bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causality and Epistemic Asymmetries
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aristotle is also a pluralist about the epistemology of causality: the different modes and the different types of causal profile demand different cognitive resources, and some are more accessible than others. Efficient and final causes are “more knowable to us,” while formal and material causation are “more knowable simpliciter.” Aristotle thinks that some causal relationships are fully open to view, in that there is no conceptual gap or inferential work required to move from the explanandum to the explanans. For basic kinds of change such as simple “chemical” interactions, we are capable of grasping both that a change is of a certain essentially causal type, and what the essence of that type is, using ordinary observation and induction. Induction does not, in these cases, move from a cause-free domain of observation to a causally loaded domain of thought; rather, some generalizing induction begins from observations that involve causal concepts right from the start.
Circular Arguments
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Following Galen’s death and the fall of the Roman Empire, the works of great scientists such as Aristotle and Galen were preserved in the Arab empires for over a thousand years. In the seventeenth century Padua became the main center for modern research, attracting people like Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey, who began to conduct characteristically modern animal-based biomedical research programs. Harvey conducted a wide-ranging research program resulting in the discovery of mistakes in Galen’s work and a correct model for the circulation of the blood. Descartes theorized that animals were simply complex machines. Harvey’s experimental methods and Descartes’s thinking became the dominant influence on the development of science until the present day. Subsequently, many important researchers including Boyle, Galvani, and Bernard used vivisection extensively to carry out their important research programs. Many of these experiments were extremely cruel, but is such an approach still necessary today?
Restoring Offenders as Citizens and Caregivers
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Penal policy that supports getting tough on crime and giving offenders their just deserts minimizes the plight of children and other dependents as mere necessary collateral consequences of the overriding social benefit of punishment. This approach overlooks the lasting intergenerational social costs of incarceration for offenders who might otherwise be the focus of rehabilitation as caregivers and citizens. This chapter argues in favor of restorative justice approaches that aim to rehabilitate and reintegrate persons convicted of a crime into their communities whenever possible. Reintegration involves preparing a former offender to take on more productive roles and responsibilities in society. Carceral officials should allow inmates to provide emotionally and financially for their dependents during their sentence through visitation, flexible sentencing, and training leading to paid employment. Incarceration and parole should be rehabilitative, with the goal of helping all offenders to become better caregivers and citizens upon their release.
The Collateral Consequences of Banishment
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that political communities should not deny citizenship and its protections to children based on their parents’ allegiances or alleged offenses at the time of their child’s birth. Citizenship deprivation is an intergenerational punishment when children lose entitlement to citizenship at birth based on their parent’s denationalization, as is the case for stateless children born abroad to parents affiliated with a terrorist organization. As for the collateral consequences of anti-terrorism sanctions, the primary concern in this chapter is to ensure that the dependents of suspects and offenders do not lose status-based entitlements to citizenship and its rights based on their parents’ actions. The author then questions whether harsh retributory punishments including citizenship deprivation, banishment, and execution are warranted for political crimes committed by minors.
Collective Intergenerational Responsibilities
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I ask how the current generation should accept responsibility for the injustices of its forebears in a way that helps all citizens to progress towards reconciliation. Here, I address the challenge of reconciliation with First Nations given the role of settler states, including Canada and the United States, in intentionally destabilizing Indigenous communities and families through the residential school system, child welfare interventions, and the criminal justice system. Here, I argue for three linked responses to the intergenerational legacy of policies that separated Indigenous families and destabilized their communities and political life. The first involves building immigrant-settler-Indigenous alliances. The second involves the government’s responsibility to avoid perpetuating Indigenous family separation and community destabilization through its criminal justice and child welfare policies. The third involves strengthening Indigenous political sovereignty by expanding their self-governance, participation, and free movement rights across their territories divided by settler state borders.
The Synthesis
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A tri-part typology of nationalism is introduced that reorganizes nationalism, nativism, fascism, and populism into three new categories: creative, consolidating, and defensive nationalism. The chapter argues the turn-of-the-century eras were both periods of defensive nationalism. Defensive nationalism is a people’s movement focused on reasserting national sovereignty and shielding the nation from external threats. It is a sociopolitical reaction to challenges to the sovereignty of the nation-state presented by globalizing forces. The threats from outside are also believed to be supported by the corrupt domestic elite who benefit from the theft of “the people.” In this way, nationalism and populism converge. Both leftist and rightest forms of defensive nationalism seek to protect the “nation-state” from the “globalizing enemy.” But who constitutes the nation and what comprises the malignant international power are conceived of differently. Left-wing defensive nationalism is class based and can be inclusive; right-wing defensive nationalism is nativist and can tip into fascism.
