bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working memory‐related brain activity in cannabis use disorder: The role of cross‐cultural differences in cannabis attitudes
Authors: Kroon Emese , Kuhns Lauren , Colyer‐Patel Karis , Filbey Francesca , Cousijn Janna 
Published: May 2023

AbstractCannabis legislation and attitudes towards use are changing. Given that evidence from cultural neuroscience research suggests that culture influences the neurobiological mechanisms underlying behaviour, it is of great importance to understand how cannabis legislation and attitudes might affect the brain processes underlying cannabis use disorder. Brain activity of 100 dependent cannabis users and 84 controls was recorded during an N‐back working memory (WM) task in participants from the Netherlands (NL; users = 60, controls = 52) and Texas, USA (TX; users = 40, controls = 32). Participants completed a cannabis culture questionnaire as a measure of perceived benefits (positive) and perceived harms (negative) of cannabis from their personal, friends–family's and country–state's perspectives. Amount of cannabis use (grams/week), DSM‐5 CUD symptoms and cannabis use‐related problems were assessed. Cannabis users self‐reported more positive and less negative (personal and friends–family) cannabis attitudes than controls, with this effect being significantly larger in the TX cannabis users. No site difference in country–state attitudes was observed. TX cannabis users, compared with NL cannabis users, and those cannabis users perceiving more positive country–state attitudes showed a more positive association between grams/week and WM‐related activity in the superior parietal lobe. NL cannabis users, compared with TX cannabis users, and those cannabis users with less positive personal attitudes showed a more positive association between grams/week and WM‐load‐related activity in the temporal pole. Both site and cultural attitudes moderated the association of quantity of cannabis use with WM‐ and WM‐load‐related activity. Importantly, differences in legislation did not align with perceived cannabis attitudes and appear to be differentially associated with cannabis use‐related brain activity.
The genetic spectrum of a Chinese series of patients with 46, XY disorders of the sex development
Authors: Zhang Wei , Mao Jiangfeng , Wang Xi , Zhao Zhiyuan , Zhang Xiaoxia , Sun Bang , Cao Yaqing , Nie Min , Wu Xueyan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPurposeThe etiology of 46, XY disorders of sex development (46, XY DSD) is complex, and studies have shown that different series of patients with 46, XY DSD has different genetic spectrum. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying genetic etiology in a Chinese series of patients with 46, XY DSD by whole exome sequencing (WES).MethodsSeventy patients with 46, XY DSD were enrolled from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing, China). The detailed clinical characteristics were evaluated, and peripheral blood was collected for WES to find the patients’ rare variants (RVs) of genes related to 46, XY DSD. The clinical significance of the RVs was annotated according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines.ResultsA total of 57 RVs from nine genes were identified in 56 patients with 46, XY DSD, which include 21 novel RVs and 36 recurrent RVs. Based on the American ACMG guidelines, 43 variants were classified as pathogenic(P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants and 14 variants were defined as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). P or LP variants were identified in 64.3% (45/70) patients of the series. Thirty‐nine, 14, and 4 RVs were involved in the process of androgen synthesis and action, testicular determination and developmental process, and syndromic 46, XY DSD, respectively. The top three genes most frequently affected to cause 46, XY DSD were AR, SRD5A2, and NR5A1. Seven patients were found harboring RVs of the 46, XY DSD pathogenic genes identified in recent years, namely DHX37 in four patients, MYRF in two patients, and PPP2R3C in one patient.ConclusionWe identified 21 novel RVs of nine genes, which extended the genetic spectrum of 46, XY DSD pathogenic variants. Our study showed that 60% of the patients were caused by AR, SRD5A2 or NR5A1 P/LP variants. Therefore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and Sanger sequencing of these three genes could be performed first to identify the pathogeny of the patients. For those patients whose pathogenic variants had not been found, whole‐exome sequencing could be helpful in determining the etiology.
Prehospital tourniquet use in civilian extremity trauma: an Australian observational study
Authors: Read David J , Wong Jessica , Liu Raine , Gumm Kellie , Anderson David 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundPrehospital tourniquets (PHTQ) for trauma have been shown to be safe and effective in the military environment and in some civilian settings. However, the supporting civilian data are mostly from North America with a differing case mix and trauma system and may not be applicable to the Australian environment. The aim of this study is to describe our initial experience with PHTQ from safety and efficacy viewpoints.MethodRetrospective review of all patients with PHTQ from 1 August 2016 to 31 December 2019 was conducted. Data were matched from the RMH Trauma Registry and Ambulance Victoria Registry. Clinical presentation including prehospital observations, PHTQ times, limb outcomes and complications are described.ResultsThirty‐one cases met inclusion criteria, for whom median age was 37 (IQR: 23.9–66.3), median ISS 17 (13–34) and 80.6% were male. The majority (n = 19, 61.3%) were as a result of road traffic crash, and six (19.4%) from penetrating mechanisms, usually glass. Over a quarter (29.0%) suffered a traumatic amputation. The median prehospital SBP was 100 (IQR: 80–110), the median prehospital HR was 101 (IQR: 77.0–122.3) and was the median PHTQ time was 124 min (IQR: 47–243). Complications attributable to the tourniquet were seen in 4/30 cases (13.3%).ConclusionThis Australian series differs from North American civilian PHTQ series with a lower penetrating trauma rate and longer PHTQ times. Despite this, complication rates are within the published literature's range. Concerns regarding limited transferability of overseas studies to the Australian context suggests that ongoing audit is required.
