bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENRICHing medical imaging training sets enables more efficient machine learning
Authors: Chinn Erin , Arora Rohit , Arnaout Ramy , Arnaout Rima 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objective
Deep learning (DL) has been applied in proofs of concept across biomedical imaging, including across modalities and medical specialties. Labeled data are critical to training and testing DL models, but human expert labelers are limited. In addition, DL traditionally requires copious training data, which is computationally expensive to process and iterate over. Consequently, it is useful to prioritize using those images that are most likely to improve a model’s performance, a practice known as instance selection. The challenge is determining how best to prioritize. It is natural to prefer straightforward, robust, quantitative metrics as the basis for prioritization for instance selection. However, in current practice, such metrics are not tailored to, and almost never used for, image datasets.

Materials and Methods
To address this problem, we introduce ENRICH—Eliminate Noise and Redundancy for Imaging Challenges—a customizable method that prioritizes images based on how much diversity each image adds to the training set.

Results
First, we show that medical datasets are special in that in general each image adds less diversity than in nonmedical datasets. Next, we demonstrate that ENRICH achieves nearly maximal performance on classification and segmentation tasks on several medical image datasets using only a fraction of the available images and without up-front data labeling. ENRICH outperforms random image selection, the negative control. Finally, we show that ENRICH can also be used to identify errors and outliers in imaging datasets.

Conclusions
ENRICH is a simple, computationally efficient method for prioritizing images for expert labeling and use in DL.
The Right to the Truth as an Enabler for Missing Persons Efforts
Authors: Klinkner Melanie 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe right to the truth is often mentioned in conjunction with missing persons cases and is recognized for its propensity to function as an enabling right, helping victims and families to claim their rights. While families, survivors, communities, specialist agencies, NGOs and international organizations readily invoke the right to the truth, the terminology used in the context can be ambiguous, overlapping, mandate-driven or strategic. This contribution reflects on the applicable legal spheres, use of approaches and practices in the context of missing persons investigations and claims made towards the realization of the right to the truth. The article clarifies the legal landscape to underscore what is meant by the right to the truth and how it may function as the starting point for the realization of other rights in the context of missing persons. Further, it examines and dissects conceptualizations of missing persons and resolution efforts; and identifies what actions help realize the right to the truth and to what extent. It argues the merits of a broad definition of missing persons while urging those engaged in solving missing persons cases to be candid in respect of the truth-seeking aspect they may be able to advance. This is by no means a trivial inquiry, for families of the missing rely on the assistance of the law and relevant agencies to further the realization of their right to the truth.
Development of a Kinetic ELISA and Reactive B Cell Frequency Assay to Detect Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pre-Fusion F Protein-Specific Immune Responses in Infants
Authors: Rolsma Stephanie L , Yoder Sandra M , Nargi Rachel S , Brady Eric , Kose Nurgun , Jimenez-Truque Natalia , Thomsen Isaac , Kontos Marissa , Carnahan Robert H , Sutton Rachel E , Armstrong Erica , Dally Len , Crowe James E , Edwards Kathryn M , Creech C Buddy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants, making vaccination an attractive preventive strategy. Due to earlier reports of vaccine-enhanced disease in RSV-naive children, assessing prior RSV infection is critical for determining eligibility for future infant vaccine trials. However, this is complicated by the presence of maternally transferred maternal antibodies. We sought to develop assays that measure immune responses to RSV pre-fusion (F) protein that discriminates between maternal and infant responses.

Methods
We measured RSV-specific responses in two groups of children &lt;3 years of age; those with laboratory-confirmed RSV (RSV-infected) and those enrolled prior to their first RSV season (RSV-uninfected). Serial blood samples were obtained and recent infections with RSV and other respiratory viruses were assessed during follow-up. An RSV pre-F-specific kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (kELISA) and an F-specific reactive B cell frequency (RBF) assay were developed.

Results
One hundred two young children were enrolled between July 2015 and April 2017; 74 were in the RSV-uninfected group and 28 were in the RSV-infected group. Participants were asked to provide sequential blood samples over time, but only 53 participants in the RSV-uninfected group and 22 participants in the RSV-infected groups provided multiple samples. In the RSV-infected group, most had positive kELISA and RBF during the study. In the RSV-uninfected group, two patterns emerged: declining kELISA values without reactive B cells, due to maternal transplacental antibody transfer, and persistently positive kELISA with reactive B cells, due to asymptomatic undiagnosed RSV infection.

