bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophages as effector cells of protective immunity in murine schistosomiasis. VI. T cell-dependent, lymphokine-mediated, activation of macrophages in response to Schistosoma mansoni antigens.
Authors: James S L , Lazdins J K , Hieny S , Natovitz P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice kill significant numbers of skin stage schistosomula and murine fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. In order to determine whether the macrophage tumoricidal and larvicidal activation observed in mice as a result of S. mansoni infection are mediated through T cell-dependent (lymphokine) or B cell-dependent (antibody or immune complex) mechanisms, the development of macrophage populations with cytotoxic activity against schistosome larvae or tumor cells was monitored in S. mansoni-infected nude or mu-suppressed mice. Whereas peritoneal cells from S. mansoni-infected congenitally athymic mice had no activity in either assay, cells from mu-suppressed S. mansoni-infected mice showed cytotoxic activity equivalent to that of cells from untreated S. mansoni-infected counterparts. Cells from mu-suppressed uninfected mice were not activated. The mu-suppressed animals had no detectable nonspecific IgM or specific antischistosome IgM, IgG, or IgE antibodies and showed a 90% reduction in numbers of splenic IgM+ cells upon fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. These results indicate that antibody is not required for in vivo activation of macrophages during S. mansoni infection. Further experiments showed that lymphoid cells from S. mansoni infected mice respond in culture with various specific antigens (such as living or dead whole schistosomula or soluble adult worm antigens) by production of factors capable of activating macrophages from uninfected control mice to kill schistosomula or tumor cells in vitro. Macrophage-activating factors were produced by T cell-enriched, but not T cell-depleted or B cell-enriched, populations from spleens of schistosome-infected mice in response to schistosome antigen. Similar lymphokines may be responsible for the macrophage activation observed during chronic murine schistosomiasis. These observations emphasize the potential contribution of T cell-mediated immune mechanisms in resistance to S. mansoni infection.
Recognition of Leishmania donovani antigens by murine T lymphocyte lines and clones. Species cross-reactivity, functional correlates of cell-mediated immunity, and antigen characterization.
Authors: Sheppard H W , Scott P A , Dwyer D M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies in man and experimental animals suggest that cell-mediated immunity is of primary importance in limiting the pathogenesis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In an attempt to determine, more directly, the role of T lymphocytes and the nature of the antigens that activate them, we have propagated antigen-specific murine T lymphocyte lines and clones that proliferate in response to antigens present on the membrane of intact Leishmania donovani promastigotes. One such line cross-reacts with membrane antigens on seven other Leishmania species and, to a lesser extent, with antigens on African procyclic trypanosomes. T lymphocyte clones that also exhibited a broad range of species cross-reactivity were isolated. About 40% of these clones had highly restricted specificity, whereas 60% were more extensively cross-reactive. The parent line and some clones passively transferred footpad DTH when injected locally, and some secreted a lymphokine activity that elicited intracellular killing of amastigotes within infected macrophages. Although the proliferative response of most clones was H-2 restricted, two clones appeared to be reactive in the presence of allogeneic antigen presenting cells. The majority of the clones appeared to recognize carbohydrate containing antigens, and absorption with solid substrate-bound lectins indicated that these antigens contained both mannose and galactose ligands. The antigenic activity was also absorbed using either of two extensively cross-reactive anti-parasite monoclonal antibodies.
Evidence that anti-idiotype induced immunity to experimental African trypanosomiasis is genetically restricted and requires recognition of combining site-related idiotopes.
Authors: Sacks D L , Sher A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies to immunize mice against African trypanosomiasis independent of antigen has been confirmed. Of three allogeneic anti-Id antibodies raised against three protective monoclonal antibodies, each with specificity for the variant surface antigen of a clone of Trypanosoma rhodesiense, only one (anti-7H11 Id) was effective in immunizing BALB/c mice against homologous challenge. The immunity was associated with the more rapid and enhanced expression of the corresponding Id after infection. The immunity was restricted to mice bearing genes linked to Igh-Ca, which appeared to control expression of this Id both in response to infection and anti-Id treatment. Another Id, 11D5, appeared to be under similar genetic control. Anti-11D5 Id, however, was ineffective in immunizing mice against infection despite inducing high levels of Id bearing molecules before challenge. The immunizing potential of the respective anti-Id antibodies appeared to be related to the relative concentrations of antibodies reactive with idiotopes near to or within the antigen-combining site, which, in turn, determined the relative proportion of Id-bearing clones activated that had antigen binding activity.
