bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect aggression and the North Atlantic Treaty
Authors: Rech Walter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Western diplomats and policymakers involved in the negotiations of the North Atlantic Treaty (NAT) in the late 1940s believed that the Soviet Union would not take the risk of launching an armed attack against the western bloc in the near future. Instead, the NAT negotiators were deeply worried about Soviet ‘indirect aggression’ in the form of political infiltration, interference, and subversion, that is, hybrid operations. The question arises of why the notion of indirect aggression was eventually dropped during the NAT negotiations, whereas Article 5 on armed attack became the core provision of the treaty. The article shows that there might have been sound reasons for not explicitly mentioning the notion of indirect aggression in the treaty at the time. With hindsight, however, the failure to come to an agreement on the need to counter indirect aggression has had repercussions on the development of NATO cooperation and intelligence sharing ever since. It partly explains the difficulties that still exist in strengthening genuine intelligence and security collaboration for the purpose of preventing and countering hybrid warfare.
The legislative reform’s great designs
Authors: Folliard-Monguiral Arnaud , Rogers David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Design law has undergone a major reform after more than 20 years of existence, with the publication of Directive 2024/2823 of 23 October 2024 on the legal protection of designs and Regulation 2024/2822 of 23 October 2024 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 on Community designs and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 2246/2002 [2024] OJ L2024/2822. The purpose of this Practice Point is to provide a quick overview of the most significant changes brought by the Design Legislative Reform Package to the existing legal framework. The contribution has a practical bias and is aimed at readers who wish rapidly to find the key amendments to both the recast Directive on the legal protection of designs and the amending Regulation on EU designs. The Design Legislative Reform Package seeks inter alia to broaden both the definition of a ‘product’ and the ways in which designs can be represented; to liberalize the spare parts market; to provide for new exceptions to the exclusive right while extending its scope to ‘external transit’ and 3D printing; to prevent the appropriation of cultural heritage through abuse of the registration system and to provide for an optional cancellation procedure of national designs.
Age cohort definition and evidence of sexual dimorphism in the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), a large Australian marsupial
Authors: Kleemann Shannon L , Taggart David A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The ability to reliably differentiate age cohorts and detect and quantify sexual dimorphism in wildlife species is crucial before performing many ecological and biological analyses, including population demographics and commonly used body condition indices. In many wildlife species, however, these analyses are limited by a lack of detailed and reliable data. We used a long-term data set (&gt;30 years and &gt;2,600 individuals) to establish a method to reliably differentiate juvenile, subadult, and adult southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) and provide evidence of sexual dimorphism in this species. Adult and subadult males were separated primarily through measurements of head width and head length, based on measurements from confirmed adult males (n = 160). We found adult males to have significantly longer (P-value = 4.374e−16) and wider (P-value = 2.2e−16) heads than adult females and a significantly longer pes length (P-value = &lt; 2.2e−16). This divergence appears to occur when subadult males are approaching adulthood. However, no difference in body weight or total body length was observed between the sexes. Using these data, we established approximate size ranges for wombats of all age cohorts to underpin future research on the impacts of rainfall and drought on body condition, breeding, recruitment, and survival in this semiarid dwelling species. This research also highlights the importance of separating the sexes for analyses involving body measurements even when the species does not display obvious dimorphism.
Alzheimer disease-associated tau post-translational modification mimics impact tau propagation and uptake
Authors: Dickson John R , Sobolewski Robert G R , Fernandes Analiese R , Cooper Joanna M , Fan Zhanyun , Chung Mirra , Donahue Cameron , Oakley Derek H , Strickland Dudley K , Hyman Bradley T 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
As Alzheimer disease (AD) progresses, pathological tau spreads by cell-to-cell propagation of tau. This study aims to elucidate the impact of AD-associated post-translational modifications of tau-on-tau propagation. Tau propagation reporter constructs distinguishing donor cells from recipient cells were developed, and additional constructs were made with tau residues mutated from serine or threonine to aspartate to mimic the negative charge of a phosphorylation and/or from lysine to glutamine to mimic the charge-neutralizing effect of acetylation. Flow cytometry was used to quantify donor and recipient cells. This revealed that the mutations generally tended to reduce tau propagation compared to wildtype tau. Recombinant tau containing either wildtype or posttranslational modification mimicking mutations were used to treat Chinese hamster ovary cells or human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to quantify tau uptake, revealing that the mutations generally resulted in reduced uptake compared to wildtype tau. Surface plasmon resonance revealed that the mutations had a reduced affinity for lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a tau uptake receptor, compared to wildtype tau. Overall, these results suggest that AD-associated posttranslational modification mimicking mutations reduce the cell-to-cell propagation of tau by reducing tau uptake by recipient cells, which may be in part due to reduced binding affinity to LRP1.
