bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of self‐induced vertical wind shear and diabatic heating on the Fujiwhara effect
Authors: Lee Jae‐Deok , Ito Kosuke , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis study hypothesises that the motion of binary tropical cyclones (TCs) can be modified by diabatic heating (DH) asymmetry associated with self‐induced vertical wind shear. To demonstrate this hypothesis in the quiescent environment, a set of the idealised f‐plane numerical experiments such as identical (varied in the initial separation distance) and non‐identical (varied in TC intensity and size) experiments are conducted. Results show that the binary TC tracks are affected by the initial separation distance, and TC intensity and size, that is, TC influence radius. Identical experiments show that the critical distance for separating, merging or repelling motion is 8° (where 1° ≃ 111 km). The binary TC interaction shows that single large‐scale cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations can develop as a result of the superposition of the circulation of the binary TCs in the lower and upper troposphere. These two different large‐scale circulations result in a vertically sheared environment in each TC. Potential vorticity (PV) tendency diagnosis shows that the TC motion is consistent with a positive region of the local tendency of PV. To quantify the contribution of each PV diagnostic term to the TC motion, we calculate each vector of the PV tendency diagnostic equation. In the merger case, the horizontal advection vector (HADV) appears to be greater than the DH vector (DHV) due to attraction. In the repulsion case, the DHV is largely compensated by the HADV. Specifically, the strong shear‐induced DH generated in the lower troposphere and downshear or downshear‐left quadrant can modify the TC motion in collaboration with the transport of PV to the middle and upper troposphere by offsetting the PV imbalance via the HADV. Overall, these results validate our hypothesis, which we refer to as the three‐dimensional Fujiwhara effect.
Investigating the precipitation features of monsoon deep depressions over the Bay of Bengal using high‐resolution stand‐alone and coupled simulations
Authors: Chakraborty Tapajyoti , Pattnaik Sandeep , Baisya Himadri 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA comprehensive attempt has been made to simulate the characteristics of monsoon deep depressions (MDD) originating over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) basin, with special emphasis on their rainfall using a coupled ocean–atmospheric model, that is, the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) model, and a stand‐alone atmospheric model, that is, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, with a lead time of up to 72 hr. It is to be noted that COAWST employs WRF as its atmospheric component, while the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used as the oceanic component. It is found that though the tracks of the four MDDs considered have been reasonably simulated, the intensity was overestimated in both sets of simulations compared to India Meteorological Department (IMD) best estimates. Decomposition of the contributors to rain rate for the composite of the storms in the deep depression (DD) phase revealed that the moisture sources/sinks (Qm) are the major component in modulating the rain rate compared to the cloud sources/sinks. Further analysis of Qm suggested that vertical and horizontal advection of moisture forms the leading contributors to Qm. Validation against Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Analysis (MERRA) reanalysis showed that COAWST captured a more realistic evolution of Qm (specifically vertical advection) compared to its stand‐alone counterpart. Investigation of the composite storm energetics in a vortex‐following control volume showed a scarcity of bulk kinetic energy (volume‐integrated kinetic energy over the control volume) in the later hours of the DD phase in COAWST which led to the dissipation of the storm core, unlike in WRF, where a re‐intensification took place through condensational heating. It is inferred that in spite of the stand‐alone atmospheric model capturing the moisture incursion from the lateral boundaries in the lower levels significantly, the better representation of the vertical structure in COAWST led to more realistic simulations of the storms, increasing the skill in rainfall prediction.
