bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectivas da governança fundiária: Projeto regulariza Amazônia cooperação bilateral Brasil-União Europeia
Authors: Ribeiro Alyson Fernando Alves 
Published: January 2023

Cet article est le fruit d'une recherche post doctorale. Il vise à analyser les résultats du projet Regulariza Amazonia. Un partenariat Incra - Union européenne qui vise à améliorer et accélérer le processus d'attribution et de régularisation foncière des terres publiques dans le cadre du Programme Terra Legal dans quatre États : Pará, Mato Grosso, Amazonas et Amapá. De cette coopération bilatérale entre l'Incra et l'Union européenne, avec un axe stratégique du point de vue de la gouvernance foncière, les différents déploiements pour l'espace agraire de l'Amazonie méritent d'être investigués, étant fondamental pour la construction épistémique de la réflexion sur la (re)production de l'espace agraire de l'Amazonie et ses (re)significations dans l'espace-temps. Le projet a promu des actions qui concernent la modernisation opérationnelle et technique de la collecte des acquis foncièrs en Amazonie. Il a realisé des conseils et a promu des innovations dans la gestion du domaine public portées par l'Incra : Support technique au Système de Gestion Foncière ; Actualisation et adaptation du Panneau d'Intelligence Territoriale (PIT) ; Structuration et maintenance de la base de données géospatiales ; Amélioration méthodologique de la chambre technique d'attribution du domaine public fédéral. Déformant sa finalité, le support technique méthodologique dans la modernisation de la gestion foncière de l'INCRA devient les propres contradictions institutionnelles de l'autarcie, dans un engrenage pour le marché foncier global (land global).
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus: Type-Specific Lymphoproliferative Responses in Lymph Nodes Draining the Site of Primary Infection
Authors: Jacobs Robert P. , Aurelian Laure , Cole Gerald A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses to type 1 and type 2 HSV were studied in rabbits using an in vitro lymphocyte transformation assay. The footpad route of inoculation was used to allow us to study the specificity and degree of localization of the responses. Rabbits inoculated in the hind footpads with infectious HSV-I or HSV-II mount typespecific lymphocyte transformation responses that are localized to draining lymphoid organs. Type-specificity requires careful control of all in vitro culture conditions and reflects the extensive cross-reactivity demonstrated by serologic techniques. While lymphocyte transformation responses can be detected with immune SL and PBL, presumably the result of early escape of antigen into the systemic circulation, responses by draining LNL are significantly greater in magnitude. Distant LNL have not been shown to respond. It is postulated that the augmented local immune response to HSV plays a significant role in controlling recurrent HSV infections.
Suppression of Antibody Responses in Allogeneic Mice by Products of Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Yonkosky Donna , Buffett Rita F. , Bennett Michael 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A cellfree extract prepared from the spleen cells of C3H mice is capable of suppressing antibody responses to SRBC when extract material is exposed to alloantigens. The observed immunosuppression was attributed to a soluble factor in the extract. This allogeneic suppressive factor (ASF) was detected in extracts prepared from the spleen cells of unirradiated mice as well as those of irradiated mice repopulated with thymocytes, provided that mice were previously immunized with SRBC. Donors of actively suppressive ASF preparations did not need to be previously exposed to alloantigens. Extracts from thymus and marrow cells of unirradiated mice and the spleen cells of irradiated mice repopulated with marrow cells (or no cells) did not contain ASF. C3H thymocytes stimulated with SRBC generated more ASF activity in spleens of C3BF1 hosts than in those of C3H hosts, indicating that alloantigenic stimulation enhances the production or activity of ASF.
Once produced, C3H ASF was able to suppress antibody responses in cell transfer experiments only if exposed to C3BF1 alloantigens of either donor lymphoid cells or irradiated hosts. Once exposed to alloantigens, ASF appears to be capable of suppressing antibody responses of syngeneic C3H or semi-allogeneic C3BF1 cells. When both donor lymphoid cells and hosts were syngeneic with the donor of the ASF, there was enhancement of antibody formation in cell transfer experiments. C3H ASF did not interfere with education of C3BF1 thymocytes to SRBC or with the generation of precusors of anti-SRBC antibody-forming cells by C3BF1 marrow cells. ASF may interfere with cellular cooperative events necessary for humoral immune responses or with terminal differentiation of B cells. Production of ASF could partially account for the suppression of antibody responses observed during graft-vs-host reactions.
