bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language and Structure
Authors: Nefdt Ryan M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter starts by exploring the naturalistic core of contemporary linguistics. It rejects the type-token distinction in the ontology of language and favours a more scientific approach to the relationship between the tools of study and the target of those tools. It argues that languages are real patterns, in the sense of Dennett (1991), while detailing a new way of understanding formal grammars as models of these patterns. The central argument is that grammars are formal compression algorithms and that many of the insights into real pattern analysis based on algorithmic information theory can be safely translated into formal linguistics.
Structural Realism and the Science of Linguistics
Authors: Nefdt Ryan M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops an ontic structural realist approach to the science of linguistics. It starts by claiming that radical theory change and multiple competing grammar frameworks threaten the success and realism of the field of linguistics. It then offers a structural realist framework by focusing on specific examples from the history of generative linguistics and the nature of competing frameworks such as dependency grammar and model-theoretic syntax. It concludes by offering a multiple models picture of linguistics.
The Company’s Two Bodies
Authors: Cross Elizabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the turbulent histories of the Compagnies des Indes that existed between 1664 and 1769. The two early incarnations of the Company were wracked by war debt from abroad and speculative investment at home, and the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War, in which France lost virtually all of its territorial claims in India, saw the final bankruptcy of the second, or “Law” Company. While the monarchy’s revocation of its monopoly in 1769 is often presented as a triumph of early economic liberalism, this chapter shows that the debate over the Indies trade was frequently marked by the defensive assertion of commercial reason of state. As a result, while the corporate “body” of the Compagnie des Indes was dissolved by its liquidation, demands to revive the Company’s legal privilege continued, as French thinkers and officials faced the prospect of trade in an arena where conflict or accommodation with France’s imperial rival, Britain, was inevitable.
Revolutionary Regeneration
Authors: Cross Elizabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The abolition of privilege in August 1789 opened a new, revolutionary chapter in the debate over the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes. As the National Assembly took up the problem of the New Company’s monopoly in 1790, the deputies grappled with questions about the resurgence of French power in India, the purpose of the Indies trade in the French economy, and the Revolution’s changed fiscal realities. While they disagreed vehemently about the uses and legitimacy of privilege, the deputies largely condemned the Company and its commercial mandate for failing to secure French imperial interests in South Asia. In turn, the revocation of the New Company’s monopoly led to a revolutionary experiment by its shareholders, as they sought to chart a new course for the Company as an entirely private and apolitical commercial actor. Their pursuit of this design reveals a vision of the French Revolution as a period of not only major economic transformation, but also opportunity.
Conclusion
Authors: Cross Elizabeth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The conclusion explores the liquidation of the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes and its legacies for nineteenth-century French imperialism. The Company’s liquidation lasted for decades, as the French Revolutionary wars deferred the settlement of financial claims between the Company and its creditors. Its shareholders continued to demand the restitution of both their property and their former privileges, indicating that their revolutionary optimism had given way to a resurgence of rentier behavior that informed their new institutional undertakings. At the same time, while French visions of Indian empire receded in the face of British consolidation, new French imperial projects emerged. Although colonial officials insisted on the primacy of territorial conquest over trade, when their visions faced financial limitations, the French state turned to public-private partnerships as a method of outsourcing the costs of empire-building onto small, private companies. As a result, the book concludes by arguing that the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes represented a harbinger of later projects of nineteenth-century French informal empire.
Naturalism Beyond the Limits of Science
Authors: Emery Nina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Philosophers and scientists both ask questions about what the world is like. How do these fields connect with one another? How should they? Naturalism Beyond the Limits of Science investigates methodological naturalism––the idea that when coming up with theories about what the world is like, philosophers should, whenever possible, make use of the methodology of science. Although many contemporary philosophers have implicit commitments that lead straightforwardly to methodological naturalism, few have a clear understanding of how widespread and disruptive this approach promises to be for the field. By way of a series of case studies involving laws of nature, composition, time, and modality, and drawing on historical and contemporary scientific developments, this book demonstrates the potential impacts of methodological naturalism. Along the way, this investigation illuminates the complex relationship between philosophy and science, and makes the case that philosophers and scientists alike would benefit from a greater understanding of the connections between the two fields.
