bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A classification system for coals provides a common vocabulary for describing, buying, selling, and using coals. Such a system is needed because of the great variability among the coals of the world. This chapter describes the ASTM system for classifying coals. The system is based on coal properties that are of key importance in the historical uses of coals: how they behave when heated, and how they behave when burned. These properties are determined in the proximate analysis and by measurement of the calorific value. In addition to the carboniferous or “coaly” material in a specimen of coal, coals as mined also contain some amounts of moisture and non-combustible substances that produce ash during combustion. Analytical data have to be corrected to account for the moisture and ash-forming constituents.
Coalification
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Coals formed from plants that grew tens to hundreds of millions of years ago. The plants lived and grew because of photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to sugars. The sugars are used by the plants to synthesize all of the other components needed for the plants’ life cycles. Most plants decay when they die. Some are preserved; their constituents are converted with the aid of anaerobic bacteria into kerogen, which is the major intermediate material between plants and coals. Kerogen, buried inside the Earth, is converted into coals through the action of heat and pressure inside Earth’s crust. This process of coalification results in a steady increase of carbon content and decrease of oxygen content as the rank of coals increases. Conceptually, the end product is pure carbon—graphite—which can be thought of as the ultimate coal.
Minerals
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
All coals contain a variety of non-combustible inorganic constituents that form ash when a coal is burned. The inorganic constituents can be present as discrete minerals or as ions attached to the carbonaceous structure. Some inorganic constituents were part of the original plant material, others were carried into the coal during the process of coalification, and still others may have precipitated into the coal after it formed. Ash is not a constituent of coal. Ash forms from various chemical reactions experienced by the inorganic constituents originally in the coal. Because ash results from the use of coal, the properties and behavior of ash can have significant impacts on coal utilization processes. In addition to the major components of most coals—quartz, clays, pyrite, and carbonates—coals also contain many elements at trace levels. Some of the trace elements could be valuable byproducts of coal use.
Preparation
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Most coals require one or more treatment operations to convert the coal as it came from the mine into a product of consistent quality that satisfies the specifications for its use. Coals can be prepared for use by one or more strategies. Size reduction of as-mined pieces produces material segregated into various size ranges. Coal cleaning reduces the amount of ash-forming inorganic constituents, decreasing the amount of ash to be handled when the coal is used. Removal of pyrite provides a way to reduce sulfur oxide emissions from combustion. Drying or dewatering reduces moisture content. None of the coal preparation operations destroys the unwanted components; they must be dealt with separately. Prepared coal often needs to be stored or stockpiled before it is used. For some coals, storage can lead to the problem of “spontaneous” combustion.
Competition
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Coal is experiencing increasing competition from natural gas as well as from renewable energy—wind and solar. Increased supplies of natural gas are coming from the hydraulic fracturing (fracking) of shales. Natural gas has no ash and no appreciable nitrogen and sulfur. Its calorific value is about double that of coal. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of heat are much lower than coal. Fracking requires very large volumes of water. Methane leaking into the atmosphere contributes to climate change. In some places fracking is considered to be associated with an increased number of earthquakes. Renewable energy resources perpetuate themselves and have little impact on the environment. Unlike one-off designs for large coal-fired power-plants, wind turbines and solar modules can be built on assembly lines, offering a cost advantage. Both wind and solar units require energy storage or back-up systems.
Chemicals
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There are no technological barriers to an organic chemical industry based heavily on coal. The coal chemical industry dates from the late nineteenth century and was based on the byproduct of chemicals from coke ovens. These materials are totally inadequate in quantity to support a worldwide coal chemical industry. Alternative routes to chemicals from coal including solvent extraction, direct liquefaction, or Fischer-Tropsch technology are potentially suitable, but may produce very complex mixtures. Coal can be used to convert lime to calcium carbide, the raw material needed to make acetylene, another potential source of chemicals. Though not yet well-explored, the greatest potential could come from combining advances in molecular modeling with the principles of green chemistry to develop clean routes to specific, targeted products. Valuable trace elements, particularly the rare earth elements, could be extracted from coals or their ashes.
Carbons
Authors: Schobert Harold 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Because of their high carbon content, coals are, in a sense, carbon materials. Coals can provide an array of carbon products used as materials rather than as not fuels, and having much greater value than the parent coal. Activated carbons have extensive applications in separating impurities from useful products. They can be made from coals or from unburned carbon in fly ash. Graphite has numerous applications, including anodes for the near-ubiquitous lithium-ion batteries. Batteries are crucial for energy storage in solar and wind systems. An alternative, carbon supercapacitors, can be made from coals. Graphene, a two-dimensional material that could replace silicon in some electronic applications, can be made from coals. Carbon fiber composites, which could be made from coal products, could be used for wind-turbine blades. Nanotubes and carbon dots can be made from coals. These possibilities offer the prospect of using carbon materials from coals to fabricate the infrastructure of the renewable energy industry.
Targeted Patrol and Problem-Solving in Hot Spots
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Gun violence is not evenly spread throughout cities. Specific public places can be persistent and very dangerous gun violence “hot spots.” Police can control recurring gun violence by concentrating patrol activities in specific places. One approach is to curtail illicit gun carrying by conducting stops and frisks in these locations. These kinds of enforcement strategies need to be very carefully implemented because they risk undermining police legitimacy in the communities they serve if stops are done excessively and unlawfully. Police stops need to be lawful, conducted in a procedurally just manner, and highly focused on risky people carry guns in relatively small violent places. Another approach involves analyzing violent situations in these hot spots, identifying ways to reduce risky situations, and implementing community problem-solving responses to improve public safety. These problem-oriented strategies economize on the use of costly enforcement actions that could produce unintended harms in minority communities.
There’s Much to Be Done
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Police can reduce gun violence if properly motivated, staffed, and guided. Given the multiple dimensions of gun violence problems, a portfolio of somewhat effective programs is recommended, developed through systematic analysis of local conditions. There are five key areas in which the police can better position themselves to control gun violence: (a) Address gun violence hot spots by reducing illegal gun carrying and modifying opportunities for gun crime in these locations; (b) deal with gangs, street crews, and other dangerous offenders through focused deterrence; (c) strengthen shooting investigations to hold violent gun offenders accountable; (d) reduce shootings by police by improving engagement protocols, organizational culture, and training; and (e) disrupt the underground gun markets that arm violent offenders. Police departments also need to embrace reform, redouble community policing efforts, and ensure lawful and procedurally just encounters with the public. Police are far from perfect but essential in gun violence prevention.
Shame at the Gates of Medicine: A Hermeneutic Exploration of Premedical Students’ Experiences of Shame
Authors: Bynum William E. , Jackson Joseph A. , Varpio Lara , Teunissen Pim W. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose
Little is known about the nature of shame in students attempting to enter medical school, despite its potential to impact well-being and professional identity formation during training. In this study, the authors used hermeneutic phenomenology to ask: How do premedical students experience shame as they apply to medical school?

