bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Granulomatous and Elicitation of Cutaneous Sensitivity by Partially Purified SEA of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Boros Dov L. , Tomford R. , Warren K. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a helminth infection of about 80 million people in the tropics. Granulomas which appear around schistosome eggs disseminated in the tissues of the definitive host are primarily responsible for the occurrence of hepatosplenic disease (1). This granulomatous reaction has been shown to be a specific, cell-mediated host response (2) to soluble antigens secreted by the living, mature schistosome eggs (3). Furthermore, when soluble egg antigens (SEA)2 obtained by homogenization and ultracentrifugation were administered in microgram amounts without adjuvant they induced delayed hypersensitivity in mice and guinea pigs (3, 4). When SEA was coated onto bentonite particles it elicited typical granulomas in specifically sensitized animals (5, 6). Crude SEA was also used in delayed skin tests (3, 4) and in the stimulation of blastogenesis (7) and lymphokine production (8, 9) in cultures of sensitized lymphocytes.
Structural Analysis of the Peptides Derived from Specific Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis at Aspartylprolyl Peptide Bonds in Human J Chain
Authors: Mole John E. , Bhown Ajit S. , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human J chain from IgM has been selectively cleaved at three aspartylprolyl peptide bonds to yield four fragments containing 62, 20, 25, and 22 amino acids, respectively. The amino acid sequence of each peptide has been partially determined, (59 of a total of 129 residues) and its position in the J chain ascertained. There were no obvious similarities to known sequences in other immunoglobulin polypeptide chains.
Bidirectional Amplification of Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interactions: Enhanced Lymphocyte Activation Factor Production by Activated Adherent Mouse Peritoneal Cells
Authors: Meltzer Monte S. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adherent peritoneal cells (90 to 95% macrophages) from mice injected with Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, or certain noninfectious agents such as pyran copolymer or phytohemagglutinin showed increased chemotactic and tumoricidal capacity in vitro. These activated macrophages elaborated 2 to 5 times more lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) in vitro than equal numbers of adherent cells from untreated mice. In contrast, adherent PC from mice treated with thioglycollate or mineral oil were not cytotoxic and did not produce more LAF than PC from untreated mice. Adherent PC from untreated nude mice, which have increased chemotactic and tumoricidal capacity in vitro, also exhibited enhanced LAF production compared to adherent PC from their normal littermates. Increased production of LAF was also evident with adherent PC and the macrophage-like tumor cell line P388D1 after incubation in vitro with bacterial endotoxins or with antigen-induced lymphokines. These data indicate that adherent PC can be activated either in vivo or in vitro to elaborate more LAF. Thus, activated macrophages are more effective than normal macrophages in amplification of the afferent limb of immune responses as well as in their effector functions.
Isolation of the Third Component of Mouse Complement
Authors: Gyöngyössy Maria I. C. , Assimeh Seth N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The third component of mouse complement has been purified to homogeneity from pseudoglobulin by two chromatographic steps involving sequential cation- and anion-exchange chromatography. Mouse C3 is a β-glycoprotein of m.w. 210,000 consisting of two nonidentical, disulfidelinked polypeptide chains of m.w. 130,000 and 75,000, respectively. The properties of this molecule and its proteolytic fragments closely resemble those of human C3.
Quantitative Studies on the Precursors of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Teh H.-S. , Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A microculture system was used to examine the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) derived from single precursors. Our data indicate that clones derived from single precursors of CL (CLP) are specific. Thus, RNC mice (H-2k) simultaneously stimulated by both H-2d and H-2b antigens produce clones which are specific for either H-2b or H-2d but not for both. In lymph node (LN), the frequency of CLP giving rise to clones specific for H-2d and H-2b is 1/480 and 1/860, respectively. Clonal specificity is also maintained when Con A is used to activate the precursors. With a nonspecific assay of CL, it was found that 2.5% of the cells in LN are stimulated by Con A to produce clones of CL. Among the CLP stimulated by Con A, 2.1% of the clones are specific for H-2d alloantigens. An unexpected finding was that 18% of the clones produced by Con A stimulation lysed EL4 tumor cells, which carry H-2b; however, only a small proportion of these clones were specific for the H-2b alloantigen. The antigen on EL4 which accounts for the high response has not been characterized.
