bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unified Constitutive Modeling of Haynes 230 for Thermomechanical Fatigue-Creep and Creep Behavior
Authors: Cao Wenyu , Zhang Hualiang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Research on the macroscopic phenomenological constitutive model of Haynes 230, which is frequently used as an aero engine combustor liner material, still has important engineering significance. Based on a proposed model for isothermal fatigue and fatigue-creep, a constitutive model is developed which can simulate the thermomechanical fatigue-creep and pure creep behaviors. The results of simulation and experiment are in good agreement with each other under thermomechanical fatigue-creep loads for the hysteresis loops at half-life, the stress amplitude and the mean stress evolution, or the stress relaxation during dwell time. Good results are also obtained in the case of pure creep. Meanwhile, the simulation of isothermal fatigue and fatigue-creep also maintains high accuracy. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a robust unified constitutive model that has the adaptability to a wide range of temperature variations and is suitable for various types of fatigue-creep interaction loads.
On Fabrication of Patterned Form-Tools Using the Chemically Etched-Tool Electrode
Authors: Tiwari Tanmay , Dvivedi Akshay , Kumar Pradeep 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Miniaturization of the products is a field of interest that includes several conventional to advanced micro-manufacturing processes. Micro-forming is one of the processes among the other micro-manufacturing process, which is a well-suited technology capable of producing small metallic parts with better material properties. However, several limitations are required to be addressed. Present research work is focused on addressing the limitation of tool design for the tools used in forming process. In current work, a patterned tool is used to fabricate form-tools, using an Electric discharge machining process, which can be used in the micro-forming process. Machining involves the thermal energy transfer, which in turn alters the surface characteristics; therefore, surface roughness obtained after the machining process has been analyzed using the OFAT approach. Gap voltage (Gv), peak current (Pk), pulse-on (Ton), and pulse-off time (Toff) are considered for the analysis over the response, i.e. average surface roughness (Ra). Different patterns viz. Diamond and circular shapes were considered for study along with the design of the Tesla T45A single valve to analyze the applicability of the developed process to fabricate form tools with desired geometry. All the patterns were successfully obtained over the Inconel 718 alloy work material used in the present work.
A Methodology for Digital Twins of Product Lifecycle Supported by Digital Thread
Authors: Monnier Laetitia V. , Shao Guodong , Foufou Sebti 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Technological advancements have led to the transition of manufacturing industries to Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0. Promising concepts such as Digital Twin and Digital Thread could help speed up the transition. One benefit of using digital twins is to enable continuity of lifecycle information. However, currently, most digital-twin implementations focus on modeling a particular lifecycle stage of a physical element in “silos”. This makes companies missing out on up to 65% of possible value of digital twin investments. This also results in it challenging to incorporate diverse data streams from different lifecycle stages. Digital thread has been used to represent information flow along the product lifecycle. Using information across product lifecycle stages will facilitate interoperability and reusability of digital twins. Because data from each lifecycle stage could be accessed and managed systematically, this will ensure the value and the credibility of the digital twin. A lot of confusion still remains in industry about what are digital twin and digital thread as well as their relationships. Using lifecycle data from a digital thread for digital twin implementation is complex because of the heterogeneity of standards and technologies involved. In this paper, we provide definitions of both digital twin and digital thread; we highlight the benefit of using them for interoperability and reusability of a digital twin for product lifecycle management and analysis; we propose a methodology for implementing digital twins using lifecycle data supported by a digital thread. Finally, we showcase the proposed methodology by providing an example of integrating digital twins with a digital thread.
Uncertainty Quantification in Material Properties of Additively Manufactured Materials for Application in Topology Optimization
Authors: Kazemi Zahra , Steeves Craig A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This research presents an approach to measuring the inherent randomness in properties of materials fabricated by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. Defects associated with the layer-by-layer process introduce significant variability in the elastic modulus field of materials printed. To describe the random distribution in Young’s modulus fields, statistical properties of mean, variance, and correlation length must be estimated for bulk regions (the printed filaments) and fusion regions (the thin regions connecting printed filaments). The goal is to estimate the random properties from the surface strain fields calculated by digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. A machine learning algorithm is developed that can estimate the spatial variations in the elastic modulus. The model is trained on a dataset of simulated two-dimensional strain fields with known random distributions in the corresponding elastic modulus fields generated by finite element (FE) simulations. On the test data, we achieved the R2 score of 0.93 and 0.95 for the mean in the bulk and fusion Young’s modulus fields, respectively. Also, for the variance in bulk and fusion areas, the R2 score of 0.74 and 0.83 are achieved, respectively. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach in measuring the randomness in material properties of FFF-based printed materials.
