bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Structure of Buoyancy Transport by Ocean Baroclinic Turbulence
Authors: Meunier Julie , Miquel Benjamin , Gallet Basile 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOcean mesoscale eddies enhance meridional buoyancy transport, notably in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current where they contribute to setting the deep stratification of the neighboring ocean basins. The much‐needed parameterization of this buoyancy transport in global climate models requires a theory for the overall flux, but also for its vertical structure inside the fluid column. Based on the quasi‐geostrophic dynamics of an idealized patch of ocean hosting an arbitrary vertically sheared zonal flow, we provide a quantitative prediction for the vertical structure of the buoyancy flux without adjustable parameters. The prediction agrees quantitatively with meridional flux profiles obtained through numerical simulations of an idealized patch of ocean with realistic parameter values. This work empowers modelers with an explicit and physically based expression for the vertical profile of buoyancy transport by ocean baroclinic turbulence, as opposed to the common practice of using arbitrary prescriptions for the depth‐dependence of the transport coefficients.
Multi‐Phase Non‐Coaxial Orogenic Growth: Propagation of the Longmen Shan Thrust Belt on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhou Zhicheng , Yan Danping , Qiu Liang , Kong Ruoyan , Song Huajie , Xiao Dongzhi , Lin Xiaohan , Du Chao , Kong Fei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractReconstructing the deformation sequence and strain history of the Longmen Shan thrust belt (LSTB) has significant implications for the growths of the SW Qinling orogenic belt and the Tibetan Plateau. However, the Mesozoic–Cenozoic propagation of the LSTB remains poorly understood owing to weak constraints on strain variations. We conducted a comprehensive structural investigation and made measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility along the entire LSTB. Magnetic fabrics are represented by prevalent layer‐parallel shortening (LPS) fabrics, intersection lineation fabrics, and folding fabrics with magnetic lineations trending NE–SW, WSW–ENE, NW–SE, and N–S, corresponding to four compressional deformations. AMS results and structural analyses, revealed four phases of deformation (D1, D2, D3, and D4) that were characterized respectively by top‐to‐the‐SSE thrusting in the northern LSTB at >219–164 Ma, top‐to‐the‐SW thrusting in the central‐northern LSTB at >201–164 Ma, top‐to‐the‐SE thrusting of the LSTB at 125–5 Ma, and top‐to‐the‐east thrusting at 5–0 Ma in the LSTB. D1, D3, and D4 LPS fabrics exhibit a strain evolution that progressed from incipient deformation to pencil structure to cleavage fabrics, corresponding to moderately oblate, prolate, and oblate strain ellipsoids, respectively. The intersection lineation fabrics imply a hinterland‐ward progression from LPS fabrics to cleavage‐controlled fabrics and non‐coaxial superimposition of D2 on D1. Therefore, the early Mesozoic LSTB developed owing to the superimposition of D2 on D1 being non‐coaxial, likely suggesting southward growth of the SW Qinling orogenic belt, whereas the modern LSTB was formed by the superimposition of D4 on D3, implying non‐coaxial eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau.
Designing of banana shaped chromophores via molecular engineering of terminal groups to probe photovoltaic behavior of organic solar cell materials
Authors: Ahmed Saeed , Irshad Iram , Nazir Saima , Naz Salma , Asghar Muhammad Adnan , Alshehri Saad M. , Bullo Saifullah , Sanyang Muhammed Lamin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTo meet the rising requirement of photovoltaic compounds for modernized hi-tech purpose, we designed six new molecules (DTPD1-DTPD6) from banana shaped small fullerene free chromophore (DTPR) by structural tailoring at terminal acceptors. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), density of states (DOS), open circuit voltage (Voc), transition density matrix (TDM) analysis, optical properties, reorganization energy value of hole and electron were determined utilizing density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent density function theory (TD-DFT) approaches, to analyze photovoltaic properties of said compounds. Band gap contraction (∆E = 2.717–2.167 eV) accompanied by larger bathochromic shift (λmax = 585.490–709.693 nm) was observed in derivatives contrary to DTPR. The FMOs, DOS and TDMs investigations explored that central acceptor moiety played significant role for charge transformation. The minimum binding energy values for DTPD1-DTPD6 demonstrated the higher exciton dissociation rate with greater charge transferal rate than DTPR, which was further endorsed by TDM and DOS analyses. A comparable Voc (1.49–2.535 V) with respect to the HOMOPBDBT–LUMOacceptor for entitled compounds was investigated. In a nutshell, all the tailored chromophores can be considered as highly efficient compounds for promising OSCs with a good Voc response.
