bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI, the International Balance of Power, and National Security Strategy
Authors: Horowitz Michael C. , Pindyck Shira , Mahoney Casey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Military applications of artificial intelligence (AI) will impact how states exert power in global politics—and how much power they have. In light of the increasing investment in potentially transformative AI technologies by militaries around the world, how will states respond? For scholars and practitioners to answer this question, it is necessary to understand how AI is likely to affect, first, the national power of individual states and, second, features of the international system. This chapter sheds light on both these issues by applying foundational concepts from the field of international relations to identify the theoretical pathways by which the global diffusion of AI may change the opportunities and vulnerabilities for how states exert influence in international politics. The chapter considers in turn how AI can affect both military and non-military dimensions of national power, and how it can affect international systemic features including the stability of the balance of power, international institutional order, and international norms. It concludes with a discussion of what current trends in state efforts related to AI suggest about the future of national security strategy and identify avenues for related research.
Policy Transfer
Authors: Legrand Timothy , Stone Diane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The modern epoch of public policy is increasingly susceptible to the influence of social, economic, and political pathologies beyond national borders. Responding to these dynamics, Public Policy scholars have turned their attention to their common theoretical and empirical footing they share with their International Political Economy (IPE) cousins. These relatively young scholarly fields of study—some say disciplines—have developed in parallel with few intersections. This chapter reviews the key theoretical and methodological concerns that have separated the two fields from theoretical and conceptual collaboration, cross-fertilization, and exchange. It commences by reviewing the genesis and evolution of the fields, before turning to their overlaps, “trespasses,” and tensions. Especially important here have been explanations of policy transfer processes. The chapter goes on to prescribe ways to reconcile or alleviate these tensions via the shared interest of IPE and public policy in the emergence of global administrations, administrators, and administrative spaces. This important new arena of global and state decision-making presents new conceptual space to reconcile IPE/Public Policy approaches that potentially enhance theoretical and substantive insights into the transnationalizing political world.
French Connections
Authors: Cottegnies Line 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAfter historicising the cultural, political, and social importance of French and French literature for early modern English women, this chapter argues that by engaging with French literature and culture, women from the middle and upper echelons were able to transcend the limitations imposed on their gender, and were thus empowered as readers, translators, and authors, patrons, book owners, or social movers. To illustrate this idea, it explores the influence of the woman-friendly multifaceted movement of French préciosité on several English women authors including Lady Mary Wroth, Katherine Philips, Margaret Cavendish, and Aphra Behn, from Honoré d’Urfé’s Astrea to the French romance of the 1650s, and the collective miscellanies of the 1680s.
Political Theory across Borders
Authors: Suzuki Mihoko 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter suggests that Elizabeth Cary, Margaret Cavendish, and Anne Clifford engaged with political theory from beyond the borders of England in their works, focusing on the importance of Christine de Pizan and Machiavelli for Cary and Cavendish, and on the more oblique engagement with Jean Bodin by Cavendish and Clifford. Acknowledging their engagement with Continental political theorists such as Christine de Pizan and Machiavelli gives proper due to Cary’s and Cavendish’s serious interest in contributing to the political discourse of their time, as well as to their understanding of themselves not simply as political thinkers but also as political counsellors through their writings, following the examples of Christine and Machiavelli. Moreover, Cavendish’s oblique engagement with Bodin and Clifford’s silent rejection of his promotion of Salic law exemplifies the revisionary and creative challenge early modern women writers posed to canonical male political thinkers.
Gifts that Matter
Authors: Pender Patricia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractKatherine Parr played a variety of roles in early modern literary culture. Regardless of how far one chooses to expand the category of authorship, it is widely acknowledged that Katherine Parr played a key role in a number of prominent Tudor literary networks, with her husband, her stepchildren, and with powerful (and less powerful) contemporaries. This chapter provides a potted historiography of the way Parr’s literary networks have been represented in literary-historical scholarship, before moving on to look at the network she ostensibly established through the royal schoolroom. Looking at the extant evidence we have of correspondence between the royal children and their stepmother, this chapter proposes that she held distinctive relationships with each child and that her encouragement of their literary efforts consequently employed divergent approaches to decidedly different end. Parr’s royal schoolroom was the site of a literary network requiring much more investigation.
Libraries Not Only Their Own
Authors: Knight Leah 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWhat new lines of inquiry and kinds of analysis are now available for unearthing such evidence as remains of female reading experiences and book ownershipin early modern England? This chapter showcases the latent potential of this already richly mapped field by outlining the latest directions for investigating and representing the books and reading of early modern women. A review of the terrain canvassed by the most recent generation of historians of reading leads to a critical overview of promising resources and approaches on the horizon, both of which direct us towards characterising networks of readers, their access to books, and techniques for studying them.
Auxin signaling is essential for organogenesis but not for cell survival in the liverwortMarchantia polymorpha
Authors: Suzuki Hidemasa , Kato Hirotaka , Iwano Megumi , Nishihama Ryuichi , Kohchi Takayuki 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAuxin plays pleiotropic roles in plant development via gene regulation upon its perception by the receptors TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFBs). This auxin-regulated transcriptional control mechanism originated in the common ancestor of land plants. Although the complete loss of TIR1/AFBs causes embryonic lethality in Arabidopsis thaliana, it is unclear whether the requirement for TIR1-mediated auxin perception in cell viability can be generalized. The model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has a minimal auxin signaling system with only a single TIR1/AFB, MpTIR1. Here we show by genetic, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses that MpTIR1 functions as an evolutionarily conserved auxin receptor. Null mutants and conditionally knocked-out mutants of MpTIR1 were viable but incapable of forming any organs and grew as cell masses. Principal component analysis performed using transcriptomes at various developmental stages indicated that MpTIR1 is involved in the developmental transition from spores to organized thalli, during which apical notches containing stem cells are established. In Mptir1 cells, stem cell- and differentiation-related genes were up- and downregulated, respectively. Our findings suggest that, in M. polymorpha, auxin signaling is dispensable for cell division but is essential for three-dimensional patterning of the plant body by establishing pluripotent stem cells for organogenesis, a derived trait of land plants.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence of High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Primary Care Patients with Acute Low Back Pain: A Cohort Study
Authors: Roseen Eric J , Smith Clair N , Essien Utibe R , Cozier Yvette C , Joyce Christopher , Morone Natalia E , Phillips Russell S , Gergen Barnett Katherine , Patterson Charity G , Wegener Stephen T , Brennan Gerard P , Delitto Anthony , Saper Robert B , Beneciuk Jason M , Stevans Joel M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective
We assessed whether race or ethnicity was associated with the incidence of high-impact chronic low back pain (cLBP) among adults consulting a primary care provider for acute low back pain (aLBP).

