bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daniel Sennert’s Dissertations and the Furthering of Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century Medicine
Authors: Goeing Anja-Silvia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter references Daniel Sennert’s dissertations to examine the development of new medical knowledge. It also covers new ways of assimilating and transmitting information in early modern Europe. Dissertations have only recently become a subject for investigation and are now treated as documents that help reveal learning practices in universities. The chapter explains how early modern medical science thrived on the lively exchange of information and materials among centres of European universities and academies. Overlooked developments in the organization and spread of medical knowledge of the early modern period is connected to the influence of university teaching and research on the (new) forms of knowledge. Dissertations are an important link in the chain of knowledge beyond the academy, and students’ undetermined part in the transmission of information.
A Failed Ideal? General Education in Post-War Netherlands
Authors: Dorsman Leen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the state of general education in post-war Netherlands. Examining the renewed plans for the national regeneration of the Netherlands shows that universities lacked a community spirit, which had disastrous consequences when Germany demanded a declaration of loyalty from students in 1943. At this time, the Dutch universities suggested the Civitas Academica as a way to bring about a new group consciousness, greater social and physical care, and the Studium Generale as a reform of the curriculum. The chapter addresses the issue of the changing composition of the student population and the switch between broad humanistic education and scientific training in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century. It also notes the issue of subject specialism that concerns Studium Generale.
‘The Champion of a Cause more Interesting than Prosperous’
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Paul Shrimpton’s written work which revolves around the life, academic career, ideas, connections, conflicts, and critics of John Henry Newman. Shrimpton looks at Newman's writings which are hitherto difficult to locate, including a lecture omitted from the famous text of The Idea of a University (although bits of the text leaked into different writings). Newman was recognized as an educational reformer and controversialist, but the strength of his arguments on university can be understood as a warning about the loss of religion, continuity, and tradition in a practical age eroded by consumer relativism. The chapter also states how Newman was influenced by the Oxford Movement of High Church Anglicanism before his conversion to Roman Catholicism. It explores Newman’s goal and tortured history of founding a Roman Catholic university.
The Folklore of Childbirth in Russia
Authors: Rouhier-Willoughby Jeanmarie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of scholarship on the Russian childbirth rite in the last two centuries. It discusses the major approaches to childbirth rites in the East Slavic context as well as challenges that they have presented to folklorists as a topic of study, particularly in the context of the medicalization of labor and delivery since the late nineteenth century. It discusses the lacuna in folklore studies dedicated to birth rites beginning in the first decade of the 21st century and the importance of folklorists’ research in this area. Of note are three particular contributions: the role of vernacular practices in daily life, even in urban settings; the structure and function of traditional genres in women’s narratives about birth; and the consideration of people’s voices in both urban and rural settings.
Introduction
Authors: Eyal Gil , Medvetz Thomas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This introduction provides a road map for the handbook, which brings together investigations from social scientists, philosophers, and legal scholars into the political dimensions of expertise. It argues that the sense of crisis hovering over democratic politics today can be traced to the paradoxical combination of growing mistrust of scientific findings and expert opinions and unprecedented reliance on experts that marks our current era. The chapter then offers a two-part survey of the topics covered in the handbook. The first part links the crisis of trust in experts to a threefold process of socialization, politicization, and mediatization of science over the last few decades; the second turns from causes to effects by discussing new dynamics of expertise that have emerged in response to the ongoing legitimation crisis affecting science and the professions.
Institutions of Expert Judgment: The Production and Use of Objectivity in Public Expertise
Authors: Laurent Brice 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationships between objectivity and expert judgment in public bodies. Building on science and technology studies (STS), it looks at how the manufacturing of objectivity and the definition of appropriate expert judgment have been jointly undertaken in public institutions of expertise. The analyses of objectivity as a historical and social construct invite us to consider that public expertise always relies on operations that actively shape human subjects and social organizations, yet in ways that differ across various institutional settings. The chapter discusses the case of the European institutions, which have struggled to stabilize a unique expert voice while also being accused of being overly technocratic. Instead of considering this case as a failure of expertise, the chapter shows that it offers a magnifying lens into the current difficulties of expertise, and provides elements to explore potential ways forward.
