bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restoration and coral adaptation delay, but do not prevent, climate-driven reef framework erosion of an inshore site in the Florida Keys
Authors: Webb Alice E. , Enochs Ian C. , van Hooidonk Ruben , van Westen René M. , Besemer Nicole , Kolodziej Graham , Viehman T. Shay , Manzello Derek P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFor reef framework to persist, calcium carbonate production by corals and other calcifiers needs to outpace loss due to physical, chemical, and biological erosion. This balance is both delicate and dynamic and is currently threatened by the effects of ocean warming and acidification. Although the protection and recovery of ecosystem functions are at the center of most restoration and conservation programs, decision makers are limited by the lack of predictive tools to forecast habitat persistence under different emission scenarios. To address this, we developed a modelling approach, based on carbonate budgets, that ties species-specific responses to site-specific global change using the latest generation of climate models projections (CMIP6). We applied this model to Cheeca Rocks, an outlier in the Florida Keys in terms of high coral cover, and explored the outcomes of restoration targets scheduled in the coming 20 years at this site by the Mission: Iconic Reefs restoration initiative. Additionally, we examined the potential effects of coral thermal adaptation by increasing the bleaching threshold by 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2˚C. Regardless of coral adaptative capacity or restoration, net carbonate production at Cheeca Rocks declines heavily once the threshold for the onset of annual severe bleaching is reached. The switch from net accretion to net erosion, however, is significantly delayed by mitigation and adaptation. The maintenance of framework accretion until 2100 and beyond is possible under a decreased emission scenario coupled with thermal adaptation above 0.5˚C. Although restoration initiatives increase reef accretion estimates, Cheeca Rocks will only be able to keep pace with future sea-level rise in a world where anthropogenic CO2emissions are reduced. Present results, however, attest to the potential of restoration interventions combined with increases in coral thermal tolerance to delay the onset of mass bleaching mortalities, possibly in time for a low-carbon economy to be implemented and complementary mitigation measures to become effective.
Fundamental limits to depth imaging with single-photon detector array sensors
Authors: Scholes Stirling , Mora-Martín Germán , Zhu Feng , Gyongy Istvan , Soan Phil , Leach Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSingle-Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD) arrays are a rapidly emerging technology. These multi-pixel sensors have single-photon sensitivities and pico-second temporal resolutions thus they can rapidly generate depth images with millimeter precision. Such sensors are a key enabling technology for future autonomous systems as they provide guidance and situational awareness. However, to fully exploit the capabilities of SPAD array sensors, it is crucial to establish the quality of depth images they are able to generate in a wide range of scenarios. Given a particular optical system and a finite image acquisition time, what is the best-case depth resolution and what are realistic images generated by SPAD arrays? In this work, we establish a robust yet simple numerical procedure that rapidly establishes the fundamental limits to depth imaging with SPAD arrays under real world conditions. Our approach accurately generates realistic depth images in a wide range of scenarios, allowing the performance of an optical depth imaging system to be established without the need for costly and laborious field testing. This procedure has applications in object detection and tracking for autonomous systems and could be easily extended to systems for underwater imaging or for imaging around corners.
A multi-stage 130 m/s reluctance linear electromagnetic launcher
Authors: Einat Moshe , Orbach Yafit 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMoon launching capabilities are vital for space program development. Especially important is the capability to launch without fuels or disposable elements since bringing supplies to the moon is complicated and expensive. An electric system would have the benefit of using solar or nuclear-based unlimited electrical energy. In this paper, such an electrical launching system is suggested—a reluctance coilgun launcher with multi acceleration stages. It has the benefit of simplicity and longer lifetime compared to other electrical launchers. In this paper, a successful implementation of a multi-stage reluctance launcher is presented that reaches the highest reported launching speeds from a reluctance coilgun. Moreover, a method to successfully add more and more stages is presented. Based on this method, an electrical launcher to be used for launching from the moon can be designed.
