bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thymic Involution: Effect on T Cell Differentiation
Authors: Hirokawa Katsuiku , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The thymus of long-lived BC3F1 mice involutes progressively throughout life, beginning at 6 weeks of age. This is manifested by the loss of cortical lymphoid mass and by the degenerative changes in epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent age-related degenerative changes of the thymus affect its capacity to influence the maturation of thymic-derived (T) cells. Accordingly, thymic lobes of mice ranging in age from 1 day to 33 months were implanted under the kidney capsule of T cell-deprived syngeneic young adult TXB mice, and the emergence of T cells was assessed kinetically by various morphologic and functional indices which may be reflective of different T cell subpopulations. They are: a) histology of the thymus graft, b) lymphocyte repopulation of the T cell-dependent areas of lymph nodes, c) total number of splenic lymphocytes carrying θ antigens (θ+), d) T cell-dependent humoral immune response and e) proliferative response of splenic cells to plant lectins, phytohe-magglutinin (PHA) and succinyl-concanavalin A (s-Con A), and allogeneic lymphocytes. The results revealed that the T cell-transforming influence of thymic tissues generally decreases with increasing age. The difference in the patterns of recovery of the various indices of thymus-grafted TXB mice suggests that the extent to which T cells can mature is dependent upon the degree of involution the thymic tissue has undergone with age. In particular, thymic tissues lose the capacity to influence the following functions with advancing age: 1) lymphocyte repopulation of the T cell-dependent areas of lymph nodes; 2) mitogenic reactivity of splenic cells to T cell-specific mitogens (PHA and s-Con A); 3) number of splenic θ+ lymphocytes and splenic T cell helper function; and 4) mitogenic reactivity of splenic T cells to allogeneic lymphocytes.
Effect of Nonspecific Stimulation on the Defense Mechanisms of Inbred Mice
Authors: Medina Socrates , Vas Stephen I. , Robson Hugh G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acquired resistance to facultative intracellular parasites was investigated in C57BL/6J inbred mice susceptible to Salmonella typhimurium but inherently resistant to Listeria monocytogenes and in A/J inbred mice which showed the reverse relationship.
A/J but not C57BL/6J mice were protected against S. typhimurium challenge by S. typhimurium phenol vaccine, S. typhimurium purified RNA, or L. monocytogenes purified RNA. C57BL/6J but not A/J could be protected against L. monocytogenes challenge by L. monocytogenes phenol vaccine, S. typhimurium RNA, or L. monocytogenes RNA. Yeast RNA, calf thymus RNA, BCG and poly (I:C) protected A/J against Salmonella and C57BL/6J against Listeria challenge.
Enumeration of viable organisms in the RNA and BCG-stimulated animals after challenge indicated that macrophage activation had probably taken place. The RNA-elicited protection was long lasting and waned after about 60 days. Enhanced resistance to S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes can be stimulated by nonliving substances bearing no known antigenic relationship to the pathogen. Enhanced resistance is elicited only in the host with a background of inherent resistance to the specific pathogen.
Development of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Sidman Charles L. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ontogeny of Ig(+), θ(+) and “null” (Ig-, θ-) lymphocytes in the mouse spleen was followed. An event was found at about 10 days after birth when the percentage of Ig(+) lymphocytes in the spleen begins to rise sharply, and the percentage of “null” lymphocytes falls. The Ig(+) lymphocytes before and after this event were then evaluated by four criteria pertaining to B cells. Three of these, the presence of C3 receptors, “capping” behavior, and the amount and/or disposition of surface Ig distinguished the Ig(+) lymphocytes before the event described from those present afterward. The fourth criterion, the presence of Fc receptors, did not distinguish between the early and mature forms of Ig(+) lymphocytes.
