bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Inactivation of Influenza Virus by Mercurials and the Reactivation by Sodium Thioglycolate and Bal
Authors: Klein Morton , Brewer J. H. , Perez J. E. , Day Beatrice 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six mercurials were tested for their in vitro activity against influenza virus. HgCl2, merbromin, merodicein, metaphen and phenyl mercuric nitrate effectively inactivated influenza virus. Merthiolate possessed little in vitro activity against influenza B virus. Merodicein instilled intranasally possessed some prophylactic activity against influenza virus.
The inactivation of influenza virus by HgCl2 could be reversed in vitro with either sodium thioglycolate or BAL. The intramuscular injection of BAL also effected the in vivo reactivation of the virus.
Preparation of Diphtheria Toxin Solution Requiring no Control in the Schick Test
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The results of the lethal and intradermal tests in guinea pigs clearly show that the proposed diluent, consisting of a peptic digest of human serum proteins, acts as an effective stabilizer of the very dilute solution of diphtherial toxin used in the Schick test. After being held at 2 C. for 27 months no loss in activity was detected.12 The new solution possesses, therefore, good preserving power, an indispensable requirement of any proposed diluent for this toxin.
Of the 24 subjects who were seen 24 hours after the injections and daily thereafter only two showed some reaction at the site of the new control, in both instances this lasted only one day and was negligibly small. Of the 28 individuals who were not seen for the first time until 72 hours after the injections there were three who showed some reaction at the site of the new control; in one instance the erythema persisted to the eleventh day, in the other two it disappeared between the 7th and 10th days. In all three it was so small (2 × 2 or 2 × 3 mm) at all times as to make it appear that it was due to trauma, at least in part. In no instance would the omission of the control injection have resulted in a different Schick reading. The removal of “bacillary protein”, the large reduction in broth “nitrogen” and the use of the new diluent seem therefore to have accomplished the purpose of eliminating the need for a control injection in performing the Schick test.
It would seem, that the best time for making a reading is the fourth or fifth day after the injection. In every instance but one among the persons read as Schick-positive with the new toxin the erythema measured greater than 20 mm in one direction at its height; in this one case the dimensions were 12 × 6 mm.
The Action of Urea and Some of Its Derivatives on Bacteria
Authors: Weinstein Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
The experiments reported in this paper indicated that hexyl carbamate was able to produce inhibition of growth of several gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The concentration of this compound required to suppress bacterial multiplication was found to be less than that necessary with urea, urethane, propyl or isopropyl carbamate, and butyl or isobutyl carbamate. These results emphasize the previously recorded observation that an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain replacing one of the—NH2 groups in urea results in augmentation of antibacterial activity. A concentration of the hexyl compound sufficient to kill bacteria could not be obtained; this was probably due to its relative insolubility.
Inhibitory Effects of Certain Avian and Mammalian Antisera in Specific Complement-Fixation Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of quantitative studies of the inhibitory effect of non-complement-fixing antipullorum avian and antipneumococcus horse sera on fixation of complement by homologous rabbit antisera and antigen have been described. These data have indicated that the degree of inhibition is dependent not only upon the relative antibody content of the antisera of the two species concerned but also upon the quantity of antigen present.
The possible application of the inhibition reaction, indirect complement-fixation test, in the assay of antibody content has been discussed and a tentative method of titrating this inhibitory activity outlined in which the sensitivity is adjusted to a level approximately comparable to that of the direct complement-fixation test.
Therapy of Experimental Brucella Infection in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Hall Wendell H. , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method is described whereby the efficacy of therapeutic agents against Brucella may be ascertained by injection into the allantoic sac of the developing chick embryo. The results of studies with streptomycin and several sulfonamides in shick embryos infected with Br. abortus and Br. suis are reported. Sulfadiazine and streptomycin in combination were found to be more effective against Br. abortus and Br. suis in the infected chick embryo than either drug alone.
Microbal Studies on Acute Respiratory Infection with Especial Consideration of Immunological Types
Authors: Park William H. , Williams Anna W. , Krumwiede Charles 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Outline of work planned, discussion of results and general conclusion. It was decided at a conference of the members of the Influenza Commission and the Research Laboratory workers that the problems to be investigated in New York City should be the following: A study of the microörganisms of the upper respiratory tract in “health,” in “common colds” and in “influenza.” This investigation should include the diligent search for an epidemic microbal strain in influenza cases. Both filtrable and unfiltrable microbes were to be considered.A continuation of our studies on hemoglobinophilic bacilli (group of the influenza bacilli) for the purpose of establishing the relationship of the influenza bacillus to both pandemic and sporadic cases of influenza.A study of the permanence of type characteristics of influenza bacilli in persons after recovery from respiratory infections. It was considered of the utmost importance to establish as accurately as possible the stability of types.
