bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adapting Bovine Behavior to Improve Performance
Authors: Grandin Temple 
Published: March 2023

The relationship between a stockman and his cattle will affect productivity. Quiet, gentle handling will reduce stress on animals and improve production. Dairy cattle and other livestock readily adapt to many handling procedures. This paper will review how livestock adapt to handling procedures and ways to reduce handling stress.
Reducing stress is important because stresses imposed during handling can have a detrimental effect on reproduction, milk production, immune function and rumen function. Restraint, electric prods and other handling stresses lowered conception rates.69,38,70 Transportation and restraint stress reduced the immune function in cattle and pigs.44,5,53 Rumen function was impaired by transit stress.19 In the studies conducted by Galyean,19 Kelley,44 and Blecha,5 the stress imposed by transit had a greater detrimental effect on the animal's physiology than the stress of feed and water derivation for the same length of time. Handling sheep with dogs and transport and sorting two to three weeks after mating caused early embryonic losses.11
Nutritional and Management Considerations Associated with Pen Deaths
Authors: Hansen Keith R. 
Published: March 2023

Death of cattle in the feedlot has caused the loss of countless dollars of potential profits annually by cattle feeders. Managers spend large amounts of their time and energy in an effort to decrease these losses in order to save this revenue for the feedyard and their customers. When viewed from an economic standpoint, a feedyard which will annually feed 60,000 head might have an average death loss from various causes of approximately one percent or about 600 head. If these cattle are fed on the average from 725 to 1100 lbs. their median weight would be equal to 912.5 lbs. for a total annual loss of 547,500 lbs. At an average selling price of $72.00 per hundredweight, this would equal a loss in equity of $394,200.00 This is in terms of average value of the cattle. Associated reduction in revenue would be the loss of the potential value of finished beef, loss of interest and veterinary expense, loss of potential feed sales and finally the decrease in profit potential by the cattle owner.
Obviously the causes of death in feedlot cattle are numerous and difficult to predict. Realistically, every feedyard has or should have, some type of animal health program which it subscribes to for prevention and treatment, requiring considerable amounts of man-hours and drug expense annually. A large portion of morbidity and mortality in the feedyard is caused by shipping stress. Cattle, which are shipped long distances, have been subjected to excessive handling as well as environments rich in pathogenic organisms in the receiving and handling pens. Other stressors include withdrawal of feed and water, long periods without rest and finally subjection to diesel fumes while on the truck. Physiologically, these animals are tired, weakened and dehydrated, having lost substantial levels of vitamins and electrolytes while in transit. This produces an environment within the animal that is lower in immunological activity than that of nonstressed animals and is therefore perfect for the propagation of pathogens.
This lowered resistance is enhanced by the co-mingling of cattle from various origins and the resulting subjection to infectious agents to which they may not have developed a natural immunity. These cattle are excellent candidates for any of the host of feedlot diseases commonly observed which ultimately result in death losses. Many times the feedyard manager implicates the consulting veterinarian and his health program for all death losses in the yard. While the veterinarian does have a large responsibility concerning newly received cattle as well as the overall health program in the yard, there are areas affecting cattle mortality where he has only limited impact.
Rumen Function Enhancements
Authors: Corah Larry R. 
Published: March 2023

For years, ruminant nutritionists have utilized the rumen vat for one of its unique attributes - its ability to convert non-useable products into products of the nutritional value that enhances the growth of beef cattle, sheep and dairy cattle. Examples of this have been the utilization of fiber that is non-useable by humans or other non-ruminants. In addition, we have learned how the rumen converts urea to a useable form of dietary protein.
In recent years the focus of ruminant research has shifted to the microbial population, and how altering microbial populations may fine-tune the nutritional diets utilized. Let's address three of these that currently are used: Ionophores, buffers and probiotics.
Bovine Abortion
Authors: Hurd H. Scott 
Published: March 2023

