bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical factors influencing data use and utilization in health systems: a focus on data and interoperability standards for health information exchange (HIE) in Uganda’s health care system
Authors: Bagyendera Moses , Nabende Peter , Nabukenya Josephine 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Limited use and utilization of health data in Uganda’s health care system is influenced by various factors including: absence of standardized data formats, lack of data governance policies, unskilled data management human resources, limited data use culture, poor data quality, complacency, limited political will and lack of interoperability. Worse still, the existing data interoperability standards, primarily designed for developed world health systems, may not be suitable for Uganda due to differences in health information maturity levels. This paper examines the critical factors affecting data use and utilization in Uganda, specifically focusing on interoperability and data standards.
A cross-sectional design was used in this study in selected health facilities with electronic systems in Uganda. Purposive sampling was used to select sites and participants based on predetermined criteria. The study included 28 health center IVs, referral hospitals, government entities and eHealth stakeholders.
The findings highlight key factors including limited data collection and management systems, poor data quality, inadequate data analysis capacity, absence of data exchange standards, limited technology access, inadequate funding and deficiencies in data sharing and dissemination.
These factors, if addressed through data and interoperability standards, can play a pivotal role in promoting efficient and effective health care delivery and outcomes in Uganda.
Conducting Evaluability Assessments and Their Application in the Pre-primary Education Context in Tanzania
Authors: Miller Candace , Meyer Laura 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
As donors and implementers seek to improve the effectiveness of their programmatic funding, they are also seeking to maximize the value of their investments in evaluations and learning. This has led to an increased demand for evaluability assessments which provide a systematic approach to assessing whether program evaluation is feasible and justified and to prevent impact evaluations being prematurely attempted when a program logic is not sound or when conditions are not conducive to such evaluations. An evaluability assessment draws on the intervention’s theory of change, the intended use of the evaluation, the adequacy of the intervention design, and the availability of data to inform whether and what type of evaluation is feasible to maximize the value of conducting an evaluation. This chapter describes how to conduct an evaluability assessment and provides as an example the evaluability assessment of the Fursa kwa Watoto (FkW; Opportunities for Children) pre-primary education model.
Performance Monitoring and Performance Management Systems
Authors: Borden William , Welsh Delia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Measuring and tracking performance of social programs are core management functions that have the potential to foster both accountability for resources and continuous learning and performance improvement. This chapter explains the fundamental elements of performance monitoring for all types of social programs and how large governmental programs operationalize performance management systems that ensure they comply with their performance mandates. Large-scale programs need to engage in a multistep process to define their performance measures and targets, determine how to collect the necessary data, and put in place IT systems and processes to validate data and report on performance. The design of each step influences the behavior of actors in the system in both intentional and unintentional ways. As program managers develop and operate these systems, it is important to understand how their design affects behavioral incentives that influence performance and well as credible reporting of performance.
Effectively Scaling Up Promising Approaches
Authors: Duflo Annie , McAnnally-Linz Heidi , Rangarajan Anu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes an approach to scale-up that focuses on delivering effective programs to increase the reach of program services. Program scale-up can occur along a number of dimensions—organizations can expand their geographic coverage, extend their time horizon, increase the number served within their existing service area, provide new services to existing clients, begin serving new groups of clients, or apply tested concepts to new problems. Similarly, programs can achieve scale by expansion or replication, and through strategic collaboration with a range of partners. This chapter lays out a framework for what types of interventions or concepts should be considered for scale-up. The chapter suggests ways to bring in measurement and research across the various stages in the process of scale-up, and discusses how to embed co-creation and ongoing learning into existing systems to enable effective scaling.
Scaling Innovations What Can Stakeholders Do?
Authors: Natarajan Gulzar , Peterson Zwane Alix 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Innovation is central to meeting the challenges of economic development. The returns to innovation are high, both in an absolute sense and relative to traditional development programming. And yet too little innovation is undertaken, and that which is pursued often stops at pilot programs, experiments, and tests. A successful innovation agenda requires equal attention to scale. Identifying impactful innovations and generating evidence on them are not enough to meet recovery and rebuilding goals. This chapter considers the challenge of scaling innovation, urging a definition of innovation that includes overcoming execution challenges, market building, and actively avoiding a reductive approach to finding “what works” in development. Best practices for researchers, innovators, and funders are considered.
