bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Knowledge and Training Needs of Disaster Medicine among Healthcare Professionals and Medical Students in Makkah City: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Altirkistani Bsaim , Dairi Mohammad , Bahha Reeman , Babkier Ahad , khizanah Ruba Abu , Alabdulwahab Saleh , Alsulimani Loui , Masri Taha 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Disaster medicine aims to prevent and respond to devastating events. Health professionals need to understand their role in disaster management to effectively respond when disasters occur. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge level, preparedness, and the training gaps regarding disaster medicine among health professionals and medical students/interns in Makkah (Mecca) city.Method:This is an online-based cross-sectional study design conducted in Makkah City. Physicians, nurses, and medical students/interns were included. Continuous variables were reported as means and confidence intervals. While categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Anova test as appropriate.Results:Of the 651 participants, the mean age was 27.69 (95% CI 28.13 to 27.24) with 360 (55.30%) participants being males. The mean average score of disaster medicine knowledge was 7.90 (95% CI 8.29-7.51) for medical students/interns, 8.12 (95% CI 8.77-7.47) for nurses, and 4.85 (95% CI 5.21-4.49) for physicians (P <0.0001). The majority of participants selected first-aid skills and triage and evacuation as crucial aspects to be covered in learning disaster medicine, 406 (62.4%) and 373 (57.3%) respectively.Conclusion:In this study, the level of knowledge regarding disaster management is average among the healthcare population. Certain aspects of disaster medicine are needed to be focused on such as first-aid skills and triage and evacuation. Incorporating disaster medicine as part of training programs is a demand.
The Most Vulnerable Populations: Exploring the FEMA National Risk Index by Racial/Ethnic Group
Authors: Unruh Larissa 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has created a publicly available National Risk Index (NRI) using natural disaster and community risk factor data to provide numeric and visual representations of communities’ disaster risk. Of particular interest is the index’s use of the social vulnerability and community resilience variables. This study’s purpose was to identify and explore differences in vulnerability and resilience based on racial demographic data at the census tract level. By identifying communities at the highest risk, we can address modifiable risk factors to improve natural disaster outcomes for vulnerable populations.Method:This project used merged data from the US Census Bureau’s 2019 American Community Survey and source data for the FEMA NRI. Using Microsoft Excel, we created scatter plots of the social vulnerability and community resilience variables by census tract and predominant racial group, and calculated the mean, standard deviation, and statistical difference between those variables by race.Results:In census tracts where Native Americans made up ≥50% of the population:1) There was a positive linear association between percent of Native Americans and increased social vulnerability.2) The average social vulnerability score (ASV) was significantly higher (ASV = 55.74) than for predominantly White tracts (ASV = 31.43) (p < 0.001).3) The average risk score (ARS) was significantly higher (ARS = 30.18) compared to predominantly White tracts (ARS = 16.98) (p < 0.001).4) The average resilience index score (ARIS) was significantly lower (ARIS = 51.83) than predominantly White tracts (ARIS = 55.08) (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Results show that census tracts with predominantly Native American populations face significantly higher natural disaster risk and social vulnerability, and have significantly lower resilience scores compared to predominantly White tracts. Using modifiable factors to improve community resilience and decrease social vulnerability, the US can better protect communities at high natural disaster risk.
Hypothermia Progression Time Course for Evacuation Planning
Authors: Oshiro Kazue , Murakami Tomikazu 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Accidental hypothermia occurs very rarely. Japan experienced hypothermic victims in the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster. In northern Japan, where the largest class of earthquakes and tsunamis are estimated, study for countermeasures has been advanced. The progression of hypothermia varies significantly by individual differences and environmental factors, and it is considered to be challenging to assess its damage. We present the findings that can be the basis for damage estimation from the data of hypothermia victims experienced in mountain rescue.Method:From 2002 to 2020, we examined ten fatal cases of hypothermic witnessed respiratory arrest (HWRA) by companions, which led to subsequent cardiac arrest among 164 cases from mountain rescue. We collected the time course of the deceased from rescue records and calculated the time from cold exposure to symptom, exposure to incapable, and exposure to HWRA. Temperature and wind speed data were extrapolated from nearby AMEDAS and upper-air weather records, and the wind chill index (WCI) was calculated.Results:We obtained the time course data in seven cases of ten, five males and two females between 21 and 67 years old. The weather conditions where the seven cases were placed were -5 to -30°C of WCI. The shortest time from cold exposure to incapacity was 65 minutes, 42.9% (3/7) within 180 minutes, and the fastest time to HWRA was 90 minutes, with 57.1% (4/7) between 10 and 12 and half hours.Conclusion:For disaster evacuation measures, both evacuees and rescuers need specific indicators to refer to. From very little but valuable data, we consider that rescue within 10 hours is necessary for lifesaving in similar conditions. Additionally, increasing the number of cases that become incapacitated within 1-3 hours can be valuable information for considering the location of the evacuation shelter and evacuation plan.
