bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Schools, Home Schools, and Gender-Role Beliefs in Adulthood
Authors: Corner Shanna , Dallavis Julie W. 
Published: December 2022

Background When parents in the United States choose to send their children to religious schools or to home school, they are often motivated, at least in part, by a desire to transmit religious beliefs to their children. These religious beliefs may in some cases promote traditional gender roles that are built into religious tenets, practices, and subcultural identities. Purpose With this in mind, we examine whether religious schools act as distinct sites of religious gender socialization by considering the following questions: (1) do Americans who attend religious high schools and homeschools hold more conservative gender-role beliefs later in life compared to their public school peers? and (2) does attending a religious school have a differential effect on gender beliefs for men or women? Methods We use data from the Cardus Education Study—the largest nationally representative survey that includes religious high school and home school graduates as well as measures of religiosity—and logistic regression to explore the gender-role beliefs of 24–39 year olds who graduated from conservative Protestant, Catholic, public, and home schools. Results Graduates of the different religious school sectors we examined varied in their tendencies to hold more traditional gender-role beliefs. Specifically, we find that graduates of conservative Protestant schools and home schools held more conservative gender-role beliefs than graduates of other sectors. In contrast, Catholic school graduates—particularly female graduates—held more egalitarian beliefs compared to the other sectors. Conclusions and Implications In light of these findings, we discuss potential mechanisms within school environments that may contribute to the enactment of gender and religion. We extend empirical and theoretical knowledge about gender socialization, an area of critical importance given its ability to influence people's aspirations, choices, and life outcomes as well as social norms and policies.
Floer Homology: From Generalized Morse–Smale Dynamical Systems to Forman’s Combinatorial Vector Fields
Authors: Eidi Marzieh , Jost Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe construct a Floer type boundary operator for generalised Morse–Smale dynamical systems on compact smooth manifolds by counting the number of suitable flow lines between closed (both homoclinic and periodic) orbits and isolated critical points. The same principle works for the discrete situation of general combinatorial vector fields, defined by Forman, on CW complexes. We can thus recover the $$\mathbb {Z}_2$$

Z
2

homology of both smooth and discrete structures directly from the flow lines (V-paths) of our vector field.
Is Pathogen Disgust Increased on Days of the Menstrual Cycle when Progesterone is High? Evidence from a Between-Subjects Study Using Estimated Progesterone Levels
Authors: Rafiee Yasaman , Jones Benedict C. , Shiramizu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Objective
The Compensatory Prophylaxis Hypothesis proposes that women will show increased pathogen disgust at points in the menstrual cycle when progesterone is high, compensating for the immunosuppressive effects of progesterone. However, evidence for the Compensatory Prophylaxis Hypothesis from studies that used longitudinal designs to investigate whether pathogen disgust tracks changes in progesterone is mixed. It was recently proposed that longitudinal designs may be poorly suited to testing the Compensatory Prophylaxis Hypothesis because carry-over effects when women are tested repeatedly in within-subject designs might obscure the effects of progesterone and pathogen disgust. Consequently, we used a between-subjects design to test for a positive relationship between scores on the pathogen disgust subscale of the Three Domain Disgust Scale and progesterone levels imputed from menstrual cycle data using actuarial tables.

Methods
We employed a between-subject design on N = 1346 women using the Three Domains of Disgust Scale (TDDS).

Results
We found no evidence for a positive effect of progesterone on pathogen disgust, suggesting that null results for the hypothesized relationship between progesterone and pathogen disgust are not limited to studies using designs that may be subject to carry-over effects caused by repeated testing.

