bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Offshore Hydrogen Pipeline System Qualification: Design and Materials/Welds Testing in Hydrogen Environment
Authors: Santicchia Angelo , Aloigi Elvira , Terracina Salvatore , Torselletti Enrico , Scarsciafratte Daniele , Girault Etienne , Arcangeletti Giorgio , Di Vito Luigi Francesco , Iob Francesco , Fonzo Andrea 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The qualification of a pipeline system for hydrogen transport, even if strictly related to offshore pipelines, is a broad field that requires a systematic approach from basic material knowledge to complex physical models, fracture, and fatigue assessments.
The combination of embrittlement with the severe loads of an offshore pipeline calls for a comprehensive awareness of material performance under such conditions. To achieve that, the first step has been the classification of failure modes by type of installation condition and selection of the tests required to characterize materials against them. A second step was to strengthen the state-of-the-art knowledge on data and tests availability for such failure modes. A third step was to set up and conduct a dedicated testing campaign focusing on girth welds and develop a pipeline system qualification procedure.
The technological and standardizations gaps, identified in the design, construction and installation process chain are described, along with the actions taken by an offshore EPCI contractor to overcome and fix them. The analysis of qualification requirements, including available test types and testing protocols, led to a matrix of potential tests to be done in hydrogen and air environment for the steel base material, seam weld and girth weld of offshore pipelines.
The final design of the test campaign included the minimum number of key tests necessary to assess the effect of atomic hydrogen inside the steel matrix and the related changes in mechanical properties, including the evaluation of tensile behavior and ductility, impact properties, fracture toughness (through KIH and rising load tests) and the critical soaking time in H2 environment. The tests were performed in different concentrations of hydrogen (i.e., different blending scenarios) at a given pressure which was considered potentially representative of the future main operating conditions in offshore hydrogen transportation systems.
The main findings of the R&D work presented in the paper confirm that the qualification approach should include material properties testing under various conditions to support and provide a strong and sound scientific basis for the standardization process of the offshore EPCI pipeline system. The new tests and test conditions concur to complete the knowledge on the materials suitability for transporting hydrogen and hydrogen blends in offshore pipelines.
Application of Machine Learning to Predict Shale Wettability
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Farid , Elkatatny Salaheldin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
CO2 wettability in shale formations is an important parameter for different applications including, CO2 EOR, CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers where the shale formations are the seal cap rock, CO2 sequestration in the shale formation, and hydraulic fracturing process in shale. Different experimental work can be used to estimate the wettability including quantitative and qualitative methods such as contact angle, Amott method, NMR, flotation methods, relative permeability, and recovery curves. In addition to the difficult surface preparation processes, laboratory experiments take a lot of time, money, and effort. Therefore, this paper seeks to use various machine-learning tools to calculate the contact angle which is an indication of the shale wettability.
A collection of 200 data points was gathered for various shale samples under varying conditions. Machine learning models such as linear regression (LR) and Random forests (RF) were employed to forecast the wettability of shale-water-CO2 as a function of shale characteristics, pressure, temperature, and water salinity. The data was randomly divided into two parts with a 70:30 training-testing ratio. A separate, unseen set of data was used to validate the predictive models.
The results indicated that the most significant factors impacting shale wettability are, among others, operating pressure and temperature, total organic content (TOC), and mineral matter. The linear regression (LR) model was employed to evaluate the linear dependence of contact angle values on the input parameters, but it failed to accurately predict the contact angle for several points with an R2 value lower than 0.8. In contrast, the Random Forest (RF) model accurately forecasted the contact angle in the shale-water-CO2 system based on shale properties and system conditions with a high R2 of 0.99 for the training dataset and 0.95 for the testing dataset. The root mean square error (RMSE) was less than 6 degrees for both training and testing datasets in both models. The developed model was validated using unseen data and the correlation coefficient between the actual and predicted contact angle was found to be above 0.94.
This study demonstrates the dependability of the suggested models in determining the contact angle in the shale-water-CO2 system based on shale properties, pressure and temperature, and water salinity, eliminating the requirement for intricate measurements or calculations through experimentation.
