bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Demonstration of a Common Antigen in Reiter's Treponeme and Virulent Treponema Pallidum
Authors: Cannefax George R. , Garson Warfield 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody produced by Reiter protein has been demonstrated to be reactive to Reiter protein and to protein of virulent T. pallidum obtained by the same antigen fractionation methods. Reiter protein did not produce antibodies detectable with the TPCF and VDRL tests. The TPCP test is preliminarily described.
Adsorption of serum with protein antigen of virulent T. pallidum removed reactivity to both TPCP and RPCF tests, but not the reactivity of the TPCF and VDRL tests.
These findings, by demonstrating a serologic kinship of a protein moiety of virulent and avirulent treponemes, strengthen the position of test specificity of the RPCF test in the serology of syphilis.
This demonstration of a serologic and immunologic kinship between virulent T. pallidum and avirulent Reiter treponemes, plus the ease and inexpensiveness of production of RPCF antigen, provides justification for further research into the clinical and epidemiologic usefulness of the RPCF test in the diagnosis and control of syphilis.
The Similar Specificity of the Combining Sites of an Individual Antibody Molecule
Authors: Nisonoff Alfred , Winkler Marvin H. , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antiserum prepared in rabbits against bovine-γ-globulin (BGG) to which p-azobenzoate groups were coupled contained precipitins directed against BGG and against the haptenic group. Treatment of a γ-globulin fraction of the antiserum with an excess of a solid adsorbent capable of removing antibody with anti-BGG combining sites did not decrease the number of antihapten sites. The failure to remove antihapten activity was shown by direct binding measurements with labelled p-iodobenzoate.
It is concluded that essentially none of the antihapten combining sites are on molecules having an anti-BGG site; i.e., that heteroligating antibody is absent. The results are discussed from the standpoint of the mechanism of antibody formation.
A Study of Relapse Plasmodium Berghei Infections Isolated from White Mice
Authors: Cox Herbert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The course of Plasmodium berghei isolated from mice with relapse was compared to the course of the stock infection in mice with induced latent P. berghei. In each of three experiments there were more patent infections and more deaths among mice after challenge with relapse P. berghei than there were after challenge with the stock infection, or than there were among unchallenged latent infection control mice. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that this difference in mortality was statistically significant and that there was no significant difference in the mortality of mice challenged with stock infection and latent infection control mice.
Since none of the three relapse infections used were more lethal for normal mice than was the stock infection, it is indicated that an increase in virulence of P. berghei was not associated with relapse.
It is suggested that biologic variation and the selective influence of the latent, or immune state resulted in the appearance of variants that could thrive in the immune host. It is suggested that such variants might be responsible for relapses and that the transfer of the variants to new immune hosts results in more patent infections and more deaths than did reinfections with stock P. berghei.
It is also suggested that the observed trait of relapse P. berghei is relatively stable since one of the relapse infections was passed 24 times in normal mice before it was used in an experiment.
The Competitive Effect of Normal Serum Proteins from Various Animal Species on Antibody Fixation in Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Biozzi Guido , Halpern Bernard N. , Binaghi Rubén 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the effect of rabbit serum albumin and serum globulins from the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, horse and man on the anaphylactic sensitization of guinea pig skin by rabbit antibody.
With rabbit serum globulin a constant relationship was found between the amount of globulin added and the quantity of antibody fixation which was inhibited.
The serum globulin from the guinea pig, rat and man also showed an inhibitory action which was proportional to their concentration. However, a fixed relationship between concentration of globulin and inhibition of antibody fixation was not found. Horse serum globulin and rabbit serum albumin were without effect.
The mechanism of these phenomena are discussed.