Habitat overlap among native and introduced cold-water fishes in the Himalayas
Authors: Jan Arif , Arismendi Ivan , Giannico Guillermo , Flitcroft Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFish invasions threaten native freshwater ecosystems worldwide, yet methods to map biodiversity in data-deficient regions are scarce. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) have been introduced to the Himalayan ecoregion where they are sympatric with vulnerable native snow trout Schizothorax plagiostomus and Schizothorax richardsonii. We aim to evaluate potential habitat overlap among snow trout and non-native trout in the Indus and Ganges River basins, Himalayan ecoregion. We transferred maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models developed with spatially continuous freshwater-specific environmental variables to map the distribution of potentially suitable habitats for rainbow and brown trout in the Himalayas. We adopted a similar procedure to map suitable habitats for snow trout species. There were substantial habitat overlaps (up to 96%) among snow trout and non-native trout. Yet, the physiography of receiving basins could play a role minimizing the impacts of each non-native trout on native snow trout. We generate high-resolution classified stream suitability maps as decision support tools to help managers in habitat allocation and policy formation to balance recreational fisheries with conservation of snow trout. Our workflow can be transferred to other basins and species for mapping freshwater biodiversity patterns in species-rich yet data-poor regions of the world.
Machine learning-based diagnosis and risk classification of coronary artery disease using myocardial perfusion imaging SPECT: A radiomics study
Authors: Amini Mehdi , Pursamimi Mohamad , Hajianfar Ghasem , Salimi Yazdan , Saberi Abdollah , Mehri-Kakavand Ghazal , Nazari Mostafa , Ghorbani Mahdi , Shalbaf Ahmad , Shiri Isaac , Zaidi Habib 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of machine learning-based radiomics analysis to diagnose coronary artery disease status and risk from rest/stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A total of 395 patients suspicious of coronary artery disease who underwent 2-day stress-rest protocol MPI SPECT were enrolled in this study. The left ventricle myocardium, excluding the cardiac cavity, was manually delineated on rest and stress images to define a volume of interest. Added to clinical features (age, sex, family history, diabetes status, smoking, and ejection fraction), a total of 118 radiomics features, were extracted from rest and stress MPI SPECT images to establish different feature sets, including Rest-, Stress-, Delta-, and Combined-radiomics (all together) feature sets. The data were randomly divided into 80% and 20% subsets for training and testing, respectively. The performance of classifiers built from combinations of three feature selections, and nine machine learning algorithms was evaluated for two different diagnostic tasks, including 1) normal/abnormal (no CAD vs. CAD) classification, and 2) low-risk/high-risk CAD classification. Different metrics, including the area under the ROC curve (AUC), accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SEN), and specificity (SPE), were reported for models’ evaluation. Overall, models built on the Stress feature set (compared to other feature sets), and models to diagnose the second task (compared to task 1 models) revealed better performance. The Stress-mRMR-KNN (feature set-feature selection-classifier) reached the highest performance for task 1 with AUC, ACC, SEN, and SPE equal to 0.61, 0.63, 0.64, and 0.6, respectively. The Stress-Boruta-GB model achieved the highest performance for task 2 with AUC, ACC, SEN, and SPE of 0.79, 0.76, 0.75, and 0.76, respectively. Diabetes status from the clinical feature family, and dependence count non-uniformity normalized, from the NGLDM family, which is representative of non-uniformity in the region of interest were the most frequently selected features from stress feature set for CAD risk classification. This study revealed promising results for CAD risk classification using machine learning models built on MPI SPECT radiomics. The proposed models are helpful to alleviate the labor-intensive MPI SPECT interpretation process regarding CAD status and can potentially expedite the diagnostic process.
