bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of steel frames made of hybrid steel welded I‐sections
Authors: Yun Xiang , Zhu Yufei , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAn experimental investigation into the structural behaviour of steel frames made up of hybrid steel welded I‐section members is presented in this paper. The tested hybrid steel welded I‐section profile had quenched and tempered S690 steel flanges and an S355 steel web. The experimental programme comprised four two‐dimensional, single storey, single bay frames subjected to different combinations of horizontal and vertical loading, thus enabling different beam, sway as well as combined beam and sway plastic collapse mechanisms to be examined. The frames were fully laterally restrained using a bespoke lateral bracing system to ensure that no out‐of‐plane instability phenomena were experienced during testing. The experimental setup, loading schemes, instrumentation and key experimental results are reported. The experimental results are fundamental to developing an understanding of the behaviour of hybrid steel welded I‐sections at the structural system level. Further research is underway to underpin the development of suitable design rules for steel frames made of such hybrid steel welded I‐section members.
Design of Stainless Steel Cross‐Sections by Inelastic Stability Analysis
Authors: Becque Jurgen , Gilbert Saul 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhile carbon steel cross‐sections are traditionally categorized as Class 1, 2, 3 or 4, depending on when local instability occurs relative to the key stages of yielding, for stainless steel the lack of a well‐defined yield point and the presence of continual strain‐hardening render this approach artificial and superfluous. A new design methodology is therefore needed, which accounts for the effects of both strain‐hardening and local buckling.The proposed method is based on a modified finite strip method, which accounts for the effects of gradual loss of stiffness due to yielding on the stability of thin‐walled members. Extensive verification of the new method against experimental data showed that cross‐sectional capacities are generally well predicted, with average ratios of the measured to the predicted capacity of 1.18 and 1.19 in compression and bending, respectively, and a standard deviation of 0.10 in both cases. This is a significant improvement over the EN 1993‐1‐4 design rules, where the averages over the same dataset were 1.27 and 1.40, respectively, with standard deviations of 0.14 and 0.17. The rotational capacity of stainless steel cross‐sections in bending was also reasonably well predicted, with an average ratio of measured to predicted curvature of 1.79.
Optimisation and testing of simply‐supported WAAM beams
Authors: Weber Ben , Meng Xin , Nitawaki Masashi , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe design and performance of optimised wire and arc additively manufactured (WAAM) rectangular hollow section (RHS) beams, with varying material strengths and thicknesses along their lengths, are investigated in this study. Simply‐supported beams under three‐point bending were considered. Size optimisation of the RHS beams was carried out by fixing the nominal outer profile and varying the local thicknesses and steel grades in discrete steps to accommodate the variation of the bending moment along the member length. Two optimised beam specimens were manufactured via WAAM and tested, and were shown to have excellent load‐carrying capacities at greatly reduced self‐weights compared with the conventionally manufactured beams, indicating a considerable increase in their structural efficiency. This study confirms the feasibility of combining materials with different thicknesses and steel grades using WAAM, which provides structural engineers with further design freedom and opportunities to minimise material use.
Local buckling behaviour of high strength steel tubular beams under moment gradients
Authors: Yang Zichang , Meng Xin , Walport Fiona , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study into the effect of moment gradients on the local buckling behaviour of hot‐rolled high strength steel square hollow section (SHS) beams. The influence of moment gradients was investigated by testing 20 beam specimens, ranging from Class 2 to Class 4 according to the cross‐section classification limits given in prEN 1993‐1‐1:2020. Both four‐ and three‐point bending loading configurations were considered with varying shear span lengths. The influence of intermediate stiffeners at the loading point was examined by employing two different loading configurations in the three‐point bending tests, achieving fully stiffened or unstiffened conditions. Local geometric imperfections were measured by means of 3D laser scanning, and the displacement and strain fields at critical regions were monitored by digital image correlation (DIC) during testing. It was shown from the tests that specimens subjected to moment gradients exhibited higher ultimate moment capacities than those subjected to uniform moments.
Parametric study for Y‐shape perfobond shear connection
Authors: Mefleh Wajdi , Kovács Nauzika 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe development process of the composite structures is always an ongoing process, to gain more the benefits of the composite work between steel and concrete. This process has created a wide range of types of shear connections. Different types of perfobond shear connections have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional headed stud connections. The new types like the Y, puzzle, clothoid, etc. shape perfobond plates have been studied due to their beneficial ultimate resistance and deformation capacity. The Y‐type perfobond rib shear connection is a superior alternative to the conventional perfobond due to its improved performance characteristics, such as higher ductility and stiffness, and greater resistance against uplifting force. In this paper the focus in on Y‐shape perfobond shear connections. A finite element model for a push‐out test has been developed to analyze the influence of structural parameters on the behavior of the connection. The model was verified by the experimental test completed at the Department of Structural Engineering, in Budapest University of Technology and Economics. The FE model was developed on Atena GID software. In this paper the effect of the angle of the inclined Y parts and the geometrical dimensions of the inclined Y parts are analyzed on the resistance, degradation tendencies, deformation capacity and the stiffness of the connection, conclusions are drawn, and beneficial structural details are recommended.