IgE responses in human filariasis. II. Qualitative characterization of filaria-specific IgE.
Authors: Hussain R , Ottesen E A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) was used to characterize human IgE antibody responses to filarial parasites by using antigens derived from Brugia malayi (Bm) adult worms. A reference pool of patient sera was initially used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CRIE. Because IgG-blocking antibodies interfered with IgE binding in certain sera, all sera were preabsorbed with protein A-Sepharose. As little as 50 ng of specific IgE antibody (determined by quantitative radioallergosorbent test [RAST]) in the reference pool bound to 20 of the 35 antigen precipitates in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Increasing IgE antibody concentration did not increase the number of IgE-binding precipitates. Six patients from each of the three major clinical groups in lymphatic filariasis (i.e., tropical pulmonary eosinophilia [TE], chronic lymphatic pathology [CP], or circulating microfilaremia [MF]) were studied by CRIE with the use of a constant amount of IgE antibody (50 ng IgE anti-BmA). Distinct patterns of allergen recognition were observed among the groups. Individuals with TE recognized both anodic and cathodic antigens as allergens, whereas the other two groups recognized predominantly anodic antigens. The greatest number of allergens was recognized by patients with TE; this number ranged from nine to 18, whereas patients with CP or circulating MF recognized from six to 11 allergens. Although potentiated IgE responses at a quantitative level in parasitic helminth infections is a well-established phenomenon, our studies showing the diversity of antigens recognized as allergens indicate for the first time potentiated IgE responses at a qualitative level as well.
Influence of lymphokines on the anti-TNP-Ficoll response of normal and X-linked B lymphocyte-defective mice.
Authors: Xue B , Bell M K , Thorbecke G J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunodeficient CBA/N and F1 hybrids of CBA/N X SJL or DBA/2Ha mice were induced to make an antibody response to TNP-Ficoll by i.v. injections of lymphokines together with the antigen. The best responses (up to 12,000 PFC/spleen on day 4) were obtained by repeated i.v. lymphokine injections on days 0, 1, 2, and 3. Lymphokines obtained from PHA-stimulated LBRM-33 cells were less effective than those in supernatants (SN) from cocultures of SJL lymph node and gamma-RCS lymphoma cells, although in each case 100 U IL 2 were given per injection. Similar SN injections caused two- to threefold increases in responses of nondefective F1 hybrids. Pretreatment with lymphokine before TNP-Ficoll injection had no effect. Additional injection of monoclonal anti-IgD decreased the effect of lymphokine. Responses to TNP-Ficoll of CBA/J spleen cells were enhanced in vitro by SN as shown previously. Although responses by CBA/N spleen cells to TNP-polyacrylamide were increased by SN, however, responses to TNP-Ficoll could not be obtained with spleen cells from the xid mice in vitro.
Accessory cells in immune suppression. I. Role of I-A+ accessory cells in effector phase idiotype-specific suppression of myeloma function.
Authors: Moser G , Tominaga A , Greene M I , Abbas A K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The suppression of MOPC 315 myeloma cells by idiotype-specific effector Ts requires the presence of non-immune AC. This requirement was demonstrated in cultures where myeloma targets and Ts were separated by cell-impermeable membranes or were in direct contact. The AC were adherent, radioresistant, and present in peritoneal exudates and in FcR+ as well as FcR- fractions of low density splenocytes; they bore cell surface I-A determinants and did not have to be H-2 compatible with myeloma cells and Ts. These studies demonstrate a novel role for Ia+ AC in immune regulation, and suggest that their accessory function may involve processing of T lymphocyte-derived suppressor factors or presentation of such factors to target cells.
Subpopulations of human natural killer cells defined by expression of the Leu-7 (HNK-1) and Leu-11 (NK-15) antigens.
