bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity of concanavalin A-induced suppressor cells in human MLR: differential effects on primary MLR, secondary MLR, and memory cell precursors.
Authors: Goeken N E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relative sensitivity of the MLR responses of freshly isolated human lymphocytes to Con A-induced suppressor cells (SC) was compared to that of lymphocytes that had been primed previously in vitro. Fresh and primed cells were suppressed 72 and 17%, respectively, when cultured under similar conditions (p less than 0.0005). Titration of SC indicated that equivalent suppression in the two populations would require greater than a 50-fold excess of SC in the primed cells. Neither preincubation of the primed cells for 24 or 72 hr with the SC before restimulation, addition of fresh autologous cells to the primed cells, nor preincubation of the SC with fresh cells before addition to the primed cells increased suppression of primed cells. SC added at the beginning of a primary MLC were, however, very suppressive for both the primary response (67% suppression) and the subsequent secondary response (81% suppression). These data indicate that although the human primary MLR and the precursor of the memory cell are both sensitive to the suppressors induced by Con A, the memory cell itself possess an intrinsic resistance to such suppressors that is not related to simple kinetic phenomena nor to the loss in vitro of an intermediate regulatory cell. Cell depletion experiments suggest that resistance to nonspecific suppression may occur at the level of the helper cell.
Clustering of antigenic determinants on H-2 molecules.
Authors: Lemke H , Håmmerling G J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The spatial relationship of individual antigenic determinants on H-2Kk and H-2Db molecules was investigated with seven different monoclonal anti-H-2Kk and seven anti-H-2Db antibodies. In these studies the binding of radiolabeled monoclonal anti-H-2 to target cells was competed by addition of various cold anti-H-2 antibodies. The results indicate that on both H-2Kk and H-2Db molecules the antigenic determinants are arranged in two spatially separated clusters. Thus, antibodies to determinants within a cluster show mutual inhibition of binding but do not block the binding of antibodies to the other cluster, and vice versa. Furthermore, in the case of H-2Db antigens it was observed that binding of antibodies to one cluster would considerably enhance the binding of antibodies to the other cluster. A preliminary Scatchard analysis indicated that the enhancing antibody did not alter the affinity of the radiolabeled antibody, but led to an increase of available binding sites on the cell membrane. In addition, binding inhibition studies revealed that the conventional private specificity H-2.2 of H-2Db consists of at least two independent sites on the molecule.
Histamine suppresses in vitro synthesis of precursor (pro-C5) of the fifth complement component (C5) by mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Authors: Ooi Y M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble histamine added to mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture suppressed the synthesis of the functional and antigenic complement component C5. Synthesis of intracellular C5 antigen by resident macrophages was suppressed by 16 to 80%, and functional C5 activity by 13.6 to 87.2% at concentrations of histamine ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(-3) M, respectively; secretion of C5 protein was depressed by 18.3 to 85.5% and hemolytic C5 by 8 to 80%. In thioglycollate-stimulated exudates, intracellular synthesis of C5 protein was reduced by 3.3 to 72.3% and functional C5 activity by 7.6 to 73.5% using similar concentrations of histamine; secreted C5 protein was inhibited by 8.9 to 75.7% and functional activity by 4 to 78%. The suppression of C5 activity in resident and thioglycollate-stimulated cultures was dependent on the dose of histamine with maximal suppression occurring at a concentration of 10(-3) M. Experiments in which specific histamine agonists were used confirmed that the action was mediated by the H2 receptor. The inhibition of C5 antigenic protein synthesis paralleled that detected for functional C5. Immunochemical analysis of C5 antigen synthesized under the influence of histamine indicated that suppression of synthesis of pro-C5 was the major mechanism responsible for the depression of C5 produced under these conditions. The inhibitory effects produced by histamine were shown to be mediated by histamine type 2 receptors as indicated by abrogation of the inhibition by cimetidine (H2 antagonist).
Restoration of allograft responsiveness in B rats by interleukin 2 and/or adherent cells.
