bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for an IgD homologue on chicken lymphocytes.
Authors: Chen C L , Lehmeyer J E , Cooper M D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chicken lymphocyte membrane immunoglobulins (Ig), were precipitated with mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for heavy and light chain isotypes and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Very little or no membrane-bound IgG and IgA was detected. After sequential precipitation and removal of IgM reactive with any of three monoclonal anti-mu antibodies, anti-light chain antibody precipitated residual Ig with a relative electrophoretic mobility similar to that of IgM. Under reducing conditions, these surface Ig molecules had a heavy chain that appeared slightly larger (approximately 81,000 daltons) than mu-chain (approximately 79,000 daltons), and light chains of approximately 25,000 daltons. Complete clearance of membrane-bound IgM reactive with an anti-mu allotype antiserum left similar molecules precipitate by monoclonal anti-light chain antibody. These non-IgM molecules could be detected on the surface of lymphocytes from blood, spleen, bursa and the B cell line RAV-1, but not from thymus or blood from an agammaglobulinemic chicken. After capping of B cell surface IgM with anti-mu, immunofluorescent staining with anti-light chain antibody revealed residual Ig molecules disturbed across the surface of more than 90% of the IgM-bearing cells. The data suggest the existence of an avian homologue of mammalian IgD. Affinity-purified goat anti-mu antibodies and a fourth monoclonal anti-mu antibody reacted with both IgM and the putative IgD molecules, which suggests that the IgD homologue shares at least one common determinant with chicken IgM.
Haplotype-specific suppression of T cell response to lactate dehydrogenase B in (responder x nonresponder)F1 mice.
Authors: Nagy Z A , Baxevanis C N , Klein J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse strains that express the Ek (Ek beta E-1k alpha) molecule are nonresponders (NR) to the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) in terms of T cell proliferation. Nonresponsiveness is caused by T suppressor (Ts) cells recognizing LDHB in the context of Ek molecules on the antigen-presenting cells. The data presented here demonstrate that the Ek-restricted Ts cells function in (R x NR)F1 mice in a remarkable haplotype-specific fashion: they selectively interfere with the Ak (ANR)-restricted response, and do not affect the response channeled through the A molecules of the responder parent. This haplotype-specificity of suppression provides an explanation of the dominance of responsiveness in (R x NR)F1 mice.
Evidence that retrovirus expression in mouse spleen cells results from B cell differentiation.
Authors: Alberto B P , Callahan L F , Pincus T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Induction of endogenous retroviral proteins from spleen cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in individual cells in relation to polyclonal B cell differentiation. After 4 days of culture with LPS, 30 to 40% of cells in many mouse strains stained for cytoplasmic mu heavy chains. A smaller number of lymphoid cells stained for cytoplasmic viral proteins, with a characteristic proportion for each strain, including 21% of lymphoid cells of AKR mice, 125 of DBA/2 cells, 7% of C57BL/6 cells, and 2% of BALB/c cells. More than 75% of retrovirus-positive cells were also mu-chain-positive in all strains. Cells from young (3- to 8-week-old) and old (43- to 46-week-old) mice of several strains showed similar proportions of retrovirus-positive cells typical for each strain, without differences at different ages. The induction of retrovirus proteins, as well as mu-chains, by LPS was markedly inhibited by goat anti-mu-chain antibody added to the culture medium (10 to 100 micrograms/ml). These data suggest that retrovirus induction may result from B cell differentiation.
A monoclonal antibody from infected mice to a Schistosoma mansoni egg proteinase.
Authors: Dresden M H , Sung C K , Deelder A M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of monoclonal antibodies were obtained by fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen lymphocytes from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. These antibodies were tested for their ability to inhibit acidic, thiol-dependent proteinases previously isolated from Schistosoma mansoni eggs and adult worms. One of the monoclonal antibodies isolated inhibits egg proteinase activity measured in vitro with the use of a low m.w. synthetic substrate. This antibody, which is an IgG1 isotype, does not appreciably inhibit an acidic, thiol-dependent proteinase obtained from the adult stage of Schistosoma mansoni. Immunocytochemical methods with the monoclonal antibody have been used to localize the egg proteinase within a set of "penetration" glands in the unhatched miracidium.
