bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Infection of adult BALB/c mice with Friend disease virus resulted in marked suppression of the ability of the animals to respond to a potential immunizing inoculum of sheep erythrocytes as detected both on the cellular and humoral antibody level. Whereas normal noninfected animals had a vigorous immune response to erythrocytes, with the appearance of relatively large numbers of antibody plaque-forming cells in their spleens, infected mice generally had a markedly depressed response. The timing of virus infection in relation to immunization was an important factor since the greatest immunosuppression occurred in mice infected 3, 8 or 21 days before immunization. Less suppression occurred in mice infected the same day as immunization. The peak response was depressed in all mice, regardless of the day of antigen injection, when the number of PFC was calculated per million leukocytes rather than per whole spleen. Appearance of 7 S IgG PFC late in the immune response was markedly inhibited in all infected mice, even those receiving FDV after immunization.
The “background” counts of 19 S PFC preexisting in spleens of both nonstimulated control and FDV-infected mice were similar. Serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers were only slightly, if at all, suppressed in mice infected the same day as immunization or 2 days later. The peak serum titer was markedly suppressed in animals infected 3 or 8 days prior to immunization. The amount of 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) resistant 7 S antibody in serum specimens of infected mice was less than in control mice.
Immunosuppression appeared to be related to leukocytosis and splenomegaly. However, immunosuppression was usually detectable prior to overt splenomegaly in mice infected simultaneously or after immunization. Although the mechanisms involved in FDV induced immunosuppression are unknown, the effects of leukemogenic viruses such as FDV on antibody-forming cells per se, on progenator or stem cells, and/or antigen-processing cells, such as macrophages, were discussed in relation to both immunogenesis and virus tumorigenesis.
Ferritin-Antibody Localization of Erythrocyte Antigenic Sites in Immunohemolytic Anemias
Authors: Davis William C. , Douglas Steven D. , Petz Lawrence D. , Fundenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Ferritin-labeled rabbit anti-human γ globulin (FE-RAHγG) and anti-C′3 (FE-RAHC′3) were assayed by means of a chromic chloride hemagglutination technique. These reagents were used in an electron microscopic study of localization of various erythrocyte antigenic sites, e.g., Rh isoantigens and the antigens presumably associated with idiopathic and drug-induced antibody hemolytic anemias. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the periodicity and intensity of label have been observed. These findings suggest that discrete sites are involved in a non-random binding of exogenous antigens to erythrocytes; these may be related to specific but yet unknown biochemical determinants.
Nonspecific Stimulation of Antibody Production in Surgically Bursectomized Chickens by Bursa-Containing Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Dent Peter B. , Perey Daniel Y. E. , Cooper Max D. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Implantation of diffusion chambers containing bursa from 5-day-old chicks resulted in an enhanced antibody response in surgically bursectomized chickens immunized with human erythrocytes 3 days after implantation. A similar effect was obtained with bowel in the chambers. Bursas from 19-day embryos caused no enhancement. Bacterial cultures confirmed that chambers containing bursa from 5-day-old chicks were contaminated whereas those containing embryonic bursa were sterile. The existing evidence for a bursal humoral factor which is important in controlling immunoglobulin and antibody production must be re-evaluated with respect to the possibility that the observed enhancement of antibody production may be a function of bacterial products released from contaminated diffusion chambers.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Colten H. R. , Gordon J. M. , Borsos T. , Rapp H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have presented evidence that the first component of guinea pig complement (C′1gp) is synthesized by columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine. We now report that isolated segments of human colon and to a lesser extent ileum are capable of synthesizing hemolytically active C′1hu. This conclusion is based on the following evidence: After elimination of C′1hu from tissue with EDTA, we found that segments of the intestinal tract in short-term organ culture showed a 100- to 1000-fold increase in C′1hu activity. The rate of production of C′1hu in human intestine was highly temperature dependent; C′1hu production was reversibly inhibited by puromycin and actinomycin D. Furthermore, 14C-labeled amino acids were incorporated into molecules which behaved like C′1. No significant C′1hu synthesis was observed in isolated segments of jejunum, stomach, liver, kidney, lung, spleen or lymph node.