bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Banovitz Jay , Singer S. J. , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble antigen-antibody complexes containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its specific chicken antibody have been examined electrophoretically and ultracentrifugally. In electrophoresis at pH 8.6, there appeared two well-defined antigen-antibody complex peaks, in contrast to the BSA-rabbit anti-BSA system, Where only one peak appeared under similar conditions. By differential antigen-antibody precipitations in 1% and 8% NaC1, it was possible to partially fractionate these two peaks. Furthermore, the precipitin reaction of chicken antiserum in 8% NaCl solution was shown to be specific. Our tentative conclusion is that two electrophoretically distinguishable types of antibody exist in this chicken antibody system. Quantitative analyses of these electrophoresis patterns lead us to suggest that the binding of BSA by chicken antibody is relatively weak compared to rabbit antibody.
The Effect of Adjuvants on Antituberculosis Vaccination with Live Mycobacteria
Authors: Bloch Hubert , Ferreira Ivo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were vaccinated with various mycobacterial vaccines administered in adjuvant mixtures or in aqueous suspensions. Live vaccines in adjuvants gave considerably less protection against tuberculosis than was afforded by the same vaccines in aqueous suspensions. Similar unfavorable effects were obtained with relatively large vaccine doses, or with repeated vaccinations. A comparable diminishing effect on the protective action of vaccines was not observed when killed preparations were given in adjuvant mixtures. The possible reasons for this seemingly paradoxical observation are discussed.
The Immunologic Properties of Coccidioidin as a Skin Test Reagent in Man
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Lawrence H. S. , Millar J. W. , Pappagianis D. , Smith C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Repeated intradermal testing of negative reactors with coccidioidin alone does not ordinarily induce delayed sensitivity to this material. Repeated intradermal coccidioidin testing of reactors with weak or latent sensitivity may effect an anamnestic delayed reactivity to this material. Healthy subjects living in an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis may exhibit delayed allergy to coccidioidin in the absence of detectable serum complement-fixing antibody, and, occasionally, serum antibody may be present in such subjects without delayed allergy to coccidioidin. The above findings suggest that the delayed type of allergic inflammatory response to coccidioidin need not necessarily be correlated with the presence or absence of serum antibody—an expression of another parellelism between fungal hypersensitivity and bacterial allergy of the tuberculin type.
Further Studies on the Effect of Neutralizing Antibody upon the Course of Herpes Simplex Infections in Tissue Culture
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. , Canby Charles M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies to the herpes simplex virus are found, usually in high titer, in the sera of persons who have recurrent herpes simplex infections (1–14). The antibody levels in the sera of these patients, according to available evidence, do not fluctuate in response to the recurrent infections (the antibody level is as high before the recurrence as it is during and after) (2, 5–11, 13). These observations suggest that circulating antibody is incapable of completely eradicating the virus, although the antibody may limit viral activity to small areas. In addition, experiments with tissue cultures infected with herpes simplex (Andrewes (15) and Farnum (16)) and the related B-virus (Black and Melnick (17)) indicate that the virus infection can develop in tissue cultures nourished with antibody-containing medium if the virus is added before addition of the antibody.
To study the effect of antibody upon the course of the herpes simplex infection, herpes-infected HeLa cultures nourished with growth media containing varying amounts of neutralizing antibody were chosen as a model.
Studies on the Antigens of Pasteurella Pestis and Pasteurella Pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Lawton William D. , Fukui George M. , Surgalla Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using a gel diffusion technique with absorbed antisera, 18 different antigens of Pasteurella pestis and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis have been observed. Five of these were specific for P. pestis, two were specific for P. pseudotuberculosis and the remainder were produced by both organisms. When sera obtained from guinea pigs immunized with four different vaccines were analyzed a promising correlation was observed between the presence of a specific circulating antibody, anti-L, and immunity to pneumonic plague. However, purification of L antigen and subsequent injection of the purified material into guinea pigs induced the formation of L antibodies but did not protect the animals against pneumonic plague.