Cell surface phenotype of lymphoid cells from normal mice and mice treated with monoclonal anti-IgD from birth.
Authors: Skelly R R , Baine Y , Ahmed A , Xue B , Thorbecke G J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice treated from birth with mouse monoclonal anti-IgD antibodies develop low frequencies of B cells in the spleen, a small percentage of which express very low levels of sIgD on their cell surface and extremely low frequencies of B cells in their lymph nodes, lacking sIgD entirely. However, the splenic B cells are phenotypically mature in that a high percentage of these cells express Lyb-5, indicating that the expression of sIgD is not a prerequisite for the acquisition of a mature surface antigen repertoire of B cells. In contrast, a high density of sIgM on splenic B cells is expressed, which suggests a predominance of cells with the phenotype of immature B cells and/or activated B cells. Furthermore, the spleen cells from anti-IgD-treated mice lack cells that respond to in vitro stimulation by LPS with an increase in the density of their sIa.
Accumulation of guanine-cytosine-enriched low M.W. DNA fragments in lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: Sano H , Imokawa M , Steinberg A D , Morimoto C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fate of the newly synthesized DNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was examined. After lymphocytes were stimulated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA), DNA was pulse-labeled with radioactive thymidine and was analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Two classes of DNA were identified; the main DNA fraction that migrated to the same position as that of control samples, and low m.w. DNA fragments. The low m.w. DNA fragments were further characterized: i) The amount of low m.w. fragments increased with increasing time of culture after PHA stimulation. ii) The guanine cytosine content was 47% of the total bases at 4 days after PHA stimulation. iii) The base composition was similar to that of DNA fragments isolated from DNA/anti-DNA antibody immune complexes. These results lead us to propose that guanine cytosine-enriched low m.w. DNA fragments accumulate in cells after nuclear DNA is degraded, and that these fragments may serve as a primary source of autoantigen for anti-DNA antibody production. In addition, they may interfere with normal cellular metabolism.
Cell surface antigens and other characteristics of T cells regulating the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide.
Authors: Taylor C E , Amsbaugh D F , Stashak P W , Caldes G , Prescott B , Baker P J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of a subimmunogenic dose of type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) produces an antigen-specific T cell-dependent phenomenon termed low-dose paralysis (immunologic unresponsiveness). This form of unresponsiveness can be transferred by spleen cells obtained 5 to 24 hr after priming, and the suppressive activity of the transferred cells is abolished by prior treatment with monoclonal anti-Lyt-2 and anti-I-J antibody in the presence of complement, indicating that suppression is mediated by a distinct subset of T cells (suppressor T cells). If primed spleen cells are transferred 24 to 72 hr after immunization with SSS-III, however, the resulting antibody response of immunized recipients is enhanced. Greater enhancement is noted when transferred cells, pretreated with monoclonal anti-Lyt-2 antibody plus complement to remove suppressor T cells, are used; such enhancement is attributed to amplifier T cells. These findings indicate suppressor T cells regulate the antibody response to SSS-III by influencing the expansion of SSS-III-specific clones of B cells as well as the expression of amplifier T cell activity; the latter causes B cells to proliferate further in response to SSS-III.
A human T cell-derived soluble factor able to suppress pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin production.
Authors: Warrington R J , Sauder P J , Olivier S L , Rutherford W J , Wilkins J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood T cells or Fc gamma receptor-positive T cells activated with the mitogen concanavalin A produce a soluble suppressor factor that inhibits polyclonal B cell immunoglobulin production. The factor suppresses pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) induced plaque-forming cells (PFC) by a noncytotoxic effect. It does not significantly affect lymphocyte proliferation, and exerts its effect independently of the presence of T cells. It is active in suppressing PFC when added from day 0 to day 3 of PWM cultures. Suppression is blocked by the addition of the monosaccharide L-rhamnose. The factor is stable at pH 2.0 and stable at 56 degrees C, but is inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol. The approximate m.w. by gel filtration is 20,000 to 25,000. The above characteristics distinguish this suppressor factor from soluble immune suppressor supernatant, lymphotoxin, and gamma-interferon. They do not distinguish the suppressor factor from migration inhibition factor, which is also present in the supernatants.
