bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Another history of global financial markets: Local stock market integration since 1913 from a network perspective
Authors: Bastidon Cécile , Bordo Michael , Parent Antoine , Weidenmier Marc Daniel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe examine local and global equity market integration since 1900 using network methods. The analysis uncovers a new stylised fact about equity market integration over the past 120 years. Local equity market integration generally increases over the entire sample period. This finding is at odds with much of the existing literature that describes long‐run market integration as following a U‐shape pattern. Global stock market integration peaks in 1913 followed by disintegration during the Great Depression and Bretton Woods periods. Then it rebounds and achieves the highest level of integration during the recent period of globalisation that began in the early 1970s. We argue that this U‐shape pattern is the by‐product of the interaction of the network effects of the monotonic decrease in local distances (decrease in information costs, accelerated in the past decades) and network connectivity (which varies inversely with the control over international financial transactions).
Analysis on Electrochemical CO2 Reduction by Diamond Doping Technology
Authors: Zeng Xiangyong , Zhao Yang , Chen Naichao , He Ping 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mitigating the massive emissions of greenhouse gases is one of the main measures taken to resolve the current growing climate problems. The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to economically valuable chemical fuels has attracted the intensive attention of scholars. This review provides an overview of the application of conductive diamond in electrocatalytic reduction and outlines the improvement of electrochemical properties by employing metal particles to modify the surface. Meanwhile, the carbon-based electrode materials represented by glassy carbon and diamond-like carbon also have broad research value. Emphasis is placed on the electrochemical properties of boron-doped, transition metal modification, and co-doped diamond film electrodes with appropriate extensions. The carbon-chain compounds produced by the reduction reaction are also briefly described, mainly using formic acid and ethanol as examples, and focusing on the switchable selectivity of the multi-carbon products. In addition, the development directions of electrochemical reduction technology are prospected.
Partitioned Active Learning for Heterogeneous Systems
Authors: Lee Cheolhei , Wang Kaiwen , Wu Jianguo , Cai Wenjun , Yue Xiaowei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Active learning is a subfield of machine learning that focuses on improving the data collection efficiency in expensive-to-evaluate systems. Active learning-applied surrogate modeling facilitates cost-efficient analysis of demanding engineering systems, while the existence of heterogeneity in underlying systems may adversely affect the performance. In this article, we propose the partitioned active learning that quantifies informativeness of new design points by circumventing heterogeneity in systems. The proposed method partitions the design space based on heterogeneous features and searches for the next design point with two systematic steps. The global searching scheme accelerates exploration by identifying the most uncertain subregion, and the local searching utilizes circumscribed information induced by the local Gaussian process (GP). We also propose Cholesky update-driven numerical remedies for our active learning to address the computational complexity challenge. The proposed method consistently outperforms existing active learning methods in three real-world cases with better prediction and computation time.
Clustering-Based Detection of Debye–Scherrer Rings
Authors: Sirhindi Rabia , Khan Nazar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Calibration of the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) experimental setup is a crucial step before data reduction and analysis, and requires correctly extracting individual Debye–Scherrer rings from the 2D XRPD image. This problem is approached using a clustering-based machine learning framework, thus interpreting each ring as a cluster. This allows automatic identification of Debye–Scherrer rings without human intervention and irrespective of detector type and orientation. Various existing clustering techniques are applied to XRPD images generated from both orthogonal and nonorthogonal detectors, and the results are visually presented for images with varying inter-ring distances, diffuse scatter, and ring graininess. The accuracy of predicted clusters is quantitatively evaluated using an annotated gold standard and multiple cluster analysis criteria. These results demonstrate the superiority of density-based clustering for the detection of Debye–Scherrer rings. Moreover, the given algorithms impose no prior restrictions on detector parameters such as sample-to-detector distance, alignment of the center of diffraction pattern, or detector type and tilt, as opposed to existing automatic detection approaches.
