bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Studies of Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Fletcher Mary Ann , Woolfolk Betty J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described whereby glycoprotein antigens may be extracted from hemoglobin-free stroma of mammalian erythrocytes with hot 75% ethanol. The infectious mononucleosis (IM) receptors of horse erythrocytes have been isolated and partially characterized for the first time. The material was heterogeneous in molecular size but relatively homogeneous by electrophoresis. The carbohydrate content was 40% with a molar ratio of hexose: hexosamine: sialic acid of 1:1:1. The peptide portion was greatly enriched (43% of the total amino acids) in acidic and in hydroxylamino acids. By the same method closely similar substances were isolated from sheep and human erythrocytes. The former was a potent IM antigen and the latter had blood group M and N specificity. An even more potent IM receptor was extracted by aqueous ethanol from the hemoglobin-free stroma of bovine erythrocytes. This extract had only one-third the sialic acid and one-half the total carbohydrate but one and one-half times the nitrogen of the other three preparations. The bovine antigen retained some IM activity after neuraminidase treatment, which destroyed the IM or MN activity of the sheep, horse and human antigens. Gel diffusion and quantitative precipitation studies indicate that the bovine IM antigen may react with a fraction of heterophile antibody which does not react with sheep or horse antigen.
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: An Assay Using 125I-Iododeoxyuridine-Labeled Target Cells
Authors: Cohen Alfred M. , Burdick James F. , Ketcham Alfred S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An assay of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against monolayer cultured cells by pre-labeling target cell DNA with 125I-iododeoxyuridine is reported. Results are presented demonstrating tumorspecific cellular immunity in two animal tumorhost systems. The technique, as currently being applied to the study of peripheral blood lymphocyte cytotoxicity against human tumor cells, is presented.
A Simplification of the Radioactive Antigen-Binding Test by a Double Label Technique
Authors: Gotschlich Emil C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The radioactive antigen-binding test developed by Farr is a relatively simple quantitative technique to measure primary antigen antibody interaction (1). The principle of the test is that radioactive antigen will remain bound to antibody when the latter is precipitated with ammonium sulfate. To quantitate the test one may either determine the radioactivity of the precipitated globulins after washing them with half-saturated ammonium sulfate or, alternatively, one may determine the amount of radioactive antigen remaining in the supernatant. Both of these methods become technically difficult when one is dealing with very small volumes of sera, which may become necessary when working with small animals or with human specimens obtained by fingerstick.
It is the purpose of this communication to present an alternative method that requires neither the removal of an accurate sample of the supernatant nor the washing of the precipitate. The basis of this method is to add radioactive 22Na to the 125I-labeled antigen as a volume marker.
Immunoglobulin D Concentration in Pregnant Women
Authors: Klapper David G. , Mendenhall Hiram W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Statistical analysis revealed a significant elevation in IgD concentration in the sera of pregnant women collected at delivery. Sera collected at other stages in gestation and from women using oral contraceptives showed considerable variation in IgD levels but with less significant elevation when contrasted with nonpregnant controls.
Studies on the γA Protein from MOPC-315
Authors: Eisen Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein 315 (the A-myeloma protein produced by MOPC-315) binds ε-DNP-lysine and menadione with high affinity (1 × 107 M-1 and 5 × 105 M-1, respectively, at 4°C). Over 90% of residues of the light chain of this protein (L315) have been sequenced by E. Schulenburg, E. Simms, R. Bradshaw and H. Eisen. Of the residues in the C-terminal half, 30% differ from the corresponding residues of the MOPC-104 light chain (L104) and about 65% differ from those of mouse κ chains. In its N-terminal half, L315 differs in only about 10% of the residues from L104. A rabbit antiserum specific for L315 has been prepared by R. Lynch and used in a double antibody assay (125I-315 plus rabbit anti-L315 plus goat anti-rabbit Fc) to demonstrate L315-like chains in normal sera from BALB/c and C57BC/6 mice. Both sera contained these chains at the same low level, about 0.02% to 0.1% of the total immunoglobulin.
