bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of combustion energy of coal samples with different sulfur content
Authors: Korchagina Elena N , Moshammer Kai , Stratulat Camelia , Özcan Kemal , Krivonos Petr V , Haifeng Wang 
Published: June 2023

Main text
The COOMET project 744/RU-a/18 was organized for the purpose of determination of the degree of equivalence of the national standards for combustion energy measurement. Three coal samples with different values of sulfur content (AH - 1,192 %, AL - 0,193 %, LC - 0,412 %) were used in the comparison. Six laboratories participated between July 2019 and November 2020: VNIIM, Russia; NIM, China; BelGIM, Belarus; BRML-NIM, Romania; UME, Turkey; PTB, Germany. All the participants sent their measurement reports to the coordinator. The measurement results were provided with the detailed uncertainty budgets of the participants. The reference value was determined in accordance with CIPM MRA "Guidelines for organizing, participating and reporting" and COOMET R/GM/19:2016 "COOMET Recommendation Guideline on COOMET supplementary comparison evaluation". The degree of equivalence with the reference value was calculated for each sample and laboratory. The reported results were inconsistent, thus it was found necessary to process the data using the DerSimonian-Laird method.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Constraining the gravitational-wave spectrum from cosmological first-order phase transitions using data from LIGO-Virgo first three observing runs
Authors: Jiang Yang , Huang Qing-Guo 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We search for a first-order phase transition (PT) gravitational wave (GW) signal from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's first three observing runs. Due to the large theoretical uncertainties, four shapes of GW energy spectral from bubble and sound wave collisions widely adopted in literature are investigated, separately. Our results indicate that there is no evidence for the existence of such GW signals, and therefore we give the upper limits on the amplitude of GW energy spectrum Ωpt(f
*) in the peak frequency range of f
* ∈ [5,500] Hz for these four theoretical models, separately. We find that Ωpt(f
* ≃ 40 Hz) < 1.3 × 10-8 at 95% credible level, and roughly H
*/β ≲ 0.1 and α ≲ 1 at 68% credible level in the peak frequency range of 20 ≲ f
* ≲ 100 Hz corresponding to the most
sensitive frequency band of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's first three observing runs, where H
* is the Hubble parameter when PT happens, β is the bubble nucleation rate and α is the normalized latent heat.
A Heterogeneous Ensemble Approach for Terrain Classification with Tracked Mobile Robots
Authors: Zeng Riya , Zhong Biqing , Liu Weihang , Liu Sihui , Guo Qiang , Kang Yiting 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Terrain classification plays a vital role in the autonomous driving of tracked mobile robots. This article proposes a heterogeneous ensemble method to enhance the classification performance with weak classifiers. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and ReiefF, a feature selection approach aims to find an effective feature set. Based on the proposed method, the framework has been developed to simplify the signal process in feature extraction. Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is utilized as the individual classifier for three kinds of signal sources. With the learning process experience, ensemble weights have been generated to support the whole ensemble flow, which is closely correlated with terrain categories, classifiers and signal sources. Due to the structure of tracked mobile robots, the application maneuvers are extended to the front and rear drive modes, while the steady-state turning and straight-line maneuvers. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly enhance the performance of terrain classification.
Research on Design of Photoelectric Turntable for Autonomous Reconnaissance
Authors: Yi Liu , Ya-qiong Zhang , Jing Zhou , Yu-tong Jiang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the structural types of autonomous reconnaissance photoelectric turntables and the electrical system design methods of autonomous reconnaissance control are proposed and simplified. Meantime, the key technologies of autonomous reconnaissance photoelectric turntables are proposed and simplified, and the human-computer interaction interface of the autonomous reconnaissance photoelectric turntable is described, the concept of autonomous collaboration and its corresponding collaborative algorithms is explained, and the prospects for future development direction are proposed.
Research on power configuration scheme of parallel hybrid oil-electric power system for tilt- rotor UAV
Authors: Xia Chuying , Fu Xin , Zhai Shijie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The tilt-rotor UAV is a new type of unmanned aerial vehicle that has both the hovering capability of a rotary-wing UAV and the high-speed cruising flight capability of a fixed- wing UAV. Through the tilting system of the UAV, different working states can be switched: during the take-off and landing phases, the rotor axis is perpendicular to the ground, thus realizing aerial hovering, forward and backward flight and side flight. In the cruise flight phase, the rotor axis is perpendicular to the flight direction, thus achieving the flight attitude of a fixed-wing aircraft. The hybrid power system is a composite power system that combines fuel power with electrical power. By applying the oil-electric hybrid power system on the tilt-rotor UAV, it can combine the advantages of long range and long range of fuel power and low noise and pollution of electric power. In this paper, the tilt-rotor UAV parallel oil-electric hybrid power system power configuration scheme is studied. Firstly, the three operating modes of the oil-electric hybrid power system are introduced, including hybrid drive, drive charging and pure oil drive. The power requirements of the tilt-rotor UAV in vertical takeoff and landing, fixed-wing cruise and other flight phases are calculated, and the correspondence between the UAV flight status and the hybrid power system operation mode is established according to the working characteristics of the tilt-rotor UAV and the hybrid power system operation mode. The power configuration method for each flight phase is finally determined, and the process of the overall power configuration realization of the threshold value is described in detail.
