bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Novel Thermally-Actuated Tesla Valve (TATV): A Hybrid Microvalve
Authors: Lee Jonghyun , Thyagarajan Ashok , Bamido Alaba , Shettigar Nandan , Banerjee Debjyoti 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Conventional technologies that are deployed in contemporary irrigation systems need improvement, especially for precise metering of water to individual plants. In this study, a novel thermally-actuated hybrid microvalve was designed, fabricated, assembled, and tested using soft lithography-based approaches to develop microfluidic platforms which enable precise delivery of water volumes to individual plant for precision agriculture application (other applications include hydroponics and deep-space missions). The modified design integrates the “normally open and closed” hybrid configurations of Tesla Valves with a thermo-pneumatic actuator microfabricated in-situ - that modulates the diodicity of the microvalve apparatus in the microfluidic chip. Here, diodicity (Di) is defined as the ratio of flow rate in the forward direction to that of the reverse direction (for a constant value of pressure drop that is imposed on a microvalve device). The results from the study successfully demonstrated the operation of an array of Tesla Valves that are normally open in forward direction and marginally closed in reverse direction at room temperature (i.e., with Di &gt; 1, the flow resistance values were different when the inlet and outlet ports were swapped). When the microfluidic chip was heated (at steady state conditions with a nominal temperature of ∼30°C), the diodicity virtually vanished (i.e., Di ≈ 1) resulting in both reverse and forward directions being normally open (or having the same flow resistance - irrespective of the flow direction).
The Impact of the Printed Part Geometry on the Shrinkage and Relative Density in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics Powder
Authors: Obeidat Suleiman , Ma Junkun , Himelstein Sophie , Acharya Aniruddha 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing has been used extensively for the last decade in making different parts of different complexities. One of the additive manufacturing methods discussed in this work is binder jetting additive manufacturing (BJAM) process where a liquid-based binder is deposited on the powder bed to make the part layer by layer. In this work, ceramics particles are used to investigate the effect of the part geometry on the density and shrinkage of the part made. Three different shapes (spheres, cylinders, and rectangular blocks) of the same size are printed at 100%, 75% core saturation limit at zero second and 10-seconds delay using a binder jetting 3D printer at 0.2 mm layer thickness. The green parts are de-powdered and dried for 6–8 hours using a drying heater at 35° C then de-bound and sintered to improve the strength and the density of the part made. We use ceramics powder of particle size range 50–200 μm to print the parts. It is found that the apparent density of the rectangular block is the highest in all cases except at 100% saturation with 10-seconds delay. The apparent densities of the sphere and the cylinder are very close to each other. Also, the shrinkage percentage for the sphere is the highest then cylinder comes next, and the rectangular block comes last in all cases except when the core saturation is 100% and delay is 0 second where the cylinder shrinkage is higher than that of the sphere. The reason behind this is maybe the difference in the surface area of each part printed. It is noticed also that the relative density obtained is in the range of about 79% to about 85% and the shrinkage percentage is in the range of 36% to 55%.
Characterization of Aluminum and Steel Thin Plates Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
Authors: Peterson Lukas , Zagrai Andrei 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Several techniques are currently used for the noncontact thickness mapping of thin-walled structures, which include laser contour mapping and electrical capacitance measurement, but very few methods are available when one side of the structure is not accessible. A popular technique when only one side of the structure is accessible is the use of ultrasonics in either a resonance approach or a through transmission approach. This study will focus on the use of the through transition approach using ultrasonic guided waves transmitted and received by Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) in thin aluminum and steel plates. To validate results a Fourier analysis was preformed verifying thickness resonant frequencies predicted by dispersion curves. Because the medium is a thin plate, symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb waves as well as shear horizontal waves are the candidates for analysis in the thickness measurements. The EMATs are used for both transmission and reception of guided waves of different types. The major challenge with this type of transducers is power requirement which is achieved with the high-power ultrasonic pulse generator and a transformer circuit. The temporal difference in transmitted and received signals of various wave types were used to calculate the average ultrasonic speed of propagation in several regions of the plates. The speed of propagation is a function of plate thickness as well as several physical parameters, allowing an average thickness to be calculated over the path of the guided waves. These values can then used to produce a map of the thickness over the entire structure as a precursor to the identification and localization of damage in thin-walled structures such as large scratches, corrosion pitting, and holes. If further quantization of plate thickness is desirable, the guided waves can be explored in several orientations allowing for a finer map of sound speeds over the plate to be created. Guided wave thickness calculations where preformed on both steel and aluminum plates proving the validity of the approach to both ferrous and non-ferrous metals while providing accuracy and precision values for the methodology and hardware used. This is in preparation for future work detecting both uniform and pitting type corrosion using similar techniques.
