bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Walking and falling: Using robot simulations to model the role of errors in infant walking
Authors: Ossmy Ori , Han Danyang , MacAlpine Patrick , Hoch Justine , Stone Peter , Adolph Karen E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhat is the optimal penalty for errors in infant skill learning? Behavioral analyses indicate that errors are frequent but trivial as infants acquire foundational skills. In learning to walk, for example, falling is commonplace but appears to incur only a negligible penalty. Behavioral data, however, cannot reveal whether a low penalty for falling is beneficial for learning to walk. Here, we used a simulated bipedal robot as an embodied model to test the optimal penalty for errors in learning to walk. We trained the robot to walk using 12,500 independent simulations on walking paths produced by infants during free play and systematically varied the penalty for falling—a level of precision, control, and magnitude impossible with real infants. When trained with lower penalties for falling, the robot learned to walk farther and better on familiar, trained paths and better generalized its learning to novel, untrained paths. Indeed, zero penalty for errors led to the best performance for both learning and generalization. Moreover, the beneficial effects of a low penalty were stronger for generalization than for learning. Robot simulations corroborate prior behavioral data and suggest that a low penalty for errors helps infants learn foundational skills (e.g., walking, talking, and social interactions) that require immense flexibility, creativity, and adaptability.Research Highlights
During infant skill acquisition, errors are commonplace but appear to incur a low penalty; when learning to walk, for example, falls are frequent but trivial.
To test the optimal penalty for errors, we trained a simulated robot to walk using real infant paths and systematically manipulated the penalty for falling.
Lower penalties in training led to better performance on familiar, trained paths and on novel untrained paths, and zero penalty was most beneficial.
Benefits of a low penalty were stronger for untrained than for trained paths, suggesting that discounting errors facilitates acquiring skills that require immense flexibility and generalization.
Analysis of circRNA profiles and clinical value in Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Lv Pan , Huang Jiangxia , Yang Qianru , Yang Ting , Cao Xianwei , Liu Ougen , Zhang Zhibin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSevere cutaneous adverse drug reactions, including Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), are challenging to be early diagnosed and evaluate their prognoses. This investigation aimed to analyse the expression profiles of SJS/TEN in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and assess the correlation between circular RNA (circRNA) and disease severity. Sixteen SJS/TEN patients and sixteen controls were enrolled and serum samples of both groups were obtained. CircRNA expression profiles in three SJS/TEN patients and three controls were detected by RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were then performed. The differentially expressed circRNAs were verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Then, analysing the correlation of circRNAs with the toxic epidermal necrolysis‐specific severity of illness score (SCORTEN) and the epidermal detachment area. A total of 134 circRNAs were differentially expressed in the PBMCs of SJS/TEN individuals, according to our results. The qPCR showed that three circRNAs (hsa_circ_0000711, hsa_circ_0083619 and hsa_circ_0005615) were down‐regulated, and one circRNA (hsa_circ_0003028) was up‐regulated, which were compatible with the sequencing findings. The concentration of hsa_circ_0083619 was closely associated with the SCORTEN scale (r = −0.581, p = 0.037) and the epidermal detachment area (r = −0.576, p = 0.039). The circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA prediction network was used to construct the hsa_circ_0083619/miR‐18a‐5p/BCL2L10 axis. The hsa_circ_0083619 could serve as a disease severity indicator for SJS/TEN. Through bioinformatics analysis, we speculated that hsa_circ_0083619/miR‐18a‐5p/BCL2L10 axis might play a role in SJS/TEN pathogenesis.
