bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altering Physical Properties of Wilted Alfalfa by Impact – Shredding Processing
Authors: Pintens David A. , Shinners Kevin J. , Friede Joshua C. , Digman Matthew F. , Kalscheur Kenneth F. 
Published: April 2023

HighlightsA screenless hammermill utilizing impact and shredding was used to process wilted alfalfa.Processing increased specific surface area and ruptured plant cells as quantified by a processing level index.Processed material was more compliant than the chopped material resulting in 26% to 56% greater compacted density.Processing reduced silage pH and increased fermentation acids compared to the chopped silage.Abstract. Intensive mechanical processing of wilted alfalfa could potentially increase ruminant utilization of alfalfa. A novel forage processing mechanism which combines impact and shredding was used to investigate intensive physical disruption of wilted alfalfa. Physical disruption was quantified by a processing level index (PLI) defined as the ratio of treatment leachate conductivity relative to that of an ultimately processed treatment. Utilizing this index, four processing levels defined by the number of passes through the processor were compared to a control treatment of conventionally chopped material. Processing three times through the processing device achieved a PLI of greater than 60%, with the greatest increase in PLI occurring in the first pass through the device. Processing reduced particle-size, but 45% to 56% of the material dry mass was greater than 6 mm at the greatest processing level. Processing severely disrupted the mechanical structure of the stems, making them more compliant resulting in 26% to 56% greater compacted density than the chopped control. Processing reduced silage pH and increased fermentation acids compared to the chopped silage, indicating processing improved silage quality. Keywords: Alfalfa, Density, Haylage, Impact, Particle-size, Shredding.
Effect of Aspergillus Flavus Fungi Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination on Single Corn Kernel Mechanical Strength
Authors: Yao Haibo , Hruska Zuzana , Kincaid Russell , Tao Feifei , Rajasekaran Kanniah 
Published: April 2023

HighlightsKernels were artificially inoculated with toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus in the lab.Corn kernel mechanical strength was assessed as single kernel compression rupture force (CRF).Fungus-infected kernels had lower mechanical strength than the controls.Kernels with high aflatoxin contamination had lower mechanical strength than others.ABSTRACT. One persistent food safety issue associated with corn is aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced mainly by the fungi Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and A. parasiticus. Under environmental conditions suitable for fungal growth and aflatoxin production, these fungi are capable of infecting corn kernels in the field and in storage. When corn kernels are infected, the fungi use nutrients from the kernels to grow and propagate. In general, moldy and contaminated kernels are discolored and lighter in weight. These features could aid in the identification and removal of infected kernels. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between the mechanical strength of corn kernels and fungal infection, as well as aflatoxin contamination as a consequence of fungal infection. Corn kernels were infected with aflatoxin producing (AF13) and non-toxin-producing (AF36) A. flavus strains in lab inoculations. A total of 900 kernels were assigned to three groups, non-inoculated control, AF13-inoculated, and AF36-inoculated. One hundred kernels from each group were incubated for 3, 5, and 8 days. After incubation each kernel was cleaned and dried, then subjected to a destructive mechanical test. The compression rupture force (CRF) of each kernel was measured using a Mark-10 material test gauge to assess its kernel strength. The results show that kernel strength was significantly different between the control and treatment groups, with the control kernels being the strongest and the AF36-inoculated kernels the weakest. The results also indicated that kernels with aflatoxin contamination of 300 ppb and above were significantly weaker than control kernels and those less contaminated in the AF13-inoculated group. It is expected that the results of this research could benefit the corn industry by mitigating the aflatoxin contamination problem in post-harvest management. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus, Compression rupture force, Corn, Fungus-infected, Inoculation, Mechanical strength.
Assessment of PWM Solenoid Valves to Manipulate Hollow-Cone Nozzles with Different Modulation Frequencies
Authors: Campos Javier , Zhu Heping , Jeon Hongyoung , Salcedo Ramón , Ozkan Erdal , Gil Emilio 
Published: April 2023

