bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: French George R. , Hammon William McD. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The virulence spectrum of isolates from the 49th HK passage of OCT-541 (JBE) virus at 37°C was examined using an infectious center technique in singly infected HK cells. Thirty per cent of that portion of the virus population that could be examined in this manner were found to be less virulent for the weanling mouse than was the parent virus. Ten per cent of the isolates were of very low virulence and one isolate designated T-11 virus was sufficiently different to be studied in depth.
The T-11 virus infectivity titer for cell cultures exceeds the intracerebral LD50 for weanling mice 1 million-fold. Intracerebral inoculation of 250 TCID50 of virus produces a non-lethal immunizing infection in weanling mice. Peripheral inoculation of this host does not result in infection. T-11 virus retains complete neurovirulence for the suckling mouse when given intracerebrally. It will produce a non-lethal immunizing infection in 30% of weanling hamsters inoculated by peripheral routes.
Comparison of the attenuated virus with the virulent OCT-541 virus by several methods did not reveal the mechanism or defect by which this virus is different. Thus, T-11 virus has a half-life at 38°C and pH 7.1 similar or superior to that of OCT-541 virus. The two strains are equally sensitive to interferon and T-11 virus can not be demonstrated to induce more interferon than the parent virus. Single cycle growth curves in cell culture are identical for the two viruses. T-11 virus is inhibited in multicycle growth curves and is more sensitive to the saline-soluble fraction of unpurified commerical agars. It has several other plaque markers common to other tissue culture-passaged viruses.
Immunogenicity of Hemocyanins and their Subunits
Authors: Amkraut Alfred A. , Malley Arthur , Begley Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary, secondary and hyperimmune responses of rabbits to hemocyanin and hemocyanin subunits from three molluscan and three arthropod species were measured. The amount of antibody formed by hyperimmune animals was independent of molecular size when closely related molecular species were used. An apparent correlation of immunogenicity and phylogenetic origin of the material was found; mollusc hemocyanins induced higher antibody levels than arthropod hemocyanins. The primary response to closely related antigens increased with increasing molecular size. Primary responses were also found to be less dose dependent than were subsequent responses. The intrinsic difference between primary and secondary responses and the importance of physicochemical properties and hypothetical immunogenic determinants in immunogenicity are discussed.
Different Specificities in Antisera Prepared against Escherichia Coli Tryptophan Synthetase α Subunit
Authors: Murphy Terence M. , Mills Stanley E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four different antisera, prepared against purified Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase α subunit using different adjuvants and schedules of injection, were examined in detail.
Each antiserum demonstrated specificity for A gene product by not reacting detectably with extracts of certain mutants which had deletions or nonsense mutations in their A genes.
Two of the antisera appeared in every way to react only with active α subunit enzyme. In contrast, the other two reacted at least partly with denatured molecules which could be produced by aging or by heating preparations containing α subunit.
In micro-complement fixation assays the latter two sera showed a variety of reactions against extracts of strains with missense A gene mutations. These reactions could be misinterpreted as cross-reactions between the sera and native, homogeneous mutant α subunit antigens.
The latter two sera also detected antigens in extracts of strains A109 and A229, strains in which A gene products had not before been demonstrated.
Requirement for Cellular Interaction in the Antibody Response to Bacteriophage T4 in Mice
Authors: Inchley Christopher J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pooled spleen cell suspensions were obtained from CBA mice immunized with 5 × 108 plaque-forming units (PFU) T4 bacteriophage at times up to 7 days previously, and were transferred into normal isogenic recipients. Analysis of the sera of recipient mice showed that little or no antibody was produced unless the transferred cells were isolated at times when the donors were already making high levels of anti-T4 antibody. It is considered that, for this antigen at least, there is a critical period during the early part of the response when the integrity of the spleen is essential, and when cell-to-cell interactions may occur.
Immune Response of Rabbits to Purified Papovavirus SV40
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits inoculated intravenously with a single high dose of purified papovavirus SV40 synthesized antibodies to tumor or T antigen. The antibody activity against the T antigen was associated with 19S and 7S immunoglobulins. These rabbits also synthesized antibodies to viral structural antigens. However, the rabbits inoculated with a low dose of virus synthesized antibodies to viral structural antigen only. Restimulation of rabbits producing only antibody to viral antigens failed to induce the synthesis of T antibody.
