bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explainable Deep-Learning-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Multimodal Input Fusion of PET and MRI Images
Authors: Odusami Modupe , Maskeliūnas Rytis , Damaševičius Robertas , Misra Sanjay 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, incurable human brain illness that impairs reasoning and retention as well as recall. Detecting AD in its preliminary stages before clinical manifestations is crucial for timely treatment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides valuable insights into brain abnormalities by measuring the decrease in brain volume expressly in the mesial temporal cortex and other regions of the brain, while Positron Emission Tomography (PET) measures the decrease of glucose concentration in the temporoparietal association cortex. When these data are combined, the performance of AD diagnostic methods could be improved. However, these data are heterogeneous and there is a need for an effective model that will harness the information from both data for the accurate prediction of AD.

Methods
To this end, we present a novel heuristic early feature fusion framework that performs the concatenation of PET and MRI images, while a modified Resnet18 deep learning architecture is trained simultaneously on the two datasets. The innovative 3-in-channel approach is used to learn the most descriptive features of fused PET and MRI images for effective binary classification of AD.

Results
The experimental results show that the proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 73.90% on the ADNI database. Then, we provide an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) model, allowing us to explain the results.

Conclusion
Our proposed model could learn latent representations of multimodal data even in the presence of heterogeneity data; hence, the proposed model partially solved the issue with the heterogeneity of the MRI and PET data.
Where Is the Geography? A Study of the Predictors of Obesity Using UK Biobank Data and Machine Learning
Authors: Zhou Yunqi , Harris Richard , Tranos Emmanouil 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this study, we adopted individual baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort of participants aged 40–69 across the UK to explore whether there is evidence of the geography related to health disparities in obesity. First, we used multilevel models to decompose the variation in body mass index (BMI) values to examine the presence of spatial clustering patterns of individual BMI values at various geographic scales. Next, we looked at whether key predictors of obesity, such as physical activities and dietary habits, differ across 6 cities in England by using a machine learning approach. To do this, we trained random forest models in one city, and we used them to predict BMI values in other cities to see if the models were spatially transferable. Subsequently, we turned to explore socio-economic status, which is one of the direct interests in the literature with obesity and used those in combination with multilevel models to check for the existence of spatially varying effects. The results of the multilevel null models indicate that most of the variance of BMI is due to individual variation, suggesting little evidence of geographical clustering at any geographical scales. The machine learning prediction results show that the effects of the main identified risk factors for obesity are stable (spatially stationary) across cities, based on approximately the same predictive power and broadly constant effect sizes of main factors. Multilevel models taking socio-economic status into account further support that individual and neighbourhood deprivation levels display limited geographical variation in their effects on obesity across the study areas. Contrary to our expectations, the models together suggest the limited association of geographical context with obesity, among the UK Biobank participants.
In vitro antibacterial activity and synergetic effect of crude extract of the Wohlfahrtia nuba (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) flesh fly larvae
Authors: Khedre Azza M. , Ismail Tarek G. , Hashem Gehad A. , Zakaria Islam M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMultidrug-resistant pathogens have become ubiquitous, and effective treatment alternatives are urgently required. Maggot therapy is a promising agent that is being studied to overcome antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the larvae extract of the Wohlfahrtia nuba (wiedmann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) flesh fly on the growth of five pathogenic bacterial species (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 29213], methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC BAA-1680], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC 27853], Escherichia coli [ATCC 25922], and Salmonella typhi [ATCC 19430]) in vitro by using different techniques. Resazurin-based turbidimetric assay demonstrated that the W. nuba maggot exosecretion (ES) was potent against all the bacterial species tested, and according to the determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each bacterium, gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, colony-forming unit assay showed that maggot ES was able to inhibit bacterial growth rate for all bacterial species tested, where the highest bacterial reduction was observed with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) followed by S. typhi. Moreover, maggot ES was shown to be concentration-dependent, where 100 μL of ES at 200 mg/mL was bactericidal towards methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and P. aeruginosa compared with 100 μL at the MIC of the ES. Moreover, based on the result of agar disc diffusion assay, maggot extract was more efficient against P. aeruginosa and E. coli than the remaining reference strains tested. Furthermore, the combination between regular antibiotics with maggot ES at different concentrations indicated that ES acts synergistically with the tested antibiotics against the five bacterial models.
