bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Spanish Black Radish Extract Against Benzyne Induced Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Jabbar Baneen Hayder , Al-Ali Ibtisam A. , Hussein Khalid Ali 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Benzene is one of the main products of the petrochemical industry worldwide, which causes aplastic anemia and leukemia in both people and animals. This study was designed to examine the modulatory effects of black radish on Benzene-induced toxicity in male rats. Thirty-five rats were divided into 7 groups (5 rats in each group), G1 negative control group; G2 positive control group (benzene treated group); G3 and G4 were treated after development of leukemia with Black radish aqueous extract (100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg respectively), while G5 and G6 were treated with Black radish ethanolic extract (100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg and G7 was treated with cyclophosphamide. Significant pathological variations in the liver, kidney and spleen tissues were detected in all experimental groups except for the control group. Our results indicate that benzyne induces irreversible adverse effects on the livers, kidneys, and spleen of rats.
Antibacterial Activity and Extraction of Triterpenoid to lantana camara L. in Iraq
Authors: Hamed Tamara Abbas , Falih Hayder Yousif , Abed Suhad Y 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Lantana camara belongs to the family Verbenaceae. This family consists of more than 100 genera and contains nearly 2600 species. Many of these species are of tropical or subtropical region. L. camara is cultivated as decorative plant or for making a boundary in a garden or field. Whole Lantana camara extracts are used to treat asthma, measles, and various types of cancer. The study aims to extract the triterpenoid within the plant lantana considering the environment in Iraq. Various separation methods based on temperature graduate were employed. Several solvents, including ethanol and hexane, were employed. The activity of triterpenoid as an antibacterial agent against a number of pathogenic species (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsilla aeroganas). The disc diffusion method was used and the inhibition zones of different concentration were calculated. A triterpenoid extract was found very active against all type bacteria. Against Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogens, triterpenoid extract showed significant inhibition and weak inhibition against Gram-negative Escherichia coli.
Detection of Auxotroph’s Methionine Proteus Mirabilis from Different Clinical Sources
Authors: Hezam Abbas Mayar , Yousif Maitham Ghaly , Mohammed Ghaidaa Jihadi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Twenty (25%) isolates of Proteus Mirabilis were isolated from a total of 80 samples of patients suffering from otitis media and urinary tract infections. The samples were collected from various hospitals in Al-Diwaniyah city between December 2021 and March 2022. Proteus Mirabilis was isolated and identified using cultural and biochemical tests. The diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the 16s rRNA gene, and by DNA sequencing to register these sequences in Gene Bank-NCBI for obtaining accession numbers. Auxotroph’s methionine Proteus Mirabilis was revealed by culturing on glucose-minimal salt agar. The results showed that 3/20 (15%) of isolates were auxotroph’s methionine. The polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the metF and metE genes in Proteus Mirabilis. The results reveal that 3/20 (15%) of isolates were auxotroph’s methionine (do not have metF and metE gene). DNA sequencing of metF and metE genes was performed in auxotroph’s Proteus Mirabilis, and the results of the forward and reverse primers revealed substitution mutations in the DNA of metF and metE genes. In conclusion, the prevalence of auxotroph’s methionine Proteus Mirabilis isolates in otitis media and urinary tract infection was demonstrated in this study.
Bacteriological Investigation of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections: A cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mhana Shahrabanawah Mahdi Yasin , Aljanaby Ahmed Abduljabbar Jaloob 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health problem. They are caused by bacteria from the environment getting into the urinary tract. A total of 118 urine samples were collected from 102 patients (Men and Women) with UTIs admitted to a general hospital in AL-Najaf City, Iraq, between October to 2022 and February 2023. Standard laboratory methods were used to culture urine and to diagnose all bacterial isolates that were grown on laboratory media. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 118 urine samples there were 106 urine samples with positive bacterial growth and 12 urine samples without bacterial growth. E. coli was the most predominant bacteria with 50 isolates, K. pneumoniae 18, P. mirabilis 13, S. saprophyticus 10, S. aureus 9, E. faecalis 6. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were good resistance to amoxicillin 25 μg and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 25/10μg. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were good resistance to penicillin 6 μg and ampicillin 10 μg. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem 10μg, which inhibited all bacterial growth.
