bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing the Next Generation of Pipeline Inspection AUV
Authors: Cheramie Jami , Anderson Alan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe offshore industry needs reliable remotely controlled assets to carry out a range of critical services subsea. ROVs and AUVs have performed these tasks for some time, but as operations venture into deeper and more demanding environments, operators are looking for tools with more capabilities that can function with less human intervention.AUVs have been used for years in place of ROVs to acquire inspection data because they are not tethered to a vessel and can complete preplanned missions without direct control from a pilot. In many cases, an AUV is less costly to deploy and recover than a typical ROV, requires less vessel time on site and can be supported by fewer personnel. Normally, engineers program the AUV's trajectory and mission before a dive, deploy the unit, and download the data for processing and analysis when the dive has been completed. Although AUVs have proven valuable, their usefulness is restricted because of the performance limitations of traditional designs. Torpedo-shaped AUVs can follow a pipeline but because they cannot stop and hover or orbit when anomalies are spotted or when instrument measurements are unclear, they cannot gather all the precise data needed for a pipeline engineer to assess the condition of a pipeline.Oceaneering established an AUV development program to address the limitations of existing designs and to introduce the ability to hover and improve maneuverability. The goal was to produce an AUV capable of delivering high-speed acquisition of the high-quality data normally only obtained by using an ROV.The team understood that, as with all technology development programs, transforming its ambitious development plans into a viable commercial product would be challenging and reached out to engage industry partners. The Freedom program, which has spanned a period of eight years, was supported from the outset by TotalEnergies and ChevronETC and at a later stage of development they were joined by Equinor.The result of this collaborative effort is Freedom™, a hybrid AUV/ROV system that performs accurate, high-speed, single-pass, close-proximity inspections. This project has helped establish a new methodology that expedites development, testing, validation, and approval of technology, involving operators from inception through deployment to provide a high level of comfort to them for adopting serial-number-one technology. This paper explains how that methodology was developed and how it provides a way to expedite product development that aligns with industry needs and simplifies commercialization.
A Predictive Numerical Model to Optimize Wellbore Expandable Seal Design for Swab Resistance in Annular Flow
Authors: Seymour Nathan , Gupta Susheel Kumar , Jin Henghua , Kamath Raghu , Shukla Shrish 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Seal swabbing is a physical phenomenon in which the expandable sealing element of a completion tool, such as a packer or a plug, deploys prematurely when fluid flows over the sealing element. Seal swabbing occurs when a tool is run in hole or when fluid is circulated over the seal and the seal deforms and plugs the annulus. This is an undesirable phenomenon that can lead to a considerable loss of time and money in removing the packer from the well. Packer ratings for annular fluid bypass are typically validated using a physical test and recorded as run-in-hole (RIH) speed and reverse circulation (RC) flow rate. The use of physical testing to evaluate the fluid bypass performance of a packer is expensive and becomes cost prohibitive if the seal design is sensitive to swabbing and the design has to be iterated to achieve the required flow target.
This paper presents the physics behind seal swabbing and proposes a predictive numerical model to improve the tool design for swab resistance using digital simulation. The proposed seal swab model was validated using physical tests. The model was able to predict the flow rate with a deviation of 8% at room temperature and 18% at a high temperature. The numerical model likely underpredicted the flow rate at the high temperature because of differences in elastomer mechanical properties between the model and the physical test, such as the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the stiffness. Nevertheless, the current model was conservative, and the methodology was able to accurately predict the failure mode and flow rate for seal swabbing. This provided the engineering teams with a method to detect the swabbing risk and redesign the seals.
Overcoming Challenges in the Development of Standardized Steel Riser Designs
Authors: Capinam Alves Junior Jaques , Stail Bordin Franciele , Ferreira Senra Stael , Familiar Solano Rafael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The demand for subsea projects adopting steel risers in Petrobras have increased in the last years. In parallel, new frontiers in ultra-deep waters offshore Brazil are emerging, beyond the pre-salt of Santos Basin, bringing new challenges to the conception of subsea systems and riser designs. This paper aims to present relevant solutions and new strategies that have been used by Petrobras in the development of standardized SLWR (Steel Lazy Wave Riser) designs that endure the entire production life of typical subsea projects.
Advances in Satellite Technology for Ice Management
Authors: Bobby Pradeep , Power Desmond 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The need to monitor ice conditions has motivated the launch of several earth observation (EO) satellites and ice mapping applications are among the highest consumers of satellite data. However, oil and gas operations (O&G) in ice-prone (both sea ice and iceberg) environments have largely been using EO data for upstream, strategic reports on ice conditions. There are many recent and upcoming advances in EO technology that are already enabling satellites to be used for other critical operations and there is value in using satellites extensively for ice management. The remainder of this paper briefly describes these advances and their impact on detecting ice conditions to support oil and gas operations.
Improving FPSO Integrity by the Development and Certification of Composite Materials Into New Applications and Locations on Topside and Hull
Authors: Filho Gonçalves David , Neto Jarreta Claudio , Gamaliel Gustavo Souza , Eves Simon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Over the years, FRP Grating has provided significant weight reduction and cost savings on many projects contributing to the success of offshore oil and gas projects. However, the use of other structural FRP products such as FRP handrails, ladders, tertiary structures offshore has been held back by the lack of similar rules and guidance. The objective of this project was to devise proposed guidance for a Type Approval of FRP handrails in fire integrity applications.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The FRP Industry Group (IG) promoted the extended use of existing FRP Products into new applications and locations offshore. Taking into account the life cost cycle concept connected safely operation, in January 2019, the Industry Group began the development of a Fire Integrity Matrix for FRP handrails offshore. The IG recognized that the Structural Fire Integrity Matrix format of the FRP Grating had over the years been widely adopted and therefore decided to adopt a similar structural Fire Integrity Matrix for FRP handrails. Heat flux and duration requirements for the R0, R3, R2 and R1 performance levels were then proposed, based on industry practice. The FRP handrail Fire Integrity Matrix sets out a series of fire integrity tests which give performance data for owners/engineers to use in risk assessments.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
An FRP handrail product was subsequently subjected to the Fire Integrity Matrix tests by recognized laboratory certified by a classification society. The tests were followed by IG and found to meet all the test requirements. The data was subsequently assessed by Classification Society and the product was awarded a new Type Approval allowing, for the first time, use in fire integrity applications offshore.