Conclusions
A kELISA targeting RSV pre-F epitopes and an RBF assay targeting RSV F-specific B cells generally allow discrimination between maternally and infant-derived antibodies.
m6A modification: a new avenue for anti-cancer therapy
Authors: Bai Yongtai , Li Kai , Peng Jinying , Yi Chengqi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To date, over 170 different kinds of chemical modifications on RNAs have been identified, some of which are involved in multiple aspects of RNA fate, ranging from RNA processing, nuclear export, translation, and RNA decay. m6A, also known as N6-methyladenosine, is a prominent internal RNA modification that is catalyzed primarily by the METTL3-METTL14-WTAP methyltransferase complex in higher eukaryotic mRNA and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). In recent years, abnormal m6A modification has been linked to the occurrence, development, progression, and prognosis of the majority of cancers. In this review, we provide an update on the most recent m6A modification discoveries as well as the critical roles of m6A modification in cancer development and progression. We summarize the mechanisms of m6A involvement in cancer and list potential cancer therapy inhibitors that target m6A regulators such as “writer” METTL3 and “eraser” FTO.
Touch and Bodily Transparency
Authors: Mizrahi Vivian 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As most philosophers recognize, the body’s central role in touch differs from the role it plays in the other sense modalities. Any account of touch must then explain the pivotal nature of the body’s involvement in touch. Unlike most accounts of touch, this paper argues that the body’s centrality in touch is not phenomenological or experiential: the body is not felt in any special way in tactile experiences. Building on Aristotle’s account in De Anima, I argue that the body is central in touch because it is the medium of tactile perception. Touch depends on the body as vision and audition depend on air or any medium that can transmit light or sound waves. I show that it is precisely because the body must be transparent in order to transmit tangible properties that it cannot be perceived or experienced in tactile perception. Although this account conflicts with the widespread view that tactile perception is mediated by bodily sensations, I maintain that it explains how the structure and constitution of the human body contribute directly to what we feel in tactile experiences and that it provides a better understanding of the relation between the sense of touch and our bodily feelings.
Enlightening the dynamical evolution of Galactic open clusters: an approach usingGaiaDR3 and analytical descriptions
Authors: Angelo M S , Santos Jr. J F C , Maia F F S , Corradi W J B 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTMost stars in our Galaxy form in stellar aggregates, which can become long-lived structures called open clusters (OCs). Along their dynamical evolution, their gradual depletion leave some imprints on their structure. In this work, we employed astrometric, photometric, and spectroscopic data from the Gaia DR3 catalogue to uniformly characterize a sample of 60 OCs. Structural parameters (tidal, core, and half-light radii, respectively, rt, rc, and rh), age, mass (Mclu), distance, reddening, Jacobi radius (RJ), and half-light relaxation time (trh) are derived from radial density profiles and astrometrically decontaminated colour–magnitude diagrams. Ages and Galactocentric distances (RG) range from 7.2$\, \lesssim \,$log(t.yr$^{-1})\, \lesssim \,$9.8 and 6$\, \lesssim \, R_G$(kpc)$\, \lesssim \,$12. Analytical expressions derived from N-body simulations are also employed to estimate the OC initial mass (Mini) and mass loss due to dynamical effects. Both rc and the tidal filling ratio, rh/RJ, decrease with the dynamical age (= t/trh), indicating the shrinking of the OCs’ internal structure as consequence of internal dynamical relaxation. This dependence seems differentially affected by the external tidal field, since OCs at smaller RG tend to be dynamically older and have smaller Mclu/Mini ratios. For $R_G\lesssim 8\,$ kpc, the rh/RJ ratio presents a slight positive correlation with RG. Beyond this limit, there is a dichotomy in which more massive OCs are more compact and less subject to tidal stripping compared to those less massive and looser OCs at similar RG. Besides, the rt/RJ ratio also correlates positively with RG.
Equilibrium non-self-gravitating tori around black holes in parametrized spherically symmetric space–times
Authors: Cassing Marie , Rezzolla Luciano 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Non-self-gravitating equilibrium tori orbiting around black holes have a long history and have been employed in numerous simulations of accretion flows on to black holes and other compact objects. We have revisited the problem of constructing such equilibria starting from spherically symmetric black-hole space–times expressed in terms of a fully generic and rapidly converging parametrization: the Rezzolla–Zhidenko metric. Within this framework, we have extended the definitions of all of the quantities characterizing these equilibria, starting from the concept of the von Zeipel cylinders and up to the possible ranges of the specific angular momenta that are employed to construct families of tori. Within the allowed space of parameters we have then encountered both standard ‘single-torus’ solutions and non-standard ‘double-tori’ solutions. While the properties of the first ones in terms of the presence of a single cusp, of a local pressure maximum and of a varying outer radius, are very similar to those encountered in general relativity, the properties of double-tori solutions are far richer and naturally allow for configurations having the same constant specific angular momentum and hence are potentially easier to produce in nature. The existence of these objects is at present very hypothetical, but if these equilibrium tori were to be observed, they would provide very valuable information on the properties of the space–time and on its deviation from general relativity.