Expertise and Complex Organizations
Authors: Turner Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Expertise always has a place in social organization. One of the fundamental problems of the employment of expertise derives from the conflict between the fact that experts must be supported and therefore have interests and the need for at least the appearance of disinterestedness that is necessary for their expertise to be persuasive. This requires that experts have a protected status and that expert systems, which involve the aggregation of expert knowledge for the purposes of decision-making, also be organized in such a way that they are protected from conflicts of interest. This, however, is a problem of organizational design with no standard solution, though there is one common one: redundant structures with different evidence sources. The chapter discusses examples of the problem and considers the sources of failure. It shows that the sources of failure are intrinsic to the devices used to protect experts. The examples of the failures of the International Monetary Fund in the 2008 and the Greek crises are examined in detail from an organizational perspective to show that the flaws that led to expert failure in both cases were features that were effective in normal circumstances rather than bugs. This is an important lesson that generalizes to all expert systems. The concluding discussion deals with the implications for reliance on these systems.
Data and Expertise: Some Unanticipated Outcomes
Authors: Porter Theodore M. , Nelson Espeland Wendy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two contrasting versions of expertise. The first, tied to traditions of professional practice in theology, medicine, and law, relies on intuitions derived from generations of experience. Even when they articulate their knowledge as rules, these professionals are likely to insist on the need to interpret these rules in applying them to particular problems and issues. The ideals of the other type of expertise are captured in phrases such as “evidence-based” or, still more austerely, “data-driven,” and often imply a dim view of professional faith in case-based reasoning as casuistry, a self-interested evasion of properly rigorous reasoning. The second type of expertise is embedded in algorithms and, in this chapter, more specifically in rankings. Rankings evaluate institutions using a standardized set of factors. The chapter focuses on the confrontations between these rival forms of expertise, and on the unintended consequences that often arise from efforts to impose numerical standards in place of experience and professional judgment in the design and evaluation of educational programs. Finally, it shows how such confrontations have stimulated the emergence of new forms of quantitative expertise.
Experts in the Regulation of Technology and Risk: An Ecological Perspective on Regulatory Science
Authors: Demortain David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The evaluation of technologies and their risks is a hybrid exercise, involving the forging of facts and proofs of the properties of these technologies, and judgment calls about the value of these technologies and underlying risks for society. This regulatory science, where the construction of facts about technologies mix with debated legal, social and economic criteria of technological desirability, is a particularly challenging area for scientists to navigate and gain authority in. This is all the more the case now as the practices and norms of regulatory science appear to be influenced by the very industries it helps to regulate. This chapter discusses how expert objectivity and authority have historically been negotiated in regulatory science and the associated changes in a context that is politicized by claims of industry capture and scientists’ conflicts of interest. It argues that the authority of experts and their reputation for objectivity and responsibility have much to do with their positions in various fields—administrative, industrial, academic, and social mobilization—that is, in the broad ecology in which regulatory knowledge contentiously takes form.
Gender and Economic Governance Expertise
Authors: Azocar Maria J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Gender scholars have made three key contributions to studies of experts and expertise in economic governance. First, they have explored how experts mobilize intersectional gendered assumptions to make expert claims intelligible and authoritative, while rendering alternative claims unrecognizable. Second, by taking expertise as a series of practices, and not just a claim, gender scholars have explored the points of tension and conflict embedded in the work experts do to establish authority in economic policymaking. Third, gender scholars have studied expertise as institutional processes in which claims, people, and organizations are incorporated into networks that stabilize specific configurations of economic expertise over time. The chapter is an invitation to expand the reach of gender scholars’ contributions, in a dialogue that not only explores how expertise sustains social oppression, but also how expertise can be deployed as a tool for social justice.
