bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of past kicks and blowouts occurred in a Middle Eastern oilfield
Authors: Ashena Rahman , Bahreini Hossein , Lotfi Mosayeb 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn 2017, blowouts and then explosions occurred in a Middle Eastern oilfield. A root cause of the incident is lack of study and investigation of the past kicks and blowouts data. Therefore, as a pioneer work in the region, data gathering and analysis of past kicks and blowouts were made in the studied oilfield to learn lessons and find gaps. Out of the 149 drilled wells, a total of 117 kicks and three (3) blowouts occurred. In this work, a list of drilling parameters to be considered in data gathering and analysis were suggested as a guideline for future works elsewhere. The statistical analysis not only showed all the three exploration wells kicked which is not a surprise, but it also showed that 39 out of 146 (26.71%) also experienced kicks during reservoir drilling. The large number of kicks in development wells proved that possibility of kick occurrence in development wells is not low. In exploration wells, the predominant kick causes were gas-cut mud and insufficient mud weight which indicates the necessity of using pressure while drilling in addition to drilling rate control systems in exploration wells. However, in development wells, lost circulation was the predominant kick cause indicating the necessity of using low-weight drilling fluids and managed pressure drilling systems. The direct role of human error exists at least in 60% of kicks occurred in this field, which shows the great importance of improved drilling personnel training. Although only 3.45% kicks in development wells occurred due to improper hole fill-up during tripping, this cause should not only be deemed trivial, but it should also be taken seriously as being the cause of the blowout. The 2.56% possibility of kick conversion to blowouts and 67% risk of blowout conversion to explosion emphasize the necessity of maintaining primary well control and using efficient and early kick detection systems. Bullhead was the more commonly used method than standard well control methods; as this kill method may not always be safe, its application should be revised.
Solidarity as an Empirical-Ethical Framework for the Analysis of Contact Tracing Apps — a Novel Approach
Authors: Haltaufderheide Joschka , Krämer Dennis , D’Angelo Isabella , Brachem Elisabeth , Vollmann Jochen 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDigital contact tracing is used in different countries to help contain the COVID-19 pandemic. It raises challenging empirical and ethical questions due to its complexity and widespread effects calling for a broader approach in ethical evaluation. However, existing approaches often fail to include all relevant value perspectives or lack reference to empirical data on the artifact in question. In this paper, we describe the development of an interdisciplinary framework to analyze digital contact tracing from an empirical and ethical perspective. Starting with an analysis of methodological tensions in the attempt to analyze digital contact tracing, we, firstly, set out three methodological premises regarding (a) a specific view of technology, (b) a fruitful normative perspective, and (c) ways to gather empirical knowledge about the object under investigation. Secondly, we inspect consequences of these premises to develop our research methodology. In doing so, we argue for a postphenomenological perspective on technology, solidarity as an important concept to guide the ethical perspective, and an empirical approach based on qualitative social science research and the concept of affordances. We illustrate these considerations by referring to our analysis of the German Corona-Warn-App as an instance of contact tracing based on the Exposure Notification Framework by Google and Apple. We then discuss the implications of using such a framework, including considerations concerning future developments of technologies similar to or inspired by the current concepts of contact tracing.
Mechanism and kinetics of CBDA decarboxylation into CBD in hemp
Authors: Fućak Tedi , Kreft Samo , Svedružić Željko M. , Tavčar Eva 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCannabidiol (CBD) is a pharmacologically active ingredient for use in medical, cosmetic, and food products. CBD forms from cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) with the process of decarboxylation by heating cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) material. During the production of CBD-rich material, decarboxylation should be performed in precise conditions regarding temperature and time. The experiments were performed by heating hemp samples at 100, 110, 120, 130, and 140 °C for 180 min. Materials were sampled every 20 min and cannabinoid content was analyzed using HPLC, followed by calculation of kinetic parameters. Experimental results showed an exponential reduction of CBDA in the samples during heating. CBD simultaneously increased, and after a specific point, CBD started degrading. The optimal conditions were 140 °C for 30 min. At the level of molecular orbitals, reaction steps, and reaction coordinates, along with the corresponding changes in molecular energy, the molecular mechanism of CBDA decarboxylation and CBD formation was described. Computational analysis has confirmed that the mechanism of CBDA decarboxylation is a direct beta-keto acid pathway. The course of CBDA decarboxylation depends on the time, temperature, and chemical composition of the sample.
