bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of chief investigators and principal investigators in Australian and New Zealand radiation oncology clinical trials
Authors: Nguyen Hanh , Montgomery Rebecca , Sundaresan Puma 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntroductionGlobally, the research community is coming to realise the need for diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) amongst research teams and leadership. Diverse teams reduce homogeneous ‘group think’, propagate innovation, propound support for broader more representative research and facilitate the recruitment of patients from diverse backgrounds. Given the above, this study aims to retrospectively examine the characteristics of chief investigators (CI) and principal investigators (PI) in past and present Australian and New Zealand radiation oncology clinical trials.MethodsData on CI and PI characteristics were attained from the Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG) website as well as archived master database files provided by the TROG Scientific Committee. Data included CI and PI discipline, clinical trial activation date, institution type (private vs. public) and geographical location if in Australia. Australian and New Zealand health practitioner registration agency websites were used to determine the registered sex of the CIs and PIs and their years of experience.ResultsOne hundred and twenty TROG clinical trials have been initiated by 134 CIs from 1989 to 2022 and 463 TROG clinical trials have been opened by 465 PIs at their respective institutions from 2000 to 2022. Most TROG trial investigators have been radiation oncologists and those with over 10 years of experience. Only one in five trials and one in three trials have been led by female PIs and CIs, respectively. Investigators have largely been affiliated with public institutions, with only one in 100 CIs and one in eight PIs being affiliated with the private sector. TROG members from regional and rural areas in Australia have not been engaged as investigators, with all CIs and most PIs affiliated with metropolitan institutions.ConclusionThis study highlights the gaps in diversity amongst CIs and PIs in TROG clinical trials. Further unpacking and understanding of issues related to CI and PI diversity are important to inform initiatives to improve researcher, leadership and patient diversity in future TROG clinical trials.
Ethnic Visibility
Authors: Robinson Amanda Lea 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe political utility of ethnicity is typically attributed to the ease with which it can be observed. However, ethnic visibility is not universal, and I argue that its variation has political implications; namely that more visible group members support ethnic parties at higher rates because they have the most to gain (or lose) from ethnopolitical competition. Using original data from Malawi, I find that individual‐level ethnic visibility is indeed strongly associated with ethnic party support. I provide further evidence that visibility induces party support instrumentally by shaping expectations about others’ ability to correctly infer ethnic belonging. I also show that the theory generalizes to the group level, with more visible ethnic groups across Africa being more likely to vote ethnically. These results qualify a central assumption in instrumental theories of ethnic politics—that ethnic identities are always visible—and help explain variation in the success of ethnic political mobilization.
Is Affective Polarization Driven by Identity, Loyalty, or Substance?
Authors: Orr Lilla V. , Fowler Anthony , Huber Gregory A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPartisan Americans like members of their own party more than members of the opposing party. Scholars often interpret this as evidence that party identity or loyalty influence interpersonal affect. First, we reassess previous studies and demonstrate that prior results are also consistent with what we would predict if people cared only about policy agreement. Next, we demonstrate the difficulty of manipulating perceptions of party identity without also manipulating beliefs about policy agreement and vice versa. Finally, we show that partisans care much more about policy agreement than they do about party loyalty when the two come into conflict. Our analyses suggest that partisan Americans care about policy agreement; we have little convincing evidence that they care about partisan identity or loyalty per se, and scholars will have to find new research designs if they want to convincingly estimate the effects of identity or loyalty independent of policy substance.
Do Politicians in Power Receive Special Treatment in Courts? Evidence from India
Authors: Poblete‐Cazenave Rubén 
Published: July 2023

AbstractDo politicians in power receive special treatment in courts? I study judicial discrimination in the world's largest democracy, India, by analyzing whether pending criminal cases against politicians who marginally win their election are more likely to be closed without a conviction than cases against politicians who marginally lose their election. I find that winning office increases the chances of a favorable outcome only for politicians from the ruling party. Evidence suggests two main explanations for this result: (1) members of the legislative assemblies aligned with the ruling party misuse executive powers to manipulate prosecutors and police officers, and (2) witnesses turn hostile in high‐profile criminal cases.
The Aptness of Envy
Authors: Walters Jordan David Thomas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAre demands for equality motivated by envy? Nietzsche, Freud, Hayek, and Nozick all thought so. Call this the Envy Objection. For egalitarians, the Envy Objection is meant to sting. Many egalitarians have tried to evade the Envy Objection. But should egalitarians be worried about envy? In this article, I argue that egalitarians should stop worrying and learn to love envy. I argue that the persistent unwillingness to embrace the Envy Objection is rooted in a common misunderstanding of the nature of the charge, what it reveals, and what can be said in response to it. I develop what Bernard Williams might call a vindicatory genealogy of envy, thereby allowing us to see that envy, rather than undermining egalitarian intuitions, can in fact play a distinct justificatory role (when it is fitting), which undermines the Envy Objection.
