bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformalizing International Organizations Law: The Risk Appetite of Anne-Marie Leroy
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Taking on this Symposium’s invitation to rethink international organizations law by focusing on scholars and practitioners outside the mainstream, this article explores and evaluates the legacy of Anne-Marie Leroy, the World Bank General Counsel from 2009 to 2016. In her attempt to trade the formal, rigid language of law for the deformalized routine of risk management – described as a ‘paradigm shift’ from ‘rules to principles’ – Leroy could be portrayed as an antipode to those who developed or nurtured the discipline of international organizations law. Yet it is precisely by focusing on figures working outside (and against) the diagrams of the discipline that we can gain a critical perspective on the evolving life of law in international institutions. The article specifically focuses on how Leroy’s paradigm shift sought to bypass, manage, and overcome problems of operational expansion and institutional accountability to the outside world – perhaps the two frontiers where the conceptual normative confidence of mainstream, functionalist approaches most manifestly hit their limits. In both domains, the article shows, the principled (occasionally prohibitive) posture of liberal legalism instilled by some of Leroy’s predecessors had to be traded for an attitude of ‘agility’ and enhanced ‘risk appetite’. This article traces these changes in the professional sensibility and material practice of international law(yering) and critically evaluates the ‘new normative architecture’ of ‘risk’ that underpins it. It is by dwelling in this disjunction between familiar doctrinal dilemmas and mundane material practices of lawyering – a space teeming with unexpected rules and routines – that a critical reinvigoration, reorientation, and re-theorization of international organizations law can emerge.
Minorities moving out from minority-rich neighbourhoods: does school ethnic context matter in inter-generational residential desegregation?
Authors: Kalm Kadi , Leonard Knapp David , Kährik Anneli , Leetmaa Kadri , Tammaru Tiit 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composition of childhood residential neighbourhoods, schools, and residential neighbourhoods later in life in producing and reproducing segregation. We apply a longitudinal research design on linked individual-level data from Estonia. Estonia is an interesting case because of the Soviet era population distribution policies and its ubiquitous state-funded educational system where minority parents can choose in which school—Russian-language or Estonian-language—their children study. We find that minority parents mostly opt for minority-dense schools and, if they do so, their children who grew up in minority-dense neighbourhoods also end up living in minority-dense neighbourhoods as adults. An inter-generational vicious circle of segregation forms. However, minority children who live in minority-dense neighbourhoods but study in majority-dense schools are more likely to end up living in majority-dense neighbourhoods later in life. Hence, intervening in school choice has the potential to contribute to inter-generational residential desegregation.
Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination and intention to get vaccinated in Western Balkans: cross-sectional survey
Authors: Jeremic Stojkovic Vida , Cvjetkovic Smiljana , Jankovic Janko , Mandic-Rajcevic Stefan , Matovic Miljanovic Sanja , Stevanovic Aleksandar , Jovic Vranes Aleksandra , Stamenkovic Zeljka 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Introduction of vaccines against COVID-19 has not encountered expected acceptance. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Western Balkans countries is lagging behind the European Union average. The aim of our study was to assess the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in the population of unvaccinated adult citizens of five Western Balkans countries, and to explore factors that influence the vaccination intention.

Methods
Cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from July to October 2021. The questionnaire was shared through online social media. Intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 was measured by a single item assessing the likelihood of getting vaccinated on a 5-points Likert scale. Linear regressions were conducted with socio-demographic characteristics, presence of chronic diseases and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination as independent factors.

Results
The largest proportion of unvaccinated respondents willing to get vaccinated in the future was observed in Montenegro and Albania (40.4% in each country), while in the Serbian sample, the willingness to get vaccinated was the lowest (22.6%). Socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in most of the countries. In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Serbia the strongest determinant of COVID-19 vaccination intention was the higher sense of social responsibility.

Conclusions
Vaccination interventions and campaigns aiming to improve the COVID-19 vaccine uptake should be focussed on specific set of factors in each country, appealing to social responsibility as most prevalent determinant of vaccination intention in Western Balkans.
Evolution of a new form of haploid-specific gene regulation appearing in a limited clade of ascomycete yeast species
Authors: Del Frate Francesca , Garber Megan E , Johnson Alexander D 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Over evolutionary timescales, the logic and pattern of cell-type specific gene expression can remain constant, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying such regulation can drift between alternative forms. Here, we document a new example of this principle in the regulation of the haploid-specific genes in a small clade of fungal species. For most ascomycete fungal species, transcription of these genes is repressed in the a/α cell type by a heterodimer of two homeodomain proteins, Mata1 and Matα2. We show that in the species Lachancea kluyveri, most of the haploid-specific genes are regulated in this way, but repression of one haploid-specific gene (GPA1) requires, in addition to Mata1 and Matα2, a third regulatory protein, Mcm1. Model building, based on x-ray crystal structures of the three proteins, rationalizes the requirement for all three proteins: no single pair of the proteins is optimally arranged, and we show that no single pair can bring about repression. This case study exemplifies the idea that the energy of DNA binding can be “shared out” in different ways and can result in different DNA-binding solutions across different genes—while maintaining the same overall pattern of gene expression.
Rare disease research resources at the Rat Genome Database
Authors: Kaldunski Mary L , Smith Jennifer R , Brodie Kent C , De Pons Jeffrey L , Demos Wendy M , Gibson Adam C , Hayman G Thomas , Lamers Logan , Laulederkind Stanley J F , Thorat Ketaki , Thota Jyothi , Tutaj Marek A , Tutaj Monika , Vedi Mahima , Wang Shur-Jen , Zacher Stacy , Dwinell Melinda R , Kwitek Anne E 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Rare diseases individually affect relatively few people, but as a group they impact considerable numbers of people. The Rat Genome Database (https://rgd.mcw.edu) is a knowledgebase that offers resources for rare disease research. This includes disease definitions, genes, quantitative trail loci (QTLs), genetic variants, annotations to published literature, links to external resources, and more. One important resource is identifying relevant cell lines and rat strains that serve as models for disease research. Diseases, genes, and strains have report pages with consolidated data, and links to analysis tools. Utilizing these globally accessible resources for rare disease research, potentiating discovery of mechanisms and new treatments, can point researchers toward solutions to alleviate the suffering of those afflicted with these diseases.
Predicting Endoscopic Improvement in Ulcerative Colitis Using the Ulcerative Colitis Severity Index
Authors: Wong Emily C L , Dulai Parambir S , Marshall John K , Jairath Vipul , Reinisch Walter , Narula Neeraj 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Introduction
We developed and internally validated a prognostic scoring index for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients that includes baseline patient-reported outcomes (PROs), biomarkers, endoscopy, and histology for achieving 1-year endoscopic improvement (EI).

Methods
This post hoc analysis included 644 patients treated with ustekinumab induction therapy. Data were randomly split to obtain a 70% training and 30% testing cohort. Multivariate analyses assessed baseline variables and those with P &lt; .05 were assigned weights based on their relative prognostic value from logistic regression modeling for predicting 1-year EI (Mayo endoscopic score ≤1). A cutoff was obtained by calculating the maximum Youden index and validated in the testing cohort.

Results
Prior biologic failure, albumin &lt;40 g/L, C-reactive protein &gt;5 mg/L, Mayo stool frequency subscore, endoscopic erosions/ulcerations, and chronic histologic structural/architectural changes demonstrated significant associations with 1-year EI and were included in the final model. The Ulcerative Colitis Severity Index (UCSI) had acceptable discriminative ability for 1-year EI in the training (area under the curve [AUC], 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.86) and testing cohort (AUC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.85). Compared with the UCSI, the Mayo Clinic score demonstrated poor accuracy (AUC, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.40-0.58) for predicting 1-year EI (P = .0006). The UCSI predicted 1-year endoscopic healing (Mayo endoscopic score = 0), clinical remission (total Mayo Clinic score ≤2 and no subscore &gt;1), partial Mayo score remission &lt;2, and 2-item Patient-Reported Outcome score (Mayo stool frequency and rectal bleeding subscore = 0) with significantly greater accuracy compared with the Mayo Clinic score.

Discussion
The UCSI is an internally validated prognostic scoring tool that accurately predicts 1-year EI at baseline among moderate-to-severe UC patients initiating therapy. Further validation with additional datasets is needed.
Feed Thy Neighbour: How Social Ties Shape Spillover Effects of Cash Transfers on Food Security and Nutrition
Authors: Carraro Alessandro , Ferrone Lucia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Economic development in Sub Saharan African countries is strongly tied to households' ability to cope with exogenous events affecting their well-being. Using data from the Lesotho Child Grant Program (CGP) we provide evidence on the presence of any spillover effect of the program on non-eligible households living in treated villages and whether households' food security and nutrition are influenced by the presence of a particular network structure. We take advantage of information on each household's received and disbursed monetary transfers to build a set of indicators representing quantitatively and qualitatively the network architecture of each household. We find relevant spillover effects of the CGP on the food security and nutrition of non-eligible households living in treated villages and embedded in a social network. Geographical proximity seems to be strongly tied to positive spillover effects for food security and access to food.
