bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antisera to Human Cytomegaloviruses Prepared in the Guinea Pig: Specific Immunofluorescence and Complement Fixation Tests
Authors: Huang Yung-Tsun , Huang Eng-Shang , Pagano Joseph S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific, high titered antisera to human (C-87 and AD-169) and simian (GR-2757) cytomegaloviruses were prepared in guinea pigs and used in complement fixation (CF) and immunofluorescence (IF) tests. There were no detectable cellular antibodies in the antisera. Both the CF and the IF tests revealed that the two human strains are closely related or identical and have little if any interspecies cross-reactivity with the simian strain.
Immuno-Regulatory Role of Spleen Localizing Thymocytes
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Lance Eugene M. , Kondo Kazunari 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After inoculation into lethally irradiated F1 mice, parental thymocytes reacting to host antigens, synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid in the spleens and lymph nodes of the recipient mice. Removal of the spleen localizing fraction of the thymocyte inoculum, by splenectomizing recipients 3 hours after cell injection, markedly alters the response of the cells in the lymph nodes without affecting the number of chromium 51 labeled cells which localize in the nodes. The effects of splenectomy may be bidirectional; increases or decreases of the lymph node response may ensue. At higher thymocyte doses splenectomy leads to an increased lymph node response, apparently by diminishing suppressive interactions among the inoculated cells. When spleen removal increases the response of the cells in the lymph nodes, reinjection of the cells removed with the spleen suppresses the response. The addition of F1 thymocytes to the inocula of parental cells can alter the response of the parental cells. Such effects of the F1 cells, which occur in the recipients lymph nodes, can be prevented by removal of the spleen localizing fraction of the thymocyte inoculum. Delaying splenectomy by 24 to 48 hr diminishes its effect. We suggest spleen localizing T cells may play an important role in immuno-regulation.
Identification of Cells Infiltrating the Minor Salivary Glands in Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Chused Thomas M. , Hardin John A. , Frank Michael M. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) have mononuclear cell infiltration, tissue destruction and eventual fibrosis of the salivary and lacrimal glands. The type of mononuclear cell infiltrating the minor salivary glands of the lip in three patients with SS has been determined. Sheep erythrocytes coated with 19S antibody and activated third component of complement were found to adhere to human bone marrow-derived (B) cells and monocytes in tissue sections. Erythrocytes coated with 7S antibody adhered only to monocytes. The localization of these reagents in tissue sections was used to demonstrate that the major portion of mononuclear cells infiltrating SS salivary tissue are B cells and that they are arranged in a particular way in the infiltrate.
Polyribitol-Phosphate: An Antigen of Four Gram-Positive Bacteria Cross-Reactive with the Capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
Authors: Argaman Meir , Liu Teh-Yung , Robbins John B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polysaccharide extracts of whole bacteria of the species Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecium were found to precipitate with Haemophilus influenzae type b (HITB) antiserum. This precipitation was due to the polyribitol-phosphate component of these bacteria reacting with the type b capsular polysaccharide antibodies of the HITB antiserum. Immunization of rabbits and burros with formaldehyde-fixed cross-reacting bacteria and blood-borne infections in humans caused by S. aureus (coagulase positive) induced precipitating and bactericidal HITB antibodies. Preliminary analysis of the HITB capsular polysaccharide revealed ribitol in addition to ribose providing an explanation for this cross-reaction. The ubiquitous distribution of Gram-positive bacteria containing polyribitol-phosphate in their cell-wall teichoic acid suggests that these bacteria may be responsible in part for the wide prevalence of antibodies to HITB capsular polysaccharide in the normal human population.
Specificity of IgM and IgM Antibodies after Challenge with Antigenically Related Togaviruses
Authors: Westaway E. G. , Della-Porta A. J. , Reedman Beverley M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with a group A or a group B togavirus and challenged 6 weeks later with a related togavirus from a different subgroup. IgG antibodies in antisera cross-reacted broadly at all times in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with group B viruses whereas within group A they were specific for the primary virus until challenge after which they reacted with both primary and challenge viruses. In contrast, IgM antibodies were clearly specific within both groups for the most recent immunizing virus; however, IgM memory was expressed when the challenge and primary viruses belonged to the same antigenic subgroup. The antigenic composition of both groups of togaviruses is discussed in relation to their envelope proteins, and hypotheses are proposed to account for the antibody specificities of the observed immunoglobulin responses.
