bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Striving to Limit the Impact: Parenting an Adult Child Who Has Multiple Sclerosis—A Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Holden Camilla , Hewitt Peter , Tams Rachel 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune inflammatory disorder. Its impact is felt not only by individuals but also by their families; however, little is known about the effect on their parents. This study of a cohort from the United Kingdom aimed to develop a conceptual understanding of the parental role and how it changes over time when an adult son or daughter has MS via firsthand accounts.

METHODS
Twelve parents of adults with MS were recruited from a UK hospital providing outpatient services to people with MS and a branch of a national MS charity. A social constructivist grounded theory approach informed audio-recorded semistructured interviews and subsequent data analysis.

RESULTS
In this sample, parents of adults with MS strove to limit the impact of MS on their son or daughter by undertaking practical caring activities and providing emotional support. The developed theoretical model illustrates how, in their efforts to meet this aim, parents experienced competing demands between prioritizing their child’s needs and managing the effects on their life, between managing the emotional experience and protecting their child from the burden of their experience, and between an intensified instinct/desire to help while maintaining their child’s independence.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings indicate that parents may be uniquely affected by their adult son or daughter having MS, advocating for their inclusion in research and clinical interventions addressing family adjustment to MS. Further research is needed to ascertain the generalizability of these findings in comparable samples and to determine the impact of sociodemographic and cultural variables on the observed phenomena.
The impact of COVID-19 on cancer screening and treatment in older adults: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Mak Victoria P , White Kami , Wilkens Lynne R , Cheng Iona , Haiman Christopher A , Le Marchand Loic 
Published: June 2023

Background:The Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the health and day-to-day life of individuals, especially the elderly and people with certain pre-existing medical conditions, including cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate how COVID-19 impacted access to cancer screenings and treatment, by studying the participants in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.Methods:The MEC has been following over 215,000 residents of Hawai‘i and Los Angeles for the development of cancer and other chronic diseases since 1993–1996. It includes men and women of five racial and ethnic groups: African American, Japanese American, Latino, Native Hawaiian, and White. In 2020, surviving participants were sent an invitation to complete an online survey on the impact of COVID-19 on their daily life activities, including adherence to cancer screening and treatment. Approximately 7,000 MEC participants responded. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between the postponement of regular health care visits and cancer screening procedures or treatment with race and ethnicity, age, education, and comorbidity.Results:Women with more education, women with lung disease, COPD, or asthma, and women and men diagnosed with cancer in the past 5 years were more likely to postpone any cancer screening test/procedure due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Groups less likely to postpone cancer screening included older women compared to younger women and Japanese American men and women compared to White men and women.Conclusions:This study revealed specific associations of race/ethnicity, age, education level, and comorbidities with the cancer-related screening and healthcare of MEC participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased monitoring of patients in high-risk groups for cancer and other diseases is of the utmost importance as the chance of undiagnosed cases or poor prognosis is increased as a result of delayed screening and treatment.Funding:This research was partially supported by the Omidyar 'Ohana Foundation and grant U01 CA164973 from the National Cancer Institute.
Assessment of oral overlap with antipsychotic long-acting injectables initiated in an inpatient setting
Authors: Tran Jennifer T. , Binger Katie J. , Miles Talia M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are a promising solution to combating issues related to nonadherence to oral antipsychotics. Oral overlap is utilized when an LAI is initiated to achieve therapeutic concentrations. The place in therapy in which additional overlap is warranted is often mistaken, and providers may prescribe additional overlap based on the presentation of the patient or misunderstanding of appropriate overlap.

Methods
This retrospective chart review assesses patients who were initiated on an LAI while admitted to the acute inpatient psychiatric unit from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. The primary outcome assesses the appropriateness of oral overlap with LAIs. Secondary outcomes include adherence to oral overlap, discontinuation of an LAI within 4 months, and reason for discontinuation of LAI.

Results
A total of 62 patients were included: 40 (65%) had appropriate overlap, and 22 (35%) had inappropriate overlap. The most common LAI was paliperidone (n = 50, 81%). Patients were adherent to oral overlap in 67% (n = 6) of the appropriate overlap group and 85% (n = 17) of the inappropriate overlap group. Discontinuation of an LAI in 4 months occurred in 62.5% (n = 25) of the appropriate group and 40.9% (n = 9) of the inappropriate group. There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes when comparing adherence to oral overlap (p = .26), discontinuation of LAI within 4 months (p = .62), and reason for discontinuation (p = .69).