Roles of thermal energy storage technology for carbon neutrality
Authors: Sun Mingyang , Liu Tianze , Wang Xinlei , Liu Tong , Li Mulin , Chen Guijun , Jiang Dongyue 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn order to achieve global carbon neutrality in the middle of the 21st century, efficient utilization of fossil fuels is highly desired in diverse energy utilization sectors such as industry, transportation, building as well as life science. In the energy utilization infrastructure, about 75% of the fossil fuel consumption is used to provide and maintain heat, leading to more than 60% waste heat of the input energy discharging to the environment. Types of low-grade waste heat recovery technologies are developed to increase the energy efficiency. However, due to the spatial and temporal mismatch between the need and supply of the thermal energy, much of the waste thermal energy is difficult to be recovered. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies in the forms of sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage are developed for relieving the mismatched energy supply and demand. Diverse TES systems are developed in recent years with the superior features of large density, long-term, durable and low-cost. These technologies are vital in efficient utilization of low-grade waste heat and expected for building a low or zero carbon emission society. This paper reviews the thermal storage technologies for low carbon power generation, low carbon transportation, low carbon building as well as low carbon life science, in addition, carbon capture, utilization, and storage are also considered for carbon emission reduction. The conclusion and perspective are raised after discussing the specific technologies. This study is expected to provide a reference for the TES technologies in achieving zero-carbon future.
Sedation Weaning in a Patient with a Substance Abuse and Psychiatric History
Authors: Jones Anna V. , Shunnarah Alana , Gwaltney Andrew , Bulloch Marilyn , Stewart Grier 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Achieving therapeutic doses of sedation and analgesia are necessary for the safety and comfort of mechanically ventilated patients. Patients with complicated psychiatric histories, are neurocritical, and have acute respiratory distress syndrome usually require maximum sedation, making sedation weaning an arduous task.

Case Presentation
A 42-year-old female presented with a chief complaint of headache, hypertensive crisis, confusion, and nausea. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar II disorder, manic depression, agoraphobia, anxiety, and prior suicide attempts. Noncompliance with anti-hypertensive and psychiatric medications and prior substance abuse history was reported. A head computerized tomography scan revealed multifocal intraparenchymal hemorrhages and multifocal subarachnoid hemorrhages throughout the cerebrum. Within two hours, the patient became obtunded and required intubation. The patient’s severe agitation, likely due to metabolic encephalopathy, was difficult to control. Despite being on maximum dexmedetomidine, fentanyl, and quetiapine doses, the patient’s agitation remained. Due to her substance abuse and psychiatric history, a methadone and clonidine taper was initiated to attempt sedation weaning.

Conclusion
Sedation and analgesia weaning protocols for patients with psychiatric or substance abuse histories may aid in decreasing time on mechanical ventilation and/or in the ICU. The successful clonidine and methadone taper utilized in this patient has potential to be utilized in patients with similar histories. Future trials and approved sedation and analgesia weaning protocols for patients with a profound psychiatric and substance abuse history are urgently needed.
A spectral approach to quenched linear and higher-order response for partially hyperbolic dynamics
Authors: CRIMMINS HARRY , NAKANO YUSHI 
Published: June 2023

AbstractFor smooth random dynamical systems we consider the quenched linear and higher-order response of equivariant physical measures to perturbations of the random dynamics. We show that the spectral perturbation theory of Gouëzel, Keller and Liverani [28, 33], which has been applied to deterministic systems with great success, may be adapted to study random systems that possess good mixing properties. As a consequence, we obtain general linear and higher-order response results, as well as the differentiability of the variance in quenched central limit theorems (CLTs), for random dynamical systems (RDSs) that we then apply to random Anosov diffeomorphisms and random U(1) extensions of expanding maps. We emphasize that our results apply to random dynamical systems over a general ergodic base map, and are obtained without resorting to infinite-dimensional multiplicative ergodic theory.
Philosophy of the Field, in the Field: Philosophy of Science Association 2020/2021 Presidential Address
Authors: Wylie Alison 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRecent advocates of “field philosophy” make the case that philosophy “needs to get outside more often”; alongside disciplinary modes of practice we should cultivate philosophical work that is consequential in real-world, practical terms. This takes a number of different forms, many of them captured by a framework for analyzing engaged philosophy of science proposed by Plaisance and Elliott. I draw on three examples of field-engaged philosophy of science that address the legacies of settler-colonialism archaeology to illustrate the promise of field philosophy.