Studies on Cytotropism in Animal Viruses
Authors: Stewart Robert B. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Growth of influenza type A (strain PR8) was obtained in tissue cultures of liver and lung cells from chick embryos varying from 11–19 days of embryologic development, as well as in cultures of lung cells from chick embryos that were within a few hours of hatching. Although virus multiplication was found in tissue cultures of lung cells from hatched chicks, the levels reached were not as high as in similar embryo lung cultures. Virus growth occurred at both 37 and 41°C in embryo lung cultures but only at 37°C in cultures of lung cells of hatched chicks. It is suggested that the differences in virus growth obtained in these two systems are due to the dissimilarity in cell types predominating in the cultures—epithelial cells in the embryo lung cultures and fibroblast cells in the cultures of hatched chick lung cells.
Sa Virus—A New Member of the Myxovirus Group
Authors: Schultz Edwin W. , Habel Karl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isolation of a virus pathogenic for hamsters by the intracerebral (IC) route is described and the virus designated the SA virus. Evidence is presented to indicate this virus is a new member of the myxovirus group. Evidence that this virus is capable of infecting man is reviewed. No direct evidence is as yet available to indicate that this virus is capable of causing human disease.
Studies on the Combining Site of Anti-p-Azobenzoate Antibody
Authors: Nisonoff Alfred , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of acetylation on the combining region of specifically purified anti-p-azobenzoate antibody was investigated by measuring the binding of hapten by antibody—a method which provides direct information as to the number of combining sites remaining. The use of small amounts of reagent resulted in loss of precipitating activity without a parallel decrease in binding capacity, indicating that most or all of the resulting nonprecipitating antibodies were still bivalent. The sma results were obtained for the binding of radioactive p-iodobenzoate or p-(p-hydroxyphenylaxo)-benzoate. The failure to precipitate is attributed to electrostaci repulsion arising from the increased negative charge of the acetylated antibody.
The use of considerably larger amounts of acetic anhydride brought about a loss of binding, as well as precipitating acitvity. This loss was prevented by the presence of homologous hapten, demonstrating that the reagent attacks the combining region of the antibody. The loss of precipitating activity, however, awas not prevented by hapten, in accord with the posulate that the loss of precipitating and binding capacities occur through different mechanisms.
Even in the absence of hapten, over 90% of the amino groups of the molecule could be acetylated without much loss of binding capacity. This suggests either that a group in th combining region toher than an amino group is attacked by acetic anhydride at neutral pH; or if an amino groups is involved it is exceptionally unreactive.
Hemagglutination Test in Tularemia
Authors: Charkes N. David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinin and hemagglutinin titers were determined in 59 cases of laboratory-acquired tularemia occurring in 56 cases of laboraotry-acquired tularemia occurring in 56 vaccinated persons. A 4-fold rise in agglutinins was observed, on the average, on the 19th day of illness and the mean peak titer of 1:1280 sometime during the second or third month. Thereafter, agglutinins fell slowly and were detectable as long as 12 years after infection, closely paralleling the response seen in naturally-occurring tularemia.
Hemagglutinins reached diagnostic levels on the 11th day, on the average, and the mean peak titer of 1:10,240 occurred during the second month. Hemagglutinins also persisted in the serum for years, at somewhat higher levels than agglutinins.
By the end of the second week of illness, 38% of patients had 4-fold or greater increases in hemagglutinin titer, but only 15% had had a diagnostic rise in agglutinins.
In 26 cases, sera were collected frequently during the acute phase of illness. In 14, a diagnostic level of hemagglutinins occurred earlier, and in the other 12 4-fold increases of both antibodies occurred at the same time. In no case did agglutinins rise earlier.
In eight patients there was no change in antibody titer during the course of illness. This was possibly due to prior elevation from booster vaccination within 6 weeks of onset of disease, or reinfection (proved or probable). In one case there was a rise in hemagglutinins although agglutinins did not change.
Localization Properties of Radioiodinated Fragments of Antirat Kidney Antibody
Authors: Stelos Peter , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antibodies against rat kidney were digested by papain and the fragments were trace labeled with radioiodine and studied with respect to their in vivo localizing and in vitro adsorption properties. γ-Globulin fragments from normal rabbit and rabbit anti-beef γ-globulin sera were used as controls. The kidney-localizing activity was found in fragments I and II of antirat kidney γ-globulin. The fixation of fragments in the kidney, however, was of short duration compared with that of the intact antibody. The adsorption of fragments with kidney sediment also indicated the presence of antibody activity in fragments I and II.
