bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driving Small Business Expansion: Evaluating the Effects of Tax Exemption for Small Enterprises in Albania until 2029
Authors: Trebicka Brunela , Tartaraj Azeta 
Published: June 2023

This paper examines the effects of tax exemption on small enterprises in Albania until 2029, with a focus on driving business expansion. The study aims to assess the impact of this fiscal policy on small business growth and explore its implications for the Albanian economy. By evaluating the effects of tax exemption on various dimensions of small enterprises, including revenue generation, profitability, employment, and investment, this research provides valuable insights into the potential benefits and challenges associated with the policy. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, the study employs a comprehensive approach, combining statistical analysis with in-depth interviews of small business owners and key stakeholders. The findings contribute to the existing literature by shedding light on the effectiveness of tax exemption as a tool to promote small business expansion and provide policy recommendations for policymakers and government authorities. The results of this research will inform decision-making processes related to fiscal policies aimed at supporting small businesses, ultimately fostering sustainable economic development in Albania.

Received: 15 January 2023 / Accepted: 18 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
The Eastern Medıterranean Energy Resources and Redetermınatıon of Regıonal Balances: Turkıye's Posıtıon
Authors: Aydin Ulviyye Sanili 
Published: June 2023

The Eastern Mediterranean energy resources are incredibly significant for the states in the region as these reserves are vital to ensure their energy security and promote economic development. Geographically bordering the region, Turkiye, Israel, Egypt, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCA), Greece, Lebanon, Syria and Libya follow active policies in the Eastern Mediterranean. On the other hand, countries such as the USA, Russia, England, France and Italy try to take their position in the energy equation in the Eastern Mediterranean, although they do not have a border with the region. In this context, the world's largest energy companies focused on the region and compete with each other for a share in the energy exploration and pipeline projects there. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, which can be compared to a multivariate equation, many problems, crises and cooperation opportunities coexist due to the geopolitics of it. Europe’s intensifying energy crisis followed by the Russian-Ukrainian war added a new dimension to the current situation in the region. It seems that the energy resources in the Eastern Mediterranean will redetermine the balance of power in the regions. Using literature review as a research methodology, the aim of this paper is to analyze Turkiye’s position in the process of redistribution of cards in the region. The data will be collected using various methods, including a review of the academic studies, public documents and statistics, interviews and official declarations of the authorities.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Hybrid Democracies of the Western Balkans
Authors: Pano Doriana 
Published: June 2023

The governance models of Western Balkan states are now based on a liberal democracy and the development of an open and free economy. In the early 2000s, the European Union was very active in the Western Balkans, strongly promoting democratic values for good governance and strengthening the implementation of the rule of law, democratizing state institutions, with the aim of creating a legal order to protect and respect human rights. Despite the engagement of European Union structures, it is now evident that in some countries of the Western Balkans, there are tendencies towards an authoritarian model of the state, away from a functional system for effective governance. The reasons are mainly due to internal factors and circumstances of the region. The international factor has consistently criticized these governance models being created in some Western Balkan countries, which take the form of hybrid democracies. This form of governance has already established its own status quo and is an approach that is resistant to change, both by international factors and by domestic governmental/political structures. The integration of Western Balkan states into Euro-Atlantic institutions, especially the European Union, remains the main topic of discussion for key leaders, not only within the region but also among the main leaders of the European Union member countries. Integration is a complex process that requires mutual cooperation. On the one hand, serious commitment is required from Western Balkan countries to meet the conditionality criteria, and on the other hand, the European Union must be willing to undertake concrete initiatives for their inclusion. These initiatives may also require reforms within the structures of the European Union. Diplomatically, initially, traditional bilateral relations were seen as the most reliable alternative to achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, which the Western Balkan countries aspire to so much. Despite numerous efforts, the Western Balkan countries now feel "fatigued" from the long wait, resulting from difficult conditions and technicalities. The governance of the region's countries is under constant pressure from bureaucracy and the weakness in decision-making of European Union institutions, as well as from the constraints and conditions applied over the years. This situation has led to an "internal upheaval" both within the political class and the civil society of Western Balkan countries. High-ranking political leaders of some Western Balkan countries have now taken joint political initiatives with regional significance. Based on the various developments in a complex region such as the Western Balkans, this paper aims to present the implications that may arise in the Euro-Atlantic integration process from the involvement of actors with different geo-strategic interests.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Liability for Causing Damage under European Private International Law: Albanian Rapprochement Framework during the Integration Process Towards the EU
Authors: Cela Ervis , Çela Radovan , Kalemaj Endi 
Published: June 2023

