bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The African Union and Emerging Patterns of Global Health Governance
Authors: Nash Kathryn 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
During the global COVID-19 pandemic, the shortcomings and inequities in the global health system were amplified. International actors lost faith in the major global health institutions, and there was intense competition amongst states for critical supplies and vaccines. During these challenging circumstances, the African Union (AU) and its specialized technical institute (now autonomous agency) the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), led a multi-faceted response to combat COVID-19 in Africa and advocate for the African region globally. Beyond responding to the immediate crisis, the AU and Africa CDC recognized that Africa would need to build its capacity to respond to future public health security threats. They embraced the idea of the New Public Health Order for Africa to build public health institutions and workforces, expand manufacturing of critical medical supplies, increase public health resources, and build balanced and respectful partnerships ("Call to Action: Africa's New Public Health Order" 2022). In the years since the emergence of COVID-19, the AU and Africa CDC seized on the momentum created by the pandemic to build public health institutions and to take concrete action to begin to implement their vision for a New Public Health Order for Africa. This article focuses on how the response of the AU and Africa CDC to COVID-19 is driving an evolution in public health within Africa and the emerging impacts on global health governance more generally. It demonstrates that Africa is creating a space between state-based public health and global health governance by regionalizing public health to enhance Africa’s capacity and agency.
Impact of aSaccharomyces cerevisiaefermentation product during an intestinal barrier challenge in lactating Holstein cows on ileal microbiota and markers of tissue structure and immunity
Authors: Jiang Qianming , Sherlock Danielle N , Elolimy Ahmed A , Vailati-Riboni Mario , Yoon Ilkyu , Loor Juan J 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFeeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) during periods of metabolic stress is beneficial to the health of dairy cows partially through its effect on the gut microbiota. Whether SCFP alters the ileal microbiota in lactating cows during intestinal challenges induced by feed restriction (FR) is not known. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to assess if feeding SCFP during FR to induce gut barrier dysfunction alters microbiota profiles in the ileum. The mRNA abundance of key genes associated with tissue structures and immunity was also detected. Multiparous cows (97.1 ± 7.6 days in milk (DIM); n = 7 per treatment) fed a control diet or the control plus 19 g/d NutriTek for 9 wk were subjected to an FR challenge for 5 d, during which they were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake from the 7 d before FR. All cows were slaughtered at the end of FR. DNA extracted from ileal digesta was subjected to PacBio Full-Length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High-quality amplicon sequence analyses were performed with Targeted Amplicon Diversity Analysis and MicrobiomeAnalyst. Functional analysis was performed and analyzed using PICRUSt and STAMP. Feeding SCFP did not (P &gt; 0.05) alter dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk components during FR. In addition, SCFP supplementation tended (P = 0.07) to increase the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bifidobacterium animalis. Compared with controls, feeding SCFP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales (P = 0.03). Gluconokinase, oligosaccharide reducing-end xylanase, and 3-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase were among the enzymes overrepresented (P &lt; 0.05) in response to feeding SCFP. Cows fed SCFP had a lower representation of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis I (early cobalt insertion) and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis III (P &lt; 0.05). Subsets of the Firmicutes genus, Bacteroidota phylum, and Treponema genus were correlated with the mRNA abundance of genes associated with ileal integrity (GCNT3, GALNT5, B3GNT3, FN1, ITGA2, LAMB2) and inflammation (AOX1, GPX8, CXCL12, CXCL14, CCL4, SAA3). Our data indicated that the moderate FR induced dysfunction of the ileal microbiome, but feeding SCFP increased the abundance of some beneficial gut probiotic bacteria and other species related to tissue structures and immunity.
