bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Analysis of Recidivism in Acquired Cholesteatoma Using the Kaplan-Meier Method
Authors: Nakazawa Takara , Yamamoto Yutaka , Kanno Kazuki , Kurihara Sho , Takahashi Masahiro , Morino Tsunetaro , Motegi Masaomi , Yamamoto Kazuhisa , Sakurai Yuika , Kojima Hiromi 
Published: May 2023

Objective
To analyze the time trends of recidivism of acquired cholesteatoma using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Study Design
We conducted a retrospective, observational study of 256 patients having their first cholesteatoma surgery. The cumulative recidivism-free rate was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis related to the follow-up period, pathophysiology, the extent of the disease, and recidivism pathologies.

Results
Pars flacida cholesteatoma with tympanic cavity progression had a high likelihood of recurrence disease. Pars tensa cholesteatoma led to more recurrence of the disease than the residual disease. In both pars flacida and pars tensa cholesteatoma, the incidence of disease recurrence increased even 3 years after surgery. On the contrary, the incidence of residual disease peaked within 3 years after surgery, and thereafter, the incidence of residual disease tended to be small. In particular, pars flacida cholesteatoma extending into the mastoid cavity or tympanic cavity tended to recur up to 5 years postoperatively.

Conclusions
We calculated the cumulative recidivism-free rates of 256 patients with cholesteatoma using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. These results can lead to better estimates of the length of the follow-up period.

Level of Evidence
Level IV evidence from case-control studies.
Interferon regulatory factor-8-dependent innate immune alarm senses GATA2 deficiency to alter hematopoietic differentiation and function
Authors: Johnson Kirby D. , Jung Mabel M. , Tran Vu L. , Bresnick Emery H. 
Published: May 2023

Purpose of review
Recent discoveries have provided evidence for mechanistic links between the master regulator of hematopoiesis GATA2 and the key component of interferon and innate immunity signaling pathways, interferon-regulatory factor-8 (IRF8). These links have important implications for the control of myeloid differentiation in physiological and pathological states.

Recent findings
GATA2 deficiency resulting from loss of the Gata2 −77 enhancer in progenitors triggers an alarm that instigates the transcriptional induction of innate immune signaling and distorts a myeloid differentiation program. This pathological alteration renders progenitors hyperresponsive to interferon γ, toll-like receptor and interleukin-6 signaling and impaired in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling. IRF8 upregulation in −77−/− progenitors promotes monocyte and dendritic cell differentiation while suppressing granulocytic differentiation. As PU.1 promotes transcription of Irf8 and other myeloid and B-lineage genes, GATA2-mediated repression of these genes opposes the PU.1-dependent activating mechanism.

Summary
As GATA2 deficiency syndrome is an immunodeficiency disorder often involving myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, elucidating how GATA2 commissions and decommissions genome activity and developmental regulatory programs will unveil mechanisms that go awry when GATA2 levels and/or activities are disrupted.
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Authors: Talbert Mackenzie L. , Malicdan May Christine V. , Introne Wendy J. 
Published: May 2023

Purpose of reviewChediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital immunodeficiency, bleeding diathesis, pyogenic infection, partial oculocutaneous albinism, and progressive neurodegeneration. Treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation; however, this does not treat the neurologic aspect of the disease. Mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene were identified to be causative of Chediak-Higashi, but despite many analyses, there is little functional information about theLYSTprotein. This review serves to provide an update on the clinical manifestations and cellular defects of Chediak-Higashi syndrome.Recent findingsMore recent papers expand the neurological spectrum of disease in CHS, to include hereditary spastic paraplegia and parkinsonism. Granule size and distribution in NK cells have been investigated in relation to the location of mutations in LYST. Patients with mutations in the ARM/HEAT domain had markedly enlarged granules, but fewer in number. By contrast, patients with mutations in the BEACH domain had more numerous granules that were normal in size to slightly enlarged, but demonstrated markedly impaired polarization. The role of LYST in autophagosome formation has been highlighted in recent studies; LYST was defined to have a prominent role in autophagosome lysosome reformation for the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis in neurons, while in retinal pigment epithelium cells, LYST deficiency was shown to lead to phagosome accumulation.SummaryDespite CHS being a rare disease, investigation into LYST provides an understanding of basic vesicular fusion and fission. Understanding of these mechanisms may provide further insight into the function of LYST.
Crosstalk between terminal erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis within their common niche: the erythromyeloblastic island
Authors: Romano Laurel , Seu Katie G. , Blanc Lionel , Kalfa Theodosia A. 
Published: May 2023

