bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Anti-λE Antibodies
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Johansson S. Gunnar O. , Bennich Hans 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit antibodies specific for human γE released histamine from the leukocytes of atopic patients, whereas antibodies specific for the other immunoglobulin classes did not. Antibodies specific for the light chains of immunoglobulins also released histamine. The results indicated that the histamine release is a reversed type allergic reaction. The concentration of anti-γE required for 50% histamine release from leukocytes varied, depending on the donors. This concentration roughly correlated with the minimal concentration of the same antibody required to induce erythema-wheal reactions in their skin but was unrelated to the γE concentration in their sera. The sensitivity of leukocytes to anti-γE was increased by passive sensitization of the cells with reaginic serum containing a high concentration of γE. The results showed that γE is present on/in leukocytes and that γE antibodies on the cells are responsible for histamine release by allergen.
Lymphocyte In Vitro Cytotoxicity: Mechanism of Lymphotoxin-Induced Tarcet Cell Destruction
Authors: Williams Terry W. , Granger Gale A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Lymphotoxin-induced cell destruction in vitro is a progressive cytolysis occurring over 36 to 48 hr. This process was shown to be temperature and concentration dependent. Cell destruction was characterized by the following observations: a) LT does not bind to the target cell, b) it acts non-specifically, causing destruction of cells from many mammalian species, c) it causes lysis of red blood cells, and d) polyanions of similar charge compete and block the cytolytic action of LT. The mechanism of action of LT appears to be the result of LT interaction on membrane site(s) which are common to many different types of cells. The concept of LT as an important mediator of cell destruction in systems in which ymphocytes participate is discussed.
Studies on Heterologous Antilymphocyte and Antithymocyte Sera
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Hunter Robert L. , Southworth Joanne , Rabson Alan S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The in vivo effects of rabbit antilymphocyte (ALS) and antithymocyte sera (ATS) on splenic morphology and phagocytic function were studied in BALB/c mice which had been treated with one, two or three successive intraperitoneal injections of serum. There were no discernible differences between the effects produced by ALS or ATS, although the amount of histologic alteration varied from animal to animal. The major changes included red pulp hyperplasia, decreased cellularity of the marginal zone, and lymphocyte depletion of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath.
Following immunization with sheep erythrocytes, ALS-treated mice had a decrease in the size and number of germinal centers in splenic lymphoid follicles when compared to controls.
ALS-treated mice which had been injected with 3H-thymidine had a significant increase in the amount of isotope incorporated into splenic DNA when compared to both untreated and normal rabbit serum-treated mice. These findings correlated with autoradiographs, and suggested that ALS was more potent than NRS as an in vivo mitogen.
Following the injection of 125I-labeled flagella of S. typhi, ALS-treated mice retained much less antigen in lymphoid follicles than did NRS-or untreated controls. These data suggested that ALS preferentially impaired the function of splenic dendritic macrophages.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Grossman Burton J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Indirect immunofluorescence has been used to search for heart-specific antibodies in the sera of 35 rabbits and 42 human infants immunized with streptococcal M protein vaccines. No antibodies specific for human or rabbit myofibers were found in these immune sera.
A survey of the sera of 150 acute rheumatic fever patients showed about 50% with heart-specific antibodies. Many of these sera also had high-titer antibodies to type 12 M protein. When these sera (first absorbed with liver powder) were absorbed with an antigenic excess of type 12 M protein, no significant diminution was observed in the intensity of the immunofluorescent heart staining reaction.
These results indicate that purified M proteins are unrelated to those antigens of heart tissue that are shared with group A streptococci. The results are discussed in reference to the safety of antistreptococcal M protein vaccines.
