bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spot the Fake Lungs: Generating Synthetic Medical Images Using Neural Diffusion Models
Authors: Ali Hazrat , Murad Shafaq , Shah Zubair 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGenerative models are becoming popular for the synthesis of medical images. Recently, neural diffusion models have demonstrated the potential to generate photo-realistic images of objects. However, their potential to generate medical images is not explored yet. We explore the possibilities of synthesizing medical images using neural diffusion models. First, we use a pre-trained DALLE2 model to generate lungs X-Ray and CT images from an input text prompt. Second, we train a stable diffusion model with 3165 X-Ray images and generate synthetic images. We evaluate the synthetic image data through a qualitative analysis where two independent radiologists label randomly chosen samples from the generated data as real, fake, or unsure. Results demonstrate that images generated with the diffusion model can translate characteristics that are otherwise very specific to certain medical conditions in chest X-Ray or CT images. Careful tuning of the model can be very promising. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to generate lungs X-Ray and CT images using neural diffusion models. This work aims to introduce a new dimension in artificial intelligence for medical imaging. Given that this is a new topic, the paper will serve as an introduction and motivation for the research community to explore the potential of diffusion models for medical image synthesis. We have released the synthetic images on https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/hazrat/awesomelungs.
Evaluating the Effects of Chaos in Variable Neighbourhood Search
Authors: Consoli Sergio , Pérez José Andrés Moreno 
Published: February 2023

AbstractMetaheuristics are problem-solving methods which try to find near-optimal solutions to very hard optimization problems within an acceptable computational timeframe, where classical approaches usually fail, or cannot even been applied. Random mechanisms are an integral part of metaheuristics, given randomness has a role in dealing with algorithmic issues such as parameters tuning, adaptation, and combination of existing optimization techniques. In this paper, it is explored whether deterministic chaos can be suitably used instead of random processes within Variable Neighbourhood Search (VNS), a popular metaheuristic for combinatorial optimization. As a use case, in particular, the paper focuses on labelling graph problems, where VNS has been already used with success. These problems are formulated on an undirected labelled graph and consist on selecting the subset of labels such that the subgraph generated by these labels has, respectively, an optimal spanning tree or forest. The effects of using chaotic sequences in the VNS metaheuristic are investigated during several numerical tests. Different one-dimensional chaotic maps are applied to VNS in order to compare the performance of each map in finding the best solutions for this class of graph problems.
Typen von Protest-Aktivist*innen
Authors: Villioth Lisa 
Published: February 2023

ZusammenfassungDie nun folgende Typenbildung hat das Ziel, alle bisher thematisierten Aspekte zusammenzuführen und basierend auf den Ressourcen, Bürgerschaftsverständnissen, Motiven, Mitgliedschaftsverständnissen, Empfindungen kollektiver Identität, konkreten Praktiken und Einstellungen zu Straßen- und Netzprotest der interviewten Bürger*innen drei grobe Typen von Protest-Aktivist*innen zu skizzieren. Diese unterscheiden sich insb. bzgl. ihrer ausgeübten Protestpraktiken und darin, wie intensiv sie das Netz in ihre Partizipation einbinden. Denn ein wichtiges Ergebnis der vorliegenden Analyse ist, dass alle Interview-Partner*innen in der Nutzung des Internets Vorteile für zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement sehen. Wie im vorangegangenen Kapitel ausführlich beschrieben, versteht ein Großteil der Interview-Partner*innen Netz und Straße als wertvolle Ergänzung zueinander. Da sich keine der Bürger*innen den Vorteilen des Internets komplett verschließt, zeichnen sich zwar alle drei Typen durch digitale Praktiken aus, unterscheiden sich jedoch in der Extensität dieser. Entsprechend liegt der Fokus der nun folgenden Typisierung insb. auf Praktiken und in den anderen Kategorien vorkommenden Faktoren, die diese Praktiken beeinflussen.
Bulk gauge fields and holographic RG from exact RG
Authors: Dharanipragada Pavan , Dutta Semanti , Sathiapalan B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently, a method was described for deriving Holographic RG equation in AdSD+1 space starting from an Exact RG equation of a D-dimensional boundary CFT [22]. The evolution operator corresponding to the Exact RG equation was rewritten as a functional integral of a D + 1 dimensional field theory in AdSD+1 space. This method has since been applied to elementary scalars and composite scalars in the O(N) model [34]. In this paper, we apply this technique to the conserved vector current and the energy momentum tensor of a boundary CFT, the O(N) model at a fixed point. These composite spin one and spin two operators are represented by auxiliary fields and extend into the bulk as gauge fields and metric perturbations. We obtain, at the free level, the (gauge fixed) Maxwell and Einstein actions. While the steps involved are motivated by the AdS/CFT correspondence, none of the steps logically require the AdS/CFT conjecture for their justification.
Angular distribution of $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to p{K}^{-}{\ell}^{+}{\ell}^{-} $$ decays comprising Λ resonances with spin ≤ 5/2
Authors: Beck A. , Blake T. , Kreps M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the angular distribution of $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to \Lambda \left(\to p{K}^{-}\right){\ell}^{+}{\ell}^{-} $$

