bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: Wright George G. , Green Thomas W. , Kanode Ralph G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods have been presented for alum-precipitation of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. The product induced effective immunity in rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys. Significant immunity persisted for more than three months in rabbits and for more than 14 months in monkeys. Immunity in monkeys was effective against both intracutaneous and respiratory challenge. Alum-precipitated antigen deteriorated slowly when stored at 4°C, but considerable potency remained after storage for approximately two years. The product was devoid of toxicity when tested in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys. Injection of the antigen into man was well tolerated; no serious reactions were encountered and moderate local reactions were infrequent.
The Immunologist and the Evil Spirits
Authors: Magill Thomas P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One of the Association's few requirements of the president is acceptance of the honor of addressing its members at the annual meeting. Selection of the topic of discussion, which is left to the discretion of the speaker, is difficult because of the varied interests of the group. Moreover, the choice of topics appears to be limited because it is the consensus of most interested persons that infections, for all practical purposes, have been eliminated. It is conceded, perhaps, that a few things of academic interest remain to be done, such as synthesis, by the chemists, of antibodies, and ferreting-out, by combined activities of chemists and mycologists, of Ehrlich's “therapia sterilisans magna.” But it is generally assumed that the chief problems have been solved. Those obvious conclusions, however, are orderly deductions by well informed minds. The honor of addressing the Association this year falls to one with a simple mind.
Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Rabbit Antiserum
Authors: Rappaport Irving , Siegel Albert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative precipitin analysis of rabbit antiserum to TMV revealed antibody-antigen ratios which plotted as a curve, and suggested a ten-fold change in R from 0.2 at equivalence to 2.0 in extreme antibody excess. An explanation was offered for this large ratio change in which it was assumed that all of the antigenic sites on the virus particle were not satisfied in antibody excess, because of steric hindrance in the precipitates.
The virus was shown to be specifically and rapidly inactivated by antibody. Through the serum dilution range examined, specific inactivation was a function of the antibody-antigen ratio. Virus aggregation occurred, but accounted for little or none of the reduced lesion count. The extent of aggregation, at any one ratio, was a function of the total concentration of the reactants. Virus-antibody aggregates were infectious if they contained one or more viable particles. The inactivation data together with the UV multiplicity studies further suggested the possibility that only a minute fraction of the total viral population was infectious.
An hypothesis, based on the interpretation of the quantitative precipitin reaction, was presented to explain the inactivation results. It was assumed that the same conditions for steric hindrance which operated in the precipitin reaction were encountered during inactivation to prevent an antibody from combining at a specific virus site necessary to initiate a lesion.
Analysis of Pox-Virus Antigens by Means of Double Diffusion
Authors: Gispen R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Technics of double diffusion in tubes with an agar gel have been applied to the study of various pox-virus antigens. The diffusion pattern of vaccinia antigen against standard vaccinia serum is composed of 3 to 6 zones of specific precipitation on different levels. Two of the corresponding fractions (I and III), which are distinctly precipitated, should be considered as major fractions. The other, more faintly precipitated minor fractions, were not always present (2, 2′, 4 and 5). Elementary bodies play no role in this precipitation. There is no essential difference between the patterns of vaccinia, neurovaccinia, rabbit-pox, smallpox and alastrim diffusing against standard vaccinia serum. Only the minor fraction 2 of a vaccinia suspension could be distinguished from the minor fraction 2′ of an alastrim suspension by mixing the suspensions of the two strains (differential test). As higher concentrated vaccinia suspensions may show both 2 and 2′ fractions, this is not a point of differentiation.
The major precipitation zone I is lacking in the diffusion patterns of the seven cowpox strains and the ectromelia strain. Cross tests, however, show that cowpox possesses a fraction (I) with the same diffusion properties as fraction I of vaccinia, but distinguished by a more limited reactivity in vitro; whereas fraction I of vaccinia is precipitated by vaccinia and cowpox serum, fraction (I) of cowpox is only faintly precipitable with cowpox serum and not at all with vaccinia serum.
A simple serological method of differentiation between cowpox and vaccinia based on this point of distinction has been described.