Glucose metabolic reprogramming and modulation in glycerol biosynthesis regulates drug resistance in clinical isolates ofCandida
Authors: Padder Sajad Ahmad , Padder Rayees Ahmad , Ramzan Asiya , Bashir Gulnaz , Tahir Inayatullah , Rehman Reiaz Ul , Shah Abdul Haseeb 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimsThe study is aimed at understanding the novel molecular mechanisms governing drug resistance in the opportunistic fungi belonging to the genus Candida.Methods and resultsThis is a multipronged study wherein different assays like drug susceptibility and whole cell proteome analysis, stress tolerance assay, measurement of total internal glycerol content, western blot analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP generation, and NADPH measurements were made.The study reveals an incidence of different species of Candida in the northern most part of India (Kashmir valley). Resistant isolates, mostly resistant to azoles were reported across all the species. The study revealed a difference in resistance mechanisms between Candida albicans and C. glabrata clinical isolates. Further, such resistance mechanism (in the case of C. albicans) was mostly mediated by Hexokinase 2 (Hxk2) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd). Increased expression of Hxk2 was associated with increased glucose uptake, more lactate production, and more ATP generation in drug-resistant C. albicans. At the same time, increased G6pd expression was responsible for the increased production of NADPH, which imparts a better ROS scavenging potential. While in C. glabrata the resistance was linked with glycerol metabolism, where the drug-resistant isolate tends to accumulate more glycerol as an osmolyte in response to external stresses. This glycerol accumulation was found to be triggered by the HOG1-MAPK pathway.ConclusionThe study concludes that, like various human malignant tumors, there is a strong correlation between drug resistance and aberrant cellular metabolism in the opportunistic fungi belonging to the genus Candida.
Reference genome of the black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis
Authors: Hall Laurie A , Wang Ian J , Escalona Merly , Beraut Eric , Sacco Samuel , Sahasrabudhe Ruta , Nguyen Oanh , Toffelmier Erin , Shaffer H Bradley , Beissinger Steven R 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis, is one of the most secretive and poorly understood birds in the Americas. Two of its five subspecies breed in North America: the Eastern black rail (L. j. jamaicensis), found primarily in the southern and mid-Atlantic states, and the California black rail (L. j. coturniculus), inhabiting California and Arizona, are recognized across the highly disjunct distribution. Population declines, due primarily to wetland loss and degradation, have resulted in conservation status listings for both subspecies. To help advance understanding of the phylogeography, biology, and ecology of this elusive species, we report the first reference genome assembly for the black rail, produced as part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP). We produced a de novo genome assembly using Pacific Biosciences HiFi long reads and Hi-C chromatin-proximity sequencing technology with an estimated sequencing error rate of 0.182%. The assembly consists of 964 scaffolds spanning 1.39 Gb, with a contig N50 of 7.4 Mb, scaffold N50 of 21.4 Mb, largest contig of 44.8 Mb, and largest scaffold of 101.2 Mb. The assembly has a high BUSCO completeness score of 96.8% and represents the first genome assembly available for the genus Laterallus. This genome assembly can help resolve questions about the complex evolutionary history of rails, assess black rail vagility and population connectivity, estimate effective population sizes, and evaluate the potential of rails for adaptive evolution in the face of growing threats from climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, and disease.
Management of diversity and inbreeding when importing new stock into an inbred population
Authors: Kinghorn Brian , Kinghorn Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This article relates to breeding programs that seek to manage genetic diversity. The method maximizes a multicomponent objective function, applicable across breeding scenarios. However, this paper focuses on breeding decisions following immigration of 10 unrelated individuals into a highly inbred simulated population (F ≈ 0.34). We use Optimal Contribution Selection to maximize retention of genetic diversity. However, some treatments add Coancestry Assortative Mating (CAM). This helps to avoid early dilution of immigrant genetic material, maximizing its ability to contribute to genetic diversity in the longer term. After 20 generations, this resulted in considerably increased genetic diversity, with mean coancestries 59% of what random pairing gave. To manage progeny inbreeding, common practice is to reject matings above an upper limit. As a suboptimal rules-based approach, this resulted in 26% decreased genetic diversity and 8% increased inbreeding in the long term, compared with random pairing. In contrast, including mean progeny inbreeding as a continuous variable in the overall objective function decreased final inbreeding by 37% compared with random pairing. Adding some emphasis on selection for a single trait resulted in a similar pattern of effects on coancestry and inbreeding, with 12% higher trait response under CAM. Results indicate the properties of alternative methods, but we encourage users to do their own investigations of particular scenarios, such as including inbreeding depression. Practical implementation of these methods is discussed: they have been widely adopted in domestic animal breeding and are highly flexible to accommodate a wide range of technical and logistical objectives and constraints.
