bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Lymphocyte Mitogenesis
Authors: DeRubertis Frederick R. , Zenser Terry V. , Adler William H. , Hudson Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For assessment of the role of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in lymphocyte mitogenesis, adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP content, 3H-thymidine (3H-THY) incorporation, and blast transformation were examined in lymphocytes incubated with mitogenic agents, and with prostaglandins, cholera toxin, or theophylline. When tested over a wide dose range with mouse spleen cells, the mitogens phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), concanavalin-A (CON-A), and endotoxin did not stimulate adenylate cyclase activity or increase cellular cAMP content. Similarly, in human lymphocytes, neither SEB, CON-A, nor mitogenic doses of PHA-P altered cellular cAMP levels. A rapid increase in human lymphocyte cAMP was noted in response to high doses of PHA-P, but such doses resulted in little induction of 3H-THY incorporation compared to lower doses that were ineffective in elevating cAMP. Further, PGE1, cholera toxin, and theophylline, agents which all significantly increased lymphocyte cAMP content, uniformly suppressed both basal and mitogen-induced 3H-THY incorporation and blast transformation in a dose-related manner.
The inhibitory effects of PGE1, cholera toxin, and theophylline on mitogen induced 3H-THY incorporation were time-dependent. After a 36-hr exposure of mouse spleen cells to CON-A increases in cellular cAMP no longer inhibited subsequent DNA synthesis, perhaps owing to the fact that those metabolic events influenced by cAMP were already completed in the majority of mitogen-activated cells by 36 hr. Moreover, washing mouse spleen cells which had been concomitantly incubated with CON-A and with PGE1 or theophylline for periods up to 36 hr abolished the inhibitory actions of the latter agents on 3H-THY incorporation. It seems possible from these results that elevated cellular cAMP levels may only delay, by a reversible process, the flow of mitogen-activated lymphocytes through their growth cycle and that lymphocytes remain susceptible to such inhibition for only a finite period after stimulation with mitogens.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Lucas Zoltan J. , Walker Sharyn M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple, quantitatively reproducible assay of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity which duplicates results achieved by microscopically counting residual target cells or by 51Cr release has been developed. The method is based on quantitation of the intracellular 86Rb incorporated by target cells in monolayer culture after exposure to sensitized lymphocytes. Factors of paramount importance in detecting cytotoxicity are degree of sensitization of the lymphocytes, antigenic density of the target cell, and use of optimal standardized geometric conditions for the assay. Elimination of plastic adherent cells is essential to demonstrate immunologic specificity of the attacking cells. Nonspecific destruction of syngeneic monolayers is avoided by this procedure.
Antigenic Composition, Not the Degree of Polymerization, Determines the Requirement for Thymus-Derived Cells in Immune Responses to Salmonella Flagellar Proteins
Authors: Langman Rodney E. , Armstrong W. Douglas , Diener Erwin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two flagellar proteins, prepared from either SW1338 or SL167 strains of Salmonella, have a differential requirement for thymus-derived (T) cells in producing a primary IgM response in mice. By using two methods for T cell depletion, the SW1338 flagellar protein, in both monomeric and polymeric forms, induced an IgM response that was essentially the same as that found in normal mice. In contrast, the SL167-derived antigen failed to initiate the appearance of antibody-forming cells in T cell-deprived mice. These findings add a further dimension to the consideration of mechanisms which underlie the collaboration between T and B cells, namely the role of epitope composition. In view of a failure to demonstrate differences between monomeric and polymeric forms of the antigen, it is argued that the arrangement of epitopes is not an essential requirement for T cell-independent IgM responses in vivo.
Comparison of Cross-Reactivities between Albumins of Various Species at the Level of Antibody and Helper T Cells—Studies in Mice
Authors: Weinbaum Fredric I. , Butchko Gregory M. , Lerman Stephen , Thorbecke G. Jeanette , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was made in LAF1 mice of the cross-reactivity between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and albumins from a wide variety of species with respect to their interaction with anti-BSA and reactivity with BSA-sensitized helper T cells. Inhibition studies and direct binding of 125I-albumins to anti-BSA were used to determine humoral cross-reactivity. Challenge by various trinitrophenyl- (TNP)-albumins of BSA-immune helper cells and TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin immune spleen cells in an adoptive anti-TNP plaque-forming cell response was used as a measure of cross-reactivity at the T cell level.