Similarity of Migration Inhibitory Factor(s) Produced by Human Lymphoid Cell Line and Phytohemagglutinin and Tuberculin-Stimulated Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Papageorgiou Photini S. , Sorokin Carol F. , Glade Philip R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The migration inhibitory factor(s) (MIF) derived from the supernatants of an established human lymphoid cell line (PGLC-33H) and from human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and tuberculin (PPD) were characterized and compared. Separation of these supernatants by differential ultrafiltration showed peak inhibitory activity for all three in the fraction containing molecules of the size 10,000 to 50,000. Separation by Sephadex gel filtration (G-75) revealed similar elution profiles for these MIF. Peak inhibitory activity eluted between enzyme markers of m.w. 17,000 and 25,000. The MIF activity contained in these supernatants was found to be heat stable (56°C for 30 min) and chymotrypsin sensitive. The MIF derived from human long term lymphoid cell lines appears to be similar to the MIF produced by human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by mitogen and antigen.
Lymphocyte Interferon Production and Transformation after Herpes Simplex Infections in Humans
Authors: Rasmussen Lucille E. , Jordan George W. , Stevens David A. , Merigan Thomas C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen-stimulated lymphocyte transformation, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and interferon production were studied serially in humans after Herpes virus hominis (HSV) disease. Lymphocytes were isolated by filtration through a nylon fiber column and added to isologous macrophage cultures prepared 1 week previously. Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction was required for optimum interferon production. A selective increase in interferon production was associated with disease occurrence in some individuals. The increase in interferon production by lymphocytes was maximum between 2 and 6 weeks after disease. In contrast, lymphocyte transformation and serum antibody levels were similar throughout a 12-week period after disease and appeared to reflect prior immune status rather than acute infection. Some subjects with HSV disease failed to produce a detectable interferon response within the 2- to 6-week period after disease. In these individuals, lesion recurrence was more frequent when compared to subjects producing greater quantities of interferon after disease.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Okumura Ko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemical and physicochemical properties of the previously reported “antigen-specific T cell factor” that negatively regulates hapten-specific homocytotropic antibody (HTA) response in the rat were investigated. This factor, which is extractable from mechanically disrupted thymocytes obtained from rats hyperimmunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract (DNP-As), showed a strong inhibitory effect on hapten-specific HTA formation in recipient animals that had been x-irradiated and immunized with DNP-As so as to produce high and persistent HTA formation. The treatment of the thymocyte extract with proteinases and nucleases revealed that the active factor is not digestible by DNase and RNase, but is destroyable by trypsin and Pronase, indicating the protein nature of the T cell factor. In sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, the activity sedimented slower than IgG hemagglutinin. In gel filtration with Sephadex G-100, the inhibitory activity was not detected in the fraction eluted with a void volume, but was found in a fraction eluted in the range between about 35,000 and 60,000 daltons. By electrophoresis in agar the activity was located in regions corresponding to rat α- and β-globulins but not in regions corresponding to albumin and γ-globulin. These results indicate that the antigen-specific inhibitory T cell factor is a protein with a smaller molecular weight than other immunoglobulins, further supporting previous findings that the T cell factor is not a usual immunoglobulin but may be a unique receptor of T cells.