Immune Hemolysis: Serial Studies on the Dissociability of IgG and IgM Anti-Forssman Antibodies Using the C′la Fixation and Transfer Technique
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The C′1a fixation and transfer test was found to be a useful procedure for measuring the dissociation of rabbit IgG and IgM anti-Forssman antibodies from sensitized sheep erythrocytes. During the first few weeks after the start of immunization, IgG antibodies were found to be of such low avidity that much antibody could be removed from sensitized erythrocytes simply by washing at 25°C to 30°C. Nearly all antibody activity could be retained on the cells by washing at 0°C with low ionic strength buffer. With IgM fractions from the same sera, avidity was much higher. Only in preimmune sera were low-avidity IgM antibodies observed. Both classes of antibody showed a progressive increase in avidity with time after the start of immunization, although the major increase was much earlier for the IgM than for the IgG class.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Simpson Blanche A. , Bast Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sephadex chromatography of commercial HSA results in a low polymer fraction (at least up to pentamer) comprising 12% to 28% of total protein and a nearly homogeneous monomer fraction comprising the remainder. Both fractions and starting material are cleared from the serum of guinea pigs at identical rates, induce unresponsiveness with equal effectiveness, and are immunogenic when incorporated in adjuvant. Heat-aggregated HSA is relatively ineffective as a tolerogen.
Heat-aggregated HGG is initially cleared from the serum more rapidly than native HGG. However, it elicits a state of split tolerance in adult guinea pigs with greatly depressed delayed hypersensitivity and hemolytic antibody but with undiminished 7 S γ1 titers.
Further evidence is presented documenting a diminution of all immunologic parameters including immune clearance and 7 S γ1 antibody titers in animals suppressed with HSA in saline. These findings are inconsistent with the interpretation that unresponsiveness represents immune deviation.
Detection of Rabbit Pancreas-Specific Isoantibodies by Bis-Diazotized Benzidine Hemagglutination
Authors: Brinckerhoff Constance E. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A BDB hemagglutination technique allowed the detection of pancreas-specific isoantibodies in the rabbit. It uses 1% normal rabbit serum plus 0.075 M sucrose as diluent. Hemagglutinins were absent from the serum prior to immunization. Upon injection of rabbit pancreas extract, antibody specific for rabbit pancreas was produced; no reaction was observed with other rabbit organs or with the pancreas of other species. In contrast to the complement fixation tests, cross-reactions with rabbit ileum were not found by BDB hemagglutination. No examples of autoantibodies were encountered.
A comparison of isoantigen-isoantibody patterns of rabbit pancreas antisera with individual rabbit pancreas extracts, using both complement fixation and BDB hemagglutination techniques, showed differences in reaction patterns. Reduction and alkylation had no effect on the hemagglutinating capacity of the antiserum, while the complement-fixing activity was abolished.
Alterations in Immune Responses by Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccine
Authors: Craig Charles P. , Reynolds Scott L. , Airhart Jim W. , Staab Edward V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine infection enhanced the immune response in Hartley strain guinea pigs. Accelerated immune clearance of 1 or 20 mg 125I-bovine γ globulin injected 24 or 48 hr before or 24 hr after VEE vaccine was demonstrated.
Elevated hemagglutinating titers to BGG were obtained on days 8, 12, 21, 28 and 35 when the VEE vaccine preceded BGG by 24 hr and on days 8 and 12 when VEE followed BGG by 24 or 48 hr. Increased titers were demonstrated only at 8 days in guinea pigs infected 5 to 30 min or 48 hr before BGG.
All the HA antibody activity in the sera collected on the 4th day was 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) reducible. A significant portion of the HA antibody at 8 and 12 days was 2-ME resistant.
Noninfective formalin-killed attenuated VEE virus did not produce an increase in the HA titers.
Alterations in Immune Responses by Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccine
Authors: Airhart Jim W. , Trevino Gilberto S. , Craig Charles P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The pathology of infection with attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine, 83rd tissue culture passage, in guinea pigs was studied by routine microscopic examination of tissues and fluorescent antibody staining for viral antigen. Transient centrilobular hepatic degeneration, arteriolar endothelial swelling, and splenic and lymph node germinal center proliferation, chiefly of reticuloendothelial elements but also of immature lymphoblasts, were demonstrated. Circulating lymphopenia and leukopenia, followed by lymphocytosis, also occurred. Two peaks of viral antigen concentrations were found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and kidney, the first immediately after infection, the second between days 7 and 15. No differences were found in organ localization or persistence of fluorescent bovine γ globulin given 24 hr after VEE.
