bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N2 modified cap analogues as translation inhibitors and substrates for preparation of therapeutic mRNA
Authors: Kurpiejewski Karol , Jankowska-Anyszka Marzena , Grzela Renata 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn recent years many scientists have begun to focus on the mRNA molecule’s emeregence as a new type of drug. Its fast-moving and successful career as a vaccine technology cannot be underestimated. mRNA provides new opportunities and allows for the rapid preparation of effective drugs at low cost. These extensive possibilities stem from a number of factors, but the small cap structure located at the 5′ end of the mRNA is one contributing factor. Cap protects mRNA and ensures efficient recruitment to the biosynthesis machinery. Furthermore, it allows for the easy introduction of various modifications that influence the activity of the entire mRNA. Among the many different cap analogues that have been reported, those modified at the N2 position of guanosine have been systematically developed. N2-modified caps in the form of nucleoside monophosphates or dinucleotides show favorable biological properties, as well as a high capacity to inhibit the translation process in the cell-free RRL system. Modified N2 dinucleotides are efficiently incorporated into the structure of the mRNA transcript, and in specific circumstances with the correct orientation, making them an interesting alternative for ARCA-type analogues. Moreover, mRNA transcripts containing cap structures modified within the exocyclic amino group show very high translational activity. Therefore, analogues modified at the N2 position may have future applications as therapeutics against various manifestations of cancer and as desirable tools in RNA engineering.
Axial Convex‐Shaped Hematoma was Associated with Poor Curative Effect of Surgical Treatment for Traumatic Posterior Fossa Epidural Hematoma in Children
Authors: Miao Zhuangzhuang , Lei Jin , Li Yu , Wan Xueyan , Zhao Kai , Niu Hongquan , Lei Ting 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundPosterior fossa epidural hematoma (PFEDH) is rare which accounts for just 4–12.9% of all EDH cases. Since its frequently subtle and nonspecific clinical presentation, CT scan has great importance for early diagnosis and treatment of PFEDH. However, indications for surgery depending on the findings of CT image are still controversial.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 40 pediatric cases of PFEDH. Their baseline characteristic, clinical presentation, imaging findings and outcomes were collected and analyzed. The ellipsoid volume equation X × Y × Z/2 was used to measure the hematoma volume. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess the neurologic functional outcome.ResultsA total of 40 pediatric PFEH patients were included with 8 patients having poor outcome and 32 patients having a relatively good prognosis. GCS score showed a significant difference between good and poor outcome groups (p < 0.001). Y value on CT image was significantly bigger in poor outcome group than good outcome group (p < 0.01). Similar results were got in X/Z value (p < 0.05) and Y/Z value (p < 0.01) which reflected the shape of hematoma. A predictive model with Y + X/Z showed the largest area under the ROC curve with a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 93.7%.ConclusionsGCS score at admission was closely related to the prognosis of the pediatric patients with PFEDH. The morphometry of PFEDH has a crucial role in judging the prognosis. Axial convex‐shaped hematoma was associated with poor curative effect of surgical treatment.
Oxygen isotope constraints on the ventilation of the modern and glacial Pacific
