for acceptability and appropriateness, and slightly lower ratings for feasibility of achieving intervention behavioral targets. Participants valued having the intervention delivered at their church and preferred a church-based intervention to an intervention conducted in a clinical setting. A church-based CHW intervention may be effective at reducing blood pressure in AAs.
Analysis of the Solar Flare Index for Solar Cycles 18 – 24: Extremely Deep Gnevyshev Gap in the Chromosphere
Authors: Takalo Jouni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe study the solar flare index (SFI) for the Solar Cycles 18 – 24. We find that SFI has deeper Gnevyshev gap (GG) in its first principal component than other atmospheric parameters. The GG is extremely clear especially in the even cycles.The GG of the SFI appears about a half year later as a drop in the interplanetary magnetic field near the Earth and in the geomagnetic Ap-index. The instantaneous response of the magnetic field to solar flares, however, shows about two to three days after the eruption as a high, sharp peak in the cross-correlation of the SFI and Ap-index and as a lower peak in SFI vs. IMF B cross-correlation. We confirm these rapid responses using superposed-epoch analysis.The most active flare cycles during 1944 – 2020 are Cycles 19 and 21. Cycle 18 has very strong SFI days as many as Cycle 22, but it has the least nonzero SFI days in the whole interval. Interestingly, Cycle 20 can be compared to Cycles 23 and 24 in its low flare activity, although it is located between the most active SFI cycles.
Association between undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea and severe course of COVID-19: a prospective observational study
Authors: Celejewska-Wójcik Natalia , Polok Kamil , Górka Karolina , Stachura Tomasz , Kania Aleksander , Nastałek Paweł , Lichołai Sabina , Zastrzeżyńska Weronika , Przybyszowski Marek , Sładek Krzysztof 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Purpose
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with many long-term health consequences. We hypothesized that previously unrecognized and untreated OSA may be associated with more severe respiratory failure in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Methods
Patients hospitalized in the Pulmonology Department with confirmed COVID-19, University Hospital in Kraków, Poland, between September 2020 and April 2021 were enrolled. OSA screening questionnaires including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), STOP-BANG, Berlin questionaire (BQ), OSA-50, and No-SAS were completed. Polygraphy was performed after > 24 h without requirement for supplemental oxygen.

Results
Of 125 patients with median age of 61.0 years, 71% of whom were male. OSA was diagnosed in 103 patients (82%) and was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe in 41 (33%), 30 (24%), and 32 (26%), respectively. Advanced respiratory support was introduced in 85 patients (68%), and 8 (7%) patients eventually required intubation. Multivariable analysis revealed that increased risk of requirement for advanced respiratory support was associated with higher respiratory event index (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.07), oxygen desaturation index (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02 to 1.10), and hypoxic burden (1.02 95% CI 1.00 to 1.03) and lower minimal SpO2 (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.81 to 0.98), but not with results of OSA screening tools like BQ score (OR 0.66, 95%CI 0.38 to 1.16), STOP-BANG score (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.51 to 1.01), NoSAS score (OR 1.01, 95%CI 0.87 to 1.18), or OSA50 score (OR 0.84, 95%CI 0.70 to 1.01).

Conclusion
Previously undiagnosed OSA was common among hospitalized patients who survived the acute phase of COVID-19. The degree of OSA was associated with the severity of respiratory failure.
The many facets of metacognition: comparing multiple measures of metacognition in healthy individuals
Authors: Terneusen Anneke , Quaedflieg Conny , van Heugten Caroline , Ponds Rudolf , Winkens Ieke 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMetacognition is important for successful goal-directed behavior. It consists of two main elements: metacognitive knowledge and online awareness. Online awareness consists of monitoring and self-regulation. Metacognitive sensitivity is the extent to which someone can accurately distinguish their own correct from incorrect responses and is an important aspect of monitoring of behavior. Research into the interplay between these elements is currently lacking. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore how these different elements of metacognition can predict metacognitive sensitivity. Healthy participants filled out the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory with two subscales that serve as measures of metacognitive knowledge. Next, as measures of online awareness, they performed a memory task that was adapted to include trial-by-trial confidence judgments, and made pro- and retrospective confidence judgments about their performance on this task. The 128 included participants show a large variability in scores on all the different metacognitive measures. Metacognitive sensitivity was predicted by higher prospective discrepancy scores and lower retrospective discrepancy scores but not by metacognitive knowledge. The current study confirms that metacognition is a multidimensional concept consisting of different elements. Online measures seem to be associated with each other, but not so much with offline measures. The current framework can be used to further investigate the associations between different elements of metacognition within persons.
KI basierter Rapid Evidence Generator mit risikoadjustiertem Propensity Score Matching
Authors: Zahn Thomas P. , Hesse Eric , Herrera-Rodriguez Anamaria , Walker Jochen , Enders Dirk 
Published: July 2023

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der „Rapid Evidence Generator“ (REG) wurde im Deutsch-Kanadischen Kooperationsprojekt „AI based Risk Prediction and Treatment Effect Estimation“ (AIR_PTE) entwickelt und vom Programm „Smart Datenwirtschaft“ des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz gefördert. Er nutzt moderne KI basierte Risikomodelle, um ein risikoadjustiertes Propensity Score Matching (RAPSM) umzusetzen.

Daten und Methoden
Der REG wurde auf Basis der in Deutschland und Kanada regelhaft verfügbaren Abrechnungsdaten der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherungen anhand einer Studie zu Behandlungseffekten bei tiefer Venenthrombose entwickelt. Die REG-Methoden wurden dabei auch auf die Anforderungen der Kosteneffektivitätsanalyse eines deutschen geriatrischen Coaching-Programms angepasst und angewendet.

Ergebnisse
Die bisher verfügbaren Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass die REG-Methoden eine schnelle, kostengünstige und valide Alternative bieten, um Real-World-Evidenz durch retrospektive Kohortenstudien auch bei nicht für klinische Studien geeigneten Populationen und Indikationen zu generieren

Schlussfolgerungen
Die REG-Ergebnisse können für die Fokussierung von Versorgungsinnovationen sowie für Zulassungs- und Post-market-Surveillance-Studien genutzt werden und Mediziner bei Entscheidungen unterstützen. Die REG-Methoden sind aktuell als Formular der eva-Plattform und als Python-Modul der DCC Contract Smart Suite sowie als Servicemodell anwendbar.
Awareness and the Recklessness/Negligence Distinction
Authors: Greenberg Alexander 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe distinction between the criminal fault elements of recklessness and negligence is one of Anglo-American criminal law’s key distinctions. It is a distinction with practical significance, as many serious crimes require at least recklessness and cannot be committed negligently. The distinction is standardly marked by awareness. Recklessness requires awareness that one’s conduct carries a risk of harm. Negligence only requires that one ought to have been aware that one’s conduct carried such a risk, even if one was in fact unaware of this. But should the recklessness/negligence distinction be marked by awareness of risk, or by something else? Does a defendant’s awareness of risk really have the normative significance to mark such a distinction? In this paper, I answer these questions by discussing a challenge to this ‘standard account’ of the recklessness/negligence distinction raised by the work of Antony Duff, who defends an alternative, non-awareness-based model of the recklessness/negligence distinction. I will argue that, although Duff’s alternative model fails, seeing how it goes wrong helps us see how awareness genuinely does have the right kind of normative significance to mark the distinction between recklessness and negligence.