bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Republicanism
Authors: MacGilvray Eric 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRepublicanism is a political ideology that gives a central role to values such as liberty, civic virtue, self‐government, political independence, and the pursuit of the common good. It has a long and complicated history that stretches back to the very beginnings of western political thought, and has emerged in recent years as one of the most widely discussed and contested topics among intellectual historians and political philosophers.
Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970)
Authors: Stone Peter 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPhilosopher, humanist, social commentator, and political crusader of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Russell's professional work encompassed many areas of philosophy, including logic, epistemology, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of science. But almost all of his work on ethics and politics was popular in nature. For most of his life, Russell adhered to emotivism, a metaethical position holding that ethical statements were mere expressions of feeling, without meaning or truth value.
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860)
Authors: Cartwright David E. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer is best known for his metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, and the pessimism of his philosophy. Just as he had little personal concern for the politics of his day, he had relatively little concern for political philosophy. Consequently, what Schopenhauer wrote about political theory and philosophy was subordinate to and driven by his metaphysics and ethics. Yet the integration of his political philosophy within a comprehensive metaphysical‐ethical standpoint provides depth to his thought.
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883–1950)
Authors: Medearis John 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSchumpeter's most noted contribution to political philosophy has been his competitive elite theory of democracy, but his thought was diverse and wide‐ranging. His conceptualization of democracy was itself entwined in a rich theory of social, political, and economic transformation, the focus of his best‐known work,Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. His influence among some conservative thinkers, on the other hand, derives largely from his novel contributions as an economist. And his interests in social theory ranged across disciplinary boundaries to subjects from the causes of imperialism to the status of individualist axioms.
Secession
Authors: Griffiths Ryan D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

The term “secession” has a long history. It is derived from the Latin word
secessio
, which referred to the withdrawal of plebeians from Rome as a form of protest against the patricians. Over time the term was applied to a range of settings, including withdrawal from the church and other nonpolitical organizations. However, by the nineteenth century the term came to denote the permanent withdrawal of a territory and population from a state.
Sexism
Authors: Little Kimberley 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sexism is discrimination or a discriminatory attitude based on an individual's sex and/or gender. It is an invisible tool primarily deployed against women and is based solely on a woman's biological identity. Discrimination in any form is fundamentally wrong, since it is based on a characteristic that is immutable (without external processes) and is reflective of stereotypical and contrived perceptions of a particular group. Sexism originates from the overemphasis of biological differences between men and women, differences based on the physiological distinctions between the male and female bodies, but more specifically, on the reproductive capacity of women. It is not merely this distinction that constitutes sexism. Rendering one sex superior to the other constructs a system that translates into definitions of gender that flow from this biological distinction. Other discriminatory practices that stem from these arbitrary notions regarding biological diversity include racism, classism, heterosexism, and ageism.
Shklar, Judith Nisse (1928–92)
Authors: Strong Tracy B. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Judith Nisse Shklar was born in Riga, Latvia and escaped the Nazi occupation of 1941 by fleeing, with her family, first to Norway and then across the USSR. She attended McGill University in Montreal, obtaining her BA and MA degrees there. She took classes in McGill from the American political theorist Frederick Watkins, who encouraged her to pursue political theory as a career. She was awarded her doctorate from Harvard in 1955, working principally with Carl Joachim Friedrich. Upon matriculation she was offered an instructorship (then the starting position at Harvard) and, except for visiting positions, she spent all of her academic career there. She was always conscious of being an exile and her political theory is to some degree shaped by the recognition of that fact.
Slave Morality
Authors: Brace Laura 
Published: August 2023

Abstract“Slave morality” is a concept most closely associated with the political thought of Friedrich Nietzsche, and in its distinction between master and slave, it recalls G. W. F. Hegel's master/slave dialectic. Both examine the value of morality to give an ethical account of political agency and of freedom. The idea of a distinct “slave morality” works on the assumption that the state is always characterized by a political hierarchy, an order that distinguishes between nobles and slaves. That political distinction is then transformed into a psychological concept of rank, so that the nobles (or the masters) are able to tell and control the story of freedom, and of morality, and to oppress their slaves on the grounds that “the slaves of history are those who lack the spirit of freedom.” Such accounts of morality raise questions about possible counternarratives of freedom for the “slaves of history,” and about how to understand the agency and selfhood of those who have been systematically marginalized, dominated, and defined by others with more power.
