bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Modified Direct Complement Fixation Test for the Detection of Antibodies in the Serum of Cattle Previously Infected with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Boulanger Paul , Bannister G. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modified direct complement fixation method for the detection of antibodies in heat-inactivated sera of cattle infected with vesicular stomatitis virus is described. The addition of fresh unheated bovine serum to the diluted guinea pig complement constitutes the only modification. In its absence no fixation of complement is observed. The normal serum supplying the apparently essential heat-labile factor, is pretested for absence of nonspecific reactivity with test antigen. Sera of animals around 6 months of age show less nonspecific reactivity than sera of adult cattle.
This method when applied in testing serial bleedings from cattle infected with either the New Jersey or Indiana type of vesicular stomatitis virus, detected the antibodies 9 to 10 days after intralingual infection. Antibodies were demonstrable at a diagnostic level for at least 90 days afterward.
The test was shown to be sufficiently specific to indicate the type of virus in epithelial tongue tissue collected at the acute stage of infection and to reveal the type-specificity of the antibodies in serum of convalescent cattle.
In indirect complement fixation tests, the inhibition titers of early convalescent sera were much lower than those recorded in the modified direct complement fixation test. The difference was negligible with hyperimmune sera.
The Dissociation of Hemolytic Antibody from Sensitized Cells as Measured by Cell-to-Cell Transfer
Authors: Goodman Harold S. , Masaitis Lillian 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is presented for quantitating the extent of cell-to-cell transfer of hemolytic antibody. A number of sera obtained from rabbits immunized with either sheep cells or sheep cell stromas were examined. The differences in the percentage of transfer were found to be primarily due to differences in the percentage of readily dissociable and nondissociable antibody rather than variations in dissociation rates of the hemolytic antibody of the different sera. Electrophoretic fractionation of these sera indicated that the nondissociable hemolytic antibody was found in the γ1 electrophoretic fractions. On the other hand, the readily dissociable hemolytic antibody was found in the γ2 fractions. The differences observed in the percentage of transferable antibody appeared to correlate well with the relative amount of γ1 and γ2 hemolytic antibodies which were present. The amount of antibody transferred was directly proportional to the amount of antibody used for sensitization. This suggests that if antibody complexes are formed, such antibody complexes do not add any stability to the antigen-antibody reaction. An inverse relation was found between the percentage of transferable antibody and the 1/n value (a measure of the relationship between relative antibody concentration and percentage lysis.) The significance of this finding in regard to immune hemolysis is discussed.
Studies of Polyoma Virus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Roane Philip R. , Robinson Virginia L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several variables inherent in the assay of the polyoma virus by hemagglutination (HA) and of antibody to the virus by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were studied at 2°C with guinea pig erythrocytes.
Hemagglutination was not detected in 125 mM sucrose containing less than 15 mM of NaCl. Peak titers were obtained at NaCl concentrations of 50–300 mM. MgCl2 (10–75 mM) and CaCl2 (10–50 mM) in veronal buffered saline did not enhance or inhibit hemagglutination. A detailed study of the effects of hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range 6.0–8.2 revealed that higher titers were obtained at pH 7 to 8, particularly at pH 7.8.
Hemagglutination and complement fixation studies of crude virus, as well as products and byproducts of various purification procedures, revealed good correspondence between HA and CF titers of virus preparations. The HA assay was 30–40 times more sensitive than the CF assay. In view of the absence of nonhemagglutinating antigens, HA as well as CF assays could be used for the measurement of viral mass.
At 55° and 65° C the kinetics of thermal inactivation were found to be pseudo-first order. A rate constant of 10-3 sec-1 was found at 68°C. The energy of activation in the range 55° to 75°C was 80 kcal/mole.
Studies of the relationship between the serum HI titer and the concentration of virus in the assay revealed that increase in virus concentrations beyond 16–32 HA units did not affect serum titers. At lesser concentrations the serum titers increased, but less rapidly than the decrease of virus in the test system.
