bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Novel Stimuli of Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate (cAMP) in Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Atkinson John P. , Wedner H. James , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polystyrene latex particles (PLP) and zymosan particles (ZP), two commonly employed phagocytic stimuli, were noted to bind to purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This interaction was not accompanied by ingestion but did lead to a marked increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. The cAMP response to PLP was proportional to the particle cell ratio which, in turn, correlated with the number of membrane-associated particles. After the addition of PLP to lymphocytes, the cAMP response occurred within 2 min, peaked between 4 and 15 min, and returned to baseline by 30 to 60 min. The cAMP response to ZP was similar in onset and duration to that seen with PLP but was less marked (2- to 4-fold vs 25- to 50-fold) and more variable in magnitude. This is probably a reflection of the smaller number of cells interacting with ZP. At high PLP to cell ratios almost all of the lymphocytes bound PLP but only 10 to 28% of the mixed lymphocyte population bound ZP.
Two lines of evidence established conclusively that the cAMP response was taking place in the lymphocytes themselves rather than in contaminating cells. 1) When lymphocytes were purified additionally by filtration through a nylon wool column (99 to 100% lymphocytes), they were found to undergo a similar cAMP response to PLP. Since the nylon filtration procedure also removes almost all of the B cells, this further indicates that T cells are capable of undergoing the response. 2) Immuno-fluorescence studies with anti-cAMP antibody revealed an increase in intralymphocytic cAMP which was primarily adjacent to the site of PLP or ZP attachment.
The likely explanation of this data is that PLP and ZP perturb the lymphocyte surface leading to regional activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase and subsequent cAMP accumulation. Although the physiologic significance of these observations remains to be determined, the results: 1) provide histologic confirmation for the concept of cAMP compartmentalization, 2) clarify conflicting results regarding the localization of cAMP accumulation during the phagocytosis of PLP by mixed leukocyte populations, and 3) suggest that this experimental system may allow an analysis of the mechanism by which perturbations of the lymphocyte surface modulate cAMP.
Mechanism of Complement-Induced Cell Lysis Demonstration of a Three-Step Mechanism of EAC1-8 Cell Lysis by C9 and of a Non-Osmotic Swelling of Erythrocytes
Authors: Valet Günter , Opferkuch Wolfgang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sheep erythrocytes were sized by an electrical method during lysis by antibody and complement. No volume changes were observed up to the EAC1–8 cell intermediate. Three steps could be distinguished in the reaction of C9 with EAC1–8 cells: fixation of C9 to EAC1–8 cells, a process which proceeds also at 0°C; temperature-dependent swelling of the EAC1–9 cells; and lysis of the cells.
We could show that swelling of the erythrocytes induced by the complement reaction is independent of protein osmotic forces and is caused by an alteration of the erythrocyte membrane.
Antibody-Induced Redistribution of CEA on the Cell Surface: Utilization in Separation of CEA and Isoantigen A
Authors: Rosenthal K. L. , Palmer J. L. , Harris J. A. , Rawls W. E. , Tompkins W. A. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) induced polar redistribution of CEA which was expressed on the surface of human intestinal carcinoma cells grown in tissue culture. Polar redistribution occurred at 23°C and 37°C but not at 4°C and was inhibited by sodium azide and cytochalasin B. Antibodies to isoantigen A did not react with CEA at the cell surface but did react with isoantigen A which was not redistributed by the antibody. Cells which expressed both CEA and isoantigen A were used to demonstrate that polar redistribution of CEA could be induced without altering the distribution of isoantigen A. The data indicate that CEA and isoantigen A can be expressed on the same cell as separate molecules.
Evidence for an Abnormal Microenvironment in the Thymus of New Zealand Black Mice
Authors: Dauphinée Michael J. , Palmer Donald W. , Talal Norman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proliferative response of NZB and DBA/2 thymocytes and spleen cells to allogeneic cells and mitogens was studied in intact and lethally irradiated bone marrow-repopulated syngeneic recipients. The major findings were complete recovery of function in NZB spleen cells and premature recovery in thymocytes compared to the control DBA/2 strain. This recovery was not influenced by the administration of thymosin to the recipients, and was not due to functional thymocytes present in the donor marrow inoculum.
