bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single versus Double Layer Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Management of Resistant Infective Corneal Ulcer
Authors: Metaoe Asmaa Reda , Nasef Mohamed Hosny , Ghoniem Ahmed Mohamed , Shorbagy Mohamed Sameh El 
Published: February 2023

Background: Infectious keratitis is an important and preventable cause of monocular blindness. It is caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites, It is a potentially sight-threatening disease of the eye as a result of corneal opacities, persistent epithelial defects, thinning or corneal melting.2
This urgent ophthalmic condition needs to be treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents. However, some ulcers do not respond to conventional antimicrobial treatments and need further intervention 4.
Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) may be a tool to suppress inflammation in infectious keratitis and promote epithelial regeneration after sufficient antibiotic eye medications, thus improving the situation of the eye for subsequent surgeries, such as penetrating keratoplasty (PK).2
Aim of the Study: This prospective, comparative, interventional and randomized study aimed to compare efficacy and safety of single versus double layer amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in treatment of resistant infectious keratitis.
Patients and Methods: The study was carried out on 40 eyes with resistant infectious keratitis not respond to specific antimicrobials for two weeks (20 eyes treated by single layer of amniotic membrane (group A) and 20 eyes treated by double layer amniotic membrane (group B) .
Results: The mean age of group (A) was (54.250 ± 12.561) years while in group (B) was (52.250 ± 14.722) years. The gender distribution of group (A) was 13 male and 7 female , group (B) was 14 male and 6 female .According to corneal cultures there were 6 cases (30%) fungal , 3 cases (15%) bacterial and 11 cases (55%) mixed bacterial and fungal infection in group (A),While in group (B) there were 7 cases (35%) fungal and 13 cases (65%) mixed bacterial and fungal infection. The healing time ranged from 3 to 8 weeks with mean 5.214 ± 1.888 weeks in group (A), While in group (B) ranged from 3 to 6 weeks with mean 4.412 ± 0.712 weeks. The study revealed no significant difference in pre-operative and post-operative best correctd visual acuity in both groups as in group A vision improved in 5 cases , remain unchanged in 9 cases and worsened in 6 cases while in group B vision improved in 5 cases, remain unchanged in 12 cases, and worsened in 3 cases. There was significant difference between two groups in healing of sever corneal ulcer as in group A all cases with sever corneal ulcer not achieve successful healing , While in group B successful healing occurred in 83.33% of sever cases.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between single layer and double layer AMT in management of resistant infectious keratitis especially mild and moderate corneal ulcers .
In sever corneal ulcer it is better to do double layer AMT to restore integrity of corneal stroma and promote healing.
Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults
Authors: Schaff Lauren R. , Mellinghoff Ingo K. 
Published: February 2023

ImportanceMalignant primary brain tumors cause more than 15 000 deaths per year in the United States. The annual incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is approximately 7 per 100 000 individuals and increases with age. Five-year survival is approximately 36%.ObservationsApproximately 49% of malignant brain tumors are glioblastomas, and 30% are diffusely infiltrating lower-grade gliomas. Other malignant brain tumors include primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (7%) and malignant forms of ependymomas (3%) and meningiomas (2%). Symptoms of malignant brain tumors include headache (50%), seizures (20%-50%), neurocognitive impairment (30%-40%), and focal neurologic deficits (10%-40%). Magnetic resonance imaging before and after a gadolinium-based contrast agent is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating brain tumors. Diagnosis requires tumor biopsy with consideration of histopathological and molecular characteristics. Treatment varies by tumor type and often includes a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. For patients with glioblastoma, the combination of temozolomide with radiotherapy improved survival when compared with radiotherapy alone (2-year survival, 27.2% vs 10.9%; 5-year survival, 9.8% vs 1.9%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.6 [95% CI, 0.5-0.7]; P &amp;lt; .001). In patients with anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q codeletion, probable 20-year overall survival following radiotherapy without vs with the combination of procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine was 13.6% vs 37.1% (80 patients; HR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.35-1.03]; P = .06) in the EORTC 26951 trial and 14.9% vs 37% in the RTOG 9402 trial (125 patients; HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.40-0.94]; P = .02). Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma includes high-dose methotrexate-containing regimens, followed by consolidation therapy with myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue, nonmyeloablative chemotherapy regimens, or whole brain radiation.Conclusions and RelevanceThe incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is approximately 7 per 100 000 individuals, and approximately 49% of primary malignant brain tumors are glioblastomas. Most patients die from progressive disease. First-line therapy for glioblastoma is surgery followed by radiation and the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide.