Spontaneous urban vegetation as an indicator of soil functionality and ecosystem services
Authors: Molina José Antonio , Martín‐Sanz Juan Pedro , Casermeiro Miguel Ángel , Quintana José Ramón 
Published: May 2023

AbstractQuestionsOur study focused on spontaneous vegetation in urban greenspaces in a Mediterranean city with the aim of relating plant community properties with ecological services along soil disturbance gradients. We asked which plant communities have the greatest plant biodiversity and soil carbon storage and the best‐performing nutrient cycles and water regulation.LocationMadrid City (Central Spain).MethodsWe studied four types of plant communities following soil disturbance gradients: vegetation on trampled soils, roadside vegetation, annual grasslands and perennial forbs. Regarding vegetation, we studied plant composition and productivity, plant diversity, plant growth forms and functional groups. Regarding soils, we determined soil organic carbon (TOC), available nutrients, the activity of seven enzymes relating to the main macronutrient cycles, and physical properties such as bulk density (BD) and soil water‐holding capacity (WHC). We used one‐way ANOVA to determine the influence of the plant community type on both soil and vegetation variables. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed to interpret the relationships between plant species assemblages with environmental gradients.ResultsPerennial forbs showed greater biomass and developed on soils with the greatest TOC and available phosphorus. Annual grasslands displayed the highest plant diversity. Roadside vegetation developed on soils with higher phenoloxidase activity when compared to vegetation on trampled soils and annual grasslands. Vegetation on trampled soils developed on soils with lower WHC, lower beta‐glucosidase, arylamidase and phosphatase activities and higher BD when compared to perennial forbs. Plant community distribution followed gradients most significantly associated with soil organic matter content, soil compaction and nutrient cycling performance.ConclusionsWe conclude that plant communities are good indicators of ecosystem function and services which are unevenly distributed throughout urban habitats. The management in Mediterranean unmaintained urban greenspaces should be aimed at avoiding soil compaction to promote biodiversity, carbon storage and water regulation.
Death‐row organ donation, revisited
Authors: Hansman Laura , Reis‐Dennis Samuel 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn 2011, bioethicists turned their attention to the question of whether prisoners on death row ought to be allowed to be organ donors. The discussion began with a provocative anti‐procurement article by Arthur Caplan and prompted responses from an impressive lineup of commentators. In the 10 years since, the situation for death‐row inmates seeking to donate has hardly changed: U.S. prison authorities consistently refuse to allow death‐row procurement. We believe that it is time to revisit the issue. While Caplan's commentators rebutted his narrow contention that organ procurement would undermine the goals of deterrence and retribution, none of them attempted to make a positive, nonconsequentialist case for organ donation as a right of death‐row inmates. That is the task we take up in this paper. After sketching and briefly defending a theory of punishment, we show how denial of organ donation is inconsistent with punishment's basic logic.
Evidence of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasion in degraded Bornean forests
Authors: Waddell Emily H. , Chapman Daniel S. , Hill Jane K. , Hughes Mark , Sailim Azlin Bin , Tangah Joseph , Banin Lindsay F. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntact tropical forests are generally considered to be resistant to invasions by exotic species, although the shrub Clidemia hirta (Melastomataceae) is highly invasive in tropical forests outside its native range. Release from natural enemies (e.g., herbivores and pathogens) contributes to C. hirta invasion success where native melastomes are absent, and here we examine the role of enemies when C. hirta co‐occurs with native Melastomataceae species and associated herbivores and pathogens. We study 21 forest sites within agricultural landscapes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, recording herbivory rates in C. hirta and related native Melastoma spp. plants along two 100‐m transects per site that varied in canopy cover. Overall, we found evidence of enemy release; C. hirta had significantly lower herbivory (median occurrence of herbivory per plant = 79% of leaves per plant; median intensity of herbivory per leaf = 6% of leaf area) than native melastomes (93% and 20%, respectively). Herbivory on C. hirta increased when closer to native Melastoma plants with high herbivory damage, and in more shaded locations, and was associated with fewer reproductive organs on C. hirta. This suggests host‐sharing by specialist Melastomataceae herbivores is occurring and may explain why invasion success of C. hirta is lower on Borneo than at locations without related native species present. Thus, natural enemy populations may provide a “biological control service” to suppress invasions of exotic species (i.e., biotic resistance). However, lower herbivory pressures in more open canopy locations may make highly degraded forests within these landscapes more susceptible to invasion.Abstract in Malay is available with online material.
