bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A History of Double Criminality in Extradition
Authors: Boister Neil 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article sets out the history of double criminality in the law of extradition. It shows how that it only emerged as a legal requirement in the ‘Jay Treaty’, the 1794 treaty between theUSand UK. The article explores how the ‘Jay proviso’, a procedural requirement that the requesting state produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the requested state of the criminality of the requested person, morphed through interaction between common law and civil law states into a substantive requirement that the acts for which extradition is requested be criminal under the laws of both states. The article diccusses the evolution of the idea, and of its rationale, and then concludes that acceptance of this idea by the early part of the 20th Century confirmed its status as a general principle of law, or perhaps even a rule of customary international law.
Zur Bedeutung und Rolle von „Wirklichkeit“ und „Wahrheit“ in mittelalterlicher Literatur, mit einem besonderen Blick auf Der guote Gêrhart des Rudolf von Ems
Authors: Eberhardt Otto 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Middle High German has no equivalent to our word “reality”. Instead the terms “wâr”, “wære”/“gewære”, and “wârheit” applied primarily. They could denote two things: either the higher reality in the divine realm, or simply everyday reality. Both are encountered in Der guote Gêrhart by Rudolf von Ems.
Zur Notwendigkeit eines textsortendifferenzierten Herangehens an mittelalterliche Stadtbücher
Authors: Smereka Joanna 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article connects the existing results of the study of the language of the medieval city chancellery of Cracow, which was conducted without distinguishing individual entries into the text types they represent, with the results of the analysis of the language in testamentary records. Wills, as a type of text, appear in city records as a mass source. It seems that the previous claim as to an almost unconditional avoidance of dialectal features in the city registry must undergo some reconsideration depending not only on the producer of the text, but also the entire context of the communicative situation and the type of text that is the written product of a social activity. The analy-sis not only verifies previous assertions, but also draws attention to a new research perspective on medieval city books, which is worth applying to the selection of the research corpus. The author also refers to her earlier contributions in the field of the syntactic research on the medieval city chancellery.
Hypertension and traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among treatment naïve HIV- infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in Urban Tanzania
Authors: Mwakyandile Tosi M. , Shayo Grace A. , Sasi Philip G. , Mugusi Ferdinand M. , Barabona Godfrey , Ueno Takamasa , Lyamuya Eligius F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become an important cause of ill health and death among people living with HIV and/or AIDS (PLHIV) in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. There is scarce data on the burden of hypertension (HTN) and risk factors for CVDs among PLHIV in developing countries, including Tanzania during the ART era.

Objective(s)
To determine the prevalence of HTN and risk factors for CVDs among ART naïve PLHIV initiating ART.

Methods
We analysed baseline data of 430 clinical trial participants on the effect of low-dose aspirin on HIV disease progression among HIV-infected individuals initiating ART. HTN was the outcome CVD. Traditional risk factors for CVDs studied were age, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, individual and family history of CVDs, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity/overweight, and dyslipidaemia. A generalized linear model (robust Poisson regression) was used to determine the predictors for HTN.

Results
The median (IQR) age was 37 (28, 45) years. Females were the majority contributing 64.9% of all participants. The prevalence of HTN was 24.8%. The most prevalent risk factors for CVDs were dyslipidaemia (88.3%), alcohol consumption (49.3%), and overweight or obesity (29.1%). Being overweight or obese predicted the occurrence of HTN, aPR 1.60 (95% CI 1.16–2.21) while WHO HIV clinical stage 3 was protective against HTN, aPR 0.42(95% CI 0.18–0.97).

Conclusion
The prevalence of HTN and traditional risk factors for CVDs in the treatment naïve PLHIV initiating ART are significant. Identifying these risk factors and managing them at the time of ART initiation may lower future CVDs among PLHIV.
Comprehensive analysis of candidate signatures of long non-coding RNA LINC01116 and related protein-coding genes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wang Xiang-Kun , Zhang Xu-Dong , Luo Kai , Yu Long , Huang Shuai , Liu Zhong-Yuan , Li Ren-Feng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a long-term malignancy that causes high morbidities and mortalities worldwide. Notably, long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been identified as candidate targets for malignancy treatments.

