bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903)
Authors: Offer John 
Published: February 2023

Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) made a significant contribution to nineteenth-century thought through innovative conceptual enquiry, gaining recognition in his native England and across the world. He is chiefly remembered today for his classical liberalism, and for his theory of evolution, which presented the mechanisms and processes of (largely progressive) change as universal phenomena. Spencer’s applications of the theory influenced psychology, sociology, political thought, and ethics in particular.
Many of Spencer’s publications pre-dated Darwin’s Origin of Species of 1859, and its advocacy of ‘natural selection’ as a mechanism of the modification of species led to no major deviation in subsequent ones. The supposition that there were ideas and related ideological movements needing unification under the category of ‘social Darwinism’ in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is now questioned, while positioning Spencer within it, as is often done, is ill-judged, given his work’s intellectual content.
Naturphilosophie
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Naturphilosophie refers to a philosophical movement that began in Germany during the 1790s, characterised by a holistic, dynamic, and organic approach to the study of nature. The German term is conventionally left untranslated in English, for the most obvious rendering, ‘philosophy of nature’, fails to capture the ambitions evoked by the original. The proponents of Naturphilosophie, including Karl Friedrich Kielmeyer, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, F.W.J. von Schelling, and G.W.F. Hegel, attempted to supplant previous modes of philosophy by advancing a holistic conception of nature in which matter, the celestial system, organic bodies, and the mind feature within a single, self-organising process.
The core of Naturphilosophie can be defined by its distinctive metaphysical and epistemological commitments. In terms of metaphysics, its proponents were convinced that new research in magnetic, electrical, chemical, and biological phenomena could not be reduced to the mechanical interaction of particulate matter. They argued that natural science requires a new conception of nature in which the whole is prioritised over the parts. In terms of epistemology, proponents of Naturphilosophie argued that because nature is self-organising, it must be understood philosophically. This did not mean that empirical inquiry should be subordinate to philosophy but rather that experiments and observations should be interpreted speculatively, for the development of nature exhibits a rational structure.
Naturphilosophie fell out of favour during the mid-nineteenth century with the rise of a mechanistic and materialist movement in natural science. Yet significant currents of Naturphilosophie persisted throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and several aspects remain pertinent in contemporary philosophy.
Happiness
Authors: Besser Lorraine L. 
Published: February 2023

Happiness is a fundamental, prudential value. It is something good for the person who has it. Most philosophers accept that there is a difference between happiness and well-being, and those engaging in interdisciplinary research frame happiness in terms of subjective well-being.
Historical philosophical discussions of happiness have had a longstanding influence on contemporary discourse. Aristotle’s theory of eudaimonia presents a view of happiness that is distinctive to human nature and prioritises the role of reason and virtue in its development. Other historical philosophers, including Epicurus and Mill, defend hedonistic views of happiness, according to which happiness consists in pleasure.
Contemporary analyses of happiness include extended discussions of hedonism, much of which tries to characterise pleasure in a way that makes hedonism viable as a theory of human happiness. Attitudinal hedonism maintains that pleasure derives from a subject’s pro-attitude towards their experiences, while phenomenological hedonism sticks with the ordinary view of pleasure according to which what characterises pleasure is its felt quality.
Other prominent contemporary theories of happiness include the emotional state theory, according to which happiness is an emotional state that is productive of feelings of happiness, and the life satisfaction view, according to which happiness consists in an endorsement of one’s life – be it a cognitive judgment that one’s life is going as one wants, or an affective state of being pleased with one’s life, or some combination of both. Whereas hedonism focusses on the episodic feelings of happiness, both the emotional state theory and the life satisfaction theory seek to explain happiness as consisting in a stable, long-term state.
The past several decades have seen a large increase in interdisciplinary research on happiness, which teaches us much about the sources of happiness, as well as the nature of its pursuit. This research shows the importance of establishing relationships, as well as experiencing emotions such as compassion and gratitude. It also reveals a complex relationship between happiness and material goods.
Neuroenhancement
Authors: Erler Alexandre , Forlini Cynthia 
Published: February 2023

Neuroenhancement is generally defined as the improvement of mental capacities.
Such an improvement can be effected via
traditional (e.g. education) or biomedical means. The use of the latter, in particular, is fiercely debated in various contexts. This entry focuses on neuroenhancement by means of biomedical technology, and on its use by competent adults in a non-military context, for non-therapeutic purposes.

