bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalization error bounds for iterative recovery algorithms unfolded as neural networks
Authors: Schnoor Ekkehard , Behboodi Arash , Rauhut Holger 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMotivated by the learned iterative soft thresholding algorithm (LISTA), we introduce a general class of neural networks suitable for sparse reconstruction from few linear measurements. By allowing a wide range of degrees of weight-sharing between the flayers, we enable a unified analysis for very different neural network types, ranging from recurrent ones to networks more similar to standard feedforward neural networks. Based on training samples, via empirical risk minimization, we aim at learning the optimal network parameters and thereby the optimal network that reconstructs signals from their low-dimensional linear measurements. We derive generalization bounds by analyzing the Rademacher complexity of hypothesis classes consisting of such deep networks, that also take into account the thresholding parameters. We obtain estimates of the sample complexity that essentially depend only linearly on the number of parameters and on the depth. We apply our main result to obtain specific generalization bounds for several practical examples, including different algorithms for (implicit) dictionary learning, and convolutional neural networks.
Follicular regulatory T cell subsets in mice and humans: origins, antigen specificity and function
Authors: Sokolova Sophia , Grigorova Irina L 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells play various roles in immune responses, contributing to both positive and negative regulation of foreign antigen-specific B cell responses, control over autoreactive antibody responses and autoimmunity, and B cell class-switching to IgE and allergy development. Studies conducted on mice uncovered various subsets of CXCR5+FoxP3+CD4+ Tfr cells that could differently contribute to immune regulation. Moreover, recent studies of human Tfr cells revealed similar complexity with various subsets of follicular T cells of different origins and immunosuppressive and/or immunostimulatory characteristics. In this review we will overview and compare Tfr subsets currently identified in mice and humans and will discuss their origins and antigen specificity, as well as potential modes of action and contribution to the control of the autoimmune and allergic reactions.
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells from Clostridioides difficile-infected patients exhibit a distinct proinflammatory phenotype and enhanced cytotoxic activity
Authors: Brauns Steffen , Marquardt Isabel , Thon Cosima , Frentzel Sarah , Jakob Josefine , Färber Jacqueline , Philipsen Lars , Jänsch Lothar , Link Alexander , Bruder Dunja 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells mainly found in the mucosa and peripheral blood. We have recently demonstrated that Clostridioides difficile activates MAIT cells in vitro. However, their role in the pathogenesis of C. difficile infection (CDI) in human patients remains elusive to date. In this study, we performed comprehensive immunophenotyping of MAIT cells derived from CDI patients and compared their phenotype to that of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and healthy controls. Our study revealed that blood MAIT cells from CDI patients exhibit an interleukin 17a (IL-17a)-dominated proinflammatory phenotype and an increased readiness to synthesize the proinflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFN-γ) following in vitro re-stimulation. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of MAIT cells, as measured by surface CD107a and intracellular granzyme B expression, was strongly increased in CDI. Multi epitope ligand cartography (MELC) analysis of intestinal biopsies from CDI patients revealed that MAIT cells exhibit an increased production of granzyme B and increased cytotoxicity compared to the control group. Together with previously published in vitro data from our group, our findings suggest that MAIT cells are functionally involved in the immune response against C. difficile and contribute to the pathogenesis of CDI.
A comparison between above-ground bait stations and experimental caulk baits for elimination of field colonies of the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Su Nan-Yao , Mullins Aaron 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Survey stakes and in-ground (IG) stations have failed to intercept underground tunnels of the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), in southeastern Florida, rendering nearly useless the IG bait station that is the main tool of commercial baiting systems. When placed over an active infestation, above-ground (AG) bait stations were readily fed on by C. gestroi, resulting in colony elimination. A new experimental type of AG bait application being studied is an injectable caulk bait. In this study, we compared the efficacy of AG bait stations and an experimental AG caulk bait against field colonies of C. gestroi. Following the applications of AG bait stations at 3 sites with infested houses and trees, C. gestroi colonies were eliminated 7.1–28.1 wk later. The experimental AG caulk bait was applied at 7 sites including 4 houses, 2 office buildings, and 1 docked sailboat. Colony elimination times at caulk bait sites ranged from 3.1 to 13.6 wk, but there was no statistical difference in mean colony elimination time between AG station bait sites (17.4 ± 10.5 wk) and AG caulk bait sites (8.4 ± 3.8 wk). This study showed that AG caulk bait applications were equally efficacious in eliminating existing C. gestroi in structures as AG bait stations and will offer another tool for termite control professionals to better manage subterranean termites including C. gestroi.
Disparate roles for C. elegans DNA translocase paralogs RAD-54.L and RAD-54.B in meiotic prophase germ cells
Authors: Yamaya Kei , Wang Bin , Memar Nadin , Odiba Arome Solomon , Woglar Alexander , Gartner Anton , Villeneuve Anne M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
RAD54 family DNA translocases partner with RAD51 recombinases to ensure stable genome inheritance, exhibiting biochemical activities both in promoting recombinase removal and in stabilizing recombinase association with DNA. Understanding how such disparate activities of RAD54 paralogs align with their biological roles is an ongoing challenge. Here we investigate the in vivo functions of Caenorhabditis elegans RAD54 paralogs RAD-54.L and RAD-54.B during meiotic prophase, revealing distinct contributions to the dynamics of RAD-51 association with DNA and to the progression of meiotic double-strand break repair (DSBR). While RAD-54.L is essential for RAD-51 removal from meiotic DSBR sites to enable recombination progression, RAD-54.B is largely dispensable for meiotic DSBR. However, RAD-54.B is required to prevent hyperaccumulation of RAD-51 on unbroken DNA during the meiotic sub-stage when DSBs and early recombination intermediates form. Moreover, DSB-independent hyperaccumulation of RAD-51 foci in the absence of RAD-54.B is RAD-54.L-dependent, revealing a hidden activity of RAD-54.L in promoting promiscuous RAD-51 association that is antagonized by RAD-54.B. We propose a model wherein a division of labor among RAD-54 paralogs allows germ cells to ramp up their capacity for efficient homologous recombination that is crucial to successful meiosis while counteracting potentially deleterious effects of unproductive RAD-51 association with unbroken DNA.
Utility of a prognostic assessment tool to predict survival following surgery for brain metastases
Authors: Cuthbert Hadleigh , Riley Max , Bhatt Shreya , Au-Yeung Claudia Kate , Arshad Ayesha , Eladawi Sondos , Zisakis Athanasios , Tsermoulas Georgios , Watts Colin , Wykes Victoria 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Brain metastases account for more than 50% of all intracranial tumors and are associated with poor outcomes. Treatment decisions in this highly heterogenous cohort remain controversial due to the myriad of treatment options available, and there is no clearly defined standard of care. The prognosis in brain metastasis patients varies widely with tumor type, extracranial disease burden and patient performance status. Decision-making regarding treatment is, therefore, tailored to each patient and their disease.

Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study assessing survival outcomes following surgery for brain metastases over a 50-month period (April 1, 2014–June 30, 2018). We compared predicted survival using the diagnosis-specific Graded Prognostic Assessment (ds-GPA) with actual survival.

Results
A total of 186 patients were included in our cohort. Regression analysis demonstrated no significant correlation between actual and predicted outcome. The most common reason for exclusion was insufficient information being available to the neuro-oncology multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting to allow GPA calculation.

Conclusions
In this study, we demonstrate that “predicted survival” using the ds-GPA does not correlate with “actual survival” in our operated patient cohort. We also identify a shortcoming in the amount of information available at MDT in order to implement the GPA appropriately. Patient selection for aggressive therapies is crucial, and this study emphasizes the need for treatment decisions to be individualized based on patient and cancer clinical characteristics.
Metabolic Disorders Are Associated With Drug-Induced Liver Injury During Antituberculosis Treatment: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Cohort Study in Korea
Authors: Lim Jihye , Kim Ju Sang , Kim Hyung Woo , Kim Yong Hyun , Jung Sung Soo , Kim Jin Woo , Oh Jee Youn , Lee Heayon , Kim Sung Kyoung , Kim Sun-Hyung , Lyu Jiwon , Ko Yousang , Kwon Sun Jung , Jeong Yun-Jeong , Kim Do Jin , Koo Hyeon-Kyoung , Jegal Yangjin , Kyung Sun Young , An Tai Joon , Min Jinsoo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) may lead to the discontinuation of antituberculosis (anti-TB) treatment (ATT). Some studies have suggested that metabolic disorders increase the risk of DILI during ATT. This study aimed to identify risk factors for DILI, particularly metabolic disorders, during ATT.

Methods
A multicenter prospective observational cohort study to evaluate adverse events during ATT was conducted in Korea from 2019 to 2021. Drug-susceptible patients with TB who had been treated with standard ATT for 6 months were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence of 1 or more metabolic conditions, such as insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia. We monitored ATT-related adverse events, including DILI, and treatment outcomes. The incidence of DILI was compared between individuals with and without metabolic disorders, and related factors were evaluated.