The Amino Acid Sequence of Four Mouse Lambda Chains
Authors: Appella Ettore 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the mouse λ chain MOPC 104E has been determined. By the isolation of 19 tryptic peptides and 35 thermolysin peptides complete overlappings were obtained. The mouse λ chain contained five half-cysteines of which four were internally linked in two pairs of disulfide bridges as has also been found with the human λ chains. When this sequence was compared with those obtained from three other mouse λ chains (RPC 20, HOPC 1 and MOPC 511), no differences appeared. The identity of four λ chains strongly suggests that there is a peculiar restriction in the pattern of variability of these chains, and provides support for the somatic theories of antibody diversity.
Common Structural Features Among the Light Chains of γG and γM Anti-γ Globulins
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Kehoe J. Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura is characterized by a marked elevation of the γ globulin level which on serum protein electrophoresis is broadbased and only rarely has the appearance of an M component. Anti-γ globulins of the γG type were isolated from these sera using specific absorption on BDB cross-linked γ globulin followed by acid elution. Extensive studies on 4 eluates and more limited studies on 12 other sera provided evidence that these anti-γ globulins had restricted heterogeneity in the great majority of cases. The light chains (VκI) of two γG anti-γ globulins were sequenced to residue 40 and were identical. Two VκIII light chains derived from γM anti-γ globulins were also sequenced to residue 40, all four proteins had a serine residue at position 31 the most variable of all positions in κ light chains except for position 96. Only one other κ chain has been described with a serine in this position.
A Waldenström Macroglobulin with Anti-γG Activity
Authors: Stone Marvin J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A mixed γM-γG cryoglobulin was identified in the serum of a patient with classical Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. The isolated macroglobulin, γMSie, contains only κ-type light chains and an iodinated preparation is quantitatively precipitable by human γG at pH 7.4 in the cold. γMSie fulfills the following criteria of an antibody to γG: 1) it has a clearly defined specificity reacting with the Fc portion of human γG as well as with rabbit γG but not with other human immunoglobulins nor with bovine, porcine, sheep, chicken or goat γG; 2) the combining activity resides in the Fabµ fragments. Direct binding studies strongly suggest that all 10 Fab/mol γM are active (KA = 6.0 × 104 M-1) despite the fact that only five are available in the intact pentamer.
Characterization of a BALB/c Myeloma Library
Authors: Hirst Judith Wegman , Jones Gary G. , Cohn Melvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin-producing myelomas have been classified as shown in Table I. Those producing κ light chain alone have not been included. Of 767 tumors classified, 212 have been saved. Thirty-nine possess antibody activity: anti-5AU, DNP, TNP, purine, AMP, NIP, P-choline, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), levan, dextran, or Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. With the exception of one IgG3 anti-levan, all proteins were of the IgA class. Other possible antibody activities were looked for in an attempt to test the Jerne hypothesis. Seventy myeloma proteins screened against H-2a, H-2b, H-2k, and H-2d (self) did not react, nor did purified myeloma proteins with antibody activities which have been found more than once. These proteins with repeat antibody activities (anti-levan, anti-dextran, anti-DNP, anti-P-choline, and anti-NAG) were also screened against fetal antigens extracted by the Reisfeld method and showed no direct precipitation or inhibition of precipitation with these antigens.
The Three-Dimensional Structure at 6 a Resolution of a Human γG1 Immunoglobulin Molecule
Authors: Sarma V. R. , Silverton E. W. , Davies D. R. , Terry W. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A three-dimensional electron density map has been calculated at 6 Å resolution for a human γG1 immunoglobulin molecule. X-ray diffraction data have been collected for the native protein crystals and for three heavy atom derivatives prepared by soaking the crystals in PCMBS, Hg(CN)2 and PtCl6-. Three distinct globular regions have been identified in the electron density map. One of these surrounds the molecular dyad axis and has been interpreted to be the Fc fragment. The other two regions are identical to one another and have been interpreted to be the Fab fragments. There are four ways of joining these globular regions of electron density to make a complete molecule and these lead to four possible models of which a T-shaped model is favored. The dimensions of this model compare extremely well with those reported by other physical and chemical techniques for immunoglobulin molecules.
