bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rollcurve Gears
Authors: Golber H. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In automatic machinery the movements of the various bodies are usually obtained from the motion of a follower compelled by a driver. The driver is usually assumed to rotate at a uniform speed and the follower is given some definite motion, ordinarily a definite rotation. When the follower motion is to be a rotation at uniform speed, the driver and follower are usually connected by ordinary circular gears. When the follower motion is to be a rotation of nonuniform speed, elliptical gears are sometimes used. When the follower is to move in a more complicated manner, all kinds of devices, such as cams or planetary levers, are used. Very frequently the designer does not know of any means for producing the desired follower motion. Therefore, he is compelled to use an undesirable motion which he knows how to produce, and abandons what he considers the best.
This article discusses rollcurve gears. It shows that by using such gears, the follower can be given practically any desired motion, thereby enabling the designer to produce the follower motion desired and obtain the best condition in the new machine. The article first illustrates actual rollcurve gears installed and in use on actual machines. It discusses their durability and applicability, and gives a short history of some of them. This is to assure anyone that these gears are reliable and that their production is practical.
The article next shows the production of the “speedgraf,” which is a standard method developed by the author to make the desired method perfectly definite. It is then shown how to convert the speedgraf into rollcurves which may then be drawn and tested on the drawing board. The rollcurves can then be used to obtain patterns for the gear blanks. These gear blanks then have the teeth cut into them, converting them into a pair of gears. When the driver moves at uniform speed, the follower moves in the desired motion. The result is positive and reliable.
Certain features that occur in connection with the rollcurve gears are explained. Also, to show the broad applicability of the gears, a few speedgrafs, for which gears have already been made, are shown and are commented upon.
Nozzle Coefficients for Free and Submerged Discharge
Authors: Folsom R. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents in brief form a summary of investigations made at the hydraulic laboratory of the University of California, in cooperation with the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Fluid Meters, to determine nozzle coefficients for free and submerged discharge. A description of test facilities and procedure is included. The results given concern a series of A.S.M.E. long-radius nozzles for 3-in., 4-in., and 8-in. pipes tested with pipes of different wall roughness, various upstream piping arrangements, and different pressure-tap locations. Some data on I.S.A. nozzles which have been manufactured at the University shops are added.
Organization—Design for Modern Business
Authors: Raymond Fairfield E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Questions of organization for large-scale enterprise are of increasing importance, since existing concepts applicable to single-unit organizations are becoming noticeably inadequate. More dynamic concepts appear to be necessary to comprehend those particular activities essential to a business and to provide adequate channels of coordination in an effort to humanize management. For each degree of specialization, in ascending from the smallest to the largest size of business, the direct channels of coordination following the lines of authority need to be supplemented by appropriate channels to make mutuality of interest effective. Decentralization, in contrast to centralized authority, may not only facilitate leadership, but also provide a means by broadening the organization structure to draw administrator and worker closer together, materially enhancing their unity of purpose. Recent developments point not only to an increasing functionalization of administration, but also to the reversal of the long-accepted pyramidal structure of management where the work group becomes the unit of management and the superstructure of organization must be justified on the service it renders these units. With increasing frequency the lack of constructive research in the field of organization has been remarked upon. In these times when the effectiveness of large-scale business is being challenged, is it not appropriate to seek for more comprehensive and possibly dynamic concepts of organization?
Pulsating Air Velocity Measurement
Authors: Bailey Neil P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper includes an analysis of the weaknesses of three methods of air velocity measurement, that is, (1) the hot-wire anemometer, (2) the Thomas or Callandar meter, and (3) nozzles, orifices, or pitot tubes used with liquid manometers, and the author points out that these methods give unreliable results when the air flow is pulsating. After analyzing the influence of plenum chambers he then describes a modified proportional flowmeter in which the pressure change of a nozzle, orifice, or pitot tube produces an air velocity through a small orifice which is always proportional to the instantaneous velocity of the main air flow; therefore, by measuring volumetrically the air that passes through the small orifice, the average velocity of the main air flow can be determined. Included in the paper are test results obtained with this meter on a 3¼ × 4½-in. single-cylinder C.F.R. internal-combustion engine.