AI literacy in geographic education and research: Capabilities, caveats, and criticality
Authors: Wilby Robert L. , Esson James 
Published: September 2023

AbstractConcerns about runaway artificial intelligence (AI) – including large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT – are at the forefront of contemporary political, social, and scientific discourse. This commentary provides a first look at ChatGPT's capabilities and limitations in supporting geographic research, critical thinking, learning, and curriculum development. We assessed ChatGPT's geographic knowledge, synthesising abilities, and potential for extrapolation. ChatGPT was employed for writing assistance, research evaluation, curriculum material creation, and content generation. Despite achieving scores of 47% to 55% on an actual exam paper, ChatGPT exhibited shortcomings including the generation of false references. Ethical concerns regarding academic misconduct, model bias, robustness, and toxic output were also identified. We assert that AI and LLMs like ChatGPT have transformative potential in Geography education and knowledge production but demand critical usage. Accordingly, we urge geographers to enhance AI literacy to enable responsible and effective use of these assistive technologies in our academic practice.
Embarking on the postdoc journey: Unveiling Chinese doctoral graduates' expectations and experiences
Authors: Zheng Gaoming , Li Liping , Zhai Yue , Shen Wenqin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhilst China has become home to the second largest doctoral education system in the world, with over 20% of its doctoral graduates taking up postdoctoral researcher positions inside and outside of China, a lack of information regarding the expectations of these doctoral graduates in pursuing postdocs has resulted in a failure to meet their expectations, leading to insufficient institutional support for their career development. In order to improve this situation and provide more tailored institutional support for Chinese postdocs, we conducted interviews with 30 doctoral graduates from elite Chinese universities from February 2020 to December 2021 to understand their expectations for and experiences of postdocs. The data identified four expected‐to‐accumulated capitals during postdoc experiences: personal scientific capital, discipline‐related social capital, institution‐related social capital and family‐related social capital. Among these, the primary consideration for engaging in postdocs is to enhance personal scientific capital in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Chinese doctoral graduates who choose domestic postdocs have higher expectations for increasing institution‐based social capital, while those who go abroad expect to develop discipline‐related social capital within the international academic community. Understanding these expectations will be instrumental in developing optimal approaches to providing institutional support for the career development of Chinese postdocs.
Patient perceptions of in‐hospital laboratory blood testing: A patient‐oriented and patient co‐designed qualitative study
Authors: Pokharel Surakshya , Khawaja Zoha , Williams Jonathan , Mithwani Adnan Adil , Strain Kimberly , Khanna Prachi , Rychtera Anna , Kiryanova Veronika , Tang Karen , Mathura Pamela , Hylton Chris , Ambasta Anshula 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundIndiscriminate use of laboratory blood testing in hospitals contributes to patient discomfort and healthcare waste. Patient engagement in low‐value healthcare can help reduce overuse. Understanding patient experience is necessary to identify opportunities to improve patient engagement with in‐hospital laboratory testing.ObjectivesTo understand patient experience with the process of in‐hospital laboratory blood testing.MethodsWe used a qualitative study design via semistructured interviews conducted online or over the phone. Participants were adult patients or family members/caregivers (≥18 years of age) with a recent (within 12 months of interview) experience of hospitalization in Alberta or British Columbia, Canada. We identified participants through convenience sampling and conducted interviews between May 2021 and June 2022. We analysed transcripts using thematic content analysis. Recruitment was continued until code saturation was reached.ResultsWe interviewed 16 participants (13 patients, 1 family member and 2 caregivers). We identified four themes from patients' experiences of in‐hospital laboratory blood testing: (i) patients need information from healthcare teams about expected blood testing processes, (ii) blood draw processes should consider patient comfort and preferences, (iii) patients want information from their healthcare teams about the rationale and frequency of blood testing and (iv) patients need information on how their testing results affect their medical care.ConclusionCurrent laboratory testing processes in hospitals do not facilitate shared decision‐making and patient engagement. Patient engagement with laboratory testing in hospitals requires an empathetic healthcare team that provides clear communication regarding testing procedures, rationale and results, while considering patient preferences and offering opportunities for involvement.Patient or Public ContributionWe interviewed 16 patients and/or family members/caregivers regarding their in‐hospital laboratory blood testing experiences. Our findings show correlations between patient needs and patient recommendations to make testing processes more patient‐centred. To bring a lived‐experience lens to this study, we formed a Patient Advisory Council with 9–11 patient research partners. Our patient research partners informed the research design, co‐developed participant recruitment strategies, co‐conducted data collection and informed the data analysis. Some of our patient research partners are co‐authors of this manuscript.
