bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive Transfer of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Mechanisms of Suppression
Authors: Falk George A. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Elisworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive (adoptive) transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with lymph node cells has been used as a method of analysis of mechanisms of disease induction and protection. Pretreatment of cell donors with CNS tissue prior to active challenge yielded lymph node cells which were unable to induce EAE in normal recipients. Similar pretreatment of recipients with CNS before they were given cells from actively sensitized donors rendered them unreactive to an otherwise highly encephalitogenic cell inoculum. Interference with the formation of sensitized cells is thus only one part of and not the whole explanation for the phenomenon of protection. Mycobacteria-induced protection against EAE similarly created an internal environment in the recipients which did not permit passive transfer of EAE. In each case, protection against EAE was accompanied by inhibition of the delayed dermal reaction to the CNS encephalitogen, myelin basic protein (BP).
The site of interference with delayed hypersensitivity, which occurs at some point beyond the initial sensitization, was not defined by the present study. The protected state, which in most animals was not accompanied by detectable antibodies to the encephalitogen, could not be transferred passively to other animals with either serum or lymphoid cells from protected animals.
Reactivity of Polymer (19S) and Monomer (7S) Forms of γM with Anti-γM Serum
Authors: Gleich Gerald J. , Loegering David A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An anti-γM serum which distinguishes between 19SγM and a low-molecularweight γM from human serum (γMs-N) was prepared by immunizing a goat with normal human γM in Freund's complete adjuvant; it was absorbed with γG and hypogammaglobulinemic serum and was specific for γM. The reactivity of this antiserum was examined with 19SγM, with the γM monomer produced by reduction and alkylation (γMs-RA), and with the γM monomer prepared by reduction alone (γMs-R). In agar double diffusion the 19SγM band spurred over the bands formed by γMs-RA and γMs-R whereas the bands formed by γM monomers fused. Mixtures of 19SγM and γMs-RA formed concentric zones of precipitation in radial immunodiffusion and produced two bands in agar double diffusion. By quantitative precipitin analysis, with 19SγM the antiserum contained 30 µg Ab N/0.1 ml serum and with γMs-RA, 19 µg Ab N/0.1 ml. After absorption at equivalence with γMs-RA the antiserum still precipitated with 19SγM and Fc-γM but did not precipitate with Fab-γM. The precipitin reaction between 19SγM and the anti-γM serum absorbed with γMs-RA was inhibited by three γM subunits (γMs-RA, γMs-R, and γMs-N). Thus, the antiserum is reactive with an antigenic determinant on the Fc portion of the µ chain present on both 19SγM and the γM subunits. The difference in the reactivity of the antiserum with 19SγM and the γM subunits may be related to the number of specific antigenic determinants on these molecules.
Cyclophosphamide Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Cellular Transfer of the Disease in Lewis Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Hanson Margaret A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Single or daily injections of cyclophosphamide (CY) at appropriate dose levels completely inhibit the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats sensitized to spinal cord in adjuvant. CY treatment of sensitized Lewis donors or injection of CY into recipients after injection of donor lymphoid cells suppresses or inhibits transfer of EAE. Treatment of prospective recipients before injection of donor cells also may inhibit transfer. These observations, together with other data cited, suggest that active immunologic participation of the recipient may be a prerequisite for successful transfer of the disease.
Quantitative and Qualitative Studies on the Primary Antibody Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides at the Cellular Level
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Stashak Philip W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of the antibody response to purified pneumococcal polysaccharides was studied at the cellular level using the technique of localized hemolysis-in-gel in conjunction with erythrocytes sensitized with immunizing antigen. The overall pattern of the antibody response was similar, with respect to the number of direct plaqueforming cells produced, to that reported for other antigens. However, using antisera specific for various classes of mouse immunoglobulins to characterize the types of specific plaque-forming cells produced, it appears that the antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharides is exclusively macroglobulin in nature; two types of macroglobulin antibodies, differentiated on the basis of their efficiency in participating in immune hemolysis, are produced. The data suggest that direct plaque-forming cells may represent only 30% to 50% of the total number of antibody-forming cells produced following immunization.
Isolation and Characterization of IgA Produced by an Established Human Lymphocytoid Cell Line
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extracellular and intracellular human immunoglobulins of the IgA class were isolated in a highly purified state from the culture of an established human lymphocytoid cell line RPMI 4666. It was found that the general features of these immunoglobulins are similar to the serum IgA in myeloma individuals, consisting of covalently-bound α heavy chains and kappa light chains and possessing idiotypic antigenic determinants in addition to the antigenic determinants common to other κ type IgA. The extracellular immunoglobulin was found in both monomeric and dimeric forms while the intracellular immunoglobulin was found only in the monomeric form. Although the extracellular and intracellular immunoglobulins differed distinctly in their electrophoretic mobility, no difference could be detected in their antigenic determinants. The difference in their mobilities was shown to be reflected in their Fab-fragments.
