bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF BROMELAIN MICROCAPSUL FORMULATION ON LEUKOCYTE AND TNF-α LEVEL IN MALE WHITE MICE INDUCED BY H5N1 VACCINE
Authors: UMAR SALMAN , H. S. SARAH FADHILA , ALDI YUFRI , BADRIYYA ELSA 
Published: February 2023

Objective: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme extracted from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus. L), which has various activities, including as an immunomodulator. Microencapsulation of bromelain is a process by which a layer surrounds bromelain to produce microcapsules to increase its activity. This research intends to see the effect of bromelain microcapsule formulation on total leukocytes count, leukocyte percentage, and the levels of TNF-α in male white mice exposed to the H5N1 Vaccine.
Methods: Experimental animals were divided into three groups, specifically a negative control group given Na CMC 0.5%, the comparison group given 200 mg/kgBW bromelain enzyme, and the test group given 200 mg/kgBW bromelain microcapsules for seven days orally. On the eighth day, the total amount and the percentage of leukocytes and the levels of TNF-α were counted. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05).
Results: The study showed that the administration of 200 mg/kgBW bromelain microcapsule group significantly reduced total leukocyte count and increased the segmented neutrophil compared to the bromelain group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the two groups in reducing monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and TNF-α levels (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that providing bromelain microcapsules can reduce the total amount of leukocytes and increase the segmented neutrophil in male white mice exposed to the H5N1 Vaccine.
MICRONIZED EUTECTIC MIXTURE OF FENOFIBRIC ACID-SACCHARIN FORMATION FOR SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT
Authors: HASANAH USWATUL , WAHYUNI LIZA , ZAINI ERIZAL 
Published: February 2023

Objective: This study aims to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of fenofibric acid by forming a micronized eutectic mixture of fenofibric acid-saccharin with spray drying technique.
Methods: Suspension of the eutectic mixture was prepared in ethanol: distilled water (3:1) followed by a spray drying method to obtain the microparticles. Microparticles characterization was performed by particle size analysis (PSA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solubility test was carried out in CO2-free distilled water, meanwhile the dissolution rate study was conducted in phosphate buffer solution at pH 6.8.
Results: The results showed the mean of the samples’ particle size was 72.29±7.33 µm. Compared to the intact fenofibric acid, the micronized eutectic mixture sample has a decreased melting point, fusion enthalpy, and crystallinity without any wavenumber shifted in the FT-IR spectra. The solubility of micronized eutectic mixture was 2.2 times higher than intact fenofibric acid, while the amount of micronized eutectic mixture dissolved at 60 min was 11.7 times higher.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the spray-dried micronized eutectic mixture of fenofibric acid-saccharin was having the ability to enhance the dissolution of fenofibric acid.
ENHANCEMENT OF CURCUMIN SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION BY ADSORPTION IN MESOPOROUS SBA-15
Authors: FITRIANI LILI , AZIZAH HUSNUN , HASANAH USWATUL , ZAINI ERIZAL 
Published: February 2023

Objective: Curcumin belongs to BCS class IV, which has low solubility, around 7.8 µg/ml and its results of low bioavailability. The study aimed to enhance solubility and dissolution rate of curcumin by adsorption in mesoporous silica SBA-15.
Methods: The synthesis of SBA-15 was done by using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursors and Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) as template of pore-forming. Impregnation of curcumin in SBA-15 was conducted by evaporation in ethanol solution with 2:1 of curcumin: SBA-15 proportion. Curcumin-SBA-15 were characterized by Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Isotherm, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The solubility test was performed by using an orbital shaker for 24 h in CO2-free distilled water. The dissolution rate was conducted in CO2-free distilled water using USP Type-II dissolution test apparatus.
Results: Efficiency entrapment of curcumin-SBA-15 was 59.433%. The successful adsorption of curcumin in SBA-15 was confirmed by reducing its surface area (48.165 m2/g) and pore volume (0.073x10-1 cm3/g). The results of PXRD analysis showed that decreased in the intensity of the diffraction peak. In addition, the FTIR spectrum of curcumin-SBA-15 was similar to its intact component. The solubility and dissolution rate test of curcumin-SBA-15 enhanced 2.201 times and 3.214 times at 60 min compared to intact curcumin.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the adsorption of curcumin in SBA-15 increased both the solubility and dissolution rate of curcumin.
The everyday construction of value: A Canadian investment fund, Chilean water infrastructure, and financial subordination
Authors: Pryke Michael , Allen John 
Published: February 2023

