bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convolutional neural network classifies visual stimuli from cortical response recorded with wide-field imaging in mice
Authors: De Luca Daniela , Moccia Sara , Lupori Leonardo , Mazziotti Raffaele , Pizzorusso Tommaso , Micera Silvestro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. The optic nerve is a good location for a visual neuroprosthesis. It can be targeted when a subject cannot receive a retinal prosthesis and it is less invasive than a cortical implant. The effectiveness of an electrical neuroprosthesis depends on the combination of the stimulation parameters which must be optimized, and an optimization strategy might be performing closed-loop stimulation using the evoked cortical response as feedback. However, it is necessary to identify target cortical activation patterns and to associate the cortical activity with the visual stimuli present in the visual field of the subjects. Visual stimuli decoding should be performed on large areas of the visual cortex, and with a method as translational as possible to shift the study to human subjects in the future. The aim of this work is to develop an algorithm that meets these requirements and can be leveraged to automatically associate a cortical activation pattern with the visual stimulus that generated it. Approach. Three mice were presented with ten different visual stimuli, and their primary visual cortex response was recorded using wide-field calcium imaging. Our decoding algorithm relies on a convolutional neural network (CNN), trained to classify the visual stimuli from the correspondent wide-field images. Several experiments were performed to identify the best training strategy and investigate the possibility of generalization. Main results. The best classification accuracy was 75.38% ± 4.77%, obtained pre-training the CNN on the MNIST digits dataset and fine-tuning it on our dataset. Generalization was possible pre-training the CNN to classify Mouse 1 dataset and fine-tuning it on Mouse 2 and Mouse 3, with accuracies of 64.14% ± 10.81% and 51.53% ± 6.48% respectively. Significance. The combination of wide-field calcium imaging and CNNs can be used to classify the cortical responses to simple visual stimuli and might be a viable alternative to existing decoding methodologies. It also allows us to consider the cortical activation as reliable feedback in future optic nerve stimulation experiments.
Tracking the effects of propofol, sevoflurane and (S)-ketamine anesthesia using an unscented Kalman filter-based neural mass model
Authors: Liang Zhenhu , Wang Dihuan , Jin Xing , Fan Luxin , Wen Xin , Wei Changwei , Li Xiaoli 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. Neural mass model (NMM) has been widely used to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms of anesthetic drugs induced general anesthesia (GA). However, whether the parameters of NMM could track the effects of anesthesia still unknown. Approach. We proposed using the cortical NMM (CNMM) to infer the potential neurophysiological mechanism of three different anesthetic drugs (i.e. propofol, sevoflurane, and (S)-ketamine) induced GA, and we employed unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to track any change in raw electroencephalography (rEEG) in frontal area during GA. We did this by estimating the parameters of population gain [i.e. excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP/IPSP, i.e. parameter A/B in CNMM) and the time constant rate of EPSP/IPSP (i.e. parameter a/b in CNMM). We compared the rEEG and simulated EEG (sEEG) from the perspective of spectrum, phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), and permutation entropy (PE). Main results. Under three estimated parameters (i.e. A, B, and a for propofol/sevoflurane or b for (S)-ketamine), the rEEG and sEEG had similar waveforms, time-frequency spectra, and PAC patterns during GA for the three drugs. The PE curves derived from rEEG and sEEG had high correlation coefficients (propofol: 0.97 ± 0.03, sevoflurane: 0.96 ± 0.03, (S)-ketamine: 0.98 ± 0.02) and coefficients of determination (R
2) (propofol: 0.86 ± 0.03, sevoflurane: 0.68 ± 0.30, (S)-ketamine: 0.70 ± 0.18). Except for parameter A for sevoflurane, the estimated parameters for each drug in CNMM can differentiate wakefulness and non-wakefulness states. Compared with the simulation of three estimated parameters, the UKF-based CNMM had lower tracking accuracy under the simulation of four estimated parameters (i.e. A, B, a, and b) for three drugs. Significance. The results demonstrate that a combination of CNMM and UKF could track the neural activities during GA. The EPSP/IPSP and their time constant rate can interpret the anesthetic drug’s effect on the brain, and can be used as a new index for depth of anesthesia monitoring.
