bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of drip irrigation on richness, abundance and diversity of soil arthropods
Authors: Sajjad Asif 
Published: March 2023

Arthropods maintain soil ecosystem in variety of ways like breaking down the plant debris and broadcasting the microorganisms. The human induced changes in the agricultural land (i.e., irrigation methods, tillage practices and land use changes) have profound impacts on the richness, diversity and abundance of arthropods. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of drip irrigation on the richness, abundance and diversity of soil arthropods at three different Tehsils of District Bahawalpur i.e. Bahawalpur, Khairpur and Ahmedpur East. At each location, one flood and one drip irrigated guava orchard was selected. Weekly data of soil arthropods was recorded using 10 pitfall traps (at least 50 feet apart) in each orchard during April and May, 2022. The species richness, abundance, dominance and evenness of soil arthropods were slightly higher in flood irrigation orchards. However, Simpson, Shannon-wiener and chao-1 diversity indices did not vary significantly. Rank abundance curves showed that in all the drip and flood irrigated orchards, there was still some possibility of finding new species with the increasing sample size. Only one ant species Camponotus compressus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) constituted the major proportion of arthropods abundance in all the orchards whereas most of the species were very low in abundance. The results suggest that the soil arthropod diversity is not significantly affected with the flood and drip irrigation methods. Therefore, keeping in view the proven economic and water conservation advantages, the drip irrigation system can be adopted without harming soil arthropods diversity.
Efficacy of Biocontrol Agent (BCA) Trichoderma spp. Against Black Scurf Disease (Rhizoctonia solani) of Potato
Authors: Huma Zill e 
Published: March 2023

The current study was designed to determine the efficacy of Trichoderma against soil borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani causing Black scurf disease in potato. Five various species of Trichoderma (Trichoderma herzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma helicum) were screened in vitro against Rhizoctonia solani via Dual culture technique. Amongst the antagonists Trichoderma herzianum, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma helicum was found to be more potent in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani. The results indicate that Trichoderma helicum and Trichoderma viride showed significant growth in suppressing the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani thus a highest inhibition percentage 71.8% was attained however, the Trichoderma herzianum, Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma hamatum showed mycelial percentage of 71.45%, 68.2% and 64.5% respectively. It is therefore concluded that an insignificant inhibition percentage 64.5% was shown by Trichoderma hamatum and found to be least effective in reducing mycelial growth as well as sclerotia formation of the test pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. However Trichoderma is good biocontrol agent and therefore can be used against Black scurf disease of potato.
Page Architecture of a Deluxe Arabic Dictionary from Islamic Spain
Authors: Bongianino Umberto 
Published: March 2023

The Mukhtaṣar al-ʿAyn of Abū Bakr Muḥammad al-Zubaydī (d. AD 989) is the earliest Arabic dictionary to have survived from the medieval Islamic West. This article discusses an early manuscript of the work that was copied and illuminated in AD 1124, most likely in Valencia, for the library of a wealthy patron or institution. The manuscript’s colophon casts new light on its transmission history, and a close analysis of its ‘page architecture’ reveals both how the book was used and the symbolic and aesthetic functions it fulfilled.
Effect of storage period on special DUS characters in extant varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) for establishing distinctiveness
Authors: SANYAL ARCHANA , JOSHI MONIKA A , BASU SUDIPTA , YADAV SHIV K 
Published: March 2023

