bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
East Antarctica—The World’s Biggest Ice Cube
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter tours East Antarctica, starting with geographic discovery, and examining the science currently carried out there, including the drilling of the Dronning Maud Land Ice Core, which provides a climate history for the past 150,000 years. Beneath the ice sheet lies a hidden mountain range—the Gamburtsev Mountains. A visit to an emperor penguin colony provides insights into the life and possible future of these animals as the climate warms. On balance, East Antarctica remains cold and is not losing much ice. Warm ocean water is beginning to penetrate beneath the Totten Glacier, which could raise sea level by 3–4 meters (10–13 ft) if it melts. Melting of ice shelves from beneath will flood the Southern Ocean with a cold freshwater layer that will extend the area of sea ice, keeping the climate cool perhaps for a couple of centuries. Freshwater coastal lakes provide surprises, as do frozen lakes inland.
West Antarctica and Dry Valleys
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
West Antarctica has warmed by c.2°C (3.6°F) over the past 100 years. Ice shelves at the terminations of the large Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers are melting from beneath. Antarctica has lost about 5 Gt of ice since 1980, mostly from that process. Much of West Antarctica is a widening and subsiding rift basin occupied by the sea, on which floats the Ross Ice Shelf. Mount Erebus is an active volcano in the rift valley. Incursions of warm ocean water beneath the ice shelf have melted it away in the past (e.g., Pliocene, 3.5 million years ago) and will do again if global warming reaches 2°C (3.6°F) (which would be twice that near the pole). Marie Byrd Land has high heat flow and under-ice volcanoes, possibly because it is located over a hot mantle plume. Local atmospheric conditions have encouraged the development of lakes and microscopic life in the Dry Valleys.
The Arctic
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Arctic has had sea ice for 40 million years. There have been small ice sheets in the Arctic since Miocene time (5–10 million years ago). Major ice sheets formed in Pleistocene time, covering northern Europe and North America. Declining Milankovitch insolation cooled the Arctic over the past 12,000 years. Through polar amplification, it is now warmer than it has been for 40,000 years and summer sea ice has declined since 1978. Glaciers are retreating everywhere. Ice cores show that in mid-glacial periods the climate oscillated rapidly with up to 10°C (18°F) warming in as little as 50 years. In the long warm interglacial 400,000 years ago, Greenland’s ice sheet was confined to the northeast coast. Since 1900, Greenland experienced warm events driven by changes in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. These explain the warming of the 1930s. Siberia now has heat waves and wildfires. Melting permafrost may become a major source of methane.
The Third Pole—Mountain Ice
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Melting mountain ice contributes to sea level rise. During the last glacial maximum an ice cap covered the Alps. Major glaciers formed ice streams that carved deep U-shaped valleys. The most recent Alpine advance occurred between 1820–1865 at the end of the Little Ice Age, followed by glacier retreats of 1–2 km. Advances and retreats reflect the influence of tropical volcanic eruptions and sunspot cycles (e.g., the Maunder Minimum). Sunspots do not explain modern warming—being as abundant in 1980 as in colder periods (1780 and 1855). Except locally (e.g., New Zealand), the snow line has climbed 400–500 m. Himalayan glaciers lost 25% of their mass in the last 40 years. Retreats reverse advances that began 5,000 years ago as Earth moved into a neoglacial period. Collapses of mountain ice fronts and meltwater lake dams cause major floods. Loss of glacial ice will diminish summer water supplies in arid regions.
Go East, Young Man
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter covers Reisner’s undergraduate years at Harvard University and introduces the reader to the early history of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. It describes his mentor, Professor David Gordon Lyon, the country’s first Assyriology professor, then chronicles his year spent back home in Indianapolis after graduation. After working in a law firm, coaching the Purdue football team, and earning money canvassing neighborhoods for the census, Reisner returned to Harvard for his MA (1891) and PhD (1893) in Semitic languages. He marries Mary Putnam Bronson in Indianapolis, finishes up his studies at Harvard, and then the couple heads to Germany for three years on a Harvard fellowship.
Focus on Nubia: The Kerma Kingdom
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSearching for a Middle Kingdom site, and keen to determine the southern penetration of his Nubian “C Group” culture, Reisner embarked on an excavation reconnaissance trip to the Sudan. Learning of irrigation projects threatening the site of Kerma by the Third Cataract, he changed his plans to focus exclusively on this site, which, despite evidence of an indigenous culture, he interpreted as an Egyptian outpost that took on local burial customs. The statue of the Egyptian elite lady Sennuwy was found (by assistant Louis C. West) in tumulus K III. Back at Giza, Reisner found many of the now famous “reserve heads” in disturbed contexts at the bottom of several mastaba burial shafts. Dows Dunham joined the expedition in 1914. Reisner took a survey camel expedition with just a few companions from Kerma to Wadi Halfa and then visited Sir Henry Wellcome at Gebel Moya, solving several of his archaeological problems.