A farm in the Midwest is experiencing problems with abortion. This farm is milking around 80 cows, raises its own heifers at another place, and has a rolling herd average of 16,000 pounds. Heifers are bred with a bull at the other farm and brought to the milking farm 4 - 5 weeks before freshening. These springers are housed in the same area as the dry cows until approximately one week before freshening. All cows are vaccinated with a multivalent vaccine for Leptospirosis, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, and P13 at the time of dry off. Milking cows are fed a total mixed ration of corn silage, haylage, and high moisture corn. Dry cows and springers are fed corn silage with hay or green chop, depending on the time of year.
On May 1 an aborted calf approximately 120 days gestational age was found in the freestall area. On June 1, one heifer aborted 2 weeks before her calving date. On June 10 another heifer aborted. The veterinarian was called out and he submitted serum samples from both heifers to the diagnostic lab, results were negative. A dry cow aborted on June 15. The fresh fetus and placenta were carried, by the producer, to the diagnostic lab. It will be 2 weeks before results are available. Another heifer and a cow had late term abortions on June 17 and 18. Another cow in the low group aborted twins on June 21. Immediate action is called for but no diagnosis can be made from the laboratory findings.
Reproductive Efficiency in Beef Cattle
Authors: Odde K. G. , Snelling W. M. 
Published: March 2023

Cow-calf efficiency can be defined both in terns of biological efficiency and economic efficiency. Measures of biological efficiency include pregnancy rate, percentage calf crop weaned and calf weight weaned per cow exposed. Economic efficiency may be measured by net return per cow/calf unit or net return to the beef cattle enterprise. Biological and economic efficiency are often closely related, but in some situations only a limited relationship exists. For example, if biological efficiency defined as calf weight weaned divided by cow exposed is high, economic efficiency may or may not be high, depending on cow costs and the price of calves. Economic efficiency is of most importance to producers and is dependent on: 1) percent calf crop weaned, 2) weaning weight, 3) sale price of calves, and 4) annual cow costs (Ritchie, 1984). Maximizing production may not always be consistent with maximizing net profits over the long term. Identifying optimum levels of production ( those consistent with maximum continuing net profit) should be the goal. The optimum levels for reproductive measures such as pregnancy rate and percentage calf crop weaned are in fact high and quite close to maximum in most cases. Focusing on high reproductive efficiency at minimal cost is essential in moving cow-calf producers closer to optimum levels of production.
Where do reductions in reproductive efficiency occur? Bellows (1984) summarized losses in potentially weanable calves and reported that most losses occur either because cows fail to become pregnant or lose calves at or near calving. Nutrition is a major factor contributing to these losses. The purpose of this paper is to discuss factors, primarily nutritional, contributing to these losses.
Causes and Prevention of Bovine Abortion
Authors: Kirkbride Clyde A. 
Published: March 2023

Abortion is a particularly costly and vexing problem for veterinarians and cow/calf producers. Determining the causes of bovine abortion is difficult for several reasons, and despite the advances in diagnostic technology of the past few years, diagnostic success in bovine abortions seldom reaches 50% in laboratories around the world. Table 1 summarizes the results of diagnostic efforts on bovine abortions over the past 3 years at the South Dakota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory where specimens from 600 to 1000 aborted calves are examined each year. With the exception of dystocia, twinning, trauma, and anomaly (which in some cases may be caused by infection) all the causes listed are infectious, i.e. bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan. Because toxic, metabolic, and hereditary causes of abortion seldom result in a product or lesion readily recognizable in fetal tissues, these causes of abortion usually remain undetected by diagnosticians.
Obviously the stockman wants every pregnant cow to go to term and deliver a live, healthy calf. This is an unrealistic expectation, but the level of abortion in a herd that should elicit alarm has not been determined exactly. A maximum loss of 3%, while not desirable, probably is not unreasonable. Some of these losses may result from certain inherited hormonal deficiencies, and routine culling usually keeps this problem to a minimum. As with any average figure, this 3% loss does not occur uniformly each year in every herd. Therefore fewer than 1% "normal" abortions may occur in a herd for several years, and then the number may exceed 3% for 1 or more years. This makes it difficult to set a precise figure for the number of abortions that should be accepted before investigation into the cause is started, but in general, diagnostic efforts should be initiated any time more than 1% of the herd abort.
Using and Interpreting Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Spangler Liz 
Published: March 2023

