bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA-guided DNA base damage repair via DNA polymerase-mediated nick translation
Authors: Tsegay Pawlos S , Hernandez Daniela , Qu Fei , Olatunji Mustapha , Mamun Yasir , Chapagain Prem , Liu Yuan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDNA repair is mediated by DNA synthesis guided by a DNA template. Recent studies have shown that DNA repair can also be accomplished by RNA-guided DNA synthesis. However, it remains unknown how RNA can guide DNA synthesis to repair DNA damage. In this study, we revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying RNA-guided DNA synthesis and base damage repair mediated by human repair DNA polymerases. We showed that pol β, pol κ, and pol ι predominantly synthesized one nucleotide, and pol η, pol ν, and pol θ synthesized multi-nucleotides during RNA-guided DNA base damage repair. The steady-state kinetics showed that pol η exhibited more efficient RNA-guided DNA synthesis than pol β. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we further revealed dynamic conformational changes of pol β and pol η and their structural basis to accommodate the RNA template and misoriented triphosphates of an incoming nucleotide. We demonstrated that RNA-guided base damage repair could be accomplished by the RNA-guided DNA strand-displacement synthesis and nick translation leading to nick ligation in a double-strand DNA region. Our study revealed a novel RNA-guided base damage repair pathway during transcription and DNA replication.
Structural domains of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein coordinate to compact long nucleic acid substrates
Authors: Morse Michael , Sefcikova Jana , Rouzina Ioulia , Beuning Penny J , Williams Mark C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein performs several functions including binding, compacting, and packaging the ∼30 kb viral genome into the viral particle. N protein consists of two ordered domains, with the N terminal domain (NTD) primarily associated with RNA binding and the C terminal domain (CTD) primarily associated with dimerization/oligomerization, and three intrinsically disordered regions, an N-arm, a C-tail, and a linker that connects the NTD and CTD. We utilize an optical tweezers system to isolate a long single-stranded nucleic acid substrate to measure directly the binding and packaging function of N protein at a single molecule level in real time. We find that N protein binds the nucleic acid substrate with high affinity before oligomerizing and forming a highly compact structure. By comparing the activities of truncated protein variants missing the NTD, CTD, and/or linker, we attribute specific steps in this process to the structural domains of N protein, with the NTD driving initial binding to the substrate and ensuring high localized protein density that triggers interprotein interactions mediated by the CTD, which forms a compact and stable protein-nucleic acid complex suitable for packaging into the virion.
Voluminous continental growth of the Altaids and its control on metallogeny
Authors: Wang Tao , Huang He , Zhang Jianjun , Wang Chaoyang , Cao Guangyue , Xiao Wenjiao , Yang Qidi , Bao Xuewei 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTThe Altaids is generally considered to be the largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogen on Earth, but it is unclear whether it was associated with extensive continental crustal growth and whether there is a link between the crustal growth and ore mineralization. This paper reviews whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data for felsic–intermediate–mafic igneous rocks in the Altaids and presents Nd + Hf isotopic contour maps for this region. The maps highlight the 3D lithospheric compositional architecture of the Altaids and make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the crustal growth and its relationship with ore deposits. The Altaids hosts ∼4 107 350 km2 and ∼184 830 750 km3 (assuming a crustal thickness of 40–50 km) juvenile crust (ϵNd(t) &gt; 0), accounting for 58% by isotope-mapped area (∼7 010 375 km2) of almost all outcrops of the Altaids (∼8 745 000 km2) and formed during 1000–150 Ma (mainly 600–150 Ma). The juvenile crustal, slightly juvenile-reworked crustal and slightly reworked crustal provinces controlled the Cu–Au, the Pb–Zn–Ag and the Li–Be, Nb–Ta and W–Sn ore deposits. According to the crustal architecture and background of deep compositions, we propose that the ore deposits can be grouped into three types: juvenile crust-related, mixed-source (or slightly juvenile crust)-related and reworked crust-related. This highlights the close relationship between accretion, continental growth and mineralization, and will facilitate exploration for specific ore-deposit types in the Altaids.
Sex and Race Disparities in Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among People With HIV: A 21-Year Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Pellegrino Rachael A , Rebeiro Peter F , Turner Megan , Davidson Amber , Best Noelle , Shaffernocker Chandler , Kheshti Asghar , Kelly Sean , Raffanti Stephen , Sterling Timothy R , Castilho Jessica L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Since the availability of antiretroviral therapy, mortality rates among people with HIV (PWH) have decreased; however, this does not quantify premature deaths among PWH, and disparities persist.