Conclusion
Our results add to a growing body of research that does not support the Compensatory Prophylaxis Hypothesis.
Design of a Flexible Bionic Ankle Prosthesis Based on Subject-specific Modeling of the Human Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Jin Jianqiao , Wang Kunyang , Ren Lei , Qian Zhihui , Liang Wei , Xu Xiaohan , Zhao Shun , Lu Xuewei , Zhao Di , Wang Xu , Ren Luquan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA variety of prosthetic ankles have been successfully developed to reproduce the locomotor ability for lower limb amputees in daily lives. However, they have not been shown to sufficiently improve the natural gait mechanics commonly observed in comparison to the able-bodied, perhaps due to over-simplified designs of functional musculoskeletal structures in prostheses. In this study, a flexible bionic ankle prosthesis with joints covered by soft material inclusions is developed on the basis of the human musculoskeletal system. First, the healthy side ankle–foot bones of a below-knee amputee were reconstructed by CT imaging. Three types of polyurethane rubber material configurations were then designed to mimic the soft tissues around the human ankle, providing stability and flexibility. Finite element simulations were conducted to determine the proper design of the rubber materials, evaluate the ankle stiffness under different external conditions, and calculate the rotation axes of the ankle during walking. The results showed that the bionic ankle had variable stiffness properties and could adapt to various road surfaces. It also had rotation axes similar to that of the human ankle, thus restoring the function of the talocrural and subtalar joints. The inclination and deviation angles of the talocrural axis, 86.2° and 75.1°, respectively, as well as the angles of the subtalar axis, 40.1° and 29.9°, were consistent with the literature. Finally, dynamic characteristics were investigated by gait measurements on the same subject, and the flexible bionic ankle prosthesis demonstrated natural gait mechanics during walking in terms of ankle angles and moments.
Examining correlates of life satisfaction among Indian older adults using household fixed-effect approach
Authors: Mustafa Akif 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Background
Life satisfaction is one of the most important components of a person’s overall quality of life and a vital element of successful ageing. Few studies have previously attempted to investigate the level of life satisfaction among Indian older adults; however, the majority of them were at risk of omitted variable bias. This study, while controlling for household-level unobserved confounders, aims to investigate the correlates of life satisfaction among Indian older adults using household fixed-effect approach.

Methods
To achieve the objectives of the study, cross-sectional data from the first wave of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI, 2017–18) were utilized. Households with only one study participant were excluded from the study because household fixed effect analysis requires at least two respondents per household. The total sample size of the study was 14,307 older adults (Nfemale = 7259; Nmale = 7048) aged 60 years or above. Simple OLS regression model, random effect model, and household fixed-effect model were employed to assess the factors associated with life satisfaction among older adults in India.

Results
According to the household fixed effect model, age, education, functional health, food insecurity, and self-rated health were found to be significantly associated with life satisfaction. On the other hand, sex, marital status, working status, and morbidity status were not found to be associated with life satisfaction. According to the random effect model, among the household-invariant factors, place of residence, caste, MPCE (monthly per capita expenditure) quantile, and region were significantly associated with life satisfaction, while religion was found insignificant.

