bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Deployment of a Real-Time Bit Pull Advisory System
Authors: Yi M. , Ashok P. , Ramos D. , Pearce J. , Hickin G. , Peroyea T. , White S. , Thetford T. , Behounek M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
During well construction, it is important to know when a bit is damaged to the point where it must be tripped out and replaced with a new bit. Continuing to drill with a damaged bit or pulling out a bit prematurely are both bad decisions leading to increased drilling costs. A bit pull advisory system was therefore developed and deployed in the field to help the rig crew make better informed bit pull decisions.
A bit degradation metric was first developed to estimate the wear on the drill bit as it is drilling. This bit degradation metric utilized a physics-based model to be generalizable both for vertical as well as horizontal wells. Next this metric along with other trends in data were combined using a Bayesian network to arrive at a bit effectiveness belief. This was then further combined with calculations of the time to trip out a damaged bit and replace it with a new bit, to arrive at bit pull beliefs for various scenarios of expected future ROP and distance to total depth (TD).
The bit degradation metric was first applied offline on 80 historical wells that consisted of wells drilled in Egypt, North Sea and the US land, and verified to a high degree of accuracy. It was then integrated into a drilling data aggregator and deployed in the field. The physics-based model utilized in the calculation of the bit degradation metric required contextual data, which was automatically routed to the data aggregator from various data sources. The bit pull beliefs for a range of expected ROPs and distance to TD were made available both as channels that can be visualized in vertical charts as well as a heat map. When a bit pull belief suggested a trip out, the driller was first asked to monitor for drilling dysfunctions such as stick slip, bit balling, whirl, etc., and attempt to correct it. Failing that, the bit was to be pulled out. This system is now operational on rigs in Egypt, North Sea and the US, and the response from the field personnel has been positive to date.
This is the first drill bit damage tracking advisory that has been deployed on a rig site data aggregator. Using the bit degradation metric and the bit pull beliefs, the rig site team is always able to determine the extent of damage to the bit and whether the bit must be pulled out or not. The system thus helps in reducing ILT and NPT costs by reducing the time drilled with damaged bits and eliminating premature trips out.
Real Time Well Engineering: String (Drillstring/ Casing/Completion) Runnability Monitor While Drilling
Authors: Samuel Robello , Kumar Kiran 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study is to monitor and forecast how well the casing string can be run during the drilling of the well's particular hole section. The runnability of the casing is measured by the use of a comprehensive index supported by real-time monitoring of multiple features with estimated indicators. The methodology developed by combining geometrical and mechanical calculations provides an assessment of whether the casing can be run without a short landing. This provides more opportunities for adjustments that can be made during drilling itself. In general, the "smoothness" that connects the wellbore geometry and mechanical system is related to the borehole quality utilized to run the casing. With real-time drilling parameters and complex equations represented with common sense, it is possible to assess the runnability of the casing for a given hole size. When taken together, wellbore tortuosity, borehole torsion, wellprofile energy, well curvature passage through force, margin of slack off force and overpull margin support the evaluation of a proposed wellpath to determine the casing's runnability. Combining operational experience and trajectory metrics in a methodology has proven to be effective in assessing operational risk for tasks like running casing in curve construction sections or to total depth on prolonged laterals. In addition, this paper discusses how the runnability metrics can help to anticipate or diagnose other challenges such as complex stimulation work, artificial lift performance and possible well servicing complications that may arise because of unwanted curvature, borehole torsion and wellbore drift. Presently there is no method to predict the runnability of casing to bottom while the well is being drilled. A new and practical method of quantifying the runnability of casing during drilling has been analyzed and proposed in this paper.
Successful Sidetrack in Challenging Formation Resulted in CAPEX Reduction
Authors: Al-Raml Haidar , Ufondu Kenechukwu , Widjaja Danang , Almasri Abdulrakeeb 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the added value of a new approach to exiting an existing wellbore, where the normal practice forces the plug and abandonment (P&A) of the existing lateral before cutting the window into a new lateral, particularly when an off-bottom cemented (OBC) liner is required. The new approach includes the construction of a Technology Advancement of Multilaterals Level 4 (TAML 4) junction to maintain well integrity and the successful development of a re-entry window that allows access to both the existing and the new slim wells. Not only has this technique unlocked massive potential, but it has also led to an enhancement in the utility and reduction in capital expenditure (CAPEX).
