bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image Based Methodologies, Workflows, and Calculation Approaches for Tortuosity
Authors: Holzer Lorenz , Marmet Philip , Fingerle Mathias , Wiegmann Andreas , Neumann Matthias , Schmidt Volker 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, modern methodologies for characterization of tortuosity are thoroughly reviewed. Thereby, 3D microstructure data is considered as the most relevant basis for characterization of all three tortuosity categories, i.e., direct geometric, indirect physics-based and mixed tortuosities. The workflows for tortuosity characterization consists of the following methodological steps, which are discussed in great detail: (a) 3D imaging (X-ray tomography, FIB-SEM tomography and serial sectioning, Electron tomography and atom probe tomography), (b) qualitative image processing (3D reconstruction, filtering, segmentation) and (c) quantitative image processing (e.g., morphological analysis for determination of direct geometric tortuosity). (d) Numerical simulations are used for the estimation of effective transport properties and associated indirect physics-based tortuosities. Mixed tortuosities are determined by geometrical analysis of flow fields from numerical transport simulation. (e) Microstructure simulation by means of stochastic geometry or discrete element modeling enables the efficient creation of numerous virtual 3D microstructure models, which can be used for parametric studies of micro–macro relationships (e.g., in context with digital materials design or with digital rock physics). For each of these methodologies, the underlying principles as well as the current trends in technical evolution and associated applications are reviewed. In addition, a list with 75 software packages is presented, and the corresponding options for image processing, numerical simulation and stochastic modeling are discussed. Overall, the information provided in this chapter shall help the reader to find suitable methodologies and tools that are necessary for efficient and reliable characterization of specific tortuosity types.
Sotenäs Marine Recycling Centre in Sweden: A Case Study Related to Waste Fishing Gear
Authors: Charter Martin , Whitehead Paul 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter is a case study on the development of a Sweden’s first recycling centre focussed on waste fishing gear and other marine plastics based in Sotenäs. Key to the development of the centre has been a longer-term vision and commitment from the local municipality and the fishermen’s association. Working with partners across Sweden and locally, the centre has also developed an innovation testbed that is developing new test for polymers from waste fishing gear and aims launch new circular products. The chapter provides favourable learning for any organisation that will be tasked with establishing recycling infrastructure in relation to extend producer responsibility (EPR) requirements for fishing gear that will come into force across the European Union in 2025.
A Conceptual Framework for Assessing and Managing Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear
Authors: Tippett Arron Wilde 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAbandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) is a complex problem that causes negative ecological, economic and social impacts. In order to understand cause-and-effect chains spanning socio-economic and ecological systems and identify and assess potential improvement measures, a holistic approach is necessary. In this chapter, we introduce a framework for assessing ALDFG and aquaculture gear from commercial fishing and fish farming activities in Norway. The proposed framework integrates the Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses (DPSIR) framework with ecosystem accounting, to assess impacts and improvement measures more holistically and explicitly. The framework includes indicators for each aspect, derived from international and national frameworks and data sets. Drivers and pressures are related to existing data sets on fishing and aquaculture production and ALDFGs, whereas the ecosystem accounting framework is used as a lens for developing the state and impact aspects of the model. A leverage points view of circular economy solutions to the problem of ALDFG is taken for the Responses aspect of the model.
Engaging Volunteers as Experts in Data-Driven Research Projects and a Circular Economy: The Case of PlastOPol
Authors: Hellevik Christina Carrozzo , Deshpande Paritosh C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBeached plastic litter is a global concern and is also an important source of data for research to improve our understanding of the extent and the main sources of the problem. Digital tools can help both in making the data registration process easier for citizen scientists and in processing the information and displaying it visually to decision makers. However, we argue that it is also vital to include the local ecological knowledge of both volunteers and semi-professional beach-cleaners. In this chapter, we summarise the main challenges in modelling plastic behaviour in the seas together with some of the best tools available to date. We then highlight how volunteers can contribute to testing and refining the tools. We exemplify this point through the case of the PlastOPol project and derive implications for mitigation and prevention measures.
Post-quantum Cryptography
Authors: Gasser Linus 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPost-quantum Cryptography discusses the need for a new generation of cryptography to protect against future quantum computers. The underlying mathematical concept is a one-way function that makes it easy to encrypt but challenging to decrypt without a secret. However, future quantum computers will likely be able to reverse many of these one-way functions that are widely used and allow the calculation of the secret needed to decrypt the data. Four algorithms believed safe against quantum computing were published in July 2022. Switching to quantum-safe algorithms is critical for data that must remain secret for years. For all other data, ensuring that systems are at least crypto-agile (migration path exists) or already support hybrid algorithms is crucial.
Identity-Based Cryptography
Authors: Tellenbach Bernhard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIdentity-based encryption systems are characterized by the fact that the public key is easy to remember, and the step of linking the public key to a specific identity is omitted; the identity (e.g., an e-mail address) is the public key. Applications of Identity-based encryption are still relatively rare, although there are now various standards for Identity-based encryption procedures and their application. Properties such as needing a trusted third party to generate the private keys might hinder its adoption. There are initial solutions to optimize away or mitigate such negative features for many applications, but they are not yet well-tested and still subject to research. However, for application areas where a trusted third party for private key escrow is acceptable, for example, in government and enterprise applications or public safety and mission-critical applications, Identity-based encryption can be an exciting technology that simplifies key management and handling.
Multi-Party Threshold Cryptography
Authors: Cachin Christian 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn a threshold cryptosystem, the private key is typically distributed among parties that constitute the system using cryptographically secure secret sharing. Particular focus must be placed on generating the private key held jointly by the parties. Up to F of the parties might be faulty and leak their key shares, but F + 1 must cooperate in executing a cryptographic operation. Standards for threshold cryptography and the corresponding open-source implementations are expected to emerge because of the multi-year efforts driven by governmental or private-sector standardization agencies. For building secure distributed systems that can survive a partial corruption of their components, multi-party threshold cryptography plays an important role.
Digital Signature
Authors: Lin Weyde 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA digital signature uses cryptographic hashing functions and asymmetric cryptography to sign data. It also provides origin authentication, data integrity, and signer non-repudiation. The main idea is to generate a hash of the data using a cryptographic hashing function and then encrypt it by the signing party using its private key. As part of the verification process, the verifying party generates the hash of the data using the same cryptographic hashing function. With the increasing digitalization of business processes and other processes, the ability to apply and verify digital signatures will become increasingly important.
Secure Multi-Party Computation
Authors: Merino Louis-Henri , Cabrero-Holgueras José 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSecure multi-party computation enables a group of parties to compute a function while jointly keeping their private inputs secret. The term “secure” indicates the latter property where the private inputs used for computation are kept secret from all other parties. A significant benefit of using secure multi-party computation is that many constructed protocols are information-theoretically secure, avoiding many problems using cryptographic hardness assumptions. Some notable use cases are secure auctions, privacy-preserving network security monitoring, spam filtering on encrypted emails, and secure machine learning. Secure multi-party computation can be used to secure and enable privacy-preserving applications from privacy-preserving network security to secure machine learning.
Hardware Acceleration
Authors: Mahmoud Dina 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWith Moore’s law and Dennard’s scaling no longer fueling the improvement in computing performance, new avenues for increasing performance are needed. Hardware acceleration is one avenue where many researchers and industrial parties are working and investing. Accelerators can allow for high levels of parallelism not supported by general-purpose central processing units. These high levels of parallelism are particularly well-suited for many modern applications. Therefore, research on the use of hardware acceleration is expected to continue in the near future. However, various parties should consider a variety of aspects when deciding whether to invest in hardware acceleration by making their own accelerators or by buying them from a third party. This factsheet presents an analysis of hardware acceleration and the trends until 2025. It also discusses the aspects and how specific considerations are more important for some actors.
Secure Operating System
Authors: Romá Llorenç , Tellenbach Bernard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe operating system is the backbone of every modern computer system, managing the system’s resources and executing applications. Therefore, it is essential to improve operating system security to ensure data integrity, confidentiality, and availability. When discussing secure operating systems, we generally refer to security-focused operating systems and security-evaluated operating systems. In critical environments, such as governments and military systems, that typically have higher security restrictions, security-evaluated operating systems are a convenient option used in other countries, ensuring those systems fulfill a set of security requirements. In addition, a trend toward more hardware security components, especially for separating cryptographic functions and implementing critical operations, has emerged. Although using secure operating systems is not a definitive solution to protect against all the dangers of current cyberspace, it is clear that it can reduce the impact of individual vulnerable applications or modules being exploited on the whole system.
Electronic Voting
Authors: Merino Louis-Henri 
Published: July 2023