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Carpenter C. B. , Ruddy S. , Austen K. F. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. , Brigham Peter Bent , Brigham Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radioiodinated C′4 (β1E globulin) was given intravenously to 11 renal allograft recipients and one anephric patient prior to transplantation. The catabolic and synthetic rates were determined by analysis of plasma, urine and stool radioactivities over the course of 6 to 9 days. The purpose of this study was to define the metabolic behavior of normal (ranging from 27 to 100% of specific functional activity of native C′4) and inactivated C′4 and to determine the method of analysis appropriate for such investigations. In patients with normal renal function, there was good agreement between catabolic rates derived from a multiexponential analysis of the plasma protein-bound radioactivity curve and the urinary excretion rate of free iodide. Impairment of renal function per se did not influence catabolic rates. In patients without evidence of rejection at the time of study, the catabolic rates (% of plasma pool/hour) ranged from 1.2 to 2.6% (mean, 1.9 ± 0.6%).
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Gigli I. , Mason J. W. , Colman R. W. , Austen K. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of a hemolytic assay for the measurement of the inhibitor of the first component of complement (C′1aINH) and the isolation of physically homogeneous and functionally pure human plasma kallikrein have permitted studies evaluating the possible interrelation of the complement and kinin-forming systems. It was demonstrated that C′1aINH inhibited the action of kallikrein on the synthetic substrate, p-toluene sulfonyl l-arginine methyl ester (TAMe). It was further observed that consumption of C′laINH exhibited a concentration and time dependence similar to its interaction with C′1 esterase. Kinetic analysis suggested the formation of an inactive stoichiometric complex of kallikrein and C′1aINH. Similar observations were made utilizing a highly purified preparation of C′1aINH supplied by Dr. J. Pensky. In contrast, C′laINH failed to inhibit plasmin, trypsin, and thrombin; and inactivation of C′1aINH by plasmin did not occur except at very high enzyme concentrations. Sera from patients lacking C′laINH failed to inhibit the TAMe esterase activity of plasma kallikrein, while sera deficient in α1-antitrypsin but containing normal amounts of C′1aINH were equally inhibitory as normal sera.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Dalmasso A. P. , de Bracco M. M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep red cells can be of high or low potassium concentration, which is under genetic control. It was proposed that the difference in potassium concentration depends on the level of membrane Na-K dependent ATPase (Tosteson, D. C., Fed. Proc., 22: 19, 1963). Experiments were performed to ascertain whether high and low potassium sheep red cells could be employed as a model to study the participation in immune hemolysis of cell, or cell membrane factors. High and low potassium red cells were treated with constant amounts of rabbit antibody and guinea pig complement for 1 hr at 37°. When the concentration of these reagents was adjusted to obtain 45.0% (±7.0) lysis of low potassium erythrocytes, only 20.7% (±3.6) lysis was obtained with high potassium erythrocytes. By contrast, osmotic fragility was similar in both types of cells. Several methods, including immune adherence, showed that the high and low potassium erythrocytes reacted similarly with antibody and with the complement components C′1, C′2, C′3, and C′4.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Feinman L. , Cohen S. , Becker E. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Carbamylation of rabbit antibody results in modifications which render it incapable of participating in C′ fixation reactions but which allow for an undiminished capacity to combine with and precipitate antigen. This effect may be used to help evaluate the role of C′ in biologic reactions. In the present study, the PCA reaction, elicited in guinea pigs or rabbits by a hyperimmune rabbit anti-egg albumin antibody, was investigated. This antibody produces the classical short-latency PCA in guinea pigs which mimics that elicited by guinea pig γ1 antibody. Extensive carbamylation of the antibody had no effect on the PCA reaction. In rabbits the same antiserum produces a PCA reaction which requires a latent period of at least 48 hr. The antibody responsible for this reaction is heat stable and mercaptoethanol insensitive, and thus differs from the homocytotropic rabbit anaphylactic antibody which appears early in immunization.
