bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individuals with restrictive eating disorders' experience of the introduction of calories on menus in England: An interpretative phenomenological analysis study
Authors: Duffy Fiona , Peebles Imogen , Maloney Ellen , Robertson Mackenzie D. A. , Sharpe Helen 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveIn April 2022 the Calorie Labelling (Out of Home) Regulations came into effect in England where cafés, restaurants, and takeaways with over 250 employees were required to provide calorie labelling on menus. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative impact this could have on individuals with eating disorders (EDs), yet this has not been explored using qualitative methodology.MethodEleven participants with a current or previously diagnosed restrictive ED were interviewed in September 2022. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to explore their experience of the introduction of calories on menus.ResultsUsing IPA we established six themes and seven subordinate themes. These included the introduction of calories on menus as an ‘attack’ on individuals with EDs; the prominent visual display of calories as an attentional pull; normalising of calories counting; the impact on behaviour; and associated strategies for managing.ConclusionThis contributes to research surrounding the implications for public health policies on individuals with EDs, especially their ability to reinforce and amplify disordered thoughts and behaviours, and the need for greater consideration of how to minimise impact and potential harm of large public health campaigns.
Quenched‐and‐tempered high‐strength steels at elevated temperatures: Mechanical properties and effects of plate thickness
Authors: Xiong Ming‐Xiang , Xiang Hui , Yang Minfeng , Xu Shenchun 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHigh‐strength steels can be used in civil structures that demand high strength/weight ratios, but their advantages may be weakened by fire. For this reason, this study has been concerned with the mechanical properties of a type of quenched‐and‐tempered high‐strength steel at elevated temperatures up to 800°C, the steel grade is S690. A standard axial tensile test was conducted on plate specimens with a reduced section. The test results demonstrated that the stress–strain curves of S690 steel at elevated temperatures had no distinctive yield plateau but post‐yield hardening, the effective yield strengths and elastic modulus deteriorated dramatically with the increasing temperature due to microstructure changes. Besides, this study also investigated the effects of steel plate thickness on said temperature‐dependent mechanical properties. The plate thicknesses are 8 and 12 mm nominally. The comparisons showed that, different from the trend at room temperature where the thinner steel plates usually have higher strength than their thicker counterparts, the thinner plates exhibited lower strengths at elevated temperatures, this implies that with the same cross‐sectional area, a steel member formed by thinner plates would have a lower cross‐sectional load‐carrying capacity under fire.
The rights and wrongs of private schooling
Authors: White John 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis is a discussion, from a largely global but partly British perspective, about whether private schools should be freely permitted, discouraged or abolished. This, it is claimed, depends on the kind of private school one has in mind. The paper moves on to three arguments against British private schools, especially prestigious so‐called ‘public schools’: that they promote social exclusiveness, have created a ruling élite, and are unjust. This latter claim, which also has global relevance, is explored in some detail. The meritocratic conception of society which it presupposes is then also discussed and criticised. The final section of the paper is about future perspectives on private schooling across the world. It looks at proposed and actual measures to abolish or curtail them; educational proposals to limit the power of meritocracy, including reforms to the school examination system. It also discusses how likely it is that suggested reforms of any of these kinds will actually take place.
The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on psoriasis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Lei Hao , Chen Xin , Cheng Baochen , Song Liumei , Luo Ruiting , Wang Shengbang , Kang Tong , Wang Qian , Zheng Yan 
Published: July 2023

AbstractUnsaturated fatty acids have been reported to be associated with the risk of psoriasis. However, the causal relationship between them remains unclear This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between unsaturated FAs and psoriasis. Firstly, we obtained genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data for psoriasis from the FINNGEN database (number of cases = 4510, number of controls = 212,242) and different FA levels (number of samples = 114,999) from the IEU OpenGWAS Project. Secondly, the genetic correlation coefficient was calculated using linkage disequilibrium fractional regression. Thirdly, a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using independent instrumental variables (p < 5 × 10−8) to determine the direction of randomization. Finally, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)‐related analyses of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were carried out to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of unsaturated FAs affecting psoriasis. We found that an increase in the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) to total fatty acids could increase the risk of psoriasis (inverse‐variance weighted [IVW], adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.175; adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.045–1.321; adjusted p = .007). However, an increase in the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAa) to total fatty acids could decrease the risk of psoriasis (IVW, adjusted OR = 0.754; adjusted 95% CI = 0.631–0.901; adjusted p = .002). Moreover, an increase in the ratio of PUFAs to MUFAs could decrease the risk of psoriasis (IVW, adjusted OR = 0.823; adjusted 95% CI = 0.715–0.948; adjusted p = .007). The heterogeneity of data was eliminated, and pleiotropy was not detected. There was no statistical difference in the MR analysis of other fatty acids indices with psoriasis. Further, no statistically significant evidence was found to verify a causal relationship between psoriasis and fatty acid levels in reverse MR. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these eQTL related to common SNPs were mainly involved in organic ion transport, choline metabolism, and the expression of key metabolic factors mediated by PKA, ChREBP, and PP2A. Our study indicated that the ratio of MUFAs to total fatty acids had a positive causal effect on psoriasis, while the ratio of PUFAs to total fatty acids and the ratio of PUFAs to MUFAs had a negative causal effect on psoriasis. Moreover, PKA‐, PP2A‐, and ChREBP‐mediated activation of metabolic factors may play an important role in this process.