Discussion
This study identified that a majority of patients had appropriate prescribing of oral antipsychotic overlap.
Precipitated withdrawal with kratom use following naltrexone administration
Authors: Jarka Courtney , Gregoire Kelsey 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Kratom is an herbal supplement with reports of use for natural pain relief or treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Kratom has metabolites that bind to and agonize mu-opioid receptors similar to opiate medications. There have been reports of serious adverse reactions, with a potential for dependence with long-term use and withdrawal that may occur upon discontinuation. Naltrexone can result in abrupt withdrawal symptoms when used with opioids or opioid-like supplements such as kratom. This case report describes withdrawal precipitated by naltrexone administration in a patient with undisclosed chronic kratom use. This case highlights the importance of thorough assessment of all self-administered herbal and over-the-counter supplements as they may have serious interactions with other prescribed medications and affect therapeutic outcomes.
Use of High-Risk Medications Among Older Adults Enrolled in Medicare Advantage Plans vs Traditional Medicare
Authors: Figueroa Jose F. , Dai Dannie , Feyman Yevgeniy , Garrido Melissa M. , Tsai Thomas C. , Orav E. John , Frakt Austin B. 
Published: June 2023

ImportanceLimiting the use of high-risk medications (HRMs) among older adults is a national priority to provide a high quality of care for older beneficiaries of both Medicare Advantage and traditional fee-for-service Medicare Part D plans.ObjectiveTo evaluate the differences in the rate of HRM prescription fills among beneficiaries of traditional Medicare vs Medicare Advantage Part D plans and to examine the extent to which these differences change over time and the patient-level factors associated with higher rates of HRMs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used a 20% sample of Medicare Part D data on filled drug prescriptions from 2013 to 2017 and a 40% sample from 2018. The sample comprised Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years or older who were enrolled in Medicare Advantage or traditional Medicare Part D plans. Data were analyzed between April 1, 2022, and April 15, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the number of unique HRMs prescribed to older Medicare beneficiaries per 1000 beneficiaries. Linear regression models were used to model the primary outcome, adjusting for patient characteristics and county characteristics and including hospital referral region fixed effects.ResultsThe sample included 5 595 361 unique Medicare Advantage beneficiaries who were propensity score–matched on a year-by-year basis to 6 578 126 unique traditional Medicare beneficiaries between 2013 and 2018, resulting in 13 704 348 matched pairs of beneficiary-years. The traditional Medicare vs Medicare Advantage cohorts were similar in age (mean [SD] age, 75.65 [7.53] years vs 75.60 [7.38] years), proportion of males (8 127 261 [59.3%] vs 8 137 834 [59.4%]; standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.002), and predominant race and ethnicity (77.1% vs 77.4% non-Hispanic White; SMD = 0.05). On average in 2013, Medicare Advantage beneficiaries filled 135.1 (95% CI, 128.4-142.6) unique HRMs per 1000 beneficiaries compared with 165.6 (95% CI, 158.1-172.3) HRMs per 1000 beneficiaries for traditional Medicare. In 2018, the rate of HRMs had decreased to 41.5 (95% CI, 38.2-44.2) HRMs per 1000 beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage and to 56.9 (95% CI, 54.1-60.1) HRMs per 1000 beneficiaries in traditional Medicare. Across the study period, Medicare Advantage beneficiaries received 24.3 (95% CI, 20.2-28.3) fewer HRMs per 1000 beneficiaries per year compared with traditional Medicare beneficiaries. Female, American Indian or Alaska Native, and White populations were more likely to receive HRMs than other groups.Conclusion and RelevanceResults of this study showed that HRM rates were consistently lower among Medicare Advantage than traditional Medicare beneficiaries. Higher use of HRMs among female, American Indian or Alaska Native, and White populations is a concerning disparity that requires further attention.
A study on building projects of the Catholic Diocese of Fukuoka: Construction of Madarajima church and Yobuko church
Authors: Fukushima Ayako 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe Catholic Diocese of Fukuoka holds documents from the late 1920s when the Diocese was newly established. The documents show how construction of church buildings were carried out in the early days of the Diocese. Madarajima church and Yobuko church were rebuilt in 1929. Both were built using the method of relocation and reuse of wooden church buildings, which became disused due to rebuilding. Study of the documents revealed that old church structures were purposely reused because it could provide a church of Gothic Revival style with rib‐vaulted ceiling and also reduce the construction cost. Gothic Revival style with rib‐vaulted ceiling was the standard of church design in Japan since the late 19th century until the 1920s. Because of this tradition, parish priest as well as parishioners of both of Madarajima and Yobuko churches desired Gothic style with the rib‐vaulted ceiling for the new church buildings. The Diocesan documents showed that the parish priest as well as parishioners of Madarajima Church contributed cash to building funds on top of the deposit of the parish in order to materialize the new church of Gothic Revival style and the Diocese covered the deficit.
Child Pragmatic Development
Authors: Cekaite Asta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Child pragmatic development involves children's acquisition of communicative competences, that is, learning how to use language, in order to understand and communicate with others appropriately in an expanding range of social contexts. The aim of this entry is to describe the main research perspectives on child pragmatic development, introduce the areas and methods of their inquiry, and review their findings. The entry discusses research on children's speech acts, conversational skills, politeness and social parameters of language use, and extended discourse genres such as narratives, explanations, arguments, and conflict talk.
Interviews in Qualitative Research
Authors: Roulston Kathryn 
Published: June 2023