Λ
b
0

→
Λ

→
p

K
−

ℓ
+

ℓ
−

decays. A full expression is given for the case of multiple interfering spin-states with spin ≤$$ \frac{5}{2} $$

5
2

. This distribution is relevant for future measurements of $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to p{K}^{-}{\ell}^{+}{\ell}^{-} $$

Λ
b
0

→
p

K
−

ℓ
+

ℓ
−

decays, where different states cannot easily be separated based on their mass alone. New observables arise when considering spin-$$ \frac{5}{2} $$

5
2

states as well as interference between states. An exploration of their behaviour for a variety of beyond the Standard Model scenarios shows that some of these observables exhibit interesting sensitivity to the Wilson coefficients involved in b → sℓ+ℓ− transitions. Others are insensitive to the Wilson coefficients and can be used to verify the description of $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to \Lambda $$

Λ
b
0

→
Λ
form-factors. A basis of weighting functions that can be used to determine all of the angular observables described in this paper in a moment analysis of the experimental data is also provided.
Resummation of threshold logarithms in deeply-virtual Compton scattering
Authors: Schoenleber J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
I derive an all-order resummation formula for the logarithmically enhanced contributions proportional to $$ \frac{\alpha_s^n}{x\pm \xi } $$

α
s
n

x
±
ξ

log $$ {\left(\frac{\xi \pm x}{2\xi}\right)}^k $$

ξ
±
x

2
ξ

k

in the quark coefficient function of deeply-virtual-Compton scattering and the pion-photon transition form factor in momentum space. The resummation is performed at the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. The key observation is that the quark coefficient function itself factorizes in the x → ±ξ limit, which allows for a resummation using renormalization group equations. A preliminary numerical analysis suggests that the corrections due to resummation for the quark contribution might be small.
1/N expansion of the D3-D5 defect CFT at strong coupling
Authors: Beccaria M. , Cabo-Bizet A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We consider four dimensional U(N) $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory interacting with a 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 theory living on a codimension-one interface and holographically dual to the D3-D5 system without flux. Localization captures several observables in this dCFT, including its free energy, related to the defect expectation value, and single trace $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

-BPS composite scalars. These quantities may be computed in a hermitian one-matrix model with non-polynomial single-trace potential. We exploit the integrable Volterra hierarchy underlying the matrix model and systematically study its 1/N expansion at any value of the ’t Hooft coupling. In particular, the strong coupling regime is determined — up to non-perturbative exponentially suppressed corrections — by differential relations that constrain higher order terms in the 1/N expansion. The analysis is extended to the model with SU(N) gauge symmetry by resorting to the more general Toda lattice equations.
Etablierung der Genomischen Erreger-Surveillance zur Stärkung des Pandemie- und Infektionsschutzes in Deutschland
Authors: Scheithauer Simone , Dilthey Alexander , Bludau Anna , Ciesek Sandra , Corman Victor , Donker Tjibbe , Eckmanns Tim , Egelkamp Richard , Grundmann Hajo , Häcker Georg , Kaase Martin , Lange Berit , Mellmann Alexander , Mielke Martin , Pletz Mathias , Salzberger Bernd , Thürmer Andrea , Widmer Andreas , Wieler Lothar H. , Wolff Thorsten , Gatermann Sören , Semmler Torsten 
Published: February 2023