Methods
LncRNA LINC01116 and its Pearson-correlated genes (PCGs) were identified and analyzed in HCC patients. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the lncRNA was evaluated using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Further, we explored the target drugs of LINC01116 for clinical application. Relationships between immune infiltration and PCGs, methylation and PCGs were explored. The diagnostic potentials were then validated by Oncomine cohorts.

Results
LINC01116 and the PCG OLFML2B are differentially and highly expressed in tumor tissues (both P ≤ 0.050). We found that LINC01116, TMSB15A, PLAU, OLFML2B, and MRC2 have diagnostic potentials (all AUC ≥ 0.700, all P ≤ 0.050) while LINC01116 and TMSB15A have prognostic significance (both adjusted P ≤ 0.050). LINC01116 was enriched in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling pathway, mesenchyme morphogenesis, etc. After that, candidate target drugs with potential clinical significance were identified: Thiamine, Cromolyn, Rilmenidine, Chlorhexidine, Sulindac_sulfone, Chloropyrazine, and Meprylcaine. Analysis of immune infiltration revealed that MRC2, OLFML2B, PLAU, and TMSB15A are negatively associated with the purity but positively associated with the specific cell types (all P < 0.050). Analysis of promoter methylation demonstrated that MRC2, OLFML2B, and PLAU have differential and high methylation levels in primary tumors (all P < 0.050). Validation results of the differential expressions and diagnostic potential of OLFML2B (Oncomine) were consistent with those obtained in the TCGA cohort (P < 0.050, AUC > 0.700).

Conclusions
Differentially expressed LINC01116 could be a candidate diagnostic and an independent prognostic signature in HCC. Besides, its target drugs may work for HCC therapy via the VEGF receptor signaling pathway. Differentially expressed OLFML2B could be a diagnostic signature involved in HCC via immune infiltrates.
Psychometric properties of the caregiving difficulty scale in mothers of children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Park Eun-Young 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
The Caregiving Difficulty Scale is used to measure the burden of caregiving experienced by mothers of children with cerebral palsy. This study aimed to identify the psychometric properties of the Caregiving Difficulty Scale using the Rasch model.

Methods
Data collected from 206 mothers of children with cerebral palsy were analyzed. Unidimensionality, difficulty of item, rating scale appropriateness, and reliability using the separation index of the Caregiving Difficulty Scale were verified. Unidimensionality of all 25 items was identified through the item fit.

Results
Our analysis of item difficulty indicated that person ability and item difficulty are expressed as a similar logit extend. The use of the 5-point rating scale appeared to be appropriate. Outcome analysis revealed that the reliability was high based on the person and that the item separation level was acceptable.

Conclusions
This study showed that the Caregiving Difficulty Scale could be a valuable tool for evaluating the caregiving burden in mothers of children with cerebral palsy.
Survival outcomes and prognostic factors for first-line abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Tseng Chi-Shin , Yang Jui-Han , Huang Shi-Wei , Wang Yu-Jen , Chen Chung-Hsin , Pu Yeong-Shiau , Cheng Jason Chia-Hsien , Huang Chao-Yuan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the survival outcomes of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients receiving first-line novel androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies (ARATs) and prognostic factors for patient survival.

Methods
This retrospective study obtained data from 202 patients who started abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide as first-line therapy for mCRPC between 2016 and 2021 from a single academic center. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) defined as the interval from the start of ARAT to death, loss to follow-up, or the end of the study period. The secondary endpoints were PSA decline, PSA nadir, and time to nadir (TTN) after ARATs. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were applied for depicting OS. Cox proportional hazards model with inversed probability of treatment weighing-adjustment was used to validate the effect of patient, disease, and treatment response factors on OS.

