bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of filters on the accommodation and colour discrimination
Authors: Dominguez‐Vicent Alberto , Venkataraman Abinaya 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the effect of coloured filters on the accommodative response and colour discrimination in young subjects.Methods: Two long pass filters (LED light reduction and 511 nm filter), two selective absorption filters (ML41 and emerald filter), and no filter condition were evaluated. The photorefractor PowerRef3 (PlusOptix) was used to measure the objective refraction at 3 different distances (40, 100, and 400 cm). The measurement obtained at 400 cm was used as a reference to calculate the accommodative response. The fixation target consisted of five letter length words (size corresponding to 6/12 Snellen) that were presented in black font over white background. Words changed with a frequency of 2 Hz according to the rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The Cambridge Colour Test (Metropsis) was used to measure the discrimination threshold in a 10‐vector ellipse at a 3 m viewing distance. The measurement was repeated twice, and it was performed monocularly. In total, 20 healthy volunteers with no accommodation problems or colour blindness were included.Results: On average, the accommodative response with no filter condition was larger compared to the measurements with filters for 40 and 100 cm. The differences were in all cases lower than 0.25D, and differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). For the colour discrimination thresholds, the ML41 and 511 filters showed statistically significant different values compared to the other two conditions for most of the vectors. The filter 511 had the highest impact on the colour vision, as the results resemble to a Tritan defect.Conclusions: The accommodative response in healthy young adults was not significantly different than the no filter condition. The colour discrimination thresholds with the filter ML41 and 511 were significantly different compared to the no filter condition.
Morphological comparison of the microglial cell population between organotypic retinal cultures and axotomised retinas in vivo
Authors: Riquelme María Josefa González , Lucas‐Ruiz Fernando , Galindo‐Romero Caridad , Boia Raquel , Ambrósio António Francisco , Vidal‐Sanz Manuel , Santiago Ana Raquel , Agudo‐Barriuso Marta 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: Retinal organotypic cultures (ROCs) have been used since the early 1930s as in vivo surrogates to study retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and neuroprotection. In this work we purposed to analyse and compare the morphological changes of microglial cells (MCs) along time in ROCs and axotomised retinas.Methods: C57/Bl6 mice were used. For the in vitro model, retinas were dissected and cultured in supplemented medium. In the in vivo model, the left optic nerve (ONC) was crushed. In both models, retinas were analysed at 24‐h intervals for up to 7 days. MCs were then immunodetected with anti‐Iba1 antibody and then photographed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the retina using a confocal microscope. Finally, their morphology was quantitatively analysed using the free Image J Fiji software.Results: After ONC, the number of MC processes decreased significantly from day 1 to 7 compared to intact retinas. Similarly, we observed a significant decrease in the number of processes of in vitro MCs, which was significantly greater than after axotomy in vivo The total length of the processes decreased in both models up to 7 days. When studying the size of the MCs, it was observed that from 1 to 7 days MCs were bigger in vitro than in vitro and in both models than in intact retinas.Conclusions: The morphology of MCs differs in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a differential activation.
