bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questions
Authors: Rufai Sohaib R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This paper covers the full range of core subjects tested in the FRCOphth Part 1 examination: optics, anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, genetics, investigations, and miscellaneous (biostatistics and evidence-based medicine). As well as ophthalmic subjects, this paper covers general physiology, general pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, and immunology. Several high-yield topics are covered. Basic iris anatomy is explained using an external eye photograph. Papilloedema is demonstrated on optical coherence tomography imaging of the optic nerve head. An ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy image of the retina is included, with key anatomical landmarks. T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is explained in a helpful comparative figure.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Cappelletti Marco 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Part 4 of the book provides some concluding reflections. First, it emphasizes that while the same argument may be used to justify the imposition of strict liability in a plurality of contexts and a particular context may attract a multitude of arguments, there is no one-to-one relation between any particular context of strict liability and any particular substantive justification. Secondly, Part 4 provides some reflections on the patterns of reasoning in strict liability, highlighting the wide variety of patterns identified in the book, the main types of patterns in relation to the various arguments discussed as well as the problems of clarity that may affect some of them (and, particularly, juxtapositions of arguments). Thirdly, Part 4 provides an overall picture of each legal system’s reasoning by pulling together its constituent parts (the arguments) and by paying attention to the values and goals to which legal actors are committed. This allows us to appreciate and contrast the distinct commitments which shape the role and significance of legal arguments across the four laws and to enhance the understanding of each system’s tort culture. Finally, Part 4 provides some final critical and comparative thoughts on the complexity of legal reasoning in strict liability, emphasizing that there is a plethora of different understandings of the justificatory basis of strict liability within and across legal systems, and that the differences in the legal reasoning on strict liability across the four systems does not trace the distinction between the common law and the civil law tradition.
The ‘Blasted Heath’ and Agrilogistics in Macbeth
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The first chapter surveys Macbeth’s ‘blasted heath’ as a battleground between the forces of fertility and sterility to reveal how the play adjudicates disputes over the environmental management of this terrain in Shakespeare’s day. Agrarian improvers in Jacobean Britain wished to convert heaths to enclosed farmland and therefore took a dim view of this landscape as the sinister abode of witches and fortune-telling vagrants. Yet the Scottish play also reflects the Scottish king’s fondness for heathlands as valuable hunting grounds, whose wildfowl needed protection from farmers and poachers. In promoting selective conservation of some avian species such as doves (with whom Duncan, Malcolm, and Macduff are associated) and the persecution of others like the kite (identified with Macbeth), the tragedy espouses an inter-generational but shallow ecology, in contrast to the childless Macbeths, who renounce ‘reproductive futurity’ whilst bestowing a perverse glamour on inhuman wildness.
Caliban and the Fen-Demons of Lincolnshire
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 mires The Tempest in the English fens and establishes that the play generates dramatic conflict out of the furore incited by campaigns to drain them. Shakespeare’s romance glances at Ireland and the Americas but Prospero’s magical dominion over his island also mirrors the domestic colonization of England’s wetlands. This claim is buoyed by a number of sources overlooked due to the constraints of periodization and the lacunae of the print archive: medieval legends of a fen-dwelling hermit, a lost play, a manuscript ballad from a fish’s point-of-view, and oral legends of a fen-spirit who acts as a kind of Lorax for the wetlands. Invoking the fens to curse the invading Prospero, Caliban, too, speaks for the fens albeit more loudly for the fen-folk, tapping into their outrage over the confiscation of their aquatic commons and echoing doubts about the feasibility and ethics of controlling nature.
Grace in the Ordinary
Authors: Prevot Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the contributions of one of the most significant Catholic theological proponents of the mysticism of ordinary life. It discusses Rahner’s understanding of mysticism in relation to his account of the experience of uncreated grace and his retrieval of mystical sources from the Bible and early, medieval, and modern Christianity. It demonstrates that although he draws on scholastic and idealist forms of philosophy to universalize mystical theology, these do not undermine the Christian theological status of his work. It explains different ways that he parses the meaning of ordinary life, while showing his preference for an Ignatian style of ascetical indiferencia. It raises questions about his approach to gender, while noting possibilities for feminist reception. Finally, it interprets his lifelong practice of mystical prayer.