[18F]FDG PET/CT criteria for treatment response assessment: EORTC and beyond
Authors: Miceli Alberto , Jonghi-Lavarini Lorenzo , Santo Giulia , Cassarino Gianluca , Linguanti Flavia , Gazzilli Maria , Cimino Alessandra , Buschiazzo Ambra , Sorbello Stefania , Abenavoli Elisabetta , Conte Miriam , Pepponi Miriam , Di Dato Rossella , Rondini Maria , Salis Roberto , Tardelli Elisa , Nicolini Denise , Laudicella Riccardo , La Torre Flavia , Nappi Anna Giulia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract In the era of precision medicine, the optimization of oncological patient management with early and accurate tumor response assessment is crucial. In this scenario, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has gained an important role in providing prognostically relevant information. The first PET-based scoring system proposed in 1999 was the well-known European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria. From that moment on and over the last 20 years, several PET/CT criteria have emerged and have been adapted to enhance the response assessment for specific tumor types and/or therapies, with only a few of them endorsed by guidelines. In this literature systematic review, we aimed to list and discuss the most relevant PET/CT criteria proposed for solid and non-solid [18F]FDG-avid tumors. A literature search extended until November 2022 on the PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted. The criteria used to assess the response were first classified according to treatment type and specific cancer type. Then, the main findings of the criteria were analyzed and discussed. A widespread effort to standardize and identify the best [18F]FDG PET response criteria tailored for each oncological treatment emerged, also considering the introduction of new biological therapeutic agents and the increasingly essential post-treatment application of [18F]FDG PET/CT in different cancer diseases. To improve their impact on daily clinical practice, however, most of the proposed criteria need to be further validated.
Large deformation and brittle failure calculated using the dual-domain material point method
Authors: Barclay Paul L. , Waters Jiajia , Zhang Duan Z. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe dual domain material point (DDMP) method is explored as a candidate to be implemented in a general purpose code to perform simulations of materials with complex geometry that undergo large history-dependent deformation and failure. To test its candidacy, we study its mesh convergence, its sensitivity to mesh orientation, and its ability to handle softening and failure of a material. Simulations of large deformation and simulations of mechanical failure are performed using both DDMP and the material point method (MPM). When cell-crossing of material points is not an issue and when there are a sufficient number of material points in each computation cell, the numerical error decreases with the square of the cell size as expected for both MPM and DDMP. DDMP has reduced error compared with MPM when there are many instances of material points crossing cell boundaries due to the continuous nature of the modified gradient of the shape functions. Simulations of a specimen under tension are also performed where the background mesh is aligned and misaligned with the tension direction. MPM displays a significant mesh-dependent stress field, DDMP shows negligible mesh dependency. Despite a mesh orientation-dependent stress field from MPM, the critical tension and failure mode from both MPM and DDMP calculations have negligible mesh dependency when using a non-local failure model. If only the failure mode is important (i.e., local stresses are unimportant), MPM with a non-local failure model is a suitable method for modeling failure with small deformations. However, if local stresses are also important or if there are large deformations with many cell-crossings before failure, DDMP should be the method that is used. A needed improvement for DDMP is identified from our numerical simulations.
Virtual Models Using Augmented Reality May Provide a Suitable Supplement, Although Not a Physical Specimen Replacement, in Pathology Education
Authors: Moro Christian , Bu Dianheng , Gadgil Aditya , Wright Gordon , Jones Cindy J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThere is a growing trend towards using virtual models within medical programs. In some disciplines, the use of human samples or cadavers is increasingly being replaced by technology-enhanced modes of delivery. Although this transition can occur with some success, the impact of virtual representations to replace depictions of disease states from dissected samples displayed in acrylic pathological specimen jars has never been investigated. This study assessed medical student perceptions of replacing teaching through physical specimens (i.e. specimen jars or real tissue) with virtual models across cardiovascular, neural, musculoskeletal, haematology, endocrine and immunological pathology curricula. Seventy-four year 2 (n = 31) and year 5 (n = 43) medical students participated in the study. After being provided with a demonstration of a potential tablet-based lesson on lung pathology using augmented reality, participants completed a Likert-scale survey and provided written feedback. Questions requested thoughts on the usefulness of the 3D-virtual model compared to physical specimens and whether current teaching in pathology could be replaced by technology-enhanced practices. Most students (58.15%) disagreed on the replacement of physical specimens with virtual models. Furthermore, over half the students (55.4%) indicated that the replacement of physical specimens with augmented reality models would not be beneficial for pathology learning. Nearly two-thirds of students believed that the absence of physical specimens would negatively impact their knowledge. Nonetheless, many students would appreciate the opportunity to revise pathology away from the labs with virtual options. As such, an overwhelming number of students (89.2%) would prefer having both physical specimens and virtual models for learning. This study identifies that technology-enhanced learning may be a suitable supplement alongside traditional hands-on teaching but should not replace the use of pathological specimens within a medical curriculum.