AbstractQualitative interviews are widely used in qualitative and mixed methods research designs in applied linguistics, including case studies, ethnographies, interview studies, and narrative research. This entry discusses commonly used forms of interviews and provides examples to show how researchers use interview accounts to generate knowledge about topics in applied linguistics. Steps in the design of qualitative studies using interviews include formulating research questions that can be examined using interviews, considering sampling and selection criteria, developing an interview guide, submitting proposals for ethical review, and recruiting participants. Examples of interview questions and innovations in interview methods are discussed, including dialogic forms of interviews, online interviewing, approaches to elicitation, and mobile methods. Theorizations of interviews discussed in applied linguistics are reviewed along with issues related to the transcription, translation, and analysis of interview data. The entry concludes by discussing the assessment of quality and the future of interview research.
Researching Phonology: Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Isaacs Talia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This entry reports on two mixed method studies in phonological research showing how the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods was essential for better understanding the complex constructs of intelligibility and comprehensibility, broadly defined as listeners' perceptions of how easily they understand second language (L2) English speech. Study 1 examined whether intelligibility is an adequate goal and appropriate criterion for assessing L2 pronunciation proficiency in the academic domain. Speech samples of international graduate students from different language backgrounds were elicited using tasks from a standardized test often used to screen international teaching assistants at North American universities. Results of a fine‐grained analysis of the speech combined with undergraduate students' intelligibility ratings suggested that intelligibility, though an adequate assessment criterion, is a necessary but insufficient condition for graduate students to instruct undergraduate courses as teaching assistants. Study 2 was grounded in the need to better understand which linguistic aspects underlie comprehensibility, given the shortcomings of modeling this construct in rating scales (e.g., vague descriptors). The research deliverables—preliminary L2 English comprehensibility rating scale guidelines—were informed by both raters' perspectives of the most salient influences on their L2 comprehensibility ratings and the linguistic measures that most efficiently distinguished between low, intermediate, and high L2 comprehensibility levels. The studies differ in the timing of data collection, with the first study representing a concurrent mixed methods design, and the second typifying a sequential mixed methods design. Both studies are enriched and their results strengthened through the use of different but complementary sources of evidence.
Poststructuralism
Authors: Norton Bonny , Morgan Brian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Drawing on two critical incidents in classroom contexts, Norton and Morgan make the case that poststructuralism is relevant to applied linguistics because of three central characteristics: First, poststructuralism constitutes a set of theoretical stances that serve to critique prevailing assumptions regarding the sources and nature of identity and the rational, humanist subject of the Enlightenment, particularly with respect to the construct of investment. Second, poststructuralism critiques the conditions and foundations of knowledge, particularly with reference to its apparent objectivity and universal applicability. Third, poststructuralism critiques the representational capacities of language and texts, foregrounding their intertextuality, multivocality, and indeterminacy. Through an analysis of the two critical incidents, Norton and Morgan highlight how meaning is constructed across time and space, how identities and investments are implicated in meaning‐making, and how knowledge and power are inextricably linked.
Pragmatic Routines
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPragmatic routines, a general term for formulaic language in pragmatics, cover bothconventional expressionsthat are linked to specific linguistic and nonlinguistic contexts andpragmatic routines, used narrowly in the literature to describe expressions that are associated with speech acts. Conventional expressions includeNice to meet you, in response to an introduction, andThanks, you too!as a reciprocal wish in response toHave a good day!or other good wishes; examples of pragmatic routines (in a narrow sense) includeThat's right, That's true,andYou're rightandI agree, among others, for agreements. Pragmatic routines (in the broad sense) are a pragmalinguistic resource and generally convey the illocutionary force of the utterance, meaning that they tell the listener what speech act the speaker is performing. Pragmatic routines are shared by speech communities and vary regionally. This entry considers how researchers identify pragmatic routines using observation, elicited production, and corpus searches and discusses the importance of establishing community‐wide use of formulaic language in pragmatics, whether for research or teaching purposes. The entry then reviews research on pragmatic routines in second language acquisition research, discussing the lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic dimensions of pragmatic routines, and ends by considering research on the influence of proficiency, learning context, and instruction.
