bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular and Genetic Control of Antibody Responses
Authors: Hodes Richard J. , Hathcock Karen S. , Singer Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expression of Ir gene function has been analyzed in the in vitro primary anti-hapten response to TNP-(T,G)-A—L. Helper T cells, B cells, and accessory cells of responder H-2b and nonresponder H-2a origin were individually assessed for the ability to support PFC responses to TNP-(T,G)-A—L.
For the normal B10.A (H-2a) nonresponder, it was found that the accessory cell function of the spleen adherent cell (SAC) population was under H-2 linked Ir gene control, since B10 (H-2b) but not B10.A (H-2a) SAC were capable of reconstituting responses to TNP-(T,G)-A—L by responder T cells and B cells. In contrast, the function of nonresponder B10.A B cells was not under H-2 linked Ir gene control, since nonresponder B10.A B cells were as effective as responder B10 B cells in responding to TNP-(T,G)-A—L.
The ability of B10.A → (B10 × B10.A)F1 (B10.A → F1) chimera spleen cells to respond to TNP-(T,G)-A—L was also investigated. It was demonstrated that B10.A → F1 spleen cells, which were greater than 95% donor (H-2a) origin, were nonresponders, i.e., the overall nonresponder phenotype of B10.A cells was not altered by maturation in the chimera environment. In experiments designed to examine the competence of each cell subpopulation of B10.A → F1 chimera spleen, it was found that nonresponder (H-2a) B10.A → F1 T cells provided effective help for the response to TNP-(T,G)-A—L when cooperating with responder B10 (but not nonresponder B10.A) SAC accessory cells; and that nonresponder (H-2a) B10.A → F1 B cells were similarly effective in supporting the response to TNP-(T,G)-A—L in the presence of responder accessory cells. Finally, B10, but neither B10.A nor B10.A → F1, SAC were competent to reconstitute the response of accessory cell-depleted (B10 × B10.A) F1 spleen cells to TNP-(T,G)-A—L.
Taken together, these results demonstrated that the Ir gene-controlled unresponsiveness of H-2a nonresponder spleen cells was expressed only at the level of the accessory cell, and not by either T cells or B cells. Thus, H-2a spleen cells are nonresponders to TNP-(T,G)-A—L, because the only accessory cells normally available for presenting TNP-(T,G)-A—L are nonresponder H-2a. Whether the defect is intrinsic to nonresponder accessory cells or is due to the functional absence of helper T cells (or B cells) capable of responding to antigen presented by nonresponder accessory cells has not been established.
Characterization of lymphocyte responsiveness in early experimental syphilis. I. In vitro response to mitogens and Treponema pallidum antigens.
Authors: Lukehart S A , Baker-Zander S A , Sell S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells from spleens and lymph nodes of rabbits infected with T. pallidum respond by proliferation to concanavalin A (Con A) and T. pallidum antigens. Spleen cell responsiveness to treponemal antigens appears 6 days after infection, is 100 to 600 fold higher than the response of uninfected control rabbits, and is maintained throughout the 31-day observation period. Specifically responding cells in the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes of infected animals are demonstrable on day 10, and the magnitude of the response increases throughout the observation period. Specific responsiveness to T. pallidum antigens in vitro is enhanced in purified T cell populations and is abolished by treatment with goat anti-rabbit thymocyte serum and complement. The response of spleen and lymph node cells to Con A is unaffected during syphilitic infection. These results are consistent with a role for T cell-mediated specific immunity to treponemal antigens early after infection and do not support a hypothesis of depressed cellular immunity during syphilitic infection.
Native and activated properdin: interconvertibility and identity of amino- and carboxy-terminal sequences.
