bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Usage and cost-effectiveness of anti-psychotics in psychiatry OPD among various clinical conditions: A prospective observational study in a tertiary care center
Authors: Saini Reshabh , Dhinakaran Chandrasekaran , Raina Rohit , Gandhibabu Ramanathan , Krishnasamy Kathiresan 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Psychotropic medications are prescription drugs that are commonly used to control some symptoms associated with many different types of mental ill health. Although they cannot cure a patient illness, they can assist with the management of some extremely distressing symptoms and this in turn can facilitate individuals in leading a more fulfilled life.

Aims and Objective:
This study attempts to collect the demographic details of the outpatient in the psychiatric department and to describe the usage, prescribing trends and cost-effectiveness of antipsychotics in psychiatry OPD among various clinical conditions to older and younger patients with psychiatry disorders.

Material and Methods:
This study was a prospective observational study, conducted over a period of 6 months from November 2021 to April 2022 in the Department of Psychiatry, Chidambaram Government Medical College and Hospital, a 1400 bedded multi-specialty tertiary care teaching hospital, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The recruitment of subjects was carried out with the help the physicians who had the knowledge of patient’s history and caregivers consenting to the study protocol and patients with case sheets carrying antipsychotics prescription.

Observation and Results:
A total number of 150 cases were enrolled in this study. All psychiatric OPD cases were studied and the results were taken. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 93 were the anti-psychotics prescribed cases and 57 were the non-anti-psychotics prescribed cases. Out of 93 patients, 69.89% (65 patients) were male and 30.10% (28 patients) were female. Out of non-psychotic 57 patients, 27 were male patients and 30 were female patients. Out of the 93 OPD patients, 40% of the patients have psychological based symptoms followed by 17% of patients have behavioral symptoms. 86.02% of patients received atypical antipsychotic medications in comparison with 36.55% of patients received the typical antipsychotic medications.

Conclusion:
In this study, we had observed the usage and types of anti-psychotic drugs to control and minimize the different psychotic symptoms among the OPD patients. Maximum antipsychotics studied were cost-effective and cheaper in Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) as compared to Intas, Torrent, Sun, Linux, Cipla, Abbott, Alkem, and Sanofi.
A cross-sectional study of opinion about mental illness among undergraduate medical students with and without exposure to the psychiatry clinical rotation/postings during their undergraduate training
Authors: Raj B. Neeraj , Shivakumar B. K. , Vinay H. R. 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
A positive attitude toward mental illness is a prerequisite for the provision of holistic care. Thus, a study was undertaken to know the opinion about mental illness among medical students with and without exposure to the psychiatry clinical rotation/postings during their undergraduate training.

Materials and Methods:
This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Karnataka. The sample comprised medical undergraduate students with and without exposure to psychiatry clinical postings, respectively. Self-administered socio-demographic and opinion about mental illness (OMI) questionnaires were used to collect the data.

Result:
Medical undergraduates from 1st and 2nd years who were unexposed to psychiatry and students from 3rd and 4th years who had exposure to psychiatry constituted about 52.17% (n = 252) and 47.83% (n = 231) of the overall sample size. A positive opinion toward mental illness was seen across various subsections of OMI questionnaire, especially in students who had attended psychiatry clinical posting.

Conclusion:
Opinions can change based on one’s experiences. A positive opinion toward mental illness was seen across medical undergraduate students who had completed psychiatry clinical postings in our study. The study provides valuable insights across various domains or areas wherein a teacher can focus and adjust the teaching methodologies accordingly. In the long run, it might have a positive influence on medical students to understand mental disorders, diagnose them, and manage patients with mental illness.
Nutritional Status and Food Environment of the Elderly Population Residing in Tea Gardens of a Block of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Sullar Kunal Singh , Dasgupta Pallabi , Ishore Kaushik 
Published: August 2023

Objectives:
In India, poverty, illiteracy, and difficult terrains make the tea garden elderly population more vulnerable to malnutrition. The food environment shows the interface through which consumers interact with their food system. Hence, the present study was done to assess the nutrition status and identify the sociodemographic and food environmental factors affecting the nutritional status of the elderly population residing in tea gardens of Naxalbari block, Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India.

Materials and Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in all tea gardens of Naxalbari block, Darjeeling, from March 2022 to September 2022, among older people aged 60 years and above selected by simple random sampling. Using the predesigned, pretested questionnaire, the Mini Nutritional Assessment tool for nutritional assessment and the elderly population's perceived food environment was determined based on five points Likert's scale. Perceived food environment clusters were identified using a two-stage cluster analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of nutritional status.

