bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A concise review on the progression of copper sulfide as a potential thermoelectric material: Synthesis and thermoelectric properties
Authors: Rawat Pooja , Kala Shubhra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Copper sulfides are an interesting group of materials as they are found in various stoichiometries. Covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu1.8S), and chalcocite (Cu2S) are the three major phases of copper sulfides. Synthesis of copper sulfide nanostructures via diverse techniques such as solvothermal, pyrolytic, and high-temperature precursor injection has been done for various applications, including electrochemical capacitance, lithium storage and transdermal drug delivery. Additionally, they have been found to show promising behaviour as thermoelectric materials. Thermoelectric energy generation is a fascinating method for energy generation. It is a renewable energy source which utilizes waste heat and converts it into electrical energy, hence is of high value since renewable sources of energy are the need of the hour. Thermoelectric materials are broadly classified into three types: organic, inorganic, and hybrid. Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), lead telluride (PbTe), silicon-germanium (SiGe) and their alloys are some of the most widely used thermoelectric materials. However, most of these materials are toxic, expensive and its challenging to improve their figure of merit (zT). Copper sulfides have emerged as cost-effective, less toxic alternatives to traditional thermoelectric materials, and different approaches such as doping and phase regulation of copper sulfides have been found to further enhance their thermoelectric properties.
To cool or not to cool: understanding and improving cooling centre use in metro vancouver through community-based participatory action research
Authors: Yoon Liv , Belotti Giulia , Stern Rachel , White Katherine , Mohajeri Aida , Zhou Abby , Rosales Miranda Eduardo , Siao Erika , Le Thanh , Masuda Jeff , Lee Eun-young , Buse Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Extreme heat events present significant health risks, particularly for populations facing systemic marginalization. Through interviews and FGs with 63 (n = 60 residents; n = 3 service providers (SP)) participants, this paper explores the barriers and opportunities related to access and use of cooling centres from both user and provider perspectives, as well as broader implications for addressing vulnerability to extreme heat in the metro Vancouver region of British Columbia, Canada. Initially focused on cooling centres, our research expanded to include the complexities of individual and systemic responses to heat, highlighting the complex interplay between personal preferences and structural barriers. Key barriers to cooling centre usage reported by participants included concerns over safety, hygiene, stigma, lack of information, and infrastructural challenges such as transportation. SPs faced constraints with staffing, limited hours, and underutilization of additional services. Tensions emerged between individual, do-it-yourself (DIY) approaches and collective solutions, with participants seeking agency in their choices while acknowledging the need for improved, community-based interventions. The study also uncovered the unintended effects of inclusivity, as the presence of individuals who use substances or are unhoused in cooling spaces deterred some potential users, underscoring the challenges of designing universally accessible services. Broader systemic issues, such as housing security and the quality of indoor environments, further intersected with vulnerability to extreme heat, exacerbating risks for those opting to stay at home. The paper recommends leveraging existing public spaces, enhancing social networks, improving tenant protections, and fostering ‘right to cool’ initiatives to balance immediate relief with long-term systemic reform, particularly around the rental housing crisis and tenant insecurity. By addressing both individual and collective needs, this approach can mitigate the health impacts of extreme heat while promoting greater equity and resilience.
“I think I would have made a pretty good saddler”
Authors: Atkins Jonathan M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains how the American Revolution disrupted Jackson’s childhood and redirected the course of his life. In the War for Independence, Jackson briefly became a refugee but gained his first military experience after his eldest brother died serving in an American regiment. Briefly fighting as a partisan, he was captured in April 1781 and suffered a severe wound from a British officer’s assault. While imprisoned, he contracted smallpox, and shortly after his release, illness took the lives of his mother and his second brother. An uncle apprenticed Jackson to a saddlemaker, but Jackson believed himself destined for social prestige and prominence. Leaving his apprenticeship, he lived raucously in North Carolina while studying for his license to practice law. Although he abandoned plans to become a minister, he nevertheless held on to the religious teachings of his youth.
Surveying Infant and Child Burials in Iron I Israel and Iron II Judah and Israel
Authors: Garroway Kristine Henriksen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The burials of children and infants within the heart of ancient Israel is complex. While Iron I and II burials are found in the lowland sites, the area of the Central Highlands presents a much different picture. The chapter first addresses the so-called invisible burials of the Iron I highlands, which stand in stark contrast to the well-known family bench tombs used during the Iron II. It then moves to examine a sampling of other infant and child burials found in the Galilee, Jezreel Valley, Sharon Plain, and the Hill Country, where intramural jar burials are found peppered among other more traditional forms of burial. The differentiated burial methods found in Israel contrast starkly with the uniform practice of burials in Judah where they buried in family bench tombs. The implications this burial style has for the personhood of Judahite children are first introduced here, to be fleshed out more fully in the following chapters.