Analysis and test of the heat generation and suppression of hydro-pneumatic suspension
Authors: Gao X D , Chen X B , Wan Y Q , Nie W , Chen Y J , Pan L L 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Hydro-pneumatic suspension is the important part of running system of vehicle, with wider working frequency band, frequent reciprocating motion and heavy impact load, whose important indicator is sealing performance. The heat generation law of hydro-pneumatic suspension is obtained under the sinusoidal excitation by calculating method, and the bench test of the temperature suppression is successfully achieved.
Path planning and search effectiveness of USV based on underwater target scattering model
Authors: Niu Y L , Mu Y , Zhang K , Zhang J J , Yang H H , Wang Y M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A multi-USV optimal path planning algorithm based on underwater target scattering model is proposed for the difficult problem of combining path planning and underwater target sonar search for Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). The algorithm is based on the characteristics of multi-USV collaborative search problem, and then constructs the partition search model with improved k-means algorithm and the sub-region path planning algorithm model with improved particle swarm algorithm (PSO). And in order to be closer to the needs of the actual scenario, the target submarine dispersion model and the dipped sonar search model are constructed. Combined with the area partitioning algorithm module and the path planning algorithm module, it is applied to the effectiveness calculation of searching for submarine targets. Through simulation and comparison experiments, we verified the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed path planning algorithm in this paper.
Research on the measurement method of artillery recoil displacement based on acceleration integration
Authors: Dong Leiping , Luo Honge , Xia Yan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The measurement of artillery recoil displacement is investigated in this paper. Unlike most existing works in which optical measurements are susceptible to fire, smoke, and obstructions in the light propagation path, a measurement method based on acceleration integration is proposed in this paper. First, the recoil acceleration data is obtained by the acceleration sensor and data acquisition module, and then transmitted to the host computer for subsequent data processing. Then, the pre-processing methods including low-pass filter, effective data segment extraction, and cubic spline interpolation are utilized to handle the original recoil acceleration data. Afterward, the adaptive integration algorithm based on the Simpson method is proposed to integrate the pre-processed acceleration to obtain the recoil displacement, which improves the integration accuracy and reduces the amount of computation compared with other common integration methods. Finally, the performance of the proposed method used to measure the recoil displacement is verified through a simulation example and practical experiments.
Characteristic analysis and compensation of eddy current interference field of rotating projectile
Authors: Zhang Hao , Jia Fangxiu , Liu Xiaolin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The accurate measurement of the attitude of the ballistic correction projectile is the precondition for accurate correction. In order to solve the measurement accuracy problem of the strapdown-connected projectile magnetic sensor, the eddy current magnetic field is considered on the basis of the traditional error compensation model. A simplified mathematical model of the eddy current magnetic field of the pure rolling projectile was established, and the influence of the eddy current magnetic field interference on the magnetic measurement at different rotational speeds was simulated and analyzed. Aiming at the necessity of eddy current magnetic field compensation, a parameter estimation method of the non-independent attitude comprehensive compensation model based on Kalman filter algorithm is proposed. The normalized evaluation of the magnetic correction effect shows that the error of the parameter estimation result does not exceed 0.01%, and the magnetic measurement error after compensation converges to 0.19nT. The compensation effect is obvious and meets the laboratory magnetic measurement compensation requirements.
Research on TMR-FCN-based underwater projectile localization method
Authors: Hu Xi , Gu Jin-liang , Liu Jun-min , Wu Ming-yu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A machine learning localization method for underwater projectile using Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the relation between the magnetic field intensity and the position of the projectile was built based on the magnetic dipole model. Then, the measurement model of TMR sensors was constructed to offer the voltage signal linearly correlated to the magnetic field intensity, and the network model based on the fully connected neural network (FCN) was established to approximate and regress the highly nonlinear mapping function between the magnetic field intensity (B) and the square of the distance from the projectile to the sensor (d2). Inspired by the Received Signal Strength (RSS) localization method, the least-square method was adopted to solve the actual coordinate of the projectile. Finally, to verify the localization accuracy of the proposed TMR-FCN-based method, the ballistic simulation was performed for providing the actual position of the projectile and the output of the TMR sensors, then the positioning operation was carried out by coupling the FCN model and the least-square method. The results demonstrate that the B-d2 model can fast compute the d2 within 8ms for the single given B and the overall mean accuracy is up to 99.15%. The localization distance error via the least-square method is lower than 0.5mm. These results indicate that the TMR-FCN-based localization method can achieve accurate localization for the underwater projectile and effectively overcome the tough problem of solving the high-dimensional nonlinear equations for B and d2.