In most cases, cross-reactivities at both the humoral and T cell levels correlated fairly well. Goat and sheep albumin were highly cross-reactive, guinea pig, dog, and rabbit albumin gave medium-range reactivity, and rat and chicken albumin were essentially negative. Two major exceptions were observed both in the direction of greater T cell reactivity (pig albumin) and in the direction of greater humoral reactivity (horse albumin).
The results do not permit any definite conclusion as to the nature of the T cell receptor. They suggest, however, that such receptors may have discriminatory capabilities comparable to those of immunoglobulin.
Functional Heterogeneity among the T-Derived Lymphocytes of the Mouse
Authors: Kappler John W. , Hunter Philippa C. , Jacobs Diane , Lord Edith 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of T cell functions were followed in mice after thymectomy in adult life. It was found that T cells involved in these functions could be divided roughly into two subpopulations: one whose activity was relatively long-lived (longer than 20 weeks) and one, relatively short-lived (on the order of a few weeks). In the long-lived class were those T cells involved in the helper function in the primary IgM and IgG responses to SRBC in vivo and in vitro. Priming for the secondary demonstration of helper activity or delayed hypersensitivity specific for SRBC seemed to involve both classes, although the contribution from the short-lived class was greater. These findings are consistent with models for T cell heterogeneity in which a short-lived population of T cells contains precursors distinct from a second long-lived population containing memory cells. Both classes can apparently contribute to a pool of activated effector cells in a process driven by antigenic stimulation.
Marsupial Immunoglobulins: An Immunoglobulin Molecule Resembling Eutherian IgA in Serum and Secretions of Setonix Brachyurus (Quokka)
Authors: Bell Robin G. , Stephens Christopher J. , Turner Keven J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An immunoglobulin class present in several external secretions and serum of the marsupial Setonix brachyurus (Quokka) is described. This immunoglobulin possesses antibody activity and shares light chain determinants with other serum immunoglobulin classes but has heavy chain antigenic determinants which are exclusive to this class. In milk the molecular weight exceeds 200,000 and in serum a bi-modal distribution suggests two separate molecular weight forms, one in excess of 200,000 and another of approximately 150,000. Local challenge of the mammary gland in lactating quokkas induced an antibody response in milk which was restricted to this class. The immunoglobulin was designated IgA by virtue of its biologic and physicochemical characteristics which were analogous to those of eutherian IgA.
Immunogenic Properties of Modified Antigen E
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Delespesse Guy , King Te Piao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Denaturation of antigen E in 8 M urea or by reduction-carboxymethylation treatment resulted in loss of antigenic determinants in native molecules. The denatured antigen preparations, as well as the α and β polypeptide chains isolated from the antigen upon its dissociation failed to combine with rabbit or human IgG antibody against the native antigen, or to induce erythema wheal reactions in ragweed-sensitive individuals. The denatured antigens and the polypeptide chains, however, enhanced anti-DNP antibody response of DNP-ragweed (DNP-Rag)-primed rabbit lymph node cells to DNP keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). When the primed lymph node cells were treated with DNP-KLH for 24 hr, and then cultured in the presence of one of these modified antigens, both IgG and IgE anti-DNP antibodies were formed in vitro. The activity of the modified antigens to stimulate carrier-specific helper cells was comparable to that of native antigen. All of the modified antigens induced DNA synthesis of peripheral lymphocytes of ragweed-sensitive patients but not the lymphocytes of normal individuals. The results indicated that denatured antigen E as well as α and β polypeptide chains possess determinants specific for T cell receptor.
