bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Normal and Immune Staphylococcus Rabbit Serums on the Action of Staphylococcus Bacteriophage
Authors: Burky Earl L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
d'Herelle (1) has stated that body fluids and tissues have no inhibitory effect on the action of the bacteriophage. Applebaum and MacNeal (2), seeking for an effective therapeutic agent against staphylococci, have found that the action of bacteriophage is inhibited by animal serums and purulent exudates. It is the purpose of this report to confirm the findings of Applebaum and MacNeal and to show, in addition, that the serums of rabbits, immune to staphylococcus toxin, do not have an inhibitory effect on the action of the bacteriophage on certain strains of staphylococci.
As reported elsewhere (3), three strains of staphylococci isolated from ocular sources have been studied in detail. These three strains seem typical of types of staphylococci isolated from a variety of human lesions. Strain Ha, from a chronic indurated blepharitis produced a broth filtrate that kills rabbits when injected intravenously in doses of 0.1 to 1.0 cc. per kilogram of body weight.
Immunization Phenomena in Rabbits Vaccinated with Heat-Killed Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Hughes Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum of rabbits vaccinated by repeated injections of heat-killed tubercle bacilli shows progressive increase in its ability to promote phagocytosis of living tubercle bacilli by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells.
The close parallel between bacteriotropic action of the serum upon polymorphonuclear leucocytes and upon mononuclear leucocytes indicates that the same antibody is concerned in the phagocytosis of tubercle bacilli by the two types of cell.
The earliest manifestation of bacteriotropic action precedes the onset of sensitization indicated by cutaneous reaction to injection of dead tubercle bacilli.
Infection with living tubercle bacilli has caused earlier appearance of bacteriotrophic substance than repeated injections of the dead organism but the titer attained is no higher.
A Specific Precipitation Test for the Standardization of Type I Antipneumococcus Serum
Authors: Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Forty-six type I antipneumococcus sera were tested for precipitative activity with a solution of the type I cellular carbohydrate. The results obtained agreed in 91.3 per cent of the cases with the results obtained by mouse protection tests. Eight concentrated antipneumococcus sera were similarly tested and found to agree in seven instances. The results indicate that the precipitation test described provides a titration which appears to be a reliable index of the development of the protective activity in the course of immunization; in the preliminary evaluation of the serum it can thus replace the more complicated protection test which, at present, however, should still be used in the final standardization.
Local Organ Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Seegal David , Khorazo Devorah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The injection of small amounts of a foreign protein into the anterior chamber of the rabbit's eye produces an altered reaction capacity in this organ. After an appropriate incubation period the intravenous injection of the same antigen results in a transitory inflammatory response in the prepared eye. This was first demonstrated by Kummel (1), Fuchs and Meller (2), Von Szily (3) and by Riehm (4). Seegal and Seegal (5) studied the phenomenon, using a number of different antigens and established certain facts from which they inferred that the inflammatory eye response was the result of an antigen antibody reaction. The three main reasons for such a conclusion were: (a) an incubation period of at least five days is necessary before the reaction in the eye can be demonstrated. (b) The reaction is highly specific since only the protein injected into the eye will produce the local response on subsequent intravenous injection.
Species Specificity of Fibrinogens
Authors: Kenton Harold B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The selectivity with which antibodies react with the particular proteins used in their production affords a biological method of differentiating proteins which is far more delicate than that of direct chemical analysis.
Applications of this method, in one form or another, have been made by various workers in an attempt to determine whether the blood protein, fibrinogen, is an identical protein in all animal species or is in each particular instance a protein peculiar to that species.
The conclusions reached by the several investigators are contradictory and the purpose of this paper is to present experiments which offer more extensive proof that fibrinogens are species specific, as are other blood proteins.
In 1912 Bauer and Engel (1) reported that beef and swine fibrinogens exhibited individual and species specificity when tested by the method of complement fixation. They also used the precipitin reaction but found that specificity was not so definitely demonstrable by this method.
The Survival of Neurotropic Yellow Fever Virus in Testicular Tissues
Authors: Lloyd Wray , Mahaffy Alexander F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neurotropic yellow fever virus of the French strain and of mouse origin has been transferred through nine passages in the testicular tissues of albino mice. Virus isolated from the sixth and seventh passages respectively in the testes of mice has been demonstrated to give a specific immunological reaction as yellow fever virus in passive immunity tests. Testicular virus of mouse origin when injected subcutaneously into a Macacus rhesus monkey resulted in the immunization of the animal, with the development of only a retarded and mild febrile reaction.
Pneumococcus Leucocidin
Authors: Oram Florence 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A toxin has been produced from active growing cultures of pneumococcus which destroys leucocytes as demonstrated by the Neisser and Wechsberg method. This leucocidin has been demonstrated in aerobic and anaerobic cultures, from growths of both virulent and avirulent strains and from types I, II and III.