Method
From September 2020 to March 2021, the authors recruited 12 students from a U.S. Master of Biomedical Sciences program who intended to apply to medical school. Data collection consisted of each participant creating a “rich picture” depicting a shame experience during their premedical training, a semistructured interview that deeply explored this and other shame experiences, and a debriefing session. Data were analyzed using Ajjawi and Higgs’s 6 steps of hermeneutic analysis.

Results
Self-concept, composed of an individual’s identities and contingencies of self-esteem, was central to participants’ shame experiences. Through a confluence of past and future self-concepts and under the influence of external factors and the weight of expectations, shame often destabilized participants’ present self-concepts. This destabilization occurred because of events related to application processes (repeat Medical College Admission Test attempts), interpersonal interactions (prehealth advisor meetings), and objective performance measures (grades, test scores). Participants’ efforts to restabilize their self-concept catalyzed specific identity processes and self-concept formation.

Conclusions
Shame provided a window into the emotional experiences, identity processes, and ideologies that shape students’ attempts to enter medical school. The authors discuss the central role of contingencies of self-esteem, the potential origins of performance-based self-esteem in trainees, and the identity negotiation and identity work involved in shame reactions. They call for the adoption of contingencies of self-esteem within current conceptualizations of professional identity formation; training for faculty and prehealth advisors about the nature of shame in premedical learners; and consideration of the consequential validity of standardized tests, which may trigger damaging shame.
Defining multimorbidity in people with HIV – what matters most?
Authors: Sukumaran Luxsena , Sabin Caroline A. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of review
Although multimorbidity (defined as the coexistence of multiple conditions) presents significant health challenges to people with HIV, there is currently no consensus on how it should be defined among this population. This review aimed to examine the definition of multimorbidity in existing studies among people with HIV (n = 22).

Recent findings
Variation in the definition of multimorbidity (in terms of the number and nature of conditions included) across studies among people with HIV was observed, with less than half (45%) reporting a selection criteria for conditions. The number of conditions considered ranged from 4 to 65. Certain conditions (e.g. stroke, myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease) and risk factors (e.g. hypertension) were more frequently included, while other symptoms (e.g. joint pain, peripheral neuropathy and sleeping problems) and mental health conditions (e.g. anxiety and panic attacks) were rarely included in the definition of multimorbidity.

