bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of smoking intensity and device cleaning on IQOS emissions: comparison with an array of cigarettes
Authors: Ardati Ola , Adeniji Ayomipo , El Hage Rachel , Salman Rola , El-Kaassamani Malak , Yassine Amira , Talih Soha , Hourani Mario , Karaoghlanian Nareg , Breland Alison , Eissenberg Thomas , Saliba Najat , Shihadeh Alan , El-Hellani Ahmad 
Published: January 2023

Significance
IQOS is a heated tobacco product that has been widely advertised by Philip Morris International (PMI) as a reduced-exposure product compared with cigarettes. Reduced exposure results from reduced emission of toxicants which could be influenced by product constituents and user behaviour. This study aims to assess the influence of user behaviour, including device cleaning and puffing parameters, on toxicant emissions from IQOS.

Methods
IQOS aerosols were generated by a smoking machine using the combination of two cleaning protocols (after 1 stick vs 20 sticks) and five puffing regimes (including standard cigarette puffing regimes and IQOS-tailored regimes). The generated aerosols were analysed by targeted methods for phenol and carbonyl quantification, and by chemical screening for the identification of unknown compounds.

Results
Puffing parameters significantly affected phenol and carbonyl emissions while device cleaning had no effect. Harsher puffing conditions like more, longer, and larger puffs yielded higher levels for most toxicant emissions. Comparing the obtained data with data reported by PMI on 50 cigarette brands smoked under different puffing regimes showed various trends for phenol and carbonyl emissions, with IQOS emissions sometimes higher than cigarettes. Also, the chemical screening resulted in the tentative identification of ~100 compounds in the IQOS aerosols (most of limited toxicity data).

Conclusion
This study showed that puffing parameters, but not device cleaning, have significant effects on carbonyl, phenol and other emissions. Data analysis highlighted the importance of comparing IQOS emissions with an array of commercial cigarettes tested under different puffing regimes before accepting reduced exposure claims.
Gravity, axion Chern-Simons Einstein, and black holes
Authors: Nashed G. G. L. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe low-energy limit of string theory involves an anomaly-removing correction of the action of Einstein-Hilbert, which defines a practical idea: Chern-Simons (CS) modified gravity. The CS correction composes of the product of a scalar field with the Pontryagin density, in which the scalar field is considered as a background field (non-dynamical formulation) or as an evolving field (dynamical formulation). Different solutions of Einstein’s general relativity (GR) continue in the amended theory; a keyable exception is the Kerr metric, which has affected a search for rotating black hole solutions. In this study, we derive a black solution characterizing a rotating black hole within the non-dynamical and dynamical frame of CS axion Einstein gravity (CSAEG). The case of non-dynamical has no new physics different from GR, which is consistent with what is presented in the literature. The main merit of this study is that in the dynamical framework of CSAEG, we show that the scalar field has a dynamical value up to the first-order approximation and under some constraints between the unknown functions that characterize this theory. Moreover, we show that the function U that characterizes CS can help to weaken the singularity for the invariant $$^{*} \! R R$$

∗

R
R

.
PROXIMAL FRAGMENT DISPLACEMENT IS THE ONLY DETERMINANT OF LUNATE SUBLUXATION IN VOLAR BARTON FRACTURES OF DISTAL RADIUS
Authors: Bagheri Farshid , Sataee Moslem Mokhtari , Moradi Ali 
Published: January 2023

