bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Trade Agreements: Laboratories of Innovation or Propellers of Fragmentation?
Authors: Lewis Meredith Kolsky 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
The original ‘building blocks or stumbling blocks’ debate considered the positive and negative impacts on the multilateral trading system in the form of the World Trade Organization (WTO) of free trade agreements (FTAs) at a time when FTAs were primarily bilateral and/or regional. This article recasts the debate in light of modern realities. Since the collapse of the Doha Round, WTO Members have increasingly formed FTAs with more than one large economy; plurilateral as well as bilateral groupings; and agreements including WTO-plus commitments. Further, Members have pursued plurilateral subject-specific negotiations both outside the WTO such as the Trade in Services Agreement and within, in the form of Joint Statement Initiatives. The article assesses from General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade formation to the present the extent to which the full range of trade agreements have facilitated experimentation and to which such agreements have had a fragmenting impact on the WTO. While the answers to these questions are nuanced, what is clear is that Members who wish to liberalize more deeply than other Members will find a way to do so outside the WTO rather than abandoning their objectives. As such, the debate today is no longer whether bilateral or regional FTAs are good or bad for a single undertaking-based multilateral WTO. Instead, we must weigh whether it is preferable for new plurilateral initiatives to be accommodated within the WTO at the expense of strict consensus or to reject such initiatives with the understanding that powerful Members will instead to pursue their objectives in plurilateral arrangements outside the WTO.
Inheritance of Two Traits With High Plasticity, Developmental Speed, and Body Size, in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Morales-Ramos Juan A , Rojas M Guadalupe , Tweedy Damian , Emery Virginia , Kelstrup Hans C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study of inheritance of quantitative traits of high plasticity in insects has been limited. The heritability of larval development time and body weight in Tenebrio molitor L. was determined using the method of parent-offspring regression. The parental group of adults obtained from a cohort from one day of oviposition from a stock colony was divided into 28 class groups according to their larval development time and pupal weight. The progeny resulting from these parental classes was grouped in experimental units and allowed to develop to the pupal stage. Means of larval development time and pupal weight of the progeny were compared with their parental class levels using linear regression. The selection of larval development time and pupal weight in the parental classes had a significant impact on the means of larval development time and pupal weight of the progeny. The regression coefficients for larval development time and pupal weight were 0.626 ± 0.02 and 0.408 ± 0.02, respectively. These values represent the proportion of genetic determination of these two traits based on the principles of the method of parent-offspring regression. The apparent independence of larval development time and pupal weight based on their poor linear correlation is discussed.
PD-1 Inhibitor for Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Infection in a Person With HIV
Authors: Liu Li , Song Zichen , Xun Jingna , Liu Danping , Wei Jianhao , Wang Zhenyan , Tang Yang , Sun Jianjun , Chen Jun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report a case of a person with human immunodeficiency virus with disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection, in whom antiretroviral therapy combined with all drugs of anti–M avium activity failed to clear the pathogen. After PD-1 inhibitor treatment, T-cell exhaustion was reversed and M avium–specific T-cell response was boosted, together with M avium clearance.
DEVELOPMENT OF ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR𝑾AIRIN 60CO GAMMA RAYS
Authors: Sato Yuuki , Shimizu Morihito , Takeda Masakatsu , Fujita Yukio , Kato Masahiro , Kurosawa Tadahiro , Sato Masanori 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn the ICRU Report 90, the uncertainty of the recommendation for ${{W}}_{{air}}$ was changed from 0.15 to 0.35%. The purpose of this study is to develop an absolute measurement system for ${{W}}_{{air}}$ in electrons with lower uncertainty using 60Co gamma rays. ${{W}}_{{air}}$ was determined by the ratio of the energy deposition to the number of ion pairs created in a given volume of air using a graphite calorimeter and a graphite-wall ionisation chamber. The obtained value for ${{W}}_{{air}}$ was 33.91 eV with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.08 eV (k = 1), and was in good agreement with the recommended value of the ICRU Report 90 (33.97 eV). Additionally, the uncertainty for ${{W}}_{{air}}$ obtained in this investigation is 0.23% and is comparable with that reported by Burns et al., which is the lowest uncertainty in recent studies determining ${{W}}_{{air}}$ In the future, the proposed system can be used to measure ${{W}}_{{air}}$ in high-energy electron beams.
BCG is protective against death in male but not female patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Bohlbro Anders Solitander , Mendes Antonio Matteus , Sifna Armando , Patsche Cecilie Blenstrup , Soelberg Martin Emil Schomann , Gomes Victor , Wejse Christian , Rudolf Frauke 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Growing evidence supports the existence of a sex difference in immunity to tuberculosis (TB). This is most often to the detriment of males. This study aimed to assess the association between scar size from bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and mortality risk stratified by sex.

