bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracts of pregnancy urine contain a mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).
Authors: Morse J H , Ehrlich P H , Canfield R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) has been found in commercial batches of crude human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is obtained from pregnancy urine. These crude hCG preparations, as well as column eluates free of hCG and a previously noted immunosuppressive factor, are mitogen for normal human PBL cultured in fetal calf serum. This mitogen is designated pregnancy-associated growth factor (PAGF) because of its source. PAGF induces 3H-thymidine incorporation of mixed Ia+ non-T cells and T cells, probably confined to the helper subclass; proliferation is abolished by complement-mediated lysis using monoclonal antisera to Ia, mature T cells (OKT3), and the Th (OKT4) subset, but not by antisera to the Ts (OKT8) subset. The proliferating cell is a T cell because irradiation of these cells, but not the non-T cells, abolished PAGF mitogenicity. In addition, PAGF augments the autologus mixed lymphocyte reaction. Preliminary experiments indicate that its m.w., in the range of 18,000 to 22,000, is different from epidermal growth factor, the only previously described growth factor found in crude hCG preparations. In addition epidermal growth factor failed to stimulate PBL under similar conditions.
IgG subclass distribution of anti-sheep red blood cell plaque-forming cells in mice with the CBA/N defect.
Authors: Phillips N E , Campbell P A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgG subclass distribution of anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cells (PFC) in CBA/N, CBA/Ca, and (CBA/N X CBA/Ca)F1 male and female mice was examined. The results show that the X-linked immunodeficiency of CBA/N mice affects the development of anti-SRBC PFC of all IgG subclasses tested.
Suppression of human B lymphocyte function by cyclophosphamide.
Authors: Cupps T R , Edgar L C , Fauci A S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune responses of 16 patients with nonneoplastic immune mediated diseases including Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic necrotizing vasculitis, cutaneous vasculitis, and relapsing nodular panniculitis were evaluated before and during therapy with chronic low-dose (2 mg/kg/day) cyclophosphamide. A striking selective suppression of B cell function was noted as measured by PWM-induced immunoglobulin secretion. This suppression was a direct effect on the B cells themselves because T cell function, measured by blastogenic responses to the mitogens PHA, Con A, and PWM, was not significantly suppressed. Furthermore, the ability of T cells from cyclophosphamide-treated patients to provide helper function in T cell-dependent B cell assays remained intact. Treated patients manifested a total lymphocytopenia without a selective depletion of relative proportions of B cells or T cell subsets. However, the spontaneous secretion of immunoglobulin by peripheral blood B cells that is elevated in untreated patients was suppressed back to normal levels during cyclophosphamide therapy. This selective effect on spontaneous and induced secretion of immunoglobulin by human B cells may help explain the efficacy of cyclophosphamide therapy in certain antibody and immune complex-mediated diseases.
Mucosal mast cells. I. Isolation and functional characteristics of rat intestinal mast cells.
Authors: Befus A D , Pearce F L , Gauldie J , Horsewood P , Bienenstock J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have developed a procedure for the dispersion of mast cells from the intestinal lamina propria (LP) and epithelium of rats infected with the intestinal nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The dispersed cells are morphologically and histochemically similar to intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC) in situ and are distinguishable from peritoneal mast cells (PMC). MMC derived from the LP or epithelium of parasitized animals secrete histamine in response to the specific parasite antigens as well as anti-IgE. Unlike PMC, these cells are unresponsive to the basic secretagogues 48/80 and bee venom peptide 401. Similarly, bee venom peptide 401 conjugated with dansyl chloride binds to PMC and mast cells in the thymus and intestinal serosa, but not to mast cells in or derived from the intestinal LP and epithelium. Studies on PMC treated by the intestinal cell isolation procedure show that the functional characteristics of the MMC cannot be solely attributed to the isolation procedure. Thus, MMC have been isolated and shown to be morphologically, histochemically, and functionally different from PMC, as suggested by previous in vivo studies of the normal intestine.
Mucosal mast cells. II. Effects of anti-allergic compounds on histamine secretion by isolated intestinal mast cells.
