bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the contribution of putative anti-carbohydrate antibodies to the specificity of immunofluorescence staining of murine T cells with chicken anti-mouse (Fab')2 reagents.
Authors: Deluca D , Warr G W , Marchalonis J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Despite a large body of immunochemical data indicating that chicken antibodies specifically recognize immunoglobulin-like structures on mammalian T and B cells, the possibility has been raised that the fluorescence staining of murine T cells with chicken antibodies directed against the (Fab')2 fragment of pooled mouse IgG might be due to carbohydrate moieties shared by heavily glycosylated proteins such as fetuin and mucin. Therefore, the presence of antibody activity against these glycoproteins in chicken antisera to mouse IgG (Fab')2 fragments and to MOPC-41 (murine kappa chains) was tested using a double antibody radioimmune assay. No detectable binding of fetuin or mucin was found in our chicken anti(Fab')2 reagent, whereas activity against (Fab')2 fragments was readily detected. In spite of the lack of anti-mucin or anti-fetuin activity, these glycoproteins were capable, along with fetal calf serum, whole mouse IgG, and mouse (Fab')2 fragments, of inhibiting the binding of anti-mouse (Fab')2 to T cells assayed by double immunofluorescence. However, the effective inhibition by fetuin only occurred when very large amounts of the glycoprotein were used, and titration experiments indicated that fetuin, is on a molar basis, at least 60-fold less efficient and inhibitor of the fluorescence reaction than (Fab')2 and nearly 3000-fold less efficient on a molar carbohydrate basis. We conclude that chicken anti-(Fab')2 and anti-mouse kappa chains stain T cells specifically via an immunoglobulin-like determinant and not by anti-carbohydrate activity.
The analysis with monoclonal antibodies of the heterogeneity of Ia glycoproteins on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.
Authors: Addis J B , Tisch R , Falk J A , Letarte M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The accessible Ia molecules on the surface of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells were quantitated in the cellular radioimmunoassay with saturating concentrations of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibody 21w4, like DA/2 antibody, recognizes monomorphic determinants of human Ia antigens. The amount of 21w4 or DA/2 bound to CLL cells derived from eight patients (varying from 2.6 to 13.9 x 10(5) molecules/cell) appears to be the maximum observed with the antibodies studied. Two other antibodies, 18d5 and 21r5, although also directed at nonpolymorphic Ia determinants, bind differentially to CLL cells, with the ratios of 21r5/21w4 and 18d5/21w4 varying from 0.08 to 0.90. Sequential immmunoprecipitation studies have established that the four epitopes 18d5, 21r5, 21w4, and DA/2 were present on the same molecules. All Ia molecules express 21w4 and DA/2 epitopes, whereas only certain subsets of Ia molecules carry accessible 21r5 or 18d5 epitopes. Competitive binding studies showed that the epitopes recognized by the four monoclonal antibodies were different. Monoclonal antibodies 21r5 and 21w4 did not inhibit each other's binding. Furthermore, binding of 21w4 to CLL cells potentiated the binding of 125I-21r5 IgG to the same cells, suggesting that binding of 21w4 antibody induces a conformational change in the molecule that renders 21r5 epitopes more accessible.
T cell responses to select Ia determinants using the I-A mutant mouse strain B6.C-H-2bm12.
Authors: Skelly R R , Pappas F , Koprak S , Ahmed A , Hansen T H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The T cell repertoire of B6.C-H-2bm12 mice (an I-A mutant mouse strain) to wild-type Iab antigens was investigated using both secondary proliferative cultures and cloned T cell lines. Because bm12 mice have a gain-loss mutation of their gene encoding the Ia beta-chain polypeptide, bm12 anti-B6 T cell responses are specific for the select component of Iab specificities that was lost as a result of the mutation. Although stimulator cells bearing Iab antigens elicited the strongest responses, Iaq, d, and s antigens also resulted in reproducible stimulations of these bm12 anti-B6-primed T cells. Cloned T cell lines isolated from bm12 anti-b6 cultures revealed similar findings, with most clones recognizing determinants unique for Iab antigens; however, clones showing cross-reactions with Iad and/or q were also selected. Using F1 hybrid responder T cells (mutant x cross-reactive strain), we further dissected this cross-reactivity into several distinct cross-reactive determinants. Because bm12 mice lack the serologically defined Ia differentiation antigen W39, T cell recognition of this determinant was investigated by using bm12 anti-B6-primed cells. Stimulation by Ia.W39+ cells was appreciably better than by Ia.W39- (Xid-defective) cells, suggesting that bm12 T cells recognize an Xid-regulated, W39-like Ia differentiation antigen.
