bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analisis Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Status Gizi pada Anak Usia 1-3 Tahun di Kelurahan Tondo Kota Palu
Authors: Sri Retno Handayani  , Jurana Jurana , Fitria Masulili  
Published: July 2023

Latar Belakang: Status gizi merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat berpengaruh pada kualitas SDM terutama yang terkait dengan kecerdasan, produktivitas, dan kreativitas. Tahun 2017 di Kelurahan Tondo terdapat jumlah gizi kurang sebanyak 20 kasus atau 1,29%, dan kasus gizi buruk tidak ditemukan.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi balita di Kelurahan Tondo.
Metode: Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi adalah ibu balita di Kelurahan Tondo, jumlah sampel 43 responden. Tehnik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan purposive sampling. Analisa data yang dilakukan yaitu analisis univariat dan bivariat.
Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,001 (Î± =0,05), terdapat hubungan antara pendidikan dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,004 (Î± =0,05), tidak terdapat hubungan antara pekerjaan dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,071 (Î± = 0,05), terdapat hubungan penghasilan keluarga dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,001 (Î± = 0,05), tidak terdapat hubungan antara pola asuh dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,085 (Î± = 0,05), terdapat hubungan antara pola asih dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,020 (Î± = 0,05), terdapat hubungan antara kunjungan posyandu dengan status gizi dengan nilai p-value 0,041 (Î± = 0,05).
Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan, pendidikan, penghasilan keluarga, pola asih dan kunjungan posyandu dengan status gizi anak usia 1-3 tahun serta tidak terdapat hubungan antara pekerjaan dan pola asuh dengan status gizi anak usia 1-3 tahun di Kelurahan Tondo.
Saran: Kepada petugas Puskesmas Talise agar dapat meningkatkan mutu pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat dan sering mengadakan penyuluhan tentang gizi pada anak.
Pengembangan Kecakapan Hidup (Lifes Skill ) Peserta Didik Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Kota Palu dalam Tinjauan Manajemen Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Minarni  
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses pengembangan kecakapan hidup (life skills) peserta didik di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Kota Palu. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian ini membicarakan tentang bagaimana tentang pengembangan kecakapan hidup (life skill) dan bagaimana proses manajemennya. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan bantuan pedoman observasi, pedoman wawancara, dan alat bantu rekam berupa handphone. Teknik pengumpulan data dikumpulkan melalui langkah-langkah: 1) Pengamatan (observasi), 2) wawancara, 3) Dokumentasi. Teknis analisis data yang digunakan yaitu: reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi. Teknik pengabsahan data yang digunakan yaitu Triangulasi. Hasil penelitian adalah pengembangan kecakapan hidup (life skills) peserta didik di MAN 2 secara umum bagus, karena dilkukan dengan perencanaan yang didukung sarana prasarana yang memadai serta sumber daya manusia yang enerjik dan berkualifikasi. Kemudian penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Perencanaan pengembangan kecakapan hidup, meliputi menentukan pendidikan keterampilan yang akan dilaksanakan, menentukan tujuan, menentukan waktu pelaksanaan, kurikulum pendidikan keterampilan pilihan, menyiapkan sarana prasarana. Pengorganisasian pengembangan kecakapan hidup(life skill) peserta didik dilakukan dengan membentuk unit program keterampilan dan mengangkat kepala unit pengembangan keterampilan yang bertugas menangani pengembangan kecakapan di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Kota Palu. Pelaksanaan pengembangan program life skill peserta didik ditetapkan pada semua tingkatan kelas dan dilaksanakan melalui kegiatan kurikuler atau pembelajaran reguler. Dan evaluasi dilakukan dengan cara berkala dan berkesinambungan. Sedangkan menurut pandangan manajemen pendidikan Islam bahwa pengembangan kecakapan hidup (life skill ) di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Kota Palu sangat sesuai dengan ajaran Islam, hal itu dibuktikan dengan dukungan sejumlash ayat Al-qurâ€™an.
Analisis Yuridis Kedudukan Hukum Anak Perusahaan BUMN Terhadap Perusahaan Induk. (Studi Kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor : 21 P/HUM/2017 dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI Nomor : 01/PHPU-PRES/XVII/2019)
Authors: Moch Arif Mirahadisaputro  , Rohman Hakim  , Anna Miraharsari  , Anwari Anwari , Dahar Dahar 
Published: July 2023

