bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Remember to What Sort of Man You Give this Favour’
Authors: Essen-Fishman Lucy Van 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the different ways in which different characters in Sophocles’ Ajax remember the hero. Every character, including Ajax himself, looks back at the figure of Ajax as he was before the judgement of the Arms. The memories of the hero which emerge exhibit traits which contemporary cognitive scientists have identified as typical of the workings of memory. Thus different characters’ memories of Ajax are highly subjective. The conflicts of memory which occur throughout the play highlight and intensify conflicts between characters. At the same time, many characters draw upon memory as a source of authority. By looking at the memories of different characters in terms of contemporary ideas about memory, this chapter draws attention to what is at stake when a Sophoclean character performs an act of memory and how differences in memory can indicate the broader differences in perspective which drive the action of the play.
Gorgias’ ἀπάτη, Sophocles’ Electra, and Cognitive Criticism
Authors: Grethlein Jonas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a fresh look at the false messenger scene in Sophocles’ Electra through the combined lenses of ancient criticism and cognitive studies. In a first step, it contends that the claims of Gorgias fr. B 23 DK correspond with insights of cognitive accounts of aesthetic experience. In its main part, the chapter reconsiders Electra in the light of Gorgias fr. B 23 DK, suggesting that the false messenger speech stages the entwinement of deception with aesthetic illusion with which Gorgias fr. B 23 DK plays. It is first shown that the messenger speech is geared towards generating a strong aesthetic illusion. Then it is argued that the very devices that serve to engross the theatre audience are simultaneously a means of deception within the play. As pointed out in the conclusion, this association of aesthetics with ethics reveals a specifically ancient approach and sheds light on the limits as well as the benefits of employing cognitive studies in classics.
Generic Expectations and the Interpretation of Attic Tragedy
Authors: Schein Seth L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the usefulness of cognitive work on genre for the literary interpretation of Attic tragedy. It explores how the disappointment and fulfilment of generic expectations can lead audiences and readers to a better understanding of specific plays. First it discusses the notion of ‘genre’, and the work of contemporary cognitivists, especially their emphasis on categorization, and their tendency to elide historical and cultural specificity. Then it discusses audiences’ emotional and intellectual responses to Attic tragedy, with particular focus on the interpretative challenges of Euripides’ Alcestis and Orestes and Sophocles’ Philoctetes. It concludes with a brief assessment of cognitive approaches to categorization and responses from audiences and scholars to the disappointment or fulfilment of expectations as complementary pathways into both the interpretation of Attic tragedy as a genre and of specific plays, and with speculation on how collaboration between scientists and humanists might offer a productive way forward.
Encountering Religious Difference in the City
Authors: Strohl David J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Islamic revivalism in Mumbai from the perspective of Ismaili Muslims, a minority within the city’s minority Shi’a community. Ismailis often face criticism from other Muslims who claim their religious practice deviates from the model of orthopraxy valorized by revivalists. Yet, over the last century, Ismaili leaders have drawn on Islamic modernist and Sufi traditions to encourage community members to renew their commitment to Islamic principles. The chapter analyses everyday social interactions and several instances of religious ‘reform’ to argue that Ismailis incorporate Islamic norms into their tradition in ways that protect its integrity while simultaneously deflecting criticism. It broadens the ethnographic record of Islamic revivalism by considering how groups like the Ismailis—often thought to be marginal to this social process—are actively participating in it. This point is especially evident in Mumbai, where Ismailis’ distinct approaches towards revivalism contribute to the politics of religion in the city.
Towards the Apocalyptic
Authors: Wessler Heinz Werner 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Bombay/Mumbai has been a primary literary city-space in South Asia from the nineteenth century onwards. Mumbai writing is a repercussion of the metropolitan as an experimental meeting place—and to some extent even melting point—of languages and codes, cultures and religions, traditions and identities in transformation. This chapter tries to identify the religious dimension in metropolitan fiction, providing a survey of relevant writers who publish in Hindi, Urdu, and English. In particular, it focuses on the challenging nature of metropolitan modernity and on the dystopic in two Mumbai novels, namely Sunil Mani’s The City of Devi and Rahman Abbas’s Rohzin. Both novels implicitly and explicitly refer to the language and the imaginary of religion in its manifold forms; both invoke apocalyptic threats and their implications for the individual in love stories woven into complex long fictional narratives.