The assessment and management of deep neck space infections in adults: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Sheikh Zain , Yu Beverley , Heywood Emily , Quraishi Natasha , Quraishi Shahed 
Published: May 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo summarise current practices in the diagnosis and management of deep neck space infections (DNSIs). To inform future studies in developing a framework in the management of DNSIs.DesignThis review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021226449) and reported in line with PRISMA guidelines. All studies from 2000 that reported the investigation or management of DNSI were included. The search was limited to English language only. Databases searched included AMED, Embase, Medline and HMIC. Quantitative analysis was undertaken with descriptive statistics and frequency synthesis with two independent reviewers. A qualitative narrative synthesis was conducted using a thematic analysis approach.SettingSecondary or tertiary care centres that undertook management of DNSIs.ParticipantsAll adult patients with a DNSI.Main outcome measuresThe role of imaging, radiologically guided aspiration and surgical drainage in DNSIs.ResultsSixty studies were reviewed. Thirty‐one studies reported on imaging modality, 51 studies reported treatment modality. Aside from a single randomised controlled trial, all other studies were observational (n = 25) or case series (n = 36). Computer tomography (CT) was used to diagnose DNSI in 78% of patients. The mean percentage of management with open surgical drainage was 81% and 29.4% for radiologically guided aspiration, respectively. Qualitative analysis identified seven major themes on DNSI.ConclusionsThere are limited methodologically rigorous studies investigating DNSIs. CT imaging was the most used imaging modality. Surgical drainage was commonest treatment choice. Areas of further research on epidemiology, reporting guidelines and management are required.
Spatio‐temporal patterns of eukaryotic biodiversity in shallow hard‐bottom communities from the West Antarctic Peninsula revealed by DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Angulo‐Preckler Carlos , Turon Marta , Præbel Kim , Avila Conxita , Wangensteen Owen S. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAimWe studied molecular eukaryotic biodiversity patterns in shallow hard‐bottom Antarctic benthic communities using community DNA metabarcoding. Polar ecosystems are extremely exposed to climate change, and benthic macroinvertebrate communities have demonstrated rapid response to a range of natural and anthropogenic pressures. However, these rich and diverse ecosystems are poorly studied, revealing how little is known about the biodiversity of the Antarctic benthos associated with hard‐bottom habitats.LocationWest Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands.MethodsUsing data collected in seven localities along the western Antarctic Peninsula, we calculated spatial patterns of alpha and beta diversities. Furthermore, we analysed temporal changes in benthic composition in one location (Deception Island) over 3 years. We calculated the temporal alpha and beta diversities to reveal changes in this community over time.ResultsWe obtained a final list of 2057 molecular operational taxonomic units. We found significant differences in benthic community composition between localities and among years. Our dataset revealed a total of 10 different kingdom‐level lineages and 34 different phyla in the samples. The most diverse phylum was Arthropoda, followed by Bacillariophyta, and Annelida, while the highest relative read abundances belonged to Annelida, Porifera and Echinodermata. Benthic community compositions changed between 2016 and 2018 in Deception Island, and decreasing species richness was the main component of temporal beta diversity.Main ConclusionsDirect sampling methods are required for monitoring these complex communities. Informative biodiversity patterns can be retrieved even though most of the benthic biodiversity found in Antarctic habitats is yet to be taxonomically described and barcoded. Hard‐bottom assemblages exhibit high spatial variability and heterogeneity, not related to depth, which represent a huge challenge for large‐scale studies in the Southern Ocean. Local patchiness and structure within these communities are probably a consequence of a combination of several biotic and abiotic factors (i.e. ice disturbance, food supply and competition).
Escape from tariffs: The political economies of protection and classification
Authors: Mangini Michael‐David 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe literature on the political economy of trade protection has focused on how firms lobby for their preferred tariffs, but opportunities to change the tariff schedule in the United States by legislation are relatively uncommon. How can importers lobbying in their private capacity escape from tariffs without relying on Congress? In the United States, products must be sorted into tariff categories by the customs office before the appropriate duty can be determined. This article documents how firms seek to lower their tariffs by strategically requesting product classifications from customs. Firms hire lawyers to make legal arguments to customs officials promoting an interpretation of the tariff schedule which lowers their costs. Lobbying for favorable classification is most important to the firm when similar categories have very different tariffs. The language of product descriptions is political because legal arguments for a particular classification are more persuasive when the descriptions are worded flexibly. Using a data set of over 200,000 classification rulings between 1990 and 2020, I find evidence that firms request classifications in response to certain quotas and the China tariffs. The findings characterize the tariff schedule as a living document and describe how the distribution of tariffs and the language of product descriptions affect the structure of protection.