Current Trend in the Epidemiology of Thermal Burn Injury at a Tertiary Hospital in South Western Nigeria
Authors: Ademola Samuel Adesina , Michael Afieharo Igbibia , Iyun Ayodele Olukayode , Isamah Chinsunum Peace , Aderibigbe Rotimi Opeyemi , Olawoye Olayinka Adebanji , Oluwatosin Odunayo Moronfoluwa 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Worldwide, thermal burn is the leading etiological type of burn injury accounting for 86% of burn injuries requiring admissions. Flame, Scald, and contact burn are the leading causes of thermal burn. Changes in the sociodemographic characteristics of societies have led to alterations in the epidemiology of burn. An understanding of such changes in the epidemiology of burn is essential in formulating and executing adequate burn prevention programs. We sought to establish the current trend in the etiology, gender distribution, age, occurrence of inhalation injury, burn surface area, burn depth, and mortality rate of thermal burns at Ibadan. This was a retrospective study carried out between January 2013 and December 2022. Thermal burns constitute 92% of burn injuries. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1. There were 265 (45%) patients in the pediatric age group and 323 adults (55% of the patients). The proportion of flame, scald, and contact burns were 378 (58%), 203 (32%), and 14 (2%), respectively. Flame burns resulting from liquified petroleum gas (LPG) explosion show a rising trend, with a decline in flame burns from kerosene (P &lt; .001). One hundred and ninety (32%) patients had inhalation injury. The overall mortality was 19% (N = 114). Kerosene flame, 38% (17 of 45 patients), and LPG, 32% (41 of 130 patients), were the most lethal causes of flame injuries (P &lt; .043). The study shows the increasing contribution of LPG to the etiology of thermal burn injuries. Burn prevention programs should target safe use of LPG stoves and cylinders.
Rethinking the Human Right to Food from a Single Perspective to a Four-Fold Legal Interpretation
Authors: Milian Gómez Jorge Freddy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The human right to food is a fundamental pillar for guaranteeing human dignity and the existence of human beings. It is configured in the international legal system as the possibility of supplying a minimum amount of food necessary to avoid death by hunger, as well as healthy and adequate food for all people. The path to its recognition and conceptualization has been hazardous and is currently not free of real problems that affect its realization. Protection of the right at the national level has taken different forms: express or indirect recognition, recognition of the validity of international law norms in national law, jurisprudence or through the principles of the State. Nevertheless, the hunger problem persists, and the problems associated with nutrition continue to increase. Issues of nutritional security and food sovereignty are linked to the human right to food and are not incompatible with that right. In this regard, conceptual currents define the right from various perspectives, but they are insufficient to meet today’s demands. This research aims to support the four-fold legal interpretation thesis with a legal-theoretical approach to contextualize the right to food in the current circumstances. This article is structured in the first part to analyse the different definitions that shape the right to food. It then briefly presents the four-fold legal interpretation thesis and, finally, some arguments for reconfiguring the human right to food. The research methods used are legal-theoretical, legal-analytical and document analysis.
Overall signature of acquired KRAS gene changes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patient with EGFR-TKI resistance
Authors: Zheng Jie , Dou Yuanyao , Huang Daijuan , Wang Yubo , Han Rui , Hu Chen , Zhu Mengxiao , Lu Conghua , Lin Caiyu , Wu Di , Liu Yihui , Tang Huan , He Tingting , Jiang Weilin , He Yong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective
Numerous scattered case studies continue to demonstrate a strong correlation between acquired KRAS mutations and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. However, the comprehensive understanding of the KRAS pathway following the failure of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy remains limited.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective evaluation of the next generation sequencing data from 323 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations after experiencing progression with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Our analysis specifically focused on the acquired changes to the KRAS gene.

Results
Among the 323 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations who experienced resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, 14 individuals (4.3%) developed resistance due to acquired KRAS alterations. Of these 14 patients, 10 cases (71.4%) were due to KRAS missense mutations, 1 case (7.2%) was due to KRAS gene fusion and 3 cases (21.4%) were due to KRAS amplification. Notably, we identified one newly demonstrated KRAS gene fusion (KRAS and LMNTD1), one KRAS G13D and one KRAS K117N. The emergence of acquired KRAS alterations was often accompanied by novel mutations and high tumor mutation burden, with TP53, CNKN2A, PIK3CA, MYC, STK11, CDK4, BRCA2 and ERBB2 being the most frequently observed concurrent mutations. The median progression-free survival and overall survival for the 14 patients were 5.2 and 7.3 months, respectively. Acquired KRAS missense variants were associated with significantly worse progression-free survival compared with other KRAS variant subtypes (P &lt; 0.028).

