bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The legal status of the State Police in the Second Republic of Poland
Authors: Nieścior Bartosz 
Published: July 2023

Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal status of the State Police in the interwar period. The study may be a starting point for further exploration of the subject matter and legal provisions regulating the functioning of the police corps. It should be stated that the examined legal acts fulfilled their role, and the regulations contained in them properly outlined the tasks and objectives that should be followed by the officers of the State Police.
Methodology: The study used dogmatic and legal research methods. A detailed analysis of selected legal acts made it possible to better illustrate the functioning and development of the structure of the State Police in the years of the interwar period in Poland.
Main conclusions: The status of the State Police was indisputable and clearly defined in the presented normative acts. The police apparatus was very extensive. The officers had to follow the instructions. Despite the legislative changes, as well as the political turmoil of the time, the standards for the State Police fulfilled their role, and the State Police was considered to be the backbone of state services.
Application of the study: The study was based on a detailed analysis of relevant legal acts, i.e. laws, decrees, and regulations issued in the interwar period in Poland, using relevant literature items.
Originality/Novelty of the study: This is the first work presenting an analysis of the most important legal acts regulating the functioning of the administration and the entire corps of the State Police in the Second Polish Republic.
A COMPLEX APPROACH IN ASSESSING RELIABILITY INDICATORS OF ELEMENTS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS WHEN DEGRADATION FAILURES OCCUR
Authors: Alfyorov Oleksiy 
Published: July 2023

The construction and practical use of complexes of mechanical reliability models creates real prerequisites for the transition to resource design of assembly units and aggregates of mobile machines. Therefore, the article solves the tasks of building complexes of inverted stochastic models, which provide the possibility of joint statistical analysis of heterogeneous information about reliability in cases of types of destruction typical for machine elements: during wear and fatigue. A fairly complete and convenient method for solving many problems of mechanical reliability is given for describing a non-stationary monotonic degradation process, which consists in the task of the type of its function or the density of distribution in time segments with parameters that are deterministic monotonic functions of time or working time in load cycles. Such functions should be perceived as parametric. Schemes of models of two main types of degradation processes in machine elements are also given: monotonically increasing, associated with wear and monotonically decreasing, due to fatigue failure. At the same time, the process corresponding to wear is formed by random realizations of a change in the failure parameter over time, and the process characterizing fatigue failure is formed by a set of random individual fatigue curves that depend on cyclic durability. The considered theoretical analysis of the main degradation processes that determine the mechanical reliability of machine elements made it possible to develop a universal approach to building complexes of stochastic reliability models, which provides the possibility of joint statistical evaluation of model parameters for processes caused by wear and tear and fatigue destruction. The practical use of the proposed complexes of mechanical reliability models is expedient both for accelerated assessment and for predicting reliability at the stage of resource design of elements of mobile machines.
THE IMPACT OF ITS OWN STRESSES ON CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMPRESSION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TIME
Authors: Fenko Oleksiy , Mytrofanov Pavlo , Krupchenko Oleksandr , Yurko Pavel , Fenko Denys 
Published: July 2023

Shrinkage of concrete air-dry drying begins with the outer layers, thus the interior layers are compressed and the outer layers are stretched. This own stressed state contributes to the strength the sample compression. This increase in strength is quite difficult to detect because it form increase with the strength of cement stone. In the described own stressed state creep of concrete in the outer layers with stretch appears with time, and the interior layers do in compression, which results of the size of the interior layers in decrease and of the size of the outer layers to increase. The interior layers, decreasing from shrinkage, compress the outer layers. In this sample loading compressive force will overload the outer layers, which will decrease the strength of the specimen. With time shrinkage disappear and manifested relaxation own stress consequently decreases their negative influence on the strength of concrete, and so increases strength. With water-saturation of concrete sample the opposite effect will appear. Water- saturation process begins with the surface sample. While swelling (when expending) causes the appearance of compressive own stressed in the outer layers and stretch in the interior layers. When tested in compression of the sample the outer layers will be overloaded and the strength of concrete will decrease. This stressed state causes the creep in compressed outer layers and creep in the stretched interior layers that leads to partial relaxation of own tensions. Decreasing of own stress reduces their negative impact and the strength of concrete is increased after a temporary reduction. With time the creep concrete (compressed in the core and stretched to the surface of sample) and relaxation of own stress diminishes their impact, which reduces the strength of concrete. Described the impact of own stress on strength applies to other porous materials. Such conclusions are confirmed by many experiments in which the authors explain this phenomenon by adsorption effect and capillary compression. It should also be noted that the physical mechanics of the impact of own stress on concrete strength is not substantiated.
CHOICE OF OPTIONS OF LOCOMOTIVE CHARACTERISTICS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OPTIMUM EFFICIENCY
Authors: Krasheninin Oleksandr , Shapatina Olha , Matsegora Dmytro , Lagereva Olena , Vasiliev Maksim 
Published: July 2023

