bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of the Mast Cell Response to a Lysosomal Protein
Authors: Clark Junius M. , Higginbotham R. D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The response of local tissue mast cells to the subcutaneous injection of relatively small amounts of cationic protein (or polypeptide) extracted from lysosomes of rabbit PMN has been examined and it was observed that 1) this lysosomal material (LCP) induced a rapid and rather explosive release of the heparin-containing granules from mast cells in a dose-response manner, 2) the shed granules formed relatively stable complexes with the cationic protein in vivo, and 3) the LCP-granule complexes were readily ingested by adjacent connective tissue cells.
It is suggested that this LCP-induced degranulation of mast cells may be a naturally-occurring event in the inflammatory process in that mast cells are characteristic constituents of the connective tissue and would, on an occasion of tissue injury, be exposed to this protein after its local release from PMN accumulating in the affected area. Inasmuch as PMN lysosomal substances may be involved in the production of inflammatory injury and heparin can interact with various biologically-active substances, the secretion of heparin-containing granules from mast cells may serve as a local means for the sequestration of these lysosomal proteins for subsequent ingestion by connective tissue cells and in this manner a) reduce the injury-producing potential of these proteins in the tissue and/or b) conserve the antibacterial and hydrolytic properties of these substances for reutilization by the recipient cells and thereby enhance their potential for dealing with phlogogenic stimuli in the tissue (e.g., bacteria).
The LCP-induced degranulation of mast cells may thus serve as a local mechanism for control of the inflammatory process and protection against the noxious effects of various cationic agents.
Neutralization and Sensitization of Herpes Simplex Virus with Antibody Fragments from Rabbits of Different Allotypes
Authors: Ashe Warren K. , Mage Michael , Mage Rose , Notkins Abner Louis 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Incubation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) with papain-derived fragments (Fab) of rabbit anti-HSV γ globulin resulted in substantial virus neutralization. The infectious virus that survived incubation with the Fab fragments was found to exist in the form of an infectious virus-antibody complex (sensitized virus). Incubation of the sensitized virus with undigested sheep anti-rabbit γ globulin or the Fab fragments of sheep anti-rabbit γ globulin resulted in further virus neutralization. The specificity involved in the neutralization of sensitized virus by anti-γ globulin was shown by the fact that virus sensitized with undigested or papain-derived fragments of rabbit anti-HSV γ globulin of one allotype was neutralized by anti-γ globulin directed against that allotype but not by anti-γ globulin directed against a different allotype.
Relationship of Germinal Centers in Lymphoid Tissue to Immunologic Memory
Authors: Jacobson E. B. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cell suspensions, obtained from white and red pulp of rabbit spleens at various days after priming, were examined for their ability to respond, with increased proliferation, to reexposure to antigen. A comparison was made between the proliferative response and the secondary in vitro antibody response obtained with the same tissues.
A significant increase in mitotic activity in response to antigen was seen in white pulp as early as day 3 after priming. The maximum response was obtained on days 7 to 10. Neither of the antigens elicited a significant proliferative response in red pulp cells. However, in view of an unusually high background activity found in many of the red pulp suspensions, a limited stimulatory effect of antigen may have gone undetected.
A fairly good correlation was found between the proliferative and secondary antibody response of white and red pulp and a relationship to the development of germinal centers in the white pulp was suggested. The first striking responsiveness occurred at the time when germinal centers are beginning to form, and maximum responsiveness was noted at the time of their peak development.
Formation and Transfer of Antibodies in Congenital Murine Infections with a Type 2 Reovirus
Authors: Carruthers Mary M. , Lerner A. Martin 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The formation and transfer of hemagglutinating inhibiting antibodies to reovirus, type 2 in congenital murine reovirus infections have been examined. Pregnant mice respond to reovirus antigen with active and persisting formation of antibody. Progeny are unresponsive. Antibodies in baby sera are passively transferred. Unresponsiveness in nursling mice is not a function of the quality or quantity of the antigen, but is induced by passively acquired specific immunoglobulin.
There is little demonstrable prenatal transfer of these antibodies. After delivery, suckling mice rapidly absorb homotypic antibody from their dam's colostrum, and later milk. Titers of hemagglutinating inhibiting antibody in the progeny are easily demonstrable by the 5th day of life. They equal those of their mothers 4 days later, and continue at this level to diminish by day 18. The system allows a critical characterization of maternal colostral antibody in the mouse.
Detection of γA Antibody-Releasing Cells to Erythrocyte and Lipopolysaccharide Antigens
Authors: Walters Carla S. , Jackson Anne L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Following immunization of Swiss Webster mice with sheep erythrocytes or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide antigens, γA antibody-releasing cells were detected by a modification of the localized hemolysis-in-gel technique. When purified rabbit anti-mouse γA immunoglobulin was added to spleen cell suspensions before plating and enumerating, augmented numbers of antibody-releasing cells were detected. These “γAPFC” were found following primary and secondary injections of both antigens and were specifically inhibited by γA myeloma protein.
Staphylococcal Delayed Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Taubler James H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Tuberculin-type (delayed) hypersensitivity to staphylococci can be induced in mice by eight weekly subcutaneous injections of 103 viable staphylococci per injection. Such hypersensitive mice demonstrate a positive footpad reaction (swelling) when injected with a 200-µg dose of staphylococcal antigen. Hypersensitivity can also be transferred to normal recipient mice via lymphoid cells from sensitized donors. Such passively sensitized recipients also react positively when footpad tested. Delayed hypersensitivity cannot be passively transferred with plasma, nonviable cells or cell-free extracts from hypersensitive donors.
