bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanofluidic memristor based on the elastic deformation of nanopores with nanoparticle adsorption
Authors: Zhou Xi , Zong Yuanyuan , Wang Yongchang , Sun Miao , Shi Deli , Wang Wei , Du Guanghua , Xie Yanbo 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
The memristor is the building block of neuromorphic computing. We report a new type of nanofluidic memristor based on the principle of elastic strain on polymer nanopores. With nanoparticles absorbed at the wall of a single conical polymer nanopore, we find a pinched hysteresis of the current within a scanning frequency range of 0.01–0.1 Hz, switching to a diode below 0.01 Hz and a resistor above 0.1 Hz. We attribute the current hysteresis to the elastic strain at the tip side of the nanopore, caused by electrical force on the particles adsorbed at the inner wall surface. Our simulation and analytical equations match well with experimental results, with a phase diagram for predicting the system transitions. We demonstrate the plasticity of our nanofluidic memristor to be similar to a biological synapse. Our findings pave a new way for ionic neuromorphic computing using nanofluidic memristors.
Predicting the Public Health Impact of Bivalent Vaccines and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Against Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Park Hailey J , Tan Sophia T , León Tomás M , Jain Seema , Schechter Robert , Lo Nathan C 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Uptake of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) bivalent vaccines and the oral medication nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid) has remained low across the United States. Assessing the public health impact of increasing uptake of these interventions in key risk groups can guide further public health resources and policy and determine what proportion of severe COVID-19 is avertable with these interventions.

Methods
This modeling study used person-level data from the California Department of Public Health on COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccine administration from 23 July 2022 to 23 January 2023. We used a quasi-Poisson regression model calibrated to recent historical data to predict future COVID-19 outcomes and modeled the impact of increasing uptake (up to 70% coverage) of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir during acute illness in different risk groups. Risk groups were defined by age (≥50, ≥65, ≥75 years) and vaccination status (everyone, primary series only, previously vaccinated). We predicted the number of averted COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths and number needed to treat (NNT).

Results
The model predicted that increased uptake of bivalent COVID-19 boosters and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (up to 70% coverage) in all eligible persons could avert an estimated 15.7% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 11.2%–20.7%; NNT: 17 310) and 23.5% (95% UI, 13.1%–30.0%; NNT: 67) of total COVID-19–related deaths, respectively. In the high-risk group of persons ≥65 years old alone, increased uptake of bivalent boosters and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir could avert an estimated 11.9% (95% UI, 8.4%–15.1%; NNT: 2757) and 22.8% (95% UI, 12.7%–29.2%; NNT: 50) of total COVID-19–related deaths, respectively.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that prioritizing uptake of bivalent boosters and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir among older age groups (≥65 years) would be most effective (based on NNT) but would not address the entire burden of severe COVID-19.
Phase I Study of Entinostat, Atezolizumab, Carboplatin, and Etoposide in Previously Untreated Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer, ETCTN 10399
Authors: Gentzler Ryan D , Villaruz Liza C , Rhee John C , Horton Bethany , Mock Joseph , Hanley Michael , Kim Kyeongmin , Rudek Michelle A , Phelps Mitch A , Carducci Michael A , Piekarz Richard , Park Kwon-Sik , Bullock Timothy N , Rudin Charles M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
CREBBP and EP300 mutations occur at a frequency of 15% and 13%, respectively, in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and preclinical models demonstrated susceptibility to targeting with HDAC inhibitors.

Methods
Patients with treatment-naïve extensive-stage SCLC, ECOG ≤2 were enrolled and treated with entinostat orally weekly (4 dose levels, DL) in combination with standard dose carboplatin, etoposide, and atezolizumab. Cohort allocation was determined by Bayesian optimal interval (BOIN) design targeting an MTD with a DLT rate of 20%.

Results
Three patients were enrolled and treated at DL1 with entinostat 2 mg. Patients were aged 69-83; 2 male, 1 female; 2 were ECOG 1, and 1 was ECOG 0. The most common adverse events (AEs) were anemia (3), neutropenia (3), thrombocytopenia (2), leukopenia (2), and hypocalcemia (2). Two experienced DLTs during cycle 1: (1) grade (Gr) 4 febrile neutropenia, and (1) Gr 5 sepsis. BOIN design required stopping accrual to DL1, and the trial was closed to further accrual. Entinostat and atezolizumab pharmacokinetics were both comparable to historical controls.

