bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Production of Early, Heat Labile, Rabbit Anaphylactic Antibody
Authors: Zvaifler Nathan J. , Robinson Jennifer O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine if the production of early heat-labile rabbit anaphylactic antibody could be facilitated or impaired by changes in the method of immunization or by manipulations which are known to influence other classes of rabbit antibodies. Our analysis suggests that decreasing the amount of antigen (DNP-BGG) causes anaphylactic antibody to be made by fewer animals and delays its time of appearance. Keeping the protein concentration constant while decreasing the hapten groups resulted in a lesser number of positive animals, but did not delay the appearance of antibody. Changing the route of antigen administration did not affect the anaphylactic antibody in the primary response, but repeated intraperitoneal injection of antigen resulted in the reappearance of an anaphylactic antibody. The possibility is considered that this late anaphylactic antibody is not the same as that in the primary response. Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine had little influence on the production of rabbit anaphylactic antibody, even though there was a simultaneous enhanced and prolonged 19 S antibody response and impaired 7 S antibody synthesis. Anaphylactic antibody was made by rabbits whose spleens had been removed prior to immunization, suggesting that this organ is not essential for its production.
Complement-Fixing Activity of Antibodies Associated with Different Classes of Immunoglobulins
Authors: Ishizaka T. , Ishizaka K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes and subclasses exhibit characteristic immunochemical properties. Among these properties, which serve to differentiate between these immunoglobulin classes, is the ability to fix C′. Using a C′1a-fixing system comprised of human anti-γA isoantibodies and type A red cells, both γG and γM antibodies have been shown to fix C′1a, whereas γA antibody in both monomeric and polymeric forms lacks this ability. It was also found that monospecific aggregates of γG and γM fixed C′, whereas aggregated γA failed to do so. Among the subclasses of γG globulins, evidence has been obtained that γG1, γG2, and γG3 globulins fix C′ and C′1a on aggregation but γG4 globulin does not.
Although antibodies of both the γG and γM type have been shown to fix C′, whether the same mechanisms of fixation exist for both classes has not yet been resolved.
Purification of C′3 Inactivator and its Possible Role in Immunochemical and Immunopathological Reactions
Authors: Torisu M. , Sonozaki H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The C′3 inactivator was reported to be a naturally-occurring serum factor which inactivates C′3 in EAC′1423 as measured by immune hemolysis and immune adherence.
The inactivator was purified from human serum by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose followed by Pevikon C-870 zone electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 superfine gel filtration.
A sample of C′3 inactivator was analyzed by ultracentrifugation. A single peak was observed, which remained symmetrical throughout sedimentation, with an S20,w = 5.2 S. In sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation the C′3 inactivator was distributed in a narrow symmetrical peak with an S value of 5.2. Purified preparations of C′3 inactivator gave a single precipitin line in the β1 globulin region in immunoelectrophoresis.
C′3 inactivator has been found to have several biologic functions. This substance inhibits 1) the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction, 2) the generation of anaphylatoxin, 3) the rejection of skin homografts, 4) immunophagocytosis and 5) the Prausnitz-Küstner reaction.
Decreased Rate of Synthesis of Immunoglobulin (IgG) in Rats Infected with Moloney Leukemia Virus
Authors: Cure Susan F. , Cremer Natalie E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rats infected with Moloney virus when newborn and uninfected control animals were injected with IgG prepared from normal inbred Osborn-Mendel rat serum and labeled with 131I. The decline in whole body and blood radioactivity of infected and control animals was measured for a period of 2 weeks and the biologic half-life of the labeled IgG was determined. From these and other data, the synthetic rates for each group of animals was calculated. Infected animals, which had reduced serum IgG levels, had a reduced synthetic ability rather than an increased catabolism of IgG molecules, and this could account for their low serum immunoglobulin levels. The defect in synthetic ability was most pronounced in hyperimmunized animals, resulting in a calculated synthetic rate of 7.5 mg IgG/day in infected rats and 53 mg/day in control rats.
