bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverse glasses revealed from Chang’E-5 lunar regolith
Authors: Zhao Rui , Shen Laiquan , Xiao Dongdong , Chang Chao , Huang Yao , Yu Jihao , Zhang Huaping , Liu Ming , Zhao Shaofan , Yao Wei , Lu Zhen , Sun Baoan , Bai Haiyang , Zou Zhigang , Yang Mengfei , Wang Weihua 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT
Lunar glasses with different origins act as snapshots of their formation processes, providing a rich archive of the Moon's formation and evolution. Here, we reveal diverse glasses from Chang’E-5 (CE-5) lunar regolith, and clarify their physical origins of liquid quenching, vapor deposition and irradiation damage respectively. The series of quenched glasses, including rotation-featured particles, vesicular agglutinates and adhered melts, record multiple-scale impact events. Abundant micro-impact products, like micron- to nano-scale glass droplets or craters, highlight that the regolith is heavily reworked by frequent micrometeorite bombardment. Distinct from Apollo samples, the indigenous ultra-elongated glass fibers drawn from viscous melts and the widespread ultra-thin deposited amorphous rims without nanophase iron particles both indicate a relatively gentle impact environment at the CE-5 landing site. The clarification of multitype CE-5 glasses also provides a catalogue of diverse lunar glasses, meaning that more of the Moon's mysteries, recorded in glasses, could be deciphered in future.
Hepatitis C Virus Micro-elimination Among People With HIV in San Diego: Are We on Track?
Authors: Cheema Jaskaran S , Mathews William C , Wynn Adriane , Bamford Laura B , Torriani Francesca J , Hill Lucas A , Rajagopal Amutha V , Yin Jeffrey , Jain Sonia , Garfein Richard S , Cachay Edward R , Martin Natasha K 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundRising incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people with HIV (PWH) in San Diego County (SDC) was reported. In 2018, the University of California San Diego (UCSD) launched a micro-elimination initiative among PWH, and in 2020 SDC launched an initiative to reduce HCV incidence by 80% across 2015–2030. We model the impact of observed treatment scale-up on HCV micro-elimination among PWH in SDC.MethodsA model of HCV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID) and men who have sex with men (MSM) was calibrated to SDC. The model was additionally stratified by age, gender, and HIV status. The model was calibrated to HCV viremia prevalence among PWH in 2010, 2018, and 2021 (42.1%, 18.5%, and 8.5%, respectively), and HCV seroprevalence among PWID aged 18–39 years, MSM, and MSM with HIV in 2015. We simulate treatment among PWH, weighted by UCSD Owen Clinic (reaching 26% of HCV-infected PWH) and non-UCSD treatment, calibrated to achieve the observed HCV viremia prevalence. We simulated HCV incidence with observed and further treatment scale-up (+/− risk reductions) among PWH.ResultsObserved treatment scale-up from 2018 to 2021 will reduce HCV incidence among PWH in SDC from a mean of 429 infections/year in 2015 to 159 infections/year in 2030. County-wide scale-up to the maximum treatment rate achieved at UCSD Owen Clinic (in 2021) will reduce incidence by 69%, missing the 80% incidence reduction target by 2030 unless accompanied by behavioral risk reductions.ConclusionsAs SDC progresses toward HCV micro-elimination among PWH, a comprehensive treatment and risk reduction approach is necessary to reach 2030 targets.
Jerome and the Vulgate Gospels
Authors: Kreinecker Christina M. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter revisits key questions concerning the Vulgate gospels and discusses their character as a revision in relation to Jerome’s preface and his linguistic abilities. Various examples of typical textual features and differences in comparison with the translation technique of the Old Latin Bible are presented together with key aspects of Jerome’s method of revision. The perennial challenge of identifying possible Latin and Greek templates will be met by looking at the methodological assumptions underlying previous suggestions. It is argued that these are mostly based on an outdated text-critical understanding of the New Testament manuscript tradition. Instead, a broader approach to the transmission of the Vulgate gospels will be favored, which is not limited to manuscripts but makes full use of biblical quotations in contemporaneous Christian writings.