Authors: Pearce F L , Befus A D , Gauldie J , Bienenstock J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functional mast cells have been isolated from the lamina propria of the small intestine of rats infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The cells released histamine on challenge with specific antigen, anti-rat IgE, concanavalin A, and calcium ionophores but were less responsive than peritoneal mast cells (MMC) from the same animals. Intestinal mucosa mast cells (PMC) were refractory to the action of the basic secretagogues peptide 401 from bee venom and compound 48/80. The anti-allergic compounds disodium cromoglycate (less than or equal to 10(-3) M), AH 9679 (less than or equal to 10(-4) M), and theophylline (less than or equal to 10(-2)) did not inhibit antigen-induced histamine secretion by MMC, although these compounds were effective against PMC. In contrast, doxantrazole (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) inhibited the secretion of histamine from both MMC and PMC in a comparable dose-dependent fashion. Thus, we have established that mast cells from different sites are functionally heterogeneous not only in their response to various stimuli for histamine secretion, but also in their responses to different pharmacologic modulators of secretion. It cannot be assumed that anti-allergic compounds effective against mast cells in one tissue site or organ will be equally efficacious against mast cells in other sites. The extent of this functional heterogeneity must be established, and its investigation may provide new insights into the biochemical events involved in mast cell secretion.
Mixing two monoclonal antibodies yields enhanced affinity for antigen.
Authors: Ehrlich P H , Moyle W R , Moustafa Z A , Canfield R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We observed that mixing monoclonal antibodies directed against various epitopes of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can increase the sensitivity of antigen-binding assays. Depending on the antibody pair chosen, the affinity of the mixture was as much as 10-fold higher than either of the monoclonal antibodies assayed separately. Because hCG does not have any repeating sequences, these results do not reflect a change in avidity of an individual antibody. The increased avidity of the mixture can be detected in both solid-phase assays and liquid-phase double antibody radioimmunoassays. This was not a general property of all monoclonal antibodies raised against hCG. Certain antibodies, apparently reacting with the same region of the antigen molecule, do not bind simultaneously and do not result in enhanced affinity when mixed. In addition, certain other pairs of antibodies do not bind cooperatively even though they can bind simultaneously. The mechanism for the increase in affinity depends on the formation of a multicomponent complex. If one of the antibodies of a pair that results in enhanced affinity upon mixing is replaced by its F(ab) fragment, the enhancement is no longer detectable, indicating it is unlikely the enhancement is due to an allosteric effect. Although the F(ab')2 fragment shows some enhancement when mixed with another antibody, it is not as effective as the intact antibody.
Loss of surface-bound antibody accompanying the anti-complementary modulation of leukemic B cell immunoglobulin: contrasting effects of antibodies directed against idiotypic and constant regions.
Authors: Gordon J , Anderson V A , Stevenson G T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig L2C leukemic lymphocytes display at their surfaces monoclonal IgM, which when compared with antibody undergoes rapid redistribution and variable endocytosis. One consequence of this is that the cells can prove resistant to lysis by complement subsequently added to the system, a process termed here anti-complementary modulation. We studied quantitatively the extent of antibody loss accompanying the modulation by radioimmunolabeling the cell surfaces with 125I-Fab' gamma fragments from an anti-antibody. Antibody directed against the constant region of the IgG light chain (anti-lambda) gave modulation effective against syngeneic (guinea pig strain 2) complement that closely paralleled the disappearance of anti-lambda from the cell surfaces. Antibody directed against the idiotypic region of the light chain (anti-Id) was as effective as anti-lambda in modulating against syngeneic complement. However, the bulk of the anti-Id was seen by radioimmunolabeling to persist on the surfaces of the resistant cells, even after prolonged exposure at 37 degrees C, and was shown by immunofluorescence to be in a patched configuration. In contrast to the results with syngeneic complement, modulation effective against rabbit complement appeared to have an absolute requirement for clearing of the antibody: thus anti-lambda could modulate, anti-Id could not. The differences observed between anti-lambda and anti-Id could not be accounted for by differences in their isotypic (Ig subclass) composition nor by the numbers of antibody molecules bound. Studies with directly fluoresceinated and 125I-labeled anti-lambda revealed endocytosis rather than shedding was the major route of antibody loss from the cell surfaces over the period of anti-complementary modulation. The findings are discussed in relation to mechanisms that enable leukemic B lymphocytes to escape destruction when confronted by antibody and complement.