Methods
Kaplan–Meier survivor functions and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess mortality risk by sex and scar size. Groups were further compared by clinical and epidemiological characteristics.

Results
Between 2003 and 2019, 2944 eligible patients were identified, of whom 1003 were included in the final analysis. Males with BCG scars, particularly large scars, were less likely to die within 1 y of diagnosis than males with no scar (adjusted hazard ratio 0.36 [95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.88]). In contrast, females with small scars trended towards higher mortality than females with no scars or females with large scars.

Conclusions
BCG protects against death in male but not female patients with TB. More research is needed to determine the mechanisms underpinning these sex differences and whether they are generalizable beyond this setting.
Two Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Strains Isolated from Almond in Spain Differ in Plasmid Content and Virulence Traits
Authors: Román-Écija M. , Navas-Cortés J. A. , Velasco-Amo M. P. , Arias-Giraldo L. F. , Gómez L. M. , Fuente L. De La , Landa B. B. 
Published: December 2022

The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a major threat to agriculture and the environment worldwide. Recent devastating outbreaks in Europe highlight the potential of this pathogen to cause emergent diseases. X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ESVL and IVIA5901 strains that belong to sequence type 6 were isolated from almond orchards within the outbreak area in Alicante province (Spain). Both strains share more than 99% of the chromosomal sequences (average nucleotide identity), but the ESVL strain harbors two plasmids (pXF64-Hb_ESVL and pUCLA-ESVL). Here, virulence phenotypes and genome content were compared between both strains, using three strains from the United States as a reference for the phenotypic analyses. Experiments in microfluidic chambers, used as a simulation of xylem vessels, showed that twitching motility was absent in the IVIA5901 strain, whereas the ESVL strain had reduced twitching motility. In general, both Spanish strains had less biofilm formation, less cell aggregation, and lower virulence in tobacco compared with U.S. reference strains. Genome analysis of the two plasmids from ESVL revealed 51 unique coding sequences that were absent in the chromosome of IVIA5901. Comparison of the chromosomes of both strains showed some unique coding sequences and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in each strain, with potential deleterious mutations. Genomic differences found in genes previously associated with adhesion and motility might explain the differences in the phenotypic traits studied. Although additional studies are necessary to infer the potential role of X. fastidiosa plasmids, our results indicate that the presence of plasmids should be considered in the study of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and adaptation in X. fastidiosa to new environments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
A National Survey of Medication Dosage Calculation Teaching Methods and Competency Criteria on Nursing Student Success: Recommendations for Nurse Educators
Authors: Schneidereith Tonya , Barr Erik 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this study was to synthesize the current landscape of medication dosage calculation (MDC) education for prelicensure nursing students in the United States.

BACKGROUND
There is little consistency in the format of MDC education and evaluation in prelicensure nursing education, yet consequences of not passing MDC exams can affect the number of graduating nurses. Consequences can include withdrawal from the course, delayed progression of a semester or more, or dismissal from the nursing program.

METHOD
An electronic survey was emailed to prelicensure administrators of 1,620 associate, bachelor’s, and master’s entry programs in the United States.

RESULTS
Surveys were received from 210 programs. Results confirmed inconsistent methods used to teach and evaluate MDC competency.

