bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fixed shaft constant speed variable torque turbine
Authors: Szydlowski Joseph 
Published: March 2023

Since 1946 I have been convinced, from the viewpoints of safety, economy and simplicity (facilitating calculations and development) that the most rational solution to nearly all aircraft propulsion problems is the Fixed Shaft Constant Speed Variable Torque Turbine.But as the engine manufacturer is not the only judge of the propulsion systems adopted by the airframe manufacturers, I have been and still am therefore obliged to manufacture engines, the technical and commercial success of which I do not deny, while being convinced that more rational solutions exist. Because of this Turbomeca has manufactured, and continues to manufacture—alone or in co-operation with other engine manufacturers—free turbines, pure jets and twin shaft by-pass jets, engines which I do not propose to discuss today.
“Time is energy”
Authors: Stamper J. T. 
Published: March 2023

It is naturally a great privilege to have been asked to give the 20th Henson and Stringfellow Memorial Lecture here at the Yeovil branch, within a few miles of the place where Henson and Stringfellow worked together and performed some of their historic experiments.It is perhaps equally natural that, Yeovil having become the home of rotary wing VTOL in the UK and my own Company having pioneered high speed wing VTOL that I should have been asked to make some aspect of VTOL the subject of my paper.
Some measurements of the dynamic properties of mixed, carbon fibre reinforced, plastic beams and plates
Authors: White R. G. 
Published: March 2023

The search for new materials for use in high performance structures, such as aircraft, has resulted in the development of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, CFRP. Parts of aircraft have been manufactured from CFRP, particularly in areas where high acoustic loads are experienced. The acoustic fatigue resistance of fibre reinforced structures is therefore of considerable interest. If the acoustic fatigue problem is to be studied, the response of such structures to acoustic excitation must be predicted and for this, knowledge of material characteristics is essential.The first stage in the investigation of structural materials is to obtain measured values of the dynamic properties. Data of interest to structural dynamicists are moduli of elasticity and damping information.
Post-war development in non-destructive testing
Authors: H. Tyrer  
Published: March 2023

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is not a new procedure and it is not intended that, by choosing the thirty odd years since the War, the impression should be given that before 1945 little or no attention was paid to determining component, system or structural quality by non-destructive means.Archimedes, having discovered the principle of flotation, applied it as a means of determining whether his King's new crown had been unduly alloyed with silver. He is therefore probably the first on record to practise what is now known as NDT.
Adventures and ventures in the Italian aircraft industry
Authors: Jona Alberto 
Published: March 2023

It is a great honour for me to speak to such a distinguished and competent audience. Needless to say, I was pleased to receive the invitation from the Royal Aeronautical Society but was also concerned with the responsibility of treating a subject involving dramatic aspects, which require understanding, and the selection of a certain number of events for presenting a reasonably effective picture of the subject.I know that it will be impossible for me—for lack of ability and also time—to give a full story of these adventures and ventures and 1 apologise for the omissions. In fact I will only briefly mention some of the facts which have more deeply impressed me or in which I have been directly concerned.
Westland design philosophy on the Lynx for instrument and all-weather flying
Authors: Moxam L. R. 
Published: March 2023

Although this paper is entitled “Design Philosophy” it is my intention to show how this philosophy has influenced the design and construction of the Westland Lynx helicopter, with particular attention to those aspects which directly relate to all weather operation.To set the scene I would like to give you a very brief description of the aircraft.
A device for generating an artificial boundary layer in a short axial distance in a supersonic flow
Authors: Philpot P. 
Published: March 2023

When a powerplant air intake is mounted close to an aircraft wing or body the possibility exists of it ingesting part of the boundary layer formed on the adjacent surface. Even if the boundary layer is not ingested directly, the spillage flow from a boundary layer diverter may under some conditions affect the main intake flow. In full-scale free-jet tests of an intake or powerplant it would be desirable to represent any adjacent surfaces, but usually the size of the test facility is insufficient to allow this.This note describes the first tests of a device, developed at NGTE, which at supersonic speeds generates in a short axial distance a layer of low energy air with a pressure distribution approximating to that of a “natural” turbulent boundary layer.
A method of obtaining sub-critical compressible velocities for two-dimensional aerofoils from an exact inviscid incompressible solution
Authors: Probert B. 
Published: March 2023

Numerical nominally-exact solutions of the full equations describing the inviscid compressible flow about two-dimensional aerofoils have been given by Nieuwland and Sells. However, these methods are not readily extendible to include such effects as viscosity and finite aspect ratio. Thus there is a general need for rapid approximate solutions. approximate solutions.One such method is described in Ref. 3. The inviscid first-order (or pseudo first-order) solution given in Ref. 3 forms the basis of a standard, widely used, approximate method. It combines the small perturbation theory of Ref. 4 with an extended semi-empirical compressibility law originally derived for symmetrical aerofoils at zero incidence by Wilby. A detailed evaluation of the method is given in Ref. 6
The development of aircraft as influenced by the shortage of materials and fuel
Authors: Goldsmith H. A. 
Published: March 2023

