bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Basis for the Differences between Type I and Type II Human γ-Globulin Molecules
Authors: Fahey John L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Polypeptide chains common to all γ-globulin groups (i.e., 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins, γ1-macroglobulins, and γ-microglobulins) were found in two forms (I and II) differing in antigenic composition. The two types of common polypeptides were characterized as “L” chains with a molecular weight of about 20,000.
Each 160,000 molecular weight human γ-globulin molecule appears to be composed of two “L” polypeptide chains with identical (type I or II) antigenic properties (which account for 25% of the molecule) and class specific (γ, β2A or γ1M-type) “H” components (which account for the remaining 75% of the molecule).
Studies on the Interaction between Bovine Serum Albumin and Natural and Synthetic Polyribonucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera obtained by the immunization of rabbits with heated polynucleotide-bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures prepared in 0.0015 M citrate buffer, pH 5.5 (C buffer) did not react with polynucleotide alone. The amount of antibody precipitated from such antisera by homologous antigen mixtures was greater than the amount precipitated by either native BSA or BSA heat denatured alone in an isotonic phosphate saline buffer, pH 7.4 (P-S buffer). Polynucleotide preadded to such an antiserum caused no reduction in the amount of antibody precipitable by homologous antigen. Mixtures of polynucleotide and BSA heated either separately or together in P-S buffer were less effective in precipitating antibody from such antisera than were homologous antigen prepared in C buffer. Absorption of polynucleotide-BSA antisera with heated BSA removed all cross-reacting antibody for both native and heated BSA, but further antibody precipitation could still be obtained with homologous antigen. Precipitin studies with anti-native BSA and anti-heated BSA showed that heated polynucleotide-BSA mixtures prepared in C buffer were closely related to heated BSA, while simultaneously retaining immunologic features of native BSA. It was concluded that the new antigenic properties found in heated BSA-polynucleotide mixtures were related to changes induced in the protein moiety by virtue of its interaction with polynucleotide, and that this interaction was strictly limited by the ionic strength and pH obtaining at the time of heating.
Some Biologic Aspects of Herpesvirus-Cell Interactions in the Presence of 5-Iodo, 2-Desoxyuridine (IDU)
Authors: Smith Kendall O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The drug 5-iodo, 2-desoxyuridine (IDU) does not prevent adsorption of herpesvirus to cells but does prevent virus replication. Treatment of cells with the drug immediately after infection results in a loss of 96 to 99.5% of the input virus infectivity. Most of this loss occurs during the eclipse and the very early growth periods. The progeny of the surviving 0.5 to 4.5% fraction of virus is more resistant to similar destruction by IDU treatment. IDU stops viral replication already under way in infected cells but does not inactivate infectious virus already formed within these cells. IDU is unable to prevent or reverse significantly the cytopathic effects of herpesvirus on tissue culture cells. In fact, a highly reproducible cytotoxic effect is observable in infected cells in which viral replication is completely arrested by IDU treatment. When this cytotoxic effect was quantitated by counting the numbers of affected cells it was found to be about half of the infectious unit concentration. This cytotoxic characteristic is three times more stable to ultraviolet irradiation than is the infectivity and, thus, appears to be distinguishable from infectivity. Herpesvirus within infected cells is quite stable to thermal inactivation in the presence or absence of IDU; therefore, eradication of virus already present in tissue cultures solely by use of this drug would require long periods of time.
Studies on Immediate Cutaneous Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: McCamish Joan , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice actively sensitized to egg albumin responded to intradermal challenge with the antigen by the development of immediate-type hypersensitive reactions. Two separate reactions were distinguishable macroscopically and microscopically. Phase 1 reaction consisted of a rapid, transitory inflammation, in which there was evidence of mast cell degranulation. It occurred as the only reaction very early after sensitization, and was briefly noticeable in animals tested later after sensitization. Phase 2 reaction, which when fully developed was a typical Arthus reaction, appeared only in the mice tested at longer intervals after the sensitizing injection. In these animals it developed more slowly than the phase 1 reaction, but eventually obscured it. Phase 2, also, took the form of an acute inflammation, particularly characterized by the occurrence of perivascular cuffing by neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mast cell degranulation was not a feature of phase 2.
