bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A System for Teaching Advanced Colonoscopic Skills and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Based on Nonclinical Models
Authors: Mitra Neil , Whelan Richard L. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) requires skills that the vast majority of endoscopists do not possess. ESD be broken down into component skills and at least three of the necessary skill sets can be taught separately. In the United States most trainees initially participate in half- or full-day courses that utilize ex vivo and in vivo animal models and the great majority learn these advanced skills in the clinical setting. We describe a comprehensive training over a well-defined period using ex vivo porcine or bovine large bowel models. There are five components or modules that make up the training program: (1) bowel wall injections in ex vivo tissue, (2) inanimate figure tracing model to teach scope control, (3) ESD in plastic tube with window cutout over which square of ex vivo tissue is placed, (4) ESD in ex vivo porcine or bovine large bowel, and (5) mucosal wound closure. The authors are in the midst of training a group of residents, fellows, and young attendings using this approach. This approach has not been vetted yet; however, the preliminary results are promising.
Comparison of Insulin Analogs and Human Insulins: A Narrative Review
Authors: Eledrisi Mohsen S. , Danjuma Mohammed Ibn-Mas'ud 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Introduction Since insulin analogs have pharmacological properties that are similar to the normal physiological action of insulin, it has been suggested that they provide better glucose control and less rates of hypoglycemia compared to human insulins.
Methods We performed a narrative, nonsystematic review of the literature including clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and professional guidelines related to the comparison of human insulins and insulin analogs in terms of glucose control, safety profile, and cost.
Results Long-acting basal insulins result in mild improvement in glucose control and less rates of nocturnal hypoglycemic compared to neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin, mainly among patients with type 1 diabetes. Rapid-acting insulin analogs provide better glucose control and lower rates of hypoglycemia compared to regular insulin among patients with type 1 diabetes, whereas no advantage has been shown for insulin analogs among patients with type 2 diabetes for glucose control or hypoglycemia. Premixed insulin analogs provided no advantage in glucose control and inconsistent benefit in lowering the rates of hypoglycemia compared to human premixed insulins among patients with type 2 diabetes. The cost of insulin analogs is significantly higher than human insulins, and favorable cost-effectiveness has only been demonstrated for rapid-acting insulin analogs in type 1 diabetes.
Conclusion Currently available evidence supports the use of rapid-acting insulin analogs and possibly long-acting basal insulin over human insulins for patients with type 1 diabetes. For patients with type 2 diabetes, the use of long-acting insulin analogs may be recommended for selected patients who are at an increased risk of significant hypoglycemia, while no clear benefits of meal insulin analogs over human insulins have been observed.
The Effect of Usage of Antiasthmatic Inhalers on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Dental Restorative Materials: An In
Vitro Study
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Bhat Devikripa , Gupta Megha , Gulzar Shabnam , Shah Altaf H. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Objectives Increased demand for esthetics by parents and children has resulted in the use of tooth-colored restorative materials. Children with chronic respiratory conditions like asthma use inhalers which have shown to affect the surface of restorative materials. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of antiasthmatic inhalers on color stability and surface roughness of three restorative materials.
Materials and Methods Forty samples each of three dental restorative materials: group A: glass ionomer cement (GIC), group B: alkasite restorative material, and group C: composite resins were prepared. Each group was further divided into two subgroups of 20 samples each according to the inhaler used. All the specimens were polished using polishing discs and stored in artificial saliva in order to simulate the oral environment. The baseline color value and surface roughness of all the samples were measured using a spectrophotometer and a profilometer, respectively. Group 1 and group 2 were exposed to 0.31 mg of salbutamol sulfate and 20 mg formoterol fumarate in combination with budesonide, respectively, for every 12 hours, for a period of 15 days following which the samples were evaluated for color changes and surface roughness.
Statistical Analysis The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis and level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results Exposure to both the inhalers caused a change in color and surface roughness in all three restorative materials. There was a significant change in the color of GIC and composite resin (ΔE > 3.3), following exposure to both the inhalers (p < 0.05). The change in color of alkasite restorative material was not significant. A significant increase in the surface roughness of composite resin from 0.56 ± 0.14 to 0.67 ± 0.19 was seen following 15 days' exposure to formoterol in combination with budesonide inhaler (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Following exposure, both the inhalers had an equal effect on color and surface roughness of all three restorative materials. Alkasite restorative material showed greater resistance to change in color and surface roughness when exposed to antiasthmatic inhalers, compared to GIC and composite resin. Thus, children who use inhalers and nebulizers should be advised to implement more precautionary oral hygiene measures and periodic dental visits.