Research on the Internal Relationship Between Dynamic and Static Combustion Laws of Propellant for a Large-caliber Artillery
Authors: Wenfang Zhu , Yuwei Wang , Wei Liu , Qi Liu , Hai Wang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this paper, according to the closed bomb test results of the same formula and different batches of propellant, the static combustion law of the propellant is obtained. Combined with the results of the artillery firing test, the dynamic combustion law of the propellant is obtained through the internal ballistic simulation fitting. The relationship between the static and dynamic combustion laws of the same formula and different batches of propellants is obtained. Using the research results of this paper, for the new batch of propellant, the dynamic combustion law of the new batch of propellant can be determined according to the closed bomb test results. Combined with the internal relationship between the dynamic combustion law and the static combustion law in this paper, the internal ballistic performance prediction accuracy can be improved.
Design and numerical simulation of charge curve of focusing warhead
Authors: Wang Jin , Hu Die , Tang Yi-Lin , Zhang Yong , Ge Chao 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to study the design method of the charge curve of focusing warhead, based on the Shapiro formula, the scattering angle model of the fragments in focusing warhead is established. The dispersion characteristics of fragment sites of focusing warhead such as the width of the focusing band are analysed, and the calculation method of fragments’ focusing area is proposed. Based on the assumption of normal distribution and the position relationship between the fragments’ configuration and hitting points, the design method of the charge curve of the focusing warhead is proposed. Based on Ansys numerical simulation platform, the numerical simulation research on the fragmentation dispersion process of focusing warhead is carried out. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with those of theoretical calculation.
Trajectory deflection of noncircular cross-section projectile penetrating into metal targets
Authors: Hu X Y , Qu K P , Han L , Xiao W 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To analyze the trajectory deflection of a noncircular cross-section projectile penetrating into multiple metal targets, numerical simulations with different impact velocities, projectile tip height and charge geometry are conducted. The simulation model is established using the finite element software LS-DYNA and verified based on the experiment carried out by a single-stage light gas gun. The results show that the impact velocity significantly affects the trajectory deflection of noncircular cross-section projectile. Although the deflections may be different in direction, the magnitudes exhibit decreasing trends with the increasing impact velocity. Besides, the trajectory varies from downward deflection to upward deflection with the increase of projectile tip height, and changes significantly with the tip height ranging from 0.8mm to 1.1mm. Further, as the geometry profile of projectile remains unchanged, the ones with noncircular charge exhibit better ballistic stability as compared with the circular charge projectile. This is mainly related to the variation in projectile mass instead of the variation in moment of inertia.
Numerical modelling of heat transfer and simulation of a 5.56 mm rifle barrel
Authors: Loiola B R , Susantez Ç , Caldeira A B 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Numerical simulations tend to be useful to have a deep knowledge of phenomena difficult to be observed. In this context, the heat transfer in a 5.56 mm rifle barrel was modelled, simulated and analysed, coupling the Baer-Frankle interior ballistics approach with one and two-dimensional unsteady heat diffusion numerical models. The heat transfer coefficient correlation was obtained using Sutherland approximation of diffusive transport coefficient and output data from PRODAS interior ballistics simulation software. The one-dimensional heat transfer model was solved in MATLAB® environment while the two-dimensional heat transfer model was solved in COMSOL Multiphysics and Simulation Software. The results were verified, providing discrepancies minor than 7% in relation to reference data.
The Study on Heat Treatment Microstructure and Properties of Extruded Al-Mg-Si-Mn-Cr-Zr Alloy
Authors: Cao Zhaoxun , Jungang Han , Liu Chen , Lei Li , Wang Jun , Song Yunkun , Xu Yongdong 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In order to obtain a high-strength Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy with a tensile strength of more than 400MPa, a trace amount of Zr is added to the 6082 aluminum alloy to obtain an Al-1.0Mg-1.05Si-0.55Mn-0.15Cr-0.045Zr alloy. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the extruded Al-1.0Mg-1.05Si-0.55Mn-0.15Cr-0.045Zr alloy were studied by tensile performance test, metallography, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) observation and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that, after 545°C×2h+170°C×8h heat treatment, the alloy has the best mechanical properties. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation at break reached 423MPa, 402MPa and 14%, respectively. The alloy strengthening mechanism is mainly due to the large number of dispersed needle-like β′ phases, sub-micron α-Al(MnCrFe)Si phases, α-Al(MnFe)Si phases and micron-level α-Al(MnCrFe)Si phases precipitated inside the grains and grain boundaries. The alloy precipitates sub-micron α-Al(MnCrFe)Si phase, α-Al(MnFe)Si phase and micron-level α-Al(MnCrFe)Si phase. After the alloy is treated at 545°C×2h+170°C×8h, a large number of dispersed needle-like β″ precipitations are uniformly precipitated in the inside the grains respectively. These precipitations can improve the strength of the material. The average grain size of the alloy is 7.41μm, and a bimodal grain structure composed of low-angle grain boundaries and high-angle grain boundaries is formed.
