bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embedded Trace and RDL Copper Plating Process for Panel Level Packaging Applications
Authors: Feng Kesheng , Kim Leslie , Lee Johnny , Dharmarathna Saminda , Bowerman William , Watkowski Jim 
Published: January 2025

Advanced packaging suppliers are faced with two primary challenges in introducing Fan-out Panel Level Packaging (FOPLP) to mainstream use. These challenges are manufacturing process cost reduction and performance improvement of the chemical processes utilized in creating the fine line dimensions needed for FOPLP. As package cost reductions from FOPLP are still difficult to obtain comparing to incumbent processes, penetration of FOPLP into widespread market adoption is still low in 2019. On the performance improvement front, a key problem to be solved is to obtain both high resolution and height uniformity within the fine line and RDL copper plating processes. This is especially true when the design includes ground planes, fine lines, and microvias all to be plated simultaneously with what is called 2-in-1 RDL plating. Plating uniformity and trace/via top shape and coplanarity are critical to quality. A non-planar surface could result in signal transmission loss and induce stress points to the wafer connection. Therefore, copper plating solutions providing uniform, planar profile without any special post treatment are highly desirable features of fine line and RDL plating processes. There are currently three main technologies used in fine line formation for panel level packaging applications: Embedded Trace Processing, Semi Additive Processing (SAP) and modified Semi Additive Processing (mSAP). Two plating processes, embedded trace plating for the M1 layer and 2-in-1 RDL pattern plating by mSAP methodology for the M2 and M3 layers are discussed in this paper. Embedded trace plating involves photo imaging the pattern on a copper carrier, and then plating with an acid copper electrolyte to finish the first layer. The second layer and third layer are then formed by mSAP, utilizing 2-in-1 RDL plating to simultaneously fill vias and plate fine lines. Utilizing a vertical continuous plating tool, the electrolyte for embedded trace plating can achieve a resolution of 5/5 µm L/S with excellent uniformity between fine line and large pad areas, and great uniformity across the panel. When this electrolyte was adjusted with VMS (virgin make-up solution) by varying copper and acid concentration, the solution could also be used for the 2- in-1 RDL process. For 2-in-1 RDL designs with larger size vias, another electrolyte is discussed which filled these vias with shallow dimple. This electrolyte can also fill laser drilled through vias with excellent fine line trace profile. The physical properties from these two deposits were evaluated. Both deposits offered elongation above 18% and tensile strength above 36,000 PSI which are the required IPC Class III criteria for electroplated copper. The plated copper also had low internal stress. FIB and XRD studies indicated the deposits had equiaxial grain structure with preferred [111] planes.
Improving WID & WIW Non-Uniformity in ECD Applications
Authors: Sharbono Charles , Hsieh I -Wen 
Published: January 2025

As chip packaging technology advances, chip layout is posing increasingly challenging structures and pattern density to be metallized uniformly. In the field of electrodeposition, a mask or a photoresist is often used to define the pattern of metal lines or contacts. But the extremely varying pattern density between sparsely patterned regions and densely patterned regions causes correspondingly varying local current density and concentration differences, which affect deposition thickness uniformity within a die (WID) or coplanarity and WIW (within in wafer). In order to improve thickness uniformity (WID and WIW), common approaches are to either reduce the applied current density or deposition rate (also reduces tool throughput) or select a plating bath with high throwing power. This presentation describes a different approach by using deplating or reverse plating to achieve increased thickness uniformity for both WID and WIW. The approach follows the electroplating process with a deplating process in a bath with low throwing power in a separate processing chamber. The low throwing power exaggerates the local current density in the sparse regions versus that in the dense regions. Throwing power can be defined as the ability of a plating bath to produce deposits of uniform thickness on cathodes having macroscopic irregularities. The higher the throwing power, the more uniform the resulting deposit. While in the case of electroplating, low throwing power is highly undesirable, it would be desirable in the case of deplating. In the case of deplating, the low throwing power enables preferential thickness removal (removal selectivity) in the sparse region (high feature height) vs the dense region (low feature height), leading to an overall reduction to height delta between sparse and dense regions. This process can be applicable to all applications from Cu pillar, microbumping to RDL and pads. Depending on pattern and layout, WID uniformity can be improved by as much as 80% and WIW uniformity up to 30%. As a result, not only it can dramatically remedy one customer’s most pressing concerns, it can also potentially enable higher plating rates. Worse WID and WIW uniformity used to be coupled with higher plating rate. This approach allows WID and WIW uniformity to be corrected in a more independent and effective method.
Internal Medicine Resident’s Knowledge and Attitudes towards Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: A Survey-based Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Alhajery Mohammad A. , Alotay Abdulwahed Abdulaziz , Alsolamy Eysa N. , Alanazi Abdulrahman Mohammed , Qutob Rayan A. , Alammari Yousef M. , Alateeq Ismail S. , Alanazi Najd Mabrouk , Aleidan Abdulaziz M , Alanazi Fahad Awadh , Alanazi Tariq Radi , Alotay Abdulaziz Abdulmajeed 
Published: January 2025

