bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar region of the carpus of the dog
Authors: González‐Rellán Sonia , Fdz‐de‐Trocóniz Patricia , Barreiro Andrés 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe palmar region of the canine carpus may be injured by traumatic, inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, and degenerative disorders. The normal ultrasonographic anatomic features of the dorsal region of the canine carpus have been published, however information regarding the palmar region is currently lacking. The aims of this prospective, descriptive, anatomic study were (1) to describe the normal ultrasonographic characteristics of the palmar carpal structures in medium to large‐breed dogs, and (2) to establish a standardized ultrasonographic protocol for evaluating them. As in the previously published study, the current study consisted of two phases: (1) identification phase, in which the palmar structures of the carpus were identified ultrasonographically in fifty‐four cadaveric specimens and an ultrasonographic protocol to examine them was developed; and (2) descriptive phase, in which the ultrasonographic characteristics of the main palmar structures in twenty‐five carpi of thirteen living healthy adult dogs were documented. The tendons of the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits, the superficial and deep parts of the retinaculum flexorum, the carpal canal and the median and ulnar neurovascular structures were ultrasonographically identified and described. Findings from the current study can serve as a reference for evaluating dogs with suspected injury involving the palmar carpal region using ultrasonography.
Use of Machine Learning Algorithms in the Classification of Forest Species
Authors: Loiola Táscilla Magalhães , Fantinel Roberta Aparecida , Dos Santos Fernanda Dias , De Bastos Franciele , Schuh Mateus Sabadi , Fernandes Pablo , Simões Bruna Andiele , Pereira Rudiney Soares 
Published: March 2023

Optimization in the process of managing forest resources seeks alternatives that make data collection possible. One of them alternatives is spectroradiometry, which consists of measuring the spectral response, having as product the response of the target in relation to the incident radiation along the electromagnetic spectrum, and that, using machine learning, with pre-selected models, makes it possible to identify. Given the above, the study aimed to use machine learning algorithms to classify species by vegetation indices from reflectance data. The study was developed at the Federal University from Santa Maria, working with the species Ficus benjamina, Inga marginata, Handroanthus chrysotrichus, Psidium cattleianum, Salix humboldtiana, Corymbia citriodora and Myrcianthes pungens, and spectral readings of the leaves were taken using the FieldSpec®3 spectroradiometer connected to RTS-3ZC3 integrating sphere. The reflectance values with wavelength ranged in amplitude from 350 ƞm to 2,500 ƞm and spectral resolution of 1 ƞm. Vegetation indices were calculated using the software R Studio, being: NDVI, SAVI, RVI, GNDVI, NDWI, NDWI2, GEMI, DVI, TVI, RVI, MSAVI, WDVI. The algorithms used to develop machine learning were: Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). RF proves to be the most appropriate for data validation, with 85% global accuracy, followed by SVM, with 71%, K-NN with 64% and NB with 35%. The indices with the best performance to point the species were NDWI and SAVI.
Cytoplasmic isoleucyl tRNA synthetase as an attractive multistage antimalarial drug target
Authors: Istvan Eva S. , Guerra Francisco , Abraham Matthew , Huang Kuo-Sen , Rocamora Frances , Zhao Haoshuang , Xu Lan , Pasaje Charisse , Kumpornsin Krittikorn , Luth Madeline R. , Cui Haissi , Yang Tuo , Palomo Diaz Sara , Gomez-Lorenzo Maria G. , Qahash Tarrick , Mittal Nimisha , Ottilie Sabine , Niles Jacquin , Lee Marcus C. S. , Llinas Manuel , Kato Nobutaka , Okombo John , Fidock David A. , Schimmel Paul , Gamo Francisco Javier , Goldberg Daniel E. , Winzeler Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2023

Development of antimalarial compounds into clinical candidates remains costly and arduous without detailed knowledge of the target. As resistance increases and treatment options at various stages of disease are limited, it is critical to identify multistage drug targets that are readily interrogated in biochemical assays. Whole-genome sequencing of 18 parasite clones evolved using thienopyrimidine compounds with submicromolar, rapid-killing, pan–life cycle antiparasitic activity showed that all had acquired mutations in the
P. falciparum
cytoplasmic isoleucyl tRNA synthetase (cIRS). Engineering two of the mutations into drug-naïve parasites recapitulated the resistance phenotype, and parasites with conditional knockdowns of cIRS became hypersensitive to two thienopyrimidines. Purified recombinant
P. vivax
cIRS inhibition, cross-resistance, and biochemical assays indicated a noncompetitive, allosteric binding site that is distinct from that of known cIRS inhibitors mupirocin and reveromycin A. Our data show that
Plasmodium
cIRS is an important chemically and genetically validated target for next-generation medicines for malaria.
