bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variance of age-specific log incidence decomposition (VALID): a unifying model of measured and unmeasured genetic and non-genetic risks
Authors: Hopper John L , Dowty James G , Nguyen Tuong L , Li Shuai , Dite Gillian S , MacInnis Robert J , Makalic Enes , Schmidt Daniel F , Bui Minh , Stone Jennifer , Sung Joohon , Jenkins Mark A , Giles Graham G , Southey Melissa C , Mathews John D 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
The extent to which known and unknown factors explain how much people of the same age differ in disease risk is fundamental to epidemiology. Risk factors can be correlated in relatives, so familial aspects of risk (genetic and non-genetic) must be considered.

Development
We present a unifying model (VALID) for variance in risk, with risk defined as log(incidence) or logit(cumulative incidence). Consider a normally distributed risk score with incidence increasing exponentially as the risk increases. VALID’s building block is variance in risk, Δ2, where Δ = log(OPERA) is the difference in mean between cases and controls and OPERA is the odds ratio per standard deviation. A risk score correlated r between a pair of relatives generates a familial odds ratio of exp(rΔ2). Familial risk ratios, therefore, can be converted into variance components of risk, extending Fisher’s classic decomposition of familial variation to binary traits. Under VALID, there is a natural upper limit to variance in risk caused by genetic factors, determined by the familial odds ratio for genetically identical twin pairs, but not to variation caused by non-genetic factors.

Application
For female breast cancer, VALID quantified how much variance in risk is explained—at different ages—by known and unknown major genes and polygenes, non-genomic risk factors correlated in relatives, and known individual-specific factors.

Conclusion
VALID has shown that, while substantial genetic risk factors have been discovered, much is unknown about genetic and familial aspects of breast cancer risk especially for young women, and little is known about individual-specific variance in risk.
Traffic sign recognition with low-carbon technology in nighttime environment based on deep learning
Authors: Ranran Liang , Tao Ning , Jiayin Li , Meng Fu 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aiming at the decrease in the accuracy of traffic sign recognition due to dim light in the night environment, this paper proposes an improved you only look once version 5 (YOLOv5) algorithm to reduce carbon emissions. An improved adaptive histogram equalization method is designed to adjust the brightness and contrast of the image and highlight the detail information of traffic signs. In response to the higher requirements of the driving assistance system on the recognition model processing speed, the model is lightened and the standard convolution method of the backbone network is designed as a depth-separable convolution method, which greatly reduces the number of model parameters. To address the problem of feature loss during model learning, an improved feature pyramid AAM SPPF path aggregation network (AS-PAN) structure is proposed to enhance the learning capability of the model by adding an adaptive attention module to the Neck head and a spatial pyramid pooling module before its P3 and P4 outputs. Finally, the traditional non-maximum suppression (NMS) generates prediction frames by replacing the traditional NMS with weighted frame fusion weighted boxes fusion (WBF), which changes all possibility target frames from discard to fusion. Experiments demonstrate that the improved algorithm achieves improved detection accuracy, decreased processing time for a single image and low carbon emissions in the traffic sign recognition process compared with the original YOLOv5 algorithm in a self-built nighttime environment dataset.
Assessment of targeted enrichment locus capture across time and museums using odonate specimens
Authors: Goodman Aaron , Tolman Ethan , Uche-Dike Rhema , Abbott John , Breinholt Jesse W , Bybee Seth , Frandsen Paul B , Gosnell J Stephen , Guralnick Rob , Kalkman Vincent J , Kohli Manpreet , Lontchi Judicael Fomekong , Lupiyaningdyah Pungki , Newton Lacie , Ware Jessica L 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The use of gDNAs isolated from museum specimens for high throughput sequencing, especially targeted sequencing in the context of phylogenetics, is a common practice. Yet, little understanding has been focused on comparing the quality of DNA and results of sequencing museum DNAs. Dragonflies and damselflies are ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems and are commonly collected and preserved insects in museum collections hence their use in this study. However, the history of odonate preservation across time and museums has resulted in wide variability in the success of viable DNA extraction, necessitating an assessment of their usefulness in genetic studies. Using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment probes, we sequenced DNA from samples at 2 museums, 48 from the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in NYC, USA and 46 from the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH) in Leiden, Netherlands ranging from global collection localities and across a 120-year time span. We recovered at least 4 loci out of an &gt;1,000 locus probe set for all samples, with the average capture being ~385 loci (539 loci on average when a clade of ambiguous taxa omitted). Neither specimen age nor size was a good predictor of locus capture, but recapture rates differed significantly between museums. Samples from the AMNH had lower overall locus capture than the RMNH, perhaps due to differences in specimen storage over time.
