bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular Immunoadsorbents: a Simplified Technique for Separation of Lymphoid Cell Populations
Authors: Kedar Eli , de Landazuri Manuel Ortiz , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A simplified and efficient technique for separating T lymphoid cells from non-T cells of mouse, rat and man has been developed. The fractionation procedure is based on the capacity of non-T lymphoid cells to bind antigen-antibody complexes through an Fc receptor. Lymphoid cells are adsorbed on antibody-coated sheep erythrocyte (EA) monolayers prepared in polystyrene Petri dishes previously treated with poly-l-lysine. Adsorption of spleen cells on these monolayers, assisted by a 5-min centrifugation, resulted in 90 to 98% depletion of the Fc receptor-bearing cells (mostly B lymphocytes, but also macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) in the non-adherent cell population. Eighty to 90% of the adherent cells were capable of forming EA rosettes and could be recovered after lysis of the erythrocytes. The non-adherent fraction comprised at least 90% T-cells. This was determined for mouse and rat spleen cells by lysis with anti-thymocyte serum and complement, and by the absence of immunoglobulin-bearing cells.
The specificity of the adsorption was further substantiated by the following observations: 1) lymphoid cells lacking an Fc receptor were not adsorbed; 2) the adsorption to EA monolayers was inhibited by antigen-antibody complexes or by aggregated γ-globulin; and 3) only 10 to 15% of the Fc receptor-bearing cells were attached to non-sensitized erythrocyte (E) monolayers.
Fractionation of spleen cells obtained from rats immunized against a syngeneic tumor yielded two separate fractions of cytotoxic lymphoid cells: one (non-adherent, T cells) mediating direct target cell destruction, and the other (adherent, non-T cells) mediating lysis of antibody-coated target cells.
Lymphopoietic Potential of Bone Marrow Cells from Aged Mice: Comparison of the Cellular Constituents of Bone Marrow from Young and Aged Mice
Authors: Farrar John J. , Loughman Barbara E. , Nordin Albert A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cell transfer systems have been used to study the capacity of aged mouse bone marrow to generate functional bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. The progeny of the B lymphocytes in these systems were detected as anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody-producing cells. These in vivo transfer systems suggested that bone marrow from aged mice contained a significantly greater number of differentiated immunocompetent cells than marrow from young mice. Increased frequencies of theta and IgM-bearing cells in the aged marrow were detected by immunofluorescent techniques. Immunofluorescent studies and cell transfer systems demonstrated that pre-treatment of the aged bone marrow donors with anti-lymphocyte serum physically depleted the marrow of contaminating thymus-derived lymphocytes and reduced the relative responsiveness of the cells. Anti-lymphocyte serum did not decrease the number of bone marrow stem cells as measured by the colony-forming unit assay. The results suggested an age-associated alteration in lymphocyte circulation dynamics and a decreased ability of aged marrow to generate B lymphocytes.
Carrier Function in Immune Deviation
Authors: Neveu P. J. , Borduas A. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specificity of the immune deviation was studied by testing delayed, Arthus, and anaphylaxis hypersensitivity with hapten-carrier conjugates. Intravenous injections of high doses of carrier protein lowered delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier as well as antibodymediated hypersensitivity to the hapten, whereas the injection of high doses of homologous hapten-carrier conjugate also lowered delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier but did not affect the humoral reactions to the hapten.
Autoimmune Murine Thyroiditis
Authors: Tomazic Vesna , Rose Noel R. , Shreffler Donald C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The immune response to mouse thyroglobulin in mice is associated with the centromeric (left) side of the H-2 region. Thyroid infiltration is strongly controlled by a major gene, probably located between the K-end and the Ir-1 region, but other genes at the D-end of H-2, or outside of the H-2 region, may modify the response. Antibody formation is less strongly influenced by this major gene and may involve additional genetic or non-genetic factors.
