bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uplifters
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘Uplifters’ explores a network of black-led integrationism in post-war London. This was largely a West Indian diasporic formation which was often closely tied to the nation-building drive in the Caribbean. It was led by a black middle class determined to reform the character of their working-class counterparts. Uplift, as this chapter describes it, was undertaken in the context of precarious black citizenship, as middle-class leaders sought solutions that might, they hoped, secure that citizenship’s protection. But as a part of a diasporic project of nation-building it was built, also, on the conviction that the black poor needed to be led into a form of responsible modern citizenship.
Oxford after Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Christology at Oxford in the first half of the fourteenth century, beginning with Ockham, and then focusing on theologians, Franciscan and Dominican, whose primary interlocutor was Ockham. The principal source for Ockham’s Christology was Scotus, and the chapter introduces some of the ways in which Ockham diverges from his eminent predecessor—most notably, in terms of the modalities of subsistence. It shows that the influence of Ockham was pervasive in Oxford during this period, and identifies even among the Dominicans only one marginally dissenting voice—Hugh of Lawton, who uniquely shows some knowledge of, and interest in, the Christology of Aquinas.
Conclusion
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter attempts to come to some kind of assessment as to the value of the various contributions considered in the rest of the book. Some are rejected: there are no real relations, for instance (against Scotus, Ockham, and others); and ‘man’ should not have an equivocal definition, but be a natural-kind term (against Ockham). Homo assumptus theories are very hard to reconcile with Chalcedon. But voluntarism, and understanding the hypostatic union in terms of created grace, both seem to be live options, as does Auriol’s notion of hypostatic termination. The chapter ends with a plea to reconsider the place and importance of Aquinas in the narratives of late medieval theology and philosophy, de-centring him in favour of a more historically accurate picture.
Prefaces
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the preface as critical form. Beginning with discussion of key interventions in the theory of the preface by Jorge Luis Borges, Gérard Genette, Leo Bersani, and Peggy Kamuf, it establishes the preface as a form of ‘lateral criticism’, considering the situation of the preface on the threshold of reading. That threshold is shown to be decisively different for author and reader. The chapter considers examples from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Samuel Johnson, William Wordsworth, Charlotte Brontë, and Henry James, concluding with a discussion of the problem of the multiply prefaced work as evinced in the work of Richard Wright and Caryl Phillips.
Dialogues
Authors: Wilson Ross 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Opening with a consideration of the importance of the refusal to communicate in Kant’s account of the discourse of taste, this chapter examines quite how dialogic—and how oral—critical dialogues really are. It notices that recourse both to silence and to texts held by individual participants in dialogues is a recurrent feature in critical dialogue. It argues that this recourse is fundamental to the cultivation of authority within dialogue—the genre in which critical authority is explicitly contested. Its theoretical consideration of dialogue encompasses discussion of Platonic dialogue and its criticism, before moving to the examination of a number of examples from the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century (Allan Ramsey, Clara Reeve, Friedrich and Dorothea Veit Schlegel, Eckermann, and Goethe). Later examples include work by Oscar Wilde (who was one of the central examples discussed in the Introduction) and Marcel Proust, but the main focus of the chapter’s conclusion is the revival of the dialogue form in New Historicist criticism.
Representing the Dynasty in Flavian Rome
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This monograph investigates the problem of contemporary historiography and regime representation in Flavian Rome through a close study of a text not usually read for such purposes but which has obvious promise for a study of this theme, the Jewish War of Flavius Josephus. Having surveyed the evolution of our conception of Josephus’ relationship to Flavian power, taken a broad account of issues of political expression and regime representation in Flavian Rome outside Josephus, and examined questions relating to the structure and date of the work, I will provide a series of thematically focused readings of the three senior members of the Flavian family, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, as represented by their contemporary and client Josephus. Key topics to be explored include the level of independence of Josephus’ vision, his work’s relationship to how the regime is depicted in other contemporary sources, how Josephus makes the Flavians serve his own agenda (which is distinct from the heavy focus of much previous scholarship on how Josephus served their agenda), and the viability and usefulness of certain types of reading practices relating to figured critique which have recently become influential in Josephan scholarship. The book offers a new approach to Josephus’ relationship to the Flavian dynasty and sheds new light on contemporary historiography and political expression in the Early Principate.
