bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valence Engineering Enhancing NH4+ Storage Capacity of Manganese Oxides
Authors: Lu Tzu‐Hao , Zeng Chenghui , Zhang Haozhe , Shi Xin , Yu Yanxia , Lu Xihong 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAmmonium ions (NH4+), as non‐metallic charge carriers, are attracting attention in aqueous batteries due to its low molar mass, element sufficiency, and non‐toxicity. However, the host materials for NH4+ storage are still limited. Herein, an oxygen defects‐rich manganese oxide (MnO2–x) for NH4+ storage are reported. The oxygen defects can endow the MnO2–x sample with improved electric conductivity and low interface activation energy. The electrochemical reaction mechanism is also verified by using ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), demonstrating the insertion and extraction of NH4+ in the MnO2–x by formation/breaking of a hydrogen bond. As a result, MnO2–x delivers a high capacity of 109.9 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and retention of 24 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at the current density of 4 A g−1, outperforming the pristine MnO2 sample.
Tough, Transparent, and Slippery PVA Hydrogel Led by Syneresis
Authors: Liu Desheng , Cao Yufei , Jiang Pan , Wang Yixian , Lu Yaozhong , Ji Zhongying , Wang Xiaolong , Liu Weimin 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSlippery and transparent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels with mechanical robustness exhibit broad applications in artificial biological soft tissues, flexible wearable electronics, and implantable biomedical devices. Most of the current PVA hydrogels, however, are unable to integrate these features, which compromises its performance in biological and engineering applications. To achieve such purpose, herein, a novel tactic is proposed, salting‐out‐after‐syneresis of PVA, to realize a mechanically robust and highly transparent slippery PVA hydrogel. The syneresis of PVA sol is first conducted to form highly dense and transparent PVA polymer networks, then the salting‐out effect tunes the aggregation of the polymer chains to rapidly induce the phase separation and crystallization. The resultant hydrogels show the transparency up to 98% in the visible region, the tribological coefficient down to 0.0081, and the excellent mechanical properties with strength, modulus, and toughness of 26.72 ± 1.05, 6.66 ± 0.29 MPa, and 55.21 ± 1.62 MJ m−3, respectively. To reveal the potentials, PVA contact lens that combine remarkable lubrication, anti‐protein adhesion, biocompatibility, and drug‐loading functions are demonstrated. This strategy provides a simple and new avenue for developing the mechanically robust, transparent, and hydrated hydrogels, showing the potential in biomedicine and wearable devices.
A Detection Method of Atrial Fibrillation from 24‐hour Holter‐ECG Using CNN
Authors: Kamozawa Hidefumi , Muroga Sho , Tanaka Motoshi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA method for detecting atrial fibrillation (AF) from electrocardiogram (ECG) measured by a 24‐hour Holter electrocardiograph (Holter‐ECG) is proposed using convolutional neural network (CNN). In the preprocessing stage, artifacts and noises on Holter‐ECG are removed by a bandpass filter. The detection method consists of two stages: extraction of abnormal waveforms using one‐dimensional CNN trained with segmented ECG waveform and its spectral entropy, and identification of AF using two‐dimensional CNN trained with segmented ECG spectrogram. A total of 47 520 datasets obtained from Holter‐ECG were prepared, and used for training at both CNN stages. Newly prepared (untrained) datasets of 24‐hour Holter‐ECG of 10 subjects and MIT‐BIH databases are tested, and the proposed method showed sufficient performance for detecting AF, with the accuracy of approximately 90%. This result indicates the feasibility of the proposed method. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Concurrent right atrial myxoma with visceral haemangiosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Brewer David John , Marwood Rachel , Leeming Gail , Ressel Lorenzo , Dukes‐McEwan Joanna 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA 10‐year‐old crossbreed (labradoodle) was presented with an acute history of vomiting and diarrhoea, with supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular premature complexes. Physical examination revealed mild tachycardia, but no significant abnormalities otherwise. Investigations with echocardiogram and computed tomography identified a right atrial mass, nodular interstitial lung pattern, multiple nodules throughout the hepatic parenchyma and peritoneal effusion. Abdominocentesis confirmed a haemoabdomen. Treatment was declined and the dog was euthanased the same day. Histopathology of the cardiac mass confirmed a cardiac myxoma, which stained Alcian blue‐positive, demonstrating the mucin content of the tumour. The hepatic lesions were factor VIII‐positive, consistent with a visceral haemangiosarcoma.
