bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Inheritance of Intangibles, 1890s
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractJoseph Lade Pawsey was born in the Western Districts of Victoria (Australia) at Ararat on 14 May 1908, the only child of Joseph Andrews Pawsey (27 November 1865–30 June 1943) and Margaret née Lade (27 December 1879–8 August 1969). It was a humble enough beginning for a man who would have a life so different to almost all his countrymen. And yet Joseph Lade Pawsey’s individual experiences and unique career were shaped by the general trajectories of his generation. Spending money may have been very limited, and the family’s fortunes somewhat fragile, but the young “Lade” was nonetheless born into the growing social prosperity of a fresh new nation, the economic and technological growth of the twentieth century. He was a product, too, of the socially progressive values of the time, strongly reflected in his family (McCalman, 1993 and Bashford & Macintyre, eds., 2013).
The Million Degree Solar Corona, 1945–1946
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPawsey realised that there was more to extract from the first 3–4 months of solar data; and the results were close to revolutionary. As we have noted earlier, yet again a remarkable piece of good fortune occurred: the Collaroy and Dover Heights aerials had just the suitable sensitivity (a few times 104 Jy in 1 s) to easily detect the quiet sun (105 Jy at 200 MHz).
Pursuing “Radio Astronomy”: Pawsey’s Travels to North America, the UK and Europe, 1947–1948
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractJ.L. Pawsey’s long visit to North America and the UK was a masterpiece of international scientific networking. Pawsey was careful to ensure that he visited all the leading researchers and research groups across the breadth of specialisations relevant for his budding research groups: radio and communications engineers, microwave physicists, military and naval research laboratories. The result was an extremely tight and relentless schedule. N.A. Whiffen of the Australian Embassy in Washington (Australian Scientific Research Liaison Office, ASRLO) did much of the organisation for the visit in the US, including resolving the issue of military clearance at a number of US institutes, not at all an easy task. Here, we provide an overview of the places and people visited, to give a sense of both the importance of the network Pawsey cultivated, and the effort that doing so required.
Consolidation: Leadership at RPL, 1950–1951
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe 1950s was a decade of wonderful flowering and exploration for the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics. From 1950, solar noise and cosmic noise scientists became “radio astronomers”. They were present as such in international astronomy as well as radio science meetings. The key achievements of the first 5 years of observing and categorising solar bursts and detecting and measuring discrete radio sources, had produced a set of challenging new research questions. Some were conceptual and theoretical—including, the nature of the unknown non-thermal radiation mechanism that underpinned cosmic radiation emission. Some concerned the complexities and challenges of instrumentation—the early 1950s saw swift innovation of instruments and methods, in order to resolve new research questions.
No More Radio Stars! 1952
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe year 1952 was an important turning point for radio astronomers; during the year it became clear that none of the discrete radio sources were “radio stars” and that the first identifications of radio sources with galaxies and supernovae remnants were typical for the population. The year also produced one of the few fully collaborative efforts: a Christmas special appeared in Nature on 22 December 1952, “Apparent Angular Sizes of Discrete Radio Sources” (p. 1061) as papers by the Jodrell Bank team of Hanbury Brown, Jennison and Das Gupta, Mills (1952a) in Sydney and Smith (1952a, 1952c) in Cambridge were published.
The Galactic Centre, 1951–1954
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe discovery of radio source Sagittarius A (Sgr A) and its association with the centre of the Milky Way is a fascinating story, involving RPL personnel and prominent US and Dutch astronomers. When we say “discovery”, however, we do not mean a single event. Contra the conventions in science that award prizes, professional respect and that very nebulous (!) phenomenon of “historical recognition” to individuals, discovery is a lengthy process involving many actors, many different kinds of contributions, and many events. This was understood by one of the actors involved in this story: the famous astronomer Hendrick “Henk” van de Hulst, who had predicted the existence of the HI line at radio frequencies. Reflecting back on the history of radio astronomy, van de Hulst suggested the concept of “nanohertz astronomy”– that is, history of astronomy on a longer timescale.
The Royal Society: Europe and North America, 1954
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the year 1954 Pawsey was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society and we provide some details on the nomination process that led to his election. Later that year Pawsey travelled to Europe and North America, leading the Australian delegation to the URSI General assembly in The Hague and re-establishing his International contacts.
