bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and Analysis of Ultraprecision Metal Cutting With Acoustic Emission
Authors: Chen Xuemei , Tang Jianshe , Dornfeld David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the regime of ultraprecision metal cutting, process parameters such as chip thickness, tool-work contact, forces, etc. all become several orders of magnitude smaller than in conventional cutting. Very small variations in these quantities will affect significantly the surface integrity of the workpiece and the performance of the diamond tool. To achieve the specified ultra-precision accuracy systematically, an effective in-process micro-sensing and signal processing system is essential. In this paper, we demonstrate the sensitivity of acoustic emission to tool-work contact and chip thickness in ultraprecision machining. We also investigate the response of AE to the various energy dissipative effects involved in micro-cutting when the uncut chip thickness approaches the tool edge radius. A signal processing scheme utilizing wavelet transform that identifies the possible dominant cutting mechanism for a certain cutting state given the AE signals from that process was developed, and the implications in process monitoring and control are discussed.
Simulated Haptic Textures: Roughness
Authors: Minsky Margaret , Lederman Susan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We present a novel technique for simulating haptic surface texture using only lateral forces with a two-degree-of-freedom device. Using surfaces built by this technique, we investigate the psychophysics of texture perception, and more specifically, roughness. We find a relationship between lateral force and perceived roughness that could be used to provide controlled amounts of roughness in haptic-simulation environments.
The “Haptic Camera”: A Technique for Characterizing and Playing Back Haptic Properties of Real Environments
Authors: MacLean Karon E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In some applications of simulated haptic feedback, it is necessary not only that the display feel stable and adequately realistic: it must resemble with high fidelity a particular real device, emulating the feedback supplied by a physical environment that does or will exist. An automated haptic characterization technique was developed in which the haptic display itself is used under tight position control to probe the real environment while measuring interaction forces. A model structure is assumed which may be nonlinear and globally discontinuous but piecewise continuous, and is refined for successively higher-order parameters by application of appropriately chosen position trajectories. A one degree-of-freedom linear-acting motor with 90 mm stroke, a peak force of 60 N and equipped with position and force sensors was used as both a probe and a force display.
This algorithm was tested on one real environment, a toggle switch with a nonlinear, compliance-dominated impedance. Because of the nature of the real device, only stiffnesses were extracted; this zero-order, piecewise linear model assumption provided a close fit to the measured trajectory with under 30 seconds of measurement and processing time. This was a substantial improvement in playback fidelity over that achieved by other characterization methods. Future work includes testing the algorithm on higher order systems.
An Input-Output Criterion for Linear Model Deduction
Authors: Walker Douglas G. , Stein Jeffrey L. , Ulsoy A. Galip 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Model order deduction algorithms have been developed in an effort to automate the production of accurate, minimal complexity models of dynamic systems in order to aid in the design of these systems. Previous algorithms, MODA, and Extended MODA, deduce models independent of system inputs and outputs. FD-MODA uses frequency response methods to deduce models of a single input-output pair. In this paper, an input-output criterion based on controllability and observability is combined with the frequency based criterion used by MODA. The new model deduction algorithm, IO-MODA, compares the ratio of the adjacent diagonal values of the system gramian to a user specified threshold. The gramian is computed from a balanced realization of the system. IO-MODA generates an accurate multiple-input multiple-output model of minimum order with physically meaningful states. This model is called a proper MIMO model. An example problem is used to demonstrate this new model deduction algorithm.
Impact Dynamics in the Milling of Thin-Walled Structures
Authors: Davies M. A. , Balachandran B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The development of reliable high-speed spindles and motion control systems has led to an increase in the industrial use of high-speed milling. One of the primary applications of this new technology is the manufacture of thin-walled aluminum components for aircraft. The flexibility of the workpieces, the high-spindle frequencies, and the inherent impact nonlinearities in the milling process can lead to complicated dynamic tool-workpiece interactions. An experiment was constructed to study the vibrations of a thin-walled part during milling. Time series, power spectra, autocorrelations, auto-bispectra, and phase portraits were examined. This data is indicative of the fact that stiffness nonlinearities due to the intermittent cut have a pronounced effect on the dynamics of the workpiece. Delay space reconstructions and pointwise dimension calculations indicate that the associated motions are characterized by a fractal geometry. The autobispectra indicate quadratic phase coupling at the spectral peaks associated with the cutter frequency. A phenomeno-logical model with impact nonlinearities was developed to explain the experimental results. The predicted results agree qualitatively with the experimental observations. The model predictions indicate that aperiodic motions are possible over a large range of parameter values. These results have implications for the prediction and control of vibrations in milling.