Behavioral Economics, Program Implementation, and Policy Design
Authors: Congdon William J. , Wright Joshua L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Public policy increasingly draws on insights from behavioral science—research from psychology and behavioral economics about how individuals decide and act—to inform both program administration and policy design. This chapter surveys the range of the potential channels by which behavioral insights can inform questions of program design and delivery. The authors define, clarify, and characterize the distinction between applications of low-cost, choice-preserving nudges for improving program implementation, on the one hand, and the application of behavioral insights for informing program and policy design, on the other. In doing so, they provide alternative, systematic processes for identifying, evaluating, and extrapolating from behavioral interventions in either case. The chapter is illustrated with examples of applications to issues in retirement security, safety net programs, and healthcare policies.
Response-Dependent Realism
Authors: LeBar Mark 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Writers on metaethics divide over two conceptions of what moral realism comes to. The first of these—the “Modest” conception—commits only to the truth-aptness of moral judgments. The second—the “Robust” conception—commits to the mind- or stance- or response-independence of such judgments. In this chapter, I take up the relationship of response-dependent (RD) metaethical theories to these two conceptions of realism. While some proponents of RD views see themselves as opponents of realism, I do not. On the Modest conception, RD views are realist. And the resources they have to respond to the challenges of the Robust conception are considerable. Moreover, a capably mounted form of RD, responsive to the motivations for Robust realism, puts pressure on the resources Robust realism has for rejecting response-dependence. If so, the theoretical distance between RD views and Robust realist views may be smaller than one might suppose.
On the Properties of Quietism and Robustness
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The term “quietism” is rejected by most of the moral philosophers to whose work it is often applied. The first half of this chapter, after a terse introductory section, expands on why the term “quietism” is so objectionable. Thereafter, the focus shifts to the property of robustness. Supposedly what separates moral realism as a moral doctrine from some other varieties of non-naturalistic moral realism is that the latter are robust. Such is the contention of numerous opponents of moral realism as a moral doctrine. However, when the property of robustness is invoked to distinguish between moral realism as a moral doctrine and other non-naturalistic varieties of moral realism—rather than to advert to something which they have in common—it turns out to be illusive.
Real Ethics
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explore the explanatory advantages of an expressivist approach to ethics, and the ways in which an expressivist view of ethics should navigate the tricky issues brought up by semantic minimalism. I argue that contemporary realisms either fail to be genuinely theories about ethics, or fail to offer any illumination when they are, and point out ways in which descendants of the sentimentalist tradition of the eighteenth century do better.
Moral Functionalism
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Sometimes we go from information couched in nonmoral terms to verdicts couched in moral terms. Sometimes we move back and forth between characterizations couched in moral terms. Sometimes our opinions about how things are, expressed in moral terms, lead us to action. Moral functionalism treats this tripartite structure of input clauses, internal role clauses, and output clauses as the key to understanding moral language. This chapter explains how moral functionalism: (i) enables the use of Ramsey sentences to account for the distinctive way in which the moral supervenes on the nonmoral; (ii) helps us understand how we learn the meanings of moral terms; (iii) explains the utility of moral language, which in turn allows us to make sense of why it evolved; (iv) helps us understand what inspires the “unifiers” in ethics, the utilitarians, for example; and (v) tells us what it takes to be a moral realist.
Ethical Realism and Robust Normativity
Authors: Copp David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chief objection to ethical realism is its purported inability to account for “robust normativity.” Ethical realism postulates facts, such as the fact that torture is wrong, which it takes to be states of affairs partly constituted by ethical properties, such as wrongness. The objection is that ethical realism, so understood, is unable to explain the “robust normativity” of these facts. This chapter explores strategies for addressing the objection, and argues that it is important to respond directly to it. The chapter argues that ethical naturalism is better positioned than non-naturalism to answer the objection. It distinguishes three relevantly different views an ethical realist might have about the normativity of ethics: “normative formalism,” “normative conceptualism,” and “normative objectualism.” Normative objectualism is the best candidate for a realist theory of normativity, but is the most vulnerable to the normativity objection.
