bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature predicts maximum tree‐species richness and water availability and frost shape the residual variation
Authors: Segovia Ricardo A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe kinetic hypothesis of biodiversity proposes that temperature is the main driver of variation in species richness, given its exponential effect on biological activity and, potentially, on rates of diversification. However, limited support for this hypothesis has been found to date. I tested the fit of this model to the variation of tree‐species richness along a continuous latitudinal gradient in the Americas. I found that the kinetic hypothesis accurately predicts the upper bound of the relationship between the inverse of mean annual temperature (1/kT) and the natural logarithm of species richness, at a broad scale. In addition, I found that water availability and the number of days with freezing temperatures explain part of the residual variation of the upper bound model. The finding of the model fitting on the upper bound rather than on the mean values suggest that the kinetic hypothesis is modeling the variation of the potential maximum species richness per unit of temperature. Likewise, the distribution of the residuals of the upper bound model in function of the number of days with freezing temperatures suggest the importance of environmental thresholds rather than gradual variation driving the observable variation in species richness.
Flowering phenology influences butterfly nectar foraging on non‐native plants in an oak savanna
Authors: Rivest Stephanie A. , Wolkovich E. M. , Kharouba Heather M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe negative impacts of non‐native species have been well documented, but some non‐natives can play a positive role in native ecosystems. One way that non‐native plants can positively interact with native butterflies is by provisioning nectar. Relatively little is known about the role of phenology in determining native butterfly visitation to non‐native plants for nectar, yet flowering time directly controls nectar availability. Here we investigate the phenological patterns of flowering by native and non‐native plants and nectar foraging by native butterflies in an oak savanna on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also test whether native butterflies select nectar sources in proportion to their availability. We found that non‐native plants were well integrated into butterfly nectar diets (83% of foraging observations) and that visitation to non‐natives increased later in the season when native plants were no longer flowering. We also found that butterflies selected non‐native flowers more often than expected based on their availability, suggesting that these plants represent a potentially valuable resource. Our study shows that non‐native species have the potential to drive key species interactions in seasonal ecosystems. Management regimes focused on eradicating non‐native species may need to reconsider their aims and evaluate resources that non‐natives provide.
Sunlight‐ or UVA‐Light‐Mediated Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acids from Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Mountanea Olga G. , Mantzourani Christiana , Kokotou Maroula G. , Kokotos Christoforos G. , Kokotos George 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe development of light‐mediated methods for synthetic applications is increasingly attracting high interest. We present herein a new photochemical protocol for the synthesis of hydroxamic acids, which constitute an important class of medicinal agents, mainly due to their anticancer properties. The method is mediated by UVA‐light or sunlight and its key point is the generation of a charge transfer complex by the interaction of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine with a halomethane. Various carboxylic acids were directly coupled with O‐protected hydroxylamines, upon irradiation with either LED 370 nm or solar light. A detailed study of the mechanism was carried out by the employment of direct infusion–high resolution mass spectrometry (DI‐HRMS), providing experimental evidence for the formation of various activated species, which may lead to the desired product. The light‐mediated protocol was applied in the synthesis of the drugs Vorinostat and Bufexamac.
Lifestyle risks associated with brain functional connectivity and structure
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. , Feng Ruiqing , Feng Jianfeng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSome lifestyle factors are related to health and brain function and structure, but the brain systems involved are incompletely understood. A general linear model was used to test the associations of the combined and separate lifestyle risk measures of alcohol use, smoking, diet, amounts of physical activity, leisure activity, and mobile phone use, with brain functional connectivity with the high resolution Human Connectome Project (HCP) atlas in 19,415 participants aged 45–78 from the UK Biobank, with replication with HCP data. Higher combined lifestyle risk scores were associated with lower functional connectivity across the whole brain, but especially of three brain systems. Low physical, and leisure and social, activity were associated with low connectivities of the somatosensory/motor cortical regions and of hippocampal memory‐related regions. Low mobile phone use, perhaps indicative of poor social communication channels, was associated with low functional connectivity of brain regions in and related to the superior temporal sulcus that are involved in social behavior and face processing. Smoking was associated with lower functional connectivity of especially frontal regions involved in attention. Lower cortical thickness in some of these regions, and also lower subcortical volume of the hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus, were also associated with the sum of the poor lifestyle scores. This very large scale analysis emphasizes how the lifestyle of humans relates to their brain structure and function, and provides a foundation for understanding the causalities that relate to the differences found here in the brains of different individuals.