Numerical Study on Diffusion Law and Risk Assessment of Indoor Hydrogen Leakage
Authors: Shao Yanbo , Cao Xuewen , Li Hao , Xia Wenzhu , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Zhigui , Nan Zilong , Bian Jiang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Energy shortages and environment pollution are among the most important problems all over the world. As a clean and renewable energy carrier, hydrogen is expected to be one of the most promising alternative solutions to the energy and environmental problems in the near future. However, the safety issues in hydrogen production, transport and storage have to be thoroughly addressed before commercialization of hydrogen energy to give authorities confidence and to eliminate the public fear of using hydrogen. Accurate knowledge of the dispersion characteristics of unintended hydrogen releases in the atmosphere is essential to developing good standards and codes for hydrogen safety. This paper presents a numerical study on the indoor hydrogen leakage risk assessment and numerical simulation. The physical and mathematical model of hydrogen leakage and diffusion process are established. Based on computational fluid dynamics, the numerical simulation of hydrogen leakage process is studied. The effects of leakage source height and direction on hydrogen leakage and diffusion in indoor space are analyzed. The results show that the hydrogen leakage in the laboratory space is initially diffused by jet. With the development of time, the leaked hydrogen with different height and direction of leakage source forms different forms of vortex in the space, which affects the speed and amount of hydrogen accumulation in the space. When the hydrogen leakage source is low, the leakage direction is downward and back to the vent, the safety risk is greater.
Modeling and Control of a Novel Thermoelectric Cooling System
Authors: Bardarson Jeremy , Clement Jack , Dahiya Sachin , Gartia Manas Ranjan , Barbalata Corina 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the modeling and control of a novel thermometric cooling system that can be used for head trauma injuries. The proposed device enables fluid circulation and accurate control of the fluid temperature. The overall system consists of a micro heat exchanger, a Peltier unit, a pump, appropriate tubing, a thermocouple, and an electronic control system. This paper is focused on the design of the pumping system, the thermodynamic modeling, and the development of the electronic control system. Experimental results with the proposed device show the capabilities of the system to reach various temperatures and maintain them as much as needed.
Experimental Model for Rotor Disk Vortex Interference Effects on Quadcopter UAV Thrust Performance
Authors: San Martin Emma , Melnyk Richard 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) increase in prominence as tools for reconnaissance, exploration, and defense, it becomes more important to develop methods for realistically modeling their performance without the requirement for extensive testing. Numerical and empirical models have been developed for predicting critical performance parameters, including thrust and drag, from UAV geometry and hardware. However, due to the inherent uncertainties introduced by complex flow through a small rotor disk, much more development is needed before such models become accurate. The geometric spacing of the rotors on a quadcopter UAV is known to affect thrust produced, and it has been hypothesized that the decrease in thrust for closer spacing is due to interference between individual rotor vortices. This effect dictates the impact of rotor disk placement on the UAV’s hover and forward-flight efficiency; however, no relationship has been established between rotor separation and thrust reduction. Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: To 1) develop a system for experimentally testing the thrust produced by a quadrotor UAV at varying rotor separation distances, and 2) begin developing empirical methods for modeling the effect of separation distance on thrust. As hypothesized, decreasing separation distance caused a statistically significant decrease in thrust; this relationship was more regularly modeled using a normalized-area rather than normalized-linear-distance relationship. This led the author to develop the concept of Area Separation Index (ASI), which accounts for separation by normalizing the square area of the rotor configuration by individual rotor disk area. Future research should examine larger datasets, attempt to improve data resolution, and use the preponderance of data to begin developing a robust mathematical model for the effect of normalized rotor separation on thrust.
Heat Transfer During Polymer Selective Laser Sintering Process: Parametric Analysis
Authors: Zhang Lan , Boutaous M'Hamed , Xin Shihe , Siginer Dennis A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The laser transmission in the polymer powder bed includes three parts during the selective laser sintering (SLS) process: absorption, reflection, and scattering. Because of the granular nature of the polymer powder, the scattering phenomena causes the photons isotropic travel in the medium, which affects directly the photons’ distribution in the powder bed. In this paper, we numerically simulate the laser heat source traveling in a powder polymer bed, as in the SLS process, by introducing the Mie theory with Monte-Carlo method, instead of the Bear-Lambert Law, to correctly represent the heating energy distribution in the material. The obtained energy distribution is then introduced in the energy equation to solve the heat transfer problem in such non homogeneous medium. All the material transformation are also introduced, as the melting process, the coalescence, air diffusion and porosity evolution, based on classical theories. Meanwhile, we carry out a parametric thermal analysis and discussed based on process parameters, like the laser power, laser moving length and the material preheating temperature. Their influence on the temperature evolution is quantified. These analysis results can be used as a guide for providing technical database to SLS process, helpful for various industries in automotive, aerospace and medical areas.