Phosphatidylserine Enhancement of Antigen-Induced Mediator Release from Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PTS) enhances the antigen-induced release of preformed vasoactive amines from rat mast cells both in vivo and in vitro without enhancing the release in vivo of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). The duration of mediator release from mast cells is not prolonged by PTS but enhancement is observed when PTS is added before and for as long as 3 min after antigen challenge. PTS enhancement requires intact glycolysis and the presence of calcium ions; it is inhibited by magnesium ions and oligomycin. Antigen-induced release and PTS enhancement are suppressed by agents which increase intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate and by the addition of exogenous cyclic AMP in the dibutyryl form.
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with Adenovirus Type-Specific Anti-Hemagglutinin Sera As a Rapid Diagnostic Method
Authors: Hierholzer John C. , Barme Michel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The complex antigenic properties of adenovirus-soluble complete and incomplete hemagglutinins were utilized to study the specificity of adenovirus anti-hemagglutinin sera in immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Pentons, penton dimers, fiber dimers, and/or dodecons of adenovirus types 2, 3, 5, 7a, 8, and 11 were extensively purified by ion-exchange and exclusion chromatographies. Components were determined to be purified proteins by immunologic, electron microscopic, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic criteria. Specific antigenic components were identified by immunoelectrophoresis and by various biologic characteristics. Rabbit antisera prepared against these hemagglutinating components were type-specific in standard serologic, Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoretic, and counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was particularly well suited to a rapid identification and typing of adenovirus isolates for diagnostic purposes.
Suppressor T cell circuits in contact sensitivity. I. Two mechanistically distinct waves of suppressor T cells occur in mice tolerized with syngeneic DNP-modified lymphoid cells.
Authors: Miller S D , Butler L D , Claman H N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Suppressor T cells induced by the i.v. injection of syngeneic DNP-LC were studied at varying times after tolerization. It was found that 7 days after tolerization both the spleen and lymph nodes of tolerant mice contained Ts active in suppressing the efferent (effector) phase of the contact sensitivity response (Ts-eff). At 14 days after tolerization, however, only the spleen showed significant suppressive activity that was active on the afferent (induction) phase of the contact sensitivity response. This second wave of afferent suppression was shown to be mediated by an antigen-specific, Ia-positive T cell (Ts-aff). Ts-aff could also be induced in normal, but not in CY-pretreated mice transfused with lymphoid cells containing primed Ts-eff, provided an appropriate induction period was allowed. Also the activity of Ts-aff, but not of Ts-eff, could be eliminated by treatment with anti-DNP antibody (i.e., idiotype) and C. Thus, Ts-aff appears not to be a maturation stage of Ts-eff. It was also shown that Ts-eff and Ts-aff interacted in an antagonistic fashion; cotransfer of these populations along with DNFB-immune TDH cells neutralized the efferent suppressive activity of Ts-eff for the immune cells, allowing successful passive transfer of immunity. The exact role of this antagonistic interaction is not clear, but it may play a part in maintaining the balance of suppression in the intact animal. The data are discussed in terms of a cellular network in immune suppression and are compared and contrasted to other suppressor systems in which network interactions have been described.
Natural cytotoxicity of isolated rat liver cells.
Authors: Cohen S A , Salazar D , Nolan J P 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Unfractionated liver cells and parenchymal liver cells from untreated male Lewis rats were tested for natural cytotoxicity in a 4-hr 51chromium-release assay against YAC-1. Minimal cytotoxicity was observed. Nonparenchymal liver cells obtained by either differential centrifugation or metrizamide gradient centrifugation exerted strong cytotoxicity against YAC-1 and P815. Resident peritoneal exudate cells and spleen cells displayed cytotoxicity only against YAC-1. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of these nonparenchymal liver cells was diminished by carbonyl iron treatment. Therefore, on the basis of these and other characteristics, the majority of the effector cells in the liver resemble tumoricidal macrophages. Finally, parenchymal liver cells or their cellfree supernatants were able to inhibit the cytotoxicity of these tumoricidal nonparenchymal liver cells, suggesting that the tumoricidal capacity of the liver was under some regulatory control.
