bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soviet Muslims at the Congress of the Muslim World in Mecca (1926)
Authors: Naganawa Norihiro 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The USSR in February 1926 became the first country to recognize the state that would become Saudi Arabia. This chapter looks at Soviet involvement in that year’s Congress of the Muslim World (convened by Ibn Saud) as part of Bolshevik efforts to challenge British domination of post-Ottoman Arab lands. It presents excerpts of two articles that examine Soviet Muslims’ participation in the Congress and emphasize the USSR’s anti-imperialist support for Arab sovereignty. The chapter reveals how the early Soviet government tried to expand its international ties and influence through strategic mobilization of Islam and a focus on Mecca, and by trying to reimagine the Muslim world as a space that included the Soviet Union and was united by anti-imperialism.
Wartime Schism in the Iraqi Communist Party
Authors: Bishop Elizabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a letter to Moscow from the Communist International (Comintern) personnel file of Yusuf Salman Yusuf (1901–1949), an Iraqi communist leader known as Fahd (“Leopard”). The letter was likely written between September 1942 and May 1943, while Fahd was general secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP). Written in coded form and in English to evade Iraqi censors, the letter complains of a rival organization and seeks to keep the Communist International from recognizing this splinter group as the representative of Iraq’s communists. The letter illustrates the confusion of Iraqi communists amid the Soviet Union’s fast-changing alliances in World War II.
The Abandoned Comrades
Authors: Ginat Rami , Kirasirova Masha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents two letters sent to Moscow in 1953 pleading for Soviet intervention on behalf of forty-three incarcerated members of the Egyptian Communist Party (ECP). The letters, addressed to Grigorii T. Zaitsev, head of the Near and Middle Eastern Department of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, describe the arrest, show trials, and torture of Egyptian communists at the hands of the nominally socialist regime of President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Participants in the Egyptian communist movement, these letters show, paid a heavy price for the realpolitik policy adopted by Stalin and his successors.
From Nazareth to Moscow
Authors: Khayat Nicole , Vologzhanina Maria 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter excerpts three essays by Kulthum ‘Awda (1892–1965), also known as Klavdia Ode-Vasilieva, one of the most important Soviet scholars of Arabic and possibly the first Arab woman to work as a professor in any country. Born to an Arab Orthodox Christian family in Nazareth, ‘Awda studied and taught in Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IPPO) schools before moving to Russia, where she was stranded by World War I and spent the next half century, teaching in Leningrad and later Moscow. In these writings translated from Arabic and Russian, ‘Awda explains the philosophy of her “happy life,” conducts an ethnographic visit to villagers of Arab descent in Uzbekistan, and reminisces for a Russian audience about her childhood and IPPO education.
A Communist Mourning Icon
Authors: Takesh Suheyla 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes several works by Mahmoud Sabri (1927–2012), an Iraqi painter who studied at the Surikov Art Institute in Moscow from 1960 to 1963. A member of the Iraqi Communist Party, Sabri worked for a decade on the series Janāzat al-Shahīd (Funeral of the Martyr) memorializing fellow Iraqi communist Nu‘man Muhammad Saleh, who died during a prison hunger strike in 1951. Sabri’s Martyr paintings draw on a long Iraqi tradition of depicting mourning and martyrdom in art and literature, but also, starting in the 1960s, reflect his formal interest in Russian Orthodox Christian icon painting. While focusing on Iraqi subject matter, he incorporates formal and compositional aspects of these works including the undulating contours, oval-shaped faces, elongated facial features, and warm copper glow of the skin, but also their embodiment of tragedy.
Soviet Yerevan’s Outreach to Armenians in Lebanon (1967–1969)
Authors: Sanjian Ara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Four documents from the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic reveal the complexity of Soviet efforts to conduct ethnically based cultural outreach to Lebanon and other Arab-majority countries in the late 1960s. The documents show Soviet Armenian officials in Yerevan disagreeing with (ethnically Russian) Soviet diplomats in Moscow and Beirut over what share of cultural visits by Soviet artists and athletes should target Lebanese Armenians (about 5% of Lebanon’s population) rather than Lebanese society as a whole. The Moscow diplomats worried: “Armenian comrades do not always care about the quality of things.” Meanwhile the Armenian SSR’s foreign ministry argued that outreach to the Armenian diaspora served Soviet diplomatic objectives. Tacitly, it also took Soviet cultural diplomacy programs as an opportunity to consolidate links with Armenians abroad and promote Armenian cultural identity.
