bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast density prediction from low and standard dose mammograms using deep learning: effect of image resolution and model training approach on prediction quality
Authors: Squires Steven , Harkness Elaine , Mackenzie Alistair , Evans D. Gareth , Howell Sacha J , Astley Susan M 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPurposeTo improve breast cancer risk prediction for young women, we have developed deep learning methods to estimate mammographic density from mammograms taken at approximately 1/10thof the usual dose. We investigate the quality and reliability of the density scores produced on low dose mammograms focussing on how image resolution and levels of training affect the low dose predictions.MethodsDeep learning models are developed and tested, with two feature extraction methods and an end-to-end trained method, on five different resolutions of 15,290 standard dose and simulated low dose mammograms with known labels. The models are further tested on a dataset with 296 matching standard and real low dose images allowing performance on the low dose images to be ascertained.ResultsPrediction quality on standard and simulated low dose images compared to labels is similar for all equivalent model training and image resolution versions. Increasing resolution results in improved performance of both feature extraction methods for standard and simulated low dose images, while the trained models show high performance across the resolutions. For the trained models the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between predictions of standard and low dose images at low resolution is 0.951 (0.937 to 0.960) and at the highest resolution 0.956 (0.942 to 0.965). If pairs of model predictions are averaged, similarity increases.ConclusionsDeep learning mammographic density predictions on low dose mammograms are highly correlated with standard dose equivalents for feature extraction and end-to-end approaches across multiple image resolutions. Deep learning models can reliably make high quality mammographic density predictions on low dose mammograms.
Differential host responses within the upper respiratory tract and peripheral blood of children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Hurst Jillian H. , Mohan Aditya A. , Dalapati Trisha , George Ian A. , Aquino Jhoanna N. , Lugo Debra J. , Pfeiffer Trevor S. , Rodriguez Javier , Rotta Alexandre T. , Turner Nicholas A. , Burke Thomas W. , McClain Micah T. , Henao Ricardo , DeMarco C. Todd , Louzao Raul , Denny Thomas N. , Walsh Kyle M. , Xu Zhaohui , Mejias Asuncion , Ramilo Octavio , Woods Christopher W. , Kelly Matthew S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAge is among the strongest risk factors for severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We sought to evaluate associations between age and both mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We profiled the upper respiratory tract (URT) and peripheral blood transcriptomes of 201 participants (age range of 1 week to 83 years), including 137 non-hospitalized individuals with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and 64 uninfected individuals. Among uninfected children and adolescents, young age was associated with upregulation of innate and adaptive immune pathways within the URT, suggesting that young children are primed to mount robust mucosal immune responses to exogeneous respiratory pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with broad induction of innate and adaptive immune responses within the URT of children and adolescents. Peripheral blood responses among SARS-CoV-2-infected children and adolescents were dominated by interferon pathways, while upregulation of myeloid activation, inflammatory, and coagulation pathways was observed only in adults. Systemic symptoms among SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects were associated with blunted innate and adaptive immune responses in the URT and upregulation of many of these same pathways within peripheral blood. Finally, within individuals, robust URT immune responses were correlated with decreased peripheral immune activation, suggesting that effective immune responses in the URT may promote local viral control and limit systemic immune activation and symptoms. These findings demonstrate that there are differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 across the lifespan, including between young children and adolescents, and suggest that these varied host responses contribute to observed differences in the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by age.One Sentence SummaryAge is associated with distinct upper respiratory and peripheral blood transcriptional responses among children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Oxidative Status of the Ultra-Processed Foods in the Western Diet
Authors: Maldonado-Pereira Lisaura , Barnaba Carlo , Medina-Meza Ilce Gabriela 
Published: August 2023

AbstractUltra-processed foods (UPFs) and their nutritional value have become a trending topic in the scientific community because of their increasing demand, and their potentially adverse effects on human health. Besides the poor nutritional value attributed to UPFs, countless studies have also reported the presence of different dietary oxidized substances in these meals. DOxS are associated with several chronic diseases such as cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), cancer, diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, a database of DOxS and other dietary metabolites detected in 63 UPFs meals part of the Western diet is reported. Significant differences were found in DOxS and phytosterol contents between ready-to-eat and fast food (FF). Putative biomarkers were suggested for RTE (brassicasterol) and FF (7α-OH and 7β-OH), as well as for all 6 different food categories: dairy (brassicasterol), eggs & derivatives (stigmasterol and β-sitosterol), meat & poultry (7α-OH), seafood, baby food (β-sitosterol), and others (campesterol). Ideally, the use of dietary biomarkers could potentially help in the future to identify in an early stage the presence of different chronic diseases, and even, prevent their development. Nevertheless, an exposure assessment is critical to understand the exposure level of DOxS and their relationship with different chronic diseases.