ZusammenfassungDie SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie hat ein Defizit an essentieller infektionsepidemiologischer Infrastruktur, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Genomische Erreger-Surveillance (GES) in Deutschland, gezeigt. Zur Vorbereitung auf zukünftige pandemische Notlagen sehen es die Autor*innen als dringend erforderlich an, dieses bestehende Defizit durch den Aufbau einer leistungsfähigen Infrastruktur für GES zu beheben. Ein derartiges Netzwerk kann auf bereits regional initiierten Strukturen, Prozessen und Interaktionen aufbauen und diese weiter optimieren. Es kann zukünftig mit einer hohen Anpassungsfähigkeit auf aktuelle und kommende Herausforderungen reagieren.Ziele der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Verdeutlichung der Dringlichkeit und Skizzierung von Vorschlägen zur Etablierung eines effizienten, anpassungsfähigen und reaktionsbereiten GES-Netzwerkes unter Berücksichtigung von externen Rahmenbedingungen und internen Standards. Die erarbeiteten Vorschläge basieren auf der Grundlage globaler und länderspezifischer Best Practices und Strategiepapiere. Zu den konkreten nächsten Schritten zur Realisierung einer integrierten GES zählen die Ermöglichung der Verknüpfung epidemiologischer Daten mit Genomdaten der Erreger, die gemeinsame und koordinierte Nutzung von vorhandenen Ressourcen, die Nutzbarmachung der so gewonnenen Surveillance-Daten für relevante Entscheidungstragende, den Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst und die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft sowie die Einbindung aller Stakeholder. Der Aufbau eines GES-Netzwerkes ist essentiell für die kontinuierliche, stabile, aktive Überwachung des Infektionsgeschehens in Deutschland sowohl während pandemischer Phasen als auch außerhalb dieser.
Plasticity of maternal environment-dependent expression-QTLs of tomato seeds
Authors: Sterken Mark G. , Nijveen Harm , van Zanten Martijn , Jiménez-Gómez Jose M. , Geshnizjani Nafiseh , Willems Leo A. J. , Rienstra Juriaan , Hilhorst Henk W. M. , Ligterink Wilco , Snoek Basten L. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSeeds are essential for plant reproduction, survival, and dispersal. Germination ability and successful establishment of young seedlings strongly depend on seed quality and on environmental factors such as nutrient availability. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and many other species, seed quality and seedling establishment characteristics are determined by genetic variation, as well as the maternal environment in which the seeds develop and mature. The genetic contribution to variation in seed and seedling quality traits and environmental responsiveness can be estimated at transcriptome level in the dry seed by mapping genomic loci that affect gene expression (expression QTLs) in contrasting maternal environments. In this study, we applied RNA-sequencing to construct a linkage map and measure gene expression of seeds of a tomato recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross betweenS. lycopersicum(cv. Moneymaker) andS. pimpinellifolium(G1.1554). The seeds matured on plants cultivated under different nutritional environments, i.e., on high phosphorus or low nitrogen. The obtained single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were subsequently used to construct a genetic map. We show how the genetic landscape of plasticity in gene regulation in dry seeds is affected by the maternal nutrient environment. The combined information on natural genetic variation mediating (variation in) responsiveness to the environment may contribute to knowledge-based breeding programs aiming to develop crop cultivars that are resilient to stressful environments.
The impact of different alignment strategies on bone cuts in total knee arthroplasty for varus knee phenotypes
Authors: Schelker Benjamin L. , Moret Céline S. , Sava Manuel P. , von Eisenhart-Rothe Rüdiger , Graichen Heiko , Arnold Markus P. , Leclercq Vincent , Hirschmann Michael T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to visualise the influence of alignment strategy on bone resection in varus knee phenotypes. The hypothesis was that different amounts of bone resection would be required depending on the alignment strategy chosen. Through visualisation of the corresponding bone sections, it was hypothesised, it would be possible to assess which of the different alignment strategies would require the least amount of change to the soft tissues for the chosen phenotype, whilst still ensuring acceptable alignment of the components, and thus could be considered the most ideal alignment strategy.

