bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dentin penetration of three different endodontic sealers in the presence and absence of the smear layer
Authors: Bolbolian Marjan , Hamzei Atefeh , Mohammadi Navid , Tofangchiha Maryam 
Published: December 2022

Introduction: A sealer’s ability to effectively and stably penetrate the dentinal tubules is an essential factor for selecting an effective root canal obturation material. Evaluation of the sealers’ penetration into the dentinal tubules provides valuable data in the endodontic treatment outcome.Aim: To compare the dentin penetration of AH Plus, Endoseal MTA, and Syntex endodontic sealers in the presence and absence of the smear layer.Materials and methods: Thirty single-rooted teeth were selected in the present in vitro study and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n=10). Half of the samples were prepared by removing the smear layer in each group, and the remaining samples were prepared without removing the smear layer. Root canal preparation was carried out with the Perfect Rotary system up to file T3. The root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus, Endoseal MTA, or Syntex endodontic sealers. The samples were incubated at 100% relative humidity at 37°C for one week. Each root was sectioned at 2-, 5-, and 8-mm distances from the apex, and sealer penetration depth at each section was determined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA was used to compare penetration depths.Results: There were significant differences in sealer penetration between the samples with and without smear layer removal in each group. The maximum and minimum sealer penetration was at the coronal and apical sections, respectively. The maximum sealer pe-netration depths in descending order were observed with AH Plus, Syntex, and Endoseal MTA sealers (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: Elimination of smear layer increased three sealers’ dentin penetration depth, with the deepest penetration for the AH Plus sealer in the coronal section without the smear layer.
In search of dermatophytes – frequency and etiology of fungal infections in patients with and without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Vazheva Gergana Z. , Zisova Liliya G. , Becheva Elena A. , Chonov Veselin R. , Dichev Valentin D. , Miteva-Katrandzhieva Tsonka M. , Rachkovska Zoya V. , Orbetzova Maria M. , Belovezhdov Veselin T. 
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Onychomycosis is a frequent nail disorder, accounting for up to 50% of all nail problems. Treatment of onychomycosis is expensive and requires a long time of antifungal medications. Consequently, a proper and faster diagnosis is necessary. Especially for those patients with diabetes mellitus, where onychomycosis is among the most significant predictors of foot ulcer and possible severe complications.
Aim: To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time between direct microscopy, culture, histology, and real-time PCR. In addition, to compare the frequency and etiology of onychomycosis in patients with and without DM.
Materials and methods: This study included 102 patients, divided into two groups. One group consisted of patients with diabetes mellitus and the other – without diabetes. Nail samples were collected and examined by direct KOH microscopic examination, culture, histology, and real-time PCR.
Results: From the 102 patients with clinical onychomycosis, positive KOH was found in 38 (37.3%). Culture – 82 out of 102 samples (80.4%) were positive for dermatophytes, yeasts, and/or NDM. Positive histology samples were 32 (41.6%). The PCR was positive in 57 (55.9%) out of the 102. We discovered that there is no significant statistical difference in the etiology of the fungal infections between the two groups.
Conclusions: All mycological investigations have their place in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Direct microscopy, culture, and histology are useful methods for clinicians to diagnose and follow up the post-treatment period. The advantages of RT-PCR include obtaining results faster and accurately identifying fungi, thus becoming more valued in the diagnosis of OM.
Premières observations sur les ateliers de verriers de la rue Marie-Clémence-Fouriaux à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Louis Aurore , Stocker Pascal 
Published: December 2022

Le site de la rue Marie-Clémence-Fouriaux vient combler la longue absence de données rémoises sur les ateliers de verriers antiques et complète les connaissances sur la mise en œuvre des fours de fabrication. Bien que d’un modèle standard, ils possèdent des caractéristiques propres aux traditions locales de construction et liées aux ressources présentes dans leur environnement. Les déchets découverts indiquent que ces ateliers produisaient des vases en verre bleuté, jaune et verdâtre à la fin du ier s. apr. J.‑C. et des vases en verre incolore et bleu-vert au iiie s. apr. J.‑C., certainement des petits contenants (balsamaires ou petites bouteilles prismatiques).
Une figurine en terre cuite dorée d’époque romaine à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Androuin Loïc 
Published: December 2022