Results:
Out of the 294 study participants, the majority of 190 (64.6%) of the older people were at the risk of malnutrition, 18 (6.1%) malnourished, and 86 (29.3%) had normal nutritional status. Binary logistics regression showed older people who were illiterate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 14.864; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 4.311–51.457) and not working (AOR 3.775; 95% CI; 1.753–8.128) had significantly higher odds of being undernourished. Older people who perceived a favorable food environment (AOR 0.408; 95% CI; 0.214–0.775) had significantly lesser odds of being undernourished.

Conclusion:
Tea garden older population is at higher risk of malnutrition. Illiteracy, working status, and perceived favorable food environment plays important role in altering the nutritional status of the elderly. Prior interventions such as awareness regarding food nutrition and developing elderly friendly food environment are needed.
Socket shield technique: Stress distribution analysis
Authors: Neves Ricardo Guimarães , Lazari-Carvalho Priscilla Cardoso , Carvalho Marco Aurélio , Carvalho Alexandre Leite , Souza João Batista de , Torres Érica Miranda 
Published: August 2023

Background:
To analyze through finite element analysis the stress distribution in peri-implant bone tissues, implants, and prosthetic components induced by the socket shield (SS) technique in comparison to other techniques used to treat tooth loss.

Materials and Methods:
A three-dimensional model of a superior central incisor crown supported by implant was modeled and three different placement conditions were simulated: SS – 2.0-mm-thick root dentin fragment positioned between the alveolar buccal wall and implant; heterologous bone graft (HBG) – bovine bone graft positioned the alveolar buccal wall and implant; and control (C) – implant fully placed in bone tissue of a healed alveolus. The model was restricted at the lateral surfaces of the bone tissue and the following loads were simulated: Both oblique (45°) loads of 100 N on the lingual surface of the crown (maximal habitual intercuspation) and 25.5 N on the incisal edge of the crown (tooth contact during mandibular protrusion) were simultaneously applied. Tensile stress, shear stress, compression, and displacement were analyzed in the cortical bone, trabecular bone, dentin root fragment, and bone graft; while equivalent von Mises stresses were quantified in the implant and prosthetic components.

Results:
Stress values of SS and HBG in the bone tissues were higher than C, while slight differences within models were observed for dentin root fragment, bone graft, implant, and prosthetic components.

Conclusions:
The SS technique presented the highest stress concentration in the peri-implant tissues.
Prevalence of immune mediated vesiculobullous lesions among patients visiting a private dental hospital with special emphasis on gingival manifestation
Authors: Jayaraman Meenakshi , Ramasubramanian Abilasha , Ramani Pratibha 
Published: August 2023

Background and Aim:
Vesiculobullous lesions are a group of mucocutaneous lesions that are predominantly immune-mediated but may also have a genetic or viral origin. The most common site of occurrence is buccal mucosa, whereas the number of cases involving gingiva is comparatively low. Based on the literature, although numerous studies have reported the prevalence of vesiculobullous lesions in the nonkeratinized epithelium, there is a dearth of knowledge about its occurrence in keratinized oral mucosa, especially gingiva. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of immune-mediated oral vesiculobullous lesions emphasizing the occurrence in keratinized mucosa, especially the gingiva, among patients visiting a private dental hospital.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted in a private teaching dental institute and hospital setting. Out of 615 incisional biopsies received in the department of oral pathology, between June 2019 and April 2021, n = 22 samples were immune-mediated vesiculobullous lesions confirmed by clinical and histopathological diagnosis after eliminating lesions of viral origin. Patient details including age, gender, site, duration, and systemic illness were collected from the digital information archiving software and analyzed by appropriate statistics using SPSS software.

Results:
Based on the results, 95.5% of the patients had histopathological features of intraepithelial clefting and only 4.5% of them showed subepithelial clefting. Female predilection was 6.3:1. The most common site of involvement was nonkeratinized mucosa (36.36%) and 59.09% of the patients presented with systemic illness.

Conclusion:
The study shows most of the features of pemphigus is consistent in gingiva and other parts of oral mucosa. The dental practitioners should be aware of the various oral manifestations of such lesions to ensure accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment.
Effect of Obesity on Androgen Receptor and Androgen Levels in the Serum of Women with Infertility in Babylon, Iraq
Authors: Mari Zainab Mohammed , Smaism Maha F. , Al-Hilli Nadia Mudher 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Infertility is the inability to get pregnant after engaging in unprotected sexual activity for at least a year. Obesity and overweight are terms used to describe abnormal or excessive weight growth that is harmful to one’s health.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to measure the androgen receptor (AR), total and free testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfates (DHEA-S) levels in the serum of Iraqi women who were having trouble getting pregnant and study the change of these parameters in the case of obesity and infertility.

Materials and Methods:
The case–control group was made up of 45 additional, presumably healthy women, whereas the sick group was made up of 45 obese infertile women. A study was carried out in the Babylon teaching hospital for maternity and children in Hilla city and private clinics from July to January 2022. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the serum concentrations of DHEA-S, total testosterone, and free testosterone (ELISA). SPSS software was used to conduct the statistical analysis.