There are two main categories of neuroenhancement: cognitive and affective. Cognitive enhancement includes the use of psychoactive drugs like methylphenidate and modafinil to enhance wakefulness and concentration. Other capacities targeted for neuroenhancement include memory and learning, although there is still controversy about the impact of such substances on real-life (e.g. academic) performance. More recent and sophisticated instances of neuroenhancement include interventions such as electrical brain stimulation, and more speculative ones like brain implants. Affective enhancement comprises the modification of personality in socially rewarded ways, the improvement of mood, the removal or blunting of unpleasant memories, the enhancement of motivation, and the modulation of romantic bonds between people.
Prevalence estimates of neuroenhancement are highly variable according to technology, population, and environment, but provide a springboard for thinking about why individuals choose to engage in neuroenhancement. First, there is limited evidence to support safety and efficacy of existing neuroenhancement technologies. Chronic use of psychostimulants, for instance, can present health risks and lead to tolerance. Studies show that even if neuroenhancement technologies were efficacious, there can be limitations to their effects (due for instance to cognitive trade-offs). Second, neuroenhancement raises pressing ethical issues. The issue of fairness looms large in the ethical debate raising the question of what forms of improvement constitute “cheating”, as well as highlighting the need to ensure equitable access to any competitive advantages that neuroenhancement might confer. Several different concerns about neuroenhancement fall under the umbrella of “authenticity”, which pertain to now neuroenhancement affects one’s identity, sense of self, true nature, and sense of achievement. Finally, there is disagreement as to whether the availability of neuroenhancement promotes personal autonomy or contributes to the rise of coercion to enhance.
Aesthetics of everyday life
Authors: Saito Yuriko 
Published: February 2023

Article Summary
Everyday aesthetics developed as a challenge to art-centred aesthetics that dominated the twentieth century Western discourse. It aims to restore aesthetics to a study of sense and sensibility by following the original Greek term, aisthesis. The arena of aesthetics understood this way includes all sensory modes involved in perception, everything the experiencing agents interact with in their daily life, and the diverse qualities that characterise the nature of the resultant affective experiences.
These expanding reaches of aesthetics raise many issues and challenges. One controversy regards whether people can experience their mundane everyday life understood in its very ordinariness or whether it needs to be transformed into something special. Some emphasise that everyday aesthetics is continuous with art-centric aesthetics while others hold that experiencing the ordinary as ordinary defines everyday aesthetics as a new field of enquiry.
Some criticise everyday aesthetics for what they regard as an overly zealous inclusion of those affective qualities generated in response to popular culture and negative qualities in life and environment. Despite their perceived inability to elevate one’s aesthetic sophistication and refinement, advocates in support of diversifying aesthetic experiences maintain that these qualities’ unavoidable presence in everyone’s lives deserves attention because of their significant impact on the quality of life and society.
Everyday aesthetics is also criticised for deviating from the object-centred aesthetics by including atmosphere, social interactions, and activities experienced from within, thereby jeopardising intersubjectivity. Everyday aesthetics responds by pointing out that actively doing things and sharing those experiences constitute a large part of living, and aesthetic attentiveness is indispensable to the practice of good life.
Coercion
Authors: Kiener Maximilian 
Published: February 2023

