bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High disparity in repellent gland anatomy across major lineages of stick and leaf insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
Authors: Niekampf Marco , Meyer Paul , Quade Felix S. C. , Schmidt Alexander R. , Salditt Tim , Bradler Sven 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Phasmatodea are well known for their ability to disguise themselves by mimicking twigs, leaves, or bark, and are therefore commonly referred to as stick and leaf insects. In addition to this and other defensive strategies, many phasmatodean species use prothoracic repellent glands to release defensive chemicals when disturbed by predators or parasites. These glands are considered as an autapomorphic trait of the Phasmatodea. However, detailed knowledge of the gland anatomy and chemical compounds is scarce and only a few species were studied until now. We investigated the repellent glands for a global sampling of stick and leaf insects that represents all major phasmatodean lineages via µCT scans and picture the anatomical traits in a phylogenetic context.
Results
All twelve investigated species possess prothoracic repellent glands that we classify as four distinct gland types. 1: lobe-like glands, 2: sac-like glands without ejaculatory duct, 3: sac-like glands with ejaculatory duct and 4: tube-like glands. Lobe-like glands are exclusively present in Timema, sac-like glands without ejaculatory duct are only found in Orthomeria, whereas the other two types are distributed across all other taxa (= Neophasmatodea). The relative size differences of these glands vary significantly between species, with some glands not exceeding in length the anterior quarter of the prothorax, and other glands extending to the end of the metathorax.
Conclusions
We could not detect any strong correlation between aposematic or cryptic coloration of the examined phasmatodeans and gland type or size. We hypothesize that a comparatively small gland was present in the last common ancestor of Phasmatodea and Euphasmatodea, and the gland volume increased independently in subordinate lineages of Occidophasmata and Oriophasmata. Alternatively, the stem species of Neophasmatodea already developed large glands that were reduced in size several times independently. In any case, our results indicate a convergent evolution of the gland types, which was probably closely linked to properties of the chemical components and different predator selection pressures. Our study is the first showing the great anatomical variability of repellent glands in stick and leaf insects.
The Impact of Enteral Nimodipine on Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in an Animal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model
Authors: Byoun Hyoung Soo , Cho Young Dae , Park Kwang Hyon , Won Young Il , Lim jeongwook 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Objective: Enteral nimodipine is the most evidence-based and widely used drug for the treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and is known to have various neuroprotective functions. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of nimodipine still remains unclear and the effects of nimodipine remain ambiguous. Herein, we studied the effect of enteral nimodipine on endothelial apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
Method: SAH was experimentally introduced in white rabbits (n=42) that were grouped: enteral nimodipine (group N, n=14); a control that received normal saline (group S, n=13); and a control without hemorrhage (group C, n=15). On the third day after SAH induction, the brain stem, including the vertebrobasilar vascular system, was extracted. The effects of enteral nimodipine were analyzed by group using histopathologic analysis, including immunohistochemical staining of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl2 [anti-apoptotic] and Bax [pro-apoptotic]).
Result: Cytoplasmic vacuolation of smooth muscle cells was observed in groups S and N, and was more prominent in group S. Endothelial desquamation was observed only in group S. For the basilar artery, expression of Bcl2 and Bax in group N was lower than in group S, but significant differences were not observed (p = 0.310 and p = 0.710, respectively). In penetrated arterioles, the expression of Bax in group N was significantly lower than that of group S (p < 0.001). The thickness of the tunica media in the basilar artery was thinner in group N than in group S (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: This study suggests that enteral nimodipine may have a neuroprotective function by inhibiting endothelial apoptosis in small arterioles and preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation in large arteries.
Declining urban density attenuates rising population-weighted exposure to surface heat extremes
Authors: Huang Kangning , Guan ChenHe , Stone Brian , Liang Jiayong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The trend of declining urban population density, characterized as a higher rate of urban land expansion than that of population growth, has been observed in global cities in the past two decades. Despite its prevalence, the implications of this trend on urban population exposure to surface urban heat island extremes have not been adequately addressed. Existing studies often overlook the intra-city spatial variations in both population and surface temperature. To fill this gap, we analyze the temporal trends of average population exposure to surface temperature extremes in the 1,000 largest global cities, using high-resolution population and surface temperature data from 2003 to 2020. Our results show that the rise in population-weighted exposure to urban surface heat extremes is slower than the rise in area-average temperature by about 0.5 ± 0.04 K / decade, if the population density declined by 10,000 persons / km2 / decade (R2 = 0.71; P < 0.01). Conversely, urban densification makes it more difficulty, albeit not impossible, to mitigate the rising heat exposure. Our findings highlight the pressing need to effectively manage rising population-weighted heat exposure, particularly as an increasing number of cities pursue the sustainability and economic benefits of urban densification.
