bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning transfusion medicine through scoring objective structured clinical examination
Authors: Badawi Maha Abdulrazak , Hussain Hend Obad , Badawi Mazen Abdulrazak , Al Shawwa Lana Adey , Jamjoom Reda Abdullah , Park Yoon Soo , Tekian Ara 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundTransfusion medicine education at the undergraduate level is typically limited in duration. In view of limitations of traditional teaching methods, we explore effectiveness of scoring (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) OSCE as an educational method.Materials and MethodsThe study was of a randomized interventional three group pre‐test‐post‐test design. Participants were undergraduate medical students in their two final years. The intervention was watching and scoring 2 videotaped OSCE stations about obtaining consent for blood transfusions and assessing the ability to explain risks, benefits, and alternatives of blood transfusion. Participants were asked to assess the performance of the videotaped actor using checklists. Participants were randomized to watch and evaluate one set of videos at either the highest, intermediate, or lowest compliance with required consent elements. Main measure was performance in a knowledge test containing multiple‐choice and true/false questions. This was given before (pre‐test), immediately after the intervention (post‐test 1), and after 8 weeks (post‐test 2). Student perceptions regarding the intervention was assessed immediately after the session.ResultsSixty‐nine students were randomized. Post‐test 1 results (mean 16.52, SD 1.88) were significantly greater than pre‐test results (mean 11.83, SD 2.13) by group and across all groups (p < 0.001). Post‐test 2 results for the complete cohort showed maintenance of significant improvement in comparison with the pre‐test. The majority of students agreed that learning through scoring OSCE was an effective educational experience.ConclusionsIn the undergraduate medical setting, scoring OSCE stations may enhance learning of content discussed and evaluated in the stations.
Wavelet-Based Methods to Partition Multibody Systems With Contact in Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Hutchison Chantal , Hewlett Joseph , Kövecses József 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe performance of physics simulation of multibody systems with contact can be enhanced by viewing the system as being composed of subsystems of bodies, and solving the dynamics of these subsystems in parallel. This approach to partition a system into subsystems, known as substructuring, is often based on topological information, such as the connectivity of a body in the system. However, substructuring based on topology may generate a potentially large number of equivalent decompositions, especially in highly symmetric systems, thus requiring a way to choose one partition over another. We propose that augmenting a topology-based partitioning scheme with dynamical information about the interactions between bodies may provide speedups by including temporal information about the constraint relationships between bodies. The simulation of multibody systems with contact typically exhibits nonstationary and multiscale interactions, which suggests a subsystem can be defined as a collection of bodies which have complex interactions with each other. We define complexity by introducing a novel metric based on the spread of time scales from a wavelet analysis of constraints between bodies. We show that for systems where purely topological information about the interaction between bodies is redundant, including dynamical information, not only removes redundancy but also can achieve significant computational speedups. Our results highlight the potential of using dynamical information to look at large-scale structures in multibody simulations.
Numerical Investigation of Presliding in Viscoplastic Spherical Contacts
Authors: Chowdhury Uraching , Eriten Melih 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Presliding contacts play an important role in stiffness, damping, and thus dynamic response of assembled structures. Load-dependent nonlinearities in presliding contacts still hinder predictive modeling. Classical models apply only to smooth elastic contacts and a small subset of materials. Recently, the authors tested high density polyethylene (HDPE) inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and observed that nonlinearity trends in tangential stiffness and damping deviate from the predictions of the classical models. This discrepancy was attributed to HDPE’s nonlinear viscoplastic response. The aim of this study is to model aforementioned experiments numerically and investigate the influence of nonlinear material response on the presliding response of spherical contacts. A finite element model of a rigid spherical indenter pressed and sheared on a nonlinear viscoplastic half-space is constructed. The indenter geometry and boundary conditions are set in accordance with the experiments, and the constitutive model is tuned to the measured indentation responses. The tuned model delivers a shear response in agreement with the experiments. Accumulated plastic deformations are also found to correlate well with the wear profiles. The model further reveals that nonlinear viscoplasticity dominates tangential stiffness and dissipation at high normal preloads. Our results confirm further that nonlinear material response contributes significantly to the load-dependent nonlinearities in viscoplastic presliding contacts.
Is it bad, is it good, or is IgG4 just misunderstood?
Authors: Pillai Shiv 
Published: February 2023

Repeated doses of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 result in increased proportions of anti-spike antibodies of the IgG4 subclass, which are known to neutralize well and to form mixed immune complexes with IgG1 but, in a pure form, might be less effective than IgG1 or IgG3 antibodies in facilitating opsonization by phagocytes, complement fixation, and NK cell–dependent elimination of infected cells (see related Research Article by Irrgang
et al
.).
Nicotine pouches: a summary of regulatory approaches across 67 countries
Authors: Duren Michelle , Atella Lara , Welding Kevin , Kennedy Ryan David 
Published: February 2023

