bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Russia with fear: fear appeals and the patterns of cyber-enabled influence operations
Authors: Etudo Ugochukwu , Whyte Christopher , Yoon Victoria , Yaraghi Niam 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Much research on influence operations (IO) and cyber-enabled influence operations (CEIO) rests on the assumption that state-backed digital interference attempts to generically produce sociopolitical division favorable to the perpetrator’s own interests. And yet, the empirical record of malicious IO during the 2010s show that social media manipulation and messaging takes a number of forms. In this article, we survey arguments regarding the targeting tactics and techniques associated with digital age IO and suggest that existing accounts tend to ignore the strategic context of foreign interference. We propose that state-sponsored IO are not unlike conventional political messaging campaigns in that they are an evolving flow of information rooted in several key objectives and assumptions. However, the strategic position of foreign actors as an outside force constrains opportunities for effective manipulation and forces certain operational constraints that shape practice. These outside actors, generally unable to create sensation from nothing without being unveiled, rely on domestic events tied to a broad macrosocial division (e.g. an act of race violence or protest activity) to create the conditions wherein social media manipulation can be leveraged to strategic gain. Once an event occurs, belligerents tailor steps being taken to embed themselves in relevant social networks with the goal of turning that influence toward some action. We illustrate and validate this framework using the content of the Russian Federation’s coordinated trolling campaign against the USA between 2015 and 2016. We deploy an empirical testing approach centered on fear appeals as a likely method for engaging foreign populations relative to some domestic triggering event and find support of our framework. Specifically, we show that while strong associations exist between Russian ad emissions on Facebook and societal unrest in the period, those relationships are not statistically causal. We find a temporal ordering of social media content that is highly suggestive of a fear appeals strategy responsive to macrosocial dividing events. Of unique interest, we also see that malware is targeted to social media populations at later stages of the fear appeal threat lifecycle, implying lessons for those specifically interested in the relationship between CEIO and disinformation tactics.
Physical activity in childhood and adolescence and future depressive symptoms: an 11-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Knowles Christopher , Paradis Kyle F , Breslin Gavin , Shannon Stephen , Carlin Angela 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Physical activity (PA) can reduce young peoples’ risk of depressive symptoms. Associations between PA and depressive symptoms are often investigated over timeframes spanning minutes to weeks. Less is known about whether childhood/adolescent PA can predict depressive symptoms in early adulthood.

Methods
Using a nationally representative sample from Ireland, latent growth mixture modelling was performed to investigate the extent to which different PA trajectories existed from ages 9–17, whether gender, weight status, and socio-economic deprivation at age 9, predicted PA trajectories from ages 9–17, and whether trajectory class membership predicted depressive symptoms at age 20.

Results
A 4-class solution was the best fit to the data (AIC = 52 175.69; BIC = 52 302.69; ssaBIC = 52 245.49; entropy = 1.00). Classes were labelled according to their baseline PA and slope of their trajectory: ‘High-Decreasers’; ‘Moderate-Decreasers’; ‘Moderate-Stable’; and ‘Low-Increasers’. A negative linear association existed between activity trajectory and the likelihood class members were female, overweight or socioeconomically deprived at age 9. The most active class (High-Decreasers) were significantly less likely to report depressive symptoms at age 20 than other classes.

Conclusions
Multiple PA trajectories exist throughout childhood and adolescence although differences in PA levels reduced over time. The most/least active children continued to be the most/least active throughout adolescence. Those most active were least at risk of depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Being female, overweight or experiencing deprivation at age 9 were all risk factors for inactivity throughout adolescence. Findings have implications for public health and PA promotion in young people.
Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use as risk factors for head trauma in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort study 1986
Authors: Koivisto Maarit K , Puljula Jussi , Levola Jonna M , Mustonen Antti , Miettunen Jouko , Alakokkare Anni-Emilia , Niemelä Solja 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to assess the associations between cannabis use and frequency of alcohol intoxication in adolescence with the risk of traumatic brain injury and craniofacial fractures in early adulthood. Hypothesis was that using alcohol and cannabis in adolescence could increase the risk for head traumas.

Methods
Data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 9432 individuals) were used to investigate the prospective association between the self-reported frequency of alcohol intoxication (n = 6472) and cannabis use (n = 6586) in mid-adolescence and register-based, head trauma diagnoses by ages 32–33 years. To test the robustness of these associations, the statistical models were adjusted for a range of other confounders such as illicit drug use, previous head trauma and self-reported mental health problems.

