bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Regulatory Quality and ESG Model at World Level
Authors: Costantiello Alberto , Leogrande Angelo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this article, we analyse the determinants of Regulatory Quality-RQ for 193 countries in the period 2011-2020. We use a database from ESG-Environment Social Governance of the World Bank. We apply OLS, Panel Data with Fixed Effects and Panel Data with Random Effects. We found that the variables that have the most positive impact on RQ, among others, are “GHG Net Emission”, “Mean Drought Index”, and “Heat Index”. We also found that the variables that have the most negative impact on RQ are among others “Renewable Energy Consumption”, “Voice and Accountability” and “Rule of Law”. Furthermore, we have applied the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow Method and we find the presence of five clusters. In adjunct, we confront eight machine learning algorithms to predict the value of RQ and we found that the best predictor is Polynomial Regression. The predictive level of RQ for the analysed countries is expected to diminish of -1,29%. In the end, we present a network analysis with the Euclidean distance and we found the presence of a structure of seven networks using augmented data.
JEL Classification: D7, D70, D72, D73, D78.
Programs for maintaining healthy dairy herds in the United States
Authors: Britt Jack H. , Britt Jenks S. 
Published: March 2023

Healthy dairy cows produce more milk, have better reproductive rates and are more profitable than unhealthy herdmates. The majority of health problems in dairy herds in the United States can be prevented by proper management. Those that cannot be prevented can be reduced in severity by good herd health programs.
Maintaining healthy herds starts with providing a good environment for all cattle in the herd including replacement heifers and dry cows. The health status is also dependent on the feeding program, because poor nutrition leads to poor health. The herd health program should include a vaccination policy specifically designed for each herd. It should also include a regular examination or inspection of all animals and facilities of the herd as well as an evaluation of management practices in the herd.
Effective herd health programs in the United States are characterized by careful monitoring of several aspects of herd performance including level of production, milk quality, incidence of mastitis and other common infections, performances and thriftiness of replacement stock, heat detection and conception rates, function of milking equipment, formulation of the rations, care of housing and free stalls, etc. The effective herd veterinarian is concerned with all aspects of health management that contribute to a profitable dairy herd.
Medical factors relating to calf health as influenced by the environment
Authors: Anderson John F. 
Published: March 2023

For many years infectious diseases and nutrition have held the spotlight in discussions of animal health. It is becoming increasingly apparent, however, that epidemiological studies now often point to failures in building design as contributing factors when disease problems arise. In order to illustrate the sound contributions of Professor Donald W. Bates three herd situations will be presented. This discussion will include only those portions of the total preventive veterinary medical program which relate directly to ventilation and its various ramifications. Epidemiology will be discussed briefly where applicable to emphasize to emphasize disease patterns within these units.
Ventilating farm buildings for animal health
Authors: Bates Donald W. , Anderson John F. 
Published: March 2023

Fundamental to maintaining a healthy animal environment in a warm confinement building is continuous air exchange at the rate of 4 changes per hour for removal of aerosol contaminants and moisture. Maximum summer rate should be 30 changes or more. A correctly designed fresh air intake system is mandatory. Proper insulation is essential; walls R=15, flat ceiling R=23. Supplemental heat is necessary in calf barns to maintain desired temperature at minimum exhaust rate.
Diseases and the causes of mortality of veal calves in the Netherlands
Authors: Postema H. J. 
Published: March 2023

In most cases Dutch veal calf rearers are working in integrated systems with calf dealers, slaughterers and feedstuffs manufacturers.
In the Denkavit integrated organisation the farmers are obliged to send a form immediately to us for each calf that dies. On this form are recorded the age of the calves and the cause of death, or what the Veterinarian or farmer thought was the cause of the mortality.
Lead poisoning in the bovine animal
Authors: Edwards William C. , Wiedemann Bernard 
Published: March 2023

Gross and microscopic pathological changes associated with lead poisoning are minimal and diagnosis is most often made on the basis of lead analysis of blood or tissues. The differential diagnosis must include polioencephalomalacia, nervous coccidiosis, insecticide poisoning, rabies, pseudorabies, listeriosis, cerebral edema, brain abscesses and sodium ion toxicity.
Recommended treatment for lead poisoning includes parenteral administration of calcium disodium edetate. Oral administration of mineral oil, magnesium sulfate and calcium carbonate have also been recommended.
Investigation of an arsenic poisoning case
Authors: Edwards W. C. , Clay Billy R. 
Published: March 2023