Conclusions
This study provides significant evidence of the role of acquired KRAS variants in the development of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Our results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the mutational profiles associated with resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, our study highlights the KRAS gene change as a significant mechanism of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
The Psychological Impact of Exposure to Battle on Medics: A Cross-Sectional Study of Ex-Soldiers Who Sought Help From the IDF Combat Reaction Unit
Authors: Shelef Leah , Bechor Uzi , Ohayon Ofir , Tatsa-Laur Lucian , Antonovsky Avishai 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe present study’s central aim was to examine two questions: (1) Will there be differences in mental health outcomes between medics and non-medics who sought help at the Israeli Combat Reaction Unit (CRU)? (2) Will there be differences in mental health outcomes between combatants and non-combatants?Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study included files of 1,474 Israeli Defense Forces ex-service members (89% combatants, of whom 13% were medics; 11% non-combatants, of whom 6% were medics), who filled out questionnaires on admission for evaluation at the CRU.Dependent variables were mental health measures and included two PTSD measures (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), Beck Depression Inventory, Dissociative Experience Scale, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Military profession (medics vs. non-medics) and status (combatant vs. non-combatant) were the independent variables. Background variables were also examined.ResultsWe found no substantial differences between medics and non-medics in the mental health measures. When looking at combat and non-combat separately, the non-combat medics (CMs), in general, were in better mental health conditions than the other three groups— CMs, non-medic combatants, and non-medic non-combatants—all of whom had similar scores in the mental health measures. However, compared to the rest, non-CMs took considerably longer years before approaching the CRU.ConclusionsThe elapsed time to seek help for non-MCs was explained by their reluctance to seek help, not being combatants, and being medics who are portrayed as resilient. Recommendations for encouraging this subgroup to seek help were given.
Prevalence of Enteric Infections in Patients on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Impact on Management and Outcomes
Authors: Magahis Patrick T , Satish Deepika , Esther Babady Ngolela , Kamboj Mini , Postow Michael A , Laszkowska Monika , Faleck David M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Stool pathogen testing is recommended as part of the initial evaluation for patients with new-onset diarrhea on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), yet its significance has not been well-studied. We aimed to determine the impact of multiplex gastrointestinal (GI) pathogen PCR testing on the clinical course and use of immunosuppressive therapy in patients who develop diarrhea on ICIs.

Methods
This retrospective cohort included individuals who underwent GI pathogen panel PCR for diarrhea on ICIs at Memorial Sloan Kettering between 7/2015 and 7/2021. The primary outcome was use of immunosuppressive therapy for suspected immunotherapy-related enterocolitis (irEC). Secondary outcomes included diarrhea severity and endoscopic and histologic disease patterns.

Results
Among 521 ICI-treated patients tested for GI pathogens, 61 (11.7%) had a positive PCR. Compared to patients without detectable infections, patients with infections had more frequent grades 3-4 diarrhea (37.7% vs. 19.6%, P &lt; .01) and colitis (39.3% vs. 14.7%, P &lt; .01). However, patients with infections did not have higher rates of persistent or recurrent diarrhea and were less likely to receive steroids (P &lt; .01) and second-line immunosuppressive agents (P = .03). In 105 patients with lower endoscopy, similar trends were observed and no differences in endoscopic severity or histologic patterns were noted between groups.

Conclusions
GI infections in ICI-treated patients presenting with diarrhea are linked to more severe but self-limited clinical presentations and may be optimally treated with observation and supportive care alone. Routine and timely stool pathogen testing may help avert unnecessary empiric immunosuppression for suspected irEC, which has been linked to blunted antitumor responses and numerous adverse effects.
Applying Implementation Science Theory in Evaluation Research
Authors: Keith Rosalind E. , Crosson Jesse C. , Damschroder Laura J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Implementation science seeks to provide implementation stakeholders and program decision-makers with guidance on how to successfully operationalize an intervention to achieve intended outcomes. This chapter provides an overview on using theory to guide evaluations focused on identifying determinants of implementation. Determinants include factors that may emerge to facilitate or challenge implementation efforts. An overarching premise within implementation science is that knowledge of these determinants is a necessary precondition for implementation, which is most effective when implementation strategies are informed by such determinants. Understanding determinants of implementation is essential to explaining intervention outcomes and reducing variation in outcomes. The authors first discuss the emergence of implementation science in evaluation research and define key terms. They then introduce theoretical frameworks intended to guide the evaluation of determinants of implementation. In the remainder of the chapter, they describe step by step how to use an implementation framework to guide an evaluation focused on identifying determinants of implementation.
Evaluating Implementation Strategies
Authors: Knocke Kathleen , Powell Byron J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Implementation strategies are actions that can be taken to improve the way an intervention is implemented. In this chapter, we describe how to select an implementation strategy, and we discuss how to identify the mechanisms underlying the strategy that influence implementation success. Understanding these mechanisms is important for generating actionable findings about how implementation strategies influence implementation. Clearly identifying implementation strategies to support a given intervention—as well as the hypothesized mechanisms of action underlying their expected effect—provides a foundation for monitoring and evaluating implementation success and for structuring reports to ensure replication of effective interventions and related implementation efforts.