Activated T cell therapy targeting glioblastoma cancer stem cells
Authors: Miyaguchi Ken , Wang Hongqiang , Black Keith L. , Shiao Stephen L. , Wang Rongfu , Yu John S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNaïve T cells become effector T cells following stimulation by antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) and sequential cytokine activation. We aimed to develop procedures to efficiently activate T cells with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells. To remove antigen presentation outside of the immunosuppressive tumor milieu, three different glioma stem cell (GSC) specific antigen sources to load DCs were compared in their ability to stimulate lymphocytes. An activated T cell (ATC) protocol including cytokine activation and expansion in culture to target GSCs was generated and optimized for a planned phase I clinical trial. We compared three different antigen-loading methods on DCs to effectively activate T cells, which were GBM patient-derived GSC-lysate, acid-eluate of GSCs and synthetic peptides derived from proteins expressed in GSCs. DCs derived from HLA-A2 positive blood sample were loaded with TAAs. Autologous T cells were activated by co-culturing with loaded DCs. Efficiency and cytotoxicity of ATCs were evaluated by targeting TAA-pulsed DCs or T2 cells, GSCs, or autologous PHA-blasts. Characteristics of ATCs were evaluated by Flow Cytometry and ELISpot assay, which showed increased number of ATCs secreting IFN-γ targeting GSCs as compared with non-activated T cells and unloaded target cells. Neither GSC-lysate nor acid-eluate loading showed enhancement in response of ATCs but the synthetic peptide pool showed significantly increased IFN-γ secretion and increased cytotoxicity towards target cells. These results demonstrate that ATCs activated using a TAA synthetic peptide pool efficiently enhance cytotoxicity specifically to target cells including GSC.
Identification of a particle collision as a finite-time blowup in turbulence
Authors: Lee Seulgi , Lee Changhoon 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe propose an Eulerian approach to investigate the motion of particles in turbulence under the assumption that the motion of particles remains smooth in space and time until a collision between particles occurs. When the first collision happens, particle velocity loses $$C^1$$

C
1

continuity, resulting in a finite-time blowup. The corresponding singularities in particle velocity gradient, particle number density, and particle vorticity for various Stokes numbers and gravity factors are numerically investigated for the first time in a simple two-dimensional Taylor-Green vortex flow, two-dimensional decaying turbulence, and three-dimensional isotropic turbulence. In addition to the critical Stokes number above which a collision begins to occur, the flow condition leading to collision is revealed; particles tend to collide in very thin shear layer constructed by two parallel same-signed vortical structures when Stokes number is above the critical one.
Development and standardization of processing technique for ready-to-use lab fermented Kanji mix using refractance window dried black carrot powder
Authors: Kaur Preetinder , Zalpouri Ruchika , Modi Ritika , Sahota Param Pal , Dhillon Tarsem Singh , Kaur Amrit 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBlack carrots are rich in bio-actives but underutilized owing to their short-term availability and perishable nature. Traditionally, black carrots have been used for the preparation of Kanji—a fermented non-dairy beverage prepared using natural fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and a few spices. This plant-based probiotic beverage has high antioxidant properties but there is a risk of contamination with pathogens due to uncontrolled fermentation during storage. To enhance the availability of this nutritious beverage throughout the year and to ensure the microbiological safety of the traditional fermented product, the present study was planned to optimize the process for controlled fermentation using freeze-dried lactic acid bacterial (LAB) culture and refractance window-dried black carrot powder. The physicochemical and microbiological profiles of LAB-fermented Kanji were analysed. The dried Kanji mix can be reconstituted into naturally fermented probiotic beverage with unique flavour and aroma along with ensured microbiological safety and enhanced commercial value.
