bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography in imaging pediatric cataract
Authors: Bhardwaj Anand , Kaur Savleen , Sukhija Jaspreet , Gupta Parul Chawla , Ram Jagat 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
To determine the morphology of pediatric cataracts and assess the status of the anterior and posterior capsules preoperatively on swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) and compare the findings to those of intraoperative examination. Secondly, we aimed to obtain biometric measurements on ASOCT and compare them to those obtained on A-scan/optical methods.

Methods:
This was a prospective and observational study carried out at a tertiary care referral institute. ASOCT scans for anterior segment were obtained preoperatively for all patients, aged <8 years, scheduled for paediatric cataract surgery. The morphology of the lens and capsule and biometry were performed on ASOCT and the same were assessed intraoperatively. The main outcome measures were comparison of ASOCT findings to intraoperative findings.

Results:
The study included 33 eyes of 29 patients (range 3 months–8 years). The morphological characterization of cataract on ASOCT was accurate in 31/33 (94%) cases. ASOCT accurately identified fibrosis and rupture of the anterior and posterior capsules in 32/33 (97%) cases each. In 30% of eyes, ASOCT gave additional information preoperatively compared to the slit lamp. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) calculation revealed a good agreement between the keratometry values obtained on ASOCT and those obtained preoperatively with a handheld/optical keratometer (ICC = 0.86, P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
ASOCT is a valuable tool that could provide complete preoperative information of the lens and capsule in pediatric cataract cases. In children as young as 3 months of age, intraoperative risks and surprises could be diminished. The keratometric readings are highly dependent on patient cooperation but show good agreement with the handheld/optical keratometer readings.
Cold bandage contact lens use reduces post-photorefractive keratectomy or corneal collagen-crosslinking pain perception in patients
Authors: Shetty Rohit , Shetty Naren , Shirodkar Sailie , Ashok Nikhil , Sethu Swaminathan , Ghosh Arkasubhra , Khamar Pooja 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
To compare post-operative pain perception using bandage contact lens (BCL) stored at 2–8°C (Cold BCL, CL-BCL) or room temperature (23 – 25°C, RT-BCL) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) or corneal collagen-crosslinking (CXL) and determine status of nociception associated factors.

Methods:
In this prospective interventional study, 56 patients undergoing PRK for refractive correction and 100 keratoconus (KC) undergoing CXL were recruited following approval from the institutional ethics committee with informed consent. Patients undergoing bilateral PRK received RT-BCL on one eye and CL-BCL on the other. Pain was graded by Wong–Baker scoring on the first post-operative day (PoD1). Expression of transient receptor potential channels (TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPM8), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and IL-6 was measured in cellular content from used BCLs collected on PoD1. Equal number of KC patients received RT-BCL or CL-BCL post-CXL. Pain was graded by Wong–Baker scoring on PoD1.

Results:
Pain scores on PoD1 were significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in subjects receiving CL-BCL (Mean ± SD: 2.6 ± 2.1) compared to RT-BCL (6.0 ± 2.4) post-PRK. 80.4% of subjects reported reduced pain scores with CL-BCL. 19.6% reported no change or increased pain scores with CL-BCL. TRPM8 expression was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in BCL of subjects reporting reduced pain with CL-BCL compared to those who did not. Pain scores on PoD1 were significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in subjects receiving CL-BCL (3.2 ± 2.1) compared to RT-BCL (7.2 ± 1.8) post-CXL.

Conclusion:
The simple approach of using a cold BCL post-operatively substantially reduced pain perception and could overcome post-operative pain-related limited acceptance of PRK/CXL.
Effectiveness of 0.01% atropine in anisomyopic children
Authors: Hussain Azfira , Gopalakrishnan Aparna , Chowdhury Saurav , Agarkar Sumita 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
To investigate the change in ocular parameters of anisomyopic children treated with 0.01% atropine.

Methods:
This retrospective study analyzed the data of anisomyopic children who underwent comprehensive examination at a tertiary eye center in India. Anisomyopic subjects (difference of ≥1.00 D) of age 6–12 years who were treated with 0.01% atropine or prescribed regular single vision spectacle and had follow-ups of more than 1 year were included.

