bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Universe
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the changes that have taken place in the science of astronomy over the last two centuries. It looks at the shifting views of astronomers themselves with regard to the scope of astronomy. It looks at the changing composition of the astronomical workforce and surveys the development of challenging new ideas about the nature and scope of the physical universe. It shows how increasingly large telescopes were used to map the heavens and state observatories were instituted. It shows how new techniques such as spectroscopy were deployed to investigate the composition of celestial bodies and how new ideas about the size and age of the universe were developed.
Paraphrase Techniques for Nihilists
Authors: Inwagen Peter van 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Many sentences like ‘Some chairs are heavier than some tables’ seem both to be true and to imply the existence of composite objects. Some nihilists response to the challenge such sentences present by replacing them with “nihilistically acceptable paraphrases,” sentences that serve the same practical ends but do not even seem to imply the existence of composite objects. The chairs/tables sentence has been given the paraphrase ‘There are xs that are arranged chairwise and there are ys that are arranged tablewise, and the xs are heavier than the ys’. But Gabriel Uzquiano has given examples of apparently true sentences that apparently imply the existence of composite objects and which cannot be given nihilistically acceptable paraphrases using only the devices displayed in the chairwise/tablewise paraphrase. This chapter presents techniques that enable one to provide nihilistically acceptable paraphrases of Uzquiano’s “challenge” sentences and proceeds to discuss some possible limitations of these techniques.
Essence and Thisness
Authors: Han Sungil 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The project of grounding necessity in essence often goes together with the model of essence that assimilates the constitutive essence of an object to the definition of it. The chapter argues that if the grounding project is to succeed, the definitional model must be questioned. Like any object whatever, a concrete individual is necessarily identical to that individual. It is argued that this necessity can have an essential ground only if the primitive identity property of it or its thisness is essential to it, and the thisness is in its constitutive essence while not in the definition of it. A concrete individual is in essence partly definable but not fully explainable, for the definition of it forms a crucial part of its constitutive essence, but the constitutive essence includes something fundamental beyond definition or explanation. The definitional model must give way to a model of essence that accommodates this.
Prudence and Perdurance
Authors: Miller Kristie , West Caroline 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Many philosophers are sympathetic to a perdurantist view of persistence. One challenge facing this view lies in its ability to ground prudential rationality. If, as many have thought, numerical identity over time is required to ground there being sui generis (i.e. non-instrumental) prudential reasons, then perdurantists can appeal only to instrumental reasons. But it is hard to see how, by appealing only to instrumental reasons, the perdurantist can vindicate the axiom of prudence: the axiom that any person-stage has reason to promote the wellbeing of any other person-stage that is part of the same person as that stage. Call the claim that perdurantists cannot vindicate the axiom, and hence that the view should be rejected, the normative argument against perdurantism. This chapter argues that purely instrumental rationality can ground the truth of this axiom, and hence that the normative argument against perdurantism fails.
‘Survival of the unfittest’
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh) 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a new perspective on the infamous opening run of J. M. Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World (1907) and the debates over sexual health it precipitated. Calling into question traditional accounts of the Playboy riots, which pit a sexually progressive Abbey Theatre against a rebarbative nationalist rabble, this chapter demonstrates that Synge, his supporters, and his opponents were often united in their use of a ‘rhetoric of health’: an over-determined discourse in which the lexicons of evolution, eugenics, and degeneration are combined for political ends. Re-reading the Playboy and its riotous reception in conversation with Synge’s critical, autobiographical, and ethnographic prose, and a range of Irish-Ireland cultural commentary, this chapter illustrates the ways in which the explanatory mechanisms of biology and ethnography could be harnessed to naturalize radically divergent political positions in debates over Ireland’s future in the aftermath of Parnell’s fall.
‘Veni, V.D., Vici!’
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh) 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The 1960s marked a period of relative liberalization, modernization, and prosperity for the Republic of Ireland. This chapter explores why, under such circumstances, Flann O’Brien (Brian O’Nolan) felt compelled to retreat from an increasingly confident present into what, in his much-maligned final novel, The Hard Life (1961), he constructs as the sexually squalid and politically paralysed culture of turn-of-the-century Dublin. Moving beyond The Hard Life, it identifies how, in O’Nolan’s late fiction, drama, and Cruiskeen Lawn columns, the key themes and debates addressed in this study re-emerge in an exhausted or ‘used-up’ manner. At the same time, by examining O’Nolan’s thwarted efforts to stage a Syngean confrontation with Dublin audiences and a Joycean confrontation with the censorship board, it illustrates how Irish modernist provocations in the domain of sexual health had been surpassed by their context, even as the issues which animated them remained socially divisive and culturally urgent.
