bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of the Alternate Pathway of C by Human Histocompatibility (HL-A) Antibodies
Authors: Ferrone S. , Cooper N. R. , Pellegrino M. A. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of cultured human lymphoid cells sensitized with human histocompatibility (HL-A) antibodies to activate the classical and alternate pathways of C has been investigated. Some HL-A antibodies have been found to activate only the alternate pathway, since heating of the human C source for 30 min at 50°C completely eliminated lymphocytotoxicity. Cytolytic potential and the ability to bind radiolabeled C3, C6, C8, and C9 present in the heated sera were fully restored on addition of highly purified C3 proactivator (C3PA) to the heated sera. Treatment of the human C source with EGTA (10 mM) to chelate calcium and inhibit the classical pathway or the use of C2 deficient C did not significantly reduce the ability of the C source in conjunction with the alloantisera to mediate cytolysis. Finally, lysis did not occur when C3PA depleted serum was used as the C source; cytolytic activity, however, was restored on addition of C3PA to the depleted C.
Depletion of Early C Components During a Systemic Graft-vs-Host Reaction in Rats
Authors: Ballow M. , Day N. K. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In immunodeficiency patients undergoing severe graft-vs-host (GVH) disease after bone marrow transplantation, a fall in the early C components was observed. To investigate this further, we induced a systemic GVH disease in (LxBN) F1 hybrid rats (70 g) by giving them a 200 × 106 or 400 × 106 Lewis spleen cell suspension i.v. Clinical GVH disease was present on day 5 and most of the animals died by 2 weeks of infection. Six of eight rats in the experimental group had a fall in the levels of serum C2 and C4 concomitant with the onset of the GVH reaction. C1 was variable in that only three of eight had diminished levels. One of six control rats had a significant fall in early C components. In a subsequent experiment (F344xBN)F1 hybrid rats (60 g) were injected i.v. with a 400 × 106 F344 spleen cell suspension or 200 × 106 F344 Ficoll/Hypaque (F/H) separated lymphocytes.
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) and “Familial” Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Identical Twin Boys
Authors: Kohler Peter F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Identical twin boys with solar sensitivity, discoid LE, positive antinuclear antibody and increased antibody to denatured DNA have been followed for 4 years. SLE was diagnosed in their mother at age 22 during her pregnancy with the twins. Seven years later she died with SLE coronary vasculitis. At ages 4 and 8, discoid LE was diagnosed in the twins and at age 13, they were evaluated in Denver. Both had low total C and markedly reduced C4. Metabolic studies with radioiodinated C4 demonstrated a marked hypercatabolism combined with decreased synthesis. Concentrations of C1̄ inhibitor (C1̄ INH) were subsequently found to be less than 20% of normal (Table I). Their father and maternal grandparents have normal component and C1̄ INH levels. The C4 and C1̄ INH abnormalities have persisted in serial studies of the twins. Neither has had cutaneous or oral-pharyngeal angioedema.
Quantitative Studies of the Conversion of C3PA (GBG) to C3A (GGG)
Authors: Lambert Paul H. , Perrin L. , Cerottini J. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative methods were set up to measure the conversion of C3PA or GBG to C3A or GGG. The results were compared to those of hemolytic tests by using glutathion-treated red cells. The kinetics of C3PA conversion induced in serum either spontaneously by addition of magnesium, or by various natural activators, was studied. Particular interest was given to the activation of C3PA by immune complexes. It was found that some small complexes formed in large antigen excess can activate the C3A system. Similar results were obtained with complexes formed of IgA immunoglobulins and DNP-substituted antigens. The C3-converting activity of some “nephritic factors” isolated from sera of membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis patients seems to be related to a similar activation process of the alternate pathway. (Work supported by Swiss National Research Foundation (Grant 3.617.71) and the Annette Kade Foundation.)
Lack of Correlation Between Antigen Content and Lytic Susceptibility of Tumor Cells
Authors: Ohanian S. H. , Borsos T. , Rapp H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Forssman antigen content of two diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig hepatomas, L1 and L10, normal guinea pig liver cells and SRBC was compared by absorption of hemolytically active IgM antibody. Analysis of the absorption curves indicated all cells absorbed similar amounts of hemolytic activity.