IntroductionNicotine pouches are small, permeable pouches containing nicotine. The nicotine may either be derived from tobacco plants or synthetically produced. Nicotine pouches are available worldwide, but little is known as to how various countries regulate these products. This study summarises nicotine pouch regulatory policies across 67 countries.MethodsThis research summarises insights obtained through active policy surveillance work in which we requested information on the availability of nicotine pouches and applicable policies and analysed responses from representatives of 67 countries (representatives included subject matter experts in government or civil society organisations). These countries span all WHO regions.ResultsWe found significant variation in how countries classify nicotine pouches, with many countries’ current regulatory approach failing to regulate nicotine pouches that used synthetic nicotine. We found 34 countries regulate nicotine pouches with 23 of these countries’ policies encompassing synthetic nicotine. Countries regulating both synthetic and tobacco-derived nicotine pouches generally (1) rely on existing policies for tobacco products and/or medicines or (2) have developed new policies or regulatory classifications that specify nicotine as the substance at issue rather than linking policies solely to tobacco.ConclusionOur work offers novel insight into nicotine pouch markets and national regulatory approaches. Policy approaches vary from not regulating nicotine pouches at all to banning both forms of nicotine pouches. Policies used by countries regulating both tobacco-derived and synthetic nicotine pouches offer a roadmap for how other jurisdictions can add effective guardrails to the use of these and other non-medicinal nicotine products.
Functional renormalization group flows of $$\mathcal {N}=1$$ supersymmetric abelian gauge model with one chiral and one vector superfield
Authors: Echeverria Jeremy , Binder Maximiliano , Schmidt Iván 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWe apply the functional renormalization group approach to a $$\mathcal {N}=1$$

N
=
1

supersymmetric gauge model with one chiral superfield coupled to a vector U(1) superfield. We find that the nonrenormalization theorem still works at leading order in the supercovariant derivative expansion of the fields. We also find the beta functions and we study the behavior of its fixed points in the local potential approximation. Regulators are also discussed.
Oral IRAK-4 Inhibitor CA-4948 Is Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrant and Has Single-Agent Activity against CNS Lymphoma and Melanoma Brain Metastases
Authors: Von Roemeling Christina A. , Doonan Bently P. , Klippel Kelena , Schultz Daniel , Hoang-Minh Lan , Trivedi Vrunda , Li Chenglong , Russell Rylynn A. , Kanumuri Raju S. , Sharma Abhisheak , Tun Han W. , Mitchell Duane A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
An ongoing challenge in cancer is the management of primary and metastatic brain malignancies. This is partly due to restrictions of the blood-brain barrier and their unique microenvironment. These challenges are most evident in cancers such as lymphoma and melanoma, which are typically responsive to treatment in systemic locations but resistant when established in the brain. We propose interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) as a potential target across these diseases and describe the activity and mechanism of oral IRAK-4 inhibitor CA-4948.

Experimental Design:
Human primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and melanoma brain metastases (MBM) samples were analyzed for expression of IRAK-4 and downstream transcription pathways. We next determined the central nervous system (CNS) applicability of CA-4948 in naïve and tumor-bearing mice using models of PCNSL and MBM. The mechanistic effect on tumors and the tumor microenvironment was then analyzed.

Results:
Human PCNSL and MBM have high expression of IRAK-4, IRAK-1, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). This increase in inflammation results in reflexive inhibitory signaling. Similar profiles are observed in immunocompetent murine models. Treatment of tumor-bearing animals with CA-4948 results in the downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in addition to decreased NF-κB. These intracellular changes are associated with a survival advantage.

