bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Complement Fixing Antigens of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Hummeler Klaus , Hamparian Vincent V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody responses of animals and man following infection and immunization with poliomyelitis viruses were investigated by absorption techniques.
Sera from animals, immunized with a single type of virus, contained two distinct complement fixing antibodies, both of which were found to be type specific. The presence of antigenic components common to two or all three types of virus was demonstrated by absorption of a chimpanzee and a human serum with heated antigen preparations. Absorption of a human serum with native type II antigen gave direct evidence that this type of virus in its native state contains antigenic components present in the two heterologous types of virus whereas types I and III absorbed only their homologous antibodies.
Concerning the Mechanism of Complement Action
Authors: Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
C′1 and TAMe esterase activity can be eluted from sensitized sheep red cells containing C′1 activity by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. On dialyzing the supernatant from cells so treated against a low ionic strength buffer, both activities can be recovered. The C′1 activity eluted from red cells in this fashion can be detected with case by a two-step procedure of adding the “eluate” to sensitized cells, washing and then adding an R1. If an R1, sensitized cells and the “eluate” are added together little or no evidence for C′1 activity is obtained. The properties of the enzyme when removed from the cell are the same so far as studied as when the enzyme is attached to the cell. When sensitized cells are treated with the eluate not only does C′1 activity attach itself to the cells but esterase activity as well. Allowing the eluate to stand in the cold at pH 3.3, affects its TAMe esterase activity little of at all; however, the C′1 activity and the ability of the esterase to attach to sensitized cells is destroyed and, as kinetic studies showed, destroyed to the same extent. In explanation of these latter observations the hypothesis was evoked that the C′1 molecule contains two distinct sites, a binding site and an enzymatic site, and both are required in order for the molecule to manifest C′1 activity.
The Lack of Bactericidal Effect of Mouse Blood for Nonvirulent Group A Streptococci
Authors: Wiley Grove G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse blood in in vitro bactericidal tests is unable to sterilize even a small inoculum of certain group A streptococcal strains (327W and Type 1) which, on intraperitoneal injection into intact mice are shown to be of very low virulence. By contrast human blood is highly effective. The difference in growth-promoting properties of mouse and human blood appears to play no important role in this difference, nor does the relatively low neutrophil density of mouse blood.
Evidence is presented suggesting that the slowness of ingestion of streptococci by mouse neutrophils (allowing extracellular proliferation to proceed relatively unchecked) is an important factor contributing to the poor bactericidal power of mouse blood. However, the existence of a strain that is readily phagocytized, the growth of which is only moderately inhibited by mouse blood suggests that factors other than ingestion rate are concerned.
Depression on Normal Serum Bactericidal Activity by Nitrogen Mustard
Authors: Donaldson David M. , Miller Morgan L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Single intravenous injections of 2.5, 3.0 or 3.5 mg of nitrogen mustard/kg caused a depression in the bactericidal activity of rabbit serum against Bacillus subtilis. The loss of serum bactericidal activity did not take place until about the third post-treatment day and returned to normal between the 14th and 20th days after nitrogen mustard administration. An intravenous injection of L-cysteine immediately prior to the administration of nitrogen mustard decreased the length of time that serum bactericidal activity was depressed following nitrogen mustard treatment. Nitrogen mustard treatment caused no statistically significant difference in either the natural agglutinins against Bacillus subtilis or circulating complement. Both circulating leukocytes and serum properdin were depressed by doses of nitrogen mustard that suppressed serum bactericidal activity. The serologic alterations, leukocytic changes, and the depression of serum bactericidal activity which follows near-lethal doses of nitrogen mustard were almost identical to those that follow exposure to near-lethal doses of total body x-irradiation.
Study on the Growth of Rickettsiae
Authors: Hopps Hope E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Danauskas Joseph X. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The observed growth rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (about 2- to 3-fold each 24 hr) in MB III and L929 cells maintained in an enriched medium suggests that slow multiplication is an inherent characteristic of the organism.
R. tsutsugamushi gradually died off in L929 cells maintained in simple nonprotein solutions which were incapable of supporting host cell proliferation. However, when infected cultures treated in this fashion were transferred to enriched medium, the remaining viable rickettsiae as well as the host cells began to multiply.
Rickettsial proliferation in L929 cells occurred at 25° C, 35° C and 40° C although at the lower and higher temperatures growth was somewhat delayed.
It is postulated here that the role of the adequately nourished host cell may be more than nutritional in supporting rickettsial survival in that it provides an environment which protects the rickettsiae from loss of their essential components by leaching.
Study on the Growth of Rickettsiae
Authors: Hopps Hope E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Danauskas Joseph X. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under certain conditions chloramphenicol can exert a rickettsicidal effect. L929 cell cultures heavily infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi were completely freed of their organisms after 3–4 weeks' treatment with 5 μg/ml of chloramphenicol; the rate of rickettsial inactivation by this concentration of antibiotic appears to be a function of temperature.