Under the PPV and FR Act 2001, a number of rice varieties have been registered based on morphological and biochemical DUS descriptors. In the present study, 61 extant varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were characterized based on 55 morphological descriptors at different stages of plant growth. However, for the assessment of biochemical characters, namely; phenol reaction of lemma, amylose content and gelatinization temperature, the assessment is based on ripened seed onwards, and even after the seed is stored. Hence, there is a need to determine optimum period after seed ripening for recording biochemical characters to avoid confusion during grouping of varieties for establishing distinctiveness. For this, all the 61 varieties were examined to see the effect of storage period on biochemical characters. The observations were recorded beginning from freshly harvested seed (0 months) vis-Ã -vis stored seed up to one year (12 months). The data were recorded after every three months up to a period of one year. Results revealed that significant changes begin to occur during six months of storage and continue for remaining period. Phenol reaction of lemma colour in 26 varieties showed significant changes in colour intensity after six months of storage. Gelatinization temperature (GT) and amylose content are important cooking quality traits for rice. Among 61 varieties, 26 showed increase in Gelatinization temperature after six months of storage as ASV decreased from 6.7 to 6.0, while the remaining varieties showed constant ASV. Further, the average percentage of amylose content significantly increased after six months of storage period in all varieties. Hence, storage period significantly influences the character expression of biochemical traits. Therefore, it is recommended that the varieties should be evaluated for the biochemical assessment within six months of harvesting.
URGENSI POLIGAMI DI TENGAH MARAKNYA PERSELINGKUHAN (Prespektif Maslahah Mursalah)
Authors: Hadiyan Muhammad Naufal Hadiyan , Nida Wafiah Rafifatun 
Published: March 2023

Pola kehidupan sosial dalam rumah tangga saat ini mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat khususnya dalam hubungan antara suami dan istri. Pasalnya hal seperti ini menjadi celah bagi pihak suami ataupun istri dalam menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu dengan teman atau rekan kerja dari pada dengan keluarga. Tidak menutup kemungkinan kenyamanan yang di dapat dalam masing- masing kelompok berasal dari lawan jenis. Pada akhirnya pola sosial seperti ini dapat menjadi pemicu perselingkuhan. Perselingkuhan biasanya menjadi hal yang selalu disembunyikan dalam kehidupan banyak orang. Hal ini disebabkan sebagian besar orang takut untuk bercerai. Maraknya perselingkuhan saat ini dirasa membuat urgensi poligami menjadi semakin tampak. Sebab alih-alih berselingkuh poligami merupakan solusi untuk membangun hubungan yang sah. Namun stigma terhadap poligami masih belum terlalu baik di pandangan sebagian besar orang. Hal ini menjadikan beberapa orang masih ragu dalam mengambil keputusan untuk poligami. Penulisan ini disusun menggunakan metode kepustakaan (library research), Di Indonesia sendiri Poligami telah mendapatkan payung hukum yang sah yaitu diatur dalam UU 1974 tentang perkawinan dan juga Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI). Kemudian Islam, membolehkan berpoligami (dalam keadaan darurat dengan syarat berlaku adil, antara lain: 1. Agar mendapatkan keturunan bagi suami yang subur dan istri mandul. 2. Agar bisa terhindar dari perceraian, walaupun istri tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya sebagai istri. 3. Agar dapat terhindar suami dari perbuatan zina dan krisis akhlak lainnya. 4. Agar dapat menyelamatkan wanita dari krisis akhlak, karena wanitanya lebih banyak ketimbang kaum pria. Terlepas dari banyaknya permasalahan yang ditimbulkan dari poligami, tidak dapat disangkal bahwa poligami memiliki banyak maslahat. Sangat disayangkan perselingkuhan yang terjadi atas dasar akibat rasa ketidakpuasan satu sama lain. Perundang-undangan telah jelas mengeluarkan sebuah aturan tentang poligami. Melalui hal tersebut salah satu syarat bahwa poligami dapat dilakukan telah diatur dalam kompilasi hukum islam Pasal 57a yaitu “Isteri tidak dapat menjalankan kewajiban sebagai isteri.” Kendati demikian untuk sampai kepada sebuah keputusan berpoligami, sebagian besar pihak masih merasa asing. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pemahaman masyarakat Indonesia tentang poligami masih minim bahkan cenderung negatif. Hasilnya, beberapa pihak lebih memilih mencederai hubungan perkawinan dengan perselingkuhan dan merasa gengsi untuk berpoligami. Melalui penelitian ini penulis berpendapat bahwa salah satu cara untuk mengurangi angka perselingkuhan di Indonesia adalah dengan mengedukasi nilai-nilai maslahat yang terdapat pada poligami. Justru dengan berpoligami kerukunan dalam hubungan berumahtangga dapat lebih terjaga.
Gambaran Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil tentang Perawatan Payudara Selama Kehamilan di Puskesmas Karang Rejo Tarakan
Authors: Argi Sriargianti amir , Apriorita Apriorita , Baharuddin Rohandi , Putra Satri Hanggara 
Published: March 2023