The Swiss cheese model of social cues: a theoretical perspective on the role of social context in shaping social media’s effect on adolescent well-being
Authors: Trekels Jolien , Telzer Eva H 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Media effects research has observed significant diversity in the effects of social media on adolescent well-being, with outcomes ranging from positive to negative and, in some cases, neutral effects. In an effort to comprehend and elucidate this diversity, we have formulated The Swiss Cheese Model of Social Cues, a theoretical framework that systematically categorizes potential sources contributing to these variations. This dynamic model encompasses the complex layers of social cues present within platforms, the social environment, and individual (neuro)susceptibility, collectively shaping how social media influences the well-being of adolescents. The primary goal of this model is to enhance research by concurrently considering a broader range of individual difference factors, providing a comprehensive framework for investigations into the complex interplay of social context in social media effects.
‘The Savage of Civilisation’: Jack the Ripper and the Spectre of Colonialism in Late-Victorian Culture
Authors: Plater Michael 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
This essay examines the use of colonial and imperial narratives throughout late-Victorian press reportage of the infamous ‘Jack the Ripper’ crimes of 1888. It reveals how these press reports, with their vehement insistence that ‘no Englishman’ could have committed the crimes, tapped into, and reflected, dominant imperial attitudes towards race, colonialism, and English self-identity. These representations offered a fixed, idealized version of ‘Englishness’, one which focused on the supposedly civilized, cultivated, masculine ‘English’ self as a symbol of national identity and cultural evolution, with those ‘other’ races beyond Britain’s immediate borders cast as their primitive, bestial antithesis. However, in documenting these attitudes, my work also reveals the deep sense of instability, unease, anxiety, and insecurity that lay behind such representations, and the attendant fear that these concepts of the advanced English self were a kind of grand façade or self-delusion, masking deeper, more unpleasant, truths about late-Victorian culture and society. As such, my work reveals how the Ripper reportage exposed these contradictions and insecurities, undermining and challenging long-held assumptions about British progress and hegemony.
Pure Gravitational Wave Estimation of Hubble’s Constant using Neutron Star - Black Hole Mergers
Authors: Fung Leo W H , Broadhurst Tom , Smoot George F 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
It has been predicted before the first detection of such events by LIGO, that the gravitational wave (GW) emission from compact binary coalescence can be used to constrain the expansion rate of the universe. Here we show how H0 can be derived purely from the GW of neutron star-black hole (NSBH) mergers using a Bayesian Hierarchical inference framework. This method provides an estimate of H0 spanning the redshift range, z &lt; 0.25 with current GW sensitivity and without the need for any afterglow detection. We utilise the inherent distribution of neutron star masses together with the NSBH waveform amplitude and frequency to estimate distance and redshift respectively, thereby measuring H0 for the NSBH events up to systematics and observational uncertainties. With the most updated observations, our first estimate is $H_0 = 96^{+44}_{-50}$ km s−1 Mpc−1 for the likely NSBH events GW190426 and GW200115 using the proof-of-concept analysis outlined in this work. Taking into account of realistic detectors response and sensitivity, we forecast that soon, with 10 more such NSBH events we can reach competitive precision of δH0/H0 ≲ 20 %. It is valuable to have a completely independent, both in terms observations and relevant physics, method of determining H0 as is emphasized by the current controversy on H0 and attempts to explain it invoking new physics.
Constraints on the active galactic nucleus and starburst activity of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies from a broad range of torus models
Authors: Varnava Charalambia , Efstathiou Andreas , Farrah Duncan , Rigopoulou Dimitra 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this paper we further explore the properties of the HERschel Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxy Survey (HERUS) sample of 42 local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) with our recently developed Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code SMART (Spectral energy distributions Markov chain Analysis with Radiative Transfer models). SMART fits SEDs exclusively with multicomponent radiative transfer models. Mid-infrared spectroscopy can be included in the fitting at a spectral resolution matched to that of the radiative transfer models. We fit the SEDs of the HERUS ULIRGs with four different models for the active galactic nucleus (AGN) torus, a starburst and a spheroidal galaxy model, to put constraints on the AGN fraction of the galaxies and their star formation rate (SFR). Two of the AGN torus models we explored are smooth and two are two-phase. We find that, in most cases, a smooth tapered AGN torus provides the best fit to the data. We also find that solutions with other torus models may predict AGN and total luminosities up to an order of magnitude or more lower, but very rarely higher than the best-fitting model. In contrast, we find that, with minor exceptions, the predicted SFR and stellar mass of the ULIRGs are generally robustly estimated irrespective of the assumed torus model. This is despite the fact that one of the AGN torus models we use assumes fluffy grains with high emissivity in the far-infrared and submillimetre, which could potentially reduce the contribution of a starburst at those wavelengths and reduce the SFR.