Regulatory mechanisms in the mixed lymphocyte reaction: evidence for the requirement of two T cells to interact in the generation of effective suppression.
Authors: Chaouat G , Mathieson B J , Asofsky R 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The cellular requirements for suppression of a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) by in vivo alloantigen-activated spleen cells were investigated. We found that the suppression was mitomycin-resistant at days 3 and 5 after antigen injection. By contrast, it was radiation-sensitive on day 3 but not on day 5. Cell fractionation studies using a plate separation technique monitored by flow microfluorometry were performed. We found that neither purified Lyt-2- cells nor purified Lyt-2+ cells independently could suppress an MLR. By contrast, the reconstituted T population was still suppressive. It also was found that culture supernatant factors from allogeneically in vitro restimulated Lyt-2- cells could suppress an MLR if Lyt-2+ cells were present in the responding population. These data obtained by positive selection and reconstitution show that at least two surface immunoglobulin-negative cells interact for the generation of effective MLR suppression. The possibility that we are dealing with a suppressor-inducer, suppressor-effector system is discussed.
Interleukin 2 production by lymphoid cells from congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice.
Authors: MacDonald H R , Lees R K , Glasebrook A L , Sordat B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ability of lymphoid cells from congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice to produce interleukin 2 (IL 2) was investigated. Spleen or lymph node cells (superficial or mesenteric) from nude mice on an N:NIH(S)II or BALB/c genetic background were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) or with irradiated allogeneic (DBA/2) spleen cells that had been depleted of T cells by treatment with monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibody plus complement. After 24 hr, supernatants were harvested and assayed for their ability to support the proliferation of a cloned IL 2-dependent cytolytic T cell line. With this quantitative microassay, IL 2 production was not detectable in spleen and lymph nodes of 6-wk-old N:NIH(S)II nude mice; however, by 12 mo of age, IL 2 production increased more than 100-fold to reach levels comparable to control (nu/+) animals. Con A was more potent than alloantigen in the induction of IL 2 in either nude or control (nu/+) animals. Furthermore, differences in the genetic background of nude mice resulted in corresponding differences in both numbers of T cells (defined by monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibody) and IL 2 production. By using negative selection with monoclonal antibodies plus complement, IL 2 production in aged nude mice was shown to depend upon a subpopulation of cells that expressed Thy-1 but not Lyt-2. These data thus demonstrate that a subpopulation of IL 2-producing cells with a Thy-1+ Lyt-2- surface phenotype can develop in the apparent absence of thymic influence.
Lymphocyte dysfunction in cartilage-hair hypoplasia: evidence for an intrinsic defect in cellular proliferation.
Authors: Pierce G F , Polmar S H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Individuals with cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), an autosomal recessive form of short-limbed dwarfism, have markedly reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions, but normal humoral immunity. In the present study we investigated the cellular basis of the immunodeficiency in CHH. Defective lymphocyte proliferation could be due to a) an imbalance of immunoregulatory lymphocyte subpopulations, b) defective accessory cell function, or c) an intrinsic cellular defect in lymphocytes from CHH individuals. The absolute numbers of B cells and immunoregulatory (OKT4+, OKT8+) T cells were markedly diminished, but the proportions of these populations were the same as in the normal controls. OKM1+ lymphocytes were increased in proportion, and OKM1+ macrophages had normal adherence, helper, and phagocytic properties. Co-culture experiments failed to reveal any evidence of suppression by CHH mononuclear cells. CHH lymphocytes could not be stimulated to proliferate normally with B and T cell activators, mitogenic monoclonal antibody (OKT3), allogeneic cells, or chemical activators (Ca++ ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate). Fibroblasts from three CHH individuals also proliferated at a significantly decreased rate, compared to two normal lines. These results demonstrate a selective loss of B and T lymphocytes in CHH, as well as an intrinsic proliferative defect in CHH lymphocytes distal to the initial events in the lymphocyte activation sequence. These findings in CHH fibroblasts and lymphocytes may reflect a generalized defect present in multiple cell types in CHH.