Results
Among 202 patients, 164 patients were treated with first-line ARATs alone and 38 patients received second-line chemotherapy. The median OS was not reached in patients with first-line ARATs alone and was 38.8 months in those with subsequent chemotherapy after failure from ARATs. OS was not different between the use of abiraterone and enzalutamide, though enzalutamide showed a higher rate of PSA decline ≧ 90% (56% versus 40%, p = 0.021) and longer TTN (5.5 versus 4.7 months, p = 0.019). Multivariable analysis showed that PSA nadir > 2 ng/mL [hazard ratio (HR) 7.04, p < 0.001] and TTN<7 months (HR 2.18, p = 0.012) were independently associated with shorter OS. Patients with both of these poor prognostic factors had worse OS compared to those who had 0–1 factors (HR 9.21, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Patients with mCRPC who received first-line ARATs had better survival if they had a PSA nadir$$\leqq$$2 ng/mL or a TTN$$\geqq$$7 months. Further study is needed to determine if an early switch in therapy for those in whom neither is achieved may impact OS.
Safety and effectiveness of pembrolizumab monotherapy in Japanese patients with unresectable urothelial carcinoma: a nation-wide post-marketing surveillance
Authors: Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Tanaka Yu , Hamada Masahiro , Ozaki Masahiko , Minegishi Toshihiko , Ito Yuichiro , Maekawa Shinichiroh , Yamamoto Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
This study was conducted to identify factors associated with the safety and effectiveness of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients with unresectable urothelial carcinoma and to confirm the real-world safety and effectiveness of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients.

Methods
This multicenter, observational, post-marketing surveillance was conducted over a 1-year observation period starting at pembrolizumab initiation (200-mg pembrolizumab every 3 weeks); data were collected from case report forms (3 months and 1 year). Safety measures included treatment-related adverse events and adverse events of special interest (AEOSI). Effectiveness assessments included tumor response, objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR).

Results
Overall, 1293 patients were evaluated for safety and 1136 for effectiveness. At 12 months, the treatment-related adverse event incidence was 53.8% (n = 696) and that of AEOSI was 25.0% (n = 323). The most frequent AEOSI of any grade were endocrinological disorder (10.4%, n = 134), interstitial lung disease (ILD) (7.2%, n = 93), and hepatic function disorder (4.9%, n = 64). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the risk of developing ILD was almost seven times greater (odds ratio 6.60) in patients with a comorbidity of ILD, and approximately twice as high in patients aged ≥ 65 years (odds ratio 2.24) and with smoking history (odds ratio 1.79). The ORR was 26.1% and the DCR was 50.7%. The ORR was 46.4% in patients with a Bellmunt risk score of 0 and decreased as the Bellmunt risk score increased.

Conclusions
This post-marketing surveillance confirmed the safety and effectiveness of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients with unresectable urothelial carcinoma in the real-world setting.
Treatment patterns of targeted and nontargeted therapies and survival effects in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer in Taiwan
Authors: Hu Szu-Han , Huang Ming-Yii , Chen Chung-Yu , Hsieh Hui-Min 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Taiwan’s National Health Insurance has covered targeted therapy, namely cetuximab, for locally advanced head and neck cancers (LAHNC) since July 2009. This study examines treatment trends and survival effects of locally advanced head and neck cancer patients before and after Taiwan’s National Health Insurance covered cetuximab.

