bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 Epithermal Gold Deposits of China—An Overview
Authors: White Noel C. , Zhang Dayu , Hong Haolan , Liu Lijie , Sun Weian , Zhang Mingming 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Reported epithermal deposits in China contain a total resource of at least 1,460 tonnes (t) Au. Approximately 550 t Au are in Mesozoic deposits in eastern China, related to the widespread Mesozoic Yanshanian magmatism produced by Pacific Plate subduction. Quaternary deposits in Taiwan (&gt;500 t Au), Paleozoic deposits in north-western China (~150 t Au), and scattered deposits elsewhere of Yanshanian and late Paleozoic age (~260 t Au) also contribute to the total. Tertiary deposits are recorded in southwestern China, but currently known ones are mainly small and not abundant.
We summarize information from the Chinese and Western literature for 64 deposits that have been described as epithermal; however, we recognize that some deposits probably have been incorrectly classified as epithermal. Thirty-five low-sulfidation deposits, as well as six low-sulfidation alkalic deposits, are included in this group. Five of the low-sulfidation deposits contain combined resources of ~305 t Au, and four of the low-sulfidation alkalic deposits contain resources of ~55 t Au. We interpret 17 deposits to be intermediate sulfidation, with eight containing combined resources of ~240 t Au. Five high-sulfidation deposits are reported, and two of these, Jinguashi on Taiwan and Zijinshan in southeastern China, contain combined resources of &gt;800 t Au. Considering all known epithermal deposits, 10 contain ≥30 t Au, seven contain between 10 and 30 t Au, and the remainder have &lt;10 t Au each or have no reported resource. This apparently skewed size distribution highlights a peculiarity of mineral resources in China, such that only deposits investigated by professional exploration/mining groups report significant resources. Most deposits are mined on an ad hoc basis by individuals or groups lacking technical resources. Consequently, there is an excellent opportunity for discovery of new deposits or expansion of known deposits in all regions of China by groups with a sound knowledge of the characteristics of epithermal deposits. Recognition of the presence of low-sulfidation alkalic deposits may indicate excellent potential for important discoveries of this type of deposit.
Advances and Challenges in Combustion Control of Radio Frequency Oscillating Plasma Discharge
Authors: Wang Linyan , Yu Xiao , Reader Graham , Zheng Ming 
Published: September 2023

Article
Advances and Challenges in Combustion Control of Radio Frequency Oscillating Plasma Discharge

Linyan Wang , Xiao Yu , Graham Reader , and Ming Zheng *

Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, N9B 3P4 Ontario, Canada
* Correspondence: mzheng@uwindsor.ca

Received: 18 July 2023
Accepted: 13 September 2023
Published: 20 September 2023

Abstract: Oscillating plasma (corona) ignition is a promising technique for producing a larger initial ignition volume for achieving cleaner combustion. The oscillating plasma system provides a quick response to the ignition command compared with the conventional transistor-coil-ignition systems (TCI). Subsequently, the shorter combustion duration contributes to further improvement of engine efficiency under lean/diluted conditions. The challenges of oscillating plasma ignition appear under elevated background pressures, mostly owing to fewer plasma streamers and even void discharge, thus the advantage of oscillating plasma discharge over spark discharge is compromised. To suffice the industrial applications, the challenges of plasma generation and control platforms are investigated and discussed in this work. The challenges include ignition control, background condition impacts, and other external disturbances. A flexible modulation for oscillating plasma generation is established, with the measurements of discharge voltage and current. High-speed imaging, simultaneous with electrical waveform measurements is applied to record the plasma formation and flame propagation. This research provides advances in the ignition control for the oscillating plasma discharge, adding a foundation and reference for the oscillating plasma diagnostics under engine-like conditions with variations of pressure, temperature, gas composition, and flow pattern.
Online Learning of Bayesian Classifiers with Nonstationary Data Streams
Authors: Wu Peng , Xiong Ning 
Published: September 2023