AbstractInfrastructure in several economies in the Global South has rapidly undergone financialization, aided and abetted by governments opening-up their infrastructure assets to global institutional investors in search of stable, predictable revenue streams. This account of financialization could be the end of the story were it not for the fact that Christophers (2015) and others have shown that institutional investors are not simply in the game of ‘finding’ value or ‘harvesting it’ from obliging states, rather they actively construct it. What often catches the eye, however, are the more overt forms of financial engineering (Ashton et al., 2012), whereas what tends to go unnoticed are the ways in which infrastructure assets are routinely ‘worked’ to generate value over time. Here, we draw attention to a slower-paced financialization of infrastructure assets where, following Chiapello (2015, 2020), investors are engaged in a continual process of evaluation and revaluation of their assets to add value over and above prevailing benchmarks. Taking the example of Canada's Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan (OTPP) and its extensive investments in Chilean water infrastructure, this article considers how a global investment fund draws on financial practices developed in the advanced economies to add value to long term infrastructure assets in the Global South. Such practices, we argue, enact a routine form of financial subordination which does not match the familiar image of wholly subservient and dominated dependent economies. Rather, the power asymmetries involved equate less to a zero-sum game and more to a game where the benefits are unequally shared between asset managers in the Global North and states in the Global South, where effectively the latter cooperate in their own submission in ways that are not always acknowledged as such.
Diaspora, Postmemory and the Transcultural Turn in Contemporary Jewish Writing: Barbara Honigmann’s Autofictional Writings
Authors: Ortner Jessica 
Published: February 2023

According to Marianne Hirsch, descendants of exiled Holocaust survivors unwillingly inherit their parents continued dislocation: as the homeland of their ancestors has “ceased to exist” they are destined forever to remain exiled from the “space of identity” (Family 243). The German Jewish writer Barbara Honigmann is one of those descendants of exiled Holocaust survivors even though she was born in Germany to where her parents had returned after the war. However, in contrast to Hirsch, she embraces life in diaspora and self-imposed exile as the true source for constructing a genuine identity in which she is true to her Judaism. In illuminating the discrepancy between Hirsch’s analytical reading of exilic postmemory and Barbara Honigmann’s way of creating it in literature, this article shows that different conceptualizations of diaspora give rise to different postmemorial aesthetics: whereas Hirsch’s photographic aesthetics represents the melancholic insight that a return to the place of origin is impossible, nostalgic aesthetics gives in to this very desire for a “final return” (Hall). However, both the nostalgic and the photographic aesthetics are based on a territorial understanding of home and on the idea that identity is bound to a specific space. In contrast, Honigmann’s aesthetics of postmemory, which I call transcultural, perceives diasporic identity as the result of a constant blending and mixing of cultures. Thus, identity is not connected to a distinct place, but rather to a “common genealogical origin” (Boyarin, Boyarin). However, as this origin has been forgotten, the author must laboriously reconstruct it in her autofictional writings.
Pull My Daisy. A Bebop Revolution
Authors: Villa Sara 
Published: February 2023