Konflik mengenai kepastian kedudukan kedudukan hukum anak perusahaan BUMN belum dipastikan secara jelas sehingga menimbulkan multitafsir. Peraturan Menteri Negara BUMN Nomor: 03/MBU/2012 dijelaskan bahwa anak perusahaan BUMN yang selanjutnya Anak Perusahaan adalah perseroan terbatas yang sebagian besar sahamnya dimiliki oleh BUMN atau perseroan terbatas yang dikendalikan oleh BUMN. Sehingga Hakim dalam mengadili pelaku tindak pidana harus melalui proses penyajian kebenaran dan keadilan dalam suatu putusan pengadilan sebagai rangkaian proses penegakan hukum. Dalam menjatuhkan putusan hakim harus memiliki darar pertimbangan yang didasarkan pada keyakinan serta didukung oleh adanya alat-alat bukti yang sah sehingga putusan yang dijatuhkan hakim benar-benar memenuhi rasa keadilan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis peraturan perusahaan BUMN di Indonesia. Dan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis pertimbangan putusan hakim Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi mengenai kedudukan hukum anak perusahaan BUMN. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian hukum yuridis normative. Adapun sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data primer dan sekunder. Analisis data, baik data primer, data sekunder, menempati posisi yang sangat menentukan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu analisis dengan menggunakan instrumen atau konsep sebagaimana dalam kerangka teori dan kajin pustaka sebagai jawaban terhadap pokok permasalahan yang menjadi isu utama, mengingat yang menjadi acuan utama adalah jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan kasus dan pendekatan konseptual serta berupaya membandingkan dengan kasus-kasus yang pernah ada untuk mendukung penulisan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Mahkamah Agung di dalam pertimbangan Putusan MA 21P/HUM/2017 berpendapat bahwa bentuk BUMN yang membentuk anak usaha BUMN tidak menyebabkan anak usaha BUMN itu berubah menjadi Perseroan Terbatas biasa, namun tetap menjadi BUMNâ€. Namun demikian, Putusan MK 01/2019 Mahkamah Konstitusi mempunyai pendapat yang berbeda dengan menyatakan â€œanak perusahaan BUMN tidak dapat didefinisikan sebagai BUMN, melainkan tetap berstatus sebagai anak perusahaan BUMN (Perseroan Terbatas biasa) karena didirikan melalui penyertaan saham yang dimiliki oleh BUMNâ€.
Identifikasi Atribut Tingkat Lebih Tinggi untuk Prediksi Umur Bug
Authors: Suluh Sri Wahyuningsih  , Nursalim  
Published: July 2023

Sebuah perangkat lunak yang berkualitas dapat diartikan sebagai suatu produk yang memiliki jumlah kesalahan atau bug yang sedikit. Berbagai cara dilakukan untuk menggurangi jumlah bug, seperti sistem pelacak bugzilla informasi yang disimpan dapat digunakan untuk menyelidiki fenomena yang berbeda. Manajemen proyek perlu memperkirakan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menangani suatu bug agar dapat membuat perencanaan proyek yang baik. Penelitian sebelumnya menggunakan atribut primitif (Low Level Attribute) untuk prediksi umur bug, merekomendasikan penggunaan atribut bug tingkat yang lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, atribut tingkat lebih tinggi diprediksi keberhasilan dengan akurasi umur bug. Dalam penelitian ini, identifikasi atribut tingkat lebih tinggi digunakan untuk meningkatkan akurasi prediksi umur sebuah bug. Untuk mengidentifikasi atribut mana yang signifikan pengaruhnya terhadap prediksi umur bug digunakan pencarian nilai informasi (infogain). Langkah kedua, yaitu mengukur akurasi klasifikasi berdasarkan atribut-atribut yang ditemukan, oleh karena itu menggunakan sejumlah metode, yaitu Zerro_R, One_R , Decision Tree, dan Naive Bayes. Metode-metode ini baik digunakan untuk dataset yang memiliki korelasi, melibatkan 24 buah atribut, 7 kelas bug_lifetime dan data set sebesar 1000 bug. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi 6 atribut tingkat tinggi, dimana 2 diantaranya (summary, dan last change time) dianggap memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dalam memprediksi umur bug. Kombinasi atribut tingkat tinggi (2 atribut), tingkat rendah (3 atribut) dan seleksi (1 atribut) menghasilkan indeks kappa tingkat substantial (0,81). Hal tersebut menunjukkan dengan penambahan atribut tingkat lebih tinggi untuk prediksi umur bug dapat bekerja lebih baik dari penelitian sebelumnya yang menghasilkan indek kappa moderate (0,60).
A intersecção entre a cidadania, o ensino e a sociedade
Authors: Lopes Mario Marcos , Ferreira Emerson Benedito 
Published: July 2023