Cellular sensitivity to collagen in bleomycin-treated rats.
Authors: Schrier D J , Phan S H , Ward P A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous reports have suggested that immune mechanisms are involved in the induction of certain types of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study endotracheal bleomycin was used to induce pulmonary fibrosis in rats, and they were then examined for cellular sensitivity to homologous interstitial collagens isolated from lung. Results indicate that rats treated with bleomycin develop transient cellular sensitivity to homologous collagen. Immunity appears to be selective to type I collagen with minimal response to type III collagen. The kinetics of the development of autoimmunity paralleled the transient increase in collagen synthesis in response to bleomycin treatment. This response was abolished upon prior treatment of the challenging antigen with purified bacterial collagenase, but was resistant to trypsin digestion. This finding confirms the true collagenous nature of the stimulating antigen and eliminates the possibility of a noncollagenous contaminant as the effective agent in the antigen preparation. The data suggest that cellular sensitivity to homologous collagen in response to bleomycin treatment may play a role in the overall fibrotic response.
Properties of a new complement-dependent bactericidal factor specific for Ra chemotype salmonella in sera of conventional and germ-free mice.
Authors: Kawakami M , Ihara I , Suzuki A , Harada Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A complement-dependent bactericidal factor, Ra-reactive factor, that acts specifically on Ra chemotype strains of Salmonella was found in sera of eighteen strains of nonimmune mice, including a thymusless strain. The specificity of binding of this factor to the cells of Ra chemotype bacteria was evidenced by absorption studies. The factor was inactivated by treatment with 0.02 M 2-mercaptoethanol or heating for 30 min at 55 degrees C. This factor was present in mice reared by feeding with a chemically defined, antigen-free diet under germ-free conditions. Fetal and newborn mice from a conventional or germ-free mother had the factor, although the titer was lower than the adults'. The titer in the newborn mice reached adult level 1 wk after birth. The titer in the adult mice did not increase markedly after immunization with heat-killed bacteria or administration of Freund's complete adjuvant and turpentine. These results indicate that this factor is actively produced by mice that have never been stimulated with exogenous Ra antigen.
Immunologic deficiency during experimental Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection): role of adherent, nonspecific esterase-positive splenic cells.
Authors: Kierszenbaum F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The involvement of adherent splenic cells in the production of deficient lymphocyte responses during the acute phase of experimental Chagas' disease was investigated. When cultured together, purified adherent splenocytes from mice acutely infected with Trypanosoma cruzi caused a significant reduction in the responses of normal mouse spleen cells to T and B cell-specific mitogens. Similar observations were made when infected mouse adherent splenocytes were co-cultured with normal mouse nonadherent cells. Exchange of adherent cells in infected mouse spleen cells suspensions for adherent cells from uninfected mice resulted in increased responses to stimulation with the T and B cell mitogens tested. Treatment of infected mouse cell suspensions with indomethacin improved the responsiveness of these cells to the mitogens. These results support the concept that the immunosuppression that is characteristic of experimental acute Chagas' disease is at least in part mediated by an adherent cell population and is dependent on a prostaglandin-mediated mechanism.
Defective natural cytotoxicity in patients with cancer: normal number of effector cells but decreased recycling capacity in patients with advanced disease.