Modelling the optical energy profile of the 2021 October Jupiter impact flash
Authors: Arimatsu Ko , Tsumura Kohji , Usui Fumihiko , Watanabe Jun-ichi 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
We have conducted numerical simulations to reproduce the observed optical energy profile of the 2021 October 15 (ut) impact flash on Jupiter, which was the largest and the most well-observed flash event detected by ground-based movie observations. The observed long-duration (∼5.5 s) optical emission can be reproduced by an impact of an object with an exceptionally small angle of entry relative to the horizontal. The apparent lack of the impact debris feature despite the large impact object was possibly due to the shallower angle of entry (≤12°), which resulted in the lower ablation per unit volume at altitudes higher than $50 \, {\rm km}$, and the volume densities of the ablated materials were too low to allow the debris particulates to coagulate. The absence of temporal methane absorption change in the observed flash spectrum is consistent with the best-fitting results. The model better fits the observed optical energy profile for weaker material (cometary and stony) cases than for metallic ones. Based on the simulation results, prospects for future observations of impact flashes are discussed.
Quasi-spiral solution to the mixed intracluster medium and the universal entropy profile of galaxy clusters
Authors: Keshet Uri , Raveh Itay , Ghosh Arka 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Well-resolved galaxy clusters often show a large-scale quasi-spiral structure in deprojected density ρ and temperature T fields, delineated by a tangential discontinuity known as a cold front, superimposed on a universal radial entropy profile with a linear K(r) ∝ Tρ−2/3 ∝ r adiabat. We show that a spiral structure provides a natural quasi-stationary solution for the mixed intracluster medium (ICM), introducing a modest pressure spiral that confines the locally buoyant or heavy plasma phases. The solution persists in the presence of uniform or differential rotation, and can accommodate both an inflow and an outflow. Hydrodynamic adiabatic simulations with perturbations that deposit angular momentum and mix the plasma thus asymptote to a self-similar spiral structure. We find similar spirals in Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations of 2D and 3D, merger and offset, clusters. The discontinuity surface is given in spherical coordinates {r, θ, ϕ} by ϕ(r, θ) ∝ Φ(r) , where Φ is the gravitational potential, combining a trailing spiral in the equatorial (θ = π/2) plane and semicircles perpendicular to the plane, in resemblance of a snail shell. A local convective instability can develop between spiral windings, driving a modified global instability in sublinear K(r) regions; evolved spirals thus imprint the observed K ∝ r onto the ICM even after they dissipate. The spiral structure brings hot and cold phases to close proximity, suggesting that the observed fast outflows could sustain the structure even in the presence of radiative cooling.
On the use of temporal filtering for mitigating galactic synchrotron calibration bias in 21 cm reionization observations
Authors: Charles Ntsikelelo , Kern Nicholas , Bernardi Gianni , Bester Landman , Smirnov Oleg , Fagnoni Nicolas , Acedo Eloy de Lera 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Precision antenna calibration is required for mitigating the impact of foreground contamination in 21 cm cosmological radio surveys. One widely studied source of error is the effect of missing point sources in the calibration sky model; however, poorly understood diffuse galactic emission also creates a calibration bias that can complicate the clean separation of foregrounds from the 21 cm signal. In this work, we present a technique for suppressing this bias with temporal filtering of radio interferometric visibilities observed in a drift-scan mode. We demonstrate this technique on mock simulations of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) experiment. Inspecting the recovered calibration solutions, we find that our technique reduces spurious errors by over an order of magnitude. This improved accuracy approaches the required accuracy needed to make a fiducial detection of the 21 cm signal with HERA, but is dependent on a number of external factors that we discuss. We also explore different types of temporal filtering techniques and discuss their relative performance and trade-offs.