Spectrin-beta 2 facilitates the selective accumulation of GABAA receptors at somatodendritic synapses
Authors: Smalley Joshua L. , Cho Noell , Ng Shu Fun Josephine , Choi Catherine , Lemons Abigail H. S. , Chaudry Saad , Bope Christopher E. , Dengler Jake S. , Zhang Chuansheng , Rasband Matthew N. , Davies Paul A. , Moss Stephen J. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFast synaptic inhibition is dependent on targeting specific GABAAR subtypes to dendritic and axon initial segment (AIS) synapses. Synaptic GABAARs are typically assembled from α1-3, β and γ subunits. Here, we isolate distinct GABAARs from the brain and interrogate their composition using quantitative proteomics. We show that α2-containing receptors co-assemble with α1 subunits, whereas α1 receptors can form GABAARs with α1 as the sole α subunit. We demonstrate that α1 and α2 subunit-containing receptors co-purify with distinct spectrin isoforms; cytoskeletal proteins that link transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton. β2-spectrin was preferentially associated with α1-containing GABAARs at dendritic synapses, while β4-spectrin was associated with α2-containing GABAARs at AIS synapses. Ablating β2-spectrin expression reduced dendritic and AIS synapses containing α1 but increased the number of synapses containing α2, which altered phasic inhibition. Thus, we demonstrate a role for spectrins in the synapse-specific targeting of GABAARs, determining the efficacy of fast neuronal inhibition.
Adrenergic signalling to astrocytes in anterior cingulate cortex contributes to pain-related aversive memory in rats
Authors: Iqbal Zafar , Lei Zhuogui , Ramkrishnan Aruna S. , Liu Shu , Hasan Mahadi , Akter Mastura , Lam Yuk Yan , Li Ying 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPain contains both sensory and affective dimensions. We identify the role of norepinephrine in colorectal distention (sub-threshold for acute pain) induced conditioned place avoidance and plasticity gene expression in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Activating locus coeruleus (LC)-projecting ACC neurons facilitates pain-evoked aversive consolidation and memory, while inhibiting LC-projecting ACC neurons reversibly blocks it. Optogenetic activation of ACC astrocytes facilitates aversive behaviour. ACC astrocytic Gi manipulation suppressed aversive behaviour and early plasticity gene expression induced by opto-activation of LC neurons projecting to ACC. Evidences for the critical role of β2AR in ACC astrocytes were provided using AAV encoding β2AR miRNAi to knockdown β2AR in astrocytes. In contrast, opto-activation of ACC astrocytic β2ARs promotes aversion memory. Our findings suggest that projection-specific adrenergic astrocytic signalling in ACC is integral to system-wide neuromodulation in response to visceral stimuli, and plays a key role in mediating pain-related aversion consolidation and memory formation.
Constraining the turbulence and the dust disk in IM Lup: Onset of planetesimal formation
Authors: Franceschi Riccardo , Birnstiel Tilman , Henning Thomas , Sharma Anirudh 
Published: January 2023

Context. Observations of protoplanetary disks provide information about the processes of planetary formation and reasons behind the diversity of planetary systems. The key to understanding planetary formation is the study of dust evolution from small grains to pebbles. Smaller grains (~1 µm) are well coupled to the gas dynamics and their distribution is significantly extended above the disk midplane. Larger grains settle much faster and are efficiently formed only in the midplane. By combining near-infrared polarized light and millimeter observations, it is possible to constrain the spatial distribution of both the small and large grains.
Aims. Our aim is to construct detailed models of the size distribution and the vertical and radial structure of the dust particles in protoplanetary disks based on observational data. In particular, we are interested in recovering the dust distribution in the IM Lup protoplanetary disk.
Methods. We created a physical model for the dust distribution of protoplanetary disks. We then simulated the radiative transfer of the millimeter continuum and the near-infrared polarized radiation. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, we compared the derived images to the observations available for the IM Lup disk to constrain the best physical model for IM Lup and to recover the vertical grain size distribution.