Results
Of 684 patients, 52 (7.6%) experienced DILI, and 92.9% of them had metabolic disorders. In the multivariable analyses, underlying metabolic disorders (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.85; 95% CI, 1.01–8.07) and serum albumin &lt;3.5 g/dL (aHR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.29–3.96) were risk factors for DILI during ATT. In the 1-month landmark analyses, metabolic disorders were linked to an elevated risk of DILI, especially significant alanine aminotransferase elevation. The treatment outcome was not affected by the presence of metabolic disorders.

Conclusions
Patients with metabolic disorders have an increased risk of ATT-induced liver injury compared with controls. The presence of metabolic disorders and hypoalbuminemia adversely affects the liver in patients with ATT.
Real-world Use of Mold-Active Triazole Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Invasive Fungal Diseases: Results From a Subgroup Analysis of a Multicenter National Registry
Authors: Nguyen M Hong , Ostrosky-Zeichner Luis , Pappas Peter G , Walsh Thomas J , Bubalo Joseph , Alexander Barbara D , Miceli Marisa H , Jiang Jeanette , Song Yi , Thompson George R 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Antifungal prophylaxis can prevent invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) in high-risk, immunocompromised patients. This study assessed the real-world use of mold-active triazoles (MATs) for the prevention of IFDs.

Methods
This subgroup analysis of a multicenter, observational, prospective registry in the United States from March 2017 to April 2020 included patients who received MATs for prophylaxis (isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole) at study index/enrollment. The primary objective was to describe patient characteristics and patterns of MAT use. Exploratory assessments included the frequency of breakthrough IFDs and MAT-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Results
A total of 1177 patients (256 isavuconazole, 397 posaconazole, 272 voriconazole, and 252 multiple/sequenced MATs at/after index/enrollment) were included in the prophylaxis subgroup analysis. Patient characteristics were similar across MAT groups, but risk factors varied. Hematological malignancy predominated (76.5%) across all groups. Breakthrough IFDs occurred in 7.1% (73/1030) of patients with an investigator's assessment (5.0% [11/221] isavuconazole; 5.3% [20/374] posaconazole; 4.0% [9/226] voriconazole; and 15.8% [33/209] multiple/sequenced MATs). Aspergillus (29.5% [18/61]) and Candida (36.1% [22/61]) species were the most common breakthrough pathogens recovered. ADRs were reported in 14.1% of patients, and discontinuation of MATs due to ADRs was reported in 11.1% of patients (2.0% [5/245] isavuconazole; 8.2% [30/368] posaconazole; and 10.1% [27/267] voriconazole).

Conclusions
Breakthrough IFDs were uncommon in patients who received MATs for prophylaxis. Candida and Aspergillus species were the most commonly reported breakthrough pathogens. The discontinuation of MATs due to ADRs was infrequent. These findings support prophylactic strategies with isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole in high-risk patients.
Astaxanthin protects the radiation-induced lung injury in C57BL/6 female mice
Authors: Li Junshi , She Xiandong , Ding Zijian , Yao Liuhuan , Yang Yajie , Tang Haibo , Liu Hu , Zhao Deyun , Li Bailong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the common complications of radiotherapy for chest tumors and nuclear radiation accidents. The excessive reactive oxygen species induced by radiation is the main mediator. So far, the effective prevention and treatment for RILI are still lacking. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid that belongs to red natural lutein family and is commonly found in Marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters and salmon. It has been confirmed that astaxanthin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, therefore we speculated that astaxanthin may be a potential treatment for RILI. First, with a mice model of RILI, the protected effects of astaxanthin were observed. Furthermore, the experiments in vitro were performed by detecting apoptosis. As a result, astaxanthin protects the RILI, inhibits the process of pulmonary fibrosis, and reduces the elevation of inflammatory factors. The experiments in vitro demonstrated that astaxanthin could reduce radiation-induced apoptosis and especially inhibit activation of apoptosis pathway. In conclusion, astaxanthin could protect RILI of mice, which is mediated by inhibiting activation of apoptosis pathway.
Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: is the trend still going up?
Authors: Tanno Luciana Kase , Caminati Marco , Pouessel Guillaume , Senna Gianenrico , Demoly Pascal 
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review
To understand the current global scale of anaphylaxis and identify possible strategies to increase the accuracy of epidemiological data.

Recent findings
Anaphylaxis mortality and morbidity statistics may gain new perspectives with the global implementation of the ICD-11. Improving the quality of epidemiological data related to anaphylaxis should clarify some areas of uncertainty about risk factors, leading to better targeting of strategies to protect those patients at risk, and support decision-making to facilitate health care planning and implementation of public health measures to prevent anaphylaxis.