Repetition in the Qur’ānic Story of Mūsā
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes repetition in the Qur’ān, with a focus on the story of Mūsā. It begins by working from Robert Alter’s and Sandra Naddaff’s explanations of types of repetition and discusses examples of them from the Qur’ān. Here, the focus is on types of repetition, on a scale from small to large: root word, motif, theme, sequence of actions, and type-scene. Then the chapter discusses and gives examples of what can be done with repetition, inspired again by Robert Alter. Repetition may be deployed, “aborted,” or suppressed. We find different manifestations of suppressed repetition when there is focalization, characterization, and reversals. Then looked at is repetition and selective giving and withholding of information. Finally, the chapter discusses repeated elements within varying length iterations of the story of Mūsā and Fir‘awn in the Qur’ān. The chapter also analyzes repeated elements in introductions and conclusions to the various iterations of this story.
Echoing Phrases, Words, and Actions in Qur’ānic Stories
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Qur’ānic stories on fasting and feasting by focusing on echoing phrases, words, and actions, in order to explore how Qur’ānic stories interact with each other. The basic form of an exchange encounter can be seen in the stories of Zakariyyā and Maryam, in which they are to fast (to make a sacrifice) in exchange for a child. From there, the stories have variations, through which the chapter argues that asking for things from God is not a problem; the issue is how one asks, which is a reflection of one’s belief. All of this, the chapter shows, is connected to the metanarrative verse 2:186. The chapter demonstrates that the various exchange encounters in the Qur’ān unite the Qur’ānic stories on fasting and feasting, and they are united both thematically and stylistically.
Conclusion
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at conclusions and themes found throughout the book, as well as directions for further research. These themes include families; slavery; time; history; relationships between people, messengers, and power; and the Qur’ān. These bring one to an understanding of structure, the power of focalization, authority, and truth. The book shows how Qur’ānic narratives are woven together through echoing phrases and actions, with metanarrative and legal verses, to reinforce theological beliefs. This demonstrates that a narratological analysis that focuses comprehensively on repetition in Qur’ānic portrayals and semantic echoes is fundamental in establishing an understanding of Qur’ānic stories. We also see here how narratives and legal verses are connected in the Qur’ān—the Qur’ānic verses are not disjointed, even if previous analyses of them were. In terms of how to read and analyze the Qur’ān, we see connections between legal and narrative verses and between theology and narrative.
“New Vistas of Opportunity”
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the temporal identity of America manifested and functioned within the social scientific theory underlying its approach to Cold War policy in the 1950s and 1960s, modernization theory. It examines the space-time contrasts embedded within the theory’s development scheme, how those space-times created Self/Other contrasts, and how those contrasts, in turn, positioned America in a privileged position vis-à-vis the global future. It demonstrates the discursive means through which the future of the newly decolonized societies was aligned with American interests and how a historically specific vision of the future was transformed into a universal, inevitable future. This chapter demonstrates that American efforts to secure and wield power drew upon contrasting projections of the global future that pitted an American future against a Soviet future and appropriated the future of the newly decolonized societies as part of its Cold War strategy.
The Future of American Exceptionalism
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the findings presented in the analytic chapters and considers the ideological implications of the American claim on the global future. It argues that this claim represents a “chronological imperialism” whereby politicians and pundits sought to colonize the global future by universalizing a particular geopolitical vision that denies alternative futures. The chapter also demonstrates that the analytic lens and precepts employed herein can be used to examine contemporary discourses of national self-reflection and that this reflexive discourse reveals the important role futurity plays in American exceptionalist ideology. Specifically, it considers the discourse generated within the context of Donald Trump’s presidency, his contest of the 2020 election results, and the January 6 Capitol insurrection. It argues that the rise of Trumpism has been viewed as a moment of crisis and reflection regarding America’s identity and that these concerns have focused on the status of America as the “great nation of futurity.”
The Introduction
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We should start, so it seems, with what we already know, but to do that, it seems we first need a criterion for distinguishing what we already know from our not-knowing what it is we claim to know. Perhaps knowledge (Erkenntnis, cognition) is an instrument, perhaps it is a medium. Does it make sense to speak of subtracting whatever it is the instrument changes or that the medium distorts so that we end up with the thing itself? If we do, what are we left with? Nothing. In seeking such a criterion, we find that each of our proposals involves breakdowns and failures about what it is trying to do. In fact, it looks as if this type of inquiry that at first only seems to be leading us to a path of skeptical doubt ends up putting us on a path of despair. However, this kind of radical doubt is self-consummating, and its developmental path will eventuate in a science of the experience of consciousness as it discovers why it had to take the path of despair until it reaches its nondespairing culmination.
