bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal validation of the Fear of COVID‐19 Scale in a nationwide United States sample: An item response theory model across three inflection points of the pandemic
Authors: Waddimba Anthony C. , DeSpain Sydney , Bennett Monica M. , Douglas Megan E. , Warren Ann Marie 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic's global emergence/spread caused widespread fear. Measurement/tracking of COVID‐19 fear could facilitate remediation. Despite the Fear of COVID‐19 Scale (FCV‐19S)'s validation in multiple languages/countries, nationwide United States (U.S.) studies are scarce. Cross‐sectional classical test theory‐based validation studies predominate. Our longitudinal study sampled respondents to a 3‐wave, nationwide, online survey. We calibrated the FCV‐19S using a unidimensional graded response model. Item/scale monotonicity, discrimination, informativeness, goodness‐of‐fit, criterion validity, internal consistency, and test‐retest reliability were assessed. Items 7, 6, and 3 consistently displayed very high discrimination. Other items had moderate‐to‐high discrimination. Items 3, 6, and 7 were most (items 1 and 5 the least) informative. [Correction added on 18 May 2023, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, the term ‘items one‐fifth least’ has been changed to ‘items 1 and 5 the least’.] Item scalability was 0.62–0.69; full‐scale scalability 0.65–0.67. Ordinal reliability coefficient was 0.94; test‐retest intraclass correlation coefficient 0.84. Positive correlations with posttraumatic stress/anxiety/depression, and negative correlations with emotional stability/resilience supported convergent/divergent validity. The FCV‐19S validly/reliably captures temporal variation in COVID‐19 fear across the U.S.
Hot Brownian Motion of Thermoresponsive Microgels in Optical Tweezers Shows Discontinuous Volume Phase Transition and Bistability
Authors: Fernandez‐Rodriguez Miguel Angel , Orozco‐Barrera Sergio , Sun Wei , Gámez Francisco , Caro Carlos , García‐Martín María L. , Rica Raúl Alberto 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMicrogels are soft microparticles that often exhibit thermoresponsiveness and feature a transformation at a critical temperature, referred to as the volume phase transition temperature. Whether this transformation occurs as a smooth or as a discontinuous one is still a matter of debate. This question can be addressed by studying individual microgels trapped in optical tweezers. For this aim, composite particles are obtained by decorating Poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM) microgels with iron oxide nanocubes. These composites become self‐heating when illuminated by the infrared trapping laser, performing hot Brownian motion within the trap. Above a certain laser power, a single decorated microgel features a volume phase transition that is discontinuous, while the usual continuous sigmoidal‐like dependence is recovered after averaging over different microgels. The collective sigmoidal behavior enables the application of a power‐to‐temperature calibration and provides the effective drag coefficient of the self‐heating microgels, thus establishing these composite particles as potential micro‐thermometers and micro‐heaters. Moreover, the self‐heating microgels also exhibit an unexpected and intriguing bistability behavior above the critical temperature, probably due to partial collapses of the microgel. These results set the stage for further studies and the development of applications based on the hot Brownian motion of soft particles.
