bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Response in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Reduced Antibody Response to the Matrix Protein of Measles Virus
Authors: Wechsler Steven L. , Weiner Howard L. , Fields Bernard N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune precipitation was used to study the humoral immune response of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Patients with SSPE have a progressive infection of the CNS by measles or a measles variant despite high serum antibody levels to measles virus as measured by standard serologic techniques. However, when the antibody response to individual measles virus proteins was measured, we found a striking reduction in the ability of sera from patients with SSPE to precipitate the matrix (M) protein as compared to the precipitation of the M protein by sera from normal adults who had natural measles infection in childhood, or by convalescent sera obtained 3 to 5 weeks after a naturally occurring measles infection. The decreased antibody response to the M protein in sera from patients with SSPE occurred despite a vigorous antibody response to the other viral proteins, suggesting a selective defect in the production of antibody to a single viral protein. The reduced anti-M antibody in sera from patients with SSPE was demonstrated whether immune precipitation was performed with wild-type measles virus or SSPE virus proteins. These results suggest that in SSPE only small amounts of the M protein are produced. This results may help explain how measles virus persists in the central nervous system of patients with SSPE.
Manifestations of Cellular Immunity in the Rat After Prolonged Asbestos Inhalation
Authors: Miller Klara , Weintraub Zeona , Kagan Elliot 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of recent studies have suggested that the aleolar macrophage plays a crucial role in the development of asbestosis. In the current study the possible alterations of the cell-mediated immunologic mechanisms by asbestos-exposed macrophages were examined. Two inbred rat strains (BD-IX and AGUS) were exposed to UICC crocidolite asbestos by inhalation for extended periods. Alveolar macrophages and nylon column-purified T cell-enriched splenic lymphocytes were co-cultured (in both syngeneic and allogeneic situations) for 1 or 22 hr in vitro. Parallel studies were also performed on cell populations from control (nondusted) rats. After 1-hr culture significantly greater numbers of either syngeneic or allogeneic lymphocytes clustered around macrophages from dusted rats compared with control rats. After 22 hr culture. Sustained lymphocyte binding was observed only with co-cultures containing syngeneic lymphocytes and macrophages from dusted rats. A considerable number of allogeneic lymphocytes or lymphocytes from control rats were still attached to the dusted macrophages after 22 hr, however, and a similar effect could be produced by pretreatment of control macrophages with NaIO4.
Sequential treatment of control macrophages with periodate and L-cysteine reduced the number of bound lymphocytes to those bound to untreated control macrophages. Pretreatment of the dusted macrophages with L-cysteine produced a sharp decline in the number of control lymphocytes or allogeneic dusted lymphocytes bound to the treated macrophage after 22 hr. Sustained lymphocyte-macrophage binding in co-cultures containing syngeneic lymphocytes and macrophages from dusted rats was not abolished by L-cysteine.
Thus, two different mechanisms could explain the prolonged binding of dusted alveolar macrophages with T lymphocytes. One mechanism observed in co-cultures of dusted macrophages with control lymphocytes or allogeneic dusted lymphocytes was analogous to that produced by treatment of control macrophages with NaIO4, and could be abolished by L-cysteine. It is postulated that asbestos exposure may produce an effect on the alveolar macrophage membrane similar to peroxidation. Another mechanism was demonstrated in co-cultures of syngeneic dusted macrophages and dusted lymphocytes where the sustained clustering observed after 22 hr was not abolished by L-cysteine. This finding is consistent with a specific immune recognition of an asbestos-related macrophage-associated antigen. Both these alterations would be due to the inhalation of crocidolite asbestos over a prolonged period.
Murine Cell Surface Immunoglobulin: Two Forms of δ-Heavy Chain
Authors: Mescher Matthew F. , Pollock Roberta R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The heavy chain of isolated murine cell surface IgD is present in two forms, separable by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gels. Both forms of δ-heavy chain are present on the surface of intact spleen cells and have apparent m.w. of approximately 70,000 (δ1) and 68,000 (δ2). Treatment of surface IgD with neuraminidase before isolation results in a single IgD heavy chain band on SDS gels having an apparent m.w. of 65,000, indicating that δ1 and δ2 differ in sialic acid content. Delta2 is removed from the cell surface by papain more readily than δ1, suggesting a possible functional significance for the two forms.
