bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical Anatomy of the Main Magnetitite Layer, Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: Cawthorn Richard Grant , McCarthy Terence Sinclair 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
The mafic layered Bushveld Complex, South Africa, contains numerous examples of monomineralic layers within its succession. The Upper Zone (UZ) contains approximately 24 magnetitite layers, the genesis of which has been extensively debated. The Main Magnetitite Layer (MML) is approximately 2 m thick and is traceable around its edge across &gt;60 000 km2. Its basal contact with underlying anorthosite is planar and sharp, but the top contact grades upward with increasing plagioclase content. Sampling at a vertical spacing of a very few centimetres from seven profiles in the east over many tens of kilometres and one other 300 km to the west reveals concentrations of Cr in magnetite that decrease extremely rapidly upward (typically from &gt;8000 to 1000 ppm within 30–60 cm from the base), punctuated by sharp concentration reversals and rare decreases. Here, we describe an outcrop where the MML splits into three sub-layers, separated by magnetite–plagioclase rocks. Twelve profiles across this zone of splitting have been similarly analysed. Lateral variations in Cr profiles across a few metres are observed at this locality. We offer the suggestion that magnetite formation may have been induced by shock wave nucleation on the bottom of the chamber accounting for the abrupt appearance of magnetitite over such a wide area. Bottom growth of magnetite lowered the density and Cr content of the evolving magma, causing turbulence and convective overturn near the base of the chamber that created inhomogeneities in Cr on various scales, preserved in the ensuing magnetite compositions both vertically and laterally. Intermittent and abrupt (on a scale of 1–2 cm) upward increases in the Cr contents of up to 3000 ppm in magnetite profiles resulted from convective overturn impinging on the floor. The tops of the magnetitite sub-layers grade up into magnetite–plagioclase rocks and continue the upward decrease in Cr content in magnetite, typically at 900 ppm Cr, demonstrating upward continuity of fractionation. In contrast, there are reversals in Cr content between the magnetite–plagioclase rocks and the overlying magnetitite sub-layers that we attribute to convective overturn, with an increase in the Cr content. Two profiles through the MML show abrupt upward discontinuities to lower Cr contents that we attribute to physical erosional events. Anorthosite fragments in magnetitite and magnetitite fragments in anorthosite layers further attest to such processes. The anorthite contents of plagioclase do not change across the MML, suggesting that magma addition was not responsible for the formation of magnetitite layers. Primary topographic variations at the base of the chamber also preclude addition of dense magma for the formation of magnetitite layers. Upward infiltration metasomatism, slightly resetting Cr contents, is limited to &lt;3 cm.
Coronavirus and Culture War: Blunders, Defiance, and Glimmers of Solidarity
Authors: Morone James A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The health epidemic of 2020 set off a culture war and, like all national crises, revealed exactly who we Americans are. This essay examines Danielle Allen's Democracy in the Time of Coronavirus, a wise, humane, and indispensable guide for negotiating a health pandemic—if not this one, the inevitable next one. It reflects on her five-point guide to handling pandemics, comparing her ideals to the national experience. This essay places Allen's monograph in the context of the larger literature on the coronavirus in America. The essay traces how and why public health fell into the American culture wars, notes the brief glimmer of a genuine social welfare safety net that briefly emerged during the crisis, and summarizes the epidemic's dismal toll on American lives, suggesting why even much poorer nations did a better job of protecting their citizens.
Cognitive-Behavioral Social Skills Training: Outcome of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Youth at Risk of Psychosis
Authors: Addington Jean , Liu Lu , Braun Amy , Brummitt Kali , Cadenhead Kristin S , Cornblatt Barbara A , Holden Jason L , Granholm Eric 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Aim
Difficulties in social functioning have been observed in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) of psychosis even in those who do not go on to develop a psychotic illness. Few treatment studies have attempted to improve social functioning in this population. The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized trial comparing the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Social Skills Training (CBSST) with a supportive therapy (ST).

Methods
Both CBSST and ST were weekly group therapies, delivered over 18 weeks. This was a 2-arm trial with single-blinded ratings and intention-to-treat analyses. Assessments occurred at baseline, end-of-treatment, and 12 months after the baseline assessment. The primary outcome was social and role functioning and defeatist performance attitudes were the secondary outcome. Attenuated positive and negative symptoms, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and beliefs about self and others were examined as exploratory outcomes.

Results
There were no significant differences between the 2 groups at baseline or either of the 2 follow-ups. However, at follow-ups, in each group there were significant improvements in clinical symptoms. These could not be attributed to group treatment since there was no control or wait-list group.