Dynamics and Hydration of Proteins Viewed by Fluorescence Methods: Investigations for Protein Engineering and Synthetic Biology
Authors: Sykora Jan , Prokop Zbynek , Damborsky Jiri , Abhinav  , Hof Martin , Amaro Mariana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractProtein engineering and synthetic biology are currently very active areas of research and development. In the pursuit of engineering proteins with specific capabilities, it has become evident that the scrutiny of structural and geometrical properties does not suffice to achieve the proposed goals. The dynamics and hydration of specific protein areas seem to be of higher influence than it has been once thought. This chapter introduces three different fluorescence spectroscopy techniques (time-dependent fluorescent shift, HMC hydration assay based on unnatural amino acid fluorescence, and photoinduced electron transfer–fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) that allow for assessing the dynamics and hydration of proteins in a site-specific fashion and showcase their usefulness in advancing the design of more efficient enzymes. Systematic application of these techniques to various biomolecular systems will allow a thorough description of these important protein properties, which are rarely taken into account during protein engineering and synthetic biology projects.
Metabolism in Crisis? A New Interplay Between Physiology and Ecology
Authors: Bognon-Küss Cécilia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter investigates the hybrid relationships between metabolism, broadly and a-historically understood as the set of processes through which alien matter is made homogeneous to that of the organism, and forms of vitalism from the eighteenth century on. While metabolic processes have long been modeled in a reductionist fashion as a straightforward function of repair and expansion of a given structure (either chemically, or mechanistically), a challenging vitalist view has characterized metabolism as a creative, organizing, vital faculty. I suggest that this tension was overcome in Claude Bernard’s works on “indirect nutrition”, in which nutrition, rightly conceived as a general vital phenomenon common to plants and animals, was both characterized as an instance of the general physico-chemical determinism of all phenomena and as the sign and condition of the “freedom and independence” of the organism with respect to the environment. I propose that Bernard’s theory of indirect nutrition was central in the elaboration of his general physiology and has, at the same time, underpinned a self-centered view of biological identity in which the organism creates itself continuously at the detriment of its externalmilieu. I further argue that this conception of biological individuality as metabolically constructed has since, and paradoxically, supported a view in which the organism appears as an autonomous and self-creating entity. I then contrast this classical view of the metabolic autonomy of the organism with the challenges raised by microbiome studies and suggest that these emerging fields contribute to sketch an ecological conception of the organism and its metabolism through the reconceptualization of its relationship with the environment. The recent focus on a “microbiota – host metabolism” axis contributes to shift the focus away from the classical concept of organism, somehow externalizing vitalism out of the autonomous individual in favor of an ecological, collaborative, and interactionist view of the living.
Vitalist Arguments in the Struggle for Human (Im)Perfection: The Debate Between Biologists and Theologians in the 1960s–1980s
Authors: Shmidt Victoria 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, I explore and offer critical reflections on the widespread practice of attributing negative value to “vital forces” in debates on health and disease, as the direct result of the extensive dissemination of genetics and its implications since the late 1960s. This historical reconstruction focuses on the most heated debates in popular science periodicals and editions, having the longest-lasting public “echo,” which have shaped an intergenerational continuity in the reproduction of vitalist arguments in discursive practices regarding health, disease, and their genetic factors.Mapping attacks on vital forces as various forms of negation addresses three different debates in the historically interrelated repertoire of potentially rival approaches to health, disease, and their genetic components: (1) the attribution of negative value to primal instinct as an obstacle to the progress of human civilization; (2) the normative vitalism mainly associated with French philosophers George Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, and Gilles Deleuze; and (3) the movement for the deinstitutionalization of health care within the negative theology presented by Ivan Illich.The reproduction of vitalist arguments in the each of the three realms is seen as a historical continuity of the medical vitalism that appeared in the Enlightenment and that produced a less monolithic and more conceptually coherent continuum of the positions regarding health, diseases, and their causes. In line with the Lakatosian division into internalist and externalist histories of science, I focus on the multiple functions of vitalist arguments: as a main force in the contest among rival theories regarding health and disease (as a part of the internalist narrative); as a signifier of the boundary work delineating science and not-science, whether labeled as theology or as “bad” science aimed at legitimizing science (as a part of externalist history); and as an ideological platform for bridging science and its performance in policies concerning reproduction .