Rabbit Antihapten Antibodies of Limited Heterogeneity
Authors: Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies of very limited heterogeneity appear relatively frequently in certain anti-hapten sera. For example, in the case of anti-Xp antibodies, four of twelve rabbits gave patterns of limited heterogeneity in electrofocusing. Antibodies of limited heterogeneity exhibit binding curves which have been attributed to antibodies of rather extreme heterogeneity. Even an antibody preparation of two homogeneous populations with binding constants differing by a factor of 10 can show binding curves which would be interpreted as being markedly heterogeneous.
Studies on Idiotypic Determinants
Authors: Nisonoff A. , Wilson S. K. , Brient Bruce W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One of these investigations indicated that the combining site of a rabbit antihapten antibody is either part of or close to a major idiotypic determinant. Rabbit antiidiotypic antibodies were prepared against purified antibenzoate antibodies. Reactions of antiidiotypic antibodies with 125I-F(ab′)2 fragments of the antibenzoate were markedly inhibited by benzoate derivatives. There was a direct correlation between the degree of inhibition and the binding affinity of the hapten. This indicates either that the combining site of an antibody molecule is part of a major idiotypic determinant, with the hapten acting through steric interference, or that hapten causes a conformational change. If a conformational change occurs it must be limited since there is little effect of hapten on the reaction of antibenzoate antibody with goat antirabbit Fab or with antiallotype antisera. Two assays were employed to investigate cross-reactions of individually specific determinants in a myeloma protein with nonspecific IgG.
Antibody Formation by Spleen Cells of Immunologically Tolerant Mice Stimulated with Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Intini Claudio , Segre Diego , Segre Mariangela , Myers Walter L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice were made immunologically tolerant to chicken egg lysozyme, rabbit IgG, and pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 3. The mice were splenectomized and their spleen cells were exposed in vitro to the tolerated antigen mixed with specific antiserum of rabbit or sheep origin. Spleen cells from control tolerant mice were exposed to antigen alone or mixed with normal serum. The spleen cells so treated were then injected intraperitoneally into the same mice from which they had been derived. Mice whose spleen cells were exposed to antigen-antibody complexes in vitro became immune, whereas control mice remained tolerant. It was concluded that the spleen of tolerant mice contains cells capable of reacting with the tolerated antigen and of giving rise to antibody-producing cells. This conclusion supported the concept that humoral antibody plays a role in regulating the immune response and tolerance.
Further Studies on Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF): Evidence for its Glycoprotein Nature
Authors: Remold Heinz G. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) obtained from sensitized guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes that had been stimulated by specific antigen (o-chlorobenzoyl-bovine γ globulin) was characterized by enzymatic treatment and isopycnic centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. MIF incubated with water-insoluble chymotrypsin lost its biologic activity. Further, neuraminidase, which hydrolyzes terminal sialic acid, abolished MIF activity. When MIF was centrifuged in CsCl density gradients, it had a buoyant density (ρ25 = 1.430) slightly greater than that of the protein reference substance (ρ25 = 1.352), which is consistent with its being a glycoprotein. The results indicated that MIF is a glycoprotein and that sialic acid is necessary for its biologic activity.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Tada Tomio , Okumura Ko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-hapten homocytotropic antibody (HTA) formation was induced in rats by two succeeding injections of dinitrophenylated Ascaris extracts (DNP-As) with a 5-day interval by the use of Bordetella pertussis vaccine as an adjuvant. The suppressive activity of anti-hapten and anti-carrier antibodies on the HTA formation was tested by immunizing rats with various antigen-antibody precipitates in which hapten, carrier or both were covered by an excess of rabbit antibodies directed to the respective determinants. It was found that a covering of carrier determinants in the first injection on day 0 suppressed the anti-hapten HTA response, whereas the covering of haptenic determinants was rather enhancing. On the other hand, a covering of haptenic determinants by anti-hapten antibodies in the second injection was greatly suppressive, while a covering of carrier determinants was ineffective. It was also found that the first injection of DNP-As on day 0 could be replaced by injection of the unconjugated carrier to prepare animals for the subsequent induction of the antihapten HTA response following a second single injection of the hapten-carrier conjugate. The results indicate that carrier determinants are first recognized by carrierspecific cells which interact with hapten-specific cells to induce formation of antihapten HTA.