Reactions of provitamin-A-enriched maize to foliar diseases under field conditions in Nigeria
Authors: Iseghohi Innocent , Abe Ayodeji , Meseka Silvestro , Mengesha Wende , Gedil Melaku , Job Anthony , Menkir Abebe 
Published: June 2023

AbstractMaize is a major staple food in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Vitamin A deficiency index is high in Africa and could be reduced through the consumption of provitamin-A-enriched maize. However, foliar diseases such as maize streak virus, northern corn leaf blight and common rust constrain maize production in SSA. The cultivation of host-resistant varieties is the most effective approach to mitigate their effects. Therefore, maize synthetics improved for PVA carotenoids, their selection cycles and crosses as well as a commercial disease-resistant check were assessed for resistance to maize streak virus, northern corn leaf blight and common rust at hotspots in Nigeria. The foliar diseases’ effects on the agronomic performance and carotenoid content of the maize genotypes were assessed. The Genotypes differed for most agronomic traits and foliar disease resistance. Stepwise regression revealed that, although the agronomic traits determined 93% of the grain yield, each foliar disease had effect on the yield. A unit increase in maize streak virus score increased plant aspect and husk cover scores by 0.6 and 0.4, respectively, whereas an increase in common rust score decreased plant height by 16.2 cm and increased plant aspect score by 0.7. Maize streak virus and common rust decreased genotypic variability for lutein by 36.7 and 18.7%, respectively, while northern corn leaf blight decreased genotypic variability for provitamin A by 27.1%. Most of the genotypes exhibited moderate susceptibility to northern corn leaf blight. However, three selection cycles and three crosses exhibited high tolerance to maize streak virus and moderate tolerance to common rust, thus can serve as sources of PVA-enriched, maize streak virus and common rust tolerant lines.
Photosynthesis and biochemical characterization of the green alga Chlamydopodium fusiforme (Chlorophyta) grown in a thin-layer cascade
Authors: Torzillo Giuseppe , Álvarez-Gómez Félix , Celis-Plá Paula S. M. , Rearte Agustín , Gómez-Serrano Cintia , Silva Benavides Ana Margarita , Štěrbová Karolína , Caporgno Martín , Touloupakis Eleftherios , Masojídek Jiří , Figueroa Felix L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Photosynthesis, growth and biochemical composition of the biomass of the freshwater microalga Chlamydopodium fusiforme cultures outdoors in a thin-layer cascade were investigated. Gross oxygen production measured off-line in samples taken from the outdoor cultures was correlated with the electron transport rate estimated from chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. According to photosynthesis measurements, a mean of 38.9  ±  10.3 mol of photons were required to release one mole of O2, which is 4.86 times higher than the theoretical value (8 photons per 1 O2). In contrast, according to the fluorescence measurements, a mean of 11.7  ±  0.74 mol of photons were required to release 1 mol of O2. These findings indicate that fluorescence-based photosynthesis rates may not be fully replace oxygen measurements to evaluate the performance of an outdoor culture. Daily gross biomass productivity was 0.3 g DW L−1 day−1 consistently for 4 days. Biomass productivity was strongly affected by the suboptimal concentration at which the culture was operated and by the respiration rate, as the substantial volume of culture was kept in the dark (about 45% of the total volume). As the cells were exposed to excessive light, the photosynthetic activity was mainly directed to the synthesis of carbohydrates in the biomass. In the morning, carbohydrate content decreased because of the dark respiration. Per contra, protein content in the biomass was lower at the end of the day and higher in the morning due to carbohydrate consumption by respiration. The data gathered in these trials are important for the future exploitation of Chlamydopodium fusiforme as a potential novel species in the field of microalgae for the production of bio-based compounds.
Graphical abstract
Multi-source Transfer Learning Based on the Power Set Framework
Authors: Song Bingbing , Pan Jianhan , Qu Qiaoli , Li Zexin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTransfer learning is a great technology that can leverage knowledge from label-rich domains to address problems in similar domains that lack labeled data. Most previous works focus on single-source transfer, assuming the source domain contains sufficient labeled data and is close to the target domain. However, in practical applications, this assumption is hardly met, and labeled data exist in different domains. To improve the adaptability of transfer learning models for multi-source scenarios, many existing methods utilize the commonality and specificity across source domains. They either map all source domains with the target domain into a common feature space for knowledge transfer or combine multiple classifiers trained on pairs of each source and target to form a target classifier. However, the correlations across multiple source domains that can bring significant impacts on learning performance are ignored. In light of this, we propose a novel multi-source transfer learning method based on the power set framework (PSF-MSTL). First, PSF-MSTL constructs a power set framework that enables different source domains to be interrelated. Second, PSF-MSTL makes the source-domain framework integral and able to provide complementary knowledge using a dual-promotion strategy. Additionally, PSF-MSTL is formulated as an optimization problem, and an iterative algorithm is presented to address it. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to show that PSF-MSTL can outperform many advanced multi-source transfer learning methods.