Studies of the Significance of the Recall Phenomenon in the Antibody Response to Adenovirus Vaccine and Infection
Authors: van der Veen J. , Prins A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody responses of military recruits following administration of type 4 or 7 adenovirus vaccine and of patients suffering infections with adenovirus type 4 or 14 were studied. Type 4 vaccine induced significant neutralizing antibody against type 4 virus, a slight increase in antibody against types 3 and 14, and no antibody against type 7. The antibody-producing capacity of type 7 vaccine was greater than that of type 4 vaccine. Type 7 vaccine produced a marked neutralizing antibody response to types 3, 7 and 14, and a slight increase in antibody against type 4 only. The response to types 4 and 7 vaccine as measured with the complement-fixation test was poor in comparison to the neutralizing antibody response and tended to be type-specific. An assay of neutralizing antibody in sera from recruits showed that antibody against types 3, 7 and 14 was common at the time of the vaccination study or previously, whereas antibody against type 4 was less prevalent. It appeared that increases in heterotypic neutralizing antibody occurred more frequently when heterotypic antibody was present in the prevaccination or preinfection serum at a level of 1:2 to 1:16 than when no antibody was found The findings are discussed and compared to those of other studies. The data support the concept that the heterotypic antibody response to adenovirus vaccination or infection is conditioned by the recall phenomenon.
Studies on the Complement-Fixing Antigens of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Hummeler Klaus , Tumilowicz Joseph J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The production of specific antisera against two type-specific antigens of poliomyelitis, N and H, in guinea pigs is described. Heated poliomyelitis virus preparations when injected intraperitoneally into these animals induced antibodies that reacted solely with heated (H) homologous antigen, but not with fully infectious native (N) antigen. These sera were devoid of neutralizing antibodies.
For preparation of anti-N sera, recourse had to be taken to serum absorption techniques. Immunization of guinea pigs with fully infectious virus preparations stimulated antibodies against both N and H antigens in the great majority of animals tested. Anti-H could be absorbed with H-antigen, leaving sera that reacted solely with N-antigen of a single type of virus.
Gross Physical Properties of Emulsified Influenza Virus Vaccines and the Adjuvant Response
Authors: Berlin Byron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variety of formulas were used to obtain emulsified influenza, PR8, virus vaccines which exhibited different physical properties. The relation between the gross physical properties of these water-in-oil emulsions and their adjuvant effect following subcutaneous injection of mice was studied. The relation between emulsion viscosity and adjuvant effect was a strainghtforward one: extremely high emulsion viscosity reduced the adjuvant effect. On the other hand, the relation between stability and the adjuvant effect seemed more complex. The results of these experiments were consistent with the proposition that optimal emulsion stability promotes maximum adjuvant effect.
The consistency with which an adjuvant effect was obtained with water-in-mineral oil emulsified vaccines of different viscosity and stability was remarkable.
Quantitative Determinations of Small Amounts of Antibody by Use of Solid Adsorbents
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Engel Karl , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Proteins coupled to polystyrene by azo linkages were used as solid adsorbents for the determination of antibodies to soluble proteins. Studies were carried out quantitatively using I131 labeled bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin and their antibodies. Antibodies specifically combined with antigen complexes could be eluted efficiently at pH 3 (citrate buffer) whereas antigens and nonspecifically adsorbed proteins remained firmly bound to the resin. Elution of antibodies took place slightly in 10% sodium salicylate and at 60°C, pH 8, but not in 17% NaCl. Eluted antibodies showed normal precipitin curves. By diluting anti-BSA with normal globulin, it was found that 0.2 μg antibody in 1 mg globulin could be detected. Five-tenths to two micrograms of antibody/mg globulin could be determined within 10% accuracy. The nature of the effective antigen in the polystyrene-protein complex is not well defined. The original aminopolystyrene or the diazopolystyrene quenched with β-naphthol bound antigen proteins very strongly but to a lesser extent than did the diazopolystyrene itself. β-Naphthol-quenched diazopolystyrene treated with BSA was tested and found to be almost as effective as the chemically coupled BSA in purifying antibodies.
