bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective assessment of the time required to obtain one unit of fresh whole blood by civilian phlebotomists and Army laboratory technicians (68 K)
Authors: Mancha Fabiola , Mendez Jessica , April Michael D. , Fisher Andrew D. , Hill Ronnie , Bynum James , Cap Andrew P. , Corley Jason B. , Schauer Steven G. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundResuscitation with blood products improves survival after major hemorrhage. Blood product administration at or near the point‐of‐injury (POI) amplifies this benefit. Size, weight, and cold‐chain management challenges all limit the amount of blood medics can carry. Warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) transfusions from a pre‐screened donor within the unit represent an alternative source of blood at the POI. We measured the time required for civilian and Army technicians performing phlebotomy frequently to obtain one unit of blood to serve as a goal metric for combat medics being trained in this skill.MethodsWe gathered demographic and experience data along with proportion of first intravenous cannulation attempt success, time to blood flow initiated, and time to unit draw complete.ResultsWe prospectively enrolled 12 civilian phlebotomy technicians and 10 Army laboratory technicians performing whole blood collections on 50 and 68 donors respectively. The mean time from setup to needle insertion was 3.7 min for civilians versus 4.2 min for Army technicians. The mean time from blood flowing to the bag being full was 10.7 min versus 8.4 min for civilians versus Army technicians respectively. The mean bag weights were 514 g versus 522 g. First‐pass intravenous cannulation success was 96% versus 98% respectively.ConclusionsWe found a high first intravenous cannulation attempt success among both the civilian and Army technicians. Medians times were <5 min to obtain venipuncture and <11 min to obtain one unit. These findings provide time‐based benchmarks for potential use during transfusion training among military medics.
Novel fibroblast phenotypes in homeostasis and chronic inflammation: From functions to potential regulators
Authors: Miki Haruka , Manresa Mario C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractFibroblasts are essential components of the stroma, sustaining a variety of tissues and being key to the process of tissue repair after injury. Their role in tissue repair has been attributed to their ability to acquire a contractile, extracellular matrix‐producing phenotype known as myofibroblasts. This property is primarily dependent on their response to the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor‐β1. Until recently, the potential role of fibroblasts in other homeostatic and disease‐related processes was less well understood. Although in vitro studies indicated that fibroblasts are able to respond to and secrete inflammatory mediators, definitive evidence of their contribution to chronic inflammation was limited. However, the emergence of techniques that allow exploration of tissues at the single cell level has challenged the previous paradigms on fibroblast identity and functions, and has led to the discovery of significant diversity, showing the presence of fibroblasts with alternate transcriptional profiles in a variety of tissues. These studies have also suggested potential roles of novel fibroblast subtypes as regulators of epithelial homeostasis and renewal, inflammatory cell infiltration and activation, and antigen presentation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature on fibroblast diversity in the digestive tract, skin, lungs and joints. We also review evidence of their contribution to the regulation of homeostasis and chronic inflammation, as well as their interactions with other cells in various tissue compartments. We discuss evidence of different factors involved in the control of fibroblast function, addressing the role of various cytokines, transcription factors and epigenetic changes, as well as microenvironmental factors, including extracellular matrix stiffness, hypoxia, and metabolic shifts.
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Transmission of Visible, Infra-Red, and Ultra-Violet Radiation Through Fog: With Reference to Developing Aids in Fog Aviation
Authors: Anderson S. Herbert 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fog menaces all forms of transportation, particularly air travel. To study the visibility of beacons through fog, a laboratory method of producing fog was developed. Fogs of two types have been made with a range of densities corresponding to natural fogs in which the visibility varies from 20 ft. to 2000 ft. Transmission of radiation through these fogs has been measured, covering a wave-length range of 0.30 to 0.40 micron in the ultra-violet, 0.40 to 0.75 micron in the visible, and 0.75 to 2.6 microns in the infra-red parts of the spectrum. The conclusion is that the penetration of infra-red through fog is many times that of visible light, the ratio depending upon the distance and the nature of the fog, and consequently infrared gives promise in developing aids for fog landing, especially in localizing a fog-obscured airport.
Engine Cowl Rings
Authors: Boyd Paul M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The radial air-cooled engine is a popular power plant. Its reputation with the public can be said to date from the summer of 1927, when it demonstrated its reliability and ruggedness in the hazardous long-distance flights of that year. Since then many refinements and improvements have been brought forth, but the drag of the radial engine has always been high. Large frontal areas are inherent with the radial engine, and as the power output of the present radial has increased, so has its frontal area. Until recently it did not seem likely that the radial engine could ever successfully compete with the liquid-cooled type as the power plant for use in high-speed airplanes. However, with the development of the N.A.C.A. type of cowling and the engine cowl ring by various aerodynamical laboratories, the big gap existing in actual ship’s performance between these two widely divergent power plants has been eliminated.