The Heterogeneity of Combining Sites of Anti-Benzylpenicilloyl Antibodies Obtained from Individual Rabbits: Changes in Combining Sites of γG and γM Antibodies During the Immune Response
Authors: Atsumi Tsuyoshi , Adachi Masaaki , Kinoshita Yoshio , Kawasaki Morio , Horiuchi Yoshihiko 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Nine rabbits were immunized with benzylpenicilloyl-human γG conjugate (BPO-HGG). Radioiodinated γG and γM were prepared from the anti-BPO-HGG sera of individual rabbits collected 10 days and 10 weeks after the first immunization. These antibodies were charged on a specific immunoadsorbent and eluted step by step with three haptens corresponding to constituents of the BPO molecule. Three antibody fractions were separated. The antibody fractions were adapted to 6-acetylaminopenicilloic acid (nuclear portion), phenylacetylglycine (acyl side chain portion) and benzylpenicilloyl-ε-aminocaproate (whole BPO molecule), respectively.
The binding properties of these antibodies for BPO antigens were examined by equilibrium dialysis. The binding affinity of antibodies directed to the whole BPO molecule was stronger than that of antibodies directed to smaller parts of the BPO molecule. By PCA reactions the responses of antibodies complementary to the smaller parts of the BPO molecule were shown to be weaker than those of antibodies complementary to the whole BPO molecule.
The combining sites of γG and γM antibodies changed with time after the immune response. At a late stage in the immune response a significant increase was observed in antibodies adapted to the whole BPO molecule. These changes of combining sites were more characteristic in γG than in γM. However, at an early stage of immune response no significant differences were observed between γG and γM. It is concluded that changes in the binding affinity and heterogeneity of antibodies during the immune response are caused by changes in the combining sites of the antibodies.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Ghayasuddin Mohammad , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with rabbit thyroid extract, using several types of complete Freund's adjuvant, and the resulting antisera were evaluated by tanned cell hemagglutination and gel diffusion. For several rabbits that achieved high titers of activity, several late bleedings (about 53 to 75 days from first injection) were then taken and fractionated into the major molecular forms of antibody by means of Sephadex gel filtration. With the accompanying immunochemical and physicochemical tests to indicate that the 19 S and 7 S pools were essentially free of contamination by each other, it was possible to show that there were low but significant levels of 19 S autoantibody, in addition to the very high levels of the 7 S form.
In a second group of rabbits, it was feasible to study much earlier bleedings (7 to 14 days from first injection) by using a slightly denatured antigen, which gave higher antibody responses at an earlier time. Again it was shown that the 19 S globulin pool had significant, although low, antibody activity, in contrast to a higher level of activity in the 7 S form.
Although both 19 S and 7 S forms of autoantibody to thyroglobulin have thus been shown to occur, it cannot be stated from these data which form appears first. They may well be produced at the same time, but in changeable proportions. Comparisons have been drawn with the results reported in the literature on the molecular form of this kind of autoantibody in the sera of human cases of thyroiditis. Several observations were also made on the phenomenon of “double-line” (or “split-line”) precipitation in gel diffusion.
A Study of Variables in the Assay of Cytotoxic Antisera
Authors: Miller Gail Lorenz , Wilson Jean E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A study of variables in the cytotoxicity assay showed the importance of the order of addition of reacting constituents, the temperature at which reactants are added to one another, the concentration and source of complement, the initial dilution of the antiserum, the composition of the medium, the time of incubation, and the concentration and viability of the target cells. A modified procedure was developed in which serial dilution at 4°C of antiserum in a mixture of complement and target cells, used as the diluent, was shown to be feasible.
