bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Properties of Rabbit IgG1 Antibody
Authors: Rodkey L. S. , Freeman M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits given multiple injections of bovine serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant produced at least three antigenically distinct immunoglobulins (Ig) that were identified by radioimmunoelectrophoresis using specific antisera. IgG and IgM antibody classes appeared early and simultaneously in the response. An antigenically distinct Ig designated as IgG1, which migrated in the fast γ region, appeared later in the response. The latter Ig was intermediate in anionic binding properties to IgG and IgM, sedimented as a 7 S molecule and was mercaptoethanol-resistant. These properties, the lack of homologous skin-fixing antibody activity, its antigenic dissimilarity to colostral IgA protein, and other characteristics, suggested that IgG1 is a minor but distinct and previously unrecognized class or subclass of rabbit Ig. Differences in the specific hemagglutinating ability of IgG1 and the bulk of the IgG class suggested, moreover, that the IgG1 class has unique functional properties.
Lysozyme and β-Lysin Release Stimulated by Antigen-Antibody Complexes and Bacteria
Authors: Tew John G. , Hess W. M. , Donaldson David M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The concentrations of plasma lysozyme and β-lysin increased several-fold following the intravenous injection of either dead bacteria or antigen-antibody complexes into normal rabbits, or of BSA into immunized rabbits. Histamine and serotonin were not responsible for these alterations. The exposure of whole blood to dead Micrococcus lysodeikticus in vitro also resulted in a significant release of β-lysin and lysozyme into plasma. Similar exposures of peritoneal phagocytes to antigen-antibody complexes or bacteria resulted in the release of lysozyme during phagocytosis. Exposure of β-lysin-rich platelets to either antigen-antibody complexes or micrococci in vitro did not cause a consistent release of β-lysin. The in vivo release of β-lysin was accompanied by a decrease in the number of circulating platelets, a decrease in β-lysin per unit platelet, and extensive morphologic damage of platelets. For these reasons the in vivo results could be attributed to the release of β-lysin from platelets.
Subtypes of Human ABO Blood Groups and Subtype-Specific Antibodies
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Ruoslahti E. , Ehnholm C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
We advance an hypothesis which explains the presence of anti-A1 in group A2 individuals and of anti-B1 in group Bv individuals without assuming that A1 and A2 receptors are different or that B1 and Bv receptors are different. Taking into account the known fact that the receptor-density is higher in A1 and A2 erythrocytes, the hypothesis states that anti-A1 antibodies have a low affinity for A receptors and cannot form firm bridges between red cells when they use only one valency per cell. Consequently they do not agglutinate A2 cells, on which the density of receptors is too low. They do agglutinate A1 cells, on which the receptors are closer together. Thus subtype-specific antibodies must be multivalent, and bivalent antibodies such as IgG cannot distinguish between high- and low-receptor-density cells. A corresponding explanation may be valid for subtypes of B and anti-B1.
Our results, as far as they go, support this hypothesis. Although normal anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins contain a small proportion of IgG molecules, we could not demonstrate any IgG in isoagglutinins specific for subtypes A1 and B1. Anti-A1 reagents could be prepared from the purified IgM fraction of anti-A sera but not from the IgG fractions of the same sera.
Oligosaccharides with blood group A or B specificity strongly inhibited agglutination when the test cells had a low density of receptors (A2B or Bv). They were much poorer inhibitors of agglutination when the test cells had a high density of receptors (A1 or normal B). Macromolecular salivary blood group substances were used as inhibitors in parallel tests. They inhibited strongly regardless of the receptor density on the erythrocytes. The use of A2B rather than A1, and Bv rather than B1, erythrocytes in agglutination-inhibition tests for blood group specific oligosaccharides improved the method by making it more sensitive.
According to the above concept, anti-A1 or A2 individuals may possess an autoantibody directed against their own A receptors. The problems arising from this situation are discussed.