The influence of first desaturase subfamily genes on fatty acid synthesis, desiccation tolerance and inter‐caste nutrient transfer in the termite Coptotermes formosanus
Authors: Xu Danni , Tong Yuxin , Chen Bosheng , Li Baoling , Wang Shengyin , Zhang Dayu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDesaturase enzymes play an essential role in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). In this study, we identified seven “first desaturase” subfamily genes (Cfor‐desatA1, Cfor‐desatA2‐a, Cfor‐desatA2‐b, Cfor‐desatB‐a, Cfor‐desatB‐b, Cfor‐desatD and Cfor‐desatE) from the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus. These desaturases were highly expressed in the cuticle and fat body of C. formosanus. Inhibition of either the Cfor‐desatA2‐a or Cfor‐desatA2‐b gene resulted in a significant decrease in the contents of fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2) in worker castes. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of most of desaturase genes identified in this study had a negative impact on the survival rate and desiccation tolerance of workers. Interestingly, when normal soldiers were reared together with dsCfor‐desatA2‐b‐treated workers, they exhibited higher mortality, suggesting that desaturase had an impact on trophallaxis among C. formosanus castes. Our findings shed light on the novel roles of desaturase family genes in the eusocial termite C. formosanus.
British Society of Paediatric Dentistry: A policy document on dental neglect in children
Authors: Ridsdale Lucy , Gilchrist Fiona , Balmer Richard C. , Skelton Ruth , Sidebotham Peter D. , Harris Jenny C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe British Society of Paediatric Dentistry's (BSPD) first policy document on dental neglect was published online in 2009. It proposed a new original definition of dental neglect, discussed the identification of dental neglect and recommended adopting a tiered response, with three stages of intervention according to level of concern. Furthermore, it detailed how the dental team should both contribute to the child protection process and implement wider measures to safeguard and promote children's welfare. Since 2009, these concepts have been widely adopted in the UK and beyond. Furthermore, there have been significant advances in both research and practice. Policy documents produced by the BSPD represent a majority view, based on the consideration of currently available evidence, and are tailored to a UK working environment. Although this updated document's recommendations remain broadly unchanged, this version reflects the professions' progress in understanding dental neglect and minor updates to terminology and, following a consultation process, has been amended to address the needs of two main audiences—dental professionals and nondental health and social care professionals—in order to enhance interdisciplinary working.
Sales channel competition for supply chain with the blockchain technology
Authors: Kang Yuxuan , Shi Xianliang , Liu Shuai 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe emerging blockchain‐supported platforms (BSPs) become prevalent with higher product quality and guaranteed authenticity, making the competition between BSP and traditional sales channels (TSC) gain attention. To explore the optimal operation strategies for retailers in TSC and BSP, we develop the vertically differentiated model to describe the channel competition and derive optimal decisions for two retailers. Then, the BSP's comparative advantage and the value of blockchain technology are analyzed. Next, we examine how blockchain quality disclosure and network externalities affect channel competition, as well as the impact of government policies. We find that (i) a higher quality improvement in BSP will simultaneously increase both retail prices and retailers’ profit under some circumstances. Meanwhile, the counterfeit sold in the TSC and channel switching hassle in the BSP make retailers’ products less competitive and reduce profits, respectively. (ii) Being a BSP retailer is not necessarily better, as blockchain's effect on product quality and consumer experience determines market share and profitability. Whether consumers can benefit from blockchain depends on the basic value of the BSP product and the aggregate level of consumer utility from the BSP. (iii) Blockchain‐based quality disclosures and network externalities might not always benefit BSPs, they could increase BSP retailers’ costs or increase competition in the market. (iv) The strict supervision policy reduces the TSC retailer's profit and product quality. Meanwhile, the technology subsidy policy contributes to the development of the BSP, but the BSP retailer needs to be wary of uncontrolled price increases due to policy spillover effects.
