bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SPACING ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN PEAFOWL (Pavo cristatus) IN CAPTIVITY
Authors: Z. Ali  
Published: July 2023

Effective use of available cage spaces in wild bird breeding systems in captivity is ofprime economic concern. Present study was carried out at Punjab Wildlife Research InstituteFaisalabad to evaluate effect of cage sizes on reproductive performance of the Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Three groups; A, B and C of Indian Peafowl were selected and nurtured under threedifferent cage sizes, viz. 30, 21 and 12 square meters with an available space of 10, 7 and 4 square meters per bird, respectively. The birds were kept with a sex ratio of 1 male:2 female. Number of male mounting, egg production (average number of eggs laid per hen), average egg weight, percent egghatchability, percent egg fertility and chicks’ average weight were found significantly higher (P˂0.01)in Indian Peafowl reared in 21m2 cage size, followed by cage sizes of 30, and12 m2 respectively. Thisstudy indicated that, in case of Indian Peafowl, the breeding flock kept at intermediate cage spacingperformed better than that kept at large spacing or at too narrow spacing.
OPTIMIZATION OF ASPERGILLUS TUBINGENSIS GROWTH FOR CELLULASE PRODUCTION
Authors: M. A. Khan  
Published: July 2023

Celluloses are the basic component of plant cell walls which are difficult to break however, cellulase enzymes have the ability to degrade the cellulose into glucose. The use of celullase enzymes is spreading widely particularly in the paper, pulp and food industries to reduce biowaste. The purpose of this study was to optimize the production of cellulase enzymes by using fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis. The fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis was extracted from putrid fruits and vegetable samples collected from the local fruit market of Pattoki in the District Kasur. The identification of fungus was carried out using microscope. Corn Stover was used as a substrate for cellulase production. Different parameters were used for the optimization of fungus growth such as substrate level, substrate particle size, temperature, pH, moisture, urea and glucose. Cellulase enzymes were purified by salting out and gel filtration techniques. The optimum substrate level, substrate particle size, temperature, pH, glucose, urea and moisture were analyzed as 5g, 40mm, 40°C, 4.5pH, 0.5g, 0.04g and 60% respectively. The maximum activity reveled by cellulase enzyme at different optimized parameters were reported in U/mL/min. The cellulase molecular weight was determined 71 kDa by Dodecyl Sulphate Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. It was concluded that the study will help to a way for the scientists for the maximum production of cellulase from Aspergillus tubingensis using Corn stover as substrate and most cost-effective Solid State Fermentation method.
DIAGNOSIS OF HIV-AIDS BY ADOPTING MULTI-LAYER MAMDANI FUZZY SOFT EXPERT SYSTEM
Authors: K Parveen  , S.Y.Siddiqui  , M.Daud  
Published: July 2023

A Multi-layered Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert System is planned to diagnose HIVAIDS.
The Proposed DHA-MLMFES System is an Automatic diagnose of HIV-AIDS exploitationMulti-layer Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert System (DHA-ML-MFES) knowledgeable System, willclassify the various stages of HIV-AIDS like No-HIV-AIDS, HIV Stage 1, 2, 3 and Aids. The ExpertSystem has seven input variables at layer-I and four input variables at layer-II. At layer-I input,variables are headache, fatigue, aching muscles, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, red rashes, feverthat detects output condition of HIV-AIDS, infection, and different downside. The additional inputvariables at layer-II are PCR+, PCR+ P24+, P24+ Ab+ (ELISA), Ab+ Wb-inderminate that verify theoutput condition of HIV-AIDS like No-HIV-AIDS, HIV stage I, II, III or AIDS and alternativeinfection and downside. Results display investigation of the accuracy of the outcomes up to 94 percentof exploitation planned DHA- Multi-layer Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert Structure to set up theadvanced HIV-AIDS technique with help of physician assumptions and compile it to the medical Labof Roscommon University Hospital, Ireland.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF MICROFLORA IN PERFORATING CHOLECYSTITIS AND LIVER ABSCESS
Authors: Ievtushenko O.V. , Syplyviy V. O. , Mishina M. M. , Kryvoruchko I. A. , Ievtushenko D. V. 
Published: July 2023

Summary. Introduction. Acute cholecystitis is the second most common cause of complicated intra-abdominal infection.
Aim. Analysis of the microflora in abscess due to perforation of the gallbladder and liver abscess, determination of its resistance to antibacterial drugs.
Materials and methods. The microflora of 35 patients with perforated cholecystitis and liver abscess was studied. Material for microbiological research was taken during surgery. Sampling the abscess content , tissue samples of abscess walls, blood test for sterility.
