bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging mimics of anoxic brain injury: A review
Authors: Mason Sharma Alexandre , Birnhak Alana , Sanborn Emma , Bhana Nikhil , Kazmi Khuram , Thon Jesse M. , Thon Olga R. , Siegler James E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDiffuse cortical diffusion changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are characteristically ascribed to global cerebral anoxia, typically after cardiac arrest. Far from being pathognomonic, however, this neuroimaging finding is relatively nonspecific, and can manifest in a myriad of disease states including hypoxia, metabolic derangements, infections, seizure, toxic exposures, and neuroinflammation. While these various conditions can all produce a neuroimaging pattern of widespread cortical diffusion restriction, many of these underlying causes do have subtly unique imaging features that are appreciable on MRI and can be of clinical and diagnostic utility. Specific populations of neurons are variably sensitive to certain types of injury, whether due to differences in perfusion, receptor type density, or the unique tropisms of infectious organisms. In this narrative review, we discuss a number of distinct etiologies of diffuse cortical diffusion restriction on MRI, the unique pathophysiologies responsible for tissue injury, and the resulting neuroimaging characteristics that can be of assistance in differentiating them. As widespread cortical injury from any cause often presents with altered mental status or coma, the differential diagnosis can be enhanced with rapid acquisition of MRI when clinical history or detailed physical examination is limited. In such settings, the distinct imaging features discussed in this article are of interest to both the clinician and the radiologist.
Molecular detection of resistance‐breaking strain Cucumber mosaic virus (rbCMV) (Cucumovirus; Bromoviridae) on resistant commercial pepper cultivars in Turkey
Authors: Fidan Hakan , Yildiz Kübra , Sarikaya Pelin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe cultivation of pepper (Capsicum annuum), a significant crop worldwide, is severely affected by a number of viral agents. In Antalya province, it was observed that pepper varieties possessing the cmr1 allele that provides resistance against CMV‐P0 isolate of CMV were affected in 2019 and 2020. Typical symptoms of CMV are emerging at an alarming rate in resistant pepper plants. Afterward, virus mechanical inoculation was carried out under controlled conditions on the five commercial resistant and susceptible varieties. The success of the inoculation studies was determined by RT‐PCR using CMV CPG‐specific primers. All commercial varieties carrying the resistance cmr1 gene showed disease symptoms. For complete genome analysis, RNA from a pepper plant carrying the cmr1 gene was sequenced using Illumina‐HiSeq 2000. BLAST analyses of the obtained complete genome sequence were carried out. The breaking (CMV‐P1) and non‐breaking isolates (CMV‐P0), which were previously described in conducted studies, were analysed and aligned for SNPs. SNP mutations in these nucleotide regions were similar to resistance‐breaking and completely different from non‐breaking isolates. Our study results revealed that the CMV‐P1 isolate obtained from pepper samples carrying cmr1 resistance has been shown to be able to overcome both field and laboratory conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance‐breaking CMV‐P1 strain on pepper varieties in Turkey.
Impact of different dietary fibre sources on production performance, bacterial composition and metabolites in the caecal contents of rabbits
Authors: Liu Gongyan , Sun Haitao , Liu Ce , Bai Liya , Yang Liping , Jiang Wenxue , Gao Shuxia 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary fibre sources on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development, caecal fermentation and bacterial composition in the caecal contents of rabbits. A total of 120 35‐day‐old weaned Minxinan black rabbits were divided into three groups and fed a diet composed of peanut straw powder (Group A), alfalfa powder (Group B) and soybean straw powder (Group C) as the main fibre source. The final body weight and average daily gain in Group B were higher than those in Group C, and the average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio in Group A were lower than those in Group C (p < 0.05). The relative weights of the stomach, small intestine and caecum of rabbits in Group C were higher than those in Groups of B and A, and the relative weights of the caecal contents in Group C were lower than those in Groups A or B (p < 0.05). The pH value and propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the caecum of Group C were lower than those in the caecum of Groups A or B, and the concentration of acetic acid in the caecum was lower (p < 0.05). The dominant microbes in the caecal contents of Minxinan black rabbits were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria at the phylum level, and the number of species, Chao1 index and ACE index measured was different between the B–C and A–C groups (p < 0.05). Different dietary fibre sources could affect the growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development and intestinal microbiota of rabbits, and the nutritional value of alfalfa powder was better than that of peanut straw and soybean straw.