Socialist Feminism
Authors: Stewart Pamela J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The term, socialist feminism, most often represents theories and practices initiated by the mid‐1970s, which work to analyze male domination and socioeconomic oppression and exploitation as inter‐related institutions and cultures. This analysis counters prior arguments, including Marxist perspectives, suggesting that once class (or racial or global economic) disparities could be leveled, sex‐based discrimination would end. Simultaneously, it inserted a socialist critique of women's marginalization in capitalist economic structures into liberal feminist arguments suggesting that changing laws and attitudes, but not necessarily economic structures, would create equality for women. For socialist feminists, analysis that confronts only male domination or economic and material injustice is insufficient in explaining or altering women's marginalized status.
Soul
Authors: Allman Dwight D. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe idea of the soul (psychē), conceived as an important concern of social‐political inquiry and analysis, begins with Socrates (469–399 bce). In Plato'sApology, Socrates defends his lifelong devotion to the practice of philosophy by contending for the priority of caring for the soul, both his own and those of his fellow citizens. Xenophon (ca. 430–354 bce) also portrays Socrates in his dialogues as having recourse to the idea of the soul in order to explain and to defend the practice of philosophy as a source of private as well as public good.
Spinoza, Benedict de (1632–77)
Authors: Gatens Moira 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBaruch (later Benedict) Spinoza was born on November 24, 1632, into Amsterdam's Jewish community. In the late sixteenth century the relatively tolerant Dutch Republic had offered asylum for Spanish and Portuguese Jews fleeing the Inquisition. Some of those escaping persecution had been forced to adopt at least the outward appearance of the Christian faith and were known as “conversos” or “Marranos.” One strand of Spinoza commentary holds that an understanding of his ethno‐religious background as aconversois necessary in order to grasp the complexity of his philosophy. The idea that he wrote in a “dual language,” where the esoteric meaning was hidden beneath an innocuous surface, is reasonable given that to openly challenge theological authorities at the time he was writing was to court persecution, imprisonment, and even death. Spinoza was generally a prudent man; his signet ring was incised with “CAUTE” (Latin for “be careful”). Despite opportunities to publish his works in Dutch, he cautiously restricted his readership by publishing in Latin rather than in the vernacular. However, caution does not amount to concealment. The idea that Spinoza deliberately wrote in a self‐consciously duplicitous style is hard to tally with the fact that in 1656, when he was 24 years old, he was formally ostracized from the Jewish community through the pronouncement of a sterncheremfor his “abominable heresies.”
Teleology
Authors: Choat Simon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The word “teleology” derives from the Greek telos, usually translated as goal or purpose. It refers to the view that phenomena can be explained in terms of their purpose, function, or goal. In political thought, teleological arguments have been used to justify the existence and functions of the state by reference to the purpose of human life. Each of the three dominant traditions in political and moral philosophy – Aristotelian, utilitarian, and Kantian – relies to some extent on teleological claims.
Terror
Authors: Finlay Christopher 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe term “terror” is chiefly used in reference to two political practices. The first is an instrument or form of government under which violent repression is used to discipline a people faced with political emergency, to purify them of moral corruption, or both. This usage emerged in the rhetoric of the Jacobin regime in revolutionary France and has occurred since in characterizing the violent politics of the “totalitarian” regimes of the twentieth century. A related but distinct usage emerging since has seen “terror” and more commonly “terrorism” describing (and typically being used to denounce) certain “small war” tactics, especially when used by nonstate groups pursuing political aims such as national liberation or social revolution (though it also encompasses groups on the political right along with those committed to religiously inspired ideology). Moral and political philosophers differ widely on precisely which types or aspects of political violence merit this usually pejorative label and on the specific features that distinguish it from other kinds of wrong. Rival approaches emphasize, respectively, the injustice of the cause that terrorists pursue, the indiscriminate nature of their violence, their use of fear to coerce third parties, and their lack of authority to use force. Moreover, the use of terrorism by those struggling against regimes widely regarded as unjust has led some theorists to ask whether it might not sometimes be justified, with some arguing that it can.
Tully, James (1946–)
Authors: Owen David 
Published: August 2023

AbstractJames Tully is distinguished professor of political science, law, indigenous governance, and philosophy at the University of Victoria, Canada. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, an Emeritus Trudeau fellow and, in 2010, was awarded the Killam Prize in Humanities in recognition of his outstanding contribution to political theory and public life in Canada. For two decades, he coedited (with Quentin Skinner) theIdeas in Contextseries for Cambridge University Press.