Modulation of Tac antigen on activated human T cells by anti-Tac monoclonal antibody.
Authors: Tsudo M , Uchiyama T , Takatsuki K , Uchino H , Yodoi J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A monoclonal antibody termed anti-Tac antibody is reactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells, but not reactive with resting T cells or B cells. We found that the expression of Tac antigen on activated T cells was inhibited by the addition of anti-Tac antibody in the culture of T cells activated with Con A or alloantigen. In the mixed lymphocyte culture, the expression of Ia-like antigen on allo-activated T cells was also inhibited by anti-Tac antibody, although the antibody does not recognize Ia-like antigen. However, anti-Ia monoclonal antibody did not suppress the expression of either Tac or Ia-like antigen. In addition, Tac antigen expressed on activated T cells was modulated by anti-Tac antibody cultured with activated T cells at 37 degrees C for 48 hr. Antigenic modulation, which means a specific loss of Tac antigen from the cell surface of T cells, was detected by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Tac antigen was reexpressed on T cells after restimulation when the anti-Tac antibody was removed, whereas Ia-like antigen already expressed on allo-activated T cells was not modulated by anti-Tac antibody. These results suggest that Tac and Ia-like antigens are carried on different molecules, both of which are closely linked in expression on activated T cells. The expression of Tac antigen may be essential for the following expression of Ia-like antigen.
The alloantibody response in the allogeneically pregnant rat. III. The location of the alloantibody-forming cells.
Authors: Smith R N , Sternlicht M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We determined the location of alloantibody formation in the allogeneically pregnant rat. Greater than 95% of the alloantibody-forming cells were found in the spleen. A few were found in the paraaortic, renal, and parathymic lymph nodes. None were found in other lymphomyeloid organs. In addition, in vitro alloantibody synthesis was largely confined to splenic cells. We conclude that the alloantibody response in the allogeneically pregnant rat is largely peripheral to the uterus and to the lymph nodes that drain the uterus. Therefore, the alloantibody response in the allogeneically pregnant rat cannot be considered an example of a local immune response. In addition, we confirmed that the anti-paternal humoral response against RT1Aa caused by pregnancies by DA males differs dramatically from conventional and secondary pregnancy-induced alloimmunizations because the hierarchy of the number of alloplaques that are developed by these four methods of detecting alloplaques is different for primary pregnancy-induced responses as compared with conventional or secondary pregnancy-induced alloimmunizations.
Ablation of immunity to Amblyomma americanum by anti-basophil serum: cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in expression of immunity to ectoparasites (ticks) in guinea pigs.
Authors: Brown S J , Galli S J , Gleich G J , Askenase P W 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Basophils infiltrate the skin and other tissues as part of T lymphocyte and/or antibody-mediated immune responses to certain protein antigens, viruses, tumors, and parasites. Although basophils may comprise a significant fraction of leukocytes in these reactions, their precise role has been poorly understood. Guinea pigs expressing acquired immunity to the tick Amblyomma americanum develop basophil- and eosinophil-rich cutaneous inflammatory responses at tick feeding sites, and tick rejection is associated with extensive local basophil degranulation. We report that a specific anti-basophil serum (ABS) eliminate basophils at tick feeding sites and abolished immunity to A. americanum. ABS does not react with eosinophils and did not reduce blood or bone marrow eosinophils; however, ABS-treated animals had diminished eosinophils at tick feeding sites, perhaps because these sites were deficient in basophil-derived eosinophil-chemotactic factors. AES treatment markedly reduced feeding site eosinophils, did not affect basophil levels, and partially impaired tick resistance. Taken together, our experiments suggest cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in the expression of immunity to ticks in guinea pigs.
A role for oxygen-dependent mechanisms in killing of Leishmania donovani tissue forms by activated macrophages.