Results
In multivariate analyses, cannabis use was statistically significantly associated with a greater risk of traumatic brain injury among females [hazard ratio (HR) 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.2, P = 0.024). Frequent alcohol intoxication was a statistically significant independent risk factor for both traumatic brain injury (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–3.9, P &lt; 0.001) and craniofacial fractures (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6–4.8, P &lt; 0.001) among males.

Conclusions
Cannabis use in adolescence appears to associate independently with elevated risk for traumatic brain injury among females, and frequent alcohol intoxication in adolescence seems to associate with elevated risk of both traumatic brain injury and craniofacial fractures among males.
Impact of the association between education and obesity on diabetes-free life expectancy
Authors: Brønnum-Hansen Henrik , Davidsen Michael , Andersen Ingelise 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
The purpose of the study was to quantify the association between body weight and health by estimating the expected lifetime with and without diabetes (diabetes-free life expectancy) at age 30 and 65. In addition, the diabetes-free life expectancy was stratified by educational level.

Methods
Life tables by sex, level of education and obese/not obese were constructed using nationwide register data and self-reported data on body weight and height and diabetes from the Danish National Health Survey in 2021. Diabetes-free life expectancies were estimated by Sullivan’s method.

Results
The difference in life expectancy between not obese 30-year-old men with a long and a short education was 5.7 years. For not obese women, the difference was 4.1 years. For obese men and women, the difference in life expectancy at age 30 was 7.0 and 5.2 years. Women could expect more years without and fewer years with diabetes than men regardless of body weight and educational level. Diabetes-free life expectancy differed by 6.9 years between not obese 30-year-old men with a short and a long education and by 7.7 years for obese men with a short and a long education. For women, the differences were 5.9 and 6.6 years.

