bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal sources of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in humans: a systematic review
Authors: Fastl Christina , De Carvalho Ferreira Helena C. , Babo Martins Sara , Sucena Afonso João , di Bari Carlotta , Venkateswaran Narmada , Pires Sara Monteiro , Mughini-Gras Lapo , Huntington Ben , Rushton Jonathan , Pigott David , Devleesschauwer Brecht 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the leading global health challenges of the century. Animals and their products are known contributors to the human AMR burden, but the extent of this contribution is not clear. This systematic literature review aimed to identify studies investigating the direct impact of animal sources, defined as livestock, aquaculture, pets, and animal-based food, on human AMR. We searched four scientific databases and identified 31 relevant publications, including 12 risk assessments, 16 source attribution studies, and three other studies. Most studies were published between 2012 and 2022, and most came from Europe and North America, but we also identified five articles from South and South-East Asia. The studies differed in their methodologies, conceptual approaches (bottom-up, top-down, and complex), definitions of the AMR hazard and outcome, the number and type of sources they addressed, and the outcome measures they reported. The most frequently addressed animal source was chicken, followed by cattle and pigs. Most studies investigated bacteria–resistance combinations. Overall, studies on the direct contribution of animal sources of AMR are rare but increasing. More recent publications tailor their methodologies increasingly towards the AMR hazard as a whole, providing grounds for future research to build on.
Improvements in the Land and Crop Modeling Over Flooded Rice Fields by Incorporating the Shallow Paddy Water
Authors: Xu Xiaoyu , Maruyama Atsushi , Kusaka Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFlooded rice paddies are important for modifying land surface energy and water budgets, especially in Asian countries. This study incorporated shallow paddy water into the Noah with Multi‐Parameterization (Noah‐MP) model to enhance its performance in capturing the distinct features of small Bowen ratios over flooded rice fields. The paddy surface water was parameterized as one integrated layer along with the top soil layer, and meteorological measurements from two crop sites in Japan, that is, SAITO (early rice) and SAGA (late rice), were employed for model evaluation at the field scale. The simulation results show that the model performance was significantly improved by combining the incorporation of paddy water and the calibration of rice crop parameters, particularly at SAGA. Compared with the reference run using the original version of Noah‐MP for SAGA, the underestimation in latent heat and the overestimation in sensible heat during daytime were decreased by ∼74 W m−2 (∼67%) and ∼92 W m−2 (∼55%), respectively. Approximately 60%–70% of this improvement was contributed by using calibrated rice crop parameters, while the rest of 30%–40% was from further incorporating paddy water. The decreased ground surface resistance owing to the presence of paddy water was crucial for capturing the features of small Bowen ratios. The observed water depth might help mitigate the underestimation of latent heat nonlinearly. This work may benefit the study of land‐atmosphere interactions and local and regional weather and climate in Asia with the widely used coupled Weather Research and Forecasting/Noah‐MP model.
Surface Wind Speed Changes and Their Potential Impact on Wind Energy Resources Across China During 1961–2021
Authors: Zhao Xi , Wu Yi , Su Jiajia , Gou Jiaojiao 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEnabling the rational use of energy and the realization of the “dual carbon goals” across China will require systematic analysis of temporal and spatial changes in surface wind speed (SWS), determination of key factors influencing SWS, and quantification of wind energy resources. We investigated changes of SWS and their potential impact on wind energy resources using daily SWS data from meteorological observations and based on wind power density (WPD) across China during 1961–2021. The SWS changes were related to atmospheric circulation, surface friction (urbanization and vegetation changes), aerosol emissions and the replacement of observation instruments. The increase of SWS after 2015 was closely related to changes of atmospheric circulation that were reflected by changes of Asian Meridional Circulation Index, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Arctic Oscillation. Compared with the mean SWS, the extreme SWS exhibited a more obvious downward trend and earlier abrupt change. The annual mean SWS decreased by 16.80% in the last six decades, resulting in a decrease of 47.78% in wind energy potential. Regions with annual WPD more than 100 W · m−2 were mainly in western China, northeastern China, northwestern China and some coastal areas. The WPD decreased mainly in northeastern China, northern China, and some coastal areas during the last six decades; it increased mainly in western China. Regions with annual WPD more than 100 W · m−2 and robust coefficient of variation less than 0.5 are high‐quality wind energy resource areas and were found mainly in western China, northern China, northeast China, and coastal areas.