Open-Loop Optimal Control for Tracking a Reference Signal With Approximate Dynamic Programming
Authors: Diaz Jorge A. , Xu Lei , Sardarmehni Tohid 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Dynamic programming (DP) provides a systematic, closed-loop solution for optimal control problems. However, it suffers from the curse of dimensionality in higher orders. Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) methods can remedy this by finding near-optimal rather than exact optimal solutions. In summary, ADP uses function approximators, such as neural networks, to approximate optimal control solutions. ADP can then converge to the near-optimal solution using techniques such as reinforcement learning (RL). The two main challenges in using this approach are finding a proper training domain and selecting a suitable neural network architecture for precisely approximating the solutions with RL. Users select the training domain and the neural networks mostly by trial and error, which is tedious and time-consuming. This paper proposes trading the closed-loop solution provided by ADP methods for more effectively selecting the domain of training. To do so, we train a neural network using a small and moving domain around the reference signal. We asses the method’s effectiveness by applying it to a widely used benchmark problem, the Van der Pol oscillator; and a real-world problem, controlling a quadrotor to track a reference trajectory. Simulation results demonstrate comparable performance to traditional methods while reducing computational requirements.
Magnetorheological Fine Finishing of Tungsten Carbide Mold Material
Authors: Thomas Arpit , Singh Anant Kumar , Arora Kunal 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The requirement of finishing tungsten carbide at the nano level has drastically increased due to recent development in the field of punch and dies manufacturing industry. The surface roughness has a considerable impact on the quality of the created product. The current study’s major purpose is to investigate how well tungsten carbide can be completed using the solid rotating core magnetorheological finishing (MRF) method. Response surface approach is used to screen studies in order to find the main parameters impacting tungsten carbide surface roughness. The concentration of diamond abrasives, the current induced in the electromagnetic coil, the gap maintained between the workpiece surface, the solid rotating tool core tip surface, and the tool’s rotational speed are the process parameters used in this work. The process parameters in the magnetorheological finishing of tungsten carbide have a significant influence in lowering the considerable value of surface roughness. The minimal surface roughness value found on the tungsten carbide workpiece after 45 min of finishing by the solid rotating core magnetorheological finishing method was as low as 54 nm, down from an initial value of 248 nm. To analyze the finished surface characteristics of the tungsten carbide, the study of surface morphology test is performed. After performing the present MRF, the surface characteristics of the tungsten carbide show a substantial improvement. Thus, the fine finishing with the improved smooth surface quality of the tungsten carbide workpiece may improve its performance in the mold and dies manufacturing industry.
Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Analysis of Origami-Based Sheet Metal for Automobile Parts
Authors: Al-Gamal Anwar , Ablat Muhammad Ali , Ramineni Lakshmi , Ali Majed , Almotari Abdalmageed , Alafaghani Ala’aldin , Sun Jian-Qiao , Qattawi Ala 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The sustainability of sheet metal parts often has multiple facets depending on the phase under consideration. The work presented in this paper focuses on cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the Origami-based Sheet Metal (OSM) folding process. OSM is an emerging fabrication technique that utilizes the principle of folding sheet metal parts by creating Material Discontinuities (MD) along the bend line. MD enables sheet metal folding (i.e., bending) with minimal force requirements and machinery. The anticipated reduction in force and machinery will result in a reduction in the required manufacturing energy. In addition, the OSM has less dependency on dies and shape-dedicated equipment. Hence, the cost associated with sheet metal parts development is reduced.
This study attempts to establish the environmental impacts of the OSM for sheet metal parts by utilizing cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis. Environmental impacts of OSM are highlighted by comparing the OSM with the conventional stamping process. In the LCA, consumed energy and emissions are considered environmental impact indicators. Energy and emissions data are collected from published literature, machinery manuals, and available empirical models for energy consumption. A case study of a vehicle floor panel is presented as an example. Finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to achieve a more accurate energy estimation since the LCA inventory data displays a significant discrepancy. The findings of this study reveal that OSM requires less energy and produces fewer emissions than the stamping process.
