bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the League of Nations Standard Requirements for Schick Toxin
Authors: Taylor E. M. , Moloney P. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1931 the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization of the League of Nations decided, on the basis of coöperative experiments carried out in various countries, to recommend for international use the following regulations for testing a toxin to be used for the Schick test: In choosing a diphtheria toxin for use in the Schick test, the combining power for antitoxin as well as the toxicity of the preparation should be taken into account.The Commission therefore recommends the acceptance of the following definitions of a diphtheria toxin suitable for use in the Schick test, and of the dose for making the test: The toxin shall be matured toxin.
The Antigenic Structure of Shigella Alkalescens (Andrewes) and the Demonstration of Antibodies in the Serum of Patients with Shigella Alkalescens Infections
Authors: Neter Erwin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic structure of Shigella alkalescens was studied, employing eight strains of different sources, and the following results were obtained: Shigella alkalescens, when injected into rabbits, may readily induce the formation of specific agglutinins.Any of the anti-Shigella alkalescens sera reacted with all eight strains of Shigella alkalescens.This agglutination of suspensions of Shigella alkalescens by means of these anti-sera was obtained after short incubation (15 minutes) at 55°C.Antisera for Shigella alkalescens may agglutinate some strains of Shigella paradysenteriae, Flexner indicating a common antigen in the two species. These anti-sera failed, however, to agglutinate Eberthella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Shiga or Shigella paradysenteriae, Duval-Sonne.Agglutinin absorptions showed that Shigella alkalescens contains an antigen apparently characteristic of this species and at least one more in common with Shigella paradysenteriae, Flexner.A bacteriophage for Shigella paradysenteriae, Flexner was ineffective toward six strains of Shigella alkalescens tested, but was effective toward seven out of eight strains of Shigella paradysenteriae, Flexner.Patients infected with Shigella alkalescens may develop specific agglutinins.
Photodynamic Action of Methylene Blue on Diphtheric Antitoxin
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization of diphtheric toxin by antitoxin is inhibited after the exposure of a mixture of antitoxin and methylene blue to light. Flocculation is also inhibited. In our experiments no attempt was made to demonstrate complete inactivation, but judging by the data this should not be difficult. Inactivation does not occur when the mixture of antitoxin and dye is kept in an evacuated vessel, nor when air is admitted and light excluded.
The Neutralization of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide by the Antibodies of Type-Specific Antisera
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The filtration of antipneumococcal sera through graded collodion-membranes is greatly facilitated by a considerable dilution of the serum. Dilution also increased the capacity of a given serum to neutralize the type-specific capsular polysaccharide. It is believed that these parallel phenomena are to be explained on the basis of dispersion of antibody-aggregates.
The Bactericidal Effect of Sulfanilamide upon Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Staphylococci
Authors: Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal effect of sulfanilamide upon nineteen strains of staphylococci was studied. Twelve strains belonged to the pathogenic group, and seven were considered nonpathogenic. Sulfanilamide in high concentrations had little or no bactericidal effect upon organisms suspended in peptone-broth and incubated at 37°C. When the mixtures of organisms and the drug were incubated at 40°C., the bactericidal effect was more pronounced. Sulfanilamide was bactericidal for all the strains, when the organisms were suspended in urine. The maximum effect took place at an incubation of 40°C., and was not dependent upon the initial pH of the urine. The presence of small quantities of added peptone in urine completely interfered with the bactericidal action of the drug. The significance of this action of peptone is discussed.
Serological Studies with Free-Living Protista
Authors: Tanzer Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A modified medium for the cultivation of bacteria-free ciliates and flagellates has been described. Immune sera against various species of Protista have been produced by injecting the living organisms into laboratory animals. These sera contain thermostable immobilizing antibodies. The cross-immobilization and the cross-absorptive technics have been applied to the flagellates. Colpidium campylum, Colpidium striatum, and Glaucoma pyriformis have again been shown to be very closely-related antigenically. Khawkinea halli and Khawkinea ocellata have been shown to be antigenically different. Serological tests have indicated that the Astasias, Euglenas, and Khawkineas are closely related. The taxonomic significance of these findings has been discussed.