Antigen-Initiated B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Fidler John M. , Howard Maureen , Schlegel Robert A. , Vadas Mathew , Shortman Ken 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The characteristics of memory B cell antibody-forming cell (AFC) progenitors from long-term hapten-primed CBA mice were investigated by using sedimentation velocity and buoyant density separation to isolate physically distinct B cell sub-sets. The isolated fractions were assayed by the adoptive immune response to NIP-POL antigen, under conditions where neither T cells nor other accessory cells were limiting the IgM or IgG AFC responses. The results were compared to previous studies on the IgM AFC-progenitors of unprimed adult mice.
Splenic IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity was largely found among the typical B cells of slow to medium sedimentation rate, in contrast to the faster sedimenting IgM AFC-progenitor activity of unprimed animals. Splenic IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity was found among the medium to light density cells, and so resembled by this parameter the IgM AFC-progenitor activity in unprimed animals. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from hapten-primed mice also exhibited memory IgM and IgG AFC-progenitor activity in the slow-medium sedimentation range. However, in contrast to spleen, the IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity in lymph was found among very dense B cells.
Two physically distinct sub-populations of memory B cells have thus been identified, namely: i) small, medium-light density, presumably tissue-resident B lymphocytes found in spleen; and ii) small, dense, presumably recirculating B lymphocytes found in lymph. Both physical forms include IgM and IgG progenitors. Both forms are distinct from the larger, medium-light density “virgin” AFC-progenitors in the spleen of unprimed adult mice.
Differentiation of B Lymphocytes in C3H/HeJ Mice: The Induction of Ia Antigens by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Watson James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits several types of responses in murine B lymphocytes. First, lipid A induces the nonproliferative expression of cell surface antigens in more immature cell types. Second, lipid A induces a mitogenic response in more mature B cell types. Lipid A induces the expression of Ia antigens on bone marrow cells from C3H/DiSn but not C3H/HeJ mice. The Ia-inducible cells possess surface immunoglobulin. Agents that elevate intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) induce the appearance of Ia antigens on B lymphocytes from both C3H/HeJ and C3H/DiSn mice, suggesting that lipid A exerts its inductive effects by increasing cyclic AMP levels in cells. In contrast to what is observed by using other strains of mice, mature B lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ mice do not support a mitogenic response to lipid A. The subpopulation of B lymphocytes in C3H/HeJ mice that normally respond mitogenically to LPS not only appear to lack an LPS-response mechanism utilized in the mitogenic pathway, but they lack the LPS-response pathway of the immature B cell types. A lipid A-bound protein (LAP) induces both the expression of Ia and a mitogenic response in the different subpopulations of B lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ and C3H/DiSn mice. The genetic defect in C3H/HeJ mice that limits responses to lipid A may be associated with a receptor that is normally expressed on many different cell types.
Suppression of Adult Rat Lymphoid Proliferative Responses by Homologous Neonatal Serum
Authors: Weiss Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ontogeny of the immune response has usually been studied in intact neonatal animals or in cells isolated from neonatal animals (1–4). These studies have demonstrated an age-dependent emergence of immune responsiveness. Lymphoid cells isolated from rats soon after birth have a reduced capacity to respond to mitogens or to alloantigens in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)3 (5, 6). Mechanisms controlling the development of immunologic responsiveness in lymphoid cell populations are poorly understood.
Extracellular materials may influence the reactivity of lymphoid cells. For example, factors present in normal serum are potent inhibitors of MLC (7, 8). Many of these serum factors have been isolated from the α-globulin fraction (9); one of these, purified α-fetoprotein, which is the first major serum protein to appear in the embryo, has exhibited immunosuppressive capacity in MLC and mitogen studies (10–12).
