bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CXRNet: CNN‐attention based CXR image classifier
Authors: Agarwal Saurabh , Arya K. V. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChest X‐ray (CXR) images are widely accepted for the diagnosis of lung diseases. The X‐ray machinery is widely available but the number of radiologists who interpret these images is very limited. Therefore, the development of an automated disease classification system is a need for the healthcare industry. The existing testing methods take hours to days to generate the testing result and have low detection accuracy and high false detection rate. Furthermore, the testing kits are costly, and availability is limited. Therefore, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based framework is proposed to address these limitations. Four pre‐trained frameworks, ResNet50V2, InceptionV3, NASNetMobile, and Xception are used to generate highly dense features, refine the features using the attention module, and then fused these features to classify the diseases using CXR images. In addition, extensive experiments were carried out on the activation functions (Relu, Leaky Relu, and Tanh), which help to improve the results. Evaluation is done on the three enriched CXR datasets DS‐1, DS‐2, and DS‐3 to examine the performance of the proposed framework in terms of binary classification and multi‐class classification. The proposed model achieved a class‐5 accuracy of 92.89% on dataset DS‐3 and the class‐3 classification accuracy of 95.22%, 92.25% on dataset DS‐1 and DS‐2, respectively. The class‐2 classification accuracy on dataset DS‐1 and DS‐2 is 99.23% and 98.85%, respectively.
Quantifying the impacts of suburbanization without growth on central city housing vacancy
Authors: Ganning Joanna 
Published: August 2023

AbstractScholars have written descriptively about the relationship between suburbanization and central city decline. However, research has not produced systematic, quantitative estimates of the relationships between the components of suburbanization and vacancy—generally or amid urban decline. Such estimates are required to design effective policies that could protect against the social inequalities associated with such development patterns. This paper applies an economic framework of suburbanization and vacancy to 99 urbanized areas in the United States to estimate the impact on central city residential vacancy from 2013 to 2019. The results support the central hypothesis, that regional over‐building contributes to central city vacancy, and that this impact is significantly magnified by the context of decline. Results show regional over‐building causes central city vacancy in Shrinking Cities at 9.6 times the effect observed in other Principal Cities. Ameliorating factors vary between Shrinking and Non‐Shrinking contexts.
Patients' requests for radiological imaging: A qualitative study on general practitioners' perspectives
Authors: De Silva Lizzie , Baysari Melissa , Keep Melanie , Kench Peter , Clarke Jillian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundWith the increasing availability of information, patients are becoming more informed about radiology procedures and requesting imaging studies. This qualitative study aims to explore factors that influence general practitioners' (GPs) decisions to fulfil patient requests for imaging studies during clinical consultation.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 10 GPs working across five private medical centres in Northwest Sydney. Conventional content analysis was used with emergent themes to identify GPs perspectives.ResultsSix themes stood out from the interviews with GPs fulfilling patient requests for imaging studies. They included four pertaining to patient factors: patient expectations, ‘therapeutic scans’, ‘impressive labels’ and entitled. Two further themes pertained to the GP perspective and included defensive medicine, and ‘new patients’. Requests are fulfilled from anxious or health‐obsessed patients, with GPs worrying about litigation if they refuse. However, GPs decline requests from patients with entitlement attitudes or during first visits.DiscussionThe findings suggest that GPs struggle to balance their responsibilities as gatekeepers of imaging with patients' expectations of request fulfilment. Clear guidelines on the appropriate use of diagnostic imaging and its limitations could help patients understand its proper use and ease anxiety. Additionally, education and training for GPs could help them manage patient expectations and provide appropriate care.Patient ContributionsPatients, service users, caregivers, people with lived experiences or members of the public were not directly involved in the design, conduct, analysis or interpretation of the study. However, our study was conducted in primary care facilities where the GPs were interviewed about patients' requests for diagnostic imaging based on their own initiatives. GPs' perspectives in managing patient expectations and healthcare utilisation were explored within the Australian Medicare system, where medical imaging and image‐guided procedures come at little to no cost to the individual. The study findings contribute to a better understanding of the challenges faced by GPs in dealing with patient consumerism and requests for diagnostic imaging, as well as factors influencing request fulfilment or denial. Insights gained from this study may inform future research about delivering patient‐centred care within a similar context.
