bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Immunologic Properties of Human and Dog Glomerular Basement Membrane
Authors: Steblay Raymond William , Lepper Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that rabbit anti-HGBM serum and rabbit anti-DGBM serum produce a nephritis in dogs which is indistinguishable using urinary, biochemical or histopathologic criteria. This leads to the conclusion that one or more similar or identical nephrotoxic antigen(s) is present in HGBM and DGBM preparations of the homogeneity herein described. There is likewise one or more similar or identical CF antigen(s) in HGBM and DGBM preparations. The CF and nephrotoxic antigen(s) may not be identical. If not, there are at least two distinct immunologically similar or identical antigens present in HGBM and DGBM. There is urinary and histopathologic evidence of nephritis by at least 20 hr following a single intravenous or intracardiac injection of either antiserum. Biochemically, there is usually evidence of decreased serum albumin and increased serum cholesterol and frequently variable degrees of nitrogen retention. Such changes are similar in both groups of antiserum. The mechanism of the disease is briefly discussed. The fact that an initial mild nephritis may develop into a more marked nephritis in about 6 to 8 days suggests the possibility of a summation of two independent antigen-antibody reactions. An alternative view is that the initial insult produces a variable onset and course, and the lesion slowly becomes progressive itself without requiring a superimposed second antigen-antibody reaction.
Immunological Studies of Anthrax
Authors: Klein Frederick , DeArmon Ira A. , Lincoln Ralph E. , Mahlandt Bill G. , Fernelius Albert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Levels of resistance to challenge with spores of a virulent strain of Bacillus anthracis were measured by means of an immunity index. The immunizing effect of protective antigen alone produced a level of resistance approximately 1000-fold greater than that of controls. The effect of protective antigen and a supplemental injection of live vaccine was 100,000,000-fold. Live vaccine alone produced only a 10- to 15-fold increase in resistance.
Immunologic Study of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Doria Gino , Goodman Joan Wright , Gengozian Nazareth , Congdon Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capability of long-term mouse radiation chimeras to produce sheep-RBC agglutinins was greater in isologous than in homologous combinations. This was the case for both fetal liver and bone marrow chimeras. In homologous chimeras the spleen cells responsible for agglutinin production were of donor type, regardless of hemopoietic tissues and strain combinations used. Fetal liver and adult bone marrow contained potential or actual antibody-forming cells which, transplanted into irradiated host, conferred to it an immune system of donor type. The immune response of donor cells transplanted from homologous chimera spleens into irradiated recipients was qualitatively normal, but quantitatively subnormal.
Actively Acquired Tolerance to Dinitrochlorobenzene
Authors: Harber Leonard C. , Rosenthal Stanley A. , Baer Rudolf L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were designed to block or reduce the ability of guinea pigs to respond immunologically to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), i.e., to induce actively acquired tolerance to DNCB through prenatal exposure. This was accomplished by means of intraperitoneal injections of DNCB in pregnant guinea pigs. The effects of the in utero exposure were assessed in 264 guinea pigs born to mothers who, during pregnancy, had received DNCB in acetone or, for control purposes, acetone alone.
Actively acquired tolerance manifested itself by a diminished degree of allergic hypersensitivity to DNCB following postnatal sensitizing exposures in the offspring of mothers injected with DNCB as compared with the offspring born to “control” mothers.
Actively acquired tolerance was shown to be a specific phenomenon since there was no impairment in the capacity of the offspring exposed to DNCB in utero to undergo postnatal sensitization to citraconic anhydride, an allergen chemically unrelated to DNCB, as compared with guinea pigs born to “control” mothers. Actively acquired “cross-tolerance” was shown between DNCB and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene.
Effect of Sodium Chloride and pH on the Rate of Neutralization of Cypridina Luciferase by Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Gindler E. Melvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of sodium chloride concentration and pH on the kinetics of the neutralization of Cypridina luciferase by antiluciferase γ-globulin has been investigated. Determination of the rate of neutralization in the presence of excess γ-globulin showed that approximately 60% of the initial activity was neutralized according to pseudo-first order kinetics. The rate of neutralization increased on lowering the sodium chloride concentration and decreased on increasing the salt concentration. The rate also increased in going from pH 7.0 to 5.4 at low salt concentrations, but was insensitive to variation in hydrogen ion concentration at high salt concentrations. At low ionic strengths, the observed results conformed to the predictions of the Brönsted theory of the primary salt effect on reaction kinetics. Consequently, the rate changes observed in the presence of sodium and chloride ions were considered as being due to their effect on the “activity” of an intermediate “activated complex.” Alternatively, the effect of salt and hydrogen ion concentration on reaction rate was also considered in terms of a modified diffuse double layer affecting the collision frequency of the molecules. Determination of the rate constants at varying hydrogen ion concentrations, and subsequent analysis of the data in terms of an interaction between a single ionic species of luciferase and antibody, indicated the involvement of active groups possessing pK1 = pK2 = pK3 = 5 and pK4 ≧ 8.