AbstractRemote electronic voting, where eligible voters can cast votes from anywhere in the world on their device, promises to increase voter turnout, improve accessibility, and reduce costs. However, building a secure online voting system is difficult, involving four essential requirements: integrity, privacy, coercion-resistance, and availability. Moreover, successfully deploying a secure online voting system would require close collaboration among the public and private sectors and academia. The military and intelligence agencies could play an important role in supporting the e-voting operator against cyberattacks meant to deteriorate public trust in the voting outcome.
Differential Privacy
Authors: Mulder Valentin , Humbert Mathias 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDifferential privacy is a technology that allows sharing of information about a dataset while protecting individual privacy by adding noise to the results. It will have the following effect: if the arbitrary single substitution in the database is small enough, then the query result cannot be used to infer much about any single individual. In the cases of counting, summation, or average queries over a large, single table of data, Differential privacy is ready to be used effectively. One key drawback of differential privacy is that it often trades data accuracy for privacy. Differential privacy could be a great tool to help the government and large companies better comply with the demand for data privacy.
WEB3
Authors: Gasser Linus 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWeb3 is the next generation of the internet, often referred to as the decentralized or blockchain web. It aims to address the shortcomings of the current centralized web, such as privacy concerns and lack of control over personal data, by leveraging decentralized technologies like blockchain and peer-to-peer networks. The technology for Web 3.0 revolves around the possibility of each internet user managing their Pods. Pods are like secure personal web servers for one’s data. Furthermore, Web3 promises more power to the users and the removal of intermediaries between the users and the services. This can bring more privacy and better remuneration for the service providers on the internet.
5G
Authors: Lin Weyde 
Published: July 2023