Binding Constants of NZB Myeloma Antidextrans for Dextrans and Isomaltose Oligosaccharides Determined by Affinity Electrophoresis
Authors: Sugii Shunji , Takeo Kazusuke , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Association constants of dextrans (Ka) and oligosaccharides (Kia) from NZB myeloma antidextrans (PC3858 and PC3936) were studied by affinity electrophoresis. With linear dextrans or with those with a low degree of branching, Ka ranged from 2.7 × 103 to 5.4 × 104 ml/g for PC3858 and from 1.3 × 104 to 2.6 × 105 ml/g for PC3936. Completely linear α-(1 → 6)-linked dextrans, LD7 and D3, showed relatively high affinities for the two NZB antidextrans. With oligosaccharides, the Kia value increased as the number of α-(1 → 6)-linked glycosyl residues increased. Isomaltoheptaose (IM7) showed the highest Kia (1.9 × 104 M-1 for PC3858 and 1.63 × 104 M-1 for PC3936), whereas isomaltose (IM2) had the lowest Kia (2.36 × 102 M-1 for PC3858 and 1.32 × 102 M-1 for PC3936). Pullulan and glycogen showed very weak affinity for PC3936, but they did not react at all with PC3858. These findings indicate that NZB myeloma antidextrans, PC3858 and PC3936, are specific for internal chains of α-(1 → 6)-linked dextrans. Data on the precision with which Ka and Kia can be determined are presented.
The Pathogenesis of Sindbis Virus Infection in Athymic Nude Mice
Authors: Hirsch Robert L. , Griffin Diane E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pathogenesis of avirulent Sindbis virus infection was studied in normal and athymic nude mice. Marked differences in the immune response to infection were observed in nude and normal animals. In contrast to the intense mononuclear inflammatory cell response seen in the brains of normal mice 5 to 7 days after intracerebral injection of Sindbis virus, minimal inflammatory changes were observed in nude mouse brains. In addition, only IgM anti-Sindbis virus antibody was detected in nude mice whereas normal animals produced IgG as well. Despite these differences, the clinical outcome of the infection and the clearance of virus from the CNS was the same in both groups of mice. After footpad inoculation of virus, the lymphoproliferative responses of popliteal lymph node cells (LNC) from nude mice to Sindbis virus were meager or absent whereas normal LNC responded well (stimulation index = 38, 6 days after infection). Differences in the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response to Sindbis virus were also observed. Although Ab production was not different through day 6, normal animals possessed 10-fold more anti-viral antibody 10 days after inoculation. It is concluded from these studies that mature T cells do not play a role in the clearance of Sindbis virus from the CNS of mice and that the early Ab response (IgM) and/or nonspecific defense mechanisms may be of greater importance in recovery from acute viral encephalitis.
20α Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (20αSDH) Activity in New Zealand Mice T Lymphocytes and Bone Marrow Cells: Effect of Age, Sex, and Castration
Authors: Fuks Alejandro S. , Weinstein Yacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The activity of 20α hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20αSDH), a T lymphocyte-associated enzyme, was measured in fetal liver, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow cells from NZB, NZW, and (NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) mice. There was an age-dependent increase of 20αSDH activity in bone marrow cells, and a decrease in thymocytes and splenic T lymphocytes. Treatment with anti-θ and complement did not reduce the 20αSDH activity of bone marrow and fetal liver cells, but reduced the activity of spleen cells. PHA stimulates both 20αSDH activity and thymidine incorporation in splenic, bone marrow, and fetal liver lymphocytes. The results suggest that the enzyme in the bone marrow and fetal liver is located in pre-T lymphocytes. Enzymatic activity in bone marrow cells taken from female B/W mice (older than 7 months) was 40 to 50% lower than in male mice. Orchidectomy, but not ovariectomy, caused a significant decrease in thymocyte 20αSDH activity. Orchidectomy depressed and ovariectomy enhanced 20αSDH activity of bone marrow cells. The 20αSDH activity of fetal liver cells from B/W mice was twice as high as in either parent strain. No 20αSDH activity was found in fetal liver cells taken from BALB/C SJL or C57BL/6 mice.