Everything a veterinary clinician does ends in a decision: to treat, to do more tests, or to wait. The diagnostic process is, of necessity, a dualistic one. We have a need for a binary classification system because the decisions we must make are usually dualistic or binary in nature themselves. But the data we have to use is complex, not necessarily dualistic, subjective and not infrequently, contradictory. It must be reduced, consciously or unconsciously, to a single judgement, sick or well. The purpose of this exercise is to examine objectively how diagnostic decisions are made, with the objective of improving diagnostic capabilities in food animal medicine.
The diagnostic problem in either the clinical setting or the screening situation is similar: the correct classification of our patients' disease condition. In clinical medicine, the goal is to assign the correct diagnosis from a list of problems with similar presentation. In screening for disease, the goal becomes to classify herds or individuals correctly as either free of some particular disease of interest or not. The ringer in this process is that diagnostic decisions are never made in isolation. There are economic, social and psychological consequences of making a diagnosis that depend largely upon the environment of the individual or herd. Whatever happens next depends on factors such as the effect of labelling on the herd or owner, the likelihood of owner compliance with testing and/or recommendations which follow from the testing, human considerations, our best estimate of cost/benefit ratio of the procedures we are considering, and other issues.
Offering Financial Consultation as Part of a Production Medicine Practice
Authors: Ferry John W. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine practitioners anxious to provide more profitable services for their clients have adopted production medicine techniques into their practice. These veterinarians recognize that, although traditional reproductive herd health and sick cow programs are necessary services for the dairy industry, these services stop short of being an investment in improved herd health. By consulting in replacement rearing, ration balancing, udder health, ventilation and barn design, and records analysis, production medicine veterinarians can impact cow health and production. Improved health and production will reward the producer with increased profits.
Many producers, accustomed to sharing their records with their veterinarian, seek input on their financial records as well. By incorporating analysis of financial records, production medicine programs become more focused, and prioritized. This paper will outline how I incorporate financial data into my consulting program, and how this information affects our production medicine services.
Enhancement of Pre-weaning Performance
Authors: Corah Larry R. , Blanding Mitch R. 
Published: March 2023

