bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of high-frequency waves in the Martian magnetosphere
Authors: Kakad Amar , Kakad Bharati , Yoon Peter H. , Omura Yoshiharu , Kourakis Ioannis 
Published: September 2023

Context. Various high-frequency waves in the vicinity of upper-hybrid and Langmuir frequencies are commonly observed in different space plasma environments. Such waves and fluctuations have been reported in the magnetosphere of the Earth, a planet with an intrinsic strong magnetic field. Mars has no intrinsic magnetic field and, instead, it possesses a weak induced magnetosphere, which is highly dynamic due to direct exposure to the solar wind. In the present paper, we investigate the presence of high-frequency plasma waves in the Martian plasma environment by making use of the high-resolution electric field data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution missioN (MAVEN) spacecraft.
Aims. This study aims to provide conclusive observational evidence of the occurrence of high-frequency plasma waves around the electron plasma frequency in the Martian magnetosphere. We observe two distinct wave modes with frequency below and above the electron plasma frequency. The characteristics of these high-frequency waves are quantified and presented here. We discuss the generation of possible wave modes by taking into account the ambient plasma parameters in the region of observation.
Methods. We have made use of the medium frequency (100 Hz–32 kHz) burst mode-calibrated electric field data from the Langmuir Probe and Waves instrument on board NASA’s MAVEN mission. Due to the weak magnetic field strength, the electron gyro-frequency is much lower than the electron plasma frequency, which implies that the upper-hybrid and Langmuir waves have comparable frequencies. A total of 19 wave events with wave activities around electron plasma frequency were identified by examining high-resolution spectrograms of the electric field.
Results. These waves were observed around 5 LT when MAVEN crossed the magnetopause boundary and entered the magnetosheath region. These waves are either a broadband- or narrowband-type with distinguishable features in the frequency domain. The narrowband-type waves have spectral peak above the electron plasma frequency. However, in the case of broadband-type waves, the spectral peak always occurred below the electron plasma frequency. The broadband waves consistently show a periodic modulation of 8–14 ms.
Conclusions. The high-frequency narrowband-type waves observed above the electron plasma frequency are believed to be associated with upper-hybrid or Langmuir waves. However, the physical mechanism responsible for the generation of broadband-type waves and the associated 8–14 ms modulation remain unexplained and further investigation is required.
Well-trained Endurance Runners’ Foot Contact Patterns:
Barefoot vs. Shod Condition
Authors: Mosqueira-Ouréns Manuel , Muñoz-Pérez Iker , Luis Tuimil José , Saleta-Cobos Martín , Varela-Sanz Adrian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the initial foot contact and contact time in experienced
endurance runners at individualized speeds, in running shoes and barefoot.
Forty-eight participants (33.71±7.49 y,
70.94±8.65 kg, 175.07±7.03 cm, maximum aerobic
speed 18.41±1.54 km.h-1) were distributed
into three groups according to athletic performance: highly-trained runners,
middle-trained runners, and control group. An incremental running test until
exhaustion was performed for assessing maximum aerobic speed.
After≥24 h of recovery participants randomly walked and ran,
barefoot and in running shoes, over a pressure plate at
~4.7 km.h-1 and 85% of the
maximum aerobic speed, respectively. They wore the same model of running shoes
with homogeneous lacing pattern. A rearfoot strike was performed by
68.8% and 77.1% of participants when running barefoot and in
running shoes, respectively. Considering the tendency to develop a rearfoot
strike was lower in the barefoot condition, runners with higher performance may
benefit from training in minimalist running shoes because their foot contact
pattern could tend towards a non-rearfoot strike. Our results suggest that
initial foot contact and contact time are related to running performance and may
also be influenced by running shoes.
Hepatic Histoplasmosis Masquerading as Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension: A Case Report
Authors: Choudhary Narendra Singh , Deswal Vikas , Dhampalwar Swapnil , Mishra Saurabh , Gautam Dheeraj , Saraf Neeraj 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHistoplasmosis is an uncommon cause of pyrexia of unknown origin in India. We present a case of hepatic histoplasmosis presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin. The patient had splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, high serum-ascites albumin gradient, and imaging suggestive of cirrhosis. The patient had received 2 months of antitubercular treatment and came to us because of a lack of improvement. A liver biopsy was done because of cholestatic liver function tests and normal biliary system on imaging, thus raising the possibility of infiltrative liver disease. A transjugular liver biopsy revealed histoplasmosis. The patients improved after treatment. It is a common practice to start antitubercular treatment in patients with pyrexia of unknown origin, which should not be practiced in the current era. Every effort should be made for a correct diagnosis. The case highlights the importance of liver biopsy in cases with no definite diagnosis and also that hepatic histoplasmosis could mimic cirrhosis.
A meta-discursive analysis of engagement markers in QAnon anti-immigration comments
Authors: Rasoulikolamaki Sahar , Zhdanava Alena , Mat Isa Noor Aqsa Nabila , Noor Ahmad Mohd Nazriq , Kaur Surinderpal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
To better understand QAnon’s anti-immigration rhetoric, the study conducted a meta-discursive analysis of one of the group’s active Telegram channels by drawing on Hyland’s (2005) model of interaction. Specifically, engagement markers in their immigration-related discourse were analyzed to see how they contribute to endorsing the group’s macro conspiratorial arguments. The results illustrate a complex rhetorical manipulation and nearly unanimous expression of hate toward immigrants, with the use of ‘directives’ and ‘questions’ being the most prevalent metadiscursive markers. The former suggests that the commenters were more assertive or commanding in their tone, while the latter located within rhetorical persuasion, aimed at stimulating negative attitude toward immigrants. Conversely, a low frequency of the ‘shared knowledge’ markers indicates a lack of interest to establish credibility and constructive dialogue with the audience. The study aimed to unpack the nature of anti-immigration extremist discourse on social media, and its potential to incite violence among public.
The Assessment of Animal Personality and Its Uses for Improving Zoo Animal Welfare
Authors: Chadwick Carly 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Animal welfare is central to the three aims of the modern zoo: conservation, research and education. Good welfare depends not only on the management of the captive population as a whole but also on the management and husbandry of individual animals. Zoo keepers are able to reliably assess animal personality traits, and these traits are linked to measures of welfare such as reproductive success, stereotypic behaviour and physiological stress. Assessing animal personality can help to address some of the challenges faced in zoo animal management. A validated personality questionnaire is a valuable tool for zoo professionals, as it can be used to predict reproductive success and the cohesion of social groups. Knowledge of animal personality can help keepers to devise management plans for individuals, and improve keeper safety as well as animal welfare. Aspects of individuals’ behaviour can affect the success of reintroduction programmes, so information about personality can also contribute to ex-situ conservation.

