bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prohibition of Prosecution of Child Soldiers: a Desirable Emerging Rule of Customary International Law
Authors: Cataleta Maria Stefania 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Children taking part, directly or indirectly, in hostilities commit war crimes. Moreover, in many cases, child soldiers are not in control of their actions when forced under threat of death to commit crimes. In such cases they are drugged against their will and act under duress, which is often the defence to mitigate their responsibility and punishment. Many questions arise in this regard. Is the status of being enlisted in itself a state of duress for a child, even in the absence of explicit violence or threat? Is the condition of being a soldier something unnatural and abnormal for a child, to the point of being considered in any case a justification for his actions? Can a child soldier be responsible in some cases for war crimes, when mainly in control of his actions? This article maintains that, notwithstanding the fact that classic IHL and HRL do not prohibit the prosecution of children for war crimes, there is emerging customary law that follows the approach of the UN and non-governmental organization bodies in prohibiting the prosecution of child soldiers. According to this, States should refrain from prosecuting children responsible for war crimes. This is furthermore the consolidated approach of the international criminal law today, as stated in the Statute of the ICC.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Influenza A/H5N8 Virus Vaccine in Healthy Adults: Durability and Cross-reactivity of Antibody Responses
Authors: Neuzil Kathleen M , Anderson Evan J , Frenck Robert W , Frey Sharon E , Walter Emmanuel B , Rupp Richard , Rotrosen Elizabeth T , Rouphael Nadine G , Brady Rebecca C , Graham Irene , Schmader Kenneth E , Porterfield Laura , Ortiz Justin R , Swamy Geeta K , El Sahly Hana M , Jeevan Trushar , Sitaula Ranjan , Wegel Ashley , Webby Richard J , Bryant Christopher ,   Influenza A/H5N8 Virus Vaccine Group, Chen Wilbur , Sztein Marcelo , Toapanta Franklin , Bernstein David I , Yildirim Inci , Rostad Christina , Kao Carol , Yi Jumi , Raabe Vanessa , Kelley Colleen , Edupuganti Srilatha , Collins Matthew , Phadke Varun , Abate Getahun , Hoft Daniel , Creech Clarence , Crowe James E 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Influenza A/H5N8 viruses infect poultry and wild birds in many countries. In 2021, the first human A/H5N8 cases were reported.

Methods
We conducted a phase I, cohort-randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of inactivated influenza A/H5N8 vaccine (clade 2.3.4.4c) administered with or without adjuvant. Cohort 1 subjects received either two doses of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg or 15 μg hemagglutinin (HA); two doses of 15 μg HA unadjuvanted vaccine; or one dose of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine (3.75 μg or 15 μg HA), followed by one dose of non-adjuvanted vaccine (same HA content). Cohort 2 subjects received two doses of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg or 15 μg HA, or 15 μg HA of non-adjuvanted vaccine. Subjects were followed for 13 months for safety and immunogenicity.

Results
We enrolled 386 adult subjects in good health. Solicited adverse events were generally mild and more common among subjects who received adjuvanted vaccines. Antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition or microneutralization assays) were highest in the two-dose AS03 group, followed by the one-dose AS03 group, the MF59 groups, and the non-adjuvanted groups. Antibody levels returned to baseline 12 months after the second vaccination in all groups except the 15 μg AS03-adjuvanted group. Cross-reactive antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4b strains isolated from recent human cases were demonstrated in a subset of both 15 μg adjuvanted groups.

Conclusions
Two doses of influenza A/H5N8 vaccine were well-tolerated. Immunogenicity improved with receipt of two doses of adjuvanted vaccine and higher antigen content. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases;
Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 Ratios in Older People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Cooley Sarah A , Nelson Brittany , Boerwinkle Anna , Yarasheski Kevin E , Kirmess Kris M , Meyer Matthew R , Schindler Suzanne E , Morris John C , Fagan Anne , Ances Beau M , O’Halloran Jane A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
As people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) age, it remains unclear whether they are at higher risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders—for example, Alzheimer disease (AD)—and, if so, how to differentiate HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment from AD. We examined a clinically available blood biomarker test for AD (plasma amyloid-β [Aβ] 42/Aβ40 ratio) in PWH who were cognitively normal (PWH_CN) or cognitively impaired (PWH_CI) and people without HIV (PWoH) who were cognitively normal (PWoH_CN) or had symptomatic AD (PWoH_AD).