Authors: Medicus R G , Esser A F , Fernandez H N , Müller-Eberhard H J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of a two-step purification procedure of native properdin with good yield has allowed the physical and chemical comparison of native and activated properdin. The two forms of properdin have identical electrophoretic mobility, subunit size, and amino- as well as carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences. The two forms of properdin can be interconverted by using mild denaturing agents, indicating that the change in biologic activity is conformational. Circular dichroism analysis of properdin reveals a significant variability in the tertiary structure. However, the differences are a result of the method of purification and do not correspond to the biologic activity of the protein, because the spectra of the interconverted forms of properdin do not change. This indicates that the conformational transition that causes biologic activity changes is small, relative to the conformational variations produced by other conditions that do not alter the biologic activity.
Cytotoxicity of human macrophages for tumor cells: enhancement by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Authors: Cameron D J , Churchill W H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates human macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes to kill tumor cells in vitro. Maximum cytotoxicity was observed after 8 to 24 hr of incubation with LPS. However, if the macrophages are activated with LPS for 8 hr and then maintained in medium for an additional 16 hr before assay, their cytotoxic capacity is lost. In comparison to normal macrophages, LPS-activated macrophages were cytotoxic to the three malignant cell lines tested but had no effect on the three nonmalignant cell lines. Human macrophages can be made tumoricidal by the addition of greater than or equal to 10 microgram/ml LPS, and the effect is abolished in the presence of polymyxin B.
Elicitation of anti-Sendai virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes by viral and H-2 antigens incorporated into the same lipid bilayer by membrane fusion and by reconstitution into liposomes.
Authors: Hale A H , Lyles D S , Fan D P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the minimal molecular requirements for elicitation of anti-Sendai virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and the minimal molecular requirements for the recognition and lysis processes associated with anti-Sendai virus CTL-target cell interactions. This report demonstrates a) that the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and/or fusion glycoproteins of Sendai virus can elicit anti-Sendai virus CTL and b) that these glycoproteins and H-2 antigens must be within the same membrane lipid bilayer for effective elicitation of anti-Sendai-virus CTL and for effective recognition and lysis of target cells by anti-Sendai virus CTL.
A hybridoma from an autoimmune NZB/NZW mouse producing monoclonal antibody to ribosomal-RNA.
Authors: Eilat D , Asofsky R , Laskov R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from an unimmunized autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 female mouse were fused to the BALB/c MPC-11 drug-resistant clone 45.6 TG 1.7. One hybrid clone (D4) produced IgG-3 immunoglobulin that bound ribosomal RNA. A high concentration of this antibody was produced in the ascitic fluid of NZB/NZW male mice. DNA, tRNA, and synthetic single- and double-stranded polynucleotides could not bind significantly to the antibody. A Scatchard analysis showed that the rRNA-binding immunoglobulin is monoclonal and has a high affinity (10(9) liter/mole) for the RNA antigen.
The sequential release of granule constitutents from human neutrophils.
Authors: Bentwood B J , Henson P M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The degranulation response of human neutrophils to the calcium ionophore A23187, serum opsonized zymosan (ZC), aggregated gamma-globulin (A gamma G), C5a, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), and PMA has been studied as a reaction time course in order to compare the release kinetics of the separate granule types. Cell suspensions were treated with submaximal doses of stimuli for various time intervals, and the isolated supernatants were assayed for granule constituents. Lactoferrin (LF), a unique specific (secondary) granule protein, was measured by radioimmune assay, and the azurophil (primary) granule components, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), by enzymatic activity. A sequential pattern of first LF release followed by MPO and beta-glu was demonstrated with each of the stimuli examined, with or without cytochalasin B pretreatment. These kinetic studies demonstrate that the extracellular release of the specific and azurophil granules occur sequentially in human neutrophils with both soluble and particulate stimuli. These findings support the concept that the two granule types are subject to separate controlling factors.
Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses. VIII. MHC restricted recognition of accessory cells, not B cells, by parent-specific subpopulations of normal F1 T helper cells.
