bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ultra-Violet Irradiation on the Reactivity of Antibody
Authors: Hanan Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Irradiation of antibody causes marked changes in the precipitin curve, at first causing a progressive increase in the antibody/antigen ratio of the specific precipitates and later rendering the antibody non-precipitable though it remains co-precipitable with unirradiated antibody. During these changes there is no decrease in the amount of antibody recoverable from irradiated solution. The sensitivity of irradiated antibody to antigen excess is greater than that of normal antibody, so much so that there may be less precipitate from a mixture of normal antibody, irradiated antibody and excess antigen, than from the same amount of normal antibody and antigen alone.
Irradiation of antigen affects the precipitin curve in a manner opposite in most respects to that occurring when antibody is irradiated.
It is shown that the ability of the irradiated antibody to produce passive anaphylaxis is considerably reduced while the precipitin reaction is as yet relatively little affected.
Changes in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of irradiated globulin solutions and the immune precipitates thereform have been observed and are discussed in relation to the changes in antibody and antigen reactivity.
The meaning of these findings in relation to the mechanism of the precipitin reaction is discussed.
Neutralizing Antibodies Against Certain Recently Isolated Viruses in the Sera of Human Beings Residing in East Africa
Authors: Smithburn K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse protection tests with 8 viruses isolated recently in Uganda were done on the sera of 297 indigenous residents of Uganda and Tanganyika. One hundred thirty-eight sera failed to neutralize any of the viruses; 91 neutralized one or other of the 8 but no more than 1; 68 sera neutralized more than 1 of the 8 agents.
Only 1% of the sera neutralized Mengo virus, and it is believed that this agent is probably not very important medically in the localities sampled. Neutralizing antibody against all the other viruses was present in sera from various localities and areas remote from the point where each was encountered. The approximate order of prevalence of infection in human beings with these agents in the areas covered is as follows: Bwamba fever, Ntaya, Zika, Uganda S, West Nile, Bunyamwera and Semliki Forest. The incidence of humoral immunity to the first four named agents among these 297 donors is sufficient to indicate that they attack man quite frequently.
Analysis of data pertaining to sera which neutralized more than one virus indicates that infection with Bwamba fever virus occurs without relation to infection with any of the others, but that infection with Ntaya, Zika, Uganda S or West Nile virus is, for one reason or another, likely to be associated with infection by one of more others of this group. It is possible that similar correlations may exist for Bunyamwera and Semliki Forest viruses, but the number of sera protective against these agents was too small to establish this with certainty.
Immunochemical Studies on the Specific Polysaccharide of Type II Pneumococcus
Authors: Beiser Sam B. , Kabat Elvin A. , Schor Joseph M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preparations of type II pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides have been studied with respect to their reactivity with homologous type II antiserum and their cross reaction with rabbit anti-Friedlander B. From their capacities to precipitate antibody, from methylpentose analyses on specific precipitates formed with excess antibody, and from supernatant tests, it was concluded that certain of these preparations had undergone degradation. A sample of SII was obtained which showed no evidence of degradation by any of the immunochemical criteria employed. The findings are discussed in relation to the value of immunochemical methods in defining criteria of purity of high molecular weight substances.
Anti-A Haemagglutinins in Seeds
Authors: Bird G. W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Haemagglutinating substances specific for human red cells of group A have been extracted from certain beans (1–3). So far there has been no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon.
The Forssman antigen is a serological concept embracing substances which when injected into rabbits produce haemolysins, but little or no agglutinins, for sheep's cells. Forssman antigens are present in the red cells of sheep, chickens and man (group A). They are absent from red cells but present in the tissues of many species, e.g., the guinea pig. Their distribution in nature has been tabulated by Boyd (4). They are not present in beans. It would be of considerable interest if beans were found to contain Forssman antibodies.
A fresh extract of the seeds of Dolichos biflorus was prepared by the method used by Boyd and Reguera (2) for small quantities of seeds. Fresh 2% suspensions of the well-washed red cells of various species were put up against this extract.
The Influence of Cortisone on the Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Cummings Martin M. , Hudgins Paul C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The administration of cortisone to guinea pigs sensitized with Freund's adjuvant did not appear to influence the passive transfer of cellular tuberculin hypersensitivity. Cortisone administration to recipient guinea pigs which received the sensitized donor cells suppressed the tuberculin reaction.
Experimental Studies on Trichomoniasis
Authors: Kelly D. Richards , Schnitzer R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Marked immunity towards an intramuscular reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis was observed in mice previously infected with live trichomonad culture in the leg of the opposite side. Immunizing infections with a dose of 125,000 parasites are necessary to produce immunity within a 2 weeks' period. After an immunizing dose of 500,000 parasites per mouse immunity towards reinfection was observed after one week. The immunity lasted 10 weeks and showed only a slight decrease after 15 weeks. The presence of a well developed trichomonad abscess seemed essential for the immunity, the mechanism of which warrants further investigation.