Conclusion
Addition of entinostat to atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide is unsafe and resulted in early onset and severe neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. Further exploration of entinostat with carboplatin, etoposide, and atezolizumab should not be explored. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04631029).
Europe’s Interaction with the Rest of the World
Authors: Klabbers Jan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to trace the influence of Europe on international law through viewing how Europe sees itself and is seen by other parts of the world. Subsequently, it discusses the contributions of the Council of Europe and the UN Economic Commission for Europe to international law. The former has pioneered human rights protection but also some law-making techniques, the latter has been remarkable for its focus on environmental protection and mundane but important matters. The chapter suggests that to think of Europe as a single entity or even sensibility may not always be plausible, but that Europe’s influence has nonetheless been huge.
The additional pressure of white dwarf stars generated by net charges
Authors: Pei Ting-Han 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The upper-mass limit of a white dwarf star is predicted to be 1.44 ${M}_{\odot} $ based on an ideally degenerate Fermi electron gas at a temperature of absolute zero. However, more conditions should be considered, such as temperature and charge. In this research, first, we use the grand partition function in statistical mechanics to build expressions for the electron gas pressure and the particle number depending on temperature. At 1.16 × 107 K, there is a total of about 1.50 × 10−4 electrons exceeding the Fermi energy, and about 1.50 × 10−7 at 1.16 × 104 K. Because some of these Fermi electrons are extremely relativistic, some of them can escape the gravity and some return to the star after leaving. These two mechanisms result in a positively charged star and the net positive charges produce a repulsive force and pressure against gravity. The increased pressure is comparable to that of the Fermi electron gas at T = 0 when the star is charged at 1020 C. The net charges will decrease the mass density of the star but increase the upper-mass limit.
Large-scale culturing of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, its growth in, and tolerance of, variable environmental conditions
Authors: WestgÅrd Adele , Ezat Mohamed M , Chalk Thomas B , Chierici Melissa , Foster Gavin L , Meilland Julie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma is a calcifying marine protist and the dominant planktic foraminifera species in the polar oceans, making it a key species in marine polar ecosystems. The calcium carbonate shells of foraminifera are widely used in palaeoclimate studies because their chemical composition reflects the seawater conditions in which they grow. This species provides unique proxy data for past surface ocean hydrography, which can provide valuable insight to future climate scenarios. However, little is known about the response of N. pachyderma to variable and changing environmental conditions.
Here, we present observations from large-scale culturing experiments where temperature, salinity and carbonate chemistry were altered independently. We observed overall low mortality, calcification of new chambers and addition of secondary calcite crust in all our treatments. In-culture asexual reproduction events also allowed us to monitor the variable growth of N. pachyderma’s offspring. Several specimens had extended periods of dormancy or inactivity after which they recovered. These observations suggest that N. pachyderma can tolerate, adapt to and calcify within a wide range of environmental conditions. This has implications for the species-level response to ocean warming and acidification, for future studies aiming to culture N. pachyderma and use in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.
Recruiting women into policing: Experimentally testing the effectiveness of recruiting materials
Authors: Taniguchi Travis A , Rineer Jennifer R , Hoogesteyn Katherine , Wire Sean , Mangum Lauren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Law enforcement agencies are struggling to meet recruitment goals and are rarely representative of the communities they serve. In particular, women make up just 12% of sworn officers despite the fact that women officers act in ways that are more consistent with community-oriented policing and use less force. Despite this, there are few evidence-based strategies that agencies can use to improve outreach and messaging efforts focussed on improving candidate diversity. The current study experimentally explored the effectiveness of job advertisements formatted similarly to popular social media platforms (Facebook Ads and short-form videos) and variations on law enforcement officer job descriptions. Results indicated that women-focussed recruitment material significantly improve perceptions of motivation to apply, relevance, and positive perceptions of the material for women participants and that diversity-focussed job descriptions improved perceptions of task and skill variety and diversity climate. These results, however, were only found for video advertising. Agencies should consider tailoring marketing material to meet the needs of different potential applicants and be sensitive to differences in marketing channels.
All maximal gauged supergravities with uplift
Authors: Hassler Falk , Sakatani Yuho 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Generalized parallelizable spaces permit the uplift of many maximal gauged supergravities to ten or eleven dimensions. Although some of the former are explicitly known, the literature is still lacking their systematic construction. We resolve this issue by going beyond the known existence proofs and present the explicit construction of all generalized parallelizable spaces for maximal gauged supergravities in four or more dimensions. In the process, all embedding tensors that can be realized without breaking the section condition of exceptional field theory are identified. This addresses the old question: “Which maximal gauged supergravities can be embedded in the low-energy limit of superstring/M-theory” and provides the basis to explore solution-generating techniques based on generalized dualities.
Subtracting Development through the Production of Il/legality of Young Refugees in Jordan and Lebanon
Authors: Brun Cathrine 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article analyses the production of legality and illegality of refugees and how it is experienced, negotiated, and shape young Palestinian and Syrian refugees’ possibilities for development in Jordan and Lebanon. In the two countries, refugees’ legal and illegal statuses are produced in the interaction between national and international security- and economic interests. This article discusses the meanings of development associated with protracted displacement. Despite increased emphasis on moving from a humanitarian approach towards development in long-term refugee situations, the experiences of young refugees in Lebanon and Jordan show that the production of legal status hampers the potential for development. This article analyses young people’s experience of their legal status by addressing the labour of staying legal, the experience of moving in and out of legality and its impact on education and employment. The analysis shows how the production of (il)legality is a subtracting process that leads to debilitation and constrained agency rather than development. In conclusion, this article thus reflects on the problem of using the development discourse with a humanitarian lens and the need for more critical discussion on the meaning of development in protracted displacement.
Ecomorphological correlates of inner ear shape in Australian limb-reduced skinks (Scincidae: Sphenomorphini)
Authors: Camaiti Marco , Wiles James , Aguilar Rocio , Hutchinson Mark N , Hipsley Christy A , Chapple David G , Evans Alistair R 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The inner ear labyrinth is an organ able to perceive balance and spatial orientation, but the drivers of its morphological variation across and within vertebrate lineages are unclear. We assess two competing hypotheses whether this organ, and specifically the semicircular canals, modifies its shape as a functional adaptation to ecology and locomotion, or according to the constraints of skull morphology. We test these using 52 species of Australian sphenomorphines, a group of scincid lizards that evolved changes in body shape and locomotory adaptations to fossoriality multiple times independently, by reducing their limbs. We find a correlation between semicircular canal shape and degree of limb reduction in these lizards, supporting a functional hypothesis. The interaction between body shape and substrate ecology is also a significant predictor. The wider and more eccentric semicircular canals of limb-reduced skinks indicate higher balance sensitivity and manoeuvrability compared with fully limbed skinks, probably as an adaptation to navigating cluttered environments. Conversely, our results show only a minimal influence of skull constraints on semicircular canal shape, having instead significant effects on size. This supports the hypothesis that in these skinks inner ear shape evolution is driven by specific locomotory strategies more than it is constrained by cranial anatomy.
Developing Evidence for Equitable Assessment Characteristics Based on Clinical Learner Preferences Using Discrete Choice Experiments
Authors: Perez Sandra , Schwartz Alan , Hauer Karen E. , Karani Reena , Hirshfield Laura E. , McNamara Margaret , Henry Duncan , Lupton Katherine L. , Woods Majka , Teherani Arianne 
Published: August 2023