Changes in a High-Pressure Drum to Eliminate Recurrence of Cracks Due to Corrosion Fatigue
Authors: White Albert E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of an investigation which was undertaken for the purpose of determining the cause of the cracks found in the No. 5 boiler at the Edgar Station of the Boston Edison Company. It also discusses the cause of the cracks found in the water columns and in certain of the superheater fittings and headers of this same boiler. The boiler in question is one of the first high-pressure units installed in this country and, therefore, it was quite essential that the cause of the cracks be determined and suitable steps be taken to prevent their recurrence. The study sets forth the changes which were made.
As a result of the investigation it was not felt that any of the difficulty could be attributed to faulty metal. The material was of the proper chemical composition and had suitable physical properties.
The primary cause of the cracks was believed due to corrosion fatigue resulting from stresses set up by changes in temperature on the surface of the metal in combination of a relatively low pH value of the water which was at times in contact with the metal that developed cracks.
As a result of the removal of the cracked metal and the changes in design which would prevent fluctuating temperatures on the surface of the drum at the boiler feedwater inlet, as well as other design changes which would raise the pH value, particularly in the water columns, it is not anticipated that further cracking will take place.
The Resistance to Relaxation of Materials at High Temperature
Authors: Robinson Ernest L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Relaxation tests at high temperature give direct information on the permanent tightness of bolted joints and shrinkage assemblies. They also give direct measurements of the effectiveness of strain-relief anneals. Indirectly they give, in relatively short time and small furnace space, reliable information on long-time constant-stress behavior although direct computation of either type of performance from the other is uncertain. In relaxation tests, total strain is definitely limited, whereas, creep rates based on constant-stress tests may, but do not necessarily, correspond to excessive amounts of strain, thus giving too optimistic indications of strength. Although advantageous, relaxation tests do not take the place of constant-stress tests. A simple formulation for relaxation is given which holds good for considerable periods although rather sudden changes of trend suggest the possibility of physical changes in the material which are not easily predictable in advance. Test results are given on six materials at various temperatures.
Modern Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Bailey E. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper considers the fusing temperatures of various kinds of coal ash and slag, and their significance with respect to furnace temperatures, operation, and design.
A method of comparing furnace operating results is suggested consisting of (1) taking accurate gas temperatures throughout a furnace, (2) then calculating from them the rates of heat absorption in different zones, (3) calculating an “equivalent heat-receiving-surface temperature” for each zone, (4) taking samples of ash and slag from different portions of the furnace and determining the fusing-temperature range from such samples, (5) plotting these data as a “gas-ash temperature graph” against heat-absorbing surface, (6) comparing the data as shown on such graph with observed behavior of ash and slag in the furnace, and (7) comparing different furnaces, different coals, and methods of operation through the use of such graphs. Examples of the use of the method are given.
There is also included a comparison of methods for measuring furnace temperatures. Colored motion pictures illustrating some phenomena relating to slag in furnaces were shown at the time of presentation of the paper.
Studies in Boundary Lubrication: Variables Influencing the Coefficient of Static Friction Between Clean and Lubricated Metal Surfaces
Authors: Campbell W. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A thorough survey has been made of the literature on static-friction measurement. It is shown that there are large discrepancies among the results of different investigators and it is concluded that the differences are largely due to lack of control of experimental technique. A complete bibliography is presented.
An experimental study of several of the more important variables influencing static friction is described. The variables studied are the effect of load, vibration, and cleanliness of the surfaces. An inclined-plane and a horizontal-plate apparatus are used. It is concluded that the method of cleaning the surfaces is the factor which has the greatest influence upon the results and it is shown that invisible films which may be deposited upon the surfaces during the cleaning process can exert large effects upon static-friction measurements.
A method of cleaning is described which involves polishing the surfaces with moist abrasive. This method yields high and reproducible values for static friction between unlubricated surfaces. It is shown that sulphide and oxide films on steel, copper, and brass produce a lowering in static friction and that the amount of lowering depends upon the thickness of the film.
A comparison is made between the static and the kinetic values obtained on several bearing metals lubricated with typical oils. It is shown that the static values are in general considerably higher than the kinetic values, and it is concluded that the differences which are observed are due in large part to viscosity effects in the kinetic measurements.
An analysis of static-friction measurements on typical lubricating oils leads to the conclusion that moisture and corrosion effects are responsible for many of the phenomena observed. It is concluded that static-friction measurements do not lend themselves to routine testing of oils, but that they can be used to considerable advantage for studying single variables influencing boundary lubrication.