Some Design Factors Which Influence Aviation Insurance Rates
Authors: Lederer Jerome 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The five principal factors which insurance underwriters consider when they are asked to estimate aviation hazards are: (1) the aircraft itself, (2) operational management, (3) the pilot, (4) the geographical limits, and (5) the uses for which the aircraft will be insured. The relative importance of these factors depends on the coverage being considered, and the connection of various aircraft design factors with these coverages is set forth.
Airship Factory and Dock of the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation
Authors: Watson Wilbur J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the airship factory and dock at Akron of the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation, covering its design and construction, a study of wind pressures, a comparison with other hangars, the docking problem, the design of the doors and the roof covering, with the details of the preparation of the site, the substructure, the structural-steel fabrication and the erection methods employed, the mechanical and the electrical equipment, and the floors, the fire protection, and the helium storage.
The Hydraulic Jump and Related Phenomena
Authors: Bakhmeteff Boris A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author presents certain results which were obtained by him in studying the hydraulic jump over a period of years. A general characteristic of the “state” of flow is introduced through the notion of “Kineticity of Flow,” expressed numerically by a “Kinetic flow factor.” The fundamental relations, referring to the jump, are presented in generalized form. A physical basis is offered to explain the different forms in which the jump occurs. The practical important cases of a jump below a sluice and at the foot of a weir are studied in detail. Formulas are devised and charts given which make it possible to solve different problems of engineering practice.
Celluloid as a Medium for Photoelastic Investigation
Authors: Edmonds R. H. G. , McMinn B. T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the physical properties of celluloid and their bearing on its use in the photoelastic method of stress determination. The authors present curves and test data on American-made celluloid, showing stress-strain and time-creep relations. Their results indicate that the physical constants for this material are not fixed, but have a consistent variation with speed of loading. Their work shows that celluloid is not perfectly elastic under any condition of loading. They point out some important peculiarities in the interrelation between photoelastic color and stress and strain.
Solubility of Calcium Salts in Boiler Water
Authors: Straub Frederick G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation has been to determine the behavior at elevated temperatures of the various chemical compounds found in boiler waters. This includes a study of the solubility of the various compounds under conditions simulating those found in high-pressure boilers. Such a study involves the determination of the solubility of the more insoluble compounds such as calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate separately and combined, as well as in the presence of the more soluble salts such as sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, and sodium hydroxide. These results should aid materially in determining the proper water treatment for high-pressure-boiler operation.
Automatic Internal Grinder
Authors: Blood H. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Internal grinding, originally a toolroom operation, has been demanded for such a large number of parts that it has become necessary to develop machines that would grind the holes at the lowest possible cost. This development has culminated in the automatic internal-grinding machine which positively determines the size of the hole and which requires no gaging on the part of the operator, who merely puts the work into the chuck and starts the cycle of operations. The improvements on the machines and their adaptation for special grinding jobs are described.
Small Tools and Gaging for Interchangeable Manufacture
Authors: Bryant E. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To secure interchangeable parts in continuous production, proper gaging is necessary. The author describes the specifications by which the design of the correct gage can be greatly simplified. The methods by which the manufacture of reamers, taps, threading dies, drills, etc., can be held to uniformity, within proper tolerances, are covered in the paper.
Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures at High Pressures
Authors: Lewis W. K. , Luke C. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper provides a comparatively simple method for the design of apparatus handling complex hydrocarbon mixtures at extraordinary pressures. The computation methods outlined enable one to calculate the density of any vapor, mixed or otherwise, at any temperature and pressure; the heat effect of any heating or cooling operation, whether conducted at constant pressure or changing pressure; the equilibrium between vapor and liquid at any temperature and pressure; the equilibria and changes in concentration throughout the tower in any operation of rectification or absorption, at whatever pressures they may be conducted; and the isothermal reversible work of compression of vapor mixtures, whatever the pressure range. These computation methods enable the refining engineer to design high-pressure equipment and operations with a high degree of precision.
