bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: EARLY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES WITH SECOND‐GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS
Authors: Bryden KE , Gardner DM , Kopala LC 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYSchizophrenia is a debilitating chronic illness that has its onset in adolescence or the early years of adulthood. The benefit of early diagnosis and treatment has been acknowledged for decades, although facilitating the early identification of patients with schizophrenia remains a challenge. Research has demonstrated that many individuals are living with the symptoms of Psychosis for prolonged periods in the community, and family physicians are well positioned to identify such patients Community education is an important strategy, in that it increases the general awareness of psychotic illness and lessens the stigma of mental illness, eventually encouraging individuals to seek help. We review here some of the evidence indicating the benefit of early treatment, and describe the strategies to assist in the identification of patients with a first episode of schizophrenia and key treatment modalities available. Ultimately, there is a need for comprehensive, accessible healthcare including medications that have minimal side‐effects and are effective.
OCCUPATIONAL HEPATITIS DUE TO CHRONIC INHALATION OF PROPANE AND BUTANE GASES
Authors: Aydin Y , Özçakar L 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYToxic hepatitis due to anaesthetic gas inhalation has been well documented, but hepatitis caused by inhalation of non‐halogenated hydrocarbons has not been reported. We present an acute case of occupational hepatitis due to chronic inhalation of propane and butane gases. (Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57(6): 546)
MANAGEMENT OF COLONIC INJURY FOLLOWING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY
Authors: Hussain M , Hamid R , Arya M , Peters JL , Kellett MJ , Philip T 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYInjury to the colon during percutaneous nephrolithotomy is rare. There are no definitive management guidelines for this injury We report a case of left‐sided colonic injury diagnosed following percutaneous nephrolithotomy and suggest a treatment algorithm.
THE VALUE OF COAGULATION PROFILES IN EPISTAXIS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Jones GL , Browning S , Phillipps J 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYA prospective pilot study was conducted to investigate the role and relevance of clotting profiles in the management of epistaxis patients. Forty‐eight per cent of the study patients had abnormal clotting profiles. Half of the abnormal clotting profiles could have been predicted from a routine history, but half could not. The coagulation screens on this group were repeated and 5% of the initial study group were found to have a persistent abnormality. The authors suggest that although coagulation screens will not predict the potential management problems associated with the epistaxis patient, they remain an important part of the clinical investigation. An epistaxis may be the only indication of an underlying coagulation disorder. The diagnosis of such a disorder following an epistaxis may lead to the treatment of an otherwise unknown condition and prevention of more serious sequelae.
A COMPARISON OF INITIAL TREATMENT WITH LOSARTAN/HCTZ VERSUS LOSARTAN MONOTHERAPY IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH MILD TO MODERATE ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Li Y , Liu G , Jiang B , Gao R , Chen L , Su L , Li J 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and losartan monotherapy as initial treatment were compared in a double‐blind trial in Chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Patients were randomised to initial treatment with either losartan/HCTZ (50 mg/12.5 mg) or losartan alone (50 mg). The doses were doubled after four weeks if diastolic blood pressure (SiDBP)was >90 mmHg. Both losartan/HCTZ and losartan alone significantly reduced SiDBP and SiSBP from baseline at the first measurement at 4 weeks (−10.1/‐15.3 and −6.1/‐6.9 mmHg, respectively; p<0.001) and at 8 weeks (−13.1/‐18.5 and −8.7/‐10.9 mmHg; p<0.001). The reductions with losartan/HCTZ were significantly greater than with losartan alone at weeks 4 and 8 (p<0.001). Both regimens were similarly well tolerated. In conclusion, initial therapy with losartan/HCTZ is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of Chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and produces a greater reduction in blood pressure than losartan alone.
ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION WITH BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER IN PATIENTS WITH ANKLYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Authors: Yilmaz N , Pence S , Kepekçi Y , Geyikli I , Özaslan J 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe lymphocyte‐osteoclast interaction has recently been described. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and bone metabolism. Bone metabolism was evaluated in the blood of 49 patients with AS by means of biochemical markers and bone mineral density (BMD) with a Lunar device. Bone formation markers, bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (BGP), bone resorption markers, pyridinoline (Pyd), deoxypyridinoline (Dpyd) and lymphocyte surface markers (CD3, CD19, CD4, CD8, CD16+56) were analysed with ELISA and flow‐cytometry methods. The patients had significantly lower femoral neck and trochanter BMD than the controls. Dpyd concentrations were negatively correlated to CD3+% and CD3‐/CD16+56% cells. Neither mineral nor hormone levels were significantly correlated with absolute T scores of BMD of the hip sites. BALP and BGP were negatively correlated to BMD when expressed as T scores. We conclude that AS is related to accelerated osteoclastic activity. Many lymphokines and growth factors produced by lymphocytes can influence osteoclastogenesis and probably play a role in rheumatologic/inflammatory disorders. (Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57(8): 681–685)
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2
Authors: Uppal S , Coatesworth AP 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYNeurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is often not recognised as a distinct entity from peripheral neurofibromatosis. NF2 is a predominantly intracranial condition whose hallmark is bilateral vestibular schwannomas. NF2 results from a mutation in the gene named merlin, located on chromosome 22. The disease has a variable presentation, with the severe subtype having an early and rapid progression and the milder type having a later onset and a less aggressive course. The diagnosis and management of these patients present a unique challenge. There are also implications for the family members as half the cases are inherited. We discuss the genetic characteristics, clinical presentation, natural history, diagnostic criteria, investigations, screening and management of this condition.
LEVONORGESTREL AS AN EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE DRUG
Authors: Sarkar NN 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYThe potential of low‐dose levonorgestrel, alone or in combination with ethynyloestradiol (Yuzpe regimen), as emergency contraception is reviewed for its acceptability and effectiveness. Plasma levonorgestrel concentration ranges from 9–12 nmol/l at 12 hours with a peak of 27–33 nmol/l 2–2.5 hours after taking one 0.75 mg tablet. The concentration of steroid hormone binding globulins in plasma is not influenced by the presence of levonorgestrel during this period. The success rates for levonorgestrel‐only and the Yuzpe regimen as emergency contraception are 85% and 57%, respectively, while the failure rates are 1.1% and 3.2%, respectively, within the prescribed time limit of use. The mode of action of levonorgestrel emergency contraception is to prevent or delay ovulation and/or alter the endometrium unfavourably the for implantation of an embryo. The use of emergency contraceptive pills within 72 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse reduces the risk of pregnancy by about 75% and is safe, with no serious side‐effects.
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA‐INDUCED MYOCARDITIS MIMICKING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Dinckal MH , Davutoglu V , Soydinc S , Kirilmaz A 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYA 44‐year‐old woman presented with sudden onset of chest pain, headache and nausea. Physical examination was remarkable for mild hypotension and tachycardia. ECG demonstrated sinus tachycardia with poor R wave progression in precordial leads and T wave inversion in leads V1‐3. Cardiac enzymes were raised. Echocardiographic examination revealed normal cavity diameters with basal and mid left ventricular hypokinesia and an ejection fraction of 45%. A diagnosis of non‐ST elevation myocardial infarction was made. A few orthostatic hypotensive attacks occurred at follow‐up. A coronary angiogram showed normal coronary arteries. Within a few days, the echocardiographic findings, ECG and all cardiac markers had returned to normal. Two months later she presented with headache, palpitation, fever, neck swelling, flushing and hypertensive attacks. Phaeochromocytoma was diagnosed on the basis of increased metanephrine on urinalysis and a left suprarenal mass on CT scan. (Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57(9): 842–843)
INTRATESTICULAR CYSTS AND MALIGNANT POTENTIAL: CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT IS AN OPTION
Authors: Shergill IS , Damani N , Hamid R , Arya M , Patel HRH 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYBenign intratesticular cysts are rare, but recognition is essential to prevent unnecessary surgical intervention. The diagnostic dilemma is to differentiate these cysts from testicular malignancy. As they are extremely uncommon, experience of their management is limited and controversial. We present a case of a simple intratesticular cyst and discuss the diagnostic and management principles. (Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57(9): 848)
ISOLATED FATAL RENAL MUCORMYCOSIS IN A PATIENT WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lin CY , Lee SC , Lin CC , Chan SC , Lee CT 
Published: April 2023

SUMMARYRenal mucormyosis is a rare entity and normally diagnosed at postmortem. Isolated cases diagnosed antemortem are even rarer and only a few cases have been reported. The disease is associated with a high mortality rate, especially in patients with underlying disease. Clinical presentation is non‐specific and includes flank pain, fever and pyuria with or without haematuria. Identifying fungal hyphae microscopically is essential for diagnosis. We present a rare isolated fatal case of renal mucormycosis in a 77‐year‐old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and old tuberculosis (TB) who had been diagnosed after a right nephrectomy. We believe early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for fungal infection, together with the predisposing underlying disease, is crucial for survival.