Conclusions
Since poor social functioning is one of the most observed difficulties in CHR individuals, and a decline in social functioning may be a significant predictor of later transition to psychosis, future work will be needed to find effective treatments for this decline in functioning for CHR youth.
Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: Poulios Evangelos , Mykoniatis Ioannis , Pyrgidis Nikolaos , Kalyvianakis Dimitrios , Hatzichristou Dimitrios 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Introduction
There has been tremendous growth in regenerative medicine during the last decade. For erectile dysfunction (ED), after the inclusion of low-intensity shockwave therapy as a treatment modality for ED management by the European Association of Urology sexual health guidelines, intracavernosal injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has gained popularity between urologists and patients as a novel ED therapeutic modality with initial promising results. However, limited clinical data exist regarding efficacy and safety in patients with ED. Furthermore, despite numerous preclinical studies in other tissues and organs, the mechanism of action for restoring erectile function remains undetermined.

Objectives
This systematic review aims to present the current status of preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the use of PRP as treatment option for ED.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect databases, until February 2023 for studies exploring the effect of PRP on ED.

Results
We identified 517 articles, 23 of which were included in this review. These were 7 preclinical (of which 1 was a comparative trial and 6 were placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials) and 16 clinical studies (of which 1 was a comparative trial, 5 were randomized trials, and 2 were placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials). Preclinical data support the regenerative role of PRP in erectile tissue, in accordance with existing evidence in other tissues. Randomized clinical studies, as well as the first 2 available randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, showed promising efficacy and a lack of any adverse events.