Intravitreal panitumumab for prevention of myopic axial elongation in highly myopic adult eyes with myopic macular degeneration: Phase 1 study on safety
Authors: Jonas Jost , Gyulli M. , Holz Frank , Panda‐Jonas Songhomitra , Leisan Gilemzyanova , Khakimov Dinar Dinar A. , Mukharram Bikbov 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: Recent histomorphometric and clinical studies suggested that axial myopic elongation occurs through an enlargement of Bruch's membrane (BM) in the retroequatorial and equatorial region, leading to a thinning of choroid and sclera at the posterior pole. Thickness of the retina and choriocapillaris and RPE‐density in the macular region and BM thickness in any region remain independent of axial length. The equatorial‐to‐retroequatorial BM enlargement may be caused by an epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐associated RPE activity. Experimental studies in guinea pigs and monkeys showed a reduction in axial elongation by intravitreally applied blockers of EGF family members and the EGF receptor, and an increase in axial elongation by intravitreally applied EGF family members. In a clinical study, the intraocular EGF amount correlated with longer axial length. It led to the hypothesis, that ocular axial elongation is associated with EGF, and that further axial elongation may be prevented by an EGF blockade. We examined here the safety of intravitreally applied panitumumab, an EGF receptor blocker, already in clinical systemic use in oncology for two decades.Methods: The phase‐1 study included highly myopic adult patients with myopic macular degeneration. The eyes received one to two intravitreal injections of 0.6 mg (60 μl), 1.2 mg (120 μl) or 1.8 mg (180 μl) panitumumab.Results: The study included 10 patients (age 57–72 years, axial length: 29.10 mm–32.67 mm). Examined at day 1, 7, and 28 and at 2 and 3 months after the injections, the injected eyes did not show any intraocular inflammation or morphologic or functional changes, assessed by retinal electroretinography, perimetry, optical coherence tomography, tonometry and visual acuity measurement.Conclusions: The preliminary observations of these 10 patients are in agreement with a notion of an intraocular tolerability of panitumumab repeatedly injected intravitreally in doses of 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 mg.
Neuroprotective effects of ITH‐IB6 against excitotoxicity‐induced retinal injury
Authors: Di Pierdomenico Johnny , Muñoz María Norte , Ortega Alejandro Gallego , Ruiz María Boluda , Garro Jose Manuel Bernal , Perez Maria Paz Villegas , De los Rios Cristobal , Vidal‐Sanz Manuel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the dose/response curve, therapeutic window, length of treatment and protective effects of ITH‐IB6 on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in a model of NMDA‐induced excitotoxicity.Methods: Adult Sprague Dawley rats received in their left eye an intravitreal injection of 100 mM NMDA and were treated with subcutaneous (sc) injections of vehicle (1% DMSO in saline) or ITH‐IB6 diluted in vehicle. For the dose–response study different concentrations of ITH‐IB6 (1, 3, 10, 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg) were injected for 7 days (d). To determine the therapeutic window, ITH‐IB6 was administered 12 hours (h) before or 1, 12 or 24 h after NMDA injection. To investigate duration of treatment with optimal results, ITH‐IB6 was administered for 1, 2, 3 or 7d after NMDA. Using optimal treatment protocols obtained from the above mentioned studies, ITH‐IB6‐afforded protection was studied in vivo with OCT (before processing each animal) to examine retinal thickness, and ex vivo by quantifying surviving RGCs. Retinas were analysed 7, 14 or 21d after NDMA injection and sc ITH‐IB6.Results: The dose–response study showed significant protection with 10 or 30 mg/kg ITH‐IB6, best protection was obtained when treatment was initiated 12 h before NMDA injection and the length of treatment study documented that sc ITH‐IB6 administration for 3d provided optimal effects. In vivo, significant retinal thickness preservation was observed in ITH‐IB6‐treated when compared to vehicle‐treated rats. Ex vivo results showed that in contrast to saline, ITH‐IB6 afforded significant protection of Brn3a + RGCs at 7, 14 and 21d, respectively, after NDMA injection.Conclusions: sc ITH‐IB6 (30 mg/kg) administered 12 h before NMDA‐induced retinal injury for 3d, protects RGCs against excitotoxicity‐induced RGC death.
