bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Institute of Residual Studies? Nkrumah and the “Afroepistemic” Origins of the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana
Authors: Adotey Edem 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper examines the development of the University of Ghana’s Institute of African Studies (IAS), arguing that the landscape of decolonial epistemology is more complex than is often assumed. Drawing on new archival documents it maps out the different landscape of ideas regarding its decolonial origins — phase one (1948–50), phase two (1954–61), and phase three (1960–63) — not only to elucidate problems of defining what decolonial work should entail but also as a historical study of how people associated with the IAS contributed to defining and activating a decolonial project. It shows Nkrumah’s specific instrumentality to its emergence through an African-centred or “Afroepistemic” approach to African Studies. It also highlights how the decolonial imperative was shaped by different historical moments.
The Impoverishment of Metaphysics in Pontus de Tyard’s Premier and Second Curieux
Authors: Trottmann Christian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pontus de Tyard may be well known as a poet of la Pléiade, also as the bishop of Chalon-sur-Saône towards the end of his life, yet throughout all these, he was a philosopher. He played an important part in the Royal Academy in promoting philosophy in the French language, being one of the first to write in French. His metaphysics is a good example of the poverty of philosophy in the Renaissance. His first philosophical works were devoted to the arts: Solitaire premier (1552) and Solitaire second (1555). Metaphysics appears for the first time in the Second Curieux (1578), when De l’Univers ou Discours de la nature du Monde et de ses parties, published 20 years prior, was divided into two parts. Hence one of the first metaphysics in French was born of physics and astronomy. There are three characters in Tyard’s Curieux: Curieux gathering all opinions he can find, Hieromnime expressing an orthodox theology, and Solitaire proposing in first person generally skeptical philosophical conclusions. The metaphysics of the future-bishop sometimes resemble a cabinet of curiosities, but with a theological guardrail. For metaphysical reasons, Tyard overpasses geocentrism and infinite universe to a universe in expansion of modern sciences.
Attribution of 2022 August Heavy Precipitation Event in South Korea Using High‐Resolution Pseudo Global Warming Simulations: Sensitivity to Vertical Temperature Changes
Authors: Kwon Daeun , Min Seung‐Ki , Lee Minkyu , Seo Ga‐Yeong , Son Seok‐Woo 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study examines the anthropogenic influences on the heavy precipitation event that occurred in early August 2022, South Korea, using a pseudo global warming (PGW) method with a convection‐permitting model. Pseudo global warming experiments for counterfactual natural non‐warming conditions (NAT) were conducted by removing anthropogenic warming patterns from the observations. The anthropogenic warming patterns were estimated from the differences between Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 6 historical and historical natural‐only simulations. Two NAT experiments were performed by using the multi‐model mean of all nine models (NATT) and the three models with weaker upper tropospheric warming (NATW). The results show that atmospheric moisture is reduced in both NAT experiments compared to the current‐condition experiments, but that enhanced convective instability due to upper tropospheric cooling offsets the effect of moisture reduction, resulting in similar precipitation responses. This compensation effect becomes weak in NATW, indicating the important role of the vertical profile of anthropogenic warming pattern in PGW‐based attribution experiments.
Exceptional Equatorial Extension of Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole Cooling: Shaping Effect From Strong El Niño
Authors: Xie Mingmei , Wang Jia‐Zhen , Zhang Lei , Chen Zhaohui 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (EXpIOD) peaking in 2023 boreal fall exhibited the strongest variations in sea level and subsurface temperature in the eastern Indian Ocean (IO), and the most equatorially westward extension of cooling observed during the satellite era to date. Its pattern resembled the 1997 EXpIOD, contrasting with other coastally‐concentrated EXpIODs. Here we show that the distinctive air‐sea responses of equatorial EXpIODs stem from the energetic central IO zonal winds fueled by concurrent strong El Niños, which were absent in other cases. The exceptionally strong easterly anomaly generates prominent nonlinear vertical advection cooling the central IO, with nonlinear zonal advection and the Ekman feedback playing supportive roles. Current coupled models can capture this Pacific shaping effect, despite with divergent strengths. Under strong El Niño's inter‐basin forcing, the westward extension of cooling has profound implications for regional hydrology and coral ecology, and warrants closer attention in future predictions.
