bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Proliferative State of Antigen-Sensitive Precursors of Hemolysin-Producing Cells, Determined by the Use of the Inhibitor, Vinblastine
Authors: Syeklocha D. , Siminovitch L. , Till J. E. , McCulloch E. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the effects of vinblastine, an inhibitor of cellular proliferation, on the number of hemolysin-producing cells which appear in the spleens of mice following injection of sheep red cells. Vinblastine was given either before, or after, administration of the antigen. When sheep red cells and vinblastine were given in close succession, doses of the inhibitor of greater than 0.1 mg per mouse were found to cause a decrease in the number of hemolysin-producing cells present in the spleen 3–4 days later. A dose of vinblastine of 0.4 mg per mouse produced a 5,000-10,000-fold reduction in the number of hemolysin-producing cells detectable at this time. In contrast, when doses of vinblastine up to 1 mg per mouse were given 3 days prior to injection of antigen, the decrease in numbers of hemolysin-producing cells after 3–4 days was no more than 2-fold, when tested using two different assay procedures.
The results obtained indicate that the precursor cells (antigen-sensitive cells) which respond to antigen by proliferating and giving rise to hemolysin-producing cells, are not proliferating as rapidly in the absence of antigen as in its presence. Thus, an important and early part of the response of these cells to antigen is a change in their state, so that they enter into a more rapid cell cycle.
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells: Kinetics of Primary and Secondary Responses
Authors: Hege John S. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Numbers of Jerne plaque-forming cells per spleen, serum hemolysin concentrations, and the degree of resistance of the serum hemolysin to degradation by 2-mercaptoethanol have been determined in adult CBA and C3D2F1 mice as functions of time following primary or secondary intravenous sensitization with 4 × 108 sheep erythrocytes.
The characteristic secondary response yields fewer PFC and lower serum antibody concentrations than the primary response. When an adequate time interval (9 weeks or more) elapses between primary and secondary antigen injections, the magnitude of the secondary response begins to approach that of the primary.
Primary serum hemolysin is mercaptoethanol sensitive (19S immunoglobulin) while secondary serum hemolysin is largely mercaptoethanol resistant (7S immunoglobulin).
Generation times of 7 and 9 hr are obtained for plaque-forming cells during the first 4 days of the primary response.
A mathematical model is presented which relates numbers of antibody-forming cells to serum hemolysin concentrations. Using the model together with available experimental data, it is concluded that the great majority of the cells producing 7S hemolysin probably are not detected by the Jerne technique, as applied to the spleen.
Preparation and Evaluation of Antigens for Use in the Serologic Diagnosis of Human Hydatid Disease
Authors: Norman Lois , Kagan Irving G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reactions of three lots of SHF antigen with several homologous antisera in Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic slides were studied. Standard patterns of lines were delineated which could be used reliably in the identification of identical antigens in other source materials. Particular attention was paid to characterization of the parasite components (P1, P2, P3), most often present in antigens which were potent in the HA test. Chromatographic methods used to separate serum components were applied to SHF antigen. Separation of parasite and host antigens was not accomplished with either ion-exchange columns or various Sephadex columns. Considerable amounts of host material were removed by serial cycling of the antigen through a G-50 Sephadex column followed by cycles through long G-200 Sephadex columns. A stable, serologically reactive antigen resulted that still contained at least six components.
Effect of Interferon Treatment on Interferon Production
Authors: Friedman Robert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of cells with high concentrations of interferon inhibited their subsequent ability to produce interferon, while treatment with low concentrations facilitated interferon production and caused very early production to take place. This priming effect required cellular metabolic activity; protein synthesis appeared to be necessary. The latter was indicated by the inhibition of priming in cells treated with p-fluorophenylalanine.