Methods
We examined treatment trends and survival effects for patients with LAHNC using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients who received treatment within 6 months were categorized as either nontargeted or targeted therapy groups. We analyzed treatment trends with the Cochran-Armitage trend test and explored factors associated with treatment selection and survival effects using multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
Of the 20,900 LAHNC patients included in the study, 19,696 received nontargeted therapy, while 1,204 received targeted therapy. Older patients with more comorbid conditions, advanced stages and patients with hypopharynx and oropharynx cancers were more likely to receive targeted therapy with concomitant cetuximab treatment. Patients who received targeted therapy in addition to other treatment modalities had a greater risk of one-year and long-term all-cause mortality or cancer-specific mortality than those without receiving targeted therapy (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our study found an increasing trend in cetuximab utilization among LAHNC after reimbursement in Taiwan, but overall usage rates were low. LAHNC patients receiving cetuximab with other treatments had higher mortality risk than those receiving cisplatin, suggesting cisplatin may be preferred. Further research is needed to identify subgroups that could benefit from concomitant cetuximab treatment.
Hemoglobinopathies, merozoite surface protein-2 gene polymorphisms, and acquisition of Epstein Barr virus among infants in Western Kenya
Authors: Olewe Perez K. , Awandu Shehu Shagari , Munde Elly O. , Anyona Samuel B. , Raballah Evans , Amolo Asito S. , Ogola Sidney , Ndenga Erick , Onyango Clinton O. , Rochford Rosemary , Perkins Douglas J. , Ouma Collins 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-associated endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma pediatric cancer is associated with morbidity and mortality among children resident in holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum regions in western Kenya. P. falciparum exerts strong selection pressure on sickle cell trait (SCT), alpha thalassemia (-α3.7/αα), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP-2) variants (FC27, 3D7) that confer reduced malarial disease severity. The current study tested the hypothesis that SCT, (-α3.7/αα), G6PD mutation and (MSP-2) variants (FC27, 3D7) are associated with an early age of EBV acquisition.

Methods
Data on infant EBV infection status (< 6 and ≥ 6–12 months of age) was abstracted from a previous longitudinal study. Archived infant DNA (n = 81) and mothers DNA (n = 70) samples were used for genotyping hemoglobinopathies and MSP-2. The presence of MSP-2 genotypes in maternal DNA samples was used to indicate infant in-utero malarial exposure. Genetic variants were determined by TaqMan assays or standard PCR. Group differences were determined by Chi-square or Fisher’s analysis. Bivariate regression modeling was used to determine the relationship between the carriage of genetic variants and EBV acquisition.

Results
EBV acquisition for infants < 6 months was not associated with -α3.7/αα (OR = 1.824, P = 0.354), SCT (OR = 0.897, P = 0.881), or G6PD [Viangchan (871G > A)/Chinese (1024 C > T) (OR = 2.614, P = 0.212)] and [Union (1360 C > T)/Kaiping (1388G > A) (OR = 0.321, P = 0.295)]. There was no relationship between EBV acquisition and in-utero exposure to either FC27 (OR = 0.922, P = 0.914) or 3D7 (OR = 0.933, P = 0.921). In addition, EBV acquisition in infants ≥ 6–12 months also showed no association with -α3.7/αα (OR = 0.681, P = 0.442), SCT (OR = 0.513, P = 0.305), G6PD [(Viangchan (871G > A)/Chinese (1024 C > T) (OR = 0.640, P = 0.677)], [Mahidol (487G > A)/Coimbra (592 C > T) (OR = 0.948, P = 0.940)], [(Union (1360 C > T)/Kaiping (1388G > A) (OR = 1.221, P = 0.768)], African A (OR = 0.278, P = 0.257)], or in utero exposure to either FC27 (OR = 0.780, P = 0.662) or 3D7 (OR = 0.549, P = 0.241).