Purpose of review
The identity of the erythroblastic island (EBI) macrophage (Mϕ) has been under investigation for decades since it was recognized as the first hematopoietic niche ‘nursing’ terminal erythropoiesis. This review will focus on the current insights to the characteristics and the role of the EBI Mϕ balancing terminal erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis.

Recent findings
While the EBI has long been known as the niche for erythroid precursors, significant advancements in biology research technologies, including optimization of EBI enrichment protocols, single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing, and imaging flow cytometry, have recently revealed that granulocytic precursors co-exist in this niche, termed erythromyeloblastic island (EMBI). More importantly, the balance noted at baseline between terminal granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis within EBIs/EMBIs is altered with diseases affecting hematopoiesis, such as stress erythropoiesis and inflammatory conditions causing anemia of inflammation. The role of the EMBI niche has yet to be fully investigated mechanistically, however, a notable degree of transcriptional and cell surface marker heterogeneity has been identified for the EMBI Mϕ, implicating its plasticity and diverse function.

Summary
Terminal erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis are regulated within the EMBI. Investigations of their balance within this niche in health and disease may reveal new targets for treatment of diseases of terminal hematopoiesis.
Use of Elastomeric Half-Mask Respirator in the Clinical Care Environment
Authors: Bryant Ruth A. , Smith Justin M. , Tervola Ned K. , Smith Claire , Hoyt Cecely , Dawud Barite , Dugan Siobhán , St. Hill Catherine A. 
Published: May 2023

Background:
Elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHMR) reduce health care workers' exposure to airborne hazards including bioaerosols but have primarily been used in the industrial setting.

Purpose:
To assess health care workers' perceptions, attitudes, and experiences wearing EHMRs in a clinical environment.

Methods:
Employees within a single health care system who wore the EHMR continuously during their shift completed an investigator developed survey. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used.

Results:
Of the 8273 EHMR “fit-tested” eligible employees, 1478 met inclusion criteria and participated. Respondents reported that they felt well protected with the EHMR and confident in their care and maintenance of the EHMR. Although skin changes developed, they were primarily managed by adjusting the straps. Clarity of communication was a concern across all respondents and disciplines.

Conclusions:
The EHMR was preferred over reusing the N95 although clarity in communication was challenging.
Preferences for Rectal STI Sample Collection and Sexual Behaviors Among Adolescent and Young Adult Women Accessing Primary Care Services
Authors: Woods Hannah E. , Schuh Aaron M. , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Fenchel Matthew , Kowalczyk Mullins Tanya L. , Conard Lee Ann E. , Manabe Yukari C. , Widdice Lea E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Background
High prevalence of asymptomatic rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea (CT/NG) among women is increasingly recognized. Screening is controversial due to lack of natural history data. Barriers to screening may include reluctance to discuss anal sex and collect rectal samples. This study describes the prevalence of sexual contact exposing adolescent and young adult (AYA) women to extragenital STIs and acceptability of self- and clinician-collection of rectal samples, preference for self- versus clinician-collected rectal samples and preference for home or doctor’s office for sample collection.

Methods
Participants were recruited from a primary care office and completed structured interviews assessing types of sexual contact and attitudes about rectal sampling. Differences were tested using chi-square and two-sided Fisher’s exact test.

Results
Of 110 cisgender women (aged 14-22 years) enrolled, the average age was 18.4 years (SD 1.7); 83% reported a history of extragenital contact; 22% reported history of receptive anal intercourse. A majority of participants reported self- and clinician-collected rectal samples to be acceptable (86% and 73%, respectively), with preferences for self-collection (71%) over clinician-collection (29%, p < 0.001) and collection at the doctor’s office (85%) over home (15%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
AYA women engage in behaviors that increase risk for rectal STI. Self- and clinician-collected rectal samples were acceptable. A majority of AYA women preferred to collect rectal samples in the doctor’s office rather than at home. This may reduce adolescents’ access to direct-to-consumer STI services. Offering in-clinic, self-collected rectal samples may improve uptake of rectal STI screening in adolescent females.
Application of a Single T-Shaped Porous High-Density Polyethylene in Oriental Nasal Tip-Plasty
Authors: Peng Su , Huang Xin , Gu Tianya , Liang Yan , Yu Lei , Wu Jie , Guo Zongke , Lin Jinde 
Published: May 2023

