bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The design of an Introductory Immunology course for new graduate and medical students within a systems biology type curriculum (EDU1P.216)
Authors: Price Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As a result of a major curriculum restructuring, it became necessary to formulate an introductory Immunology course, 16 class hours plus exam, meeting in a group of 115 students. It would be taken in the Fall semester by all our first year graduate and first year medical (including dual degree) students, many of whom have had no prior Immunology instruction. The course would provide a basic introduction to and foundations of modern human Immunology abstracted to a graduate level, while segregating into later Systems Biology courses selected topics of diseases which significantly impact or involve the immune system. Course organization is presented in a concept map. Course teaching objectives included a focus on: basics with connections to subsequent topics/content, clinical relevancy, and experience with higher order learning. Also included were opportunities for in-class review, and to compare and contrast aspects within and between the systemic and local innate and adaptive immune systems. For each class meeting 3 - 5 learning objectives were developed and used in content development for classes and assessments. Exam questions were prepared before the course, and a small selection (not used later on the exam) were released to the students during the course as practice exercises. Students were very enthusiastic about the course design and classes by the course designer.
iPads as a tool for increasing active learning in an undergraduate immunology class (EDU1P.218)
Authors: Pollock Roberta 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunology is a challenging subject, and active learning techniques can greatly facilitate student mastery of this material. Active learning approaches are particularly important in a rapidly changing field such as immunology, as students develop a sense of the dynamics of this area and acquire flexibility in how they acquire new information. iPads were used in two different immunology classes, taught in the Fall of 2012 and 2014. The iPads were used in numerous ways throughout the course and proved to be a very useful tool. Applications included lectures and note taking, journal article discussions, peer editing of research papers, clicker responses, eBooks, lab manuals, and lab notebooks. Some approaches worked very well, while others were mixed in their effectiveness. The ease with which students mastered the various uses of the iPads changed markedly in the two year period between the two classes; the first class had a very steep learning curve while the second class was immediately comfortable with using them. One of the most striking changes was the creativity shown by students in using the iPads in both lecture and lab.
Orienting incoming PhD students through hands-on training in immunology research methods (EDU1P.220)
Authors: Sweere Johanna , Seong Yekyung , Schaffert Steven , Spitzer Matthew , Martinez Olivia , Butte Manish 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Students entering graduate study in immunology face a sharp transition into the autonomous world of laboratory research and a steep learning curve for the techniques particular to immunology. Our goal was to expose new graduate students to essential research skills to facilitate the transition into rotation laboratories and eventually a thesis lab. At Stanford University, over the past three years, we incorporated a weeklong intensive orientation (“Startup”) involving a series of guided, hands-on projects and workshops designed to introduce incoming graduate students to experimental methods in immunology research. Our curriculum posed questions in both mouse and human immunology, answered through pre-validated experiments including flow cytometry, quantitative PCR and fluorescence microscopy. For example, cytokines were measured by qPCR and intracellular staining of T cells. Data visualization and analysis were introduced through exposure to R, Flowjo and Fiji. The students attended lunches with senior graduate students, dinners with faculty, and tours of core facilities. Surveys of participants before and after Startup revealed improvements in experimental/technical confidence. Also, students reported that Startup built class cohesion and facilitated the selection of rotation labs. In summary, we provide a refined recipe for introducing students to immunology research through hands-on experimental modules that mitigate the pedagogical barriers of first-year graduate school.
The characteristics of liver hematopoietic progenitor cells (HEM5P.231)
Authors: Peng Hui , Tang Ling , Sun Rui , Tian Zhigang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During fetal life, hematopoiesis majorly occurs in the liver. After birth, the site of hematopoiesis shifts from fetal liver to the bone marrow (BM). However, some recent studies have shown that the adult liver also contains stem cell population with potent hematopoietic-reconstitution potential. To investigate the properties of adult liver hematopoiesis, we compared the phenotype of liver lineage (Lin)-negative progenitor cells with that of BM counterparts. We found that Lin- cells in the adult liver are phenotypically distinct from BM Lin- cells. Moreover, transfer of fetal liver cells, but not adult BM cells, can repopulate these liver progenitor cells with unique phenotype. In addition, hematopoietic progenitor cells in the liver and BM exhibit differential transcription factor-expression. Liver Lin- progenitor cells express much higher levels of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), than their BM counterparts. Liver Lin-PLZF+ progenitors express high levels of Sca-1 and, in contrast to BM Lin-PLZF+ cells, lack c-kit and α4β7. Besides PLZF, another transcription factor, namely T-bet, is also expressed at higher levels by liver progenitors cells than their BM counterparts. Therefore, given the essential roles of PLZF and T-bet in the development of liver-resident natural killer (NK) cells, our data suggest that the unique characteristics of liver hematopoietic progenitor cells may contribute to liver-resident NK cell development.
microRNA-132 regulates hematopoietic stem cell function and survival through FOXO3a (HEM5P.226)
Authors: Mehta Arnav , Baltimore David , Zhao Jimmy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A complex network of interactions tightly regulates hematopoiesis to ensure balanced and appropriate output of blood cells, both under normal and stressful conditions. This network includes a novel class of RNA molecules, called microRNAs, that do not code for proteins, but instead negatively regulate the expression of genes. These molecules serve as “fine-tuners” of gene expression, and when dysregulated, can drastically alter the balance of hematopoiesis, potentially leading to cancer. We have identified microRNA-132 to be enriched in certain hematopoietic progenitors, particularly hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Ectopic expression of microRNA-132 leads to proliferation HSCs and early progenitors, with eventual exhaustion and extra medullary hematopoiesis. Deletion of microRNA-132 leads to increased survival of HSCs, especially in conditions of continuous inflammatory stress, and an improvement in engraftment potential compared to WT controls. This phenotype is primarily mediated by the microRNA-132 target FOXO3, a key transcription factor in regulating HSC proliferation and protective autophagy of aged HSCs. microRNA-132 deficient HSCs further show altered authophagy and reactive oxygen species accumulation in response to growth-factor starvation when compared to WT controls. We have thus identified microRNA-132 as an important regulator of HSC self-renewal and function, with therapeutic implications in hematopoietic aging and cancer.
The Antibody Response of Rabbits to a Single Injection of Type I Pneumococci
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Heidelberger Michael , Robinson Betty , DiLapi Marie M. , Walter Annabel W. , Sutliff Wheelan D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera of rabbits subjected to a single antigenic stimulus with Type I pneumococci were analyzed for antibodies to the commonly recognized pneumococcal antigens. The data are tabulated and are found comparable to similar analyses of sera of human patients recovered from pneumococcal infections and of human subjects injected with small quantities of pneumococci or type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharides.
A Capillary Tube Agglutination Test for Detecting Antibodies against Ornithosis in Turkey Serum
Authors: Mason Donald M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
A capillary tube agglutination test using a Giemsa-stained, buffered suspension of elementary bodies prepared from a toxigenic turkey strain of ornithosis virus propagated in the allantoic cavity of chicken embryos was compared with the indirect complement fixation test, and the results were promising. The CTA test seemed to be more sensitive in the first week or two after infection, and thereafter the two tests seemed equally sensitive. Both were a little more sensitive than the direct complement fixation test when the test material was turkey serum. In the CTA test false positive reactions were encountered, usually in low serum dilutions, but occasionally in dilutions as high as 1:32, when the serum was hemolyzed, contaminated or contained residual fibrin. Reactions at dilutions of 1:16 or higher constituted good presumptive evidence of infection or of some previous encounter with ornithosis agents; reactions at dilutions of less than 1:16 were less specific and were interpreted cautiously. Preliminary testing of serum from infected parrots and pigeons indicated that the CTA test can detect ornithosis antibodies in these species.
The CTA test is economical and simple to perform. According to the results of these tests it could be a useful flock test, of value in epizootiologic surveys, and a rapid screening test of flocks before marketing in enzootic or epizootic areas. Flocks undergoing acute or subacute epizootics of ornithosis, the most dangerous from the standpoint of public health, could be detected easily.
The Heterogeneity of Combining Sites of Antibodies as Determined by Specific Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Kitagawa Masayasu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigen-combining sites of rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody were shown to be heterogenous by adsorption of antibody on a specific immunoadsorbent and by elution of the adsorbed antibody with haptens. A microanalytical method was developed for testing such heterogeneity with a few milligrams of antiserum globulin. The analyses could be performed rapidly and gave a very reproducible elution pattern. The method depended on the use of radioiodine labels. Two antibody preparations can be compared under precisely identical conditions by labeling one with I131, the other with I125 and passing the mixture through the fractionation procedures.
Immunochemical Study on Rat Urinary Proteins: Their Relation to Serum and Kidney Proteins (Chromatographic Separation of the Major Urinary Protein)
Authors: Dinh Bao-Linh , Tremblay Armand , Dufour Didier 
Published: December 2022