Article
Online Learning of Bayesian Classifiers with Nonstationary Data Streams

Peng Wu 1,2,*, and Ning Xiong 1

1 School of Innovation, Design and Engineering Mälardalen University, Västerås 721 23, Sweden
2 Department of Computer Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
* Correspondence: 14112078@bjtu.edu.cn

Received: 31 March 2023
Accepted: 13 July 2023
Published: 26 September 2023

Abstract: The advancement in Internet of things and sensor technologies has enabled data to be continuously generated with a high rate, i.e., data streams. It is practically infeasible to store streaming data in a hard disk, and apply a traditional batch learning method to extract a relevant knowledge model from these data. This paper studies online incremental learning with data streams, in which one sample is processed at each time to update the existing model. For the learning target, the Bayesian classifier is adopted which is a computationally economical model of easy deployment for online processing in edges or devices. By using the individual new example, we first present an online learning algorithm to incrementally update classifier parameters in a way equivalent to the offline learning counterpart. In order to adapt to concept drifts in nonstationary environments, the proposed online learning algorithm is improved to enable recent examples to be more impactful during the sequential learning procedure. Preliminary simulation tests reveal that the improved online learning algorithm can lead to faster model adaption than the unimproved online algorithm when the data drift occurs. In case of presumed stationary data streams without drifts, the improved online algorithm is proved to be competent by performing at least as good as (sometimes, even better than) the unimproved algorithm.
Desire Predicates in Presence and Absence of the Light Verbs: Addressing their Embedded Clausal Structure in Bangla
Authors: Roychowdhury Debadatta , Ghosh Soumya Sankar , Karmakar Samir 
Published: September 2023

The current study focuses on an intriguing dichotomy seen in the Bangla (Bengali: Indo-Aryan) language, which centers on the desire predicates expressed by the term itʃtʃʰe ‘desire’. In the Bangla language, the desire predicate itʃtʃʰe can be used independently or in conjunction with the light verb hɔwa ‘happen’ to form the NV conjunct itʃtʃʰe hɔwa, indicating the occurrence of the desire. According to the scholarly works of Dasgupta (1989), Chatterjee (2014), and Butt (2010) the Bangla language exhibits the presence of composite verb formations, whereby a nonverb is combined with a verb. These formations involve the occurrence of a light verb with a noun, adjective, or adposition. The primary focus of this study will be on the differentiation between the bare verb itʃtʃʰe ‘desire’ and its usage in conjunction with the light verb forming itʃtʃʰe hɔwa. The distinction between them pertains to their embeddability qualities, namely the clausal complements they choose.
Primary Malignant Bone Tumours at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka Zambia
Authors: Sakala D , Munthali JC , Mulla Y 
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Primary malignant bone tumours include malignancies arising primarily from bone tissue. This is opposed to secondary bone tumours in which case the neoplastic elements arise primarily from other sites within the body and secondarily spread to bone. Primary malignant bone tumours are generally considered rare. Wherever primary malignant bone tumours occur they tend to pose serious challenges in terms of diagnosis, management and morbidity and mortality. However there is a lack of organised local information demonstrating the burden of disease resulting from these tumours.Objectives: The main objective of this study was to establish the pattern of primary malignant bone tumour distribution at the UTH. The specific objectives of the study included to: Outline of the socio-demographic characteristics of patients, determining the frequency of primary malignant bone tumours at UTH and the hospital prevalence of primary malignant bone tumours including their histological distribution and the clinical presentation.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of patients who presented to The University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Lusaka, Zambia with histologically confirmed primary malignant bone tumours was conducted for the period from the 1st of January 2008 to the 31st of December 2012.Results: There were a total of hundred and fifty three (153) patients seen in total. Sixty six (43%) were females while 87 (57%) were males. The age range was 3yrs to 78yrs. The mean age was 31.6 yrs. Sixty nine percent (69%) of the patients were aged 40 years and below. The age distribution of primary malignant bone tumours showed a bimodal pattern of distribution with peaks in the second and sixth decades of life. The majority (35%) of the patients reported Lusaka Province as their domicile, while the least (2.0%) hailed from North Western Province. The highest number of patients, 39 (25.5%) was recorded in 2012 and the lowest number 20 (13%) was recorded in 2011. Based on National Cancer Registry data, from 2008 to 2011, the overall proportion of patients with primary malignant bone tumours compared to all the other cancers recorded at UTH ranged between 1.7 to 2.8%. The majority, 84 (55.3%), of the patients had osteosarcoma, followed, in descending order, by multiple myeloma 42 (27.6%), chondrosarcoma 11 (7.2%), Ewing’s sarcoma 8 (5.3%), fibrosarcoma 3 (2.0%) and lymphoma 2 (1.3%). The majority of patients (35.5%) reported pain and swelling alone as a presenting complaint while 19.8% of the patients presented with pathological fractures. The single and most commonly reported anatomical site was from multiple myeloma which has a general skeletal involvement (27%); the second most commonly involved site was the femur 23.7%, followed by the tibia 17.1%, and the humerus 7.5%.Conclusion: Notwithstanding the inconclusive nature of the information on geographic distribution of tumours, the findings in the study paralleled those reported in literature.
Transformation Agenda of World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa to the Zambian context
Authors: Mufunda Jacob 
Published: September 2023

