bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case‐control study of transmission routes for GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Björkman P. , Nauclér A. , Winqvist N. , Mushahwar I. , Widell A. 
Published: July 2002

Background and ObjectivesThe transmission routes for GB virus‐C (GBV‐C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) in blood donors unexposed to hepatitis C virus (HCV) are unknown. We performed a case‐control study of risk factors for GBV‐C/HGV exposure in blood donors.Materials and MethodsAfter testing stored sera from 458 HCV‐negative blood donors for GBV‐C/HGV RNA and GBV‐C/HGV E2 antibodies, 66 donors with GBV‐C/HGV markers and 125 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were interviewed regarding risk factors for viral transmission.ResultsExposure to GBV‐C/HGV was strongly associated with previous treatment for a sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio [OR] 4·6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2·2–9·8), with multiple sexual partners (OR 2·9; 95% CI 1·4–5·7) and with a past history of endoscopy (OR 7·0; 95% CI 3·0–16·4).ConclusionsIn blood donors with GBV‐C/HGV markers, sexual contacts and medical procedures appear to be the main transmission routes.
Ethology of Hygienic Behaviour in the Honey Bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Behavioural repertoire of Hygienic bees
Authors: Arathi H.S. , Burns I , Spivak M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHygienic behaviour performed by middle‐aged worker bees is an important intranidal task in colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera (L.). It comprises detecting diseased brood in the larval and pupal stages and removing all such infected brood, thereby decreasing the incidence of infection. Hygienic behaviour consists of two task‐components: uncapping cells and removing the cell contents. The aim of this study was to observe bees performing hygienic behaviour to determine their age at performance of the behaviour and to describe their behavioural repertoire. The bees performing hygienic behaviour were middle‐aged bees, younger than foragers. In the colonies where the behaviours of individual bees were observed, all bees performing the hygienic behaviour were seen to exhibit both the components, though at different frequencies. One behavioural class performed the task of uncapping cells at higher frequencies than the task of removing cell contents, while another class performed both tasks to the same extent. While these two classes had higher frequencies of the tasks comprising the hygienic behaviour but lower frequencies of other common behaviours in their repertoire, a third class of bees included those that performed all behaviours in their repertoire at similar frequencies. There was no difference in the ages of the bees in these three behavioural classes. These results suggest that there is no evidence of task partitioning among bees performing the hygienic behaviour. The segregation observed could, however, be based on their response thresholds to the stimulus and/or on their ability to discriminate the various cues emanating from the dead brood.
Neuroendocrine cells of the verumontanum: a comparative immunohistochemical study
Authors: Guy  , BÉgin  , AL‐Othman  , Chevalier  , Aprikian  
Published: July 2002

Objective To define the distribution of neuroendocrine (NE) cells in the different compartments of the verumontanum (utricle, ejaculatory ducts, main prostatic ducts) in relation to other areas of the prostate.Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted of 30 radical prostatectomy specimens processed in toto as whole‐mount sections. Among these cases, 15 patients had received a preoperative short course of total androgen blockade. The distribution and number of NE cells in the prostatic utricle and in normal areas of the prostate were analysed using chromogranin A (CgA) and serotonin immunohistochemistry; prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) immunostaining was performed systematically on a consecutive section. Six cases of endometrioid carcinomas were also investigated using these methods. The vascularization of the verumontanum was assessed by factor VIII immunohistochemistry and examined in relation to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunohistochemistry.Results There were significantly more NE cells in the prostatic utricle than in the main prostatic ducts of the verumontanum and the peripheral prostatic acini. In the ejaculatory ducts, there were NE cells only in the extreme distal portion. Cells immunoreactive for PSA were present at the level of the utricle and the extreme distal portion of the ejaculatory ducts. The distribution, number and shape of NE cells were unaltered by hormonal treatment. NE cells of the verumontanum were positive for VEGF expression. Factor VIII detected more vessels around the utricle and ejaculatory ducts. NE cells (positive for CgA and serotonin) were observed in three cases of endometrioid carcinoma.Conclusion The high concentration of NE cells found in the prostatic utricle suggests a possible role for these cells in human fertility. Moreover, neuroendocrine differentiation in endometrioid (large duct) carcinoma, documented for the first time, supports the concept that this cancer type is a variant of a conventional adenocarcinoma.