Mitogenic Activity of Bacterial Fractions in Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Heilman Dorothy H. , McFarland William 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified fractions of tuberculin prepared by Seibert were tested for the ability to cause blast-cell transformation in cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes from normal donors and from patients with tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and myocarditis. The fractions tested included a purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD-S), polysaccharide I which contained 12.8% of protein, and polysaccharide II which contained a trace of protein. PPD-S caused transformation of lymphocytes from healthy Mantoux-positive individuals. Polysaccharide I caused a low but significant rate of lymphocyte transformation in approximately one third of tests employing leukocytes from Mantoux-positive donors. Polysaccharide II did not stimulate blast-cell transformation in any instance. The mitogenic activity of the purified fractions was directly proportional to the amount of biologically active protein present. The partial or complete failure of purified polysaccharides I and II respectively to stimulate blast transformation in cultured leukocytes from tuberculin-sensitive individuals was consistent with the apparent inability of some polysaccharide antigens to evoke a characteristic anamnestic response.
Relationship of Interferon-Like Inhibitor Production to Rous Sarcoma Virus Growth and Tumor Formation in Chicks
Authors: Force Elizabeth E. , Stewart Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An interferon-like inhibitor was found in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-infected wing web tissues of the chick prior to the appearance of infectious RSV, tumor formation, viremia and circulating antibody. This inhibitor possessed several of the properties generally ascribed to interferon.
Antibody Heterogeneity in Experimental Listeriosis
Authors: Aalund Ole , Osebold John W. , Murphy Frederick A. , Di Capua Richard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In uninoculated sheep and cattle, IgM antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes types 1, 2 and 4b were uniformly demonstrable. The 7S antibodies were divided into subclasses designated “slow IgG” and “fast IgG.” It was noteworthy that only one sheep in a group of 12 ruminants had 7S antibodies (slow IgG) to Listeria serotype 4b prior to immunization. Thus the basis for antibody activity in the serum of apparently normal animals is largely a function of the IgM class of immunoglobulins. All immunized animals synthesized both subclasses of 7S antibodies.
Results were less distinctive on studies with Listeria types 1 and 2, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. Among four sheep studied in detail all contained IgM agglutinins prior to immunization, in addition to variable distribution of 7S antibody populations reacting with the four microorganisms. Whole serum titers to Listeria types 1 and 2 were not markedly increased by immunization of the animals with the Streptococcus or Staphylococcus. However, titers did increase following the inoculation of live Listeria cells into the same animals.
The detection of IgG agglutinins to Listeria type 4b in serum after reduction of IgM globulins with 2-mercaptoethanol would appear to have diagnostic significance.
Pathogenesis of Experimental Cholera: Identification of Choleragen (Procholeragen A) by Disc Immunoelectro-Phoresis and Its Differentiation from Cholera Mucinase
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. , Sobocinski Philip Z. , Atthasampunna Pongsom , Charunmethee Pichai 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Choleragen, an antigenic, choleragenic moiety elaborated by some cholera vibrio strains in vitro, has been identified by disc immunoelectrophoresis as a protein migrating in a manner similar to human 7 S γ-globulin. Although preparations of choleragen have mucinolytic activity which is neutralized by antiserum against choleragen, the mucinase has been proven to be a separate entity which is not involved in the production of the diarrhea of experimental cholera. Similarly, it is choleragen, and not mucinase, which causes an increase of vascular permeability characterized by a delayed but sustained erythematous, edematous induration. Choleragen elaborated in vitro by an Ogawa serotype El Tor vibrio was serologically identical to that produced by the routinely used Inaba serotype classical cholera vibrio strain.
The Immunologic Response of Goats to Normal and Syphilitic Rabbit Testicular Tissue
Authors: Miller James N. , Bekker J. H. , DeBruijn J. H. , Onvlee P. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Goat immunization and absorption studies revealed that normal rabbit testicular tissue shares common “nonspecific” immobilizing and lipopolysaccharide antigens with virulent Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain and Treponema reiteri; reagin failed to develop in response to either the testicular tissue or the virulent treponemes.
Female goats injected intramuscularly with relatively large numbers of virulent T. pallidum, Nichols strain, showed no evidence of infection as measured by clinical observation, transfer and special straining of popliteal nodes, and antibody response.
