bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the osseous palmar sesamoid in Anura, with the particular case of someRhinellaspecies
Authors: Manzano Adriana , Abdala Virginia 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundSesamoids are generally regarded as structures that are not part of the tetrapod body plan. The presence of a palmar sesamoid is assumed to serve as a distribution point for the forces of the flexor digitorum communis muscle to the flexor tendons of the digits, which are embedded in the flexor plate. It has been considered that the palmar sesamoid is present in most anuran groups, and it has been suggested that it acts by inhibiting the closing of the palm, preventing grasping. Typical arboreal anuran groups lack a palmar sesamoid and flexor plate, a pattern shared with other tetrapod groups, which can retain a reduced sesamoid and flexor plate. We focus on the anatomical structure of theRhinellagroup, which includes species that present an osseous palmar sesamoid and climb bushes or trees to avoid depredation or escape dangerous situations, and can exhibit scansorial and arboreal behaviors. We also add data on the bony sesamoids of 170 anuran species to study the anatomy and evolution of the osseous palmar sesamoid within this amphibian group. Our objective is to bring an overview of the osseous palmar sesamoid in anurans, unveiling the relationship between this element of the manus, its phylogeny, and the anuran habitat use.MethodsSkeletal whole-mount specimens ofRhinellawere cleared and double-dyed to describe the sesamoid anatomy and related tissues. We review and describe the palmar sesamoid of 170 anuran species from CT images downloaded from Morphosource.org, representing almost all Anuran families. We performed an standard ancestral state reconstruction by optimizing two selected characters (osseous palmar sesamoid presence, distal carpal palmar surface) along with the habitat use of the sampled taxa, using parsimony with Mesquite 3.7.ResultsOur primary finding is that sesamoid optimization in the anuran phylogeny revealed that its presence is associated with certain clades and not as widespread as previously anticipated. Additionally, we will also be delving into other important outcomes of our study that are relevant to those working in the field of anuran sesamoids. The osseous palmar sesamoid is present in the clade Bufonidae-Dendrobatidae-Leptodactylidae-Brachicephalidae that we named as PS clade, and also in the archeobatrachian pelobatoidLeptobranchium, all strongly terrestrial and burrowing species, though with exceptions. The osseous palmar sesamoid is always present in Bufonidae, but varies in form and size, depending on the mode that they use their manus, such as in theRhinella margaritiferawhich has a cylindrical one and also grasping abilities that involve closing the manus. The scattered presence of the bony palmar sesamoid among anuran clades raises the question whether this sesamoid can be present with a different tissular composition in other groups.
Responses of soil organic carbon cycle to land degradation by isotopically tracing in a typical karst area, southwest China
Authors: Han Ruiyin , Zhang Qian , Xu Zhifang 
Published: May 2023

Background
The loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) under land degradation threatens crop production and reduces soil fertility and stability, which is more reflected in eco-sensitive environments. However, fewer studies simultaneously compared SOC variations and δ13CSOC compositions under diverse land uses, especially in karst areas.

Methods
Soil profiles from two agricultural lands and a secondary forest land were selected to analyze SOC contents and their stable isotope composition (δ13CSOC) in a typical karst area located in southwest China to understand the response of the SOC cycle to land degradation. Moreover, the relationships between SOC contents and mean weight diameter (MWD) and soil erodibility (K) factor were comprehensively analyzed for assessing the response of SOC to soil degradation risk.

Results
The mean SOC content was found to be the lowest in abandoned cropland (6.91 g/kg), followed by secondary forest land (9.31 g/kg) and grazing shrubland (34.80 g/kg), respectively. Meanwhile, the δ13CSOC values exhibited the following trend: secondary forest land (mean: −23.79‰) ≈abandoned cropland (mean: −23.76‰) >shrubland (mean: −25.33‰). The isotopic tracing results suggested that plant litter was the main contributor to SOC in the secondary forest land. Whereas abundant nitrogen from goat feces enhanced plant productivity and resulted in additional accumulation of SOC in the grazing shrubland. Conversely, long-term cultivation led to the depletion of SOC sequestration by the loss of calcium. In surface soils, the fractionation of δ13CSOC were considerably affected by the decomposition of SOC by soil microorganisms and covered vegetation rather than agricultural influences.