Conclusion
The results demonstrate an association of obesity and educational level with life expectancy and diabetes-free life expectancy. There is a need for preventive efforts to reduce educational inequality in life expectancy and diabetes-free life expectancy. Structural intervention will particularly benefit overweight people with short education.
Female meiotic drive shapes the distribution of rare inversion polymorphisms in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Koury Spencer A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In all species, new chromosomal inversions are constantly being formed by spontaneous rearrangement and then stochastically eliminated from natural populations. In Drosophila, when new chromosomal inversions overlap with a preexisting inversion in the population, their rate of elimination becomes a function of the relative size, position, and linkage phase of the gene rearrangements. These altered dynamics result from complex meiotic behavior wherein overlapping inversions generate asymmetric dyads that cause both meiotic drive/drag and segmental aneuploidy. In this context, patterns in rare inversion polymorphisms of a natural population can be modeled from the fundamental genetic processes of forming asymmetric dyads via crossing-over in meiosis I and preferential segregation from asymmetric dyads in meiosis II. Here, a mathematical model of crossover-dependent female meiotic drive is developed and parameterized with published experimental data from Drosophila melanogaster laboratory constructs. This mechanism is demonstrated to favor smaller, distal inversions and accelerate the elimination of larger, proximal inversions. Simulated sampling experiments indicate that the paracentric inversions directly observed in natural population surveys of D. melanogaster are a biased subset that both maximizes meiotic drive and minimizes the frequency of lethal zygotes caused by this cytogenetic mechanism. Incorporating this form of selection into a population genetic model accurately predicts the shift in relative size, position, and linkage phase for rare inversions found in this species. The model and analysis presented here suggest that this weak form of female meiotic drive is an important process influencing the genomic distribution of rare inversion polymorphisms.
Massachusetts’ innovative policy approach to expanding contraceptive options in primary care
Authors: Ciccariello Chloe , Prakash-Zawisza Viveka R , Pace Lydia E 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As health systems pivot toward value-based care and as the reversal of Roe vs Wade has significantly decreased access to abortion care in the United States, contraception is increasingly recognized as a high-value health service. However, the United States has a long and troubling history of using contraceptive policies and practices, including forced sterilization, to limit the reproductive rights of people of color and individuals with disabilities. We hope to highlight an innovative program developed by Massachusetts’ Medicaid program, which seeks to expand access to long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) within primary care clinics in a way that promotes both value and reproductive justice. This program provides financial incentives for clinics that serve patients with Medicaid to offer LARC to all patients within the primary care space. Unlike LARC programs that exclusively target patients with Medicaid insurance and provide incentivizes based on number of LARC insertions, this policy has the potential to “lift all boats” and expand access to LARC for all patients regardless of payer. Careful evaluation of this program will be necessary to ensure that the intended outcomes—to increase access to LARC, promote reproductive justice, and deliver value to the health system—are achieved.
Institutions that define the policymaking role of courts: A comparative analysis of the supreme courts of Scandinavia
Authors: Ghavanini Anna Wallerman , Grendstad Gunnar , Schaffer Johan Karlsson 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Scandinavian supreme courts have been described as deferential to the elected branches of government and reluctant to exercise their limited review powers. However, in recent years, these courts have increasingly decided cases impacting public policy making. Yet we lack comprehensive, comparative knowledge about the legal rules and judicial practices that govern the policymaking role of courts in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Addressing this gap, this article develops an analytical framework and systematically compares the evolving laws, rules, and practices that regulate the supreme courts’ constitutional review powers and court administration, the appointment and tenure of judges, access to the supreme courts, and their decision-making procedures over the last fifty years. The comparison reveals notable institutional differences across these judiciaries and finds that judicial expansion in Scandinavia has coincided with institutional changes that enhance judicial autonomy. This suggests that consequential reforms of domestic origin may have played a larger part in this development than previously appreciated.
Full Double Hölder Regularity of the Pressure in Bounded Domains
Authors: De Rosa Luigi , Latocca Mickaël , Stefani Giorgio 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We consider Hölder continuous weak solutions $u\in C^{\gamma }(\Omega )$, $u\cdot n|_{\partial \Omega }=0$, of the incompressible Euler equations on a bounded and simply connected domain $\Omega \subset{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$. If $\Omega $ is of class $C^{2,1}$ then the corresponding pressure satisfies $p\in C^{2\gamma }_{*}(\Omega )$ in the case $\gamma \in (0,\frac{1}{2}]$, where $C^{2\gamma }_{*}$ is the Hölder–Zygmund space, which coincides with the usual Hölder space for $\gamma &lt;\frac 12$. This result, together with our previous one in [ 11] covering the case $\gamma \in (\frac 12,1)$, yields the full double regularity of the pressure on bounded and sufficiently regular domains. The interior regularity comes from the corresponding $C^{2\gamma }_{*}$ estimate for the pressure on the whole space ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$, which in particular extends and improves the known double regularity results (in the absence of a boundary) in the borderline case $\gamma =\frac{1}{2}$. The boundary regularity features the use of local normal geodesic coordinates, pseudodifferential calculus and a fine Littlewood–Paley analysis of the modified equation in the new coordinate system. We also discuss the relation between different notions of weak solutions, a step that plays a major role in our approach.
Some Cases of the Zilber–Pink Conjecture for Curves in 𝒜g
Authors: Papas Georgios 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Following our work in [ 30], we extend the height bounds established by Y. André in his seminal research monograph [ 1] for $1$-parameter families of abelian varieties defined over number fields. In our exposition, we no longer assume that the family acquires completely multiplicative reduction at some point, as in André’s original result. As a corollary of these height bounds, we obtain unconditional results of Zilber–Pink-type for curves in $\mathcal{A}_{g}$, building upon recent results of C. Daw and M. Orr.
Asymptotic Betti Numbers for Hard Squares in the Homological Liquid Regime
Authors: Alpert Hannah , Kahle Matthew , MacPherson Robert 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We study configuration spaces $C(n; p, q)$ of $n$ ordered unit squares in a $p$ by $q$ rectangle. Our goal is to estimate the $j$th Betti number for large $n$, $j$, $p$, and $q$. We consider sequences of area-normalized coordinates, where $\left (\frac {n}{pq}, \frac {j}{pq}\right )$ converges as $n$, $j$, $p$, and $q$ approach infinity. For every sequence that converges to a point in the “feasible region” in the $(x,y)$-plane identified in [3], we show that the factorial growth rate of the Betti numbers is the same as the factorial growth rate of $n!$. This implies that (1) the Betti numbers are vastly larger than for the configuration space of $n$ ordered points in the plane, which have the factorial growth rate of $j!$, and (2) every point in the feasible region is eventually in the homological liquid regime.
The suitability of UMLS and SNOMED-CT for encoding outcome concepts
Authors: Newbury Abigail , Liu Hao , Idnay Betina , Weng Chunhua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Objective
Outcomes are important clinical study information. Despite progress in automated extraction of PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) entities from PubMed, rarely are these entities encoded by standard terminology to achieve semantic interoperability. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and SNOMED-CT in encoding outcome concepts in randomized controlled trial (RCT) abstracts.

Materials and Methods
We iteratively developed and validated an outcome annotation guideline and manually annotated clinically significant outcome entities in the Results and Conclusions sections of 500 randomly selected RCT abstracts on PubMed. The extracted outcomes were fully, partially, or not mapped to the UMLS via MetaMap based on established heuristics. Manual UMLS browser search was performed for select unmapped outcome entities to further differentiate between UMLS and MetaMap errors.

