bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Intra-Vitreal Diclofenac in Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Massana Syed Hassan , Sadiq Irfan , Sadiq Usman , Zahra Nida , Zafar Sarah 
Published: February 2023

Objectives: To see the effects of Intra-Vitreal Diclofenac injection (IVD) in refractory Diabetic Macular Edema (DME).
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Retina Clinic, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Sep 2019 to Feb 2020.
Methodology: Patients included in the study having Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME) with Central Macular Thickness (CMT) of more than 300 microns not responding to three consecutive Intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab (IVB).Intravitreal Diclofenac injection (500μg/0.1 ml) was given by the same retina fellow with the same protocol across all patients.Each patient was evaluated based on Central Macular Thickness (CMT) before intravitreal Diclofenac injection and on followup visits one week and one month after injection.
Results: A total of 30 patients (30 eyes) were included in the study. Out of these, 11 were females, and 19 were males. The mean age of the patients was 57.87±4.424 years. Mean Central Macular Thickness (CMT) before injection was 439.67±110.45µm, after one week 398.47±110.55µm and 384.87±119.11µm after one month of intra-vitreal Diclofenac injection. Pre and post-injection central macular thickness (µm), which was clinically significant (p-value <0.001).
Conclusion: Intravitreal Diclofenac injection (IVD) is effective in diabetic macular oedema, not responding to intravitreal antiVEGF (IVB) injections.
Role of Hydroxyurea in Patients of Beta Thalassemia Majo
Authors: Fatima Benish , Zaidi Syed Taqi Hasan , Saba Ameena , Samina Mubushra , Nadeem Muhammad Tariq , Shujaat Wasif 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To study the role of Hydroxyurea in patients suffering from β-thalassemia major.
Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital, Malir Cantt, Karachi Pakistan, from Nov 2019 to Oct 2020.
Methodology: Data from 73 beta-thalassemia major patients was collected using a structured questionnaire containing inquiries about basic socio-demographic details, disease history, laboratory reports and particulars of former treatment regimens. Hydroxyurea was administered, and its effects were noted among the subjects regarding the frequency of transfusion, haemoglobin levels and severity of clinical symptoms.
Results: The mean age of study subjects was 9.15±3.99 years, and most study subjects (56.14%) were boys. The preintervention (before administration of Hydroxyurea) levels of Hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and serum ferritin levels were unremarkable when compared to postintervention levels. However, a significant difference was observed in HbF levels. In addition, an encouraging decrease was reported in the self-rated severity (using VAS) of symptoms such as fatigue (p<0.05), weakness (p>0.05), and shortness of breath (p>0.05). In addition, the transfusion interval was significantly reduced (p<0.05).
Conclusion: After carefully considering the results, it can be concluded that Hydroxyurea plays a positive role and brings about significant improvement among patients suffering from β-thalassemia major.
Keywords: Fetal hemoglobin, Genetic disease, Hydroxyurea, Thalassemia major.
Frequency of Depression in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sana Muhammad Ahsan , Kashif Nouman , Azam Khalid 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of depression and associated risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Apr 2020.
Methodology: One hundred and two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting OPD were enrolled in the study.Depression was assessed using the Urdu version of Beck’s Depression Inventory. In addition, smoking status, history of hypertension, duration of diabetes, drug history and HbA1c levels were recorded.
Results: Of 102 participants 57(55.9%) were males and 45(44.1%) were females. 43(42.2%) showed depression, 28(27.5%) had mild depression, 11(10.8%) had moderate depression and 4(3.9%) had severe depression. 87(85.3%) had poor glycemic control.There was a significant relationship between the duration of diabetes mellitus and depression (r=0.238 p=0.016). The risk of depression was more in patients with hypertension (OR: 2.206, CI: 0.981–4.947, p=0.054), smokers (OR: 2.191, CI: 0.796 – 6.031,p=0.124) and patients on insulin therapy (OR: 1.891, CI: 0.769 – 4.647, p=0.162).
Conclusion: A significant number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have depression. Concomitant hypertension,smoking and insulin therapy are additional risk factors.
Assessment of Different Orthodontic Treatment Need Indices
Authors: Hameed Muzna , Jan Abdullah , Khurram Khadija , Afgan Numia , Alamzeb Haseeb , Tariq Anum 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the orthodontic treatment need indices in the adolescents.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics Department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2019 to Feb 2020.
Methodology: A total of 144 subjects were selected. The orthodontic treatment need was determined using the Index of Orthodontics Treatment Needs (IOTN) and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Dental casts were made for each subject and rated against DAI. Measurements against all ten components of DAI were undertaken based on the patient's occlusal morphology.Intraoral photographs and casts were used to determine the aesthetic and dental health components of IOTN.