Immune (y) interferon production by murine T cell lymphomas.
Authors: Landolfo S , Arnold B , Suzan M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Various cloned murine T cell hybridomas and T cell lymphomas were evaluated for their ability to produce interferon (IFN). Two T cell tumor clones, L12-R1 and L12-R4, derived from the spontaneously in vitro transformed cell lines L12 originally established from fetal calf serum-primed C57BL/6 spleen cells were found to produce high IFN amounts upon mitogen stimulation. Phorbol myristate acetate led to maximal IFN production (2187 IU) by L12-R4 cells at concentrations of 2 x 10(-7) M, whereas concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin induced lower levels of IFN synthesis (160 to 243 IU). None of the cell lines tested produced IFN constitutively or upon lipopolysaccharides stimulation. The IFN was characterized as immune (y) by being labile at pH 2 and neutralized by two rabbit anti-murine IFN-y antisera but not by antiserum to murine leukocyte (alpha) and fibroblast (beta) IFN. Phenotypic characterization of IFN-y-producing cells showed the L12 clones to be Thy-1.2+, Lyt-1+, 23-, and Ig-. The L12-R4 tumor cell therefore provide a unique source of IFN-y for purification, and may represent a useful model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in T cell differentiation leading to IFN-y production.
Inhibition of in vitro granulopoiesis by autologous allogeneic human NK cells.
Authors: Hansson M , Beran M , Andersson B , Kiessling R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study demonstrates the ability of human NK cells to inhibit in vitro granulopoiesis of autologous and allogeneic BM cells. NK lytic activity and GM-CFC inhibition was present among nonstimulated lymphocytes from healthy donors and could be increased by treatment of PBL with IFN. Both the cytotoxic NK cells and the GM-CFC inhibitory cells could be enriched for among nonadherent, low-density cells. High-density cells were not cytotoxic, only inhibitory to a small extent, and could become neither cytotoxic nor more inhibitory after IFN treatment. In contrast, low-density cells showed an increased cytotoxic and GM-CFC inhibitory capacity after IFN treatment. The NK mediated GM-CFC inhibition was dependent on cell contact with BM cells, increased with longer preincubation times, and was most efficient against 7-day GM-CFC as compared with 14 day GM-CFC progenitors. In conclusion, these data provide new information about the human NK cell as a potent inhibitor of in vitro granulopoiesis and also as a possible regulator of hematopoiesis in vivo.
The modification of human immunoglobulin binding to staphylococcal protein A using diethylpyrocarbonate.
Authors: Haake D A , Franklin E C , Frangione B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 4, as well as proteins of the IgG3 subclass that are allotype G3m (s+t+), bind avidly to staphylococcal protein A by means of their Fc portion. Proteins of the IgG3 subclass that are allotype G3m (s-t-) do not bind. The importance of a histidine residue at position 435 has been implicated from comparison of amino acid sequences of immunoglobulins that bind with those that do not bind to staphylococcal protein A, as well as from crystallographic data. Modification of histidines at a low concentration of diethylpyrocarbonate successfully and reversibly alters the binding of immunoglobulins to staphylococcal protein A with only minimal change in the antigenic properties. This method provides strong evidence for the critical importance of histidine in the binding of immunoglobulins to staphylococcal protein A.
Local passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mouse.