Anomalous Adverse Effect of Mass Velocity on Convective Flow Boiling in Small-Diameter Microfin Tubes
Authors: Lin Lingnan , Kedzierski Mark A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent studies report an anomalous phenomenon, particularly for small diameter microfin tubes, where the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing mass velocity in the convective regime, which is contrary to that found for smooth tubes and larger diameter microfin tubes. This paper presents a critical literature review and mechanistic analysis of the anomalous phenomenon. Our analysis suggests that the anomalous phenomenon is a result of the transition of annular flow pattern from “flooded-groove” (film thickness &gt; fin height) to “in-groove” (film thickness &lt; fin height). The latter is associated with lower degree of turbulence, smaller wetted area, and therefore smaller heat transfer coefficient than the former. We speculated that the in-groove annular flow only occurs for small diameter tubes where the liquid film is relatively uniform, while larger tubes tend to remain flooded at the tube-bottom until dryout. This may explain the tendency of the anomalous phenomenon to occur in small diameter tubes.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Fabrication of Surface Microstructures Using Mask Electrolyte Jet Machining and Duckbill Nozzle
Authors: Wu Ming , Hazak Arshad Muhammad , Kumar Saxena Krishna , Reynaerts Dominiek , Guo Zhongning , Liu Jiangwen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The consistency in the fabrication of microsurface structures on large workpieces remains a challenge for existing production techniques. Mask electrolyte jet machining (MEJM) is a hybrid mask-based electrochemical machining (ECM) process that combines the flexibility of Jet-ECM to flush the electrochemical by-products and the high throughput processing feature of through-mask electrochemical micromachining (TMEMM). In the present study, a duckbill-shaped nozzle is employed in the MEJM for the batch fabrication of microsurface structures which facilitates more uniform current density distribution over the entire machining area, resulting in better consistency. With a larger slit length, the duckbill nozzle will not only cover more processing area but also facilitates more uniform current density distribution over the entire machining area, resulting in a better consistency for batch fabrication. Thresholds of the ratio of slit length to the machining area were derived from a quantitative analysis, namely the efficient threshold and the performance threshold. The slit length of the duckbill nozzle should be at least twice as large as the machining area to wipe out any observable deviation on current density distribution in the machining area. An efficient and high-performance numerical simulation framework with a virtual gap concept is developed for the mask-based ECM processes to simulate microcavity profiles and associated current density distribution. The concept of a virtual gap is proposed to solve the simulation dilemma of elements being consumed in the mask-based ECM process. Quantitative analyses were carried out to study how the virtual gap influences the electric current density distribution in the interelectrode gap. A virtual gap smaller than 100 nm is recommended. Guidelines on how to ensure a smooth electric field transition across the coarse and fine-meshed zones are presented by conducting a quantitative analysis. As an example, this work has successfully fabricated several cavity arrays with different processing parameters. Both the experimental results and the numerical simulation frameworks are easy-to-implement and easy-to-extend for all the mask-based ECM processes.
Retired Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Disassembly Line Balancing Based on Precedence Graph Using a Hybrid Genetic-Firework Algorithm for Remanufacturing
Authors: Cong Liang , Zhou Kai , Liu Weiwei , Li Ronghua 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Electric vehicle production is subjected to high manufacturing cost and environmental impact. Disassembling and remanufacturing the lithium-ion power packs can highly promote electric vehicle market penetration by procuring and regrouping reusable modules as stationary energy storage devices and cut life-cycle cost and environmental impact. Disassembly efficiency is crucial for battery remanufacturing companies in reverse supply chains. However, disassembly planning suffers from high computational complexity and inferior solutions. This paper developed a multi-objective mathematical model and presented a novel hybrid genetic-firework algorithm based on the precedence graph for obtaining solutions to disassemble the electric vehicle power pack into module levels in an efficient manner. The objectives for the model include not only smoothness of working stations, cycle time, and economic returns, but also consider operation safety and energy consumption. The proposed hybrid algorithm explored the performance of the novel solution searching mechanism of combining the firework and genetic algorithms. The proposed approach is compared with the commonly used multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in the literature, showing its feasibility and effectiveness.
Exposure to gun violence among the population of Chicago community violence interventionists
Authors: Hureau David M. , Wilson Theodore , Jackl Hilary M. , Arthur Jalon , Patterson Christopher , Papachristos Andrew V. 
Published: December 2022

Gun violence is a leading cause of premature death and a driver of racial disparities in life expectancy in the United States. Community-based interventions are the foremost policy strategy for reducing gun violence without exacerbating harm associated with criminal justice approaches. However, little is known about the interventionist workforce. In 2021, we used a researcher-guided survey to obtain a near-census of Chicago violence interventionists (
n
= 181, 93% response rate). Workers were mostly male (84%) and Black (80.9%), with a mean age of 43.6 years. Interventionists commonly experienced work-related exposure to violence and direct victimization. A total of 59.4% witnessed someone being shot at, whereas 32.4% witnessed a victim struck by gunfire. During work hours, 19.6% were shot at, while 2.2% were nonfatally shot. Single-year rates of gun violence victimization exceeded those of Chicago police. Results suggest that investment in community violence intervention should prioritize improving worker safety and reducing violence exposure while developing support for vulnerable frontline practitioners.