Chemical Industry Disaster Risk Assessment During Complex Emergencies in Ukraine.
Authors: Gan Rick Kye , Delgado Rafael Castro , Bruni Emanuele , González Pedro Arcos , Alsua Carlos 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The war in Ukraine has not only led to complex emergencies and humanitarian crises but also other severe consequences, such as the chemical industry disaster. The chemical industry is one of the principal sectors of Ukraine’s economy, and it is estimated that Ukraine has a total volume of hazardous chemical accumulation of more than 5.1 billion tons. An attack on chemical industrial facilities will lead to catastrophic consequences. This thesis aims to study the disaster risk of chemical industrial facilities and its consequences on public health and the environment during complex emergencies in Ukraine.Method:Observational cross-sectional risk assessment method was utilized to assess hazard, vulnerability, and exposure of the chemical industry in Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Zaporizka Oblast, and Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. Data on chemical factories in Eastern Ukraine was collected on Google Maps and Google Earth in May 2022. Lastly, the semi-quantitative risk assessment method was utilized to describe the risk from the perspective of consequences for life and health, the environment, property, and speed of development.Results:Chemical industry disaster risks in Ukraine during complex emergencies in Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Zaporizka Oblast, and Kharkiv Oblast are high in terms of likelihood and consequences to life and health, environment, property, and speed of development.Conclusion:This risk assessment enables potential chemical disaster risks in Ukraine during complex emergencies to be understood and communicated by the local community, the first responder, and till policy makers. Therefore, enable a whole-of-society approach involving risk management, disaster preparedness, and response. Further detailed risk assessment on the type of chemical and their hazards should be conducted once the situation permits.
The UNDRR/ISC Hazard Definition and Classification Review and Hazard Information Profiles and Links to the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, and the Paris Agreement
Authors: Murray Virginia 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The 'all hazards' approach that the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction calls for ‘to strengthen technical and scientific capacity to capitalize on and consolidate existing knowledge and to develop and apply methodologies and models to assess disaster risks, vulnerabilities and exposure to all hazards;’ (paragraph 24 j)’ needed clarification.Method:Following extensive scientific consultation, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and the International Science Council (ISC) published in 2020 the UNDRR/ISC Hazard definition and classification review. This was followed by the UNDRR/ISC Hazard Information Profiles: Supplement to UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition & Classification Review–Technical Report (2021). This Supplement consists of a description of each of the 302 hazard information profiles (HIPs), which was developed using a consultative process by scientists and experts across the globe.Results:The UNDRR/ISC Hazard Information Profiles (HIPs) provide a common set of hazard definitions and other information relevant to informing the strategies and actions of governments and stakeholders, and for managing the risks associated with hazards. They can be used whenever and wherever for assessment, planning, and action related to hazards. As such, they relate to the design, implementation, and monitoring of disaster risk reduction and risk-informed investments at all levels.Conclusion:The science-based structure of the HIPs serves to avoid confusion and duplication in the classification of hazards. It also promotes up-to-date information derived from the ‘data revolution, rigorous accountability mechanisms and renewed global partnerships’. The HIPs support the implementation of not only the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, but also the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement and International Health Regulations (2005). In 2022 an International Science Council Policy Brief was published describing the use of UNDRR/ISC HIPs to manage risk and implement the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction.
The Role of Self-help Women’s Groups in Disaster Risk Reduction and Community Resilience in Nepal
Authors: Khatri Jyoti , Tippett Vivienne , Durham Joanne 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The differential impact and needs of women during disasters are highlighted in contemporary research, there is limited understanding of the distinctive contribution they make and the ways they cope. Women are the key drivers of livelihood, therefore, the economic losses resulting from natural hazards may have massive impacts on their mental health. This study examines how the self-help women's groups in rural Nepalese communities provide economic, social, socio-political, and public-health support to build safer, sustainable, and resilient communities.Method:In-depth open-ended interviews were conducted between January 2021–April 2021 with grassroots women leaders(n=8) representing their (women’s/mother’s) group inquiring about their activities related to risk reduction and perspectives on how they cope during natural hazards. The findings were analyzed and discussed using two analytical frameworks namely, the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) and Bronfenbrenner’s Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) as scaffolds. Data analysis followed the thematic analysis technique.Results:Two major themes emerged from the in-depth interviews: 1) Women are doing their part and 2) Help-seeking behavior as a barrier and facilitator. The traditional female household roles such as cooking, feeding, and caring during pre-disaster states are extended to rescuing, protecting, laborious cleaning, and providing physical and emotional support during disasters. The pre-and post-disaster care responsibility and help-seeking behavior have implications for health, safety, well-being and sustainability. The findings also suggest the inevitability of self-care for women during and post-disasters.Conclusion:The care roles of women involve both livelihood and health benefits for the family and the entire community. To mitigate the physical and mental health burden for women amplified during natural hazards, self-care should be a critical component of advocacy in disaster awareness campaigns and help-seeking behavior should be promoted as a strength rather than insufficiency.