Information
© The Author 2023
Temperature during the milling process of aluminum alloys using contact and non-contact methods
Authors: Patru E N , Bica M , Panduru D , Craciunoiu N 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper some experimental determinations on the temperature during the milling process of aluminum alloys (5083, 6082 and 7075) were conducted, by using two methods: with contact and non-contact, for the different feed speeds. For this reason, an adequate installation was used, so that the temperature can be measure simultaneously. The results are presented using graphical dependencies of the temperature as function of the feed speed, for each type experiment, and then a synthesis regarding the maximum values of the temperature as function of the material type and the value of the feed speeds is presented.
Retrofit of a standard split-type air conditioner into an air-to-water heat pump
Authors: Mădălina Botu , Marius Atanasiu , Gabriel Ursescu , Edward Rakosi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the context of the rising prices of energy and especially of natural gas, the interest in heat pumps has grown steadily over the last period, as they are a very convenient alternative to low and medium power thermal plants. Although the price of heat pumps has dropped a lot recently, these systems are still very expensive compared to the wall-mounted natural gas fuelled power plants found in the vast majority of residential buildings in Romania. In this context, the authors proposed the conversion of an inverter type air conditioner into an air-water heat pump with minimal costs, maintaining and even improving the global performance of the system. The newly made heat pump was tested at variable regimes in the Cogeneration Trigeneration Laboratory of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Iasi. The external unit was inserted into a climatic chamber capable of simulating variable climatic conditions for any region in Europe. Later, the same heat pump was tested in real operating conditions, being inserted in the heating circuit of a medium-sized house in the Iasi area. Its operation was then monitored during an entire winter season, being instrumented to measure the energetic balance and determine the coefficient of performance (COP) continuously throughout the season, in accordance with the weather conditions and also to measure the seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP).
Identification of thermal and strength phenomena in power installations
Authors: Duda P , Konieczny M 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work is to show the inverse method, which can be used to determine the transient stress distribution caused by pressure and a variable temperature field. The method is fast enough to be used online in systems monitoring the thermal and strength condition of selected elements. The solution is possible despite the lack of information about the thermal boundary condition on the inner surface of the tank. The lack of data on the phenomena occurring inside the collector may be caused by the inability to install measuring sensors. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can take a long time to analyze complex phenomena on the inner surface of a collector, making it difficult to apply the method online. Solving the inverse problem is possible thanks to the measured temperature transients at selected points inside or on the outside of the component. After identifying the temperature distribution, stresses are determined using the finite element method. Then the maximum stresses can be compared with the permissible values, which allows the assessment of the operational safety of the element.
The impact of cogeneration plant and a storage tank in a district heating system
Authors: Hiris D P , Dudescu M C , Pocola A , Balan M C 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The goal of the study is to investigate the thermal behavior and the benefits of a cogeneration system based on two gas fired engines and of a thermal storage tank in a biomass based district heating system situated in Romania. The investigation is based on an hourly analytical model of all the district heating components: biomass boiler, natural gas cogeneration engines, storage tank and consumers. The climatic data of the location are used as input in the model. The gas cogeneration engines coupled with the heat storage tank increase the flexibility of the system and allow the production of electricity even in periods with little or no heat demand. The analytical modelling of the storage tank considering the water stratification allows the correct sizing of the storage tank, in the planning stage of the project. The total yearly heat production is divided between 81.54 % produced by the proposed cogeneration plant and 18.46 % produced by the existing biomass boiler.
Experimental investigation and first-principles calculations of Nb and W alloying effects on the microstructure and properties of MoSi2 coatings fabricated via arc cladding
Authors: Wang YuRui , Sun ShunPing , Zhang Yang , Wang HongJin , Li XiaoPing , Lei WeiNing 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
