bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Diabetes‐Related Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States
Authors: Bashar Hussein , Kobo Ofer , Khunti Kamlesh , Sun Louise Y. , Rutter Martin K. , Chew Nicholas W. S. , Curzen Nick , Mamas Mamas A. 
Published: June 2023

Background
In the past few decades, diabetes‐related cardiovascular mortality has been steadily declining. However, the impact of the COVID19 pandemic on this trend has not been previously defined.

Methods and Results
Diabetes‐related cardiovascular mortality data were extracted for each year between 1999 and 2020 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide‐Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database. Regression analysis was used to calculate the trend in the 2 decades before the pandemic (1999–2019) and thereby estimate the excess cardiovascular mortality in 2020. There was a 29.2% fall in the diabetes‐related cardiovascular age‐adjusted mortality rate between 1999 to 2019, largely driven by a 41% decrease in ischemic heart disease deaths. In comparison to 2019, there was an overall 15.5% increase in the diabetes‐related cardiovascular age‐adjusted mortality rate in the first year of the pandemic, mainly due to a 14.1% rise in ischemic heart disease deaths. Younger patients (under 55 years) and the Black population experienced the greatest increase in diabetes‐related cardiovascular age‐adjusted mortality rate (24.0% and 25.3%, respectively). Trend analysis estimated 16 009 excess diabetes‐related cardiovascular deaths in 2020, with the majority due to ischemic heart disease (8504). Black and Hispanic or Latino populations had at least one‐fifth of their 2020 diabetes‐related cardiovascular age‐adjusted mortality rate as excess deaths (22.3% and 20.2%, respectively).

Conclusions
There was a sharp rise in diabetes‐related cardiovascular mortality during the first pandemic year. Black, Hispanic or Latino, and young people showed the largest increases in diabetes‐related cardiovascular mortality. Targeted health policies could help address the disparities observed in this analysis.
CD1d‐Dependent Natural Killer T Cells Mediate Hypertension and Vascular Injury Through Interleukin‐17A
Authors: Xiao Xue , Hou Cui‐Liu , Zhang Yun‐Long , Yang Hui , Wang Xiao‐Xiao , Wang Hong‐Xia 
Published: June 2023

Background
Different T‐lymphocyte subsets, including CD1d‐dependent natural killer T (NKT) cells, play distinct roles in hypertension, highlighting the importance of identifying key immune cells for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the unknown effects of CD1d‐dependent NKT cells on hypertension and vascular injury.

Methods and Results
Hypertension models were induced in male CD1d knockout (CD1dko), wild‐type, and adoptive bone marrow transfer mice by angiotensin II (Ang II) or deoxycorticosterone acetate salt. Blood pressure was measured by the tail‐cuff system and radiotelemetry. Vascular injury was assessed by histologic studies or aortic ring assay. Inflammation was detected by flow cytometry, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, or ELISA. Results showed that Ang II infusion significantly reduced CD1d expression and NKT cell numbers in the aorta of mice. CD1dko mice exhibited worsened blood pressure elevation, vascular injury, and inflammatory response induced by Ang II or deoxycorticosterone acetate salt. However, these effects were markedly reversed in wild‐type mice treated with NKT cell–specific activator. Adoptive transfer of CD1dko bone marrow cells to wild‐type mice also significantly worsened Ang II–induced responses. Mechanistically, CD1dko increased Ang II–induced interleukin‐6 production and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and orphan nuclear receptor γ, subsequently inducing interleukin‐17A production. Neutralizing interleukin‐17A partially reversed Ang II–induced hypertension and vascular injury in CD1dko mice. In addition, levels of NKT cells were lower in the blood of patients with hypertension (n=57) compared with normotensive individuals (n=87).

Conclusions
These findings reveal a previously unknown role for CD1d‐dependent NKT cells in hypertension and vascular injury, indicating that NKT cell activation could be a promising therapeutic target for hypertension.
Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for In‐Stent Restenosis Versus De Novo Lesions: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Elbadawi Ayman , Dang Alexander T. , Mahana Ingy , Elzeneini Mohammed , Alonso Fernando , Banerjee Subhash , Kumbhani Dharam J. , Elgendy Islam Y. , Mintz Gary S. 
Published: June 2023

Background
In‐stent restenosis (ISR) is commonly encountered even in the era of contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There is a paucity of data on the comparative outcomes of PCI for ISR lesions versus de novo lesions.