Novel/Additive Information
The work by the Industry Group in devising the Fire Integrity Matrix for FRP handrails is a highly significant step forward for the extended use of FRP offshore, with classification society approval.
An Extended Mini-DST Depth of Investigation Using a New Formation Testing Tool and Innovative Analytical Model
Authors: Berkane Mustapha , Ali Ahmed Moge , Rahman N. M. Anisur , Gisolf Adriaan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Drillstem tests (DSTs) and mini-DSTs are established reservoir dynamic evaluation techniques used to gather pressure transient data. A DST is still the preferred option for field-scale evaluation because the depth of investigation (ri) in a mini-DST is generally limited to tens of feet. Based on recent technology advancements being deployed, a review of the parameters affecting ri analytically and numerically is essential as these values have significance on operational efficiency.
The most recent analytical models have shown that the production rate has a major effect on ri estimates, and this paper will focus on the most recent innovations in both hardware and analytical models that can extend the mini-DST data. Specifically, in-depth comparisons of new analytical models with van Poolen and Kuchuk’s equations will be presented. The discussion will extend to key hardware components with focus on pumping rate and gauge resolution. Finally, the new approach will be validated using data from restricted locations, from a thick high-permeability sandstone, and from a thick low-permeability carbonate.
The van Poolen equation shows that for a fixed buildup time, a formation tester rate of 10 bbl/d compared to a DST rate of 1,000 bbl/d would result in the same radius of investigation, given that the equation does not account for flow rate. Kuchuk’s equation and the new analytical models show that flow rate has a direct impact on detectable ri—the higher the flow rate, the higher the detectable ri. Pressure transient analysis (PTA) was used to illustrate the impact of flow rate and gauge resolution on data quality, particularly on the portion of the flow regime relevant for detectable boundaries. In addition, a PTA plot superimposing flow rates from measured downhole data is combined with an idealized gauge to help to determine the magnitude of the apparent gauge resolution and its impact on the detectable ri. Both the new and traditional radius of investigation equations show that data acquired with the new formation tester tool obtains a deeper depth of investigation due to excellent data quality. The results are compared to conventional formation testers with limited flow rate and lower gauge resolution. This paper presents a new approach with a rate-dependent radius of investigation, compared to traditional approaches of van Poolen and Kuchuk. The superior data quality from the new formation tool leads to a substantial improvement in estimated ri.
Comparison of Wellhead Fatigue Methods Using Acoustic and Standalone Monitoring Data for HPHT Developments
Authors: Mercan Bulent , Campbell Mike , Lu Wangming , Chase Thomas 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn-situ wellhead structural monitoring is used for one of the industry’s first deep water high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) development projects in the Gulf of Mexico to confirm the integrity of the wellhead system during drilling operations. As part of the monitoring program, the field measurements are collected using acoustic and standalone monitoring systems. In this paper, wellhead fatigue accumulations determined based on different motion sensors, data acquisition systems, and data analysis methods are compared.For the HPHT well drilling period, the subsea stack motions (i.e., LMRP/BOP accelerations) are measured and transferred to the top side in power spectral density (PSD) format via acoustic data communication system. At the same time, the stack motions (accelerations and angular rates) are also measured using another set of standalone motion sensors. Acoustic data transmission provides near real-time feedback to drilling operations while standalone motion sensors store motion measurements locally for future data processing once the instrumentation is retrieved. Wellhead stress transfer functions, which correlate BOP/LMRP motions with stresses at the fatigue hot spots, are developed for both standalone and acoustic sensors using a finite element model of the as-built riser/wellhead system. Next, field data obtained from these different sources (acoustic and standalone sensors) along with fundamentally different analysis methods are used to calculate wellhead fatigue.Each monitoring method exhibits benefits and limitations depending on the characteristics of the measured wellhead response and monitoring objectives. It is shown that the fatigue results determined based on these monitoring methods can be different if the most appropriate monitoring configuration is not selected.In literature, there are several previous studies presenting wellhead fatigue calculations based on monitoring data. However, these studies discuss either acoustic or standalone sensor data analyses. This paper provides the combined assessment of acoustic and standalone monitoring approaches for the same monitoring period and compares fundamentally different data analyses methods for HPHT applications. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are evaluated, and recommendations are provided for when each method should be considered.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis Inhibition Improves Outcome of Diabetic Patients with Chronic Hypertension and COVID-19
Authors: Kheyri Zahedin , Alizadeh Mahboobeh , Akbarpour Samaneh , Hosamirudsari Hadiseh , Niya Mohammad H. K. , Aliasgharpour Fatemeh , Meidan Mohadeseh M. , Hassanzadeh Shahrbanoo , Dowran Razieh , Jafarpour Ali 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Safe use of drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in COVID diabetic patients needs comprehensive studies. This study addressed this issue from the Iranian perspective.

