bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fictionalism in metaphysics
Authors: Caddick Bourne Emily 
Published: February 2023

Fictionalism proposes that a certain discourse – such as talk about possible worlds, or mathematical talk – is useful, perhaps even indispensable for theoretical purposes, but should not be taken as true. The fictionalist argues that the content of this discourse can be treated as fictional – as belonging to ‘the fiction of many possible worlds’ or ‘the fiction of numbers as objects’, for example. By adopting this treatment, they propose that we can have the benefits which are offered by positing entities such as worlds, without believing in them. In this way, fictionalism tries to offer a way in which we can engage in and make sense of the same kind of talk a realist licenses, but without the realist’s metaphysical commitments. ‘Fictionalism’ is a term of art, and its boundaries with neighbouring positions such as quasi-realism, error theory and deflationism are not always clear-cut, but a distinctive idea fictionalism brings to metaphysics is that we might make sense of an area of discourse by giving a realist account the status of fiction.
One way some fictionalists account for an area of discourse in fictionalist terms is by making use of fiction operators such as ‘It is true in the many-worlds fiction that …’ or ‘According to the fiction of numbers as objects …’ Another way is by suggesting that participating in such discourse could be something done in a spirit of pretence: what the realist suggests would be explained by believing in certain objects or taking certain statements to be true can, the fictionalist suggests, be explained by construing the discourse as something more like a game of make-believe in which we imagine certain objects to exist and certain facts to obtain.
Some challenges for fictionalism stem from the nature of fiction itself. For example, fictional characters, or fictions themselves, might be best understood as abstract objects, but some fictionalists want to avoid committing to abstract entities. Fictions can also be unlike the discourses fictionalists wish to capture, in certain significant ways. Other potential problems for fictionalism include a threat that it is self-defeating, some difficulties with characterizing what the content of the fiction is, and a challenge that philosophers do not know best concerning the commitments of other people’s discourse.
Truthmaking
Authors: Asay Jamin 
Published: February 2023

Truthmaking is the relationship that holds between truths and the objects in the world in virtue of which those truths are true. Truthmaker theorists deploy the idea of truthmaking in order to advance arguments for the existence of various kinds of ontological posits, critique metaphysical positions, and better articulate accounts of truth, realism and other topics.
The basic idea behind truthmaking can be found in the work of Aristotle, and is closely connected to logical atomism and correspondence theories of truth. Truthmaking came into its own as an independent research project in contemporary metaphysics in the late 20th century.
The truthmaking relation is often, but not always, thought to be a necessary, hyperintensional relation of metaphysical dependence. That is, what it is for some object x to be a truthmaker for some truth p is for the truth of p to depend on the existence of x, such that it is impossible for x to exist and p be false. As some theorists put the point, p is true in virtue of x: p is not made true by just any entity whose existence always accompanies its truth.
One major debate in the theory of truthmaking is whether or not all truths have truthmakers. Maximalists argue that all truths need truthmakers; non-maximalists argue that some truths lack truthmakers. Candidate counterexamples are negative existentials (‘There are no flying penguins’), universal generalizations (‘All humans are mortal’) and analytic truths (‘Skyscrapers are buildings’).
Truthmaker theorists frequently argue for the existence of objects such as states of affairs or tropes, as such entities, if they exist, necessitate the truth of contingent predications. For example, Socrates himself does not guarantee the truth of ‘Socrates is a philosopher’, for he might have existed but failed to become a philosopher. Hence there must be some object that brings together Socrates and the property of being a philosopher. In this way, some philosophers use truthmaker theory to argue against various forms of metaphysical nominalism. Truthmaker arguments have also been used to argue against presentism, phenomenalism and dispositionalism.
Pragmatic Encroachment
Authors: Ganson Dorit 
Published: February 2023