In Situ Characterization of Dust Storms and Their Snow‐Darkening Effect Over Himalayas
Authors: Chandel Amit Singh , Sarangi Chandan , Rittger Karl , Hooda Rakesh K. , Hyvärinen Antti‐Pekka 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn this study, we used satellite observations to identify 10 typical dust‐loading events over the Indian Himalayas. Next, the aerosol microphysical and optical properties during these identified dust storms are characterized using cotemporal in situ measurements over Mukteshwar, a representative site in Indian Himalayas. Relative to the background values, the mass of coarse particles (size range between 2.5 and 10 μm) and the extinction coefficient were found to be enhanced by 400% (from 24 ± 15 to 98 ± 40 μg/m3) and 175% (from 89 ± 57 Mm−1 to 156 ± 79 Mm−1), respectively, during these premonsoonal dust‐loading events. Moreover, based on the air mass trajectory, these dust storms can be categorized into two categories: (a) mineral dust events (MDEs), which involve long‐range transported dust plumes traversing through the lower troposphere to reach the Himalayas and (b) polluted dust events (PDEs), which involve short‐range transported dust plumes originating from the arid western regions of the Indian subcontinent and traveling within the heavily polluted boundary layer of the Gangetic plains before reaching the Himalayas. Interestingly, compared to the background, the SSA and AAE decrease during PDEs but increase during MDEs. More importantly, we observe a twofold increase in black carbon concentrations and the aerosol absorption coefficient (relative to the background values) during the PDEs with negligible changes during MDEs. Consequently, the aerosol‐induced snow albedo reduction (SAR) also doubles during MDEs and PDEs relative to background conditions. Thus, our findings provide robust observational evidence of substantial dust‐induced snow and glacier melting over the Himalayas.
Changes in the Dominant Contributions of Nitrate Formation and Sources During Haze Episodes: Insights From Dual Isotopic Evidence
Authors: Xiao Hong‐Wei , Chen Tian‐Shu , Zhang Qi‐Jie , Wang Rong , Xiao Hao , Xu Yu , Guan Wen‐Kai , Long Ai‐Min , Xiao Hua‐Yun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractInorganic nitrate (NO3−), a crucial component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has not shown a consistent decrease, despite an obvious decrease of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and PM2.5. The atmospheric oxidation process for nitrate formation has been deemed a key factor in pollution; however, the changes of sources and oxidation pathways during a particular haze episode require further investigation. Here, daily dual isotopes (δ15N and δ18O) were used to quantify the sources and oxidation pathways of nitrate formation in Qingdao, a port city in Northern China, from September 2017 to February 2018. This study also includes a detailed introduction to two haze episodes. δ15N and δ18O results show that both fractions of nocturnal oxidation for nitrate formation and NOx from coal combustion were lower in warmer season and higher in colder season. The fractions increased with increasing PM2.5 under low PM2.5 concentration while the fractions were not significantly changed under higher PM2.5 concentration, dominated by nocturnal oxidation (70.6% ± 9.7%) and coal combustion (66.1% ± 18.2%), respectively. The haze episode 1 was attributed to smoke transported over long distances, which provided a large amount of aerosol particles to absorb more locally formed gaseous HNO3 or N2O5. In this episode, meteorological and air quality factors, nitrate sources, and formation mechanism did not obviously change. Haze episode 2 was caused by unfavorable meteorological factors that enhanced local nitrate accumulation. As pollution worsened, the oxidation pathway shifted from OH oxidation to N2O5 hydrolysis, and the primary source changed from coal combustion to more vehicle exhaust.
Polariton lattices as binarized neuromorphic networks
Authors: Sedov Evgeny , Kavokin Alexey 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We introduce a novel neuromorphic network architecture based on a lattice of exciton-polariton condensates, intricately interconnected and energized through nonresonant optical pumping. The network employs a binary framework, where each neuron, facilitated by the spatial coherence of pairwise coupled condensates, performs binary operations. This coherence, emerging from the ballistic propagation of polaritons, ensures efficient, network-wide communication. The binary neuron switching mechanism, driven by the nonlinear repulsion through the excitonic component of polaritons, offers computational efficiency and scalability advantages over continuous weight neural networks. Our network enables parallel processing, enhancing computational speed compared to sequential or pulse-coded binary systems. The system’s performance was evaluated using diverse datasets, including the MNIST dataset for image recognition and the Speech Commands dataset for voice recognition tasks. In both scenarios, the proposed system demonstrates the potential to outperform existing polaritonic neuromorphic systems. For image recognition, this is evidenced by an impressive predicted classification accuracy of up to 97.5%. In voice recognition, the system achieved a classification accuracy of about 68% for the ten-class subset, surpassing the performance of conventional benchmark, the Hidden Markov Model with Gaussian Mixture Model.
