bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AWS compliance with the ethical principle of proportionality: three possible solutions
Authors: Zając Maciek 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe ethical Principle of Proportionality requires combatants not to cause collateral harm excessive in comparison to the anticipated military advantage of an attack. This principle is considered a major (and perhaps insurmountable) obstacle to ethical use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). This article reviews three possible solutions to the problem of achieving Proportionality compliance in AWS. In doing so, I describe and discuss the three components Proportionality judgments, namely collateral damage estimation, assessment of anticipated military advantage, and judgment of “excessiveness”. Some possible approaches to Proportionality compliance are then presented, such as restricting AWS operations to environments lacking civilian presence, using AWS in targeted strikes in which proportionality judgments are pre-made by human commanders, and a ‘price tag’ approach of pre-assigning acceptable collateral damage values to military hardware in conventional attritional warfare. The article argues that application of these three compliance methods would result in AWS’ achieving acceptable Proportionality compliance levels in many combat environments and scenarios, allowing AWS to perform most key tasks in conventional warfare.
Safe contextual Bayesian optimization integrated in industrial control for self-learning machines
Authors: De Blasi Stefano , Bahrami Maryam , Engels Elmar , Gepperth Alexander 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntelligent manufacturing applications and agent-based implementations are scientifically investigated due to the enormous potential of industrial process optimization. The most widespread data-driven approach is the use of experimental history under test conditions for training, followed by execution of the trained model. Since factors, such as tool wear, affect the process, the experimental history has to be compiled extensively. In addition, individual machine noise implies that the models are not easily transferable to other (theoretically identical) machines. In contrast, a continual learning system should have the capacity to adapt (slightly) to a changing environment, e.g., another machine under different working conditions. Since this adaptation can potentially have a negative impact on process quality, especially in industry, safe optimization methods are required. In this article, we present a significant step towards self-optimizing machines in industry, by introducing a novel method for efficient safe contextual optimization and continuously trading-off between exploration and exploitation. Furthermore, an appropriate data discard strategy and local approximation techniques enable continual optimization. The approach is implemented as generic software module for an industrial edge control device. We apply this module to a steel straightening machine as an example, enabling it to adapt safely to changing environments.
Vinen’s Energy Barrier
Authors: Barenghi C. F. , McClintock P. V. E. , Muirhead C. M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn 1963, the late W. F. (“Joe”) Vinen concluded, partly on intuitive grounds, that the ab initio creation of a quantized vortex line in superfluid $$^4$$

4

He is impeded by an energy barrier. We place this prescient insight into context and review subsequent theoretical and experimental research that calculated the height of the barrier and validated the result through measurements on negative ions moving through superfluid $$^4$$

4

He above the Landau critical velocity. We discuss the implications of these results for other superfluids, including laser-cooled dilute atomic gases, and for the subsequent development of superfluid hydrodynamics.
Predictors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Towards Family Planning (FP) Among Pregnant Women in Fiji
Authors: Imtishal Mohammed , Mohammadnezhad Masoud , Baker Philip , Khan Sabiha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to determine the predictors of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) towards Family Planning (FP) among pregnant Fijian women.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted over two months in 2019 with adult pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic (ANC) at Ba Mission Hospital (BMH), Fiji. Data was collected using a self-administrated questionnaire. Statistical analysis included correlation tests and regression analysis in determining predictors of KAP.

Results
240 pregnant women participated in this study with a mean age of 26.02 (± SD = 4.13). The results showed a moderate level of knowledge (mean 14.95, SD ± 3.15), positive attitude (mean 20.56, SD ± 5.68), and good practice (mean 4.97, SD ± 1.73). Linear regression identified that women with more than seven children had a knowledge score of 3.65, lower than null parity (t value = -2.577, p = 0.011). Women aged 20 to 24 had a 6.47 lower attitude score than women aged 18 to 19 (t value = -2.142, p = 0.033). Women in defacto relationships had a 2.12 lower attitude score compared to the married category (t value = -2.128, p = 0.034). Fijian women of Indian descent had a 1.98 lower attitude score than the I Taukei women (t value = -2.639, p = 0.009). Women aged 30–34 had 2.41 lower practice scores than those aged 18–19 (t value = -2.462, p = 0.015).