Theory of Plastic Mechanism Control for Linked Column Frames
Authors: Montuori Rosario , Nastri Elide , Piluso Vincenzo , Pisapia Alessandro 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe main purpose of this work is to define a design procedure for dissipative replaceable link frames (LCFs). These structural schemes are characterized by the columns connected with link elements representing the plastic zones of the structure and, consequently, they assure the maximum dissipation of seismic energy in input. The design rules, proposed in this paper, are based on the Theory of Plastic Mechanism Control (TPMC). This procedure is based on the extension of the kinematic theorem of limit analysis to the concept of the equilibrium curves of the failure mechanisms and it guarantees the achievement of the global collapse mechanism under severe seismic actions. In order to evaluate the accuracy of this procedure, a case study is presented. In particular, a LCF with four storeys and three bays is designed by means of the proposed design rules. Finally, the same steel frame is implemented in SAP2000 program, and a pushover analysis is performed to evaluate the ultimate behaviour of the modelled structure.
Geometric imperfection measurement on welded hybrid steel box‐section girders
Authors: Somodi Balázs , Wassfee Dhiaa , Kövesdi Balázs 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHigh‐strength steel materials (steel grades of S500 ‐ S960) gaining prominence in civil engineering, especially for large‐span bridges. In the case of bridges, the application of hybrid girders combining low‐ and high‐strength steel materials is an effective and economical solution. The hybrid girders generally consist of webs comprised of low‐strength steel and flanges made of high‐strength steel. In Europe, apart from some minor practical applications and research results in Sweden, these structure types are completely new solutions in bridges, and the theoretical background of their stability design is missing from the current European standardized design provisions. To determine the theoretical background of this girder type and to develop the design theories for application purposes it is essential to execute experimental laboratory test programs. Analyzing the local buckling and plastic behavior of hybrid steel plate girders through experiments is essential to have an approopriate knowledge on the geometrical and structural imperfections of the hybrid girders. Therefore, in the present paper the measurement of geometric imperfection on 14 welded hybrid steel box‐section girders with varying geometry is presented and their results are evaluated and discussed. The flanges of the examined hybrid girders are made of S700 or S500, the web of the specimens consists of S355 steel grade. The measured imperfection values are evaluated based on the steel grade and geometric parameters such as plate width or thickness. Using the measured imperfection, a numerical model will be developed to predict the bending and shear resistance of the specimens.
Digital Twin‐Based Deterioration Prognosis of Steel Wind Turbine Towers in Modular Energy Islands
Authors: Heng Junlin , Zhang Jiaxin , Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Dong You , Baniotopoulos Charalampos 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Modular Energy Island (MEI) offers a promising solution to unlock the plentiful Aeolian source at deep‐waters. Meanwhile, high‐speed wind and strong corrosivity in the harsh marine environment, along with increasing dynamics, escalate the corrosion‐fatigue (C‐F) deterioration issue of steel wind turbine towers on MEIs notably. Thus, a better understanding of the C‐F states is of particular concern to maximize the lifetime power generation and minimize operational costs. This study aims to provide novel insights into the C‐F deterioration states of wind turbine towers by integrating the material test data, site measurement, and multi‐physics simulation based on the concept of digital twins. The DTU 10MW reference turbine has been selected as an engineering prototype. Based on the in‐situ wind‐wave data, the structural response of the steel turbine tower at critical details is predicted via multi‐physics simulations and accordingly, stress spectra are constructed. Besides, the corrosion rate is estimated from material test data and the site‐specific climate conditions. Then, a probabilistic C‐F model is established for the deterioration state of critical components in the tower by incorporating the derived stress spectra and corrosion rate. Not only does this study highlight the escalating C‐F deterioration issue in steel wind turbine towers, but it also offers a novel basis for crucial insights into the digital twin‐based operation and maintenance (O&M) of the next‐generation MEIs by integrating models and data from various sources.
