bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-decision search in repeated and variable environments
Authors: Teodorescu Kinneret , Sang Ke , Todd Peter M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhen faced with a decision, people collect information to help them decide. Though it may seem unnecessary, people often continue to search for information about alternatives after they have already chosen an option, even if this choice is irreversible (e.g., checking out other cars after just purchasing one). While previous post-decision search studies focused on “one-shot” decisions and highlighted its irrational aspects, here we explore the possible benefits of post-decision search in the long run. We use a simple search task in which participants repeatedly decide whether to select the current alternative or continue to search for a better alternative. In a preliminary study we find that participants indeed conduct post-decision search even in unique environments, where information about forgone options cannot be used in future choices. In the main studies exposure to post-decision information was manipulated directly in unique environments, and was found to lead to better performance. The source of the observed improvement was further investigated with an explicit strategy elicitation methodology. We find that following exposure to post-decision information, people collect more data before generating thresholds. Thus, although post-decision search in unique environments might appear redundant, our results suggest it can help decision makers to modify their strategy and improve their future choices.
A new test of the risk-reward heuristic
Authors: Skylark William J. , Prabhu-Naik Sidharth 
Published: January 2023

AbstractRisk and reward are negatively correlated in a wide variety of environments, and in many cases this trade off approximates a fair bet. Pleskac and Hertwig (2014) recently proposed that people have internalized this relationship and use it as the basis for probability estimation and subsequent choice under conditions of uncertainty. Specifically, they showed that risky options with high-value outcomes are inferred to have lower probability than options offering a less valuable reward. We report two experiments that test a simple corollary of this idea. In both studies, participants estimated the magnitude of prizes offered by lotteries with known win-probabilities. The relationship between estimates and probabilities followed the power relationship predicted by the risk-reward heuristic, albeit with a tendency to overestimate outcome magnitude. In addition, people’s estimates predicted their willingness to take the gamble. Our results provide further evidence that people have internalized the ecological relationship between risk and reward in financial lotteries, and we suggest that this relationship exerts a wide-ranging influence on decision-making.
The effect of a reference point in task difficulty: How does a task that becomes irrelevant affect effort, feelings and perceptions
Authors: Voslinsky Alisa , Azar Ofer H. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe examine the effect of an irrelevant task that may become a reference point on subjects’ effort, feelings and perceptions. All subjects complete up to 25 tasks and are paid $0.10 per task solved correctly. However, some subjects have an easy task of finding one letter and others have a hard task of finding two letters. In the irrelevant-task treatment conditions subjects are told about the two types of tasks and are then assigned randomly to one. In addition, there are two control conditions, and in each control condition subjects are assigned to a specific task without the other task being possible or mentioned. Subjects in the irrelevant-task treatments express more positive (negative) feelings when assigned to the easy (hard) task. The control conditions that have no reference point of another task are in between the two irrelevant-task treatments in the feeling ratings. We hypothesized that for a given task, the subjects in the experimental conditions that have more positive feelings will also solve more tasks, but this hypothesis was not supported by the data. Finally, subjects who receive the easy task complete more tasks than the ones with the hard task.
Context-dependent outcome expectation contributes to experience-based
risky choice
Authors: He Zhijian , Dai Junyi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated systematic discrepancies between
description- and experience-based risky choices. This
description-experience gap has been
attributed to several factors such as reliance on small samples and
differential probability weighting patterns. Because context-dependent
outcome expectation regarding safe options might influence experience-based
risky choices, it constitutes another potential contributor to the gap.
Using a free-sampling paradigm and risky options with rare outcomes that
were either attractive or unattractive relative to the frequent ones, two
experiments examined the existence and impact of such outcome expectation in
experience-based risky choices. Both experiments had two information
conditions: hint information meant to eliminate outcome expectation was
provided in one condition but not the other. Experiment 1, which indicated
the numbers of possible outcomes regarding both safe and risky options under
the hint condition, revealed different choice behaviors regarding risky-safe
trials between the two information conditions, no matter whether the rare
outcome of the risky option in such a trial (i.e., the
local context) was attractive or
unattractive. However, this result provided only indirect evidence for the
role of outcome expectation because it was unclear whether the hint
information affected only the outcome expectation and thus evaluation of
safe options or the evaluations of both safe and risky ones. With refined
hint information arguably removing potential impacts on the evaluation of
risky options, Experiment 2 showed that expectation of a non-existent rare
outcome of safe options did contribute to experience-based risky choices. In
addition, it appeared that the rare outcomes of the risky options in other
decision problems presented in the same experiment (i.e., the
global context) also affected outcome
expectation. Future research could investigate how the interaction between
local and global contexts determines outcome expectation to deepen our
understanding of its contribution to experience-based risky choice and the
description-experience gap.