A Descriptive Analysis of the Health Care Aspects of Industrial Disasters Around the World
Authors: Tin Derrick , Cheng Lenard , Hata Ryan , Hart Alexander , Hertelendy Attila , Ciottone Gregory 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Industrial disasters can have a myriad of repercussions ranging from acute deaths, injuries, and long-term adverse health impacts on nearby populations to political fallout and environmental damage. This is a descriptive epidemiological analysis of industrial disasters occurring between 1995 and 2021 which may provide useful insight for health care systems and disaster medicine specialists to better prevent and mitigate the effects of future industrial disasters.Method:Data was collected using a retrospective database search of the Emergency Events Database (EM-DATS) for all industrial disasters occurring between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2021.Results:1,054 industrial disasters were recorded from 1995 to 2021. The majority of these disasters occurred in Asia (720, 68.3%), with 131 (12.4%) in Africa, 107 (10.2%) in Europe, 94 (8.9%) in the Americas, and 2 (0.2%) in Oceania. Half of these disasters were explosions (533, 50.6%), 147 (13.9%) were collapses, 143 (13.6%) were fires, 46 (4.4%) were chemical spills, 41 (3.9%) were gas leaks, and 34 (3.2%) were poisonings. There were 6 (0.6%) oil spills and 3 (0.3%) radiation events.Conclusion:A total of 29,708 deaths and 57,605 injuries were recorded as a result of industrial disasters and they remain a significant contributor to the healthcare risks of both workers and regional communities. The need for specialized emergency response training, the potential devastation of an industrial accident, and the vulnerability of critical infrastructure as terror targets highlight the need to better understand the potential immediate and long-term consequences of such events and to improve healthcare responses in the future.
Resilience Compendium: Strategies to Reduce Communities’ Risk to Disasters
Authors: Spencer Caroline , Cross Suzanne , Archer Frank 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The Victorian Compendium of Community-Based Resilience Building Case Studies supports place-based disaster risk reduction by promoting strategies to reduce communities’ risk before, during, and after disasters or emergencies and by strengthening community resilience through shared learning. It grew from Community Resilience Forums at Monash University, where community resilience practitioners presented their programs, explained their evolution, how they solved challenges, and shared unforeseen learnings. Forum attendees expressed an urgency for a sharing platform to help build community expertise, save precious community resources, avoid program duplication to prevent communities from reinventing the wheel. These now represent key tenets of the Compendium.Method:International exemplars inform the structure of the Compendium and a thematic analysis identified critical success factors for underpinning disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies.Results:As an Australian first, the Compendium gathered 38 programs between 2012 and 2022, which were addressed before (29), during (7), and after (17) events. Programs addressed all hazards (23), bushfires (11), heat (2), fire safety (1), and house fires (1). Twenty programs used a framework. Thirty received funding, with nine receiving less than $20,000 and five receiving more than $100,000. Twenty-nine addressed a whole-of-community perspective.Critical success factors included: strong governance and Board support; trust, partnerships, commitment, adaptability, stamina, and community leadership; paid facilitator, local government support, external funding; and celebrating often-neglected success.Conclusion:Offering an innovative contribution to resilience practice and research, the Compendium supports and enables locally-led and owned place-based disaster risk reduction efforts. It supports the Sendai Framework and augments principles in the National Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction by connecting people from diverse sectors to deliver distinct, adaptable actions to help reduce communities’ risk before, during, and after disasters or emergencies. The Compendium enables communities to preserve valuable community resources offering opportunities to extend to a national or international Compendium.