A Single Scheme for C3a and C5a Isolation and Characterization of Chemotactic Behavior
Authors: Fernandez H. , Henson P. , Hugli T. E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A four-step procedure was utilized in the isolation of two complement-derived anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) from yeast cell activated human serum. Advantage was taken of one gel filtration and three ion exchange chromatographic steps to obtain two homogeneous products. The carboxypeptidase inhibitor epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) was added to the serum to prevent inactivation of the anaphylatoxins during their generation. Purified C3a and C5a were judged to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), acid PAGE, and cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis. A single precipitin are was detected when each agent was challenged with the corresponding rabbit antibody after immunoelectrophoresis. Recovery of the respective anaphylatoxins from 1 liter of activated serum was 6 to 8 mg for C3a and 400 to 600 µg for C5a. A partial chemical characterization of the C5a revealed that arginine was released from the COOH-terminus by carboxypeptidase B digestion.
Possible Involvement of C4 in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Ferrone S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Cooper N. R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Linkage between genes regulating the serum levels of complement (C) components and those governing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens has been reported in man. The latter include HL-A and the antigens regulating allogeneic recognition in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). These findings prompted us to investigate whether C components might be related to MHC antigens on the cell surface and participate in cellular immune recognition phenomena. Cultured human lymphoid cells absorbed anti-C4 activity from several antisera in a dose-related manner, suggesting the presence of C4 on the cell surface. However, no evidence for secretion of C4 was found. No relationship between C4 and HL-A antigens was observed as 1) lymphoid cells coated with antisera to C4 were unimpaired in their ability to specifically absorb antibodies to HL-A antigens, 2) nine C4 preparations did not deplete cytolytic potential from HL-A antisera, and 3) no anti-C4 activity was detected in HL-A alloantisera.
Activation of the Alternate Complement Pathway by Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Frank M. M. , Gaither T. , Adkinson F. , Terry W. D. , May J. E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A series of human myeloma proteins were prepared in highly purified form by standard chromatographic techniques. Aliquots were aggregated with bisdiazo-benzidine (BDB) over a wide range of protein and BDB concentrations. The aggregated proteins were tested for their ability to activate the alternate complement pathway in C4-deficient guinea pig serum, as evidenced by their ability to lower the titer of C3-9 after incubation in serum for 1 hr at 37°C. The number of proteins which led to C3-9 fixation/total number of proteins tested was as follows: IgG1, 2/2; IgG2, 1/1; IgG3, 1/1; IgG4, 3/5; IgM, 2/2; IgE, 1/1; IgA, 2/7. Incubation of C4-deficient serum with IgG1 led to most complement fixation. IgG4 was least active on a milligram basis. Both a and b subgroups of IgG4 and both α1 and α2 subgroups of IgA fixed C3-9 in individual cases. In no instance did the unaggregated protein lower the titer of C3-9.
Platelet Function in Man: A Requirement for C5
Authors: Graff K. S. , Leddy J. P. , Breckenridge R. T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Evidence for interactions between the complement and hemostatic systems is most fully developed in the rabbit. In man, such evidence has been less conclusive, in part because human platelets are unresponsive to C activation by several standard stimuli. Zymosan (Z), however, interacts with fresh plasma, apparently via the properdin pathway, to mediate aggregation and non-lytic release reactions by human platelets. The antibiotic, ristocetin, is a standard aggregating agent for human platelets, which had not previously been thought to be C-dependent for its action.
Citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP), washed platelets, and platelet-poor plasma were obtained from normal donors and from two siblings homozygous for hereditary C5 deficiency (C5D). The proband, who has systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in remission, has no detectable C5. The younger sibling, who shows no evidence of SLE, has 1 to 2% of normal C5. Other components and standard coagulation assays, including bleeding time and Factor VIII antigen, were normal in both subjects.