Time and History in Hegelian Thought and Spirit
Authors: Sedgwick Sally 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Why is it so important for Hegel to structure his various philosophical works as developmental narratives? It is argued in this work that his motivation is in large part metaphysical. That is, he intends his developmental accounts to demonstrate that human thinking and willing themselves develop. He seeks to convince us that there have been advances in the nature of human thought or reason and in our resulting freedom, and that those advances are somehow fated or necessary. In addition, Hegel’s preoccupation with development conveys his interest in how human reason is anchored in and shaped by its past. A central objective of this book is to specify the extent to which we can accurately attribute to Hegel the view that human reason and the freedom it affords us are indebted for their nature to this temporal order of nature and history.
Hegel’s Fatalism as a Theory of Freedom
Authors: Sedgwick Sally 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
For Hegel, human freedom is a genuinely creative and transformative power; it is more than an expression of our naturally given drives and passions. But although genuinely transformative, our freedom is a power that is nonetheless in and of nature. It is transformative without being transcendent. The author argues that Hegel’s insistence upon the transformative nature of our freedom is compatible with his version of fatalism. His remarks about the “fate” of world history express his endorsement of the premise that history’s course is to a significant extent our fate, that is, up to us. Thanks to our faculty of reason and resulting freedom, we can indeed shape our fate. Hegel is convinced that we can do so, even though he also grants that there is much that is contingent that happens to us.
Coda
Authors: Sedgwick Sally 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
If all our thought is for Hegel temporally conditioned, what are we to make of those passages in which he asserts that it is the business of philosophy to concern itself with the “eternally [ewig]” present? How, too, are we to interpret his claim that, despite its developmental history, Spirit has a certain “immortality [Unsterblichkeit]”? The author offers a few reasons for why Hegel’s treatment of permanence is compatible with his insistence that there is movement or dialectic in everything, even in our most basic thought-forms. There is permanence in the advances of thought and Spirit as least because new forms invariably build upon old ones, upon what came before. In building upon and responding to what came before, new forms not only negate but also preserve what came before. This is the idea behind Hegel’s remark that “[n]othing in the past is lost” to philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Bognar Greg , Gosseries Axel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book aims to contribute to the essential and timely discussion on age, ageism, population ageing, and public policy. It attempts to demonstrate the breadth of the challenges by covering a wide range of policy areas from health care to old-age support, from democratic participation to education, from family to fiscal policy. It bridges the distance between academia and public life by putting into dialogue fresh philosophical analyses and new specific policy proposals. It approaches familiar issues such as age discrimination, justice between age groups, and democratic participation across the ages from novel perspectives. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the structure of the book and its topics.
Age Discrimination
Authors: Rasmussen Katharina Berndt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the moral status of age discrimination by bringing together accounts of the wrongness of discrimination with accounts of the specialness of age (as opposed to, e.g. gender or race). It provides an overview of the main specialness considerations concerning age-based treatment and suggests a taxonomy for different forms of age discrimination. It then relates three influential accounts of the prima facie wrongness of discrimination to this taxonomy. It shows how these accounts differ in their moral assessment of different forms of age discrimination. Finally, it explores different ways in which specialness considerations can affect the prima facie and overall moral status of age-based treatment on these different accounts.
In Defence of Age-Differentiated Paternalism
Authors: Lyngby Pedersen Viki Møller 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines age discrimination from the perspective of age-differentiated paternalism. Many people share the intuition that paternalism is less problematic when applied to children than to the elderly. The chapter examines this intuition by considering not only the dimensions of competence and voluntariness but also the magnitude of the good promoted by paternalistic interventions. While this dual account does not generally challenge common-sense intuitions about paternalism, it introduces additional complexity when evaluating paternalistic interventions in a wide range of cases where age plays a part. The chapter considers many examples, from age-differentiated rules for access to sterilization, through age-differentiated fines for not using a helmet, to age-differentiated prices for cigarettes.
Age Universalism Will Benefit All (Ages)
Authors: Birnbaum Simon , Nelson Kenneth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Welfare states differ greatly in the extent to which they provide social protection for various age-related social risks and set different priorities between needs associated with childhood, maturity, and old age. This chapter aims to explore and defend an ideal of age universalism in social insurance, according to which the degree of income replacement should be similar across age-related social risks. The argument suggests pragmatic advantages of age-balanced social insurance, showing that it tends to provide higher levels of income replacement for age-related risks throughout the life cycle and achieve more favourable social outcomes in all age groups, including poverty rates, trust, and subjective well-being.