Uncertainties in measuring and estimating water‐budget components: Current state of the science
Authors: Levin Sara B. , Briggs Martin A. , Foks Sydney S. , Goodling Phillip J. , Raffensperger Jeff P. , Rosenberry Donald O. , Scholl Martha A. , Tiedeman Claire R. , Webb Richard M. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractReducing uncertainty in quantifying basin‐scale water‐budget components is one of the most vexing problems for water‐resource managers. Although a vast literature addresses methods and scales of component estimates, uncertainty associated with these estimates is often lacking. Here we review sources of uncertainty and compile reported uncertainty estimates for measurement and estimation methods for six water‐budget components: precipitation, streamflow, evapotranspiration, subsurface discharge, infiltration, and recharge. Quantifying the uncertainty in each water‐budget component data is required before total water‐budget uncertainty can be determined.This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Hydrological ProcessesScience of Water > Methods
Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Blanco Carlos 
Published: May 2023

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and exact a large toll on individuals’ health, well‐being, and social functioning. Long‐lasting changes in brain networks involved in reward, executive function, stress reactivity, mood, and self‐awareness underlie the intense drive to consume substances and the inability to control this urge in a person who suffers from addiction (moderate or severe SUD). Biological (including genetics and developmental life stages) and social (including adverse childhood experiences) determinants of health are recognized factors that contribute to vulnerability for or resilience against developing a SUD. Consequently, prevention strategies that target social risk factors can improve outcomes and, when deployed in childhood and adolescence, can decrease the risk for these disorders. SUDs are treatable, and evidence of clinically significant benefit exists for medications (in opioid, nicotine and alcohol use disorders), behavioral therapies (in all SUDs), and neuromodulation (in nicotine use disorder). Treatment of SUDs should be considered within the context of a Chronic Care Model, with the intensity of intervention adjusted to the severity of the disorder and with the concomitant treatment of comorbid psychiatric and physical conditions. Involvement of health care providers in detection and management of SUDs, including referral of severe cases to specialized care, offers sustainable models of care that can be further expanded with the use of telehealth. Despite advances in our understanding and management of SUDs, individuals with these conditions continue to be stigmatized and, in some countries, incarcerated, highlighting the need to dismantle policies that perpetuate their criminalization and instead develop policies to ensure support and access to prevention and treatment.
Feinstaubemissionen trockenlaufender Friktionssysteme in Fahrzeugen
Authors: Sutschet Alexander , Bause Katharina , Bischofberger Arne , Ott Sascha 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungNicht nur der Verbrennungsmotor eines Fahrzeuges emittiert Feinstaub, auch durch das Bremsen und Abrollen des Reifens entstehen solche gesundheitsschädlichen Kleinstpartikel. Deshalb rücken wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen des Bremsenstaubes immer mehr in den Fokus. Im PMP (Particle Measurement Program) wird daher bereits an einer Regulierung der Bremsemissionen von PKW und leichten Fahrzeugen gearbeitet. Auch existieren bereits technische Lösungen wie bspw. Filter [1], Absauganlagen [2] oder auch andere Bremsenbauformen wie Trommelbremsen [3] oder nasslaufende Systemen [4] um Feinstaubemissionen von Bremsen zu minimieren oder gar zu eliminieren. Die bisherigen Lösungen sind jedoch entweder kostenintensiv, aufwendig oder befinden sich noch in der Konzeptphase. Auch die Verlagerung der Bremsfunktion in den Antriebsstrang, wie in [5] ist ein möglicher Ansatz, um der Feinstaubemission in die Umweltentgegenzuwirken. Dies bringt jedoch den Nachteil mit sich, dass es bisher keine gesetzlichen Grundlagen für solche Ansätze gibt. Allein auf Deutschlands Straßen befinden sich derzeit knapp 60 Mio. Fahrzeuge [6] mit konventionellem Radbremssystemen. Daher ist es von essenzieller Bedeutung die Partikelentstehungsmechanismen bestehender Systeme zu verstehen. Dazu gehört die Betrachtung wann, wie, und unter welchen Bedingungen Feinstaub entsteht. Mit diesem Wissen kann dann ein Nutzen für die Entwicklung von Bremssystemen geschaffen werden und ggf. Anpassungen für Fahrzeuge im Feld ermöglicht werden. Durch die Analyse der Verschleißpartikel können auch Erkenntnisse über Reibvorgänge im Friktionssystem gewonnen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Messung und Beschreibung von Verschleißpartikel vorgestellt. Mit der Methode soll tiefergehendes Wissen über die Entstehungsmechanismen von Verschleißpartikeln im Friktionskontakt gewonnen werden. Des Weiteren soll zukünftig der Einsatz der Methode die Messung von Verschleißpartikeln als Informationsquelle für das vorliegende Reibverhalten im Friktionskontakt dienen. Dafür erweitern die Autoren den (Kupplungs- und) Bremsprüfstand des IPEK – Institut für Produktentwicklung um ein Probenahmesystem von Verschleißpartikel. Das zu untersuchende Friktionssystem wird in einer Blechkonstruktion umschlossen und so gegen die Umwelt abgeschirmt. Das Gehäuse wird über ein Rohrsystem zur Partikelführung an die Partikelmesseinheiten angebunden. Ein Gebläse erzeugt ein Volumenstrom in dem Rohrsystem, wodurch sich die entstehenden Partikel während einer Bremsung in dem Rohrsystem fortbewegen und dort gemessen werden können. Mit dieser Methode können Einflussparameter auf die Feinstaubentstehung ermittelt und gezielt Maßnahmen zur Reduktion dieser Emissionen abgeleitet werden: Denkbar sind betriebszustandsabhängige Anpassungen der Steuerung und Regelung des Betätigungsvorganges sowie konstruktive Maßnahmen inklusiver der Anpassung der Reibpartner.