The focus of this special issue of the Medical Journal of Zambia is to showcase the progress made by the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office for Zambia in domesticating the Transformation Agenda (TA) of the WHO Regional Office for Africa. This TA is the regional vision to fast track implementation of the global WHO reform. The introduction of this Transformation Agenda is timely and smoothly dovetails with the on going implementation of the national Zambia development transformation is a robust process that facilitates effective implementation of the Regional Agenda within WHO. The cardinal feature of the Transformation Agenda in the WHO is the leadership role at country level within the framework of the International Health Regulations2005.
The discussion on the future financing of the WHO reform began with a year long consultative process that culminated in the discussion during the 128th Session of the Executive Board of 2011. The discussion initially focused on uncertainties in the sustainability of financing modalities for the WHO. Suggestions were considered on how the organization could be more effective and better support member states which were experiencing changing demographics and disease profiles including emergencies. The capacity of the WHO to respond to emergencies was tested by the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. This largest and most complex outbreak in the history of the disease exposed frailties which are being addressed through the establishment of the health security and emergency cluster in WHO.
Transformation Agenda was introduced by the WHO Regional Director for the African Region in 2015. The four tenets of the strategy are being results oriented, accountable, having a smart focus and communicating effectively to internal and external customers.
One area of the reform which remains steadfast is the leadership role of the WHO in the health sector as buttressed by the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005. IHR is a legally binding international law administered by the WHO at all levels. It is operational in all 196 member state signatories compelling them to work together to save lives including at member states like Zambia.
The stated purpose and scope of the IHR are
"to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. The IHR also require States to strengthen core surveillance and response capacities at the primary, intermediate and national level, as well as at designated international ports, airports and ground crossings".
Member states are required to report any suspected public health event to the WHO to alert the institution which in turn shall put in place immediate response.
Frege’s Theory of Proper Names
Authors: Farzam Khalilullah 
Published: September 2023

Gottlob Frege, in order to explain the relationship between language and reality, believes that in addition to the subjective meaning and external reference of words, related to the words and signs in their entirety, there is also a third thing that expresses how the words designate or stand for external references. Frege calls this third phenomenon the sense of words. Sense is the mode of presentation of reference which is designated by a proper name. Sense contrary to meaning, which is subjective and personal, is an objective and external matter that everyone can enjoy or access to it. Frege’s theory will be examined in this article with the aim of showing how the theory is incomplete. Besides the fact that there is an inconsistency in his view concerning the nature of meaning (Frege considers sense sometimes objective and on other occasions something imaginary.), his argument to prove the objectivity of sense is unsuccessful. Even if we accept his assumption of the objectivity of sense, Frege cannot drive the problem of psychologism out of the path of human knowledge. That is, Frege fails to achieve its original objective; proving that psychologism is wrong.
Predição do desfecho de pacientes com Tuberculose
Authors: Bertolde Adelmo Inacio , Quinelato Luiz Henrique , Arruda Iara , Siqueira Priscilla Carminati , Cerqueira Vieira Anne Caroline , Sales Carolina Maia Martins 
Published: September 2023

