bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammary lipid secretion: a reassessment
Authors: Wooding F. B. Peter 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMammary lipid secretion is generally held to be unique and remarkably uniform between the many different orders of mammals. It produces a unit membrane-bounded milk fat globule (MFG). The unit membrane is separated from the lipoprotein boundary of what was the cytoplasmic lipid droplet (CLD) boundary by a uniform layer of cytoplasmic proteins. In 3–8% of the MFG in all species examined this cytoplasmic layer widens to include cytoplasmic organelles which are referred to as ‘crescents’. This defines the MFG secretion as apocrine indicating a closely regulated process which minimises the loss of mammary epithelial cell (MEC) cytoplasm. The apocrine nature of the secretion might be expected since the evolution of the mammary gland is considered to be from an apocrine secreting skin gland. This short Research Reflection review is designed to investigate the exact cytoplasmic interactions which allow such efficient lipid secretion. There are two main scenarios: one which assumes that the observed close association between CLD and GV results in the CLD being released as a consequence of sequential exocytosis of the content of the associated GV. The second assumes that the CLD and the MEC apical plasmalemma interact in some way which causes the CLD to rise out of the cytoplasm enveloped in the plasmalemma. Here I present the evidence for the two possibilities. The first scenario is favoured, but the second cannot be ruled out.
Building a Bilingual Elite: “National Indifference” and Romanian Students in Hungarian High Schools (1867–1914)
Authors: Berecz Ágoston 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article highlights the role investment in Hungarian-language skills played in the social reproduction of the Romanian national elite in Dualist Hungary. At any point during the era, little less than half of middle-class Romanian students attended Hungarian-language high schools, which their parents largely considered as language training institutions. Parental choices and the sons’ experiences gain significance when set against the view that such investment in linguistic capital was a subversive practice challenging nationalist mobilization. Based on former students’ memoirs, school yearbooks, and histories, this article concentrates on the strategies of parents, the class-based inequality of access to Hungarian, the language policies of schools, and teachers’ ambiguous treatment of Romanian students.
Syntactic blocking on L2 acquisition of Mandarin Ba-construction
Authors: Hou Xiaoming 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Mandarin Ba-construction is one of the most challenging constructions for L2 learners. The present study attributes the difficulty in developing the taxonomic representation of the Ba-construction to the interference of competing constructions. I conducted a syntactic priming experiment to investigate the representational relationship between the Ba-construction and its SVO counterpart in native Mandarin speakers and L2 Mandarin learners with or without the equivalent of the Ba-construction in their L1. It was found that native speakers and L2 learners whose L1 features a structure equivalent to the Ba-construction represented the two constructions distinctly, manifesting as a resistance to priming and a robust syntactic preference for the Ba-construction in the picture description task. Conversely, L2 learners whose L1 does not possess an equivalent of the Ba-construction were sensitive to syntactic priming, which indicates a lack of taxonomic representations of the Ba-construction in relation to its SVO counterpart. Such reduced differentiation between the two target constructions suggests a blocking effect that stems from L1 interference.
Utility of portal vein pulsatility fraction in patients undergoing corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Aggarwal Hiteshi , Ganesan Rajarajan , Mandal Banashree , Kumar Rohit M. , Bansal Vidur , Thingnam Shyam K.S. , Puri Goverdhan Dutt 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackground:Right ventricle dysfunction is common after corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine whether an increased portal vein pulsatility fraction (PVPF) was associated with worse clinical outcomes.Methods:In a prospective, observational, single-centre study, PVPF and other commonly used parameters of right ventricle function were assessed in patients of all ages undergoing corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot intraoperatively, with transesophageal echocardiography, before and after bypass, and post-operatively, with transthoracic echocardiography, at days 1, 2, at extubation, and at ICU discharge. The correlation was tested between PVPF and mechanical ventilation duration, prolonged ICU stay, mortality, and right ventricle function.Results:The study included 52 patients, and mortality was in 3 patients. PVPF measurement was feasible in 96% of the examinations. PVPF in the immediate post-operative period had sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 74.3% in predicting the occurrence of the composite outcome of prolonged mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, or mortality. There was a moderate negative correlation of PVPF with right ventricle fractional area change and right ventricle global longitudinal strain (r = −0.577, p < 0.001 and r = 0.465, p < 0.001, respectively) and a strong positive correlation with abnormal hepatic vein waveform (rho = 0.749, p < 0.001).Conclusion:PVPF is an easily obtainable bedside parameter to assess right ventricular dysfunction and predict prolonged mechanical ventilation, prolonged ICU stay, and mortality.