Antibody Responses in Serum and Nasal Secretions According to Age of Recipient and Method of Administration of A2/Hong Kong/68 Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Fulk Robert V. , Fedson David S. , Huber Margret A. , Fitzpatrick James R. , Kasel Julius A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutralizing antibody responses in serum and nasal secretions following vaccination with A2/Hong Kong/68 inactivated influenza virus vaccine were compared according to age and route of administration. Among all of the age groups receiving one dose of vaccine subcutaneously or intranasally, children developed the greatest frequency of antibody response and increase in mean antibody titer in both serum and nasal secretions. In adults, vaccination by either route induced less serum antibody and was ineffective in inducing nasal antibody. Neutralizing activity of nasal wash specimens was removed by absorption with antiserum directed against secretory piece. Vaccination also resulted in rises in antibody titer in serum and nasal secretions to A/Equi-2 virus, a type known to be antigenically related to A2/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus.
Quantitation of Staphylococcal Protein A: Determination of Equilibrium Constant and Number of Protein a Residues on Bacteria
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Quie Paul G. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For quantitation of cell wall associated staphylococcal protein A a method was developed using 125I-labeled myeloma globulins. The maximal sensitivity of the method could be varied according to the particular experimental questions. Using the same reagent the number of protein A residues on Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I, was estimated to 80,000/organism. In comparison with the blood group antigen A the protein A residue is four times as densely located on this staphylococcal strain. The equilibrium constants for the reactions between two myeloma globulins and staphylococcal protein A were found to be 4.0 × 107 and 4.5 × 107 liters/mol, respectively.
The Capacity of Human Immunoglobulin E to Mediate the Release of Histamine and Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from Monkey Lung
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Orange Robert P. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monkey lung fragments passively sensitized in vitro with human serum rich in IgE antibody released both histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) upon challenge with specific allergen or anti-IgE. The sensitizing activity of the atopic serum was heat labile and was removed by treatment with an anti-IgE immunosorbent. In the reversed-type reactions, 7S anti-IgE and its F(ab′)2 fragments had comparable activity in mediating the release of both histamine and SRS-A, and Fab′ fragments did not release either mediator suggesting that bridging of two cellbound IgE molecules may be the initial step of the reaction. Monospecific antiserum against human IgG, IgM, IgA or IgD failed to release either mediator from sensitized tissue. Isolated E myeloma protein also sensitized monkey lung fragments for the release of both histamine and SRS-A by anti-IgE. It thus appears that immunoglobulin E sensitizes monkey lung fragments for the direct (antigen-induced) or reversed (anti-IgE-induced) release of both histamine and SRS-A.
Distribution of γE-Forming Cells in Lymphoid Tissues of the Human and Monkey
Authors: Tada Tomio , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sites of synthesis of immunoglobulin E were studied by the fluorescent antibody technique. Frozen sections of human and monkey tissues were treated with guinea pig anti-γE and stained by fluorescent antibody against guinea pig immunoglobuins. The results showed that γE-forming plasma cells were predominant in the respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosa and in the regional lymph nodes. In addition to the plasma cells, the tonsils, adenoids, and broncheal and mesenteric lymph nodes contained germinal centers stained by anti-γE. In contrast, γE plasma cells were scarce in the spleen and subcutaneous lymph nodes. A possible role of locally synthesized γE immunoglobulin in respiratory allergy was discussed.
Synthesis of Secretory IgA in the Rabbit
Authors: Lawton Alexander R. , Asofsky Richard , Mage Rose G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A fragment (γAt) of rabbit colostral IgA which differs from the parent molecule primarily in that it lacks most of the original T chain has been prepared by chromatography of IgA on Sephadex G-200 in 5 M guanidine. This fragment is capable of combining specifically with free T chain in vitro. When mammary tissue from homozygous b4 rabbits is incubated in the presence of 14C amino acids and varying concentrations of b5γAt, the latter competes with an endogenous b4γA subunit for newly synthesized T chain, suggesting that the γA and T chain molecules are synthesized in different cells. Furthermore, γAt stimulates the synthesis of T chain, whereas intact IgA does not. On the basis of these and other data we have proposed a model for the synthesis and secretion of colostral IgA in the rabbit which agrees in most respects with the model developed by Tourville and co-workers from immunofluorescence studies in human tissues.
Antibody Formation in Zwoegerziekte, a Slow Infection in Sheep
Authors: De Boer G. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Zwoegerziekte, a slow infection in Dutch sheep, appears to be similar to maedi and visna in Iceland. The disease is induced by a persistent virus infection. The sera of experimentally infected sheep were examined using the neutralization test in tissue culture, the complement fixation test and the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Antibodies were detected within a few weeks using the technique of indirect immunofluorescent staining or the complement-fixation test, whereas neutralizing antibodies appeared much later after experimental infection. From that time on the sera were positive with all three serologic techniques for an experimental period of three years.