Artificial intelligence as a diagnostic aid in cross-sectional radiological imaging of surgical pathology in the abdominopelvic cavity: a systematic review
Authors: Fowler George E , Blencowe Natalie S , Hardacre Conor , Callaway Mark P , Smart Neil J , Macefield Rhiannon 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivesThere is emerging use of artificial intelligence (AI) models to aid diagnostic imaging. This review examined and critically appraised the application of AI models to identify surgical pathology from radiological images of the abdominopelvic cavity, to identify current limitations and inform future research.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesSystematic database searches (Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were performed. Date limitations (January 2012 to July 2021) were applied.Eligibility criteriaPrimary research studies were considered for eligibility using the PIRT (participants, index test(s), reference standard and target condition) framework. Only publications in the English language were eligible for inclusion in the review.Data extraction and synthesisStudy characteristics, descriptions of AI models and outcomes assessing diagnostic performance were extracted by independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis was performed in accordance with the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2)).ResultsFifteen retrospective studies were included. Studies were diverse in surgical specialty, the intention of the AI applications and the models used. AI training and test sets comprised a median of 130 (range: 5–2440) and 37 (range: 10–1045) patients, respectively. Diagnostic performance of models varied (range: 70%–95% sensitivity, 53%–98% specificity). Only four studies compared the AI model with human performance. Reporting of studies was unstandardised and often lacking in detail. Most studies (n=14) were judged as having overall high risk of bias with concerns regarding applicability.ConclusionsAI application in this field is diverse. Adherence to reporting guidelines is warranted. With finite healthcare resources, future endeavours may benefit from targeting areas where radiological expertise is in high demand to provide greater efficiency in clinical care. Translation to clinical practice and adoption of a multidisciplinary approach should be of high priority.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021237249.
Association between early life exposure to the great famine and possible sarcopenia in older Chinese adults: a national cross-sectional study
Authors: Wu Ting , Yan Xiaojin , Liu Yunfei , Ma Ning , Dang Jiajia , Zhong Panliang , Shi Di , Cai Shan , Cheng Hao , Song Yi , Lau Patrick W C 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivesWe used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to investigate how an early life famine exposure affected possible sarcopenia (PS) and to explore the extent to which a sex difference exists in the association among older Chinese adults, as well as whether risk factors modify the association.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting28 provinces of China.ParticipantsConsidering that the Great Chinese Famine lasted from the spring of 1959 to the fall of 1961, 3557 participants were selected and categorised into four subgroups based on their date of birth: unexposed group (1 October 1962 to 30 September 1964), fetal exposed group (1 October 1959 to 30 September 1961), infant exposed group (1 January 1958 to 31 December 1958) and preschool exposed group (1 January 1956 to 31 December 1957).Outcome measurePS was defined as having low muscle strength or low physical performance.MethodsWe used multivariable logistic models to analyse the association between early life famine exposure and the risk of PS in elderly life.ResultsThe prevalences of PS among individuals in the unexposed, fetal, infant and preschool exposed groups were 15.1%, 14.4%, 23.6% and 21.9%, respectively. Compared with the unexposed group, the infant (OR: 1.55; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.05) and preschool exposed (OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.82) groups exhibited significantly higher risks of PS. In men, the infant (OR: 2.15; 95% CI 1.40 to 3.31) and preschool exposed (OR: 1.78; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.57) groups were more likely to have PS, but no significant increase was seen in women. In both sexes, prevalence of PS was unrelated to early life famine exposure in the urban, underweight and normal weight subgroups.ConclusionsEarly life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine was associated with a higher risk of PS in older adults. Keeping normal nutritional status in elderly life might help avoid the risk of PS, whatever the effect of early famine exposure.