Outcome feedback reduces over-forecasting of inflation and overconfidence in forecasts
Authors: Niu Xiaoxiao , Harvey Nigel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSurvey respondents over-forecast inflation: they expect it to be higher than it turns out to be. Furthermore, people are generally overconfident in their forecasts. In two experiments, we show that providing outcome feedback that informs people of the actual level of the inflation that they have forecast reduces both over-forecasting and overconfidence in forecasts. These improvements were preserved even after feedback had been withdrawn, a finding that indicates that they were not produced because feedback had a temporary incentive effect but because it had a more permanent learning effect. However, providing forecasters with more outcome feedback did not have a greater effect. Feedback appears to provide people with information about biases in their judgments and, once they have received that information, no additional advantage is obtained by giving it to them again. Reducing over-forecasting also had no clear effect on overall error. This was because providing outcome feedback after every judgment also affected the noise or random error in forecasts, increasing it by a sufficient amount to cancel out the benefits provided by the reduction in over-forecasting.
What drives opposition to suicide? Two exploratory studies of normative
judgments
Authors: Landy Justin F. , Shah Pritika 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The act of suicide is commonly viewed as wrong in some sense, but it is
not clear why this is. Based on past empirical research and philosophical
theorizing, we test ten different explanations for why suicide is opposed on
normative grounds. Using a within-subjects design, Study 1 showed that seven
out of ten manipulations had significant effects on normative judgments of
suicide: time left to live, lack of close social relationships, a history of
prior immoral behavior, the manner in which the suicide is committed,
painful, incurable medical issues, impulsive decision-making, and the
actor’s own moral-religious background. However, in all cases, the act of
suicide was still considered wrong, overall. Using a between-subjects
design, Study 2 tested the combined effect of the seven significant
manipulations from Study 1. In combination, the seven manipulations
eliminated opposition to suicide, on average. Implications for moral
psychology and suicide prevention are discussed.
After the virtual flood: Risk perceptions and flood preparedness after
virtual reality risk communication
Authors: Mol Jantsje M. , Botzen W. J. Wouter , Blasch Julia E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many individuals experience problems understanding and preparing for
low-probability/high-impact risk, like natural disasters and pandemics –
unless they experience these events, yet then it is often too late to avoid
damages. Individuals with recent disaster risk experience are, on average,
better prepared. This seems to be mediated through emotions and a better
understanding of the consequences. In this study, we use immersive virtual
reality (VR) technology to examine whether a simulated disaster can
stimulate people to invest in risk reducing measures in the context of
flooding, which is one of the deadliest and most damaging natural disasters
in the world. We investigate the possibility to boost risk perception,
coping appraisal, negative emotions and damage-reducing behavior through a
simulated flooding experience. We find that participants who experienced the
virtual flood invest significantly more in the flood risk investment game
than those in the control group. The investments in the VR treatment seem to
decrease after four weeks but not significantly so.
Testing team reasoning: Group identification is related to coordination
in pure coordination games
Authors: Thom James Matthew , Afzal Uzma , Gold Natalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Games of pure mutual interest require players to coordinate their
choices without being able to communicate. One way to achieve this is
through team-reasoning, asking ‘what should we choose’, rather than just
assessing one’s own options from an individual perspective. It has been
suggested that team-reasoning is more likely when individuals are encouraged
to think of those they are attempting to coordinate with as members of an
in-group. In two studies, we examined the effects of group identity,
measured by the ‘Inclusion of Other in Self’ (IOS) scale, on performance in
nondescript coordination games, where there are several equilibria but no
descriptions that a player can use to distinguish any one strategy from the
others apart from the payoff from coordinating on it. In an online
experiment, our manipulation of group identity did not have the expected
effect, but we found a correlation of .18 between IOS and
team-reasoning-consistent choosing. Similarly, in self-reported strategies,
those who reported trying to pick an option that stood out (making it easier
to coordinate on) also reported higher IOS scores than did those who said
they tended to choose the option with the largest potential payoff. In a
follow-up study in the lab, participants played either with friends or with
strangers. Experiment 2 replicated the relationship between IOS and
team-reasoning in strangers but not in friends. Instead, friends’ behavior
was related to their expectations of what their partners would do. A
hierarchical cluster analysis showed that 46.4% of strangers played a team
reasoning strategy, compared to 20.6% of friends. We suggest that the
strangers who group identify may have been team reasoning but friends may
have tried to use their superior knowledge of their partners to try to
predict their strategy.