These results suggest normal or increased support of T cell differentiation by the radioresistant thymus in 4-month-old NZB mice. Thymic epithelial cell products regulating T cell maturation may be disordered or unbalanced but do not appear to be broadly deficient at this age.
The Role of Cyclic AMP in the Chemotactic Responsiveness and Spontaneous Motility of Rabbit Peritoneal Neutrophils
Authors: Rivkin Israel , Rosenblatt Joseph , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Agents known to affect intracellular levels of cyclic AMP in many diverse systems have been tested for their effect on the chemotaxis induced by Escherichia coli culture filtrates, spontaneous motility and cyclic AMP levels of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. Prostaglandin E1 and A1 but not prostaglandin F2α increased neutrophil cyclic AMP levels and, correspondingly, only the former two prostaglandins inhibited chemotaxis. Nevertheless, a quantitative relationship between prostaglandin stimulation of cyclic AMP and inhibition of chemotaxis could not be found. Epinephrine, isoproterenol, and, to a much lesser extent, norepinephrine increased neutrophil cyclic AMP through beta adrenergic stimulation. Only epinephrine and isoproterenol inhibited chemotaxis, but the inhibition was variable and not related to the ability of these catecholamines to increase intracellular cyclic AMP. Cholera toxin increased neutrophil cyclic AMP after a 30-min lag period which paralleled its inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and spontaneous motility. However, the effect on chemotaxis required 50 ng/ml of toxin whereas the effect on cyclic AMP was manifested at 2 ng/ml of toxin. Prior to 30-min preincubation there was no effect of even 1250 ng/ml of toxin on either cyclic AMP or chemotaxis. Choleragenoid prevented the effects of toxin on both cyclic AMP and chemotaxis.
The bacterial chemotactic factor obtained from E. coli culture filtrates did not effect a measurable change in levels of neutrophil cyclic AMP.
The data indicate that even though cyclic AMP is not, in the main sequence of events, triggering the chemotactic response, increases in neutrophil cyclic AMP may modulate the movement and thus the chemotactic responsiveness of the neutrophil.
Genetically Controlled Autologous Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in Rats
Authors: Stenglein Bodo , Thoenes Gunther H. , Günther Eberhard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted on the disease susceptibility of inbred strains of rats to experimental autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis (AIC). Three strains representing two different H-1-haploytpes developed severe glomerulonephritis within 3 months in response to a single injection with equal doses of an autologous primary tubular epithelial fraction and complete Freund's adjuvant (Lewis, AS (H-1l)) and Lew.BDV (H-1d)). By contrast, two strains of the H-1 haplotype H-1n (BN and Lew.BN) showed no proteinuria and no immunohistologic findings during that time. Hybrids of Lew.BN and Lewis, subjected to the same immunizing procedure, showed a later onset of the disease as compared to the responder parent. The possible relationship between responder status and the major histocompatibility complex is discussed.
Immunosuppression by Spleen Cells from Moloney Leukemia. Comparison of the Suppressive Effect on Antibody Response and on Mitogen-Induced Response
Authors: Cerny Jan , Stiller Ronald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inhibitory effect of cells from leukemic spleens on the immune functions of normal lymphocytes was studied. Suppressor cells were obtained as the nonadherent fraction (NA) from splenic tumors of mice infected with MuLV-Moloney. This fraction (NAMuL V-M) contained less than 10% membrane Ig-positive (Ig+) cells, 45 to 60% θ-positive cells (θ+) and 40 to 50% naught cells (θ-, Ig-). Similarly prepared fractions from normal control spleens (NAc) containing 75 to 90% θ+ cells and less than 10% Ig+ and naught cells were utilized in control cultures. Addition of the NAMuL V-M cells into cultures (Marbrook system) of normal spleen cells with sheep red blood cells suppressed the specific antibody response determined by the number of hemolytic plaque forming cells (PFC). The PFC response was significantly suppressed at a suppressor cell to responder cell ratio of 1:100, and was completely abolished at a ratio of 1:10 or higher. The control NAc fraction showed some inhibitory effect only at high suppressor to responder ratios (1:2 or 1:1). In contrast, the suppressive effect of NAMuLV-M on mitogen-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation in normal B and T cells was much weaker. Very little, if any, suppression occurred at the ratio of 1:100 or 1:10, however, about 50% decrease in DNA synthesis was observed at the ratio 1:2 or 1:1. On the basis of this differential suppressive effect, it is suggested that leukemic spleen cells can suppress the function of immunocompetent cells by more than one mechanism.