Lysis of the tumor cells was studied with IgM anti-Forssman antibody, rabbit anti-tumor antibody and C (human, rabbit and guinea pig). L1 cells sensitized with Forssman antibody or specific anti-tumor antibody were lysable by all C sources tested. Human C was more efficient in lysing L1 than rabbit or guinea pig. Although L10 cells sensitized with a similar number of C1-fixing Forssman antibody molecules were not lysable by any of the C sources, efficient lysis with human C occurred when the cells were sensitized with a specific anti-L10 antiserum.
These experiments indicate that the observed variation in sensitivity to antibody-C mediated lysis of these tumor cells cannot be explained on the basis of insufficient C-fixing antibody on the cell surface or by differences in antigen concentration.
Two C Receptors on Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Okada H. , Nishioka K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Some cultured lymphoid cell lines from Burkitt lymphoma such as Daudi cells do not fix EA(IgM)C43 which were prepared with guinea pig C although the cells fix EA(IgM)Cm which were prepared with mouse C. For the analysis of mouse serum factors, EA(IgM)C42 were reacted with a dilution of test sample at 37°C for 15 min in the presence of EDTA. After the incubation, human erythrocytes (HuE) or Daudi cells (Dc) were added to the reaction mixture to examine the adherence reactivity to those indicator cells. The activities to convert EA(IgM)C42 into being reactive to HuE and to Dc were designated as H-activity and D-activity, respectively. After DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, H- and D-activities of mouse plasma were separated on a CM-cellulose column. Although almost 100% of H-activity was recovered, the recovery of D-activity at the last column was less than 20%. But retitration of D-activity in the presence of a fraction of H-activity showed that D-activity also recovered at about 100%.
Enhancement of Chemotactic Responsiveness in Vitro by C1 INH and Heparin
Authors: Smith C. Wayne , Hollers J. , Bing D. H. , Mernitz J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Employing a modification of the Boyden technique for studying neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro, we investigated the effect of C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) and heparin on leukotaxis of human neutrophils. Leukocytes of normal adults were obtained from heparin anticoagulated plasma, and were washed in Hanks' solution (HBSS). The compartments of the chemotaxis chambers were separated by Millipore filters of 3 µ pore size. When C1 INH (7 units/ml) was added to the cell compartment of chemotaxis chambers containing 1 × 106 neutrophils suspended in HBSS and 10% heparinized human plasma, there was a 3-fold enhancement (p &lt; 0.001) in leukotactic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human plasma as compared to chambers without C1 INH. Subsequent experiments revealed the following results: 1) The enhancement of chemotaxis occurred also in response to zymosan and antigen-antibody-activated human plasma or serum; 2) no enhancement or increase in random motility occurred in the absence of a chemotactic stimulus; 3) enhancement could be completely prevented by prior exposure of the medium to a monospecific anti-C1 INH immunoadsorbent; 4) maximum enhancement occurred with 7 units of C1 INH while 4 units produced no effect; 5) the effect of C1 INH was reversible; 6) increasing levels of chemotactic stimulant increased the magnitude of enhancement.
Quantitation of C3 and C4 in Patients with Severe Infections or Trauma with and Without Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Authors: Spath P. , Kunz F. , Kroesen G. , Gabl F. , Holzknecht F. , Braunsteiner H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence exists that C is involved in the coagulation process (Zimmerman et al., J. Exp. Med., No. 6, 1971). It has been reported that C3 (β1C/β1A) is significantly depressed in most patients with DIC (Tomar et al., Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh., 3: 27, 1972). In the present study C3 and C4 were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion in the plasma of patients suffering mostly from severe septic and traumatic conditions with and without shock. Examinations including detailed coagulation studies were performed on 30 selected patients and 14 showed characteristic signs of DIC. C3 was markedly diminished in 13, C4 in 9 of the 14 DIC patients. In patients with septicemia but without DIC, a larger variation of results was found. In this group, depressions of C3 were observed in 6, and of C4 in 3 of 10 cases and seemed to occur more frequently when the condition was complicated by shock.
