bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV acquisition prior to entry into formal sex work: inference from next-generation viral sequencing
Authors: Neufeld Bronwyn , Cholette François , Sandstrom Paul , Musyoki Helgar , Ma Huiting , Kaosa Shem , Kioko Japheth , Isac Shajy , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Cheuk Eve , Pickles Michael , Mwatelah Ruth , Capiña Rupert , Daniuk Christina , Mckinnon Lyle R. , Blanchard James , Mishra Sharmistha , Becker Marissa 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
To infer the timing of HIV acquisition in relation to self-reported events in the sexual life course of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) who self-identify as female sex workers (FSW) in Mombasa, Kenya.

Design:
Next-generation viral sequencing of samples of AGYW living with HIV in the Transitions study, a cross-sectional bio-behavioural survey of AGYW aged 14–24 years in Mombasa, Kenya.

Method:
Dried blood spot specimens were collected from study participants (n = 37, all FSW). A portion of the HIV pol gene was sequenced using an in-house next-generation sequencing assay for HIV drug resistance mutation genotyping. Estimated time since infection (ETI) was inferred using the HIV EVO web-based tool (https://hiv.biozentrum.unibas.ch/ETI/), and data on self-reported events were obtained from the survey.

Results:
The median ETI among FSW was 3.4 (interquartile range = 1.7, 6.3) years, with a median ETI of 1.5 years prior to entry into formal sex work. We estimated that 74.1% (95% confidence interval = 53.7–88.9%) of participants living with HIV and who self-identified as FSW likely acquired HIV prior to self-identification as a sex worker.

Conclusions:
Findings suggest a large fraction of prevalent HIV infection among AGYW engaged in sex work stems from acquisition prior to entry into formal sex work. Current HIV prevention programs tailored for sex workers may miss key opportunities for HIV prevention as they are designed to reach women after entry into formal sex work, signaling a need for tailored programs to reach high-risk AGYW earlier on in their sexual life course.
Prepandemic Predictors of Medication Adherence and HIV Viral Load During the First Year of COVID-19
Authors: Kalichman Seth C. , Eaton Lisa A. , Kalichman Moira O. , Sam Soya S. , Caliendo Angela M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Studies have reported significant immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social relationships and health care of people living with HIV. This study followed a closed cohort of young people living with HIV over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were men and women (N = 140) age 36 years and younger who were living with HIV and had demonstrated suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy, unsuppressed HIV viral load, or active substance use in a run-in study. The results confirmed that participants continued to experience significant disruptions to their social relationships and health care over the course of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. There was evidence for sustained impacts on transportation, housing stability, and food security during the first year of COVID-19. Multivariable models showed that greater pre–COVID-19 social support predicted greater antiretroviral therapy adherence and greater HIV suppression (lower viral load) over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to plan and prepare people living with HIV for future social crises, including future pandemics, should emphasize building and sustaining social support.
Ongoing High Prevalence of Severe Immune Suppression Among Children in South Africa
Authors: Patten Gabriela , Sipambo Nosisa , Technau Karl-Günter , Euvrard Jonathan , Ford Nathan , Davies Mary-Ann 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Among children in Southern Africa severe immune suppression (SIS) has declined, but most continue to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) with SIS.

Setting:
Using data from South Africa, we describe SIS at ART start and on ART between 2007 and 2020, among children <5 years with a CD4%/cell count at ART start and ≥1 subsequent measure.

Methods:
Gap in care was defined as >9 months without a recorded visit. We defined SIS according to age and CD4%/cell count. A multistate model was used to estimate transition probabilities between 5 states: SIS on ART; Stable, not SIS; Early Gap, commencing <9 months from ART start; Late Gap, commencing ≥9 months on ART; and Death.

Results:
Among 2536 children, 70% had SIS at ART start, and 36% experienced SIS on ART. An increasing proportion were age <1 year at ART initiation (2007–2009: 43% to 2013–2020: 55%). Increasingly, SIS on ART occurred after a gap, in those with SIS on ART for >1 year, and after a period of unknown immune status. Later year of ART initiation was associated with reduced transition from SIS on ART to Stable. Infants and those initiating ART with SIS were more likely to transition from Stable to SIS. Viremia strongly predicted death from both the on ART states.

Conclusions:
Increasingly SIS occurred among ART-experienced children. Those starting ART with SIS and during infancy remained especially vulnerable to SIS once on treatment. Managing ART in these children may be more complex and further reducing AIDS-related mortality is likely to remain challenging.
Indicators of Oxidative Stress in the Prediction of Coronary Artery Lesions in Patients With Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Wu Rouyi , Jiang Wei , Sun Yangkai , Wu Ling , Di Yazhen , Wang Jiapei , Zhong Shiling , Wang Wenbo 
Published: February 2023

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the clinical significance of oxidative stress (OS)–related indices, including inflammatory markers and lipid and platelet (PLT) parameter, in coronary artery lesions (CALs) in Kawasaki disease (KD).