Combined supplementation with Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum isolated from Tibetan pigs improves growth performance, immunity, and microbiota composition in weaned piglets
Authors: He Yiwen , Liang Jing , Liu Yonghui , Zhou Xihong , Peng Can , Long Ciming , Huang Pan , Feng Jie , Zhang Zhigang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, promote growth in piglets by modulating gut microbiota composition and improving the host immune system. A strain of Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum were previously isolated from fresh feces of Tibetan pigs. The effects of these isolated strains on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity, microbiota composition, and their metabolites were evaluated in weaned piglets. Thirty crossbred piglets were selected and fed either a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with aureomycin (ANT), or a basal diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. and B. thermacidophilum (LB) for 28 d. The piglets in the ANT and LB groups had significantly higher body weight gain than those in the CON group (P &lt; 0.05). Piglets in the ANT and LB groups had regularly arranged villi and microvilli in the small intestine. Furthermore, they had improved immune function, as indicated by decreased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (P &lt; 0.05), improved components of immune cells in the blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. Additionally, metagenomic sequencing indicated a significant shift in cecal bacterial composition and alterations in microbiota functional profiles following Lactobacillus sp. and B. thermacidophilum supplementation. Metabolomic results revealed that the metabolites were also altered, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that several significantly altered metabolites were enriched in glycerophospholipid and cholesterol metabolism (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that several bacterial members were closely related to the alterations in metabolites, including Bacteroides sp., which were negatively correlated with triglyceride (16:0/18:0/20:4[5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z]), the metabolite that owned the highest variable importance of projection scores. Collectively, our findings suggest that combined supplementation with Lactobacillus sp. and B. thermacidophilum significantly improved the growth performance, immunity, and microbiota composition in weaned piglets, making them prospective alternatives to antibiotics in swine production.
Pre-egg hatch efficacy of dormant applications against Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Authors: Chase Kevin D , Frank Briana , Diss-Torrance Andrea , Rigsby Chad M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Lymantria dispar L. is an invasive, non-native defoliating Lepidopteran established in North America that feeds on forest and urban trees. While many products are available to manage L. dispar post-emergence, few exist to prevent egg hatch when applied to egg masses. Here, we present the results of 3 separate experiments aimed at determining the efficacy of pre-emergent insecticides against L. dispar egg hatch. We found that the labeled rate (1:1) of Golden Pest Spray Oil (GPSO; AI: 93% soybean oil) can prevent L. dispar larvae from emerging in both field and lab assays. In large public spaces, we found that this treatment was ineffective at preventing L. dispar emergence or defoliation. Acelepryn (AI: 18.4% chlorantraniliprole) resulted in some suppression of egg hatch at a very low rate (.06 ml/ 3.8 liter) in both lab and field settings and the efficacy of higher rates should be further investigated. We also tested GPSO against Lepitect (97.4% acephate) in a public area that also received a Foray 48B (12.65% Bacillus thuringiensis, subsp. kurstaki) aerial application. On large oak trees in public areas, GPSO and Lepitect were not effective at reducing defoliation. Dormant pesticide applications generally reduce the risk of affecting negatively predator and parasitoid communities and are therefore desirable. Lymantria dispar pre-egg hatch applications will not work in every situation but should be considered as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for individual homeowner trees where thorough coverage can be obtained.
Micromotives and macromoves: political preferences and internal migration in England and Wales
Authors: Efthyvoulou Georgios , Bove Vincenzo , Pickard Harry 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When people migrate internally, do they tend to move to locations that reflect their political preferences? To address this question, we combine evidence from a unique panel dataset on population movements across local authority districts in England and Wales (2002–2015) with evidence stemming from individual survey-based data. Our results suggest that political similarity between two districts exerts an important positive effect on their bilateral migration flows. Our results also indicate that political alignment to the district of residence contributes to individuals’ sense of belonging and ‘fitting in’, consistent with the existence of a homophily mechanism.
Diols and sugar substitutes in attractive toxic sugar baits targeting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes
Authors: Pullmann-Lindsley Heidi , Bartlett-Miller Ava , Pitts Ronald Jason 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Around the world, mosquitoes continue to transmit disease-causing pathogens and develop resistance to insecticides. We previously discovered that a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compound, 1,2-propanediol, reduces adult mosquito survivorship when ingested. In this study, we assess and compare 5 more chemically related compounds for mosquito lethality and 8 GRAS sugar substitutes to determine toxicity. We conducted a series of feeding assays to determine if ingesting the compounds influenced mosquito mean survivorship in locally collected lab-reared populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae, Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae, Skuse, 1894) mosquitoes. Our results indicate that 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, DL-dithiothreitol, acesulfame potassium, allulose, erythritol, sodium saccharin, stevia, and sucralose significantly reduced the mean survivorship of one or both species. Short-term trials with the most toxic compounds revealed that they could substantially affect survivorship after 24 h. We also found that there were different responses in the 2 species and that in several experimental conditions, male mosquitoes expired to a greater extent than female mosquitoes. These findings indicate that several of the compounds are toxic to mosquitoes. Further study is required to determine their effectiveness in attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) as a potential component of population control strategies.