Properties of Scarlet Fever Toxin of the NY5 Strain
Authors: Stock Aaron H. , Verney Ethel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Re-evaluation of the properties of scarlet fever toxin of the NY5 strain was made. The toxin was heat stable or heat labile depending on the method of preparation. The toxin was flocculated by most antitoxins. Its potency was found to be greater than predicted from the quantitative toxin-antitoxin floculation reaction.
Experiments with Teschen Disease (Virus Encephalomyelitis of Swine)
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Wydra Johanna , Kluge Brigitte 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments with Teschen disease have shown that the causative agent is a neurotropic virus of small size (no larger than 10–15 mμ), with a limited and unique host range. Although efforts to adapt it to a host other than the pig were unsuccessful, the virus apparently survived in tissue culture for 17 days, and there was a suggestion that it might have multiplied. The disease produced in pigs on intracerebral, intranasal, or oral inoculation was a severe encephalomyelitis with a characteristic clinical and pathological picture easily distinguishable from poliomyelitis, to which it has often been likened.
Animals which had been fed infected CNS were studied for the presence of viremia and for fecal excretion of virus. Viremia was found to occur early in the incubation period, as long as 10 and 12 days before the appearance of paralysis. The results were negative late in the incubation period and after onset of the disease. Virus was not demonstrated in the feces of orally infected animals. Attempts to develop a complement fixation test were unsuccessful and the intracerebral neutralization test in pigs proved unsatisfactory for demonstrating antibodies.
No antigenic relationship was demonstrated to the following neurotropic viruses with which the virus of Teschen disease was compared: Lansing and Y-SK strains of poliomyelitis, Theiler's TO, FA, and GD VII strains of mouse encephalomyelitis; St. Louis, eastern equine, western equine, and Japanese B encephalitis; louping ill; and Russian spring-summer encephalomyelitis. The attempt will not be made to establish the position of Teschen disease virus taxonomically among the so-called family of poliomyelitis viruses, in view of the evidence pointing to its exclusion from this family.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Increasing amounts of tobacco-mosaic-virus antigen added to a constant volume of immune equine serum produces increasing amounts of precipitate which reach a maximum in the region of antigen excess. Maximal antibody precipitation occurs in the antibody-excess zone. The relationship is similar to that usually associated with rabbit antisera. The greater portion of the equine antibody is found to be concentrated in the water-soluble fraction of globulin.
Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Robbins Frederick C. , Weller Thomas H. , Enders John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented that the three prototype strains of poliomyelitis virus (Brunhilde, Lansing and Leon) can be propagated without difficulty in roller cultures of a variety of human tissues. They include embryonic skin-muscle and fascia, mature uterus and kidney. These three types of tissue have in our hands proved most useful, although multiplication of the Lansing strain occurs readily in cultures of mature human testis and prepuce. The Leon and Lansing viruses have likewise been cultivated in roller-tube cultures of kidney tissue from rhesus monkeys and the Lansing strain, in confirmation of the results of other investigators, in cultures of the testicular tissue of this species.
The quantities of virus entering the fluid phase of the cultures approaches those encountered in the tissues of susceptible animals infected with these agents. In cultures composed of tissues from certain other mammalian species, embryonic and mature, no indication of viral multiplication has been observed.
The procedures employed for the propagation of these agents in human tissues have been described in detail and the effect of certain modifications in technique on the growth of the virus has been determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the roller culture as compared with the suspended cell culture for the propagation of poliomyelitis viruses have been discussed and it is concluded that for most purposes the former is to be preferred.
The Action of Various Metallic Salts on Hemolysis
Authors: Purdy Helen A. , Walbum L. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
What has been examined in this study is the significance of the presence of small quantities of metallic salts on the hemolytic action of saponin on horses' blood-corpuscles, of staphylolysin on goats' blood-corpuscles, and of complement-amboceptor on sheep blood-corpuscles. By determining the minimal dose of the individual salts (in molecular solution) at which their action is demonstrable, it is possible to obtain a comparison between the action of the different salts. While some salts exert an inciting action on hemolysis, others exert an inhibitive one (positive and negative catalysis?); some show an inciting effect at one concentration and an inhibiting one at another (table 5).
On examining blood-corpuscles to which is bound as large a quantity of a metallic salt as can be bound thereto without acting perceptibly destructively, the stability of such blood-corpuscles towards the action of hemolytic substances will be found to vary greatly, to which fact the considerable experimental inconstancy in the experiments described should probably be assigned.