Authors: Millet Bruno , Gray William R. , de Lavergne Casimir , Roche Didier M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractChanges in Pacific tracer reservoirs and transports are thought to be central to the regulation of atmospheric CO2 on glacial–interglacial timescales. However, there are currently two contrasting views of the circulation of the modern Pacific; the classical view sees southern sourced abyssal waters upwelling to about 1.5 km depth before flowing southward, whereas the bathymetrically constrained view sees the mid-depths (1–2.5 km) largely isolated from the global overturning circulation and predominantly ventilated by diffusion. Furthermore, changes in the circulation of the Pacific under differing climate states remain poorly understood. Through both a modern and a Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) analysis focusing on oxygen isotopes in seawater and benthic foraminifera as conservative tracers, we show that isopycnal diffusion strongly influences the mid-depths of the Pacific. Diapycnal diffusion is most prominent in the subarctic Pacific, where an important return path of abyssal tracers to the surface is identified in the modern state. At the LGM we infer an expansion of North Pacific Intermediate Water, as well as increased layering of the deeper North Pacific which would weaken the return path of abyssal tracers. These proposed changes imply a likely increase in ocean carbon storage within the deep Pacific during the LGM relative to the Holocene.
Microglial contribution to the pathology of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans
Authors: Matuleviciute Rugile , Akinluyi Elizabeth T. , Muntslag Tim A. O. , Dewing Jennifer M. , Long Katherine R. , Vernon Anthony C. , Tremblay Marie-Eve , Menassa David A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMicroglia are the brain’s resident macrophages, which guide various developmental processes crucial for brain maturation, activity, and plasticity. Microglial progenitors enter the telencephalic wall by the 4th postconceptional week and colonise the fetal brain in a manner that spatiotemporally tracks key neurodevelopmental processes in humans. However, much of what we know about how microglia shape neurodevelopment comes from rodent studies. Multiple differences exist between human and rodent microglia warranting further focus on the human condition, particularly as microglia are emerging as critically involved in the pathological signature of various cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this article, we review the evidence supporting microglial involvement in basic neurodevelopmental processes by focusing on the human species. We next concur on the neuropathological evidence demonstrating whether and how microglia contribute to the aetiology of two neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum conditions and schizophrenia. Next, we highlight how recent technologies have revolutionised our understanding of microglial biology with a focus on how these tools can help us elucidate at unprecedented resolution the links between microglia and neurodevelopmental disorders. We conclude by reviewing which current treatment approaches have shown most promise towards targeting microglia in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggest novel avenues for future consideration.
The relation between cochlear implant programming levels and speech perception performance in post-lingually deafened adults: a data-driven approach
Authors: Migliorini Enrico , van Dijk Bastiaan , Philips Birgit , Mylanus Emmanuel , Huinck Wendy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Programming a cochlear implant (fitting) is an essential part of a user’s post-implantation journey, defining how sound will be translated into electrical stimulation and aiming to provide optimal speech perception outcomes. Currently, there are no established, evidence-based guidelines for fitting cochlear implant users, leading to a high degree of variability in fitting practices, users’ parameters, and probably outcomes. In this study a data-driven approach is used to retrospectively investigate the relation between cochlear implant fitting parameters and speech perception outcomes in post-lingually deafened adults.