Authors: Lanier L L , Le A M , Phillips J H , Warner N L , Babcock G F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The functional and phenotypic characteristics of cells in human peripheral blood that mediate "natural killer" (NK) cytolysis have been examined with the use of multiparameter flow cytometry analysis and cell sorting. Essentially, all lymphocytes expressing NK and ADCC activity reacted with the anti-Leu-11a monoclonal antibody. The Leu-11a antigen was expressed on cytotoxic large granular lymphocytes (LGL), neutrophils, and basophils, but was not present on B cells, mitogen-activated T lymphoblasts, or Leu-1+ and Leu 4+ resting T cells. Anti-Leu-11a antibody selectively inhibited the binding of FITC heat-aggregated IgG complexes to granulocytes and LGL, and it may recognize a type of Fc receptor on these cells. Two-color FACS cell sorting indicated the existence of four lymphocyte subsets defined by the expression of Leu-11a and Leu-7 antigens. The Leu-11a+, -7- cells were highly active in 4-hr NK assays with the use of 51Cr-labeled K562 as the target. In contrast, the Leu-11a-, -7+ cells demonstrated weak activity and the Leu-11a-, -7- cells demonstrated no activity. The function of the Leu 11a+, -7+ cells varied considerably among several individuals examined. Multiparameter analysis with the use of two-color flow cytometry was used to determine the relationship between the expression of these NK-associated antigens and T and B cell-associated markers. These data indicate that considerable heterogeneity exists within human peripheral lymphocytes with regard to cell phenotype and function, but that several defined cellular subsets can be clearly revealed by using multiparameter FACS analysis and sorting.
Three closely linked latent rabbit IgG allotype gene products: a1, d12, e14.
Authors: Wolf B , Yee-Foon J , Ikeda M T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit latent allotypes in the serum are non-allelic immunoglobulin markers that are transiently expressed in low concentration. In this report we describe the isolation and characterization of a linked series of latent allotypes on the gamma-chain which were found in two rabbits. This latent allogroup contains the determinants a1, d12, e14, which corresponds to the known nominal haplotype I. The latent allogroup is only periodically expressed in the serum and transmitted in a non-Mendelian fashion. However, although only intermittently expressed, both a1 and e14 were found to be displayed in a polyclonal manner by isoelectric focusing. The a1 was associated with the Fab region, the d12 was associated with the hinge region, and the e14 was associated with the Fc region when the peptides were assayed after enzymatic cleavage. The non-allelic demonstration of these genetic markers indicates that each of the rabbits studied carries all the alternative genes for the major three allotypic loci in the gamma-chain. It is possible that other rabbits bear them as well, but they remain "silent" at any given time.
Structural studies of a human gamma 3 myeloma protein (Jir) bearing the allotypic marker Gm(st).
Authors: Matsumoto H , Ito S , Miyazaki T , Ohta T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The authors established the amino acid substitutions determining G3m(s) and G3m(t) specificities, which characterize Mongoloid populations, by sequence analysis of the Fc region of a myeloma protein (Jir). By comparing the amino acid sequences of the IgG3 (Jir) and the other IgG subclasses analyzed to date, it was found that G3m(s) was an isoallotype specified by an amino acid substitution at position 435; i.e., whereas the subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 had histidine in common, G3m(s-) had arginine in this position. This was also confirmed by the observation that the Fc fragment in question bound to protein A. It was also established that the amino acid at position 379 of G3m(t-) IgG3 and the other subclasses was valine, whereas methionine in this position was specific for G3m(t+). In addition, the amino acids at position 339 of G3m(u-) IgG3 Jir was threonine, and at position 296 of G3m(g-) IgG3 Jir was tyrosine. These findings are not in accord with the hitherto postulated relations of alanine and phenylalanine to G3m(u-) and G3m(g-), respectively. Finally, this study showed that a large number of substitutions occurred at positions 384 through 389, which suggests that many specificities of the G3m(b) group occur on IgG3 proteins.
Antigenic relationships between human and cobra complement factors C3 and cobra venom factor (CVF) from the Indian cobra (Naja naja).