Methods
In this secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study, patients with aLBP were identified through screening at seventy-seven primary care practices from four geographic regions. Incidence of high-impact cLBP was defined as the subset of patients with cLBP and at least moderate disability on Oswestry Disability Index [ODI &gt;30]) at 6 months. General linear mixed models provided adjusted estimates of association between race/ethnicity and high-impact cLBP.

Results
We identified 9,088 patients with aLBP (81.3% White; 14.3% Black; 4.4% Hispanic). Black/Hispanic patients compared to White patients, were younger and more likely to be female, obese, have Medicaid insurance, worse disability on ODI, and were at higher risk of persistent disability on STarT Back Tool (all P &lt; .0001). At 6 months, more Black and Hispanic patients reported high-impact cLBP (30% and 25%, respectively) compared to White patients (15%, P &lt; .0001, n = 5,035). After adjusting for measured differences in socioeconomic and back-related risk factors, compared to White patients, the increased odds of high-impact cLBP remained statistically significant for Black but not Hispanic patients (adjusted odds ration [aOR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.87 and aOR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.83–1.90, respectively).

Conclusions
We observed an increased incidence of high-impact cLBP among Black and Hispanic patients compared to White patients. This disparity was partly explained by racial/ethnic differences in socioeconomic and back-related risk factors. Interventions that target these factors to reduce pain-related disparities should be evaluated.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier
NCT02647658.
More Than a Penny’s Worth: Left-Digit Bias and Firm Pricing
Authors: Strulov-Shlain Avner 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Firms arguably price at ninety-nine-ending prices because of left-digit bias—the tendency of consumers to perceive a $4.99 as much lower than a $5.00. Analysis of retail scanner data on 3500 products sold by twenty-five U.S. chains provides robust support for this explanation. I structurally estimate the magnitude of left-digit bias and find that consumers respond to a one-cent increase from a ninety-nine-ending price as if it were more than a twenty-cent increase. Next, I solve a portable model of optimal pricing given left-digit biased demand. I use this model and other pricing procedures to estimate the level of left-digit bias retailers perceive when making their pricing decisions. While all retailers respond to left-digit bias by using ninety-nine-ending prices, their behaviour is consistently at odds with the demand they face. Firms price as if the bias were much smaller than it is, and their pricing is more consistent with heuristics and rule-of-thumb than with optimization given the structure of demand. I calculate that retailers forgo 1–4% of potential gross profits due to this coarse response to left-digit bias.
A Novel Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Across the Pantoea Species Complex Is Important for Pathogenicity in Onion
Authors: Zhao Mei , Shin Gi Yoon , Stice Shaun , Bown Jonathon Luke , Coutinho Teresa , Metcalf William W. , Gitaitis Ron , Kvitko Brian , Dutta Bhabesh 
Published: December 2022