Karl Polanyi
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents Polanyi’s theory. Polanyi characterizes the late nineteenth century as a period of the “double movement”: when economic liberalism is accompanied by anti-liberal responses. He argues in the mid-1800s a more insidious form of capitalism developed: finance capitalism. The great houses of finance had enormous power. Countries were forced to adopt the gold standard and open themselves up to international trade. This had a crippling effect on national economies. Groups across Europe rose in opposition. This ultimately led to the embrace of communism and fascism. Many seek to use “the double movement” to explain today’s political backlash as a response against neo-liberalism. However, Polanyi is vague about what set off finance capitalism and the “double movement.” The chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. It ends by explaining that defensive nationalism can be used to concretely analyze anti-liberalism, and Schumpeter’s theory of innovation that spurred globalized liberalism.
Foreign Fears: Immigration and Global Terror
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In both eras, technological innovations brought into being something else never before seen: international terrorism. At the turn of the nineteenth century, a small group of radical anarchists wreaked havoc across Europe and the United States. In the twentieth century, the same thing occurred with Islamist terrorists. In both epochs, new transportation and communication technologies provided the tools to conduct and coordinate internationalized destruction, as well as the means to broadcast the news of the events across the world in real time. Compounding these developments, immigration increased exponentially just when national communities had begun to struggle from the impacts of a global economy in transition. Fear that foreigners were taking away jobs and introducing dangers to the nation became intensified by new forms of sensationalized media. As tensions developed between immigrant groups and host-country citizens, anti-immigrant backlashes came to permeate politics and feed nascent defensive nationalism across the Global North.
The Ethics of Animal Shelters
Authors: Giroux Valéry , Pepper Angie , Voigt Kristin , Côté-Boudreau Frédéric , Delon Nicolas , Donaldson Sue , Jaquet François , Kymlicka Will , Martin Angela K. , Tam Agnes 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Part I offers a set of ethical recommendations on various aspects of the everyday operations of animal shelters. The authors begin by clarifying the ethical framework on which the recommendations are based as well as setting out several overarching issues. The authors then address specific ethical questions arising in the context of the shelter’s internal structure and decision-making processes; its relationship with the public, donors, industry, and government; its role in the enforcement of animal welfare legislation; shelter operations, such as responses to overpopulation and decisions about when to end animals’ lives; how it should respond to animals in the community, such as feral cats; and issues arising in relation to shelter staff. The first part of the policy document summarizes these recommendations; the second part explains, in more detail, the reasoning behind these recommendations.
Decision-Making Under Non-Ideal Circumstances
Authors: Martin Angela K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, it is argued that some animal shelters fulfill the conditions that make triage protocols necessary, namely, the operation with limited financial budgets, space, medical resources, and staff. It is suggested that requirements presented for triage in humans can be fruitfully applied to the context of animal shelters. The focus lies on the criteria of maximizing benefit, justice, medical criteria, life-span considerations, fair decision-making, patient will, re-evaluation of triage decisions and changes in the therapeutic goal, and burden of triage and staff support. The establishment of triage protocols for shelters will make the decision-making process less arbitrary, fairer, and more transparent. Furthermore, it is argued that, in situations where disagreement persist among shelter staff, an external Ethics Board could be called in to help analyze and potentially resolve some of the remaining ethical issues.
Agricultural Regulations in Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Alons Gerry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether and how four European Union (EU) trade negotiations and agreements—CETA with Canada, TTIP with the US, the Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan, and the free trade agreement with MERCOSUR—have contributed to the standardization of regulation on food safety and geographical indications (GI). These are highly contested topics on which the EU seeks to export its preferred principles and approach through trade agreements. The chapter finds that the EU is more successful in exporting a sui generis system of GI protection than exporting its precautionary approach toward food safety. Furthermore, MERCOSUR and Japan made more concessions to the EU than Canada, while the negotiations with the US ended in a stalemate. This variation can largely be explained by differences in economic interests, differences in worldviews underlying national policies, and how these variables interacted, shaping political incentives and constraints on government actors in the negotiating process.
