bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochar derived from papermill factories improves soil physical and hydraulic properties in no-till cotton fields
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Feng Gary , Tewolde Haile 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWhether biochar produced as a by-product of energy generation from the papermill industry, and often disposed in landfills, can be gainfully applied to commercial croplands has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and hydraulic properties of soils in commercial cotton fields managed as no-till systems following repeated applications of biochar generated as a waste of a papermill plant. Undisturbed cores and disturbed soil samples were collected from 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers from five commercial no-till fields in Mississippi, USA that received 6.7 Mg ha−1 year−1 biochar for 0, 2, 3, 5 or 10 years. A number of physical, hydraulic, and chemical properties of these samples were measured in the lab. The results showed that biochar reduced the degree of soil compactness and increased soil aggregation and structural stability index. The findings were particularly apparent for the 10 years of consecutive application, which increased soil aggregate stability by up to 67%, reduced bulk density from 1.40 to 1.26 g cm−3, and reduced degree of compactness from 73.2% to 62.8%. Biochar increased soil porosity but much of this increase (55%) occurred for small pores (< 0.5 μm) with little effect on storage pores (0.5–50 μm) or transmission pores (> 50 μm). Consequently, biochar increased soil field capacity by up to 26%, but PAW increased by only 17%. Biochar significantly increased soil physical quality index score in the 0–5 cm layer from 0.16 to 0.26 and the increase was positively correlated with the number of years of application. The results suggest biochar generated as a byproduct of papermill could be land-applied in real-world crop production systems to improve soil health as an alternative to disposal in landfills.
Graphical Abstract
Community type and disturbance type interact to determine disturbance response: implications for extending the environmental filter metaphor
Authors: Barrett Isabelle C. , McIntosh Angus R. , Warburton Helen J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractEcological disturbances act as environmental filters by removing species with particular characteristics, resulting in community types associated with different disturbance histories. However, studies to date on community responses to disturbance have neglected the potential for different community assemblages to display different responses. Using lotic invertebrate communities as a study system, this study investigated the influence of community composition on disturbance response. We undertook a 26-h stream channel experiment to test how distinct invertebrate community types (an undisturbed spring community, flood-disturbed community, and agriculture-disturbed community), shaped by specific disturbance histories and characterised by different species with particular functional groups, responded to additional disturbance of varying types and combinations (an undisturbed control, high-flow, nutrients, sediment, and a combined sediment and nutrients treatment). Invertebrate drift was used as a diagnostic tool to assess community responses. Significant three-way interactions were identified for total invertebrate drift, drift of typically sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and drift of cased organisms between community type, disturbance type and time, indicating that disturbance history and corresponding community type influenced community response to disturbance. Differing responses to disturbance between community types were often characterised by specific taxa, likely driven by adaptive traits, but also by phenotypic plasticity and altered biotic interactions. Community responses to the multiple disturbance scenario suggested potential for interactive effects, with differing responses potentially driven by species co-tolerance mechanisms. When determining the impacts of disturbance, our results suggest there is insight to be gained from a broader perspective incorporating multiple community types into future research. This approach could also improve management outcomes, facilitating tailored restoration and conservation strategies.
A Detailed Analysis of the Past 20 Years of US FDA-Approved Prescription to Over-the-Counter Switches
Authors: Fisher Matt , Rawal Kapil 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Objectives
This evaluation assesses the quantity, uniqueness, and innovative nature of the past 20 years of Rx-to-OTC (RTO) switches, where a current prescription (Rx) product is reclassified for over-the-counter (OTC) status. Broadening access to more OTC drugs with well-established safety and efficacy could help to reduce healthcare expenditure and address public health challenges.

Methods
The FDA-maintained RTO switch list website was accessed to generate the primary dataset. Each product listed was assessed for the current OTC availability in the United States of its active ingredient, pharmacological class, and indication to determine its innovative quality. Descriptive statistics were employed in this study.

Results
From January 2002 through August 2022 there were 45 RTO switches. Among these, 51.1% involved a new to OTC active ingredient, 22.2% involved a new pharmacological class, 6.6% involved a new indication, and 82.2% were considered follow-on products that introduced a new to OTC active ingredient or new dosage form of an already marketed active ingredient to treat an existing OTC indication. A small minority (6.6%) were considered an exceptional innovation that would offer US consumers a genuinely novel OTC product, providing a new to OTC active pharmaceutical ingredient, pharmacological class, and indication. Overall, there was 1 exceptional innovation every 6.7 years.

Conclusions
Over 40 RTO switches have come to the OTC market in the past 20 years; however, exceptional innovations that expand access to new to OTC active ingredients for new indications are rare. Policies and strategies that result in more innovative switches that can benefit consumers and public health should be evaluated.