When Pascal entreats us to ‘Wager, then, without hesitation that He is’ upon consideration of the potential gains (all) and losses (nothing) of such a wager, we recognise that he is offering a pragmatic defence of belief in God. Similarly, when Linus inquires of Lucy, ‘Why should I believe you?’ and she responds ‘I’ll give you five good reasons’ while folding each of her fingers into a fist, we understand that she is providing a decidedly practical, non-epistemic reason for Linus to believe her. While our practical interests and circumstances are potentially relevant to the practical rationality of our doxastic attitudes, it is harder to see how such concerns could bear on the distinctively epistemic evaluation of our beliefs. According to the stance of epistemic purism (also intellectualism), practical considerations cannot make a difference when it comes to whether or not an agent’s belief that p is epistemically rational, epistemically justified, or involves her knowing that p.
According to the thesis of pragmatic encroachment (a term coined by Jonathan Kvanvig), the pragmatic ‘encroaches’ on the epistemic: practical considerations such as the potential costs of acting on p if p is false or the benefits of acting on p if p is true can make a genuine epistemic difference. Two subjects in different practical circumstances can differ with respect to whether they are epistemically justified in believing that p even though they are the same with respect to all truth-relevant, intellectual factors, such as the quantity and quality of their evidence for and against p, the reliability of the methods they rely on in forming their attitudes towards p, etc. Sometimes more evidence is needed to know or to be epistemically justified in believing as the stakes get higher and the odds longer. On the face of it, such a thesis seems quite counterintuitive. We are not inclined to think that a sudden loss of a comfortable fortune or conversion to a devil-may-care attitude will immediately undermine or enhance our ability to know. Knowledge is supposed to be ‘tied down’ to the truth − not the sort of thing that might come and go over time or across worlds with mere changes in practical interests and circumstances. A number of compelling considerations help to counter these misgivings.
Physicalism
Authors: Melnyk Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Physicalism is a view about the relationship between people’s mental properties and their physical properties. It claims that people’s mental properties are nothing over and above – nothing additional to – their physical properties. People’s mental properties would certainly be nothing over and above their physical properties if their mental properties turned out to form a proper subset of their physical properties, so that every mental property turned out to be identical with – to be literally one and the same thing as – some physical property (e.g. the physical property of having one’s brain be in such and such neurophysiological state).
People’s mental properties might also be nothing over and above their physical properties if mental properties turned out to be identical with functional properties that were physically realised. A functional property is the property of having some or other physical property that plays a particular functional role (e.g. that has certain typical causes and typical effects). For example, suppose the mental property of being in pain turns out to be the property of being in some or other internal state that is typically caused by bodily damage and that typically causes wincing and groaning. In that case, if the internal state playing that functional role is always in fact some physical state of the brain, even if it is not always the same type of physical brain state, then being in pain is nothing over and above a physical property.
The claim that a particular mental property is identical with a particular physical or functional property is not advanced as any kind of a priori claim, e.g. as a conceptual or analytic truth. It must be supported by empirical evidence. For example, it is argued that the identification of mental property M with physical property P would provide the best explanation of an observed correlation between instances of M and instances of P. Physicalism is claimed to be analogous to such a posteriori scientific hypotheses as that genes are segments of DNA or that chemical elements are systems of physical particles.
The two features of mental states that are most often argued to present a problem for physicalism are the phenomenal character of sensations (e.g. the introspectible nature of a severe toothache) and the intentionality of beliefs and desires (e.g. the fact that believing that Bhutan is in India is about Bhutan and India). Physicalists have offered physicalism-friendly accounts of both features.
Spatial Estimations of Suitable Intertidal Habitats for Conservations of Sea Urchin Community in Sancang Coast, West Java
Authors: Suprapto Purwati Kuswarini , Husna Ika Raymita , Meylani Vita , Wibowo Andri 
Published: February 2023

The intertidal zone is an important habitat for marine organisms, including sea urchins. One of the potential intertidal zones is located on West Java's Sancang Coast. However, information about suitable habitats for sea urchins in this particular intertidal zone is still limited. Here, the spatial estimation of suitable habitats has been implemented aided by scoring, interpolation and overlay analysis of environmental variables and numbers of sea urchin individuals using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Environmental variable measurements and sea urchin surveys were implemented using the belt transect method. The estimated habitats were located at the Ciporeang, Cikujangjambe and Cibako sites, representing the East, Middle and West sides of intertidal zones that have distinct environmental variables. Based on the results, there were three sea urchin species, with Stomopneustes variolaris having the highest abundance, followed by Heterocentrotus trigonarius, and the lowest one was Diadema setosum. Most species were recorded in Cibako. Correspondingly, the Cibako site has a larger zone classified as very high (70%) and highly suitable (30%) for sea urchins as characterized by seagrass and algae cover, low water temperature, high pH, and salinity parameters. On the contrary, more than 50% of the rocky Ciporeang site zones, with warmer water and low salinity and pH, are not suitable for sea urchins. Therefore, the conservation of the Sancang Coast's sea urchin community should prioritize Cibako sites.
Review on Discrimination of Hazardous Gases by Smart Sensing Technology
Authors: Bandewad Gangadhar , Datta Kunal P. , Gawali Bharti W. , Pawar Sunil N. 
Published: February 2023