Canguilhem and the Greeks: Vitalism Between History and Philosophy
Authors: Holmes Brooke 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this essay, I examine the role of ancient Greek medicine and philosophy in Georges Canguilhem’s analysis of vitalism at the intersection of history and philosophy in his essay “Aspects of Vitalism” in light of larger questions about the historicity of “life” as a concept in the history and philosophy of science and contemporary biopolitical theory. Vitalism, for Canguilhem, is not a proper object of the history of science. But nor is it a philosophy that exists outside of historical time. I show how Canguilhem embeds vitalism both historically and trans-historically by threading each of its three “aspects” in the essay through ancient Greece. Canguilhem distinguishes his own understanding of both life and vitalism from that of the “classical” vitalists of the eighteenth century by refusing to read ancient Greece as romantically naïve or pre-technological and instead locating a dialectic between vitalism and mechanism already in antiquity. I argue for a critical re-reading of Canguilhem’s own conjunction of vitalism and Hellenism that resists its figuration of ancient Greece as the place where the human qua species first comes to take itself as an object of knowledge. I instead propose reading ancient Greek medical and philosophical texts that are read and reread in debates about the nature of human life and the life of Nature over millennia as part of a milieu that shapes how contemporary thinkers theorize life in the interest of human flourishing.
Gender Competent Criminal Law
Authors: Acale Sánchez María , Marković Ivana , Strand Susanne 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe following chapter deals with the general and special part of criminal law from a gender perspective. It analyses, in particular, the provisions from the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, the Istanbul Convention, from 2011. The Istanbul Convention is the most comprehensive international legal instrument that outlines binding obligations to states to prevent and combat violence against women and girls. Furthermore, the Istanbul Convention contains several institutes and behaviours that have to be criminalised in the respective national jurisdictions, covering and combining dogmatics and criminal policy issues with a foundation substantially based on gender. The chapter also explores gender issues in a more general way, interpreting criminal law and its challenges towards gender equality. The special part raises questions regarding criminal law and its compatibility with the Istanbul Convention and national laws.
Gender Competent Family Law
Authors: Barać Ivana , Blandino Amalia , Coppo Letizia , Frezza Giampaolo , Novaković Uros , Rabadán Fuensanta , Saeidzadeh Zara 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the construction of family and family law as central tenets of gender equality projects in law and society. It begins with a review of the evolution of family institution from the traditional nuclear to the models that are not constituted through either heteronormativity or marriage contract. Hence, it draws on LGBTQIA+ family formations including parenthood and intimate partnership. Furthermore, the chapter elaborates on the development of gender equality in family law and marriage contract in various social settings through an intersectional analysis of rights and responsibilities of partners, parents, and children. The chapter also explores domestic violence as a matter of gender equality in family law. It discusses how legal protection and prevention of domestic violence in family law can reduce harmful effects on family members, who are the victims of violence directly or affected by domestic violence as witnesses.
Labour Law and Gender
Authors: Padrón Thais Guerrero , Kovačević Ljubinka , Moreno Mª Isabel Ribes 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of key labour law institutions, aiming at discussing the importance of the gender perspective in labour law. Therefore, the introductory section of the chapter will put this issue into the context of historical and conceptual framework genesis of regulating employment relationships. These issues are connected with the legal subordination and economic dependence of employees, which produce the need to create and implement norms that protect employees, as a weaker party to the employment relationship. This includes the limitation of employers’ (managerial, normative and disciplinary) prerogatives, in order to create the conditions for effective enjoyment of the right of jobseekers and employees for protection against gender-based discrimination. The labour law is, in this regard, traditionally conceived according to the model of a male worker, who is employed on the basis of a standard employment contract (open-ended full time employment contract). This then results in a failure to recognise or provide sufficient consideration of the specific needs that women have as participants in the labour market. The use of the feminist method, which included the understanding of gender as an analytical category in the field of labour law, opened up a new set of labour law issues. For example, in easing the ban on women working in physically demanding jobs, and the conceptualisation of the need to reconcile the professional and family duties of employees.. On the other hand, contemporary labour law, when creating conditions for achieving gender equality, is aimed primarily at women’s empowerment in the world of work. Persisting with this approach can lead to an oversimplified understanding of the principle of gender equality, ignoring the special needs of men in the world of work, as well as ignoring the importance of their role for consistent implementation of the principle of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The second section of the chapter will provide analysis of gender-based discrimination during the hiring process. Other sections will cover the risk of gender-based discrimination regarding rights, obligations and duties deriving from employment relationship, labour law measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health, work-life balance for parents and caregivers, sexual harassment at work and promotion of gender equality in collective labour law.
Integrating Gender Equality in Economics and Management
Authors: Lopez Lydia Bares , Costanza Francesca , Gil Manuela Ortega , Strid Sofia 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with gender economics, gender and management, and gender and innovation. After introducing the general concept of feminist economics and its critique of mainstream economics, this chapter explains the meaning of gender indicators, gender parity, gender equality, and gender mainstreaming. It further investigates the factors causing inequalities in the labour market. Gender is afterwards addressed from a managerial perspective, embracing a multidimensional notion of performance, and considering both the management of private and public organisations. Finally, the topic gender and innovation is deepened by explaining the importance of intellectual property rights, as well as the poor visibility of women inventors in society.