Production, Regulation, and Distribution of COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12, ‘Production, Regulation, and Distribution of COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines’, examines the layers of law and regulation that have constituted obstacles to or mechanisms for facilitating the rapid production and broad distribution of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines. The chapter considers global governance structures that have been used to improve access to these medical products, but also impediments posed by some countries to their equitable and worldwide distribution. This chapter looks at the implications of these measures and also of decisions regarding allocation of scarce COVID-19 treatments and vaccines for human rights. Also explored in this chapter is how regulatory authorities have managed the tension between needing to respond promptly to the risks posed by COVID-19 while ensuring that treatments and vaccines released to the public are safe and efficacious. This chapter examines law and policy that have sought to circumvent intellectual property laws which in turn have hindered the manufacture and distribution of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines. It highlights differentials in the availability of vaccines to persons in the developed world and to those in low- and middle-income countries.
A Home from Home?
Authors: Soares Claudia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A pioneering study of children’s social care in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book presents new information and develops conceptual thinking about the history of children’s care by investigating the centrality of key ideas about home, family, and nurture that shaped welfare provision for children at this time. Departing from narratives of reform and discipline which have dominated scholarship on children’s welfare institutions, the book’s focus on key themes of home, family, and nurture offers a radically different view of the role and function of children’s care agencies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on material culture and social history approaches, this book provides a new type of study of social care that offers a ‘bottom-up’ study of children’s welfare and the significance of specific types of care practices that held particular cultural and ideological meaning. At its core, the book uses unique first-hand accounts, individual case records, and personal correspondence of children in care in Britain to locate the voices and subjectivities of institutionalized children and their families within the voluntary welfare system between 1870 and 1920. In doing so, it uncovers the real lives, experiences, and attitudes of the children placed in care and their family members and offers new understandings about the role of children’s social care in the past, at a time when children’s care historically and in the present day is a topical issue in public consciousness in the UK and internationally.
Epilogue
Authors: Soares Claudia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The epilogue brings together the implications from previous chapters for understanding broader histories of child welfare and for contemporary care practices. Faced with burgeoning questions today about the duty of care and protection of children in England and Wales, driven by recent inquiries, the epilogue ties together historical and contemporary knowledge about the type of care that children need. In doing so, the epilogue demonstrates how embedded and of pervasive importance notions of home and family have been in such debates since the mid-nineteenth century, while also drawing attention to how such institutions and their roles have come to be understood. Finally, in highlighting an alternative way of thinking about and evaluating experience within children’s institutions that moves away from practices of reform and discipline, the epilogue proposes several new directions for the study of childhood, welfare, and children’s care in the past and in the present.
On Becoming a Real Human Child
Authors: Guroian Vigen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter correlates the meaning of childhood and the nature of moral perfection in Carlo Collodi’s narrative and Disney’s adaptation of Pinocchio. According to contemporary children’s story writer Maurice Sendak, Disney established Pinocchio’s desire to grow up as the story’s central concern instead of focusing on the imperative to be good. Collodi defined being a good child as being in a proper relationship with one’s parents. Filial love and responsible relationships with family are the central themes of Collodi’s narrative. Moreover, the allegory of heart in Pinocchio coincides with the potential of being wholly human and being created in the image and likeness of God.
Conclusion
Authors: Guroian Vigen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes by arguing that fairy tales are able to nourish the moral imagination of their readers. It talks about how the betterment of children can be achieved even though reading alone does not solve the moral crisis of childhood. Most fairy tales cover the themes of self-sacrifice, love, friendship, faith, courage, or beauty. Devices used also include the characters working on becoming real or struggling against evil and redemption. The chapter recommends several fairy tales and fantasy children’s books to read in regard to these themes. It also gives examples of picture books that contain retellings of the original narratives, and a number of anthologies of fairy tales that remain faithful to the original.
