bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruminal Hyperkeratosis and Ruminitis in Young Calves Due to Ruminal Drinking
Authors: Haenichen T. , Bettinelli L. , Hermanns W. , Dirksen G. 
Published: March 2023

As early as 1982, Dutch authors (2) pointed out that loss of contraction of the esophageal groove of initially healthy veal calves causes chronic indigestion (latent chronic ruminal acidosis), so-called "ruminal drinking syndrome." In subsequent years, the etiology of the disease has been studied intensively (6, 7). In advanced stages, the ruminal mucosa of such calves is substantially proliferated and hyperkeratotic.
The forestomach disease described by the Munich team (4,5,3), on the other hand, is due to acute complications of primary ailments or is the result of feeding errors. Inborn and acquired "drinking weakness"/anorexia (both have a multitude of causes), as well as force-feeding by stomach tube may cause the esophageal groove to close incompletely or not at all. As a result of this, larger amounts of fluid flow into the rumen and reticulum often followed by an acute ruminal acidosis. The forestomachs of calves diseased in this manner were investigated pathomorphologically in a systematic study (details see 1) that also made note of clinical findings. The results of this investigation will be conveyed below.
Use of Non Medicated Oral Rehydration Therapy to Treat Diarrhea and Scouring in The Young Calf
Authors: Tomkins Trevor , Sowinski Janusz 
Published: March 2023

Diarrhea and scouring are still major problems associated with rearing of calves. Calf mortality in the dairy herd may be as high as 15% and much of this is attributable to deaths as a result of dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and physiological starvation, associated with digestive disturbances (diarrhea & scours). Although the use of oral rehydration therapy has been advocated for a long time producers have been slow to move away from reliance on antibiotics to treat diarrhea.
Most oral electrolyte products simply aim at replacement of lost ions and perhaps replenishment of some energy with dextrose. Many of these electrolytes have severe imbalances in tonicity resulting in reduced absorption of ions. In addition, few electrolyte products slow rate of passage to prevent further excessive loss of ions through the feces.
With these problems in mind, an oral rehydration product (ORP*) was developed and tested in clinical situations.
The ORP consisted of a number of ingredients which are common components of diets and oral rehydration products for both animals and humans. These included: energy sources - dextrose, corn syrup solids, lecithin; fibers - to absorb water and slow flow rate in the gut; vegetable gums - to increase viscosity of gut contents to slow rate of passage and aid in suspension of insoluble fibers; electrolytes - sodium, potassium, magnesium.
The formulation is proprietary but ingredients were: dextrose, apple flakes, oat hulls, dried corn syrup, xanthan gum, guar gum, vegetable fat, sorbitol, lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, potassium chloride, ascorbic acid, calcium pantothenate, potassium phosphate, dried whey product, magnesium sulfate, polysaccharide complexes of icon, zinc manganese, copper and cobalt, fumaric acid, citric acid, calcium propionate, sodium propionate, potassium sorbate, ethylenediamine dihydriodide, silicon dioxide.
Auswirkungen Oraler Kohlegaben Auf Fermentationsvorgänge im Pansensaft Ruminierender Rinder (In Vitro)
Authors: Scholz H. , Höltershinken M. , Feldmann Maren 
Published: March 2023

Two series of in-vitro-trials (30 incubations each, 39° C, lasting for 5 hours, nutrients: glucose and urea) were carried out simulating the dosis of 150g and 300g activated charcoal per animal, respectively. The donors of rumen fluid (n=3) were fed hay and concentrate twice a day, water was offered ad libitum. Rumen fluid was sampled 2,5 after feeding and incubated into the artificial rumen immediately.
It could be seen that activated charcoal influences the bovine fermentation patterns in vitro dose-depending. The differences and their extend between charcoal-treated rumen fluid and it's controls are listed in the following table.
So it is obvious that activated charcoal, given as a therapeutical aid in cattle, influences the ruminal flora significantly and reduces the availability of the VFA relative to their size.
Full article in German, English and French summaries on PDF
Vasopressin Response to Water and Salt Load in Normal Cows
Authors: Kuiper R. , Breukink H. J. 
Published: March 2023

