bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treponema Pallidum Antibodies in Syphilitic Mice as Determined by Immunofluorescence and Passive Hemagglutination Techniques
Authors: Ohta Yukihiro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Within 2 weeks of a single intraperitoneal injection of 108 rabbit-grown motile Treponema pallidum (TP), mice developed TP antibodies detectable in a Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) type of procedure and in a passive hemagglutination procedure. Reactivity took longer to appear if smaller numbers of treponemes were inoculated. Heat-killed TP produced a more transient and lower-titered response than did motile TP. Injection of rabbit serum or tissue substances alone caused no reaction in the FTA-ABS test and only minor reactivity, which could be overcome by additional absorption, in the hemagglutination assay. This study indicates that mice can produce TP antibodies promptly after one inoculation, and that immunofluorescence and passive-hemagglutination procedures are sensitive tools for studying TP antibody formation in syphilitic mice.
Neutralization of Haptenated Bacteriophage F2 by Anti-Hapten Antibodies: Direct Evidence for a Critical Site
Authors: Witte Owen N. , Slobin Lawrence I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The neutralization of trinitrophenyl (TNP) derivatives of the small RNA bacteriophage f2 by rabbit anti-DNP antibodies was studied by the plaque assay technique. In agreement with previous work using other hapten-bacteriophage conjugates, we found that whole antibody was much more effective in the neutralization reaction than were corresponding Fab fragments. Measurement of the association constant for whole antibody with heavily substituted phage derivatives (TNP305-f2) gave a result (Ka = 3.2 × 1010) which was 103 greater than the corresponding value for Fab fragments. This difference was, in part, reflected in a 400-fold decrease in the second order rate constant for the phage-antibody association reaction, in going from γG antibody to Fab fragment. Analysis of these results lends further support for a simple steric model of phage neutralization by antibody.
The relative effectiveness of antibody in neutralizing TNP-f2 conjugates was in large measure controlled by the degree of phage modification. For example, a lightly substituted f2 derivative (TNP3-f2) remained fully viable in the presence of a large excess of antibody, providing direct evidence for the infectivity of antibody-f2 aggregates. A quantitative study of the infectivity of another lightly substituted TNP-f2 conjugate (TNP30-f2) led directly to a model of f2 neutralization, in which an antibody molecule must directly interact with a single critical site on the surface of f2 in order to inactivate the phage. A consideration of the icosahedral structure of f2 suggests that f2 neutralization occurs by attachment of a single antibody molecule at or in the vicinitv of A-protein.
Biologic Role of Complement Products
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Hill Jeffrey H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Following induction of reversed passive Arthus reactions in rats, extracts of tissue lesions were assessed for the presence of leukotactic activity for neutrophilic granulocytes. During the first 3 hr of the Arthus reaction, extracts were rich in leukotactic (neutrophil) activity which, on the basis of antigenic and ultracentrifugal analysis, could be ascribed to the C5-related leukotactic factors and C5 cleavage products. The injection of radiolabeled human C5 into rats resulted in the incorporation of the radiotag into the leukotactic activity as assessed by fractionation of extracts in sucrose density gradients. No such finding occurred when human C3 was injected into rats under similar conditions. As shown by complement-depleting procedures, development of leukotactic activity in Arthus reactions was complement-dependent. When rats were depleted of circulating neutrophils, leukotactic activity was found in extracts of reaction sites, albeit at considerably reduced levels.
A C5-dependent generator of leukotactic activity was found in lysosomal granules of rat neutrophils and may account for a portion of the leukotactic activity generated in Arthus reactions.
These studies emphasize the phlogistic role of complement products in reactions of immunologic vasculitis.
