bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Composition of Palm Oil Biomass to Minimize Biomass Power Plants’ Greenhouse Gases Emission
Authors: Harahap Muhammad Awaluddin , Haeruman Agus , Mokheimer Esmail M. A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The increasing energy demand and rising concern about climate change have become two significant factors in finding alternative energy sources other than fossil fuels. Biomass has been implemented by several tropical countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia to answer this challenge by utilizing palm oil by-products as boiler fuels to generate steam for palm oil mill (POM) processing as well as for electricity generation. Fiber and kernel shell have become two major palm oil residues that have been implemented for this purpose. Moreover, empty fruit bunch (EFB) can also become another alternative biomass to fuel the boiler. This study is aimed at analyzing and optimizing the utilization of fiber, shell, and EFB by adjusting percentile contents of those three constituents and evaluating the CO2 production. The result of this analysis indicates that the best composition to minimize the CO2 of the biomass power plant is using 70% fiber, 0% shell, and 30% EFB. However, the increase of NO2 and SO2 must also be considered to find the correct balance between those three emissions. In addition, EFB should be pretreated (drying and shredding) before the combustion to reduce the water content and the dimension of EFB.
Division 5—High Temperature Reactors
Authors: Jetter Robert I. , Mitchell Mark , Morton D. Keith 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides commentary on a new division under Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. This Division 5 was first published as part of the 2011 Addenda to the 2010 Edition of the BPV Code. The chapter provides information on the scope and need for Division 5, the structure of Division 5, where the rules originated, the basis for the elevated temperature rules specified in Division 5, the various changes made in finalizing Division 5, and the future near-term and long-term expectations for Division 5 development. It reflects the 2015 Edition of Division 5. Division 5 identifies rules for high temperature reactors (HTRs) based on only two classifications, Class A for safety-related components and Class B for non-safety related but with special treatment components. It contains general requirements for both metals and graphite in Subsection HA, Subpart A and Subpart B, respectively. Rules for Class A metallic pressure boundary components, Class B metallic pressure boundary components, and Class A core support structures at both low temperature conditions (under Subpart A) and elevated temperature conditions (under Subpart B) are contained in Subsections HB, HC, and HG, respectively. Rules for Class A and B metallic supports are contained in Subsection NF, Subpart A. Finally, new rules for nonmetallic core support structures (graphite) are contained in Subsection HH, Subpart A. Consistent with current Code practice, the primary concern of Division 5 is the integrity of the components under design, operating conditions (including normal, upset, emergency, and faulted), and test conditions. Division 5 covers all construction aspects of these components, including administrative requirements, material selection and qualification, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, quality assurance, and documentation.