Authors: Scovern H , Kantor F S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A means for local passive transfer of DTH in the mouse has been discovered and partially characterized. Briefly, peritoneal exudates (PE) are induced with incomplete Freund's adjuvant 5 to 7 days after immunization with antigen (usually picGPA) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. Five days later, PE cells are harvested and transferred with soluble antigen into a hind footpad of a naive mouse. Antigen-specific swelling is defined as the change in diameter of footpads over the 24 hr after injection of PE cells plus immunizing antigen minus change in diameter of footpads injected with PE cells plus control antigen. Antigen-specific footpad swelling of 20 to 80% was found in contrast to meager swelling when lymph node or spleen cells were used. The magnitude was dependent on dose of both cells and antigen over a broad range (1 to 12 X 10(6) cells, 1 to 100 micrograms of antigen per recipient). Specific swelling was reduced to nil after treatment of PE cells with anti-theta serum, indicating T cell dependence. Carrier specificity of the response was similar to DTH in the guinea pig. Time course and histology are compatible with a DTH response as well. The superiority of PE cells in local transfer of DTH and the modest requirements of this murine local transfer system provide potent tools for identification of the cell(s) that mediate DTH and their interactions. This system, in addition, should provide a sensitive indicator of immunomodulating activity in cellfree supernatants.
Mouse mast cell activation and desensitization for immune aggregate-induced histamine release.
Authors: Fox P C , Basciano L K , Siraganian R P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune aggregate-induced histamine release and desensitization were studied in mouse mast cells. Maximal histamine release was rapid, occurred at 37 degrees C, and required the addition of alpha-L-phosphatidyl-L-serine and Ca2+. The amount of histamine released varied with the composition of the immune aggregates and was dependent on the antibody concentration. Saturation of mast cell Fc epsilon receptors with rat or mouse IgE had no effect on subsequent immune aggregate-induced release. The incubation of mouse mast cells with immune aggregates in the absence of cations of alpha-L-phosphatidyl-L-serine did not stimulate the release of histamine but resulted in desensitization of the cells for release with the addition of the same or unrelated immune aggregates. Such cells are capable, however, of IgE-mediated histamine release. Mast cells desensitized for IgE-mediated histamine release by incubation with anti-IgE were capable of immune aggregate-induced release. These data suggest that IgE-mediated and immune aggregate-induced triggering of mouse mast cells occurs through separate receptors.
Demonstration that nonspecific bovine Brucella abortus agglutinin is EDTA-labile and not calcium-dependent.
Authors: Nielsen K , Duncan J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding site of B. abortus involved in nonspecific or false-positive agglutination by bovine serum was shown to be Ca++-independent in that binding of Ca++ by the chelating reagent DP2TA did not decrease titers. The reduction in agglutination by EDTA, EGTA, and DPTA was thought to be related to a common structural characteristic of these chelating reagents not exhibited by EDDA and DP2TA or to a lesser extent by DTPA. Removal of antigenic entities from the cell by the chelator was excluded as the cause of agglutination inhibition because agglutination by nonspecific IgM was not influenced by repeated washing of B. abortus by EDTA. The action of the chelators on the cell-agglutinin interaction was hypothesized to be a result of their competition with a receptor site on the cell for binding of the nonspecific or biochemically altered bovine IgM.
Differentiation and activation of nu/nu splenic T cell precursors by mature peripheral T cells in the absence of thymus.
Authors: Lipsick J S , Serunian L , Sato V L , Kaplan N O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nu/nu splenic T cell precursors lacking significant Thy-1 surface antigen are driven in vitro to proliferate and express Thy-1 during incubation with activated, nondividing peripheral T cells in the absence of thymus or thymic extracts. The precursors are present in nu/+ spleen as well, and are phenotypically similar to thymocyte precursors assayed in vivo. The nondividing inducer cells required are Lyt-2-, Thy-1+ T cells present in nu/+ but not nu/nu spleen and show no MHC restriction in the induction process. Using this in vitro assay, we preliminarily identified a monoclonal rat anti-mouse brain antibody that lyses nu/nu responding T cell presursors in the presence of complement. The ability of mature peripheral T cells to induce the differentiation and activation of T cell precursors in the complete absence of thymus appears to explain the grossly different effects of neonatal and adult thymectomy or thymic involution on immunocompetence. In addition, we showed that the limiting cell in three-cell mitogenic response of normal spleen cells to Con A is likely the macrophage by similar analysis of nondividing inducer cell requirements. This finding allows the assignment of a unique order to this three-cell response.