Methods
298 data points corresponding to fitting parameters and speech audiometry test results for the same number of adult, post-lingually deafened, experienced CI users were analyzed. Correlation analysis was performed, after which parameters from the top-scoring and bottom-scoring tertiles were compared via the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon u test.

Results
Weak correlations between dynamic range and speech audiometry outcomes were identified, having p values lower than (albeit close to) 0.05. A significant (p < 0.05) difference in electrical dynamic range (the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of current which may be delivered by each electrode) was found, with top-scoring subjects having on average a wider dynamic range.

Conclusion
The association between dynamic range and speech perception outcomes shown in this retrospective study highlights the need for deeper investigation into evidence-driven fitting. It might be a first step in the direction of evidence-based fitting, minimizing variability in outcomes for cochlear implant users and helping mitigate the issue of unexplained low performance.
The myth of brain damage: no change of neurofilament light chain during transient cognitive side-effects of ECT
Authors: Besse Matthias , Belz Michael , Bartels Claudia , Herzig Bettina , Wiltfang Jens , Zilles-Wegner David 
Published: September 2023

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective, safe, and mostly well-tolerated treatment for patients with severe or difficult to treat depression or psychotic disorders. However, a relevant number of patients experience subjective and/or objective cognitive side-effects. The mechanism of these transient deficits is not yet clear. Thus, our study prospectively investigated neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentrations as a highly sensitive biomarker for neuroaxonal damage along with cognitive performance during a course of ECT. Serum NfL concentrations from 15 patients with major depressive disorder receiving ECT were analyzed (1) 24 h before the first ECT, (2) 24 h and (3) 7 days after the last ECT (45 measurements in total). Neuropsychological testing including memory, executive functions and attention was performed at each time-point. NfL concentrations did not change between the three time-points, while a temporary cognitive impairment was found. Even in the subset of patients with the strongest impairment, NfL concentrations remained unchanged. Neuropsychological testing revealed the common pattern of transient cognitive side-effects with reduced performance 24 h post-ECT (global cognition score: p < 0.001; memory: p = 0.043; executive functions: p = 0.002) and return to baseline after 7 days (all p < 0.001). Our study adds to the evidence that neither ECT per se nor the transient cognitive side-effects seem to be associated with an increase of NfL as a marker of neuroaxonal damage. In contrast, we discuss cognitive side effects to be potentially interpreted as a byproduct of ECT’s neuroplastic effects.
Use of NIRS to explore skeletal muscle oxygenation during different training sessions in professional boxing
Authors: Usher Andrew , Babraj John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The physiological examination of boxing has been limited to systemic response in amateur athletes. The demands of professional boxing have been overlooked, despite the different competition format. We sought to determine the physiological demands placed on skeletal muscle in professional boxing.

Methods
Ten male professional boxers (age 26 ± 5 years, height 177 ± 4 cm, weight 71 ± 6 kg) were recruited for this observational study. On different days, the athletes completed 6 × 3 min rounds of pad, bag or spar-based training with 1 min recovery between each round. Prior to each session, participants put on a heart rate monitor and near-infrared spectroscopy attached to the belly of the rectus femoris muscle to record heart rate and muscle oxygenation.

Results
There were significantly less punches thrown in sparring compared to other training modalities (p < 0.001). Skeletal muscle oxygenation across training modalities consisted of a delay, fast desaturation and steady state. Across rounds there was a significant increase in time delay for desaturation (p = 0.016), rate of fast desaturation (p < 0.001) and duration of fast desaturation (p = 0.019). There was a significant difference in sparring for the heart rate where skeletal muscle oxygenation changes occurred compared to pads or bag sessions (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The findings highlight differences in the skeletal muscle response to the different training modalities. Practitioners need to be aware of the muscular demands of each session to allow optimal adaptation across a training camp. Training needs to allow the skeletal muscle to achieve a new oxygenation steady state rapidly to promote efficient performance across rounds.
Opinion Dynamics with Limited Information
Authors: Fotakis Dimitris , Kandiros Vardis , Kontonis Vasilis , Skoulakis Stratis 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe study opinion formation games based on the famous model proposed by Friedkin and Johsen (FJ model). In today’s huge social networks the assumption that in each round agents update their opinions by taking into account the opinions of all their friends is unrealistic. So, we are interested in the convergence properties of simple and natural variants of the FJ model that use limited information exchange in each round and converge to the same stable point. As in the FJ model, we assume that each agent i has an intrinsic opinion $$s_i \in [0,1]$$

s
i

∈

[
0
,
1
]

and maintains an expressed opinion $$x_i(t) \in [0,1]$$

x
i

(
t
)

∈

[
0
,
1
]

in each round t. To model limited information exchange, we consider an opinion formation process where each agent i meets with one random friend j at each round t and learns only her current opinion $$x_j(t)$$

x
j

(
t
)

. The amount of influence j imposes on i is reflected by the probability $$p_{ij}$$

p

ij

with which i meets j. Then, agent i suffers a disagreement cost that is a convex combination of $$(x_i(t) - s_i)^2$$

(

x
i

(
t
)

-

s
i

)

2

and $$(x_i(t) - x_j(t))^2$$

(

x
i

(
t
)

-

x
j

(
t
)

)