Health risk factors in Australian Stroke Survivors: A latent class analysis
Authors: Clancy Brigid , Bonevski Billie , English Coralie , Callister Robin , Baker Amanda L. , Collins Clare , Pollack Michael , Magin Parker , Turner Alyna , Faulkner Jack , Guillaumier Ashleigh 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIssues AddressedTo (i) determine the prevalence of health risk factors (physical activity, diet, alcohol, smoking, blood pressure medication use and mental health) in community‐dwelling stroke survivors; and (ii) examine how these health risk factors cluster, and identify associations with physical functioning, independent living, or sociodemographic factors.MethodsA secondary analysis of data obtained during a national randomised controlled trial. Participants had experienced stroke and completed a baseline telephone survey on demographic and stroke characteristics, health risk factors, physical functioning and independence in activities of daily living. A latent class analysis was performed to determine health risk profiles. Univariate logistic regressions were performed to identify if participant characteristics were associated with resulting classes.ResultsData analysed from 399 participants. Two classes of health risk factors were identified: Low Mood, Food & Moves Risk (16% of participants) and Alcohol Use Risk (84% of participants). The Low Mood, Food & Moves Risk group had poorer diet quality, lower physical activity levels and higher levels of depression and anxiety. Lower levels of independence and physical functioning were predictor variables for this group. In contrast, the Alcohol Use Risk group had better physical activity and diet scores, significantly lower probability of depression and anxiety, but a higher probability of risky drinking.ConclusionsWe identified two distinct health risk factor groups in our population.So What?Future interventions may benefit from targeting the specific needs and requirements of people who have experienced stroke based on their distinct risk group. Alcohol consumption in poststroke populations requires further attention.
Multimorbidity in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Authors: Epstein Mara M. , Zhou Yanhua , Castaneda‐Avila Maira A. , Cohen Harvey J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), a precursor to multiple myeloma, is present in over 5% of adults aged 70 and older, a population with a high prevalence of multimorbidity. MGUS is often diagnosed incidentally when patients seek care for unrelated conditions. Our study sought to examine patterns of multimorbidity among MGUS patients, as overall health may impact patient care and the prioritization of MGUS surveillance. We examined patterns of comorbidities in 429 patients diagnosed with MGUS (2007‐2015) and 1287 matched controls. Twenty‐seven conditions were defined at diagnosis/index date using algorithms developed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Chronic Conditions Warehouse. Patterns of common comorbidities were identified individually, in dyads and triads, and compared between MGUS cases and controls. We conducted a latent class analysis to identify comorbidity patterns among cases only. We also examined comorbidity patterns among a subset of 32 MGUS cases who progressed to cancer during the study period. The most common comorbidities among both MGUS cases and controls included hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Anemia (cases: 43%; controls: 16%) and chronic kidney disease (CKD; cases: 36%; controls: 18%), and dyads and triads containing those conditions, were more common among cases. Latent class analysis identified three classes of comorbidity among MGUS cases: hypertension‐hyperlipidemia plus anemia and CKD (31%); low comorbidity burden (17%); and hypertension‐hyperlipidemia alone (52%). The higher prevalence among cases of anemia and CKD, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of, or surveillance for, MGUS, warrants additional investigation.
Enhanced 129Xe T1 relaxation in whole blood and in the presence of SPIONs at low magnetic field strengths
Authors: Bryden Nicholas , Atalla Sebastian W. , Kelley Michele , Holmes Leah R. , Branca Rosa T. 