Antibody Studies
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Etris S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The observations of many authors, as discussed in section 1, have demonstrated that a reversal of the antigen-antibody reaction is possible, at least in part, both in vivo and in vitro.
As has been stated in the preceding section, Kosakai (19) introduced the use of solutions of various sugars for the separation of hemolytic amboceptor from sensitized corpuscles and we first determined whether this technic could be applied to other antibodies. Since agglutinins are more easily handled than other antibodies and give fairly sharp-cut results, the preliminary work was done with these antibodies.
Separation of Agglutinins from Sensitized Bacteria.
In order that the steps in the process of dissociation may be followed and owing to the importance of seemingly slight variations in technic, it will be necessary to give the methods employed in detail, since it has been found that antibodies vary as to the ease with which they are dissociated and fall into classes in regard to the effect of different salts on such separation.
On the Essential Identity of the Antibodies
Authors: Zinsser Hans 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since Ehrlich's first classical analysis of antibodies, it has been a generally accepted conception of immunity that agglutinins, precipitins, sensitizers, bacteriolysins, hemolysins, or the so-called amboceptors, opsonins and the anaphylactic antibodies are separate substances formed in the animal body, often in response to treatment with a single antigen. Kraus, in the first edition of Kolle and Wassermann's Handbook, summarizes this point of view unambiguously in the following words:
Just as the bacterial body contains a variety of different antigens, so we may assume that animal protein is made up of a large number of different antigenic elements. If the animal body is treated with such substances and finds corresponding receptors, there results the formation of a variety of qualitatively different antibodies.…
When Gengou, in 1902, noted that alexin or complement was fixed when a precipitating antiserum was added to its homologous antigen, he interpreted this as meaning that, in addition to precipitins, the antiserum contained other antibodies—the “albuminolysins.”
Observations upon the Conglutination Phenomenon
Authors: Maltaner Frank , Johnston Elizabeth 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The conglutination phenomenon described by Bordet was reproduced using a mixture of inactivated bovine serum and fresh horse serum with washed guinea-pig cells. When the bovine and horse sera used were first depleted of their fibrinogen by secondary coagulation induced by treatment of the active sera with blood platelets, they no longer gave rise to this “conglutination” phenomenon. Not only the conglutination of guinea-pig blood cells, but also the hemolysis and agglutination of these cells by both sera when used separately or in mixtures, depended upon the presence of fibrinogen and a heat-sensitive serum constituent. The degree of agglutination or hemolysis obtained in the presence of the heat-sensitive serum constituents depends, in part at least, upon the quantity of fibrinogen present.
The Influence of Temperature Upon the Agglutination of the Red Blood Corpuscles
Authors: Jervell Fredrik 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experiments show a marked difference in the agglutination of red corpuscles at low and at high temperatures.
The most pronounced agglutination is obtained in the ice chest. It is shown that this is due to a quicker or more nearly complete adsorption of agglutinin at low than at high temperature.
After adsorption at 8° the corpuscles again lose part of the agglutinin when brought into higher temperatures.
The experiments seem to indicate that the maximal adsorption of agglutinin is different at different temperatures and more nearly complete at the low than at the high temperatures. When, therefore, the adsorption has been carried out at a low temperature and the corpuscles after that are placed at a higher temperature, they can retain only the quantity of agglutinin that corresponds to the maximum for the respective temperature and accordingly lose agglutinin until this maximum is reached.
Studies on the Coagulase-Reacting Factor
Authors: Tager Morris , Hales Harriet B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The coagulase-reacting factor (C.R.F.) is present in high dilutions of human and rabbit plasmas, the titer being influenced by the concentration of coagulase in the test. Plasmas of other animals are less effective when used in the unmodified state, but additional C.R.F. may be released by acid precipitation. All tissues examined reacted with coagulase, though titers lag behind that of plasma. Washed human platelets showed 0.1 per cent of the C.R.F. content of plasma. C.R.F. withstands 54 C for 30 minutes, but rapidly loses activity at higher temperatures. C.R.F. does not deteriorate rapidly on standing in plasma at ice-box temperature and even withstands 37 C for at least 1 week. C.R.F. is not adsorbed by Berkefeld, Chamberland, or Seitz filters, but is taken up by barium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide. The possible relation of C.R.F. to the components of plasma concerned with the physiological clotting of blood is discussed.