The successful Level 4 sidetrack and re-entry window deployment is directly related to the robust system design. The application developed includes an anchor with a guide and high-torque capability, a TAML Level 4 junction created in a shape that will lead to smooth, repeatable access in the future, and a customized re-entry window system to further maximize the well potential. The true value is in allowing access to both the existing and the newly drilled lateral without using a rig or decompleting the well. Such operations use tubing exit whipstock (TEW) and pressure isolation sleeves, both of which can be run and retrieved in a rigless manner. The rigless access has allowed the existing lateral to be used as an observation well. Using permanent downhole gauges (PDHGs) enables real-time monitoring of the pressure and temperature and periodic logging to evaluate the reservoir. The newly drilled lateral can be the primary producing lateral; rigless access equally helps recover the well in case of any production challenges.
The newly designed multilateral is a game changer for both mature and new developments because it maximizes reservoir production and helps reduce CAPEX by requiring fewer wells to be drilled. The improved well integrity minimizes well workover operations, which creates cost savings.
This paper discusses the following aspects:A successful Level 4 junction construction from a slim re-entry existing/mature well.Repeatable accessibility to the lateral and motherbore.Meeting the motherbore objective as required.Delivering an OBC lateral liner and maintaining the well integrity.
Leveraging Flexible Digital Approach to Enhance Wellbore Survey Data Management and Collision Avoidance in Offshore Fields, Abu Dhabi
Authors: Ness K. , Kolakkodan S. , Toader L. , Zamin S. A. , Mahmoud K. Z. , Rabis P. J. M. G. , Al Ameri S. M. , Al Marzooqi A. A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This paper aim to identify potential for improving the process of gathering trajectory directional survey data, recalculating of current wellbore position based on new information by automating the process, performing collision avoidance analysis scanning and providing feedback by using machine recognition of risk while minimizing human interaction with the dataset.
The envisioned result was seen as a system where wellbore survey data would flow seamlessly from acquisition at rig site into company directional survey calculation system, where programming would use the dataset to update the definitive survey listing, update forward planned surveys, run collision avoidance scan on updated planned surveys against identified offset wellbores and verify current position in relation to plan and possible deviation to same based on company policies for survey and collision avoidance and produce output for end user(s).
The project outcome was a software that acts as an intermediate between field data set repository and company directional survey software package. When data set becomes available in repository, a 30-second interval repeating query recognizes the change and updated directional survey data is moved to correct wellbore, used in defining trajectory and original plan is modified allowing collision avoidance verification to run based on new wellbore survey information. The project outcome also included machine review of the collision avoidance results based on programmed company policy values, which added to the process. The project saw substantial time delay during creation due to issues identified in the challenges part below but is now running full time for company covering all offshore rigs and associated wellbore surveying activities.
Learnings during the execution of the project showed both short comings of current systems, inconsistent API (Application Programming Interface) support for legacy software, and several opportunities for further improvements to the originally identified goal and potential for creating an advisory system based on current policies, further reducing the sometimes-arbitrary decision making which can result from large variation in experience levels related to understanding risk associated with directional surveying and directional drilling.
Green Dry Powder Friction Reducers Improve Environmental Aspects and Reduce Hydraulic Fracturing Costs
Authors: Imqam Abdulmohsin , Liu Echo , Shi Haitao , Andrianov Alexey , Belhaj Hadi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The dry powder delivery operations of polyacrylamide (PAM) polymers have recently received great attention due to their hydraulic fracturing efficiency operations and low health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risks. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of a Green Dry Friction Reducer (GDFR) in high salinity-produced water. It also describes GDFR delivery processes and the field operations advantages over the liquid versions of FRs. Five dosages at 0.25, 0.4, 1, 2, and 4 gpt of GDFR were investigated at surface and reservoir temperature (152 °F) conditions. Premier Corex lab flow loop with a tubing size of 0.5 inch was used to determine the friction reduction performance. A rheometer was used to determine the viscosity profiles of GDFR and its compatibility with formation-produced water and reservoir crude oil. Proppant settling studies using ceramic 40/70 mesh sizes were also conducted using different dosages of GDFR. The performance of GDFR was compared with three commercial FRs. GDFR shows fast hydration and superior friction reduction in tested brine conditions even at very low dosages of 0.25 gpt. A stable friction reduction rate was observed at 80% across 11 minutes of testing. Superior viscosity and high thermal stability performance were observed with a slight drop in viscosity profile at high reservoir temperature conditions. GDFR suspended the proppant for very long periods of time, in low salinity water GDFR can keep the proppant fully suspended in the solution without deposition for a couple of hours. GDFR was shown better rheological and proppant transport performance than all the three tested commercial FRs. UltraX Dry on the Fly System Unit enables using the GDFR on the field. With the increasing demand for re-cycled and flow-back water use in fracturing fluid systems, GDFR has shown unique advantages in these harsh brine salinity environments. The development of GDFR will lead to several unique advantages including cost savings, improved HSE, and better fracturing treatment performance.
