bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced‐order modeling framework using two‐level neural networks
Authors: Mjalled Ali , Torres Edgar , Mönnigmann Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEstablished reduced‐order modeling (ROM) methods, for instance, Galerkin‐projection, approximate the solution by linearly projecting high‐dimensional spaces to a lower‐dimensional space spanned by the reduced basis. However, the accuracy of these methods may be insufficient for complex and multiscale simulations due to the restriction to a linear space. Alternatively, autoencoders (AEs) can be used for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. We combine nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques with time series prediction to build data‐driven ROMs. The presented framework consists of two‐level neural networks. The high‐dimensional space is nonlinearly compressed in the first level using the encoder function of the AE. Subsequently, the temporal evolution of the latent vector is predicted in the second level. The original solution can be easily reconstructed using the decoder function of the AE. In comparison with the projection‐based ROMs, for example, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) with Galerkin projection, this framework allows naturally to include parameters in the prediction without nonlinear interpolation of the linear basis. We demonstrate the framework on a two‐dimensional flow field simulation around circular bodies parameterized with the inlet fluid velocity.
Efficient solutions of preconditioned large‐scale systems for simulative aircraft cabin noise assessment
Authors: Hüpel Yannik , Blech Christopher , Sreekumar Harikrishnan K. , Langer Sabine C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe rising number of passengers transported by aircraft leads to more flight traffic, further increasing the environmental impact of the aviation sector. In order to combat the growing environmental impact, the Cluster of Excellence Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation of TU Braunschweig aims to advance research toward climate neutral aviation, especially with the design of newly developed aircraft. In the conscience of passengers, the focus is also shifted toward a healthy and comfortable travel experience. One of the main factors influencing these aspects is noise inside the aircraft cabin. A lower noise impact can help increase the technology acceptance and further push toward more sustainable airborne transport solutions. In order to assess cabin noise with moderate effort in an early design stage, simulative methods such as the finite element method (FEM) are deployed. These have the advantage of yielding important insights into the noise distribution inside the aircraft cabin without having to have a built prototype present. Since methods like the FEM are of a wave‐resolving nature, results contain high‐resolution wave propagation information of the sound waves, created, for example, by the excitation of the turbulent boundary layer on the aircraft's outer skin. Additionally, a direct auralization at seat positions is possible. More powerful computers have further improved the usage of models for an early design noise assessment. However, the more elaborate a model is, the more degrees of freedom (DOFs) it yields as final system of equations. Finally, since the FEM is of wave‐resolving nature and in order to depict sound waves accurately, a fine discretization of 10 nodes per frequency dependent wave length is needed. This leads to a massive increase in DOFs for higher frequencies and finally yielding a large‐scale model, which entails huge computational efforts. This makes the usage of adaptive grids very convenient. In this contribution, adaptive grids entail two main aspects: frequency and domain adaptive discretization. Since higher frequencies lead to shorter wavelengths and therefore finer mesh sizes, it is feasible to adaptively discretize the model in the frequency domain, while also adaptively discretizing the different domains of the models itself, because different materials lead to different wavelengths. However, the resulting system of equations might be ill‐posed. Therefore, this contribution aims to shed light on an efficient solving process of these adaptively discretized large‐scale models with preconditioning and adequate solver choice.
Phase‐field modeling of stress‐ and temperature‐induced hysteresis behavior of shape memory alloys incorporating rate‐independent dissipation
Authors: El Khatib Omar , von Oertzen Vincent , Patil Siddhi Avinash , Kiefer Bjoern 
Published: September 2023

AbstractShape memory alloys (SMAs) are a unique class of multifunctional materials, which exhibit distinctive thermomechanical properties. They are primarily characterized by their ability to recover their original shape under stress and temperature‐controlled loading scenarios. This exceptional property is attributed to the phase transformation that occurs within these alloys, wherein SMAs undergo reversible transition between austenite and multi‐variant martensite phases. The phase transformation in SMAs during a complete load cycle results in a hysteresis, which represent the dissipated energy in the transformation cycle. More specifically, SMAs exhibit a rate‐independent response to a sufficiently slow loading, so that their cyclic response is characterized by a hysteresis loop that maintains a finite width even when the external loading rate approaches zero. Understanding and accurately predicting the rate‐independent hysteresis behavior of SMAs is therefore crucial for their efficient utilization in various engineering applications. In this regard, the phase‐field method has emerged as an appropriate modeling framework resolving the evolution of complex interface topologies as observed in phase‐transforming solids. However, the majority of already existing models typically rely on rate‐dependent formulations and thus remain incapable of reproducing thermoelastic hysteresis behavior at quasi‐static loading scenarios. To overcome this issue, a thermomechanically coupled—and variationally consistent—Allen–Cahn based phase‐field approach incorporating both rate‐dependent and ‐independent driving force formulations is introduced in this work. In order to demonstrate potential applications of the proposed model, two‐dimensional finite‐element simulations were performed to resolve the microstructure formation of twinned martensite in ZrO2. In addition, rate‐dependent and ‐independent stress‐ and temperature‐induced hysteresis curves are predicted qualitatively within the given approach, thus proving its adaptability. Furthermore, the influence of model specific parameters on resulting austenitic and martensitic start and finish temperatures is discussed for cyclic undercooling simulations. The proposed model is thus shown to serve as a valuable tool for the design and optimization of SMA‐based devices.