Methods
We examined all-cause and premature mortality among PWH receiving care at the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic from January 1998 to December 2018. Mortality rates were compared by demographic and clinical factors, and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) were calculated using multivariable Poisson regression. For individuals who died, age-adjusted years of potential life lost (aYPLL) per total person-years living with HIV were calculated from US sex-specific life tables, and sex and race differences were examined using multivariable linear regression.

Results
Among 6531 individuals (51% non-Hispanic [NH] White race, 40% NH Black race, 21% cis-gender women, 78% cis-gender men) included, 956 (14.6%) died. In adjusted analysis, PWH alive in the most recent calendar era (2014–2018) had decreased risk of mortality compared with those in the earliest calendar era (1998–2003; aIRR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.17–0.29), and women had increased risk of death compared with men (aIRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.12–1.54). Of those who died, Black women had the highest aYPLL (aIRR, 592.5; 95% CI, 588.4–596.6), followed by Black men (aIRR, 470.7; 95% CI, 468.4–472.9), White women (aIRR, 411.5; 95% CI, 405.6–417.4), then White men (aIRR, 308.6; 95% CI, 308.0–309.2). In adjusted models, higher YPLL remained associated with NH Black race and cis-gender women, regardless of HIV risk factor.

Conclusions
Despite marked improvement over time, sex disparities in mortality as well as sex and race disparities in YPLL remained among PWH in this cohort.
The Social Organization of Black Communities
Authors: Green Dan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois began his illustrious career as an academic sociologist dedicated to providing valid data about the status and condition of African Americans as well as their progress since emancipation. His goal was to put science into sociology through empirical studies of Black Americans. From 1898 to 1910 he produced several groundbreaking empirical studies of urban and rural Black communities, focusing primarily on their social organization. These studies were the initial empirical studies in sociology by an American sociologist. His pioneering research also introduced sociology to the importance of social organization and its relevance in human social life. This chapter examines Du Bois’s pioneering analyses of social organization that evolved in Black communities following emancipation.
Sociology of Religion and the Black Church
Authors: Blume Oeur Freeden , Blum Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
More than just a topic of inquiry for W. E. B. Du Bois, religion provided a language that the scholar used to convey larger truths concerning racial equity and identity, and the possibility for social change. This chapter first describes how Du Bois’s sociology of religion not only was a careful study of the place of religion in society and history but was also grounded in a philosophical commitment to understanding the dynamic relationship between science and religion. It turns next to Du Bois’s writings on the central place of religion in the history of African and African American peoples. The third section is dedicated to Du Bois’s writings on the Black Church. The fourth section discusses Du Bois’s critique of colonialism and white Christianity. The chapter concludes with observations on how Du Bois, an architect of the sociology of religion, continues today to inspire the study of religion and racial politics.
W. E. B. Du Bois and the Field and Function of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Alridge Derrick P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Drawing on W. E. B. Du Bois’s speeches and writings, this chapter examines his assessments of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the midst of a segregated US society and presents his pragmatic and farsighted vision of these institutions in the twentieth century. The chapter also presents Du Boisian-based principles that address contemporary domestic and global sociopolitical issues faced by HBCUs. The chapter concludes with a set of recommendations of ways for HBCUs to navigate the twenty-first century.
W. E. B. Du Bois and Journalism
Authors: Green Dan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During his long life, wholly dedicated to fighting racism and social inequality, W. E. B. Du Bois used several strategies. Early in his career, as an academic sociologist, he discovered that his scholarly work promoting social justice was not valued. He turned to public sociology, deciding it was a more effective method of getting his message about social justice to the public. His first magazine, The Moon, was short-lived, lasting only a year. Together with two sympathetic colleagues, he then initiated The Horizon, which lasted three years. In 1910, when he was active in the formation of the NAACP, and known as a journalist, the NAACP hired him as editor of their proposed journal The Crisis, a position he kept for twenty-three years. During this time, and still with the NAACP, he published a children’s magazine, The Brownies’ Book, in 1920–21. He resigned from the NAACP in 1934 because of a long-standing feud with the board over editorial control of The Crisis, returning to Atlanta University, where he initiated his fifth journal, Phylon, a journal of race relations, and edited it from 1940 to 1944.
Du Bois and Women Activists
Authors: Dennie Nneka D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois’s relationships with women activists and women’s activism—particularly that of Black women—are fraught with tensions. He at times writes with clarity about women’s rights, but at some points in his career, he sidelined Black women contemporaries and minimized the ways they influenced his work. This chapter undertakes a network analysis of how Du Bois worked with women activists in order to identify and reconcile the contradictions in his work. Through examining Du Bois’s relationships with Jessie Fauset, Zora Neale Hurston, Mary White Ovington, Ida B. Wells, and others, it argues that Du Bois often mentored younger Black women and collaborated with White women allies but erased established Black women activists. The chapter contends that Du Bois’s divergent treatment of Black and White women activists stemmed from their differential access to power in early suffrage and reform movements, which influenced the ways he approached potential collaborations with women.