Les fouilles archéologiques menées en amont de la construction du tramway à Reims en 2007-2008 ont permis la découverte d’un ensemble de figurines en terre cuite gallo-romaines. Au sein de ces dernières, une Vénus sous édicule présente un décor inédit, attribuable au potier/coroplaste éduen Pistillus. La dorure apposée sur une partie de sa surface fait de cette figurine un exemplaire unique en Gaule romaine.
Gestion, évaluation et stabilisation de cuirs archéologiques provenant de la fouille du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Bonnot-Diconne Céline 
Published: December 2022

Un important volume de cuirs archéologiques gorgés d’eau a été découvert sur la ZAC du Vieux-Port, boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims. Une gestion raisonnée de ce mobilier, complexe à traiter, a permis sa conservation grâce à un protocole de stabilisation d’abord mis en place progressivement, puis systématiquement grâce au soutien d’un mécénat local qui a ainsi rendu possible son étude exhaustive.
Une histoire du paysage végétal à travers les analyses palynologiques du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Boulen Muriel 
Published: December 2022

La fouille du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims, en contexte humide de bord de berge, a livré des contenus sporo-polliniques très bien conservés. Les résultats de leur analyse couvrent la Protohistoire ainsi que les époques antique et médiévale. Ils offrent donc une vision diachronique du paysage végétal et des rejets anthropiques, dont certains sont liés à des activités textiles. Si toutes les phases de l’occupation antique ne sont pas représentées, la période y est néanmoins très bien documentée, avec une chronologie précise, couvrant d’abord le ier s. apr. J.‑C., puis le iiie s.
Reims antique, acquis et perspectives
Authors: Cavé Magalie , Rollet Philippe , Bontrond Régis 
Published: December 2022

Les résultats des fouilles de ces trente dernières années et les programmes de recherches en cours permettent aujourd’hui de restituer les grandes étapes de l’évolution de Reims/Durocortorum (Marne) et les grandes lignes du tissu urbain, aussi bien dans le cœur historique de la ville que dans les quartiers excentrés ayant alimenté les dernières grandes avancées archéologiques notables. La ville du Haut-Empire conserve le centre hérité de l’oppidum et s’étend de manière concentrique jusqu’à atteindre une superficie de 600 ha à l’intérieur d’un grand fossé d’enceinte creusé sous Auguste. La nouvelle organisation urbaine se développe rapidement sous les règnes d’Auguste, Tibère et Claude, et ne changera quasiment pas jusqu’à la construction de l’enceinte tardive, confirmant ainsi la pérennité et la cohérence de ce vaste plan d’urbanisme. La démarche adoptée dans cet article consiste à faire un bilan des connaissances acquises sur l’organisation spatiale de l’agglomération, avec les hypothèses en vigueur et en les enrichissant des pistes de recherche les plus récentes.
Les bois de construction du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Tegel Willy 
Published: December 2022