Conclusions
The findings indicate that the cycling of SOC and soil stability in the calcareous soil of southwest China are largely regulated by different land uses and the presence of vegetation cover. The depletion of SOC and soil physical degradation pose significant challenges for abandoned cropland, particularly in the karst area, where land degradation is inevitable. Nevertheless, moderate grazing enhances SOC levels, which is beneficial to the land fertility maintenance in the karst region. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the cultivation methods and management strategies for abandoned cropland in the karst area.
People, Development and Tannery: Where lies the essential mistake?
Authors: Gupta Anushka , Sanyal Srabani 
Published: May 2023

Industrial Development commonly creates an ambience of better employment opportunities, better lifestyle, skill development, education, higher GDP, economic development, increased imports, development of technology and so on. But in reality, what it creates is not just limited to it. Every industry from the essential industries such as of iron and steel to the energy-based industry like Thermal power plants to the manufacturing industries like textiles, inspite of being essential, still cause problems concerning environmental to human society. This article attempts to an in-dept introspection of the leather industry and its allies from a perspective of economic development, health, environment and human development in the city of Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. Inspite of the fact leather Industry is one of the major sources of foreign exchange and employment, it has nevertheless unintentionally created employment insecurity, reduced skill development in the population, made the population dependable and poverty-stricken and intentionally harmed the environment that includes land, air and water eventually adversely affecting agriculture and health of the population in the nearby regions.
GIS Based Mapping for a Better Crop Planning for Perumpadappu Block of Ponnani Kole Lands in Kerala
Authors: Sunil V. G. , Nandan Abhilash , Krishna R. Aswathi , Benny Asish , Suresh K. S. Swathy , Balraj Revath , Pranav V. P. , Sooraj V. 
Published: May 2023

Kole lands are one of the biggest saline, humid tropical wetland ecosystems. It spreads across Thrissur and Malappuram districts of Kerala state. They serve as a water storage structure during rainy season. After rains, the stored water is dewatered and circulated in various Kole padasekarams and channels to cultivate paddy. However, the problem is the lack of a proper water management plan resulting in crop loss. The current study is conducted in the Perumpadappu block of Ponnani Kole lands in Malappuram district. In this study, both GIS and Remote sensing technology have been collaborated to plan the crop calendar. The cropping calendar of Ponnai Kole was developed mainly for 37 Kole padashekharams of Perumpadappu block. Data about elevation, transportation, irrigation, weather and soil were collected to arrive at the crop calendar. Together, by adopting participatory rural appraisal methods and local knowledge were integrated. The final crop calendar was wetted with farmers and experts.
Study of Customer’s Preference towards Carbonated/ Non-Carbonated Beverages in India
Authors: Sharma Astha , Shinde Bhumika 
Published: May 2023

Aims: The research paper aims to understand the trends in consumer beverage consumption, explicitly examining the shift towards healthier options such as juices and smoothies. The study seeks to understand the level of health consciousness among consumers and whether it impacts their choice of beverage.
Study Design: A survey was conducted with a sample size of 313 respondents across different age groups and demographics. Research design was conclusive and non -probability convenience sampling was used to collect data from different states of India.
Methodology: The descriptive study was conducted by interviewing 313 respondents from India, mainly from cities like - Pune, Mumbai, Dhule, Delhi, Surat, Nashik, Jaipur, and Indore. The method adopted for conducting this survey was a structured questionnaire. Nonprobability convenience sampling was used to gather information from respondents. Excel and SPSS was used to perform further analysis.
Results: 66.9% of respondents belonged to the age category of 20-30 years. 21.5% were below 20 years, and the rest, 11.6% of respondents, were from 30-40 years. It was found that 33.7% of the respondents prefer carbonated drinks, while high majority of 80.4% prefer non-carbonated drinks. Few respondents enjoy both types of beverages.
Conclusion: It was found that there is a huge shift towards health-consciousness among people these days, involving high preference for non-carbonated drinks such as juices and smoothies. Some significant factors that influence consumers' preference towards healthy beverages are home delivery, good packaging, and product customization.
Sinusoidal PWM vs SVPWM for NPC Multilevel Inverter with Proportional Control Based Neutral Point Voltage Controller for Induction Motor Drive
Authors: Nandhini E. , Sivaprakasam A. 
Published: May 2023