Sera from inoculated and uninoculated hamsters were assayed by HI and CF with crude and partially purified antigens. For sera with high and moderate levels of activity good correspondence of HI and CF titers, with an average ratio of 5.5, was established. At low levels of activity, the ratios varied considerably, particularly with sera from uninoculated animals which showed HI activity in the absence of CF. The HI titers of such sera dropped significantly in assays with virus obtained from DEAE cellulose column chromatography.
Studies of Polyoma Virus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Roane Philip R. , Robinson Virginia L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Titration of partially purified cell-free virus in newborn hamsters revealed that the dose response curves for tumor or antibody formation is shallower than would be expected if one particle were sufficient to induce a tumor or trigger the events that lead to antibody response. Hemagglutination-inhibiting or complement-fixing antibody reached peak levels between 30 and 70 days and was a more sensitive indicator of virus than tumor response.
Hamsters with tumors at multiple sites developed high antibody titers. Hamsters with tumors at one site, particularly the site of injection, occasionally lacked demonstrable antibody. Such a condition could also be produced following simultaneous injection of newborn hamsters with virus and serum at different sites.
Virus was demonstrated in 2 of 14 tumor homogenates by injection into mice, and in 7 of 22 tumors by injection of fluids or cells from tumor cell cultures into newborn hamsters. Most isolations were from homogenates or cultures of tumors from animals with moderate and high antibody titers. Hamsters injected with live cells from tumor cell cultures frequently developed invasive tumors at the site of injection but no antibody. These experiments lead us to believe that (1) lack of demonstrable antibody in some hamsters with tumors is due to virus multiplication that is inadequate to stimulate a good antibody response, (2) virus isolation is more probable from animals in which virus multiplied extensively and which in turn developed high antibody levels, and (3) tumor formation may not be related to the extent of virus multiplication in the hamster.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in Mice Following Neonatal Exposure to Shigella Antigens
Authors: Friedman Herman , Gaby William L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Partial immunologic unresponsiveness has been induced in mice by neonatal inoculation of a relatively large dose of either cellular or soluble Shigella paradysenteriae antigens. Unresponsiveness was temporary and did not last longer than 5 weeks. Concentration of antigen, route of inoculation and age of the animal at inoculation were important factors; i.p. injection within 24 hr of birth with the highest sublethal dose of antigen resulted in the greatest degree of unresponsiveness (10-fold suppression as compared to controls) when challenged at 5 weeks of age. Transfer of immune spleen cells reversed unresponsiveness.
The Variation of Heterohemagglutinins in Normal Mouse Sera
Authors: Stimpfling J. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results presented here indicate that the sheep and chicken cell hemagglutinins of normal C57BL/6Sn sera exhibited significant fluctuations over a period of 6 months. It was found that the mean titer levels of sheep and chicken cell hemagglutinins have, in general, a parallel distribution over a corresponding period of time. A sex difference in the hemagglutinin mean titer levels for both sheep and chicken cells has been demonstrated, i.e., females have significantly higher hemagglutinin titers than do males.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R. , Nadel Hyman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Crude saline extracts of hog, dog, beef and human pancreas glands were injected into rabbits intradermally in combination with Freund adjuvants, and intravenously. Some of the antisera initially proved to be specific for pancreas extract. Other antisera could be made specific by absorption with serum or various organ extracts of the particular species. The pancreas-specific antibodies could be demonstrated by means of complement fixation, tanned cell hemagglutination and precipitation in agar gel. The last type of experiment made it clear that more than one pancreas-specific antigen is present. The pancreas-specific antisera show very little, if any, cross-reaction with pancreas extracts of other species tested. In immunoelectrophoresis experiments, the primary antigens have the electrophoretic properties of serum globulins.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar V Precipitate Density Studies Using the Oudin Technique
Authors: Hayden Alonza R. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The leading edge of the precipitate band obtained in the simple diffusion tube technique of Oudin has been measured over a wide range of antigen concentrations, antiserum concentrations and diffusion times. Five different antigen-antibody systems, egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin, hog thyroglobulin, and lobster hemocyanin, and their respective rabbit antibodies were employed. All systems showed that at the higher antigen and lower antiserum concentrations the O.D. is independent of the time of diffusion and of the antigen concentration. At the lower antigen and higher antibody concentrations, however, the O.D. increases with increasing time of diffusion and decreasing concentration of antigen. For the egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin and hemocyanin systems, at sufficiently high antigen and low antibody concentrations the relationship between O.D. and antiserum concentration is a straight line extrapolating to the origin. Thyroglobulin under the same circumstances gives a straight line that does not extrapolate to the origin.
