bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Amiraian K. , Plescia O. J. , Cavallo G. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sheep serum contains inhibitors that prevent the lysis of sensitized sheep red cells by guinea pig, pig or human C′, but do not interfere with the sensitization of the cells by rabbit antibody. The presence of a relatively large proportion of sheep serum during the formation of EAC′1,4,2 by guinea pig C′ results in slight loss of C′1 and C′2 activities on these cells and no detectable change in C′4 activity. The inhibitors affect primarily the C′3 step. Sheep serum, however, lyses sensitized human erythrocytes, and human serum inhibits the lysis of type A human erythrocytes by sheep C′. These results suggest a reason why a given C′ may be less active in lysing sensitized homologous red blood cells.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Serum and Ascitic Fluid Proteins from Immunized and Nonimmunized Mice
Authors: Jordan R. T. , Banovitz J. , Trapani I. L. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The electrophoretic distribution and properties of ascitic fluid, induced by a modified Freund's adjuvant-antigen mixture, have been compared to isologous serum of a highly inbred line of AKR mice. Serum contains a prealbumin component not detected in ascitic fluid. The relative concentration of α2- and β-globulins was greater in the serum and ascitic fluid of immunized animals than in the serum of normal mice, whereas γ-globulin remained relatively unchanged. Anti-BSA precipitins have been demonstrated in the serum and ascitic fluid of immunized mice and have the electrophoretic properties of a β2-globulin.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids). II
Authors: Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Employing adjuvant techniques of immunization in rabbits, sufficient antibody can be produced against synthetic copolymers of glutamic acid and lysine so that precipitin reactions can be observed. When the copolymer was injected intramuscularly in a saline vehicle no detectable antibody was produced in man. Based on this fact the possible future utility of these macromolecules as plasma expanders has been mentioned. The antibody response in rabbits was shown to be heterogeneous and to vary among rabbits injected with the same antigen. Although the copolymers were produced by the same synthetic procedures, their heterogeneity has been demonstrated by immunochemical techniques. It has been suggested that the antigenicity of copolymers without tyrosine may be dependent upon the presence of some areas of rigidity and a certain amount of randomness in the amino acid sequences.
Further Studies on the Role of the Bursa of Fabricius in Antibody Production
Authors: Mueller August P. , Wolfe Harold R. , Meyer Roland K. , Aspinall Richard L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Removal of the bursa of Fabricius at 1 day of age effectively prevents a large percentage of the animals from producing precipitins to bovine serum albumin (BSA) when inoculations are made to 20 weeks of age. Bursectomy at 10 days is less effective. Two steroid hormones, 19-nortestosterone and 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone, administered on the 12th or 13th day of incubation, cause a 5- to 20-fold reduction in bursal weight. Correspondingly, precipitin production against BSA is grossly impaired. Spleen, thymus and body weights were not consistently affected.
Studies on the Production of B1 Coxsackie Virus by Hela Cells
Authors: Boring William D. , Levy Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies on the influence of pH, temperature, and the composition of the medium on the production of B1 Coxsackie virus by HeLa cells are reported.
A thousand-fold reduction in virus titers were found in medium adjusted to pH 6.6. The effect of the low pH was reversible by changing the pH of the medium at 6 hr from pH 6.6 to pH 7.4. The low pH had no demonstrable effect on the adsorption or stability of the virus.
Growth curves of B1 Coxsackie virus at various temperatures are reported. Suppression of virus multiplication occurred above and below 36°C with complete suppression occurring at 40°C and 25°C. At these temperatures virus was not released into the medium and the intracellular virus could be ascribed to that adsorbed during the 1-hr period of infection at 36°C.
The effect of composition of the medium was studied. Undialyzed calf serum at 2% concentration supported levels of virus equal to those obtained in Eagle's basal medium. Production of virus by depleted cells was found to require either glucose or glutamine. Glutamine was effective at the concentration routinely employed, whereas, an increase in the concentration of glucose was necessary for the stimulation of maximal levels of virus. The absence of glutamine from the otherwise complete medium reduced the levels of virus to those obtained in a balanced salt solution.
Analysis of Immune Precipitates by Serum-Agar Diffusion
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Makinodan Takashi , Carter Rachel R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-BSA sera obtained from chicken, guinea fowl, turkey, pheasant, duck, rabbit, rat, mouse, and guinea pig were tested for their capacity to induce coprecipitation of other serum proteins when reacted in vitro with the BSA antigen. The immune BSA-anti-BSA precipitates were analyzed by solubilizing the precipitates with excess antigen and reacting the soluble complexes against the species-specific anti-whole serum antiserum in Ouchterlony serum-agar diffusion plates. The tests have shown that, in addition to the antibody γ-globulin protein, the soluble antigen-antibody complexes of all species of anti-serum, excepting guinea fowl and rabbit, contained a coprecipitating serum protein. These results and their possible biologic significance are discussed.
