bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value Chain of Cotton Industry: A Study in Adilabad and Nalgonda Districts of Telangana
Authors: M. N. Shwetha , Devi I. Shakuntala , Lavanya T. , Meena A. 
Published: August 2023

Aim: To identify the main chain actors involved in value chain of cotton and asses their linkage, roles and responsibilities in the value chain and to map the complete value chain of cotton from producers to consumers.
Methodology: Descriptive statistics mainly value chain analysis is used to map the generic value chain of cotton. The required primary data about the movement of cotton along the length of the value chain were collected from different stake holders involved in the value chain through pretested questionnaires by employing personal interview method.
Results: It was found that value chain of cotton includes many stakeholders like input suppliers, producers, intermediaries, processors like ginners, spinners, weavers, dyers and printers and garment manufactures, playing their respective role in the value chain.
Conclusion: Cotton crop undergoes multistage processing at the industrial level and it has very complex value chain involving multiple stake holders. Cotton has enormous potential as a source of raw materials for the textile industry. However, the low productivity, which is primarily the result of suboptimal farming practices, limits the total expansion of the cotton business. There is a need to set up a common platform which engage all stakeholders from farmer to consumers and strengthen the linkage between them so as to trade without the mediation of the brokers or commission agents.
Pharmaceutical Significance of Oxotungsten and Oxochromium Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from Thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Khanna Charu , Gautam Hemendra , Shukla Rahul 
Published: August 2023

The thiosemicarbazones of bis(5-chlorosalicylaldehyde), bis(trifluoroacetylacetone), and their complexes with oxotungsten and oxochromium have been produced as metal complexes. These complexes have been identified by their IR, electronic, molar, and magnetic moment spectra. These studies have shown that the metal ion is surrounded by an octahedral geometry. Additionally, the complexes were examined for potential medicinal uses.
Microbial agents acquiring drug resistant tendencies, have infected human beings, this research explores synthesis and characterization of these Schiff base metal complexes showing biological properties and were evaluated for their in-vitro anti-microbial activity. Antibacterial activity was examined by agar plate diffusion technique. Antifungal properties were examined by the radial growth method using agar-agar culture. The results show that activity increases on chelation. This activity is affected by the nature of substituents. This in relation to the lipophilicity of the ligands and their membrane permeability, is a key factor in determining their entry inside the cell.
Prevalence and Determinants of Undetectable Viremia among Recipients of Care Receiving HIV/AIDS Care in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: Oladigbolu R. A. , Akpenna D. , Immanuel C. , Okwor E. , Ekeh C. , Akinjeji O. A. , Anyanwu P. , Obasa G. B. , Abbah F. I. , Nnanna V. N. , Iniama D. , Abah P. , Majekodunmi C. , Nwafejeokwu Afamefune H. 
Published: August 2023

Background: Globally the benefits of undetectable viremia in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS have been established.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of undetectable viral load amongst HIV/AIDS clients receiving care and treatment in RISE-supported facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from a validated Retention and Audit Determination Tool (RADET) file generated in September 2021. This was cleaned, imported into, and analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (IBM SPSS) statistical package version 25. The prevalence of undetectable viremia was determined using descriptive statistics, and factors associated with undetectable viremia were assessed using chi-square analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of undetectable viremia at an alpha level of <0.05 at a 95% confidence interval.
Results: out of 47,575 recipients on care, 85.7% had undetectable viremia. Residing in rural areas (p<0.001, OR=1.3), respondents aged 25-49 years (p=0.008, OR=1.32), and those placed on Multi-Month Dispensing (MMD 6) (p<0.001, OR=1.45) were more likely to have undetectable viremia. While students (p=0.035, OR=1.2), and those employed (p=0.001, OR=1.102) were less likely to have undetectable viremia.
Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of undetectable viremia. The determinants were occupation, residing in rural areas, productive age group, and being on MMD 6. Multiple interventions that include phone reminders and behavioral models to support self-care amongst urban dwellers are imperative. Differentiated interventions that include operation Triple Zero (OTZ) and Community Adolescent Treatment Supports (CATs) targeting the pediatric age group are needed to support the adherence to ART and undetectable viremia.
Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among Patients Aged 50-75 Years Attending Diabetic Clinic at Mbagathi Hospital Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors: Nyakaba Tom Michira , Mogere Dominic , Koyio Lucina , Kariuki Peterson 
Published: August 2023

Background: According to research, nearly 60% of persons with type 1 diabetes are likely to experience diabetes retinopathy after 20 years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes type 1. Nearly 40 % of all persons with unrestrained type 2 diabetes are likely to experience diabetes retinopathy during their lifetime.
Objective: The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with Diabetes Retinopathy among patients aged between 50 - 75 years seeking care at Mbagathi Hospital Nairobi County, Kenya.
Method: This study used an analytical cross-sectional study design. A systematic random sampling design was used to recruit study partakers. The sample size for this study was 151 study respondents. Both Bivariate and binary logistic regression techniques were also utilized to evaluate the degree of association between the independent and the dependent variable. Statistical significance was set at p=<0.05.
Results: The prevalence of diabetes retinopathy (non-proliferati ve diabetes retinopathy) in this study was 31.5% indicating this is a real public health concern that needs an urgent multisectoral approach. From this study, The presence of laboratory services (OR=10,95%CI=3.56-30.99), support group (OR=5.2,95%CI=1.81-14.85), provision of health care message (OR=11.6,95%CI=3.46-38.59), normal BMI (OR=3.6.95%CI=19.88-65.36) reduced the odds of diabetes retinopathy. Drinking alcohol (OR=22,95%CI=0.003-0.771), smoking (OR=33.95%, CI=0.004-0.262), uncontrolled blood sugars (OR=4,95%CI=19.89-65.36) increased the odds of diabetes retinopathy. Low education level (OR=5.9,95%CI=0.03-0.79), earning less than 6000 Ksh per month (OR=9,95%CI=0.04-0.29) smoking (OR=33.3,95%CI=0.004-0.262), uncontrolled blood sugars (OR=4,95%CI=19.89-65.36) increased the odds of diabetes retinopathy.
Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was high, earning less than 6000 Ksh per month, drinking alcohol, smoking, Low education level, and having uncontrolled blood sugars increased the odds of diabetes retinopathy. The presence of laboratory services, support group, provision of health care messages, and normal BMI reduced the odds of diabetes retinopathy
Pharmacological Investigation of In-vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Thrombolytic, Cytotoxic and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Diospyros malabarica
Authors: Chowdhury Maria , Sultana Lamia Akter , Joya Azijun Chowdhury , Shomudro Hasib Khan 
Published: August 2023

Aims: This study was designed to investigate the effects of leaf extracts of Diospyros malabarica plant (EEDML) on a number of in vitro activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic activities, as well as in vivo analgesic activities.
Place and Duration of Study: The Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology at the Department of Pharmacy and the Laboratory of Microbiology at Stamford University Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, conducted this investigation from January 2022 to June 2023.
Methodology: The study employed the Egg Albumin Protein Denaturation Assay to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of various doses. The Disk Diffusion Method was employed for conducting an antimicrobial assay. Different tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of thrombolytic and cytotoxic substances. These tests included the Clot Lysis assay and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. In-vivo analgesic testing was conducted using the hot plate method and the acetic acid-induced writhing test.
Results: The experimental tests showed significant pain-relieving effects, with inhibition percentages of 46.2% and 66.61% observed at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The anti-inflammatory test showed a significant inhibition of EEDML at a concentration of 1000μg/mL, with an inhibition rate of 85.45%. The antimicrobial test showed a moderate antimicrobial effect, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 07-15, depending on the microorganism and dosage. The thrombolytic test showed a clot lysis rate of 85.37%, while the cytotoxic test indicated an LC50 value of 1.47.
Conclusion: EEDML's phytochemical displays strong pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential for drug discovery in diverse areas.