In this paper, the responsibility for damage will be dealt with in the field of European private international law. The historical part of causing damage will be dealt with, where we will focus mainly on the provision of national legislation and what international legislation has dealt with! Responsibility will be addressed from the point of view of Regulation II of Rome, some special obligation relationships, focusing on some specific damages which this regulation deals with, and the scope of the appropriate law! The alignment of Rome II Regulation with Albanian internal legislation will be addressed. First, we will deal with the historical part of the paper, how it was treated at the time of Zog and until today, then we will continue with the treatment of the current and international legislation, bringing the comparative part and the innovation in the domestic legislation and will to conclude with some conclusions which should be in the attention of the legislators for the future. When a damage is caused, which comes as a result of human actions, a civil legal relationship arises. The damager who causes this legal relationship must be held responsible, this requires certain stages to be passed where it is determined what is the damage that has occurred, the conditions that must be met, the calculation of the facts, the legitimacy that the parties have process etc. The cause of damage is divided into two categories, contractual and non-contractual damage. That part of the law that regulates contractual and non-contractual damages recognizes the right of persons to be compensated for the damages that may have been caused to them as a result of the breach of contract or the commission of any illegal action. The other commonality between the two types of damages is the reason for exemption from responsibility for causing these damages, which can be force majeure, extreme necessity.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Integration Standards and Public Administration Dimensions in Light of the Integration Perspective of Albania in the EU
Authors: Aliaj Erjola , Tiri Edvana 
Published: June 2023

After the fall of the communist regime, one of the challenges and the highest priority for the external politics, is the European integration, that is also the aspiration of all Albanians. The European integration is not merely the implementation of various political, legislation, technical and institutional criteria, but rather a union of democratic, communal and integration values and ideals of the Albanian society into the European community, into the community of freedom and democratic values and norms, where these aspirations take credit. During this transitioning period, the Albania European integration has been constantly replete with political and institutional challenges and political processes that must be developed and progressed by the political parties and the Albanian society in general. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that during this transitioning period, Albania has carried over important problematics related to the development of sustainable political institutions, a functional public administration, a free election process with democratic standards, a sustainable financial system, as well as a sustainable social, cultural and intercommunity processes. Therefore, in this context, the present paper will analyse the Albanian perspective and challenges with the focus on the standards and nature of integration in the European Union. In order to comprehend the changes and development in light of this perspective, this paper will also consider the role and the importance of Public Administration integrating dimensions, aiming at understanding the evolution of Albania and its legislation in the European perspective. The analyses of its integration dynamics are to understand the improvement of Albania's image in the world in terms of these aspects, the change of the policy-making concept, the development of political institutions, as well as the evolution of Albanian legislation to align with that of the EU. Moreover, this analysis shall not simply render this paper actual and coherent with the most essential integration politics, legislation and institutional that relate directly with the Albanian European integration process, but it will rather demonstrate that Albania has yet a very long road ahead to become part of the European Union and the achievement reached so far have been positive and promissory.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 14 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Human Rights in the Face of Global Challenges
Authors: Lusha Evelina 
Published: June 2023