Clustering of shoulder movement patterns using K-means algorithm based on the shoulder range of motion
Authors: Kim Jun-hee 
Published: August 2023

AbstractContextCategorization in medicine is used to enhance understanding of a disease or syndrome and apply it to treatment and is based on human clinical experience or theory. Cluster analysis using the K-means algorithm is an unsupervised machine learning method that classifies clusters based on numerical data. The purpose of this study was to classify subjects into clusters using K-means algorithm based on shoulder range of motion (ROM) and identify the characteristics of the clusters.DesignCross-sectional studyMethods551 data samples measured in the 5th Size Korea Anthropometric Survey (2003∼2004) were used. Clustering was performed using the K-means algorithm, and the appropriate number of clusters was determined using the elbow curve and silhouette score. The characteristics of the clusters were analyzed by comparing the average values of shoulder ROM in the clusters.ResultsThe appropriate number of classifications of clusters according to the shoulder ROM was 8. Clusters 1 and 5 had the lowest flexion range, and clusters 7 and 8 had low internal rotation and shoulder horizontal adduction ranges. Clusters 2 and 6 exhibited the highest flexion and overall high flexibility. Clusters 3 and 4 showed moderate flexion ranges but low horizontal adduction ranges. Shoulder movement patterns were classified into a total of 8 clusters according to the shoulder ROM.ConclusionBased on this clustering system, it was possible to identify the pattern of shoulder movement in ordinary people, and it could be used as basic data to identify and treat diseases or syndromes according to the pattern.
Copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility
Authors: Auwerx Chiara , Jõeloo Maarja , Sadler Marie C. , Tesio Nicolò , Ojavee Sven , Clark Charlie J. , Mägi Reedik ,   Estonian Biobank Research Team, Reymond Alexandre , Kutalik Zoltán 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundCopy-number variations (CNVs) have been associated with rare and debilitating genomic syndromes but their impact on health later in life in the general population remains poorly described.MethodsAssessing four modes of CNV action, we performed genome-wide association scans (GWASs) between the copy-number of CNV-proxy probes and 60 curated ICD-10 based clinical diagnoses in 331,522 unrelated white UK Biobank participants with replication in the Estonian Biobank.ResultsWe identified 73 signals involving 40 diseases, all of which indicating that CNVs increased disease risk and caused earlier onset. Even after correcting for these signals, a higher CNV burden increased risk for 18 disorders, mainly through the number of deleted genes, suggesting a polygenic CNV architecture. Number and identity of genes disturbed by CNVs affected their pathogenicity, with many associations being supported by colocalization with both common and rare single nucleotide variant association signals. Dissection of association signals provided insights into the epidemiology of known gene-disease pairs (e.g., deletions inBRCA1andLDLRincreased risk for ovarian cancer and ischemic heart disease, respectively), clarified dosage mechanisms of action (e.g., both increased and decreased dosage of 17q12 impacts renal health), and identified putative causal genes (e.g.,ABCC6for kidney stones). Characterization of the pleiotropic pathological consequences of recurrent CNVs at 15q13, 16p13.11, 16p12.2, and 22q11.2 in adulthood indicated variable expressivity of these regions and the involvement of multiple genes.ConclusionsOur results shed light on the prominent role of CNVs in determining common disease susceptibility within the general population and provide actionable insights allowing to anticipate later-onset comorbidities in carriers of recurrent CNVs.
Normal values for mitral and tricuspid early inflow blood flow velocity variation using real time phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Thalén Simon , Heiberg Einar , Sörensson Peder , Giese Daniel , Sigfridsson Andreas , Ugander Martin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundDiastolic ventricular interdependence influences the breathing-induced variation in early diastolic blood flow velocities across the mitral and tricuspid valve. The aim of this study was to develop a method to measure the respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid early inflow velocities using semi-automatic analysis of real time phase contrast (RT-PC) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images, and describe normal reference values.MethodsClinically referred patients (n=24, median [interquartile range] age 55 [46– 65] years, 48% female) with no pericardial effusion or pericardial thickening underwent through-plane RT-PC CMR imaging using a research sequence at 3T in a basal short-axis view over a 30 s acquisition during free breathing. One patient with constrictive pericarditis and one patient with a hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion were imaged to illustrate clinical feasibility. Image analysis was performed using an in-house developed plugin. A region of interest was prescribed over encompassing the mitral and tricuspid orifices, respectively. The highest (Vmax) and lowest (Vmin) early inflow velocities were then automatically recorded. Respiratory variation was defined as (Vmax-Vmin)/Vmax.ResultsThe respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid early inflow velocity in patients without constrictive pericarditis or pericardial effusion was (mean±SD) 22±7% (upper limit 35%) and 38±7% (upper limit 51%). The patient with constrictive pericarditis had a respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid early inflow velocities of 60% and 44%, respectively. The patient with 35 mm pericardial effusion had a respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid early inflow velocities of 62% and 64%, respectively.
