bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bogaerts Annemie 
Published: August 2023

Atomic SpectroscopyOptical(atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS; and optogalvanic spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, QMA; quadrupole ion trap, QIT; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR; and time‐of‐flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the glow discharge (GD).The GD is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and a cathode. In most cases, the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (mostly Ar) is introduced into the discharge region before power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate, they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions are of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation and/or ionization via a number of collisional processes, and the photons or ions created in this way can be detected with optical emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry.GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. The nature of the plasma also provides mutually exclusive atomization and excitation processes that help to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. In recent years, there is also increasing interest for using GD sources for liquid and gas analyses.In this article, first, the principles of operation of the GD plasma are reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Basic applications of the GD techniques are considered next. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solution and gaseous samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information are addressed following the analytical applications. This article focuses on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation and interfaces are addressed as they pertain to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source. GD sources provide analytically useful gas‐phase species from solid samples. These sources can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analyses.
Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Cremers David A. , Multari Rosalie A. , Knight Andrew K. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Laser‐induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a novel method of elemental analysis based on a laser‐generated plasma. Pulses from a laser are focused on a sample to atomize a small amount of material resulting in the formation of a microplasma. Because of the high plasma temperature, the resulting atoms are electronically excited to emit light. The plasma light is spectrally resolved and detected to determine the elemental composition of the sample based on the unique emission spectrum of each element. Because of the simplicity of the method, it is suited for analyses that cannot be carried out using conventional methods of atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). This is particularly true for measurements that must be conducted outside of an analytical laboratory. A particular advantage of LIBS is the ability to analyze most types of samples without any preparation. This allows the interrogation of samples in situ, providing rapid measurement capability, permitting the method to be used in the analysis of gases, liquids, and solids in a variety of different sampling configurations. Although LIBS provides sensitive detection for many elements, it is not an ultrasensitive detection technique. In addition, under field conditions, the method typically does not provide the high accuracy and precision offered by laboratory‐based methods of AES. Although basically an element detection method, chemometric methods of analysis have been developed to analyze the LIBS spectrum to provide identification of chemical substances (e.g. explosives, pathogens, and chemical agents).
Liquid Chromatography‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Charles Laurence , Altuntaş Esra 
Published: August 2023

AbstractProduction of increasingly sophisticated functional macromolecules and development of new polymerization processes have placed a severe demand on analytical methodologies for accurate characterization of synthetic polymers. With regard to the variety of heterogeneities found in polymer samples, where molecules can be distributed in terms of molar mass, chemical composition, functionality, molecular architecture, and concentration, development of multidimensional approaches is mandatory. The large orthogonality of liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques, both largely employed individually in the field of synthetic polymers, makes their coupling very attractive. Because of its unrivaled softness that ensures molecule integrity upon ionization and of its ability to accommodate a flowing liquid, electrospray is the ideal ionization source to interface them. However, the electrospray process also raises some constraints on the composition of the liquid phase from which molecules have to be transferred in the gas phase as ions to be mass detected. This article reviews the capabilities and limitations of various on‐line LC‐ESI‐MS couplings involving most commonly used chromatographic techniques for synthetic polymer separation in the liquid phase, namely size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCCs), and gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC).
Field‐Flow Fractionation with Atomic Spectrometric Detection for Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles
Authors: Suwanpetch Rabiab , Techarang Takdanai , Ornthai Mathuros , M‐M Pornwilard , Siripinyanond Atitaya 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEngineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been applied in various applications: biomedical, consumer products, electronic devices, and sensors. Field‐flow fractionation (FFF) is an interesting nonchromatographic technique for size characterization of materials with nanometer range. Various subtechniques of FFF including flow, sedimentation, and electrical are described with some selected applications reviewed. Moreover, FFF can be used via off‐line and on‐line with many elemental detection techniques: GFAAS, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS, and SP‐ICP‐MS to provide more information in term of quantification and element‐specific detection. In this article, applications of FFF with atomic spectrometric detection for environmental and biological samples and consumer products and food‐related samples are discussed.
Distances and Other Dissimilarity Measures in Chemometrics
Authors: Todeschini Roberto , Ballabio Davide , Consonni Viviana 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeveral similarity/diversity measures for data mining and chemometrics are presented and discussed toward the different data they are applied to. After a short presentation of the axioms for dissimilarity and similarity functions, their relationships, and the required data pretreatment, the theoretical definitions and formulas of distance and similarity measures for real‐valued, binary, ranked, frequency, and mixed‐type data are provided along with the main concepts on distances between sets and meta‐distances. Simple examples of calculation are given, and extended comparisons are performed on the distances defined for real‐valued and binary data.