Development of a Compliant Gripper Driven by 3 DOF Soft Robot
Authors: Ramirez Ricardo , Tran Pt Angel , Price Derek , Amiri Moghadam Amir Ali , Tekes Ayse 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study presents the design, development, and experimental testing of a single piece designed compliant gripper manipulated by a 3 DOF soft robot. The manipulator consists of two soft links. While the bottom arm is 2 DOF and is tendon driven by two servo motors, the SDOF upper arm is also tendon driven by a servo motor. The two-finger-designed compliant gripper is also actuated by a servo motor. The base of the robot holds the motors and the soft manipulator. The MATLAB Simscape model of the robot is created to perform deformation and motion analysis of the gripper and soft manipulator. The cad model of the robot is imported, and the manipulator parts are converted into soft links using discrete beam elements. The large deflecting hinges on the compliant grippers are also transformed to mimic the physical gripper. Since the soft manipulator and the compliant gripper were designed monolithically, the robot was 3D printed as a single piece using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The gripper is tested for its grasping and lifting performance while recording the applied forces by the gripper using a Flex sensor. Using the opencv tool for image processing and object analysis, we used a dual-camera setup with a known environment to add intelligence to the robot. Since the manipulator is designed as soft, the gripper can reach any position within its working space with any orientation.
An Inflatable Soft Crawling Robot With Nondestructive Testing Capability for Overhead Power Line Inspection
Authors: Mendoza Nicolás , Nemati Hamidreza , Haghshenas-Jaryani Mahdi , Dehghan-Niri Ehsan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents designing and prototyping of an inflatable soft crawling robot equipped with nondestructive testing (NDT) sensing capability for inspection and diagnosis of potential mechanical faults in overhead power cables. The soft robot is comprised of two gripping modules with radial expansion/contraction, one at the proximal and the other one at the distal end, and a longitudinal contractile-expandable driving module in-between for providing a bi-directional crawling movement. The robot and its soft actuators are made of fabrics and can be wrapped around the power line cables for navigation. The main novelty of the current robotic inspection platform is to integrate the mobility component with an NDT sensing system. Conceptual designs and CAD models of the robot parts, textile-based inflatable structures, and the pneumatic driving mechanisms were developed. The mechanical parts were fabricated using advanced and conventional manufacturing techniques. An Arduino-based electropneumatic control board was developed including proper pneumatic circuits, pumps, sensors, and batteries. The fabricated parts were assembled to create the initial prototype of the soft robot. Control algorithms were developed for the operation of the robot. The prototyped mechanism was tested in a laboratory setting while the collected data were used for modifying the designs, and controlling software and hardware. The feasibility of the proposed robot for cable crawling and multimodal NDT sensing was successfully demonstrated.
Investigations Into Uncertain Control Co-Design Implementations for Stochastic in Expectation and Worst-Case Robust
Authors: Azad Saeed , Herber Daniel R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As uncertainty considerations become increasingly important aspects of concurrent plant and control optimization, it is imperative to identify and compare the impact of uncertain control co-design (UCCD) formulations on their associated solutions. While previous work has developed the theory for various UCCD formulations, their implementation, along with an in-depth discussion of the structure of UCCD problems, implicit assumptions, method-dependent considerations, and practical insights, is currently missing from the literature. Therefore, in this study, we address some of these limitations by proposing two optimal control structures for UCCD problems that we refer to as the open-loop single-control (OLSC) and open-loop multiple-control (OLMC). Next, we implement the stochastic in expectation UCCD (SE-UCCD) and worst-case robust UCCD (WCR-UCCD) for a simplified strain-actuated solar array (SASA) case study. For the implementation of SE-UCCD, we use generalized Polynomial Chaos expansion and benchmark the results against Monte Carlo Simulation. Next, we solve a simple SASA WCR-UCCD through OLSC and OLMC structures. Insights from such implementations indicate that constructing, implementing, and solving a UCCD problem requires an in-depth understanding of the problem at hand, formulations, and solution strategies to best address the underlying co-design under uncertainty questions.
Development of a Novel 3-Universal-Spherical-Revolote Soft Parallel Robot
Authors: Abidoye Cecil , Grace Devin , Contreras-Esquen Andrea , Edwards Aden , Ashuri Turaj , Tekes Ayse , Amiri Moghadam Amir Ali 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Soft parallel robots are among the latest advancements in the field of soft robotics with wide range of applications. Most of the existing soft robotic systems comprise from serial soft arms which can provide high degrees of freedom (DOF), but suffer from low stiffness, and limited payload due to their soft structure. To address these issues recently researchers have introduced soft parallel robots. Similar to their rigid counterparts, soft parallel robot will have higher blocking force, stiffness, and accuracy. We have previously introduced two, and three DOF soft parallel robots and in the current work we will introduce a novel six DOF robot named 3-universal-spherical-revolute (3USR) soft parallel robot. This robotic system is consisted of three closed-loop kinematic chains. Each chain includes a soft active arm with two DOF which is connected to a compliant passive link through soft joints. This configuration provides six DOF for the soft robot (x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw). The prototype of the robot is 3D printed using NINJA flex, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polylactic acid (PLA). Each soft active arm consists of a two DOF tendon driven soft actuator which is 3D printed using NINJA flex and are actuated using two servo motors. Two types of soft joints are used namely soft spherical and revolute joints. The shape and size of the soft joints are optimized so that the robot will achieve six DOF. MATLAB Simscape model is used to simulate the dynamical response of the mechanism for various inputs.