Optical Fresnel zone plate flat lenses made entirely of colored photoresist through an i-line stepper
Authors: Yamada Ryohei , Kishida Hiroyuki , Takami Tomohiro , Rittaporn Itti , Matoba Mizuho , Sakurai Haruyuki , Konishi Kuniaki 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Light manipulation and control are essential in various contemporary technologies, and as these technologies evolve, the demand for miniaturized optical components increases. Planar-lens technologies, such as metasurfaces and diffractive optical elements, have gained attention in recent years for their potential to dramatically reduce the thickness of traditional refractive optical systems. However, their fabrication, particularly for visible wavelengths, involves complex and costly processes, such as high-resolution lithography and dry-etching, which has limited their availability. In this study, we present a simplified method for fabricating visible Fresnel zone plate (FZP) planar lenses, a type of diffractive optical element, using an i-line stepper and a special photoresist (color resist) that only necessitates coating, exposure, and development, eliminating the need for etching or other post-processing steps. We fabricated visible FZP lens patterns using conventional photolithography equipment on 8-inch silica glass wafers, and demonstrated focusing of 550 nm light to a diameter of 1.1 μm with a focusing efficiency of 7.2%. Numerical simulations showed excellent agreement with experimental results, confirming the high precision and designability of our method. Our lenses were also able to image objects with features down to 1.1 μm, showcasing their potential for practical applications in imaging. Our method is a cost-effective, simple, and scalable solution for mass production of planar lenses and other optical components operating in the visible region. It enables the development of advanced, miniaturized optical systems to meet modern technology demand, making it a valuable contribution to optical component manufacturing.
NEMS generated electromechanical frequency combs
Authors: Rahmanian Sasan , Mouharrar Hamza , Abdelrahman Rana , Akbari Masoud , Shama Yasser S. , Musselman Kevin , Muñoz-Rojas David , Basrour Skandar , Abdel Rahman Eihab 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents a novel technique for low-power generation of frequency combs (FC) over a wide frequency range. It leverages modal interactions between electrical and mechanical resonators in electrostatic NEMS operating in air to provide a simple architecture for FC generators. A biased voltage signal drives the electrical resonator at resonance which is set to match an integer submultiple of twice the mechanical resonator’s resonance. Experimental results demonstrate that the NEMS displacement exhibit more than 150 equidistant peaks in the case of a 2:1 modal interaction and more than 60 equidistant peaks in the case of a 1:1 modal interaction. In both cases, the Free Spectral Range (FSR) was equal to the mechanical resonance frequency. Comparison between the FCs generated by the 2:1 and 1:1 modal interactions demonstrate the superiority of the former in terms of bandwidth and stability. The superior phase coherence of the FC generated via the 2:1 modal interaction was demonstrated via time-domain analysis. Our technique has the flexibility to generate multiple frequency combs and to fine-tune their FSR depending on the number of mechanical modes accessible to and the order of the activated modal interaction. It can be integrated into portable devices and is well aligned with modern miniaturization technology.
Tissue-resident immune cells: from defining characteristics to roles in diseases
Authors: Li Jia , Xiao Chu , Li Chunxiang , He Jie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells (TRICs) are a highly heterogeneous and plastic subpopulation of immune cells that reside in lymphoid or peripheral tissues without recirculation. These cells are endowed with notably distinct capabilities, setting them apart from their circulating leukocyte counterparts. Many studies demonstrate their complex roles in both health and disease, involving the regulation of homeostasis, protection, and destruction. The advancement of tissue-resolution technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and spatiotemporal omics, provides deeper insights into the cell morphology, characteristic markers, and dynamic transcriptional profiles of TRICs. Currently, the reported TRIC population includes tissue-resident T cells, tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells, tissue-resident innate lymphocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, tissue-resident neutrophils (TRNs), and tissue-resident mast cells, but unignorably the existence of TRNs is controversial. Previous studies focus on one of them in specific tissues or diseases, however, the origins, developmental trajectories, and intercellular cross-talks of every TRIC type are not fully summarized. In addition, a systemic overview of TRICs in disease progression and the development of parallel therapeutic strategies is lacking. Here, we describe the development and function characteristics of all TRIC types and their major roles in health and diseases. We shed light on how to harness TRICs to offer new therapeutic targets and present burning questions in this field.
Melanophilin-induced primary cilia promote pancreatic cancer metastasis
Authors: Chao Yu-Ying , Lin Ruei-Ci , Su Ping-Jui , Wang Chu-An , Tu Ting-Yuan , Hou Ya-Chin , Tsai Yi-Tzui , Peng I-Chen , Tsai Shaw-Jenq , Shan Yan-Shen , Wang Chia-Yih 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most malignant tumors because of its high metastatic ability. The glutamine (Gln)-deficient microenvironment contributes to PDAC metastasis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that melanophilin (MLPH) promotes PDAC metastasis by inducing the regrowth of primary cilia. Using RNA sequencing, we found that MLPH was upregulated in Gln-deficient conditions. MLPH facilitated PDAC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, high MLPH expression is positively correlated with metastasis and poor PDAC prognosis. MLPH localized to the centrosome and facilitated the regrowth of primary cilia. The primary ciliogenesis upregulated phospholipase C γ-1 (PLCG1) to promote PDAC metastasis. Interestingly, PLCG1 was localized to the primary cilia, and depletion of PLCG1 alleviated primary ciliogenesis, suggesting a feedforward role for PLCG1 in mediating primary ciliogenesis. Thus, our study revealed a novel function of the MLPH-primary cilia-PLCG1 axis in facilitating PDAC metastasis under Gln deficiency both in vitro and in vivo.