Clinical Cancer Genomic Diagnostics and Modern Diagnostic Pathology
Authors: Roth Katherine , Gruber Stephen B. , McDonnell Kevin 
Published: February 2023

Overview
New techniques in next‐generation sequencing, digital pathology, and artificial intelligence have emerged as important tools to inform early detection, clinical and pathologic diagnoses as well as therapeutic decision‐making. This chapter focuses on multiple types of tests that take advantage of next‐generation sequencing for current applications in clinical practice. Genome‐wide mutational signatures are informative at a number of levels, not only linking specific exposures to cancer, but also providing prognostic and predictive information. Digital pathology and analytic approaches with artificial intelligence are also highlighted. Finally, the potential of liquid biopsy is discussed across the spectrum from early detection to monitoring for residual disease, surveillance, and recurrence and treatment planning.
Microtubule Inhibitors
Authors: Galletti Giuseppe , Giannakakou Paraskevi 
Published: February 2023

Overview
Central to the ever‐growing list of anticancer therapies is the microtubule inhibitors (MTIs), a class of naturally derived compounds that bind tubulin or microtubules and disrupt the function of the cell's cytoskeleton. The vinca alkaloids were among the first drugs to receive FDA approval for the treatment of cancer, even before the α/β‐tubulin dimer was identified as their target. Today, 60 years from their entry to the clinic, these microtubule‐destabilizing drugs continue to be central in current and widely used chemotherapy regimens. Paclitaxel was the first natural product identified to bind microtubule polymers instead of soluble tubulin dimers, and the prototype of the new class of microtubule‐stabilizing drugs. Together, both destabilizing and stabilizing drugs form the family of MTIs, which continues to expand with the clinical approval of several other plant‐, marine sponge‐ and bacteria‐derived compounds, such as epothilones, halicondrin B, maytansinoids, and auristatins. Even in the current era of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, MTIs are among the most effective drugs for the treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. For decades, these drugs were thought to exert their antitumor activity solely by inhibiting cancer cell division. Current evidence demonstrates that MTIs can effectively kill not only dividing but also nondividing interphase cells, which represent the most abundant cell population in patient tumors. In this chapter, we will discuss MTI mechanism of action or “inaction,” all the way from molecular interactions to cancer cell effects to patient treatment. Fundamental to this chapter is the thesis that MTIs are “targeted therapies,” which is a big departure from the established view that these drugs are nonspecific, generally cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs. Once accepted, this thesis provides previously unrecognized opportunities for precision oncology, taking advantage of the distinct functions and alterations of the MT cytoskeleton in different tumor types and individual patients.
A versatile Topology Optimization Strategy for Devising Low‐Dimensional Architectures with Boosted Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Xue Sikang , Zhou Chuchu , Liang Xiaocong , Shen Min , Ye Xiaoyuan , Yang Can , Zhang Jinshui , Hou Yidong , Shalom Menny , Yu Zhiyang , Wang Xinchen 
Published: February 2023

AbstractConstructing low‐dimensional heterojunctions via hybridizing 0D, 1D, and 2D building blocks is an effective means to devise higher‐order architectures with excellent photocatalytic reaction activities. Developing a versatile topology optimization strategy paves the way for guiding the rational structural design of a wide range of heterostructures. Herein, taking the ZnO‐CdS hybrids with mixed topology structures (including 0D‐1D, 0D‐0D, and 1D‐1D composites) as a model system, the work unveils a ubiquitous, yet unrecognized, topology dependence of photocatalytic performances and the 0D‐1D topology combination coupled with an annealing treatment gives rise to an optimal photocatalytic redox activity, far exceeding those of 0D‐0D and 1D‐1D counterparts. The 0D‐1D topology integrates the structural merits of both constituent units, where the 1D unit acts as a rigid matrix to allow the uniform dispersity of 0D units for exposing abundant active sites, and a mobile 0D unit contributes to the interfacial reconstruction for forming charge‐migration‐expediated heterointerfaces via thermal‐induced grain rotations. Such thermal‐annealing‐coupled topology optimization methodology shows applicability for a large spectrum of low‐dimensional heterojunctions, offering a prototype for the precise structural design of low‐dimensional heterojunctions with enhanced catalytic performance.