Immuno-inflammatory-related vulnerabilities and high mortality risk among patients with aggressive early-onset epithelial ovarian cancers in West Africa: A retrospective study
Authors: Okoye Jude Ogechukwu , Ado-Okoye Tochukwu Juliet , Emeka Chiemeka Michael , Eleje George Uchenna , Uduchi Immaculata Ogochukwu , Okoye Uchechukwu Lilian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntroductionThis study evaluated systemic immune-inflammatory indices (SIII) among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) to identify affordable markers for disease assessment and treatment monitoring. This study did not assess the rate of BRCA2 mutation and SIII in early-onset (≤ 50 years old) and late-onset (> 50 years old) EOC but also evaluated SIII in treatment outcomes.MethodsThis study included 100 patients diagnosed with EOC from Jan. 2016 to Dec. 2021. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelets-neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (PNLR), and neutrophils-to-lymphocytes platelets ratio (NLPR) were assessed and analyzed accordingly. Significance was set at p< 0.05.ResultThe frequency of early menarche, serous adenocarcinoma, and late-stage disease was 3.3, 1.6, and 1.4 times higher among patients with early-onset EOC compared with their late-onset counterparts (p= 0.001, 0.025, and 0.397, respectively). The frequency of BRCA2 mutation, hypertension, and diabetes was 2.5, 2.5, and 5.7 times higher among the latter than among the former (p= 0.001, 0.006, and 0.064, respectively). The pre-/post-treatment NLR and PNLR were 2.2/2.4 and 1.7/2.3 times higher among patients who died in the hospital than patients who were stable on discharge, respectively (p< 0.05). Although the pre-chemotherapy PNLR was 2.1 times higher among patients with stages I/II EOC compared with patients with stages III/IV EOC (p= 0.031), there was a 2.5 times significant decline and 1.1 times insignificant decline in pre-to-post-chemotherapy PNLR among the former and latter (p= 0.003 and 0.433, respectively). The post-treatment PNLR, PLR, and TWBC of herbal medicine-experienced patients were 5.6, 1.6, and 1.5, higher than the post-treatment values of naïve counterparts, respectively (p< 0.05).ConclusionThis study revealed a high frequency of late-onset EOC but poor chemotherapy response among patients with aggressive early-onset. It suggests that NLR, PNLR, and PLR could be used to monitor disease progression and treatment outcomes.
Critical Illness Risk and Long-Term Outcomes Following Intensive Care in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients
Authors: Zinter Matt S. , Brazauskas Ruta , Strom Joelle , Chen Stella , Bo-Subait Stephanie , Sharma Akshay , Beitinjaneh Amer , Dimitrova Dimana , Guilcher Greg , Preussler Jaime , Myers Kasiani , Bhatt Neel S. , Ringden Olle , Hematti Peiman , Hayashi Robert J. , Patel Sagar , De Oliveira Satiro Nakamura , Rotz Seth , Badawy Sherif M. , Nishihori Taiga , Buchbinder David , Hamilton Betty , Savani Bipin , Schoemans Hélène , Sorror Mohamed , Winestone Lena , Duncan Christine , Phelan Rachel , Dvorak Christopher C. 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundAllogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can be complicated by the development of organ toxicity and infection necessitating intensive care. Risk factors for intensive care admission are unclear due to heterogeneity across centers, and long-term outcome data after intensive care are sparse due to a historical paucity of survivors.MethodsThe Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) was queried to identify patients age ≤21 years who underwent a 1stallogeneic HCT between 2008-2014 in the United States or Canada. Records were cross-referenced with the Virtual Pediatric Systems pediatric ICU database to identify intensive care admissions. CIBMTR follow-up data were collected through the year 2020.ResultsWe identified 6,995 pediatric HCT patients from 69 HCT centers, of whom 1,067 required post-HCT intensive care. The cumulative incidence of PICU admission was 8.3% at day +100, 12.8% at 1 year, and 15.3% at 5 years post HCT. PICU admission was linked to younger age, lower median zip code income, Black or multiracial background, pre-transplant organ toxicity, pre-transplant CMV seropositivity, use of umbilical cord blood and/or HLA-mismatched allografts, and the development of post-HCT graft-versus-host disease or malignancy relapse. Among PICU patients, survival to ICU discharge was 85.7% but more than half of ICU survivors were readmitted to a PICU during the study interval. Overall survival from the time of 1stPICU admission was 52.5% at 1 year and 42.6% at 5 years. Long-term post-ICU survival was worse among patients with malignant disease (particularly if relapsed), as well as those with poor pre-transplant organ function and alloreactivity risk-factors. In a landmark analysis of all 1-year HCT survivors, those who required intensive care in the first year had 10% lower survival at 5 years (77.1% vs. 87.0%, p<0.001) and developed new dialysis-dependent renal failure at a greater rate (p<0.001).ConclusionsIntensive care management is common in pediatric HCT patients. Survival to ICU discharge is high, but ongoing complications necessitate recurrent ICU admission and lead to a poor 1-year outcome in many patients. Together, these data suggest an ongoing burden of toxicity in pediatric HCT patients that continues to limit long-term survival.