Reasons Last
Authors: Asarnow Samuel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The idea of a reason for acting is ubiquitous in philosophy, social science, and the law. When someone does something intentionally, we often want to know why they did it: what their reason for acting was, or, perhaps equivalently, their goal, intention, purpose, or motive for acting. In addition to asking what an agent’s reason for acting was, we ask whether their reason was a good one—whether their reason genuinely justified them in acting the way they did. Against contemporary orthodoxy, Reasons Last argues that these two concepts of reasons must be understood in relation to each other: there is a deep unity between the concepts of motivating reasons and normative reasons. This Unity Argument supports two novel theses. The first is the eponymous Reasons Last principle. Against the recently fashionable Reasons First thesis, Asarnow argues that the idea of a reason for action comes last—or, at any rate, pretty far along—in the order of analysis. The second thesis is the Reasoning View about reasons for action. What makes something a reason for action—whether motivating or normative—is that it is a premise in a pattern of good reasoning of some kind. Reasons Last is the first book-length development of the Reasoning View, a theory which has been gaining currency over the last decade. It develops and responds to objections to the versions of the Reasoning View that Asarnow has defended in other publications.
Commemorating the Battle of Breitenfeld (Part 2)
Authors: Stauff Derek L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In addition to Schütz’s Saul, three other pieces can be documented for celebrations of Breitenfeld. Two, by Samuel Michael and Marcus Dietrich, stem from Leipzig directly following the victory in 1631. This music helps frame the battle as triumph over Catholicism while also honoring Gustav Adolf and John George. Like pro-Swedish-Saxon propaganda of the time, and like Schütz’s music from the following year, the music joins in the ongoing effort to unite the Protestant alliance and cover over its more serious divisions. Yet these two pieces also reflect Leipzig’s own political aims, especially its efforts to return to the elector’s favor after surrendering the city against his command. A third work, by Andreas Hammerschmidt, can be linked to a celebration of the victory in Freiberg in 1634. In this case, the work also served as much to advance the young composer’s career as it did to mark the battle.
Music and Lutheran Refugees in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Stauff Derek L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Forced migration from both the Counter-Reformation and the upheavals of the Thirty Years War impacted Lutheran music and musical life. The biographies of several prominent Lutheran composers like Andreas Hammerschmidt and Stephan Otto reveal these effects, and archival evidence, too, suggests that everyday Lutheran cantors and organists also frequently became uprooted during this age. In this climate, Lutherans set biblical texts linked to exile in previously unrecognized ways. Most prominently, they framed their music on the page with accompanying words or imagery that raise the issue. Within the music itself, composers could also set texts with the word Elend, which could signify not just misery but exile or living abroad. They also chose texts whose original biblical context is about exile. Taken together, all this suggests a parallel with Lutheran devotional literature: just as clergy penned sermons and handbooks specifically for refugees, so composers harnessed music to comfort migrants, encourage the goodwill of locals, or honor patrons for their charity toward refugees.
Brazil
Authors: Altamirano Rayo Giorleny 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the temporal and spatial patterns of Indigenous land titling in Brazil. The chapter shows how state elites titled vast resource-rich areas as Indigenous Land in the Amazon region to extend the institutional reach of state power in otherwise stateless and strategically important regions and how, responding to external pressure, the central government safeguarded the state’s sovereignty interests first before implementing Indigenous land and resource rights. The chapter leverages original qualitative evidence collected during original fieldwork and draws on quantitative data based on the Brazil Database, a new geospatial dataset for Indigenous land titling using official sources.
Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Raube Kolja 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Against the background of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, this chapter shows that EU foreign and security policy-related responses were eventually not exclusively decided upon in the framework of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), including its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In fact, a number of areas of Union action and respective rules which increasingly became concerned with security and defence policies were to come into the picture and form what today constitutes what one may call the EU’s security policy. Taking this into account, and in order to grasp the EU’s rule-making in response to the crisis in Ukraine, this chapter explores a web of rules which span across, and touch upon, different Treaty provisions in and outside the confines of CFSP/CSDP. Eventually, it asks how rule-making can best be understood in the wake of the EU’s response to the war on Ukraine. More specifically, how could the EU, under the condition of compartmentalization, be expected to act upon being confronted with the war on Ukraine, and how has decision- and rule-making evolved accordingly in the time of the crisis? Contextualizing the compartmentalization of EU foreign and security policy from a historical perspective, the chapter builds on liberal intergovernmental and neofunctionalist conceptual accounts to grasp how the EU has acted and may render different sets of rules in times of geopolitics and geopoliticization. Eventually, the analysis of procedural and substantive rules in view of the geopolitical crisis speaks to each of these theoretical explanations.