Overview of the Gut Microbiome
Authors: Blackmer-Raynolds Lisa , Sampson Timothy R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microorganisms—collectively referred to as the gut microbiome—that maintain a symbiotic relationship with their host. This diverse community of microbes grows and changes as we do, with developmental, lifestyle, and environmental factors all shaping microbiome community structure. Increasing evidence suggests this relationship is bidirectional, with the microbiome also influencing host physiological processes. For example, changes in the gut microbiome have been shown to alter neurodevelopment and have lifelong effects on the brain and behavior. Age-related changes in gut microbiome composition have also been linked to inflammatory changes in the brain, perhaps increasing susceptibility to neurological disease. Indeed, associations between gut dysbiosis and many age-related neurological diseases—including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—have been reported. Further, microbiome manipulation in animal models of disease highlights a potential role for the gut microbiome in disease development and progression. Although much remains unknown, these associations open up an exciting new world of therapeutic targets, potentially allowing for improved quality of life for a wide range of patient populations.
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Stroke
Authors: Yong Heather Y.F. , Ganesh Aravind , Camara-Lemarroy Carlos 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGastrointestinal (GI) complications are seen in over 50% of ischemic stroke survivors; the most common complications are dysphagia, constipation, and GI bleeding. The bidirectional relationship of the gut–brain axis and stroke has recently gained traction, wherein stroke contributes to gut dysbiosis (alterations in the normal host intestinal microbiome) and gut dysbiosis perpetuates poor functional neurologic outcomes in stroke. It is postulated that the propagation of proinflammatory cells and gut metabolites (including trimethylamine N-oxide and short-chain fatty acids) from the GI tract to the central nervous system play a central role in gut–brain axis dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the known GI complications in acute ischemic stroke, our current knowledge from experimental stroke models for gut–brain axis dysfunction in stroke, and emerging therapeutics that target the gut–brain axis.
Venous Pathologies and Interventions of the Head
Authors: Mehta Tej Ishaan , Arun Anirudh , Heiberger Caleb , Cognetti David , Ray Tyler R. , Amans Matthew R. , Fargen Kyle , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. , Hui Ferdinand 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntracranial venous pathologies are a historically underrecognized group of disorders that can have a devastating impact on patients. Despite advancements in peripheral venous disorders and arterial neurointerventions, intracranial venous pathologies have received comparatively little attention. Understanding the anatomy, physiology, clinical relevance, and treatment options of intracranial venous pathologies is fundamental to evolving therapies and research priorities. This article provides an overview of major intracranial venous pathologies, the respective pathophysiologies, and treatment options.
Myocardial Recovery, Metabolism, and Structure after Cardiac Arrest with Cardioplexol
Authors: Hemmerich Carina , Heep Martina , Gärtner Ulrich , Taghiyev Zulfugar Timur , Schneider Matthias , Böning Andreas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Objectives Clinical studies indicate encouraging cardioprotective potential for Cardioplexol. Its cardioprotective capacities during 45 minutes of ischemia compared with pure no-flow ischemia or during 90 minutes of ischemia compared with Calafiore cardioplegia were investigated experimentally.
Methods Forty-four rat hearts were isolated and inserted into a blood-perfused pressure-controlled Langendorff apparatus. In a first step, cardiac arrest was induced by Cardioplexol or pure no-flow ischemia lasting 45 minutes. In a second step, cardiac arrest was induced by Cardioplexol or Calafiore cardioplegia lasting 90 minutes. For both experimental steps, cardiac function, metabolic parameters, and troponin I levels were evaluated during 90 minutes of reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, hearts were fixed, and ultrastructural integrity was examined by electron microscopy.
Results Step 1: after 90 minutes of reperfusion, hearts exposed to Cardioplexol had significantly higher left ventricular developed pressure (CP-45ˊ: 74%BL vs. no-flow-45ˊ: 45%BL; p = 0.046) and significantly better maximal left ventricular relaxation (CP-45ˊ: 84%BL vs. no-flow-45ˊ: 51%BL; p = 0.012). Oxygen consumption, lactate production, and troponin levels were similar in both groups. Step 2: left ventricular developed pressure was lower (22 vs. 48% of BL; p = 0.001) and coronary flow was lower (24 vs. 53% of BL; p = 0.002) when Cardioplexol was used compared with Calafiore cardioplegia. Troponin I levels were significantly higher under Cardioplexol (358.9 vs. 106.1 ng/mL; p = 0.016).
Conclusion Cardioplexol significantly improves functional recovery after 45 minutes of ischemia compared with pure ischemia. However, Cardioplexol protects the myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion-related damage after 90 minutes of ischemia worse than Calafiore cardioplegia.
