bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply to the Letter of Dr. G. W. Warr
Authors: Baker Phillip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
I wish to make two points in reply to the letter of Dr. G. W. Warr. First, the work of Warr et al. (1) hardly provides support for the view that ALS-induced enhancement of the antibody response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) is demonstrable by using indicator erythrocytes sensitized with filtrates from cultures of pneumococci. In this paper, data are presented to indicate that treatment with ALS results in about a 3-fold increase in number of PFC detected. However, this is also accompanied by about a 3-fold increase in spleen weight and the spleen cell count. This is not ALS-induced enhancement, as described in our previous studies (reviewed in 2); rather, the increased numbers of PFC found, which may not be specific for SSS-III in the first place, is due entirely to splenomegaly. Under such circumstances, the failure of thymocytes to reverse this effect only serves to show that thymocytes are unable to abrogate this splenomegaly.
Separation of Effector Cells Mediating Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADC) to Erythrocyte Targets from Those Mediating ADC to Tumor Targets
Authors: Pollack Sylvia B. , Nelson Karen , Grausz J. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine spleen cells mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) both to erythrocyte targets in a 51Cr release assay and to syngeneic tumor targets in a micro-cytotoxicity assay. The effector cells active in the two ADC assays can be separated by passage of the spleen cells through columns of Sephadex G-10 at 37°C. Cells mediating ADC to sarcoma cells did not adhere to the G-10 and were recovered in the column effluent. These nonadherent cells were not cytotoxic to antibody-coated chicken red blood cells. Spleen cells which mediated ADC in a 51Cr release assay to the red cell targets adhered to G-10. Adherent effector cells could subsequently be recovered from the columns by elution with 5 × 10-4 M EDTA.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Nuclease
Authors: Fathman C. Garrison , Sachs David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral response of mice to staphylococcal nuclease has previously been shown to be controlled genetically by H-2-linked Ir gene(s). In order to examine the possible contributions of variable region immunoglobulin genes to this genetic control, we have developed a system for the detection of idiotypic determinants on anti-nuclease immunoglobulin molecules. Antisera to nuclease were raised in two high responder strains, A/J and SJL. The corresponding antibodies were purified by affinity chromotography on Sepharose-nuclease columns, and were used to immunize groups of Lewis rats. An assay system was developed to assess the inhibition of antibody-mediated inactivation of nuclease activity by the rat antisera thus produced. Despite the presence of many species-specific anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies in these sera, inhibition of antibody-mediated enzyme inactivation was found to be specific for anti-nuclease antibodies of the immunizing strain. The inhibition could not be removed by extensive absorption with normal serum proteins from the antibody-producing strain, and was shown to require antibodies directed toward binding sites of the anti-nuclease antibodies. This inhibition thus defines idiotypic determinants of anti-nuclease antibodies.
The Effect of Bordetella Pertussis on the Antibody Response in Mice to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Kong Ah Swee , Morse Stephen I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of an i.p. injection of Bordetella pertussis on the primary humoral immune response in mice to the thymus-independent antigen SIII has been studied. Suppression of the antibody response occurred when pertussis cells were injected at the same time as an optimal immunizing dose of SIII. In contrast, the antibody response to high doses of SIII was enhanced by B. pertussis.
When SIII alone was injected, only 19S antibody was detected. However, when B. pertussis was administered with either optimal or high doses of SIII, 7S as well as 19S antibody against SIII was produced.
Infusion of Donor Lymphocytes into Stable Canine Radiation Chimeras: Implications for Mechanism of Transplantation Tolerance
Authors: Weiden Paul L. , Storb Rainer , Tsoi Mang-So , Graham Theodore C. , Lerner Kenneth G. , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Canine radiation chimeras were used to investigate further mechanism(s) responsible for maintaining the stable chimeric state. Chimeras were studed 7 to 46 months after 1200 R total body irradiation and transplantation of marrow from a littermate donor matched at the major histocompatibility complex. An attempt was made to perturb the stable chimeric state by infusion of large numbers (0.6 to 13.7 × 108/kg) of donor peripheral blood lymphocytes into each respective chimera. Two groups were studied: donors in Group A were normal; donors in Group B had been specifically sensitized against minor histocompatibility antigens of the chimera by repeated skin grafts. None of the nine chimeras in Group A developed significant clinical or histologic evidence of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) after donor lymphocyte infusion. Eight of the 12 chimeras in Group B, however, developed GVHD which was transient in three and fatal in five. The results in Group A are not consistent with classical theories of tolerance, i.e., elimination or inactivation of potentially reactive cell clones, but suggest the presence of an active mechanism suppressing recognition of host antigens by the infused donor lymphocytes and development of GVHD. The results in Group B indicate that this mechanism can be overcome by infusion of sensitized donor cells.
In an attempt to elucidate the nature of this postulated active mechanism, the cytotoxicity of donor lymphocytes for fibroblasts of the chimera and the presence or absence of serum-blocking factors were assessed in vitro by using a cellular inhibition (CI) assay. The presence of serum-blocking factors did not protect against the development of significant GVHD in two chimeras (fatal in one). GVHD did not occur in four other chimeras after infusion of cytotoxic donor lymphocytes despite the absence of serum-blocking factors. These and previous results suggest that serum-blocking factors are not the mechanism suppressing the development of GVHD in canine radiation chimeras, and raise the possibility that a suppressor cell population may be responsible for preventing GVHD.
Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on the Induction of Tolerance to Polymerized Flagellin
Authors: Scott David W. , Diener Erwin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the induction of tolerance to the T-independent polymerized flagellar protein (POL) of Salmonella adelaide strain SW1338 was studied in vitro. In contrast to published results with T-dependent antigens, LPS failed to prevent or reverse tolerance induction to POL under conditions in which tolerance was reversible by other means. Moreover, the addition of high doses of LPS to slightly supra-immunogenic concentrations of POL augmented-tolerance induction. These results suggest that the mitogenic properties of LPS are insufficient to convert a tolerogenic dose of POL into an immunogenic one and, therefore, that LPS may act only on T-dependent B cell responses. Since both POL (1338) and LPS are T-independent, mitogenic and so-called “polyclonal B cell activators,” these data have implications for signal discrimination in the immune response.
Effects of C-Reactive Protein on the Lymphoid System
Authors: Mortensen Richard F. , Gewurz Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant which increases in concentration during inflammation, has been found to bind to human T cells and to inhibit certain of their functions. In the present study CRP was found to display a binding specificity for ϑ-bearing cells from mouse peripheral lymphoid tissue but not for thymus cells. CRP inhibited the proliferative response in a similar manner in both murine and human mixed lymphocyte reactions. This inhibition was prevented by the addition of the CRP substrate, pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (CPS), and was not a result of toxicity of CRP for lymphocytes. By contrast the response of spleen lymphocytes to mitogenic Con A concentrations was not altered by CRP. CRP also exerted an inhibitory effect on the in vitro generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CL) in mixed lymphocyte reactions of mouse spleen cells. The expression of the cytolytic process by T cells sensitized either in vivo or in mixed lymphocyte cultures was not altered in the presence of CRP. Therefore, CRP appears to influence the inductive phase of the allograft response and perhaps exerts a regulatory effect on cellular immune responsiveness during inflammatory reactions.
Studies on the Terminal Stages of Antibody-Complement-Mediated Killing of a Tumor Cell
Authors: Boyle Michael D. P. , Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of the terminal steps in the lysis of antibody-sensitized tumor cells by complement (TAC) was studied. It was shown that once complement has reacted, lysis proceeded even in the absence of fluid-phase complement. Transformation of TAC to dead cells was found to be at least a two-step process: one of the steps was temperature dependent whereas the other was reversibly inhibited by EDTA. In analogy to the hemolytic system, TAC has been designated T*.
Trypsin Increases in Vitro Antibody Synthesis and Substitutes for Helper T Cells
Authors: Gisler Roland H. , Vischer Thomas L. , Dukor Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Trypsin, a neutral protease, enhanced the direct plaque response of T cell-sufficient mouse spleen cell cultures to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and significantly increased the number of spontaneous PFC against SRBC in cultures without antigen. Moreover, trypsin proved to be able to substitute for T cells in nu/nu spleen cell cultures stimulated with SRBC. Its restorative capacity in this type of response was comparable to the one of lipopolysaccharide. Restoration of antibody synthesis in T cell-deprived cultures could not be explained by enzymatic alteration of SRBC. The data are discussed in terms of a possible role of hydrolytic enzymes released by accessory cells during the induction of an antibody response.
Differentiation of Thymocytes: Evidence that Induction of the Surface Phenotype Requires Transcription and Translation
Authors: Storrie Brian , Goldstein Gideon , Boyse Edward A. , Hammerling Ulrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Induction of thymocyte differentiation requires transcription of DNA and translation of RNA but not replication of DNA. This was determined in vitro by studying the effects of cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, actinomycin D, camptothecin, cordycepin, cycloheximide, and puromycin on the induction by thymopoietin of thymocyte differentiation, measured by the acquisition of the differentiation allo-antigens TL and Thy-1 by an inducible fraction of mouse spleen cells.
This requirement for transcription does not establish whether the new mRNA represents transcripts of structural genes for the thymocyte allo-antigen markers; an answer to this question awaits the results of further experiments.
Generation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Vitro: Response of Immune Rat Spleen Cells to a Syngeneic Gross Virus-Induced Lymphoma in Mixed Lymphocyte-Tumor Culture
Authors: Bernstein Irwin D. , Wright Peter W. , Cohen Edith 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from W/Fu rats 4 to 6 weeks after immunization with syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma (C58NT)D cells usually lack detectable activity in a short-term 51Cr release assay. The results presented here demonstrate that these spleen cells retain the capacity to generate significant proliferative and cytotoxic activity upon re-exposure to mitomycin C-treated (C58NT)D cells in vitro. Optimal conditions were defined in W/Fu rats for this secondary immune response in vitro to the (C58NT)D cells. The cytotoxic response was observed to be quantitative, reproducible, and specific. Optimal generation occurred 5 days after initiation of cultures with a 30:1 responding cell:stimulating cell ratio. In vitro generated cytotoxic cells inhibit tumor growth in vivo when administered as a mixture with tumor cells.
Antigen-Specific and Nonspecific Mediators of T Cell/B Cell Cooperation
Authors: Marrack Philippa , Kappler John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Further evidence is presented for two types of helper T cells in the mouse specific for the protein antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The first cell helps B cells respond to the trinitrophenyl hapten (TNP) coupled to KLH, is primed by relatively high doses of antigen in vivo, and yet the effector cell is stimulated by very low doses of antigen in vitro. The second cell helps B cells respond to a non-cross-reacting antigen, sheep red blood cells, presumably via production of a nonspecific factor. This cell is primed by relatively low doses of antigen in vivo, but the effector cell requires relatively high doses of antigen in vitro. Thus, the two T cell types are differently sensitive to antigen dose, both in priming and challenge. The properties of T cells responding to KLH by proliferation in vitro were also studied. These cells showed the same antigen-sensitivity in vitro, as cells producing nonspecific B cell-stimulating factors.
Antibody against the Antigen Receptor of a Plasmacytoma Prolongs Survival of Mice Bearing the Tumor
Authors: Beatty Patrick G. , Kim Byung S. , Rowley Donald A. , Coppleson Lionel W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A transplantable plasmacytoma, TEPC-15 in BALB/c mice, induces a transient antibody response directed against the combining region of the myeloma protein produced by the tumor. Mice immunized with mitomycin-treated tumor cells produce similar antibody but do not develop tumor; mice so immunized survive longer than untreated mice when inoculated with viable TEPC-15 cells. This protection afforded by immunization can be transferred by serum alone; the protective effect of passively given serum is eliminated by absorbing out antibody directed against the myeloma protein.
Studies on Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Lebar René , Boutry Jeanne-Marie , Vincent Christine , Robineaux Roger , Voisin Guy André 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement-dependent demyelinating activity of whole brain homogenate (WBH)-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) sera was tested on long term tissue cultures of in vitro myelinated fetal guinea pig cerebellum.
Complement-fixing (CF) auto-antibodies were shown to be the responsible agents, as demonstrated in experiments where all reagents belonged to the same species: guinea pigs of outbred (Hartley) and even of inbred (S2 or S13) strains. These antibodies were of the IgG2 class as shown by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE cellulose fractionation experiments.
The corresponding auto-antigen was present in the homogenate and myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) tissue. It was different from the encephalitogenic basic protein of CNS myelin (BP), as shown in experiments where the demyelinating auto-antibodies were induced, detected, and absorbed by WBH or by CNS myelin but not by BP. They were neither induced by nor cross-reacting with cerebroside and peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissue.
Association of Dane Particles with e Antigen in the Serum of Asymptomatic Carriers of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Takahashi Kazuaki , Imai Mitsunobu , Tsuda Fumio , Takahashi Takashi , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were surveyed for serum e antigen (e Ag) and antibody to e (anti-e) by immunodiffusion. Seventeen serum samples containing e Ag and 17 containing anti-e, but with similar HBsAg titers, were tested for the presence of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) by means of immune adherence hemagglutination method. HBcAg activity was detected in all of the samples containing e Ag, and the titer of HBcAg paralleled that of HBsAg in each serum. In remarkable contrast, no HBcAg activity was found in any of the serum samples containing anti-e. Dane particles were demonstrated in 14 of 17 serum samples with e Ag by electron microscopy, but in none of 17 with anti-e. Although both e Ag and HBcAg were closely associated with each other, the non-identity of e Ag and HBcAg was clearly demonstrated by a two-dimensional immunodiffusion test.
Mouse Lymphotoxin
Authors: Trivers Glennwood , Braungart Dale , Leonard Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of PHA to C3H mouse spleen cells in tissue culture led to the production of lymphotoxin (LT). Cytotoxicity was assayed by addition of the culture fluids to syngeneic target cells labeled with tritiated thymidine; after an incubation period of 72 hr the amount of radioactivity released into the supernatant was measured. The LT activity in unfractionated culture fluids survived lyophilization, remained unchanged for many weeks at 4°C, and progressively decreased on heating at 56°C for periods from 1 to 9 hr. Based on the G-200 Sephadex distribution coefficients for several preparations, the m.w. of mouse lymphotoxin was about 41,000 daltons. Lymphotoxin from three different spleen cell production runs was recovered from isoelectric focusing columns in sharply focused peaks, the pH of which ranged from 4.4 to 4.8.
Inflammatory Process in Murine Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Is Maximal in H-2K or H-2D Compatible Interactions
Authors: Doherty Peter C. , Dunlop Malcolm B. C. , Parish Christopher R. , Zinkernagel Rolf M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Capacity to transfer adoptively fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) to immunosuppressed, virus-infected recipients is a property of H-2 compatible, non-Ig-bearing virus-immune lymphocytes. Severe meningitis is recognized when donor and recipient share at least one allele at either H-2K or H-2D. Presence of unshared H-2 genes is not obviously inhibitory, and identity at the immune response (Ir) region of the H-2 gene complex is neither sufficient nor necessary. The same constraint applies to cytotoxic T cell activity in vitro; lymphocytes and virus-infected targets must be compatible for a minimum of one allele mapping at H-2K or H-2D. The present findings thus support the concept that populations of T cells, which are cytotoxic in vitro, also mediate inflammatory process in vivo and are a major, if not the only, effector population in murine LCM.
Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF)
Authors: König Wolfgang , Czarnetzki Beate M. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phagocytosis was found to stimulate ECF release from neutrophils (PMN). Human PMN (τ; 98%) were exposed to zymosan (Z), zymosan-coated with complement (Z(x)), or zymosan in the presence of serum (Z(s)). The release of ECF was shown to be time- and dose-dependent. Like ionophore-induced ECF, phagocytosis-derived ECF preferentially attracted and deactivated eosinophils. Chromatography on Sephadex G-25 revealed an elution pattern similar to the antigen-induced, basophil-derived and to the ionophore-induced PMN-derived ECF. The addition of complement either as Z(x) or Z(s) accelerated the release of ECF. With both stimuli, the initial kinetics of ECF paralleled the release of β-glucuronidase and NBT reduction. With Z alone, β-glucuronidase release and NBT reduction were negligible, whereas the amount of ECF released was similar to that induced by Z(x). In the presence of serum Z(s), decreased activity was noted. Supernatants of phagocytosis at late time periods showed less activity than early supernatants, suggesting that ECF might be inactivated. These data indicate that phagocytosis causes the release of an ECF, which appears to be similar to the IgE-induced ECF-A.
Appearance of IgG (Fc) Receptor(s) on Cultured Human Fibroblasts Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Rahman Adel A. , Teschner Marion , Sethi Krishan K. , Brandis Henning 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultured human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) after infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) but not when uninfected, could hemadsorb sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG. The adsorption of IgG-coated SRBC to virus-infected cells was completely abolished if the tests were carried out in the simultaneous presence of rabbit antiserum elicited against CMV. Normal sera of rabbit or human origin as well as purified human IgG but not Fab fragment of human IgG could also abolish the binding of sensitized SRBC to CMV-infected fibroblasts. Active metabolism on the part of CMV-infected fibroblasts proved to be an important requisite for demonstrating binding of sensitized SRBC to their surfaces. By using as indicator Staphylococcus aureus to which rabbit antiserum against normal human IgG, IgM, or IgA was bound via Fc fragments, evidence has been obtained which suggests the existence of receptor(s) on CMV-infected WI-38 cells that react specifically with Fc region of human IgG.
Separation of Populations of Sensitized Lymphoid Cells into Fractions Inhibiting and Fractions Enhancing Syngeneic Tumor Growth in Vivo
Authors: Small Myra , Trainin Nathan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Separation of subpopulations of lymphoid cells sensitized against a syngeneic tumor was attempted by means of velocity sedimentation and the fractions were injected together with tumor cells into syngeneic hosts. Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice or spleen cells sensitized on tumor cell monolayers could be fractionated into a subpopulation capable of inhibiting growth of the same tumor and a separable fraction which enhanced tumor growth. Activity of the tumor-inhibiting lymphocytes was not apparent in the presence of the tumor-enhancing cells. The former activity was associated with small lymphocytes and the latter with injection of larger cells. Preliminary experiments investigated the developmental relation between the cells responsible for these opposing activities.
C1q (C1) Receptor on Human Platelets: Inhibition of Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation by C1q (C1) Molecules
Authors: Suba Eva A. , Csako Gyorgy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hemolytically active human C1q incubated with EA before the addition of complement inhibited the immune hemolysis. On the contrary, heat-inactivated preparation (30 min 56°C) was ineffective. Preincubation of EA with bovine collagen also resulted in a decreased hemolysis. When aggregation was measured by a turbidimetric method in citrated human platelet-rich plasma, it was found that hemolytically active human C1q (C1) alone does not induce platelet aggregation. However, in its presence the platelets failed to aggregate or exhibited a significantly reduced aggregation response to bovine collagen. The inhibition by C1q depended on the preincubation time with platelets. Heat treatment (30 min 56°C) destroyed the inhibitory action of C1q (C1). The effect of C1q proved to be highly specific because different C1q preparations at their inhibitory doses in collagen-induced platelet aggregation did not influence the response to other aggregating agents (bovine thrombin, ADP, horse anti-human thymocyte globulin, goat anti-baboon platelet antiserum). The results prove that collagen and C1q are capable of binding to the same site(s); namely, to those of EA and human platelets; furthermore, they suggest the presence of a receptor for C1q (C1) on human platelets.