Flexible Drilling/Reaming Manufacturing System Using a Kawasaki Robot and a Cognex Vision Inspection System
Authors: Calhoun Cameron , Scharfenberg Quentin , Brink Jan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Students of the mechanical engineering program at Midwestern State University are required to take a senior design class where they are given a project by a faculty member. A matrix is used to check and assess the students on desired objectives to determine their learning outcomes. This project required robustness and efficiency improvements of an existing robotic work cell. This new robotic work cell incorporates an automatic clamping, drilling/reaming, and inspection stations as well as a new material handling feeding system. The equipment used in this project includes a Kawasaki RS005L robotic arm, sensors, pneumatics, and a Cognex 7801 Vision System. For this research, wooden blocks of similar size are loaded onto an in-feed pallet by an operator that is transported using an air bearing and a cylinder. The parts will then be depalletized by a robot and placed into a hopper via cylinders. These blocks will then be fed into the drilling/reaming operation and clamped one-by-one. The blocks will be drilled through and reamed before it is then transported by the robotic arm to the vision system. The vision system will determine if the hole is acceptable. The parts will then be loaded onto a finished pallet if they pass the inspection.
Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) Vehicle Reliability and Safety Analysis
Authors: Raigoza Karla , Chadwick Arthur , Kishore Chiranth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the expansion of cosmopolitan areas resulting in an increase of traffic and overcrowding came the creation of the urban air mobility (UAM) market. One technology that has been growing swiftly within the UAM market in the last decade is that of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. This paper tackled the reliability and safety analysis of eVTOLs by using Six Sigma tools and the DMAIC (Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) process to establish design recommendations that can improve and facilitate the integration of eVTOLs to the public. Based on the gathered results, it is recommended that an eVTOL have a robust sensor system, frequent and rigorous maintenance schedules, and redundant airbags and air filters. If wing structures are utilized in the framework, it can be recommended that the eVTOL have them mounted on the lower half of the fuselage. To operate an eVTOL, it is recommended that the training process be meticulous, as human error was a leading cause in failure modes and autonomous flight will take time to fully mature. Furthermore, it is recommended that more battery testing for eVTOLs be conducted in order to achieve the high capacity needed for takeoff and landing. Overall, this paper expounded upon the potential for further testing and research with regards to the current and future development of eVTOLs such that safety drives design rather than responding to tragedies.
Preserving Auditory Cues for Human Echolocation Training: A Geometrical Acoustics Study Using a Benchmark Dataset (BRAS)
Authors: Karlberg Jonas , Milo Alessia , Pind Finnur , Unnthorsson Runar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Human echolocation is a method mainly used within the blind community to navigate using sound emission and analysing the returning echoes from the surrounding environment. Echolocation is predominantly trained by orientation and mobility instructors at visual rehabilitation centres. However, systematic guidelines or protocols focusing on the requirements of room acoustic simulations to accurately represent the auditory cues necessary in a virtual training environment for echolocation have not yet been developed.
This paper sets out to investigate the use of geometrical acoustic (GA) calculations for a virtual echolocation training system comparing the measurements from the Benchmark for Room Acoustical Simulation (BRAS) dataset with other GA calculations outcomes. Three simple and one complex test scenes are chosen from the dataset. The calculation settings are optimised for each test scene considering the complexity of the scene, room volume and acoustic phenomena.
The monaural room impulse responses from the simulations are analysed with respect to the timing of the reflections and the level relations between the reflections and the resulting frequency response for each scene. These are subsequently compared with each measured counterpart. The paper discusses the results, their limitations, and provides recommendations on the use of GA calculation tools for echolocation training scopes.
Review of Optical Techniques for Studying Interfacial Dynamics in Multiphase Flows and Phase Change Heat Transfer
Authors: Lee Jonghyun , Banerjee Debjyoti 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Optical techniques are widely used in a variety of applications that are related to biology, physics, and material science due to their inherent advantages (e.g., non-intrusive, fast data processing, and high resolution). Even though optical techniques were initially developed in 19th century, advanced optical techniques have recently been used in multiphase flows and phase change heat transfer studies (e.g., boiling, evaporation, and condensation). In this review, the optical techniques that are used in micro/nanoscale heat transfer, (e.g., phase change, dropwise condensation and evaporation and thin film measurements), as well as characterization of profiles (e.g., for micro-droplets) are explored. The scope of optical techniques reviewed in this study is limited to surface plasmon resonance, fringe equal chromatic order interferometry, ultrathin film interferometry, total internal reflection (A-TIR) and shadowgraph techniques. The efficacy and advantages of optical techniques were explored for various applications. These optical techniques can be leveraged for illuminating the complicated physics governing different types of multi-phase flows (e.g. during dropwise condensation). The potential deployment of these novel optical techniques in various types of multi-phase flow configurations are also explored in this study (e.g., thin-film evaporation, boiling, etc.).