Perception of generosity under matching and rebate subsidies
Authors: Chan Nathan W. , Knowles Stephen , Peeters Ronald , Wolk Leonard 
Published: January 2023

AbstractExisting evidence from laboratory experiments finds that a match is likely to increase charitable donations by more than a theoretically equivalent rebate. A number of explanations have been proposed for this in the literature. One idea, which has never been tested, is that people consider a match to be more generous, because unlike the rebate, there is no reward for making a donation in the match setting. We design a survey to determine whether people do consider matches more generous than rebates, and probe the reasons subjects give for their answers. We find that a significant number of people do consider rebates less generous because of the reward associated with donations in such a setting.
Voting under time pressure
Authors: Alós-Ferrer Carlos , Garagnani Michele 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn a controlled laboratory experiment we investigate whether time pressure influences voting decisions, and in particular the degree of strategic (insincere) voting. We find that participants under time constraints are more sincere when using the widely-employed Plurality Voting method. That is, time pressure might reduce strategic voting and hence misrepresentation of preferences. However, there are no effects for Approval Voting, in line with arguments that this method provides no incentives for strategic voting.
Successful everyday decision making: Combining attributes and
associates
Authors: Banks Adrian P. , Gamblin David M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
How do people make everyday decisions in order to achieve the most
successful outcome? Decision making research typically evaluates choices
according to their expected utility. However, this research largely focuses
on abstract or hypothetical tasks and rarely investigates whether the
outcome is successful and satisfying for the decision maker. Instead, we use
an everyday decision making task in which participants describe a personally
meaningful decision they are currently facing. We investigate the decision
processes used to make this decision, and evaluate how successful and
satisfying the outcome of the decision is for them. We examine how well
analytic, attribute-based processes explain everyday decision making and
predict decision outcomes, and we compare these processes to associative
processes elicited through free association. We also examine the
characteristics of decisions and individuals that are associated with good
decision outcomes. Across three experiments we found that: 1) an analytic
decision analysis of everyday decisions is not superior to simpler
attribute-based processes in predicting decision outcomes; 2) contrary to
research linking associative cognition to biases, free association generates
valid cues that predict choice and decision outcomes as effectively as
attribute-based approaches; 3) contrary to research favouring either
attribute-based or associative processes, combining both attribute-based and
associates best explains everyday decisions and most accurately predicts
decision outcomes; and 4) individuals with a tendency to attempt analytic
thinking do not make more successful everyday decisions. Instead, frequency,
simplicity, and knowledge of the decision predict success. We propose that
attribute-based and associative processes, in combination, both explain
everyday decision making and predict successful decision outcomes.
Social preferences before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in
China
Authors: King Li King , Hong Ying-yi , Huang Bo , Tam Tony 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study compares Chinese people’s trust and trustworthiness, risk
attitude, and time preference before and after the onset of the COVID-19
pandemic in China. We compare the preferences of subjects in two online
experiments with samples drawn from 31 provinces across mainland China
before and after the onset of the pandemic. We test two competing hypotheses
regarding trust and trustworthiness. On the one hand, the outbreak as a
collective threat could enhance in-group cohesion and cooperation and thus
increase trust and trustworthiness. On the other hand, to the extent that
people expect their future income to decline, they may become more
self-protective and self-controlled, and thus less trusting and trustworthy
and more risk averse and patient. Comparing before and after the onset, we
found that the subjects increased in trustworthiness. After the onset, trust
and trustworthiness (and risk aversion and present bias too) were positively
correlated with the COVID-19 prevalence rate in the provinces. Subjects with
more pessimistic expectations about income change showed more risk aversion
and lower discount rates, supporting the speculation concerning
self-control.
Waiting is painful: The impact of anticipated dread on negative
discounting in the loss domain
Authors: Sun Hong-Yue , Ma Jia-Tao , Zhou Lei , Jiang Cheng-Ming , Li Shu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
According to the positive time-discounting assumption of intertemporal
decision-making, people prefer to undergo negative events in the future
rather than in the present. However, negative discounting has been
identified in the intertemporal choice and loss domains, which refers to
people’s preference to experience negative events earlier rather than later.
Studies have validated and supported the "anticipated dread" as an
explanation for negative discounting. This study again explored the effect
of anticipated dread on intertemporal choice using content analysis; that
is, having participants identify anticipated dread among reasons for
negative discounting. This study also validated the effect of anticipated
dread on negative discounting by manipulating anticipated dread. This study
adds empirical and direct evidence for the role of anticipated dread in
negative discounting.