A Simple One-Step Hemolytic Assay for C2 with C2-Deficient Human Serum
Authors: Ngan Bo-Yee , Gelfand Erwin W. , Minta Joe O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple one-step procedure has been developed for the molecular titration of C2 by utilizing the ability of the test material to restore the hemolytic activity of human serum selectively deficient in C2 (C2D serum). In this assay, equal volumes of EA (108 cells/ml), C2D serum (1/20), and a suitable dilution of a source of C2 were incubated at 37°C for 60 min and the fraction of cells lysed was used to calculate the effective molecules of C2/ml test material. The assay can be used to titrate C2 in human, guinea pig, rat, mouse and rabbit sera, but not C2 in dog serum. The assay is simple and reproducible and comparable in sensitivity to the conventional two-step assay with EAC14 cells and Cgp-EDTA.
Histamine-Induced Inhibition of Normal Human Basophil Chemotaxis to C5a
Authors: Lett-Brown Michael A. , Leonard Edward J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Histamine in concentrations as low as 10-8 M inhibited the chemotactic response of normal human basophils to C5a. Histamine had no effect on basophil chemotaxis to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor. Histamine inhibition of basophil chemotaxis to C5a was prevented by metiamide, a drug which blocks H2 receptors for histamine. Since the accumulation of basophils in delayed cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions may occur in part because of chemotaxis to C5a, and since C5a can induce histamine release, histamine inhibition of chemotaxis may limit basophil infiltration in CBH lesions.
Human Immunodeficiency Disease: Impairment of Cellular Interactions Leading to Abnormal Mediator Production in Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Reaction
Authors: Gorski Andrzej J. , Dupont Bo , Hansen John A. , Safai Bijan , Pahwa Savita , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions is the result of cellular interactions based on two separate phenomena: the capacity of lymphocytes to stimulate in MLC, and the capacity of lymphocytes to respond in MLC. Puromycin-treated lymphocytes are capable of stimulating allogeneic cells for LMIF production, but are unable to respond with synthesis of LMIF (one-way MLC-LMIF test). We have studied the stimulating and responding capacity of lymphocytes from patients with different immunodeficiency syndromes in a one-way MLC-LMIF assay. Lymphocytes from patients known to have qualitative and quantitative defects of T cell or B cell functions (Hodgkin's disease, mycosis fungoides, thymoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia) were found to respond poorly as measured by mediator production although their stimulating function was frequently retained. Patients with advanced solid tumors often had both MLC-stimulating and responding functions depressed. There was no apparent correlation between mitogen response and MLC-induced LMIF responses or between MLC proliferative response (as measured by thymidine incorporation) and mediator production. Studying of stimulatory and responding capacity of lymphocytes in the MLC-LMIF assay provides a new tool for assessing immunocompetence and allows for in vitro evaluation of cellular interactions that may play an important role in vivo.
Effects of Lymphocytes from Marek's Disease-Infected Chickens on Mitogen Responses of Syngeneic Normal Chicken Spleen Cells
Authors: Theis Gail A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
PHA responses have been measured in lymphoid cell cultures prepared by mixing normal chicken spleen cells with spleen or thymus cells from syngeneic chickens infected with the oncogenic herpesvirus MDV. Results of these studies may be summarized as follows: 1) spleen cells from MDV-infected chickens with visceral lymphomas inhibit the PHA response of normal spleen cells possibly by release of soluble inhibitory factors in response to the mitogen; 2) lymphoid cells from asymptomatic MDV-infected chickens, although hyporeactive themselves to PHA, can have a stimulatory effect on PHA responses of normal spleen cells in mixed cultures; 3) spleen cells from MDV-infected chickens, effectively protected from viral oncogenesis by HVT vaccination, show normal reactivity to PHA in separate cultures and may react in mixed cultures like normal lymphocytes, with neither a pronounced stimulatory nor inhibitory effect on the PHA response of normal spleen cells.
