bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Affinity Chromatography for the Specific Purification of Antibodies and Antigens
Authors: Wofsy Leon , Burr Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Our laboratory has been able to prepare highly efficient immunoadsorbents by coupling haptens or immunoglobulins to sepharose activated with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) (1–3).
The general procedures reported by Cuatrecasas et al. (3) for selective enzyme purification by affinity chromatography are readily adapted to the specific purification of antibodies and antigens. These methods make the preparation of superior immunoadsorbents a remarkably easy task.
Anti-hapten antibody purification. Sepharose activation is carried out as described (3); we have found it most satisfactory to add the sepharose slurry to a 25 mg/ml aqueous CNBr solution, immediately after adjusting the pH of the latter to 11.5, and the pH is maintained at 11.0 to 11.5 for the 8 to 10 min reaction time.
Haptens with a free amino function are coupled to washed activated sepharose in 0.1 N sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.0, at 4° to 5°C, also as previously described (3); we react 4 µmols of hapten/ml wet activated sepharose.
Specific Role of Each Human Leukocyte Type in Viral Infections
Authors: Wheelock E. Frederick , Edelman Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 17D vaccine strain of yellow fever virus replicates and induces interferon in mixed cultures of human leukocytes prepared directly from peripheral blood. Treatment of the leukocytes with interferon prior to inoculating them with 17D virus markedly inhibits virus replication. Studies with nearly homogeneous cultures of each leukocyte type reveal that 17D virus replicates to high titer and induces interferon in human monocytes. No virus replication on interferon production takes place in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A small amount of 17D virus replication may take place in lymphocyte cultures in association with the production of interferon. Treatment of lymphocytes with the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, either before 17D virus inoculation or as late as 9 days thereafter renders these cells capable of supporting virus replication to high titers. These in vitro studies suggest that human leukocytes may serve as host cells for virus replication and interferon production in human infection with yellow fever vaccine virus.
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific antibody-forming cells contained in spleen cell suspensions from normal immunized donor mice were adoptively transferred to both normal and Friend disease virus-infected recipient mice. There was little or no suppression with time in the number of the transferred antibody-forming cells in infected animals as compared to controls, under conditions in which there was a marked suppression of antibody-forming cells in mice directly challenged with antigen.
A study of the cytokinetics of the antibody plaque response in infected and control recipients indicated that the largest number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) could be determined in recipient spleens between 1 and 3 days after cell transfer. However, there were significant numbers of PFC in recipient spleens 6 and 9 days after transfer.
Infection of recipient mice simultaneously or 3 days before cell transfer did not result in an inhibition of the expected number of PFC. In most instances there was a 60% to 70% increase in the number of plaque-forming cells in spleens of mice infected the same day as cell transfer during the subsequent 3 days.
Recipient mice infected 8 days before cell transfer generally had 25% to 40% fewer antibody-forming cells in their spleens on the peak day after cell transfer, as compared to control recipients. However, there were almost normal numbers of antibody- forming cells 6 to 9 days after transfer, as compared to controls and the other groups of infected recipients.
The results of these experiments have been interpreted as indicating that the immunosuppressive effects of a murine leukemia virus such as Friend disease virus do not occur at the level of mature antibody-forming cells.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Sjöquist J. , Stålenheim G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus added to guinea pig serum inactivates the hemolytic complement (C′) of the serum. Preformed aggregates of protein A and guinea pig or human IgG inactivate complement. It is probable that the complement-consuming property of protein A is due to its ability to combine with the Fc part of the IgG, thus rendering the IgG complement-fixing. The possibility that the in vivo sensitivity-promoting activity of protein A is due to its ability to activate the complement system is discussed. A hemagglutination technique was developed in order to determine small amounts of protein A.
Complement: Chemical Coupling of a Functionally Active Component to Erythrocytes in the Absence of Antibody
Authors: Linscott William D. , Faulk W. Page , Perucca Philip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Unsensitized sheep erythrocytes exposed to the first component of complement (C′1) and tannic acid, bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB), or CrCl3 were lysed by whole guinea pig C′, but similarly treated cells not exposed to C′1 were not lysed. Lysis of the tanned, C′1-treated cells was blocked by: a) heat-inactivating the C′1; b) diluting the C′ in EDTA; c) washing the cells with EDTA after exposure to C′1 but before exposure to whole C′; and d) exposing the cells to a high concentration of protein before adding the C′1. C′1 could be demonstrated on tanned C′1-treated cells by the C′1 transfer technique. The C′1 coupled to cells by BDB or CrCl3 appeared to be more tightly bound than with tannic acid, as indicated by failure to transfer C′1 from these cells and by retention of cell-bound reactivity after washing with EDTA. BDB and CrCl3, and to a lesser extent tannic acid, were quite destructive of fluid-phase C′1. Coupling of functionally active C′1 to red cell membranes may account for earlier observations on the lysis of tanned erythrocytes by C′ in the absence of antibody.