The saturation of the locomotive park of railways with various series of locomotives does not always correspond to their effective use given their inherent special characteristics. Modern conditions require all participants in design, construction, operation and repair to make correct and well-founded decisions. The variety of series of locomotives, which provide different requirements of economic activity, is not always the basis of their effective operation. This especially applies to locomotives that are purchased abroad. As the experience of their operation has shown, they are not always adapted to the real conditions of operation in our country. This is, first of all, their intensive exploitation and the lack of adaptability of the repair base to maintenance and repair of rolling stock. On the other hand, the capacity range, for example, of the freight locomotives that were purchased, does not correspond to the traditional ones, which take into account both the length of the warehouse and the length of the receiving-departing routes, etc. In our country, sufficient experience has been accumulated and there were appropriate conditions for a comprehensive coverage of the tasks of both design and construction of locomotives for the provision of industrial enterprises in freight transportation, as well as the population in intercity and suburban transportation. Unfortunately, there are many factors that currently make even the minimal needs for updating both the locomotive fleet and the modernization of the operational and repair activities of railway enterprises impossible. In these conditions, perhaps the most important task is the correct, justified choice of locomotive characteristics, taking into account its technical condition.
The article deals with the procedure of forming requirements for the characteristics of locomotives based on the efficiency criterion. Based on the verification of the conditions of the corresponding substitutions for the dimensionless scales of the pure indicators of the locomotives, an effective set of some solutions is determined, on the basis of which the optimal solution is formed for the selection of locomotive characteristics for specific conditions of use. Based on specific data shown decision-making procedures regarding some characteristics of locomotives.
REVIEW OF CONFIGURATIONS AND STRATEGIES OF CONTROL OF MICRONETWORKS BASED ON POWER ELECTRONICS
Authors: Nerubatskyi Volodymyr , Plаkhtіі Oleksandr , Hordiienko Denis , Syniavskyi Andriy , Shеlеst Dmytro 
Published: July 2023

The growing implementation of distributed energy resources requires the development of the architecture of traditional electricity systems. With the growing deployment of distributed energy resources, especially for small combined heat and power plants and renewable energy sources based on distributed generation units, the architecture of the future power supply system must be transformed in order to carry out more complex operations. The article provides an overview of micronetwork configurations with greater flexibility and reliability, parameters, structures, and control methods for electronically connected distributed energy resource installations. Of the configurations considered, DC micronetwork and high-frequency AC micronetwork have shown better performance for some special applications, such as low-voltage and geographically small networks. The corresponding parameters in the structures of the blocks of distribution energy resources and the topology of power electronics are considered. With the increase in the nominal capacity of distribution power resource units, multilevel converters provide effective ways to reduce cost and increase efficiency. Methods of controlling electronically connected aggregates of distribution energy resources under different operating modes are described. Under the influence of load and line impedance characteristics, different strategies of load distribution among units of distribution energy resources, control of instantaneous active and reactive power are compared. A multi-level hierarchical control architecture, micronetwork power and energy management is described. A comparison of control architectures based on centralized and distributed technology indicates that the modern micronetwork must become smart and flexible with the help of telecommunication infrastructures and the next generation of information technology.
Changes in the Tradition of Islamic Studies at Pesantren: A Grounded Theory Approach
Authors: Khoiriyah Khoiriyah , Riyadi Ahmad Ali 
Published: July 2023

Pesantren has a distinctive Islamic scientific tradition, namely the kitab kuning tradition. However, now a phenomenon exists where kitab kuning is no longer used. This study aimed to explore changes in the habit of Islamic studies at Pesantren Assalaam. This research used a case study qualitative research at Pesantren Assalaam, Sukoharjo, Indonesia. There were 18 respondents consisting of 10 teachers, 4 pesantren administrators and 4 employees. Observations, interviews, and documentation are used to collect data. The main findings of this study revealed that modernization led to a change in the tradition of Islamic studies, which was marked by the absence of kitab kuning in the pesantren curriculum as a learning reference authority. The white book references were used as the typical tradition of developed Islamic studies at Pesantren Assalaam. The white book summarized several kitab kuning that can be evaluated each semester, printed on white paper.
Pedagogic and Professional Competence of Islamic Religious Education Teachers at MTsN 3 East Aceh
Authors: Siregar Marlina , Nurbayani Nurbayani , Sukamto Sukamto , Solong Najamuddin Petta , Irawan Bambang 
Published: July 2023

