bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Grouping in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Gettler Alexander O. , Kramer Herbert E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fresh blood samples of known group were smeared on cloth, paper and metal implements, and allowed to stand for various intervals of time. The dried blood-stains were then again tested. When putrefaction of the blood samples set in before they dried, as many as 14 out of 18 wrong groups were obtained. It is of importance to note that not only were agglutinogen or agglutinin destroyed during the drying or ageing of the blood stains, but in some instances changes occurred which yielded reactions simulating those of some particular agglutinogen.
The authors strongly advise against the use of blood-grouping of partially decomposed (and contaminated) blood stains, since our experiments definitely prove that 100 per cent correct results cannot be obtained.
The in Vitro Action of Synthetic Crystalline Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) on Herpes Virus
Authors: Holden Margaret , Resnick Rose 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experimental evidence presented in this paper shows that synthetic vitamin C (ascorbic acid) inactivates “W” virus in vitro. This is a non-specific action and is due to a pH effect since, when the vitamin is added to a virus suspension buffered between pH 5 to 8, it fails to inhibit the virus. The virus treated with unadjusted ascorbic acid loses its antigenic power.
These observations apply only to the inactivating effect of ascorbic acid on the virus in test tube mixtures and have no reference to the effect that vitamin C may exert in inhibiting virus infections in the animal body.
Delayed and Immediate Reactions to Bacterial Nucleoproteins in Asthma, Hay Fever, and in a Group of Miscellaneous Diseases
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Jordani Leopold 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The data in tables 1 and 2 show that immediate reactions to bacterial nucleoproteins in the groups of patients studied occur almost exclusively among those with hay fever and asthma. While it is possible that reactions of the immediate variety may be due to bacterial carbohydrates precipitated with the nucleoproteins, such an assumption seems improbable. Julianelle and his associates (2) have found that 12 per cent of normal patients react to the group specific (group A staphylococcus) carbohydrate of Staphylococcus aureus. Since less than 1 per cent of the patients in the control group has reacted to the nucleoprotein of Staphylococcus aureus this protein presumably contains carbohydrate in quantities insufficient to provoke immediate reactions in the average patient. Assuming that Julianelle is correct in the statement that carbohydrate from his group A staphylococcus causes immediate reactions if injected intracutaneously while similar responses are not obtained with the group B polysaccharide with these polysaccharides and the corresponding nucleoproteins, a differential experiment is possible. This experiment now under way will determine with finality whether the immediate reactions with the proteins are caused by the protein or by traces of carbohydrate inseparable from the nucleoprotein fraction. The evidence at hand indicates that the immediate reactions are caused by the protein and are peculiar to patients with hay fever and asthma.
Agglutination Reactions of the Heat Stable Antigens of Clostridium Tetani
Authors: Gunnison J. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nine serologic types of Clostridium tetani have been differentiated by means of the agglutination reaction as a result of the studies of Tulloch (1), Bauer (2), Fildes (3), Bauer and Meyer (4), Coleman and Meyer (5) and Coleman and Gunnison (6). As Felix and Robertson (7) have pointed out, this division into types was based on the reaction of the “flagellar” or “H” antigens only, as the methods employed were unsuitable for “somatic” or “O” agglutination.
The method of qualitative receptor analysis of H and O antigens as proposed by Weil and Felix (8, 9) was applied to the study of Cl. tetani by Felix and Robertson (7). They stated that the thermolabile H or flagellar antigens which gave flocculent agglutination were type specific, but that the thermostable O or somatic antigens which gave finely granular agglutination were closely related and showed marked overlapping among the types.
Reverse Anaphylaxis in Rats with Special Attention to Kidney Damage
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. An understanding of the general picture of simple reverse anaphylaxis in rats is necessary in interpreting the lesions which result when anti-rat-kidney serum is administered to members of this species. The question of the more specific renal injury induced by nephrotoxin has already been discussed (1). This communication is limited to a detailed description and discussion of the clinical signs and pathological lesions observed in simple reverse anaphylaxis in rats induced by the intravenous injection of serum from rabbits immunized with rat serum.