Authors: Steinhauer E H , Doyle A T , Reed J , Kadish A S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patients with advanced cancer exhibited lower natural cytotoxicity against K562 target cells in a standard short-term chromium release assay than did patients with localized malignancy or normal individuals. Although natural killer (NK) activity of advanced cancer patients could be augmented by nylon column depletion of adherent cells and enriched further by fractionation of discontinuous Percoll gradients, the NK level attained remained below that obtained from PBL of normal donors treated by the same procedures. The pattern of NK activity obtained on the Percoll gradients was the same for all individuals studied. The proportion of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) paralleled NK activity and was highest in the peak NK fraction in all individuals tested. Advanced cancer patients with low NK activity showed no decrease in number of LGL from that of other cancer patients or normals. Similarly, there was no decrease in target binding cell number. Using a single-cell assay in agarose, we found that the number of active NK cells was the same for all patients, whether with localized or advanced malignancy, and normal subjects. In a 3-hr time period, there were no differences in the rate of killing in agarose. The maximum killing potential (Vmax) of the NK-deficient advanced cancer patients in a 51Cr-release assay was significantly lower than that of normals or other cancer patients. The observed defect in natural cytotoxicity of these patients thus appeared to be due to a reduced recycling capacity.
Antibody affinity may influence antigenic modulation of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen in vitro.
Authors: Lebien T W , Boué D R , Bradley J G , Kersey J H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have produced a new monoclonal antibody designated BA-3. An extensive side-by-side serologic comparison of BA-3 with the anti-common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) monoclonal antibody J-5 was undertaken. Cells examined included established leukemic cell lines, malignant cells from patients with newly diagnosed leukemia/lymphoma, and normal hematopoietic tissues. In all experiments the cellular distribution of the antigens recognized by BA-3 and J-5 were identical when analyzed by immunofluorescent microscopy and the FACS. Iodination of NALM-6 cells, followed by radioimmunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE, indicated that BA-3 (like J-5) precipitated a glycoprotein of approximately 100,000 daltons. Competitive binding studies using 125I-labeled BA-3 indicated that BA-3 and J-5 were binding to closely associated (if not identical) epitopes on CALLA. Calculation of the equilibrium constant (K value) for BA-3 and J-5, and the approximate number of CALLA molecules per cell, was graphically determined using Scatchard plots. BA-3 and J-5 were shown to have K values of approximately 2.7 x 10(7) M-1 and 7.2 x 10(7) M-1, respectively, with NALM-6 cells expressing 1 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(5) CALLA molecules per cell. Additional studies with BA-3 failed to demonstrate significant antigenic modulation of CALLA in vitro using fresh leukemic cells and leukemic cell lines. Thus, we suggest that antibody affinity may be a significant factor influencing antigenic modulation of CALLA in vitro.
Further Observations on the Toxins of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Kirkbride Mary B. , Wheeler Mary W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is obviously important that a definite conclusion be reached as to whether, with present methods, it is possible to distinguish a specific group of scarlet fever streptococci. Although agglutination reactions are undoubtedly of value in bringing out certain variations, any differentiation of practical significance must be based ultimately on the action of the toxin.
In a report presented last year (1) we recorded the results of studies with a hundred and fifty strains of hemolytic streptococci from different sources, tested on goats. The results of these tests indicate no fundamental qualitative or quantitative differences in the toxins of scarlet and non-scarlet fever streptococci.
Similar observations have since been recorded. Dr. Anna Williams (2), Dr. E. C. Rosenow (3) and other investigators find that hemolytic streptococci from infections other than scarlet fever frequently produce toxins similar to those of the scarlet fever streptococci and they also report variable reactions in different individuals.
The Blood-Groups Among the Laps in Sweden
Authors: Rietz Torsten 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An investigation of the blood-groups among Swedish Laps shows (1) a proportion of 51 per cent group I, 42 per cent group II, 3 per cent group III and 4 per cent group IV. (2) that the proportion between I, II and III differs from hitherto examined peoples, and (3) that the examination of the blood is not in accord with findings in mongolian races.