Brain network dynamics in the alpha band during a complex postural control task
Authors: Aubonnet R , Hassan M , Mheich A , Di Lorenzo G , Petersen H , Gargiulo P 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective. To decipher brain network dynamic remodeling from electroencephalography (EEG) during a complex postural control (PC) task combining virtual reality and a moving platform. Approach. EEG (64 electrodes) data from 158 healthy subjects were acquired. The experiment is divided into several phases, and visual and motor stimulation is applied progressively. We combined advanced source-space EEG networks with clustering algorithms to decipher the brain networks states (BNSs) that occurred during the task. Main results. The results show that BNS distribution describes the different phases of the experiment with specific transitions between visual, motor, salience, and default mode networks coherently. We also showed that age is a key factor that affects the dynamic transition of BNSs in a healthy cohort. Significance. This study validates an innovative approach, based on a robust methodology and a consequent cohort, to quantify the brain networks dynamics in the BioVRSea paradigm. This work is an important step toward a quantitative evaluation of brain activities during PC and could lay the foundation for developing brain-based biomarkers of PC-related disorders.
Physical and technical basis of Materials Plasma Exposure eXperiment from modeling and Proto-MPEX results*
Authors: Lau C. , Biewer T.M. , Bigelow T.S. , Caneses J.F. , Caughman J.B.O. , Goulding R.H. , Rapp J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Materials Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX) is a steady-state linear plasma device that will address plasma-material interaction (PMI) science and enable testing of fusion reactor-relevant divertor plasma-facing materials. The MPEX source concept consists of a helicon plasma source to generate the plasma, electron cyclotron heating (ECH) for electron heating, and ion cyclotron heating (ICH) for ion heating. The MPEX source plasma is then transported axially to the PMI material target region to test material samples in fusion reactor-relevant divertor conditions. This paper will summarize the physical and technical basis of MPEX. The paper will first define the MPEX parameters and scenarios at the target relevant to PMI science for various fusion reactor-relevant divertor conditions and show plasma transport modeling results to set the MPEX source parameters. Recent experimental and modeling results from Proto-MPEX, a short-pulse experiment to develop the plasma production, heating, and transport physics for MPEX, will be shown. From these results, it will be shown that MPEX can reach its desired scenarios. The MPEX physical and technical basis will also determine important functional requirements for magnetic field, radiofrequency (RF) power, RF frequency, and neutral pressure in the helicon, ECH, ICH, and PMI regions that are required to achieve the desired MPEX scenarios. The necessity for key in-vessel components such as skimmers, limiters, and microwave absorbers will also be highlighted.
The analysis and experimental research of ultrahigh vacuum ConFlat-type flange joints applied in accelerator and space technology
Authors: Davtyan A. , Isunts H. , Dekhtiarov V. , Vardanyan A. , Avagyan V. , Mkrtchyan T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) of ultrahigh vacuum
ConFlat-type flange joints for both Wheeler's and CERN's models were
carried out. These models differ in the angle of inclination between
the two shelves of knife-edge. The main value of this research is a
computer simulation for deformable flanges and gaskets because all
analyses before this have been done for absolutely rigid flanges
(non-deformable flanges) and deformable gaskets. The analysis
variable parameters are the radius of rounding at the tip of the
knife-edge (0.05 … 0.2 mm), the angle between the shelves
forming the knife-edge (70° and 90°) and the
material properties of the copper ring (annealed and 1/4
hard). The calculation of bolted connections for tightening the
flanges was also carried out as the experience has shown that during
the tightening of bolts, they reach the yield point and begin to
deform plastically. That leads to incomplete tightening of the
flanges and, therefore incomplete sealing of the joint. The
experimental research of the flanges tightening and the comparison
with computer simulation results were carried out.