Results: According to Index of Orthodontics Treatment Needs- Aesthetic Component, high severity and orthodontic treatment need were observed 18(12.5%). Index of Orthodontics Treatment Needs-Dental Health Component showed a high severity and treatment need 55(38.1%), while DAI revealed a high severity and treatment need 106(73.61%) subjects. Kappa analysis exhibited no significant association between IOTN-DHC Index and AC Index (κ=0.089, p=0.158) and only a slight agreement between IOTN-DHC and DAI (κ=0.18, p=0.005).
Conclusion: While using DAI and IOTN, the perception of orthodontic treatment needs is assessed differently. Indices exhibited low agreement for high treatment need cases and high agreement for low treatment need cases.
Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19 Patients after Vaccination
Authors: Niaz Asif , Younas Muhammad Tahir , Nayyar Shaista , Yousaf Sabeeha , Rizwan Zainab , Arshad Ainan 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To examine the clinical severity and magnitude of COVID-19 patients after the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Feb to Jun 2021.
Methodology: The individuals who had two doses of the vaccine (dead inactivated- Vero Cell) and got COVID-19 at least two weeks after vaccination were included in the study. These patients were divided into Mild, Moderate and Severe categories based on their symptoms and Investigations.
Results: Out of 5000 individuals vaccinated, 225(4.5%) got infected with COVID-19 later. Among these 225, 172(76.4%) had mild symptoms and recovered, with only 1(0.4%) death was reported.
Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination does not infer 100% immunity, but if someone gets infected with COVID after vaccination,there are remarkable chances of recovery.
Distribution of Diseases on F-18 FDG PET/CT at Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging, Rawalpindi
Authors: Jamal Ali , Slehria Atiq ur Rehman , Bilal Rizwan , Baig Ahmad Zafar , Shafique Mobeen , Haleem Aliya 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the spectrum of diseases on F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging at the Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging, Rawalpindi.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of the Study: PET/CT and Cyclotron Department, Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging,Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2019 to Mar 2021.
Methodology: The patients were scanned for staging, restaging, interim/response assessment and relapse/recurrence purposes. In addition, the frequency of various cancers and types of scans were determined. Scanning has been performe using GE Health care MiDR PET-CT Scanner.
Results: A total of 1573 patients were included in the study. Male patients were 927(58.93%), and female patients were 646(41.06%). The most common diseases encountered were lymphoma 623(39.6%), breast cancer 193(12.2%), lung cancer 12(7.6%), colorectal cancer 88(5.5%) and unknown primary 84(5.3%). Amongst lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was the most common 276(44.3%), followed by Hodgkin’s lymphoma 267(42.8%).
Conclusion: F-18 FDG PET/CT hybrid imaging is an important modality and can significantly alter patient management plans. Lymphomas were the most common disease in our spectrum, followed by cancers of the breast, lungs, colon-rectum and unknown primary cases, which can be managed well by PET/CT’s routine utilization.
Outcomes of Vaginoplasty Using Pudendal Thigh Flap in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Shabbir Farwa , Rashid Mamoon , Khan Muhammad Ibrahim , Rashid Haroon ur , Malik Sakina , Goher Maimoona 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes following vaginoplasty by pudendal thigh flap.
Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of the Study: Plastic surgery Department, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Jan 2010 to Dec 2021.
Methodology: Vaginal reconstruction was done using bilateral pudendal thigh flap in 20 patients with vaginal defects during eleven years, 2010-2021.
Results: All patients were adults with an age range from 18 to 41 years. Five were married, and 15 were unmarried patients at the time of surgery. Out of the 20 patients, 10(50%) were diagnosed with Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome, 9(45%) with isolated vaginal atresia and 1(5%) with s/p resection angiosarcoma. The mean vaginal length was 9.0±0.46cm, one year post-operatively. Two patients (10%) developed necrosis of the distal part of the unilateral flap followed by infection, which was managed conservatively, and the other was managed with the McIndoe technique. One patient developed a cutaneous fistula which was excised. All flaps survived completely in the rest of the 19(95%) patients.
Conclusion: Vaginoplasty using pudendal thigh flap was a safe and reliable method for vaginal reconstruction and showed adequate functional and aesthetic results.
Frequency of Dry Eye Diseases among Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan
Authors: Fatima Samar , Abbas Hussnain , Baloch Khalid , Rauf Abdul , Perveen Shagufta , Hussain Irshad 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To assess the frequency of dry eye among children during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2021.
Methodology: Children aged 7-15 years reporting to the PNS Hafeez Hospital, OPD were included in the study. A proforma was used to record the demographics and screen time of the children. In addition, an ophthalmic examination was conducted to assess the dry eye status of the children using the Schirmer-II test.