Images of Care
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni , Ikkos George 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we distinguish between causation, explanation, meaning, and understanding in mental health care. Greater understanding, and thus healing, is achieved when conditions of transparency make it possible for patients’ experiences of their world, that is ‘the things themselves’, to present in their true luminescence. We argue that, as concepts and theories stifle their presence, good mental health care requires images. We introduce Walter Benjamin’s concept of ‘dialectical images’. These are the products of ‘ideas’ not ‘pictures’, ‘reproductions’ or ‘symbols’. ‘Ideas are to objects like constellations to the stars’. They require a rich descriptive vocabulary and the engagement of the beholder with what he sees. We refer to Benjamin’s seminal essays on the poetry of Charles Baudelaire as illustration of the dialectical process that, in clinical practice, may help both give and find voice for the patient at the points of maximum tension in their lived experience and relationship with the clinician. ‘Where thinking comes to a standstill in a constellation saturated with tensions, there the dialectical image appears’. The aim is to reduce to the point of elimination the perceptual habit in which the patient’s everyday experiences and history may remain enveloped, and to allow their previously unimagined and even unheard-of profiles to emerge. This practice in clinical care requires courage, a sense of vocation, and materialist devotion to the patient. The result may be secular revelation.
Anna C. Brackett
Authors: Giesbert Andreas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the life and work of the nineteenth-century US American idealist Anna C. Brackett. As a philosopher, translator, school principal, and journalist, she was involved both practically and theoretically in the social changes of her time. Particularly concerned with the importance of education for achieving an equal standing for women in society, she applied a conception of a genderless mind in the tradition of Hegel and his disciple Rosenkranz. This practical adaption of Hegelian philosophy allowed her to deconstruct limitations based on gender but had troubling consequences when applied to the education of African-Americans and Native Americans. The article discusses both her arguments for the emancipation of women and her colonialist and paternalist concept of the education of marginalized cultures. It is argued that both consequences can be explained by a specific concept of mind (Geist) that can only be understood adequately in the context of German idealistic philosophy.
Self-paced reading
Authors: Yoshida Masaya 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis contribution reviews studies that employ self-paced reading (SPR) experiments, and asks the following questions: What can online sentence processing studies which use the SPR method tell us about syntax, and how can online sentence processing experiments inform syntactic theories? This chapter tries to show that in order to investigate the mechanism of sentence processing and gain insights into syntactic theories, it is essential to formulate a theory of representation, a theory of structure building, and a linking hypothesis that maps hypothetical behavior of the structure building mechanism to experimentally observable measures.
Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off Modeling and Its Interface with Experimental Syntax
Authors: Foraker Stephani , Cunnings Ian , Martin Andrea E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractJudgements have been key to theory building in linguistics, yet judgements are inherently susceptible to a tradeoff between the speed and accuracy with which they are made. This chapter highlights insights gained by using the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) technique to model this tradeoff. We focus on how SAT evidence has been instrumental in integrating sophisticated memory models into psycholinguistic theory. We describe the SAT procedure and explain how SAT modeling disentangles accuracy from time course of processing. We review SAT evidence that bears on key linguistic issues, with examples involving long-distance dependencies, garden-path sentences, and anaphora resolution. Additional areas where SAT has been informative, such as scalar implicatures, are also briefly noted. Challenges and promising future directions are discussed.
Hemodynamic Methods
Authors: Brennan Jonathan R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Hemodynamic methods in brain imaging are techniques that measure properties of blood flow to draw inferences about how neural activity supports cognition. Applications of these tools have outlined the brain regions implicated in processing syntax. But, these results have had limited impact on syntactic theories because the relationship between grammatical knowledge and neural signals is indirect and often under-specified. Connecting these brain signals to debates in theoretical syntax requires linking hypotheses that capture how syntactic representations are processed and how such processes bear on brain signals. This chapter highlights examples which show how progress can be made when such hypotheses are made explicit and offers a framework for developing and testing these links systematically.
Behavioral Acquisition Methods With Infants
Authors: Perkins Laurel , Lidz Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews key findings in the domain of infant syntax, covering both the methods used to explore infant syntax and the discoveries linguists have made concerning the growth of syntactic knowledge. We first explore children’s initial steps in acquiring the syntactic categories of their language, how children use distributional evidence to build these categories and how these distributional properties are used in making syntactic and semantic inferences. Second, we examine children’s early phrase structure representations, focusing on hierarchical structure, the canonical order of subjects, verbs and objects, and the emergence of language-specific properties of clauses, such as the licensing of null subjects. Finally, we turn to infants’ acquisition of grammatical dependencies, exploring when and how infants detect dependencies that hold across non-adjacent morphemes in particular syntactic environments, dependencies that involve movement and dependencies that involve binding. This review provides a clear summary of both the prospects and challenges for examining syntax in infancy. While infant research must face the challenge that infants are limited in their behavioral repertoire, at the same time, studying infant syntax represents the frontier of our knowledge about the emergence of grammar. Gaining a richer understanding of infants’ sensitivities and their ability to make inferences from distributional observations to syntactic representations may ultimately help us to better understand how the language faculty allows us to acquire whatever language we are exposed to.
