bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Religions of Empire (337–363)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into Constantius taking up Constantine's Church politics of leaning toward subordinationism. Under Constantius, the emperor emerged as the de facto head of the Church. Moreover, Constantius continues his father's legacy by expanding the senatorial order and gold economy of Constantinople. Meanwhile, Church politics in this period were ferocious and unstable, with bishops deposed and exiled left and right, usually for criminal or procedural infractions. The chapter details how pagans were categorized and lived under a Christian emperor, who began restricting options and rituals like animal sacrifices. It explores Julian's reign and attempts to revive ancient religions and stop Christianity.
Toward an Independent East (364–395)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the leadership of Valentinian and Valens. It elaborates on how Valens failed to curb official corruption, which resulted in a disastrous defeat at Adrianople, his death, and the worst crisis that the empire had faced in over a century. Moreover, the war with Valens destabilized Gothic society. The brothers were also pragmatic in Church politics, siding with the bishops who seemed to be ascendant in their respective territories. The chapter explores Basil's attempts to counter Valens' ecclesiastical policy. It also discusses Theodosius trying to overshadow Constantine as a new founder of the City by abolishing the procession of Constantine's statue on the City's anniversary.
City and Desert: Cultures Old and New
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes the culture that emerged from the fusion of Roman, Greek, and Christian elements, which had overlapping and even competing values that resulted in paradoxes. It starts with the difference in cultures between paganism and Christianity. Despite its extraordinary rise to power, Christianity failed to create a total culture around its institutions, beliefs, and values. Thus, the spokesmen of the Church had always called for a fundamental reorientation of social values. The chapter cites that the Church produced preacher John Chrysostom to advocate repurposing traditional values to serve spiritual ends. It also considers the rise of asceticism, which ran up against nature and the limits of self-denial.
Barbarian Terrors and Military Mobilization (441–491)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on barbarian terrors and military mobilization. The western empire was trapped in a vicious circle revolving around its loss of territory and the damage to agriculture caused by invasions resulted in smaller revenues and smaller armies, which in turn reduced the government’s ability to recover lost territories and defend itself against the next round of invaders. However, the Huns became a major power that forced the Constantinople empire to change its strategy. The chapter details the end of the western imperial officer in correlation to Zeno. It then looks into the rebellion of Illus even though he had no chance of becoming an emperor and made no moves or promises to ameliorate the empire’s remaining pagans.
A Brief Hegemony (1025–1048)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the complexities of the throne when Basil II knowingly consigned his dynasty to extinction by refusing to marry. It notes that marriage cases were shifting from secular courts to the Church in the eleventh century. Due to a lack of dynastic and military credentials, emperors compensated by purchasing support from senatorial classes, the Church, and the prominent monasteries, all at state expense. Meanwhile, the economy continued to expand during the eleventh and twelfth centuries after more lands were brought back into cultivation and reversed their abandonment. The chapter then provides an overview of the reign and social policies of Monochamos.
Komnenian Crisis Management (1081–1118)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Komnenian crisis management. It starts with the reign of Alexios I Komnenos, who reformed the currency, fiscal administration, system of court titles, judiciary, and army after the Norman war and the Pecheneg invasion. Alexios continued to claim ultra-orthodox credentials throughout his reign by harassing or even prosecuting religious dissidents and errant theologians. The chapter discusses the First Crusade coming to Constantinople's doorstep, which was a sign of the increasing complexity of the international scene. It then considers the assumption that the Komnenian revolution represented the victory of the military aristocracy over the Roman state itself.
Performing
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes various ways musicians prepare for performance and manage the pressure experienced by most musicians when they perform. The closer to a performance date, the more practicing must change toward performance-style playing; techniques for these approaches are discussed and considered. Performance anxiety, memorization, visualization techniques, and stage presence are analyzed and considered. The conveyance of musical meaning or sensing that the musician is “channeling” the composer often allows musicians to be as unselfconscious as possible, freeing them to play their best. The chapter concludes Part I with an acknowledgement that the reader has now considered the full cycle a performer, and introduces the idea that performing, while the pinnacle of what musicians do, is really sharing only the proverbial tip of the iceberg to an audience. Working with students gives performers the opportunity to the whole of life as a musician, including the challenges, joys and rewards.