HighlightsTwelve industrial PWM valves were investigated to manipulate high-pressure agricultural hollow-cone nozzles.Modulation frequencies ranged between 5 and 50 Hz and duty cycles between 10% and 100%.Upstream and downstream pressure profiles were used to determine maximum duty cycle ranges.Two out of 12 PWM valves could be potentially used for future variable-rate orchard sprayer designs.Abstract. Integration of high-speed pulse-width-modulation (PWM) solenoid valves into variable-rate orchard sprayers is needed to accurately regulate spray outputs for matching changes in plant canopy structure characteristics. Capability of 12 PWM valves to modulate hollow-cone nozzles for variable-rate applications was investigated with PWM frequencies of 5 to 50 Hz and duty cycles of 10% to 100%. The PWM valves were assembled on a laboratory spray system with a hollow-cone disc-core nozzle of 2.84 L min-1 flow capacity operated at 1380 kPa pressure. The upstream and downstream pressures on the PWM valves were recorded and analyzed to determine the maximum functional duty cycle ranges and maximum PWM frequency at which the PWM valves could manipulate the nozzle functionally. Test results showed that there were noticeable differences in the modulation capability among the 12 PWM valves due to their design differences. Two out of 12 valves were able to manipulate the hollow-cone nozzles with duty cycles ranging from 30% or 40% to 70% at the modulation frequency of 40 Hz. These two PWM valves performed the highest capability among the 12 valves to manipulate the hollow-cone nozzle. As a result, these two valves would be selected for future investigations on their flow rate modulation accuracy and droplet size distributions before they could be recommended for adaptation in the variable-rate orchard sprayers. Keywords: Duty cycle, Flow control, Orchard sprayer, Pesticide, Precision farming, Pulse width modulation.
Intervenció arqueològica a un refugi de comandament de les Brigades Internacionals durant la Batalla de l’Ebre. Resultats de les excavacions realitzades al Molí de Ferriol (Corbera d’Ebre)
Authors: Romero Serra Mireia 
Published: April 2023

Durant l’agost i principis de setembre de 1938, les forces republicanes van haver de recular davant la forta ofensiva dels nacionals en els diferents escenaris de combat. La pugna al nucli urbà de Corbera d’Ebre i les seves rodalies esdevingué molt dura i provocà combats acarnissats. Algunes de les brigades internacionals, com les XIII i XV, van jugar un paper molt important en la defensa de Corbera d’Ebre, fins a retirar- se cap al nucli estratègic de les Camposines. Fonts orals i arqueològiques evidencien la construcció en aquesta zona de diversos llocs de comandament des d’on es coordinaven els moviments de la defensa republicana. Un d’aquests punts es localitza a la cova d’en Molí d’en Ferriol, excavada pel grup de recerca DIDPATRI en una campanya arqueològica durant el setembre de 2016. En aquest article s’exposen els resultats arqueològics obtinguts de la intervenció arqueològica.
A profile of patients’ and doctors’ perceptions, acceptance, and utilization of e-health in a deprived region in southwestern China
Authors: Xiong Xuechen , Luo Li , Zhou Shuai , Li Victor Jing , Zhou Yinan , Huo Zhaohua 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundE-health has the potential to promote health accessibility, performance and cost-saving. However, the adoption and penetration of e-health in underprivileged areas remains insufficient. We aim to investigate patients’ and doctors’ perception, acceptance, and utilization of e-health in a rural, spatially isolated and poverty-stricken county in southwestern China.MethodsA retrospective analysis based on a cross-sectional survey of patients and doctors in 2016 was conducted. Participants were recruited through convenience and purposive sampling, and questionnaires were self-designed and validated by investigators. The utilization, intention to use and preference of four e-health services were evaluated, including e-appointment, e-consultation, online drug purchase, and telemedicine. Predictors of utilization and intention to use e-health services were investigated by multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 485 patients were included. The utilization rate of any type of e-health services was 29.9%, ranging from 6% in telemedicine to 18% in e-consultation. Additionally, 13.9%-30.3% of respondents as non-users revealed their willingness to use such services. Users and potential users of e-health services were inclined to specialized care from county, city or province hospitals, and they were most concerned with the quality, ease of use and price of e-health service. Patients’ utilization and intention to use e-health could be associated with education and income level, cohabitants, working location, previous medical utilization, and access to digital device and internet. There remained 53.9%-78.3% of respondents reluctant to use e-health services, mainly due to perceived inability to use them. Of 212 doctors, 58% and 28% had provided online consultation and telemedicine before, and over 80% of county-hospital doctors (including actual providers) indicated their willingness to provide such services. Reliability, quality and ease of use were doctors’ major concerns regarding e-health. Doctors’ actual provision of e-health was predicted by their professional title, number of years in work, satisfaction with the wage incentive system, and self-rated health. Nevertheless, their willingness to adopt was only associated with the possession of smartphone.ConclusionsE-health is still in its infancy in western and rural China, where health resources are most scarce, and where e-health could prove most beneficial. Our study reveals the wide gaps between patients’ low usage and their certain willingness to use e-health, as well as gaps between patients’ moderate attention to use and physician’s high preparedness to adopt e-health. Patients’ and doctors’ perceptions, needs, expectations, and concerns should be recognized and considered to promote the development of e-health in these underprivileged regions.
The effect of adding chewing gum to oral carbohydrates on preoperative anxiety scores in women undergoing gynecological surgery: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Bang Yu Jeong , Lee Jong-Hwan , Kim Chung Su , Choi Dan-Cheong , Noh Joseph J. , Lee Yoo-Young , Min Jeong-Jin 
Published: April 2023