Materials and Methods:
Admitted COVID-19 patients were divided into four groups in this historical cohort study. Group 1 included 740 non-diabetic, non-hypertensive patients. Group 2 included 132 non-hypertensive diabetic patients. Group 3 included 154 non-diabetic hypertensive patients. Group 4 included 183 diabetic patients who were under ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and length of hospitalization were compared between the groups.

Results:
After considering associated factors such as age, gender, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic kidney disease (CKD), history of surgery, and corticosteroid use, diabetic patients (group 2) were associated with increased mortality (CI 95%, OR 1.93 [1.11–3.33]). Presence of diabetes (group 2) and hypertension were associated with an increased need for ICU admission (CI 95%, OR 1.69 [1.04–2.76]; CI 95%, OR 1.71 [1.08–2.71], respectively). Group 4 patients although having a similar rate of ICU admission with group 2 and 3 patients, had significantly better ICU survival.

Conclusions:
The current study suggests that ACE inhibitors and ARBs are associated with decreased mortality, ICU admission, and better ICU survival in the diabetic subgroup of hypertensive patients.
Histopathologic profile of cutaneous cystic lesions in teaching hospital, Nnewi, South-east, Nigeria
Authors: Ezejiofor Ifeoma F. , Olaofe Olaniyi O. , Ezejiofor Ogochukwu I. , Ukah Cornelius O. , Ozor Nnamdi S. , Enesi Adeiza S. , Osonwa Chukwuemeka N. 
Published: April 2023

Background
A cyst is an enclosed space or abnormal sac within a tissue, usually containing fluid or semisolid matter and lined by epithelium.

Aims and objectives
To study all the cutaneous cystic lesions with respect to age, sex, anatomic site, and histologic types in a population of Nnewi, South-East Nigerian. It also aimed at highlighting the importance of histology in evaluating and preventing misdiagnoses encountered in cutaneous cystic lesions.

Patients and methods
A retrospective review was performed on the histopathology register on all histologically diagnosed cutaneous cysts at the Histopathology Department of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria from 2011 to 2019.

Results
A total of 94 cutaneous cystic lesions, accounting for 1.3% (94/7204) of all surgical biopsy specimens, were included in this study. An overall clinicopathological correlation showed 26.6% (25/94) accuracy, but 73.4% were incorrectly diagnosed, with 7.4% (5/69) of cases misdiagnosed clinically as malignant lesions and one case of malignant cystic lesion diagnosed clinically as benign cyst. There were 49 males and 45 females, giving a slight male predominance, with male to female ratio of 1.1 : 1. The age ranged from 6 weeks to 79 years, with a mean±SD age of 26.5±21.1 years, and a peak age group of 0–10 years, representing 29.8% (28/94). Benign cutaneous cystic lesions were far commoner than malignant ones and included majorly epidermal inclusion cyst [37.2% (35/94)], pilar cyst [17.0% (16/94)], thyroglossal cyst [12.8% (12/94)], and dermoid cyst [8.5% (8/94)]. The only malignant cutaneous cyst was immature cystic teratoma [1.06% (1/94)]. The anatomic site most frequently affected was the head and neck [63.8% (60/94)].