Conclusion
As PRP for ED is widely used worldwide, there is an urgent need for high-quality studies with long-term follow-up. Standardization of research protocols, especially on the quality of PRP preparation, is also needed.
Comparison of nickel oxide nano and microparticles toxicity in rat liver: molecular, biochemical, and histopathological study
Authors: Adiguzel Caglar , Karaboduk Hatice , Apaydin Fatma Gokce , Kalender Suna , Kalender Yusuf 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The unique properties of nickel oxide nanoparticles distinguish it from classical nickel compounds, increasing its use in agriculture, industry, and many industrial areas. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible toxicity of nickel oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles in the liver. For this purpose, Wistar rats were given nickel oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles orally, intraperitoneally, and intravenously for 21 days. Liver organ weight, biochemical and hematological parameters, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S transferase), acetylcholinesterase activities, inflammation levels, apoptotic markers, and histopathological changes were evaluated comparatively. When the data obtained were examined in general, it was observed that nickel oxide nanoparticles caused more hepatotoxicity in liver tissue than nickel oxide in terms of oxidative stress parameters, apoptotic markers, inflammation indicators, and other parameters examined. The results suggest that toxicity induced by both nickel oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles plays an important role in hepatocyte apoptosis.
Evolutionary potential of the monkeypox genome arising from interactions with human APOBEC3 enzymes
Authors: Delamonica Brenda , Davalos Liliana , Larijani Mani , Anthony Simon J , Liu Jia , MacCarthy Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
APOBEC3, an enzyme subfamily that plays a role in virus restriction by generating mutations at particular DNA motifs or mutational ‘hotspots’, can drive viral mutagenesis with host-specific preferential hotspot mutations contributing to pathogen variation. While previous analysis of viral genomes from the 2022 Mpox (formerly Monkeypox) disease outbreak has shown a high frequency of C&gt;T mutations at TC motifs, suggesting recent mutations are human APOBEC3-mediated, how emerging monkeypox virus (MPXV) strains will evolve as a consequence of APOBEC3-mediated mutations remains unknown. By measuring hotspot under-representation, depletion at synonymous sites, and a combination of the two, we analyzed APOBEC3-driven evolution in human poxvirus genomes, finding varying hotspot under-representation patterns. While the native poxvirus molluscum contagiosum exhibits a signature consistent with extensive coevolution with human APOBEC3, including depletion of TC hotspots, variola virus shows an intermediate effect consistent with ongoing evolution at the time of eradication. MPXV, likely the result of recent zoonosis, showed many genes with more TC hotspots than expected by chance (over-representation) and fewer GC hotspots than expected (under-representation). These results suggest the MPXV genome: (1) may have evolved in a host with a particular APOBEC GC hotspot preference, (2) has inverted terminal repeat (ITR) regions—which may be exposed to APOBEC3 for longer during viral replication—and longer genes likely to evolve faster, and therefore (3) has a heightened potential for future human APOBEC3-meditated evolution as the virus spreads in the human population. Our predictions of MPXV mutational potential can both help guide future vaccine development and identification of putative drug targets and add urgency to the task of containing human Mpox disease transmission and uncovering the ecology of the virus in its reservoir host.
LncRNA PVT1 promotes strong stemness and endothelial progenitor cell characteristics in renal carcinoma stem cells
Authors: Wang Lu , Yang Guang , Guo Pengyu , Lv Yulin , Fu Bo , Bai Yang , Xiong Feng , Zhao Danfeng , Li Cong , Zhang Jianji , Bai Shiyu , Zeng Fanshu , Xu Wanhai 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRenal cancer stem cells (RCSCs) derived from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues with higher microvessel density (MVD) have strong stemness and endothelial progenitor cells‐like (EPCs‐like) characteristics. A high level of lncRNA PVT1 expression is essential for simultaneously retaining strong RCSC stemness and EPCs‐like characteristics. PVT1 binds with TAZ protein and prevents its phosphorylation, which promotes RCSC stemness. Moreover, RCSCs support endothelial differentiation and angiogenesis, which are mediated via the PVT1/miR‐15b/KDR axis. This report provides insight into the determinants of RCSC impact on stemness and highlights the critical role of RCSC in angiogenesis. The presented findings suggest that targeting RCSC through PVT1 expression may be a new treatment strategy for ccRCC.
Chromatin accessibility memory of donor cells disrupts bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts development
Authors: Huang Yuemeng , Zhang Jingcheng , Li Xinmei , Wu Zhipei , Xie Guoxiang , Wang Yong , Liu Zhengqing , Jiao Mei , Zhang Hexu , Shi Binqiang , Wang Yu , Zhang Yong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe post‐transfer developmental capacity of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) blastocysts is reduced, implying that abnormalities in gene expression regulation are present at blastocyst stage. Chromatin accessibility, as an indicator for transcriptional regulatory elements mediating gene transcription activity, has heretofore been largely unexplored in SCNT embryos, especially at blastocyst stage. In the present study, single‐cell sequencing assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin (scATAC‐seq) of in vivo and SCNT blastocysts were conducted to segregate lineages and demonstrate the aberrant chromatin accessibility of transcription factors (TFs) related to inner cell mass (ICM) development in SCNT blastocysts. Pseudotime analysis of lineage segregation further reflected dysregulated chromatin accessibility dynamics of TFs in the ICM of SCNT blastocysts compared to their in vivo counterparts. ATAC‐ and ChIP‐seq results of SCNT donor cells revealed that the aberrant chromatin accessibility in the ICM of SCNT blastocysts was due to the persistence of chromatin accessibility memory at corresponding loci in the donor cells, with strong enrichment of trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) at these loci. Correction of the aberrant chromatin accessibility through demethylation of H3K4me3 by KDM5B diminished the expression of related genes (e.g., BCL11B) and significantly improved the ICM proliferation in SCNT blastocysts. This effect was confirmed by knocking down BCL11B in SCNT embryos to down‐regulate p21 and alleviate the inhibition of ICM proliferation. These findings expand our understanding of the chromatin accessibility abnormalities in SCNT blastocysts and BCL11B may be a potential target to improve SCNT efficiency.
Measure It: Proper Wheelchair Fit Is Key to Ensuring Function while Protecting Skin Integrity
Authors: Sprigle Stephen 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
A variety of problems can arise from sitting persons in poorly fitted wheelchairs, including contractures, pain, and pressure injuries. These complications can result in functional consequences for the patient, such as reduced independence and activity. This article focuses specifically on proper wheelchair fit, describing the impact of proper wheelchair fit on the posture and function of wheelchair users. The author aims to help clinicians better recognize the basic biomechanics of posture, describe the appropriate means to configure a wheelchair to permit proper postural support, and identify common problems arising from improper wheelchair fit.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To review the biomechanics of posture, appropriate means to configure a wheelchair to permit proper postural support, and common problems arising from improper wheelchair fit.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Synthesize the concepts influencing proper wheelchair fit.
2. Identify the biomechanics of posture as they apply to wheelchair fit.
3. Summarize the appropriate assessment guidelines for determining and preparing to adjust wheelchair fit.
Decreasing Pressure Injuries on an Adult Inpatient Unit through Implementation of a Nutrition Assessment and Management Process
Authors: Hamidi Lida 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To lower the rate of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) by identifying at-risk patients based on the Braden Scale score, evaluating nutrition using a Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA) tool, and implementing nutrition improvement measures.

METHODS
There were three steps in this intervention. First, patients with a Braden Scale score of 18 or lower were identified as being at risk for HAPI. Next, the MNA screening tool was implemented to identify nutrition deficiencies. The MNA screening tool can predict malnutrition, HAPI development, and/or additional complications. It is validated, cost-effective, and easy to administer to patients who are hospitalized with HAPI complications. In the final step, the author implemented a multicomponent nutrition intervention to improve the nutrition status of patients at risk for developing HAPI.

RESULTS
Included patients (N = 205) were hospitalized in the intermediate ICU, had a Braden Scale score of 18 or lower, and had poor nutrition status. There was a 74% decrease in HAPI rate following the MNA nutrition screening and management, with HAPI incidence decreasing from 1.9% preintervention to 0.5% postintervention.

