bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Chinese Philosophy Impacts AI Narratives and Imagined AI Futures
Authors: Song Bing 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ideas and practices that may explain the lower levels of anxiety in China than in the West about existential risks from superintelligence. It focuses on two points shared by the three dominant schools of Chinese philosophy: Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. First, humanity and nature are integrated in an all-encompassing, holistic worldview that includes AI. Second, the schools emphasize self-restraint, constant introspection, and the pursuit of sagehood, making risks an opportunity to consider lessons learned from social and political history. Consequently, there has been less anxiety in China about AI causing humans to lose power and subjectivity. What the West might consider a crisis engendered by the disruptive power of AI, Chinese philosophy interprets AI as an impetus to reflect on whether the values of modernity can be aligned with the ancient virtues of harmony and compassion.
Intelligent Infrastructure, Humans as Resources, and Coevolutionary Futures
Authors: Lee Cheryl Julia , Matthews Graham 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Singapore’s status as a world leader in the design and implementation of digital technologies can be largely attributed to the Smart Nation initiative inaugurated in 2014 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, who presented a vision of ‘a nation where people live meaningful and fulfilled lives, enabled seamlessly by technology, offering exciting opportunities for all’. While artificial intelligence (AI) narratives in Singapore problematize this discourse, which simultaneously valorizes and objectifies the human, they also typically eschew the tropes of existential risk common in Western cultural narratives. A survey of Singaporean-authored fiction featuring AI across the four official languages reveal three foci: intelligent infrastructure and human resources (both of which allow authors to explore the potential consequences of techno-social engineering and the ways in which critical faculties risk being short-circuited by technological paternalism) and coevolution, through which authors interrogate the possibilities of imagining new forms of existence alongside technology.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Saksena Priyasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the legal construction of British paramountcy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by analysing the implications of the extensive treaty-making between the East India Company and South Asian rulers. Although the Company declared itself to be the ‘paramount power’ in South Asia, this claim was met with deep unease within the British state, which remained wary of the extent of power exercised by a private corporation and repeatedly attempted to regulate the Company’s activities. Assertions of British paramountcy also ran up against the recognition of the princes as sovereign rulers by English courts and the jurisdictional claims of the states themselves. Focusing on two key controversies—over whether British subjects could be extradited for trial in the princely states of Pudukkottai and Hyderabad and over the situations in which Company authorities could intervene in the internal affairs of states such as Bharatpur and Awadh—this chapter argues that interactions between the Company and the princely states took place within the context of intense competition for the exercise of sovereign power. In this atmosphere, arguments favouring extensive British imperial authority on account of the alleged superiority of European civilization co-existed with assertions of the binding nature of treaties with South Asian rulers.
Jousting Over Jurisdiction
Authors: Saksena Priyasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines constructions of sovereignty by the British government and the princely states in the aftermath of the 1857 rebellion. Although late nineteenth-century international lawyers limited the applicability of international law to civilized European states, colonial officials in South Asia blamed the civilizing mission for the uprising and built a mode of governance that capitalized on relationships with local rulers. This chapter outlines how this governance structure was facilitated by Henry Maine’s definition of sovereignty as divisible and a question of fact. British political officials relied on divisible sovereignty to build a system of precedent through which decisions made by the British government in relation to one state were made applicable to all states. The divisibility of sovereignty enabled the British to entrench their supremacy by claiming that the states were both subject to British paramountcy and allies in the imperial project. In two jurisdictional disputes—the attempts by Travancore and Baroda to exercise criminal jurisdiction over European British subjects in the state and over telegraph lines traversing state territory respectively—the princes and their advisors advocated a different version of sovereignty. They claimed that sovereignty was absolute, exclusive, and territorial to argue that the princely state was the sole sovereign authority within its territory. They used this conceptualization of sovereignty to defend the existence of the states against the increasingly intrusive nature of British colonialism and to forge centralized bureaucracies to curb the power of local aristocrats who undercut the authority of the princes within their states.