This study compares sinusoidal PWM and SVPWM for v/f control of induction motor drive with three level inverter and under various modulation indices. It also suggests a proportional control-based neutral point controller for neutral point voltage balancing.When compared to the similar methodologies, the simulation results produced in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show that the proposed method is preferable.
Design, Simulation and Optimization of PZT-5A Cantilever Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor
Authors: Meetei Maibam Sanju , Singh Heisnam Shanjit 
Published: May 2023

Aims: The main aim of this research work is:

To design a mathematical model of the sensor and validate with the 3D model simulation of the sensor in COMSOL Multiphysics simulator and
To optimize the sensor for maximizing its sensitivity.

Study Design: In the methodology, we design and utilizePZT-5A piezoelectric in shear mode as the piezoelectric is attached on a cantilever structure. The various factors affecting the sensitivity of the sensor are investigated after validating the mathematical model with the simulated values.
Place and Duration of Study: This study is done in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh at COMSOL Simulation Laboratory during 2022 to 2023.
Methodology: In this study, a cantilever structure is considered for the mechanical structure. The stress distribution on the structure is calculated for the applied pressure range from 0 to 1000 Pa. Later, the output voltage of the sensor is calculated. This mathematical model is validated with the COMSOL multiphysics simulator. The optimization of the sensor is done in mathematical tool with maximizing function after providing the conditions.
Results: The maximum stress on the sensor structure occurred near the clamped part of the cantilever. The calculated and simulated output sensitivities of the PZT-5A piezoelectric based pressure sensor are-1.6021 mV/kPa and -1.046887 mV/kPa respectively.
Conclusion: We conclude that the PZT-5A piezoelectric based pressure sensor has a linear output with negative gradient as the stress induced on the structure is tensile stress. The various parameters that affect the sensitivity of the sensor arefound to depend on the shape and size of the cantilever structure, Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus, piezoelectric voltage coefficient and piezoelectric material thickness.
Future Scope: In future, this study can be extended by taking different shape and size of the cantilever. The different modes of piezoelectric and different materials may be another future scope of this study.
Comparative Effectiveness of an Artificial Air Pocket Device to Delay Asphyxiation in Supine Individuals Critically Buried in Avalanche Debris
Authors: Strapazzon Giacomo , Rauch Simon , Malacrida Sandro , Dal Cappello Tomas , Governo Enrica , Catuzzo Bruna , Mrakic-Sposta Simona , Urgesi Margherita , Falla Marika , Cavoretto Gianluca , Visetti Enrico , Giardini Guido , Brugger Hermann , Prato Federico 
Published: May 2023