C3 Activation by the Classical and Alternative Pathways by Sera and Synovial Fluids from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (R A)
Authors: Hunder G. G. , McDuffie F. C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Low levels of C4 in comparison to C3 and presence of complement-fixing material in certain rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera and synovial fluids have suggested activation of C in RA mainly via classical pathway. We examined consumption of hemolytic C3 via the two pathways by six RA sera and six synovial fluids. For human serum (HS) we compared C3 depletion in presence (EGTA-HS) and absence (NHS) of Mg EGTA and for guinea pig serum in normal (NGPS) and C4-deficient serum (def-GPS).
The six RA sera reduced the C2 sera titer in NHS by 32% to 76% (mean, 51%). The same sera reduced C3 titers of EGTA-HS-by 31% to 62% (mean, 45%). Similarly, the six sera reduced the C3 titer in NGPS by 20% to 98%, (mean, 54%) and in def-GPS by 19% to 82% (mean, 45%). Thus, there is little difference between ability of NHS to activate C3 in presence and absence of classical components.
Release of Phospholipids from Bacterial Surface Structure and Liposomes by the Action of Complement
Authors: Inoue K. , Kinoshita T. , Akiyama Y. , Okada M. , Amano T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When an antibody-sensitized Escherichia coli B (parent strain) is treated with complement in the absence of lysozyme, free fatty acids (FFA) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) are liberated into the lipid fraction of the surrounding medium in addition to a little amount of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). However, when a phospholipase A-deficient mutant isolated from the parent strain is similarly treated, PE appears in the lipid fraction, but only traces of its degradation products are found. Therefore, most of the degradation of bacterial PE to FFA and LPE observed in the usual immune bactericidal reaction must be the result of the action of bacterial phospholipase A.
When liposomes which were made from a mixture of lipid fractions of sheep erythrocytes and of 14C-labeled E. coli are treated with complement, 14C-phospholipids are also liberated into the surrounding medium, but the degradation products (FFA and LPE) are not observed. Some of the liberated lipids seem to bind with some components of complement, giving a positive IA reaction, and are lighter than liposome particles on isopyenic sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
Bystander Hemolysis by Complement Activation in the Fluid Phase
Authors: Lint T. F. , Behrends C. L. , Gewurz H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Activation of guinea pig (GP) C by zymosan (Z), antigen-antibody complexes (Ag-Ab), aggregated human γ-globulin or agarose resulted in hemolysis of bystander GPE, which was optimal at 17°C. Lysis was greatly potentiated by polycations such as poly-l-lysine (PLL) and leukocyte cationic proteins, which counteracted serum -inhibitors (-INH), an activity displayed by a group of serum substances which include lipoproteins, to favor expression of the hemolytic potential of formed in solution. Bystander cell hemolysis also was induced by C activation at 17°C of suitably absorbed human serum using Z or Ag-Ab. This was dependent on serum, cell, and activator concentrations, and was not observed with heat-inactivated sera; it occurred in EGTA when Mg++ (≥6mM for optimum lysis) was added. -INH also inhibited Z-induced lysis in human serum and PLL could be shown to potentiate this lysis provided it was added subsequent to formation of the C5 convertase.
The Molecular Structure of C4 and Its Cleavage Products
Authors: Nagasawa S. , Shiraishi S. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the cleavage products of C4 are guides to classical pathway activation, we have extended our previous studies (Fed. Proc. 34:965, 1975; Immunochemistry, in press, 1975) in order to characterize the chain structure and the amino termini of the products produced by and the further degradation by the C4b inactivator (C4bI) combined with a high molecular weight (10S) heat and diisopropyl fluorophosphate resistant factor. C4 was purified from plasma by a newly developed method. C4 is obtained with high yields (25 mg from 800 ml of plasma), high stability, and high specific activity. The three chain structure proposed by Schreiber and Müller-Eberhard was confirmed, and the NH2-terminus of the α and γ chains was Glu, whereas that of the β-chain was not detected. By isoelectric focusing, C4 was found to consist of at least five components with an isoelectric point of 5.5 to 5.8. The genetic basis for this micro-heterogeneity is under investigation.