A Simple Reaction for Detecting the Binding of Agglutinins by Difficultly Agglutinable Suspensions
Authors: Mudd Stuart 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A simple reaction is described which has proved satisfactory for detection of the binding of agglutinins by certain difficultly agglutinable bacteria. The reaction is ordinarily positive in the agglutination prezone. It has proved useful in some instances for detecting sensitization of cells which undergo spontaneous sedimentation.
Alcohol Soluble Specific Substances of B. Diphtheriae and of Streptothrix
Authors: Freund J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The antigens of the bacterial suspension and the alcoholic extract of the diphtheria strain used in our experiment could not be differentiated in the absorption experiment. The diphtheria toxin is a different antigen from both the alcohol soluble antigen and the antigens demonstrable in our non-toxic diphtheria bacillus emulsion. The alcohol soluble specific substance of the B. diphtheriae is soluble in methyl alcohol, aceton and weak alkali; insoluble in ether, weak acids and water. The N content of two purified preparations was 5.6 and 5.7 per cent respectively. After hydrolysis the biuret reaction was negative, the ninhydrin reaction was positive. Pepsin and trypsin did not increase the potency of a purified preparation for the complement fixation test. The unit for the complement fixation test in the purified preparation was from 0.00035 to 0.00045 mgm. The addition of an alcoholic solution of lecithin to the alcoholic extract of B. diphtheriae increases its potency in the complement fixation test four times. The solubility of this specific substance makes its protein nature improbable.
An alcohol soluble specific substance was demonstrated in a streptothrix strain. The unit for the complement fixation test in a non-purified preparation was 0.0006 mgm. The addition of an alcoholic solution of lecithin to the alcoholic extract of streptothrix increases its potency in the complement fixation test 200 times in a mixture containing 2 per cent alcoholic extract.
No alcohol soluble specific substance could be demonstrated in the case of B. xerosis, of trychophyton, actinomyces and yeast.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Spain W. C. , Cooke Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the use of a 95 per cent ethyl alcoholic extract of Toxicodendron radicans, (L.), (Rhus radicans), it is possible to reproduce, in susceptible individuals, the vesicular lesion typical of “poison ivy” dermatitis. It is also possible to confer varying degrees of protection to such susceptible individuals by means of hypodermic injections of the same alcoholic extract. A description of this mode of treatment, with its results, is given here, together with a discussion of later refinements in the preparation of the extracts and in the technic of treatment.
The extract, as first employed by us, was prepared in the following manner: fresh, whole leaves of Toxicodendron radicans, with all excess moisture removed, were placed in clean glass jars, and were covered with 95 per cent ethyl alcohol, in a proportion of 1 gram of leaf to 3 cc. of alcohol. The jars were then tightly capped, and placed in the ice box.
Studies on the Serologic Classification of B. Botulinus
Authors: Gunnison J. B. , Schoenholz P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The results obtained by the application of the precipitin test to the serologic classification of B. botulinus agree closely with those previously obtained by means of the agglutination and complement fixation reactions. The precipitin test is highly specific for the two types of B. botulinus and for the sub-groups within those type.
Some Factors Governing the Production of Diphtheria Toxin in Artificial Culture Media
Authors: Gibbs Charles S. , Rettger Leo F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The principles involved in the production of toxin by diphtheria bacilli in artificial culture media are of great scientific and practical interest. It is quite apparent that there is no full agreement in the different biologic laboratories as to what constitutes the proper method of commercial toxin production, and experiences too often reveal the fact that much still remains unknown concerning the underlying factors. In this investigation a special study was made of the following phases of the subject.
The care of stock cultures, and maintenance of virulence on artificial culture media. The preparation of a uniform culture medium which favors the normal growth of the organism and the production of potent diphtheria toxin. A comparative study of different peptic and tryptic digests as substrates for normal growth and toxin production.
Attempts were made to keep the various factors under control, because, as experiences of the writers soon showed, they are so inter-related that any variation in one very materially influences the others.
