bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumours of the thyroid gland
Authors: Gurunathan Ramesh , Paleri Vinidh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and is increasing in frequency, representing 1% of all malignancies. Histological subtypes of thyroid cancer—papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic behave differently and require different approaches to treatment. Multidisciplinary decision-making may lead to the offer of a range of treatments including hemithyroidectomy, total thyroidectomy, radioiodine remnant ablation, and neck dissection. Staging systems that permit evidence-based application of these therapeutic modalities are discussed.
Eyelid reconstruction
Authors: Alrawi Mogdad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Eyelids are important structures in the periorbital region. The upper eyelid acts as a dynamic shutter, while the lower is static; together they protect the globe. The rich blood supply from the facial and ophthalmic arteries form an arcade supplying both the upper and lower eyelids. Partial or complete loss of an eyelid component must be reconstructed when possible to protect the globe. Most partial- and full-thickness defects of the eyelid result from trauma or oncological resection. Partial defect of the anterior lamella can be reconstructed with a full-thickness skin graft commonly harvested from the upper eyelid or from the postauricular skin; both have similar colour and texture to the recipient site. The choice of local or regional flaps for partial defects from the periorbita depends on the site, size, and configuration of the defect. Full-thickness defects of posterior and anterior lamella should be reconstructed with a combination of grafts and flaps or a composite flap. The use of the upper eyelid as the donor to reconstruct the lower eyelid should be avoided when dealing with full-thickness defects to avoid compromising the dynamic function of the upper eyelid. This chapter provides a platform to understand the fundamental principles of eyelid reconstruction. In more severe cases where local and regional options are not available, free tissue transfer must be considered.
Aesthetic surgery of the leg
Authors: Papas Athanasios , Soldin Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Aesthetic surgery of the lower limb has been gradually developing over the past few decades. Despite the high complication rates of surgery, demand for well-defined legs has recently increased. In this chapter, the various elements that contribute to the ideal aesthetic leg and the available modalities that assist in achieving the optimal aesthetic outcome are discussed. Techniques of calf augmentation, resection of gastrocnemius muscle, and circumferential liposuction are analysed. Key points are emphasized in order to reach the desired goal and to avoid complications that may lead to functional impairment.
FAST discovery of an extra plume in DDO 168
Authors: Yu Nai-Ping , Zhu Ming , Xu Jin-Long , Zhang Chuan-Peng , Liu Xiao-Lan , Jiang Peng , Wang Jun-Jie 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
With the aim to study the extended H i environment around dwarf galaxies in the local universe, we performed a high-sensitivity H i observation of the DDO 168 and DDO 167 pair using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). We chose this pair as previous studies indicate that DDO 168 might have undergone an interaction with a local companion. Based on this deep observation, no new extra gas was found around DDO 167 and it was hardly resolved by FAST. On the other hand, on the north side of DDO 168 we discovered an extended plume of H i gas which has never been detected before. The plume has a ring-like structure with a radius of about 5.0 kpc and its gas mass is estimated to be 5.2 × 107 M⊙. The expanding velocity of the plume is about 30 km s−1, corresponding to a dynamical age of about 200 Myr. The position–velocity (PV) diagrams cut through the two galaxies show a short and pronounced ‘spur’ pointing to DDO 167 from DDO 168, indicating a tidal interaction between the two galaxies. We also found an H i knot in the plume. The gas mass of the knot is about 9.5 × 106 M⊙. This value is much higher than its virial mass, indicating the knot is gravitationally unstable and star formation will take place there in the future. Our study suggests that the ring-like structure of the plume might be caused by the passage of DDO 167 through the outer disc of DDO 168 about 200 Myr ago. We also discussed other plausible scenarios for the origin of the plume.
