bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and Self-Directed Treatments for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Insalaco Wendy , Hobelmann J. Gregory 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) remains a major public health problem for which comprehensive treatment strategies are warranted. This chapter reviews the empirical literature supporting various behavioral strategies to engage patients with OUD. First, it reviews the impact of engagement in treatment and individualized treatment planning on patient success in treatments. It then reviews several core behavioral therapies, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, and Peer Recovery Support Services, as well as self-directed treatments such as 12-Step programs, Self-Management and Recovery Training, and Celebrate Recovery. It also discusses holistic wellness, including Mindfulness in Recovery and physical activity such as yoga and aerobic fitness. Finally, we provide a case example of how behavioral strategies may enhance and enrich a patient’s recovery process.
Psychiatric Comorbidities Among Persons Who Are Using Opioids
Authors: McHugh R. Kathryn 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric disorders and symptoms are highly prevalent in people with nonprescribed opioid use and opioid use disorder (OUD) and co-occur with OUD at a rate higher than most other substance use disorders. Psychiatric disorders are associated with opioid use across the spectrum of severity, ranging from prescribed use, to nonprescribed use, and OUD. Furthermore, psychiatric disorders are associated with greater severity and poorer long-term course of OUD. Despite the high prevalence of psychiatric illnesses and their deleterious impact on long-term course, access to mental health treatment remains severely limited in people with OUD. Although evidence-based treatment for OUD (e.g., opioid agonist therapies) may offer some benefit for mental health symptoms, research on the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment in people with OUD is sorely lacking. Research on the mechanisms linking psychiatric illness to OUD and effective prevention and treatment strategies is urgently needed.
Courts
Authors: Clark Tom S. , Vanberg Georg 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Judicial institutions are ubiquitous and fundamental to social life. This chapter explores the emergence and development of courts from quasi-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms to highly complex formal institutions that structure private law and police constitutional boundaries. The initial conditions for dispute resolution impose significant constraints on the ability to impose judgements, limiting dangers of the partiality. As courts develop into more formal, state-sponsored institutions, their coercive capacity grows, and the construction of institutional limits on judicial power takes on greater significance. Finally, as courts also assume a role in policing the constitutional boundaries of the state itself, protections for judicial independence emerge as an important condition. This chapter traces these developments and describes the conditions that favor the emergence of effective, independent courts.
Parasocial Experiences as a Function of Racial and Ethnic Identity
Authors: Riles Julius Matthew , Adams Kelly 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses how individuals experience parasocial ties with ingroup and outgroup characters based on race and ethnicity. Engagement in parasocial experiences is associated with a number of identity implications, rendering them critical to how people use media messages to understand themselves. However, much of the research within the social sciences, and communication in particular, has tended to occur within Western, often United States centered, contexts, notably among respondents disproportionately associated with the White racial identity, specifically those of a European ethnic descent. The chapter specifically examines members of marginalized groups and focuses on racial and ethnic identities. Much research remains needed in this area; however, adjacent research and theoretical applications are both incorporated in order to speculate about parasocial experiences that are contextualized by race and ethnicity. The significance of these experiences for media users’ ethnic/racial identities and directions for future research are discussed.
PSRs in Adolescence
Authors: Erickson Sarah E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is a critical developmental moment for humans. Biologically and socially, the adolescents’ worlds are shifting drastically, and, as a result, their relationships to media figures must shift as well. This chapter examines the unique developmental role that media personalities play in adolescence. The chapter begins by discussing the characteristics of parasocial relationships in this age group—how relationships with celebrities fit within the adolescents’ social circle more broadly, alongside their peers, parents, and family, in developing the adolescents’ identity. These parasocial experiences offer youth aspirational role models, leading to various effects, ranging from career aspirations to body image perceptions. Moreover, romantic parasocial experiences constitute important sexual/romantic experimentation that can shape their romantic schemas and relational expectations.
General overview of Cushitic
Authors: Tosco Mauro 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a general overview of Cushitic. According to current classifications and sources, there are at least 30 living Cushitic languages. The Cushitic languages are spoken primarily in the modern nation states of Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. The chapter discusses the relationship with Omotic, and elaborates on the four branches of Cushitic: North, Central, East, and South. However, almost every detail of this classification is open to serious doubt and has been the source of controversy. The Cushitic languages are verb-final, while the phrasal order is either the typologically expected modifier–head, or the less frequent head–modifier. The Cushitic robust systems of nominal derivation, nominative case system, directional adverbials, and verbs and verb phrases are analyzed.