Ultrashort 15-nm flexible radio frequency ITO transistors enduring mechanical and temperature stress
Authors: Hu Qianlan , Zhu Shenwu , Gu Chengru , Liu Shiyuan , Zeng Min , Wu Yanqing 
Published: December 2022

Flexible radio frequency (RF) transistors play an important role in the fast-growing wearable smart sensors for data communication. However, the scaling capability and high-speed performance of the flexible transistor are far below the counterparts on rigid substrates, impeding the gigahertz high-speed applications. Here, we address the scaling and performance bottlenecks in flexible transistors by demonstrating natively flexible RF indium tin oxide transistors with deeply scaled 15-nm-long channel, capable of operating in the 10-GHz frequency range. The record-high cutoff frequency of 11.8 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency of 15 GHz can rival those on rigid substrates. Furthermore, the robustness of flexible RF transistors was examined, capable of enduring heavy-duty 10,000 bending cycles at 1-mm radius and extreme thermal stress from cryogenic temperature of 4.3 K and high temperature of 380 K.
An Inequilateral Triangle: Russia−United States−China in a New Geopolitical Environment
Authors: Rogov S. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author offers a general comparative overview of the relations of three key countries—Russia, China, and the United States. A new geopolitical picture of the world is presented with three centers of power. The triangle evolves, changing the potential of each of its sides. The three-party relationships are not equipollent. China is building up its economic, nuclear, and political potential, turning into a peer competitor of the United States on the world stage. Russia competes with the United States only in the military-strategic sphere. That is why US foreign policy today is aimed at “double containment” of both Russia and China. At the same time, Washington seeks to rely on its allies both in Europe, strengthening NATO, and in the Indo−Pacific region, pursuing a “latticework” strategy. This promises a long-term confrontation between the US angle and the Chinese and Russian angles of the triangle.
Protocol for a case–control prospective study to investigate the impact ofHepaticEncephalopathy onNutritional Intake andSarcopenia status in patients with end-stageLIVer disease: HENS-LIV study
Authors: Towey Jennifer , Ngonadi Chiemelie , Rajoriya Neil , Holt Andrew , Greig Carolyn , Armstrong Matthew J 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a debilitating symptom of end-stage liver disease (ESLD), but there remains a paucity of evidence regarding its impact on nutritional status, nutritional intake, compliance with nutritional support and resultant muscle health and function. Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with ESLD. The aim of the current case–control study is to prospectively investigate the impact of HE on nutritional intake and sarcopenia status in patients with ESLD.Methods and analysisPatients with ESLD, with HE (n=10) and without HE (n=10) will be recruited at the outpatient liver unit, University Hospital Birmingham, UK. All patients will undergo clinical assessment at baseline and again at 6–8 weeks (in-line with their routine clinical follow-up), to assess the impact of HE on reported nutritional intake, nutritional status and sarcopenia/physical functional status. Standard medical, dietetic and home-based exercise physiotherapy care will continue for all participants as determined by their clinical team. Two methods of assessing nutritional intake will include the 24-hour food recall and 3-day food diaries. Assessment of sarcopenia status will be undertaken using anthropometry (mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC)) and ultrasound imaging of the quadriceps muscle group. Markers of physical function (hand grip strength; chair rise time), frailty (Liver Frailty Index (LFI)), physical activity (accelerometery) and exercise capacity (Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)) will be assessed at both clinic visits.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by Wales Research Ethics Committee 2 and Health Research Authority (REC reference: 21/WA/0216). Recruitment into the study commenced November 2021. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and international presentations.Trial registration numberRRK7156.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prescription refills for immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: a time series analysis (January 2019 to January 2021) using the English Prescribing Dataset
Authors: Barrett Ravina , Barrett Rob , Lin Sharon X , Culliford David , Fraser Simon , Edwards Christopher John 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate monthly prescription refills for common immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory therapy (sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, methotrexate, leflunomide) prescriptions in England during the complete first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary analysis examined unit cost analysis and regional use.Design and settingA national cohort of community-based, primary care patients who anonymously contribute data to the English Prescribing Dataset, dispensed in the community in England, were included. Descriptive statistics and interrupted time series analysis over 25 months (14 months before, 11 months after first lockdown) were evaluated (January 2019 to January 2021, with March 2020 as the cut-off point).Outcome measuresPrescription reimbursement variance in period before the pandemic as compared with after the first lockdown.ResultsFluctuation in monthly medicines use is noted in March 2020: a jump is observed for hydroxychloroquine (Mann-Whitney, SE 14.652, standardised test statistic 1.911, p value=0.059) over the study period. After the first lockdown, medicines use fluctuated, with wide confidence intervals. Unit-cost prices changed substantially: sulfasalazine 33% increase, hydroxychloroquine 98% increase, azathioprine 41% increase, methotrexate 41% increase, leflunomide 20% decrease. London showed the least quantity variance, suggesting more homogeneous prescribing and patient access compared with Midlands and East of England, suggesting that some patients may have received medication over/under requirement, representing potential resource misallocation and a proxy for adherence rates. Changepoint detection revealed four out of the five medicines’ use patterns changed with a strong signal only for sulfasalazine in March/April 2020.ConclusionsFindings potentially present lower rates of adherence because of the pandemic, suggesting barriers to care access. Unit price increases are likely to have severe budget impacts in the UK and potentially globally. Timely prescription refills for patients taking immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory therapies are recommended. Healthcare professionals should identify patients on these medicines and assess their prescription-day coverage, with planned actions to flag and follow-up adherence concerns in patients.
Evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a safety protocol to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission risks when participating in full-capacity live mass events: a cross-sectional survey and interview-based study
Authors: Dallera Giulia , Alaa Aos , El-Osta Austen , Kreindler Jack , Harris Matthew 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveInvestigate the feasibility and acceptability of a novel COVID-19 safety protocol combining professionally witnessed home-based videoed pre-event testing and a data-driven risk assessment model that was piloted at the Standon Calling Festival in July 2021.DesignObservational study using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design involving a survey, personal interviews and group discussions with a cross section of participants.SettingStandon Calling Festival, Hertfordshire, England.Participants4726 adults who attended Standon Calling and consented to participate in the study.ResultsNearly a quarter (23.1%; 1093) attendees (women 65%, men 35%) responded to the postevent survey. Eleven participants were interviewed before thematic saturation was reached. The majority (81.0%) of respondents found the at-home testing protocol convenient and of reasonable cost (73.6%). Confidence in the test result was enhanced due to professional-supported videoing (76.2%), whereas 72.6% had confidence in the security of the data. Videoed self-testing helped 45.0% of respondents to feel more confident in their lateral flow testing technique. The majority (85.5%) felt safer at the event and 93.7% agreed that the protocol did not interfere with their enjoyment of the event. Themes generated from interviews showed that the protocol could be applied to other disease areas and events, but there were concerns that over-reliance on test results alone could lead some people to have a false sense of security around the safety of the live event.ConclusionsOur study showed that a protocol that combines professionally witnessed home-based videoed pre-event testing is highly acceptable and feasible, and it can inform decision making and support the safe reopening of live mass events at full capacity. Although COVID-19 is now considered endemic in the UK, this protocol can be of value for other countries where the live events industry remains heavily impacted. Risk modelling should be tested and evaluated at future events to further increase the robustness of this protocol.
Impact of selective licensing schemes for private rental housing on mental health and social outcomes in Greater London, England: a natural experiment study
Authors: Petersen Jakob , Alexiou Alexandros , Brewerton David , Cornelsen Laura , Courtin Emilie , Cummins Steven , Marks Dalya , Seguin Maureen , Stewart Jill , Thompson Kevin , Egan Matt 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo assess primary impact of selective Licensing (SL), an area-based intervention in the private rented housing market, on individual self-reported anxiety and neighbourhood mental health (MHI—Mental Healthcare Index) and secondary impacts on antisocial behaviour (ASB), population turnover and self-reported well-being.DesignDifference-in-difference (DiD) was used to evaluate effects of SL schemes initiated 2012–2018. 921 intervention areas (lower super output areas) were matched 3:1 using propensity scores derived from sociodemographic and housing variables (N=3.684 including controls). Average treatment effect on treated (ATT) was calculated for multiple time period DiD in area-level analyses. Canonical DiD was used for individual-level analysis by year of treatment initiation while adjusting for age, sex, native birth and occupational class.SettingIntervention neighbourhoods and control areas in Greater London, UK, 2011–2019.ParticipantsWe sampled 4474 respondents renting privately in intervention areas (N=17 347 including controls) in Annual Population Survey and obtained area-level MHI population data.InterventionsPrivate landlords in SL areas must obtain a licence from the local authority, allow inspection and maintain minimum housing standards.ResultsATT after 5 years was significantly lower for MHI (−7.5%, 95% CI −5.6% to −8.8%) than controls. Antidepressant treatment days per population reduced by −5.4% (95% CI −3.7% to −7.3), mental health benefit receipt by −9.6% (95% CI −14% to −5.5%) and proportion with depression by −12% (95% CI −7.7% to −16.3%). ASB reduced by −15% (95% CI −21% to −8.2%). Population turnover increased by 26.5% (95% CI 22.1% to 30.8%). Sensitivity analysis suggests overlap with effects of London 2012 Olympic regeneration. No clear patterns were observed for self-reported anxiety.ConclusionsWe found associations between SL and reductions in area-based mental healthcare outcomes and ASB, while population turnover increased. A national evaluation of SL is feasible and necessary.