bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of prior authorizations in transplant recipients at an urban institution
Authors: Muran Cassie S. , Khamo Nehrin , Patel Ruchik , Patel Shree , West‐Thielke Patricia , Fayyaz Nida , Choi David 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing prior authorization (PA) requirements for immunosuppression remain a burden for solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and transplant staff. The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of PAs required and the approval rates at an academic, urban transplant center.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of SOT recipients at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System (UI Health) that required PAs between 11/1/2019 and 12/1/2020. Inclusion criteria were SOT recipients greater than 18 years of age and prescribed a medication by the transplant team that required PA. Duplicate PA requests were excluded from the analysis.ResultsA total of 879 PAs were included in the study. Of these PAs, 85% (747/879) were approved. Seventy‐four percent of the denials were overturned by an appeal. Most PAs were in black (45.4%), kidney transplant (62%), Medicare (31.7%), and Medicaid recipients (33.2%). The median approval time was 1 day for PAs and 5 days for appeals. Tacrolimus extended release (XR) (35.4%), tacrolimus immediate release (IR) (9.7%),and mycophenolic acid (7%) required most PAs. Black recipients and immunosuppression were identified as predictors of eventual PA approval, whereas recipients with Medicaid were less likely to obtain approval.ConclusionsAt our transplant center, there was a high approval rate of PAs for immunosuppression, which calls into question the utility of PAs in this patient population, where these medications are standard of care. More black recipients and patients with Medicare and Medicaid had increased PA requirements, highlighting further disparities within the current system.
Biomechanical effects of a hard insert and air space in mouthguards on the shock absorption and protection against fractures of direct resin composite veneers from trauma
Authors: de Bragança Gabriel Felipe , de Souza Isabela Félix , Soares Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira , Soares Carlos José 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBackground/AimMouthguards (MTG) are used to prevent dental trauma. However, their protective effect on esthetic restorations and whether modified MTGs are beneficial is uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hard inserts and air spaces in MTGs in protecting direct resin composite veneers during impact.Materials and MethodsTwenty resin composite veneers (1.0 mm) were prepared on upper right central incisors on printed maxilla models using polyether. The effect of the MTGs was evaluated in four groups (n = 5): Con‐MTG, conventional custom‐fit MTGs made with two layers of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); Air‐MTG, MTGs with the insertion of 2.0 mm air space between the two layers of EVA and tooth surface; PETG‐MTG, MTGs with 1.0 mm of polyethylene terephthalate glycol‐modified (PETG) inserted between the EVA layers; and No‐MTG, comprising resin composite veneers without MTG. The printed models were fixed in a pendulum device, and the impact was performed at 30°. The strain (μS) and shock absorption (%) of the MTG were recorded using strain gauges. Failure modes and cracks were evaluated using macro photography and transillumination and analyzed using the chi‐square test. Strain and shock absorption data were analyzed using the one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05).ResultsMouthguards reduced strain and enhanced shock absorption, regardless of the MTG type (p < .001). Con‐MTG, Air‐MTG, and PETG‐MTG had shock absorption rates of 76.1%, 72.3%, and 33.4%, respectively (p < .001). The single No‐MTG model had a root fracture, while all the others had superficial damage. None of the MTG models had cracks or fractures.ConclusionsMouthguards protected the resin composite veneers. The Con‐MTG and Air‐MTG groups had lower strain and greater shock absorption than the PETG‐MTG. Resin veneers had no cracks or damage following MTG use. However, 80% of the veneers had surface damage when no MTG was used.
Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signaling pathway and inflammatory bowel disease: Current status and future prospects
Authors: Jalil Abduladheem Turki , Hassan Neeran Flaeh , Abdulameer Sada Jasim , Farhan Zainab Mohammed , Suleiman Ahmed AbdulJabbar , Al‐Azzawi Abdul Kareem , Zabibah Rahman , Fadhil Ali 
Published: March 2023

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic life‐limiting disease of gastrointestinal tract characterized by widespread enteric inflammation. IBD is a multifactorial disease, and different environmental, microbial, and immune‐related factors give rise to the development of disease. Among several factors, the preponderance of pro‐inflammatory T helper 17 cells over the anti‐inflammatory regulatory T cells augments inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Prevailing evidence accentuates that PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathophysiology of the condition by regulating the inflammatory process in the gut mucosa. By recognizing the implications of PI3K in the pathogenesis of IBD, agents that could modulate this pathway have recently been at the focus of research, yielding encouraging results mainly in the experimental IBD models. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances, which may hold the keys to identify novel therapeutic strategies for IBD.
