bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial–Ethnic Disparities in Dual-Function Life Expectancy
Authors: Bauldry Shawn , Thomas Patricia A , Sauerteig-Rolston Madison R , Ferraro Kenneth F 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
This study develops a new concept, dual functionality, that integrates physical and cognitive function. We use the concept to define a measure of dual-function life expectancy (2FLE) and assess racial–ethnic inequalities in aging.

Methods
Drawing on data from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files and the Health and Retirement Study, we define dual functionality as having no limitations in activities of daily living and being free of dementia. We use this measure and Sullivan life tables to estimate age-50 total life expectancy and age-50 2FLE for women and men across 4 racial–ethnic and nativity groups.

Results
At ages 50–54, between 79.0% (95% CI: 73.5, 84.5) and 87.6% (95% CI: 84.0, 91.2) of (non-Hispanic) Black, foreign-born Hispanic, and U.S.-born Hispanic women and men remain dual functional as compared with 90.4% (95% CI: 89.3, 91.4) and 91.4% (95% CI: 90.2, 92.5) of (non-Hispanic) White women and men, respectively. These and corresponding racial–ethnic disparities in dual functionality through ages 85 and older translate into substantial inequalities in 2FLE. For instance, the Black–White gap in age-50 2FLE is 6.9 years (95% CI: −7.5, −6.4) for women and 6.0 years (95% CI: −6.6, −5.4) for men.

Conclusions
Black, foreign-born Hispanic, and U.S.-born Hispanic older adults are estimated to live a smaller percentage of their remaining years with dual functionality than White older adults. These results reveal stark racial–ethnic inequalities in aging that have significant implications for quality of life, caregiving, and health needs.
Efficacy and Tolerance of Thalidomide in Patients With Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Bramuzzo Matteo , Giudici Fabiola , Arrigo Serena , Lionetti Paolo , Zuin Giovanna , Romano Claudio , Graziano Francesco , Faraci Simona , Alvisi Patrizia , Signa Sara , Scarallo Luca , Martelossi Stefano , Di Leo Grazia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Few drugs have been studied for patients with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of thalidomide in children with VEOIBD compared with children with pediatric-onset IBD (pIBD).

Methods
A retrospective cohort study with a control group was conducted. Propensity score 1:1 matching was used to identify control subjects. The treatment persistence; the causes of drug withdrawal; the rate of clinical remission and mucosal healing at 1, 2, and 3 years; and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated in children with VEOIBD treated with thalidomide and compared with children with pIBD.

Results
Thirty-nine courses of treatment with thalidomide in VEOIBD and pIBD patients were compared. The treatment persistence at 1, 2, and 3 years was 68.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.8%-80.6%), 57.0% (95% CI, 39.6%-71.1%), and 50.9% (95% CI, 33.7%-65.8%) for VEOIBD patients and 81.7% (95% CI, 65.3%-90.9%), 60.0% (95% CI, 41.7%-74.3%) and 33.0% (95% CI, 17.4%-49.5%) for pIBD patients, respectively (P = .12). A significantly higher proportion of VEOIBD patients discontinued therapy due to lack of efficacy (48.2% vs 17.2%; P = .03), while AEs were the main reason for discontinuation in pIBD patients. Clinical remission and mucosal healing rates did not significantly differ between VEOIBD and pIBD patients. A significatively lower number of VEOIBD patients experienced AEs compared with pIBD patients (14 [35.9%] vs 30 [76.9%]; P = .0005).