It is believed that a peroxide which is formed in the aerobic cultures modifies the potency of the toxins through oxidation. The peroxide appears earlier and is of greater concentration in cultures of the virulent strains; this may account for the avirulent cultures apparently containing toxins of as great a potency as the virulent strains, although they may actually be weaker.
The leucocidin is readily oxidized; it loses strength in a few days under vaseline seal at 5°C; it is not injured at 70°C. for one hour. Evaporation in vacuum at 5°C. does not deteriorate it; and the toxicity may be enhanced three to four times by the addition of laked red blood cells.
The soluble specific substance of pneumococcus type I was found to be destructive for leucocytes: 0.5 mgm. to 15,000,000 leucocytes, but this polysaccharide is not identical with the leucocidin.
Rabbit clasmatocytes are more resistant to the pneumococcus leucocidin than are rabbit polymorphonuclears, and leucocytes of the naturally resistant dog are less affected than the leucocytes of the rabbit. Organ tissues, as exemplified by liver and adrenal, are destroyed by this pneumococcus toxin, the adrenal being less resistant than the liver.
Hemotoxin was produced from an avirulent strain of pneumococcus type III in cultures from four hours to three weeks old. As it was present only in cultures of twenty-two hours and older when virulent strains were employed, it would seem that the peroxide hindered its production in young growths. Apparently the same conditions in the cultures govern the production and preservation of the hemotoxin and leucocidin, for where the most potent leucocidin was produced the best hemotoxin was found. But the leucocidin is separable from the hemotoxin by its greater thermostability and its appearance in cultures where no hemotoxin can be demonstrated.
The leucocidin filtrates are not toxic for mice in 2 cc. amounts injected intraperitoneally, and repeated doses give very slight protection. Ten cubic centimeters of the filtrates injected intrapleurally into rabbits does not produce any toxic symptoms and an avirulent strain of pneumococcus injected simultaneously does not become virulent. Sterile supernatant fluids of pleural exudates of rabbits with empyema while in themselves not toxic, upon repeated doses intravenously, produce an antileucocidin.
Normal rabbit serum does not neutralize the pneumococcus leucocidin, but the majority of human sera tested possessed a neutralizing property.
The Rôle of Leucocytes in Immunity to Herpes
Authors: Jamuni Abhaya , Holden Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
It is suggested by these experiments that leucocytes have a definite tropinizing function in destroying herpes virus in the presence of immune serum. Both normal and immune cells aided in the inactivation of the virus in the presence of immune serum when the latter alone was present in an amount insufficient to neutralize the virus. At times results almost equally good were obtained with immune cells in the presence of normal serum, which suggests that leucocytes, or possibly tissue cells, may be even more important than the serum antibodies in active herpes immunity.
The evidence presented in the third experiment might indicate, under the conditions of our test, that mononuclear cells are more efficacious than polymorphonuclear cells in the disposal of herpes virus.
We suspect that the enhancing action is due to phagocytosis of the opsonized virus although this statement cannot be verified, lacking demonstration of whatever morphological unit constitutes the virus. These experiments at least indicate that immune or normal phagocytic cells bring about a greater virucidal effect than can be obtained with immune serum alone.
Failure to Find Individual Blood Differences in Guinea Pigs or in Mice
Authors: Boyd William C. , Walker Elisabeth W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the discovery of the human blood groups, there have been many attempts to find similar groups in laboratory and domestic animals. The genetic study of such groups would be most interesting. Such studies are evidently now being completed on the rabbit in Castle's laboratory (1). MacDowell and Hubbard (7) failed to find isoagglutinins in mice. Hektoen (2), Lawson (5), and Weszeczky (9) all failed to find isoagglutinins in guinea pigs. However, the discovery of factors such as M and N in human blood, and the recent work of Landsteiner and Miller (4), Landsteiner and Levine (3), and Todd (8) on chickens, and of Levine and Landsteiner (6) on rabbits, suggested the possibility that isoagglutinogens not accompanied by corresponding agglutinins might be found.
Blood was taken from 8 guinea pigs, not completely alike genetically, as judged by coat and eye color.
The Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Poison Ivy
Authors: Simon Frank A. , Simon Margaret G. , Rackemann Francis M. , Dienes Louis 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is common knowledge that certain individuals are more susceptible than others to the effects of poison ivy and such other plants as primrose and sumac. Great individual variations in the capacity to develop sensitiveness exist and there is considerable evidence to show that previous contact, its degree and its duration, is the important factor in making one person more sensitive than another.
The introduction of the patch test has been an important contribution. In 1896, J. Jadassohn (1) studied a patient sensitive to mercury and observed that a piece of “gray plaster” 5 cm. square applied to the upper arm gave rise to a violent local reaction which appeared under the plaster in twenty-four hours and then spread rapidly over the whole body. In 1920, Markley (2) had a patient whose pet guinea pig caused a dermatitis of her breast and forearm.