Abstract5G is the 5th generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks designed to address the increasing need for higher capacity and throughput in mobile devices, driven by new applications, use cases, and lower latency requirements. The number of mobile devices connected to a cellular network is constantly increasing. Simultaneously they require higher capacity and throughput, partly driven by new devices or applications, new use cases with increased download speed requirements, and lower latency requirements. Securing 5G networks is crucial for the success of its adoption, especially for its business users. Therefore, its standard was designed to address the previous network standard’s security shortcomings directly. Furthermore, in network evolution and the 5G rollout, the increased virtualization of network elements is a growing trend.
Secure Smartphone
Authors: Donon Yann , Künzler Fabien , Jasinski Pawel , Piening Carl , Savary Arnaud 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSecure smartphones highlight the privacy and data safety issues in off-the-shelf smartphones and the need for secure smartphones to address these concerns. The hardening of smartphones, a process intended to eliminate means of attack by patching vulnerabilities and turning off nonessential services, is, therefore, key to making them more secure. Unfortunately, as the mobile smartphone ecosystem grows, security threats and data breaches have increased dramatically. Furthermore, the continuing concentration of consumer data in the hands of a few, with the acquisition of WhatsApp by Facebook in 2015 as a prominent example, has raised serious concerns regarding the use and commercialization of such data. While it is unrealistic to proactively protect ourselves from all the threats they may imply, more secure smartphone options will become available.
Key Management
Authors: Krähenbühl Cyrill , Perrig Adrian 
Published: July 2023

AbstractKey management describes how cryptographic keys are created, securely stored, distributed to the respective key holders, and used in accordance with protocol specifications. It is thus a cornerstone of most cryptographic systems and must be handled with care. Advances in hardware security modules used in key storage and high-end and low-cost random number generator used in key generation show a promising future for secure and affordable key management. However, future challenges, such as quantum resilience, have to be overcome by new key management systems. For the military, existing experience in handling cryptographic keys could help develop a key management system, and the reputation of Switzerland could help promote key management systems developed in Switzerland.
A Novel Steerable Catheter Controlled with a Biohybrid Actuator: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Salvatori Carlotta , Trucco Diego , Niosi Ignazio , Ricotti Leonardo , Vannozzi Lorenzo 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTargeted therapies allow increasing the efficacy of treatments for several diseases, including cancer. The release of drugs or chemicals directly in the site of interest will be beneficial for maximizing the therapy and minimize side effects.Here, we report the concept and a preliminary analysis of an innovative intravascular steerable catheter guided by an on-board biohybrid actuator, aiming to release drugs into deep and tortuous regions within the cardiovascular systems. The catheter performance has been estimated through analytical and numerical analyses, varying catheter diameter, wall thickness, and actuator force. Results show how larger catheter deflections can be obtained with a smaller outer diameter and decreasing wall thickness. Besides, improved outcomes can be achieved by applying the biohybrid actuator distant from the catheter tip extremity and maximizing the magnitude of the applied forces. Despite the need to further improve the performance of this concept (e.g., by decreasing material stiffness), these preliminary results show great promise in view of future experimentation of such kind of actuation to drive microcatheters through the cardiovascular network.
Einleitung
Authors: Kowalski Philipp 
Published: July 2023

ZusammenfassungAus § 69 Abs. 3 S. 1 AktG und § 15 Abs. 1 GmbHG ergibt sich explizit die Vererblichkeit der jeweiligen Kapitalgesellschaftsanteile. Die systematische Stellung der §§ 1922 ff., 2032 ff. BGB zeigt, dass das deutsche Privatrecht als Leitbild des Erben eine einzelne Person vor Augen hat. Verstirbt nun ein Kapitalgesellschafter und existiert nicht ein einzelner Erbe, sondern eine Erbenmehrzahl, so ist das Recht mit der Aufgabe konfrontiert, die Erbengemeinschaft mit der Rolle des Gesellschafters in Einklang zu bringen.
Die Schranken der Rechtsausübung
Authors: Kowalski Philipp 
Published: July 2023