Functional Studies of Peyer's Patches: Evidence for Their Participation in Intestinal Immune Responses
Authors: Müller-Schoop Jürg W. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pattern of responsiveness of lymphocytes from Peyer's patches, spleen, mesenteric, and inguinal nodes of guinea pigs was compared after oral and parenteral immunization. After oral immunization with BCG, Peyer's patch lymphocytes showed the best in vitro proliferative responses to PPD (tuberculin). Responsiveness to Clostridia, normal constituents of the intestinal microflora, also was significant in Peyer's patches, and low or absent in the other lymphoid tissues examined. In animals immunized parenterally with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lymphocytes from the spleen reacted best to PPD and those from Peyer's patches least. Selective elimination of B or T cells from PPD-reactive Peter's patch lymphocyte populations showed that the T cell-rich fraction remained responsive to PPD, the B cell-rich fraction became unresponsive, but both fractions reacted to Clostridia. We conclude from this experiment that a functional T cell population is present in these organs.
Peyer's patches in the guinea pig are immunocompetent lymphoid organs which seem to be primarily engaged in immune responses to antigens presented from the intestinal lumen.
Effect of Anti-β2-Microglobulin on Antigen and Allogeneic Lymphocyte-Induced Proliferation of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: McCalmon Robert T. , Kubo Ralph T. , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of anti-β2-microglobulin (β2m) on the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and an antigen-induced proliferative response was studied. Anti-β2m IgG and Fab′ fragments completely inhibited the MLR. Preincubation of stimulator or responder cells with anti-β2m suggested that the major effect of anti-β2m may be on the responder cell population. A clear-cut effect on responder cells was demonstrated by showing that anti-β2m completely inhibited a MLR in which the stimulator population was a β2m negative lymphoblastoid cell line. Anti-β2m also inhibited PPD-induced proliferation of sensitized lymphocytes. The kinetics of this inhibition indicated that anti-β2m added within the first 18 hr of stimulation was effective in inhibiting the proliferative response. These data are discussed in light of the hypothesis that β2m may be a subunit of an antigen receptor on T cells.
Preventive Effect of Hapten-Reactive Thymus-Derived Helper Lymphocytes on the Tolerance Induction in Hapten-Specific Precursors of Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Inada Tetsushi , Yamashita Uki , Kitagawa Masayasu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role(s) of helper T lymphocytes in preventing or altering tolerance induction in DNP-specific B lymphocytes was studied. As DNP-reactive helper T cells were reactive against the DNP-portion of the DNP-D-GL molecule, we could probe definitively the physiological role of helper T cells in preventing tolerance induction in B lymphocytes by DNP-D-GL. The results demonstrated that the induction of DNP-specific B cell tolerance by DNP-D-GL can be completely prevented by the presence of DNP-reactive helper T cells, and provide evidence that one critical role of helper T cell participation in humoral responses to antigens is to circumvent the development of a tolerogenic signal that, in the absence of such T cell function, might otherwise ensue after binding of the anti-genic determinants by specific B lymphocytes.
IgE Antibody-Specific Abrogation of an Established Immune Response in Mice by Modified Antigens
Authors: Bach Michael K. , Brashler John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
DBA/1 mice were immunized with low doses of oval-bumin and alumina gel to elicit an IgE response which could be augmented upon reimmunization. Treatment of IgE-producing mice with high doses of chemically modified ovalbumin preparations markedly reduced or eliminated the ability of the mice to respond to subsequent reimmunizations with low doses of ovalbumin. It was found that the primary structural requirement for efficacy of the modified ovalbumins was reduced antigenicity to prevent the anaphylactic demise of the animals. Cumulative doses of 0.5 mg or more given in several increments, i.v., afforded optimal protection. The protection was antigen-specific and persisted for 2 to 3 months regardless of intervening exposures of the animals to low doses of antigen. It could be extended by further courses of treatment. There was no correlation between the levels of circulating hemagglutinating or total antibody and the induction of unresponsiveness. Nor was the passive administration of antibody able to approximate the effects of the modified antigens. It is suggested that the induction of the IgE class specific unresponsiveness in responding animals may take place via effects on T cells.