An Age-Differentiated Tax on Bequests
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Ponthiere Gregory 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents four arguments supporting an age-differentiated tax on bequests, that is, a tax rate on bequests that is varying with the age of the deceased. The arguments are based on various ethical foundations and lead to an inheritance tax that can be either increasing or decreasing with the age of the deceased. The chapter argues that one of these arguments is more convincing than the three others: the argument supporting a bequest tax increasing with the age of the deceased. The chapter defends age-differentiated taxation on bequests by appealing to considerations of the compensation of unlucky prematurely dead persons in a world of imperfect information.
Epilogue
Authors: Edwards Mark Thomas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lippmann was a lot like William James. He was a public intellectual of remarkable productivity, profound insight, and rhetorical flourish. He was a culture critic beholden to few powerful men, even the ones he loved. Lippmann was also a professional chameleon with so much to say because he thought he had so much to hide. The epilogue offers several concluding reflections about Lippmann, post-Christianity, and the SBNR-RBNS. It uses a review of the Ronald Steel biography to summarize the main points made about Lippmann throughout this book. The epilogue then looks at Lippmann’s post-Christianity through the lens of one “Death of God” theologian. Lippmann’s foreshadowing of the contemporary post-Christian persuasions, the SBNR and RBNS, is addressed. Finally, Lippmann’s legacy as a public intellectual is considered.
Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
What is ‘gender diversity’? And what are ‘gender incongruence’ and ‘gender dysphoria’? This chapter summarizes the clinical descriptions contained in the currently most authoritative clinical guidelines and diagnostic manuals. Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria, it will be suggested here, have three dimensions: psychological, physical, and social, and these three are closely intertwined. This chapter also discusses the findings around the psychosexual outcome of gender diverse children and adolescents. What happens to children and adolescents who are referred for gender incongruence or dysphoria in childhood? Will they later become transgender adults? Or how will their psychosexual trajectory develop? This chapter also discusses the aetiological theories of gender incongruence. There are a number of conceptual and ethical problems that arise in connection with the ‘search for the causes’ of gender dysphoria which will be discussed in this chapter.
The First Stage of Medical Treatment
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The first stage of medical treatment involves the decision about whether or not to prescribe GnRHa in order to interrupt pubertal development. This chapter provides a brief history of the controversies around puberty suppression and begins to outline and examine the ethical and clinical concerns around provision of this therapy. It offers clarification around the stage in which medical treatment can commence and the eligibility criteria. The main ethical concerns are: suspending puberty is playing God and interfering with nature; gender dysphoria is a social problem, not a medical problem; GnRHa has unknown risks; GnRHA is not reversible treatment; GnRHA is experimental; minors lack capacity to make decisions around their gender. This chapter discusses the first two ethical concerns: medical treatment is playing God, or interfering with a spontaneous natural process, and it is using medicine to address a social problem.
Risks and Benefits of Puberty Suppression
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
One concern about the use of GnRHa relates to the potential risks of this treatment. Some of these risks are ‘medical’ (for example, concerns around the side effect of GnRHa on bone formation); others are not strictly speaking medical—some relate for example to the ability of adolescents to consent to treatment. This chapter summarizes the evidence base for the use of puberty suppression after the onset of puberty, focusing mainly on the literature published since the early 2000s and late 1990s, the time in which ‘blockers’ have been first made available to gender diverse youth. A list of the clinical benefits and risks of GnRHa will be provided. Overall the benefit/risk ratio seems to be significantly in favour of using them, even recognizing the outstanding questions around long-term effects. This chapter proposes that clinicians and families should also consider the risks involved in not prescribing blockers.
Are Trans Children Guinea Pigs?
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
One ethical objection to the suppression of puberty is that the treatment is experimental, and experimenting on children, or using investigational therapies with unclear side effects is by definition ethically problematic (so the argument goes). This chapter examines this concern, trying to clarify what ‘experimental’ means in this context, why these therapies are denoted as ‘experimental’ and what being ‘experimental’ has to do with the ethics of provision. This chapter unpacks the concerns around the allegedly experimental nature of GnRHa and explains why it is inappropriate to consider GnRHa experimental in this area of clinical practice. It also argues that whether or not a medicinal product is experimental is a different issue from the issue of whether it is ethically prescribed.
Can Valid Consent to Medical Treatment Be Given by Gender Diverse Minors?
