bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Influenza Virus B (Lee Strain)
Authors: Sharp D. G. , Taylor A. R. , McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W. , Feller A. E. , Dingle John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A particulate component possessing the biological properties of the influenza virus B (Lee strain), as determined by chicken red blood cell agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation and infectivity for chick embryos, has been isolated in purified preparations from the chorio-allantoic fluid of chick embryos. Concentration and purification were accomplished by adsorption on and elution from chicken red blood cells followed by ultracentrifugation of the eluate at 27,000 g for 1 hour. Electron micrographs of the concentrates revealed circular or ovoid images, measurements of which indicated an average particle diameter of 97.3 mμ. In diagrams of sedimentation-velocity there was present a single slightly diffuse boundary corresponding to a sedimentation-constant of S20° = 832 × 10−13. The probable relation of diffuseness of the boundary to variation in particle size in electron micrographs has been discussed in connection with similar findings with influenza virus A.
The yield of virus from 6,600 ml of chorio-allantoic fluid was 137 mg or 2.1 mg per 100 ml of the fluid. On the basis of nitrogen, the degree of concentration was about 20 times and on volume, practicable for working conditions, 150 times. Preliminary analysis indicated that the virus is a complex containing 21 per cent fat-solvent extractive of which 5.7 per cent are neutral fat, 10.2 per cent phospholipid and 5.1 per cent cholesterol. The non-lipid fraction was 66 per cent of the whole virus and gave the qualitative tests for protein and for desoxy-pentose. It contained 0.44 per cent phosphorus, which, if all was associated with nucleic acid, indicated the possible presence of 3.5 per cent nucleic acid of the desoxypentose type in the whole virus. The total phosphorus of the whole virus was 0.7 per cent. The total carbohydrate of the whole virus was 9 per cent, an amount greatly in excess of that accounted for in nucleic acid. The specific volume determined by pyknometer was 0.865.
A comparison of the characters of the influenza virus B with those found for influenza virus A reveals certain differences between the two agents. The influenza virus A appeared to consist principally of bean- or kidney-shaped particles whereas the particles of influenza virus B were more nearly spherical bodies. An average diameter of 77.6 mμ was obtained from electron micrographs of the influenza virus A, and the sedimentation-constant was S20° = 724 × 10−13. The diameter of the influenza virus A particles calculated from the density and sedimentation-constant, assuming a spherical shape, was 80 mμ. A similar calculation for influenza virus B gave a value of 99.8 mμ, for the particle diameter. The differences in the respective sedimentation-constants and the diameters of influenza viruses A and B, determined from sedimentation-velocity and electron micrographs, were of a magnitude which indicated a significant difference in the sizes of the two agents.
Studies on Complement Fixation with the Viruses of Influenza
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude , Groupé Vincent , Chambers Leslie A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement-fixing antigens of the viruses of influenza type A and B present in the allantoic fluid of the chick embryo were studied by centrifugation and adsorption. Two fractions of complement-fixing antigen were found, the one sedimentable at 90,000 g and adsorbable onto particulate components of normal tissues and onto chick red cells, the other non-sedimentable at 90,000 g and non-adsorbable. The ratio of concentration of sedimentable to non-sedimentable fraction decreased with time of incubation of the infected embryos.
The 2 fractions either from influenza A or B virus differed in their optimal antibody relationships, in that maximal serum titer for the sedimentable and adsorbable material was approximately 4 times higher than for the non-sedimentable and non-adsorbable fraction.
Absorption of influenza A convalescent serum with the 2 antigenic fractions revealed the presence of 2 serologically distinct antigens in the sedimentable material. One of these, the more active antigen, was identical with the non-sedimentable fraction. In addition, some Forssman antigen was found in the sediment which, however, did not interfere in the reactions.
The activity of the antigen which occurred only in the sedimentable fraction was relatively low and did not account for the difference in optimal serum titers encountered with the sediment or the supernatant fluid as antigens. Other possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Dozois T. F. , Seifter S. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In bacterial complement fixation the inactivation of complement occurs by virtue of the removal of one or more of the C′ components. The bacterial strains employed in these experiments inactivate human complement by fixation of either C′2 or C′3 principally. It is pointed out that these components are also those present in least titer in human complement. “Over-fixation” results in the progressive removal of the other components.
The complement components which are fixed to sensitized V. comma from specifically inactivated complements (siC′), retain their ability to participate in a subsequent bactericidal reaction. Further, the hemolytic functions of the C′ components remaining in the supernate after such a fixation, closely parallel the bactericidal functions of the fixed C′ components.