The Interaction Between Bovine Ribonuclease and Antibody: A Study of the Mechanism of Enzyme Inhibition by Antibody
Authors: Branster M. , Cinader B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that the inhibitory capacity of antibody obtained in the course of immunization, first subcutaneously in adjuvant and then by repeated intravenous injections, varies in the course of immunization and that there is a progression towards completely inhibitory antibody.
The degree of inhibition exercised for a given antibody varies with the sequence of molecular weights of products; thus the inhibitory capacity is greatest in the reaction of enzyme on nucleic acid, is smallest in the inhibition of the formation of 3′ cytidylic acid, and is intermediate with respect to the formation of cyclic dicytidylic acid. The effect of antibody is identical in the inhibition of two very different reactions, resultng in the formation of products of similar molecular weight, 3′ cytidylic acid and the methyl ester of 3′ cytidylic acid. The above observations are best explained by the assumption that the inhibitory capacity of antibody depends on a mechanism of steric hindrance.
Proposed Potency Testing of Smallpox Vaccine
Authors: Cabasso V. J. , Moore I. F. , Stebbins M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
From the results of the studies described here, it is obvious that immediate application of titration in rabbit kidney tissue culture is a valid measure of smallpox vaccine potency only for the virus strain and passage levels employed. Some other variant of the virus could conceivably have an adequate tissue culture titer but a poor “take” rate in human beings. However, after establishing its correlation to the “take” rate in both man and rabbits, titration can be applied to any strain.
In our study, four lots of smallpox vaccine of calf lymph origin and seven of chick embryo origin were tested for potency by the standard rabbit scarification method and by titration in rabbit kidney tissue cultures and in chick embryos (LD50 method). With the virus and seed passage level used, all three methods detected the one vaccine lot below standard potency. Good agreement of results obtained for all lots indicates that either titration method could advantageously replace rabbit scarification as a test of smallpox vaccine potency.
On the Biochemical index of Various Races in the East Indian Archipelago
Authors: Bais W. J. , Verhoef A. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In volume VIII of this Journal two articles appeared, which have a bearing upon the subject of the occurrence of the four generally recognized blood groups among different races. In view of the desirability to publish in one periodical work on one particular subject, it is our intention to present in a concise way the results which we obtained by study, along the lines laid down by the Hirszfelds, of a few races, living together on the East Coast of Sumatra (Dutch East Indies).
As far as concerns the theoretical basis upon which these studies are founded and previous literature on this subject we might refer to the papers of Fukamachi (1) and of Coca and Deibert (2) in this Journal.
A Study of the Sera of Rabbits Immunized Against Globulins from Human Sera
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Jennett James Harvey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A study of globulins precipitated from human sera was recently made in this laboratory. During that time 2 rabbits were given 3 injections of the resuspended globulins at intervals of four days each.
Complement fixation tests two days after the last injection showed complete inhibition of hemolysis in the serum control tubes. Since the sera of these rabbits had been carefully tested previous to immunization and had shown no inhibition of complementary activity either with several antigens or in the control tubes, these results were regarded with interest.
Repeated complement fixation tests proved that the rabbits retained this property for about ten days after the last injection of globulin when it could no longer be demonstrated and the serum control tubes were completely hemolysed.
Several explanations of these phenomena suggested themselves.
Adoptive Transfer of Immunologically Competent Cells
Authors: Santos George W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adoptive transfer of a primary agglutinin response to sheep erythrocytes by spleen cells given to cyclophosphamide pretreated mice was studied. Various syngeneic, parent-to-hybrid and allogeneic donor-host combinations were investigated.