ImportanceApproximately 70% of individuals critically buried in avalanche debris die within 35 minutes as a result of asphyxial cardiac arrest. An artificial air-pocket device (AAPD) that separates inhaled air from exhaled air may delay the onset of severe hypoxemia and eventual asphyxia during snow burial.ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of a new AAPD during snow burial in a supine position.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis comparative effectiveness trial was performed in winter 2016 with data analysis in November 2016 and November 2022. Each trial used a simulated critical avalanche burial scenario, in which a trough was dug in a snow pile and an additional air pocket of 0.5 L volume was punched into the lateral wall for each control trial. All participants were buried in a supine position. Trials could be voluntarily terminated at any time, with a maximum length of 60 minutes; trials were automatically terminated if the participant’s peripheral oxygen saturation (Spo2) dropped to less than 84%.ExposuresEach participant conducted 2 trials, one in which they breathed into the AAPD (intervention trial) and the other in which they breathed into the prepared air pocket (control trial).Main Outcomes and MeasuresMeasurements included Spo2, cerebral oxygenation, ventilatory parameters, respiratory gas concentrations, and visual-analogue scales. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and rank test for matched survival data were used to analyze the total burial time in each trial.ResultsA total of 13 volunteers (9 men; mean [SD] age, 33 [8] years) were exposed to the intervention and control trials. Intervention trials were terminated less often (2 of 13 trials) as a result of hypoxemia than control trials (11 of 12 trials). Similarly, survival curves showed a longer duration of burial in the intervention compared with the control trials for the time to reach an Spo2 less than 84% (rank test for matched survival data: P = .003). The intervention trials, compared with the control trials, also had slower rates of decrease in fraction of inspired oxygen (mean [SD] rate, −0.8 [0.4] %/min vs −2.2 [1.2] %/min) and of increase in fraction of inspired carbon dioxide (mean [SD] rate, 0.5 [0.3] %/min vs 1.4 [0.6] %/min) and expired ventilation per minute (mean [SD] rate, 0.5 [1.0] L/min2 vs 3.9 [2.6] L/min2).Conclusions and RelevanceThis comparative effectiveness trial found that the new AAPD was associated with delaying the development of hypoxemia and hypercapnia in supine participants in a critical burial scenario. Use of the AAPD may allow a longer burial time before asphyxial cardiac arrest, which might allow longer times for successful rescue by companions or by prehospital emergency medical services.
Nonpolar Cosolvent Driving LUMO Energy Evolution of Methyl Acetate Electrolyte to Afford Lithium‐Ion Batteries Operating at −60 °C
Authors: Lei Sheng , Zeng Ziqi , Yan Hui , Qin Mingsheng , Liu Mengchuang , Wu Yuanke , Zhang Han , Cheng Shijie , Xie Jia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe operation of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) at low temperatures (<−20 °C) is hindered by the low conductivity and high viscosity of conventional carbonate electrolytes. Methyl acetate (MA) has proven to be a competitive low‐temperature electrolyte solvent with low viscosity and low freezing point, but its interfacial stability is poor and remains elusive until now. Here, it is revealed thaat the reductive stability of MA‐based electrolytes is fundamentally governed by the anion‐prevailed solvation structure. Based on this framework, fluorobenzene is employed in the electrolyte to promote the entry of anions into the solvation shell via dipole‐dipole interactions and the generation of free MA, thus enhancing the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy of MA. The designed electrolyte enables LiCoO2 (LCO)/graphite cells to exhibit excellent cycling performance at −20 °C (90% retention after 1000 cycles at 1 C) and to remain 91% of their room‐temperature capacity at a super‐low temperature of −60 °C at 0.05 C. Thanks to the plentiful free MA, this electrolyte has a high conductivity (2.61 mS cm−1) at −60 °C and allows LCO/graphite cell to charge at −60 °C. This study offers the possibility of practical applications for those solvents with poor reductive stability and provides new approaches to designing advanced electrolytes for low‐temperature applications.
Multifunctional Cross‐Linked Polyurethane Polymer as Interface Layer for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Hengda , Xu Yinyan , Zhang Guobing , Lu Hongbo , Zhu Jun , Lyu Mei , Ding Yunsheng 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn the past decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made remarkable progress in improving power conversion efficiency (PCE). In order to further improve the photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability of PSCs, the interface layer is essential. A multifunctional cross‐linked polyurethane (CLPU) is designed and synthesized via the spontaneous quaternization of polyurethane and 1, 6‐diiodohexane on the surface of the perovskite layer. CLPU layer cannot only effectively induce secondary crystallization and passivate the surface defects of perovskite, reduce the non‐radiative recombination, but also effectively block the moisture invasion. By this strategy, Cs0.05FA0.95PbI3 PSCs with excellent reproducibility, is realized, achieving a PCE of 23.14% with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.11 V, a short‐circuit current density of 25.69 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 0.81. In addition, the unencapsulated devices show enhanced stability in 35 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) near 3000 h and in 65 ± 5% RH over 700 h. This study provides valuable insights into the role of CLPU interface layer in PSCs, which are essential for the design of high‐performance devices.
Integrated Control of Radiations and In‐Band Co‐Polarized Reflections by a Single Programmable Metasurface
Authors: Tian Han Wei , Xu Liang , Li Xin , Jiang Wei Xiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntegrated control of radiated and reflected electromagnetic (EM) waves is of great importance in information science and engineering, which are mostly achieved by elaborately integrating metasurfaces and antennas. However, most of the radiation‐reflection‐integrated designs remain difficulties to modulate the radiated waves directly without cascading additional radio‐frequency (RF) modules. More importantly, the completely independent control of radiated waves and in‐band co‐polarized reflected waves has rarely been achieved. Herein, direct, dynamic and integrated control of radiated waves and in‐band co‐polarized reflected waves is realized merely by a single programmable metasurface. The radiation‐reflection‐integrated programmable metasurface (RRIPM) can dynamically choose to radiate EM waves only or reflect incident EM waves only, and even dynamically modulate the radiation phases and reflection phases, thus realizing arbitrary radiation functions and in‐band co‐polarized reflection functions without crosstalk. To illustrate the capabilities of RRIPM, an ultra‐compact and broadband RRIPM prototype is designed and fabricated, and this is used for the radiation and reflection of multiple beams with arbitrary energy distributions, low‐gain‐fluctuation reflection‐beam scanning, and low‐side‐lobe‐level broadside radiation.
Releasing Acceptor from Donor Matrix to Accelerate Crystallization Kinetics with a Second Donor toward High‐Efficiency Green‐Printable Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Xue Jingwei , Zhao Heng , Zhao Chao , Tang Lingxiao , Wang Yilin , Xin Jingming , Bi Zhaozhao , Zhou Ke , Ma Wei 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe state‐of‐the‐art power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) is typically achieved in the devices fabricated by toxic halogen solvents with complex post‐treatment processes in strictly inert atmosphere. Developing suitable processing method for printing in ambient air using eco‐friendly solvents with continuous solution supply and fabricating efficient devices without any post‐treatment are intensively desired. Controlling the crystallization kinetics to fine‐tune the acceptor's assembly behavior with a second donor for favorable morphological evolution is an effective approach to achieve above requirements. Herein, a kinetics‐controlling strategy is implemented by introducing a strong crystalline small molecule, BTR‐Cl, to enhance the crystallinity of acceptors. The combined in situ spectra characterizations revealed that the earlier aggregation of acceptor and modulation in conformation of PM6 can be achieved. This unique aggregation behavior facilitated enhanced film crystallization with reduced paracrystallinity of π–π stacking, resulting in improved charge transport and inhibited charge recombination. An outstanding PCE of 17.50% is obtained for the device processed with o‐xylene via ambient air printing without any post‐treatment. More significantly, efficient all‐printed inverted devices and large‐area modules are prepared. The generalization of this strategy has been confirmed in other efficient systems, suggesting a great potential for universally fabricating high‐efficiency and eco‐friendly OSCs.
Metasurface‐Enhanced Mid‐Infrared Spectrochemical Imaging of Tissues
Authors: Rosas Samir , Schoeller Keegan A. , Chang Edward , Mei Hongyan , Kats Mikhail A. , Eliceiri Kevin W. , Zhao Xinyu , Yesilkoy Filiz 
Published: May 2023