Authors: Clason A E , Duarte A J , Kupiec-Weglinski J W , Williams J N , Wang B S , Strom T B , Tilney N L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
LEW X BN)F1 cardiac allografts survive 1 wk in unmodified LEW recipients (MST +/- SD = 8.3 +/- 1.2 days) but indefinitely (greater than 100 days) in B rats, produced by 750 R sublethal x-radiation 3 to 4 wk after adult thymectomy and reconstitution with syngeneic bone marrow cells from thymectomized thoracic duct-drained donors. Graft survival appears independent of blocking antibodies and is not mediated by suppressor cells or loss of graft immunogenicity. The unresponsive state is eventually reversed by adoptive transfer of 10(8) spleen cells from nonimmune (MST +/- SD = 27.5 +/- 4.7 days) or alloimmune (MST +/- SD = 21.5 +/- 1.9 days) syngeneic animals. In contrast, concomitant administration of 2 X 10(7) thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal exudate adherent cells plus 10(8) alloimmune syngeneic spleen cells produced acute allograft rejection in 50% of B recipients within 10 to 12 days, while in every instance grafts underwent acute rejection (MST +/- SD = 10.0 +/- 1.4 days) in B recipients treated with interleukin 2 (IL 2) rich conditioned supernatant plus sensitized cells. In vitro studies revealed that adherent cells from B rats possessed less than 50% the capacity of adherent cells from normal animals either to support the Con A-stimulated uptake of 3H-thymidine by splenic T cells or to promote production of IL 2 by spleen cells depleted of adherent cells. Altered lymphocyte migration patterns in B recipients may also contribute to prolonged allograft survival secondary to adherent cell dysfunction.
A biochemical variant of human T cell growth factor produced by a cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell line.
Authors: Gootenberg J E , Ruscetti F W , Gallo R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three cell lines of mature T cell origin established from patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma-leukemia (CTCL) have been found to be constitutive producers of TCGF (L-TCGF). Biologically active L-TCGF can also be eluted from the plasma membranes of these cells. We have compared the biologic and biochemical properties of L-TCGF and TCGF derived from normal lymphocytes (N-TCGF). L-TCGF and N-TCGF share similar biologic activity: both support long-term growth of T cells that have undergone prior lectin or antigen stimulation, and have no effect on unstimulated T cells. However, L-TCGF is a more acidic (pI 4.5 vs 6.5 to 8.0) molecule than N-TCGF and elutes from DEAE-Sepharose at higher salt concentration (0.2 M NaCl vs 0.07 to 0.1 M NaCl). In addition, these two factors display differing mobilities on gel filtration. Treatment of L-TCGF with neuraminidase or alkaline phosphatase does not alter its pI, indicating that enzymatically vulnerable sialic acid or phosphate groups are not involved in the variation. The nature and significance of this biochemical variant remain unknown.
IgG1 antibody-dependent mediator release after passive systemic sensitization of basophils arriving at cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reactions.
Authors: Mitchell E B , Brown S J , Askenase P W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When antigen is injected into a 24-hr cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reaction of an actively sensitized guinea pig, local basophils degranulate and release histamine. This reaction is called cutaneous basophil anaphylaxis and may be antibody mediated. We now report passive sensitization of basophils at CBH sites by systemic transfer of anti-picryl immune serum. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin- (KLH) immunized animals were skin tested with KLH to elicit 24-hr CBH reactions at day 7. Anti-picryl serum was injected i.v. at various times. On day 7, blue dye was injected i.v., and then 24-hr CBH sites vs nearby normal skin were challenged with 0.1 microgram picryl-human serum albumin (Pic-HSA). An immediate increase in vascular permeability (blueing) was noted at normal skin sites due to systemic passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and augmented blueing occurred at CBH sites compared with normal skin. Systemic passive sensitization of CBH sites occurred when antiserum was administered as little as 1 hr before challenge of CBH site. However, local administration of anti-picryl serum (as in a local PCA reaction) was not able to sensitize tissue basophils, whether antigen was administered locally or systemically. The serum factor that mediated cutaneous basophil anaphylaxis was heat-stable (56 degrees C X 4 hr) 7S IgG1 antibody. Electron microscopy of Pic-HSA-challenged CBH sites in animals that received IgG1 antibody showed that local basophils undergo anaphylactic degranulation by exocytosis. These studies suggest that basophils arriving at CBH reactions are sensitized for anaphylactic function by antibody that can be acquired in the circulation, but possibly not at the local site.