A Skin-Test Antigen Common to Five Viruses of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Kilham Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-one rabbits were successfully infected in groups with the agents of psittacosis, meningopneumonitis, mouse pneumonitis, feline pneumonitis and lymphogranuloma. With few exceptions, each group of rabbits gave positive cross reactions when skin-tested with yolk sac materials prepared with all 5 agents. Such positive results were not obtained in uninoculated control animals similarly tested. The sera from all of the inoculated rabbits showed complement fixing antibodies in the presence of one antigen, “Lygranum C.F.”
The “Inhibition” of Isoagglutinin Activity by Human Plasma and Its Fractions
Authors: Homburger F. , Melin Marshall 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mechanism of the inhibition of isoagglutination in plasma pools was investigated. None of our evidence indicates that the phenomenon is due to a nonspecific factor. It appears that the inhibiting substances are the group-specific agglutinogens. The distribution of these substances among fractions prepared from human plasma was studied.
Serologic Studies on Antigens from Histoplasma Capsulatum Darling
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Hottle G. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of precipitins in the sera of 19 experimentally infected rabbits was determined with four antigens prepared from the mycelial and yeastlike phases of H. capsulatum, namely, the ground-YP filtrate, the ground-mycelial filtrate, the YP broth filtrate, and the mycelial broth filtrate. Positive titers appeared approximately 13 days after infection, reached their peaks one week later, and finally disappeared about 10 weeks after infection. The binding power of seven antigens was compared by precipitative and complement-fixation technics, employing sera from animals experimentally infected with H. capsulatum. In the precipitin-tests and in complement-fixation tests with sera from hyperimmune rabbits, the mycelial broth filtrate displayed the greatest reactivity. However, in complement-fixation tests with sera from chronically infected rabbits only the three particulate antigens were active. Cross-absorption tests revealed that the seven antigens were divisible into two groups, both occurring within or on the cell, but only one in the culture-medium and ground-cell filtrates. Antigens elaborated by the mycelial phase and by the yeastlike phase were similar.
Quantitative Studies of Complement Fixation
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are given which chart the course of the C′ fixation reaction at 37 C. in experiments with constant amounts of S III and increasing quantities of anti-S III as well as with varying amounts of S III and constant antibody. Analogies and differences between the C′ fixation and precipitin reactions are demonstrated and discussed. A calibrated curve of C′ fixation at constant antibody and varying S III may be used for the estimation of unknown quantities of S III of the order of fractions of a microgram. A calibrated curve of C′ fixation at constant S III and varying antibody may be used for the estimation of microgram quantities of antibody N.
Quantitative Studies of Complement-Fixation
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented on precipitation and C′ fixation in the homologous and cross-reactions of the chicken- and duck-ovalbumin immune systems. The course of specific precipitation with either homologous or heterologous ovalbumin may be described by the same form of equation except that in the reaction between Eac and anti-Ead an alternate form of the equation fits the data more closely. As in the pneumococcal Type III-Type VIII systems, the reaction-curves for the fixation of C′ in the homologous and reciprocal cross-reactions closely parallel those of specific precipitation. Marked similarity in the antigenic composition of the two egg-albumins is indicated both by the precipitin- and C′ fixation-data. At 0 C peak-fixation values in the cross-reaction are almost as high as in the homologous reaction with equal quantities of antibody, the difference being more pronounced in the reaction between Eac and anti-Ead than in the reciprocal reaction.
The Reversal in Vivo by Bal of Inactivation of Influenza a Virus and Diplococcus Pneumoniae by Bichloride of Mercury
Authors: Klein Morton , Perez J. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Influenza A virus after 25 minutes contact with a 1:10,000 dilution of HgCl2 is completely inactivated as determined by intranasal instillation of the treated virus into mice. This inactivation is completely reversible in vivo when 0.1 ml of a 1:200 aqueous dilution of BAL is given intramuscularly 5 minutes before the intranasal instillation of the inactive virus.
When BAL is given 10 minutes after the instillation of the inactive virus there is a sharp drop in the degree of reactivation and when given 30 minutes after the inactive virus essentially no reactivation is obtained.
Diplococcus pneumoniae, type III, inactivated by HgCl2 and injected intraäbdominally or instilled intranasally can also be reactivated by BAL. However in contrast to the results obtained with influenza A virus reversal is obtained when BAL either precedes or follows the inactivated bacteria.
The difference between the pattern of reversal obtained with the viral and bacterial infections suggests that the rapid adsorption of influenza A virus onto the lungs of the mouse removes the virus from the action of BAL.
Possible applications of the reversal technic are discussed.