2

. An important class of dynamics in this setting are no regret dynamics, i.e. dynamics that ensure vanishing regret against the experienced disagreement cost to the agents. We show an exponential gap between the convergence rate of no regret dynamics and of more general dynamics that do not ensure no regret. We prove that no regret dynamics require roughly $$\varOmega (1/\varepsilon )$$

Ω
(
1
/
ε
)

rounds to be within distance $$\varepsilon $$
ε
from the stable point of the FJ model. On the other hand, we provide an opinion update rule that does not ensure no regret and converges to $$x^*$$

x
∗

in $$\tilde{O}(\log ^2(1/\varepsilon ))$$

O
~

(

log
2

(
1
/
ε
)

)

rounds. Finally, in our variant of the FJ model, we show that the agents can adopt a simple opinion update rule that ensures no regret to the experienced disagreement cost and results in an opinion vector that converges to the stable point $$x^*$$

x
∗

of the FJ model within distance $$\varepsilon $$
ε
in $$\textrm{poly}(1/\varepsilon )$$

poly
(
1
/
ε
)

rounds. In view of our lower bound for no regret dynamics this rate of convergence is close to best possible.
Computing and Listing Avoidable Vertices and Paths
Authors: Papadopoulos Charis , Zisis Athanasios E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA simplicial vertex of a graph is a vertex whose neighborhood is a clique. It is known that listing all simplicial vertices can be done in O(nm) time or $$O(n^{\omega })$$

O
(

n
ω

)

time, where $$O(n^{\omega })$$

O
(

n
ω

)

is the time needed to perform a fast matrix multiplication. The notion of avoidable vertices generalizes the concept of simplicial vertices in the following way: a vertex u is avoidable if every induced path on three vertices with middle vertex u is contained in an induced cycle. We present algorithms for listing all avoidable vertices of a graph through the notion of minimal triangulations and common neighborhood detection. In particular we give algorithms with running times $$O(n^{2}m)$$

O
(

n
2

m
)

and $$O(n^{1+\omega })$$

O
(

n

1
+
ω

)

, respectively. Additionally, based on a simplified graph traversal we propose a fast algorithm that runs in time $$O(n^2 + m^2)$$

O
(

n
2

+

m
2

)

and matches the corresponding running time of listing all simplicial vertices on sparse graphs with $$m=O(n)$$

m
=
O
(
n
)