Interhemispheric Contrasts of Ocean Heat Content Change Reveals Distinct Fingerprints of Anthropogenic Climate Forcings
Authors: Shi Jia‐Rui , Wijffels Susan E. , Kwon Young‐Oh , Xie Shang‐Ping 
Published: August 2023

AbstractDuring recent decades, both greenhouse gases (GHGs) and anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) drove major changes in the Earth's energy imbalance. However, their respective fingerprints in changes to ocean heat content (OHC) have been difficult to isolate and detect when global or hemispheric averages are used. Based on a pattern recognition analysis, we show that AAs drive an interhemispheric asymmetry within the 20°‐35° latitude band in historical OHC change due to the southward shift of the atmospheric and ocean circulation system. This forced pattern is distinct from the GHG‐induced pattern, which dominates the asymmetry in higher latitudes. Moreover, it is found that this significant aerosol‐forced OHC trend pattern can only be captured in analyzed periods of 20 years or longer and including 1975–1990. Using these distinct spatiotemporal characteristics, we show that the fingerprint of aerosol climate forcing in ocean observations can be distinguished from both the stronger GHG‐induced signals and internal variability.
A Molecular‐Scale Origin of Shear Thinning and Brittle Failure of Silicate Melt
Authors: Okumura S. , Uesugi K. , Goto A. , Matsumoto K. , Sakamaki T. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractShear thinning and brittle failure of silicate melt control the dynamics of volcanic eruptions, but their molecular‐scale origin is still unclear. Here, we conducted tension and compression experiments on silicate melts, using time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction. Our experiments revealed that the intermediate‐range ordering of silicate structures, that is, the ring size formed by the SiO4 tetrahedra, demonstrated elastic and anisotropic dilation under tension and shrinkage under compression in the non‐Newtonian regime. In contrast, there were no significant changes in short‐range ordering, such as Si–O and Si–Si distances. Based on these findings, we inferred that shear thinning observed under high stress originates from the formation of anisotropically deformed large and small rings in silicate structures that are energetically unfavorable and unstable. Brittle failure occurred under high‐stress conditions, in both tension and compression. We propose a stress criterion as a necessary and sufficient condition for magma failure, rather than a strain rate criterion.
Englacial Drainage Drives Positive Feedback Depression Growth on the Debris‐Covered Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal
Authors: Strickland R. M. , Covington M. D. , Gulley J. D. , Kayastha R. B. , Blackstock J. M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe development of hummocky topography is a poorly understood aspect of down‐wasting on debris‐covered glaciers that is often attributed to variable debris thickness. Thousands of enclosed depressions pit the hummocky topography. To better understand depression growth, we examined the size distribution and geometry of depressions on the Ngozumpa Glacier, in the Everest Region of Nepal. The depressions exhibited a power‐law size distribution, fractal perimeters, and power‐law depth‐area scaling, which suggest positive feedback growth. With a simple model, we showed that positive feedback growth produces similar power‐law size distributions. Based on these findings, we propose a “sinkhole” hypothesis for the development of depressions. Drainage into englacial sink points removes debris from the depressions and inhibits ponds from overflowing, thereby enabling positive feedback growth via incision, increased sub‐debris melt rates, and ice cliff retreat. By facilitating sustained depression growth, englacial drainage preconditions the ablation zone for the rapid growth of glacial lakes.
Greenhouse Warming Reduces Global Energy Conversion Into Oceanic Lee Waves
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Jing Zhao , Zhai Xiaoming 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOceanic lee waves play an important role in dissipating wind‐driven ocean circulations and powering turbulent diapycnal mixing. Here we investigate impacts of the greenhouse warming on global energy conversion into lee waves using a linear theory of lee wave generation and output from a high‐resolution (0.1° for the ocean) coupled global climate model. The global energy conversion rate into lee waves under the historical (1930s) climate condition is estimated to be 193.0 ± 3.0 GW. Under the high carbon emission scenario, this conversion rate is projected to decrease by about 20% by the end of 21st century, due to weakened bottom large‐scale mean flows, mesoscale eddies and stratification. The decrease of the conversion rate is widespread and particularly pronounced in the Gulf Stream and Drake Passage.