Pawsey and the Giant Radio Telescope, 1951–1956
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBy 1955, a decade after the first exciting observing projects, the landscape of radio astronomy had shifted considerably. With many more research groups now starting up, and the lines of research growing both more diverse and more specialised, remaining a global research leader required making riskier, more strategic decisions. In retrospect it can be seen that this was largely accomplished in Australia by the building of the now-iconic large “Dish” radio telescope at Parkes, NSW, and by the success of the research projects led by John Bolton through the 1960s. The funding and construction of the large dish took nearly a decade to achieve and was by no means certain through much of that time. Robertson has provided a thorough description of these events in his two books from 1992, Beyond Southern Skies—Radio Astronomy and the Parkes Telescope and in 2017, Radio Astronomer—John Bolton and a New Window on the Universe.
Brain Drain: Trip to US and Canada 1957–1959
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLetter from Pawsey to his mother, from Princeton end 1957:Pawsey’s 8½-month visit to the US in 1957–1958 occurred during a key period of the GRT deliberations (FFP design study completion at the end of 1957 and the site selection in early 1958). It also occurred in the context of shifts in relations within RPL and in the field of radio astronomy as it grew around the world. There was growing awareness in Australia about the increasing capacity, especially in the USA, to attract first-rate scientists overseas to lead the new research programs being established. Meanwhile, at RPL, Bowen’s frustrations with Pawsey were growing to such a degree that Pawsey was beginning to feel some disquiet about his position in CSIRO. An important outcome of Pawsey’s visit to the US was an unofficial “audition” for a leadership role in US radio astronomy. At this point Pawsey would realise that he would have more to offer a US community with its multiple new radio astronomy groups (similar to the multiple groups he had nurtured in the beginning of radio astronomy research in Australia), than the Australian groups which had become strong and less dependent on his leadership. Pawsey’s scientific interactions during this time were also important as he planned for the Paris Symposium of August 1958 in his role as chair of the IAU organising committee.
Driving the GRT, 1957–1959
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe late 1950s were chiefly characterised by immense frustration and very difficult relations with the British designers Freeman, Fox and Partners (FFP). A crucial change forced by Bowen and initially resisted by FFP, was to call for competitive bids. Despite the pressure to select a British firm for the construction contract it was awarded to a German firm, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (MAN). This dramatically illustrates the extent to which an ex-British colony was now truly independent and capable of making what certainly transpired to be an excellent solution. The combination of the innovative UK FFP mechanical design, the efficient MAN German construction and the Australian radio systems engineering was a great success.
Schism at Radiophysics, 1960
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe year 1960 was pivotal for developments at RPL; the GRT construction was underway in the European factories and at Parkes in Australia. CSIRO made a decision to start the Paul Wild Radioheliograph project after the GRT was completed and the Super-Cross project of Mills was put on hold. Both Christiansen and Mills left for new positions at the University of Sydney in mid-year and Bowen and White also began the process that led to John Bolton’s return to CSIRO in early 1961.
The Development of a Theory for Radio Emission
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe discovery of the synchrotron radiation mechanism as the explanation of galactic and extragalactic sources of radio emission marked a major development in radio astronomy, providing much needed coherence to so many unexpected observations from the late 1940s. Through the decade 1948–1958 Joe Pawsey was keenly aware of how hampered his researchers were by the absence of theory—both of mathematical, and of big-picture conceptual, understanding of the phenomena they were observing. This chapter explores the technical and social difficulties that had to be overcome for synchrotron radiation to be understood and accepted as the primary non-thermal emission mechanism in non-solar radio astronomy; it extends, with additional detail and commentary, Sullivan’s discussion of this question.
Radio Source Survey: Disputes, 1948–1957
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe decade of the 1950s became one of the most eventful in the history of not only radio, but of all astronomy, as a result of the first significant surveys of radio sources. During this decade it was realised that the radio sources included an isotropic population of extragalactic sources which could be observed in the radio at greater distances than the deepest optical observations. Radio astronomy suddenly became a part of extragalactic astronomy, and most significantly, a completely new and unexpected probe of cosmology. The story of the development and interpretation of these surveys is a complex one, involving technically challenging instrumental issues, one controversy involving the different results obtained by the observational groups located in Sydney and in Cambridge, and another controversy between the cosmologists and the observers. The situation was further exacerbated by the intense emotional interactions between some of the key personalities involved.
New Opportunities in Australian Science, 1929
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractJoe Pawsey’s was the first generation in which an Australian born child could think of growing up to be a scientist, as he was poised to do at the end of his undergraduate years. There was a new sense in Australia that science would be important for a nation growing in independence and confidence, and the modern world was being rapidly and profoundly reshaped by technology. In this chapter we set out the social and intellectual background to Pawsey’s Masters and PhD research and introduce the reader to the scientific staff of the Australian Radio Research Board, where Pawsey’s Masters was undertaken.