Regulatory Convergence in Transatlantic Trade Agreements
Authors: De Ville Ferdi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In European Union (EU) trade negotiations with developed economies, regulatory convergence is an essential but difficult goal. This became clear during the ill-fated TTIP negotiations. The EU and the US as aspirant rule-setters refused to adopt the other party’s standards. In turn, the EU aimed to export its single-market model, based on mutual recognition, to the transatlantic area. This led to protests from European civil society that feared a race to the bottom. The attempted framing that EU and US standards are largely equivalent and that the TTIP would lead to global standards proved unconvincing. In contrast, the EU and Canada succeeded in concluding a trade agreement. CETA is more modest in regulatory ambition and mainly sets up a framework for future cooperation. The EU and the US currently try to follow that example in their Trade and Technology Council, which is also less justified by reference to economic gains and more through geopolitical objectives.
The Indian Response to the EU’s Regulatory Standardization
Authors: Khorana Sangeeta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Trade policy has been used as an instrument to promote the notion that the European Union’s (EU) common values and norms are a model for other regions. The mechanism to promote EU values across diverse regions has evolved from strategic partnership to an open strategic autonomy approach and is guided by the aspiration to export a preferred model of liberalization and governance in partner countries. But not all countries are willing to adopt EU regulatory standardization, and the “one-size-fits-all” approach does not always apply. Using the case study of the EU-India free trade agreement, this chapter discusses how the EU’s efforts to replicate the model for standardization in the public procurement and sustainable development chapters stalled the talks. The requirement to conform with the template for procurement liberalization and human rights depends on countries’ current systems in place, political systems, geographical and geopolitical realities, as well as levels of socioeconomic development.
Conclusion
Authors: Duina Francesco , Viju-Miljusevic Crina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the main findings of the volume, reflects on several issues, and poses new questions for further research. First, it discusses the dynamics around standardization between the European Union (EU) and its weaker trading partners and the contribution of this volume to the growing literature on the subject. Second, it reflects on the relationship between standardization and mutual recognition. Third, it investigates the connection between the “Brussels Effect” and standardization in trade agreements and whether these processes complement each other as the EU tries to set standards across the world. And, fourth, it addresses the question of China’s rising influence in the field of standardization and the importance of the EU engagement with China in shaping the world.
The Surprisingly Political Aftermath
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Of the 1,098 victims of the Beslan school hostage taking surveyed, more than half acted politically on one or more occasions, and at least 7 percent had become activist leaders. Much of this activism they conducted in Beslan, but their activities also took them to Vladikavkaz, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow, and Europe. They rallied, petitioned, met with officials, conducted independent investigations, blockaded a highway, picketed, and starved. They boldly worked the Russian judicial system, culminating in a landmark victory in the European Court of Human Rights. This chapter documents this political activism—the most extensive and sustained in modern Russian history—with evidence from the victim survey, focus group discussions, and newspapers.
Should Results Apply to Nonvictims?
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter asks whether the findings about Beslan victims apply to nonvictims—that is, individuals who were not surviving adult hostages, parents or guardians of underage hostages, or next of kin of deceased hostages. The chapter relies heavily on data from the surveys of nonvictims in Beslan and Vladikavkaz and compares with data from the victim survey. Support for retaliation among nonvictims, like victims, is uncorrelated with anger but strongly correlated with excusing government while blaming ethnic rivals for the actions of terrorists. Otherwise, the results show that models of victim behavior do not transfer well to nonvictims. The findings suggest the need for caution when generalizing from victim behavior to nonvictim behavior and the inappropriateness of drawing inferences about post-violence behavior from population samples.
Mourning Loss through Debate
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Through examining a disputation on divorce law between Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī and Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Dāmaghānī that occurred shortly after a funeral ceremony, Chapter 1 introduces the legal disputation (munāẓara) as a form of “pious critique.” It details the attendees’ interpretation of their debate as a means to facilitate the pietistic duty of guiding lay Muslims toward proper religious practice. The jurists therefore showed great reverence in pious critique—a reverence otherwise reserved for prophetic traditions (ḥadīths). The more rigorous the critique, the better. But the disputation also had its limits. It excluded lay Muslims from the debate gathering such that their wants, desires, and needs were assumed, rather than ascertained through their own testimonies. This held significant consequences for social groups (of whom women are a particularly clear example) who did not find themselves represented among the juristic class.