The anion in the salts seems to be without significance as regards their action in either favoring or inhibiting hemolysis.
An Allergic Reaction of the Tuberculous Uterine Horn
Authors: Smith G. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The reactivity of the uterus of the sensitized guinea-pig in the anaphylactic experiment has received much study and has contributed greatly to the understanding of the mechanism of specific allergic phenomena. The experiments recorded here are simply an application of the principle of specific reactivity between antigen and its homologous antibody, employing the sensitive uterus as an indicator.
Immediately after the publication by Weil (1) in 1917 of his results upon the reaction of the tuberculous guinea-pig uterus to Old Tuberculin, experiments were started with the idea of using this method to detect tubercle protein or specific products of tubercular metabolism in the urine of cases of tuberculosis. Such experiments were based in part upon the results of Blake (2) in reporting specific precipitinogen in the urine in pneumonia, and in part upon the intimate relationship which had been shown to exist between precipitin and anaphylactic antibody by Weil and others.
The Relationship of Lipoids and Proteins to Serum Reactions in Tuberculosis
Authors: Hodge W. Ray , Maclennan M. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
While working with sera of tuberculous patients it became necessary to note the effect of (a) the removal of lipoids and (b) the precipitation of globulins on certain serum reactions. The results obtained seemed sufficiently clear cut for publication in the present paper.
Part A. Lipoids in Tuberculo Serum Reactions The relationship of lipoids to immunity reactions has been a subject of great interest in recent years. Krumwiede and NOble (1) have recently been unable to confirm the claim made by Stuber that agglutinins are lipoidal in nature. Levaditi and Yamanouchi (2) have claimed that the substances in syphilitic sera responsible for the Wassermann reaction, can be extracted with alcohol. Noguchi (3) was unable to confirm this observation; he concluded that the reacting substance in syphilitic serum was non-lipoidal in character. Kolmer and Pearce (4) found that ether and chloroform narcosis tended to diminish the concentration of non-specific fixation bodies in normal, inactivated dog and rabbit serum.
A Serological Study of the Gonococcus Group
Authors: Torrey John C. , Buckell George T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An analysis by agglutinin absorption methods of the serological relationships of seventy-seven gonococcus strains, isolated from cases of acute and chronic gonorrhea and its complications, indicated that they may not be distributed among a number of clear-cut immunological types. These gonococcus strains were representative of those occurring in widely separated geographical localities. Although this investigation has not demonstrated the existence of distinct immunological types to each of which a considerable number of gonococcus strains might be referred, it was found feasible to classify our strains under the three general headings of (a) regular, (b) intermediate and (c) irregular strains. Evidence is submitted which indicates the existence of a marked tendency to antigenic lability on the part of the gonococcus. We believe that instability of antigenic constitution is a general characteristic of the gonococcus group and that the strains exhibiting this tendency may not logically be segregated in one particular type, as has been suggested by Hermanies. Among our regular strains, we have found certain ones which are highly generalized from the antigenic standpoint, and which appear to be representative of a large part of the gonococcus group. Cross absorption experiments have indicated clearly that no definite serological distinction may be drawn between strains isolated from vulvovaginitis cases in children and those from gonorrheal infections in adults. A few representative strains with generalized relationships and good antigenic properties have been designated as suitable for use in a stock vaccine, and also for the preparation of a polyvalent antiserum. A marked degree of correspondence was noted between strain affinities as revealed by agglutinin absorption and complement fixation tests. Two strains of gonococcus have been selected, each of which covers a large part of the group, and which may be used to advantage in preparing an antigen for complement fixation diagnostic tests. It is also suggested that a second antigen, prepared from a number of selected irregular strains, be employed in conjunction with the one prepared from the two generalized strains. By the use of the simple sterilizable media, which have been described, these strains may be carried in laboratories with limited bactrieological facilities and the antigens prepared quickly, whenever required.
Prophylactic Treatment for Rabies by Means of Standardized Glycerinated Virus
Authors: Phillips James McIlvaine 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous article (1) we compared the various antirabic methods, discussed their gradual evolution from the crude procedure employed by Pasteur to a much more accurate and, judging from our experience, more efficient technic—that is, the use of a “standardized” virus in such a form that it can be preserved with practically unchanged virulence, for a long period of time.
The Harris (2) method of desiccating and preserving fixed virus is almost ideal from the standpoint of therapeutic efficiency, but it is cumbersome and complicated by many manipulations which afford opportunities for accidental contamination of the virus during its preparation. The number of living infectious units in the finished product is also greatly affected by any variation in the rapidity of drying; as a result, after standardization and sterility tests have been made, much of the material prepared with so great effort, must be discarded.