Two decades of harnessing standing genetic variation for physiological traits to improve drought tolerance in maize
Authors: Messina Carlos D , Gho Carla , Hammer Graeme L , Tang Tom , Cooper Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We review approaches to maize breeding for improved drought tolerance during flowering and grain filling in the central and western US corn belt and place our findings in the context of results from public breeding. Here we show that after two decades of dedicated breeding efforts, the rate of crop improvement under drought increased from 6.2 g m−2 year−1 to 7.5 g m−2 year−1, closing the genetic gain gap with respect to the 8.6 g m−2 year–1 observed under water-sufficient conditions. The improvement relative to the long-term genetic gain was possible by harnessing favourable alleles for physiological traits available in the reference population of genotypes. Experimentation in managed stress environments that maximized the genetic correlation with target environments was key for breeders to identify and select for these alleles. We also show that the embedding of physiological understanding within genomic selection methods via crop growth models can hasten genetic gain under drought. We estimate a prediction accuracy differential (Δr) above current prediction approaches of ~30% (Δr=0.11, r=0.38), which increases with increasing complexity of the trait environment system as estimated by Shannon information theory. We propose this framework to inform breeding strategies for drought stress across geographies and crops.
Relationship between the systemic immune-inflammatory index and the severity of acute bronchiolitis in children
Authors: Kızılsoy Ömer Furkan , Korkmaz Muhammet Furkan , Şenkan Gülsüm Elif , Bozdemir Şefika Elmas , Korkmaz Merve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
Acute bronchiolitis (AB) is one of the most common respiratory diseases in early childhood and is still an important health problem worldwide. The systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) is thought to have potential to be a new-generation inflammatory biomarker. We sought to investigate the value of SII for severity assessment in children with AB.

Methods
A total of 74 AB patients were included in a prospective observational study. Patients were classified into 3 AB groups according to this classification: mild (1-5 points), moderate (6-10 points), and severe (11-12 points). Complete blood count, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin tests were carried out. Modified Tal score was evaluated to determine severity. The performance of parameters to predict the severity of AB was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC).

Results
Whereas neutrophil count (P = .037), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = .030), and SII (P = .030) values increased significantly with disease severity, red cell distribution width (P = .048) values were higher in the moderate AB group. The SII was found to have the highest area under the curve in the comparison of the mild-moderate groups combination and the high group on ROC analysis (P = .009).

Conclusion
The SII values of pediatric patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of AB were significantly higher in the high-severity group. The SII may offer additional severity stratification in children with AB.
State crisis response versus transnational family living: An online ethnography among transnational families during the pandemic
Authors: Bell Justyna , Staver Anne Balke , Tolgensbakk Ida 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Transnational family living refers to the situation of maintaining relationships across national borders. It is dependent on a certain degree of flexibility from the state. As part of the crisis response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this flexibility was revoked. As a result, existing mobility inequalities became more visible than ever: while travel restrictions came as a shock to many, they created an additional challenge to those who had been struggling in the past. All persons engaged in transnational family living had to find ways to navigate the new situation. Our project is based on policy review and online ethnography taking Norway as a case. We discuss how individuals tried to maintain cross-border and mixed-status family lives during the first year of the pandemic, reacted to the borders closing, and found solace and advice from others in similar situations. The COVID-19 pandemic and the travel restrictions that followed have exposed vulnerabilities associated with transnational living and revealed to those involved that their arrangements were conditioned by the non-interference of the state. Our article engages in the discussion on the complexity of transnational family living and uses the case of the pandemic and the sudden state intervention in mobility regulations to expose the hidden parts of the puzzle that sustain the contemporary attributes of transnationalism.
Long-read-based single sperm genome sequencing for chromosome-wide haplotype phasing of both SNPs and SVs
Authors: Xie Haoling , Li Wen , Guo Yuqing , Su Xinjie , Chen Kexuan , Wen Lu , Tang Fuchou 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Although localized haploid phasing can be achieved using long read genome sequencing without parental data, reliable chromosome-scale phasing remains a great challenge. Given that sperm is a natural haploid cell, single-sperm genome sequencing can provide a chromosome-wide phase signal. Due to the limitation of read length, current short-read-based single-sperm genome sequencing methods can only achieve SNP haplotyping and come with difficulties in detecting and haplotyping structural variations (SVs) in complex genomic regions. To overcome these limitations, we developed a long-read-based single-sperm genome sequencing method and a corresponding data analysis pipeline that can accurately identify crossover events and chromosomal level aneuploidies in single sperm and efficiently detect SVs within individual sperm cells. Importantly, without parental genome information, our method can accurately conduct de novo phasing of heterozygous SVs as well as SNPs from male individuals at the whole chromosome scale. The accuracy for phasing of SVs was as high as 98.59% using 100 single sperm cells, and the accuracy for phasing of SNPs was as high as 99.95%. Additionally, our method reliably enabled deduction of the repeat expansions of haplotype-resolved STRs/VNTRs in single sperm cells. Our method provides a new opportunity for studying haplotype-related genetics in mammals.