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Recurrent Herpesvirus Infections
Authors: Lopez Carlos , O'Reilly Richard J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies in immunosuppressed and immunodeficient patients indicate that the cell-mediated immune response appears to be responsible for controlling reactivated herpesvirus infections. In this study, the various parameters of a herpesvirus (types 1 and 2) antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation assay were optimized and used to evaluate individuals with clinical, recurrent HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. Normal individuals with neutralizing antibody to HSV-1 or HSV-2 responded to virus antigen in culture as well as individuals with recurrent disease. Normal individuals without neutralizing antibody responded with a significantly lower response. Specificity of the lymphocyte proliferation assay was observed most strikingly in normal individuals with a rare HSV-1 infection during the vesicular eruption. Specificity was also observed by determining the ratio of the response to HSV-1 as compared to the response to HSV-2. Evaluated in this manner, individuals with recurrent HSV-1 infections had significantly higher ratios than individuals with HSV-2 infections and vice versa. Data from individuals with recurrent disease was compared to that of normal individuals to determine whether the former demonstrated a specific alteration in this response. Individuals with recurrent disease were found to have higher neutralizing antibody titers than normals. The neutralizing antibody titers in normal individuals correlated well with the lymphocyte proliferation assay results, whereas a similar evaluation in individuals with recurrent disease gave a negative correlation. The ratio of HSV-1 response/HSV-2 response also demonstrated a suppressed response in recurrent infections to the homologous virus during active disease, which disappeared when the individual was convalescent. These studies indicate that individuals with recurrent HSV infections have virus antigen specific alterations of their cell-mediated immune response, which can be associated with their disease.
Resistance to Murine Leukemia in Mice Receiving Simultaneous Injections of Syngeneic Hybrid and Parental Neoplastic Cells
Authors: Liang Weitze , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
(A/J × C3H/HeJ)F1 mice (H-2a/k) exhibit no apparent resistance to the malignant proliferation of ASL-1 leukemia cells (H-2a), a spontaneously occurring neoplasm of A/J mouse origin. The period of survival after injections of ASL-1 cells is related to the number of cells introduced into the susceptible host. (A/J × C3H/HeJ)F1 mice receiving viable ASL-1 cells along with ASL-1 × LM(TK)- somatic hybrid cells (H-2a/k), syngeneic with the recipients, survived for statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001), longer periods than did mice receiving ASL-1 cells alone. Mice receiving ASL-1 and ASL-1 × LM(TK)- hybrid cells together survived for approximately twice as long as animals receiving ASL-1 cells alone. Mice receiving ASL-1 cells followed by hybrid cells survived for longer periods as well, but the therapeutic effects were less successful. ASL-1 × LM(TK)- hybrid cells are rejected after forming localized tumors by the immunocompetent F1 mice. In some instances, F1 animals previously rejecting hybrid cells and challenged subsequently with ASL-1 cells along with a second injection of hybrid cells survived indefinitely. The passive transfer of partial immunity to the leukemic cells could be achieved by injections of spleen cells from F1 mice that had rejected hybrid cells previously. Similar results were obtained for (A/J × C3H/HeJ)F1 mice receiving RADA-1 cells (H-2a), a radiation-induced leukemic line of A/J origin, along with RADA-1 × LM(TK)- hybrid cells (H-2a/k). The partial immunity induced by these lines of hybrid cells was cross-reactive: mice injected with ASL-1 cells and RADA-1 × LM(TK)- hybrid cells survived for prolonged periods, and vice versa.
Interaction with Homologous Erythrocytes of Rat T Cells Which Act as Aggressors in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Owen Frances L. , Stux Stephen V. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Substantial percentages of T-enriched spleen lymphocytes or thymocytes of inbred rats were found to form rosettes with the RBC of homologous strains. When an excess of RBC was used, essentially all of the rosette-forming subpopulation of lymphocytes was removed when the rosettes were separated by centrifugation. After depletion of the lymphocytes, reactive with RBC of one strain, most of the lymphocytes reactive with RBC of other strains could be recovered in the supernatant. A very large percentage of lymphocytes of the BN strain formed rosettes when a mixture of the RBC of five other strains was tested; the percentage was, however, somewhat lower than that predicted on the basis of complete additivity. Rosettes dissociated when warmed to 37°C. The lymphocytes recovered were unable to form rosettes again. In nearly all instances, the subpopulation that formed rosettes with RBC of a given strain included essentially all of the lymphocytes that acted as aggressors against peripheral leukocytes or mytomycin C-treated thymocytes of that strain; the lymphocytes in the supernatant always retained activity as aggressors against the leukocytes of one or more other strains and retained their responsiveness to PHA. Lymphocytes recovered from rosettes, by warming to 37°C, were highly reactive as aggressors in the MLR against the strain providing the RBC. Varying degrees of reactivity were noted against leukocytes of other strains.
Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Chemically Modified Antigens in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dailey Morris O. , Post Warren , Hunter Robert L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein antigens covalently conjugated with lipid groups (dodecanoic acid) have previously been shown to stimulate strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) without the aid of adjuvants. The present experiments show that lipid-conjugated bovine serum albumin (L-BSA) is taken up in vitro by macrophages (Mø) 25- to 50-fold more than unconjugated BSA or aminidated BSA, neither of which induces DTH. Macrophages that take up 125I-labeled L-BSA in vitro stimulate DTH even more efficiently, when injected into syngeneic guinea pigs, than does soluble L-BSA. Tracer studies on the fate of radiolabeled BSA and L-BSA showed that much more L-BSA than BSA was retained by draining lymph nodes. Autoradiography demonstrated that 125I-L-BSA is rapidly taken up by Mø in the medullary sinuses of the lymph nodes. Some of this antigen is then transported into the paracortex, a region in which T lymphocytes predominate. The capacity of lipophilic antigens to stimulate cell-mediated immune responses may be caused by their increased uptake by Mø, resulting in more efficient presentation to immunocompetent T lymphocytes. The anatomical site of this Mø-T cell interaction may be within the sinusoids or paracortex of the draining lymph nodes.
Activity of Tumor-Associated Lymphoid Cells at Short Intervals after Administration of Irradiated Syngeneic and Allogeneic Tumor Cells
Authors: Schick Barbara , Berke Gideon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After a single intraperitoneal injection of irradiated tumor cells, host cells capable of responding against syngeneic tumors were detected in peritoneal exudates of mice. Although irradiation of the injected tumor prevented its overgrowth, it did not significantly alter the antigenicity of the tumor. Immunologic activities of tumor-associated host cells in the peritoneal cavity were continuously monitored, starting 48 hr after tumor administration. In vitro cell-mediated lysis of syngeneic tumors appeared as early as 3 days after irradiated tumor administration. In addition, peritoneal exudate cells from inoculated mice were capable of adoptively transferring immunity. Purification of these peritoneal exudate cells on nylon wool columns yielded a nonadherent Ig-negative lymphocyte fraction whose cytolysis was tumor-specific and T cell-associated. The macrophage-free lymphocyte fraction exhibited a higher in vitro activity against tumors than unpurified peritoneal exudates. This tumor-host system allowed the study of cells which directly interact with the tumor cells in vivo, starting shortly after tumor administration. The results reported in this paper show that tumor-associated lymphoid cells capable of mounting anti-tumor response in vivo and in vitro can be demonstrated as early as 3 days after tumor inoculation.
Inhibition of the Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Response with Anti-Lyb-4.1 Serum
Authors: Freund John G. , Ahmed Aftab , Dorf Martin E. , Sell Kenneth W. , Humphreys Robert E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum, which recognized a non-H-2-linked B cell alloantigen, designated Lyb-4.1, specifically blocked the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response to allogeneic cells that expressed the Lyb-4.1 determinant. Anti-Lyb-4.1 serum blocked the MLC response across H-2 and MLC disparities. To test that this effect was not the result of a toxic or nonspecific cell-coating action, the response of parental cells to F1 lymphocytes was studied in combinations in which only one parent expressed the recognized allele. MLC stimulation was blocked only when the responding parental cell recognized on the F1 cell H-2 or Mls disparities which were derived from the parent which possessed the Lyb-4.1 antigen.
Several DBA/2 tumors were characterized by cytotoxic and quantitation absorption assays for the presence of the B cell antigen. The presence of the antigen correlated with the ability of a limited number of tumors to stimulate the MLC response of H-2d identical BALB/c lymphocytes. An increased representation of the B cell alloantigen was found on the transformed B lymphoblast cell line in comparison to splenic B lymphocytes.