Stellar streams from black hole-rich star clusters
Authors: Roberts Daniel , Gieles Mark , Erkal Denis , Sanders Jason L 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Nearly a hundred progenitor-less, thin stellar streams have been discovered in the Milky Way, thanks to Gaia and related surveys. Most streams are believed to have formed from star clusters and it was recently proposed that extended star clusters – rich in stellar-mass black holes (BHs) – are efficient in creating streams. To better understand the nature of stream progenitors, we quantify the differences between streams originating from star clusters with and without BHs using direct N-body models and a new model for the density profiles of streams based on time-dependent escape rates from clusters: the Quantifying Stream Growth (QSG) model. QSG facilitates the rapid exploration of parameter space and provides an analytic framework to understand the impact of different star cluster properties and escape conditions on the structure of streams. Using these models it is found that, compared to streams from BH-free clusters on the same orbit, streams of BH-rich clusters: (1) are approximately five times more massive; (2) have a peak density three times closer to the cluster 1 Gyr post-evaporation (for orbits of Galactocentric radius ≳ 10 kpc), and (3) have narrower peaks and more extended wings in their density profiles. We discuss other observable stream properties that are affected by the presence of BHs in their progenitor cluster, namely the width of the stream, its radial offset from the orbit, and the properties of the gap at the progenitor’s location. Our results provide a step towards using stellar streams to constrain the BH content of evaporated (globular) star clusters.
Lowest-mass X-ray selected AGNs in the Boötes Field
Authors: Purohit Rujuta A , Hickox Ryan C , Petter Grayson C 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present a multi-wavelength analysis of three candidate active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in low-mass galaxies in the Boötes field with the aim of improving constraints on the occupation fraction of low-mass black holes (BHs). Galaxies with low stellar masses (M⋆ &lt; 109.5M⊙) are particularly interesting hosts for AGNs as they may contain BHs that have not grown significantly since the epoch of their formation in the early Universe. Using archival data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we find three X-ray luminous low-mass galaxies and assess whether they host AGNs. We find one of these sources to be variable in the X-ray and compute its X-ray light curve and spectrum. We compute the X-ray, mid-infrared, and [O III] luminosities and compare them to established AGN luminosity relationships in the literature. We then fit various star-forming, dust emission, and AGN templates to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The star formation rates estimated from the SED fits are unable to explain the observed X-ray luminosities of the candidates, providing more support for the presence of AGNs. By analysing the deviation from linear relationships between X-ray and mid-infrared luminosities, we find these systems to be obscured (with log NH[cm−2] ∼ 22.7, &gt;25.0, and 24.4, respectively). We employ the scaling relationship between BH mass and stellar velocity dispersion to estimate the BH masses as ∼105 − 106M⊙ and accreting at Eddington ratios 10−2 &lt; λEdd &lt; 10−1.
The Thousand-Pulsar-Array programme on MeerKAT XVII: Discovery of beating radio emission variability in PSR J1514−4834
Authors: Hsu J A , Weltevrede P , Wright G , Keith M J , Oswald L S , Song X , Wang H 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present a comprehensive analysis of the complex subpulse modulation patterns in PSR J1514−4834 (B1510−48) using L-band data from the Thousand-Pulsar-Array (TPA) programme, complemented with further MeerKAT UHF-band data. We demonstrate that periodic drifting subpulses and rapid amplitude modulation with a period of about 2 pulse periods coexist. It is established that these two periodic emission patterns interfere in the form of a beat system, giving rise to multiple spectral features. We develop a new methodology which confirms the expected correlations in the complex phase of the beat features in a 2D Fourier Transform of the data. Therefore, a relatively simple beat system can explain the complex single-pulse behaviour of this pulsar. The simultaneous coexistence of multiple subpulse modulation periodicities is rare in the population and points to poorly understood intricate dynamics within pulsar magnetospheres. A comparison with PSR B0943+10 is made, for which the coexistence of multiple periodicities has been argued to be a natural consequence of a rotating carousel. However, our observations of PSR J1514−4834 require a different explanation, involving time-delayed interactions between separate regions of the magnetosphere. The developed phase correlation methodology opens up the route for underlying beat systems in the modulation patterns of more pulsars.
