bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness and the I-Self
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative describes how awareness of the external environment, including other organisms, is inherent in all of life; consciousness, as used here, is the mode of awareness found in brain-based animals; the I-self is the narrative self constructed by human animals using our capacity to generate symbolic language. “Biologically we are just another ape. Mentally we are a new phylum of organism.” A detailed account is given of the operation of neurons and the organization and evolution of brains. The chapter’s Reflections consider our sense of an I-Self, which feels immaterial and undergirds the concept of an immortal soul that experiences immanence and transcendence. These experiences are considered from a religious naturalist perspective.
Intimacy
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative describes how sexual mating entails the attraction/recognition of appropriate partners from appropriate species and how intimacy arises during sexual unions and parental nurture and, in many animals, in the context of offspring dependency and sibling interactions. Such relationships between humans undergird our experiences of loving and being loved, and extend to friends and to nonhuman animals. They bring us joy, but they can also bring us heartache. The chapter’s Reflections consider how many religious persons extend their sphere of intimacy to abiding personal relationships with supernatural gods. For those of us incapable of forming such relationships, earthly intimacy offers compelling alternatives.
Human Evolution
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative considers how eukaryotic speciation segregates diverging populations into subpopulations that mate exclusively with one another. Speciation in the Great Ape family generated a hominin lineage ~7 million years ago that gave rise to Homo sapiens in Africa ~300,000 years ago; migrants then moved out of Africa ~100,000 years ago. Our protein-encoding genes are near-identical to those of our chimpanzee and bonobo cousins, indicating that our distinctive features, notably our capacity for symbolic language, are due to modifications in gene expression during early development. We display features of domesticated species and form coalitions called cultures, tribes, and nations. The chapter’s Reflections consider how, given our propensity to denounce human malfeasance, we are invited to also offer thanksgiving for the human distinctiveness that generates our creative gifts.
Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation
Authors: Elliot Andrew J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A clear and precise definition of motivation lays the foundation for motivational science theory and research. Motivation is the energization and direction of behavior. Energization serves to activate and orient individuals, and it is commonly experienced as a desire, fear, interest, or concern. Direction serves to channel and guide the general energization toward specific outcomes, and it is commonly experienced as a goal, strategy, or tactic. Energization and direction work together to produce observable behavior. Ignoring the distinction between energization and direction, or only focusing on one but not the other, leads to an unclear and/or incomplete explanation of behavior.
Cognitions and Emotions Energize and Sustain Motivation
Authors: Schunk Dale H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivational processes (e.g., cognitions, emotions) energize, direct, and sustain behavior. Some important cognitive processes are self-efficacy, values, interests, goals and evaluations of goal progress, and social comparisons with others. Emotions also enter in, both positive and negative. When motivated to pursue a goal people may feel anticipatory excitement or joy, and they may experience satisfaction when they attain a goal. Conversely, people may experience fear or boredom. But not all cognitions or emotions are motivational. To be motivational, cognitions and emotions must energize and direct actions. Thoughts and feelings of happiness that do not lead to actions would not be motivational.
Theoretical and Methodological Disintegration Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Research
Authors: Nagengast Benjamin , Trautwein Ulrich 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Much diversity exists in motivation science—diversity in core theoretical concepts, the level of granularity to which these concepts apply, and the methods employed to empirically investigate theoretical propositions. This fragmentation has led to conceptual and methodological disintegration. It precludes the field from developing either a unified theoretical approach or unified answers to problems facing educational practitioners. The authors of this essay examine if this disintegration can be overcome by integration with respect to theories, research methods, and the research settings in which motivation processes are studied. They go on to offer promising examples for such theoretical and methodological integration.
Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic System
Authors: Kaplan Avi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dissatisfaction is growing with the ability of current motivation theory and research to capture the complex nature of motivational phenomena. In response, initial scholarly forays to apply the complex dynamic systems (CDS) approach to motivation hint at its potential to provide a coherent epistemological framework to reconcile false dichotomies that have plagued motivational science, such as between stable and malleable, person and situation, and conscious and unconscious. As the author discusses in this essay, in the next decade, the conception of human motivation and action as a complex dynamic system will transform the fundamental conceptual and methodological tenets of motivation science.
Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip , Stacey Timothy 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe world is facing multiple intersecting crises of political identity and belonging. This chapter opens by explaining how a number of current theoretical framings of these crises fail to capture their commonality: Islamophobia, racism, and populism. By way of an alternative, it then introduces the concept of nativism. It draws heavily on, but innovates beyond, the definition of nativism offered by John Higham. It explains how nativism was once perceived as having been defeated in liberal contexts but that, if it ever left, it has now well and truly returned to the center of political life. Liberalism, it turns out, is not a sufficient safeguard against nativism. Next, the chapter discusses why objectivist explanations for the return of nativism are, on their own, inadequate and why a cultural approach is required. It closes by offering a summary of each of the chapters to come.
Nativist Memory of National History
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a central feature in nativist discourse: the mobilization of the national past. First, the chapter deals with national history as a problem, or in other words, the tendency to explain the crisis of national identity as amounting to a lack of historical consciousness of and appreciation for the nation’s history. Second, the chapter presents the main historical narratives in public discourse, all contributing (albeit in different ways) to the Dutch collective self-image of being a liberal nation. With the national historical museum and the historical canon as examples, the chapter illustrates how national history is politically mobilized as a solution to the nativist problem of identity and cohesion. The chapter thus details the powerful belief that the alleged problems of self-alienation and failed migrant integration can be tackled by imposing awareness of the nation’s past upon the national citizenry.
Introduction
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction provides a politics of aesthetics focused on the way grammatical and compositional choices, in a variety of artistic genres, articulate egalitarian sensibilities. The emphasis is on critical reception in the form of an engagement between writing styles and textual interpretation—between the conceptual and figurative thinking with which one approaches an artistic text and the “withs” that constitute how the texts think. For purposes of illustration, examples of the engagements—conceptual interventions that elicit egalitarian impulses—include children’s books, architectural narratives, a television series, a short story, novels, and films. All the textual work (elaborated in the chapters that follow) is aimed at disclosing and enfranchising lesser existences, social types that have tended to exist below the threshold of civic recognition.
An Egalitarian Istanbul
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Focused on cinematic portraiture, the main textual object of analysis of Chapter 4 is the Netflix series Ethos. The series’ main protagonist is Meryem, a religious, headscarf-wearing apartment cleaner whose role is located in a review of diverse textual explorations of the social fault lines that afflict women in that occupation. As the series explores a number of characters on either side of Turkey’s Islamist-Kemalist and class-related divide, it emphasizes the differences between Western-created psychoanalytic counseling and Islamist spiritual healing. The reading of the series identifies the significance of architecture’s role in the narrative and emphasizes the way women collaborate to extract a degree of urban mobility and self-expression, as they struggle against the policing practices of Turkish men. Much of the chapter’s analysis focuses on the unhappy families within which that struggle proceeds, while at a meta level it emphasizes the camera’s role in providing an ethos for Ethos.
Latinx Visibility
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5’s inquiry into the architectural articulation of Latinx presence in public history focuses on two venues: the City of Los Angeles and Frontera, a fictional Texas border town in John Sayles’s 1996 film Lone Star. The trajectory of textual readings in the Los Angeles portion of the chapter includes a juxtaposition of David Hockney’s and Ramiro Gomez’s pool paintings, analyses of Helena María Viramontes’s novel Their Dogs Came with Them, and Joel Schumacher’s 1993 film Falling Down. While the Los Angeles freeway system is central to the analysis in the LA portion of the chapter, the Texas portion focuses on the controversies surrounding the historic building the Alamo. The textual trajectory in that part of the chapter begins with treatments of Hollywood film versions of the Alamo and ends with a critical reading of Lone Star, emphasizing the film’s architectural narrative.
Twenty-First-Century Proxy Warfare
Authors: Rondeaux Candace , Sterman David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how theorists and practitioners have historically defined proxy warfare, the limits and scope of existing state-centric research into proxy warfare, and the ways that proxy conflicts have become more complex in recent years. The chapter also presents a case for a definition of proxy warfare rooted in International Humanitarian Law with proxy warfare's core characteristic being its strategic use of third parties to exact benefits from blurred lines of command responsibility.
Social Networks, Class, and the Syrian Proxy War
Authors: Gopal Anand , Hodge Jeremy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how pre-war social networks and socio-economic class shaped the Syrian conflict. Departing from analysis of proxy warfare that prioritizes the external sponsor, this chapter illustrates how the networks and wealth available to Syrians shaped whether and how they were able to take up arms, and which foreign sponsors they could connect with. The chapter draws upon field research in Syria.