Contact Sensitivity and Immunologic Unresponsiveness in Adult Guinea Pigs to a Component of Poison Ivy Extract, 3-N-Pentadecylcatechol
Authors: Bowser Robert T. , Baer Harold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pentadecylcatechol, a component of poison ivy extract, is a potent contact sensitizer for guinea pigs when injected subcutaneously as an emulsion with mycobacteria (Freund's complete adjuvant) or by percutaneous application. Injection without mycobacteria or oral administration induces a state of immunologic unresponsiveness to contact sensitivity.
In Vitro Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity
Authors: Carpenter Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Migration of monocytic-phagocytic cells from guinea pigs immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant is regularly and specifically inhibited in tissue culture by 5 to 10µg/ml of PPD. Migration of leukocytes and spindle cells from such animals is inhibited by PPD less consistently and to a lesser degree.
Cutaneous hypersensitivity to PPD in these animals develops 5 days after adjuvant immunization; at this time migration of mononuclear cells from explants of lung and regional node is inhibited by addition of 10 µg/ml of PPD. Splenic cells become sensitive 2 to 3 weeks after immunization and hepatic macrophages become sensitive only several weeks later.
Cellular hypersensitivity to antigen, as measured by this technique, develops in guinea pigs infected with Histoplasma or immunized with emulsions of complete Freund's adjuvant and T4 bacteriophage, bovine γ-globulin, human γ-globulin, or picrylated guinea pig skin. The sensitivity is specific for the immunizing antigen.
Serum from immunized guinea pigs increases the inhibitory effect of antigen on the migration of cells from sensitive tissue and confers antigenspecific sensitivity on normal cells. The serum factor affects primarily leukocytes.
The significance of in vitro hypersensitivity of several cell functions to antigen is discussed in regard to the cell types which have been available in culture.
Studies on Heat-Labile Opsonin in Rabbit Serum
Authors: Hirsch James G. , Strauss Bella 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique has been developed which allows reliable quantitative assessment of phagocytosis of bacteria by rabbit granulocytes in vitro, and which permits study of the role of heat-labile serum factors in the phagocytic process.
Incubation of bacteria with fresh serum opsonized the organisms. After washing they were fully susceptible to ingestion in a serum-free system.
Using this preincubation technique the influence of ionic composition of the medium was observed on the opsonization and on the ingestion processes separately. High concentration of salt blocked both processes. Divalent cations were required for ingestion but not for opsonization of the bacteria. The lack of requirement for calcium and magnesium speaks against identification of heat-labile serum opsonin with the complete hemolytic complement system.
Features of heat-labile serum opsonin which distinguished it from antibody were the following: a) heat-lability, b) titer for various bacteria remarkably constant in various serum specimens, c) rapid reaction with bacteria at 38°C but not at 0°C, d) destruction by hydrazine or ammonia, e) not γ globulin, and f) lack of specificity as demonstrated in adsorption studies.
A Comparison of the Reactivity of Polivirus Complement-Fixing Antigens (Native, Heated and Sucrose Density Gradient C and D) with Human Sera
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L. , Hagens Shirley J. , Dukellis Elene J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acute- and convalescent-phase serum speciments from poliomyelitis patients were tested in parallel against crude untreated (native), crude heated and sucrose density gradient-purified C and D complement-fixing antigens of the three poliovirus types. The native antigens were somewhat superior to the D antigens for detecting the occurrence of diagnostically significant rises in antibody titer, but the homotypic and heterotypic antibody titers against both the native and D antigens showed fairly good correlation indicating that the native antigens produced in HeLa cells consisted largely of D antigen. Age and prior vaccination (Salk vaccine) exerted a similar influence on antibody titers to the native and D antigens in that older patients showed fewer significant increases in antibody level than did younger patients and vaccinated patients showed rises in antibody of lower magnitude than did nonvaccinated patients. Titers to the heated and C antigens were similar with the exception that type 3 heated antigen showed greater heterotypic activity than did type 3C antigen.