Violence against Women
Authors: Webber Julie , Anderson Margaret L. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe phrase “violence against women” (VAW) has two meanings. First, violence against women is a long‐ranging historical phenomenon said to be instituted to protect male property rights through the exchange of women, a result of misogyny, a “patriarchal bargain” between conquering males and enslaved women to ensure protection, a means to correct women's behavior that results from irrationality, original sin, or lack of virtue, or the result of a cultural bias against her sex. Second, VAW is a technical term originating in women's movements and human rights circles in the twentieth century to describe the ways in which women are subordinated to men throughout the world to sustain patriarchy, gender inequality, or masculine domination. While there is no universal theory of patriarchy that people find acceptable, it is true that violence against women, which takes very distinct forms from violence against men, is almost always legitimized by the law or culture within which it takes place, whereas violence against men is routinely prosecuted by law, even in war. Violence against women is a subset of gender violence; examples include battery, bride price, rape, stalking, female genital mutilation, foot binding, honor killing, wife burning, and lesbian bashing. Though violence against women occurs globally, the modern attempt to eliminate it begins in the global North where developed countries often set standards for appropriate treatment of women.
Vitoria, Francisco de (1485?–1546)
Authors: Josephson Peter B. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Francisco de Vitoria (1485?–1546) was a Spanish theologian and political theorist of the Salamanca school. His work on the theory of just war is one of the first treatments of the topic that may be called modern, and it established the foundation for later development in the area of international law by Hugo Grotius. Vitoria was especially concerned to articulate a Thomistic natural law teaching that could respond to new modern circumstances.
Welfare State
Authors: Schram Sanford 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe idea of the welfare state is highly contested. Across ideologies and theoretical schools of thought the welfare state is conceived differently. For liberals, such as T. H. Marshall (1950), the welfare state represents the zenith of a progressive development in rights from civic to political to social citizenship. For conservatives, such as Friedrich Hayek (1944), the welfare state represents a fundamental derangement undermining the inherent logic of a capitalist society. For Marxists, such as James O'Connor (1973), the welfare state represents an essential outcome of the contradictions of capitalism that generates increasing need for the state to compensate for the inequities and injuries associated with capitalist development, even as the growth of the welfare state makes it more difficult for the political economy to operate efficiently. All, however, agree that by the middle of the twentieth century the welfare state was emerging as an enduring feature of actually existing capitalist societies.
Women's Rights
Authors: Naranch Laurie E. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWomen's rights are politically valuable to critique abuses of power, to construct boundaries for the protection of women's bodies, and to outline responsibilities. Claims for women's rights have proliferated since their emergence in the late eighteenth century. Since rights are part of a modern language of resistance to abuses by the powerful, it is not surprising that feminist authors would use the language of rights to challenge the injustices women face when they are not seen as moral, political, or social equals to men. We should think of women's rights as a conceptual tool to transform who the subject of rights is and as a way to challenge existing structures of gendered power. Demanding justice for one half of humanity through the concept of women's rights means transforming who counts as human entitled to rights. Women's rights have proven to be a powerful but contested political language for seeking gendered political equality.
Xenophobia
Authors: Grove Jairus 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Conceptually, xenophobia is meant to describe fear or animus toward strangeness or foreignness rather than just difference. In this sense, xenophobia is resonant but not quite coincidental with the concept of racism. However, it is quite difficult to separate the two completely. For instance, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act represented the institutionalization of xenophobia through restrictions on immigration but like much of the history of US immigration law, certain foreign populations were targeted over others in many cases in the form of overt national quotas.