A model is proposed to explain the age- and sex-related changes in 20αSDH activity of pre-T and T lymphocytes in healthy and pathologic conditions.
Activation of Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Haynes Barton F. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study defines and characterizes multiple subpopulations of immunoregulatory human peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells of in vitro immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. The in vitro pokeweed mitogen-induced (PWM) anti-sheep red blood cell (anti-SRBC) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response and intracytoplasmic (ICP) Ig formation varied among normal subjects studied. On the basis of PFC responses, normal individuals can be divided into responders (&gt;75 PFC/106 mononuclear cells) and nonresponders (&lt;25 PFC/106 mononuclear cells). Furthermore, PB lymphocytes from PFC nonresponders also had decreased responses with regard to PWM-induced ICP Ig.
Irradiated and nonirradiated unfractionated (total) T cells from responders both provided a net helper effect for PFC induction and ICP Ig production when co-cultured with allogeneic B cell-enriched suspensions. Within the total T cell population from responder individuals, T cells with an Fc receptor (R) for IgG (TG cells) suppressed PFC responses, whereas corresponding TG-depleted T cells obtained after overnight incubation did not suppress PFC responses. In addition, the total non-T cell fraction from responders suppressed B cell function in allogeneic and autologous co-cultures. However, this responder non-T cell-mediated suppression of Ig synthesis was radioresistant and was abrogated by removal of adherent cells.
In contrast, nonirradiated total T cells from nonresponders did suppress PFC induction and ICP Ig production by allogeneic B cell-enriched suspensions. However, similar to responder individuals, irradiated total T cells from nonresponders not only did not suppress, but provided maximal T cell helper effect for PFC induction and ICP Ig production by allogeneic B cells. Furthermore, similar to responders, total non-T cell (E-rosette negative) fractions from nonresponders suppressed PFC responses in allogeneic co-cultures. However, this suppression was not abrogated by removal of adherent cells. The nonadherent suppressor cells in the E-rosette positive and E-rosette negative fraction from nonresponders bore an FcR for IgG. The primary difference between immunoregulatory cells found in responder and nonresponder subjects was the presence in nonresponders of E-rosette positive and E-rosette negative IgG FcR+ suppressor lymphocytes that did not require exposure to 7SEA to suppress.
Thus, the functional capabilities of immunoregulatory cell populations differ greatly among normal individuals and relate primarily to immunoregulatory control of Ig synthesis at the T cell level. These studies illustrate the complexities of human immunoregulatory cell functions as expressed in in vitro cultures and illustrate that many of the in vitro immunoregulatory abnormalities associated with disease states can be demonstrated under certain conditions in mononuclear cell suspensions from normal subjects.
Immunity to the T1699 Murine Mammary Tumor
Authors: Parthenais Elaine , Haskill Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of T cell depletion on anti-tumor effector mechanisms were investigated in ATXBM DBA/2 mice. In the absence of T cell immunity, the intra-tumor infiltrate was reduced as well as modified, the inflammatory response being more typical of an immediate than of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Monocytic “armed” and small ADCC effector cells were found inside the tumors of ATXBM mice but large phagocytic ADCC effector cells were absent. Accelerated tumor growth and reduced survival time were observed in the ATXBM hosts and 79% of these animals had overt signs of tumor growth at secondary metastatic sites. Invasion from the primary subcutaneous site through the peritoneal wall and seeding of the peritoneal cavity were also seen in these mice. On the other hand, CXBM tumor bearers were free of macroscopic metastases and had normal levels of in situ inflammatory cells. Lethal irradiation and bone marrow repopulation per se had little or no effect on tumor growth rate and survival time of the tumor bearers. The role of thymus-independent immediate hypersensitivity to the T1699 and of thymus-dependent delayed hypersensitivity and ADCC antibody on the intra-tumor localization of inflammatory cells and the control of tumor growth at primary and secondary sites are discussed.