Under conditions in which the O.D. is independent of the antigen concentration and time of diffusion and directly proportional to the antiserum concentration, there is a linear relation between O.D. of the leading edge of the precipitate band in the Oudin test and the total nitrogen concentration of the precipitate as found by the quantitative precipitin reaction carried out in liquid media. The same linear relationship was found for egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin and hemocyanin, but not for thyroglobulin.
No effect on the O.D. of the addition of nonspecific protein to the antiserum layer was observed. Reasons were given for expecting that under the proper conditions there should be no effect of adding nonspecific protein to the upper layer.
Precipitins against Pasteurella Pestis in Normal and Antibacterial Sera
Authors: Eisler Daniel M. , Metz Eleanor Von 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The normal sera of seven animal species, including sera of germ-free mice and of a Caesarian delivered calf, gave precipitin reactions with fraction IB of Pasteurella pestis and with antigens of other Gram-negative bacterial species in agar diffusion plates. The normal precipitin lines were intensified, and additional lines due to specific antibodies were demonstrated in tests with the sera of mice and rabbits inoculated with fraction IB. The normal serum precipitins of Namru strain mice were low in titer. The number of lines could be varied by altering both antigen-antibody concentrations and the pH of the agar in which tests were made.
The normal sera of six mammalian species formed a continuous precipitin line when tested with fraction IB in a single agar diffusion plate.
Precipitins in normal sera and fraction IB antisera were not specific for “H” or “O” antigens of Proteus vulgaris. Chemical fixation of these antigens in some instances altered their precipitin reaction with some sera.
An antigen common to P. pestis and Proteus mirabilis did not elicit protective antibodies against P. pestis.
The precipitins in calf and cow sera were not demonstrable in commercially available bovine plasma fractions. Human globulin gave precipitin reactions with an antigen common to several bacterial species.
The precipitins in normal sera and fraction IB antisera of mice were associated with β- and γ-globulins.
Dissociation of Infective Poliomyelitis Virus from Neutralizing Antibody by Fluorocarbon
Authors: Ketler Albert , Hinuma Yorio , Hummeler Klaus 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Varying doses of poliomyelitis type I virus were mixed with appropriately diluted homologous rabbit antiserum and incubated at 37°C for 12–30 hr. The resulting noninfectious mixtures were homogenized with fluorocarbon and the amount of dissociated virus was determined by plaque assay. Similarly treated mixtures of virus and normal rabbit serum served as controls for the small losses of infectivity during incubation and homogenization. The use of optimal procedures permitted total recovery of as little as 90 to 270 plaque forming units from mixtures neutralized by an excess of antibody. Homogenization of these mixtures in absence of fluorocarbon did not yield infectious virus, indicating that the fluorocarbon is responsible for dissociation of virus from antibody.