Human rights in the face of global challenges are becoming increasingly important as the world becomes ever more interconnected. The global community is facing a multitude of challenges, from climate change, wars and displacement to political instability and economic inequality. In response to these issues, the international community has renewed its focus on human rights. This renewed focus has led to an increased emphasis on the protection and promotion of fundamental rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and security of the person. At the same time, global challenges threaten to undermine the progress made in protecting human rights. For example, the displacement caused by climate change has the potential to create conditions in which human rights abuses can flourish. Similarly, economic inequalities can lead to social exclusion and discrimination. In order to protect and promote human rights in the face of these global challenges, governments must work in partnership with non-governmental organizations, civil society groups, and individuals. This collaboration should focus on strengthening existing human rights laws and creating new ones to tackle the issues of climate change, displacement, and economic inequality. In addition, governments should ensure that everyone has access to the justice system.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Legislative Solution to Prevent the Interference of Foreign Financing in the Electoral Campaign and their Destabilizing Effects
Authors: Kume Andon 
Published: June 2023

The Albanian legislation, the Electoral Code and the Law for political parties, prohibit the financing of the election campaign by foreign governments, institutions and/or public or private entities, for political parties and their candidates. Among the effects that such financing can cause, the main ones are: (i) misgovernance and the promotion of destabilizing situations in the country, (ii) the promotion and generation of destabilizing situations in the Balkan region. For well-known geostrategic reasons, the countries of the Western Balkans, including Albania, are really exposed to the interference of foreign funding in election campaigns. This situation conditions the need for further adjustments in the legislation with the following objectives: (i) preventing the interference of foreign financing in the election campaign (ii) strengthening the sanctions (ii) treating this legal violation as a serious criminal offense that must be included in SPAK jurisdiction. Among the issues that should be treated with priority are also the necessary legal regulations through which must be prevent the use of social media and portals as channels for the realization of the objectives aimed at by foreign fundings. Together with these changes, support for strengthen of the capacities of law enforcement institutions for tracking, identifying and punishing violations of the law that prohibits the financing of the election campaign of political parties and their candidates with foreign fund is necessary.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Historical Epistemological Cycles of the Relationship Between Science and Philosophy
Authors: Fekolli Jetmira 
Published: June 2023

The close connection of philosophy with science and vice versa, of science with philosophy, makes necessary a brief analysis for the creation of epistemology as a special discipline of philosophy. The importance of this analysis is related to a number of reasons. On the one hand, because it has a long way to go as a separate discipline and that, in a way, even though it has clearly defined its field, and inherited many aspects of philosophy over the centuries. On the other hand, it appears to briefly show the complexity of knowledge, its flows and sources, as well as epistemological features. Therefore, in the following, the historical aspect as well as the establishment of epistemology as a philosophical discipline starts from the origin to the rationalist theories in epistemology. The common denominator of epistemological theories is that they all without exception derive from the history of the development of science, a history which serves to build relevant theories that cover the entire development of science, and at the same time explain that in terms of how the activity scientific should be developed in different researches. The purpose of this paper is to present the specific perspectives of each of the approaches, be they epistemological or scientific. Also, what features do they consider characteristic during the scientific development of science and how do they think that scientific research should be carried out as an activity of scientists.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
The Nature of the Legal Acts Produced by the Government Essentially Alienated the Nature, Spirit and Constitution of the Albanian State 1944 – 1948
Authors: Ahmetaj Lavdosh , Karaj Kamila 
Published: June 2023

The first acts of the Albanian government produced during the years 1944 and 1948 passed into the ownership of the state the assets of the occupying states and those of their collaborators as well as those individuals who in some cases were not confirmed by some special legal provisions in force. These acts hit the foundations of the economic, legal and political order of free capital, which, in the ideological notion of "speculator", enabled the absolute limitation of the free private economy and alienated property as the foundation of human freedom. While through the extraordinary tax, radical control over society, industry and foreign trade was established, accompanied by the cancellation of the conventions of the National Bank and the creation of the State Bank. The legal acts issued during March 1946 February 1947, nationalized the means of production of industrial enterprises that were in the hands of Albanian owners or capitalists was done in a short time through the only method without remuneration. The characteristic of the implementation of legal acts was radical, expressing class interests, ideologizing the state of the dictatorship of the majority against the ideologically conceived minority as "declassed" or "kulak".