Immunoglobulin and ϑ-Bearing Murine Leukemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Shevach Ethan M. , Stobo John D. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine lymphocytes can be separated into two distinct populations. The thymusderived T lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity and are identified by the ϑ isoantigen. The bone marrow derived B lymphocytes are the precursors of the antibody-forming cells and are identified by the presence of easily detectable surface immunoglobulin. In this study, 24 murine leukemias and lymphomas and eight plasma cell tumors were investigated for the presence of the ϑ isoantigen and determinants of the kappa light chain. Of the leukemias and lymphomas studied, 12 have the ϑ isoantigen and are of T cell origin; one tumor bore kappa light chain and is presumably of B cell origin. Eleven of the tumors studied had no detectable ϑ or kappa determinants. Four of the eight plasma cell tumors have surface kappa determinants. No ϑ positive tumors bore kappa chain determinants and no kappa positive tumors bore ϑ determinants. The characterization of leukemias and lymphomas as to their B or T cell origin will provide large numbers of pure B and T lymphoid cells useful for a variety of studies.
An Electron Microscopic Study of the FTA-ABS “Beading” Phenomenon with Lupus Erythematosus Sera, Using Ferritin-Conjugated Anti-Human IgG
Authors: Strobel Phyllis L. , Kraus Stephen J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The “beading” phenomenon, exhibited by some lupus erythematosus (LE) sera with Treponema pallidum in the FTA-ABS test for syphilis, was studied by electron microscopy. Ferritin-conjugated anti-human IgG rabbit antibody was substituted in the test for the fluorescein conjugate used in fluorescent microscopy. Ferritin “beading” did occur as in the fluorescent system. These ferritin aggregates could not be associated with any localized structure on the T. pallidum, but rather with breaks in the double-layered outer membrane. Such evidence suggests that this phenomenon is a reaction of extruded nuclear material of the organism with the antinuclear antibodies in the LE serum.
Formation of Antibody in Rabbit Spleen Cell Cultures Stimulated with Immunogenic RNA
Authors: Meiss Harriet K. , Fishman Marvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultures of dispersed rabbit spleen cells respond with specific antibody formation when exposed to ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparations from rabbit macrophages that have been incubated with one of two antigenically distinct phages. When large doses (350 µg) of RNA are employed, antibody formation is demonstrable within 24 hr; with smaller doses (100 µg) there is an apparent lag of 2 to 3 days. Both IgM and IgG antibodies are produced and antibody formation is sustained for 1 week. Ribonuclease but not Pronase destroys the immunogenicity of the RNA responsible for the early response. Of the three major fractions obtained by passing the RNA through a column of methylated bovine serum albumin-Kieselguhr, those representing 16 and 28S RNA are immunogenic while the RNA of 4 to 5S size is inactive. Both adherent and nonadherent spleen cells appear to be required in the response to RNA, but cell proliferation appears to be not essential to antibody formation when it is initiated by RNA.
Glycans from Streptococcal Cell Walls: Structural Features of a Diheteroglycan Isolated from the Cell Wall of Streptococcus Bovis
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa Walter W. , Pazur John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two antigenic cell wall glycans were isolated from the cell wall of Streptococcus bovis, strain C3, by sequential extraction with dilute acid. The glycans were purified by fractional precipitation and gel-filtration procedures. Analyses showed that one glycan is a diheteroglycan of glucose and rhamnose and the other is a triheteroglycan of galactose, rhamnose, and 6-deoxy-L-talose. On the basis of evidence from immunologic, chemical and enzymatic experiments, it is suggested that the diheteroglycan is composed of a main chain of rhamnosyl units with many side chains of isomaltosyl units. The isomaltosyl units are the immunodominant groups in the heteroglycan and are responsible for the antigenic specificity of the compound. A serologic typing scheme based on the immunologic responses to these glycans could prove useful in the identification of the group D organisms.
Elicitation of Rabbit Antiidiotypic Antibodies by Immunization with the IgG Fraction of Hyperimmune Antiserum
Authors: Schade Sylvia Z. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiidiotypic antibodies directed to rabbit antibenzoate antibodies were elicited in rabbits by immunization with the polymerized IgG fraction of hyperimmune antibenzoate antiserum. Idiotypic specificity was demonstrated by the failure of the antiserum to react with preimmune serum, with hyperimmune serum depleted of antibenzoate antibody, or with hyperimmune antibenzoate antisera from other rabbits. Immunization with IgG represents a simple and efficient method for elicitation of antiidiotypic antibody. A very small amount of specifically purified antihapten antibody is required to test antiidiotypic antisera by the method of indirect precipitation.