Finale
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAs war broke in 1939, the expedition prepared air-raid shelters at Harvard Camp and buried many of the records in selected tomb shafts. Reisner’s new “office” and sleeping quarters was a rock-cut tomb in the Eastern Cemetery. William Stevenson Smith returned to America via a circuitous route owing to the dangers of international waters. Reisner sent his wife and daughter home in June 1940; their adventurous route took them to Palestine, Basra, Karachi, Bombay, and then around South Africa to New York. Having suffered a stroke in 1939, in 1941 his speech became more slurred, and his body eventually betrayed him. Frank Allen, Evelyn Perkins, and Mohamed and Mahmud Said effectively ran the expedition, following his wishes wherever possible, and continuing work on the Giza Necropolis manuscripts, while Alexander Floroff and Nicholas Melnikoff kept the drawings going. Harvard Camp became overrun with soldiers, target practice, and the sounds of war on Egypt’s western border. For the final months of his life, Reisner was blind, dumb, and mostly bedridden at Harvard Camp. He died on June 6, 1942, and was buried in the American Cemetery in Old Cairo.
Theocritean Spaces 1
Authors: Thalmann William G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
After initial discussion of literary representations of space, this chapter examines the construction of space in Idylls set in the bucolic world and in cities. Bucolic space is depicted in a selective and highly stylized way. Parts of Idylls 5, 1, and 7 are discussed in detail. Human culture never fully fits into the natural world, and questions of placelessness and the fluidity of identities speak to the condition of Greeks after Alexander’s conquests. Domestic space, interiors and exteriors, and the relations between buildings figure prominently in the urban Idylls, and these spatial relations encapsulate the main themes of the poems. In Idyll 15, the royal palace exerts a centripetal force on the population of Alexandria and on the flow of goods from the empire as a whole.
Theocritean Spaces 2
Authors: Thalmann William G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Idylls on mythological themes portray heroes who were important to the Ptolemies’ self-representation, Herakles and the Dioskouroi. Idyll 13 condenses epic treatments of the Argonautic myth to focus on a single place and on Herakles not as a warrior but as a lover who loses his beloved. Idyll 24 treats an episode from his infancy within domestic space, and correspondingly a woman, his mother, takes a commanding role. The spatial contrast between the two narratives of Idyll 22 underpins the moral contrast. Space is the vehicle for praise of rulers in the encomiastic poem. Bucolic space provides a vision of peace and prosperity under Hieron II, the extensive space of empire and the vertical relations between earth and Olympos depict the Ptolemies’ wealth and power, and Alexandria is shown drawing into itself people from elsewhere who would otherwise be rootless.
The Poetics of Absence
Authors: Thalmann William G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses absences from the spaces Theocritus constructs and their constitutive role in the production of song within the poems and of Theocritean poetry itself. Absence arouses eros, which by definition cannot be fulfilled and remain desire. And so herdsmen sing to their beloveds whom they cannot possess. Idyll 1 portrays the founding event of bucolic poetry as the death of its archetypal singer-hero, Daphnis, from unfulfilled love and the concomitant loss of complete harmony between humans and nature. Thyrsis, who sings about his death, seems to be trying to reconstitute Daphnis’s song without fully doing so, and the audience or reader is told that Thyrsis’s singing is sweet but cannot hear it because it is mediated by Theocritus. So the bucolic world and its music can never fully be grasped. The dynamics of absence and desire are also examined in Idylls 3, 7, and 6 and in the non-bucolic 2 and 13.
How Understanding the Integumentary System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 8, discusses the integumentary system beginning at gestation and ending at old age. The chapter discusses the structure and function of skin as a barrier from the environment. Both nonmalignant and malignant types of skin cancer are discussed as signature illnesses. Burns and their treatments using skin grafts are presented as technological interventions. Patient-controlled analgesia is an example of engineering. Burden from caring for loved ones who have suffered burns is discussed. Understanding this chapter will give clinicians the vocabulary needed to communicate with medical team members on a hospital burn unit or in community or private practice with patients and their families. Understanding the suffering inherent in being burned will help mental health clinicians develop empathy and understand the difficulty with pain management.