CONCLUSION
Inconsistent teaching methods and competency criteria can affect retention and subsequent growth of the nursing workforce. Based on the characteristics associated with MDC success, recommendations are made for nurse educators.
A National Qualitative Study of Work-Life Balance in Prelicensure Nursing Faculty
Authors: Crawford Ryan P. , Barbé Tammy , Troyan Patricia J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

AIM
This study explored how full-time, prelicensure baccalaureate nursing faculty members described their experiences with work-life balance.

BACKGROUND
With increasing shortages of nursing faculty and practicing nurses, schools of nursing are developing faculty recruitment and retention efforts. It is imperative to understand the experiences of nursing faculty with regard to balancing their work and personal lives.

METHOD
A web-based survey including two open-ended questions related to work-life balance was disseminated to deans of nursing programs, who disseminated the survey to nursing faculty. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS
The sample (n = 320) was representative of current nursing faculty demographics. Three themes emerged: Relationship With Administration, Nursing Faculty Workload, and Boundary Setting. Opposing subthemes were noted in each theme.

CONCLUSION
Administrators may use the findings from this study to create administrator and faculty development opportunities and mentorship programs that promote work-life balance of nursing faculty.
A National Report on Clinical Judgment Model Use in Prelicensure Nursing Curricula
Authors: Jessee Mary A. , Nielsen Ann , Monagle Janet , Gonzalez Lisa , Lasater Kathie , Dickison Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

AIM
This study examined US prelicensure nursing program use of clinical judgment models and teaching strategies to promote students’ clinical judgment.

BACKGROUND
Growing interest in teaching clinical judgment associated with upcoming changes in NCLEX-RN testing warrants exploration of how models and teaching strategies are currently used.

METHOD
A cross-sectional survey with multiple-choice and open-ended response items was used to examine programs’ use of clinical judgment educational models.

RESULTS
Of 234 participants (9 percent response rate), 27 percent reported using a model; 51 percent intended and 20 percent did not intend to start using a model. Tanner’s clinical judgment model was the most used, followed by the clinical reasoning cycle. Models were used to inform design of teaching/learning strategies and facilitate clinical teaching and evaluation.

CONCLUSION
Clinical judgment model use may increase as programs prepare for changes in NCLEX-RN. Research is needed to understand how model use contributes to measurable differences in clinical judgment skill.
A Comparison of the Representation of Women in Editor Positions at Major Medical Journals in 2021 vs 2011
Authors: Starchl Christina , Shah Vianca , Zollner-Schwetz Ines , Knezevic Jovana , Geiger Simon , Amrein Karin 
Published: December 2022

Purpose
There continues to be a disparity in the representation of women across medicine, including in editor positions at major medical journals. The authors repeated a study they had conducted in 2011 to compare the representation of women in editor-in-chief and editorial board member positions in 2011 and 2021.

Method
The authors included in their analysis the 60 journals from their original 2011 study and the top 5 ranked journals by Journal Impact Factor in each of 12 disciplines in 2021. This led to the inclusion of 86 journals. The authors collected the names and genders of the editors-in-chief and editorial board members at these journals, using information provided by the journals and a Google search for the photos and/or pronouns of the remaining editors. They compared results across years (2021 vs 2011), editor positions, disciplines, Journal Impact Factors, and ranks.

Results
Twenty-two of the 90 editors-in-chief (24.4%) were women in 2021 compared with 10 of 63 (15.9%) in 2011, an increase of 8.5%. Of the 6,285 editorial board members, 1,756 were women (27.9%) in 2021 compared with 719 of 4,112 (17.5%) in 2011, an increase of 10.4%. Journals with women editors-in-chief gained 3.5 ranks and 9.1 points in Journal Impact Factor on average over this 10-year period, compared with no gain in rank and an increase of 4.7 points in Journal Impact Factor for journals with men editors-in-chief; both are statistically significant differences (P = .045 and P = .016, respectively).