Immunization with IgG simultaneously induced the formation of substantial amounts of antiidiotypic antibodies directed to the protein carrier. In addition anti-antibodies were formed that reacted with other, unknown components (presumably antibodies) in the IgG fraction. In one rabbit these other antibodies were present in the preimmune serum. Antiidiotypic antibodies directed to the antiprotein carrier and antihapten antibodies were shown to be distinct from one another by immunoadsorption experiments.
Serologic Specificities of Brain Subcellular Organelles
Authors: Herschman H. R. , Cotman C. , Matthews D. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera were prepared to synaptosomal fractions isolated from rat cerebral cortex. The antisera, at optimal dilutions, reacted in the complement fixation reaction only with the synaptosomal fraction and synaptosomal plasma membrane fractions, but not with myelin, nuclei, soluble protein, mitochondria or synaptic vesicles from rat cortex. Little or no reaction was observed with membrane preparations from other rat organs. The specific antigenic determinants of the synaptosomal membrane were relatively stable to heat, sonication and mild tryptic digestion. These results demonstrate that the plasma membrane of cortical synaptosomes can be serologically distinguished from the plasma membrane of other organs and from the rest of the subcellular and sub-synaptic fractions of brain.
Incidence of Delayed Mortality (Secondary Disease) in Allogeneic Radiation Chimeras Receiving Bone Marrow from Aged Mice
Authors: Chen M. G. , Price G. B. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of donor age on the reactivity of bone marrow from a long-lived hybrid mouse in the pathogenesis of secondary disease in young, lethally irradiated, allogeneic recipient mice was studied. The influence of the thymus on potential effector cells in the bone marrow was also examined in marrow donors and in allogeneic recipients. In contrast to the marked reduction in the humoral immune response with senescence in this hybrid, the ability of bone marrow from old donors to precipitate secondary disease was more than equivalent to that of the corresponding tissue from young donors in both tempo and severity of reaction. Thymectomy of the donors at 2 months of age or a combination of adult thymectomy and sublethal irradiation did not diminish the severity of the disease; host thymectomy only temporarily retarded the course of the reaction but not the final cumulative mortality. The results are compatible with the existence of a large, long-lived, stable population of cells, reactive in initiating delayed mortality, which does not diminish appreciably with senescence.
Functional Development of the Interacting Cells in the Immune Response
Authors: Chiscon Martha O. , Golub Edward S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The functional ontogeny of the interacting T cell and B cell4 populations in the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was investigated in CBA mice. It was found that T cell function, as determined by the ability of test cells to interact with adult bone marrow cells, was not detectable in fetal or neonate liver or lung. Moreover, even in the thymus this function remained less than 10% of adult values until birth. At birth T cell function increased exponentially, reaching adult levels within 48 hr. Neonatally thymectomized mice reconstituted with thymus cells of various ages confirmed these results. By day 4 after birth, T cell function could be detected in the spleen. B cell function, as determined by the ability of test cells to interact with adult thymus cells, was detected in the neonate spleen from day one. Therefore, both B cell and T cell function was present in the spleen from day 4 after birth. B cell function also was found in the fetal and neonate liver. B cell function of fetal liver was only 1/6 that of adult bone marrow on fetal day 16, quickly surpassed adult bone marrow activity near birth, and then equalled adult bone marrow activity until day 6 after birth. The ontogeny of B cell and T cell function in the antibody response to SRBC appears to take place at separate times in the mouse. B cell function develops first, most probably from the most primitive stem cell. T cell function develops later, after a structural thymus is present. Migration of T cell lymphocytes to other lymphoid tissue shortly after birth is consistent with the data presented.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Richie E. R. , Grote D. , Mandy W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A hexapeptide was specifically cleaved from the C-terminus of the Fd of rabbit (Fab')2 fragments. The amino acid composition and sequence of the peptide was identical to that reported for the hinge peptide. These studies further showed that the hinge peptide could be recovered as a disulfide bonded dimer from d11 but not from d12 (Fab')2 fragments by digestion with CNBr.
