bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Important Is Money to Motivate People to Work?
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Nordgren Selar Alexander , Sverke Magnus 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores research on the importance of money to motivate people to work. Research on the role of money in people’s lives and as a motivator of working shows that even though people need a decent basic income, money is not the best motivator of work performance. A review of research on the effects of performance-based compensation on motivation, performance, and well-being concludes that financial incentives do not seem to be as powerful to drive performance as portrayed in many motivation theories, and that there is still a need to better understand how such incentives relate to need satisfaction and work motivation. Moreover, incentives seem to have undesirable side effects on moral engagement, stress, and well-being. The chapter also explores other aspects of compensation, including how fairness and the relative distribution of money within organizations influence need satisfaction, motivation, and work outcomes, as well as how motivational assumptions and payment norms and preferences might modify how money influences motivation. It ends with an identification of remaining knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research on the effects of compensation on work motivation that would benefit from using self-determination theory, as well as the practical implications of what is known thus far for the design of compensation systems.
A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Stigma and Prejudice
Authors: Ryan William S. , Moore Annabelle 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A large body of research documents the negative impact of being a member of a stigmatized group on well-being. Despite these population-level findings, research suggests that there is considerable variation in the well-being of members of stigmatized groups such that although some individuals may be suffering, others may be flourishing. This chapter uses self-determination theory (SDT) as a framework for discussing key determinants of this variation. Stigma represents a social condition of prejudice that can directly thwart people’s basic psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness. The chapter focuses on the role of basic psychological need support and thwarting, particularly in relation to autonomy, in understanding the internalization of negative attitudes toward the self and others; the impact of stigma on well-being through intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional-level processes; and the regulation and change of prejudicial attitudes and discrimination. Interpersonal and institutional supports for autonomy and relatedness can reduce the extent to which stigmatizing experiences occur, as well as the harms that follow. Insofar as our modern world has become increasingly global and multicultural, these issues of stigma, prejudice, and inclusion have become correspondingly more salient. This thus represents an important area for continued research and intervention development to which SDT has much to offer.
Acting as One
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Deci Edward L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Research in self-determination theory, amply detailed across the chapters of this Handbook, attests to the universal human propensities toward growth and integration, as well as the social conditions that can either facilitate or hinder their expression. Beyond the influences of social contexts, we as individuals can also actively craft our development, or balk at that existential responsibility. People have inherent capacities to reflect upon, and to accept or reject, values and aims and in so doing they affect their own and others’ well-being and vitality. This human capacity for autonomy develops most robustly within need-supportive social contexts, whereas controlling and need thwarting environments often bring out the more defensive and compensatory “dark sides” of human nature. By creating more autonomy, competence, and relatedness supportive environments in families, schools, organizations, and cultures, the overarching aim of SDT is to help foster a more humane world within which all can flourish.
Causes, Costs, and Caveats
Authors: Bradshaw Emma L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Goal contents theory (GCT) is the fifth of SDT’s mini-theories and describes the associations between the content of people’s life aspirations and their well-being, the links between which are understood to be mediated by basic psychological need satisfactions and frustrations. Intrinsic aspirations—typically for personal growth, affiliation, community giving, and physical health—inherently satisfy basic psychological needs and, therefore, bolster wellness. Conversely, extrinsic aspirations—most commonly for wealth, fame, and beauty—do not directly satisfy needs and, in some cases, actively frustrate them, thus compromising well-being. This chapter reviews the eight basic propositions and evidence base of GCT, with an emphasis on recent investigations. It introduces seven additional “candidate” propositions, or ideas that have emerged in the GCT literature, the generalizability and universality of which remain to be comprehensively tested. The chapter concludes by detailing some caveats of which researchers should be cognizant, while highlighting important future directions for this universally relevant and highly reliable theory.