Stochastic Sliding Mode Control of a Target Tracking Mechanical System
Authors: Sun J. Q. , Xu Qing 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An analysis of a target tracking mechanical system subject to random base excitations is presented in this paper. Nonlinear, stochastic sliding mode controls are proposed to minimize the random error of target tracking. Two special cases are studied. In the first case, it is assumed that all the system parameters are known and the state variables are measurable. A stochastic sliding mode control is then determined. This highly idealized example sheds some light on the effect of sliding mode control parameters on the reduction of response variance. The second case deals with a robust sliding mode control where some parameters of the mechanical system are assumed to fall in a known range of values. The proposed controls are proven stable in the mean square sense. The statistical aspects of the controlled system are studied by considering the first and second order moments of the state variables. The equations for these moments are derived and solved by using the method of Gaussian closure in order to investigate the variance reduction performance of the controls.
Resonant Dynamics of a Chain of Identical Linear Oscillators Coupled to a Nonlinear Oscillator
Authors: Banerjee Bappaditya , Bajaj Anil K. , Davies Patricia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A chain of N identical oscillators (spring-mass-damper systems) coupled to a nonlinear oscillator (a pendulum) is studied in this work. More specifically, the interesting case of 1:2 subharmonic internal resonance between the pendulum and some kth mode of the system, when there is also an external resonance with some rth harmonic excitation, is studied. It is found that for these conditions, the first-order approximation to the response of this N+1 degree-of-freedom system is ultimately governed by a system of four first-order equations. The method of harmonic balance is used to obtain these four first-order amplitude equations. The stability of the steady-state response, their bifurcation behavior and resonant dynamics are described. These responses can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the pendulum as a vibration limiting device.
Characterization of Inelastic Deformation During the Transverse Loading of Weakly-Bonded Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Neu Richard W. , Kroupa Joseph L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A combined numerical and experimental analysis of a unidirectional titanium matrix composite (SCS-6/Timetal 21S) under a series of transverse loadings and unloadings is capable of separating the interfacial fiber-matrix bond strength into two distinct components: one associated with chemical bonding and the other with mechanical bonding. The influence of the mechanical bonding, which is the clamping due to the thermal residual stress state, is determined by finite element analysis with an imperfectly-bonded interface. The chemical bond strength is deduced by subtracting the mechanical bond strength component from the experimental response. Combined numerical and experimental analyses were conducted at two temperatures. At 25°C, the initial inelastic deformation from fiber-matrix separation is controlled by the mechanical component of the bond which is much larger than the chemical component; however, at 650°C, it is controlled by the chemical component. The mechanical bond strength is very dependent on temperature, whereas the chemical bond strength is only weakly dependent on temperature. In addition, the transverse response of unidirectional SCS-6/Timetal 21S was numerically determined for a wide range of temperatures (25°C to 815°C) and strain rates (8.33 × 10−4 1/s to 8.33 × 10−6 1/s) for both perfectly- and imperfectly-bonded cases.
Damage Accumulation Mechanisms in Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Newaz G. M. , Nusier S. Q. , Chaudhury Z. A. , Wright K. P. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Spallation is a major failure condition experienced by thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) subjected to thermal and mechanical loads. Although evidence of spallation is substantiated and mechanistic models to describe the failure condition is prevalent in literature, the progressive nature of damage evolution leading to spallation has not been addressed adequately. In this paper, we investigated the damage evolution in partially stabilized zirconia TBC on Nickel-based single crystal superalloy, Rene N5. Thermal cycles were imposed on button specimens with Electron Beam - Plasma Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) TBC coating. The bond coat was PtAl. The temperature range used was 200–1177C. Progressive damage evolution was tracked using microscopy on samples subjected to a series of thermal cycles. Fick’s law can describe the thermally grown oxide (TGO) buildup for early cycles. However, at higher number of thermal cycles, damage in the form of microcracks and their coalescence results in the loss of integrity of the TGO. Thus, both oxidation kinetics and damage appears to have significant roles to play as it relates to spallation. As these microcracks coalesce to form major delamination cracks or interlayer separation, the susceptibility for coating buckling is increased. The delamination cracks finally consume the TGO layer. The loss of TBC integrity from the bond coat and the substrate facilitates its buckling during cool down from elevated temperature. Our estimations show that a delamination crack length of about sixteen times the TBC thickness is needed for the current material system to initiate buckling. Progressive microcrack linking is a possible mechanism to develop such critical delamination crack lengths. Physical evidence of buckling was found in specimens prior to complete spallation.
