bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–82)
Authors: Goodman Russell B. 
Published: February 2023

The American philosopher and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson developed a philosophy of flux or transitions in which the active human self plays a central role. At the core of his thought was a hierarchy of value or existence, and an unlimited aspiration for personal and social progress. ‘Man is the dwarf of himself’, he wrote in his first book Nature (1836). Emerson presented a dire portrait of humankind’s condition: ‘Men in the world of today are bugs or spawn, and are called “the mass” and “the herd”’. We are governed by moods which ‘do not believe in one another’, by necessities real or only imagined, but also, Emerson held, by opportunities for ‘untaught sallies of the spirit’ – those few real moments of life which may nevertheless alter the whole.
Emerson’s lectures drew large audiences throughout America and in England, and his works were widely read in his own time. He influenced the German philosophical tradition through Nietzsche – whose The Gay Science carries an epigraph from ‘History’ – and the Anglo-American tradition via William James and John Dewey. Emerson’s major works are essays, each with its own structure, but his sentences and paragraphs often stand on their own as expressions of his thought.
Ethics of ignorance
Authors: Wieland Jan Willem 
Published: February 2023

Moral ignorance is ignorance about the permissibility of one’s conduct. It involves both conceptual and normative issues. We could ask what it is, and we could ask when agents are culpable for it.
§1 distinguishes some main forms of moral ignorance. Agents could be ignorant of different things, for example that their conduct has a certain outcome, or that they could act otherwise. Moreover, agents may be ignorant in different ways. They might never have considered the issue, or they might have considered it, but be mistaken about it.
§2 asks when agent have duties to inform ourselves better and remedy their ignorance, and what these duties prescribe. A duty to question all one’s beliefs seems to provide poor advice, while a duty to reflect to some reasonable degree is insufficiently detailed, and so unhelpful. Suggested duties of inquiry enable one to comply with other duties one has, such as the duty to maximise general welfare.
§3 concerns the follow-up question: if we should have informed ourselves better, then when are we culpable for failing to do so, and our ensuing ignorance? There are two rival views on this question. Volitionism says that we are culpable for our ignorance only if we were aware that we had to inform ourselves better, while attributionism says that we are culpable whenever our ignorance is due to a lack of moral concern.
§4 addresses two further issues concerning the ethics of ignorance. First issue: does culpability for ignorance come in degrees, and how? Second issue: if agents are culpable for their ignorance (or rather excused), then what does this mean, i.e. what kind of culpability is at issue?
Enhancement in sport
Authors: Thau Tena 
Published: February 2023

The philosophical literature on enhancement in sport focuses largely on the question of whether, and what sort of, restrictions on enhancement in sport are morally justified. Those who support bans on enhancement often appeal to the harmful side-effects of performance-enhancing drugs, while those who support liberalising performance-enhancing drug policies argue that medically supervised doping would be healthier than illicit use. Besides raising concerns about health, those in the anti-enhancement camp often make appeals to fairness – either to justify bans on enhancement in sport, or to explain why it is morally wrong to flout those bans that are in place – though there are difficulties with both types of appeal.
When it comes to the enforcement of those restrictions on enhancement that are in place, there are a number of important ethical questions that can be raised. In particular, we can question: (1) whether current levels of funding for anti-doping are appropriate; (2) whether the ‘strict liability’ standard that athletes are held to is justified; (3) whether punishments for doping violations are proportionate; and (4) whether doping policies give due respect to athletes’ privacy rights.
Those who argue for permitting enhancement in sport need not view the use of enhancement as positively good. Nevertheless, a positive moral case for enhancement might be made, either by appealing to the intrinsic value of athletic accomplishments, or to the welfarist benefits of wider use.
Nominalism
Authors: Guigon Ghislain 
Published: February 2023