A Simple One-Step Hemolytic Titration of C2 Using C2 Deficient Human Serum (C2D)
Authors: Ngan Bo-Yee , Gelfand E. W. , Minta J. O. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The standard method for hemolytic titration of C2 involves a stepwise build-up of cellular intermediates in the complement sequence. The requirements for purified hemolytically active components and cellular intermediates make this assay difficult to perform. As sera from patients with selective deficiency of C2 contain all the other complement components in normal titers, these sera serve as ideal reagents for a one-step hemolytic titration for C2 activity. Accordingly, we have analyzed the optimal conditions of the variables which affect C2 titration in a one-step assay and have compared its sensitivity to that of the standard method. In initial studies, a reaction mixture consisting of equal volumes (0.2 ml) of EA (5 × 108 cells/ml), C2D (1:20) (Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 4:269, 1975) and functionally purified C2 (Cordis Laboratories), produced lysis which was found to be dependent on the incubation time and concentration of C2.
Role of Complement in Antibody-Stimulated Calcium Uptake by Tumor Cells
Authors: Shearer W. T. , Atkinson J. P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous investigations have shown that the binding of antibody to cell membrane antigens stimulated the metabolism of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo as measured by incorporation of radioactive nucleosides, cell growth, and tumor nodule size.
When L (transformed mouse fibroblast) cells were treated with anti-L cell antibody in medium depleted of complement, early calcium uptake was stimulated over a broad doseresponse curve. Concomitant cell viability studies demonstrated that stimulation of cell growth occurred at 1:100 and higher dilutions of antiserum whereas cytotoxicity occurred at lower dilutions. Both stimulatory and toxic effects were potentiated by the addition of complement as was the enhanced calcium uptake. Addition of sera deficient in C1R, C2, C4, C3–C9 did not cause an augmentation of calcium uptake in antibody-treated cells whereas C6 deficient serum did produce an augmentation. Augmentation could be specifically restored with C2 deficient serum by C2 and C3–C9 deficient serum by C3 alone.
Properdin Convertase: A Mediator of Properdin Alteration and a C3 Bypass Mechanism Resulting in Reactive Lysis
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Urmson J. R. , Stitzel A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When activated properdin convertase () is added to serum, properdin is altered as manifested by a shift in electrophoretic mobility and a decrease in the extent of diffusion using the Mancini technique. Whether this latter observation represents complex formation or loss of antigenic sites is not clear. The degree of alteration is dependent on the concentration of and the time of incubation. at a concentration of 5 × 10-2 mg/ml will interact with serum properdin in 5 to 10 min at 37°C. Subsequent to this interaction, 95% of serum C3–C9 hemolytic activity is consumed. This consumption appears to be mediated by the generation of two distinct enzymatic specificities, one for C3 and one for C5. Thus, can cause consumption of specific C5 hemolytic activity in serum depleted of C3 by a number of means.
Absence of Requirement of Complement Activation for Recovery from Virus Infection
Authors: Strunk R. , John T. J. , Sieber O. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) neutralization by antibody, in vitro, is enhanced by activation of the classical complement pathway (C1,4,2 and 3). This study was designed to test the importance of this mechanism in vivo.
Groups of normal Hartley guinea pigs (GP) and GP genetically deficient in the fourth component of complement (C4D) were infected with HSV by either the intradermal (i.d.) or i.p. route and intranasally with parainfluenza virus, type 3 (Pf3). General condition was monitored and viral cultures were obtained periodically. Multiple blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for determining CH50 and specific activities of C1, C4, and the C3–9 complex, as well as viral antibody.
After i.d. infection with HSV, skin lesion biopsies from normal GP were positive for virus through day 6. CH50, C1, C4, and C3–9 complex activities did not differ from those of sham-injected controls.
Intranasal Pf3 inoculation in normal GP resulted in hoarseness and lethargy.