Immunoelectrophoretic Studies on Serum Proteins
Authors: Williams Curtis A. , Grabar Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunoelectrophoretic method has permitted the definition of a large number of human serum antigens. At least 16 of the more important constituents have been detected with a hyperimmune horse serum. The complete spectrum of serum antigens with any given serum, however, must be obtained by varying the relative concentrations of human serum and the homologous antiserum. Not only can the various constituents be placed in the principal electrophoretic groups characteristic of serum, but their individual mobilities can be determined with remarkable reproducibility. There is only slight variation from one normal serum to another, most frequently in the patterns of the α-2 globulins. Special attention is called to a component of high mobility, well in advance of albumin. This constituent has been named ρ (rho = rapid). Another antigen, component-X, with the same mobility as albumin, is of some interest inasmuch as it is not contained in ethanol preparations of serum albumin. Among the α and β globulins multiplicity is most striking. At least two α-1 globulins, five α-2, four β-1, and at least one β-2 have been detected. The heterogeneity of the albumin is still under investigation. Evidence to date would indicate that the γ globulin, far from being homogeneous, is a group or family of antigenically related, but chemically, physically and biologically different proteins. The immunoelectrophoretic method is demonstrated to be of value to the study of normal antigen mixtures and of pathological and other modifications of these antigens. It is concluded also to be of particular interest for the control of fractionation of such mixtures.
Passive Cellular Transfer of Hypersensitivity to Serum Antigens in Rabbits
Authors: Tremaine Mary M. , Jeter W. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive cellular transfer of hypersensitivity to serum antigens from donors sensitized to the point of typical Arthus reactions has been demonstrated. The reactions in passively sensitive animals appeared about 5 hours after testing and increased to a maximum in 18 to 24 hours. Injection of cells into recipients by intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intracutaneous routes resulted in positive transfer. Successful transfer after multiple washing and determinations of nitrogen and antibody values on washings does not support the concept that transfer was due to mechanical carry-over of circulating antibody. Cutaneous reactivity in recipients could be demonstrated within a few hours after transfer and increased to a maximum between 2 and 5 days. Circulating antibody could not be demonstrated in the sera of recipients by either precipitin test or sensitization of guinea pigs for anaphylactic shock.
An Immunogenic Antigen of Low Toxicity Derived from Shigella Sonnei
Authors: Johnson Richard B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A purified antigen was derived from Shigella sonnei by diethylene glycol extraction.
It exhibited the chemical properties of a carbohydrate-lipid-complex but displayed a low toxicity with an LD50 in mice greater than 10 mg. It showed good immunogenic capacity in mice.
Micromethods for the Study of Proteins and Antibodies
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. , Arquilla Edward R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The procedures for and applications of the hemagglutination and inhibition reactions with bis-diazotized benzidine-protein conjugated cells have been described. These include special features which influence their applicability, the relative sensitivity of the tannic acid, BDB, and Coombs' methods, and recently discovered general applications. The latter include the estimation of concentrations of proteins in complex mixtures in tissue extracts and serum and the precise measurement of proteins by conversion of hemagglutination to a hemolytic reaction. It was concluded that for most purposes the hemagglutination reaction with tannic acidprotein cells was preferable to that with BDB cells. The major exception was that of systems in which the tannic acid method yielded non-specifically agglutinable cells.
The Interaction of Bwamba Virus with Homologous Immune Serum
Authors: Black Francis L. , Clarke Delphine H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the conditions governing the reactions of Bwamba fever virus with homologous immune serum. The neutralization reaction was found irreversible. Treatment of immune serum with virus was not found to reduce the neutralizing titer, but treatment with particulate C-F antigen did lower the specific complement fixing power of the serum. When dilute serum was used the process of neutralization was found to continue over a period of several hours. The rate of this process varied with the temperature, but was largely independent of heat labile complement and divalent cations. A fraction of virus that was more slowly neutralized than the remainder could be removed from suspension by centrifugation at moderate speed.
Effect of Estrogen and Cortisone on Immune Hemoantibodies in Mice of Inbred Strains
Authors: Stern Kurt , Davidsohn Israel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Estrogen was found to enhance significantly the production of immune hemolysin for sheep red cells in C57BL mice, whereas in C3H mice a moderate inhibition of hemolysin titers was noted in estrogen-treated animals. Cortisone was much more effective in depressing antibody titers for sheep red cells in mice of strain C3H than in those of strain C57BL. Normal, untreated C57BL females showed significantly higher hemolysin titers than did C57BL males. On the other hand, no such difference was found in males and females of strain C3H. The implications of these findings were discussed in relation to the innate difference in immune response characterizing C57BL and C3H strains and in connection with the hormonal physiology of these strains. Some generalizations were made regarding the effect of hormones on immune responses.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the diffusible antigens of P. pestis was undertaken, adapting a technique of double diffusion in gels first developed by Elek and by Ouchterlony. By testing combinations of P. pestis strains and fractions and P. pseudotuberculosis strains against anti-P. pestis gamma globulin, two antigen-antibody precipitation reactions common to both organisms were demonstrated, and the P. pestis-specific Fraction I and Fraction II (toxin) reaction zones were identified. The study confirmed previous laboratory findings that the avirulent but antigenic A1122 strain possesses a moderate amount of Fraction I, and the avirulent, nonantigenic 14 and TRU strains possess almost no Fraction I, and that strain 14 is toxic and strain TRU is essentially atoxic.