CONCLUSIONS
Categorizing patients who are at risk for developing HAPI, assessing for nutrition deficiency, and then implementing a multicomponent nutrition intervention considerably reduced the rate of HAPIs per number of patients admitted to the unit.
Jet Lavage Irrigation Resolves Stage 4 Pelvic Pressure Injury Undermining
Authors: Stiehl James B. 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Patients with stage 4 pelvic pressure injuries that have large, undermined cavities are at high risk for treatment failure and often fall into the category of palliative care. This case series identified five cases where treatment had stalled, and surgical reconstructive options were limited. Jet lavage irrigation in the outpatient setting was assessed as a treatment alternative.

METHODS
From an investigational review board study assessing the use of low-pressure jet lavage irrigation in the outpatient setting for chronic wounds, five patients were identified where the wound dimension increased at least 50% resulting from undermined cavities. All were considered high risk with Charlson Comorbidity Index scores of 5 or greater, and their wound healing had stalled with extended treatments of topicals and medicated dressings. A team of physical therapists irrigated these patients’ wounds at the bedside with 3 L of saline 3 to 5 days per week using a special long irrigation tip to reach the depth of the undermined cavity. Digital planimetry was used to assess healing with wound size as the outcome.

RESULTS
Reduction of the undermined cavities was seen early within the first 3 weeks. No patient developed wound sepsis, and bacterial contamination was determined by use of autofluorescence digital imaging. Undermining resolution occurred in four patients, and one patient with an improving wound died of COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS
This simple method offered clear benefits in each patient, but only one patient survived to complete wound healing. Patient and family satisfaction were high regarding the treatment, which created a painless, odor-free wound.
The role of nuclear medicine tracers for prostate cancer surgery: from preoperative to intraoperative setting
Authors: Barletta Francesco , Ceci Francesco , van den Bergh Roderick C.N. , Rajwa Pawel , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto , Gandaglia Giorgio 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
There has been a growing interest in the use of novel molecular imaging modalities for the management of prostate cancer (PCa), spanning from diagnostic to therapeutic settings. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recently published studies investigating the use of novel nuclear medicine tracers across different stages of PCa management.

Recent findings
Emerging evidence supports the use of molecular imaging for preoperative staging of PCa, where prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET has shown superior accuracy compared to conventional imaging for the detection of nodal and distant metastases, which needs to be translated to new risk stratification. A role for PSMA PET has been proposed for PCa diagnosis, with local activity associated with histology. Surgical guidance, using either visual feedback or gamma-ray detectors to identify tissues with accumulated radio-labeled tracers, may improve the ability to resect locoregional diseases and thus maximize oncological control. PSMA targeted therapy (Lu-PSMA) has been mainly investigated in the castration-resistant setting, but might have a role in earlier settings such as neoadjuvant treatment.

Summary
Novel molecular imaging using PSMA-based tracers could significantly improve PCa management in the diagnosis, staging, and intraoperative guidance settings, potentially leading to personalized and effective treatment decisions.
Predictive Ability of Frontal Assessment Battery for Cognitive Improvement After Shunt Surgery in Individuals With Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Asahara Yuki , Suda Machiko , Omoto Shusaku , Kobayashi Kazushige , Atsuchi Masamichi , Nagashima Hiroyasu , Suzuki Masahiko 
Published: August 2023

Background:
The predictive ability of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) for postoperative cognitive improvement in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is unstudied.

Objective:
To compare the predictive ability of the FAB and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for postoperative cognitive improvement in individuals with iNPH after shunt surgery.

Method:
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of individuals with iNPH who had shunt surgery between January 2016 and October 2018. Individuals had completed the tap test and clinical evaluations (FAB, MMSE, Timed Up and Go [TUG]) both before and 24–48 hours after CSF tapping and after surgery. We excluded individuals without complete clinical evaluations and those with shunt surgery performed >6 months after CSF tapping. Factors associated with postoperative FAB and MMSE improvement as per the 2011 iNPH guidelines were extracted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Independent variables were baseline FAB and MMSE scores, FAB and MMSE score changes and TUG amelioration rate after CSF tapping, Evans index, age, and days from CSF tapping to surgery and from surgery to postoperative assessment.

Results:
The mean number of days from CSF tapping to surgery and from surgery to postoperative assessment were 77.5 (SD = 36.0) and 42.0 (SD = 14.5), respectively. Logistic regression analyses showed significant associations in the univariate analyses of postoperative FAB improvement with baseline FAB scores (P = 0.043) and with FAB score changes after CSF tapping (P = 0.047).

Conclusion:
The FAB may help predict postoperative cognitive improvement after shunt surgery better than the MMSE.