Botswana
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Botswana is an outlier in Africa. Since independence in 1966 and under the early leadership of Sir Seretse Khama and Sir Ketumile Masire, Botswana rejected the Afro-socialism of Ghana, Tanzania, and Zambia, eschewed the dictatorial tendencies of Zimbabwe, Uganda, and much of West Africa, and sought to banish corruption. After the discovery of diamonds, Botswana was able to manage its wealth and uplift its citizens by emphasizing the virtues of honest dealings in the national, not the personal interest. Its GDP per capita has always ranked among the highest in Africa. This chapter explains how those happy results occurred, and how Khama’s principles sustain Botswana still.
The Function of Language in Law
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up the idea that law is communication and can therefore be explained using communication models. Understanding the language of the law as an attempt to convey meaning from a sender to a receiver through the use of signs primarily focuses on linguistic signs—written text or speech—as being key for legal communication. A core function of legal communication is connected with performative language, which brings about the reality that it describes. The performative functioning of legal statements mirrors the way sacraments function in the church. So there is a common root to legal and sacramental thought and to legal and religious ritual, which affects the language of the law.
What Is It Like to Lack Mineness?
Authors: Billon Alexandre 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPatients suffering from depersonalization complain of feeling detached from their body, their mental states, and actions or even from themselves. In this chapter, I argue that depersonalization consists in the lack of a phenomenal feature that marks my experiences as mine, which is usually called “mineness,” and that the study of depersonalization constitutes a neglected yet incomparable probe to assess empirically the scope, role, and even the nature of mineness. Here is how I will proceed. After describing depersonalization (§2) and arguing that it involves a lack of mineness (§3) I will confront a series of objections (§4). I will then spell out what depersonalization can teach us about the scope of mineness (§5), about its role and psychological function (§6) and even about its nature (§7).
Women and the Crusades
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The medieval crusades needed women: women’s money, prayer support, active participation and inspiration. This book surveys women’s involvement in medieval crusading between the second half of the eleventh century, when Pope Gregory VII first proposed a penitential military expedition to help the Christians of the East, and 1570, when Cyprus, the last crusader state, was captured by the Ottoman Turks. It considers women’s actions not only on crusade battlefields but also in recruiting crusaders, supporting crusades through patronage, propaganda, and prayer, and as both defenders and aggressors. It argues that medieval women were deeply involved in the crusades although the roles that they could play and how their contemporaries recorded their deeds were dictated by social convention and cultural expectations. Although its main focus is the women of Latin Christendom, it also looks at the impact of the crusades and crusaders on the Jews of western Europe and the Muslims of the Middle East, and compares relations between Latin Christians and Muslims with relations between Muslims and other Christian groups.
Locating Women in the Crusades
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Contemporary commentators suggested that women played little role in crusades, but as women did play a constructive role in medieval European warfare and were even expected to take part in conflict in certain circumstances, it is not surprising to find that in fact they also took part in crusades. This chapter surveys the roles that women played in crusades, considers the different sorts of campaigns and expeditions which contemporaries called ‘crusades’ and in which women were involved, and looks at some of the difficulties in establishing women’s presence in crusade armies and roles in crusades. It concludes by weighing up the different motivations which could lead women to be involved in the crusades. The dominant motivation was probably piety and the desire to win a spiritual reward, but family tradition was also a significant driver. Women played a significant role in upholding this tradition and introducing it to each new generation.
The Home Front
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Women who did not join crusade expeditions with their families had many difficulties to surmount. Women who remained at home to administer their family estates often had to combat the rival claims of relatives or other claimants to their property; although as members of crusaders’ families they were under papal protection, this protection was not always enforced by secular and ecclesiastical authorities. If their crusading relatives were captured, they would have to raise the ransom for their relief; if their crusading relative died on campaign, they would have to implement their will. It was difficult to establish whether alleged deathbed bequests were genuine, as such claims could be an attempt by a dead crusader’s companions to defraud his widow and children of their property. Women, like men, helped to finance crusades by taking a crusade vow and then redeeming it for a money payment rather than joining a crusade in person; they also financed institutions which supported crusaders, such as the military religious orders, the Templars and Hospitallers, and religious orders which gave charitable support to captives and negotiated ransoms for them. Women also gave spiritual support for crusades: taking part in religious rituals to support the crusade, making donations to religious houses, and venerating saints; while holy women supported the crusade through prayer and their writings.