For diagnostic purposes purified D antigens were not found to possess any advantages over crude native antigens that would warrant the extra time and manipulations involved in their preparation.
An Immunologic Study of the “Lipovirus”
Authors: Chang R. Shihman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sheep erythrocytes treated with lipovirus were so altered that they became agglutinated in the presence of specific antiserum. The serum agglutinating factor was stable to heat at 56°C for 30 min and was absorbed by lipovirus-treated red cells. This agglutination was specifically inhibited by pretreatment of antiserum with lipovirus. Rabbits injected with lipovirus responded with the formation of antibody in high titers as demonstrated by this reaction. Serums from 28 rabbits injected with a variety of viral, rickettsial, and bacterial agents and cell components did not agglutinate lipovirus-sensitized erythrocytes.
Complement-fixing antigen specific for the lipovirus was prepared by concentrating the specific involved shrunken cells. Antibody responses were demonstrated in all rabbits injected with the lipovirus but not in those injected with uninfected cells. Some animals immunized with lipovirus grown in human cells showed rises in antibody against uninfected chick cell antigen. Similarly, some injected with lipovirus in chick cells showed rises in antibody against human cells.
A variety of antisera or paired acute and convalescent sera were tested for “lipovirus” antibody. There is no evidence that the lipovirus is immunologically related to any of the following viruses: vaccinia, herpes simplex, varicella, cytomegalo-, adeno-, SV40, polyoma, influenza types A and B, para-influenza types 1, 2, 3 and 4, measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial and Newcastle disease viruses.
Dextran Sulfate Plaque Variants of Attenuated Type 1 Poliovirus
Authors: Takemoto K. K. , Kirschstein R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Analysis of a stock of the NIH reference attenuated, type 1 poliovirus, NA-2 (Sabin strain) by a previously described procedure employing dextran sulfate (dex-s) in the overlay medium, showed that it consisted of three different plaque types. Two of the enhanced (10 mm) and two of the inhibited (less than 1 mm) plaque types were examined for their behavior in tests using the d and rct/40 markers. The enhanced or ds+ virus was found to be d+, rct/40-, whereas the inhibited or ds- virus was d-, rct/40-. One of the ds+ viruses produced histologic lesions of poliomyelitis but no paralysis in a high proportion (55%) of the monkeys after intrathalamic inoculation, whereas the other produced no lesions; the two ds- types caused minimal or no lesions.
Heterogeneity of Ap Antigen in Pig Red Blood Cells: Significance for Detection of Human “Immune” Anti-A
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pig red cells were classified into five groups by a combination of various blood grouping methods. Significant reactions with AP1 cells occurred with human anti-A sera obtained from donors immunized with soluble specific blood group substance. Anti-AP1 was detected by one or another serologic method in both the 7 S and 19 S components of the γ-globulins. Only the 19 S component produced agglutination of AP1 cells, and only the 7 S component produced lysis.
Anti-AP1 antibody was demonstrated in sera from human subjects immunized with SSBGS-A, typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine, or tetanus antitoxin, and in rabbits immunized with type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharides. Anti-AP1 activity was present in both the 7 S and 19 S components of the γ-globulin of such sera. Five human anti-Lea sera also contained anti-AP1 antibody. The results furnish another example of the heterogeneity of antibody and of antigen.
Temporal Studies on Suppression by X-Ray of Adaptation for the Secondary Antibody Response
Authors: Porter Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Suppression of adaptation for a secondary antibody response was studied in rabbits exposed to severe whole-body x-radiation at various intervals after an injection of bovine γ-globulin. The tanned-cell hemagglutinin response to a test reinjection of BGG at least 49 days after x-radiation was used to assess the degree of suppression.
