bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Modelling of Pyrolysis Processes with CFD-DEM
Authors: Attanayake Don Dasun , Sewerin Fabian , Kulkarni Shreyas , Dernbecher Andrea , Dieguez-Alonso Alba , van Wachem Berend 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn a pyrolysis reactor, organic polymers from biomass or plastic waste are thermally decomposed into volatile gases, condensable vapours (tar or bio-oil) and solid residues (char). Since these products may serve as building blocks for downstream chemical refinement or form the basis of bio-derived fuels, pyrolysis is thought to be instrumental in our progress towards a circular economy. A pyrolysis reactor constitutes a multiphase reactive system whose operation is influenced by many chemical and physical phenomena that occur at different scales. Because the interactions and potential reinforcements of these processes are difficult to isolate and elucidate experimentally, the development of a predictive modelling tool, for example, based on the CFD-DEM (discrete element method) methodology, is attracting increasing attention, particularly for pyrolysis reactors operated with biomass as feedstock. By contrast, CFD-DEM descriptions of plastic pyrolysis remain a challenge at present, mainly due to an incomplete understanding of their melting behaviour. In this article, we provide a blueprint for describing a pyrolysis process within the scope of CFD-DEM, review modelling choices made in past investigations and detail the underlying assumptions. Furthermore, the influence of operating conditions and feedstock properties on the key metrics of the process, such as feedstock conversion, product composition and residence time, as determined by past CFD-DEM analyses is surveyed and systematised. Open challenges that we identify pertain to the incorporation of particle non-sphericity and polydispersity, the melting of plastics, particle shrinkage, exothermicity on part of the gas-particle chemistry and catalytic effects.
‘Grew Up with a Silver Spoon in My Mouth, But it Ended Up the Nose’: The Stigma and Labelling of Injection Drug Use in an Affluent Beachside Community
Authors: Dertadian George Christopher , Caruana Theresa , Maher Lisa 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCriminological scholarship has long grappled with the roles that stigma and labelling play in drug use in disadvantaged communities. While stigma leads to marginalisation, less is known about the way stigma impacts the structurally advantaged, or those from communities of relative affluence. Our research involved fieldwork and 18 qualitative interviews with people who inject drugs in the affluent coastal community of Sydney’s Northern Beaches. We find that even when people occupy the ‘ideal’ class position, internalised stigma was present, but did not readily translate into labels involving a criminal self-concept. We also found that while the capacity to resist crime-related labelling processes and other forms of state intervention were limited by social positionality, some participants still had to contend with intersecting forms of gendered and racialized stigma. However, for white male participants, their status and that of the area were experienced as protective of their criminalisation, actively limiting criminal labelling processes.
Computer-Assisted Proofs of Hopf Bubbles and Degenerate Hopf Bifurcations
Authors: Church Kevin , Queirolo Elena 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe present a computer-assisted approach to prove the existence of Hopf bubbles and degenerate Hopf bifurcations in ordinary and delay differential equations. We apply the method to rigorously investigate these nonlocal orbit structures in the FitzHugh–Nagumo equation, the extended Lorenz-84 model and a time-delay SI model.
A Time of Great Change: How Parents, Friends, and Classmates Shape Adolescents’ Attitudes towards the Gender Division of Labor
Authors: Sánchez Guerrero Laia , Schober Pia S. , van der Vleuten Maaike 
Published: July 2023

AbstractParents are crucial in the construction of their children’s attitudes towards the gender division of labor. However, little is known about the extent to which parents’ influences on their children’s attitudes weaken in favor of peers during adolescence. This study explores how gender beliefs of parents, friends, and classmates shape adolescents’ attitudes towards the gender division of labor in Sweden, Germany, England, and the Netherlands. It extends previous research which predominantly examined parent-child transmission. The analysis draws on 4645 children (at wave 1:Mage = 14.9, SDage = 0.67, females = 50%) of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. Regression analyses of within-person changes in attitudes show that adolescents on average become more egalitarian from age 15 to 16 and significantly adapt their own beliefs to those of their parents, friends, and classmates. In cases of opposing beliefs, adolescents tended to adapt more strongly to whoever held more egalitarian views, possibly aligning with more widespread norms of egalitarianism. The findings show great similarity in adaptation processes across countries and align well with a multi-layered conceptualization of gender as a social structure that shapes gender attitudes.
Dynamic interplay between corticosteroid treatment and the role of SRC-1 gene dysregulation in the progression of WHO-Grade 4 Astrocytoma
Authors: Kurdi Maher , Fadul Motaz M , Addas Bassam M. J. , Faizo Eyad , Alkhayyat Shadi , Bamaga Ahmed K. , Alsinani Taghreed , Katib Yousef , Okal Fahad , Maghrabi Yazid , Sabbagh Abdulrahman J. , Moshref Rana , Albalawi Sultan , Alkhotani Alaa , Halawa Taher F. , Mulla Nasser , Hakamy Sahar , Baeesa Saleh 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Corticosteroid is commonly used before surgery to control cerebral oedema in brain tumours and is frequently continued throughout treatment. Its long-term effect of on the recurrence of WHO-Grade 4 astrocytoma remains controversial. The interaction between corticosteroid, SRC-1 gene and cytotoxic T-cells has never been investigated.