Material and Methods. The precipitin titer of the immune rabbit serum used in the present experiments was determined by mixing 0.2 cc. with 0.4 cc. of suitably diluted normal rat serum; this titer, expressed as dilution of antigen, varied between 1:5,000 and 1:25,000.
Black and white hooded rats of an inbred strain were employed. Autopsies were performed immediately post mortem, and tissue for microscopic study was fixed in Zenker acetic solution.
Immunological Responses of Tissues Cultivated in Vitro
Authors: Salle A. J. , McOmie W. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neither precipitins, agglutinins nor hemolysins were produced by suspensions of chicken's embryonic tissue in Tyrode's solution. An examination of some of the physical effects on the survival of embryonic tissue cell of the chicken was made. The optimal condition for survival at 37°C. was a dilution of 1:20 or greater in sealed containers. Chicken's embryonic tissue actively proliferating in a medium of guinea pig's plasma failed to produce antibodies against rabbit's or guinea pig's serum, or guinea pig's red blood cells in any demonstrable amount with the technic employed. Rabbit's or guinea pig's splenic or pulmonary tissue cells actively proliferating in plasma-medium likewise failed to produce demonstrable antibodies against guinea pig's or rabbit's serum.
A “Normal Antibody” in Monkey Serum
Authors: Weichsel Manfred , Salfeld Hans 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The majority of sera of Macacus rhesus react with commercial lecithin in complement fixation tests. Almost 100 per cent of the sera of Macacus rhesus show strong and specific complement fixation in the presence of a certain acetone-soluble fraction (fat?) isolated from commercial lecithin.
The Survival of Virulent H. Influenzae in Phagocytes
Authors: Fothergill LeRoy D. , Chandler Caroline A. , Dingle John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented which suggests that H. influenzae may be protected from the destructive action of antiserum when ingested by phagocytes. This may be a factor in the frequent failure of specific therapy in patients with meningitis due to this organism.
Behavior Exhibited by Mixtures of Pneumococcus Type III and Homologous Antiserum, Analogous to That Described for Similar Associations of Virus and Antiviral Serum
Authors: Enders John F. , Shaffer Morris F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The so-called “dilution phenomenon”, or the reappearance of pathogenic properties in inactive mixtures (not fatal to mice) of pneumococcus type III and homologous antibody on simple dilution, has been demonstrated. When the organisms are removed from such inactive mixtures they can be shown to be practically undiminished in virulence for mice up to 65 hours following the preparation of the mixture. After these mixtures have stood one to two weeks the cocci in the centrifuged sediments in the majority of instances fail to kill mice. The supernatant fluid from under-neutralized mixtures (fatal for mice) of pneumococcus type III and homologous antiserum contains unbound mouse protective substance even when contact between organisms and serum has been maintained for two weeks at 4°C. The quantity of free antibody, however, decreases with the passage of time. A comparison of these findings with those recorded by nearly all other observers for analogous mixtures of virus and antiviral serum reveals a striking parallelism in behaviour between the two kinds of pathogenic agents and their respective antisera.
The Apparent Antigenicity of Plastein
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Mudd Stuart , Flosdorf Esther W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Continued injections of plasteins into rabbits give rise to precipitins, to cutaneous sensitivity, and to local anaphylaxis (the Arthus phenomenon). This in general confirms earlier observations by other workers. However, it has been found that the enzymes used in plastein-formation are themselves weakly antigenic, and, moreover, that the digests used as substrates may contain traces of denatured but still antigenic protein. The order of magnitude of the various reactions involving plasteins, digests and enzymes, and the specificity of these reactions, suggest that the antigenicity of plastein is due to the enzymes and traces of denatured proteins in the digests rather than to synthesized antigenic molecules. This work, therefore, if sound, invalidates the immunologic evidence which has been offered in support of the view that plasteins are synthesized products of molecular dimensions approximating those of proteins.