The Separation and Characterization of Proteins Intrinsic to Nasal Secretion
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Alford Robert H. , Butler William T. , Vannier Wilton E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antiserum prepared in rabbits against nasal washings of adult male volunteers has identified by immunoelectrophoresis six intrinsic components in nasal secretions in addition to the plasma proteins previously identified. Lysozyme activity was associated with one of these components, named on the basis of its electrophoretic characteristics, the N.W. γ2 component. Further characterization of nasal secretion lysozyme demonstrated that it is a basic protein of low molecular weight with sedimentation properties similar to those of crystalline egg white lysozyme.
γA-Globulin was the most abundant protein in nasal secretions and two types of this immunoglobulin, differing in molecular size, antigenic characteristics and relative abundance were found. The γA-globulin present in highest concentration had gel filtration properties indicating a molecular weight probably in excess of 200,000 and possessed antigenic determinants in addition to those found on γA-globulin of serum origin. A smaller amount of the γA-globulin present had antigenic characteristics and gel filtration properties closely similar to, if not identical with, those of serum 7S γA-globulin.
Influenza virus neutralizing activity and hemagglutination inhibiting activity were found exclusively in nasal wash fractions which contained γA-globulin as the only detectable protein. None of the other plasma or intrinsic components identified in nasal washings were associated with these anti-influenza activities.
In Vitro Studies on the Role of Collagen in the Induction of Hypersensitivity to Flea Bites
Authors: Michaeli D. , Benjamini E. , Miner R. C. , Feingold B. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acid soluble collagen and in vitro collected saliva of fleas were allowed to react at pH 3.5, 7.2 and 10.6 Whereas all the activity of saliva is dialyzable, the nondialyzable products of the reactions at both the acidic and the basic pHs had the capacity to induce hypersensitivity to flea bites in recipient guinea pigs; the product of the reaction at neutral pH was not immunogenic.
The ratio between the amounts of saliva and of collagen was shown to be important in the production of immunogenic products.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The virulent OCT-541 strain of Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus grown in hamster kidney cell (HKC) monolayers and harvested in medium 199 containing 2% human albumin (H. Al.) at pH 7.1 was inactivated by heat and 1:4000 formalin at 30° and 37°C. The half-life of the virus was 14 and 5 hr at the two temperatures, respectively. The formalin inactivation curves at both temperatures were biphasic with the change in rate of inactivation occurring early in the reaction, within 2 hr. The reaction based on two trials appeared to proceed at a faster rate when carried out at pH 8.0 than at pH 7.0. The inactivation preparation when tested for potency by the mouse test gave a low, mean MID of 0.0033 ml (very high potency).
The virulent OCT-541 was similar to the OCT-541 attenuated strain in thermal stability and in the nature of the formalin inactivation curves. Nevertheless the potency of the wild strain was always two to three times better than that of the attenuated strain by the mouse MID test. When two inactivated lots of vaccine prepared simultaneously from the two strains were tested for potency, the potency of the wild strain was confirmed by the mouse test as 2.8 times better, and shown by the guinea pig antigen extinction test as 1.6 times better. The relative merits of the wild strain and the attenuated one for vaccine manufacture and use were discussed.
Properties of a Small Virus Associated with Adenovirus Type 4
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Gehle Warren D. , Thiel John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One of our laboratory strains of adenovirus 4 was found to be contaminated with a virus having the following characteristics: it is small (18 × 21 mµ in diameter), angular in outline, probably icosahedral in symmetry, has a netlike capsid similar to reovirus, with about 100 antigenically reactive sites available on its surface, requires adenovirus for replication, suppresses the growth rate and ultimate yield of adenovirus in cell cultures, is serologically similar to another small virus from adenovirus 7 but distinct from one found associated with adenovirus 18, is structurally and serologically distinct from adenoviruses, and is stable to 60°C heating for 30 min, as well as to treatment with anionic detergent (SLS) and diethyl ether. These characteristics identify this agent as an adeno-associated virus (AAV), a member of a newly recognized group of small, defective DNA viruses (3, 4).
