bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Switzerland
Authors: Schaltegger Christoph A. , Schmid Lukas A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSwitzerland’s federal system features an internationally unmatched pattern of widespread revenue autonomy and administrative fragmentation on subnational levels of government. In combination with strong participatory institutions, the resulting tax competition among cantons and municipalities widely restricts excessive tax burdens and induces fiscal restraint. A comprehensive institutional framework at the federal level sets boundaries to ensure that tax competition is not at the expense of fiscally weaker cantons. Yet Swiss fiscal federalism is more fragile than it seems. Despite many institutional barriers to centralization, there is a persistent trend to allocate an increasing number of responsibilities with the federal government. In addition, the fiscal equalization scheme sets disincentives for fiscally weaker cantons possibly increasing disparities in the future. Reform proposals should seek to strengthen fiscal equivalence and prevent a system in which cantons are merely executing federal regulation.
United States
Authors: Garcia-Milà Teresa , McGuire Therese J. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe fiscal federal system in the United States is highly decentralized with strong revenue-raising authority as well as a high degree of spending discretion at the state and local levels. The result is a remarkable amount of diversity in tax structures and spending across the states, a characteristic we document in this chapter. Federal grants to state and local governments are important for financing specific programs, but unlike many other federations, there is no federal grant whose purpose is to redistribute resources across states. We highlight and discuss trends in the size of the government, the vertical distribution across levels of government, and the composition of spending. Like many other countries, the United States faces challenges associated with an aging population and rising healthcare costs. All three levels of government face the tasks of providing income security for the aging population and of how to fund education and other desired services as spending on healthcare continues to rise.
Comparative Perspectives on Fiscal Federalism Systems
Authors: Tremblay Jean-François 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a comparative analysis of central elements of fiscal federalism systems in the eleven countries surveyed in previous chapters. The analysis examines the assignments of expenditure responsibilities among orders of governments, the allocation of taxation powers, regulatory functions, intergovernmental transfer systems, and mechanisms for macroeconomic management including fiscal rules, restrictions on subnational government borrowing, and instruments for tax harmonization. The analysis highlights the diversity of fiscal federalism systems as well as common features, and emphasizes how fiscal arrangements impact fiscal decentralization, the revenue-raising autonomy of subnational governments, fiscal disparities across subnational units, accountability, and fiscal discipline, among others.
Republic of India
Authors: Alok V. N. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter deals with the salient features of India’s federal fiscal architecture which is regarded, by many, as unitary in nature. Like other federations, India’s multi-level fiscal system is characterized by two kinds of imbalances, i.e. vertical (due to mismatch in expenditure responsibilities and taxation powers to union, state and local governments) and horizontal (due to high degree of disparities among sub-national governments in their fiscal capacities and fiscal needs). The chapter narrates the structure, process and interplay of institutions including successive union and state finance commissions and their treatments to correct various fiscal asymmetries. It also summarizes the recent reforms in intergovernmental fiscal relations including the system of fiscal transfers, equity and efficiency concerns, role of political institutions and public debts to understand India’s federal finance.
Italy
Authors: Alber Elisabeth , Valdesalici Alice 
Published: July 2023

AbstractItaly’s system of fiscal federalism and financial relations is comparable to an inverted pendulum that, unlike a normal pendulum that is stable when hanging downwards, is unstable and must be actively balanced to remain upright. For now, it is balanced by applying a torque at the pivot point that is centrally steered, and not by moving the pivot point horizontally as part of a feedback system in which its multiple actors enter dialogue on an equal footing. What is meant by this, and which factors or developments speak for this argument, is the subject of this paper. The paper offers a contextual analysis of the reasons and development of Italy’s unequal regional economies, and it discusses recent turning points regarding the allocation of expenditure responsibilities, taxation powers, and mechanisms of equalization, both in relation to the regional and the local level of government.
Navigating Archipelagos
Authors: Kullberg Christina 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter situates travel writing in the Caribbean region, looking at how geography might enter productively in travel narratives as a point of entanglement. Using Glissant’s notion of archipelagic thinking alongside Henri Lefebvre’s and Michel de Certeau’s theories of the construction of space, it argues that whereas the travelers sought to territorialize the islands, the archipelago drew them into more erratic movements, which impacted on the ways in which they presented the Caribbean. Indigenous ways of life notably introduce ruptures in the narrative of conquest. The chapter starts with an analysis of how travelers negotiated their representation of space with an existing European island imaginary. The next section offers an examination of the limitations of discursive acts of control, such as naming, at the point of encounter of the histories, cultures, and geographies of the region. The last two sections look at spatial practices following de Certeau’s distinction between mapping and touring space. It pays attention to movements between islands and interrogates how ways of practicing space both draw from and are contrasted with other ways of living the archipelago.