Results: Seventy-three children participated in the study. Their mean age was 11.08±2.42 years. There were 40(54.8%) boys and 33 (45.2%) girls. These children had a mean daily screen time of 7.23±2.77hours. Children with dry eye had a greater amount of screen time (8.75±2.11hours) as compared to those with normal tear function (6.05±2.66 hours; p<0.001). In addition,the screen time of children with dry eyes was significantly greater than those with normal tear functions (p=0.001).
Conclusion: Children with dry eyes were reported to have more screen time and more online classes than their counterparts with normal tear functions. Authorities should consider resuming face-to-face sessions for all school children.
Significance of C-Reactive Protein in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Over Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Anum Shahzadi , Khan Javed Ahmad , Siddiqi Fuad Ahmad , Asmat Faryal 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To assess the use of C-reactive protein in patients with STEMI and NSTEMI to differentiate between the type of myocardial infarction at our hospital.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi and Armed Force Institute of Cardiology & National Institute of Heart Disease, from Mar 2020 to Feb 2022.
Methodology: Patients diagnosed with MI by a consultant cardiologist were included in the study. They underwent all baseline investigations, including C reactive protein, at the time of presentation to a cardiac emergency. The treating consultant diagnosed MI (ST elevation or non-ST elevation) based on electrocardiogram findings. Values of C reactive protein and other socio-demographic variables were compared in both groups (patients with and without ST elevation MI).
Results: A total of 3500 patients with myocardial infarction were included in the final analysis. 2219(63.4%) had NSTEMI,while 1281(36.6%) had STEMI. Statistical analysis showed that C-reactive protein levels were not statistically different in both groups (p-value-0.375), but gender and Creatinine kinase myocardial bound levels were different in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (p-value<0.001).
Conclusion: Raised levels of C reactive protein were not statistically significantly different in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients. CKMB may give a better clue for differentiation between these two types of myocardial infarctions.Keywords: Creactive protein, Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Identifying Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy in the Local Population
Authors: Tariq Erum , Waheed Palvasha , Rashid Amir , Majeed Asifa 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To identify the risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pak Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH), Rawalpindi and Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology (AFIO), Rawalpindi Pakistan,from Jun 2021 to May 2022.
Methodology: A total of one hundred and fifty participants aged 25-70 years were included in the study. All participants were divided into three equal groups. Group-I was of age and gender-matched healthy individuals (n=50), Group-II was of people with diabetes without retinopathy (n=50), and Group-III was of diabetic patients having retinopathy (n=50). All the data of the participants were recorded on an especially designed proforma, and 5ml of venous blood was also drawn from the subjects to measure serum lipid levels.
Results: Male gender was more common with 33(66%), 30(60%) and 33(66%) in Group-I, Group-II, and Group-III respectively.Most of the retinopathy cases had sedentary lifestyle 33(66%), poor dietary habits 34(68%), cardiovascular disease 38(76%),diabetic foot ulcers 44(88%) and increased levels of TAGS (p-value 0.001). Nephropathy and smoking showed no significant link with dr.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that a sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, cardiovascular disease, diabetic foot and increased TAGS may be risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy. These findings can help in the early identification and better prognosis of the disease in high-risk individuals.
Pengaruh Strategi Pembelajaran Induktif Berbasis Masalah terhadap Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa pada Mata Kuliah Penilaian Pembelajaran Biologi Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi STKIP-PI Makassar
Authors: Munandar Haris , Syarif St Humaerah 
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh strategi pembelajaran induktif berbasis masalah terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar mahasiswa. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah adalah mahasiswa program studi pendidikan biologi yang sedang menempuh mata kuliah penilaian hasil belajar biologi pada semester genap (VI) tahun akademik 2016/2017. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik random kelas (Class Random Sampling). Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah pretest-postest control group design. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pemberian angket untuk motivasi belajar dan pretest-postest untuk hasil belajar kognitif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai rata-rata hasil belajar kelas eksperimen 79,27 dan kelas kontrol 73,03 dengan standar deviasi berturut-turut adalah 7,46 dan 9,95. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menggunakan Independent Samples T-test melalui program SPSS for Windows 20, diperoleh nilai signifikan 0.033. Nilai signifikan 0.000 < α= 0,05 maka H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi pembelajaran induktif berbasis masalah berpengaruh positif terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar mahasiswa mata kuliah penilaian pembelajaran biologi Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi STKIP-PI Makassar.Kata kunci: Strategi pembelajaran induktif berbasis masalah, motivasi, hasil belajar
Perbandingan Hasil Belajar Biologi antara Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournament dan Tipe Group Investigation Pada Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Nasional Makassar
Authors: Indah Sari Nur 
Published: February 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan antara hasil belajar Biologi menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif Tipe TGT dan dan model pembelajaran kooperatif Tipe GI pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Nasiponal Makassar. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimen dengan desain nonequivalent kelompok control. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Nasional-Makassar, dengan sampel yaitu siswa kelas VIII A dan kelas VIII B SMP Nasional-Makassar. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis inferensial. Hasil uji t menunjukan bahwa; nilai thitung = 2,163> nilai Ttabel = 2,000 dari derajat kebebasan dengan kesalahan 5% .Dengan demikian dapat masudkan bahwaada perbedaan yang signifikan hasil belajar Biologi melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipeTeams Games Tournament dan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Group Investigation pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Nasional Makassar. Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tornament(TGT),Kooperatif Tipe Group Investigation (GI), Hasil Belajar.