Communications
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Drobish Diane G. 
Published: December 2022

Discussion and Summary
The remarkable adjuvant properties of pertussis vaccine in augmenting and intensifying responses to nervous tissue-adjuvant and in accelerating the induction of EAE in mice (5) and rats (3, 6) are well known. During our studies, Levine and Wenk (7) described accelerated production of adrenalitis in rats and Hargio et al. (8) reported enhanced induction of aspermatogenesis in mice sensitized to adrenal gland and testes combined with pertussis vaccine, respectively. Our observations (Table I) indicate that pertussis vaccine also has a dramatic influence on the production of another experimental auto-immune disease, EAT, in the rat. Pertussis vaccine offers not only a specific and practical means for rapid induction of hyperacute experimental autoimmune diseases, but also a promising means for further probing the pathogenesis of auto-allergic sensitization and tissue injury.
Effect of Anti-Hamster Thymocyte Serum on Papovavirus SV40-Induced Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Tevethia Satvir S. , Dreesman Gordon R. , Lausch Robert N. , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of anti-hamster thymocyte serum (AHTS) on SV40-induced transplantation immunity was investigated. The AHTS, when administered to hamsters during the period of virus immunization, was effective in preventing the sensitization of animals to virus-induced transplantation antigens; the treated animals failed to reject the cells transformed by SV40. Animals immune to SV40-transformed cells also failed to reject a challenge of the transformed cells following treatment with AHTS. The animals treated with AHTS and bearing tumors induced by the SV40-transformed cells synthesized antibodies against SV40 T antigen in a manner comparable to the synthesis of such antibodies by untreated animals bearing tumors.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and Arthus Reactivity in Relation to Host Resistance in Salmonella-Infected Mice
Authors: Collins F. M. , Mackaness G. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mice vaccinated with living S. enteritidis or S. gallinarum but not with S. pullorum showed a typical delayed-type hypersensitive reaction when injected in the footpad with a protein-containing fraction obtained from cultures of the three strains. Mice immunized with killed suspensions of the three strains developed Arthus but not delayed sensitivity. The active material in the cell-free culture medium was partially purified by chromatography and high speed centrifugation. Delayed reactivity was transferable to normal mice by spleen cells but not by the serum obtained from mice vaccinated with living S. gallinarum. A close temporal relationship was formed between the development of delayed hypersensitivity and the emergence of effective antibacterial immunity. Arthus sensitivity showed no such correlation. S. pullorum whether given as a single dose of living organisms or repeatedly as daily intravenous injections, failed to induce a state of delayed hypersensitivity or any demonstrable antibacterial immunity to an intravenously-injected challenge by S. enteritidis. However, this organism contained an antigen that elicited delayed reaction in mice immunized with S. enteritidis or S. gallinarum. The significance of this observation is discussed.
Quantitative Passive Hemagglutination: Adaptation of the Cell Migration Technique to Measurement of Antibodies to E. Coli
Authors: Johnson Howard M. , Peeler James T. , Hall Herbert E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A simple and sensitive technique for quantitating red cell agglutinins has been adapted for the measurement of antibodies to the O antigen of E. coli 0111. The procedure involves centrifugation of 0111-sensitized red cells to packed pellets in sealed capillary tubes. The distance migrated by the packed cells down the inclined surface of the tubes was related to the agglutinin content of the serum. The technique is highly quantitative while possessing the specificity and sensitivity of the tube tests. It is adaptable to quantitative inhibitions. A statistical evaluation of the data indicated a linear relationship between cell migration and antiserum dilution.
Studies on the Immunogenicity of Antigen-Antibody Precipitates
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs immunized with antibody excess immune precipitates of human γG globulin (HGG) and rabbit or guinea pig anti-Fab or anti-Fc antibody make little antibody to HGG. The small amount of anti-HGG antibody produced in each case was directed against antigenic determinants present in both the Fab and Fc portions of the HGG molecule, and thus bore no reflection on the specificity of the antibody in the complexes. This finding suggests that the suppression is to the whole antigen molecule rather than its individual antigenic determinants.