Results
Only 44% of 2617 outcome concepts were fully covered in the UMLS, among which 67% were complex concepts that required the combination of 2 or more UMLS concepts to represent them. SNOMED-CT was present as a source in 61% of the fully mapped outcomes.

Discussion
Domains such as Metabolism and Nutrition, and Infections and Infectious Diseases need expanded outcome concept coverage in the UMLS and MetaMap. Future work is warranted to similarly assess the terminology coverage for P, I, C entities.

Conclusion
Computational representation of clinical outcomes is important for clinical evidence extraction and appraisal and yet faces challenges from the inherent complexity and lack of coverage of these concepts in UMLS and SNOMED-CT, as demonstrated in this study.
Social play predicts caution in juvenile Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi)
Authors: Shehan Madelene I , Hernandez Melissa , Rodriguez Jenevieve D , Nunes Scott 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Play is an important component of development in a range of mammalian species, and may provide adaptive benefits for young individuals in some cases. We evaluated the hypothesis that social play in juvenile Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) promotes development of cautious responses when individuals are confronted with a potential threat. We observed the play behavior of juvenile U. beldingi across the developmental period in which play primarily occurs. To measure caution, we conducted behavioral tests on individual squirrels at the beginning and toward the end of the play period, and again when the individuals were yearlings. During tests we recorded the distances at which squirrels first noticed and fled from a human intruder. In initial tests, juveniles with yearling mothers responded to intruders at greater distances than did juveniles with older mothers suggesting maternal effects on the development of caution. Distances at which juveniles noticed and fled from an intruder increased across the play interval, suggesting increased caution to a potential threat as early development progresses. Social play was a reliable predictor of increases in caution, with juveniles who engaged in social play at higher rates having greater increases in the distance to notice and flee from an intruder. Distances to flee from an intruder at the end of the play interval were reliable predictors of distances to flee from an intruder as a yearling, suggesting consistency in cautious responses among individual U. beldingi over time. Rates of social play as a juvenile were reliable predictors of distances to notice and flee from an intruder as a yearling, suggesting that possible influences of play behavior on cautious responses extend beyond the juvenile period.
Bacterial communities and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes carried within house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) associated with beef and dairy cattle farms
Authors: Neupane Saraswoti , Talley Justin L , Taylor David B , Nayduch Dana 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica Linnaeus) are vectors of human and animal pathogens at livestock operations. Microbial communities in flies are acquired from, and correlate with, their local environment. However, variation among microbial communities carried by flies from farms in different geographical areas is not well understood. We characterized bacterial communities of female house flies collected from beef and dairy farms in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and PCR. Bacterial community composition in house flies was affected by farm type and location. While the shared number of taxa between flies from beef or dairy farms was low, those taxa accounted &gt;97% of the total bacterial community abundance. Bacterial species richness was 4% greater in flies collected from beef than in those collected from dairy farms and varied by farm type within states. Several potential pathogenic taxa were highly prevalent, comprising a core bacterial community in house flies from cattle farms. Prevalence of the pathogens Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi was greater in flies from beef farms relative to those collected on dairy cattle farms. House flies also carried bacteria with multiple tetracycline and florfenicol resistance genes. This study suggests that the house flies are significant reservoirs and disseminators of microbial threats to human and cattle health.
On abnormal Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from the center of Tunisia
Authors: Remadi Latifa , Chargui Najla , Depaquit Jérôme , Randrianambinintsoa Fano José , Chaâbane-Banaoues Raja , Babba Hamouda , Haouas Najoua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Phlebotomus perniciosus is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum in the Western part of the Mediterranean basin. Atypical specimens of Ph. perniciosus called (pna) with a parameral sheath simply curved, not bifurcated, have been reported in many locations. In this study, we describe abnormal Ph. perniciosus male specimens. Sand flies were collected in center Tunisia and identified morphologically. Cytochrome b PCR-sequencing was carried out for abnormal Ph. perniciosus male specimens in order to confirm the morphological identification and assess the intraspecific genetic polymorphism. Abnormal Ph. perniciosus specimens were characterized by a multifurcated parameral sheath. A parsimonious haplotype network based on cyt b locus analysis showed that typical and abnormal Ph. perniciosus described in our investigation were grouped together in the same branch. Thus, genetic outcomes confirmed that the new phenotype is only an original morphotype of Ph. perniciosus.