Vision loss, third and fourth nerve palsy and non‐responsive midriasis after contralateral retrobulbar anaesthesia
Authors: Artola Ines , Lillo Nuria Ramirez , Morales Manuel , Conesa Eduardo , Moriche Manuel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this communication is to report a case of vision loss, third, and fourth nerve palsy and midriasis after contralateral retrobulbar anaesthesia. Although contralateral vision loss has been reported after locoregional block, very little evidence has been found about contralateral extraocular movement palsy and midriasis. Mechanism is not well known, though it is believed to be a consequence of the accidental subdural/subarachnoid anaesthetic injection.Methods: A case which took place at our hospital was selected. A retrobulbar block was performed by the service of anesthesiology in an 80‐year‐old patient prior to cataract surgery on the right eye. The block consisted of a 5 ml injection of 0.5% levobupicain and 2% lidocain (1:1) in his right eye under monitorization and sterile conditions. 10 min after the injection the patient presented bradycardia, hypotension and decreased consciousness. He was administered 0.6 mg atropine, 3 ephedrine bolus and 8 migr noradrenaline and his constants came back to normality. He was kept in observation in the recovery room. After consciousness recovery he claimed vision loss in the fellow eye.Results: At the exploration we found complete vision loss with no light perception, ptosis, third and fourth nerve palsy and dilated and non‐responsive pupil in the left eye. Funduscopy was unremarkable. He was kept in observation and 45 min later he was reexplored: ptosis, extraocular movements and pupil size improved; 2 h later exploration was completely normal.Conclusions: To conclude, we wanted to remember some of the possible complications of retrobulbar block and the importance of its conscious selection. Above all, we wanted to highlight this infrequent reaction on the fellow eye about which we have found very little evidence.References1. Krilis M, Zeldovich A, Garrick R, Goldberg I. Vision loss and partial third nerve palsy following contralateral peribulbar anaesthesia. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2013;39(1):132–133.2. Antoszyk A, Buckley E. Contralateral Decreased Visual Acuity and Extraocular Muscle Palsies Following Retrobulbar Anaesthesia. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(4):462–465.
The link between anterior scleral thickness, corneal biomechanical response and ocular parameters
Authors: Giménez Neus Burguera , Ajenjo Amparo Díez , Burguera Noemi , Cobija Maria Josefa Luque , Lopez Celeste Briceno , García‐Domene Mª. Carmen , Peris‐Martínez Cristina 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: to assess anterior scleral thickness (AST) across diverse scleral meridians and to evaluate the relationship with corneal biomechanical response and several ocular parameters.Methods: This prospective non‐randomized study comprised 50 eyes of 50 patients (mean age, 29.02 ± 9.48 years). Anterior scleral thickness was measured meridionally at three scleral locations (1‐, 2‐, and 3‐mm posterior to the scleral spur) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography. A multivariate model was created to associate AST with several ocular parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce linearly the dimensionality of seven biomechanical input metrics to two significant components, C1 and C2. Two multivariate analyses were performed to associate C1 and C2 with AST and ocular parameters.Results: AST was thickest in the inferior (581 ± 52 μm) and thinnest in the superior meridian (441 ± 42 μm) when compared to all meridians (p < 0.001), and similar in the nasal (529 ± 53 μm) and temporal (511 ± 59 μm) meridians (p > 0.05). The sclera exhibited the thinnest point 2 mm posterior to the scleral spur (p < 0.001). The AST was significantly linked with axial length, central corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure (p < 0.001). The PCA showed that C1 accounts for 53.84% whereas C2 for the 16.51% of the total variance in the original variables. The C1 model was significantly associated with AST along all meridians (p < 0.001). The partial correlation was moderate in the nasal (r = −0.36, p < 0.001) and inferior (r = −0.26, p = 0.004) meridians whereas weak in the temporal (r = −0.14, p = 0.05) and superior (r = −0.15, p = 0.05) meridians.Conclusions: The relationship between the new biomechanical component and the AST provides the first evidence of the association of AST with the corneal response parameters which should be considered in corneal response interpretation. Tissue thickness varied significantly among meridians supporting the asymmetrical expansion of the ocular globe. The AST was associated with several ocular parameters.
TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansion in Finnish patients with Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy
Authors: Pettinen Inka‐Tuulevi , Immonen Annamari , Rämö Joel , Jaakkola Aino , Krootila Kari , Kaukonen Maria , Lohi Hannes , Kivelä Tero , Turunen Joni 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To study the presence and role of transcription factor 4 (TCF4) triplet repeat expansion in Finnish patients with Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) which causes a progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells, resulting in loss of corneal clarity, and is the leading cause of corneal transplantations in Western countries. FECD has a heterogeneous genetic background, but the best‐known risk variant is a CTG‐repeat expansion in the TCF4 gene. An expansion of more than 40 repeats is associated with an increased risk for the disease.Methods: One hundred and twelve Finnish patients with a clinical diagnosis of FECD treated in the Helsinki University Hospital, and 202 control individuals from the Finnish Red Cross Biobank were enrolled. The patients were examined by slit‐lamp, anterior segment photography, corneal tomography, OCT, and endothelial specular microscopy. To assess the repeat number in TCF4, short tandem repeat analysis and triplet repeat primed PCR were used.Results: Of the 112 patients with FECD, 79 were female and 33 male. A CTG‐expansion of >40 was observed in 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76–90) of the patients of whom two had the expansion in both alleles. In contrast, only 3% (95% CI, 1–6) of the 202 control individuals had such an expansion, each of them in a heterozygous state. Of the patients with <40 vs. >4 0 CTG‐repeats 89% vs. 97% had transplantation surgery performed in at least one eye.Conclusions: These results indicate that the CTG‐repeat expansion in TCF4 is a notable risk factor for FECD also in the Finnish population with >80% of the patients carrying the expansion. Further analysis will be performed to clarify the association of the expansion with the clinical and pathological features in these patients.
Role of the haematological phenotype as a predictive biomarker of retinopathy of prematurity development
Authors: Martins Mariza Fevereiro , Santos Ana Carolina , Teixeira Filipa , Rosa Rita , Barros Pedro , Parreira Ricardo , Teixeira Susana , Mota Mafalda , Monteiro Madalena , Alfaiate Mário , Silva Renato , Breda Jorge , Guimarães Hercília , Marques‐Neves Carlos , Bicho Manuel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate haematological parameters as possible biomarkers of the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Methods: Multicenter, observational, and prospective study of preterm infants (PTI) from eight NICU, born in Portugal with gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks or birth weight (BW) <1500 g. ROP staging performed according to the International Classification of ROP (ICROP). Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the first week of life. Complete blood count (CBC) was determined according to standardized methods. According to the maximum stage of ROP, PTI were divided into four groups: without ROP, ROP stage 1 (ROP‐1), ROP stage 2 (ROP‐2) and ROP stage 3 (ROP‐3). Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program with significant value for p < 0.05.Results: 455 PTI were included, GA average of 29.5 ± 2.3 weeks, BW average of 1165.7 ± 313.9 grams and 50.5% were female. In this study 37.8% of the PTI developed ROP: 20% had ROP‐1, 9.4% ROP‐2 and 8.4% ROP‐3. 4.6% of PTI received treatment: laser was performed in 12 PTI (2.6%), anti‐VEGF in 7 PTI (1.5%), anti‐VEGF and laser in 1 PTI (0.2%), and anti‐VEGF, laser, and surgery in 1 PTI (0.2%). ROP‐3 was significantly associated with lower GA (p = <0.001), BW (p < 0.001), erythrocytes (p < 0.001), haemoglobin (p < 0.001), haematocrit (p < 0.001), lymphocyte (p = 0.047) and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) (p = 0.018) compared with the other groups. Neutrophils (p = 0.039) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p < 0.001) were higher in ROP‐3. For PTI who did not develop ROP were observed, in relation with the other groups: higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p < 0.001), platelets (p = 0.029) and plateletcrit (PCT) (p = 0.007) and lower red cell distribution width (RDW) (p = 0.015) and erythroblast (p < 0.001).Conclusions: This study shows that the increase in neutrophils, NLR, and RDW and the decrease in lymphocytes, LMR, erythrocytes, and platelets may constitute early and low‐cost predictive biomarkers of ROP development.