Inhibition of the mixed leukocyte culture reaction (MLC) by pre-incubation of the leukocytes with sucrose
Authors: Rode Harold N. , Gordon Julius 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When leukocytes of two genetically different donors are cultured together for a period of 5 to 7 days, some of the cells transform and undergo mitosis (1). This reaction, which is referred to as the mixed leukocyte culture reaction (MLC), is probably immunologic in nature (2). The experiments to be described indicate that short-term pre-incubation of human blood leukocytes in sucrose inhibits their reaction in mixed leukocyte culture. The evidence obtained suggests that sucrose exerts its effect by acting on phagocytic cells.
Leukocytes were cultured essentially according to the method of Bain et al. (1) as previously described (3). For incubation with sucrose, freshly drawn and sedimented leukocytes were pelleted by centrifugation (500 × G) and were suspended at 5 to 10 × 106 lymphocytes/ml of sucrose. Incubation was at either 4°C or 37°C for periods of 10 to 120 min. Sucrose2 was used at a concentration of 5% to 35% in 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2.
Do Antibody-Forming Cells Circulate in the Blood?
Authors: Roseman Jeffrey M. , Leserman Lee D. , Fitch Frank W. , Rowley Donald A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Criteria have been presented for differentiating hemolytic plaques produced by rat cells into three categories. These categories are determined by the effect on plaque formation of rotenone, a metabolic inhibitor, and papain, a sulfhydryl protease. The first in these categories, “true” plaques, are formed by the release of intracellular antibody from cells requiring an intact cellular respiratory system for such release. The second group, “passive release” plaques, are produced by intracellular antibody from cells which can release this antibody in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. The third, “false” plaques, are formed by antibody which was adherent to cell-platelet aggregates.
Spleen cells from recently immunized rats produced either “true” or “passive release” plaques. All plaques produced by peripheral blood cells appeared to be “false” plaques.
Studies of the Chicken Immune Response
Authors: Keily Sister Danile , Abramoff Peter 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Young chickens, when bleeding or rupture of the spleen accompanied splenectomy, often regenerated small spleens (splenules) in 4 weeks. These splenules, at 8 weeks, were found to be capable of producing antibody, as tested by the Jerne plaque technique. The bone marrow of such chickens was also functional, although to a less extent. When splenectomy was carried out with no bleeding or rupture, no splenules occurred. In these chickens, the introduction of sheep red blood cells 4 weeks later led to the occurrence of antibody-producing cells in the bone marrow but not in the bursa, thymus, liver, lung or cecal lymph. The serum hemagglutinin titer was always lower in splenectomized chickens than in controls, and always rose more slowely and reached its peak titer later. The IgM fraction appeared sooner than the IgG fraction, but the ratio of the two components for 7 days was similar in all groups. There was no significant difference in time of rejection of skin homografts in control and splenectomized chickens.
Passive Immune Lysis with Chromic Chloride-Treated Erythrocytes
Authors: Perucca Philip J. , Faulk W. Page , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new method of passive immune lysis is presented. This method involves the coupling of protein antigen to chromic chloride-treated human erythrocytes. The kinetics of CrCl3 requirements, antigen dosage, and incubation are presented. The antigen-coated erythrocytes are lysed by an excess of rabbit complement. Experiments documenting the sensitivity and reproducibility of the test as well as the stability and fragility of CrCl3-treated erythrocytes are presented, and various advantages of the test are discussed.
Presence of L-L Interchain Disulfide Bonds in Reconstituted λG Molecules
Authors: Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
When partially reduced and alkylated human γ chains were combined with reduced but not alkylated light chains, the reconstituted reoxidized γG protein possessed 65% of its light chains in the form of L-L disulfide-linked dimers. This suggests that light chains are present in γG molecules in such a position that it is sterically possible for them to come into such close proximity to one another that an L-L disulfide bond can be formed under experimental conditions that do not allow formation of an L-H disulfide bond.
Extracellular Esterases of Streptococci and the Distribution of Specific Antibodies in Human Sera of Various Age Groups
Authors: Stock Aaron H. , Lynn Raymond J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Most of the streptococci representative of Lancefield Groups A through O produced an extracellular carboxylic acid esterase active against β-naphthyl acetate. No esterase activity was found in organisms of Groups D and N. Group K strains were not examined. The esterases could be differentiated into five distinct immunologic types based on reactions of identity or non-identity in immunodiffusion with normal adult human sera. A few strains produced esterases that did not react with the human sera in these immunologic tests.