Damage to living trees contributes to almost half of the biomass losses in tropical forests
Authors: Zuleta Daniel , Arellano Gabriel , McMahon Sean M. , Aguilar Salomón , Bunyavejchewin Sarayudh , Castaño Nicolas , Chang‐Yang Chia‐Hao , Duque Alvaro , Mitre David , Nasardin Musalmah , Pérez Rolando , Sun I‐Fang , Yao Tze Leong , Valencia Renato , Krishna Moorthy Sruthi M. , Verbeeck Hans , Davies Stuart J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAccurate estimates of forest biomass stocks and fluxes are needed to quantify global carbon budgets and assess the response of forests to climate change. However, most forest inventories consider tree mortality as the only aboveground biomass (AGB) loss without accounting for losses via damage to living trees: branchfall, trunk breakage, and wood decay. Here, we use ~151,000 annual records of tree survival and structural completeness to compare AGB loss via damage to living trees to total AGB loss (mortality + damage) in seven tropical forests widely distributed across environmental conditions. We find that 42% (3.62 Mg ha−1 year−1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.36–5.25) of total AGB loss (8.72 Mg ha−1 year−1; CI 5.57–12.86) is due to damage to living trees. Total AGB loss was highly variable among forests, but these differences were mainly caused by site variability in damage‐related AGB losses rather than by mortality‐related AGB losses. We show that conventional forest inventories overestimate stand‐level AGB stocks by 4% (1%–17% range across forests) because assume structurally complete trees, underestimate total AGB loss by 29% (6%–57% range across forests) due to overlooked damage‐related AGB losses, and overestimate AGB loss via mortality by 22% (7%–80% range across forests) because of the assumption that trees are undamaged before dying. Our results indicate that forest carbon fluxes are higher than previously thought. Damage on living trees is an underappreciated component of the forest carbon cycle that is likely to become even more important as the frequency and severity of forest disturbances increase.
Treatment outcome of surgical and non‐surgical endodontic retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis
Authors: Stueland Håvard , Ørstavik Dag , Handal Trude 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAimsTo evaluate and compare the treatment outcome of root filled teeth with apical periodontitis treated either non‐surgically or by endodontic microsurgery, and to assess the influence of an intra‐radicular post, clinical and demographic factors.MethodologyClinical and radiological data from 1157 patients with apical periodontitis in previously root filled teeth treated by postgraduate students at the Department of Endodontics, University of Oslo, between September 2010 and January 2020 with recall data at least 11 months from completion were studied. Surgical cases were scored using the Rud/Molven criteria and grouped into success, uncertain or failure at control. Non‐surgical cases were scored with the periapical index (PAI) and similarly grouped into success, uncertain or failure at control. Chi‐square analyses were used for comparison of subgroups of teeth treated and logistic regression analyses for assessment of the influence of clinical variables.ResultsNon‐surgical retreatment was performed on 351 teeth and 107 teeth were treated with endodontic microsurgery, with overall success rates of 65.5% and 77.6%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. Teeth with an intra‐radicular post treated non‐surgically (n = 30) were successful in 73.3% of cases, whereas teeth with intra‐radicular post treated with endodontic microsurgery (n = 30) had a lower, 66.7% success rate. The distribution of tooth groups (anterior, premolar and molar) differed significantly between surgical and non‐surgical cases, with maxillary anterior and premolar teeth more often treated surgically. Non‐surgical retreatment cases were significantly influenced by patients' age (older patients had poorer outcome) and pre‐operative PAI score (negatively correlated with outcome). Surgical cases were not significantly influenced by the factors studied here.ConclusionsThe tooth type differed significantly for teeth treated by surgical versus non‐surgical methods. Microsurgical treatment with apicectomy and retrograde filling showed significantly better treatment results than non‐surgical retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis, whereas treatment outcome in teeth with posts after non‐surgical treatment tended to be better than after surgical treatment. Outcome of non‐surgical retreatment was negatively influenced by older age and higher pre‐operative PAI score.