Studies of Anaphylaxis: Effect of Decomplementation with Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Christian Charles L. , Thurer Richard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intravenous administration of aggregated human γ-globulin (AHGG) to guinea pigs depressed serum complement (C′) levels and resulted in diminished responses to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). The data suggest that C′ may, under some circumstances, mediate PCA. Modification of passive systemic anaphylaxis by AHGG appeared not to be mediated by its anticomplementary effect.
Experimental Auto-Immune Nephrosis in Rats: III
Authors: Heymann Walter , Hunter Janet L. P. , Hackel Donald B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The importance of Freund's adjuvants for the production of experimental autoimmune nephrosis was studied. The frequency of disease production depended on the amounts as well as on the frequency with which they were used. Incomplete adjuvants or replacement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Mycobacterium butyricum, did not produce renal disease. The virulence of the organism or the method by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis was killed did not affect disease production. Production of a less severe, sterile peritonitis by replacement of Freund's adjuvants by talcum suspensions containing rat kidney antigen, failed to produce renal disease. Splenectomy and partial removal of the omentum before treatment did not affect incidence of ensuing renal disease. When rat kidney cortex suspension was used as antigenic material, the disease incidence was 81%. With material obtained from renal medulla it was 25%. ACTH and cortisone prevented the development of renal disease. Nitrogen mustard decreased the incidence from 87% to 30%. Guinea pigs did not tolerate the i.p. injections and died after 2 to 4 injections. Six dogs received up to 10 injections. The degree of resulting peritonitis was less severe and was only localized around injection sites. No renal disease was noted and precipitins to dog kidney antigen could not be detected in their sera. The severity of peritonitis was more marked in 16 treated rabbits. Bands of precipitation to rabbit kidney suspensions were detected in their sera, but no evidence of renal disease was obtained.
Observations on the Nature of the Antigen in Tanned Red Cell Hemagglutination
Authors: George Mariam , Vaughan John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Egg albumin treated with 6 M urea has been shown to coat sheep red blood cells in such a way as to render them susceptible to hemagglutination by anti-egg albumin sera. Untreated egg albumin appears to do so poorly or not at all. It is suggested that the increased effectiveness of urea-treated egg albumin solutions to coat tanned cells effectively is related to partial denaturation of a portion of the egg albumin molecules, and it is emphasized that other proteins may behave similarly to egg albumin in this respect.
A limitation in using precipitin techniques for defining the specificities of hemagglutination reactions has been discussed.
Neonatal Rabbits as Donors of Transferred Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. , Ogburn Clifton A. , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Young rabbits were used as donors of lymph node cells for incubation in vitro with Shigella-trypsin filtrate and transfer to irradiated recipient rabbits. No agglutinins to Shigella could be detected subsequently in the sera of the recipient animals if the donors were less than 1 month of age. Thereafter, a progressive rise in maximal antibody level of recipients was found with increasing age of the donors, up to an age of approximately 3 months. Donor rabbits injected with Shigella in the 1st month of life yielded cells which, again, were ineffective. Thereafter, the effectiveness of the cells increased substantially more rapidly with increasing age of donor than in the case of antigen-incubated cells.
On active “immunization” of young rabbits with Shigella-trypsin filtrate at an adequate dosage level, agglutinins were detected only after the 1st month of life. With larger doses of this antigen, the antibody appeared in younger rabbits, but at a later time relative to the injection of antigen and at a relatively low titer. For comparison, other young rabbits were injected with alum-precipitated bovine γ-globulin. Anti-BGG could be detected in the sera of some rabbits injected as early as 3 days of age, and regularly in rabbits injected after the 1st week of life.
Studies on the Coliphage Neutralizing Activity of Normal Human Serum
Authors: Cowan Keith M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The ability of normal human serum to neutralize the coliphages T2, T4, T6 or T7 was either abolished or markedly depressed by heat treatment, decomplementation, absorption with zymosan, or removal of divalent cations from the serum. The phage neutralizing activity of normal serum was inhibited by irradiated phage preparations. The inhibition produced was always greater in homologous systems than with heterologous ones. This would indicate that the normally occurring phage neutralizing substances exhibit some degree of serologic specificity.
Antibody Response of Adult Chickens to Infectious and Noninfectious Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Fellowes O. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lesions suggestive of infection were observed in or on the mouth, combs and feet of chickens inoculated with Type A-119 virus propagated in tissue culture. Lesions were not observed in chickens inoculated with Type A-GB virus propagated in guinea pig footpads.