Some Observations of the Skin and Mucous Membrane Reactions in Hay Fever
Authors: Baldwin Louis B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Routine skin tests were performed over a period of two to four years in 36 individuals, who have either a unilateral or bilateral inheritance of hay fever. One individual gave a positive skin reaction without clinical signs of hypersensitiveness, and 5 developed positive skin reactions while under observation and also contracted hay fever. The skin reaction was negative at the onset of hay fever in one case, but became positive the following season. It was less intense the first season of hay fever and became more intense the following season in another case. In the other 3 cases the skin reactions became positive shortly before or during the onset of hay fever and have not varied since. No correlation could be made in these 5 cases between the intensity of the skin reaction and the mucous membrane sensitivity. Pollen extracts were successfully used to test for mucous membrane sensitivity in these 6 cases.
Reactions of the Circular Muscle of the Crop During Anaphylactic Shock in Pigeons
Authors: Hanzlik P. J. , Stockton A. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The symptoms of anaphylactic shock in pigeons have been known for some time, but the simultaneous occurrence of crop hyperactivity was not described until our preliminary report before the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (1). The method of demonstrating the hyperactivity is so simple and easy and the results of our studies are so conclusive that, we feel, they establish the crop as a suitable organ in situ for demonstrations in teaching, and for further study of smooth muscle actions. The object of this paper is to present the details of the method and to describe the reactions of the crop in general and the results of tests of certain current theories of the anaphylactic responses of smooth muscle. These theories with their evidence and the literature of the subject have been sufficiently reviewed and discussed by previous authors. They require no discussion by us in this paper.
Amino acid residues distinct from the determinant region can profoundly affect activation of T cell clones by related antigens.
Authors: Shastri N , Miller A , Sercarz E E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific T cell clones derived from the C57BL/6 strain were found to be about 100-fold more sensitive to the closely related ring-necked pheasant lysozyme (REL) in a dose-dependent proliferation assay. This apparent heteroclicity of REL was independent of the fine specificity of the clones. However, when stimulations by corresponding cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides (L2H and L2R) known to contain the determinants recognized by all of the clones were compared, the preference for REL was lost. Conversely, an HEL-specific, I-Ad-restricted clone that did not respond to REL responded equally well to L2H and to L2R. Because the HEL/REL reactivity differences involved only the T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC), and were correlated with differential sensitivity to the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine, it appears that the reactivity differences relate to the manner in which lysozymes are processed by the APC. Thus, conclusions about T cell "clonal specificity," usually attributed to differences in recognition of the determinant regions, may in some cases reflect differential antigen handling that depends on sites on the molecule distant from the determinant.
In vitro differentiation of B lymphocytes from primitive hemopoietic precursors present in long-term bone marrow cultures.
Authors: Dorshkind K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B lymphocytes are not produced in the Dexter long-term bone marrow cultures, but a primitive B cell precursor is present. The findings presented in this study demonstrate that this precursor can be induced to produce B lymphocytes by transferring the cultures to the Whitlock conditions for the long-term growth of B cells in vitro. Two weeks after the transfer of cultures maintained at 33 degrees C in medium supplemented with horse serum and steroids to low concentrations of fetal calf serum at 37 degrees C, marked effects can be observed. The pattern of cell growth changes from one in which the hemopoietic cells are clustered in tight foci containing several hundred cells to smaller ones in which the cells are not as densely packed. Fat cells in the adherent layer disappear and the supporting stroma becomes more uniform in appearance. This change in the culture format is accompanied by a decrease in the number of nonadherent cells and a shift from myelopoiesis to lymphopoiesis. The numbers of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors decline weekly after the change in culture conditions and are not detected by the third week. B cell colony-forming units appear by 3 wk. Cells that express the 14.8 cell surface antigen are induced by 1 wk after the change in culture conditions, followed by the appearance of surface IgM-bearing cells 2 wk later. This shift to lymphopoiesis can be confirmed morphologically. Granulocytes and macrophages disappear from the cultures by 4 wk, at which time almost all of the cells have a characteristic lymphocyte morphology. Upon switching these cultures back to the original Dexter conditions, only low levels of transient myelopoiesis can be reinitiated.