Droplet digital PCR is a cost‐effective method for analyzing long cell‐free DNA in maternal plasma: Application in preeclampsia
Authors: Gai Wanxia , Yu Stephanie C. Y. , Chan W. T. Charlotte , Peng Wenlei , Lau So Ling , Leung Tak Y. , Jiang Peiyong , Chan K. C. Allen , Lo Y. M. Dennis 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveLong cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) can be found in the plasma of pregnant women and cancer patients. We investigated if droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) can analyze such molecules for diagnostic purposes using preeclampsia as a model.MethodPlasma samples from ten preeclamptic and sixteen normal pregnancies were analyzed. Two ddPCR assays targeting a single‐copy gene, VCP, and one ddPCR assay targeting LINE‐1 repetitive regions were used to measure the percentages of long cfDNA >533, 1001, and 170 bp, respectively. The LINE‐1 assay was developed as guided by in silico PCR analyses to better differentiate preeclamptic and normal pregnancies.ResultsPreeclamptic patients had a significantly lower median percentage of long cfDNA than healthy pregnant controls, as determined by the LINE‐1 170 bp assay (28.9% vs. 35.1%, p < 0.0001) and the VCP 533 bp assay (6.6% vs. 8.7%, p = 0.014). The LINE‐1 assay provided a better differentiation than the VCP 533 bp assay (area under ROC curves, 0.94 vs. 0.79).ConclusionddPCR is a cost‐effective approach for unlocking diagnostic information carried by long cfDNA in plasma and may have applications for the detection of preeclampsia. Further longitudinal studies with larger cohorts are required to assess the clinical utility of this test.
Exploring the significance of lipids in Alzheimer's disease and the potential of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Su Huaqi , Masters Colin L. , Bush Ashley I. , Barnham Kevin J. , Reid Gavin E. , Vella Laura J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLipids play a significant role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) structure and function, and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism is known to occur in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Here we review what is currently known about lipid dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. We propose that small extracellular vesicle (sEV) lipids may provide insight into the pathophysiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease. This stems from the recognition that sEV likely contributes to disease pathogenesis, but also an understanding that sEV can serve as a source of potential biomarkers. While the protein and RNA content of sEV in the CNS diseases have been studied extensively, our understanding of the lipidome of sEV in the CNS is still in its infancy.
Biophysical investigation of interactions between SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein and neuropilin‐1
Authors: Hou Decheng , Cao Wenpeng , Kim Seonghan , Cui Xinyu , Ziarnik Matthew , Im Wonpil , Zhang X. Frank 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that neuropilin‐1 (NRP1) may serve as a potential receptor in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. However, the biophysical characteristics of interactions between NRP1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 remain unclear. In this study, we examined the interactions between NRP1 and various SARS‐CoV‐2 spike (S) fragments, including the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) and the S protein trimer in a soluble form or expressed on pseudovirions, using atomic force microscopy and structural modeling. Our measurements shows that NRP1 interacts with the RBD and trimer at a higher binding frequency (BF) compared to ACE2. This NRP1‐RBD interaction has also been predicted and simulated via AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamics simulations, and the results indicate that their binding patterns are very similar to RBD‐ACE2 interactions. Additionally, under similar loading rates, the most probable unbinding forces between NRP1 and S trimer (both soluble form and on pseudovirions) are larger than the forces between NRP1 and RBD and between trimer and ACE2. Further analysis indicates that NRP1 has a stronger binding affinity to the SARS‐CoV‐2 S trimer with a dissociation rate of 0.87 s−1, four times lower than the dissociation rate of 3.65 s−1 between NRP1 and RBD. Moreover, additional experiments show that RBD‐neutralizing antibodies can significantly reduce the BF for both ACE2 and NRP1. Together, the study suggests that NRP1 can be an alternative receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2 attachment to human cells, and the neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD can reduce the binding between SARS‐CoV‐2 and NRP1.
