bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Future of Small Farms: Innovations for Inclusive Transformation
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Reardon Thomas , Kennedy Adam , DeFries Ruth S. , Koo Jawoo , Minten Bart , Takeshima Hiroyuki , Thornton Philip 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe number of people living in rural areas of low and middle-income countries is projected to increase in the coming decades. It is in the rural areas of these countries where a large majority of the world’s extreme poor reside. The livelihoods of two to three billion rural people depend on small farms. These small farms are responsible for the production and supply of a large portion of the calories feeding low- and middle-income countries. Small farms are also preservers of crops and associated biodiversity and with the right incentives can contribute to land stewardship. Small farms are diverse, and, hence, so are their associated challenges. We categorize small farms as commercial farms, small farms in transition and subsistence-oriented farms and highlight evidence-based innovations for the sustainable transformation of each type of small farm. Broadly, small farms face high transaction costs, lack collective action, and experience coordination failure in production and marketing. Lack of market access is also a major challenge. Investments in infrastructure, including those that support access to digital technologies, can improve farmers’ access to markets and incentives as well as foster growth in the midstream segments of the value chain that provide inputs, storage, processing, and logistics to small farms. Rural Non-Farm Employment (RNFE) is increasingly the main source of income for most small farmers and provides them with a risk diversification strategy and cash, both to purchase food and for farm investments to raise productivity, expand commercial activities, and produce higher-value products. Public investments and policies that facilitate growth of the agrifood system must pay more attention to creating enabling environments for the development of RNFE and strengthening the synergy between agriculture and RNFE in rural areas.
Secondary Cities as Catalysts for Nutritious Diets in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: van Zutphen Kesso Gabrielle , Barjolle Dominique , van den Berg Sophie , Gavin-Smith Breda , Kraemer Klaus , Musard Capucine , Prytherch Helen , Six Johan , Winter Simon , Woltering Kris 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe world is facing a malnutrition crisis in the midst of rising rates of urbanization; more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a number that is expected to reach two-thirds by 2050, consuming 80% of the world’s food. Instead of the development of existing cities into ‘mega-cities,’ urbanization is creating a patchwork of smaller urban areas. In 2018, close to half of the world’s urban residents lived in settlements or towns with less than 500,000 inhabitants. These settlements are classified as secondary cities and are, in terms of population, the fastest growing urban areas. Poor diets among city inhabitants are the consequence of a combination of forces. These include changes in types of occupation, particularly for women; food-environment factors; shifts in norms and attitudes regarding food; globalization of food supply chains; lack of infrastructure; post-harvest food loss and waste, etc. Secondary cities offer entry points for food system transformation. Secondary cities are characterized by strong urban-rural linkages and the opportunity for localized food production and consumption. These cities could also play a key role in enhancing resilience to food security shocks. This chapter discusses the challenge of the growing triple burden of malnutrition in urban contexts and argues for the important role of secondary cities in transforming urban food systems. Through three case studies of secondary cities in LMICs, these cities are shown as emerging players in nutrition-centered food system interventions.
Pathways to Advance Agroecology for a Successful Transformation to Sustainable Food Systems
Authors: Niggli Urs , Sonnevelt Martijn , Kummer Susanne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAgroecology is a powerful strategy that reduces the trade-offs between productivity and sustainability. It promotes the diversity of crops and livestock, fields, farms and landscapes, which together are key to improving the sustainability of food and farming systems in terms of long-term productivity, food actors’ empowerment and inclusion and environmental health. Agroecology is a bundle of measures taken by farmers that, individually or combined, mobilize biodiversity and ecosystem services for productivity. Ideally, it leads to economically and ecologically resilient production systems that are high-yielding. It does not necessarily mean a predefined farming system, and the shift from simplified by industrial standards to agroecological farms is gradual. The transformation and upscaling of agroecological practices requires changes that affect not only the management of farms, or production and consumption patterns at the food system level, but also the institutional framework conditions and the way in which we measure the performance of agricultural and food systems. In our chapter, we describe four domains of transformation – knowledge systems, markets, collaborations and policy coherence – each with enabling and constraining factors.