The mechanism of the suppression of antibody formation to complexes comprised of immunogenic components cannot be explained in terms of antigenic competition for antibody-producing cells, nor in terms of “blocking” of antigenic determinants. It was shown that the combination of HGG with specific anti-Fab antibody at the equivalence point hinders only 21% of the Fc antigenic determinant, while in 4-fold antibody excess precipitates 66% of the Fc antigenic determinants are still capable of reacting with homologous antibody. Similarly, equivalence precipitates of HGG with anti-Fc antibody “block” only 16% of Fab determinants, whereas in 4-fold antibody excess precipitates 43% of the Fab determinants are “hidden.”
Quantitatively, HGG bound in a 4-fold antibody excess precipitate with either anti-Fab or anti-Fc antibody has approximately 0.5% of the immunogenicity of the uncombined antigen. It thus appears that antigen in antibody excess immune precipitates is non-immunogenic, and that the antibody produced against HGG can be explained in terms of a 0.5% dissociation of the complex in vivo.
A Structural Study of Human Exocrine IgA Globulin
Authors: Newcomb Richard W. , Normansell David , Stanworth Dennis R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Exocrine γA globulin was isolated from human colostrum in a pure state. Measurement of s020,w and d20,w indicated a MW of about 393,000. Dissociation of the subunits of this 11.7 S molecule was effected by reduction and alkylation, with or without treatment with acid or sodium dodecyl sulfate. The results suggested that the 11.7 S exocrine γA molecule comprises two molecules of monomer γA globulin and one of secretory piece (SP) and is stabilized by both disulfide and noncovalent bonds. A protein was identified in normal colostrum with the same antigenic and size characteristics as the SP dissociated from exocrine γA globulin. The MW of SP was estimated to be 76,000 on the basis of gel filtration data.
Modification of Antigenic Structure in Vivo: Quantitative Studies on the Processing of Streptococcal Cell Wall Antigens in Mice
Authors: Schwab John H. , Brown Roger R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Radioantibodies were employed to measure specific antigenic groups on streptococcal cell wall antigens. The processing of these precise chemical structures was followed in the homogenates of tissues of A.Sw mice at intervals following injection. There was an initial absolute increase in the number of antigenic structures as the macromolecule was degraded, suggesting that functional immunogenic groups are those structures which escape digestion. The rate and extent of the increase and decay was independent and characteristic of each group. This model also demonstrated the modification of structure by the animal to reveal “new” antigenic groups which were not detectable on the original molecule. These quantitative and qualitative changes of structural groups varied between different tissues and also in a given tissue depending upon the route of injection.
Further Characterization of the Lymphoid Cell Transfer System for the Study of Antigen-Sensitive Progenitor Cells
Authors: Bosma M. J. , Perkins E. H. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Further characterization of a lymphoid cell transfer system, a system in which heavily x-rayed syngeneic mice served as passive recipients for the antibody expression of transferred spleen cells, revealed the following: Most of the serologically detectable hemagglutinins and hemolysins released into the blood during the 1st week after cell transfer were synthesized by the repopulated spleen.Only a small fraction of the transferred immunocompetent cells colonized initially in the spleen. This fraction was estimated to be about 10% on the basis of the double spleen cell transfer method. This serologic appraisal was in striking concordance with the estimate based on the number of hemolysin plaque-forming cells in the repopulated spleen.The accuracy of these estimates was dependent upon spleen cell dose and, in the case of nenprimed spleen cells, also on the time when the repopulated spleen was removed from the primary recipient.The effect of the colonizing density on the ratio of the maximum number of hemolysin plaque-forming cells in the spleen to the unit number of spleen cells transferred was as follows: the ratio was large and constant at optimal spleen cell doses, but relatively small and variable at limiting spleen cell doses.