Intrinsic and extinction colour components in SNe Ia and the determination of RV
Authors: Smadja G. , Copin Y. , Hillebrandt W. , Saunders C. , Tao C. 
Published: September 2023

Context. The colour fluctuations of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) include intrinsic and extrinsic components, which both contribute to the observed variability. Previous works proposed a statistical separation of these two contributions, but the individual intrinsic colour contributions of each SN Ia were not extracted. In addition, a large uncertainty remains on the value of the parameter RV, which characterises the dust extinction formula.
Aims. Leveraging the known parameterisation of the extinction formula for dust in our Galaxy, and applying it to the host galaxy of SNe Ia, we propose a new method of separation –valid for each SN– using the correlations between colour fluctuations. This also allows us to derive a well-constrained value of the extinction parameter RV with different, possibly smaller systematic errors. We also define a three-dimensional space of intrinsic colour fluctuations.
Methods. The key ingredients in this attempt at separating the intrinsic and extinction colour components for each SN –and subsequently measuring RV– are the assumption of a linearized dependence of magnitude on the extinction component of colour, a one-dimensional extra-intrinsic colour space (in addition to Ca II H&Kλ3945 and Si IIλ4131 contributions) over four independent colours, and the absence of correlation between the intrinsic and extrinsic variabilities.
Results. We show that a consistent solution is found under the previous assumptions, but the observed systematic trends point to a (small) inadequacy of the extinction formula. Once corrected, all systematic extinction effects can be cancelled by choosing a single scaling of the extinction colour component as well as an appropriate value of RV = 2.181 ± 0.117. The observed colours are described within an accuracy of 0.025 mag. The resulting magnitude variability is 0.13 over all UBVRI bandpasses, and this fluctuation is shown to be independent of the bandpass to within 0.02 mag.
Virtual versus In-Person Ophthalmology Interviews: Perceptions of U.S. Ophthalmology Fellowship Applicants in 2022–2023
Authors: Cherkas Elliot G. , Shields Charlotte N. , Mandava Nikhil , Zhang Lily , Sivalingam Arunan , Kaiser Richard S. , Myers Jonathan S. , Hammersmith Kristin M. , Razeghinejad Reza , Finklea Brenton D. , Shields Carol L. , Sridhar Jayanth , Klufas Michael A. ,   Wills Fellowship Study Group
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Purpose Despite easing restrictions on social distancing and travel since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, virtual interviews remain a widely used format for ophthalmology fellowship interviews. This study aims to evaluate the relative benefits and drawbacks of in-person versus virtual interviews during a cycle where both formats were prevalent.
Methods A prospective cross-sectional study surveyed all fellowship applicants (N = 311) who applied to Wills Eye Hospital and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute during the 2022 to 2023 application cycle.
Results A total of 59 (19%) applicants responded to the survey, with the majority being male (53.0%) and between the ages of 20 and 35 (91.3%). There was no statistically significant difference between the number of virtual and in-person interviews attended or the total number of interviews attended. The highest ranked limitations of the virtual interview process were limited exposure to details of the program structure, limited opportunity to exhibit applicants' strengths to the program, and limited exposure to the fellows. The highest ranked strengths were less pressure during interviews, greater scheduling flexibility, and ability to interview at more fellowship programs. The highest ranked limitations of the in-person interview process were more pressure during interviews, inability to interview at all desired fellowship programs, and decreased scheduling flexibility. The highest ranked strengths based on median rankings were greater exposure to details of the program structure, greater ability to exhibit an applicant's strengths to the program, and greater exposure to the geographic location/city.
Conclusion While both in-person and virtual interviews have their own benefits and limitations, virtual interviews appear to be more cost-effective and time-efficient while in-person interviews provide better opportunities to assess program fit and culture. A hybrid format that combines the ideal aspects of both formats may be an optimal solution.