Diversifying the dental curriculum: A review of the Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree reading lists in aUKdental school
Authors: Scambler Sasha , Ahmed Tasnim Aniqa , Aiyere Jesutomisin , Cheng Emily 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionAnalysis of the diversity of reading lists on courses offered by universities is one way to assess what is being taught and how it shapes our understanding of the world. Very little work has been carried out so far within dentistry on decolonising the curriculum. Existing work looks at the representation of women or ethnic minorities but not at the dental curriculum per se. This article starts to address this.MethodsThe reading lists within the 5 year Bachelor of Dental Surgery curriculum in a large UK dental school were collected and assessed. A data extraction spreadsheet was developed and journal articles on every course reading list across the 5 year curriculum were read in detail. Information on authorship and author affiliations, alongside patient and population representation within the article itself, were collected and collated.ResultsWe found that there are 2.5 times more male authors than female authors, and almost three times more male lead authors in the articles evaluated. The majority of journal articles included in the reading lists are written by academics and/or clinicians affiliated with institutions in the United Kingdom and most articles are from the global north. In addition, 65% of articles do not specify the focus patient or population group studied.DiscussionIt is unlikely that current reading lists within dentistry fully reflect the composition of the profession itself, the variety of knowledge needed to provide evidence‐based practice in a globalised oral health arena or the heterogeneous nature of the patient population.
Work‐from‐home and the risk of securities misconduct
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Firth Chris , Gathergood John , Stewart Neil 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn the wake of the global pandemic, a challenge for CEOs and boards is to set a stakeholder‐acceptable organizational balance between remote and traditional office working. However, the risks of work‐from‐home are not yet fully understood. We describe competing theories that predict the effect on misconduct of a corporate shift to work‐from‐home. Using internal bank data on securities traders we exploit lockdown variation induced by emergency regulation of the Covid‐19 pandemic. Our difference‐in‐differences analysis reveals that working from home lowers the likelihood of securities misconduct; ultimately those working from home exhibit fewer misconduct alerts. The economic significance of these changes is large. Our study makes an important step toward understanding the link between the balance of work locations and the risk that comes with this tradeoff.
Evidence of inter‐ and intra‐keloid heterogeneity through analysis of dermal fibroblasts: A new insight in deciphering keloid physiopathology
Authors: Serror Kévin , Ferrero Lauren , Boismal Françoise , Sintes Maxime , Thery Manuel , Vianay Benoit , Henry Emilie , Gentien David , DE LA Grange Pierre , Boccara David , Mimoun Maurice , Bouaziz Jean‐David , Benssussan Armand , Michel Laurence 
Published: May 2023

AbstractKeloid scars are hypertrophic and proliferating pathological scars extending beyond the initial lesion and without tendency to regression. Usually, keloids are considered and treated as a single entity but clinical observations suggest heterogeneity in keloid morphologies with distinction of superficial/extensive and nodular entities. Within a keloid, heterogeneity could also be detected between superficial and deep dermis or centre and periphery. Focusing on fibroblasts as main actors of keloid formation, we aimed at evaluating intra‐ and inter‐keloid fibroblast heterogeneity by analysing their gene expression and functional capacities (proliferation, migration, traction forces), in order to improve our understanding of keloid pathogenesis. Fibroblasts were obtained from centre, periphery, papillary and reticular dermis from extensive or nodular keloids and were compared to control fibroblasts from healthy skin. Transcriptional profiling of fibroblasts identified a total of 834 differentially expressed genes between nodular and extensive keloids. Quantification of ECM‐associated gene expression by RT‐qPCR brought evidence that central reticular fibroblasts of nodular keloids are the population which synthesize higher levels of mature collagens, TGFβ, HIF1α and αSMA as compared to control skin, suggesting that this central deep region is the nucleus of ECM production with a centrifuge extension in keloids. Although no significant variations were found for basal proliferation, migration of peripheral fibroblasts from extensive keloids was higher than that of central ones and from nodular cells. Moreover, these peripheral fibroblasts from extensive keloids exhibited higher traction forces than central cells, control fibroblasts and nodular ones. Altogether, studying fibroblast features demonstrate keloid heterogeneity, leading to a better understanding of keloid pathophysiology and treatment adaptation.