Methods and Results

An electronic search was conducted for MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase through August 2022 for studies comparing the clinical outcomes after PCI for ISR versus de novo lesions. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model. The final analysis included 12 studies, with a total of 708 391 patients, of whom 71 353 (10.3%) underwent PCI for ISR. The weighted follow‐up duration was 29.1 months. Compared with de novo lesions, PCI for ISR was associated with a higher incidence of major adverse cardiac events (odds ratio [OR], 1.31 [95% CI, 1.18–1.46]). There was no difference on a subgroup analysis of chronic total occlusion lesions versus none (
P
interaction
=0.69). PCI for ISR was associated with a higher incidence of all‐cause mortality (OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02–1.04]), myocardial infarction (OR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.11–1.29]), target vessel revascularization (OR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.29–1.55]), and stent thrombosis (OR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.11–1.87]), but no difference in cardiovascular mortality (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.90–1.20]).

Conclusions
PCI for ISR is associated with higher incidence of adverse cardiac events compared with PCI for de novo lesions. Future efforts should be directed toward prevention of ISR and exploring novel treatment strategies for ISR lesions.
Corticostriatal Connectivity during Prosocial Decision-making Relates to Giving Behavior during Adolescence
Authors: Uy Jessica P. , Fuligni Andrew J. , Eisenberger Naomi I. , Crone Eveline A. , Telzer Eva H. , Galván Adriana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Prosocial behavior during adolescence becomes more differentiated based on the recipient of the action as well as the perceived value or benefit, relative to the cost to self, for the recipients. The current study investigated how functional connectivity of corticostriatal networks tracked the value of prosocial decisions as a function of target recipient (caregiver, friend, stranger) and age of the giver, and how they related to giving behavior. Two hundred sixty-one adolescents (9–15 and 19–20 years of age) completed a decision-making task in which they could give money to caregivers, friends, and strangers while undergoing fMRI. Results indicated that adolescents were more likely to give to others as the value of the prosocial decision (i.e., the difference between the benefit to other relative to the cost to self) increased; this effect was stronger for known (caregiver and friends) than unknown targets, and increased with age. Functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and OFC increased as the value of the prosocial decisions decreased for strangers, but not for known others, irrespective of choice. This differentiated NAcc-OFC functional connectivity during decision-making as a function of value and target also increased with age. Furthermore, regardless of age, individuals who evinced greater value-related NAcc-OFC functional connectivity when considering giving to strangers relative to known others showed smaller differentiated rates of giving between targets. These findings highlight the role of corticostriatal development in supporting the increasing complexity of prosocial development across adolescence.
The Child-specific Right to Adequate Housing in the Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors: Wind Roos , Vols Michel , Roorda Berend 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Millions of children live on the street or in inadequate housing. The failure of authorities to address these problems violates the right to adequate housing, as laid down in, inter alia, Art. 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (icescr). Yet, deplorable living conditions make children even more vulnerable than adults, given the negative impact on their development. This calls for a child-specific right to adequate housing tailored to the needs of children. Although one might expect to find such a child-specific right in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc), little is known about the crc and housing. This paper is the first to unravel to what extent the crc stipulates a child-specific right to adequate housing and, if so, whether it offers children other entitlements than the general right to adequate housing laid down in Art. 11(1) icescr.
Children’s Political Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors: Zlotnik Raz Daniella , Almog Shulamit 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Recent years saw significant developments concerning the role of children in the political context. Yet, children today remain excluded from meaningful political influence, and children’s enfranchisement stands as a main point of contention. The article posits the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) as a decisive legal and theoretical basis for conceptualising children’s political rights, political participation and voting. It explores key crc provisions that relate to children in the political context and analyses the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child’s (crc Committee) work to map what exists and what remains missing and under-developed in this discussion. Specifically, the article elaborates on the right to be heard, revealing the crc Committee’s evolutive interpretive approach concerning its implementation in the political context. The article also focuses on children’s enfranchisement, exploring the crc’s potential to advocate for lowering the voting age from a child rights-based perspective.
Exploring the Use of European Weather Regimes for Improving User-Relevant Hydrological Forecasts at the Subseasonal Scale in Switzerland
Authors: Chang Annie Y.-Y. , Bogner Konrad , Grams Christian M. , Monhart Samuel , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Zappa Massimiliano 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Across the globe, there has been an increasing interest in improving the predictability of subseasonal hydrometeorological forecasts, as they play a valuable role in medium- to long-term planning in many sectors, such as agriculture, navigation, hydropower, and emergency management. However, these forecasts still have very limited skill at the monthly time scale; hence, this study explores the possibilities for improving forecasts through different pre- and postprocessing techniques at the interface with a Precipitationn–Runoff–Evapotranspiration Hydrological Response Unit Model (PREVAH). Specifically, this research aims to assess the benefit of European weather regime (WR) data within a hybrid forecasting setup, a combination of a traditional hydrological model and a machine learning (ML) algorithm, to improve the performance of subseasonal hydrometeorological forecasts in Switzerland. The WR data contain information about the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic–European region, and thus allow the hydrological model to exploit potential flow-dependent predictability. Four hydrological variables are investigated: total runoff, baseflow, soil moisture, and snowmelt. The improvements in the forecasts achieved with the pre- and postprocessing techniques vary with catchments, lead times, and variables. Adding WR data has clear benefits, but these benefits are not consistent across the study area or among the variables. The usefulness of WR data is generally observed for longer lead times, e.g., beyond the third week. Furthermore, a multimodel approach is applied to determine the “best practice” for each catchment and improve forecast skill over the entire study area. This study highlights the potential and limitations of using WR information to improve subseasonal hydrometeorological forecasts in a hybrid forecasting system in an operational mode.
Association between the subcutaneous fat thickness of the knee and chondromalacia patella: a magnetic resonance imaging-based study
Authors: Kızılgöz Volkan , Kantarci Mecit , Aydın Sonay 
Published: June 2023