Lateral‐torsional buckling experiments of built‐up section CFS beams
Authors: MA DI , RASMUSSEN KIM , ZHANG HAO 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the lateral‐torsional buckling of built‐up cold‐formed steel beams featuring two or three component C‐ or sigma‐sections arranged to have a closed loop. Several thicknesses of each cross‐section with nominal yield stress values of 450 MPa and 550 MPa were tested to obtain lateral buckling strength data for a range of cross‐section slenderness values. Complementary reference tests were conducted on the same built‐up sections braced laterally to obtain the in‐plane section capacities, precluding the effect of lateral‐torsional buckling. Coupon tests were also conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the steel material. The test rig featured a dual‐actuator set‐up, with one actuator (applying vertical load) mounted on a trolley that was moved horizontally by the second actuator in response to the signal from a transducer measuring the lateral buckling displacement at the mid‐length of the beam, thus ensuring vertical loading throughout the experiments. The rig also featured specialized end bearings allowing free flexural rotations and warping, while restraining lateral displacements and twist rotations. The paper describes the test rig and the results of the in‐plane and lateral‐torsional buckling experiments. Particular attention is paid to the use of closed parts to enhance the torsional rigidity of the built‐up sections and thereby their lateral‐torsional buckling capacity.
Lateral torsional buckling of hot rolled channel sections – Numerical simulations and design proposal
Authors: Beyer André , Khelil Abdelouahab , Bureau Alain , Boissonnade Nicolas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper describes a parametric study addressing the resistance of U‐profiles (channel profiles) subject to bending and torsion to lateral torsional buckling. In case of U‐sections, the torsional moment results, in the majority of cases, from an unavoidable eccentricity of the applied load from the shear centre. The behavior and resistance of the studied members is addressed through a parametric study based on a numerical model validated with laboratory tests. This study is divided into two parts. First, U‐sections subject to bending only are studied in order to provide a method for this reference load case. In particular, the non symmetric stability behaviour of this type of section will be highlighted. Based on the numerical results an adaption of the European buckling curves is proposed. Then, the members are studied under combined bending and torsion. Existing design methods applicable to I sections are extended in order to account for the specific behaviour of U sections.
Study on the fire performance of novel G550 galvanized steel‐concrete composite slabs
Authors: Cheng Yun , Yu Xianglin , Shi Yongjiu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTo reduce the construction and maintenance difficulties caused by fire proof coatings and reinforcement used in composite structures, 2 new types of steel‐concrete composite slab was proposed combining G550 galvanized steel with re‐entrant sheeting and closed profiled sheeting. 12 full‐scale standard fire tests were conducted to investigate the fire performance of G550 galvanized steel‐concrete composite slabs. Temperature rise within profiled sheeting and concrete are compared for the novel composite slabs. With the development of bearing capacity index, the fire performance of novel G550 galvanized steel‐ concrete composite slabs are analyzed under the same unified standard. Results showed that all the newly developed composite slabs could reach the design requirements for buildings up to 18 m above ground without the use of coatings and reinforcement. And the composite slabs with closed profiled sheeting can reach 120 min fire resistance when bearing capacity index is less than approximately 0.1 and are suitable for application in high‐rise buildings.
Mechanical properties of S355 butt welds at elevated temperatures
Authors: Santiago Aldina , Crescenzo Pasquale Nacchia , Craveiro Helder , Latour Massimo , Rodrigues Dulce , Leitão Carlos 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe performance of welded connections in steel structures under fire depends on the mechanical properties of welds at elevated temperatures. Currently, EN 1993‐1‐2 [1] provides the following information for the design strength of welds: for butt welds, up to 700 °C, the design strength shall be taken as equal to the strength of the weaker part joined considering the reduction factors for material properties of the steel, while for butt welds above to 700 °C, and also for fillet welds, specific reduction factors for the design strength are proposed.This paper presents the preliminarily results of an experimental investigation of specimens of butt welds realised with GMAW process under elevated temperatures. Steady‐state tensile tests, at 20 °C, 300 °C and 600 °C, were conducted on tensile coupon specimens extracted from welded steel plates. Results from these experiments have been used to evaluate the stress‐strain response, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, ultimate strength, and ultimate strain, as a function of the temperature for butt welds. Reduction factors were predicted for these mechanical properties. Some differences were achieved, especially at 600 °C, between the calculated reduction factors and those proposed by the EN 1993‐1‐2 [1]. Finally, it was also observed that the temperature has an impact on the tension fracture surface in welds.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Shear Behaviour of Bolted Inter‐Modular Connection
Authors: Rajanayagam Heshachanaa , Gunawardena Tharaka , Mendis Priyan , Poologanathan Keerthan , Gatheeshgar Perampalam , Nagaratnam Brabha , Corradi Marco 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the shear behaviour of bolted intermodular connections under lateral load using theoretical, experimental, and numerical approaches. Three design configurations with varying bolt sizes and hole tolerances of the proposed bolted intermodular connection were established and tested under lateral load to study their shear slip resistance. 3D finite element models in ANSYS were then developed and validated against the load‐deformation behaviour from the experiment. The validated models were then used for the comprehensive analysis of the connection components' response under lateral load. The study showed that the proposed connection has a tendency to fail by slippage even under extremely light lateral loads thereby identifying the connection as a slip‐critical connection for the serviceability design. Moreover, it was also found that the main cause of connection failure under lateral load is the combined tension and shear effect, not pure shear. This paper then presents the developed methodology for estimating the connection stiffness, such that the stiffness values can be used for the global modelling of modular buildings with connections as simplified link or spring elements. Finally, the study suggests recommendations and appropriate strategies to optimize the connection design to further enhance the strength and serviceability requirements.