Results:
Data from 52 subjects were included. No difference was observed in the mean rate of change of spherical equivalent (SE) of more myopic eyes between 0.01% atropine (−0.56 D; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.82, −0.30) and single vision lens wearers (−0.59 D; 95% CI: −0.80, −0.37; P = 0.88). Similarly, insignificant change in the mean SE of less myopic eyes was noted between the groups (0.01% atropine group, −0.62 D; 95% CI: −0.88, −0.36 vs. single vision spectacle wearer group, −0.76 D; 95% CI: −1.00, −0.52; P = 0.43). None of the ocular biometric parameters showed any difference between the two groups. Though anisomyopic cohort treated with 0.01% atropine revealed a significant correlation between the rate of change of mean SE and axial length in both eyes (more myopic eyes, r = −0.58; P = 0.001 and less myopic eyes, r = −0.82; P < 0.001) compared to single vision spectacle wearer group, the change was not significant.

Conclusion:
Administration of 0.01% atropine had minimal effect on reducing the rate of myopia progression in anisomyopic eyes.
Outcomes of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in Pythium insidiosum keratitis managed with a combination of antibiotics
Authors: Kate Anahita , Thigale Uma , Ponnapati Lakshmi Prasanna , Chaudhary Simmy , Vishwakarma Pratima , Sharma Savitri , Bagga Bhupesh 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
To describe the clinical outcomes of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK) in patients with Pythium insidiosum keratitis following treatment with anti-pythium therapy (APT) consisting of linezolid and azithromycin.

Methods:
A retrospective review of medical records from May 2016 to December 2019 of patients with P. insidiosum keratitis was carried out. Patients who were treated with APT for a minimum of 2 weeks and then subsequently underwent TPK were included in the study. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical features, microbiology characteristics, and intraoperative details, postoperative outcomes were documented.

Results:
A total of 238 cases of Pythium keratitis were seen during the study period and 50 cases that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. The median of the geometric mean of the infiltrate was 5.6 mm (IQR 4.0–7.2 mm). The patients received topical APT for a median of 35 days (IQR 25–56) prior to surgery. The most common indication of TPK was worsening keratitis (41/50, 82%). No recurrence of infection was observed. An anatomically stable globe was noted in 49/50 eyes (98%). The median graft survival rate was 2.4 months. A clear graft was present in 10 eyes (20%) with a final median visual acuity of 20/125 after a median follow-up period of 18.4 months (IQR 11–26 months). Graft size of less than 10 mm [OR: 5.824 (CI:1.292-41.6), P = 0.02] was found to be significantly associated with a clear graft.

Conclusion:
Performing TPK following the administration of APT has good anatomical outcomes. A smaller graft of <10 mm was associated with a higher chance of graft survival.
Prediction of spherical equivalent refraction and axial length in children based on machine learning
Authors: Zhu Shaojun , Zhan Haodong , Yan Zhipeng , Wu Maonian , Zheng Bo , Xu Shanshan , Jiang Qin , Yang Weihua 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
Recently, the proportion of patients with high myopia has shown a continuous growing trend, more toward the younger age groups. This study aimed to predict the changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) in children using machine learning methods.

Methods:
This study is a retrospective study. The cooperative ophthalmology hospital of this study collected data on 179 sets of childhood myopia examinations. The data collected included AL and SER from grades 1 to 6. This study used the six machine learning models to predict AL and SER based on the data. Six evaluation indicators were used to evaluate the prediction results of the models.

Results:
For predicting SER in grade 6, grade 5, grade 4, grade 3, and grade 2, the best results were obtained through the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm, MLP algorithm, orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, OMP algorithm, and OMP algorithm, respectively. The R2
of the five models were 0.8997, 0.7839, 0.7177, 0.5118, and 0.1758, respectively. For predicting AL in grade 6, grade 5, grade 4, grade 3, and grade 2, the best results were obtained through the Extra Tree (ET) algorithm, MLP algorithm, kernel ridge (KR) algorithm, KR algorithm, and MLP algorithm, respectively. The R2
of the five models were 0.7546, 0.5456, 0.8755, 0.9072, and 0.8534, respectively.