Introdução: Modelos para identificação de padrões usam correlações para predizer desfechos de doenças. Se inseri nesse tema a Tuberculose (TB), uma doença infecciosa e transmissível, e uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade. Em 2020, no mundo, cerca de 9,9 milhões de pessoas adoeceu com TB, e 1,3 milhão foram a óbito. Objetivo: Nesse trabalho foram aplicadas técnicas de Machine Learning para predizer o desfecho da TB no Brasil. Métodos: Os dados utilizados foram extraídos do SINAM, de pacientes notificados com TB no período de 2016 a 2018 no Brasil. O desfecho foi tratado como binomial (Cura ou Não Cura) e trinomial (Cura, Abandono ou Óbito). Resultados: para modelos com resposta trinomial sem balanceamento, o que apresentou o melhor grau de ajuste foi via imputação missForest, com modelo de classificação Árvore de Decisão (acurácia de 0.8327 e índice Kappa de 0.2782). Ainda nessa classe de modelos, porém, com balanceamento, o modelo de melhor grau de ajuste, também via imputação missForest, foi o Floresta Aleatória (acurácia de 0.6723 e Kappa de 0,5068). Dos modelos com resposta binomial, os mesmos modelos tiveram os melhores ajustes, com imputação missForest e com balanceamento, sendo Árvore de Decisão (acurácia de 0,7267 e Kappa de 0.4376) e Floresta Aleatória (acurácia de 0.8349 e Kappa de 0.3257). Conclusão: Os achados permitem concluir que o uso de modelos de Machine Learning, com uso de imputação e balanceamento dos dados, podem ser um instrumento eficiente para predizer o desfecho do tratamento de TB no Brasil.
Indicadores de risco no campo da fonoaudiologia
Authors: Roitman Paula , Arantes Lúcia 
Published: September 2023

Introdução: Nosso objetivo nesta pesquisa é refletir sobre o modo como a linguagem é abordada, quando a questão da promoção de saúde e a detecção de fatores de risco para as ditas alterações de linguagem estão em cena. Para cumprir tal objetivo foi necessário, situar a questão no âmbito da saúde para, em seguida, particularizar os trabalhos na da Fonoaudiologia. Fundamentação teórica: A fundamentação teórica é baseada no Interacionismo em Aquisição de Linguagem, proposto por De Lemos (1992, 2002, 2006). Viés teórico que entende a linguagem a interação mãe-criança é estruturante da linguagem e do sujeito. Tal perspectiva permite redimensionar o lugar do clínico e articular o sintoma na fala ao funcionamento da língua e à estruturação subjetiva. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica em periódicos publicados entre 2004 e 2014 nos nas seguintes bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs e Medline e selecionados 24 artigos sobre os temas prevenção e promoção da saúde, desenvolvimento infantil, aquisição de linguagem, fonoaudiologia e indicador/fator de risco. Discussão: A realização desta pesquisa permitiu colocar em discussão temas atuais e relevantes para o campo da fonoaudiologia, entre os quais se destacam a questão dos indicadores de risco, o tema da promoção e prevenção no campo da saúde e a construção e o uso de protocolos para a avaliação de linguagem. Vale destacar, que os trabalhos da área sobre indicadores são escassos e que os protocolos analisados não fazem referência às questões relacionadas à promoção de saúde, ao contrário, o foco dos trabalhos analisados se volta para a detecção de doenças. Conclusão: É necessário criar um instrumento que permita abordar a linguagem levando em consideração a articulação entre estruturação subjetiva e linguagem, um instrumento que abarque a singularidade e a heterogeneidade e a singularidade da trajetória de infans a falante e que esteja voltado para a promoção da saúde.
Review on the Women's Rights and Islamic Law in Southeast Asia
Authors: Widjaja Gunawan 
Published: September 2023

