bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law, time, and (in)justice after empire: Germany's objection to colonial reparations and the chronopolitics of deflection
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDebates on reparations for colonial atrocities highlight the relationship between international law, political time, and (in)justice. This paper examines Germany's foreclosure of reparation claims raised by descendants of survivors of its 1904–8 colonial genocide. The analysis draws on parliamentary interpellation records (1989–2021) around the question of German reparations to Namibia's Ovaherero and Nama. I argue that Germany mobilizes temporal rules of international law, especially the non-retroactivity of the Genocide Convention, to deflect from such claims. This strategy first confines the political question of colonial reparations to the international legal realm, only to then invalidate it via the temporal rule of law's non-retroactivity. I argue that this strategy enables a ‘chronopolitics of deflection’, by which Germany has pointed away from colonial reparations while directing attention to development assistance payments to Namibia. The paper relates these findings to theories of political time, arguing that Germany's reliance on the non-retroactivity of the Genocide Convention yields what I call a ‘projection of history as normatively temporalized time’. The paper concludes with critiques of the relationship between international law and colonial reparations, arguing that current invocations of inter-temporal and non-retroactive international law implicitly reiterate colonial law, thereby locking in place an unjust legal past.
The hydra and the sword: Constitutional amendments, political process, and the BBI case in Kenya
Authors: Bhatia Gautam 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study examines the landmark rulings in the “BBI Case”, adjudicated successively by the High Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court of Kenya, from the perspective of comparative political process theory [“CPPT”]. The BBI case involved a constitutional challenge to a set of seventy-four proposed constitutional amendments to the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. It raised a host of issues, ranging from the applicability of the basic structure doctrine, the role of the President in initiating constitutional change, Presidential immunity, and Fourth Branch institutions, among others. This paper analyses two crucial issues in the case: the articulation – for the first time in its history – of a process-oriented basic structure doctrine, by the High Court and the Court of Appeal; and the concurrent holding of the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court prohibiting the President of Kenya from initiating a constitutional amendment through the “popular initiative” route. It argues that on these issues, the Kenyan courts’ reasoning constitutes a creative, unique, and valuable contribution to CPPT, in the context of constitutional change. When faced with the possibility of abusive amendments within the framework of a two-tiered amendment process, the Kenyan courts responded by setting out rigorous procedural constraints upon the amendment power. As a corollary, the role of the judiciary under this approach is not to invalidate or veto abusive constitutional amendments, but to ensure that they pass through a substantive, rich, and deep process of public participation.
The Indian Supreme Court and constitutional amendments: insights for the debate on the comparative political process theory and the comparative representative reinforcement theory
Authors: Sethi Amal 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Comparative Political Process Theory or Comparative Representative Reinforcement Theory (CPPT/CRRT) is an emerging scholarly field that theorizes about the courts’ role in the broader comparative universe. Considered an intellectual descendent of John Hart Ely’s work in the American context, CPPT/CRRT emphasizes the courts’ role in preventing democratic backsliding, promoting equality, enhancing the efficacy of democratic institutions, fostering deliberative processes, and addressing the failures of majoritarian politics. CPPT/CRRT scholars generally advocate broadening judicial powers and capabilities to fulfill these roles. This article examines the practicality of such judicial responsibilities through the lens of the review of constitutional amendments in India. It concludes that, despite the theoretical aspirations of CPPT/CRRT, courts are unlikely to meet these expectations in practice due to their institutional limitations. The positive outcomes of judicial interventions tend to be more modest than the protective and proactive actions envisioned by CPPT/CRRT proponents. Moreover, the modest benefits also come at the cost of the potential adverse impacts that an empowered judiciary may impose on the constitutional fabric. Consequently, this article suggests a need for recalibration of CPPT/CRRT scholarship wherein its goals are moderated and its aspirational objectives balanced against the potential adverse effects of an empowered judiciary on constitutional systems.
