bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin‐Inspired Hierarchical Structure Sensor for Ultrafast Active Human–Robot Interaction
Authors: Shen Junhao , Guo Yixin , Fu Tianyu , Yao Shengping , Zhou Jun , Wang Dongfeng , Bi Hengchang , Zuo Shaohua , Wu Xing , Shi Fuwen , Jiang Jinchun , Chu Junhao 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBiomimetic sensors that mimic human skin perception have received enormous attention in human motion detection and human–robot interaction. However, the narrow working range limits the response linearity of mechanical stimuli. Especially the ultrafast active response is needed to detect and react to the potential collision. Inspired by the skin structure, a hierarchical structure with poly(ethylene oxide)‐based ionic conductive polymer electrolytes and polyurethane is designed. The observable synergistic sensing mechanism works throughout the compression process, providing the device with a continuous change in electrical response with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.998) over a broad range (100 Pa–500 kPa). The compressive deformation and corresponding mechanical behavior of hierarchical structures are dynamically and simultaneously observed by using in situ electron microscopy at the atomistic scale. Furthermore, a biomimetic skin is established in the human–robot interaction system, which can provide active and efficient collision avoidance.
Mechanical Consequences of Oxygen Inhibition in Vat Polymerization
Authors: Saygin Verda , Snapp Kelsey , Gongora Aldair E. , Kolaghassi Rashid , Brown Keith A. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractVat polymerization is a type of additive manufacturing that is used extensively to produce micro‐architected structures for mechanical applications, which brings the mechanical properties of photopolymerized resins into sharp focus. However, it is known that photopolymerization is sensitive to a number of factors, perhaps the most notorious of which is oxygen inhibition. Herein, the degree to which oxygen inhibition influences the macroscopic and microscopic properties of structures made using vat polymerization is explored. This work is motivated by an observation of lattices being >4 times softer in the experiment than predicted by simulation, which is hypothesized to be due to the material at the surface being incompletely cured. This hypothesis is supported by four‐point bending tests in which flexural modulus is found to increase with beam thickness. Nanoindentation and bulk compression studies show that this surface softening is present for three distinct resins. Importantly, it is observed that structures post‐print cured in nitrogen are stiffer than those post‐print cured in air, however, regardless of the post‐print curing environment, printing samples in the presence of oxygen makes them softer than samples photocured in nitrogen. Collectively, these results show the outsized influence of oxygen inhibition on micro‐architected structures realized using vat polymerization.
An Electrostatically Actuated Gecko Adhesive Clutch
Authors: Hajj‐Ahmad Amar , Han Amy Kyungwon , Lin Michael A. , Glover Gary H. , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis work presents a new variation on electrostatic clutches that uses gecko‐inspired adhesives instead of friction for its braking force. As a result, it requires no power or normal pressure to remain engaged or disengaged. It requires only a brief pulse of voltage to switch states. In some applications, this capability is desirable for safety reasons. As an illustration, the clutch is incorporated into the needle‐driving axis of a magnetic resonance compatible teleoperated robotic system. Adding the clutch has no effect on imaging quality and provides a fail‐safe brake to prevent the needle axis from dropping in the event of a power failure. As a second application, the clutch is integrated into a force‐controlled robotic gripper where it allows the motor to be turned off while maintaining a static grasping force. In both applications, the 20 ms response time of the clutch prototypes is advantageous to prevent any motion immediately after receiving a braking command. This work additionally presents details on the design and manufacturing process of the gecko‐inspired clutch, including a new, non‐uniform profile for the microscopic adhesive features. The fabricated prototypes are thin (305 µm per layer) and flexible. They provide a controllable, adhesive braking force of 60 kPa per layer. Multiple layers can be assembled to increase the braking force.