Latin Biblical Scholarship in the Humanist Age
Authors: François Wim 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: Biblical humanists as Lorenzo Valla, Erasmus of Rotterdam, and Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples, amongst others, had prepared the path for the study of the Bible with the help of philological methods and the knowledge of original languages. After the advent of the Reformation, humanist biblical scholarship continued to be practised among both Catholic and Protestant theologians and philologists. This scholarship largely expressed itself in Latin (and exceptionally also in the vernacular), although it was not only based upon the Latin Bible, but even more upon the “original” Hebrew and Greek. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, the biblical–humanist approach, without disappearing altogether, was curbed by more outspoken doctrinal concerns, an evolution characteristic of an increasingly confessionalized era.
The Earliest Latin Translations of the Bible
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: The Old Latin version (Vetus Latina) refers to the earliest Latin biblical translations and their revisions up to the end of the fourth century. Few manuscripts are extant, so for most books the principal evidence is supplied by scriptural quotations in early Christian writers. These are used by editors to reconstruct text-types current in particular times and places. The majority of translations probably originated in North Africa around the end of the second century: the surviving evidence for each book appears to derive from a single initial version which underwent multiple subsequent revisions. Both the Old Testament and New Testament were based on Greek sources and preserve important ancient readings. Old Latin forms of text continued to be copied for many centuries, and their influence can be seen in theology, and liturgy as well as paratextual material. Several of the books later incorporated in the Vulgate, including the whole of the New Testament, are based on Old Latin versions.
Early Manuscripts of the Latin Bible
Authors: Ganz David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter surveys the surviving manuscripts of the Latin Bible copied before 800 CE, along with the evidence for their production, correction, and use. Information is taken from ancient writings, scribal colophons, and other notes in manuscripts. Additional paratextual material is discussed, such as prefaces, canon tables, and chapter lists. The topics include the size and format of the books, including luxury copies on purple parchment, the scripts used to copy them, the liturgical annotations showing when particular passages were read, and the presence of glosses to the biblical text. Insular Gospel Books, early pandects and Carolingian manuscripts are treated in separate sections. An account is also given of the earliest illustrations in Latin Bibles.
Paris Bibles and Scholarship
Authors: Dahan Gilbert 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Abstract: In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Paris was the center of scholarship on the Latin Bible, giving rise to a distinctive type of manuscript known as the “Paris Bible.” This chapter traces the development of biblical studies from the schools to the university, along with the typical didactic structure of these lessons. It also gives an account of the role of religious orders (especially the Dominicans and Franciscans). The characteristic features of the Paris Bibles are described, followed by other scholarly tools such as the correctoria, concordances, and distinctiones. The most famous biblical commentators associated with Paris in this period are listed, along with their principal exegetical outputs.
Gender
Authors: Reno Joshua M. , Ahearne-Kroll Stephen P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Major issues and scholarship in the theoretical approaches to ancient gender are addressed in the first half of this essay. Scholarly approaches stem from the study of gender in classics, since these studies represent the wider and dominant gender norms in the ancient world, but there is a need to adapt them to the study of the Synoptics to account for the geographical differences and nature of the literature in comparison to classical literature. A gender analysis is performed on Mark 7:24–30 (the interaction of Jesus with the Greek Syrophoenician woman); Matthew 1:1–2:21 (comparing the masculinity of the adult King Herod and the very young royal Jesus); and Luke 1 (considering the reversal of gender in Zechariah and Mary). Each of these analyses touches on some key principles of studying ancient gender, most significantly the need for a intersectional framework that includes social status as a key consideration, without exhausting all the ways that gender could be considered in each passage.