Introduction:
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a widespread yet underdiagnosed condition with significant health risks, including cardiovascular and metabolic issues. Factors such as obesity, age and gender heighten OSA risk. Internal medicine physicians’ limited OSA knowledge and screening delays diagnosis. This Saudi study assesses internal medicine residents’ OSA awareness to enhance care quality.

Materials and Method:
A cross-sectional survey-based study included internal medicine residents in Riyadh city. Participants were chosen using a convenience sampling technique. An online questionnaire was sent to each potential participant via E-mail or WhatsApp, including a previously validated Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Knowledge and Attitude questionnaire. Socio-demographic variables were analysed using descriptive statistics. A Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, analysis of variance and Spearman rank correlation were employed. A value of P < 0.05 was regarded as significant in statistical terms.

Results:
A total of 191 participants consented to fill out the questionnaire. The average knowledge score was 10.94 ± 3.15 for all participants (out of 18). Senior residents (3rd and 4th year residents) had a higher mean score scores (11.82 ± 2.77) than junior residents (1st and 2nd year residents) (10.47 ± 11.81). The overall attitude score was 13.81 ± 3.10. Senior residents showed a significantly higher total attitude score (14.53 ± 2.90) than juniors (13.43 ± 3.15), with P = 0.020. A positive correlation was observed between attitude and knowledge levels.

Conclusion:
These findings emphasise the critical significance of including OSA in the teaching curriculum for internal medicine residents to improve their knowledge and attitude. Furthermore, hands-on clinical experience is vital to increase the confidence level in OSA diagnosis and management, which will ultimately have a positive impact on the overall patient outcomes.
Buried points of plane continua
Authors: Lipham David , van Mill Jan , Tuncali Murat , Tymchatyn Ed , Valkenburg Kirsten 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sets on the boundary of a complementary component of a continuum in the plane have been of interest since the early 1920s. Curry and Mayer defined the buried points of a plane continuum to be the points in the continuum which were not on the boundary of any complementary component. Motivated by their investigations of Julia sets, they asked what happens if the set of buried points of a plane continuum is totally disconnected and nonempty. Curry, Mayer, and Tymchatyn showed that in that case the continuum is Suslinian, i.e., it does not contain an uncountable collection of nondegenerate pairwise disjoint subcontinua. In an answer to a question of Curry et al., van Mill and Tuncali constructed a plane continuum whose buried point set was totally disconnected, nonempty, and one-dimensional at each point of a countably infinite set. In this paper, we show that the van Mill–Tuncali example was the best possible in the sense that whenever the buried set is totally disconnected, it is one-dimensional at each of at most countably many points. As a corollary, we find that the buried set cannot be almost zero-dimensional unless it is zero-dimensional. We also construct locally connected van Mill–Tuncali type examples.
On the binomial transforms of Apéry-like sequences
Authors: Liu Ji-Cai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In his proof of the irrationality of

