Abstract 4237: Social isolation induces gut dysbiosis, mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction, and infiltration of tumor immunosuppressive cells: Do they explain enhanced mammary tumorigenesis
Authors: Andrade Fabia de Oliveira , McDermott Maddie , Jin Lu , Verma Vivek , de Oliveira Karla Andrade , Staley Christopher , Hilakivi-Clarke Leena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Social isolation (SI), are associated with increased mortality from many diseases, including breast cancer. Up to 41% of breast cancer patients are estimated to feel socially isolated when assessed between 6 months and 2 years following their cancer diagnosis. Since socially isolated breast cancer survivors are at a 64% higher risk of breast cancer-specific mortality than socially integrated survivors, the biological mechanisms which mediate the effects of SI need to be identified to prevent increased mortality. In a preclinical model, we found that SI caused recurrence of mammary cancers which had been treated with hormone therapy and thus led cancer cells to emerge from dormancy. We further found that mammary glands of SI rats exhibited upregulation of IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway and impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), compared with group housed (GH) rats. We investigated if these changes could be mediated through the gut-brain-axis. Stress can affect the gut microbiota, and the gut microbiota is critical for regulating the host immunity. In four separate experiments, the effect of SI on the gut microbiota composition was assessed in C57BL/6 mice that were either group housed or housed singly in SI for 4 weeks. In each study replicate, several differences in the gut microbiota composition were seen, but these differences were mostly unique to each experiment. Beta-diversity was increased in three of the four experiments in SI mice. Nevertheless, at the genus level, SI suppressed the abundance of Akkermansia in all four replicates and increased Acetatifactor in three of the four replicates. These two bacterial changes are expected to disrupt OXPHOS, perhaps by resulting a suppression in short-chain fatty acid production. Further, low Akkermansia and high Acetatifactor are expected to increase inflammation. Thus, it is possible that the changes in the composition of the gut microbiota of SI animals explain an increase in IL6 signaling and a suppression in OXPHOS in their mammary gland. We also have studied immune cells in the spleen in SI and GH mice. SI increased the frequency of pro-inflammatory CD4+RORy+ cells, and the immunosuppressive Treg cells (CD4+Foxp3+) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). SI also increased PD1 expression in Foxp3+ cells. In an on-going study, we found that fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) from SI mice increased E0771 mammary tumor growth in antibiotic treated GH recipient mice, compared with mice receiving FMT from GH mice. Whether the FMT also altered IL6 and OXPHOS signaling in the mammary glands and tumors of recipient mice is currently being investigated. Our findings suggest that social isolation may increase breast cancer through inducing gut dysbiosis.
Citation Format: Fabia de Oliveira Andrade, Maddie McDermott, Lu Jin, Vivek Verma, Karla Andrade de Oliveira, Christopher Staley, Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. Social isolation induces gut dysbiosis, mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction, and infiltration of tumor immunosuppressive cells: Do they explain enhanced mammary tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4237.