Conducting Performance Evaluations
Authors: Lemrow Celeste , Hong Kevin Cyrus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
As implementers and donors seek to expand their analytical toolbox to assess program results, many are advancing performance evaluations as an approach to analyze their investments’ contributions to expected outcomes in the absence of a clear counterfactual. Performance evaluations stake a middle ground between process and impact evaluations, drawing on a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods to credibly correlate program activities with higher-order results. They provide systematic analysis when an impact evaluation is not feasible or appropriate, and when a process evaluation cannot fully address evaluation questions related to both rigor and cost-effectiveness. They examine questions such as: Did the program plausibly lead to changes in observed outcomes? What are the most important factors influencing the success (or failure) of a program? How do activities contribute to particular outcomes? This chapter establishes a basic framework for performance evaluations, covers key considerations for selecting a performance evaluation, and provides a practical overview of planning, implementing, and using these evaluations.
Program Monitoring as a Tool for Measuring, Communicating, and Improving Program Effectiveness
Authors: Goldsmith Rebecca , Pizer Anne 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is a US foreign assistance agency created to reduce poverty through economic growth. To accomplish this, MCC’s work rests on four pillars, one of which is a focus on results. Focusing on results means taking a systematic and rigorous approach to track and evaluate the effects of its programs. MCCs approach is distinct in that it links pre-investment analysis, which includes cost-benefit analysis (CBA), to its monitoring indicators’ baselines and targets. These analyses are directly connected, and MCC uses baseline and target values from the benefit and cost streams as its baseline and target values for its monitoring indicators. This chapter describes how MCC uses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) to connect the project assessment phase with project monitoring to ensure that its funding is put to good use.
Applying Multiple Methods to Implementation Research
Authors: Manno Michelle S. , Treskon Louisa 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the use of multiple-methods approaches to answer process and implementation questions, drawing on studies of two programs that engaged young people under age 25 in various activities to promote education and employment. The first study, Project Rise, documents how five providers operated the flexible program model by combining qualitative and quantitative information. This implementation study also assessed participant engagement in services and the characteristics of those most likely to continue or cease engagement. The second study, YouthBuild, demonstrates the measurement of fidelity using qualitative and quantitative information in the context of a randomized controlled trial. It examines 75 programs that implemented a “principle-based” model organized around broad guidelines rather than narrow objectives or detailed processes. Together, these studies show a range of research questions and approaches that implementation studies address.
Systems Research Overview and Its Application to Early Childhood Education Systems
Authors: Powers Shawn , Paulsell Diane 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Systems research aims to look beyond evaluation of individual programs and policies and seeks to understand the functioning of the systems in which those programs and policies are embedded. This chapter provides an overview of this nascent field through the lens of a multiyear research program on early childhood education (ECE) systems. It discusses the selection and adaptation process for a research framework based on Pritchett’s (2015) concept of “coherence” in education systems. The chapter then presents four types of research applications for the systems framework, with examples from country-level work in Liberia: a general diagnostic of the system’s ability to deliver quality early learning, a problem-based diagnostic aimed at understanding the root causes of overage enrollment, program and policy design with the goal of addressing these challenges, and analysis of system response to shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conducting Cost Analysis
Authors: Mamun Arif 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the practical aspects of conducting cost and cost-effectiveness analyses. It presents two illustrative examples: (1) a cost analysis of programs supporting orphans and other vulnerable children in Uganda, and (2) a cost-effectiveness analysis of a girl-friendly school infrastructure program in Burkina Faso. For each case, the author describes how the study operationalized the various methodological considerations, the type of stakeholder engagements that were necessary, how data were collected, and how the analyses were carried out. The chapter provides a summary of the findings and reflects on the practical lessons learned from the operations and modalities of doing the analysis in these applications.
Oh, All the Wrongs I Could Have Performed!
Authors: Enoch David , Weinshtock Saadon Itamar 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Suppose someone is brought up as an orthodox Jew, and so only eats kosher, is very conservative sexually, etc. Suppose they then find out that this Judaism stuff is just all a big mistake. If they then regret all the shrimp they could have eaten, all the sex!, this makes perfect sense. Not so, however, if someone finds out that moral realism is false, and they now regret all the fun they could have had hurting people’s feeling, etc. Even if this does make sense, there’s a strong disanalogy between the moral and the religious case. This asymmetry, on a realist picture of morality, calls for explanation. This chapter tries to explain it. The discussion engages some topics familiar from objections to Robust realism—the why-be-moral challenge, the status of de-dicto moral motivation, and whether and why we should care about the moral properties, robustly realistically understood.