The Use of Antigen-Antibody Specific Precipitates in Skin Testing for Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specific precipitates made with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and excess rabbit, guinea pig or mouse antibody were used in skin testing rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with BSA. Typical delayed-type reactions were produced with these materials in animals with delayed hypersensitivity. In contrast to antigen alone, however, these complexes produced no Arthus-type reaction in animals having circulating antibody.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Rawson Arnold J. , Abelson Neva M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both before and after receipt of a specific antigenic stimulus, individuals of blood group O tend to produce isoagglutinin (predominantly of sedimentation value S7) which migrates electrophoretically with the γ2-globulins, whereas subjects of blood groups A and B tend to produce isoagglutinin of predominantly S19 sedimentation value which migrates with the γ1-globulins.
The implications of these findings in the reactive patterns of certain disease states are discussed.
Immunization of Mice with Viable Coccidioides Immitis
Authors: Pappagianis D. , Levine H. B. , Smith C. E. , Berman R. J. , Kobayashi G. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice which were vaccinated with a nonliving vaccine prepared from the mycelium-arthrospore phase of Coccidioides immitis survived challenge doses with a virulent strain administered intraperitoneally. However, the immunity was insufficient to protect the animals against similar challenge doses administered by the intranasal route. After vaccination with viable arthrospores obtained from strains of varying virulence, protection was provided against both intraperitoneal and intranasal challenge. Immunity evoked by the subcutaneous administration of a riboflavin-dependent auxotroph of very low virulence afforded protection against intranasally administered challenges of up to 200 arthrospores. The immune response was augmented by vaccinating the mice concurrently by both the subcutaneous and the intranasal routes. When the auxotroph was administered by the intranasal route exclusively, the extent of immunity afforded was, within limits, a function of dosage. The reversion of the auxotroph to prototrophy and virulence in vivo currently contraindicates its use in other than experimental studies.
Fractionation of the Antigens from Dwarf Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Goldfarb A. R. , Callaghan O. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A highly active allergenic material has been obtained by the fractionation of dwarf ragweed pollen extracts. The material isolated gives a single line on the Ouchterlony test. It gives skin reactions at concentrations corresponding to 10-5 μg N/ml. The immunologic relationship between this product and Trifidin A is demonstrated.
Autoradiographic Observations of Plasma Cell Formation
Authors: Schooley John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The temporal pattern of DNA labeling in plasmocytic cells of the lymph nodes of mice which have been stimulated by multiple injections of antigen was followed autoradiographically after single injections of tritiated thymidine. From an analysis of this pattern and the changes in the mean grain count the enormous proliferative capacity of cells in the plasmocytic series has been demonstrated. A maximum generation time of 12 to 14 hr has been calculated for the early plasmoblast. The most mature plasma cells are apparently nondividing cells which have a meanlife in the lymph node of the order of 8 to 12 hr. More preliminary autoradiographic observations following the single injection of H3-cytidine and H3-leucine indicate that this nondividing mature plasma cell does not synthesize RNA and is capable of only minimal protein synthesis.
Immunogenicity of Spherule-Endospore Vaccines of Coccidioides Immitis for Mice
Authors: Levine H. B. , Cobb James M. , Smith C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formalinized vaccines prepared from the spherule-endospore phase of Coccidioides immitis (produced in vitro) were superior in mice to vaccines prepared either from the arthrospore or mycelial growth phases. A majority of the mice immunized with spherule-endospore vaccines survived during observation periods up to 6 months after intranasal challenge with arthrospore doses that greatly exceeded those lethal to most of the control mice. Although immunized survivors appeared to be in good health, a high percentage were still infected when autopsied but the mycosis appeared to be nonprogressive.