Correlation Between Ocular Inflammation and Antibody Production
Authors: Hall J. M. , O'Connor G. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized by the intravitreal injection of BGG in the right eye and were killed 12 days later. Cell suspensions were made from uveal tract tissue and assayed for plaque production by a modification of the Jerne technique. Cells from the injected right eyes produced from 300 to 800 plaques/million cells. Cells from the left eyes, which had received only buffer, failed to produce plaques. In other experiments, rabbits were reinjected intravitreally in the opposite (left) eye at various times after primary immunization. The left eye cells produced more than 800 plaques/million cells. Cells from the right eyes were still capable of producing smaller numbers of plaques even though no inflammation had recurred. Examination of sections of uveal tract tissue revealed pyroninophilic cells in eyes that formed antibody.
These observations confirm the hypothesis that ocular tissue can actually be involved in antibody formation, and that under certain conditions the eye can act as an “accessory lymph node.”
C5 Chemotactic Fragments Produced by an Enzyme in Lysosomal Granules of Neutrophils
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Hill Jeffrey H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lysosomal granules from rabbit neutrophilic leukocytes contain an enzyme that cleaves the fifth component of human complement (C5) into chemotactically active fragments. The enzyme cleaves C5, but not the third component of complement, into chemotactically active fragments of variable molecular weights, depending upon conditions of incubation. One fragment consistently behaves in ultracentrifugation and gel filtration similar to the reference standard cytochrome c. The amount of chemotactic activity generated by interaction of the lysosomal granule lysate and C5 is a function of concentrations of C5 and lysate, as well as duration of incubation.
The C5-cleaving enzyme of neutrophil lysosomal granules has a neutral pH optimum for activity. Based upon gel filtration, it has an estimated molecular weight of 35,000, is inhibited by esters bearing basic amino acids, is susceptible to inhibition by ε-amino caproic acid and in varying degree is susceptible to action of soybean trypsin inhibitor and EDTA.
The presence in the neutrophil of an enzyme capable of cleaving C5 into chemotactically active fragments may reflect the potential for the neutrophil to exacerbate in a non-immunologic manner the acute inflammatory process once it is underway.
Interaction of Plasma Kallikrein with the C1̄ Inhibitor
Authors: Gigli Irma , Mason John W. , Colman Robert W. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of a hemolytic assay for the measurement of the inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (C1̄INH) and the isolation of a functionally pure preparation of plasma kallikrein have permitted the following observations: The C1̄INH inhibits the enzymatic activity of purified human plasma kallikrein on TAMe and on its natural substrate kininogen. The interaction of C1̄INH and kallikrein proceeds in a fashion similar to the interaction of this inhibitor and the first component of complement. The reaction follows a second order kinetics, resulting in the formation of an inactive stoichiometric complex of C1̄INH and kallikrein.
The finding that C1̄INH acts effectively against both the activated first component of complement and plasma kallikre in is consistent with the view that the absence of this control step may be responsible for the episodic activation of C1 as well as the elaboration of the pathogenic peptide in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE).
Complement-Requiring Neutralizing Antibodies in Herpesvirus Hominis Encephalitis
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Bailey Elizabeth J. , Nolan David C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attempts at diagnosis of Herpesvirus hominis encephalitis by isolation of virus and a histologic search for type A intranuclear inclusion bodies from biopsies of the brain were made in eight patients who later were shown to have this disease. By these means a diagnosis was established in two of the eight patients.
In four of seven patients with herpesvirus encephalitis the initial serum showed titers of complement-requiring neutralizing antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis that were significantly greater (4 or more) than the titers of non-complement-requiring neutralizing antibodies. In another patient the CRN/N was 4 on the 15th day in the hospital. Complement dependence generally disappeared in later sera. The CRN/N was 4 or more during two of four episodes of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex and in five of 17 persons without current recognized herpetic infection. Disparities in times of rise and fall in complement-fixing, complement-requiring and non-complement-requiring neutralizing antibodies indicate that the molecular species of the three immunoglobulins are distinct.
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: Hatcher Victor B. , MacPherson Catherine F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A water-soluble bovine antigen specific for nervous tissue, α-BASNT, has been purified by a series of steps involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. The antigen also occurs in rat and human brain and in bovine spinal cord, but not in other bovine organs or in rat peripheral nerve. It is formed early in the development of the brain, as it was present in the brain of a 3-month-old human fetus. The cytoplasm of glial cells is rich in α-BASNT.
α-BASNT has a molecular weight of about 84,000, formed one band when analyzed at pH 8.9 or 7.2 in gels containing different concentrations of polyacrylamide, and in agar gel immunoelectrophoresis α-BASNT had the electrophoretic mobility of an α globulin. It contained 2% carbohydrate, and, although only slightly acidic, glutamic and aspartic acids composed 23% of its total amino acid content.