Localization in Human Kidney of Antibodies Formed in Sheep against Human Placenta
Authors: Steblay Raymond William 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sheep anti-HGBM and anti-human placenta antibodies when applied in vitro localize in identical manner in the basement membranes of glomeruli, tubules, capsules, intertubular capillaries and certain extracellular sites in the media and adventitia of arteries. Both antisera have similar distribution patterns of localization when applied to human placenta. Cellular structures are not stained. Both placenta and HGBM are capable of greatly decreasing or eliminating the apple-green fluorescence when used for adsorption of the fluorescent-conjugates before staining. The above observations are consistent with the conclusion that a similar or identical antigen (or a group of antigens) is present in the placenta and HGBM and other connective tissue structures of the kidney. The sheep injected with HGBM and Freund's adjuvant in this experiment developed an acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. An interesting incidental observation was that autofluorescent internal and external elastic laminas were never seen in placental blood vessels observed even though some were of considerable size.
Immunological and Chemical Studies on an Oral Veillonella Endotoxin
Authors: Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Zipkin Isadore , Varah Eileen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chemical analysis of nucleic acid-free endotoxin isolated by the phenol-water method from an oral species of Veillonella disclosed a high content of lipid (60%) with carbohydrates consisting of glucosamine and galactosamine. Three unknown thiobarbituric acid reactive components, resembling sialic acid, were found in hydrolyzed endotoxin which gave a negative direct Ehrlich's and Bial's orcinol test. One appeared to be either neutral and/or cationic and two appeared to be anionic.
The lipopolysaccharide endotoxin proved to be a poor antigen in rabbits but reacted as a hapten in precipitin and hemagglutination tests with antiserum produced by immunization with viable Veillonella cells. Endotoxins from other oral species of Gram-negative bacteria failed to block the hemagglutination reaction in the same manner as homologous endotoxin. Absorption experiments indicate that the endotoxin moiety of Veillonella is responsible for the specific agglutinative properties of the organism.
Kinetic Studies on the Incidence of Cells Appearing to form Two Antibodies
Authors: Nossal G. J. V. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The question of whether any cell can simultaneously form two or more antibodies has been reinvestigated with better and more complete techniques of antibody assay than previously described. Rats were given injections of flagellin from one or two strains of Salmonella containing significant amounts of both H and O antigens. The dose used at each injection varied from 0.002 µg to 6 mg. Injections were given once a week with 4-week rests after 4 injections, or once a month. The duration of immunization was 1 month to 18 months. Most rats started their immunization course in adult life, but some on the day of birth. Antibody released into the microdrop surrounding each single cell was detected by H immobilization, O agglutination, and the chaining phenomenon. Antibody attached to the surface of the cell was detected by H or O adherence. Of 3628 single cells tested, 41 appeared to be doubly active; but only two of these were shown to actually release two antibodies simultaneously, the majority of the others releasing one antibody and having a second reactivity present on the surface. Thus the incidence of “true double producers” was less than 0.01%. No experimental variation of antigen dose or immunization schedule seemed to affect this proportion.
The validity of the experimental methods used and the possible theoretical basis for the observed results are discussed.
Studies on Homologous Disease
Authors: Jutila John W. , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Runt disease was produced in newborn mice of certain inbred strains and their hybrids by the intraperitoneal injection of various organ and tissue preparations rich in viable lymphoid cells. The incidence of runting among mice of various inbred strain donor-recipient combinations was found to differ markedly and was highest in mice of those combinations differing at the H-2 locus. Among mice of combinations compatible at the H-2 locus but differing at other loci, runting could be produced only by immunization of the donors prior to cell transfer. In certain donor-recipient combinations of inbred strains and their hybrids the incidence of runting produced in the hybrid was inversely proportional to the degree of “foreignness” of the hybrid for the donor's cells. In certain strain combinations, the susceptibility of hybrid mice to runting with the cells of one parent was greater than with the cells of the other parent. Induction of immunological tolerance in newborn mice of parent strains with the cells of their respective hybrids markedly increased their susceptibility to subsequent runting with spleen cells of the homologous parent. Contrariwise, the spleen cells of such “tolerant” donors had a lowered capacity to produce runt disease in hybrid mice or mice of the homologous parent strain. When immune peritoneal cells from C57BL/K mice, which had recently rejected Sarcoma I ascites tumor, were injected into 5-day-old A/Jax mice, they produced an acute form of homologous disease terminating in death within 5 days. Immune spleen cells from the same animals produced a more chronic form of the disease, terminating in death in 3 to 5 weeks. Whereas immune spleen cells from A/Jax mice produced a “chronic” form of homologous disease in adult (C57BL/K × A/Jax) hybrid mice, immune spleen cells from C57BL/K mice failed to produce homologous disease in the adult hybrid. A mild form of runt disease was produced in newborn male mice of the C57BL/K and A/Jax strains with immune spleen cells obtained from isologous adult female mice that had recently rejected skin grafts from male mice of the same strain. Attempts to serially transfer runt disease in newborn A/Jax and (C57BL/K × A/Jax) hybrid mice with large doses of spleen cells were not successful beyond the first or second passage. The significance of the results is discussed.