Self-Alienated Spirit
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Alienated from the true spirit of Sittlichkeit, the successors to Rome create a world in which they bend themselves to a self-imposed law that seems nonetheless alien to them and not self-imposed at all. This becomes manifested in the concern with Bildung, for which there is no good single English one word translation. It included a conception of self-formation, a measure of taste that provided agents with the capacity to make good judgments, and so on. However, in early modern formations of spirit, these standards of self-formation were taken to be external to the self. The early modern formations of noble versus commoner leads to a world in which there are antagonistic groups who believe they are forming themselves into agents living up to a standard of the best person to be. Both continue to distinguish themselves from the other as nobles, who claim to be “higher” in the scale of living a good life, themselves become more and more committed to the pursuit of wealth. Ultimately, this thins out this particular kind of alienated self into something like an agent more and more disembedded from his social world. It culminates in a negative judgment that all is vanity, including itself as making the judgment.
Faith, the Enlightenment, and the Truth of the Enlightenment
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Reduced to disembedded individuals, the shapes from the previous chapter find that they rely on a kind of pure insight into what really matters. For those who respond to this with an emotionalist faith, they take themselves to be guided by the divine light. Those who still understand themselves as avatars of Reason takes themselves to be guided by the natural light. Each takes the other to be completely wrong. However, the Enlightenment as guided by the light of reason wins the day by getting “faith” to play a game in which the rules are stacked against it. This does not show that the Enlightenment is any more enlightened about itself.
Religion
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
“Absolute spirit” has to do with the reciprocal recognition obtained in reconciliation and forgiveness. Spirit thinking about what it means to be spirit (to be self-conscious life) is absolute in that it is mediating itself. Religion is one of the basic forms of such reflexive thinking. (Another is philosophy.) Religion begins in ancient pantheism, differentiates itself, and develops in Greece into an art-religion, where the basic truths about spirit are expressed in terms of beauty. Odes, hymns, cults, epics, and finally the theatrical forms of tragedy and comedy bring this kind of art-religion to its end. In the laughter of the comedy, the Greek gods gradually disappear.
Revealed Religion
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
With the collapse of the Greek art-religion in which truth was beauty, Christianity stepped into the logical space that was opened up. Jesus is not imaginary, as is Apollo or Zeus. He is real, he preaches, and he is condemned to death. In his presence and teachings, God is disclosed to us. However, this is originally taken by the newly formed Christian community in the form of Vorstellung (representational thinking) as being a relation between two independent individuals which can be pictured as standing in relations such as father and son. The myth of the Fall illustrates this, since Adam and Eve are pictured as living in complete innocence until they eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. That they immediately clothe themselves shows that the transition being mythically portrayed is from that of animal life to self-conscious life.
Absolute Knowing
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The activity of religious self-consciousness runs up squarely to the threat of nihilism—that nothing whatsoever ultimately matters—and tries to meet it with a doctrine of hope, reconciliation, and forgiveness. We the readers must simply gather up all the shapes of self-conscious life and what they have been through that we have seen so far in the book. In doing so, we change contingent history of Geist into a concept-ized history (begriffne Geschichte) to see that although events do not necessarily follow a strict logic in their occurrences, the retrospective look at the gallery of pictures nonetheless shows the logic of self-conscious life emerging as having a determinate trajectory even though few if any of the historical individuals have been aiming at it. The stage is set for the next move in the systematic philosophy of Geist.
Heraclitus, Self-Knowledge, and the Greatest Virtue
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In fragment B112, Heraclitus vaunts sôphrosunê as the “greatest virtue”; in B116, he pairs it with self-knowledge as core human desiderata. These brief sentences, both known from Stobaeus, have largely been denied authenticity until recently. This chapter defends their authenticity and reconstructs their meaning. This requires investigating Heraclitus’ view of self-knowledge. I argue that Heraclitus treats sôphrosunê as a virtue of epistemic agency—what lets us count as knowers and to live responsive to the way the world really is. Heraclitus’ perspective on sôphrosunê and its centrality for human excellence sets up terms of the debates about the virtue in the decades to come.