Mapping the Ethics of Algorithms
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previously, in Chapters 4–6, the ethical principles, risks, and governance of AI were analysed. This chapter reviews the actual ethical challenges posed by AI through a focus on the debate about the ethics of algorithms. More shall be said about robotics in Chapter 8. Research on the ethics of algorithms has grown substantially in recent years. Given the exponential development and application of ML algorithms over the past decade in particular, new ethical problems and solutions relating to their ubiquitous use in society have emerged. This chapter analyses the state of the debate with the goals of contributing to the identification and analysis of the ethical implications of algorithms; providing an updated analysis of epistemic and normative concerns; and offering actionable guidance for governance of the design, development, and deployment of algorithms.
Clocks as Symbols 2
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 contextualizes Galen’s attitude toward clocks by investigating the semiotic fields of sundials and water clocks under the Roman Empire. This chapter shows how—across a range of media, such as sarcophagi, gemstones, friezes, and obelisks—sundials had become symbols connoting a range of concepts, including the human lifespan, immortality, the idea of the “scientific thinker,” Greek paideia, and Roman imperial power. This chapter reveals the kinds of social capital available to medical writers and practitioners who associated themselves with clock technology and allows us to revisit with fresh eyes Galen’s appeal to this technology in Affections and Errors. Ultimately, I propose that, here, Galen can be understood as adapting common clock tropes of his day in order to promote his own scientific method as the best way to live one’s life.
Brexit and the Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Spaventa Eleanor 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the broader significance of Brexit for the concept of Union citizenship. It first analyses the rights of Brexit citizens as contained in the Withdrawal Agreement, and then highlights how the Agreement not only entails a loss of rights for citizens affected but betrays a very ‘thin’ vision of what EU citizenship really entails: far from being a fundamental status, EU citizenship emerges as a limited addition to EU citizens’ rights. In particular, the Withdrawal Agreement shows that the EU institutions have rejected an identitarian vision of Union citizenship, rather espousing a transactional view. Furthermore, the lack of free movement rights for British Brexit citizens also demonstrates that the spatial point of reference for the EU citizen is the host Member State and not the internal market as a whole.
Abandonment and Communication
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how abolitionists might go about communicating with preservationists. It investigates how people with different languages manage to talk to each other. The chapter outlines communicative difficulties in linguistic interactions, as well as some potential solutions. It begins with the question of direct and indirect quotation, before discussing how linguistic interactions between abolitionists and preservationists can be awkward. It then deals with the question of how an abolitionist might respect the cooperative principle. The chapter also engages with the concepts of diagnostic explanation and counterfactual ameliorative charity, accepting that the latter does not always work.
Papal Privileges in England and the Coming of the ‘Papal Revolution’ (1049–73)
Authors: Savill Benjamin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers the significance of the new wave of papal privileges acquired by English beneficiaries in the 1040s–70s, and their relationship to the emerging ‘papal revolution’ or ‘reform’ movement of these decades. After some reflections on the dynamics of this early period of the papal reform, the chapter looks at the different privileges acquired for England in these years. It notes in particular the recurrent links between these acquisitions and the Lotharingians then prominent in the English hierarchy, as well as the limited evidence for these documents’ long-term impact. It argues that both the political uncertainties of England in these decades and the influx of new, continental-trained personnel encouraged these new experimentations with papal documentary culture. These could not, however, be sustained for more than a generation, especially after the further disruptions of the Norman Conquest. This also has implications about how we think about the wider reach and capacity of the early papal reform movement.
Conclusions
Authors: Savill Benjamin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the longue durée picture of Anglo-papal documentary relations across the early middle ages, stressing in particular the absence of a simple linear narrative, and the importance rather of the experimental nature of many early English interactions with the papacy: engaging on-and-off with Rome as a resource of ideas, traditions, and textual strategies over the centuries. It further emphasises the difference between later Anglo-Saxon and later-/post-Carolingian interactions with Rome, and closes with some remarks on what this study underlines about the wider (substantially, petitioner-driven) dynamics of the early medieval papacy.
Introduction
Authors: Mekky Omar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the legal issues surrounding religiously motivated violence, a subject of intense juristic debate for the past 100 years of Islamic history. The phenomenon entered the political landscape with the emergence of socio-political Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin, Hamas, Hezbollah), the Houthis, the Islamic Court Union (Ethad Al-Mhakem Al-Aslamya), and the Taliban. Over time, some of these movements branched to form a more radicalized type of militant group, commonly referred to as Jihadist movements. The most prominent Jihadist movements operating today include ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham, Boko Haram, Al-Shabab, Ansar Al-Din, and Ansar Biet Al-Maqdis. The notion of Jihad, as defined and evolved in Islamic law, has allegedly become the foundation for legitimizing Jihadists’ resort to violence as a mean of achieving the ultimate goal of establishing the ideal Islamic state—the ‘Islamic Caliphate’—or for fighting the enemies of Islam.