Morgan Stanley Perspectives on Sustainable Investing: Acceleration and Integration
Authors: Choi Audrey 
Published: September 2023

The CEO of Morgan Stanley's Institute for Sustainable Investing discusses recent developments in the field since the founding of the Institute three years ago. The position of the Institute, which works across Morgan Stanley businesses as well as with external partners, provides a unique vantage point for assessing both the company's and the financial industry's progress in advancing the goals of sustainability.Since its inception, the Institute has focused on measuring investor interest and highlighting the performance realities of sustainable investing strategies, with the ultimate goal of helping to increase the adoption of such strategies by not only Morgan Stanley's clients, but throughout the industry. Drawing on its own survey data and on the research and views of the Institute's internal and external collaborators, the author describes not only the acceleration of investor interest and the emergence of new players, but also the progressive integration of sustainability with more traditional methods as ESG issues move from being peripheral to “material” and “strategic” considerations. Such integration is helping to ensure that sustainability concerns—and corporate efforts to deal with them—will prove more than just a temporary trend and assume a prominent, and permanent, position in the dialogue between companies and investors.
Apocynin exerts cytoprotective effects on dexamethasone‐induced osteoblasts by inhibiting oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Xinglong , Pang Ran , Zhang Kai , Xu Qian , Xu Chunlei , Shi Wei , Liang Xinyu , Li Dong , Cui Wenhao , Bai Shucai , Li Zhijun , Li Hui , Zhang Huafeng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteroid‐induced femoral head necrosis (SIFHN) is a serious clinical complication that is caused by prolonged or excessive use of glucocorticoids (GCs). Osteoblast apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation dysfunction caused by GC‐induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment are strongly implicated in SIFHN. Apocynin (APO) is a kind of acetophenone extracted from an herb. In recent years, APO has received much attention for its antiapoptotic and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate whether APO could protect against SIFHN and explore the mechanism. In our study, low‐dose APO had no toxic effects on osteoblasts and restored dexamethasone (Dex)‐treated osteoblasts by improving survival, inhibiting OS and restoring mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, APO alleviated Dex‐induced osteoblast injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway, and the use of ML385 to block Nrf2 significantly eliminated the protective effect of APO. In addition, APO could reduce the formation of empty lacunae, restore bone mass and promote the expression of Nrf2 in SIFHN rats. In conclusion, APO protects osteoblasts from Dex‐induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through activation of the Nrf2 pathway and may be a beneficial drug for the treatment of SIFHN.
First record of intraspecific cleaning behavior by the threatened Leuciscidae Squalius alburnoides (Steindachner, 1866) at the Guadiana River basin (Portugal)
Authors: Soares Marta C. , Cardoso Sónia C. , Fernandes Pedro , Alves José C. , Anastácio Pedro M. , Banha Filipe 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSqualius alburnoides (Steindachner, 1866) is an endemic threatened species from the Iberian Peninsula. Here, we report the first observations of intraspecific cleaning behavior in isolated summer pools in the Guadiana River Basin (Portugal). We found that focal S. alburnoides solicited cleaning by adopting an immobile tail‐stand position known as “posing,” which immediately signaled a response to a few conspecifics that approached and inspect them. Our study expands the list of cleanerfish species in freshwaters, giving emphasis to the importance of mutual positive behavior within an endangered species, particularly when facing seasonal disturbance.