Development of CMOS dosimetry in proton minibeams for enhanced QA and primary standard absorbed dose calorimetry
Authors: Flynn Samuel , Allport Philip , De Marzi Ludovic , Green Stuart , Homer Michael , Lee Nigel , Ortiz Ramon , Patriarca Annalisa , Prezado Yolanda , Thomas Russell , Price Tony 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Performing accurate and reliable dosimetry in spatially
fractionated beams remains a significant challenge due to the steep
dose gradients and microscopic scale of features. This results in
many conventional detectors and instrumentation being unsuitable for
online dosimetry, necessitating frequent offline validation using
radiochromic film.
In this study, the use of a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
(CMOS) detector for evaluation of relative real-time dosimetry of
proton minibeam radiation therapy (pMBRT) was investigated. The
linearity of the CMOS detector was investigated by varying the
proton beam current, with a comparison to a PTW 34001 Roos
ionisation chamber used to carry out an independent check. It was
found that the relative peaks and valleys of the pMBRT beam could be
measured, with results comparable to EBT3XD film. The high
sensitivity of the CMOS detector meant it was able to measure dose
profiles from peak to valley regions, something not possible with
the EBT3XD. The CMOS detector was compared to the treatment
delivery log files, with correlation in beam position seen as the
beam is scanned along each slit, but not across; and agreement in
beam intensity, with the CMOS detector able to observe beam
interruptions.
Lastly, the CMOS detector was used in conjunction with the
NPL primary-standard proton calorimeter (NPL PSPC) for a preliminary
study on combining the NPL PSPC with high resolution temporal
information about the incident pMBRT beam. The ultimate aim of this
approach is to facilitate detailed thermal modelling to reduce the
overall uncertainty in the absolute dose measured from the
calorimeter. In these experiments, saturation in the CMOS pixels
prevented further thermal modelling of the radiation induced heat
flow, however the instantaneous dose rate was observed to be
comparable with the predicted NPL PSPC response obtained by masking
the CMOS detector.
Test beam measurement of ATLAS ITk Short Strip module at warm and cold operational temperature
Authors: Arling J.-H , Becot C , Buchanan E , Dopke J , Gallop B , Kaplon J , Keller J.S , Kroll J , Li Y , Li Z , Liu J , Liu Y , Ng S.Y , Privara R , Renardi A , Rodriguez Rodriguez A , Rossi E , Ruehr F , Sawyer C , Sperlich D , Weidberg A.R , Zhang D.F 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This study is focused on an investigation of the performance
of the Short Strip module developed by the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk)
strip collaboration using electron beams of energy 5.4 GeV and
5.8 GeV at the DESY-II Testbeam Facility. The noise at
+30 °C and -30 °C was
measured. The ratio of the two measurements is compared with a
circuit-model calculation. The measured noise at
-30 °C is compared with the maximum noise that
would correspond to an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio after the
expected radiation damage from operation at HL-LHC. The measured
charge distributions at +30 °C and
-30 °C are compared with GEANT4 simulations. The
detection efficiency and noise-occupancy were measured as a function
of threshold at both +30 °C and
-30 °C. The average cluster width was measured
as a function of threshold. Scans of detection efficiency versus
threshold at different delay settings were used to reconstruct the
pulse shape in time. The resulting pulse shape was compared with a
circuit model calculation.
Increased salinity decreases annual gross primary productivity at a Northern California brackish tidal marsh
Authors: Russell Sarah J , Windham-Myers Lisamarie , Stuart-Haëntjens Ellen J , Bergamaschi Brian A , Anderson Frank , Oikawa Patty , Knox Sara H 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Tidal marshes sequester 11.4–87.0 Tg C yr−1 globally, but climate change impacts can threaten the carbon capture potential of these ecosystems. Tidal marshes occur across a wide range of salinity, with brackish marshes (0.5–18 ppt (parts per thousand)) dominating global tidal marsh extents. A diverse mix of freshwater- and saltwater-tolerant plant and microbial communities has led researchers to predict that carbon cycling in brackish wetlands may be less sensitive to changes in salinity than fresh- or saltwater wetlands. Rush Ranch, a well-monitored brackish tidal wetland of the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, experiences highly variable annual salinity regimes. Within a five-year period (2014–2018), Rush Ranch experienced particularly extreme drought-induced salinization during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. During drought years, tidal channel salinity rose from a 15 year baseline of 4.7 ppt to growing season peaks of 10.3 ppt and 12.5 ppt. Continuous eddy covariance data from 2014 to 2018 demonstrate that during drought summers, gross primary productivity (GPP) decreased by 24%, whereas ecosystem respiration remained similar among all five years. Stepwise linear regression revealed that salinity, not air temperature or tidal height, was the dominant driver of annual GPP. A random forest model trained to predict GPP based on environmental data from low salinity years (i.e. naive to salinization) significantly over predicted GPP in drought years. When growing season salinities were doubled, annual estimates of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 decreased by up to 30%. These results provide ecosystem-scale evidence that increased salinity influences CO2 fluxes dominantly through reductions in GPP. This relationship provides a starting point for incorporating the effect of changes in salinity in wetland carbon models, which could improve wetland carbon forecasting and management for climate resilience.