Dynamics of B cell repertoire formation: normal patterns of clonal turnover are altered by ligand interaction.
Authors: Thompson M A , Cancro M P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The dynamics of B cell repertoire formation was examined by defining the kinetics and clonal composition of the influenza hemagglutinin- (HA) responsive BALB/c repertoire at 1 and 2 wk of age. Although the size and diversity of the HA-responsive repertoire remain constant during this period, the clonal composition changes significantly. These findings indicate a rapid and regular turnover of clonal specificities within the emerging primary repertoire. In addition, the effect of ligand exposure on this process was analyzed by characterizing the repertoire of 2-wk-old BALB/c mice that had been immunized with virus during their first week of life. This treatment markedly alters the normal kinetics and turnover of the emerging repertoire. First, many clonotypes that normally arise between 1 and 2 wk of age fail to be expressed in detectable numbers. Second, several clonotypes that are normally only transiently expressed at 1 wk of age are preferentially expanded and preserved within the responsive B cell pool. In conjunction, these results demonstrate that a) the primary repertoire is characterized by rapid and regular turnover in clonotype composition, b) antigenic exposure perturbs the normal kinetics and pattern of this turnover, and c) the exact effects of ligand exposure may depend on the developmental stage at which it occurs.
B cell growth factor and T cell growth factor produced by mitogen-stimulated normal human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are distinct molecules.
Authors: Muraguchi A , Kasahara T , Oppenheim J J , Fauci A S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using a recently described assay for inducing and measuring the proliferation of normal human B cells in the absence of differentiation, we have demonstrated that B cell growth factor (BCGF) activity can be obtained from the culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of mitogens. Using Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, BCGF activity was demonstrated in the 20 to 30K m.w. fractions of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, this fraction also showed substantial T cell growth factor (TCGF) activity. Despite this overlapping of m.w., BCGF activity could clearly be separated from TCGF activity by selective absorption of factor-containing supernatants with the interleukin 2 activity by using interleukin 2-dependent cells without any diminution of BCGF activity, strongly suggesting that these two factors may be distinct molecular entities.
Cyclic GMP as the second messenger in helper cell requirement for gamma-interferon production.
Authors: Johnson H M , Archer D L , Torres B A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclic GMP and activators (acetylcholine, E. coli heat-stable toxin) of guanylate cyclase were capable of completely replacing the helper cell or interleukin 2 requirement for gamma-interferon (IFN gamma) production by Lyt-1-,2+ cells from C57BL/6 mouse spleen cells. The cyclic GMP help was independent of DNA synthesis or proliferation in the IFN gamma-producing cells, because cyclic GMP reversed mitomycin C blockage of IFN gamma production but did not reverse the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Thus, the findings presented here are unrelated to the question of the second messenger role of cyclic GMP in the activation of lymphocytes for DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation. The cyclic GMP help for IFN gamma production was antagonized by cyclic AMP and inducers (isoproterenol) of adenylate cyclase.
Animal toxicity of Shigella dysenteriae cytotoxin: evidence that the neurotoxic, enterotoxic, and cytotoxic activities are due to one toxin.