Methods
Simulations of the different alignment strategies (mechanical, anatomical, constrained kinematic and unconstrained kinematic) in relation to their bone resections were performed on five common exemplary varus knee phenotypes. VARHKA174° VARFMA87° VARTMA84°, VARHKA174° VARFMA90° NEUTMA87°, VARHKA174° NEUFMA93° VARTMA84°, VARHKA177° NEUFMA93° NEUTMA87° and VARHKA177° VALFMA96° VARTMA81°. The phenotype system used categorises knees based on overall limb alignment (i.e. hip knee angle) but also takes into account joint line obliquity (i.e. TKA and FMA) and has been applied in the global orthopaedic community since its introduction in 2019. The simulations are based on long-leg radiographs under load. It is assumed that a change of 1° in the alignment of the joint line corresponds to a displacement of the distal condyle by 1 mm.

Results
In the most common phenotype VARHKA174° NEUFMA93° VARTMA84°, a mechanical alignment would result in an asymmetric elevation of the tibial medial joint line by 6 mm and a lateral distalisation of the femoral condyle by 3 mm, an anatomical alignment only by 0 and 3 mm, a restricted by 3 and 3 mm, respectively, whilst a kinematic alignment would result in no change in joint line obliquity. In the similarly common phenotype 2 VARHKA174° VARFMA90° NEUTMA87° with the same HKA, the changes are considerably less with only 3 mm asymmetric height change on one joint side, respectively, and no change in restricted or kinematic alignment.