Plasmon-enhanced photoacoustic oscillation for micro laser motor actuation
Authors: Li Fanghao , Zhang Mengru , Pei Cuixiang , Yu Xinyao , Jiang Li , Zhou Yadong , Zhang Fanli , Song Yunfeng , Chen Jian 
Published: September 2023

Flexible micro/nano motors responsive to light sources are highly desirable. Conventional photothermal (PT) techniques have provided significant light-actuation methods; however, the dynamic responses of these devices in high frequency domain are severely restricted by the frequency response limitation. To overcome this limitation, the thermal-, electric-, and acoustic-near field interactions in the PT process and its accompanied photoacoustic (PA) process are investigated, and a plasmon enhanced PA actuation method is proposed. The significant improvement in PA oscillation by strong localized surface plasmon resonance provides a powerful means to realize a broadband response laser motor without the frequency response limitation. This PA laser motor could generate PA oscillation of over 5 µm by pulse laser with repetition frequencies of 1 Hz to 20 kHz and has a maximum value of 18.8 µm at the mechanical resonant frequency. It demonstrates the effectiveness of this PA laser motor in offsetting the shortcomings of the PT actuation method. The device requires no electrical or chemical energy, and it has potential benefits, such as bionic research into insect flapping, vocal-cord vibration, and muscular movement in fields including micro/nano physics, biochemistry, and clinical medicine.
Phenotypic variation in residual feed intake and relationship with body composition traits and methane emissions in growing wether lambs
Authors: Bond J. J. , Hudson N. J. , Khan U. H. , Dougherty H. C. , Pickford Z. , Mackenzie S. , Barzegar S. , Santos G. A. , Woodgate S. , Vercoe P. , Oddy V. H. 
Published: September 2023

Context Ruminant livestock industries are seeking to improve efficiency of feed use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Aims The research aimed to measure variation in feed intake and residual feed intake (RFI) in growing lambs and examine the inter-relationships of related traits and diet effects. Methods In Phase 1, 6-month-old Merino wethers (n = 113) were fed a base diet ad libitum for 60 days to measure dry matter intake (DMI), liveweight (LWT) and average daily gain (ADG). Whilst being fed the same base diet, measures of body composition (using computer tomography scanning) and methane emissions were collected. For Phase 2, lambs selected for low or high RFI in Phase 1 were randomly assigned to either a low or high diet and fed ad libitum for 30 days. They were assessed for intake, growth, body composition and CH4 emissions. Key results In Phase 1 there was significant variation in DMI, which was explained by these traits in order of significance (R2 additive): LWT (R2 = 63.9%), ADG (R2 = 70.4%) and fat gain (R2 = 75.7%). In Phase 2, high RFI lambs had higher metabolisable energy intake (MEI; P < 0.05) compared to low RFI lambs. In lambs fed the high diet, intake (DMI and MEI P < 0.001), LWT (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.001), fat and lean gain (P < 0.001) were higher than in lambs fed the low diet. Daily methane emissions were highest (P < 0.05) in high RFI lambs fed the high diet. There were no significant effects of RFI or diet on methane yield (MY; g methane/kg DM). Differences in RFI or RFI adjusted for fat gain did not persist to the end of the 30 day feeding period in Phase 2. Conclusions Lambs with low RFI had lower MEI for the same liveweight as well as lower fat and lean gain in the empty bodyweight. They also had lower daily methane emissions compared to those that had high RFI and ate more. Implications The opportunity to select sheep at a young age with lower RFI and lower MEI is of significant production and environmental importance.
Measuring capacitor charge and discharge using an LED and a smartphone
Authors: Hurtado-Gutiérrez R , Tejero Á 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this article, we present a simple, inexpensive, and effective method for measuring the capacitor charge and discharge processes using a light-emitting diode (LED) and the light meter of a smartphone. We propose a simple circuit in which the LED’s brightness is linear on the capacitor’s voltage, allowing us to use the smartphone to monitor the capacitor state accurately. The method is tested experimentally, giving highly satisfactory results. Its exceptional combination of accuracy, minimal requirements, and ease of setup makes it an excellent way to introduce undergraduate students to the concepts of electricity and electronics in any educational setting.