Postemergence giant ragweed management as affected by soil and cover crop management, soybean planting time, and preemergence herbicide application
Authors: Chudzik Guilherme , Nunes Jose J. , Arneson Nicholas J. , DeWerff Ryan P. , Ferreira Victor de Sousa , Proctor Christopher , Stoltenberg David E. , Conley Shawn , Werle Rodrigo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Early soybean planting and cover crop adoption in the U.S. Midwest prompt investigation into the impact of these practices on weed community dynamics and best management practices. While previous research has explored different aspects of giant ragweed control, the specific integration among soil management practices, including cover crop adoption, soybean planting timing, and herbicide use, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study assessed the effects of soil management, soybean planting time, and preemergence (PRE) herbicide application on giant ragweed control and soybean yield in Wisconsin and Nebraska in 2022 and 2023. The study included a factorial arrangement of four soil management treatments (conventional tillage, no-till, and fall-planted cereal rye early terminated and terminated at planting [planting green]), two soybean planting times, and two PRE herbicide treatments (PRE and no PRE). POST herbicides were applied when ∼50% of giant ragweed plants within each treatment reached ∼10 cm in height. In Nebraska, cereal rye and tillage treatments without a PRE had at least 67% lower giant ragweed density than no-till at POST. In no-till, densities were at least 60% lower with PRE compared to no PRE. In Wisconsin, cereal rye did not reduce giant ragweed density at POST compared to no-till, likely due to relatively low biomass accumulation. In contrast, delayed soybean planting reduced giant ragweed density for most treatments but lowered soybean yield in no-till and planting-green treatments. The PRE herbicides had either no effect or positive effects on reducing giant ragweed density and increasing soybean yield. Overall, this study suggests that soil management and soybean planting timing are crucial for effective giant ragweed management in Wisconsin, where biotypes with a long emergence window during the spring and summer are present, while in Nebraska, soil management and soybean planting timing are less critical due to giant ragweed biotypes with an early and short emergence window in the spring.
Optimizing pyroxasulfone-coated fertilizer in cotton
Authors: Dean Brock A. , Cahoon Charles W. , Collins Guy D. , Jordan David L. , Taylor Zachary R. , Forehand Jacob C. , de Sanctis Jose S. , Lee James H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Two studies were conducted in 2022 and 2023 near Rocky Mount and Clayton, NC, to determine the optimal granular ammonium sulfate (AMS) rate and application timing for pyroxasulfone-coated AMS. In the rate study, AMS rates included 161, 214, 267, 321, 374, 428, and 481 kg ha−1, equivalent to 34, 45, 56, 67, 79, 90, and 101 kg N ha−1, respectively. All rates were coated with pyroxasulfone at 118 g ai ha−1 and topdressed onto 5- to 7-leaf cotton. In the timing study, pyroxasulfone (118 g ai ha−1) was coated on AMS and topdressed at 321 kg ha−1 (67 kg N ha−1) onto 5- to 7-leaf, 9- to 11-leaf, and first bloom cotton. In both studies, weed control and cotton tolerance to pyroxasulfone-coated AMS were compared to pyroxasulfone applied POST and POST-directed. The check in both studies received non-herbicide-treated AMS (321 kg ha−1). Before treatment applications, all plots (including the check) were maintained weed-free with glyphosate and glufosinate. In both studies, pyroxasulfone applied POST was most injurious (8% to 16%), while pyroxasulfone-coated AMS resulted in ≤4% injury. Additionally, no differences in cotton lint yield were observed in either study. With the exception of the lowest rate of AMS (161 kg ha−1; 79%), all AMS rates coated with pyroxasulfone controlled Palmer amaranth ≥83%, comparably to pyroxasulfone applied POST (92%) and POST-directed (89%). In the timing study, the application method did not affect Palmer amaranth control; however, applications made at the mid- and late timings outperformed early applications. These results indicate that pyroxasulfone-coated AMS can control Palmer amaranth comparably to pyroxasulfone applied POST and POST-directed, with minimal risk of cotton injury. However, the application timing could warrant additional treatment to achieve adequate late-season weed control.