A Stretchable Strain Sensor System for Wireless Measurement of Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Strains
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Bossuyt Fransiska M. , Adam Naomi C. , Zambrano Byron Llerena , Stauffer Flurin , Rennhard Patrick , Gubler Roman , Küng Roland , Abramovic Sarah , Useini Vullnet , Herzog Walter , Leonard Tim , Scott Michael W. , Taylor William R. , Smith Colin R. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMeasurement of in vivo strain patterns of musculoskeletal soft tissues (MSTs) during functional activities reveals their biomechanical function, supports the identification and understanding of pathologies, and quantifies tissue adaptation during healing. These scientific and clinical insights have motivated the development and application of various strain sensors to quantify MST strains in either intraoperative or dynamic in vivo conditions. In this study, a strain sensor system is developed based on stretchable electronics and radio frequency identification technologies. In this system, a flexible inductor‐capacitor‐resistor sensor is fabricated such that it can be wirelessly excited by a custom‐designed readout box through electronic resonance. The resonant frequency of the sensor changes when the capacitor is stretched, which is then also recorded by the readout box at a sampling rate of 1024 Hz. Suturing the stretchable capacitor onto the MST allows it to be stretched in line with musculoskeletal deformations, hence providing an indirect method to assess strain patterns in vivo. Application of the system ex vivo indicates that the signal remains linear between 0 and 25% strain and is electronically stable in a simulated in vivo environment for one week and over 100 000 cycles of fatigue loadings. The strain sensor exhibits excellent resolution (0.1% strain, ≈9 µm) during wireless strain measurement. Finally, sensor implantation and strain measurement onto the medial gastrocnemius tendon of a sheep indicate that the sensor is able to record repetitive strain patterns in vivo during dynamic movements. This study indicates the potential scientific and clinical applicability in vivo.
Deep‐Red Ca3Al2Ge3O12:Eu3+ Garnet Phosphor with Near‐Unity Internal Quantum Efficiency and High Thermal Stability for Plant Growth Application
Authors: Miao Shihai , Shi Ruiqi , Zhang Yi , Chen Dongxun , Liang Yanjie 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTrivalent europium (Eu3+) doped phosphors usually radiate orange or red light owing to distinct transitions from the 5D0 excited level to the ground states of 7F1 and 7F2. However, Eu3+ activated phosphors with a dominant deep‐red emission due to 5D0→7F4 transition are relatively rare. In this work, the synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Ca3Al2Ge3O12:Eu3+ deep‐red phosphor with an intense 5D0→7F4 transition are reported. Irradiating this new garnet phosphor with 394 nm near‐ultraviolet light generates a dominant deep‐red emission band centered at 707 nm. The phosphor has a high internal quantum efficiency of 98.4% and excellent luminescence thermal stability, maintaining 78.8% of the room temperature emission intensity at 150 °C. Based on the unique spectral feature of this new compound, a phosphor‐converted deep‐red LED prototype device is fabricated, producing an output power of 27.3 mW with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.0% at 200 mA. Plant growth experiments are also conducted to demonstrate the obvious positive effects of the fabricated deep‐red LED on plant growth, further indicating that the as‐prepared Ca3Al2Ge3O12:Eu3+ deep‐red phosphor can act as a promising luminescence converter for plant growth LED bulbs.
Joint Amplitude‐Phase Metasurface for Polarization‐Selective Dynamic Wavefront Manipulation and Broadband Absorption
Authors: Hu Qi , Yang Jie , Yang Weixu , Qu Kai , Ge Xiansheng , Tang Huaiyu , Zhao Junming , Jiang Tian , Chen Ke , Feng Yijun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWith modern science and technology developing towards large information capacity and high integration level, anisotropic metasurfaces have emerged as an advanced platform for integrating distinct functionalities and multitasking. Despite the significant progresses, most of the existing polarization‐controlled metasurfaces support phase‐only modulation for dual orthogonal polarization information channels. Herein, a reconfigurable anisotropic metasurface of 576 independent meta‐atoms embedded with diodes and resistors is proposed to enable polarization‐selective amplitude‐phase modulation, which further integrates dynamic wavefront control and broadband energy absorption for two polarization channels with high isolation. As exemplary demonstrations, a series of programmable functionalities have been realized for one polarization channel, including dual‐beam scanning, quad‐beam radiation, and diffusive scattering for far‐field scattering manipulation, as well as reconfigurable focusing for near‐field redistribution. Meanwhile, robust broadband energy absorption has been maintained for the other polarization channel, irrespective of the programmable functionalities. Experiments in the microwave region are carried out to verify the powerful wavefront tailoring ability, and all the measured results are in good consistency with simulated analysis.