There was no indication of an antigen-antibody reaction specific for virulent P. pestis strains.
The method of double diffusion in gels appears to be a highly precise one for qualitative analysis of antigens and may be found useful for comparative studies of heterologous but closely related species and for studying the factors related to cross immunity.
Serologic Evidence of American Experience with Newborn Pneumonitis Virus (Type Sendai)
Authors: Jensen Keith E. , Minuse Elva , Ackermann W. Wilbur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The host range and growth characteristics of the Newborn Pneumonitis Virus (Type Sendai) have been studied. The hemagglutinin and serologic character have been examined and evidence is presented which supports the contention of the Japanese investigators that this is a hitherto undescribed virus.
Evidence has also been found that an antigenic stimulus exists in the American population which gives rise to antibodies which react with the Sendai agent. This antigenic entity is widespread geographically and has been present at least since 1936. At the present, antibodies occur with high frequency (40 per cent) and the highest levels are present in the age group under 18 years. Isolation of the agent in our population has not been successful and only in a few instances could a serologic diagnosis be made of infection.
The possible relation of the agent to the influenza group of viruses has been considered.
Use of Diphtheria Toxin and Toxoid in the Study of Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity in Man
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Few areas in modern medicine remain so beclouded in mystery as the so-called allergic diseases. A substantial proportion of the human race each year suffers to a varying degree from asthma, hay fever, food allergies, drug allergies, contact dermatitis, and other unpleasant kinds of allergic manifestations. While there are few who would deny that hypersensitivity reactions, whether of the immediate or of the delayed inflammatory type, are triggered by a reaction in vivo between antigen and some form of antibody, we understand very little of how cellular damage is caused. It has been firmly established, in the case of the hay-fever type of allergy, that serum antibody is involved, and there is an increasing body of evidence which suggests that the type of antibody concerned (atopic reagin) possesses chemical as well as biological properties which distinguish it from the usual type of precipitating antibody studied by the immunologist in the laboratory.
The Effect of Whole Body X-Irradiation of Mice on Immunity to Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Silverman Myron S. , Chin Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inhibition by x-irradiation of the development of an immune response in mice by the injection of tetanus toxoid measured by the ability of the animals to survive 10 MLD of tetanus toxin has been found to depend on the x-irradiation dose and the time elapsing between the administration of the toxoid and exposure to x-irradiation. The higher the dose of x-irradiation, the greater was the amount of inhibition. Irradiation after injection of the antigen was found to be as effective in injuring the immune mechanisms as irradiation prior to the injection of antigen. Both the time interval between the administration of the antigen and exposure to irradiation during which injury occurred, and the time necessary for recovery of the antibody-forming mechanism were dependent upon the dose of x-irradiation. The higher the dose, the greater was the time interval, and the longer was the period of time necessary for recovery.
Absence of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Western Equine Encephalomyelitis in Sera of Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Bernet Carl P. , la Veck Gerald D. , Winn John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from 28 epileptic children were tested in order to detect neutralizing antibodies against western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE). In only 1 was the serum found to be positive. Of 89 children used as controls, only 5 were found to have neutralizing antibodies against WEE. No association between WEE serum antibodies and idiopathic epilepsy was demonstrated.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis after the Excision of the Injection Site of Antigen-Adjuvant Emulsion
Authors: Freund Jules , Lipton Murray M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been repeatedly shown that when certain antigenic material dissolved or suspended in physiological salt solution is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of animals, the surgical removal of the site of injection within a few minutes after injection does not prevent antibody formation (1). These observations are readily explained by the prompt dissemination of injected material. It was demonstrated by Cannon and Burt (2) that when Staphylococcus aureus or Serratia marcescens are injected into tissue of the ear of the rabbit, these microorganisms can be cultured from the blood, spleen, and liver even if the ear is amputated within a few minutes after injection. Furthermore, McMaster and Kidd (3) have shown that an intracutaneous injection introduces material very promptly into regional lymph nodes.
When antigens incorporated in water-in-paraffin oil emulsion with or without mycobacteria are injected into the tissues, the immune response is abundant and long sustained.
Organ Specificity of I131 Labeled Rabbit Kidney Eluates in Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Spar Irving L. , Bale William F. , Wolfe Dolores E. , Goodland Ruth L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized against rat kidney. On the assumption that the kidneys of these rabbits would have bound antibodies against kidney tissue, the rabbit kidneys were removed, homogenized, washed, and extracted using mild heat (60°C) or acidity (pH 3.2). The eluted material was labeled with I131, further purified, and injected into rabbits and rats to test for preferential localization. Similar preparations were made using normal rabbit kidneys. Preparations from both sources showed preferential kidney localization in both rats and rabbits persisting for days. Localization was greater for preparations made from immunized kidney, but the difference has not been demonstrated to be statistically significant. One preparation of immunized kidney showed a concentration of I131 in the kidney of injected rabbits fifteen times higher than the next highest organ of thirteen organs studied, the spleen, in rabbits sacrificed three days and a week after injection. Three days following injection of another type of labeled preparation into rabbits, 10% of the injected I131 was found localized in the kidneys.