Methods
A total of 66 PWH (age &gt;40 years) (HIV RNA &lt;50 copies/mL) and 195 PWoH provided blood samples, underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and completed a neuropsychological battery or clinical dementia rating scale. Participants were categorized by impairment (PWH_CN, n = 43; PWH_CI, n = 23; PWoH_CN, n = 138; PWoH_AD, n = 57). Plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 concentrations were obtained using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to calculate the PrecivityAD amyloid probability score (APS). The APS incorporates age and apolipoprotein E proteotype into a risk score for brain amyloidosis. Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios and APSs were compared between groups and assessed for relationships with hippocampal volumes or cognition and HIV clinical characteristics (PWH only).

Results
The plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio was significantly lower, and the APS higher, in PWoH_AD than in other groups. A lower Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and higher APS was associated with smaller hippocampal volumes for PWoH_AD. The Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and APS were not associated with cognition or HIV clinical measures for PWH.

Conclusions
The plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio can serve as a screening tool for AD and may help differentiate effects of HIV from AD within PWH, but larger studies with older PWH are needed.
New Antifungals for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: What Is Their Role?
Authors: Sobel Jack D 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNew antifungals, ibrexafungerp and oteseconazole, are now available for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Both have novel antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties and advantages over fluconazole, although comparative trials have involved only placebo. In the absence of allergy, intolerance, and resistance, it is unclear whether these antifungals will replace fluconazole.
Relationships Between Social Vulnerability and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Coverage and Vaccine Effectiveness
Authors: Dalton Alexandra F , Weber Zachary A , Allen Katie S , Stenehjem Edward , Irving Stephanie A , Spark Talia L , Adams Katherine , Zerbo Ousseny , Lazariu Victoria , Dixon Brian E , Dascomb Kristin , Hartmann Emily , Kharbanda Anupam B , Ong Toan C , DeSilva Malini B , Beaton Maura , Gaglani Manjusha , Patel Palak , Naleway Allison L , Kish Magdalene N S , Grannis Shaun J , Grisel Nancy , Sloan-Aagard Chantel , Rao Suchitra , Raiyani Chandni , Dickerson Monica , Bassett Elizabeth , Fadel William F , Arndorfer Julie , Nanez Juan , Barron Michelle A , Vazquez-Benitez Gabriela , Liao I Chia , Griggs Eric P , Reese Sarah E , Valvi Nimish R , Murthy Kempapura , Rowley Elizabeth A K , Embi Peter J , Ball Sarah , Link-Gelles Ruth , Tenforde Mark W 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination coverage remains lower in communities with higher social vulnerability. Factors such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure risk and access to healthcare are often correlated with social vulnerability and may therefore contribute to a relationship between vulnerability and observed vaccine effectiveness (VE). Understanding whether these factors impact VE could contribute to our understanding of real-world VE.

Methods
We used electronic health record data from 7 health systems to assess vaccination coverage among patients with medically attended COVID-19-like illness. We then used a test-negative design to assess VE for 2- and 3-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) adult (≥18 years) vaccine recipients across Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) quartiles. SVI rankings were determined by geocoding patient addresses to census tracts; rankings were grouped into quartiles for analysis.

Results
In July 2021, primary series vaccination coverage was higher in the least vulnerable quartile than in the most vulnerable quartile (56% vs 36%, respectively). In February 2022, booster dose coverage among persons who had completed a primary series was higher in the least vulnerable quartile than in the most vulnerable quartile (43% vs 30%). VE among 2-dose and 3-dose recipients during the Delta and Omicron BA.1 periods of predominance was similar across SVI quartiles.