Judicial indifference in criminal sentencing: Explaining inequality of the Thai Fines
Authors: Tantikul Thanyanuch 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Courts in many jurisdictions remain indifferent to criticisms for their overly harsh or unequal treatments. There has been a debate whether this is attributed to judges’ individual dispositions or rather their environments. This article contributes to this debate by offering evidence from Thai courts about their indifference to inequality generated by the wealth-insensitive fine and fine-default custody. It argues that judges are situationally driven to adopt rigid framing about justice when performing duties, as a result of which judges develop indifference to the ‘side-effects’ of their frame-influenced decisions. The findings imply the possibility that the same mechanisms may exist in other jurisdictions and underline the need to address indifference to prevent failure in reforming for a more egalitarian system.
Climate-Change Impacts on Cephalopods: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Borges Francisco O , Sampaio Eduardo , Santos Catarina P , Rosa Rui 
Published: July 2023

Synopsis
Aside from being one of the most fascinating groups of marine organisms, cephalopods play a major role in marine food webs, both as predators and as prey, while representing key living economic assets, namely for artisanal and subsistence fisheries worldwide. Recent research suggests that cephalopods are benefitting from ongoing environmental changes and the overfishing of certain fish stocks (i.e., of their predators and/or competitors), putting forward the hypothesis that this group may be one of the few “winners” of climate change. While many meta-analyses have demonstrated negative and overwhelming consequences of ocean warming (OW), acidification (OA), and their combination for a variety of marine taxa, such a comprehensive analysis is lacking for cephalopod molluscs. In this context, the existing literature was surveyed for peer-reviewed articles featuring the sustained (≥24 h) and controlled exposure of cephalopod species (Cephalopoda class) to these factors, applying a comparative framework of mixed-model meta-analyses (784 control-treatment comparisons, from 47 suitable articles). Impacts on a wide set of biological categories at the individual level (e.g., survival, metabolism, behavior, cell stress, growth) were evaluated and contrasted across different ecological attributes (i.e., taxonomic lineages, climates, and ontogenetic stages). Contrary to what is commonly assumed, OW arises as a clear threat to cephalopods, while OA exhibited more restricted impacts. In fact, OW impacts were ubiquitous across different stages of ontogeny, taxonomical lineages (i.e., octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish). These results challenge the assumption that cephalopods benefit from novel ocean conditions, revealing an overarching negative impact of OW in this group. Importantly, we also identify lingering literature gaps, showing that most studies to date focus on OW and early life stages of mainly temperate species. Our results raise the need to consolidate experimental efforts in a wider variety of taxa, climate regions, life stages, and other key environmental stressors, such as deoxygenation and hypoxia, to better understand how cephalopods will cope with future climate change.