$\zeta (3)$

and

$\zeta (2)$

, Apéry defined two integer sequences through

$3$

-term recurrences, which are known as the famous Apéry numbers. Zagier, Almkvist–Zudilin, and Cooper successively introduced the other

$13$

sporadic sequences through variants of Apéry’s

$3$

-term recurrences. All of the

$15$

sporadic sequences are called Apéry-like sequences. Motivated by Gessel’s congruences mod

$24$

for the Apéry numbers, we investigate congruences of the form

$u_n\equiv \alpha ^n \ \pmod {N_{\alpha }}~(\alpha \in \mathbb {Z},N_{\alpha }\in \mathbb {N}^{+})$

for all of the

$15$

Apéry-like sequences

$\{u_n\}_{n\ge 0}$

. Let

$N_{\alpha }$

be the largest positive integer such that

$u_n\equiv \alpha ^n\ \pmod {N_{\alpha }}$

for all non-negative integers n. We determine the values of

$\max \{N_{\alpha }|\alpha \in \mathbb {Z}\}$

for all of the

$15$

Apéry-like sequences

$\{u_n\}_{n\ge 0}$

. The binomial transforms of Apéry-like sequences provide us a unified approach to this type of congruences for Apéry-like sequences.
Transformaciones Sociales en la Conservación Marina: El Caso del Área Marina Costera Protegida de Múltiples Usos Pitipalena- Añihue
Authors: Gotteland Emmanuelle , Barrena José , Ibarra Sebastián 
Published: January 2025

Analizamos las transformaciones contemporáneas en la conservación marina tomando el caso del Área Marina Costera Protegida de Múltiples Usos Pitipalena-Añihue en la Patagonia chilena. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante métodos etnográficos en la localidad de Puerto Raúl Marín Balmaceda. Utilizando los conceptos de área promovida y compromiso democrático, tomados del enfoque de la Conservación Convivencial, mostramos cómo una red de actores locales en conjunto con el Estado, ONGs y centros de investigación han avanzado en: (a) compatibilizar actividades económicas de importancia local con la conservación marina y (b) desarrollar una forma de gobernanza organizada por un Consejo Local de Gestión. El caso muestra la capacidad de un grupo de actores locales para definir y organizar un área marina protegida a través de vínculos y redes con organizaciones públicas y privadas, reflejando transformaciones nacionales y globales en la conservación marina.
Key Factors Influencing Liver Function Injury in Elderly Patients with Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complicated by Diabetes after Antituberculosis Treatment
Authors: Ma Liangliang , Fan Henghua 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT.
This study addressed the factors influencing liver injury in elderly patients newly diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes after antituberculosis treatment. From January 2021 to June 2023, 218 elderly patients with early treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (N = 218) combined with diabetes (N = 218) were collected as research subjects. All patients were treated with the same antituberculosis treatment regimen and were divided into a nonhepatotoxicity group (N = 92) and a hepatotoxicity group (N = 126) according to whether drug-induced liver injury occurred within 3 months after taking tuberculosis drugs. The levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, albumin, lipoprotein(a), prothrombin time, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were detected by biochemical analyzer. The extent of pulmonary tuberculosis lesions was examined by computed tomography imaging. Influencing factors of antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury were analyzed by logistic multivariate analysis. The hepatotoxicity group exhibited a higher average age than the nonhepatotoxicity group (P <0.05). Additionally, there was a greater prevalence of patients with a history of alcohol consumption in the hepatotoxicity group than in the nonhepatotoxicity group (P <0.05). And the hepatotoxicity group showed a greater extent of tuberculosis lesions (P <0.05). Logistic multivariate analysis identified advanced age, body mass index of <18.5, lesion range of ≥2 lung lobes, history of alcohol consumption, and HbA1c of ≥8% as relevant factors associated with liver function impairment in older adults patients undergoing early treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis combined with diabetes after antituberculosis therapy. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring and addressing these factors during antituberculosis therapy in the elderly population to mitigate the risk of liver function impairment.
SUPPLEMENTED VITAMIN D AND GLYCEMIC PARAMETERS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: Ahmed Dikrayat A. , Mahmood Samira A. , Ali Khaled Saeed 
Published: January 2025

