bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic literature review: Setting a basis for smart and sustainable city performance measurement
Authors: Karal Fatma Sena , Soyer Ayberk 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe growing amount of data and the inventive solutions that arise from it create opportunities to construct and manage smart sustainable cities. Before attempting to establish appropriate solutions in this regard, it is crucial to clearly grasp what smart and sustainable cities are and the aspects around which they are built. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze and evaluate the studies that have been conducted on smart and/or sustainable cities and to provide a basis for the measurement of smartness and sustainability of cities. In this context, using Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, the smart city, sustainable city, and smart sustainable city concepts are firstly defined. After that, the indicators for the assessment of the smartness and sustainability of cities and the selection processes of these indicators are analyzed. According to the analysis, the studies were grouped based on the use of (i) selection criteria, (ii) selection methods/tools, and (iii) models used and 14 criteria were deduced from the literature for the evaluation of performance assessment indicators: measurability, availability, completeness, relevance, independence, reliability, currency, responsiveness, simplicity, representativeness, cost‐effectiveness, consistency, comparability, and consensus. This study aims to support other studies and applications of authorities on creating and assessing a smart and sustainable city (i.e., the indicators) that want to join the 2030 Agenda but face problems regarding their cities' specific conditions. The first step towards creating a smart sustainable city can be taken by determining the most suitable indicators for the city.
Enhanced Tidal Sensitivity of Seismicity Before the 2019 Magnitude 7.1 Ridgecrest, California Earthquake
Authors: Beaucé Eric , Poli Piero , Waldhauser Felix , Holtzman Benjamin , Scholz Christopher 
Published: July 2023

AbstractEarth's crust is continuously subjected to oscillatory stress perturbations due to the solid Earth and ocean tides. The seismic response to such stress modulations carries information on earthquake physics and crustal properties. Experimental and observational studies suggested but could not demonstrate that the strength of tidal modulation of seismicity increases before large earthquakes. We tested this hypothesis by (a) developing a new, comprehensive 10‐year long earthquake catalog preceding the 6 July 2019 magnitude 7.1 Ridgecrest, CA earthquake, and (b) applied our novel method for extracting a statistical signal of tidal modulation. Our results show enhanced tidal sensitivity of seismicity along the fault starting about 1.5 years before the mainshock, corroborating the hypothesis. This observation suggests that small magnitude earthquakes may be used to gain insight into subtle changes in fault conditions, bringing new promise for studying the earthquake preparation process.
Heart rate processing algorithms and exercise duration on reliability and validity decisions in biceps-worn Polar Verity Sense and OH1 wearables
Authors: Navalta James W. , Davis Dustin W. , Malek Elias M. , Carrier Bryson , Bodell Nathaniel G. , Manning Jacob W. , Cowley Jeffrey , Funk Merrill , Lawrence Marcus M. , DeBeliso Mark 
Published: July 2023

AbstractConsumer wearable technology use is widespread and there is a need to validate measures obtained in uncontrolled settings. Because no standard exists for the treatment of heart rate data during exercise, the effect of different approaches on reliability (Coefficient of Variation [CV], Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]) and validity (Mean Absolute Percent Error [MAPE], Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient [CCC)] were determined in the Polar Verity Sense and OH1 during trail running. The Verity Sense met the reliability (CV < 5%, ICC > 0.7) and validity thresholds (MAPE < 5%, CCC > 0.9) in all cases. The OH1 met reliability thresholds in all cases except entire session average (ICC = 0.57). The OH1 met the validity MAPE threshold in all cases (3.3–4.1%), but not CCC (0.6–0.86). Despite various heart rate data processing methods, the approach may not affect reliability and validity interpretation provided adequate data points are obtained. It is also possible that a large volume of data will artificially inflate metrics.
Rascal Concepts
Authors: Peck Jamie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes the form of a critical evaluation of the “rascal concept” of neoliberalism, commenting on its uneven reception and take-up across the critical social sciences and on the particular contributions of economic geography and urban studies. “Neoliberalism,” it is argued, can only exist in hybrid, mixed forms, never coming close to purity or for that matter approaching completion. These ontological facts mean that essentialized and singular conceptions of neoliberalism are unhelpful, if not actively misleading, and that the phenomenon can only exist in “multi-conjunctural” form. And this also means that considerations of spatiality, “local” particularity, and uneven geographical development are in no sense secondary, but in fact represent fundamental issues in the definition, analysis, and exploration of ongoing processes of neoliberalization.