Effect of a Moral Empowerment Program on Nurses' Moral Courage
Authors: Morteza Khaghanizadeh , Akbar Aghayani Chavoshi , Hamid Khajevandi , Abbas Ebadi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background: Moral courage requires professional knowledge, skills and awareness of values and principles of nursing ethics. One of the important factors affecting nurses' moral courage is nurses' moral empowerment. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a professional ethics empowerment program on nurses' courageous behavior.
Methods: This study is a quasi-experiment with two groups (before and after) conducted in 2021. First, moral courage of 187 nurses was determined by nurses' moral courage questionnaire by Sadooghiasl et al. 52 nurses whose moral courage score was lower than the average score of the questionnaire were randomly assigned to two control and intervention groups (n=26). In the intervention group, the professional ethics empowerment program was implemented during four two-hour sessions, and the control group received no training. The objectives of the study were explained to the participants and they entered the study if they wished and the written informed consent was obtained.
Results: In the pre-test, no statistically significant difference was observed in the moral courage of nurses and its dimensions between the two intervention and control groups. Nevertheless, in the post-test, a significant difference was in the average scores of moral courage between the two groups, and the implementation of the moral empowerment program in the intervention group led to a significant increase in the moral courage of nurses.
Conclusion: Empowering nurses by educational programs using learner-based approaches and group discussion of nurses' moral issues in the clinical setting is effective on improving their moral courage. In order to improve the moral courage of nurses, it is necessary to use diverse and innovative educational methods based on the experiences of nurses in their in-service training programs.
Enhanced Interaction of Ciprofloxacin with Humic Substances and Silica Magnetite Nanoparticles in Multicomponent System: Spectrophotometric and Electrokinetic Studies
Authors: Dzeranov Artur , Bondarenko Lyubov , Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian , Kelbysheva Elena , Zmeev Daniil , Patsaeva Svetlana , Tropskaya Nataliya , Jorobekova Sharipa , Kydralieva Kamila 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the effect of dissolved organic matter on the sorption of ciprofloxacin by magnetite silica-based nanoparticles (NPs). For this purpose, magnetite nanoparticles modified with organosilanes (tetraethox-ysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, MTA) were used as a model of colloidal particles and a sorbent. Analysis of the absorption spectra found that there was no interaction between antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) and humic substances (HS, sodium salt of humic acids) in aquatic system at pH varied from 6 to 8. But, the behavior of CIP and HS changes dramatically upon addition of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. The introduction of the MTA NPs into a bicomponent system of CIP incubated with HS lead to more than twice increased CIP sorption. Results of electrokinetic measurements in terms of zeta-potentials propose the interaction mechanism into CIP-HS-NPs system. In the three-component system, the surface of MTA is completely overcharged from negative to positive, and importantly this effect is pH-dependent. The MTA zeta-potential changes from − 15 (pH 6) and − 30 mV (pH 8) to + 10 (pH 6) and + 2 (pH 8), respectively. The study provides novel scientific information as nanoparticles are increasingly produced and studied for various environmental applications, including sorption of new emerging eco-toxicants (pharmaceuticals) but the assessment of dissolved organic matter contained even in trace concentrations should not be ignored.
Effects of a dietary intervention with lacto-ovo- vegetarian and Mediterranean diets on apolipoproteins and inflammatory cytokines: results from the CARDIVEG study
Authors: PAGLIAI Giuditta , ASENSI Marta TRISTAN , DINU Monica , CESARI Francesca , BERTELLI Alessia , GORI Anna Maria , GIUSTI Betti , MARCUCCI Rossella , SOFI Francesco , COLOMBINI Barbara 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background: Apolipoproteins have been recently proposed as novel marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, evidence regarding effects of diet on apolipoproteins is limited.
Aim: To compare the effects of Mediterranean diet (MD) and lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (VD) on apolipoproteins and traditional CVD risk factors in subjects with low-to-moderate CVD risk.
Methods: Fifty-two subjects (39F; 49.1±12.4 years), followed MD and VD for 3 months each. Medical and dietary information was collected at the baseline. Anthropometric parameters and blood samples were obtained at the beginning and the end of interventions.
Results: MD and VD resulted in significant improvement in anthropometric and lipid profiles. Both diets led to a reduction in most of the inflammatory parameters. As for apolipoproteins, a significant change was observed for ApoC-I after VD (+24.4%; p=0.020). MD led to a negative correlation between ApoC-III and carbohydrates (R=-0.29; p=0.039) whereas VD between ApoD and saturated fats (R=- 0.38; p=0.006). A positive correlation emerged after VD between HDL and ApoD (R=0.33; p=0.017) and after MD between plasma triglycerides and ApoC-I (R=0.32; p=0.020) and ApoD (R=0.30; p=0.031). IL-17 resulted to be positively correlated with ApoB after MD (R=0.31; p=0.028) and with ApoC-III after VD (R=0.32; p=0.019). Subgroup analysis revealed positive effects on apolipoproteins from both diets, especially in women, individuals with >50 years or with <3 CVD risk factors.
