Performance of General Surgical Procedures in Outpatient Settings Before and After Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shariq Omair A. , Bews Katherine A. , Etzioni David A. , Kendrick Michael L. , Habermann Elizabeth B. , Thiels Cornelius A. 
Published: March 2023

ImportanceThe American College of Surgeons (ACS) has advocated for the expansion of outpatient surgery to conserve limited hospital resources and bed capacity, while maintaining surgical throughput, during the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of the COVID-19 pandemic with outpatient scheduled general surgery procedures.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter, retrospective cohort study analyzed data from hospitals participating in the ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019 (before COVID-19), and from January 1 to December 31, 2020 (during COVID-19). Adult patients (≥18 years of age) who underwent any 1 of the 16 most frequently performed scheduled general surgery operations in the ACS-NSQIP database were included.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the percentage of outpatient cases (length of stay, 0 days) for each procedure. To determine the rate of change over time, multiple multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the independent association of year with the odds of outpatient surgery.ResultsA total of 988 436 patients were identified (mean [SD] age, 54.5 [16.1] years; 574 683 women [58.1%]), of whom 823 746 underwent scheduled surgery before COVID-19 and 164 690 had surgery during COVID-19. On multivariable analysis, the odds of outpatient surgery during COVID-19 (vs 2019) were higher in patients who underwent mastectomy for cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.49 [95% CI, 2.33-2.67]), minimally invasive adrenalectomy (OR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.34-2.77]), thyroid lobectomy (OR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.32-1.54]), breast lumpectomy (OR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.23-1.46]), minimally invasive ventral hernia repair (OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.15-1.27]), minimally invasive sleeve gastrectomy (OR, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.89-3.48]), parathyroidectomy (OR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.14-1.34]), and total thyroidectomy (OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.42-1.65]). These odds were all greater than those observed for 2019 vs 2018, 2018 vs 2017, and 2017 vs 2016, suggesting that an accelerated increase in outpatient surgery rates in 2020 occurred as a consequence of COVID-19, rather than a continuation of secular trends. Despite these findings, only 4 procedures had a clinically meaningful (≥10%) overall increase in outpatient surgery rates during the study period: mastectomy for cancer (+19.4%), thyroid lobectomy (+14.7%), minimally invasive ventral hernia repair (+10.6%), and parathyroidectomy (+10.0%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with an accelerated transition to outpatient surgery for many scheduled general surgical operations; however, the magnitude of percentage increase was small for all but 4 procedure types. Further studies should explore potential barriers to the uptake of this approach, particularly for procedures that have been shown to be safe when performed in an outpatient setting.