A scheme using finite‐volume method for local horizontal derivatives in spectral model: Hydrostatic case
Authors: Yang Jinhui , Wu Jianping , Song Junqiang , Peng Jun , Yin Fukang , Leng Hongze , Ren Kaijun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Yin‐He Global Spectral Model (YHGSM) is a dry‐mass conserving hydrostatic global spectral model, relying on spectral transforms to compute horizontal derivatives. We present an extension of YHGSM core named YHGSM‐FVM which uses a second‐order finite‐volume method (FVM) to compute the horizontal derivatives in grid‐point space instead of the spectral approach. With this approach, the computational efficiency of the spectral model is improved since part of the spectral transforms is superseded by FVM which only needs local data and the computational demand is lower. More importantly, YHGSM‐FVM is still a spectral model solving the Helmholtz equation directly in spectral space with a highly efficient semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme. The comparisons between YHGSM‐FVM and YHGSM are conducted, and the results show that both models have comparable prediction skill, but YHGSM‐FVM outperforms YHGSM in computational efficiency.
Lagrangian description of the atmospheric flow from Eulerian tracer advection with relaxation
Authors: Mayer Amelie , Wirth Volkmar 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Lagrangian representation of fluid flows offers a natural perspective to study many kinds of physical mechanisms. By contrast, the Eulerian representation is more convenient from a diagnostic point of view. This article attempts to combine elements of both worlds by proposing an Eulerian method that allows one to extract Lagrangian information about the atmospheric flow. The method is based on the offline advection of passive tracer fields and includes a relaxation term. The latter device allows one to run the integration in a continuous fashion without the need for reinitialization. As a result one obtains accumulated Lagrangian information, for example, about the recent parcel displacement or the recent parcel‐based diabatic heating, at each point of an Eulerian grid at any time step. The method is implemented with a pseudospectral algorithm suitable for gridded global atmospheric data and compared with the more traditional trajectory method. The method's utility is demonstrated on the basis of a few examples, which relate to cloud formation and the development of temperature anomalies. The examples highlight that the method provides a convenient diagnostic of parcel‐based changes, paving an intuitive way to explore the physical processes involved. Due to its gridpoint‐based nature, the proposed method can be applied to large data sets in a straightforward and computationally efficient manner, suggesting that the method is particularly useful for climatological analyses.
Understanding the impact of assimilating FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 radio occultation refractivity on tropical cyclone genesis: Observing system simulation experiments using Hurricane Gordon (2006) as a case study
Authors: Yang Shu‐Chih , Chen Shu‐Hua , Chang Chih‐Chien 
Published: March 2023

AbstractStudies have shown that assimilating the radio occultation (RO) observations, including those from the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (constellation observing systems for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate) (FS3‐C), provides positive impacts on tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts. The FS3‐C's successor, the FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 (FS7‐C2), provides denser spatial data coverage over the Tropics and Subtropics, where severe weather systems often occur. This study investigates the impact of FS7‐C2 refractivity profiles on the prediction of TC genesis. A quick observing system simulation experiment is conducted for the period when Hurricanes Helene and Gordon (2006) occurred over the North Atlantic Ocean using a regional ensemble data assimilation system. Though assimilating FS3‐C or FS7‐C2 ROs successfully reproduces Helene's development, assimilating FS7‐C2 ROs better captures the genesis and development of Gordon with abundant moisture and vorticity in Gordon's core region, providing conditions favorable for the development of deep convection. A minimum area‐mean total precipitable water vapor of 54 mm, as well as the existence of mid‐level cyclonic vorticity (e.g., 500 hPa), at the storm core region in the initial condition is required for forecasting Gordon's genesis. Also, the assimilation of FS7‐C2 ROs in our experiments reduces the 500 hPa geopotential error by 22% and improves probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast compared with assimilating FS3‐C ROs. Two sensitivity tests are conducted to evaluate the impact of low‐level negatively biased FS7‐C2 RO profiles and the removal of FS7‐C2 data below 3 km on Gordon's genesis. The former test does not degrade Gordon's genesis forecast skills due to a dipole error correlation between the background ROs and the moisture field over an observed RO profile near Gordon. The latter test does degrade Gordon's forecast skills but is still better than the assimilation of FS3‐C ROs since the features of low‐level moisture and mid‐level vorticity are preserved to some extent.