A presente resenha tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão crítica da obra “Pesquisas em educação: cidadania, ensino e sociedade”. Neste contexto, os organizadores selecionaram pesquisas das mais variadas áreas da educação para uma necessária e abrangente intersecção entre cidadania, ensino e sociedade. Desse modo temas como a pedagogia tradicional, pensamento crítico e reflexivo, BNCC, tecnologias móveis, sala de aula invertida, geografia e cidadania, literatura no contexto prisional, infância, raça e moral, patrimonialismo e formação do estado brasileiro, socialização e sociabilidade são abordados de forma irrestrita para que o tema educação não seja só uma questão meramente reservada ao ambiente escolar, mas sim, que sirva como instrumento possibilitador de mudanças reais para toda a sociedade.
AMELIORATIVE POTENTIALS OF DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACT OF Musa paradisiaca BRACT IN INDOMETHACIN ADMINISTERED WISTAR RATS
Authors: BELLO R. , OHIRI R. C. , AMADI B. A. 
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to ascertain the ameliorative potentials of dichloromethane extract of Musa paradisiaca bract in Wistar rats administered indomethacin. The bracts were processed and extracted using dichloromethane and the bioactive components in sample were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Forty five male Wistar rats (120-180g) in five groups of nine rats each were used for in-vivo analysis. A single oral dose of 40mg/kg body weight indomethacin was administered to study groups and faecal occult blood tests (FOB) of animals were carried out using immunochromatographic sandwich methods. Study groups were treated with 200mg, 150mg and 100mg/kg bodyweight of extract for three weeks. The animals were sacrificed and selected biochemical indices, hematological parameters and histopathology of kidney, stomach and liver were determined. GC-MS analyses revealed eleven bioactive compounds; fatty acids, amides and amines in the sample analysed. FOB tests were positive (+) at week 0 and week one, then negative (-) at weeks two and three in all treated groups. Significant dose-dependent increases (p≤ 0.05) in packed cell volume, hemoglobin and red blood count was observed in treated groups (38.80 ± 0.15%, 12.93 ± 0.05g/dl and 5.85 ± 0.05x109/L) respectively compared to untreated control (21.70 ± 0.12%, 7.24 ± 0.04g/dl, and 3.75 ± 0.05x109/L). Serum levels of Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea showed a dose-dependent decrease significantly at (p≤ 0.05) in treated groups, compared to untreated control. Kidney, stomach and liver tissues in treated groups showed no cellular degeneration after three weeks of treatment, compared to control. This study revealed that the dichloromethane extract of M. paradisiaca bract showed dose-dependent ameliorative potentials and non-impairment of hepatorenal function in Wistar rats administered indomethacin.
CONTROL OF BEAN WEEVILS USING SEED EXTRACT OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale) AND TUMERIC (Curcuma longa)
Authors: EJIMOFOR C. F. 
Published: July 2023

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) belonging to the family Fabaceae is one of the commonly grown and consumed crop in Africa especially Nigeria. In most developing countries of the world like Nigeria, beans constituent constitutes a major protein source for human consumption; it can also serve as an animal feed. However, a sizeable amount of stored beans´ grain is often lost by pest infestation. Zabrote subfasciatus (Bean weevil) is one of the most common bean pests. Z. subfasciatus grows exponentially on untreated grain and can account for up to 100% damage of the product. This study examined the control of bean weevil using the seed extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa). A laboratory analysis of the sample was adopted in carrying out the work. Beans samples were bought from Unizik junction market and about 30 pieces of bean weevils were collected from the already infested bean. Turmeric and ginger were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor and ethanol as the extraction solvent. The weevil specimens were treated with 4mg/l and 8mg/l for each of the extracts respectively. From the analysis, results showed that 4 mg/l dosage of turmeric extract recorded 23% mortality rate of the bean weevil while the same dosage of ginger extract recorded 17% mortality only. The results also shows that 8 mg/l dosage of turmeric extract yielded a higher mortality rate of bean weevil with about 29% than ginger extract which yielded lower mortality rate of bean weevil with about 20%. Turmeric extract of 8 mg/l dosage was more effective as compared to the 4 mg/l as there is high mortality rate among specimen treated with 8mg/l dose turmeric extract than ginger extract. Therefore, the study recommended that turmeric extract should be used by farmer as a control of weevil during and out of storage to prevent weevil infestation and damage on beans.
VARIABILITY OF Chrysoperla carnea STEPHENS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) PREDATION RATE TO Aphis gossypii GLOVER (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) UNDER INSECTICIDE EXPOSURE
Authors: TAHA HANAN SALAH EL-DIN 
Published: July 2023