Antibody-Mediated Target Cell Lysis by Nonimmune Cells: The Use of Anti-Immunoglobulin to Distinguish Effector Cell Populations
Authors: Resch Klaus , Gelfand Erwin W. , Prester Marlot 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of a goat IgG anti-rabbit immunoglobulin on antibody-mediated target cell lysis by nonimmune cells was investigated. Using a homologous system of rabbit effector cells and rabbit anti-fowl erythrocyte serum, two populations of cells effective in the lysis of antibody-coated target cells could be differentiated by anti-immunoglobulin. In the presence of the anti-immunoglobulin, the cytotoxicity caused by phagocytic cells was suppressed. The IgG or (Fab′)2 fraction of the anti-immunoglobulin enhanced target cell destruction initiated by purified lymph node and spleen lymphocytes and to a lesser extent that initiated by purified thymus cells. Monovalent (Fab) anti-immunoglobulin decreased the cytotoxic activity of all effector cells. The mechanism of enhancement appeared to be due to cross-linking between effector lymphocytes and antibody-coated target cells by the divalent anti-immunoglobulin.
Interaction of Anti-Thymocyte Serum with Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Mookerjee B. K. , Azzolina Luigi , Poultar Lyndall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro incubation of spleen cell suspensions in dilutions of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) leads to abrogation of the capacity of such cells to mount a graft-vs-host reaction; however, such incubation leads to considerable inactivation in the content of the hematopoietic stem cells. By prior absorption of the ATG preparation with mouse liver or spleen cells, it was found possible to eliminate the toxicity of ATG toward hematopoietic stem cells without any reduction in its immunosuppressive potency. Administration of ATG to intact animals was found to stimulate endogenous colony formation. Intravenous injection of ATG led to early and significant elevation in the serum level of colony-stimulating factor in the injected animals when compared to that after similar injection of normal horse globulin. Short or long term in vivo administration of anti-thymocyte serum did not lead to reduction in the number of spleen-colonizing stem cells in the bone marrow of the treated animals or in the capacity of such cells to reconstitute lethally irradiated syngeneic animals.
Interaction of Complement with Antigen-Antibody Complexes of Rabbit Allotypic Antigens and Their Corresponding Antibodies
Authors: Kakinuma Mitsuaki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Multiple precipitin lines are observed in agar gel when rabbit immunoglobulin possessing α-locus determinants is allowed to react with its corresponding antiserum in double diffusion tests. One of these lines was proven to be complement-dependent. Coexistence of complement-dependent and complement independent precipitin lines in this particular allogenic system suggests that heterogeneity existed with respect to the avidity of antibodies direct to defined determinant groups.
Effect of Rifamycin-SV Derivatives on Immunologic Responses in Culture
Authors: Osoba David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both rifampicin and 4-N-demethyl rifampicin (AF/AP) inhibited the formation of plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes at concentrations that did not affect the formation of myeloid colonies in culture. Two other rifamycin-SV derivatives, 4-N-benzyl demethyl rifampicin (AF/ABP) and 2,6-dimethyl-4-benzyl-4-demethyl rifampicin (AF/ABDP CIS) had no significant effect on either the formation of plaque-forming cells or myeloid colonies. Rifampicin and AF/AP also inhibited the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in one-way mixed leukocyte reactions both by mouse spleen cells and by human peripheral blood leukocytes, and AF/AP markedly inhibited the generation of cytotoxic effector cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction by mouse spleen cells. The action of AF/AP on the formation of plaque-forming cells appears to affect an earlier cellular function than does rifampicin. Although the precise nature of the pharmacologic effect of these drugs on the formation of antibody-forming cells and on the generation of cytotoxic effector cells is unknown, the inhibitory effect of at least some of the members of this family of drugs on viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) suggests that reverse transcriptases may be involved in antibody formation by normal cells of the immunologic system.