Conclusions: Both diets seem to improve CVD risk, however, MD showed a greater positive effect on apolipoproteins in some subgroups, thus suggesting how diet may influence new potential markers of CVD risk.
Trial registration: registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT02641834) on December 2015.
Synthesis and Chemoselective Alkylation of Uracil Derivatives
Authors: ghotekar bhausaheb kedarnath , Ghagare Maruti G. , Ghotekar Bapurao K. , Magar Nutan B. , Jadhav Vikas D. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A series of novel 1,3-dialkylpyrimidine derivatives was synthesized. Selective N1 alkylation of N3 substituted pyrimidine derivatives with different alkyl halides using K2CO3 as base in DMF at room temperature provides such compounds in good yields. This method has advantages over methods currently described in the literature for the construction of such compounds.
Effective detection of DoS attack in wireless sensor network using ASFO algorithm and Improved Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: k Ganesh kumar , S Ramalingam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are rapidly growing in popularity, and their flexibility and ease of implementation cause an increasing number of security issues, making it critical to research network intrusion defense for wireless sensor networks. Denial of service (DoS) is a cyber-attack that shuts down the targeted network. A DoS attack on a WSN device will be fatal. It is prone to malicious attacks and difficult to prevent because every single node is independent of the others, yet there's no central or monitoring node, which is tough to avoid. Numerous lightweight authentication systems have been utilized in real-time to ensure encrypted communication. However, with the lack of synchronization between nodes during data routing, WSNs are highly prone to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This article combines the Adaptive Sunflower Optimization (ASFO) method with an improved Deep Convolutional Neural Network (IDCNN) to enhance the degree of security against DoS attacks on WSNs term ASFO-IDCNN. This paper initially utilizes the ASFO method to improve the initial values of IDCNN to prevent getting into the local optimum. Then, the ASFO-IDCNN technique is used to detect intrusions in WSNs. The results of numerous simulated situations are shown, and the associated data is compared. DoS protection research is precious in analyzing the anti-attack efficiency of WSN nodes. The influence of DoS attacks on the functioning of WSNs is considered in this research.
Residual life prediction of lithium batteries based on jump-connected multi-scale CNN
Authors: Wu Shimiao , Wang Wenbo , Zhu Ting , YU Min 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
To make better use of the feature information obtained from all convolution layers in a Convolutional neural network (CNN), a residual life prediction model of lithium batteries based on multi-scale CNN with jump connection was proposed. The model takes the health factor of the battery as input, uses the multi-scale CNN model based on jump connection, simultaneously extracts the local feature information and global feature information of different scales of the health factor of the lithium-ion battery, and fuses all the local feature information and global feature information through the information fusion module, and finally outputs the predicted value of the remaining life. The experimental results show that the proposed method can predict the remaining battery life more accurately than the traditional method.
Temporal-specific sex and injury-dependent changes on neurogranin-associated synaptic signaling after controlled cortical impact in rats
Authors: Svirsky Sarah , Henchir Jeremy , Li Youming , Carlson Shaun W. , Dixon C. Edward 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Extensive effort has been made to study the role of synaptic deficits in cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neurogranin (Ng) is a calcium-sensitive calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein essential for Ca2+/CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) autophosphorylation which subsequently modulates synaptic plasticity. Given the loss of Ng expression after injury, additional research is warranted to discern changes in hippocampal post-synaptic signaling after TBI. Under isoflurane anesthesia, adult, male and female Sprague Dawley rats received a sham/control or controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Ipsilateral hippocampal synaptosomes were isolated at 24 hours, 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-injury and western blot was used to evaluate protein expression of Ng-associated signaling proteins. Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate main effects of injury and sex at each time-point. There were significant injury and sex-dependent alterations in the hippocampal synaptic expression of Ng and associated synaptic proteins such as phosphorylated Ng, CaMKII, and CaM up to 4 weeks post-CCI, demonstrating TBI alters hippocampal post-synaptic signaling. This study furthers our understanding of mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction within the synapse sub-acutely after TBI.
Molecular diagnosis of multiple bacterial zoonoses in febrile outpatients in north-eastern Kenya
Authors: Wainaina Martin , Lindahl Johanna F. , Mayer-Scholl Anne , Ufermann Christoph-Martin , Entfellner Jean-Baka Domelevo , Roesler Uwe , Roesel Kristina , Grace Delia , Bett Bernard , Dahouk Sascha Al 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Bacterial zoonoses are important causes of non-malarial fevers in Kenya, yet their epidemiology remains unclear. We investigated brucellosis, Q-fever and leptospirosis in 216 malaria-negative febrile patients recruited in two health centres in Garissa County in north-eastern Kenya.