4 AT Delirium Assessment Tool in Hospitalized Non-ICU Patients (≥65 Years): A Systematic Review on Validity and Reliability
Authors: Hassabo Mohamed Ali Ahmed , Mohamed Abdulrhman Mohamed Ali , Khaira Massab Bashir 
Published: August 2023

Background: Delirium is a frequent acute neuropsychiatric illness that affects attention, consciousness, and cognition.
Objectives: The 4AT evaluation tool's validity and reliability in hospitalized non-ICU patients over 65 were assessed in this systematic study.
Method: PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework were used, and relevant research papers were found utilizing several databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and ScienceDirect). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to evaluate the study's quality.
Results: 257 relevant publications were found, and only ten articles were selected based on inclusion criteria after the screening. Several studies were reported from various regions, including Asia, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Furthermore, studies found varying prevalence levels for 4AT and control groups, with the greatest for the 4AT group being 40.32%. Moreover, most research employed DSM-5 criteria, while some relied on CAM, DSM-4, and Psychiatric examination by qualified clinicians. Meanwhile, the sensitivity varied from 70% to 100%, and the specificity ranged from 71.6% to 99.2%. In contrast, other assessment tools, such as CAM and OBS, also demonstrated sensitivity and specificity. The main advantage was the time to complete the 4AT tool, which required 2-3 minutes, whereas the other tools took 3.6 and 12.46 minutes, respectively. The 4AT tool was a rapid, validated, easy patient assessment tool. In addition, it was found to improve delirium diagnosis.
Conclusion: The tool has been found to have good sensitivity and specificity, and it may be completed quickly by non-specialists.
Ixodes ricinus
(Linnaeus, 1758): Intestinal System
Authors: Starck J. Matthias 
Published: August 2023

The intestinal system of Ixodes ricinus is assembled by several elements of different morphological origin, i.e. the preoral canal (formed by chelicerae and hypostome), the mouth opening (covered by the labrum), the pharyngeal valve (with contributions of the ectodermal pharynx and the labrum), the ectodermal pharynx (with the precerebral suction pump), the ectodermal esophagus, the endodermal midgut (consisting of the stomach, numerous midgut diverticula, and the rectal sac), the ectodermal hindgut, and the anal aperture.
Ixodes ricinus, like other ixodid ticks, is a temporary, blood sucking ectoparasite. The intestinal system of adult females can accommodate an enormous volume of blood. The intestinal system shows a number of remarkable morphological adaptations to the accomodation of such large blood volume and the cellular components undergo considerable changes in cell morphology and functioning.
Single Atom Environmental Catalysis: Influence of Supports and Coordination Environments
Authors: Xu Lian‐Hua , Liu Weiping , Liu Kai 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) are desirable in environmental catalysis due to environmental friendliness, structural stability, and maximum utilization of active metal sites. Extensive research has compared the catalytic performance between SACs with different single‐atom metals. However, their catalytic performance is also highly dependent on the supports, which play an important role in modulating the local coordination environment of SACs. Unfortunately, a comprehensive review that systematically discusses the relationship between supports and the coordination environment, as well as their combined effects on environmental catalysis is scare. In this review, three widely investigated environmental applications including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), mainly Fenton and Fenton‐like reactions, and nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) are focused. By correlating characterization results, catalytic performances, and computational results, the combined effects of supports and coordination environments on the catalytic reactivity of SACs are examined in detail, from which the origin of the catalytic pathways of AOPs as well as NO3RR is attempted to reveal. Finally a look forward for potential opportunities and challenges of SACs for on‐demand environmental applications, is provided.