Comparison and Yield of Antigen- or Mitogen-Induced Human Lymphotoxins
Authors: Boulos Galal N. , Rosenau Werner , Goldberg Melvin L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The yield of lymphotoxin (LT) in cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with a mitogen, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), is about 60 times greater than that obtained by antigenic stimulation with mixed lymphocyte cultures. Lymphotoxin induced under both conditions behaved identically when we employed electrophoresis on 9% acrylamide gel (pH 8.6 or 7.4), ultracentrifugation in 3 to 10% sucrose density gradients, and testing for pH stability. Both LT were neutralized in like degree by the addition of anti-LT serum against purified PHA-induced human LT. Thus, utilizing multiple analytical methods based on diverse principles, we found no differences in the two LT, strongly implying that both types are indeed identical. The two major implications of this conclusion are: 1) Although under natural in vivo conditions, only antigen-induced LT would be operative, in the light of our findings, mitogen-induced LT may also be used in biologically meaningful experiments. 2) Furthermore, the larger yield of mitogen-induced LT represents a great advantage in purification of the lymphocyte mediator present in the starting material only in small amounts. In addition, it is of interest that 89% of the cytotoxic activity of crude LT induced by PHA stimulation can be neutralized by antiserum prepared against purified LT, an indication that the bulk of the cytotoxicity in crude LT appears to be due to the cytotoxin comprising our purified LT preparation.
Biological Expressions of Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Rich Robert R. , Pierce Carl W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen lymphocytes activated by a mitogenic concentration of concanavalin A (Con A) secrete a factor(s), termed soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS), which is a potent, non-cytotoxic inhibitor of primary plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses by mouse spleen cells to heterologous erythrocytes in vitro. SIRS activity was detected in supernatant fluids of spleen cell cultures within 6 hr of stimulation with Con A and was maximal from 12 to 24 hr after stimulation. SIRS profoundly suppressed 5-day PFC responses when added to antigen-stimulated spleen cell cultures at initiation, was less effective when added 24 hr after initiation, and had no significant effect when added 48 or more hours after initiation. SIRS had to be present in antigen-stimulated spleen cell cultures only during the initial 24 hr of incubation to cause suppression of PFC responses which by kinetic analysis was not manifest until 120 hr of incubation. Background and antigen-stimulated IgM and IgG PFC responses were suppressed by SIRS.
Exposure to SIRS did not render spleen cells totally incapable of developing PFC responses to heterologous erythrocytes. Instead, antigen-stimulated PFC responses in control cultures and cultures containing SIRS had the same kinetics and were of comparable magnitude during the first 96 hr of incubation. Thereafter, however, PFC responses in cultures containing SIRS abruptly aborted and the SIRS-induced suppression of PFC responses became evident at 120 and 144 hr of incubation. Although the precise mechanism(s) of action of SIRS is unknown, it appears to function during the early, antigen-dependent phase of the immune response in vitro to abort full expression of the PFC response during the later exponential expansion of the clones of antibody-synthesizing cells.
Susceptibility to Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: de Souza Celso M. , Maia Luiz C. Sauerbronn , Vaz Nelson M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inbred mouse strains vary widely in their susceptibility to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The susceptibility to IgG1-induced reactions does not parallel susceptibility to IgE-induced reactions.
Attempts to Induce Cultures of BALB/c Myeloma and P3-J Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells to Produce Specific Phage Neutralizing Antibody
Authors: Krueger R. G. , Watkins A. C. , Volkman L. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An attempt was made to determine if the P3-J line of Burkitt's lymphoma cells could synthesize specific antibody in response after exposure to bacteriophage as reported by Kamei and Moore (1, 2). The cells were exposed to various concentrations of phages MS-2 or T2 and cultured for up to 10 days, but we were unable to detect significant neutralizing activity in any experimental situation. We also attempted to induce a BALB/c myeloma tumor with specific antibody activity for phage MS-2. While two in vivo tumors had characteristics of producing neutralizing antibody for MS-2 on adaptation of one of these tumors to growth in cell culture, no activity could be detected. Further, exposure of the cultured tumor cells to MS-2 did not result in the synthesis of neutralizing antibody.
Comparative in Vitro Studies on Effector Cell Diversity in the Cellular Immune Response to Murine Sarcoma Virus (MSV)-Induced Tumors in Mice
Authors: Plata Fernando , Gomard Elisabeth , Leclerc Jean Claude , Levy Jean Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular immune response to murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumors in B6 mice was studied in vitro with two techniques: the 51Cr release test (CRT) and the microcytotoxicity assay (MA). The analysis of the effector cell nature in each of these assays showed that only thymus-dependent (T) cells are effector cells in CRT, while both T and non-T cells can be effector cells in MA. Comparative studies of the same lymphoid cell preparations demonstrated that the T cells revealed in MA might not be identical with the T cells whose activity is measured in CRT.