Availability of Transplantation Alloantigens to Circulating Antibodies: Studies with Alloantibodies of Known Specificity
Authors: Witz Isaac , Cudkowicz Gustavo , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Purified radiolabeled alloantibodies bind specifically to transplantation antigens in vivo following intravenous injection. The antibodies are localized in decreasing amounts by liver, lung, skin, spleen, kidney and brain. However, the ratio between specific and background, i.e., nonspecific, localization of radiolabeled globulins is greatest in the spleen. This reflects a higher concentration of alloantigens on the surface of spleen cells.
Antibodies directed against antigens specified either by the H-2 locus or by other H loci localize with comparable distribution patterns in separate assays in vivo. Localization is measurable even when the reaction of alloantibodies is restricted to single antigens of the H-2 complex.
The results indicate that transplantation antigens are available to humoral alloantibodies in mice and suggest that the paired radiolabeled technique may be used for identifying cells in recipients of foreign grafts and for histocompatibility typing.
Immunoglobulin Production in Cloned Sublines of a Human Lymphocytoid Cell Line
Authors: Takahashi M. , Takagi N. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In the present study we obtained seven sublines (five diploid and two tetraploid) by cloning LK1D cell line and found that all the sublines contained individual cells which synthesized both α and γ heavy chains along with a single type of light chains, kappa chains. Six of these sublines showed homogeneous karyotypes which were characteristic of each subline, indicating that each subline was most likely to have been derived from a single ancestor cell. Our results show that cells which do not react with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies at a particular time of harvest have the potential to produce immunoglobulins. Moreover, two different heavy chains detected in individual cells are actually synthesized in the same cell and are not due to the transfer of immunoglobulins among the cells.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Hayden Alonza R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A micromodification of the agar gel precipitin reaction of Oudin is presented; the method uses the optical densities of antigen-antibody precipitate bands formed in reaction tubes for determining the antibody concentration of rabbit antiprotein antisera in absolute weight units, mg N/ml. When microreaction tubes were used, it was possible to obtain standard O.D. vs. antiserum concentration curves (1.56% to 12.5% antiserum) which required only 0.4 ml of antiserum and less than 0.2 ml of 1% antigen in agar.
Optical density values could be obtained at a single antiserum concentration (6.25%) through the use of 0.05 ml of antisera and less than 0.02 ml of 1% protein antigen in agar. These values were used to obtain total precipitate nitrogen values from a standard curve relating O.D. to total precipitate nitrogen at equivalence in liquid media. Total nitrogen values were converted to antibody nitrogen values by substituting them in an equation which expresses antibody nitrogen as a function of total nitrogen and the ratio of antibody to antigen at equivalence.
This method was used to monitor weekly the production of antisera to human serum albumin in 12 rabbits. Optical density measurements made at single antiserum concentrations were used to predict the final antibody content of two pools of antisera.
The mieromodification of the agar gel precipitin reaction offers considerable savings in time and materials, since a complete analysis can be obtained from O.D. measurements at a single antiserum concentration, using a minimum of antigen, antiserum and other reagents after only 2 days of incubation at 25°C.
The Enhancement of Antibody Formation by Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide and Detoxified Derivatives
Authors: Schenck Jay R. , Hargie Martha P. , Brown Mickey S. , Ebert Donna S. , Yoo Agnes L. , McIntire Floyd C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The formation of antibody to human serum albumin (HSA) in rats was greatly enhanced when the protein was linked covalently to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The response was less when HSA and LPS were only mixed before injection and nil when they were injected at separate sites subcutaneously. In rats the adjuvant effect of coupling LPS to HSA was comparable to that of using Freund's adjuvant or alum precipitation. In rabbits Freund's adjuvant was significantly the more effective. By the use of two qualitatively different detoxified derivatives, an adjuvant effect approximately equal to that of LPS was obtained with 1000-fold less pyrogenicity. The data suggest that LPS enhances antibody formation by acting directly upon the cells which respond to antigen, and possibly at the antigen-sensitive sites. In this effect both the lipid and polysaceharide portions of LPS appear to play a role, with lipid being the more important.