Conclusion
This study found a medium knowledge of FP among pregnant women. These findings support a recommendation for further research to implement effective strategies.
Strictification theorems for the homotopy time-slice axiom
Authors: Benini Marco , Carmona Victor , Schenkel Alexander 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIt is proven that the homotopy time-slice axiom for many types of algebraic quantum field theories (AQFTs) taking values in chain complexes can be strictified. This includes the cases of Haag–Kastler-type AQFTs on a fixed globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifold (with or without time-like boundary), locally covariant conformal AQFTs in two spacetime dimensions, locally covariant AQFTs in one spacetime dimension, and the relative Cauchy evolution. The strictification theorems established in this paper prove that, under suitable hypotheses that hold true for the examples listed above, there exists a Quillen equivalence between the model category of AQFTs satisfying the homotopy time-slice axiom and the model category of AQFTs satisfying the usual strict time-slice axiom.
The carbon-concentrating mechanism of the extremophilic red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Authors: Steensma Anne K. , Shachar-Hill Yair , Walker Berkley J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCyanidioschyzonmerolae is an extremophilic red microalga which grows in low-pH, high-temperature environments. The basis of C. merolae’s environmental resilience is not fully characterized, including whether this alga uses a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). To determine if C. merolae uses a CCM, we measured CO2 uptake parameters using an open-path infra-red gas analyzer and compared them to values expected in the absence of a CCM. These measurements and analysis indicated that C. merolae had the gas-exchange characteristics of a CCM-operating organism: low CO2 compensation point, high affinity for external CO2, and minimized rubisco oxygenation. The biomass δ13C of C. merolae was also consistent with a CCM. The apparent presence of a CCM in C. merolae suggests the use of an unusual mechanism for carbon concentration, as C. merolae is thought to lack a pyrenoid and gas-exchange measurements indicated that C. merolae primarily takes up inorganic carbon as carbon dioxide, rather than bicarbonate. We use homology to known CCM components to propose a model of a pH-gradient-based CCM, and we discuss how this CCM can be further investigated.
Unspeakable names
Authors: Michaelson Eliot 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThere are some names which cannot be spoken and others which cannot be written, at least on certain very natural ways of conceiving of them. Interestingly, this observation proves to be in tension with a wide range of views about what names are.Prima facie, this looks like a problem for predicativists.Ultima facie, it turns out to be equally problematic for Millians. For either sort of theorist, resolving this tension requires embracing a revisionary account of the metaphysics of names. Revisionary Millianism, I argue, offers some important advantages over its predicativist competitor.
LC/MS-based discrimination between plasma and urine metabolomic changes following exposure to ultraviolet radiation by using data modelling
Authors: Ali Ali Muhsen , Monaghan Chris , Muggeridge David J. , Easton Chris , Watson David G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This study sought to compare between metabolomic changes of human urine and plasma to investigate which one can be used as best tool to identify metabolomic profiling and novel biomarkers associated to the potential effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Method
A pilot study of metabolomic patterns of human plasma and urine samples from four adult healthy individuals at before (S1) and after (S2) exposure (UV) and non-exposure (UC) were carried out by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS).

Results
The best results which were obtained by normalizing the metabolites to their mean output underwent to principal components analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to separate pre-from post-of exposure and non-exposure of UV. This separation by data modeling was clear in urine samples unlike plasma samples. In addition to overview of the scores plots, the variance predicted-Q2 (Cum), variance explained-R2X (Cum) and p-value of the cross-validated ANOVA score of PCA and OPLS-DA models indicated to this clear separation. Q2 (Cum) and R2X (Cum) values of PCA model for urine samples were 0.908 and 0.982, respectively, and OPLS-DA model values were 1.0 and 0.914, respectively. While these values in plasma samples were Q2 = 0.429 and R2X = 0.660 for PCA model and Q2 = 0.983 and R2X = 0.944 for OPLS-DA model. LC–MS metabolomic analysis showed the changes in numerous metabolic pathways including: amino acid, lipids, peptides, xenobiotics biodegradation, carbohydrates, nucleotides, Co-factors and vitamins which may contribute to the evaluation of the effects associated with UV sunlight exposure.

Conclusions
The results of pilot study indicate that pre and post-exposure UV metabolomics screening of urine samples may be the best tool than plasma samples and a potential approach to predict the metabolomic changes due to UV exposure. Additional future work may shed light on the application of available metabolomic approaches to explore potential predictive markers to determine the impacts of UV sunlight.
Changes in Lolium perenne L. rhizosphere microbiome during phytoremediation of Cd- and Hg-contaminated soils
Authors: Saldarriaga Juan F. , López Julián E. , Díaz-García Laura , Montoya-Ruiz Carolina 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe contamination of soil and water by metals such as mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) has been increasing in recent years, because of anthropogenic activities such as mining and agriculture, respectively. In this work, the changes in the rhizosphere microbiome of Lolium perenne L. during the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Hg and Cd were evaluated. For this, two soil types were sampled, one inoculated with mycorrhizae and one without. The soils were contaminated with Hg and Cd, and L. perenne seeds were sown and harvested after 30 days. To assess changes in the microbiome, DNA isolation tests were performed, for which samples were subjected to two-step PCR amplification with specific 16S rDNA V3-V4 primers (337F and 805R). With mycorrhizae, changes had been found in the absorption processes of metals and a new distribution. While with respect to microorganisms, families such as the Enterobacteriaceae have been shown to have biosorption and efflux effects on metals such as Hg and Cd. Mycorrhizae then improve the efficiency of removal and allow the plant to better distribute the absorbed concentrations. Overall, L. perenne is a species with a high potential for phytoremediation of Cd- and Hg-contaminated soils in the tropics. Inoculation with mycorrhizae modifies the phytoremediation mechanisms of the plant and the composition of microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Mycorrhizal inoculation and changes in the microbiome were associated with increased plant tolerance to Cd and Hg. Microorganism-assisted phytoremediation is an appropriate alternative for L. perenne.
The association of osteoporosis and geriatric syndromes in the elderly: data from the Russian epidemiological study EVKALIPT
Authors: Dudinskaya Ekaterina N. , Vorobyeva Natalia M. , Onuchina Julia S. , Machekhina Lubov V. , Selezneva Elena V. , Ovcharova Lilia N. , Kotovskaya Yulia V. , Tkacheva Olga N. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Summary