Published: February 2023

PurposeTo compare the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the T1 of 129Xe and 1H and to measure the relaxation of 129Xe in blood at low and high magnetic field strengths.Methods129Xe and 1H T1 relaxometry was performed at low‐ and high‐field strengths in samples containing different SPION concentrations, while imaging was used to compare the contrast obtainable in these two field regimes. In vivo experiments at variable field strengths were performed to determine the depolarization of 129Xe in blood and the feasibility of in vivo dissolved‐phase spectroscopy and imaging at low field.ResultsThe SPION relaxivity was substantially greater at low field for 1H, increasing from 0.92 ± 0.06 mM s−1 at 11.7T to 31.5 ± 1.8 mM s−1 at 0.6 mT, and for 129Xe, which increased from 0.13 ± 0.03 mM s−1 at 11.7T to 7.32 ± 0.71 mM s−1 at 2.1 mT. The additional MR signal loss increased from 0.7% at 9.4T to 20.6 ± 4.2% at 0.6 mT for 1H and from −0.7 ± 3.4% at 9.4T to 12.7 ± 3.5% at 2.1 mT for 129Xe. Blood was found to depolarize 129Xe below 3T in a manner inversely proportional to the field strength. In vitro studies at 2.1 mT suggest 129Xe relaxation times below 5 s in blood dilutions as low as 0.4% volume.ConclusionSPIONs longitudinal relaxivity increases at low field both for 1H and 129Xe. The depolarization of xenon in blood, which is found to increase below 3T, effectively prevents in vivo dissolved‐phase spectroscopy and imaging at low‐field strengths.
Postmortem treatment of preterm infants at the Gangshang site during the Late Neolithic period, Shandong Province, China
Authors: Yang Zhangqiaochu , Zhang Qiang , Zhu Chao , Xiao Yuni , Sun Bo , Zeng Wen , Guo Lin , Yi Zhixing , Fan Rong , Zhao Yongsheng 
Published: February 2023

AbstractJar burial is a particular burial practice generally used in the Neolithic period of China. However, the rarity of finding prenatal individuals limits the ability to study their treatment in jar burial contexts. In this paper, to study the postmortem treatment of this specific age further, we focus on three jar burials of infant individuals excavated in 2021 at the Gangshang site in China, where the skeletal remains were relatively well preserved. The skeletal remains of three well‐preserved individuals are presented into inverted ceramic tripods near the residential area and with a crouched posture. In terms of this condition, we apply the osteometric method to estimate the range and mean of age at death for each individual investigated. Meanwhile, we use micro‐computed tomography (CT) scans to help judge the degree of microbial bioerosion. Besides, histological analysis on skeletal remains combined with the Oxford Histological Index (OHI) assessment allows us to estimate the developmental stage at the time of death by analyzing the results of micro‐CT scans. By using osteometric methods, the results show that the gestational age of the three individuals is 22–26, 24–28, and 22–26 weeks, respectively. The results of the micro‐CT scans indicate that all three fetuses died shortly after birth, or had died in their mother's uterus before birth, with the OHI score of 5. Moreover, we indeed observe infant skeleton remains with no bacterial bioerosion, indicating that it is effective using this method to judge the developmental stage at the time of death with a specific taphonomic environment in the Gangshang site of the Dawenkou culture period. Combined with the placement of the jars in which the three infants were buried, it is believed that this unique placement method was intentional and specific to the infant deaths. These results are instructive for exploring the postmortem treatment of dead infants by ancient residents of the Dawenkou culture period (4200 bc–2600 bc) in Shandong Province, China, and the significance and possible causes of the unique burial type.