Conclusions
In almost all evaluated disciplines and editor positions, there was an increase in the percentage of women at top-ranked medical journals over a 10-year period. Despite this increase, improvements are still needed to accelerate the currently slow rate of change in these positions to enhance diversity, equity, and inclusion for women in medicine.
Diagnostic capability of the scratch collapse test compared with other clinical diagnostic tests for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective case-control study
Authors: Najd Mazhar Farid , Shariatzadeh Hooman , Hosseinzadeh Danial 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Diagnostic performance of the scratch collapse test for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is not clear. This study evaluated its diagnostic capability for CTS diagnosis in comparison with other widely used clinical CTS tests, including the Tinel’s sign, Phalen’s test, and Durkan’s test.

Methods:
In a prospective case-control study, 78 CTS patients and 78 group-matched healthy control subjects were included. The electrodiagnostic testing was regarded as a reference standard CTS diagnostic method. The tests were conducted separately for the case and control groups; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of the tests were calculated.

Results:
The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of CTS diagnosis were 7.7%, 100%, 100%, 52% and 53.8% for the scratch collapse test; 91%, 97.4%, 97.3%, 91.6%, and 94.2% for the Tinel’s sign test; 84.6%, 100%,100%, 88.6%, and 93.6% for the Phalen’s test; and 87.2%, 100%, 100%, 88.6%, and 93.6% for the Durkan’s test, respectively.

Conclusions:
Scratch collapse test has a low sensitivity and accuracy for diagnosing CTS. These results do not support its routine use for the diagnosis of CTS.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Effects of Return-to-Office, Public Schools Reopening, and Vaccination Mandates on COVID-19 Cases Among Municipal Employee Residents of New York City
Authors: Greene Sharon K. , Tabaei Bahman P. , Culp Gretchen M. , Levin-Rector Alison , Kishore Nishant , Baumgartner Jennifer 
Published: December 2022

Objective
On September 13, 2021, teleworking ended for New York City municipal employees, and Department of Education employees returned to reopened schools. On October 29, COVID-19 vaccination was mandated. We assessed these mandates' short-term effects on disease transmission.

Methods
Using difference-in-difference analyses, we calculated COVID-19 incidence rate ratios (IRRs) among residents 18 to 64 years old by employment status before and after policy implementation.

Results
IRRs after (September 23–October 28) versus before (July 5–September 12) the return-to-office mandate were similar between office-based City employees and non-City employees. Among Department of Education employees, the IRR after schools reopened was elevated by 28.4% (95% confidence interval, 17.3%–40.3%). Among City employees, the IRR after (October 29–November 30) versus before (September 23–October 28) the vaccination mandate was lowered by 20.1% (95% confidence interval, 13.7%–26.0%).

Conclusions
Workforce mandates influenced disease transmission, among other societal effects.
Useful Flaps for Plastic Surgeons to Know
Authors: Neligan Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe different useful flaps. 2. Identify pitfalls of specific flaps. 3. Incorporate tips that facilitate flap use.