Islamic Law and the Evolution of Jihad
Authors: Mekky Omar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Islamic law as a legal system rooted in history but very much alive today, a law that entails a comprehensive set of rules concerning the rights and obligations of Muslims—including rules regulating Muslims’ conducts in warfare (commonly referred to by Muslim jurists as Siyar). It discusses the primary sources of Islamic law and highlights the significant role of the science of fiqh in filling the gap regarding the different aspects of social life that Muslim societies over time have come to consider as needing to be regulated by law. This chapter also examines the historical and contextual evolution of the notion of Jihad from the ‘Medinan ideal’ state of Muhammad to the now collapsed ‘state’ of Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi and attempts to highlight how every Islamic state or group used or misused the notion of Jihad throughout Islamic history based on various socio-political considerations.
The Islamic Jus in Bello from International Law Perspective
Authors: Mekky Omar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the jus in bello from international law and Islamic law perspectives, whether in international or non-international armed conflicts. Its main purpose is to shed light on the commonalities and differences between these two existing legal paradigms as they are, mainly, the norms regulating the conducts of hostilities by and against the Jihadist movements in our contemporary world. It starts with how these two bodies of law define the jus in bello and their different methodologies and underlying motivations in terms of the classification to the conflicts’ process. It also discusses the substantial rules related to the protection of the victims of armed conflict and the warring parties’ rights to use particular means and methods of warfare during armed conflicts.
Integrated Approach in Fostering Compliance by Islamic Jihadist Groups
Authors: Mekky Omar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that due to the distrust and rejection of the Jihadist groups of the norms of the traditional international law and the significant role that Islamic law plays in influencing the behaviours of the Jihadist groups, a partnership between international law and Islamic law should be pursued. It attempts to explain some of the challenges—such as the ambiguity and diverse interpretations of Islamic law texts—of such interaction while proposing how an integrated approach could be useful to reach the desired end. It puts forward the four main pillars of this integrated approach in order to build the pursued partnership between international law and Islamic law, as practical guidelines for those interested to apply it in relevant contemporary warfare.
Introduction
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In February 1943, passengers gather in New York apartments and hotels awaiting boarding instructions from Pan American Airways. The stakes of the global crisis they will soon be speeding toward at more than 150 miles per hour—which some Americans were beginning to call World War II—have escalated to ghastly heights. Pan Am’s flying boats, built for a world not yet paved over with runways and capable of carrying large payloads across the oceans, have an obvious utility for the war effort. Demand for seats on the clippers has exploded as motley groups of travelers set out to negotiate trade deals, barter technological know-how, channel information, grease the wheels of Allied cooperation, and, sometimes, conspire with enemy agents. These are in-between people, knitting the US mainland to the world’s other staging zones and battlegrounds in ways that defy simplistic imaginaries like “war front” and “home front.”
Blood of the Earth
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Harry Seidel and his friend Ryland Andrews, recent college graduates, enlist the help of fellow Brown University alumnus John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to break into the oil business. After toiling on the supply lines of Prairie Oil and Gas Company in the rough-and-tumble petroleum fields of Oklahoma, the two young men land jobs with Standard Oil of New Jersey’s first foreign production enterprise, Româno-Americană, operating on the northern periphery of the Balkans, a region at war since 1911. In Romania—at first neutral but soon drawn into World War I despite enormous risks—Harry discovers that oil is no longer one source of wealth in a commercial market. It is becoming the life force of states, the tipping point in wars.
Tramp Trade
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In an age of booming Spanish migration to the Americas, Manuel Diaz’s decision to settle in New York City stands out. Spaniards of his generation have been raised to distrust the United States as a historic rival that deprived Spain of its remaining colonies in the War of 1898. Many harbor hope that the Motherland, la Madre Patria, might yet again become an influential force in the Western Hemisphere, defying Americans’ Monroe Doctrine and drawing Spanish-speaking Republics together into a powerful bloc, dedicated to a shared heritage of hispanismo. The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 intensifies these sentiments. Manuel avoids the draft and works instead as an agent representing neutral transatlantic shipping. In time he will cofound with Marcelino Garcia the most important shipping agency to run cargo and passenger traffic between New York, Latin America, and the Iberian Peninsula.