The Lack of Cellular Cooperation in the Immune Response to E. Coli 0127
Authors: Poe Wanda J. , Michael J. Gabriel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cellular cooperation in the immune response to Escherichia coli 0127 was investigated. Spleen cell cultures prepared from BDF1 and congenitally athymic “nude” mice responded in vitro to E. coli bacteria, and removal of adherent cells from the spleen cell populations had no effect on the response to the bacterial antigen.
Nude mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) responded poorly to the SRBC antigen, but the injection of 7.5 × 107 thymocytes with the SRBC antigen increased the response 10-fold. In contrast, nude mice immunized with E. coli responded well to the bacterial antigen, and the injection of thymocytes did not alter this response. These results support the view that the immune response to E. coli 0127 is independent of thymus-derived cells, and demonstrate that the response ia also independent of adherent cells.
Lysis of Human Erythrocytes Due to Activation of the Alternate Complement Pathway by Nephritic Factor (C3NeF)
Authors: Arroyave Carlos M. , Vallota Enrique H. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nephritic factor (C3NeF) occurring in the serum of patients with hypocomplementemic chronic glomerulonephritis is known to activate complement via the alternate pathway. Addition of isolated C3NeF to normal serum resulted in assembly of the membrane attack mechanism of complement, the stable 22.5S C5b-9 complex.
In the presence of normal serum C3NeF caused lysis of erythrocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria or of glutathione-treated normal human erythrocytes. The extent of cell lysis was proportional to the amount of C3NeF employed. Sera from patients with hypocomplementemic chronic nephritis containing C3NeF were shown to be hemolytically inactive because of lack of C3. Cell lysis induced by C3NeF ensued upon addition of isolated C3 to nephritic sera. The results show that C3NeF is capable of initiating cell injury through activation of the alternate pathway, and that the impairment of this pathway in C3NeF-containing sera is due to C3 deficiency. Lysis of glutathione-treated erythrocytes initiated by C3NeF may be used as an alternative assay for C3NeF.
Carbohydrate Inhibition Studies of the Naturally Occurring Human Antibody to Neuraminidase-Treated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Rogentine G. Nicholas , Plocinik Barbara A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human sera, including autologous sera, contain complement-dependent lymphocytotoxic antibodies to Vibrio cholera neuraminidase-treated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and human lymphoid cells maintained in long-term tissue culture, but not to untreated cells. Carbohydrate hapten inhibition studies showed that these antibodies were inhibited by oligosaccharides containing β-d-galactosyl nonreducing end residues, indicating that the antigenic determinant is at least in part carbohydrate. There is evidence for both antigen and antibody heterogeneity.
Isolation of Recombinant IgG Molecules Carrying Heavy Chain Allotypes Transmitted in Repulsion
Authors: Tosi Roberto M. , Tosi Simonetta Landucci , Chersi Alberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recombinant IgG molecules possessing the heavy chain markers transmitted in repulsion were isolated from a rabbit serum and analyzed. The rabbit genotype was a1/a2; e14/e15, a1 being in coupling with e14 and a2 with e15. Recombinant molecules carrying either a1 and e15 or a2 and e14 were obtained in a relatively pure form by sequential absorption and elution with cross-linked antisera. a1–e15 molecules also were compared by immunoelectrophoresis with other IgG fractions, “nonrecombinant” IgG and “a-minus” IgG, isolated from the same serum. All fractions showed similar immunoelectrophoretic patterns. a1–e15 recombinant molecules were found to have a normal κ:λ light chain ratio and a normal κ-chain allotypes ratio. Furthermore, they could be dissociated into heavy and light chains which elute after gel filtration at the same positions as nonrecombinant molecules.