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Concerns around the ability of the adolescent to request and consent to hormonal treatment include the following: that adolescents are subjected to peer pressure, particularly through social media, and might come to identify as trans when they are not; that material information cannot be provided and hence informed consent is impossible; that adolescents with gender dysphoria are usually affected by mental health concerns, and might lack capacity to consent because of other inherent vulnerabilities, or because they might not suffer genuinely from gender dysphoria; that adolescents may be too young to consent to treatment, and might be unable to appreciate how they might be affected later by potential unfavourable outcomes, such as infertility. Additional reasons why consent might be deemed invalid include: complexity of the decision, emotional involvement of the family, nature of the treatment, possibility of detransitioning, and difficulties in making accurate diagnosis in this case.
Ethical Issues in the Provision of Cross-Sex Hormones
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Stage 2 treatment refers to gender-affirming (or cross-sex) hormones. Oestrogens and testosterone feminize and masculinize the body, and the effects are partly irreversible. This chapter summarizes the main clinical guidance on provision of cross-sex hormones and then discusses the ethical issues around obtaining informed consent, family involvement and age of access to the treatment. There are problems with age-based thresholds: medical and psychosocial risks, but also problems of social justice and exposure to preventable harm. Ethical decision-making should be informed by a delicate balancing of risks and benefits, with a view of minimizing the most likely and serious harm. An age threshold is inherently ageist and inhibits the possibility to provide patient-centred care. Flexibility in application of clinical guidelines is morally required.
Gender-Affirming Surgery
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The final stage of treatment involves surgical procedures. The WPATH Standards of Care (7th version) and the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline both advise that genital surgery should be deferred until adulthood. Both guidelines emphasize that attainment of the legal age of majority should not be taken as a guarantee that the patient has capacity to give informed consent. Instead, it should be regarded as a minimum criterion. At the time this book is being written, the 8th version of the Standards of Care was being prepared for publication, and this new version has eliminated any reference to age. This chapter examines the reasons behind the choice to signal adulthood as an eligibility criterion, and concludes that genital surgery in minors should be carried out when it appears to be in the minors’ interests. Ethical decision-making should encompass broad considerations around the welfare of the individual patient in their own individual circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Babusiaux Ulrike , Bubb Claire 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the section on the rhetorical contexts of law and medicine. It queries to what degree and in what ways their participation in the rhetorical culture of the time shaped the literature and activities of imperial Rome’s legal and medical minds. It begins by briefly addressing the performative, declamatory situation in each field. It then turns to the more nuanced role of rhetoric in the literatures. There, rhetoric functions as a signaling device of the speaker’s educational status and, perhaps more significantly, as a persuasive force. Both medicine and law require a set of agreed-upon principles, yet both lack an incontestable and achievable method of empirical proof. The chapter argues that rhetoric performs a similar role in both fields by filling that gap.
The Weight of Empire
Authors: Iturralde Manuel 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
During the last two decades, Latin American scholars have shown an increasing interest in the region’s crime control fields as an object of study. Nonetheless, the analysis of crime, violence, and social control in Latin America is still marginal in Global North discussions. In the cases that Global North criminologists acknowledge the Global South, it is often depicted as an imperfect realization of universal theories and laws of development. This rhetorical device marshals the assumption that Global South countries are bound to follow the path of Global North societies to reach modernity as a superior stage of development. This setup has cleared the way for the ‘standard’ perspectives and highly punitive penal policies that predominate in Latin American societies. These policies and practices are not simply the reproduction and adaptation of discourses that travel from Global North countries. Instead, they lay roots in a colonial past that is still felt in the present-day realities of many Global South countries through global hierarchical market relations, extreme forms of inequality, injustice, and violence that constitute neocolonial forms of unequal power relations. This chapter focuses on some of the most salient features of Latin American crime control during the last three decades. It discusses how these fields of crime control are deeply connected to Latin American countries’ historical trajectories and the dynamics of colonialism and neocolonialism. The latter is not just a remnant of the past but an acting force that profoundly affects the political economy of Latin American societies.
Carceral Cultures in Contemporary India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Mahuya 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
chapter discusses the potential for a decolonial criminology by focusing on the contemporary carceral culture in India. It contends that criminological knowledge and the challenges of comprehending criminality, violence, and imprisonment in India are addressed with hegemonic Western concepts and theories. How does one manoeuvre and negotiate the established requirements and infrastructure of a state science? Is the solution to transcend the restrictive limitations of crime prevention and embrace different, culturally sensitive perspectives to develop an understanding of social harm in numerous public and private spaces? In this context, the chapter deconstructs an inherently chaotic carceral culture manifested in prisons and outside through carceral spillovers. It then investigates how conceptions of chaotic sites and everyday lives, as well as the decentring of research questions from their obvious presence and occurrence, can contribute to the study of crime, violence, and incarceration in contemporary India.