‘Nominalism’ refers to a family of views about what there is. The objects we are familiar with (e.g. hands, laptops, cookies, and trees) can be characterized as concrete and particular. Nominalists agree that there are such things. But one group of nominalists denies that anything is nonparticular and another group denies that anything is nonconcrete. These two sorts of nominalism, referred to as ‘nominalism about universals’ and ‘nominalism about abstract objects’, have common motivations in contemporary philosophy.
According to nominalists, universals and abstract objects are mysterious entities whose claim to existence is suspicious or ad hoc. This gives them reasons to want to reject universals and abstract objects but leads to an explanatory challenge: nominalists must explain away the appearance of the universal or the abstract. Varieties of nominalism differ with respect to how they address this challenge.
Universals are sui generis entities that are typically thought to be what properties are. Nominalist theories about universals can thus be divided between those that admit that there are sui generis properties but maintain that they are particular instead of universal; those that use constructions out of concrete particular objects to play the role of properties, and those that reject properties altogether. Each of these nominalist strategies has its own merits and difficulties.
Theories that seem to posit the existence of abstract objects, like mathematics and set theory, are successfully used in natural sciences. The utility of these theories challenges nominalism about abstract objects and has shaped the current debate about whether these objects exist. According to some nominalists, theories that posit abstract objects are useful but false. Other nominalists maintain that these theories are true but that their truth does not entail that abstract objects exist.
Truth, deflationary theories of
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: February 2023

Deflationists aim to offer a lucid and metaphysically lightweight account of truth, stripped of obscure or redundant elements. They hold that the theory of truth should be simpler than the theories that have traditionally been proposed, such as the correspondence theory, the coherence theory, and the Moorean theory of truth as a simple unanalysable quality. In constructing their accounts, deflationists lay particular stress on biconditional claims such as ‘“‘Snow is blue” is true if and only if snow is blue’, which are usually taken to be uncontentious. The word ‘true’ helps us to generalise; for instance, we can endorse Thea’s claim, whatever it was, by saying ‘What Thea said is true’. Deflationists typically hold that we can fully explain why we have the word ‘true’ by pointing out that it helps us to generalise.
Critics of deflationism have alleged – among other things – that deflationary theories cannot explain the phenomena which a theory of truth ought to explain; that the deflationist account of truth has no acceptable formulation; that it cannot accommodate our intuitions about truth; and that it leads to paradox.
Open Future, The
Authors: Loss Roberto 
Published: February 2023

There seems to be an objective asymmetry between the past and the future. The past has already happened, and is thus settled, determinate, and ‘closed’. Instead, the future is yet to happen, and appears thus to be unsettled, indeterminate, and ‘open’. This intuitive idea gives rise to two main philosophical questions. The first one concerns statements about aspects of the future that are presently unsettled (‘future-contingent statements’) and the issue about whether they are either true or false (see Bivalence). The second question concerns the issue about whether the openness of the future consists in the fact that what exists is insufficient to determine the truth-value of future-contingent statements (for instance, because the future does not exist or because many different futures exist) and, thus, whether the future’s being open is, at the bottom, a matter of ontology. The two questions appear to be closely connected. In fact, the idea that future-contingent statements are neither true nor false seems to be motivated by the following line of reasoning:
(i)	the openness of the future is a matter of ontology, and so what exists is insufficient to determine the truth-value of future-contingent statements;
(ii)	if the openness of the future is a matter of ontology, then future-contingent statements are neither true nor false;
(iii)	therefore, future-contingent statements are neither true nor false.
Those who embrace an ‘Aristotelian’ approach to the open future and take future-contingent statements to lack a determinate truth-value (which is often claimed to be Aristotle’s position in De Interpretatione) can accept this argument as sound. Instead, ‘Ockhamists’ (after William of Ockham’s position in Predestination, God’s Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents) reject premise (ii) and claim that future-contingent statements are bivalent even under an ontological account of the open future. Others (such as David Lewis 1979) reject (i) and give an alternative, non-ontological account of the open future.
Extended Cognition
Authors: Sprevak Mark 
Published: February 2023

