bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professor Koshiba and atmospheric neutrinos
Authors: Kajita Takaaki 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
When Professor Masatoshi Koshiba proposed the Kamiokande experiment, the main motivation was the search for proton decays. However, it should be remembered that other physics topics were also considered. One of them was neutrino oscillation studies with atmospheric neutrinos. In this article, the atmospheric neutrino studies in Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande are reviewed.
Evaluation of long-term supplementation of a direct-fed microbial and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast cell culture product on feedlot growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, heat stress measures, and carcass characteristics in beef steers
Authors: Gubbels Erin R , Rusche Warren C , Block Elliot , Rehberger Tom , Thomson Jesse S , Smith Zachary K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the influence of long-term supplementation (258 d) of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) and yeast cell wall (YCW) product used alone or in combination on growth performance, dietary net energy utilization, and carcass characteristics in beef steers finished under climatic conditions in the Northern Plains (NP). Single-sourced Charolais × Red Angus steers [n = 256; body weight = 246 ± 1.68 kg] were blocked by pen location in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of DFM and YCW. Steers were administered a series of diets common to the NP and administered ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 300 mg/kg) during the last 28 d of the finishing phase. Steers were vaccinated and poured at processing and individually weighed on days 1, 14, 42, 77, 105, 133, 161, 182, 230, and 258. Temperature–humidity index (THI) was calculated during RH supplementation. For 98% of the experiment, the THI was lower than 72 and thus cattle were not under high-ambient temperature. On days 1, 2, 21, and 22 of RH supplementation, respiration rates (RR), and panting scores (PS) were determined before and after AM and PM feedings (0700 h, 1100 h, 1400 h, and 1700 h). A DFM + YCW interaction was noted for the proportion of steers categorized as PS 2.0 at 1100 h on day 21 (P = 0.03) and RR on day 21 at 1400 h (P = 0.02). Control steers had a greater proportion of PS 2.0 compared to DFM or YCW steers (P ≤ 0.05), while DFM + YCW steers did not differ from others (P ≥ 0.05); DFM + YCW steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) RR compared to DFM steers, while control and YCW steers did not differ from others (P ≥ 0.05). No DFM + YCW interactions or main effects (P ≥ 0.05) were observed for cumulative growth performance measures. However, YCW steers had 2% lower (P = 0.04) dry matter intakes compared to steers not fed YCW. No DFM + YCW interactions or main effects (P ≥ 0.05) were observed for carcass traits or liver abscess severity. However, a DFM + YCW interaction (P &lt; 0.05) was noted for the distribution of USDA yield grade (YG) 1 and Prime carcasses. Control steers had a greater proportion (P &lt; 0.05) of YG 1 carcasses compared to other treatments. DFM+YCW steers had a greater proportion (P &lt; 0.05) of USDA Prime carcasses compared to DFM or YCW but were similar to control steers, which were also similar to DFM or YCW. Overall, the use of DFM and YCW alone or in combination had minimal effects on growth performance, carcass traits, and heat stress measures in steers finished in NP climatic conditions.
“Macrodosing” Sublingual Buprenorphine and Extended-release Buprenorphine in a Hospital Setting: 2 Case Reports
Authors: Kahan Meldon , Marion-Bellemare Louisa , Samson Julie , Srivastava Anita 
Published: February 2023

Objectives
To describe 2 case reports in which high-dose administration of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone quickly stabilized fentanyl users who presented to the hospital. To discuss how early administration of extended-release buprenorphine, before the patient is discharged, may improve retention rates for outpatient buprenorphine treatment.

Methods
Two case reports of fentanyl users presented to the emergency department at the general hospital in Timmins, Canada are described. They were rapidly stabilized on high-dose sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone and then transitioned within 24 to 36 hours to buprenorphine extended-release subcutaneous injection.

Results
In both cases, their withdrawal symptoms quickly resolved, without sedation or precipitated withdrawal. Both patients followed up with the outpatient clinic for another injection of extended-release buprenorphine.