Objective: This research explores the intersection of women's rights and Islamic law in Southeast Asia. This research aims to examine how Islamic law, as interpreted and practiced in the region, affects women's rights and to identify potential areas for reform that could better protect and promote women's rights within the framework of Islamic law.

Method: To achieve this, the researcher conducted qualitative method, which include literature review using secondary data, and interview with relevant sources to obtain primary data that will support the analysis to achieve the purpose of this research. Researcher also used primary legal sources, such as regulations and legal cases, and legal policies in relation to women's rights and Islamic law in Southeast Asia. Interviews will be conducted with experts and activists working in the field to gain their perspectives on women's rights in the region and the challenges they face. Analysis will use a descriptive-analytical approach.

Result: The research results indicate that while Islamic law provides some protections for women's rights, significant gaps in its application and interpretation leave women vulnerable to discrimination, abuse, and inequality. These gaps often result from patriarchal interpretations and practices prioritizing men's rights and interests over women's. Based on these findings, the study concludes that there is a need for a more nuanced and gender-sensitive interpretation and application of Islamic law that better protects and promotes women's rights. This could involve reforms in legal frameworks, policies, and practices and greater awareness and education about women's rights and the intersections between Islamic law and gender equality.

Conclusion: Overall, this study highlights the ongoing struggle for women's rights in Southeast Asia and the need for continued efforts to ensure that these rights are fully realized within the framework of Islamic law.
Looking for Kurdish Learners’ Correspondences of Shape-Sound Symbolism in the Classic Takete-Maluma Phenomenon
Authors: Mahmood Basima Othman , Alan Anwar Hasan  
Published: September 2023

In natural languages, the link between sound and meaning has been a theme of attention in the linguistic field. Although the majority of words display random associations between their form and meaning, there is a proof of iconicity, where form and meaning show resemblance, particularly in onomatopoeic words. The Takete-Maluma effect, where certain sounds are persistently related to round or spiky shapes, has been extensively studied. Previously, several pieces of research have emphasized the role of consonants in this effect, with consonants displaying a stronger impact compared to vowels. Building on this, this study aims at investigating the contributions of consonants and vowels in the Takete-Maluma effect. We carried out two experiments using Kurdish subjects, investigating the influence of consonants and vowels individually. Experiment 1 concentrated on consonants by using pseudo-words with two consonant pairs related to round and spiky shapes, combined with different vowels. The results showed a slight preference for consonants over vowels in sound-shape connections. The findings of the statistical analysis exposed that consonants have insignificant effect on the Takete-Maluma effect. Expanding on these findings, in Experiment 2, we explored the effect of vowels in isolation, regardless of the consonant framework. Accordingly, the goal was to check whether the effects witnessed in Experiment 1 were merely caused by consonants or if vowels themselves determined the outcome. The findings of this experiment specified that the vowel pair /o:/ and /u:/ continually related to round images, while the vowel pair /ɜ:/ and /i:/ were linked to spiky images. Nevertheless, the consonants did not notably influence the sound–shape process. Hence, the findings of this study challenge the opinion that consonants are the main drivers of the Takete-Maluma effect, contrary to some previous studies. It is not yet known of any investigation concerning the Takete-Maluma effect in the Kurdish language. Taken together, the goal of this study is to cast light on the specific influences of consonants and vowels in sound symbolism, focusing on the relationship between sounds and visual exemplifications. Consequently, the study will shed light on a research exploration that gives further possible anticipations about the nature of the language system.