The Personal Vote in a Polarized Era
Authors: Dancey Logan , Henderson John , Sheagley Geoffrey 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis study offers experimental tests of the “personal vote” in an era of heightened partisanship and polarization. Using three national surveys, we randomly present information about a hypothetical legislator's voting record, committee assignment, and district‐oriented work. After evaluating the legislator, respondents are presented with information about a challenger running on a nationalized message. Respondents, especially out‐partisans, report much greater satisfaction with the legislator when told about his district‐oriented activities, but increased willingness to vote for the legislator is more limited and mostly reserved for independents. In varying information about the legislator's voting record, we also find scant evidence that bipartisan legislators are better at securing a personal vote. In two experimental extensions, we show that our findings generalize to evaluations of real senators, and that nationalizing elections is one possible way that opponents can thwart incumbent efforts at winning the votes of independents and out‐partisans through traditional district‐oriented appeals.
“Shame: The Misplaced Debt of Structural Sin”
Authors: Streufert Mary J. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAlthough sexual violence and economic distress are often understood and responded to as individual problems, they are rooted in and must be understood within the social systems of patriarchy and advanced global capitalism, both of which normalize these traumas. The problem is that social systems divert guilt for structural sin onto individuals in the form of shame, which I argue is the misplaced debt of structural sin. Through narrative and analysis, I demonstrate the problems of silence, judgement, and death associated with the misplaced debt of shame in structural sin. Preliminarily, I suggest that the theology of the cross enables Christians to name structural sin for what it actually is; judge who or what is truly guilty; and remove shame and guilt from survivors to foster flourishing.
Type 1 diabetes and low carbohydrate diets—Defining the degree of nutritional ketosis
Authors: Ozoran Hakan , Matheou Michael , Dyson Pam , Karpe Fredrik , Tan Garry D. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAimsAdopting a low‐ or very low‐carbohydrate (LCD or VLCD) diet in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a controversial intervention. The main fear is that these diets may increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. However, there is little data about the ketoacidosis risk and the level of physiological nutritional ketosis in individuals following these diets. We aimed to define the level of ketosis in those with T1D following carbohydrate restricted diets in a real‐world observational study.MethodsPatients with T1D who had self‐selected dietary carbohydrate restriction were enrolled from local clinics and were compared to those following an unrestricted regular carbohydrate control diet (RCCD). Participants completed a 3‐day diary, documenting food intake, ketones, and blood/interstitial glucose concentrations.ResultsParticipants were divided into three groups according to mean carbohydrate intake: VLCD (<50 g carbohydrates/day) n = 6, LCD (50–130 g carbohydrates/day) n = 6, and RCCD (>130 g carbohydrates/day) n = 3. Mean beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) concentrations were 1.2 mmol/l (SD 0.14), 0.3 mmol/l (SD 0.12) and 0.1mmol/l (SD 0.05) in the VLCD, LCD and RCCD groups, respectively (p = 0.02). Post hoc Dunn test demonstrated this reached statistical significance between the VLCD and RCCD groups (p = 0.02).ConclusionCarbohydrate restricted diets, in particular VLCDs, are associated with a higher BOHB level. However, the degree of ketosis seen is much lower than we expected, and significantly lower than the level typically associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. This may suggest the risk of ketoacidosis is lower than feared, although safety will need to be evaluated further in large scale randomised trials.
The effect of littoral complexity on the diel distribution of early juvenile fish communities in temperate freshwater reservoirs
Authors: Sajdlová Zuzana , Jůza Tomáš , Draštík Vladislav , Seďa Jaromír , Čech Martin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe diel distribution of early juvenile fish communities from two temperate freshwater reservoirs that differed in cover of submerged aquatic vegetation was investigated. In the daytime, about 99.9% of the juvenile fish community from the plant‐rich Žlutice Reservoir was found in the nearshore belt of submerged aquatic vegetation reaching an average abundance of ~7982 inds. 1000 m−3. In contrast, in the pelagic habitat, few fish were found at day. In the plant‐poor Římov Reservoir, 98.9% of juveniles occupied the pelagic habitat during daytime and reached an average abundance of ~333 inds. 1000 m−3. Vertical distribution of fish in the pelagic habitat in both water bodies was affected by steep thermal and oxygen stratification and no individuals occurred below 6 m depth. At night, 88.8% of the juvenile fish community from the plant‐rich Žlutice Reservoir was in the pelagic habitat with an average abundance of ~1423 inds. 1000 m−3. Their diel horizontal shifts were much more pronounced compared to the community from the Římov Reservoir that reached an average nighttime pelagic abundance of ~523 inds. 1000 m−3. Only 1.1% of the juvenile fish community in the Římov Reservoir was found in the littoral during the daytime and 0.7% at night reaching an average daytime abundance of ~1688 inds. 1000 m−3 and average nighttime time abundance of ~1664 inds. 1000 m−3. This study indicates that if a well‐developed littoral zone with abundant aquatic vegetation is present, early juvenile fish will perform diel horizontal movement in temperate stratified reservoirs.