Lotus Magazine
Authors: Djagalov Rossen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Cold War competition between the two superpowers opened up space not only for the Third World as a political project but also for such cultural formations as the Afro-Asian Writers Association and its quarterly literary magazine, eventually called Lotus, published from 1967 to 1991. This chapter presents excerpts from the transcripts of the 1969 and 1970 Lotus editorial board meetings in Moscow and Cairo, respectively. These conversations show the magazine slipping from Soviet cultural bureaucrats’ grasp, as Cairo-based editors Yusuf al-Sibai and colleagues protect their local priorities and a wide range of African and Asian writers vigorously debate the identity and purpose of this Soviet-funded magazine published in English, French, and Arabic, but never Russian.
Soviet Advisers in Egypt before, during, and after Their “Expulsion” (1972)
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an excerpt from a memoir by Aleksey Smirnov, a Soviet army lieutenant and radio technology specialist who served in Egypt from 1971 to 1973. The authors question the widely repeated claim that Soviet advisers were expelled by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat on July 18, 1972, supposedly due to a rift with Moscow during the Soviet détente with the United States. Rather, the memoir details how “Smirnov” (likely a pseudonym for Soviet veteran Boris Krokhin), stayed on in Egypt, one of many military advisers who helped maintain Soviet military communications systems and prepare Egypt for the October War of 1973. It also reveals the Soviets’ complex and ambiguous attitudes toward their Egyptian colleagues as the latter prepared to fight to regain Sinai and redeem Egypt’s military honor after their defeat in 1967.
Two Soviet Responses to Frantz Fanon (1978–1979)
Authors: Casula Philipp 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter juxtaposes contrasting analyses of postcolonial theorist Frantz Fanon by two Soviet academics: Rostislav Ulianovskii (1904–1995), a key figure in the Communist Party International Department, and Aleksandr Gordon (b. 1937), a Soviet historian of the French Revolution who is much more sympathetic to Fanon. The two texts illustrate the range of Soviet responses to Fanon, showing how this “people’s tribune of anticolonial struggle” (Ulianovsky), offering a heterodox Marxism increasingly attractive to socialist interlocutors from African and Asian countries and the West, forced Soviet thinkers to engage with some uncomfortably abstract and non-material aspects of colonial modernity.
“The Intellectual Is a Hybrid Creature”
Authors: Litvin Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an interview with exiled Syrian-born novelist Khalil Alrez (b. 1956) and an excerpt from his novel The Russian Quarter (2019), shortlisted for the 2020 International Prize for Arabic Fiction. In the interview, Alrez reflects on his literary influences and his experiences living and working in the USSR, then Russia, from 1984 to 1993. He also discusses his return to Syria amid the economic chaos that followed the Soviet Union’s collapse. The excerpt from Alrez’s novel, set in a zoo in a fictional Damascus neighborhood called “The Russian Quarter,” shows a motley menagerie of Russian- and Syrian-born characters, humans and animals alike, struggling to maintain an oasis of peace on the edge of the Russian-fueled Syrian civil war.
Distinguishing Empathic Concern from Personal Distress
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Distinguishing empathic concern from personal distress can be done with the six-item Empathic Concern Index and an eight-item Distress Index, items for which are also embedded in the Emotional Response Scale. Statistical analyses indicating the distinctiveness of these emotional states are reported. The distinction isn’t quantitative; it’s qualitative, with low-impact needs (adjustment/coping) producing empathy and high-impact needs (physical suffering) producing distress. Although low-impact needs are less likely to produce personal distress, high-impact needs can produce high levels of both empathic concern and personal distress. Yet, even when these emotional states co-occur, they’re experienced as qualitatively distinct. Complicating measurement, adjectives used to report personal distress are more likely to reflect empathic distress (a form of empathic concern not personal distress) when respondents report reactions to another’s coping/adjustment problem. But when reacting to another’s physical suffering, the distress adjectives provide a valid measure of personal distress.
Empathic Concern’s Evolutionary Roots
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary roots for empathic concern are suggested to lie in human parental nurturance and in our ability to generalize this nurturance beyond offspring to a range of others. The human parental instinct seems to include (a) cognitively sophisticated perceptions of need, (b) other-oriented tender (empathic) emotions, and (c) flexible goal-directed action rather than cue-based responses. Neuroscience research reveals links between the brain regions and neurochemistry related to parental care and the regions related to empathic concern for non-progeny. These regions include the periaqueductal gray, medial and anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex. The relevant neurochemistry includes oxytocin. Psychological research reveals that infant-like features and perceived vulnerability increase empathic concern. These findings are consistent with, but not conclusive support for, the suggestion that the evolutionary roots of empathic concern lie in parental nurturance.