A Comparative Numerical Investigation on Machining of Laminated and 3D Printed CFRP Composites
Authors: Hassan Mahmudul , Alimuzzaman Sk Md , Ma Jianfeng , Jahan Muhammad 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
One of the shortcomings of 3D printed or laminated carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites is that their dimensional precision and surface finish fall short of the normal tolerance requirements for most industrial applications. Machining is often necessary as a post-processing step to get the CFRP parts in appropriate form. This research uses numerical modeling and simulation with ABAQUS/Explicit, a commercially available sophisticated finite element analysis (FEA) software program, to compare the machining behavior and post-processing capabilities of laminated and 3D printed CFRP composites. The effects of machining parameters, such as, feed, cutting speed and depth of cut (DOC), and 3D printing parameters like percentage of overlap between neighboring passes and layer heights, have been investigated. Cutting forces, strain, chip and burr development, and the consequent surface topology have all been used to assess the post-processing capability or machining behavior of CFRPs. A 3D model was built using appropriate damage initiation and propagations factors such as ductile and shear damage, as well as the Johnson-Cook criteria for plasticity. C3D8R elements, which are 8-node brick elements, were used to mesh each layer of the laminated workpiece model. For 3D printed models, linear tetrahedral elements, also known as C3D4T, were employed to capture changes in elemental level. The cutting and thrust forces generated increased as the DOC, cutting speed and feed rate increased. Chip formation was primarily controlled by stiffness and flute shape of the cutting tool, and 3D print direction. It was seen that the surface quality is better for laminated CFRPs. The highest cutting force obtained are found to have an essentially proportional correlation with feed, layer height, and spindle speed. Finally, the findings are persuasive, and they may be utilized to direct actual machining operations and achieve the required results.
Experimental Study on Stress Measurement Based on Zero-Group-Velocity (ZGV) Lamb Waves
Authors: Pancong He , Maodan Yuan , Xuanrong Ji , Weiming Xuan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The stress state of engineering structures is the key information for the reliability evaluation. However, conventional ultrasonic method is not suitable for local stress measurement. The dispersion characteristics of Lamb wave acoustoelasticity show that higher-order Lamb waves near cut-off frequency possess higher sensitivity to stress. Considering that the proximity of zero-group-velocity (ZGV) mode and the cut-off frequency and its sensitivity to local material property, a local stress measurement method based on ZGV mode is proposed for thin plates. An oblique incident ultrasonic system was built for experimental validation. The wedges were tailored made based on the Snell’s law to efficiently excite and receive the signal of S1-ZGV mode. The frequency of S1-ZGV was obtained by spectra analysis after filtering out the direct wave part. Tensile experiments were carried out on a uniform 6061 aluminum plate with 3mm to obtain the calibration curve between S1-ZGV frequency and stress level. Then a step-wise plate was designed to generate different stress at two positions on a tensile testing machine. The stresses were then evaluated by the calibrated frequency-stress coefficient. The measured stresses agreed well with the calculated stress, proving that S1-ZGV method is effective for local stress measurement in thin plates.
Production of Date Palm Nanoparticle Reinforced Composites and Characterization of Their Mechanical Properties
Authors: Al-Safy Mahmoud , Al Hinai Nasr , Alzebdeh Khalid 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The extraction of Nano-sized fillers from bio sources has been a key focus of the material industry to secure green composites for a wide range of applications. Consequently, chemical fragmentation and downsizing of waste lignocellulosic fibers into small size particles is a viable economic and environmental option. The objective of this work is to explore the potential use of Nano natural fillers as a reinforcement element in thermoplastic polymers. In specific, the Nano-sized lignocellulosic filler is extracted from date palm microfibers using the mechanical ball milling technique. The ball milling is performed at a high speed of 12 cycles per minute for four different time durations. The achieved nanoparticle size ranged from 80 to 122 nm, reduced to a range of 70 to 51 nm and then reached 27 to 39 nm after 3, 4 and 5 hours of powdering, respectively, with no significant change in size after 6 hours of milling. After that, the morphological properties of the produced fillers are characterized using various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the mechanical performance of the reinforced recycled polypropylene (rPP) using 10% (wt.) date palm nanofillers is investigated using tensile and flexural tests, as well as the physical properties including water absorption and density tests. Successful implementation of nanofillers in bio-composites offers an economical and sustainable route to attain high-performance material in the future.