Failure of the Human Convalescent Type-Specific Antipneumococcic Antibody to Fix Complement
Authors: Stats Daniel , Bullowa Jesse G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Repeated samples of blood-serum from 8 typed cases of sulfonamide-treated pneumococcic pneumonia in adults were studied for the presence of antibodies by precipitation, agglutination and complement fixation. Specific antibodies were demonstrated by agglutination and precipitation; antibodies could not be demonstrated by complement fixation. During the course of the complement-fixation reaction, three instances of complement fixation with homologous and heterologous SSS were found. Two of these are presented in detail. A comparison of antibodies that fix complement and those that do not fix complement is presented.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Landow Harold 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intravenous injection of 0.03 mg of rabbit antibody-nitrogen will passively sensitize a guinea pig so that fatal anaphylaxis will result on injection of 1 mg of antigen in the egg-albumin system or 0.1 mg of specific polysaccharide in the type 3 pneumococcus system. The anaphylactic response is dependent to a very great extent on the amount of antigen used. The best anaphylactic response occurs in the region of large antigen-excess. The isolated guinea-pig uterus has about the same range of sensitivity as the intact animal, though it need contain amounts of antibody of the order of only 0.01 μg for contraction to be produced. The relation of these findings to the in vitro methods of detecting antibody is discussed.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The comparative rates of dialysis of crystalline ovalbumin and of the allergenic protein-carbohydrate fraction, CS-1A, from cottonseed were determined. CS-1A was detectable, by gross anaphylaxis, in the dialysates from mixtures of ovalbumin and CS-1A, and from mixtures of ovalbumin and cottonseed extracts, or from a solution of CS-1A alone, 30 minutes after the beginning of dialysis. Ovalbumin could not be detected in dialysates from these mixtures or from a solution of ovalbumin alone until dialysis had proceeded for a week or more. CS-1A was, therefore, shown to contain a readily diffusible antigen.
The predominant antigen appearing in the dialysate from unfractionated aqueous extract of cottonseed is closely similar to or identical with the allergenic proteic fraction, CS-51R.
Influence of Environmental Temperature and Vitamin-Deficiency Upon Phagocytic Functions
Authors: Cottingham Esther , Mills C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Recent studies in this laboratory (1) have shown that tropical moist heat lowers resistance to infection in experimental animals, although this is not accompanied by any appreciably interference with normal antibody production. It seemed advisable, therefore, to investigate possible changes in the activity of the body's phagocytes at different levels of environmental temperature, to see whether a reduced phagocytic function might account for the findings. Since we had also found a marked heightening of thiamin- and choline-requirements in the heat (2, 3), there existed the possibility that vitamin-deficiency might be playing a part. Hence we decided to use only synthetic diets containing weighed amounts of crystalline vitamins, and to investigate the possible role of vitamin-deficiency and environmental temperature in otherwise normal phagocytic processes.
Most of the studies concerning the influence of vitamin-deficiency upon resistance to infection were made before the B complex had been separated into its component parts, so that the earlier interpretations of results were not clearcut.
Phagocytic Activity as Affected by Protein-Intake in Heat and Cold
Authors: Mills C. A. , Cottingham Esther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Increasing emphasis is now being placed on the rôle of body proteins in resistance to infection and on the maintenance of acquired immunity. Cannon's excellent discussion of the subject1 pictures the loss of protein-attached immune bodies as tissue reserves of protein are depleted from any cause (blood-loss, proteinstarvation, and the malnutrition accompanying vitamin-deficiency, debilitating disease or old age). No mention has been made, however, of the part reduced phagocytosis might play in such loss of resistance. Hence we decided to study this phase of the subject in conjunction with our work on vitamin-deficiency and differences in protein-requirement in heat and cold.
Using the phagocytic technic and basal diets described in the preceding paper, we have adjusted the protein- and sugar-content of the basal diet to give 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 percent protein and corresponding reductions in sugar. All vitamins were kept at optimal levels, with the needed increases in thiamin and choline in the hot room.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The proteic-polysaccharidic fraction KS-1A isolated from kapok seed by the same procedure as used to isolate CS-1A from cottonseed was shown to be a preformed, native protein.
Three antigens common to cottonseed and kapok seed have been demonstrated by the Schultz-Dale technic. Fraction KS-1A was shown to contain a small amount of antigen which reacted like and is probably identical with CS-51R from cottonseed. Serological tests indicated that KS-1A contained in the order of 0.05 to 0.1 per cent of protein immunologically similar to CS-51R. A second common antigen, distinguished from CS-51R or KS-1A, was shown to be present in the aqueous extracts of kapok seed and cottonseed. The third common antigen, distinguished from CS-51R and KS-1A and distinguished also from the second water-soluble common antigen, was present in saline extracts and was associated with the globulin-fraction of kapok seed and cottonseed.
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Coates W. A. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Almost 200 volunteer patients suffering from chronic relapsing vivax malaria were divided into three series. One group received routine therapy for relapses; a second group received injections of formalinized human red cell stromata containing Pl. vivax in varying degrees of concentration; a third group was injected with normal human red cell stromata. The relapse rates in the three groups were the same.