Soft body reconstruction of a reptile fossil by the nondestructive elemental mapping with a newly designed XRF
Authors: Wang Wei , Shu Ling , Wang Deqi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractVertebrate fossils usually consist only of mineralized skeletons and rarely preserve soft body parts. However, the buried soft body releases the degraded material into the surrounding sediments. The degraded material can be preserved as invisible signals of some chemicals or authigenic minerals, which can be revealed by the elemental distribution of the fossils' surface and their surrounding rock. As a method for surface elemental mapping, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement requires the samples to be ground and polished as a mirror‐like plane that keeps a stable distance of X‐ray source‐sample‐detector. This destructive pretreatment is undesirable for precious fossils. To rectify this problem, a nondestructive XRF for element mapping of the fossils' 3D surface is newly invented. The new equipment can follow the 3D shape model to keep the distance for every XRF scanned point. We performed the element mapping of Ca and Fe on the surface of a marine sauropterygian fossil (Keichousaurus hui) and its surrounding sediments, and found that the soft tissue around the thoracic cage is thicker than the abdomen. The abnormal elemental distribution on the area of the angular and surangular of the skull can be explained as unprofessionally prepared. In addition, this research found that elemental mapping revealed the invisible signals of the paleoenvironment around fossils and information for the reconstruction of soft‐tissue anatomy. We also give an example that based on the wide application of the “Internet of Things” and “Industrial Network,” the design and development of specialized equipment for paleontologists' requirements are going simple.
Responding to COVID‐19: The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior
Authors: Stadler Blank Ashley , Loveland Katherine E. , Cheng Andong , Beck Scott , Rundus Austin 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFirms responded to the COVID‐19 pandemic by participating in an unprecedented level of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors build on the existing CSR and crisis response and disaster relief literatures by examining nine CSR types employed during the pandemic (donating in‐kind, donating money, creating content, free products, free services, communication of operational changes, employee support, financial support, and shifting production). Then, they test the impact of starting versus stopping each CSR type on consumer perceptions of authenticity, attitude, and purchase intentions in two experiments, replicated in 2020, 2021, and 2022. Consumers distinguish between CSR types and rate employee and financial support most favorably and creating content and communication of operational changes least favorably. Starting (vs. stopping or no) CSR increases authenticity and subsequent attitude and purchase intentions. Interestingly, stopping CSR is worse than no CSR in 2020, but no CSR is worse than stopping CSR in 2022. This indicates that consumers discredit firms for stopping CSR during the acute phase of the pandemic but discredit firms for not engaging in any CSR after the acute phase ends. Finally, consumers rate small (vs. large) firms more favorably for engaging in some CSR types. Taken together, these results help inform how firms should engage in CSR activities in response to crises and disasters.