Functional properties of T cells in patients with chronic T gamma lymphocytosis and chronic T cell neoplasia.
Authors: Rümke H C , Miedema F , ten Berge I J , Terpstra F , van der Reijden H J , van de Griend R J , de Bruin H G , von dem Borne A E , Smit J W , Zeijlemaker W P , Melief C J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expanded T cell populations of 10 patients with either T gamma lymphocytosis (five patients) or proven chronic T cell malignancy (five patients) were analyzed with respect to functional activity in vitro, including proliferative responses to mitogens, cytotoxic activity (killer [K] and natural killer [NK] cell activity), and regulatory activity on pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) induced immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis (help and suppression) in comparison with marker phenotypes. In each of the five patients with T gamma lymphocytosis, only one out of three functionally distinct cell types was found: T gamma-K cells, T gamma-S cells, or T gamma-NK/K cells, which mediated K-cell activity, suppressive activity, and both NK and K cell activity, respectively. An expanded T gamma-K cell population was demonstrated in three patients with neutropenia with or without recurrent infections. T gamma-S cells were found in a patient with severe hypogammaglobulinemia, and T gamma-NK/K cells in one patient with asymptomatic lymphocytosis. T gamma-K and T gamma-S cells had a similar surface-marker profile (E+ or E-, Fc gamma+, OKT1-3+4-8+I1-M1-), whereas that of T gamma-NK/K cells was different (E+, Fc gamma+, OKT1-3-4-8-I1+M1+). Longitudinal studies of three untreated patients with T gamma-K lymphocytosis showed that the abnormalities were persistent but not progressive. In contrast, five patients with chronic T cell malignancy (two with T-CLL, two with cutaneous T cell lymphoma [CTCL], and one with T-PLL) all had progressive disease. The neoplastic cells in these cases were E+, Fc gamma-OKT1+4+6- with variable expression of the OKT3 and OKT8 markers. The only functional activity observed in these cells was suppressive activity by OKT3-4+8- cells from a patient with CTCL.
T cell-independent responses to an Ir gene-controlled antigen. I. Characteristics of the immune response to insulin complexed to Brucella abortus.
Authors: Thomas J W , Bucy R P , Kapp J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune responses by mice to heterologous insulins are controlled by H-2-linked Ir genes. Antibody responses to insulin are T cell dependent (TD), and nonresponder mice fail to make detectable insulin-specific antibodies. To further analyze the role of T cells in regulation of immune responses to insulin, we have developed a method for induction of insulin-specific B cells in the relative absence of T cells. Insulin has been chemically coupled to the T cell-independent (TI) organism Brucella abortus (insulin-BA). Studies reported here demonstrate that in terms of kinetics of responses, isotype expression, and induction of responses in X-linked immunodeficient mice, insulin-BA behaves as a typical type-1 TI antigen. Despite these characteristic features, T cells appear to augment the response to insulin-BA. More importantly, insulin-BA stimulates IgM and IgG anti-insulin antibodies in all strains tested regardless of whether the mice were responders or nonresponders to the particular insulin tested. Thus insulin-BA should be a useful antigen for dissecting the cell interactions required for development of insulin-specific immunity.
The role of three distinct Ia-like antigen molecules in human T cell proliferative responses: effect of monoclonal anti-Ia-like antibodies.
Authors: Koide Y , Awashima F , Yoshida T O , Takenouchi T , Wakisaka A , Moriuchi J , Aizawa M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to three distinct Ia-like molecules were studied for their inhibitory effects on antigen- and alloantigen-induced T cell proliferations. The MoAb were classified into three groups according to the molecules they recognized. Both the group I MoAb reacting with DR molecules and the group III MoAb were capable of inhibiting T cell proliferative responses to PPD- and HSV-Ag-pulsed APC, autologous B-LCL, and alloantigens. On th other hand, the group II MoAb, which reacted with a determinant on the molecule carrying MB1 determinants, was only capable of inhibiting T cell responses to alloantigens. These results suggest that the structure of the molecules correlates with the functional repertoire of the human Ia-like antigens.