An observational study on the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Wang H.Y. , Qiu L. , Ou C.Y. , Lin Z.Q. , Huang Z.D. , Chen P. , Ma Q. , Lu Y.R. , Ran H. , Liu W.B. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Objective
There is concern that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine may trigger or worsen autoimmune diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination on symptom severity in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG).

Methods
A total of 106 enrolled patients with MG who were vaccinated against COVID-19 were followed up, and a questionnaire was used to document in detail the exacerbation of muscle weakness after vaccination and all other uncomfortable reactions after vaccination. Demographic, clinical characteristics, medication, and vaccination data were collected by follow-up interview. The main observation outcome was whether the MG symptoms of patients were exacerbated. The definition of exacerbation is according to the subjective feeling of the patient or a 2-point increase in daily life myasthenia gravis activity score relative to before vaccination, within 30 days after vaccination.

Results
Of 106 enrolled patients [median age (SD) 41.0 years, 38 (35.8%) men, 53 (50.0%) with generalized MG, 74 (69.8%) positive for acetylcholine receptor antibody, and 21 (19.8%) with accompanying thymoma], muscle weakness symptoms were stable in 102 (96.2%) patients before vaccine inoculation. Muscle weakness worsened in 10 (9.4%) people after vaccination, of which 8 patients reported slight symptom worsening that resolved quickly (within a few days). Two (1.9%) of patients showed serious symptom aggravation that required hospitalization.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that inactivated virus vaccines against COVID-19 may be safe for patients with MG whose condition is stable. Patients with generalized MG may be more likely to develop increased muscle weakness after vaccination.
Artificial intelligence for waste management in smart cities: a review
Authors: Fang Bingbing , Yu Jiacheng , Chen Zhonghao , Osman Ahmed I. , Farghali Mohamed , Ihara Ikko , Hamza Essam H. , Rooney David W. , Yap Pow-Seng 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe rising amount of waste generated worldwide is inducing issues of pollution, waste management, and recycling, calling for new strategies to improve the waste ecosystem, such as the use of artificial intelligence. Here, we review the application of artificial intelligence in waste-to-energy, smart bins, waste-sorting robots, waste generation models, waste monitoring and tracking, plastic pyrolysis, distinguishing fossil and modern materials, logistics, disposal, illegal dumping, resource recovery, smart cities, process efficiency, cost savings, and improving public health. Using artificial intelligence in waste logistics can reduce transportation distance by up to 36.8%, cost savings by up to 13.35%, and time savings by up to 28.22%. Artificial intelligence allows for identifying and sorting waste with an accuracy ranging from 72.8 to 99.95%. Artificial intelligence combined with chemical analysis improves waste pyrolysis, carbon emission estimation, and energy conversion. We also explain how efficiency can be increased and costs can be reduced by artificial intelligence in waste management systems for smart cities.
