bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the recruitment potential of seeds in reconstructed soils and varying rainfall patterns
Authors: Erickson Todd E. , Dwyer John M. , Dalziell Emma L. , James Jeremy J. , Muñoz-Rojas Miriam , Merritt David J. 
Published: June 2023

Context Seeding is common practice for ecological restoration, but establishment rates can be low. For seeds to successfully establish they must transition through early life stages of germination, emergence, and (initial) survival. Examining these demographic processes for seeds sown under a range of abiotic conditions can identify failure points and inform techniques to improve seed use. Aims Here we quantified seed and seedling life-stage transitions in five reconstructed soils across four varying levels of simulated rainfall using five species (Acacia hilliana, Acacia inaequilatera, Indigofera monophylla, Triodia pungens, and Triodia wiseana) commonly seeded for mined land restoration of the Pilbara bioregion in north-west Western Australia. Methods Germination, emergence, and survival were measured over a 6 week period and transition probabilities between each life-stage transition were modelled for each treatment combination. Key results For four species, both rainfall amount and/or soil substrate significantly influenced germination probability. Rainfall was the more significant determinant, with germination greatest under the higher rainfall regimes of 120–280 mm, irrespective of soil type. Following germination, emergence of both Acacia spp. was positively influenced by soils containing topsoil, suggesting the microenvironment of soils containing topsoil was most favourable during this emergence phase. The effect of substrate was less clearcut for I. monophylla and Triodia spp, where emergence was most limited in substrates comprised solely of overburden waste material and the lowest rainfall regime exacerbated emergence failure, relative to germination success. When compared to the well-watered, 100% topsoil substrate, seedling survival of all species was most constrained in the 100% overburden waste, demonstrating these reconstructed mining substrates compromise seedling recruitment. Conclusions This study underscores that successful seedling recruitment in this ecosystem is dependent on frequent, and repeated, rainfall events above a certain threshold (≥120 mm) and highlights the beneficial effects of sowing seeds in a substrate containing topsoil. Implications Future seeding technologies should focus on improving the moisture relations of the microsite to offset the recruitment challenges experienced by seeds sown in hostile growing environments such as the overburden wastes tested here.
Multi-objective energy management of island microgrids with D-FACTS devices considering clean energy, storage systems and electric vehicles
Authors: Moradi Mahyar , Abardeh Mohamad Hoseini , Vahedi Mojtaba , Salehi Nasrin , Azarfar Azita 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The development of microgrids is progressing due to intelligent load demands, clean energy, batteries and electric vehicles. The presence of such systems in microgrids causes power balance inconsistency, leading to increased power losses and deviation in voltage. In this paper, a mixed-integer non-linear programming model is proposed for modelling island microgrid energy management considering smart loads, clean energy resources, electric vehicles and batteries. Similarly, a flexible distributed AC transmission system device is proposed to prevent voltage deviation and reduce power losses. A scenario-based multi-objective function has been proposed to decrease energy losses and voltage deviations and energy outages of clean energy resources, reduce emissions from fossil-fired distributed generation and finally decrease load outages to reduce the vulnerability of the islanded microgrid. Regarding the proposed mixed-integer non-linear model and the high number of variables and constraints, a modified evolutionary algorithm based on particle swarm optimization has been proposed to solve the proposed model, which can be more efficient than other algorithms to achieve global optimal solutions. The model presented is implemented on a 33-node island microgrid and the results illustrate that the proposed algorithm and model are effective in reducing energy losses and voltage deviation, as well as reducing the vulnerability of the microgrid. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can lead to significant improvements in the performance of the microgrid. Specifically, the approach can result in a 27% reduction in losses, a 6% reduction in pollution and a 31% improvement in voltage. Additionally, the approach allows maximum utilization of renewable energy sources, making it a promising solution for sustainable energy management.
Hypothesizing an algorithm from one example: the role of specificity
Authors: Muggleton FREng S. H. 