HERMODORUS OF SYRACUSE AND SEXTUS EMPIRICUS’ ‘PYTHAGOREANS’ ON CATEGORIES AND PRINCIPLES
Authors: Granieri Roberto 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHermodorus of Syracuse, a Sicilian disciple of Plato, is reported by Simplicius to have set out a classification of beings, which is of a piece with an argument for principle monism (in Ph. 247.30–248.18 > F 5 IP2; 256.28–257.4 = F 6 IP2). A similar classification appears in Sextus Empiricus’ Aduersus mathematicos X (262–75), where it is officially ascribed to some ‘Pythagoreans’ (Πυθαγορικοί) or ‘children of the Pythagoreans’ (Πυθαγορικῶν παῖδες), but seems ultimately based on Early Academic material. Virtually all commentators have read these classifications conjointly. More radically, both have been taken to record Plato's oral teaching and to give essentially the same categorial scheme, which is regarded as the most developed instance of a so-called ‘Academic doctrine of the categories’. This article re-examines these texts and provides an alternative reading. Section 1 focusses on Hermodorus and defends three theses: (1) there was never such a thing as an ‘Academic doctrine of the categories’; (2) Hermodorus does not seem to recount what Plato said, but to propose an integrated interpretation and defence of aspects of his thought; (3) Hermodorus’ pronouncements about principles are incompatible with other testimonies on Plato's unwritten teaching, notably Aristotle's. Section 2 moves to Sextus and defends a fourth thesis: (4) despite their similarities, the classifications of Hermodorus and Sextus’ Pyrhagoreans are considerably different, though perhaps originated from the same debate.
Neurocomputational modeling of speech motor development
Authors: MEIER Andrew M. , GUENTHER Frank H. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis review describes a computational approach for modeling the development of speech motor control in infants. We address the development of two levels of control: articulation of individual speech sounds (defined here as phonemes, syllables, or words for which there is an optimized motor program) and production of sound sequences such as phrases or sentences. We describe the DIVA model of speech motor control and its application to the problem of learning individual sounds in the infant’s native language. Then we describe the GODIVA model, an extension of DIVA, and how chunking of frequently produced phoneme sequences is implemented within it.
WHO Guidance on Research Methods for Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management
Authors: Kayona Ryoma , Clarke Mike , Murray Virginia , Chan Emily , Abrahams Jonathan , O'Sullivan Tracey 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed and supported numerous initiatives to build capacity and awareness about health emergency and disaster risk management (Health EDRM). These include establishing the Health EDRM Research Network (Health EDRM RN) in 2018 and the publication of the Health EDRM Framework in 2019. These initiatives recognize that research is vital to generating the evidence to inform decision making and research that is integral to disaster preparedness, response and recovery will be vital to delivering the aspirations associated with caring, coping and overcoming in an increasingly challenging world.Method:To strengthen the capacity for conduct and use of research, resources were developed by the WHO Guidance on Research Methods for Health EDRM.Results:This first WHO textbook on Health EDRM research methods was published in 2021 and updated in 2022 with a chapter on Health EDRM research in the context of COVID-19. The 44 chapters offer practical advice about how to plan, conduct and report on a variety of quantitative and qualitative studies that can inform questions about policies and programs for health-related emergencies and disasters across different settings and level of resources. Case studies of direct relevance to Health EDRM provide real-life examples of research methods and how they have modified policies.More than 160 authors in 30 countries contributed to the guidance, which is relevant to researchers, would-be researchers, policy makers and practitioners. It should help improve the quality of Health EDRM research; the quality of policy, practice and guidance supported by the evidence generated; and research capacity, collaboration and engagement among researchers, the research community, policy-makers, practitioners and other stakeholders.Conclusion:The Guidance is being supplemented by additional resources, including audio podcasts, slideshows, video presentations and webinars, and the content as a whole will be discussed in this presentation.
Progress in Saving Lives Aspects of Emergency Management Since the 2014 Mt. Ontake Eruption
Authors: Oshiro Kazue , Murakami Tomikazu , Watanabe Yuji 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Mt. Ontake (3,067m), Japan's second-highest volcano, erupted without warning on September 26, 2014, leaving 58 dead and five people missing. More than 20,000 rescue workers were mobilized from all over the country. The findings on rescue operations and subsequent advances in emergency preparedness and rescuer education are presented.Method:After the disaster, public data was obtained from the Cabinet Office by conducting interviews. Photographs and videos were collected from the military, the police, and the Fire and Disaster Management Agency sources, as well as from local governments and the Volcano Research Institute.Results:The volcanic eruption received governmental disaster designation. The leading cause of death and the rescued survivors were traumatic injuries caused by sudden falling rocks. Volcanic tremors and landform upheaval were observed immediately before the eruption, but they were too short-lived to lead to evacuation. The location of the victims at the time of the eruptions seemed to be the most critical determinant of survival. What medical care could do at this point was very limited. No rescuers died, but some suffered acute mountain sickness and hypothermia. In the following year, education for rescue organizations began, and volcano information was released to the public in real-time as raw data, regardless of whether they could be understood. In 2022, shelters were constructed near the summit of Mt. Ontake.Conclusion:A severe volcanic eruption leaves little time for people to evacuate, and emergency medical care can play only a minor role. In Japan, where there are many volcanoes, measures are underway to support self-help to increase the possibility of saving lives for climbers and rescuers in an eruption that is difficult to predict.