Conclusion:
Therefore, in predicting SER, the OMP model performed better than the other models in most experiments. In predicting AL, the KR and MLP models were better than the other models in most experiments.
Evaluation of applicants unable to perform military service due to eye disease in terms of disease etiology and preventability: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Durmuş Ece Berire Şeyma , Güneş İrem 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
Our study’s goal was to investigate the individuals who took a pre-military examination and were pronounced “unfit for military service,” in terms of etiological grouping, legal blindness, and whether or not the illness could have been prevented.

Methods:
The files of 174 individuals deemed “unfit for military service” due to eye disease at the State Hospital Ophthalmology Department between January 2018 and January 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. The disorders were classified as refractive error, strabismus, amblyopia-related, congenital, hereditary, infectious/inflammatory, degenerative, and trauma-related pathologies. The reasons for unsuitability for military service were classified according to monocular and binocular legal blindness, preventability, and treatability with early diagnosis.

Results:
In our study, the reasons associated with refractive error, strabismus, and amblyopia were placed first in the etiology of unsuitability for military service (40.2%). The next most prevalent condition was trauma (19.5%), which was followed by degenerative (18.4%), congenital (10.9%), hereditary (6.9%), and infectious/inflammatory disorders (4.0%). There was a history of penetrating trauma in 79.4% of trauma patients and blunt trauma in 20.6% of patients. When the etiology was evaluated, 19.5% were in preventable and 51.2% were in treatable group with early diagnosis. In our study, legal blindness was detected in 116 patients. Of these patients, 79% had monocular legal blindness and 21% had binocular legal blindness.

Conclusion:
It is vital to investigate the etiology of visual disorders, control preventable causes, and determine the methods that will provide early diagnosis and treatment of curable causes.
Lost-to-follow-up: A study on corneal transplantation from Eastern India
Authors: Dutta Anirban , Panigrahi Swayam P , Mohamed Ashik , Das Sujata 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
This study aims to analyze the pattern of follow-ups and the reasons for follow-up loss in keratoplasty cases in a tertiary eye care center.

Methods:
This is a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. During the study period, 165 eyes underwent corneal transplantation. The data on the demographic features of the recipients and the indications of keratoplasty, including visual acuity before and after surgery, duration of follow-up, and the condition of the graft at the last follow-up, were collected. The primary outcome was to determine the factors causing lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) among graft recipients. LTFU was defined when a patient failed to adhere to any of the following seven follow-up visits since the surgery: 4 ± 2 weeks, 3 ± 1 months, 6 ± 1 months, 12 ± 2 months, 18 ± 2 months, 24 ± 3 months, and 36 ± 6 months. The secondary outcome was to analyze the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) among patients available for the final follow-up.

Results:
The recipient follow-up rates at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months were 68.5%, 57.6%, 47.9%, 42.4%, and 35.2%, respectively. Old age and distance to the center were significant factors for lost-to-follow-up. A failed graft as an indication for transplantation and those undergoing penetrating keratoplasty for optical purposes were significant factors for completing follow-up.

Conclusion:
The inability to follow-up after corneal transplantation is a common challenge. Elderly patients and those living in remote areas must be prioritized for follow-ups.
Intraocular lens formula calculation in pediatric eyes: Do we have an answer? A retrospective comparison between Sanders–Retzlaff–Kraff II and Barret’s formula
Authors: Badakere Akshay , Ghaisas Shamika P , Akshya P , Natarajan Viswanathan , Guha Sujata , Agarkar Sumita 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
The ideal formula for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation following cataract surgery in pediatric eyes till date has no answer. We compared the predictability of the Sanders–Retzlaff–Kraff (SRK) II and the Barrett Universal (BU) II formula and the effect of axial length, keratometry, and age.