Porous high-density polyethylene (pHDPE) is an alternative material for septal extension grafts. This study investigated the clinical application of a single T-shaped pHDPE graft combined with auricular cartilage in oriental nasal tip-plasty. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 66 patients who underwent septal extension graft with a T-shaped pHDPE and auricular cartilage graft from December 2018 to November 2021. All patients were female from 19 to 51 years old (average: 28.9 years). Patients were followed up for 5 to 40 months with an average of 23.8 months. The postoperative nasal length (39.8±3.7 mm) was significantly improved (35.6±5.7 mm preoperatively, P<0.0001) with the tip projection increasing from 23.9±2.3 mm preoperatively to 25.3±2.4 mm postoperatively (P=0.0005). There was a significant difference in the nasolabial angle (96.8±14.1 degrees preoperatively versus 101.8±7.2 degrees postoperatively, P=0.0105) but no significant change in the nasofrontal angle (143.3±9.5 degrees preoperatively versus 143.7±5.5 degrees postoperatively, P=0.7546), with an improved tip projection achieved in 93.9% of patients. One patient had an abscess in the nasal septum and a tip graft was performed using auricular cartilage in another patient because of an insufficient postoperative tip projection. There was a slight tip deviation in 2 patients, 1 case of a deviated nasal tip was corrected with a pHDPE sheet graft, while the other was left intact. Two patients had excess cartilaginous graft protruding to the nasal cavity that did not affect nasal ventilation and the shape of the nasal tip was relatively good, so the prominent cartilaginous graft was not addressed. In conclusion, this technique not only improved the bulbous nasal tip, lengthened the short nose, and increase the tip projection, but also prevented absorption of the existing septal cartilage and reduced infection or extrusion of the pHDPE.
Characterisation of populations at risk of sub-optimal dosing of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Africa
Authors: Takyi Abena , Carrara Verena I. , Dahal Prabin , Przybylska Marianna , Harriss Eli , Insaidoo Genevieve , Barnes Karen I. , Guerin Philippe J , Stepniewska Kasia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionSelection of resistant malaria strains occurs when parasites are exposed to inadequate antimalarial drug concentrations. The proportion of uncomplicatedfalciparummalaria patients at risk of being sub-optimally dosed with the current World Health Organization (WHO) recommended artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is unknown. This study aims to estimate this proportion and the excess number of treatment failures (recrudescences) associated with sub-optimal dosing in Sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsSub-populations at risk of sub-optimal dosing include wasted children <5 years of age; patients with hyperparasitaemia; pregnant women; people living with HIV; and overweight adults. Country-level data on population structure were extracted from openly accessible data sources. Pooled adjusted Hazard Ratios for PCR-confirmed recrudescence were estimated for each risk group from published meta-analyses using fixed-effect meta-analysis.ResultsIn 2020, of 153.1 million uncomplicatedP. falciparummalaria patients in Africa, the largest risk groups were the hyperparasitaemic patients (13.2 million, 8.6% of uncomplicated malaria cases) and overweight adults (10.3 million, 6.7% of uncomplicated cases). The excess total number of treatment failures ranged from 323,247 for a 98% baseline ACT efficacy to 1,292,987 for a 92% baseline ACT efficacy.ConclusionAn estimated 1 in nearly 4 people with uncomplicated confirmedP. falciparummalaria in Africa are at risk of receiving a sub-optimal antimalarial drug dosing. This increases the risk of antimalarial drug resistance and poses a serious threat to malaria control and elimination efforts. Changes in antimalarial dosing or treatment duration of current antimalarials may be needed and new antimalarials development should ensure sufficient drug concentration levels in these sub-populations that carry a high malaria burden.
Infection by SARS-CoV-2 with alternate frequencies of mRNA vaccine boosting for patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment for cancer
Authors: Townsend Jeffrey P. , Hassler Hayley B. , Emu Brinda , Dornburg Alex 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPatients undergoing antineoplastic therapies often exhibit reduced immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, necessitating assessment of alternate boosting frequencies for these patients. However, data on reinfection risks to guide clinical decision-making is limited. We quantified reinfection risks of SARS-CoV-2 at different mRNA boosting frequencies of patients on antineoplastic therapies. Antibody levels following Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccination were analyzed for patients without cancer, with cancer undergoing various treatments, and treated with different antineoplastic therapeutics. Using long-term antibody data from other coronaviruses in an evolutionary framework, we estimated infection probabilities based on antibody levels and projected waning. We calculated cumulative probabilities of breakthrough infection for alternate booster schedules over two years. Annual boosting reduced risks for targeted or hormonal treatments, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy-immunotherapy combinations similarly to the general population. Patients receiving no treatment or chemotherapy exhibited higher risks, suggesting that accelerated vaccination schedules should be considered. Patients treated with rituximab therapy posed the highest infection risk, suggesting that a combination of frequent boosting and additional interventions may be warranted for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection in these patients.
Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated risk factors among staff and residents at homeless shelters in King County, Washington: an active surveillance study
Authors: Rogers Julia H. , Cox Sarah N. , Link Amy C. , Nwanne Gift , Han Peter D. , Pfau Brian , Chow Eric J. , Wolf Caitlin R. , Boeckh Michael , Hughes James P. , Halloran Elizabeth , Uyeki Timothy M. , Shim Mia , Duchin Jeffrey , Englund Janet A. , Mosites Emily , Rolfes Melissa A. , Starita Lea A. , Chu Helen Y. 
Published: May 2023