The Effect of Zymosan on the Phagocytosis of Foreign Erythrocytes
Authors: Cutler John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The disappearance of sheep erythrocytes in the rat and in the rabbit has been shown to be a rapid exponential function attributable to phagocytosis. Following this initial erythrophagocytosis hemoglobin is released back into the circulation, reflecting the catabolic function of the reticuloendothelial system. Zymosan causes an increased rate of removal of erythrocytes but does not alter the disappearance rate of foreign albumin. The relationship of phagocytosis to antibody production and the fact that enhanced antibody formation in Zymosan-treated animals cannot be attributed to more efficient phagocytosis are discussed.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Emulsified Vaccines
Authors: McKinney Robert W. , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A model system in mice has been developed and defined, in which the adjuvant effect of emulsified vaccines was tested.
Studies on the temporal relationship of enhanced antibody response to vaccination with adjuvant vaccine have shown that the initial peak level of antibody is dependent on repositing the virus in situ for about 16 days. Other data emphasizing the importance of the early events that take place after vaccination with adjuvant vaccine came from studies on the rate of breakdown of emulsified vaccines carried out by injection of P32 containing emulsions, by the removal of the site of inoculation and by irradiation designed to block further antibody production. These experiments have demonstrated that mineral oil emulsified vaccines tend to release a large and effective portion of their antigen soon after inoculation.
Transplantation of Antibody-Forming Cells in Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Gengozian N. , Makinodan T. , Shekarchi I. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comprehensive study of the relative contribution of normal versus presensitized bone marrow or spleen tissue to the antibody-forming mechanisms of lethally irradiated mice was made. Bone marrow cells transplanted into the irradiated animals showed definite antibody-forming potential when marrow was obtained from presensitized donors but lacked this capacity if normal, nonsensitized donors were used. In contrast, both normal and presensitized spleen cells transplanted into the irradiated host were able to initiate an immune response to the test antigen. The marked efficiency of the spleen over the bone marrow was indicated by the ability of 12 × 106 presensitized spleen cells to produce agglutinins in amounts comparable to that observed in normal mice undergoing a secondary type of response. Different presensitization procedures of the donors also revealed differences in the efficiency of the transplanted hematopoietic cells to produce antibody in the irradiated host.
The increased antibody-forming potential of both bone marrow and spleen cells from presensitized donors was demonstrated in two in vivo biologic tests: a) there was a relative decrease in the ability of marrow and spleen cells from presensitized donors to protect lethally irradiated isologous mice; and b) in a homologous transfer of cells, marrow and spleen cells from donors sensitized to the homologous recipient showed a detrimental effect when transplanted into lethally irradiated homologous mice.
Studies on the Combining Sites of the Protein Antigen Silk Fibroin
Authors: Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The octapeptide Gly(Gly3,Ala3)Tyr was the most effective inhibitor of the fibroin-rabbit antifibroin precipitin reaction among the peptides tested that ranged in size from tetra- to octapeptides (40% inhibition at 5–18 μm/ml). The tetrapeptides were considerably less effective than Gly(Gly3,Ala3)Tyr although one of them, Gly(Gly,Ala)Tyr (20% inhibition at 18–20 μm/ml) has the same qualitative amino acid composition as the most effective octapeptide inhibitor. The dodecapeptide fraction was the most active of the peptides compared, giving 50% inhibition at 5–8 μm/ml. Removal of carboxyl-terminal tyrosine from the active octapeptides resulted in a halving of their effectiveness as inhibitors. The results indicate that, although tyrosine appears to account for a disproportionate part of the binding of peptide to antibody, a sizable segment (at least 8 to 12 residues) of the glycyl, alanyl chain is involved in specific combination.
An Adenovirus Vaccine Potency Test
Authors: Tint Howard , Stone Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adenovirus vaccine potency estimates, based upon immune responses following multiple injections of fluid vaccine, were unreliable. As an alternative, a potency test based upon a single injection of vaccine with oil-adjuvant is described. In this test, no evidence of interference among components in multivalent vaccines was demonstrable. The test was responsive to potency changes in a stability study of this vaccine.