Onion center rot is caused by at least four species of genus Pantoea ( P. ananatis, P. agglomerans, P. allii, and P. stewartii subsp . indologenes). Critical onion pathogenicity determinants for P. ananatis were recently described, but whether those determinants are common among other onion-pathogenic Pantoea species remains unknown. In this work, we report onion pathogenicity determinants in P. stewartii subsp . indologenes and P. allii. We identified two distinct secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters present separately in different strains of onion-pathogenic P. stewartii subsp . indologenes. One cluster is similar to the previously described HiVir phosphonate biosynthetic cluster identified in P. ananatis and another is a novel putative phosphonate biosynthetic gene cluster, which we named Halophos. The Halophos gene cluster was also identified in P. allii strains. Both clusters are predicted to be phosphonate biosynthetic clusters based on the presence of a characteristic phosphoenolpyruvate phosphomutase ( pepM) gene. The deletion of the pepM gene from either HiVir or Halophos clusters in P. stewartii subsp. indologenes caused loss of necrosis on onion leaves and red onion scales and resulted in significantly lower bacterial populations compared with the corresponding wild-type and complemented strains. Seven ( halB to halH) of 11 genes ( halA to halK) in the Halophos gene cluster are required for onion necrosis phenotypes. The onion nonpathogenic strain PNA15-2 ( P. stewartii subsp. indologenes) gained the capacity to cause foliar necrosis on onion via exogenous expression of a minimal seven-gene Halophos cluster (genes halB to halH). Furthermore, cell-free culture filtrates of PNA14-12 expressing the intact Halophos gene cluster caused necrosis on onion leaves consistent with the presence of a secreted toxin. Based on the similarity of proteins to those with experimentally determined functions, we are able to predict most of the steps in Halophos biosynthesis. Together, these observations indicate that production of the toxin phosphonate seems sufficient to account for virulence of a variety of different Pantoea strains, although strains differ in possessing a single but distinct phosphonate biosynthetic cluster. Overall, this is the first report of onion pathogenicity determinants in P. stewartii subsp . indologenes and P. allii. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The Potyviral Protein 6K2 from Turnip Mosaic Virus Increases Plant Resilience to Drought
Authors: Prakash Ved , Nihranz Chad T. , Casteel Clare L. 
Published: December 2022

Virus infection can increase drought tolerance of infected plants compared with noninfected plants; however, the mechanisms mediating virus-induced drought tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection increases Arabidopsis thaliana survival under drought compared with uninfected plants. To determine if specific TuMV proteins mediate drought tolerance, we cloned the coding sequence for each of the major viral proteins and generated transgenic A. thaliana that constitutively express each protein. Three TuMV proteins, 6K1, 6K2, and NIa-Pro, enhanced drought tolerance of A. thaliana when expressed constitutively in plants compared with controls. While in the control plant, transcripts related to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and ABA levels were induced under drought, there were no changes in ABA or related transcripts in plants expressing 6K2 under drought compared with well-watered conditions. Expression of 6K2 also conveyed drought tolerance in another host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, when expressed using a virus overexpression construct. In contrast to ABA, 6K2 expression enhanced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in both Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana. These results suggest 6K2-induced drought tolerance is mediated through increased SA levels and SA-dependent induction of plant secondary metabolites, osmolytes, and antioxidants that convey drought tolerance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Comparing the Outcomes of a Personalized Versus Nonpersonalized Home-Based Auditory Training Program for Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Magits Sara , Boon Ellen , De Meyere Linus , Dierckx Ann , Vermaete Ellen , Francart Tom , Verhaert Nicolas , Wouters Jan , van Wieringen Astrid 
Published: December 2022

Objectives:
Audiological rehabilitation includes sensory management, auditory training (AT), and counseling and can alleviate the negative consequences associated with (untreated) hearing impairment. AT aims at improving auditory skills through structured analytical (bottom-up) or synthetic (top-down) listening exercises. The evidence for AT to improve auditory outcomes of postlingually deafened adults with a cochlear implant (CI) remains a point of debate due to the relatively limited number of studies and methodological shortcomings. There is a general agreement that more rigorous scientific study designs are needed to determine the effectiveness, generalization, and consolidation of AT for CI users. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a personalized AT program compared to a nonpersonalized Active Control program with adult CI users in a stratified randomized controlled clinical trial.