Summary
After agar electrophoresis, only two protein bands migrating in the albumin and α2-globulin zones have been revealed in rat urine.
However, by immunoelectrophoretic analysis, the presence of at least 10 proteins has been demonstrated in rat urine. Half of them derived from the serum; the other proteins, the specific urinary proteins, probably originated from the urinary tract. Their relative electrophoretic mobilities compared to rat serum albumin mobility were as follows: 1.16, 1.09, 1.02, 0.68 and 0.64. The last, which was also the strongest antigen, has been designated by us the rat major urinary protein. Double diffusion in agar gel has demonstrated its antigenic identity with renal constituent.
The major urinary protein isolated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose had the following analysis: nitrogen, 10.3%; hexose, 2.2%. Its diffusion coefficient determined by double diffusion in gel was equal to 7.2 × 10-7 cm2 sec-1. The isoelectric point was at pH 2.1 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.
The origin of specific urinary proteins and their possible physiopathologic role in nephrotic syndromes have been discussed. The presence of a species-specific major protein in the urine of mammals has also been suggested.
Socket Preservation Using Autogenous Bone Graft and Dentin Autograft after Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular third Molar – A Split-Mouth Study Design
Authors: Gupta Priyanka Sinder , Punde Prashant Ashok , Nilesh Kumar , Patil Pankaj Bajirao , Chouradiya Shrenik , Mahalle Riddhi Hemant 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
In our study, we have compared the efficacy of dentin bone graft for purpose of ridge preservation and have compared it with autogenous bone graft (ABG). A total of 15 patients were included in this study requiring extraction of bilaterally impacted third molar. On the one side, the socket was filled with processed dentin graft prepared after extraction of the third molar, and on the other side, the socket was filled with ABG harvested from external oblique ridge. The two were compared on the basis of various soft tissue and hard tissue parameters.