Administered 4 to 42 days after antigen, 450 r gave, in limited studies, only irregular results. A dose of 550 r administered 7 to 31 days after antigen gave similarly inconsistent supression, but this dose of x-rays administered 35 to 378 days after antigen resulted in essentially complete and permanent erasure of immunologic memory, so that the treated animals manifested typical responses of primary grade after reexposure to antigen.
These results suggest that the attainment of a stable condition of adaptation for secondary antibody formation is a slow process. The transformations initiated by a dose of antigen apparently require a period of 4 to 5 weeks before adaptation is fully developed.
Immunofluorescent Localization of Encephalitogenic Protein in Myelin
Authors: Rauch Helene C. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A protein preparation extracted from bovine spinal cord by Dr. E. Roboz-Einstein and coworkers induces allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. Normal human, guinea pig and bovine spinal cord tissue sections were exposed to rabbit antiencephalitogenic protein serum. Similar control sections were treated with normal rabbit serum, absorbed immune rabbit serum or buffered saline. Following the application of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat antirabbit γ-globulin, only those sections exposed to the specifically immunized rabbit serum showed fluorescent myelin structures. It is concluded that the encephalitogenic protein is localized in myelin, the target tissue of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and further that it lacks species specificity.
Antibodies Reacting with Steroid Haptens
Authors: Klopstock A. , Pinto M. , Rimon A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with conjugates of cholanic acid-albumin and of cholesterol-albumin.
The antisera obtained reacted with 9 and failed to react with 5 of the 14 different steroids tested.
The possible biologic significance of antisteroid antibodies is discussed.
Cellular Reactions to Reinjection of Antigen
Authors: Speirs R. S. , Speirs E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adult BBF1 mice were injected with radioactive antigen or antigen-antibody complexes. Reinjection of nonradioactive antigen at various periods resulted in a reappearance of labeled cells in the exudate. Inflammatory mononuclear cells which contained antigen derivatives reacted violently when re-exposed to specific antigen. Degenerative changes occurred, vesicles were formed and the cells became highly swollen. These reacting hypersensitive cells attracted eosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, forming cellular rosettes. Fragmentation of the injured cells occurred and cell fragments containing radioactive material were subsequently observed in macrophages along with engulfed necrotic eosinophils. The hypersensitive reaction appeared to occur in labeled macrophages until the 5th day of inflammation. After the 5th day, very few cells became vesiculated, but there was an increase in the number of cells which contained basophilic cytoplasm. These basophilic cells and the plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow seldom contained radioactive material. A molecular concept of hypersensitivity and antibody formation was presented and discussed.
Isolation and Characterization of a New Herpes Virus
Authors: Holmes Albert W. , Caldwell Richard G. , Dedmon Robert E. , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A new virus has been isolated from marmosets dying of generalized disease. This agent satisfies the chemical, physical, biologic and immunologic criteria for inclusion in the group of herpes viruses. The reservoir of this virus in nature is not known but it is not likely to be the marmoset. The temporary designation of herpes M or Herpesvirus tamarinus is suggested for this agent.
Studies on a Common Bedsonia-Group Antigen (CBA) Found in the Yolk of Hens′ Eggs
Authors: Terzin Alexander L. , Vedros Neylan A. , Dressler Harry R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the course of investigation of antigens of the psittacosis - lymphogranuloma - trachoma group (Bedsonia) it was noted that uninoculated hen's egg yolk elicited the production, in rabbits, of high titers of antibodies, reacting against Bedsonia antigens in complement fixation (CF) tests. Similar cross-reactions were obtained in guinea pigs, but were demonstrable only in CF inhibition (CFI) tests. Untreated yolk contained low titers of antigen reacting with anti-Bedsonia sera, but this titer was enhanced by treating the yolk with ethanol. This antigen, called common Bedsonia antigen or CBA, is ethanol soluble and soluble in ether only after treatment with ethanol. The possibility has been excluded that the above-described cross-reactions were due to contamination with yolk of Bedsonia antigens used in CF tests or for the immunization of animals.