Single‐molecule Fluorescence Imaging Techniques
Authors: Reid Dylan A. , Rothenberg Eli 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe past decade has been witnessed to exciting developments in advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques that rely on visualizing single emitting fluorophores. The proliferation of single‐molecule fluorescent imaging techniques and their application in biological research have the potential to revolutionize how research is performed and greatly increase our understanding of biological systems. Presently, these techniques are still relatively niche owing to technological barriers, but it is foreseeable that they will become an increasingly common way in which insights are sought in biology. Here, we review the basic principles of key single‐molecule techniques and their recent biological applications.
Application of Two‐dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy in Protein Research
Authors: Jung Young Mee , Czarnik‐Matusewicz Bogusława , Wu Yuqing , Zhang Liping , Noda Isao 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article provides overview of the application of correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) in biological and biomedical sciences, especially in protein and enzyme studies. The powerful utility of 2DCOS combined with various analytical techniques in protein studies including enzyme are reviewed. The noteworthy developments of 2DCOS used in studies of this field are also highlighted.
Evolution of the Targets in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Moscoso Pérez Carmen M. , Fernández González Verónica , López Mahía Purificación , Muniategui Lorenzo Soledad , Prada Rodríguez Darío 
Published: August 2023

This article provides an overview of the evolution and trends of the targets in the main environmental compartments, air, water, soil/sediments, and biota. Air and water are the most important assets for our survival, but in certain areas these are heavily contaminated by notorious pollutants. Water is most often targeted for pollutants because of its good solubility power for a wide range of contaminants.Among the well‐known and regulated contaminants, several groups of substances have emerged as particularly relevant as environmental pollutants. These compounds constitute new risks for environmental and human health. In order to face up to these new risk challenges, there is an increasing need to assess their occurrence, behavior, and degradation products in the environment.Under the Stockholm Convention and other agreements, the European countries compelled themselves to eliminate or reduce the production, use, and emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and to decrease human and ecosystem exposure. Now, one aspect under discussion is the extension of the pollutants with POPs properties to new compounds needing environmental monitoring.This article, divided into four sections (air, water, soil/sediments, and biota), covers the main targets, among POPs, endocrine‐disrupting compounds, and emerging contaminants (EMCs), on which analytical chemistry is focused nowadays. Moreover, the last trends in techniques and strategies to develop suitable methods to analyze these target compounds are briefly commented. Particular attention is focused on those novel aspects and approaches that have attracted interest from the scientific community in recent years.
Electrozone Sensing Goes Nano
Authors: Figueiredo Margarida , Ferreira Paulo J. , Campos Elisa J. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecent advances in nanopore‐based technologies and microelectronics allowed the resurgence of Coulter counter‐based techniques. Known collectively as resistive pulse sensing, this technique is now capable of characterizing nanoscale objects, such as nanoparticles, viruses, DNA, and other polymers, while keeping the main attractions of the classical versions: simplicity, sensitivity and resolution, and single‐object readout.Besides an accurate characterization of both size and concentration of the nanoparticles in their natural environment, additional information about particle surface charge is currently possible in an individual basis. Furthermore, efforts have been made to integrate the nanopores in microfluidic systems with the inherent advantages in terms of portability and cost as well as the ability to integrate multiple functions.This survey aims to review the progress in resistive pulse sensing toward the characterization of submicron particles, with special emphasis on nanopore design (natural and synthetic) and on lab‐on‐a‐chip devices.
Elementary kinetic modeling of solid oxide fuel cell electrode reactions
Authors: Adler S. B. , Bessler W. G. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article reviews elementary kinetic modeling approaches for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes and cathodes. By the termelementary kinetics, we refer generally to the idea that the overall observed rate of an electrode reaction is governed by the rates of individual subprocesses that include elementary reaction steps (surface reactions, electron‐transfer steps) and transport (surface diffusion, bulk transport). For the cathode, oxygen reduction mechanisms are discussed for two materials systems, platinum (Pt) and strontium‐doped lanthanum cobaltite (La1−xSrxCoO3−δ, LSC). For the anode, oxidation mechanisms for hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons are discussed for the platinum/ and nickel/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (Pt/YSZ, Ni/YSZ) materials system. The article also covers a general presentation of elementary kinetic modeling concepts and assumptions, the integration of elementary kinetics within a multiscale modeling framework, and consistent approaches for interpreting experimental results.