Perawatan payudara merupakan suatu intervensi yang penting dilakukan pada masa kehamilan sebagai persiapan dalam proses menyusui setelah melahirkan. Berdasarkan hasil studi pendahuluan bahwa sebagian ibu kurang mengetahui tentang cara perawatan payudara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan ibu hamil tentang perawatan payudara selama kehamilan. Metode penelitian ini merupakan metode penelitian deskriptif, pengambilan sampel secara non-probability sampling menggunakan teknik accindental sampling dengan jumlah sampel 50 yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang berkaitan dengan pengetahuan perawatan payudara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik responden berdasarkan usia tertinggi yaitu usia 20-35 tahun sebanyak 25 (50,0%) responden, berdasarkan pekerjaan terbanyak didapatkan IRT sebanyak 31 (62,0%) responden, berdasarkan paritas didapatkan jumlah tertinggi dan multipara sebanyak 28 (56,0%) responden, berdasarkan pendidikan didapatkan hasil terbanyak yaitu SMA sebanyak 22 (44,0%), berdasarkan pengetahuan didapatkan hasil pengetahuan baik sebanyak 6 (12,0%), cukup sebanyak 16 (32,0%), dan kurang sebanyak 28 (56,0%) responden. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan sebagian besar ibu menyusui di Puskesmas Karang Rejo kota Tarakan adalah berpengetahuan kurang terkait perawatan payudara selama kehamilan.
DANO ESPIRITUAL E O SEPULTAMENTO DE INDÍGENAS YANOMAMI NA PANDEMIA DO COVID-19
Authors: Teixeira Carolina Souza Novaes Gomes , Gomes Maria Luiza Furbino de Novaes 
Published: March 2023

Os povos indígenas e tribais têm sofrido, ao longo dos séculos, as mais variadas formas de opressão e violência, que se acentuaram no contexto da pandemia da doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19). Pretende-se investigar, no presente trabalho, se o sepultamento de indígenas Yanomami, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, em razão da omissão do Poder Público na elaboração de protocolos que dialogassem com a sua cultura, configurou hipótese de dano espiritual. Para tanto, analisou-se a responsabilidade civil do Estado por violações de direitos humanos, o conceito de dano espiritual, no caso Moiwana vs. Suriname, e sua base normativa. Constatou-se que o instituto do dano espiritual emerge, na jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, com o escopo de proteger a espiritualidade dos vivos e dos mortos, a partir de uma perspectiva intercultural e abandonando perspectivas monistas e essencialmente ocidentais de direitos humanos. Para tanto, a parte teórica será desenvolvida observando o método dedutivo, a partir de pesquisa dogmática em livros, artigos científicos, dissertações, reportagens, relatos e conteúdos diversos disponíveis em bibliotecas e em sítios eletrônicos. Por fim, foi possível concluir que os eventos sucedidos com os integrantes da etnia Yanomami, que foram enterrados à revelia de sua cultura, configuram hipótese de dano espiritual.
Synthesis and Performance Analysis of a Novel Phase Change Hydrogel Polyethylene Glycol/Polyacrylamide/Silicon Dioxide for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: CHEN Yanghua , PEI Yanlei , YANG Xue 
Published: March 2023