Structural basis for high-affinity recognition of aflatoxin B1 by a DNA aptamer
Authors: Xu Guohua , Wang Chen , Yu Hao , Li Yapiao , Zhao Qiang , Zhou Xin , Li Conggang , Liu Maili 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The 26-mer DNA aptamer (AF26) that specifically binds aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) with nM-level high affinity is rare among hundreds of aptamers for small molecules. Despite its predicted stem–loop structure, the molecular basis of its high-affinity recognition of AFB1 remains unknown. Here, we present the first high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance structure of AFB1–AF26 aptamer complex in solution. AFB1 binds to the 16-residue loop region of the aptamer, inducing it to fold into a compact structure through the assembly of two bulges and one hairpin structure. AFB1 is tightly enclosed within a cavity formed by the bulges and hairpin, held in a place between the G·C base pair, G·G·C triple and multiple T bases, mainly through strong π–π stacking, hydrophobic and donor atom–π interactions, respectively. We further revealed the mechanism of the aptamer in recognizing AFB1 and its analogue AFG1 with only one-atom difference and introduced a single base mutation at the binding site of the aptamer to increase the discrimination between AFB1 and AFG1 based on the structural insights. This research provides an important structural basis for understanding high-affinity recognition of the aptamer, and for further aptamer engineering, modification and applications.
The Supreme Court Weighs In: Calder v. Bull (1798)
Authors: Logan Wayne A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Supreme Court’s landmark decision Calder v. Bull (1798), which remains the authoritative exposition of the Ex Post Facto Clause. In Calder, the court held that the clause only prohibits retroactive criminal, not also civil laws, and identified four particular categories of laws as improper. In the decades since Calder was decided, both holdings have come into question, especially that the clause only prohibits retroactive criminal laws. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of a foundational question: whether the Supreme Court had the power of judicial review it exercised in Calder. Attention then turns to Calder itself, which provided a lengthy exegesis of what the court saw as the historical provenance of the criminal-centric view it adopted. Thereafter, the discussion focuses on the mass of historical evidence contradicting the court’s limited view of coverage, backing the view that both the technical and general public understanding of ex post facto laws during the Framing Era was inclusive of civil and criminal laws. The chapter concludes with a survey of the several provocative theories advanced by twentieth-century scholars explaining the potential motivations behind the court’s adoption of a narrow view in Calder, despite the historical evidence.
The Narrative of Double Death with Abject Agency
Authors: Jeong Seung-hoon 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Abject agency is further theorized in Chapter 2 as central to the ‘double death’ narrative of global cinema. Protagonists undergo sociopolitical abjection as symbolic death and then become agents to recover their subjectivity or fulfill other missions until real death. The chapter’s case study moves the argument from Europe to Asia and highlights South Korean cinema while mapping its two transnational capital networks in narrative space. The North-West network depicts refugees or migrants whose mission renders them enslaved and abandoned like dogs (Poongsan, The Yellow Sea), whereas the South-East network stages professional outlaws like thieves as agents of neoliberal desires (The Thieves, Thirst). These ‘dogs’ and ‘thieves’ represent those circulated by capital and those circulating capital in the age of cognitive, financial, and emotional capitalism, leading to an ethical dilemma of today.
Alternative Ethics through the Paradox of the Gift
Authors: Jeong Seung-hoon 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Part IV (“Gift and Atopia”) proposes a third way between communal totality and networked anarchy, an alternative ethics beyond the postpolitical stalemate. Chapter 10 sheds light on positive modes of abject agency as liberated from fixed subjectivity, beginning with artistic creativity and extending to ethical gift-giving. The crux of the argument is that one’s abject being itself can be an existential gift to the other, retaining the potential sanctity of life to relay without return, closure, or recognition as a gift. The chapter explores this paradoxical gift-giving beyond capitalist give and take through some gift theories and three notable films: Dogville, Gran Torino, and Life of Pi. Building on the motif of the gift, these films inspire us to develop the ethics of the gift in global cinema and revisit the issues of multiculturalism, terrorism, divine violence, sacrifice, catastrophe, and redemption.