After lead, arsenic constitutes one of the most important toxicological hazards to farm animals. Arsenic is rather ubiquitous in nature, and trace or background levels can be found normally in nearly all animal and plant tissues. Arsenical compounds have been used for a variety of purposes, including for treatment of disease, as feed additives to promote weight gains, and as herbicides, cotton defoliants and appetite stimulants.
Toxicity varies with the species of animal exposed, the formulation of the arsenical, the route of exposure, and factors affecting rate of metabolism and excretion. It has long been known that most animals except the rat and man rapidly excrete arsenic.
Arsenic poisoning in cattle is manifested by acute or subacute syndrome, and chronic poisoning has not been clearly documented. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories have found that if an animal survives the acute crisis and lives for several days after consuming a toxic dose of arsenic, then the liver and kidney levels of arsenic may be below levels ordinarily considered diagnostic.
The following case emphasizes the need for documenting normal background levels of arsenic and other toxicants in animal tissues.
Threat of and response to a foreign animal disease outbreak
Authors: Buisch W. W. 
Published: March 2023

Fortunately, FMD has not been diagnosed in the United States since 1929 even though it has been diagnosed in Canada in 1952 and in Mexico, 1946-1954. We have had nine outbreaks of FMD and the largest was in 1914 and 1915. It started in Michigan, soon became established in the Chicago Union Stockyards, and spread to 22 States and the District of Columbia. It involved the depopulation of 77,000 cattle, 85,000 swine, 10,000 sheep, 100 goats, and 9 deer.
With these examples, it is evident that the threat of exotic diseases gaining entry is very real. Since the cost/benefit ration for keeping exotic disease out of the United States is 1/120, it is imperative that we be aware worldwide of the existence as well as the known endemic areas for each foreign animal disease of interest.
Malignant catarrhal fever
Authors: Mare C. John 
Published: March 2023

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), also known as bovine malignant catarrh or snotsiekte, is an acute, usually fatal, generalized in disease of cattle and several species of wild ruminants. The disease is characterized by fever, catarrhal rhinitis and conjunctivitis, enlarged lymph nodes, and mortality of nearly 100 percent. The causative agent of at least one form of MCF is a herpesvirus.
The disease is worldwide in its distribution, but it is sporadic in its occurence.
Role of the bull in dystocia
Authors: Stables James W. 
Published: March 2023

It is always somewhat surprising that members of a profession who spend almost eighty per cent of their lifetime at the back end of the cows they treat, do not always have the back-up information on the problem of dystocia. While we are all in our own way expert in reproduction, practitioners in particular have the expertise to extract calves from extremely difficult situations, I am fairly sure that we do not know, for example, the exact level of economic loss that dystocia causes to the farming community.
I am sure that we can all hazard guesses based on calf losses, but do we really know what the financial implications are in loss of yield, problems associated with retained placenta, infertility following a difficult calving, problems associated with the health of calves born as a result of difficult calvings and so on.
We do know of course that farmers use bulls such as Aberdeen Angus or Sussex on maiden Friesian heifers in order to ease the calving problems. This in itself can result in some fairly severe financial losses because of the difference in value, for arguments sake, between a cross-bred Aberdeen Angus calf and a cross-bred Hereford calf from the same dams. Workers overseas have tried to put figures to this particular problem, but of course their conditions are somewhat different from our own, and are obviously not strictly comparable.
Antibody responses to IBR vaccination in feedlot cattle
Authors: Carlson J. H. , Horton D. P. , Braddy P. M. 
Published: March 2023

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an important respiratory disease of cattle. The disease has been especially critical in western feedlots and IBR virus infection has been associated with the shipping fever complex. Numerous commercial vaccines are in wide use to prevent this disease. Experimentally, these vaccines have been shown to be immunogenic and effective in preventing clinical IBR. A large western feedlot has routinely used a modified live virus IBR vaccine in all cattle entering the feedlot. Despite vaccination, the feedlot continued to experience significant morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory disease. A major portion of this respiratory disease was believed to be IBR virus infection.
This study was designed to study immunity to IBR virus of cattle as they enter the feedlot, and to measure the immune responses of feedlot cattle to intramuscular modified live virus IBR vaccines under field conditions. Immunity to bovine parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus upon arrival at the feedlot and seroconversion to that virus as a result of natural infections was also studied.
Uses and abuses of hormones and their analogs in estrus synchronization, control of parturition, prophylaxis and therapy of infertility
Authors: Jochle Wolfgang 
Published: March 2023

Hormones are an increasing important part of the veterinarian’s armatory in battling infertility, maintaining fertility and controlling cycle and parturition. Therapeutic, prophylactic and biotechnical aspects of their use can often no longer be separated: Cycle control methods have become tools to treat or prevent certain aspects of infertility; methods to control parturition as a management tool are of importance to terminate pathological gestations or alleviate dystocia and enable obstetrical procedures.
Drug laws worldwide assure use or dispensation of these hormones by veterinarians only.
The rowing of issues in the title of this presentation, to be discussed in this introductory review, does not reflect a ranking of their present importance. But it may well reflect its future importance. The order of discussion chosen here follows the biological and biotechnical sequence of events in the life on an animal of the bovine species and the chances to be subjected to hormonal treatments.
Bovine chlamydial abortions
Authors: Storz J. , Whiteman C. E. 
Published: March 2023