The C System in Hepatitis Patients with or Without Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Torisu M. , Sonozaki H. , Yoshida T. , Naito H. , Hozaki H. , Sato M. , Tsuji T. , Kosaka K. , Starzl T. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Orthotopic transplantation of the human liver has shown that the liver is a source of C4, C3, and C5 in man. It is therefore of interest to study the complement system in patients with hepatitis. Such studies may also provide information about the immune response to such antigens as hepatitis associated antigen (HAA); this response is thought to underlie some of the hepatic damage in this disease. Patients without immunosuppressive therapy showed consistent reduction in CH50, C4, and C3; in increasing order of reduction they are chronic persistent hepatitis (20 cases), chronic aggressive hepatitis (18 cases), fulminant hepatitis (5 cases), and liver cirrhosis (30 cases). In acute hepatitis (50 cases) these titers showed significant increases which correlated with disease activity as reflected by serum enzyme (SGOT) levels. In chronic hepatitis, similar changes were associated with SGOT activity, but these were superimposed on a baseline which fell with time below normal levels.
Immune Response of the Human Respiratory Tract
Authors: Waldman R. H. , Jurgensen P. F. , Olsen G. N. , Ganguly R. , Johnson J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin levels and antibody titers were determined in bronchoalveolar (BA) lavage fluids, nasal washings, and sera from volunteers immunized with a commercial inactivated influenza virus vaccine by aerosol or subcutaneously. The IgG:IgA ratio of BA secretions was 2.5:1, thus being intermediate between the ratio in sera and nasal washings. Little albumin was found in the BA fluids. BA antibody was best stimulated by local (aerosol) immunization, was found in the IgG, as well as IgA class of immunglobulins and was locally produced.
Antigen-T Lymphocyte Interactions: Inhibition by Cytochalasin B
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Bubbers J. Eric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The adsorption of cytologically active C57BL/6 T lymphocytes onto homologous DBA/2 embryonic fibroblast monolayers has been studied in the presence of a number of drugs. The adsorption of cytolytic effector cells onto monolayers was unaffected by prostaglandin E1 or by colchicine, both of which are potent inhibitors of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. On the other hand, the specific adsorption of lymphocytes onto the monolayers was markedly inhibited by cytochalasin B. These findings reinforce the concept that T cell-mediated cytolysis proceeds in discrete steps which are inhibitable at different levels. Further, in view of the known effects of cytochalasin B, these studies suggest that membrane modulation is required for T lymphocyte-antigen interactions.
Lymphocyte Transformation in Human Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Wyler David J. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from fifteen patients who had been infected with Plasmodium falciparum from 1 month to 15 years previously underwent significant in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to malaria antigen. Since 11 of these patients lacked demonstrable antimalarial antibodies, this indicator of cell-mediated rather than humoral immunity provides a more sensitive indicator of prior exposure to malaria. In contrast, lymphocytes from normal control subjects failed to undergo transformation to low concentrations of antigens. Only at higher concentrations of antigen were lymphocytes of control subjects also transformed, but to a significantly smaller degree than those of the patients. Since the antigen preparation consists of a heterogeneous mixture of materials, this presumably represents a nonspecific response to some components in the antigen preparation. These results suggest that thymus-derived lymphocytes are important in host response to human malaria.
Recovery from Anti-Ig Induced Immunosuppression: Implications for a Model of Ig-Secreting Cell Development
Authors: Manning Dean D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data are presented on Ig levels in anti-Ig-treated BALB/c, congenitally athymic (nude) and littermate mice bled at intervals both during and after suppressive treatment. The patterns of suppression and recovery indicate that anti-µ antiserum is a powerful, but dose dependent, panspecific suppressor of humoral immunoglobulins, capable of permanent suppression of IgM in all mice but often allowing slow, partial recovery of other Ig classes. Anti-α and anti-γ antisera are class-specific in their suppressive effect, but are of high efficacy and lasting effect only in the immunologically defective nude mouse. It is particularly noteworthy that anti-γ antiserum has no effect on IgA levels, even in nude mice.