Authors: Eggertsen G , Lundwall A , Hellman U , Sjöquist J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of a factor immunologically related to cobra venom factor (CVF) was demonstrated in serum and plasma from the Indian cobra (Naja naja kaoutia). The factor was purified from cobra plasma by affinity chromatography on an anti-CVF gel and was found to consist of a protein composed of two polypeptide chains similar in size to those of human C3. With use of immunoblotting technique, common antigenic determinants were found in the smaller chain of the prepared material and the beta-chain of human C3; the larger chain may display antigenic determinants present in the alpha-chain of human C3. These findings suggest that this molecule represents the C3 of the cobra complement system. Common antigenic determinants were also demonstrated in the alpha-chain of CVF and the beta-chains of human and cobra C3. No reactions were observed between the beta- and gamma-chains of CVF and any antiserum against human C3 or its subunits. Upon immunodiffusion analysis, cobra serum was found to contain a factor besides C3 sharing antigens specific for CVF, while cobra C3 was antigenically deficient compared to CVF. This suggests that cobra C3 physiologically is degraded to a molecule very similar to or identical with CVF.
Dissociation of IgE from receptors on human basophils. I. Enhanced passive sensitization for histamine release.
Authors: Pruzansky J J , Grammer L C , Patterson R , Roberts M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocytes of only one of 11 nonatopic donors could be passively sensitized for histamine release elicited by ragweed extract. A short incubation in an unbuffered isotonic saline at pH 3.9 or in an 0.01 M lactic acid/lactate-buffered isotonic saline at pH 3.9 dissociated from 4 X 10(5) to less than 3 X 10(4) IgE molecules per basophil from washed leukocytes of several in a series of six atopic and 11 nonatopic donors. After such treatment, leukocytes of only one of the 11 nonatopic donors could not be sensitized for histamine release. Basophils of the four ragweed-sensitive donors lost their sensitivity to ragweed after the treatment, but all could be passively resensitized; for three of these donors the level of release approximated their original reactivity. Leukocytes of the two mold-sensitive donors could be passively sensitized to ragweed allergens after but not before treatment. Four plasma samples from histamine release-positive volunteers were used for sensitization of treated leukocytes of each cell donor; three were consistently effective and one was consistently ineffective. The positive plasmas had concentrations of antigen E-specific IgE of over 100 ng/ml, which accounted for 17 to 23% of the total IgE; the inactive one had less than 5 ng/ml of specific IgE. For each cell donor, all three samples of active plasma mediated quite similar histamine release, but there was a spectrum of donor cell reactivity ranging from 23 to 70% release. These results suggest that basophils from each donor, atopic or nonatopic, had a maximal potential for in vitro sensitization, which was only attained if the plasma contained appropriate, but yet to be fully defined, concentrations of specific and total IgE. Several unexpected results were obtained. Treated leukocytes from some individuals were sensitized for mediator release to a greater extent by sixfold diluted than undiluted plasma. In addition, a 4-hr incubation with plasma at 37 degrees C, but not at 25 degrees C or 0 degrees C, was less effective than were shorter incubation periods. Treated leukocytes should be useful in studying kinetic and equilibrium parameters of IgE binding to specific receptors on human basophils. Analogous treatments should also be useful in sensitization and measurement of IgE-receptor interactions of mast cell populations.
Spleen cell-mediated suppression of IgG production to a non-parasite antigen during chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice.
Authors: Reed S G , Roters S B , Goidl E A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to TNP-BGG (thymus-dependent) and TNP-Ficoll (thymus-independent) were measured during acute and chronic T. cruzi infections produced in C57BL/10 mice. The number of anti-TNP PFC to both antigens was suppressed as has been shown. Approximately 40% of untreated mice survived acute disease to enter chronic T. cruzi infection characterized by a decrease in parasitemia, a reduction in spleen size, a return to normal of the IgM responses to TNP-BGG and TNP-Ficoll, persistant polyclonal activation, and continued suppression of the IgG responses to TNP-BGG. Mice that were drug-treated during the acute disease had high survival rates and similar immune response patterns, ie., suppressed IgG PFC responses to TNP-BGG and normal IgM PFC responses to TNP-BGG and TNP-Ficoll. The selective suppression of the IgG response was transferred to nonirradiated syngeneic recipients by Thy-1.2-positive cells present in the spleens of chronically infected mice. These observations may be interpreted to suggest the persistence of nonspecific suppressor T cells during chronic T. cruzi infections.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for Leishmania tropica. I. Characterization of antigens associated with stage- and species-specific determinants.