The Divine in Between
Authors: Prevot Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the mysticism of ordinary life in the context of U.S. Latino/a theology and philosophy. It features the Chicana theorist Anzaldúa and the Cuban American, mujerista theologian Isasi-Díaz and puts them into dialogue with other scholars who examine how intersecting gender, racial, and socioeconomic aspects of mestizo/a cultures shape the meaning of divine union and everyday life. It draws on Anzaldúa and Isasi-Díaz to develop an interpretation of the mystical significance of cultural mixture (mestizaje) that overcomes the problems in the Mexican philosopher José Vasconcellos’s early twentieth-century account. It emphasizes the ways Anzaldúa and Isasi-Díaz find the empowering presence of the divine in quotidian struggles for justice. It discusses the feminist reception of Juan Diego’s mystical encounter with Our Lady of Guadalupe. It meditates on Latino/a communities’ participation in Jesus’s suffering and death, particularly through Via Crucis celebrations. It argues that these experiences ought to inform contemporary Christian mystical theology.
Divine Darkness Revisited
Authors: Prevot Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns Christian mystical theology toward the empowering experiences of divine union in Black women’s quotidian lives. It features the womanist novelist and theorist Alice Walker and the Catholic womanist theologian M. Shawn Copeland and puts them into dialogue with other scholars who reflect on intersecting racial, gender, and socioeconomic conditions within African American mystical traditions. It engages with Black studies discourses that offer mystical interpretations of Black “nothingness.” It argues that the mystical conversion stories of nineteenth-century Black female preachers such as Maria Stewart, Zilpha Elaw, Jarena Lee, Sojourner Truth, Rebecca Cox Jackson, and Henriette Delille ought to be included in the Western mystical canon. It demonstrates that mysticism—the union of the divine and the flesh—is a central theme of womanist literature and theology. It highlights the distinctive womanist emphasis on mystical experiences of the body, particularly involving suffering, joy, and freedom. It concludes that the motif of divine darkness in the Christian mystical tradition ought to be rethought in relation to such experiences.
Protecting Workers’ Equal Rights during Crisis and Recovery
Authors: Sprague Aleta , Raub Amy , Heymann Jody 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the scope, potential, and early impacts of constitutional protections for equal rights, social protection, and minimum labour standards in safeguarding workers’ health and livelihoods during Covid-19. Across countries, both the pandemic itself and many policies enacted in response (eg economic shutdowns) disproportionately affected marginalized workers due to underlying disparities in terms and conditions of work, social protection coverage, and living conditions. While the right to health has clear relevance during a pandemic, protections for equality and fundamental economic rights also matter to workers’ overall well-being, particularly when policy responses focus narrowly on preventing disease spread through closures without adequately addressing social determinants of health like workplace safety and income. This chapter: (1) draws on a unique global dataset to analyse the extent to which constitutions protect equal rights, decent work, and social insurance in 193 countries; (2) reviews early examples of how these constitutional protections provided tools to support both health and economic needs and uphold foundational equality amidst a crisis; and (3) identifies gaps likely to leave workers vulnerable if unaddressed. It finds that explicit constitutional protections for almost all aspects of equal rights, decent work, and social insurance have become more common over time; moreover, courts from wide-ranging countries have cited these protections in decisions addressing workers’ rights and households’ material needs amidst Covid-19. Nevertheless, most countries lack constitutional provisions specifically addressing safe working conditions or income protection during illness and unemployment—areas that matter to equality both during pandemics and more typical years.
Responding to Exponential Inequalities in AustraliaBeyond the Limits of Equality and Discrimination Law
Authors: Gaze Beth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Covid-19 pandemic in Australia and the effects on equity of the pandemic and the government response. Vulnerable groups such as the elderly, and low paid, precarious workers and the people they cared for were the most affected and exposed to risk. The pandemic’s impact on already disadvantaged groups was partially ameliorated by the government’s public health response, although selective government responses left many vulnerable groups inadequately protected. Public health is not adequately dealt with in the equality and discrimination laws. The chapter argues for dual reforms: first to fill the gaps in Australia’s anti-discrimination laws, and secondly, more broadly, to adopt an approach that recognizes universal vulnerability to social, economic, and health risks, where government’s role includes providing basic protection for everyone regardless of protected attributes.