History
Effective with the 2015 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, “Subsection NH of Div. 1 of Section III” was discontinued and the subject matter transferred to Subsection HB, “Class A Metallic Pressure Boundary Components,” Subpart B, “Elevated Temperature Service” of Div. 5 of Section III. Accordingly, the subject matter previously covered in Chapter 12 of Fourth Edition and prior editions is now covered in an expanded version of Chapter 17 “Division.
The current online edition was updated by Robert I. Jetter and Mark Mitchell with contributions from the BPV Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III).
ASME Section VI: Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
Authors: Smith Clayton T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides criteria and commentary for ASME Section VI, which presents guidelines for the safe and efficient operation of steam-heating boilers, hot-water-supply boilers, and hot-water-heating boilers after installation. These rules are nonmandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a governmental jurisdiction. The chapter is divided into nine parts, along with the necessary figures and tables for each part. Part 1 covers the scope of the chapter, provides some background on the use of illustrations and manufacturer’s information, and includes a glossary of terms applicable to boilers, fuels, fuel-burning equipment, combustion, and water treatment. Part 2 deals with the classification of boilers based on their design, construction, and application. Different types of boilers, such as steel, cast iron, modular, and vacuum boilers, are described and illustrated. The requirements of accessories such as safety relief valves and pressure gages, and their installation are addressed in Part 3. Part 4 deals with the characteristics of common fuels used for combustion in boilers such as gas, oil, coal, and wood products. Part 5 provides information on the controls for managing the functions of the fuel-burning equipment, namely operating, limit, safety, and programming controls. Part 6 covers all the requirements of boiler-room facilities for safe operation and maintenance. Recommendations for the operation, maintenance, and repair of steam boilers are included in Part 7 in addition to the procedures for inspection of steam boilers. Part 8 deals with the operation, maintenance, and repair guidelines for hot-water boilers and tests and inspections of hot-water-supply and hot-water-heating boilers. Water treatment considerations, boiler water problems, the chemicals used for water treatment and their functions, treatment alternatives, and various procedures are discussed in Part 9.
Part 2, Section II—Materials and Specifications
Authors: Upitis Elmar , Moen Richard A. , Carpenter Marvin L. , Newell William , Grubb John F. , Sutherlin Richard C. , Henry Jeffrey , Chaudouet Anne 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents various specifications for the materials used in the construction of boilers. The first section of this chapter traces the chronological evolution of materials and associated technologies, from the need for materials to accommodate riveted construction to the acceptance of fusion welding as a fabrication process. Included in this discussion are the application of advanced materials, the revisions to the basis for setting allowable stress values, and the acceptance of Material Specifications other than those approved by ASTM. The next two sections discuss Code Section II, Part A–Ferrous Material Specifications and Part B–Nonferrous Material Specifications. The discussion covers the following: Guideline on the approval of new materials under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code; Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee; and Guidelines on Multiple Marking of Materials. The fourth section provides the basis for the Specifications and Standards covered by Section II, Part C–Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals, and their relations to the ANSI/AWS specifications. Included in the discussion are the electrode classification system, material descriptions, welding material applications, welding material procurement, and filler metal certification. The fifth section reviews important aspects of Section II, Part D–Properties. The discussion covers the properties of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in the design of components for the BPV and Nuclear Construction Codes. The final section discusses Section II, Part A and Part B—International Material Specifications. ASME Section II includes rules for acceptance of material specifications of recognized National or International organizations other than ASTM. The section also discusses the process of adoption of the Committee for Standardization specifications in Europe with consequences on the corresponding ASME specifications.