Mode of Action of Adjuvants: Effects on Antibody Responses to Macrophage-Associated Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Spitznagel John K. , Allison A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primary and secondary antibody responses were measured in CBA mice after injecting them with different primary doses of free bovine serum albumin (free BSA) or BSA taken up by syngeneic macrophages (MBSA). The antibody responses to MBSA were much higher than those to FBSA, and the slopes of the dose-response curves differed significantly. When FBSA was administered shortly before MBSA, the antibody responses were less than when MBSA was given alone. It is suggested that FBSA elicits two competitive responses in immunocompetent cells: immunization and the induction of tolerance; with MBSA the balance is changed strongly toward immunization.
Potent adjuvants, injected prior to FBSA, heightened antibody responses to approximately the level produced by the same doses of MBSA. This suggested that adjuvants can also prevent the tolerance-inducing effect of FBSA. MBSA is retained by macrophages incubated in vitro for several hours, and the immunogenicity of the retained BSA does not decrease. MBSA gives rise to an antibody response in irradiated recipients only if they have been reconstituted with syngeneic lymphocytes. MBSA in E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages induced consistently higher antibody responses in normal mice than MBSA bound by untreated macrophages. LPS treatment of lymphocytes used to reconstitute irradiated animals had no detectable effect on antibody responses. This suggests that the effects of adjuvants may be exerted at least partly on macrophages. LPS had no demonstrable effect on the uptake or degradation of antigen by macrophages.
Binding Properties of Anti-Dinitrophenylated-Bacitracin A Antibodies Produced in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Mancino Domenico , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj , Siskind Gregory W. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs immunized with tri-DNP-bacitracin A produced anti-DNP-antibodies with binding characteristics which varied from individual to individual. Of nine antisera from single animals studied by equilibrium dialysis against tritiated DNP-ε-aminocaproic acid (DNP-EACA), DNP-δ-aminovaleric acid (DNP-DAVA) and DNP-isoleucine (DNP-ile), three bound DNP-EACA and DNP-DAVA clearly better than they bound DNP-ile, one bound DNP-ile with a significantly greater energy of interaction that it bound DNP-DAVA, and five bound the ligands with similar or only slightly different energies of interaction. In contrast, anti-DNP antisera produced by seven individual guinea pigs immunized with DNP-BGG or DNP-BSA all bound DNP-EACA or DNP-DAVA to a greater degree than they bound DNP-ile. These observations suggest that individual animals can respond preferentially to one of a series of antigenic determinants presented on the same molecule.
Demonstration of Viral Antibody Activity in Two Immunoglobulin G Subclasses in Patients with Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection
Authors: Leonard Larry L. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the immunoglobulins produced in response to infection with the varicella-zoster virus (V-Z) was investigated. In primary infections (varicella) antibody was demonstrable in both IgM and IgG serum fractions, while in secondary infections (herpes zoster) antibody was demonstrable only in the IgG fraction. Two IgG components differing in their electrophoretic mobilities were separated from human sera by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and these differed in their antibody activity depending upon the clinical manifestation of the V-Z infection. V-Z antibody was demonstrable in the “slow” IgG subclass in varicella and herpes zoster infections by both neutralization and fluorescent antibody (FA) tests. In varicella infections neutralizing antibody was not demonstrable in the “fast” IgG fraction, although low levels of antibody were detected by FA tests. In herpes zoster infections, on the other hand, the “fast” IgG fraction contained antibody demonstrable by both neutralization and FA tests. This suggests that the antibody response to primary infection with the V-Z may be “incomplete.” The possible protective activities of these two subclasses of IgG are discussed.
Human M-Proteins with Antibody Activity for Nitrophenyl Ligands
Authors: Terry W. D. , Boyd M. M. , Rea J. S. , Stein R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Human sera containing M-proteins were tested for their capacity to bind nitrophenyl haptens. About 1.5% of 580 M-proteins showed significant binding for either DNP-caproate or DNP-lysine. In all active sera, binding was due to the M-protein. By contrast, tests of 319 sera by immunodiffusion against nitrophenyl-protein conjugates resulted in many false positive and false negative reactions, indicating that this is a less satisfactory method for detecting M-proteins with antibody activity.
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid at the N-Terminal Positions of Polypeptide Chains from Leopard Shark Immunoglobulins
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Klaus Gerhard G. , Nitecki Danute E. , Wang An-Chuan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leopard shark immunoglobulins are found in 7S and 17S forms, which are indistinguishable chemically and antigenically, and probably are analogous to IgM molecules of mammals (1). The two molecular forms thus appear to share common H and L polypeptide chains. Suran and Papermaster reported that the amino terminal 6 residues from H- and L-chains of at least a portion of 7S and 17S leopard shark Ig were virtually identical to each other and to the homologous regions of kappa L-chains of mouse and man (2). These results suggest that relatively little divergent evolution had occurred in this region of H- and L-chains at the level of the elasmobranchs and support the common origin of these chains by duplication of an ancestral gene (3, 4). However, lambda L-chains and the gamma and mu H-chains from mammalian Ig almost invariably possess a blocked N-terminal residue identified as pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA).