Soft Pocket Pump for Multi‐Medium Transportation via an Active Tubular Diaphragm
Authors: Jiang Songwen , Tang Chao , Dong Xuguang , Liu Xin‐Jun , Zhao Huichan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecent developments in small and agile multifunctional autonomous robots, portable and wearable drug delivery devices, and implantable ventricular assist devices have increased the demands for a new class of small and soft pumps that can conform to irregular or even deformable robotic bodies or human organs. In this work, a dual‐chamber pocket‐sized pump with a tubular diaphragm made of multilayered silicone dielectric elastomer actuators, three miniature check valves, and an outer shell is proposed. Dielectric elastomer actuators diaphragm holds well dynamic performances that resonate at 230 Hz, which leads to a no‐load flow rate of 340 mL min−1 and back pressure of 7.5 kPa, with the pump's total volume as only 2.36 cm3 and weight as 2.4 g. Besides, the proposed pump can be bent up to 60° with a negligible drop in its pressure and flow rate. The pump's capability to pump air, water, and its seamless switch is demonstrated. By tuning the amplitude of the driving voltage, the pump's pressure can be precisely controlled. This highly flexible and compact pump can be a potential candidate for driving small robots and biomedical devices.
Dendrite‐Free Zn/rGO@CC Composite Anodes Constructed by One‐Step Co‐Electrodeposition for Flexible and High‐Performance Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Qunhao , Zhao Jiangqi , Zhang Jian , Xue Xiaolin , Li Mei , Sui Zengyan , Zhang Xi , Zhang Wei , Lu Canhui 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) with good flexibility have attracted great demands for portable and wearable electronics. However, the low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling performance caused by uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth limit their practical applications. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to construct a flexible and dendrite‐free composite anode by one‐step co‐electrodeposition. Interestingly, the reduction of Zn2+ ions to Zn nanoflakes is synchronously accompanied by graphene oxide reduction, leading to a composite anode comprised of Zn with an interpenetrated conductive network of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a carbon cloth (CC) substrate, namely Zn/rGO@CC. The 3D rGO network not only improves the electrical conductivity and wettability of the composite anode to lower the interfacial resistance but also homogenizes the electric field distribution and Zn2+ ion flux, thus effectively inhibiting the growth of Zn dendrites. As expected, the Zn/rGO@CC anode exhibits long cycle stability for nearly 1000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with low voltage hysteresis. Furthermore, the Zn/rGO@CC composite anode provides the corresponding aqueous Zn||MnO2 full cells with remarkable rate capability and stunning long‐term durability. The as‐fabricated quasi‐solid‐state ZIBs also demonstrate coveted flexibility, showing high potential in future wearable and portable electronic devices.
Hierarchical Crystalline/Amorphous Heterostructure MoNi/NiMoOx for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Industry‐Level Activity and Stability
Authors: Shi Xiaoyun , Zheng Xiaozhong , Wang Hao , Zhang Hao , Qin Minkai , Lin Binbin , Qi Menghui , Mao Shanjun , Ning Honghui , Yang Rui , Xi Lingling , Wang Yong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe design of cheap, efficient, and durable electrocatalysts for high‐throughput H2 production is critical to give impetus to hydrogen production from fundamental to practical industrial applications. Here, a hierarchical heterostructure hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst (MoNi/NiMoOx) with 0D MoNi nanoalloys nanoparticles embedded on well‐assembled 1D porous NiMoOx microrods in situ grown on 3D nickel foam (NF) is successfully constructed. The synergetic effect of different building units in the unique hierarchical structure endows the MoNi/NiMoOx composites with the highly active heterogeneous interface with low water dissociation energy (ΔGdiss = −1.2 eV) and optimized hydrogen adsorption ability (ΔGH* = −0.01 eV), fast electron/mass transport, and strong catalyst‐support binding force. As a result, optimal MoNi/NiMoOx exhibits an ampere‐level current density of 1.9 A cm−2 at an ultralow overpotential of 139 mV in 1.0 м KOH and 289 mV in 1.0 м PBS solution, respectively. Particularly, scaled‐up MoNi/NiMoOx electrodes in a 10 × 10 cm2 membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer reach a high H2 production rate of 12.12 L h−1 (12.12 times than that of commercial NF) and exhibit ultralong stability of 1600 h, verifying its huge potential for industrial hydrogen production.