Separation of three class II antigens from a homozygous human B cell line.
Authors: Shackelford D A , Lampson L A , Strominger J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three class II molecules were isolated from a homozygous DRw6 human B lymphoblastoid cell line using the monoclonal antibodies L243 (L203), L227, LKT 111, and Genox 3.53. Two of the antigens appeared to employ the same heavy chain but expressed different light chains. The two light chains were separated after denaturation using L227 and LKT 111. One or both of these two molecules carried the DRw6 and MT2 determinants. The third class II antigen expressed the DC1 determinant. It was composed of a heavy and light chain different from the DR-like antigen subunits. The antibodies L243, L227, and LKT 111 did not preclear the cell lysate of the DC1 antigen recognized by Genox 3.53. However, a xenoanti-DR serum immunoprecipitated both the DR-like and the DC1 antigens. Thus, in total, one cell line can express at least two class II heavy chains and three class II light chains. This observation was not unique to this cell line.
Organ-dependent differences in composition and function observed in hepatic and intestinal granulomas isolated from mice with Schistosomiasis mansoni.
Authors: Weinstock J V , Boros D L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In murine schistosomiasis mansoni, eggs deposited in the liver and intestines induce a cell-mediated granulomatous reaction. Previous studies have shown that maximal granuloma size differs in the liver and various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this investigation was to isolate intestinal granulomas and to determine whether organ-dependent differences in cell composition and granuloma function exist. Intestinal granulomas representative of those in tissue were isolated by a combination of chemical and mechanical techniques. When dissociated by collagenase, these lesions yielded a viable heterogeneous population of inflammatory cells. Granulomas from the liver, colon, and ileum showed differences in cellular composition. Liver lesions contained the largest number of T and B lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells whereas ileal granulomas comprised mostly macrophages. Immunofluorescence studies on frozen tissue sections revealed that T and B lymphocytes also displayed different patterns of distribution within granulomas from different tissues. In contrast to isolated cultured liver granulomas that produced MIF-like substances, isolated colonic and ileal granulomas had weak or no MIF activity. It thus appears that granuloma formation in various organs is influenced by local factors that could affect the ultimate resolution of the lesions.
In vivo development of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) to hapten-altered self: MIs-disparate cells facilitate the response by neutralizing IL 2 inhibitor.
Authors: Gautam S C , Hilfiker M L , Battisto J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inability to develop CTL in vivo to hapten-altered self can be attributed in part to an inhibitor of interleukin 2 (IL 2) that is present in the serum of normal mice. We have shown earlier that hapten-specific CTL can be generated in C3H mice (H-2k, MIsc) provided CBA/J (H-2k MIsd) spleen cells are injected simultaneously with hapten-modified syngeneic spleen cells into the hind foot paws. In efforts to determine whether serum levels of the inhibitor of IL 2 are altered as a consequence of this successful immunization method, we have compared the activity of the inhibitor in serum at intervals after the injection of syngeneic spleen cells, CBA spleen cells, or TNP-C3H spleen cells alone or together with CBA spleen cells, by using a murine IL 2-dependent, cloned cytotoxic T cell line, CT-6. The results indicate that inhibitor was neutralized optimally 48 to 72 hr after injection of TNP-C3H spleen cells mixed with CBA/J spleen cells. The order in which neutralization occurred was as follows: TNP-C3H cells + CBA/J cells greater than CBA cells greater than TNP-C3H cells greater than normal C3H spleen cells. Furthermore, supernatants from cultures of C3H lymph node cells stimulated in vivo with CBA/J cells also contained IL 2 activity. Thus, injection of CBA/J cells with TNP-modified syngeneic spleen cells produces IL 2 in vivo in sufficient quantity to neutralize the activity of the inhibitor as well as to facilitate the maturation of pre-CTL into hapten-altered self-specific CTL.
Activation of lymphocytes by a thiol-derivatized nucleoside: characterization of cellular parameters and responsive subpopulations.