Conclusion
Although hemoglobinopathies (-α3.7/αα, SCT, and G6PD mutations) and in-utero exposure to MSP-2 were not associated with EBV acquisition in infants 0–12 months, novel G6PD variants were discovered in the population from western Kenya. To establish that the known and novel hemoglobinopathies, and in utero MSP-2 exposure do not confer susceptibility to EBV, future studies with larger sample sizes from multiple sites adopting genome-wide analysis are required.
Hormonal and inflammatory signatures of different mood episodes in bipolar disorder: a large-scale clinical study
Authors: Lyu Nan , Zhao Qian , Fu Bingbing , Li Jinhong , Wang Han , Yang Fan , Liu Sitong , Huang Juan , Zhang Xinwei , Zhang Ling , Li Rena 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by intensive mood fluctuations. While hormones imbalance plays important role in the mood swings, it is unknown whether peripheral hormones profiles could differentiate the manic and depressive mood episodes in BD. In this study, we investigated the changes of various hormones and inflammatory markers across distinct mood episodes of BD in a large clinical study to provide mood episode-specific peripheral biomarkers for BD.

Methods
A total of 8332 BD patients (n = 2679 depressive episode; n = 5653 manic episode) were included. All patients were in acute state of mood episodes and need hospitalization. A panel of blood tests were performed for levels of sex hormones (serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone), stress hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol), and an inflammation marker (C-reactive protein, CRP). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the discriminatory potential of the biomarkers for mood episodes.

Results
In overall comparison between mood episodes, the BD patients expressed higher levels of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and CRP (P < 0.001) and lower adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level (P < 0.001) during manic episode. The episode-specific changes of testosterone, ACTH, and CRP levels remained between the two groups (P < 0.001) after correction for the confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, occupation, marital status, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, psychotic symptoms, and age at onset. Furthermore, we found a sex- and age-specific impact of combined biomarkers in mood episodes in male BD patients aged ≥ 45 years (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI, 0.634–0.747), not in females.

Conclusions
While both hormone and inflammatory change is independently associated with mood episodes, we found that the combination of sex hormones, stress hormones and CRP could be more effective to differentiate the manic and depressive episode. The biological signatures of mood episodes in BD patients may be sex- and age-specific. Our findings not only provide mood episode-related biological markers, but also better support for targeted intervention in BD treatments.
Prevalence and factors associated with mental health problems of psychological distress and depression among rural Victorians – analysis of cross-sectional data (Crossroads II)
Authors: Dashputre Anushka , Agho Kingsley E. , Piya Milan K. , Glenister Kristen , Bourke Lisa , Hannah Stephanie , Bhat Ravi , Osuagwu Uchechukwu L. , Simmons David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Research suggests that rates of mental illness are similar in rural and urban Australia, although there are significant workforce shortages in rural regions along with higher rates of chronic disease and obesity and lower levels of socioeconomic status. However, there are variations across rural Australia and limited local data on mental health prevalence, risk, service use and protective factors. This study describes the prevalence of self-reported mental health problems of psychological distress and depression, in a rural region in Australia and aims to identify the factors associated with these problems.

Methods
The Crossroads II study was a large-scale cross-sectional study undertaken in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia in 2016–18. Data were collected from randomly selected households across four rural and regional towns and then screening clinics from individuals from these households. The main outcome measures were self-reported mental health problems of psychological distress assessed by the Kessler 10 and depression assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Unadjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals of factors associated with the two mental health problems were calculated using simple logistic regression with multiple logistic regression using hierarchical modelling to adjust for the potential confounders.

Results
Of the 741 adult participants (55.6% females), 67.4% were aged ≥ 55 years. Based on the questionnaires, 16.2% and 13.6% had threshold-level psychological distress and depression, respectively. Of those with threshold-level K-10 scores, 19.0% and 10.5% had seen a psychologist or a psychiatrist respectively while 24.2% and 9.5% of those experiencing depression had seen a psychologist or a psychiatrist, respectively in the past year. Factors such as being unmarried, current smoker, obesity, were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of mental health problems whereas physical activity, and community participation reduced the risk of mental health problems. Compared to rural towns, the regional town had higher risk of depression which was non-significant after adjusting for community participation and health conditions.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of psychological distress and depression in this rural population was consistent with other rural studies. Personal and lifestyle factors were more relevant to mental health problems than degree of rurality in Victoria. Targeted lifestyle interventions could assist in reducing mental illness risk and preventing further distress.