MoSi2 is one of the most promising refractory metal silicide materials, but its further use as a structural material is limited by its drawbacks such as poor room-temperature toughness and low high-temperature strength. The work performed a comprehensive investigation combining first-principles calculations and arc cladding experiments to explore the effects of Nb and W doping on the mechanical properties and electronic structure of MoSi2 coatings. The first-principles calculations revealed that Nb addition improved the B/G value and Poisson’s ratio of MoSi2, indicating enhanced ductility. W addition yields the opposite effect and led to a higher elastic modulus and improved hardness. Experimental results demonstrated that the arc-cladding MoSi2 coating mainly consisted of MoSi2 and Mo5Si3 phases with a dendritic microstructure. Upon doping with Nb and W, additional t-(Mo,Nb)Si2 and t-(Mo,W)Si2 phases were formed, which resulted in a denser and finer microstructure. Nb addition contributed to the solid-solution toughening of the coating, while W addition enhanced hardness but reduced toughness. Remarkably, the synergistic alloying of Nb and W significantly increased the hardness and fracture toughness of the coating by 30.7 and 70.7%, respectively, compared to pure MoSi2. The strengthening mechanism of the coating was attributed to solid-solution softening and fine-grain strengthening, while the crack extension mechanism involved the crack deflection and bridging. Furthermore, the coatings doped with 2% Nb and 4% W exhibited the lowest wear weight loss and superior wear resistance. The dominant wear mechanisms were oxidation wear and abrasive wear.
What Are Socially Constructed Norms?
Authors: Valentini Laura 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes the “agential investment” account of socially constructed norms. On this account, socially constructed norms exist in a given context whenever certain requirements (or permissions) are widely and publicly accepted as general standards of behaviour. Acceptance, in turn, is understood to involve both a belief in, and a commitment to, the relevant requirements. The chapter explains why this characterization of socially constructed norms is both plausible and suited to the purposes of the book as a whole. It also highlights the differences between norms and related phenomena: such as habits, conventions, and personal policies. The chapter concludes by distinguishing between formal and informal norms, directive and power-conferring ones, and between norms whose violation triggers moral reactive attitudes (the book’s focus) and norms that are not accompanied by such responses to violations.
Grounding Moral Rights
Authors: Valentini Laura 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between two understandings of moral rights: rights as inviolability and rights as control. The former designate constraints on others’ conduct grounded in our ultimate moral status. The latter refer to our power normatively to control others’ conduct: by demanding certain behaviour or permitting it. The chapter argues that while rights as inviolability can exist independently of socially constructed norms, rights as control include such norms among their existence conditions. By exercising our rights as control, we change our mutual accountability relations: i.e., we make certain actions obligatory or permissible “at will”. Such changes in mutual accountability are effective only if they are publicly accessible. In turn, publicity requires that there be power-conferring socially constructed norms determining what (i.e., which words/gestures, pronounced by whom, etc.) counts as demanding or permitting in any given context. After considering objections, the chapter concludes by bringing the agency-respect framework to bear on the moral normativity of power-conferring norms, and by distinguishing between two understandings of “wronging”, which parallel the two understandings of rights discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Valentini Laura 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main themes of the book, with a focus on the agency-respect principle and its implications. Particular attention is devoted to unpacking the sense in which people’s commitments to socially constructed norms must be “authentic” for those norms to be morally binding on agency-respect grounds. The discussion is conducted by reference to the new norms introduced in the context of the recent Covid-19 pandemic, including norms that were officially implemented as well as ones that emerged informally. The chapter concludes by acknowledging that “equal agency respect” is a regulative ideal that should guide our actions but is unlikely ever to be fully achieved in practice.
Circ_0068481 Affects the Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells’ Progression by miR-361-3p/KLF5 Axis
Authors: Li Hai-Rong , Chen Guan-Liang , Fang Xiao-Li , Cai Xing-Jiu , Xu Rong-Li , Li Dong-Dong , Zhang Zhi-Wei 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Uncontrolled proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this work, we defined the precise part of circ_0068481 in PASMC proliferation and migration induced by hypoxia. We hypothesized that circ_0068481 enhanced hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation, invasion, and migration through the microRNA (miR)-361-3p/Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathway.