Antigenic Analysis of Chlamydiae by Two-Dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Caldwell Harlan D. , Kuo Cho-Chou , Kenny George E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used for the antigenic analysis of Chlamydia. Antigens of chlamydiae were found to be successfully solubilized with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. Nineteen and 16 distinct components were observed for Chlamydia trachomatis strain L2/434/Bu and C. psittaci strain Meningopneumonitis/Cal-10, respectively. The triton-solubilized antigens of chlamydiae differ strikingly between species since only one strong reciprocal cross-reacting antigen was observed between 434 and Cal-10. However, the antigens of Trachoma strain K/UW-31/Cx and LGV strain 434 were found to be very similar.
Triggering Mechanism of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Miyake Tadao , Nishizawa Yoshio , Watanabe Takeshi , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulation of rabbit mesenteric lymphocytes with antiimmunoglobulin antibody (anti-Ig) for 24 hr (first stage of culture) followed by the addition of enhancing soluble factor (second stage of culture) induced the formation of IgG. The presence of mitotic inhibitors, such as cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), hydroxyurea (HU), with anti-Ig for the first 24 hr of incubation did not inhibit the production of IgG induced by anti-Ig and soluble factor. The addition of cytochalasin-B in the first stage of culture with anti-Ig did not inhibit, but rather enhanced, the formation of IgG. On the other hand, the presence of Ara-C, HU, or cytochalasin-B with soluble factor in the second stage of culture completely inhibited the production of IgG. Soluble factor preferentially induced the uptake of thymidine of anti-Ig-stimulated cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also induced the proliferation of rabbit lymphocytes, but did not induce the IgG production of anti-Ig-stimulated cells. However, LPS-stimulated cells formed a significant amount of IgG when they were cultured with soluble factor. Anti-Ig-stimulated cells absorbed the enhancing activity of soluble factor, but non-stimulated cells did not absorb the activity. These results showed that cross-linkage of Ig receptors or LPS receptors with anti-Ig or LPS induced the formation of acceptor sites for soluble factor without the requirement of cell division and these activated cells started to proliferate and maturate to antibody-forming cells under the influence of soluble factor.
Secondary IgG Responses to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Braley-Mullen Helen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice primed with a thymus-(T)3 dependent form of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (S3), i.e., S3 coupled to sheep or horse erythrocytes (S3-RBC), produce S3-specific IgG antibody after secondary challenge with either the T-dependent (S3-RBC) or T-independent (S3) form of the antigen. The potential to produce IgG antibody after challenge with S3-RBC appears earlier after priming than the potential to produce IgG after challenge with S3, suggesting that different ‘memory’ cells may be involved in the two responses. The ‘memory’ cells were shown to be S3-specific since S3 had to be present on the carrier in order for priming to occur and carrier specificity was not required for elicitation fo the secondary response by S3-RBC.