Jewish Sectarianism
Authors: Kampen John 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The dominance of methods of literary criticism of the Synoptic Gospels such as form and redaction criticism in New Testament studies directed attention away from their context in the Jewish history of the late Second Temple period. New attention to sociological methods in the study of the Synoptic Gospels in the late twentieth century accompanied the designation and examination of some Jewish groups from this period as sectarian. Criteria for the evaluation of sectarian texts center on understanding the level of tension with the sociocultural environment evident within them. Based upon the resulting criteria, the Gospel of Matthew exhibits a much greater level of that tension than the other Synoptic Gospels. This permits an analysis of the first Gospel as an example of the literary production of a first- century Jewish sectarian body.
Resurrection and the Afterlife
Authors: Somov Alexey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Modern scholarship regards the New Testament views on resurrection and the afterlife as much more multifaceted than was traditionally presupposed. This essay addresses the questions of whether there is unanimity or polysemy in the Synoptics’ views on resurrection and what kind of afterlife it represents for the authors of these texts. First, the essay outlines the difficulties of the traditional approaches to the resurrection and overviews some recent approaches, discussing various problems with defining resurrection in the Synoptics; then it analyzes different types of resurrection in early Jewish literature and proceeds with an analysis of Jesus’s resurrection as that of a righteous sufferer and an examination of the eschatological resurrection in the Synoptics. In the final part, the essay offers a cognitive metaphor approach to the concept of resurrection in the Synoptics, which provides an explanation for the ambiguity of the representation of the afterlife existence.
Food and Meals
Authors: Al-Suadi Soham 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Food and meal communities belong directly together when one looks at the Synoptic Gospels and the sociohistorical context behind them. This article examines the literary and socio-historical perspectives in which meals were eaten in the ancient Mediterranean world. It gives a short introduction to the meal in the Greco-Roman world and the foodstuffs used by participants in these meals. Then meal scenes found in the Synoptic Gospels are discussed, comparing their descriptions of the life, Passion, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Particular attention is drawn to the meal scenes in which various theological, social, and political courses and agendas are established.
Portraits of Women
Authors: Myers Susan E. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Women appear throughout all of the Gospels, sometimes unnamed or unacknowledged. While first-century Palestine was patriarchal, women often had more autonomy and independence than modern readers sometimes accord them. This essay examines the question of locating the women in the Gospels before turning to stories of several notable women, comparing, when possible, the differing reports of their presence in the different Synoptic Gospels. Among those treated here are the Syrophoenician or Canaanite woman; the woman who anoints Jesus; the woman with the flow of blood and Jairus’s daughter; Mary Magdalene; Mary, the mother of Jesus; and Mary and Martha. The treatment of the women varies between the gospels, with greater authority granted the women in the Gospel of Mark, while women in the Gospel of Luke, while numerous, are reduced in authority.
Kingdom, Authority, and Power
Authors: Peppard Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article analyzes narratives and images of power, both earthly and heavenly, in the Synoptic Gospels. It first assesses how each Gospel situates the story of Jesus at the nexus of earthly and heavenly kingdoms. It then summarizes scholarly viewpoints about the sociopolitical context of Galilee and Judea under Roman imperial rule, including forms of resistance to occupation. Scholars attuned to the Roman imperial presence have offered empire-critical interpretations of the Gospels. Representative and influential approaches to the political characteristics of Mark and Matthew are reviewed, with special attention to insights from postcolonial criticism. Finally, forms of spiritual power are classified according to the categories of Spirit-empowerment, healing, and exorcism, noting the contributions of disability studies. The article concludes by discussing Jesus’s exorcism of a “Legion” of demons, a narrative which may hold the key to understanding various forms of power in the Synoptic Gospels.