Macroscale Collagen‐Actomyosin Hybrid Actuator Built from Bioderived Materials
Authors: Yoshida Koki , Kohno Kenjiro , Hiratsuka Yuichi , Onoe Hiroaki 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBiological muscles mainly consist of motor proteins that play essential roles and have a hierarchical structure covered with collagen that can transmit the tension to bones via tendons. The artificial reconstruction of motor proteins is highly expected from the viewpoint of engineering and biology. Although artificial muscles have been developed via synthetic and biological molecular motors, there is a considerable gap between the components of artificial and biological muscles, resulting in a significant obstacle to further scale‐up and force transfer through macroscale structures. To overcome these obstacles via bioderived biomolecules, this study proposes a collagen‐actomyosin hybrid soft actuator inspired by the structure of biological muscles. Collagen gel entrapping actomyosin can play roles in maintaining the actuator's shape and transmitting the tensile force. The generated forces reach the micro‐newton range, enabling the actuation of millimeter‐scale mechanical components. These properties may be helpful for the fabrication of soft robotic systems with advanced functionalities.
Self‐Construction of Efficient Interfaces Ensures High‐Performance Direct Ammonia Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
Authors: He Fan , Hou Mingyang , Du Zhiwei , Zhu Feng , Cao Xiaozhuo , Ding Yong , Zhou Yucun , Liu Meilin , Chen Yu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDirect ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are highly efficient energy conversion devices since ammonia as a carbon‐neutral hydrogen‐rich carrier shows great potential for storage and long‐distance transportation when compared with hydrogen fuel. However, traditional Ni‐based anodes readily suffer from severe structural destruction and dramatic deactivation after long‐time exposure to ammonia. Here a Sr2Fe1.35Mo0.45Cu0.2O6−δ (SFMC) anode catalytic layer (ACL) painted onto a Ni‐BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ (BZCYYb) anode with enhanced catalytic activity and durability toward the direct utilization of ammonia is reported. A tubular Ni‐BZCYYb anode‐supported cells with the SFMC ACL show excellent peak power densities of 1.77 W cm−2 in wet H2 (3% H2O) and 1.02 W cm−2 in NH3 at 650 °C. A relatively stable operation of the cells is obtained at 650 °C for 200 h in ammonia fuel. Such achieved improvements in the activity and durability are attributed to the self‐constructed interfaces with the phases of NiCu or/and NiFe for efficient NH3 decomposition, resulting in a strong NH3 adsorption strength of the SFMC, as confirmed by NH3 thermal conversion and NH3‐temperature programmed desorption. This research offers a valuable strategy of applying an internal catalytic layer for highly active and durable ammonia PCFCs.
Molecular Clogging Organogels with Excellent Solvent Maintenance, Adjustable Modulus, and Advanced Mechanics for Impact Protection
Authors: Wu Youshen , Wang Yilin , Guan Xin , Zhang Hui , Guo Rui , Cui Chenhui , Wu Daocheng , Cheng Yilong , Ge Zhishen , Zheng Yuansuo , Zhang Yanfeng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractInspired by mechanically interlocking supramolecular materials, exploiting the size difference between the bulky solvent and the cross‐linked network mesh, a molecular clogging (MC) effect is developed to effectively inhibit solvent migration in organogels. A bulky solvent (branched citrate ester, BCE) with a molecular size above 1.4 nm is designed and synthesized. Series of MC‐Gels are prepared by in situ polymerization of crosslinked polyurea with BCE as the gel solvent. The MC‐Gels are colorless, transparent, and highly homogeneous, show significantly improved stability than gels prepared with small molecule solvents. As solvent migration is strongly inhibited by molecular clogging, the solvent content of the gels can be precisely controlled, resulting in a series of MC‐Gels with continuously adjustable mechanics. In particular, the modulus of MC‐Gel can be regulated from 1.3 GPa to 30 kPa, with a variation of 43 000 times. The molecular clogging effect also provides MC‐Gels with unique high damping (maximum damping factor of 1.9), impact resistant mechanics (high impact toughness up to 40.68 MJ m−3). By applying shatter protection to items including eggs and ceramic armor plates, the potential of MC‐Gels as high strength, high damping soft materials for a wide range of applications is well demonstrated.