A Biodegradable, Adhesive, and Stretchable Hydrogel and Potential Applications for Allergic Rhinitis and Epistaxis
Authors: Liu Shengnan , Yu Qianru , Guo Rui , Chen Kuntao , Xia Jiao , Guo Zhenhu , He Lu , Wu Qian , Liu Lan , Li Yunxuan , Zhang Bozhen , Lu Lin , Sheng Xing , Zhu Jiahua , Zhao Lingyun , Qi Hui , Liu Ke , Yin Lan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBioadhesive hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as innovative materials in medical interventions and human–machine interface engineering. Despite significant advances in their application, it remains critical to develop adhesive hydrogels that meet the requirements for biocompatibility, biodegradability, long‐term strong adhesion, and efficient drug delivery vehicles in moist conditions. A biocompatible, biodegradable, soft, and stretchable hydrogel made from a combination of a biopolymer (unmodified natural gelatin) and stretchable biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate is proposed to achieve durable and tough adhesion and explore its use for convenient and effective intranasal hemostasis and drug administration. Desirable hemostasis efficacy and enhanced therapeutic outcomes for allergic rhinitis are accomplished. Biodegradation enables the spontaneous removal of materials without causing secondary damage and minimizes medical waste. Preliminary trials on human subjects provide an essential foundation for practical applications. This work elucidates material strategies for biodegradable adhesive hydrogels, which are critical to achieving robust material interfaces and advanced drug delivery platforms for novel clinical treatments.
Cellular Membrane‐Engineered Nanovesicles as a Three‐Stage Booster to Target the Lesion Core
Authors: Huang Fanyi , Du Yawei , Chen Yanjia , Qiu Zeping , Wang Zhiyan , Fan Yingze , Shi Yunjing , Li Zhuojin , Yang Ke , Cui Wenguo , Jin Wei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe lesion core is the area with the most serious injury and vigorous repair. Existing nanocarriers are difficult to break through the targeted delivery to the lesion core for precise treatment in the intracellular and extracellular microenvironment. Herein, a cellular membrane‐engineered nanovesicle (CMEV) with a hierarchical structure is constructed using the double emulsion‐extrusion method by integrating a neutrophil membrane, functional antibody, and gelled drug‐loaded core as a three‐stage booster to target the lesion core and deliver catestatin (CST), a small therapeutic peptide, for ischemic cardiomyopathy therapy. By coating the neutrophil membrane outside the shell, CMEV is endowed with the function of neutrophil‐like migration to achieve the first stage of tissue targeting. Based on the specific anchoring to injured myocardium, a myosin light chain 3 (MLC3) antibody is embedded to fulfill the second stage of CMEV accumulation in the lesion core. The gelled core containing CST‐sodium alginate (NaAlg) with a pH‐responsive shell is prepared by ionic cross‐linking to accomplish the third stage of precise CST administration. Triggered by the microenvironment, NaAlg electrostatically adheres to the lesion core for sustained release, enhancing the efficacy of CST in improving cardiomyocyte apoptosis, excessive fibrosis, macrophage polarization, and angiogenesis. Thus, the “three‐stage booster” nanovesicle significantly ameliorates cardiac function and adverse remodeling to treat ischemic cardiomyopathy.
KERS‐Inspired Nanostructured Mineral Coatings Boost IFN‐γ mRNA Therapeutic Index for Antitumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Shao Zhenxuan , Chen Liang , Zhang Zengjie , Wu Yan , Mou Haochen , Jin Xiaoqiang , Teng Wangsiyuan , Wang Fangqian , Yang Yinxian , Zhou Hao , Xue Yucheng , Eloy Yinwang , Yao Minjun , Zhao Shenzhi , Cui Wenguo , Yu Xiaohua , Ye Zhaoming 
Published: August 2023

AbstractTumor‐associated macrophage (TAM) reprogramming is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy; however, its efficacy remains modest due to the low bioactivity of the recombinant cytokines used for TAM reprogramming. mRNA therapeutics are capable of generating fully functional proteins for various therapeutic purposes but accused for its poor sustainability. Inspired by kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) in hybrid vehicles, a cytokine efficacy recovery system (CERS) is designed to substantially augment the therapeutic index of mRNA‐based tumor immunotherapy via a “capture and stabilize” mechanism exerted by a nanostructured mineral coating carrying therapeutic cytokine mRNA. CERS remarkably recycles nearly 40% expressed cytokines by capturing them onto the mineral coating to extend its therapeutic timeframe, further polarizing the macrophages to strengthen their tumoricidal activity and activate adaptive immunity against tumors. Notably, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) produced by CERS exhibits ≈42‐fold higher biological activity than recombinant IFN‐γ, remarkably decreasing the required IFN‐γ dosage for TAM reprogramming. In tumor‐bearing mice, IFN‐γ cmRNA@CERS effectively polarizes TAMs to inhibit osteosarcoma progression. When combined with the PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody, IFN‐γ cmRNA@CERS significantly boosts antitumor immune responses, and substantially prevents malignant lung metastases. Thus, CERS‐mediated mRNA delivery represents a promising strategy to boost antitumor immunity for tumor treatment.