Real-time detection of hazardous gases in the ambient and indoors has become the prime motive for curbing the problem of air pollution. Keeping the concentration of hazardous gases in control is the main task before human society so as to keep environmental balance. Researchers are concentrating on smart sensors because they can detect and forecast the presence of gas in real-time, provide correct information about gas concentration, and detect a target gas from a mixture of gases. This smart gas sensor system can have applications in the field of military, space, underwater, indoor, outdoors, factories, vehicles, and wearable smart devices. This study reviews recent advances in smart sensor technology with respect to the material structure, sensing technique, and discrimination algorithm. Focus is given on reducing the power consumption and area of a sensor circuitry with the help of different techniques.

Received: 29 September 2022 | Revised: 10 February 2023 | Accepted: 27 February 2023

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
Design Thinking
Authors: Cross Nigel 
Published: February 2023

Design thinking is the core creative process for any designer; this book explores and explains this apparently mysterious design ability. This new edition is a completely revised, updated and extended version of a classic text.
Focusing on what designers actually do when they are designing, the book is structured around a series of in-depth case studies of the work of outstanding and expert designers, interwoven and developed with commentary and comparison. The coverage reflects the breadth of design from architecture to engineering, consumer products to communications, and from individual designing to teamwork and collaborative designing. The scale of designing ranges from Formula One racing cars to city commuting cars, locomotives to bicycles, sewing machines to litter bins and lemon squeezers. The book is based on evidence from observation and investigation of design practice, providing insights into and understanding of design thinking, and the development of design ability from novice to expert.
This second edition of Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work offers an overview from one of design’s most experienced and influential scholars. Nigel Cross goes to the heart of what it means to think and work as a designer. It is an ideal guide for anyone who wants to become a designer or to know how good designers work in the field of contemporary design.
Measurement report: Spatiotemporal variability of peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) over Mexico City from TES and CrIS satellite measurements
Authors: Shogrin Madison J. , Payne Vivienne H. , Kulawik Susan S. , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Fischer Emily V. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) are photochemical pollutants with
implications for health and atmospheric oxidation capacity. PANs are formed
via the oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in the
presence of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). While
urban environments are large sources of PANs, in situ observations in urban
areas are limited. Here we use satellite measurements of PANs from the
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Suomi National
Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) to
evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of PANs over and around Mexico City.
Monthly mean maxima in PANs over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA)
occur during spring months (March–May). This time of year coincides with a
peak in local photochemistry and more frequent air stagnation. Local fire
activity also typically peaks between February and May, which leads to
strong interannual variability of PANs over the MCMA. We use S-NPP CrIS data
to probe the spatial outflow pattern of PANs produced within urban Mexico
City during the month with the largest mixing ratios of PANs (April). Peak
outflow in April occurs to the northeast of the city and over the mountains
south of the city. Outflow to the northwest appears infrequently. Using
observations during 2018 versus 2019, we also show that PANs were not
significantly reduced during a year, with a significant decrease in NOx
over Mexico City. Our analysis demonstrates that the space-based
observations provided by CrIS and TES can increase understanding of the
spatiotemporal variability of PANs over and surrounding Mexico City.
Incorporation of aerosol into the COSPv2 satellite lidar simulator for climate model evaluation
Authors: Bonazzola Marine , Chepfer Hélène , Ma Po-Lun , Quaas Johannes , Winker David M. , Feofilov Artem , Schutgens Nick 
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol has substantial impacts on climate, air
quality and biogeochemical cycles, and its concentrations are highly
variable in space and time. A key variability to evaluate within models that
simulate aerosol is the vertical distribution, which influences atmospheric
heating profiles and aerosol–cloud interactions, to help constrain aerosol
residence time and to better represent the magnitude of simulated impacts. To
ensure a consistent comparison between modeled and observed vertical
distribution of aerosol, we implemented an aerosol lidar simulator within
the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator
Package version 2 (COSPv2). We assessed the attenuated total backscattered
(ATB) signal and the backscatter ratios (SRs) at 532 nm in the U.S.
Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1
(E3SMv1). The simulator performs the computations at the same vertical
resolution as the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP),
making use of aerosol optics from the E3SMv1 model as inputs and assuming
that aerosol is uniformly distributed horizontally within each model
grid box. The simulator applies a cloud masking and an aerosol detection
threshold to obtain the ATB and SR profiles that would be observed above
clouds by CALIOP with its aerosol detection capability. Our analysis shows
that the aerosol distribution simulated at a seasonal timescale is generally
in good agreement with observations. Over the Southern Ocean, however, the
model does not produce the SR maximum as observed in the real world.
Comparison between clear-sky and all-sky SRs shows little differences,
indicating that the cloud screening by potentially incorrect model clouds
does not affect the mean aerosol signal averaged over a season. This
indicates that the differences between observed and simulated SR values are
due not to sampling errors, but to deficiencies in the representation of
aerosol in models. Finally, we highlight the need for future applications of lidar observations at multiple wavelengths to provide insights into aerosol properties and distribution and their representation in Earth system models.
Funerary Artifacts from Roman Ashkelon and the Rockefeller Collections
Authors: Erickson-Gini Tali , Savariego Alegre 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTIn 2019, an excavation carried out at the site of Er-Rasm, located ca. 2 km southeast of Tel Ashkelon, revealed evidence of a cemetery of the second to mid-fourth century CE in an area that was built over by a monastic community in the fifth century CE. The finds from the cemetery, a lead coffin decorated with vine scrolls and birds in repeating panels and associated artifacts such as gold threads, are comparable to those unearthed in the same general area in 1926 at Khirbet Khasis, as well as to other lead coffins found in Jerusalem and Ashdod-Yam. In addition, parts of a marble sarcophagus with carved features were discovered at Er-Rasm. These features indicate that the sarcophagus was carved with the scene of the abduction of Persephone, just like the complete example uncovered elsewhere in Ashkelon in 1972.
A Pot Bellows Fragment from Tel Megadim, Israel
Authors: Wolff Samuel R. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThis brief communication brings to light a previously unpublished ceramic fragment of a vessel that is identified as a pot bellows. The fragment was found at Tel Megadim, located in the coastal Carmel region of Israel. The importance of this discovery is that its Middle Bronze Age IIC date fixes the “turning point” between Middle Bronze Age stone pot bellows and ceramic pot bellows, a type that became popular in the Late Bronze Age and later, somewhat earlier than previously suspected.
Impact of HRM Practices on Organizational Performance and Growth with Reference to Pakistan Public and Private Banks
Authors: Baig Mirza Dilshad , Rehan Eruj Wajidi , Zaib Madiha , Wajidi Faraz Ahmed , Azhar Ali  
Published: February 2023