Inhibition of Influenza-Immune T Cell Effector Function by Virus-Specific Hybridoma Antibody
Authors: Effros Rita B. , Frankel Mark E. , Gerhard Walter , Doherty Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro activity of influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells can be inhibited by incubation of the target cells with monoclonal anti-influenza antibodies. Hybridoma antibodies that bind to the virus HA inhibit the cytotoxic activity of TDL for the virus-infected target by as much as 80%, whereas these same antibodies never reduce splenic T cell function by more than 40%. This reflects the fact that TDL from anti-influenza strain A/WSN/33 (HON1) are highly subtype-specific, whereas splenic effector cells from the same mice are cross-reactive for target cells infected with heterologous influenza A viruses. These findings are discussed in the light of previous failures to block virus-immune T cell effector function with heterogeneous antisera produced in vivo, and are considered to favor the idea that at least some of the “virus-immune” T cells are indeed recognizing viral antigens.
Passive Enhancement of Mouse Tumor Allografts by Alloantibodies Is Fc-Dependent
Authors: de Waal Robert M. W. , Cornelissen Ine M. H. A. , Capel Peter J. A. , Koene Robert A. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Enhancement of growth of a B10.D2 fibrosarcoma in B6AF1 recipients could be induced by administration of B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 lymphocyte serum. The role of the Fc part in this phenomenon was studied by treatment of the B6AF1 recipients with F(ab′)2 fragments of enhancing alloantibodies. A highly purified F(ab′)2 preparation was used to exclude any effects of undigested IgG. Administration of F(ab′)2 did not lead to enhancement of the tumor allografts, not even when given in a dose that was 22 times the molar amount of the lowest enhancing dose of undigested IgG. We therefore conclude that passive enhancement of mouse tumor allografts by alloantibodies is Fc dependent.
In Vitro Antibody Response to Influenza Virus
Authors: Anders E. Margot , Peppard Prudence M. , Burns William H. , White David O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A good secondary IgG response to the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been obtained in vitro in Marbrook-type cultures of influenza-primed mouse spleen cell suspensions stimulated with inactivated influenza virus. Anti-HA antibody was quantitated by a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) by using purified HA as substrate. The T dependence of this secondary response was shown by depletion of T cells and reconstitution with a source of primed or unprimed T cells. The help given by T cells primed to the homologous virus was many times greater than that given by unprimed T cells. Although the latter was significant. The system described will allow investigation of the specificity requirements of helper T cells engaged in the anti-HA response.
Evidence for an Ester Linkage between the Labile Binding Site of C3b and Receptive Surfaces
Authors: Law S. K. , Lichtenberg N. A. , Levine R. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The labile binding site of C3b interacts with receptive surfaces by way of a covalent bond. We report here experiments directed toward elucidating the nature of the linkage. 125I-C3b was bound to zymosan (Z) carrying C3-convertase activity on its surface. The resulting zymosan-C3b particles (Z-C3b) were washed free of noncovalently bound proteins with 1% SDS. The Z-C3b particles were incubated at different pH's, and it was found that C3b can be released under alkaline conditions but not acidic conditions. Release of C3b can also be observed at alkaline pH in the presence of 1 M hydroxylamine. The kinetics of the release of C3b from Z were studied at pH 7.5 in 1 M hydroxylamine and at pH 10 in 0.1 M NaHCO3. The second order rate constants for the release of C3b from Z were found to be 0.0026 ± 0.003 M-1 min-1 in hydroxylamine at neutral pH, and 37 ± 3 M-1 min-1 at pH 10. These values are comparable to the rate constants for the hydroxylaminolysis and hydrolysis of compounds containing esters such as benzoyl glycine ethyl ester, acetylcholine, and N,O-diacetylserinamide. They are significantly different, however, from the values obtained for the hydroxylaminolysis and hydrolysis of compounds containing thioesters, tyrosyl esters, and acylimidazole. The results of these experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that the bond between C3b and receptive surfaces is an ester. Further evidence for an ester linkage between C3b and receptive surfaces was obtained by analyzing the products of the release of C3d from zymosan by hydroxylamine. If the bond is indeed an ester, the release of C3d from Z with hydroxylamine will yield an hydroxamate that either associates with C3d or with Z. We were able to detect 0.66 ± 0.12 moles of hydroxamate per mole of C3d peptide, suggesting that the bond between C3b and receptive surfaces (RS) takes the form of RS-O-CO-C3b.