The Controversy Over Divisible Sovereignty
Authors: Saksena Priyasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts how British and princely officials used the common vocabulary of divisible sovereignty to construct different political projects in interwar South Asia. British political officers justified the division of sovereign rights based on imperial interests to buttress a laissez-faire attitude towards the states that was necessitated by the need to procure princely support in response to the pressures of anticolonial nationalism. This definition of sovereignty furnished a renewed legal basis for the British to claim the authority to intervene in the internal affairs of the states without being bound by precedent, thereby increasing princely protests about British arbitrariness. Since the princes also faced criticism by anticolonial nationalists, they sought to use their relationship with the British as a defence mechanism. Rulers and princely advisors defined sovereignty as divisible but focused on state consent as the basis to divide sovereign powers. Envisaging sovereignty as divisible enabled the states to claim a semi-international status, in terms of which they asserted a direct relationship with the British Crown through the viceroy while being bound to British India through economic and infrastructural links. They also hoped that the focus on state consent would limit arbitrary British interference into state affairs. The key clash of these two versions of divisible sovereignty came before the Indian States Committee, which was appointed in 1927 to investigate the relationship between the states and the British government, and which ultimately delivered a report favouring the colonial conception of sovereignty as being divided based on imperial interests.
An Introduction to Polycentric Governing
Authors: Gadinger Frank , Scholte Jan Aart 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The opening chapter sets out the overall motivation, context, concepts, and outline of the book. As its motivation, the volume pursues a question both compact in its formulation and sweeping in its implications: namely, how are we being governed today? The chapter notes that this question has over recent decades attracted much creative thought across disciplines and perspectives. However, the various approaches have rarely come into a cross-fertilizing conversation with one another. This book aims to effect such a dialogue around the umbrella notion of polycentrism. We contextualize this concept from its origins in the 1950s to current global governance research. The chapter then distinguishes four broad ways to theorize polycentric governing: institutional, legal, relational, and structural. This fourfold categorization also informs the four-part organization of the book. We suggest to systematize the book’s examinations of the various theories around the themes of techniques, power, and legitimacy. These three issues raise some of today’s most interesting research challenges and provide a useful framework for identifying distinct promises and limitations of each perspective. The introduction ends with a reflection on the book’s methodology of an extended interdisciplinary conversation among its authors around the core idea of polycentrism.
Polycentric Governing and Polycentric Governance
Authors: Thiel Andreas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Existing literature has tended to define polycentric governance in the sense developed by the Bloomington School of Political Economy. In contrast, this chapter promotes polycentricity as a lens for analysing governance from an institutionalist perspective. Such an approach can be applied locally (e.g. to metropolitan, water, and landscape governance) as well as globally (e.g. to transnational value chains, marine, or migration governance). Under different names numerous analytical approaches that share the working assumptions of New Institutional Economics work on this basis. The lens of polycentric governance allows one to bring together multiple actors engaged in the provision and consumption of collective goods. The approach analyses the interplay of multiple interdependent but autonomous individual and collective, public, private, and civil society actors operating on and across different scales. Research on polycentric governance wonders to what extent ‘order’ or ‘coherence’ emerges out of these multi-actor multi-scalar dynamics and how this mode of organization fares in terms of other performance criteria such as accountability, effectiveness, equity, and sustainability. ‘Techniques’ from the perspective of polycentric governance relate to institutional processes. ‘Power’ is in this approach conceptualized as the capacity to shape the institutions of governance. ‘Legitimacy’ is conferred upon polycentric governance by citizens and consumers. As a major weakness, this approach has little eye for un-institutionalized politics.
Transnational Governance
Authors: Quack Sigrid 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces transnational governance as a cross-disciplinary institutionalist perspective that highlights the multiplicity of private, civil society and public actors involved in governing, as well as the blurred boundaries between local, national, regional, and worldwide scales of governing collective global problems. The chapter argues that, at a time of gridlock and crisis in multilateral governance, transnational governance offers an innovative and productive alternative approach. The perspective provides a conceptual framework for the study of global cooperation as emerging from multiple joined-up pathways rather than from an a priori universal approach. The approach also enables an encompassing analysis of recursive interactions between overlapping, competing, or complementary parts of governance arrangements. Particularly with respect to standard-setting and governance by indicators, the analysis of transnational governance enriches our understanding of contemporary instruments or techniques through which power operates in dispersed and distributed ways. The approach also highlights how transnational communities, movements, and activist networks form around the use of such governance modes and how these actors support and resist this regulation. While international regime complexity theory takes the legitimacy of state-delegated authority largely for granted, the transnational governance perspective considers legitimacy as contested and needing to be constituted on a recurrent basis. This process presents both a challenge and a force of innovation in the development of transnational governance.