Published: June 2023

Statistical machine learning usually achieves high-accuracy models by employing tens of thousands of examples. By contrast, both children and adult humans typically learn new concepts from either one or a small number of instances. The high data efficiency of human learning is not easily explained in terms of standard formal frameworks for machine learning, including Gold’s learning-in-the-limit framework and Valiant’s probably approximately correct (PAC) model. This paper explores ways in which this apparent disparity between human and machine learning can be reconciled by considering algorithms involving a preference for specificity combined with program minimality. It is shown how this can be efficiently enacted using hierarchical search based on identification of certificates and push-down automata to support hypothesizing compactly expressed maximal efficiency algorithms. Early results of a new system called DeepLog indicate that such approaches can support efficient top-down construction of relatively complex logic programs from a single example.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Cognitive artificial intelligence’.
Socially intelligent machines that learn from humans and help humans learn
Authors: Gweon Hyowon , Fan Judith , Kim Been 
Published: June 2023

A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to understand and influence other minds. Humans engage in inferential social learning (ISL) by using commonsense psychology to learn from others and help others learn. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are raising new questions about the feasibility of human–machine interactions that support such powerful modes of social learning. Here, we envision what it means to develop socially intelligent machines that can learn, teach, and communicate in ways that are characteristic of ISL. Rather than machines that simply predict human behaviours or recapitulate superficial aspects of human sociality (e.g. smiling, imitating), we should aim to build machines that can learn from human inputs and generate outputs for humans by proactively considering human values, intentions and beliefs. While such machines can inspire next-generation AI systems that learn more effectively from humans (as learners) and even help humans acquire new knowledge (as teachers), achieving these goals will also require scientific studies of its counterpart: how humans reason about machine minds and behaviours. We close by discussing the need for closer collaborations between the AI/ML and cognitive science communities to advance a science of both natural and artificial intelligence.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Cognitive artificial intelligence’.
Understanding computational dialogue understanding
Authors: Wahlster Wolfgang 
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we first explain why human-like dialogue understanding is so difficult for artificial intelligence (AI). We discuss various methods for testing the understanding capabilities of dialogue systems. Our review of the development of dialogue systems over five decades focuses on the transition from closed-domain to open-domain systems and their extension to multi-modal, multi-party and multi-lingual dialogues. From being somewhat of a niche topic of AI research for the first 40 years, it has made newspaper headlines in recent years and is now being discussed by political leaders at events such as the World Economic Forum in Davos. We ask whether large language models are super-parrots or a milestone towards human-like dialogue understanding and how they relate to what we know about language processing in the human brain. Using ChatGPT as an example, we present some limitations of this approach to dialogue systems. Finally, we present some lessons learned from our 40 years of research in this field about system architecture principles: symmetric multi-modality, no presentation without representation and anticipation feedback loops. We conclude with a discussion of grand challenges such as satisfying conversational maxims and the European Language Equality Act through massive digital multi-linguality—perhaps enabled by interactive machine learning with human trainers.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Cognitive artificial intelligence'.