Results. The millimeter and near-infrared emission tightly constrain the dust mass and grain size distribution of our model. We find size segregation in the dust distribution, with millimeter-sized grains in the disk midplane. These grains are efficiently formed in the disk, possibly by sedimentation-driven coagulation, in accordance with the short settling timescales predicted by our model. This also suggests a high dust-to-gas ratio at smaller radii in the midplane, possibly triggering streaming instabilities and planetesimal formation in the inner disk. We obtained a turbulent α parameter of 3 × 10−3.
Osteoinductive and Osteogenic Capacity of Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone Compared to Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral Scaffold in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Nugraha Andreas Pratama , Kamadjaja David B. , Sumarta Ni Putu Mira , Rizqiawan Andra , Pramono Coen , Yuliati Anita , Hendrianto Eryk , Rahman Mohammad Zeshaan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Objective Freeze-dried bovine bone scaffold (FDBB) or decellularized FDBB (dc-FDBB) was developed as an ideal scaffold with osteoinductive properties. This research aims to compare the osteoinductive properties marked by the expression of runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) and Osterix (OSX) and the osteogenic capacity of these scaffolds imbued with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs).
Materials and Methods This study was performed in five experimental groups: a negative control group (C-) of hUCMSCs with a normal growth medium, a positive control group (C + ) of hUCMSCs with an osteogenic medium, experimental group 1 (E1) with an FDBB conditioned medium (CM), and experimental group 2 (E2) with a dc-FDBB-CM, and a third experimental group (E3) consisting of a DBBM-CM. Alizarin red staining was performed to qualitatively assess osteoinductive capacity. RUNX2 and OSX expression was quantified using real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction with two replications on day six (D6) and day 12 (D12) as fold changes.
Results This experiment revealed that hUCMSCs were positively expressed by CD73, CD90, and CD105 but were not expressed by CD34. Alizarin red staining showed that E1 had the most calcium deposition on D6 and D12, followed by E3 and then E2 The RUNX2 and OSX expression was higher in E1 but this difference was not significant. The OSX expression in E1,E2,E3 was lower on D12 and C+ of OSX had the highest expression. There was a significant difference of fold change measured between all groups (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between any of the groups treated with OSX and RUNX2 on D6 and D12.
Conclusion FDBB osteoinduction and osteogenic capacity were higher when compared with DBBM and dc-FDBB.
From SARS to COVID-19: the role of experience and experts in Hong Kong’s initial policy response to an emerging pandemic
Authors: Matus Kira , Sharif Naubahar , Li Alvin , Cai Zhixin , Lee Wai Haang , Song Max 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAs one of the most densely populated places in the world, Hong Kong fared relatively well in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a very low number of cases and fatalities per capita. This was mostly due to the Hong Kong government, healthcare workers, and the general public’s institutional and individual memory after they successfully overcame the deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003. However, while Hong Kong was well accustomed to measures such as wearing masks and social distancing, the cooperation of the Hong Kong public to government restrictions was highly affected by its local political context, especially after widespread anti-government protests began mid-2019. This brought the public’s trust in government to an all-time low, creating a political ‘new normal’, which underpinned how COVID-19 policies would be proposed, accepted, and implemented, if at all. To understand how science advice was offered and how public health decisions were made, this research investigates the evolution of Hong Kong’s science advisory mechanisms for public health from before SARS, after SARS, and during COVID-19 in 2020, including the roles of key organisations and departments, the establishment of new centres and committees, and the creation of workgroups and expert advisory panels. This paper compares and analyses the reasons behind these differences in science advisory mechanisms between SARS and COVID-19. The findings from this research reinforce the unquestionable need for robust science advisory structures and knowledgeable scientific experts to solve health-related crises, though more research is required to understand the ways in which science advice influences both policy decisions and public acceptance of these policies.
