bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Substances of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Dienes L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs sensitized with killed bacteria compared with infected guinea pigs give relatively stronger reactions with the protein substances extracted with weak NaOH from the bacillary bodies than with the filtrate of broth culture.
When groups of tuberculous guinea pigs are treated with different tuberculin preparations with different antigen specificity the skin reactions in each group (compared to the reaction of the other groups) are relatively slighter with the preparations used for the treatment than with the other preparations. These observations show that between different tuberculin preparations not only quantitative, but also qualitative differences are present with respect to the tuberculin effect.
Of our purified preparations only the protein substances have had tuberculin effect, and these preparations with few exceptions have also had antigenic properties in vitro. Two of the important tuberculin preparations, the protein substances precipitable at low pH, and the tuberculin-active substances of the broth, nonprecipitable with acids, gave reaction only with a few of our sera.
The tuberculin effect probably is one of the several manifestations of the specific properties of the antigens.
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Bally L. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although the literature on the effects of histamine is quite extensive it deals mostly with observations made upon dogs and cats, while observations upon reactions produced in the rabbit are particularly conspicuous by their absence. Possibly this is due to one of the peculiar anomalies of histamine in failing to produce an immediate depressor effect in rodents as it does in carnivora. This has been quite puzzling since histamine is known to be a strong stimulant of plain muscle, yet produces a pronounced fall in blood pressure of carnivora, apparently due to capillary dilation. In the rabbit the exact opposite reaction occurs—a rise in blood pressure, presumably due to vasoconstriction as one would expect.
Dale and Richards (1) point out that vasodilator effects of histamine are purely peripheral effects upon the blood vessels, independent of any nervous connection. They conclude that the vasodilation is due to the relaxation of the tone of the capillaries since histamine has a constrictor effect upon the arteries.
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Bally L. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among immunologists the rabbit has enjoyed considerable popularity as an experimental animal, but for some unknown reason has not been used in anaphylactic studies as extensively as some other animals—dogs and guinea pigs. This situation has probably been fostered by statements and inferences in the literature that the rabbit is very difficult to sensitize, and that the usual criteria used to denote sensitization among other species give rather variable and inconclusive results when applied to the rabbit.
Auer (1) states that rabbits are not so easily prepared, nor can as high a degree of sensitization be obtained as readily and as certainly as in the guinea pig. He suggests that of various methods employed to sensitize rabbits, perhaps some modification of the Arthus method—4 to 8 injections of antigen subcutaneously 4 to 8 days apart—is the best. He also quotes Arthus as finding the incubation period from 8 to 15 days after the last injection.
The Examination of 2,433 Human Sera for Agglutinins of Brucella Abortus
Authors: Welsh M. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the winter months of 1926–27 this Laboratory through the courtesy of the Maryland State Board of Health, was able to test 2,433 human sera for reactions against a Brucella abortus antigen by the agglutination method. The sera had been sent in for routine Wassermann examination, from various parts of the Satate.
In this series of tests, Myer's strain no. 80 of Br. abortus was used. The cultures were grown on agar slants having a pH of about 6.8. These were incubated at 37°C. for forty-eight hours and then washed off with about 10 cc. of phenolized physiological salt solution. The heavy suspension of organisms resulting was filtered through a thin layer of sterile cotton to remove any foreign material present. The filtrate was stored as a stock antigen at about 15°C. and examined occasionally for purity. For test purposes, the stock antigen was diluted with phenolized physiological salt solution until the turbidity corresponded with the no. 1 tube of McFarland's nephelometer.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Spain W. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction The hypersensitive state in man, which is clinically expressed as asthma and hay fever, though studied now for nearly twenty years is by no means fully understood. We do not yet know exactly how and why a sensitiveness to one or several particular substances originates and persists in a certain small percentage (about 5 per cent) of the human race.
The condition was originally assumed to be anaphylaxis (1) (2), but early studies (3) in asthma and hay fever disclosed facts regarding this type of sensitization in man that were not in entire accord with those that obtain in anaphylaxis. Briefly stated, these facts were: that inherited factors play an important part for they influence the age of onset of clinical sensitization as well as the number to become sensitive among the offspring of sensitive antecedents; that the condition is apparently spontaneous, since clinical sensitization is not obtained by artificial means.
Further Experiments on the Agent of Herpes
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Tang Fei-Fang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In working on the neutralizing powers of the serum of rabbits immunized against the agent of herpes, the writers noticed some years ago (1) that salt solution suspensions of this material taken from the brains of rabbits dead of the disease rapidly lost virulence, upon incubation at 37.5°C. There was a distinct diminution of infectiousness within two or three hours, and often complete loss of virulence within five or six hours, the time period varying with the densities of the suspensions. Suspensions in which the amount to be inoculated into a rabbit (0.1 to 0.25 cc.) contained not more than three or four fatal doses—that is, dilutions of 1:16,000 according to the potency of the virus—were often completely inactivated within four or five hours, whereas heavier suspensions would last correspondingly longer, probably because of the presence of minute particles of brain material within which the herpetic agent was protected to some extent from the deteriorating influences active in the salt solution.
