bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample size considerations for assessing treatment effect heterogeneity in randomized trials with heterogeneous intracluster correlations and variances
Authors: Tong Guangyu , Taljaard Monica , Li Fan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAn important consideration in the design and analysis of randomized trials is the need to account for outcome observations being positively correlated within groups or clusters. Two notable types of designs with this consideration are individually randomized group treatment trials and cluster randomized trials. While sample size methods for testing the average treatment effect are available for both types of designs, methods for detecting treatment effect modification are relatively limited. In this article, we present new sample size formulas for testing treatment effect modification based on either a univariate or multivariate effect modifier in both individually randomized group treatment and cluster randomized trials with a continuous outcome but any types of effect modifier, while accounting for differences across study arms in the outcome variance, outcome intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) and the cluster size. We consider cases where the effect modifier can be measured at either the individual level or cluster level, and with a univariate effect modifier, our closed‐form sample size expressions provide insights into the optimal allocation of groups or clusters to maximize design efficiency. Overall, our results show that the required sample size for testing treatment effect heterogeneity with an individual‐level effect modifier can be affected by unequal ICCs and variances between arms, and accounting for such between‐arm heterogeneity can lead to more accurate sample size determination. We use simulations to validate our sample size formulas and illustrate their application in the context of two real trials: an individually randomized group treatment trial (the AWARE study) and a cluster randomized trial (the K‐DPP study).
Activatable Nanoreporters for Real‐Time Tracking of Macrophage Phenotypic States Associated with Disease Progression
Authors: Ramesh Anujan , Deshpande Nilesh , Malik Vaishali , Nguyen Anh , Malhotra Mehak , Debnath Maharshi , Brouillard Anthony , Kulkarni Ashish 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDiagnosis of inflammatory diseases is characterized by identifying symptoms, biomarkers, and imaging. However, conventional techniques lack the sensitivities and specificities to detect disease early. Here, it is demonstrated that the detection of macrophage phenotypes, from inflammatory M1 to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, corresponding to the disease state can be used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. Activatable nanoreporters that can longitudinally detect the presence of the enzyme Arginase 1, a hallmark of M2 macrophages, and nitric oxide, a hallmark of M1 macrophages are engineered, in real‐time. Specifically, an M2 nanoreporter enables the early imaging of the progression of breast cancer as predicted by selectively detecting M2 macrophages in tumors. The M1 nanoreporter enables real‐time imaging of the subcutaneous inflammatory response that rises from a local lipopolysccharide (LPS) administration. Finally, the M1‐M2 dual nanoreporter is evaluated in a muscle injury model, where an initial inflammatory response is monitored by imaging M1 macrophages at the site of inflammation, followed by a resolution phase monitored by the imaging of infiltrated M2 macrophages involved in matrix regeneration and wound healing. It is anticipated that this set of macrophage nanoreporters may be utilized for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of inflammatory responses in various disease models.
Phosphorus‐Modulated Generation of Defective Molybdenum Sites as Synergistic Active Centers for Durable Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Bai Juan , Mei Jun , Shang Jing , Mao Xin , Qi Dongchen , Liao Ting , Du Aijun , Sun Ziqi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIt is well known that electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities primarily depend on the active centers of electrocatalysts. In some oxide electrocatalysts, high‐valence metal sites (e.g., molybdenum oxide) are generally not the real active centers for electrocatalytic reactions, which is largely due to their undesired intermediate adsorption behaviors. As a proof‐of‐concept, molybdenum oxide catalysts are selected as a representative model, in which the intrinsic molybdenum sites are not the favorable active sites. Via phosphorus‐modulated defective engineering, the inactive molybdenum sites can be regenerated as synergistic active centers for promoting OER. By virtue of comprehensive comparison , it is revealed that the OER performance of oxide catalysts is highly associated with the phosphorus sites and the molybdenum/oxygen defects. Specifically, the optimal catalyst delivers an overpotential of 287 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, accompanied by only 2% performance decay for continuous operation up to 50 h. It is expected that this work sheds light on the enrichment of metal active sites via activating inert metal sites on oxide catalysts for boosting electrocatalytic properties.
Construction and Application: Introduction of the Analytical Framework for Popularization Discourse
Authors: Sterk Florentine Marnel , van Goch Merel M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce our own analytical framework for popularization discourse. The framework had to comply with four aims: be usable in any subgenre of popularization discourse, be usable in disciplinary and multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary settings, be reliable with multiple raters, and be easy to apply by offering application remarks and explanations of strategies. The analytical framework is produced through a construction and validation step. It consists of 34 strategies that are captured under five themes: Subject Matter, Tailoring Information to the Reader, Credibility, Stance, and Engagement. This chapter offers insight into these themes as well as into each individual strategy, for which application remarks and further reading suggestions are also offered. Lastly, the analytical framework is compared to existing frameworks and rubrics that were proposed in the academic literature.
Text Example: Using an Analytical Framework to Code a Professional Science Journalism Text