Violent Imaginaries
Authors: Rollens Sarah E. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines language of violence in the Synoptic Gospels. Sidestepping the challenges of connecting violent situations in texts with historical scenarios, the discussion instead examines the roles that violent imagery plays within the contours of the texts. The chapter first situates Jesus’s and John the Baptist’s deaths within a wider framework of violence against envoys of God; the violent rejection that Jesus, John the Baptist, and the early followers of Jesus experienced could thus be understood (and rationalized) as part of a long legacy of violence evident in Israelite traditions. The analysis then turns to the use of violence in many of Jesus’s parables, showing that the stories often reflect an agrarian world of routine violence and social inequality. Finally, it considers the well-known violence that accompanies apocalyptic traditions in the Synoptics. Overall, the chapter regards violence as a valuable, intellectual resource for the authors of the Gospels.
The Synoptic Gospels and Apocryphal Narratives
Authors: Spittler Janet E. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This essay treats three points of intersection between the Synoptic Gospels and apocryphal narratives that were indicated decades ago by François Bovon but have not yet been pursued in full: (1) apocryphal narratives as key evidence for the reception of the Synoptic Gospels; (2) the compositional process of apocryphal narratives, particularly apocryphal acts, as an analogy for the compositional process of the Synoptic Gospels; and (3) apocryphal narratives as a repository of early traditions concerning the composition of the Synoptic Gospels. This essay takes up a concrete example of each point (in the Acts of John, the Acts of John in Rome, and the Acts of Timothy, respectively) in an effort to illustrate the potential of such study and to amplify Bovon’s initial call for more research in these areas.
History
Authors: Becker Eve-Marie 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Synoptic Gospels—from Mark to Matthew and Luke-Acts—shape early Christian historiographical thinking through literary narratives about the “beginnings of the gospel story.” “History,” in early Christian writings as in ancient historiography in a broader sense, comes as the result of narrativizing past time events for present understanding. The Synoptic Gospel writers participate in the Hellenistic culture of history writing and produce their respective writings under the general impact of the “Early Roman Imperial” Zeitgefühl (sense of time)—however, without bringing out antiimperialist thinking. Rather, the Synoptic Gospels provide distinctive narrative tools of “time mastery.” This chapter shows how time mastery works when Mark practices the historian’s mode of foreseeing the future, and how Luke, as historian, further elaborates on the Markan concept of history writing, while Matthew suppresses his Vorlage by presenting Jesus as a “timeless teacher.”
Ancient Rhetoric as an Evaluative Tool for Literary Dependence
Authors: Damm Alexander 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Ancient rhetoric in all its variety is becoming a significant tool for inferring literary dependence among the Synoptic Gospels. Highlighting the conviction that more realistic scenarios of literary dependence should base themselves on ancient reasoning and conventions that stand independent of the Gospels themselves, this essay has two tasks. The first is to review and comment critically on appeals to three traditions of ancient rhetoric as tools for addressing the Synoptic Problem. The second is to illustrate their appeals to ancient conventions by arguing for Matthew’s rhetorically sensitive use of Mark in the story of the healing of the blind man/blind men (Mark 10:46–52 // Matt 20:29–34).
Israel’s Scriptures
Authors: Docherty Susan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This essay introduces the major features of the use of Israel’s scriptures in each of the Synoptic Gospels, considering formal citations, significant allusions, and the deployment of scriptural motifs and models such as “son of David,” “new Moses,” and “prophet like Elijah.” This overview is followed by a comparative discussion of key issues, such as text form and exegetical techniques, set within the wider context of early Jewish scriptural interpretation. The investigation highlights some interesting differences between the evangelists: the preference for allusions over citations in Mark, for example, and the uniquely Matthean fulfillment quotations. A greater number of commonalities across the Gospels are identified, however, including the frequent appeal to Isaiah and the Psalms; the influence of the wisdom literature on the teaching sections; the shaping of narratives to fit prophetic oracles; and the application to Jesus of texts with an originally general or ambiguous referent.