Tragic Sôphrosunê in Two Plays of Euripides
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In addition to Medea, two other plays of Euripides make sôphrosunê thematic. In Hippolytus, the main characters treat sôphrosunê as the greatest virtue, and each believes he or she embodies it, but their conceptions of the virtue as it applies to themselves differ, with tragic consequences. The characters’ downfalls appear to come from their not appreciating what sôphrosunê overall might demand and thus what human maturity properly entails, including a more inclusive piety, a less austere attitude toward one’s feelings, and a reasonableness that takes into account the range of phenomena outside human power. In Bacchae, the question is: Can sôphrosunê be manifest through mania? Pentheus thinks not, contra Dionysus, and his supercilious confidence is akin to Hippolytus’. Euripides thus presents to his audience another character callow about the details of human maturity and the complexities of ethical agency.
The Figure of Socrates
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Socrates wrote nothing but, as the subsequent chapters on Xenophon and Plato show, had a perspective on sôphrosunê—and may have been thought distinctively to have embodied it. This chapter deals with other sources that speak to a Socratic perspective on sôphrosunê. We begin with the Old Comedy evidence, which links him to debates about sôphrosunê and characterizes him as dubiously sôphrôn. Then we turn to the small evidence from Antisthenes, the oldest of the Socratics, and to the sayings on sôphrosunê attributed to Socrates by Stobaeus, who may even be drawing from lost works of Antisthenes. Finally we look at the Alcibiades found in the Platonic corpus, which has Socrates identify sôphrosunê with self-knowledge, a plausibly Socratic equation.
Tonality as a Colonizing Force in Africa
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that tonality, the single most influential system of pitch organization in European music, has functioned as a colonizing force in Africa. A system of manifestly foreign origins, tonality has gained increasing visibility in Africa since it was introduced in the nineteenth century by Christian missionaries. What forms of tonality were exported to Africa, and what sorts of traces have they left on the African soundscape? What was that soundscape like before tonality arrived? If tonality is akin to a language, how has it been “spoken” in Africa, and how has it shaped the musical consciousness of producers and consumers of African music? This chapter addresses these questions through commentary on carefully chosen music examples from Ghana, South Africa, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic. It emphasizes the modal ambience of pre-European music and underlines the potential of language as a basis for pitch organization. It concludes that while tonality, a symbolically freighted musical resource and an ideological package, has enabled forms of creativity throughout Africa, it has at the same time inhibited the pursuit of many potential avenues to creativity beholden to indigenous expression.
How Journalists Engage
Authors: Robinson Sue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
How Journalists Engage: A Theory of Trust Building, Identity, and Care explores the ways journalists of different identities enact trusting relationships with their audiences according to divergent sets of principles. Drawing from case studies, community work, surveys, interviews, and focus groups, this book documents the now established “built environment” powered with engagement journalism that represents the first major paradigm shift of the press’s core values in more than a century. A proliferation of media-trust programs, grants, foundations, companies, collaborations, networks, and money demands that journalists take on four new roles—relationship builder, content collaborator, community conversation facilitator, and professional network builder—and be fluent in eight skill sets: radical transparency, power dynamic accounting, mediation, reciprocity, media literacies, community offline work, needs/assets/solution analyses, and collaborative production. These are in addition to the normative skills related to being a watchdog and storyteller. This trust-building theory demands journalism be enacted with an identity-aware care through listening and learning. This identity-aware ethic of care—a theory that comes from developmental psychology and is nurtured in gender and women’s studies—prioritizes communities over the propping up of problematic institutions that news media have traditionally protected in the name of objectivity. Instead, this theory asks journalists to acknowledge and incorporate their own identities—especially the privileges, biases, and marginalization attached to them—and those of their communities, resulting in a more intentional moral voice focused on justice and equity so that all news participants can feel cared for within information exchange about public affairs.
Controlling the Bon Priests
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter foregrounds the tensions between local practice and missionizing Buddhism complicated by the state interventions in Bon practice, especially state authorizations of official Bonpos in the villages of Zhemgang district. In doing so, it centers on Bonpo practitioners, their recruitment and training, their ritual dancing and trances, whether in appeasing the untamed supernatural beings or retrieving abducted souls. It then engages the political contexts and consequences of the anti-Bonpo sentiments of the state and key court cases that revolve around village resistance to state intrusion. The chapter concludes that the ways in which powerful Bonpos are being controlled by the district office reveal the realization of Buddhists that they have to make concessions to Bonpos and Bon beliefs.