Authors: Jaffe C L , McMahon-Pratt D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four monoclonal antibodies (T-1 through T-4), which were produced to membrane-enriched preparations of Leishmania tropica major promastigotes, reacted specifically with the members of L. tropica complex. The antibodies T-1 and T-4 react exclusively with L. t. major and L. t. minor. The remaining two monoclonal antibodies bind, in addition, to L. t. aethiopica and weakly to L. mexicana amazonensis. No significant cross-reactivity was observed with L. donovani, L. braziliensis braziliensis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Antibodies T-1, T-2, and T-4 were found to be specific for the promastigote stage (insect) of L. tropica. Antibody T-3 reacts with both the amastigote and promastigote stages of the parasite. All of the monoclonal antibodies react with cell surface components on intact promastigotes. The protein antigens containing the species-specific determinants recognized by each of the four antibodies were identified by radioimmunoprecipitation of solubilized 125I-labeled L. t. major promastigotes. A single 50 kilodalton protein is recognized by clone T-4. T-1 recognized two high m.w. proteins (100 and 200 kilodaltons). These two antigens plus an additional protein of lower m.w. (70 kilodaltons) are also immunoprecipitated by the antibodies T-2 and T-3, demonstrating that species-specific determinants are present on several different cell surface proteins of L. t. major.
Excretory-secretory products of Giardia lamblia.
Authors: Nash T E , Gillin F D , Smith P D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The surface of Giardia lamblia strain WB was radioiodinated with either 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha, 6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril (IODOGEN) or lactoperoxidase, and the labeled membrane components as well as the released excretory-secretory (E-S) products were identified. The surface of G. lamblia was easily labeled, and G. lamblia excretory-secretory (E-S) products were identified in the medium. Over 70% of the label on the cell surface was released over 24 hr. The major E-S product released was polydisperse (m.w. 225 to 94,000), protease VI and periodate-sensitive, chloroform-methanol insoluble, and failed to adhere to a series of carbohydrate-binding lectins or to diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose. Hydrophobicity was suggested by adherence to phenyl-Sepharose. The major E-S product of another G. lamblia isolate, Portland-1 (P-1), was antigenically different. A previous study showed that strain P-1 lacked a major antigenic component of strain WB. In the present study, this material was identified as the major secretory product of WB by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
Distribution and modulation of a human leukemia-associated antigen (CALLA).
Authors: Pesando J M , Tomaselli K J , Lazarus H , Schlossman S F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CALLA is a 100,000-dalton surface glycoprotein expressed by malignant cells of patients with clinically important subtypes of acute leukemia. Incubation of human leukemic cells expressing CALLA with specific monoclonal antibody (J5) at 37 degrees C causes rapid and selective internalization and degradation of this antigen (antigenic modulation). In these studies we show that CALLA-specific monoclonal antibodies also identify a cell surface glycoprotein having a m. w. of approximately 100,000 on 2 to 6% of nonmyeloid nucleated cells of normal adult bone marrow, on normal fibroblasts in tissue culture, and on cells of several nonhematopoietic human tumor cell lines. J5 antibody similarly modulates the surface expression of CALLA on nonleukemic cell populations, although the extent of modulation at a given concentration of antibody varied considerably. Modulation was almost complete for CALLA on cells of normal bone marrow, but was highly variable for cells of nonhematopoietic cell lines, possibly reflecting variability in antibody access to surface antigen. Using fluoresceinated or iodinated J5 antibody to modulate expression of CALLA on cells of leukemic cell lines, we show that antibody-antigen complexes undergo a temperature-dependent redistribution on the cell surface during modulation to form microaggregates. Antibody as well as antigen is then internalized. Studies of [35S]methionine-labeled cells indicate that synthesis of CALLA continues despite modulation of its surface expression by specific antibody, implying that the presence of CALLA on the cell surface reflects a dynamic equilibrium between the processes of surface expression of newly synthesized glycoprotein and its spontaneous and antibody-mediated clearance. The implications of these observations for immunotherapy are discussed.