Conclusions
High-dose sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone followed by early administration of extended-release buprenorphine quickly and safely relieved withdrawal symptoms in 2 fentanyl users who presented to the hospital emergency department. This novel approach shows promise in improving treatment retention rates for patients using fentanyl. Further research is required to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this approach.
Nurses' Knowledge, Communication Needs, and Future Directions in Neonatal Research
Authors: Sundquist Beauman Sandra , Eklund Wakako M. , Short Mary A. , Kenner Carole 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Preterm birth is a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite legislative efforts to increase pediatric drug development, neonatal clinical trials continue to be infrequent. The International Neonatal Consortium (INC) includes nurses as key stakeholders in their mission to accelerate safe and effective therapies for neonates.

Purpose:
INC developed a survey for nurses, physicians, and parents to explore communication practices and stakeholders' perceptions and knowledge regarding clinical trials in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Methods:
A stepwise consensus approach was used to solicit responses to an online survey. The convenience sample was drawn from INC organizations representing the stakeholder groups. Representatives from the National Association of Neonatal Nurses and the Council of International Neonatal Nurses, Inc, participated in all stages of the survey development process, results analysis, and publication of results.

Results:
Participants included 188 nurses or nurse practitioners, mainly from the United States, Canada, the European Union, and Japan; 68% indicated some level of research involvement. Nurses expressed a lack of effective education to prepare them for participation in research. Results indicated a lack of a central information source for staff and systematic approaches to inform families of studies. The majority of nurses indicated they were not asked to provide input into clinical trials. Nurses were uncertain about research consent and result disclosure processes.

Implications for Practice and Research:
This study indicates the need to educate nurses in research, improve NICU research communication through standardized, systematic pathways, and leverage nurse involvement to enhance research communication.
Rural and Urban Differences in Insurance Coverage at Prepregnancy, Birth, and Postpartum
Authors: Admon Lindsay K. , Daw Jamie R. , Interrante Julia D. , Ibrahim Bridget Basile , Millette Maya J. , Kozhimannil Katy B. 
Published: February 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To measure insurance coverage at prepregnancy, birth, and postpartum, and insurance coverage continuity across these periods among rural and urban U.S. residents.

METHODS:
We performed a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of survey data from 154,992 postpartum individuals in 43 states and two jurisdictions that participated in the 2016–2019 PRAMS (Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System). We calculated unadjusted estimates of insurance coverage (Medicaid, commercial, or uninsured) during three periods (prepregnancy, birth, and postpartum), as well as insurance continuity across these periods among rural and urban U.S. residents. We conducted subgroup analyses to compare uninsurance rates among rural and urban residents by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We used logistic regression models to generate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each comparison.

RESULTS:
Rural residents experienced greater odds of uninsurance in each period and continuous uninsurance across all three periods, compared with their urban counterparts. Uninsurance was higher among rural residents compared with urban residents during prepregnancy (15.4% vs 12.1%; aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11–1.28], at birth (4.6% vs 2.8%; aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.41–1.82), and postpartum (12.7% vs 9.8%, aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.17–1.38]. In each period, rural residents who were non-Hispanic White, married, and with intended pregnancies experienced greater adjusted odds of uninsurance compared with their urban counterparts. Rural–urban differences in uninsurance persisted across both Medicaid expansion and non–expansion states, and among those with varying levels of education and income. Rural inequities in perinatal coverage were experienced by Hispanic, English-speaking, and Indigenous individuals during prepregnancy and at birth.

CONCLUSION:
Perinatal uninsurance disproportionately affects rural residents, compared with urban residents, in the 43 states examined. Differential insurance coverage may have important implications for addressing rural–urban inequities in maternity care access and maternal health.
Pre-Existing Anxiety and Depression in Injured Older Adults: An Under-Recognized Comorbidity With Major Health Implications
Authors: Ortiz Damaris , Perkins Anthony J. , Fuchita Mikita , Gao Sujuan , Holler Emma , Meagher Ashley D. , Mohanty Sanjay , French Dustin D. , Lasiter Sue , Khan Babar , Boustani Malaz , Zarzaur Ben 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
To compare differences in baseline depression and anxiety screenings between older injured patients with pre-existing diagnoses and those without.