Methods
Human PASMCs (hPASMCs) were exposed to hypoxic (3% O2) conditions. Circ_0068481, miR-361-3p, and KLF5 levels were gauged by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration were detected by XTT, EdU incorporation, transwell, and wound-healing assays, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays were performed to confirm the direct relationship between miR-361-3p and circ_0068481 or KLF5.

Results
Circ_0068481 expression was increased in the serum of PAH patients and hypoxia-induced hPASMCs. Downregulation of circ_0068481 attenuated hypoxia-induced promotion in hPASMC proliferation, invasion, and migration. Circ_0068481 directly targeted miR-361-3p, and miR-361-3p downregulation reversed the inhibitory effects of circ_0068481 silencing on hypoxia-induced hPASMC proliferation, invasion, and migration. KLF5 was a direct miR-361-3p target, and miR-361-3p upregulation mitigated hypoxia-induced hPASMC proliferation, invasion, and migration by inhibiting KLF5 expression. Moreover, circ_0068481-induced KLF5 expression by binding to miR-361-3p in hypoxic hPASMCs.

Conclusions
Circ_0068481 knockdown ameliorated hypoxia-induced hPASMC proliferation, invasion, and migration at least in part through the miR-361-3p/KLF5 axis.
Plasticity of mesophyll cell density and cell wall thickness and composition play a pivotal role in regulating plant growth and photosynthesis under shading in rapeseed
Authors: Luo Dongxu , Huang Guanjun , Zhang Qiangqiang , Zhou Guangsheng , Peng Shaobing , Li Yong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Plasticity of leaf growth and photosynthesis is an important strategy of plants to adapt to shading stress; however, their strategy of leaf development to achieve a simultaneous increase in leaf area and photosynthesis under shading remains unknown.

Methods
In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted using three rapeseed genotypes of Huayouza 50 (HYZ50), Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11) and Huayouza 62 (HYZ62), and the responses of plant growth, leaf morphoanatomical traits, cell wall composition and photosynthesis to shading were investigated.

Key Results
Shading significantly increased leaf area per plant (LAplant) in all genotypes, but the increase in HYZ62 was greater than that in HYZ50 and ZS11. The greater increment of LAplant in HYZ62 was related to the larger decrease in leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf density (LD), which were in turn related to less densely packed mesophyll cells and thinner cell walls (Tcw). Moreover, shading significantly increased photosynthesis in HYZ62 but significantly decreased it in HYZ50. The enhanced photosynthesis in HYZ62 was related to increased mesophyll conductance (gm) due primarily to thinner cell walls.

Conclusions
The data presented indicate that the different plasticity of mesophyll cell density, cell wall thickness and cell wall composition in response to shading can dramatically affect leaf growth and photosynthesis.
Chronology of Practice: Chinese Practice in Public International Law in 2021
Authors: Wu Xiaohui 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This Survey covers materials reflecting Chinese practice in 2021 relating to: treaties, agreements and other documents signed or ratified by the People’s Republic of China; national legislation; statements made by Chinese representatives at the meetings of the UN and other international organizations, international conferences, and those made by the Foreign Ministry spokespersons, with respect to various branches of international law; and judicial decisions, in particular on the applicability and application of international conventions, by Chinese courts.