A Study of Primary Metering Elements in 3-In. Pipe
Authors: Beitler S. R. , Bucher Paul , Barnes T. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper presents part of the results of a study of the performance of a complete series of primary metering devices in a 3-in. pipe line. The devices tested were as follows: Three types of orifices (concentric, eccentric, and segmental) with diameter ratios varying from 20 to 90 per cent; flow nozzles with diameter ratios varying from 30 to 88 per cent; also two venturi tubes with three throat sections each, with diameter ratios varying from 33 to 50 per cent. Discharge coefficients are given for these elements, using water as the metered fluid, with a wide range of differential heads. Coefficients are given also on some of the elements where superheated steam at various temperatures was the metered fluid. The effect of sharpness of orifice edge, of roughness of approach pipe, and of surface finish of flow nozzle on water coefficients is shown. The effect of temperature upon the diameter of the primary device and upon the coefficient of discharge for steam is also given.
Blood Albumin and the Woodworking Industry
Authors: Smith C. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Blood-albumin glue is probably the latest commercial adhesive. Its first use apparently was in the making of plywood canoes. The World War created an intensive demand for water-resistant plywood glues, and much of it was used in airplane and boat construction. Its source is beef blood as a by-product of the packing-house industry. It is essentially a hot-press glue. There are several types, all a mixture of blood albumin, water, and an alkali.
How Dry Should Wood Be for Various Industrial Uses?
Authors: Henderson H. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The testing of wood for industrial uses is stated to be best made on its moisture content. Much wastage in manufacture is declared to be due to lack of knowledge of this fact, and the consequent antiquated test methods in use in the wood-goods manufacturing industries. The effect of climate on the ideal moisture content is said to count for little. Furniture, flooring, and other products are dried to about 6 per cent, wherever manufactured. A table is given of the equilibrium moisture content of wood at various atmospheric conditions and also a table of the dryness requirements for a wide variety of wood products.
Double-End Tenoners and Their Use
Authors: Mansfield J. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the construction, development, and use of the double-end tenoner from the original belt-driven machine with babbitted bearings, with its limited range of cutting stock to length and making tenons, to the present motorized ball-bearing machine, with its broad range of sizing, tenoning, shaping, dadoing, relishing, notching, and dovetailing all rectangular parts in two passes through the machine, and making certain styles of lock joints. It is by far the nearest to a universal use machine yet developed for a production woodworking plant.
The Economics of Air Transport
Authors: Breguet Louis 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this up-to-date analysis of the economic problems of aerial transportation, the author presents a revision of the basic formula for calculating the net cost of air transport, gives examples of its application, and discusses the following problems: (a) Application to a simple case; (b) the importance of overhead expense; (c) the influence of speed on net cost; and (d) flight at high altitudes.
Survey of Problems of Thin-Walled Structures: I—The Problem of Elastic Stability
Authors: Donnell L. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Increasing loading on a structure brings about “failure,” either in the familiar way in which the material does not stand up at some point or by the way in which a part under compression reaches a state of instability and buckling occurs. The first of these modes of failure is a failure of material; the second is of a more structural character. The paper discusses preliminary stress calculations, independence of the two types of failure, characteristics of structures influencing each type of failure, relation of the characteristics to weight saving, secondary failures, experimental and analytical methods of studying buckling problems, comparison of different methods of analysis, the simple strut, column formulas, other stability problems, and possible methods of analysis of monocoque construction.
Principle of Similitude as Applied to Research on Thin-Sheet Structures
Authors: Younger John E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Any program of research on airplane structures must give consideration to the design and stress-analysis requirements of the Army, the Navy, and the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce. The requirement that the breaking strength of the structure or of its component parts must be the basis of strength calculations places a difficult problem before research men. Hooke’s law of proportionality of stress to strain forms the basis of the mathematical theory of elasticity, and above the proportional limit of the material (which for aircraft metals may be taken as the elastic limit), formulas based on this law do not apply. Formulas are derived from the standpoint of the mathematical theory of elasticity which fit the data quite accurately for stresses within the elastic limit. For stresses above the elastic limit an empirical formula will be necessary. In so far as the practical use of the data is concerned, since stresses above the proportional limit are involved, a derived formula may not be as desirable as the experimental curve. The value of the experimental curve depends very greatly upon the proper selection of the coordinates and the parameters.
The Rolling and Extrusion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Authors: Streeter Robert L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines the history of the development of the manufacture of aluminum sheet, wire, and rod. It then discusses the growth of the demand for aluminum alloys and the problems that research laboratories and engineers had to solve before the manufacture of these alloys became practicable. A description is given of mills for rolling standard structural shapes, with reports on tests made to ascertain the power required to roll strong alloys. The extrusion of aluminum alloys is discussed, touching on the reasons for using extrusion in place of rolling, and explaining the limitations of the extrusion method of manufacturing shapes.