Behavioral Consequences
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Behavioral consequences of feeling empathic concern are most obvious at the interpersonal level—in our relations with other individuals. Research supports a wide range of interpersonal benefits, including (a) more sensitive parental care; (b) more attention and responsiveness to the needs of romantic partners, friends, and strangers; (c) less aggression toward and derogation of the targets of empathy; and (d) increased concern for stigmatized individuals. In both the West and the East, religion has been claimed to be a source of similar interpersonal benefits, although evidence is mixed. Whether religion provides benefits because it increases empathic concern for those in need is, at present, unclear.
Behavioral Consequences
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Empathic concern’s most serious liability for intergroup relations is its in-group bias (i.e., when more empathy is felt for an in-group member in need than for an out-group member experiencing the same need). Research suggests that there are two sources of in-group bias, each of which applies to a different type of out-group. The needs of distant out-group members are less likely to be recognized and appreciated, but if we adopt an imagine-other perspective toward them, we can feel and respond much as we do to the needs of in-group members. Conflict out-group members face more intractable bias. Because their welfare and ours are at odds, we’re likely to negatively value their welfare. As a result, we may recognize their needs but feel schadenfreude, the opposite of empathic concern, leading us to harm not help. Further, in-group empathy can at times intensify conflict out-group harm—as can dehumanization of conflict out-group members.
#MosqueMeToo and Muslim Cultures
Authors: Murtza Ayesha , Murtaza Atiya 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In 2018, a Pakistani woman posted on Facebook that she was sexually assaulted several times during Hajj in Mecca. Later, Mona Eltahawy used #MosqueMeToo to share that she was also sexually assaulted twice in Mecca. #MosqueMeToo soon started trending and became transnational. Citing some of these incidents and employing Islamic feminist theories, this chapter contends that #MosqueMeToo unveils the flawed foundation of most arguments that are unequivocally employed by a large majority of Muslim men, women, and legislative/government bodies to shame, blame, or disbelieve victims of sexual violence. #MosqueMeToo is particularly critical because more often than not distance from Islam, abandonment of religious values, physical appearance, and immodesty are recurring excuses used to blame the victim in Muslim societies, along with the recommendation that practicing religious dictates and following sharia would stop sexual harassment. This chapter complicates the role of religion and religious practices in systemic and institutionalized sexual violence against women.
#MeToo in the Post–Arab Spring Era
Authors: Zakarriya Jihan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the contemporary #MeToo movements in the Middle East. The #MeToo movement generated responses from all over the Arab world, where women broke deep-seated taboos and spoke about their experiences with sexual violence. In this chapter, the author argues that Arab #MeToo movements inform and are informed by major political and cultural changes in the region, including the Arab Spring and the subsequent development of human rights and democratic resistance movements. For instance, during protests, women in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria faced systematized and politically motivated processes of gendered violence in public spaces as a political weapon of oppression. Therefore, the Arab #MeToo movements discuss widespread aspects of sexual violence in public spaces, workplaces, and domestic violence as intertwined with and motivated by politics. This examination of #MeToos in the Arab world establishes these movements as continuous forms of resistance to all forces of gender-based political oppression, discrimination, and fear in the post–Arab Spring era.
The Missing Link: The Importance of Collegiality for Judicial Behavior
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines major theories of judicial decision-making and discusses how they largely overlook the importance of collegiality. Appellate judges in the U.S. Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court wield enormous influence, yet face a significant constraint on their power: their colleagues. Surprisingly, leading theories of judicial behavior relegate collegiality to the background. Neither attitudinal theories nor strategic accounts emphasize the possibility that the small-group decision-making environment may produce genuine changes in belief or a willingness to temper one’s disagreement to prevent souring working relationships. This chapter introduces the importance of collegiality, arguing that much has been lost by a myopic focus on individual judges over the small-group context in which appellate judges decide cases and make law. It concludes with an overview of the remainder of the book and its conclusions.
Understanding Collegiality
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how collegiality can affect judicial behavior. It begins by defining collegiality in terms of cooperative relationships among co-workers, placing it in a relatable general context. Next, it surveys and integrates existing theories regarding collegiality in policymaking broadly speaking. It then addresses the judicial context. Building on work in political psychology, small-group decision-making, and beyond, the chapter draws upon original elite interviews with judges and appellate clerks to assert that interpersonal contact can lead to either genuine persuasion through the deliberative process or the suppression of disagreement, that is, “going along” to prevent ruffling feathers. Critically, collegiality should operate most noticeably among colleagues who tend to disagree. Additionally, it likely will dampen the effect of ideology. This chapter also contributes to our understanding of judicial decision-making by describing why collegiality is particularly important in the judiciary and how the effects of collegiality should vary by context, such as level of court.