Conclusions
COVID-19 vaccination coverage varied substantially by SVI. Differences in VE estimates by SVI were minimal across groups after adjusting for baseline patient factors. However, lower vaccination coverage among more socially vulnerable groups means that the burden of illness is still disproportionately borne by the most socially vulnerable populations.
Classifying social media bots as malicious or benign using semi-supervised machine learning
Authors: Mbona Innocent , Eloff Jan H P 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUsers of online social network (OSN) platforms, e.g. Twitter, are not always humans, and social bots (referred to as bots) are highly prevalent. State-of-the-art research demonstrates that bots can be broadly categorized as either malicious or benign. From a cybersecurity perspective, the behaviors of malicious and benign bots differ. Malicious bots are often controlled by a botmaster who monitors their activities and can perform social engineering and web scraping attacks to collect user information. Consequently, it is imperative to classify bots as either malicious or benign on the basis of features found on OSNs. Most scholars have focused on identifying features that assist in distinguishing between humans and malicious bots; the research on differentiating malicious and benign bots is inadequate. In this study, we focus on identifying meaningful features indicative of anomalous behavior between benign and malicious bots. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by evaluating various semi-supervised machine learning models on Twitter datasets. Among them, a semi-supervised support vector machine achieved the best results in classifying malicious and benign bots.
Developing a disease-specific annotation protocol for VHL gene curation using Hypothes.is
Authors: Salehipour Dena , Farncombe Kirsten M , Andric Veronica , Ansar Safa , Delong Sean , Li Eric , Macpherson Samantha , Ridd Sarah , Ritter Deborah I , Thaxton Courtney , Kim Raymond H 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder that predisposes individuals to developing tumors in many organs. There is significant phenotypic variability and genetic variants encountered within this syndrome, posing a considerable challenge to patient care. The lack of VHL variant data sharing paired with the absence of aggregated genotype–phenotype information results in an arduous process, when characterizing genetic variants and predicting patient prognosis. To address these gaps in knowledge, the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) VHL Variant Curation Expert Panel (VCEP) has been resolving a list of variants of uncertain significance within the VHL gene. Through community curation, we crowdsourced the laborious task of variant annotation by modifying the ClinGen Community Curation (C3)-developed Baseline Annotation protocol and annotating all published VHL cases with the reported genotype–phenotype information in Hypothes.is, an open-access web annotation tool. This process, incorporated into the ClinGen VCEP’s workflow, will aid in their curation efforts. To facilitate the curation at all levels of genetics expertise, our team developed a 4-day biocuration training protocol and resource guide. To date, 91.3% of annotations have been completed by undergraduate and high-school students without formal academic genetics specialization. Here, we present our VHL-specific annotation protocol utilizing Hypothes.is, which offers a standardized method to present case-resolution data, and our biocuration training protocol, which can be adapted for other rare disease platforms. By facilitating training for community curation of VHL disease, we increased student engagement with clinical genetics while enhancing knowledge translation in the field of hereditary cancer.
Database URL: https://hypothes.is/groups/dKymJJpZ/vhl-hypothesis-annotation
Home Literacy Experiences and Shared Reading Practices: Preschoolers With Hearing Loss
Authors: DesJardin Jean L , Stika Carren J , Eisenberg Laurie S , Johnson Karen C , Ganguly Dianne Hammes , Henning Shirley C 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHome literacy experiences and observed parent and child behaviors during shared book reading were investigated in preschool-age children with hearing loss and with typical hearing to examine the relationships between those factors and children’s language skills. The methods involved parent-reported home literacy experiences and videotaped parent–child dyads during shared book reading. Children’s language skills were tested using the Preschool Language Scale-4. The results indicated significant differences between groups for home literacy experiences and observed parent and child behaviors. Parents of children with hearing loss were found to read more frequently to their children than parents of children with typical hearing, yet scored lower for literacy strategies and teaching techniques compared to parents of children with typical hearing. Children with hearing loss scored lower in interactive reading behaviors compared to children with typical hearing. For children with hearing loss, frequency of book reading and child interactive reading behaviors were strong predictive factors for children’s language skills. These results suggest that families of children with hearing loss would benefit from professional support as they read storybooks to their children. Similarly, children with hearing loss should be encouraged to be more interactive during shared book reading.
The genome ofLyophyllum shimejiprovides insight into the initial evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes
Authors: Kobayashi Yuuki , Shibata Tomoko F , Hirakawa Hideki , Nishiyama Tomoaki , Yamada Akiyoshi , Hasebe Mitsuyasu , Shigenobu Shuji , Kawaguchi Masayoshi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMycorrhizae are one of the most fundamental symbioses between plants and fungi, with ectomycorrhizae being the most widespread in boreal forest ecosystems. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are hypothesized to have evolved convergently from saprotrophic ancestors in several fungal clades, especially members of the subdivision Agaricomycotina. Studies on fungal genomes have identified several typical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi, such as genome size expansion and decreases in plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). However, genomic changes concerning the evolutionary transition to the ectomycorrhizal lifestyle are largely unknown. In this study, we sequenced the genome of Lyophyllum shimeji, an ectomycorrhizal fungus that is phylogenetically related to saprotrophic species and retains some saprotroph-like traits. We found that the genome of Ly. shimeji strain AT787 lacks both incremental increases in genome size and reduced numbers of PCWDEs. Our findings suggest that the previously reported common genomic traits of mycorrhizal fungi are not essential for the ectomycorrhizal lifestyle, but are a result of abolishing saprotrophic activity. Since Ly. shimeji is commercially consumed as an edible mushroom, the newly available genomic information may also impact research designed to enhance the cultivation of this mushroom.
Survival after Ivor Lewis versus McKeown esophagectomy for cancer: propensity score matched analysis
Authors: Luijten J C H B M , Verstegen M H P , van Workum F , Nieuwenhuijzen G A P , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Gisbertz S S , Wijnhoven B P L , Verhoeven R H A , Rosman C 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is unknown whether Ivor Lewis (IL) or McKeown (McK) esophagectomy is preferred in patients with potentially curable esophageal or gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Patients with mid- and distal esophageal and GEJ cancer without distant metastases who underwent IL or McK esophagectomy in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2017, were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patients were propensity score matched for sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologist classification, comorbidity, tumor type, tumor location, clinical stage, neoadjuvant treatment and year of diagnosis. The primary outcome was a 3-year relative survival (RS). Secondary outcome parameters were number of lymph nodes examined, number of positive lymph nodes, radical resection rate, tumor regression grade, post-operative complications and mortality. A total of 1627 patients who underwent IL (n = 1094) or McK (n = 533) esophagectomy were included. Patient and tumor characteristics were balanced after propensity score matching, leaving 658 patients to be compared. The 3-year RS was 54% after IL and 50% after McK esophagectomy, P = 0.140. The median number of lymph nodes examined, median number of positive lymph nodes, radical resection rate and tumor regression grade were comparable between both groups. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (2 vs. 5%, P = 0.006) occurred less frequently after IL esophagectomy. No differences were observed in post-operative anastomotic leakage rate, pulmonary complication rate and mortality rates. There was no statistically significant difference in the 3-year RS between IL and McK esophagectomy. Based on these results, both IL and McK esophagectomy can be performed in patients with mid to distal esophageal and GEJ cancer.
Cerambycid Pheromones Attract PredatorsTemnoscheila virescens(Coleoptera: Trogossitidae),Chariessa pilosa(Coleoptera: Cleridae), andApiomerus crassipes(Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Miller D R , Mayo P D , Sweeney J D 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn 2011–2013, we determined the interactive effects of the cerambycid pheromones racemic syn-2,3-hexanediol, racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, and racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one on trap catches of predators associated with bark and woodboring beetles in north Georgia and South Carolina. Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae) was attracted to traps baited with 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one; ethanol enhanced attraction. Traps baited with syn-2,3-hexanediol attracted Chariessa pilosa (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cleridae); attraction was interrupted by 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. An assassin bug Apiomerus crassipes (F.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was attracted to traps baited with 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and/or 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one. Ethanol had no effect on trap catches of C. pilosa and A. crassipes. We compared response profiles of these predators to those of longhorn beetles captured in these same studies to provide insights on possible ecological interactions between these species.
Additional left ventricular septal lead facilitates R-wave sensing of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a case report
Authors: Lu Wenzhao , Chen Keping , Dai Yan , Zhang Shu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation is a key therapeutic option in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) to prevent sudden cardiac death due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF). However, sub-optimized R-wave sensing due to myocardium loss interferes with VT/VF identification and appropriate therapy. We tried to implant a 3830 lead to the left ventricular septum (LVS) to facilitate ICD sensing in an ARVC patient.