Sky-averaged 21-cm signal extraction using multiple antennas with an SVD framework: the REACH case
Authors: Saxena Anchal , Meerburg P Daniel , de Lera Acedo Eloy , Handley Will , Koopmans Léon V E 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
In a sky-averaged 21-cm signal experiment, the uncertainty of the extracted signal depends mainly on the covariance between the foreground and 21-cm signal models. In this paper, we construct these models using the modes of variation obtained from the singular value decomposition of a set of simulated foreground and 21-cm signals. We present a strategy to reduce this overlap between the 21-cm and foreground modes by simultaneously fitting the spectra from multiple different antennas, which can be used in combination with the method of utilizing the time dependence of foregrounds while fitting multiple drift scan spectra. To demonstrate this idea, we consider two different foreground models (i) a simple foreground model, where we assume a constant spectral index over the sky, and (ii) a more realistic foreground model, with a spatial variation of the spectral index. For the simple foreground model, with just a single antenna design, we are able to extract the signal with good accuracy if we simultaneously fit the data from multiple time slices. The 21-cm signal extraction is further improved when we simultaneously fit the data from different antennas as well. This improvement becomes more pronounced while using the more realistic mock observations generated from the detailed foreground model. We find that even if we fit multiple time slices, the recovered signal is biased and inaccurate for a single antenna. However, simultaneously fitting the data from different antennas reduces the bias and the uncertainty by a factor of 2–3 on the extracted 21-cm signal.
Fine-structure transitions of Si and S induced by collisions with atomic hydrogen
Authors: Yan Pei-Gen , Babb James F 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Using a quantum-mechanical close-coupling method, we calculate cross-sections for fine-structure excitation and relaxation of Si and S atoms in collisions with atomic hydrogen. Rate coefficients are calculated over a range of temperatures for astrophysical applications. We determine the temperature-dependent critical densities for the relaxation of Si and S in collisions with H and compare these to the critical densities for collisions with electrons. The present calculations should be useful in modelling environments exhibiting the [S i] 25 μm and [S i] 57 μm far-infrared emission lines or where cooling of S and Si by collisions with H is of interest.
Analysis of integral field spectroscopy observations of the planetary nebula Hen 2-108 and its central star
Authors: Miranda Marques Bárbara L , Monteiro Hektor , Aleman Isabel , Akras Stavros , Todt Helge , Corradi Romano L M 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
The study of planetary nebulae provides important constraints for many aspects of stellar and Galactic evolution. Hen 2-108 is a poorly known planetary nebula with a slight elliptical morphology and a peculiar central star (CS), which has defied classification. In this work, we present the first detailed integral field spectroscopic study of the planetary nebula Hen 2-108 and its CS. We provide spatially resolved flux maps for important emission lines, as well as diagnostic maps of extinction and electronic density and temperature. Physical conditions and chemical abundances were also calculated from the integrated spectrum. The analysis was also performed with the code satellite that uses a distinct strategy to evaluate physical and chemical properties. Both satellite and traditional procedure give consistent results, showing some variation in physical and chemical properties. We detect and measure a number of faint heavy element recombination lines from which we find a significant abundance discrepancy factor for O/H, and possibly for N/H. Pseudo-3D photoionization models were used to assist in the interpretation with results supporting the low-ionization nature of this nebula, indicating a CS with Teff = 40 kK and a shell structure. The spectrum of the CS has been analysed with a detailed model for expanding atmospheres to infer stellar parameters, finding that it is a [Of/WN8] type with T* = 41.5 kK, making it a new addition to a small set (∼20) of rare objects.
Population Genomic Evidence of Adaptive Response during the Invasion History ofPlasmodium falciparumin the Americas
Authors: Lefebvre Margaux J M , Daron Josquin , Legrand Eric , Fontaine Michael C , Rougeron Virginie , Prugnolle Franck 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPlasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria, spread from Africa to all continents following the out-of-Africa human migrations. During the transatlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, it was introduced twice independently to the Americas where it adapted to new environmental conditions (new human populations and mosquito species). Here, we analyzed the genome-wide polymorphisms of 2,635 isolates across the current P. falciparum distribution range in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas to investigate its genetic structure, invasion history, and selective pressures associated with its adaptation to the American environment. We confirmed that American populations originated from Africa with at least two independent introductions that led to two genetically distinct clusters, one in the North (Haiti and Colombia) and one in the South (French Guiana and Brazil), and an admixed Peruvian group. Genome scans revealed recent and more ancient signals of positive selection in the American populations. Particularly, we detected positive selection signals in genes involved in interactions with hosts (human and mosquito) cells and in genes involved in resistance to malaria drugs in both clusters. Analyses suggested that for five genes, adaptive introgression between clusters or selection on standing variation was at the origin of this repeated evolution. This study provides new genetic evidence on P. falciparum colonization history and on its local adaptation in the Americas.