History
Dennis Rahoi, Marvin L. Carpenter and Domenic A. Canonico were the original authors of this chapter. The second and third editions were updated by Marvin L. Carpenter, Elmar Upitis and Richard A. Moen. The fourth edition was updated by Elmar Upitis, Marvin L. Carpenter, John F. Grubb, Richard C. Sutherlin, Jeffrey Henry, C. W. Rowley and Anne Chaudoulet. The fifth edition was updated by Richard C. Sutherlin, Jeffrey Henry, and Anne Chaudoulet The current online edition was updated by Anne Chaudouet, Elmar Upitis and John Grubb.
A Commentary for Understanding and Applying the Principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Authors: Reedy Roger F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a commentary on the principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to help users apply common sense when using the Code. It provides engineers, owners, inspectors, regulatory institutions, and other Code users with a better understanding of the basic principles of the Code. The chapter begins with a discussion on the design factors used by the ASME Committee to determine allowable stress and the requirements for a Design Specification and a Stress Report. It then provides information on the seismic design requirements and describes the use of Service Levels A, B, C, and D to provide increased allowable stresses for upset, emergency, and faulted plant conditions, as appropriate. The chapter emphasizes the need for good engineering judgment by knowledgeable professional engineers. This is essential for understanding which computer output should be used or how the output must be modified. The chapter discusses the revision made in the Foreword to the ASME Code in the 1992 Addenda to specify that engineering dimensions require tolerances and that Code-specified dimensions are based on nominal sizes. A brief note is provided on the identification of the proper allowance for erosion and corrosion caused by service conditions. The chapter also points out concerns with the use of finite element analysis in design activities. Forming operations for pressure vessels and postweld heat treatment of some welded configurations are briefly covered. In addition, the chapter discusses the importance of performance-based quality assurance programs and the use of thermal relief devices to protect pressure vessels or piping against pressure that results from the heat of the fluid contained in the component. Other issues addressed include the evaluation of new hypothetical loads on equipment that has been Code Stamped, and the purpose of hydrostatic testing of pressurized equipment.
Sex differences in musculoskeletal injury epidemiology and subsequent loss of tactical readiness during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School
Authors: Lovalekar Mita , Bird M B , Koltun K J , Steele E , Forse J , Vera Cruz J L , Bannister A F , Burns I , Mi Q , Martin B J , Nindl B C 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionThe US Marine Corps (USMC) Officer Candidates School (OCS) is a 10-week training course for Marine Officer Candidates (MOCs). OCS training is rigorous and demanding, which results in a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs). The objective of this analysis was to describe MSIs among women and men during the USMC OCS at Quantico, Virginia, from September 2020 to November 2021.MethodsThis prospective cohort study assessed MSIs that occurred among 736 MOCs (women: 17.8% of sample, men: 82.2%). Data for the study were derived from routinely collected injury data by athletic trainers and physical therapists embedded within the training units. Injury incidence, event at the time of injury occurrence, anatomic location, injury type and disposition following injury were described. Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare proportions of injured women and men.ResultsThe cumulative injury incidence was higher among women (39.7%) compared with men (23.1%, p<0.001). When specific events associated with injuries were reported, most frequent events were the obstacle course (women: 20.9% of injuries, men: 12.9%) and the conditioning hike (women: 11.6%, men: 6.9%). Most injures affected the lower body (women: 67.4%, men: 70.8%). The most frequent body part injured was the lower leg (18.6%) in women and the knee (23.3%) in men. The most frequent injury type was strain (women: 39.5%, men: 24.3%), followed by sprain (women: 16.3%, men: 14.9%). A greater percentage of female (92.3%) compared with male MOCs (69.3%; p<0.001) were assigned light duty status following MSIs.ConclusionsMitigation of injuries during OCS events such as the obstacle course and the conditioning hike needs further investigation. The high risk of overuse lower leg injuries among women and the higher incidence of injuries among women compared with men underscore the need for further investigation of modifiable sex-specific injury risk factors.
Family Trees for Enumeration
Authors: Nakano Shin-Ichi 
Published: June 2023

In this paper we design efficient algorithms for enumerating (1) the rooted trees with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices, (2) the maximal planar graphs with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices and (3) the linear extensions of a given poset. Those algorithms are based on tree structures of objects, called the family trees. The first algorithm enumerates each ordered tree with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices in [Formula: see text] time for each after [Formula: see text] time preprocessing. The second algorithm enumerates each maximal planar graph with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices in [Formula: see text] time for each on average. The third algorithm enumerates each linear extension of a given poset in [Formula: see text] time for each after [Formula: see text] time preprocessing, where [Formula: see text] is the number of the element in the set of the poset.
Third-order nonlinearity and functional data analysis of ADP-doped PVA/PVP polymer composites
Authors: Gowtham G. K. , Somashekarappa H. , Somashekar R. 
Published: June 2023