Authors: Singer A , Hathcock K S , Hodes R J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal F1 helper T cell populations were analyzed under conditions in which the number of T cells was strictly limiting so that anti-hapten PFC responses to TNP-KLH increased linearly with increasing numbers of T cells. The slope of the response line is a measure of the helper activity of the added T cell population and reflects the number of helper T cells activated. In this way, the recognition and activation requirements of normal F1 helper T cell subpopulations were analyzed. It was determined that the F1 helper T cells specific for recognizing antigen in the context of the MHC determinants of only one parent specifically recognized those determinants expressed on accessory cells, but not on B cells. Indeed, each parent-specific F1 T cell subpopulation was only triggered by one parent's accessory cells; but once triggered, each parent-specific F1 T cell subpopulation was capable of activating either parent's B cells.
Nature of hapten-modified determinants involved in induction of T cell tolerance and suppressor T cells to NDFB contact sensitivity.
Authors: Miller S D , Conlon P J , Sy M S , Moorhead J W , Colón S , Grey H M , Claman H N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Unresponsiveness to DNFB contact sensitivity induced by DNP-modified lymphoid cells (DNP-LC) is mediated by two separable pathways: a rapidly induced, long lasting inhibition of reactive T cell clones (donor tolerance), and a transient period of suppressor T cell (Ts) activity. The present report has examined the nature of the hapten-modified determinants responsible for the induction of these pathways by utilizing soluble DNP-LC cell lysate preparations as tolerogens. The results indicate that both DNP-modified MHC and non-MHC encoded determinants can mediate donor tolerance 7 days after tolerization. On the other hand, the induction of Ts requires DNP-modified MHC determinants, since DNP-LC lysates passed over lentil lectin or specific anti-H-2 immunoabsorbent columns lost their ability to induce Ts. Additional experiments showed that the injection of DNP-LC lysate compatible with the recipient strain at the H-2K and H-2D region of the MHC was sufficient for the induction of Ts. We propose that Ts induction involves the direct presentation of DNP-H-2 determinants to Ts precursors, whereas the induction of donor tolerance may involve host processing and presentation of DNP-modified membrane determinants in conjunction with host MHC structures.
Progressive myelopathy in older German shepherd dogs. II. Presence of circulating suppressor cells.
Authors: Waxman F J , Clemmons R M , Hinrichs D J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Progressive myelopathy in the German shepherd dog is a degenerative neurologic disease of unknown etiology. Results presented in a previous study indicated a depression in the response to thymus-dependent mitogens by peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from dogs with progressive myelopathy. Data presented here indicate that this depressed response to mitogens was associated with the presence of peripheral blood suppressor cells. Suppressor cell activity was detected in dogs that were severely affected with PM, but was not apparent in dogs that were mildly affected. Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from dogs with progressive myelopathy suppressed the mitogenic response to autologous lymph node cells as well as allogeneic normal canine peripheral blood cells. The suppressor cells had the capacity to suppress mixed leukocyte reactions. Suppressor cell activity was radioresistant. Both nylon wool-adherent and -nonadherent peripheral blood leukocyte populations contained suppressor activity. Suppressive activity diminished after incubation of the suppressor cells with indomethacin, suggesting that suppression may be mediated by the release of prostaglandins. Although a role for peripheral blood suppressor cells in the disease process has not yet been established, it is possible that this abnormal regulatory activity reflects an attempt by the host to control an autoimmune event.
A mature T lymphocyte marker closely linked to Igh-1 that is expressed on the precursor for the suppressor T cell regulating a primary response to SRBC.
Authors: Owen F L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The product of a new genetic locus closely linked to Igh-1 in the mouse has previously been shown to be expressed on T cells by using an in vitro fluorescent antibody assay. In vivo studies reported here show the determinant coded for by that locus is expressed in unimmunized animals on the precursor for a suppressor T cell regulating a primary response to SRBC. Antisera raised in allotype congenic animals by immunization with suppressor T cells (Ts) for the ARS.CRI stimulate Lyt2+3+ suppressor cells for unrelated antigens. The suppressive effects of the serum can be absorbed with T cells but not with B cells. Suppression of an IgM PFC response in allotype congenic animals confirms close linkage of the marker to Igh-1 but not to H-2. This determinant is expressed on Ts cells for many antigens and may represent a heavy chain linked "constant" portion of the antigen-specific receptor.