The distribution of antibodies to the five esterases was determined in the sera of infants, children and adults. Antibodies to the esterase E-IV, obtained from animal Group C strains, were rarely found. Antibodies to the other four esterases, E-I, E-II, E-III, and E-V, were present in the sera of newborns as frequently as they were in adults. Presumably these were antibodies obtained from the mother by placental transfer. Infants produced antibodies to these esterases with increasing frequency after the first year of age. The incidence of antibodies to these esterases in children in the 9- and 10-year-old age groups was similar to that observed in adults. The occurrence of antibodies to esterases E-III and E-V obtained from Group B and Group L streptococci, respectively, is contrary to present epidemiologic data pertaining to human infection with these organisms. A cross-reacting antigenic stimulus has not been demonstrated.
Development of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in the Mouse
Authors: Larsen Jørgen Hannover 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immune response in the mouse to LCM virus has been studied by measuring the CF-antibody titers and the elimination of viremia in syngeneic tolerant virus-carrier mice after adoptive immunization. This latter phenomenon has previously been shown presumably to be the expression of a specific cell-mediated immunity to the virus.
With regard to the humoral response in the adult mouse, it is shown that CF antibodies are formed by the end of 1 week after primary vaccination with LCM virus. They rapidly increase to titers which adjust to a constant level, presumably for the rest of the animal's life. This constant level is the same in secondarily vaccinated or hyperimmunized mice and is unaltered by a booster dose of virus. This constant immunity is most probably caused by a continuous stimulation from viral foci, especially in the kidneys. After adoptive immunization of syngeneic tolerant virus-carrier mice, lymphoid cells from such immune mice are able to give an enormously enhanced immune response. The CF antibodies from both the immune and the adoptively immunized mice are all 2-ME insensitive, indicating their 7 S character.
It is shown that the cell-mediated immunity to LCM virus after primary vaccination develops almost synchronously with the humoral response. During the first weeks of their development, a clear-cut dissociation of the immune responses may be found.
Antigenic Relationships Among the Coronaviruses of Man and Between Human and Animal Coronaviruses
Authors: McIntosh Kenneth , Kapikian Albert Z. , Hardison Kathleen A. , Hartley Janet W. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antigenic comparison of seven organ culture-grown human coronavirus strains, one tissue culture-grown human strain (229E), several strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and one strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was made. With the use of neutralization, complement fixation and fluorescent antibody tests, it was shown that strain IBV-42 was unrelated to the human and murine viruses and that strain 229E bore little, if any, relation to the murine or other human strains tested. In addition, three of the organ culture grown viruses, two of which have been adapted to growth in suckling mice, were shown to be antigenically related to several strains of MHV. The four remaining human strains possessed heterogeneous and poorly defined antigenic characteristics.
The Detection of Neutralizing Antibody to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in Mice
Authors: Hotchin John , Benson Lois , Sikora Edward 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Neutralization tests were done on a variety of human and animal anti-LCM sera utilizing the mouse f.p. inoculation route, which proved to be more sensitive than the i.c. or i.p. route in detecting antibody. The animal's immune status paralleled its f.p. response and refinement of doubtful results with poorly neutralized sera could be obtained by challenging survivors i.c. to determine the immunity end point. If rapid information was desired the mouse i.p. route combined with assay by weight change measurement proved only slightly less sensitive than the f.p. route. Salt-free bovine serum albumin as a virus and serum diluent increased the sensitivity of the f.p. neutralization test approximately 600 times.
Neutralization was demonstrated following inoculation of virus and antisera in different f.p. of the mouse on the same or on different days, but this method was not as quantitatively sensitive as the inoculation of mixtures. Protection was also noted when the serum was given by the i.p. route and the virus by the f.p. route.
Low levels of antibody were detected in LCM immune mouse sera 20 to 60 days after infection using the SFA diluent-f.p. method. No neutralizing antibody was detected in PTI (LCM neonatally inoculated) mice. High titers of neutralizing antibody were found in mice which had suppressed LCM virus infection several months previously. This reverses the previously held view that mice could not normally develop significant neutralizing LCM antibody, and shows that their response in this respect is normal, but extremely slow. These results are discussed in relation to their bearing on the pathogenesis of slow virus disease.