Concanavalin A-Induced Release of Skin-Reactive Factor from Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Schwartz Howard J. , Leon Myron A. , Pelley Ronald P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have found that pretreatment of tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs with the plant lectin concanavalin A suppresses their delayed hypersensitivity response (1). Concanavalin A also complexes with glycoproteins, and possibly glycolipids, at the surface of a variety of cells (2, 3), and with glycoproteins in body fluids (4, 5). In the case of lymphocytes, this binding initiates a series of reactions leading to blast transformation (3). The observation that phytohemagglutinin (another plant lectin) activates lymphocytes for the production of lymphotoxin (7–9) prompted us to further examine the effect of concanavalin A on normal lymphocytes.
Concanavalin A was prepared by a minor modification (5) of the method of Agrawal and Goldstein (6). Axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and spleens were obtained from non-immune, randomly bred albino guinea pigs following exsanguination by cardiac puncture. The organs were diced and teased gently with mouse-toothed forceps in cold Hanks' balanced salt solution and then filtered through sterile glass wool twice.
Bacteriologic Studies on Wasting Disease Induced by Neonatal Thymectomy
Authors: Cantrell John C. , Jutila John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neonatal Balb/c mice thymectomized at 12 to 24 hours of age and treated with two injections of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (RAMTS) developed a more severe wasting disease with a more rapid onset than did their thymectomized counterparts. Neonatal Balb/c mice that received only RAMTS failed to demonstrate symptoms of wasting disease.
The liver, lungs, spleen and blood of thymectomized Balb/c neonatal mice treated with RAMTS were found to be infected with several species of microorganisms presumed to originate from the normal flora of the gut. In the early onset of infection, a nonpathogenic species of Erysipelothrix was the predominant organism cultured from the tissues. As time progressed, mixed infections consisting of Streptococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium species, Bacillus species and Proteus mirabilis were commonly found in the tissues and organs of RAMTS-treated thymectomized mice. Citrobacter species and S. faecalis were the predominant microorganisms isolated from mice that showed terminal wasting disease.
Development and Duration of Mumps Fluorescent Antibodies in Various Immunoglobulin Fractions of Human Serum
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Baublis Joseph V. , O'Leary Theresa P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The indirect immunofluorescence technique was successfully adapted to the detection and titration of mumps virus antibodies in human sera. The curve of antibody development and duration for 3 months following the onset of clinical disease was measured with fluorescein-labeled antisera prepared against the IgG, IgA and IgM fractions as well as the whole human GG, and was compared with neutralizing antibodies. Antibodies in the whole GG and the IgG fraction were present in high titer at the time of onset and persisted unchanged for at least 3 months. IgM antibodies also developed rapidly to somewhat lower titers but declined steadily and were rarely detectable 50 days after the disease. Limited observations on the curve of IgA antibodies indicated that they too are transient and decline during the first month after infection. Neutralizing antibodies in these same individuals developed slowly and to relatively lower titers but persisted for the duration of the study. The specificity of reactions with labeled antisera for various fractions of GG was confirmed by treatment with 2-ME followed by density gradient centrifugation.
The FA response of individuals receiving live, attenuated mumps virus vaccine was measured using conjugates prepared against IgM and whole GG and was found to correspond closely to that measured by the neutralization technique.
The extent of subclinical infection and immunity among 48 ward contacts of cases in an institution was determined by testing paired serum specimens which had been collected at an interval of 36 days. Thirty-one per cent were found to be serologically immune. Twenty-five per cent remained susceptible and 43% experienced subclinical infection.
Reactions between antibodies in sera of patients convalescent from mumps and antigens prepared with parainfluenza viruses of types 1, 2 and 3 were prominent with fluorescein-labeled antisera against whole GG but were completely eliminated when anti-IgM serum was employed. This rapid and highly specific diagnostic procedure has the added significance that a positive reaction in even a single serum specimen proves that the individual has experienced infection during the past few weeks.