Differences in Toxicity of the S- and R-Variants of Shigella Dysenteriae
Authors: Tal Chloe 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The thermostable somatic substance of the sedimented R-variant of Shigella dysenteriae does not produce in rats a decrease in the level of the liver glycogen and of the adrenal ascorbic acid. Nor does it bring about decidual-placental hemorrhages in pregnant mice and adrenal hemorrhages in guinea pigs. It is also unable to act as a preparing factor for the Shwartzman phenomenon, and its lethal effect in mice follows injection of quantities which are about eight times more than those needed for the corresponding S-variant. On the other hand, it can cause hypothermia and leucopenia when administered in five- to tenfold the quantities compared with the corresponding S-variant.
Evaluation of the Agglutination of Erythrocytes Sensitized by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) As a Serologic Test in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Kilham Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutination of hen erythrocytes sensitized by the adsorption and elution of an Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), assayed as a serologic test in 32 patients with infectious mononucleosis, gave titers ranging from 1:160 to 1:40,960 in 27 and titers of 1:80 or below in 5. Among sera from 48 control patients, only 8 agglutinated the NDV-sensitized erythrocytes to titers of 1:160 or slightly higher. Of these 8, 4 had diseases which were never definitely diagnosed. In the others active liver disease was present, 2 having alcoholic cirrhosis and 2 infectious hepatitis.
The Electron Microscopy of Fowl Pox Virus Within the Chorioallantoic Membrane
Authors: Morgan Councilman , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electron micrographs have been made of sections through chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos infected with fowl pox. These show the vacuolation and granulation that are aspects of the degeneration of the proliferated epithelium. Clumps of virus particles are seen both at the surface and deep within this diseased epithelium.
Antiviral Properties of Ehrlichin, an Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces Lavendulae
Authors: Groupé Vincent , Frankel Jack W. , Lechevalier Mary P. , Waksman Selman A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A preparation endowed with specific antiviral properties was obtained from culture filtrates of a non-streptothricin-producing strain of Streptomyces lavendulae. This preparation, designated Ehrlichin, was found to be inhibitory to influenza A and influenza B viruses in vitro with activity in vivo limited to influenza B virus. Concentrates of Ehrlichin were heat stable, non-dialyzable and resistant to tryptic digestion. Ehrlichin was inactive against representative species of bacteria, fungi, Chlamydozoaceae, pox viruses and bacterial viruses. Concentrates of Ehrlichin were found to be more effective in suppressing the formation of viral hemagglutinin when inoculated after rather than before infection of eggs with influenza B virus and exerted a slight but detectable suppressive effect on the degree of pulmonary consolidation in mice.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies. XIII. The in Vivo Localization of Anti-Liver-Blood-Vessel Antibodies in the Rat
Authors: Pressman David , Sherman Beila , Korngold Leonhard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were prepared in rabbits by injecting rat liver blood vessels. The localization properties of the antibodies were investigated by following the in vivo disposition of radioactivity from the radioiodinated globulin fractions of the sera. Kidney-, liver-, and lung-localizing antibodies could be demonstrated in the serum.
When the radioiodinated antibodies which had localized in liver, kidney and lung were eluted at pH 11 and reinjected into recipient rats, the pattern of localization was determined by the organ from which the material was isolated. The localization favored the organ of initial fixation.
Radioiodinated normal serum proteins are likewise fractionated in vivo by the liver, kidney and lung when injected into rats. Here, the eluted radioactivity obtained from the liver, kidney and lung also returned preferentially to the organ of initial localization, but to a lower extent than shown by localizing antisera. This fractionation of normal serum proteins was attributed to the ability of the various organs to fix selectively different proteins.
Purification of antibodies in vitro was carried out by adsorbing radioiodinated anti-liver serum with liver blood vessel antigen and then eluting the adsorbed radioactivity at pH 11. These preparations showed increased localization in the liver and kidney while no increased localization was observed in the controls.