Receptors for Immunoglobulin and Complement on Human Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Atkinson John P. , Newball Harold H. , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific cell membrane surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement components were identified by rosette fromation on in vitro cultured alveolar macrophages obtained from 24 humans and from rabbits. Respiratory macrophages have easily identified receptors for IgG and the C3b fragment of the third component of complement. A macrophage receptor for the C3d fragment was detected only when purified human complement components were used to form erythrocyte-antibody-C3 immune complexes but was not detected when whole human serum was used as the source of complement. No IgM cell receptor was identified. Thus, with respect to membrane receptors, alveolar macrophages resemble peripheral blood monocytes. These studies in addition emphasize the importance of using a variety of immune reagents, expecially the use of human reagents, to determine correctly these cell receptors.
Prolongation of Allograft Survival in Mice by Administration of Anti-Thy 1 Serum
Authors: Gelfand Michael C. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single 0.5-ml dose of anti-Thy 1.2 serum raised in AKR (H-2k, Thy 1.1) mice by immunization with C3H (H-2k, Thy 1.2) thymocytes prglonged mean graft survival (MGS) of C57BL/6 (H-2b, Thy 1.2) skin on BALB/c (H-2d, Thy 1.2) mice from 9.2 to 13.0 days (p &lt; 0.01). Absorption of anti-Thy 1.2 serum with C3H but not AKR brain removed this activity. MGS was prolonged by anti-Thy 1.2 serum given as long as 2 weeks before grafting. Four separately raised anti-Thy 1.2 preparations prolonged MGS, one to a dilution of 1:128. Anti-Thy 1.1 serum prolonged MGS on AKR mice but not on BALB/c mice. Thymectomy 3 weeks or more before graft placement or treatment of BALB/c mice with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) diminished the effectiveness of anti-Thy 1.2 serum. Furthermore, infusion of 25 × 106 spleen cells from BALB/c mice given anti-Thy 1.2 serum prolonged MGS on syngeneic recipients to 15.6 days whereas spleen cells from mice given no treatment or ALS had no effect. Thymocytes from anti-Thy 1.2 serum-treated donors were slightly less effective and lymph node cells were ineffective in prolonging MGS on transfer. Transfer of serum from anti-Thy 1.2 serum-treated mice also had no effect. The transfer of graft prolongation with lymphoid cells from anti-Thy 1 serum treated mice suggests anti-Thy 1 serum may prolong MGS by activating suppressor T cells.
Physicochemical Characterization of Chemotactic Lymphokines Produced by Human T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Altman Leonard C. , Chassy Bruce , Mackler Bruce F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ostensibly pure populations of T and B lymphocytes were separated from peripheral human blood by a sequential rosetting method. These cells, and mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) cell preparations (60 to 85% T cells), were cultured in vitro and the supernatants of these cultures were assayed for chemotactic lymphokine (CTX) activity. B lymphocytes were activated to produce CTX by binding erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and complement (EAC) to their C3 receptors and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of isolated T cells was used to produce T cell-derived CTX. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography of supernatants obtained from T and B cell cultures showed that both cell types produce a CTX of approximate molecular weight 12,500 daltons. This result is identical to that previously obtained in characterizing the CTX produced by buffy coat leukocytes. Isoelectric focusing of lymphocyte supernatants and chemotactically active Sephadex G-100 fractions showed that the CTX produced by B cells and PHA-stimulated MNL contained two peaks of lymphokine activity, a major peak at pH 10.1 and a minor peak at pH 5.6. Additionally, these studies show that the chemotactic complement peptide C5a has an isoelectric point of pH 8.7 and is antigenically distinct from T and B cell-derived CTX. These data indicate that B and T lymphocyte-derived CTX, although relatively homogenous by gel filtration, contain two isoelectrically distinct species. In addition, these findings suggest that T and B cells although possessing different membrane receptors and requiring different mechanisms of activation to initiate lymphokine synthesis, produce lymphokines with identical physicochemical properties.