Methods
A retrospective cohort of 36 patients with WHO-Grade 4 astrocytoma were examined for CD8 + T-cell and SRC-1 gene expressions through IHC and qRT-PCR. The impact of corticosteroid on CD8+T-cells infiltration, SRC-1 expression, and tumour recurrence was analyzed.

Results
The mean patients age was 47-years, with a male to female ratio 1.2. About 78% [n = 28] of the cases showed reduced or no CD8+T-cell expression while 22% [n = 8] of cases have showed medium to high CD8+T-cell expression. SRC-1 gene was upregulated in 5 cases [14%] and 31 cases [86%] showed SRC-1 downregulation. The average of total days and doses of administered corticosteroid from the preoperative period to the postoperative period was at range of 14–106 days and 41–5028 mg, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference in RFI among tumours expressing high or low CD8+T-cells when corticosteroid was administered in recommended or exceeded doses [p-value = 0.640]. There was a significant statistical difference in RFI between CD8+T-Cell expression and SRC-1 gene dysregulation [p-value = 002]. Tumours with high CD8+T T-cell expression and SRC-1 gene downregulation had late recurrence.

Conclusions
Corticosteroid treatment can directly affect the SRC-1 gene regulation but does not directly influence cytotoxic T-cells infiltration or tumor progression. However, SRC-1 gene downregulation can facilitate late tumor recurrence.
By-Products as Sustainable Source of Bioactive Compounds for Potential Application in the Field of Food and New Materials for Packaging Development
Authors: Messinese Edmondo , Pitirollo Olimpia , Grimaldi Maria , Milanese Daniel , Sciancalepore Corrado , Cavazza Antonella 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe global economy growth requires a sustainable management of agro-industrials and by-products, as they represent a source of bioactive compounds (BCs) (such as antioxidants and carbohydrates) with relevant biotechnological and nutritional value. Their use is potentially applicable to different fields, as it can provide an added value to food products, such as shelf-life improvement. Moreover, according to the “Zero” principles, the residual matrices can be also employed to obtain innovative and eco-friendly bio-composite materials. The review gives an overview of the different uses of extracts derived from renewable sources and proposed as food ingredients for the development of new functional foods with improved oxidative stability. It also focuses on the exploitation of by-products in the field of packaging, showing applications regarding the formulations of active films, and their use as fillers for the development of innovative materials. Besides, a remarkable note about safety assessment is important to underline the need for analytical controls to ensure health matters.
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Maintains Proper Equine Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells (ASCs)’ Metabolic Functions and Negatively Regulates their Basal Adipogenic Potential
Authors: Bourebaba Lynda , Zyzak Magdalena , Sikora Mateusz , Serwotka-Suszczak Anna , Mularczyk Malwina , Al Naem Mohamad , Marycz Krzysztof 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) deteriorated expression has been recently strongly correlated to increased level of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance, which are typical manifestations of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Despite previous reports demonstrated the potential therapeutic application of SHBG for liver-related dysfunctions, whether SHBG might modulate equine adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (EqASCs) metabolic machinery remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated for the first time the impact of SHBG protein on metabolic changes in ASCs isolated from healthy horses.

Methods
Beforehand, SHBG protein expression has been experimentally lowered using a predesigned siRNA in EqASCs to verify its metabolic implications and potential therapeutic value. Then, apoptosis profile, oxidative stress, mitochondrial network dynamics and basal adipogenic potential have been evaluated using various molecular and analytical techniques.

Results
The SHBG knockdown altered the proliferative and metabolic activity of EqASCs, while dampening basal apoptosis via Bax transcript suppression. Furthermore, the cells treated with siRNA were characterized by senescent phenotype, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, as well as decreased mitochondrial potential that was shown by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and lower expression of key mitophagy factors: PINK, PARKIN and MFN. The addition of SHBG protein reversed the impaired and senescent phenotype of EMS-like cells that was proven by enhanced proliferative activity, reduced apoptosis resistance, lower ROS accumulation and greater mitochondrial dynamics, which is proposed to be related to a normalization of Bax expression. Crucially, SHBG silencing enhanced the expression of key pro-adipogenic effectors, while decreased the abundance of anti-adipogenic factors namely HIF1-α and FABP4. The addition of exogenous SHBG further depleted the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα and restored the levels of FABP4 and HIF1-α evoking a strong inhibitory potential toward ASCs adipogenesis.