Results:
A considerable drop in total testosterone and AR levels, infertile women exhibited significantly greater serum levels of free testosterone and DHEA-S than the control group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Infertile women had considerably lower serum levels of total testosterone and ARs and significantly higher serum levels of free testosterone and DHEA-S. On the basis of the results of this investigation, obesity participates in the pathogenesis of infertility.
A Comparative Microbiological Quality Assessment of Frozen and Fresh Fishes from Erbil City
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Ramadhan 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Since ancient times, the majority of humans have been categorized as pescatarians, depending mostly on seafood and fish as well as their byproducts. Fish is currently in greater demand as it is a good source of protein, which is necessary for maintaining the health of muscles, organs, and blood vessels. Due to their sensitive tissues and aquatic environment, fish are especially prone to microbial infections. It has been suggested that one way to assess the quality of fish is through the monitoring of these bacteria.

Objectives:
The current study aimed to examine the microbiological quality of fresh and frozen fishes.

Materials and Methods:
A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the microbial quality of fresh and frozen common carps to raise food safety concerns, Iraq-Erbil city. A total of 50 samples of fishes were collected from local markets and breeding ponds from September 2021 to January 2022. The most probable number (MPN) method was used for the estimation of the total coliform, whereas the horizontal method was used for the enumeration of Salmonella spp.

Results:
In this study, 53% of frozen samples contaminated with the coliform, whereas 15% of the fresh common carps were contaminated with coliform and passed the acceptable range (<100 MPN/g). Salmonella spp. was not found in any fresh samples, although it was recorded in 20% of the frozen common carps.

Conclusion:
Further investigations are required with molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction to determine the species and type of contamination in frozen fishes.
Relation of Immunoglobulin Level and White Blood Cell Count with Frequency of Infection in Splenectomized and Non-Splenectomized B Thalassemia Major Patients
Authors: Saud Israa Ali , Majid Liqaa Mohammad 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Beta-thalassemia major is an autosomal recessive condition caused by absent (β0) synthesis of the β globin chains of the hemoglobin tetramer.

Objectives:
Evaluation of immunoglobulin level and white blood cell count in splenectomized and non non splenectomized patient as well as comparison of the levels of Ig and WBC with frequency of infection.

Materials and Methods:
This cross sectional study included a total of 60 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 20 age and sex matched apparently healthy individual as a control, blood taken from them for an evaluation of immunoglobulin level and white blood cell count.

Results:
There is no significant difference in immunoglobulin level between splenectomized and non splenectomized B-thalassemia major patients and control groups. Also, there is significant increase in mean Frequency of infection / year for patients with thalassemia major in comparison to control, Specifically, splenectomized patients are having significant increase in frequency of infection in comparison to non splenectomizd. There is a significant difference in mean of White blood cell count, Neutrophil, Lymphocytes in patients with splenectomy, non-splenectomy and control group.

Conclusion:
Immunoglobulin levels are within normal range in thalassemia major patients whether splenectomized or non splenectomized. Leukocytes count mainly neutrophils and lymphocytes are higher in splenectomised patients. Frequency of infection is higher in splenectomed patients and there is a positive correlation with IgA and IgG.
Triglyceride Glucose Index, its Modified Indices, and Triglyceride HDL-C Ratio as Predictor Markers of Insulin Resistance in Prediabetic Individuals
Authors: Suleiman Rojeen Rasheed , Salih Sherwan Ferman , Abdullah Barhav Issa , Ibrahim Ibrahim Hasan , Saeed Zindan Azeez 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Prediabetes is a strong hazard for developing of both cardiovascular disorders and diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistant predisposes to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus that all are strongly correlated with development of cardiovascular disorders. Recently, the triglyceride glucose index, its modified indices and the ratio of triglyceride/ high density lipoprotein-cholesterol have been suggested as sensible surrogate markers of insulin resistant.

Objectives:
The current study aimed to evaluate the triglyceride glucose index, its modified indices and triglyceride/ high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio among individuals with prediabetes compared to healthy control.

Materials and Methods:
This study was carried out as a case control among 120 participants, 60 prediabetic individuals and 60 apparently healthy individuals as a control group. Prediabetic individuals were obtained from relatives of patients with diabetes mellitus visiting Endocrinology Unit at Azadi Teaching Hospital and 60 healthy individuals were chosen from medical staffs of Azadi Teaching Hospital.

Results:
There were statistically significant higher mean level of indices in individuals with prediabetes with exception of triglyceride/ high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio that was insignificantly higher. There was a significant positive correlation of abnormal homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance with triglyceride/ high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio (r = 0.651), and triglyceride glucose index (r = 0.390) whereas insignificant positive correlation with its modified index.