Inor group
Authors: Chamora Berhanu , Prunet Jean-François , Rose Sharon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the languages within the Inor group: Inor, Endegagn, Ener, and Gyeta. It also covers the palatalization, nasalization, and labialization of allophones. While Inor, Endegagn, and Gyeta speak their language for conversations, they use Amharic for written and oral activities. Additionally, Inor is known to have extensive position-based consonant mutations, which are also classified between weak and strong. The chapter also looks into how Inor nouns do not have gender or numerical markings on them, so gender and numbers are indicated through verb agreement with subject and object markers. Moreover, humans and animals have a few more suppletive plurals.
Tigrinya
Authors: Bulakh Maria 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Tigrinya is the working language of the Tigray National Regional State (Ethiopia) and of the government of Eritrea. It is also spoken in Ethiopian and Eritrean diaspora in Israel, Europe, and the USA. Most of its speakers are Christians. The language is used in mass media, education, and administration. Tigrinya orthography is based on the expanded Ethiopic syllabary. The phonological system of Tigrinya contains pharyngeals and laryngeals. The striking feature of the nominal morphology is preservation of the broken plural. The main innovation in the domain of the verbal morphology is the emerging of a new verbal category, based on the morphological converb forms, but having the function of simple perfective.
Northern Gumuz
Authors: Ahland Colleen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Nilo-Saharan language, Northern Gumuz (NoG), that forms part of the broader Gumuz dialect cluster spoken across northwestern Ethiopia and southeastern Republic of Sudan. The speakers of NoG live side-by-side among ethnic groups who speak other mother tongue languages such as Amharic, Awngi, Shinasha and Oromo. Debates arise regarding the inclusion of the Gumuz languages (and the broader B’aga language family) in the Nilo-Saharan phylum. While the basic phonology and syntax of the language are described here, some unusual characteristics of the language include complex verb stems comprised of a verb root and (historical) noun root. Some of these historical noun roots (that form complex verb stems) have grammaticalized as verbal classifiers, making Gumuz the only language(s) in Africa documented with such a classifier system.
Hamar
Authors: Petrollino Sara 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the main grammatical features of Hamar, a South Omotic language spoken in South West Ethiopia and referred to in the literature as the Hamer-Banna cluster. The Hamar (morpho)phonological features discussed in the chapter include the prosodic system, which shows features of both tone and stress, vowel harmony, which produces mid-low vowels in nouns, sibilant harmony and metathesis. Aspects of nominal and verbal morphology are also outlined, with a special focus on the Hamar classification system in which nouns do not have inherent gender, but can be assigned to masculine and feminine depending on semantic, syntactic and pragmatic contexts. The chapter ends with a description of the syntax of the noun phrase and the basic structure of declarative, interrogative and negative clauses.
Northern Mao (Màwés Aatsʼè)
Authors: Ahland Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the major features of Northern Mao (NMao, also known as Màwés Aats'è) such as its sound and grammatical systems. It mentions how the NMao language is endangered. The term “Mao” has been used to refer to a variety of different groups and languages, including languages within the Nilo-Saharan phylum. Here, the term Mao is used to refer to the four languages within the subgroup of Omotic: NMao, Hozo, Sezo, and Ganza. This overview of NMao also covers contrastive segments, syllable patterns, phonotactic constraints, tones, major word classes, verbal and nominal morphology, the structure and functions of simple and complex clauses (including subordination, coordination, and clause chaining). The chapter also highlights the high functional load of tone in NMao, demonstrating its role as a stem-type marker (e.g. distinguishing finite verbs from infinitive verbs and nominal stems).
Sezo
Authors: Desta Girma Mengistu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into Sezo (endonym: Seez Waani), an endangered Omotic language spoken by the Seezi people living in remote villages of Begi and Qondala districts in the West Wollegga Zone, Oromia Regional State. Since Sezo is mostly used by the elder generation, and largely restricted for communication at home, the level of bilingualism in Oromo is high, especially since Oromo is used as a language for wider communication, schooling, and administration. Literacy in Sezo does not exist. The phonological inventory of Sezo includes twenty-four consonants, five vowels with contrastive length, and two level tones. Morphologically, the language is agglutinating with clear-cut morpheme boundaries in words. It is a nominative-accusative language in which the nominative is always morphologically marked, and formally differs from the accusative. Structurally, Sezo exhibits S(O)V constituent order. At phrasal and clausal level, modifiers precede heads, possessor nouns precede possessed nouns and dependent clauses precede main clauses.