Machine learning can guide suitability of consultation and patient referral through telemedicine for hepatobiliary diseases
Authors: Verma Nipun , Vojjala Nikhil , Mishra Saurabh , Valsan Arun , Kaur Rajwant , Kaur Talwinder , De Arka , Premkumar Madhumita , Taneja Sunil , Duseja Ajay , Singh Meenu , Singh Virendra 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackground and AimTelemedicine is an evolving tool to provide health‐care services. We evaluated the suitability of telemedicine to deliver effective consultation for hepatobiliary disorders.MethodsIn this prospective study spanning over a year, we interviewed hepatologists delivering the teleconsultations through a pre‐validated questionnaire. A consult was deemed suitable based on the physician's judgment in the absence of unplanned hospitalization. We evaluated factors determining the suitability through inferential statistics and machine learning models, namely, extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and decision tree (DT).ResultsOf 1118 consultations, 917 (82.0%) were deemed suitable. On univariable analysis, patients with skilled occupation, higher education, out‐of‐pocket expenses, and diseases such as chronic hepatitis B, C, and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) without cirrhosis were associated with suitability (P < 0.05). Patients with cirrhosis (compensated or decompensated), acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF), and biliary obstruction were likely unsuitable (P < 0.05). XGB and DT models predicted suitability with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.808 and 0.780, respectively. DT demonstrated that compensated cirrhosis with higher education or skilled occupation with age < 55 years had 78% chance of suitability whereas hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, and ACLF patients were unsuitable with a 60–95% probability. In non‐cirrhotic liver diseases, hepatitis B, C, and NAFLD were suitable, with a probability of 89.7%. Biliary obstruction and previous failure of teleconsultation were unsuitable, with a probability of 70%. Non‐cirrhotic portal fibrosis, dyspepsia, and dysphagia not requiring intervention were suitable (probability: 88%).ConclusionA simple decision tree can guide the referral of unsuitable and the management of suitable patients with hepatobiliary diseases through telemedicine.
Use of External Uterine Electromyography Across Stage I Labor
Authors: Benfield Rebecca , Newton Edward R. 
Published: April 2023

IntroductionHighly sensitive, external uterine electromyography (EMG) measures myometrial electrical activity and is noninvasive compared with the clinical intrauterine pressure catheter. Most experimental studies have measured EMG in 30‐minute epochs, limiting the utility of this instrumentation in intrapartum clinical practice. To test proof of concept, surface uterine EMG contraction activity was continuously collected throughout the first stage of labor from healthy women at term gestation with (n = 3) and without (n = 1) epidural or combined spinal‐epidural analgesia for a maximal length of 11 hours and 24 minutes.MethodsEMG activity was recorded concurrently with tocodynamometer (toco) signals, using a pair of electrodes on the left and right sides of the maternal umbilicus with grounds attached to both hips of the reclining woman in labor. The preamplifier cutoff frequency settings were appropriate to monitor smooth muscle contraction in labor, with the analog high‐pass filter set at 0.05 Hz and the low‐pass filter at 1.50 Hz. Signals were sampled at 100 Hz, transmitted to a computer, and visualized by Chart 4.2 software. EMG data from epochs at baseline, during the pre‐epidural fluid bolus and at the 60‐minute post‐epidural test dose, and at 3, 5, 6, and 8 cm dilatation were analyzed for burst power spectrum peak frequency (Hz), burst power spectrum amplitude (mV2), and burst duration (seconds).ResultsUterine EMG contractile bursts were preceded and followed by a stable baseline and coincided with toco contractions. Movement artifacts were negligible, and large movement artifacts were easily distinguishable. The EMG bursts and toco contractions remained clearly identifiable, even when one woman without epidural analgesia stood beside the bed laboring for approximately 10 minutes. Burst spectral components fell within the expected 0.34‐to‐1.00 Hz range for term labor.DiscussionHigh‐quality data demonstrate that EMG instrumentation effectively and accurately measures uterine contraction parameters across the first stage of term labor.