Extended cognition takes the idea that your mind is ‘on’ your smartphone literally. It says that human cognitive states and processes sometimes spill outside our heads and into objects in our environment. Alleged examples include not just smartphones, but also the use of simpler technology (pencil and paper to perform a calculation), our own body (ticking off on our fingers when we count), and other people (our spouse who remembers appointments so that we do not have to).
There are three main arguments for extended cognition:
Functionalist arguments rely on similarities in functional structure between extended processes and (actual or possible) internal cognitive processes. Cognition extends because the physical mechanisms that support it ‘work in the same way’ in both cases. Inference to the best explanation arguments canvas the benefits that extended cognition would bring to psychology. We should believe that cognition extends because it would make our psychological theories more unified, elegant, and fruitful. Second-wave arguments emphasise the ways in which our brains integrate with our environment. Cognition extends because brains, bodies, and environment are so tightly intertwined that, when we solve certain cognitive tasks, they count as a single system.
Extended cognition is attacked on many fronts. It has been claimed that it generates absurdly high levels of extension (‘cognitive bloat’); that it is inferior to the more conservative hypothesis of embedded cognition; that its arguments confuse causal coupling with constitution; and that its alleged cases fail to satisfy some proposed mark of the cognitive.
Extended cognition concerns only the cognitive, information-processing aspects of mental life. It has, however, inspired similar claims about extension for other aspects of the mind, including conscious experience, emotions, moods, intentional agency, knowledge, and the self.
Extended cognition is part of a wider ‘4E cognition’ research programme. The four Es stand for extended, embedded, embodied, and enactive cognition. Each E offers a closely related, albeit distinct perspective on the role of the environment in cognition. Other forms of externalism about the mind – content externalism, direct realism about perception, collective intentionality, and group cognition – are less closely related to extended cognition.
Prospects for Women in Journalism in Bangladesh
Authors: Safa Md Nurus , Jinzhang Jiang , Akter Tahera 
Published: February 2023

This study explores the Women journalists’ contributing to the society for economic prosperity and changing the attitude towards the concept of the process of development in Bangladesh. They are protecting and talking outside when facing any discrimination in their journalistic profession. Despite the barriers, women journalists are showing strong interest in journalism as a career. The findings show that women journalists are facing many barriers like family pressure, societal problem, pay‑allowances, gender discrimination, sexual harassment and even lack of workplace. It is possible to survive if you have passion, professionalism, and love to this profession. In recent time Bangladesh is encouraging her women to work outside of home. Currently a significant change has come into the social attitude which is represented by women’s advancement in journalism sector of Bangladesh. This study uses survey questionnaire from 120 female journalists in television, online and print media journalists to find out a fruitful result.
Perlindungan Hukum Atas Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal Dalam Masyarakat Bali
Authors: Prathama Anak Agung Gede Agung Indra , Onassis Ketut Rai Marthania , Komara I Gusti Agung Made Dwi 
Published: February 2023

Kekayaan Intelektual adalah hak eksklusif yang diberikan oleh negara kepada kreator, inventor, desainer, dan pencipta berkaitan dengan kreasi atau karya intelektual mereka. Adapun kekayaan intelektual komunal adalah kekayaan intelektual yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat umum bersifat komunal. Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal yang selanjutnya disingkat KIK adalah kekayaan intelektual yang berupa Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional (EBT), Pengetahuan Tradisonal (PT), Sumber Daya Genetik (SDG) dan Potensi Indikasi Geografis. Beberapa kekayaan intelektual milik Negara Indonesia sering diakui oleh negara lain, terutama yang menyangkut warisan budaya seperti tari-tarian tradisional. Salah satu kekayaan intelektual komunal milik Negara Indonesia yang pernah di klaim oleh negara lain adalah Tari Pendet asal Provinsi Bali pada tahun 2009 pernah diklaim oleh Negara Malaysia. Maka dari itu untuk mempertahankan hak kekayaan intelektual komunal milik Indonesia dibutuhkan perlindungan hukum dan upaya pemerintah dalam mencegah terjadinya kembali klaim atas kekayaan intelektual kominal milik Negara Indonsesia.
EDUCAÇÃO CORPORATIVA EM ORGANIZAÇÃO DE SAÚDE
Authors: De Paula Monken Sonia Francisca , Dantas Soares Viviane 
Published: February 2023