The Characteristics of a Circulating Antigen in Schistosomiasis
Authors: Nash Theodore E. , Prescott Benjamin , Neva Franklin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous work by others has shown that the sera of mice heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni contained a schistosome-derived antigen. In this study the same antigen was also found in saline extracts of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma japonicum and in the sera of mice infected with the latter parasite. The trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of the worm extract insoluble in chloroform was found to contain practically all the antigen. The antigen was anodic, resistant to boiling, Pronase, trypsin, α-amylase, DNase, RNase but was readily destroyed by sodium metaperiodate. The molecular weight was estimated to be greater than 100,000. Analysis of the trichloroacetic acid-soluble chloroform insoluble fraction, although incomplete, revealed less than 1% nitrogen. The only identifiable carbohydrate in this fraction was glucose. The properties of the antigen are characteristic of a polysaccharide.
Immunoglobulins with Multiple Binding Functions
Authors: Varga Janos M. , Lande Saul , Richards Frank F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rapid method for screening myeloma immunoglobulins for binding activity is described, based on the principle that low energy interactions between immunoglobulins and haptens are relatively frequent and may be used as indicator systems for finding other interactions of higher energy. Amino groups on partially hydrolyzed nylon screen discs are used as initiators for the polymerization of DL-Serine N-carboxyanhydride to polyserine whiskers. Immunoglobulins are coupled by glutaraldehyde to the whiskers, and the discs are incubated with a bank of nineteen radioactive haptens and antigens. Seven out of 10 myeloma immunoglobulins each bound one or more of these radioactive ligands with K0 of between 1 × 102 and 1 × 103 liters/mole. Non-radioactive prospective antigens were tested for their capacity to inhibit the binding of radioactive ligands.
NEW is a human IgG myeloma protein whose three dimensional structure at 2.8 Å resolution is completed and whose structure at 1.8 Å resolution is partially completed. An antigen was required to identify the immunoglobulin-binding region. The method led to the finding that 2-methyl, 3-phytyl 1,4 napthoquinone (Vit. K1) bound to Fab fragment of NEW with a K0 of 1.7 × 105 liters/mole.
Studies of Cellular Immunity in Chagas Disease: Effect of Glutaraldehyde-Treated Specific Antigen on Inhibition of Leukocyte Migration
Authors: Lelchuk Rosalia , Patrucco Aida , Manni Jorge A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity was studied in chronic protozoal infection produced by the Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease). Blood peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition was selected for studying cellular immune response in vitro. Two kinds of antigen preparations were used: a soluble extract of epimastigotes (SAg), and a modification of the antigen after its treatment with glutaraldehyde (MAg). When SAg was added to the medium no significant inhibition of migration was obtained in spite of using a concentration of antigen as high as 200 µg/ml. Similar results were obtained with normal cells. When the MAg was used, specific inhibition was obtained with chronic Chagas leukocytes. The inhibition was significant with a concentration of MAg as low as 5 µg/ml (p &lt; 0.001).
Identification of a Subpopulation of Mouse Lymphoid Cells Required for Interferon Production After Stimulation with Mitogens
Authors: Stobo Jack , Green Ira , Jackson Lula , Baron Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell population necessary for interferon production after mitogen stimulation was investigated in the mouse. Thymus cells and cortisone-resistant thymus cells failed to produce interferon after mitogen stimulation. When spleen cells, a mixture of B and T cells, were treated with anti-K chain serum and complement and then stimulated with PHA, no diminution of interferon production was observed. However, when spleen cells were treated with anti-ϑ antibody and complement and then stimulated with PHA, interferon production was markedly reduced. These studies suggest that peripheralized T cells are required for interferon production after mitogen stimulation.