Comparative Immunologic Studies on Fish and Invertebrate Collagens
Authors: Meigel W. , Pontz B. , Timpl R. , Hieber E. , Nordwig A. , Steffen C. , Kühn K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit antisera prepared against collagens from carp and two invertebrate species were fractionated using an immunoadsorption technique. The two antibody fractions, one with and one without affinity for the rabbit collagen immunoadsorbent, were investigated for cross-reaction with various collagens derived from mammalian, fish and invertebrate species by hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition studies. The antibody fractions without affinity for rabbit collagen, representing the main fractions, reacted only with the kind of collagen used for immunization or, to a smaller extent, with collagens from closely related species. The second type of antibody fractions (with affinity for rabbit collagen) exhibited cross-reaction with all the collagens investigated.
Local Immunologic Response to Immunization with Inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Zakay-Rones Zichriya , Levy R. , Spira G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chickens were immunized with Newcastle disease virus inactivated by β propriolactone. The antigen was administered by the intramuscular or intranasal route, and the appearance of HI antibodies in the serum and lungs was followed. Local secretory antibodies in the lung were found only as a consequence of intranasal immunization, whereas serum antibodies were found after administration of antigen by either route.
Spontaneous Renal Lesions and Glomerular Deposits of IgG and Complement in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Steblay Raymond W. , Rudofsky Ulrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During recent studies on immunologically induced renal tubular disease (1), we noted a high incidence of spontaneous deposits of IgG and complement (C3) in glomeruli of untreated guinea pigs (2–4). We now describe the immunohistochemical, morphologic and functional status of kidneys of untreated guinea pigs of various ages.
Materials and Methods. Twelve female guinea pigs of the Albany strain3 were studied in each of the following age groups: near-term fetus, 3 weeks, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Six female guinea pigs, 16 months of age, were surveyed from each of the following closed colonies:4 Rockefeller, Dunkin, Camm and Fort Detrick Hartleys, and English Short Hairs. Three strain 2 and six strain 13 female guinea pigs,5 one year of age, were studied. Three 24-hr quantitative urinary protein determinations (5) were made on all animals 6 months of age or older.
Erythrocyte-Bound C5 and C6 in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Kerr Robert O. , Dalmasso Agustin P. , Kaplan Manuel E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In four patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antiglobulin testing revealed, in addition to IgG, C3 and C4, erythrocyte-bound C5 and C6. In the presence of fresh serum, Rh-antiserum Ripley also caused non-lytic binding of C3, C4, C5 and C6 to normal type O, CDe red cells. These studies indicate that late-acting complement components (C5, C6) may be present on red cells of patients with immune hemolytic anemias without overt disruption of membrane integrity.
Species Distribution of J Chain
Authors: Weinheimer P. F. , Mestecky J. , Acton R. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A polypeptide chain, other than the heavy and light chains and the secretory component, has been observed in secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) of both rabbit (1) and human (2) origin. This J chain, as it is called, is readily detectable as a fast-moving band on alkaline-urea disc electrophoresis gels of L-chain fractions from reduced and alkylated or S-sulfonated polymeric immunoglobulins (1, 2). It has been suggested that this component functions to join together the two 7S subunits of both 11S secretory and serum IgA (1). The presence of an analogous chain was recently described in studies involving human macroglobulinemic IgM (2) and in ovine (3) and porcine (Zikan, personal communication) secretory immunoglobulins. In the present investigation several other animal species representing key positions on the phylogenetic scale were examined in an attempt to establish whether or not this J chain is a common component of phylogenetically distinct polymeric immunoglobulin molecules.