Construction of micro/macro‐scale Janus polypeptoid‐based two‐dimensional structures at the air–water interface
Authors: Zhao Yue , Liu Fujun , Wei Yuhan , Sun Jing 
Published: February 2023

AbstractJanus two‐dimensional (2D) polymeric materials present asymmetric dual surfaces that enable a variety of applications of biosensors, catalysts, drug delivery, etc. This work reports the evaporation‐induced interfacial self‐assembly of amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(N‐(2‐phenylethyl) glycine) (PEG‐b‐PNPE) at the air–water interface. The PEG‐b‐PNPE was initially assembled into a monolayer with a uniform thickness of ~2.5 ± 0.1 nm, which was mechanically compressed into a bilayer structure by Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technology as surface pressure is exceeding the critical collapse pressure. Both monolayer and bilayer nanostructure span over hundreds of microns in both dimensions. The surface contact angle of the sample was measured by dynamic/static optical contact angle/interface tensiometer, which showed asymmetric wettability on the air side and the water side. The evolution from a monolayer to a bilayer was further tracked by an atomic force microscope. By the evaporation‐induced interfacial self‐assembly at the air–water interface, we also prepared macroscopic Janus films with a diameter of ~3.5 mm. The obtained micro/macro‐scale 2D materials have potential applications in nanoscience and biomedicine.
Estragole, a potential attractant of the winged melon aphidAphis gossypii
Authors: Shivaramu Subhash , Parepally Saravan Kumar , Byregowda Varun Yennurukadirenahalli , Pagadala Damodaram Kamala Jayanthi , Bhatnagar Anuj , Naga Kailash Chandra , Sharma Sanjeev , Kumar Manoj , Kempraj Vivek 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDAphids are sap‐sucking insect pests of economic importance. They exhibit polyphenism, producing two kinds of morphotypes; winged (alate) and wingless (aptera) morphs. While wingless morphs can be controlled by insecticides, winged morphs are a challenge for targeted control measures as they can fly. Although colored sticky traps are used to control and monitor winged aphids, only a small population is trapped, making sticky traps less effective in controlling aphids. Studies have shown that fragrant oils applied to sticky traps increased attraction of sap‐sucking insects like whiteflies and thrips. Here, we tested selected essential oils for their attractiveness to wingedAphis gossypiiin potato fields.RESULTSIn field assays, selected essential oils with yellow or colorless sticky traps attracted more wingedA. gossypiithan controls. The combination of yellow traps baited with essential oils attracted ~2–3‐fold more wingedA. gossypiithan did colorless traps baited with essential oils. In a multi‐cycle 2 year study, yellow sticky traps baited with basil oil consistently attracted more wingedA. gossypiithan yellow sticky traps baited with lavender, geranium or tea tree oils. In electrophysiological studies, wingedA. gossypii's antennae responded consistently to estragole in basil oil. In olfactometer assays with estragole, wingedA. gossypiispent significantly more time in the treatment arm of the olfactometer than in the control arm, validating estragole's attractiveness. Furthermore, yellow sticky traps baited with pure estragole, in potato fields, attracted similar number of wingedA. gossypiias yellow sticky traps baited with basil oil.CONCLUSIONOur findings demonstrate the potential of using basil oil as a potential attractant to improve the efficacy of sticky traps in the monitoring and control of winged aphids. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Population pharmacokinetics and exposure–clinical outcome relationship of remdesivir major metabolite GS‐441524 in patients with moderate and severe COVID‐19
Authors: Tamura Ryo , Irie Kei , Nakagawa Atsushi , Muroi Hirohito , Eto Masaaki , Ikesue Hiroaki , Muroi Nobuyuki , Fukushima Shoji , Tomii Keisuke , Hashida Tohru 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAlthough remdesivir, a prodrug of nucleoside analog (GS‐441524), has demonstrated clinical benefits in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) treatment, its pharmacokinetics (PKs) in patients with COVID‐19 remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the PKs of remdesivir and its major metabolite, GS‐441524, were evaluated using a population PK (PopPK) approach to understand the PK aspect and exposure–clinical outcome relationship. The serum concentrations of remdesivir and GS‐441524 (102 points in 39 patients) were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. All patients received 200 mg remdesivir on the first day, followed by 100 mg on 2–5 days, except for one patient who discontinued remdesivir on day 4. The median (range) age, body surface area, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were 70 (42–85), 1.74 m2 (1.36–2.03), and 68 mL/min/1.73 m2 (33–113), respectively. A compartment model with first‐order elimination combined with remdesivir and GS‐441524 was used for nonlinear mixed‐effects model analysis. Remdesivir was rapidly eliminated after infusion, whereas GS‐441524 was eliminated relatively slowly (half‐time = 17.1 h). The estimated apparent clearance (CL) and distribution volume of GS‐441524 were 11.0 L/h (intersubject variability [ISV]% = 43.0%) and 271 L (ISV% = 58.1%), respectively. The CL of GS‐441524 was significantly related to the eGFR (CL × [eGFR/68]0.745). The post hoc area under the curve of GS‐441524 was unrelated to the recovery rate or aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase elevation. Overall, PopPK analysis showed the rapid elimination of remdesivir in the blood, and GS‐441524 accumulation depended on eGFR in patients with COVID‐19. However, no relevance of exposure–clinical outcome was not suggestive of the dose adjustment of remdesivir.