From these data, a model for the development of Ig-producing cells has been developed. This model postulates that the precursors of cells producing all classes of Ig bear IgM receptors, but that these IgM-bearing cells represent early stages of four separate cell lines differentiating toward the production of IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA, respectively. During this differentiation process, each line replaces, or at least supplements, these early IgM receptors with either IgM, IgG1, IgG2, or IgA receptors. Each of the resulting four cell lines is capable of producing a single class or subclass of antibody upon antigenic stimulation. It is further postulated that the panspecific suppressive effect of anti-µ treatment is achieved by arrest of this differentiation process, whereas the class-specific suppression resulting from anti-γ or anti-α treatment is due to blocking of IgG or IgA receptors acquired during differentiation.
Mode of Action of Human C9: Adsorption of Multiple C9 Molecules to Cell-Bound C8
Authors: Kolb William P. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The following experimental observations were made: 1) The C9 hemolytic dose response curve is sigmoidal; 2) C9 binding to EAC1-8 at low C9 input shows a definite time lag; 3) binding of three to six C9 molecules is required for the formation of a functional lesion (63% lysis); 4) C9 binding is relatively insensitive to temperatures from 0° to 43°C, whereas hemolysis of EAC1-9 is highly temperature sensitive; 5) C9 binding is independent of pH between 6.0 and 8.5 and of ionic strength over the range µ = 0.05 to µ = 0.15; and 6) the removal of C9 hemolytic activity from the fluid phase by serial adsorption with EAC1-8 is fully accounted for by the physical uptake of C9 molecules to EAC1-8. The results indicate that expression of C9 hemolytic activity requires physical binding of C9, that binding is achieved by adsorption through a cooperative process, and that binding of more than one molecule of human C9 is necessary for the formation of one functional membrane lesion. The manifestation of functional lesions is dependent on temperature allowing membrane fluidity.
Immunochemistry of the Hepatitis B Virus: 125I HB Ag Ligand
Authors: Chisari Francis V. , Gerin John L. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunochemical studies of the Hepatitis B virus and its gene products require labeled virus or derivative gene products of high antigenic and structural integrity. Such ligands can be provided by 125I Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). Techniques for the iodination of microgram quantities of 22 nm HB Ag particles with either immobilized lactoperoxidase or chloramine-T are described. Specific activities of 2 to 10.0 µCi/µg can be achieved. The labeled products of both methods compare favorably with unlabeled antigen in terms of sedimentation velocity and density; however, the solid-phase lactoperoxidase method produces an 125I HB Ag ligand of superior antigenic integrity. 125I HB Ag prepared by lactoperoxidase has an in vivo clearance rate (T½) of 23 hr as compared to 19 hr for chloramine-T-labeled 125I HB Ag. Competitive inhibition radioimmunoassays, with 125I HB Ag, are influenced by the antigenic integrity of the ligand and only with the lactoperoxidase product can concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml (3 × 10-12 M) of purified unlabeled 22 nm HB Ag particles be detected. Deterioration of trichloroacetic acid precipitability and immunoprecipitability of 125I HB Ag is observed over a period of weeks, which imposes a requirement for fresh 125I HB Ag if maximum antigenic integrity of the ligand, sensitivity, and immunochemical precision are to be achieved.
Effects of Antigen Density and Non-Complement Fixing Antibody on Cytolysis by Alloantisera
Authors: Basch Ross S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine alloantisera were prepared against a variety of isoantigens including H2.25, TL, and LyA2. These antisera were cytotoxic for thymocytes and tumor cells. Anti-TL antisera obtained early in the immunization yielded titration curves in which antibody killed more than 90% of the target cells and which gave sharp end points and relatively high titers. Antisera obtained later during immunization frequently gave distinct “prozones”, failed to destroy all of the target cells, and gave less well defined end points. An immunoglobulin fraction presumably containing non-complement-fixing (NCF) antibody was purified from this late antiserum. This fraction was capable of reducing the cytotoxic efficiency ofthe early antisera. These effects were also duplicated when early antisera were tested against cells whose antigenic content had been reduced on a genetic basis. Such cells were markedly less susceptible to cytolysis than were cells with a full antigenic content. This resistance could in part be abrogated by an increased antibody and/or increased complement concentration. It was concluded that susceptibility to cytotoxic antibody is strongly influenced by antigen density and that NCF antibodies exert their effects on cytotoxin determinations by reducing the effective concentration of antigen on the target cell.