On the 12th May 1959 Pull My Daisy, a film written and narrated by Jack Kerouac and directed by Alfred Leslie and Robert Frank, was first projected at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Even though the film was enthusiastically acclaimed by critics like Jonas Mekas as one of the most accomplished productions of the New Cinema Group, as a "free improvisation" (Mekas, "New York Letter" 19) and as a fresh, lively sketch of Beat life, nonetheless some scholars criticized the production. What the adverse reviewers did not realize, however, is that the kind of truthfulness intended by both the directors of Pull My Daisy and by Kerouac himself was utterly different from the one which distinguishes the journalistic approach, the naked camera lenses that record the events of an ordinary moment just as they happen. This essay will explore the improvised techniques and 'bebop poetics' in Pull My Daisy What the adverse reviewers did not realize, however, is that the kind of truthfulness intended by both the directors of Pull My Daisy as a free improvisation stemming from a steady basis of pre-arranged themes, plots and filmic structures.
Editing for Public Consumption: the Use of Documentary Film in the Promotion of New Zealand’s Mental Hospitals
Authors: McLaughlan Rebecca 
Published: February 2023

Architectural design and text-based press releases were the Public Relations tools traditionally employed by New Zealand’s Mental Hospitals Department. The arrival of television to New Zealand in 1960 offered a new medium: the documentary film. This paper will evaluate the evolution of the Department’s propaganda campaign following the availability of documentary film.
Terrorism and Its Metaphors
Authors: Fabiano Mark 
Published: February 2023

I want to map out the metaphors of terrorism to critique how they are used in United States political rhetoric. These metaphors and their usage parallel United States history, cold war ideologies, and globalization. Central to this investigation is an analysis of how the hegemonic order appropriates the media and uses such metaphors to manufacture consent for supporting a vaguely defined “war on terror” indefinitely. Metaphors have been called “the dreamwork of language,” by Donald Davidson who writes also that “the interpretation of dreams requires collaboration between a dreamer and a waker” (29). But terrorism is not a dream. It is not a metaphor. My point is that by identifying the geography of terrorism as it is currently presented in our media, by interpreting these media “dreams” about terrorism, readers might awaken to a more sobering view of terrorism.
Happiness Filled the Space of Sadness: the Weight, Tragedy and Paradox of Milan Kundera's Freedom
Authors: Wattles Jeremy 
Published: February 2023

Milan Kundera's choice to open his novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984) with two short chapters discussing Friedrich Nietzsche's idea of eternal recurrence is, if nothing else, unconventional. It foregrounds his engagement with Nietzsche and suggests that the novel itself is something of a thought experiment, a working out of how such an abstract but compelling idea can have meaning in the world. The myth of eternal return poses, as Kundera's narrator implies, an ultimate question of existence: will we choose that our lives, and therefore our actions, have weight or lightness? Or, as Nietzsche says in The Gay Science (1882), "If this thought gained power over you, as you are it would transform and possibly crush you; the question in each and every thing, ‘Do you want this again and innumerable times again' would lie on your actions as the heaviest weight!" (194). In other words, will this thought enslave an individual or will it empower them? Is there a paradoxical, controlling freedom an individual may obtain by embracing the vicissitudes of life, in willing that a chance event and its consequences might recur again and again?
“But who is to say what is fake and what is real?” – Spectral and Textual Haunting in Peter Ackroyd’s Chatterton
Authors: Albers Stefanie 
Published: February 2023

This essay looks at how the phenomenon of haunting is discussed in Peter Ackroyd’s novel Chatterton (1989). It analyses in which forms the idea of haunting appears and which function it fulfils in the text. Of particular interest here is the multi-layered narrative which presents haunting in several different modes, both on the story and the meta-level, not only giving it the shape of regular ‘visitations’, but also pointing it out through intertextuality and metafictional comments. This essay also shows that the element of haunting in Chatterton works as a tool to disrupt the novel’s different storylines. This disruption underlines the relation between imagination and reality by highlighting and foregrounding the novel’s fictitiousness and at the same time “points to the constructedness of any representation of the ‘real world’” (Delgado 349), may it be fiction or the visual arts.
Dickens’s Haunted Christmas: The Ethics of the Spectral Text
Authors: Fruhauff Brad 
Published: February 2023