Os treinamentos corporativos são importantes para o desenvolvimento de pessoas, o que pode impactar em melhorias nos resultados financeiros. Objetivo: Verificar como é o processo de desenvolvimento de competências através do desenho da estrutura de Educação Corporativa (EC) de uma rede hospitalar na cidade de São Paulo. Metodologia: Entrevistas com dez gestores ou consultores de treinamentos a equipes médicas e multiprofissionais desta rede hospitalar, seguindo estratégias de Grounded Theory. Resultados: A Educação Corporativa desta rede hospitalar é formada por gestor e multiplicador. O aproveitamento mínimo esperado nos treinamentos é de 80% e há várias ações de aprendizagem para que isso seja possível de ser atingido. Conclusão: A estruturação da educação corporativa na rede hospitalar é definida por critérios organizacionais, a rede hospitalar pesquisada incentiva os treinamentos e busca padronizá-los pelo seguimento dos mesmos processos por todas as equipes multiprofissionais que compõe o departamento de EC, processos dos quais foi possível elaborar o roteiro apresentado no item Estrutura da EC deste trabalho.
Innovation Strategies and Competitive Advantage of Insurance Firms in Kenya
Authors: Kisuya Benadette , Kihara Allan , Macheru Joseph 
Published: February 2023

Purpose: The main focus of the study was to establish effect of innovation strategies on competitive advantage of insurance firms in Kenya. The study was anchored on McKinsey 7S Framework, Transaction Cost Innovation Theory, Porter’s 5 Forces Model and Dynamic Capabilities theory, and it sought to establish the effect of product innovation strategy, process innovation strategy and marketing innovation strategy on competitive advantage of insurance firms in Kenya. In addition, the moderating effect of regulatory environment on the relationship between innovation strategy and competitive advantage of insurance firms in Kenya was tested given the importance of the regulator.
Methodology: The study used a cross sectional survey design where all the 55 insurance firms operating in Kenya and were targeted. Through purposive sampling, the study targeted employees in management positions, either from administration, sales and marketing, strategic division or Finance department. Both primary and secondary data was used to achieve the study objectives where they were used to establish trends, descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, correlation and regression analysis were conducted to test empirically the relationship between the study variables. The study results were presented in form of Tables and Figures.
Findings: The findings revealed that product innovation strategy had a significant and positive influence on the competitive advantage of insurance industry in Kenya. Process innovation was also found to positively and significantly contribute to the competitive advantage of insurance industry in Kenya. The findings further revealed that marketing innovation was essential in enhancing the competitive advantage of insurance industry in Kenya. Regulatory framework was found to significantly moderate the relationship between innovation strategies and competitive advantage of insurance industry in Kenya. The study concluded that innovation strategies (product innovation, process innovation and marketing innovation) are essential in determining the competitive advantage of insurance industry in Kenya.
Unique Contributions to theory, practice and policy: It is therefore recommended that the management of the insurance companies ought to uphold innovation strategy through marketing innovation, product innovation and process innovation so as to stimulate the competitive advantage of their respective insurance companies. The regulatory body, IRA, ought to set a clear framework on policies and regulations that govern insurance innovations so as to set a level ground for the companies to embrace innovation and enhance their competitive advantage.
Evaluation of prescribing trends in patients with gastrointestinal cancers; A prospective observation study
Authors: P Pavan Kumar , Landa Vikash , Jose Ashmy , Joh Blessy P , M Ramesh , K G.Srinivas 
Published: February 2023