AbstractLabel‐free and nondestructive mid‐infrared vibrational hyperspectral imaging is an essential tissue analysis tool, providing spatially resolved biochemical information critical to understanding physiological and pathological processes. However, the chemically complex and spatially heterogeneous composition of tissue specimens and the inherently weak interaction of infrared light with biomolecules limit the analytical performance of infrared absorption spectroscopy. Here, an advanced mid‐infrared spectrochemical tissue imaging modality is introduced using metasurfaces that support strong surface‐localized electromagnetic fields to capture quantitative molecular maps of large‐area murine brain tissue sections. The approach leverages polarization‐multiplexed multi‐resonance plasmonic metasurfaces to simultaneously detect various functional biomolecules. The surface‐enhanced mid‐infrared spectral imaging method eliminates the non‐specific effects of bulk tissue morphology on quantitative spectral analysis and improves chemical selectivity. This study shows that metasurface enhancement increases the retrieval of amide I and II bands associated with protein secondary structures. Moreover, it is demonstrated that plasmonic metasurfaces enhance the chemical contrast in infrared images and enable detection of ultrathin tissue regions that are not otherwise visible to conventional mid‐infrared spectral imaging. While this work uses murine brain tissue sections, the chemical imaging method is well‐suited for other tissue types, which broadens its potential impact for translational research and clinical histopathology.