Summary
The true rate of anaphylaxis is unknown due to a number of factors, such as misdiagnosis, miscoding and undernotification. Moreover, there is lack of information about anaphylaxis epidemiology in many countries. Difficulties on collecting accurate and comparable data should be acknowledged and anaphylaxis data can vary widely. Currently, most robust data are derived from hospitalization datasets and national mortality databases. Anaphylaxis accounts for up to 0.26% of overall hospital admissions. It is suggested that the number of hospital admissions for anaphylaxis is increasing in many countries, both with respect to all-causes of anaphylaxis and by trigger, but the mortality rate remains low. However, there are still great challenges in capturing quality anaphylaxis mortality and morbidity statistics. Better understanding of anaphylaxis trends should clarify some areas of uncertainty about risk factors and prospect effective prevention strategies. As the knowledge derived from populations is key information for more realistic decision-making, the construction of the new section addressed to anaphylaxis in the ICD-11 will allow the collection of more accurate epidemiological data to support high quality management of patients, and to better facilitate health care planning to implement public health measures, reduce the morbidity and mortality attributable to anaphylaxis.
Situational Confidence and Recovery Capital Among Recovery Residents Taking Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in Texas
Authors: Obekpa Elizabeth O. , McCurdy Sheryl A. , Schick Vanessa , Markham Christine , Gallardo Kathryn R. , Wilkerson J. Michael 
Published: August 2023

Objectives
Situational confidence, that is, confidence to resist substance use in high-risk situations, and recovery capital (RC) are resources that individuals can draw upon to initiate and sustain their recovery from opioid use disorder. We assessed the associations between total, social, and personal RC and situational confidence among recovery residents taking medications for opioid use disorder.

Methods
Cross-sectional associations between the Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire and Assessment of Recovery Capital scores were assessed among participants (N = 267) enrolled in a longitudinal study in 13 recovery homes for persons taking medications for opioid use disorder in Texas using χ2 tests and multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Most participants were 35 years or older (51.7%), male (59.4%), non-Hispanic White (71.5%), and unemployed (66.0%); used more than one substance (77.9%); and had higher educational levels (53.8%). The majority had high situational confidence (66.7%), social (63.7%), physical (67.0%), and total (64.8%) RC. Education (model 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.96; confidence interval [CI], 1.13–3.40; model 2: aOR, 2.03; CI, 1.17–3.51) and social (aOR, 2.08; CI, 1.11–3.92), personal (aOR, 2.06; CI, 1.08–3.93), and total (aOR, 2.98; CI, 1.71–5.20) RC were associated with situational confidence.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight the need for recovery housing operators to be trained on the relevance of RC and situational confidence to practice to improve recovery outcomes among residents with opioid use disorder. Health planners, recovery housing administrators, and policymakers should strengthen recovery residence-based services and systems to improve individual RC and situational confidence.
Safety and Efficacy of Rapid Methadone Titration for Opioid Use Disorder in an Inpatient Setting: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Klaire Sukhpreet , Fairbairn Nadia , Ryan Andrea , Nolan Seonaid , McLean Mark , Bach Paxton 
Published: August 2023

Objectives
Inpatient guidelines for methadone titration do not exist, whereas outpatient guidelines lack flexibility and do not consider individual opioid tolerance. The evaluation of rapid, adaptable titration protocols may allow more patient-centered and effective treatment for opioid use disorder in the fentanyl era.

Methods
This study performed a retrospective chart review of patients 18 years or older with opioid use disorder who were initiated on methadone at a single academic urban hospital using a rapid divided dose protocol between November 2019 and November 2020. The primary outcome was adverse events associated with methadone, specifically opioid toxicity or sedation requiring increased medical observation or intervention. The secondary outcome was total daily dose of methadone received on day 7 of titration.

Results
Ninety-eight patients were included for a total of 168 visits. Sixty-five (66%) were male, with a median age of 38 years (interquartile range, 31–42 years). Sedation occurred in 2 patients (1%), who required either naloxone administration or transfer to an intensive care unit for monitoring. Of the 135 visits where patients received at least 7 days of methadone, the mean dose on day 1 was 41 mg (SD, 9.6 mg) and on day 7 was 65 mg (SD, 20.9 mg).

Conclusions
In this inpatient cohort, rapid methadone titration was well tolerated and resulted in patients reaching higher doses of methadone than would be possible with a standard schedule, with few adverse events. Given the known effective dose range, this approach may result in shorter time to clinical stabilization and suggests that alternative methadone titration schedules may be safe and effective in appropriately selected patients.