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
UN Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI+ People
Authors: Isufaj Mentor 
Published: June 2023

This work will particularly focus on the discrimination against LGBTI+ community with respect to the right to equal employment opportunities, including employment application stage, recruitment process and work environment once a person is already employed. There are different practical and theoretical approaches and theories featuring in the academic and political discussions on the matter. Both academia and praxis provides us with evidence to conclude that the issue of discrimination at work for the LGBTI+ community continues to exist, even though there may be legal and institutional provisions in place that protect them. The aim of the study is to critically analyze the current situation in light of the recommendations that the United Nations’ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) published in 2017 in its report titled “Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI people”. Among others, this paper seeks to identify the relevant legal aspects of the United Nations Standards of Conduct for Business, in particular identifying their innovative and original feature as well as engaging with the criticism that was directed at it. To achieve the aforementioned goals, we will provide conceptual background information with regard to sexual orientation and gender identity as well as employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and its various forms. Secondly, we will focus on the consequences associated with this form of discrimination that have been identified so far. Lastly, we will assess the specific United Nations tool, which constitutes a core theme of this work, aimed at addressing discrimination at workplace of LGBTI+ people. Although sexual orientation and gender identity should in principle have nothing to do with an employee’ performance in the workplace, researchers has documented that almost half (46%) of LGBT employees in the United States feel secluded in the workplace. A key aspect for minimizing the phenomenon of discrimination in work based on sexual orientation and gender identity is a continuing awareness-raising effort with the help of the media, aiming to form all individuals in a belief that no one has the right to judge an employee’s job performance based on his or her sexual preferences. Also, the demonstration of positive practices by the employer and the promotion of a positive environment within the staff are key to avoiding conflicts at work. In addition, an ever-increasing and close cooperation between the institutions that protect the rights of the LGBTI+ community, such as non-profit organizations that focus on protecting LGBTI+ people, and LGBTI+ people themselves could change the situation at work.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Implementation of Human Rights
Authors: Guzina Sonila , Tiri Edvana 
Published: June 2023

Human rights are understood as rights that belong to every individual as a consequence of being human, regardless of legal acts. By affirming the existence of human rights, we say that every human being, by the very fact that he or she is such, is entitled to something. The modern concept of human rights is rooted in experiences of "legal illegality" when crimes were committed under the authority of the law and when some human beings were denied such status. These rights are defined as those rights that are inherent in our nature and without which we cannot live as human beings. Basic human rights and freedoms give us the opportunity to fully develop and use our human qualities, our intelligence, our consciousness, and fulfill our demands. The issue of human rights has received a great deal of attention. Today, the violation of human rights is taken seriously by international bodies and most countries have their own legislation to guarantee the protection and implementation of human rights. Human rights are closely related to the state's obligation to protect and promote them. Putting the state in their focus refers to the governing model, the state is the main actor, the responsible and responsible entity for the promotion of human rights and freedoms. In fact, the obligation and role of the state does not consist only in a passive position to promote them, but at the same time, it also has as a duty and as a primary obligation the undertaking of actions to guarantee and protect human rights and freedoms through policies active. The issue of human rights has attracted the attention of many people. As a legal category, human rights are presented in the creation of the first legal rules, where these give us the opportunity to develop and fully use our qualities and fulfill our requirements. The most effective protection of human rights is through state public institutions, where the state has the most powerful monopoly of force through which it can realize political goals and ideas, The aspiration to protect human dignity represents the essence of the concept of human rights. This aspiration puts the human being at the center of interest, where it is based on the common universal system of values committed to the right to life, as an inviolable right, and provides a framework for building the system of human rights. to man.

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023