Good pedagogical and professional competence of teachers will have implications for the graduates produced. The learning process of Islamic education that is in accordance with the standards and also taught by professional teachers will have implications for the quality of Islamic religious education learning itself. Currently, research on the learning process of Islamic religion that is in accordance with the standards, namely taught by professional teachers, has not been widely studied. Therefore, in this study, researchers were interested in discussing these issues precisely in the MTsN 3 East Aceh. The research method used was descriptive qualitative research. In collecting data, researchers conducted observations and interviews with five participants. The collected data were analyzed using interactive data analysis techniques. The results showed that Islamic education teachers at MTsN 3 East Aceh have met the criteria for pedagogical competence and are included in the category of professional teachers.
The Influence of Project-based Learning Integrated STEAM on the Creative Thinking Skills
Authors: Pramashela Adelia Dwinta , Suwono Hadi , Sulisetijono Sulisetijono , Wulanningsih Ucik Agusti 
Published: July 2023

Project-based learning can develop the student’s creative thinking skills because students will learn better if they are engaged in a meaningful learning activity. The implementation of this learning strategy with a STEAM approach supported the students to create a product. This study was aimed to measure to investigating the effect of project-based learning integrated STEAM on creative thinking skills of class X students of SMA 6 Malang. The method used in this study was quasi-experimental research using Pretest Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The result of an essay test was analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test followed by post hoc LSD test. The research result showed that the implementation of PBL-STEAM had a significant effect on the student’s creative thinking skills. Moreover, the post hoc LSD test findings showed several variations between the PBL strategy and the conventional learning strategy in the notation. These findings suggested that the project-based learning strategy might develop students' capacity for creative thinking skills.
Modeling of mixing process of the polymer composition in the dynamic mixer of the worm extruder
Authors: Sivetskyi Volodymyr , Sokolskyi Oleksandr , Malchevskyi Oleksiy 
Published: July 2023

Mixing processes play an important role in the processing of polymer materials, because the quality of the mixing of the polymer material depends on its level of homogeneity, which in turn affects the quality of the final product. It is another matter when the polymer material consists of two or more components, in this case, the issue of the process of obtaining a homogeneous polymer composition becomes extremely acute. In order to improve the quality of the final product and justify the design and technological parameters of the mixing zone, it is necessary to investigate the regularity of the quality of mixing in a dynamic mixer of the CTM worm extruder type.
According to existing works on determining the quality of mixing of polymeric material, the difference in concentrations of one of the components in different cross-sections along the length of the channel can be used as a criterion for homogeneity of mixing.
Numerical modeling of the process of mixing the polymer composition in the dynamic mixer installed in the dosing zone of the worm extruder, which is equipped with an additional injection device that supplies the additional component to the dynamic mixing zone through the injection channel located in the body of the worm extruder, was carried out. Calculations were carried out on the basis of the finite element method (FEM) using the ANSYS software complex.
A mathematical model of the process of mixing the polymer composition in a dynamic mixer of the CTM type of a worm extruder with the addition of an additional component, which is identical in density and viscosity to the main polymer material and can differ only in a certain feature that does not affect the properties of the components, such as color, has been developed. Moreover, the properties were set in such a way that the temperature distribution of the mixture was completely determined by the convective component, that is, it resulted only from the conditions of the mechanical movement of the volumes of the components.
The dependence of the homogeneity of the polymer composition as a result of mixing on the technological and design parameters of the dynamic mixer of the CTM type was obtained. The research was carried out at different speeds of rotation of the mixer rotor and at different speeds of supplying the additional component. The movement of the components of the mixture was determined by their flow rate at the entrance to the main channel and at the entrance to the additional injection channel.
The most optimal technical characteristics were selected in order to achieve the best level of uniformity.
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and indirect bilirubin may participate in systemic inflammation of patients with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Wang Xu , Mao Yan , Ji Shang , Hu Huanrong , Li Qian , Liu Lichao , Shi Shaomin , Liu Yaling 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background: Previous studies have suggested that systemic metabolic abnormalities are closely related to Psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL), two essential active substances in hepatic metabolism that have been demonstrated as an oxidative and anti-oxidative factor respectively, have been proved to be involved in oxidative stress damage and inflammation in several human diseases. However, their role in PsA remains unclear.
Methods: In this retrospective comparative cohort study, a case group of 68 PsA patients and a control group of 73 healthy volunteers from the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University were enrolled. Serum GGT, IBIL, GGT/IBIL ratio and C-reactive protein (CRP), a well applied bio-marker of systemic inflammatory in PsA, were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, the relationship of GGT, IBIL and GGT/IBIL with CRP were explored in PsA patients. Finally, the patients were divided into high inflammation group and low inflammation group according to the median value of CRP. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used for the association of systemic inflammation level with GGT, IBIL and GGT/IBIL.
Results: Compared with healthy controls, PsA patients exhibited significantly higher serum GGT, GGT/IBIL, and CRP levels and lower IBIL levels. Serum GGT and GGT/IBIL were positively correlated with CRP, whereas IBIL were negatively correlated with CRP. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that serum GGT was a risk factor for high CRP in PsA, whereas IBIL was a protective factor. Furthermore, GGT/IBIL was a better indicator of high CRP condition in PsA patients than either GGT or IBIL alone, as determined by the receiver operating characteristic curves.
Conclusion: GGT and IBIL may participate in the pathogenesis of PsA. Additionally, GGT, IBIL and the balance of the two may reflect systemic inflammation mediated by oxidative stress events related to metabolic abnormalities to a certain extent.
Quantitative Analysis of 92 Sub-Elite Marathon Training Plans
Authors: Knopp Melanie , Appelhans Daniel , Schönfelder Martin , Seiler Stephen , Wackerhage Henning 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

