bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibodies and the Protein-Reserves
Authors: Cannon Paul R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A general theory has been presented in an attempt to elucidate further the mechanism of antibody-production. This theory is based on the supposition that antibodies are specifically modified globulins which are formed intracellularly during the synthesis of globulin. If this supposition is correct, it follows that antibody-production must be influenced by the same conditions which determine globulin-production. Inasmuch as experimental evidence indicates that globulin-production is dependent upon the intake of aminoacids and is impaired by an inadequate intake of dietary proteins, it also follows that antibody-production must similarly depend upon protein-intake. The relationships of the theory to some of the problems related to fluctuations in resistance to infectious disease, to the capacity to produce antibodies, and to the conservation of the antibody-matrix, are discussed. Experimental evidence has been cited indicating, in a preliminary way, at least partial confirmation of the general hypothesis. Some of the implications with respect to the problems of war and mass starvation and the capacity of starving peoples to combat infectious disease are discussed.
Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six hundred forty-five chickens and ten rabbits were used for precipitin-production. Chickens were found to be excellent precipitin-producers when injected with quantities as low as 1.75 ml of a 1:9 dilution of serum-protein. The titer of chicken-antisera changes upon standing. Tests made after nine or more days showed a marked increase over the titers secured within 24 hours after bleeding. Rabbit-antisera did not show such changes. Titers of 1:8,096,000 were frequently secured after three series of injections, and one antiserum gave a titer of 1:32,384,000.
Demonstration of Antigenic Differences Between Different Strains of Influenza B
Authors: Gordon Irving 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The isolation of a new strain of influenza B virus, strain 572, is reported. The rate of adaptation of strain 572 to ferrets and mice was slow. This is consistent with previous reports that it is more difficult to isolate strains of influenza B than of influenza A. Quantitative antigenic differences between the Lee, TM, and 572 strains of influenza B virus were demonstrated by means of in vitro and mouse neutralization tests with specific immune sera. There was a close agreement between the results obtained by the two methods.
Spinal-Cord Section and Hemolysin-Production in the Rat
Authors: Stanton Alfred H. , Meunning Louise , Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
High section of the thoracic spinal cord in the white rat diminished the hemolysin-response to sheep's red blood corpuscles when the environmental temperature was not carefully regulated. Section at lower levels failed to influence hemolysin-production when compared with the response of unoperated controls. Rats sectioned at the high levels but maintained at normal body-temperature responded as well as control animals. Rats sectioned at the high levels but maintained at body-temperatures averaging 5 C below normal failed to produce hemolysin. High section of the spinal cord, which disturbs the heat-control mechanism, prevented the formation of hemolysin in the rat only when the body-temperature fell significantly below normal.
Schultz-Dale Studies with Intestinal Strips of Passively and Actively Sensitized Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Albert Murray M. , Walzer Matthew 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has not been possible to demonstrate by the Schultz-Dale technic that the smooth muscle of the monkey can be passively sensitized with human sera containing reagins in extremely high titer or with rabbit sera of high precipitintiter. In monkeys that presumably were actively sensitized to egg-white, the Schultz-Dale technic failed to reveal any evidence of smooth-muscle sensitization. Experimental evidence is still lacking that smooth muscle is the shock-tissue in bronchial asthma or in other manifestations of supersensitiveness in human beings.
Ascorbic Acid and Immunity
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Agnew Suzanne , Mickelsen Olaf 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Contrary to the reports of Ecker and his workers, we have found that the intravenous injection of crystalline ascorbic acid into adults with a low serum vitamin C level produced no change in the titer of complement. The in vitro addition of reduced ascorbic acid to deficient serum failed to result in an increase in complement activity. Serum ascorbic acid was oxidized without affecting the titer of complement. The activity of complement was inhibited or abolished with but slight change in the concentration of ascorbic acid. On the basis of the present study, it is doubtful that the in vitro activity of human complement is related to the presence of reduced ascorbic acid. The conclusions of Ecker and his associates that “the complementing activity of the serum of scorbutic guinea pigs and of men may be used as a biological index of the vitamin C deficiency” are open to considerable question.
Ascorbic Acid and Immunity
Authors: Agnew Suzanne , Spink Wesley W. , Mickelsen Olaf 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal guinea pigs given a diet deficient in vitamin C responded with a marked decrease in the serum ascorbic acid levels. This diminution in the concentration of ascorbic acid was not accompanied by a reduction in the titer of complement. Neither the in vitro nor in vivo addition of ascorbic acid to guinea pig serum deficient in vitamin C resulted in a change in the titer of complement. This fails to confirm the observations of Ecker and his associates. The deficiency in the serum ascorbic acid levels induced in guinea pigs by a scorbutogenic diet could not be entirely corrected by either the oral or intramuscular administration of large amounts of ascorbic acid, whereas, the feeding of fresh cabbage resulted in normal values.