A Simplified Immunofluorescent Plaque Method
Authors: Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique is described for growing cover slip cultures of cells infected with vaccinia virus in contact with an agar medium. After viral plaques form, the agar is softened by gentle heat. This permits removal of the cover slips without disruption of the cell sheets. The plaques are demonstrable by fluorescent antibody staining, and by hemadsorption. Plaque purification of the virus can be effected by isolating virus from the agar beneath cover slips containing single plaques. The potential applications of this technique are discussed.
Retention of Antigen in Neonatal and Older Chicks
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The retention of S35-labeled bovine serum albumin in organs of neonatal and older chicks was compared.
The injection of equivalent amounts of S35-BSA (56 mg/kg body wt) resulted in a significantly higher uptake by the spleen of neonatal than of older chicks. The injection into neonatal chicks of a tolerance-eliciting dose of the antigen (1008 mg/kg body wt) resulted in a proportionally higher uptake by spleen.
Antigen incorporated in the livers of neonatal and older chicks disappeared at similar rates, whereas rates of disappearance from the spleen differed for the two groups indicating that the antigen retained in the spleen may be different qualitatively in neonatal chicks than in older chicks.
Evidence for the Absence of Anaphylactogenic Host Protein in Highly Purified PR8 Influenza Virus
Authors: Kroeger Arthur V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anaphylactogenic properties of crude sedimented and highly purified PR8 influenza virus suspensions were investigated by the Schultz-Dale reaction with excised uterine muscle from sensitized guinea pigs. It was shown that the specificity of the in vitro anaphylactic reaction with crude sedimented virus is related to the host protein present in the virus suspensions and not to the specific viral antigen.
When PR8 influenza virus was concentrated from infected chorioallantoic fluid by one cycle of ultracentrifugation or by one cycle of adsorption and elution from chicken erythrocytes, the presence of host protein could readily be detected by Schultz-Dale reactions with uterine muscle taken from guinea pigs previously sensitized with normal chorioallantoic membrane antigen, but, when the first cycle eluates were further purified by a second cycle of adsorption and elution from guinea pig erythrocytes, host material could be detected in only trace amounts in two separate virus suspensions. Finally, sedimentation of the second cycle eluates in the ultracentrifuge yielded two preparations which contained no detectable amount of host protein.
The data presented in this investigation appear to be irreconcilable with the hypothesis that normal anaphylactogenic host protein is incorporated on the surface of the PR8 influenza virus elementary body during replication in the chorioallantois of the embryonated egg.
Inhibition with Simple Sugars of Hemagglutination of Red Cells Modified with Salmonella Antigens
Authors: Truszczynski Marian , Baker Edgar E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Oligosaccharides will inhibit hemagglutination of erythrocytes modified with antigenic extracts of salmonellas. The method described can be used to determine a possible relationship of a sugar to the structure of an antigen. The relation of certain sugar to the antigens of various salmonella serotypes was discussed.
Studies on the Bacteriophage Neutralizing Activity of Serums
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Toussaint Andre J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization of rabbits with T2 phage results in the early development of neutralizing Ab which, except for its elevated titer, is indistinguishable from the Ab present prior to immunization and designated as normal Ab. Subsequently, Ab is formed which occurs in an additional Cohn fraction and, in contrast to the C′ dependence of normal or early immune Ab, is C′ independent. Moreover, the addition of C′ to phage neutralizing Ab is without effect upon the reactivation of neutralized phage. Finally, both normal and immune sera neutralize phage in accord with the percentage law.
Studies on the Immunologic Unresponsiveness during the Secondary Disease Period of Lethally Irradiated Mice Protected by Homologous Bone Marrow
Authors: Thompson John S. , Simmons Eric L. , Hofstra Diana 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The survival of lethally x-irradiated mice protected by isologous or homologous bone marrow therapy was studied. To eliminate the mortality due to primary disease the arbitrary period beginning 21 days after irradiation was chosen and survival was followed for an additional 90 days.
It was observed that those groups of mice “saved” by homologous bone marrow consistently fared less well than those protected by isologous marrow. The i.v. administration of 10 × 106 isologous lymphocytes, spleen cells, or immune lymphocytes had no influence on this rate of mortality.
Further, it was found that the immunologic unresponsiveness of mice protected by homologous marrow extended to heterologous rat red cells.