Light Weight Tomographic Monitoring of Pipe Wall Thickness
Authors: Pedersen Audun O. , Instanes Geir , Simonetti Francesco , Nagy Peter B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTomographic methods are used with ultrasonic guided wave wall thickness monitors to provide two-dimensional maps of the wall thickness throughout a monitored area. Tomographic monitoring systems are typically configured with 16 to 32 non-intrusive ultrasound transducers positioned in predetermined patterns for optimal coverage and resolution. Other monitoring systems have much fewer transducers, positioned according to the pipe geometry and wall area of main concern. Although these systems are not optimized for wall thickness mapping, the same or similar tomographic methods can improve analysis and interpretation of the datasets they produce. Algorithms are sought for implementation in responsive, interactive software for browsing and analysis of recorded wall thickness monitoring data. Simple tomographic algorithms are also desirable for use in embedded software. A "light weight" tomographic algorithm is outlined, and a prototype implementation is tested against a proven full-scale tomography software package. The two approaches produce similar results on small datasets corresponding to wall thickness monitoring systems with few transducers installed. For the larger datasets generated for high resolution wall thickness mapping, the reference software is superior in terms of both computational load and accuracy.
Concept of Operations for Collaborative Human Robot Inspection and Intervention System in Challenging Underwater Environments
Authors: Kalyan Bharath , Chitre Mandar Anil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The onset of electrification and increasing penetration of renewable energy resources as well as prioritization for greater environmental, social and governance factors in the offshore energy sector will lead to the emergence of disruptive technologies. The offshore inspection, repair and maintenance (IRM) market was USD 8.93 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to USD 18.04 billion by 2028 [1]. At present, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) generally supported with large offshore support vessels (OSVs), have established themselves as indispensable for offshore IRM operations. Key emerging technologies such as 3D computer vision, mixed reality, digital twinning, and machine learning, coupled with significant advances in robotics, automation, sensors, and communication now make it possible to consider performing a range of undersea tasks using undersea vehicles without a tether, but under careful human supervision. It is now possible to radically redefine the meaning of the words "tethered system" through a hybrid approach by including virtual tethering via high frequency acoustic or optical communication at a short range, and with an extremely small optical fiber base station providing remote surface connectivity. By collaborating with an onshore/offshore remote human operator and a digital twin of the environment, battery-powered, tetherless hybrid underwater vehicles (HUVs) will be able to perform a range of tasks at a remote location that might otherwise require a conventional ROV and a support ship on site. The Collaborative Human Robot Inspection & Intervention System (CHRIIS) is aimed towards providing remote intelligent tetherless solutions to inspection and light intervention of offshore marine assets.
Digital Twin of a Generic Jack-Up Platform
Authors: Zhang Shanli , Zhang Chi , Santo Harrif , Cai Minbo , Si Michael Boon Ing , Cao Jixing , Quek Ser Tong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA development of physics-based digital twinning of a generic jack-up platform is presented in this paper. Due to lack of field measurement data, a generic large-scale jack-up model was designed, fabricated and tested in TCOMS ocean basin at 1:30 scale under different configurations, with the objective to provide high-quality datasets to validate the proposed digital twin methodologies. The framework and the performance of the digital twin are demonstrated using a realistic and representative basin-scale model as a proof-of-concept.Fundamental to any physics-based digital twins is the establishment of numerical models capable of reproducing consistent behaviors and responses of the physical assets. For this digital twin development, a full order model (FOM) and a reduced order model (ROM) are established. In view of uncertainties associated with the physical asset and numerical modelling, e.g., foundation fixities, leg stiffness, leg-hull connection stiffness and hydrodynamic coefficients, model updating or system identification is performed using the ROM to identify the parameters with relatively large uncertainties. A mapping between the parameters and the associated responses of the FOM and the ROM is subsequently established.After the model updating is completed with the identified parameters, good agreement in terms of the structural responses between the model test and numerical results can be achieved. Both the FOM and ROM are able to reproduce structural responses with good accuracy when compared to physical measurements. The ROM, being a linear structural model based on modal responses, is unable to account for larger non-linear effects due to spudcan fixities, if any. Nevertheless, the ROM is suitable for fatigue evaluation considering fast computational speed and validity of the piecewise linear constraints as assumed for the foundation. The FOM, being less computationally efficient, is suitable for strength evaluation and able to account for any non-linear structural behaviors. The results of boundary displacements from the global dynamic response analysis can be mapped to a detailed local joint model to derive the hotspots stress for a more accurate fatigue evaluation. The digital twin framework for fatigue and strength evaluations based on measured wave loading is demonstrated for a better structural integrity management.As an emerging technology, digital twin will provide visibility of structural health condition to facilitate the transition from preventive to predictive and reliability-centered maintenance strategies. Although the digital twin framework presented in the paper makes use of a representative jack-up at model-scale, the proposed methodology can be potentially applied to full-scale operating jack-ups.