Photothermoelectric AZO/SiO2/NiO Device
Authors: Bianchi Catarina , Marques Ana , Ferreira Isabel 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTransparent‐conductive‐oxide (TCO) materials and transparent devices combining photovoltage and thermoelectric effects are still scarce. Hence, a new transparent‐conductive‐oxide/insulating/transparent‐semiconductor‐oxide (TCO‐I‐TSO) structure combining such effects is developed. It is made of aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO)/SiO2/NiO thin films sequentially deposited on glass substrates. AZO exhibits thermo and photovoltage in response to gradient temperature and absorption of UV photons, while NIR photons absorption in the NiO layer. Photovoltage appears in the plane between the AZO and NiO layer when the whole sample is irradiated with near infrared light, and it also depends on the thickness of the SiO2 layer. This photovoltage is continuously monitored on samples placed in a glass window facing south. Throughout the day, the photovoltage varies from 0 to 300 µV proportionally to the light intensity.
Innervation of Sensing Microchannels for Three‐Dimensional Stimuli Perception
Authors: Fan Dongliang , Zhu Renjie , Yang Xin , Liu Hao , Wang Ting , Wang Peisong , Wu Wenyu , Wang Huacen , Ma Yunteng , Dai Jian S. , Wang Hongqiang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractStimuli perception enables animals and robots to interact with unknown environments safely and predictably. For the sensing of soft robotics and wearable devices, although electronic skins have already been widely accepted and studied, their planar geometries are not applicable for multi‐direction volume sensing. Herein, the innervation of sensing microchannel networks into elastic matrices to mimic the exteroception and proprioception of the human bodies is employed. Soft actuators with interlaced actuating and sensing microchannels resembling the distribution of muscle fiber and proprioceptors are fabricated and the internal stimuli perception of deformation configurations (bending, elongating, and bending directions) and magnitudes (bending angle and elongation) of the soft actuators are demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that a soft cubic sensor containing 3D microchannels (diameter: 400 µm) is capable of identifying 3D external stimuli, including force types (pressing, squeezing, shearing, and twisting) and real‐time directions by measuring the resistance variation, and its application in the virtual reality field is exhibited.
Activatable Conformal Electrode Arrays for Highly Stable and Breathable 12‐Lead Clinical Electrocardiographic Monitoring
Authors: Zhang Jun , Hu Mingshuang , Zheng Xinran , Wang Huiquan , Li Xiangxiang , Zhang Xiaoying , Yang Hui 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn clinical practices, ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) signals are a significant index in early diagnosis of heart diseases. Commercial 12‐lead Holter monitors are widely used to evaluate the heartbeat over time. However, poor sweat‐proof adhesion, low water vapor transmittance, and wired connectivity of Holter monitors limit their popularization in wearable electronics. Herein, a facile, low‐cost, and scalable stretchable supramolecular material with activatable high adhesion is reported, which can be used to fabricate breathable on‐skin electrode arrays for stable 12‐lead ECG monitoring applications. In the proposed strategy, a supramolecular polymer network with various dynamic chemical bonds is obtained, resulting in the material exhibiting good stretchability. The introduction of tannic acid (TA) ensure high intrinsic adhesion at wet/dry skin surfaces. Moreover, the combination of poly (lipoic acid) and TA can realize alcohol‐activated high adhesion. Subsequently, electrode arrays are assembled using adhesive layers comprising supramolecular materials and a stretchable conductive Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene (SEBS)/Au layer. In addition, the micromesh structures obtained by laser scribing endowed the electrodes with good water/air permeability. Finally, the breathable on‐skin electrode arrays are combined with flexible ECG sensors for stable 12‐lead ECG monitoring.