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone plays a primary role in the regulation of the body fluids. Little is known at present about the regulation of AVP secretion in cattle. Our interest in the regulation of the release of AVP in cattle arises from two basic questions.
First, it has been demonstrated recently that administration of AVP to adult ruminants stimulates reticular groove contraction1. This may be of interest, as suggested by others1,2 for the oral administration of drugs that should bypass the ruminoreticulum. No data are available on the role of AVP in the consistent closure of the reticular groove in the young calf.
Secondly, pyloric stenos is in cattle results in a metabolic alkalosis. A dehydration occurs, accompanied by a hypochloraemia, a hypokalaemia, a metabolic alkalosis and a uraemia. An extreme dehydration can be found, with a production of diluted urine. No data are available of the plasma AVP concentrations in these cases.
To evaluate vasopressin values from patient cases and experimental animals, reference values were collected in 5 normal dairy cows during a water or a salt load.
AT-4526, A New Quinolone Derivative
Authors: Kouno Kaoru , Sakaguchi Yuzo , Nakai Masahiro , Yoshida Motonobu , Matsumoto Shuji , Kawamura Tadashi , Hatano Naonobu , Katae Hiromi , Hattori Hiroaki , Nakamura Shinichi 
Published: March 2023

AT-4526, 1-cyclopropyl-5,6,8-trifluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, a new quinolone derivative, is under development as veterinary medicine. It has broad and potent antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes and Mycoplasma spp. (1). Its in vivo activity was generally higher than those of structurally related enrofloxacin and certain antibiotics such as oxytetracycline, kanamycin, and ampicillin in experimental infections in mice even in the case of less potent in vitro activity (1).
This paper describes the pharmacokinetics of AT-4526 in cats, dogs, pigs and calves.
Clinical Efficacy of Danofloxacin in Pneumonic Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Holck J. T. , Bechtol D. T. , Swafford W. S. , TerHune T. N. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease is the most common disease associated with recently transported cattle in North American feedlots. Retrospective data collected in 1984 from commercial feedlots in Texas indicate that 83% of total morbidity and 66% of total mortality was attributable to respiratory disease1. A review of feedlot data from Kansas and Nebraska in 1987 reported similar results with 79% of total morbidity and 67% of total mortality attributed to respiratory disease2.
Danofloxacin* is a novel, potent third generation fluoroquinolone which has bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria and mycoplasmas of veterinary importance. Minimum inhibitory concentrations expressed as MIC 90' s of danofloxacin to a large sampling of common bovine respiratory pathogens Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida and Haemophilus sommus have been reported at 0.25, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively3.
This trial was conducted to confirm the therapeutic efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in a research feedlot facility in Texas which maintains management practices typical for the commercial feedlots in the area. Efficacy was assessed based on the reduction in pyrexia, improvement in clinical condition, reduction in number of response failures, prevention of mortality, and the maintenance of normal weight gain.
Evaluation of An Associated Inactivated Vaccine Against Neonatal Diarrhoeas Caused by Colibacilli, Rotavirus and Coronavirus
Authors: Reynaud G. , Brun A. , Milward F. , Saint-Marc B. , Vandeputte J. 
Published: March 2023

The major economic importance of neonatal infectious diarrhoeas in calves have justified for a few years the development of control programmes combining both sanitary and medical aspects [7]. The importance of immunity conferred through colostrum and milk has been demonstrated [1] [2] [8]. The vaccination of pregnant cows revealed, in the field, as the most efficient mean to reach a high colostrum and milk immunity [3] [4] [5] [10]. The etiology of neonatal infectious diarrhoeas in cattle is now well-determined different types of colibacilli having well-characterized attachment or virulence factors are now isolated; viruses, rotavirus and coronavirus, have also been evidenced [6] [9] [11] [12].
The authors present the results obtained during a controlled clinical trial by using an inactivated vaccine, adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxyde and saponin. This vaccine is indicated for vaccination of pregnant cows.
Relation Entre L'Alimentation Des Vaches Laitieres En Periode De Tarissement Et L'Incidence Des Maladies Metaboliques Apres Le Velage
Authors: Baudet H. M. 
Published: March 2023