Conclusion
Histopathologic evaluation is still the gold standard in eliminating misdiagnosis of these lesions. Epidermal inclusion cysts followed by pilar cysts were commonest cutaneous cystic lesions in our environment and occur more at the third decade and above, whereas cystic hygroma, dermoid cysts, and brachial cyst were predominant at the first decade of life.
Hypogonadism in men with obstructive sleep apnea and its related risk factors
Authors: Khaled Hesham N. , El-Helbawy Rana H. , El Gayed Eman M.A. , Khalaf Abdullah M. 
Published: April 2023

Background
Sleep-related breathing disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), have been linked to altered hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Hypoxia, sleep fragmentation. and decreased deep sleep time in patients with OSA affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, including serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels.

Purpose
To study serum levels of LH and testosterone in men with OSA and to investigate the possible risk factors that could affect their levels.

Patients and methods
This was a prospective cohort case–control study. The case group included 16 adult patients diagnosed with OSA confirmed by polysomnography. The control group included 16 matched healthy participants. Both groups were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, and investigations, including the Epworth sleepiness scale, BMI, neck circumference measurement, and serum levels of LH and testosterone.

Results
Patients with OSA had significantly higher mean levels of serum LH compared with healthy controls (P=0.031). The mean serum level of testosterone was lower in the OSA group compared with the matched controls; however, this difference was statistically insignificant (P=0.192). Among the studied risk factors for altered hormonal levels in patients with OSA, there was a significant positive correlation between desaturation index and serum LH levels (P=0.046) and a significant negative correlation between Epworth sleepiness scale and serum testosterone levels (P=0.025).

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that OSA in men is associated with a dysfunction in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, represented as high levels of serum LH. Although serum levels of testosterone were lower in patients with OSA, the study was underpowered to show a statistically significant difference.
Acquired Long Bone Defects Classifications
Authors: Semenistyy Anton A. , Komarov Artem V. , Sheridan Gerard A. , Rozbruch S. Robert , Solomin Leonid N. 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
In recent years, multiple classifications of long bone defects around the joint (LBDAJ) have been proposed. However, there is no universal clinical classification of LBDAJ to date. Through comprehensive literature review, we aim to identify the criteria that may be used to develop a future universal classification of LBDAJ.

Materials and Methods:
We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to identify all articles describing classification systems of LBDAJ in both native and prosthetic joints. Two reviewers searched the following electronic databases independently: The Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group, MEDLINE, and eLibrary. Studies investigating bone defects around the joint reporting a classification or any criteria to classify bone defects were included in this review. All studies not related to bone articular surfaces were excluded.

Results:
A total of 15 classifications for LBDAJ in the preserved joint were. Most systems considered the size of bone defect as a key criterion for clinical decision-making. A total of 31 classifications for periprosthetic bone defects related to hip, knee and shoulder arthroplasty were identified. The following criteria were used by different authors to classify periprosthetic bone defects: Location (n = 22), size (n = 20), containment (n = 9), discontinuity (n = 6), shape or geometrical characteristics of the defect (n = 4), fracture (n = 2), and deformity.

Conclusion:
Despite the large variety of the existing classifications of bone defects around the joint, there is no classification that could be considered universal. For the development of a future universal classification, defect location, size, and containment are likely to be the main factors to consider as important.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adult Limb Lengthening and Deformity Correction Patients
Authors: Sax Oliver Charles , Mohamed Nequesha , Rivera Jessica C. , McClure Philip K. , Herzenberg John E. 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Limb lengthening and deformity correction surgery (LLDC) requires adequate bone metabolism for distraction osteogenesis. Low Vitamin D is a common nutritional deficit that places bone health at risk and has been associated with fracture. It is currently unknown what the Vitamin D levels are among patients undergoing elective osteotomy. The goal of this research is to determine the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in adult patients undergoing lower extremity osteotomies for LLDC.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective review was performed for adult patients (≥18 years old) who underwent an osteotomy surgery at a single institution between 2014 and 2018. The primary outcome measure was perioperative 25(OH)D serum level. Of 139 subjects identified as undergoing a lower extremity osteotomy surgery, 96 (69%) underwent perioperative Vitamin D testing. Deficiency and insufficiency were defined as a 25(OH)D value of <20 ng/mL and between 20 and 30 ng/mL, respectively.

Results:
Patients undergoing external fixator placement for length and/or deformity correction were most likely to have this laboratory assessed (88%) versus acute correction patients (65%) and intramedullary lengthening patients (62%), (P = 0.033). The mean Vitamin D level was 29.5 ± 17.8 ng/mL (range: 5.7–95.9 ng/mL). A total of 63% of patients had low perioperative Vitamin D: 33.3% deficient, 30.2% insufficient.

Conclusion:
The majority of adult LLDC patients have deficient or insufficient Vitamin D levels perioperatively. Vitamin D “prehabilitation” whereby testing and repleting before limb lengthening surgery should be highly considered as standard practice.