Authors: Goodman M G , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte activation, whether specific or nonspecific, is generally conceptualized as initiated by the binding of an activating ligand to a surface membrane receptor, followed by transduction of the signal across the cell membrane. In many situations several qualitatively distinct signals are required. We have recently described a new class of lymphocyte activator, the C8 bromine substituted guanine ribonucleosides, that traverse the cell membrane, bypassing classical triggering mechanism(s), apparently activating the lymphocyte at an intracellular site. However, the identity of the lymphocyte population(s) activated, as well as the nature of any cellular interactions involved in activation, has not been studied heretofore. The present experiments describe the cellular parameters of lymphocyte activation by a thiol substituted member of this class of activators, 8-mercaptoguanosine (8MGuo). Upon addition of this nucleoside derivative to cultures of murine spleen cells, a marked increase in [3H]TdR uptake and blast transformation ensues. Normal splenic B cells and spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice are responsive to 8MGuo, whereas thymocytes and splenic T cells are not. Two subpopulations of B cells appear to be involved in the response to this nucleoside. The predominant one is a mature population that bears surface delta-chains, la antigens, C receptors, and (by indirect evidence) the Lyb3, 5, and 7 antigens. These cells also bear mu-chain and Fc receptors. In addition, a second, minor subpopulation of less mature cells that bear only mu-chain and Fc receptors also appears to be reactive to 8MGuo. The existence of this immature, reactive B cell subset was confirmed by observation of 8MGuo responsiveness in lymphocytes from 4-day-old mice whose cells do not yet exhibit these later-appearing markers. Accessory cells appear to play a minimal, if any, role in the 8MGuo response. These results establish two distinct B cell subpopulations as the major and minor cellular targets of C8-derivatized nucleosides, and suggest that the activation process results from a direct interaction between the nucleoside and target cell.
Idiotype shifts caused by neonatal tolerance to phosphorylcholine.
Authors: Quintáns J , Quan Z S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The injection of as little as 0.5 microgram phosphorylcholine-(PC) conjugated mouse immunoglobulin into BALB/c neonates within 48 hr of birth results in complete unresponsiveness to PC for 3 to 4 wk. Thereafter, anti-PC responses can be detected in tolerized animals, but these responses differ significantly from those of normal BALB/c mice. First, the magnitude of responsiveness does not approach normal levels even 9 mo after birth. Second, although the initial responses as tolerance is broken can be T15+, idiotypic dominance is not established; instead, a heterogeneous T15- population eventually emerges, which includes clones with higher and with lower avidity than T15. Unirradiated unresponsive mice will help transplanted normal B cells to produce T15+ responses to thymus-dependent PC antigens. The responses of animals recovered from tolerance are stable upon adoptive transfer. We have, moreover, found no evidence of either loss of idiotype-specific T cell help or generation of suppression. Therefore, neonatal exposure to PC tolerogen can effect profound, permanent changes in the antigen-specific B cell compartment independent of any influence on conventional T cell regulatory mechanisms.
Analysis of the B cell subpopulations influenced by allogeneic effect factor. I. MHC restricted enhancement of b cell responses to thymic-independent antigens, types 1 and 2, in normal and CBA/N mice.
Authors: Yaffe L J , Mond J J , Ahmed A , Scher I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of allogeneic effect factor (AEF) to enhance the in vitro antibody responses of murine T cell-depleted B cell populations to thymic-dependent (TD) antigens also occurs with thymic-independent (TI) antigens. AEF significantly enhanced the in vitro antibody responses of normal T cell-depleted spleen cell populations to both 2,4,6-trinitophenylated Brucella abortus (TNP-BA), a TI type 1 antigen, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated aminoethylcarbamylmethyl-Ficoll (TNP-Ficoll), a TI type 2 antigen. The enhancing activity of AEF on TI responses was analyzed further in immune-defective CBA/N mice that possess only Lyb-5- B cells, and thus fail to respond to TNP-Ficoll, but do respond to TNP-BA and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). AEF was able to reconstitute the in vitro antibody responses of CBA/NT cell-depleted B cell populations to SRBC and to augment the T cell-depleted response to TNP-BA. These data suggest that AEF can enhance the activity of both Lyb-5+ as well as Lyb-5- B cells in their responses to both type 1 and type 2 TI antigens, and to the TD antigen SRBC. This enhancing effect of AEF on the TD and TI responses was MHC restricted for both Lyb-5+ as well as Lyb-5- spleen cells.