Characterizing the polygenic architecture of complex traits in populations of East Asian and European descent
Authors: De Lillo Antonella , Wendt Frank R. , Pathak Gita A. , Polimanti Renato 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTTo investigate the polygenicity of complex traits in populations of East Asian (EAS) and European (EUR) descents, we leveraged genome-wide data from Biobank Japan, UK Biobank, and FinnGen cohorts. Specifically, we analyzed up to 215 outcomes related to 18 health domains, assessing their polygenic architecture via descriptive statistics, such as the proportion of susceptibility SNPs per trait (πc). While we did not observe EAS-EUR differences in the overall distribution of polygenicity parameters across the phenotypes investigated, there were ancestry-specific patterns in the polygenicity differences between health domains. In EAS, pairwise comparisons across health domains showed enrichment for πcdifferences related to hematological and metabolic traits (hematological fold-enrichment=4.45, p=2.15×10−7; metabolic fold-enrichment=4.05, p=4.01×10−6). For both categories, the proportion of susceptibility SNPs was lower than that observed for several other health domains (EAS-hematological median πc=0.15%, EAS-metabolic median πc=0.18%) with the strongest πcdifference with respect to respiratory traits (EAS-respiratory median πc=0.50%; Hematological-p=2.26×10−3; Metabolic-p=3.48×10−3). In EUR, pairwise comparisons showed multiple πcdifferences related to the endocrine category (fold-enrichment=5.83, p=4.76×10−6), where these traits showed a low proportion of susceptibility SNPs (EUR-endocrine median πc=0.01%) with the strongest difference with respect to psychiatric phenotypes (EUR-psychiatric median πc=0.50%; p=1.19×10−4). Simulating sample sizes of 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 individuals, we also showed that ancestry-specific polygenicity patterns translate into differences across health domains in the genetic variance explained by susceptibility SNPs projected to be genome-wide significant (e.g., EAS hematological-neoplasm p=2.18×10−4; EUR endocrine-gastrointestinal p=6.80×10−4). These findings highlight that traits related to the same health domains may present ancestry-specific variability in their polygenicity.
Strategies to resolve the gap in Adolescent Tuberculosis care at four health facilities in Uganda: The TEEN TB pilot project
Authors: Omongot Samson , Muttamba Winters , Najjingo Irene , Baluku Joseph Baruch , Kitaka Sabrina , Turyahabwe Stavia , Kirenga Bruce 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionIn 2021, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) globally, 1.2 million of these were children. About 40% of them aged between 5 and 14 years with TB are missed annually. In Uganda, 44% of adolescents with chronic cough of ≥2 weeks do not seek care from health facilities. Therefore, strategies to promote health care-seeking behaviour among adolescents are urgently needed. We piloted a project (TEEN TB project) aimed at improving uptake of tuberculosis (TB) care services among adolescents at Ugandan health facilities.MethodologyWe developed an adolescent TB awareness and screening package using the human centred design. This technique puts real people at the centre of the development process. The package consisted of 3 interventions (TB screening cards, adolescent-TB awareness poster messages and a local TB awareness song) deployed in the project health facilities and their surrounding communities. Data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents were collected for the period between October 2021 and March 2022 at 4 project health facilities (Kawolo, Iganga, Gombe and Kiwoko). We collected before and after intervention data from facility level records to determine the effect of the package.ResultsA total of 394 adolescents were included and the majority (76%) were still in school. Overall, the intervention improved adolescent TB care in the four project health facilities. The average number of adolescents screened increased by 94% from 159 to 309, with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.9 (95% CI: 1.9-2.0, p <0.001), there was a 2-fold increase among those presumed to have TB; from 13 to 29, IRR of 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9-2.5, p <0.001) and those tested with GeneX-pert and microscopy increased more than 3 times from 8 to 28, IRR of 3.3 (95% CI: 2.8-3.8, p <0.001). There was a minimal increase in the average monthly number of adolescents with a positive result from 1.6 to 2.4 and linkage to TB care services from 2 to 3.1. These were not statistically significant at p=0.170 and p=0.154 respectively.ConclusionThe project improved uptake of TB services among adolescents along the TB care cascade (screening, TB testing and linkage to care). We recommend a robust and fully powered randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the package.