After the Crusade
Authors: Nicholson Helen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
After a crusade, crusaders and their families would remember their own part in the crusade and the impact that the crusade had had on their lives; and wanted to ensure that future generations would be aware of these events, either to glorify their deeds or as a warning for the future. Women certainly played a role in this memorializing, although in most cases we do not know who initiated an event or monument in memorial of the crusades. Noble women created memorials for deceased crusaders which referenced their and their family’s dedication to the crusade, and they commissioned sculptures which alluded to crusading. They also founded churches and religious houses and made donations to religious institutions in thanks for divine assistance during a crusade. Some noblewomen recorded events from the crusades in writing: in her biography of her father Emperor Alexios Komnenos, the Byzantine princess Anna Komnene described the arrival of the First Crusade at Constantinople. Elite women’s interest in the crusades was reflected in their patronage of cultural objects, such as psalters with illustrations of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Nunnery libraries included books recording events of the crusades and saints associated with the crusades. Women of every social status could take part in ceremonies commemorating significant events during the crusades. Although most of these women, like most men, would never travel to the Holy Land or join a crusade, the crusades were part of their everyday world.
Adil Jussawalla
Authors: Ravinthiran Vidyan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Writing for hardly prestigious outlets, and with little oversight, the Indian journalist (and poet) Adil Jussawalla makes the most of his marginality—responding to events reflectively and allusively. Contending that journalism, rather than fiction, lies at the heart of Indian writing in English, he combines a sensuous delight in the sheer feel of prose with a self-lacerating commitment to underclass plights. Stressing the moment of writing as a political occasion, he engages with Wordsworthian spontaneity in considering the relation of writing to politics, or more specifically to its originating event: how can sentences maintain contact with one’s subject without becoming a merely reflex response? He also, in his art criticism, begins to probe within postcolonial India the lingering repressive effects, upon desire and agency, of the Raj. To understand this, I read him on the paintings of Bhupen Khakar in juxtaposition with Hazlitt’s prose on the Elgin Marbles. In both cases, a journalist heightens the textures and imagery of his sentences towards a deeper significance.
Conclusion
Authors: Ravinthiran Vidyan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The book’s conclusion is also a new chapter: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah provides a means of revisiting and theorizing the innovations of the other writers. Adichie’s novel provides a digital poetics of migrancy: Ifemelu, moving between Nigeria and the United States, expresses her hybridized and unmoored sensibility in the spontaneous prose of her blog, which allows her to utter herself at once, without mediation. Adichie’s novel predicts such cycles of exposure and outrage as characterize today the dopamine-inducing loops of social media. Although it hasn’t previously been realized, Ifemelu’s spontaneous outbursts return us to evangelical Christianity, since she’s shaped by her mother’s search for communal security through a series of Nigerian congregations. The author draws on Cheng Pheah’s notion of the world as not the globe, but a temporally undecided zone of possibility—a Nigerian woman experiences moments of relation that, enabled by the instantaneousness of digital messaging, have serious consequences.
Generations
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book injects fresh energy into tired debates about England’s plural and protracted Reformations by adopting the fertile concept of generation as its analytical framework. It demonstrates that the tumultuous religious developments that stretched across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries not merely transformed the generations that experienced them but were also forged and created by them. The book investigates how age and ancestry were implicated in the theological and cultural upheavals of the era and how these, in turn, reconfigured the relationship between memory, history, and time. It explores the manifold ways in which the Reformations shaped the horizontal relationships that early modern people formed with their siblings, kin, and peers, as well as the vertical ones that tied them to their dead ancestors and their future heirs. It highlights the vital part that families bound by blood and by faith played in shaping these events, as well as in mediating our knowledge of the religious past and in the making of its archive. Drawing on a rich array of evidence, it provides poignant glimpses into how people navigated the profound challenges that the English Reformations posed in everyday life.
The Divided Mind
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The third incarnational model imagines two separate streams of consciousness in the mind of Christ, where the divine stream can access the human stream but not vice versa. Potentially helpful analogies can be found in cases of split brains and dissociated identity disorder. A number of questions concerning the divided mind model are explored in this chapter: should the human stream be thought of as contained within the divine mind? If so, does this introduce error, or the propensity to error, in the divine mind? Does the model lead to the heretical view that there were two persons in Christ? And does the model collapse into one of the compositional models? The divided mind model, it is argued, faces a series of dilemmas on these fronts.