Current‐Induced Noise in Ocean Bottom Seismic Data: Insights From a Laboratory Water Flume Experiment
Authors: Wu Yuechu , Yang Ting , Liu Dan , Dai Yi , An Chao 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe ocean‐bottom currents are believed to be largely responsible for the high noise level in ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) data, in particular on the horizontal components. Due to the lack of in‐situ experiments and measurements, the generation mechanism and characteristics of the current‐induced noise are still poorly understood. In this paper, we designed an experiment to explore the features of current‐induced noise. A sensor module from a typical passive‐source OBS was installed in a water flume that can produce controllable steady water flows. We measured and analyzed the recorded noise with changing current velocities, with and without shielding. With other noise sources, such as infragravity waves precluded, this experiment demonstrates that the currents can generate low‐frequency noise, particularly <0.1 Hz. The noise level depends on the current velocity as well as the frequency. While the current‐induced noise affects the horizontal components significantly, its impacts on the vertical component appear negligible. The experiment shows that current‐induced noise has a dominant direction approximately perpendicular to the currents, a pattern consistent with an actual OBS on the flank of Mariana Trench, where the current direction is supposed to be along the trench. Shielding the sensor module with a plastic casing can substantially suppress the noise, indicating that shielding is a practical, low‐cost scheme to reduce the current‐induced noise.
Characterizing Seismogenic Fault Structures of the Lake Pertusillo Reservoir Induced Seismicity (Southern Italy) Using a Relocated Template‐Matching Catalog
Authors: Valoroso L. , Piccinini D. , Improta L. , Gaviano S. , Giunchi C. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWe present a detailed analysis of the small magnitude (ML < 3) Reservoir Induced Seismicity associated with the Pertusillo water reservoir located in the high seismic hazard zone of Val d'Agri (Southern Italy). We apply template‐matching detection to a 13‐month‐long dense passive survey, obtaining a final high‐precision double‐difference catalog of 5,070 earthquakes (−0.7 < ML < 2.6, MC = 0.2). The new catalog allows precisely tracking the spatiotemporal distribution of the swarm‐seismicity and to map the b‐value of the Gutenberg‐Richter law. We combine seismicity data with available subsurface geophysical data, fostering an improved interpretation of the induced seismicity. We identify four seismicity‐clusters showing rapid changes in seismic rate which correlate to severe seasonal oscillations. Seismicity unravels new km‐scale faults or better define faults partially‐illuminated by template earthquakes. b‐value shows a significant spatial variability, with very‐high b‐value (up to 2) within areas of distributed seismicity and lower (∼1.3) b‐value for on‐fault seismicity featuring larger magnitude events. Seismicity is confined within a brine‐saturated fractured carbonate reservoir, while earthquake distribution and rate are controlled by the fault architecture and rock properties (e.g., inherited fluid pathways, rock fracturing, pore fluid pressure). In particular, most earthquakes reactivate, with extensional kinematics, pre‐existing reverse/transpressional faults favorably oriented in the present‐day extension. All observations suggest that a poroelastic stress transmission mechanism, due to the seasonal water level oscillation, can explain the Pertusillo lake seismicity. This study confirms the importance of investigating the complex interaction among stress changes caused by human activities, pre‐existing faults and local stress field to correctly assess the hazard posed by induced seismicity.
Mechanisms of Shear Band Formation in Heterogeneous Materials Under Compression: The Role of Pre‐Existing Mechanical Flaws
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Manaska , Roy Arnab , Mandal Nibir 
Published: June 2023

AbstractShear bands critically govern the shear failure processes and associated geophysical phenomena, for example, faulting, in Earth's crust. Earlier studies on homogeneous materials recognized temperature and strain rate as principal factors controlling the band growth. However, how inherent mechanical heterogeneities can influence their growth mechanisms and complex internal structures needs further investigations. The present article revisits this problem by combining field observations and laboratory experiments, supported by numerical simulations considering geological strain‐rates. Field studies in the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex of eastern India reveal varied types of macro‐scale shear zone localization. We conducted plane‐strain compression experiments on rock‐analogue models to investigate their origin. The experiments show that mechanical heterogeneities develop wide bands, localized preferentially in their neighborhood, unlike uniformly distributed, conjugate sets of closely spaced narrow bands in a homogeneous system. The wide bands eventually attain a composite structure, containing a core of densely packed band‐parallel sharp secondary bands, flanked by linear zones of closely spaced, narrow bands. We also demonstrate the effects of global strain‐rate on the band evolution in heterogeneous systems. Decreasing strain‐rates replace the composite bands by well‐defined homogeneous shear bands, containing a core of uniform shear, bordered by weakly sheared narrow zones, grading into almost undeformed walls. The experimental results are complemented with numerical models based on visco‐elasto‐plastic rheology, which establish appropriate scaling of the rock analogue to mid‐crustal deformations. This integrated approach finally leads us to conclude that inherent heterogeneities can result in large variations of shear band structures in geological terrains.
Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice: A Review of Its Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology
Authors: Fraser A. D. , Wongpan P. , Langhorne P. J. , Klekociuk A. R. , Kusahara K. , Lannuzel D. , Massom R. A. , Meiners K. M. , Swadling K. M. , Atwater D. P. , Brett G. M. , Corkill M. , Dalman L. A. , Fiddes S. , Granata A. , Guglielmo L. , Heil P. , Leonard G. H. , Mahoney A. R. , McMinn A. , van der Merwe P. , Weldrick C. K. , Wienecke B. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAntarctic landfast sea ice (fast ice) is stationary sea ice that is attached to the coast, grounded icebergs, ice shelves, or other protrusions on the continental shelf. Fast ice forms in narrow (generally up to 200 km wide) bands, and ranges in thickness from centimeters to tens of meters. In most regions, it forms in autumn, persists through the winter and melts in spring/summer, but can remain throughout the summer in particular locations, becoming multi‐year ice. Despite its relatively limited extent (comprising between about 4% and 13% of overall sea ice), its presence, variability and seasonality are drivers of a wide range of physical, biological and biogeochemical processes, with both local and far‐ranging ramifications for the Earth system. Antarctic fast ice has, until quite recently, been overlooked in studies, likely due to insufficient knowledge of its distribution, leading to its reputation as a “missing piece of the Antarctic puzzle.” This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge of the physical, biogeochemical and biological aspects of fast ice, based on the sub‐domains of: fast ice growth, properties and seasonality; remote‐sensing and distribution; interactions with the atmosphere and the ocean; biogeochemical interactions; its role in primary production; and fast ice as a habitat for grazers. Finally, we consider the potential state of Antarctic fast ice at the end of the 21st Century, underpinned by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model projections. This review also gives recommendations for targeted future work to increase our understanding of this critically‐important element of the global cryosphere.
Comparative Assessment of the Performances of GPS‐TEC Assisted NTCM, NeQuick2 and Neural Network Models to Describe the East‐African Equatorial Ionosphere
Authors: Gelaw B. Getahun , Nigussie M. , Tebabal A. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDifferent ionospheric climatological models such as NeQuick2 and NTCM have been developed to mitigate the ionosphere impact on the trans‐ionosphere propagating radio wave. Moreover, the Neural Network (NN) is used to model and characterize the ionosphere. However, no one has compared the performances of NeQuick2, NTCM, and NN after adapting to GPS TEC. This study evaluates their performances in the East‐African region in 2013 and 2015. It has been done by computing their drivers (effective ionization level, Az for NeQuick2 and ionization driving index, Id for NTCM) through least‐square fitting to TEC observation sense. NN‐algorithm has also been trained and tested with observed TEC used for NeQuick2 and NTCM adaptation. The annual performance test has shown that the correlation coefficient (R) values between observed and NTCM modeled TEC, after an adaption, are better than the corresponding values obtained from NeQuick2 and NN. It also shows that the standard deviations (STD) and root‐mean‐square errors (RMSE) obtained for NTCM are smaller than the STD and RMSE computed for NeQuick2 and NN. On the other hand, the daily performance test of now‐casting and predicting showed that the NN performs the best, followed by NTCM. However, the 1‐hr prediction test showed that NTCM performs the best among the models considered in this study.
NN‐MLT Model Prediction for Low‐Latitude Region Based on Artificial Neural Network and Long‐Term SABER Observations
Authors: Lingerew Chalachew , Jaya Prakash Raju U. , Guimarães Santos Celso Augusto 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe low‐latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) regions are distinct and, highly turbulent transition zones in Earth's atmosphere. The scarcity of reliable measurements makes continuous monitoring of these areas challenging. Therefore, the necessity for studies focused on the MLT region cannot be overstated, as they are essential for developing effective models that meet the accuracy requirements of satellite‐based observations. The neural networks NN‐MLT model, developed using 15 years of Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/satellite, equipped with Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observed temperature data spanning from January 2006 to December 2020, employs neural network techniques. The data set was split, with 90% used for training and the remaining 10% allocated for prediction. The model's validation was tested with two other partitions (80(20) and 70(30)). The 90(10) partition, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient (R), low standard deviation (σ), and low root mean square error (RMSE), demonstrated the model's good performance. As clearly shown from statistical metrics (R, RMSE, mean, and σ) at three specific altitude levels (60, 75, and 90 km), the NN‐MLT model's performance aligns closely with the empirical model (NRLMSISE2‐0) and SABER observations. The NN‐MLT model displays a high R (0.74) and low RMSE (4.35 K) at 60 km, indicating its effective performance compared to the other two heights of 75 and 90 km. The NN‐MLT model's spatiotemporal variability in MLT temperature prediction agrees well with the SABER data at all altitudes, particularly at 60 km. While the NN‐MLT model accurately captures the seasonal variations of MLT temperature, the analysis leads to the conclusion that it consistently outperforms the empirical model and aligns closely with observations.