Homebound oral care for older adults: A qualitative study of professional carers' perspectives in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Idris Safaa , Aghanwa Somto , O'Halloran Jane , Durey Angela , Slack‐Smith Linda 
Published: July 2023

ObjectiveTo examine professional support workers and case managers' (professional carers) perspectives of what promoted or compromised oral health care in homebound adults aged over 65 years in Perth, Western Australia and identify professional carers' need for support in this context.BackgroundAccessing dental services can be difficult to navigate and unaffordable for homebound older adults. Paid carers often play a substantial role in facilitating access to services yet there is limited qualitative evidence of the perspectives of these stakeholders.MethodsGiven limited evidence in this area, this simple qualitative study was informed by constructivist grounded theory. Participants comprised 15 professional carers of homebound older adults. Transcripts were analysed to identify participant perceptions of key barriers and enablers to providing oral health care.ResultsBarriers to clients accessing dental care included participants' uncertainty around navigating the dental system, low priority of oral health care, affordability and confusion around who was responsible to provide oral care. Enablers included participants supporting clients' autonomy around oral care, better integration of oral care into primary health care and education and opportunity for training for professional carers.ConclusionEnsuring oral health is part of primary health plans, clarifying roles and responsibilities around delivering oral health care to homebound older adults and training carers were key findings. Inter‐sectoral collaboration between the dental and aged care sectors can benefit dental practitioners and professional carers in shared learning and has likely flow‐on effects for homebound older adults.
Four‐year treatment continuation rates of osteoporosis drugs with different dosing intervals throughout Japan
Authors: Idei Koichi , Ryu Kazuteru , Miura Seiji , Hiraga Kenichi , Hayama Yohsuke , Suzuki Arata , Okubo Naoki , Arai Yuji , Takahashi Kenji 
Published: July 2023

IntroductionThere are approximately 13 million patients with osteoporosis in Japan; however, only 20% of them receive treatment. This study compared the 4‐year continuation rates of osteoporosis drugs at different dosing intervals across throughout Japan.Materials and methodsReceipt data were analyzed to determine the continuation of osteoporosis medication in patients who began treatment at 210 hospitals throughout Japan between October 2016 and September 2017. Continuation rates were compared using Kaplan–Meier curves and log‐rank tests.ResultsThe 4‐year continuation rates of daily, weekly, monthly, semi‐annual, and yearly medications nationwide were 8.6%, 16.5%, 13.5%, 31.0%, and 26.0%, respectively. The 4‐year continuation rates for semi‐annual and yearly drugs were significantly higher than daily, weekly, monthly drugs.ConclusionThroughout Japan, the 4‐year treatment continuation rates of daily, weekly, monthly, semi‐annual, and yearly osteoporosis drugs all decreased over time. However, the continuation rates of semi‐annual and yearly drugs in the fourth year were significantly higher than those for the other dosing regimens. Therefore, injectable drugs with dosing intervals ≥6 months may improve continuation rates of osteoporosis drugs. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 665–670.
Dynamic monitoring and correlation analysis of flavour quality and bacterial community during sufu fermentation
Authors: Wang Xiaodan , Wang Cuilian , Hu Feng , Yu Maosong , Zhu Xianming , Wu Duo , Jiang Shaoping , Tian Jiaxue , Chang Ping 
Published: July 2023

SummaryDynamic changes in the flavour quality and microbial composition of sufu in the whole fermentation were studied, and the correlation between them was analyzed. Totally, 135 volatile flavours were identified. The types of volatile substances in sufu ripening for 90 days reached 44, which mainly contributed to volatile components of odour including 1‐octen‐3‐ol (ROAV = 89.89), phenylethyl alcohol (ROAV = 25.05), benzaldehyde (ROAV = 46.82), octanoic acid ethyl ester (ROAV = 49.01) and 2‐pentyl furan (ROAV = 100). Glutamate acid, aspartic acid and 5′‐guanylate contributed significantly to sufu post‐fermentation (TAV >1). The microorganisms in sufu were identified using internal transcribed spacer sequencing technology. The correlations among volatile flavour, taste substances and bacterial community structure were tested via Spearman analysis. Monascus kaoliang promoted the accumulation of most taste components and ethyl ester flavour substances, while Actinomucor elegans inhibited the accumulation of most flavour substances in sufu. This study could potentially help with the rational design of microbial communities to improve sufu quality.