Isolation of Mouse Thymus-Derived Lymphocyte Specific Surface Antigens
Authors: Sauser D. , Anckers C. , Bron C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse T lymphocyte-specific xenoantigens (MTLA) and alloantigen O have been isolated by Sephadex chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of SDS-stabilized mouse thymocyte membranes. The MTLA xenoantigen and the alloantigen activities, as tested by micro-complement fixation and inhibition of lymphocytotoxicity are detected on a protein of an apparent molecular weight between 35 and 40,000 daltons. A 120-fold enrichment of the xenoantigen and 60-fold of the alloantigen has been obtained. Immunization of AKR mice with purified material produced anti-θ alloantiserum. By immunization of rabbits with 50 µg to 100 µg of purified protein, potent antisera have been obtained which are specific for mouse T cells and do not require any absorption procedure.
The Capping of Surface Immunoglobulin on Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Scharff Matthew D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin determinants have been found on the surface of mouse plasmacytoma cells producing molecules of various classes and types (1–4). In some cases the surface immunoglobulins have been shown to share the antibody activity of the immunoglobulin secreted by these cells (5, 6). However, it is not completely clear whether the immunoglobulin determinants detected on the surface of the myeloma cell are comparable to surface immunoglobulins found on the surface of B lymphocytes or are molecules in the act of being secreted. In studies on the P3 (MOPC 21) mouse myeloma cells, Knopf (7) has shown that surface immunoglobulin determinants turn over much more slowly than secreted immunoglobulin. However it has been difficult to demonstrate efficient capping of plasma cells in general, and of mouse myeloma cells in particular. In order to examine this further, we have studied the surface immunofluorescence of two established mouse plasmacytoma cell lines and shown that capping does occur if the secreted immunoglobulin is first removed from the cell.
Tumor-Specific and Allospecific Immunogenicity of Soluble Extracts from Chemically Induced Murine Sarcomas
Authors: Pellis Neil R. , Tom Baldwin H. , Kahan Barry D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemically induced tumors possess vastly polymorphic tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)2 on their cell surfaces (1–4). Elucidation of the nature of tumor immunity will require detailed analysis of these antigenic markers. One step in such an endeavor is the solubilization of the marker from the cell membrane. There are several techniques to release cell surface antigens, namely, treatment with detergents or organic solvents, enzymatic hydrolysis, exposure to sonic energy, and salt extraction (5). Tumor-specific activity of the solubilized materials has been demonstrated by two types of immunologic assays: 1) in vivo immunogenicity, which is the capacity to protect syngeneic hosts against subsequent tumor challenge, and 2) elicitation of specific immune performances by sensitized cells, such as delayed-type cutaneous reactions, antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, and inhibition of the spontaneous migration of macrophages from sensitized hosts. Materials obtained from chemically induced guinea pig hepatomas by 3 M KCl extraction displayed tumor-specific antigenicity by the latter criteria (6, 7).
The Production of Antibody by Bursal Lymphocytes
Authors: Waltenbaugh Carl R. , Van Alten Pierson J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius have been found to actively bind an enteric form of Escherichia coli resulting in the formation of bacterial adherence colonies (BAC). The absolute number of binding lymphocytes appears to increase as the chicken reaches sexual maturity. Treatment of bursal cells with antichicken immunoglobulin results in the blocking of BAC formation. Furthermore, a modified plaque assay technique reveals that a portion of the bursal lymphocyte population is actively secreting antibody against the flagella of E. coli. Introduction of antigen into the bursal or cloacal lumen does not appear to significantly affect circulating antibody levels. Therefore, these data suggest that an additional functional role of the bursa after hatching is localized immunologic defense of the organism.