Pest resurgence as insect pest possessions as Aphis gossypii Glover and plant attack severities over plant maturation stages and plant damage causes intensive insecticide application lead to efficacy failure and exploration on another compound have other target site of action. Insecticide usefulness surveys must performs periodically to predict changes in success of compounds and pest population. Formerly flonicamid and fenbutatin oxide tested by residual contact effect on the predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, results of LC50 values were 11.6 and 11, 7 ppm for both respectively. Results recorded of net consumption rate (K0) about 349.4, 202.84 and 367.5 of A. gossypii individual consumed and mean predation time (Tk) 19.0, 17.97 and 18.15 days of feeding, the pest kill rate (km) of A.gossypii was 0.32, 0.295 and 0.325, all mentioned values was for control, flonicamid and fenbutatin oxide respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 1.6,1.3 and 1.4, intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.113, 0.069 and 0.064, also finite rate of increase was 1.12,1.07 and 1.066 and mean generation time was 3.76, 3.8 and 5.24 days, addition, population doubling time (DT) was 6.12, 10.04 and 10.79 days, this data, for control, flonicamid and fenbutatin-oxide treatments, respectively. C. carnea adult longevity was 6.6, 7.4 and 9.9 in days while pupae formation was 58%, 65% and 77% of the survived individuals and female ratio was 43%, 37% and 40%. also female fecundity as total egg deposited from females was 130,140 and 153 egg/ total female and then 3.9, 3.7 and 9.2 egg deposited/ female /day, that all for flonicamid, fenbutatin oxide and control, respectively.
DYNAMICS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AS SUB-INDICTOR FOR LAND RESTORATION IN ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF GOAL-15
Authors: TESHOME TAMIRAT , BELETE GORAW 
Published: July 2023

Land degradation is one of severe environmental problems, which affect the organic carbon accumulation by reducing land productivity of most productive soils of Ethiopia. The effort of forest landscape restoration is widely practiced through community and public resource mobilization for the last three decades. Soil organic carbon accumulation is one of strategic sub-indicator for the implementation of sustainable development goal-15 which signifies making land suitable for life and achievable by 2030. The dynamics of soil organic carbon was studied from 2000-2015 using secondary data from Trend Earth Global Observation in Praise-3 portal of United Nations Convention for Combating Desertification (UNCCD). The soil organic carbon dynamics of six land use and land cover classes were analyzed within in the total land mass of the country. Result showed that the total land mass of Ethiopia is 1,119,715.5 km2. The organic carbon contained in 4,059.5 km2 area has improved accounting 0.36% and the organic carbon in 278.9 km2 area was degraded which accounted 0.29%, while 1,112,128.4 km2 remained stable accounting 99.32% over 15 years land use/cover changes. Findings of the present study revealed that the overall rate of soil organic carbon improvement is less than one percent as the decomposition of organic matter took longer period of time from the target year to the baseline year. The highest positive rate of change from target year to baseline year was analyzed for artificial/ built up area accounting 111.78 % while, the least was analyzed for wetland 0.46%, On other hand, the highest negative rate of change was analyzed for grassland accounting -1.48%, while the least was analyzed for other land -0.18%., The correlations depicting trends of amount of organic carbon dynamics among the land use and land cover classes showed linear positive relationships, while negative linear correlation was observed between cropland and grassland. Hence, the effort of forest landscape restoration practices through community and government initiatives need to integrate area ex-closure, climate smart agriculture and diverse physical conservation technologies to improve below ground soil organic carbon accumulation. This study concluded that rate of soil organic carbon decomposition is very slow process for improvement of soil organic carbon accumulation as sub indicator of sustainable development goal-15 to ensure reversing land degradation and combating desertification and drought.
COMBINED EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POTATO ASSOCIATED Pseudomonas STRAINS FOR IMPROVED BIO CONTROL OF Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: RAFIQ FAHEEM , HASSAN AHMAD , MURAD SADIA , HABIB AMER , NAQVI SYAD HUSNAIN KUMAIL , SHAHID M. USMAN , MURAD M. TAHIR , RAHMAN M. SHAFIQ U. , RAZZAQ AYSHA , FATIMA ISHRAT 
Published: July 2023