Results and discussion. Content of the subhepatic abscess of patients with perforated cholecystitis were examined, 23 strains of microorganisms were detected. Gram-positive coccal microflora was represented by the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Micrococcus. Rod-shaped microorganisms in the vast majority of cases were represented by the family of facultative anaerobes Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca).
During studying the microflora of a liver abscess, 7 strains of bacteria and 1 strain of Candida fungi were found.
Conclusions. The causative agents of acute biliary infection are polymicrobial flora. Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli was dominated, in abscess due to perforation of the gallbladder. Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli was dominated, in liver absceses .
The study of the sensitivity of selected strains of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs revealed multiple resistance. Most of the microorganisms were sensitive to cefepime, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, imipenem, meropenem and teicoplanin.
Human Resource Management Perspective on Management of Change in State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Muzanenhamo Arvid 
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this study is to identify the role of human resource management in the change processes of state-owned enterprises and its effectiveness in the management of organizational change. This paper is a study of the role of human resource professionals in the internal change processes of state-owned enterprises. Qualitative research was used, and semi-structured interviews were administered to obtain data from human resource practitioners and departmental supervisors in a South African state-owned enterprise. Human Resource professionals are the custodian of change and employee champions in organizations. Their input in change processes is vital in maintaining employee levels of commitment to the organization. Human Resource Management's role in organizational change involves employee counseling, motivation, communication, and designing exit packages. If these roles are not properly executed, the organization may experience difficulties such as employee stress, low morale, and high labor turnover to mention just a few. The study revealed that lack of business partner roles, fear and control by the executives, and lack of communication from the top management are the challenges facing human resource professionals during internal change processes. The study provides insights for top management in state-owned enterprises on the role of human resource management in organizational change processes. The discussion provided in this paper would strengthen the body of knowledge on the role of Human Resource Management in the management of change particularly in state-owned enterprises.
Medical Devices: Pre‐ and Postimplant Testing
Authors: Oliva Alessandra , Teresa Mascellino Maria , Vullo Vincenzo , Mastroianni Claudio M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Medical devices are increasingly used to enhance patients' quality of life and support the health care system in terms of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases. The presence of a device is a significant risk factor for a subsequent infection. Implant‐associated infections, including prosthetic joint infections and infections of endovascular and cardiac implantable electronic devices, are associated with high morbidity and extensive costs for the health care system. Devices can be colonized by bacteria belonging to the normal skin flora or by microorganisms carried on the hands of medical and surgical personnel during implantation procedure. In addition, a device infection can occur as a result of bacteremic seeding from a distant focus of infection. The pathogenesis of a device infection is related to the formation of bacterial biofilm on the implant surface. This chapter focuses on the specimen collection, transport, and handling, quality control, procedure, interpretation and limitations of the procedure.
Wound Cultures
Authors: Bryson Alexandra L. , Doern Christopher D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A wide variety of microorganisms that reside on the skin and mucous membranes of the body, as well as those found in the environment, can cause skin and soft tissue infections. These organisms enter the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes, through wounds made by trauma or bites (exogenous) or as a complication of surgery or foreign‐body implants (endogenous), or they can be spread to the tissues through the vascular system. Acute wound infections are normally caused by external damage to intact skin, such as that produced during surgery or by trauma and bites. Conversely, chronic infections, such as decubitus or foot and leg ulcers, are normally due to complications related to impaired vascular flow or metabolic disease. Quantitative wound cultures are primarily used as research tools and only in unique circumstances for patient care. Tissues from acute wounds are the specimen types that may be used for quantitative microbiological analysis.
Rapid Disk, Spot Tests, and Other Rapid or Primary Methods for the Identification of Anaerobes
Authors: Clark Andrew , de Danies Margaret Ordoñez‐Smith 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter describes rapid disk tests, biochemical spot tests, and other methods that provide a cost‐effective and efficient mechanism for the characterization and identification of anaerobes isolated from clinical specimens. The indole test is helpful in obtaining an identification for certain anaerobic bacteria. Nitrate can be reduced to nitrite and other reduction products by anaerobic organisms possessing the enzyme nitrate reductase. Some anaerobic bacteria produce catalase, an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) into oxygen and water. Special‐potency disks can aid in confirming phenotypic characteristics and providing presumptive identification of anaerobic bacteria. Observing the color of fluorescence when anaerobic bacterial growth is exposed to long‐wavelength ultraviolet light can aid in the rapid detection and presumptive identification of certain anaerobic species. Anaerobic bacteria that produce enzymatic lipases can hydrolyze fats contained in egg yolk agar to produce glycerol and free fatty acids.