Identifying historical climate changes in Australia through spatial analogs
Authors: King Andrew D 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Spatial analogs have previously been used to communicate climate projections by comparing the future climate of a location with an analogous recent climate at a different location which is typically hotter. In this study, spatial climate analogs were computed using observational data to identify and quantify past changes. A sigma dissimilarity metric was computed to compare the recent climates of nine major Australian cities and early 20th century climate across Australia. Evidence is found for climate shifts, particularly in Darwin where temperature variability is lower than in extratropical cities. Analogs designed to capture extremes, including a human health-relevant climate analog, were constructed and these also highlight significant climate shifts. The analogs may also be used to examine extreme events in the context of a reference city climate and identify unusual events. This work demonstrates the utility of climate analogs for monitoring past climate changes and extreme events as well as examining and communicating future change. Care should be taken in interpretation of the movement of analogous climates and the design of analyses, but climate analogs have many potential applications beyond previous uses. Tailored analogs could be studied to communicate climate changes relevant to specific stakeholders.
Effects of large-scale changes in environmental factors on the genesis of Arctic extreme cyclones
Authors: Liu Yujun , He Yijun 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Arctic cyclone is an active weather system in the Arctic, and the Arctic extreme cyclone (AEC) strongly influences polar weather. Thus, many studies have focused on the activity of AEC and its relationship with large-scale circulation in the Arctic. In this study, Arctic cyclones were detected using the ERA5 Reanalysis data from 1979 to 2020, and the AECs of cold and warm semesters were defined using the 5th percentile of sea level pressure. An Arctic cyclone genesis index, GPIArctic, is established by using the least square fitting of absolute vorticity, omega, wind shear, and long-wave radiation with Eady growth rate. Our findings show that wind shear and long-wave radiation strongly influence AECs. In the cold semester, the high value of GPIArctic mainly occurs in the south of Greenland, while in the warm semester, the high value of GPIArctic also occurs in northeast Eurasia. The results of the multi-model integration of CMIP6 show that more AECs will be formed in the Arctic in the future (2021–2050), and their seasonal contrast will be stronger in northeast Eurasia.
Crop diversity buffers the impact of droughts and high temperatures on food production
Authors: Renard Delphine , Mahaut Lucie , Noack Frederik 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Weather extremes like droughts and heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent worldwide, with severe consequences for agricultural production and food security. Although the effects of such events on the production of major crops is well-documented, the response of a larger pool of crops is unknown and the potential of crop diversity to buffer agricultural outputs against weather extremes remains untested. Here, we evaluate whether increasing the diversity of crop portfolios at the country level confers greater resistance to a country’s overall yield and revenues against losses to droughts and high temperatures. To do this, we use 58 years of annual data on weather, crop yields and agricultural revenues for 109 crops in 127 countries. We use the spatial distribution of each crop and their cropping cycle to determine their exposure to weather events. We find that growing greater crop diversity within countries reduces the negative impacts of droughts and high temperatures on agricultural outputs. For drought, our results suggest that the effect is explained not only by crop diversity itself, but also by the sensitivity of the most abundant crops (in terms of harvested areas) to this extreme. Countries dedicating more land to minor, drought-tolerant crops reduce the average sensitivity of country-scale crop portfolios and show greater resistance of yield and revenues to drought. Our study highlights the unexploited potential for putting crop biodiversity to work for greater resilience to weather, specifically in poorer developing countries that are likely to suffer disproportionately from climate change impacts.