Estimating Plate Tectonic Forces at the New Zealand Plate Boundary Using Strain Rates Derived From a Kinematic Model of Fault Slip
Authors: Hirschberg H. , Sutherland R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWe construct a model of forces at the New Zealand plate boundary from dynamical thin‐sheet modeling. Stress magnitudes estimated are 10–50 MPa and effective viscosities are 0.5–5 × 1021 Pa s within actively deforming regions. Models that include only far‐field forces and forces from variations in topography and bathymetry can fit observations in most of the plate boundary, but basal tractions are required to fit extension in Havre Trough. For models that include nontopographic forces, we specify a rheology to acquire a unique solution for each of three rheologies: power‐law rheology with n = 3, power law with n = 5, and a pseudo‐plastic equal‐stress rheology. The inclusion of nontopographic forces allows these models to fit observations very well. We predict forces in Havre Trough equivalent to basal tractions of 7–10 MPa at 20‐km depth. Models with n = 3 and n = 5 require antiparallel forces on opposite sides of the plate boundary to drive deformation in South Island which would imply a plate boundary zone that is more localized at depth. The equal‐stress pseudo‐plastic model drives deformation with plate motion boundary conditions and localizes it with variations in effective viscosity. The effective rheology of South Island is most realistically modeled by an equal‐stress pseudo‐plastic rheology. The n = 3 or n = 5 power‐law rheology models require a highly localized boundary zone in the lower lithosphere, but a broader zone in the upper lithosphere.
The Role of Grain Boundaries in Low‐Temperature Plasticity of Olivine Revealed by Nanoindentation
Authors: Avadanii Diana , Hansen Lars , Marquardt Katharina , Wallis David , Ohl Markus , Wilkinson Angus 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe rheological properties of olivine influence large‐scale, long‐term deformation processes on rocky planets. Studies of the deformation of olivine at low temperatures and high stresses have emphasized the importance of a grain‐size effect impacting yield stress. Laboratory studies indicate that aggregates with finer grains are stronger than those with coarser grains. However, the specific interactions between intracrystalline defects and grain boundaries leading to this effect in olivine remain unresolved. In this study, to directly observe and quantify the mechanical properties of olivine grain boundaries, we conduct nanoindentation tests on well characterized bicrystals. Specifically, we perform room‐temperature spherical and Berkovich nanoindentation tests on a subgrain boundary (13°, [100]/(016)) and a high‐angle grain boundary (60°, [100]/(011)). These tests reveal that plasticity is easier to initiate if the high‐angle grain boundary is within the deformation volume, whereas the subgrain boundary does not impact the initiation of plasticity. Additionally, the high‐angle grain boundary acts as a barrier to slip transmission, whereas the subgrain boundary does not interact with dislocations in a measurable manner. We suggest that the distribution of grain‐boundary types in olivine‐rich rocks might play a role in generating local differences in mechanical behavior during deformation.
Snow Particle Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurements of Snow Density and Morphology
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Guala Michele , Hong Jiarong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe detailed characterization of snow particles is critical for understanding the snow settling behavior and modeling the ground snow accumulation for various applications such as prevention of avalanches and snowmelt‐caused floods, etc. In this study, we present a snow particle analyzer for simultaneous measurements of various properties of fresh falling snow, including their size, shape, type, and density. The analyzer consists of a digital inline holography module for imaging falling snow particles in a sample volume of 88 cm3 and a high‐precision scale to measure the weight of the same particles in a synchronized fashion. The holographic images are processed in real‐time using a machine learning model and post‐processing to determine snow particle size, shape, and type. Such information is used to obtain the estimated volume, which is subsequently correlated with the weight of snow particles to estimate their density. The performance of the analyzer is assessed using monodispersed spherical glass and foam beads, irregular salt crystals, and thin disks with various shapes with known density, which shows <10% density measurement errors. In addition, the analyzer was tested in a number of field deployments under different snow and wind conditions. The system is able to achieve measurements of various snow properties at single particle resolution and statistical robustness. The analyzer was also deployed for 4 hr of operation during a snow event with changing snow and wind conditions, demonstrating its potential for long‐term and real‐time monitoring of the time‐varying snow properties in the field.
Magmatic Origins of Extensional Structures in Tempe Terra, Mars
Authors: Orlov C. J. , Bramham E. K. , Byrne P. K. , Piazolo S. , Thomas M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNumerous graben features transect the Tempe Terra plateau in the northeastern Tharsis Rise, Mars, making it one of the most heavily structured regions of Tharsis. The origin of the complex fault geometries, generated over three distinct stages of tectonic activity, is poorly understood. This work distinguishes between Tempe Terra structures of local and regional origin, to isolate regional deformation patterns related to the general development of the Tharsis Rise from the patterns due to effects of local stress mechanisms. Comparison of structural observations to predicted deformation patterns from different drivers of graben formation in the Martian crust demonstrates the important role of magmatic activity at a variety of scales in driving tectonism in Tempe Terra. Noachian (Stage 1) faulting resulted from local magmatic underplating and associated heating and uplift, which formed part of an incipient stage of widespread Tharsis volcanism that predated development of the main Tharsis Rise. Early Hesperian (Stage 2) faults reflect the interaction of regional stresses from growth of Tharsis with magmatic activity highly localized along the Tharsis Montes Axial Trend—a linear volcanotectonic trendline including the alignment of the Tharsis Montes volcanoes. Early–Late Hesperian (Stage 3) faulting resulted from a series of dyke swarms from a Tharsis‐centered plume, which propagated in a regional stress field generated by growth of the Tharsis Rise. As only Stage 2 NNE faults and Stage 3 ENE faults are linked to regional, Tharsis‐related stresses, other observed Tempe Terra fault trends can be excluded when evaluating models of Tharsis's tectonic evolution.