Storage and Stocking of Anaerobes
Authors: Valencia‐Shelton Frances , Brown Kristen L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Preservation of anaerobic isolates may be required for many reasons, including clinical inquiry, research, teaching, and quality assurance testing. The method of storage used will depend on the length of storage required. Short‐term storage may occur using routine culture media on the benchtop or frozen, though self‐defrosting units must be avoided to prevent repeated freeze‐thaw of the stored isolates. Glass vials may be used and are the preferred method for years of long‐term storage. One of the most used vial types consists of plastic polypropylene tubes with screw tops. Commercially preprepared solutions for cryopreservation in vials are available, some of which include beads onto which the organisms can adhere, which can make for an easier job of thawing and culturing frozen stores. Products should indicate that they are for the frozen maintenance of bacterial cultures, but may not specifically reference anaerobes. A heavy inoculum is recommended to ensure some cell survival throughout the freeze‐thaw cycle.
Use of Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Paulick Ashley L. , Copsey‐Mawer Sarah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Identification of clinically significant anaerobes is gaining in importance. This is due to both better understanding of clinically relevant organisms and the unpredictability of inter‐ and intraspecies variation in antimicrobial susceptibility testing along with increasing antimicrobial resistance. The use of matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) for the identification of clinically relevant bacteria is now part of the routine workflow in many laboratories. This procedure provides guidance regarding the use of MALDI‐TOF MS specifically for the identification of anaerobes. Pure cultures following a plate‐to‐plate passage on anaerobic blood agar or Brucella agar plates should be used for MALDI‐TOF MS, since mixed inocula may lead to inaccurate results or no identification being rendered following MALDI‐TOF MS analysis.
Continuous‐Monitoring Blood Culture Systems for Detection of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Hilt Evann E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

This chapter provides preanalytical considerations and postanalytical considerations of continuous‐monitoring blood culture systems for detection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Continuous‐monitoring blood culture systems (CMBCS) are the most widely used methods for blood culture in the laboratory today. Several manufacturers produce CMBCS. Each has a proprietary computer algorithm to detect gas production or consumption in relation to microbial growth. The Versa TREK system has a higher blood‐to‐broth ratio and a larger headspace in the bottle, which allows the system to monitor pressure changes due to consumption and/or production of gas. Blood culture bottles designed for the recovery of bacteria are also capable of recovery of many yeasts, primarily
Candida
species, which are associated with invasive disease. The chapter provides a list of different bottle formulations available for each commercial system that support the isolation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and yeast from clinical specimens.
Continuous Monitoring Blood Culture Systems for Detection of Acid‐Fast Bacilli and Fungi
Authors: Lainhard William D. , Leuthy Paul M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Diagnosis of sepsis and initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapies are essential for optimal clinical outcomes. Detection of bloodstream infections with fungal and mycobacterial pathogens is often delayed due to the slow‐growing nature of these organisms. As many molds and mycobacteria are opportunistic pathogens, patients with bloodstream infections caused by these agents tend to be immunocompromised and/or have indwelling intravascular catheters or central lines. Among fungi, the most common pathogens recovered in blood culture are
Candida
spp. However,
Fusarium
,
Scedosporium
, and occasionally the thermally dimorphic molds can be recovered in fungal blood cultures. Positive culture bottles are smeared and stained to confirm the presence of acid‐fast bacilli or fungi. After inoculation, both sets of bottles are incubated in their respective blood culture systems, which consist of a series of drawers/cabinets, each containing locations for the placement of culture bottles.
Supplementing Blood Cultures with Chromogenic Media to Expedite Microorganism Identification and/or Antimicrobial Resistance Detection
Authors: Faron Matthew L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Chromogenic agar is medium containing specific combinations of antibiotics and/or other inhibitory substances and chromogen substrates. This allows selective growth of specific organisms and differentiation of various species through colony color and morphology. Chromogenic medium has also been developed for the identification of other types of microorganisms, such as
Candida
species. Chromogenic agar is commonly used for screening polymicrobial specimens to identify resistant organisms, such as carbapenem‐resistant
Enterobacterales
or vancomycin‐resistant
Enterococcus
from rectal swabs or surveillance cultures from the anterior nares to identify methicillin‐resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. After a Gram stain is performed, chromogenic agar appropriate for the Gram stain morphology can be inoculated to reduce the time to identification of bacterial species and/or key resistance profiles. Differentiation of
Candida
spp. can be improved using chromogenic agar, which may be helpful for laboratories that use rapid molecular methods, as some smaller panels may lack species‐specific identification or identify only a few species.