Conclusion
This study shows that significantly different amounts of bone resection are required depending on the varus phenotype and the alignment strategy chosen. Based on the simulations performed, it can, therefore, be assumed that an individual decision for the respective phenotype is more important than the dogmatically correct alignment strategy. By including such simulations, the modern orthopaedic surgeon can now avoid biomechanically inferior alignments and still obtain the most natural possible knee alignment for the patient.
The effect of salt dosing for chytrid mitigation on tadpoles of a threatened frog, Litoria aurea
Authors: Callen Alex , Pizzatto Ligia , Stockwell Michelle P. , Clulow Simon , Clulow John , Mahony Michael J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe novel fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid) is one of the greatest threats to amphibians worldwide. Small increases in water salinity (up to ca. 4 ppt) have been shown to limit chytrid transmission between frogs, potentially providing a way to create environmental refugia to reduce its impact at a landscape scale. However, the effect of increasing water salinity on tadpoles, a life stage confined to water, is highly variable. Increased water salinity can lead to reduced size and altered growth patterns in some species, with flow-on effects to vital rates such as survival and reproduction. It is thus important to assess potential trade-offs caused by increasing salinity as a tool to mitigate chytrid in susceptible frogs. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of salinity on the survival and development of tadpoles of a threatened frog (Litoria aurea), previously demonstrated as a suitable candidate for trialling landscape manipulations to mitigate chytrid. We exposed tadpoles to salinity ranging from 1 to 6 ppt and measured survival, time to metamorphosis, body mass and locomotor performance of post-metamorphic frogs as a measure of fitness. Survival and time to metamorphosis did not differ between salinity treatments or controls reared in rainwater. Body mass was positively associated with increasing salinity in the first 14 days. Juvenile frogs from three salinity treatments also showed the same or better locomotor performance compared to rainwater controls, confirming that environmental salinity may influence life history traits in the larval stage, potentially as a hormetic response. Our research suggests that salt concentrations in the range previously shown to improve survival of frogs in the presence of chytrid are unlikely to impact larval development of our candidate threatened species. Our study lends support to the idea of manipulating salinity to create environmental refugia from chytrid for at least some salt-tolerant species.
DNA methylation-based age estimation for adults and minors: considering sex-specific differences and non-linear correlations
Authors: Carlsen Laura , Holländer Olivia , Danzer Moritz Fabian , Vennemann Marielle , Augustin Christa 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDNA methylation patterns change during human lifetime; thus, they can be used to estimate an individual’s age. It is known, however, that correlation between DNA methylation and aging might not be linear and that the sex might influence the methylation status. In this study, we conducted a comparative evaluation of linear and several non-linear regressions, as well as sex-specific versus unisex models. Buccal swab samples from 230 donors aged 1 to 88 years were analyzed using a minisequencing multiplex array. Samples were divided into a training set (n = 161) and a validation set (n = 69). The training set was used for a sequential replacement regression and a simultaneous 10-fold cross-validation. The resulting model was improved by including a cut-off of 20 years, dividing the younger individuals with non-linear from the older individuals with linear dependence between age and methylation status. Sex-specific models were developed and improved prediction accuracy in females but not in males, which might be explained by a small sample set. We finally established a non-linear, unisex model combining the markers EDARADD, KLF14, ELOVL2, FHL2, C1orf132, and TRIM59. While age- and sex-adjustments did not generally improve the performance of our model, we discuss how other models and large cohorts might benefit from such adjustments. Our model showed a cross-validated MAD and RMSE of 4.680 and 6.436 years in the training set and of 4.695 and 6.602 years in the validation set, respectively. We briefly explain how to apply the model for age prediction.
High-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis of industrial bamboo tableware for genotoxins, melamine and formaldehyde
Authors: Meyer Daniel , Morlock Gertrud 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBamboo tableware became popular as ecofriendly material. However, industrial tableware products made of bamboo-melamine–formaldehyde resin material are not biodegradable. In addition, harmful compounds were detected if such consumer articles were used with hot drinks or hot food, and risk assessment found that maximum daily dosages of melamine and formaldehyde were exceeded. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods for analysis of such samples have not been demonstrated so far, despite available HPTLC methods for the mentioned analytes. In this work, the potential and limitation of HPTLC analysis for bamboo-melamine–formaldehyde resin tableware was studied regarding the extractable presence of melamine, formaldehyde and genotoxins. The bamboo tableware was extracted with a food simulant, i.e. aqueous acetic acid simulating hot beverages, and analyzed neutralized and non-neutralized, directly without sample preparation to ensure sample integrity and to avoid loss of sample components. As a result, melamine was not detected in the acidic food simulant. Unfortunately, the existing formaldehyde method was not applicable due to the acidic milieu of the food simulant. The non-target HPTLC−(S9)-SOS-Umu-C bioassay with and without simulated S9 liver enzyme metabolization found no genotoxic substances in 50 µL food simulant, which volume and thus acidity was the maximum tolerated by the Salmonella cells.
Market prediction using machine learning based on social media specific features
Authors: Sekioka Satoshi , Hatano Ryo , Nishiyama Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn recent years, unspecified messages posted on social media have significantly affected the price fluctuations of online-traded products, such as stocks and virtual currencies. In this study, we investigate whether information on Twitter and natural language expressions in tweets can be used as features for predicting market information, such as price changes in virtual currencies and sudden price changes. Our method is based on features created using Sentence-BERT for tweet data. These features were used to train the light-gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), a variant of the gradient boosting ensemble framework that uses tree-based machine learning models, with the target variable being a sudden change in closing price (sudden drop, sudden rise, or no sudden change). We set up a classification task with three labels using the features created by the proposed method for prediction. We compared the prediction results with and without these new features and discussed the advantages of linguistic features for predicting changes in cryptocurrency trends.
On the properties of the exceptional set for the randomized Euler and Runge-Kutta schemes
Authors: Bochacik Tomasz 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe show that the probability of the exceptional set decays exponentially for a broad class of randomized algorithms approximating solutions of ODEs, admitting a certain error decomposition. This class includes randomized explicit and implicit Euler schemes, and the randomized two-stage Runge-Kutta scheme (under inexact information). We design a confidence interval for the exact solution of an IVP and perform numerical experiments to illustrate the theoretical results.