Yemsa
Authors: Zaugg-Coretti Silvia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into Yemsa, which is considered to be an independent branch of Omotic. Yemsa displays different politeness registers for person marking and a small part of its vocabulary, and three level tones with lexical roots. The chapter also addresses morphophonological processes of Yemsa–whereas the main part is dedicated to morphosyntax. Yemsa distinguishes two genders in both nominal and verbal forms, with feminine as morphological default. There are a variety of morphologically, semantically, and syntactically specified main and dependent verb forms including converbs, as well as twelve nominal cases. Mood is a prominent category on verbs, next to aspect. Negation and polarity are coded on the verb in ways that are specific to the chosen verb form.
Arabic in Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Endris , Wetter Andreas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the remarkably multifaceted role of the Arabic language in Ethiopia. Arabic was important in Christian as well as in Islamic Ethiopia. Thus, many works of Christian religious literature were translated from Arabic into Ge'ez. Among Ethiopian Muslims Arabic has always been the language of religion, and as such was used in inscriptions and manuscripts for centuries. The language was and still is taught in several regions of the country where a rich tradition of manuscript culture emerged. The chapter also briefly describes the various uses of Arabic, its role as lingua franca, and as language of international correspondence in the 19th century. The linguistic influence of Arabic on Ethiopian languages is discussed, as well as the use of the Arabic script for writing literature in Ethiopian languages.
Adaptive Social Learning
Authors: Kendal Rachel , Watson Robin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although social learning is intuitively useful, researchers from several fields have, over the last 30 years, increasingly recognized that it is not inherently adaptive. Individuals certainly can gain fitness benefits by learning from others as they may acquire adaptive information yet avoid costs associated with the acquisition of asocial information, such as time or energy loss, opportunity costs, and predation. However, theoretical and empirical research indicates that social information use does not guarantee success. Theoretical models predict that social learning will not be employed in an indiscriminate manner and, instead, heuristics, or social learning strategies (also termed ‘transmission biases’) should bias individuals to copy particular behaviours (‘what’ strategies), performed by specific others (‘who’ strategies), under suitable circumstances (‘when’ strategies). This chapter provides a brief, non-exhaustive, review of the evidence for these social learning strategies in both humans and nonhumans. It also discusses key current debates such as the extent to which these strategies are conscious, and are products of genetic or cultural evolution, learning, or a combination of the two. Finally, it highlights the implications of social learning strategies for applied contexts and consider examples of how they have been put to practical use.
Manuscript Traditions
Authors: Howe Christopher J. , Windram Heather F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how textual scholars have applied computer programs from evolutionary biology to differences among versions of a manuscript text to infer the copying history of those versions (depicted diagrammatically as a ‘stemma’). The chapter presents the similarities between copying of texts and the copying of DNA sequences, and then describes how computer programs used for inferring the evolutionary history of DNA or protein sequences can also be used to infer the copying history of sets of texts. This approach is often referred to as ‘phylomemetics’. The history of phylomemetic analysis of texts is reviewed briefly, along with the steps involved in an analysis of textual material. The chapter discusses tests of the phylomemetic approach, and some of the criticisms that have been made of the approach, or difficulties encountered with it, although these criticisms and difficulties typically apply to conventional textual scholarship as well.
Cross-Cultural Comparative Methods for Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses
Authors: Mace Ruth , Zhang Hanzhi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To understand the evolutionary processes that led to the cultural variations seen today, an examination of cultural differences is required—why was a cultural practice adopted by some societies but not by others? Cross-cultural comparative methods use data from the present variation across cultural groups, combined with a phylogenetic tree of the history of these taxa, to try to infer how and why this cultural diversity arose. Phylogenetic comparative methods can be applied to test hypotheses regarding the coevolution of cultural traits or the adaptiveness of a cultural traits in relation to ecology. This chapter outlines how phylogenetic trees are made from cultural data, usually linguistic data, and it discusses how these cultural phylogenetic trees can be used both to test coevolutionary hypotheses and also to infer ancestral states and likely past changes in cultural evolution over time. The chapter discusses statistical pitfalls and the potential of future studies.
