bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women and the Politics of Education in Third Republic France
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In Third Republic France (1870–1940) the directrice of a normal school for training women teachers was the most important woman representative of public primary education in each department. Her role was central to the republican educational project designed to bolster the establishment of a stable democracy after the Franco-Prussian War. The laicization of public education figured prominently in republican efforts to combat the old alliance of “throne and altar” favoring monarchy and religious instruction in public schools. Although laymen taught most boys in public schools by 1870, many nuns staffed separate girls’ public schools. Thus an 1879 law mandated new normal schools to train lay teachers for France and Algeria. This study of 313 normal school directrices between 1879 and 1940, an important group of professional women not previously studied, explores challenges they faced and their responses. Often the target of political hostility, they defended republican schooling as they interacted with local notables and authorities. In an educational system divided by social class as well as by gender, they trained teachers for “children of the people” attending free primary schools, separate from the elite and less numerous secondary schools. Directrices were expected to be role models for women teachers and to emphasize women’s duties as wives and mothers. Yet their careers exemplified an alternative to domesticity at a time of much debate about women’s appropriate roles. Eventually some pushed against the boundaries of prevailing gender norms as they also joined professional, philanthropic, and feminist associations.
Training Future Teachers
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The role of directrices inside normal schools is the focus of this chapter. Their duties were pedagogical and administrative. They were expected to guide a school’s professors and to monitor and influence students’ behavior. Ideally the normal school’s atmosphere should be familial and the directrice’s role akin to that of a mother. Inspectors and rectors who monitored normal schools provided both criticism and praise, recognizing the directrice as the most important woman representative of public primary education in a department. Directrices taught courses in psychology, pedagogy, and moral instruction. In their schools and in publications they advised future teachers on professional conduct and emphasized that teachers should support the Republic and its policy of laïcité and religious toleration. Students’ reactions to their directrices and to experiences in normal schools varied, but many long retained positive memories, sometimes calling directrices the most important influence on their lives.
Directing Normal Schools in Petites Patries
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The personnel of normal schools in regions with distinct local particularities, such as the Catholic West or colonial Algeria, had to deal with special issues of language and culture. This chapter examines the experiences of normal school directrices in Brittany and Vendée and in Algeria, which lagged behind many departments in literacy statistics and educational achievement. Political controversies linked to religion in Morbihan and Côtes-du-Nord affected normal schools and their directrices. In the three Algerian departments women sent from France to staff normal schools frequently departed as soon as possible. On the other hand, the first directrices born in Algeria—Louise Sahuc and Félicie Muraccioli—each led schools for more than twenty years in departments of Alger and Constantine. Unlike the men’s normal school near Alger, the three women’s normal schools did not enrol young Muslim women before 1914, and fewer Muslim girls than boys were schooled.
Approaches to Feminism
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The French feminist argument, articulated by the Conseil National des Femmes Françaises (CNFF) and Union Française pour le Suffrage des Femmes (UFSF), that gaining legal equality and the vote would enable women to help relieve the suffering of the poor and disadvantaged appealed to women in primary education committed to serving “the people” and their children. The campaign of women primary schoolteachers in the Fédération Féministe Universitaire to obtain the same pay as male colleagues also influenced many women educators, spurring consideration of reasons why women did not receive equal pay for equal work. Normal school directrices, like most women educators, did not challenge the belief that women had distinctive roles as wives and mothers. Yet many became convinced that differences in gender roles did not justify legal and political inequality. By 1914 at least twenty-five directrices had joined the UFSF.
Self-Employment and Independence
Authors: González Ricoy Iñigo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Self-employment merits protection and promotion, we often hear, because it confers independence from a boss. But what, if anything, is wrong with having a boss? On one of the two views that this chapter inspects, being under the power of a boss is objectionable as such, no matter how suitably checked this power may be, for it undermines workers’ agency. On a second view, which republican theorists favor, what is objectionable is subjection not to the power of bosses as such but to their arbitrary, uncontrolled power. The first view is unconvincing, this chapter argues, as it entails (implausibly) that being under the power of others in realms like the family or the state is likewise objectionable as such. And although the second view yields compelling reasons for self-employment, it only does so when employers’ power is not suitably checked. When it is, such reasons are easily outweighed by competing considerations, like those stemming from the further forms of dependence—on suppliers and purchasers—that self-employment may prompt.
