bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Human Enhancement
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is a complete analysis of the concept of human enhancement. Human enhancement is narrowed down to biomedical modifications. The concept of human enhancement is central to space bioethics. The chapter examines various ways of understanding human enhancement. It points out the difficulties but also the advantages of the criticized distinction between therapy and enhancement. Numerous arguments against as well as in favor of the application of human enhancement are discussed. The chapter shows that basically all arguments raised against human enhancement lack strong justification. The argument for human enhancement for space missions is stronger than for terrestrial purposes, but this does not change the argument for human enhancement per se. The chapter concludes by arguing that a future in which humanity makes extensive use of human enhancement is a more preferable future than a future without human enhancement.
A Poetics of Handel's Operas
Authors: Link Nathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A Poetics of Handel’s Operas investigates the rich representational fabric of Handel’s stories, drawing upon musicology, narratology, drama, and film in offering a study with appeal to scholars, producers and performers, opera aficionados, and anyone fascinated by storytelling. In most storytelling genres, we often distinguish between the story, on the one hand, and the way that story is represented, on the other, without a second thought. We know that a character in a film hears neither her own voice-over nor the ambient music that accompanies it, and that she does not really build a house from the ground up in the three minutes spanned by the cinematic montage that depicts its construction. In opera, however, many commentators to this day characterize the medium as “unrealistic,” since we know, for example, that people in the real-world do not sing to each other, nor does orchestral music accompany their utterances. This said, the vocal and orchestral music, while not literally present in the world of the story, surely has a great deal to tell us about the opera’s story and its characters, and if we distinguish the performance we see and hear on the stage and in the orchestra pit from the story represented, we enable ourselves to construct stories that are no less coherent than those conveyed by other media. By avoiding conflation of the story and its representation, we enable ourselves to engage more meaningfully with the significance of these and many other unique aspects of operatic storytelling.
Engaging Poverty and Inequality
Authors: Markofski Wes 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates multicultural evangelical approaches to combating poverty and economic inequality through grassroots community development, community organizing, public service, and political advocacy. The first two sections focus on grassroots food security and community development efforts in Atlanta (The Food Co-op) and Portland (Neighborhood Partners), exploring how multicultural evangelicals enact ethical democratic principles of empowerment, participatory governance, pluralism, redistribution, and reciprocal learning and solidarity across difference. The next section builds on Chapter 2’s investigation of “gentrification with justice” as a strategy of economic empowerment in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Next I describe how research participants answered questions about the biblical view of poverty, economic inequality, the role of government, and the role of individual Christians or the church in addressing them. The chapter concludes with a summary and assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to combating poverty and economic inequality observed in my research.
Imperial Cults
Authors: Robinson Rebecca 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Imperial Cults: Religion and Politics in the Early Han and Roman Empires is a comparative study of the transformation of imperial cult and imperial authority in the early Han and Roman empires. The book begins with a simple observation: that during the reigns of the Emperor Wu of Han and Octavian Augustus of Rome, the rulers undertook substantial reforms to their respective systems of cult, at a time when they were reshaping the idea of imperial authority and consolidating their own power. Imperial Cults demonstrates that the reforms to cult were a fundamental part of this imperial consolidation. Employing a comparative methodology, Imperial Cults demonstrates some of the common strategies employed by the two rulers in order to centre religious and political authority around themselves. Both rulers incorporated new men into their religious institutions, expanded the reach of their imperially sponsored cult, and refashioned important ceremonies to demonstrate and communicate the unprecedented achievements of each ruler.
Original Sin
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Space technology was developed to enhance the killing power of the state. The Moon landings and the launch of the Space Shuttle were mere sideshows, drawing public attention away from the real goal: military and economic control of space as a source of power on Earth. Today, as Bleddyn E. Bowen vividly recounts, thousands of satellites work silently in the background to provide essential military, intelligence, and economic capabilities. No major power can do without them. Beyond Washington, Moscow, and Beijing, truly global technologies have evolved, from the ground floor of the nuclear missile revolution to today’s orbital battlefield, shaping the wars to come. World powers including India, Japan, and Europe are fully realizing the strategic benefits of commanding Earth’s “cosmic coastline,” as a stage for war, development, and prestige. Yet, as new contenders spend more and more on outer space, there is scope for cautious optimism about the future of the Space Age--if we can recognise, rather than hide, its original sin.