Immunoglobulin Secretion by Human Splenic Lymphocytes in Vitro: The Effects of Antibodies to IgM and IgD
Authors: Finkelman Fred D. , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The effects of F(ab′)2 fragments of affinity-purified rabbit anti-human µ chain antibody (RaHµ) and rabbit anti-human δ chain antibody (RaHδ) on spontaneous and mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion by normal human spleen cells were studied. IgM and IgG secretion by human spleen cells cultured in vitro was measured by incubating the cells with 3H-amino acids, precipitating the secreted labeled Ig with anti-Ig, and analyzing the precipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both RaHµ and RaHδ suppressed spontaneous and LPS-induced IgM and IgG secretion as well as PWM-stimulated IgG secretion. In different experiments, RaHµ and RaHδ either suppressed or augmented PWM-induced IgM secretion. The anti-Ig induced augmentation of PWM-triggered IgM secretion was most apparent when spleen cells were cultured at lower cell densities or when lower concentrations of anti-Ig were employed. These data indicate that perturbation of B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors with specific anti-Ig antibody can alter markedly the ability of these cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells.
Deposition of IgM and Complement at the Dermoepidermal Junction in Acute and Chronic Cutaneous Graft-Vs-Host Disease in Man
Authors: Tsoi Mang-So , Storb Rainer , Jones Evelyn , Weiden Paul L. , Shulman Howard , Witherspoon Robert , Atkinson Kerry , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The presence of cutaneous immunoglobulin and complement was investigated in 88 patients with and without graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation of bone marrow from HLA identical siblings for the treatment of acute leukemia or aplastic anemia. For comparison, skin biopsies from the patients obtained before transplantation, from 58 healthy individuals (mostly marrow donors) and from four syngeneic marrow recipients were studied. A direct immunofluorescent staining technique was used.
Dermo-epidermal IgM deposits were found in 11% of healthy individuals and patients before grafting but were present in 86% of patients with chronic and 39% of patients with acute GVHD. Patients with allogeneic grafts who never had GVHD or who had recovered from it and patients with syngeneic grafts showed findings not different from those in healthy individuals. Findings similar to those with IgM, although less striking, were made for C3, i.e., patients who had chronic or acute GVHD had a high incidence and intensity of C3 deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction. This observation raises the possibility that humoral immunity is involved in the development of GVHD.
The Binding of Murine Immunoglobulins to Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Mackenzie Malcolm R. , Warner Noel L. , Mitchell Graham F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The binding of murine IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 protein molecules to Staphylococcal A protein is presented. Differential elution by sodium thiocyanate gradients is described. Proteins of the IgG2 class (either a or b subclass) require between 1.5 and 2.0 M for complete elution, whereas, IgG1 proteins are fully eluted with only 0.5 M NaSCN. These differential elution patterns can be utilized to distinguish between, or prepare proteins of different Ig classes. It is proposed that this quantitative rather than qualitative distinction between Ig subclass binding to Staph A, indicates the existence of multiple binding sites per molecule, with different markers of such sites being present on the heavy chain of the different Ig classes.
Effects of Antigen-Feeding on Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses
Authors: Kagnoff Martin F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mice fed sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or horse erythrocytes (HRBC) for 2 or more weeks could not produce significant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to the specific erythrocyte used for feeding. Diminished DTH reactions persisted for at least 6 months after feeding was stopped. Although DTH was diminished in vivo, cells sensitized for DTH as well as suppressor cells could be detected in the spleens of SRBC-fed mice. The presence of spleen cells sensitized for DTH was revealed by the transfer of spleen cells from SRBC-fed mice direactly into the footpads of normal mice followed by local SRBC challenge. The presence of suppressor cells was shown by i.v. transfer of spleen cells from SRBC-fed to normal mice. DTH reactions were not suppressed by the transfer of mesenteric lymph node cells, Peyer's patch cells, or serum from fed to normal mice. Spleen cells from fed mice inhibited the production of DTH when transferred into normals before sensitization with SRBC. However, spleen cells from fed mice did not inhibit elicitation of the DTH response when transferred into mice with established DTH immunity. Further, spleen cells sensitized for DTH transferred positive DTH reactions equally well to SRBC-fed and normal mice suggesting that suppression of DTH after SRBC feeding was not mediated by effector blockade. It is clear that immune responses in extraintestinal sites can be altered by exposing the host to antigens by the intestinal route. Therefore, it should be possible to manipulate specifically certain systemic immune responses by antigen-feeding.