Postchallenge survival ratios were high in animals vaccinated with 2.0 mg of the spheruleendospore vaccine but were low when the dosage was reduced to 0.4 mg or less. Both spherules and free endospores possessed immunogenic attributes which were associated primarily with a particulate fraction from disrupted organisms, possibly the cell walls.
Immunizing activity also was present in a formalinized vaccine which contained spherules and endospores that developed in mouse lungs. There was indication that the latter vaccine was more effective when administered subcutaneously than intramuscularly although this was not a feature of spherule-endospore vaccines produced in vitro.
The Role of Antibody in Recovery from Infection with Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Baron Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vaccinia infection in guinea pigs has been employed to study factors which may be responsible for recovery from a primary virus infection. Irradiated animals, in which no detectable neutralizing antibody could be demonstrated, recovered from vaccinia infection as rapidly as nonirradiated animals, suggesting that production of neutralizing antibody was not necessary for recovery. Neither delayed hypersensitivity nor interferon were excluded as factors in recovery, and their relative importance remains undertermined.
The Allergens in Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Richter M. , Griffiths B. W. , Rose B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been shown that when the dialysable fraction (dialysate) of the water soluble extract of ragweed pollen (WSR), which constitutes approximately 95% of the total dry weight of WSR (1), is injected into the skin of ragweed sensitive patients, it will give rise to a positive reaction in all treated cases but induce no reaction in over 80% of those who have had no prior treatment (2). It is therefore of considerable interest to determine the composition of the component(s) which is capable of inducing a skin sensitizing antibody in man. This paper deals with the purification of the allergen(s) in dialysate and its physicochemical properties.
Methods and Materials. I. Precipitation of the allergen. Aliquots of varied concentrations of phosphotungstic acid (PTA), picric acid and trichloracetic acid were mixed with 2-ml aliquots of dialysate (20 mg/ml) to determine which of these reagents could precipitate the allergen in as pure a state as possible.
Study of Antibody-Producing Capacity of Single Cells by Bacterial Adherence and Immobilization
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The phenomenon of bacterial adherence described in the accompanying paper was used in combination with bacterial immobilization to study further the question of whether one cell can produce more than one antibody. Rats were immunized with a single flagellar preparation, either flagella or flagellin. Each of these contained not only H-antigenic activity but also significant O-antigenic activity. Single cells were tested seriatim for anti-H and anti-O activity.
Of 1333 cells from rats immunized with flagella, 455 produced either anti-H or anti-O antibody; 4 produced both; 43% of plasma cells tested were active. Of 360 cells from rats immunized from flagellin, 213 produced either anti-H or anti-O antibody; 3 produced both; 67% of plasma cells tested were active.
These results are compared with our previous studies on antibody production by single cells, and with the results obtained by other workers in the filed.
Studies on the Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Berge Trygve O. , Gleiser Chester A. , Gochenour William S. , Miesse Marie L. , Tigertt William D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Administration of VEE antiserum to mice in which infection of the central nervous system with the Trinidad strain of VEE virus had already been established resulted in early appearance of an inflammatory response in brain tissue. Perivascular cuffing, glial proliferation and lymphocytic infiltration into the meninges were manifest in the majority of such animals by the 3rd day after infection. At a comparable time, brains of mice simultaneously infected with VEE virus, but subsequently receiving identical amounts of serum devoid of VEE antibody, showed no histologic changes or only occasional minimal perivascular cuffing with or without a slight focal increase in glial cells. The effect was attributed to interaction between VEE viral antigen and antibody.
Heterotypic Antibody Responses by Rabbits Inoculated with Poliovirus
Authors: Barnett Eugene V. , Baron Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were found to acquire neutralizing capacity for homotypic and heterotypic poliovirus and for ECHO 12 virus following inoculation with a single poliovirus type. The neutralizing capacity for heterotypic and heterologous viruses was shown to have properties of antibody, in that it was produced by antigenic stimulus, was demonstrated in heat-inactivated sera and was not dependent upon the cellular component of the antigen. Rabbits previously immunized with type 2 poliovirus were found to have an enhanced (anamnestic) response to the poliovirus type 1 and 3 components of trivalent vaccine when compared with the control, unsensitized rabbits. Such an anamnestic response was further evidence for the antigenic relationship of of the three poliovirus types.