Outcomes of a comparison between pastoral and silvopastoral management on beef cattle productivity, animal welfare and pasture depletion in a Mediterranean extensive farm
Authors: Ripamonti Alice , Mantino Alberto , Annecchini Francesco , Cappucci Alice , Casarosa Laura , Turini Luca , Foggi Giulia , Mele Marcello 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn spring 2021, 50 growing steers and heifers of the Maremmana breed (average age 321 d and weight 287 kg) were rotationally stocked under two different treatments (silvopastoral and pastoral). The aim was to evaluate the influence of grazing system on cattle growth and welfare, and pasture depletion. The experiment was carried out on a real Mediterranean agrosilvopastoral farm, located in central Italy. To implement rotational grazing, 3.69 ha of temporary grassland were split into six paddocks, three for each treatment. Cattle grazed for one week in one paddock and then were moved to the next one for a total of six weeks corresponding to six grazing periods. The group maintained on the silvopastoral system were allowed to access 3.31 ha of a Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) forest. Regarding the average daily gain, a significant interaction was found between the treatment and time. The average daily gain of the animals grazing in the open pasture was 1.20 kg d−1, while that of the cattle grazing in the silvopastoral system was 1.02 kg d−1. Despite the rate of growth being within the expected range for the Maremmana breed, the average daily gain of cattle in the silvopastoral system was significantly lower. One of the possible causes of this difference could be the higher energy requirements of the animals due to the different activity levels. The different management did not affect animal welfare indicators. Indeed, the serum cortisol concentration did not vary between treatments and among sampling times, while the hair cortisol concentration decreased significantly during the experiment for both groups. Regarding pasture health, allowing cattle to graze in the forest reduced pasture depletion because of the lower stocking rate and grazing pressure. Further studies are necessary to increase the knowledge of the role of forests and grazing management in other seasons than spring in extensive agrosilvopastoral systems.
Automated discovery of angle theorems
Authors: Todd Philip 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe consider geometry theorems whose premises and statement comprise a set of bisector conditions. Each premise and the statement can be represented as the rows of a “bisector matrix”: one with three non zero elements per row, one element with value -2 and the others with value 1. The existence of a theorem corresponds to rank deficiency in this matrix. Our method of theorem discovery starts with identification of rank deficient bisector matrices. Some such matrices can be represented as graphs whose vertices correspond to matrix rows and whose edges correspond to matrix columns. We show that if a bisector matrix which can be represented as a graph is rank deficient, then the graph is bicubic. We give an algorithm for finding the rank deficient matrices for a Hamiltonian bicubic graph, and report on the results for graphs with 6,8,10 and 12 vertices. We discuss a method of deriving rank deficient bisector matrices with more than 2 non-zero elements. We extend the work to matrices containing rows corresponding to angle trisectors.
Normoxia exposure reduces hemoglobin concentration and gill size in a hypoxia-tolerant tropical freshwater fish
Authors: Mucha Stefan , Chapman Lauren J. , Krahe Rüdiger 
Published: May 2023

AbstractHypoxia is a widespread environmental stressor that shapes fish physiology and morphology. Plasticity in traits that improve oxygen uptake and delivery or reduce oxygen requirements may be critical for fish to cope with fluctuating dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in their natural habitat or adapt to new environments. In this study, we characterized a suite of morpho-physiological respiratory traits of a naturally hypoxia-acclimated weakly electric mormyrid fish, Petrocephalus degeni, and quantified their plasticity in response to long-term normoxia exposure. We captured P. degeni from a hypoxic swamp habitat (PO2 = 2.43 ± 1.85 kPa) surrounding Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, and acclimated them to normoxia (PO2 > 16 kPa) for up to 75 days. At various time points throughout normoxia exposure, we measured blood hemoglobin and lactate concentration, gill size, routine metabolic rate (RMR), regulation index (RI), and critical oxygen tension (Pcrit). We found that 62–75 days of normoxia exposure significantly reduced blood hemoglobin concentration (− 17%), gill filament length (− 14%), and hemibranch area (− 18%), whereas RMR, RI, Pcrit, and blood lactate showed no significant change. Our results support earlier findings that swamp-dwelling P. degeni are well adapted to life in chronic and severe hypoxia and indicate that they possess a limited capacity for phenotypic plasticity in response to a change in their DO environment.