Hobby Lobby and the Moral Structure of the Employee-Employer Relationship
Authors: Silver David 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the “Hobby Lobby case” to explore how to structure the employee-employer relationship in an egalitarian manner. The Hobby Lobby company sought and received an exemption from a legal mandate to provide its employees with insurance coverage for contraceptive services on the grounds that it forced its shareholders to be complicit in an activity that they found morally reprehensible. This chapter argues that the company should not have been granted this exemption because (a) it is up to the democratic process to determine how much we can ask people to contribute to the ability of others to develop and exercise their powers of self-governance, (b) the democratic process had already determined that employers must support the self-governance of their employees by providing them with contraceptive care coverage, and (c) it had thus defined a zone of employee self-sovereignty which is outside the realm of moral concern to their employers.
Introduction
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sets up the central tension in the history of childhood during the Third Republic. Through the passage of child labor laws, the creation of a juvenile justice system, and the expansion of primary education, the Republic defined childhood as a distinct stage of life. It established these policies to promote the development of working-class children. And yet, even by the mid-twentieth century, only a small fraction of French youths attended secondary school. This chapter emphasizes the importance of age as a conceptual framework for exploring this tension. It then traces the longer history of childhood in nineteenth-century France. It engages with the challenges of defining childhood and of accessing young people’s voices. It concludes by providing an overview of educational policy in the Third Republic and by introducing Paris as a setting for this history.
Child Labor Legislation and the Regulation of Age
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In 1874, the Republic passed a child labor law, which was its first piece of social welfare legislation. In 1892, and again in 1900, it passed subsequent laws that set limits on young people’s participation in the workforce. As Chapter 1 shows, these laws represented a turning point. They were the Republic’s first attempts to define childhood as a standardized, uniform stage of life. They made age precise and numeric. In passing these laws, republican legislators shifted the power to demarcate stages within childhood from parents to state actors. But this version of childhood came into conflict with the expectations parents, employers, and even young workers had for young people’s participation in the workforce. Individuals from each of these groups found ways to negotiate or contest these laws. In doing so, they articulated their own versions of childhood.
Attitudes Toward Women in Government
Authors: Thomas Melanee , Mahéo Valérie-Anne , Bogiaris Guillaume 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The experiments reveal some differences across provinces regarding candidate gender’s effect on evaluations, particularly to be a minister, since in Alberta the woman receives a more favorable evaluation, and in Quebec the man does. Overall, however, party has a larger effect than gender, via party issue ownership and a strong party in-group effect, and young adults in both provinces view women as capable for diverse posts and in stereotypically masculine policy areas. Broad acceptance of women as leaders is incongruent with the relatively low level of incorporation of women into high-profile ministerial and party leader posts in national politics, although at the time of the experiment Alberta did have a woman premier and parity cabinet, and Quebec had recently had a woman premier and women in powerful provincial cabinet posts. Women’s acceptance as leaders also fits with the large role social welfare policy plays in Canadian national and provincial politics.
Party over Gender
Authors: Dhima Kostanca , Piscopo Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In both California and Texas, young adults generally do not evaluate male candidates more favorably than female candidates; however, some gender stereotypes are apparent in certain policy areas. In the Texas sample the man is evaluated more favorably for security and infrastructure policy, both stereotypically masculine, while in California women are viewed as capable for masculine policies. The more favorable evaluation of the man for security especially indicates traditional leadership templates because the man and women candidates’ speeches presented the exact same discussion of security policy. Party mattered in both experiments, with significantly more favorable evaluations when the candidate was from the participant’s party. The more traditional leadership template in Texas is consistent with the state’s emphasis on self-defense. Broad acceptance of women in the California sample fits with the Democratic leanings of that sample and the greater number of high-profile women politicians from that state.
Neuroethics
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIs free will an illusion? Is addiction a brain disease? Can neuroscience be trusted to read the minds of criminals and consumers? Neuroethics answers these and other ethical questions raised by brain science through captivating cases, philosophical analysis, and scientific evidence. The book covers core topics such as free will, addiction, mental illness, brain manipulation, moral enhancement, brain images as legal evidence, the reliability of moral intuitions, and even misconduct in neuroscience. By soberly scrutinizing the science and avoiding alarmist reactions, a “nuanced neuroethics” is developed that reconceives human agency as less conscious and reliable but more diverse and flexible than we ordinarily think. A central lesson for medicine, law, ethics, cognitive science, and public policy is that disordered and neurotypical minds are more alike than they are unalike.