Other Tongues
Authors: Kullberg Christina 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines languages as a third point of entanglement that has both spatial and temporal ramifications while at the same time being sites where domination is both sustained and disrupted. It starts by describing the linguistic reality of the islands in the seventeenth century discussing how the plurilingualism that existed caused challenges for the narratives, which had to abide to contemporary aesthetics. The analysis show that travelers engaged with languages as praxes and were forced into conceiving languages as processual constantly changing in relation to other languages, existing languages as well as languages in the making. Focusing principally on Breton’s dictionary, it demonstrates how travelogues testify to the inherent creativity in language crossings. The second section looks at the inclusion of direct speech in travelogues as framed within codes of representation that dramatized Indigenous and enslaved peoples, staging them for particular purposes and following rhetorical conventions. The final section challenges these formal forms of representation looking at scenes of exchanges in everyday life asking how this expression of control over other peoples’ expression also turned into sites where others would “talk back.” Throughout the chapter, Glissant’s thoughts on the role of language in the shaping of French Caribbean Baroque as well as Sarduy’s reading of Baroque language will be made operative together with theories around hetero- and translingualism.
Conclusion… or Alternative Beginnings
Authors: Kullberg Christina 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis book set out to challenge the silence of a messy period of Caribbean history by relocalizing early colonial travel writing to the Caribbean and by paying attention to textual disjunctions and temporal overlaps. The concluding chapter offers a discussion about what the readings of early modern travel writings might entail for (French) Caribbean literary history. More precisely, it teases out the possibility of putting this past to work in terms of alternative beginnings for a literature that has to a large extent been governed by a colonial distant center. The chapter gathers the findings that have been made throughout the critical readings of travel writing, synthesizing how archipelagic geography, self as site of mediation and influence, and, most importantly languages allow a new understanding of how the shaping of imperial and racial power was constructed in the narratives while also being disrupted by other forces and by creativity. It further engages in a broader discussion of how to retrieve traces from the archive while resisting nostalgia and sentimentality, by interrogating the works of scholars such as Saidiya Hartman, Simon Gikandi, and David Scott, along with Édouard Glissant.
Marine Mammals and Interactions with Debris in the Northeastern Atlantic Region: Synthesis and Recommendations for Monitoring and Research
Authors: James Neil A. , Große Anika 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMarine plastic pollution is a global problem, affecting a wide variety of marine organisms through the processes of ingestion and entanglement. Despite numerous reports of entanglement and ingestion of plastic debris by marine mammals, there is a lack of clear understanding regarding the spatial distribution and drivers of interactions between marine mammals and marine plastics in the northeastern Atlantic area. To address this, we undertook a synthesis of the published and grey literature in order to acquire information on known documented cases of ingestion of, or entanglement with, debris relating to marine mammals. We found that 62% of the 37 species present in the region were reported to have either ingested, or become entangled in, debris. There was a predominance of threadlike plastic related to entanglement, but it was also present in the ingestion data. However, we observed a great deal of inconsistency regarding the reporting of marine mammal–debris interactions. We therefore highlight the need for and recommend the development of a standardised approach to recording debris interacting with marine mammals.
Possible Applications for Waste Fishing Nets in Construction Material
Authors: Bertelsen Ida Maria Gieysztor , Lima Ana Teresa Macas , Ottosen Lisbeth Mølgaard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractResearch on the use of recycled plastics in construction materials has increased over the last decade. The major trends and recycling applications for plastic waste in construction materials are reviewed in this chapter with a special focus on the use of discarded fishing nets as reinforcing material. The experimental part of this project included the characterization of discarded fishing nets of polyethylene with the aim of discovering new recycling alternatives for the use of fishing nets as reinforcement in different types of construction materials. The fishing net material was added either in the form of fibers or as pieces of net. The characterization of the polyethylene fibers showed that the material properties were in the same range as some commercially available fibers used in construction materials. The influence of the addition of fishing nets to construction materials was evaluated based on the mechanical performance and early-age shrinkage properties of cement-based mortars, gypsum, and earth-based adobe bricks. The results showed that the addition of fishing net fibers improved the post-crack performance of all types of tested construction materials, but the most prominent gain in mechanical properties was obtained for the earth-based adobe bricks. The addition of fibers was also found to mitigate shrinkage deformations and cracking of cement-based and earth-based materials.