Interlude
Authors: Gabriel Rami 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
By taking a historical perspective, we can see that the use of empirical psychology as an apodictic system for explaining the mind makes it resembles mythology. Mythology is an explanatory framework that includes causal-predictive principles, an origin story, and ritual practices that enact and entrain knowledge. Within a given society, mythology serves as a collective epistemic niche that structures belief and practice. Psychology serves as a mythological origin story of human nature by articulating our commitment to individualism and materialism. The chapter reflects upon the emotional and pragmatic need to secure explanation and how psychology as a mythology fulfils these functions. Mythology serves as an analogical vehicle for deriving meaning and explanation by formalizing knowledge in a manner that satisfies the affective and cognitive needs of belief.
Sensing Beauty
Authors: Latour Melinda 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 takes on the problem of beauty and pleasure in the moral repertoire through an examination of the exquisitely illustrative Octonaires corpus. Although the Stoic tradition frequently warned against the links between beauty, pleasure, and immoderate desire, Stoics displayed a profound courage in embracing the risks of aesthetic and sensory experience as an essential pathway to fully rational moral formation. When the prefaces and content are considered, the Octonaires offer a window into an ethics of musical beauty through what may be for some an unlikely place: musical text painting. There, in a musical domain often devalued for its childish literalism or its amateur accessibility, we find a script for bringing thought and feeling into counterpoint through a richly multi-sensory musical experience.
Rehearsing Death
Authors: Latour Melinda 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 returns to the most central exercise of Stoic therapeutics and its invitation to daily meditate on death. Paradoxically their most difficult and popular teaching, the Stoics argued that lasting happiness could be cultivated through an unflinching contemplation of human mortality, imaginative premeditation of misfortune, strategic denial of pleasure, and persistent contemplation of worldly transience. The rich expression of the memento mori theme in moral song collections, emblems, and vanitas paintings reveals the alignment of artistic and philosophical objectives born out of the Stoic advice to “follow nature” as painters, poets, and composers explored the excruciating beauty of decay and the irresistible glory of ruins. Drawing attention to the problems of time and duration, these skillful artistic compositions therapeutically naturalize the instability of temporal experience through a heightened appreciation of the present.
Introduction
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Süleyman was one of the first to come up with the idea of having his biography written. The outcome was the Sulaymannama (Book of Süleyman), an illustrated history in Persian verse. He also strove to leave behind a legacy in the form of poetry collections as well as many charitable works and building complexes. Modern scholarship studies this legacy, together with other forms of documentation, to arrive at a multifaceted narrative. Such a biography places Süleyman and the Ottomans in their appropriate place in regional and global history. It also provides insights on political power and human agency. In order to eschew romanticized and exoticized narratives, we also have to admit that our view of Süleyman and his reign has to have certain gaps and limitations in the absence of an exhaustive body of evidence.
Childhood and Adolescence: Raising a Prince, 1494/5–1509
Authors: Şahin Kaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Süleyman was born in Trabzon, on the Black Sea coast, in 1494 or 1495. He grew up in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious town. He received an elite education under the supervision of tutors, including a strong poetic formation. He also received martial training. He established strong relationships with his father Selim, his mother Hafsa, his tutor Hayreddin, and a child named Yahya. He also lived in a district where contagious diseases and food scarcity were rampant, even for the upper classes. The rise of the Safavid movement to power upset the regional economy upon which Trabzon depended and eroded any sense of stability and security that may have existed. Süleyman grew up under the shadow of a restless father who tried, with limited financial and human resources, to cope with these crises and prepare for an upcoming struggle with his brothers for the throne.
Transparency at Sentencing
Authors: Chiao Vincent 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A frequently heard criticism, particularly in high-stakes settings such as criminal sentencing, is that automated decision-making aids can be highly opaque. In this chapter, the author analyzes two conceptions of transparency: transparency as a norm of publicity, and transparency as a norm of intelligibility. Automated decision-making aids plausibly raise concerns along both of these dimensions. However, the relative strength of these ethical concerns is mitigated on an incrementalist, rather than idealized, ethical analysis. This is because existing modes of human decision-making also suffer from defects of secrecy and intelligibility. In some cases, this is by design, as when officials are prohibited from revealing the bases of their decisions, and in some cases this is a feature of human psychology, as decision makers possess limited and partial insight into the reasons that actually explain why they decide as they do. Consequently, the strength of ethical objections grounded in transparency as publicity, and transparency as intelligibility, remains ambiguous.