Ethics Meets Neuroscience
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWhat is neuroethics? This chapter begins with the case of a sex offender who developed deviant desires following brain surgery. Should he be held fully accountable for criminal activity that resulted from his treatment for epilepsy? The case illustrates one kind of issue that lies at the intersection of ethics and neuroscience. A preview of subsequent chapters demonstrates the breadth of neuroethics. The book’s main aim is to provide a unified take on this burgeoning field, with serious attention paid to both the philosophical issues and scientific evidence. So the chapter ends with an appendix describing some basic philosophical and neurobiological concepts necessary for navigating neuroethics.
Motivated Reasoning
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIs human reasoning bound to be biased by our values? Split-brain patients are prone to make up explanations to justify peculiar behavior, but so do neurotypical individuals, including neuroscientists. Confabulation, rationalization, and other forms of motivated reasoning can make anyone biased in their collection or assessment of evidence. We are quite the opposite of Lady Justice, whose blindfold represents objectivity. Even neuroscientists are motivated to acquire profit, promote pet theories, and secure jobs for their lab members. And these goals can lead researchers to oversell their findings, ignore methodological problems, and rationalize questionable research practices. Nonetheless, there is reason to be optimistic about human reasoning and its ability to produce scientific knowledge through a marketplace of competing ideas and evidence.
Brain Reading
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractShould we trust brain science to read the minds of criminals and consumers? Concerns about justice, privacy, and the health of society might make one deeply suspicious of using neuroscience in such contexts, but such alarmism is unwarranted. Concerns about neuromarketing are often based on overinflated claims about the power of brain imaging to uncover our deepest desires. In contrast, some neuroscientific technologies do provide useful evidence in the law, or at least as useful as the evidence we already permit (an argument from parity). The benefits are modest, but this also limits the damage brain reading can do. Moreover, the meager benefits can be amplified when combined with other tools we already have in our legal toolbelts. The chapter begins with a case in which a man on death row is exonerated partly on the basis of his brain activity.
Storytellers
Authors: Link Nathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The final chapter pivots from process of “decoding” the stories of Handel’s operas to examining the roles of opera’s many storytellers (including singers, orchestral musicians, librettists, directors, and the composer) and the relationships exhibited among these many expresses voices during performance. Drawing on accounts from operagoers of Handel’s day, the chapter reconstructs hypothetical audience perceptions of these expressive entities during performance, considering moments at which their respective voices seem most likely to have emerged to the fore. After exploring the manifold voices of operatic representation from the standpoint of their separateness, the chapter concludes by considering the possibility of a representational convergence of these forces, asking whether a figure akin to the implied author posited by some literary critics might emerge, temporarily, through their combined contributions. As a case study, the chapter investigates the significance of arias about nightingales, creatures that carried then (and carry still) highly charged symbolic and mythical resonance.
From Loafers to Labor Heroes
Authors: Kang Xiaofei 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines how Mao’s mass line principle defined the campaign methods to bring “parasitic” shamans into the larger production force. The Party resorted to public trials, mass confessions, small-group criticism, and other means of public shaming to rehabilitate shamans. Local officials followed the official rhetoric to confront shamans and their ritual power at the grassroots level. Party propaganda further promoted a “new labor perspective” to establish labor heroes and heroines as new gender ideals in rural society. By all accounts, the Party extended the newly developed mechanism of intra-Party thought reform to a rural populace. Nonetheless, a traditional ritual culture of repentance, communal compacts, and official exorcism, as well as Confucian articulations of family and kinship, also shaped the actual operation of the mass line politics. For the purpose of establishing its hegemonic authority, the CCP navigated between the old and the new in order to effect moral and affective changes in rural society.
Conclusion
Authors: Kang Xiaofei 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 concludes the book by discussing the historical, comparative, and contemporary significance of bringing religion and gender into the discussion of Maoist revolutionary politics. From Yan’an to Beijing, the subliminal yet ingenious use of religion and gender rhetoric fundamentally shaped the CCP’s mass mobilization. The chapter further points out the ramifications of the anti-superstition campaign’s rhetoric, methods, and stories for the Maoist PRC. The White-Haired Girl’s archetypal storyline of salvation justified the Party’s civilizing mission among China’s ethnic nationalities and paved the way for the Cult of Mao. Moreover, the chapter discusses how the Chinese revolution’s battle with ghosts and demons differed from the one against the Church and God in Soviet antireligious discourse. Finally, the revolution’s tenacious connections with China’s old cultural system underpin the Maoist legacies that sustain the current regime. The market economy may have dissolved the old rhetoric of class struggle, but the saga does continue for the CCP.