A Novel Conveyance Technology, Allied with an Analytical Approach, Unlocks Significant Reserves
Authors: Mokhtar M. Khaidir B. M. , Leong C. H. , Intang E. D. , Chii Seen H. , Ho Y. Y. , Angelis Y. , Mitchell D. , Carroll V. R. , Carroll B. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Intervening in wells with challenging geometry is costly, often to the point that marginal producing wells may be prematurely shut-in. This paper details a novel, cost-effective approach taken when planning to intervene in a highly challenging well with the objective of bringing it back on-line after an extended shut-in period.
The methods used for conveying intervention tool string into oil and gas wells have developed significantly during the last forty years. As well geometry became ever-more-complex due to the adoption of directional drilling, it became apparent there very few options available in a toolbox to ensure delivery of intervention tool string to Target Depth (TD) in a cost-effective manner.
In response to this emerging challenge, a host of well service techniques and technologies have been introduced. One methodology that has delivered a real step-change, in terms of reducing well intervention expenditure and risk, has been the use of gravity-deploy mechanical roller systems. This lighter well intervention technique is now widely adopted by Industry and proven to reduce the use of more costly solutions such as wireline tractor and coiled tubing for pure conveyance reasons.
The paper details the impact of selecting a ‘next-generation’ gravity-deployed mechanical roller technology to undertake a remedial sand control well-intervention programme in a particularly challenging, highly deviated, dual oil producing well using slickline. The well had been shut-in for two-and-a half years with recent attempts to intervene using conventional roller tools proving unsuccessful.
The paper will inform the reader of technology selection based on the ability of a highly efficient rolling system to convey toolstring to target dept, containing no fastners, therefore reducing overall risk to asset. Other critical factors included pre-job conveyance modelling, tool string design and a highly-successful collaboration between well owner, service company and technology provider through their regional partner.
As well as significant challenges that were overcome to convey tool string to the high-deviation target, critical impact force was also delivered when in-situ, to ensure successful setting of sand screen assembly. Key to success was a willingness to rapidly adjust the well intervention plan by adopting industry best practice through lessons learned on a run-by-run basis. This resulted in successful setting of thru’ tubing sand screens in a cost-effective manner, ensuring that a valuable well was brought back on to production once again, delivering significant addition to recoverable field reserves.
The success of this intervention programme has led to wider adoption of next-generation conveyance technology using slickline methodology, before considering the use of wireline tractor or coiled tubing to undertake the same programme of work.
A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing N-acetylcysteine and Bromhexine in Outpatients with COVID-19
Authors: Ghayour Anahita Eslami , Nazari Sasan , Keramat Fariba , Shahbazi Fatemeh , Ghayour Arash Eslami 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of N-acetylcysteine and Bromhexine on the recovery rate and prevention of hospitalization in outpatients with COVID-19. PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients were divided into three groups: N-acetylcysteine group, Bromhexine group, and control group. Patients were followed up on the seventh and fourteenth days of the disease, and hospitalization and mortality rates were evaluated after one month. The study found that both N-acetylcysteine and Bromhexine can effectively reduce hospitalization rates and mortality and shorten the duration of hospitalization. The third visit of patients who received N-acetylcysteine showed an increase of 1.33% in oxygen saturation compared to their first visit, and in patients who received Bromhexine, this increase was 1.19%. The mortality rate was 9.33% in the control group and zero in both groups of patients who received medication. This study provides evidence for the early initiation of N-acetylcysteine and Bromhexine in outpatients with COVID-19. Clinical trial code: IRCT20220302054167N1, ethics code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1400.957.
Keloid pathogenesis and fibroproliferative properties are dependent on stem cells regulated by the HEDGEHOG-GLI1 pathway
Authors: Tosa Mamiko , Abe Yoshinori , Egawa Seiko , Hatakeyama Tomoka , Iwaguro Chihiro , Mitsugi Ryotaro , Morishita Ayaka , Sano Takumi , Ogawa Rei , Tanaka Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Keloids are benign fibroproliferative skin tumors caused by aberrant wound healing that can negatively impact patient quality of life. The lack of animal models has limited research on pathogenesis or developing effective treatments, and the etiology of keloids remains unknown. Here, we found that the characteristics of stem cells from keloid lesions and the surrounding dermis differ from those of normal skin. Furthermore, the HEDGEHOG (HH) signal and its downstream transcription factor GLI1 were upregulated in keloid patient–derived stem cells. Inhibition of the HH-GLI1 pathway reduced the expression of genes involved in keloids and fibrosis-inducing cytokines, including osteopontin. Moreover, the HH signal inhibitor vismodegib reduced keloid reconstituted tumor size and keloid-related gene expression in nude mice and the collagen bundle and expression of cytokines characteristic for keloids in ex vivo culture of keloid tissues. These results implicate the HH-GLI1 pathway in keloid pathogenesis and suggest therapeutic targets of keloids.