Molecular analyses of turf algae reveal a new species and an undetected introduction in the Pterosiphonieae (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Díaz‐Tapia Pilar , Nelson Wendy A. , Verbruggen Heroen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroduced seaweeds and undescribed species often remain undetected because marine regional floras are as yet poorly understood. DNA sequencing facilitates their detection, but databases are incomplete, so their improvement will continue to lead the discovery of these species. Here we aim to clarify the taxonomy of two turf‐forming red algal Australian species that morphologically resemble the European Aphanocladia stichidiosa. We also aim to elucidate whether either of these species could have been introduced in Europe or Australia. We studied their morphology, analyzed 17 rbcL sequences of European and Australian specimens, examined their generic assignment using a phylogeny based on 24 plastid genomes, and investigated their biogeography using a taxon‐rich phylogeny including 52 rbcL sequences of species in the Pterosiphonieae. The rbcL sequences of one of the Australian species were identical to A. stichidiosa from Europe, considerably expanding its known distribution. Unexpectedly, our phylogenetic analyses resolved this species in the Lophurella clade rather than in Aphanocladia and the new combination L. stichidiosa is proposed. The other Australian species is described as L. pseudocorticata sp. nov. Although L. stichidiosa was originally described in the Mediterranean ca. 70 years ago, our phylogenetic analyses placed it in a lineage restricted to the southern hemisphere, showing that it is native to Australia and introduced to Europe. This study confirms that further work using molecular tools is needed to characterize seaweed diversity, especially among the poorly explored algal turfs, and showcases the usefulness of phylogenetic approaches to uncover introduced species and to determine their native ranges.
A post‐imperial, pluralist nationalism? From the Five Nation Republic of China to multicultural Taiwan
Authors: Ferrer Alessandra 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAlthough many nations emerged during the collapse of the empire, the case of China is curious in its failure to divide into separate nation‐states. Resisting disunion, the Republic of China (ROC) adopted a rhetoric of national pluralism and laid claim to the fallen Qing Empire's vast territory. This divergence from other post‐imperial nationalisms engenders questions about the legacy of imperialism in the ROC's approaches to nation‐building. Such questions remain salient after the ROC retreat to Taiwan (1949), as since the end of martial law (1987), the ROC has championed itself as a model of multiculturalism. This paper examines the extent to which today's ‘Multicultural Taiwan’ paradigm differs from 20th‐century official conceptualisations of pluralism, through discourse analysis of publications from the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (MTAC). Investigation finds that despite centring Taiwan in national ideology, certain Chinese imperialist attitudes towards cultural hierarchy remained influential in MTAC representations of pluralism within Asia.
Diagnosing anemia: Challenges selecting methods, addressing underlying causes, and implementing actions at the public health level
Authors: Garcia‐Casal Maria Nieves , Dary Omar , Jefferds Maria Elena , Pasricha Sant‐Rayn 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAccurate and affordable tools for diagnosing anemia and its main determinants are essential for understanding the magnitude and distribution of the problem and the appropriate interventions needed for its timely prevention and treatment. The objective of this review is to address methods, equipment, and sample‐related and quality control aspects of hemoglobin measurement for anemia diagnosis. Also, other iron‐, infectious‐, and genetic‐related causes of anemia are addressed in individuals and populations. The best practice for hemoglobin determination is the use of venous blood, analyzed on automated hematology analyzers, with high‐quality control measures in place. The importance of a correct anemia diagnosis is highlighted by the cost of a misdiagnosis. A false‐negative diagnosis may result in missing out and not treating anemia, its causes, and its adverse effects. On the other hand, a false‐positive diagnosis may result in the provision of unneeded treatment or referral for expensive laboratory tests to determine a cause of anemia, wasting valuable resources and risking causing harm. At the individual level, clinicians must understand the causes of absolute and functional anemia to diagnose and treat anemia at the clinical level. Actions toward anemia diagnosis and control at public health levels require global, regional, and country actions that should cover general and context‐specific characteristics.
Comparison of effects of volatile and intravenous anesthetics on pupillary function during general anesthesia in children: A prospective observational study
Authors: Kang Pyoyoon , Ji Sang‐Hwan , Park Jung‐bin , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Jin‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Soo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe light reflex, which reflects central nervous system dysfunction, can also be affected by anesthetic agents.AimsWe evaluated whether these effects differed according to the anesthetic agent in pediatric patients.MethodsTwenty children aged 3–12 years who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to propofol and sevoflurane groups and underwent pupillometric assessments at five points during anesthesia: T1, after confirming loss of consciousness; T2, after endotracheal intubation; T3, at the time of skin incision; T4, 1 h after skin incision; and T5, before endotracheal extubation. The primary outcome was the Neurological Pupil index at T4, and the secondary outcomes were other pupillometric parameters, including pupil diameter, percentage of change in pupil diameter, dilation velocity, and constriction velocity.ResultsAt T4, the Neurological Pupil index was significantly lower in the sevoflurane group (median difference, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.70; p = .036). Furthermore, the Neurological Pupil index at all time points was lower in the sevoflurane group. The time‐and‐group interaction effects on constriction velocity and dilation velocity were significantly different [F(1, 4) = 16.68, p = .002; F(1, 4) = 14.78, p = .008, respectively] but were not different on the Neurological Pupil index, pupil diameter, and percentage of change in pupil diameter. No intergroup differences were observed in the baseline characteristics, the flow rate of remifentanil at each time point, and total infused remifentanil.ConclusionThe Neurological Pupil index value in pediatric patients under general anesthesia is affected by the anesthetic agent used; this factor requires consideration in evaluations of the Neurological Pupil index during general anesthesia.