Design and research on pneumatic system of tire wheel hub matching machine
Authors: Lei Zhang , Keqin Chen , Dashun Zhang , Fu Zhang , Yue Fan , Chuanjie Tan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
With the increasingly fierce competition in the automotive industry, the requirements for the automobile wheel hub assembly line weregetting higher and higher, and the matching machine has become an indispensable part of the assembly line. In this paper, the structure of pneumatic drive and servo drive was adopted by the tire wheel hub matching machine, which ensured the production rhythm and the matching accuracy requirements. According to the overall index requirements of the automatic matching machine,the pneumatic system schematic diagram was determined by the detailed research and comparison of the principle and system composition of the representative pneumatic circuit.
Analysis of the equilibrator moment during the artillery movement
Authors: Zhang Gaosheng , Han Chongwei , Li Changhong , Zhang Zhipeng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The artillery equilibrator is a device used to balance the gravity moment of the landing part on the trunnion. The analysis and design of the traditional equilibrator mainly considers the horizontal working state of the artillery. However, when the artillery is fighting during travel, the attitude of the vehicle will constantly change. When the artillery barrel is stably pointing at the target, the change of the attitude of the vehicle will cause the elevation angle of the barrel relative to the vehicle to change continuously, resulting in the constant change of the output torque of the equilibrator, which is very different from the horizontal work of the artillery. In this paper, the torque characteristics of the equilibrator during the artillery travel are theoretically analyzed, and the torque characteristics of the equilibrator are verified by simulation.
Damage effectiveness assessment of anti-ship torpedo based on evidential reasoning algorithm
Authors: Miao Run , Tan Bo , Wang Zhiwei , Yan Xuefei , Yao Tianle 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The damage effectiveness assessment of anti-ship torpedo combines system science and weapon science, having important military research significance. In order to solve the difficulty of heterogeneous data aggregation, this paper constructs the anti-ship torpedo damage assessment criteria system and uses evidential reasoning method to assess the damage effectiveness. In order to solve the problem of incompleteness of criteria in damage effectiveness assessment process, the belief structure model is used to transform qualitative and quantitative information into a unified assessment structure, and then evidential reasoning is used to gradually aggregate the lower-level criteria of the assessment criteria system into upper-level criteria relevant to damage effectiveness. The result analysis shows that the process proposed in this paper can effectively assess the damage effectiveness of anti-ship torpedo, all criteria data are comparable, and the effect of each factor on the damage effectiveness is clearer.
Research on Influence of rotation velocity on projectile penetration ability
Authors: Wu X P , Wang L K , Chen Q 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper takes the 35mm armor-piercing projectile as the research object, and uses the ANSYS LS-DYNA dynamic analysis platform to simulate the process of the projectile penetrating the armored steel plate under different rotation speeds by using the Johnson-Cook constitutive model. The research results show that the rotation speed has a certain influence on the penetration performance of the projectile: the rotation speed will have different effects on the contact stress of the projectile target in the later period of penetration, resulting in different penetration resistance of the projectile with different rotation speeds;the penetration ability of the projectile first decreased and then increased with the increase of the projectile rotation speed. This research has certain guiding significance for improving the interception efficiency of anti-air armored targets of terminal air defense and anti-missile equipment.
Analysis of the characteristics and its causes of adiabatic shear band produced in the failure process of gun barrel
Authors: Zhiwei Zhang , Fan Wang , Sufen Liu , Hongwei Zhou , Zhifei Yan , Qiang Wang , Geng Chen , Bo Fang , Fen Wang , Wenyuan Geng , Yang Zhang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this paper, it’s studied that the characteristics and causes of the adiabatic shear band produced by the expansion and deformation of the barrel muzzle during the firing of shells. The results show that the failure property of the barrel during the launching process belongs to plastic distortion failure, and the adiabatic shear band produced in the failure process is caused by the abnormal contact and collision between the barrel and its internal components. It is easy to promote the generation of adiabatic shear band, when the material strength (hardness) is high, but the local strain is large.