Moral and Immoral Whiteness in Immigration Politics
Authors: Matos Yalidy 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on the framework of moral and immoral whiteness to make three interrelated arguments about whites’ attitudes on immigration. Grounding the book’s theory in the history of immigration in the United States, the chapter argues first that whiteness structures immigration and second that immigration attitudes are moral choices. Since whiteness is about an understanding of race and power and thus moral culpability, whites’ political attitudes and behavior should be understood through this lens. The final aspect of the chapter’s argument is that whites’ moral norms, the values, beliefs, and roles that dictate ingroup behavior, are intimately connected to whites’ socialization and in turn their political and psychological predispositions. The chapter argues that predispositions, individual-level traits that mitigate communication and information that people encounter and the extent to which the information is received, are byproducts of socialization.
Play, Performativity, and the Production of a Pup Identity in the United States
Authors: Matchett Robert M. , Berkowitz Dana 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the processes by which those involved in the pup subculture construct and negotiate their pup identities and create and maintain pup communities increasingly through social media and messaging apps. It draws on data collected from 30 in-depth, semi-structured interviews collected in the spring of 2020 through summer 2020, to better understand pup play in the context of the United States. The results showed that pups used social networking to learn about the subculture, acquire inspiration for their pup identities, and forge digital communities across the globe. In addition, drawing on theories of performativity and identity work, the authors demonstrate how pups engage in a multidimensional identity-building process to access headspace and cultivate their pup identity.
Dominance, Submission, and Intersectionality
Authors: Sexsmith Sinclair 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The shorthand for consensual authority exchange relationships is usually “power dynamics,” but the use of the word “power” is often challenged because it implies that someone “gives up” power, and someone else “gets” or “takes” power. In truth, when authority exchange relationships are smoothly working, everyone feels solid their own power. Studying personal empowerment, interpersonal “power dynamics,” and the institutionalized disempowerment structures, this is a personal essay that explores what it is to be a dominant in a relationship, feel into my personal empowerment, and be aware of my intersectional identities of queer, feminist, nonbinary, transmasculine, and anti-racist, in the transformative justice communities.
From Pain to Healing
Authors: Rubinsky Valerie , Cooke-Jackson Angela , Rodriguez Alejandre 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Previous research on those who practice BDSM has identified many processes associated with its potential to heal or harm. Members of the community who engage in various forms of trauma play who have themselves experienced sexual trauma can find the space empowering. This chapter explores the specific BDSM communication practices identified as aiding in the process of sexual assault recovery. Using qualitative survey research, the present chapter identifies both specific communication practices like boundary-setting and safe words, as well as general communication processes like listening and feeling heard, that contribute to a sense of safety in play spaces. Findings include (1) safety and control as elements of BDSM that enable recovery, (2) the centrality of communication to BDSM, and (3) performing and reclaiming spaces of trauma as communication tools embedded in kinky communities.
Good News for Common Goods
Authors: Markofski Wes 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
There has been a lot of bad news about evangelical Christianity and democracy in America in recent years. In Good News for Common Goods: Multicultural Evangelicalism and Ethical Democracy in America, sociologist Wes Markofski draws on twelve months of immersive ethnographic fieldwork in Los Angeles, Portland, Atlanta, and Boston to investigate how multicultural evangelicals across the United States are addressing racial difference and inequality, poverty and economic inequality, and political, cultural, and religious difference and disagreement in America’s increasingly polarized social and political landscape. Based on extensive original research on multicultural evangelicals active in faith-based community organizing, community development, political advocacy, and public service organizations across the country—including over ninety in-depth interviews with racially diverse evangelical and non-evangelical activists, community leaders, and neighborhood residents—Markofski shows that the varieties of public religion practiced by evangelical Christians are not always, and need not always be, bad news for nonevangelicals, people of color, and those committed to advancing ethical democracy in the United States. He finds that reflexive evangelicals can and do work with diverse race, class, religious, moral, and cultural others to achieve common good solutions to public problems, and that they can do so without abandoning their own distinctive convictions and identities (or demanding that others do so). Just as ethical democracy calls for a more reflexive evangelicalism, so too does it call for a more reflexive secularism and progressivism.