A Whole Earth Approach to Nature-Positive Food: Biodiversity and Agriculture
Authors: DeClerck Fabrice A. J. , Koziell Izabella , Benton Tim , Garibaldi Lucas A. , Kremen Claire , Maron Martine , Del Rio Cristina Rumbaitis , Sidhu Aman , Wirths Jonathan , Clark Michael , Dickens Chris , Carmona Natalia Estrada , Fremier Alexander K. , Jones Sarah K. , Khoury Colin K. , Lal Rattan , Obersteiner Michael , Remans Roseline , Rusch Adrien , Schulte Lisa A. , Simmonds Jeremy , Stringer Lindsay C. , Weber Christopher , Winowiecki Leigh 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAgriculture is the largest single source of environmental degradation, responsible for over 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 70% of freshwater use and 80% of land conversion: it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss (Foley JA, Science 309:570–574, 2005, Nature 478:337–342, 2011; IPBES. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, 2019; Willett W et al. The Lancet 393:447–492, 2019). Agriculture also underpins poor human health, contributing to 11 million premature deaths annually. While too many still struggle from acute hunger, a growing number of individuals, including in low to middle-income countries (LMICs), struggle to access healthy foods. Greater consideration for, and integration of, biodiversity in agriculture is a key solution space for improving health, eliminating hunger and achieving nature-positive development objectives.This rapid evidence review documents the best available evidence of agriculture’s relationships with biodiversity, drawing on the contributions of leading biodiversity experts, and recommends actions that can be taken to move towards more biodiversity/nature-positive production through the delivery of integrated agricultural solutions for climate, biodiversity, nutrition and livelihoods. The analysis, which takes a whole-of-food-system approach, brings together a large body of evidence. It accounts for aspects not typically captured in a stand-alone primary piece of research and indicates where there are critical gaps.
The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Hodson de Jaramillo Elizabeth , Trigo Eduardo J. , Campos Rosario 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFood systems (FS) incorporate nutrition, health, resource use, biodiversity, transformation, jobs and livelihoods, all of which ideally should be covered under the concept of the SDGs. This chapter outlines the crucial role of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region as the world’s largest net exporter of agricultural products and recognizes the circular economy and the bioeconomy as strategic areas for FS transformation to improve productivity and the sustainable use of biological resources and to reduce waste. Significant developments have been achieved in some countries in biotechnology agricultural applications, conservation and regenerative agriculture and sustainable livestock production systems, as well as young entrepreneurships developing start-ups with impact in the regional bioeconomy. Considering this dichotomy should be an essential component of any strategy for confronting the climate change crisis and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, which are threatening food supply, nutrition, health and sustainability. The integration of science, technology and innovation (STI) developments and investment opportunities with national and regional policymaking is essential, as well as communicating its potential to the public. Specific actions for LAC include: (a) using the great agrobiodiversity of LAC to diversify the FS, thereby increasing nutritional content and climate change resilience and new bioproducts; (b) enabling and promoting the use of digital technologies in the food value chain: and (c) using beneficial soil microorganisms and the microbiome for sustainable increases in productivity.
Transforming Chinese Food Systems for Both Human and Planetary Health
Authors: Fan Shenggen , Huang Jikun , Zhang Fusuo , Zhao Wenhua , Song Hongyuan , Nie Fengying , Sheng Yu , Wang Jinxia , Bi Jieying , Cong Wenfeng 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOver the past four decades, China’s food security and nutritional status have improved significantly, as witnessed in the elimination of hunger and poverty, increased diversity of diets, and reduction in child stunting. However, Chinese food systems will face even greater challenges in the future. These include constraints of natural resources, climate change, and multiple challenges of malnutrition, food safety, and external shocks from a volatile international market. Fortunately, the Chinese government has made important commitments in the “Fourteenth Five-year Plan” on food and nutrition security, health, the environment and climate change, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. The purpose of this chapter is to review major achievements and their enabling factors, future challenges and government strategies, as well as our recommendations for transforming Chinese food systems in regard to both human and planetary health. This chapter will help to bring voices of emerging economies like China in setting the global food system agenda, providing useful insights on the transformation of its own food systems, as well as those in other countries.