Flow sorting of antigen-binding B cell subsets.
Authors: Greenstein J L , Leary J , Horan P , Kappler J W , Marrack P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen binding was used as a probe in the definition of functional B cell heterogeneity. Unprimed, anti-Thy 1 and complement-treated spleen cells were stained with fluorescent trinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (FL-TNP-BSA). These cells were sorted, fluorescence negative from fluorescence positive, by using a multiparameter cell sorter and assayed for precursor frequency in antibody responses to TNP by limiting dilution analysis. The cells that bound FL-TNP-BSA were demonstrated to be enriched for antibody-forming precursors to the antigens TNP-lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TNP-sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and TNP- or DNP-Ficoll, whereas the fluorescence negative cells were depleted for these responses. B cells that bound FL-TNP-BSA were then sorted into populations that bound a moderate or high amount of FL-TNP-BSA. The B cells responsive to TNP-LPS and TNP-SRBC were present in both the moderate and high binding populations. In contrast, the B cells responsive to TNP- or DNP-Ficoll were present only in the cells that bound a moderate amount of FL-TNP-BSA. These experiments suggest that there is a population of B cells in adult mouse spleen that binds large amounts of antigen, and that can respond to antigen carried on LPS or SRBC but not carried on Ficoll.
Gangliotetraosylceramide is a T cell differentiation antigen associated with natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Authors: Schwarting G A , Summers A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymocytes and splenic T cells from C57BL/6 mice were analyzed for their content of glycosphingolipids (GSL) by high performance liquid chromatography. Glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide were shown to be the major GSL of thymocytes from mice 1 to 30 weeks of age, whereas a third GSL, asialo GM1, was found only in trace amounts. In splenic T lymphocytes, however, asialo GM1 was shown to increase in concentration with age. It reached a peak at 5 to 10 weeks of age, at a concentration 10 to 20 times that of thymocytes or neonatal splenic T cells. These studies confirm the previous finding with antibodies to asialo GM1, that this glycosphingolipid is a true differentiation antigen in the mouse. Subsequent analysis of C57BL/6 bg/bg (beige) mice, which lack natural killer function, demonstrates that levels of asialo GM1 in the splenic T cell population do not increase with age but remain at the level of 2- to 3-week-old normal mice, indicating that asialo Gm1 may be an important cell surface component in the generation of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Influence of adult thymectomy on immunocompetence in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Authors: Wijermans P , Oosterhuis H J , Astaldi G C , Schellekens P T , Astaldi A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of adult thymectomy on several parameters of immunocompetence in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) was investigated. Since incomplete thymectomy may lead to the presence of thymic remnants, we determined the activity of a thymus-dependent factor in the sera of the MG patients. As measured by several parameters, MG patients showed a normal immunocompetence compared with healthy controls, except in the response to DNCB sensitization in vivo. When tested at least 5 years after thymectomy, MG patients were found to have decreased response to mitogens, and a decreased cytotoxic T cell response in cell-mediated lympholysis. The response to challenge with DNCB in vivo was decreased both in thymectomized and nonthymectomized MG patients. No difference was found in a) the percentage of circulating T, B, non-B/non-T cells; b) the response to allogeneic cells (MLR); c) the antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity; d) the production of immunoglobulins in vitro by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cells; and e) the anamnestic response to antigens in vitro. We conclude that adult thymectomy results in a decrease in the function of some subpopulations of lymphocytes.
A B cell subpopulation binds to macrophages: this binding can be disrupted by T cells.
Authors: O'Toole M M , Wortis H H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the macrophage-binding properties of normal murine B cells and found that only a defined subpopulation of B cells can bind to macrophages. This subpopulation corresponds to the Lyb3--positive subpopulation. A population of T cells exists that disrupts this macrophage-B cell interaction. These findings are discussed in light of the demonstrated dependence on macrophages of several Lyb3+ cell functions.