Conclusions
Thalidomide is an effective and tolerated treatment in children with VEOIBD. Discontinuation due to lack of efficacy is more frequent, but AEs are less common than in children with pIBD.
Climate change and growth
Authors: Stern Nicholas , Stiglitz Joseph E 
Published: February 2023

AbstractContrary to much of the conventional wisdom, taking stronger actions on climate change may enhance economic growth, even as conventionally measured, but even more so, in terms of societal well-being. We identify the flaws in the models and analyses which contend that there must be a trade-off and explain the mechanisms and dynamic forces which have the potential to enhance growth. Critically, there are numerous market failures that result in suboptimal economic performance. We explain how addressing climate change reduces the bite of these failures and enhances the incentives and political will to address them. We identify packages of policies that alleviate market failures, enhance growth, and reduce carbon emissions. Finally, we argue that the green transition is coming at a time when, both because of persistent deficiencies of aggregate demand and advances in technology, including artificial intelligence and robotization, the macroeconomic opportunity costs of strong climate actions may be especially low and the benefits particularly high.
Effects of dietary zinc oxide levels on the metabolism of zinc and copper in weaned pigs
Authors: Dalto Danyel Bueno , Audet Isabelle , Roy Caroline , Novais Aliny Kétilim , Deschêne Karine , Goulet Katherine , Matte J Jacques , Lapointe Jérôme 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis study compared different dietary zinc oxide (ZnO) levels on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) metabolism in weaned pigs. One hundred twenty weaned piglets (7.96 ± 1.17 kg; 21 d of age) were used in a completely randomized 3 × 4 factorial design composed with three levels of dietary ZnO at 100 (100Zn), 1,000 (1,000Zn), or 3,000 mg/kg (3,000Zn) and four ages at slaughter at 21 (day 21), 23 (day 23), 35 (day 35), and 42 d (day 42). Dietary Cu levels were constant at 130 mg/kg. Serum, jejunum, liver, and kidney levels of Zn and Cu as well as mRNA abundance of genes related to Zn and Cu metabolism were analyzed. Zinc levels were greatest in 3,000Zn piglets from day 35 in all tissues (P ≤ 0.01). In 3,000Zn piglets, mRNA expression of ZIP4 was reduced in jejunum whereas ZnT1 and MT3 were stimulated in jejunum and liver and MT1 in kidney (P ≤ 0.04) from day 35. Copper levels were greatest in jejunum (P = 0.06) and kidney (P ≤ 0.01; days 35 and 42 only) and lowest in liver and serum (P ≤ 0.01) of 3,000Zn piglets. In conclusion, the treatment containing 3,000 mg ZnO/kg triggered Zn homeostatic mechanisms in weaned pigs and impaired Cu metabolism through high enterocyte and kidney Cu sequestration.
Astrology, plague, and prognostication in early modern England: A forgotten chapter in the history of public health
Authors: Pfeffer Michelle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The ability to foresee the outbreak of epidemic disease, and to predict its course, is a highly coveted skill. Most often associated with statistical techniques, such efforts to improve the health of communities are thought to be exclusively modern. Public health more generally is often said to be categorically distinct from pre-modern medicine, which was interested above all in individual patients and rarely considered the broader health of a population. This article challenges these long-entrenched views by showcasing early modern astrologers at work on disease at the population level. Located at the intersection of medicine and mathematics, astrology was once a promising methodology for monitoring the health of the people. Astrologers made annual predictions about the diseases that would predominate in particular regions, disseminating their forecasts widely alongside advice on what should be done in response. Their ability to think in terms of relatively standardized ‘populations’ — alongside their attempts to correlate the incidence of disease with external factors — made astrologers prime candidates for developing novel approaches to epidemics. Before the epidemiologist there was the astrologer, who looked to the stars to find patterns between celestial configurations and major health events, using their findings to model the rise and fall of epidemics.
Distribution-free model for community detection