Study of the open clusters in Kepler prime field
Authors: Karataş Yüksel , Çakmak Hikmet , Akkaya Oralhan İnci , Bonatto Charles , Michel Raúl , Netopil Martin 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTWe present a detailed study of NGC 6791, NGC 6811, NGC 6819, and NGC 6866, the four open clusters that are located in the Kepler prime field. We use new CCD UBV(RI)KC photometry, which was combined with Gaia EDR3 photometric/astrometric data, to derive the astrophysical parameters with two-independent methods – one of them the fitCMD algorithm. Furthermore, we provide among others estimates of the mass and mass function, the cluster structure, derive the cluster orbits, and discuss the cluster dynamics. All objects belong to the older open cluster population (∼1–7 Gyr), are in an advanced dynamical stage with signs of mass segregation, and are located close to the solar circle, but show a large range in respect of radii, member stars or observed cluster mass ($\sim 100\!-\!2000\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$). For the three younger objects, we were also able to provide photometric metallicity estimates, which confirms their status as clusters with a roughly solar metallicity. The most outstanding object is clearly NGC 6791, a very old cluster with a high metallicity at a distance of about 4.5 kpc from the Sun. We estimate a probable radial migration by about 7 kpc, resulting in a birth position close to the Galactic centre.
The halo bispectrum as a sensitive probe of massive neutrinos and baryon physics
Authors: Yankelevich Victoria , McCarthy Ian G , Kwan Juliana , Stafford Sam G , Liu Jia 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
The power spectrum has been a workhorse for cosmological studies of large-scale structure. However, the present-day matter distribution is highly non-Gaussian and significant cosmological information is also contained in higher order correlation functions. Meanwhile, baryon physics (particularly active galactic nucleus feedback) has previously been shown to strongly affect the two-point statistics but there has been limited exploration of its effects on higher order functions to date. Here, we use the bahamas suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to explore the effects of baryon physics and massive neutrinos on the halo bispectrum. In contrast to matter clustering which is suppressed by baryon physics, we find that the halo clustering is typically enhanced. The strength of the effect and the scale over which it extends depends on how haloes are selected. On small scales ($k \gtrsim 1$ h Mpc−1, dominated by satellites of groups/clusters), we find that the bispectrum is highly sensitive to the efficiency of star formation and feedback, making it an excellent testing ground for galaxy formation models. We show that the effects of feedback and the effects of massive neutrinos are largely separable (independent of each other) and that massive neutrinos strongly suppress the halo bispectrum on virtually all scales up to the free-streaming length (apart from the smallest scales, where baryon physics dominates). The strong sensitivity of the bispectrum to neutrinos on the largest scales and galaxy formation physics on the smallest scales bodes well for upcoming precision measurements from the next generation of wide-field surveys.
Hong Kong Media and Asia's Cold War
Authors: Fu Po-Shek 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
British Hong Kong was a historical anomaly in the Cold War. It experienced no “hot war” or organized movement for independence, and yet it was a key battlefield of Asia’s cultural Cold War, thanks largely to its unique location right next to Mao’s China. The large influx of filmmakers, writers, and intellectuals from the mainland after 1948–1949 made the colony a hub of mass entertainment and popular publications in the region. Based on untapped archival materials, contemporary sources, and numerous interviews with filmmakers, magazine editors, and student activists, this book sheds lights on the contest between Communist China, Nationalist Taiwan, and the United States to mobilize the colony’s cinema and print media to win the hearts and minds of ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia and around the world. At the front and center of this propaganda and psychological warfare was the émigré media industry. It was the golden age of Mandarin cinema and popular culture. In the wake of the 1967 riots through the 1970s, the emergence of a new, local-born generation challenged and reshaped the Cold War networks of émigré cultural production and led to a gradual winding down of Hong Kong’s cultural Cold War. This brings to light specifically the ways in which global conflicts were localized, intertwined with myriad local historical experiences and cultural formation. British Hong Kong was, in fact, a crossroads in the Cold War where the global, the regional, and the local intersected.
Economic Vulnerability and the Role of Human Capital
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the first component of the structural vulnerability model. Those in poverty are more likely to have characteristics that disadvantage them from competing in the labor market. In particular, they often lack human capital. Human capital refers to that basket of skills, attributes, and qualifications that individuals bring with them into the job market. The lack of human capital results in greater vulnerability vis-à-vis certain life crises occurring more often and with greater intensity. For example, those with less human capital are more likely to experience job instability, longer periods of unemployment, lower wages, and part-time work. Each of these, in turn, is associated with an elevated risk of poverty. The chapter also explores the overall increasing risk and vulnerability in American society over the last 50 years, particularly for those at the lower end of the income distribution.