Influence of Age on the Susceptibility of Mice to Infection with Certain Neurotropic Viruses
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The influence of age on the susceptibility of mice to infection with the viruses of pseudorabies, Bwamba fever, herpes simplex, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile disease, Japanese B encephalitis, and Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis was investigated. Susceptibility to fatal infection with any of these viruses by the cerebral route was not found to diminish.significantly with increasing age. Mice as young as 3 days of age were refractory to peripheral inoculation of the SP strain of pseudorabies virus; this, however, may have been due to the low virulence shown by this strain on cerebral inoculation. With the exception of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, susceptibility to extraneural inoculation of the other viruses was found to decrease with increasing age of the animal. The age at which resistance first appeared depended on the virus. Susceptibility to extraneural inoculation of the Venezuelan equine virus was not influenced by increasing age of the animal. Mice of all the ages tested (from 3 to 233 days) were about as susceptible to extraneural as to cerebral inoculation of the virus. It is concluded that resistance to peripheral inoculation of a virus is not wholly a function of age but is dependent to a variable extent upon the pathogenetic properties of the virus.
The Isolation of Influenza A Virus by the Intraallantoic Inoculation of Chick Embryos with Untreated Throat-Washings
Authors: Rickard E. R. , Thigpen Minnie , Crowley James H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of 75 untreated and unfiltered nasopharyngeal washings from normal individuals, from patients ill with sporadic febrile upper respiratory disease, and from patients ill during epidemics of influenza were inoculated into the allantois of chick embryos. Repeated passage by the allantoic route demonstrated that chick embryos were little affected by gross bacterial contamination with organisms from the nasopharynges of these patients. Influenza A virus in throat-washings was found to grow readily in the bacterially contaminated embryos. The red blood cell agglutination-phenomenon was used as an indicator of the presence of virus.
In a current epidemic, influenza A virus was isolated and identified in nine out of 20 throat-washings taken at random and examined by the technic described above. Four of the 20 washings produced agglutination on primary egg inoculation. One of these four strains was identified as influenza A virus within 48 hours after the first cases in the epidemic were observed. Human sera of known titer for standard strains of influenza A and B virus were used for the identification of all the strains isolated.
The Chemoprophylactic and Therapeutic Action of a Wide Variety of Chemical Compounds on Two Neurotropic Virus Infections in Mice
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Geer H. A. , Szobel D. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This report gives the results of 412 experiments testing the prophylactic and therapeutic value of 190 chemical compounds on poliomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis infections in white Swiss mice. This study was initiated in 1939 and is part of a long range effort to test systematically the usefulness of a wide variety of compounds, both old and new, in preventing or in modifying the outcome of certain experimental virus infections.
In view of our special interest in poliomyelitis, two neurotropic viruses were selected to serve as test experimental infections. One was the mouse-adapted Armstrong Lansing strain of poliomyelitis, and the other was the Webster strain of mouse-adapted St. Louis encephalitis virus. The chemical compounds were supplied to us by a cooperating group of manufacturing concerns.2
Among the 190 compounds tested we found none which possessed any significant prophylactic or therapeutic action on the two test experimental infections.
In Vitro Anaphylactic Response to Polyhaptenic and Monohaptenic Simple Antigens
Authors: Campbell Dan H. , McCasland Gifford E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The foregoing experiments confirm the observations of Landsteiner and van der Scheer, who showed that simple polyhaptenic antigens will produce anaphylactic responses in sensitized smooth-muscle strips. These reactions can be inhibited by the previous addition of univalent haptens and the inhibiting action is not removed by washing the tissue. One of the univalent haptens having a relatively large molecular size produced weak and delayed anaphylactic responses, although it gave no precipitation with homologous antiserum.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Smith Maurice I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Guinea-pigs and rabbits sensitized to ox serum or horse serum, and treated subcutaneously with moderate doses of quinine preceding the reinjection of the specific antigen, have their susceptibility increased from 3 to 10 times to the specific protein, as compared with control sensitized animals.
No appreciable degree of proteolysis could be demonstrated to occur in vitro by treating sensitized serum with the specific antigen, whether incubated alone or with quinine. The augmented susceptibility of sensitized animals to the specific protein when under the influence of quinine cannot, therefore, be referred to the well known action of this drug on ferments.
Quinine added to Ringer-Locke solution perfused through the pulmonary vessels of sensitized or normal rabbits does not cause any noticeable constriction of these vessels. Specific foreign protein added to Ringer-Locke solution perfused through the pulmonary vessels of sensitized rabbits produces pulmonary obstruction to a marked degree. The altered susceptibility of sensitized animals to the foreign protein produced by quinine cannot be referred to any synnergy between quinine and the anaphylactic process on the pulmonary circulation.