Introduction
Authors: Fraser Chris 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Introduction explains the focus of the book, the thought of the last century of the Warring States or pre-imperial period, an especially rich and lively period in the development of Chinese philosophy. It introduces the sources to be discussed—the Guǎnzǐ, Hánfēizǐ, Lǚ’s Annals, Mǎwángduī silk manuscripts, Mòzǐ, Shāngjūn Shū, Xúnzǐ, and Zhuāngzǐ—and discusses the distinctive features of these sources as collections of short, largely anonymous writings. It then surveys the topics to be addressed in the book, specifically the nature of dào; the origin, justification, and methods of government; the content of dào or the apt way of life; methods of training or orienting people to follow dào; conceptions of knowledge and how to improve one’s epistemic competence; and discourse on the functions of language and the methods of reasoning.
Bad Debt
Authors: Ebels-Duggan Kyla 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Kant’s claim that virtue has nothing to do with the content of our desires, but depends only on the strength of will needed to manage our desires, depends on an unattractive conception of inclination that he inherits from Hume. But Kantians can replace this with a better view of desire without giving up any central Kantian commitments. The Kantian claims that we can reason about what to do and can come to a conclusion that conflicts with what we want. Kantian practical freedom consists in such self-determination through reasoning. This chapter argues that we have this same sort of freedom in important measure with respect to our desires themselves. This explains why our desires, like our actions, are attributable to us as something that we do, and so why it makes sense to think of character as revealed or constituted by both desires and actions.
Yayori Matsui
Authors: Yoshida Keina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Yayori Matsui (1934–2002) was a Japanese journalist, women’s rights activist, and organizer of women’s tribunals, including the Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal in 2000. Despite the important contribution which Yayori Matsui made to peoples’ tribunals, her personal work and activism remains relatively unacknowledged within the international legal canon. Born in Kyoto and raised in Tokyo, Matsui became a controversial figure in Japan due to her activism and advocacy on the establishment of pan-Asian feminist solidarity. Much of this activism sought to draw attention to Japan’s ongoing colonial legacy in the Asia Pacific including on the issue of so-called ‘comfort women’ and the export of pollution. The portrait was sketched following a visit to the Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace in Tokyo where Matsui’s books, desk, and archive is kept.
Paula Escarameia
Authors: Fouto Ana Caldeira , Homem António Pedro Barbas , Freitas Pedro Caridade de 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Portuguese jurist Paula Escarameia was one of the two first women to be elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the International Law Commission. But for much more than that Paula Escarameia stands out amongst twentieth-century Portuguese internationalists. Her writings resonate with an obvious confidence in the power of international law to improve the lives of peoples and individuals alike in her time. That confidence translated into an active role in key international events such as the East Timor independence process and the creation of the International Criminal Court. The disruption that seemed to characterize international relations at the beginning of the twenty-first century did not overcome her thoughts on the legal development of a new world order in formation.
Exile and Access
Authors: Kemmerer Alexandra 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In her two consecutive and yet closely interwoven legal careers, as a corporate lawyer in one of Berlin’s premier transnational law firms in the years of the decline of the Weimar Republic and as a law librarian and bibliographer in one of the world’s leading law libraries at the height of the Cold War, Lilly Melchior Roberts (1903–1966) was part of an intellectual project that encompassed the disciplinary fields of international law, comparative law, and the emerging field of European legal integration, inspired by conceptual frameworks and perspectives of transnational law. In this chapter, which narrates a biographical journey from Hamburg and Berlin to Ann Arbor, challenging well-worn distinctions between content and infrastructures, scholarship and practice, faculty and library, the German-Jewish émigré lawyer Lilly Melchior Roberts is portrayed as a transformative actor in the emerging field of transnational (and, in particular, European) legal studies as well as in the disciplines of comparative and international law. The portrait emerged from a small and intuitive sketch drawn in the context of a larger biographical approach to the history of European legal integration (featuring a male protagonist), and evolved into a painting with the habitus of the formal and official. It draws from archival research, extensive readings, and personal conversations. At the same time, however, it is shaped by the places where the first preliminary sketches were made, and by their history and ambience: the Michigan Law Quadrangle in Ann Arbor, Berlin’s Tiergarten district, and the Kösterberg in Hamburg-Blankenese.
Isabella Diederiks-Verschoor
Authors: Verwer Christiaan , Velde Anna van der 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Isabella Diederiks-Verschoor was one of the first women in academia in the Netherlands and worldwide to significantly shape the field of air and space law. Among others as a co-founder of the International Institute of Space Law and the International Institute of Air and Space Law, and as a teacher at the University of Utrecht, she promoted and popularized the research and teaching of air and particularly space law. This portrait reflects on her work through the eyes of one of her former students, highlighting her impact as a teacher and networker bridging the gaps between academic and professional air and space law institutions. It looks at her personal challenges and resulting vocal advocacy for women’s equality and economic independence through promoting education both in her national context but also within developing economies.