SummaryHomeless shelter residents and staff may be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection estimates in this population have been reliant on cross-sectional or outbreak investigation data. We conducted routine surveillance and outbreak testing in 23 homeless shelters in King County, Washington to estimate the occurrence of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk factors during 1/1/2020-5/31/2021. Symptom surveys and nasal swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR for residents aged ≥3 months and staff. We collected 12,915 specimens from 2,930 unique participants. We identified 4.74 (95% CI 4.00 – 5.58) SARS-CoV-2 infections per 100 individuals (residents: 4.96, 95% CI 4.12 – 5.91; staff: 3.86, 95% CI 2.43 – 5.79). Most infections were asymptomatic at time of detection (74%) and detected during routine surveillance (73%). Outbreak testing yielded higher test positivity compared to routine surveillance (2.7% vs. 0.9%). Among those infected, residents were less likely to report symptoms than staff. Participants who were vaccinated against seasonal influenza and were current smokers had lower odds of having an infection detected. Active surveillance that includes SARS-CoV-2 testing of all persons is essential in ascertaining the true burden of SARS-CoV-2 infections among residents and staff of congregate settings.
Antiviral activities of sotrovimab against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of treated patients
Authors: Bruel Timothée , Vrignaud Lou-Léna , Porrot Françoise , Staropoli Isabelle , Planas Delphine , Guivel-Benhassine Florence , Puech Julien , Prot Matthieu , Munier Sandie , Henry-Bolland William , Soulié Cathia , Zafilaza Karen , Lusivika-Nzinga Clovis , Meledge Marie-Laure , Dorival Céline , Molino Diana , Péré Hélène , Yordanov Youri , Simon-Lorière Etienne , Veyer David , Carrat Fabrice , Schwartz Olivier , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Martin-Blondel Guillaume ,   the ANRS 0003S CoCoPrev Study Group
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike of SARS-CoV-2 prevent severe COVID-19. Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 evade neutralization of therapeutic mAbs, leading to recommendations against their use. Yet, the antiviral activities of mAbs in treated patients remain ill-defined.MethodsWe investigated neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of D614G, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in 320 sera from 80 immunocompromised patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 prospectively treated with mAbs (sotrovimab, n=29; imdevimab/casirivimab, n=34; cilgavimab/tixagevimab, n=4) or anti-protease (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, n=13). We measured live-virus neutralization titers and quantified ADCC with a reporter assay.FindingsOnly Sotrovimab elicits serum neutralization and ADCC against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. As compared to D614G, sotrovimab neutralization titers of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 are reduced (71- and 58-fold, respectively), but ADCC levels are only slightly decreased (1.4- and 1-fold, for BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, respectively).InterpretationOur results show that sotrovimab is active against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in treated individuals, suggesting that it may be a valuable therapeutic option.