Effects of exercise on aspects of visual function
Authors: Woods Russell L. , Thomson W. David 
Published: July 2002

SummaryStrenuous exercise has been reported to affect various aspects of visual and ocular function. In the first of two experiments, the effects of cycling, jogging and stair running on a range of visual functions were examined. None of these forms of exercise was found to have any significant effect on visual acuity, refractive error, dark focus, amplitude of accommodation or pupil size. Contrast sensitivity (CS), measured by an ascending method of limits (AML), was found to improve significantly after cycling and jogging but not after stair running. To investigate if the apparent improvement in CS was related to a change in ‘sensitivity’ or a change in decision criteria, CS was re‐measured before and after cycling using both the AML and a ‘criterion‐free’ method of constant stimuli (MOCS) procedure. Results obtained using the AML, confirmed the findings of the first experiment. However, results obtained using the MOCS procedure showed no significant change with exercise. This suggests that the improvement in CS found using the AML was due to a shift in subjects' decision criteria rather than a physiological change in ‘sensitivity’. It is argued that this change in decision criteria may be related to the positive mood changes which have been found to occur after exercise. This study demonstrates the importance of differentiating between changes in ‘sensitivity’ and changes in decision criteria especially where mood or motivation (and hence decision criteria) may be confounded with the independent variable. This is particularly important when evaluating the effects of exercise on visual function or evaluating the efficacy of vision training.
Effects of Oral Estrogen and Progestin on the Lower Urinary Tract Among Female Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Ouslander Joseph G. , Greendale Gail A. , Uman Gwen , Lee Carol , Paul Wendy , Schnelle John 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of oral estrogen/progestin on incontinence and related lower urinary tract conditions among female nursing home (NH) residents.DESIGN: Randomized placebo‐controlled trial.SETTING: Five NHs.PARTICIPANTS: Thirty‐two incontinent female residents of average age 88.MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were randomized to receive either oral estrogen (0.625 mg) combined with progesterone (2.5 mg) or placebo, daily for 6 months. Measures of incontinence severity, the clinical appearance of the vagina, vaginal and urethral cytology, and urine and vaginal cultures were made at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. In addition to active drug or placebo, all subjects received regular toileting assistance (prompted voiding) by trained research aides during 3‐day data‐collection periods to compensate for mobility and cognitive impairments.RESULTS: At 3 and 6 months there were no significant differences between the groups in the severity of incontinence, the prevalence of bacteriuria, or the results of vaginal cultures. Several clinical findings associated with atrophic vaginitis improved more in the active than the placebo group and vaginal pH and vaginal and urethral cytology exhibited a partial estrogenic effect.CONCLUSIONS: Our results must be interpreted with caution because of the size and the select nature of our subject sample. Up to 6 months of oral estrogen had only a partial estrogenic effect on vaginal and urethral epithelium and no clinical effects in this patient population. We believe that future studies of estrogen for urinary incontinence in frail NH residents should utilize a topical preparation and consider targeting urinary tract infection as an additional outcome measure.
Nonlinear wave scattering and electron beam relaxation
Authors: Muschietti L. , Dum C. T. 
Published: July 2002

The role played by nonlinear scattering during the relaxation of a warm electron beam is investigated with the help of a numerical code. The code is based on kinetic equations and includes the quasilinear wave–electron interaction as well as wave–wave scattering off ion clouds. Both mechanisms have been observed to play key roles in a recent particle simulation with a large number of modes. It is found that (1) ions with velocity 2vi (vi being the ion thermal velocity) are the most efficient to scatter the Langmuir waves off their polarization clouds. As a result, the transfer rate of the spectrum out of resonance with the beam is larger by a factor 3 compared to the usual estimates in the literature, which assume a static ion response. The predicted wave number k of the secondary spectrum differs also substantially. (2) If the beam density nb, drift Ub, and width vb satisfy the condition nb/n0&gt;4.2(ve/Ub)2 ×(vb/Ub)3, the changes brought to the dispersion relation by the presence of the beam electrons dramatically alter the characteristics of the secondary spectrum.