Blood Grouping in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Boyd William C. , Boyd Lyle G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple technic is outlined by which about 150 dried blood stains were correctly grouped, including 28 unknown stains, identified only by number, sent the authors by Dr. Wiener. It is thought that this method, in the hands of experienced and competent operators, will give 100 per cent correct results. The limitations and sources of error are discussed.
Serological Specificity in Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Pirie N. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The specificity of the serologic reactions of benzene derivatives has been investigated with a rather large number of substances. Recently Berger and Erlenmeyer (1) have examined a serum got by using an azoprotein made from 3-amino pyridine and their results would seem to indicate that in this case less specific antibodies are formed than are obtained with benzene derivatives. In order to investigate further this question we have prepared antisera against two pyridine amino carboxylic acids as well as against 3-amino pyridine. The behavior of these antisera with related antigens and the inhibitory effect of related haptens on the precipitation with the homologous antigen have been studied and the results are recorded in this paper.
Technic. Preparation of haptens and inhibitors. 3-amino-4-carboxy pyridine and 4-amino-3-carboxy pyridine. Cinchomeronic acid was prepared by the oxidation of isoquinoline using a method essentially that of Hoogewerff and van Dorp (2).
Heterogenetic Hemagglutinins in Man Following Therapeutic Injections of Immune Sera Produced in Rabbits
Authors: Schiff Fritz 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The development of non-specific hemagglutinins following the injection of horse serum, and particularly in cases of serum sickness, has been carefully studied by several observers (1–9). Although a definite and generally accepted theory has not yet been established, it seems likely that the phenomenon is due to a distinct antigen, believed to exist in the sera of horses as well as in the red cells of various animal species (horse, sheep, ox, rabbit). These are some of the animals whose blood is agglutinated by the serum from patients with serum sickness. Moreover, according to absorption experiments, the antigen is present in the serum and tissues of some of these animals.
Because of its distribution among several species of animals and in accordance with the definition given by Friedberger and Schiff (10), this antigen may be called a heterogenetic one.2
The Antitoxic Response to Diphtheric Antigens in Children
Authors: Fraser D. T. , Halpern K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of approximately six hundred titrations of sera from 244 children, given three injections of “unmodified” diphtheric toxoid, are presented by showing the per cent distribution of children, by antitoxin levels, at certain intervals of time after the last injection.
The tabulated results are suggested as a standard of measurement or yard-stick for assessing the relative value of any given diphtheric antigen.
The antitoxin levels three months after three injections of unmodified toxoid compare favorably with the levels of antitoxin in a group of “naturally” immune persons.
These results were obtained during a time when the incidence of diphtheria infection was low, as evidenced by the morbidity rates, by carrier studies and by the fact that, among the sera serially titrated, in five instances only was there an indication of a rise in antitoxin level due to secondary stimulus.
A graph showing the rate of loss of antitoxin of the group as a whole is presented.
The antitoxic responses to various diphtheric antigens are presented and compared with the suggested standard.
Fractions of the Human Group-Specific A-Antigen
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Stuart C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four fractions of the group-specific A-antigen of human erythrocytes were distinguished by their reactions with various types of normal and immune A-agglutinins as follows: 1, a thermostable, alcohol-soluble fraction whose serologically reactive group was present in pepsin but not in sheep-erythrocytes; 2, a thermostable, alcohol-insoluble fraction whose reactive group was likewise present in pepsin but not in sheep-cells; 3, a thermostable, alcohol-soluble fraction whose reactive group was present both in pepsin and sheep-erythrocytes; and 4 a thermolabile, alcohol-labile fraction present neither in pepsin nor sheep-cells. The fourth component has the properties of an isophilic antigen and possibly is the A-antigen restricted in distribution to human A- and AB-individuals.