Conclusions:
IRAK-4 is an attractive target in PCNSL and MBM. The inhibition of IRAK-4 with CA-4948 downregulates the expression of important transcription factors involved in tumor growth and proliferation. CA-4948 is currently being investigated in clinical trials for relapsed and refractory lymphoma and warrants further translation into PCNSL and MBM.
Impact of Genomic and Clinical Factors on Outcome of Children ≥18 Months of Age with Stage 3 Neuroblastoma with Unfavorable Histology and withoutMYCNAmplification: A Children's Oncology Group (COG) Report
Authors: Pinto Navin , Naranjo Arlene , Ding Xiangming , Zhang Fan F. , Hibbitts Emily , Kennedy Rebekah , Tibbetts Rachelle , Wong-Michalak Shannon , Craig David W. , Manojlovic Zarko , Hogarty Michael D. , Kreissman Susan , Bagatell Rochelle , Irwin Meredith S. , Park Julie R. , Asgharzadeh Shahab 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurpose:Patients ≥18 months of age with International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 3 unfavorable histology (UH), MYCN-nonamplified (MYCN-NA) tumors have favorable survival rates compared with other high-risk neuroblastoma populations. The impact of select clinical and biological factors on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were evaluated.Experimental Design:Patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group (COG) A3973 (n = 34), ANBL0532 (n = 27), and/or biology protocol ANBL00B1 (n = 72) were analyzed. Tumors with available DNA (n = 65) and RNA (n = 42) were subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing. WES analyses and gene expression profiling were evaluated for their impact on survival. Multivariate analyses of EFS/OS using significant factors from univariate analyses were performed.Results:5-year EFS/OS for patients treated with high-risk therapy on A3973 and ANBL0532 were 73.0% ± 8.1%/87.9% ± 5.9% and 61.4% ± 10.2%/73.0% ± 9.2%, respectively (P = 0.1286 and P = 0.2180). In the A3973/ANBL0532 cohort, patients with less than partial response (PR; n = 5) at end-induction had poor outcomes (5-year EFS/OS: 0%/20.0% ± 17.9%. Univariate analyses of WES data revealed that subjects whose tumors had chromosome 1p or 11q loss/LOH and chromosome 5 or 9 segmental chromosomal aberrations had inferior EFS compared with those with tumors without these aberrations. Multivariate analysis revealed that 11q loss/LOH was an independent predictor of inferior OS [HR, 3.116 (95% confidence interval, 1.034–9.389), P = 0.0435].Conclusions:Patients ≥18 months of age at diagnosis who had tumors with UH and MYCN-NA INSS stage 3 neuroblastoma assigned to high-risk therapy had an 81.6% ± 5.3% 5-year OS. Less than PR to induction therapy and chromosome 11q loss/LOH are independent predictors of inferior outcome and identify patients who should be eligible for future high-risk clinical trials.
Part of Computer Music History… (Trust Me, Latin America Has
Always Been There!)
Authors: Dal Farra Ricardo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The political and economic instability in most Latin American countries has been profoundly affecting the lives of its inhabitants for decades. Support for artistic activities has usually been postponed to solve urgent social problems. Despite that, the development in these countries of the electronic arts, in general, and electroacoustic and computer music, in particular, is astounding. Mauricio Kagel, Reginaldo Carvalho, Hilda Dianda, Juan Amenabar, Horacio Vaggione, Jorge Antunes, Jocy de Oliveira, José Vicente Asuar, and Juan Blanco are only some of the many names in the ocean of electroacoustic music creativity that has always been Latin America. Archiving and disseminating electronic art—and working on a revised version of its history—is crucial to comprehend the present and build our future. The Latin American Electroacoustic Music Collection, hosted by the Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science, and Technology in Montreal, has over 1,700 digital recordings of compositions created between 1957 and 2007 by almost 400 composers. The Collection has recovered and made visible (and listenable) the creative work of many composers otherwise almost forgotten. It has defied the hegemony of the computer and electroacoustic music history narrative, helping to break barriers and widening the way their history is understood.
What Happens to Workers at Firms that Automate?
Authors: Bessen James , Goos Maarten , Salomons Anna , van den Berge Wiljan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We estimate the impact of firm-level automation on individual worker outcomes by combining Dutch microdata with a direct measure of automation expenditures covering all private nonfinancial sector firms. Using a novel difference-in-differences event-study design leveraging lumpy investment, we find that automation increases the probability of incumbent workers separating from their employers. Workers experience a five-year cumulative wage income loss of 9% of one year’s earnings, driven by decreases in days worked. These adverse impacts of automation are larger in smaller firms, and for older and middle-educated workers. By contrast, no such losses are found for firms’ investments in computers.
Behavioral Food Subsidies
Authors: Brownback Andy , Imas Alex , Kuhn Michael A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We conduct a field experiment with low-income shoppers to study how behavioral interventions can improve the effectiveness of healthy food subsidies. Our unique design enables us to deliver subsidies both before and during grocery shopping. We examine the effects of two non-restrictive changes to the choice environment: giving shoppers agency over the subsidy they receive and introducing a waiting period before a subsidized shopping trip to prompt deliberation about upcoming purchases. These interventions increase healthy food spending by 61% more than a healthy food subsidy alone, resulting in 199% greater healthy spending than in our unsubsidized control group.
Lockdowns and Innovation: Evidence from the 1918 Flu Pandemic
Authors: Berkes Enrico , Deschênes Olivier , Gaetani Ruben , Lin Jeffrey , Severen Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Does social distancing harm innovation? We estimate the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)—policies that restrict interactions in an attempt to slow the spread of disease—on local invention. We construct a panel of issued patents and NPIs adopted by 50 large US cities during the 1918 flu pandemic. Difference-in-differences estimates show that cities adopting longer NPIs did not experience a decline in patenting during the pandemic relative to short-NPI cities, and recorded higher patenting afterward. Rather than reduce local invention by restricting localized knowledge spillovers, NPIs adopted during the pandemic may have preserved other inventive factors.
The Intellectual Spoils of War? Defense R&D, Productivity, and International Spillovers
Authors: Moretti Enrico , Steinwender Claudia , Van Reenen John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We examine the impact of government funding for R&D—and defense-related R&D in particular—on privately conducted R&D and its ultimate effect on productivity growth. We estimate longitudinal models that relate privately funded R&D to lagged government-funded R&D using industry-country level data from OECD countries and firm level data from France. To deal with the potentially endogenous allocation of government R&D funds, we use changes in predicted defense R&D as an instrumental variable. In many OECD countries, expenditures for defense-related R&D represent by far the most important form of public subsidies for innovation. In both datasets, we uncover evidence of “crowding in” rather than “crowding out,” as increases in government-funded R&D for an industry or a firm result in significant increases in private sector R&D in that industry or firm. On average, a 10% increase in government-financed R&D generates a 5% to 6% additional increase in privately funded R&D. We also find evidence of international spillovers, as increases in government-funded R&D in a particular industry and country raise private R&D in the same industry in other countries. Finally, we find that increases in private R&D induced by increases in defense R&D result in productivity gains.
The Impact of Covid-19 on Productivity
Authors: Bloom Nicholas , Bunn Philip , Mizen Paul , Smietanka Pawel , Thwaites Gregory 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We analyze the impact of Covid-19 on productivity using data from an innovative monthly firm survey that asks for quantitative impacts of Covid-19 on inputs and outputs. We find that total factor productivity (TFP) fell by up to 6% during 2020–2021. The overall impact combined large reductions in ‘within-firm’ productivity, with offsetting positive ‘between-firm’ effects as less productive sectors, and less productive firms within them, contracted. Despite these large pandemic effects, firms’ post-Covid forecasts imply surprisingly little lasting impact on aggregate TFP. We also see significant heterogeneity over firms and sectors, with the greatest impacts in those requiring extensive in-person activity.
Identifying neurodevelopmental disabilities from nationalised preschool health check
Authors: Mujoo Himang , Bowden Nicholas , Thabrew Hiran , Kokaua Jesse , Audas Richard , Taylor Barry 
Published: February 2023