Understanding Community Preparedness and Emergency Supply Kit Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among the U.S. Population
Authors: Schnall Amy , Hanchey Arianna 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:During disasters households may experience lost communication and roads may become impassable; thus a common recommendation is to prepare an emergency supply kit that can be used to shelter-in-place during evacuation. The decision to prepare for disasters becomes more challenging during pandemics because individuals may be hesitant to evacuate to shelters or may be unsure of items to include in emergency supply kits. Because of this, many preparedness estimates before 2020 may no longer reflect current levels of preparedness. The aim of this research was to provide information on what actions people take to prepare for disasters, determine whether households have supply kits, and help guide next steps to better prepare for and respond to disasters during a pandemic.Method:We conducted descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, and backward-step regressions on 10 questions collected through Porter Novelli’s ConsumerStyles surveys in Fall 2020 (n=3,625), Spring 2021 (n=6,455), and Fall 2021 (n=3,553) to examine factors that contribute to overall household preparedness levels and supply kit ownership.Results:Being married, having children in the home, and having a household income of $150,000 or more are all associated with increased preparedness levels. Persons living in mobile homes, recreational vehicles (RVs), boats, or vans are half as likely to have preparedness plans compared to those living in single family homes. While there was a significant association between level of preparedness and supply kit ownership, overall kit ownership is also lacking. While most respondents believed a kit would help their chance of survival, only a third had one. Age, sex, education level, and region of the country were significant predictors of kit ownership.Conclusion:This study helped close existing knowledge gaps surrounding preparedness and emergency supply kits to guide public health research and prevention strategies, including messaging, to help reduce adverse health impacts during multiple emergencies.
WHO Health EDRM Research Network and Health Data Management
Authors: Kubo Tastuhiko 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:The WHO Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (H-EDRM) Research Network has identified that health data collection during health emergencies and disasters is a key element to enable proper coordination and timely response, and research priorities of the network.Method:Focus group discussion was performed to identify key challenges which hinder accomplishment of the data collection.Results:It was concluded that the issue faces significant challenges including; (1) Access: Logistic issues including safety, transport and communication did not allow experts such as epidemiologists to access onsite and relevant stakeholders. It is also challenging for local public health stakeholders to accept new experts during emergencies. (2) Tools: forms or tools that are concise and operational to be accepted by frontline responders should be provided. (3) Standardization: to set standard forms or tools and its operational mechanism is essential to collect health data, otherwise collected data will be partial and fragmented. (4) Governance: overall governance of procedure and data ownership must be clarified before its implication administratively and legally. These should be endorsed by local health authorities. (5) Ethical procedure: Obtaining informed consent and conducting timely procedures is difficult. Contextually, health data collection during emergencies and disasters in many cases is inappropriate. (6) Operation: Collected data should contribute to ongoing operation in a timely manner. The discussion also found the standard tool of the WHO; the Emergency Medical Teams Minimum Data Set, which has been already used in more than ten countries and has been providing leading examples for this topic.Conclusion:Further research to fulfill the identified challenges and gaps will facilitate the collection and strengthen the health emergency and disaster risk management.
Compliance of the Public with Governmental Regulations and Recommended Protective Health Behavior During COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Varied Waves of the Pandemic in Israel
Authors: Kaim Arielle , Bodas Moran , Adini Bruria 
Published: June 2023

Introduction:Managing pandemics is dependent on the adherence of civil societies to directives and recommendations issued by governmental and public health authorities. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, hurdles were encountered by authorities regarding public compliance to orders and recommendations of protective health behavior. The objective is to investigate the factors that most powerfully enhance or impede compliance to varied measures–both regulations (i.e. lockdown, mask wearing, social distancing) and recommendations (i.e. vaccination etc.) in Israel.Method:A longitudinal study, based on structured questionnaires was conducted to investigate factors that enhance or impede the uptake of protective health behavior throughout two years of COVID-19.Results:Various factors throughout different phases of the pandemic have been identified as playing a significant role in compliance. During the initial phases of the pandemic, the most salient factors for enhanced compliance to non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdown) were concern for family or self-health, while deterrence played little role. During the fourth wave, findings indicated that pandemic fatigue had begun to have cascading effects on vaccination efforts. Particularly at this stage, trust in authorities and even threat perception components were incapable of predicting uptake, while perceived importance of the vaccine and its effectiveness positively and significantly predicted uptake. Throughout the pandemic, a negative correlation between levels of resilience and distress symptoms and a positive correlation between resilience and enhanced compliance were identified.Conclusion:Utilizing tools for empowering the population rather than instilling fear or other deterrence measures are more effective approaches to increase compliance with governmental directives. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of adapting and adjusting risk communication efforts to accommodate specific concerns and hesitations demonstrated by distinct groups during an evolving pandemic. Public health officials and authorities need to engage the public in resilience building activities to promote compliance.