Absorption of Bacterial Antigen from Diphtheric Toxin and Toxoid by Magnesium Hydroxide
Authors: Parfentjev I. A. , Waldschmidt A. , Weil A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under properly chosen quantitative conditions, treatment of diphtheric toxin (and toxoid) with magnesium hydroxide can be directed in such a way that a selective absorption of bacterial antigen is effected without substantial loss of toxin (or toxoid) and without impairment of antigenicity.
Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative theory of specific precipitation based on the lattice-hypothesis and the principle of kinetic selection has been found to agree reasonably well with experimental data of Heidelberger and Kendall for ovalbumin-precipitations. No arbitrary constants are necessary for the quantitative application of the theory.
The formulation of the theory is not yet rigorous, but has at least the value of bringing to light several new considerations implicit in the lattice-hypothesis.
The results achieved probably should not be taken as a confirmation of the lattice-hypothesis itself. However, if the independent evidence for the lattice-hypothesis is accepted, the restricted theory makes several contributions to the theory of the immune reaction. These are notably: A method for the measurement of immunological valence.A method for the measurement of equilibrium-constants and their thermodynamic consequences (13).The conclusion that the antibody of individual rabbit antisera and the surface of the antigen are sensibly homogeneous.The conclusion that nonspecific aggregation does not conspicuously disturb the course of reaction in the system studied.
On the Site of Formation of Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Morton Harry E. , Gonzalez Luis M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diphtherial toxin, one of the classical examples of an exotoxin, has been found within the cells of C. diphtheriae.
The toxin present in the sonic extracts of well washed diphtherial cells gave positive skin reactions in normal rabbits but no reaction in the skin of rabbits which had been passively immunized with diphtherial antitoxin.
The toxic sonic extracts flocculated with standard flocculating diphtherial antitoxin. From these experiments we believe that at least one of the sites of formation of an exotoxin, if not the site of formation, is within the bacterial cell.
The Influence of Non-Specific Protein on the Heat Inactivation of Antibody to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Krejci Laura E. , Jennings Robert K. , Smith Louis Despain 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The electrophoretic patterns of casein and of the antibody to Type I pneumococcal polysaccharide were practically unaltered by heat treatment of the individual solutions.
Heat treatment of a mixture of these two substances led to loss of precipitability of the antibody by the homologous polysaccharide and to a change in the electrophoretic pattern. Part of the alpha casein and part of the antibody (gamma globulin) migrated with the beta casein after heat treatment; this change appeared to result from interaction of the two constituents after partial denaturation. The interaction was probably responsible for the inactivation.
Precipitative tests on the fractions separated by electrophoresis of the unheated mixture afforded additional evidence that alpha casein is the constituent responsible for the inactivation of the antibody.
By electrophoretic fractionation of the heated mixture it was possible to separate the antibody of unchanged mobility from that which had been modified by heat treatment. Under these conditions the unchanged antibody was still precipitable by polysaccharide.
Specific Molecular Valence of Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence bearing on the molecular valence of antigen and antibody is presented and discussed. Antigenic proteins having a molecular weight of about 35,000 seem to have a minimal functional valence of 5, with an upper limit less than 30; larger molecules can have much higher valences, plausibly in proportion to their surface. Much speculation and an as yet inadequate body of experimental data indicate that ordinary antibody is univalent, or perhaps divalent.
The Correlation Between Anatomical Changes and the Allergic State in Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Woodruff C. Eugene , Kelly Ruby G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The reversal, during the past year, in the long-continued downward trend in deaths due to tuberculosis emphasizes the fact that the medical profession does not have for this chronic disease any positive method of control such as has been applied, for instance, in stamping out diphtheria. Before tuberculosis can be controlled successfully fundamental concepts concerning reactions of the host to the infectious agent must be clarified. Perhaps the most important of these concepts is the relation between the hypersensitive or allergic response and immunity.
In a comprehensive review of the literature upon hypersensitivity in infectious disease Rich (1), after discussing the data presented by numerous experimental workers in this field, states that “… up to the present, hypersensitive inflammation has never been satisfactorily shown to be necessary for the successful operation of acquired immunity at any stage of any infection under any condition whatsoever.”
Agglutination by Anti-Hog Cholera Hyperimmune Sera of an Antigen Obtained from the Spinal Fluid of Pigs Infected with Hog Cholera and Adsorbed on B. Prodigiosus
Authors: Weil A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The spinal fluids of pigs infected with hog cholera virus contain an antigen which reacts specifically with an antibody present in hyperimmune serum and possibly to a lesser degree also in immune serum. The antibody-antigen reaction can be made visible by an agglutinative reaction of prodigiosus suspensions which had been brought into contact with concentrates of spinal fluids.