Fire and Rain
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book offers a narrative of the way national security decisions formed at the highest levels of government affect the lives of individuals at home and abroad. By drawing these connections, the text looks at policy decisions about Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and conveys their significance. It contextualizes Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger's decisions within a wider institutional and societal framework. While recognizing the distinctive personalities and ideas of these two men, the study broadly conveys the competing roles and impact of the professional military, the Congress, and a mobilized peace movement. Drawing upon a vast collection of declassified documents, the text presents an important reinterpretation of the Nixon administration's relations with the Soviet Union and China vis a vis the war in Southeast Asia. It argues that in their desperate effort to overcome, or at least overshadow, their failure in Vietnam, Nixon and Kissinger made major concessions to both nations in the field of arms control, their response to the India–Pakistan war, and the diplomacy surrounding Taiwan—much of this secret. Despite policymakers' claims that the Vietnam War was a “national security” necessity that would demonstrate American strength to the communist superpowers and “credibility” to friendly governments, the historical record suggests a different reality.
Introduction
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by looking at the articles of wimpeachment concerning Richard Nixon. These articles pertained to domestic crimes linked to the Watergate break-in and subsequent investigations that followed. By excluding foreign military activities from these articles, the House Judiciary Committee framed how events of that time have been remembered since. Although the illegal actions of Nixon’s domestic officials were heavily emphasized, the role of National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger was effectively spared congressional scrutiny or critique. This book examines the Nixon administration’s conduct of war in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and the resulting diplomacy with the Soviet Union and China. To understand US policy during this period requires situating Nixon and Kissinger within the wider context of the people, the social and political institutions, the prevailing ideology, and the existing practices that framed their decision-making.
“I See Death Coming Up the Hill”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the decision by Nixon and Kissinger to wiretap selected officials and journalists because news of the secret Cambodia bombing was leaked. The chapter also investigates how, during the earliest months of the Nixon presidency, the number of American deaths was equivalent to the losses sustained during the Tet offensive. Yet in contrast to the previous year, the Vietnam War had ceased to dominate the news, with the result that significant military developments were unexplained or ignored. Across the United States, the still-climbing American casualties were being experienced as family and community tragedies. The spiking casualty rate was due in part to local enemy attacks and General Abrams’ aggressive military strategy. The chapter describes the American attempt to secure Dong Ap Bia Mountain at the Laotian border. This pointless enterprise, with its costly forays up Hill 937, resulted in many deaths and injuries. Survivors called the mountain “Hamburger Hill” because of the many chopped-up soldiers. It triggered significant protest in the United States, including denunciations by Senator Ted Kennedy.
“The Idealists Are the Builders”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the report titled “US Foreign Policy for the 1970s: a New Strategy of Peace,” completed by Kissinger’s staff and issued by Nixon. The document surveyed international problems, advocating for an improved relationship with Russia and China now that the rivalry between them was manifest. A flowery conclusion was addressed to the nation’s youth, emphasizing that there was “no greater idealism, no higher adventure than taking a realistic road for peace.” Despite this rhetoric, Kissinger is unable to find common ground in the Paris negotiations with Le Duc Tho. For the administration, a peaceful world was one in which American military supremacy was unchallenged and where most countries were governed by regimes friendly to the United. States. The chapter describes the disastrous impact of this attitude in Laos and the cost to the civilians there, as uncovered by Fred Branfman.
“Hit ‘Em in the Gut”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains further US intervention in Cambodia. America’s secret bombing has destabilized the country, with North Vietnamese troops going deeper into the countryside and Prince Sihanouk overthrown in a military coup led by Lon Nol. The chapter discusses the rise of the Khmer Rouge and the Nixon administration’s decision to send US and South Vietnamese troops into Cambodia. This action was opposed by the Secretary of State Rogers and Secretary of Defense Laird, but Nixon and Kissinger have responded affirmatively to the pressure of the military, notably Admiral John McCain. This internal conflict results in the rise of General Alexander Haig as Kissinger’s trusted deputy and the resignations of others on the NSC staff. The chapter describes the various ways the Nixon administration is supporting Prince Sihanouk’s successor.
“The Greatest Success”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite the wavering support from the US elite for Richard Nixon’s war policy, the president and Henry Kissinger were still counting on the “silent majority”—the millions of less affluent white citizens across the country whose hostility to antiwar protestors could be siphoned into support for the administration’s policies. That sentiment was expressed in the “hardhat riot” on Wall Street when pro-war workers physically attacked peace demonstrators. The impact of the US invasion of Cambodia on the local populace is examined, most importantly the increase in sympathy for the Khmer Rouge. Three captured US reporters—Richard Dudman, Michael Morrow, and Elizabeth Pond—observed the radicalization of the countryside as their captors moved them from place to place. The chapter also discusses the passage of the Cooper–Church Amendment in the Senate, prohibiting the use of funds for retaining US ground forces in Cambodia, along with other restrictions on US military activity there.