Clustering of child deaths among families in low and middle‐income countries: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Dwivedi Laxmi Kant , Ranjan Mukesh , Mishra Rahul , Ahmed Waquar , Bhatia Mrigesh 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsSeveral studies have examined the phenomenon of “death clustering,” in which two or more children born to the same mother or from the same family die at an early age. Therefore, a scientific examination of the results is essential to understand how the survival status of the older siblings affects the survival of the younger siblings. By using meta‐analysis, this study aims to provide a quantitative synthesis of the results of studies on “child death clustering” in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).MethodsThis study followed the PRISMA‐P 2015 guidelines. We used four electronic databases—PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar with search and citation analysis capabilities. Initially, 140 studies were identified, but only 27 met the eligibility criteria eventually. These were studies that had used the death of a previous child as a covariate to determine the survival status of the index child. The heterogeneity and the publication bias of the studies were examined using the Cochran test, I2 statistic, and Egger's meta‐regression test.ResultsThe pooled estimate of 114 study estimates for LMICs contains some bias. India's 37 study estimates were distributed more or less equally along the middle line, indicating no publication bias, while there was a slight bias in the estimates for Africa, Latin America, and Bangladesh. The odds of experiencing the death of the index child in the selected LMICs were 2.3 times higher for mothers who had lost any prior child as compared to those mothers who had not had any prior child loss. For African mothers, the odds were five times higher, whereas for Indian mothers, the odds were 1.66 times higher. Mothers' characteristics, such as education, occupation, health‐seeking behavior, and maternal competence, significantly affect the child's survival status.ConclusionAchieving the sustainable development goals would not be possible if mothers in countries experiencing high levels of under‐five mortality are not provided with better health and nutrition facilities. Mothers who have lost multiple children should be targeted for assistance.
The effects of virtual reality‐based bronchoscopy simulator on learning outcomes of medical trainees: A systematic review
Authors: Bejani Mahmud , Taghizadieh Ali , Samad‐Soltani Taha , Asadzadeh Afsoon , Rezaei‐Hachesu Peyman 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsConventional medical training routes of bronchoscopy may decrease patients' comfort and increase procedure‐related morbidity. Virtual reality (VR)‐based bronchoscopy is a beneficial and safe solution for teaching trainees. The aim of this systematic review was to study the effectiveness of VR‐based bronchoscopy simulators on the learning outcomes of medical trainees.MethodsWell‐known sources (i.e., Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Medline via PubMed) were systematically searched using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines on December, 2021. Peer‐reviewed English papers that used VR‐based simulation for bronchoscopy training were included. The articles that were studying other technologies, or those that were unrelated to the topic, were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for quasi‐experimental studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs).ResultsOut of 343 studies, 8 of them met our inclusion criteria. An appropriate control group and statistical analysis were the most common and unavoidable sources of bias in included non‐RCTs, and lack of blinding in participants was the most common source of bias in RCTs. The included studies evaluated learning outcomes regarding dexterity (N = 5), speed (N = 3), the accuracy of procedures (N = 1), and the need for verbal assistance (N = 1). Based on the results, 100% (5/5) and 66% (2/3) of studies showed that the use of VR‐based simulation on the learning outcomes of medical trainees led to improvement in manual ability (i.e., dexterity) and swiftness of execution (i.e., speed in performance), respectively. Additionally, improving the accuracy of subjects' performance, and reducing the need for verbal guidance and physical assistance was reported in studies that evaluated these variables.ConclusionVR bronchoscopy simulator as a training method for teaching medical trainees, especially for novices has the potential to improve medical trainees' performance and reduce complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the positive effects of VR‐based simulation on the learning outcomes of medical trainees.