Conclusion:
The mean level and prevalence of abnormal TyG index, TyG-BMI and TyG-WC were significantly higher in prediabetic individuals, whereas, TG/HDL-c was insignificantly higher compared to control individuals.
Association between Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Findings of 102 Patients with COVID-19 in Iraq
Authors: Hussein Ghazwan Faisal , Al-Saadi Ali Hmood 
Published: August 2023

Background:
The coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) initially appeared in Wuhan, China in December, 2019 and then rapidly spread all over the world. The importance of information about the clinical and non-clinical characteristics of Iraqi COVID-19 patients was highlighted. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of COVID-19 with assessed the influence of comorbidities on the severity of infections.

Materials and Methods:
We collected medical records of hospitalized 102 patients with COVID-19 at three hospitals from December 2021 to May 2022. Patients in the cohort study were diagnosed with positive COVID-19 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction according to nasopharyngeal samples. The cohort study was for separating two groups: non-severe and severe or critical groups.

Results:
The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that patients aged ≥ 48 years had higher levels of D-dimer, white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophils count (NUE), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) when compared to non-severe patients. These parameters were used to predict high-risk patients with low lymphocyte counts. A logistic regression model generated results to include D-dimer, NUE, and lymphocytes count (LYM) were identified as independent risk factors for intensive care unit (ICU) patients of COVID-19 whereas WBC was a dependent factor with an odds ratio (8.330, 1.288, 0.225, and 1.534), respectively. Cut-off values by ROC curve for D-dimer, NUE, WBC, LYM, PLR, and NLR parameters were ≥ 0.780, ≥7.7, ≥10.5, ≥1.27, ≥200, and ≥5.4, respectively.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that COVID-19 severity can be predicted by analyzing clinical and laboratory data of patients. Comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiac diseases, kidney diseases, malignancy, and hepatic diseases were identified as significant risk factors for COVID-19 severity and progression.
Evaluation of Imatinib Adherence in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients in Babylon Province, Iraq
Authors: Gatea Athmar Kadhim , Al-Jabory Mohammed Ali , Baiee Noor Hasan 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm that results in proliferation, mainly of granulocytic components. Resulting from t(9;22) with fusion oncogen BCR-ABL1 which has uninhibited tyrosine kinase activity. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Imatinib, has significantly altered the management and prognosis of this condition, but poor adherence is still a significant factor in therapy failure.

Objective:
To measure chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients’ adherence to Imatinib treatment and to analyze potential reasons for poor adherence.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 52 CML patients in the chronic phase treated with Imatinib for at least 12 months; 30 of them were women and 22 were men, with a median age of 45 years. Patient adherence to Imatinib was assessed using the Morisky Medication adherence scale. Response to treatment was assessed by the evaluation of the level of BCR-ABL1 mutation in peripheral blood.

Results:
Out of 52 patients, 17 were adherent to Imatinib while 35 of them were nonadherent. The patient’s adherence status to Imatinib was found to have a significant effect on the response to treatment. The most common cause of nonadherence was forgetfulness. Age, sex, occupation, educational level, marital status, residence, duration of treatment, relation to meal time, taking other medications, and drug side effects have no significant effect on adherence.

Conclusions:
Adherence to Imatinib was poor and this has a negative impact on patients’ response to therapy. Patients’ forgetfulness was the most frequent reason for nonadherence, followed by drug-related patient disturbance.
Immunological Study of Orthodontically Treated Patients Recovering from COVID-19 in Babylon Province, Iraq
Authors: Eidan Basma Abdel Khaleq , Al-Khafaji Thaer Jaber , Abbas Ahmed Mohammed 
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives:
This study aimed to examine the levels of the toll-like receptors TLR4 and TLR2 in the blood and saliva of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) receiving orthodontic care in Babylon Province.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty serum and saliva samples were collected and divided into three groups of 20 patients: patients with COVID-19 who did not receive orthodontic treatment (group 1); patients with COVID-19 who received orthodontic treatment (group 2); and patients with COVID-19 who received orthodontic treatment and recovered (group 3). Thirty samples of serum and saliva from healthy outpatient clinics comprised the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the result.

Results:
TLR4 levels in saliva increased in all experimental groups (1–3) as compared with the control group. However, only COVID-19 patients and orthodontic patients in group 2 had elevated blood levels of TLR4, whereas the levels were reduced in the other two groups (1 and 3). All experimental groups showed an increase in TLR2 levels in saliva relative to the control group. In the first and second experimental groups, serum TLR2 concentrations increased dramatically, whereas they declined in the third group. There was no correlation between TLR4 and TLR2 in either group of patients. The concentrations of TLR4 and TLR2 in saliva were higher in the experimental groups than in the control group.