Immobilizing Antibodies in Pyelonephritis
Authors: Pazin George J. , Braude A. I. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Type-Specific immobilizing antibodies were found in serum and urine in the course of retrograde experimental pyelonephritis due to Proteus mirabilis. Serum antibodies were detected 3 to 5 days after infection, reached high levels at 7 to 15 days and persisted until the animals were killed. Six-day serum contained both 2ME-resistant and 2ME-sensitive antibodies, but 13- or 19-day serum antibodies were not affected by 2ME. Upon gradient ultracentrifugation of 19-day sera, the highest immobilizing titer was found in 7 S fractions. Immobilizing antibodies were also demonstrated in dialyzed urine during infection, after infection had been suppressed or eradicated by antibiotics, and after immunization with formalin-treated bacteria by intravenous or intrarenal injection. Urinary immobilizing antibodies correlated well with the location and concentration of 7 S marker on the density gradient and appeared to be stable in infected urine.
The Effect of Antilymphocytic Serum (ALS) on the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of Mice
Authors: Marshall Villis R. , Knight Peter R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mice treated with heterologous ALS were found to have a significantly increased clearance of 32P-labeled Salmonella typhimurium C5 particles. This enhanced activity first appeared 24 to 48 hr after injection of the antiserum and persisted in spite of the cessation of ALS treatment.
The ALS used was found to produce hypertrophy of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Histologic studies revealed hyperplastic changes in these lymph nodes and spleens with the appearance of large numbers of cells resembling primitive plasma cells, many of which were pyroninophilic.
A correlation between these changes and the time of survival of skin allografts was shown. Allografts were rejected at the time when the phagocytic activity and the histologic changes in lymph nodes and spleen returned to normal.
Immuno-Precipitates of Some Purified and Unpurified Human Plasma Proteins with Monospecific and Polyvalent Human Plasma Protein Antisera
Authors: Ceska M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The formation of immuno-precipitates of purified and unpurified human albumin and transferrin with monospecific and polyvalent human plasma protein antisera was studied. The resolution of immuno-precipitin bands into several components was obtained by infusion with Dextran 250. The dextran infusion method may indirectly show molecular varieties of proteins.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Mice
Authors: Gasser David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The production of agglutinating antibodies to the Ea-1 erythrocytic antigens of Mus musculus appears to be under the control of a single Mendelian recessive factor. There was no evidence that the nonresponding strains, CBA/J and BALB/c, possess antigens capable of absorbing antisera to Ea-1a or Ea-1b red cells, arguing against the hypothesis that these antigens are not foreign to these strains. The locus controlling this response, tentatively designated Ir-2, is linked to the agouti locus in the fifth linkage group.
The Effect of Carrageenan on Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schwartz Howard J. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Administration of carrageenan to tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of delayed hypersensitivity. Recovery was complete 1 week after drug administration. The suppressive activity was not correlated with anticomplementary or anticoagulant activity. It is suggested that carrageenan exerts its effect as a result of its toxicity for macrophages, acting through lysosomal damage and the release of intracellular enzymes.
Allelic Exclusion and Phenogroup Expression in Individual Molecules of Rabbit Low-Density Lipoprotein Allotypes
Authors: Albers John J. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for quantitative analysis of lipoprotein allotypes is presented, which is based on indirect precipitation of LDL-125I by an initial reaction with anti-allotype antisera followed by precipitation with goat anti-rabbit γG-Fc fragment.
Essentially all LDL molecules prepared from homozygous rabbits have two allotypic specificities of the Lpq locus—q1 and q3, q2 and q3 or q2 and q4—depending on the genotype of the rabbit.
In heterozygotes, only one of the two allelic genes contributes to the formation of the same molecule; approximately 50% of the molecules have two specificities controlled by one allele, and the other 50% have two specificities controlled by the alternate allele.