Equal Access to Vaccines
Authors: O’Regan Catherine 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths since 2020. The virus’ capacity to produce variants that evade immunity has meant that the best way to prevent further deaths is through ensuring that as many people as possible worldwide are vaccinated. Production of vaccines is reaching the point where it could meet global demand, if vaccines were equitably distributed. So far, however, vaccination rates have been highest in the developed world, and people in developing countries, especially Africa, remain woefully under-vaccinated. This article considers whether international human rights law can contribute to ensuring equal access to vaccines. It concludes that although the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights would support equal access to vaccines, there are various reasons why international human rights law may not be effective in securing equal access to vaccines. These include not only the state-centric approach of international human rights law and its weak enforcement mechanisms, but also the strong international law protection for patents under the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Nevertheless, important steps have been taken by new institutions of global health governance, such as the Global Agency for Access to Vaccines (GAVI) and Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), to ensure equal access to vaccines but much work still needs to be done. The chapter concludes that the Covid-19 pandemic has illustrated how inequality between countries, as well as within them, can be exacerbated by a global health crisis.
Disability in Times of Emergency
Authors: Lawson Anna , Waddington Lisa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the ‘traditional’ reasonable accommodation duty is ‘fit for purpose’ in times of crisis and whether variations of this duty might be better suited to the task. The reasonable accommodation obligation requires duty-bearers to take disability into account, and to make an adjustment, alteration, or accommodation to their standard practices, policies, and structures in order to meet the needs of a particular disabled individual. One limitation of the ‘traditional’ reasonable accommodation duty is that it is ex post, in that it is triggered only when an individual indicates that they are facing a barrier. Other types of reasonable accommodation duties adopt a more pro-active or ex ante approach. One example is the anticipatory reasonable adjustment duty in the Equality Act 2010. This requires duty-bearers to consider the foreseeable needs of disabled people in advance of an individual request being made. There is little evidence of Covid-19-related litigation based on the ‘traditional’ ex post reasonable accommodation duty. In contrast, the ex ante anticipatory reasonable adjustment duty in the Equality Act 2010 has been heavily used during the Covid-19 crisis. The fact that it focuses attention on what duty-bearers should have been doing to avoid creating disadvantage, rather than on simply what they can do to remove it once in place, is perhaps more useful in times of crisis. The chapter nevertheless finds that there is much more that needs to be done to build a legal framework that robustly embeds disability equality.
Remote Working, Working from Home, and EU Sex Discrimination Law
Authors: Mulder Jule 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses how EU sex discrimination law can respond to new work-life arrangements that are emerging due to the worldwide pandemic and put significant emphasis on flexibility and working from home. While flexible remote work arrangements can help carers to organize their work responsibilities around (unpaid) care responsibilities, such working arrangements can also carry significant disadvantages, as workers with care responsibilities have to renegotiate their private arrangements to accommodate work. For example, the creation of reasonable workspaces and time at home may seriously interfere with the way families’ private lives are organized and the absence from the workplace may mean that workers miss out on opportunities for progression and career development. Given that care responsibilities remain gendered across the EU and women are more likely to belong to the poorer parts of society or to be single parents, it is likely that these additional burdens fall on women more significantly than men. Against this background, the chapter considers remote work arrangements in the light of EU non-discrimination law. First, it evaluates how (indirect) sex discrimination law can facilitate access to and enjoyment of this new workplace organization and protect workers from disadvantages associated with them. Specially, it discusses how disadvantages within the private sphere can be considered under the scope of disadvantages recognized under the concept of indirect sex discrimination, as the Court of Justice of the European Union has often separated the public and private sphere. Secondly, it analyses to what degree employers indeed need to accommodate the enjoyment of such work rearrangements.
The Role of Equality Law in Expanding Access to Social Goods and Services in South Africa
Authors: Albertyn Catherine 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the context of South Africa’s deep structural inequalities, exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, this chapter focuses on the role of the constitutional equality value and right (unfair discrimination and positive measures), and the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act in achieving a more egalitarian and substantive provision of social goods and services. It starts by arguing that equality has played a powerful role in securing substantive outcomes in socio-economic rights cases and has multifaceted potential for securing a more egalitarian distribution of social goods and services. It then maps the jurisprudential contours of the constitutional value of equality, the section 9 right and/or the Equality Act in distributing social goods and services in four illustrative categories: (i) expanding the scope of existing social goods by adding new groups (who qualifies); (ii) challenging the distribution of resources underpinning goods and services (shifting resources from more privileged towards disadvantaged groups); (iii) preventing the regression of goods and services; and (iv) the judicial development of a positive equality duty (under section 9(2)) to implement policies and laws concerning socio-economic rights with due regard to substantive equality. It concludes by discussing what this reveals about the role of equality law and courts, and the conceptual and institutional spaces, limits, and opportunities in equality law to address structural and exponential economic inequalities and poverty in South Africa.