Background:Lunate subluxation in volar Barton (VB) distal radius fracture can complicate the treatment outcome. The aim of this study is to identify the computed tomographic (CT) predictors of lunate subluxation in VB fracture. Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed on VB fractures in two tertiary hospitals from March 2015 to March 2020. The CT scans were taken as close as possible to the neutral position of the limb within 24 h from the incidence of fracture. Joint involvement percentage, fragment dislocation, number of fragments, and lunate subluxation were collected from picture archiving and communication system. Calculations were performed using the pmsDview (Philips DICOM Viewer, R3.0 SP3, 2013) program. Results:A total of 41 patients (male/female ratio 4.85:1) with the mean age of 46 ± 17 years old were evaluated. The prevalence of lunate subluxation was 58.5%. Only the proximal volar segment displacement was significantly higher in lunate subluxation compared to non-subluxation group ([Formula: see text] = 0.001). Proximal volar segment displacement was significantly related to lunate subluxation (sensitivity and specificity were 75.0% and 70.1%, respectively, at cut-off point of 2.505). Conclusions:Proximal volar segment displacement would be the most important radiologic predictor for lunate subluxation in distal radius VB fractures.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF HAND DOMINANCE ON MEDIAN NERVE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AMONG HEALTHY ADULT SUBJECTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Rayegani Seyed Mansoor , Bayat Masume , Shirani Leila 
Published: January 2023

Background:This study was designed considering the existing controversies on the normal range of median nerve cross-sectional area (MNCSA) and its association with hand dominance. Methods:In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the upper limbs of 100 healthy subjects (46 men and 54 women) were assessed bilaterally by sonography. MNCSA was measured at the level of the carpal tunnel inlet. Results:Calculated MNCSA values were 9.29 mm2 and 9.54 mm2 for the right and left sides, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the right and left hands. No significant correlation was observed between hand dominance and MNCSA in right-handed or left-handed subjects. Conclusion:Hand dominance does not significantly affect MNCSA at the wrist level, and thus does not affect the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.
CRITICAL EVALUATIONS OF INTRA-ARTICULAR PLATELET RICH PLASMA ALONE OR COMBINATION WITH MEDIAL BRANCH RADIOFREQUENCY NEUROTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH LUMBAR FACET JOINT ARTHROPATHY: A PROSPECTIVE OUTCOME STUDY
Authors: Paswan Anil Kumar , Rath Amrita 
Published: January 2023

Background: Common cause of chronic low back pain is lumbar facet joint arthropathy. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of medial branch currently preferred treatment in facet joint pain syndrome. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known to initiate mesenchymal tissue healing by concentration of several fundamental protein growth factors. Our aim in this study is to evaluate the effect of co-administration of autologous PRP in lumbar facet and RFA of the medial branch of the dorsal ramus for lumbar facet arthropathy. Methodology: This was a prospective randomised study with a blind assessor. Eighty-one consecutive patients who complained of low back pain secondary to lumbar facet joint arthropathy were randomly allocated into three-groups: Group RF: only RFA done. Group PR: received both PRP plus RFA. Group PL: received only PRP. Primary outcome of the study was assessment of pain intensity using visual analogue scale (VAS). Result: The patients who had both RFA and PRP therapy had significant decrease in VAS score as compared to its baseline in the immediate and long term follow up period ([Formula: see text] < 0.001). However, for those who received only PRP, the decrease in VAS was more significant at 1 and 4 months. Similarly, there was a significant improvement in ODI score in patients who received both RFA and PRP ([Formula: see text] < 0.001). There was a gradual improvement in ODI in PRP group at 4-month interval. Rescue analgesics requirement was reduced and patients were better satisfied in those who received both RFA and PRP therapy. ([Formula: see text] < 0.05). Conclusion: The combined administration of RFA and PRP proved to provide better analgesia in both short-term follow up and long-term follow up than treatment with either method in patients with lumbar facet syndrome.
NATURAL HISTORY OF GRADE ONE LUMBOSACRAL ISTHMIC SPONDYLOLISTHESIS IN ADOLESCENT PATIENTS: LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP OF 299 PATIENTS TREATED CONSERVATIVELY
Authors: Alzakri A. 
Published: January 2023