Snow Loss Into Leads in Arctic Sea Ice: Minimal in Typical Wintertime Conditions, but High During a Warm and Windy Snowfall Event
Authors: Clemens‐Sewall David , Polashenski Chris , Frey Markus M. , Cox Christopher J. , Granskog Mats A. , Macfarlane Amy R. , Fons Steven W. , Schmale Julia , Hutchings Jennifer K. , von Albedyll Luisa , Arndt Stefanie , Schneebeli Martin , Perovich Don 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe amount of snow on Arctic sea ice impacts the ice mass budget. Wind redistribution of snow into open water in leads is hypothesized to cause significant wintertime snow loss. However, there are no direct measurements of snow loss into Arctic leads. We measured the snow lost in four leads in the Central Arctic in winter 2020. We find, contrary to expectations, that under typical winter conditions, minimal snow was lost into leads. However, during a cyclone that delivered warm air temperatures, high winds, and snowfall, 35.0 ± 1.1 cm snow water equivalent (SWE) was lost into a lead (per unit lead area). This corresponded to a removal of 0.7–1.1 cm SWE from the entire surface—∼6%–10% of this site's annual snow precipitation. Warm air temperatures, which increase the length of time that wintertime leads remain unfrozen, may be an underappreciated factor in snow loss into leads.
MLT Dependence of Relativistic Electron Scattering Into the Drift Loss Cone: Measurements From ELFIN‐L on Board Lomonosov Spacecraft
Authors: Shprits Yuri Y. , Michaelis Ingo , Wang Dedong , Allison Hayley , Vasile Ruggero , Runov Andrei , Drozdov Alexander , Russell Christopher T. , Kalegaev Vladimir , Smirnov Artem 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThere have been a number of theories proposed concerning the loss of relativistic electrons from the radiation belts. However, direct observations of loss were not possible on a number of previous missions due to the large field of view of the instruments and often high‐altitude orbits of satellites that did not allow researchers to isolate the precipitating electrons from the stably trapped. We use measurements from the ELFIN‐L suit of instruments flown on Lomonosov spacecraft at LEO orbit, which allows us to distinguish stably trapped from the drift loss cone electrons. The sun‐synchronous orbit of Lomonosov allows us to quantify scattering that occurred into the loss cone on the dawn‐side and the dusk‐side magnetosphere. The loss at MeV energies is observed predominantly on the dawn‐side, consistent with the loss induced by the chorus waves. The companion data publication provides processed measurements.
Observing Aerosol Primary Convective Invigoration and Its Meteorological Feedback
Authors: Zang Lin , Rosenfeld Daniel , Pan Zengxin , Mao Feiyue , Zhu Yannian , Lu Xin , Gong Wei 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAerosols can invigorate deep convective clouds (DCCs) directly by nucleating more cloud droplets, named as Primary Aerosol Convective Invigoration (PAI). However, the covarying Meteorology‐Aerosol Invigoration (MAI) effect on DCC has been a long‐standing issue in quantifying PAI's contribution. Here, observations show that PAI causes positive feedback from DCC to meteorology, further invigorating DCC through enhanced humidity, updraft and destabilization, thereby adding to MAI. Further, PAI is separated from MAI observationally by quantifying the sensitivity of DCC properties to aerosol changes under fixed meteorology through the artificial neural network. When fine aerosol changes from the cleanest to optimal concentration (5 μg m−3), PAI contributes 72% ± 2% of the total aerosol‐associated cloud top cooling by 12°C, 42% ± 4% of the 30% prolonged lifetime, and 50% ± 4% of the more than doubled rainfall. This result underlines the comparable magnitudes of PAI and MAI, which have not been considered until now in weather and climate prediction.
Banana Current in the Inner Magnetosphere Observed by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Wang Tong‐Hui , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , He Fei , Lv Jing‐Tian , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Fu Hui‐Shan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBy using the magnetic field data from Van Allen Probes, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of the electromagnetic environment in the inner magnetosphere on different Dst* index and magnetic local time. Our results show that for the response of different current systems, the dawn‐dusk and noon‐midnight asymmetry distribution of the residual magnetic field δB increases with Dst* index. When Dst* < −60 nT, a “banana”‐shaped geomagnetic field negative disturbance peak region appears in the sector from midnight to dusk. Then, we obtained the azimuthal current density and found the asymmetric internal eastward and external westward ring current. Through the vector analysis of three‐dimensional current density, the current density vector distribution in the magnetic equatorial plane is completely displayed for the first time, which directly proves the existence of banana current near r = 3.0–4.0 RE during strong geomagnetic storms.