Effective Preconditioners for Mixed‐Dimensional Scalar Elliptic Problems
Authors: Hu Xiaozhe , Keilegavlen Eirik , Nordbotten Jan M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDiscretization of flow in fractured porous media commonly lead to large systems of linear equations that require dedicated solvers. In this work, we develop an efficient linear solver and its practical implementation for mixed‐dimensional scalar elliptic problems. We design an effective preconditioner based on approximate block factorization and algebraic multigrid techniques. Numerical results on benchmarks with complex fracture structures demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed linear solver and its robustness with respect to different physical and discretization parameters.
A meta-analysis showing improved cognitive performance in healthy young adults with transcranial alternating current stimulation
Authors: Lee Tae Lee , Lee Hanall , Kang Nyeonju 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation used for improving cognitive functions via delivering weak electrical stimulation with a certain frequency. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of tACS protocols on cognitive functions in healthy young adults. We identified 56 qualified studies that compared cognitive functions between tACS and sham control groups, as indicated by cognitive performances and cognition-related reaction time. Moderator variable analyses specified effect size according to (a) timing of tACS, (b) frequency band of simulation, (c) targeted brain region, and (b) cognitive domain, respectively. Random-effects model meta-analysis revealed small positive effects of tACS protocols on cognitive performances. The moderator variable analyses found significant effects for online-tACS with theta frequency band, online-tACS with gamma frequency band, and offline-tACS with theta frequency band. Moreover, cognitive performances were improved in online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band on either prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical regions, and further both online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band enhanced executive function. Online-tACS with gamma frequency band on posterior parietal cortex was effective for improving cognitive performances, and the cognitive improvements appeared in executive function and perceptual-motor function. These findings suggested that tACS protocols with specific timing and frequency band may effectively improve cognitive performances.
The characterization of bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) coprolites in the archaeological record
Authors: Sanz Montserrat , Daura Joan , Costa Ana Maria , Araújo Ana Cristina 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe archaeological record of the Lagar Velho rock shelter (Lapedo Valley, Leiria, Portugal) bears testimony to several significant Upper Palaeolithic occupations, most notably theLapedo Childburial (LV1) dating from the Gravettian. Excavations undertaken at the site since 2018 have seen the recovery of a large quantity of coprolites, above all in layer 143 (c. 29 ka cal BP). The study of these fossilized remains points to the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) as the main coprogenic agent and provides the first descriptions of these avian coprolites in archaeological assemblages. The analyses reported involved the comparison of the coprogenic samples with modern bearded vulture scats. A new morphotype is proposed for discriminating the faeces of this avian scavenger based on (1) macroscopic analyses, (2) morphometric comparisons with other fossil and modern scats and (3) their mineralogical and elemental composition. Among the criteria proposed here to identify the coprolites of the bearded vulture are their cylindrical shape, diameter, pointed extremities and homogeneous porous texture, as well as their massive internal texture, hard consistency and total absence of bone inclusions (attributable in all likelihood to a high digastric juice acidity capable of dissolving bones). Our results indicate that, as well as being used by humans for short-term stays, the Lagar Velho rock shelter was used by the bearded vulture as a nesting site. We provide new evidence from Iberia of the activity of this avian scavenger as a bone accumulator in archaeological sites.
Training and proficiency level in endoscopic sinus surgery change residents’ eye movements
Authors: Niederhauser Laura , Gunser Sandra , Waser Manuel , Mast Fred W. , Caversaccio Marco , Anschuetz Lukas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNose surgery is challenging and needs a lot of training for safe and efficient treatments. Eye tracking can provide an objective assessment to measure residents’ learning curve. The aim of the current study was to assess residents’ fixation duration and other dependent variables over the course of a dedicated training in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Sixteen residents performed a FESS training over 18 sessions, split into three surgical steps. Eye movements in terms of percent fixation on the screen and average fixation duration were measured, in addition to residents’ completion time, cognitive load, and surgical performance. Results indicated performance improvements in terms of completion time and surgical performance. Cognitive load and average fixation duration showed a significant change within the last step of training. Percent fixation on screen increased within the first step, and then stagnated. Results showed that eye movements and cognitive load differed between residents of different proficiency levels. In conclusion, eye tracking is a helpful objective measuring tool in FESS. It provides additional insights of the training level and changes with increasing performance. Expert-like gaze was obtained after half of the training sessions and increased proficiency in FESS was associated with increased fixation duration.