EU Regulatory Responses to Crises
Authors: Fromage Diane , Héritier Adrienne , Weismann Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This final contribution provides a summary of the previous chapters on selected policy fields. It looks at their main findings in a horizontal perspective, and eventually draws conclusions on the developments addressed. The summaries relate to the seven areas covered by this book—economic and monetary policy, financial regulation and supervision, health policy, state aid control, energy policy, migration policy, and foreign and security policy—thereby concentrating on their respective essential outcomes. On this basis, a horizontal perspective will be taken, arranging the various developments with regard to different (assumed) features of rule-making in reaction to crises, such as the broad interpretation of competence clauses, the increased use of soft law, or the establishment or reinforcement of European agencies. Eventually, more general conclusions will be drawn on the crisis-induced development of EU rule-making in the EU.
Legislative choices
Authors: Steinbach Armin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
EU law-makers choose between regulations and directives as main tools for rule-setting in the EU, which connects to the law and economics literature distinguishing between ‘standards’ and ‘rules’. A cost-benefit analysis determines the optimal degree of specificity of laws and the capability of rules and standards to deal with uncertainty. In turn, the EU principle of ‘mutual recognition’ reduces the cost of regulation across states, because states aim to deliver public policy functions of regulation at the minimum available cost. The underlying notion of rules competition is one that accepts certain legislative diversity and as such differs from harmonization as a legislative technique. ‘Mutual recognition’ reinforces this kind of interjurisdictional competition, while harmonization of rules undermines competition. By default, mutual recognition is preferred over harmonization because it allows for a wider range of public policies, hence allowing a better match with diverse preferences, and, from a dynamic efficiency perspective, it serves as a continuous learning process to make sure that laws adapt to changing external circumstances. The advantage of legal harmonization lies in the transaction costs savings.
The European Commission
Authors: Steinbach Armin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses the institutional structures and payoff logics that incentivize and constrain the conduct of the European Commission. Agency costs arise from the limited political control of the European Commission by the electorate when exercising its functions. The European public does not serve as an effective accountability mechanism vis-à-vis the Commission, nor can the European Parliament minimize agency costs. Also, Commissioners and Commission bureaucrats perform different functions. While the Commission’s civil service exhibits divergent attitudes towards integration, Commissioners are sent by their Member States’ governments questioning both their independence and Community interest alignment.
Adjudication
Authors: Steinbach Armin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various roles of adjudication in the EU. It highlights the role of the ECJ in facilitating the disclosure of information held privately by Member States and Union institutions, thereby acting as a repository of information. Adjudication helps to address the problems associated with the potential incompleteness of the European Treaties. Efficient breaches of EU Treaties may sometimes be desirable, requiring a balance between rigidity and flexibility through adjudication in order to arrive at efficient solutions. Finally, the chapter discusses leeway afforded to judicial authorities and the constraints placed upon them.
PCA-based spatial domain identification with state-of-the-art performance
Authors: Schaub Darius P , Yousefi Behnam , Kaiser Nico , Khatri Robin , Puelles Victor G , Krebs Christian F , Panzer Ulf , Bonn Stefan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
The identification of biologically meaningful domains is a central step in the analysis of spatial transcriptomic data.

Results
Following Occam’s razor, we show that a simple PCA-based algorithm for unsupervised spatial domain identification rivals the performance of ten competing state-of-the-art methods across six single-cell spatial transcriptomic datasets. Our reductionist approach, NichePCA, provides researchers with intuitive domain interpretation and excels in execution speed, robustness, and scalability.

Availability and implementation
The code is available at https://github.com/imsb-uke/nichepca.
Neuro-Behçet’s disease: an update of clinical diagnosis, biomarkers, and immunopathogenesis
Authors: Zhan Haoting , Cheng Linlin , Li Yongzhe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Neuro-Behçet’s disease (NBD) is a more severe but rare symptom of Behçet’s disease, which is mainly divided into parenchymal NBD (p-NBD) involving brain stem, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex. Non-p-NBD manifests as intracranial aneurysm, cerebral venous thrombosis, peripheral nervous system injuries, and mixed parenchymal and non-parenchymal disease. p-NBD is pathologically characterized by perivasculitis presenting with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, elevated total protein, and central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, which are subdivided into acute and chronic progressive stages according to relapsing–remitting courses and responses to steroids. The diagnosis of NBD depends heavily on clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. The lack of laboratory biomarkers has hindered standard diagnostics. CSF interleukin (IL)-6 is the most investigated dimension of NBD and correlates with NBD activity, therapeutic responses, and prognosis. Further investigations have focused on inflammatory biomarkers that reflect the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Higher levels of CSF migration inhibitory factor and immunosuppressive acidic protein indicated the activation of macrophages in the CNS; increased IL-17, IL-10, T-bet/GATA-3, and retinoic acid related orphan receptor (ROR)-γt/Foxp3 ratios, marking the disrupted scale of the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg axis; and elevated B-cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and IgA/IgM intrathecal synthesis, suggesting that B cells play a dominant role in NBD. CNS destruction and degeneration as a consequence of neuroinflammatory cascades were confirmed by elevated CSF levels of NFL, β2MG, and MBP. Autoantibodies, including anti-STIP-1, anti-Mtch1, anti-B-Crystallin, and anti-m-Hsp65, provide substantial evidence for autoimmune essence and underlying microbiological infections in NBD immunopathogenesis. We summarized opinions on the clinical diagnosis, biomarkers, and pathological findings of NBD.