Sodium azide (1 × 10-4 M) exerted a more deleterious effect on intracellular rickettsial multiplication than either cyanide or dinitrophenol although all three substances had a similar inhibitory effect on the growth of L cells. Suppression of rickettsial growth by β-2-thienylalanine, ethionine and methionine sulfoxide occurred at concentrations which were not obviously toxic to the host cell.
Adaptation of the Antiglobulin Test for Use with Tannic Acid Treated Erythrocytes
Authors: Mathews Kenneth P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method of adapting the antiglobulin test for use with tannic acid treated erythrocytes is described. Prevention of nonspecific globulin adsorption from the antiserum by preliminary incubation of the sensitized, tanned cells with serum of another species is the essential feature of this procedure. The conditions required by the method are given in detail, and results are reported employing rabbit and human antisera. The method has proved sensitive and specific, and the results have been reproducible. However, the antisera titers have not been so high as those obtained with the direct tanned cell technique of Boyden when read by the pattern of cells sedimented in the bottom of tubes. The present method has usefulness in the study of antisera which ordinarily fail to give direct hemagglutination reactions with sensitized, tanned erythrocytes.
Studies on the Fate of Antigens in Vitro
Authors: Sorkin Ernst , Boyden Stephen V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for studying the fate in vitro of I131-trace labeled human serum albumin in the presence of exudate cells from normal guinea pigs. When the cells were suspended in medium containing normal rabbit serum and normal guinea pig serum only slight breakdown of the albumin occurred. The addition of precipitating rabbit antihuman albumin serum to the system resulted in a greatly increased breakdown of the antigen. Although the amount of antigen precipitated by the antiserum was constant over the range of antiserum dilutions, 1:1 to 1:32, the amount of antigen broken down was greater in tubes to which the antiserum was added at 1:16 dilution than in higher concentrations of antiserum. In the dilutions 1:64 and higher there was a decrease both in the amount of antigen precipitated and in the amount broken down. The mechanism of this effect of antibody is discussed.
Evidence is presented that the antigen breakdown occurs intracellularly. Radiochromatographic analysis was carried out in order to identify the radioactive breakdown products, and the presence of a peptide was demonstrated.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The nondialyzable residue of mild acid treated blood group A or B substance (P1 fractions) can give rise in human beings to precipitins specific for the A P1 and B P1 fractions respectively. A P1 fractions differ from untreated A substance in that they are able to stimulate the formation of A P1 specific precipitins in group A as well as group O individuals. Similarly B P1 fractions differ from untreated B substance since they may give rise to B P1 specific precipitins in group AB as well as group O subjects.
Anti-B P1 precipitins are specific for groupings present in B substance which are exposed by mild acid hydrolysis since untreated B preparations show little or no reactivity with anti-B P1 sera but acquire this capacity following mild acid treatment. Hog A substances likewise show no capacity to remove anti-A P1 precipitins unless subjected to mild acid treatment. A single human A substance tested, however, was found to possess A P1 specificity prior to treatment.
Quantitative oligosaccharide inhibition studies indicate that B P1 specificity is partially determined by terminal nonreducing α-galactosyl residues. These α-galactosyl determinants of B P1 specificity appear to be involved in a linkage different from that of α-galactosyl determinants of blood group B specificity since melibiose which is very effective in inhibiting B-anti-B precipitation, is a poor inhibitor of B P1 anti-B P1, being even less effective in this system than galactose. Thus the galactosyl residues of B P1 determinant groupings are probably not in 1 → 6 linkage. Limited inhibition studies show anti-A P1 to differ in specificity from anti-A since N-acetyl-glucosamine is able to inhibit A P1-anti-A P1 precipitation but shows no inhibitory effect on A-anti-A precipitation.
The ability of B and B P1 fractions to precipitate anti-B is independent of the capacity of the same preparation to remove anti-B P1 precipitins. In agreement with inhibition studies this suggests that groupings determining B P1 specificity are distinct from those groupings conferring blood group B activity. In addition, time-hydrolysis studies of human B substance at pH 1.62, 1.32 and 1.10 show that reactivity with type XIV horse antipneumococcal sera as well as reactivity with human anti-B and anti-B P1 sera are affected in a different way for each specific antiserum further indicating distinct structural groupings to be associated with B, B P1 and type XIV cross reactivity.
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Steigman Alex J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By extraction of whole moist bovine spinal cord with petroleum ether, a fraction can be obtained which is highly encephalitogenic when combined with Freund adjuvants and injected intracutaneously into guinea pigs. Fractionation with acetone, chloroform and methanol yields a preparation which causes a high rate of allergic encephalomyelitis when injected in 5-γ amounts. This material contained 6.3% nitrogen. Further fractionation yields a fraction (almost completely protein) which is found to be highly encephalitogenic in 2-γ amounts.