The Immunological Characteristics of the Poliocidal Substance in Human Serum
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The property of serum to inactivate the virus of poliomyelitis in vitro, as is generally known, was first discovered with the blood of monkeys and man after recovery from the experimental or spontaneous disease. It is only comparatively recent that similar neutralizing substances have been found, seemingly in the same or even greater quantities, in the serum of a majority of normal adults who give no clinical history of previous attacks of infantile paralysis.
The question as to the nature and origin of this virucidal function of the normal human serum has continued to engage the attention of investigators during the last few years. It is obvious that neutralizing substances which make their appearance in the serum after immunization with the virus or following recovery from the disease, should be regarded as typical antibodies in the classical sense of the word. This, however, does not necessarily prove that similar substances in the normal serum must have originated by contact with the specific antigen.
A Study of Pneumococcus Carriers
Authors: Bliss Eleanor A. , McClaskey William D. , Long Perrin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine whether, in Baltimore, the constant carrying of pneumococci in the throat was associated with frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract. Throat cultures were taken from a group of 20 young adults approximately once a week over a period of two academic years. One thousand and sixteen throat cultures were obtained; 34.5 per cent were positive for pneumococci.
It seemed, after the first year's study, that individuals could be divided into three groups with respect to the carrying of pneumococci, namely, chronic carriers, intermittent carriers and noncarriers. However, at the end of the second year's study it became apparent that, those individuals who had been classed as intermittent carriers were, in reality, chronic carriers, for, although few positive cultures were obtained from them, and those irregularly, the same type of pneumococcus recurred in their cultures. It was found, during the two years, that there was little difference in the frequency and duration of upper respiratory tract infections between the chronic carriers and the noncarriers.
While the same type of pneumococcus tends to recur in the throat cultures from a chronic carrier, it is frequently possible to demonstrate the simultaneous carrying of two or three types of pneumococci in these individuals, if the proper procedures are used. This demonstration is added evidence in favor of the theory of the stability of pneumococcus types in the human being.
The Mechanism of Antibody Formation After Extirpation of the Antigen-Depot
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Burt Kenneth L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Several investigators (1, 2, 3) have questioned the assumption that antigen must reach the tissues usually considered as the principal sources of antibody in order that formation of antibody may occur. Their doubts are based on experiments in which antigen was injected into the skin of the ear in rabbits, and, at varying intervals of time, usually from a few seconds to an hour or more, the antigen-depot was extirpated by amputation of the ear at the base. The abundant formation of antibody in animals so treated suggested to these observers that dissemination of antigen may be unnecessary for the formation of antibody. Reitler, in particular, concluded that antibody formation is a reflex-like process of non-nervous origin in which contact of the antigen with the antibody-forming tissues is not essential. Such an opinion obviously differs radically from the conventional ideas concerning antibody production and should be accepted only if accompanied by irrefutable proof.
A Note on the Comparative Value of Fresh and Aged Tetanus Toxoid as an Immunizing Agent
Authors: Wilcox Harriet Leslie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Tetanus toxoid, preparation no. 180, was prepared December, 1929 from a tetanus toxin containing 25,000 m.l.d. per cubic centimeter. Four-tenths of 1 per cent of formalin (40 per cent formaldehyde) was added to this toxin which was then placed at a temperature of 39°C. to detoxify. Twenty-two days later 5 cc. of the modified toxin produced only a slight trace of tetanic symptoms when injected into 350-gram guinea pigs. On the twenty-sixth day of detoxification the toxoid was placed in the ice chest. To verify the non-toxic character of the preparation, six pigs were injected, three with 30 cc. and three with 20 cc. of toxoid. One pig in the group which received the 30 cc. died in twenty-four hours from pneumonia, The remaining pigs in both groups showed on the second and third day after injection a doubtful trace of tetanic symptoms, which disappeared in the following twenty-four to forty-eight hours.
Protective Antibodies Following Oral Administration of Pneumococcus Type 1 to Rats
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Protective antibodies appear in the blood of a large majority of rats successfully immunized by oral administration of type 1 pneumococcus vaccines. These circulating antibodies appear following ingestion of either the intact cell or the bile salt-dissolved organism.
By analogy it would seem that the appearance of such protective substances in the blood of humans following ingestion of the same vaccines can be interpreted as a sign of increased resistance to this organism.
Oral Immunization of Humans Against the Pneumococcus
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following ingestion of pneumococcus vaccines about 75 per cent of the individuals tested formed protective antibodies against type 1 and about 60 per cent against type 2. For type 3 there is insufficient data to make a satisfactory estimate but the results are approximately as for type 2.