Anaphylaxis with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Protein and Hemocyanin
Authors: Seastone C. V. , Loring Hubert S. , Chester K. Starr 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anaphylactic properties of the tobacco mosaic virus protein and the hemocyanin of Limulus polyphemus have been studied in sensitized guinea pigs in vivo and by means of the Schultz-Dale method.
The results demonstrate that the tobacco mosaic virus protein is anaphylactogenic when tested in vivo, but in agreement with previously published data fails to cause smooth muscle contraction when tested in vitro.
The results of the experiments with the hemocyanin of Limulus polyphemus demonstrate that this protein is anaphylactogenic when tested by either of the above methods.
A Diluent for Stabilizing Tuberculin “O.T.” Diluted for the Mantoux Test
Authors: Gottschall Russell , Bunney William Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A diluent buffered to pH 7.2 with borax and boric acid, containing 0.04 per cent gum arabic and 0.5 per cent phenol was found to stabilize tuberculins tested when diluted 1:10,000 and dispensed in rubber stoppered hard glass vials of 1 or 10 ml. capacity. This stability was proof against destruction by shaking for seven days, exposure to indirect sunlight at room temperature for four months, or prolonged transportation to warm climates and return.
The Demonstration of Antitoxin for the Toxin of Clostridium Welchii in the Blood Serum of Patients and Dogs that Have Recovered from Spreading Peritonitis Complicating Acute Perforative Appendicitis
Authors: Bower J. O. , Mengle Harold A. , Paxson N. F. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The consensus of opinion among bacteriologists is that, of the aerobes found in acute appendicitis and acute appendicitis associated with spreading peritonitis or a local abscess formation, Bacterium coli and various strains of streptococci play the leading rôles. The precise rôle of the anaerobes has been a controversial subject. The work of Dudgeon and Sargent in 1905 (4) may be regarded as detrimental to the advancement of our knowledge of the etiologic factors operating in spreading peritonitis. These men were so positive in their assertion that anaerobes play no part in the toxemia of peritonitis that they impressed even such leaders and molders of medical opinion as Murphy and Deaver. It is only recently that the importance of the anaerobes in this disease has been suspected, especially of Clostridium welchii (5).
The results obtained in carrying out tests for the presence of antitoxin for the toxin of Clostridium welchii in the blood of patients who were convalescing or had recovered from acute appendicitis, active or quiescent pelvic peritonitis, and spreading peritonitis, the result of a ruptured appendix, indicate that a major percentage of these patients recovered from spreading peritonitis, not only because of the surgical and medical measures instituted, but also because of their immunologic response to infection with Clostridium welchii. We feel that this indicates that Clostridium welchii plays an important rôle in spreading peritonitis of appendiceal origin. Although our series of cases is small, the percentage of individuals who develop sufficient antitoxin in their blood serum, after recovering from an attack of appendiceal peritonitis, to protect pigeons against the toxin is high enough to support this statement. In 10 apparently normal adults used as controls, the incidence of antitoxin in the blood serum was zero; in 9 patients convalescing or recovered from acute unperforated appendicitis, the incidence of demonstrable antitoxin in the blood serum was 22.2 per cent; in 15 patients with active or quiescent pelvic peritonitis the incidence of demonstrable antitoxin was 46.6 per cent and in 28 patients suffering with or recovered from spreading peritonitis secondary to acute perforative appendicitis, the incidence of demonstrable antitoxin in the blood serum was 69 per cent.
Furthermore, we have been using perfringens antitoxin in the treatment of cases of spreading peritonitis following perforative appendicitis with results which are encouraging and which will be reported later.
A New and Rapid Quantitative Technic for the Determination of the Potency of Types I and II Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Libby Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple quantitative technic has been described for the mechanical determination of the potency of antipneumococcal serum, types I and II, in terms of mouse-protective units. It consists essentially in titrating, by means of the photronreflectometer (1), known dilutions of the homologous polysaccharide with varying dilutions of serum to a galvanometric-reading corresponding to a dilution of SSS equivalent to a certain amount of a standard serum (see table 3). Similarly, milligrams per cubic centimeter of polysaccharide in an unknown solution may be determined by testing varying dilutions of the unknown with a serum on which the unit-potency has been established and titrating to equivalent unit and galvanometer-reading (table 3).