Les sites gallo-romains du nord des Alpes sont peu nombreux à avoir livré autant de bois de construction que celui du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims, surtout dans un tel état de conservation. Pour obtenir une datation précise des pièces de bois employées, la méthode utilisée ici, connue sous le nom de dendrochronologie, se fonde sur l’examen des cernes. La réponse aux questions d’ordre chronologique forme la base de cette analyse, qui se prolonge avec la mise en relation des informations recueillies et des questionnements archéologiques. Les datations ainsi obtenues fournissent des points d’ancrage pour l’histoire de l’occupation de la périphérie méridionale de la ville antique de Reims. Le nombre exceptionnel de bois sur le site permet également d’informer non seulement sur l’état de la forêt à cette époque, mais aussi sur sa gestion, qui peuvent être tous deux liés à l’évolution des conditions environnementales et aux processus socio-économiques.
L’amphithéâtre de Reims/Durocortorum : nouveaux éléments de localisation et de datation
Authors: Mathelart Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Comme nombre de villes en Gaule romaine, celle de Reims/Durocortorum (Marne) était dotée d’un amphithéâtre. Des vestiges encore visibles dans le paysage durant l’époque médiévale et moderne, ainsi que des découvertes faites lors de la réurbanisation du quartier au xixe s. ont conduit à localiser ce monument dans la partie nord de la ville. Une opération d’archéologie liée au projet de la construction d’une nouvelle ligne de tramway a permis d’explorer plus récemment ce secteur. Après un rapide rappel de l’historiographie et des données déjà acquises concernant cet édifice de spectacle, l’article présente les niveaux qu’on associe à sa construction, ainsi que les structures antérieures découvertes à l’occasion de cette fouille récente. Le mobilier, fragments de vaisselle en terre cuite et monnaies, est décrit et analysé. Les arguments pour un rattachement de ce mobilier à la chronologie rémoise sont évoqués avant de proposer une datation pour la construction de l’amphithéâtre. Parvenu à ce point, une synthèse vise à le replacer dans la ville et met en perspective sa datation, de manière très brève, par rapport aux autres édifices du même type en Gaule.
Le mobilier en cuir antique et médiéval du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Leguilloux Martine 
Published: December 2022

Les excellentes conditions d’enfouissement, en milieu humide, de la ZAC du Vieux-Port située boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims ont favorisé la conservation des éléments organiques dont une très riche collection d’éléments en cuir. Le lot de 400 semelages de chaussures portées par les populations fréquentant le quartier entre le iiie s. et le xive s. permet de compléter et d’approfondir nos connaissances dans de nombreux domaines : compréhension des techniques de montage et d’assemblage des modèles, variété des formes, évolution des modèles, des décors, des techniques de fabrication et des différenciations culturelles ou de genre.
La flore sauvage du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum : approche carpologique de l’environnement du site et des productions de denrées végétales
Authors: Matterne Véronique , Pagnoux Clémence 
Published: December 2022

Pour la ville de Reims, la fouille du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot avec ses niveaux archéologiques restés en eau est la mieux documentée en matière de macrorestes végétaux, avec un total de 44 échantillons qui ont livré 13 255 restes, dont 110 carbonisés et 13 145 imbibés (gorgés d’eau), et ont permis d’identifier 328 taxons. La grande richesse du spectre carpologique, un des plus étendus pour un site d’époque romaine métropolitain, permet d’appréhender les évolutions survenues dans les modes de production et de consommation des denrées végétales, entre le tournant de l’ère et le début du ive s. (autour de 307 apr. J.‑C.), et de restituer l’environnement du site. Cinq grands types de milieux sont représentés : les champs cultivés et les moissons ; les terrains vagues, jardins et cultures sarclées ; les prairies et herbages ; la végétation du bord des eaux ; celle des haies, ourlets forestiers et boisements. Seuls les deux premiers semblent avoir été fortement affectés par l’homme, car la part des espèces non indigènes y est importante, avec 46 % d’archéophythes parmi les adventices et 32 % au sein des rudérales. Par contraste, la pression anthropique sur les prairies, les lieux humides et les boisements apparaît beaucoup plus modérée.
L’emploi antique des géomatériaux à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Fronteau Gilles , Laratte Sébastien , Devos Alain , Pichard Claire 
Published: December 2022