We determined exposure to the three zoonoses using serological and molecular testing and identified risk factors for exposure. We also used metagenomic sequencing on nine selected patients to assess the presence of other possible bacterial causes of non-malarial fevers.
High PCR positivity was found for Brucellaand Leptospira spp., and high endpoint titres were observed against leptospiral serovar Grippotyphosa from the serological testing. Patients aged 5-17 years old had 4.02 (95% CI: 1.18-13.70, p-value = 0.03) and 2.42 (95% CI: 1.09- 5.34, p-value = 0.03) times higher odds of infection with Brucellaspp. and C. burnetii than those of ages 35-80. The source of water was also a significant predictor for exposure to C. burnetii. Other bacterial infections including those caused by Streptococcusspp. were determined using metagenomic sequencing.
The substantial evidence for non-malarial fevers in healthcare centres in Garissa County calls for their inclusion in routine diagnosis to lower the human disease burden and ensure better health outcomes, especially in younger populations.
Diagnostic biomarkers and potential treatment targets for Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Chen Yuling , li Yan , Xu Yuan , Lv Qing , Ye Yuanchun , Gu Jieruo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the axial joints. Immune cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of AS. This study integrated bioinformatics methods with experimental validation to explore the role of natural killer (NK) cells in AS.
Methods
Two microarray datasets, GSE25101 and GSE73754, were selected, and the scRNA-seq data were obtained from GSE194315 and Liu’s research. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment analysis were performed respectively. weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify key modules of co-expressed genes and genes involved in NK cell function. The diagnostic value of the identified key genes were evaluated using ROC curves, logistic regression analysis, and a nomogram. real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used to quantified the expression of genes. Statistical analysis was conducted using the R software package, and a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Pathways enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of NK cell-mediated immune pathways and regulation of the innate immune response, indicating the crucial role of innate immunity, especially NK cells, in AS pathogenesis. The construction of a co-expression network revealed that the MElightyellow module was most relevant to the NK cell-mediated immune pathway. IL2RB, CD247, PLEKHF1, EOMES, S1PR5, FGFBP2 from the MElightyellow module were identified as key genes involved in NK cell-mediated immune response and served as potential diagnostic biomarkers for AS, with moderate to high diagnostic values based on AUC values. Further analysis using scRNA-seq profiling revealed the higher expression level of IL2RB, CD247, PLEKHF1, S1PR5, FGFBP2 in NK cells compared to that in other cell types. CD247, PLEKHF1, EOMES, S1PR5, and FGFBP2 were reduced expressed in AS patients as compare to control group verified by scRNA-seq data, CD247, EOMES, FGFBP2, IL2RB and S1PR5 were reduced expressed verified by RT-PCR, and PLEKHF1, S1PR5, and FGFBP2 was upregulated after TNF-α blocker therapy.
Conclusion
The study revealed the potential role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of AS and identified diagnostic biomarkers and potential treatment targets for AS.
An inflammatory–nutritional score for predicting survival benefit after curative resection for Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nie Guilin , Peng Dingzhong , Wen Ningyuan , Wang Yaoqun , Lu Jiong , Li Bei 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tree. Resection is the only potentially curative treatment for pCCA. Systemic inflammation and nutrition status are sources of important prognostic factors for patients with pCCA. In this study, a risk score, named “neutrophil-albumin-bilirubin (NAB)”, was developed and validated based on inflammation and nutrition status biomarkers for patients with pCCA.
Methods
A total of 161 patients who underwent surgical resection between December 2008 to April 2016 were included in this retrospective cohort study (118 in the training set and 43 in the validation set). NAB were developed from preoperative blood biomarkers via Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression in training and validation cohorts. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves and Kaplan–Meier analysis were used to verify the prognostic prediction value of the NAB score for resectable pCCA. Nomograms were also established to validate the clinical use of this model for overall survival and recurrence-free survival evaluation.
Results
Based on albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) grade and neutrophil biomarkers, NAB classified patients into high-risk and low-risk groups when patients with high-risk scores had shorter OS (p < 0.05) and RFS (p < 0.05) than patients with low-risk scores. The relationship between NAB and lymph node metastasis was also claimed(p = 0.004). Furthermore, the high NAB score was a significant independent prognostic factor of OS and RFS in both the training (p = 0.001) and validation (p = 0.037) cohorts, respectively. A NAB-nomogram combined with other independent prognostic factors, like ASA grade, lymph node metastases, perineural invasion and so on, was constructed for individualized prognostic prediction.
Conclusion
NAB could serve as a robust prognostic biomarker and be helpful for surgical decision-making in patients with pCCA.