The results of this investigation also demonstrated that the isolated peptides were reactive with a specific natural antiglobulin factor in rabbit sera, namely, homoreactant. As such, the peptide represents one of the smallest naturally occurring antigenic determinants isolated from a protein.
The chemical and serological properties of the isolated hinge peptide were confirmed by comparison with a synthetic peptide of determined amino acid sequence.
Development of Tissue Viral Resistance in Chickens Following Administration of Interferon Inducers
Authors: Finkelstein Martin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult chickens were stimulated by various routes with interferon-inducers: poly rI/rC and statolon. After 7 or 24 hr they were sacrificed, their sera and tracheae were titered for interferon, and their tracheae and kidneys were examined for resistance to several different viruses. By this means the interferon-specificity of resistance could be judged, avoiding any non-interferon-mediated effects of the inducers. It was found that although poly rI/rC is a relatively poor interferon-inducer in chickens when given intramuscularly or intravenously it can induce interferon and viral resistance in the trachea when given locally. Statolon is ineffective when given intratracheally, but when given intravenously, induces considerable circulating interferon; this interferon seems to protect the kidney and to cross over into the trachea and protect that organ as well. The presence of high titers of interferon in the serum or trachea was associated with protection of the kidney or trachea respectively. However, the presence of small amounts of interferon or the absence of detectable interferon is not indicative of protection or a lack of protection. Interferon-like protection can be confined to specific organs depending upon the interferon-inducer used and its route of administration. These studies underscore the difficulty of equating the presence or absence of detectable interferon with tissue resistance and suggest that the technique of testing viral resistance of extirpated organs provides a valuable index of the efficacy of interferon inducers administered in vivo.
Inhibition of Antichlamydial IgM Antibody by IgG Antibody in Immunofluorescence Tests
Authors: Juchau S. Vern , Linscott William D. , Schachter Julius , Jawetz Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monkeys inoculated intramuscularly with chlamydial suspensions responded with antibody demonstrable by indirect immunofluorescence. IgM antibody was not detected in the whole sera of five of six monkeys, but antibody activity could be demonstrated in IgM fractions from these sera. Monkeys inoculated intravenously with large numbers (1011) of chlamydial particles had IgM antibody detectable in whole sera as well as in fractions. IgG antibody interfered with the demonstration of IgM antibody by immunofluorescence. It is suggested that similar interference of IgG with IgM antibody may occur in other systems.
Complementarity of H and L Chains from Antihapten Antibodies of Different Classes
Authors: Eden A. , Lamm M. E. , Nussenzweig V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recombination experiments were performed with H and L chains of guinea pig anti-DNP γ1 and γ2 immunoglobulins. The immunoglobulins were mildly reduced and alkylated and then exposed to guanidine HCl in order to dissociate their polypeptide chains. Recombination was allowed to occur as the guanidine was subsequently dialyzed away. Recombination of H chains with one another was found to be class-specific. On the other hand, the recombination of L chains with H chains was close to random (i.e., independent of class of origin), especially with antibodies obtained from individual animals. The results are consistent with the idea that during the immune response, clones of antibody-forming cells switch classes (CH genes) while retaining the specificity of the combining site (V genes).
Production of the Second (C2) and Fourth (C4) Components of Guinea Pig Complement by Single Peritoneal Cells: Evidence That One Cell May Produce Both Components
Authors: Wyatt Harold Vivian , Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig peritoneal cells were examined by a hemolytic plaque assay for their ability to produce C4 and C2. Of cells obtained by peritoneal wash or from exudates induced by starch, 12% were capable of producing C2 and 12% were capable of producing C4. Peritoneal cells induced by oil or casein showed fewer cells capable of producing C4 or C2. With a plaque assay specifically designed to detect only those peritoneal cells that were producing both C4 and C2, we found one hemolytic plaque (produced by a single cell) per 1000 peritoneal cells. Cells capable of producing both C4 and C2 were identified as large mononuclear cells. The production of C4 and C2 by these cells was a temperature dependent process.