When you evaluate the factors influencing profitability in the cow/calf industry, four key points need to be considered.1. Percent cows weaning calves.2. Weaning weight of calves.3. Selling price of calves.4. Annual cost of maintaining the cow.
Obviously, in evaluating weaning weight, it's important to consider both the percent of cows weaning calves and the actual weaning weight. If the goal is to improve weaning weight it cannot be at the expense of a dramatically reducing percent calf crop. The relationship of these two key profit factors is illustrated clearly in Table 1. Thus, in evaluating weaning weight it's important to look at weaning weight as actual pounds of calf weaned per cow in the herd.
In the past 20 years, it is very clear that the cow/calf industry has made considerable progress in improving calf weaning weights. The pounds of calf produced per cow nationally, (figures as summarized by Cattle Facts) were 318 lbs calf/cow in 1960, 449 lbs calf/cow in 1980 and current figures in 1989/90 are projecting 528 lbs calf/cow.
As we evaluate annual cost of maintaining the cow, very little change has occurred in the industry in the past ten years, but the current focus, such as the National IRM Program, will be addressing production costs and how the industry can improve economic efficiency by lowering annual production costs.
The following summary will look at those factors such as management, nutrition and genetics that can influence weaning weight.
Seven factors (in varying detail) will be considered: a) growth promotants, b) creep feeding, c) use of medicated minerals, d) internal/external parasite control, e) age at weaning, f) grazing systems/forage quality and g) genetic capacity to grow.
Bovisalm TM and Bovisalm D Vaccines are Safe and Prevent Salmonellosis in Calves
Authors: De Ree J. M. , Stuurman B. G. E. , Mollema A. M. , Zantinga J. W. , Van der Valk P. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine salmonellosis is an important zoonotic infection1. Serious outbreaks of clinical disease may occur in cattle of all ages and result in devastating economic loss. The most important serotypes which cause disease in calves are Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin. Both serotypes can cause fever, anorexia, depression, bacteremia, diarrhoea and death.
Live and dead vaccines have been used to prevent salmonellosis in calves. It is generally believed that cell mediated immunity is necessary to provide longterm protection against salmonellosis. For this reason live attenuated strains have been used because these strains elicit a stronger cell mediated immunity than killed vaccines. Furthermore orally delivered vaccines cause a mucosal immunity, which is important for protection against enteric pathogens.
A number of different types of live vaccines have been developed. Auxotrophic mutants are dependent on metabolites not, or insufficiently present in the vaccinated animal. Recently, a Salmonella typhimurium strain was described which is auxotrophic for histidine and adenine and which also shows a high sensitivity to tensides2. Furthermore Salmonella dublin strain was described which is auxotrophic for thiamine and adenine. These strains have been used for the development of Bovisalm TM (S. typhimurium) and Bovisalm D (S. dublin); lyophilized vaccines for oral immunization of young veal calves to prevent salmonellosis. In this report we present data to show that these strains are safe and effective in preventing salmonellosis in calves.
Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Whitlock Robert H. , Rosenberger Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2023

Fetuses were obtained from 58 pregnant cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (as determined by fecal culture), but showing no clinical signs of Johne's disease. Fetal tissues (spleen, liver, kidney, ileum, mesenteric lymph node) were cultured for M. paratuberculosis. Only 5 of 58 fetuses were culture positive (8.6%). All 5 culture-positive fetuses were from asymptomatic cows shedding high numbers of organisms in the feces.
Milk samples were collected aseptically from 77 cows naturally infected with M. paratuberculosis but showing no clinical signs. Of 77 samples, 9 (11.6%) were culture positive for M. paratuberculosis. Supramammary lymph nodes were culture positive form 22 of 81 cows (27%).
Fetal infection and direct excretion of M. paratuberculosis in milk can occur in asymptomatic infected cows, but with lower frequency than cows with signs of Johne's disease.
Environmental Contamination on Dairy Farms with Cattle Infected with Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis
Authors: Whitlock Robert H. , Rosenberger Anne E. , Siebert Mark , Sweeney Ray 
Published: March 2023

The extent and persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis environmental contamination on farms with a known history of Johne's disease is a commonly asked question by the agricultural community. Prospective buyers of farms following a dispersal sale often inquire about the possibility of newly acquired cattle becoming infected with M. paratuberculosis from the environment where Johne's cattle had previously been located. Thus, based on continuing inquiries from cattlemen, we developed a prospective research proposal to assess the extent of environmental contamination with M. paratuberculosis associated with known levels of infection in the herds as determined with whole herd fecal culture tests of adult cattle using a sensitive technique utilizing centrifugation1.
Previous studies on the survival of M. paratuberculosis have been largely conducted under standardized laboratory conditions and not from samples taken from the immediate farm environment2,3,4. Those studies suggested that M. paratuberculosis is somewhat long lived in a variety of environmental conditions. Non-laboratory based studies have focused on the survival of M. paratuberculosis in slurry and no studies have focused on the extent of soil and environmental contamination on farms with Johne's disease.
The frequency of occurrence of M. paratuberculosis in the environment of farms with known infection of cattle with M. paratuberculosis has not been reported. But, the survival of M. paratuberculosis in water, slurry, urine and other media has been published2,3,4,5. Previous authors often used laboratory-grown isolates then inoculated a variety of materials and monitored the recovery rate over time. Vishnewskii6 first reported that bovine urine markedly reduced the survival time of M. paratuberculosis to less than 10 days. The inhibitory effect of urine on tubercle bacteria growth has also been recognized for some time but the factor responsible for the inhibition has not been isolated7,8. Urine has a similar inhibitory effect on salmonella9.
Correlation of Diagnostic Methods and Disease Control Practices with Reduction in Prevalence of M. Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Hutchinson Lawrence J. , Zarkower Arian , Whitlock Robert H. , Sweeney Raymond W. , Galligan David T. , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: March 2023

