bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology in nine-year-old children with different unilateral orofacial clefts compared to normative data
Authors: Crins-de Koning Marjolein , Bruggink Robin , Nienhuijs Marloes , Wagner Till , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Ongkosuwito Edwin M. 
Published: January 2025

Aim
To compare three-dimensional (3D) facial morphology of various unilateral cleft subphenotypes at 9-years of age to normative data using a general face template and automatic landmarking. The secondary objective is to compare facial morphology of 9-year-old children with unilateral fusion to differentiation defects.

Methods
3D facial stereophotogrammetric images of 9-year-old unilateral cleft patients were imported into 3DMedX® for processing. All images of patients with a right sided cleft were mirrored. A regionalized general facial template was used for standardization. This template was pre-aligned to each face using five automatically determined landmarks and fitted using MeshMonk. All cleft patients were compared to an age-and gender matched normative face using distance maps and inter-surface distances (mm). Average faces were created for five groups (unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and/or palate (UCL/A/P), fusion and differentiation defects). The selected regions for the evaluation of facial morphology were: complete face, nose, upper lip, lower lip, chin, forehead, and cheeks.

Results
A total of 86 consecutive 3D-stereophotogrammetry images were acquired for examination. No statistically significant differences were observed among the UCL, UCLA, and UCLP groups for the complete face, cheeks, chin, forehead, lower lip, and nose. However, in the upper lip region a significant difference was observed between the UCLP and UCL groups (P = 0.004, CI [−2.93 to −0.48]). Further visual examination of the distance maps indicated that more severe clefts corresponded to increased retrusion in the midface and the tip of the nose, though these differences were not statistically significant across groups. For fusion vs differentiation defects, no statistically significant differences were observed, neither for the complete face nor for any of the individual regions.

Conclusion
The findings demonstrate statistically significant differences in the upper lip region between children with UCL and those with UCLP, particularly with greater upper lip retrusion in the UCLP group. The use of color-coded distance maps revealed local variations and a trend of asymmetry in the nasal region, with increasing retrusion of the nose tip, upper lip, and cheeks correlating with the severity of the cleft. Although these trends were not statistically significant, they suggest a progressive facial retrusion pattern as cleft severity increases. For the secondary objective, no statistical differences were found between the facial morphology of children with fusion and differentiation defects, although a similar progression of maxillary retrusion was observed in the distance maps.
Effect of Mavacamten on Chinese Patients With Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tian Zhuang , Li Liwen , Li Xiaoyan , Wang Jian’an , Zhang Qing , Li Zhanquan , Peng Daoquan , Yang Ping , Ma Wei , Wang Fang , Jin Wei , Cheng Xiang , Sun Jing , Fu Yiqun , Lyu Cheng , Zhang Shuyang 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceMavacamten has shown clinical benefits in global studies for patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM), but evidence in the Asian population is lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of mavacamten compared with placebo for Chinese patients with symptomatic oHCM.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted at 12 hospitals in China. Between January 4 and August 5, 2022, patients with oHCM and a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient of 50 mm Hg or more and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III symptoms were enrolled and received treatment for 30 weeks.InterventionsPatients were randomized 2:1 to receive mavacamten (starting at 2.5 mg once daily) or placebo for 30 weeks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end point was change in Valsalva LVOT peak gradient from baseline to week 30. Left ventricular outflow tract gradients and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were assessed by echocardiography, while left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was determined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis.ResultsA total of 81 patients (mean [SD] age, 51.9 [11.9] years; 58 men [71.6%]) were randomized. Mavacamten demonstrated a significant improvement in the primary end point compared with placebo (least-squares mean [LSM] difference, −70.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, −89.6 to −50.9 mm Hg; 1-sided P &amp;lt; .001). Similar trends were demonstrated for resting LVOT peak gradient (LSM difference, −55.0 mm Hg; 95% CI, −69.1 to −40.9 mm Hg). At week 30, more patients receiving mavacamten than placebo achieved a Valsalva LVOT peak gradient less than 30 mm Hg (48.1% [26 of 54] vs 3.7% [1 of 27]), less than 50 mm Hg (59.3% [32 of 54] vs 7.4% [2 of 27]), and NYHA class improvement (59.3% [32 of 54] vs 14.8% [4 of 27]). Greater improvements were also observed with mavacamten regarding the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical Summary Score (LSM difference, 10.2; 95% CI, 4.4-16.1), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level (proportion of geometric mean ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.13-0.24), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I level (proportion of geometric mean ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.27-0.42), and LVMI (mean difference, −30.8 g/m2; 95% CI, −41.6 to −20.1 g/m2). Safety and tolerability were similar between mavacamten and placebo. No patients experienced LVEF less than 50%.ConclusionsMavacamten significantly improved Valsalva LVOT gradient vs placebo for Chinese patients. All secondary efficacy end points were also improved. Mavacamten was well tolerated with no new safety signals. This study supports the efficacy and safety of mavacamten in diverse populations, including Chinese patients.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05174416
Assessing the Clinical Utility of Liquid Biopsies Across 5 Potential Indications From Therapy Selection to Population Screening