Ultrastructure and Immunofluorescence of Mouse Spleen Cells Obtained by Discontinuous Albumin Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Waldo Elaine Daimont , Zucker-Franklin Dorothea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ultrastructural, fluorescent and phagocytic properties of mouse spleen cells separated by differential centrifugation in discontinuous albumin gradients were studied. Four bands were consistently obtained. The most dense, and most homogeneous band (D) consisted chiefly of small lymphocytes. Large lymphocytes, monocytes and cells undergoing mitoses occurred chiefly in the least dense layer. All fractions contained about similar numbers of plasma cells. Approximately 50% of the cells in band D had surface immunoglobulin whereas only very few cells in the less dense layers showed surface immunofluorescence. The observations should prove useful for the interpretation of data obtained from experiments in which cells from albumin gradients have been employed.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in the Marsupial Setonix Brachyurus (Quokka)
Authors: Turner Keven J. , Alpers Michael P. , Wight Margaret 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) to develop a delayed hypersensitivity response to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (FDNB) was demonstrated and the optimum conditions for it were determined. They were topical application of FDNB in ethyl alcohol (EtOH) for 10 days, challenge intradermally (i.d.) with FDNB in olive oil and reading after 48 hr. There was concomitant development of precipitating antibody to the chemical hapten.
Lymphocytes from normal quokkas undergo blast transformation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA).
In the one thymectomized quokka studied there was complete absence of both delayed hypersensitivity response to FDNB and leucocyte response to PHA. A humoral antibody response, however, was still present.
Heat Labile Opsonins to Pneumococcus
Authors: Winkelstein Jerry A. , Shin Hyun S. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the interaction of pneumococci and the heat labile opsonin (HLO) system results in the cleavage of C3 and the fixation of C3b on the surface of the pneumococcus. This process is not a direct interaction, but requires the participation of other factors present in normal guinea pig serum (GPS). The present studies concern the identity of these factors.
One component of the HLO system is guinea pig γ2 immunoglobulin. It is bound to the pneumococcus during opsonization and can be demonstrated to participate functionally in the interaction of the pneumococcus and the HLO system.
Using an in vitro phagocytic test, we also found that C4 deficient GPS is able to support the phagocytosis of pneumococci by polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as normal GPS. Also, when pneumococci are incubated in C4 deficient GPS, they interact with the HLO system to consume C3 as well as they do when incubated in normal GPS. Therefore, C4 is not required for the opsonization of pneumococci by the HLO system and the cleavage and fixation of C3 probably proceeds via the alternate complement pathway.
The Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Finstad C. L. , Litman G. W. , Finstad J. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Erythrocyte agglutinins were isolated and purified from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, and the starfish, Asterias forbesi. The purified agglutinins were studied with respect to primary and secondary molecular structure and the nature of component subunits. When the two agglutinins were compared to one another, to other invertebrate agglutinins and to known vertebrate immunoglobulins, each was found to be unique.
Formation of an Antibody with Serologic Specificity for N6-(Δ2-Isopentenyl) Adenosine
Authors: Hacker Bruce , VanVunakis Helen , Levine Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent reports have dealt with the demonstration of specific antibodies found in response to immunization of rabbits with conjugates of methylated nucleoside haptens (1, 2). Not surprising were the findings that the methyl group and its position on the purine or pyrimidine ring dominated the degree of complementarity between hapten and antibody. Nevertheless, some recognition by these antibodies of heterologous methylated bases and even normal bases was observed. We have recently produced in rabbits antibodies directed toward N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenosine (iA). As expected, the N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) group on the nucleoside was immunodominant. These antibodies do react with N6-methyladenosine; yet 1 × 104 more N6-methyladenosine molecules were required for equivalent activity. Even at a 1 × 105 higher concentration, normal bases did not cross-react. The iA in the tRNATyryeast was available for reaction with the antibody of iA.
Isolation and characterization of the iA used for synthesis of the immunizing antigens have been described previously (3).