By-Product Fuels in the Steel Industry
Authors: Fox E. G. , Clemmitt W. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A normal annual supply of by-product gases, having a heat content equivalent to about 32,000,000 tons of coal, results from the production of metallurgical coke and from the smelting of pig iron. This paper deals comprehensively with the uses within the steel industry of coke-oven gas, blast-furnace gas, and mixtures of the two gases, which constitute the by-product fuels. After outlining the characteristics and combustion properties of each, the authors give in some detail their applications to the various heating requirements of steel production. The process of mixing the two gases to obtain the maximum heat value is explained thoroughly. The fact is stressed that by-product fuels be utilized in processes where the greatest economic value will result. The method of arriving at the potential values of these gases in relation to that of tar, fuel oil, and coal is fully expounded, several examples of cost analyses being cited to illustrate the procedure.
The Flow of Water in Channels Under Steep Gradients
Authors: Durand W. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the case of water flowing down a steep slope with the upper surface exposed to the air, the usual conditions and equations for hydraulic flow under moderate velocities no longer apply. The changed conditions involve greatly increased velocities, insufflation by air, a surface in contact with the air, uneven, foamy and rolling, with consequent air resistance as an important factor in the problem.
The questions of interest involve the history of the water from its start at a zero or moderate velocity at the top of the slope until it reaches the bottom, or until a limit velocity is reached where the resistance to flow equals the acceleration, and measurably steady conditions continue. Specifically, the questions of chief interest are: With given conditions at the top of the slope, what velocity will be acquired after a given length of run or after a given period of time? The present paper gives a mathematical stepwise solution of these problems, depending on a knowledge of the initial conditions and a known or assumed value of a coefficient β, relating the resistance to flow at a given point in the run or at a given instant of time, to the square of the velocity. Values of the coefficient β await the results of observation on actual cases of such flow. With representative sets of such values, an attempt at generalization could be made. A further important question relates to the details of the way in which the air enters a stream of rapidly flowing water, thus producing the insufflation which is so important a factor in the problem.
An Improved System in the Application of Noncondensing or Extraction Turbines
Authors: Cross H. W. , Wells E. S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate methods by which the electrical output of noncondensing or extraction turbines may be increased. The electrical output is definitely established by the energy drop between initial and exhaust conditions and by the quantity of steam flow. By increasing the total steam temperature at the throttle for a given pressure, the available energy is increased and consequently the electrical output. The application of a combined desuperheater and feedwater heater at the exhaust is shown to be advantageous in realizing gains from the use of higher-temperature steam. Examples demonstrating the possibilities inherent in such systems are illustrated and explained.
Some Problems in the Design and Operation of Merchant Vessels
Authors: Lee Robert C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents certain technical aspects of ship design and operation as viewed from the standpoint of the executive administration of the merchant marine. The author evaluates the recent developments in hull and machinery design and construction in terms of economics. From the records of the Scantic Line and the American Republics Line, operating-cost figures are cited to demonstrate the relation of the various factors involved in ship operation. A review of shipbuilding costs and sales values of ships is included. Among other important matters discussed in the paper are safety provisions, crew training and personnel relations, and finally mention is made of the need for better and more efficient methods of cargo handling. The problems are proposed without solutions being available for many of them, in the hope that subsequent discussion may develop answers.
Where Does Interpretation Begin?—Analysis of the Oil-Engine Power Cost Report
Authors: Schweitzer P. H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of fuel-oil and lubricating-oil economy based on the 1937 A.S.M.E. Oil-Engine Power Cost Report. Both analyses are divided into two sections, the factual and the interpretative parts. The nature of the factual analysis does not permit drawing any conclusion beyond the one that, in making more judicious use of graphical representations, the usefulness of the Cost Report can be greatly increased. Conclusions from the interpretative analysis are as follows:
1 Engine load has a great effect on both fuel- and lubricating-oil economy.
2 Engine type has a great effect on lubricating-oil economy and a small effect on fuel-oil economy.
3 Year of manufacture has a great effect on both fuel- and lubricating-oil economy.
4 In both cases the improvement is wholly due to advance in design and construction.
5 Engine size has practically no effect on either fuel- or lubricating-oil economy.
6 Engine speed has practically no effect on either fuel- or lubricating-oil economy.
7 Fuel gravity has practically no effect on fuel economy.
8 Other factors may have some small effect on fuel- and lubricating-oil economy but they have not been sufficiently investigated.