Diagnosis of Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infection: Differential‐Time‐To‐Positivity Cultures and Catheter Tip Cultures
Authors: Miller Steve 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter lists the most common types of vascular and hemodialysis access catheters used for patient care that the laboratory may encounter. Clinical policy should instruct physicians to submit peripheral blood cultures and either paired cultures from the catheter lumen or removed catheter segments to the laboratory for diagnosis of suspected catheter‐related bloodstream infection. Several methods have been used to diagnose catheter‐related sepsis. The submission of differential‐time‐to‐positivity cultures, consisting of two sets of blood cultures, is the preferred method to diagnose catheter‐related bacteremia and does not require removal of the catheter. For diagnosis after the catheter has been removed, semiquantitative cultures are more reliable than qualitative catheter tip cultures. The chapter focuses on the specimen collection, transport, and handling, materials, quality control, interpretation, reporting results and limitations of procedure.
Multiplex Molecular Panels for Positive Blood Cultures
Authors: She Rosemary C. , Van Tam T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides microbial analysis of multiplex molecular panels with procedures for the detection, identification, and characterization of microorganisms involved in human infections. This procedure summarizes the major FDA‐cleared methods available for rapid identification of common bloodstream pathogens and antimicrobial resistance markers from positive blood culture bottles. The chapter discusses general considerations for implementation and application of such panels in the clinical laboratory. It covers proper quality control principles for analytical tests. With postanalytical considerations, the chapter provides attention to common test limitations, interpretive challenges, and results reporting. It emphasizes the importance of correlating molecular results with Gram stain and culture to help avoid pitfalls and aid in troubleshooting. The chapter also provides guidance on basic interpretations of molecular panels that include antimicrobial resistance markers. It develops collaboration among laboratory, patient providers, and antimicrobial stewardship stakeholders in order to maximize the clinical benefits of these molecular panels.
Introduction to Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods
Authors: Humphries Romney M. , Simner Patricia J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is arguably one of the most important roles that clinical microbiology laboratories play, especially in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Several conventional and novel methods are available to perform AST. Traditional quantitative AST methods, such as broth dilution, gradient diffusion, and agar dilution, and automated broth microdilution instruments generate a MIC. Disk diffusion is a method reported qualitatively that generates a zone diameter that is inversely related to the MIC. This chapter describes the different types of phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility tests, with reference to the methods in CMPH. Breakpoints are based on robust clinical, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, and microbiological data in order to provide a reasonable prediction of clinical outcome for an infection treated with a given antimicrobial agent.
Extended‐Spectrum Beta‐Lactamase Testing for
Enterobacterales
Authors: Pitout Johan J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that cause resistance to the oxyimino‐cephalosporins and the monobactams but not the cephamycins or the carbapenems. The detection of ESBLs involves a screening step followed by confirmation tests. ESBLs are inhibited by “classical“ β‐lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam. Laboratory tests for confirming ESBL‐producing bacteria are based on this property. The phenotypic ESBL confirmatory test can be performed by disk diffusion or by the broth microdilution MIC method. Commercially available ESBL gradient diffusion strips may also be used for ESBL confirmatory testing. The chapter covers proper quality control principles for analytical tests. With postanalytical considerations, it provides attention to common test limitations, interpretive challenges, and results reporting.
Tests to Assess Bactericidal Activity
Authors: Koeth Laura M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The minimum bactericidal concentration test can be used to assess the ability of an antimicrobial agent to kill a bacterial isolate. Time‐kill assays can be used to study both concentration‐dependent and time‐dependent bactericidal activities of antimicrobial agents. Prior to performance of the time‐kill assay, concentrations of individual agents and combinations most likely to result in synergism are planned from data resulting from a checkerboard synergism test. The time‐kill assay can be used to study the dynamics of synergism or antagonism for a combination of antimicrobial agents by determining the number of viable bacteria remaining over time after exposure to each individual agent and various combinations. This method is used primarily to study organisms from patients with meningitis or endocarditis for whom clinical treatment failed or as a research tool to study novel antimicrobial agents.
Definitive Identification of Aerobic Actinomycetes
Authors: Bell Melissa E. , Mochon A. Brian , Highlander Sarah K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Using technologies such as matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and genetic sequencing, clinical microbiology laboratories can provide definitive identification of most clinically relevant aerobic actinomycetes. Both FDA‐approved MALDI‐TOF MS systems, the VITEK MS and Bruker Biotyper, can identify common
Nocardia
species. Accurate identification of most aerobic actinomycetes to the species level requires the use of molecular methods, specifically, gene sequencing and analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis can provide genus‐level and often species‐level identification of clinically relevant aerobic actinomycetes. The chapter provides a schematic flowchart for the definitive identification of medically important aerobic actinomycetes. It covers proper quality control principles for analytical tests. With postanalytical considerations, the chapter provides attention to common test limitations, interpretive challenges, and results reporting.