Estimating SARS‐CoV‐2 infections and associated changes in COVID‐19 severity and fatality
Authors: Marziano Valentina , Guzzetta Giorgio , Menegale Francesco , Sacco Chiara , Petrone Daniele , Mateo Urdiales Alberto , Del Manso Martina , Bella Antonino , Fabiani Massimo , Vescio Maria Fenicia , Riccardo Flavia , Poletti Piero , Manica Mattia , Zardini Agnese , d'Andrea Valeria , Trentini Filippo , Stefanelli Paola , Rezza Giovanni , Palamara Anna Teresa , Brusaferro Silvio , Ajelli Marco , Pezzotti Patrizio , Merler Stefano 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe difficulty in identifying SARS‐CoV‐2 infections has not only been the major obstacle to control the COVID‐19 pandemic but also to quantify changes in the proportion of infections resulting in hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death.MethodsWe developed a model of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and vaccination informed by official estimates of the time‐varying reproduction number to estimate infections that occurred in Italy between February 2020 and 2022. Model outcomes were compared with the Italian National surveillance data to estimate changes in the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection ascertainment ratio (IAR), infection hospitalization ratio (IHR), infection ICU ratio (IIR), and infection fatality ratio (IFR) in five different sub‐periods associated with the dominance of the ancestral lineages and Alpha, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants.ResultsWe estimate that, over the first 2 years of pandemic, the IAR ranged between 15% and 40% (range of 95%CI: 11%–61%), with a peak value in the second half of 2020. The IHR, IIR, and IFR consistently decreased throughout the pandemic with 22–44‐fold reductions between the initial phase and the Omicron period. At the end of the study period, we estimate an IHR of 0.24% (95%CI: 0.17–0.36), IIR of 0.015% (95%CI: 0.011–0.023), and IFR of 0.05% (95%CI: 0.04–0.08).ConclusionsSince 2021, changes in the dominant SARS‐CoV‐2 variant, vaccination rollout, and the shift of infection to younger ages have reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 infection ascertainment. The same factors, combined with the improvement of patient management and care, contributed to a massive reduction in the severity and fatality of COVID‐19.
Metabolic monitoring of pediatric patients prescribed second‐generation antipsychotic medication
Authors: Roebuck Julie Henshaw 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe prevalence of psychotropic medication prescription use in youth has increased over the past several years. Despite recommendations and practice parameters established by the American Diabetes Association‐American Psychiatric Association (ADA‐APA) outlining metabolic monitoring of patients prescribed second‐generation antipsychotic (SGA) medication, monitoring adherence for the pediatric patient population remains inadequate.AimsThis project aimed to improve metabolic monitoring of pediatric patients prescribed SGAs and discharge recommendations for follow‐up monitoring within a small, child, and adolescent psychiatric hospital.MethodsThis project compared metabolic monitoring adherence rates pre and postimplementation of a metabolic monitoring organizational policy developed to provide procedural guidance, using ADA‐APA guidelines. Participants included prescribing clinicians (physicians and psychiatric nurse practitioners).ResultsPhase 1 chart reviews found no records of fasting blood glucose, fasting lipid profile or waist circumference. Following project implementation, chart review found that fasting blood glucose and fasting lipid profile was recorded in 21 (72.4%) of the charts, and waist circumference was recorded in 18 (62.1%) of the charts for patients prescribed SGA medication. For patients discharged on an SGA, written recommendations for follow‐up metabolic monitoring improved from 13% to 70% (<0.001).ConclusionsImplementing an organizational metabolic monitoring policy and protocol can improve clinician adherence to ADA‐APA guidelines for recording in‐patient monitoring of metabolic parameters and discharge recommendations for pediatric patients prescribed SGA medication.
Acid ground nano‐realgar processed product inhibits breast cancer by inducing mitophagy via the p53/BNIP3/NIX pathway
Authors: Fang Jiahui , Zou Xue , Gong Ling , Xi Juan , Liu Yi , Yang Xiaoli , Zhang Xiuqiao , Gui Chun 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBreast cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy with the first morbidity and the primary reason for female cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Acid ground nano‐realgar processed product (NRPP) could inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and induce autophagy in our previous research; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, this research aimed to verify whether NRPP induces breast cancer mitophagy and explore the mitophagy‐mediated mechanism. Primarily, rhodamine‐123 assay and transmission electron microscopy were applied to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ultrastructural changes in the MDA‐MB‐435S cells, respectively. Mito‐Tracker Green/Lyso‐Tracker Red staining, western blot, immunofluorescence and RT‐PCR were used to explore molecular mechanisms of NRPP‐induced mitophagy in vitro. MDA‐MB‐435S breast cancer xenograft models were established to assess the activity and mechanisms of NRPP in vivo. Our results showed that NRPP decreased MMP and increased autophagosome numbers in MDA‐MB‐435S cells and activated mitophagy. Furthermore, mitophagy was consolidated because mitochondria and lysosomes colocalized phenomenology were observed, and the expression of LC3II/I and COXIV was upregulated. Additionally, we found the p53/BNIP3/NIX pathway was activated. Finally, NRPP inhibited tumour growth and downregulated the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6. Necrosis, damaged mitochondria and autophagosomes were observed in xenograft tumour cells, and proteins and mRNA levels of LC3, p53, BNIP3 and NIX were increased. Overall, NRPP inhibited MDA‐MB‐435S cell proliferation and tumour growth by inducing mitophagy via the p53/BNIP3/NIX pathway. Thus, NRPP is a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment.