Marie Theres Fögen
Authors: Paz Reut Yael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This contribution weaves together the life and work of Marie Theres Fögen (1946–2008). Her premature death ended both her professorship at the University of Zurich and her directorship at the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History in Frankfurt (MPIeR). Fögen, who was an exceptionally gifted German legal historian, remains neglected primarily due to the insularity of the German legal culture which sustains a conservative, if not reactionary, status quo in terms of a constant reproduction of an exclusive and elitist class of jurists. This implicates obvious gender biases too. Keeping a close eye on her German patriarchal and sexist academic context, this chapter links Fögen’s unique historical approach to Roman law that insists on both the importance of the “lyrical” (i.e. witchery, poetry, miracles etc.) and Niklas Luhmann’s theoretical narrative.
Aleksandra Kollontai
Authors: Vasiliev Sergey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Aleksandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (1872–1952) was a prominent European socialist, Russian revolutionary and stateswoman, and a working women’s rights champion. Upon serving as the minister of social welfare in the post-October 1917 government in Russia and having headed the Party’s Women’s Departments until her removal in 1922 in reaction to her opposition to Lenin, Kollontai went on to make a distinguished diplomatic career. As the USSR’s envoy and ambassadress to Norway, Mexico, and Sweden (1922–1945), she played a key role in the European affairs during the interbellum, represented the country in the League of Nations, and was directly involved in negotiating Soviet–Finnish peace agreements in 1940 and 1944. Peering beyond the ‘first and only woman ever’ trope often applied to her, this portrait is an invitation to rediscover Kollontai’s silenced and forgotten voice as the pioneering Marxist-feminist intellectual and a bold advocate of gender equality under socialism. The sketch also tells a more personal story of Kollontai as defined by her unequal struggles with the patriarchal system, aborted women’s emancipatory politics, and her miraculous survival in the era of Stalinist terror.
Working from ‘Rooms of Their Own’
Authors: Pereira Luiza Leāo Soares 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Joyce Gutteridge, CBE, was the first woman Legal Adviser at the UK Foreign Office (as it then was). She is pictured here at the Second Session of the UN Committee for Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in New York in 1962, alongside Ambassador Agda Rossell (Sweden). Gutteridge’s written Portrait contextualizes her undoubtedly ‘trailblazing’ work in international law, with the structural conditions that both hindered and helped her in ascending to a prominent position in the UK Foreign Office (FO). I draw from original interviews and communications with Gutteridge’s contemporaries, and my own work mapping out networks of international lawyers through obituaries, to sketch out a more detailed and complex portrait of this particular subject. I advocate that portraits of trailblazing women’s stories must be seen through an intersectional lens. The final picture is a realistic one, that juxtaposes difficulties faced by women lawyers and diplomats, with the particular situation of Gutteridge, a woman educated in elite institutions with privileged professional networks.
Epilogue
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This epilogue identifies some general themes in the collection. These include the important contribution of the portrayed women to shaping ideas about international law; the recovery of details of the women’s lives; the significance of their relationships with men; the variety of feminist methodologies they used; and ways of challenging the absence of women in histories of international law. What emerges is the profound contribution of these women to shaping ideas about international law as well as the radical nature of their thought—often against barely-veiled misogyny and dismissive treatment that many encountered trying to express their ideals. But it is also the systems and structures of the world of international law that restrict women’s progress within it that is revealed in these portraits, making the contributions of these women even more remarkable.
Gendered Patterns of Committee Assignments—To What Extent Are Women in Parliamentary Party Groups Game Changers?
Authors: Kroeber Corinna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Committee assignments continue to be gendered with men having higher chances than women to be appointed to the most visible, resourceful and influential committees. I contribute to a better understanding of this phenomenon by investigating to what extent women in parliamentary party groups push for gender parity in committee assignments. The empirical analyses build on original data from the 16 German states between 1990 and 2021. I find no indication that women as leaders of parliamentary party groups narrow sex gaps in appointment to the most prestigious committees, but higher shares of women representatives enhance women’s access to these posts.