Non‐Precursory Accelerating Aseismic Slip During Rupture Nucleation
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Dal Zilio Luca , Morgan Julia K. , Kammer David S. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAccelerating aseismic slip events have been commonly observed during the rupture nucleation processes of the earthquake. While that accelerating aseismic slip is usually considered strong evidence for precursory activity, it remains unclear whether all accelerating aseismic slip events are precursory to an incoming earthquake. Two contrasting nucleation models have been introduced to explain the observations associated with the nucleation of unstable slip: the pre‐slip and cascade nucleation models. Each of these two‐end members, however, has its own limitations. In this study, we employ Discrete Element Method simulations of a 2‐D strike‐slip fault to simulate various rupture nucleation and triggering processes. Our simulation results manifest that the final seismic event is a product contributed by multiple pre‐slip nucleation sites, which may interact, causing clock advance or cascade nucleation rupture processes. We also introduce a strengthening perturbation zone to investigate the role of a single nucleation site in an imminent seismic event. The simulation results reveal a new type of non‐precursory aseismic slip, representing the region favoring the generation of the precursory slip process but not correlating to the incoming main event, which differs from the previous interpretation of precursory slip. Furthermore, we include weakening perturbation zones in some simulations to demonstrate how small earthquakes may or may not trigger a nucleation site depending on spatial and temporal conditions. Our simulation results imply that such non‐precursory but accelerating aseismic slip events may suggest a fault segment that appears weakly coupled but possesses the potential to be triggered seismically.
An Increasing Effect of Soil Moisture on Semiempirical Water‐Use Efficiency Models From Wet to Dry Climate Regions
Authors: Sun Xiangyang , Zhang Xinyu , Wang Genxu , Hu Zhaoyong , Song Chunlin , Lin Shan , Sun Juying , Sun Shouqin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWater use efficiency (WUE) is a crucial parameter for describing the relationship between carbon and water cycles in plants and ecosystems. Previous studies suggest that an additional intercept is necessary for the empirical WUE model. However, the impact of soil moisture on model performance remains uncertain. In this study, 71 sites of FLUXNET2015 were categorized into energy‐limited, transitional, and water‐limited climates based on the Budyko dryness index (DI). Modified WUE models were utilized to forecast daytime transpiration based on GPP × VPD0.5 with an intercept term, which evaluated whether soil moisture content regulates the intercept term with increasing dryness levels. Our results demonstrated that the WUE model with an additional net radiation (RN) term effectively predicts transpiration in energy‐limited and transitional regions. On the other hand, the WUE model with an additional soil water content (SWC) term performs well in water‐limited regions with annual precipitation of less than 400 mm and energy‐limited regions with annual mean temperature of less than 5°C. The significance of SWC on Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency increased from energy‐limited to water‐limited regions. The coupling of the RN and SWC terms as intercept terms in the empirical WUE model can enhance the prediction of Et in both energy‐limited and transitional regions. With global warming leading to more extreme climates in both humid and arid regions, incorporating the SWC term in the empirical WUE model can enhance the accuracy of modeled daytime transpiration globally, providing an easy‐to‐use method to simulate global transpiration.
Calibrated Absolute Seafloor Pressure Measurements for Geodesy in Cascadia
Authors: Cook Matthew J. , Fredrickson Erik K. , Roland Emily C. , Sasagawa Glenn S. , Schmidt David A. , Wilcock William S. D. , Zumberge Mark A. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe boundary between the overriding and subducting plates is locked along some portions of the Cascadia subduction zone. The extent and location of locking affects the potential size and frequency of great earthquakes in the region. Because much of the boundary is offshore, measurements on land are incapable of completely defining a locked zone in the up‐dip region. Deformation models indicate that a record of seafloor height changes on the accretionary prism can reveal the extent of locking. To detect such changes, we have initiated a series of calibrated pressure measurements using an absolute self‐calibrating pressure recorder. A piston‐gauge calibrator under careful metrological considerations produces an absolutely known reference pressure to correct seafloor pressure observations to an absolute value. We report an accuracy of about 25 ppm of the water depth, or 0.02 kPa (0.2 cm equivalent) at 100 m to 0.8 kPa (8 cm equivalent) at 3,000 m. These campaign survey‐style absolute pressure measurements on seven offshore benchmarks in a line extending 100 km westward from Newport, Oregon from 2014 to 2017 establish a long‐term, sensor‐independent time series that can, over decades, reveal the extent of vertical deformation and thus the extent of plate locking and place initial limits on rates of subsidence or uplift. Continued surveys spanning years could serve as calibration values for co‐located or nearby continuous pressure records and provide useful information on possible crustal deformation rates, while epoch measurements spanning decades would provide further limits and additional insights on deformation.