ZusammenfassungDa nun feststeht, welches Regelungskonzept der mitgliedschaftlichen Rechtsausübung von der Erbengemeinschaft (gegebenenfalls über einen gemeinschaftlichen Vertreter oder einen Testamentsvollstrecker) hin zur Gesellschaft zugrunde liegt, kann auf die Schranken der Rechtsausübung eingegangen werden.
Hypocoercivity and Reaction-Diffusion Limit for a Nonlinear Generation-Recombination Model
Authors: Favre Gianluca , Pirner Marlies , Schmeiser Christian 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA reaction-kinetic model for a two-species gas mixture undergoing pair generation and recombination reactions is considered on a flat torus. For dominant scattering with a non-moving constant-temperature background the macroscopic limit to a reaction-diffusion system is carried out. Exponential decay to equilibrium is proven for the kinetic model by hypocoercivity estimates. This seems to be the first rigorous derivation of a nonlinear reaction-diffusion system from a kinetic model as well as the first hypocoercivity result for a nonlinear kinetic problem without smallness assumptions. The analysis profits from uniform bounds of the solution in terms of the equilibrium velocity distribution.
Arrhythmias in Critically Ill Surgical and Non‐surgical Patients: A National Propensity‐Matched Study
Authors: An Selena J. , Davis Dylane , Peiffer Sarah , Gallaher Jared , Tignanelli Christopher J. , Charles Anthony 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundArrhythmias are common in critically ill patients, though the impact of arrhythmias on surgical patients is not well delineated. We aimed to characterize mortality following arrhythmias in critically ill patients.MethodsWe performed a propensity‐matched retrospective analysis of intensive care unit (ICU) patients from 2007 to 2017 in the Cerner Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation database. We compared outcomes between patients with and without arrhythmias and those with and without surgical indications for ICU admission. We also modeled predictors of arrhythmias in surgical patients.Results467,951 patients were included; 97,958 (20.9%) were surgical patients. Arrhythmias occurred in 1.4% of the study cohorts. Predictors of arrhythmias in surgical patients included a history of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI95] 1.11–1.63), respiratory failure (OR 1.48, CI95 1.12–1.96), pneumonia (OR 3.17, CI95 1.98–5.10), higher bicarbonate level (OR 1.03, CI95 1.01–1.05), lower albumin level (OR 0.79, CI95 0.68–0.91), and vasopressor requirement (OR 27.2, CI95 22.0–33.7). After propensity matching, surgical patients with arrhythmias had a 42% mortality risk reduction compared to non‐surgical patients (risk ratio [RR] 0.58, CI 95 0.43–0.79). Predicted probabilities of mortality for surgical patients were lower at all ages.ConclusionsSurgical patients with arrhythmias are at lower risk of mortality than non‐surgical patients. In this propensity‐matched analysis, predictors of arrhythmias in critically ill surgical patients included a history of cardiovascular disease, respiratory complications, increased bicarbonate levels, decreased albumin levels, and vasopressor requirement. These findings highlight the differential effect of arrhythmias on different cohorts of critically ill populations.
RDFtex in-depth: knowledge exchange between LATEX-based research publications and Scientific Knowledge Graphs
Authors: Martin Leon , Henrich Andreas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractFor populating Scientific Knowledge Graphs (SciKGs), research publications pose a central information source. However, typical forms of research publications like traditional papers do not provide means of integrating contributions into SciKGs. Furthermore, they do not support making direct use of the rich information SciKGs provide. To tackle this, the present paper proposes RDFtex, a framework enabling (1) the import of contributions represented in SciKGs to facilitate the preparation of "Equation missing"-based research publications and (2) the export of original contributions from papers to facilitate their integration into SciKGs. The framework’s functionality is demonstrated using the present paper itself since it was prepared with our proof-of-concept implementation of RDFtex. The runtime of the implementation’s preprocessor was evaluated based on three "Equation missing" projects with different numbers of imports and exports. A small user study ($$N=10$$

N
=
10

) was conducted to obtain initial user feedback. The concept and the process of preparing a "Equation missing"-based research publication using RDFtex are discussed thoroughly. RDFtex’s import functionality takes considerably more time than its export functionality. Nevertheless, the entire preprocessing takes only a fraction of the time required to compile the PDF. The users were able to solve all predefined tasks but preferred the import functionality over the export functionality because of its general simplicity. RDFtex is a promising approach to facilitate the move toward knowledge graph augmented research since it only introduces minor differences compared to the preparation of traditional "Equation missing"-based publications while narrowing the gap between papers and SciKGs.