To study the composite phase change hydrogel, the shape stabilized composite phase change materials of polyethylene glycol/polyacrylamide/silicon dioxide with different mass fractions of polyethylene glycol were successfully prepared by the combination of in-situ polymerization and sol-gel method. The 3D network formed by polyacrylamide /silicon dioxide cross-linking has abundant pores, which is conducive to polyethylene glycol encapsulation and prevent polyethylene glycol leakage. At the same time, the hydrogel-based support can buffer the thermal stress caused by phase change. According to the analysis results of differential scanning calorimetry, composite phase change materials have a high phase transition enthalpy of 126.9 J/g. In addition, this new type of composite phase change materials has good thermal stability and remains stable in shape at 110 ℃ without any leakage. The composite phase change hydrogel provides an alternative approach for the investigation of phase change materials.
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM ĐIỆN THẾ GỢI THÍNH GIÁC TRÊN NGƯỜI BÌNH THƯỜNG GIAI ĐOẠN TRƯỚC VÀ SAU KHI CHÂM HUYỆT THÍNH CUNG, UYỂN CỐT, DƯƠNG TRÌ, KHÂU KHƯ VÀ THÁI KHÊ
Authors: Nguyễn Ngọc Chi Lan , Nguyễn Thị Sơn , Võ Thị Trang , Huỳnh Phượng Nhật Quỳnh , Lê Minh Hoàng 
Published: March 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Điện thế gợi thính giác thân não (Brain stem Auditory Evoked Potentials, gọi tắt là BAEP) đã được ứng dụng để đánh hiệu quả trong châm cứu, ngoài đánh giá chức năng của đường thính giác và tính toàn vẹn của thân não. “Nghiên cứu đặc điểm điện thế gợi thính giác trên người bình thường giai đoạn trước và sau khi châm huyệt Thính cung, Uyển cốt, Dương trì, Khâu Khư và Thái Khê”. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Tìm hiểu các điện thế có thay đổi như thế nào sau châm và có ảnh hưởng bởi vị trí huyệt nhằm bằng chứng trong việc giải thích hiệu quả châm cứu. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Mô tả cắt ngang, quan sát 150 bệnh nhân chia làm 5 nhóm châm huyệt lần lượt Uyển cốt, Dương trì, Khâu khư, Thái khê, Thính cung. Kết quả: Nhìn chung, sau khi châm thời gian tiềm tàng và thời gian liên đỉnh giảm, biên độ sóng tăng. Trong khi đó bên độ tăng ở Huyệt Uyển cốt tại sóng V, huyệt Dương trì sóng III và huyệt Thái khê có sóng I thay đổi sau châm với p <0,015. Kết luận: Châm cứu các huyệt thì bước đầu có ghi nhận đáp ứng về điện thế của cơ thể sẽ có xu huớng nhanh hơn, những huyệt như Thái Khê, Uyển Cốt, Dương trì dù ở xa về mặt giải phẫu nhưng lại có thay đổi về biên độ sóng điện thế gợi hơn so với những huyệt tại chỗ gần và phù hợp với lý luận theo y học cổ truyền.
XÂY DỰNG VÀ THẨM ĐỊNH QUY TRÌNH ĐỊNH LƯỢNG ĐỒNG THỜI TẠP A, B, C, D, E, F CỦA ALLOPURINOL BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP LC-MS/MS
Authors: Lữ Thiện Phúc , Nguyễn Duy Gia Bảo , Vương Vinh Hưng , Trương Lê Minh Thư , Trương Ngọc Tuyền , Trần Việt Hùng , Nguyễn Đức Tuấn 
Published: March 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Hiện nay, việc kiểm tra chất lượng nguyên liệu cũng như thành phẩm thuốc thiết yếu allopurinol trước và trong quá trình sản xuất, lưu thông, bảo quản cần được giám sát chặt chẽ theo quy định của Dược điển Việt Nam V; BP 2021; USP 44, đặc biệt là tạp chất liên quan, ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến hiệu quả điều trị, an toàn của người bệnh. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Xây dựng và thẩm định quy trình định lượng đồng thời 6 tạp A,B,C,D,E, Ethyl-(E/Z)-3-(2-carbethoxy-2cyanoethyl) amino pyrazol-4-carboxylat (tạp F theo USP standard 2022) của allopurinol trong thành phẩm bằng phương pháp sắc ký lỏng hiệu năng cao ghép đầu dò khối phổ ba tứ cực. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Tạp chất liên quan A, B, C, D, E, F của allopuirnol, xây dựng quy trình định lượng đồng thời bằng hệ thống sắc ký lỏng ghép khối phổ LC-MS/MS theo hướng dẫn thẩm định quy trình của ICH Q2(R2) và EC-657/2002. Kết quả: Các ion phân tử ban đầu và ion phân mảnh định lượng đặc trưng của tạp A tạp A (126,9¦109,9); tạp B (155,1¦138); tạp C (178,8¦78,9); tạp D (155,86¦127,9); tạp E (183,87¦109,9); tạp F (279,1¦187) và allopuirnol (136,9¦109,9). Điều kiện khối phổ tối ưu là: Nhiệt độ khí hoá hơi (oC): 400oC, tốc độ dòng khí hoá hơi (l/h):900 l/h, thế Cone (V): 15-26V, thế mao quản (kV):4kV, năng lượng buồng khí va chạm (V): 12-25V. Điều kiện sắc ký: pha tĩnh cột sắc kí pha đảo Gemini – NX C18 (15cm; 4,6mm; 5m ;Phenomenex), pha động acetonitril - nước acid formic 0,05% theo chương trình gradient, nhiệt độ cột 25˚C, thể tích tiêm mẫu 10 µL, tốc độ dòng 0,8 mL/phút. Thẩm định quy trình theo hướng dẫn ICH: quy trình đạt độ đặc hiệu – chọn lọc; độ tuyến tính có hệ số tương quan từ 0,995 – 0,999; giới hạn phát hiện từ 3-10ppb; giới hạn định lượng 10ppb; độ đúng độ chính xác đạt yêu cầu RSD ≤ 2%. Kết luận: Xây dựng được quy trình định lượng đồng thời 6 tạp A,B,C,D,E,F của allopurinol phương pháp LC-MS/MS theo hướng dẫn của ICH.
Les manchons de mousse corticoles, un micro-habitat riche en Invertébrés
Authors: DARINOT Fabrice , LETSCHER Robin , GEOFFROY Jean-Jacques , GUILLOCHEAU Sarah , DODELIN Benoît 
Published: March 2023