Methods
Clinical data of 952 KD patients diagnosed between January 2019 and March 2022 were collected and divided into CAL and NCAL groups. All the KD patients were randomly divided into training set and verification set. The univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis of training set were used to identify the OS-related independent risk factors of CALs, which were then used to construct a predictive nomogram. Calibration curve and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The predictive nomogram was further validated on verification set.

Results
In the training set, 137 KD patients (18.0%) showed CALs. C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, PLT count, monocyte–to–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, and PLT-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher, whereas HDL was lower in the CAL group than the NCAL group. Increased C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, PLT, and decreased HDL were identified as independent risk factors. The nomogram constructed using these factors showed satisfactory calibration degree and discriminatory power (the area under the curve, 0.887). In the verification set, the area under the curve was 0.795.

Conclusion
The predictive nomogram constructed using 4 OS-related risk factors associated with CALs in patients with KD could be a useful tool for early diagnosis of CALs in KD.
68GA-FAPI-04 PET/CT Versus 18F-FDG PET/CT in Imaging of Malignant Mixed Germ Cell Testicular Tumor
Authors: Kaplan İhsan , Can Canan , Güzel Yunus , Alabalik Ulaş , Kömek Halil 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

18F-FDG PET/CT imaging was performed for restaging in in a 16-year-old boy who was operated on for right testicular tumor and was diagnosed with malignant mixed germ cell tumor. Mild FDG uptake was observed in 2 nodules in both lungs and retroperitoneal lymph node in the abdomen. 68Ga–FAPI (fibroblast activation protein inhibitor) 04 PET/CT showed moderate uptake of FAPI in lung nodules and retroperitoneal lymph node. In this case, 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT was shown to be superior to 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of malignant mixed germ cell testicular tumor metastases.
68Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPI as a Potential, Noninvasive Diagnostic Probe for Recurrent and Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Authors: Chopra Sejal , Walia Rama , Mathur Yamini , Roesch Frank , Moon Euy Sung , Rana Nivedita , Pandey Somit , Chatterji Debajyoti , Kumar Rajender , Singh Harmandeep , Mittal Bhagwant Rai , Shukla Jaya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Metastatic or recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a potentially fatal malignancy, which poses major challenges in disease management owing to lack of effective systemic therapies. The drastically reduced survival rates require prompt identification of selective molecules for development of targeted therapeutics. We evaluated the squaric acid containing FAPI derivative, DOTA.SA.FAPI (FAPI), as a potential diagnostic probe in 2 cases of histopathologically proven metastatic and recurrent ACC. Both patients underwent 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT scans for comparative analysis. 68Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPI emerged as an excellent diagnostic agent for ACC and performed similar to 18F-FDG.
FDG PET/CT in a Case of Esophageal Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
Authors: Zhang Jun , Ji Xia , Dong Aisheng , Wang Yang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Lymphoma involving the esophagus is rare. We describe FDG PET/CT findings in a case of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type involving the larynx, hypopharynx, and cervical and upper thoracic esophagus. The esophageal tumor showed segmentally increased FDG uptake mimicking esophagitis. This case indicates that esophageal lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of the hypermetabolic esophageal diseases.
The Efficiency of Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Differentiation of Malign and Benign Cavitary Lung Lesions
Authors: Durmaz Fatma , Özgökçe Mesut , Aydin Yener , Yildiz Hanifi , Özkaçmaz Sercan , Dündar İlyas , Türko Ensar , Arisoy Ahmet , Göya Cemil 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
The present study investigates the diagnostic efficiency of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiating between malignant and benign cavitary lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI).

Materials and Methods:
This prospective study included 45 consecutive patients identified with a cavitary lung lesion with a wall thickness of ≥5 mm on thoracic computed tomography in our clinic between 2020 and 2022, and who underwent thoracic DWI within 1 week of their original computed tomography. ADC measurements were made on DWI by drawing a region of interest manually from the cavity wall, away from the lung parenchyma in the axial section where the lesion was best demonstrated. The patients were then classified into benign and malignant groups based on the pathology or clinico-radiologic follow-up.

Results:
The sample included 29 (64.4%) male and 16 (35.6%) female patients, with a mean age of 59.06±17.3 years. Included in the study were 1 patient with 3 and 3 patients with 2 cavitary lesions each, with a total for the sample of 50 cavitary lesions. There were 23 (46%) malignant and 27 (54%) benign cavitary lung lesions. The mean ADC value (×10−3 mm2/s) of the malignant and benign cavitary lesions was 0.977±0.522 (0.511 to 2.872) and 1.383±0.370 (0.930 to 2.213), respectively. The findings were statistically significant using an independent samples t test (P=0.002). The mean wall thickness of the malignant and benign lesions was 12.47±5.51 mm (5 to 25 mm) and 10.11±4.65 mm (5 to 22 mm), respectively. Although malignant cavities had a higher mean wall thickness than benign cavities, the difference was statistically insignificant (P=0.104).