Osteoporosis is associated with almost all geriatric syndromes (GSs), and the occurrence of osteoporosis in patients over 65 years of age increases by 1.2–2.5 times. Early diagnosis of osteoporosis and GSs is very important. Additional programs should be adopted by the state to introduce information about the possibilities of working with elderly patients.

Purpose
To analyze associations of osteoporosis with geriatric syndromes in patients aged 65 years and older in the Russian Federation.

Methods
A total of 4308 patients (30% men) aged 65–107 years were examined and distributed into 3 age groups (65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85 years and older). All patients underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment. In the “Falls and risk of falls” module, the number and circumstances of falls over the previous year were analyzed, as well as the history of fractures. The presence of osteoporosis was determined based on medical records. Physical examination included anthropometric measurements and standard enquiry, short physical performance battery (SPPB), dynamometry, measurement of gait velocity, Mini-Cog test, and orthostatic test.

Results
A total of 507 patients (11.8%) had evidence of osteoporosis; indications of low-energy fractures in history were recorded in 739 (17.3%) patients. Patients with osteoporosis were older, shorter, and predominantly women; had a lower body weight and a higher Charlson comorbidity index; and took more drugs. Patients with osteoporosis had lower gait velocity, hand grip strength, Barthel index value, and scores of the Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale, the MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment) short-form, and the SPPB. Osteoporosis is associated with almost all geriatric syndromes (GSs), and the occurrence of osteoporosis in patients over 65 years of age increases by 1.2–2.5 times.