Associations of self‐isolation, social support and coping strategies with depression and suicidal ideation in U.S. young adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Narita Zui , Devylder Jordan , Bessaha Melissa , Fedina Lisa 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThere have been concerns about the psychological impact of COVID‐19‐related stressors on young adults. However, there remains limited information regarding how psychosocial factors and coping strategies correlate with suicidal ideation in young adults during the pandemic. We studied a cross‐sectional, observational online survey using a probability‐based, nationally representative sample of U.S. young adults aged 18 to 29 (N = 1077). We performed weighted logistic regression to evaluate how self‐isolation, social support and coping strategies (exposures) were associated with depression and suicidal ideation (outcomes), adjusting for age, gender, race, educational level and sexual orientation. The method of multiple imputations for addressing missing data was executed through chained equations. A total of 296 participants had depression, while 323 had suicidal ideation. Individuals who consistently self‐isolated exhibited nearly threefold higher odds of depression compared to those without self‐isolation. Social support was consistently protective against depression and suicidal ideation. Coping through positive reframing was protective against depression and suicidal ideation, whereas substance use, self‐blame and behavioural disengagement had the opposite impact. Providing social support may help prevent suicidal ideation among young adults during the pandemic. Interventions that focus on developing young adults' coping strategies, such as through positive reframing, are recommended to develop positive and healthy relationships. Healthcare providers should advise against substance use, self‐blame and behavioural disengagement.
Spatio‐temporal model and machine learning method reveal patterns and processes of migration under climate change
Authors: Kanamori Yuki , Yano Toshikazu , Okamura Hiroshi , Yagi Yuta 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAimDespite extensive studies of phenological shifts in migration by climate change and driving factors of migration, a few issues remain unresolved. In particular, little is known about the complex effects of driving factors on migration with interactions and nonlinearity, and partitioning of the effects of factors into spatial, temporal, and spatio‐temporal effects. Here, we aim to elucidate migration pattern as well as its driving factors under climate change.LocationWestern North Pacific.TaxonNorth Pacific spiny dogfish Squalus suckleyi.MethodsWe first examined long‐term changes in the timing and geographic location of migration by applying the Barrier model, a spatio‐temporal model, to c. 5‐decade time series data (1972–2019) for the presence/absence of spiny dogfish in the western North Pacific. We then evaluated the spatial, temporal and spatio‐temporal effects of driving factors (fish productivity, sea surface temperature [SST], depth and magnetic field) on seasonal occurrence patterns using a machine learning model and an interpretable machine learning technique.ResultsThe migration area did not change over c. 5‐decades, whereas the migration timing advanced by a month after 2000. The spatial effects of magnetic field and depth were consistently large and the spatial and spatio‐temporal effects of SST increased in the migration season, even though the temporal effect of SST was consistently weak.Main ConclusionsThe migration area of spiny dogfish was stable over time because of the effect of magnetic field and a strong preference for submarine topography, whereas the migration timing advanced as a result of tracking a suitable location based on SST, which increased sharply after 2000. Therefore, temperature and other factors simultaneously influence migration under climate change, highlighting the importance of considering both biotic and abiotic factors and understanding the underlying processes in predicting future impacts of climate change on species distribution.
Only if You Play by the Norms! Insider Norms and Outsider Involvement in Eurogroup and Eurogroup Working Group Interaction During the Sovereign Debt Crisis
Authors: Schilin Alexander 
Published: March 2023

AbstractReflections on the sovereign debt crisis often portray the Eurogroup and the Eurogroup Working Group (EWG) as inaccessible for euro area outsiders. Yet, common wisdom suggests that Council representatives can circumvent exclusion due to differentiated integration (DI) by complying with insider norms. This article studies whether and how compliance with procedural norms socialised amongst representatives from euro area member states (EAMS) determined patterns of non‐EAMS involvement in Eurogroup and EWG interaction during the sovereign debt crisis. The argument highlights the role of deliberation and consensus‐building norms, suggesting that they gained particular robustness amongst EAMS representatives. Those non‐EAMS representatives who consistently complied with these insider norms could secure involvement in intergovernmental debates amongst EAMS. Exclusion was mostly relevant to norm violators. This article sheds light on the institutional consequences of DI in Economic and Monetary Union, highlighting its structural effects on governance and decision‐making processes during the sovereign debt crisis.
Understanding singlehood as a complex and multifaceted experience: Insights from relationship science
Authors: Beckmeyer Jonathon J. , Jamison Tyler B. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSinglehood is often framed as not being in a relationship and treated as the referent category in research on the impacts of romantic involvement. However, growing research illustrates the multifaceted and complex experience of singlehood. Within our own research on the interconnections between romantic and individual development during young adulthood, the diverse nature of singlehood has emerged despite not being an initial focus of our research. Specifically, we have observed the important roles being single plays in young adulthood and variations in singlehood depending on the individual and their context. In this article, we offer observations about the complexity and diversity of singlehood in the lives of young adults by drawing on our own qualitative and quantitative research on young adult romantic development. Framed by the Life Course Perspective, Developmental Task Theory, and Emerging Adulthood Theory, we describe insights we have gained about singlehood and provide suggestions for future research.