Authors: Sterk Florentine Marnel , van Goch Merel M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, the analytical framework for popularization discourse is used to code the science journalism text “Baby Poop Is Loaded With Microplastics.” The chapter shows the kinds of insights that can be produced on the level of the individual text. Furthermore, presenting the in-depth analysis of a single text allows us to share what coding using our framework looks like on the level of the strategy.
Corpus Example: Using an Analytical Framework to Explore Professional Writing in Science Journalism
Authors: Sterk Florentine Marnel , van Goch Merel M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the analysis of a corpus of 38 professional science journalism articles. The analysis is quantitative, that is, it shows how often each strategy is used in the corpus, and instrumental, which means that an interpretation of the texts is offered through the application of the analytical framework for popularization discourse. In this chapter, we include the percentage of use and an example of the use of each strategy. The median of strategy use is 20 (out of a possible 34), with a high score of 27 strategies and a low score of 10 strategies. Some strategies are used in (nearly) every text, such as presenting results/conclusions or hyperlinks, whereas other strategies are used hardly at all, such as references to popular lore and beliefs, and popular culture. Overall, strategies in the themes Subject Matter, Tailoring Information to the Reader, and Stance are used most, with the aggregated scores for the themes Credibility and Engagement being much lower. This analysis provides insights into how popularization strategies are used in a corpus of science journalism writing as a whole.
Small black hole explosions
Authors: Angius Roberta , Huertas Jesús , Uranga Angel M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Small black holes are a powerful tool to explore infinite distances in moduli spaces. However, we show that in 4d theories with a scalar potential growing fast enough at infinity, it is energetically too costly for scalars to diverge at the core, and the small black hole puffs up into a regular black hole, or follows a runaway behaviour.We derive a critical exponent characterizing the occurrence or not of such small black hole explosions, both from a 4d perspective, and in the 2d theory after an S2 truncation. The latter setup allows a unified discussion of fluxes, domain walls and black holes, solving an apparent puzzle in the expression of their potentials in the 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 gauged supergravity context.We discuss the realization of these ideas in 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 gauged supergravities. Along the way we show that many regular black hole supergravity solutions in the literature in the latter context are incomplete, due to Freed-Witten anomalies (or duals thereof), and require the emission of strings by the black hole.From the 2d perspective, small black hole solutions correspond to dynamical cobordisms, with the core describing an end of the world brane. Small black hole explosions represent obstructions to completing the dynamical cobordism. We study the implications for the Cobordism Distance Conjecture, which states that in any theory there should exist dynamical cobordisms accessing all possible infinite distance limits in scalar field space. The realization of this principle using small black holes leads to non-trivial constraints on the 4d scalar potential of any consistent theory; in the 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 context, they allow to recover from a purely bottom-up perspective, several non-trivial properties of vector moduli spaces near infinity familiar from CY3 compactifications.
Partial debridement is the most commonly reported treatment option for mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review
Authors: Vivekanantha Prushoth , Diao Yi David , Kay Jeffrey , Hoshino Yuichi , Nagai Kanto , de SA Darren 
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurposeTo determine clinical outcomes and risks of various management strategies for mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (MD‐ACL).MethodsThree databases MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to January 29th, 2023 for literature outlining clinical outcomes for various management strategies of MD‐ACL. The authors adhered to the PRISMA and R‐AMSTAR guidelines as well as the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data on satisfaction scores, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Lysholm scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Knee Osteoarthritis and Outcome Scores (KOOS), range of motion and Lachman test were recorded.ResultsA total of 14 studies comprising 776 patients (782 knees) were included in this review. Partial debridement was reported in ten (71.4%) studies comprising 446 patients, showing significant improvements in VAS, Lysholm, IKDC scores and range of motion. Complete debridement was reported by two (14.2%) studies comprising 250 patients, and resulted in increases in Lysholm scores, KOOS, and range of motion. Reduction plasty was reported in two (14.2%) studies comprising 26 patients and showed improvements in VAS and Lysholm scores, and range of motion. Other methods of treatment included conservative management and ultrasound decompression. Complete debridement resulted in 10/23 (43%) patients with a positive Lachman test. This was followed by reduction plasty and partial debridement, with 5/26 (19.2%) and 45/340 (13.2%) patients respectively having positive Lachman or elevated knee arthrometer scores. Pivot shifting was only reported in studies on partial debridement and reduction plasty, with 14/93 (15.1%) and 1/21 (4.8%) patients have positive results, respectively.ConclusionThe most commonly reported management strategy for MD‐ACL is partial debridement with complete debridement, reduction plasty and conservative management as alternative options. Current operative management strategies place individuals at risk for ACL insufficiency. Information from this review can aid surgeons and clinicians in understanding what treatment options are best for this patient population, by understanding the reported clinical benefits and risks of each strategy.Level of evidenceIV.
Development and validation of a preoperative nomogram to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Ji Junjie , Yao Yu , Sun Lijiang , Yang Qingya , Zhang Guiming 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) before radical cystectomy aids clinical decision making. Here, we aimed to develop and validate a nomogram to preoperatively predict LNM in BUC patients.