The Type-Specific Agglutinin Response of Infants and Children with Pneumococcal Pneumonias
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Shuman Harold I. , Barnes Mildred W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tests for agglutinins were carried out with homologous and heterologous types of pneumococci in 366 sera obtained from 116 infants and children with pneumococcal pneumonia who were treated with sulfapyridine and recovered.
Homologous type-specific agglutinins were demonstrated for 17 of the 19 types encountered. They were found to develop more frequently and in higher titers against the types which are most common in the pneumonias of adults, namely types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8, than against the other higher types, including type 14 which was the most frequent type encountered in infants and young children. This was true irrespective of the age of the patient.
For all the types, homologous agglutinins were demonstrated more frequently and in higher titers in children 3 years of age or older than in infants and children less than 3 years old.
Homologous agglutinins were demonstrated about as often in patients in whom the pneumococci were obtained only from sputum or pharyngeal cultures as they were in patients from whom the organisms were recovered from blood cultures or purulent exudates.
Heterologous agglutinins were encountered in 8 patients. In 4 of these 8 patients the same titer was found in both acute and convalescent phase sera. The possible significance of these findings has been discussed.
Typhoid Vaccine Studies. VI
Authors: Longfellow Don , Luippold George F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the degree of demonstrable cross-immunity which a monovalent Typhoid, Para A, and Para B vaccine will produce in experimental animals toward the two heterologous organisms of this trio of intestinal pathogens. The polyvalent protective potency of a few sera from humans initially vaccinated with monovalent typhoid vaccine, against five common types of Salmonella, was also determined.
In one phase of this study, three respective groups of mice were actively immunized with each of the three vaccines, and each group was subsequently tested for immunity to graded doses of E. typhosa, S. paratyphi, and S. schottmuelleri.
The results of these tests for active immunity showed that mice immunized with a relatively large dose of Typhoid vaccine acquired thereby sufficient hetero-immunity to survive 10 MLD of S. schottmuelleri; and that the same dosage of Para B vaccine protected mice against the same multiple of the MLD of E. typhosa. However, neither of these two organisms, when prepared as vaccines and inoculated into mice, produced a significant degree of immunity in these animals to S. paratyphi; nor did Para A vaccine, inoculated into mice, produce in them any significant degree of immunity to E. typhosa or to S. schottmuelleri.
In the second phase of this work, respective groups of mice were passively immunized by the intraabdominal administration of Typhoid-, Para A-, and Para B-immune rabbits' sera, and each group was subsequently subjected to the administration of graded doses of E. typhosa, S. paratyphi, and S. schottmuelleri in order to measure the degree of immunity to each of these organisms that was conferred on the animals by each of the immune sera.
These measurements of passive immunity demonstrated that when rabbits were inoculated with a vaccine prepared with any one of these three organisms, the resultant serum, when administered to mice in 0.1 ml amounts, conferred on them a high degree of immunity to the heterologous organisms. This was especially true of the cross-immunity demonstrated between E. typhosa and S. schottmuelleri, and to only a slightly lesser degree between S. paratyphi and each of the other two organisms.
The immune substances produced in human sera by monovalent typhoid vaccination are apparently of the same order as those produced in rabbits by the same procedure, and possess a demonstrable protective potency against antigenically related types of Salmonella.
It is difficult to say which of the two determinations—active or passive immunization-tests—is the more reliable criterion for the appraisal of cross-immunity between the organisms used in these experiments. It is believed, however, that in an investigation of this kind, both types of tests should be made and reported in order to present the complete immunological relationship. The somewhat conflicting results do not detract from the value of the experimental work, but amply illustrate how conflicting conclusions could be drawn if two independent workers employed different methods, instead of both methods.
The Effect of Ninhydrin Upon Rabbit-Serum-Protein and Antibodies
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Ninhydrin acts upon rabbit-serum-proteins and antibodies to produce altered proteins and antibodies having new and different physical and chemical characteristics. In rabbit immune serum, the typhoid H-agglutinins are increased twofold to fourfold in titer; the typhoid O-agglutinins and the pneumococcal antibodies are unchanged in titer when the ninhydrinization is not too prolonged. These ninhydrin-antibodies may be considerably concentrated in certain serum fractions.
Neutralization Tests with Fractions of Poliomyelitis Antiserum (Horse)
Authors: Toomey John A. , McKhann Charles F. , Fahey Kathleen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antipoliomyelitic horse serum has been partially fractionated by salting-out and isoelectric precipitative methods. Neutralizing antibodies were not found throughout all globulins of the serum tested; they were concentrated in that portion of the globulin fraction on the borderline between pseudoglobulin and euglobulin.