Transnational Legal Realism
Authors: Liste Philip 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Law plays a critical role in the making and perpetuation of societal relations, including the distribution of benefits and disadvantages. However, where such power-laden relations transcend jurisdictions, as well as the normative boundaries between the ‘public’ and the ‘private’, it is uncertain what bodies of law are to be applied, by whom, and in what institutional framework. Legal realism traditionally stresses the ‘indeterminacy’ of law: legal decisions on concrete cases cannot just be deduced from certain legal norms. In practice the ‘law in the books’ is interpreted in a societal context characterized by power asymmetries, ideology, various modes of epistemic violence, and an uneven distribution of knowledge. While the indeterminacy of law facilitates external contamination, legal formalism collaborates in this process by lending an aura of neutral and rational practice and, in doing so, renders the ‘political’ moment of law invisible. The ‘law in action’ is not innocent. However, what applies for law within the normative confines of the nation-state, also holds true—if it is not reinforced—for transnational law practised under complex circumstances of inter-legality and polycentrism. From a legal realist perspective, transnational law is a critical technique of power and, at the same time, of making practices of governing legitimate, though against the background of seemingly self-perpetuating transnational inequalities and asymmetrical power relations. Transnational legal realism thus offers an analytical lens that makes visible the workings of power within polycentric law.
Fields, Trajectories, and Symbolic Power
Authors: Gadinger Frank 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology can address challenges in research of polycentric governing, such as the blurring of geographical scales, the ambiguous relationship between private and public sectors, and the fluid constructions of authority. Bourdieu’s practice-oriented approach is analytically promising in methodological and conceptual terms. By taking practices as a main methodological entry-point, his account allows researchers to use everyday activities of governing—such as negotiating, mandating a group of experts, and defining benchmarks—as a key to understand social order and change. Regarding concepts, Bourdieu’s vocabulary, particularly his notion of field, provides useful tools to study governing from a relational point of view, which overcomes explanations stuck in an agent-structure dichotomy. Following Bourdieu, a description of emerging trans-scalar and trans-sectoral fields—e.g. of security, human rights, and finance—focuses on knowledge structures, power relations, and practices of in- and exclusion, always in their particular trajectories and histories. Bourdieu’s account addresses power relations comprehensively, allowing for the study of different facets of power that are at work simultaneously. In Bourdieu’s vocabulary, power, legitimacy, and techniques are interrelated, with power as the driving forces that constitutes the means for a wider analysis of domination in distinct fields. However, this strong emphasis on symbolic power and domination implies that the normative dimension of practices and opportunities of reflexivity and critical agency are downplayed. The chapter illustrates these points empirically with reference to different Bourdieu-oriented research examples around security, trade, and health.
Conclusion
Authors: Gadinger Frank , Scholte Jan Aart 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws together general findings from the preceding chapters on ‘how governing works today’. We reflect on the benefits of our fourfold classification of theories of contemporary governing and their accounts of techniques, power, and legitimacy: how this analytical framework fosters revealing comparisons, constructive exchanges, and the further development of the various approaches. We also pause to consider possible limitations, including neglect of history and unconscious Euro-centrism, as several chapters in the book have highlighted. Moving beyond theory, the concluding chapter considers broader insights from the book’s interdisciplinary and cross-paradigm conversation regarding political practice, including in particular democratic accountability and the possibilities of resistance. We finish with suggestions for further research that can build on the agenda developed in this volume.