Investment risk-taking and benefit adequacy under automatic balancing mechanism in the Japanese public pension system
Authors: Kimura Shin , Kitamura Tomoki , Nakashima Kunio 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe automatic balancing mechanism introduced in 2004 aims to re-establish the financial equilibrium of the Japanese public pension systems. The non-linear functions for benefits embedded in the automatic balancing mechanism make it challenging to analyse the impact of market fluctuations on the adequacy of benefits and the sustainability of the pension system. Using a stochastic simulation model applied to the government’s public pension verification programmes, the risk of benefit levels and financial stability according to risk-taking in pension reserve funds for the Japanese public pension system is investigated. The Japanese public pension system is characterised by a pay-as-you-go system with substantial reserve funds. Benefit adequacy is measured by the replacement rate and financial sustainability by the reserve-to-expenditure ratio. The results show that for a high level of risk-taking in the reserve fund, the risk of benefits increases because the automatic balancing mechanism reduces benefits until the pension system recovers solvency. In addition, the risk of reserve funds increases because of the possibility of sizeable negative investment returns. In contrast, when risk-taking is low, the benefit level is locked in at a low level because investment returns are insufficient. Therefore, moderate risk-taking of reserve funds should be adequate.
Cashing the pink RMB through docile bodies: queering paradox of erotic entrepreneurs on Chinese social media platforms
Authors: Chen Zhen Troy , Whyke Thomas William , Lopez-Mugica Joaquin , Peng Altman Yuzhu 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article investigates the emergence of "erotic entrepreneurs" in China, a new category of male influencers who engage in erotic activities and target followers of all genders on platforms such as TikTok/Douyin and Bilibili. Through ethnographic research, we examine how these young individuals strategically marketize their private and intimate experiences as a form of aspiration and commerce. We use Foucault’s concept, "docile bodies," to interrogate how these erotic entrepreneurs navigate the power and knowledge systems of the creative economy. We argue that the paradoxical position of these docile male, queer bodies helps to increase their visibility on one hand, whilst renders them vulnerable to exploitation, censorship, and commodification on the other. The findings suggest that this paradox disrupts traditional gender stereotypes and the underlying power structures, but also reinforces the neoliberal and patriarchal order specific to postreform China.
Estimation of imprints of the bounce in loop quantum cosmology on the bispectra of cosmic microwave background
Authors: K Roshna , Sreenath V. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Primordial non-Gaussianity has set strong constraints on models of the early universe.
Studies have shown that Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), which is an attempt to extend inflationary scenario to planck scales, leads to a strongly scale dependent and oscillatory non-Gaussianity. In particular, the non-Gaussianity function f
NL (k
1, k
2, k
3) generated in LQC, though similar to that generated during slow roll inflation at small scales, is highly scale dependent and oscillatory at long wavelengths. In this work, we investigate the imprints of such a primordial bispectrum in the bispectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
Inspired by earlier works, we propose an analytical template for the primordial bispectrum in LQC.
We write the template as a sum of strongly scale dependent and oscillatory part, which captures the contribution due to the bounce, and a part which captures the scale invariant behaviour similar to that of slow roll. We then compute the reduced bispectra of temperature and electric polarisation and their three-point cross-correlations corresponding to these two parts.
We show that the contribution from the bounce to the reduced bispectrum is negligible compared to that from the scale-independent part. Thus, we conclude that the CMB bispectra generated in LQC will be similar to that generated in slow roll inflation. We conclude with a discussion of our results and its implications to LQC.
Pragmatic modelling of axial flow-induced vibration (FIV) for nuclear fuel rods
Authors: Pauzi Anas Muhamad , Iacovides Hector , Cioncolini Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Flow-induced vibration (FIV) at the spacer grid in the fuel assembly of a Light Water Reactor (LWR) is the leading cause of fuel failure. This project aims to produce a simulation benchmark on the experimental campaign at MACE on axial FIV of a cantilever beam in an annular tube, that mimics the configuration and environment of a typical LWR. The nuclear fuel rod, which consists of fuel pellets filled in Zirconium alloy cladding is modelled in the experiment as a steel rod filled with lead shots that closely approximates the filling density of the fuel pellet. To reduce the complexity and increase the efficiency of the simulation, further simplification is applied by on the geometry and assuming the solid domain as a single material instead of multiple materials. The first mode of frequency of the rod vibrating in quiescent water, which had been validated via the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory against experimental measurements, was used to design the single-material solid domain. Two models were proposed, firstly a solid rod with lower density and stiffness (SLE), and secondly an empty cladding with high density and low stiffness (EHD). Both solid and fluid domains were discretised using the cell-centred finite volume (FV) method and coupled with strong two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI). Results on the frequency of vibration in quiescent water and in axial flow showed good agreement with experimental measurement, and the computational efficiency is analyzed for different rod models and changes in parameters of the solid domains.