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Outschoorn Ingrid M. , Ashwell Gilbert , Gruezo Flavio , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with a hapten-protein conjugate corresponding to a terminal nonreducing chain of five α(1 → 6) linked glucose units plus an additional α-linkage to a six carbon open sugar chain. The antigen was prepared by oxidizing isomaltohexaose to isomaltohexaonic acid and coupling it to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antisera cross-reacted with dextrans, the amount of dextran required for maximum precipitation being related to its content of α(1 → 6) linkages. This cross-reaction was independent of anti-BSA. Inhibition studies with the isomaltose oligosaccharides from the tri-(IM3) to hepta-(IM7) or octa-(IM8) saccharide with the six antisera showed that four had combining sites complementary to IM6 and two to IM5. For the four sera IM6, IM7, and IM8 were equally effective as inhibitors on a molar basis, better than IM5, IM4 and very much better than IM3. For the remaining two sera IM5, IM6, and IM7 were equivalent and gave better inhibition than IM4 and IM3. Inhibition studies using the aldonic acids series from IM4-COOH to IM7-COOH showed five sera to be maximally inhibited by the pentaonic acid (IM5-COOH) which corresponded to the inhibition obtained with IM6 to IM8 in three sera. The two sera that were maximally inhibited by IM5 showed better inhibition with IM5-COOH and higher members of this series. The last serum showed unique behavior, better inhibition being obtained with the hexasaccharide than with any of the acids. Inhibition by IM4-COOH was equivalent either to IM4, to IM3, or was intermediate for all sera. In one case the IM5-COOH was equivalent to IM4-COOH and IM4. Thus heterogeneous populations of antibodies were formed in each serum as indicated by differences in the relative ease with which inhibition with large and small oligosaccharides and their corresponding acids was obtained.
Induction of Tolerance to an Intracellular Protozoan (Toxoplasma Gondii) by Passively Administered Antibody
Authors: Araujo Fausto G. , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral antibody response to infection with the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii was suppressed in adult mice that had been injected with antiserum formed against the same parasite. A small proportion of the mice developed a state of tolerance to Toxoplasma, demonstrable by the absence of Toxoplasma antibody in their sera although Toxoplasma cysts were present in their brains. The tolerant state lasted for 60 days in six mice; between 60 and 90 days after infection, antibody was detected in five of them and in one, the tolerance lasted for 90 days. By day 120 of infection all animals had antibody levels similar to controls.
The Termination of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Bsa in Rabbits by Transfer of Normal Sibling Thymocytes
Authors: Benjamin D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The unresponsive state to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in rabbits was successfully terminated by adoptive transfer of normal sibling thymocytes. These rabbits eventually (13 weeks after transfer) produced normal levels of anti-BSA with normal affinity for BSA. In contrast, BSA unresponsive rabbits that received thymocytes from unresponsive siblings did not produce detectable antibody. The possibility of nonspecific stimulation of antibody formation or the co-transfer of B cells was eliminated. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms for the maintenance of the unresponsive state.
Binding of β-Galactosidase by Cells from Germfree Colostrum-Deprived Piglets
Authors: Decker Janet M. , Kim Yoon Berm , Miller Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells from the lymphoid organs of germfree colostrum-deprived Minnesota miniature piglets were examined for their ability to bind Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (GZ), with a histochemical detection system. From 0.3 to 1.4% of the cells in the various organs bound GZ; the binding occurred rapidly in the cold with fixed cells, and was specific as shown by competition experiments with high levels of GZ, hemocyanin, and ferritin. Since there is no maternal antibody transfer in pigs, and since the piglets were kept free of antigens and of antibody present in the colostrum, it appears from these findings that cells arise spontaneously before antigen contact that are capable of binding antigen. A proportion of the cells has been shown to bind more than one antigen; this binding is noncompetitive, and therefore suggests that the cells bear more than one specificity of receptor.
The Role of Immunoglobulin in the Neutralization of Trachoma Infectivity
Authors: Barenfanger Joan , MacDonald A. Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eye secretions and plasma from children with active trachoma have been shown to neutralize trachoma organisms. Various preparations of eye secretions were incubated with trachoma organisms and then assayed for infectivity by ocular infection in owl monkeys. Eye secretions with anti-trachoma antibody or immunoglobulin isolated from these eye secretions neutralized infective organisms. Negative controls (eye secretions with the immunoglobulin removed, normal eye secretions, or buffer) did not neutralize trachoma organisms. We conclude that the immunoglobulin fraction is responsible for this neutralization and that the neutralization is type-specific.