An extensive survey of phytoviral RNA 3′ uridylation identifies extreme variations and virus-specific patterns
Authors: Joly Anne Caroline , Garcia Shahinez , Hily Jean-Michel , Koechler Sandrine , Demangeat Gérard , Garcia Damien , Vigne Emmanuelle , Lemaire Olivier , Zuber Hélène , Gagliardi Dominique 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Viral RNAs can be uridylated in eukaryotic hosts. However, our knowledge of uridylation patterns and roles remains rudimentary for phytoviruses. Here, we report global 3′ terminal RNA uridylation profiles for representatives of the main families of positive single-stranded RNA phytoviruses. We detected uridylation in all 47 viral RNAs investigated here, revealing its prevalence. Yet, uridylation levels of viral RNAs varied from 0.2% to 90%. Unexpectedly, most poly(A) tails of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) RNAs, including encapsidated tails, were strictly monouridylated, which corresponds to an unidentified type of viral genomic RNA extremity. This monouridylation appears beneficial for GFLV because it became dominant when plants were infected with nonuridylated GFLV transcripts. We found that GFLV RNA monouridylation is independent of the known terminal uridylyltransferases (TUTases) HEN1 SUPPRESSOR 1 (HESO1) and UTP:RNA URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE 1 (URT1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). By contrast, both TUTases can uridylate other viral RNAs like turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) RNAs. Interestingly, TCV and TuMV degradation intermediates were differentially uridylated by HESO1 and URT1. Although the lack of both TUTases did not prevent viral infection, we detected degradation intermediates of TCV RNA at higher levels in an Arabidopsis heso1 urt1 mutant, suggesting that uridylation participates in clearing viral RNA. Collectively, our work unveils an extreme diversity of uridylation patterns across phytoviruses and constitutes a valuable resource to further decipher pro- and antiviral roles of uridylation.
Chemical screening approach using single leaves identifies compounds that affect cold signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kitawaki Kohei , Mihara Ryota , Kamimura Saori , Sato Akito , Ushiyama Mari , Ito-Inaba Yasuko , Inaba Takehito 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The identification of chemical compounds that affect intracellular processes has greatly contributed to our understanding of plant growth and development. In most cases, these compounds have been identified in germinated seedlings. However, chemical screening using mature plants would benefit and advance our understanding of environmental responses. In this study, we developed a high-throughput screening method using single leaves of mature plants to identify small molecules that affect cold-regulated gene expression. A single excised leaf of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) grown in submerged cultures responded to low temperatures in terms of COLD-REGULATED (COR) gene expression. We used transgenic Arabidopsis harboring a COLD-REGULATED 15A (COR15A) promoter::luciferase (COR15Apro::LUC) construct to screen natural compounds that affect the cold induction of COR15Apro::LUC. This approach allowed us to identify derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone as specific inhibitors of COR gene expression. Moreover, 1,4-naphthoquinones appeared to inhibit the rapid induction of upstream C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) transcription factors upon exposure to low temperature, suggesting that 1,4-naphthoquinones alter upstream signaling processes. Our study offers a chemical screening scheme for identifying compounds that affect environmental responses in mature plants. This type of analysis is likely to reveal an unprecedented link between certain compounds and plant environmental responses.
The impact of information and communication technology on the technical efficiency of smallholder vegetable farms in Shandong of China
Authors: Kang Shijia , Ait Sidhoum Amer , Frick Fabian , Sauer Johannes , Zheng Shaofeng 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFarmers have started to adopt information and communication technology (ICT), which has considerable potential to impact farm performance. This study uses data from a 2018 survey of 763 vegetable smallholder farms in China to estimate the impact of ICT on technical efficiency (TE). We adopt propensity score matching to create a balanced sample of ICT users and non-users and a stochastic frontier model with sample selection correction to compare the two groups’ TE. After accounting for self-selection bias from both observables and unobservables, the study finds a positive effect of ICT use on TE. On average, the TE score of ICT users is 0.64, whereas ICT non-users have a lower score of 0.57. A quantile regression analysis further reveals a heterogeneous impact of ICT on TE, with the largest effects among less efficient farms. These results suggest that vegetable farmers’ performance could be fostered by the widespread use of ICT.
Buying into Reproductive Modernity: Tracing the Transnational History of Two Contraceptives in Britain and China
Authors: Rodriguez Sarah Mellors 
Published: May 2023

Summary
Set in the early twentieth century, this article maps the parallel histories of two popular contraceptive pessaries: ‘Wife’s Friend’ in Britain and ‘Lady’s Friend’ in China. Despite their limited efficacy, both products became commercially successful in their respective markets. Drawing on news articles and opinion columns, this article investigates how these two similar products were marketed to different demographics and adapted to meet the needs of local consumers, highlighting the ways in which medicines take on new meanings in different social and historical contexts. At the same time, the case of ‘Wife’s Friend’ and ‘Lady’s Friend’ pessaries also exposes the blurriness between the categories of Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine and the shortcomings of both types of medicine in the early twentieth century. Ultimately, this research shows that interrogating medicine from a comparative transnational perspective can yield new insights into the relationship between commercialisation, modernity and perceptions of health.