Comparative analyses of the effects of sublethal doses of emamectin benzoate and tetrachlorantraniliprole on the gut microbiota ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Chang Hong , Guo Jianglong , Qi Guojun , Gao Yan , Wang Siwei , Wang Xiaonan , Liu Yanping 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSpodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is an important invasive pest that poses a serious threat to global crop production. Both emamectin benzoate (EB) and diamide insecticides are effective insecticides used to protect against S. frugiperda. Here, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize the gut microbiota in S. frugiperda larvae exposed to EB or tetrachlorantraniliprole (TE). Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were found to be the dominant bacterial phyla present in the intestines of S. frugiperda. Following insecticide treatment, larvae were enriched for species involved in the process of insecticide degradation. High-level alpha and beta diversity indices suggested that exposure to TE and EB significantly altered the composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiota in S. frugiperda. At 24 h post-EB treatment, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia abundance was significantly increased relative to the control group, with significant increases in Stenotrophobacter, Nitrospira, Blastocatella, Sulfurifustis, and Flavobacterium also being evident in these larvae. These microbes may play a role in the degradation or detoxification of EB and TE, although further work will be needed to explore the mechanisms underlying such activity. Overall, these findings will serve as a theoretical foundation for subsequent studies of the relationship between the gut microbiota and insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Microglia subtypes in acute, subacute, and chronic multiple sclerosis
Authors: Prineas John W , Lee Sandra 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The study was designed to examine microglia morphology in early and late forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Archival paraffin embedded tissue samples from 25 cases were examined immunohistochemically. Pío del Río Hortega reported that phagocytes in acute focal destructive CNS lesions develop from microglia with no early contribution from infiltrating monocytes. In this study, we were unable to identify the changes cited by del Río Hortega in support of his theory. Instead, myelin phagocytes in MS appear to originate chiefly from infiltrating monocytes. In 4 cases, walls composed of MHC class II antigen-positive “wall microglia” were observed at plaque margins separating demyelinated and bordering myelinated tissue. Wall microglia in 2 plaques were accompanied by AQP4-positive fiber-forming astrocytes. In chronic but not early disease MS cases, microglia were seen to interact with infiltrating monocytes to form microglial nodules of several types. Also, MHC II-positive “activated” microglia in bordering intact tissue were exceptionally prominent where there was little evidence of ongoing myelin loss. It is concluded that myelin phagocytes in MS derive entirely from infiltrating MRP14-positive monocytes and not from resident microglia and that Río Hortega’s microglia play an anti-inflammatory role in MS and not the destructive role favored by the current literature.
Two antibodies show broad, synergistic neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants by inducing conformational change within the RBD
Authors: Sun Hui , Deng Tingting , Zhang Yali , Lin Yanling , Jiang Yanan , Jiang Yichao , Huang Yang , Song Shuo , Cui Lingyan , Li Tingting , Xiong Hualong , Lan Miaolin , Liu Liqin , Li Yu , Fang Qianjiao , Yu Kunyu , Jiang Wenling , Zhou Lizhi , Que Yuqiong , Zhang Tianying , Yuan Quan , Cheng Tong , Zhang Zheng , Yu Hai , Zhang Jun , Luo Wenxin , Li Shaowei , Zheng Qingbing , Gu Ying , Xia Ningshao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Continual evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virus has allowed for its gradual evasion of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) produced in response to natural infection or vaccination. The rapid nature of these changes has incited a need for the development of superior broad nAbs (bnAbs) and/or the rational design of an antibody cocktail that can protect against the mutated virus strain. Here, we report two angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 competing nAbs—8H12 and 3E2—with synergistic neutralization but evaded by some Omicron subvariants. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the two nAbs synergistic neutralizing virus through a rigorous pairing permitted by rearrangement of the 472–489 loop in the receptor-binding domain to avoid steric clashing. Bispecific antibodies based on these two nAbs tremendously extend the neutralizing breadth and restore neutralization against recent variants including currently dominant XBB.1.5. Together, these findings expand our understanding of the potential strategies for the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants toward the design of broad-acting antibody therapeutics and vaccines.