The Lymphocytotoxic Reaction: The Mechanism of Rabbit Complement Action
Authors: Ferrone S. , Cooper N. R. , Pellegrino M. A. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of action of rabbit complement (C) in the lymphocytotoxic reaction has been investigated in order to determine why it is the most effective source of C in this reaction, although it has a relatively low level of C as determined in the hemolytic test system. The studies presented here showed that the lymphocytotoxic reaction does not differ from the hemolytic reaction insofar as the requirement of C components is concerned. In addition, normal rabbit sera were found to contain a natural cytotoxic C-dependent antibody reactive with an antigen present on cultured human lymphoid cells and on peripheral lymphocytes. Removal of this antibody by specific absorption decreases the efficiency of rabbit serum as source of C in the lymphocytotoxic reaction. Therefore it is concluded that the superior effectiveness of rabbit serum as the source of C depends on the fact that it contributes to the cytotoxic reaction not only C components but also a natural antibody, which enhances the binding of C by HL-A antibody.
A Simple Method for Quantitation of Haptens Using “Indirect” Single Radial Immunodiffusion
Authors: Richter Wolfgang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Single radial immunodiffusion has been adapted to the quantitation of low molecular haptens, making use of the principle of hapten inhibition of precipitation. As model haptens, isomaltose oligosaccharides were quantitatively estimated in a precipitating antidextran protein-dextran conjugate system. The antidextrans had been raised in sheep by immunization with a bovine serum albumin-dextran conjugate. After preparation of the agar plates containing the antidextran, the wells were filled with the haptenic oligosaccharide solutions. The latter were allowed to diffuse into the agar and to bind to the antidextran for 30, 120, or 300 min, and then the hapten inhibition halos were visualized or “developed” by immersing the plates in a solution of an ovalbumin-dextran conjugate for 24 hr. Thereafter, the diameters of the transparent hapten inhibition halos, contrasting against the remaining opaque parts of the plate, were measured. A linear relationship between area of hapten inhibition and concentration of individual isomaltose oligosaccharides was obtained, when sufficient time for complete hapten diffusion was allowed before visualizing hapten inhibition zones. In the examples studied, the smallest amount of oligosaccharide hapten measurable was about 10 µg/ml. The potential application of this procedure for quantitation of other low molecular monovalent haptens is discussed.
Response of Canine Fetuses and Neonates to Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Shifrine Moshé , Smith J. B. , Bulgin Marie S. , Bryant B. J. , Zee Yuan-Chang , Osburn B. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Canine fetuses of the same litter of beagles were injected with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), Mycoplasma gallisepticum, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus or chicken erythrocytes. Three litters injected at gestation days 41, 47 or 51 produced no antibodies. Fetuses of a litter injected at gestation day 55 with 10 µg, 100 µg or 1000 µg of KLH and challenged with 1000 µg KLH 21 days after birth gave only a primary response. Fetuses of a litter infected with Brucella canis at gestation day 50 and killed 9 days later produced agglutinating antibodies. When 1-day-old pups were injected with KLH and challenged with the same antigen 40 days later, a secondary immune response was observed. When 1-day-old pups were injected with IBR virus, neutralizing antibodies were produced within 2 weeks. It was concluded that the canine fetus becomes competent for antibody production close to term.
The Isotopic Antiglobulin Assay: Application to the Study of Hybrid Cell Membranes
Authors: Rechsteiner M. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An isotopic antiglobulin assay was used to study the cell surface antigens of a hamster-mouse hybrid cell. Antisera were developed against the nuclei and whole cells of the parents and the hybrid. Whereas antisera to hamster and mouse whole cells cross-reacted extensively, antisera to nuclei were species-specific. The antinuclear sera were used to demonstrate the presence of hamster-specific and mousespecific cell surface antigens on the hybrid cell. The proportion of these antigens on the hybrid cell surface closely mirrored the number of chromosomes contributed by each parent. Antisera to hamster and mouse whole cells gave the same antiglobulin binding on the hybrid. Antiglobulin saturation of the hybrid cell surface by antiserum to either parent implied intimate mixing of hamster and mouse cell surface antigens. Further evidence for molecular intermixing was obtained by demonstrating that the binding of hamster-specific globulin to the hybrid cell surface prevented binding of mouse-specific globulin.