Authors: Eiklid K , Olsnes S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lethal effect to rabbits and mice of Shigella dysenteriae toxin and the ability of the toxin to induce fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops were studied in relation to the cytotoxic activity. The relative concentrations of the three activities were approximately the same in a crude toxin preparation and in purified, electrophoretically homogenous toxin. The cytotoxic and lethal activities eluted identically from a high pressure liquid chromatography column and migrated at the same rate in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. The cytotoxic, lethal, and enterotoxic activities were inactivated to essentially the same extent upon incubation for few minutes at 80 degrees C and upon treatment with urea. Graded precipitation of Shigella toxin with different amounts of an antiserum to Shigella toxin in each case removed essentially the same fraction of the cytotoxic, the lethal, and the enterotoxic activity. The data indicate that one molecular entity is responsible for the three biologic effects of Shigella toxin studied. After i.v. injection, the LD50 dose was estimated to be 2.2 ng/kg in rabbits and 450 ng/kg in mice.
Primary amines inhibit the triggering of B lymphocytes to antibody synthesis.
Authors: Julian C , Speck N A , Pierce S K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transglutaminase enzyme activity was demonstrated in murine splenic B lymphocytes. Preincubation of cell cultures with primary amines that are known substrates for transglutaminase inhibited the triggering of murine B lymphocytes to form clones of antibody-producing plasma cells. B cells could be rescued from this inhibition by incubating cultures with anti-immunoglobulin or multivalent antigens under nonstimulatory conditions. Rescue of B cells exhibited the same requirements as stimulation, which suggests that rescue is a dynamic process and not simply a receptor-ligand binding event. Primary amines appeared to inhibit an early, T cell-independent event in the B cell activation pathway, which was not sufficient to trigger B cells to form antibody-producing clones. Subsequent receptor-mediated events, required to further trigger B cells, were not inhibited by the presence of primary amines.
Stimulator cell requirements for allospecific T cell subsets: specialized accessory cells are required to activate helper but not cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors.
Authors: Czitrom A A , Sunshine G H , Reme T , Ceredig R , Glasebrook A L , Kelso A , MacDonald H R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine cortisone-resistant thymocytes were separated by staining with monoclonal anti-Lyt-2 antibody and FMF into Lyt-2- and Lyt-2+ subsets in order to analyze the nature of stimulator accessory cells required to activate each of these functionally distinct T cell subpopulations. The Lyt-2- fraction was able to proliferate but not to generate cytotoxic cells when stimulated by irradiated allogeneic spleen cells. Fractionation of the stimulator population showed that low numbers of dendritic cells and splenic macrophages, but not equivalent numbers of whole spleen cells or peritoneal macrophages, were able to stimulate the Lyt-2- population. On the other hand, the Lyt-2+ population, which showed little if any proliferation in response to irradiated spleen cells, contained all the precursors of cytolytic T lymphocytes. In contrast to the highly specific stimulator requirement of the Lyt-2- fraction, allospecific cytotoxic cells were generated from Lyt-2+ cells by any alloantigen-bearing stimulator cell provided interleukin 2 was present. This was confirmed by limiting dilution analysis: alloreactive CTL-P frequencies in spleen and thymus were not influenced by the nature of the stimulator cell. These data collectively indicate that heterogeneous Ia+ accessory cells are required to stimulate helper but not cytolytic T cell precursors.
Role of arachidonate metabolism in the immunoregulatory function of human leukocytic pyrogen/lymphocyte-activating factor/interleukin 1.
Authors: Dinarello C A , Marnoy S O , Rosenwasser L J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocytic pyrogen (LP) is a polypeptide product of activated mononuclear phagocytes that has been established as the endogenous mediator of fever. Recent studies show LP may be identical to lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF or interleukin 1). In the present experiments, chromatographic separations of human LP indicate fractions that produce fever in rabbits and enhance phytohemagglutinin- (PHA) induced murine thymocyte proliferation (LAF activity) also stimulate human monocyte monolayers to release prostaglandin E (PGE). Ibuprofen, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, prevents PGE release from monocytes stimulated with LP and also brings about a rapid defervesence of LP-induced fever in rabbits. Concentrations of ibuprofen that block PGE production in vitro and in vivo, however, have no effect on LP-induced thymocyte proliferation. When the arachidonic acid analogue eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid was added to thymocytes in the LAF assay, a 50 to 70% decrease in LP-induced enhancement of proliferation was observed without a decrease in the background PHA response. Similar results were also observed with BW755C, a water-soluble inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway. The results of these studies suggest products of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism are not involved in the mechanism by which LP stimulates thymocyte proliferation. On the other hand, the results suggest products of the lipoxygenase pathway may mediate the thymocyte proliferative response induced by LP.