Splenic Suppressor Macrophages Induced in Mice by Injection of Corynebacterium Parvum
Authors: Kirchner Holger , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from C57BL/6N mice injected with killed Corynebacterium parvum (CP) had a marked growth inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of RBL-5 murine lymphoma cells. It was most marked 12 to 14 days after injection and was usually no longer detectable later than 21 days. It could be demonstrated at effector cell to target ratios between 20:1 and 5:1 at which normal spleen cells had a growth-promoting effect. Addition of CP to an in vitro mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells augmented the inhibitory effect of spleen cells from CP-injected mice although it conferred no inhibitory potential on normal spleen cells. Growth inhibition by CP spleen cells was not medicated by T cells and various depletion experiments suggested that the effect or cells of the phenomenon were macrophages. Spleen cells of CP-injected mice also showed strongly depressed responses to the T cell mitogens PHA and Con A and suppressed the mitogen responses of syngeneic normal spleen cells. The characteristics of the suppressor cells mediating this effect appeared to be very similar to those inhibiting lymphoma cell growth. The responses to LPS were also strongly suppressed in mice injected with 2.1 mg of CP. However, after injection of one-tenth of the dose a relative sparing of the LPS response was noted, whereas the PHA response was still suppressed.
Anomalous Reactions of Mouse Alloantisera with Cultured Tumor Cells
Authors: Klein Paul A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse alloantisera produced against different specificities of the K, I, and D regions of the H-2 gene complex reacted as immunogenetically anticipated with normal lymphoid target cells of different haplotypes in cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence tests.
These same alloantisera, however, produced anomalous positive reactions when tested on cultured MCA-induced sarcoma cells from B10 background H-2 congenic mice.
Absorption experiments demonstrated that the anomalous activity in these sera was directed against a tumor membrane antigen(s) which was distinct from H-2 region specificities against which the reference alloantisera were produced, and which was shared in common by multiple cultured sarcoma lines.
Similar anti-tumor antibody activity could be demonstrated in the serum of older (τ 12 weeks) but not younger normal unimmunized mice of the strains used as recipients for alloantiserum production.
It is suggested that the observed anomalous anti-tumor activity in these alloantisera may be due to the presence of antibodies reactive with envelope antigens of murine leukemia virus which are expressed on sarcoma cells maintained in culture.
Immune Response to a Syngeneic Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kuperman Oded , Fortner G. William , Lucas Zoltan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Measurement of the development of cytolytic activity by mammary tumor primed or unprimed syngeneic spleen cells on in vitro monolayers of the 13762 rat mammary tumor operationally defined several subpopulations of lymphoid cells involved in the cytotoxic response. In vitro sensitization of cells from Fischer 344 animals injected 2 to 10 days earlier with 2 × 107 viable tumor cells always resulted in a higher and earlier lytic response than cells from non-inoculated animals. Adoptive transfer of the same in vivo primed cells for 5 days in irradiated syngeneic hosts removed any cytotoxic cells originally present but subsequent in vitro sensitization still resulted in a higher and earlier cytolytic response. We defined such cells as “memory” cells for cytotoxicity. Memory cells were radiosensitive and specific for the immunizing target cell. In contrast to cells from animals inoculated for 3 to 10 days, cells obtained 11 and 12 days after immunization had a lower response than unprimed cells on in vitro sensitization. The anamnestic response could be restored either by culturing 12-day primed cells in vitro for 2 days without antigen or by adoptive transfer for 5 days into irradiated syngeneic rats. This suggests that another population of cells is present in spleen and suppresses the conversion of memory to cytotoxic cells. A more direct measurement of suppressor cell function was obtained by coincubating tumor-primed and unprimed cells on monolayers during in vitro sensitization. Cells from animals bearing tumors for 5 to 10 days always caused an increase in the response of the mixed lymphocyte groups, whereas 11- to 13-day tumor primed cells always caused a marked decrease in the cytolytic response.
These results suggest the following interpretation of the kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to syngeneic tumor inoculation. Cytotoxic cells appear about 6 days after immunization, reach peak levels 2 days later, and then decrease rapidly. Memory cells are generated at a faster rate, reach peak levels before maximum cytolytic activity, but are then functionally inhibited from converting into differentiated cytotoxic cells by a new population of suppressor cells which reach peak activity about 12 days after immunization.