Revealing the Effect of High Ni Content in Li‐Rich Cathode Materials: Mitigating Voltage Decay or Increasing Intrinsic Reactivity
Authors: Ju Xiaokang , Hou Xu , Liu Zhongqing , Du Leilei , Zhang Li , Xie Tangtang , Paillard Elie , Wang Taihong , Winter Martin , Li Jie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLi‐rich layered oxides are considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for secondary lithium batteries due to their high specific capacities, but the issue of continuous voltage decay during cycling hinders their market entry. Increasing the Ni content in Li‐rich materials is assumed to be an effective way to address this issue and attracts recent research interests. However, a high Ni content may induce increased intrinsic reactivity of materials, resulting in severe side reactions with the electrolyte. Thus, a comprehensive study to differentiate the two effects of the Ni content on the cell performance with Li‐rich cathode is carried out in this work. Herein, it is demonstrated that a properly dosed amount of Ni can effectively suppress the voltage decay in Li‐rich cathodes, while over‐loading of Ni, on the contrary, can cause structural instability, Ni dissolution, and nonuniform Li deposition during cycling as well as severe oxygen loss. This work offers a deep understanding on the impacts of Ni content in Li‐rich materials, which can be a good guidance for the future design of such cathodes for high energy density lithium batteries.
Current perceptions and use of paracetamol in dogs among veterinary surgeons working in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bello Alba M. , Dye Charlotte 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundParacetamol (acetaminophen) is recommended as a first‐line drug in the management of pain and pyrexia in humans due to its minor gastrointestinal, renal and vascular side effects.ObjectivesTo explore the perceptions and use of paracetamol in dogs by UK veterinarians.MethodsVeterinarians were invited to complete an online survey. Questions addressed career history, previous use, and personal perceptions of the use of paracetamol in dogs.ResultsA total of 450 veterinarians were included in the survey; 96% (n = 431) of whom worked in small animal practice only. The majority reported a frequency of use of 1–3 times a week (n = 197), with oral dosing being the most common route of administration (n = 440). Only 8 had never prescribed paracetamol. Paracetamol was more commonly used to provide analgesia (n = 431) than for the treatment of pyrexia (n = 292) and was predominantly used as an alternative to NSAIDs (n = 408) or as part of multimodal analgesia (n = 406). Hepatotoxic (n = 311) and gastrointestinal (n = 120) side effects were a common concern, although the majority perceived a low risk of side effects and felt they were likely to be mild if they did occur (n = 279). Only 5% (n = 24) of respondents reported having experienced side effects, with gastrointestinal signs (n = 14) and hepatotoxicity (n = 6) being the most common.ConclusionsParacetamol is widely used by veterinarians working in the UK. Most veterinarians have changed their perception on the use of paracetamol over the last decade and consider it to be associated with fewer side effects and with more effective analgesic and antipyretic effects than they had previously believed.