Purpose
Medical education is only beginning to explore the factors that contribute to equitable assessment in clinical settings. Increasing knowledge about equitable assessment ensures a quality medical education experience that produces an excellent, diverse physician workforce equipped to address the health care disparities facing patients and communities. Through the lens of the Anti-Deficit Achievement framework, the authors aimed to obtain evidence for a model for equitable assessment in clinical training.

Method
A discrete choice experiment approach was used which included an instrument with 6 attributes each at 2 levels to reveal learner preferences for the inclusion of each attribute in equitable assessment. Self-identified underrepresented in medicine (UIM) and not underrepresented in medicine (non-UIM) (N = 306) fourth-year medical students and senior residents in medicine, pediatrics, and surgery at 9 institutions across the United States completed the instrument. A mixed-effects logit model was used to determine attributes learners valued most.

Results
Participants valued the inclusion of all assessment attributes provided except for peer comparison. The most valued attribute of an equitable assessment was how learner identity, background, and trajectory were appreciated by clinical supervisors. The next most valued attributes were assessment of growth, supervisor bias training, narrative assessments, and assessment of learner’s patient care, with participants willing to trade off any of the attributes to get several others. There were no significant differences in value placed on assessment attributes between UIM and non-UIM learners. Residents valued clinical supervisors valuing learner identity, background, and trajectory and clinical supervisor bias training more so than medical students.

Conclusions
This study offers support for the components of an antideficit-focused model for equity in assessment and informs efforts to promote UIM learner success and guide equity, diversity, and inclusion initiatives in medical education.
When Feedback is Not Perceived as Feedback: Challenges for Regulatory Body–Mandated Peer Review
Authors: LaDonna Kori A. , Cowley Lindsay , Ananny Lesley , Regehr Glenn , Eva Kevin W. 
Published: August 2023

Purpose
Safe and competent patient care depends on physicians recognizing and correcting performance deficiencies. Generating effective insight depends on feedback from credible sources. Unfortunately, physicians often have limited access to meaningful guidance. To facilitate quality improvement, many regulatory authorities have designed peer-facilitated practice enhancement programs. Their mandate to ensure practice quality, however, can create tension between formative intentions and risk (perceived or otherwise) of summative repercussions. This study explored how physicians engage with feedback when required to undergo review.