Nord Stream methane leaks spread across 14% of Baltic waters
Authors: Mohrmann Martin , C. Biddle Louise , Rehder Gregor , Bittig Henry C. , Queste Bastien Y. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A suspected 443-486 kt of methane escaped from the Nord Stream pipelines in September 2022 at four explosion sites across three pipelines. Much of this methane rapidly escaped to the atmosphere, while an unknown amount was dissolved. We use sustained high-resolution observations of methane concentrations from autonomous gliders and an instrumented ship of opportunity to reveal the timing and spread of dissolved methane across different Baltic regions and marine protected areas. Estimates of methane spread and concentrations are essential to understand the ecosystem response, and for establishing accurate priors for atmospheric outgassing and transport models. A numerical model, initialized by engineering estimates and our observations, enables us to constrain the mass of locally dissolved Nord Stream methane (9.5-14.7 kt). We show that dissolved methane decreased rapidly through outgassing, however initial concentrations were so high that 14% of the Baltic Sea still experienced concentrations 5 times greater than average natural levels.
Transducing chemical energy through catalysis by an artificial molecular motor
Authors: Wang Peng-Lai , Borsley Stefan , Power Martin J. , Cavasso Alessandro , Giuseppone Nicolas , Leigh David A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cells display a range of mechanical activities generated by motor proteins powered through catalysis1. This raises the fundamental question of how the acceleration of a chemical reaction can enable the energy released from that reaction to be transduced (and, consequently, work to be done) by a molecular catalyst2–7. Here we demonstrate the molecular-level transduction of chemical energy to mechanical force8 in the form of the powered contraction and powered re-expansion of a cross-linked polymer gel driven by the directional rotation of artificial catalysis-driven9 molecular motors. Continuous 360° rotation of the rotor about the stator of the catalysis-driven motor-molecules incorporated in the polymeric framework of the gel twists the polymer chains of the cross-linked network around one another. This progressively increases writhe and tightens entanglements, causing a macroscopic contraction of the gel to approximately 70% of its original volume. The subsequent addition of the opposite enantiomer fuelling system powers the rotation of the motor-molecules in the reverse direction, unwinding the entanglements and causing the gel to re-expand. Continued powered twisting of the strands in the new direction causes the gel to re-contract. In addition to actuation, motor-molecule rotation in the gel produces other chemical and physical outcomes, including changes in the Young modulus and storage modulus—the latter is proportional to the increase in strand crossings resulting from motor rotation. The experimental demonstration of work against a load by a synthetic organocatalyst, and its mechanism of energy transduction6, informs both the debate3,5,7 surrounding the mechanism of force generation by biological motors and the design principles6,10–14 for artificial molecular nanotechnology.
The translational landscape of HIV-1 infected cells reveals key gene regulatory principles
Authors: Kibe Anuja , Buck Stefan , Gribling-Burrer Anne-Sophie , Gilmer Orian , Bohn Patrick , Koch Tatyana , Mireisz Chiara Noemi-Marie , Schlosser Andreas , Erhard Florian , Smyth Redmond P. , Caliskan Neva 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) uses a number of strategies to modulate viral and host gene expression during its life cycle. To characterize the transcriptional and translational landscape of HIV-1 infected cells, we used a combination of ribosome profiling, disome sequencing and RNA sequencing. We show that HIV-1 messenger RNAs are efficiently translated at all stages of infection, despite evidence for a substantial decrease in the translational efficiency of host genes that are implicated in host cell translation. Our data identify upstream open reading frames in the HIV-1 5′-untranslated region as well as internal open reading frames in the Vif and Pol coding domains. We also observed ribosomal collisions in Gag-Pol upstream of the ribosome frameshift site that we attributed to an RNA structural fold using RNA structural probing and functional analysis. Antisense oligonucleotides designed to alter the base of this structure decreased frameshift efficiency. Overall, our data highlight the complexity of HIV-1 gene regulation and provide a key resource for decoding of host–pathogen interactions upon HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a RNA structural fold including the frameshift site that could serve as a target for antiviral therapy.