Emotion self‐stigma as a unique predictor of help‐seeking intentions: A comparative analysis of early adolescents and young adults
Authors: Harvey Lauren J. , White Fiona A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesThere has been limited consideration of the role emotion self‐stigma (i.e. beliefs that experiencing and expressing so called ‘negative’ emotions are unacceptable) may play in help‐seeking for emotional distress. This study is the first to investigate whether emotion self‐stigma uniquely predicts help‐seeking intentions across two key emotion vulnerability periods in development: (a) early adolescence and (b) young adulthood.Methods and DesignCross‐sectional data were collected from secondary school (n = 510; M age = 13.96 years) and university students (n = 473; M age = 19.19 years) residing in Australia. Both samples completed measures online examining demographic characteristics, emotional competence, mental health and help‐seeking stigma, emotion self‐stigma, and help‐seeking intentions. The Data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression.ResultsEmotion self‐stigma was a significant unique predictor of help‐seeking intentions in young adults but not adolescents. The strength of the relationship between increased emotion self‐stigma and lowered help‐seeking intentions was similar for both males and females, regardless of developmental period.ConclusionsAddressing emotion self‐stigma alongside mental illness and help‐seeking stigma may be useful to improve help‐seeking outcomes, particularly as young people transition into early adulthood.
Reproductive characteristics in an understory bamboo and gradual environmental changes after its dieback provide an extended opportunity for overstory tree regeneration in a mixed cool‐temperate forest in central Japan
Authors: Nakagawa M. , Yoda K. , Asahi K. , Yumigeta Y. , Watanabe A. , Celegeer  
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

The reproductive characteristics of understory bamboo and the effects of dieback on overstory tree seedlings through temporal changes in the environment at the forest floor have only been examined in a few bamboo species, due to the unpredictable occurrence of flowering events and long intervals between them but provide valuable information on tree regeneration and succession in a forest with dense dwarf bamboo cover.

We investigated environmental conditions and assessed seedlings (< 30‐cm tall) of the dwarf bamboo Sasa borealis and overstory tree species at 44–50 measurement points during 2016–2021, which included a S. borealis mass flowering event in 2017. We also conducted seed germination tests to determine germination rates and patterns in S. borealis. Environmental factors affecting seedling recruitment of S. borealis and of overstory trees were analysed using spatiotemporal generalized linear mixed models in the Bayesian framework.

We observed gradual temporal changes in the environment, including increasing canopy openness and decreasing maximum height of dead S. borealis culms. The seeds germinated slowly and the emergence of current‐year S. borealis seedlings peaked in spring–summer in 2019. The tree seedling density after 2019 increased significantly compared to that before the dieback. The model results suggest that tree seedling establishment was enhanced by increased light availability.

Continuous field observation beginning before S. borealis dieback revealed gradually enhanced tree recruitment in response to slow decay of the remaining dead culms and slow recovery of S. borealis. The seedling regeneration pattern of understory bamboo partly contributes to a prolonged opportunity for overstory tree regeneration.
Managing the security of information systems with partially observable vulnerability
Authors: Mookerjee Radha , Samuel Jayarajan 
Published: April 2023

We consider the security maintenance of information systems where the extent of vulnerability is partially observable. However, the exact extent of the vulnerability can be observed by paying an inspection fee. In each period, the decision‐maker needs to take one of three decisions: (i) do nothing, (ii) inspect and implement (fix the vulnerability) if needed, and (iii) directly implement. We prove that the optimal policy follows a threshold structure. For each value of k (the known vulnerability), there are two thresholds for the partial information: the lower of the two thresholds dictates whether for this value of k, inspection is optimal before a possible implementation or whether direct implementation (i.e., without inspection) is optimal. If inspection is done, another threshold determines whether an implementation is done or not. If neither threshold applies, it is optimal to do nothing. We develop a numerical procedure to find the decision variables in the maintenance policy. We extend the main model to include variable implementation and inspection costs. The optimality of the threshold policy is shown to hold under more general settings. We apply the model to a real‐world problem and demonstrate its applicability and value in managing security systems. Here, we study the security maintenance policies for three different real‐world telecommunications operators and find that these operators can significantly reduce the cost of managing their security by adopting our proposed policy. Another finding is that inspection is more beneficial for medium‐sized to large‐sized operators.