Antibodies for type 1 have been found in most of the sera examined seven to fourteen months after oral administration of the vaccine. The indications are that the duration is the same for the three types. (See addendum.)
The protective substances appear promptly, being present within two to three days following 6 feedings.
The number of feedings employed has varied from 2 to 10. In one instance where 2 doses were given antibodies were formed. In some cases 10 doses elicited no response. A new set of feedings was followed by the appearance of protective substances in the blood of about 50 per cent of such cases. It is estimated that a practical procedure would employ the pneumococci from 1200 cc. growth per type on each of six to ten successive days, estimating the bacterial content at 109 per cubic centimeter. The use of completely autolyzed cultures,4 which contain several times as much antigenic material as the bacteria present in an eighteen-hour growth, would reduce proportionately the volume of broth to be handled.
So far, of the several forms in which the vaccine has been prepared, none has proved superior to the others. However, the impression remains that desiccated organisms, when not emulsified in water previous to administration, do not give such uniform results as other preparations. This opinion is based on the results of animal and human experiments.
The concentration of antibodies formed is generally such that 1 cc. of serum will protect a mouse against 5000 fatal doses of pneumococci (types 1 and 2). This is within the range of the amount others have reported for the sera of patients recovering from pneumonia.
It is believed that these protective substances indicate a generalized resistance to the pneumococcus.
Agglutinins have not been detected in sera in which protective antibodies have been found.
Natural protective antibody against type 1 has been found in fairly large amounts in 10 per cent of the sera examined and in smaller amounts in 20 per cent more; in the case of type 2 the figures were 41 and 18 per cent; for type 3, 31 and 50 per cent.
Fatal Pseudo-Anaphylaxis by Intramuscular Injection of Benzene and Related Substances
Authors: Steiner Paul E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fatal pseudo-anaphylactic shock is produced in guinea pigs and other species by the repeated intramuscular injection of benzene and related chemicals. Death is due to bronchospasm. Similar reactions are caused by the inhalation and the intravenous injection of benzene in animals who have had no previous experience with the drug. The spasm is not relieved by epinephrine or atropine. It appears quickly, and disappears equally rapidly after forced ventilation of the lungs. Repeated intramuscular injections are necessary, not to cause a state of true allergy, but to produce an area of inflammation from which the benzene at subsequent injections is absorbed in sufficient amounts to produce a bronchospasm.
Formaldehyde Hypersensitiveness an Experimental Study
Authors: Horsfall, Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Hypersensitiveness to relatively simple chemical substances is very common, and usually manifests itself in the skin. McConnell (1) states that 27 per cent of two thousand industrial workers suffered from chemical dermatoses. Knowles estimates that onesixth of all skin disease is chemical in origin, while Hazen places the figure at one-fifth, and White at one-fourth (quoted by Cole and Driver (2)).
It is our purpose to consider only hypersensitiveness to formaldehyde (HCHO). This paper is concerned chiefly with the pathogenesis and etiology of the condition, and records those experiments carried out each day, for a period of six months, upon an individual sensitive to formaldehyde in a dilution of 1:8,000,000.
Since Hofmann (3) discovered formaldehyde in 1867 there have been reported but 18 cases of hypersensitivity to the aldehyde, and of these none have been investigated from an experimental viewpoint. No attempt will be made to describe the clinical characteristics of formaldehyde hypersensitiveness, as this has been well done by Galewsky (4), Thilo (5), Blaschko (6), and Chajas (7).
Hemolytic Streptococcus Toxins and Antitoxins
Authors: Cianciarulo Joseph , Malcolm Wilbur G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Banzhaf (1), in 1926, published a description of a method for the purification of scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin which was essentially the same as that employed by him since 1912 for the experimental purification of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins. His method consisted in adding to the citrated plasma of horses immunized by injections of scarlet fever streptococcus toxin, 0.8 per cent of an equal volume of trikresol and ether, diluting the plasma with a half volume of water, and adding a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate up to 25 per cent saturation. The mixture was rapidly heated to 57°C. and held at that temperature for one and one-half hours, when it was immediately filtered. The clear filtrate was then brought up to 46 per cent saturation with saturated ammonium sulphate solution, at which degree of saturation the antitoxin was precipitated.
Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Ando K. , Komiyama T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Semi-synthetic medium for toxin production by C. diphtheriae is quite convenient in preparation and also economical. Toxin produced in the medium described above is as potent as that produced in the ordinary-infusion bouillon. Anatoxin prepared from this toxin does not flocculate when mixed with graded amounts of antitoxin and placed at 45°C. for a long period. This is only due to the presence of some inhibitory substance or substances in it which may be removed or modified by purification, dialysis or acidification. Antigenicity of this anatoxin was also proved directly on guinea pigs and horses. It compares very favorably with routine infusion anatoxin for the immunization of horses in the production of diphtheria-antitoxin.