“Something Like a Moron . . . ”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger faced an ongoing problem after the withdrawal of US troops from Cambodia: how to prevent the enemy from conducting a large-scale offensive during the interval before the presidential election in 1972. This chapter explains the resulting decision to have the Army of South Vietnam (ARVN) enter Laos in early 1971 to block North Vietnamese soldiers and supplies from moving down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The critical actor in this planning was General Alexander Haig, who was the link between Nixon and Kissinger in Washington and General Creighton Abrams and President Thieu in Saigon. Secretary Rogers and CIA Director Richard Helms opposed the plan. In Vientiane, US Ambassador Godley enlisted Souvanna Phouma’s reluctant support. On the eve of the operation, Daniel Ellsberg confronted Henry Kissinger at an MIT gathering about the prospect of civilian casualties.
“Man of Peace”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
From the earliest days of his administration, Richard Nixon had been interested in tamping down US–Soviet rivalry, both for its own sake and to obtain help pressuring Hanoi. However, during the administration’s first two years, not much had been accomplished. This chapter describes Kissinger’s conduct of arms control issues with Dobrynin and examines his missteps, including the separation of an ABM Treaty from an “understanding” on offensive nuclear weapons. It highlights the exclusion of the State Department and SALT negotiator Gerard Smith and argues that Kissinger’s concessions on arms control reflect the president’s need for a successful summit. It also discusses Kissinger’s role in completing a Berlin agreement while excluding Secretary Rogers. Despite Kissinger’s active diplomacy with the Russians and Chinese, this did not change Hanoi’s negotiation position. Meanwhile in South Vietnam, President Thieu’s undemocratic approach to elections backfires.
“A Terrific Letdown”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on US bombing of North Vietnamese cities (“the Christmas bombing”) and the events leading to the signing of the Paris Peace Agreement on January 23, 1973. This bombing campaign, also known as Linebacker II, was falsely justified by Nixon and Kissinger as a response to North Vietnam’s abandonment of the peace talks. In fact, it was the opposition of President Thieu that had derailed the peace negotiations. Four Americans, including singer Joan Baez, who had come to Hanoi on a mission from the Committee of Liaison with Families of Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam, are trapped in the city when the bombing begins. Drawing on their accounts, the chapter describes the impact of the bombing on North Vietnamese inhabitants, including the destruction of Bach Mai hospital. It highlights the outrage of people around the world. Although the air assault was to continue until December 31, President Nixon was determined to sign the peace agreement afterward, believing that a new Congress would otherwise cut off the funds. The chapter explains that the proposed peace agreement was primarily designed to get all US troops and POWs home, rather than bring a cessation of fighting. It describes the efforts to compel President Thieu to accept it, despite his belief that the deal would facilitate an enemy victory. As Nixon moves toward his second inauguration the Watergate scandal is growing because of the involvement of Howard Hunt and Chuck Colson.
Conclusion
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the conclusion, we explore how virtual Holocaust memory links to wider debates about connectivity, connective memory, and the “digital gothic.” Andrew Hoskins, alongside many other contributors to Digital Memory Studies (2018), offers a dystopian version of connectivity that is reminiscent of Jean Baudrillard’s apocalyptic vision of the first wave of digital media in the early 1980s. Gothic discourse permeates Hoskins’ ruminations on the end of collective memory: the prospect of eternal digital memory “haunts” us, the digital mob struggles to escape its “shadow,” hyperconnectivity is a “tyranny,” recording “terrorizes” the present, and “ensnaring” technology “chills all our futures.” Nevertheless, Hoskins indicates a fissure in the digital gothic when he refers to the “opening up of new ways of finding, sorting, sifting, using, seeing [that] both imprisons and liberates active human remembering and forgetting.” The overwhelming dystopian vision of Digital Memory Studies—that includes Wulf Kansteiner’s attack on the Dimensions in Testimony holograms—needs to be tempered with the more productive elements of connective memory afforded by our examples of digital representations of the Holocaust. The reordering of the past “by and through multiple connectivities of times, actors, and events” can be a beneficent as well as dystopian process.
Conceptual, Technical, and Ethical Problems with Cost-Effectiveness
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores further conceptual problems that need to be resolved before cost-effectiveness can be put into practice, and it introduces the ethical objections to which the rest of this book is devoted. The chapter first returns to the questions concerning what sort of generic health measure provides the information wanted for the purposes of allocating health care. It then discusses technical questions that must be settled before cost-effectiveness can be calculated. Next, it discusses discounting: Should a health benefit, which is not available until some point in the future, be as valuable as the benefit would be if it were available now? The chapter then discusses age weighting. Should an additional quality-adjusted life year be equally valuable regardless of the age of the recipient? Finally, the chapter presents four “fairness” objections: fair chances, severity, aggregation, and discrimination.