Flexible Low-Level Control Software Framework for Achieving Critical Real-Time Deadlines
Authors: Tremaroli Nicholas J. , Stelmack Maxwell A. , Herron Connor W. , Kalita Bhaben , Leonessa Alexander 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, a low-level software framework is proposed to simplify software development for Hardware Abstract Layered (HAL) control systems, identify networking methods for accurate real-time communication between devices, and verify task completion. The framework is implemented on a distributed microcontroller system composed of Texas Instruments TM4C123GXL Tivas for a multi-joint robot. The robot’s high-level controller executes dynamic motion control algorithms, with low-level controllers responsible for each individual joint. All microcontroller software is unified into one program and uses initialization files from the high-level controller to configure each individual Tiva depending on its location on the robot. The EtherCAT communication protocol is utilized to avoid unnecessary overhead from traditional networking protocols. A real-time operating system, TI-RTOS, enforces crucial deadlines and provides powerful diagnostic tools for the designer to optimize task completion. Overall, our proposed framework overcomes the major challenges of writing low-level control software so that development is less time-consuming, simpler to manage, and easier to validate. Further, this work can be used for many kinds of robotic systems and applications that use microcontrollers within a multi-layered control architecture.
A Comprehensive Assessment of Gearbox Tooth Faults Based on Dynamic Modelling and Machine Learning
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Mukherjee Subrata , Kumar Sanjeev , Sarangi Somnath 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a dynamic model-based gearbox fault diagnosis using machine learning. A single-stage spur gear using an eight-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) dynamic model is developed and investigated with four gear tooth conditions, i.e., healthy tooth, 20 % tooth crack, 40 % tooth crack, and 60 % tooth crack. In the developed model, an analytically improved time-varying mesh stiffness (IAM-TVMS) model, which considers the effects of structural coupling of loaded tooth, nonlinear Hertzian contact stiffness, precise transition curve, and misalignment between base and root circle, and an improved tooth crack model, are incorporated to get a reliable system dynamic response. To make the simulated response more realistic, different levels of negative white Gaussian noise (−2dB to −10dB SNR) are added to the simulated signal. The simulated noisy signals are then segmented, and a total of 12 statistical indicators are calculated on each segmented signal to develop the feature matrix. Four different machine learning algorithms are used to classify the faults from the extracted feature matrix, and their performances are compared and discussed. The results show that the KNN classifier outperformed them all, with a classification accuracy of 90.5 %. The finding shows that the proposed method works well in the presence of intense noise and may help in identifying the faults in the system in quick time without expending too much on experimental test setup.
Vision-Based Horizontal Structure Tracking and Inspection via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Kumar Amit , Shukla Amit , Gupta Ayush , Shivratri Ashok Kumar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The involvement of unmanned aerial vehicles in the civilian domains has made the task quite speedy, cost-effective, and risk-free. This paper provides a general approach to how horizontal civil structures such as bridges can be tracked and monitored using unmanned aerial vehicles. The work is divided into two sections. The first one is the identification of horizontal structures, followed by structure tracking. Images taken from the mounted camera on the UAV are first processed to extract features with the help of computer vision. Then, from the features, the important parameters are taken out to design a controller that handles the tracking process. Also, during this tracking process, the whole structure area is scanned. This work contains simulation results of vision-based structure tracking done on a gazebo simulator.
Effect of Flapper Valve on the Performance of a Hydraulic Ram Pump
Authors: Sharma Ashokkumar M. , Banerjee Dipak K. , Pidugu Srikanth B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Water supply is one of the imminent challenges in the coming age for mankind. The hydraulic ram pump is an eco-friendly and very cost-effective technology that can feasibly transport water from nearby water resources (such as lakes, streams, and rivers) to remote places for daily water needs. The goal of the present work was to investigate the effect of flapper valve size on pump performance. It was hypothesized that the decrease in the flapper valve size would impose more flow resistance at the waste-valve outlet diverting more water flow towards the ram pump inlet, which will increase the amount of water to the delivery tank. Based on the previous study, four flapper valve sizes (1-inch, 3/4-inch, 1/2-inch, and 1/4-inch) were selected for this study. Experiments with riser tubes were carried out using the selected flapper valve sizes. Results confirmed that the flapper valve size has a considerable influence on performance of the hydraulic ram pump. The 3/4-inch flapper valve displayed the maximum pump’s volumetric (21.7%) and energy (38.9%) efficiencies, followed by 1-inch, 1/4-inch, and 1/2-inch sized flapper valves. The flow capacity of the studied hydraulic ram pump system for 3/4-inch valve was found to be 1121 gal/day.