Summary
The definition of multimorbidity among people with HIV is highly variable, with certain conditions overlooked. We propose recommendations that researchers should consider when defining multimorbidity among this population to not only enable comparisons between studies/settings but also to ensure studies consider a person-centred approach that can accurately capture multimorbidity among people with HIV.
Exercise Training in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Satyamurthy Akhila , Poojary Ganesha , Dibben Grace , Padmakumar Ramachandran , Taylor Rod S. , Babu Abraham Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Purpose:
Given that previous reviews on exercise training in pulmonary hypertension (PH) were largely based on a small number of randomized controlled trials (RCT), their conclusions are subject to bias. This review sought to identify the impact of exercise training on functional capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in PH using advanced statistical approaches such as meta-analysis by stratification according to study design.

Review Methods:
Five databases were searched from January 2015 to April 2020 to update a previous review. Included articles had data extracted, risk of bias (ROB) assessed, and quality rating performed. Data were analyzed using meta-analysis with a random-effects model for 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance and HRQoL. Heterogeneity was explored using stratified meta-analysis, within patient correlation and meta-regression.

Results:
A total of 28 studies (11 RCT, 12 pre-/post-studies, 2 two-group non-RCT, and three case series) consisting of 1264 patients were included. Meta-analysis of six RCT demonstrated an improved 6MWT distance by 49.5 m (95% CI, 27.2-71.8: I
2 = 73%; 254 participants; low-moderate ROB) with a low correlation coefficient of 0.34, while the 12 pre-/post-non-RCT showed an improvement of 68.69 m (95% CI, 50.50-86.69: I
2 = 36%; 784 participants; high ROB) along with improvements in V˙ o
2peak (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 3.03 mL/kg/min, 95% CI, 2.17-3.90: I
2 = 0%, P = .82), and HRQoL (WMD = 2.74: 95% CI, −0.82 to 6.30). Metaregression showed that the benefit of exercise on 6MWT distance did not significantly vary across the trial study characteristics.

Conclusion:
This updated review identified an additional body of evidence supporting the efficacy of exercise training on 6MWT distance and HRQoL in stable PH patients. These benefits appeared to be consistent across models of delivery.
Hyperkalemia by eplerenone or esaxerenone in the presence or absence of clarithromycin in hypertensive patients: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Hirai Toshinori , Ueda Shun , Ogura Toru , Katayama Kan , Dohi Kaoru , Hosohata Keiko , Aoyama Takahiko , Matsumoto Yoshiaki , Iwamoto Takuya 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), eplerenone and esaxerenone, cause hyperkalemia dose-dependently. We investigated the cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated drug−drug interaction between the MRAs and clarithromycin.

Methods:
This retrospective observational study included adult hypertensive patients with MRA plus clarithromycin or MRA alone with a propensity score matching (1:1). The difference in serum potassium level (ΔK, maximum level – baseline level) between groups was compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Linear regression analysis was used to detect variables that correlated with ΔK in patients with MRA plus clarithromycin.

Results:
After propensity score matching (each nine patients), serum potassium level was elevated after treatment with MRA plus clarithromycin [4.3 (3.5 to 5.1) meq/l to 4.9 (4.0 to 5.5) meq/l, P = 0.0234] and MRA alone [4.3 (4.0 to 4.7) meq/l to 4.6 (4.4 to 5.2) meq/l, P = 0.0469]. Although there was no significant difference in ΔK between groups [MRA plus clarithromycin: 0.5 (0.1 to 1.1) meq/l vs. MRA alone: 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) meq/l, P = 0.7231], ΔK was significantly higher in esaxerenone plus clarithromycin than in esaxerenone alone [0.6 (0.5 to 1.1) meq/l vs. 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) meq/l, P = 0.0495]. Conversely, clarithromycin did not show a significant effect on ΔK in patients with eplerenone [0.4 (−0.2 to 1.2) meq/l vs. 0.8 (0.1 to 1.3) meq/l, P = 0.5745]. A positive correlation was found between ΔK and age in patients with MRA plus clarithromycin (y = 0.03 × x − 1.38, r = 0.71, P = 0.0336).

Conclusion:
The drug–drug interaction between MRAs and clarithromycin was evident, particularly in esaxerenone. Serum potassium levels should be closely monitored in older patients.
SUSTAINED-RELEASE LOW-DOSE FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT FOR CHRONIC POSTOPERATIVE CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA: TWO CASE REPORTS
Authors: Kiernan Daniel F. 
Published: January 2023

Background/Purpose:
To describe two cases of patients diagnosed with chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema associated with noninfectious posterior uveitis who had limited treatment response to previous corticosteroid modalities and then received a single intravitreal fluocinolone 0.18-mg implant. Chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema (CME) may occur after intraocular surgery and is a common cause of postoperative visual loss. Sometimes called Irvine–Gass syndrome or persistent pseudophakic CME, chronic postoperative CME complicates roughly 0.1% to 2.0% of low-risk, small-incision phacoemulsification surgeries. There are a number of conventional approaches to chronic postoperative CME management, including topical corticosteroids with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intravitreal corticosteroid injections, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor injections, but these options have several limitations. A major shortcoming of conventional formulations of anti-inflammatory therapies for chronic postoperative CME (i.e., topical drops, intraocular, and periocular injections) is the need for repeated dosing in chronic cases, which is expensive and burdensome to patients.