Fast dynamic ejecta in neutron star mergers
Authors: Rosswog Stephan , Sarin Nikhil , Nakhar Ehud , Diener Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The ejection of neutron-rich matter is one of the most important consequences of a neutron star merger. While the bulk of the matter is ejected at fast, but non-relativistic velocities (∼0.2c), a small amount of mildly relativistic dynamic ejecta have been seen in a number of numerical simulations. Such ejecta can have far reaching observational consequences ranging from the shock breakout burst of gamma-rays promptly after the merger, to an early (∼1 hour post-merger) blue kilonova precursor signal, to synchrotron emission years after the merger (‘kilonova afterglow’). These all potentially carry the imprint of the binary system parameters and the equation of state. By analyzing Lagrangian simulations in full General Relativity, performed with the code SPHINCS_BSSN, we identify two ejection mechanisms for fast ejecta: i) about 30% of the ejecta with v &gt; 0.4c are ‘sprayed out’ from the shear interface between the merging stars and escape along the orbital plane and ii) the remaining ∼ 70% of the fast ejecta result from the central object ‘bouncing back’ after strong, general-relativistic compression. This ‘bounce component’ is ejected in a rather isotropic way and reaches larger velocities (by ∼0.1c) so that its faster parts can catch up with and shock slower parts of the spray ejecta. Even for a case that promptly collapses to a black hole, we find fast ejecta with similar properties to the non-collapsing case, while slower matter parts are swallowed by the forming black hole. We discuss observational implications of these fast ejecta, including shock breakout and kilonova afterglow.
Constraints on optical and near-infrared variability in the localisation of the long-period radio transient GLEAM-X J1627–52
Authors: Lyman J D , Dhillon V S , Kamann S , Chrimes A A , Levan A J , Pelisoli I , Steeghs D T H , Wiersema K 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
GLEAM-X J1627–52 was discovered as a periodic (∼18 min) radio signal over a duration of three months in 2018. It is an enigmatic example of a growing population of ‘long-period radio transients’ consistent with Galactic origins. Their nature is uncertain, and leading models invoke magnetic neutron stars or white dwarfs, potentially in close binary systems, to power them. GLEAM-X J1627–52 resides in the Galactic plane with a comparatively coarse localisation (≃2 arcsecond). Here we study the localisation region to search for spectrophotometric signatures of a counterpart using time-domain searches in optical and near-infra-red imaging, and MUSE integral field spectroscopy. No sources in the localisation display clear white dwarf spectral signatures, although at the expected distance we can only provide modest limits on their presence directly. We rule out the presence of hot sub-dwarfs in the vicinity. We found no candidate within our search for variability or periodic behaviour in the light curves. Radial velocity curves additionally show only weak evidence of variation, requiring any realistic underlying system to have very low orbital inclination (i ≲ 5 deg). Two Balmer emission line sources are reminiscent of white dwarf pulsar systems, but their characteristics fall within expected M-dwarf chromospheric activity with no signs of being in a close binary. Currently the white dwarf pulsar scenario is not supported, although longer baseline data and data contemporaneous with a radio active epoch are required before stronger statements. Isolated magnetars, or compact binaries remain viable. Our limits highlight the difficulty of these searches in dense environments at the limits of ground-based data.
Early compensatory increase in single kidney estimated GFR after unilateral nephrectomy is associated with a lower long-term risk of estimated GFR decline
Authors: van der Weijden Jessica , Mazhar Faizan , Fu Edouard L , van Londen Marco , Evans Marie , Berger Stefan P , De Borst Martin H , Carrero Juan J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background and hypothesis
A more pronounced short-term increase in single-kidney GFR (ΔskGFR) has been associated with better long-term kidney function in living kidney donors. Whether this also applies to non-donors is unknown. We evaluated if ΔskGFR is associated with long-term risk of eGFR decline in individuals undergoing unilateral nephrectomy.

Methods
This study included 1777 participants from the SCREAM cohort who underwent radical unilateral nephrectomy in Stockholm between 2006–2021. The ΔskGFR was calculated as the early (1–6 months) post-nephrectomy eGFR minus 50% of the pre-nephrectomy eGFR. Multivariable Cox regression was used to study the association between Δsk-GFR and the subsequent risk of progressive eGFR decline, defined as composite of an eGFR decline &gt; 30% compared to the early (6 months) post-nephrectomy eGFR or kidney failure.

Results
Mean age at nephrectomy was 68 ± 11 years, 40% were female, 92% had kidney cancer, and median (IQR) pre-nephrectomy eGFR was 76 (61–89) mL/min/1.73m2. Median Δsk-GFR was 11 (7–20) mL/min/1.73m2. Pre-nephrectomy determinants of Δsk-GFR were age (inverse association) and pre-nephrectomy eGFR (positive association). During a median follow-up of 5 years (range 0.6–15 years), 178 participants developed progressive eGFR decline. Individuals with a Δsk-GFR above the median had a lower rate of progressive eGFR decline (adjusted HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.42–0.80), compared to those with a Δsk-GFR below the median, independent of baseline eGFR and age.

Conclusions
A stronger increase in single-kidney eGFR early after unilateral nephrectomy was associated with a lower long-term risk of progressive eGFR decline. Evaluation of Δsk-GFR could help identify patients at higher risk of progressive kidney function decline following unilateral nephrectomy.