Direct Measurements of Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall Pressure Wavenumber-Frequency Spectra
Authors: Abraham Bruce M. , Keith William L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Direct measurements of streamwise wavenumber-frequency spectra of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations were made in an acoustically quiet water tunnel. A linear array of evenly spaced flush mounted pressure sensors was used to measure the wall pressure field at 48 streamwise locations. This array provided over 24 dB of resolution (sidelobe rejection) in the wavenumber domain, leading to an accurate estimate of the “convective ridge” and part of the subconvective and low wavenumber portions of the spectrum at discrete frequencies. Boundary layer parameters including the mean wall shear stress, boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness were derived from mean streamwise velocity measurements for 8,100 &lt; Rθ &lt; 16,700. Time and length scales derived from these parameters were used to nondimensionalize the measured spectra. The effectiveness of different scalings for nondimensionalizing the low and convective wavenumber regions at discrete frequencies were evaluated.
Sound Package Materials in Automobiles
Authors: Saha Pranab , Chahine John 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Sound package materials have been used in automobiles for many years. Although the application of some of the key sound packages has not changed, the vehicle design and construction have changed significantly. Over the years, material and process development technology have changed, and health and environmental issues have raised different concerns. Global competition has also impacted the sound package development. These have provided challenges and opportunities to introduce new acoustical products and have forced the OEM to treat previously untreated noise paths with sound package materials. The goal is to achieve the desired interior acoustics in a car within bounds to meet customer requirements. This paper reviews all these factors and discusses some sound package material applications in some specific cases.
Design of a Train Separator for Hydraulic Capsule Pipeline Control
Authors: Du Hongliu , Nair Satish S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Design of an important component for reliable functioning of hydraulic capsule pipelines [1–3] is discussed. A method for sizing the separator and predicting the spacing between capsules after the capsule train passes through the separator is developed. The proposed design has been implemented in hardware. Limited experimental results show that the capsules were separated as expected and the observed spacing between capsules matches the calculated values predicted by analytical methods.
Analyses of Containment Structures With Corrosion Damage
Authors: Cherry Jeffery L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Corrosion damage to a nuclear power plant containment structure can degrade the pressure capacity of the vessel. For the low-carbon, low-strength steels used in containments, the effect of corrosion on material properties is discussed. Strain-to-failure tests, in uniaxial tension, have been performed on corroded material samples. Results from the tests were used to select strain-based failure criteria for corroded steel. Using the ABAQUS finite element analysis code, the capacity of a typical PWR Ice Condenser containment with corrosion damage has been studied. Multiple analyses were performed with the locations of the corrosion on the containment, and the amount of corrosion varied in each analysis.
Wheel Impact Detection: Cost Savings and Safety Through “Management by Prevention”
Authors: Tse Yan H. , Steets Paul G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Defective railroad wheels in the form of spalling, shelling, slid flat and out-of-round condition impose heavy wheel impact load into railroad track structure and car components, causing millions of dollars damage to Conrail. Allowed to continue in service, these defective wheels occasionally can deteriorate to a cracking condition, eventually breaking to cause costly derailments. As one step in the quality process to implement “Management by Prevention”, Conrail has been installing wheel impact detectors, based on strain gage and microprocessor technology, at various main routes to detect defective wheels and remove them before they can cause further damage.
The key events leading to the adoption of wheel impact detectors to detect and remove defective wheels by Conrail and by the industry in general are chronologically outlined. Three alarm levels of wheel loads, 170 kips, 150 kips and 100 kips are adopted by Conrail to handle these defective wheels by degree of severity. The first alarm level at 170 kips requires the train to stop to inspect the questionable wheels. Both the first and second levels require the train speed to drop to 30 mph until the questionable car is set out. The third alarm level requires the car to be shopped as soon as the car is unloaded. The statistics of wheel load distribution as sensed by the wheel impact detectors is presented. The resulting savings from their removal are estimated to be close to $5 million a year for one site which only covers about 20% of the traffic. These savings do not include the avoidance of the potential cost of broken wheel derailments. To achieve even greater savings and safety, Conrail has established a five year plan to install three wheel impact detectors in addition to two existing ones to afford better coverage. With a total of five detectors, this coverage is increased to 64.1% of all traffic and the annual savings is estimated to be close to $16 million a year.
Burn-Off Simulation of a Railroad Roller Bearing
Authors: Anderson Gerald B. , Cline James E. , Smith Richard 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
As part of the Association of American Railroads’ (AAR) Bearing Research Program to improve track wayside and in-shop freight car roller bearing detection technology, a roller bearing burnoff test was conducted at the Transportation Technology Center in Pueblo, Colorado. The bearing research program was initiated to develop effective acoustic processing techniques for use in a new generation of wayside detection systems. Using new signal processing and detection techniques developed by the AAR, the characteristic frequencies of a defective bearing under thermal failure were identified.1 The analysis of the test data leads to several important observations on the characteristic features of acoustic and laser detection techniques for use in a new generation of wayside detection systems.