Professional Authority
Authors: Huising Ruthanne 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter questions the continued efficacy of expertise derived from proprietary, abstract knowledge systems in producing professional authority. Recent studies demonstrate alternative means used to generate authority in contemporary workplaces, including interdependence, contextual expertise, interactive expertise, and the ethos or the moral character of how work is done. These forms of knowledge and practice generated through interactions with adjacent professions and clients inform how members of professions leverage traditional expertise to diagnose and treat problems in situ, and influence how those around them understand and contribute to their work. Beyond substantive capacities (arguing a legal case or treating a disease), authority depends on accomplishing outcomes preferably in ways that reflect the clients’ interests, including saving them time, money, and discomfort. This relates to the more recent ways in which expertise is evaluated and valued through bureaucratic (managerial evaluations in organizations) and technological means (client evaluations on social media).
The Social Distribution of the Public Recognition of Expertise
Authors: Arnoldi Jakob 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The chapter expands the notion of social distribution of expertise, arguing that increasingly, it is not only the organizations and professions surrounding expertise that are socially distributed. Also the institutions that traditionally have defined and legitimized expertise (in particular, news media) have become socially distributed—that is, they have lost their monopoly on the definition and legitimization of expertise. The social distribution of expertise suggests that organizations such as universities and institutionalized professional roles such as academics have lost their monopoly on expertise because of new types of knowledge-generating organizations and professions—think tanks, financial analysts, R&D-intensive private corporations, consultants, etc.—increasingly being viewed as expertise or experts. The chapter shows that news media and media pundits have lost their monopoly on recognizing and legitimizing expertise due to new (social) media and new media professions, such as influencers. Thus, not only expertise, but also the public recognition of expertise, has become socially distributed.
The Third Wave and Populism: Scientific Expertise as a Check and Balance
Authors: Collins Harry , Evans Robert , Durant Darrin , Weinel Martin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on the Third Wave of Science Studies to argue that science is needed to resist the rise of populism in modern democracies. Wave Three of science studies focuses on expertise and values to characterize science as “craftwork with integrity” and justify science’s centrality in modern societies. This contrasts with Wave One, which treated science as an epistemically superior way of creating true knowledge, and Wave Two, which showed that science was neither certain nor independent of social context and hence put too much emphasis on public involvement. By focusing on values, not truth, Wave Three shows that there is no necessary conflict between science, however esoteric, and democracy and that science can play a leadership role in democracy as an object lesson in decision-making with integrity and as a check and balance on populism. Promulgating this new understanding of science is important as neither democracy nor science will endure unless citizens understand them sufficiently to reject populist leaders for violating its norms and values. The chapter concludes by calling for a program of civic education teaching the nature of democracy and the role of science within it.
On the Multiplicity of Lay Expertise: An Empirical and Analytical Overview of Patient Associations’ Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Akrich Madeleine , Rabeharisoa Vololona 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines patient organizations’ involvement in the production of knowledge and the governance of health. It addresses three questions: (a) what sort of knowledge and expertise do patient organizations bring in? (b) how do they trigger changes in health policy making? and (c) to what extent does the current institutionalization of patient participation strengthen democracy in contemporary societies? This chapter offers empirical and analytical insights into patient organizations’ “evidence-based activism,” a term that captures their efforts to articulate experiential knowledge and credentialed knowledge to give shape to issues they deem important to tackle, and for turning these issues into objects of collective inquiry. It also revisits notions such as “experiential knowledge,” “lay expertise,” “expert patient,” that are not only analytical tools for science and technology studies scholars and social scientists but also part and parcel of today’s institutional parlance. It concludes with a few suggestions for future investigations in health democracy.
EMDR Therapy as a Transdiagnostic Psychotherapy
Authors: Dominguez Sarah K. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Within mental health, there is a shift from a diagnosis-based system to a transdiagnostic model. In this chapter, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is proposed as a transdiagnostic intervention that can overcome challenges in the current system. A transdiagnostic model requires a unified protocol with a theoretical base applicable across psychopathologies. Adverse experiences, maladaptive cognitions, and emotional dysregulation are key etiological and maintaining factors across all mental health conditions. Accordingly, evidence suggests that EMDR therapy is an effective transdiagnostic approach, as it directly addresses these predisposing and perpetuating factors. As a transdiagnostic psychotherapy, EMDR therapy is further supported by evidence of the effective application to various populations across the life span, beyond posttraumatic stress disorder. This broader adoption could improve the prognosis for a wide range of individuals. Research investigating modifications needed for specific population groups, and the application for other health problems outside of mental health, are suggested.