Relationships Motivation Theory
Authors: Knee C. Raymond , Browne Lindsay 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Although self-determination theory (SDT) originally emphasized individual well-being, it has also been described as a theory of optimal relationship development and functioning. SDT’s sixth mini-theory, relationships motivation theory (RMT), elaborates the mutual roles of close relationships in supporting self-development, and how motivation can support the development of flourishing close relationships. This chapter examines how SDT’s unique concepts of the continuum of self-determined motivation, basic psychological needs, and the noncontingent self offer a novel and integrative perspective on optimal relationship development. It first presents SDT’s motivation continuum in the close relationships domain, then discusses the mutuality of basic psychological need fulfillment and frustration in close relationships, followed by an integration of these concepts with regard to internalization, identity, and true-self involvement, along with their downstream relationship dynamics and benefits. The chapter illustrates ways in which several major concepts and theoretical perspectives in the close relationships literature can be folded into RMT.
Mindfulness and the Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs
Authors: Beloborodova Polina , Brown Kirk Warren 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Conceptualized as a receptive awareness of and attention to present-moment events and experiences, mindfulness is regarded by self-determination theory as a critical psychological factor that facilitates the fulfillment of basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. This chapter reviews research showing that trait, state, and trained mindfulness are related to more autonomous functioning, greater social well-being, and increased felt competence and task performance. Also discussed are proposed mechanisms that might explain those salutary effects, including a shift from automatic processing of experience to conscious attention regulation and observation of experience without egoic identification. Also discussed is the importance of intervention and other experimental research to examine the role of different mindfulness practices (e.g., focused attention vs. open monitoring) in promoting need satisfaction, and to investigate the interaction between mindfulness and need-supportive versus need-frustrating environments.
Civil and Ethnic Conflict in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Jha Saumitra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Despite great falls in global poverty, civil and ethnic conflict remains tragically common. This chapter examines the patterns of persistence and change in conflict around the world through the lens of historical political economy. It compares two important approaches for measuring the impact of contemporary ethnic differences on conflict: ethno-linguistic fractionalization and polarization. It highlights two aspects that are crucial for understanding these impacts but remain relatively understudied in this literature: the role of organizational capacity within groups and complementarities between groups. The chapter illustrates these relationships through the history of Hindu-Muslim relations in South Asia, as well as drawing on broader contexts. Finally, this discussion highlights some common pitfalls that arise from neglecting history when studying conflict, and promising directions for future research.
The Corporation and the State in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Harris Ron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between corporations and states from the appearance of the very first corporations in the late Middle Ages to the twentieth century. It identifies four types of relationships. The first views the corporation as one of the arms of the state. The second views the corporation as an organ that, from the outset, was independent of the state. The third relationship views the corporation as expecting the state to credibly commit not to expropriate the assets pooled together in the corporation. The fourth identifies that corporations need states to provide enforcement of contracts among corporate stakeholders. The chapter shows how these types of relationships developed historically, replaced and complemented each other, and played out against each other. The text asserts that tensions between states and corporations along these types of relationships still exist today.
Rhizomatic Entanglements
Authors: Baishya Amit R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Assamese fiction written by janajatiya writers (writers from indigenous, “tribal” communities) can be read productively via a deployment of various standpoints from the “nonhuman turn.” This chapter reads the triangulation of three nonhuman entities—bamboo, rats, and fire—in Arunachali author Yeshe Dorje Thongchi’s short story “Baah Phulor Gundho” (“The Smell of Bamboo Blossoms”). While stories by janajatiya writers such as Thongchi are usually read via “tradition” versus “modernity” and social reform perspectives, this chapter argues that nonhuman entities play a vitalist and agential role in their fictional universes. Thongchi’s short story demonstrates this through a unique event that occurs in Northeast India—the periodic flowering of bamboo that leads to an exponential increase in rat populations—which becomes the fulcrum for an exploration of social change and the passage of time in the lifeworlds of the Nyishi tribespeople in Arunachal Pradesh.
Forensic Mental Health Assessments in Juvenile Justice Contexts
Authors: King Christopher M. , Grove Lauren , Hitchcock Sarah , Gonzalez Kenny , Palardy Amanda , Guevara Nicole 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Psychologists, criminologists, lawyers, and other professionals have made and continue to make important contributions to the structure and functioning of the juvenile justice system in the United States. Within the modern-day juvenile justice system—which generally seeks to be developmentally sensitive and balanced as to accountability and rehabilitation—several issues arise in the processing and management of youth’s cases in juvenile and criminal courts that prompt referrals for forensic mental health assessments. These referred evaluations inform preadjudication (transfer to or from adult court and competence to proceed), adjudication (waiver of Miranda rights and reliability of confession evidence), and postadjudication decision-making (juvenile disposition or adult sentencing). This chapter reviews seminal and contemporary research and legal precedent as relevant to these juvenile forensic mental health assessments. In addition, future directions for research, policy, and best practice are discussed.