Methods
Patients with histologically confirmed BUC, who underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy, were retrospectively recruited from two institutions. Patients from one institution were enrolled in the primary cohort, while those from the other were enrolled in the external validation cohort. Patient demographic, pathological (using transurethral resection of the bladder tumor specimens), imaging, and laboratory data were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the independent preoperative risk factors and develop the nomogram. Internal and external validation was conducted to assess nomogram performance.

Results
522 and 215 BUC patients were enrolled in the primary and external validation cohorts, respectively. We identified tumor grade, infiltration, extravesical invasion, LNM on imaging, tumor size, and serum creatinine levels as independent preoperative risk factors, which were subsequently used to develop the nomogram. The nomogram showed a good predictive accuracy, with area under the receiver operator characteristic curve values of 0.817 and 0.825 for the primary and external validation cohorts, respectively. The corrected C-indexes, calibration curves (after 1000 bootstrap resampling), decision curve analysis results, and clinical impact curves demonstrated that the nomogram performed well in both cohorts and was highly clinically applicable.

Conclusion
We developed a nomogram to preoperatively predict LNM in BUC, which was highly accurate, reliable, and clinically applicable.
Surgical management of distal humerus gunshot fractures: descriptive case series
Authors: Kauta Ntambue , Bott Alasdair , Majirija Edgar Tafadzwa , Du Plessis Jean Pierre , Vrettos Basil , Maqungo Sithombo , Roche Stephen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to report our 5 years surgical experience and the rate of neurovascular injury following gunshot fractures of the distal humerus in a in level-1 Trauma Centre in South Africa.

Methods
A retrospective case series of 25 consecutive adult gunshot injuries to the distal humerus. Demographic and injury data were extracted from clinical case notes and electronic operative records. Imaging archives were used to classify fractures according to the AO/OTA classification.

Results
Twenty-five male patients, with mean age of 32-years-old, sustained gunshot injuries to the distal humerus. Eleven patients had multiple gunshots. Forty-four percent of patients underwent Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), 20% had confirmed brachial artery injury. Limbs with vascular injury were salvaged with arterial repair and external fixation. Fractures were extra-articular in 20 cases (80%). Nineteen fractures were classified as highly comminuted. Nerve injuries occurred in 52% and were all managed expectantly. Only 32% of patients attended follow-up beyond 3 months.

Conclusions
These are rare challenging injuries with high rates of neurovascular damage. This demographic of patients is poorly compliant with follow up highlighting the need for high-quality early care. Brachial artery injury should be excluded with CTA and can be managed with arterial repair and external fixation. All fractures in this series were surgically managed with conventional anatomical plate and screw fixation techniques. For nerve injury, we advocate expectant management.