Background
Preoperative anxiety is an unpleasant experience that can adversely affect perioperative outcomes. Although clinical benefits of preoperative oral carbohydrate is well reported, the effect of adding chewing gum to carbohydrate loading has never been studied. We aimed to investigate the effect of adding gum-chewing to oral carbohydrates on preoperative anxiety and gastric volume in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery.

Methods
One hundred and four patients were enrolled and randomized either into a carbohydrate drink group (CHD group) or CHD with gum group. The CHD group was instructed to drink 400 mL of oral carbohydrate the evening before and 200–400 mL 3 hours before surgery. The CHD with gum group was encouraged to chew gum freely during preanesthetic fasting in addition to consuming oral carbohydrates in the same manner. The primary endpoint was preoperative anxiety assessed using the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS). The degree of patient-reported quality of recovery after surgery and gastric volume prior to general anesthesia were also compared as secondary outcomes.

Results
Preoperative APAIS was lower in the CHD with gum group compared with the CHD group (16 [11.5, 20] vs. 20 [16.5, 23], p = 0.008). Patient-rated quality of recovery after surgery was also higher in the CHD with gum group and showed a significant negative correlation with preoperative APAIS score (correlation coefficient: -0.950, p = 0.001). Gastric volume were not different between the groups (0 [0–0.45] vs. 0 [0–0.22], p = 0.158).

Conclusion
The addition of gum chewing to oral carbohydrate loading during preoperative fasting was more effective in relieving preoperative anxiety than oral carbohydrate alone in women patients undergoing elective gynecologic surgery.