The general subject of this session is the effect of shortages of raw materials on the development of aircraft. It is most important at the outset to distinguish between two related but essentially different situations.(a) A genuine shortage in which the material in question just cannot be obtained in anything approaching adequate quantities.(b) A situation in which, for some reason or other (possibly associated with some moderate limitation in supply), the price of the material increases rapidly.In either case there is a pressure to reduce the amount of the material that is used, but in the first case one must do so almost regardless of cost or operational effects, while in the second case purely economic and competitive considerations apply. This is most clearly illustrated in the case of fuel—I shall show later in this paper that we could hope to achieve very large savings in fuel usage— perhaps as high as 40%—in a new generation of aircraft, but some of this saving can only come at the cost of reduced speed, reduced operational flexibility or increased complexity. The major decision that must be made is how far along this line should we go—nevertheless, if we are to have the freedom to make that decision we must continue to pursue with all energy the R & D necessary to achieve the maximum improvements.
Astronautics and Guided flight Section
Authors: Price J. S. 
Published: March 2023

The target world like Gaul is divided into three parts, namely:Converted aircraftSpecially developed pilotless dronesTowed targetsand I propose talking about these three types in turn.The only converted manned aircraft in use in the UK is the Meteor U.16. This is a conversion of the Meteor F.8. The main structural change is the extended nose which houses the necessary black boxes, e.g. Autopilot, Control Radio Receiver, Telemetry transmitter, etc. By this means the aircraft can be flown with a pilot in the cockpit in the conventional way for non-firing runs or alternatively as a safety pilot when checking out the drone system.
Out-of-plane force on a circular cylinder at large angles of inclination to a uniform stream
Authors: Lamont P. J. , Hunt B. L. 
Published: March 2023

The force on a circular cylinder inclined to a uniform flow may be resolved into three components, one perpendicular to the plane defined by the axis of the cylinder and the upstream velocity vector (described in this report as the out-of-plane force) one within this plane and perpendicular to the axis (the in-plane normal force) and one within this plane and along the axis (the in-plane axial force).It has become common practice, since Allen and Perkins, to model the flow over a circular cylinder inclined to a uniform flow by resolving the incident flow into two perpendicular component flows. One flow is taken to be parallel to the axis of the cylinder (axial flow) and the other normal to it (cross flow). The cross flow is not taken to be uniform over the whole length of the circular cylinder. Instead it is considered to be started impulsively at the nose and to develop over the length of the body in the same way that the impulsively-started flow over a cylinder develops with time.
Design and simulation of an aircraft brake using a digital computer
Authors: Claridge J. S. 
Published: March 2023

In order to test a proposed design of aircraft brake, it is obviously necessary to build a prototype, lay down a testing schedule in accordance with airworthiness requirements, and then test the brake, using for example a flywheel type test machine.The time scale involved in this exercise is quite considerable. Once the brake has been designed it has to be drawn, stressed and the paper work required to make the prototype raised. What is not quite so obvious is that in most cases of brake test the final stage or reject take-off test leads to destruction of the heat sink. Thus if the test is not satisfactory or the results do not comply with the requirements and a retest is required, then a new prototype will also be required. In the case of a large multiplate disc brake the cost of such an exercise would be considerable.It is hoped that the introduction of a “simulator” program run on a digital machine will enable a good deal of both time and money to be saved in the evolution of a satisfactory design.
The optimum distribution of diagonal stiffeners reinforcing a clamped infinitely long plate buckling under shear
Authors: Parsons H. W. , Beard D. W. 
Published: March 2023

In a paper by Parsons and Cook, a theoretical solution to the initial buckling under shear stress of a long clamped plate with parallel edges, reinforced by a stiffener mesh was obtained. In the particular case when only diagonal stiffeners are present (having flexural rigidity only) one numerical solution was obtained for a particular value 1·5 of the aspect ratio of the panels of the plate associated with various values of θ, for which a partial check on the accuracy of the computational work could be carried out by comparison with results obtained by Southwell and Skan.In this paper the numerical work is extended to cover a range of values of θ and a range of values of the aspect ratio in order to determine the optimum arrangement of stiffeners in resisting shear stress applied to the plate, that is to say the arrangement which maximises the onset of buckling.As in Ref. 1, the cross-sectional area of the stiffeners is neglected, (he effect of a finite area of cross section being discussed in a subsequent paper.
The role of cost benefit analysis
Authors: Keith-lucas D. 
Published: March 2023