The question of haunting itself has its own interest, but one might also wonder why Dicken's Christmas Carol - a Christmas story - should be at all haunted. While some connection between Christmas, winter and the supernatural can be traced back through Shakespeare and no doubt beyond, Dickens seems especially interested in the manifestation of ghosts and phantoms at Christmas-time. Indeed, by publishing his own and many others’ seasonal ghost stories in his magazines, Household Words and All the Year Round, he can be attributed with making the ghost story a sort of Victorian Christmas tradition (Cox xiii). Moreover, in his Christmas tales, Dickens saw no contradiction in combining the Gothic effects of ghost stories with sentimental scenes to present his religio-social message of charity, compassion and communal affection.
‘At Home in Dust’: Francesca Woodman’s House Series, Revisited
Authors: Thurston Meaghan 
Published: February 2023

A reassessment of Francesca Woodman’s work is due, particularly with respect to how her photographs contribute to theorizing “the space of the subject” (Kirby 11). Woodman’s House Series, which she completed in Rhode Island between 1975 and 1978, then a young student photographer of the Rhode Island School of Design, provides fertile ground to assess the importance of ‘space’ to Woodman’s work and its critical reception. Carol Armstrong’s essay “Francesca Woodman: A Ghost in the House of the Woman Artist” argues that Woodman’s “use of space—that of the house most often—of very old houses (inhabited by very young bodies)” is indicative of an identity resting on the threshold of gender (348). The “spatial aspect” of Woodman’s work, Armstrong argues, reveals the female as a “figure of irruptive difference” occupying a “ludic space”, where play is an act of self-definition (350).Woodman’s affinity with places marked by dirt, dust and decay, however, is discordant with the easy categorization of her as one on the verge of a preoccupation with ‘feminine space.’ “Space and where we are in it” writes Kathleen Kirby in Defining the Space of the Subject: Investigating the Boundaries of Feminism, “determines a large portion of our status as subjects” (Kirby 12). It is my suggestion that the issues of identity in theHouse Series demand a fresh look, which considers their spatial context. Looking closely at photographs House #3 and House #4, I will explore the themes of identity and place, woman and artist, with the conviction that these contrasting themes are united. Edward Casey argues in Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place World that “body and place belong together” (45) and I begin this analysis of Woodman’s House Series with the assertion that place, or where we are, “has everything to do with what and who we are” (Casey xiii).
Rape and Revenge in Graphic Detail: Neil Gaiman's "Calliope," in The Sandman Comic Series
Authors: Gieni Justine 
Published: February 2023

Neil Gaiman's ability to weave fantasy, fairytales, folktales, mythology, canonical literature, and Gothic horror into his creative medium has played a significant role in elevating graphic literature as a subject for scholarly discourses. The Sandman series is often recognized as Gaiman's most influential contribution to graphic literature. As an epic series, spanning seventy-five issues from 1989 to 1996, The Sandman tales center on the figure of Dream/Oneiros/Morpheus, the personification of the unconscious, ruler of dreams and nightmares, and all that is kept hidden from waking consciousness (Sanders 18). In this regard, Gaiman's protagonist embodies the psychological fascination within the Gothic tradition, with the monstrosities that dwell deep within the human psyche. As part of Gaiman's extended fantasy discourse of The Sandmanseries, the story "Calliope" stands out as one of Gaiman's most overtly feminist polemics. In this tale of rape and revenge, Gaiman provides a powerful critique of male-driven economies of power and privilege through his depiction of sexual violence. Specifically, Gaiman challenges the conventional view of male mastery by illustrating the dualities of masculine creativity and failure, strength and weakness, virility and impotence, phallus and lack, as the conflicts that characterize the men of his story. In this way, Gaiman illustrates the impotence of the male perpetrators, Richard Madoc and Erasmus Fry, who violently exploit the muse Calliope by raping her and stealing her creativity to fulfill their selfish ambitions of fame and fortune.
Preface: "On Revenge"
Authors: Jones Anna Maria 
Published: February 2023