A linear log2 relationship between the agglutinin titer measured 5 days after transfer and the dose of nucleated cells injected existed for all the combinations studied. The slopes of the regression lines obtained with the various donor-host combinations were independent of the type of transfer, but the altitudes differed. In general, the magnitude of the agglutinin response was greater in allogeneic or parent-to-hybrid transfers than in the two possible syngeneic transfers represented by each donor-host pair.
Possible reasons for this “allogeneic enhancement” are considered.
Antibody Synthesis at the Cellular Level: Some Studies on Natural Anti-Sheep Red Cell Antibodies in the Mouse
Authors: Wigzell Hans 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The naturally occurring hemolytic plaque-forming cells (N-PFC) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are found in several lymphoid organs of adult mice, with the majority being found in the spleen. Only N-PFC of 19S type were found which behaved like the 19S PFC arising after immunization in all systems tested except one: the N-PFC were found to be completely refractory to inhibition by passively administered anti-SRBC antibodies. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Blood Clearance of Enteroviruses in the Normal and Immune Rat
Authors: Schultz Irwin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The clearance of poliovirus, Types I, II and III, Coxsackie B 1 through 6 and A 9 virus was studied in normal and immune rats. Normal rats reduced the titer of injected virus from that in the inoculum by approximately 1.66 log10 at 1 hr. This value was referred to as the clearance index. The clearance index at 4 days after virus injection increased to more than 5 log10 and this acceleration of clearance could be detected as long as 8 months after a single virus injection, or after immunization with formalinized poliovirus vaccine. Prior injection of poliovirus Type I was followed by accelerated clearance of Type II at 1 week but not at 1 month after the first injection. The reciprocal reaction was also observed. No enhancement of clearance was noted with prior exposure to any or all of the Coxsackie B or A 9 viruses. Virus mixed with immune serum was cleared more rapidly in normal rats which then failed to develop their own capacity for increased clearance.
Hemolytic Activity of Lipoprotein-Depleted Serum and the Effect of Certain Anions on Complement
Authors: Dalmasso Agustin P. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
To study the role of serum lipoproteins in immune hemolysis, human serum was depleted of lipoproteins by centrifugation at a density of 1.21. The density was raised to this value by addition of NaBr. Treatment of serum with high concentrations of NaBr, KI or KSCN was found to inactivate C′3, C′4 and C′5. The same salts produced inactivation and changes in the physicochemical properties of purified C′3, C′4 and C′5. Lipoprotein-depleted serum was fully active in immune hemolysis after addition of purified C′3, C′4 and C′5. No lipid could be detected in the purified components. It is concluded that serum lipoproteins are not required for immune hemolysis by human complement.
In vitro Transfer of Immunity by Ribosomes
Authors: Gerughty R. M. , Rosenau W. , Moon H. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These studies were concerned with the transfer of immunologic activity to lymphoid cells of non-sensitized mice by incubation with ribosomal preparations obtained from splenic tissue of sensitized animals.
BALB/c mice were sensitized against homologous cells of C3H mouse origin. Splenic lymphoid cells of these mice were able to lyse C3H mouse cells in tissue culture. Ribosomes obtained from aliquots of the same spleens were incubated in vitro with lymphoid cells of nonsensitized BALB/c mice. After incubation with ribosomes, the lymphoid cells acquired the capacity to lyse C3H target cells in vitro. The ability of the ribosomal preparation to transfer cytolytic activity was removed by prior treatment with ribonuclease. The ribosomal preparation had no direct lytic effect on the homologous target cells, but required incubation with viable lymphoid cells to demonstrate this effect. The antigenic dose level and the time between antigenic stimulus and harvesting of splenic tissue were examined with regard to the ability of the ribosomes to transfer cytolytic activity. Comparison of the cytolytic activity of lymphoid cells of sensitized animals with that of the in vitro “transformed” lymphoid cells revealed differences in both the rate and degree of the reaction.