Forward propagating waves may grow where the conventional picture expects backward propagating waves. Most strikingly, in a late phase the classic condensate about k∼0 is depleted with the formation of a new condensate in resonance with the flat-topped beam distribution. This contradicts the commonly assumed cascade in wave numbers, but follows simply from the fact that the mere presence of the beam electrons creates a minimum in the frequency–wave-number relation. There is no contradiction with a cascade toward lower frequencies driven by an isotropic ion distribution. For strong and slow beams (nb/n0∼10−2, Ub∼10ve) the predictions of this code can be compared with the results obtained in the particle simulation. The agreement is excellent if one uses a dispersion relation that includes the beam. Complete plateau formation by resonant diffusion and late formation of a secondary spectrum are observed. Time scales and spectral characteristics compare well. For faster and weaker beams, it is demonstrated that the nonlinear wave scattering may intervene before complete quasilinear relaxation. Once the beam top has been erased by diffusion, a wave condensate forms, which inhibits further relaxation toward lower velocities. Modes in resonance with the positive slope at the low-velocity front of the flat-topped beam are stabilized by a fast transfer of their energy into the condensate.
Alcohol and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer: the role of local acetaldehyde production
Authors: Homann Nils 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlcohol is, together with tobacco smoke, the main cause for upper GI tract cancer in industrialized countries. However, the tumour‐promoting effects of alcohol intake are poorly understood and alcohol itself is not carcinogenic in the animal model. There is increasing evidence that alcohol metabolism, rather than the alcohol itself, generates carcinogenic and cell‐toxic compounds. Acetaldehyde, first metabolite of ethanol, is highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Polymorphisms in the genes coding for enzymes responsible for acetaldehyde accumulation and detoxification have been associated with an increased cancer risk. Acetaldehyde can also be produced in the mucosa and by the physiological microflora. This review summarizes the scientific evidence that alcohol intake leads to a local production of acetaldehyde. It describes the role of the oral microflora, the mucosa and the salivary glands in this process and shows that local acetaldehyde production from ethanol may contribute to the carcinogenesis of alcohol intake in the upper GI tract.
Information theoretical probe selection for hybridisation

experiments
Authors: Herwig Ralf , Schmitt Armin O. , Steinfath Matthias , O’Brien John , Seidel Henrik , Meier-Ewert Sebastian , Lehrach Hans , Radelof Uwe 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: The choice of probes is an important feature of hybridisation experiments. In this paper we present an algorithm that optimises probes with respect to a training set of sequences based on Shannon entropy as a quality criterion. The practical motivation for our algorithm is oligonucleotide fingerprinting, a method for the simultaneous identification of sequences (cDNA or genomic DNA) by their hybridisation tags according to a set of short probes such as octamers, although the algorithm is of course not restricted to that application.
Results: We can show that our method is superior to the selection of probes according to their frequencies, which is a widely used strategy, and to randomly chosen probe sets. The quality of probe sets is assessed by a simulation pipeline that entails the set of probes as a simulation parameter. The performance of probe sets trained on sequences from different organisms shows additionally that probes should be chosen with regard to the organism under analysis. Case studies are presented on how constraints (\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{G\ +\ C}\) \end{document}-content, complexity of the individual probes) influence the selection process.
Availability: A description of the oligonucleotide fingerprinting pipeline is published on our web-page http://www.molgen.mpg.de/~ag_onf/met.htm. An executable of the algorithm and probe lists designed for human and rodents can be downloaded from the ftp-site ftp://ftp.molgen.mpg.de/pub/mpimg/probe_design/.