Folk Belief and Religion in Ukraine
Authors: Lesiv Mariya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After briefly introducing the current religious landscape in Ukraine, this chapter focuses on the newly emergent folk expressions in the forms of the supernatural apparitions of the Mother of God. The apparitions were identified in small villages that, in turn, developed into pilgrimage sites. Ukrainian village dwellers are often the victims of placism. The apparitions, while drawing on firmly established beliefs and models of religious authority and behavior, become powerful vehicles for creating the charisma of place in localities that are otherwise deeply marginalized. The charisma-building processes are manifested in three overlapping expressive forms, namely, personal narrative, material culture, and ritual. This study is based on the ethnographic methodology of “vernacular” or “lived” religion.
The ASEBA Hierarchical/Dimensional Approach to Taxonomy and Assessment
Authors: Rescorla Leslie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) approach to assessment by summarizing its history; main characteristics; scales, scoring, and psychometric properties; multicultural applications; and clinical applications, with a focus on cross-informant agreement. From its outset, the ASEBA has combined both a hierarchical/dimensional approach to the taxonomy/conceptual structure of mental health problems and a system of assessment instruments to characterize the patterns and level of problems manifested by clients. This approach provided the groundwork for two more recently articulated hierarchical/dimensional approaches to characterizing psychopathology and personality: Caspi’s general pathology p factor approach and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology approach. For each of these approaches, the chapter discusses its history, some major publications articulating the approach, and its guiding constructs. These three hierarchical/dimensional approaches seem to have achieved an exciting synergy that is poised to effect significant change in approaches to mental health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of challenges and future directions for hierarchical/dimensional approaches both for taxonomy and for direct assessment of clients.
The Technical Developments in Breaking from Conditioning to Mindset
Authors: Robitzky Niels “Storm” 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter points out specific events, such as the innovation and the development of different moves that formed trends in different eras in the Breaking community. It also mentions historical places that were of importance to the cultural development of Breaking, as well as dancers that had a significant impact on B-boy and B-girl culture. The main focus of this chapter lies on the general metaphysical approach of Breakers to the acquisition of their skills. Comprehending the metaphysical aspects of Breaking can help us understand its cultural values. How do B-Boys and B-Girls function? The acquisition of skill strongly depends on a person’s mindset. How do they value their technique? This is described by looking at the characteristics of Breakers as craftsmen.
Durkheim and Bergson, Durkheimians and Bergsonians
Authors: Delitz Heike 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between Bergson and Durkheim, and between Bergsonians and Durkheimians. A brief first section reports the state of research on Durkheim versus Bergson. The second section sketches the relationship between the Durkheim school of sociology and Henri Bergson as a discipline-constituting aversion against a so-called Bergsonian philosophy of life, a so-called intuitionism and irrationalism, or a so-called philosophy of the subject. The third section reconstructs Bergson’s own sociological theory (The Two Sources of Religion and Morality) and the ways in which it follows, and contradicts, Durkheimian sociology. In some aspects, Bergson’s social theory can be called structuralist; in others, it is a new vitalism. A fourth section traces the elective affinities between Bergson’s philosophy and later theories of the social: authors such as Georges Canguilhem, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Gilbert Simondon, Gilles Deleuze, and Cornelius Castoriadis develop a “Bergsonian” social thought beyond positivism, Cartesian divisions, and methodological individualisms.
The Cachet of Cachê
Authors: Garland Shannon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines debates over the determination of wages, cachê, for indie musicians in Brazil. It focuses on the organization Fora do Eixo, which sought to expand indie band circulation and audiences for them by paying bands in its alternative currency, called card. Card allowed Fora do Eixo to employ labor without the need to draw on real money, capacitating participants in music production in smaller cities with limited financial resources. But it also led to heated debates about what value a band’s wage represents: the labor of organizing indie production, the social relationships forged in production, bands’ social recognition, or the aesthetic quality of the “music itself.” The chapter finds that although all these locations of value obtain when it comes to the value of music, capitalism’s requirement of commodification prevents their simultaneous expression in the money form. The chapter thus highlights how the abstraction of value within capitalism clashes with the rich, multiple social and aesthetic values of music making. Determining the “real” location of value in music becomes an impossible, though necessary task.