Naturally Occurring Low Molecular Weight IgM in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Harisdangkul Valee , McDougal J. Stephen , Knapp Michael , Christian Charles L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for purification of low molecular weight IgM (LMW IgM) which utilized salt precipitation, gel filtration, and insoluble immunoadsorbents is described. The yield from pathologic sera containing LMW IgM in the range of 15 to 36 mg% was approximately 20%. Antisera prepared against LMW IgM, IgM, and reduced-alkylated IgM recognized common determinants. Purified LMW IgM from seropositive rheumatoid subjects did not have rheumatoid factor activity in agglutination tests but demonstrated binding to 125I-labeled aggregated IgG. LMW IgM from a patient with SLE and vasculitis had anti-nuclear factor activity and anti-native DNA activity. When complexed with reduced-alkylated aggregated IgG, LMW IgM and IgM with anti-IgG activity were essentially equivalent on a weight basis in complement fixation. The source and function of LMW in biologic processes remain unknown.
Detection and Quantitation in Plasma and Synovial Fluid of a Fragment of Human C4 with α Mobility Generated during the Activation of the Complement System
Authors: Perrin Luc H. , Shiraishi S. , Stroud Robert M. , Lambert Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A newly identified fragment of human C4 was detected, using a particular antiserum, in human serum after activation by heat-aggregated immunoglobulins, but not after activation of the complement alternative pathway. This fragment was shown to have a sedimentation velocity of approximately 2.5S, to be heat stable, and to exhibit α mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. This C4α mobility fragment was not generated in human C4 deficient serum but was generated in human C2 deficient serum after incubation with heat-aggregated immunoglobulin. After precipitation of native C4 and its higher molecular weight fragments from serum by polyethylene glycol, it was possible to quantitate the lower molecular weight C4 α mobility fragment by radial immunodiffusion. In kinetic experiments, it was shown that the C4α mobility fragment was generated after some delay when compared to the disappearance of C4 hemolytic activity. Quantitation of the C4α mobility fragment may be of further use in human diseases for the evaluation of the catabolism of C4: joint fluids of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis contained high levels of the C4α mobility fragment, and low concentrations were found in patients with degenerative joint disease.
Immunologic Hyporesponsiveness in Man to Group C Meningococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Artenstein Malcolm S. , Brandt Brenda L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using a hemagglutination-inhibition assay, certain lots of purified group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines were found to contain trace amounts of group C polysaccharide (0.032 to 0.128%). Young adult human volunteers inoculated with these vaccines showed a very poor group C serum anti-polysaccharide antibody response as determined by a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Two weeks later volunteers were given a 50-µg subcutaneous injection of purified group C polysaccharide. Serum specimens obtained 1 month later showed a significant suppression of group C antibody response in comparison with subjects who had initially received group A vaccines which were free of group C antigen. The observed hyporesponsiveness may represent an example of immunologic tolerance in man.
The Control Exerted by Thymic Hormone (THF) on Cellular cAMP Levels and Immune Reactivity of Spleen Cells in the MLC Assay
Authors: Kook Abraham I. , Trainin Nathan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have shown previously that THF induces immunocompetence in lymphoid cells through the control of cellular cAMP levels and DNA synthesis. By the use of a one-way MLC assay it was now shown that the exposure of spleen cells to THF is accompanied by an increase, in the proliferative response of the responding cells. These effects are mediated by regulation of cellular levels of cAMP during the course of the MLC response. Thus, substances which modify cellular levels of cAMP such as DBcAMP, theophylline, and imidazole change the reactivity of cells exposed to THF in the MLC assay. It was also found here that cellular cAMP levels are critical in controlling the reactivity of normal spleen cells in the absence of THF. It is suggested that THF increases the number of competent cells in the spleen cell population capable of responding to antigenic stimulation in the MLC assay.
Antigen-Initiated B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Schlegel Robert A. , Shortman Ken 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Distinct sub-populations of B lymphocytes may be fractionated by passage through glass-bead columns, due to a temperature-independent adherence of certain cells. The relative adherence properties of AFC-progenitors from spleens of primed or unprimed CBA mice were compared with an adoptive immune assay employing as antigen the hapten NIP on the carrier polymerized flagellin, under conditions where T lymphocytes did not limit the response.