Effect of D‐pinitol on MK‐801‐induced schizophrenia‐like behaviors in mice
Authors: Kim Jae Youn , Kong Chang Hyeon , Kim Do Yeon , Min Ji Won , Park Keontae , Jeon Mijin , Kang Woo Chang , Jung Seo Yun , Ryu Jong Hoon 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSchizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder characterized by positive symptoms (delusions or hallucinations), negative symptoms (impaired motivation or social withdrawal), and cognitive impairment. In the present study, we explored whether D‐pinitol could ameliorate schizophrenia‐like behaviors induced by MK‐801, an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist. Acoustic startle response test was conducted to evaluate the effects of D‐pinitol on sensorimotor gating function. Social interaction and novel object recognition tests were employed to measure the impact of D‐pinitol on social behavior and cognitive function, respectively. Additionally, we examined whether D‐pinitol affects motor coordination. Western blotting was conducted to investigate the mechanism of action of D‐pinitol. Single administration of D‐pinitol at 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg improved the sensorimotor gating deficit induced by MK801 in the acoustic startle response test. D‐Pinitol also reversed social behavior deficits and cognitive impairments induced by MK‐801 without causing any motor coordination deficits. Furthermore, D‐pinitol reversed increased expression levels of pNF‐kB induced by MK‐801 treatment and consequently increased expression levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6 in the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that D‐pinitol could be a potential candidate for treating sensorimotor gating deficits and cognitive impairment observed in schizophrenia by down‐regulating transcription factor NF‐κB and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex.
Lottery demand, lottery factor, and anomalies
Authors: Bali Turan G. , Wen Quan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe provide an overview of the literature investigating (retail) investors' demand for lottery‐like stocks. We summarize different sets of lottery proxies and discuss their implications for cross‐sectional pricing of individual stocks. We present empirical evidence and summarize the findings including (i) the robustness of the lottery demand effect using an extended data set, (ii) the economic underpinnings of the lottery demand effect, and (iii) the explanatory power of the lottery preference factor for established stock market anomalies.
Nanoghosts: Harnessing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Membrane for Construction of Drug Delivery Platforms Via Optimized Biomimetics
Authors: Xiao Yuan , Xu Ren‐He , Dai Yunlu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are becoming hotspots for application in disease therapies recently, combining with biomaterials and drug delivery system. A major advantage of MSCs applied in drug delivery system is that these cells enable specific targeting and releasing of cargos to the disease sites. However, the potential tumor tropic effects of MSCs raised concerns on biosafety. To solve this problem, there are emerging methods of isolating cell membranes and developing nanoformulations to perform drug delivery, which avoids concerns on biosafety without disturbing the membrane functions of specific polarizing and locating. These cargoes are so called “nanoghosts.” This review article summarizes the current applications of nanoghosts, the promising potential of MSCs to be applied in membrane isolation and nanoghost construction, and possible approaches to develop better drug delivery system harnessing from MSC ghost cell membranes.
Chemical Looping Technology in Mild‐Condition Ammonia Production: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis
Authors: Fu Enkang , Gong Feng , Wang Sijun , Xiao Rui 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAmmonia is an efficient and clean hydrogen carrier that promises to tackle the increasing energy and environmental problems. However, more than 90% of ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process, and its enormous energy consumption and CO2 emissions require the development of novel alternatives. Chemical looping technology can decouple the one‐step ammonia synthesis reaction into separated nitridation and hydrogenation processes at atmospheric pressure, thereby achieving the mild ammonia synthesis based on renewable energy. The strategy of stepwise reactions circumvents the problem of competing adsorption of N2 and H2/H2O at the active sites and provides additive freedom for optimal regulation of sub‐reactions. This review introduces the concept and mechanism of chemical looping ammonia production (CLAP), and comprehensively summarizes the state‐of‐art research from the perspective of reaction pathways and nitrogen carriers. The challenges faced by CLAP and strategies to address them in terms of nitrogen carriers, methods, equipment, and technological processes are also proposed.