The Dick Test and Allergic Skin Reactions to Streptococcus Nucleoproteins
Authors: Ando K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There are those who believe that the specific poison of Streptococcus scarlatinae, though thermostable, is a soluble toxin comparable to that of diphtheria, and there are others who hold that it is endotoxic in nature (especially Duval and Hibbard); correspondingly, there is a conflict of opinion as to the nature of Dick reaction. According to the prevalent opinion, the Dick test indicates the presence or absence of antitoxin to the scarlatinal toxin, but there are also a few who still believe in the allergic nature of Dick reaction (v. Gröer, Dochez, Cooke, Bristol etc.). In examining the purification and concentration of the Dick toxin, we have recently succeeded in isolating two substances with which skin reactions can be elicited in human beings. The first seems to be bacterial protein, which may be considered as the so-called nucleoprotein and the second as the essential specific toxin which is heat-labile and exotoxic in nature.
Some Cellular Reactions and Immunity in Tuberculosis
Authors: Sherwood Marion B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inasmuch as tuberculosis occurs and becomes progressive in both allergic animals and those of primary infection, despite the fact that in both the tubercule bacilli are ingested by the polymorphonuclear leucocyte, it has long been believed that the polymorphonuclear cell serves merely as a vehicle for the transport of the organisms throughout the body. That this view is still held is clearly shown by certain statements made in the recently published Tuberculosis in Man and Animals by Calmette (1). An increasing number of publications, particularly abundant during the past few years, suggest that this theory should not go unchallenged. The various papers of Sabin and her co-workers (2) are particularly pertinent in this connection. These contributions have dealt with the cytology of the fluids of the animal body and have considered not only the cellular picture in the normal animal but also the changes following the inoculation of various substances.
Variation in Susceptibility to Diphtheria Toxin Among Guinea Pigs and Rabbits and Accuracy of Various Methods of Toxinantitoxin Titration
Authors: Ando K. , Nishimura H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sensitiveness of the skin of guinea pigs and rabbits to a small amount of diphtheria toxin shows considerable variation locally and individually. The skin of the side-chest and flank gives a uniform and more marked reaction to the injection of a small amount of diphtheria toxin than the skin of the abdomen. Abnormally low skin sensitiveness to diphtheria toxin is an indication of antitoxin content in the blood serum. We propose to define the term “susceptibility” as follows: Susceptibility is expressed by the m.l.d. of one toxin determined with guinea pigs of average susceptibility divided by the m.r.d. of the same toxin on the guinea pig or rabbit tested. The introduction of this idea of susceptibility would yield more accurate experimental results in regard to the assay of toxin and antitoxin. Individual variation in susceptibility to diphtheria toxin among guinea pigs was considerable, and the susceptibility varied from 2000 to 75 in our tests with almost 300 guinea pigs. Normal susceptibility seems to be from 1000 to 500. The susceptibility to diphtheria toxin of rabbits varied from 3000 to 500 in our tests with 30 rabbits. Pregnancy and littering seem temporarily to reduce very much the skin sensitiveness to diphtheria toxin. The m.r.d. and the Lr/500 dose of a given toxin showed considerable variation according to the varying susceptibility of the guinea pig employed for titration. The Roemer method of toxin-antitoxin titration, therefore, must be conducted as follows: the m.r.d. or the Lr/500 dose of a given toxin is determined from the ratio of the m.r.d. or the Lr/500 dose of test toxin to that of a standard toxin tested on the same guinea pig, at the same time. Male guinea pigs over 400 grams weight are preferable as test animals for the intracutaneous method. By the Schick test we are enabled to discover the guinea pig of abnormal susceptibility which might cause irregularities in the result of the determination of m.l.d. of a diphtheria toxin. Individual variation of susceptibility among guinea pigs might have some influence on the determination of the “Immunity index.”