Particulate and Soluble Antigens of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi in the Complement Fixation Test
Authors: Shishido Akira , Hikita Michiko , Sato Takeshi , Kohno Seiya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Particulate (P) and soluble (S) antigens of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi for complement fixation were prepared from HeLa cell cultures infected with the Kato, Karp and Gilliam strains. The P antigens of the three strains were found to be type-specific, and the S antigens to be group-specific. The antigens were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the density (g/ml) of the former being 1.13 to 1.15 and that of the latter 1.06 to 1.08. In animals infected with R. tsutsugamushi, antibody against P antigen was produced earlier and persisted longer in higher titer than that against S antigen. The antigenic structure of R. tsutsugamushi was discussed.
Immunologic and Immunochemical Studies on the Gar, Lepisosteus Platyrhincus
Authors: Bradshaw Claire M. , Clem L. William , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response of the gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), a fresh water holostean, was investigated to test its capacity to evince immunologic memory and to characterize the molecular species of antibody produced during prolonged immunization (414 days).
With aluminum phosphate-adsorbed diphtheria toxoid, the response to primary stimulation was poor. In contrast, after secondary stimulation all fish showed a uniform anamnestic response with antibody persisting for at least 275 days. The latter response also was characterized by the presence of precipitating as well as hemagglutinating antibody.
With the use of alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin, a variable degree of secondary response was noted depending upon the dose of antigen, the best results being obtained with 5 mg and 50 mg.
With Salmonella typhosa flagellar antigen a secondary response could not be detected, possibly owing to the high titer of “natural” antibody present in non-immunized fish.
Antisera obtained during the course of immunization with each of the antigens were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and to density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The antibody activity was seen to reside only in the macroglobulin fraction. Fractions obtained by gel filtration of gar sera from the secondary response to BSA also were assayed by the Farr technique. Radioactive binding was detected only in the fractions from the macroglobulin region. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis with 131I BSA showed one arc of radioactivity, which corresponded to the arc of precipitation formed at the origin when developed with BSA. Antisera to all antigens were wholly susceptible to mild reduction and alkylation. In summary, the gar were found to manifest an anamnestic response that was associated exclusively with macroglobulin antibody.
Persistence of the Autoimmune Pathogenetic Process in Experimental Autologous Immune Complex Nephritis
Authors: Edgington Thomas S. , Lee Sun , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The histopathologic, immunohistochemical and physiologic evidence of chronicity and continued activity of the pathogenetic process in experimental autologous immune complex nephritis has been supported by transplanting normal syngeneic rat kidneys 3 to 18 months after the initial eliciting immunogenic challenge, and observing the subsequent localization of specific pathogenetic antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli of these “detector” kidneys. The evidence indicates an active pathogenetic process and continued synthesis of small amounts of antoantibody to RTE-α5 for a prolonged period following primary sensitization.
Multi-Compartment Distribution Analysis of Antibrain Radioantibodies in Density Gradients
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Lassiter Sylvester 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to use normal IgG, labeled with one radioiodine isotope, as a control for antiserum IgG, labeled with another radioiodine isotope, for the purpose of correcting for normal IgG uptake in radioantibody absorption tests, it is first necessary to identify and isolate a fraction that contains normal globulin but is void of antibody. As long as one such antibody-void compartment is obtained, the number of compartments containing antibody may be multiple. Through the use either of normal globulin distribution coefficients or antibody-void conversion coefficients, both the total amount of antibody and its distribution profile in several compartments may be obtained. This method, called multi-compartment distribution analysis or MCDA, was applied to the determination of antibrain radioantibodies that were absorbed by brain sediments and then compartmentalized by density-gradient centrifugation.
Immune Mechanisms of Reversed Type Reaginic Hypersensitivity
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
F(ab')2 fragments of anti-γE obtained by pepsin digestion and reduced-alkylated anti-γE induced reversed type erythema-wheal reactions in normal individuals and released histamine from leukocytes, whereas Fab′ fragments of the antibody failed to do so. The requirement of two antibody-combining sites in anti-γE for induction of the reversed type allergic reactions suggested that bridging of two cell-bound γE molecules by anti-γE is the initial step of the reactions. On a molar basis, the original antibody and F(ab')2 fragments were comparable in their ability to induce the reversed allergic reactions, but the C′-fixing activity of the fragments was only 0.4% that of the undigested antibody. The results strongly suggested that C′ is not essential for induction of the reversed type reactions.