Characterization of Human Precipitating Antibody to Inhaled Antigens
Authors: Fink Jordan N. , Tebo Thomas , Barboriak Joseph J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This investigation was carried out to characterize human precipitating antibody against several purified pigeon serum proteins using quantitative and direct isotope precipitin techniques, autoradiographic immunoelectrophoresis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The results indicated that the human sera contained precipitating antibody, presumably only of the IgG class of immunoglobulins, which formed soluble antigen-antibody complexes in the zone of antibody excess. Pigeon γ globulin appeared to be more antigenic in man than pigeon serum albumin.
Studies on the Mechanisms of Resistance to Phylogenetically Diverse Intracellular Organisms
Authors: Ruskin Joel , McIntosh Jean , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were performed in an attempt to define underlying mechanisms of resistance in mice infected with strains of bacteria or protozoa which confer on the animals resistance against phylogenetically unrelated organisms. The rates of clearance of an intravenously inoculated suspension of carbon particles in resistant and control animals were the same, suggesting that enhanced reticuloendothelial clearance was not involved. Attempts to transfer resistance by injection of “hyper-immune” serum were unsuccessful. In vitro monolayer cultures of peritoneal macrophages from resistant mice were protected against necrotization by bacterial and protozoal challenge when compared with monolayers from normal mice, and there appeared to be a more rapid killing of the intracellular organisms by macrophages from the resistant mice. These findings suggest that the macrophage plays a major role in the heterologous cross-resistance observed in these animals. Continued macrophage “activation” in Toxoplasma and Besnoitia-infected mice is probably due to the continued activity of these parasites during the entire life span of the host.
A Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor Derived from C′5 upon Interaction of Guinea Pig Serum with Endotoxin
Authors: Snyderman R. , Shin H. S. , Phillips J. K. , Gewurz H. , Mergenhagen S. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Upon activation of the complement system in guinea pig serum by endotoxin, a factor chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes is generated. This chemotactic factor has an approximate molecular weight (M.W.) of 15,000 and is independent of three minor chemotactic factors (M.W. τ;150,000, ∼68,000 and &lt;4000) present in normal, heat-inactivated or EDTA-treated guinea pig serum. Purified, radiolabeled guinea pig C′3 and C′5 were used to determine whether the 15,000 M.W. chemotactic factor generated in serum was derived from either of these components. Endotoxin was incubated with guinea pig serum to which had been added either 125I C′3 or 125I C′5. Gel filtration elution profiles of the reaction mixtures revealed that both C′3 and C′5 were cleaved in endotoxin-treated serum. Moreover, the 15,000 M.W. chemotactic factor was identified with a cleavage product of C′5 but not of C′3. In addition, rabbit anti-guinea pig C′5, but not anti-C′3, significantly inhibited the activity of the 15,000 M. W. chemotactic factor. We conclude that the majority of chemotactic activity found in whole guinea pig serum after interaction with endotoxin is a product cleaved from C′5.
Differences between Populations of Fresh Water Catfish Defined by Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Authors: Kuhns William J. , Nigrelli Ross F. , Chuba Joseph V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of cross-reacting hemagglutinins in fresh water catfish maintained under laboratory conditions enabled a classification of the fish into two distinct groups. The erythrocytes and serum from groups I and II used as reagents in testing other individuals permitted similar distinctions in catfish obtained from several different sources. The agglutinogen in erythrocytes from group I individuals was A-like in nature, based upon agglutination studies using lima bean lectin and human anti-A hemagglutinins; it also possessed Forssman-like activity as inferred from differential absorption studies using guinea pig kidney and bovine erythrocytes. The demonstration that hemagglutinins in group II sera were highly cross-reactive with human erythrocytes, including A1 and A1B, thus suggested a basis for interactions with group I red cells. The basis for a reciprocal effect, namely agglutination of group II cells by group I sera, was less clear, but may be related to the widespread reactivity of these sera against all human erythrocytes tested.