Tense and Aspect
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe study of “tense and aspect” includes three distinct but related concepts,tense,grammatical aspect, andlexical aspect. In nonspecialist and pedagogical literature, they are often conflated under the termtense.Tenselocates an event or situation on the time line.Grammatical aspectprovides a means of expressing one's view of a situation or event. Bothtenseandgrammatical aspectrefer to categories of verbal morphology. In contrast,lexical aspectdeals with the semantics of a predicate. For example, a predicate may express a state or an action (compareJohn seems happyandJohn swims) or an action with duration (John changed the tire) or without duration (John recognized Mary). This entry presents the general characteristics of the acquisition of second language tense–aspect systems and then considers the aspect hypothesis that links tense, grammatical aspect, and lexical aspect in three predictions concerning the emergence and spread of perfective past, imperfective past, and morphological progressive across lexical aspectual categories as well as in narrative foreground and background. The four main variables investigated with regard to the aspect hypothesis—proficiency, language transfer, input, and task effects—are also reviewed.
Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis
Authors: Vásquez Camilla , Kreis Ramona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pragmatics and discourse analysis are two distinct, yet interrelated, fields of study that both encompass a wide range of research approaches and perspectives. While pragmatics began as a domain of formal linguistics concerned with meaning at the utterance level, over the past three decades, the scope of pragmatics research has shifted to focus on meaning in larger stretches of discourse. Moreover, the scope of context considered in the interpretation of situated meanings has expanded in contemporary discursive pragmatics research, with much of this socially oriented scholarship absorbing influences from adjacent disciplines. Currently, multimodal approaches to discourse analysis (MDA) are growing in influence in pragmatics research because of their potential to account for meaning‐making systems that extend beyond the linguistic. This entry provides a brief historical overview outlining the relationship between pragmatics and discourse analysis, discusses several of the dominant theoretical influences on discursive approaches to pragmatics, and presents some of the major characteristics of empirical work on discursive pragmatics.
Task‐Based Pragmatics Teaching
Authors: Gonzalez‐Lloret Marta 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAlthough not always present in language learning curriculums, the teaching of pragmatics is essential for learners to function in a new language with not just fluency and accuracy but also in an appropriate manner that is recognized as such by the speakers of that community. In order to do this, language learners need to understand the sociocultural norms of the target language (the sociopragmatics) and they need to be able to choose the suitable language to realize those norms (the pragmalinguistics). Although this can be accomplished without instruction, we now have enough aggregated research that suggests that pragmatic instruction helps. This entry proposes that using tasks within a well‐developed methodology such as task‐based language teaching is an ideal manner to introduce pragmatics in the foreign/second language classroom.
Digital Games and Pragmatics Learning
Authors: Tang Xiaofei 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As a type of computer‐assisted learning program, digital games have been shown as a promising platform for second language learning. Researchers have advocated for the potential benefits of games for pragmatics learning because games can immerse learners in a variety of social contexts. Although small in volume, emerging research has examined the use of digital games and gamelike virtual environments in facilitating second language pragmatics learning. This entry presents an overview of the usability, benefits, and challenges of using digital games in second language pragmatics learning based on findings from empirical research.
Bilingualism and Executive Functioning
Authors: de Bruin Angela 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Speaking two or more languages requires a bilingual to choose the contextually appropriate language(s), select words in that language, and avoid interference from the language that is not currently in use. This is known as language control. Language‐control mechanisms may overlap with domain‐general control mechanisms that are also used for other, nonlanguage purposes such as not being distracted by irrelevant information or multitasking. Research has examined whether this may lead to better cognitive functioning in bilinguals as compared to monolinguals, for example, on tasks tapping into inhibition, switching, or attention. The results of this body of research are very mixed, with some finding that bilinguals are better at inhibiting irrelevant information or at switching between tasks. However, other studies find no differences between bi‐ and monolinguals. Recent meta‐analyses suggest that differences might be small at best and potentially limited to specific bilinguals or tasks. Ongoing research in this area has therefore shifted to better understanding the relationship between language control and executive control
within
bilinguals, with a focus on individual differences in how bilinguals use and switch between languages.