Coercion is the use of force or threats to control a person’s actions. As such, it is different from persuasion and manipulation, it is allegedly an integral part of the law and the state, and it vitiates consent and exculpates wrongdoing. If someone is coerced into consenting to sex or to a medical procedure, their consent will be invalid (see Consent; Autonomy); and if someone is coerced into damaging another person’s property, they will normally not be blameworthy, or at least less so (see Responsibility; Praise and blame; Crime and punishment).
But coercion raises several difficult questions. (1) What types of coercion are there? (2) Are force and threats the only means of coercion? (3) Does conduct have to be morally illegitimate in order to qualify as coercion? (4) Must the attempt to change a person’s behaviour actually succeed? (5) Is there a single unified concept of coercion across different contexts or are there many irreducibly different concepts?
To a large extent, the philosophical discussion of these questions can be traced back to Robert Nozick’s (see Robert Nozick) 1969 article ‘Coercion’, which has remained the most important modern contribution to the topic. However, the twenty-first-century discussion has also transcended Nozick’s general category of coercion to some extent and started to focus increasingly on more specific ethical and political challenges.
Open reduction, acetabular and femoral head fixation of Pipkin type IV fracture in an adolescent: A case report
Authors: Bastomi Ismail , Mulyadi Dicky 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBACKGROUND Femoral head fracture is extremely rare in adolescent. There are few studies that focus on cases treated of pipkin type IVCASE SUMMARY A 15-year-old male adolescent suffered a serious traffic accident when he was sitting on the front seat of car. Several hours after accident at the local hospital, he diagnosed as posterior dislocation of the right hip with drop foot , and treat closed reduction immobilisation with skin traction. After first operation he transferred to another hospital. Pelvic radiograph computed tomography revealed a head femoral fracture and large acetabular rim fracture. This was diagnosed as a Pipkin type IV acetabular and femoral head fracture with dislocation. An open reduction Inion Freedom bioscrew fixation of head femur and 4.5 cortical screw fixation of acetabular fracture was performed via a Kocher Langenbeck approach. After 1-year follow-up, the patient could walk without aid and participate in physical activities. The X-ray results showed that the fractures healed well with no evidence of complications.CONCLUSION Open reduction, fixation both acetabular and femoral head is an available therapy to treat Pipkin type IV in adolescent
Economic Burden of Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Mulyadi Dicky , RMSN Magetsari 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTotal knee arthroplasties (TKAs) and total hip arthroplasties (THAs) have been proven to help improving the quality of life of numerous patients and have been regarded as successful standard operations in orthopaedic surgeries. However, there is still a lingering devastating complication in the form of peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI). This condition can be difficult to diagnose and may present at any time after arthroplasty requiring surgical intervention, often multiple times. Surgical revisions due to infection requires multiple visits and longer length of stay resulting in greater hospital costs. As the number of arthroplasty procedures increases so does the number of PJIs and therefore revisions. In 2010 there were estimated 8 136 PJI cases associated with hips and 17 781 cases associated with the knee and it is projected to grow in 2020 to be 16 584 cases for hip and 48 971 cases for knee. This also translated in the increase of estimated cost from around $785 million in 2010 to $1.62 billion in 2020.
Effect of Implementing Evidence-Based Nursing Practices Guidelines Related to Post-Partum Care on Maternity Nurses' Performance
Authors: Oraby Fatma A. , Emam Afaf M. M. , Said Nageya E. 
Published: February 2023

Context: Delivering high-quality care that improves patients' health outcomes necessitates using evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP).
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing evidence-based nursing practice guidelines related to postpartum care on maternity nurses' performance.
Methods: One group (pre/post-test) is studied in a quasi-experimental study. The study was carried out at the postnatal unit of the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Benha University Hospital. A convenient sample included all maternity nurses working in the previously mentioned setting. Three tools are used for data collection: A self-administered questionnaire includes an assessment of socio-demographic characteristics of the studied maternity nurses, an assessment of maternity nurses' knowledge regarding evidence-based practices about postpartum care, an observational checklist regarding evidence-based nursing practice during the postpartum period, and barriers scale of nurses in implementing evidence-based practices.
Results: The study revealed a mean nurses' age of 33.6±9.867, and 55.4% had baccalaureate degrees in nursing sciences. 60% of them depend on the internet as a source of information. The present study findings a highly statistically significant difference between pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and follow-up (p<0.0001) regarding nurses' knowledge and practice concerning postpartum evidence-based nursing practice. The barriers assessment revealed that 84.5% of the nurses agreed they did not have time to read the research.
Conclusion: Maternity nurses' performance in postpartum care significantly improved after implementing evidence-based practice guidelines. The study recommended encouraging continuous educational training programs and workshops for nurses regarding evidence-based nursing in obstetrics and gynecological unit.
Role Strain and Its Influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Faculty Staff
Authors: Saad Nema F. , El sayed Samah Mohamed 
Published: February 2023

Context: The quality of university education is highly affected by faculty staff engagement that drives them to go beyond their assigned ‎roles and job description to have Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs).
Aim: To investigate the influence of role strain on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) among nursing faculty staff.
Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Nursing at Ain Shams University on a convenience sample of 89 faculty members. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire with OCBs and role strain scales.
Results: Participants' age ranged from 25 and 53 years. 83.1% had high citizenship behaviors, and 68.5% had high role strain. The citizenship behavior and role strain scores were positively and significantly correlated (r=0.253). The multivariate analysis identified role strain score as a positive predictor of OCB score.
Conclusion: The nursing faculty staff in the study setting have high scores in OCBs and fewer scores in role strain. Their role strain positively predicts their OCBs. It is recommended to carry out a similar study with a prospective follow-up design. The roles of leadership style and job satisfaction in the relationship between role strain and OCBs need to be investigated.
Effect of Self-Care Guidelines on Knowledge and Practice of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ali Rasha A. Z. , Nour Sanaa A. , Abdelaati Inaam H. 
Published: February 2023