Isolation and Characterization of Free λ Chain of Immunoglobulin Produced by an Established Cell Line of Human Myeloma Cell Origin
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A λ-type light chain of immunoglobulin produced by an established cell line (No. 8226) of human myeloma cells from patient S was isolated in an essentially pure state from spent culture medium. The purified preparation (S-λ-medium) showed the common physical and chemical features of λ-type Bence Jones proteins. At neutral pH, S-λ-medium showed a single peak (S20, w = 3.6) in the ultracentrifuge and existed as a dimer, some of which reverted to the monomer in 1 M proprionic acid. Tryptic peptide maps of S-λ-medium indicated that this λ chain, produced in vitro, was a complete light chain which was composed of both “constant” and “variable” portions.
Antigenic determinants of S-λ-medium were compared with the Bence Jones protein of patient S from whom the cell line had been derived, and with other light chain preparations. In addition to the common λ determinants, S-λ-medium had particular determinants which were found only in the Bence Jones protein of patient S, but not in others. This provides strong evidence that the cell line No. 8226 is the progeny of myeloma cells from patient S.
A Survey of Hemagglutinins in Various Seeds
Authors: Allen Nancy K. , Brilliantine Laura 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Saline extracts of 2663 varieties of plant and vegetable seeds were tested for human blood group activity. Of these, 1635 were inactive, 711 were nonspecific, 227 hemolyzed red cells of all groups and 90 were specific. Twenty-nine of the 90 specific extracts possessed anti-M and anti-N activity. A new lectin with anti-M specificity derived from the seeds of Iberis amara was discovered. This is the first example of anti-M lectin from a plant source and the first lectin found in this species and family. The remaining 61 specific extracts either had been previously reported or were too weak to be of value.
The Adjuvant Effect of Powdered Ferric Oxide: Enhancement of Response to Mycoplasma Pneumoniae and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines
Authors: Warren Joel , Kende Meir , Takano Kouichi 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The ability of powdered magnetic oxide to adsorb respiratory syncytial virus and M. pneumoniae, and methods for simple elution of these agents have been described. When formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines incorporating iron oxide were tested in experimental animals, the metallic salt was found to act as an adjuvant and increased the antibody response. In a comparison with mineral oil-Arlacel adjuvant, it was found that the oil adjuvant was superior, but the Fe2O3 preparations were definitely superior to non-adjuvanted controls. Histologic examination of the site of inoculation revealed a mild, non-inflammatory response consisting of prolonged accumulation of tissue macrophages accompanied by slow dissolution and adsorption of the iron oxide. It is suggested that antigens adsorbed to iron oxide may be directed to various sites by the appropriate application of magnetic force.
Studies on the Mechanism of Immune Adherence
Authors: Nishioka K. , Sekine T. , Okada H. , Mayumi M. , Kawachi S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and carrying on their surface the first four components of complement (EAC′1423) are capable of adhering to human erythrocytes. Removal of C′1 and C′2 from EAC′1423 does not affect the immune adherence reaction (IA).
Treatment of EAC′43 or EAC′4 with pronase results in the removal of C′4 without affecting the antibody. Pronase-treated EAC′43 cells retain IA activity with human erythrocytes.
Tannic acid-treated cells can be coated with highly purified C′3. The resulting C′3-coated sheep erythrocytes adhered to human erythrocytes but not to non-primate erythrocytes. Treatment of C′3-coated cells with C′3 inactivator destroys their ability to adhere to human erythrocytes. Isotope-labeled C′3 on tanned cells was 1/32 as effective in IA as C′3 on EAC′1423.
These results indicate that C′3 is the only component required for the IA reaction with human erythrocytes, and may enable the elucidation of the molecular structure of C′3 in relation to its immune adherence reactivity.