Conclusion
This study offers new insights on the predictors of life satisfaction among older adults in India. In order to improve the general well-being of the elderly, the study urges policymakers to address a number of issues, including functional health and food security.
Database Commons: A Catalog of Worldwide Biological Databases
Authors: Ma Lina , Zou Dong , Liu Lin , Shireen Huma , Abbasi Amir A. , Bateman Alex , Xiao Jingfa , Zhao Wenming , Bao Yiming , Zhang Zhang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Biological databases serve as a global fundamental infrastructure for the worldwide scientific community, which dramatically aid the transformation of big data into knowledge discovery and drive significant innovations in a wide range of research fields. Given the rapid data production, biological databases continue to increase in size and importance. To build a catalog of worldwide biological databases, we curate a total of 5825 biological databases from 8931 publications, which are geographically distributed in 72 countries/regions and developed by 1975 institutions (as of September 20, 2022). We further devise a z-index, a novel index to characterize the scientific impact of a database, and rank all these biological databases as well as their hosting institutions and countries in terms of citation and z-index. Consequently, we present a series of statistics and trends of worldwide biological databases, yielding a global perspective to better understand their status and impact for life and health sciences. An up-to-date catalog of worldwide biological databases, as well as their curated meta-information and derived statistics, is publicly available at Database Commons (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/databasecommons/).
Calculating Required Purification Effort to Turn Source Water Into Drinking Water Using an Adapted CCME Water Quality Index
Authors: van den Doel André , van Kollenburg Geert H. , van Remmen Thomas D. N. , de Jonge Joanne A. , Postma Geert J. , Tinnevelt Gerjen H. , Stroomberg Gerard J. , Buydens Lutgarde M. C. , Jansen Jeroen J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe 2000 European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) states that “Member States shall ensure the necessary protection for the bodies of water identified with the aim of avoiding deterioration in their quality in order to reduce the level of purification treatment required in the production of drinking water.” However, it does not specify how to evaluate or quantify this level of purification treatment. We propose a novel water quality index (WQI) to quantify the level of purification treatment required to prepare drinking water from source water. It is based on the WQI of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME WQI). Our WQI compares measured contaminant concentrations in source water to drinking water guidelines and any exceedance is weighted by a measure of the resilience of that contaminant to the treatment processes, which is not possible in the CCME WQI. Furthermore, it accommodates for varying sampling frequencies that are characteristic of the ongoing monitoring program. These adaptations make our index robust and sensitive to relevant changes in source water quality. We calculated index scores for source water from the Rhine and the Meuse and found no general decrease in required purification treatment levels since the introduction of the WFD.
Influence of Topography and the Underlying Surface of the Bohai Sea on Wind and Gust Forecasts
Authors: Wang Ke , Lyu Xinyu , Huang Jing , Luo Meng , Xu Fei 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAccurate gust forecasts can reduce potential threats to people's lives and properties, but we need more reliable forecasting methods and models. A recent development is the meteorologically stratified gust factor (MSGF) model, which is more accurate in forecasting gusts than the previous gust factor model. The regional terrain and underlying surface both have crucial effects on the gust factor. We therefore combined observations from the China Meteorological Administration over the ocean surface and along the coast with the MSGF model to explore the influence of topography and the underlying surface on wind and gust forecasts. The regional terrain and underlying surface affected the peak gust climatologies, the mean wind speed, the mean prevailing wind direction and the gust factors. The topography and the underlying surface had different impacts in different ranges of the mean wind speed. The strong turbulence that causes changes in the gust factor under light winds is not initiated over rough underlying surfaces. When the mean wind speed is >2.5 m s−1, the underlying surface influences both the wind speed and the gust factor. A rough underlying surface stimulates stronger turbulence and increases the gust speed and gust factor, whereas a smooth underlying surface directly increases the mean wind speed and the gust speed by different magnitudes to reduce the difference between them, thus decreasing the gust factor. We evaluated the ability of the MSGF model to forecast gusts and verified a method combining the products of a numerical model and the MSGF model in gust forecasts.