CBA was detected in unincubated eggs or in the yolk of embryos 1 to 15 days old. Its similarity to Bedsonia antigens was further illustrated in CF tests in which titers obtained by primary incubation at 37°C for 90 min and at 4°C for 18 hr were compared. Temperature of incubation affected differently the reactions between anti-yolk serum against CBA and the major antigens of yolk, but did not discriminate between the reactions against CBA and Bedsonia antigens. When this test was applied to anti-psittacosis serum, in this case also, CBA and Bedsonia antigens could not be differentiated.
Immunochemical Studies of the Rh System
Authors: Rosenfield Richard E. , Kochwa Shaul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Analysis of the γ-globulin content and Rh antibody activity of eluates obtained from red cells of different phenotypes has revealed significant heterogeneity in the capacity of Rh antigens to bind and retain antibodies.
Eluates prepared from red cells sensitized with anti-Rh1,2 were successfully labeled with I131. The uptake of these labeled antibodies by red cells of different phenotypes revealed the antibody specificity to be anti-Rh1. However, the amounts of radioactivity bound by red cells of several Rh:1 phenotypes varied significantly and the observed differences changed as the amount of available antibody increased.
Liver Localizing Antibodies—The Limited Contribution of Ag-Ab Complexes
Authors: Sulitzeanu D. , Yagi Y. , Pressman D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The contribution of antigen-antibody complexes in the liver localization of purified anti-rat-liver antibodies was studied by the use of Sephadex G-200 and the paired label technique and found to be unimportant. The 7 S antibody fraction eluted from the Sephadex column (Peak II) which is free of complexes, localized in the liver to a high extent, indicating the liver localization of anti-liver serum is due to specific antibody and not to nonspecific uptake of antigen-antibody complexes. The contribution of anti-rat-plasma antibody present in the anti-liver serum (which forms complexes upon injection into assay rats) is negligible since it was largely eliminated during the purification process as shown by the paired label experiments. The macroglobulin antibody may participate also in the liver localization of the purified anti-liver antibody preparation. The soluble complexes formed by the anti-liver globulin and a large excess of soluble antigens from liver connective tissue, localized poorly in the liver and was eliminated much more rapidly than the localizing antibody.
Fungal Multiplication and Histopathologic Changes in Vaccinated Mice Infected with Coccidioides Immitis
Authors: Kong Yi-Chi M. , Levine H. B. , Madin S. H. , Smith C. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Multiplication of Coccidioides immitis strain Silveira in the lungs of mice challenged intranasally with arthrospore doses of less than one LD30 was suppressed 50- to 500-fold (at different intervals postchallenge) by vaccination with either intact spherules or isolated spherule walls. At 8 months after challenge with six arthrospores, 74% of the immunized mice and 47% of surviving control mice harbored no organisms in the lungs. At doses of 7 to 15 arthrospores, dissemination to the liver and spleen occurred in 36 to 40% of the control mice but not in immunized mice. The absence of extrapulmonary lesions in vaccinated animals was associated with their augmented capacity to localize the involvement in the lungs; histologic studies showed that pulmonary granulomas in immunized mice had fewer necrotic foci, fewer spherules and more fibrosis than those in control mice.
The spherule vaccine of strain Silveira also inhibited the multiplication of an heterologous strain, 46, up to 100,000-fold. In contrast to strain Silveira, many spherules of the relatively avirulent strain 46 were phagocytized by macrophages in granulomas surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue. The relatively avirulent properties of strain 46 for the mouse appeared to be associated with its susceptibility to phagocytosis rather than with its incapacity to proliferate in vivo.
Segregation of an Avirulent Variant of Rinderpest Virus by the Terminal Dilution Technique in Tissue Culture
Authors: de Boer C. J. , Barber T. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passage of a previously modified strain of rinderpest virus by the terminal dilution technique resulted in segregation of an avirulent virus population. Inoculation of cattle with this virus stimulated the development of a significant degree of immunity which protected them against infection with massive doses of virulent virus, without causing a febrile response or lesions. The avirulent virus was not spread from inoculated cattle to normal ones by contact.