No Ordinary Moments–Improving the Response to Disasters by Enhancing the Incident Command System
Authors: Bradley-Smith Karen , Tippett Vivienne , FitzGerald Gerald 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Disasters have adversely affected human life since the beginning of our existence. In response, societies have attempted to improve disaster response & reduce the consequences of disasters by developing standardized organizational arrangements, often known as Incident Command Systems (ICS). These ICS response systems have a military heritage in hierarchical organizational command & control (C2) that is authoritative by nature and fits well with bureaucratic organization. While emergency service agencies have embraced ICS, other agencies often involved in community-level disaster response, such as public health, non-government organizations and community groups, have not. Although ICS have become the backbone of disaster management (DM) policy in Australia and overseas, worldwide debate over the effectiveness of ICS continues. Therefore, this study investigated ICS systems used worldwide to aid in the development of an improved conceptual framework for managing the response to modern-day disasters, for all agencies, at all levels and across all hazard types.Method:Phase one involved a review and critical analysis of the literature. Phase two used inductive research methods to gain a better understanding of the barriers & facilitators of ICS to the multi-agency disaster response. Two studies were conducted in this phase: Study one used semi-structured interviews with key informants involved in the 2018 Central Queensland Bushfire & 2019 North & Far North Queensland Monsoon Trough Flood & Study two participants from any disaster. Phase three undertook a policy analysis of recent disaster reviews and inquiries. This was triangulated with previous findings and presented to an expert panel by way of a 2-round modified Delphi.Results:The most significant outcome of this research was the improved understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of ICS within the context of multi-agency engagement in disaster management.Conclusion:Development of conceptual framework based on modifications to the ICS principles and includes other phases of the DM continuum with psychological aspects taken into consideration.
A Full-Scale Exercise for Preparedness for Uncertain and Novel Chemical Hazards with Pediatric Casualties: Project PUNCH
Authors: Kane Ashley , Cahan Lea Ohana Sarna , Abelanes Sally-Mae , Adnan Mohd Syafwan Bin , Woodward Christina , Tin Derrick , Labib Ibrahim , Issa Fadi , Voskanyan Amalia , Weiner Debra 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:In 2022, the Harvard/Beth Israel Deaconess Disaster Medicine Fellowship conducted a full-scale exercise (FSX) with the dual mission of 1) training Disaster Medicine Fellows (DMFs) in exercise design, planning, and execution, and 2) expanding local first responder experience with pediatric casualties in a mixed-method terrorist attack.Method:Project PUNCH (Preparedness for Uncertain and Novel Chemical Hazards) was planned in two stages. A tabletop exercise in the form of a facilitated discussion was conducted in March 2022 with stakeholders from Fire, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and the Massachusetts HazMat Team. A FSX simulating a combined blast and chemical attack on a family gathering was held in June 2022 at Anna Maria College in Paxton, MA.Results:Fire, EMS, HazMat, LifeFlight, local Police, MA State Police, a local Medical Reserve Corps, and over 40 volunteer victims including 16 pediatric volunteers participated in the FSX. The FSX was a two-hour exercise with a simulated explosion and a secondary drone-deployed dummy-opioid aerosol release. This was the first FSX for the Paxton Region since the coronavirus pandemic began. Planning was conducted by the DMFs between January and June 2022 with the aid of Fellowship faculty and local stakeholders following Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program guidelines. Local and Fellowship leadership with Pediatric expertise were engaged to plan pediatric specific considerations, precautions and safety measures. COVID precaution guidelines were followed. These efforts are detailed in the forthcoming field report. Educational guides for toxidromes and triage and resuscitation of pediatric victims were distributed to first responders.Conclusion:The end outcome was a FSX that trained DMFs in exercise design, planning, and execution, and increased experience of local first responders with the concepts of asymmetric terrorist attacks and comfort with pediatric disaster victims. Multi-agency disaster drills remain an important training tool for preparedness and response to mass casualty events.