Skillful Decadal Flood Prediction
Authors: Moulds S. , Slater L. J. , Dunstone N. J. , Smith D. M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAccurate long‐term flood predictions are increasingly needed for flood risk management in a changing climate, but are hindered by the underestimation of climate variability by climate models. Here, we drive a statistical flood model with a large ensemble of dynamical CMIP5‐6 predictions of precipitation and temperature. Predictions of UK winter flooding (95th streamflow percentile) have low skill when using the raw 676‐member ensemble averaged over lead times of 2–5 years from the initialization date. Sub‐selecting 20 ensemble members that adequately represent the multiyear temporal variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) significantly improves the flood predictions. Applying this method we show positive skill in 46% of stations compared to 26% using the raw ensemble, primarily in regions most strongly influenced by the NAO. Our findings reveal the potential of decadal predictions to inform flood risk management at long lead times.
Bubble Coarsening Kinetics in Porous Media
Authors: Yu Yuehongjiang , Wang Chuanxi , Liu Junning , Mao Sheng , Mehmani Yashar , Xu Ke 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBubbles in subsurface porous media spontaneously coarsen to reduce free energy. Bubble coarsening dramatically changes surface area and pore occupancy, which affect the hydraulic conductivity, mass and heat transfer coefficients, and chemical reactions. Coarsening kinetics in porous media is thus critical in modeling geologic CO2 sequestration, hydrogen subsurface storage, hydrate reservoir recovery, and other relevant geophysical problems. We show that bubble coarsening kinetics in porous media fundamentally deviates from classical Lifshitz‐Slyozov‐Wagner theory, because porous structure quantizes the space and rescales the mass transfer coefficient. We develop a new coarsening theory that agrees well with numerical simulations. We identify a pseudo‐equilibrium time proportional to the cubic of pore size. In a typical CO2 sequestration scenario, local equilibrium can be achieved in 1s for media consisting of sub‐micron pores, while in decades for media consisting of 1 mm pores. This work provides new insights in modeling complex fluid behaviors in subsurface environment.
Energy Transfer and Electron Heating in Turbulent Flux Pileup Region
Authors: Liu C. M. , Cao J. B. , Wang T. Y. , Xing X. N. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe report observations of intense energy transfer developed within a flux pileup region (FPR) inside a plasma jet in the Earth's midtail. Strong electromagnetic turbulences, with ( and are wave numbers perpendicular and parallel to background magnetic field respectively), are observed together with intermittent sub‐ion‐scale structures, generating intense fluctuating electric fields and currents inside the FPR. The highly anisotropic turbulence is carried by kinetic Alfvénic waves with ( is ion gyroradius), which are weakly damped due to electron Landau resonance and cause electron heating with a ratio close to 4 eV/s. Concurrent with the ion‐scale turbulences and structures, strong energy conversion occurs inside the FPR (stronger than that at the jet front), with magnetic field energy being dissipated into particle energy, leading to efficient electron acceleration. These results highlight the crucial role played by turbulent FPRs in energy transfer in the magnetosphere.
Presence, Sources and Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Zhang Lihong , Ma Yuxin , Vojta Simon , Morales‐McDevitt Maya , Hoppmann Mario , Soltwedel Thomas , Kirk Jane , De Silva Amila , Muir Derek , Lohmann Rainer 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are continuously released from multiple sources and are prone to long‐range transport. Little is known regarding their presence, transport and fate in remote and deep oceans. Polyethylene passive samplers were hence deployed at deep moorings and surface seawater in the Fram Strait and Canadian Archipelago, as well as in air and surface water of the lower Great Lakes, a potential high‐emission region, to understand the transport of PAHs to the Arctic. Dissolved PAHs showed significantly higher concentrations in the lower Great Lakes than those in the high Arctic. Concentrations of dissolved PAHs (Σ19PAHs) ranged from 33 to 300 pg/L in the Fram Strait; the vertical profiles generally exhibited a decreasing trend toward deep waters, which was potentially influenced by hydrological and biogeochemical processes. PAHs were exported from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic through the Fram Strait and the Davis Strait.
Characterization of Ionospheric Disturbances Following Multiple Typhoons Using GPS‐Derived TEC