Design:
Off-task outcomes were sentence understanding in noise, executive functioning, and health-related quality of life. Participants were tested before and after 16 weeks of training and after a further 8 months without training. Participant expectations of the training program were assessed before the start of training.

Results:
The personalized and nonpersonalized AT programs yielded similar results. Significant on-task improvements were observed. Moreover, AT generalized to improved speech understanding in noise for both programs. Half of the CI users reached a clinically relevant improvement in speech understanding in noise of at least 2 dB SNR post-training. These improvements were maintained 8 months after completion of the training. In addition, a significant improvement in quality of life was observed for participants in both treatment groups. Adherence to the training programs was high, and both programs were considered user-friendly.

Conclusions:
Training in both treatments yielded similar results. For half of the CI users, AT transferred to better performance with generalization of learning for speech understanding in noise and quality of life. Our study supports the previous findings that AT can be beneficial for some CI users.
Endoscopic Approach to Ligament Repair and Reconstruction for Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Cordier Guillaume , Nunes Gustavo Araujo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
It is well established that ankle arthroscopy may be used as an alternative to address chronic ankle instability (CAI). As this minimally invasive technique becomes popularized, an advanced anatomic understanding and new devices have been developed to address the ankle ligament pathologies. Within this context, fully arthroscopic and anatomic techniques were developed to repair and reconstruct the ankle ligaments. This article provides an update on the indications, diagnoses, and technical descriptions of the anatomic arthroscopic techniques used for chronic ankle instability.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level IV.
Efficacy and Safety of Low Fluence Nd:YAG Laser Treatment in Melasma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Cervantes Jessica , Patzelt Nicole , Al-Janahi Sara , Kim Dae Hyun , Chung Hye Jin 
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND
Low-fluence, multisession therapy of Nd:YAG laser has been widely used for treating melasma.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-fluence Nd:YAG laser toning for melasma using a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS
The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched till December 2020. A total of 50 studies (1,772 patients) and 66 studies were selected for the evaluation of the efficacy and complications, retrospectively.

RESULTS
The mean Melasma Area and Severity Index/modified Melasma Area and Severity Index scores for laser toning as monotherapy at <4, 4 to <8, 8 to <12, 12 to <24, and ≥24 weeks after treatment compared with that at pretreatment were −0.51, −0.91, −0.97, −0.92, 0.01 SD, whereas those as combination therapy were −1.64, −1.26, −0.94, not available, −1.45 SD, respectively. An increase in light value and a decrease in relative lightness index have remained up to 8 weeks after laser toning. Complications including hypopigmentation/leukoderma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and recurrence were noted. The incidence of hypopigmentation/leukoderma correlated with the number of laser sessions (p = .036).

CONCLUSION
Low-fluence Nd:YAG laser toning as combination therapy has shown better efficacy than monotherapy and the efficacy seems to diminish with time. This study suggests the positive correlation of hypopigmentation/leukoderma with the number of laser sessions.
Surgery Alone (Without Adjuvant Radiation) Adequately Treats Histologic Perineural Basal Cell Carcinomas: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ash Mark M. , Lacy Frank A. , Patel Jigar , Varma Rajat 
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND
Histologic perineural invasion (PNI) in basal cell carcinomas (BCC) lacks evidence-based treatment guidelines.

OBJECTIVE
Systematically review and analyze treatment outcomes of BCC with histologic PNI (PNBCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Reviews were searched through June 25, 2021. Thirteen eligible cohort studies were meta-analyzed.

RESULTS
502 of 713 PNBCC were treated with Mohs Surgery (MMS), wide local excision (WLE), or surgery (MMS or WLE) with adjuvant radiation (Surg + RT). Overall 5-year local control (LC) was 97.2% and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 99.6%. Surg and Surg + RT did not differ in recurrence (2.1% vs 4.7%; p-value 0.56; RR 1.51 [0.37, 6.20]), LC (97.9% vs 96.2%; p-value 0.19; RR 0.98 [0.96, 1.01]) or CSS (100% vs 99.1%; p-value 0.40; RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.02])

LIMITATIONS
No randomized controlled trials were found. Outcome data were often lacking.

CONCLUSION
Overall LC and CSS were high at median 5-year follow-up for surgery alone and Surg + RT. Surgery alone and Surg + RT demonstrated statistically equivalent outcomes. We do not recommend adjuvant radiation therapy for solely histologic PNBCC if clear margins are achieved.