Duality cascades and parallelotopes
Authors: Furukawa Tomohiro , Moriyama Sanefumi , Sasaki Hikaru 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Duality cascades are a series of duality transformations in field theories, which can be realized as the Hanany–Witten transitions in brane configurations on a circle. In the setup of the Aharony–Bergman–Jafferis–Maldacena theory and its generalizations, from the physical requirement that duality cascades always end and the final destination depends only on the initial brane configuration, we propose that the fundamental domain of supersymmetric brane configurations in duality cascades can tile the whole parameter space of relative ranks by translations, hence is a parallelotope. We provide our arguments for the proposal.
The solitary wave, kink and anti-kink solutions coexist at the same speed in a perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Zheng Hang , Xia Yonghui 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Persistence of the traveling wave solutions of a perturbed higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with distributed delay is studied by the geometric singular perturbation theory. The solitary wave, kink and anti-kink solutions are proved to coexist simultaneously at the same speed c by combing the Melnikov method and the bifurcation analysis. Interestingly, a new type of traveling wave solution possessing crest, trough and kink (anti-kink) is discovered. Further, numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the theoretical results.
PyXLA: Python x-ray-tracing for Lobster-Eye application
Authors: Nentvich Ondrej , Urban Martin , Hudec Rene 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Collimation of x-rays is challenging, especially for a wide range of grazing-incidence angles. One of the promising x-ray optics can be a wide-field Lobster-Eye (LE) optics in Schmidt’s arrangement, which raised interest in recent years, and will be considered for simulations and description and is perspective for space missions. This paper introduces a newly developed simulator, PyXLA, written in Python and which evaluates and simulates specific types of x-ray reflective optics, particularly LE optics. The software utilises fundamental ray-tracing principles and, in combination with design, can determine the particular design’s behaviour. The design relies on the mirrors’ arrangements, surface finishing and reflectivity, and the x-ray detector, which catches the rays. This paper describes the newly developed PyXLA software, showing simulator principles and examples of outputs with a discussion of the applicability of results and other future extensions.
Highly-stable optical injection wavelength locking of Er-doped random fiber lasers
Authors: Pang Hai-Yue , Li Zhao-Yun , Zheng Jia-Teng , Yuan Cheng , Zhang Yu-Kun , Tao Zhi-Yong , Fan Ya-Xian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A highly-stable and effective Er-doped random fiber laser (RFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on external optical injection locking technology. By adjusting the optical injected wavelength, the lasing wavelength can be selected precisely and emitted separately within the spectral bandwidth of 1555.5 nm to 1563.5 nm. The wavelength and output power fluctuation are less than 0.004% and 2.9%, respectively, indicating that optical injection locking of the RFL is quite stable over a long time. The optical injection locking technology is used in the half-open cavity incoherent RFL systems based on the random distributed Rayleigh scattering scheme, which provides an effective method to control or select the wavelength emission with high stability in a RFL.
Restoring and tailoring very high dimensional spatial entanglement of a biphoton state transmitted through a scattering medium
Authors: Devaux Fabrice , Mosset Alexis , Popoff Sébastien M , Lantz Eric 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We report experimental results where a momentum entangled biphoton state with a Schmidt number of a few thousand is retrieved and manipulated when only one photon of the pair is transmitted through a thin scattering medium. For this purpose, the transmission matrix of the complex medium is first measured with a phase-shifting interferometry measurement method using a spatial light modulator (SLM) illuminated with a laser source. From this matrix, different phase masks are calculated and addressed on the SLM to spatially control the focusing of the laser through the complex medium. These same masks are used to manipulate the phase of the biphoton wave function transmitted by the thin diffuser in order to restore and control in the same way the momentum correlations between the far-field images of twin beams issued from strongly spatial-multi-mode spontaneous parametric down conversion.