Facilely Direct Construction, White‐Light Emission, and Color‐Adjustable Luminescence of LaF3:Pr3+@SiO2 Yolk‐Shell Nanospheres with Moisture Resistance
Authors: Li Ning , Shao Hong , Liu Xiaohan , Qi Haina , Li Dan , Yu Wensheng , Liu Guixia , Dong Xiangting 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPoor water stability and single luminous color are the major drawbacks of the most phosphors reported. Therefore, it is important to realize multicolor luminescence in a phosphor with single host and single activator as well as moisture resistance. LaF3:Pr3+@SiO2 yolk‐shell nanospheres are facilely obtained by a designing new technology of a simple and cost‐effective electrospray ionization combined with a dicrucible fluorating technique without using protective gas. In addition, tunable photoluminescence, especially white‐light emission, is successfully obtained in LaF3:Pr3+@SiO2 yolk‐shell nanospheres by adjusting Pr3+ ion concentrations, and the luminescence mechanism of Pr3+ ion is advanced. Compared with the counterpart LaF3:Pr3+ nanospheres, the water stability of LaF3:Pr3+@SiO2 yolk‐shell nanospheres is improved by 15% after immersion in water for 72 h, and the fluorescence intensity can be maintained at 86% of the initial intensity. Furthermore, by treating the yolk‐shell nanospheres with hydrofluoric acid, it is not only demonstrated that the shell‐layer is SiO2 but also core‐LaF3:Pr3+ nanospheres are obtained. Particularly, only fluorination procedure among the halogenation can produce such special yolk‐shell nanospheres, the formation mechanism of yolk‐shell nanospheres is proposed detailedly based on the sound experiments and a corresponding new technology is built. These findings broaden practical applications of LaF3:Pr3+@SiO2 yolk‐shell nanospheres.
Emerging Computational Micro‐Spectrometers — From Complex System Integration to Simple In Situ Modulation
Authors: Zhou Yicheng , Sun Haoxuan , Guo Linqi , Min Liangliang , Wang Meng , Li Liang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe extensive applications of spectrum analysis across various fields have rendered the traditional desktop spectrometers unable to meet the market demand for portability and instantaneity. Reducing the size of spectrometers has become a topic of interest. Based on this trend, a novel type of computational spectrometer is developed and has been widely studied owing to its unique features. Such spectrometers do not need to integrate complex mechanical or optical structures, and most of them can achieve spectrum analysis by the properties of the material itself combines with the reconstruction algorithm. Impressively, a single‐detector computational spectrometer has recently been successfully realized based on in situ modulation of material properties. This not only enables the further miniaturization of the device, but also means that the footprint‐resolution limitation which has always existed in the field of hyperspectral imaging has been broken, opening a new era of image analysis. This review summarizes the classifications and principles of various spectrometers, compares the spectrum resolution performances of different types of spectrometers, and highlights the progress of computational spectrometers, especially the revolutionary single‐detector spectrometer. It is expected that this review will provide a positive impact on expanding the boundary of spectrum analysis and move hyperspectral imaging forward.
Visioning synthetic futures for yeast research within the context of current global techno‐political trends
Authors: Dixon Thomas A. , Walker Roy S. K. , Pretorius Isak S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractYeast research is entering into a new period of scholarship, with new scientific tools, new questions to ask and new issues to consider. The politics of emerging and critical technology can no longer be separated from the pursuit of basic science in fields, such as synthetic biology and engineering biology. Given the intensifying race for technological leadership, yeast research is likely to attract significant investment from government, and that it offers huge opportunities to the curious minded from a basic research standpoint. This article provides an overview of new directions in yeast research with a focus on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and places these trends in their geopolitical context. At the highest level, yeast research is situated within the ongoing convergence of the life sciences with the information sciences. This convergent effect is most strongly pronounced in areas of AI‐enabled tools for the life sciences, and the creation of synthetic genomes, minimal genomes, pan‐genomes, neochromosomes and metagenomes using computer‐assisted design tools and methodologies. Synthetic yeast futures encompass basic and applied science questions that will be of intense interest to government and nongovernment funding sources. It is essential for the yeast research community to map and understand the context of their research to ensure their collaborations turn global challenges into research opportunities.
Steady flow of thin film over porous moving and non‐flat sheet with nonlinear kinematics of exponential type
Authors: Ullah Naeem , Marwat Dil Nawaz Khan , Mohamed Montaha Mohamed Ibrahim , Moussa Sana Ben 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA generalized model of flow of viscous thin film has been presented and the film is maintained over a porous, moving and non‐flat sheet. We categorically emphasized on the nonuniform and nonlinear kinematics of the sheet and deformation of thin film and variation of all quantities specified at the boundaries are taken of exponential type. The combined effects of deformation of both thin film and sheet along with the nonlinear kinematics of sheet have been analyzed on the characteristics of flow. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using similarity transformations and the final problem of ODEs is solved with the help of bvp4c technique, whereas, the result for the velocity and skin friction are graphed for different values of the injection (suction), stretching (shrinking) and deformation (contraction/expansion) of both thin film and sheet parameters. Note that the increasing, decreasing, uniform, linear, nonlinear and boundary layer behaviors of the velocity profiles and skin friction are noted for multiple choices of the parameters. Moreover, flows in upstream and downstream directions have been observed for different values and diverse nature of the parameters.