Methods for measuring social and conceptual dimensions of convergence science
Authors: Petersen Alexander Michael , Arroyave Felber , Pavlidis Ioannis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Convergence science is an intrepid form of interdisciplinarity defined by the US National Research Council as ‘the coming together of insights and approaches from originally distinct fields’ to strategically address grand challenges. Despite its increasing relevance to science policy and institutional design, there is still no practical framework for measuring convergence. We address this gap by developing a measure of disciplinary distance based upon disciplinary boundaries delineated by hierarchical ontologies. We apply this approach using two widely used ontologies—the Classification of Instructional Programs and the Medical Subject Headings—each comprised of thousands of entities that facilitate classifying two distinct research dimensions, respectively. The social dimension codifies the disciplinary pedigree of individual scholars, connoting core expertise associated with traditional modes of mono-disciplinary graduate education. The conceptual dimension codifies the knowledge, methods, and equipment fundamental to a given target problem, which together may exceed the researchers’ core expertise. Considered in tandem, this decomposition facilitates measuring social-conceptual alignment and optimizing team assembly around domain-spanning problems—a key aspect that eludes other approaches. We demonstrate the utility of this framework in a case study of the human brain science (HBS) ecosystem, a relevant convergence nexus that highlights several practical considerations for designing, evaluating, institutionalizing, and accelerating convergence. Econometric analysis of 655,386 publications derived from 9,121 distinct HBS scholars reveals a 11.4% article-level citation premium attributable to research featuring full topical convergence, and an additional 2.7% citation premium if the social (disciplinary) configuration of scholars is maximally aligned with the conceptual (topical) configuration of the research.
A Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Associated Mutation in Presenilin-1 Mediates Amyloid-Beta Independent Cell Specific Neurodegeneration
Authors: Parvand Mahraz , Liang Joseph JH , Bozorgmehr Tahereh , Born Dawson , Cortes Alvaro Luna , Rankin Catharine H. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMutations in the presenilin (PS) genes are a predominant cause of familial Alzheimer’s disease (fAD). An ortholog ofPSin the genetic model organismCaenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)issel-12. Mutations in the presenilin genes are commonly thought to lead to fAD by upregulating the expression of amyloid beta (Aβ), however this hypothesis has been challenged by recent evidence. AsC. eleganslack amyloid beta (Aβ), the goal of this work was to examine Aβ-independent effects of mutations insel-12andPS1/PS2on behaviour and sensory neuron morphology across the lifespan in aC. elegansmodel. Olfactory chemotaxis experiments were conducted onsel-12(ok2078) loss-of-function mutant worms. Adultsel-12mutant worms showed significantly lower levels of chemotaxis to odorants compared to wild-type worms throughout their lifespan, and this deficit increased with age. The chemotaxis phenotype insel-12mutant worms is rescued by transgenic over-expression of human wild-typePS1, but not the classic fAD-associated variantPS1C410Y, when expression was driven by either the endogenoussel-12promoter (Psel-12), a pan-neuronal promoter (Primb-1), or by a promoter whose primary expression was in the sensory neurons responsible for the chemotaxis behavior (Psra-6,Podr-10). The behavioural phenotype was also rescued by over-expressing an atypical fAD-linked mutation inPS1(PS1ΔS169) that has been reported to leave the Notch pathway intact. An examination of the morphology of polymodal nociceptive (ASH) neurons responsible for the chemotaxis behavior also showed increased neurodegeneration over time insel-12mutant worms that could be rescued by the same transgenes that rescued the behaviour, demonstrating a parallel with the observed behavioral deficits. Thus, we report an Aβ-independent neurodegeneration inC. elegansthat was rescued by cell specific over-expression of wild-type human presenilin.
Correcting systematic errors in diffraction data with modern scaling algorithms
Authors: Aldama Luis A. , Dalton Kevin M. , Hekstra Doeke R. 
Published: July 2023

X-ray diffraction enables the routine determination of the atomic structure of materials. Key to its success are data-processing algorithms that allow experimenters to determine the electron density of a sample from its diffraction pattern. Scaling, the estimation and correction of systematic errors in diffraction intensities, is an essential step in this process. These errors arise from sample heterogeneity, radiation damage, instrument limitations and other aspects of the experiment. New X-ray sources and sample-delivery methods, along with new experiments focused on changes in structure as a function of perturbations, have led to new demands on scaling algorithms. Classically, scaling algorithms use least-squares optimization to fit a model of common error sources to the observed diffraction intensities to force these intensities onto the same empirical scale. Recently, an alternative approach has been demonstrated which uses a Bayesian optimization method, variational inference, to simultaneously infer merged data along with corrections, or scale factors, for the systematic errors. Owing to its flexibility, this approach proves to be advantageous in certain scenarios. This perspective briefly reviews the history of scaling algorithms and contrasts them with variational inference. Finally, appropriate use cases are identified for the first such algorithm, Careless, guidance is offered on its use and some speculations are made about future variational scaling methods.