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEEDING OF DAIRY COWS DURING THE DRY PERIOD AND METABOLIC DISTURBANCES AFTER CALVING
A total of 36 HF cows divided into 3 groups with the same mean age and the same milk yield average but receiving different roughages during the dry period were studied as regards to metabolic disturbances in early lactation.
At the beginning of the dry period, the mean fattening score of the three groups was 3,5 on INRA's scoring board. At the calving, the fattening scores were respectively 5, 4 and 3,5 for groups n° 1, n° 2 and n° 3.
Metabolic diseases in the first group included the following Ketosis 5/12; milk fever 4/12 and displaced abomasum 2/12.
The cows of the groups n° 1 and n° 3 did not present any sign of metabolic disturbances.
Feeding corn-silage ad libitum during the dry period appears to be dangerous because the overfattening increases the incidence of ketosis and other metabolic diseases in early lactation.
The author concludes that rations with high level of fiber and low level of energy are better during the dry period.
Article in French, English summary on PDF
Penicillin Residue in Milk Following Administration of Increasing Doses of Procaine Penicillin G
Authors: Daigneault J. , Dubreuil P. , Couture Y. , Guay P. , Boudreau M. , Landry D. 
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the highest dose of procaine penicillin G (PPG) which could be administered to allow a withdrawal period of 96 hours in the milk in milking dairy cows. Using two 4x4 latin square designs, two groups of lactating dairy cows (n=4 per group) received 4 different doses (7,000, 14,000, 21,000 and 28,000 IU/kg 20 mL/site of a 300 000 IU/mL of PPG . Each dose was administered once daily for 5 consecutive days to each cow by either the intramuscular (square 1) or subcutaneous route (square 2). Each cow received a new dose every 3 weeks. Milk samples were collected before administration and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 and 132 hours following the last day of administration. Concentration of penicillin in milk was measured using a quantitative Bacillus stearothermophilus disc method.
For all 4 doses administered via the intramuscular route all the animals (n=4) had milk penicillin concentration less than 0.016 IU/mL by 84 hours. However, the cows that received the PPG via the subcutaneous route had penicillin concentration less than 0.016 IU/mL by 84 hours for the dosage of 7,000, 14,000 and 21,000 IU/kg while the penicillin concentrations remained higher than 0.016 IU/mL for 108 hours after the administration of the 28,000 IU/kg dose. Residual milk concentrations of penicillin were more variable and less predictable than those from the intramuscularly-injected cows. The results of this study indicate that the dose of 21,000 IU/kg is safe with 96 hours withdrawal in milk whichever route of administration.
Trace Mineral Nutrition in Cattle
Authors: Pugh D. G. 
Published: March 2023

Trace minerals are needed in only trace amounts, and are measured in either parts per million (ppm) or mg/kg. Fifteen of these mineral elements have been identified (arsenic, cobalt, copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc), but this discussion will concern only copper, cobalt, iodine, selenium, and zinc.1 These minerals are required in specific biochemical reactions as part of metalloenzyme systems or as cofactors for enzymematic functions. Trace mineral deficiencies usually occur slowly over time. The clinician who is confronted with a problem where trace minerals are suspected should always obtain a detailed herd history, perform a complete physical examination on affected animals, evaluate the total diet, including pastures, and harvest tissues needed to evaluate the specific mineral concentrations in the body.1
Salt is commonly used as a carrier to ensure trace mineral intake, as cattle have a clear cut drive for NaCl. If the clinician and rancher elect to use a salt containing mineral mixture to insure mineral intake it should be remembered individual animal intakes may vary drastically.1 Further, improperly prepared salt mixtures, feed supplements or blocks, liquid feeds, or some types of contamination can alter nutrient absorption and produce conditional deficiencies.
Developing Nutrition Programs for the Cow/Calf Herd
Authors: Swecker William S. 
Published: March 2023