Scale interactions between the meso‐ and synoptic scales and the impact of diabatic heating
Authors: Hirt Mirjam , Craig George C. , Klein Rupert 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFor both the meso‐ and synoptic scales, reduced mathematical models give insight into their dynamical behaviour. For the mesoscale, the weak temperature gradient approximation is one of several approaches, while for the synoptic scale the quasigeostrophic theory is well established. However, the way these two scales interact with each other is usually not included in such reduced models, thereby limiting our current perception of flow‐dependent predictability and upscale error growth. Here, we address the scale interactions explicitly by developing a two‐scale asymptotic model for the meso‐ and synoptic scales with two coupled sets of equations for the meso‐ and synoptic scales respectively. The mesoscale equations follow a weak temperature gradient balance and the synoptic‐scale equations align with quasigeostrophic theory. Importantly, the equation sets are coupled via scale‐interaction terms: eddy correlations of mesoscale variables impact the synoptic potential vorticity tendency and synoptic variables force the mesoscale vorticity (for instance due to tilting of synoptic‐scale wind shear). Furthermore, different diabatic heating rates—representing the effect of precipitation—define different flow characteristics. With weak mesoscale heating relatable to precipitation rates of , the mesoscale dynamics resembles two‐dimensional incompressible vorticity dynamics and the upscale impact of the mesoscale on the synoptic scale is only of a dynamical nature. With a strong mesosocale heating relatable to precipitation rates of , divergent motions and three‐dimensional effects become relevant for the mesoscale dynamics and the upscale impact also includes thermodynamical effects.
Evaluation of the impacts of ice cloud vertical inhomogeneity on spaceborne passive submillimeter‐wave simulations
Authors: Li Shulei , Liu Lei , Letu Husi , Hu Shuai , Dong Pingyi , Ren Hong , Ye Jin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSpaceborne passive submillimeter instruments can provide higher sensitivity to a broader size range of ice hydrometeors than traditional millimeter and infrared observations. However, a plane‐parallel cloud assumption is commonly applied for simplicity in passive cloud retrieval algorithms, while observations from active instruments have already demonstrated the ice particle variabilities in the vertical dimension. This study is conducted to assess the impacts of ice cloud vertical inhomogeneity on passive submillimeter‐wave simulations. Specifically, a simplified two‐layer scheme for distributions of particle size and ice water content in ice clouds is utilized to explore the inhomogeneous effects on radiative‐transfer process via the brightness temperature differences at the top of the atmosphere. Then the effect is quantitively evaluated based on a generated synthetic ice cloud and compared under the assumption of five particle size distributions to simulate homogeneous and heterogeneous clouds. The simplified two‐layer model simulations show that before saturation, the upper layer generates a stronger brightness temperature depression due to scattering than does the lower layer, given the same ice water content (IWC). However, with increasing IWC or effective diameters, the saturation effect would lead to the opposite impact, especially for high‐frequency channels. The generated synthetic ice cloud simulations reveal that the average values and the root‐mean‐squared errors of the brightness temperature differences are between −6 and 8 K and within 10 K, respectively. The results in this study are of special significance for remote‐sensing ice hydrometeors from passive submillimeter observations for the upcoming Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), as well as for future assimilations of submillimeter radiances in all‐sky conditions.
Soil phosphorus balance in Minnesota soils and its effects on soil test phosphorus and soil phosphorus fractions
Authors: Sims Albert L. , Fabrizzi Karina P. , Kaiser Daniel E. , Rosen Carl J. , Vetsch Jeffrey A. , Strock Jeffrey S. , Lamb John A. , Farmaha Bhupinder S. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPhosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations based on the build and maintain (B&M) or the sufficiency philosophies were compared at six sites across Minnesota. Various levels of soil test P (STP) levels were established over four growing seasons. Applied P and P removed in harvested grain were monitored and used to develop a soil net P balance (Net P). Linear regression of net P with changes in STP was highly significant. Initial STP levels could be maintained at four of the six sites with a negative Net P. At those same sites, a zero Net P would tend to slowly increase STP over time. A sequential soil P fractionation analysis was conducted on soils from the six sites at the initiation and at the end of the 4‐year period. Nine total soil P fractions were extracted that represented both inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) in the labile and non or less labile soil P pools. A positive linear relationship between Net P and changes in Pi fractions was significant. As Net P increased, so did the changes in Pi in the Resin, BiCarb, and NaOH fractions. These three fractions accounted for 66% to >100% of the changes in Net P with Resin and NaOH accounting for the majority of Net P. Changes in Net P that were accounted for in the less labile P pools, Sonic and HCl fractions, variable, and difficult to determine. There was little effect of Net P on Po fractions.