Conclusion
Herein, we provide for the first time the evidence that SHBG protein in importantly involved in various key metabolic pathways governing EqASCs functions, and more importantly we showed that SHBG negatively affect the basal adipogenic potential of tested ASCs through a FABP4-dependant pathway, and provide thus new insights for the development of potential anti-obesity therapeutic approach in both animals and humans.

Graphical Abstract
Biochar-based nanocomposites for industrial wastewater treatment via adsorption and photocatalytic degradation and the parameters affecting these processes
Authors: Amdeha Enas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe preparation of biochar (BC) as a useful substance generated from biomass valorization via pyrolysis has attracted much attention in recent years. Moreover, widespread worries about water pollution and the issues brought on by producing and releasing massive volumes of industrial effluents have sparked research initiatives to examine practical and affordable solutions to these problems. Dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical compounds are the main hazardous pollutants in industrial wastewater. As a result, biochar (BC)/biochar (BC)-based nanocomposites have been presented as a potential alternative to handle wastewater pollution with both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation processes. Such nanocomposite materials benefit from the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis to attain improved removal of pollutants from industrial wastewater. Therefore, this review aims to describe different preparation methods for biochar and biochar-based nanocomposites. Furthermore, the differences between the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation processes are discussed. BC-based nanocomposites have emerged as promising adsorbents and photocatalysts for wastewater treatment applications. To maximize the efficiency of these processes, an overview of the parameters affecting pollutants removal from wastewater via adsorption and photocatalytic degradation processes is reviewed, where biochar dose, initial pollutant concentration, pH, temperature, time, the presence of different anions, and recycling are discovered to have a significant impact on their performance. Finally, future recommendations and research directions are provided to help shape the applications of BC-based nanocomposites for wastewater treatment applications. This review offers a comprehensive evaluation of the use of biochar as a new environmental material capable of removing pollutants from wastewater.
Graphical Abstract
Toward a Dimensional Contextual Model of Moral Injury: A Scoping Review on Healthcare Workers
Authors: Griffin Brandon J. , Weber Marcela C. , Hinkson Kent D. , Jendro Ashlyn M. , Pyne Jeffrey M. , Smith Andrew J. , Usset Timothy , Cucciare Michael A. , Norman Sonya B. , Khan Amanda , Purcell Natalie , Maguen Shira 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Purpose of Review
Healthcare workers (HCWs) may be exposed to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) while on the job and consequently experience acute, functional moral distress to prolonged, impairing moral injury.

Recent Findings
We reviewed 185 articles on moral distress and/or injury among HCWs. This included 91 empirical studies (approximately 50% of the retained articles), 68 editorials (37%), 18 reviews (10%), and 8 protocol papers (4%). Themes were explored using bibliometric network analysis of keyword co-citation. Empirical studies found evidence of PMIE exposure among a considerable proportion of HCWs. Greater moral distress severity was associated with worse mental and occupational health outcomes, especially among women (vs. men), younger HCWs (vs. older), nurses (vs. physicians), those who worked more hours, and HCWs with less experience. Programs to prevent and treat moral injury among HCWs lack empirical evidence.