GPx4 reduces laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization by inhibiting ferroptosis
Authors: Qu Sichang , Grus Franz 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the protective effects of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) in laser‐Induced age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) animal model.Methods: In this study, Norway brown rats were used to establish a laser‐induced AMD model. To investigate the protective role of GPx4, rats received laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injection of GPx4 (25 μg/eye) or PBS on the same day. The size and vascular leakage of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) were measured on 7 and 14 days after lasing by using OCT and FA. Immunohistochemical staining of the choroidal flat mounts with CD31 were used to assess angiogenesis.Results: Compared with PBS group, intravitreal injection of GPx4 decreased the CNV size of 0.083 ± 0.121, P = 0.07 on day 7 and 0.11 ± 0.135 (p < 0.05) on day 14. By leakage grading, the CNV lesion with pathologically significant leakage (grade 2a and 2b) was reduced in GPx4 group (2%) and increased in PBS group (25.6%) from day 7 to day 14. The immunostaining with CD31 showed smaller lesions in GPx4 group than PBS group.Conclusions: This study showed that GPx4 inhibited CNV formation and providing a novel molecular target against ferroptosis for wet AMD treatment.
the effect of amniotic membrane proteins released by ocular inserts containing self‐healing hydrogels
Authors: Acera Arantxa , Esporrin David , Diaz Aitor , De Souza Juliana , Fernandez Mercedes , Burgos Jorge , Zabalza Javier , Pereiro Xandra , Calderon Marcelo , Dupin Damien , Vecino Elena 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: Growth factors found in the amniotic membrane (AM) help accelerate epithelium regeneration in the damaged cornea or conjunctiva. This study compares the effects of hydrogels releasing the AM proteins on the proliferation, migration, and time‐to‐closure (healing) of the conjunctival epithelium.Methods: Proteins extracted from the AM using sonication were incorporated into two hydrogels used as ocular inserts. The tested inserts materials were the self‐healing, dynamic hyaluronic‐acid hydrogel based on gold‐thiolate/disulfide exchange (Hydrogel A) and a physically cross‐linked hydrogel based on a combination between Eudragit S100 and hyaluronic acid with a reinforced matrix by polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol (Hydrogel B). In an in vitro experiment, a scratch was made on the human conjunctival epithelium cells (Chang Conjunctiva, Clone 1‐5c‐4) to mimic an incision wound. The cells were cultured with hydrogels for 48 hours to study the effect of these materials on epithelium repair. The samples were examined using a Zeiss Observer Z1 inverted microscope, and the results were evaluated employing the Image‐J program to obtain the cell migration rate (μm/h).Results: Hydrogel A increased the rate of closure at 22 h (121 ± 19 μm) in comparison with Hydrogel B (394 ± 78 μm). After 46 h, the scratches in Hydrogel A and control cultures were completely closed, while the Hydrogel B samples had an unclosed area of 54 ± 4 μm.Conclusions: Both hydrogels promoted wound healing in cultured conjunctival epithelium cells. However, a lower rate of wound closure was observed for Hydrogel B than for Hydrogel A and the control, probably because the speed of cell proliferation was slower in Hydrogel B. The wound‐healing assay showed that the Hydrogel A and B increased cell viability and significantly stimulated cell migration.
Novel biallelic AHR splice site mutation cause isolated foveal hypoplasia in Saudi patient
Authors: Almoallem Basamat 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPurpose: To study the clinical and molecular findings of a nonconsanguineous Saudi family with one affected 12 years boy affected by isolated foveal hypoplasia with no signs of infantile nystagmus.Methods: Comprehensive clinical and molecular approaches were applied including detailed ophthalmological examination followed by whole‐exome sequencing (WES).Results: Detailed ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral isolated foveal hypoplasia with the absence of the avascular zone. Novel homozygous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) splice site mutation; NM_001621.4: c.899_908 + 15del (p. ?) was identified and segregated within the family members.Conclusions: Our identified novel splice‐site AHR mutation supports the pathogenicity of the AHR gene and expands its phenotypic spectrum. Our study represents the first report of autosomal recessive isolated foveal hypoplasia without infantile nystagmus in the literature and the second reported AHR mutation with autosomal recessive isolated foveal hypoplasia post the original cloning paper.