Functional differentiation in the genetic control of murine T lymphocyte responses to human fibrinopeptide B.
Authors: Peterson L B , Wilner G D , Thomas D W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability to generate proliferative and helper T lymphocyte responses in mice was compared by using the 14 amino acid peptide, human fibrinopeptide B (hFPB). Lymph node or peritoneal exudate T cells from mice immunized with hFPB were assessed for in vitro proliferation to soluble hFPB as determined by the uptake of 3H-thymidine. The T cell proliferative response to hFPB was found to be under MHC-linked Ir gene control; mice possessing the H-2a,k haplotypes were responders, whereas H-2b,d,q,s mice were nonresponders. The influence of non-H-2 genes on these responses was not investigated, so exclusive regulation by H-2 is provisional. The absence of a detectable lymph node and peritoneal exudate T cell proliferative response persisted in H-2b,d,q,s mice after immunization and boosting with several doses of hFPB. In addition, the capacity to produce a T cell proliferative response was inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and gene(s) controlling responsiveness to hFPB mapped to the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. To measure peptide-specific helper T cell activity, an in vitro microculture assay in which hFPB-primed lymph node T cells and normal spleen B cells and macrophages were used was developed measuring anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses after culture with FITC-conjugated peptide. Immunization of B10.BR, C57BL/10, B10.D2, and B6AF mice with hFPB primed for significant helper T cell activity as assessed by the ability to augment a primary in vitro IgM response to FITC. The normal B cell IgM responses were completely dependent on hFPB-primed T cells and required that hapten (FITC) and carrier (peptide) be linked. In addition, immunization with FITC-conjugated peptide elicited positive in vivo PFC responses to FITC in B10.BR and C57BL/10 mice, indicating similar genetic control of helper activity in both the intact animals and the in vitro microcultures. Thus, B10.BR mice show both T help and T proliferative responses to hFPB, whereas C57BL/10 mice show only T help and no T proliferative responses. In contrast to B10.BR mice, C3H and CBA mice immunized with hFPB were completely unresponsive when assayed for helper T cell activity in vitro despite their ability to generate positive lymph node T cell proliferative responses. These results indicate responsiveness to hFPB by T helper and proliferating cells is different and is under separate genetic control.
Genetic studies of autoimmunity in New Zealand mice. IV. Contribution of NZB and NZW genes to the spontaneous occurrence of retroviral gp70 immune complexes in (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid and the correlation to renal disease.
Authors: Maruyama N , Furukawa F , Nakai Y , Sasaki Y , Ohta K , Ozaki S , Hirose S , Shirai T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We designed a polyethylene glycol precipitation method for detecting retroviral gp70-anti-gp70 immune complexes (gp70 IC) in the circulation of mice. To determine the genetic contribution of NZB and NZW strains to the spontaneous occurrence of circulating gp70 IC in NZB X NZW (B/W)F1 hybrids, we measured these IC in female NZB, NZW, (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W F1), B/W F1 X NZW backcross, and B/W F1 X NZB backcross mice. The highest amounts of gp70 IC were found in B/W F1 and the lowest in NZW mice, and the order of the average serum levels was B/W F1, B/W F1 X NZB, B/W F1 X NZW, NZB, and NZW. Genetic analyses suggested that two major dominant genes, one from NZB and the other from NZW, are involved in the formation of these gp70 IC. A single dominant gene of NZB strain determines the formation of these IC, and the magnitude is to a great degree modified (intensified) by the NZW gene. In addition, statistical analyses of data obtained in the studies of B/W F1 X NZW backcrosses suggested the presence of one additional dominant NZB gene that also regulates the magnitude of gp70 IC formation in concert with the other NZB gene. Since all these New Zealand mice share a high serum level of free gp70, the formation of gp70 IC represents the gene action on the production of anti-gp70 antibodies. Linkage studies showed that both of the major NZB and NZW genes are loosely linked to the H-2 complex but not to either the Mup-1 or coat color gene loci examined. The incidence of proteinuria correlated well with the serum level of gp70 IC in both B/W F1 X NZW and B/W F1 X NZB backcross mice.