Prevalence of spontaneous recanalisation of complete internal carotid occlusion: protocol for a systematic scoping review
Authors: Zhang Sarah Y , Dewar Brian , Fahed Robert , Shamy Michel , Shorr Risa , Dowlatshahi Dar 
Published: March 2023

IntroductionAlthough previously thought to be a rare occurrence, spontaneous recanalisation is not uncommon, with a growing number of reports describing this phenomenon. However, the frequency, time course and mechanism of spontaneous recanalisation remain unknown. A better characterisation of these events is essential to ensuring adequate identification and proper future trial design for treatment.ObjectiveTo describe the current body of literature around spontaneous recanalisation following internal carotid occlusion.Methods and analysisWith the assistance of an information specialist, we will search MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials and Web of Science for studies of adults with spontaneous recanalisation or transient occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Two reviewers will independently collect data on included studies pertaining to publication data, study population information, timepoints of initial presentation, recanalisation and subsequent follow-up.Ethics and disseminationPrimary data will not be collected; therefore, formal ethics is not required. The findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at academic conferences.
Linking population-based cohorts with cancer registries in LMIC: a case study and lessons learnt in India
Authors: Aggarwal Aastha , Rama Ranganathan , Dhillon Preet K , Deepa Mohan , Kondal Dimple , Kaushik Naveen , Bumb Dipika , Mehrotra Ravi , Kohler Betsy A , Mohan Viswanathan , Gillespie Theresa W , Patel Alpa V , Rajaraman Swaminathan , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Ward Kevin C , Goodman Michael 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivesIn resource-constrained settings, cancer epidemiology research typically relies on self-reported diagnoses. To test a more systematic alternative approach, we assessed the feasibility of linking a cohort with a cancer registry.SettingData linkage was performed between a population-based cohort in Chennai, India, with a local population-based cancer registry.ParticipantsData set of Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia (CARRS) cohort participants (N=11 772) from Chennai was linked with the cancer registry data set for the period 1982–2015 (N=140 986).Methods and outcome measuresMatch*Pro, a probabilistic record linkage software, was used for computerised linkages followed by manual review of high scoring records. The variables used for linkage included participant name, gender, age, address, Postal Index Number and father’s and spouse’s name. Registry records between 2010 and 2015 and between 1982 and 2015, respectively, represented incident and all (both incident and prevalent) cases. The extent of agreement between self-reports and registry-based ascertainment was expressed as the proportion of cases found in both data sets among cases identified independently in each source.ResultsThere were 52 self-reported cancer cases among 11 772 cohort participants, but 5 cases were misreported. Of the remaining 47 eligible self-reported cases (incident and prevalent), 37 (79%) were confirmed by registry linkage. Among 29 self-reported incident cancers, 25 (86%) were found in the registry. Registry linkage also identified 24 previously not reported cancers; 12 of those were incident cases. The likelihood of linkage was higher in more recent years (2014–2015).ConclusionsAlthough linkage variables in this study had limited discriminatory power in the absence of a unique identifier, an appreciable proportion of self-reported cases were confirmed in the registry via linkages. More importantly, the linkages also identified many previously unreported cases. These findings offer new insights that can inform future cancer surveillance and research in low-income and middle-income countries.