Optical Properties of Slot‐Die Coated Hybrid Colloid/Cellulose‐Nanofibril Thin Films
Authors: Harder Constantin , Alexakis Alexandros E. , Bulut Yusuf , Xiong Shuxian , Sochor Benedikt , Pan Guangjiu , Zhong Huaying , Goordeyeva Korneliya , Reus Manuel A. , Körstgens Volker , Jeromin Arno , Keller Thomas F. , Söderberg L. Daniel , Malmström Eva , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Roth Stephan V. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCorrelating nanostructure and optical properties of thin hybrid films is the crucial ingredient for designing sustainable applications ranging from structural colors in anticounterfeiting to sensors. Here, the tailoring of the refractive index of hybrid cellulose nanofibril/water‐dispersed colloidal ink thin films is presented. The authors apply scalable, layer‐by‐layer slot‐die coating for preparing the cellulose nanofibril and hybrid thin films. Making use of the mobility of the polymer chains in the colloids upon annealing, the influence of the different colloid sizes and their glass transition temperature on the refractive index of the hybrid material is shown. The complex refractive indices of the thin films are characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry and correlated to the different nanostructures of the thin films. The authors find that post‐deposition annealing changes the colloidal nanostructure from particulate to agglomerates. Depending on the size of the colloids, imbibition of the colloids into the cellulose nanofibril template is observed. This scalable approach offers new avenues in structural color functional biomaterial hybrid layers.
Tailoring Molecular Dimensions of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskites with Varying Compositions of Oleic Acid and Oleylamine
Authors: Xu Guoqing , Zang Shuoshuo , Liu Hewen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe evidence on deciphering nucleation and growth of cesium lead halide perovskite crystals, and establishing the phase diagram of cesium lead halide perovskites of different dimensions is still lacking. In this work, a facile method for the synthesis of cesium lead bromide crystals of different molecular level dimensions at room temperature is presented by varying the OA/OAm ratios without changing the proportions of Cs and Pb precursors. Bromide ions are gradually released in the systems through the gamma‐ray radiation chemistry of bromobenzene. As the volume ratios of OA/OAm increase, different products such as CsBr, Cs4PbBr6 (0D), white δ‐CsPbBr3 (1D), γ‐CsPbBr3 (3D) associated with PbBr2 sheets, and γ‐CsPbBr3 are obtained in order. 1D δ‐CsPbBr3 can be transformed into 2D CsPb2Br5 through CsBr stripping in water. The phase diagram established in this work is helpful for understanding the nucleation and growth mechanism of Cs–Pb–Br perovskite crystals of different dimensions. The nucleation of Cs–Pb–Br perovskite crystals is driven by the supersaturation of either CsBr or PbBr2 caused by varying OA/OAm ratios, i.e., 0D Cs4PbBr6 at the supersaturation of CsBr, while 3D γ‐CsPbBr3 at the supersaturation of PbBr2. 1D perovskite is the intermediate state between 0D and 3D perovskites.
Organic Cation Design of Manganese Halide Hybrids Glass toward Low‐Temperature Integrated Efficient, Scaling, and Reproducible X‐Ray Detector
Authors: Xu Youkui , Li ZhenHua , Peng Guoqiang , Qiu Fu , Li Zhizai , Lei Yutian , Deng Yujie , Wang Haoxu , Liu Zitong , Jin Zhiwen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractZero‐dimensional (0D) structure‐based manganese metal halides (MHs) are believed to be the most promising candidates for the next‐generation X‐ray scintillators due to their intense radioluminescence and environmental friendliness. However, low‐temperature (<180 °C), large‐area integration with more efficient X‐ray detection remains a tremendous challenge. Herein, from the perspective of cation (ionic liquids) structure design, the basic physical parameters of 0D MHs are regulated. And the calculations and experimental results demonstrate larger‐size cations that induce lower melting temperatures, larger exciton‐binding energies, larger ion migration energy, and tunable hardness, which are most desirable for MHscintillators. As a result, the champion materialHTP2MnBr4is achieved as glassy transparency wafer by low‐temperature (165 °C) melt‐quenching. Its application to X‐ray imaging features high spatial resolution (17.28 lp mm−1), scalability (>30 × 30 cm2), and integration with strong coupling force. Furthermore, HTP2MnBr4 glass with reproducible properties demonstrates a high light yield (38 000 photon MeV−1), excellent irradiation stability, and low detection limit (0.13 µGy s−1). The authors believe this work will provide guidance for MHscintillators to further commercial applications.