The Influence of Involvement and Attribute Importance on Purchase Intentions for Green Products
Authors: Mark Pasquine , Richard Glavee-Geo , Olena Kachurovska , Gusti Ariatmaja I. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractConsumer interest is driving growth in the use of greener products, such as those using recycled materials. However, several outstanding questions remain regarding purchase intentions for green products. One current debate regards the role of age, with some findings showing older consumers are more willing to purchase green products, and other studies to the contrary. There are also a number of studies with differing results regarding the role of product involvement. We conduct an experiment and use conjoint analysis to test for the influence of age and involvement on purchase intentions for green products. We find that younger consumers are more likely to purchase green products if they are affordable. We also observe that being green can directly lead to higher purchase intentions for a low involving affordable product, whereas the green attribute is one of several attributes a consumer evaluates for a high involving affordable product.
Role of Resource Users’ Knowledge for Developing Realistic Strategies for a Circular Economy for Plastics from the Norwegian Fishing Sector
Authors: Deshpande Paritosh C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe complexity of resource management often demands an integration of transdisciplinary methods to find sustainable solutions. The absence of aggregated scientific information threatens holistic and robust resource management. Contrary to traditional resource management studies, the involvement and engagement of resource users are prioritized here. As resource users and stakeholders are significant, yet unexplored sources of information, this study presents a stepwise approach that includes resource users’ local ecological knowledge in gathering the information necessary for resource management. The framework’s application is then demonstrated in the case of plastic fishing gear deployed by the commercial fishing fleet of Norway. The insights from stakeholders were used to ascertain potential barriers and opportunities in establishing circular and sustainable management strategies for Fishing gear resource management in Norway.
Developing a Circular Economy for Fishing Gear in the Northern Periphery and Arctic Region: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: James Neil A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThere is growing concern regarding the extent and impact of marine litter waste. One particularly troublesome ocean waste fraction consists of abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear, including fishing nets. The relentless increase of marine litter is particularly pertinent to countries of Northern Europe and the Arctic region, which currently have limited business opportunities and associated supply chains capable of recycling or reusing this material. In this chapter, we outline the difficulties and opportunities in establishing a circular economy for fishing nets in Northern Europe and the Arctic, with a focus on experience and successful practices established through transnational and collaborative projects.
Life Cycle Assessment of Fishing and Aquaculture Rope Recycling
Authors: Tippett Arron Wilde 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we assess the environmental footprint of the production of recycled plastic granulate made of waste ropes from the fishing/aquaculture industries. The end-of-life treatment of waste fishing and aquaculture gear is an important factor in solving the marine plastic crisis. The improvement of waste management on land is thought to be one of the key strategies for tackling marine plastic challenges. Moreover, in terms of the circular economy, recycling is viewed as a more desirable end-of-life treatment than incineration and landfilling. Meanwhile, it is important to understand the environmental impacts of recycling processes to avoid problem shifting. The publication of environmental impact data on the recycling of fishing/aquaculture gear can assist policy makers and waste managers, amongst other stakeholders, in making decisions about end-of-life treatments. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a standardised methodology for the assessment of the environmental impacts of a product across its full life cycle, from raw material acquisition through to end-of-life phases. In this chapter, we perform an LCA of fishing and aquaculture rope recycling. We begin with the acquisition of waste polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE) ropes from the fishing and aquaculture industries, move to the production of recycled granulate and end with delivery to the customer. We assess the environmental footprint of 1000 kg of PP/PE granulate across a range of impact categories, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). The core processes account for 40% of the total GWP emissions with the upstream and downstream processes accounting for 30% of the emissions each. A critical contributor to GWP emissions from PP/PE rope recycling comes from diesel production and consumption across the product life cycle. Finally, the global warming potential, acidification potential, and eutrophication potential of recycled PP/PE are significantly lower when compared to virgin PP and PE.