Dissolving of Concentrated Industries
Authors: Coes Harold V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Far-reaching changes in the pattern of industrial organization are discernible from the small changes that are now taking place in the evolutionary process of American industry. These changes, just discernible in some instances, seem to indicate the trend toward a better balance between urban and rural population, the development of new raw materials for industry and new sources for existing materials from agriculture, the location of industrial plants in agricultural communities to permit of lower costs and greater economic security for the workers, the greater use of branch plants and branch assembly plants to afford access to and to better serve the domestic market, a limitation of the concentration of industrial units in the large cities, and the dissolving of some of these concentrated units by scientific relocation to more suitable places. As the process goes on it should result in a better total economic balance, greater economic security to all, and more wholesome enjoyment of life by all. In bringing about and furthering these changes, the engineer, guided by economic and scientific facts, principles, and laws, will be an important factor and will play a leading part. More and more, and more than ever before, the engineer must become economic minded if he is to play his part well and serve society as it should be served.
Planning and Scheduling
Authors: Polakov Walter N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The process of planning presupposes an aim to be attained, and therefore it is a purposeful action. It may or may not have a clearly conceived means for this achievement or a clearly determined order of procedure. These two elements, the means or facilities for the achievement of the aim and the order of their utilization, determine the quality of planning. The author analyzes the requirements, cites the work of Taylor and of Gantt, lists the preferred methods in use, and reaches definite conclusions, summing up with: Planning is a reversible process tending to reduce the element of random.
Fundamentals of Training
Authors: Via G. Guy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Fundamental principles involved in a modern training program are outlined. Beginning with an accepted definition of training, certain postulates are set up: (1) The careful selection of the learner. (2) The careful selection of the instructor. (3) The development of a suitable system of grading. (4) The analysis of the business for its training content. (5) The objectives of the training program. In selecting the candidate for training, attention must be focused on (a) physical, (b) manual, (c) mental, and (d) moral qualifications. A certain minimum of each capacity should be evident. The instructor must be a craftsman, a teacher, a psychologist. He must be a leader, an adviser, and a friend. A method of grading somewhat out of the ordinary is developed from Richard’s formula for effective training. This system uses the performance of the average worker as a standard, rather than that of an imaginary ideal worker who has never existed. The instructor should analyze the business thoroughly for its instructional content, regrouping the units according to the learning difficulty from simple to complex. This analysis may often be turned to useful account by the thoughtful executive in comparing the worth of various employees, reviewing the processes of the business, etc. The paper is concluded with the reminder that the perpetuation of a business depends upon the continual absorption of new blood, which gives to the study of training an unusual significance.
Application and Design of the Floating Drive for Conveyors
Authors: Preble N. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Increasing demand for longer conveyors and conveyors more heavily loaded per foot of length has brought about the necessity of using multiple drives on a single strand of conveyor chain in order to keep the weight and cost of chain and carrier units down to a reasonable point. To meet this requirement there has been developed a floating type of driving mechanism so arranged that two or more drives located at considerable distances from each other will automatically synchronize as to speed so as to maintain proper driving action at each drive point. The paper describes in detail the development of this design and its application to various types of conveyors, pointing out the advantages obtained through its use not only as a synchronizing means, but also in properly distributing the total load, in effecting smoother operation, in replacement of the standard form of shear pin, etc.
Grinding Cemented Tungsten- and Tantalum-Carbide-Tipped Tools Economically
Authors: Highducheck J. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Present-day speeds and efficiency in handling enormous production have been made possible only by the development of modern tool equipment and set-ups which hasten service and assure quality. In this paper the author outlines a tungsten-carbide-grinding set-up which is efficient and profitable.
A Test Method for Determining the Quantitative Effect of Tube Fouling on Condenser Performance
Authors: Hardie P. H. , Cooper W. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show the importance and practicability of adding another vital measurement to condenser tests which will give a specific value for the degree of tube fouling existing at the time of the test. Since the majority of condenser installations are subjected to some type of fouling, and since conventional means of cleaning seldom if ever restore the tubes to their original state, it is evident that the performance of many condensers cannot be correctly appraised without a knowledge of their cleanliness factors. Cleanliness factor is the term used to express the degree of tube fouling, and is defined as the ratio of the heat transmittances of fouled and new tubes subjected to the same operating conditions. Several methods of measuring the cleanliness factor are described, and data from six tests are included. The importance of avoiding inconsistent procedures in making the measurements and computing the data is stressed.