Ancient DNA and Cultural Evolution
Authors: Shennan Stephen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The extent to which lineages of cultural descent match those of biological populations has been a subject of discussion in prehistoric archaeology ever since it began as a discipline in Europe in the late nineteenth century, albeit couched in very different terms from today. Within the field of cultural evolution, the relation between patterns of cultural and genetic descent has been a topic of interest from the field’s emergence in its modern form in the 1970s and 1980s. However, while archaeological records of cultural traditions have long been available, it is only very recently that new methods of extracting information from ancient genomes have begun to make corresponding genetic patterns available so that two can be compared. As the number of ancient genomes has grown it has becoming increasingly apparent that cultural traditions in many aspects of human behaviour were transmitted in parallel with genomic patterns and spread as a result of demographic expansion. We can also trace the cultural consequences of interactions documented by genetic intermixing between populations that had been separate from one another for thousands of years or demonstrate the rapid horizontal spread of novel innovations without regard to genetic population boundaries. After a historical and theoretical introduction, the chapter presents a number of European case studies of the relationship between demographic patterns documented by ancient genomes and the rise and demise of cultural traditions. It will finish by drawing some general conclusions and considering future directions.
The Evolutionary Neuroscience of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Stout Dietrich , Hecht Erin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary neuroscience seeks to understand the origins and diversification of mental processes by evaluating comparative evidence of modern brain and behavioural variation in light of known evolutionary and developmental processes, primary archaeological and paleontological evidence of the past, and the modern experimental and real-world analogies needed to interpret this primary evidence. Dual Inheritance Theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution, identifies high fidelity social transmission and selective copying of cultural variants as key engines of human biocultural evolution, and thus logical targets for an evolutionary neuroscience of cultural evolution. However, evolutionary neuroscientific investigation of these capacities casts doubt on the fundamental DIT assumptions of a sharp dichotomy between individual and social learning and the content neutrality of cultural evolutionary processes. This undermines the view of human cultural evolution as a species typical capacity with a discrete origin and suggests that more diverse and contingent explanations of then history of human biocultural evolution are needed.
Home Fronts at War
Authors: Litoff Judy Barrett 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the home front experiences of the major Allied and Axis powers: the United States, Great Britain, China, Japan, Germany, and Italy. World War II was a total war that resulted in more than sixty million civilian and military deaths. In fact, deaths on the home fronts far exceeded deaths on the battlefields. Except for the Americas and southern Africa, nearly every country involved in World War II came under sustained enemy attack that often blurred the lines between home front and battle front. Throughout much of the world, women and children were mobilized to an unprecedented degree as warring nations confronted rationing, the scarcity of agricultural and industrial goods, severe labor shortages, defending the homeland from bombings and air raids, maintaining the morale of civilians and the fighting forces, and the overall conversion to a wartime economy
Neutral Powers in a Global War
Authors: Wylie Neville 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Historians have long recognized the need to include neutral states in the study of World War II. Particular prominence has been given to the role neutrals played in delivering humanitarian aid and assistance, and in facilitating international financial operations during the war. This focus has tended, however, to foreground the experiences of European neutrals, and to encourage a view of neutrality as an essentially European phenomenon. This chapter offers a corrective to this view. It challenges the view that European neutrals were effectively constrained by the actions of the belligerent powers during the early years of the war and suggests that their room for maneuvering reflected their own internal political calculations and, critically, the absence of support from two extra-European states—the United States and Russia—which had, historically, championed collective neutral rights. It also situates neutrality within a global context by drawing on two cases. First, Thailand, which turned to neutrality to help it navigate a path between the competing interests of the European colonial powers and a revisionist Japan. Second, what we call the “trans-Atlantic zone of neutrality,” a region that stretched from the Pyrenees to the eastern seaboard of Brazil, and whose existence is key to an understanding of Portuguese neutrality and Spanish “non-belligerency.”
Science and Technology
Authors: Doel Ronald E. , Harper Kristine C. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The conduct and outcome of World War II was fundamentally shaped by science and technology. Intensive war-time research and development led to breakthrough technologies including radar, guided missiles, proximity fuzes, mass-produced penicillin, and atomic weapons, and scientific discoveries that advanced weather, wave and surf forecasting and anti-submarine warfare. Elevating science and technology as key national priorities in the major belligerent nations strengthened government research laboratories and university science units, and increased their political power as tools of the state It also led to prolonged ethical debates about the role of scientists and engineers in developing weapons of mass destruction and lethality. Certain wartime developments, in particular, atomic bombs and guided missiles, became key components of weapons systems during the Cold War.