Biventricular repair in an infant with transposition of the great arteries and straddling of the tricuspid valve
Authors: Duras Ensar , Kamali Hacer , Gokalp Selman , Haydin Sertac , Guzeltas Alper 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBiventricular repair is challenging in patients with transposition of the great arteries and straddling of the atrioventricular valves. Biventricular repair is the preferred option because of its anatomical and physiological advantages. However, in cases where biventricular repair carries operative risks that are too high or cases with unsuitable intracardiac anatomy, univentricular heart repair may have to be chosen. We report a five-month-old male patient with transposition of the great arteries, an inlet ventricular septal defect and anomalous coronary anatomy who had previously undergone a pulmonary banding operation and balloon atrial septostomy. Successful biventricular repair was performed while the patient had straddling of the tricuspid valve.
Disasters in Spain from 1950 - 2020: Impact on Public Health
Authors: Arcos González Pedro , Suárez Ruiz Nel , Castro Delgado Rafael , Cernuda Martínez José Antonio 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to establish the frequency and profile of disasters and to analyze trends in disasters and their impact on Spanish public health.Methods:Retrospective observational study of disasters that occurred in Spain from 1950 through 2020 was conducted. The variables studied for each episode were number of people affected, number of injured/sick, and number of deaths. Absolute and relative frequencies, population rates, mean, median, standard error of the mean (SEM), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used, and trend analysis was performed using exponential smoothing and linear regression.Results:A total of 491 disasters were identified in Spain. Of these, 255 (51.9%) were natural disasters, 224 (45.7%) technological disasters, and 12 (2.4%) man-made disasters. The average number of disasters per year was 7.01 (95% CI, 5.99-9.34). These disasters affected a total of 820,489 people, with an average of 3,491 people (SEM = 2.18) per episode. There was a significant increase (P <.001) in the total frequency of disasters in Spain during the period studied.Conclusions:Spain has a disaster profile of mixed type, combining natural with technological disasters. From 1950 through 2020, there was a significant increase in the number of disasters, with an overall profile similar to that of Europe, with climatological disasters being the most frequent type.
Learning Together: Experimental Evidence on Promoting Connections in Remote Classes
Authors: Benedum Michelle E. , Brown Sarah E. , Garrett Tyler , Sokhey Sarah Wilson 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTHow can instructors best foster connections among students when learning is fully remote? This article describes a pedagogical experiment conducted in two large introductory political science courses at a large public university in the 2020–2021 academic year. We randomly assigned groups of students to different sets of instructions on how to study together remotely for an exam. Our strongest finding is that almost any effort by an instructor prompting students to work together helps students to feel more connected to one another; however, students often need to see and hear one another to feel connected. We find this to be tremendously encouraging—relatively easy interventions can result in significant improvements in learning.
Children’s exposure to television advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages across four countries of WHO European Region
Authors: Kontsevaya Anna V , Imaeva Asiia E , Balanova Yulia A , Breda João J , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Jewell Jo Martin , Abdrakhmanova Shynar , Polupanov Andrew G , Bagci Bosi Tulay , Ergüder Toker , Drapkina Oksana M , Boyland Emma J 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjective:To compare the frequency and healthfulness of foods being advertised to children and adolescents in four countries of WHO European region.Design:Cross-sectional quantitative study, guided by an adapted version of the WHO protocol. All recorded food advertisements were categorised by categories and as either ‘permitted’ or ‘not permitted’ for advertising to children in accordance with WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model.Settings:Four countries: Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan and KyrgyzstanParticipants:TV channels most popular among children and adolescentsResults:Analysis included 70 d of TV broadcasting for all channels, during which time there were 28 399 advertisements. The mean number of advertisements per hour varied from eleven in Turkey and Kazakhstan to eight and two in Russia and Kyrgyzstan. In all countries, the majority of the food and beverages advertised should not be permitted for advertising to children according to the WHO Nutrient Profile Model. The mean number of non-permitted food and beverage advertisements per hour was high in Turkey and Kazakhstan (8·8 and 8·5 ads) compared with Russia (5·1) and Kyrgyzstan (1·9). Turkey was the only country where nutritional information was fully available, and no values were missing that prevented coding for some product categories.Conclusions:Results revealed that children and adolescents in four countries are exposed to a considerable volume of food and beverage advertisements, including sugary products on broadcast television. As such, policymakers should consider protecting youth by developing regulations to restrict these marketing activities within media popular with children.