Tea-Time
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Frank moves to Manila in 1930 in order to begin his career in sales with the export company Dodge & Seymour. He spends a decade in the Philippines, Singapore, and the Netherlands East Indies, amid fierce debates about imperialism, the place of Americans and Europeans in Southeast Asia, and the geopolitics of trade and human movement. Japan has been studiously seizing overseas territory for decades and is an increasingly serious commercial competitor. But Frank, like many other Americans, underestimates Japanese determination. Quickly accustomed to colonial privilege, he likewise fails to recognize the growing power of anticolonial nationalism in the region.
Three-Minute Channel
Authors: Blower Brooke L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
When war breaks out in Europe in 1939, Ben doubts British motives and hopes the United States will stay out of it. But knowing that war also means opportunities for reporters, he soon scores a position as a foreign correspondent for the exciting new afternoon daily PM. The paper’s founder Ralph Ingersoll dispatches Ben to London to document Nazi Germany’s lightning advance to the shores of France in the summer of 1940. Before long, Ben finds himself caught up in a series of political revelations that will reshape his approach to journalism and propel him, and PM, into the vanguard of those advocating for American aid to Britain.
Making Partnership in Accounting
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on an analysis of the career histories of the respondents on the way to partnership. The analysis highlights the role of dependency between respondents and their line managers and examines how these dependencies are patterned cross-nationally. It asks what dependency in the workplace—both being dependent on others and being able to depend on others—does to women and their careers. The findings show how knowing and trusting one another was important in decision-making when it came to forming partnerships and, at times, superseded performance-related factors. In contrast, in the UK, the women talked about themselves in much more commodified terms, and the focus here was more on signaling ones’ expectations and value to the firm, and understanding the career structures, appraisal and performance management systems in place.
Expanding Public Health Boundaries
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter documents how as public health state-building continued to expand and grow in the post-1910 period, an intense and growing opposition emerged on two fronts. First, as certain forms of sanitation became standardized, “nonscientific” jobs such as garbage collection became mired in patronage politics. Second, the domain of public health expanded to consider the health of individuals, and private practice physicians emerged as a key opponent of what they called “state medicine.” Two crucial rhetorical devices were used to placate the opposition: (1) claiming that state public health efforts were within the accepted domain of prevention—not treatment; and (2) claiming that when health departments or voluntary agencies provided treatment, such care was only extended to the indigent. These efforts to hide public health care’s expanded reach are the original seeds of Grow and Hide.
Eliphas Lévi, La Bible de la liberté (1841)
Authors: Strube Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two of Eliphas Lévi’s openly radical publications (under his civil name Alphonse-Louis Constant) from the 1840s wherein the figure of Lucifer is discussed in a decidedly political way: La Bible de la liberté (The Bible of Liberty) from 1841, and Le testament de la liberté (The Testament of Liberty) from 1848. Eliphas Lévi ranks among the most influential esotericists up to the present day and could be regarded as one of the most influential esotericists of the nineteenth century. His romantic-socialist depiction of Lucifer as a rebellious, revolutionary force of liberty and reason underlies his most famous occultist writings, and it eventually resurfaced in an openly revolutionary way in his writings since the early 1860s. The Testament de la liberté contains the most extensive and radical discussion of the revolutionary Lucifer. Constant emphasized the role of Lucifer as a redeemer of humankind who first must work for his own redemption through suffering.
Léo Taxil, Le Palladium régénéré et libre (1895)
Authors: van Luijk Ruben 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the periodical called Le Palladium régénéré et libre (The Free and Regenerated Palladium), which began publication in Paris in 1895. It purported to be the public voice of a faction of Luciferians who had recently seceded from the New Palladium, a secret esoteric organization operating within the inner circles of Freemasonry and devoted to the worship of the fallen angel. However, the Palladium régénéré et libre was a hoax, an elaborate mystification crafted by master impostor Léo Taxil in order to discredit the Roman Catholic Church. In 1897, Taxil disclosed at a press conference that both editor-in-charge Miss Diana Vaughan and the Palladium had been his own creations and only existed on paper. Ultimately, the primary intention of the Palladium régénéré et libre was to serve as a trap. Yet, some of the criticism expressed by Miss Vaughan will certainly have been shared by Taxil himself.