Exploring Australian dietitians' experiences and preparedness for working in residential aged care facilities
Authors: Bartrim Karly , Wright Olivia R. L. , Moyle Wendy , Ball Lauren 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundDietitians are increasingly working in residential aged care facilities (RACF). As such, supporting the RACF dietetic workforce is imperative. This qualitative study explored dietitians' experiences and preparedness for working in RACFs.MethodsA qualitative descriptive approach from a non‐singular reality relational position was used. Recruitment occurred through convenience and snowball sampling, including contacting a list of dietitians who had previously consented to be contacted for research. The interviews included a semi‐structured approach. Data were analysed using constant comparison and reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThirty‐one dietitians (n = 29 female; median age, 39 years) with a range of career experience participated in an interview. Interviews ranged from 25 to 68 min (mean duration, 41 min). Five themes and 14 subthemes were identified. Themes were: (1) joining the aged care workforce was not initially considered a career option, (2) difficulty sustaining satisfaction working in aged care, (3) navigating practical challenges working with residents while prioritising quality care, (4) poor acknowledgement of the dietitian role by staff and (5) grappling with a moral desire to improve the aged care sector.ConclusionDietitians face many challenges in fulfilling their role in RACFs, including RACF staff's poor understanding of dietitians' scope and a lack of procedural support for their daily activities. Dietitians report that genuine improvements in their job satisfaction and experiences of older adults require structural reform within the government, beyond their locus of control.
Effectiveness of a preceptors' social support program to aid novice nurses' error experience on preceptors' skill and novice nurses' perception of social support: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Tomooka Misa , Matsumoto Chiharu , Maeda Hitomi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effectiveness of the preceptors' social support program (PSSP) on preceptors' social support skill—supportive relationships and post‐error support—and novice nurses' perception of received social support.MethodsThis study employed a quasi‐experimental pretest–posttest design with a control group of a non‐random assigned sample of 47 preceptors and novice nurses and an intervention group of 48 each. Intervention group preceptors received training in building supportive relationships skill and post‐error support skills three times in the PSSP over 7 months. Preceptors' social support skill and novice nurses' perception of received social support were measured as primary outcomes. Data were collected at baseline (T0), 1 month after the second session (T1), and 1 month after the last session (T2) and analyzed.ResultsNo significant differences in demographics or scores were shown at baseline (T0). Preceptors in the intervention group showed significantly better supportive relationships (T2, 101.6 ± 9 vs. 96.9 ± 7.6, 95% CI [0.95, 8.42], p = .015) and better performance of post‐error support (T2, 67.6 ± 5 vs. 62 ± 6.5, 95% CI [2.78, 8.32], p < .001). Intervention group preceptors' social support skill increased or remained stable, while it decreased over time in the control group. Novice nurses in the intervention group received significantly better supportive relationships and post‐error support from preceptors (T2, median 112 vs. 101, p = .007; 70.5 vs. 65, p = .028, respectively).ConclusionsThe PSSP improved preceptors’ supportive relationship skills and post‐error support performance, leading to novice nurses' perceptions of better supportive relationships and receiving greater post‐error support.
‘The rules are all over the place’: Mass Observation, time, and law in the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: BEYNON‐JONES SIÂN , GRABHAM EMILY , HENDRIE NADINE 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article analyses practices of pandemic time making that surrounded the imposition and communication of laws restricting daily life in parts of the United Kingdom in spring 2020. With colleagues, we commissioned a Mass Observation Project directive in summer 2020, asking contributors about their everyday experience of time during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We analyse how legal temporalities emerge across 228 responses. Initially, law making seemed belated, missing the disruptive temporalities of the pandemic. Once they arrived, pandemic rules were sudden, changeable, and confusing. Mass Observation writers forged clusters of improvised practices – tactics of anticipation – to cope with these unsettling temporalities. Meanwhile, the Hansard Society, the Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments, and legal commentators argued that ‘fast‐track’ pandemic law making was error ridden, putting the public at risk of unwitting criminal liability. Attentive to ‘polyrhythmic’ temporalities operating across fields of experience and action, our study underlines the contradictory qualities of apparently resonant constructions of legal time.