What do we know about the punctuated equilibrium theory in China? A systematic review and research priorities
Authors: van den Dool Annemieke , Li Jialin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) shows that government policy is mostly stable with occasional drastic change, which scholars attribute to institutional friction and limited information processing capacity. Although the existing PET literature predominantly focuses on democracies, scholars have started to apply the theory to authoritarian countries. Autocracies are a fertile testing ground for the theory's underlying mechanisms because they appear to experience less institutional friction but more informational restrictions than democracies. However, PET studies on autocracies are still rare. To deepen our understanding of the PET and the policy process beyond democracies, we conduct a systematic review of 88 Chinese language PET journal articles. We show that Chinese language PET research is increasing. Contrary to the English language PET literature, most Chinese studies are qualitative, while a key similarity is the weak operationalization of PET core concepts. The reviewed studies confirm a punctuated equilibrium pattern of policymaking in China but provide only limited evidence for more intense punctuations compared with democracies. Future PET research on China ought to use long‐term data sets and examine institutional friction and information processing by policymakers. We also argue for more international exchange and comparative research to advance our understanding of the policy process in China and other autocracies.
Hospital‐acquired peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: A call to action
Authors: Ling Chau Wei , Castelino Ronald L. , Sud Kamal 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPeritonitis remains a significant complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), and severe episodes of peritonitis lead to structural and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane, which can result in a permanent transfer to hemodialysis. Although PD is designed primarily to be delivered in the community setting, patients on PD get hospitalized for a number of reasons. In this commentary, we highlight the enormous risks each hospitalization has on the occurrence of peritonitis in patients on PD and the need to understand factors that predispose patients to hospital‐acquired peritonitis. Furthermore, we suggest directions on several strategies that could not only reduce the risks of developing peritonitis but also improve outcomes of patients on PD who get hospitalized for an unrelated illness.
Is this “fascist” laughter? Notes on the ethics of humor
Authors: Carli Riccardo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe traditional concern of the academic literature on the ethics of humor is to determine whether ethical considerations influence comic amusement or, in other words, judge the impact of ethics over aesthetics. For some, ethically questionable dimensions bear no implication for the effectiveness of jokes; for others, they do, but this group disagrees on whether ethical problems make jokes less or more funny. This article attempts an alternative approach and explores the occurrences in which the aesthetic reaction to humor reveals a more profound ethical commitment. It asks: What are the conditions under which laughter resulting from comic amusement reflects the moral stance of an individual? Or, more simply: Can one judge a person's character based on what this person is laughing at? The article starts by showing how humor can legitimately be taken as representative of the individual spirit, continues by identifying the subsection of humor that can offer an affirmative answer to the posed questions, highlights the power dynamics at play within this subsection of humor to justify its characterization as “fascist,” and concludes by offering guidance on identifying fascist laughter.
Combined effect of process variables on the plastic behaviour of 316L stainless steel printed by L‐PBF
Authors: Morichelli Luca , Chiappini Gianluca , Lattanzi Attilio , Santecchia Eleonora , Rossi Marco 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology that is rapidly spreading in the industrial sector with its enormous potential in making components with complex shapes and low weight, ensuring a high structural strength. However, the mechanical properties of the components depend on the printing process, and the interactions between the process variables and the final material behaviour is still not totally understood. In this work, 12 different types of tensile specimen were built by AM using the laser powder bed fusion (L‐PBF) technique; the used material is the 316L stainless steel. The specimens have the same geometry and the same process parameters in terms of layer thickness, hatch space, laser power, spot diameter, scanning speed and platform preheating temperature, while different laser scan strategies and building orientations are evaluated. The scope is to characterize the plastic behaviour of such specimens and study the differences due to distinct printing strategies. Stereo digital image correlation (stereo‐DIC) was used to evaluate the deformation state and analyse the material anisotropy. Finally, the microstructure and presence of defects were investigated through the optical microscopy (OM) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis shows how the plastic behaviour and the formation of defects are remarkably influenced by the laser scan strategy and by the building orientation.
The heterogeneous effects of trade policy on trade resilience during the 2020 trade downturn
Authors: Nicita Alessandro , Tresa Enxhi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in large and varying declines in bilateral trade flows. This study investigates whether these diverse effects can be explained by differences in trade costs as measured by pre‐existing trade policies (e.g. tariffs, non‐tariff measures and trade agreements). Results indicate that trade flows subject to higher trade costs declined more than average during 2020. The results also show that trade costs have heterogeneous effects depending on the thickness of trade relationships, with small exporters being relatively more affected by the presence of trade costs. We interpret the results as evidence that the fall in demand during 2020 caused higher‐cost and less‐established suppliers to be squeezed out of international markets.