Frequency of significant steatosis and compensated advanced chronic liver disease among adults with chronic liver disease
Authors: Shahrani Shahreedhan , Gill Sandeep Singh , Sooi Choong Yeong , Skantha Ruben , Kumar C Vikneshwaran Chandra , Limun Mohd Fairul , Affendi Nik Arsyad Nik Muhamad , Chuah Kee Huat , Khoo Stanley , Rajaram Ruveena Bhavani , Chan Wah Kheong , Mahadeva Sanjiv 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundWith changes in the epidemiology and treatment of chronic liver disease (CLD), the impact of various etiologies of liver disease on steatosis and advanced fibrosis are uncertain.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted among liver disease patients of various etiologies undergoing transient elastography (TE) over a 9‐year duration.ResultsData for 2886 patients were analyzed and had the following demographics: The median age was 60 (IQR: 45–69) years, 51% were males, and ethnicity was predominantly Chinese (52.5%), followed by Malays (34%) and Indians (12.3%). The median CAP score was 272 (IQR: 219–319) dB/m and the median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) score was 6.5 (IQR: 4.9–9.7) kPa. Hepatic steatosis occurred across the spectrum of etiologies of CLD. Among patients with steatosis, the most common etiologies were nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) at 62% and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) at 26.3%. TE findings suggestive of cACLD (10.1–15 kPa) and highly suggestive of cACLD (>15 kPa) were observed in 11.3% and 12.4% of patients, respectively. NAFLD was found to be the most common etiology for cases with suggestive of cACLD (47.2%) and highly suggestive of cACLD (41.5%).ConclusionHepatic steatosis is common in CLD, regardless of etiology. Compared with other etiologies, NAFLD is now the leading cause of cACLD.
A framework for understanding land control transfer in agricultural commodity frontiers
Authors: del Giorgio Olivia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAcross the globe, the expansion of large‐scale commodity agriculture is occurring not into empty space but over existing social systems. An understanding of the dynamics of expansion and associated impacts of commodity agriculture thus fundamentally requires examining how existing control regimes are dissolved and, simultaneously, how novel ones are assembled in order to make way for the changes in resources use that characterize these transitional moments. With this in mind, in this article, I provide a broad review of the strategies used to secure control over land prospected for agricultural commodity production, distinguishing between the tactics that are applied by agro‐interested actors in order to ‘break down’ forms of existing land control, those they apply in parallel to ‘build up’ new control structures, and those strategies that are applied by actors (often smallholders) wishing to ‘hold on to’ the control that they have. I then present a framework for examining the dynamics of control transfer that builds on this analytical structure of ‘breaking down’, ‘building up’, and ‘holding on to’ control.