Sequencing
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of proper sequencing of instruction and materials in teaching music. The teachers’ ability to sequence techniques and musicianship in a logical developmental order will facilitate students’ ability to progress from the beginning stages to a high level of musicianship and skill. By contrast, poorly taught skills and illogical leaps causes underdeveloped proficiency and gaps in understanding, and often requires remedial instruction. The chapter further provides sequencing considerations for beginning levels of instruction through nurturing the young professional. Stages of music literacy is examined, and approaches and tools for teaching intonation skills are discussed. Sorting and sequencing repertoire is discussed. Sequencing instruction in different teaching situations is explored, as well as “thinking out of the box” when considering what techniques traditionally considered as advanced might be introduced much earlier.
The Cyclical and Reciprocal Nature of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cyclical process of teaching and learning, and the reciprocal nature of students who have been thoughtfully taught becoming thoughtful teachers themselves in the work with their own students. The chapter further describes the powerful influence of teaching students of many levels of accomplishment with a positive and open mindset, and the benefits of learning from that experience. Collaborating and learning from others expands our outreach and improves our skills. Teachers who embrace the opportunity to teach different levels of students see that the high standards of musicianship they teach can and will be passed on to the enthusiastic and well-trained musicians of tomorrow.
The growth of longitudinal social network analysis
Authors: Veenstra René , Bertogna, and Teresa , Laninga-Wijnen Lydia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The field of social network studies has expanded in recent decades. This chapter describes the design, time window, and network questions of the 15 most used social network data sets. These central data sets predominantly stem from American and European samples. Avenues for further social network research are discussed as well. Longitudinal social network analysis has the advantage of allowing examination of the different types of influence and complexity of social networks. It is suitable for estimating complex forms of influence that are difficult to estimate using conventional regression, such as different types of influence (e.g., convergence vs. contagion or initiation vs. continuation); cross-behavior processes; bundles of behaviors; and various susceptibility models. It may also incorporate the impact of social norms, multiple similarity, other actors (e.g., parents), and multiplex networks. The ongoing refinement of social network methods, their application, and critical evaluation will undoubtedly give a boost to numerous innovative studies on topics that matter for the new generation of adolescents.
Turkey’s Ambivalent Religious Soft Power in the Illiberal Turn
Authors: Öztürk Ahmet Erdi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Sunni Islam has become an increasingly important part of Turkish domestic and foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), which came to political prominence in 2002. This chapter seeks to address two key questions: (1) How does Turkey use Sunni Islam as a tool in foreign policy consistent with its evolving domestic policy? and (2) How can does Turkey’s use of Sunni Islam interface with the concept of religious soft power? To answer these questions, the chapter examines what meaning religion, specifically Sunni Islam, bears for Turkish state identity and considers Turkey’s understanding of laïcité, or secularism. The chapter then explores how Turkey wielded religion in its foreign policy from the mid-twentieth century to 2002 and discusses how the AKP has utilized religion as a soft-power tool in its foreign policy over the past 20 years.
Hassan II and the Foundations of Moroccan Religious Soft Power
Authors: Wainscott Ann 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Morocco is a contemporary leader in religious soft-power initiatives with its imam-training center, innovative Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) approach, scholarship programs for sub-Saharan African students, mosque-building initiatives, and other ventures. The state effectively projects religious soft power on the African continent and beyond and will continue to do so with King Mohammed VI’s soft-power domain building on key initiatives begun by his father, including the Hassan II Mosque, the Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniya institution of higher Islamic learning, and the Hassanian Lectures. This chapter explores the context in which Hassan II began to lay these foundations for contemporary Moroccan religious soft power, arguing that much of the current success has relied on patiently continuing initiatives that at first appeared to have little impact on the regime’s legacy but that have yielded long-term, tangible benefits for the country’s reputation and in its foreign policy objectives.
“Brazil above Everything or God above Everyone?”
Authors: Casarões Guilherme , Smith Amy Erica 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Brazil, limited in military capability or economic reach in comparison to other emerging nations, has resorted to soft-power strategies in recent years. Brazilian presidents have incorporated religious actors and frames as an important piece of their soft-power strategies, since the country is home to globally significant Catholic and Protestant populations. This chapter identifies three potential explanations for variation across presidential administrations: (1) religion is used to convey a particular national identity or to construct a specific foreign policy narrative; (2) presidents use religion as part of their struggle for power vis-à-vis other international actors; and (3) deployment of religion is the outcome of domestic religious groups fighting for domestic power. All three hypotheses shed light on how religion has moved from a matter of international power to a matter of national and partisan identity, thanks to the growing influence of religious groups in Brazilian politics and foreign policymaking.