Natural radioactivity of residues from groundwater treatment facilities in Finland
Authors: Kallio Antti , Leikoski Niina , Otaki Miho 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The accumulation of naturally occurring radionuclides in solid residues was investigated from groundwater treatment facilities (GTFs) in Finland. Natural radionuclides U-238, Ra-226, Pb-210 and Ra-228 were found in various precipitates, sludges and filters at concentrations exceeding the general clearance level of 1 kBq kg−1 used for solid materials in the European directive 2013/59/Euratom. The accumulation of natural radionuclides in different solid residues was observed even when the activity concentrations in the untreated groundwater were relatively low, and when there was no measurable change in the concentrations between raw and treated groundwater within analytical uncertainties. Based on mass and activity balance considerations this is thought to be due to the large volumes of treated water per year. The exposure of workers to natural radiation from solid residues in the regular use of a groundwater facility was found not to be likely to exceed 0.3 mSv a−1 if the activity concentrations are <10 kBq kg−1 for U-238, Ra-226, Pb-210 and Ra-228. The worker exposure from solid residues is therefore likely to remain below the reference level of 1 mSv a−1, and indoor radon is more of a concern for the radiation protection of workers at GTFs. However, the natural radionuclide content in the different solid residues from groundwater treatment needs to be characterised properly to be able to ensure safety in the final use of the residues with respect to the potential exposure of the public.
Enhanced quadratic discriminant analysis with sensor signal fusion for speed-independent fault detection in rotating machines
Authors: N Kannan , M Saimurugan , S Sowmya , Edinbarough Immanuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The predictive maintenance approach in the fault diagnosis of rotating machines is becoming important in industries in order to minimize operational cost and to improve the reliability of machines. Recent studies have focused on developing an effective prediction model to detect machinery faults at various speeds using machine learning techniques. In this research study, machine-learning-based models are developed to detect multi-component faults such as gear faults, bearing faults, and unbalanced shafts, by training the four speed data sets using decision trees, support vector machines and artificial neural networks. The machine learning models are improvised by fusing the vibration signals (X, Y and Z) and sound signals with the feature selection algorithm, minimal redundancy-maximum relevance (mRMR). The research work is extended by training a model with any three speeds and testing the trained model with the remaining speed. The state-of-the-art algorithms used to train all four speeds yield poor performance in the prediction of faults at testing speeds. A linear and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) is chosen based on its multivariate discrimination capability for better fault prediction at testing speed. The proposed combination of QDA with mRMR selection of fused vibration and sound feature set perform well in the detection of multiple faults at variable speeds.
Lifetime based pressure and temperature sensitive paint measurement on a civil aircraft wing under conditions near the onset of shock-induced separation
Authors: Sugioka Yosuke , Nakajima Tsutomu , Nakakita Kazuyuki 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Lifetime-based pressure- and temperature-sensitive paint (PSP and TSP) measurements were conducted in a large-scale industrial transonic wind tunnel to obtain high-quality pressure data for validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. A wind tunnel test was performed using the NASA common research model in the JAXA 2 m × 2 m transonic wind tunnel. The freestream Mach number was varied in the range of 0.70–0.89, and aerodynamic forces and moments were acquired in order to obtain the pitch break condition related to the onset of shock-induced separation. Polymer-based PSP was coated on a main wing of the model, and TSP was used in tandem with PSP to correct the temperature dependence of PSP. The two-gate lifetime-based method was applied to obtain the PSP and TSP emissions. An a-priori/in-situ hybrid calibration was conducted to convert ratio-of-ratios to pressure, and measured pressure distributions were mapped onto a three-dimensional (3D) model grid. The root-mean-square error for the pressure measurements was evaluated by pressure tap data and was approximated to be 0.8 kPa for all Mach numbers tested. The obtained pressure distributions exhibited a significantly high signal-to-noise ratio and were used for comparison with CFD results on a 3D grid. The high-spatial-resolution PSP measurements helped to accurately localize the differences from the CFD simulation results and showed that the prediction of the shock location along the main wing is still a relevant challenge.