Objective: Models of psychometric screening to identify individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs) have had limited success. In Aotearoa/New Zealand, routine developmental surveillance of preschool children is undertaken using the Before School Check (B4SC), which includes psychometric and physical health screening instruments. This study aimed to determine whether combining multiple screening measures could improve the prediction of NDDs. Methods: Linked administrative health data were used to identify NDDs, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, within a multi-year national cohort of children who undertook the B4SC. Cox proportional hazards models, with different combinations of potential predictors, were used to predict onset of a NDD. Harrell’s c-statistic for composite models were compared with a model representing recommended cutoff psychometric scores for referral in New Zealand. Results: Data were examined for 287,754 children, and NDDs were identified in 10,953 (3.8%). The best-performing composite model combining the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Parental Evaluation of Developmental Status, vision screening and biological sex had ‘excellent’ predictive power (C-statistic: 0.83) compared with existing referral pathways which had ‘poor’ predictive power (C-statistic: 0.68). In addition, the composite model was able to improve the sensitivity of NDD diagnosis detection by 13% without any reduction in specificity. Conclusions: Combination of B4SC screening measures using composite modelling could lead to significantly improved identification of preschool children with NDDs when compared with surveillance that rely on individual psychometric test results alone. This may optimise access to academic, personal and family support for children with NDDs.
Motor imagery as an intervention to improve activities of daily living post-stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Lambert Kathryn JM , Hoar Cole , Houle Jordan , Motley Catrin , Ball Natalie , Leung Ada WS 
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Motor imagery (MI) may be an effective tool for improving activities of daily living (ADL) post-stroke. However, no review to date has examined ADL independence when investigating training effectiveness. This review aimed to evaluate the quality of evidence and the effectiveness of MI training for improving ADL independence post-stroke. Method: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies comparing MI to conventional therapies were reviewed. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Results: Thirteen articles met inclusion criteria. The overall quality was considered moderate to good, with a PEDro score ranging from 3 to 8. Most studies (9 out of 13) were considered good quality, with one rating of poor quality and three of fair quality. The primary findings suggest that MI training is a low-risk tool that may facilitate ADL independence. Audio-based MI training seems to improve ADL independence when paired with other rehabilitation methods, but the results should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to examine RCTs investigating MI effectiveness in improving ADL post-stroke. Results support the use of MI to facilitate ADL independence. However, more research is needed to establish practice guidelines for implementing MI training post-stroke.