Temperament and behaviour problems in children: A multilevel analysis of cross‐cultural differences
Authors: Campagna Allegra X. , Desmarais Eric D. , French Brian , Underwood Joshua J. , Majdandžić Mirjana , Beijers Roseriet , de Weerth Carolina , Lee Eun Gyoung , Huitron Blanca , Ahmetoglu Emine , Benga Oana , Raikkonen Katri , Heinonen Kati , Gonzalez‐Salinas Carmen , Slobodskaya Helena , Kozlova Elena , Linhares Maria Beatriz Martins , Lecannelier Felipe , Casalin Sara , Acar Ibrahim , Tuovinen Soile , Wang Zhengyan , Montirosso Rosario , Giusti Lorenzo , Park Seong‐Yeon , Han Sae‐Young , Putnam Samuel , Gartstein Maria A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractEarly temperament attributes have been linked to emerging behaviour problems and significant long‐term consequences; however, these relations are rarely examined cross‐culturally. The present study addresses this gap, employing multilevel modelling to explain within‐ and between‐culture variances with respect to temperament predicting a spectrum of behaviour problems across 14 nations from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC). A total of 865 children between 17 and 40 months, with approximately equal age distribution across this developmental period and about equivalent representation of genders, were recruited from 14 nations. Greater negative emotionality was associated with more internalizing problems, whereas higher surgency and effortful control predicted fewer internalizing difficulties. Controlling for age and gender, temperament explained significant within‐ and between‐culture variances in internalizing and externalizing problems (at the broad‐band and fine‐grained levels), as well as sleep problems. For internalizing difficulties, temperament accounted for more between‐culture variance. In contrast, for externalizing difficulties, temperament accounted more for how individuals within the same culture differed from their same‐culture counterparts. The within‐culture findings suggest universal patterns of temperament‐problem relations, informing cultural adaptation of interventions; between‐culture findings enhance understanding of the implications of the cultural niche for normative behaviour and adjustment.
Household air pollution and risk of incident lung cancer in urban China: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ji Chen , Lv Jun , Zhang Jing , Zhu Meng , Yu Canqing , Ma Hongxia , Jin Guangfu , Guo Yu , Pei Pei , Yang Ling , Chen Yiping , Du Huaidong , Chen Zhengming , Hu Zhibin , Li Liming , Shen Hongbing ,   the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Published: July 2023

AbstractHousehold air pollution (HAP) is associated with the development of lung cancer, yet few studies investigated the exposure patterns and joint associations with tobacco smoking. In our study, we included 224 189 urban participants from China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), 3288 of which diagnosed with lung cancer during the follow‐up. Exposure to four HAP sources (solid fuels for cooking/heating/stove and environmental tobacco smoke exposure) was assessed at baseline. Distinct HAP patterns and their associations with lung cancer were examined through latent class analysis (LCA) and multivariable Cox regression. A total of 76.1% of the participants reported regular cooking and 52.2% reported winter heating, of which 9% and 24.7% used solid fuels, respectively. Solid fuel heating increased lung cancer risk (Hazards ratio [HR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08‐1.46). LCA identified three HAP patterns; the “clean fuel cooking and solid fuel heating” pattern significantly increased lung cancer risk (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10‐1.41), compared to low HAP pattern. An additive interaction was observed between heavy smoking and “clean fuel cooking and solid fuel heating” (relative excess risk [RERI]: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.29‐2.47, attributable proportion [AP]: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06‐0.36). Cases resulting from solid fuel account for ~4% of total cases (population attribute fraction [PAF]overall: 4.31%, 95% CI: 2.16%‐6.47%, PAFever smokers: 4.38%, 95% CI: 1.54%‐7.23%). Our results suggest that in urban China, solid fuel heating increased the risk of lung cancer, particularly among heavy smokers. The whole population could benefit from cleaner indoor air quality by reducing using solid fuels, especially smokers.
Association between travel distance and overall survival among patients with adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Logan Charles D. , Nunnally Sara E. A. , Valukas Catherine , Warwar Samantha , Swinarska Joanna T. , Lee Frances T. , Bentrem David J. , Odell David D. , Elaraj Dina M. , Sturgeon Cord 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRegionalization of care is associated with improved perioperative outcomes after adrenalectomy. However, the relationship between travel distance and treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is unknown. We investigated the association between travel distance, treatment, and overall survival (OS) among patients with ACC.MethodsPatients diagnosed with ACC between 2004 and 2017 were identified with the National Cancer Database. Long distance was defined as the highest quintile of travel (≥42.2 miles). The likelihood of surgical management and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) were determined. The association between travel distance, treatment, and OS was evaluated.ResultsOf 3492 patients with ACC included, 2337 (66.9%) received surgery. Rural residents were more likely to travel long distances for surgery than metropolitan residents (65.8% vs. 15.5%, p < 0.001), and surgery was associated with improved OS (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.34–0.54). Overall, 807 (23.1%) patients received AC with rates decreasing approximately 1% per 4‐mile travel distance increase. Also, long distance travel was associated with worse OS among surgically treated patients (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05–1.40).ConclusionsSurgery was associated with improved overall survival for patients with ACC. However, increased travel distance was associated with lower likelihood to receive adjuvant chemotherapy and decreased overall survival.