Dickens, Death, and Christmas
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract“Marley was dead, to begin with.” Why does the most beloved of Christmas books open with a death? What has death to do with Christmas and New Year’s, and with Dickens’s Christmas books and stories over his entire life? Patten starts at the Paris Morgue and takes Dickens through his Christmas experiences from childhood on, his celebrations of the season and the sorrows that he often reviews in the New Year. Patten weaves together Dickens’s life, career, writings, journalism, travel, theatrical presentations, and religious convictions—he was composing his Life of Our Lord for his children simultaneously with his Christmas books. This is a richly designed and entertaining narrative, fulsomely illustrated, of the manifold ways Dickens figures the spirit and traditions of the winter holidays in Victorian England. Both the gothic of ghosts and retribution and the grotesque of lower-class enjoyment surface importantly in Dickens’s fantasies. Patten writes for a general audience, bringing various encompassing theories about time and narrative to bear in easily understood ways. He discloses many hitherto overlooked connections between Dickens’s writings and life. And he arrives at some surprising conclusions about Dickens’s imagination, understanding of the conditions and meaning of Christian life, and the failures of British society to meet the pressing needs of its people. Not only does he address the public reception of these writings; he also tracks the responses and understandings of Dickens’s illustrators, friends who found novel ways of telling, and mistelling, the stories.
Marley Was Dead
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA Christmas Carol deals with time, past, present, and future, and how it enables stories, even from beyond the grave. Using Frank Kermode’s terms “chronos” and “kairos” in The Sense of an Ending, the chapter delves into successive and repetitive times, Advent imagery, the possibilities of reformation and rebirth, ghosts and purgatory, alternate futures in which Scrooge and Tiny Tim both die at Christmas, business and charity, seasonal celebrations and games, gifts, and the teachings of Christ and how they have been traduced. The real and fictional deaths of children in December that Dickens knew are reinforced by the deaths of Scrooge and Tiny Tim. Dickens’s strategies for storytelling follow precepts articulated by Walter Benjamin, antithetical to the aesthetics of Henry James. The reading concludes by disagreeing with a classic dismissal of Scrooge’s conversion, by Edmund Wilson; it instead gathers the ways narrative and illustrations instantiate that change of heart.
Innovation as an Evolutionary Process
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter ‘zooms in’ on the analysis of sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation. It starts from the basics—that is, what is technology—in terms of problem-solving knowledge, procedures, recipes, routines, and ensuing artefacts. Next, it explores the structure and dynamics of such knowledge in terms of technological paradigms and the implications in terms of trajectories of technological change. There are a few features which the generality of paradigms have in common and others that differentiate them in terms of richness of opportunities of innovation and their sources, tacitness of the underlying knowledge bases, cumulativeness in the processes of innovative advances, and appropriability of the economic benefits from the innovation itself. Different paradigms map into different sectoral regimes of innovation and industrial dynamics, from which one can build illuminating taxonomies. The economic impact of innovations depends on their diffusion. Thus, it is crucial to understand whether they diffuse at all and the determinants of the rates and patterns of diffusion themselves.
The Structure and Evolution of Industries
Authors: Dosi Giovanni 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDifferences in products and in processes of production—and, as a consequence, costs and prices—are central features of the competitive process by which heterogeneous firms get selected, with some firms growing, some declining, some going out of business, and some new ones always entering on the belief that they can be successful in this competition. Such processes of competition and selection are continuously fuelled by the activities of innovation, adaptation, and imitation by incumbent firms and by entrants. The competitive process involves selection across firms. But underlying that rests learning on techniques, organizational practices, and product attributes within the firms themselves. Ultimately, learning and competitive selection are the two central drivers of changing industry structures and industrial demographics. We begin with the evidence concerning some general features of (a) firms’ characteristics and industrial structures and dynamics, broadly understood to cover variables such as size, productivity, innovativeness, age, and their intra-industry distributions; and (b) performances—including individual profitabilities, growth profiles, market turbulence, and survival probabilities, together, again, with their aggregate distributions. Next, we present different families of models apt to account for the foregoing ‘stylized facts’ as emergent properties of industrial evolution.
The Origins of ESG in Pensions
Authors: Lachance Stéphanie , Stroehle Judith C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
As intergenerational stewards of capital, pension funds can have many good reasons to embrace environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues in their investment practices. Yet the particular structure of pension funds creates both advantages and disadvantages for the integration of ESG. This chapter reviews the historical origins, regulatory mandates, and fund structures of pensions, to tease out exactly which of these characteristics enable and which of them impede the inclusion of ESG in pension funds. We use the case of capital market company PSP Investments to lend depth to the application of the strategies that emerge in the pensions industry.