Chlamydial agents are obligate intracellular pathogens of prokaryotic pature, and they comprise a large group of antigenically related and culturally, morphologically, and tinctorially similar microorganisms. One property characterizing chlamydial strains of several animal species is their ability to establish placental and fetal infection irrespective of the type of placentation. Chlamydial agents were first suspected as a cause of abortions in cattle in Germany in 1956. Since then they were proven, by isolation from fetuses or placentas, as well as through serological evidence, to be a cause of reproductive failure of cattle. Chlamydiae were identified as a cause of bovine abortions in North America, in most countries of western and eastern Europe, in South Africa, and in some Asian countries.
Characteristics of experimentally induced chlamydial abortions will be analyzed in this contribution from clinical and pathogenetic aspects and from etiological, serological, and pathological viewpoints. In the process, the experimentally induced disease will be compared with, and related to, the more complex problem of abortion that confronts the practitioner and the diagnostician.
Beef cattle selection and evolution
Authors: Leverett Gene 
Published: March 2023

There is an area of cow-calf production that is very important to the economic health of this industry, and also difficult to measure and document. The area I am referring to is the phenotypic expression of characteristics that affect production efficiency, the evolutionary forces that act on these phenotypes, and the significance of selection of genetic material.
We have many people in cow-calf production today who are advocating the selection of a few characteristics which they feel are highly heritable. They believe that to select for many things at once will slow down the improvement of the characteristics desired, as well as being of no real enonomic benefit. (1) The most economically important characteristic in a beef cow is her ability to breed and wean a relatively large amount of pounds consistently and with low imputs of energy from the herdsman. This is a problem of the animal’s fitness to its environment in all areas that affect its productive level and cost of production. The evolutionary process that has been going on for hundreds of thousands of years is now being affected and directed by herdsmen’s ideas of their ideal.
Review of development of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in the gut of Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Ewing S. A. 
Published: March 2023

Anaplasmosis is a major disease of cattle in the United States and is one of several tick-borne maladies that severly hamper cattle production world-wide. The causative agent, Anaplasma marginale, is currently classified in the Family Anaplasmataceae, Order Rickettsiales according to the 8th Edition of Bergey’s Manual, but little is known about the developmental cycle of the organism in either the invertebrate (tick) or vertebrate (cattle) hosts. Previous to studies in our laboratory, the only form of A. marginale that had been identified and described was the erythrocytic inclusion body found in cattle with anaplasmosis. Although A. marginale had been reported by earlier workers to be transmitted by ticks, it was not clearly established whether the organisms observed in previous studies were those ingested as part of the blood meal or were stages that developed within tick cells.
The studies from our laboratory reviewed herein were undertaken to demonstrate A. marginale in Dermacentor andersoni and to describe its development from infection of nymphal ticks through transmission of the organism to cattle by subsequently molted adults. In these studies, A. marginale has been found to occur within membrane-bound inclusions that we have termed colonies. The colonies were first described in midgut epithelial cells of adult D. andersoni that were infected as nymphs. Since publication of that finding, colonies have also been found in replete nymphal ticks. The colonies at various stages of tick development were found, by light microscopy, to have different morphologic characteristics and to contain several types of organisms—representing part of a developmental sequence of the organism in the tick. This review of the development of A. marginale in ticks will be presented chronologically beginning from infection of nymphs (while feeding on a calf with anaplasmosis) and continuing through the time ticks molt to the adult stage.
Treatment of chronic chlorpyrifos poisoning in a Limousin bull
Authors: Putnam M. R. , Edwards W. C. 
Published: March 2023

A purebred three-year-old Limousin bull developed diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss a few days following topical application of chlorpyrifos Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48640.
Approximately one month following exposure, the bull was referred to the Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for evaluation and treatment. The clinical syndrome was very similar to chlorpyrifos poisoning previously described in dairy bulls. Chlorpyrifos [0, 0-dimethyl-0-) 3, 5, 6-trichloro -2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate], insecticide is used for the control of lice and horn flies on beef-breed cattle by pouring on the skin at the withers as a one-time seasonal treatment.
Groundwater Withdrawals Associated with Oil and Gas Production from Water Supply Aquifers in Texas: Implications for Water Management Practices
Authors: Coeckelenbergh Katie , Murgulet Dorina , Uhlman Kristine , Vickers Chris 
Published: March 2023