Aims:
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of the dentin autograft with ABG for preservation of socket defect after removal of mandibular third molars clinically and radiographically.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 15 patients were included undergoing extraction for bilaterally impacted third molar. The socket on one side after extraction was filled with processed dentin from the same extracted tooth, and the other side of the socket was filled with ABG harvested from the external oblique ridge.

Results:
It was seen that dentin graft had the regenerative properties and showed potential for ridge preservation.

Conclusions:
Ridge preservation is essential for placement of implant and other prostheses. Preservation of ridge immediately after extraction bypasses the need for extensive ridge augmentation procedure. Hence, dentin graft can be used for this purpose as it has potential for bone regeneration.
Evaluation of In situ Adaptability of Two Types of Fissure Sealants Placed with or Without Enameloplasty
Authors: Khan Tabinda Nawaz , Khan Farhan Raza 
Published: December 2022

Context:
Literature has no consensus over the utility of enameloplasty before fissure sealant placement.

Aim:
The objective of the study was to explore the effect of enameloplasty using a scanned electron microscope on the adaptability of resin-modified glass ionomer versus flowable resin-based sealants.

Settings and Design:
An in
vitro, experimental study was done from July to November 2017 at the NED University and Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Materials and Methods:
An in vitro experimental study was done, for which twenty extracted human molars and premolars were selected. They were divided into two groups on the basis of sealant type (resin-modified glass ionomer versus flowable resin-based sealant). The groups were further subdivided on the basis whether these were subjected to enameloplasty or not. All specimens were thermocycled, sectioned, dried, and gold sputtered before inspection under a scanning electron microscope (×50).

Statistical Analysis Used:
The adaptability of the sealant material in the tooth fissures was assessed on an ordinal scale. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. Mann–Whitney U-test and ordinal regression were applied at 0.05 level of significance.

Results:
There were no statistically significant differences between adaptability scores achieved with resin-modified glass ionomer-based sealant and flowable resin-based sealant (P = 0.96). Moreover, enameloplasty resulted in inferior adaptability of the two sealant materials (P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Enameloplasty has shown to exert a negative influence over adaptation of the sealant material into the tooth fissure irrespective of the sealant chemistry.
Pediatric Renal Transplantation in Southern Saudi Arabia
Authors: El Hennawy Hany M. , Al Hashemy Ahmed , Al Faifi Abdullah S. , Safar Omar , Obeid Mahmoud Ali , Gomaa Mohamed A. , Alkhalaqi Ayed , Babiker Mashair , Abdelaziz Abdelaziz A. , Al Humaid Rawa M. , Zaitoun Mohammad F. , AlAlsheikh Khalid A 
Published: December 2022

Background:
The outcome of pediatric renal transplantation (RT) has improved over the last decades. Aims and Objectives: To study the outcome of pediatric transplantation at our center including patient and graft survival, acute rejection, and surgical complications.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective review of pediatric RT outcomes at the only transplant center in Southern Saudi Arabia.

Results:
between 11/2013 till 03/2020, 63 RT were performed in pediatric recipients 2 through 18 years of age (mean 11.7 ± 3.75) including 43 patients (68.2%) aged 14 and younger. Average BMI-height-age-z were 66.05 ± 6.65 percentile. 49 patients (77.7%) received kidneys from adult living donors (LD), 8(16%) were unrelated donors.41% had preemptive KT. The commonest known etiologies of ESRD were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Post Urethral valve, and dysplastic kidney (9.5% each). Thymoglobulin and Basiliximab were used as induction therapy in 37 (58.7%) and 26 (41.3%) patients respectively. With a mean follow-up of 80 months, 1-year and 5-year graft survival rates for LD and deceased donors were (97.2%, 86.4%) and (96.4%, 76%) respectively. 1-year and 5-year patients survival rates were 100%.