Conclusions
Osteoporosis is associated with almost all GSs. The association of osteoporosis with advanced GSs aggravates the condition of these patients. Early diagnosis of osteoporosis and GSs is very important. Additional programs should be adopted by the state to introduce information about the possibilities of working with elderly patients: early detection and correction of osteoporosis.
Forest succession trajectories after fires in valleys and on slopes in the Greater Khingan Mountains, China
Authors: Zhong Chao , Guo Meng , Zhou Fenfen , Li Jianuo , Yu Fangbing , Guo Futao , Li Wenshan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAccurate assessment of postfire vegetation recovery is important for forest management and the conservation of species diversity. Topography is an important factor affecting vegetation recovery but whether species composition varies with different recovery stages and between valleys and slopes is unclear. Using field data and a space-for-time substitution method, we quantified species richness and diversity to obtain the successional trajectories of valleys and slopes. We surveyed the species of 10 burned areas from 1986 to 2010 in the Greater Khingan Mountains in northeastern China, and found that with increasing postfire recovery time, species richness in both valleys and slopes gradually decreased. However, species richness in valleys was relatively higher. Shrubs recovered rapidly in the valleys, and species diversity maximized approximately 11 years after fire. However, it maximized 17–18 years after fire on the slopes. Numerous shade-tolerant species were present in the valleys 11 years after fire but not until after 18 years on slopes. Larch appeared earlier than 11 years after fire and its recovery was slow in the valleys but appeared quickly on slopes and established dominance early. Our study provides some new insights into vegetation succession after fire at local scales. After fire, the vegetation recovery processes differ with topography and it affects the initial rate of recovery and species composition at different successional stages.
Separation Technologies for Whey Protein Fractionation
Authors: Chen George Q. , Qu Yiran , Gras Sally L. , Kentish Sandra E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Whey is a by-product of cheese, casein, and yogurt manufacture. It contains a mixture of proteins that need to be isolated and purified to fully exploit their nutritional and functional characteristics. Protein-enriched fractions and highly purified proteins derived from whey have led to the production of valuable ingredients for many important food and pharmaceutical applications. This article provides a review on the separation principles behind both the commercial and emerging techniques used for whey protein fractionation, as well as the efficacy and limitations of these techniques in isolating and purifying individual whey proteins. The fractionation of whey proteins has mainly been achieved at commercial scale using membrane filtration, resin-based chromatography, and the integration of multiple technologies (e.g., precipitation, membrane filtration, and chromatography). Electromembrane separation and membrane chromatography are two main emerging techniques that have been developed substantially in recent years. Other new techniques such as aqueous two-phase separation and magnetic fishing are also discussed, but only a limited number of studies have reported their application in whey protein fractionation. This review offers useful insights into research directions and technology screening for academic researchers and dairy processors for the production of whey protein fractions with desired nutritional and functional properties.
Technical characteristics and coating formation mechanism of gilded silver products unearthed from the Consort Tomb of Emperor Shengzong of the Liao dynasty
Authors: Shao Yanbing , Lu Xuan , Fu Wenbin , Jiang Fengrui , Yang Junchang , Gai Zhiyong , Dong Limin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCompared with other gold plating processes, mercury gilding was widely used in ancient China due to the less consumption of gold and excellent adhesion between the gold layer and substrate. Herein, the comprehensive analyses of the silver crown and boots unearthed from the Consort Tombs of Emperor Shengzong (圣宗萧贵妃) of the Liao (辽) Dynasty reveal the surface composition and structural characteristics and also the unique multilayered structure and cross-sectional compositional distribution of the gold layer. First, the existence of mercury on the golden surface of cultural relics, as well as the unique porous structure and granular surface morphology, indicate that the artifacts were probably processed using mercury gilding. In addition, the intermetallic compound, i.e., Au5Hg, in the gold layer indicates that the processing temperature was 388–419 ℃; thus, the formation mechanism was the transformation of solid solution in the amalgam to intermetallic compound during the heating of Au-Hg system. Moreover, the cross-sectional transition layer is mainly composed of Ag and Hg due to the interstitial diffusion of mercury atoms at room temperature and vacancy diffusion of silver atoms during the heating process, bonding the gold layer with the substrate. Obviously, the bonding mechanism of the gold layer and substrate was interstitial diffusion and vacancy diffusion within the Ag-Hg system. The current work reveals the special multilayered cross-section of silver gilding relics and shows that mercury played a crucial role in both the formation of the gold layer and bonding between the gold layer and substrate during the silver gilding process.
Sediment load prediction in Johor river: deep learning versus machine learning models
Authors: Latif Sarmad Dashti , Chong K. L. , Ahmed Ali Najah , Huang Y. F. , Sherif Mohsen , El-Shafie Ahmed 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSediment transport is a normal phenomenon in rivers and streams, contributing significantly to ecosystem production and preservation by replenishing vital nutrients and preserving aquatic life’s natural habitats. Thus, sediment transport prediction through modeling is crucial for predicting flood events, tracking coastal erosion, planning for water supplies, and managing irrigation. The predictability of process-driven models may encounter various restrictions throughout the validation process. Given that data-driven models work on the assumption that the underlying physical process is not requisite, this opens up the avenue for AI-based model as alternative modeling. However, AI-based models, such as ANN and SVM, face problems, such as long-term dependency, which require alternative dynamic procedures. Since their performance as universal function approximation depends on their compatibility with the nature of the problem itself, this study investigated several distinct AI-based models, such as long short-term memory (LSTM), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM), in predicting sediment transport in the Johor river. The collected historical daily sediment transport data from January 1, 2008, to December 01, 2018, through autocorrelation function, were used as input for the model. The statistical results showed that, despite their ability (deep learning and machine learning) to provide sediment predictions based on historical input datasets, machine learning, such as ANN, might be more prone to overfitting or being trapped in a local optimum than deep learning, evidenced by the worse in all metrics score. With RMSE = 11.395, MAE = 18.094, and R2 = 0.914, LSTM outperformed other models in the comparison.
Application of the nanostructured R-AgLAFE electrode to study the electroreduction process of Bi(III) ions in the presence of N-acetylcysteine
Authors: Nosal-Wiercińska Agnieszka , Martyna Marlena , Pawlak Alicja , Porada Radosław , Baś Bogusław 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBi(III) ions electroreduction in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (ACYS)at the nanostructured R-AgLAFE electrode has been studied by the voltammetric and impedance measurements. The experimental data indicates the multistage character of the electrode process and the catalytic influence of N-acetylcysteine on the Bi(III) ions electroreduction rate. It was found that this process is controlled by the chemical reaction of the Bi(III)–Hg(SR)2 activecomplexes formation on the electrode surface, which mediates electron transfer. Active complexes are a substrate in the process of electroreduction, and their different structure and properties are the reason for the diverse catalytic activity of N-acetylcysteine.