Contact: herwig@molgen.mpg.de
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
A novel CSoDoA based passive islanding detection technique for multi‐DER AC microgrid control
Authors: Bodda Sivaramarao , Agnihotri Prashant , Biswas Santosh 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMicro‐grid islanding methods are gaining importance as the presence of renewable energy resources is becoming increasingly popular in power distribution. Among all the islanding methods, passive methods are easy to implement and applicable to all types of DERs provided the NDZ is minimized. This article presents a novel passive islanding detection method based on the CSoDoA of ellipse formed by the successive phase voltages to address the NDZ problem. The peak magnitude and phase angle difference of voltages are the parameters to be estimated to compute the area of the ellipse. State‐of‐the‐art passive methods consider the effect of either magnitude or phase angle or frequency as an islanding detection metric. The CSoDoA metric combines the effect of both magnitude and phase angle thereby reducing the NDZ. The proposed method is validated on both synchronous and inverter‐interfaced DERs. The test systems considered are both single‐DER based MG and modified IEEE 13 bus multi‐DER MG. The CSoDoA algorithm is implemented on a Raspberry‐Pi controller and validated using HIL workbench with real‐time simulator OP‐4510. Various islanding and non‐islanding events are simulated, tested and it is evident from the results that it has a very small NDZ.
Controlling an automatic voltage regulator using a novel Harris hawks and simulated annealing optimization technique
Authors: Izci Davut , Ekinci Serdar , Zeynelgil Hatice Lale 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMaintaining the terminal voltage of a power system is a crucial process and this can be achieved via a system named automatic voltage regulator (AVR). However, an AVR needs an appropriate control method. In this context, this article proposes a novel Harris hawks optimization (HHO) and simulated annealing (SA) technique which can be used for AVR. The proposed optimization technique (HHO‐SA) combines the good exploration feature of HHO with the exceptional local search feature of SA. The HHO‐SA algorithm is introduced as a novel design method to obtain the optimum parameters for proportional + integral + derivative plus second order derivative (PID + DD) controller adopted in the AVR. Time domain objective function of the system is effectively minimized and the best PID + DD parameters are obtained. The analysis of statistical tests, convergence, transient and frequency responses, root locus, and disturbance rejection along with robustness are conducted for verifying the efficiency of the HHO‐SA algorithm. Also, the performance of the HHO‐SA tuned PID + DD controller on AVR is compared with the original HHO tuned PID + DD along with PID, FOPID, and PID + DD controllers that are adjusted by state‐of‐the‐art metaheuristic methods. The practical implementation of the proposed controller is also demonstrated in this work. The extensive simulation results and comparisons with the existing controllers adopting the same set of data demonstrate the superior control performance and good robustness of the HHO‐SA tuned PID + DD controller.
Polymer‐Supported Phosphoric‐Acid Catalysed Enantioselective Pictet‐Spengler Cyclisation for the Synthesis of Quaternary Tryptolines in Batch/Continuous Flow
Authors: Chaudhari Moreshwar B. , Gupta Prachi , Llanes Patricia , Pericàs Miquel A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe enantioselective Pictet‐Spenlger reaction of tryptamines and diketo compounds catalyzed by a polymer‐supported phosphoric acid (TRIP) has been accomplished for the first time in continuous flow. Using this approach, a diverse library of quaternary tryptolines has been synthesized in 36–95% yield with 39–99% enantiomeric excess. The scalability of the reaction has been demonstrated in continuous flow, with a residence time of only 24 minutes. The robust immobilized catalyst has been recycled and reused multiple times in batch and flow. The synthesis of the chiral precursors of Tadalafil, the Iboga‐type alkaloid (+)‐Tabertinggine and antimalarial spiroindolinones has been achieved in batch and continuous‐flow.magnified image
Selective Catalytic Cross‐Cyclotrimerization En Route to 1,4‐Diborylated Benzenes and Their Synthetic Transformations