Level of evidence
IV.
Uncovering spatiotemporal micromobility patterns through the lens of space–time cubes and GIS tools
Authors: Arias-Molinares Daniela , García-Palomares Juan Carlos , Romanillos Gustavo , Gutiérrez Javier 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIn the past ten years, cities have experienced a burst of micromobility services as they offer a flexible transport option that allows users to cover short trips or the first/last mile of longer trips. Despite their potential impacts on mobility and the fact that they offer a cleaner, more environmentally friendly alternative to private cars, few efforts have been devoted to studying patterns of use. In this paper we introduce new ways of visualizing and understanding spatiotemporal patterns of micromobility in Madrid based on the conceptual framework of Time-Geography. Hägerstrand’s perspectives are taken and adapted to analyze data regarding use of micromobility, considering each trip departure location (origins) obtained from GPS records. The datasets are collected by three of the most important micromobility operators in the city. Trip origins (points) are processed and visualized using space–time cubes and then spatially analyzed in a GIS environment. The results of this analysis help to identify the landscape of micromobility in the city, detecting hotspot areas and location clusters that share similar behavior throughout space and time in terms of micromobility departures. The methods presented can have application in other cities and could offer insights for transport planners and micromobility operators to better inform urban planning and transportation policy. Additionally, the information could help operators to optimize vehicle redistribution and maintenance/recharging tasks, reducing congestion and increasing efficiency.
Safe in the heights: trees as safer sites for female jaguars and their cubs in the Pantanal
Authors: Fragoso Carlos Eduardo , Rampim Lilian Elaine , Haberfeld Mario , Concone Henrique Villas Boas , May-Júnior Joares Adenilson 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWhile the use of trees has been widely documented for most of the big cats, this information is scant for the jaguar (Panthera onca). In this study, we investigated the use of trees by jaguars, evaluating different underlying reasons as well as the frequency of tree use based on sex, age, and reproductive status. Data were obtained from 2013 to 2020 through a combination of direct observations during fieldwork and camera trapping focused on this behavior in the Brazilian Pantanal. We documented 252 climbing events (176 direct observations, 76 camera captures). Using only camera trapping data to avoid observers’ influence on jaguar behavior, we fitted generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with jaguar identity as a random factor to test the effects of age, sex, and presence of conspecifics in the odds of animals climbing trees. We also used a generalized linear model (GLM) to test the effect of adult body weight on jaguar tree climbing probability. Age and presence of conspecifics were the most important drivers of jaguar climbing behavior in the study area, with cubs being more likely to climb trees than adults of either sex (odds ratio = 7.91, p < 0.001), and the presence of conspecifics, irrespective of age and sex, accentuated that behavior (odds ratio = 3.26, p < 0.005). Adult females (especially the lighter ones) and cubs were commonly recorded through direct observation on trees, a similar trend to our GLMM that showed a marginally negative effect of body weight on jaguar tree climbing probability. Only a few adult male jaguars ascended trees, and in all cases, these males were following females in heat. We suggest that trees are vertical extensions inside jaguar home ranges and may be safe refuges for resting and for protecting offspring against potential threats, including the harassment of large adult males.
A comparative study between flattening filter-free beams and flattening filter beams in radiotherapy treatment
Authors: Wagdy Ali , EI Shahat Khaled , Ashry Huda , El Shershaby Amaal , Abdo Ehab 
Published: June 2023

AbstractFlattening filter-free (FFF) beams generated by medical linear particle accelerators (linacs) have recently been used in radiotherapy clinical practice. FFF beams have fundamental physical parameter differences with respect to standard flattening filter (FF) beams, such that the generally used dosimetric parameters and definitions are not always viable. This study investigates dosimetric parameters for use in the quality assurance of FFF beams generated by medical linacs in radiotherapy. The main characteristics of the photon beams are analyzed using specific data generated by a Varian TrueBeam linac having both FFF and FF beams of 6 and 10 MV (megavolt) energy, respectively. Definitions for dose profile parameters are suggested, starting from the renormalization of the FFF with respect to the corresponding FF beam. From this point, the flatness concept is translated into one of “un-flatness”, and other definitions are proposed, maintaining a strict parallelism between FFF and FF parameter concepts. The quality controls used in establishing a quality assurance program when introducing FFF beams into the clinical environment are given, maintaining similarity to those used for standard FF beams, and recommendations for the introduction of FFF beams into clinical radiotherapy application for breast cancer patients are provided as an example for comparison between FFF and FF for dose distribution and coverage for a target volume. Although there are many advantages of using a FFF beam, especially for advanced radiotherapy techniques, there are a few limitations (e.g., using a relatively higher energy photon beam for stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), limited speed of current multileaf collimators (MLCs), and off-axis distance-dependent modulation in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)) as well as challenges (e.g., criteria for beam quality evaluation and penumbra, establishment of dosimetry methods, and consequences of photon target burn-up) that need to be addressed for establishing the FFF beam as a viable alternative to the FF beam.