Modulation of Granulomantous Hypersensitivity
Authors: Chensue Stephen W. , Boros Dov L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular basis of the spontaneous modulation of the granulomatous response to schistosome eggs was analyzed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Spleen cells of 20 or 32 week-infected mice undergoing modulation, when transferred to 6 week-infected recipients, suppressed the maximal granulomatous response at 8 weeks. Suppression of both naturally forming asynchronous liver and synchronously induced lung lesions was achieved. Specificity of this effect was demonstrated by the suppression of egg granulomas but not antigen-coated bead granulomas developing simultaneously in the lungs of cell recipients. Further characterization showed that suppression was abrogated by pretreating transferred cells with either anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Iak alloantisera and C. Transfer of macrophage-depleted or fractionated T and B spleen cells confirmed that T cells alone transferred suppression. Moreover, an Ia antigen-bearing (Ia+) subpopulation of T cells was required in the transferred population. An examination of T cells obtained from isolated, dispersed lung granulomas from control and adoptively suppressed mice revealed an increased proportion of Ia+ cells in the latter. It is suggested that Ia+ T cells may be involved in the local modulation of the granulomatous response.
Identification of Two HBeAg Subspecificities Revealed by Chemical Treatment and Enzymatic Digestion of Liver-Derived HBcAg
Authors: Budkowska Agata , Kalinowska Bozenna , Nowosławski Adam 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complete hepatitis B virus (HBV)2 is now believed to be the 43-nm Dane particle composed of a 27-nm core (HBcAg) and an antigenically different coat (HBsAg). The core particle represents the nucleocapsid of HBV and contains a double stranded circular DNA molecule and DNA polymerase. HBeAg is considered to be the third HBV-specified antigen representing a complex of soluble proteins having a common reactivity toward sera containing anti-HBe in immunodiffusion tests. The diversity of the HBeAg system has been well documented by immunodiffusion: there appear to be at least three different reactivities: HBeAg/1, HBeAg/2, and HBeAg/3.
A number of studies have demonstrated that the presence of HBeAg correlates well with that of Dane particles in serum and of HBeAg in liver cell nuclei. These correlations have recently been explained by demonstrating the presence of HBeAg in a cryptic form in core particles from serum (1) and liver (2).
Alloantigen-Activated CML Suppression Independent of Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Orosz Charles G. , Bach Fritz H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The generation of T cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in murine mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) can be impeded if allogeneic responding and stimulating cells are incubated in the presence of lymphocytes that have been activated by prior exposure to alloantigens (1–6). The mechanism by which alloantigen-activated cells reduce levels of cytotoxic activity generated in fresh MLC remains to be determined. Several independent investigators have suggested that CML-suppressive cells are actually alloantigen-activated cytotoxic T cells (2, 4). These cells would diminish normal CML responses by eliminating MLC stimulator cells and, thus, the cell-borne signals required for CML generation. Other investigators, attempting to rule out this possibility, have relied on indirect arguments to support their contention (3, 6, 7). We herein report the generation and detection of potent CML suppressive activity under conditions in which cytotoxicity has been eliminated as a possible mechanism of suppression.
Materials and Methods. Mice.
Antibody-Mediated Immunosuppression of a Cytotoxic Cell Response Not Involving a Simple Antigen-Masking Mechanism
Authors: Sinclair N. R. StC. , Law F. Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro cytotoxic cell response against alloantigens was inhibited by antibody directed against the alloantigens and also by anti-trinitrophenyl antibody provided that the allogeneic stimulator cells were modified with trinitrophenyl. Inhibition of an anti-allogeneic cytotoxic cell response against trinitrophenyl-coupled allogeneic stimulator cells by anti-trinitrophenyl antibody is dependent upon the intact Fc portion of inhibitory antibody. The magnitude of the difference between intact and F(ab′)2 anti-trinitrophenyl antibody in immunosuppressive activity suggests that the Fc portion emits negative signals rather than simply adding to a steric hindrance effect.