Customizable Supercapacitors via 3D Printed Gel Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Dongna , Wang Zhaoyang , Qian Qilin , Wang Jizhe , Ren Jingbo , Chen Hehao , Xing Wang , Zhou Nanjia 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNew manufacturing strategies toward customizable energy storage devices (ESDs) are urgently required to allow structural designability for space and weight‐sensitive electronics. Besides the macroscopic geometry customization, the ability to fine‐tune the ESD internal architectures are key to device optimization, allowing short and uniform electrons/ions diffusion pathways and increased contact areas while overcoming the issues of long transport distance and high interfacial resistance in conventional devices with planar thick electrodes. ESDs with 2D or 3D electrodes filled with liquid or gel‐like electrolyte have been reported, yet they face significant challenges in design flexibility for 3D ESD architectures. Herein, a novel method of assembling ESDs with the ability to customizing both external and internal architectures via digital light processing (DLP) technique and a facile sequential dip‐coating process is demonstrated. Using supercapacitors as prototype device, the 3D printing of ESDs with areal capacity of 282.7 mF cm−2 which is higher than a reference device with same mass loading employing planar stacked configuration (205.5 mF cm−2) is demonstrated. The printed devices with highly customizable external geometry conveniently allow the ESDs to serve as structural components for various electronics such as watchband and biomimetic electronics which are difficult to be manufactured with previously reported strategies.
Giant Electric Field‐Induced Strain with High Temperature‐Stability in Textured KNN‐Based Piezoceramics for Actuator Applications
Authors: Wang Binquan , Huangfu Geng , Zheng Zhipeng , Guo Yiping 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLarge‐strain (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) based piezoceramics are attractive for next‐generation actuators because of growing environmental concerns. However, inferior performance with poor temperature stability greatly hinders their industrialized procedure. Herein, a feasible strategy is proposed by introducing ‐ defect dipoles and constructing grain orientation to enhance the strain performance and temperature stability of KNN‐based piezoceramics. This textured ceramics with 90.3% texture degree exhibit a giant strain (1.35%) and a large converse piezoelectric coefficient d33* (2700 pm V−1), outperforming most lead‐free piezoceramics and even some single crystals. Meanwhile, the strain deviation at high temperature of 100 °C–200 °C is obviously alleviated from 61% to 35% through texture engineering. From the perspective of practical applications, piezo‐actuators are commonly utilized in the form of multilayer. In order to illustrate the applicability on multilayer actuators, a stack‐type actuator consisted of 5 layers of 0.4 mm thick ceramics is fabricated. It can generate large field‐induced displacement (11.6 µm), and the promising potential in precise positioning and optical modulation are further demonstrated. This work provides a textured KNN‐based piezoceramic with temperature‐stable giant strain properties, and facilitates the lead‐free piezoceramic materials in actuator applications.