Rational Design of Orally Administered Cascade Nanozyme for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy
Authors: Yu Yixin , Zhao Xianguang , Xu Xudong , Cai Chenwen , Tang Xuemei , Zhang Qingyun , Zhong Liang , Zhou Fusheng , Yang Dongqin , Zhu Zhiling 
Published: August 2023

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of individuals worldwide annually. Enteric reactive oxygen species (ROS) play critical roles in the physiology and pathology of IBD. Nanozymes hold great promise for the treatment of IBD because of their exceptional ability to regulate redox homeostasis during ROS‐related inflammation. However, the rapid development of orally administered, acid‐tolerant, antioxidant nanozymes for IBD therapy is challenging. Here, a nine‐tier high‐throughput screening strategy is established to address the multifaceted IBD treatment demands, including intrinsic stability, radioactivity, solubility, gut microbiome toxicity, biomimetic elements, intermediate frontier molecular orbitals, reaction energy barriers, negative charges, and acid tolerance. Ni3S4 is selected as the best matching material from 146 323 candidates, which exhibits superoxide dismutase‐catalase bienzyme‐like activity and is 3.13‐ and 1.80‐fold more active than natural enzymes. As demonstrated in a mouse model, Ni3S4 is stable in the gastrointestinal tract without toxicity and specifically targets the diseased colon to alleviate oxidative stress. RNA and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses show that Ni3S4 effectively inhibits the cellular pathways of pro‐inflammatory factors and restores the gut microbiota. This study not develops a highly efficient orally administered cascade nanozyme for IBD therapy and offers a next‐generation paradigm for the rational design of nanomedicine through data‐driven approaches.
Thermoresistivity of Carbon Nanostructures and their Polymeric Nanocomposites
Authors: Avilés Francis 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCarbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its multi‐layer derivatives exhiibit temperature‐dependent electrical conductivity. They can form percolated networks inside polymers, which render electrical conductivity to nanocomposites. Upon the formation of a percolated network, thermal energy applied to the material drives structural changes of the network, which manifest as changes in electrical conductivity. This principle is used to develop smart materials with self‐sensing temperature capabilities. This critical review covers past and present research on the electrical response to temperature (thermoresistivity) of carbon nanostructures and their polymeric nanocomposites. It covers few‐ and multi‐layer graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon‐nanostructured arrays and fibers (yarns). The mechanisms driving the thermoresistive response of individual nanostructures, their arrays, and of their polymeric nanocomposites are addressed. The role of the nanostructured filler on the thermoresistivity of polymer nanocomposites depends on its morphology and concentration. For low filler concentrations, thermal expansion of the polymer may dominate over the inherent thermoresistivity of the filler. For high filler concentrations, or for densely packed arrays of carbon nanostructures, the inherent (quantum) thermoresistive response of the nanostructures becomes dominant. The review addresses recent progress in the field, highlights current issues, synthesizes published data, and provides outlooks and insights into future directions.
Guided Mode Induced Surface Phase Mutation for Enhanced SPR Biosensor with Dual‐Parameters Interrogation
Authors: Liu Zhenchao , Guo Tingbiao , Tan Qin , Fan Houxin , He Sailing 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOngoing research on the sensitivity and integration of refractive index‐based biosensors has resulted in significant advancements. Here, the study presents an enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensor that integrates imaging technology and features dual‐parameter interrogation (intensity and phase) with guided mode coupling. By depositing a silica‐waveguide‐layer on a metal‐layer, two‐mode coupling is established to generate a high Q resonance and induce a phase mutation. The sensing performance experiment demonstrated a phase sensing sensitivity of 1.1 × 105 degree RIU−1, Q‐value of the resonant peak up to 314, and figure of merit of 300 RIU−1, superior to most standard plasmonic sensors. An in‐line phase‐polarization modulation scheme combined with imaging technology is proposed to extract the resonant phase carrying refractive index information. Additionally, a pair‐prism module is designed to optimize the sensing system configuration. Meanwhile, dual‐parameters interrogation including the intensity and phase are demonstrated, which offers potential for complementary and multi‐sensing fusion applications. The intensity interrogation also shows a considerable sensitivity of 7.2 × 104 a.u. RIU−1. Furthermore, it is combined with microfluidic chip to detect of alpha‐synuclein protein closely related to Parkinson's disease, and the limit of detection can reach 300 pg mL−1 level, which indicated a considerable potential for high‐throughput diagnosis application.