EMDR with a Military Population
Authors: Bradley-Scholey Shelley , McCauley Mathew , Whybrow Dean , Hurley Elisha Columbus 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An examination of EMDR with military populations entails consideration of the specific methods and challenges that clinicians encounter when using EMDR with the serving armed forces population. This chapter reviews the phenomenon of military mental health in a historical and current context, exploring concepts of combat-related PTSD, moral injury, and transdiagnostic non-combat-related trauma. It defines the distinct organizational and individual characteristics and unique culture of the armed forces population. The use of EMDR across the military deployment cycle is explored, with a particular focus on delivering EMDR in the home country and on deployed operations. Finally, the chapter proposes additional factors to consider across the phases of EMDR therapy, including considerations for risk assessment, diagnosis, conceptualization, and treatment planning for the military population.
Homogamy within Romantic Relationships
Authors: Boertien Diederik , Esping-Andersen Gøsta 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how partner similarity within romantic relationships, often referred to as homogamy, is influenced by social stratification, and vice versa. The chapter first discusses how one’s social origins and status in life influence the likelihood of partnering with someone who has similar characteristics and attributes to oneself and explains how homogamy has been used as an indicator of the degree of openness in society. Secondly, we review research on how levels of gender (in)equality influence dynamics within relationships. Gender equality is positively correlated with education and research also suggests that gender equality has a positive effect on the stability relationship. Thirdly, the chapter addresses the broader issues of how partner choices influence societal level inequalities and social stratification. For instance, changes in socioeconomic homogamy are often considered to be an important contributor to levels of income inequality, but empirical evidence so far is limited.
Tramadol
Authors: Dunn Kelly E. , Ashworth Judy , Strain Eric C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Tramadol is a unique opioid that is differentiated from other opioids by its prototypical opioid activity occurring through a major metabolite (M1) that is produced via hepatic metabolism. Used throughout the world for analgesia, tramadol engenders many effects consistent with opioid agonists. This includes the development of physical dependence and an associated opioid withdrawal syndrome, as well as an inherent risk for nonprescribed use. Laboratory examinations suggest tramadol has a lower risk for nonprescribed or recreational use compared to other opioids; however, epidemiological data reveal that some regions of the world struggle with high rates of nonprescribed use. Tramadol exerts multimodal effects across several transmitter systems, including the serotonin system, which causes it to have a unique array of potential side effects that can include serotonin syndrome and seizures (although these are generally rare) and associated considerations for its use. The cross-tolerance displayed between tramadol and other opioids positions it as a worthwhile medication to explore for opioid use treatment. This research is most robust in the area of supervised withdrawal, in which tramadol has continually demonstrated efficacy comparable or better than what is produced by existing opioid use medication treatments (e.g., buprenorphine, methadone). Data supporting tramadol as a maintenance treatment are lacking and preclude any recommendations in that area.
Kinetochore deterioration concommitant with centromere weakening during aging in mouse oocyte meiosis‐I
Authors: Yin Lin , Mihajlović Aleksandar I. , Yang Gongshe , FitzHarris Greg 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAge‐related oocyte aneuploidy occurs as a result of chromosome segregation errors in female meiosis‐I and meiosis‐II, and is caused by a progressive age‐related deterioration of the chromosome segregation machinery. Here, we assess the impact of age upon the kinetochore, the multi‐protein structure that forms the link between the chromosome and spindle microtubules. We find that in meiosis‐I the outer kinetochore assembles at germinal vesicle breakdown, but that a substantially smaller outer kinetochore is assembled in oocytes from aged mice. We show this correlates with a weaker centromere in aged oocytes and, using nuclear transfer approaches to generate young‐aged hybrid oocytes, we show that outer kinetochore assembly always mirrors the status of the centromere, regardless of cytoplasmic age. Finally, we show that weaker kinetochores in aged oocytes are associated with thinner microtubule bundles, that are more likely to be mis‐attached. We conclude that progressive loss of the centromere with advancing maternal age underpins a loss of the outer kinetochore in meiosis‐I, which likely contributes to chromosome segregation fallibility in oocytes from older females.