Renormalized Energy of a Dislocation Loop in a 3D Anisotropic Body
Authors: Šilhavý Miroslav 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe paper presents a rigorous analysis of the singularities of elastic fields near a dislocation loop in a body of arbitrary material symmetry that extends over the entire three-space. Explicit asymptotic formulas are given for the stress, strain and the incompatible distortion near the curved dislocation. These formulas are used to analyze the main object of the paper, the renormalized energy. The core-cutoff method is used to introduce that notion: first, a core in the form of a curved tube along the dislocation loop is removed; then, the energy of the complement is determined (= the core-cutoff energy). As in the case of a straight dislocation, the core-cutoff energy has a singularity that is proportional to the logarithm of the core radius. The renormalized energy is the limit, as the radius tends to 0, of the core-cutoff energy minus the singular logarithmic part. The main result of the paper are novel formulas for the coefficient of logarithmic singularity (the ‘prelogarithmic energy factor’) and for the renormalized energy.
Maternal Childhood Abuse Versus Neglect Associated with Differential Patterns of Infant Brain Development
Authors: Lyons-Ruth Karlen , Li Frances Haofei , Khoury Jennifer E. , Ahtam Banu , Sisitsky Michaela , Ou Yangming , Enlow Michelle Bosquet , Grant Ellen 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSeverity of maternal childhood maltreatment has been associated with lower infant grey matter volume and amygdala volume during the first two years of life. A developing literature argues that effects of threat (abuse) and of deprivation (neglect) should be assessed separately because these distinct aspects of adversity may have different impacts on developmental outcomes. However, distinct effects of threat versus deprivation have not been assessed in relation to intergenerational effects of child maltreatment. The objective of this study was to separately assess the links of maternal childhood abuse and neglect with infant grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), amygdala and hippocampal volume. Participants included 57 mother-infant dyads. Mothers were assessed for childhood abuse and neglect using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire in a sample enriched for childhood maltreatment. Between 4 and 24 months (M age = 12.28 months, SD = 5.99), under natural sleep, infants completed an MRI using a 3.0 T Siemens scanner. GMV, WMV, amygdala and hippocampal volumes were extracted via automated segmentation. Maternal history of neglect, but not abuse, was associated with lower infant GMV. Maternal history of abuse, but not neglect, interacted with age such that abuse was associated with smaller infant amygdala volume at older ages. Results are consistent with a threat versus deprivation framework, in which threat impacts limbic regions central to the stress response, whereas deprivation impacts areas more central to cognitive function. Further studies are needed to identify mechanisms contributing to these differential intergenerational associations of threat versus deprivation.
Occupational mobility: theory and estimation for Italy
Authors: Brunetti Irene , Fiaschi Davide 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a model considering intergenerational occupational mobility as the joint outcome of three main determinants: income incentives, equality of opportunity and changes in the composition of occupations. The model, rationalising the use of transition matrices to measure occupational mobility, allows for identifying asymmetric mobility patterns and constructing a specific mobility index for each determinant. The empirical application of our model to Italy suggests that intergenerational mobility increased from the cohort of children born in the period 1940-1951 to the one born in the period 1952-1965, then to remain at the same level for the cohort of children born in the period 1966-1977. This steady mobility, however, hides i) lower structural mobility, caused by a declining trend in the composition of occupations in favour of upper-middle classes; ii) less upward mobility for those whose fathers were in the lower class; and iii) higher downward mobility from upper-middle classes, both caused by a decrease in the income incentives. Equality of opportunity is low and constant for those born after 1951.
Situla Art: An Iron Age Artisanal Tradition Found Between the Apennines and the Eastern Alps and Its Identity Valencies
Authors: Saccoccio Fabio 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSitula Art is an Iron Age artisanal tradition dated to c. 660/650–275 BC, corresponding to the Hallstatt C2 to the La Tène B2 phases. It is characterised by striking sheet-bronze objects with embossed and/or incised decoration in Orientalising taste with animals, plants and/or human figures generally distributed in friezes. Situla Art is documented between the Apennines and the eastern Alps, and Este is suggested as its key centre. This paper provides a long overdue literature review, a working definition for Situla Art and an updated catalogue with 306 objects. It also (re-)investigates the influences which may have led to the emergence of Situla Art, its development and decline. Hats and earrings depicted in Situla Art are investigated to highlight their identity valencies, and to provide socio-political insights on the Iron Age elite who used Situla Art as a non-linguistic symbol-based system to acquire, exhibit and legitimate power over time in the area of its distribution.