Authors: Qing Huan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCommunity detection for unweighted networks has been widely studied in network analysis, but the case of weighted networks remains a challenge. This paper proposes a general distribution-free model (DFM) for weighted networks in which nodes are partitioned into different communities. DFM can be seen as a generalization of the famous stochastic block models from unweighted networks to weighted networks. DFM does not require prior knowledge of a specific distribution for elements of the adjacency matrix but only the expected value. In particular, signed networks with latent community structures can be modeled by DFM. We build a theoretical guarantee to show that a simple spectral clustering algorithm stably yields consistent community detection under DFM. We also propose a four-step data generation process to generate adjacency matrices with missing edges by combining DFM, noise matrix, and a model for unweighted networks. Using experiments with simulated and real datasets, we show that some benchmark algorithms can successfully recover community membership for weighted networks generated by the proposed data generation process.
Automatic hermiticity for mixed states
Authors: Nagao Keiichi , Nielsen Holger Bech 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We previously proposed a mechanism to effectively obtain, after a long time development, a Hamiltonian being Hermitian with regard to a modified inner product IQ that makes a given non-normal Hamiltonian normal by using an appropriately chosen Hermitian operator Q. We studied it for pure states. In this letter we show that a similar mechanism also works for mixed states by introducing density matrices to describe them and investigating their properties explicitly both in the future-not-included and future-included theories. In particular, in the latter, where not only a past state at the initial time TA but also a future state at the final time TB is given, we study a couple of candidates for it, and introduce a “skew density matrix” composed of both ensembles of the future and past states such that the trace of the product of it and an operator ${\cal O}$ matches a normalized matrix element of ${\cal O}$. We argue that the skew density matrix defined with IQ at the present time t for large TB − t and large t − TA approximately corresponds to another density matrix composed of only an ensemble of past states and defined with another inner product $I_{Q_J}$ for large t − TA.
Opportunity or responsibility? Tracing co-creation in the European policy discourse
Authors: Ruess Anja K , Müller Ruth , Pfotenhauer Sebastian M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Co-creation seems to be flourishing across innovation policy discourses: The concept suggests that engaging diverse actors throughout innovation processes will unlock new sources of innovation and conduce robust outcomes. While co-creation seems to embrace new and diverse participation opportunities, it is necessary to interrogate how it affects existing notions of public engagement. In this paper, we explore the discursive uptake of co-creation in European innovation policy. Drawing on a qualitative discourse analysis of European Union (EU) publications, we scrutinize the value propositions of co-creation and discuss them in light of the existing public engagement literature. We find that the EU tends to foreground alleged economic benefits of co-creation over questions of social justice. To that effect, it consistently conflates citizens, consumers, and users and blurs the line between self-motivated opportunity and democratic legitimacy. Countering the prevalent co-creation optimism, we propose a more nuanced outlook on co-creation that should prompt further scholarly inquiry.
Live and (Let) Die – Shifting Legitimacies and Organizational Mortality in American Higher Education, 1944–2018
Authors: Zapp Mike , Dahmen Clarissa 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Sociologists of U.S. higher education have emphasized the sector’s historical expansion, which has limited the attention given to the dynamics of organizational closure. Drawing on an original dataset comprising colleges and universities across all sectors and tiers, we show how general expansion is tempered by 354 organizational closures between 1944 and 2018. Closures cluster in time between 1964 and 1974 and after 2008 reflecting shifting causes of and responses to legitimacy loss. Analyses provide support for hypotheses drawn from institutional theory, and, while controlling for a number of variables, identify two main causes of college mortality. These are demographic exclusivity, i.e., women’s and (historically) Black college status, and accreditation. Mortality of exclusionary institutions is further associated with social activism and the system-wide diffusion of related group-differentiated study programs, particularly in the period 1944–1979. By contrast, accreditation becomes more important in the post-1980 period.
Insulin Infusion Dosing in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Forestell Ben , Battaglia Frank , Sharif Sameer , Eltorki Mohamed , Samaan M. Constantine , Choong Karen , Rochwerg Bram 
Published: February 2023