Antibody Formation and Sensitization with the Aid of Adjuvants
Authors: Freund Jules , Thomson K. Jefferson , Hough H. B. , Sommer H. E. , Pisani T. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Antibody formation was enhanced and sustained when the antigen (typhoid bacillus) was incorporated into a water-in-oil emulsion prepared with paraffin oil and Falba or anhydrous lanolin or Arlacel A (mannide monooleate) or myricin combined with cholesterol. Oil-in-water emulsion prepared with Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) and paraffin oil was ineffective. When oleic acid combined with myricin was used as an emulsifying agent antibody formation was neither enhanced nor sustained. Emulsions prepared with “lecithin” and paraffin oil are unstable mixed water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Antibody formation with such emulsions was highly accelerated but not as well sustained as with Falba and paraffin oil. Antibody formation is scant when peanut oil is substituted for paraffin oil. The addition of killed mycobacteria, namely M. butyricum or M. tuberculosis or M. phlei to water-in-oil emulsions further augments antibody formation. Lipid extract from M. tuberculosis has a similar augmenting effect. Cholesterol also increases the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil emulsion. A large amount of cerotic acid added to water-in-oil emulsions retards antibody formation. In experiments with a small number of guinea pigs sensitization to picryl chloride was produced only by emulsion containing killed tubercle bacilli. Other substances which augment antibody formation such as lipid extract from M. tuberculosis and cholesterol did not produce this effect. The enhancing effect on antibody formation and the alteration of sensitization may occur concomitantly but they appear to be distinct phenomena.
Studies in Cellular Growth
Authors: Maltz Maxwell 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The accelerative effect of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) on the healing rate of experimental wounds in mice and guinea pigs (1, 2) suggested that an antiserum prepared against some cellular elements more directly active in the healing of wounds might be more effective than the ASTS. This paper reports some effects of antisera prepared against granulation tissue (antigranulation-tissue-serum, AGTS) on wound healing in mice. Two types of antisera were used: one against murine granulation tissue and a “heterologous” antiserum against human granulation tissue.
Methods and Materials. Antigens: Elliptical sections of skin were scissored from the backs of 100 mice (CFW strain, Carworth Farms). Four days later scabs were removed and the curetted granulations were dispersed in saline solution (1 gm in 5 ml) in a Waring blendor. The suspension was lightly centrifuged and the supernate stored at -20 C. Human granulation tissue came from an open wound on the arm created by the formation of a tubed-pedicle graft.
Neurotoxic Symptoms Produced in the Syrian Hamster (Cricetus Auratus) by Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Olitzki L. , Stuczynski L. A. , Grossowicz N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The original purpose of this study was to produce a potent diphtherial toxin. We were compelled, however, to use the Syrian hamster as an experimental animal due to a shortage of guinea-pigs.* This gave us the opportunity to observe certain differences between the reactions of these two species towards the toxin and these differences are the subject of the present paper.
Hamsters have been employed by many authors in experiments with diphtheria toxin. Fan and Lim (1) used Cricetulus griseus for the titration of toxin and antitoxin; Lu and Zia (2) employed the Chinese hamster in testing the virulence of C. diphtheriae; and T'ung and Zia (3) determined the pathogenicity of different types of C. diphtheriae for the Chinese hamster. Ashbel and Poliakowa (4), using the Syrian hamster in virulence tests, described changes in the adrenals after the injection of cultures of C. diphtheriae.
Experimental.
Antibody Response in Monkeys Following Oral Administration of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: von Magnus Herdis , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following the oral administration of poliomyelitis virus to cynomolgus, rhesus and cercopithecus monkeys—some of which had been tonsillectomized to render them more susceptible to infection—tests for neutralizing antibodies were carried out on matched serum samples.
Of 44 monkeys used in these experiments, the sera collected prior to the feeding of virus, gave negative tests for antibodies in 43.
Of 17 monkeys developing the experimental disease, antibodies were found in 13 on the first day of paralysis.
Of 27 monkeys remaining apparently healthy after the virus feeding, antibodies were found in 10 in sera collected 4 to 5 weeks after exposure to virus. The medullas and spinal cords of such monkeys with positive sera were examined histologically and found to be free of poliomyelitic lesions.
The rapid antibody response following oral administration is different from the slow response observed in monkeys inoculated intracerebrally.
Antibodies which developed in the course of these feeding experiments appeared to be specific for poliomyelitis virus as they failed to react with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and influenza virus.
When monkeys were fed mouse encephalomyelitis virus (FA strain) which is non-pathogenic for primates, they failed to respond with antibodies to this virus. Together with the above data this suggests that early antibody production as well as antibody production in asymptomatic monkeys fed poliomyelitis virus is the result of infection of tissue outside the central nervous system.