A Study of the Hemolytic Antibody-Antigen Combination
Authors: Cromwell H. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Red cells, when treated with their specific immune serum, take up amounts of sensitizer which vary with the concentration of the sensitizer in the surrounding medium. Although from very low concentrations, all is not absorbed, as much as 2000 units or more may be taken up by one unit of cells, provided the concentration of the antibodies is sufficiently high. The logarithmic plots of some of the tests approach a straight line very closely, while many deviate considerably from the straight line. The amount of deviation of the curve is proportional to the amount of deviation of the tests from the physical law proposed by Arrhenius, which is expressed by the equation, B = KCn. The amount of absorption varies also with the serum used. Some given practically complete extraction from as much as 200 units per cubic centimeter while with other sera, all is not absorbed from concentrations of antibodies as low as 50 units per cubic centimeter. The combination of the red cell and its antibody is extremely rapid. In every case, fifteen minutes were found to be sufficient time for equilibrium to be established. With the majority of sera the extraction of sensitizer by the cells was found to be greatest at a temperature of about 37°C. Some sera, however, gave more complete absorption at 15° to 25°C. than at any other temperature. Neither the quantitative fluctuations of the serum proteins nor the titer of the serum was found to have any constant relation to the variations in the absorption. Cells, sensitized with a serum which gave a low absorption, were more resistant to further sensitization than cells, sensitized with a much larger number of units from a serum which gave a high absorption. This indicates that the substance in the serum, that inhibits the absorption, is really absorbed by the cell along with the antibodies. In every case tested, the extraction of the antibodies was greatest from serum drawn early in the period of immunity, regardless of the titer. The greatest drop in the absorption was found to be coincident with the most rapid drop in the titer. The accumulated evidence is forcibly suggestive that the great variations in absorption are due to the presence of the deterioration products of the antibodies, i.e., the antibodies which have lost their sensitizing power but still retain their affinity for the antigen. The writer's thanks are due Dr. R. R. Hyde, under whose direction the work has been carried forward.
Studies with Shigella Dysenteriae (Shiga)
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Dack Gail M. , Riggs Donald B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Shiga toxin, when given parenterally, is a potent and fatal poison for monkeys, but is completely innocuous when in contact with the normal intestinal mucosa.
An attempt was made to produce clinical symptoms of bacillary dysentery in 4 Macaca mulatta monkeys by introducing Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) toxin into an isolated portion of the intestine devoid of gastric juice, bile and pancreatic juice, and under conditions where the introduced toxin was not removed by peristalsis or leakage. In one experiment the isolated bowel treated with lysozyme was injected with living cultures of S. dysenteriae (Shiga).
No symptoms of illness occurred in any of the monkeys but antitoxin and precipitins to Shiga toxin developed in the serum of monkeys following the introduction of toxin into the pouches, and protected them against otherwise fatal parenteral injections of toxin.
Toxin could not be demonstrated in pouch washings on the day following its injection into the pouches. Experiments with similar pouches, excised and suspended in a saline bath, indicated that detoxification takes place in the pouch before absorption. There was some evidence that it might be excreted in nontoxic form in the feces.
The aerobic Gram-negative flora of the pouches is reported.
Although this study has not elucidated the role of the neurotoxin in Shiga infections, some interesting observations concerning the toxin have been brought to light.
A Study of the Relation of Antibiotics, Vitamins and Hormones to Immunity to Infection
Authors: Terzian Levon A. , Stahler N. , Miller Helma 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated that certain antibiotics, vitamins, and mammalian and plant hormones, administered in the host diet in adequate concentrations, can markedly influence the innate immunity of a host to a parasite. Thus, in Aedes aegypti the antibiotics penicillin, chloromycetin, and tyrothricin, the vitamin ascorbic acid, the mammalian hormones insulin and thyroxin, and the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid, and β-naphthaoxyacetic acid, all increase host susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum. On the other hand, terramycin, thiamin, niacin, calcium pantothenate, biotin, and ACTH, all increase host resistance to this parasite. It has been demonstrated that drug concentration is so critical a factor in determining the qualitative effect of a compound that in certain cases a compound producing an increase in host resistance at one particular drug level will, within the same host, qualitatively reverse its effect at another level and produce instead an increase in host susceptibility to the same parasite. Thus, pyridoxine hydrochloride increases the resistance of A. aegypti to infection with P. gallinaceum, when administered in comparatively low concentrations, but reverses its effect and increases host susceptibility when administered in high concentrations, while inositol increases host susceptibility in lower concentrations and then increases host resistance when administered in higher concentrations. Finally, these results suggest that the innate immunity of a host to a particular parasite is a result of a summation of the interrelations, or of the reciprocal activities, of more than one system rather than the resultant of a single effective factor.