Recommendations for intervertebral disc notochordal cell investigation: From isolation to characterization
Authors: Williams Rebecca J. , Laagland Lisanne T. , Bach Frances C. , Ward Lizzy , Chan Wilson , Tam Vivian , Medzikovic Adel , Basatvat Shaghayegh , Paillat Lily , Vedrenne Nicolas , Snuggs Joseph W. , Poramba‐Liyanage Deepani W. , Hoyland Judith A. , Chan Danny , Camus Anne , Richardson Stephen M. , Tryfonidou Marianna A. , Le Maitre Christine L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundLineage‐tracing experiments have established that the central region of the mature intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus (NP), develops from the embryonic structure called “the notochord”. However, changes in the cells derived from the notochord which form the NP (i.e., notochordal cells [NCs]), in terms of their phenotype and functional identity from early developmental stages to skeletal maturation are less understood. These key issues require further investigation to better comprehend the role of NCs in homeostasis and degeneration as well as their potential for regeneration. Progress in utilizing NCs is currently hampered due to poor consistency and lack of consensus methodology for in vitro NC extraction, manipulation, and characterization.MethodsHere, an international group has come together to provide key recommendations and methodologies for NC isolation within key species, numeration, in vitro manipulation and culture, and characterization.ResultsRecommeded protocols are provided for isolation and culture of NCs. Experimental testing provided recommended methodology for numeration of NCs. The issues of cryopreservation are demonstrated, and a pannel of immunohistochemical markers are provided to inform NC characterization.ConclusionsTogether we hope this article provides a road map for in vitro studies of NCs to support advances in research into NC physiology and their potential in regenerative therapies.
Finite elements based on Jacobi shape functions for the analysis of beams, plates and shells
Authors: Pagani Alfonso , Carrera Erasmo , Scano Daniele , Augello Riccardo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis paper proposes the use of Jacobi polynomials to approximate higher‐order theories of beam, plate, and shell structures. The Carrera unified formulation is used in this context to express displacement kinematics in a hierarchical form. In this manner, classical to complex higher‐order theories can be implemented with ease. Particular attention is focused on the attenuation and the correction of the shear locking. Therefore, reduced integration as well as mixed interpolation of tensorial components methods are investigated against the new finite elements. Several case studies are taken into account to highlight the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. Also, several benchmarks are provided for future assessments.
Robust estimates of solute diffusivity in polymers for predicting patient exposure to medical device leachables
Authors: Elder Robert M. , Saylor David M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMedical devices often include polymeric components, which contain additives or contaminants that may leach into patients and pose a health risk. Previously, we proposed a mass transport model that conservatively estimates the leaching kinetics and only requires the solute's diffusion coefficient in the polymer, , to be specified. Because determining experimentally is time‐consuming, we also parameterized empirical models to estimate worst‐case values using only the solute molecular weight, . These models were based on a modest database and were limited to 19 polymers and larger solutes ( g/mol). Here, we assemble a much larger database, which enables us to construct more accurate models using a robust statistical approach, expanding the coverage to 50 device‐relevant polymers and smaller solutes ( g/mol). Then, we demonstrate several applications of these bounds, including modeling the release kinetics. Finally, we observe an interesting phenomenon, a discontinuous drop in of up to 25,000× for solutes with g/mol in glassy polymers. Using molecular simulations and cheminformatics tools, we propose a novel definition of the effective diameter of free volume channels in polymers, and we show that solutes larger than this channel size diffuse much more slowly.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of noble metal (Rh, Ru, Pd, Ag) adsorbed vacancy‐defective arsenene: A first‐principles study
Authors: He Jianlin , Liu Guili , Zhang Chunwei , Zhang Guoying 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe effects of vacancy defects and noble metals (NM = Rh, Ru, Pd, Ag) on the structural stability, electronic structure, and magnetic properties of arsenene were investigated using a first‐principles study. Vacancy defects have a great influence on both the magnetic properties and the band gap of arsenene. With the decrease in defect concentration, the magnetic moment of the vacancy defect system can be increased, and the bandgap transition from metal‐direct–indirect can be realized. After NM adsorption of vacancy defect arsenene, we considered three defect concentrations. It was indicated that there was a large adsorption energy between NM and vacancy‐defective arsenene, indicating that the adsorption system was relatively stable while the change in defect concentration did not have a significant effect on charge transfer. Except for the Ag adsorption system, the defect concentration can effectively modulate the band gap of the adsorption system and make it exhibit various electronic structures, such as semiconductors and metals. In terms of magnetic properties, not all NM atoms can induce arsenene to appear magnetic. Except for the Ag adsorption system, the defect concentration can make the adsorption system exhibit a variety of magnetic properties. It can induce the magnetic state of vacancy‐defective arsenenes or lead to the disappearance of magnetism. The spin polarization of the adsorption system mainly originates from the NM atoms or As atoms around the vacancies.