The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Transforming Food Systems Globally
Authors: Fears Robin , Canales Claudia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAlthough much progress has been made in past decades, the prospects for food and nutrition security are now deteriorating and the converging crises of climate change and Covid-19 present major risks for nutrition and health, and challenges to the development of sustainable food systems. In 2018, the InterAcademy Partnership published a report on the scientific opportunities and challenges for food and nutrition security and agriculture based on four regional reports by academy networks in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. The present chapter draws on new evidence from the regions reaffirming the continuing rapid pace of science, technology and innovation and the need to act urgently worldwide to capitalise on the new opportunities to transform food systems. We cover issues around sustainable, healthy food systems in terms of the whole food value chain, including consumption and waste, the interconnections between agriculture and natural resources, and the objectives for developing a more balanced food production strategy (for land and sea) to deliver nutritional, social and environmental benefits. Our focus is on science, and we discuss a range of transdisciplinary research opportunities that can underpin the UN FSS Action Tracks, inform the introduction of game-changers, and provide core resources to stimulate innovation, inform practice and guide policy decisions. Academies of science, with their strengths of scientific excellence, inclusiveness, diversity and the capacity to link the national, regional and global levels, are continuing to support the scientific community’s a key role in catalysing action. Our recommendations concentrate on priorities around building the science base – including the recognition of the importance of fundamental research – to generate diverse yet equitable solutions for providing sustainable, healthy diets that are culturally sensitive and attend to the needs of vulnerable populations. We also urge better use of the transdisciplinary science base to advise policymaking, and suggest that this would be greatly advanced by constituting an international advisory Panel for Food and Nutrition Security, with particular emphasis on sustainable food systems.
Fruits and Vegetables for Healthy Diets: Priorities for Food System Research and Action
Authors: Harris Jody , de Steenhuijsen Piters Bart , McMullin Stepha , Bajwa Babar , de Jager Ilse , Brouwer Inge D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFruits and vegetables are vital for healthy diets, but intake remains low for a majority of the global population. This chapter reviews academic literature on food system issues, as well as opportunities for research and action, as an input into the 2021 UN Food Systems Summit in the context of the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables.The chapter summarises evidence underpinning food system actions to make fruits and vegetables more available, accessible and desirable through push (production and supply), pull (demand and activism) and policy (legislation and governance) mechanisms, with action options at the macro (global and national), meso (institutional, city and community) and micro (household and individual) levels. It also suggests the need to recognise and address power disparities across food systems, and trade-offs among diet, livelihood and environmental food system outcomes.We conclude that there is still a need to better understand the different ways that food systems can make fruits and vegetables available, affordable, accessible and desirable across places and over time, but also that we know enough to accelerate action in support of fruit- and vegetable-rich food systems that can drive healthy diets for all.
Machine Learning for Thermoacoustics
Authors: Juniper Matthew P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates three promising ways to combine machine learning with physics-based modelling in order to model, forecast, and avoid thermoacoustic instability. The first method assimilates experimental data into candidate physics-based models and is demonstrated on a Rijke tube. This uses Bayesian inference to select the most likely model. This turns qualitatively-accurate models into quantitatively-accurate models that can extrapolate, which can be combined powerfully with automated design. The second method assimilates experimental data into level set numerical simulations of a premixed bunsen flame and a bluff-body stabilized flame. This uses either an Ensemble Kalman filter, which requires no prior simulation but is slow, or a Bayesian Neural Network Ensemble, which is fast but requires prior simulation. This method deduces the simulations’ parameters that best reproduce the data and quantifies their uncertainties. The third method recognises precursors of thermoacoustic instability from pressure measurements. It is demonstrated on a turbulent bunsen flame, an industrial fuel spray nozzle, and full scale aeroplane engines. With this method, Bayesian Neural Network Ensembles determine how far each system is from instability. The trained BayNNEs out-perform physics-based methods on a given system. This method will be useful for practical avoidance of thermoacoustic instability.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Subgrid-Scale Flame Wrinkling Modeling
Authors: Xing V. , Lapeyre C. J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSubgrid-scale flame wrinkling is a key unclosed quantity for premixed turbulent combustion models in large eddy simulations. Due to the geometrical and multi-scale nature of flame wrinkling, convolutional neural networks are good candidates for data-driven modeling of flame wrinkling. This chapter presents how a deep convolutional neural network called a U-Net is trained to predict the total flame surface density from the resolved progress variable. Supervised training is performed on a database of filtered and downsampled direct numerical simulation fields. In an a priori evaluation on a slot burner configuration, the network outperforms classical dynamic models. In closing, challenges regarding the ability of deep convolutional networks to generalize to unseen configurations and their practical deployment with fluid solvers are discussed.