Conclusion:
A significant difference was identified between the ADC values measured in DWI of the malignant and benign cavitary lung lesions. DWI, a noninvasive and rapid imaging method, can provide useful information for the differential diagnosis of cavitary lesions and can minimize unnecessary biopsies.
Is Nitropaste Effective in Stressed Flaps?
Authors: DeVito Robert G. , Stranix John T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Topical nitroglycerine (nitropaste) is an agent that has seen popularization in plastic surgery in recent years. A low-cost medication functioning, by inducing vasodilation primarily in the venous system and inhibiting platelet aggregation, has shown the ability to provide benefits in clinically concerning skin flaps. In random-pattern skin flaps, research shows that topical nitroglycerine decreases flap loss and increases the percentage of viable tissue. In mastectomy skin flaps, there have been multiple studies showing significant decreases in flap necrosis and need for debridement in patients undergoing topical nitroglycerine application without changes in complications profiles. These studies have included patients undergoing and not undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction. There are no data examining myocutaneous or perforator flaps. In free flaps, there is research showing benefit of nitroglycerine in breaking vasospasm and inducing vasodilation in microsurgery. Overall, topical nitroglycerine is a proven entity effective at increasing viable tissue in random-pattern skin flaps and shows clear benefits in the reduction of mastectomy skin flap necrosis with minimal adverse effects or additional cost. Further research is needed into other areas of plastic surgery where it may be of value.
The Effects of Burr-Assisted Rhinoplasty on Hearing
Authors: Zorlu Mehmet E. , Aysel Abdulhalim , Aydin Enes , Catli Tolgahan 
Published: February 2023

Aim:
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the burr used for hump reduction and osteoplasty on cochlear function.

Materials and Methods:
The design of this study was prospective, randomized, and controlled. Twenty patients who underwent burr-assisted septorhinoplasty were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 20 patients who underwent septoplasty. Pure tone audiometry, distortion product otoacoustic emission test, and tympanometry were performed to determine the auditory functions.

Results:
No significant difference was observed between the bone conduction thresholds of the right and left ears in both groups, except for a single frequency (1000 Hz in the left ear) in the control group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups’ air conduction thresholds at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz preoperatively and postoperatively. In addition, the study and control group did not differ significantly in signal-to-noise ratio measurements at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The comparison of preoperative and postoperative otoacoustic emission measurement results of the study group revealed a statistically significant difference only at the frequencies of 2000 Hz in the right ear and 500 Hz in the left ear. Despite those differences, otoacoustic emissions were still present at those frequencies postoperatively.

Conclusions:
Our study showed that using burrs during rhinoplasty slightly impacts hearing, but it does not cause significant hearing loss. Burr-assisted rhinoplasty appears to be a safe operation regarding the auditory functions.
Anthropometric Comparison of 3-Dimensional Facial Scan Taken With a Low-Cost Facial Scanner With Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scan
Authors: Aljawad Hussein , Lim Hoi-Jeong , Lee Kyungmin Clara 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) facial scans taken with a low-cost facial scanner compared with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-five patients had their CBCT scan and 3D facial scan taken on the same day. Facial scans were taken with a low-cost facial scanner (Bellus3D, ARC-1 scanner) in an upright position. The facial scans were imported into Invivo5 software and were integrated with the corresponding CBCT scans. Then, 16 soft tissue landmarks were identified on the CBCT scans and the 3D-integrated facial scans. The 6 vertical, 7 horizontal, 10 oblique linear, and 11 angular anthropometric measurements were obtained and compared between the CBCT scans and 3D-integrated facial scans using paired t test and Bland-Altman plots.

Results:
The differences between CBCT scans and 3D-integrated facial scans showed no statistical significance except for 2 vertical measurements. Bland-Altman plots showed that all anthropometric measurements were within the limit of agreement. The differences between CBCT scans and 3D-integrated facial scans were <1.5 mm or 1.5 degrees except for 2 vertical measurements.