Heat eluted and purified labeled eluates of kidneys from the immunized rabbits, but not normal rabbits, localized in rat small intestine as well as kidney following intravenous injection. It proved possible largely to separate the rat intestine localizing component from the kidney localizing component of these preparations.
Preparations made in a similar manner using the heat elution techniques from rabbit spleen, striated muscle, adrenal, and lung showed little kidney localizing tendency when injected into rabbits and rats.
Neuropathic Effect of Newcastle Disease Virus in Mice and Modification of Host Response by Receptor Destroying Enzyme, Viral Interference, and Xerosin
Authors: Groupé Vincent , Dougherty Robert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The toxic effects of certain viruses have been modified by viral interference, prior injection of receptor destroying enzyme (RDE), heat inactivated RDE, or xerosin. Similarly, the neuropathic effect of egg-propagated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for mice was also modified by these agents. One strain, Cal-NDV, which was neuropathic for mice only in low dilution was found to interfere in mice with the neuropathic effect of another strain, RO-NDV, which was neuropathic for mice in high dilution (10-5).
Prior intracerebral injection of influenza B virus or RDE modified host response to both concentrated and dilute NDV. However, xerosin modified only the neuropathic effect of Cal-NDV and of concentrated RO-NDV, but failed to delay paralysis or death following inoculation of dilute RO-NDV.
It is suggested that further study of the neuropathic effect of NDV for mice may lead to a better understanding of the possible relationships between viral toxicity, masked virus, and incomplete virus.
Antistaphylocoagulase in Experimental Staphylococcal Infections
Authors: Boake W. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the effects of anti-staphylocoagulase in acute staphylococcal infections of rabbits and mice. Rabbits actively immunized with coagulase were more resistant to intravenous challenge with coagulase-positive, but not coagulase-negative staphylococci. When mice were injected intraperitoneally with coagulase-positive staphylococci suspended in a clotting system (fibrinogen/co-factor), serum from rabbits immunized with coagulase diminished the virulence of these staphylococci provided it was allowed to come into contact with the challenge organisms for 30 minutes before the addition of the clotting system. The virulence of the organisms was also diminished under the same conditions by human serum containing coagulase-inhibiting antibodies. This diminution of virulence was not produced by alpha antitoxin or staphylococcal agglutinating serum, and was not demonstrable against coagulase-negative staphylococci. It is considered that the diminution of virulence observed in mice was due to the in vitro inhibition of coagulase activity, and that the active immunity observed in rabbits was probably associated with in vivo inhibition of coagulase activity.
Escherichia Coli 0127:B8, a Serotype Causing Infantile Diarrhea
Authors: Stulberg Cyril S. , Zuelzer Wolf W. , Page Robert H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of a hemagglutination procedure, the antibody response of premature infants with diarrhea in an epidemic caused by Escherichia coli 0127:B8 was studied. In preliminary experiments with two adult volunteers who had ingested large numbers of these microorganisms, the specificity of the hemagglutinating-antibody was established by the patterns of antibody response and by absorption tests. Hemagglutinating-antibodies were detected in normal adults and transplacental transfer of such antibody was demonstrated. In infected newborn infants, the antibody response was distinguished from transplacental antibody by its pattern of development.
Virus Adsorption and Plaque Formation in Monolayer Cultures of Trypsin-Dispersed Monkey Kidney
Authors: Youngner J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Virus adsorption and plaque formation by poliomyelitis, herpes-B, and vaccinia viruses have been studied in monolayer cultures of monkey kidney. Under the conditions employed, it was found that the time required for adsorption of 50% of the plaque-forming units was approximately 30 minutes for herpes-B virus and between 1 and 2 hours for poliomyelitis and vaccinia viruses.
The fate of virus not adsorbed at the time of agar overlay was also investigated. The results suggest that unadsorbed particles of poliomyelitis virus diffuse through the agar, eventually reach the cell layer and produce plaques. Unadsorbed particles of herpes-B or vaccinia viruses seem to diffuse poorly, if at all, and do not produce plaques if dispersed in the agar overlay. It has been suggested that this difference in “diffusion-adsorption” pattern may be a function of the size of the virus particles involved.
Adsorption rates were (a) directly related to the temperature of incubation, (b) not demonstrably affected when pH of the diluent was varied from 6.0 to 8.0 and were (c) the same for large and small numbers of virus particles in the inoculum.