. Moreover, we show that our algorithms cannot be improved significantly, as we prove that under plausible complexity assumptions there is no truly subquadratic algorithm for recognizing an avoidable vertex. To complement our results, we consider their natural generalizations of avoidable edges and avoidable paths. We propose an O(nm)-time algorithm that recognizes whether a given induced path is avoidable.
Rewilding Risks for Peatland Permafrost
Authors: Holmgren Milena , Groten Finn , Carracedo Manuel Rodríguez , Vink Sverre , Limpens Juul 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPermafrost thaw is projected to reinforce climate warming by releasing large stocks of stored carbon. Rewilding northern high latitude regions with large herbivores has been proposed as a climate mitigation strategy to protect frozen soils and increase ecosystem resilience to climate warming. We explored the impact of summer reindeer density on subarctic peatlands by comparing 17 peatlands differing in reindeer density in Fennoscandia. We used a combination of high-resolution image analyses and field assessments along 50 transects to assess microtopography, surface water cover, vegetation, summer albedo, permafrost presence, soil temperature, soil nutrients and snow depth. Our results show that high summer reindeer densities fragment the characteristic bumpy topography of the peatlands, reducing the insulating soil properties and the probability of keeping permafrost in elevated hummocks. As a result, waterlogged lawns with surface water increase in size and reduce summer albedo. Furthermore, high reindeer density peatlands were associated with an increase in tall inedible shrubs and thicker snow layers. These changes may favor summer warming and reduce winter cooling of the soil thus accelerating permafrost loss. Our results suggest that high reindeer densities may reduce resilience of the peatland permafrost to climate warming. High densities of large herbivores will likely have different effects in well-drained uplands, but in the lowlands we studied, the complex cascading effects of summer trampling may well offset any climate-protection gained by browsing. Optimal use of wildlife management to mitigate global warming will thus require tuning herbivore densities to different ecosystem types across high northern landscapes.
Assessment of changes in regional groundwater levels through spatio-temporal kriging: application to the southern Basin of Mexico aquifer system
Authors: Júnez-Ferreira H. E. , Hernández-Hernández M. A. , Herrera G. S. , González-Trinidad J. , Cappello C. , Maggio S. , De Iaco S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA common approach for calculating the spatial distribution of groundwater level changes consists in choosing a set of different times, interpolating the groundwater level data available at each time over a spatial grid, and then calculating changes in each period by subtracting the interpolated values for these times. However, this can produce misleading results when the data are available in different positions for consecutive times. This paper presents an alternative procedure based on the interpolation of the groundwater level with spatio-temporal kriging, the assessment of the temporal groundwater elevation changes over a regional semiconfined aquifer, and the estimation of their error standard deviations. A comparative analysis of cross-validation results and error standard deviations provides a quantitative measure of the superiority of the introduced approach with respect to the one given in the literature. Moreover, the spatio-temporal case produces more reasonable estimates than the spatial kriging, notably fewer extreme recoveries and drawdowns, in an area under high water stress, such as the upper aquifer of the southern part of the Basin of Mexico aquifer system.
Sustainable groundwater management and its implications for agricultural land repurposing
Authors: Quandt Amy , Larsen Ashley E. , Bartel Gracie , Okamura Kiana , Sousa Daniel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the implications of groundwater sustainability policies on agricultural land retirement and how retired land can be repurposed to minimize social, economic, and environmental harms, while maximizing potential benefits. Globally, as water resources are strained by increasing agricultural demand and biophysical factors, policies are enacted to restrict groundwater pumping for irrigated agriculture in order to stem social, economic, and environmental harm. However, little is known about the implications of land retirement on ecosystems and people, and how this land can be best repurposed. Using Kern County, CA, as a case study, we draw from 23 qualitative interviews with stakeholders in the agricultural, water, and conservation sectors to understand the impacts of sustainable groundwater management policy and options for land repurposing. Stakeholders in our study outlined both positive and negative impacts of such policies across the region, including increased financial costs of agricultural production, crop type switches to perennial crops such as trees and vines, and improved communication and collaboration among stakeholders. Stakeholders discussed options for land repurposing to maximize ecological, social, and economic benefits, including habitat restoration, installation of solar farms, grazing, groundwater recharge, temporary fallowing, and recreation and parks. Finally, we propose recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize the harms from the retirement and repurposing of agricultural land: (1) increasing regional planning and cross-stakeholder communication for strategic land repurposing, (2) minimizing the burden of policies that may restrict land repurposing options, and (3) ensuring financial incentives exist for landowners to repurpose their land.
Calibration of P-values for calibration and for deviation of a subpopulation from the full population
Authors: Tygert Mark 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe author’s recent research papers, “Cumulative deviation of a subpopulation from the full population” and “A graphical method of cumulative differences between two subpopulations” (both published in volume 8 of Springer’s open-access Journal of Big Data during 2021), propose graphical methods and summary statistics, without extensively calibrating formal significance tests. The summary metrics and methods can measure the calibration of probabilistic predictions and can assess differences in responses between a subpopulation and the full population while controlling for a covariate or score via conditioning on it. These recently published papers construct significance tests based on the scalar summary statistics, but only sketch how to calibrate the attained significance levels (also known as “P-values”) for the tests. The present article reviews and synthesizes work spanning many decades in order to detail how to calibrate the P-values. The present paper presents computationally efficient, easily implemented numerical methods for evaluating properly calibrated P-values, together with rigorous mathematical proofs guaranteeing their accuracy, and illustrates and validates the methods with open-source software and numerical examples.