Grass Weed Control and Rice Response with Tetflupyrolimet-containing Programs
Authors: Castner Mason C. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Butts Thomas R. , Roberts Trenton L. , Bateman Nick R. , Faske Travis R. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
Tetflupyrolimet is the first herbicide with a novel site of action labeled preemergence (PRE) and early postemergence for use in agronomic crops in the last three decades. Direct-seeded paddy rice field experiments were conducted near Stuttgart on a silt loam soil, AR, and Keiser on a clay soil, AR, to evaluate tetflupyrolimet-containing herbicide programs in comparison to commercial standards in conventional, imidazolinone-, and quizalofop-resistant rice systems. Additionally, a furrow-irrigated rice experiment was conducted near Colt, AR, on a silt loam soil, and Keiser to ensure clomazone and tetflupyrolimet mixtures compared to commercial standards. Twelve commonly planted rice cultivars were also evaluated in response to a single PRE or postemergence (POST) (2- to 3-leaf rice) application of tetflupyrolimet at 200 and 400 g ai ha-1 in a paddy rice system, near Colt. When averaged over soil texture and site-year, all herbicide programs, provided ≥98% barnyardgrass control at 56 d after (DA) the last application. Visible rice injury varied for each rice system. Still, injury rarely differed amongst herbicide programs, except at a single evaluation timing in the conventional (7 DA 3- to 4-leaf applications) and quizalofop-resistant (preflood) systems. All 12 rice cultivars displayed a high tolerance level to a single PRE or POST application of tetflupyrolimet at 200 and 400 g ai ha-1. No visible injury, stand loss, or negative impact on rice maturity or reduced grain yield was observed for any cultivar. Tetflupyrolimet will be an effective alternative SOA in a program approach for barnyardgrass while maintaining excellent rice crop safety.
Seasonal Mixed Layer Temperature in the Congolese Upwelling System
Authors: Ngakala R. D. , Alory G. , Da‐Allada C. Y. , Dadou I. , Cardot C. , Morvan G. , Jouanno J. , Illig S. , Baloïtcha E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe Congolese upwelling system (CoUS), located along the West African coast north of the Congo River, is one of the most productive and least studied systems in the Gulf of Guinea. The minimum sea surface temperature in the CoUS occurs in austral winter, when the winds are weak and not particularly favorable to coastal upwelling. Here, for the first time, we use a high‐resolution regional ocean model to identify the key atmospheric and oceanic processes that control the seasonal evolution of the mixed layer temperature in a 1°‐wide coastal band from 6°S to 4°S. The model is in good agreement with observations on seasonal timescales, and in particular, it realistically reproduces the signature of the surface upwelling during the austral winter, the shallow mixed layer due to salinity stratification, and the signature of coastal wave propagation. The analysis of the mixed layer heat budget for the year 2016 reveals a competition between warming by air‐sea fluxes, dominated by the incoming shortwave radiation throughout the year, and cooling by vertical mixing at the base of the mixed layer, as other tendency terms remain weak. The seasonal cooling is induced by vertical mixing, where local wind‐driven dynamics play a secondary role compared to subsurface processes. A subsurface analysis shows that remotely forced coastal‐trapped waves raise the thermocline from April to August, which strengthens the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer and leads to the mixing‐induced seasonal cooling in the Congolese upwelling system.
15N Fractionation of Nitrate Formation Constrained by Dual Oxygen Isotopes Provides Insight Into Its Source Identification in Urban Haze
Authors: Feng Xinxin , Chen Yingjun , Peng Yu , Song Weiwei , Chen Jianmin , Chen Tian 
Published: January 2025