Background:
Little is known about the prevalence and impact of psychiatric comorbidities on early postinjury depression and anxiety in nonneurologically injured older adults.

Methods:
This was a retrospective post-hoc analysis of data from the Trauma Medical Home, a multicenter randomized controlled trial (R01AG052493-01A1) that explored the effect of a collaborative care model on postinjury recovery for older adults compared to usual care.

Results:
Nearly half of the patients screened positive for at least mild depressive symptoms as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Forty-one percent of the patients screened positive for at least mild anxiety symptoms as measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale. Female patients with a history of concurrent anxiety and depression, greater injury severity scores, and higher Charlson scores were more likely to have mild anxiety at baseline assessment. Patients with a history of depression only, a prior history of depression and concurrent anxiety, and higher Charlson scores (greater medical comorbidity) had greater odds of at least mild depression at the time of hospital discharge after traumatic injury.

Conclusions:
Anxiety and depression are prevalent in the older adult trauma population, and affect women disproportionately. A dual diagnosis of depression and anxiety is particularly morbid. Mental illness must be considered and addressed with the same importance as other medical diagnoses in patients with injuries.
The Surgical Apgar Score
Authors: Pittman Elliot , Dixon Elijah , Duttchen Kaylene 
Published: February 2023

Objectives:
To review the current literature evaluating the performance of the Surgical Apgar Score (SAS).

Background:
The SAS is a simple metric calculated at the end of surgery that provides clinicians with information about a patient’s postoperative risk of morbidity and mortality. The SAS differs from other prognostic models in that it is calculated from intraoperative rather than preoperative parameters. The SAS was originally derived and validated in a general and vascular surgery population. Since its inception, it has been evaluated in many other surgical disciplines, large heterogeneous surgical populations, and various countries.

Methods:
A database and gray literature search was performed on March 3, 2020. Identified articles were reviewed for applicability and study quality with prespecified inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, and quality requirements. Thirty-six observational studies are included for review. Data were systematically extracted and tabulated independently and in duplicate by two investigators with differences resolved by consensus.

Results:
All 36 included studies reported metrics of discrimination. When using the SAS to correctly identify postoperative morbidity, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve or concordance-statistic ranged from 0.59 in a general orthopedic surgery population to 0.872 in an orthopedic spine surgery population. When using the SAS to identify mortality, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve or concordance-statistic ranged from 0.63 in a combined surgical population to 0.92 in a general and vascular surgery population.

Conclusions:
The SAS provides a moderate and consistent degree of discrimination for postoperative morbidity and mortality across multiple surgical disciplines.
Determinants, Costs, and Consequences of Common Bile Duct Injury Requiring Operative Repair Among Privately Insured Individuals in the United States, 2003–2020
Authors: Elser Holly , Bergquist John R. , Li Amy Y. , Visser Brendan C. 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
Characterize the determinants, all-cause mortality risk, and healthcare costs associated with common bile duct injury (CBDI) following cholecystectomy in a contemporary patient population.

Background:
Retrospective cohort study using nationwide patient-level commercial and Medicare Advantage claims data, 2003–2019. Beneficiaries ≥18 years who underwent cholecystectomy were identified using Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) codes. CBDI was defined by a second surgical procedure for repair within one year of cholecystectomy.

Methods:
We estimated the association of common surgical indications and comorbidities with risk of CBDI using logistic regression; the association between CBDI and all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression; and calculated average healthcare costs associated with CBDI repair.

Results:
Among 769,782 individuals with cholecystectomy, we identified 894 with CBDI (0.1%). CBDI was inversely associated with biliary colic (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–0.94) and obesity (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59–0.84), but positively associated with pancreas disease (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.92–2.43) and chronic liver disease (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05–1.49). In fully adjusted Cox models, CBDI was associated with increased all-cause mortality risk (hazard ratio = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.38–1.79). The same-day CBDI repair was associated with the lowest mean overall costs, with the highest mean overall costs for repair within 1 to 3 months.