Conclusions:
Three-dimensional facial scans taken with facial scanner showed a clinical acceptance when compared with CBCT scans.
Brain White Matter Structural Alteration in Hemifacial Spasm: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Zhang Tianran , Zhao Chuan , Qi Xianlong , Li Rui , Liu Yali , Chen Fangfang 
Published: February 2023

Objective:To analyze the changes in the white matter structure of the whole brain in hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients by using the tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method.Materials and Methods:29 HFS patients without anxiety and depression and 29 healthy controls with matching age, sex, and education were selected. All subjects received a 3.0T magnetic resonance (MR) brain diffusion tensor imaging scan. Tract-based spatial statistics method was used to analyze the changes in white matter structure in the whole brain and obtained the cerebral white matter fibrous areas exhibiting significant intergroup differences. The fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity of these areas were abstracted. Analyzed the correlation between these diffusion metrics and clinical variables (disease duration, spasm severity).Results:Compared with the healthy controls group, the HFS group exhibited significantly lower FA in the forceps minor, bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (P<0.05, threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected). Cohen grading scale of HFS patients was negatively correlated with FA of forceps minor.Conclusion:Based on TBSS analysis, the injury of white matter fiber tracts in HFS patients was found, including forceps minor, bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, and right superior longitudinal fasciculus. The changes of FA values in forceps minor were negatively correlated with the Cohen grading scale, suggesting that the alteration of white matter fiber in the genu-of-corpus-callosum-cortex circuit plays an important role in the neuro-pathological mechanism of HFS. Combined with previous research, it is also necessary to further explore the change of the superior longitudinal fasciculus in the future.
The Efficacy of Ozonized Water Versus Ringer Lactate Arthrocentesis for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Internal Derangement
Authors: Hassan Thair A. , Suhail Zaid Abdullah 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Temporomandibular disorders are musculoskeletal conditions characterized by facial pain and impaired temporomandibular joint function, limited mouth opening, joint and muscular pain, and noises during mandibular movements are some of the most common symptoms. The most frequent cause of temporomandibular joint dysfunction is internal derangement (ID), which refers to an alteration in the normal pathways of motion of the joint that largely involves the function of the articular disc, therefore, these alterations have been also referred to as disc derangement. Arthrocentesis is a minimally invasive technique, less expensive than surgical treatment. Adhesions are released after arthrocentesis of the upper joint space under sufficient hydraulic pressure. Intra-articular ozone gas injection is used as conservative treatment modalities for ID of the temporomandibular as it possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects, enhancement the host defense mechanism and accelerates the healing process of the damaged cells.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ozonized water against lactated ringer solution in the arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint.

Patients and Methods:
Sixty patients were used in this study, suffered from ID of the temporomandibular joint treated by arthrocentesis under hydraulic pressure and were allocated into 2 groups; the study group (A), which included 30 patients, managed by arthrocentesis utilizing ozonized water and the control group (B) with 30 patients also treated by the same procedure using ringer lactate solution. Visual analog scale pain scores, temporomandibular joint sounds, and maximal mouth opening were assessed preoperatively and at different intervals postoperatively.

Results:
The age in this study ranged from 14 to 66 years. The mean age of group A was 29.93 years with an SD of ±11.79. For group B, the mean age was 27.56 years and the SD was ±10.80, the prominent percentage in both groups was <30 years. Regarding sex, 45 patients were females, whereas the males were 15 with a ratio of 3:1. Group A registered the highest reduction in the visual analog scale at all postoperative intervals. With respect to the mouth opening, there was no significant difference in maximal mouth opening between the 2 groups after 1 week and 12 weeks in comparison with the preoperative measurements. The temporomandibular joint sounds improved in all patients in group A after 12 weeks, whereas in group B the sounds dropped to 33.3%.

Conclusion:
The data from the present study suggested more favorable treatment outcomes for ozonized water lavage and it is a promising new treatment modality for the relief of symptoms associated with the ID of the temporomandibular joint.
Giant Pilomatricoma Mistaken for a Malignant Tumor
Authors: Choi Jun Ho , Oh Sang Seong , Kim Kwang Seog , Hwang Won Joo , Choi Yoo Duk , Hwang Jae Ha , Lee Sam Yong 
Published: February 2023

Pilomatricomas are tumors originating from the matrices of hair follicles. Giant pilomatricomas, defined as pilomatricomas that are 5 cm or larger, are benign but may appear malignant clinically. We present the case of a 69-year-old man with a rapidly growing mass on his scalp. When he visited our department, the tumor measured 10.0×6.0×4.0 cm and showed inflammation and ulceration. Magnetic resonance imaging and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography showed findings resembling lymph node metastasis from a malignant tumor. However, upon an incisional biopsy, the tumor was diagnosed as a pilomatricoma. Therefore, we performed an excisional biopsy instead of radical surgery and lymph node dissection. The tumor was ultimately diagnosed as a giant pilomatricoma based on the excisional biopsy, and the patient received reconstruction only at the site of the defect. A giant pilomatricoma can be mistaken for a malignant tumor due to its characteristics. In such uncertain cases, it can be helpful to first perform an excisional biopsy.