OBJECTIVES:
In children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), insulin infusions are the mainstay of treatment; however, optimal dosing remains unclear. Our objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of different insulin infusion doses for the treatment of pediatric DKA.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane from inception to April 1, 2022.

STUDY SELECTION:
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of children with DKA comparing intravenous insulin infusion administered at 0.05 units/kg/hr (low dose) versus 0.1 units/kg/hr (standard dose).

DATA EXTRACTION:
We extracted data independently and in duplicate and pooled using a random effects model. We assessed the overall certainty of evidence for each outcome using the Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
We included four RCTs (n = 190 participants). In children with DKA, low-dose compared with standard-dose insulin infusion probably has no effect on time to resolution of hyperglycemia (mean difference [MD], 0.22 hr fewer; 95% CI, 1.19 hr fewer to 0.75 hr more; moderate certainty), or time to resolution of acidosis (MD, 0.61 hr more; 95% CI, 1.81 hr fewer to 3.02 hr more; moderate certainty). Low-dose insulin infusion probably decreases the incidence of hypokalemia (relative risk [RR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47–0.89; moderate certainty) and hypoglycemia (RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.80; moderate certainty), but may have no effect on rate of change of blood glucose (MD, 0.42 mmol/L/hr slower; 95% CI, 1 mmol/L/hr slower to 0.18 mmol/L/hr faster; low certainty).

CONCLUSIONS:
In children with DKA, the use of low-dose insulin infusion is probably as efficacious as standard-dose insulin, and probably reduces treatment-related adverse events. Imprecision limited the certainty in the outcomes of interest, and the generalizability of the results is limited by all studies being performed in a single country.
Evolution of a Plastic Surgery Summer Research Program: Lessons Learned from Programmatic Evaluation and Quality Enhancement
Authors: Alfonso Allyson R. , Berman Zoe P. , Diep Gustave K. , Lee Jasmine , Ramly Elie P. , Diaz-Siso J. Rodrigo , Rodriguez Eduardo D. , Rabbani Piul S. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Early surgical exposure and research fellowships can influence medical students’ specialty choice, increase academic productivity, and impact residency match. However, to our knowledge, there is no published guidance on the programmatic evaluation and quality enhancement necessary for the sustainability of formal plastic surgery summer research programs for first year medical students. We present seven years (2013–2020) of institutional experience in an effort to inform program development at other institutions.

Methods:
From 2013 to 2016, a sole basic science research arm existed. In 2017, a clinical research arm was introduced, with several supplemental activities, including surgical skills curriculum. A formalized selection process was instituted in 2014. Participant feedback was analyzed annually. Long-term outcomes included continued research commitment, productivity, and residency match.

Results:
The applicant pool reached 96 applicants in 2019, with 85% from outside institutions. Acceptance rate reached 7% in 2020. With adherence to a scoring rubric for applicant evaluation, good to excellent interrater reliability was achieved (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.75). Long-term outcomes showed that on average per year, 28% of participants continued involvement in departmental research and 29% returned for dedicated research. Upon finishing medical school, participants had a mean of 7 ± 4 peer-reviewed publications. In total, 62% of participants matched into a surgical residency program, with 54% in integrated plastic surgery.

Conclusions:
A research program designed for first year medical students interested in plastic surgery can achieve academic goals. Students are provided with mentorship, networking opportunities, and tools for self-guided learning and career development.
Breast Reconstruction Trends in the Setting of Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy: Analysis of Practices among Plastic Surgeons in the United States
Authors: Khavanin Nima , Yang Jerry H. , Colakoglu Salih , Tuano Krystle R. , Wong Jeffrey O. , Cohen Justin B. , Chong Tae W. , Reddy Sashank , Mathes David W. , Kaoutzanis Christodoulos 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Radiation is an integral part of breast cancer therapy. The ideal type and timing of breast reconstruction with relation to radiation delivery are not well established. The study aimed to identify reconstructive practices among American plastic surgeons in the setting of pre- and postmastectomy radiation.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey of members of the American Society of Plastic Surgery was performed. Practice/demographic information and breast reconstruction protocols were queried. Univariate descriptive statistics were calculated, and outcomes were compared across cohorts with χ2 and Fischer exact tests.