Controlling peripheral intravenous catheter failure by needleless connector design: A pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Marsh Nicole , Larsen Emily , O’Brien Catherine , Peach Hannah , Keogh Samantha , Davies Karen , Mihala Gabor , Hewer Barbara , Booker Catriona , McCarthy Alexandra L. , Flynn Julie , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAimTo test the feasibility of a study protocol that compared the efficacy of neutral‐ and negative‐pressure needleless connectors (NCs).DesignA single‐centre, parallel‐group, pilot randomised control trial.MethodsOur study compared neutral‐(intervention) and negative‐pressure (control) NCs among adult patients in an Australian hospital. The primary feasibility outcome was measured against predetermined criteria (e.g. eligibility, attrition). The primary efficacy outcome was all‐cause peripheral intravenous catheter failure, analysed as time‐to‐event data.ResultsIn total, 201 (100 control; 101 intervention) participants were enrolled between March 2020 and September 2020. All feasibility criteria were met except eligibility, which was lower (78%) than the 90% criterion. All‐cause peripheral intravenous catheter failure was significantly higher in the intervention group (39%) compared to control (19%).ConclusionWith minor modifications to participant screening for eligibility, this randomised control trial is feasible for a large multicentre randomised control trial. The neutral NC was associated with an increased risk of peripheral intravenous catheter failure.Implications for the Profession and/or Patient CareThere are several NC designs available, often identified by their mechanism of pressure (positive, negative and neutral). However, NCs can contribute to peripheral intravenous catheter failure. This is the first randomised controlled trial to compare neutral and negative NC designs. Negative pressure NCs had lower PIVC failure compared to neutral NCs, however the results might not be generalisable to other brands or treatment settings. Further high‐quality research is needed to explore NC design.Reporting MethodStudy methods and results reported in adherence to the CONSORT Statement.Patient or Public ContributionNo patient or public contribution.
Resurvey studies of terricolous bryophytes and lichens indicate a widespread nutrient enrichment in German forests
Authors: Diekmann Martin , Heinken Thilo , Becker Thomas , Dörfler Inken , Heinrichs Steffi , Leuschner Christoph , Peppler‐Lisbach Cord , Osthaus Magdalena , Schmidt Wolfgang , Strubelt Ilka , Wagner Eva‐Rosa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractQuestionsVegetation resurveys, both single studies and meta‐analyses, have predominantly been based on vascular plant data while bryophytes and lichens have largely been neglected. Our study aims to fill this gap and addresses the following research questions: has the overall species richness of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in forests changed over time? Which are the winners and losers among single species and ecological species groups? Do the results give a signal of the impact of nutrient enrichment, of changes in the light regime and of climate change?LocationDeciduous and coniferous forests in Germany.MethodsWe compiled 35 single resurvey data sets, including 1096 plots in total (each sampled twice). The time interval between initial surveys and resurveys ranged from 10 to 65 years. The differences between old and new plots were analysed with respect to the frequency of single species, total species richness, and the absolute and relative numbers of taxa in the species groups. Trend scores of species were related to ecological indicator values to identify the main environmental drivers behind the observed changes.ResultsTotal species richness did not systematically change, while pleurocarpous mosses had increased at the expense of acrocarpous mosses and, in coniferous forests, of lichens. Weak changes were generally observed in deciduous forests on base‐rich soils. In coniferous forests and in deciduous forests on acid soils, species with high nitrogen demand and high shade tolerance had increased, whereas those being typical for more infertile and open forest sites had decreased. There were trends towards a larger share of taxa with a more oceanic distribution.ConclusionsThe changes in the vegetation of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in the studied forests indicate nutrient enrichment and increasingly shady conditions in forests on acid soils, likely caused by nitrogen deposition and shrub layer closure.
Brazil's LGBTQ public policy: A Potemkin policy?
Authors: Galego Diego 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAlthough there are many frameworks of policy change analysis, little attention has been paid to policy manipulation, especially policies related to the community of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ). This article develops a framework to fill this gap; it analyzes the process of policy manipulation by drawing on the metaphor of the Potemkin village, referring to the creation of a façade to suggest advances or progress to external observers. These Potemkin features have implications for informing a case study of Brazil's LGBTQ and human rights policies. Through content analysis of federal executive policy outputs, and an analysis of changes made by political elites in instruments, ideas, and actors over 20 rights‐based LGBTQ policies adopted in Brazil between 1996 and 2020, the article finds evidence that Brazil's LGBTQ policy is a Potemkin one.