Differences between α-BASNT and other brain proteins that have been identified within the last decade are discussed.
Distribution of Allotypic Specificities A1, A2, A14, and A15 Among Immunoglobulin G Molecules
Authors: Tosi S. Landucci , Mage R. G. , Dubiski S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of specificities A1, A2 (Fd-associated allotypes of rabbit heavy chains), A14 and A15 (Fc-associated allotypes of rabbit γ chains) was studied using 125I-labeled IgG from homozygous and heterozygous rabbits of known pedigree. The IgG of an A1, 14/A2, 15 rabbit whose pedigree showed that A1 was genetically associated with A14 had closely similar proportions of these two specificities (80%), whereas IgG of an A1, 15/A2, 14 rabbit with A2 in coupling with A14 had equal proportions of these two specificities (20%). A rabbit with suppressed phenotypic expression of the A1 allotype was also suppressed for the A14 to which it was coupled. The quantitative expression of the Fc allotype (A14 or A15) is influenced by the Fd allotype with which it is genetically associated. The binding experiments indicated that the genetic association between Fd and Fc allotypes was faithfully reproduced in at least 90% to 95% of γ chains and a search for “recombinant” molecules (A1 with A14 and A15 in an A1, 14/A2, 15 heterozygote) was negative within the limits of the method (5% to 10%). Although a preliminary report (1) suggested that such molecules did occur, these low figures seem to indicate that the formation of “recombinant” molecules which utilize the genetic information for the Fd region from one homologous chromosome and for the Fc region from the other cannot play a major role in generating the diversity of antibody heavy chains.
The Role of Immune and Natural Specific Antibodies in Immunologic Paralysis and Immunity of Mice to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Type III
Authors: Kerman Ronald , Segre Diego , Myers W. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Young offspring of immunologically paralyzed mice were more susceptible to the induction of both paralysis and immunity to SIII than were normal mice of the same age. This difference decreased gradually with age. We attributed the difference in immunologic responsiveness between the two types of mice to a lesser concentration of natural antibody specific for the SIII in the offspring of paralyzed mice as compared to normal mice of the same age. Administration of either specifically purified anti-SIII or normal IgG restored the offspring of paralyzed mice to the same level of susceptibility to the induction of both paralysis and immunity as that exhibited by normal mice. The biologic activity of normal IgG was removed by a specific immunosorbent, thereby confirming that the effect of normal IgG was also due to specific anti-SIII antibody. We therefore concluded that a relative deficiency of natural anti-SIII antibodies was indeed responsible for the altered immunologic behavior of offspring of paralyzed mice, and that the results obtained are compatible with, and explained by, a role of preformed antibody in the regulation of antibody formation.
Sandwich Solid Phase Radioimmunoassays for the Characterization of Human Immunoglobulins Synthesized In Vitro
Authors: Salmon Sydney E. , Smith Beth A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes a sensitive, simple and rapid direct-binding solid phase sandwich radioimmunoassay for measurement of intrinsically labeled immunoglobulins synthesized in vitro. With the direct technique, small volumes of labeled tissue culture supernatants or cell sonicates can be placed directly in the sandwich assay tubes and, after a short incubation and washing, the bound specific antigen can be counted. This new direct assay complements the previously described sandwich inhibition radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin quantitation. With the use of both techniques on the same samples, detailed quantitative characterization of cellular synthesis, assembly and secretion of immunoglobulins can be obtained under a variety of circumstances. The quantity, absolute specific activity and antigenic composition of immunoglobulins synthesized in vitro can be determined routinely with the application of the two sandwich techniques. A series of experiments on plasma cells that synthesize monoclonal IgG illustrate applications of the methods. The sandwich techniques are applicable to the detection of unlabeled or labeled immunoglobulins in the nanogram to microgram range and are suited to studies of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis where such sensitivity and specificity are required.
Metal Cation Requirements for Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Transformation of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Alford Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Citrate and disodium EDTA were effective inhibitors of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. A high concentration of citrate (24 mM) was required. Citrate inhibition was totally reversible by calcium and half as effectively by magnesium. In experiments in calcium-magnesium-free medium, calcium was determined to be five times as effective as magnesium in promoting transformation. EDTA was effective in low concentrations (1.6 mM) in blocking transformation. This effect was not entirely reversible by calcium, and was not detectably affected by magnesium. Several other metal cations were effective in reversing EDTA inhibition of PHA-induced transformation. Zinc and iron appear likely to be essential for PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro.