bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder control of international organization evaluation systems
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the institutional design of international organizations’ (IOs) evaluation systems by conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring stakeholder control over IO evaluation units. Although formally independent, these units require resources that enable their work. IO member states and/or administrations have to approve their budgets, staff appointments, and evaluation agenda. As the findings show, the allocation of such control resources varies across 21 United Nations’ (UN) system IOs: while, in some organizations, evaluation units are controlled mainly by member states, in other IOs, it is the IO bureaucracy that decides upon the budget, staff, and evaluation agenda. As further chapters investigate, this variation creates tensions between the formal independence of the evaluation function and the concurrent dependency of evaluation units on necessary resources.
Political biases in international organization evaluation reports
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates the content of international organizations’ (IOs) evaluation reports, searching for potential political biases. It asks whether there are patterns in evaluation findings and recommendations that would systematically reflect powerful stakeholders’ interests and thus could be perceived as political biases. While no such patterns are found in terms of the positivity or negativity of evaluation findings, evaluation recommendations systematically favor stakeholder interests, depending on who controls evaluation system resources. In IOs where member states have the control, recommendations are more specific in their content and contain fewer implications on resource expansion and oversight reduction. By contrast, in IOs where IO administrations control evaluation units’ budget, staff, and agenda, produced recommendations tend to be broader (more ambiguous) in their content and contain more implications on the need to enlarge bureaucratic resources and reduce political oversight. These findings are based on the analysis of 212 evaluation reports across 6 different IOs by manually coding their executive summary and recommendations sections.
Conclusion
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 concludes how the book’s findings alter existing understandings of international organizations (IOs) and the role of evaluation in their policy processes. Also, the chapter offers a more practical discussion on the conduct of evaluation in IOs while not neglecting, but acknowledging, the politics surrounding the processes. For one, the findings imply that more guidance on the status and formulation of evaluation recommendations is needed. Also, the book clearly shows that it matters who controls evaluation system resources. Different institutional constellations as to how IOs can design their evaluation systems are discussed, outlining relevant trade-offs and dilemmas. Finally, the idea of a centralized, UN-wide evaluation unit is examined, highlighting potential drawbacks of such a reform in light of already existing evaluation politics.
Introduction
Authors: Rudolphy Marcela Prieto 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the aim of the book, which is to justify what is known as the equality of combatants or the symmetry thesis. Combatants are legally equal during armed conflict: they are lawful targets, and they can kill each other during battle. Traditionally, philosophers thought this legal symmetry was also true of morality. The opposite is true now: most philosophers think that unjust combatants who kill just combatants are engaged in the murder of the innocent. This position—known as ‘revisionism’—presents an obvious, albeit mostly ignored, challenge to international law: how can we justify the laws of armed conflict if they allow people to murder the innocent? The chapter then provides a roadmap of the book. Thereafter, it clarifies the meaning of terms that will be used throughout the book, such as just combatants, just war, evidence-relative, and fact-relative. Finally, it briefly surveys the laws of armed conflict regarding the killing of combatants by answering who is a privileged combatant, who can be targeted, the limits on the means of targeting, and when targeting combatants is permissible.
Regulating Murder
Authors: Rudolphy Marcela Prieto 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the humanitarian view, whereby the laws of war are justified on the basis of their ability to reduce suffering, cannot justify the legal equality of combatants if revisionists are right, and unjust combatants are simply like those who murder the innocent. However, the failure of the humanitarian view does not provide a conclusive argument against instrumentalist justifications of the symmetry thesis. The chapter proceeds to argue for a different, contingent, instrumentalist account, by relying on John Rawls’s distinction between ideal and non-ideal theory and on what the book refers to as ‘the perpetual peace ideal’. Nevertheless, as this chapter concludes, the instrumentalist account provided can only justify, contingently, the adoption of the symmetry thesis, not its content. It thus remains incredibly fragile when premised on the revisionist morality of war. And although, in many ways, moral fragility is inescapable for both just war theory and the legal regulation of war, we would do well in trying to attenuate it.
Beyond Self-Defence
Authors: Rudolphy Marcela Prieto 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes an alternative account of the morality of killing in war by introducing the idea of moral permissibility. It argues that some instances of harm against the non-liable—agent-relative prerogatives to defend oneself and killing non-liable unjust combatants in pursuit of a just war—might be justified on the basis of a sui generis account of moral permissibility, which has three main features: killing the non-liable wrongs them grievously; killing the non-liable leaves a significant moral residue; and the reasons in favour of killing the non-liable are barely weightier than the reasons against doing so. This last feature relies on Bernard Williams’s idea of there being conflicts where reasons are unanswerably and clearly overridden, and others where they are not. If successful, this account of moral permissibility allows us to move beyond absolute pacifism and to provide a justification for the just combatant’s legal privilege to kill unjust combatants in war. The chapter discusses the objections and advantages of the view, as well as the implications regarding the treatment of the targeting of combatants in International Humanitarian Law.
The Prohibition on the Use of Force
Authors: Reinold Theresa 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 by Theresa Reinold assesses from an IR perspective whether state practice and interpretation have transformed the core value of the non-use of force and the related right to self-defence. Reinold conceptualizes legal change as an alteration of the law’s content, either because a new norm has emerged in vacuo or as a modification of an existing norm. To understand why demands for change arose in the first place and under which conditions these demands translated into norm change, she draws on the psychological principle of dissonance reduction. Analysing the empirical example of the international military campaign against the Islamic State, she finds that a perceived incoherence between the law as it stood prior to 9/11 and the political imperative of effectively combating transnational terrorism drove substantial value change and social validity loss.
Why Drawing Still Matters
Authors: Meyer Caspar 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores drawings of Greek vases from three turning points in the history of ceramic studies and in archaeological thinking more broadly: they reveal how these objects were made sense of through the emergent taxonomies of early modern antiquarianism, how Neoclassical critics reinterpreted the materiality of the painted decoration as form and reconceptualized the act of drawing itself, and finally how drawing allowed painted pottery to be accommodated in the all-embracing classifications of scientific archaeology that crystalized in the twentieth century. The final section considers how drawing aided the formation of processes of knowing, inviting the consideration of touch, embodied viewing, and craft in general into object-based research. Throughout, the aim is to shift the conversation from evaluating drawings of vases as more or less accurate visual records to the transformations which the practice of visualization itself accomplishes—how it shapes the viewer’s perceptions and has given rise to new frameworks of interpretation.
Winckelmann’s Elegant Simplicity
Authors: Smith Amy C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how changing representational strategies in drawing the Greek vase from the middle of the eighteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth centuries influenced the public perception of these objects and the commercialization of Neoclassical reproductions and adaptations. At this time, Greek vases came to be admired, not least by Johann Joachim Winckelmann, for their simplicity of design in both form and decoration. The discussion analyses how the vase came to be perceived as a mere two-dimensional canvas, the influence of the linear ‘international style’, and the translation of the ancient painters’ lines from figural details to indications of pictorial depth and incident light. Analysis of the work of two British manufacturers enables a deeper understanding of the influence of drawings of Greek vases. These include Josiah Wedgwood’s use of the art of John Flaxman and of William Hamilton’s first collection to produce three-dimensional wares inspired by antiquity, and Josiah Spode II’s use of Thomas Kirk’s renderings of Hamilton’s second collection in designing his ‘Greek’ series of blue-and-white transferware.
The Graphic Medium and Artistic Style
Authors: Petsalis-Diomidis Alexia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses Thomas Hope’s graphic engagements with ancient Greek vases. It treats them according to style, dealing first with paintings in the picturesque style, and second with engravings in published books in the neoclassical outline style. The analysis aims to show the different effects of presenting Greek vases in these two artistic styles; and to explore the way that the publications, though finished products in their own right, were also intended to serve as models for further use by painters in new compositions, and by furniture and fashion designers. The chapter therefore investigates how these graphic encounters with Greek vases actively mediated between original artefacts and further two- or three-dimensional artwork. In so doing a case is made for the crucial role played by graphic images in creative receptions of Greek vases at a time when the boundaries between scholarship, archaeology, and contemporary design were fluid.
Volume and Scale
Authors: Lorenz Katharina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the different approaches to illustrating Greek vases in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries impacted the study of ancient visual narrative. It examines the scholarly treatment and visual presentation of two vessels by the Meidias Painter and his circle in Adolf Furtwängler and Karl Reichhold’s seminal 1904 Hervorragende Vasenbilder. The discussion establishes how, in contrast to earlier documentations of these vessels, Furtwängler and Reichhold firmly emphasized in their texts and illustrations the materiality of the vessels as a support for the figure scenes. The analysis establishes how their approach fostered a concern with questions of form and style in subsequent studies. The chapter concludes by demonstrating how Furtwängler and Reichhold’s focus on classification and style prevented their contribution from fostering scholarship on Greek visual storytelling akin to the seminal works of Carl Robert and Franz Wickhoff. Despite the opportunities to use Reichhold’s illustrations to investigate narrative methods, the key parameters for analysing such narratives—namely, the relationship of space and time as they unfold across the painted clay surfaces—remained underappreciated for much of the twentieth century.
Drawing the Greek Vase
Authors: Morton Kate 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since the foundation of the British Museum, one of the main concerns of the Trustees was to publish the growing collection of objects. As part of that process illustrators have been employed to produce high-quality drawings. This chapter introduces the five illustrators employed in the Department of Greece and Rome to produce work relating to the museum’s Greek vase collection from 1893 to the current day. By consulting the departmental archive of both published and unpublished drawings, along with the publications that feature the graphic work, it is possible to describe how drawings were made and how past working methods compare with those of today. The value of drawing as a way of engaging closely with an object is emphasized, along with the benefits of integrating photographic techniques into the drawing process. While illustrators historically were quick to harness the technological advances of their era, the need for carefully executed drawings—packed with morphological and decorative information—has always informed the process. An understanding of the skills of past illustrators is vital for the appreciation of their images and their contribution to the study of Greek vases.
The Use of Photographs in the Trade of Greek Vases
Authors: Nørskov Vinnie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the use of photography in the trade in Greek vases as an aspect of the broader historical connections between archaeology and visualization. While photographs of archaeological objects featured in auction catalogues by the late nineteenth century, they did not replace drawings. Instead, photography provided a new technology to picture multiple objects in the same image, which dealers exploited. The chapter discusses photographs as constructed performances in auction catalogues and in the archive of the dealer John Marshall (1862–1928). In these catalogues, photographs typically show vases against a neutral background, isolating them in time and space, not unlike photographs used in scholarly publications. In addition, there is a tradition of showing a few ‘standout’ objects in the context of elite collectors’ homes. In the dealer’s archive, photographs tend to be more diverse in terms of quality and setup, as is evident from the use of Polaroids by Giacomo Medici (who was convicted of trafficking antiquities in 2004). Overall, the chapter argues that photographs offer new insights into the workings of the antiquities trade.
Afterword
Authors: Meyer Caspar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This afterword highlights connections between the discussions of drawings in the foregoing chapters and the emergence of ontological approaches to material culture in the past twenty years. It considers the implications of describing drawings of Greek vases as ‘illustrations’ or ‘representations’ of objects with anterior properties and argues for the importance of understanding image-making as a generative process in its own right. The relationship between drawing and knowing is brought out by exploring the expressive capacity of the drawn mark to present the object as a ‘timeless’ type or as a ‘palimpsest’ of traces of the artefact’s previous history of use. Finally, the continued importance of drawing in the twenty-first century is emphasized by reference to its value in training responsible users and producers of digital surrogates of archaeological heritage.
Introduction
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The idea for this book derived from my lectures ‘Energy Storage Systems’ and ‘Electrical Storage Systems’. These lectures are part of the master programme ‘Decentralized Energy Generation and Energy Management’ at the University of Applied Science, Reutlingen. Both lectures and this book are influenced by my many years of professional experience, first as project manager and development engineer for solar home storage and then as development manager at REFU Elektronik, later known as REFUdrive. Here we develop battery systems, solar, battery, and drive inverters. Applications range from stationary battery power plants for the balancing energy market, to the electrification of mobile working machines.
Power conversion
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When implementing energy storage systems, different forms of energy usually have to be converted into each other. For example, the battery voltage is often not high enough to be used for the conversion of direct current into alternating current. Therefore, inverters and converters are necessary. This chapter explains these power electronic components. Their function and design are described, and their use is illustrated using the buck converter as an example.Since, in addition to the conversion of direct current into alternating current, the conversion of electrical energy into kinetic energy is also an important task, an introduction to the structure and function of direct current motors and alternating current motors is given. The chapter concludes with a description of the components as system components.
Electrochemical storage systems
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes electrochemical storage devices. The chapter starts with an introduction of the general characteristics and requirements of electrochemical storage: the open circuit voltage, which depends on the state of charge; the two ageing effects, calendaric ageing and cycle life; and the use of balancing systems to compensate for these effects. Then the four most common electrochemical technologies are described: the lead acid battery, the lithium ion battery, the sodium sulphur battery and the redox flow battery. The primary and secondary reactions are described for each cell chemistry, alongside the ageing effects that occur and the measures that can be taken to reduce them. The discharging behaviour, which is very important for a cell’s operation, is also given for each cell chemistry. The system components and requirements of each electrochemistry are detailed, and each electrochemistry is then used in an application example.
Demand side management
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes demand side management, which is a method to better utilise the residual load by shifting consumption over time. The two basic methods, shifting loads and reducing loads, are described. Several examples show how schedules can be created to better use the residual load. The system components and requirements needed for the technology are described. A building complex that optimises the use of a solar power system via demand side management serves as an application example.
The New Rules of the Red Queen Retail Race
Authors: Rusanen Olli 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the twentieth century, major retail chains competed through investments on volume-driving resources that leveraged supply innovation, wide product assortment, and large physical spaces that in turn delivered competitive advantage through economies of scale. Lately, the value of volume-driving resources has declined, creating a problem for retail resource management. Retailers aspire to find new sources of growth and identify emerging value drivers. In this chapter, a model is presented that examines the gap between large retailers’ established resource base and emerging value drivers. The model was developed through comparative longitudinal case analysis of six major retailers in Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The model summarizes four characteristics of resource base with four emerging value drivers. The resource base of established major retailers is built around supply technologies, product orientation, physical environment, and standardization-driven economies of scale. Emerging drivers of resource values are increasingly intangible: demand-driven innovations through data, service orientation, digital solutions, and personalized relationships. This chapter contributes to the discussion about increasingly intangible resource value drivers due to the megatrends of digitalization and servitization.
Physical Retail Spaces in a Digital World
Authors: Pulkka Lauri , Cuthbertson Richard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Given the increasing importance of digital resources within the Red Queen Retail Race, this chapter considers the new meaning of physical space. It looks at different perspectives of the impact of the developing digital revolution on retail real estate. It examines how different organizations perceive different futures for retailing in general and for shopping centres in particular. In addition to teasing out the various perceptions, the chapter attempts to discern what they may mean for the firm, consumers, and the business ecosystem that exists today and which may exist in the future. The structure of this chapter is twofold. First, it describes prior applications of the scenarios methodology as an approach to better understand and prepare for an uncertain retail future. Second, it employs four broad scenarios in three focus groups to explore the implementation and operational implications for the future of physical retail space, the shopping centres in particular.
The Timing of Innovation
Authors: Pulkka Lauri , Cuthbertson Richard 
Published: June 2023

AbstractNot all innovations are successful. While innovation is vital to keeping ahead (or at least level) in the Red Queen Retail Race, it must be the right innovation at the right time. Thus, the capability to innovate has tremendous importance. The continued success and survival of firms depend on it. Innovation gives an edge on competition, and failure to change has been the undoing of many companies. Innovation is also linked to economic growth, and governments around the world enact policies in support of innovation. Moreover, external pressures, whether long-term changes, such as the ongoing digital revolution, or short-term shocks, such as the recent coronavirus pandemic, highlight the importance of innovation capability even further. Depending on the organization, such external pressures can present a cornucopia of opportunities or a kiss of death. This chapter begins with a short overview of the innovation literature, with a focus on why the timing of innovation is relevant. This is followed by a review of innovation capability. It then proposes a construct of innovation capability consisting of capacity, ability, and value. Capability is important but alone insufficient in explaining the timing of innovation. Therefore, the chapter also examines the external forces that act as an impetus to innovation. It then proceeds to show how the implementation of innovation depends on both capability and impetus. Finally, it develops a new model of the timing of innovation that is a function of capabilities, impetus, and implementation.