Methods:
Series of two case reports. Patient 1, a 75-year-old Latina woman, presented with a history of longstanding, recurrent inflammation after cataract extraction and subsequent vitreoretinal surgeries. Patient 2, an 85-year-old white woman, presented with acute blurred vision, swelling, and pain 5 years after cataract surgery and laser peripheral iridotomy. Both were diagnosed with chronic postoperative CME and ultimately treated with the 3-year sustained-release fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (FAi) 0.18 mg.

Results:
Compared with baseline, both patients experienced resolution of their disease symptoms, >3 lines of visual acuity improvement, and macular edema reduction of 56.2% and 38.4% at 15 and 6 months, respectively, after the fluocinolone implant. No steroid related adverse events including any intraocular pressure measurement >25 mmHg were observed.

Conclusion:
A single intravitreal fluocinolone 0.18-mg implant can effectively and safely treat vision loss and increased central macular thickness because of chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema associated with noninfectious posterior uveitis. The FAi 0.18 mg provides a safe, long-acting, low-dose anti-inflammatory treatment in patients with noninfectious posterior-segment inflammation associated with chronic postoperative CME.
Targets of total glucosides of paeony in the treatment of Sjogren syndrome: A network pharmacology study
Authors: Xiao Lu , Xiao Wei , Zhan Feng 
Published: January 2023

Background:
We aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the total glucoside of peony (TGP) in treating Sjogren syndrome (SS) using the network pharmacology approach.

Methods:
The protein targets of TGP and SS were identified by database search. Then, the intersection of the two groups was studied. The drug–target network between TGP and the overlapping genes was constructed, visualized, and analyzed by Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment were performed to analyze these genes. Finally, the predictions of potential targets were evaluated by docking study.

Results:
Forty-six overlapping genes were discovered. The results suggested that TGP used in the treatment of SS is associated with cellular tumor antigen p53, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1, and epidermal growth factor receptor, as well as their related 3372 protein networks, which regulate intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, cellular response to oxidative stress, rhythmic process, and other processes. Molecular docking analysis proved that hydrogen bonding is the main form of interaction.

Conclusion:
Our research provided the protein targets affected by TGP in SS treatment. The key targets (caspase 3, vascular endothelial growth factor A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, etc.), which involve 3372 proteins, are the multitarget mechanism of TGP in SS treatment.
A Back-Door Insights into the modulation of Src kinase activity by the polyamine spermidine
Authors: Rossini Sofia , Gargaro Marco , Scalisi Giulia , Bianconi Elisa , Ambrosino Sara , Panfili Eleonora , Volpi Claudia , Orabona Ciriana , Macchiarulo Antonio , Fallarino Francesca , Mondanelli Giada 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSrc is a protein tyrosine kinase commonly activated downstream of transmembrane receptors and plays key roles in cell growth, migration and survival signaling pathways. In conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), Src is involved in the activation of the non-enzymatic functions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an immunoregulatory molecule endowed with both catalytic activity and signal transducing properties. Prompted by the discovery that the metabolite spermidine confers a tolerogenic phenotype on cDCs that is dependent on both the expression of IDO1 and the activity of Src kinase, we here investigated the spermidine mode of action. We found that spermidine directly binds Src in a previously unknown allosteric site located on the backside of the SH2 domain and thus acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the enzyme. Besides confirming that Src phosphorylates IDO1, here we showed that spermidine promotes the protein-protein interaction of Src with IDO1. Overall, this study may pave the way toward the design of allosteric modulators able to switch on/off the Src-mediated pathways, including those involving the immunoregulatory protein IDO1.
A recurrent network model of planning explains hippocampal replay and human behavior
Authors: Jensen Kristopher T. , Hennequin Guillaume , Mattar Marcelo G. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhen faced with a novel situation, humans often spend substantial periods of time contemplating possible futures. For such planning to be rational, the benefits to behavior must compensate for the time spent thinking. Here we capture these features of human behavior by developing a neural network model where planning itself is controlled by prefrontal cortex. This model consists of a meta-reinforcement learning agent augmented with the ability to plan by sampling imagined action sequences from its own policy, which we call ‘rollouts’. The agent learns to plan when planning is beneficial, explaining empirical variability in human thinking times. Additionally, the patterns of policy rollouts employed by the artificial agent closely resemble patterns of rodent hippocampal replays recently recorded during spatial navigation. Our work provides a new theory of how the brain could implement planning through prefrontal-hippocampal interactions, where hippocampal replays are triggered by – and adaptively affect – prefrontal dynamics.