It has been suggested that histamine might be the causative factor of anaphylactic shock. On closer investigation it does not appear that histamine is identical with the anaphylactic process, for the following reasons: Histamine does not produce in animals the temperature reactions observed in anaphylaxis.Histamine does not alter the coagulability of the blood, as is noted in anaphylactic shock.Quinine alters markedly the course of the anaphylactic reaction, by augmenting the susceptibility of sensitized animals to the foreign protein; it has no harmful effect on the course of intoxication with histamine.There is no relation between histamine and antianaphylaxis. Neither does desensitization influence the toxicity of histamine, nor does the preliminary treatment with histamine alter the lethal dose of the specific foreign protein in sensitized animals.
A synnergetic relation is shown to exist between histamine and the specific foreign protein in sensitized guinea-pigs. This is probably best explained on the assumption that some points of attack of histamine and of the anaphylactic process are identical.
Antigenic Variation in Clones of Paramecium Aurelia
Authors: Harrison James A. , Fowler Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic variation in clones of Paramecium aurelia was studied in 61 combinations of 27 different clones and 24 different antisera. It was found that serum-insensitive variants in serum-sensitive clones could give rise to clones of greater, lesser or the same sensitivity of the original parent clone. One new clone of greater serum-sensitivity than its original parent clone was established by continued selection of serum-sensitive individual paramecia in successive clones. This clone showed from time to time some variation in sensitivity to antiserum for its original parent clone but was found to be usually of higher, and never lower, sensitivity than the parent clone in tests done over a period of one year. Nine serum-insensitive clones were derived by continued selection of insensitive members from 7 different parent clones. Two of these regained full sensitivity to antiserum for their original parent clones in 3 months; 2 remained serum-insensitive for a period of 9 months, but reverted to almost the full sensitivity of the original parent clone toward the close of the 13-month period of examination; 5 remained serum-insensitive throughout the periods of their examination which lasted from 15 to 17 months. A single clone grown in antiserum of less than lethal concentration failed to show much variation in sensitivity to the serum. These results are discussed in relation to morphologic phenomena involving nuclear change in paramecia and in relation to the occurrence of antigenic variants in pure cultures of flagellated bacteria.
Studies on the Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Menten Maud L. , Finlay Harold H. , Andersch Marie A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison of toxoid and toxin as an antigen in immunization against scarlet fever warrants the conclusion that the former gives equally good, if not better, results with less local and systemic reactions. This is especially true in younger children. Because of variable degree of refractoriness to immunizing injections among positive reactors it is recommended that readily immunizable individuals be eliminated following three comparatively small doses of antigen by a Dick retest and that further immunization procedures be continued with the remaining positive reactors of the more refractory group.
Serological Reactions of Two Bacterial Levans
Authors: Hehre Edward J. , Genghof Dorothy S. , Neill James M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The levan polysaccharides synthesized from sucrose by a spore-forming bacillus of plant origin and by a strain of Streptococcus salivarius were proved to be serologically reactive and serologically similar substances. The levans gave both precipitation and complement fixation with antiserums produced by immunization with either the streptococcus or the bacillus which had been grown in media containing sucrose, and also reacted with some samples but not with most type 20 antipneumococcus serums.
The carbohydrate in the culture medium was an important factor. The serologically reactive levans were produced in abundant amount in broth containing sucrose or raffinose whereas none could be found in cultures grown with 8 other sugars. Similarly, antiserums reactive with the levans were readily produced by immunization with suspensions of either the bacillus or streptococcus which had been grown in sucrose media but not by immunization with the same bacteria grown in glucose media.
Application of a Quantitative Complement-Fixation Test to the Serum Diagnosis of Typhus Fever
Authors: Varley Florence M. , Weedon Frederick R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rickettsial antigen with its homologous antibody and complement has been found to give the same straight line relationships described by Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner and Rice for other systems. Charts for aid in practical use are presented. Preliminary tests indicate that the amount of complement rendered inactive by antigen-antibody is not influenced by lytic or slightly anticomplementary properties of the normal sera used for diluting the antiserum being tested.
Experimental Studies on the Yellow Fever Protection Test
Authors: Smithburn K. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A considerable amount of experimental work has been done on the yellow fever protection test, as result of which we have adopted for use in Uganda an intraperitoneal technic which employs 1 per cent mouse passage virus. The method enables tests to be done with as little as 0.5 ml of serum. It is more sensitive for the detection of antibody in low titer than the standard intraperitoneal method and appears to be no less specific than the latter.