I would begin by asking whether cost benefit analysis has any place in this symposium. It is not directly concerned with finance although one could say that it is a technique for deciding whether a thing is worth the money or, if there is more than one thing, which thing is best value for money. But we need not bring money in at all. The real object is to decide whether a thing, or which thing, is in the best interests of the community.As such it is a proper prelude to an investment and deserves a place in the symposium.
Airborne aircraft carriers
Authors: Stewart P. A. E. 
Published: March 2023

In the past, new concepts have largely stemmed from the use of intuitive techniques by original thinkers. These approaches, though still useful, are now reinforced by more powerful, formal, and systematic, methods of examining the possible patterns for the future. These methods are part of the process of technological forecasting and are described in references.The results of the forecasting process may then be assessed and evaluated using further methods of operational research such as cost effectiveness analysis.
Noise and the helicopter pilot
Authors: Gordon A. C. 
Published: March 2023

When I agreed to give this paper I did not appreciate the problems I would have in trying to quantify what I had as a pilot been putting into practice for some years, I have always been conscious of helicopter noise when operating into heliports or landing areas within a community and tried, by practical means, to reduce the amount of noise annoyance.Subject to the economics being satisfactory, the more widespread use of helicopters in passenger transport might easily be seriously inhibited by restrictive noise limitations. Pilots can help to avoid this if they operate the present generation of noisy helicopters with due regard to this problem.
Small engines—big business
Authors: Perkins J. E. B. 
Published: March 2023

This lecture is devoted to small gas turbines defined as those in the power range up to around 3000 shp and 4000 lb thrust, ie engines for general aviation, corporate and executive aircraft and limited trainer applications and helicopters. I do not propose to deal with APUs as these were the subject of the excellent paper given by C. H. Paul in a recent Halford Lecture.I intend, as you may have gathered from the title, to treat this subject more in a total business context rather than as a strictly technical lecture. Recognising both the strong technical traditions of the Society and the man, Major Halford, whose memory we honour, I shall, however, take some time to deal with selected technical aspects of the subject.
The determination of realistic probability levels for project completion dates
Authors: Mitchell G. , Willis M. J. 
Published: March 2023

Since our national economy depends, to an extent, on the successful completion of the design, marketing and selling of major industrial projects, one sees more exacting demands placed on the completion of these projects on time. For example we have seen the advent of increased Ministerial requirements on the estimations of development costs and programmes with the subsequent stricter control of the costs and programmes of advanced technological projects. In order to facilitate the implementation of the requirements specified in the Downey Report, and in particular, industry's own monitoring and programming, we have seen the development of network analysis management techniques.Projects having slipped several months or even years tend to incur escalated costs and consequently one sees a loss in overall profit, lost future orders, etc. It would be more than useful, therefore to estimate a probability function of completing a project by a specified date in order that more realistic planning can be executed.
To the Moon and Beyond
Authors: Gilruth Robert R. 
Published: March 2023

I am greatly honoured to be here and to follow the distinguished men who have given this lecture in honour of the Wright Brothers in previous years. All of my famous predecessors have spoken on the subject of aeronautics. I will deal with aeronautics but only to describe its role in the development of manned space flight.In their development of the aeroplane, the Wright Brothers recognised that there were many factors that they needed to master for successful flight. For example, they foresaw the need to train themselves to fly, showing truly remarkable foresight. They built and used their own wind tunnel. They combined the rare ability to recognise problems and to devise methods for their solution, all within the modest resources of their time. I have been very fortunate to live at a time where I could participate in so many phases of manned flight. As a boy, the Wright Brothers were a legend in my home. Later I was privileged to know Orville Wright when I was a young engineer at Langley Field and he was a member of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).
Mathematical Modelling Techniques in Guided Weapons
Authors: Woollatt G. M. 
Published: March 2023

At BAC Filton the use of computers in missile work began early in the 1950s, much as elsewhere no doubt, by the company manufacturing its own analogue machines. The utilisation of computers was brought about by the need to develop the theoretical approach of design beyond the stage of hand computed calculations. Linear calculations could be long and tedious, and although ingenious exposure of the basic principles of missiles were often very instructive, they remained too simple to give complete reassurance.As the development of missiles proceeded, the realisation of the complexity and extent of the non-linearities became more evident, casting doubt on the likely success of the missiles under design and manufacture. Typically with Bloodhound there was the fear that a twist/steer missile would not work, most missiles of the day being tail controlled cartesians. Would one be able to keep the body movements down to an acceptable minimum for the sake of aberration or ramjet extinction? Just what were the cross coupling effects from pitch and roll into yaw? Later, when what one might call the purely mechanical reliability aspects of trials were over, the need to understand the interaction of the various phenomena of missile flight began to dominate design thought.
Some Notes on Helicopter Stability Under Constraint
Authors: Kumar P. E. 
Published: March 2023