Introduction
Authors: Braveman Paula 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Introduction discusses the social determinants of health and health disparities. It defines these concepts, identifies key determinants, and provides a step-by-step overview of current knowledge of how social determinants influence health and produce health disparities. A critical mass of knowledge on the social determinants of health has accumulated, documenting associations, exploring causal pathways and biological mechanisms, and providing a previously unavailable scientific foundation for appreciating the fundamental role of social factors in health. The questions are no longer whether social factors—such as economic hardship, living conditions, and discrimination—influence health and health disparities but, rather, how they do so and how best to intervene. Health disparities—differences in health between more and less advantaged social groups, such as wealthy people and poor people, or White people and African Americans—are the products of disparities in social determinants, including disparities in power and in access to key resources and opportunities that directly or indirectly affect health. The role of social determinants of health is often hidden because their health effects may not manifest for decades. We must look upstream—that is, at the beginning of long, often complex causal chains—to identify the most fundamental social factors that powerfully shape health and health disparities. Addressing only the more visible downstream factors may not be effective because upstream causes will continue to set in motion the causal chains leading to ill health.
Later Complications
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a specific type of neurodegenerative process within the brain that can only be diagnosed by doing a brain autopsy after the affected person has died. There is much left to learn about CTE; however, scientists believe that those with chronic exposure to subconcussive injuries may be at risk. Although clinical criteria for diagnosing CTE before brain autopsy have not yet been officially accepted, researchers are actively trying to understand what types of symptoms and difficulties individuals with CTE pathology might have experienced before their death. Commonly reported symptoms include changes in thinking abilities and mood, though these symptoms are common in many conditions. Other neurodegenerative conditions that have been reported as associated with head injury include Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Any athlete who is worried or concerned about the cumulative effects of multiple concussions, exposure to subconcussive injury, or CTE or other neurodegeneration should ask their health care provider for a multidisciplinary referral to include neurological and neuropsychological evaluation. Regardless of the cause of symptoms, health care providers can help patients feel better and better manage their symptoms. Patients may experience persisting symptoms after concussion, or they may have other medical or neurological conditions that are treatable. Receiving appropriate evaluations and effective treatments for specific symptoms will significantly improve patients’ daily functioning and quality of life.
Occupational and Work Issues Related to Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Employees who have sustained a concussion must take into account special considerations. Symptoms of concussion may make it difficult for them to safely complete work tasks or to be productive while at work. In addition, work settings may make concussion symptoms worse for those who are still symptomatic. Depending on the job, employees may need to take some time off until they are cleared by a medical professional (if the work could pose a risk to the employee or others during the recovery period). It is important for employees to stay in communication with their employer and seek guidance from their health care provider following a concussion in order to promote a smooth transition back to work.
Distant Rescues
Authors: Pummer Theron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers a number of differences between cases in which one can rescue nearby strangers (who are drowning or imperiled by hurtling boulders) and cases in which one can use time or money to help distant strangers in need of food, shelter, or medical care. These include differences with respect to distance, salience, uniqueness, injustice, and diffusion. On the basis of several “clean” cases, it is argued that—whether taken individually or in combination—these differences would not make it the case that, while it is wrong not to save a nearby stranger (at a given cost), it is permissible not to save a distant stranger (at a similar cost). Nor would these differences make it the case that it is permissible to save one near stranger rather than two distant strangers. Differences with respect to “risky diffusion” are an exception to these claims.
Migrations
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Exploring the history of migration, this chapter explains how worldwide pre-1914 large-scale migration gave way to an era of Total War, in which migration was greatly decreased and primarily took the form of refugees. Particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, migration rates increased around the world, legal barriers to migration were partially dismantled and new migration patterns developed. In the concluding decades of the century, migration expanded, reaching pre-1914 levels, distinctions between migrants and refugees became blurred and large migrant communities created social and political tensions.
Consumers
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of consumerism in the second half of the twentieth century. It outlines the origins and development of a consumer society and delineates the different possibilities for consumerism in different parts of the world. Also discussed are the effects of changing rates of economic growth and the late-twentieth-century worldwide wave of privatization and deregulation on consumerism, as well as showing some of the features, ranging from advertising to supermarkets to credit cards, through which consumerism developed and maintained.
Conclusions
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The book’s conclusions discuss four main features of the second half of the twentieth century: one such feature is the age of exponentials, a period of human history in which rapid and accelerating rates of growth occurred in a wide variety of venues. The second is global orders—attempts to organize economic, political, and social, sometimes even intellectual and cultural structures on a worldwide scale. Then there is the contrast between the cosmopolitan and the local, the coexistence—more accurately, the mutual interaction and reinforcement—of a growing network of global interconnections, of movement of goods, capital, people, and information across borders of sovereign states, continents, and oceans, with the increasing strength of nationalism, particularism, religious intolerance, and xenophobia. Finally, there is the contrast between great expectations and more prosaic realities, which, it is argued, were a signature feature of the entire Age of Interconnection.