Unweaving Crossweave Poems
Authors: Lefteratou Anna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis introduction discusses the function of cut-up techniques, modern and ancient, and cento. It places the analysis within the State of the Art and discusses the methodologies used. It calls for the re-contextualizing of the first edition of Homeric Centos within the framework of Late Antiquity and re-evaluating it with an eye for the biblical poetry of that period. It introduces the reader to authors that had compiled Homeric and Virgilian centos, long poems that repurposed lines from Homer and Virgil’s poetry by weaving the lines together with at least two interlinked strands: the weft and the wrap. It also analyzes how the centos applied the art of pastiche as the playful imitation of another author’s work but also how Christian poetry reused this technique towards a serious end. Christian centos engage with authoritative religious and secular narratives whose appropriations prompts specific audience responses.
De fructu lignorum
Authors: Lefteratou Anna 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe chapter centers on the proem and the revision of Genesis in the I HC and contextualizes the text vis à vis the exegetical approaches to Genesis and the late antique reception of didactic hexaemeral literature in general. After summarizing the Sitz im Leben (3.1), it examines how Homer and other classicizing models such as Hesiod are used to recast the Old Testament in hexameters. The cento revision of the Creation and the Fall (3.2) indicates a rich intertextual background, both epic and biblical. As far the female author is concerned (3.3), it will discuss the gendered and rather positive representation of Eve in the Fall as a possible indication of Eudocian authorship. Finally, at the metaliterary level, the combination of Eve’s guilt (οὐλομένη) and its debt to the Iliadic proem, shows the poem’s self-conscious appropriation of the long tradition of epic beginnings.
A Racist Foundation
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the early origins of what would become the child welfare system, which emerged following abolition of slavery through the “child-saving” efforts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Most significantly to the origins of the child welfare system, this included the establishment of the Children’s Aid Society and the Orphan Train Movement, the precursor to modern foster care placements. While these efforts were designed to “save” poor, European immigrant children, they intentionally excluded Black children who were deemed unworthy of the citizen-building efforts of this time. Rather, through provisions in the Black Codes, Black children were forced into apprenticeships, often with their former enslavers, or funneled into the rapidly expanding juvenile legal system. The chapter concludes with a description of the philosophy of White saviorism that undergirded the child-saving efforts of this time and ultimately became the philosophy that undergirded the modern child welfare system.
Reforms Are Designed to Fail
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides a review of popular reforms used by the child welfare system and the history of failures these reforms have produced. These reforms are used by the child welfare system as a means of reassuring the public that it is aware of its challenges and is responding to these challenges through these various reform efforts, which include prevention-oriented reforms, decision-making reforms, and training and workforce reforms. Yet despite minimal evidence of success or meaningful improvements, these reforms are allowed to continue due to the myth of indispensability the child welfare system has created. This chapter closes with a response to critiques of abolitionist efforts, which are another tool used by reformers to maintain the current system and justify its continued existence.
Conclusion
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
By examining Calvin’s thoughts and actions surrounding the relationship between oaths, confession, conscience, and discipline within the local context of the reformers’ conflicts with religious dissidents and obstinate laypersons, this study has suggested three important revisions to the generally received impressions of Calvin and the Reformation. First, it has reassessed the notion that Calvin’s mature ecclesiology represents a radical enlargement of church law and authority that effectively undercut his earlier commitment to the freedom of conscience. Second, it has demonstrated how Calvin and the reformers defended a modified form of individual liberty on the basis of a highly nuanced conception of the relationship between conscience and tradition—a “divine adiaphora.” Finally, it has enhanced the view of Calvin as a pastoral theologian by further illustrating Calvin’s ability to accommodate law—and even conscience—to the causes that ranked, for him, even higher: namely, to the causes of individual and communal reform.
A Wide-Ranging Tour of Perspectives on Dignity
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the leading accounts and definitions of dignity, sourced from philosophy, human rights law, and the social and medical sciences. How the public thinks about dignity diffuses from these social institutions. The chapter discusses how dignity often is understood against proposed synonyms such as autonomy or respect, or in the context of phrasal uses (such as “dying with dignity” or “beneath one’s dignity”). Rather than throwing up their hands at this complexity, the authors find it is far more useful to think of dignity as a practical, situational experience rather than a formally defined entity. The chapter offers a sociological critique of Kantian approaches to dignity that focus on rationality or autonomy in generalized terms. With this, it provides an overview of current approaches to dignity in sociology, which measure it in terms of power or hierarchy, especially at work, and in terms of how individuals cope with or resist mistreatment or unfairness.
Is a Dignified Life a Healthier Life?