Purpose of the Study: The aim is to report the natural history, type of treatment received and quality of life improvement of adolescent patients with isthmic low-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis with a slip of less than 25%. Methods: The complete records of 299 prospective patients (127 males and 172 females) with isthmic low-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis referred to an orthopedic clinic were reviewed. Radiological parameters, Micheli scale, and quality of life measured by the SRS-22 questionnaire were measured at the first visit and a minimum 5-year follow-up. Results: The average follow-up time is 5.7 ± 1.4 years. The main complaint at the initial presentation was lower back pain in 107 patients, and three patients had lower back pain and lower limbs radiculopathy. Scoliosis was found in 38 patients in the initial radiograph. One-hundred-eighty-nine patients (63%) were asymptomatic at the time of presentation. At the last follow-up; SRS-22 were 4.21 ± 0.6, 4.21 ± 0.7, 4.31 ± 0.5, 4.21 ± 0.7, 4.2 ± 0.7 for total, pain, function, mental, and self-image scores, respectively. The patients with grade one lumbosacral spondylolisthesis with normal morphology of the sacrum had responded well to the nonsurgical treatment modalities. No patient has progressed during the follow-up, and no patient underwent surgical intervention for back pain. The slip percent was relatively lower in patients with low back pain. The average slip percentage was 15.5 ± 8.4 among the asymptomatic patients and 13 ± 9 among patients who presented with low back pain ([Formula: see text]-value = 0.009). Conclusion: Adolescent patients with grade one isthmic lumbosacral spondylolisthesis have very good prognosis with nonoperative modalities and they have an almost normal quality of life at the end of follow-up. A long follow-up in an outpatient clinic with X-Rays series might not be indicated for all patients with low-grade spondylolisthesis, specifically if the slip is less than 25%.
Systems of divided powers in algebras of multivariate Hurwitz series
Authors: Pritchard Freya L. 
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we continue the study of Hurwitz series over a commutative unital ring that was begun in [W. Keigher, On the ring of Hurwitz series, Commun. Algebra 25 (1997) 1845–1859; W. Keigher and F. Pritchard, Hurwitz series as formal functions, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 146 (2000) 291–304]. In particular, we introduce the notion of multivariate Hurwitz series. The underlying idea is that multivariate Hurwitz series are to Hurwitz series as studied in [W. Keigher, On the ring of Hurwitz series, Commun. Algebra 25 (1997) 1845–1859; W. Keigher and F. Pritchard, Hurwitz series as formal functions, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 146 (2000) 291–304] as formal power series in several indeterminates are to formal power series in only one indeterminate. The elementary aspects of the theory follow along the lines of [W. Keigher, On the ring of Hurwitz series, Commun. Algebra 25 (1997) 1845–1859; W. Keigher and F. Pritchard, Hurwitz series as formal functions, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 146 (2000) 291–304]. The treatment of substitution and divided powers introduces special problems not encountered in [W. Keigher and F. Pritchard, Hurwitz series as formal functions, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 146 (2000) 291–304] and requires special attention to subtle details. However, we are able to establish analogous results. With substitution and divided powers in place, we construct and study the analog to the so called inner transformations of [S. Bochner and W. T. Martin, Several Complex Variables (Princeton University Press, 1948)]. Finally, we are able to establish analogs to many of the fundamental results of single and multivariate calculus.
The Utility of the Interosseous Arterial System for Microvascular Interposition Grafting
Authors: SIVAKUMAR Brahman , WANG Tim , LAWSON Richard , GRAHAM David J. 
Published: January 2023

Interposition microvascular grafting may be required during digital replantation or revascularisation. Although traditionally performed using venous autograft, the use of arterial segments for microvascular grafting confers a number of benefits. Here, we discuss the harvesting of such a graft from the interosseous arterial system and its use in the clinical setting. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Non-union of the Clavicle Osteotomy Site in an Infant with Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: JAIN Deepak , KUMAR Aditya , VENKATADASS K. , BHARDWAJ Praveen 
Published: January 2023