CBA/N X-linked defect delays expression of the Y-linked accelerated autoimmune disease in BXSB mice.
Authors: Golding B , Golding H , Foiles P G , Morton J I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BXSB male mice spontaneously develop progressive autoimmune disease characterized by high serum immunoglobulins, including anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), enlarged spleen and lymph nodes, and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Females develop symptoms at a much slower rate. The mechanisms underlying the autoimmune disease and the nature of the Y-linked accelerating factor have not yet been elucidated. We found that the male progeny of the cross between the non-autoimmune strain CBA/Ca and BXSB (CBA/Ca X BXSB)F1 showed progressing signs of autoimmunity starting at 6 to 7 mo. In contrast, the male progeny that resulted from BXSB males crossed with immune-defective CBA/N females (Xid) were devoid of splenic B colonies, were nonresponsive to TNP-Ficoll, and were free of autoimmune disease for at least 10 mo. At 18 mo, some of the (CBA/N X BXSB)F1 mice developed weak antinuclear antibodies, but no spleen or lymph node enlargement was seen. The same mice had low anti-TNP Ficoll responses but did not produce B colonies in vitro. The role of the X chromosome in regulating expression of autoimmunity in young and old BXSB mice is discussed.
Antigens on human plasma cells identified by monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Anderson K C , Park E K , Bates M P , Leonard R C , Hardy R , Schlossman S F , Nadler L M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies that define distinct plasma cell-associated antigens, termed PCA-1 and PCA-2, were developed against human plasma cell leukemia cells. These antigens are strongly expressed on human myelomas, plasma cell leukemia, and plasmacytoma tumor cells, but are not detected on other lymphoid malignancies of B, T, null, or myeloid origin. PCA-1 and PCA-2 are not expressed on either normal T or B lymphocytes, but are weakly expressed on granulocytes and monocytes. When pokeweed mitogen is used to induce human B lymphocyte differentiation, PCA-1 is expressed when other B cell determinants are lost and plasmacytoid morphology, intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins, and surface T10 staining characteristic of plasma cells appear. In contrast, PCA-2 cannot be induced and may therefore appear later in the B cell differentiation scheme. These antigens may be of utility for the study and regulation of normal and abnormal plasma cell growth, traffic, and tissue distribution and may aid in understanding heterogeneity within plasma cell dyscrasias.
alpha-Interferon increases immunoglobulin production in cultured human mononuclear leukocytes.
Authors: Rodriguez M A , Prinz W A , Sibbitt W L , Bankhurst A D , Williams R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are known to modulate immune responses in either an inhibitory or a stimulating manner. The present study was initiated to investigate the mechanisms by which alpha-IFN modulates Ig production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IgG and IgM production was measured in pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) stimulated 7-day cultures of PBMC. Significant enhancement of IgM and IgG production was observed when alpha-IFN was added. Overnight preincubation followed by washing also produced significant enhancement. The effect of alpha-IFN was not obtained in the absence of PWM or T cells. The effect of alpha-IFN on cultures of B and T cells was not altered by irradiation of T cells (2000 rad). alpha-IFN was not shown to enhance the production of helper factor but did increase the responsiveness of B cells to helper factor if the B cells were preincubated with alpha-IFN. Finally, alpha-IFN did not increase the Ig production of PBMC induced by Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and the outgrowth of EBV-infected PBMC was not affected. Overall, these results show for the first time that the effect of alpha-IFN on PBMC is due to an enhanced responsiveness of B cells to helper factors produced by radioresistant T cells.