Gilded Age Churches and the Vacuum of Denominational Authority
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
From the end of the Civil War until the early twentieth century, Anglo, immigrant, and African American settlers were moving north and west faster than ministers within the major denominations could follow them. Nothing worried the nation’s Protestant ministers more than the fact that most Gilded Age Americans did not go to church. And yet most historians have dismissed these anxieties as overstated. They have believed Henry Carroll, the Methodist minister and professor, in his 1893 claims that the census underreported churchgoers. Carroll’s critiques are worth considering, but the raw data is more reliable. Gilded Age clergy within the major denominations commanded very little moral and spiritual authority over the majority of Americans. Moreover, low church participation rates created a power vacuum with regards to moral and spiritual authority, especially outside major cities. Methodists, but also Baptists, Pentecostals, and new religious movements like Christian Socialism, soon began to dominate the nation’s religious landscape.
Christianity and the American Commonwealth
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, many poor and middling-class Americans, despite their beliefs in the mission of Jesus, mistrusted ordained clergy and their ornate churches as vehicles for Christian reform. Socialist fellowships, in person and in print, mimicked and rivaled their church-based counterparts as they innovated new concepts of “church” and “mission.” Farmers, workers, and feminists discussed structuring the United States as a “Cooperative Commonwealth,” a nation whose major factors of production were cooperatively owned and managed. Socialist Christians rivalled the major Protestant denominations for moral and spiritual leadership over the nation.
“Our Problems . . . Are Not So Difficult”
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the colonial boomerang impacted British policing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It shows that some colonial-military tactics and tools were imported in this period, shaping the London Metropolitan Police’s firearms usage, crowd control practices, and surveillance techniques. London Metropolitan Police commissioner Charles Warren was one of the figures involved. This chapter also shows how the arrival of East European immigrants to London, especially Jewish populations, generated new discourses of criminality that compelled the importation of fingerprinting techniques from colonial India.
Conclusion
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter of Policing Empires reviews, clarifies, and extends the analysis of police militarization and the imperial boomerang effect in previous chapters. It stresses the similarities across the US and Britain in the history of militarized policing. It also surveys the landscape of militarization-as-boomerang effect in Britain and the United States in the first decades of the 2000s, revealing that similar processes in both countries in previous centuries unfolded in the early 2000s too. The chapter finally discusses the possibility of change and what it may, or may not, look like. It suggests that imperialism and police militarization need to both be critiqued together.
Playing & Teaching the Saxophone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Playing & Teaching the Saxophone—A Modern Approach provides a method for teaching the saxophone that is specific enough to use as a textbook in a collegiate saxophone methods class, simple enough for a band director to use in guiding their saxophone sections, clear enough for adult beginners to teach themselves the instrument, and deep enough for professionals to use as a resource in teaching private lessons at any level. The first sections of this book, “Getting Started” and “Learning the Notes,” take a student in a collegiate methods class or other adult beginner through the fundamental concepts of playing the saxophone. The “In-Depth” section then lays out critical concepts that are essential to the further development of any saxophonist. As a contemporary guide for teaching the musicians and music educators of the twenty-first century, this method addresses the pedagogy of not only the instrument, but of the whole student. It includes a diverse array of musical examples that celebrate communities and cultures around the globe, and a “Wellness for the Young Musician” chapter offers an overview of practices that will help students navigate performance anxiety and avoid injury while playing. Designed to be a lifelong reference for band directors and private instructors, the book includes “Hand-It-Over” sections that can be used as student instructional sheets. These materials, along with video performances and teaching demonstrations, are also available in the book’s companion website.