Non-union of the clavicle in the paediatric population is extremely rare. Some anecdotal case reports show non-union following clavicle fracture. However, we could not find any report of non-union following osteotomy for brachial plexus surgery. We report non-union of clavicle following its osteotomy for brachial plexus exploration surgery in a 6-month child. We present successful management of the clavicle non-union in this patient and propose preventive steps. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
A Unified Lyapunov Framework for Finite-Sample Analysis of Reinforcement Learning Algorithms
Authors: Chen Zaiwei 
Published: January 2023

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a paradigm where an agent learns to accomplish tasks by interacting with the environment, similar to how humans learn. RL is therefore viewed as a promising approach to achieve artificial intelligence, as evidenced by the remarkable empirical successes. However, many RL algorithms are theoretically not well-understood, especially in the setting where function approximation and off-policy sampling are employed. My thesis [1] aims at developing thorough theoretical understanding to the performance of various RL algorithms through finite-sample analysis.Since most of the RL algorithms are essentially stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms for solving variants of the Bellman equation, the first part of thesis is dedicated to the analysis of general SA involving a contraction operator, and under Markovian noise. We develop a Lyapunov approach where we construct a novel Lyapunov function called the generaled Moreau envelope. The results on SA enable us to establish finite-sample bounds of various RL algorithms in the tabular setting (cf. Part II of the thesis) and when using function approximation (cf. Part III of the thesis), which in turn provide theoretical insights to several important problems in the RL community, such as the efficiency of bootstrapping, the bias-variance trade-off in off-policy learning, and the stability of off-policy control.The main body of this document provides an overview of the contributions of my thesis.
The Senior High School Student-Mothers in the New Normal: Understanding their Lived Experiences on Modular Distance Learning
Authors: Aceret Dan Manayon T. , Delos Reyes Mitch Joe V. , Ocampo Anna Vanessa , Valencia Mark Janree L. 
Published: January 2023

Balancing motherhood and academic life are a difficult task - being a mother is a demanding role, and being a student is also demanding. With the advent of the new learning modality, specifically modular distance learning, SHS student-mothers face a whole new circumstance in addition to their existing dual roles. This case study explored the lived experiences of five senior high school student mothers in the modular distance learning. Participants met the inclusion criteria of a student mother, which includes (1) a student-mother under the General Academic Strand in a Public Stand-alone Senior High School of the School of the Schools Division of the City of Batac; (2) a working student mother and living with her child; and (3) willingness to participate in the study. Four major themes emerged in the participants' lived experiences, which include (1) struggles with dual roles, (2) learning challenges, (3) realizations, and (4) a strong support system. The findings revealed that the participants faced adversities and struggles as mothers and students and remained more steadfast and resilient in fulfilling their dreams of finishing their senior high school and receiving a basic education diploma amid the pandemic. Hence, the lived experiences of student mothers have established baseline data for developing educational programs and guidance services that can meet the needs of student mothers amid the pandemic.
Complete Sudden Recanalization: There Is Hope Beyond the First Pass Effect
Authors: Requena Manuel , García‐Tornel Álvaro , Rodríguez Isabel , Olivé‐Gadea Marta , De Dios Marta , Rodrigo‐Gisbert Marc , Rivera Eila , Muchada Marian , Piñana Carlos , Boned Sandra , Gramegna Laura Ludovica , Rubiera Marta , Hernández David , Molina Carlos , Ribo Marc , Tomasello Alejandro 
Published: January 2023

Background
In the endovascular treatment of stroke, achieving complete recanalization in a minimum number of attempts is the main procedural objective. We aimed to explore the effect of the per pass recanalization pattern in patients with final complete recanalization.

Methods
We analyzed all patients admitted in our center from 2014 to 2022 with a terminal internal carotid artery or M1‐middle cerebral artery occlusion who received endovascular treatment and achieved complete recanalization (expanded thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2c–3) in our center. Complete sudden recanalization (cSR) was considered when expanded thrombolysis in cerebral infarction improved from 0–1 to 2c–3 in a single pass as opposed to complete progressive recanalization when partial recanalization (2a or 2b) was observed after interim passes.