Methods:
This was a retrospective analysis of children who were under eight years of age and who underwent cataract surgery with IOL implantation under general anesthesia between September 2018 and July 2019. The prediction error of SRK II formula was calculated by subtracting the target refraction and the actual postoperative spherical equivalent. Preoperative biometry values were used to calculate the IOL power using the BU II formula with the same target refraction that was used in SRK II. The predicted spherical equivalent of the BU II formula was then back-calculated using the SRK II formula with the IOL power obtained with the BU II formula. The prediction errors of the two formulae were compared for statistical significance.

Results:
Seventy-two eyes of 39 patients were included in the study. The mean age at surgery was 3.8 ± 2 years. The mean axial length was 22.1 ± 1.5 mm, and the mean keratometry was 44.7 ± 1.7 D. The group with an axial length >24 mm showed a significant and strong positive correlation (r = 0.93, P = 0) on comparison mean absolute prediction errors using the SRK II formula. There was a strong negative correlation between the mean prediction error in the overall keratometry group using the BU II formula (r = −0.72, P < 0.000). There was no significant correlation between age and refractive accuracy using the two formulae in any of the subgroups of age.

Conclusion:
There is no perfect answer to an ideal formula for IOL calculation in children. IOL formulae need to be chosen keeping in mind the varying ocular parameters.
Study of the relationship between serum lipid levels and primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Joshi Rajesh Subhash , Adatiya Vaishnavi Hitesh 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
To determine the association between serum lipid levels and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods:
In this case-control study, 50 patients with POAG documented by clinical tests using standard ophthalmologic equipment and 50 age-matched controls were investigated. Twelve-hour fasting serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), were compared between the cases and controls.

Results:
The mean age of cases and controls was 62.84 ± 9.68 and 60.12 ± 8.65, respectively (P = 0.65). High total cholesterol levels (>200 mg/dl) were found in 23 cases (46%) and 8 controls (16%); high serum triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dl) were found in 24 cases (48%) and 7 controls (14%); high LDL levels (130 mg/dl) were found in 28 cases (56%) and 9 controls (18%); and low HDL levels (<40 mg/dl) were found in 38 cases (76%) and 30 controls (60%). The mean total cholesterol levels were 205.24 ± 36.90 mg/dl in cases and 177.68 ± 22.56 mg/dl in controls (P < 0.001); the mean serum triglyceride levels were 150.42 ± 49.55 mg/dl and 130.84 ± 23.16 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.013); and the mean LDL levels were 139.50 ± 31.03 mg/dl and 114.96 ± 17.73 mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels were significantly higher in cases than in controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The present study shows that higher proportion of POAG patients have dyslipidemia compared to age-matched controls. Though these findings need to be replicated by others. This study opens new vistas for further studies, such as lowering dyslipidemia, lowering the intra-ocular pressure and incidence of POAG, and whether the use of statins to reduce dyslipidemia affects the progression of POAG.
Distinct gene expression profiles underlie morphological and etiological differences in pediatric cataracts
Authors: Shanbagh Shaika , Matalia Jyoti , Kannan Ramaraj , Shetty Rohit , Panmand Pratibha , Muthu Sumitha O , Chaurasia Shyam S , Deshpande Vrushali , Bhattacharya Shomi S , Gopalakrishnan Abilash V , Ghosh Arkasubhra 
Published: May 2023

Purpose:
Pediatric cataract is a major cause of preventable childhood blindness worldwide. Although genetic mutations or infections have been described in patients, the mechanistic basis of human cataract development remains poorly understood. Therefore, gene expression of structural, developmental, profibrotic, and transcription factors in phenotypically and etiologically distinct forms of pediatric cataracts were evaluated.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 89 pediatric cataract subjects subtyped into 1) prenatal infectious (cytomegalovirus, rubella, and combined cytomegalovirus with rubella infection), 2) prenatal non-infectious, 3) posterior capsular anomalies, 4) postnatal, 5) traumatic, and 6) secondary, and compared to clear, non-cataractous material of eyes with the subluxated lenses. Expression of lens structure-related genes (Aqp-0, HspA4/Hsp70, CrygC), transcription factors (Tdrd7, FoxE3, Maf, Pitx 3) and profibrotic genes (Tgfβ, Bmp7, αSmA, vimentin) in surgically extracted cataract lens material were studied and correlated clinically.