There is alarming increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide. Although lifestyle modifications may delay the development of type 2 diabetes, maintaining long term behavioral changes is difficult. Therefore, new strategies to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes are needed for people with impaired glucose tolerance. This research aimed to study the effect of supplemented vitamin D on glycemic control in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM. An open-label, randomized, controlled clinical trial, was carried out in the period from May to November, 2023, on newly diagnosed T2DM patients who met the inclusion criteria treated with metformin and vitamin D (n=30) or metformin only as control group (n=20). attending Aden Diabetic Center at Al-Gamhouria General Modern Hospital, Aden. Data collected by using structured questionnaire including sex, age, family history of diabetes, height, weight, waist circumference, adherence to diet and exercise, smoking and khat chewing. glycemic parameters and serum vitamin D level were also measured. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Vitamin D and control group showed almost the same mean age, 49.7±7.87 years and 49.6±8.94 years, respectively. Paired t-test was applied to compare the baseline mean of vitamin D level with the mean after three months of vitamin D supplementation within vitamin D group, there was a slight increase in vitamin D levels with statistically significance difference (P=0.000), while the control group showed statistically insignificance difference after 3 months from baseline (P= 0.104). After 3 months supplementation with vitamin D, there was statistically significant differences from the baseline for HBAIc , FBG and RBG within vitamin D group with P = 0.001, p=0.000 and p=0.000, respectively, where paired t-test was applied. There was a decrease in the percentage of patient with glycosylated hemoglobin category > 8.5% from (90% to 86%), after 3 months with no change in control group. In conclusion, glycemic parameters of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were slightly improved after supplementation with vitamin D compared to the standard treatment. Further studies with larger samples are crucial to address the status of vitamin D among diabetes.
The challenges experienced by probation officer in the facilitation of diversion programmes: Social work perspective
Authors: Tshivhase Jerry 
Published: January 2025

This manuscript explores the challenges experienced by Probation officers (P.O) in the facilitation of diversion programmes. The study employed exploratory, contextual, descriptive, and phenomenological research designs, following the stages outlined by Creswell (2014) for data analysis. The data collected using a semi-structured interview guide was analyzed using Tesch's framework for thematic analysis. Ethical requirements such as informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, voluntary participation, and the avoidance of harm were adhered to throughout the study. The study revealed numerous challenges that POs are confronted with when rendering diversion programme on a daily basis; namely low level of education, behaviour of the children during the programme, lack of resources, limited number of POs, accessibility of diversion programmes, training of POs, supervision of POs and as a result they are affecting the effectiveness of the programmes. The study recommended that the Department of Social development should avail themselves to mitigate the challenges in the facilitation of diversion programmes. It must provide resources for the probation officers in order for them to render effective services, the number of POs rendering diversion programmes must be increased, the programmes must be accessible to the children, training of POs and supervision must be improved.
PRÁTICAS ACADÊMICAS: MÉTODOS NO CONTEXTO DAS BRINQUEDOTECAS
Authors: Leite Alexandra da Silva , Lemos Luís Paulo Coutinho 
Published: January 2025