Pregnancy‐related mortality up to 1 year postpartum in sub‐Saharan Africa: an analysis of verbal autopsy data from six countries
Authors: Gazeley Ursula , Reniers Georges , Romero‐Prieto Julio E. , Calvert Clara , Jasseh Momodou , Herbst Kobus , Khagayi Sammy , Obor David , Kwaro Daniel , Dube Albert , Dheresa Merga , Kabudula Chodziwadziwa W. , Kahn Kathleen , Urassa Mark , Nyaguara Amek , Temmerman Marleen , Magee Laura A. , von Dadelszen Peter , Filippi Veronique 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the causes of death for women who died during pregnancy and within the first 42 days postpartum with those of women who died between >42 days and within 1 year postpartum.DesignOpen population cohort (Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems).SettingTen Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) in The Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Ethiopia and South Africa.Population2114 deaths which occurred within 1 year of the end of pregnancy where a verbal autopsy interview was conducted from 2000 to 2019.MethodsInterVA5 and InSilicoVA verbal autopsy algorithms were used to attribute the most likely underlying cause of death, which were grouped according to adapted International Classification of Diseases‐Maternal Mortality categories. Multinomial regression was used to compare differences in causes of deaths within 42 days versus 43–365 days postpartum adjusting for HDSS and time period (2000–2009 and 2010–2019).Main outcome measuresCause of death and the verbal autopsy Circumstances of Mortality Categories (COMCATs).ResultsOf 2114 deaths, 1212 deaths occurred within 42 days postpartum and 902 between 43 and 365 days postpartum. Compared with deaths within 42 days, deaths from HIV and TB, other infectious diseases, and non‐communicable diseases constituted a significantly larger proportion of late pregnancy‐related deaths beyond 42 days postpartum, and health system failures were important in the circumstances of those deaths. The contribution of HIV and TB to deaths beyond 42 days postpartum was greatest in Southern Africa. The causes of pregnancy‐related mortality within and beyond 42 days postpartum did not change significantly between 2000–2009 and 2010–2019.ConclusionsCause of death data from the extended postpartum period are critical to inform prevention. The dominance of HIV and TB, other infectious and non‐communicable diseases to (late) pregnancy‐related mortality highlights the need for better integration of non‐obstetric care with ante‐, intra‐ and postpartum care in high‐burden settings.
AGATA: mechanics and infrastructures
Authors: Smith R. , Menegazzo R. , Aufranc C. , Bez N. , Burrows I. , Cahoreau M. , Debras G. , Gibelin L. , Goasduff A. , Grant A. , Joannem T. , Karkour N. , Karolak M. , Kieffer J. , Lotodé A. , Million B. , Morrall P. S. , Ramina L. , Rampazzo M. , Roger A. , Simpson J. , Solenne N. , Stézowski O. , Tzvetkov S. , Zago L. , Zielińska M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe successful operation of AGATA requires a complex mechanical support structure for the safe and reliable operation of the detectors. Three mechanical structures were designed for the scientific campaigns at LNL, GSI and GANIL, each accommodating an increasing number of detectors. The present phase of the project, to increase the number of detectors from 60 to 180 (the $$4\pi $$

4
π

spectrometer), required a new concept in mechanical support. The detectors also require a suite of associated instrumentation, infrastructures and good system
design for their optimum performance. This includes the automatic liquid nitrogen filling system, high and low voltage power supplies, and a series of signal cables and distribution systems. A well-designed electromagnetic compatibility across all the sub-systems is essential. An additional requirement is an easily accessible database that records the status of the wide range of components utilised on the project. This article describes all aspects of the mechanics and infrastructures.