One-Time Pad
Authors: Lugrin Thomas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe one-time pad is a simple cipher. It ensures a perfect form of confidentiality known as perfect secrecy by combining a plaintext and a key of the same length with the exclusive-or (XOR) operator to produce a ciphertext. It is interesting from a theoretical point of view, but it could be more complex and questionable to use in practice. One-time pad is very appealing because of its perfect secrecy property. However, it lacks basic security properties shared by standard ciphers, namely authentication and integrity. In practice, its usage is rare and limited to circumstances where perfect secrecy is of utmost importance and integrity and authenticity can be guaranteed by other means.
Functional Encryption
Authors: Gay Romain 
Published: July 2023

AbstractFunctional encryption gives users fine-grained access to the encrypted data and permits the computation of specific functions on the protected plaintexts. Namely, data is encrypted using a public key, while restricted keys that correspond to particular functions are generated. This prevents the computer from computing anything other than the function specified by the restricted decrypting key. Functional encryption can handle more sophisticated data sharing involving an untrusted cloud. Finally, functional encryption is to become an increasingly valuable tool in the context of growing concern for privacy and the ubiquitous use of data.
Hardware Security Module
Authors: Sommerhalder Maria 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHardware security modules are specialized devices that perform cryptographic operations. Their functions include key generation, key management, encryption, decryption, and hashing. The advent of cloud computing has increased the complexity of securing critical data. As a result, double-key encryption has become increasingly popular, which encrypts data using two keys. A copy is stored on an HSM, and a copy is stored in the cloud. Furthermore, as Hardware security modules can manage keys and enable users to manage keys, they provide significant security benefits to applications utilizing cryptography.
Trusted Execution Environment
Authors: Sommerhalder Maria 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTrusted execution environments are secure areas of central processors or devices that execute code with higher security than the rest of the device. Security is provided by encrypted memory regions called enclaves. Because the environment is isolated from the rest of the device, it is not affected by infection or compromise of the device. Trusted execution environments have applications for different usages, such as mobile phones, cloud data processing, or cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, since Trusted execution environments are part of a standard chipset, this inexpensive technology can be leveraged across many devices, resulting in increased security, especially in the mobile sector and IoT products.
Confidential Computing
Authors: Felk Yacine 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe goal of confidential computing is to encrypt data in the system’s main memory without sacrificing performance. It protects data in use by performing the computation in a hardware-based trusted execution environment or secure multi-party computation. There are two approaches to protect the data in memory: full system memory encryption and individual virtual machine memory encryption, isolated from the hypervisor. Confidential computing encompasses different use cases across many critical industries. Nevertheless, the maturity of technical solutions must still be deployed at scale.
Data in Transit Security
Authors: Meier Roland 
Published: July 2023

AbstractData in transit, or network traffic, can be eavesdropped on and potentially leak sensitive information. This information can be in the payload, headers, or metadata. To mitigate this, many communication protocols encrypt traffic on different layers exist. However, even if encrypted traffic leaks information through its metadata. The percentage of encrypted network traffic has risen continuously in the past years, and we expect this trend to continue in the following years. On the other hand, measures to protect metadata are limited, leaving network traffic vulnerable to traffic-analysis attacks.
Digital Rights Management
Authors: Ding Sophia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractEssentially, digital rights management refers to “trusted exchange of digital information over the Internet in which the user is granted only those privileges granted by the document sender”. Digital rights management systems serve multiple functions, such as access control, usage control, billing, and the pursuit of legal infringements. These functions are achieved through various technologies, such as encryption, digital signatures, digital watermarks, secure authentication, rights expression languages, and product key. In recent years, digital rights management systems have been controversial due to privacy concerns, their potential negative impact on open-source software, and their incompatibility with fair use principles. And, in an increasingly interconnected world, digital rights management systems will become increasingly important, but they will lose their influence in specific industries, such as the traditional music industry.
Authentication
Authors: Müller Belinda 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAn authentication process is a process of verifying an entity’s identity based on one or multiple factors. A factor can be something the entity is, possesses, or knows. Depending on the number of credentials (or factors) required, the authentication process is referred to as single-factor authentication, two-factor authentication, or multifactor authentication. In choosing a particular authentication solution for organizations, it is crucial to balance security, usability, cost, and privacy considerations. The authentication solution for a particular service can be predetermined for the private individual, although stronger authentication can be enabled if desired. While these trends suggest a more secure and user-friendly authentication process, they may also introduce new privacy concerns that must be addressed.