When Robert Mannion, the scheming villain of Wilkie Collins's sensation novel Basil, reveals his revenge plot to the eponymous narrator, it might appear at first that he has thrown off the mantle of middle-class respectability to expose his "true" monstrous self: rapacious, violent, motivated equally by perverse appetites and the desire for vengeance. Yet, I would suggest that the relationship between Mannion's persona as socially-productive, disciplined, and efficient self-made man and his role as a stealthily, indefatigably vengeful plotter is much more synergistic than antagonistic. Mannion stakes a claim to revenge based on his very rights as a man. The fear that Basil explores is that the "good citizen" of modern liberal society might also be the mauvais sujet of revenge, not because the semblance of the former masks the latter, but, more disturbingly, because Mannion's "right to injure" is fundamental to the very social order that he ostensibly threatens. In other words, it is no coincidence that a villain like Mannion emerges at the same historical moment as some of the most enthusiastic articulations of liberal ideals of self-determining, autonomous subjectivity. Mannion not only embodies the very qualities that, according to Samuel Smiles's runaway bestseller Self-Help, "make the man"- "great perseverance, application, and energy" (30)-but these qualities are explicitly the products of his "desire for revenge." So, what might that intersection of revenge fantasies with the liberal dream of self-determination and economic success that Smiles's book pedaled in 1850s England have to tell us about revenge as a cultural phenomenon and a fictional device? What is happening at the interstices between revenge and rights, in other words?
The Modern City as an Oeuvre: Theory and Practice of The Production of Space in Henri Lefebvre’s “Intellectual Activism” and European Street Art
Authors: Chabbert Marie 
Published: February 2023

Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, capitalism – in particular its latest evolution, which the French theorist Henri Lefebvre calls “neocapitalism” – imposed its dominance over the space of modern cities (Production 8). This article aims to elucidate the way in which two modes of opposition to the neocapitalist domination of space, namely Western European street art and Henri Lefebvre’s theory, affect citizens’ experience of space. Throughout this article, it will become clear that Lefebvre and Western European street art share similar strategies of spatial resistance, based on the reconfiguration of what Lefebvre describes as the individual’s experience of the “perceived” and “conceived space” (38). However, what I call the paradox of visibility faced by these two figures of contestation casts doubt upon their ability to allow for a re-appropriation of the city space by its citizens. This will precipitate a questioning of their efficiency as strategies of spatial resistance.
Mengungkap Potensi Fraud Dan Upaya Pencegahannya Di Perusahaan X
Authors: Priyo Budi Prakoso  , Haryadi Bambang , Lisa Oyong 
Published: February 2023

Any weakness of a control in the company will have the potential for fraud. Those who have more ability to take advantage of this gap will benefit from their actions. Weaknesses of a control, error of recording to incomplete supporting evidence can be the cause of potential fraud. The object of the study is Unit S in Company X. This study provides results that there is still weak control in Unit S, and there are still many recording errors that are not based on fundamental evidence in presenting figures on financial statements. That is, it has the potential to cause fraud in Unit S. fraud which is most worried is the existence of fraud in terms of profit management. Some prevention that can be done is to change or improve the existing control system and complete the supporting evidence in the next period. This research is expected to be a suggestion for companies to be more careful and immediately correct the weaknesses that occur, so that this does not become the cause of potential fraud in the company in the future.
Board Of Directors Gender Diversity And Real Earnings Management: Does Female Board Of Director Matter?
Authors: Ramadan Greska Redielano 
Published: February 2023

The Board of directors' characteristic plays an important role as a monitoring mechanism in corporate governance. Previous research shows that gender could determine the existence of manager opportunistic behavior. The existence of females on the board of directors could reduce agency conflict such as earnings management. This research aimed examine gender diversity in explaining earnings management. The sample of this research is the non-financial company listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (Idx) during 2014-2018. The research method conduct quantitative approach. We used multiple regression analysis to examine the association between board of director gender diversity on real earnings management. The result shows that gender diversity is negatively associated with earnings management. Gender diversity indicates that the number and percentage of female directors could reduce the level of real earnings management, especially through abnormal discretionary expenses. Secondly, there is no different level of real earnings management between firms with and without gender diversity in their board structures.