Women are Prone to Age-Related aortic Stiffness
Authors: Meng Zixuan , Cheng LeLe , Liu Wenjun , Yu Yue , Liu Hui , Yao Guolin , Yang Jian , Wu Yue , Jian Zhijie 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAimTo investigate sex differences in the aortic aging by analyzing aortic diameter and tortuosity in different segments of aorta across the age spectrum, using enhanced CT imaging.MethodBetween July 2021 and April 2022, a retrospective study screened patients with chest and abdomen contrast CT images. The outer edge-to-outer edge method was utilized to measure aortic diameters at five aortic levels, while arterial tortuosity of various segments was measured and calculated using imaging software. Mean values were compared at different age groups, including by sex, and correlation with age was determined. To validate the coherence of arterial elasticity and anticipated age-related arterial alterations, a subset of data from a previously published article in BMJ Open was extracted for the purpose of examining the correlation between age and arterial stiffness, stratified by sexes.Results208 participants (56.6% men, mean age 60.13±16.33 years old, mean BMI 23.07±4.03 kg/m2, mean BSA 1.70±0.19 m2) were enrolled in this study. The BSA-adjusted aortic diameters showed a positive correlation with age in both sexes, but females demonstrated a more rapid increase in progressive aortic diameters throughout their lifespan than males. In the age groups of 60-69 and above 80 years old, males exhibited significantly larger L1 measurements than females. Conversely, in individuals over 80 years old, females displayed greater L3 values compared to their male counterparts. However, no sexual disparities were observed for L2, L4 and L5 across all ages. Females exhibited greater aortic tortuosity in the descending thoracic region compared to males across all age groups, whereas this sex-based distribution of aortic and abdominal tortuosity was only evident among individuals over 40 years old. The tortuosity of the aorta and descending thoracic aorta exhibits a marked increase with advancing age, particularly in females, while a non-significant linear correlation is observed between abdominal aortic tortuosity and age in both genders. BaPWV consistently increased with age in both males and females, but the increase was more significant in females. Although males initially had higher arterial stiffness, females surpassed them as they aged.ConclusionPatterns of vascular aging in aortic morphology differ between the sexes across the life course, with women experiencing more significant changes, especially in advanced age groups.
Cholera deaths during outbreaks in Uvira, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10-35 months after mass vaccination
Authors: Bugeme Patrick Musole , Xu Hanmeng , Hutchins Chloe , Hulse Juan Dent , Saidi Jaime Mufitini , Rumedeka Baron Bashige , Itongwa Moïse , Mashauri Joël Faraja Zigashane , Lulela Faraja Masembe , Bengehya Justin , Kulondwa Jean-Claude , Debes Amanda K , Ciglenecki Iza , Tshiwedi Esperance , Kitoga Faida , Bodisa-Matamu Tavia , Nadège Taty , Kavunga-Membo Hugo , Lunguya Octavie , Welo Placide Okitayemba , Knee Jackie , Mukadi-Bamuleka Daniel , Azman Andrew S. , Malembaka Espoir Bwenge 
Published: June 2023

AbstractOur understanding of the burden and drivers of cholera mortality is hampered by limited surveillance and confirmation capacity. Leveraging enhanced clinical and laboratory surveillance in the cholera-endemic community of Uvira, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, we describe cholera deaths across three epidemics between September 2021-September 2023, following mass vaccination.
Full Publication of Preprint Articles in Prevention Research: An Analysis of Publication Proportions and Results Consistency
Authors: Sommer Isolde , Sunder-Plassmann Vincent , Ratajczak Piotr , Emprechtinger Robert , Dobrescu Andreea , Griebler Ursula , Gartlehner Gerald 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionThere is concern that preprint articles will lead to an increase in the amount of scientifically invalid work available. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the proportion of prevention preprints published within 12 months, 2) to assess the consistency of the effect estimates and conclusions between preprint and published articles, and 3) to explore the reasons for the nonpublication of preprints.MethodsWe developed a web crawler to search the preprint server medRxiv for prevention studies posted from January 1 to September 30, 2020. An update search was conducted 12 months later. We dually screened the results for prevention articles and developed a scheme to classify changes in effect sizes and conclusions. We modeled the effect of a set of predictors on the proportion of preprints published in peer-reviewed journals. We also developed a questionnaire for authors of unpublished preprints.ResultsOf the 329 prevention preprints that met our eligibility criteria, almost half (48.9%) were published in a peer-reviewed journal within 12 months of being posted, with the median time being 5.3 months (range 0.1–11.3 months). While 27 out of 161 (16.8%) published preprints showed some change in the magnitude of the primary outcome effect estimate, 4.4% were classified as having a major change. The style or wording of the conclusion changed in 42.2%, while the content of the conclusion changed in 3.1%. Preprints on chemoprevention, with a cross-sectional design, and with public and noncommercial funding had the highest probabilities of publication. The main reasons for the nonpublication of preprints were journal rejection or lack of time.ConclusionThe reliability of preprint articles for evidence-based decision-making is questionable. Less than half of the preprint articles on prevention research are published in a peer-reviewed journal within 12 months, and significant changes in effect sizes and/or conclusions are still possible during the peer-review process.