Authors: Fadeev Alexander A. , Manca Gabriele , Kotora Martin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA synthesis of 1,4‐diborylated benzenes was achieved by the Ru‐catalyzed regioselective co‐cyclotrimerization of alkynes with a commercially available ethynyl boronate. The reaction is applicable to a wide array of alkynes with metal‐coordinating groups, providing synthetically useful diborylated benzenes in 23–68% isolated yields. DFT calculations shed light on the reaction course and the origin of its remarkable regioselectivity. Selected diborylated benzenes were converted into various products, such as quinones and hydroquinones, including three natural bioactive small molecules.magnified image
Mimicking the Biological Sense of Taste In Vitro Using a Taste Organoids‐on‐a‐Chip System
Authors: Wu Jianguo , Chen Changming , Qin Chunlian , Li Yihong , Jiang Nan , Yuan Qunchen , Duan Yan , Liu Mengxue , Wei Xinwei , Yu Yiqun , Zhuang Liujing , Wang Ping 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThanks to the gustatory system, humans can experience the flavors in foods and drinks while avoiding the intake of some harmful substances. Although great advances in the fields of biotechnology, microfluidics, and nanotechnologies have been made in recent years, this astonishing recognition system can hardly be replaced by any artificial sensors designed so far. Here, taste organoids are coupled with an extracellular potential sensor array to form a novel bioelectronic organoid and developed a taste organoids‐on‐a‐chip system (TOS) for highly mimicking the biological sense of taste ex vivo with high stability and repeatability. The taste organoids maintain key taste receptors expression after the third passage and high cell viability during 7 days of on‐chip culture. Most importantly, the TOS not only distinguishs sour, sweet, bitter, and salt stimuli with great specificity, but also recognizes varying concentrations of the stimuli through an analytical method based on the extraction of signal features and principal component analysis. It is hoped that this bioelectronic tongue can facilitate studies in food quality controls, disease modelling, and drug screening.
Aniline Sulfonic Acid Induced Uniform Perovskite Film for Large‐Scale Photovoltaics
Authors: Wang Kai‐li , Li Meng , Lou Yan‐Hui , Chen Jing , Shi Yi‐Ran , Chen Chun‐Hao , Zhou Yu‐Hang , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUnreacted/excess lead iodide is considered to be the archcriminal for the rapid degradation of hybrid perovskite solar cells. Meanwhile, a high‐quality perovskite film with uniform and large grain size is the basis for high‐performance perovskite modules. Herein, a dual‐site molecular additive 4‐Aniline Sulfonic Acid (4A) is developed to regulate the unreacted/excess PbI2 and passivate defects through hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interactions between amino, and a sulfate groups and PbI2, respectively. Furthermore, the introduction of the 4A additive can induce perovskite seeds to grow uniformly on the substrate, yielding dense, uniform and defect‐less perovskite films with large grain sizes. This enables the fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 24.09% (0.09 cm2) and 20.87% (16 cm2), respectively. This work demonstrated a new strategy to deposit high‐quality large‐scale perovskite films for photovoltaic modules.
Metastable Decomposition Realizing Dendrite‐Free Solid‐State Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Song Ruifeng , Yao Jingming , Xu Ruonan , Li Zhixuan , Yan Xinlin , Yu Chuang , Huang Zhigao , Zhang Long 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA stable interface and preventing dendrite‐growth are two crucial factors to realize long‐life all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASSLBs) using sulfide‐based solid electrolytes (SEs) and Li metal anodes. But it remains a challenge to accomplish the two factors simultaneously. Here, an effective strategy is reported to realize this goal in Li‐argyrodites via self‐engineered metastable decomposition that is enabled by Si doping in Cl‐rich argyrodites. It is shown that Cl atoms in the lattice become metastable and are highly reactive with Li atoms. The locally deposited/grown Li crystal nuclei are thus depleted by the metastable Cl during electrochemical cycling, in situ generating electrically insulated LiCl shells concentrated at the argyrodite grain boundaries. The shells in turn prevent the autochthonous Li redeposition and act as self‐protective layers to restrain the continuous decomposition in the interior argyrodite, that is, self‐assembly of reactive‐cores‐stable‐shells to Li metal, thereby enabling an ultra‐long life ASSLB using Li metal anodes at room temperature under relatively high current densities.