Trends in BMI of Indonesian adults between 1993 and 2014: a longitudinal population-based study
Authors: Widyastuti Tri Nisa , Turner Robin , Harcombe Helen , McLean Rachael 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjective:To examine the trajectories of BMI in Indonesian adults from 1993 to 2014, investigating different patterns by sex and birth cohort.Design:Longitudinal study: secondary data analysis of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a large-scale population-based longitudinal study, had their height and weight measured up to five times throughout the 21-year study period (1993–2014). The change in BMI across time was estimated using group-based trajectory models, then differences by sex and birth cohort were investigated using random effect (mixed) models.Setting:Thirteen out of twenty-seven provinces in Indonesia.Participants:Indonesian adults aged 19 years and older (n42 537) were included in the analysis.Results:Mean BMI in adults increased between 1993 (21·4 kg/m2) and 2014 (23·5 kg/m2). The group-based trajectory model found three distinct groups with mean BMI increasing more rapidly in the most recent time periods. The first group (56·7 % of participants) had a mean BMI entirely within the normal weight range; the second group (34·7 %) started in the normal weight category and were obese, on average by the end of the study period; and the third group (8·6 %) were always in the obese category, on average. The shape of these three trajectories differed by gender (P< 0·001) and birth cohort (P< 0·001).Conclusions:The mean BMI among Indonesian adults has increased between 1993 and 2014, driven by those in the most recent birth cohorts. Our findings support the urgent need for targeted overweight and obesity prevention and intervention programmes in Indonesia.
Machine‐Learning Reveals Equifinality in Drivers of Stream DOC Concentration at Continental Scales
Authors: Underwood Kristen L. , Rizzo Donna M. , Hanley John P. , Sterle Gary , Harpold Adrian , Adler Thomas , Li Li , Wen Hang , Perdrial Julia N. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractResearch at long‐term catchment monitoring sites has generated a great volume, variety, and velocity of data for analysis of stream water chemistry dynamics. To harness the potential of these big data and extract patterns that are indicative of underlying functional relationships, machine learning tools have advantages over traditional statistical methods, and are increasingly being applied for dimension reduction, feature extraction, and trend identification. Still, as examples of complex systems, catchments are characterized by multivariate factor interactions and equifinality that are not easily identified by most machine‐learning methods. Using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics as an illustration, we applied a new evolutionary algorithm (EA) to extract geologic, topographic, meteorologic, hydrologic, and land use attributes that were correlated to mean stream DOC concentration in forested catchments distributed across the continental United States. The EA reduced dimensionality of our attribute dataset to identify the combination of factors, and their specific value ranges, that interacted to drive membership in High or Low mean DOC clusters. High mean DOC concentrations were associated with two distinct geographic locations of variable climatic and vegetative conditions, indicating equifinality. Our findings underscore the importance of critical zone structure in mediating hydrological and biogeochemical processes to govern DOC dynamics at the catchment scale. This multi‐scale, pattern‐to‐process approach is being applied to refine hypotheses for process‐based modeling of DOC dynamics in forested headwater streams at catchment to site scales.
Diverging Trends in Rain‐On‐Snow Over High Mountain Asia
Authors: Maina Fadji Z. , Kumar Sujay V. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractRain‐on‐snow (ROS) over snow‐dominated regions such as High Mountain Asia (HMA) modulates snowmelt and runoff and is key contributor in influencing water availability and hazards (e.g., floods and landslides). We studied the trends in ROS in HMA over the past two decades from 2001 to 2018 using the land surface model Noah‐MP driven by an ensemble precipitation data set. Our results show that changes in precipitation phase and rainfall are altering ROS. Because of the strong physical heterogeneity and atmospheric dynamics of HMA, ROS characteristics and trends are region‐dependent and ROS occurs predominantly over the Indus, Ganges‐Brahmaputra, and northwestern basins. In the Indus, ROS representing ∼5% of the annual precipitation and ∼20% of the annual snowmelt, has an increasing trend. This is contrary to the Ganges‐Brahmaputra characterized by decreasing ROS trends, where it represents ∼11% of the annual precipitation and ∼60% of the annual snowmelt. In the northwestern basins, ROS has bidirectional trends due to elevation patterns and trends in rainfall, and it constitutes ∼5 to ∼10% of the annual precipitation. Increasing trends in ROS over Indus contribute to reducing the snowpack in late summer, with concerns of reduced water availability and increased groundwater exploitation. Similarly, because of its high amount and contribution to snowmelt, the decreasing ROS trends in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra will have consequences of decreased recharge from the headwaters and exacerbated use of groundwater unless increasing trends in rainfall compensate for the decreasing snowmelt. These results provide new insights on ROS‐driven changes in the hydrological cycle over HMA.
Radiation Risk Assessment Associated With Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes for Commercial Flights
Authors: Pallu M. , Celestin S. , Trompier F. , Klerlein M. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTerrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are bursts of high‐energy photons produced in thunderstorms. Photons are produced by bremsstrahlung from high‐energy electrons, gaining energy through the electric field in the thunderstorm. Both electrons and photons are ionizing radiation and could have an impact on the radiation exposure of commercial aircrews and passengers. Previous works from Dwyer et al. (2010) and Pallu et al. (2021) have quantified doses possibly delivered by TGFs. They showed that the photon doses are sufficiently low so as not to be taken into account in the calculation of the radiation doses received during flights. However, electrons could deliver high doses up to 1 Sv, though in a compact area around the TGF source. In this work, we estimate an upper bound of the probability for a commercial flight to find itself in the electron beam of a TGF. Using the first Fermi‐Gamma ray Burst Monitor TGF catalog and both simulated routes between airports as a first step and real flight routes from Air France airline for 2.5 years as a second step, we show that the probability is lower than one aircraft hit every 2 years for the total air traffic. Knowing that we did not take into account altitudes and the fact that pilots usually avoid thunderstorms, it is likely that no aircraft would have been hit by the source of a TGF since the beginning of the commercial aviation.