Un inventaire de la faune invertébrée vivant dans le sol et dans les mousses corticoles a été mené dans deux forêts, situées dans la Réserve naturelle nationale du Marais de Lavours et la Réserve naturelle régionale de la Galerie du Pont des Pierres (Département de l’Ain). Au total, 32 338 spécimens ont été collectés, correspondant à trois phylums (Mollusques, Annélides et Arthropodes) et 24 groupes taxonomiques. À surface égale, les manchons de mousses comportent davantage d’Invertébrés que le sol. Les Acariens sont très majoritaires et plus abondants que les Collemboles, eux-mêmes dix fois plus nombreux que les Hyménoptères (Fourmis), les Coléoptères, les Araignées et les Cloportes. En hiver, le peuplement du sol et des mousses à Lavours semble nettement différent de celui d’été et des peuplements du Pont des Pierres. Il existe un gradient d’abondance depuis le sol jusqu’à la hauteur d’environ un mètre, que l’on retrouve également en été, mais qui fait défaut au Pont des Pierres. Les inondations hivernales sont probablement responsables de cette répartition altitudinale des Invertébrés à Lavours, où les manchons muscicoles jouent un rôle de refuge pour les Arthropodes. Plus généralement, les coussins de mousse fonctionnent en annexe de la litière du sol avec un continuum d’espèces.
Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation in the Raton Basin, New Mexico
Authors: Scott Glenn R. , Cobban William A. , Merewether E. Allen 
Published: March 2023