Cleavage Products of Components of Human Complement
Authors: Lepow I. H. , Patrick R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both human C′3 and C′5 may serve as substrates from which biologically active fragments may be cleaved by various enzymatic pathways, including prior acting components of complement and trypsin. The fragments share general properties such as contraction of guinea pig ileum with tachyphylaxis and degranulation of mast cells with histamine release and, therefore, meet criteria for designation as anaphylatoxin. However, the fragments from C′3 (C′3a) and C′5 (C′5a) are distinctly different with respect to physicochemical properties and the species of mast cell on which they act. C′5a corresponds to the classical anaphylatoxin generated by incubation of fresh rat serum with agar, based on cross-desensitization of guinea pig ileum and lack of activity on rat mast cells. C′3a, on the other hand, does not cross-desensitize guinea pig ileum to C′5a or rat agar anaphylatoxin and liberates histamine from rat mast cells. Anaphylatoxin is, therefore, a general term descriptive of more than one molecular entity.
Electrofocusing and Electrophoretical Analysis of Complement Components
Authors: Mukojima T. , Tachibana T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Isoelectric points of all nine components of guinea pig complement were determined by electrofocusing, employing Ampholine ampholites. The following results were obtained (in pH units): C′1 5.3–6.0, C′4 5.90, C′2 5.30, C′3 6.25, C′5 5.10, C′6 6.63, C′7 5.78, C′8 6.34, C′9 5.18 and C′3 inactivator 6.45.
The electrophoretic mobilities of complement components determined by immunolysoelectrophoresis were reported previously. After electrophoresis of a complement component in polyacrylamide gel, hemolytic bands were developed by overlaying an appropriate intermediate complex and complement components in agarose. C′1 showed three distinct hemolytic bands. They were defined as F (fast moving), M (median moving) and S (slow moving) bands. By electrofocusing, three peaks of human C′1 were observed at pH 4.56, 4.95 and 5.40. The electrophoretic mobilities of these C′1 peaks were examined by immunolysoelectrophoresis. The first migrated in the F, the second in the M and the third in the S band.
Comparison of Aa1 Allotypic Specificity Carried by Rabbit IgG and IgM
Authors: Segre Mariangela , Segre Diego , Inman F. P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sheep red blood cells (RBC) sensitized with a sub-hemolytic dose of anti-sheep RBC IgG of a1, b4 allotypic specificity did not hemolyze upon addition of complement, but hemolyzed upon successive treatment with anti-a1 serum and complement. When sheep RBC so sensitized were incubated in agar together with spleen cells from an a3, b4 rabbit which had been immunized with a1, b4 IgG, hemolytic, complement-dependent plaques appeared around cells secreting anti-a1 antibodies. Plaques were specifically inhibited by Ig bearing the a1 allotypic specificity. Thus, it was possible to compare a1 IgG with a1 IgM for efficiency of plaque inhibition. The molar concentration of IgG required to inhibit 50% of the plaques was about 27-fold smaller than the corresponding concentration of IgM (calculated on the basis of the molecular weight of the subunit), showing that antibody produced by single cells had greater average affinity for the immunizing IgG than for the cross-reacting IgM. As IgM, used in sufficient concentration, caused 100% plaque inhibition, there was no evidence of cells producing antibody specific for a determinant present only on IgG. All experiments were done with a single batch of immune spleen cells, which were preserved in liquid nitrogen.
Inhibition of in vitro Cell Migration in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Rauch Helene C. , Ferraresi R. W. , Raffel S. , Einstein Elizabeth Roboz 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Peritoneal exudate cells obtained from guinea pigs within 7 days following treatment with a dose of purified basic protein from bovine spinal cord emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, which ordinarily induces allergic encephalomyelitis, showed inhibition of migration when cultured in the presence of the encephalitogenic antigen. Since guinea pigs that occasionally survive such an encephalitogenic challenge have sensitive cells, as measured by the in vitro migration-inhibition test, it is suggested that factors in addition to hypersensitive cells may be involved in the onset of disease. In animals pretreated with antigen to avert disease, the development of hypersensitive cells appeared to be substantially inhibited. However, animals in which the appearance of disease was suppressed by treatment after the encephalomyelitis-inducing injection yielded cells which were inhibited in culture.