A produção acadêmica evidencia as práticas no contexto de uma brinquedoteca a partir de um projeto elaborado no decorrer de um curso de licenciatura plena em pedagogia voltado as práticas nos espaços que abordam a participação de crianças no contexto de uma brinquedoteca universitária, coordenada por professores de instituições públicas: professores universitários, tutor de universidade particular, professora da rede pública municipal e acadêmicos do curso de pedagogia. No que tange o referencial teórico a base consta: relevância dos recurso pedagógicos-brinquedos, as intervenções nos processos ensino-aprendizagem abordados nas trilhas formativas do curso de licenciatura em pedagogia e a aplicabilidade de saberes em didáticas, o trabalho está estruturado em conteúdos teóricos como eixo inicial , práticas no espaço que serve de laboratório pedagógico como meio e ações que se consolidam no cotidiano de atendimentos com alunos e professores, destacando o protagonismo acadêmico a fusão de conhecimentos construídos e discutidos nos planos e intervenções pedagógicas , as reelaborações de práxis, confecções de recursos tendo como modelo os industrializados ou construídos por colaboradores que efetuaram doações para o espaço em questão, as formações de profissionais de múltiplas áreas para os acadêmicos que participam do projeto e acima de tudo as dedicações consolidadas por todos envolvidos no projeto.
Derivation of atmospheric reaction mechanisms for volatile organic compounds by the SAPRC mechanism generation system (MechGen)
Authors: Carter William P. L. , Jiang Jia , Orlando John J. , Barsanti Kelley C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract. This paper describes the methods that are used in the SAPRC mechanism generation system, MechGen, to estimate rate constants and derive mechanisms for gas-phase reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the lower atmosphere. Versions of this system have been used for over 20 years in the development of the SAPRC mechanisms for air quality models, but this is the first complete documentation of the scientific basis for the chemical mechanisms it derives. MechGen can be used to derive explicit gas-phase mechanisms for most compounds with C, H, O, or N atoms. Included are reactions of organic compounds with hydroxy (OH) and nitrate (NO3) radicals, O3, and O3P; photolysis or unimolecular reactions; and the reactions of the radicals they form in the presence of O2 and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) at lower-atmospheric temperatures and pressures. Measured or theoretically calculated rate constants and branching ratios are used when data are available, but in most cases rate constants and branching ratios are estimated using various structure–reactivity or other estimation methods. Types of reactions include initial reactions of organics with atmospheric oxidants or by photolysis; unimolecular and bimolecular reactions of carbon-centered, alkoxy, and peroxy radicals; and those of Criegee and other intermediates that are formed. This paper documents the methods, assignments, and estimates currently used to derive these reactions and provides examples of MechGen predictions. Many of the estimation methods discussed here have not been published previously, and others have not been used previously in developing comprehensive mechanisms. Our knowledge of atmospheric reactions of organic compounds rapidly and continuously evolves, and therefore mechanism generation systems such as MechGen also need to evolve to continue to represent the current state of the science. This paper points out areas where MechGen may need to be modified when the system is next updated. This paper concludes with a summary of the major areas of uncertainty where further experimental, theoretical, or mechanism development research is most needed to improve predictions of atmospheric reaction mechanisms of volatile organic compounds.
Kesiapan Petugas Berdasarkan Pengetahuan Dalam Penerapan Rekam Medis Elektronik Di Puskesmas SMB
Authors: Yunita Nirma , Rusdiansyah Rusdiansyah 
Published: January 2025

Banyak hambatan yang terjadi dalam penerapan rekam medis elektronik di fasilitas kesehatan karena ketidaksiapan petugas. Penerapan Rekam Medis Elektronik di Puskesmas SMB dalam tahap masa transisi dengan menggunakan aplikasi E-Puskesmas. Penggunaan aplikasi E-Puskesmas belum semua berjalan dikarenakan petugas terkendala memahami mengisi formulir pada aplikasi E-Puskesmas dan keterampilan dalam menggunakan komputer masih kurang. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui kesiapan petugas berdasarkan pengetahuan dalam penerapan rekam medis elektronik di Puskesmas SMB. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif pendekatan deskriptif, teknik sampling menggunakan total sampling dan instrument penelitian dengan kuesioner. Sebagian besar pengetahuan baik sebanyak 6 orang (93,2%) dan pengetahuan kurang sebanyak 2 orang (6,8%) tentang rekam medis elektronik secara umum dan memiliki nilai hukum di Puskesmas SMB. Petugas perlu mengikuti pelatihan dan seminar rekam medis elektronik untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dalam menunjang pekerjaan.