Results:
Overall, 477 plastic surgeons averaging 16.3 years in practice were surveyed. With respect to types of reconstruction, all options were well represented, although nearly 60% preferred autologous reconstruction with prior radiation and 55% preferred tissue expansion followed by implant/autologous reconstruction in the setting of unknown postoperative radiation. There was little consensus on the optimal timing of reconstruction in the setting of possible postoperative radiation. Most respondents wait 4–6 or 7–12 months between the end of radiation and stage 2 implant-based or autologous reconstruction. Common concerns regarding the effect of radiation on reconstructive outcomes included mastectomy flap necrosis, wound dehiscence, capsular contracture, tissue fibrosis, and donor vessel complications.

Conclusions:
Despite considerable research, there is little consensus on the ideal type and timing of reconstruction in the setting of pre- and postoperative radiation. Understanding how the current body of knowledge is translated into clinical practice by different populations of surgeons allows us to forge a path forward toward more robust, evidence-based guidelines for patient care.
Healthcare Providers and Parents Highlight Challenges of Pediatric Hand Fracture Care
Authors: Lafreniere Ann-Sophie , Baykan Altay , Hartley Rebecca , Ronksley Paul , Love Shannan , Harrop Alan Robertson , Fraulin Frankie O.G. , Campbell Dave J.T. , Donald Maoliosa 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Pediatric hand fractures are common, and many are referred to hand surgeons despite less than 10% of referrals requiring surgical intervention. We explored healthcare provider and parent perspectives to inform a new care pathway.

Methods:
We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using virtual focus groups. Emergency physicians, hand therapists, plastic surgeons, and parents of children treated for hand fractures were asked to discuss their experiences with existing care for pediatric hand fractures, and perceptions surrounding the implementation of a new care pathway. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis with an inductive approach.

Results:
Four focus groups included 24 participants: 18 healthcare providers and six parents. Four themes were identified: educating parents throughout the hand fracture journey, streamlining the referral process for simple hand fractures, identifying the most appropriate care provider for simple hand fractures, and maintaining strong multidisciplinary connections to facilitate care. Participants described gaps in the current care, including a need to better inform parents, and elucidated the motivations behind emergency medicine physicians’ existing referral practices. Participants also generally agreed on the need for more efficient management of simple hand fractures that do not require surgical care. Healthcare providers believed the strong preexisting relationship between surgeons and hand therapists would facilitate the changes brought forward by the new care pathway.

Conclusion:
These findings highlighted shortcomings of existing care for pediatric hand fractures and will inform the co-development and implementation of a new care pathway to enable more efficient management while preserving good patient outcomes.
A Simple Surgical Solution for Functional Improvement of Deforming Vascular Malformations with Lip Involvement
Authors: King Brody W. , Anderson Eric W. , Sudduth Jack D. , Marquez Jessica L. , Dunklebarger Mitch , Collar-Yagas Lucia , Gociman Barbu 
Published: February 2023

Summary:
The management of large, deforming facial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can be a daunting clinical challenge for patients and surgeons. Many patients delay treatment due to fear of surgical intervention and concern for unfavorable cosmetic outcomes. Delaying treatment can lead to soft-tissue hypertrophy. Occasionally, facial AVMs can also present with lip involvement, necessitating surgical intervention. A major potential issue regarding AVMs managed with surgical excision is excessive bleeding due to the enlarged dermal vascular plexus. Here, we present a simple surgical technique used to manage deforming AVMs involving the lips. A 32-year-old man with Sturge-Weber syndrome and a 72-year-old man with AVMs of the left face presented to clinic for management. The malformations involved the lips in both patients. Both patients had constant drooling and difficulty eating and talking, in addition to aesthetic concerns. They both underwent surgical excision of the redundant tissue with minimal undermining, advancement flaps, and layered closure. Minimal undermining allowed successful removal of the AVMs and redundant tissue without excessive blood loss and allowed healing without complications. Both patients had significant improvement in eating and talking without drooling. Aesthetically, satisfactory outcomes were maintained at 1-year follow-up appointments. Removal of AVMs while minimizing blood loss can be a challenging endeavor. Here, we have presented a successful, effective technique for restoring both form and function in patients with AVMs involving the lips, with good long-term results.