HRM practices play a vital role in organizational performance of banking sectors. The objective of this study is to determine how Human Resource Management processes have impacted the organizational performance of public and private banking industry in Pakistan, for that purpose, a public bank i.e. National bank of Pakistan (NBP), and a private bank, United Bank Limited (UBL) was selected. In the current company environment, HRM strategies are essential for two key reasons: talent cultivation and employee motivation. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from both the banks, and the aim of the study was explanatory. The survey was completed by an estimated 270 employees from NBP and UBL from various divisions. The analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22, specifically the Regression and Correlation functions. According to the research, NBP and UBL, Karachi's hiring practices had no bearing on organizational performance. Other HRM strategies, like as training and development, performance evaluation, remuneration, and incentives and recognition, favorably influence organizational performance. According to researchers, the study's results are useful for public and private banking sectors of Pakistan. The results of this study may be beneficial not just to the participating banks, but also to other financial organizations.
How to Value Proved but Undeveloped Petroleum Reserves
Authors: Vielhaber Lawrence M. 
Published: February 2023

Proved undeveloped reserves (PUDs) are typically assigned a value of zero when the cost to produce them is greater than the prevailing forward curve. The zero valuation occurs despite the option value contained in even the most expensive PUDs. While PUDs are worthless if spot and forward prices forever remain below the cost to produce them, they have positive value if either the spot price or a contracted futures price exceeds the cost at any time. Since the probability that future prices exceed cost is positive, PUDs have positive option value despite the industry practice. Zero valuation occurs primarily because financing is unavailable when hedging is contingent on uncertain future outcomes where probabilities cannot be modeled. The failure of models to recognize contingent hedging is a limitation that leads to chronically undervalued PUDs in marginal and sub-marginal price environments. The literature is silent on contingent hedging where financing is dependent on forward curves that will not exist until some future date. This paper introduces a model that addresses these limitations.