The Antibody Response of Lymph Node Cells Transferred to Tolerant Recipients
Authors: Weigle William O. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both a primary and secondary antibody response to BGG can be initiated by lymph node cells transferred to tolerant rabbits; whereas, only the secondary response to BGG can be initiated by similar cells transferred to x-radiated recipients. The relationship of these findings to the effect of x-radiation on antibody production was discussed.
It was postulated that the cells associated with recognition of antigens and/or production of antibody were the sites of unresponsiveness in rabbits tolerant to soluble protein antigens.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Werner , Crawford Mary N. , Henle Gertrude , Tabio Humberto Faz , Deinhardt Friedrich , Chabau Angel Guerra , Olshin Irving J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Efforts were made to establish suitable dosage schedules for formalin-inactivated mumps virus vaccines. Susceptible children between one and eight years of age were selected on the basis of negative complement fixation (V antigen) and neutralization tests, as well as absence of “booster-type” responses following the first dose of vaccine. These were immunized by the subcutaneous route with 1-ml doses of vaccine at various time intervals. The results were evaluated in terms of anti-V and neutralizing antibody responses and, in one institution, by prevention of illness during an intercurrent outbreak of mumps.
A primary course of two doses, one to four weeks apart, following 6–12 months later by a booster dose, gave most satisfactory results. Many of the susceptible children formed some neutralizing antibodies within one to two weeks after the first dose, and nearly all after the second. A third injection at one- to four-week intervals was of little added value. Most of these children failed to reveal detectable antibodies three to six months after the initial dose. A primary course of two or more doses, nevertheless, protected five out of six children against disease during an outbreak of mumps three to eight months later. Subclinical infections were not prevented. The incidence of parotitis in children who had received only one dose corresponded to that in unvaccinated controls. Booster doses 6 or 12 months after the initial course rapidly recalled antibodies and to higher titers than those seen following primary vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies remained detectable in the sera of the majority of the children for 6–12 months thereafter. A second booster after a half year interval did not yield higher titers than elicited by the first. The booster responses in the vaccinated groups failed to match those observed in naturally immunized children following injection of vaccine.
The implications of these findings have been discussed.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thyroid autoantibodies of four different species-namely: rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and human- were examined for organ specificity by different serologic techniques. Each of the four types of antisera cross-reacted with the thyroid extracts of the other species, but in general reacted more strongly with its homologous antigen when tested by means of tanned erythrocytes coated with the various thyroid extracts. The method of complement-fixation when applied to the rabbit thyroid autoantibody gave principally the same results as the tanned cell hemagglutination test. Considerable cross-reaction was observable in this case with hog and horse thyroid extracts but little or no cross-reaction occurred with thyroid extracts of other animals. Using gel double diffusion precipitation tests in tubes, sera containing thyroid autoantibodies could be shown to precipitate the thyroid extracts of certain other species. The agglutination by a rabbit thyroid autoantibody of tanned erythrocytes coated with rabbit thyroid extract could be completely inhibited by very small amounts of the homologous antigen, rabbit thyroid extract. None of the other thyroid extracts, even the greatest concentrations available, would completely inhibit this agglutination. The agglutination by a rabbit thyroid autoantibody of tanned erythrocytes coated with hog thyroid extract could be inhibited equally well by hog thyroid extract and rabbit thyroid extract. The existence and predominant significance of a species-specific (i.e., non-cross-reacting) thyroid autoantibody is further underlined by the failure of thyroid extract of different species to influence the straight line of precipitation formed by the interaction of the homologous thyroid extract and its corresponding autoantibody in gel diffusion precipitation tests in plates. Thyroid autoantibodies, although specific for the thyroid, cross-react with thyroid extracts of certain other species. Absorption with the heterologous thyroid extract removes the heterologous reactions but does not remove the homologous reaction. These findings suggest the presence of a spectrum of autoantibodies all specific for thyroid extract, and presumably for thyroglobulin.
Effect of Bacterial Endotoxin on Resistance of Mice to Viral Encephalitides
Authors: Wagner Robert R. , Snyder Ruth M. , Hook Edward W. , Luttrell Charles N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified endotoxin prepared from Salmonella abortus equi enhanced the resistance of mice to infection with the viruses of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and encephalomyocarditis (EMC). The protective effects were manifested by a moderate reduction in incidence of death and slight, but definite, prolongation of survival time. Increased resistance could be demonstrated in infections initiated by either the intracerebral or intraperitoneal route. A single dose of endotoxin administered i.p., i.v. or i.c. 24 hours before challenge was often effective. However, combined i.p. and i.c. injections of endotoxin further augmented resistance to i.p. infection with EEE or EMC virus, and the most pronounced effect was evident in mice given repeated i.p. doses of endotoxin. In contrast to previous studies of “nonspecific” resistance to bacterial infection or viral toxicity, a favorable outcome was also demonstrable when endotoxin was administered concomitantly with challenge virus or when a course of treatment was begun 6 hr after i.p. infection with EEE virus.