Seasonal Variations in Triple Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Precipitation in the Western and Central United States
Authors: Aron P. G. , Li S. , Brooks J. R. , Welker J. M. , Levin N. E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTriple oxygen isotope ratios (∆′17O) offer new opportunities to improve reconstructions of past climate by quantifying evaporation, relative humidity, and diagenesis in geologic archives. However, the utility of ∆′17O in paleoclimate applications is hampered by a limited understanding of how precipitation ∆′17O values vary across time and space. To improve applications of ∆′17O, we present δ18O, d‐excess, and ∆′17O data from 26 precipitation sites in the western and central United States and three streams from the Willamette River Basin in western Oregon. In this data set, we find that precipitation ∆′17O tracks evaporation but appears insensitive to many controls that govern variation in δ18O, including Rayleigh distillation, elevation, latitude, longitude, and local precipitation amount. Seasonality has a large effect on ∆′17O variation in the data set and we observe higher seasonally amount‐weighted average precipitation ∆′17O values in the winter (40 ± 15 per meg [± standard deviation]) than in the summer (18 ± 18 per meg). This seasonal precipitation ∆′17O variability likely arises from a combination of sub‐cloud evaporation, atmospheric mixing, moisture recycling, sublimation, and/or relative humidity, but the data set is not well suited to quantitatively assess isotopic variability associated with each of these processes. The seasonal ∆′17O pattern, which is absent in d‐excess and opposite in sign from δ18O, appears in other data sets globally; it showcases the influence of seasonality on ∆′17O values of precipitation and highlights the need for further systematic studies to understand variation in ∆′17O values of precipitation.
Multi‐Scale Attention‐Enhanced Deep Learning Model for Ionogram Automatic Scaling
Authors: Guo Li , Xiong Jiarong 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo increase the accuracy of ionogram automatic scaling, a deep learning model—multi‐scale attention‐enhanced UNet is proposed. Correspondingly, a multi‐scale attention‐enhanced (MSAE) sub‐network is developed which involves a spatial attention nearest up‐sampling module and several residual channel attention modules with multi‐scale skip connections. They contribute to multi‐scale feature fusion and augmentation of the learning ability for enhancing faint and elongated profile traces of ionograms. The MSAE sub‐network input consists of multi‐scale feature maps which could be optimally employed to make the network effectively utilize useful information from the encoders and decoders. Incidentally, a dual channel spatial attention block is embedded between the encoder and the decoder for deeper detail extraction. When the proposed model is applied to scale different electron density profiles of ionograms based on an open data set, the experimental results show the segmentation performance evaluation indexes: the precision and the recall rate can be improved by 6.9% and 26.1%, respectively, compared to automatic real‐time ionogram scaling with true‐height routine. Another set of indexes: the mean intersection over union and the F‐score are superior to that of other several contrasted deep learning models, which can be improved by 3% and 1.6%, respectively, compared to the original UNet model.
A single-amino acid substitution in the adaptor LAT accelerates TCR proofreading kinetics and alters T-cell selection, maintenance and function
Authors: Lo Wan-Lin , Kuhlmann Miriam , Rizzuto Gabrielle , Ekiz H. Atakan , Kolawole Elizabeth M. , Revelo Monica P. , Andargachew Rakieb , Li Zhongmei , Tsai Yuan-Li , Marson Alexander , Evavold Brian D. , Zehn Dietmar , Weiss Arthur 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMature T cells must discriminate between brief interactions with self-peptides and prolonged binding to agonists. The kinetic proofreading model posits that certain T-cell antigen receptor signaling nodes serve as molecular timers to facilitate such discrimination. However, the physiological significance of this regulatory mechanism and the pathological consequences of disrupting it are unknown. Here we report that accelerating the normally slow phosphorylation of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) residue Y136 by introducing an adjacent Gly135Asp alteration (LATG135D) disrupts ligand discrimination in vivo. The enhanced self-reactivity of LATG135D T cells triggers excessive thymic negative selection and promotes T-cell anergy. During Listeria infection, LATG135D T cells expand more than wild-type counterparts in response to very weak stimuli but display an imbalance between effector and memory responses. Moreover, despite their enhanced engagement of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, mice bearing LATG135D show features associated with autoimmunity and immunopathology. Our data reveal the importance of kinetic proofreading in balancing tolerance and immunity.