Blue-Footed Boobies
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The blue-footed booby is a better model than any primate for understanding some aspects of human family behavior because it reproduces monogamously and both partners share the workload of raising highly dependent, contemporaneous offspring. The author’s studies of thousands of banded blue-foots on a Mexican island over four decades confirmed theoretical predictions of conflict between sibling chicks and between bonded partners. Daily bullying by senior chicks trains junior siblings into subordination, guaranteeing seniors’ feeding priority while sharing food with juniors. But if parents bring insufficient food for two, senior chicks kill their sibs. Despite suffering multiple stresses of subordination, younger siblings that survive develop into fully functional adults. Adult blue-foots evaluate the quality, age, and condition of potential partners, pair-bond monogamously for the season, and cooperate closely with their partners for 6 months to raise one to three offspring. The sibling relations and marital relations of contemporary, historical, and prehistorical humans are similar in many ways to the behavior of blue-footed boobies, implying that, faced by similar problems, the two species (or their ancestors) evolved similar solutions.
Two Approaches to Controlling and Killing Siblings
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Aggressive competition among sibling chicks differs between blue-footed and brown boobies. In a brood of two blue-foot chicks, the senior one (4 days older) maintains dominance over the 3-month nestling period by daily low-level attacking, ensuring privileged growth and survival for itself by limiting junior’s begging and feeding. Both blue-foot siblings often survive and fledge, but when parents provide insufficient food, senior increases its aggression and junior starves to death or gets killed by adult neighbors while seeking adoption in their nests. In contrast, brown booby parents bring less food to their broods, and their senior chicks are unconditionally intolerant and violent; they attack their sibling at every opportunity and toss it out of the nest, to certain death. The behavioral roles of booby family members—including conditional sharing, siblicide, and parental passivity—are explained by Hamilton’s theory of inclusive fitness and kin selection, which also applies to humans.
Beating Siblings into Submission
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
By pairing dominant and subordinate blue-foot chicks from different broods and observing their interactions, we proved that social experience with its sibling induces in each chick a stable dominant or subordinate personality; that chicks also tend to attack smaller individuals and yield to larger individuals; and that respect for personality trumps respect for relative size. By fostering junior brown booby hatchlings into blue-foot nests with an older and larger chick, we confirmed that junior brown boobies are “desperados” who cannot be trained into subordination—they relentlessly attack and overwhelm larger individuals because they have no other path to survival. This suggests that in a species that can sometimes raise two chicks, susceptibility to subordination is an evolved ability that often enables juniors to survive and fledge alongside a powerful rival, and that the lethal, unconditional violence of brown booby seniors is an evolved response to their siblings’ uncontrollability.
To Kill or Not to Kill
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Researchers have struggled to identify the mechanisms by which nestling birds calibrate their sibling aggression so that aggression is used only when effective and sibs starve only when necessary. Questionable experiments on egrets and herons appeared to show that chicks increase attacking not when underfed, but when the brood is large and when parents feed chicks from mouth to mouth rather than dumping food on the floor for retrieval. However, experimental underfeeding of blue-foots and three other species increased sibling aggression, and removing individuals from blue-foot broods failed to reduce aggression. Further, although brown pelican and cattle egret chicks feed initially from the nest floor and subsequently from their parents’ mouths, sibling aggression does not increase over that transition. Overall, the evidence shows that senior chicks increase their attacking as they mature, as their rate of ingestion declines, and when their siblings rebel.
Are Parents Okay with Sibling Bullying?
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
According to inclusive fitness theory, blue-foot parents should sometimes enter into conflict with their senior chicks over food allocation between chicks and the killing of junior chicks, but extensive observation revealed no clear examples of such parent–offspring conflict. Seniors exercise this selfish control of their siblings with restraint, and parents do not restrain seniors’ aggressive dominance, privileged feeding, or siblicidal harassment of juniors. We looked for signs that fundamental parent–offspring conflict has been resolved by the evolution of subtle parental strategies to defend the interests of juniors. There was no clear evidence of mothers influencing sibling conflict by differentially supplying their first and second eggs with hormones or yolk, by fine-tuning the age difference between siblings, or by controlling the hatching order of female and male chicks. Parents and seniors may have coevolved to entrust control of juniors’ feeding and survival to seniors because their conflict of interests is minor.
Sources
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the textual and archaeological evidence for Archaic Athens. After a brief narrative setting out the history of topographical and archaeological study of Athens and Attica, including the writings of various travelers, it sets out the nature of the surviving epigraphic corpus, which is dominated by private rather than public inscriptions, and then gives an account both of surviving ancient literature from Archaic Athens and of the later sources discussing Archaic Athens, drawing attention to the selectivity of these writers and the fact that they themselves were working from sources that were certainly little richer, and were in other ways somewhat poorer, than those available to us.