The Occurrence of Newcastle Disease Antihemagglutinin in Human Sera and Its Relationship to Mumps Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serological and epidemiological survey of poultry workers exposed to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) thru infections in their chickens failed to reveal evidence that this agent had been responsible for human illness in this group. An inhibitor of hemagglutination by NDV was found in sera from such exposed individuals and just as frequently in sera from individuals not similarly exposed. The occurrence of this inhibitor was found to be closely related to the occurrence of mumps antibodies. Cross absorption studies of such sera with NDV and mumps virus suggested that the NDV inhibitor represented an immunological overlap to infection by mumps virus. Similar interrelationships were not demonstrable in such sera by cross absorption experiments with influenza virus, nor in absorption experiments with specific antisera to NDV or mumps virus. NDV may share antigenic components similar to or identical with antigenic components present in other infectious agents.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of his work upon the diagnosis and specific treatment of the allergies (hay fever, asthma, the urticarias), Robert A. Cooke (1, 2) has employed for both the diagnostic and therapeutic injections, fluid extracts of the various materials containing the exciting agents of these conditions. These extracts were originally made with physiological salt solution to which was added the usual percentage of carbolic acid. The preparations were standardized according to their nitrogen content. Cooke and also Cooke and Vander Veer, and Vander Veer, have reported their successes in the use of these extracts as diagnostic and therapeutic preparations At the time when these investigators became associated with the writer in the organization that has been established in the New York Hospital for the diagnosis and treatment of the allergies, some of the extracts that had been in use were subject to certain disadvantages.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum disease differs from other forms of human hypersensitiveness in the almost constant characteristic of the incubation period and in its high percentage incidence. Dermatitis venenata differs from the other forms of human hypersensitiveness in which the skin is affected in the constant and characteristic nature of the lesion. Statistical study and some experiments reveal the following differences in the age incidence of the “natural” allergies, serum disease and dermatitis venenata: The age incidence of the “natural” allergies increases rapidly in the early age periods but probably does not greatly exceed 10 per cent in any period. The age incidence of dermatitis venenata increases greatly from childhood to adult life and reaches a high percentage (probably about 90 per cent). The age incidence of serum disease seems not to change during life.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymph node cells obtained from donor rabbits not injected with homologous antigen were incubated in vitro with rabbit serum in which Shigella paradysenteriae had been incubated. The cells were washed and then injected into X-irradiated recipient rabbits. On the fourth day, and occasionally on the third day, after transfer, agglutinins to dysentery bacilli appeared in the sera of the recipients. This did not occur when the lymph node cells were heated prior to being transferred. Agglutinins also appeared when untreated lymph node cells and treated serum were injected into the recipients separately.
Within this system the following observations were made: The treated serum was an effective source of antigen in the range of undiluted to 100-fold dilution.The effect described occurred within the range of 14 million to 225 million lymph node cells, with a general correlation between the numbers of cells transferred and the mean agglutinin titer found subsequently.Incubation of cells and treated serum for 30 minutes at 37°C was found to be optimal. Agglutinins did not appear in the sera of recipients when cells and treated serum had been incubated at icebath temperature for 10 minutes, and appeared in low titer after 30 minutes' incubation in an icebath.Agglutinins appeared after the transfer of cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes which had been incubated with treated serum, but not after the transfer of cells of the thymus.
Agglutinins to dysentery bacilli appeared in the sera of non-irradiated recipients after the transfer of untreated lymph node cells incubated in vitro with treated serum. Occasionally agglutinins also appeared following the transfer of heated cells to such recipients, always in lower titer. It was found that there were no differences in titer when the lymph node cells were heated either prior to or after incubation with the treated serum.
Growth of Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus in Murine Nervous Tissue Tumors
Authors: Pearson Harold E. , Lagerborg Dorothy L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Theiler's GDVII strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus can be propagated in certain murine nervous tissue tumors but not in others. Tumor tissue grown in mice, embryonated eggs or tissue cultures varied considerably in its capacity to support growth of virus.
There was no correlation between the capacity of brain tissue of a given strain of mice and the capacity of tumor tissue from the same strain to support virus proliferation.
Kinetic Studies of Complement Fixation
Authors: Hill Betsy M. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data obtained from kinetic studies of C′ fixation with a polysaccharide immune system are presented to show that the C′-fixing potency of an immune serum may be related to the aggregating properties of the antibody. The evidence at hand points to the fact that antibody which flocculates readily with homologous antigen not only fixes C′ efficiently but is more readily subject to a steric hindrance effect in the fixation of C′ by preformed aggregates. In addition, experiments are described which indicate that the variations in the specific C′-fixing potency observed in different sera may also exist among different portions of the antibody in a single immune serum.
Inhibition of the Local Shwartzman Reaction by Dicumarol
Authors: Spanoudis S. , Eichbaum F. , Rosenfeld G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dicumarol was given to rabbits in amounts sufficient to lower the prothrombin time level below 1%; this treatment inhibits the local Shwartzman reaction.
Temporary thrombocytopenia occurs in Dicumarol-inhibited Shwartzman-negative rabbits, in Shwartzman-positive animals, and also after a single intravenous injection of Serratia marcescens toxin, without previous dermal preparation (sensitization). There was no direct relation between the fall of platelets in the peripheral blood and the appearance or nonappearance of a positive Shwartzman reaction.