A rapid method for testing the purity of a preparation of polysaccharide and its suitability for use in the above photronreflectometric titrations is described. Essentially this method consists of: first, determining the equivalent combining proportions of serum and homologous polysaccharide (see (1)) in the zone of slight excess of antibody and then determining whether or not these combining proportions hold for halved dilutions of the serum and SSS (see (2)). If they do not hold, then the preparation contains other constituents than the homologous SSS and cannot be used in the photronreflectometric titrations described.
The chemical aspects of the data presented in this report will be discussed in a subsequent publication.
The Action of Diphtheric Toxin on Embryonic Chicks
Authors: Evans Florence L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During a series of experiments on chick embryos, it was decided to ascertain the effect, if any, of some of the bacterial toxins on the development of the embryos. This paper deals with the results obtained with the toxic filtrate from Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The method used was essentially a modification of Good-pasture's (1) technic in which the substance to be tested was placed on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick. The application of this method to the testing of bacterial toxins is believed to be original.
Experimental. The eggs used in these experiments were partly pure bred and partly fertile market eggs of mixed breeds. The pure blood eggs included the following strains: White Leghorns (white shell), Black Minorca (white shell), Rhode Island Red (brown shell), and Buff Orpington (brown shells).
In the tests, only eggs between 50 to 70 grams in weight were used because of the fact that very small eggs were either infertile or were apt to contain abnormal embryos.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Wheeler K. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinins acting at 2°C. on human erythrocytes were found in all of 626 mature rabbits. Animals belonging to three inbred families had average cold-agglutinin titers which probably were significantly higher than titers of animals included in four other families.
Thermal amplitude of the warm- or cold-agglutinins for human erythrocytes was not always proportional to the titer. The agglutinin was shown by adsorption experiments to contain components possessing different thermal characteristics.
Agglutinins acting at 2° on A-cells usually were not completely destroyed after 2 hours of heating at 65°C. if the serum contained 37°-A-agglutinins, whereas serums lacking warm-agglutinins were usually completely inactivated after 60 minutes at 65°.
Cold-agglutinins were demonstrated in rabbit serums which were specific for human species, human O and A2, A and A2, and B-erythrocytes and also for rabbit, guinea-pig, horse and sheep erythrocytes.
Serological Tests with Pyrazolone Compounds
Authors: Harte Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On the basis of experiments performed in this laboratory brief mention has previously been made (1, p. 94; 2) of results derived from a study of reactions of immune sera to azoproteins containing antipyrine derivatives. This communication presents experimental evidence, and additional data and their discussion.
Of the many examinations into serological specificity with artificial conjugated antigens only few have concerned themselves with heterocyclic haptens (2–5). In a study on serological reactions of pyrazolone derivatives Erlenmeyer and Berger (3) and Berger (6) presented evidence to show that the group is the determinant structure of their hapten (antipyrine), and that a correlation exists between the serological specificity and the pharmacological action of the substances considered.
In this investigation immune sera were produced for azoproteins, prepared by coupling 4-aminoantipyrine (I) and p-aminoantipyrine (II) to horse serum, and examined by the usual technics.
Survival of the Influenzal Virus Under Various Conditions
Authors: Scherp Henry W. , Flosdorf Earl W. , Shaw Dorothy R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The influenzal viruses (PR8 and S15 strains) were found to be readily inactivated when subjected to ordinary procedures for protein fractionation. For purposes of storage, virus cultivated in a medium containing the tissue of chick embryo (PR8 virus) was found to be more stable than virus from influenzal mouselungs. The results indicate that, for prolonged periods of storage, it is preferable to dry the cultured virus by the lyophile process in the presence of gum-acacia.