Conclusions:
In this retrospective cohort study, calculated rates of CBDI are substantially lower than in prior large studies, perhaps reflecting quality-improvement initiatives over the past two decades. Yet, CBDI remains associated with increased all-cause mortality risks and significant healthcare costs. Patient-level characteristics may be important determinants of CBDI and warrant ongoing examination in future research.
Resident Operative Autonomy and Attending Verbal Feedback Differ by Resident and Attending Gender
Authors: Filiberto Amanda C. , Abbott Kenneth L. , Shickel Benjamin , George Brian C. , Cochran Amalia L. , Sarosi George A. , Upchurch Gilbert R. , Loftus Tyler J. 
Published: February 2023

Objectives:
This study tests the null hypotheses that overall sentiment and gendered words in verbal feedback and resident operative autonomy relative to performance are similar for female and male residents.

Background:
Female and male surgical residents may experience training differently, affecting the quality of learning and graduated autonomy.

Methods:
A longitudinal, observational study using a Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning collaborative dataset describing resident and attending evaluations of resident operative performance and autonomy and recordings of verbal feedback from attendings from surgical procedures performed at 54 US general surgery residency training programs from 2016 to 2021. Overall sentiment, adjectives, and gendered words in verbal feedback were quantified by natural language processing. Resident operative autonomy and performance, as evaluated by attendings, were reported on 5-point ordinal scales. Performance-adjusted autonomy was calculated as autonomy minus performance.

Results:
The final dataset included objective assessments and dictated feedback for 2683 surgical procedures. Sentiment scores were higher for female residents (95 [interquartile range (IQR), 4–100] vs 86 [IQR 2–100]; P < 0.001). Gendered words were present in a greater proportion of dictations for female residents (29% vs 25%; P = 0.04) due to male attendings disproportionately using male-associated words in feedback for female residents (28% vs 23%; P = 0.01). Overall, attendings reported that male residents received greater performance-adjusted autonomy compared with female residents (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Sentiment and gendered words in verbal feedback and performance-adjusted operative autonomy differed for female and male general surgery residents. These findings suggest a need to ensure that trainees are given appropriate and equitable operative autonomy and feedback.
Peritoneal Bridging Versus Nonclosure in Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair
Authors: Ali Fathalla , Sandblom Gabriel , Forgo Bianka , Wallin Göran 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Postoperative seroma and pain are common problems following laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair of ventral hernias. These adverse outcomes may be avoided by dissecting and using the peritoneum in the hernial sac to bridge the hernia defect.

Methods:
This was a patient- and outcome assessor-blinded, parallel-design, randomized controlled trial comparing nonclosure and peritoneal bridging approaches in patients scheduled for elective midline ventral hernia repair. The primary endpoint was seroma volume on ultrasonography. The secondary endpoints were postoperative pain, recurrence, and complications.

Results:
Between November 2018 and December 2020, 112 patients were randomized, of whom 60 were in the nonclosure group and 52 were in the peritoneal bridging group. The seroma volume in the nonclosure and peritoneal bridging groups were 17 cm3 (6–53 cm3) versus 0 cm3 (0–26 cm3) at 1-month follow-up (P = 0.013). The median volume was zero at the 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups in both groups. No significant differences were observed in early postoperative pain (P = 0.447) and in recurrence rate (P = 0.684). There were 4 (7%) and 1 (2%) perioperative complications that lead to reoperations in simple IPOM (sIPOM) and IPOM with peritoneal bridging (IPOM-pb), respectively.