Crystal structure investigation of spinel‐type LiAlON with multiple atomic disorders
Authors: Wang Zhian , Tu Bingtian , Chen Qiangguo , Wang Hao , Wang Weimin , Fu Zhengyi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSpinel‐type lithium aluminum oxynitride (LiAlON) contains atomic disorders at every crystallographic position, including vacancies, cation, and anion disorders. In this work, the crystal structure of spinel‐type LiAlON with multiple atomic disorders was systematically studied by first‐principles calculation, solid‐state NMR, and the Rietveld crystal structure refinement. The theoretical simulations demonstrate that the Li+ occupies octahedral positions and prefers to be far away from the N3− and cation vacancies in the crystal structure of LiAlON. A spinel‐type LiAlON compound with chemical formula of Li0.06Al2.72O3.77N0.23 was prepared by solid‐state reaction. The local structure of Li+ and Al3+ was probed by 7Li and 27Al solid‐state NMR technology. Combined with theoretical calculations and solid‐state NMR, the crystal structure of Li0.06Al2.72O3.77N0.23 was fully resolved by the Rietveld refinement. This work provides a deep understanding on the disordered crystal structure of the spinel‐type LiAlON solid solution.
Neuropeptidergic control circuits in the spinal cord for male sexual behaviour: Oxytocin–gastrin‐releasing peptide systems
Authors: Oti Takumi , Sakamoto Hirotaka 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe neuropeptidergic mechanisms controlling socio‐sexual behaviours consist of complex neuronal circuitry systems in widely distributed areas of the brain and spinal cord. At the organismal level, it is now becoming clear that “hormonal regulations” play an important role, in addition to the activation of neuronal circuits. The gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) system in the lumbosacral spinal cord is an important component of the neural circuits that control penile reflexes in rats, circuits that are commonly referred to as the “spinal ejaculation generator (SEG).” Oxytocin, long known as a neurohypophyseal hormone, is now known to be involved in the regulation of socio‐sexual behaviors in mammals, ranging from social bonding to empathy. However, the functional interaction between the SEG neurons and the hypothalamo‐spinal oxytocin system remains unclear. Oxytocin is known to be synthesised mainly in hypothalamic neurons and released from the posterior pituitary into the circulation. Oxytocin is also released from the dendrites of the neurons into the hypothalamus where they have important roles in social behaviours via non‐synaptic volume transmission. Because the most familiar functions of oxytocin are to regulate female reproductive functions including parturition, milk ejection, and maternal behaviour, oxytocin is often thought of as a “feminine” hormone. However, there is evidence that a group of parvocellular oxytocin neurons project to the lower spinal cord and control male sexual function in rats. In this report, we review the functional interaction between the SEG neurons and the hypothalamo‐spinal oxytocin system and effects of these neuropeptides on male sexual behaviour. Furthermore, we discuss the finding of a recently identified, localised “volume transmission” role of oxytocin in the spinal cord. Findings from our studies suggest that the newly discovered “oxytocin‐mediated spinal control of male sexual function” may be useful in the treatment of erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction.
The role of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide, chromogranin A, and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid in screening for carcinoid heart disease
Authors: Johnson Karen Kristina Nyvold , Stemann Lau Tobias , Mark Dahl Baunwall Simon , Elisabeth Villadsen Gerda , Guldbrand Rasmussen Vibeke , Grønbæk Henning , Oksjoki Riina Karoliina , Dam Gitte 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCarcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a serious complication for patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and early detection is crucial. We aimed to investigate N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), chromogranin A (CgA), and plasma 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (P‐5‐HIAA) as a screening tool for detection of CHD. We prospectively included patients with disseminated small intestinal NETs (SI‐NETs) and performed transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), questionnaires, and biochemical assessment of NT‐proBNP, CgA, and P‐5‐HIAA. The presence and severity of CHD was assessed using a scoring system based on echocardiographic characteristics. A total of 93 patients were included in the final analysis. Fifteen (16%) were diagnosed with CHD. The median NT‐proBNP (219 ng/L vs. 124 ng/L, p = .05), CgA (3930 pmol/L vs. 256 pmoL/L, p < .0001), and P‐5‐HIAA (1160 nmol/L vs. 210 nmoL/L, p < .0001) were significantly higher in patients with CHD compared to non‐CHD patients. For NT‐proBNP, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for detection of CHD was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.50–0.84), and at a 260 ng/L cutoff level, the sensitivity and specificity were 46% and 79%. For CgA, the AUROC was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84–0.97), and at a cutoff level of 598 pmol/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 69%. For P‐5‐HIAA, the AUROC was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80–0.98), and at a cutoff level of 752 nmol/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 92% and 85%. In conclusion, CgA and P‐5‐HIAA proved excellent markers of CHD while NT‐proBNP lacked the required diagnostic accuracy to be used as a screening tool.