Method
Between October 2018 and May 2020, 30 physicians representing various specialties and career stages were interviewed about their experiences with peer review in the context of regulatory body–mandated programs. Twenty had been reviewees and reviewers and, hence, spoke from both vantage points. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a 3-stage coding process informed by constructivist grounded theory.

Results
Perceptions about the learning value of mandated peer review were mixed. Most saw value but felt anxiety about being selected due to being wary of regulatory bodies. Recognizing barriers such perceptions could create, reviewers described techniques for optimizing the value of interactions with reviewees. Their strategies aligned well with the R2C2 feedback and coaching model with which they had been trained but did not always overcome reviewees’ concerns. Reasons included that most feedback was “validating,” aimed at “tweaks” rather than substantial change.

Conclusions
This study establishes an intriguing and challenging paradox: feedback appears often to not be recognized as feedback when it poses no threat, yet feedback that carries such threat is known to be suboptimal for inducing performance improvement. In efforts to reconcile that tension, the authors suggest that peer review for individuals with a high likelihood of strong performance may be more effective if expectations are managed through feedforward rather than feedback.
The Problem and Power of Professionalism: A Critical Analysis of Medical Students’ and Residents’ Perspectives and Experiences of Professionalism
Authors: Maristany Daniela , Hauer Karen E. , Leep Hunderfund Andrea N. , Elks Martha L. , Bullock Justin L. , Kumbamu Ashok , O’Brien Bridget C. 
Published: August 2023

PurposeProfessionalism has historically been viewed as an honorable code to define core values and behaviors of physicians, but there are growing concerns that professionalism serves to control people who do not align with the majority culture of medicine. This study explored how learners, particularly those from historically marginalized groups, view the purpose of professionalism and how they experience professionalism as both an oppressive and valuable force.MethodThe authors conducted a qualitative study with a critical orientation. In 2021 and 2022, they interviewed fourth-year medical students and senior residents at 3 institutions about their perceptions and experiences of professionalism. After cataloguing participants’ stories, the authors combined critical theory with narrative and thematic analysis to identify mechanisms by which professionalism empowered or disempowered individuals or groups based on identities.ResultsForty-nine trainees (31 medical students and 18 senior residents from multiple specialties) participated in interviews; 17 identified as a race/ethnicity underrepresented in medicine and 15 as people of color not underrepresented in medicine. Their stories, especially those of participants underrepresented in medicine, identified professionalism as an oppressive, homogenizing force that sometimes encoded racism through various mechanisms. These mechanisms included conflating differences with unprofessionalism, enforcing double standards of professionalism, and creating institutional policies that regulated appearance or hindered advocacy. Participants described deleterious consequences of professionalism on their learning and mental health. However, participants also described useful aspects of professionalism as a means of advocating for marginalized groups. Additionally, participants described how they reconceived professionalism to include their own identities and values.ConclusionsTrainees, especially those from historically marginalized groups, experience professionalism as a restrictive, assimilative force while also finding value in and constructive adaptations for professionalism. Understanding both the destructive and empowering aspects of professionalism on individual and institutional levels can help improve the framing of professionalism in medical education.
Berberine might block colorectal carcinogenesis by inhibiting the regulation of B-cell function by Veillonella parvula
Authors: Qian Yun , Kang Ziran , Zhao Licong , Chen Huimin , Zhou Chengbei , Gao Qinyan , Wang Zheng , Liu Qiang , Cui Yun , Li Xiaobo , Chen Yingxuan , Zou Tianhui , Fang Jingyuan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background:
Colorectal carcinogenesis and progression are related to the gut microbiota and the tumor immune microenvironment. Our previous clinical trial demonstrated that berberine (BBR) hydrochloride might reduce the recurrence and canceration of colorectal adenoma (CRA). The present study aimed to further explore the mechanism of BBR in preventing colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods:
We performed metagenomics sequencing on fecal specimens obtained from the BBR intervention trial, and the differential bacteria before and after medication were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We further performed Apc
Min/+ animal intervention tests, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results:
The abundance of fecal Veillonella parvula (V. parvula) decreased significantly after BBR administration (P = 0.0016) and increased through the development from CRA to CRC. Patients with CRC with a higher V. parvula abundance had worse tumor staging and a higher lymph node metastasis rate. The intestinal immune pathway of Immunoglobulin A production was activated, and the expression of TNFSF13B (Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 13b, encoding B lymphocyte stimulator [BLyS]), the representative gene of this pathway, and the genes encoding its receptors (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta) were significantly upregulated. Animal experiments revealed that V. parvula promoted colorectal carcinogenesis and increased BLyS levels, while BBR reversed this effect.

Conclusion:
BBR might inhibit V. parvula and further weaken the immunomodulatory effect of B cells induced by V. parvula, thereby blocking the development of colorectal tumors.

Trial Registraion:
ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT02226185.