Endotoxin-induced resistance to the lethal action of EEE virus was accompanied by moderate inhibition of virus multiplication in brain. Endotoxin had no effect on multiplication of EEE virus in tissue culture, nor could it be shown to stimulate the production of an antiviral substance in brain.
Certain differences were noted between endotoxin-induced resistance to viral encephalitis and the viral interference phenomenon. Intracerebral injection of influenza virus caused striking resistance to infection with EEE virus and marked inhibition of virus multiplication in brain. Although the capacity of influenza virus to protect mice against infection with EMC virus was slightly greater than that of bacterial endotoxin, no effect could be demonstrated unless the interfering virus was injected directly into the brain. Unlike bacterial endotoxin, influenza virus effectively suppressed multiplication of EEE virus in tissue cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts.
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Aladjem Frederick , Jaross Robert W. , Paldino Rita L. , Lackner J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some aspects of the antigen-antibody reaction in agar diffusion plates were studied. A method was developed that permits the prediction of whether a zone of precipitation will form for given initial amounts of antigen and antibody. Calculated values were found to agree with experimental observations. An expression was obtained for the relation between the location of the zone of precipitation between antigen and antibody reservoirs and the time required for the appearance of the zone. Calculated values were found to agree with experimental observations. The relationship between diffusion coefficients of antigen and antibody and the curvature of the zone of precipitation was determined. Theoretical derivations of expressions for the determination of diffusion coefficients of antigens and antibodies are presented. Diffusion coefficients of human serum albumin, bovine plasma albumin and chicken ovalbumin and homologous rabbit antibodies were determined. Values were found to be in reasonable agreement with diffusion coefficients of antigens and antibodies determined by other methods. The outstanding property of this method for the determination of diffusion coefficients is its experimental simplicity.
Quantitative Studies of Repeated Cutaneous Anaphylaxis at Sites Sensitized with a Single Injection of Antibody
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Chandler Marion H. , Fischel Edward E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Repeated cutaneous anaphylaxis may be elicited in guinea pigs at skin sites passively sensitized with a single injection of guinea pig antibody. Relatively large amounts of antigen are required to block succeeding reactions. When small amounts of antigen are used in challenging injections, at least two strong reactions may be elicited at a sensitized site.
Studies on the Immobilization Antigens of Paramecium
Authors: Preer John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Each serotype of syngen 4 of Paramecium aurelia has a specific serotype-correlated antigen (antigen 4) measurable by gel diffusion. These antigens are the well known immobilization antigens studied by earlier workers. They may be assayed quantitatively by an absorption technique and also by specific precipitation in gel.
Studies on the Serology of Visceral Larva Migrans
Authors: Kagan Irving G. , Norman Lois , Allain Dorothy S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The following antigens were tested for specificity in the tannic acid hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation tests: a) Ascaris whole worm and tissue saline extracts; b) polysacharide whole worm and tissue antigens prepared by ethanol precipitation, and by extraction with formamide; c) a protein antigen prepared by the method of Melcher. Utilizing these two serologic tests antisera prepared against ascarid antigens in rabbits, and toxocarid antigens in rabbits, monkeys and a dog, as well as sera from children presumably infected with visceral larva migrans (Toxocariasis) were used to evaluate the specificity of antigens. All but 2 of 14 antigens were serologically active, but no specificity was demonstrated by the antigens employed.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
Authors: Bergdoll M. S. , Surgalla M. J. , Dack G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A specific precipitate band obtained by the gel diffusion technique has been identified as the enterotoxin-antienterotoxin band. A monovalent serum specific for enterotoxin produced by staphylococcus strain S-6 was prepared. Highly potent enterotoxin from thirteen food poisoning stains of Staphylococcus cross reacted with this serum; whereas the enterotoxin from another strain, 196E, did not cross react. The equivalence ratio for enterotoxin calculated by the Oudin technique was 2–3 times the equivalence ratio determined from neutralization studies with enterotoxin given orally to monkeys.
Studies on the Immobilization Antigens of Paramecium
Authors: Preer John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Good yields of immobilization antigen have been obtained by extracting paramecia in a dilute salt solution containing 15% alcohol for 1 hr at 2°C. The extract is purified by low pH treatment followed by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Data on solubility, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, along with serologic criteria indicate that the material is relatively pure immobilization antigen.