Conclusions:
Seroma was less prevalent after IPOM-pb at 1-month follow-up compared with sIPOM, with similar postoperative pain 1 week after index surgery in both groups. At subsequent follow-ups, the differences in seroma were not statistically significant. Further studies are required to confirm these results. Trial registration (NCT04229940).
Lower Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status May Influence Medical Complications, Emergency Department Utilization, and Costs of Care After 1-2 Level Lumbar Fusion
Authors: Gordon Adam M. , Elali Faisal R. , Ng Mitchell K. , Saleh Ahmed , Ahn Nicholas U. 
Published: February 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective Case-Control Study

Objectives.
The objectives were to determine whether patients from poor social determinants of health (SDOH), undergoing primary 1-2 level lumbar fusion (1-2LF), demonstrate differences in: 1) medical complications; 2) emergency department (ED) utilizations; 3) readmission rates; and 4) costs of care.

Summary.of Background Data.
Measures of socioeconomic disadvantage may enable improved targeting and prevention of potentially increased healthcare utilization. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) is a validated index of 17 census-based markers of material deprivation and poverty.

Methods.
A retrospective query of the 2010-2020 PearlDiver database was performed for primary 1-2 level lumbar fusions for degenerative lumbar pathology. High ADI (scale: 0-100) is associated with a greater disadvantage. Patients with high ADI (90%+) were 1:1 propensity-score matched to controls (ADI:0-89%) by age, gender, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI). This yielded 34,442 patients, evenly matched between cohorts. Primary outcomes were to compare 90-day complications, ED utilizations, readmissions, and costs of care. Multivariable logistic regression models computed the odds-ratios (OR) of ADI on complications, ED utilizations, and readmissions. P values less than 0.05 were significant.

Results.
Patients with a high ADI incurred higher rates and odds of developing respiratory failures (1.17 vs. 0.87%; OR: 1.35,P=0.005). Acute kidney injuries (2.61 vs. 2.29%; OR: 1.14,P=0.056), deep venous thromboses (0.19% vs. 0.17%; OR: 1.14,P=0.611), cerebrovascular accidents (1.29% vs. 1.31%; OR: 0.99,P=0.886), and total medical complications (23.35% vs. 22.93%; OR: 1.02,P=0.441) were similar between groups. High ADI patients experienced higher rates and odds of ED visits within 90 days (9.67% vs. 8.91%; OR: 1.10,P=0.014) and overall 90-day expenditures ($54,459 vs. $47,044;P<0.001).

Conclusions.
Socioeconomically disadvantaged patients have increased rates and odds of respiratory failure within 90 days. ED utilization within 90 days of surgery was higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. SDOH could be used to inform healthcare policy and improve post-discharge care.

Level of Evidence.
Level III
Risk Factors for Unplanned ICU Readmission Among Trauma Patients: Age Matters
Authors: Laytin Adam D. , Sims Carrie A. 
Published: February 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the frequency of unplanned ICU readmission (UIR) among adult (18–64) and elderly (65+) trauma patients and to compare the risk factors for UIR and its clinical impact between age groups.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study using clinical data from a statewide trauma registry.

SETTING:
All accredited trauma centers in Pennsylvania.

PATIENTS:
Consecutive adult and elderly trauma patients requiring admission from the emergency department to the ICU between 2012 and 2017.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Among the 48,340 included in the analysis, 49.5% were elderly and 3.8% experienced UIR. UIR was 1.7 times more likely among elderly patients and was associated with increased hospital length of stay in both age groups. UIR was associated with an absolute increased risk of hospital mortality of 6.1% among adult patients and 16.9% among elderly patients experiencing UIR. In addition to overall injury severity and burden of preexisting medical conditions, specific risk factors for UIR were identified in each age group. In adult but not elderly patients, UIR was significantly associated with history of stroke, peptic ulcer disease, cirrhosis, diabetes, and malignancy. In elderly but not adult patients, UIR was also significantly associated with chronic kidney disease.

CONCLUSIONS:
UIR is associated with worse clinical outcomes in both adult and elderly trauma patients, but risk factors and the magnitude of impact differ between age groups. Interventions to mitigate the risk of UIR that take into account patients’ age group and specific risk factors may improve outcomes.