The significance and implications of the findings to the adjuvant effect of VEE virus infection were discussed.
Anti-Immunoglobulin Control of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Romeyn J. A. , Ross Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Summary
19 S anti-immunoglobulin inhibits complementary lysis of erythrocytes sensitized with 7 S or 19 S hemolysin.
7 S anti-immunoglobulin inhibits complementary lysis of erythrocytes sensitized with 19 S hemolysin but facilitates lysis of erythrocytes sensitized with 7 S hemolysin.
7 S anti-immunoglobulin prepared by immunizing guinea pigs with normal rabbit serum does not facilitate lysis by 7 S hemolysin, whereas 7 S anti-immunoglobulin made by immunizing with guinea pig erythrocytes coated with rabbit hemolysin does facilitate such hemolysis.
7 S and 19 S autologous anti-immunoglobulin are present in rabbit-produced anti-erythrocyte serum in amounts which can substantially influence the lytic power of the serum or its fractions. Thus, the presence of such anti-immunoglobulin acts as a mechanism controlling the effectiveness of cytolytic antibody, presumably in vivo as well as in vitro.
Mercaptoethanol destroys the lytic capacity of the 7 S fraction of anti-erythrocyte serum and this can be restored to its original level by anti-immunoglobulin. In addition, anti-immunoglobulin can facilitate the lytic capacity to as high a level as that achievable with untreated 7 S hemolysin.
Pattern of Immunoglobulin Production in Individual Cells of Human Hematopoietic Origin in Established Culture
Authors: Takahashi Morinobu , Yagi Yasuo , Moore George E. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The presence of immunoglobulins and their subunits was studied in cultured cells of 27 established cell lines of human hematopoietic origin. Antibodies monospecific to each of the component chains of immunoglobulin (γ, α and µ heavy chains and κ and λ light chains) were conjugated with either fluorescein (Fl) or tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) and paired mixtures of a Fl-conjugated antibody of one specificity and a TMR-conjugated antibody of another specificity were used to investigate individual cells in culture.
It was found that cell lines can be classified into the following groups with respect to the nature of immunoglobulins and their subunits produced in individual cells: a) Two cell lines contained cells in which only light chains of a single type were detected; b) Four cell lines contained cells in which only heavy chains of a single class were detected; c) Eleven cell lines contained a single population of cells in which heavy chains of a single class and light chains of a single type (presumably a single immunoglobulin) were detected; d) Five cell lines consisted of a mixture of two or mor cell populations each of which contained single immunoglobulins of different classes; e) Five cell lines contained a substantial number of individual cells in which heavy chains of two different classes, γ and α (two cell lines), or γ and µ (three cell lines) and light chains of a single type were detected.
In contrast to the coexistence of two different heavy chains in individual cells of five cell lines, no cell was found to contain more than a single type of light chains and even the cells containing two heavy chains had only a single light chain. This suggests that the lymphoid cells differentiate earlier for the regulation of light chain genes than for the regulation of heavy chain genes.
Coccidioidin Delayed Hypersensitivity: Skin Test and In Vitro Lymphocyte Reactivities
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Pappagianis Demosthenes , Maibach Howard , Hildreth Eugene A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Delayed skin test reactivity and in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were compared in three groups of subjects. Addition of coccidioidin to lymphocyte cultures led to an increased rate of isotope uptake into DNA in cells of strongly coccidioidin skin test positive subjects but not in cells of weakly coccidioidin skin test positive or of coccidioidin skin test-negative individuals. Coccidioidin-induced lymphocyte proliferation was antigen-dose dependent. There was no evidence of in vitro cross-reactivity between coccidioidin and tuberculin in lymphocyte cultures.