7Sγ1, 7Sγ2 and IgM Immunoglobulins in the Deer Mouse (Peromyscus Maniculatus)
Authors: Coe John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
7Sγ1, 7Sγ2 and IgM immunoglobulins (Ig) in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae) were defined. Each Ig was isolated and specific antisera prepared. The electrophoretically faster 7S globulin (7Sγ1) and the larger sized globulin (IgM) had antigenic determinants in common with the Fab piece of the electrophoretically slower 7 S globulin (7Sγ2). Each Ig also had unique determinants, which in the case of the 7Sγ2 were located on the Fc piece. Because the genus Peromyscus has such a wide spectrum of related species and subspecies, the Peromysus mouse may be a useful rodent for studies on the evolution of Ig variation.
Ontogenesis of Immune Capability of Murine Bone Marrow Cells and Spleen Cells against Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Rimm Alfred A. , Saltzstein Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bone marrow and spleen cell suspensions from C57BL/6 mice were tested for immune competence against transplantation antigens present in B6D2F1 hybrid mice. The test system was the Simonsen GVH spleen weight-gain assay. C57BL/6 mice, which ranged in age from newborns to adults, were the cell donors. Spleen cells first developed immune competence against transplantation antigens when the donor mice were between 6 and 8 days of age. Bone marrow cells failed to exhibit apparent immune competence at any age, with the cell dose employed, and as measured in this bioassay.
Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Influenza and Mumps Viruses in Mice
Authors: Feinstone Stephen M. , Beachey Edwin H. , Rytel Michael W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity was produced in mice to mumps and influenza virus antigens as a preliminary step to studies of the role of delayed hypersensitivity in resistance to viral infections. Since the footpad test was not found to be sufficiently quantitative or reliable, the in vitro technique of macrophage-migration-inhibition of George and Vaughan was adapted to the mouse model. Cells from sensitized mice were significantly inhibited from migrating when challenged with the homologous antigen. There was some inhibition of migration of sensitized cells with heterologous antigens, but this did not differ significantly from inhibition of non-sensitized cells so challenged, and could be largely circumvented by appropriate dilution of the challenge antigen. The migration of sensitized cells not challenged with either antigen was in the same range as that of the control, non-sensitized, unchallenged cells. It is concluded that macrophage-migration-inhibition provides an assay system for delayed hypersensitivity that is both sensitive and specific for the particular myxoviruses tested.
The Use of Concanavalin A for Distinguishing IgM from IgG Antibody-Producing Cells
Authors: Nordin Albert A. , Cosenza Humberto , Hopkins Walter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Harris and Robson (1) have reported the ability of concanavalin A to precipitate several classes of serum glycoproteins. This selective precipitation is probably due to the specificity of concanavalin A for non-reducing mannosyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl end groups (2). Among the serum glycoproteins precipitated, IgM has been identified by immunoelectrophoresis and by specific biologic activity (3). However, under identical conditions, less than 5% of the IgG of normal human serum was precipitated. These observations suggest the possibility of using concanavalin A to distinguish IgM from IgG antibody-producing cells. This paper illustrates that concanavalin A interferes with the ability of IgM to induce lysis of sheep erythrocytes (SRC) in the presence of complement (C′) without affecting IgG hemolysins.
Concanavalin A was prepared by the method of Agrawal and Goldstein (4). After the concanavalin A was eluted from a Sephadex G-50 column, the major peak was dialyzed against distilled water and lyophilized.
Chlorphenesin: A New Inhibitor of IgE-Mediated Histamine Release
Authors: Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Adkinson N. Franklin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several drugs have recently been shown to be active in inhibiting the antigenically induced in vitro release of compounds thought to be involved in anaphylactic reactions. These compounds offer interesting tools with which to study the mechanism of the reactions of immediate hypersensitivity as well as having the potential for therapeutic use in man. Of the drugs already in use in man diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan), an antifilarial agent, inhibits the release of the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from rat peritoneal leukocytes (1) while disodium chromoglycate (Intal) inhibits the release of histamine from rat mast cells in vivo (2). The latter, however, does not inhibit in vitro histamine release from human leukocytes (L. M. Lichtenstein, unpublished). Both of these drugs are currently being studied for their usefulness in the treatment of human asthma (3, 4). Recently, drugs of the catecholamine and methylxanthine series were shown to inhibit the release of histamine from human leukocytes: evidence was presented to suggest that they operated through the cyclic 3′5′ AMP system (5, 6).
An Immunofluorescence Study of the in Vitro Interaction between Lymphoid Cells and Target Cells
Authors: Clark Junius M. , Weiss Leon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction between immunocompetent cells derived from the spleens of BALB/c mice and L-929 fibroblasts growing in vitro was examined. The percentage of globulin-containing mononuclear cells adherent to the allogenic fibroblasts increased as the time of exposure of the spleen cells to the L cells increased. Inasmuch as this increase in globulin-containing cells is closely associated with the destruction of the foreign monolayer, it is suggested that globulin produced by attached plasma cells or lymphocytes may be responsible for allogenic fibroblast destruction.