Can eraDOCator-60 Decrease MDRs and HAIs? An Evaluation of the Efficacy of eraDOCator-60 in a Randomized Clinical Trial in a Community Hospital
Authors: Johns Martin , Machata Matthew , Liseno Stephanie , del Castillo Joseph 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is a significant transmission of contaminants in the healthcare setting. Daily disinfection utilizing ammonium and chlorine-based products can lead to adverse health effects such as asthma, cancer, and other serious health issues.MethodsThis study evaluated the effectiveness of eraDOCator-60 in a health care facility. This randomized trial took place at Copley Hospital in Morristown, Vermont. Separate areas of the hospital were cleaned and disinfected in one step with eraDOCator-60. A Charm analyzer was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of disinfection before and after 1 minute application of eraDOCator-60. The Charm analyzer detects Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) presence measured in Relative Light Units (RLUs).ResultsThe median number of RLUs decreased from 52,874 s to 0 RLUs after one-minute eraDOCator-60 dwell time in the emergency room; 18.611 RLUs to 0 RLUs in the medical-surgical unit, 41,507 RLUs to 0 RLUs in the cafeteria; 24,932 RLUs to 0 RLUs in the birthing center.ConclusionsEraDOCator-60 reduced contamination levels on all surfaces in the acute care setting down to a value of zero following a 1-minute dwell time in less than 5% soil load.
HIV-1 latency reversal agent boosting is not limited by opioid use
Authors: Lilie Tyler , Bouzy Jennifer , Asundi Archana , Taylor Jessica , Roche Samantha , Olson Alex , Coxen Kendyll , Corry Heather , Jordan Hannah , Clayton Kiera , Lin Nina , Tsibris Athe 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe opioid epidemic may impact the HIV-1 reservoir and its reversal from latency in virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH). We studied forty-seven PWH and observed that lowering the concentration of HIV-1 latency reversal agents (LRA), used in combination with small molecules that do not reverse latency, synergistically increases the magnitude of HIV-1 re-activationex vivo, regardless of opioid use. This LRA boosting, which combines a Smac mimetic or low-dose protein kinase C agonist with histone deacetylase inhibitors, can generate significantly more unspliced HIV-1 transcription than phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) with ionomycin (PMAi), the maximal known HIV-1 reactivator. LRA boosting associated with greater histone acetylation in CD4+T cells and modulated T cell activation-induced markers and intracellular cytokine production; Smac mimetic-based boosting was less likely to induce immune activation. We found that HIV-1 reservoirs in PWH contain unspliced and polyadenylated (polyA) virus mRNA, the ratios of which are greater in resting than total CD4+T cells and can correct to 1:1 with PMAi exposure. Latency reversal results in greater fold-change increases to HIV-1 poly(A) mRNA than unspliced message. Multiply spliced HIV-1 transcripts and virion production did not consistently increase with LRA boosting, suggesting the presence of a persistent post-transcriptional block. LRA boosting can be leveraged to probe the mechanisms of an effective cellular HIV-1 latency reversal program.