Results

Among the 400 included patients with final complete recanalization, 301 (75%) showed a cSR pattern. There were no differences in baseline demographic characteristics between patients with cSR and complete progressive recanalization, including intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment (42.2% versus 44.4%;
P
=0.69). The rate of terminal carotid artery occlusion (28.6% versus 44.4%;
P
=0.003), median number of passes (1 [interquartile range 1—2] versus 2 [2–3];
P
<0.001), and time from puncture to recanalization (27 [interquartile range 18–43] versus 46 [34–66] minutes;
P
<0.001) were lower in cSR group. At 90 days cSR was an independent predictor of good functional outcome (57.8% versus 44.4%, adjusted odds ratio 1.72 [CI 95% 1.03–2.88];
P
=0.038). The rate of favorable outcome did not decrease with additional passes as long as cSR was observed (cSR after pass 1: 57.6%, after pass 2: 55.6%, after >2 passes: 63.6%;
P
=0.825).

Conclusion
Among stroke patients with a large vessel occlusion, the cSR pattern predicted favorable outcome independently of the number of thrombectomy passes.
Hotspots: On the Usefulness of a New Category
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Does it make sense to introduce the notion of hotspot as a heuristically valuable category in the study of religion? In the first part of the article, I argue for the value of the notion by teasing the term apart into semiotic categories. Over and against the customary sacred–profane binary, which in my view does not represent a dichotomy but two opposite poles on a continuum, the hotspot model has the advantage of presenting itself in both temporal and spatial terms. Moreover, it includes the intermediary stages, signified by the distinction between lukewarm and lukecold locations and periods. Furthermore, I supplement this model with the Weberian typology of the different forms of authority needed in order to be able to differentiate between different types of hotspots. In the second part of the article, I try to demonstrate the value of the model by applying it to a variety of cases in the history of religions. Finally, I present reflections on the evolutionary origin of hotspots as a bridge between the two main parts holding that, to explain any phenomenon in the phenomenology of religion, it is urgent to find the evolutionary building blocks for it.
“Each of Our Springs Has Lost Its Miraculous Power”
Authors: Baunvig Katrine Frøkjær 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This article seeks to apply Marianne Qvortrup Fibiger’s theoretical concept of a “religious hotspot” to the case of representations of the French Catholic shrine of Lourdes in Danish (Protestant or post-Protestant) public media from 1858 to 1914. While suggesting that hotspots could be seen as centers in wider interest spheres, I seek to demonstrate the push and pull effects of the hotspot of Lourdes, moving from the local level of the Pyrenees to the national level of France and, further, to the broader Catholic and freethinking-intellectual worlds before I finally arrive at relatively distant Denmark. Here, the development of the representations of Lourdes from 1858 to 1914 mirrors public representations of “the fantastic” and of religiosity as such in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Beginning with disdain, the Lourdes representations end in nostalgic fascination – in a longing for the enchanted hotspot no longer available (that is, no longer deemed plausible) in Denmark at the opening of the twentieth century. Further, this case helps evaluate the dynamics of exoticism that I propose to be an integral part of religious hotspots per se; in addition, it helps tweak out the commercial nature intrinsic to religious hotspots.
Performative Animism
Authors: Enstedt Daniel , Moberg Jessica 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this article we suggest a shift to a performative perspective on animism. After identifying problems with essentialism, agency, and the object/subject dichotomy in previous animism studies, we engage with posthumanist theorists and bring in perspectives from new materialism and ritual studies. From the perspectives we suggest, performative animism exists in a variety of contexts, which should be acknowledged even when studying “religion.” Performative animism also allows us to explore normative modern, technological, secular animism, which most take for granted and which is even at times naturalized. Finally, we suggest that the concept “performative animism” can be used as an analytical tool in religious studies and that it has potential to overcome the shortcomings of the concept “religion” itself.