C′1 Fixation by Human Isoagglutinins: Fixation of C′1 by γG and γM but Not by γA Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The C′1-fixing activity of human anti-A antibodies associated with three different immunoglobulins was studied 1) by measuring the amount of free C′1 left after the incubation of whole serum with red cell-antibody complexes and 2) by C′1a fixation and transfer test. The results indicated that both polymer and monomer forms of γA-globulin antibody were incapable of fixing C′1 with the antigen. In the C′1a transfer test, it was found that the number of C′1a-fixing sites per cell was equal to the number of γM antibody molecules combined to the cell, indicating that each γM antibody molecule on a cell surface is capable of binding one molecule of C′1a, whereas at least two molecules of γG antibody are required to generate a site capable of binding a molecule of C′1a.
The Immune Response to Human γG-Immunoglobulin in Rabbits Unresponsive to Fc Fragment and H Chain Protein
Authors: Spiegelberg Hans L. , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adult rabbits were injected intravenously with small amounts of H chain protein obtained from patients with H chain disease and with ultracentrifuged Fc fragment of human γG. Most of the rabbits failed to respond to intravenous injection of either H chain protein or Fc fragment and were rendered unresponsive to these γG subunits as evidenced by a lack of an immune response to a subsequent injection of the subunits incorporated into incomplete adjuvant. When these unresponsive rabbits were injected with intact γG, they remained unresponsive to H chain protein and Fc fragment and formed large quantities of antibodies reacting with antigenic determinants on the Fab fragment. The difference between the persistence of unresponsiveness to the γG subunits and the termination of unresponsiveness observed in rabbits unresponsive to serum protein antigens and injected with cross-reacting serum protein antigens is discussed.
Quantitative analyses of the amount of precipitating antibodies to γG, F(ab')2 fragment and Fab fragment in antisera obtained from rabbits unresponsive to Fc fragment and H chain protein and injected with γG demonstrated that smaller amounts of antibodies are precipitated with F(ab')2 fragment and Fab fragment than with intact γG. The failure of the F(ab')2 and Fab fragment to be completely precipitated is apparently the result of the formation of soluble complexes between the antibody and the relatively small subunits.
Immunochemical Properties of Fc Fragment of Rabbit γG-Globulin
Authors: Amiraian Kenneth , Duchna Lillian , Purcell James 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various fractions comprising Fc fragment appear to be similar in their reactivity to horse and goat anti-rabbit γG-globulin serum, as determined by immunodiffusion and quantitative immunoprecipitation techniques. These fractions show marked differences in their anti-complementary properties. These results indicate that the anti-complementary site of Fc fragment may be different from its major antigenic determinant.
The Direct Reaction Between Salmonella Enteritidis Endotoxin and Antibody
Authors: Gupta Jiban D. , Reed Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two preparations of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin have been labeled with Cr51 and I125. Using Farr's procedure of precipitation of antibody-bound antigen by ammonium sulfate, the direct reaction between endotoxin and antibody has been studied. I125 labeling gave a product with greater specific activity and antibody binding. The binding of the labeled antigen by immune antibody was inhibited chiefly by Salmonella antigens of the same O antigenic specificity as S. enteritidis. Small amounts of what appeared to be “natural” 7S as well as 19S antibody were found in the serum of non-immunized persons and rabbits. This antibody was of broad specificity, cross-reacting with many Gram-negative and other antigens. The antibody of a rabbit made tolerant to the febrile effect of endotoxin was largely 19S, and of a rabbit immunized with whole organisms largely 7S. The serum of the tolerant rabbit protected mice from the lethal action of endotoxin, while the serum of the immune rabbit passively sensitized them.
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in C′6-Deficient Rabbits
Authors: Rother Klaus , Rother Ursula , Vassalli Pierre , McCluskey Robert T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits with a hereditary absence of a component activity of complement, C′6, were injected with nephrotoxic sheep serum in amounts which produced only the second phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis and were found to develop disease of equal severity to that which developed in control animals. Similar results were obtained in defective rabbits which possessed circulating anti-C′6 antibodies or with the use of a γ-globulin fraction of nephrotoxic serum devoid of C′6 activity, thus eliminating the possibility that the results were due to trace amounts of C′6.