Outer retinal degeneration in a non-human primate model using temporary intravitreal tamponade with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Choi Kwang-Eon , Cha Seongkwang , Yun Cheolmin , Ahn Jungryul , Hwang Seil , Kim Young-Jin , Jung Hachul , Eom Heejong , Shin Dongkwan , Oh Jaeryung , Goo Yong Sook , Kim Seong-Woo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Objective: The main objective of this study was to induce and evaluate drug-dose-dependent outer retinal degeneration in cynomolgus monkeys by application of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Approach: Intravitreal temporary tamponade induced outer retinal degeneration with MNU solutions (2–3 mg ml−1) after vitrectomy in five cynomolgus monkeys. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), full-field electroretinography (ffERG), and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were performed at baseline and weeks 2, 6, and 12 postoperatively. At week 12, OCT angiography, histology, and immunohistochemistry were performed. Main results: Outer retinal degeneration was observed in four monkeys, especially in the peripheral retina. Anatomical and functional changes occurred at week 2 and persisted until week 12. FAF images showed hypoautofluorescence dots, similar to AF patterns seen in human retinitis pigmentosa. Hyperautofluorescent lesions in the pericentral area were also observed, which corresponded to the loss of the ellipsoid zone on OCT images. OCT revealed thinning of the outer retinal layer adding to the loss of the ellipsoid zone outside the vascular arcade. Histological findings confirmed that the abovementioned changes resulted from a gradual loss of photoreceptors from the perifovea to the peripheral retina. In contrast, the inner retina, including ganglion cell layers, was preserved. Functionally, a decrease or extinction of scotopic ffERGs was observed, which indicated rod-dominant loss. Nevertheless, VEPs were relatively preserved. Significance: Therefore, we can conclude that temporary exposure to intravitreal MNU tamponade after vitrectomy induces rod-dominant outer retinal degeneration in cynomolgus monkeys, especially in the peripheral retina.
Nanoprecipitates enhanced wear resistance of laser powder bed fusion-processed high-strength Al−Cu−Mg−Si−Ti alloy
Authors: Wang Qingzheng , El Mansori Mohamed , El hadrouz Mourad , Kang Nan , Lin Xin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Solidification cracking during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and poor wear resistance of high-strength aluminum alloys hinder their application in aerospace and automotive fields. In the present work, a novel defect-free Al-Cu-Mg-Si-Ti alloy was manufactured by LPBF. The densification behavior research shows that the threshold value to manufacture the full-density Al-Cu-Mg-Si-Ti alloy by LPBF is a volumetric energy density (VED) of 141.7 J mm−3. The LPBF processed sample shows a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of ultrafine equiaxed grains and columnar grains. Dry sliding tests indicate that the wear rate of the as-built samples is 3.9 ± 0.4 × 10−5 cm3 m−1 with dominant abrasive wear under an applied load of 2.1 N. At an applied load of 24 N, the wear mechanism transforms to severe delamination and abrasion with a high wear rate of 42.1 ± 0.1 × 10−5 cm3 m−1. After the aging treatment, the size and number density of nanosized S’ and Q’ precipitated phases increase significantly, which results in an increased hardness and better wear resistance.
A study on hot deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-2V-0.5Zr-1.5Mo alloys
Authors: Ren Ke , Zheng Biju 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Ti-6Al-2V-0.5Zr-1.5Mo alloys is a new type of titanium alloys developed on the basis of Ti-6Al-4V alloys. Compared with Ti-6Al-4V alloys, they are low in cost and excellent in performance. To offer an idea for hot working production, their thermal deformation behavior was studied through a Gleeble3500 machine, and the microstructure evolution during the thermal deformation was analyzed. After the experiment, the true stress-strain curves at strain rates of 0.001 s−1, 0.01 s−1, 0.1 s−1 and 1 s−1 at temperatures of 800 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C were worked out. The result showed that the flow stress decreased as the deformation temperature rose and the strain rate fell. The peak stress constitutive equation and flow stress prediction model were built through the Arrhenius equation. The correlation coefficient between the predicted data and the experimental data reached 0.9811, which meant that the flow stress could be predicated accurately through Arrhenius equation. In addition, the processing map was established based on the DMM theory, and the best process parameters of such an alloy were figured out.