Background: To Evaluate the prescribing trends in patients with gastrointestinal cancers; A prospective observational study in Bharath Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Mysuru.
Methodology: Six hundred and seventy eight patients were screened and 111 were enrolledinto the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and the same was taken for further analysis.
Results: Out of 111 patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma, 66 patients (54%) are between age of 41-50 years. In these study 78 patients (70.3%) were males, 91 patients (81.98%) are from rural area, in our study 69 patients were (62.16%) illiterate. In this study, the prevalence of GI cancer was 16.37% was observed. Doublet chemotherapy regimen (18.11%) was frequently prescribed, in which 71.11% of patients who received FOLFOX and ECF had carcinoma of GI while paclitaxel + carboplatin (8.10%). Singlet regimen 5-Flurouracil (1.80%), Capecitabine (0.90%) were highly prescribed among the different cancer types. The most commonly prescribed supportive care medications Palenosetron (90.99%) dexamethasone (90.99%) and ranitidine (23.42%), filgrastim (83.33%) were prescribed among all cycles of chemotherapy.
Conclusion: Prevalence of gastrointestinal cancer in the study was 16.37% and more male were diagnosed gastrointestinal cancers.
Effect of Ergon IASTM technique on pain, strength and range of motion in plantar fasciitis patients. RCT
Authors: Nadeem Khadija , Arif M Asim , Akram Sana , Arslan Syed Asadullah , Ahmad Ashfaq , Gilani Syed Amir 
Published: February 2023

IntroductionPlantar fasciitis (PF) is a common foot problem caused by repetitive microtrauma or excessive overload of fascia. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM), stretching, and strengthening exercises are more helpful to reduce the pressure of fascia and improve functional activities of the patients. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization using the Ergon technique with conservative treatment in plantar fasciitis.MethodsThis randomized control trial was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy of the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital and Citi Hospital Lahore. After assigning, the patients were randomly allocated into treatment and conventional groups. Both groups received therapeutic ultrasound therapy, stretching strengthening exercises, cryotherapy and the experimental group received additional instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization. Pain, strength, and range of motion were assessed at baseline, 1st, 3rd, and 5th week after treatment.Results64 participants were randomly allocated into two groups; the Ergon group (ET = 32) and the conventional group (CT = 32). The mean age in the ET group was 29.1 ± 6.0 and in the CT group was 29.5 ± 6.0 and the gender distribution of the study population was 28.1% were male and 71.9% were females. There was significant improvement (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in pain, strength, and plantarflexion range of motion among all participants in the treatment group. However, no significant improvement was noticed in the dorsiflexion range (<i>p</i> > 0.05). While within-group analysis showed improvement in the dorsiflexion range of both groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05).ConclusionsThis randomized control trial demonstrates that the inclusion of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization using the Ergon Technique for plantar fasciitis lasting 5 weeks is an effective treatment intervention in reducing pain and improving strength and ankle range of motion.
Theoretical Cost Analysis of Electrical Energy for an Off-grid Island Community Using a Single 10MW Wind Turbine and Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Akbar Mamoona , Khadim Bilal , Akbar Danish 
Published: February 2023

In this paper theoretical cost analysis of a 10 MW wind turbine with lithium-ion batteries as storage for an Off-grid Island community is made. The Vestas V164-10.0 MW wind turbine is considered for calculations. Calculations are calculated using numerical computation, and figure data is collected using MATLAB software. The paper aims to give researchers and investors a rough idea about the economic outcomes of using Li-ion batteries as a storage system for wind turbines. The surplus energy needed to be stored is calculated, and then the cost of the system is calculated numerically, targeting the return on investment. If the return on investment of a system is lower than 8%, then investors do not invest in such a system. The return on investment in these calculations is about 17%.