The demand for water is continuing to increase as population and industry grow. The Natural Resources Defense Council indicated that Texas is at “extreme risk” for implementation of sustainable water management practices especially since groundwater is the supplier of much of the state’s freshwater. This study is designed to assess groundwater conservation practices in association with oil and gas production from the surrounding areas of the Carrizo-Wilcox formation in Texas. The results of this study reveal that the Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC), the governing agency for Texas oil and gas development, permits produced water to be discharged into surface waters if the discharged water quality meets Texas Surface Water Quality Standards (TSWQS) set by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) for the specific receiving water body. After careful evaluation of data provided by the Railroad Commission of Texas, it is believed that nearly 5,331,975 m3 (4,321 ac⋅ft) of produced water per year, with an average TDS of 960 mg L-1, is being removed from the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer through discharge permits designated as “agricultural”. The RRC is not legally required to share the discharge information with local Groundwater Conservation Districts. Based on an evaluation of the reported Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) test data, 69 discharges amount to total suspended solid (TDS) levels of less than 1,000 mg L-1, 35 are between 1,000-1,500 mg L-1, and 20 between 1,500 - 4,000 mg L-1. Although 69% of discharges exceed the secondary drinking water standard for TDS (500 mg L-1), the average of all discharges, 960 mg L-1, is in line with the arbitrary upper limit for freshwater based on the suitability for human consumption. In addition, the water quality of surface discharges complies with requirements for several water reuses associated with agricultural and industrial practices. The lack of communication between groundwater users leads to conflicting groundwater practices that have negative impacts such as contribution to aquifer over-exploitation and alteration of hydraulic gradients, in turn negatively impacting existing groundwater conservation efforts.
Spatial and temporal effects of the Rincon Bayou Pipeline on hypersaline conditions in the Lower Nueces Delta, Texas, USA
Authors: Hill Erin M. , Tunnell Jace W. , Nicolau Brien A 
Published: March 2023

The Rincon Bayou Pipeline became operational in 2007 and delivers Nueces River water to the Nueces Delta via the Rincon Bayou. Salinity was monitored during 3 pumping events to identify the spatial and temporal effects of the pumped freshwater to the Rincon Bayou Channel and to areas outside of the channel proper. The spatial extent of the pumped freshwater lowered salinity beyond the Rincon Bayou Channel to connecting marsh areas and salinities remained below hypersaline levels 8 to 16 days after pumping ceased. The results of this new and innovative way of delivering freshwater to the Nueces Delta has proved to be a valuable management tool for minimizing the duration of hypersaline conditions within the estuary. Water resource management decision-makers can use this information for developing strategies to optimize freshwater inflow needs to the estuary while balancing the freshwater demands for humans.

Citation: Hill EM, Tunnell JW, Nicolau BA. 2014. Spatial and temporal effects of the Rincon Bayou Pipeline on hypersaline conditions in the Lower Nueces Delta, Texas, USA. Texas Water Journal. 6(1):11-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v6i1.6998.
Comparison of infiltration flux in playa lakes in grassland and cropland basins, Southern High Plains of Texas
Authors: Ganesan Geetha , Rainwater Ken , Gitz Dennis , Hall Nicholas , Zartman Richard , Hudnall Wayne , Smith Loren 
Published: March 2023

Playas are the dominant wetland type on the Southern High Plains of Texas and capture runoff during periods of heavy rainfall. Observing the hydrologic functions of playa is important to evaluate their ecological services, which include encouragement of species biodiversity and recharge of the underlying High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer. Ten pairs of playas were chosen in 10 counties on the Texas Southern High Plains. Each pair included 1 playa surrounded by natural grassland (not in the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Conservation Reserve Program) and 1 playa surrounded by cultivated cropland. Instrumentation at each playa allowed calculation of changes in free water evaporation and water stored over time during the hydroperiods, defined as continuous durations of surface water storage in the playa basins, caused by one or more rainfall events that generated sufficient runoff flows to reach and fill the playas. A water budget model calculated daily infiltration flux through the playa bottoms. Six cropland playas and 3 grassland playas had significant hydroperiods with associated consistent instrumentation operation during the 6-year study across the years 2005 to 2011. The average observed infiltration flux rates were approximately 10 millimeters/day (range 2 to 20 millimeters/day) and 3 millimeters/day (range 1 to 5 millimeters/day) for the cropland and grassland playas, respectively. The preliminary results may be influenced by the presence of eroded sediments from the surrounding cropland, but more runoff events are needed to differentiate between the impacts of playa floor soils and variations in rainfall and playa watershed characteristics that contribute to the hydroperiods.
Citation: Ganesan G, Rainwater K, Gitz D, Hall N, Zartman R, Hudnall W, Smith L. 2016. Comparison of infiltration flux in playa lakes n grassland and cropland basins, Southern High Plains of Texas. Texas Water Journal. 7(1):25-39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v7i1.7007.