Penggunaan Media Powerpoint dan Animasi terhadap Hasil Belajar Biologi Siswa Kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 1 Makassar
Authors: Bahar Irnayanti , , Syamsiah , Bahri Arsad 
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu (quasy experimental) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan media power point dan animasi terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa Kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 1 Makassar. Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah ada pengaruh penggunaan media power point terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa. Sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa SMA Negeri 1 Makassar kelas XI IPA2sebagai kelas eksperimen dengan jumlah siswa 32 orang dan kelas XI IPA3 sebagai kelas kontrol dengan jumlah siswa 32 orang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 5 kali pertemuan. Pengukuran hasil belajar dilakukan dengan memberikan tes hasil belajar dalam bentuk pilihan ganda. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi hasil belajar, melalui tes tertulis yang meliputi Pretes (tes hasil belajar kognitif awal siswa) dan postest (tes hasil belajar kognitif akhir siswa) Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara statistik deskriptif dengan menggunakan pedoman pengkategorian hasil belajar menurut Arikunto dan uji hipotesis secara inferensial dengan menggunakan analisis kovariansi (Anakova) dengan taraf signifikan 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media pembelajaran diperoleh nilai p lebih kecil dari alpha 0,05 (p < 0,05) dengan sig. 0,010. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa.
Analisis Bakteri Pengakumulasi Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) di Tanah Pembuangan Limbah Industri Non-Pangan
Authors: , Jamilah , , Amri 
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis bakteri dan konsentrasi logam berat timbal (Pb) yang terkandung pada tanah di pembuangan limbah industri non pangan di Kabupaten Gowa. Pendekatan penelitian berupa deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Populasi penelitian adalah semua tanah dari hasil pembuangan limbah industri non pangan di Kabupaten Gowa sedangkan sampel adalah tanah hasil pembuangan limbah industri non pangan pabrik beton PT. Cipta Beton Sinar Perkasa. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah pengambilan sampel dan pengujian di laboratorium. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan secara deskriptif dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik. Berdasarkan hasil dan temuan penelitian didapatkan bakteri yang terkandung pada tanah di pembuangan limbah industri non pangan adalah Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus badius, Alcaligenes faecalis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus dan Bacillus alcalophilus. Adanya bakteri yang ditemukan pada tanah di pembuangan limbah industri non pangan di Kabupaten Gowa masih memiliki potensi untuk memperbaiki kandungan tanah atau mengurangi tingkat pencemaran yang terjadi pada tanah. Konsentrasi Pb yang terkandung pada tanah di pembuangan limbah industri non pangan di Kabupaten Gowa berturut turut dari sampel 1 sampai ke 4 adalah 5.1934 mg/Kg, 3.9779 mg/Kg, 5.0829 mg/Kg, dan 5.9669 mg/Kg. Dapat dikatakan bahwa semakin dekat dengan sumber buangan, ditemukan lebih dari satu jenis bakteri yang dapat hidup dan berpotensi untuk mengakumulasi kandungan logam berat pada tanah.Kata kunci: Bakteri dan Logam timbal (Pb)
Karakterisasi Bakteri Flokulasi Pembentuk Bioflok pada Tambak Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Di Kabupaten Pangkep
Authors: , Maghfira 
Published: February 2023

Teknologi bioflok adalah teknologi yang mengintensifkan mikroba terhadap limbah untuk memudahkan mencapai panen yang tinggi dengan sedikit ganti air serta penghematan pakan. Prinsip kerja bioflok yaitu limbah nitrogen yang berpotensial racun diubah menjadi protein mikroba, yang kemudian bisa dimanfaatkan oleh ikan dengan demikian ikan dapat memanfaatkan protein ganda dari protein pakan dan protein mikroba. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian survey, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui Karakterisasi Bakteri Flokulasi Pembentuk Bioflok Pada Tambak Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Di Kabupaten Pangkep. Bakteri yang telah diisolasi diuji flokulasi, untuk melihat aktifitas flokulasinya. Setelah itu dilakukan lagi uji biokimia untuk identifikasi bakteri yang didasarkan pada sifat-sifat biokimianya.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh tiga Genus Bakteri yaitu Enterococcus, Alcaligenes dan Vagococcus yang memiliki aktivitas flokulasi yang tinggi. Aktifitas flokulasi ketiga genus bakteri antara 75,40% hingga 93,72%.