The Niobrara Formation in the Raton basin of northeastern New Mexico consists of the Fort Hays Limestone Member, about 20 ft thick, and the overlying Smoky Hill Shale Member, 800-900 ft thick. The Fort Hays Member is composed of seven to ten beds of light-gray-weathering, hard, dense limestone separated by soft, calcareous shale. A more varied lithology characterizes the Smoky Hill Member, which consists of four unnamed units. A 35-40 ft thick sequence of calcareous shale and shaly limestone, that forms the basal part of the Smoky Hill, is herein referred to as the shale and limestone unit. It is overlain by 95-125 ft of calcareous shale and minor shaly limestone, herein called the lower shale unit. These rocks are overlain by a sandy unit, 410 440 ft thick, most of which is moderately soft, shaly, very fine-grained sandstone that weathers yellowish brown to grayish orange. Parts of this unit contain calcareous concretions. The uppermost part of the Smoky Hill Member, herein referred to as the upper shale unit, is 265-295 ft thick and consists mostly of calcareous shale. The unit also includes at least 10 beds of orange-weathering argillaceous limestone, some beds of sandy shale, and limestone concretions. All contacts between the units of the Smoky Hill Member appear conformable, and the Smoky Hill rests conformably on the Fort Hays Member.The Niobrara Formation was deposited in a marine environment and is moderately fossiliferous. Molluscan fossils are dominant. Inoceramids prevail; ammonites are scarce in the Fort Hays Limestone Member and in the lower two units of the Smoky Hill Shale Member. The molluscan fossils in the Raton basin indicate a late Turonian age for the Fort Hays Member and possibly a very late Turonian to early Campanian age for the Smoky Hill Member.Geochemical data from pyrolysis assays of eight outcrop samples indicate that the Niobrara Formation in parts of the Raton basin contains potential source rocks for oil and gas. In some areas of the basin, the Niobrara is thermally mature and presumably has generated hydrocarbons.
Geology of the San Pedro Mountains, Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Authors: Atkinson Jr. 
Published: March 2023

The San Pedro Mountains are one of a chain of four groups of hills in north-central NM. The chain consists of intrusions of monzonite and related porphyry into sedimentary rocks ranging from Pennsylvanian to Eocene. Igneous rocks in the northern two mountain ranges erupted and were reworked to deposit the Espinaso volcanics, which contain definite Oligocene vertebrate fossils.The San Pedro Mountains are part of the horst in the Tijeras fault system. The Dooley fault crosses the east end of the mountains. Many faults in the mountains are either nearly parallel to the Tijeras fault system or perpendicular to it, other faults radiate from intrusive centers. Five stocks, two laccoliths, and many dikes and sills intruded the sedimentary rocks. The main rock types are monzonite, monzonite porphyry, latite porphyry, and rhyolite porphyry.Sedimentary rocks have been extensively metamorphosed by the igneous intrusions, yielding tactite, hornfels, and marble. Important mineral deposits occur in veins and contact metasomatic deposits. The San Pedro mine has been the most important and has produced more than 13 million pounds of copper since 1900, from a contact-metasomatic deposit in limestone. Lead, zinc, and gold have been produced from mesothermal vein deposits. Gold placers have been among the richest in the state. Nonmetallic deposits include quartz sand, garnet, and limestone. The quartz sand is being developed at present. Water is scarce but available from wells at an average depth of 500 ft.
Stratigraphy and petroleum possibilities of Catron County, New Mexico
Authors: Foster Roy W. 
Published: March 2023

Most of Catron County is underlain by volcanics and sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary age. Outcrops of pre-Tertiary rocks are restricted to a strip, four townships wide, across the northern part of the county and to a few isolated exposures in the volcanic rocks. Data on pre-Mesozoic rocks are almost entirely restricted to a few deep oil tests drilled in the northern part of the county. These tests reveal that the lower Permian Abo Formation directly overlies the Precambrian in most of this area. Permian rocks consist of carbonates, evaporites, sandstones, and shales. They probably attain a maximum thickness of 3,000 ft in the southeastern part of the county. Projection of control points from adjacent parts of NM and Arizona suggests that approximately 2,000 ft of Paleozoic rocks older than Permian underlie the volcanics of the southern half of Catron County.Mesozoic rocks have a maximum thickness of slightly more than 3,000 ft in the northern part of the county, but Triassic strata thin rapidly to the south and are absent in southern Catron County. Cretaceous rocks beneath the southern two-thirds of the county may attain a thickness of 2,000-3,000 ft, but thinner sections are to be expected.The most favorable stratigraphic intervals for petroleum exploration are Cretaceous sandstones, Permian carbonates and sandstones, and, where present, Pennsylvanian carbonates. Exploration is difficult in much of the area because favorable structures are concealed by volcanic rocks, and thicknesses of volcanic intervals are unknown. Areas where minimal sections of Tertiary rocks are present are pointed out. This bulletin on Catron County is meant to be the first of such a series on the oil and gas resources of NM.