Authors: Carr David J. , Welch H. Gilbert 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceThere has been great enthusiasm for the emerging technology of molecular-based tests to detect and quantify tumor DNA circulating in the bloodstream, colloquially known as a liquid biopsy. However, less attention has been given to how their clinical utility depends on the indication for testing, which includes a range of clinical situations, each presenting unique challenges.ObservationsFive indications for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) blood testing were considered. (1) For therapy selection, ctDNA tests can identify genetic alterations in patients with cancer amenable to targeted therapy, but most patients do not have a targetable alteration. (2) For response to therapy, the absence of residual tumor DNA following cancer surgery could reduce the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, but it is unclear that this will happen in practice. (3) For disease surveillance following cancer treatment, ctDNA tests may well detect cancer recurrence before symptoms appear, yet earlier intervention may have no effect on mortality. (4) For diagnosis of suspected cancer, ctDNA tests are able to identify some symptomatic cancers, but how they add to the conventional diagnostic evaluation is unknown. (5) For screening for cancer, multicancer tests can detect many types of cancer, but their low sensitivity for early-stage tumors raises questions as to whether screening can help patients live longer or live better.Conclusions and RelevanceCirculating tumor DNA tests are being promoted for multiple indications. Numerous studies are ongoing, but randomized clinical trials of their effect on patient-centered outcomes are rare. While these tests have the potential to improve care in selected indications, this must be proven, as they will add cost, complexity, and unintended adverse effects for patients.
Testing Whether Cancer Screening Saves Lives
Authors: Welch H. Gilbert , Dey Tanujit 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceCancer screening is often promoted as a means to save lives. The question of whether cancer screening truly saves lives is becoming increasingly relevant given the growing enthusiasm for multicancer detection blood tests (ie, liquid biopsies). It is possible in randomized clinical trials for screening to reduce deaths due to the targeted cancer without reducing deaths due to all causes. To explore the feasibility of powering studies for cancer-specific vs all-cause mortality, a series of sample size calculations was performed for selected cancers (breast, colorectal, liver, pancreas, and prostate) and for all cancers combined.ObservationsRandomized clinical trials of screening for an individual cancer typically require 100 000 or more participants to test its effect on cancer-specific mortality. Testing all-cause mortality requires trials of more than a million participants. However, the sample size requirements change markedly when considering a randomized clinical trial of screening for all cancers, as is envisioned when using multicancer detection blood tests. In this setting, the question of whether cancer screening reduces all-cause mortality can be reasonably addressed in a trial of fewer than 100 000 participants.Conclusions and RelevanceIt is not feasible to test all-cause mortality when screening for an individual cancer. However, it is feasible to test all-cause mortality for multicancer screening because cancer deaths are such a large component of deaths in general. Observational data on the effects of cancer screening are misleading. Multicancer screening would entail tremendous costs and potentially substantial harms. For these reasons, a randomized clinical trial is mandatory not only to learn if multicancer screening saves lives, but also to learn how frequently it causes harm.
Estimated Lifetime Gained With Cancer Screening Tests
Authors: Bretthauer Michael , Wieszczy Paulina , Løberg Magnus , Kaminski Michal F. , Werner Tarjei Fiskergård , Helsingen Lise M. , Mori Yuichi , Holme Øyvind , Adami Hans-Olov , Kalager Mette 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceCancer screening tests are promoted to save life by increasing longevity, but it is unknown whether people will live longer with commonly used cancer screening tests.ObjectiveTo estimate lifetime gained with cancer screening.Data SourcesA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of randomized clinical trials with more than 9 years of follow-up reporting all-cause mortality and estimated lifetime gained for 6 commonly used cancer screening tests, comparing screening with no screening. The analysis included the general population. MEDLINE and the Cochrane library databases were searched, and the last search was performed October 12, 2022.Study SelectionMammography screening for breast cancer; colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) for colorectal cancer; computed tomography screening for lung cancer in smokers and former smokers; or prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer.Data Extraction and SynthesisSearches and selection criteria followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Data were independently extracted by a single observer, and pooled analysis of clinical trials was used for analyses.Main Outcomes and MeasuresLife-years gained by screening was calculated as the difference in observed lifetime in the screening vs the no screening groups and computed absolute lifetime gained in days with 95% CIs for each screening test from meta-analyses or single randomized clinical trials.ResultsIn total, 2 111 958 individuals enrolled in randomized clinical trials comparing screening with no screening using 6 different tests were eligible. Median follow-up was 10 years for computed tomography, prostate-specific antigen testing, and colonoscopy; 13 years for mammography; and 15 years for sigmoidoscopy and FOBT. The only screening test with a significant lifetime gain was sigmoidoscopy (110 days; 95% CI, 0-274 days). There was no significant difference following mammography (0 days: 95% CI, −190 to 237 days), prostate cancer screening (37 days; 95% CI, −37 to 73 days), colonoscopy (37 days; 95% CI, −146 to 146 days), FOBT screening every year or every other year (0 days; 95% CI, −70.7 to 70.7 days), and lung cancer screening (107 days; 95% CI, −286 days to 430 days).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this meta-analysis suggest that current evidence does not substantiate the claim that common cancer screening tests save lives by extending lifetime, except possibly for colorectal cancer screening with sigmoidoscopy.