Advanced Design of Metal Nanoclusters and Single Atoms Embedded in C1N1‐Derived Carbon Materials for ORR, HER, and OER
Authors: Quílez‐Bermejo Javier , García‐Dalí Sergio , Daouli Ayoub , Zitolo Andrea , Canevesi Rafael L.S. , Emo Mélanie , Izquierdo María T. , Badawi Michael , Celzard Alain , Fierro Vanessa 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSingle atoms and nanoclusters of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, and Mn are systematically designed and embedded in a well‐defined C1N1‐type material that has internal cavities of ≈0.6 nm based on four N atoms. These N atoms serve as perfect anchoring points for the nucleation of small nanoclusters of different metal natures through the creation of metal‐nitrogen (TM‐N4) bonds. After pyrolysis at 800 °C, TM@CNx‐type structures are obtained, where TM is the transition metal and x < 1. Fe@CNx and Co@CNx are the most promising for oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively, with a Pt‐like performance, and Ni@CNx is the most active for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with an EOER of 1.59 V versus RHE, far outperforming the commercial IrO2 (EOER = 1.72 V). This systematic and benchmarking study can serve as a basis for the future design of advanced multi‐functional electrocatalysts by modulating and combining the metallic nature of nanoclusters and single atoms.
Iridescence from Total Internal Reflection at 3D Microscale Interfaces: Mechanistic Insights and Spectral Analysis
Authors: Sturniolo Nathaniel E. , Hirsch Krista , Meredith Caleb H. , Beshires Beau C. , Khanna Shawn , Rayes Malak S. , Gallegos Michael A. , McGee Shannon , Kaehr Bryan , Zarzar Lauren D. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAn experimental investigation and the optical modeling of the structural coloration produced from total internal reflection interference within 3D microstructures are described. Ray‐tracing simulations coupled with color visualization and spectral analysis techniques are used to model, examine, and rationalize the iridescence generated for a range of microgeometries, including hemicylinders and truncated hemispheres, under varying illumination conditions. An approach to deconstruct the observed iridescence and complex far‐field spectral features into its elementary components and systematically link them to ray trajectories that emanate from the illuminated microstructures is demonstrated. The results are compared with experiments, wherein microstructures are fabricated with methods such as chemical etching, multiphoton lithography, and grayscale lithography. Microstructure arrays patterned on surfaces with varying orientation and size lead to unique color‐traveling optical effects and highlight opportunities for how total internal reflection interference can be used to create customizable reflective iridescence. The findings herein provide a robust conceptual framework for rationalizing this multibounce interference mechanism and establish approaches for characterizing and tailoring the optical and iridescent properties of microstructured surfaces.
Phosphomevalonate Kinase Controls β‐Catenin Signaling via the Metabolite 5‐Diphosphomevalonate
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Zhou Xinyi , Zhou Xiaojun , Tang Yi , Lu Mingzhu , Zhao Jianhong , Tian Chenhui , Wu Mingzhi , Liu Yanliang , Prochownik Edward V. , Wang Fubing , Li Youjun 
Published: February 2023

Abstractβ‐catenin signaling is abnormally activated in cancer. Here, this work screens the mevalonate metabolic pathway enzyme PMVK to stabilize β‐catenin signaling using a human genome‐wide library. On the one hand, PMVK‐produced MVA‐5PP competitively binds to CKIα to prevent β‐catenin Ser45 phosphorylation and degradation. On the other hand, PMVK functions as a protein kinase to directly phosphorylate β‐catenin Ser184 to increase its protein nuclear localization. This synergistic effect of PMVK and MVA‐5PP together promotes β‐catenin signaling. In addition, PMVK deletion impairs mouse embryonic development and causes embryonic lethal. PMVK deficiency in liver tissue alleviates DEN/CCl4‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Finally, the small molecule inhibitor of PMVK, PMVKi5, is developed and PMVKi5 inhibits carcinogenesis of liver and colorectal tissues. These findings reveal a non‐canonical function of a key metabolic enzyme PMVK and a novel link between the mevalonate pathway and β‐catenin signaling in carcinogenesis providing a new target for clinical cancer therapy.