Determinants of childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Sako Sewunet , Gilano Girma , Hailegebreal Samuel 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveChildhood vaccination is a cost-effective, essential service to reach a larger population globally. Due to unclear reasons, new emergence and resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases increase. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify prevalence and determinants of childhood vaccination in Ethiopia.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional study.SettingWe used data from 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey. The survey included all the nine regional states and two city administrations of Ethiopia.ParticipantsA weighted sample of 1008 children 12–23 months of age was included in the analysis.Main outcome measuresA multilevel proportional odds model was fitted to identify determinants of childhood vaccination status. In the final model, variables with a p value of less than 5% and an adjusted OR (AOR) with a 95% CI were reported.ResultThe full childhood vaccination coverage of Ethiopia was 39.09% (95% CI: 36.06%–42.28%). Mothers who attended primary (AOR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.43–3.26), secondary (AOR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.07–3.79) and higher education (AOR=2.67; 95% CI: 1.25–5.71); being in union (AOR=2.21; 95% CI: 1.06–4.58); kept vaccination cards (AOR=26.18; 95% CI: 15.75–43.53); children receiving vitamin A1(AOR=4.14; 95% CI: 2.9–5.9); living in Afar (AOR=0.14; 95% CI: 0.04–0.45), Somali (AOR=0.19; 95% CI: 0.06–0.60), Gambela (AOR=0.22; 95% CI: 0.06–0.77), Harari (AOR=0.14; 95% CI: 0.04–0.52) and Dire Dawa (AOR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.06–0.79) regions; and rural residents (AOR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.30–0.93) were factors significantly associated with childhood vaccination.ConclusionThe full childhood vaccination coverage in Ethiopia was low and remained unchanged since 2016. The study identified that both the individual-level and community-level factors affected the vaccination status. Accordingly, public health interventions targeted to these identified factors can increase childhood full vaccination status.
Prevalence and associated factors of diabetes mellitus among patients with tuberculosis in South Korea from 2011 to 2018: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Jeong Dawoon , Mok Jeongha , Jeon Doosoo , Kang Hee-Yeon , Kim Hee Jin , Kim Hee-Sun , Seo Jeong Mi , Choi Hongjo , Kang Young Ae 
Published: March 2023

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with tuberculosis (TB) using a nationwide cohort in South Korea.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingThis study used the Korean Tuberculosis and Post-Tuberculosis cohort, which was constructed by linking the Korean National Tuberculosis Surveillance, National Health Information Database (NHID) and Statistics Korea data for the causes of death.ParticipantsDuring the study period, all notified patients with TB with at least one claim in the NHID were included. Exclusion criteria were age less than 20 years, drug resistance, initiation of TB treatment before the study period and missing values in covariates.Outcome measuresDM was defined as having at least two claims of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code for DM or at least one claim of the ICD code for DM and prescription of any antidiabetic drugs. Newly diagnosed DM (nDM) and previously diagnosed DM (pDM) were defined as DM diagnosed after and before TB diagnosis, respectively.ResultsA total of 26.8% (70 119) of patients were diagnosed with DM. The age-standardised prevalence increased as age increased or income decreased. Patients with DM were more likely to be men, older, had the lowest income group, had more acid-fast bacilli smear and culture positivity, had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score and had more comorbidities compared with patients without DM. Approximately 12.5% (8823) patients had nDM and 87.4% (61 296) had pDM among those with TB-DM.ConclusionsThe prevalence of DM among patients with TB was considerably high in Korea. To achieve the goal of TB control and improve the health outcomes of both TB and DM, integrated screening of TB and DM and care delivery in clinical practice are necessary.