The Suffragist Peace
Authors: Trager Robert F. , Barnhart Joslyn N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Not all radical social changes are revolutionary and not all revolutionary changes are noticed. Profound changes sometimes unfold over time; they may even remain invisible for centuries. The year 1893 witnessed the dawn of a new era—one in which women around the world entered the political realm. People expected profound social change to follow as political parties centered around a unique set of women’s issues emerged as formidable, unified forces. But this understanding of the meaning of women’s suffrage did not last. Indeed, many people today would be hard pressed to identify a lasting and significant social or political change brought about by women’s votes. And yet, could it be that radical change has gone unnoticed and unappreciated? This book asks whether women’s political influence is changing politics between nations. While it is too soon to characterize the full extent, and impossible to know for sure, the book shows that the historical facts are strikingly consistent with a suffragist peace: women’s inclusion in democratic electorates has been a primary cause of peace in the modern era. The twentieth century witnessed some of the most radical technological, economic, and political changes in history—the spread of nuclear weapons, capitalism, and democracy, among others. But current accounts have overlooked one of the most dramatic transformations of the twentieth century as a potential source of peace: the massive redistribution of political power as millions of women around the world entered the political realm.
Managing Strategic Interaction
Authors: Arterton F. Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Strategy prescribes the means for employing power to your benefit. In seeking to achieve your goals, you will confront opponents who espouse different values and pursue different objectives. From the perspective of dynamic interactions between two or more actors, strategy consists of your efforts to control those interactions to your benefit. As a result, this chapter argues that the word “strategy” should only be used in the context of direct, overt hostility from another actor. Winning the interactions between you and an opponent will require you to understand the mind of your opponent in order to predict how she or he will act and react. A fog of uncertainty will surround these predictions. While game theory provides some suggestions of ways to reduce this ambiguity, inevitably your efforts to predict your competitor’s actions will be marked by doubt. Resolving to act despite this uncertainty is an essential prescription.
Political Leadership
Authors: Arterton F. Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The book concludes by considering the requirements of political leadership that, as it turns out, are often in conflict with the tenants of strategy. For example, where public leadership requires consistency and integrity, strategy often encourages deviousness and manipulation. This chapter seeks to establish bulwarks around the employment of unbridled strategy, leaving the reader with the challenge of pursuing political power within these ethical boundaries. To be sure, in order to progress, society needs individuals who are strongly committed to a vision of how things ought to be. But even the strongest commitments need to be balanced with responsiveness and responsibility for maintaining the political institutions of a democracy. Political managers will require careful soul-searching and a large dose of strategic judgment to strike the right balance.
Making Christianity Manly Again
Authors: McKinney Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Founding pastor of Seattle’s Mars Hill Church, Mark Driscoll, indelibly impacted American evangelicalism. Driscoll’s brash, authoritarian, and profanity-laden leadership grew Mars Hill Church into one of the fastest growing, most innovative, and most influential churches in the country. Driscoll’s gender theology rebranded Jesus from a “gay hippie in a dress” to a sword-carrying, “robe-dipped-in-blood” warrior to justify putting men at the forefront of American Christianity. Driscoll’s theology paved the way for evangelicals’ conviction in hypermasculine authority, “priming the pump” for their unprecedented support of Donald Trump in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. This book places Driscoll’s gender theology in sociohistorical context and analyzes the contemporary social patterns that explain how a hypermasculine theology helped create his megachurch empire. Addressing the rhetoric of Driscoll’s movement through his sermons, along with narratives from former Mars Hill Church members allows us to better understand the dynamics of the evangelical impulse to glorify and reclaim men’s power.
Introduction
Authors: McKinney Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the rise and fall of Seattle’s Mars Hill Church under the leadership of Mark Driscoll. Driscoll’s bold style and hypermasculine theology built Mars Hill Church into one of the most influential and innovative evangelical megachurches in the country. The gender theology at Mars Hill, contrasted to the liberal ethos of Seattle, made the church feel like a counterculture in the heart of the city. Driscoll’s provocative and controversial style, coupled with his strict complementarian gender theology, alienated much of the city, as well as other Christian groups. Yet Mars Hill Church and Mark Driscoll, with their focus on reclaiming Christian masculinity, represent an important niche within American evangelicalism that has implications for why evangelicals supported Donald Trump in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.