Context: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a kind of hyperglycemia and one of pregnancy's most common health problems. It affects 1%-28% of pregnancies worldwide, representing approximately 18 million births annually. It is considered a major cause of prenatal morbidity and mortality.
Aim: The present study aims to construct and evaluate the effect of self-care guidelines on the knowledge and practice of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Methods: Quasi-experimental (one group pre/post-test) design was utilized to achieve the aim of this study. The study subjects consisted of 200 pregnant women recruited from the antenatal clinic. The data collection tools include a structured interviewing questionnaire to assess the pregnant women's characteristics, obstetric history, and women’s knowledge regarding gestational diabetes mellitus. The second tool was women-reported self-care practice checklists of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (pre/post-self-care guidelines).
Results: A women's mean age of 29.7±5.8 and 1.97±0.91 was the mean gravidity. The majority (96%) of studied women had unsatisfactory knowledge, only 4% of them had satisfactory knowledge about GDM, and 95% of them had unsatisfactory practice about GDM. Only 5% of them had satisfactory practice about GDM before self-care guidelines implementation compared to 90% and 94% satisfactory knowledge and practice, respectively, with a highly statistically significant difference between the two phases (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The study concluded a positive effect of the self-care guidelines in improving women's knowledge and self-care practices regarding GDM. The study recommended regular and continuous health educational programs to enhance women's knowledge and self-care practices regarding GDM with further application of self-care guidelines in different settings.
Missed Nursing Care and its relationship with Nurses’ Perceptions of Professional Practice Environment during Hajj Season
Authors: Alasmari Faisal A. , Ebrahim Ebtisam A. , Alhawasawi Hawazin Y. , Abujaab Hussam Z. , Shahid Mohamed P. , Alduaiji Naif A. , Sheikh Alaa S. , Abo Jaab Mazen Z. , Hawsawei Marwan S. , Fatani Dania A. , Tukruni Amani M. 
Published: February 2023

Context: An important factor that significantly affects missed nursing care is the nursing work environment. Additionally, it significantly impacts the recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals and indirectly affects the standard of nursing care.
Aim: To identify nurses' perception of the professional practice environment, identify types and reasons for missed nursing care, and find the relationship between nurses' perceptions of the professional practice environment and missed nursing care during the Hajj season.
Methods: A descriptive correlational design was carried out at seven hospitals in Makkah region. A convenience sample of 463 registered nurse who has at least one year of nursing experience and working in inpatient units was included in this study. Data was collected through an online questionnaire. It included patients' demographic data, the revised professional practice environment scale, and missed nursing care assessment questionnaire.
Results: The result of this study reveal that the mean scores of the professional practice environment and its subscales were 3.56±0.46, indicating a favorable environment. Furthermore, it was found that the overall missed nursing care among the studied nurses was 1.56±0.65, which indicates low missed nursing care. The highest reason for missed nursing care was the inadequate staff (2.85±1.12), supplies/equipment not functioning properly when needed (2.74±1.07), and not being available when needed (2.70±1.10). The professional practice environment statistically significantly negatively correlated with missed nursing care (r=-0.32, p=0.000).
Conclusion: Missed nursing care in hospitals can be reduced by improving the professional practice environment. The study recommends that the hospital and nursing administrators consider keeping good practice environments for nurses to prevent missed care activities and potentially enhance patient outcomes in nursing units.
Awareness and Prevalence of Needle Stick Injury among Nursing Students at King Abdulaziz University
Authors: Almuslami Ohoud K. , Fadul Sarah S. , Munshi Shahad S. , Sangoof Fatmah M. , Mersal Naded A. 
Published: February 2023

Context: Nurses and other health care workers, and at the same time nursing students in clinical training, are at high risk for needle stick injury. The main problem is that needle stick injury (NSIs) can lead to an increase in the risk of over 20 types of infection transmission among health care workers (HCWs), and the most dangerous infections are hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Aim: This study aimed to explore awareness and assess the prevalence of needle stick injury among nursing students at King Abdulaziz University, KSA.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 217 nursing students at king Abdulaziz University. A pretested, structured self‐administered questionnaire was used for data collection.
Results: Most of the students (92.6%) were aware that it is necessary to report the needlestick injury, 90.8% thought that there was a chance of getting an infectious disease from a needle stick, and 47.9% knew that all HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C are of these infections. About one-third of students (32.3%) knew that the most common cause of needle stick injury was recapping the needle. For students' practice, 91.2% and 74.2% wore protective gear while handling sharp instruments and did not recap the needle after use. The mean knowledge and practice scores were 9.43± 2.96 and 1.65± 0.52, respectively. The prevalence of needle stick injuries among nursing students was 14.7%.
Conclusion: The study concludes that a good awareness level of nursing students regarding needle stick injuries. This data emphasizes the importance of increased awareness, training, and education of nursing students for preventing needlestick injuries and reporting the incidence.