Simultaneous unsupervised feature selection with adaptive loss constraint and discrete binary hashing for clustering
Authors: Xuan Shuting , Liu Jinglei 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As an important analysis technique of machine learning, clustering has received extensive attention. However, the high-dimensional data make the clustering speed slow. Recent studies show that hashing can achieve efficient clustering. In this paper, a new binary clustering framework – Simultaneous Unsupervised Feature Selection with Adaptive Loss Constraint and Discrete Binary Hashing for Clustering (ALDBC) is proposed. This method based on adaptive loss functions to achieve data dimensionality reduction and low-rank clustering in Hamming space is integrated into a single framework for mutual guidance and dynamic improvement. More specifically, the framework uses an adaptive loss optimization algorithm, the adaptive loss function is located between the L1-norm and the L2-norm, which combines the advantages of the two to enhance the robustness of outliers and reduce the dimension of high-dimensional data at the same time. Then, the sparse binary matrices are decomposed into low-rank matrices in Hamming space to complete image clustering. Finally, the objective function can rapidly converge with the optimization scheme. Experimental results on datasets show that this method can effectively improve the efficiency of clustering. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the time efficiency of ALDBC was improved when processing high-dimensional data.
Effect of supplementation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay and urea molasses block on carcass characteristics of yearling local sheep fed grass hay as a basal diet
Authors: Kiros Shambel , Urge Mengistu , Yeheyis Likawent 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate effect of supplementation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay and urea molasses block on carcass characteristics of yearling local sheep fed with grass hay as a basal diet. Twenty-four yearling intact male local sheep with mean initial body weight of 23.9±1.9 (Mean ± SD) were used in completely randomized block design. Treatments were grass hay fed ad libitum to all treatments plus 1% of live weight alfalfa hay (T1), 1.5% of live weight alfalfa hay (T2), 2.0% of live weight alfalfa hay (T3), and all the three treatments offered with 100g/head/day of Urea-molasses-block (UMB). The control treatment was supplemented with concentrate mix at 2.0% of live weight (T4). The study period consisted 84 days of feeding and 7 days digestibility trials. Hot carcass weight was 12.2, 12.4, 12.9 and 16.3 (SE=± 0.45) kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and the values were the highest for T4 (p<0.001). Besides, dressing percentage (slaughter weight bases) was 43.55%, 44.6%, 44.53%, and 47.76% (SE=± 0.56) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and T1 was lowest and the values were similar among T2, T3, and T4 (p<0.05). The study showed that concentrate supplementation at 2% body weight resulted in greater hot carcass and primal cut weight than graded levels of alfalfa in combination with same amount of UMB. Additionally, the dressing percentage achieved at T2 and T3 was commendable. Therefore, T3 with good dressing percentage and biological performance can be considered as alternative supplement when concentrate is in short supply.
Future VAT Regime for Financial Services from a Stakeholder Perspective: Analysis of the European Commission 2020 Public Consultation’s Position Papers
Authors: Pardete Rafaela , Santos Márcia , Leote Francisco 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This study sought to address the challenges of formulating the European Union’s value-added tax (VAT) reform for the financial services sector and implementing the proposed changes. The benefits received principle of taxation and theory of optimal taxation formed the theoretical framework used to analyse the concerns and suggestions submitted by this sector’s stakeholders during the European Commission’s 2021 public consultation. The research included automated computer-assisted content analysis of 52 position papers, using up-to-date text mining techniques to define four cluster containing the most salient terms. An in-depth critical review highlighted the most significant concerns and suggested alterations to the current VAT framework. The results include a three-layered discussion model that goes well beyond a straightforward one-shot discussion of whether financial services should charge VAT. First, the technical rationality view of not charging VAT when providing financial services is no longer applicable. Second, intermediary and cost-sharing groups are characteristic of these services, which puts into question the tax’s neutrality principle if the current VAT exemption regime remains in place. Last, abolishing the VAT exemption for these services could put an especially heavy burden on end consumers and small businesses, thereby implying extra measures will be needed to avoid a strongly negative socioeconomic impact. Significant implications for theory, practice and policy are presented.