Fluorescent Microscopic Study of Sendai Incomplete Virus Production in Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Bukrinskaya A. G. , Azadova N. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When monkey kidney cells were infected with 1 EID50 of Sendai virus per cell, infectious virus was produced and the cytoplasmic inclusions could be observed by the fluorescent antibody indirect method. Antigen was never seen in the nuclei.
Diffuse fluorescence of the cytoplasm without cytoplasmic inclusions could be seen after inoculation with 100 EID50 per cell. Here, presumably incomplete virue production with a low EID50:HA ratio had taken place.
Incomplete Sendai virus was also formed in monkey kidney tissue culture in the presence of proflavine. The cytopathic effect appeared earlier and was more intense than in controls. The fluorescent antibody indirect technique detected the cells as large, structureless brightly fluorescing globi with a high concentration of antigen in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei. Acridine-orange staining showed profound changes in the nucleus and the lack of RNA in newly-formed antigen. The possible role of the nucleus in incomplete virus production is supposed.
A “D-Like” Antigen in Rhesus Monkey, Human Rh Positive and Human Rh Negative Red Blood Cells
Authors: Levine Philip , Celano Marino , Fenichel Richard , Pollack William , Singher Heron 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A D-like antigen has been demonstrated in rhesus monkey, human Rh positive and Rh negative red cells. These, as well as heat extracts of human Rh positive or Rh negative red cells, induce formation of D-like antibodies in guinea pigs. The latter antibody seems to act on a site on the Rh positive red cell surface which is different from the true human D (Rho) site. Whether produced by any one of the antigenic materials described, D-like antibodies in guinea pigs on exposure either to rhesus monkey, human Rh positive or Rh negative red cells, yielded eluates of D-like specificity.
The antigen on the red cells important in clinical medicine is defined by reactions with human anti-D sera. The term “rhesus factor” as applied to the human D (Rho) antigen appears to be a misnomer.
In the absence of any known antigenic stimulus, D-like antibodies were demonstrated occasionally in normal guinea pig sera.
Radiosensitivity of Spleen Cells from Normal and Preimmunized Mice and Its Significance to Intact Animals
Authors: Makinodan T. , Kastenbaum Marvin A. , Peterson William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The slopes of the regression lines (activity by cell number) were not significantly different (b = 1.014) for primary and secondary antibody responses before and after various sublethal x-ray treatments. The fitted regression [Cm/Ck = 1 - e-0.0142X)2.72] of the antibody-forming capacity of spleen cells as a function of x-ray dose was typical of a “multi-target” curve with an extrapolated number of 2.72 and a “D37 value” of 70 r. Exposure of either nonimmunized or pre-immunized donor mice to 150 r caused an ∼70% decrease in antibody-forming activity of spleen cells and to 250 r, an ∼90% decrease. No difference in antibody-forming activity was detected between a given number of spleen cells from unirradiated, nonimmunized donors and preimmunized donors given 420 r. The significance of these findings to the role of cellular differentiation (division and maturation) and autoregulatory mechanism in antibody formation and to intact mice are discussed.
Distribution of Parainfluenza Antibodies in Different Groups of Population
Authors: La Placa M. , Moscovici C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of parainfluenza antibodies in different population groups from the U. S. A., Italy and India, has shown that parainfluenza type 3 antibody is the most widely distributed among the three different populations, followed by type 1 and type 2.
Evidence has been presented that the frequency of each parainfluenza antibody is similar in all three populations.
All subjects with neutralizing antibodies also possessed the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, whereas the contrary was not always observed.
No correlation was found between the presence of hemadsorption type 2 and Sendai antibody in individual sera.