The Immune Adherence Receptor: Dissociation Between the Expression of Erythrocyte and Mononuclear Cell C3b Receptors
Authors: Rothman Ivan K. , Gelfand Jeffrey A. , Fauci Anthony S. , Frank Michael M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human erythrocytes have a surface receptor for the third component of complement (C3b). This receptor mediates the immune adherence (IA) reaction. In this study, erythrocytes from over 100 normal donors and from donors with rare blood group types were examined for IA reactivity. All donors had red cells with high titer IA activity, with the exception of one Rh null individual whose erythrocytes had barely detectable IA activity. Five other RH null donors had normal IA titers. Because of the apparent defect in the expression of the red cell C3b receptor in this one individual, the mononuclear cell C3b receptors of this donor were studied and found to be normal. These findings suggest that expression of the erythrocyte C3b receptor may be controlled by factors which differ from those determining expression of the mononuclear cell C3b receptor.
Immunosuppression Effected by Macrophage Surfaces
Authors: Ptak Wlodzimierz , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heat-killed macrophages (but not six other types of cells tested) suppress Mishell-Dutton cultures by a mechanism that does not adversely affect cell viability. The suppressive effect is abolished by treatments that inactivate receptors for cytophilic antibody. We suggest macrophages may absorb, and thus render inoperative, factors which are necessary for lymphocyte cooperation.
The Elaboration of Leukotactic Mediators during the Interaction between Parental-Type Lymphocytes and F1 Hybrid Cells
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Volkman Alvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mixed leukocyte cultures consisting of white blood cells from (Lewis × BN) F1 hybrids and Lewis parents produced monocyte chemotactic factor. Elaboration of this material preceded incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Local graft vs host (GVH) reactions were induced by subcapsular injection of parental thoracic duct cells into F1 hybrids. Homogenates from these kidneys, but not from kidneys injected with syngeneic thoracic duct cells, contained monocyte chemotactic factor. Little or no neutrophil chemotactic factor was present. Ultracentrifugal analysis of the monocyte chemotactic factor indicated a distribution similar to that found previously in culture fluids of lymphoid cells stimulated by soluble antigens. Differential counts of inflammatory cells extracted in suspension form from kidneys undergoing a GVH reaction indicated the majority of cells to be lymphocytic in type, but with a significant proportion of monocytes. Virtually no neutrophils were present. These findings indicate that a monocyte chemotactic factor is produced by cultures of parental leukocytes stimulated by semiallogeneic cells and that a similar factor appears in GVH reactions in the rat kidney. This chemotactic factor may be relevant to the character of the cellular exudates.
The Immune Response against an Encephalitogenic Fragment of Guinea Pig Basic Protein in the Lewis and Brown Norway Strains of Rat
Authors: McFarlin Dale E. , Hsu Sharon Chung-Ling , Slemenda Susan B. , Chou Selene C.-H. , Kibler Robert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lewis rats which have the Ir-EAE gene develop EAE after challenge with either GPBP or GPEF, a 42-residue fragment. BN rats which lack the Ir gene do not develop EAE after challenge with these proteins. The immune response against GPEF was compared in these two strains of rats. It was found that Le rats produce small amounts of antibody and a cell-mediated immune response against GPEF; in contrast BN rats did neither. These findings support the concept that the Ir-EAE gene exerts its effect by controlling the immune response against GPEF.
Detection of Hepatitis a Viral Antigen by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Hollinger F. Blaine , Bradley Daniel W. , Maynard James E. , Dreesman Gordon R. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1973, Feinstone et al. (1), with the technique of immune electron microscopy (IEM)2 (2), detected virus particles in acute-phase stool suspensions obtained from patients with type A hepatitis. This technique was useful in further characterizing hepatitis A virus, but required the expertise of a skilled electron microscopist. The need for a rapid, more sensitive technique that could qualitatively evaluate large numbers of specimens became apparent. Recent success in our laboratory with a microtiter solid phase immunoradiometric assay (micro-SPIRA) for detecting hepatitis B core antigen in the sera of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis B suggested that a similar application to the hepatitis A problem might be appropriate (3). The method involves the coupling of unlabeled antibody to an insoluble matrix which can then extract immunologically reactive antigen from the test specimen. Detection of the specific antigen is measured after interaction with a second radiolabeled antibody.