Les études réalisées depuis une vingtaine d’années sur les géomatériaux locaux du pays rémois et de nombreux corpus archéologiques antiques permettent désormais de cerner les principales caractéristiques des approvisionnements et emplois au sein de la ville gallo-romaine de Reims/Durocortorum. Ceux-ci sont essentiellement marqués par le manque de bonne pierre de taille à proximité de l’agglomération, ce qui a conduit d’une part à une importation massive des éléments de grand appareil depuis des carrières distantes d’environ 30 à 45 km et d’autre part à une optimisation de l’emploi des ressources locales : pierres à moellons, argiles, dont celles destinées à la fabrication d’adobes, sans oublier le matériau sur lequel est construite la ville : la craie. Dans cet article, nous décrivons le contexte géologique de Reims et ses abords, puis nous définissons la nature des principaux géomatériaux utilisés dans la ville antique et nous présentons les stratégies d’emplois de ces différentes ressources.
Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Canine colostrum was examined for its content of immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and 7Sγ1, which were isolated. The IgA immunoglobulin was characterized to a limited extent. 7Sγ1 is present in significant amounts in colostrum and is distinctly different from the IgA in colostrum and serum. Whereas 7Sγ1 previously was thought to be a separate immunoglobulin class, it now appears to be related to the IgG class through heavy chain determinants and may be an IgG subclass.
Rapid Detection of Australia Antigen by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Gocke David J. , Howe Calderon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes the detection of Australia antigen by counterelectrophoresis in agar gel. With this technique small amounts of antigen with relatively rapid electrophoretic mobility can be detected by specific precipitation with antibody in 1 hr (1, 2). In addition to its speed the technique is at least 10 times as sensitive as the Ouchterlony double diffusion method.
Materials and Methods. Sera containing Australia antigen were obtained from patients with acute viral hepatitis. Specific antisera were from hemophiliacs who had received numerous blood transfusions and were thus repeatedly exposed to hepatitis virus. The standard sera containing Australia antigen used in this laboratory, as well as the homologous antisera, have been shown to have the same specificities as those employed by Blumberg (3) and Prince (4).
Counterelectrophoresis is carried out on Kodak projection slides (3.25 × 4 in) covered with 10 ml of 0.85% Agarose in Veronal buffer, 0.05 M, pH 8.2.
The Effect of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Upon Graft-vs-Host Activity in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Cantor Harvey , Asofsky Richard , Levy Hilton B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural and synthetic polymers of nucleic acids have been shown to enhance humoral antibody responses to sheep red blood cells and bovine γ globulin (1–4). The double stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:poly C), is a potent inducer of interferon production (5) and recently has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of some types of tumors in mice (6). One explanation for the anti-tumor activity of poly I:poly C may be that it acts as an adjuvant in cellular immune reactions, causing enhanced immunologic rejection.
In order to test this hypothesis, spleen cells obtained from animals that were treated with poly I:poly C were injected into neonatal recipients. Graft-vs-host (GVH) reactions that resulted were compared to those obtained with spleen cells from untreated donor animals using a quantitative spleen-weight assay.
Materials and Methods. A modification (7) of the spleen assay described by Simonsen (8) was performed. The assay is based upon the observation that splenomegaly in recipient neonatal F1 mice is an early and constant finding following injections of lymphoid cells obtained from mice of one parental strain.
Immunology of Interferons
Authors: Levy-Koenig R. E. , Golgher R. R. , Paucker K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human interferons prepared by uv-irradiated Newcastle disease virus (NDVuv) in six different cell types protected cultures of primary rabbit kidney cells at least as well as human foreskin fibroblasts against challenge with vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, interferon obtained from human peripheral leukocytes protected L cells in low dilution. At adequate dose levels, all human interferons tested primed NDVuv-induced interferon production in L cells. The heterospecific antiviral resistance promoted by human interferons in rabbit cells is not enhanced by treatment of the cultures with various polyionic compounds. The heterospecific protecting and priming effects of human interferons are neutralized by antibodies against rabbit and mouse cell interferons. The findings indicate that common antigens are shared by these three interferons, which may explain the unorthodox behavior of human interferons in heterologous systems.