A high titer of neutralizing antibody was induced in adult chickens by inoculation of 1 and 2 ml of either infectious or noninfectious Type A-119 virus grown in tissue culture. Infectious Type A-GB, propagated in guinea pig pads, produced a relatively low titer of neutralizing antibody in chickens.
Both strains, 119 and GB, of infectious Type A virus produced a good response of complement-fixing antibody in chickens as tested by a modified direct complement fixation test.
No evidence of infection was found in normal chickens held with infected birds in the same cage.
Quantitative Analyses by Diffusion Column Reactions
Authors: Glenn William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental interpolation of slope K (diffusion (mm) vs √min) for SD columns of albumin homologous reactions resulted in the detection of concentration differences of 0.10 mg N2/ml (0.06% protein) of antigen and 0.010 mg N2/ml of antibody in 75% and 50% of the respective paired slope comparisons within specific antigen and antibody ranges. Comparison of the Kjeldahl concentrations with the same concentrations estimated from diffusion measurements for both antigen and antibody strengths in SD columns were made using results from regression of K on log of the appropriate reactant concentration. The data used were strictly selected for linearity and reproducibility. For 30 antigen derivations involving Fractions II and V homologous systems at three antibody levels, the mean deviation was 3.44%. The smallest deviation was -0.29% or 0.001 mg antigen N2 lower for the predicted as compared to the Kjeldahl concentrations. Estimated homologous antibody concentrations from rigidly selected data and curves (K regressed on the logarithm of the antibody concentrations), when compared with Kjeldahl values, showed an average deviation of 2.54% for 50 antibody derivations at five antigen levels for Fractions II and V in SD columns. The over-all mean difference (sign ignored) between Kjeldahl and diffusion—estimated values—was 0.007 mg antibody N2/ml. The limits of resolution for reactant concentration differences in SD column reactions at certain ranges are discussed in detail.
Virus-Tissue Union and the Pathogenesis of Enterovirus Infections
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A heat labile, sedimentable substance capable of inactivating Coxsackie B1 and B3 viruses has been demonstrated in noncultured mouse brain and in certain other murine and primate tissues. The tissue and age distribution of this factor appears, in general, to be correlated with the in vivo sites of multiplication of these viruses and with their virulence for newborn and adult mice. It has been postulated that this material in brain and other tissues is specific virus receptor-site and that the relative abundance of this substance in cells of various tissues is an important determinant of age and tissue specific susceptibility to these agents.
Sequential loss, with age, of adsorptive capacity of mouse brain for Coxsackie B1 virus was demonstrated in quantitative studies. Amount of tissue employed was rate limiting, but inoculum size was not critical. Cortisone treatment did not increase adsorptive activity of adult mouse brain for this virus. Adsorption of Coxsackie B1 and poliovirus by brain homogenates was temperature dependent, being more marked in the case of the former. Adsorption of poliovirus by noncultured, extraneural rhesus monkey tissues was confirmed; adsorption of Coxsackie B1 virus was limited to rhesus monkey cerebral cortex, cerebellum and liver. Brain weight-virus adsorption curves demonstrated about equal activity of rhesus monkey brain against both virulent and avirulent polioviruses but marked differences were observed in similar studies utilizing newborn mouse brain against virulent and avirulent strains of Coxsackie B3 virus.
These studies are presented as evidence that age specific susceptibility and mouse virulence of certain Coxsackie viruses are related to the relative abundance of receptor-like substance in host tissues.
The Growth Cycle of a Trachoma Agent in FL Cell Cultures
Authors: Bernkopf H. , Mashiah P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
FL cell cultures were infected with a Chinese strain of trachoma, and the development of infectivity during a single growth cycle was studied. A noninfective phase lasting at least 24 hr after infection was demonstrated. Infectivity reappeared at 28 hr and reached a maximum at 48 to 72 hr. These findings agree well with the morphological findings reported before, according to which particles of elementary body size changed their appearance shortly after infection, could again be demonstrated at 28 hr, and then rapidly increased in number.
Growth Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Jordan William S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Respiratory syncytial virus was studied with respect to the effect of type of cell and composition of nutrient fluid on cytopathic manifestations and multiplication in tissue culture. Production of syncytium was striking in HEp-2 cells, minimal in KB and HeLa cells; rounding was the characteristic response of DMB cells. In comparison with a maintenance fluid containing Eagle's minimal essential medium, a fluid utilizing Scherer's solution limited the formation of syncytium and delayed the evolution of cytopathic effect, particularly in HEp-2 cells. The presence or absence of syncytium had little effect on the total yield of infectious virus.