International Law and Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to wrestle with a mistake from humanity’s collective past that is currently impacting our precious marine environment. Following the two world wars of the twentieth century, governments decided to dispose of unwanted chemical weapons into the Ocean of the world. As the issue of sea-dumped chemical weapons is quintessentially transboundary in nature, we will all have to deal with the adverse effects of those chemical weapons on our fragile planetary ecosystem. The book contains a systematic conceptual analysis of the international legal frameworks governing the remediation of sea-dumped chemical weapons. Where deficiencies are found in the law, legal solutions are offered. In addition, practical approaches to the problem are explored. But it is difficult to pursue any solution in the absence of a holistic awareness—and acceptance—of how our past actions have damaged our ecosystem or in the absence of the will to urgently do something about it. It is high time for us to come to grips with the environmental legacy of past dumping of chemical weapons into the Ocean. The intention of the present book is to identify and analyse the problem, offer guidance, and provide hope to both ourselves and succeeding generations so that we can tackle and solve the problem of sea-dumped chemical weapons and restore the balance of the ecosystem that we share with the other creatures of the planet.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Its Potential Applicability to Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons, and Its Conceptual Legal Relationship to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
An examination of the law of the sea is essential to understanding the past and present legal frameworks that apply to sea-dumped chemical weapons. UNCLOS is a significant source of relevant rules of international law in the relation of the legal obligations of states parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention—especially in relation to UNCLOS’s provisions that are dedicated to preserving and protecting the marine environment. There are a number of inconsistencies both within the Chemical Weapons Convention and when that Convention is compared to UNCLOS. These four areas of inconsistency are as follows: the dissonance of the Chemical Weapons Convention’s pre-1985 exemption for sea-dumped chemical weapons with the marine protection provisions of UNCLOS, the dissonance of the exemption with the progression of international environmental law, the dissonance caused by the exemption as an impermissible inter se agreement subsequent to UNCLOS, and the dissonance within the text of the exemption itself. There is a distinct lacuna in the legislative history of the Chemical Weapons Convention with respect to the origin of the pre-1985 exemption for sea-dumped chemical weapons, which appears to have been added late in the negotiation process, with no recorded discussion among the states that could otherwise have shed light upon what states intended when they included this environmentally deleterious exemption into an otherwise environmentally robust treaty.
The Applicability of Other Legal Instruments to the Remediation of Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
There are other legal instruments that apply (or not) to the remediation of sea-dumped chemical weapons. The London Convention and Protocol do not expressly require state action to remedy environmental damage from past dumping, although they, like UNCLOS, can be interpreted to obligate such cleanup. The Basel Convention regulates the movement and transport of chemical weapons, but does not require states to clean up the environmental damage that is currently being caused by chemical weapons that were dumped in the past. There is potential for regional seas conventions to serve as leges speciales to the environmental protection legal regimes of UNCLOS in relation to sea-dumped chemical weapons. Many of these regional schemes consist of more robust marine protection provisions that could obligate states to undertake positive remediation measures.
A Time in Place, a Place in Time
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Provides a historiographical framework for the study of the early modern English rural community and argues that the spatiality of social relations has been neglected in previous studies of social and economic differentiation; describes the unique body of source material which survives for the analysis of the Warwickshire parish of Chilvers Coton, and briefly summarizes its geographical, topographical, demographic, occupational, and jurisdictional characteristics; explains the methodological approach of spatially sensitive nominal record linkage and justifies the selection of the thirteen households which form the basis of the study; explains that this reconstruction captures a specific rural community at a particularly important moment in its historical development but argues that the experience of Chilvers Coton was only one membrane on a broader map of social and economic transformation; notes that the project has a literary afterlife in that George Eliot was born in Chilvers Coton in 1819 and that much of her fiction is anchored in this part of the Warwickshire landscape. Above all, the chapter justifies the micro-historical approach to the experience of social and change.
The Alehouse in the Bull Ring
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of the victualler Frances Rason, the widowed owner of the village’s only alehouse; emphasizes the long history of brewing and hospitality in this particular building and discusses her working relationship with her late husband and father-in-law who had been licensed to sell ale on the premises since the 1640s; stresses the significance of this particular site of sociability and exchange, not least because the village had no shop; identifies the likely client-base of the alehouse and uses the extant probate inventory to reconstruct the use of space, the disposition of material goods, and the exercise of hospitality within the building; reconstructs the relationship between the landlady and her only maidservant, and closes with Rason’s death in 1685 and the subsequent sale of the alehouse property.