The Emergence of Pious Critique
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The definition of the Arabic word for disputation—munāẓara— is “to reason (al-naẓar) with another person.” But what of the history of the term munāẓara? How did its use evolve over time, and what does this evolution tell us about the practice of legal disputation? Chapter 2 provides a genealogy of the term munāẓara within the first six centuries of Islam, thus providing an account of when and how the term came to designate the practice familiar to al-Shīrāzī and his colleagues. This genealogy traverses political antagonisms, court intrigues, intellectual movements, and juristic rivalries. The chapter locates the turning point in the history of the munāẓara at the early 10th century, when the term began to refer to standard sequences, roles, and ethical injunctions and became synonymous with al-jadal al-maḥmūd (praiseworthy debate).
Debating the Convert’s Jizya
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores how disputations shaped the development of a legal school’s substantive law. It does so via analysis of al-Shīrāzī’s disputation with al-Dāmaghānī on the topic of a convert’s past jizya (non-Muslim poll tax). Through this example, we see how jurists used the disputation to test out, refine, or innovate various arguments in defense of school doctrine. The merits of these arguments depended on the jurist’s ability to overcome objections of inconsistency across doctrine. The disputation on the convert’s past jizya, for example, became an occasion to revisit seemingly disparate topics like alms-giving, prisoner execution, enslavement, and the humiliation of non-Muslims. The chapter concludes by showing how the arguments deployed in a disputation became part of a growing repository of possible evidence that future jurists might examine in their own search for God’s law.
The End of Critical Islam?
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In his famed Muqaddima, the 14th-century historiographer Ibn Khaldūn claimed that the science of disputation had become neglected in his time. Engaging in disputation was now merely optional for the jurist, rather than being integral to his practice. Chapter 7 asks why the importance of disputation diminished in Islamic legal culture. Focusing on the Shāfiʿī school in late 11th-century Khurasan, the chapter identifies the emergence of a deep pessimism about the capacity of jurists to perform ijtihād. By the 13th century, this outlook had become widespread and eventually gave rise to al-Nawawī’s reimagining of Shāfiʿī school history as one of gradual decay in the practice of ijtihād. The ascendance of al-Nawawī’s view marked a rupture with a previous era in which Shāfiʿīs championed equal responsibility of all jurists to seek out God’s law themselves. As a prominent classical jurist himself realized, to diminish the individual responsibility of ijtihād was to undercut the disputation’s very raison d’être.
General Introduction
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main theses of the book. It begins with a public debate over Kant and racism that took place in Germany after George Floyd’s killing in 2020. The debate reflected two features of the prevailing discourse on Kant and racism. The first is the assumption of a logical contradiction between Kant’s moral universalism and his racist views. The second is an individualistic conception of racism. Against the first, the chapter argues that Kant’s moral philosophy is at such a high level of abstraction that it belongs to an entirely different logical plane than his racist views. Against the second, the chapter reconceptualizes racism in terms of ideological formation and argues that it is better to understand Kant’s relation to racism in these terms. The chapter then explains the different senses in which this book takes a “view from somewhere” approach in its investigation of Kant, race, and racism.
“Racism” in What Sense?
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconceptualizes “racism” as it pertains to Kant. The goal is to capture the fact that he published and taught racist views for decades both as a prominent philosopher and as a lifelong educator. As such, he occupied a privileged social location that made him well positioned, in a nexus of meaning makers and power relations, to play an instrumental and transformative role in the nascent formation of modern racist ideology. After a critical review of the relevant literature both within and outside of Kant scholarship, this chapter argues that Sally Haslanger’s notion of racism as “ideological formation,” which builds on Tommie Shelby’s notion of racism as “ideology,” provides the best framework for understanding Kant’s relation to racism. The chapter thereby goes beyond the individualistic approach that has dominated the discourse on Kant and racism. Going forward, the discourse will have to be guided by a different set of research questions.
Word prominence and polysynthetic languages
Authors: Bogomolets Ksenia , van der Hulst Harry 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the theoretical concepts relevant for the study of phonological prominence in general and phonological prominence in languages with complex morphologies in particular. Our main theoretical focus is the issue of accent competition. We defend the proposal that the notion of competition should be viewed as central in a study of accent and we propose a typology of accent systems where the main classificatory factor is the type of accent competition resolution. We draw close parallels between the strategies of accent competition resolution found in languages with the so-called phonologically predictable accent and in languages with lexical accent. This chapter also discusses the scope of the volume in some detail and provides an overview of the chapters that can be found in this volume.