Gender, Business and the Law
Authors: Fröhlich Mareike , Jevremović Petrović Tatjana , Lepetić Jelena 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with gender equality in business law. For some time now, gender diversity has played an important role in the composition of dispute resolution bodies, boards of directors and supervisory boards, forcing the companies concerned to take action. The underlying initiatives of the EU regarding gender quotas in companies, as described in the chapter, are beginning to have an effect, as developments in the banking and financial sector also show. Although the European internal market and its fundamental freedoms do not have a direct impact, the European Union is strongly committed to the protection of gender equality, the economic empowerment of women as well as female entrepreneurship. This chapter explains in detail how forms of enterprises, financing options, education and networking can support women to become entrepreneurs and play a crucial role in business decision-making. Finally, the chapter describes the impact of international trade and investment agreements in this field. Gender mainstreaming now takes place in all recent trade agreements and opens up new opportunities for women. Although investment agreements secure and support foreign investments, which are needed to improve the welfare of states and their citizens, they also could undermine the promotion of gender equality in the investor state. These new changes could jeopardise the investment as national rules will be legally obliged to be changed.
Feminist Judgments
Authors: Evola Marco , Krstić Ivana , Rabadán Fuensanta 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter discusses how the lack of gender knowledge and approach in judicial decision-making can influence the decision and the result of the case. Particular emphasis is given to the role of gender stereotypes and how gender stereotypes bias the working of the bench and the outcome courts achieve. Feminist judgments projects that have been developed worldwide demonstrate that judging is gendered, and women make a difference in the decision-making process. The rising number of women judges makes the bench more representative, although they face many constraints preventing them from asking the woman question. The analysis of the essential features of rewriting judgments in a gender perspective highlights that feminist judgments could contribute to the enhancement and spreading of gender competent legal knowledge.
The Evolving Recognition of Gender in International and European Law
Authors: Argren Rigmor , Evola Marco , Giegerich Thomas , Krstić Ivana 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter explains the development of international and European law from a gender perspective and describes how the process from a gender-neutral to a gender-sensitive approach was developed.Since 1945 and the adoption of the UN Charter, the idea of achieving greater gender equality was merged into many international documents, including the first catalog of women’s rights—Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Many principal and subsidiary bodies were established, contributing to the elimination of gender discrimination and to awareness-raising on some critical issues which were an impediment to achieving gender equality. Twenty years ago, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was adopted, due to a global effort to establish a platform as a foundation to national and international policies to ensure greater protection of women and girls, during and after, armed conflicts. International Humanitarian Law, enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, also has rules that specifically seek to protect women during armed conflicts. Also, International Criminal Law has been developed to recognize extreme forms of sexual violence as international crimes.On the European level, under the auspices of the Council of Europe, several international conventions were adopted to achieve gender equality. One of the main instruments, the European Convention on Human Rights, provides broad protection from discrimination based on gender, established in a comprehensive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The EU has a set of primary and secondary sources on anti-discrimination, which provides comprehensive protection from gender discrimination and serves as an inspiring model to States candidates and other European countries.
Flexible Dienstleistungsarbeit gesundheitsförderlich gestalten – zur Einführung
Authors: Becke Guido , Koppelin Frauke 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungFlexible und interaktive Dienstleistungsarbeit ist mit Blick auf ihre gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen und gesundheitsfördernde Interventionsansätze noch unzureichend erforscht. Hier setzt das BMBF-geförderte Verbundprojekt FlexiGesA an. Dieser einführende Beitrag konzeptualisiert zunächst flexible und interaktive Dienstleistungsarbeit. Sodann wird hierzu der gesundheitsbezogene Forschungs- und Gestaltungsbedarf aufgezeigt. Danach wird das Verbundprojekt FlexiGesA einschließlich des Forschungsdesigns und der Verbundarchitektur vorgestellt. Die Coronapandemie bedeutete für FlexiGesA eine tiefgreifende Herausforderung. Daher werden erfolgte Anpassungen von Forschungsdesign und -methoden skizziert und beschrieben, wie die Pandemie als Gegenstand der Forschung adressiert wurde. Abschließend werden Gemeinsamkeiten gesundheitsförderlicher Gestaltung flexibler und interaktiver Dienstleistungsarbeit in der IT-Dienstleistung und den ambulanten sozialen Diensten – als empirische Forschungs- und Entwicklungsfelder in FlexiGesA – herausgestellt.