The Final Year, 1962
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractI.I. Rabi, President of Associated Universities, Inc in New York to Wild on 20 August 1962:On 26 January 1962, Pawsey began organising a 1-month stay in Green Bank for March, an orientation visit. After the US, he planned to go to Paris to visit his daughter Margaret and her family, then continue back to Sydney via India. He hoped to arrive back in Sydney by 24 April 1962, Hastings Pawsey’s 17th birthday. As expected, Pawsey arranged his trip to the US and Europe in order to meet colleagues. In Pasadena on the way to New York, Green Bank and Washington, he planned to meet Gordon Stanley and Otto Struve. Later he was to meet Rabi in Boston in early March, just before his visit to Green Bank, which was to start about 20 March. These plans were outlined in a letter to Rabi on 26 January 1962, explaining that his home base in the US would his brother-in-law’s (Ted Nicoll) house in Princeton, New Jersey. Pawsey wrote:On 31 January 1962, Rabi replied, again with a handwritten letter: “I have set the machinery in train to help with your visit to make you an [NRAO] employee during the period [March-April] … Your visit will come at a crucial time [for the 140-foot telescope].” On the same day, Charles Dunbar, Secretary of AUI, wrote Pawsey with the details of the temporary visa process, the filing of a petition for permission to import a non-immigrant alien. Since Pawsey was “an alien of distinguished merit and ability”, the expectation was that the process would go smoothly. In fact, within 2 weeks, the NSF reported to AUI (15 February 1961, Dunbar to Pawsey) that “our petition to import you from Australia has been granted by [Immigration and Naturalisation Service]”. Dunbar was surprised: “I had no idea that such rapid action could be secured.”
To the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, 1931
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFrom the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship Committee to Pawsey on 1 October 1931:Pawsey started out in research in the midst of excitement over the possibilities of radio communications and the iteratively developing physical understanding of the ionosphere and of the equipment that might be used to investigate it. During 1926–28 he completed his BSc at the University of Melbourne, Victoria. In 1929 he began a Master’s Degree, which was at that time a research-only degree, under the direction of Professor T.H. Laby. He was supported by receiving the M.J. Bartlett Research Scholarship. Presumably this, along with his work as a tutor in Physics at Queens College, provided him with a small, but independent, income. He embarked on a study of “atmospherics”—electrical disturbances in the atmosphere that Appleton, at King’s College, London, and others had linked in part with thunderstorm activity—and their impact on radio broadcasting. From January 1930 to August 1931, he carried out observations using a cathode ray direction finder, working with George H. Munro and Lenard Huxley as part of the Australian Radio Research Board (RRB). Pawsey wrote in 1933: “We were able to give strong evidence that all atmospherics originate in lightning flashes, and made measurements of intensity enabling the distance of the thunderstorms to be roughly determined.” (Ratcliffe & Pawsey, 1933)
Pawsey’s Role in Australian Radar Research in World War II, 1939–1945
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractJoe Pawsey played a critically important role in the development of radar in Australia. His leadership contributed to the success of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Division of Radiophysics—RPL—in 1939–1945. More than anyone else at RPL, he exemplified, and cultivated in the scientific staff, the combination of practical, engineering expertise and know-how, with a thorough understanding of the physical principles of the radar equipment that underpinned the Australian achievements across the war years. His ability to navigate personalities and social systems constructively was equally critical to RPL’s successes.
Sustainability of Geosynthetics-Based Landslide Stabilization Solutions
Authors: Damians Ivan P. , Miyata Yoshihisa , Rimoldi Pietro , Touze Nathalie , Kraus John 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis paper considers the sustainability of geosynthetics-based solutions to mitigate landslide risks. The different types of geosynthetics are briefly described, along with their functions and applications relevant to landslides, emphasizing reinforcement. The paper identifies the sustainability factors to consider when applying geosynthetics for these purposes. The paper then presents an overview based on existing literature to illustrate how geosynthetics typically outperform traditional methods across a range of sustainability criteria across the entire life cycle. The paper shows lastly how the value integrated model for sustainable evaluations (MIVES) tool can be applied to evaluate and compare alternative methods for remediation of landslides and recommends further studies using this tool.
Establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction Unit in UNESCO and UNESCO’s Contribution to Global Resilience
Authors: Barriga Delgado Lesly Mercedes , Pavlova Irina , Yasukawa Soichiro , Esperancinha Sergio 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe occurrence of catastrophes has increased considerably in recent decades. Climate change, urban pressure and lack of disaster preparedness are increasingly transforming natural hazards into disasters, causing multiple losses. In the last decades, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has captured significant attention as the main approach to reduce vulnerabilities and exposure and improve preparedness to protect regional, national and local development. One of the main international agreements adopted to strengthen and enhance society’s resilience is the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030), which emphasises the need for more inclusive, multi-hazard DRR processes and its synergies with climate change, health, and sustainable development. Within this framework, UNESCO enhances preparedness and builds resilience at all levels through multi-hazard, multi-discipline, and multi-stakeholder DRR mechanisms, supporting the Member States particularly on eight thematics. Likewise, UNESCO has been a catalyst for international, interdisciplinary cooperation in many aspects of disaster risk reduction and mitigation. The organisation has supported activities of international DRR programmes, such as International Consortium on Landslides (ICL), as part of its global contributions to this and other international agreements.
Advanced Technologies for Landslides—ATLaS (WCoE 2020–2023)
Authors: Casagli Nicola , Tofani Veronica , Moretti Sandro , Fanti Riccardo , Gigli Giovanni , Bianchini Silvia , Segoni Samuele , Frodella William , Carlà Tommaso 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe UNESCO Chair on Prevention and Sustainable Management of Geo-Hydrological Hazards, University of Florence has been a member of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) since 2002. It was designated as one of World Centres of Excellence (WCoE) for Landslide Risk Reduction five times for 2008–2011, 2011–2014, 2014–2017, 2017–2020 and 2020–2023, with a project entitled “Advanced Technologies for Landslides”. In this paper, we describe the activities carried out by the UNESCO Chair as a member of ICL and as WCoE, and its contribution to the risk reduction policies promoted by the 2020 Kyoto Commitment.
Editorial of the New Open Access Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology”
Authors: Sassa Kyoji 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020—A Commitment to the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the 2030 United Nations Agenda Sustainable Development Goals, the New Urban Agenda, and the Paris Climate Agreement was established with signatures by 90 partner organizations in November 2020 (Sassa in Landslides 18:5–20, 2021). To secure and provide a global and stable platform for the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 to be continued until 2030 and beyond, an open access book series was proposed by the KLC2020 Secretariat in 2022. The high-level panel discussion during the Fifth World Landslide Forum examined the proposal, and all panelists and participants accepted the proposal. Then, the Launching Declaration of the ICL Open Access Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology” for the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 was adopted by all panelists and the onsite and online participants of WLF5 on 3 November 2021 (Sassa in Landslides 19:1–5, 2022). This article is a progress report of the founding two issues of “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology” in 2022 for all authors, potential readers of this book series as well as KLC2020 signatory partners, KLC2020 official promoters, and ICL members.
Long-lasting Post-quake Deformation Buildups in the Grounds that Spread Laterally in Recent Earthquakes
Authors: Konagai Kazuo , Kiyota Takashi , Furuta Ryoichi , Shiga Masataka , Pokhrel Rama Mohan , Ikeda Takaaki 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn seismically active regions, loose saturated sandy soils are prone to liquefaction. A strong ground shake can create considerable excess pore water pressures in these soils and temporarily decreases the effective stress and shear strength, leading to strength loss, excessive ground settlements, and lateral spreading. Not to mention the immediate ground deformation, post-seismic settlement, and lateral ground spreading often build up slowly and steadily, causing problems for quick rehabilitations to lifeline facilities, etc. However, this long-lasting post-quake deformation buildup has caught less public attention, and quantitative pieces of evidence are less numerous than those about immediate impacts. This article reviews case histories, showing quantitatively that liquefied soils can remain soft for months.
Coseismic Stress Changes, Landslides in the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake, and Their Impact on Post-quake Rehabilitations
Authors: Konagai Kazuo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe impact of a large inland earthquake is profound because of its intense shakes and the associated landslides and debris flows. The quake-induced landslides and debris flow are often the most devastating secondary effect of an earthquake in terms of all kinds of losses, causing long-lasting problems in post-quake rehabilitation activities. An earthquake-induced landslide is just one scene of ever-evolving mountain topography. Therefore, studying terrain dynamics is vital to comprehend the possibility of hazards and propose and apply rational rehabilitation tactics. Though serious, the damage caused by the Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake of October 23, 2004, has given us a rare opportunity to study the landform changes caused by an earthquake that hit an active-folding mountainous terrain. To deal with rehabilitation problems in a scientific manner, a research program, “Earthquake damage in active-folding areas: the creation of a comprehensive data archive and suggestions for its application to remedial measures for civil-infrastructure systems,” was set up getting the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). This article reviews some significant findings obtained through this project and even beyond it. The results show that essential aspects of quake-caused problems were linked to deep-seated tectonic displacements, namely the internal driving stress field associated with earthquakes to evolve the active-folding terrain.