Results:
In cataract material, the lens-related gene expression profiles were uniquely associated with phenotype/etiology of different cataracts. Postnatal cataracts showed a significantly altered FoxE3 expression. Low levels of Tdrd7 expression correlated with posterior subcapsular opacity, whereas CrygC correlated significantly with anterior capsular ruptures. The expression of Aqp0 and Maf was elevated in infectious cataracts, particularly in CMV infections, compared to other cataract subtypes. Tgfβ showed significantly low expression in various cataract subtypes, whereas vimentin had elevated gene expression in infectious and prenatal cataracts.

Conclusion:
A significant association between lens gene expression patterns in phenotypically and etiologically distinct subtypes of pediatric cataracts suggests regulatory mechanisms in cataractogenesis. The data reveal that cataract formation and presentation is a consequence of altered expression of a complex network of genes.
The Impact of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on the Menopausal Symptoms in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Khapre Shrutika , Deshmukh Ujjwala , Jain Sheela 
Published: May 2023

Introduction:
Approximately one-third of a woman's life is spent in the menopausal phase. The unpleasant menopausal symptoms are unacceptable as a part of routine life. Indications of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) are for alleviation of vasomotor symptoms, prevention of osteoporosis, and genitourinary symptoms associated with menopause. MHT is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, cerebrovascular accidents, and coronary heart disease. Soy isoflavones have been extensively used as an alternative treatment in patients who cannot take MHT. The evidence of the efficacy of isoflavones in the literature is equivocal.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of soy isoflavone supplementation on menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women and to evaluate the effect on blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI).

Materials and Methods:
A questionnaire-based prospective observational study was undertaken involving 39 perimenopausal and 61 postmenopausal women, who were prescribed 40 mg soy isoflavone supplements twice daily for 12 weeks. Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire was given to the patients before starting soy isoflavone therapy and at the end of the treatment; BP and BMI were also noted.

Results:
The total score of both the groups was comparable at baseline. Among perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, the highest score was noted in symptoms of somatic domain. At the completion of our study, the total scores improved significantly by 38.6% and 33.3% in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively. The greatest improvement was seen in somatic subscale (42.5%) and psychological subscale (42.5%) and the least in urogenital subscale (16.1%) for perimenopausal women. For postmenopausal women, the greatest improvement was seen in psychological subscale (40.0%) and the least in urogenital subscale (14.2%).

Conclusion:
Soy isoflavone supplementation is beneficial in both perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, more so in perimenopausal women. There is no beneficial effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on lowering systolic BP and BMI.
Knowledge and Perceptions Regarding Climacteric Among Rural Women in Jammu District of UT of J and K, India
Authors: Bala Kiran , Gupta Riya , Gupta Rajiv Kumar , Akhtar Najma 
Published: May 2023

Background:
The word Climacteric is shrouded in a culture of silence in our country, more so in the vast rural swathes of India. This survey was carried out to assess the knowledge and perceptions regarding climacteric in rural females of the Jammu district.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was conducted in the Kot-Bhalwal health block of Jammu district. A sample of 215 was calculated assuming a minimum prevalence of 65% of menopausal symptoms. Using a two-step simple random sampling technique, a total of 245 postmenopausal women from four villages of the health block were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire.

Results:
Among the sources of information about climacteric, family and friends were prime sources followed by community elders. About one-third (35.10%) of the respondents had no discussion about climacteric with anyone. The majority of the participants had a positive perception of climacteric and described it as a feeling of relief. About 77.9% of study participants rated their health as poor to fair. However, about one-fourth of women had taken health checkups for menopause-related symptoms. None of the respondents had any clue about oncological screening.

Conclusion:
Despite positive perceptions, there is a need to dispel the misconceptions with rigorous awareness and counseling. The role of village-level health workers along with ANM at Sub Health Centers/Health and wellness centers is the game-changer in this context. Every opportunity including Antenatal clinics should be utilized to educate as well as screen menopausal females for various health problems.