Sleep architecture as a candidate for phenotyping sleep bruxism: A narrative physiological review
Authors: Zhu Yiwen , Toyota Risa , Shiraishi Yuki , Katagiri Ayano , Yamada Masaharu , Higashiyama Makoto , Toyoda Hiroki , Lavigne Gilles , Kato Takafumi 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundSleep bruxism (SB), an oral behaviour in otherwise healthy individuals, is characterised by frequent rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) during sleep. RMMA/SB episodes occur over various sleep stages (N1‐N3 and rapid eye movement (REM)), sleep cycles (non‐REM to REM), and frequently with microarousals. It currently remains unclear whether these characteristics of sleep architecture are phenotype candidates for the genesis of RMMA/SB.ObjectivesThis narrative review investigated the relationship between sleep architecture and the occurrence of RMMA as a SB phenotype candidate.MethodsPubMed research was performed using keywords related to RMMA/SB and sleep architecture.ResultsIn non‐SB and SB healthy individuals, RMMA episodes were most frequent in the light non‐REM sleep stages N1 and N2, particularly during the ascending phase of sleep cycles. The onset of RMMA/SB episodes in healthy individuals was preceded by a physiological arousal sequence of autonomic cardiovascular to cortical activation. It was not possible to extract a consistent sleep architecture pattern in the presence of sleep comorbidities. The lack of standardisation and variability between subject complexified the search for specific sleep architecture phenotype(s).ConclusionIn otherwise healthy individuals, the genesis of RMMA/SB episodes is largely affected by oscillations in the sleep stage and cycle as well as the occurrence of microarousal. Furthermore, a specific sleep architecture pattern cannot be confirmed in the presence of sleep comorbidity. Further studies are needed to delineate sleep architecture phenotype candidate(s) that contribute to the more accurate diagnosis of SB and treatment approaches using standardised and innovative methodologies.
Yesterday's Daily Bread: Petitionary Prayer for Past Events
Authors: Recio Gonzalo Luis 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe paper's subject is whether one is justified to pray for an event that has already happened from the point of view of the individual who is praying. About this, there are several possibilities, all of which I will consider: a) the past event is not known to the one who prays, b) it is known by them to have happened in a way which is not the desired one by the one praying and c), it is known to have happened according to their wishes. It also deals with two derived problems: if knowledge and ignorance are essential to our possibility of petitioning for something in the past, should we remain willfully ignorant about the past in order to pray to God so that it happened as we desire? Also, once we come to know that the past event did not go about as we desire, is it reasonable to pray to God so that our knowledge about the past is incorrect?
A simple way to calculate the volume and surface area of avian eggs
Authors: Shi Peijian , Chen Long , Quinn Brady K. , Yu Kexin , Miao Qinyue , Guo Xuchen , Lian Meng , Gielis Johan , Niklas Karl J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractEgg geometry can be described using Preston's equation, which has seldom been used to calculate egg volume (V) and surface area (S) to explore S versus V scaling relationships. Herein, we provide an explicit re‐expression of Preston's equation (designated as EPE) to calculate V and S, assuming that an egg is a solid of revolution. The side (longitudinal) profiles of 2221 eggs of six avian species were digitized, and the EPE was used to describe each egg profile. The volumes of 486 eggs from two avian species predicted by the EPE were compared with those obtained using water displacement in graduated cylinders. There was no significant difference in V using the two methods, which verified the utility of the EPE and the hypothesis that eggs are solids of revolution. The data also indicated that V is proportional to the product of egg length (L) and maximum width (W) squared. A 2/3‐power scaling relationship between S and V for each species was observed, that is, S is proportional to (LW2)2/3. These results can be extended to describe the shapes of the eggs of other species to study the evolution of avian (and perhaps reptilian) eggs.