Improving source convergence diagnostics sensitivity using the complex components of Fourier fundamental mode
Authors: Chin K F , Omar M R , Karim J A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previous works have demonstrated that the Fourier fundamental mode coefficient (FFMC) is a potential fission source convergence indicator for Monte Carlo k-eigenvalue calculations. Unlike the conventional Shannon entropy indicator, it requires no spatial meshing, and its computation is computationally inexpensive. However, we found that FFMC is less sensitive to the convergence involving near symmetrical fission distributions. To rectify the problem, we focus on the analysis of the FFMC’s components (the real and imaginary parts) on a simple geometry problem and a full reactor core problem. The usage of the FFMC’s components is more conservative compared to the original FFMC method as supported by the improved results of the fission source convergence detection.
Effect of particle size analysis on the physicochemical characterization of Malaysian monazite
Authors: Roslan Nurliana , Che Hak Cik Rohaida , Norazumin Abdul Rahman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are the elements that have become extremely important to our world of technology owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, and widely used in advanced technology. Monazite is one of the mineral phosphate that contain a high amount of REEs including thorium and a small amount of uranium. In Malaysia, monazite is exist as by-product (‘amang’) from tin mining originated from Ipoh, Perak. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of the different particles size of raw and ground (milled) monazite on the physicochemical properties. The effectiveness of extraction and separation process of monazite was affected by the size of the particle. Based on the particle size distribution analysis, all the monazite samples were found to be present in the size range of 11-190 μm. The morphological and elemental composition of the monazite mineral have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) integrated with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The FESEM micrographs of the monazite showed an irregular spherical structures with different sizes. The chemical composition and the mineral phases present in monazite were studied by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WD-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRF analysis confirmed the presence of the major REEs such as Ce, La and Nd elements in the mineral. XRD analysis also identified (Ce, La, Nd and Th)PO4 as the major phases along with quartz as minor phase. According to the FESEM-EDX and XRF analysis, smaller particle size of monazite gave higher content of REEs compare to raw monazite.
Effects of gamma radiation on sheep wool fiber composites reinforced with rice husk ash
Authors: Hidzir Norsyahidah Mohd , Radzi Afifah Mardhiah Mohamed , Radzali Nur Ain Mohd 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It is well known that animal fiber is one of the potential pollutants to the environment if not been well disposed. Besides animal fiber, rice husk ash has also been considered as a type of waste that are able to pollute the air and soil. Recently, there are plenty of research for the purpose of reusing this type of waste in the composite making. It has been established that irradiation on composite at dose of more than 3 kGy can potentially increase the properties of the composite as it becomes harder and able to hold huge loads. Therefore, this research is conducted to study the effect of irradiated composites of sheep wool fibers reinforced with rice husk ash. The composites were prepared with different percentage of sheep wool (3% and 5%) as well as the addition of rice husk ash as filler. The gamma irradiation of 7 kGy of dose is used on the composites and later analysed for the changes in the chemical and physical properties. New chemical bonds were observed for irradiated composites through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Irradiated composite with 5% of wool has higher strength (0.16 MPa) compared to the irradiated composite with 3% of wool (0.09 MPa) from Izod fracture test. Meanwhile, composite without rice husk ash added were measured to have higher strength compared to the addition of rice husk ash as filler for both unirradiated and irradiated samples. The addition of rice husk ash increased the brittleness of the composite. In conclusion, the sheep wool fibers without the addition of rice hush ash are suitable to be used as reinforcing fibers in composites with gamma irradiation play insignificant part of the composite’s strength.
Attenuation range of particle radiations (alpha and beta) in human skin by Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Nawawi Nor Alia Aqilah , Tajudin Suffian Mohamad , Nasir Fairuz Mohd , Mohamed Nurul Syazwina , Abdullah Nazifah , Zainudin Nur Hamizah Mohd , Radzi Juliana Mohd 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Particle radiations such as alpha and beta particles are more hazardous to humans than photons because of their higher linear energy transfer (LET). It is important to analyze the profile of particle radiations when interact with human skin. It is generally said that α particles can be stopped by a piece of paper while β rays can be stopped by an aluminum plate. A Monte Carlo simulation (PHITS code) is used for determining the attenuation and range of commonly available alpha (Po-210, Po-214, Am-241) and beta sources (Y-90) in human skin. These particle radiations were set at the surface of several materials such as skin, paper, water, aluminium and air to see their distribution within the materials. The PHITS code outputs were verified by comparing it with other literature for its range in air. Results showed that alpha particles barely pass through the outer layer of dead human skin and definitely can be stopped by a piece of paper. From the particle trajectory output, fluence of α particles from Po-210, Po-214, and Am-241 are completely stopped at 0.005 cm, 0.009 cm, and 0.012 cm in a paper, respectively, with no secondary particles are generated. On the other hand, beta particles would easily penetrate human skin and its range in human skin is ~0.8 cm for Y-90, while it would stop at ~0.3 cm in aluminium. In conclusion, based on these simulations, it was found that this study had justified the common sense on the shielding for the particle by using paper for alpha and aluminium for beta particle as a function of particle energy. Calculation with PHITS can be used for range calculation of various radiation types, including neutron and proton particles.