Susceptibility of Anti-Chlamydial IgG Antibodies to Reduction and Alkylation
Authors: Isa Abdallah M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Whole sera and purified IgG fractions in three host species (human, monkey and rabbit) lost serologic activity to chlamydial antigens following reduction with 2-ME and alkylation with IOD. Loss of antibody activity observed by others following the mercaptan treatment of sera (8, 9) may have resulted from the inactivation of IgG rather than any IgM antibodies. Susceptibility to the action of sulfhydryl reagents (2-ME) thus can not be used as a valid criterion to distinguish between IgM and IgG antibodies.
Hemolysis of Sheep Erythrocytes by Complement Without Participation of Antibody
Authors: Inai S. , Tsuyuguchi I. , Hiramatsu S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes, to which aggregated human IgG (EagG) was coupled by CrCl3, were lysed by diluted guinea pig serum. The kinetics of the lytic process, the mode of inhibition of the hemolysis by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the formation of the intermediate products of the complement reaction, i.e., EagG C′1a, EagG C′1a4 and EagG C′4, all confirmed the participation of complement in the process.
IgM-coupled erythrocytes were also lysed by complement; in contrast IgA- or IgD-coupled erythrocytes were not lysed even at much higher concentrations of complement. These observations are consistent with the facts that IgM, as well as IgG, fix complement while IgA does not. From the hemolytic behavior of IgD-coupled erythrocytes and estimation of the complement-fixing capacity of IgD, it was concluded that IgD does not fix complement.
Direct coupling of partially purified human C′1a to sheep erythrocytes by CrCl3 was also achieved.
The Effect of ATP Content of Human Erythrocytes on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Miyama A. , Kogami J. , Kashiba S. , Amano T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous work has shown that ATP-rich human erythrocytes are less sensitive to the action of antibody and complement than ATP-poor cells. Earlier studies by us had demonstrated that ATP content of red cells decreased concomitantly with the release of hemoglobin during immune hemolysis. It was postulated that antibody and complement may modify the membrane ATPase of human red cells. Portions of EA, mixed either with C′ or with EDTA-C′ were lysed by reducing the ionic strength. ATPase activity of ghosts was assayed in the presence or absence of ouabain. Ouabain-insensitive ATPase increased and reached a maximum within 5 min after addition of C′, whereas the release of hemoglobin was slightly delayed. ATPase activity of red cell ghosts prepared from EA and EDTA-C′ remained constant without any activation. ATPase activity of red cell ghosts that were prepared in the absence of A and C′ also increased when exposed to A and C′.
Studies on the Eighth and the Ninth Components of Complement
Authors: Tamura N. , Shimada A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig C′9, to which rabbit antiserum was prepared, formed a single precipitin line in the α2 region when analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis. Development in the α2 region of a hemolytic band in an agar overlay containing EAC′1–8 was completely inhibited by the precipitin line formed with the IgG fraction of the antiserum. Furthermore, by mixing the IgG fraction with guinea pig serum in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), more than 99.5% of C′9 activity was precipitated while all the other components remained in the supernatant fluid. The C′9-depleted guinea pig serum obtained by the above method was not bactericidal against Salmonella typhi 0901; bactericidal activity was restored by adding purified guinea pig or human C′9.
Lysis of EAC′1–8 by C′9 was inhibited by antiserum to C′9; transformation of EAC′1–9 to ghosts, however, was not affected by anti-C′9.
Antiserum from rabbits immunized with partially purified guinea pig C′8 inhibited the formation of EAC′1– from EAC′1–7 and C′8.
Distribution of Poliovirus Antibody in Serum, Nasopharynx and Alimentary Tract Following Segmental Immunization of Lower Alimentary Tract with Poliovaccine
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Karzon David T. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Poliovirus antibody response in serum, nasopharynx and segments of the lower alimentary tract has been studied following immunization of the distal segment of the colon in twelve patients with double-barrel surgical eolostomy. The response was characterized by the appearance of secretory γA antibody in the immunized segment of colon. The antibody appeared 14 days after immunization and gradually increased in titer. Low levels of γA antibody appeared in the segments of colon that were in close proximity to the immunized segment. However, antibody activity in the nasopharynx was conspicuously absent.