Conclusions:
pediatric renal transplantation outcome at our center, despite the low volume of cases, is encouraging.
Laparoscopic versus Open Donor Nephrectomy
Authors: Sadasukhi Nripesh , Patel Ketul , Sadasukhi T. Chand , Gupta Manish , Gupta H. L. , Sharma Ashish , Malik Sandeep 
Published: December 2022

Objectives:
The objective of this study is to report the difference in loss of length of the renal artery and vein between an open and laparoscopic renal donor nephrectomy.

Methodology:
We take 50 open and 50 laparoscopic renal donors for comparison of loss of length of the renal artery and vein. This is a single-blinded study. All patients considered for left donor nephrectomy with a single renal artery and vein are included in the study. Patients considered for right donor nephrectomy, abnormal renal artery and vein anatomy, atherosclerotic renal artery or vein are excluded from the study.

Results:
In our study, we take 50 open renal donor nephrectomies and 50 laparoscopic renal donor nephrectomies from a total of 115 renal donor nephrectomies from December 2020 to April 2021. For removing bias, we take only the left side nephrectomy which has a single artery and vein. We used study randomizer software which uses cluster randomization which decides case should be operated on either open or laparoscopy.

Conclusions:
In our study, the difference between preoperative and intraoperative artery length for open donor nephrectomy (ODN) was 0.3 cm, and vein length was 2.3 cm and the difference between preoperative and intraoperative artery length for laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) was 0.5 cm, and vein length was 2.5 cm. The difference between renal artery length in open versus LDN is 0.2 cm, and the difference between renal vein length in ODN versus LDN is 0.2 cm, which is statistically insignificant.
Clinicopathological Correlation of Transplant Nephrectomies in Elusive Graft Dysfunction - An Observational Study
Authors: Anupama Sneha Haridas , Pradeep Immanuel , Mathews Sharon , Abraham Georgi , Parthasarathy Rajeevalochana , Mathew Milly , Sundaraja Saravana , Kurien Abraham , Palaniappan Nagarajan 
Published: December 2022

Aim:
The objective of this study is to review the pathology and outcome of kidney allograft nephrectomies performed in a single renal transplant center in South India. In our regional center, a total of 721 renal transplants were done between January 2001 and March 2020, of which 18 underwent transplant nephrectomy (TN).

Materials and Methods:
Clinical data concerning patient characteristics, duration of allograft functions, indications, complications, and subsequent follow-up details were assessed. The median age of patients at the time of transplantation who underwent TN was 35 years. Among the 18 allografts, 16 were from live-related donors and a deceased donor after circulatory/brain death in two patients. Associated comorbidities found at the time of transplantation mainly consist of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. A standard triple immunosuppressive regimen along with mTOR inhibitors was followed in all patients. The morphology of the allograft nephrectomy was studied in elusive graft dysfunction.

Results:
In our study, while the infection was found to be the leading cause of renal allograft failure clinically, on pathological examination of TN specimens, rejection (44.44%) contributed to failure the most. Early graft failure (55.56%) was related to hyperacute rejection or vascular complications. Late graft failure (44.44%) was associated with infection and rejection. No significant mortality was observed in our study.

Conclusion:
Clinicopathological correlation to arrive at a diagnosis for graft failure contributes to more effective postnephrectomy care of the patient since often the underlying pathology is masked by other incidental occurrences. It also aids in gauging the patient's chances of undergoing further transplant and graft survival.
Technical Note
Authors: Goyal Mohit , Tandon Asheesh , Agrawal Alok 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Conventional midline dorsal approach to spine leads to excessive muscle retraction and hence muscular injury, denervation, atrophy, or ischemic necrosis. Wiltse paraspinal approach prevents these complications. We present a modified Wiltse approach using minimally invasive surgery techniques for fixation of lumbar spinal instability patients.

Methods:
Here, we provide a step wise description of the modified Wiltse approach. We then put together, a step wise analysis of the preparation, patient positioning, skin incision, fascial opening, dissection, bone identification, retractors, deprioritization, decompression, discectomy, instrumentation, arthrodesis, and closure for the Wiltse technique.

Conclusion:
The classical approach described by Wiltse is essentially minimally invasive, sparing both the muscle planes and soft tissues. Adding a modification with tubular retractor system gives an additional advantage of muscle-sparing discectomy and fusion with a very low complication rate.