Host Dependence of Gdvii Virus: Complete or Abortive Multiplication in Various Cell Types
Authors: Sturman Lawrence S. , Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
GDVII, a murine picornavirus, grows to high titers and produces extensive cytopathologic changes in cell cultures of hamster or mouse origin. Single cycle growth kinetics of this virus in BHK21 Syrian hamster kidney fibroblasts resemble those obtained with other picornaviruses: a latent period of 4 hr, doubling time of 10 to 12 min, and virus yield of 50 to 200 PFU/cell. Growth of GDVII virus in the BHK21 cell line is unaffected by D-2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole (D-HBB) or guanidine. GDVII virus also produces cytopathologic changes in some other cell strains and lines of sheep, mouse, monkey, or human origin. In these systems, the multiplication of GDVII virus is defective and virus yields are limited to 0.5 to 5.0 PFU/cell.
Complement Associated Peptidase Activity of Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Cooper Neil R. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Previous workers have demonstrated that hemolytic complement can be inhibited by peptides containing an aromatic amino acid and that C′3 is, in all likelihood, the inhibited component of complement. In the present study, EAC′1a,4,2a,3 have been shown to enzymatically hydrolyze glycyl-l-tyrosine as shown by the kinetics, pH optimum and dependence on concentration of cells and substrate. This peptidase activity is related to complement, and specifically to the presence of C′3 on the cells. However, EAC′1a,4,2a,3 cells prepared with partially purified C′3 have not been sactive enzymatically, with two significant exceptions. In these instances the C′3 was prepared by a variant of the standard procedure, and clear-cut implication of C′3 as the enzyme was obtained. Certain other data in this work indicate that the hydrolytic reaction is complex and point to a possible need for cofactor or enhancing substance for enzymatic activity. The search for such a factor is presented in the subsequent study.
DNA Synthesis in Mixed Cultures of Dog Leukocytes: Differential Effect of X-Radiation and Freeze-Thawing on Cellular Isoantigenicity
Authors: Main Raymond K. , Cole Leonard J. , Jones Marjorie J. , Haire Henry M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A marked induction of DNA synthesis occurred in 50:50 mixed cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes derived from sets of allogeneic (Beagle and mongrel) normal dog donors. DNA-synthetic activity at selected times was determined by liquid scintillation counting following pulse labeling of cell populations with 3H-thymidine. In a typical experiment, DNA synthesis in mixed cultures attained a maximum value at the 6th day (61,000 cpm) followed by a steady decline thereafter (to 7500 cpm by day 9), as contrasted with control values (65 to 86 cpm). In leukocyte cultures of cells isolated and mixed on the same day, considerable DNA labeling (1900 to 3000 cpm) occurred at time 0. These values declined, (600 cpm at 18 hr; 230 cpm at day 2), and then rose later (2400 cpm at day 4). Incubation of individual cell suspensions for 18 hr prior to mixing eliminated the elevated zero time label.
X-irradiation (2500 rads) of one (or the other) of the cell components of the mixture changed the reaction from a “two way” to a “one way” immunologic reaction. When one (or the other) of a pair was frozen (-196°C) and thawed (37°C) three times and momentarily homogenized before mixing with intact allogeneic leukocytes, no induction of DNA synthesis occurred. These results suggest that leukocyte isoantigenic factors are not inactivated or destroyed by x-irradiation and can induce DNA synthesis in allogeneic leukocytes; whereas, they are labile to freeze-thawing. Our results are compatible with the known chemical and immunologic properties of transplantation antigens.
Antibodies against Staphylococcal Teichoic Acids and Type-Specific Antigens in Man
Authors: Daugharty Harry , Russell Martin R. , White Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies against a large number of type-specific antigens and against teichoic acids were demonstrable in pooled concentrated human γ-globulin using Ouchterlony double diffusion plates. Antibodies against type-specific antigens a and i and against teichoic acids were frequently demonstrable in concentrated γ-globulins from the subjects without staphylococcal disease but could rarely be detected in unconcentrated sera from the same subjects. However, unconcentrated sera from subjects with active staphylococcal diseases frequently contained detectable antibodies against both teichoic acids and type-specific antigen a.