Poverty, Class, and Tourism
Authors: Frenzel Fabian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tourism’s relationship to poverty and class is multifaceted and has changed over time. Tourism is a social phenomenon in which class and poverty often become apparent and are sometimes negotiated. In this chapter, the author focuses on a certain aspect of the relationship between tourism and class, namely tourism’s role in enabling and underpinning the politics of class and poverty. Using the context of Victorian slumming as an empirical backdrop, the chapter discusses three aspects of the politics of class in tourism: (1) the relationship of knowledge and class in tourism, with tourism producing but also obscuring knowledge; (2) the relationship of tourism and inequality, interrogating how tourism enables claims making in contexts of inequality; and (3) the role of free time for political action, investigating how the availability of free time and space has enabled the formation of class-based politics. The chapter contributes to better understanding the role of tourism in political and class-based action, a role not widely acknowledged in political history and social movement studies.
Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in the WTO and Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Bartels Lorand 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The WTO, and most modern FTAs, include binding dispute settlement systems for the determination of their core This chapter looks at the jurisdictional powers of the tribunals established in these dispute settlement systems. It briefly discusses the nature of jurisdiction, contrasting its treatment in trade and other international agreements. Next, it turns to the way that the WTO and FTAs grant trade tribunals the power to determine facts, including the measures adopted by a respondent party, and to identify, interpret and apply the applicable law to those facts. In this context, it considers questions such as the power of a WTO or FTA tribunal to consider domestic law, and also public international law outside of the WTO agreements or FTA at issue. Finally, this chapter considers how WTO and FTA tribunals relate to each other, including by means of FTA choice of forum clauses, and their effectiveness under WTO law.
Improvisations for Achilles
Authors: Lee Colin Andrew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an evaluation of 45 individual music therapy sessions with Eddie, a gay man living with HIV/AIDS. As a self-identified gay music therapist, I describe how our professional relationship developed, how the balance between musical expression and therapeutic outcome evolved, and the music-centred values that became central to our work. Through Eddie’s verbal evaluations, my professional and personal reflections, and audio extracts from sessions themselves the reader is given the opportunity to enter the realities of the therapeutic process. Emphasizing the importance of embracing the authentic identities of client and therapist, this study highlights the essential balance between the creative essence of improvising and the aesthetic qualities of music-making in therapy.
GULAG Testimony Between Pluto and Orpheus
Authors: Kalinin Ilya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter centers on the corpus of literary and documentary testimony about the GULAG. As a rule, studies of Holocaust memory deploy the conceptual framework of collective trauma, which makes an indelible mark on the discursive texture of commemoration. This chapter argues that the uncritical use of this analytical model to describe Soviet “camp literature” hampers understanding of its specific character. The second perspective I propose embeds textually expressed GULAG memory in the socio-cultural context of the late-Soviet space and the unofficial, uncensored culture of the underground, which permits us to correct our understanding of the unique features of the given memorial tradition. Uncovering these intersections and divergences offers insight into the way that widespread camp experience entered the habitus of the late-Soviet underground, while simultaneously revealing how the conditions of underground existence mediated representations of camp experience.
Plain Tunes for Plain Men? Opera and the “Man in the Street” in 1920s Britain
Authors: Wilson Alexandra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Throughout the 1920s a heated debate took place in Britain around the codification of “high” and “low” culture. The so-called battle of the brows involved categorizing not only different types of music but also different types of listeners, and the “man in the street” became the key player in discussions about a new phenomenon known as the “middlebrow.” Simultaneously a much-derided and much-mythologized figure, he was typically posited as the opposite number of the also widely stereotyped “highbrow.” This chapter examines who the fabled “man in the street” really was and considers his many and varied encounters with opera—via live performances, broadcasting, recordings, and other forms of dissemination—as part of an eclectic cultural diet. It analyzes the different operatic repertories the man in the street would have heard, his tastes, and his modes of listening at a time when opera was very much seen as accessible to all.
Buddhism and Digital Media
Authors: Veidlinger Daniel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Digital technologies are unifying all things into an interconnected web of existence that echoes the Buddhist notion of Dharmakāya, the body of the Buddha, that comprises all things in the universe. This chapter explores social media, virtual worlds, mobile apps, cybersanghas, and online scholarly resources, with an eye to examining how digital media affect the shape of Buddhism today. While many early figures associated with the computer revolution were interested in Buddhism, and Buddhism has contributed to the development of communication technologies as seen in the early Chinese printing presses, not all Buddhists have welcomed digital technology, with some seeing it as inauthentic, materialistic, and a driver of desire rather than a means to overcome it. Therefore, it is important to understand the environment that digital media create and ascertain the degree to which such an environment might foster or harm the ideas, practices, and institutions of Buddhism.