Generator Characteristics as Affecting System Operation
Authors: Wright Sherwin H. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In an interconnected power system the frequency regulation and tie-line power swings are influenced by the electrical characteristics of all electric equipment connected to the system, including generators, lines, and miscellaneous motors, as well as by the mechanical characteristics of all rotating apparatus. In this paper the interrelated action of these factors is visualized by means of the mechanical analogy developed in connection with power-system stability, and this is augmented by a discussion of angular displacement with load and kinetic-energy values for typical machines, generator reactance, and short-circuit ratio.
Steam-Turbine Governors
Authors: Caughey Reed J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper has been prepared as a contribution to a symposium on the subject of steam-turbine governors. The importance of the subject at present arises more from the increasing complexity of interconnection requirements than from any definite deficiency in existing apparatus. Attempts have recently been made to draft specifications for governing equipment that might be applicable both to steam and hydraulic prime movers. The purpose of this paper is to state briefly the essential characteristics, functions, and behavior of governing apparatus both for condensing and superposed turbines. Definitions are suggested for terms and phrases frequently used without definite significance. In conclusion the essential points of a brief specification are outlined for the purpose of discussion.
The Field of System Governing
Authors: Davis Albion 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The field of system governing lies between the problems of pulsating loads and electrical stability on the one hand and frequency or time control on the other. It is concerned with the short period swings or hunting action for which poor governors are usually responsible. With proper instruments, poor governor units may be detected readily and corrections made. Sensitive governors may be substituted for them. The paper discusses some of the elements of governing from the standpoint of the system operator and suggests certain essential requirements which new governors should meet.
Regulation of System Load and Frequency
Authors: Estrada Herbert , Dryar H. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the practices of the Philadelphia Electric Company system in the regulation of system load and frequency, including the scheduling and actual operation of generating capacity with regard to reliability and economy. A summary of the principles of economical load allocations on both steam and hydrogenerating stations is presented. The effect of changes in system load or generation on frequency, the self-regulation characteristic of the system, and the combined system governor action are discussed from the standpoint of the individual and the interconnected group of systems. The practices of the interconnection, of which the Philadelphia Electric Company is a member, in manually regulating the frequency and the incident problems thereto are considered. A discussion of governor instantaneous and average speed regulation, sensitivity, and response is given, with particular reference to their effect on frequency regulation.
The Influence of Crystal Size on the Wear Properties of a High-Lead Bearing Metal
Authors: Connelly John R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper, describes work done to correlate metallurgical aspects of a bearing metal with mechanical testing under conditions existing in a bearing. Previous work by Karelitz and Kenyon (1), and by the author (2) and (3) have concerned effects of different composition of bearing metal and different loading and size of specimen. The present investigation was made to determine the effect on removal of the bearing-metal surface and the pressure at which the oil film breaks down as a result of variations in the crystalline structure of the bearing metal. In this work both the chemical composition of the bearing metal and the size of the specimen were constant. The crystalline structure was varied and the resulting change in properties determined.
Cavitation of Hydraulic-Turbine Runners
Authors: Sharp R. E. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper contains a brief analytical discussion of runner cavitation. The I. P. Morris cavitation equipment is described, and results with this apparatus are compared with those of the Holtwood laboratory. A calibration gage in the development stage is also described. Stroboscopic apparatus for photographing runners during operation under cavitating conditions is illustrated, and various photographs above and below the sigma break are reproduced and discussed. A comparison of the index test of a prototype with a model at the same value of sigma is submitted.
The Engineering Method in Management
Authors: Peterson Andrew I. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Professional management in modern industry demands competence and vital direction of a high order, approached only with scientific objectivity. Engineering and economics are the basic tools of the profession. The author reduces the problems inherent in applied economics to four types: The selection, replacement, and apportionment of elements of production; the analysis of optimum enterprise economy; the rationalization of the dynamics of specific industries; and the interpretation and guidance of the trends and adjustments in the parent social environment. The paper indicates the necessity for more critical research and broader training in industrial management.