Cow calf producers have the tools and technology to produce a 95% calf crop that weans at 525-550 lbs. at 205 days. A multitude of publications from industry and extension services are available to these producers, yet only an estimated 70-85% of cows exposed to the bull wean calves. The veterinarian, as part of a production team, should help the producer match genetic, nutritional, and management resources to optimize productivity. The author suggests that the development of an effective nutrition program for the cow/calf herd to meet these goals requires 4 steps:
1. Evaluate the producer.2. Evaluate the cows.3. Evaluate the feeds.4. Evaluate the feeding management.
HPLC Comparison of Tear Film Protein Pattern in Normal and Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Affected Cattle
Authors: Gerds S. , Davidson H. J. , Stokka G. L. , Brightman A. H. , Iandolo J. J. 
Published: March 2023

Purpose: This project was undertaken to establish the tear protein pattern in normal cattle and changes in the pattern at different stages of IBK, and disease of great economic importance.
Methods: Non-stimulated tears were atraumatically collected with a 50μ1 capillary tube. The study included normal and infected animals in three stages of naturally occurring IBK. Analysis was performed with a TSK 3000 SWXL size exclusion HPLC column at a flow rate of 0.3ml/min with 0.5M NaCl, 0.1M NaH3PO4, pH 5. Quantitation was completed with computerized integration of peaks.
Results: In all animals 7 major peaks were found at retention times of 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 33, and 39 minutes. During the active course of the disease, peaks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 showed various changes. Separation for different bacterial culture result within the group had statistically significant differences.
Conclusions: The tear protein pattern in IBK affected cattle versus normal shows distinct changes. In addition to the stage of the disease changes are markedly influenced by the type of recovered organism. The first three peaks that changed in size during the course of the disease are likely to contain immunoglobulins.
Comparison Between Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Fluid Administration in Moderately Dehydrated Calves on a California Calf Ranch
Authors: Koenig Gerard J. , Holmberg Charles A. , Medeiros Ron L. , Guterbock Walter M. 
Published: March 2023

Several California calf ranches have utilized intraperitoneal (IP) administration of electrolyte solutions to dehydrated calves with favorable clinical response in most patients. Calf ranch records were inadequate, however, to evaluate medium and long term effects of IP treatment, and comparison with IV administration was not made. Objectives of this study were to: 1) compare weight gain to 28 days post-treatment, 2) compare rates of survival to 60 days post-treatment, 3) evaluate pathologic changes to peritoneal surfaces and 4) determine primary cause of death in calves treated with fluids administered by IV or IP routes.
Fifty-five male, Holstein calves, 1 to 16 days of age were used in this trial. Study calves were randomly assigned to treatment with a commercial electrolyte solution by the intravenous route (IV, N=27) or the intraperitoneal (IP, N=28) route of administration. Calves were weighed on day 28 posttreatment and monitored daily for 60 days after treatment. All study calves that died during this period were submitted for a complete post-mortem evaluation.
Weight increase at 28 days post-treatment was .9 kg greater in the IV group, and four more IV treated calves survived to 60 days post-treatment as compared to IP treated calves. Statistical analysis of weight gains and survival rate showed no difference between treatments. Gross and histopathologic changes to the peritoneum at necropsy were similar between IV and IP treated calves. Some differences in the primary cause of death were noted between groups.
In conclusion, this study showed no significant differences in weight gain to 28 days post-treatment, in survival to 60 days post-treatment, and in changes to the peritoneum in calves treated with fluids by either intravenous or intraperitoneal routes.
Pharmacokinetics of Ketoprofen in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Riddel G. M. , Schumacher J. 
Published: March 2023