Implicit Bias, Behavioral Realism, and the Purposeful Intent Doctrine
Authors: Kang Jerry 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Over the past quarter-century, scientific discoveries from experimental social psychology have altered our understanding of how racial discrimination takes place. Specifically, we have learned that our decisions are influenced by implicit biases, which are attitudes and stereotypes that we cannot easily sense in ourselves through direct introspection. Scholars in law and psychology committed to the idea of “behavioral realism” have argued that legal doctrine should evolve in response to this updated understanding. This chapter provides a brief primer on implicit bias, behavioral realism, and examines how courts have started to reinterpret antidiscrimination law in light of the new scientific understandings. In particular, we are witnessing a chipping away of the purposeful intent doctrine across multiple bodies of civil rights laws.
Child Protection in Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Bertotti Teresa , Di Rosa Roberta T. , Asimopoulos Charis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the child protection systems in Italy and Greece. Both countries have to deal with immigrant children due to the conflict between the rights of minors and immigration laws on control and defense. In Italy, the child protection system is the result of a patchwork of norms and regulations addressing different societal demands and pressures. Family and cash-transfers are fundamental factors in Italy’s child welfare system. Greece, on the other hand, has adopted fragmented measures and policies connected with financial benefits, income support, social security, social care for disabled people, and rehabilitation for children at risk. The chapter also notes how the 2010 financial crisis affected the Greek child protection system.
The Child Protection System in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Kvašňáková Lenka , Balogová Beáta 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the child protection system in the Slovak Republic. Following the split with Czech, Slovakia’s documents on the protection of children’s rights are based on the EU’s European Charter of Fundamental Rights and the UNCRC’s optional protocols. Additionally, Slovak children are a target of socio-legal protection which protects the rights and legitimate interests of minors. Intervention is required in line with the failure of the natural family environment to preserve the children’s rights and needs. The chapter expounds on the legislative changes that sparked the process of transformation and deinstitutionalization of substitute care. The legislation is based on the principles or preferences like a natural family environment or substitute care.
Child Welfare in Canada
Authors: Trocmé Nico , Doucet Melanie , Fallon Barbara , Nutton Jennifer , Esposito Tonino 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the child welfare system in Canada, which is focused on the child’s safety instead of the welfare of the family and child. Child protection systems have characteristics of mandatory reporting of suspected cases, service eligibility depending on maltreatment investigations, the option of using court orders, and out-of-home care settings. Indigenous children are significantly overrepresented in the child welfare system and children being placed in out-of-home care. The chapter also notes the rise of child welfare services in response to industrialism, capitalism, and urbanization as it sparked social issues like child labor, poverty, and the destitution of families.
Child Protection in Iran
Authors: Takaffoli Marzieh , Vameghi Meroe , Arshi Maliheh , Ostadhashemi Leila 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores child protection in Iran. The Child Development Index, based on the indicators of health, education, and nutrition, shows growth and development. Additionally, the definition of a child is based on the age of maturity in Islam: nine years old for girls and fifteen years old for boys. The physical health and moral nurture of children are vital factors that would lead to an intervention and court decisions to child custody. However, the criteria for mistreatment are not comprehensive enough to only have a single interpretation in courts. On other hand, the Orphaned and with Inappropriate Care Givers Children and Youth Protection Act facilitates the adoption process, especially for kids with inappropriate caregivers.
Child Protection in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Cashmore Judith , Taylor Nicola 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter delivers an overview of child protection services in Australia and New Zealand. Both nations’ main concern primarily revolves around numerous reports of children at risk and the overrepresentation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) children in Australia and Māori children in New Zealand. In Australia, child protection legislation, policy and practice processes are mostly similar across states and territories and differ in terms of reporting, investigation, and interventions for a child in either risk or need of protection and care. On the other hand, New Zealand’s whangai system was eroded due to state intervention to protect children and westernized laws governing adoption and welfare. The over-representation of Indigenous children living away from their whanau sparked major reform of the country’s child protection system.