Defective Lymphocyte Transformation and Delayed Hypersensitivity in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: Oppenheim Joost J. , Blaese R. Michael , Waldmann Thomas A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patients with the sex-linked recessive Wiskott-Aldrich (W-A) syndrome have impaired antibody responses to carbohydrate and some protein antigens, defective delayed hypersensitivity, and delayed homograft rejection. The in vitro transformation of peripheral lymphocytes of 7 patients and 18 controls was compared using morphologic criteria, radioautography and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Unstimulated W-A lymphocyte cultures showed more “spontaneous” transformation than did cultures of normal lymphocytes (p &lt; 0.025). Their responses to optimal doses of nonspecific stimulants such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed and staphylococcal filtrate were normal. However, suboptimal doses of PHA stimulated W-A lymphocytes significantly less well than normal cells, and the delayed hypersensitivity reactions of the patients to intradermal PHA were also subnormal. Lymphocytes from both immunized normal and W-A subjects failed to respond to purified pneumococcal polysaccharides. Some antigens such as endotoxins, whole heat-killed pneumococci and Brucella abortus stimulated a low but normal proportion of the W-A lymphocytes to transform. In contrast the W-A lymphocyte response to streptolysin-0 was much lower than normal (p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, despite repeated booster doses, transformation of the patients' lymphocytes with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids remained below normal (p &lt; 0.001). The W-A lymphocyte reactions were also defective both to mitomycin C-treated normal leucocytes, and to homologous W-A leucocytes. These findings indicate that the cellular immune mechanisms of W-A patients are impaired in that they manifest defective lymphocyte transformation, as well as diminished delayed hypersensitivity.
Biosynthetic Events in Rabbit Regional Lymph Nodes Following Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Moav Boaz , Harris T. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Biosynthetic events have been studied in rabbit lymph node cells following antigenic stimulation. The earliest change observed was an increase in the rate of DNA synthesis in the immunized regional lymph node as compared with a control node from the same rabbit. The increase in DNA synthesis was accompanied by an increase of the number of cells in the node, which appeared to be largely the result of entrance of cells from the circulation. Twenty-four hours after primary immunization an increase in the number of ribosomes per cell was observed, accompanied by synthesis of ribosomal RNA. The appearance of messenger RNA for immunoglobulin, as indicated by the parallel increase in the rate of protein synthesis in the cells and in a cell-free system, occurred 3 to 4 days after a secondary injection of antigen. The cell-free system derived from lymph node cells showed a limited degree of polypeptide synthesis with practically no release of complete chains. Release of the nascent peptides was achieved by adding puromycin to a cell-free system containing in vitro-labeled ribosomes. The system demonstrated a high degree of fidelity and the presence of streptomycin did not cause detectable errors of translation.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Richie Ellen R. , Woolsey Marion E. , Mandy W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence for the reaction of a naturally-occurring antibody (HR), previously shown to react specifically with Fab and Fab′ fragments of IgG, was extended to the demonstration of similar reactivity with Fab" fragments.
Cross-adsorption and cross-inhibition experiments indicated that the reactions with Fab, Fab′ and Fab" fragments were different. Thus, it was concluded that normal rabbits possess at least three different specificities of HR. Moreover, the IgG molecule contains at least three different buried determinants, each exposed by papain, pepsin or CNBr digestion. A combination of sequential digestions of the fragments permitted the step-wise exposure of the determinants.
From these efforts, it was possible to construct a modified scheme of that region of the heavy chain which is particularly susceptible to cleavage with papain, pepsin or CNBr, i.e., the hinge region. Furthermore, by taking into consideration the known amino acid sequence between the sites of papain and CNBr cleavage and the data presented, pertinent points of polypeptide chain folding were introduced as a means by which the determinants are concealed in the intact IgG molecule.
A Direct Method of Demonstrating the Absorption of Incompletely Digested Proteins in Normal Human Beings
Authors: Walzer Matthew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
All immunological procedures for demonstrating the absorption of incompletely digested protein from the digestive tract has heretofore been based on one of the following principles: (a) The appearance of specific precipitins in the blood and urine to the antigen subsequent to its ingestion by mouth (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); (b) the antigenic property of urine and blood collected shortly after ingestion of the antigen in sensitizing guinea pigs (2, 6); (c) the development of anaphylactic symptoms in sensitized guinea pigs following the enteral introduction of the specific antigen (7). Results with these methods of investigation were by no means uniform (8, 9). The general consensus of opinion of most workers, while admitting the possibility of absorption of undigested protein, does not seem to consider this a common or usual phenomenon, but the result of some abnormal circumstance. This is not the impression to be derived from the results of the various studies with the technic which is about to be described.