Activated isologous spleen cells or lymphocytes from preimmunized mice conferred adoptive immunity to rat erythrocytes when transferred to lethally irradiated mice “saved” by isologous or homologous marrow. These data indicate that if donor-grafted cells still persist 21 to 28 days after irradiation of the host, they do not effectively destroy the transferred isologous tissues.
The studies of other investigators were reviewed in light of these results and it is concluded that the mechanism of immunologic unresponsiveness of irradiated animals protected by foreign cells is not the same as “immunologic tolerance.” Since the data do not indicate a graft vs. host reaction, and cannot be interpreted exclusively as a host vs. graft reaction, an alternate hypothesis that a host vs. host reaction may be operative at times is suggested.
Studies of Induction of Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats and Guinea Pigs without the Use of Mycobacteria
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Bell Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Allergic encephalomyelitis (AE) may be induced in rats by sensitization to either homologous or heterologous (guinea pig) spinal cord plus incomplete adjuvant, lacking killed mycobacteria. The disease induced in this manner is comparable in all respects to that induced conventionally with spinal cord plus complete adjuvant, containing mycobacteria. Rats occasionally develop AE following a single injection of the heterologous spinal cord alone.
In contrast to rats, mycobacteria are important for induction of AE in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs sensitized to heterologous (rat) spinal cord plus incomplete adjuvant only occasionally exhibit clinical signs and/or lesions of the disease. None of the animals sensitized to homologous spinal cord plus incomplete adjuvant developed AE.
Implications of these observations with respect to pathogenesis of AE are discussed.
Formation of Antibody to Haptens
Authors: Gold Eugene F. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intensive immunization of chickens and rabbits with unconjugated PABA produced no antibody response as measured by the passive hemagglutination reaction. Antibody to PABA was produced in response to a series of injections of BGG-p-azobenzoate in rabbits, and to a single injection in chickens. Anti-PABA and anti-BGG primary and secondary antibody responses were partially characterized. In chickens a single injection of BGG-p-azobenzoate induced anti-PABA antibody within 72 hr. The peak for both anti-PABA and anti-BGG occurred after 5 to 7 days. Following peak titers, anti-BGG titers decreased rapidly, but anti-PABA titers persisted for 70 days. The persistence of antihapten antibody was discussed.
Following primary immunization with BGG-p-azobenzoate, anamnestic responses were produced in rabbits and chickens with free PABA. Secondary responses to BGG and to homologous protein-hapten were also reported.
Vibriocidal Antibody Inhibition (VAI) Analysis: A Technique for the Identification of the Predominant Vibriocidal Antibodies in Serum and for the Detection and Identification of Vibrio Cholerae Antigens
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The activity of vibriocidal antibody can be specifically inhibited by minute amounts of endotoxins from Vibrio cholerae. This observation has been applied in the development of a procedure called the Vibriocidal antibody inhibition test (VAIT) which can be adapted to serve as a sensitive assay for the detection, identification and quantification of V. cholerae antigens and, by Vibriocidal antibody inhibition (VAI) Analysis, for the identification of the predominant vibriocidal antibodies in human and rabbit sera. Acute phase sera from cholera patients were found to contain antigen-like inhibitory activity for the vibriocidal reaction. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Antibody Production and Transfer to Egg Yolk in Chickens
Authors: Patterson Roy , Youngner Julius S. , Weigle William O. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The primary and secondary antibody responses of hens to bovine serum albumin (BSA) trace labeled with I131 and the rate of elimination of this antigen in control and immunized birds have been investigated. By determination of the antibody response of hens and the half-life of homologous γ-globulin, estimates were made of the rates of antibody production in hens. The efficiency of transfer of antibody to egg yolks was studied using both injected I131 trace-labeled homologous serum globulin and actively formed antibody against a heterologous serum protein and a viral antigen. The time relationships between appearance of serum antibody and its transfer to yolk have been established as well as the relation of this phenomenon to the early stages of embryologic development.
The Effect of Congenital Passive Immunity Levels on the Response of Chicks to Newcastle Disease Vaccination
Authors: Richey Dale J. , Schmittle S. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Individual vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with a single application of the B1 strain of New-castle disease virus resulted in a serologic response inversely related to the quantity of congenital passive antibodies. A serologic “level of significance” titer for the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or neutralization indices (NI) tests could be correlated with the resistance to challenge only in chicks with the least amount of congenital immunity during the 8-week test period. A transitory infection of 1-day-old chicks possessing increasing amounts of congenital immunity was evident in that HI and NI antibodies of the control chicks decreased more rapidly than those of the vaccinated birds. The susceptibility to challenge at weekly intervals postvaccination was proportional to the degree of congenital Newcastle disease immunity in 1-day-old chicks. Cumulative challenge mortality during the 7 to 8 weeks period was 0%, 10% and 27% among groups of vaccinated birds having increasing amounts of congenital antibodies.