Review
Authors: Weil A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A considerable amount of new and significant data concerning bacillary dysentery has accumulated during the last fifteen years. The need for a review of these accretions is clearly indicated by the fact that relatively little of it has been put to use for the furtherance of the medical and public health aspects of dysentery.
A report like this one can obviously not be a substitute for an up-to-date and comprehensive presentation of the whole subject—a presentation that would be highly desirable to possess.
The outstanding monograph by Manson-Bahr (1) is written with emphasis on the peculiarities of dysentery in tropical countries. The compilations in the (English) “System of Bacteriology” (2) and in the “Handbuch der pathogenen Mikrorganismen” (3) are obviously not any more up-to-date. Many aspects of our subject are covered in the monographs by Bojlen (4) and by Waaler (5), but neither of these is easily accessible.
Antibody Response to Hemoglobin Adsorbed on Aluminum Hydroxide
Authors: Holford Frances E. , Ludden J. B. , Stevens William H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemoglobin of each species tested—human, sheep, rabbit, dog and guineapigfr3—is adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide. The degree of adsorption is conditioned chiefly by the relative proportions in which the hemoglobin and aluminum hydroxide are mixed, secondarily by the H-ion concentration and the character of the adsorbent (sulfate-containing preparations having less adsorptive capacity than sulfate-free). Human hemoglobin adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide is antigenic in rabbits. Administered in one or more series of small intraabdominal injections adsorbed hemoglobin is a more effective antigen than hemoglobin solution administered in the usual manner.
Histologic Studies of Reactions to Intracutaneous Tests in Allergy of Infection in Humans
Authors: Pascher Frances , Sulzberger Marion B. , Satenstein David L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The histopathologic response to the intracutaneous injections of O.T.K., P.P.D., Oidiomycin and Trichophytin was found the first ten days after injection, to be uniform, banal and not characteristic of any particular extract. The histologic response at two weeks to five weeks after the injection of the specific antigens varied. Tubercles and tuberculoid structures were elicited with O.T.K. and P.P.D. but not with oidiomycin or trichophytin (except in one instance, in response to trichophytin, where the histopathologic picture was suggestive of tuberculoid structure). At least two weeks was required for the formation of tubercles and tuberculoid structures. The histologic reactions at O.T.K. and P.P.D. test sites in some instances resembled lupus vulgaris, in others erythema induratum and in one instance granuloma annulare. Tubercles or tuberculoid structures, cannot be regarded as the typical histopathologic response to injections of specific antigens in all forms of allergy of infection.
A Case of Spurious Linkage, As Claimed for the Classical Blood Groups and Allergy
Authors: Bernstein Felix , Borison Herbert L. , Finkel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
D. J. Finney (1940) claimed on the basis of the family material of Zieve, Wiener and Fries (1936) that the factors for the ABO blood groups and allergy are linked. Previously, on testing the observed factors for linkage, Zieve, Wiener, and Fries (1936), using Wiener's method, came to the tentative conclusion that the genes for the blood groups ABO and allergy are independently inherited and to the definite conclusion that the factors for the agglutinogens M and N and allergy are independently inherited.
The purpose of this paper is to show that Finney's claim cannot be substantiated because of a probable inherent inaccuracy which was not taken into account when the data were analyzed.
The hereditary scheme for allergy as proposed by Wiener, Zieve, and Fries (1936), which was also accepted and applied by Finney, considers the presence of allergy before the onset of puberty (age limit is taken as ten years) as homozygote recessive.
Persistence of Leptospira Antibodies in the Circulating Blood of Patients Recovered One to Over Twenty Years from Weil's Disease
Authors: Packchanian A. , Tom Nylah 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eight individuals who had recovered from Weil's disease from two to over 20 years still had agglutinins for type I Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae present in their circulating blood in significantly high titer. The average level of agglutinative titer during the active phase of the disease in seven cases was 1:23,000—. The minimal dilution in which agglutination occurred between two and 20 years after complete recovery from the disease was 1:100, while the maximal was over 1:30,000.
Immunizing Potency in Man of a Purified Antigenic Material Isolated from Eberthella Typhosa
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. , Favorite Grant O. , Horneff J. Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A purified antigenic material isolated from E. typhosa cultured in a synthetic medium in total dosage of 0.1 mg administered by subcutaneous injection in man has been demonstrated to produce mouse-protective antibody in greater amounts than 2.5 ml of two standard bacterial vaccines. This response was attained with less local and constitutional reactions than those following the use of the bacterial vaccines. The intracutaneous administration of bacterial vaccines was found less effective than the subcutaneous route. Certain advantages of this purified antigen are discussed.