Spontaneous Loss of Specificity of Absorbed Immune Hemagglutinating Sera
Authors: Boyd William C. , Boyd Lyle G. , Warshaver Estelle R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sterile absorbed immune hemagglutinating sera stored, with or without preservative, in the icebox sometimes develop non-specific agglutinating activity which may occasionally be strong enough to lessen their value as diagnostic reagents. This non-specific activity can be removed by reabsorption.
p-Aminobenzoic Acid Synthesis by Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in Relation to Clinical and Cultural Sulfonamide Resistance
Authors: Landy Maurice , Gerstung Ruth B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
With some exceptions, individuals promptly cured of gonorrhea by sulfonamide therapy yielded sulfonamide-sensitive gonococcus cultures with low PAB synthesis, while clinically resistant individuals yielded sulfonamide-resistant cultures with relatively high PAB synthesis. On the basis of this and other evidence presented, it is clear that increased PAB production by gonococci is usually associated with clinical resistance and resistance in vitro to sulfonamides, but is insufficient to account entirely for such resistance.
Serologic Studies in Typhus-Vaccinated Individuals
Authors: Zarafonetis C. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a preceding communication (1) it was pointed out that certain factors had to be evaluated before the serologic diagnosis of typhus fever in vaccinated individuals could be made with assurance. Among the factors mentioned was the possibility of an anamnestic reaction or non-specific rise in Weil-Felix and/or complement-fixing antibodies due to non-typhus fevers. Numerous papers have been published concerning the appearance of Weil-Felix antibodies in diseases other than typhus in non-vaccinated individuals, but no study has yet appeared regarding similar findings in typhus-vaccinated persons. Complement-fixation in the rickettsial diseases has only recently become generally employed, but in the studies so far reported there have been described no instances of non-specific findings in properly controlled tests.
The present study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what effects, if any, non-typhus fevers might have upon these antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Herein are described the serologic findings obtained in 104 acutely febrile patients who had been previously vaccinated with Cox-type epidemic typhus vaccine.
Weil-Felix and Typhus Complement-Fixation Tests in Relapsing Fever, with Special Reference to B. Proteus OX-K Agglutination
Authors: Zarafonetis C. J. D. , Ingraham H. S. , Berry J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
During the past two years, Weil-Felix agglutination tests and the typhus complement-fixation tests with purified rickettsial antigens have been used extensively in this laboratory in the serologic diagnosis of typhus fever. The complement-fixation test has been of great value because of its ability to differentiate between epidemic and murine typhus in non-vaccinated cases (1, 2, 3). Thus, in addition to its value to the clinician, the complement-fixation test has obvious significance to the epidemiologist. In fact, typhus surveys in Morocco, Egypt, Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy, Germany, Arabia, and other countries have been greatly aided by this test (4). In these studies, the complement-fixation test has maintained its specificity, and no false-positive reactions have been encountered (3). However, in view of the fact that epidemic typhus fever and relapsing fever epidemics repeatedly occur simultaneously, it was felt that it would be of value to extend these typhus tests to sera from cases of relapsing fever and to note whether or not false-positive or other interfering reactions occurred.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Hollander Alvin , Traub Frederick B. , Langstadt Dorett 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The investigations reported in the present paper are part of the more general problem of studying immunity reactions with the aid of the methods of the direct and indirect test or, more specifically, by determining the Ai, Ad and Ai/Ad values. These terms have been defined and discussed in the first part of the paper. In particular, the present communication is concerned with the experimental analysis of previously reported observations. It had been found that the intracerebral or rather intraventricular Ai values were very different for individual tetanal toxins and thus revealed hitherto unknown qualitative differences between the toxins. In the present paper, it has been shown that similar differences exist between the intramuscular Ai values of tetanal toxins. On the basis of considerations which have been discussed in the first part of the paper and need not be repeated, the assumption was tentatively made that the differences in the Ai values might be due to differences in the rapidity with which toxins either enter the nerve endings or else are neutralized by antitoxin at the site of injection. In other words, the differences in the Ai values were explained by differences in the relative avidities of the toxins for nerve tissue and antitoxin.
The validity of this explanation was tested by experiments in which the antitoxin was injected at various intervals after the toxin. It was found that an interval of 3 hours between the injection of toxin and the subsequent injection of antitoxin increased the antitoxin requirements 16 times for toxin 64 (Ai = 0.0031 ml) and 260 times for toxin 641B (Ai = 0.2 ml). This result shows that after a certain lapse of time the toxin with the high Ai value is more difficult to dislodge from the tissue than the toxin with the low Ai value. This observation can hardly be explained otherwise than by assumming that toxins with a high Ai value have either a greater affinity for nerve tissue or a lower avidity for antitoxin. After eliminating differences in the Lf values of the individual toxins, the avidities of the toxins for antitoxin were determined by measuring the velocity of flocculation in the Ramon test. These “reduced” flocculation rates were very similar for 5 tetanal toxins. Moreover, the small differences were in no way related to the Ai values. It follows that the differences in the Ai values of tetanal toxins cannot be explained by differences in their avidities for antitoxin. In connection with the above described experiments, this result leaves only the alternative that the differences in the Ai values of the toxins are due to differences in the avidities for nerve tissues.