The cost burden of hospital-treated tap water scald burns in the United States
Authors: Shields Wendy , Levy Joseph , Chyr Linda , Frattaroli Shannon 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the cost burden and epidemiology of hospital-treated, tap water scald burns in the United States to inform consideration of policy proposals to require thermostatic mixing valves with all new water heaters.MethodsA retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed using the 2016–2018 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project (HCUP). We queried the samples to examine the prevalence, cost, and epidemiology of hospital-treated, tap water scald burns.ResultsThe NIS and NEDS identified 52 088 (weighted) emergency department (ED) visits, 7270 (weighted) hospitalisations and 110 hospital-based deaths attributable to tap water scald burns in 2016–2018. The average cost for each encounter was $572 per ED visit and $28 431 per hospitalisation. In aggregate, the direct healthcare cost of these initial encounters was $206.69 million for inpatient (IP) visits and $29.79 million for ED visits. Medicare paid $109.54 million of these costs and Medicaid paid $18.3 million. Multiple body surfaces were involved in 35.4% of IP visits and 16.1% of ED visits.ConclusionsNIS and NEDS are valuable tools to examine the cost burden and epidemiology of hospital-treated, tap water scald burns. The high injuries, deaths, and overall cost of these scald burns suggest policy proposals are needed to require the use of thermostatic mixing valves.The additional detail provided by using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 External Cause of Morbidity Code allows for a better understanding of the size and scope of tap water scald injuries than was possible with ICD-9.
Multimorbidity pattern and risk of dementia in later life: an 11-year follow-up study using a large community cohort and linked electronic health records
Authors: Khondoker Mizanur , Macgregor Alexander , Bachmann Max O , Hornberger Michael , Fox Chris , Shepstone Lee 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundSeveral long-term chronic illnesses are known to be associated with an increased risk of dementia independently, but little is known how combinations or clusters of potentially interacting chronic conditions may influence the risk of developing dementia.Methods447 888 dementia-free participants of the UK Biobank cohort at baseline (2006–2010) were followed-up until 31 May 2020 with a median follow-up duration of 11.3 years to identify incident cases of dementia. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify multimorbidity patterns at baseline and covariate adjusted Cox regression was used to investigate their predictive effects on the risk of developing dementia. Potential effect moderations by C reactive protein (CRP) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype were assessed via statistical interaction.ResultsLCA identified four multimorbidity clusters representingMental health,Cardiometabolic,Inflammatory/autoimmuneandCancer-related pathophysiology, respectively. Estimated HRs suggest that multimorbidity clusters dominated byMental health(HR=2.12, p<0.001, 95% CI 1.88 to 2.39) andCardiometabolicconditions (2.02, p<0.001, 1.87 to 2.19) have the highest risk of developing dementia. Risk level for theInflammatory/autoimmunecluster was intermediate (1.56, p<0.001, 1.37 to 1.78) and that for theCancercluster was least pronounced (1.36, p<0.001, 1.17 to 1.57). Contrary to expectation, neither CRP nor APOE genotype was found to moderate the effects of multimorbidity clusters on the risk of dementia.ConclusionsEarly identification of older adults at higher risk of accumulating multimorbidity of specific pathophysiology and tailored interventions to prevent or delay the onset of such multimorbidity may help prevention of dementia.
Instabilities and pattern formation in viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Schön Franz-Theo , Bestehorn Michael 
Published: March 2023

AbstractInstabilities and pattern formation in viscous fluids have been a major topic of non-linear fluid dynamics for several decades. The study of pattern formation in viscoelastic thin films offers the opportunity to find new fascinating structures that cannot be observed in viscous fluids. Rayleigh–Taylor and Faraday instabilities, such as the resulting patterns in thin films of viscoelastic fluids, are investigated. We use the long-wave approximation and a Karman–Pohlhausen approach to simplify the mass and momentum equations. The viscoelastic stress tensor is calculated applying the linear Maxwell model. Conditions for the Faraday instability have been found using Floquet’s theorem. It is shown that viscoelastic films can exhibit harmonic resonance under external vibration. Moreover, a simulation of the non-linear problem in 2D and 3D is conducted with a finite difference method. Unstable oscillating Rayleigh–Taylor modes occur in the 2D numerical solution. Furthermore, we find that the wavenumber changes with the relaxation time of the fluid. Faraday patterns in viscous films emerge as regular structures of the surface, like squares or hexagons. Numerical simulations of the viscoelastic fluid also show regular structures. However, they collapse into a chaotic stripe-like pattern after a certain time.