Enhancing the Integrity of the Sentencing Process through the Use of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bagaric Mirko , Hunter Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The likelihood that a defendant will reoffend is one of the key considerations that informs sentencing outcomes. It is relevant to the aims of community protection, specific deterrence, and rehabilitation. Despite this, empirical data establishes that judges make poor predictions regarding whether defendants will reoffend. Algorithms are being increasingly used in some parts of the United States to determine the risk that offenders will commit other crimes. This practice has come under considerable criticism for a range of reasons. This chapter examines the persuasiveness of criticisms of sentencing algorithms, discusses the relative limitations of both human and computational decision-making, and argues that properly designed artificial intelligence systems can significantly enhance the integrity of the sentencing process.
Artificial Intelligence and SentencingHumans against Machines
Authors: van Wingerden Sigrid , Plesničar Mojca M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore whether AI would be better in making legitimate sentencing decisions than human judges. In order to do so, we first develop a multilayered model to assess the legitimacy of sentencing, and then compare human and machine judges (current machine learning AI and futuristic AI as a full moral agent) on their abilities to achieve legitimate sentencing. We conclude that human judges and machine judges have their own strengths and weaknesses in different aspects of our model. However, we believe the “human” in sentencing is so important, that even futuristic super AI should never be entrusted to fully take over sentencing from human judges.
Music Theory and Sight-Reading Sequence for Level 3 Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter expands students’ ability to think in sound and learn about more advanced rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic chord progressions in the choral ensemble. The sight-reading and music theory sequence is intended for varsity-level high school ensembles and auditioned collegiate groups. The chapter contains music theory teaching strategies for addressing more advanced rhythmic and melodic concepts and elements found in Romantic, 20th Century, 21st Century choral music. These teaching strategies can be used to expand students’ understanding of rhythm and melodic elements or can be used to instruct students about rhythmic or melodic elements that appear in choral music. The chapter also includes a section on how to approach teaching twentieth- and twenty-first-century repertoire. The final section focuses on developing a stylistic analysis of repertoire and harmonic hearing for all the major styles of music. Ideas are presented as to how to analyze and sing typical chord progressions found in choral music. Particular attention is paid to identifying suitable repertoire, including canons. The goal is to help choral students become more aware of the harmonic elements and implications in this repertoire and improve part-work skills.
Scaffolding a Teaching Strategy for Choral Music
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines for analyzing, learning and memorizing, conducting, and teaching a choral score. It offers guidelines for analyzing, audiating, and conducting a score as well as specific strategies for teaching the piece to a choir. Music examples illustrating these strategies are provided. Included is a discussion of incorporating more strategies for using the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation model for teaching repertoire. The chapter concludes with an expanded choral rehearsal plan that integrates the preparation, presentation, and practice activities for learning a new score, as well as a detailed checklist for evaluating the effectiveness of a choral rehearsal plan.
Orientation to the Pentatonic Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this unit and the next, students will learn about the l-s-m subset of the pentatonic scale. This trichord forms the basis of many simple folk songs, some of which are presented as exercises in the chapter. The music theory sections introduce students to the placement of pitches on the staff as well as dynamic markings found in scores.
Broadway Bodies
Authors: Donovan Ryan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Broadway has body issues. Broadway Bodies: A Critical History of Conformity contends that Broadway has historically treated, and continues to treat, its fictional characters with more care than the actors hoping to get cast in these roles. Casting is the site of power relations that most clearly reveals Broadway’s limited tolerance of difference. These relations converge in the ideology of the “Broadway Body”: the hyper-fit, hyper-able, triple-threat performer who represents the ultimate commodification of the body for the Broadway economy. Casting is always a political act, situated within a power structure favoring certain kinds of bodies. On Broadway, that body has increasingly been the Broadway Body. Broadway Bodies centers how ability, sexuality, and size intersect with gender, race, and ethnicity in both casting and performance. Some questions explored in the book include: How does the use of fat suits in a musicals like Dreamgirls and Hairspray actually stigmatize fatness? What were the political implications of casting two white heterosexual actors as the gay couple in La Cage aux Folles in 1983? How do Deaf actors change the sound of musicals in Deaf West’s Broadway revivals? How do musicals use the aesthetics of physical difference as a metaphor for disability? Broadway Bodies tells a history of Broadway’s inclusion of various forms of difference while shining a light on its simultaneous ambivalence toward non-conforming bodies. Broadway is a battleground for body politics.