Subsequent oral administration of live poliovaccine after the closure of the colostomy in three patients, who had previously received immunization of the distal colon with live vaccine, elicited an appreciable antibody response in the nasopharynx. Pre-existing levels of antibody in rectal washings did not influence nasopharyngeal susceptibility to infection. However, virus excretion in rectal washings was significantly limited.
Individual Patterns of Ram Seminal Antigens
Authors: Kulangara Abraham C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Nine rams were shown to give individual patterns of seminal antigens. Five to 10 spermatozoan antigens and 6 to 11 seminal plasma antigens were detected in the different individuals, but only one SS and one SP antigen were common to five Blackface rams. Similarly, four Merino rams shared one SS and one SP antigen.
Seminal plasma antigens of the ram showed very little or no electrophoretic migration at pH 5 and 8.2, which distinguished them from spermatozoan antigens as a group.
There was evidence for an exchange of some antigens between seminal plasma and spermatozoa.
Effects of Temperature upon “Naturally Occurring” Blood Group Agglutinins in Fresh Water Catfish
Authors: Kuhns William J. , Nigrelli Ross F. , Chuba Joseph V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Naturally occurring” isohemagglutinins and heterophilic agglutinins in 10 fresh water catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus, Le Sueur, and Ictalurus catus, Linneaus), disappeared from circulating blood following a decrease in storage temperature from 25C° to 5°C. They reappeared subsequent to an increase in storage temperature from 5°C to 25°C.
The changes in agglutinating activity were accompanied by corresponding alterations in total body weight, total serum proteins and in certain electrophoretic components. It is suggested that the change in immunologic status is but one reflection of general metabolic shifts associated with fluctuations in ambient temperature.
Tolerance Induction with Thymus Grafts in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Stutman O. , Yunis E. J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Prolonged survival and restoration of immunologic functions could be induced in neonatally thymectomized C3Hf/Bi mice by i.p. grafting at 30 days of age of two thymuses from syngeneic or hemiallogeneic donors. Allogeneic thymus grafts were less effective and early mortality was high, suggesting participation of a graft-vs.-host reaction.
Tolerance to skin of the same origin as the thymus graft was observed in some hemiallogeneic combinations but not in others.
Discriminant spleen assays of the restored animals always showed an immunocompetent host component, and also indicated specific tolerance when tolerance to skin was present.
Chromosome analysis of neonatally thymectomized mice treated with (C3H × T6)F1 thymuses indicated low numbers of donor mitoses in the thymus graft and in superficial lymph nodes, especially when tolerance to (C3H × T6)F1 skin was present.
Attempts to transfer tolerance induced by thymus grafts with spleen cells injected into C3Hf/Bi newborns failed, regardless of the duration of tolerance in the donor.
Tolerance induced by injecting spleen cells into either normal C3Hf/Bi newborns or neonatally thymectomized 5-day-old C3Hf/Bi mice could be easily transferred by injecting 5 × 106 spleen cells from tolerant donors into newborn syngeneic mice.
Antimucopeptide Antibodies and Their Specificity
Authors: Rolicka Mary , Park James T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunochemical specificity of the common part of bacterial mucopeptide, which is composed of the polysaccharide backbone and the peptide side chains, was studied in a heterologous system consisting of soluble, nondialyzable, lysozymedigest of M. lysodeikticus cell walls as test antigen and anti-S. pyogenes group A or A variant antiserum. A modified S. aureus mucopeptide was used for inhibition studies. It was confirmed that the mucopeptide contains two antigenic determinants—the peptide and the polysaccharide. A more detailed study of the polysaccharide backbone specificity revealed that the immunodominant sugar is the β-N-acetylglucosamine, suggesting a terminal position for this amino sugar in the antigen. The experimental data favor the conclusion that mucopeptide was the main antigen in the heterologous precipitation, but constituted an insignificant part of the homologous precipitation.