The Mechanism of Particulate Carrier Reactions
Authors: Oreskes Irwin , Singer Jacques M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suspensions of polystyrene latex particles treated with human γ-globulin are empolyed in a variety of serologic agglutination procedures. The protein is adsorbed onto the surface of the latex particles and this adsorption can be described by a Langmuir type of isotherm. The adsorption process is in two steps. The amount of protein adsorbed in the first step is proportional to the surface area of the latex particles.
The data obtained are consistent with two interpretations. One is that the protein is adsorbed as a double molecular layer where the second layer contains about half the amount of adsorbed protein in the first layer. An alternate view is that the adsorbed protein forms a random immobile film with the molecules oriented parallel to the particle surface. Further adsorption then takes place in the interstices between molecules already adsorbed, but now the molecules are perpendicularly oriented to the particle surface. Estimations of the fraction of surface occupied by molecules in the two different orientations are in good agreement with theoretic calculations. A latex particle of 8020 Å in diameter can adsorb a maximum of about 75,000 γ-globulin molecules.
Studies on Allegedly Non-Complement-Fixing Immune Systems
Authors: Knight Gerald J. , Cowan Keith M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The inability of bovine antibody, in contrast to rabbit antibody, to fix guinea pig C′ with soluble antigen preparation derived from M. mycoides was shown to be due to a requirement for a heat labile serum factor. A satisfactory C′-fixing reaction could be obtained using unheated immune bovine serum or heated immune bovine serum to which normal bovine serum, or serum from other species, had been added. The heat labile factor appeared to be neither properdin nor the second, third or fourth components of C′. Similarities between C′-fixing enhancing material and C′1 were noted but no conclusion with respect to their identity is warranted at this time.
A Precipitation Reaction Between Human Serum and a Soluble Tissue Component
Authors: Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Certain extracts of human and animal tissues have been found to give a precipitation line with normal human serum in a gel diffusion system. This precipitation reaction results from the interaction of a basic tissue component, probably a protein, with human serum albumin. Evidence has been presented that the reaction is not of the immune type and that the interaction, which shows specificity for human albumin, is due primarily to electrostatic forces.
Properties of Specifically Purified Kidney Localizing Antikidney Antibody
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Significant amount of material containing 18% of the total nitrogen and 60% of the total phosphorus was solubilized by heating lyophilized sediment of rat kidney homogenate at 60°C at pH 8. The heat extract thus obtained partially neutralized the localizing activity of anti-kidney antibody. Therefore, specifically purified antibody prepared by heat elution of adsorbed antibody on untreated kidney sediment seems to be already neutralized to some extent. Electrophoresis on starch of anti-kidney antibody indicated the γ-globulin nature of localizing antibody. A large portion of the γ-globulin from specifically purified antibody was converted to faster migrating components, probably antigen-antibody complexes, after neutralization with the trypsin digest of kidney sediment. Further evidence for the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in specifically purified antibody was also indicated from the electrophoretic results. Ultracentrifugal studies showed that the localizing antibody is primarily in the light γ-globulin and excluded the possibility that it is significantly present in heavy globulins. The radioiodination and the specific purification by adsorption-elution procedure does not seem to cause any appreciable change in the sedimentation properties of antibody globulin.
Effect of Eperythrozoon Coccoides upon Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Seamer John , Gledhill A. W. , Barlow James L. , Hotchin John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pathogenicity of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus inoculated subcutaneously and intraperitoneally was much greater in mice which had been recently infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides than in normal mice. This enhancement of pathogenicity was observed with two strains of virus and a tissue cultured subline of one of them. With the more virulent strain of virus which was able to kill normal mice by the intraperitoneal route, the mean survival time of the E. coccoides treated mice was shorter than that of the normal mice. The enhancing effect of E. coccoides, given as a 10-6 dilution of infected mouse blood, was maximal when the parasite was inoculated from 4 days before to 2 days after the inoculation of virus. The similarity of these results to those reported earlier with mouse hepatitis virus is discussed.