Objective Subcutaneous fat tissue thickness (SFTT) is a representative marker of obesity. This study was performed to determine the relationship between SFTT and chondromalacia patella (CP) through routine 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 440 knee MRI scans were re-examined and divided into those with and without CP. A 1.5-Tesla MRI machine with a standard knee coil was used. Prepatellar SFTT (PSFTT) and medial SFTT (MSFTT) were measured on each MRI scan. PSFTT and MSFTT were compared between patients with and without CP. Results Both the PSFTT and MSFTT values were significantly higher in patients with than without CP. Women had significantly higher PSFTT and MSFTT values than men. A statistically significant correlation was found between the PSFTT and MSFTT values and the CP grades. Conclusions The results of this study indicate an association between SFTT and CP. A positive correlation was also found between SFTT and CP severity.
Updates to American Psychiatric Nurses Association: Seclusion and Restraint Position Statement and Standards of Practice
Authors: Perkins Evelyn , Blair Ellen W. , Allen Diane E. , Teal Lincoln Akre , Marcus Pamela E. , Fordmeir Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2023

Objective: The purpose of this discussion paper is to summarize the 2022 updates to the American Psychiatric Nurses Association’s (APNA) Seclusion and Restraint Position Statement and Seclusion and Restraint Standards of Practice. Method: Both documents were the work of the APNA 2022 Seclusion and Restraint Task Force that consisted of APNA nurses with expertise in the use of Seclusion and Restraint, who practice across a wide range of clinical settings. Results: The 2022 Updates to the APNA Position Statement and Standards were guided by evidence-based information found in the review of seclusion and restraint literature and clinical expertise from the 2022 Seclusion and Restraint Task Force. Conclusions: Updates were evidence-based and in line with APNA’s core values and initiatives in diversity, equity, and inclusion.
The use of neurone specific enolase to prognosticate neurological recovery and long term neurological outcomes in OOHCA patients
Authors: Maher Caitlyn , Cadd Matthew , Nunn Maya , Worthy Jennifer , Gray Rebecca , Boyd Owen 
Published: June 2023

Introduction: Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (HIBI), is a common sequalae following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA), it is reported as the cause of death in 68% of patients who survive to ICU admission, while other patients can be left with permanent neurological disability. Prediction of neurological outcome follows a multimodal approach, including use of the biomarker, neurone specific enolase (NSE). There is however no definitive cut-off value for poor neurological outcome, and little research has analysed NSE and long-term outcomes in survivors. We investigated an NSE threshold for poor short-term neurological outcome and the relationship between NSE and poor neurological outcome in survivors. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of all adult OOHCA patients admitted to the Royal County Sussex Hospital ICU between April 2017 and November 2018. NSE levels, Targeted Temperature Management (TTM), cross-sectional imaging, mortality and GCS on ICU discharge were recorded. Assessment of neurological function after a median of 19 months (range 14–32 months) post ICU discharge was undertaken following ICU discharge and related to NSE. Results: NSE levels were measured in 59 patients; of these 36 (61%) had a poor neurological outcome due to hypoxic ischaemic brain injury. Youden’s index and ROC analysis established an NSE cut-off value of 64.5 μg/L, with AUC of 0.901, sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 100%. Follow-up of 26 survivors after 19 months did not show a significant relationship between NSE after OOHCA and long-term neurological outcome. Conclusion: Our results show that NSE >64.5 µg/L has a poor short-term neurological outcome with 100% specificity. Whilst limited by a low sample size, NSE in survivors showed no relationship with neurological outcome post OOHCA in the long term.
A systematic review of the effectiveness of community-based interventions aimed at improving health literacy of parents/carers of children
Authors: Belfrage SL , Husted M , Fraser SDS , Patel S , Faulkner JA 
Published: June 2023

Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of community-based health literacy interventions in improving the health literacy of parents. Methods: A systematic review of six databases – MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Education Source – was conducted to identify relevant articles. Risk of bias was assessed using version two of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised controlled trials or the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. The study findings were grouped and synthesised following the synthesis without meta-analysis framework. Results: Eleven community-based health literacy interventions for parents were identified. Study design included randomised controlled trials ( n = 4), non-randomised studies with comparison group ( n = 4), and non-randomised studies without a comparison group ( n = 3). Interventions were delivered digitally, in person or a combination of the two. The risk of bias was high in over half the studies ( n = 7). The main findings of the studies showed some potential for both in person and digital interventions to increase parental health literacy. Studies were heterogeneous preventing a meta-analysis. Conclusion: Community-based, health literacy interventions have been identified as potential methods for enhancing parental health literacy. Due to the small number of included studies and their potential for bias, these results must be interpreted with caution. This study emphasises the need for additional theory and evidence-based research on the long-term effects of community interventions.
Development and Validation of an Electronic Health Record–Based Risk Assessment Tool for Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ma Sisi , Alvear Alison , Schreiner Pamela J. , Seaquist Elizabeth R. , Kirsh Thomas , Chow Lisa S. 
Published: June 2023

Background: The recent availability of high-quality data from clinical trials, together with machine learning (ML) techniques, presents exciting opportunities for developing prediction models for clinical outcomes. Methods: As a proof-of-concept, we translated a hypoglycemia risk model derived from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study into the HypoHazardScore, a risk assessment tool applicable to electronic health record (EHR) data. To assess its performance, we conducted a 16-week clinical study at the University of Minnesota where participants (N = 40) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had hypoglycemia assessed prospectively by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Results: The HypoHazardScore combines 16 risk factors commonly found within the EHR. The HypoHazardScore successfully predicted (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.723) whether participants experienced least one CGM-assessed hypoglycemic event (glucose <54 mg/dL for ≥15 minutes from two CGMs) while significantly correlating with frequency of CGM-assessed hypoglycemic events (r = 0.38) and percent time experiencing CGM-assessed hypoglycemia (r = 0.39). Compared to participants with a low HypoHazardScore (N = 19, score <4, median score of 4), participants with a high HypoHazardScore (N = 21, score ≥4) had more frequent CGM-assessed hypoglycemic events (high: 1.6 ± 2.2 events/week; low: 0.3 ± 0.5 events/week) and experienced more CGM-assessed hypoglycemia (high: 1.4% ± 2.0%; low: 0.2% ± 0.4% time) during the 16-week follow-up. Conclusions: We demonstrated that a hypoglycemia risk model can be successfully adapted from the ACCORD data to the EHR, with validation by a prospective study using CGM-assessed hypoglycemia. The HypoHazardScore represents a significant advancement toward implementing an EHR-based decision support system that can help reduce hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exertional breathlessness in patients with unilateral diaphragm dysfunction: a randomised trial
Authors: Schaeffer Michele R. , Louvaris Zafeiris , Rodrigues Antenor , Poddighe Diego , Gayan-Ramirez Ghislaine , Gojevic Tin , Geerts Linde , Heyndrickx Elise , Van Hollebeke Marine , Janssens Luc , Gosselink Rik , Testelmans Dries , Langer Daniel 
Published: June 2023

BackgroundUnilateral diaphragm dysfunction (UDD) is an underdiagnosed cause of dyspnoea. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is the only conservative treatment for UDD, but the mechanisms of improvement are unknown. We characterised the effects of IMT on dyspnoea, exercise tolerance and respiratory muscle function in people with UDD.Methods15 people with UDD (73% male, 61±8 years) were randomised to 6 months of IMT (50% maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PI,max), n=10) or sham training (10%PI,max, n=5) (30 breaths twice per day). UDD was confirmed by phrenic nerve stimulation and persisted throughout the training period. Symptoms were assessed by the transitional dyspnoea index (TDI) and exercise tolerance by constant-load cycle tests performed pre- and post-training. Oesophageal (Pes) and gastric (Pga) pressures were measured with a dual-balloon catheter. Electromyography (EMG) and oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) of respiratory muscles were assessed continuously during exercise.ResultsThe IMT group (from 45±6 to 62±23%PI,max) and sham group (no progression) completed 92 and 86% of prescribed sessions, respectively.PI,max, TDI scores and cycle endurance time improved significantly more after IMTversussham (mean between-group differences: 28 (95% CI 13–28) cmH2O, 3.0 (95% CI 0.9–5.1) points and 6.0 (95% CI 0.4–11.5) min, respectively). During exercise at iso-time,Pes,Pgaand EMG of the scalene muscles were reduced and the oxygen saturation indices of the scalene and abdominal muscles were higher post-versuspre-training only in the IMT group (all p<0.05).ConclusionThe effects of IMT on dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in UDD were not mediated by an improvement in isolated diaphragm function, but may reflect improvements in strength, coordination and/or oxygenation of the extra-diaphragmatic respiratory muscles.