Abstractδ15N‐NO3− is widely used to trace the NOx/NO3− emission sources without unique source tracers. However, there is still controversy regarding the 15N fractionation effects during NO3− formation, leading to uncertain source apportionment. To address this, this study introduces dual oxygen isotopes (∆17O and δ18O) to constrain the 15N fractionation (∆15N‐∆17O/∆15N‐δ18O) of NO3− formation and compare the impact of δ15N‐NOx (∆17O) and δ15N‐NOx (δ18O) on NOx/NO3− source apportionment. Results found significant differences in ∆15N‐∆17O (−3.7 ∼ +16.1‰) and ∆15N‐δ18O (+8.5 ∼ +16.2‰) in haze, reflecting the ∆15N from three pathways (NO2 + OH, NO3 + HC, N2O5 hydrolysis) and two pathways (NO2 + OH and N2O5 hydrolysis), respectively. The 15N fractionation value differences obtained by dual oxygen isotopes increases with the increase of NO3 + HC contribution (0.02–0.65). Additionally, different results of NOx/NO3− sources apportionment were obtained by δ15N‐NOx(17O) and δ15N‐NOx(δ18O) in NO3 + HC‐induced haze. For example, δ15N‐NOx(17O) identified coal combustion (46 ± 8%) and biomass burning (32 ± 3%) as major NOx/NO3− sources in Zibo haze. Conversely, δ15N‐NOx(δ18O) revealed mobile sources (55 ± 8%) and biomass burning (22 ± 5%) as main contributors. Evidence from diurnal variation of sources and characteristics of source tracers show that δ15N‐NOx(17O) analysis is more sensitive and accurate than δ15N‐NOx(δ18O). These results highlight the non‐negligible role of NO3 + HC in 15N fractionation during NO3− formation and provide insight into improving 15N tracing techniques for NOx/NO3− source identification through the constraint of dual oxygen isotopes.
Radiation Impact of the Halloween GLE Events During the October–November 2003 Period
Authors: Larsen N. , Mishev A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFrom late October to early November 2003, one of the strongest recorded geomagnetic storms occurred due to heightened solar activity. Three ground‐level enhancement events (GLEs) took place during this period, GLE 65, 66, and 67, known as the Halloween events. In this work we expand upon and use, the newly developed and verified dosimetric model Oulu CRAC:DOMO (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Cascade: Dosimetric Model) to compute the radiation impact of the Halloween events at an altitude typical for aviation, that is of 35 kft. Complex magnetospheric modeling was performed for each GLE event and the deep Forbush decrease present was reconstructed and accounted for. Using a conservative approach, the computed total effective dose for all three Halloween GLEs was 135 Sv in polar regions, an increase of 129% above the galactic cosmic ray background induced dose. While this is a significant increase, we conclude that the radiation hazard posed to aircrew and passengers was relatively minor. In addition, a comparison between flight dosimetric measurements taken during the Halloween events and CRAC:DOMO showed a good agreement.
Microscopic and quantitative characterization of germanium-indium bearing by-product from heavy metal metallurgy
Authors: Piotrowicz Andrzej , Noga Piotr , Skrzekut Tomasz , Kozub-Budzyń Gabriela A. , Wędrychowicz Maciej , Skarupska Dominika 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article presents the results of study on the material characterization of germanium-indium drosses (Ge-In-D). Ge-In-D are a by-product of obtaining zinc and lead, which are currently not processed yet. Due to the exceptionally high concentrations of germanium and indium in them, as well as the commercial value of these elements, it became important to properly identify Ge-In-D, which was the aim of this work. Ge-In-D were characterized quantitatively and microscopic analyzes were also performed. The chemical composition of Ge-In-D was determined as follows (percentage by mass): 27.195% Sn; 20.737% Pb; 15.764% Cu; 9.782% As; 9.274% Ge; 7.875% In; 3.872% Fe; 2.617% Ag; S, Ni, Zn, Ga, Se, Cd, Sb as the rest. The combination of granulometry and chemical analyzes shows that germanium and indium tend to accumulate in fine fractions.
Investigating heavy quarkonia binding in an anisotropic-dense quark-gluon plasma with topological defects in the framework of fractional non-relativistic quark model
Authors: Abu-shady M. , Fath-Allah H. M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The quark-gluon plasma analysis relies on the heavy quark potential, which is influenced by the anisotropic plasma parameter