The latent period of the initial multiplication cycle was 12 to 14 hr, and was followed by rapid growth and release of virus. A method for cell disruption which released cell-associated virus with little inactivation was utilized to demonstrate that nearly 50% of virus is still cell-associated even when the cytopathic effect is marked. Some virus was inactivated by a single freeze-thaw cycle, but aliquots stored at -70°C maintained stable and adequate levels of infectious virus for at least 6 months.
Accelerated Breakdown of Immunological Tolerance Following Whole Body Irradiation
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rats were made unresponsive to mouse erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin by a series of injections starting at birth. The unresponsiveness, though not always complete, remained constant in a given animal if antigen injections were continued. In animals irradiated with 550 or 600 r the tolerance usually broke down, with the formation of substantial amounts of antibody.
Normal animals also irradiated at a similar age and given repeated injections of mouse erythrocytes formed excess antibody during the 5th to the 13th postirradiation week. By contrast, irradiated rats receiving a single injection of bovine serum albumin in Freund's adjuvant formed less antibody than did nonirradiated controls. The theoretical implications of the work are discussed.
Precipitating and Nonprecipitating Antibodies in the Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
Authors: Blumer H. , Richter M. , Cua-Lim F. , Rose B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formation of antibodies to soluble protein antigens for many months after primary immunization has been confirmed. These antibodies were produced after the immunization of rabbits with bovine serum albumin, egg albumin, human γ-globulin, pig γ-globulin and bovine γ-globulin. The antibodies present in the circulation 11 to 16 days after the initial immunization could be detected by using antigen-coated red cells and, in most cases, by the precipitin technique as well. Those antibodies present in the circulation several months later could be detected only by the hemagglutination technique. The hemagglutinating antibody titer remained constant for at least 6 months after primary immunization. In some cases the nonprecipitating antibody concentration was found to rise at a time when the precipitating antibody level was declining. Hemagglutinating antibody titers of sera, following secondary immunization, rose to high levels very rapidly and then started to decline, rapidly at first and more slowly later. Only those antisera which were obtained during the early period of antibody production and which contained precipitating antibody could passively sensitize guinea pigs. Cortisone acetate inhibited the primary response to intravenously injected antigens in six out of seven rabbits. It failed, however, to inhibit the secondary antibody response.
Immunochemical Studies on Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Murakami William T. , Van Vunakis Helen , Lehrer Harris I. , Levine Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several rabbit antisera to ruptured T2, T4 and T6 bacteriophage contained antibodies to DNA. With all of the antisera, denatured DNA was more effective serologically than native DNA. Of 41 different DNA preparations tested with an antiserum to T4 DNA, only DNA isolated from T2, T4 or T6 bacteriophage fixed C′. The specificity of the antibodies as measured by cross-reactivity is described. The antigenic determinant groups of T-even bacteriophage DNA include, in part, the glucosyl residue of the DNA.
The Staining Properties of Human Serum Proteins Conjugated with Purified Fluorescein Isothiocyanate
Authors: Frommhagen Laurence H. , Spendlove Rex S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic analysis has shown that six preparations of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) from one source contain degradation products which exhibit essentially similar fluorescence properties and a similar capacity to couple with serum protein, but which confer upon the conjugate the propensity for nonspecific staining. It is recommended that only undegraded FITC (e.g., BBL) which manifests superior specificity and higher fluorescence intensity, be used for the conjugation of specific immune γ-globulins, and that the pH of the conjugation system should not exceed 8.8. Purified FITC is now commerically available or may be easily obtained by continuous flow electrophoresis. It is emphasized, however, that the degradation products of FITC constitute only one of a number of factors contributing to nonspecific fluorescent staining. Two other such factors, relating to the overlabeling of the γ-globulin and to the other serum proteins, are discussed.
Evaluation of the Complement Method of Fluorescent Antibody Technique with Myxoviruses
Authors: Hinuma Yorio , Ohta Rei , Miyamoto Tsutomu , Ishida Nakao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum globulin obtained from rabbits which had been immunized with the globulin fractions of guinea pig sera revealed anti-C′ activity. When this rabbit globulin was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, the sedimentation pattern and constant were unchanged, and no decrease of anti-C′ activity followed. The molecular ratio of the dye to globulin was found to be approximately 4:1.
The higher sensitivity of the C′ method, in comparison with the indirect method, was established quantitatively in detecting both antigen and antibody of Sendai virus. Moreover, more intense staining was obtained by the C′ method.
Application of the C′ method to detect the antigens of influenza A and B viruses in tissue cultured cells, as well as those of NWS virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, showed good correlation with the results obtained with Sendai virus. Antibody titers obtained by this method were similar in magnitude to those obtained in in vitro CF tests.