Reduced-Order Modeling of Reacting Flows Using Data-Driven Approaches
Authors: Zdybał K. , Malik M. R. , Coussement A. , Sutherland J. C. , Parente A. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractData-driven modeling of complex dynamical systems is becoming increasingly popular across various domains of science and engineering. This is thanks to advances in numerical computing, which provides high fidelity data, and to algorithm development in data science and machine learning. Simulations of multicomponent reacting flows can particularly profit from data-based reduced-order modeling (ROM). The original system of coupled partial differential equations that describes a reacting flow is often large due to high number of chemical species involved. While the datasets from reacting flow simulation have high state-space dimensionality, they also exhibit attracting low-dimensional manifolds (LDMs). Data-driven approaches can be used to obtain and parameterize these LDMs. Evolving the reacting system using a smaller number of parameters can yield substantial model reduction and savings in computational cost. In this chapter, we review recent advances in ROM of turbulent reacting flows. We demonstrate the entire ROM workflow with a particular focus on obtaining the training datasets and data science and machine learning techniques such as dimensionality reduction and nonlinear regression. We present recent results from ROM-based simulations of experimentally measured Sandia flames D and F. We also delineate a few remaining challenges and possible future directions to address them. This chapter is accompanied by illustrative examples using the recently developed Python software, PCAfold. The software can be used to obtain, analyze and improve low-dimensional data representations. The examples provided herein can be helpful to students and researchers learning to apply dimensionality reduction, manifold approaches and nonlinear regression to their problems. The Jupyter notebook with the examples shown in this chapter can be found on GitHub at https://github.com/kamilazdybal/ROM-of-reacting-flows-Springer.
1983–1990: The Era of General Management
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis was another period of churn for the NHS. First, the service endured another restructuring exercise, reducing hierarchical layers to a less rigid bureaucratic structure. Area Health Authorities (AHAs) were abolished in 1982 and replaced by 192 District Health Authorities (DHAs). Second, there was a move away from ‘consensus’ style management towards ‘general management’ following the publication of the influential Griffiths Report in 1983. This marked an important phase in the NHS in which a clearly defined management function was implemented to improve efficiency, planning and accountability but bought shifting sands to the way community nursing services were managed. A review of community nursing services in a similar vein, The Cumberlege Report (1986), also proved significant. We focus on the recommendations of this report for improving the role and function of district nursing services and their geographical deployment to strengthen the concept of a localised, neighbourhood nursing structure. Whilst this was a period of change in terms of the organisation and management of Community Health Services and indeed the NHS as a whole, the core role of community or district nurses remained as one of care in the community but with an emphasis on greater multi-disciplinary team working.
1990s: The Introduction of the Internal Market
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, set in motion by the publication of the 1989 White Papers—Working for Patients and Caring for People, saw an intense time of policy change which would profoundly impact community and district nursing services. These papers ushered in the introduction of the internal market with purchaser/provider split between commissioners and providers of services, aiming for better services, better patient choice and to reduce costs. This chapter focuses on how the NHS was re-structured to facilitate this quasi-market organisation with Health Authorities (HAs), once pivotal, replaced by Primary Care Groups (PCGs) at the end of the decade. We document here the impact of these changes on the district nursing service as well as bringing to the fore that it was a service in crisis and in need of attention. Heavy caseloads coupled with a diminishing workforce led to a review of the grading system and an increasing use of ‘skill-mix’. We also highlight that aligned with internal marketisation ideals, funding of community services was based on a crude count of average number of contacts rather than based on the complexities of the role. As ever, there was a need for district nurses to ‘deliver more for less’ (Audit Commission, 1999, p. 94) at the end of the era.
2000s: Transforming Community Services
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe new millennium saw the publication ofThe NHS Planin 2000, which bought a welcome focus to community health services (CHS) and the role of community nursing. We outline the proposals contained in the plan which furthered the quasi-marketisation of the NHS and increased commissioning of health care at the local level of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs)—replacing Health Authorities (HAs) and Primary Care Groups (PCGs). A further review by Lord Darzi and subsequent policy,Transforming Community Services: Enabling new patterns of provision(DoH, 2009) instigated the separation of commissioning/provision and laid out timetables for how PCTs were to do this. The long held roles of the district nursing service continues in this era, although not always clearly defined, understood or acknowledged and policy attempts to expand their remit feature heavily. This included more clinical tasks as well as focusing on such things as public health/health protection and promotion programmes that improve health and reduce inequalities. This chapter also describes the uncertainty for frontline nurses that the Transforming Community Services (TCS) brought in terms of who their employer would be or what management arrangements they would work under given the establishment of some standalone Trusts, some third sector and some combined acute/community Trusts. The aims of the TCS programme were bold but in reality achieved little by the end of the era.