The structural dependence of nonlinear optical properties associated with ADP-doped PVA/PVP polymer composites is discussed in this work. Polymer composites are fabricated using the solution casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to perform structural analysis on these samples whose average crystallite size increases with an increase in dopant concentration. Results from UV–Vis–NIR spectra show that the samples are transparent in the IR region. The Z-scan technique was established by following the method described by Sheik-Bahae et al. The shape of the open aperture plot suggests that the samples exhibit two-photon absorption. The NLO properties such as nonlinear absorption coefficient ([Formula: see text], two-photon absorption cross-section ([Formula: see text] and the imaginary part of third-order nonlinear susceptibility [Formula: see text] were investigated at 1064 nm and these values were found to be in the order of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W/cm, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm4/GW and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]esu, respectively. The open aperture Z-scan method yielded optical limiting data, from which the optical limiting threshold was calculated to be in the order of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W/m2. Functional data analysis uses a suitable basis representation to assess the functional correlation between global and local variables.
Prevalence of ‘Fat-Poor’ Adrenal Adenomas at Chemical-Shift MRI.
Authors: Aldhufian Meshary , Sheinis Pickovsky Jana , Alfaleh Hana , Melkus Gerd , Schieda Nicola 
Published: June 2023

Objective: To determine the prevalence of ‘fat-poor’ adrenal adenomas at chemical-shift-MRI. Materials and Methods: This prospective IRB approved study identified 104 consecutive patients with 127 indeterminate adrenal masses that underwent 1.5-T chemical-shift-MRI between 2021-2023. Two blinded radiologists independently measured: 1) 2-Dimensionsal (2D) chemical-shift signal intensity (SI)-index on 2D Chemical-shift-MRI (SI-index >16.5% diagnosed presence of microscopic fat), 2) unenhanced CT attenuation (in cases where unenhanced CT was available). Results: From 127 adrenal masses, there were 94% (119/127) adenomas and 6% (8/127) other masses (2 pheochromocytoma, 5 metastases, 1 lymphoma). 98% (117/119) adenomas had SI-Index >16.5%, only 2% (2/119) adenomas were ‘fat-poor’ by MRI. SI-Index >16.5% was 100% specific for adenoma, all other masses had SI-Index <16.5%. Unenhanced CT was available in 43% (55/127) lesions (50 adenomas, 5 other masses). 34% (17/50) adenomas were lipid-poor (>10 HU). Percentage of adenomas with SI-Index >16.5% were: 1) ≤10 HU, 100% (33/33), 2) 11-29 HU, 100% (12/12), 3) ≥30 HU, 60% (3/5). No other masses had attenuation ≤10 HU (0/5). Conclusion: Fat-poor adrenal adenomas are uncommon using 2D chemical-shift signal intensity index >16.5% at 1.5-T, occurring in approximately 2% of adenomas in this large prospective series.
Preliminary Development of an MRI Atlas for Application to Cleft Care: Findings and Future Recommendations
Authors: Perry Jamie L. , Gilbert Imani R. , Xing Fangxu , Jin Riwei , Kuehn David P. , Shosted Ryan K. , Woo Jonghye , Liang Zhi-Pei , Sutton Bradley P. 
Published: June 2023

Objective To introduce a highly innovative imaging method to study the complex velopharyngeal (VP) system and introduce the potential future clinical applications of a VP atlas in cleft care. Design Four healthy adults participated in a 20-min dynamic magnetic resonance imaging scan that included a high-resolution T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo 3D structural scan and five custom dynamic speech imaging scans. Subjects repeated a variety of phrases when in the scanner as real-time audio was captured. Setting Multisite institution and clinical setting Participants Four adult subjects with normal anatomy were recruited for this study. Main Outcome Establishment of 4-D atlas constructed from dynamic VP MRI data. Results Three-dimensional dynamic magnetic resonance imaging was successfully used to obtain high quality dynamic speech scans in an adult population. Scans were able to be re-sliced in various imaging planes. Subject-specific MR data were then reconstructed and time-aligned to create a velopharyngeal atlas representing the averaged physiological movements across the four subjects. Conclusions The current preliminary study examined the feasibility of developing a VP atlas for potential clinical applications in cleft care. Our results indicate excellent potential for the development and use of a VP atlas for assessing VP physiology during speech.
Interplay of gene expression and regulators under salinity stress in gill of Labeo rohita
Authors: Harshini Vemula , Shukla Nitin , Raval Ishan , Kumar Sujit , Shrivastava Vivek , Chaudhari Aparna , Patel Amrutlal K. , Joshi Chaitanya G. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Labeo rohita is the most preferred freshwater carp species in India. The concern of increasing salinity concentration in freshwater bodies due to climate change may greatly impact the aquatic environment. Gills are one of the important osmoregulatory organs and have direct contact with external environment. Hence, the current study is conducted to understand the gill transcriptomic response of L. rohita under hypersalinity environment.