Using Wool Keratin as a Structural Biomaterial and Natural Mediator to Fabricate Biocompatible and Robust Bioelectronic Platforms
Authors: Zhu Shuihong , Zhou Qifan , Yi Jia , Xu Yihua , Fan Chaoyu , Lin Changxu , Wu Jianyang , Lin Youhui 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe design and fabrication of biopolymer‐incorporated flexible electronics have attracted immense interest in healthcare systems, degradable implants, and electronic skin. However, the application of these soft bioelectronic devices is often hampered by their intrinsic drawbacks, such as poor stability, inferior scalability, and unsatisfactory durability. Herein, for the first time, using wool keratin (WK) as a structural biomaterial and natural mediator to fabricate soft bioelectronics is presented. Both theoretical and experimental studies reveal that the unique features of WK can endow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with excellent water dispersibility, stability, and biocompatibility. Therefore, well‐dispersed and electroconductive bio‐inks can be prepared via a straightforward mixing process of WK and CNTs. The as‐obtained WK/CNTs inks can be directly exploited to design versatile and high‐performance bioelectronics, such as flexible circuits and electrocardiogram electrodes. More impressively, WK can also be a natural mediator to connect CNTs and polyacrylamide chains to fabricate a strain sensor with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. With conformable and soft architectures, these WK‐derived sensing units can be further assembled into an integrated glove for real‐time gesture recognition and dexterous robot manipulations, suggesting the great potential of the WK/CNT composites for wearable artificial intelligence.
Nano Si‐Doped Ruthenium Oxide Particles from Caged Precursors for High‐Performance Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Liu Chunxiang , Jiang Yunbo , Wang Teng , Li Qiaosheng , Liu Yuzhou 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRuO2 is well known as the benchmark acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, but its practical application has been impeded by its limited durability. Herein, it is presented that the stability of ruthenium oxide can be significantly improved by pretrapping RuCl3 precursors within a cage compound possessing 72 aromatic rings, which leads to well carbon‐coated RuOx particles (Si‐RuOx@C) after calcination. The catalyst survives in 0.5 M H2SO4 for an unprecedented period of 100 hours at 10 mA cm−2 with minimal overpotential change during OER. In contrast, RuOx prepared from similar non‐tied compounds doesn't exhibit such catalytic activity, highlighting the importance of the preorganization of Ru precursors within the cage prior to calcination. In addition, the overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 in acid solution is only 220 mV, much less than that of commercial RuO2. X‐ray absorption fine structure (FT‐EXAFS) reveals the Si doping through unusual Ru–Si bond, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals the importance of the Ru‐Si bond in enhancing both the activity and stability of the catalyst.
Low‐Temperature Potassium Batteries Enabled by Electric and Thermal Field Regulation
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Shi Yating , Gao Caitian , Shi Zude , Ding Hongbo , Feng Yanhong , He Yongmin , Sha Junwei , Zhou Jiang , Lu Bingan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRecharging batteries operate at sub‐zero temperature is usually limited by the slow ion diffusion and uneven charge distribution at low temperature. Here, we report a strategy to regulate electric field and thermal field simultaneously, creating a fast and uniform deposition surroundings for potassium ion in potassium metal batteries (PMBs). This regulation is achieved by using a highly ordered 1D nanoarray electrode which provides a dense and flat surface for uniforming the electric field and high thermal conductivity for reducing the temperature fluctuation. Consequently, this electrode could achieve high‐areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. Besides, the dependence of potassium nucleation on temperature is unveiled. Furthermore, a full‐cell could steady operate with over 80 % of its room‐temperature capacity at −20 °C. Those respectable performances demonstrate that this strategy is valid, potentially providing guidelines for the rational design of advanced electrodes toward PMBs.
Boradigermaallyl: (4+3) Cycloaddition‐Initiated Boron Insertion into Benzene
Authors: Kern Ralf H. , Schneider Meike , Eichele Klaus , Schubert Hartmut , Bettinger Holger F. , Wesemann Lars 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe 2π electron 1,3‐dipole boradigermaallyl, valence‐isoelectronic to an allyl cation, is synthesized from a bis(germylene). It reacts with benzene at room temperature by insertion of a boron atom into the benzene ring. Computational investigation of the mechanism shows the boradigermaallyl reacting with a benzene molecule in a concerted (4+3) or [π4s+π2s] cycloaddition reaction. Thus, the boradigermaallyl acts as a highly reactive dienophile in this cycloaddition reaction with nonactivated benzene as diene unit. This type of reactivity provides a novel platform for ligand assisted borylene insertion chemistry.