Composition, functionalities, and digestibility of proteins from high protein and normal pea (Pisum sativum) genotypes
Authors: Yang Jingqi , Lorenzetti Rani Lopes , Bing Dengjin , Zhang Sitian , Lu John , Chen Lingyun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAlthough a lot of research has been focused on the applications of pea protein, the effects of genotypes on protein applications have not been sufficiently investigated. Three high protein genotypes and four normal genotypes were included in this study. The results showed that the pea proteins from these seven genotypes differed widely in 11S/7S ratio. P1141 and Lacombe had the highest 11S/7S ratio while P1142, P0540, and Cooper had the lowest. Since the three high protein genotypes were selected from different parent lines, they had different 11S/7S ratios, which may partially explain their various functionalities. This demonstrated the potential of using breeding as a tool to manipulate the 11S/7S ratio of pea protein. The 11S/7S ratio may play a more important role in determining the protein functionalities than high/normal protein level in the seed. The solubilities of all seven samples were pH dependent. At pH 7, Lacombe and P1141 had the lowest solubility among all the tested samples, which may be a result of their high 11S/7S ratio. The proteins from all genotypes showed comparative water and oil holding capacities. P1141, Lacombe and Earlystar showed excellent emulsifying and foaming capacity at all tested pHs, which may be attributed to their relatively higher 11S/7S ratio. The in vitro digestibility varied among genotypes regardless of high protein or normal genotypes but all higher than 75%. The results of this study demonstrated that breeding could manipulate the pea protein content and composition, which further determined its functional properties and applications in food products.
Cutaneous Manifestations and Treatment of Arsenic Toxicity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tang Gia Toan , Elakis Joshua , Scardamaglia Laura 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Cutaneous and systemic signs of acute and chronic arsenic poisoning may be vague. Thus, an awareness of these signs is crucial to prevent late or missed diagnoses. This is especially true in non-endemic countries where individuals may present decades after exposure, or may still be ingesting arsenic via a non-classical exposure. Existing literature emphasizes several well-known cutaneous presentations of arsenic toxicity while ignoring the complete clinical spectrum, including several rare tumours of relevance to the dermatologist. This study aims to review the existing literature on dermatological presentations of arsenic toxicity and their management in adults.
Ascidian‐Inspired Temperature‐Switchable Hydrogels with Antioxidant Fullerenols for Protecting Radiation‐Induced Oral Mucositis and Maintaining the Homeostasis of Oral Microbiota
Authors: Zhao Maoru , Wang Chengyan , Ji Chao , Liu Ruixue , Xie Jiani , Wang Yuguang , Gu Zhanjun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA key characteristic of radiation‐induced oral mucositis (RIOM) is oxidative stress mediated by the “reactive oxygen species (ROS) storm” generated from water radiolysis, resulting in severe pathological lesions, accompanied by a disturbance of oral microbiota. Therefore, a sprayable in situ hydrogel loaded with “free radical sponge” fullerenols (FOH) is developed as antioxidant agent for RIOM radioprotection. Inspired by marine organisms, 3,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylalanine (TOPA) which is enriched in ascidians is grafted to clinically approved temperature‐switchable Pluronic F127 to produce gallic acid (containing the TOPA fragment)‐modified Pluronic F127 (MGA) hydrogels to resist the fast loss of FOH via biomimetic adhesion during oral movement and saliva erosion. Based on this, progressive RIOM found in mice is alleviated by treatment of FOH‐loaded MGA hydrogels whether pre‐irradiation prophylactic administration or post‐irradiation therapeutic administration, which contributes to maintaining the homeostasis of oral microbiota. Mechanistically, FOH inhibits cell apoptosis by scavenging radiation‐induced excess ROS and up‐regulates the inherent enzymatic antioxidants, thereby protecting the proliferation and migration of mucosal epithelial cells. In conclusion, this work not only provides proof‐of‐principle evidence for the oral radioprotection of FOH by blocking the “ROS storm”, but also provides an effective and easy‐to‐use hydrogel system for mucosal in situ administration.