Key Considerations for Pre-arrest Diversion Programs
Authors: Dugosh Karen L. , Lipkin Jessica L. , Flack Daniel J. , DeMatteo David , Festinger David S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the extant literature to identify empirically proven strategies that pre-arrest diversion (PAD) programs could employ to improve outcomes. PAD programs generally refer low-risk individuals who use drugs to community-based services and rehabilitation in lieu of formal entry into the criminal justice system. Preliminary data indicate that these programs can reduce incarceration rates, recidivism, and drug use, and that they result in cost savings relative to standard engagement in the criminal justice system. Although the early verdict is that these programs reduce public harm, existing programs often use arbitrary criteria for determining eligibility, making evaluation and replication unreliable. PAD programs may serve to improve both public health and public safety by utilizing empirically proven practices. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges to the development, implementation, and operations of PAD programs. Although preliminary data from these programs support their utility, continued research is necessary to identify what practices facilitate their short- and long-term success.
Police Custody
Authors: Alceste Fabiana , Kassin Saul M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Police are only required to provide Miranda rights to criminal suspects during custodial interrogations. Other important legal safeguards, like the video recording of interrogations, are triggered by the same event. Over many decades, the US Supreme Court has refined the definition of police custody: when the totality of the objective circumstances of an interrogation are tantamount to arrest, as determined by a hypothetical reasonable person in the suspect’s position. Until recently, however, this legal standard had not been subjected to the scrutiny of psychological and empirical testing. This chapter summarizes the case law surrounding the legal concept of custody, as well as the psychology of perceptions of custody and attributions of freedom. We discuss disparities in perceptions of custody between actors and observers, as well as between legal and lay participant groups. Finally, we make policy recommendations and identify avenues for future research.
Emerging Issues in the Psycholegal Study of Guilty Pleas
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Zottoli Tina M. , Dezember Amy , Schneider Ryan , Catlin Mary , Shammi Suraiya 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the 2010 Lafler v. Cooper decision, the Supreme Court equated the US criminal justice system to one of guilty pleas. As addressed in this chapter, this is because guilty pleas make up the majority of criminal case outcomes (around 64 percent) and the majority of convictions (around 97 percent). In this chapter, common themes in guilty plea research are reviewed, including the psychology of guilty plea decision-making, the validity of guilty pleas, and false guilty pleas. Further, new data are presented, aimed at reconceptualizing guilty plea rates and measuring plea discounts. Researchers’ choices about which dichotomous plea rate (prospective vs. retrospective) to examine and how to define plea discounts have implications for theories of plea decision-making and for advancing psycholegal scholarship on guilty pleas.
Prosecutorial Misconduct
Authors: Bull Kovera Margaret , Fessinger Melanie B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Prosecutors have a complicated role in which they are tasked with convicting the guilty while also protecting the innocent. However, prosecutors sometimes abrogate their duties, which can result in miscarriages of justice. Prosecutorial misconduct includes activities like failure to disclose evidence favorable to the defense, improper argument (e.g., mentioning information not in evidence and denigrating the integrity of the defense attorney), and racial bias in jury selection. A variety of factors may contribute to the likelihood that prosecutors engage in misconduct, including a culture of competition, pressure to secure convictions, tunnel vision (a cognitive bias in which one gives more weight to evidence that supports the desired suspect), unguided prosecutorial discretion in deciding what evidence to disclose to the defense, and a lack of accountability. There is very limited empirical research that explores the antecedents of or remedies for prosecutorial misconduct, providing fertile ground for researchers to make substantial contributions toward understanding this particular cause of wrongful convictions.