Interstitial deletion of the Apc locus in β-catenin-overexpressing cells is a signature of radiation-induced intestinal tumors in C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice
Authors: Yanagihara Hiromi , Morioka Takamitsu , Yamazaki Shunsuke , Yamada Yutaka , Tachibana Hirotaka , Daino Kazuhiro , Tsuruoka Chizuru , Amasaki Yoshiko , Kaminishi Mutsumi , Imaoka Tatsuhiko , Kakinuma Shizuko 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recent studies have identified interstitial deletions in the cancer genome as a radiation-related mutational signature, although most of them do not fall on cancer driver genes. Pioneering studies in the field have indicated the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) spanning Apc in a subset of sporadic and radiation-induced intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice, albeit with a substantial subset in which LOH was not detected; whether copy number losses accompany such LOH has also been unclear. Herein, we analyzed intestinal tumors of C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice that were either left untreated or irradiated with 2 Gy of γ-rays. We observed intratumor mosaicism with respect to the nuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of immunohistochemically detectable β-catenin, which is a hallmark of Apc+ allele loss. An immunoguided laser microdissection approach enabled the detection of LOH involving the Apc+ allele in β-catenin-overexpressing cells; in contrast, the LOH was not observed in the non-overexpressing cells. With this improvement, LOH involving Apc+ was detected in all 22 tumors analyzed, in contrast to what has been reported previously. The use of a formalin-free fixative facilitated the LOH and microarray-based DNA copy number analyses, enabling the classification of the aberrations as nondisjunction/mitotic recombination type or interstitial deletion type. Of note, the latter was observed only in radiation-induced tumors (nonirradiated, 0 of 8; irradiated, 11 of 14). Thus, an analysis considering intratumor heterogeneity identifies interstitial deletion involving the Apc+ allele as a causative radiation-related event in intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice, providing an accurate approach for attributing individual tumors to radiation exposure.
A novel use of PICO dressing with sterile sponge for the treatment of a deep ulcerated wound in a breast cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Soh Chien Lin , Tafazal Habib 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Wound management in patients with deep ulcerated wounds can be challenging, especially in the context of an outpatient setting. This is further confounded in patients undergoing chemotherapy. There is a lack of literature on the outpatient management of ulcerated breast wounds in patients having neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. This case report describes the use of a negative pressure wound treatment system leading to satisfactory wound healing and ultimately improving a patient’s quality-of-life during chemotherapy.
Promotion of tree in the compounds of Central-Benin cities (West Africa): an assessment of its assets and constraints
Authors: Zohoun Prucelle Elisée , Azalou-Tingbé Emilia M , Zakari Soufouyane , Yabi Ibouraïma 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Nature-based solutions hold promise for cities, given their development challenges and vulnerability to climate change. This research is based on the fact that knowledge of public perceptions of trees is necessary for planning tree conservation and planting initiatives in rapidly changing landscapes. This article aims to identify the assets and constraints related to the promotion of trees in the compounds of the cities of Central Benin (cities of Parakou, Dassa-Zoumè and Savalou) based on the perceptions of urban residents. Samples of 370, 365 and 360 inhabitants respectively in Parakou, Dassa-Zoumè and Savalou are used to collect information. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was performed on the responses obtained to identify assets (strengths and opportunities) and constraints (weaknesses and threats). The decision of the landowner, the lack of place, the lack of technicality, the socio-economic problems constitute the main constraints of the promotion of the tree in the cities of Centre-Benin. To meet the challenge, these cities have assets such as the majority proportion of landowners, the high level of education, the presence of several socio-cultural groups, the climate and favorable soils, the presence of nurserymen and the availability of seedlings, the national tree day.
A von Mises–Fisher distribution for the orbital poles of the plutinos
Authors: Matheson Ian C , Malhotra Renu , Keane James T 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
Small Solar system bodies have widely dispersed orbital poles, posing challenges to dynamical models of Solar system origin and evolution. To characterize the orbit pole distribution of dynamical groups of small bodies it helps to have a functional form for a model of the distribution function. Previous studies have used the small-inclination approximation and adopted variations of the normal distribution to model orbital inclination dispersions. Because the orbital pole is a directional variable, its distribution can be more appropriately modelled with directional statistics. We describe the von Mises–Fisher (vMF) distribution on the surface of the unit sphere for application to small bodies’ orbital poles. We apply it to the orbit pole distribution of the observed Plutinos. We find a mean pole located at inclination i0 = 3.57° and longitude of ascending node Ω0 = 124.38° (in the J2000 reference frame), with a 99.7 per cent confidence cone of half-angle 1.68°. We also estimate a debiased mean pole located 4.6° away, at i0 = 2.26°, Ω0 = 292.69°, of similar-size confidence cone. The vMF concentration parameter of Plutino inclinations (relative to either mean pole estimate) is κ = 31.6. This resembles a Rayleigh distribution function, with width parameter σ = 10.2°. Unlike previous models, the vMF model naturally accommodates all physical inclinations (and no others), whereas Rayleigh or Gaussian models must be truncated to the physical inclination range 0–180°. Further work is needed to produce a theory for the mean pole of the Plutinos against which to compare the observational results.