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a cash crop belonging to family Solanaceae having dicotyledonous and genetically diverse crop. There are about 90 genera and 2,800 known species of potato across the world. Potato is cultivated in 149 countries with annual production is about 72 million tons. Number of pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes are responsible for causing more than 40 different diseases in potato crop. Rhizoctonia solani (Thanatephorus cucumeris) has a wide range of host. The fungus isolates are separated into subgroups which are closely related but genetically different R. solani known strains have 13 anastomose groups and the most notable anastomose classes are AG-4, AG-3 and AG-2. Anastomose class 3 (AG-3) is responsible for the development of sclerotia on potato tubers. Pseudomonas is known of having fast-growing character and used as a biological control of R. solani. Different antimicrobial compounds are produced by Pseudomonas like phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), pyoluteorin (Plt), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and pyrrolnitrin (Prn).Maximum inhibitory efficiency was observed by Pseudomonas strains IUB310 (98.4%) while the KAR1220 (59.2%) showed minimum control efficiency against R. solani. Completely randomized design CRD was used in lab. For comparing the differences between the means least significant difference test (LSD) was used at the 5% variation. In vivo experiments biocontrol adequacy and percent yield increment by different bacterial antagonists were assessed. Measurable examination showed that both Pseudomonas strains IUB310 and Ck2020 were the best with 78.64 and 76.16 percent biocontrol adequacy, just as 59.12 and 54.32 percent yield increment, separately. The ultimate aim of present research is to replace synthetic chemicals by using Pseudomonas strains to control R. solani that cause sclerotic in potato.
IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION FROM LEAF AND STEM DERIVED CALLUS OF Solanum diphyllum L. – A POTENT MEDICINAL HERB
Authors: RANJITHA M. , JAGANNATH SHOBHA 
Published: July 2023

The present study was conducted to standardize a suitable protocol for rapid callus induction and in vitro regeneration in Solanum diphyllum using leaf and stem explants. The explants were cultured on MS medium fortified with 2, 4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D), benzyl amino purine (BAP), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations and combinations. Among the growth regulators used, 2, 4-D offered a maximum callus of 93.6 ± 0.48 % at 1.5 mg/L in leaf explants while stem explants showed 89.1 ± 0.74 %. While, a combination of the hormones however did not show significant results. The indirect regeneration was successfully achieved on MS medium containing BAP at 2 mg/L with multiple shoot regenerations frequency of 85.2 ± 0.58% and no responses were noticed in 2, 4-D, and NAA. The rhizogenesis was achieved for regenerated plantlets with a maximum root induction of 86.3 ± 0.54 % on MS medium supplemented with indole butyric acid (IBA) at 0.75 mg/L. Plantlets with well-developed shoots with roots were successfully hardened and acclimatized with an 85% survival rate. Therefore, the outcome of these results revealed that the leaf explant is highly efficient for both calli as well as regeneration in S. diphyllum. Since it is a medicinally important species; our results will be useful to isolate active metabolites by using callus cultures throughout the year.
INCIDENCE OF HEPATITIS B & HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIONS IN POTENTIAL BLOOD DONORS IN BAHAWALPUR REIGON, PAKISTAN
Authors: SHAMIM TAHIRA , SUMREEN LAILA , SHAHEEN GHAZALA , SHIRAZI JAFIR HUSSAIN 
Published: July 2023

Introduction: Hepatitis is commonly transmitted during blood transfusion. The study aimed to find the incidence of hepatitis B & C among blood donors in Bahawalpur region and try to find relation of incidence with socio-demographic variables.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted in Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur (BVH). The data was collected by trained nurses working in blood bank in supervision of investigator through a structured record review check list developed by investigator in English. The investigator checked data for completeness and cross check from registers. The collected data had been coded before analysis. Descriptive analysis was done to determine the incidence of hepatitis B & C virus in the study population and its distribution categorized by independent variables i.e. age, gender, marital status, residence and education status of blood donor.
Results: The results indicated that 20 – 23 years old persons have high incidence rate 54.2% for Hepatitis B & 50.0% for Hepatitis C. Males are affected more (93.3% for Hepatitis B & 92.6% for Hepatitis C) as compared to females. Ratio of incidence was also high in uneducated people 39.2% for Hepatitis B & 37.5% for Hepatitis C. Hepatitis B and C were more common in married people 68.3% and 76.1% respectively. People residing in rural areas were also having a higher incidence 58.3% and 64.8% for Hepatitis B and C respectively.
Conclusion: By providing awareness of screening and safe blood transfusion, increasing the literacy rate, better sanitation and disposal facilities for community and preventive measures for avoiding hepatitis transmission to married and people residing in rural areas could be very beneficial in controlling and decreasing the incidence of hepatitis in this area.