The efficacy and economics of antibiotic treatment of clinical coliform mastitis have been questioned. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have received a great deal of attention as an alternative to antibiotic treatment of clinical coliform mastitis. NSAID have been demonstrated to relieve clinical signs of experimentally induced mastitis. NSAID may improve the outcome of clinical coliform mastitis and improve milk out, appetite, and increase food and water consumption.
Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative with potent NSAID properties. Ketoprofen has been shown to have a very high therapeutic index and is labeled for veterinary use in horses in the USA Ketoprofen may be effective in reducing clinical signs of acute coliform mastitis, but has not been studied extensively in cattle. Pharmacokinetic, residue, efficacy, and safety studies are needed before ketoprofen can be used appropriately in cattle.
Ketoprofen was administered to clinically normal lactating Holsteins (1.5 mg/lb). Milk and blood was collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40, 60, 90,120,240,360,480, and 720 minutes after ketoprofen administration. A computer polyexponential curve stripping program was used to fit ketoprofen concentration time data. Pharmacokinetic values for ketoprofen will be presented.
Hormonal Management Of The Postpartum Cow
Authors: Hendry Ross A. 
Published: March 2023

Our goal was to design a system to both improve the performance of the cow and to create a situation where I could personally do a postpartum evaluation sometime during the lactation, but eliminate a large portion of routine palpations because of the size of our herds and the management's lack of willingness to pay for the additional time.
Our program is really quite straightforward. We had developed a real appreciation for Fenprostalin, but as you know it is not on the market now. For years, we ran our program with 2cc of Fenprostalin within 12 hours of freshening if at all possible, but because it is very difficult to ascertain what portion of the fetal membranes were retained, we injected every cow.
Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association
Authors: Greer Terri 
Published: March 2023

Virtually everyone, especially members of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) believe that animals should be treated humanely and with dignity. The PRCA values its animals and staunchly protects them with rules specifically designed to prevent cruelty or even unintentional mistreatment.
Humane treatment of PRCA animals, both in and out of the arena, is a fact well-documented by veterinarians and research studies.
Practical Management of Prepartum Anionic Diets for Dairy Cattle
Authors: Kristula Michaela 
Published: March 2023

Feeding anionic diets to prepartum dairy cows has become a common strategy to prevent parturient paresis. However, implementing anionic diets in the field is challenging. Feeding anionic salts will help prevent parturient paresis (Block 1984, Dishington 1975, Oetzel et al 1988) and perhaps improve calcium homeostasis by increasing ionized calcium levels at parturition (Oetzel et al, 1988, Beede et al, 1992), but the mechanism of action of the anionic salts has not been clearly defined. Since the mechanism of action is not defined a number of questions arise during manipulation of the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD).
Neonatal mortality in a pair of identical twin calves
Authors: Kelly D. F. , Rowan T. G. 
Published: March 2023

Parturition was induced, on day 278 of pregnancy, of identical twin male Blonde d'Aquitaine calves; the parturition was assisted by gentle traction. The calves died approximately four minutes and eight hours after birth. Detailed post mortem examinations revealed soft tissue hemorrhage, fractured ribs and intrapulmonary amniotic material.
Full article published in Veterinary Record (1993); 133, 475-476
Lung Lesions in Feeder Cattle at Slaughter
Authors: Bryant Lonty K. , Perino Louis J. , Griffin D. Dee , Doster Alan R. , Dewey Catherine E. , Whittum Thomas E. 
Published: March 2023

Decreased growth in beef calves with clinical pneumonia is reported in veterinary literature. Conversely, several studies found no impact on mean daily gain (MDG) between calves that develop clinical disease and those that do not. Explaining the published discrepancies concerning the effects of pneumonia on growth and performance is necessary to understand its true financial impact. Additional studies are needed to develop methods of detecting clinical or asymptomatic disease. Vaccine and pharmaceutical efficacy studies traditionally have been conducted using mortality and morbidity as the outcomes of interest. These are important parameters, but as pilot studies show,1 asymptomatic disease can be equally significant on calf growth and possibly carcass traits.
Evaluation of animal interaction with management, environment, and disease occurrence plus evaluation of lesions at slaughter should provide new information on disease development and may lead to a better understanding of the respiratory disease process and its cost. Standardized methods of recording and investigating each lesion's significance on calf growth and carcass traits are needed.