Results
Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs was performed in gills of L. rohita treated with 2, 4, 6 and 8ppt salinity concentrations. Networks of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA revealed involvement of 20, 33, 52 and 61 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 11, 13, 26 and 21 differentially expressed miRNAs in 2, 4, 6 and 8ppt groups between control and treatment respectively. These lncRNA-miRNA pairs were regulating 87, 214, 499 and 435 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) in 2, 4, 6 and 8ppt treatments respectively. Functional analysis of these genes showed enrichment in pathways related to ion transportation and osmolyte production to cope with induced osmotic pressure due to high salt concentration. Pathways related to signal transduction (MAPK, FOXO and phosphatidylinositol signaling), and environmental information processing were also upregulated under hypersalinity. Energy metabolism and innate immune response pathways also appear to be regulated. Protein turnover was high at 8ppt as evidenced by enrichment of the proteasome and aminoacyl tRNA synthesis pathways, along with other enriched KEGG terms such as apoptosis, cellular senescence and cell cycle.

Conclusion
Altogether, the RNA-seq analysis provided valuable insights into competitive endogenous (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA) regulatory network of L. rohita under salinity stress. L. rohita is adapting to the salinity stress by means of upregulating protein turnover, osmolyte production and removing the damaged cells using apoptotic pathway and regulating the cell growth and hence diverting the essential energy for coping with salinity stress.
X-linked genes influence various complex traits in dairy cattle
Authors: Sanchez Marie-Pierre , Escouflaire Clémentine , Baur Aurélia , Bottin Fiona , Hozé Chris , Boussaha Mekki , Fritz Sébastien , Capitan Aurélien , Boichard Didier 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
The search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting traits of interest in mammals is frequently limited to autosomes, with the X chromosome excluded because of its hemizygosity in males. This study aimed to assess the importance of the X chromosome in the genetic determinism of 11 complex traits related to milk production, milk composition, mastitis resistance, fertility, and stature in 236,496 cows from three major French dairy breeds (Holstein, Montbéliarde, and Normande) and three breeds of regional importance (Abondance, Tarentaise, and Vosgienne).

Results
Estimates of the proportions of heritability due to autosomes and X chromosome (h²X) were consistent among breeds. On average over the 11 traits, h²X=0.008 and the X chromosome explained ~ 3.5% of total genetic variance. GWAS was performed within-breed at the sequence level (~ 200,000 genetic variants) and then combined in a meta-analysis. QTL were identified for most breeds and traits analyzed, with the exception of Tarentaise and Vosgienne and two fertility traits. Overall, 3, 74, 59, and 71 QTL were identified in Abondance, Montbéliarde, Normande, and Holstein, respectively, and most were associated with the most-heritable traits (milk traits and stature). The meta-analyses, which assessed a total of 157 QTL for the different traits, highlighted new QTL and refined the positions of some QTL found in the within-breed analyses. Altogether, our analyses identified a number of functional candidate genes, with the most notable being GPC3, MBNL3, HS6ST2, and DMD for dairy traits; TMEM164, ACSL4, ENOX2, HTR2C, AMOT, and IRAK1 for udder health; MAMLD1 and COL4A6 for fertility; and NRK, ESX1, GPR50, GPC3, and GPC4 for stature.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the importance of the X chromosome in the genetic determinism of complex traits in dairy cattle and highlights new functional candidate genes and variants for these traits. These results could potentially be extended to other species as many X-linked genes are shared among mammals.