Inhibition of the Eighth Component of Complement (C8) by Ethylenediaminetetra-Acetate (Edta)
Authors: Schultz Duane R. , Zarco Romeo M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functionally pure C8 from human or guinea pig serum was inactivated by 1 to 2 × 10-3 M EDTA. Native C8 in serum was partially inactivated by EDTA, but much longer periods of incubation at 37°C were required for this to be evident. The effect of EDTA on C8 was dependent upon time, temperature, and concentrations of both the chelating agent and C8. The inactivation of C8 by EDTA was partially or totally reversed by the addition of Ca2+ or by dialysis, but reversal was dependent upon the duration of exposure and the temperature. The process became irreversible within relatively short periods of time at 30°C and 37°C. EDTA had no apparent effect on the activity of cell-bound C8 or on the binding site of C8 for C9, but it did impair the binding site of C8 for C7. Neither EAC1–7 nor C9 was affected by EDTA.
The Biologic Activities of Guinea Pig Antibodies
Authors: Oliveira Benedito , Osler Abraham G. , Siraganian Reuben P. , Sandberg Ann L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig immunoglobulins have been separated into the γ1 and γ2 classes by chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Both types show charge heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of the γ2 immunoglobulins is attributed to the F(ab) fragments. As noted previously by others, the ability to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig skin is confined almost entirely to the γ1 immunoglobulins. Both types of immunoglobulins participate in C-dependent allergic reactions of the immediate type. These include the generation of anaphylatoxin, the mediation of reverse passive Arthus reactions, as well as allergic histamine release from normal rabbit platelets.
Synthesis of Secretory IgA in the Rabbit
Authors: Lawton Alexander R. , Asofsky Richard , Mage Rose G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit colostral IgA internally labeled with 14C has been isolated from culture fluids of short term cultures of mammary tissue obtained from three rabbits. Alpha, light, and T chains of intact or extensively reduced and alkylated IgA were separated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography in 5 M guanidine, and by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. The results indicate that all three chains are synthesized locally, and that 14C lysine and isoleucine are incorporated into α, light and T chains in a ratio of approximately 4:2:1. This ratio is in reasonably close agreement with the mass ratio of the chains of an IgA molecule with 4α, 4 light, and 2 T chains. The data indicate that local synthesis can account for all of the IgA found in rabbit colostrum.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Woolsey Marion E. , Mandy William J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The levels of HR activity in normal adult rabbits were not affected by immunization with autologous intact γG-globulin or with the purified Fab and Fab′ fragments of autologous γG-globulin.
The effect of immunizing newborn rabbits with homologous γG-globulin or with the enzymatic fragments of homologous γG-globulin on HR synthesis was demonstrated by an increase in the levels of HR significantly beyond the levels found in control rabbits of the same litter at the same age.
The induced HR was similar to the naturally-occurring HR in: a) specificity for buried determinants of homologous γG-globulin, and b) specificity for either Fab or Fab′ fragments as the provoking antigens. Of particular interest was the finding that HR for both the Fab and Fab′ specificity was induced in newborn rabbits by immunization with intact γG-globulin.
These findings are offered as supportive evidence that HR synthesis is prompted and maintained by antigenic stimuli resulting from degradation products of autologous γG-globulin occurring as early as 4 to 5 weeks after parturition.
Immunoglobulin Classes of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mice
Authors: Nordin Albert A. , Cosenza Humberto , Sell Stewart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cell suspensions from mice that had been immunized with an optimal dose of sheep erythrocytes were assayed by a replicate plating technique capable of detecting and separately differentiating plaque-forming cells (PFC) producing IgM and/or γ1 hemolysin. The mice were tested 5 1/2 days after immunization when γ1 PFC were first detectable in significant numbers; approximately equal to the number of IgM PFC. Only 2% to 4% of the PFC examined could be considered as producing IgM and γ1 hemolysin simultaneously. These results are inconsistent with the theory that the rapid appearance of a large number of IgG-PFC between day 4 and day 51/2 is the result of antibody-producing cells switching from IgM to IgG production.
Communications
Authors: Nagaya H. , McKenzie W. N. , Kilburn K. H. , Sieker H. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have shown that the immunosuppressive effect of antithymus serum is greater than that of antilymphocyte serum in rats (1, 2). Histologically, the thymus of animals treated with antithymus serum shows marked depletion of small lymphocytes whereas the thymus of rats treated with antilymphocyte serum appears to be intact. Our subsequent radioautographic studies indicated that thymic lymphocyte production was suppressed in rats receiving antithymus serum, but was increased in animals receiving antilymphocyte serum (3, 4). These findings suggest that suppression of thymic lymphocyte production is one of the important mechanisms of the immunosuppressive action of antithymus serum. This communication reports that in mice, also, antithymus serum has greater immunosuppressive potency than does antilymphocyte serum. Furthermore, thymus antigens responsible for the production of potent antiserum are closely associated with the ribosomal fraction of thymus glands.
Antithymus serum (ATS) was produced in rabbits by 5 weekly subcutaneous injections with a mixture (2.5 ml) of a 20% saline suspension (by volume) of 6- to 8-week-old AKR mice thymus homogenates and Freund's complete adjuvant.