The International Association for Statistical Education, IASE
Authors: Phillips Brian R. , MacGillivray Helen L. , Bilgin Ayse A. B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSince its formal formation in 1993, the International Association for Statistical Education, IASE, has become a very active international organization which aims to advance statistical education at all levels, from primary school through training of professionals as well as to the general public. IASE is one of seven Associations of the International Statistical Institute (ISI), in a professional organizational structure allowing membership of Associations or Associations within ISI, thus facilitating global collaboration to cover and progress the wide spectrum of statistical sciences and applications. IASE developed from the ISI's 1949 Committee on Statistical Education, with its growth reflecting the increasing importance of teaching statistics and the science of data across disciplines and all educational levels for purposes ranging from citizenship to preparation of statisticians and data scientists. IASE organizes international conferences, forums, roundtables, the International Statistical Literacy Project (ISLP), prizes, and competitions. It publishes a research journal, conference proceedings, newsletters, webinars, and a comprehensive website. It joins in activities and committees with ISI and its Associations and participates in other statistical educational undertakings.
International Association for Official Statistics: Mission, Vision, and Strategic Plan
Authors: Belkindas Misha , Saetova Lilia , Everaers Pieter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the International Association for Official Statistics (IAOS) from its creation to the present day. The IAOS was founded in 1985 to promote the understanding and advancement of official statistics and related subjects and to foster the development of effective and efficient official statistical services, particularly in developing countries, through international contacts among individuals and organizations, including users of official statistics as well as research institutions. In this article, a brief summary of the history of the IAOS, its structure, membership, and activities are described. The activities range from monitoring the development and performance of Official Statistics worldwide, organizing conferences and webinars, publishing the Statistical Journal, and supporting Official Statisticians in adjusting to the changing statistical environment.
Data Analytics for Organizational Development – From Regression to Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Kaufmann Uwe H. , Tan Amy B. C. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Structural equation modeling has been widely used by academic researchers and was rarely seen in other organizations. However, since data analytics has got a foothold in a rapidly increasing number of public and private organizations all over the world, advanced analytics techniques such as structural equation modeling (SEM) for making critical decisions are needed. Although we see SEM being introduced into practice here and there, traditional approaches like regression are still in the majority, even when SEM could help giving more educated advice to business leaders. Part of the reason is that SEM is not easily available and is more complex as compared to using regression methodology.
This study aims to show the benefits of using SEM to help practitioners in using data for decision‐making and for organizational development. We compare the application of SEM and multiple linear regression and explain the condition for using either approach when analyzing organizational behavioral research data. Our study is based on a set of such data collected at public and private organizations in Southeast Asia.
The discussion focuses on the practical application of multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling as a valuable input for organizational development.
Engineering Research Methodology
Authors: Tang Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article offers an overview of engineering research methodology, including its characteristics and types, and the entire process, from proposal development to scientific publication. The first part of the review focuses on the initiation of a research project, including a literature review, proposal writing, and evaluation. The second section delves into the selection of research data and methods, such as quantitative, experimental, qualitative, and mixed, and examines the characteristics of different data types and methods. The final section discusses the execution, management, and reporting of an engineering research project, with a particular emphasis on research presentation, scholarly manuscript preparation, and publication processes.
Manipulating Crystal Stacking by Sidechain Engineering for High‐Performance N‐Type Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Chen Yuzhong , Wu Zeng , Ding Lu , Zhang Shuixin , Chen Zekun , Li Wenhao , Zhao Yan , Wang Yang , Liu Yunqi 
Published: August 2023

AbstractY‐series non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have achieved great progress in organic solar cells (OSCs). Most research attention is currently paid to their molecular engineering to improve the efficiency of OSCs. However, as n‐type organic semiconductors, the relationship between their molecular packing structures and charge transport properties is mostly ignored. Herein, it is clarified how the molecular packing of Y‐series NFAs fundamentally determines their charge transport properties by manipulating their crystal stacking via sidechain engineering. Therefore, branched alkyl/alkoxy substitutions are taken on a reference NFA (Y6‐1O), affording three derivatives, namely 1OBO‐1, 1OBO‐2, and 1OBO‐3. Results show that while the replacement of branched alkyl/alkoxy sidechains has little impact on optical properties and energy levels, it can change crystal stacking motifs significantly. The single crystal of Y6‐1O with all linear sidechains forms a 2D‐brickwork structure and shows lower mobility. In contrast, 1OBO‐2 with all branched sidechains exhibits a favorable 3D interpenetrating porous network, displaying an electron mobility of 1.42 cm2 V−1 s−1 in single‐crystal organic field‐effect transistors (SC‐OFETs). This value is among the highest for NFA‐based n‐type OFETs. This study not only reveals the fundamental structure–property relationships of Y‐series NFAs, but also suggests the potential of Y‐series NFAs for high‐performance n‐type organic semiconductors.