Authors: Haidaris C G , Bonventre P F 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, infects macrophages (M phi ) of susceptible vertebrates. Immunologically activated M phi are leishmanicidal, but the mechanisms involved in the killing process are not well defined. We sought to investigate the role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the killing of L. donovani. Both the free-swimming promastigote and the intracellular amastigote forms were found to be susceptible to killing in vitro by hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen intermediates. Upon phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal M phi, promastigotes elicited a significantly stronger respiratory burst compared with amastigotes as measured by release of superoxide anion. Although amastigotes do not elicit a strong burst of M phi oxidative metabolism during the initial phagocytic event, immunologically activated M phi that acquired leishmanicidal capacity could be triggered to release substantial amounts of H2O2. Hence, the development of leishmanicidal capacity was correlated temporally with enhanced H2O2 generation by the M phi. In contrast, M phi that lost their ability to release significant amounts of H2O2 after several days in culture were unable to eliminate their parasite burden. Catalase markedly inhibited the elimination of amastigotes by lymphokine-stimulated M phi. In toto, the results implicate reactive oxygen intermediates in killing of the tissue form of L. donovani by its host cell, the mononuclear phagocyte.
A role for the spleen in the appearance of IgM in the bile of rats injected intravenously with horse erythrocytes.
Authors: Jackson G D , Walker P G , Schiff J M , Barrington P J , Fisher M M , Underdown B J 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The i.v. injection of the particulate antigens horse red blood cells (HRBC) and Salmonella enteritidis into rats results in the appearance of high levels of IgM agglutinating antibody in the serum and bile. This is in contrast to the appearance of specific IgA antibodies in bile after the injection of antigen into the Peyer's patches. At the height of the response, a fivefold to 10-fold increase in total IgM was found in bile, whereas there was no increase in IgA or in total protein levels. The biliary IgM was not associated with secretory component. Studies aimed at revealing the source of the IgM showed that neither immunized nor nonimmunized rats were able to transport 131I-rat IgM, but both groups were equally efficient at transporting 125I-rat IgA. Furthermore, specific anti-HRBC antibody could not be detected in the bile of rats that were injected with a high titer serum, indicating that blood is unlikely to be the source. Splenectomy of rats at the time of the injection of antigen, at 3 days after immunization had abrogated the biliary response, and at 5 days resulted in rapid decline in existing specific antibody level. Involvement of the spleen was additionally implicated when it was shown that injection of animals with immune spleen cells gave rise to specific antibodies in serum and bile. On the basis of these experiments, it is proposed that antigen entering the blood stream can stimulate a population of cells in the spleen that emigrates to the liver, where the cells localize and secrete IgM into bile.
Specificity of T lymphocyte lines for peptides of myelin basic protein.
Authors: Vandenbark A A , Offner H , Reshef T , Fritz R , Chou C H , Cohen I R 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
T lymphocyte lines specific for myelin basic protein (BP) can mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), or can protect against the active induction of the disease. To investigate the antigenic fine specificity of guinea pig (GP) BP-specific T cell lines raised from different rat strains, and to determine whether functionally different T lymphocyte lines and clones recognized the same or different regions of the BP molecule, the proliferation responses of line cells were assessed after stimulation with purified peptides of GP-BP. Lewis rat T cell lines and clones selected for responses to whole GP-BP responded selectively to the 68-88 amino acid sequence of GP-BP, but not to the 1-37, 43-67, or 89-169 sequences. The region of GP-BP recognized by Lewis T cells was additionally defined to include the 75-80 amino acid sequence, because a T cell clone responded equally to GP and rat BP which differed by only one amino acid at position 79, but did not respond to human or bovine BP, which had a Gly-His insertion in this region. T lymphocyte lines derived from the F344 and PVG (Weizmann) rat strains shared the same selective response to peptide 68-88, but lines from BN rats responded to an epitope(s) outside of the 68-88 sequence. The functional capacity of the various T cell lines to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or to induce resistance against EAE was independent of their specificity for the different GP-BP peptides; lines specific for epitope(s) within or excluded from the 68-88 sequence could be encephalitogenic depending on their strain of origin, and various lines specific for the 68-88 peptide could induce both disease and protection, disease only, or neither activity.