Junction Plate for High Pressure High Temperature System
Authors: Prakash Sunil , Semwal Pravesh , Strain Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Development of Ultra deepwater wells drilled to greater than 25,000 feet total depth in Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have led to the need for High Pressure (HP) systems. Existing MQC / Junction Plates were designed for maximum 15,000 PSI and needed to be updated to meet the 20,000 PSI system requirements. This paper documents the development of 20,000 PSI (20k) Multi-Quick Connect (MQC) / Junction Plate (J-Plate). This 20k MQC was updated in terms of material strength and qualified per API 17F.
All Pressure containing components and the internal MQC drive mechanism had to be updated and verified for a Design Pressure (DP) of 20,000 PSI. Design and Analysis iteration was performed to verify the structural integrity of the MQC/J-Plate under the design operational loads (both internal and external loads) with all couplers pressurized to a design pressure of 20,000 PSI and test pressure (TP) of 30,000 PSI pressure. In qualification (per API 17F) the MQC went through cycle testing for mated and unmated conditions under pressure, unbalanced pressure load, and hyperbaric testing of the MQC with environmental pressure of 4400 psig (equivalent to water depth 10,000 ft / 3,048 m).
Higher yield strength materials have been used for components as required to support the loading due to the high-pressure requirement. For higher stress (stress above allowable criteria in linear elastic stress analysis) areas, Elastic-Plastic stress analysis has been performed to check the structural integrity against the plastic collapse. The results of the analyses indicate that the MQC/J-Plate satisfies all the allowable criteria for the analyzed operational load cases. The coupler seal and body have been qualified by the vendor to required pressure and temperature cycles. A completely built MQC has been qualified with lines at 20,000 PSI design and 30,000 PSI test pressure per API 17F. Qualification tests were completed for the cycle testing (Balanced and Unbalanced) and hyperbaric pressure testing and successfully completed all cycle testing. In qualification, both mated and unmated conditions were performed with five cycles. MQC/J-Plate for High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) has complied with all requirements of TRL 6.
The new 20k MQC allows for the ultra deepwater development utilizing the existing 15k reliable, field proven MQC system with minor modifications. New coupling bodies were developed to enable this high pressure MQC to work seamlessly across the production and control systems in the field.
Buzios: The Development of Well Construction in a Giant Pre-Salt Field
Authors: Sortica Emanuel Apoema , Percy Joseir Gandra , Goulart Leonardo Paiva , Oliveira Manuel Parcero 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Búzios is the largest ultra-deep water oil field in the world, located on the Brazilian coast, in the pre-salt polygon. Its development has taken place at an accelerated pace, with more than 60 wells already drilled and 4 FPSO's operating by the end of 2022, and a forecast of 7 more installed up to 2026, and at least 80 more wells till 2030.
In this way, well configurations represent a great challenge, requiring technological and technical developments to allow high production flow and maintenance of integrity throughout the field's productive life, estimated in 30 years.
Several well configurations, whether in drilling or in completion, were applied with greater or lesser success, bringing objective results in the reduction of time in well construction: from 130 days at the beginning of development to durations of less than 80 days, reducing CAPEX and increasing the rate of return on investment.
This work aims to describe the various challenges faced in the design of well projects and construction, whether in drilling or completion, as well as how the geological characteristics of the field influenced the choices and methodologies adopted. In addition, demonstrate how the methodologies contributed to improve the quality of construction and linked to the reduction of time and costs.
An Advanced in-Line Sensing AI Framework for Enhanced Drilling Operations
Authors: Katterbauer Klemens , Al Shehri Abdallah 
Published: April 2023

Abstract4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies have assumed critical importance in the oil and gas industry, enabling data analysis and automation at unprecedented levels. Formation evaluation and reservoir monitoring are crucial areas for optimizing reservoir production, maximizing sweep efficiency and characterizing the reservoirs. Automation, robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) have led to tremendous transformations in these areas. From AI inspired well logging data interpretation to real-time reservoir monitoring, technologies have led to cost savings, increase in efficiencies and infrastructure centralization. In this work we provide an overview of how autoregressive deep learning methodologies can lead to major advances in the field of formation evaluation and reservoir characterization, providing a comprehensive overview of the technologies developed and utilized in this domain. Furthermore, we provide a future outlook for smart technologies in formation evaluation, and how these sensor-derived data can be integrated. This also describes the challenges ahead. Future developments will experience a growing penetration of 4IR technology for enhancing formation evaluation in subsurface reservoirs.