The Transfer of Allergic Thyroiditis in Histocompatible Guinea Pigs by Lymph Node Cells
Authors: McMaster Philip R. B. , Lerner Edwin M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Strain 13 histocompatible guinea pigs were immunized with thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. Their lymph node cells were harvested and transferred intraperitoneally to recipient experimental strain 13 animals and to control Hartley guinea pigs. Twenty-eight per cent of the recipient strain 13 guinea pigs developed allergic thyroiditis, whereas only 4% of the Hartley strain developed the disease. These studies indicate that allergic thyroiditis may be transferred from immunized donors to histocompatible recipients by adoptive immunity.
Rhinovirus Neutralizing Antibody in Tears, Parotid Saliva, Nasal Secretions and Serum
Authors: Douglas R. Gordon , Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Couch Robert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Virus neutralization studies were performed on tears, parotid secretions, nasal secretions, and serum obtained from 13 volunteers infected with rhinovirus 15. Neutralizing activity appeared in tears from 9 volunteers, in parotid saliva from 8 volunteers, in nasal secretions from 10 volunteers, and in serum from 13 volunteers. Studies with four volunteers revealed that neutralizing activity was detected first in serum; then and simultaneously in tears, parotid saliva and nasal secretions. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies of specimens from two volunteers revealed that the predominant immunoglobulin in all three secretions was IgA and that in each secretion this immunoglobulin was associated with neutralizing activity. Although rhinovirus 15 was repeatedly recovered from nasal secretion specimens from each volunteer, none of the tear or parotid saliva specimens contained virus. Studies with an additional eight volunteers demonstrated that rhinovirus 15 could not be recovered from blood specimens obtained during incubation period, maximum virus shedding from the nasopharynx, or recovery.
Demonstration, Mass Production and Characterization of a Heavy Molecular Weight Human Interferon
Authors: Fournier Françoise , Falcoff Ernesto , Chany Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The present study demonstrates that it is possible to produce interferon in vitro using human amniotic membrane infected with various myxoviruses. Interferon of human origin thus can be obtained without cell culture. After viral inoculation, interferon is eliminated into the culture medium for approximately 5 days. In most instances a maximum yield is obtained 48 hr after viral inoculation. The yield of interferon is comparable to the yield of interferon produced by human leukocytes when Sendai virus is used as the inducing virus. Ultraviolet irradiation of the virus increases the yield of interferon. Optimal yields of interferon are obtained at pH 7.4 and at 37°C. The biophysical properties of this interferon are different from those described for leukocytes employing the same inducing virus. The molecular weight is estimated to be 160,000.
Although its mode of action has not been clearly defined like that of other interferons. HAM interferon acts during the vegetative phase of viral multiplication and for its action requires cellular RNA and protein synthesis.
Sensitization of Erythrocytes by Influenza Virus Antigen
Authors: Gorbunova A. S. , Sokovykh L. I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with influenza virus A/PR8/34 possessed sensitizing activity which was detected using Boyden's passive hemagglutination test. The virus-specific antigen was revealed when antisera free of antibody to chicken proteins were used. Antisera obtained from rats immunized with influenza virus grown in chick embryos were found to detect the host-specific antigen.
The sensitizing influenza virus antigen proved to be soluble but it did not appear to be identical with the complement-fixing S antigen.
No cross-reactions in passive hemagglutination tests were found between A and B types of influenza virus, but A and A2 subtypes reacted in almost an identical manner.
Allantoic fluid infected with influenza virus retained its sensitizing activity after heating for 30 min at 70°C, but lost it at 100°C. Treatment for 2 hr by pepsin and trypsin in concentrations less than 2% did not affect the sensitizing activity of infected allantoic fluid. The sensitizing factor of infected allantoic fluid did not dialyze under conditions of the study.
The analysis of fractions recovered after ether disintegration of purified virus suggested the localization of sensitizing factor inside the virion. Failure to separate the sensitizing factor from the mixture of subunits in destroyed virus suspension was discussed.