Heavy chain-specific suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by lymphocytes from patients with selective IgA deficiency.
Authors: Schwartz S A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple, solid-state immunofluorescent assay specific for the heavy chain of human immunoglobulins (Ig) was adapted for studying pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) stimulated Ig biosynthesis and secretion by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro. PBL from patients with panhypogammaglobulinemia were noted to synthesize and secrete decreased amounts of all classes of immunoglobulin after polyclonal activation of B cells in vitro with PWM. PBL from 14 patients with selective deficiency of IgA were capable of synthesizing and secreting significant levels of IgG and IgM after culture with PWM; however, they did not produce appreciable amounts of IgA. Thus, B lymphocyte differentiation in vitro parallels the clinical status. Several different immunoregulatory phenomena were observed when PBL from patients with selective IgA deficiency were co-cultivated with cells from healthy donors. Most notable was the specific suppression of IgA synthesis and secretion seen in 8 of 14 patients studied, although other modulatory effects including enhancement and suppression of all Ig classes were also observed. These results suggest that the pathologic basis of selective IgA deficiency may be heterogeneous and support a model for the role of Ig class-specific suppressor cells in the pathogenesis of some cases of selective IgA deficiency.
Allelic forms of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region.
Authors: Rudikoff S , Potter M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complete variable region sequence of the heavy chain from a phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protein of C57/BL allotype has been determined. When this sequence was compared with the germ line-coded heavy chain variable region sequence of BALB/c phosphorylcholine-binding proteins, five differences were observed. Four of the substitutions were located in the framework portion of the variable region and the fifth in the "J" or joining segment. Two of the framework substitutions were found at positions 14 and 16. Previous studies have shown that heavy chains from all anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies induced in C57/BL mice have the same amino acids at positions 14 and 16 as the C57/BL myeloma protein described in this communication. It has therefore been concluded that these residues are encoded in the C57/BL germ line in contrast to two alternatives in the BALB/c genome. This finding, in addition to the 96% homology found between the C57/BL and BALB/c sequences, suggests that these structures represent allelic forms of an entire variable region.
Functional differences between cells from MLR colonies grown in soft agar cultures.
Authors: Zeevi A , Chiu K M , Duquesnoy R J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes a method of growing soft agar colonies of human T lymphocytes activated in the MLR. Two types of colonies were demonstrated: lower colonies grew within the agar layer, and upper colonies grew on the surface of the agar layer. Three days of priming the lymphocytes in the MLR and the use of supernatants of day-3 MLR cultures to provide T cell colony growth factor were necessary for optimal colony formation. Lymphocytes obtained from colonies were grown in long-term (2 to 4 weeks) cultures to generate sufficient numbers of cells to be tested in different functional assays. Cells from both types of colonies exhibited PLT activity. Upper colony cells showed considerably higher CML activity than lower colony cells (mean percent cytotoxicity 37 +/- 5 vs 6 +/- 3). Cells from both types of colonies contained radiosensitive suppressor cell activity that inhibited the primary MLR. The suppressor cell effect of lower colony cells was specific for the original stimulator, but upper colony cells displayed nonspecific suppressive effects. For both types of colony cells, it appeared that suppressive effects were unrelated to the CML activity of these cells. These data suggest that the soft agar colony assay offers a promising approach to separate subpopulations of lymphocytes activated in the MLR.
Induction of murine B cell proliferation by insolubilized anti-immunoglobulins.
Authors: Puré E , Vitetta E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study demonstrates that intact antibodies specific for mu, delta, or light chains when coupled to Sepharose are effective in delivering proliferative signals to B cells. Furthermore, using Sepharose-coupled anti-delta antibodies, we have shown that hybridoma anti-delta (that is not active as soluble protein) is as effective as rabbit anti-delta in activating murine B cells. However, antibodies directed against two other surface molecules, I-A and H-2K, were not mitogenic. Thus, sIgM and sIgD are comparable in their ability to transmit a proliferative signal to the B cell and sIg seems to play a unique role in this regard.