Further Studies on Heterophilic Antibodies in Serum Sickness
Authors: Davidsohn I. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Eighty-three patients were treated with normal horse serum or horse immune sera. Twenty-seven had agglutinins for sheep cells before the treatment. Of the fifty-six remaining, all but five developed agglutinins for sheep red blood cells in titers from 1:4 upward. The five negative cases were apparently tested too early or too late following treatment. Many of the cases showed a very marked increase of their sheep hemolysin titer. In a control series of 810 normal cases 9 per cent agglutinated sheep red cells in a dilution of 1:4, and the highest titer for the hemolysin for sheep cells was 1:128 in a very small number of cases (six of 381), the highest titer in most sera being 1:16. All forty-five patients who developed serum sickness showed agglutinins and many a very high hemolysin for sheep blood. The agglutinins were present at the onset of the disease whenever the blood was then obtained. In a series of 6 cases, they appeared in each of them before the onset of the initial symptoms, the intervals being six hours to eight days. The average titers for the agglutinins and hemolysins were very much higher in the cases who have had serum sickness than in those who did not have it. The difference is so marked that a hemolysin titer of 1:128 or higher and an agglutinin titer of 1:32 or higher is suggestive of serum sickness in a more or less recent past. Of ten patients who developed an immediate or accelerated reaction, eight had agglutinins before the injection of the serum, and the two remaining showed them three days after the injection. The incidence of immediate or accelerated reactions was 30 per cent among patients with agglutinins before the injections of the horse sera, and only 5 per cent among those without agglutinins before the injection. Three out of four patients, who reacted with a late local reaction, had agglutinins demonstrable in a dilution 1:4 before the injection. Only one of the patients responding with an immediate or accelerated reaction, and none of those responding with local reactions developed serum sickness. There seems to be a relation between the pre-existence of agglutinins for sheep cells before the injections of horse sera and the type of reaction. The rôle of the agglutinins may be merely that of an indicator of some changes predisposing for such type of reactions. Agglutinins for ox blood are normally present in a relatively high percentage of cases, and when absent they frequently appeared in immunized patients after the onset of serum sickness. Agglutinins for guinea pig red cells are present in a very large number of normal sera, and almost all sera agglutinate rabbit blood cells. This gives the agglutinins for sheep blood a unique significance.
Vaccinia: Studies of Immunity, Reactions and Effects of Heat
Authors: Andervont H. B. , Rosenau M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pirquet (3) and Force (4) mention a reaction following the introduction of vaccine virus heated to 80°C. into the skin of previously vaccinated persons. This was noted during the course of experiments in which heated material served as “control” for unheated virus. Our experiments confirm their findings as regards the appearance of a reaction with heated virus and also indicate that with the single scratch method of vaccination, virus heated to 70°C. for one hour, kept in boiling water for one hour, autoclaved for one hour or kept at room temperature for five years is capable of eliciting the response in previously vaccinated individuals; in fact, our experience teaches that the reaction following the use of heated virus is as constant as that observed when unheated virus is employed. The reaction to heated virus appears and disappears somewhat earlier than the reaction to unheated virus. The heated virus produces a reaction with papules indistinguishable from the well known immediate reaction.
We found also that no reaction occurs when heated virus is used to vaccinate previously unvaccinated children or adults, and that such vaccination induces no immunity.
So far as studies concerning the antigenic substance responsible for the immediate reaction are concerned, our observations tend to show that the virus is the causative factor. An extract of vaccine pulp freed of virus by filtration is incapable of causing the reaction. Furthermore, individuals immunized against cowpox by vaccination with calf virus give the immediate reaction when revaccinated with vaccine virus derived from rabbit brain. These results indicate a common antigen in calf and rabbit material. The vaccine virus is known to be present in both. The possibility of another antigenic substance being responsible is excluded because normal calf skin or glycerinated normal rabbit brain fail to evoke any reaction in previously vaccinated persons.
A Case of Pel Ebstein's Syndrome of Tuberculous Origin
Authors: L'Esperance Elise S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the various clinical types of Hodgkin's disease, there is a rather rare form in which gradual splenic enlargement with intermittent attacks of pyrexia, lasting for two weeks or longer, are the most prominent features, the associated lymph node involvement being either absent or insignificant.
This peculiar syndrome was first described by Murchison in 1871, but received very little attention. Pel, in 1885, described three similar cases as pseudoleukemia. This was followed in 1887 with a detailed report by Ebstein of a new infectious disease. From time to time isolated cases of this form of Hodgkin's disease have been reported by Symmers (1909), Wade (1913), Mellon (1916) and the author (1924).
In the further study of the experimental inoculation of chickens with Hodgkin's nodes, a case of Hodgkin's disease with the Murchison-Pel-Ebstein's syndrome was submitted to me from the Memorial Hospital:
The patient was a young man, twenty-five years of age, from the British West Indies.
The Effect of the Injection of Colloidal Substances on Experimental Typhus Fever
Authors: Reimann Hobart A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Many studies have been made to ascertain the effect of the injection of various colloidal substances on the reticulo-endothelial system particularly in regard to the influence on immunity or on the production of demonstrable immune bodies. It is well known that colloidal substances when injected either intravenously or intraperitoneally are rapidly taken up by the endothelial cells. The whole endothelial system takes part in the process but by far the greatest amounts of the substances are found in the reticulo-endothelial cells of the liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes and bone marrow (1) (2). It seemed of interest therefore to observe the effect of the injection of certain colloidal substances on typhus fever, a disease which involves chiefly the endothelial cells.