Jury Decision-Making
Authors: Levett Lora M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The US Constitution guarantees the right to a public trial by an impartial jury of one’s peers in both criminal and civil contexts. This system is a cornerstone of our democracy but is not free from criticism. Researchers have spent decades investigating the jury, exploring what affects jurors’ decisions, and how to increase the competence of this decision-making body. In this broad overview, the chapter first explores the theoretical underpinnings of juror and jury decision-making and discusses mathematical and explanation-based models at the juror and jury levels. Next, the chapter explores factors that influence the jury’s decision, including the demographic and attitudinal characteristics of the legal participants, examples of evidentiary, extra-evidentiary, and trial factors, including the possibility of judges as alternative decision makers. Last, I summarize directions for future research and discuss some of the methodological difficulties jury researchers may encounter.
Ethics in Forensic Psychology Practice
Authors: Otto Randy K. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Psychologists’ obligations and responsibilities when providing forensic services manifest differently than when they are providing therapeutic services. The sources of authority that impose obligations upon psychologists, who psychologists’ clients are, to whom psychologists owe a duty, whose interests psychologists must be consider when acting, and how obligations of privacy apply are just a few examples of this. Discussed in this chapter are key sources of authority that impose obligations upon psychologists when providing forensic services, some key distinctions in how general ethical obligations manifest in forensic settings, and recommendations for how the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association can be revised to better account for these many differences.
Forensic Report Writing
Authors: DeMier Richart L. , Krauss Daniel A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Most guidance for forensic report writing lacks empirical support. Current recommendations have largely been derived from ethical principles, the professional literature, and, in some cases, personal experiences. This chapter briefly reviews these existing recommendations, their rationales, and, when it exists, their scientific foundations. Practical and stylistic considerations are discussed, from language choice to issues such as relevance of data and how to frame diagnoses. The chapter proposes a research agenda to investigate whether existing guidance can be empirically supported. Broad research questions are proposed to stimulate thought about additional empirical work, and some initial ideas about how to approach specific hypotheses are considered. In particular, researchers need to further investigate ways to fashion reports that legal actors and other consumers of the information will read, understand, and use appropriately.
MPs, Outside Interests, and Corporate Boards: Too Busy to Serve?
Authors: Smith Matthew , Newman Jack 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The corporate governance literature has often been concerned with whether individuals with a high number of board directorships are too busy to serve in their role. In the UK, many MPs also hold positions on boards of directors. This raises the question of whether MPs with board memberships are too busy to serve their constituents, party and parliament. To address this question, we construct a network of directors (including MPs) and the firms they are associated with. We then draw on measures from social network analysis to capture how embedded these individuals are in the UK corporate system. We employ a regression approach to examine the relationship between MPs’ position in the corporate system and their participation in Parliament. We find that that some positions within the corporate network are associated with increased participation and others with decreased participation. MP participation increases when they have high numbers of directorships or high levels of corporate opportunity, but it decreases for those who are deeply embedded in the corporate system, sitting on the boards of well-connected firms. The latter are potentially ‘too busy’ to serve.
Racial Concordance in the Market for Financial Advice
Authors: Clifford Christopher P , Gerken William C , Qiu Tian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We examine the role of race and racial concordance between financial advisors and their local community. We document significant differences in stock market participation based on community racial composition, as well as differences in the characteristics of communities served by minority advisors. Notably, minority advisors are more likely to serve racially concordant communities, which tend to be poorer. We find that racial concordance has only a modest relation with local stock market participation. However, while minority advisors are more likely to leave the industry, this relation is mitigated among advisors located in more concordant communities. (JEL G20, G50, D14, J15)
The Size and Life-Cycle Growth of Plants: The Role of Productivity, Demand, and Wedges
Authors: Eslava Marcela , Haltiwanger John , Urdaneta Nicolas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What determines the distribution of establishments in terms of size and life-cycle growth? How are those determinants related to aggregate productivity? We provide novel answers by developing a framework that uses price and quantity information on establishments’ outputs and inputs to jointly estimate the demand and production parameters, and subsequently, establishments’ quality-adjusted productivity, deriving both micro-level and aggregate implications. We find that the dominant source of variation in establishment size is variation in quality/product appeal but that variation in technical efficiency plays an important supporting role. Multiple factors dampen dispersion in establishment size including dispersion in input (quality-adjusted) prices, markups, and residual wedges. Relatively moderate dampening factors induce large aggregate allocative efficiency losses relative to their absence. We show that joint estimation of the parameters of the demand and production function crucially affects inferences on the determinants of the size distribution of firms and their implications for aggregate productivity.