Thigh Injections of Cabotegravir + Rilpivirine in Virally Suppressed Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: A Substudy of the Phase 3b ATLAS-2M Study
Authors: Ford Susan L , Felizarta Franco , Han Kelong , Wang Kehui , Crauwels Herta , Dari Anna , Masia Mar , Garcia Deltoro Miguel , Degen Olaf , Angel Jonathan B , Hsiao Chiu-Bin , Acuipil Carolina , Kolobova Irina , Harrington Conn , Rimler Kelly , Spreen William , D’Amico Ronald 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Cabotegravir + rilpivirine (CAB + RPV) administered via intramuscular gluteal injections is the first complete long-acting regimen for maintaining human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virologic suppression. We present substudy results on short-term repeat intramuscular CAB + RPV long-acting thigh injections in participants with ≥3 years of experience with gluteal administration during the ATLAS–2M study.

Methods
Substudy phases included screening, thigh injection (day 1–week 16), and return to gluteal injection (week 16–week 24). The injection schedule was unchanged from the main study. Outcomes included pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, efficacy, and patient-reported outcomes. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis and mixed-effects modeling. Population pharmacokinetic simulations were performed.

Results
There were 118 participants. In the arm that received injections every 2 months (Q2M), first CAB thigh injection including area under the concentration–time curve and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and first RPV thigh injection Cmax and all last RPV thigh injection parameters were statistically higher vs gluteal injections (paired comparison). No significant differences occurred with once-monthly (QM) dosing. No participants had HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL after thigh injections. Overall, 4%–7% of injection site reactions (ISRs) were grade 3. Five participants withdrew due to an ISR or injection intolerability. Overall, 30% preferred thigh vs gluteal injections. Simulations demonstrated the potential for chronic/continuous QM or ≤2 consecutive Q2M thigh injections.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate the potential use of chronic/continuous QM and rotational/short-term QM or Q2M (≤4 months of continuous dosing), CAB + RPV long-acting intramuscular thigh administration for HIV-1 treatment.
Epicardial adipose tissue from computed tomography: a missing link in premature coronary artery disease?
Authors: Ritvo Paul-Gydeon , Charpentier Etienne , Zeitouni Michel , Rahoual Ghilas , Boussouar Samia , Croisille Cédric , Silvain Johanne , Kerneis Mathieu , Procopi Niki , Rouanet Stéphanie , Kachenoura Nadjia , Montalescot Gilles , Redheuil Alban 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) could contribute to the specific atherosclerosis profile observed in premature coronary artery disease (pCAD) characterized by accelerated plaque burden (calcified and non-calcified), high-risk plaque (HRP) features, and ischaemic recurrence. Our aims were to describe EAT volume and density in pCAD compared with asymptomatic individuals matched on cardiovascular risk factors and to study their relationship with coronary plaque severity extension and vulnerability.

Methods and results
Two hundred and eight patients who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography were analysed. It included 104 consecutive individuals with pCAD (acute or stable obstructive CAD before the age of 45 years) and 104 controls, matched 1:1 on age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors. EAT volume, volume index (EATi), and density were measured with a semi-automated artificial-intelligence based segmentation method and CAD-RADS V2.0 determined according to guidelines. EAT volume and density were compared across groups, and associations with plaque burden and characteristics were investigated. EAT volume and EATi were significantly higher in patients with pCAD compared with matched controls (71.5 mL/m² [45.7;99.8] vs. 58.5 mL/m² [41.3;81.7] P = 0.002), and EAT density was significantly lower in patients with pCAD compared with matched controls (−82 HU [−87; −79] vs. −82 [−85; −78], P = 0.025). EATi was found to be positively correlated with increasing number of plaques, stenosis severity, and HRP features.

Conclusion
Patients with pCAD had EAT expansion with a higher lipid concentration, compared with controls matched for traditional risk factors. Increased EAT volume and low EAT density were imaging biomarkers related to severe and potentially vulnerable CAD features.