Covalent–Organic Framework (COF)‐Core–Shell Composites: Classification, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Li Teng , Pan Yuan , Shao Binbin , Zhang Xiansheng , Wu Ting , He Qingyun , He Miao , Ge Lin , Zhou Linfeng , Liu Sheng , Zheng Xuemei , Ye Jie , Liu Zhifeng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCore–shell structures, where the “guest” material is encapsulated within a protective shell, integrate the advantages of different materials to enhance the overall properties of the composite. Covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) are favorable candidates for composing core–shell structures due to their inherent porosity, good activity, excellent stability, and other advantages. In particular, COFs as shells to encapsulate other functional materials are becoming increasingly popular in the fields of environmental remediation and energy conversion. However, there is a lack of reviews on COF‐based core–shell materials. In this context, this review provides a systematic summary of the current research on COF‐based core–shell composites. First, a simple classification is made for COF‐based core–shell composites. The second part of the review describes the main synthesis methods. The changes brought about by the COF shell and core–shell structures on the properties of the composites and their applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, adsorption, sensing, and supercapacitors are then emphasized. Finally, new perspectives on the future development and challenges of composites are presented. The purpose of this study is to provide future insights into the design and application of COF‐based core–shell composites.
Challenges and Solutions for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Lean Electrolyte
Authors: Shi Huifa , Sun Weiyi , Cao Jiakai , Han Sa , Lu Guixia , Ghazi Zahid Ali , Zhu Xiaoyang , Lan Hongbo , Lv Wei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have high theoretical energy density and are regarded as next‐generation batteries. However, their practical energy density is much lower than the theoretical value. In previous studies, the increase of the areal capacity of the cathode and the decrease of the negative/positive ratio can be well achieved, yet the energy density shows no corresponding increase. The main reason is the difficulty in decreasing electrolyte dosage because lean electrolyte inevitably causes the deterioration of reaction kinetics and sulfur utilization. Thus, the electrolyte/active material ratio in the reported works is usually higher than 10 µL mg−1, much higher than that in Li‐ion batteries (usually lower than ≈0.3 µL mg−1 for cathode). Although many works have focused on this topic, a systematic discussion is still rare. This review systematically discusses the key challenges and solutions for assembling high‐performance lean‐electrolyte Li–S batteries. First, the key challenges arising from lean‐electrolyte conditions are discussed in detail. Then, the approaches and the recent progress to reduce electrolyte usage, including optimization of electrode porosity and ion conduction, the introduction of electrocatalysis, exploration of new active materials, electrolyte regulation, and Li metal protection are reviewed. Finally, future research directions in lean‐electrolyte Li–S batteries are proposed.
Atomic Pt‐N4 Sites in Porous N‐Doped Nanocarbons for Enhanced On‐Site Chlorination Coupled with H2 Evolution in Acidic Water
Authors: Quan Li , Chen Xiangxiong , Liu Jinlong , Fan Sanjun , Xia Bao Yu , You Bo 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAcidic water electrolysis (AWE) has the potential to revolutionize green H2 generation with flexible partial load range, high gas purity, and rapid system response. However, the extensive usage of noble Ru/Ir metals and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with inexpensive O2 products pose significant challenges in anodes. Herein, it is demonstrated that ultralow Pt single atoms in highly porous N‐doped carbons (Pt1/p‐NC@CNTs) can effectively catalyze chlorine evolution reaction (CER) for on‐site chlorination to replace OER in AWE, with 200 mV potential saving at 10 mA cm−2. As a result, various organic halide motifs of pharmaceutical molecules by chlorinating anisole, ketones, and olefins can be realized, along with H2 coproduction. Combined physicochemical characterizations including synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, finite element methodsimulations, and theory calculations indicate that atomic Pt‐N4 active sites balance the adsorption/desorption of Cl intermediates (Volmer step) and the plentiful porosity of Pt1/p‐NC@CNTs with high specific surface area of 313 m2 g−1 enriches Cl− around active sites (Heyrovský step), collectively promoting the rate‐limiting Volmer–Heyrovský pathway for improved CER.