Life Cycle Issues in Composite Structure
Authors: Connolly Jerome 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Composite structures offer significant advantages over equivalent metallic structure in terms of reduced weight and fatigue and corrosion resistance. These performance benefits are often compromised by increased acquisition and support costs, i.e. total life cycle costs. Life cycle issues should be thought of in terms of acquisition and support costs since these are important measures by which a vehicle is judged. Clearly advanced fighter aircraft have a premium on performance and consequently life cycle costs are secondary. However, military and commercial transports do not require such optimum performance and life cycle costs are a primary concern. In the commercial arena in particular, high life cycle costs on a vehicle can result in that vehicle being economically unfeasible.
3-D Variational Analysis of Bonded Composite Plates
Authors: Bogdanovich Alexander , Rastogi Naveen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Analysis and design of strong and durable joints of composite structural parts is recognized as primarily important problem. Most common analytical techniques for bonded, bolted, riveted and other typical joints are based on 2-D shell/plate theories which allow one to obtain reasonable results only in the zones away from the sites of high stress/strain gradients. Accordingly, these theories may provide not only quantitatively inaccurate, but even qualitatively wrong results in the zones of sharp stress/strain variation, even in the case of relatively thin adherends. High shear and peel stress concentration (possibly, even singularity) may occur along these lines causing delaminations, subsequent loss of hermeticity and destruction of the joint. Analysis of this problem shows that complete and accurate solution can be only obtained in 3-D elasticity formulation. A general methodology and some preliminary results of solving 3-D problems of bonded plates are presented in this paper. Numerical results reveal high concentration of the in-plane normal stress and transverse normal and shear stresses along the edge lines of the joint.
On the Instability of Ductile Crack Growth
Authors: Kolednik O. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The T-theory which is used to assess the possibility of unstable crack growth is critically reviewed. It is found that the theory contains several shortcomings originating from an unsound interpretation of the physical meaning of the (experimental) J-integral for elastic-plastic materials. Unstable crack growth may occur in spite of the fact that the T-theory predicts stability. This is demonstrated by theoretical considerations and by numerical analyses. A physically more reasonable assessment of the onset of unstable crack growth is presented.
A Further Study on the Near Tip Integral Parameter Tε* in Stable Crack Propagation in Thin Ductile Plate
Authors: Okada Hiroshi , Atluri Satya N. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, some basic properties of the near tip integral parameter Tε* (Atluri, Nishioka and Nakagaki (1984)) are presented, for the case of stable crack propagation in thin ductile metal. The authors had carried out an investigation on the physical significances of the Tε* integral for two kinds of integral contour geometries. Brust et al. (1986) used an integral contour geometry, which extends its frontal portion as the crack extends its length. In this paper, such an integral contour is called as “Elongating Contour”. Also, it should be noted that a small contour which surrounds the propagating crack tip and moves along with the tip as the crack propagates, was originally thought (Atluri, Nishioka and Nakagaki (1984)). This one is called as “Moving Contour” in this paper.
Discussions are presented based on simple energy balance statements. It has been found that, the Tε* integral parameters, using the “Elongating” and “Moving” integral contours, measure different physical quantities. The first one measures the energy dissipation inside the small integral contour path Γε, which is some finite value, and the energy release rate at the crack tip. However, the other one with the “Moving Contour” measures the energy release rate the crack tip. This one is nearly zero or very small. As conclusion to this research, the use of “Elongating Contour” is recommended in the case of stable crack propagation in thin ductile plate. Furthermore, the results presented in this paper are generic ones (do not depend on the type of materials). The results presented in this paper, can be applied to fracture problems with any other materials.
T*ε Integral Analysis of Aluminum Specimens
Authors: Omori Yoshika , Kobayashi Albert S. , Okada Hiroshi , Atluri Satya N. , Tan Paul 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
T*ε-integral values associated with stable crack growth in thin 2024-T3 aluminum single edge notched (SEN), central notched (CN) and compact (CT) specimens were evaluated experimentally and numerically along a near-crack contour, Γε, which elongated with crack extension. The surface displacement fields, which were determined by Moiré interferometry and by an elastic-plastic finite element (FE) simulation of the measured stable crack growth, were used to determine the T*ε through an equivalent domain integral method. The experimentally and numerically determined T*ε’s, as well as the crack tip opening displacements (CTOA), were in excellent agreement through a stable crack growth in excess of Δa = 4 mm. T*ε for the SEN and CN specimens coincided while T*ε for the CT specimen was lower. These results, which are similar in trend with the fracture toughness measurements, suggest that T*ε for a given Γε, could be a material property which characterizes stable crack growth.