Authors: Fu Junxian , Jin Shuanggen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTyphoon is one of the major hazards in ocean coastal areas, but traditional techniques are inadequate to monitor typhoons due to limited or high‐cost observations, like radio sounding and meteorological radar. Previous studies have found that typhoons can cause ionospheric disturbances, but the relationship and characteristics are still unclear. In this paper, about 400 stations observations of the Global Positioning System (GPS) network in Taiwan are used to extract ionospheric disturbances during multiple typhoons. The detailed characteristics of the ionospheric disturbances are investigated using a fourth‐order Butterworth filter following the 2016 Nepartak, 2019 Lekima, 2019 Mitag, and 2020 Hagupit typhoons. The results show that significant ionospheric disturbances were observed during the typhoons, and the larger disturbances are mostly located 400–1200 km far from the typhoon eye. The estimated horizontal propagation velocity of the ionospheric disturbances is about 127–194 m/s. The locations of the ionospheric disturbances between the typhoon eye and the landfall site are related to the typhoon path. The azimuth distribution of the ionospheric disturbance around the typhoon eye is affected by the GPS elevation angles. At 500–700 km from the typhoon eye, the mean ionospheric disturbances are 0.17 TECU (TEC Unit) and 0.15 TECU for super typhoon Nepartak and Lekima, and 0.13 TECU and 0.18 TECU for typhoon Mitag and Hagupit. The higher the intensity of the typhoon is, the greater the magnitude of the ionospheric disturbance is.
Anomalously High Heat Flow Regions Beneath the Transantarctic Mountains and Wilkes Subglacial Basin in East Antarctica Inferred From Curie Depth
Authors: Lowe Maximilian , Mather Ben , Green Chris , Jordan Tom A. , Ebbing Jörg , Larter Robert 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs) separate the warmer lithosphere of the Cretaceous‐Tertiary West Antarctic rift system and the colder and older provinces of East Antarctica. Low velocity zones beneath the TAM imaged in recent seismological studies have been interpreted as warm low‐density mantle material, suggesting a strong contribution of thermal support to the uplift of the TAM. We present new Curie Point Depth (CPD) and geothermal heat flow (GHF) maps of the northern TAM and adjacent Wilkes Subglacial Basin (WSB) based exclusively on high resolution magnetic airborne measurements. We find shallow CPD and high GHF beneath the northern TAM, reinforcing the hypothesis of thermal support of the topography of the mountain range. Additionally, this study demonstrates, that limiting spectral analysis to areas with a high density of aeromagnetic measurements increases the resolution of CPD estimates revealing localized shallow CPD and associated high heat flow in the Central Basin of the WSB and the Rennick Graben (RG). Across the study area the CPD ranges from 15 to 35 km and the GHF values range from 30 to 110 mW/m2. The recovered CPD range is compatible with recent Moho depth estimates, as the CPD predominantly lies within the crust, rather than in the magnetite‐poor mantle. GHF estimates, based on the CPD estimates, show a good agreement to sparse in situ GHF measurements and the location of active volcanoes. Comparison to existing continent‐wide GHF estimates shows strong differences from magnetically‐derived heat flow estimates, while seismologically‐derived heat flow estimates show the best agreement to our results.
Contemporary Controls on Terrestrial Carbon Characteristics in Temperate and Sub‐Tropical Australian Wetlands
Authors: Francke Alexander , Tsimosh Olly , Tibby John , Reid Michael , Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Tyler Jonathan James 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA thorough understanding of controls over terrestrial sedimentary organic carbon characteristics in both the present and the past is pivotal to better understand atmospheric CO2 pathways into depositional sinks such as peats, swamps, and lakes. We explored the relationship between wetland sediment organic matter storage, climate (precipitation, temperature) and catchment vegetation data (catchment vegetation cover in percent; leaf carbon content in g/m2) by means of multivariate statistical analyses to investigate patterns of carbon deposition in modern wetlands and to provide a more robust framework for interpreting sediment bulk organic geochemistry as a proxy for past carbon cycling. Carbon and nitrogen elemental concentration and stable isotope composition were analyzed from sub‐surface sediments at 18 wetlands in eastern Australia. The statistical analyses indicate that variability in geochemical organic matter data in wetland sediments is best explained by geographic differences in catchment vegetation cover and, by inference, the balance of terrestrial versus aquatic organic matter input to the sediment. TOC/TN of aquatic matter may be additionally driven toward higher (terrestrial) values by nitrogen limitation in the catchment and the lakes. These processes explain up to ∼40% of the total variance in the sediment geochemistry (redundancy analyses). Up to ∼10% of the total variance may be attributed to post‐depositional processes and organic matter remineralization. The remaining ∼50% of total variance in the data may be attributed to local conditions across the sites, geochemical processes that were not captured in this study, or to the different timescales covered by the sediments at each site.