$$(\xi ),$$

(
ξ
)
,

temperature (t), and baryonic chemical potential (μ). Employing the generalized fractional derivative Nikiforov-Uvarov (GFD-NU) method, we solved the topologically-fractional Schrödinger equation. Two scenarios were explored: the classical model (α = β = 1) and the fractional model (α, β < 1). This allowed us to obtain the binding energy of charmonium

$$(c\bar{c})$$

(
c

c

¯

)

and bottomonium

$$(b\bar{b})$$

(
b

b

¯

)

in the 1p state. The presence of the topological defect leads to a splitting between the np and nd states. While increasing the temperature reduces the binding energy, increasing the anisotropic parameter has the opposite effect. Compared to the classical model, the fractional model yields lower binding energies. Additionally, the binding energy further decreases with increasing topological defect parameter, and the influence of the baryonic chemical potential is negligible. We also obtained the wave function for the p-state of charmonium and bottomonium. Here, increasing the anisotropic parameter shifts the wave function to higher values. Moreover, the wave function is lower in the fractional model compared to the classical model. Increasing the topological defect parameter again increases the wave function, while the baryonic chemical potential has no discernible effect.
MLP Enhanced CO2 Emission Prediction Model with LWSSA Nature Inspired Optimization
Authors: Mussa Agoub Abdulhafith Younes , Khalifa Wagdi M. S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Environmental degradation due to the rapid increase in CO₂ emissions is a pressing global challenge, necessitating innovative solutions for accurate prediction and policy development. Machine learning (ML) techniques offer a robust approach to modeling complex relationships between various factors influencing emissions. Furthermore, ML models can learn and interpret the significance of each factor’s contribution to the rise of CO2. This study proposes a novel hybrid framework combining a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) with an enhanced Locally Weighted Salp Swarm Algorithm (LWSSA) to address the limitations of traditional optimization techniques, such as premature convergence and stagnation in locally optimal solutions. The LWSSA improves the standard Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) by incorporating a Locally Weighted Mechanism (LWM) and a Mutation Mechanism (MM) for greater exploration and exploitation. The LWSSA-MLP framework achieved a prediction accuracy of 97% and outperformed traditional optimizer-based MLP models across several evaluation metrics. A permutation feature significance analysis identified global trade, coal energy, export levels, urbanization, and natural resources as the most influential factors in CO₂ emissions, offering valuable insights for targeted interventions. The study provides a reliable and scalable framework for CO₂ emission prediction, contributing to actionable strategies for sustainable development and environmental resilience.
E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP facilitates cAMP and cGMP signalling cross-talk by polyubiquitinating PDE9A
Authors: Hao Xiaoyan , Hu Zhengwei , Li Mengjie , Zhang Shuo , Tang Mibo , Hao Chenwei , Qi Shasha , Liang Yuanyuan , Almeida Michael F , Smith Kaitlan , Zuo Chunyan , Feng Yanmei , Guo Mengnan , Ma Dongrui , Li Shuangjie , Wang Zhiyun , Sun Yuemeng , Deng Zhifen , Mao Chengyuan , Xia Zongping , Jiang Yong , Gao Yanxia , Xu Yuming , Schisler Jonathan C , Shi Changhe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) is pivotal for managing misfolded and aggregated proteins via chaperone networks and degradation pathways. In a preclinical rodent model of CHIP-related ataxia, we observed that CHIP mutations lead to increased levels of phosphodiesterase 9A (PDE9A), whose role in this context remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of PDE9A in CHIP-related ataxia and demonstrated that CHIP binds to PDE9A, facilitating its polyubiquitination and autophagic degradation. Conversely, dysfunctional CHIP disrupts this process, resulting in PDE9A accumulation, increased cGMP hydrolysis, and impaired PKG phosphorylation of CHIP at serine 19. This cascade further amplifies PDE9A accumulation, ultimately disrupting mitophagy and triggering neuronal apoptosis. Elevated PKA levels inhibit PDE9A degradation, further exacerbating this neuronal dysfunction. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of PDE9A via Bay 73-6691 or virus-mediated CHIP expression restored the balance of cGMP/cAMP signalling. These interventions protect against cerebellar neuropathologies, particularly Purkinje neuron mitophagy dysfunction. Thus, PDE9A upregulation considerably exacerbates ataxia associated with CHIP mutations, and targeting the interaction between PDE9A and CHIP is an innovative therapeutic strategy for CHIP-related ataxia.
Structural insights into binding-site access and ligand recognition by human ABCB1
Authors: Kurre Devanshu , Dang Phuoc X , Le Le T M , Gadkari Varun V , Alam Amer 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
ABCB1 is a broad-spectrum efflux pump central to cellular drug handling and multidrug resistance in humans. However, how it is able to recognize and transport a wide range of diverse substrates remains poorly understood. Here we present cryo-EM structures of lipid-embedded human ABCB1 in conformationally distinct apo-, substrate-bound, inhibitor-bound, and nucleotide-trapped states at 3.4–3.9 Å resolution, in the absence of stabilizing antibodies or mutations. The substrate-binding site is located within one half of the molecule and, in the apo state, is obstructed by the transmembrane helix (TM) 4. Substrate and inhibitor binding are distinguished by major TM rearrangements and their ligand binding chemistry, with TM4 playing a central role in all conformational transitions. Furthermore, our data identify secondary structure-breaking residues that impart localized TM flexibility and asymmetry between the two transmembrane domains. The resulting structural changes and lipid interactions that are induced by substrate and inhibitor binding can predict substrate-binding profiles and may direct ABCB1 inhibitor design.