Model Comparison with Transaction Costs
Authors: DETZEL ANDREW , NOVY‐MARX ROBERT , VELIKOV MIHAIL 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTFailing to account for transaction costs materially impacts inferences drawn when evaluating asset pricing models, biasing tests in favor of those employing high‐cost factors. Ignoring transaction costs, Hou, Xue, and Zhang (2015, Review of Financial Studies, 28, 650–705) q‐factor model and Barillas and Shanken (2018, The Journal of Finance, 73, 715–754) six‐factor models have high maximum squared Sharpe ratios and small alphas across 205 anomalies. They do not, however, come close to spanning the achievable mean‐variance efficient frontier. Accounting for transaction costs, the Fama and French (2015, Journal of Financial Economics, 116, 1–22; 2018, Journal of Financial Economics, 128, 234–252) five‐factor model has a significantly higher squared Sharpe ratio than either of these alternative models, while variations employing cash profitability perform better still.
‘Bleeding’ flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae‐Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators
Authors: Heiduk Annemarie , Brake Irina , Shuttleworth Adam , Johnson Steven D. 
Published: March 2023

Summary
Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract ‘kleptoparasitic’ flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators.
The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments.
Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein‐ and sugar‐containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction.
Our results suggest that C. gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.
A Holistic Approach to Family Life Course Change across 1930–1978 Chinese Birth Cohorts
Authors: Van Winkle Zachary , Wen Fangqi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFamily formation in China has undergone dramatic changes. Despite increasing academic attention, few studies have taken a holistic approach to study cohort change in Chinese family life courses. In this study, we assess how family life course patterns and diversity changed across 1930–1978 birth cohorts. Moreover, we evaluate to what extent changing norms, economic constraints, and institutional reforms drove cohort differences. Data from the China Family Panel Studies and sequence analysis are applied to identify family life course patterns and to calculate sequence diversity. While we found a shift in family life course patterns across 1930–1978 birth cohorts, there is no evidence that Chinese family lives have become more diverse. On the contrary, our results demonstrate that family life courses have become relatively standardized around relatively early marriage and a single child. We find that factors associated with economic constraints and educational attainment—not ideational change or institutional reforms—account for a considerable portion of cross‐cohort variation in the diversity of family life courses. Rather than a second demographic transition, the family demographic behavior of 1930–1978 Chinese birth cohorts is marked by continuity despite change.
Neural responses to emotional stimuli across the dissociative spectrum: Common and specific mechanisms
Authors: Cavicchioli Marco , Ogliari Anna , Maffei Cesare , Mucci Clara , Northoff Georg , Scalabrini Andrea 
Published: March 2023

AimDeparting from existing neurobiological models of dissociation, the current study aims at conducting a quantitative meta‐analytic review of neural responses to emotional stimuli among individuals ascribed to the dissociative spectrum (DS). Accordingly, the study explored common and specific brain mechanisms across borderline personality disorder, conversion/somatoform disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder related to repeated interpersonal traumatic experiences, and dissociative disorders.MethodsThe meta‐analysis included studies that administered emotional stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition among individuals included in the DS. There were two conducted meta‐analytic procedures: (i) a Bayesian network meta‐analysis for a region‐of‐interest–based approach; and (ii) robust voxel‐based approach.ResultsForty‐four independent studies were included for a total of 1384 individuals (DS = 741 patients). The network meta‐analysis showed specific patterns of neural activity considering an extended brain network involved in emotion regulation for each condition ascribed to the DS. The voxel‐based meta‐analysis highlighted an increased activity of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex as a common neurological signature of the DS.ConclusionThe common neural feature of the DS captures an implicit appraisal of emotion‐eliciting stimuli as threatening and/or noxious for mental and physical integrity of the individual together with painful subjective experiences associated with physiological emotional reactions. Specific brain responses across the DS suggested the engagement in different mechanisms to address emotional stimuli, including implicit avoidance reactions and attempts to overcontrol of affective states together with a disruption of integrative processes of emotional mind–body features.