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Individuals who report subjective dignity also report better past, current, and predicted health and lesser frequency of depressive symptoms. These associations hold across a variety of demographic backgrounds and rival in size those linked to income and social status. Meanwhile, individuals experiencing dignity threat are much more likely to report a variety of health issues. An instrumental variable analysis provides support for the proposition that dignity leads to better health. Dignity relates to better health net of mastery, life meaning, and mattering to others. In fact, it is most strongly linked to general health when these other resources are lacking, suggesting its unique role in promoting well-being among those who are structurally or extremely disadvantaged.
Mandates, Minorities, and the League of Nations
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The League of Nations did not have a comprehensive human rights framework but it did address racism and racial discrimination, primarily in the context of its oversight of the minorities treaties and of the Mandate system. In both systems, petition mechanisms were developed. In the case of minorities in Europe, petitions were able to reach the Permanent Court of International Justice. African American leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey engaged with the League institutions, as did representatives of indigenous peoples. Several petitions to the Permanent Mandates Commission contained allegations of racism. The system of the mandates was little more than colonialism by another name although petitions opened a few cracks that let the light in. Brutal suppression of the Nama people in South West Africa by South Africa at Bondelzwarts was addressed in the League of Nations Assembly, the first of many international interventions into South Africa’s racist policies. The League also dealt with slavery, but its efforts were targeted at the two African members, Liberia and Ethiopia.
Religious cleavages and religious voting
Authors: Montero José Ramón 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter undertakes a thorough examination of three basic associations between religiosity and voting choice—religious coalescence, religious cleavage, and religious voting. Given their extraordinary relevance in the intellectual history of social sciences, the chapter devotes much attention to religious cleavages, from their original elaboration by Lipset and Rokkan to the canonical approach developed by Bartolini and Mair. The chapter also examines the main characteristics of the so-called religious coalescence in the United Kingdom and above all in the Scandinavian countries, where religion was a ‘non-issue’ for historical and structural reasons. Finally, the chapter introduces the concept of religious voting, analyses its differences with religious cleavages, and relates the upsurge of this new phenomenon in secularized societies with the so-called morality policies. Ultimately, the chapter is an attempt to break the usual tendency in the literature to treat religious voting as merely synonymous with religious cleavages.
Belgium
Authors: Billiet Jaak , Abts Koen 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with the relationship between religion, pillar membership (or segmented pluralism), and politics at the individual level. It covers the federal election surveys in Belgium between 1991 and 2010. The main research questions consist of the extent to which voters’ religious orientations and membership of pillar organizations are still related in Belgium in 2010 to political preferences, and what are the differences in evolution between the Flemish and Walloon regions. Six successive post-election surveys are analysed. Individualization theories suggest that value orientations became more important as predictors for voting behaviour than structural variables as Church involvement and memberships of ‘pillarized’ social organizations. Empirical evidence is not yet found to fully support this idea. Levels of Church involvement and ‘belonging’ to vertically segmented organizations are still effective in the formation of party vote, but the marginal probabilities of both core Catholics and the electorates of ‘pillar’ related parties became much smaller.
Spain
Authors: Calvo Kerman , Martínez-Pérez Álvaro , Montero José Ramón 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses religion and voting in Spain. It investigates the salience of religiosity as a factor shaping electoral decisions in the face of profound secularization but also in a context of dramatic transformations in the party system. Long considered the Catholic country par excellence, religious politics in Spain are adapting to a shifting scenario defined by rapid change, but also by the endurance of previous legacies. The chapter shows that religiosity remains a relevant influence in electoral politics, a cultural signifier that allows for activation by political parties when competing in elections. In line with the findings of the book, the chapter questions the need to approach religious politics as examples of structural, long-term divisions. Religiosity, however, in as much as it appeals to moral and cultural divides, but also to mobilizing strategies by religious actors, still help voters decide between political parties.
Noun classes
Authors: Skilton Amalia 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys nominal classification systems in Australian languages, focussing on noun class systems proper—those where all nouns are assigned to a class, and govern concord on other elements of the noun phrase and/or verb phrase. Noun class systems are widely attested and richly diverse on the continent. Non-Pama-Nyungan languages possess the most elaborate systems, with as many as eight noun classes in the lexicon and eight constituent types undergoing noun class agreement. Though these noun class systems vary widely in form, some aspects of their structure—such as the number of noun classes and the semantic basis of noun class assignment—are extremely similar, even across unrelated language families. By contrast, Pama-Nyungan languages with noun class typically display smaller systems, with only two noun classes in the lexicon, and demonstratives and pronouns as the sole targets of noun class agreement.