Interpersonal Contact and Publicizing Disagreement
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines collegiality’s effects in the U.S. Courts of Appeals with a specific focus on when judges publicize disagreement by voting to dissent or concur. This chapter suggests that judges’ ideological considerations are intertwined with the effects of collegiality such that the effects of collegiality are greatest when two judges have severe ideological disagreements and that the effect of ideological disagreement is dampened by heightened collegiality concerns. It tests these expectations using all published U.S. Courts of Appeals search and seizure opinions issued from 1953 to 2010. It introduces a novel measure of judicial collegiality: whether two judges have their home chambers in the same courthouse. The results demonstrate that collegiality and ideological disagreement are linked: when two judges have their home chambers in the same building, the effect of ideology on their decision to dissent or concur disappears.
The Supreme Court: From the Boarding House to the Marble Temple
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates collegiality’s effects on judicial decision-making at the top of the judicial hierarchy—the U.S. Supreme Court. It combines historical and contemporary examples of the importance of collegiality on the high court, unique interview evidence from former U.S. Supreme Court clerks, and a statistical model of Supreme Court cases from 1955 to 2009 to understand how social interactions among the justices explain ebbs and flows in the Court’s level of consensual decision-making over time. This multimethod approach reveals that Supreme Court justices become more likely to agree with one another the longer they serve together. Given the salient and controversial legal issues that come before the justices and an institutional context that makes the Court a challenging venue to uncover the effects of collegiality, the results indicate that interpersonal relationships affect legal outcomes at the highest court in the land.
The Lunchroom Politics of Intercourt Relations
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of interpersonal contact on the propensity of U.S. Courts of Appeals judges to reverse the decisions made by their colleagues on U.S. District Courts. Based on both law and practice, appellate judges rely on their assessments of a trial judge’s quality when deciding whether to affirm or reverse. We suggest interpersonal conduct is one way appellate judges form assessments of a lower court judge’s quality. Relying on a dataset of all published Fourth Amendment search and seizure decisions from 1953 to 2010, this chapter finds that when appellate and trial court judges have frequent interpersonal contact, the effect of ideology on the appellate judge’s decision to reverse is essentially imperceptible. Moreover, neither a trial judge’s formal qualifications nor the ideological character of their decision is associated with the likelihood they are reversed, underscoring the importance of interpersonal contact between judges as an important assessment tool.
The Impact of Relationships on the Use of Precedent
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the broader impact of interpersonal contact and collegiality by examining when judges cite one another’s majority opinions in two contexts, the U.S. Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. It explores whether factors such as two circuit colleagues having chambers in the same courthouse, the length of time two judges have served together, and whether a precedent’s author is no longer on the bench influence citation. Circuit judges are more willing to cite a precedent written by a colleague participating in the case or by a co-worker they expect to work with quite a bit in the future. Serving with another judge in the same courthouse or for more years actually decreases the probability of citation. Supreme Court justices are most likely to cite their current colleagues, but only if they are also ideological allies.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelli Peter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As many aspects of employment seem if not to have declined then at least not kept up with the growth of the economy in the United States, it is important to look beyond the usual explanations—the global economy, “technology” broadly labeled—and look at the decisions that individual companies make. How we manage employees matters. Those decisions have changed over time and most recently in response to two developments: the quirky way that financial accounting treats human capital, which matters so much more with the outsize influence of financial markets in recent years on employer decisions, and changes in the background and experience of leaders as to how they think about employees.
Employment Practices Are Choices
Authors: Cappelli Peter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The rules of financial accounting are set not by business but by the accounting and investment industries, and then codified into practices that business must follow. Those rules are based on notions of physical capital: a piece of equipment can be an asset only if it is owned, it is only possible to invest in something that one owns, and so forth. None of those rules for capital make sense when applied to employees: it is impossible for employees to be seen as an asset—even those under contract, such as professional athletes—because the team does not own them. It is impossible for training and employee development to be an investment even if it raises business outcomes tremendously, because the employer does not own those employees. Yet employees are also seen as a fixed cost even though they are typically at-will employees who can be dismissed easily. This chapter outlines the details of the mismatch between accounting principles and employment.
How Work Gets Done
Authors: Cappelli Peter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
How work is organized—who does what and how they do it—is arguably the heart of modern management. The 1930s notion that engineers knew best gradually gave way to an understanding that workers perform better when they have influence on work-related decisions. Despite evidence to the contrary, the move in the last decade or so has been back in the direction that engineers know best, playing out the optimization themes from Chapter 2. This chapter describes the rolling back of popular and successful practices like lean production and agile management that rested on empowering employees, and returning decisions to engineers.