Quantitative Studies of the Specificity of Anti-Pneumococcal Antibodies, Types III and VIII
Authors: Katz Moshe , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method has been described for labeling of oligosaccharides, isolated from partial hydrolysates of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide, by reduction of the terminal hexose units with tritiated borohydride. Interactions of rabbit anti-S3 antibody and its purified Fab fragments, with purified, labeled and reduced hexasaccharides, (T)3A6 and (T)3D6, derived respectively from S3 by acid and by enzymatic hydrolysis, were studied by equilibrium dialysis. Homogeneous binding was observed in each case with association constants exceeding 105 L/mol. Removal of the Fc fragment followed by reduction and alkylation to 3.6 S fragments did not significantly alter the magnitude of the association constants.
Regenerative Potential of Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Nettesheim P. , Williams M. L. , Hammons Anna S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The experimental data are consistent with the notion that the immune progenitor cell pool initially stimulated in the primary antibody response is distinct from that stimulated in the secondary or anamnestic response. A major factor responsible for the long-lasting immunologic inadequacy of irradiated animals appears to be a chronic deficiency in immunocompetent cells. The capacity to form 7 S antibody was more heavily suppressed by x-irradiation than was the capacity to form 19 S antibody. This preferential suppression of the 7 S response was seen throughout the recovery phase. In thymectomized mice irradiated with 850 r and treated with isologous bone marrow, recovery of the 7 S antibody response was virtually abolished, whereas the 19 S hemagglutinin response recovered substantially. Recovery of antibody-forming capacity from x-ray exposures as high as 1000 r does not require the presence of the thymus; primarily the rate of recovery appears to be thymus-dependent. These observations were made in two different mouse strains with rat and sheep RBC used as test antigens. Recovery from antigen competition was found to be independent of the thymus.
Rabbit Autoantibodies to Aorta
Authors: Intorp Hans W. , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera of rabbits immunized with antigenic preparations of bovine and human aortic intima reacted also with extracts of rabbit aorta, and two antigens characteristic of this tissue could be detected by these antisera. Two analogous antigens could also be identified by using the antisera of rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit aorta preparations in Freund's adjuvant. One of these antigens was a thermolabile component with fast electrophoretic mobility, presumably a protein; the other was a thermostable ethanol-insoluble component closely related to previously described tissue-specific BE antigens. Reactions with antigenic preparations derived from the antibody-producing animal provided evidence for the autoantibody nature of the antibodies under investigation.
Ultrastructural Identification of Possible Sites of Antigen Processing in Macrophages
Authors: Catanzaro Phillip J. , Graham Richard C. , Schwartz Howard J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fishman and co-workers first suggested that the primary immune response requires the sequential interaction of antigen and two distinct cell types (1–3). This concept was supported by the finding that an RNA fraction (perhaps containing antigen and/or antigenic fragments) from antigen-stimulated macrophages was capable of inducing specific antibody production in vitro (2–5). To this time, there has been no ultrastructural evidence to elucidate the intracellular site of this antigen “processing,” or the mode of transfer of “processed,”, immunogenic material from macrophages to immunocompetent lymphoid cells. On the contrary, cell biologists, using colloidal gold (6), carbohydrates (7), hemoglobin (8), bovine serum albumin (9), Salmonella adelaide flagella (10) and T2 phage (11), have shown that following uptake by mononuclear phagocytes, these materials enter lysosomes where rapid degradation occurs. The lysosomal compartment seems an unlikely site for antigen to react with or stimulate the formation of immunogenic RNA.
Identification and Genetic Control of the f4 and f5 Rabbit γA Immunoglobulin Allotypes
Authors: Conway Thomas P. , Dray Sheldon , Lichter Edward A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In addition to the three allotypic specificities, f1, f2 and f3 previously described, two new γA immunoglobulin allotypic specificities, f4 and f5, have been identified by immunodiffusion.
Progeny data indicate that the five allotypic specificities are inherited in three phenogroup combinations, f(1,5), f(2,4) and f(3,4) by alleles designated f1,5 f2,4 and f3,4.
The two allotypic specificities f1 and f5, f2 and f4 or f3 and f4 are present on separate γA immunoglobulin molecules in whey or serum.