Characterizing transition zone between steel‐concrete composite and reinforced concrete members
Authors: Dragan Dan , Das Rajarshi , Degee Herve 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteel profiles are often embedded in reinforced concrete (RC) members (specially columns) to achieve higher performance in a localised manner. Although the RC and steel‐concrete composite zones of such members can be respectively designed according to the Eurocodes 2 and 4, the transition zone between the steel profile and its surrounding concrete needs to be adequately designed to ensure an effective transmission of the axial force, shear and bending moments carried by the interrupted steel component. This is currently not covered by the design standards and is only partially covered by the current literature. This article proposes a design procedure for such transition zones relying on a 2‐steps approach: (1) Definition of the transverse load to be transferred from the steel part of the composite zone to the RC part, based on a reasonable distribution of the contact pressure between the profile and the surrounding concrete; and (2) Evaluation of a suitable “strut & tie” mechanism to ensure the appropriate transfer of this load and consecutive design of the transverse reinforcement. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the design approach, the transition zone between a composite and a pure RC part of a locally composite column was investigated experimentally. Four test specimens were designed and tested in order to study the influence of certain parameters, e.g. length of the assumed transfer zone, presence of one or two lateral beams at the level of the transfer zone, compression level in the column, etc.
Wire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing for lattice steel structures: overview of the experimental characterization on dot‐by‐dot rods
Authors: Arrè Lidiana , Laghi Vittoria , Palermo Michele , Gasparini Giada , Trombetti Tomaso 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWith the advent of a new arc‐based additive manufacturing (AM) process, referred to as Wire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), the scale of the metal printed parts increased up to several meters, thus becoming suitable for large‐scale applications in marine, aerospace and construction sectors. However, specific considerations in terms of geometrical and mechanical properties ought to be made in order to effectively use the printed outcomes for structural engineering purposes. The introduction of the novel printing strategy referred to as “dot‐by‐dot”, consisting in successive drops of molten metal, enabled the use of WAAM to realize complex lattice structures, made by continuous grids of WAAM rods. Nevertheless, their proper design requires an accurate evaluation of the influence of the non‐negligible inherent geometrical irregularities on the mechanical response of the rods. Hence, extensive experimental work is needed in order to evaluate the mechanical response of “dot‐by‐dot” WAAM rods with geometrical imperfections. The present study focuses on the mechanical characterization of dot‐by‐dot WAAM‐produced 304L stainless steel intersected rods, constituting the basic units of grid and lattice structures. The mechanical response of the specimens is assessed through tensile experimental tests conducted on two‐ways planar nodes obtained from the intersection of two rods with different angles, hereafter also refereed to as crossed rods. The experimental results are then compared with tensile tests on single rods, to quantify the influence of the intersection angle in the structural response of the lattice structures.
Performance evaluation of cold‐formed steel spot weld connections
Authors: Rajić Andrea , Lukačević Ivan , Ćurković Ivan , Žuvelek Vlaho 
Published: September 2023

Abstract[Spot welding is a fast and productive technology widely used in industry to join various cold‐formed steel (CFS) elements. Depending on the type of analysis and model complexity, various definitions of spot welds in finite element (FE) models can be applied. In structures with a large number of spot welds, simple models that use a reduced number of elements should be used because detailed models have too many degrees of freedom. This study deals with the investigation of point‐based fasteners in FE analysis for spot weld connections in CFS structures. The paper summarises the experimentally determined results of the spot‐welded connections in shear for eight groups of spot‐welded connections made of sheet thicknesses 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0 mm. The shear performance tests show different failure modes: full button pull‐out failure mode and interfacial fracture. Based on the test results, the FE models for spot‐welded connections were calibrated. The FE models for shear connections were created in ABAQUS using the simplified method based on point‐based fasteners and explicit dynamic analysis. Experimentally and numerically obtained results were compared with analytically calculated characteristic resistances of spot welds according to European standards.