Summary
Efforts to maintain the well-being and effectiveness of HCWs should consider the potential impact of moral injury. To that end, we introduce a dimensional contextual model of moral injury in healthcare settings and discuss recommendations for prevention and treatment.
The Role of Leadership in Communities of Learning | Kāhui Ako: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Constantinides Michalis , Eleftheriadou Sofia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article is a systematic literature review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the implementation of the Kāhui Ako | Communities of Learning policy in Aotearoa New Zealand. This policy seeks to improve student outcomes through collaborative networks of schools emphasising the importance of network leadership in initiating and co-ordinating systemic change. This review examines the available evidence on the ways in which these school networks operate and how network leadership responds to local needs and environments. Review data included a total of 16 studies from the empirical literature resulting in four main organisational processes and patterns of interaction: (1) relationships building focusing on trust; (2) press for system-wide coherence; (3) knowledge exchange; and (4) collaborative work. Our findings suggest that achieving high levels of alignment and coherence within the Kāhui Ako policy is a key factor for meaningful implementation, challenging to achieve, and requires ongoing attention.
Re-interpreting rules interpretability
Authors: Adilova Linara , Kamp Michael , Andrienko Gennady , Andrienko Natalia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTrustworthy machine learning requires a high level of interpretability of machine learning models, yet many models are inherently black-boxes. Training interpretable models instead—or using them to mimic the black-box model—seems like a viable solution. In practice, however, these interpretable models are still unintelligible due to their size and complexity. In this paper, we present an approach to explain the logic of large interpretable models that can be represented as sets of logical rules by a simple, and thus intelligible, descriptive model. The coarseness of this descriptive model and its fidelity to the original model can be controlled, so that a user can understand the original model in varying levels of depth. We showcase and discuss this approach on three real-world problems from healthcare, material science, and finance.
Understanding cirrus clouds using explainable machine learning
Authors: Jeggle Kai , Neubauer David , Camps-Valls Gustau , Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cirrus clouds are key modulators of Earth’s climate. Their dependencies on meteorological and aerosol conditions are among the largest uncertainties in global climate models. This work uses 3 years of satellite and reanalysis data to study the link between cirrus drivers and cloud properties. We use a gradient-boosted machine learning model and a long short-term memory network with an attention layer to predict the ice water content and ice crystal number concentration. The models show that meteorological and aerosol conditions can predict cirrus properties with R2 = 0.49. Feature attributions are calculated with SHapley Additive exPlanations to quantify the link between meteorological and aerosol conditions and cirrus properties. For instance, the minimum concentration of supermicron-sized dust particles required to cause a decrease in ice crystal number concentration predictions is 2 × 10−4 mg/m3. The last 15 hr before the observation predict all cirrus properties.
OCTOPOD: single-bunch tomography for angular-spectral characterization of laser-driven protons
Authors: Reimold M. , Assenbaum S. , Beyreuther E. , Bodenstein E. , Brack F.-E. , Eisenmann C. , Englbrecht F. , Kroll F. , Lindner F. , Masood U. , Pawelke J. , Schramm U. , Schneider M. , Sobiella M. , Umlandt M. E. P. , Vescovi M. , Zeil K. , Ziegler T. , Metzkes-Ng J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Laser–plasma accelerated (LPA) proton bunches are now applied for research fields ranging from ultra-high-dose-rate radiobiology to material science. Yet, the capabilities to characterize the spectrally and angularly broad LPA bunches lag behind the rapidly evolving applications. The OCTOPOD translates the angularly resolved spectral characterization of LPA proton bunches into the spatially resolved detection of the volumetric dose distribution deposited in a liquid scintillator. Up to 24 multi-pinhole arrays record projections of the scintillation light distribution and allow for tomographic reconstruction of the volumetric dose deposition pattern, from which proton spectra may be retrieved. Applying the OCTOPOD at a cyclotron, we show the reliable retrieval of various spatial dose deposition patterns and detector sensitivity over a broad dose range. Moreover, the OCTOPOD was installed at an LPA proton source, providing real-time data on proton acceleration performance and attesting the system optimal performance in the harsh laser–plasma environment.
What makes policy complex?
Authors: Senninger Roman 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPrevious research finds that policy complexity affects important political processes including legislative delegation and policy diffusion. However, policy complexity is not directly observable and the search for a reasonable proxy constitutes a major challenge for scholars. This research note presents a concise and measurable definition of complex policy based on two aspects: a policy's textual sophistication and its ties to other rules and regulations. Using crowdsourcing and a pairwise comparison framework it is shown that the proposed defining features are crucial for humans’ understanding of policy text. The proposed definition is then operationalized using a large corpus of European Union rules and is shown to outperform alternative operationalizations of policy complexity in predicting the level of legislative delegation.
German Lessons: Comparative Constitutionalism, States’ Rights, and Federalist Imaginaries in Interwar India
Authors: Pillai Sarath 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article reveals the hold that German history and constitutionalism had on Indian federalists in the interwar period. A range of federalists from Indian princely states and British provinces, eager to see India become a federation rather than a unitary state fashioned on the English model, looked to Imperial Germany for constitutional lessons. They saw in German history and constitutionalism a federal solution to the so-called “Indian problem,” wherein the rights of the states would be primary over those of individuals or groups. This German-inspired federal tradition, I argue, departed not only from political pluralism and association-based federalism, but also from the nationalist vision of placing individual rights over state rights. This article presents an alternative genealogy of comparative constitutional thought in India, and examines a post-national worldview that sidestepped the nation-states. By bringing a comparative approach to bear on political and constitutional histories, it escapes the national insularity that often characterizes such histories in colonial India, and places them in the comparative and global context of the interwar circulation of federalist ideas. German-inspired federal ideas of the period offer a counterpoint to corralling futuristic visions of India, and its founding, on the twin axes of anticolonial nationalism and popular sovereignty to the exclusion of state-centric ideas articulated by the princely states.