Methoxy Functionalization of Phenethylammonium Ligand for Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Sun Xinwen , Liang Ting , Ngai Kwan Ho , Nie Zhiguo , Fan Kezhou , Li Shiang , Chan Christopher Chang Sing , Wong Kam Sing , Lu Xinhui , Xu Jianbin , Long Mingzhu 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAlthough the electroluminescent performances of perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are continuously improved through defect management strategies, the complicated design of passivation ligands brings great challenges to the rational defect‐annihilation process. Herein, considering the bonding strength with uncoordinated Pb2+, the methoxy group with strong electron donating ability is introduced to commonly used phenethylammonium ligand as an efficient additive, namely 4‐methoxy‐phenethylammonium iodide (4‐MeO‐PEAI), to facilitate passivation process in perovskite light‐emitting materials. It is demonstrated that the 4‐MeO‐PEAI agent substantially increases the crystal orientation, enlarges the crystalline grain size, and mitigates the deep‐level trap centers through strong bonding between the methoxy group with unpaired Pb2+ ions. The external quantum efficiencyvalue of the PeLEDs with optimized passivation reaches a maximum of 21.6%, with an emission peak of 790 nm. In addition, a nearly threefold increase of the operational half‐lifetime T50 of the 4‐MeO‐PEAI‐mediated devices is observed as compared to the reference sample. Further theoretical calculation results suggest that the adhesion of the ligands on perovskite surface via vacancies leads to an increased dissociation barrier of perovskite; thus, ameliorating the degradation of the PeLEDs under electric field. The findings provide an effective design strategy of the passivation agents to produce high‐performance perovskite‐based optoelectronics devices.
Triple‐Combination Immunogenic Nanovesicles Reshape the Tumor Microenvironment to Potentiate Chemo‐Immunotherapy in Preclinical Cancer Models
Authors: Shi Xiaowei , Shu Liwei , Wang Minwen , Yao Jie , Yao Qigu , Bian Suchen , Chen Xiaona , Wan Jianqin , Zhang Fu , Zheng Shusen , Wang Hangxiang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have had a tremendous impact on cancer therapy. However, most patients harbor a poorly immunogenic tumor microenvironment (TME), presenting overwhelming de novo refractoriness to ICB inhibitors. To address these challenges, combinatorial regimens that employ chemotherapies and immunostimulatory agents are urgently needed. Here, a combination chemoimmunotherapeutic nanosystem consisting of a polymeric monoconjugated gemcitabine (GEM) prodrug nanoparticle decorated with an anti‐programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibody (αPD‐L1) on the surface and a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist encapsulated inside is developed. Treatment with GEM nanoparticles upregulates PD‐L1 expression in ICB‐refractory tumors, resulting in augmented intratumor drug delivery in vivo and synergistic antitumor efficacy via activation of intratumor CD8+ T cell responses. Integration of a STING agonist into the αPD‐L1‐decorated GEM nanoparticles further improves response rates by transforming low‐immunogenic tumors into inflamed tumors. Systemically administered triple‐combination nanovesicles induce robust antitumor immunity, resulting in durable regression of established large tumors and a reduction in the metastatic burden, coincident with immunological memory against tumor rechallenge in multiple murine tumor models. These findings provide a design rationale for synchronizing STING agonists, PD‐L1 antibodies, and chemotherapeutic prodrugs to generate a chemoimmunotherapeutic effect in treating ICB‐nonresponsive tumors.
Simultaneous Improvements in Efficiency and Stability of Organic Solar Cells via a Symmetric‐Asymmetric Dual‐Acceptor Strategy
Authors: He Chengliang , Shen Qing , Wu Baohua , Gao Yuan , Li Shuixing , Min Jie , Ma Wei , Zuo Lijian , Chen Hongzheng 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSimultaneously achieving improvements in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability is the main task of the current development stage of organic solar cells (OSCs). This work reports a symmetry–asymmetry dual‐acceptor (SADA) strategy to construct ternary devices, which is found to be feasible for increasing both the PCE and the operational lifetime of OSCs. In this contribution, the symmetric acceptor L8‐BO and the asymmetric acceptor BTP‐S9 are blended in equal proportions with polymer donor PM6 for the consideration of absorption spectrum complementarity and cascade energetic alignment. In addition, the features of crystallinity and miscibility of the dual‐acceptor deliver optimized morphology lead to a high PCE of 18.84%. In addition, the asymmetric acceptor BTP‐S9 with a larger dipole moment shows tighter molecular stacking and longer crystal correlation length, which favor intrinsic molecular photostability, and further consolidate the operational lifetime of OSCs when coordinated with L8‐BO. This work demonstrates the efficacy of the SADA strategy for constructing efficient and stable OSCs.