A typical training plan is a mix of many training sessions with different intensities and durations to achieve a specific goal, like running a marathon in a certain time. Scientific publications provide little specific information to aid in writing a comprehensive training plan. This review aims to systematically and quantitatively analyse published subjective sub-elite marathon training plans and to synthesize the resultant recommendations for comparison with relevant research and as a starting point for hypothesis testing. We retrieved 92 marathon training plans and linked their running training sessions to five intensity zones. Subsequently, each training plan was grouped based on the total running volume in peak week into high (> 90 km/week), middle (65–90 km/week), and low (< 65 km/week) training volume plan categories. In the final eight weeks before a race, recommended weekly running volume averaged 105 km, 58 km, and 44 km for high, middle, and low distance marathon training plans. The intensity distribution of these plans followed a pyramidal training structure with 15-67-10-5-3%, 14-63-18-2-3%, and 10-68-17-3-2% in zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, for high, middle, and low volume training plans, respectively. By quantitatively analysing 92 recommended marathon training plans, we can specify typical recommendations for marathon training plans and inform the discussion between sports scientists and coach practitioners. Whilst this approach has obvious limitations such as no evidence for the effectiveness of the training plans investigated, it is arguably a useful strategy to narrow the gap between science and practice.
Genomic complexity and complex chromosomal rearrangements in genetic diagnosis: example from two emblematic cases on chromosome 7
Authors: Villa Nicoletta , Redaelli Serena , Farina Stefania , Conconi Donatella , Sala Elena , Crosti Francesca , Mariani Silvana , Colombo Carla Maria , Dalprà Leda , Lavitrano Marialuisa , Bentivegna Angela , Roversi Gaia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background.
Complex chromosomal rearrangements are rare events compatible with survival, consisting in imbalance and/or position effect, which contribute to a range of clinical pictures. The investigation and diagnosis of these cases is often difficult and knowing the methodology followed in similar cases can be very useful for others. The interpretation of the results does not always lead to the mechanism’s identification and can potentially create critical communication problems for a possible recurrence. Here, we investigated two carriers of complex abnormality of chromosome 7 with a severe clinical picture.
Case presentation.
The first case was a 2-year-old girl with a pathological phenotype. Conventional cytogenetics evidenced a duplication of part of the short arm of chromosome 7. By array-CGH analysis we found a complex situation with three discontinuous trisomy regions (7p22.1p21.3, 7p21.3, 7p21.3p15.3). The second case was a newborn investigated for hypo development and dysmorphism. His karyotype showed a structurally altered chromosome 7. The maternal karyotype evidenced a structurally rearranged chromosome 7: the long arm region (7q11.23q22) was inserted in the short arm, at 7p15.3. The array-CGH analysis on the child identified an even more complex picture with a trisomic region at 7q11.23q22 and a tetrasomic region of 4.5 Mb, between the 7q21.3 and the q22.1. The maternal array-CGH evidenced a trisomic portion corresponding to the tetrasomic region of the boy.
Conclusions.
Our work demonstrated, once again, that the support of both techniques is necessary to correctly interpret complex rearrangements. Finally, searching the literature and with bioinformatic tools, we found that segmental duplications, short interspersed elements (SINE) and long interspersed elements (LINE), may be responsible for these complex rearrangements.