Estimation of Abortions in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina: a Bayesian Approach
Authors: Paz Andrea , Josid Sharon , Rodríguez María Carla , Lamela Giselle , Poullain Matías , Marín Lupe , Marsico Franco 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAbortion is one of the reasons for hospital discharge among women of fertile age in Argentina. The criminalization of abortion prior to the enactment of the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Act (IVE), coupled with fragmentation of the health system, has hindered the availability of reliable records to quantify induced abortions in the country. Given the lack of information reflecting the magnitude of these practices, it is necessary to perform an accurate estimation to characterize abortion access within the healthcare system. Using a Bayesian approach and abortion records in the province of Buenos Aires in 2021, the incidence of abortions per thousand women of fertile age was estimated. This study, based on a direct case count methodology, is the first of its kind in Argentina. The method used allows for the correction of bias caused by under-reporting of practices. An incidence of 29.92 (Credibility Interval, CI95: [29.38; 30.47]) abortions per thousand women of fertile age was obtained during 2021. The results are consistent with previous national research and agree with estimates made for the region. In conclusion, the estimates of abortion incidence highlight its frequency in the lives of people with gestational capacity, underlining the importance of fully guaranteeing the right to comprehensive sexual health through a wide network of abortion access.
Investigating the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at three lactational stages: A comprehensive study in Ghana
Authors: Jonathan Justice Wiston Amstrong , Kabotso Daniel Elorm Kwame , Essumang David K. , Bentum John K. , Ofosu-Koranteng Francis , Mbroh Hintermann , Tampuori John 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe human breast secretes three types of milk during lactation – colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk However, like any other biofluid, human breast milk is not pristineObjectivesThe objectives of this study was to determine the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls congeners in colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk of mothers at the Ho Teaching Hospital to ascertain which portion contained the highest levels of PCPBs that could pose any significant health risks to neonates.MethodologyA cross-sectional study design was employed to conduct the study at the Ho Teaching Hospital. Protocol for the study was reviewed and approved by the University of Health and Allied Sciences Research Ethics Committee (UHAS–REC). The study recruited forty-seven (47) mothers using purposive sampling. About 10.0 g of each aliquot of colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk were treated using a modified form of QuEChERS to extract PCBs and the resulting extract analyzed for fourteen (14) PCB congeners using GC–MS/MS.ResultsFourteen (14) PCB congeners were examined in all the 141 breast samples, which represented three different types of human milk. All samples had levels that were below thresholds of detection. The lack of PCB residues in the examined samples may be viewed as positive news. It might suggest that the mothers were only minimally exposed to these industrial pollutants.ConclusionAt any stage of lactation, no PCBs were found in the breast milk samples. As a result, there were no obvious health concerns for breastfed infants from the levels of PCBs found in the samples of breast milk that were examined. The result is good news for international efforts to eliminate PCBs in the environment and on people.
United States Air Force Academy Class of 1967 Survival
Authors: Wetzler Harry 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTIntroductionAir Force Academy cadets must meet medical standards to matriculate and be commissioned at graduation. However, during military service many graduates are exposed to significant occupational hazards. We examined the survival experience of the Air Force Academy class of 1967 (AFA67). Projections are provided for life expectancy and remaining quality adjusted life years, the number that will die in the next five years, and the number who will reach their 100thbirthday.MethodsThe dates of death as of September 1, 2022, were obtained from the Class of 1967 Memorial Ceremony booklet dated September 23, 2022. Birthdates were obtained for 94% of the known decedents. Simulated birthdates for the remainder were generated using a skew normal distribution. Likely death underreporting was accounted for. We used the National Health Interview Survey to derive US estimates to compare to AFA67. Parametric survival models using the Weibull distribution were used to calculate average survival time at age 78 (the median current age of AFA67), and standard life table techniques were used to estimate the number dying in the next five years and the number who will live to be centenarians.ResultsAs of September 1, 2022, there were 130 known decedents, a 25.2% death incidence. After nearly fivefold excess mortality during the war in Southeast Asia, the class’s experience closely parallels that of contemporaneous college graduates. Adding 12 deaths to compensate for possible unreported deaths does not significantly alter the results. The point estimates for average life expectancy at 78, the number that will die in the next five years, and the number living to age 100 are 13.8 years, 74, and 76 respectively.ConclusionThe AFA67 survival experience closely matches that of contemporaneous non-Hispanic white male college graduates in the US who were in excellent or very good health in their early twenties. There are numerous desirable opportunities to extend this research.