Summary:
We have a wide selection of flaps to choose from for any given reconstruction. This article describes the use of different flaps that the author has found useful in his practice. Some of these flaps are mainstream, whereas others are not. The article does not suggest that these are the only flaps that one should use, nor does it go into great detail on the dissection of each flap except where the author has identified pitfalls or where he can offer tips and tricks that facilitate use of these flaps. Flaps are described from head to toe.
Contributions of Surgical Critical Care Program Directors Society to the training of surgeons
Authors: Ali Yasmin , Davis Kimberly , Chiu William , Cioffi William , Luchette Fred , Tisherman Samuel , Spain David 
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND
In 1986, Surgical Critical Care (SCC) was formally recognized as a specialty by the American Board of Surgery (ABS), however it took another two decades to develop a formal national training structure in SCC. In 2003, the program directors of SCC fellowships began to meet and the Surgical Critical Care Program Directors Society (SCCPDS) was officially formed in 2004, with recognition of the SCCPDS as a non-profit organization in 2008. Over the next several years, and in conjunction with other interested groups, such as the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), SCCPDS created a formal curriculum, developed a unified system for the fellowship application process, and increased recruitment and match such that now approximately 1 in 6 general surgery graduates are pursuing training in SCC. In discussion with past and present leadership of SCCPDS, there are several ongoing initiatives to further improve the educational opportunities of the fellows and increase inclusion of other organizations and other specialties interested in SCC. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of SCCPDS in the development and evolution of SCC and Acute Care Surgery (ACS) training.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Expert Opinion; Level V.
Effects of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor on Sputum Viscoelastic Properties, Airway Infection and Inflammation in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Addante Annalisa , Völler Mirjam , Schaupp Laura , Fentker Kerstin , Bardua Markus , Kuppe Aditi , Duerr Julia , Piehler Linus , Röhmel Jobst , Thee Stephanie , Kirchner Marieluise , Ziehm Matthias , Lauster Daniel , Haag Rainer , Gradzielski Michael , Stahl Mirjam , Mertins Philipp , Boutin Sébastien , Graeber Simon Y. , Mall Marcus A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe recently demonstrated that the triple combination CFTR modulator therapy elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) improves lung ventilation and airway mucus plugging determined by multiple-breath washout and magnetic resonance imaging in CF patients with at least oneF508delallele. However, effects of ELX/TEZ/IVA on viscoelastic properties of airway mucus, chronic airway infection and inflammation have not been studied. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the effects of ELX/TEZ/IVA on airway mucus rheology, microbiome and inflammation in CF patients with one or twoF508delalleles aged 12 years and older.MethodsIn this prospective observational study, we assessed sputum rheology, the microbiome, inflammation markers and proteome before and 8 to 16 weeks after initiation of ELX/TEZ/IVA.ResultsIn total, 59 patients with CF and at least oneF508delallele and 10 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. ELX/TEZ/IVA improved the elastic modulus (G’; -6.3 Pa; IQR, -17.9 to 1.2;P<0.01) and viscous modulus (G’’; -1.6 Pa; IQR, -3.6 to 0.5;P<0.05) of CF sputum. Further, ELX/TEZ/IVA improved the microbiome α-diversity (0.6; IQR, 0.0 to 1.2;P<0.001) and decreased the relative abundance ofPseudomonas aeruginosain CF sputum. ELX/TEZ/IVA also reduced IL-8 (−11.7 ng/ml, IQR, -36.5 to 11.2;P<0.05) and free NE activity (−27.5 µg/ml, IQR, - 64.5 to -3.5;P<0.001), and shifted the CF sputum proteome towards healthy.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that ELX/TEZ/IVA improves sputum viscoelastic properties, chronic airway infection and inflammation in CF patients with at least oneF508delallele, however, without reaching levels close to healthy.Clinical trial registered withwww.clinicaltrials.gov(NCT04732910)
GDF15 mediates renal cell plasticity in response to potassium depletion
Authors: Lasaad Samia , Walter Christine , Rafael Chloé , Morla Luciana , Doucet Alain , Picard Nicolas , Blanchard Anne , Fromes Yves , Matot Béatrice , Crambert Gilles , Cheval Lydie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA low potassium (K+) intake is a common situation in the population of the Westernized countries where processed food is prevalent in the diet. Here, we show that expression of GDF15, a TGFβ-related growth factor, is increased in renal tubular segments and gut parts of mice in response to low-K+diet leading to a systemic elevation of its plasma and urine concentration. In human, under mild dietary K+restriction, we observed that urine GDF15 excretion is correlated with plasma K+level. Conversely to WT mice, adaptation to K+restriction of GDF15-KO mice is not optimal, they do not increase their number of type A intercalated cell, responsible for K+retention, and have a delayed renal K+retention, leading to early development of hypokalemia. This renal effect of GDF15 depends on ErBb2 receptor, whose expression is increased in the kidney collecting ducts. We also observe that, in the absence of GDF15, the release of K+by the muscles is blunted which is compensated by a loss of muscle mass. Thus, in this study, we showed that GDF15 plays a central role in the response to K+restriction by orchestrating the modification of the cell composition of the collecting duct.