Decline and Spontaneous Recovery of the Monoclonal Response to Phosphorylcholine during Repeated Immunization
Authors: Lee William , Köhler Heinz 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Repeated immunization with T independent phosphorylcholine hapten-carrier conjugates produces progressively unresponsiveness to phosphorylcholine. Only one clone is found to respond and other clones fail to respond throughout the course of immunization. After a rest period the previously unresponsive animals are able to mount a normal response. This response is produced by the same clone which responded during the initial phase of the immunization regimen. A mechanism is proposed by which auto-anti-receptor antibody would protect a repeatedly stimulated responding clone from exhaustive clonal senescence.
Development and Characteristics of In-Vitro Correlates of Cellular Immunity to Rubella Virus in the Systemic and Mucosal Sites in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Morag A. , Beutner K. R. , Morag B. , Ogra P. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of rubella-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in splenic and bronchial lymphoid cells and antibody activity in serum and bronchial washings was studied in guinea pigs after subcutaneous or intranasal inoculation with live attenuated HPV-77 DE/5, RA27/3 rubella vaccines or live Brown strain of rubella virus. The techniques of hemagglutination inhibition, in vitro lymphocyte transformation, and assay of migration inhibitory factor with rubella virus as the antigen were employed to determine antibody and CMI in the systemic and secretory sites. Subcutaneous immunization resulted in regular appearance of serum antibody response. However, no antibody was detected in bronchial washings. Intranasal administration of the virus preparation resulted in little or no antibody response in the serum or respiratory tract. The CMI response after subcutaneous administration of rubella virus was characterized by the specific induction of lymphocyte transformation and migration inhibitory factor activity in the spleen cells without any detectable response in the bronchial lymphoid cells. Intranasal immunization resulted in the appearance of migration inhibitory factor activity in the bronchial cells with little or no response in the spleen cells. The CMI responses were initially detected 2 weeks after immunization. Peak responses were often found at 4 weeks, and no specific migration inhibitory factor or lymphocyte transformation activity was detected after 6 weeks. The results of this study suggest the development of local cellular immune response in the respiratory tract after local application of rubella virus.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Taniguchi Masaru , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigen-specific subcellular component that augments anti-hapten IgE class homocytotropic antibody (HTA) response was extracted from thymocytes and spleen cells of rats hyperimmunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract (DNP-As) or with Ascaris protein (As) alone. This soluble component, when injected into neonatally thymectomized rats, restored the ability to produce anti-DNP HTA and hemagglutinating antibodies of the recipients that were otherwise incapable of producing antibodies upon immunization with DNP-As. The thymocyte extract from either normal rats or those hyperimmunized with DNP-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) did not show the restoring ability for both HTA and hemagglutinating antibodies. Furthermore, this “helper” activity was largely absorbed by the carrier protein, As, but not with hapten, DNP-BSA, indicating the helper component possesses specificity and affinity for the carrier molecule.
Although these antigen-specific characteristics of the helper component are much like those of the previously reported “inhibitory” component of thymus-derived lymphocytes that specifically suppresses the ongoing HTA response, a number of differences in their immunochemical and physicochemical properties were observed. Unlike the inhibitory component, the helper component possessed Fab and µ-chain determinants as revealed by absorption studies. The molecular weight of the helper component was between 200,000 and 100,000 daltons, the value much larger than that obtained for the inhibitory component. These results indicate that IgT-like molecule is involved in the induction of in vivo HTA response, and further suggest that HTA formation is regulated by two distinct antigen-specific subcellular components of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the rat.
Dissociation of T Cell Helper Function and Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Silver John , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of tolerization with varying doses of deaggregated protein carrier on two T cell functions—delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) to the carrier and helper functions for the secondary anti-hapten antibody response to a hapten carrier conjugate—was studied. It was found that high doses of tolerogen inhibit the development of both DHS and helper function, while low doses of tolerogen inhibit the development of helper function but not of DHS.