The AFC-progenitors for an anti-NIP IgM response from unprimed mice, whether conventional, germ-free, or athymic were more adherent than the majority of cells in the spleen. The AFC-progenitors for an IgG response from hapten-primed mice were less adherent than the majority of spleen cells. The results indicate that there are sub-classes of AFC-progenitors, differing in surface properties and probably corresponding to differences between the “antigen-inexperienced” and the “memory” B cell populations.
Isolation of Pure IgG Subclasses from Mouse Alloantiserum and Their Activity in Enhancement and Hyperacute Rejection of Skin Allografts
Authors: Jansen Jan L. J. , Koene Robert A. P. , v Kamp Gerard J. , Tamboer Wim P. M. , Wijdeveld Paul G. A. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
B6AF1 anti-B10.D2 ascites fluid was fractionated by molecular sieving. From the 7S fraction, IgG subclasses were isolated by affinity chromatography with specific antisera against mouse immunoglobulin subclasses coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Thus, 7S IgG1, 7S IgG2, 7S IgG2a, and 7S IgG2b were obtained which were completely pure by criteria of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. In the in vitro tests the 7S IgG1 completely lacked cytotoxic activity. All the other subclasses were able to induce lysis of B10.D2 cells in the presence of rabbit complement.
All subclasses were tested for their capacity to induce enhancement and hyperacute destruction of B10.D2 skin grafts in B6AF1 recipient mice, and for the dose-dependency of these effects. 7S IgG1, although showing clearcut enhancing activity, was completely inactive in inducing hyperacute destruction of the grafts, even if high doses were administered. By contrast, 7S IgG2 (IgG2a as well as IgG2b) was not only able to induce enhancement but also hyperacute destruction of the grafts. The results obtained with 7S IgG2 demonstrate that opposite biologic activities can be present within a single subclass.
Structural Studies on Induced Antibodies with Defined Idiotypic Specificities
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Tung Amar S. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses have been performed on three preparations of light chains of A/J mice. Light chains derived from the IgG of unimmunized animals were compared to light chains of anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies possessing a cross-reacting idiotype (CRI); the latter were derived from the ascites fluid of a single A/J mouse, or from the pooled ascites fluids of 18 A/J mice. The heavy chains of these same two antibody preparations had previously been shown to comprise a single, homogeneous sequence to position 40.
With few exceptions, the first 26 positions of light chains derived from unimmunized animals were extremely heterogeneous; the heterogeneity is comparable to that observed in a composite of sequence data on light chains of BALB/c myeloma proteins. Although the light chains obtained from anti-Ar antibodies possessing the CRI (whether from the pool of 18 A/J mice or from a single mouse) were more restricted in their sequence, at several positions as many as four alternative amino acids were detected.
These studies indicate that an antibody population with defined idiotypic specificity, and very possibly identical heavy chain sequences, may contain at least four distinct light chains. The feasibility of structural studies on antibodies induced in individual mice is further demonstrated.
Inhibition of in Vitro Lymphokine Synthesis by Glucocorticosteroids
Authors: Wahl S. M. , Altman L. C. , Rosenstreich D. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At pharmacological levels, glucocorticosteroids inhibited two antigen-induced lymphocyte functions, in vitro proliferation and lymphokine synthesis. Lymphocyte production of both macrophage chemotactic factor (CTX) and macrophage inhibition factor (MIF) were decreased in the presence of hydrocortisone. The corticosteroid also blocked the action of MIF on macrophages but did not interfere with the action of CTX on macrophages. Thus, steroids can suppress the immune response at two different stages: by blocking lymphocyte activation and mediator synthesis and also by interfering with the interaction of certain effector molecules with their target cells. Furthermore, these findings suggested that MIF and CTX have distinct mechanisms of action on the effector macrophages, one being sensitive and one resistant to steroids.