The German Response to Idealism I
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche responded vehemently to German idealism. Schopenhauer purported to revert to a more purely Kantian position, accepting Kant’s distinction between appearances and things in themselves; but he replaced Kant’s conception of ourselves and God as ultimately free and rational minds with a conception of ourselves and of all reality as ultimately irrational will. Nietzsche, like Hume before him, purported to abjure metaphysics altogether, but his perspectivism can be considered a form of idealist epistemology that anticipates much philosophy to follow.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on positive and negative developments in recent years. It welcomes the decline in the prison population and the increased focus on disproportionality. It also discusses those developments which can be viewed as negatives ones, particularly the continuing high imprisonment rate and the continued use of methods of restraining children and young people in custody. It focusses on the impact of Covid-19 on the courts, the prison population and the use of FPNs before discussing the arguments for abolition of the use of imprisonment or its reform. We then refer to the discourse of human rights—both its importance and the attacks on it, before referring to the re-emergence of problem-solving courts. Lastly the authors’ concerns as to ‘what needs to be done’ are considered.
Full Protection and Security and the Rule of Law
Authors: Mantilla Blanco Sebastián 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Constitutional law analogies are valuable tools for approaching the function and scope of international investment protection standards, as these standards reflect and foster principles ordinarily associated with the rule of law. The standard of full protection and security requires authorities to exercise due diligence in the prevention and redress of injuries originating in non-State sources of risk, such as wrongful conduct by private parties. In this sense, the standard echoes the core security function of the modern State, which is a necessary condition for the full realization of the rule of law. In their analysis of State conduct through the prism of due diligence, arbitral tribunals regularly resort to criteria that mirror fundamental rule-of-law tenets, such as due process, reasonableness, and non-discrimination.
Risking the Rule of Law?
Authors: Hindelang Steffen , de Mora , Patricia Sarah Stöbener , Lachmann Niels 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This contribution investigates whether international investment law and its substantive protection standards could entail potential risks in relation to the rule of law’s normative foundations informed by human rights and sustainable development. Answering this in the affirmative, it identifies such risks and finds that risks could be mitigated through treaty interpretation and the principle of systemic integration of relevant international commitments. An empirical study of selected decisions where human rights of others than investors, or sustainable development concerns, were at stake gives on the one hand indications of an increasing awareness and application of such systemic integration. On the other hand, however, it reveals ambiguities and unevenness in the decisions of investment tribunals when addressing human rights and sustainable development issues. The concluding discussion also addresses whether the more recent trend towards specific mentions of human rights and sustainable developments concerns in international investment agreements, or current attempts to settle investor-State disputes in a multilateral framework will solve the issue.
Implementing Reparations and Achieving Balance
Authors: Moffett Luke 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings together many of the themes raised throughout the book to examine how to find the goldilocks zone of reparations as balance. Beginning with symbolic reparations at one end of the balance spectrum it examines how, in the face of being unable to reach full reparations, a balance can be struck between different interests to make them more than tokenistic. Part of this is the value of process and outcomes, connected with procedural justice in ensuring respect for the parties involved. Three factors of reparations as balance are also emphasized: victim agency; responsible actors’ ownership; and assessing the balance. The last part of this chapter discusses at length two examples of the experiences of victims receiving reparations and the continuing consequences they live with.
The Scope and Intensity of Responsive Judicial Review
Authors: Dixon Rosalind 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the ideas set out in Part 1 translate into potential doctrinal guidance for courts in the context of judgments about the intensity and scope of judicial review. Specifically, it explores debates about constructional choice and the making of constitutional implications, and the application of doctrines of proportionality and US-style tiered review. It suggests that the legitimacy of constitutional implications will depend on an amalgam of legal and political factors, and the degree to which implications respond to threats to the “democratic minimum more” or urgent, systemic, and irreversible risks to human dignity. It further shows how attention to risks of electoral and institutional monopoly, democratic blind spots, and burdens of inertia can usefully inform the application of tests of this kind.