Trial registration
Clinical Research Information Services, CRIS identifier: KCT0005714, https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index.jsp.
Caffè macchiato grande, Bambini and Casoni: languaging in the text genre of travel guides
Authors: Gärtig-Bressan Anne-Kathrin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This article deals with languaging, a manifestation of language contact often found in tourism communication. It is understood as the use of local language in tourism texts written in the language of the tourists. After a review of previous research on languaging and its functions within tourism communication and on the contact linguistic status of languaging units and their mediation in the text, an analysis of a corpus consisting of four general German guidebooks on the northern Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is carried out with regard to how the examples of languaging found therein are distributed between the different guides and within each guidebook. Previous studies have already pointed out that the distribution in the guides is not uniform. The analysis is based on the work on text genres by Fandrych and Thurmair, according to which travel guides are large texts with four subtext genres, namely orientation texts, sightseeing texts, advice texts and in-depth texts, each of which fulfils certain dominant functions, has certain linguistic structures and deals with certain topics. The research questions posed are: what is the quantitative distribution of languaging evidence in the analysed guidebooks, and do certain semantic-functional types of languaging occur preferentially or even exclusively in certain subtext genres?
Analytical modeling of adsorption isotherms for pristine and functionalized carbon nanotubes as gas sensors
Authors: Gupta Seema , Anand Ankur , Neeru  , Kumar Rachana 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The modeling of experimental data for adsorption is a very important means of predicting the mechanism of various adsorption systems. The experimental data for variation of conductivity of pristine and SnO2 functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes with concentration of nitrogen dioxide and ammonia gases (2 ppm–20 ppm) has been correlated with theoretical isotherm models. Studies are done with a one parameter model: Henry’s isotherm and two parameter models: Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm and Temkin models. Regression analysis is used to see the compatibility of theoretical models with the experimental data. The Freundlich isotherm shows the maximum compatibility with the experimental results with maximum value of regression coefficient and minimum value of average relative error suggesting the heterogenous nature of the surface. The calculated values of different constants for the four models indicate the increased adsorption capacity in case of functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes. This may be attributed to increase in heterogeneity and enhanced surface area.
“One-for-All” approach: a black technology for nanomedicine development?
Authors: Xiang Jiajia , Shao Shiqun , Zhou Zhuxian , Shen Youqing 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Cancer nanomedicines require different, even opposite, properties to voyage the cascade drug delivery process involving a series of biological barriers. Currently-approved nanomedicines can only alleviate adverse effects but cannot improve patient survival because they fail to meet all the requirements. Therefore, nanocarriers with synchronized functions are highly requisite to capacitate efficient drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacies. This perspective article summarizes recent advances in the two main strategies for nanomedicine design, the All-in-One approach (integration of all the functions in one system) and the One-for-All approach (one functional group with proper affinity enables all the functions), and presents our views on future nanomedicine development.
Environmental advantages and challenges of nanocellulose reinforced starch-based packaging
Authors: Miranda Isabella Cícera Dias , López Jorge Alberto , Hernández-Macedo Maria Lucila 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sustainable packaging development with lower environmental impact is urgent due to the petroleum-based plastic accumulation. Thereby, nanocellulose arouses the interest of several industrial sectors as renewable sources material and its mechanical properties for packaging manufacture. Biopolymers such as starch have been an alternative in packaging preparation, although its low mechanical and water resistance represents a challenge for its application. An alternative to improve these starch characteristics is nanocellulose incorporation. Thus, this chapter proposes obtaining nanocellulose from renewable sources, and its environmental advantage to replace plastics. Furthermore, types of nanocellulose, methods for obtaining, and the main physicochemical characteristics of nanocellulose are discussed since this polymer versatility allows its application in several industrial sectors, especially in packaging development. Finally, this review presents the incorporation nanocellulose-based nanocomposites in matrices, aiming to obtain formulations containing active agents to improve mechanical strength and water resistance and packaged product quality.
Reform des Einkommensteuertarifs
Authors: Rose Manfred 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
According to German income tax law, a large number of private expenses are deductible when determining the tax base. These are expenses that do not serve to generate income. The legislature has allowed them to be deducted in order to make it easier for the citizens concerned to finance the existential needs of themselves and those they support and to trigger incentives for certain socially desirable activities e. g. through donations to non-profit organizations. The reduction in the tax burden caused by their deduction increases with the amount of taxable income, which contradicts the principle of fair taxation. It is proposed that the relief in question should in future be regulated by a deduction of 25 percent of the permissible private expenditure from the tax liability according to tariff. Furthermore, the replacement of the current tariff regulated according to mathematical formulas by a tariff completely regulated in stages of constant marginal tax rates is proposed. Simulation calculations show that the tax reform leads to a relief for lower to middle incomes and an additional burden for higher income.
Maschinenlernen und Menschenhandeln
Authors: Klein Clemens 
Published: April 2023