Mechanisms and regulation of defensins in host defense
Authors: Fu Jie , Zong Xin , Jin Mingliang , Min Junxia , Wang Fudi , Wang Yizhen 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAs a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions in innate immunity, as well as their structure and activity relationships, along with their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, have been of great interest in recent years. To highlight the key research into the role of defensins in human and animal health, we first describe their research history, structural features, evolution, and antimicrobial mechanisms. Next, we cover the role of defensins in immune homeostasis, chemotaxis, mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota regulation, intestinal development and regulation of cell death. Further, we discuss their clinical relevance and therapeutic potential in various diseases, including infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, chronic inflammatory lung disease, periodontitis and cancer. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nutrient-dependent regulation of defensins, including fatty acids, amino acids, microelements, plant extracts, and probiotics, while considering the clinical application of such regulation. Together, the review summarizes the various biological functions, mechanism of actions and potential clinical significance of defensins, along with the challenges in developing defensins-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential clinical utility.
Viruses in deep-sea cold seep sediments harbor diverse survival mechanisms and remain genetically conserved within species
Authors: Peng Yongyi , Lu Zijian , Pan Donald , Shi Ling-Dong , Zhao Zhao , Liu Qing , Zhang Chuwen , Jia Kuntong , Li Jiwei , Hubert Casey R J , Dong Xiyang 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Deep sea cold seep sediments have been discovered to harbor novel, abundant, and diverse bacterial and archaeal viruses. However, little is known about viral genetic features and evolutionary patterns in these environments. Here, we examined the evolutionary ecology of viruses across active and extinct seep stages in the area of Haima cold seeps in the South China Sea. A total of 338 viral operational taxonomic units are identified and linked to 36 bacterial and archaeal phyla. The dynamics of host-virus interactions are informed by diverse antiviral defense systems across 43 families found in 487 microbial genomes. Cold seep viruses are predicted to harbor diverse adaptive strategies to persist in this environment, including counter-defense systems, auxiliary metabolic genes, reverse transcriptases, and alternative genetic code assignments. Extremely low nucleotide diversity is observed in cold seep viral populations, being influenced by factors including microbial host, sediment depth, and cold seep stage. Most cold seep viral genes are under strong purifying selection with trajectories that differ depending on whether cold seeps are active or extinct. This work sheds light on the understanding of environmental adaptation mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of viruses in the sub-seafloor biosphere.
Triangulating brain alterations in anorexia nervosa: a multimodal investigation of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, morphometry and blood-based biomarkers
Authors: Doose Arne , Tam Friederike I. , Hellerhoff Inger , King Joseph A. , Boehm Ilka , Gottloeber Kim , Wahl Hannes , Werner Annett , Raschke Felix , Bartnik-Olson Brenda , Lin Alexander P. , Akgün Katja , Roessner Veit , Linn Jennifer , Ehrlich Stefan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe acute state of anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with widespread reductions in cortical gray matter (GM) thickness and white matter (WM) volume, suspected changes in myelin content and elevated levels of the neuronal damage marker neurofilament light (NF-L), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. To gain a deeper understanding of brain changes in AN, we applied a multimodal approach combining advanced neuroimaging methods with analysis of blood-derived biomarkers. In addition to standard measures of cortical GM thickness and WM volume, we analyzed tissue-specific profiles of brain metabolites using multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, T1 relaxation time as a proxy of myelin content leveraging advanced quantitative MRI methods and serum NF-L concentrations in a sample of 30 female, predominately adolescent patients with AN and 30 age-matched female healthy control participants. In patients with AN, we found a reduction in GM cortical thickness and GM total N-acetyl aspartate. The latter predicted higher NF-L levels, which were elevated in AN. Furthermore, GM total choline was elevated. In WM, there were no group differences in either imaging markers, choline levels or N-acetyl aspartate levels. The current study provides evidence for neuronal damage processes as well as for increased membrane lipid catabolism and turnover in GM in acute AN but no evidence for WM pathology. Our results illustrate the potential of multimodal research including tissue-specific proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses to shed light on brain changes in psychiatric and neurological conditions, which may ultimately lead to better treatments.