Distribution of Antigen-Binding Sites on Rabbit IgM Subunits
Authors: Coligan J. E. , Bauer D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of antigen-binding sites on the reduced and alkylated subunits from IgM anti-BSA molecules was examined. When subunits prepared from specifically purified IgM antibody were allowed to react with a BSA-cellulose immunoadsorbent, over 90% of the subunits were specifically bound. This suggests that each subunit has a binding site, rather than there being an unequal distribution of sites among the subunits, which would have resulted in either 80% or 60% subunit binding.
Surface Antigens on Interspecies Hybrid Cells
Authors: Kano Kyoichi , Baranska Wanda , Knowles Barbara B. , Koprowski Hilary , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interspecies hybrid cells were obtained by Sendai virus-mediated cell fusion followed by propagation of cells in media exerting proper biochemical pressures.
The mixed agglutination test with cell cultures was employed for the analysis of cell surface antigens. Rabbit immune sera were used to identify species-specific antigens. All man-mouse hybrid lines studied contained antigens characteristic for the mouse, and most but not all lines had antigens characteristic for man. Antigens of both parents were shown in man-hamster and man-rat hybrids.
Histocompatibility antigens of man-mouse hybrids were detected by human and murine antisera containing proper isoantibodies. Here again murine antigens were found in all lines, whereas human antigens were demonstrated in most but not in all lines.
Karyotypic analyses of man-mouse hybrid cells were carried out. From a comparison of the serologic and karyotypic studies, only a tentative conclusion could be drawn that human chromosomes of group C or D may be important for determining human antigens on the cell surface.
The Toxicity of Meningopneumonitis Organisms (Chlamydia Psittaci) at Different Stages of Development
Authors: Christoffersen George , Manire G. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intact elementary bodies of Chlamydia psittaci are toxic for mice and will absorb antitoxin from hyperimmune serum. The intermediate reticulate form of the organism, however, is non-toxic and does not absorb antitoxin. It appears likely that soon after penetration of the susceptible cell, the organism loses the toxic antigen from its envelope, the antigen is missing during multiplication, and is resynthesized at maturation.
Detection of Anti-Phage Antibody by Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: Walker William S. , Liu Chi Tan , Adler Frank L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A passive hemagglutination test for detecting and measuring antibody activity against phage T2 was developed. Phage treated with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate under specified conditions of concentration of reagents and pH effectively sensitized tanned sheep red cells to agglutination by antibodies specific for T2 phage. It was shown that several phage antigens, including those of the tail fibers that are implicated in neutralization tests, are absorbed to the tanned cells. The sensitivity of this test for detecting antibodies is shown to match or exceed that of the neutralization test, presumably because it is more comprehensive in its detection of the reactions between the several phage antigens and their respective antibodies.
The IgM Response of Children to Salmonella Typhosa Vaccine
Authors: Altemeier William A. , Bellanti Joseph A. , Buescher Edward L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eight children immunized with commercial typhoid vaccine had elevations of total IgM globulins that averaged 55% above pre-immunization levels within 10 days. Concentrations of IgM specific for the surface antigens of Salmonella typhosa were found by measuring the decrease in total IgM levels that followed absorption of six sera from four children with whole S. typhosa organisms. On the days when IgM globulins were highest, sera contained at least 22 to 32 mg/100 ml of anti-typhoid IgM. This antibody accounted for 18% to 32% of all IgM in these sera and, with one exception, most of the IgM globulin increase that had occurred since immunization.
Conversion of Non-Immune Spleen Cells by Ribonucleic Acid of Lymphoid Cells from an Immunized Rabbit to Produce γM Antibody of Foreign Light Chain Allotype
Authors: Bell Clara , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells (SpC) from non-immunized rabbits were converted to antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) by incubation with ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracts of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) or lymph node cells (LNC) obtained from the immunized rabbits 5 days following one intravenous injection of 4 × 108 sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The RNA extract was inactivated by ribonuclease (RNase) but not by deoxyribonuclease (DNase) or trypsin, indicating that the conversion required intact RNA. Plaque formation was inhibited by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or goat anti-rabbit γM but not by goat anti-rabbit γG-Fc fragment indicating that the antibody produced by the PFC are of the γM immunoglobulin class. The conversion was specific for the SRBC antigen injected.
By use of antibodies to the b4 and b5 allotypic specificities of immunoglobulin light chains, the allotypic specificity of the γM antibody produced by the PFC was identified by direct precipitation of the γM in the plaque or by inhibition of plaque formation. The γM antibody produced by converted SpC invariably possessed the allotypic specificity characteristic for immunoglobulins of the donor of the “immune” RNA extract and not of the donor of SpC. These results could not be explained by contamination of the RNA extracts with anti-SRBC, thus implying that a component of the RNA extract, presumably RNA itself, is providing a code for the synthesis of at least a part of the γM immunoglobulin molecule.