Case summary
A 68-year-old woman diagnosed with ARVC was scheduled to undergo ICD implantation. Initially, no sites with suitable R-wave amplitudes were found in the right ventricle (RV) to deploy the defibrillation lead (&lt;3.0 mV). It was likely due to severe RV involvement, but the LVS myocardium was more preserved based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, we implanted a 3830 lead into the deep area of the septum to facilitate R-wave sensing. During the procedure from the right to left septum, the R-wave amplitude significantly increased (2.6 to 4.3–7.1 mV). Left ventricular septum pacing was finally achieved with favourable R-wave sensing (9.9 mV 24 h post-operation). The 3830 lead was plugged into the IS-1 port, while the defibrillation lead was plugged into the DF-1 port. After a 4-month follow-up, the R-wave amplitude of the 3830 lead was 11.1 mV.

Discussion
When the R-wave sensing is not acceptable for ICD implantation in ARVC patients, it is critical to assess myocardial conditions comprehensively. If the septal myocardium is preserved, implanting a 3830 lead to the deep or LVS is feasible to improve R-wave sensing.
Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation was effective in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with anomalous mitral papillary muscles: a case report
Authors: Yuzawa-Tsukada Naoko , Tokuda Michifumi , Miyamoto Takashi , Yoshimura Michihiro 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Background
Abnormalities of the mitral subvalvular apparatus are not uncommon in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Where invasive treatment is indicated in these patients to reduce left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, surgical myectomy with mitral valve repair is recommended.

Case summary
In this report, we describe the case of a patient with HOCM and anomalous papillary muscle anatomy, successfully treated by percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA).

Discussion
PTSMA effectively reduced septal myocardial thickness and LVOT gradient, with only mild residual systolic anterior motion and mitral regurgitation despite anomalous papillary muscle anatomy. Upon careful anatomical evaluation, PTSMA may be a suitable therapeutic option for patients with LVOT obstruction and mitral valve abnormalities who are poor surgical candidates.