The concept of stability under constraint had been developed by Neumark and applied with considerable success to predict the speed instabilities in the flight of aircraft below minimum drag speed. This concept involves the removal (or partial removal) of one or more degrees of freedom of an aircraft by the deliberate application of some control to keep a chosen element of disturbance at a constant value. A partial constraint could thus be introduced in practice by a pilot trying to keep the wings level with the horizon by the use of aileron control, or keeping attitude constant with the use of elevator. Pinsker has recently used bank angle constraint stability of an aircraft as a means of defining a minimum acceptable value of nv.This present note considers some aspects of longitudinal stability under constraint as applicable to the flight of a helicopter in the forward and the hover modes.
A Design Study for a Freight-Carrying Airship
Authors: Mowforth E. 
Published: March 2023

Considerable interest is currently evident in the potentialities of large airships as a means of transporting freight; studies are proceeding at various levels in a number of countries, the two most serious projects in the UK being those under respective development by Cargo Airships Limited and by Airfloat Transport Limited.Although most proposals concur in envisaging a very large helium-filled vessel cruising at 80 to 110 kt (148-185 km/h) and carrying payloads of up to 500 tons (508 000 kg) there is significant diversity of approach in the selection of fields of application for the airship, and in the establishment of the appropriate design parameters.This paper, therefore, seeks to indicate some areas of the overall transport spectrum which might be expected to favour airship operation, and discusses some of the problems associated with different modes of operation.Particular reference will be made to the Airfloat Transport project, which is a vessel with a gas capacity of 30 million ft3 (849 510 m3) intended for the carriage of large indivisible loads over moderate distances.
The Determination of Stresses at Nodal Points from Finite Element Solutions to Elastic Problems
Authors: Jobson D. A. 
Published: March 2023

The application of matrix displacement methods to elastic problems leads to an array of simultaneous equations, of the form:in which K is non-singular. This, when inverted, enables the component deflections u to be determined for any specified loading f. The deformed shape of the system is thus obtained in terms of displacement of the nodes and the latter are used to derive the stress within each element. The stress solution thus lacks precision, since it is not clear as to what point within the element the calculated stress refers. There will be a number of such elements connected to any given node and generally, the computed stress is different within each.
A Theory on Effect of Entrainment, Due to Jet Flap which Hits the Ground, for an Aerofoil with Separation
Authors: Kida T. , Miyai Y. 
Published: March 2023

A number of theoretical methods concerning the flow about jet flapped wings have been developed for predicting the increase of lift due to super-circulation around an aerofoil, but only a few of those methods have been concerned with a jet flapped wing with ground effect.The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a simple approximate representation of the flow around a jet flapped aerofoil in the case when the jet hits the ground. Hence, it is assumed that the existence of a stationary vortex is neglected and the wake fully develops from the leading edge. It is also assumed that the jet is replaced with a suitable distribution of sinks along the jet axis, to represent the effect of jet entrainment. When the aerofoil is in very close proximity to the ground, it may be assumed that the jet impinges on the ground before the mixing layer finally emerges in the centre of the jet.
Coin Aircraft: Test, Evaluation and Application
Authors: Deken George T. 
Published: March 2023

In April 1961, the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated at Hurlburt Field, Florida, to train US Air Force aircrews in the varied and difficult skills of special air operations.Because of the increasing emphasis on counter-insurgency (COIN) operations brought on by the conflict in South East Asia, the concept grew from a training squadron to a numbered Air Force equivalent headquarters with two wings and a Special Operations School. Designated the USAF Special Operations Force (USAF SOF), this unit of the Tactical Air Command is responsible for training US aircrews for special air operations in counterinsurgency. Over ten different types of COIN aircraft are used in these tasks, from the multi-mission C-47 with nearly 35 years of continuous civil and military service to the newest aircraft capable of COIN operations, the OV-10A. Some of these aircraft are performing in conventional air operations such as the tactical air support mission of the forward air controller. All have COIN capabilities which have been used or are available for special air operations.
Subsonic and Supersonic Operations in the Years Ahead
Authors: Andrew James 
Published: March 2023

We have come to honour the memory of a great Australian. Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith was one of that small band of pioneers who forced us to start down the road which we all tread with so much confidence today. So, in our discussion I ask you to remember the men who started it all by flying unsophisticated and not too reliable aeroplanes over oceans and deserts, and who frequently lost their lives in the attempt.I imagine that almost any speaker here would refer to aviation's humble beginnings, its phenomenal growth over the years since the war, and the brilliant and seemingly limitless future which lies ahead, and the figures certainly are impressive.