Spider‐Silk‐Inspired Heterogeneous Supramolecular Network with Strain‐Stiffening, High Damping Capacity, and Supercontraction
Authors: Du Boyan , Wu Yongbin , Lu Shifu , Yang Ziqi , Huang Siya 
Published: August 2023

AbstractNatural materials are adaptive with intriguing mechanical properties such as strain‐stiffening, high damping, and stimuli‐responsive actuation under ambient conditions, which are evolutionarily derived to adapt to variable environments. Such adaptabilities are highly desirable for advanced smart materials in soft robots and bionic applications yet rarely achieved all in one synthetic material. Inspired by the molecular chemistry and structure of spider silk, a structurally heterogeneous supramolecular network with all‐round adaptabilities is developed by evaporation‐induced self‐assembly of hydrogen‐bonded macromolecules. The supramolecular network consists of both hard (crystallites) and soft (amorphous) phases with dynamic hydrogen bonds, exhibiting strong strain, time, and hydration dependency with adaptive mechanical and structural responses to varying strain, deformation rate as well as moisture. Through multifunctional crosslinking, the network exhibits silk‐like attributes with an extensibility of >130%, intense strain‐stiffening (sixfold modulus enhancement), high damping capacity (>80%) over a wide range of strain rate, and moisture‐triggered large supercontraction (contraction ratio of >50%). Artificial materials with such combined adaptiveness under bio‐benign conditions are promising for applications in biomimetic and biomedical fields.
Unfilled in emergency medicine: An analysis of the 2022 and 2023 Match by program accreditation, ownership, and geography
Authors: Gettel Cameron J. , Bennett Christopher L. , Rothenberg Craig , Smith Jessica L. , Goldflam Katja , Sun Wendy W. , Venkatesh Arjun K. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe two most recent National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Match cycles saw a high number of initially unfilled emergency medicine (EM) residency positions. We sought to identify the risk of EM residency program characteristics including accreditation duration, primary clinical site ownership status, and geography pertaining to not initially filling all positions.MethodsWe performed a repeated cross‐sectional observational study of EM residency programs participating in the 2022 and 2023 NRMP Match cycles and used publicly available data from the NRMP, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Our primary outcome was the proportion of EM residency programs that did not initially fill positions, with analyses stratified by accreditation duration (>5 or ≤5 years), primary clinical site ownership status, and geographic core‐based statistical areas (CBSAs).ResultsA total of 219 of 2921 (7.5%) positions in the 2022 Match and 554 of 3010 (18.4%) positions in the 2023 Match were initially unfilled. Over the 2‐year period, EM residency programs accredited within the past 5 years had more than double the risk (relative risk [RR] 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69–2.57, chi‐square p < 0.001) of not filling all positions compared to those accredited more than 5 years previously. EM residency programs with a primary clinical site under for‐profit ownership had a 50% greater risk of not filling all positions when compared to those under nonprofit or governmental ownership (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.14–1.98, chi‐square p = 0.009). In 2023, several CBSAs had a high number of both offered and unfilled positions.ConclusionsEM residency programs accredited within the past 5 years or those with a primary clinical site under for‐profit ownership had a greater risk of not filling all positions within the past two Match cycles.
Equivalent circuit model‐based design and analysis of microstrip line fed electrically small patch antenna for sub‐6 GHz 5G applications
Authors: Verma Ramesh Kumar , Priya Bandana , Singh Maninder , Singh Pramod , Yadav Ashok , Singh Vinod Kumar 
Published: August 2023

SummaryIn this paper, an equivalent circuit model‐based electrically small patch antenna is designed for sub‐6 GHz 5G application (3.5 GHz) using 50‐Ω microstrip line feed. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 0.33λ0 × 0.4λ0 × 0.019λ0 (28 × 34 × 1.6 mm3) at 3.50 GHz frequency. The proposed antenna has a tilted Y‐shape slot, two rectangular shape slots, and two rectangular shape notches in the radiating patch. The proposed antenna is resonating from 3.21 to 3.74 GHz covering the entire sub‐6 GHz 5G band (3.3–3.8 GHz). The impedance bandwidth (simulated) of the proposed antenna has been obtained 530 MHz resonating at 3.50 GHz frequency. The good return loss of −23.62 dB is also obtained at 3.50 GHz resonant frequency. The simulation results and geometry of the proposed antenna are validated with equivalent circuit model and experimental measurement of prototype antenna using vector network analyzer (VNA) and anechoic chamber. In the whole operating frequency range, the measured findings show reasonable agreement with the simulated ones. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna has been obtained 480 MHz (3.21–3.69 GHz) resonating at 3.48 GHz frequency with a return loss of −21.61 dB, while the theoretical impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna has been obtained 720 MHz (3.18–3.90 GHz) resonating at 3.58 GHz frequency with a return loss of −21.5 dB. The peak gain of 3.39 (simulated) and 3.2 dB (measured) is obtained at 3.50 GHz frequency. Moreover, the antenna shows 97% (simulated) and 95% (measured) efficiency at 3.50 GHz frequency.