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Johne's disease (JD), is a chronic. incurable enteropathy affecting cattle and other ruminants. Both diagnostic and control measures have been inadequate to enable early detection and elimination of the infection from cattle herds.
This study attempts to develop and evaluate diagnostic methods and to correlate management and disease control practices with reduction in prevalence of JD-infected animals from known JD-positive herds.
Efficiency of a Live 316 F Strain Vaccine Against Paratuberculosis in Ruminants
Authors: Saint-Marc B. , Argente G. , Guillemin F. , Milward F. , Lacoste F. , Reynaud G. , Brun A. , Vandeputte J. 
Published: March 2023

It is nearly a century ago that JOHNE and FROTHINGAM identified Mycobacterium para tuberculosis as the causative agent of PARATUBERCULOSIS, commonly named JOHNE'S DISEASE, in RUMINANTS. This disease is still, (and even more and more in some parts of the world), responsible for considerable economic losses to the dairy and beef cattle industry, related to reduced milk production, diarrhoea, emaciation, decreased fertility, and mortality (1,2,3,4).
The specificities of the epidemiology, the pathogeny and the diagnosis of this infection have made its control something difficult : e .g. the early contamination of the newborn calves, the late clinical expression of the disease in adult animals, the evolution of humoral and cellular indicators of the immune response in individually infected animals (5,6,7,8,9,10,11).
Propositions of control programs have been presented some years ago and recently updated (5). According to their authors, they rely on one or both of the following strategies : vaccination and/or sanitary measures.
The concept of vaccination has been developped by VALLEE and RINJARD (12,13) some 60 years ago. The following presentation wishes to expose the characteristics of a live 316F strain Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine (***), and the results obtained in France (dept. des Cotes d 'Armor) when the use of this vaccine in newborn calves is associated with fecal culture in a large scale control program against PARATUBERCULOSIS in cattle.
(***) NEOPARASECa - RHONE MERIEUX - LYON - FRANCE
Gesundheitsprobleme in Verbindung Mit Der Oralen Rehydratations-Therapie Und Der Zwangsfütterung Beim Jungen Kalb
Authors: Dirksen G. U. 
Published: March 2023

PROBLEMS WITH ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY AND FORCE-FEEDING IN THE YOUNG CALF
The introduction of oral glucose-electrolyte solutions (ORS) in the rehydration therapy in calf diarrhea is believed to be one of the most important advances in veterinary medicine in the past decades. However, own experiences and investigations with several hundred neonatal calves suffering from diarrhea or other diseases show that the use of such solutions - including so-called 'diet-drinks' - implies various risks, which have to be considered.
Article in German, English summary in PDF.
Diagnose, Therapie Und Prognose Der Darmscheibendrehung Beim Rind
Authors: Rademacher G. 
Published: March 2023

DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY AND PROGNOSIS OF THE INTESTINAL MESENTERIC TORSION IN CATTLE
Twisting of the intestinal mass around the cranial root of the mesentery occurs suddenly and the course is peracute. For the present study 100 cases seen between 1985 and October 1991 were evaluated.
Article in German, English and Spanish summaries in PDF.