Typhus fever is characterized by proliferative and degenerative changes in the smaller blood vessels of the skin and viscera (3).
On the Inheritance and Racial Distribution of Agglutinable Properties of Human Blood
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The studies reported substantiate the view that an agglutinable property of human blood detected by an agglutinin present in certain exceptional human sera (“extra agglutinin 1”) is inherited and that its frequency shows a racial difference in the two populations examined. Consequently it must be considered as a constitutional property. The same conclusion seems to hold for other properties of red cells demonstrable by atypical human sera.
Evidence is presented to show that the qualities characterizing the two subgroups of group A are inherited.
The experiments reported were made with the use of some atypical sera containing agglutinins of marked activity.
Distribution of Antibodies in the Serum and Organs of Rabbits
Authors: Freund Jules , Henderson Howard J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The action of bile upon bacteria, toxins and other antigens has been the subject of numerous investigations, for the biliary system is frequently infected and the bile of carriers of typhoid bacilli may contain them for years after the disease has been contracted.
We selected agglutinins for the present inquiry into the antibody content of the bile after immunization because they are the most readily demonstrable antibodies. The reports on agglutinins in the bile are very contradictory. Exhaustive reviews of the literature can be found in the papers of Neilson and Meyer (1) and in the article by Perry (2). Perry immunized dogs with red blood-cells of goat and rat. She did not find specific hemagglutinins in the bile of dogs that had been given a single injection of erythrocytes and had agglutinins in their blood. Neilson and Meyer came to the following conclusion:
The Serologic Diagnosis of Pullorum Disease in Domestic Fowls
Authors: Valley George , Casman E. P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The precipitate obtained in the agglutination tube consists of protein and lipoid fractions. It is suggested that under the conditions (increased H-ion and salt concentration) prevailing in the agglutination tube a lipin-protein complex formed from substances in the serum is precipitated.
Evidence is cited to show that phenol in 0.5 per cent concentration may cause precipitation of certain protein constituents of serum.
It is further indicated that, aside from the metabolic changes accompanying egg laying, such factors as muscular exercise or shock may influence the pH and the lipoid content of the serum and consequently cause “cloudy” reactions.
While the predisposing causes for the “cloudy” reaction undoubtedly arise in the serum, the phenomenon of precipitation is nevertheless profoundly influenced by the conditions prevailing in the agglutination tube.
The Question of the Elimination of Foreign Protein (Egg-White) in Woman's Milk
Authors: Donnally Harry H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Evidence of the elimination in the breast milk of food proteins ingested by lactating women, has been clinical. Stuart's inability to confirm Shannon's experiments and conclusions casts grave doubt upon their validity. Walzer's egg absorption work makes it possible to determine when the lactating mother has unaltered egg protein in her blood stream. This constitutes a valuable guide as to the time to collect the breast milk for the study of its egg content. A human anti-egg serum, such as serum F, once found, is available for a long time, and offers considerable latitude to the experimenter. Among receptive skins moderate differences in reactivity are found. A specific test of great delicacy for egg-white is offered by the site in a reactive skin sensitized by human anti-egg serum of high reagin content. Serum F sites may react to one part of egg-white in ten billion parts of salt solution or breast milk whey. A method for the preparation of concentrated breast milk whey for testing is presented, although its concentration may not be of great importance. The concentrated whey of breast milk obtained after raw egg ingestion, on an empty stomach and without other food, from three of eight women, gave the specific reaction for egg-white greater than the control, in sensitized sites in two normal recipients for each whey. Four recipients were utilized for the tests. By comparison of the skin reactions obtained with the breast milk whey, with those of known dilutions of egg-white, it is estimated that the concentration of egg-white in one of them was one part in a million, and in each of the others one part of egg-white in a billion parts. An unsuccessful attempt was made to sensitize a guinea pig passively to egg-white with 2.5 cc. of serum F intraperitoneally, as shown by the uterine strip method of Dale.
Renaissance of Pre-Ehrlich Immunology
Authors: Manwaring W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
There is convincing evidence that injected antigens undergo a series of chemical “hybridizations” in animal tissues, and suggestive evidence that the resulting antigen-tissue “hybrids” become semi-permanently “symbiotic” with these tissues, both terms, of course, being used metaphorically. Whether or not these “symbiotic hybrids” are to be regarded as partially homologized antigens, as specifically alienated somatic proteins (30), or as antigen-somatic-protein conjugates can not be predicted from present biochemical knowledge. There is convincing evidence that some of these antigen-tissue “hybrids” have properties simulating those of specific antibodies, but no proof thus far that they are identical with these antibodies. There is, however, no evidence at the present time that there is any other physiological method of specific antibody formation.