Convolutional neural network reveals frequency content of medio-lateral COM body sway to be highly predictive of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Engel David , Greulich R. Stefan , Parola Alberto , Vinehout Kaleb , Dowiasch Stefan , Waldthaler Josefine , Timmermann Lars , Rothkopf Constantin A. , Bremmer Frank 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPostural instability as a symptom of progressing Parkinson’s disease (PD) greatly reduces quality of life. Hence, early detection of postural impairments is crucial to facilitate interventions. Our aim was to use a convolutional neural network (CNN) to differentiate people with early to mid-stage PD from healthy age-matched individuals based on spectrogram images obtained from their body movement. We hypothesized the time-frequency content of body sway to be predictive of PD, even when impairments are not yet manifested in day-to-day postural control. We tracked their center of pressure (COP) using a Wii Balance Board and their full-body motion using a Microsoft Kinect, out of which we calculated the trajectory of their center of mass (COM). We used 30 s-snippets of motion data from which we acquired wavelet-based time-frequency spectrograms that were fed into a custom-built CNN as labeled images. We used binary classification to have the network differentiate between individuals with PD and controls (n=15, respectively). Classification performance was best when the medio-lateral motion of the COM was considered. Here, our network reached an average predictive accuracy of 98.45 % with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 1.0. Moreover, an explainable AI approach revealed high frequencies in the postural sway data to be most distinct between both groups. Our findings suggest a CNN classifier based on cost-effective and conveniently obtainable posturographic data to be a promising approach to detect postural impairments in early to mid-stage PD and to gain novel insight into the subtle characteristics of impairments at this stage of the disease.
A distinct cross-reactive autoimmune response in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
Authors: Bodansky Aaron , Sabatino Joseph J. , Vazquez Sara E. , Chou Janet , Novak Tanya , Moffitt Kristin L. , Miller Haleigh S. , Kung Andrew F. , Rackaityte Elze , Zamecnik Colin R. , Rajan Jayant V. , Kortbawi Hannah , Mandel-Brehm Caleigh , Mitchell Anthea , Wang Chung-Yu , Saxena Aditi , Zorn Kelsey , Yu David J.L. , Asaki James , Pluvinage John V. , Wilson Michael R. , Loftis Laura L. , Hobbs Charlotte V. , Tarquinio Keiko M. , Kong Michele , Fitzgerald Julie C. , Espinal Paula S. , Walker Tracie C. , Schwartz Stephanie P. , Crandall Hillary , Irby Katherine , Staat Mary Allen , Rowan Courtney M. , Schuster Jennifer E. , Halasa Natasha B. , Gertz Shira J. , Mack Elizabeth H. , Maddux Aline B. , Cvijanovich Natalie Z. , Zinter Matt S. , Zambrano Laura D. , Campbell Angela P. , Randolph Adrienne G. , Anderson Mark S. , DeRisi Joseph L. ,   the Overcoming COVID-19 Network Study Group Investigators
Published: May 2023

AbstractMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, post-infectious sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet the pathophysiological mechanism connecting the infection to the broad inflammatory syndrome remains unknown. Here we leveraged a large set of MIS-C patient samples (n=199) to identify a distinct set of host proteins that are differentially targeted by patient autoantibodies relative to matched controls. We identified an autoreactive epitope within SNX8, a protein expressed primarily in immune cells which regulates an antiviral pathway associated with MIS-C pathogenesis. In parallel, we also probed the SARS-CoV-2 proteome-wide MIS-C patient antibody response and found it to be differentially reactive to a distinct domain of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein relative to controls. This viral N region and the mapped SNX8 epitope bear remarkable biochemical similarity. Furthermore, we find that many children with anti-SNX8 autoantibodies also have T-cells cross-reactive to both SNX8 and this distinct domain of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Together, these findings suggest that MIS-C patients develop a distinct immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 N protein that is associated with cross reactivity to the self-protein SNX8, demonstrating a link from the infection to the inflammatory syndrome.