Severe asthma ILC2s demonstrate enhanced proliferation that is modified by biologics
Authors: Malik Bilal , Bartlett Nathan W. , Upham John W. , Nichol Kristy S. , Harrington John , Wark Peter A. B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveType 2 (T2) innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to airway inflammation and disease in asthma. We hypothesize that ILC2s isolated from people with severe allergic and eosinophilic asthma would exhibit an enhanced T2 inflammatory activity that would be altered following treatment with mepolizumab and omalizumab. We compare peripheral blood (PB) isolated ILC2's proliferative capacity, IL‐5 and IL‐13 secretion and phenotype between healthy without asthma (HC), non‐asthma allergic (NAA), mild asthma (MA) and severe allergic and eosinophilic asthma (SA) subjects. We then determined the impact of 6 months treatment with either mepolizumab or omalizumab on ILC2s physiology of SA subjects.MethodsILC2s were sorted and cultured in the presence of IL‐2, IL‐25, IL‐33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) for 14 days. ILC2s proliferation, phenotypes and functions were assessed using flowcytometry. The ILC2s response was then reassessed following clinically successful treatment of SA subjects with mepolizumab and omalizumab.ResultsSA ILC2s demonstrated increased proliferative capacity, TSLP receptor (TSLPR), GATA3 and NFATc1 protein expressions and increased IL‐5 and IL‐13 release. ILC2s were also capable of releasing IL‐6 in response to stimulation. Mepolizumab treatment reduced ILC2s proliferative capacity and expression of TSLPR, GATA3 and NFATc1. Both mepolizumab and omalizumab were associated with reduced ILC2s release of IL‐5 and IL‐13, only mepolizumab reduced IL‐6.ConclusionILC2s from severe allergic and eosinophilic asthma demonstrated an active phenotype typified by increased proliferation, TSLPR, GATA3 and NFATc1 expression and increased IL‐5, IL‐13 and IL‐6 release. Mepolizumab reduced markers of ILC2s activation.
Syntaxin 3 SPI‐2 dependent crosstalk facilitates the division of Salmonella containing vacuole
Authors: Chatterjee Ritika , Nair Abhilash Vijay , Singh Anmol , Mehta Nishi , Setty Subba Rao Gangi , Chakravortty Dipshikha 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntracellular membrane fusion is mediated by membrane‐bridging complexes of soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). SNARE proteins are one of the key players in vesicular transport. Several reports shed light on intracellular bacteria modulating host SNARE machinery to establish infection successfully. The critical SNAREs in macrophages responsible for phagosome maturation are Syntaxin 3 (STX3) and Syntaxin 4 (STX4). Reports also suggest that Salmonella actively modulates its vacuole membrane composition to escape lysosomal fusion. Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV) harbours recycling endosomal SNARE Syntaxin 12 (STX12). However, the role of host SNAREs in SCV biogenesis and pathogenesis remains unclear. Upon knockdown of STX3, we observed a reduction in bacterial proliferation, which is concomitantly restored upon the overexpression of STX3. Live‐cell imaging of Salmonella‐infected cells showed that STX3 localises to the SCV membranes and thus might help in the fusion of SCV with intracellular vesicles to acquire membrane for its division. We also found the interaction STX3‐SCV was abrogated when we infected with SPI‐2 encoded Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) apparatus mutant (STM ∆ssaV) but not with SPI‐1 encoded T3SS apparatus mutant (STM ∆invC). These observations were also consistent in the mice model of Salmonella infection. Together, these results shed light on the effector molecules secreted through T3SS encoded by SPI‐2, possibly involved in interaction with host SNARE STX3, which is essential to maintain the division of Salmonella in SCV and help to maintain a single bacterium per vacuole.