A Nanoparticle Ink Allowing the High Precision Visualization of Tissue Engineered Scaffolds by MRI
Authors: Leon‐Chaviano Samila , Kiseleva Mariia , Legros Philippe , Collin Simon , Lescot Théophraste , Henoumont Céline , Gossuin Yves , Laurent Sophie , Mayrand Dominique , Fradette Julie , Bégin‐Drolet André , Ruel Jean , Fortin Marc‐André 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHydrogels are widely used as cell scaffolds in several biomedical applications. Once implanted in vivo, cell scaffolds must often be visualized, and monitored overtime. However, cell scaffolds appear poorly contrasted in most biomedical imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is the imaging technique of choice for high‐resolution visualization of low‐density, water‐rich tissues. Attempts to enhance hydrogel contrast in MRI are performed with “negative” contrast agents that produce several image artifacts impeding the delineation of the implant's contours. In this study, a magnetic ink based on ultra‐small iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs; <5 nm diameter cores) is developed and integrated into biocompatible alginate hydrogel used in cell scaffolding applications. Relaxometric properties of the magnetic hydrogel are measured, as well as biocompatibility and MR‐visibility (T1‐weighted mode; in vitro and in vivo). A 2‐week MR follow‐up study is performed in the mouse model, demonstrating no image artifacts, and the retention of “positive” contrast overtime, which allows very precise delineation of tissue grafts with MRI. Finally, a 3D‐contouring procedure developed to facilitate graft delineation and geometrical conformity assessment is applied on an inverted template alginate pore network. This proof‐of‐concept establishes the possibility to reveal precisely engineered hydrogel structures using this USPIONs ink high‐visibility approach.
Coordinating Interface Polymerization with Micelle Mediated Assembly Towards Two‐Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon/CoNi for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Huang Zheng , Ma Dongsheng , Nian Pei , Zhou Yu , Wang Dong , Gong Xueqing , Wang Zheng , Yue Qin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLithium‐sulfur battery has attracted significant attention by virtues of their high theoretical energy density, natural abundance, and environmental friendliness. However, the notorious shuttle effect of polysulfides intermediates severely hinders its practical application. Herein, a novel 2D mesoporous N‐doped carbon nanosheet with confined bimetallic CoNi nanoparticles sandwiched graphene (mNC‐CoNi@rGO) is successfully fabricated through a coordinating interface polymerization and micelle mediated co‐assembly strategy. mNC‐CoNi@rGO serves as a robust host material that endows lithium‐sulfur batteries with a high reversible capacity of 1115 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 100 cycles, superior rate capability, and excellent cycling stability with 679.2 mAh g−1 capacity retention over 700 cycles at 1 C. With sulfur contents of up to 5.0 mg cm−2, the area capacity remains to be 5.1 mAh cm−2 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The remarkable performance is further resolved via a series of experimental characterizations combined with density functional theory calculations. These results reveal that the ordered mesoporous N‐doped carbon‐encapsulated graphene framework acts as the ion/electron transport highway with excellent electrical conductivity, while bimetallic CoNi nanoparticles enhance the polysulfides adsorption and catalytic conversion that simultaneously accelerate the multiphase sulfur/polysulfides/sulfides conversion and inhibit the polysulfides shuttle.