Scraping Assessment of Offshore Marine Risers
Authors: Alnutifat Shadid Ayedh , Alfosail Feras Khalid , Saleem Qasim , Alshammari Abdulrahman Saleh , Al khoufi Mohammad Salem , Harbi Mousa Rashed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The engineering assessment in this paper provides the recommendations for the minimum wall thickness selection of marine riser pipeline and their ability to allow the passage of in-line instrument scraper. The assessment was conducted considering two criteria: First, the minimum wall thickness for riser is evaluated against the minimum bore required by in-line instrument scraper provided by several service contractors for in-line inspection. Second, the riser minimum wall thickness is benchmarked with the minimum acceptable wall thickness specified by DNVOS-F101 [1] and Saudi Aramco engineering standard for submarine pipeline design.
The outcome of this analysis is the following recommendation:
The minimum wall thickness selected for riser pipeline diameters less than 8″ shall not be less than the values tabulated in Table 1 for each service.
These values ensure that adequate protection measures are considered during the design of pipeline which is in-line with the requirement of DNV-OS-F101. In addition, the outcome of the assessment results into a collective projected cost avoidance of $ 0.94M per meter of pipeline and reduces carbon foot print.
Unsteady-State Mechanical Formation Damage Modeling in Pressure-Sensitive Oil Reservoirs Near No-Flow Boundaries Using a Coupled-Integro-Differential-Perturbation Method
Authors: Fernandes Fernando Bastos , Braga Arthur Martins Barbosa , Gandra Percy Joseir , Cláudio Soares Antônio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Identification of no-flow zones and mechanical formation damage management are essential for a successful exploratory and production campaign during the development of an oil field. This work develops a new unsteady-state two-dimensional (2-D) integro-differential solution for permeability loss monitoring in a well near an infinite sealing fault. The model presented in this study allows solving the nonlinear hydraulic diffusivity equation (NHDE) with the oil source term. Based on image method (IM), the pressure field for the constant permeability solution is given by the sum of two exponential integral functions Ei(tD). However, this solution does not consider the nonlinear effect caused by pressure-sensitive permeability loss. A new deviation factor ξ(p) is derived and coupled to an asymptotic first-order series expansion to deal with this phenomenon. The model also allows for evaluating the oil flow rate influence on the permeability loss during the well-reservoir production curve. Sensitivity analysis investigates the parameters that highly influence the diffusivity deviation factor. Pressure and permeability input data were obtained through a uni-axial test performed in two sandstone layers of the same reservoir rock in an offshore field in Brazil. The analytical solution addressed in this paper was calibrated by a porous media oil flow simulator named IMEX®, broadly used in reservoir engineering works, and the results were accurate. The results present the instantaneous permeability decay effect by a deviation compared to the linear solution in a semi-log plot. The main advantages of the proposed solution are the accuracy, availability of a comprehensive table of the GFs, ease of implementation, and computational cost savings. It constitutes a valuable and attractive mathematical tool to calibrate new models and support well-reservoir performance management.
Vito Project Overview
Authors: Shallenberger Kurt Douglas , Fresquez Stacy Marie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 4,000 ft of water approximately 150 miles offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana. The project produces from reservoirs nearly 30,000 feet below sea level. This paper introduces the challenges of the multidiscipline project from a project management perspective and to compliment and introduce the several other Vito Floating Production System (FPS) papers submitted to OTC 2023 which are listed in the references of this papar.
The original Vito project execution strategy was to replicate the mega-project of Appomattox. As the industry and market began to change in 2015, the project faced significant financial hurdles, and the project team decided to refresh the design concept to reduce cost and simplify. The new design included a smaller FPS, simplified operating model, and simplified subsea equipment. This allowed the project to open the contracting strategy to include more options including different fabrication sites, smaller offshore installation vessels, and include more vendor options in various disciplines.
The Vito host, subsea system, and export were redesigned with the mindset of "simpler = safer = cost competitive". The host was radically reduced and limited to a 10,000 st single deck lift enabling simplified integration and pre-commissioning at the ground level to optimize work pace. The mooring system was streamlined to remove on-vessel winching equipment and storage, simplifying the hull and utilizing common anchor handler vessels for host installation. A simplified Subsea Umbilical Riser and Flowline (SURF) design was competitively scoped by focusing on minimum amount of equipment to safely gather and transport the fluids and minimum amount of equipment to manage flow assurance risks. The export pipelines leveraged industry capabilities to simplify the design and contracting approach. The simplified minimum technical scope for the topsides and subsea reduced operations personnel needed offshore and upskilling the operations staff enabled a simplified overall design concept.
The world is dynamic and when changes are extreme, mega-projects must be reworked and mobilized for the new environment. Vito project is a story of change, simplification, and adaptation.