Zusammenfassung
Die Debatten über Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) scheinen zum medialen Alltag zu gehören. Neue und komplexe Technik prägt offensichtlich die Gesellschaft und viele Menschen sind sich unsicher, was noch kommen wird. Die Zukunft ist aber kein Schicksal, sondern bildet als Konzept vielmehr eine Projektionsfläche, auf der verschiedene Menschen verschiedene Dinge sehen können. Der Artikel will daher ein paar bekannte Grundgedanken rekonstruieren und dazu eine pädagogische Reflexion anbieten. Tiere und Roboter lernen wahrscheinlich ähnlich wie der Mensch. Auch wenn Tiere und Roboter wahrscheinlich ähnlich wie der Menschen lernen, sind Menschen mehr als nur lernenden Wesen. Sie sind mimetische Nachahmer und erleben darin sowohl Anerkennung als auch Enttäuschung; zwei Dinge, welche sich wohl nur bedingt maschinell algorithmisieren lassen.
Bildungsbeziehungen in der Ankunftszeit des Metaversums – eine religionspädagogische Sensibilisierung
Authors: Schlag Thomas , Yadav Katharina 
Published: April 2023

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag nimmt die aktuelle Diskussionslage über die Entwicklungen des sogenannten Metaversums auf und fragt nach deren religionspädagogischer und religionsdidaktischer Relevanz. Welche Herausforderungen ergeben sich durch die (Macht-)Ansprüche und technologischen Entwicklungen des Metaversums für eine theologisch-religionspädagogische Reflexion? Wie kann in religionsdidaktischer Hinsicht in Lehr- und Lernprozessen mit den entstehenden Möglichkeiten verantwortlich, kritisch und konstruktiv umgegangen werden? Ausgegangen wird davon, dass das Metaversum als virtuell geschaffene, KI-basierte und immersive Realität über kurz oder lang existenziell bedeutsame Räume für die individuelle Orientierung, Persönlichkeitsentwicklung und damit für religionsbezogene Bildungsprozesse eröffnen wird. Dabei sind Körperlichkeit, Beziehungs- und Resonanzerfahrung sowie verantwortliches Handeln zentrale Aspekte der theologisch reflektierten Selbstpositionierung in diesen neu entstehenden digitalen Kommunikationswelten. Von der Beleuchtung dieser medialen Transformationsdynamik aus erfolgt eine Systematisierung von sachlich naheliegenden anthropologisch-theologischen Fragen und Themen für den Religionsunterricht. Dies verbindet sich vor dem Hintergrund einer beziehungsorientierten Religionspädagogik mit dem Plädoyer für Formen des Theologisierens, durch die mit dem und im Metaversum existenziell bedeutsame und verantwortungsoffene Räume erschlossen werden können.
(Un)Doing School in der Konfirmandenarbeit
Authors: Roose Hanna 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The reform process changing “confirmation instruction” to “confirmation work” has been characterized as a process of undoing school. At the same time, confirmation work adheres to a teaching intention – and therefore to doing school. So how do practices of undoing school and doing school manifest themselves? The article explores this question in terms of differential theory and addressing analysis on the basis of videotaped units from confirmation work and discussions with pastors. As a result, practices of (un)doing school show tendencies of formalization, imitation, and distancing as well as informalization and closure. In view of the weaker institutional framing, teaching parts of confirmation work are particularly dependent on practices of doing school and at the same time exposed to the pressure of expectations of an undoing school.