Artificial language learning
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer 
Published: September 2023

AbstractArtificial language learning experiments have been used for decades by language acquisition researchers interested in how learners derive representations and make generalizations based on exposure to limited data. Recently, they have been co-opted by theoretical linguists to test hypotheses about how properties of human cognition shape natural language phonology, morphology, and syntax. Empirical evidence derived from these methods has been used to build more precise accounts of the link between how languages are learned (and processed) and cross-linguistic tendencies long-noted in the typological record. This chapter explains why artificial language learning is an important tool in the syntactician’s toolbox, what phenomena it has been used to study to date, and where research with these methods is heading in the future.
Typography
Authors: Misson James 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The incendiary and hilarious pamphlets printed under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate in 1588 and 1589 contained some of the century’s weirdest typography. This chapter uses this unique episode in book history as a lens for the fundamentals of early modern English typography. It explores how the cultural and social circumstances of a text’s production are made legible in the design of the page, and how the sixteenth century’s multigraphy—its use of black letter, roman, and italic fonts at once—associated texts with certain times and certain places. New statistical research is used to demonstrate the idiosyncrasies of these pamphlets, and the norms in which they (and all early modern English books) participated.
‘The Book-sellars Shop’
Authors: Higgins Ben 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines early modern bookshops as vibrant homes of literary and material culture. ‘Outside’ imagines what a reader might notice about a typical bookshop from the street before ‘Inside’ crosses over the threshold to explore the various commodities and strategies found within. ‘Around’ explores connections between established bookshops and other forms of retail such as sheds, pedlars, and chapmen, before ‘Beyond’ briefly looks away from London and towards regional bookshops. Using a mixture of archival and printed evidence, the chapter argues that the ‘where’ of a book’s sale (on a stall board; in a back room; in a pedlar’s pack) imbued it with meaning and influenced how it was read. A bookshop was, the chapter contends, not only a physical place made of bricks and timber; it was also an environment that organized and regulated interpretative strategies.
Cataloguing the Past
Authors: Heffernan Megan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the polychronic history of early print, (1) with a sense of the increasing pace of sixteenth-century publication; (2) through the eighteenth-century consolidation of literary and print history; and (3) in twenty-first-century challenges to narratives of periodizing rupture. An attention to catalogues as the material and ideological tools that support bibliography helps unsettle simple developmental narratives of print and literature.
The Scale of Book History
Authors: Knight Jeffrey Todd 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes stock of the history of the book as a subfield of early modern literary studies amid the ongoing debates about scale and method that have shaped the discipline in recent years. It explores book history’s bifurcated genealogy, reaching back on one hand to the hyper-particularism of twentieth-century bibliography and bibliographic description, and on the other to the data-driven, wide-angle approaches of Annales School historiography. Looking forward, it asks what early modern book history can draw from (and contribute to) recent advances in the scale of literary study: from neo-philological ‘keywords’ approaches, the resurgent microhistory, and ‘copy-specific criticism’ to ‘distant reading’, ‘macroanalysis’, and ‘algorithmic criticism’, and from nations and periods to oceanic basins, ‘worlds’, and geological ‘deep time’ as literary history’s organizing basis.
Monuments and Trifles
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the relationship between large and small books in early modern Britain. It explores that relationship in economic terms, thinking about how small print-jobs made large-scale printing possible; in material terms, pointing out that massive volumes were usually stitched together out of accumulations of smaller works; and in terms of the energies of modern scholarship, which has been as keen to explore the undergrowth of literary production as it has been to scale the mountain peaks. Finally the chapter turns to consider evidence of early modern readers who were enthusiasts both for weighty tomes and for catchpenny pamphlets, and of writers who played with the mysterious relationship between the miniature and the gigantic.