The Immunologic Response of Rabbits to Carrageenans, Sulfated Galactans Extracted from Marine Algae
Authors: Johnston K. H. , McCandless E. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Both κ and λ carrageenans, sulfated galactans, elicit formation of precipitating antibodies in rabbits. The carrageenan-anti-carrageenan system follows the kinetics of other well-known antipolysaccharide systems. Both λ and κ carrageenan show a high degree of immunologic specificity; namely, no reaction was observed between antigen and heterologous antibody. Molecular weight determinations of the κ carrageenan antigen according to the Boyd and Hooker equation agree with molecular weights determined by other investigators: a value of 350,000 is calculated for the λ fraction.
Rabbit Blocking and Binding Antibodies to Human Intrinsic Factor and Intrinsic Factor-B12 Complex
Authors: Samloff I. Michael , Turner Michael D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Based upon studies of the relationships of blocking and binding antibodies to IF in patients with pernicious anemia, it has been hypothesized that the antigenic site on human IF for the blocking antibody may be a more potent immunogen than the corresponding site for binding antibody. The results of this study are in agreement with this hypothesis in that rabbits given a single injection of approximately 270 ng human IF were found to have low concentrations of blocking antibody but no detectable binding antibody in their serum.
Rabbits challenged with the same amount of IF complexed to B12 produced both blocking and binding antibodies. The concentration of blocking antibody in the latter animals was significantly higher than in the group immunized with IF, indicating that B12 enhances the immunogenic potencies of both antigenic sites on IF.
Binding antibody was detected in both the γM and γG classes of immunoglobulins. Blocking antibody was found to be predominantly γG.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Myelin Basic Protein in the Passive Transfer of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Falk George A. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was passively transferred in strain 13 guinea pigs with lymph node cells from donors sensitized with either homologous spinal cord or myelin basic protein in Freund's complete adjuvant. Severity of EAE in cell recipients was proportional to the number of cells transferred. Evidence that disease in cell recipients was not due to inadvertent active sensitization was based on: 1) the significant decrease in induction time after cell transfer as compared to length of induction after active challenge; and 2) the almost complete inability of cells to transfer EAE after being heated to 60°C, a temperature which is known to damage cells but which has no effect on the encephalitogenic activity of the emulsion used for active challenge.
Delayed-type skin reactivity to myelin basic protein was correlated with severity of EAE in both cell donors and recipients, whereas circulating antibody to the encephalitogen was not detected in the majority of donors or in any recipient. This evidence strengthens the concept of EAE as a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein.
Evidence of SV40-Specific Transplantation and Surface Antigens in Cells Transformed by Para-Adenovirus 12
Authors: Lausch Robert N. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Rapp Fred 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The presence of viral determinants in tumor cells induced by a PARA-adenovirus 12 population carrying SV40 information has been investigated. The cells contained three markers specific for papovavirus SV40; the transplantation, surface and tumor antigens. Quantitative comparison with the SV40-transformed H-50 hamster cell line indicated the PARA-12 cells had a lower level of transplantation antigen but a higher level of T antigen. There was no evidence for any adenovirus markers, nor was infectious virus detected.
Calcium Requirements for Complement Dependent Hemolytic Reactions
Authors: Bryant Richard E. , Jenkins David E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The calcium ion requirement for undiluted serum EAC′ hemolysis, PNH sucrose hemolysis and PNH acid hemolysis was re-examined using EGTA, a chelating agent with more than 100,000 times greater avidity for Ca++ than Mg++. At pH 7.6 undiluted serum EAC′ hemolysis and PNH sucrose hemolysis were markedly inhibited by MgEGTA indicating an absolute calcium ion requirement in these systems. At this same pH MgEGTA showed no such inhibition of PNH acid hemolysis suggesting that this reaction can occur in the virtual absence of calcium. No conclusions could be reached on the calcium ion requirements in these systems at pH 6.2 since EGTA is a much less effective chelator of calcium at the lower pH.
The Application of the Irradiated Hamster Test to the Study of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kornblum Joan 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Lymph node cells taken from rats sensitized to guinea pig spinal cord produced delayed skin reactions when mixed with antigen and injected into irradiated hamsters. Node cells from normal unsensitized rats failed to elicit such lesions. The immunologic basis for the skin reactions was demonstrated by their specificity for the inducing antigen, the delay in appearance of responsiveness in the lymph node cells until 2 weeks following immunization of the donor (a time period corresponding to the lag prior to clinical symptoms in the donor), and finally by the failure of node cells taken from donors rendered neonatally tolerant to spinal cord to react when challenged with the antigen. It was shown in addition that sensitized lymphoid cells from a strain of rat genetically insusceptible to the expression of clinical EAE also failed to react against the antigen in the irradiated hamster test. This may reflect a deficiency in these cells of a chemical mediator of delayed hypersensitivity.
Immunogenicity and Specificity of Collagen
Authors: Timpl R. , Wolff I. , Wick G. , Furthmayr H. , Steffen C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit antisera to acid-soluble calf collagen were used for cross-reaction studies with sheep, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and carp collagen in hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Advantage was taken of the use of three antibody fractions differing in specificity. One of them possessed a general collagen specificity, the others were species-specific and directed either to pepsin-stable or pepsin-labile determinants. Some of the antisera contained only one of the antibody fractions, in other cases they were separated on an immunoadsorbent.
The antibodies with general collagen specificity reacted with all the collagens, indicating a common antigenic determinant. Small but still significant differences observed in inhibition tests suggest, however, that these determinants are not identical but only similar in structure. The species-specific antibody fraction to pepsin-stable determinants cross-reacted with sheep and rat collagen or with sheep collagen only. The third antibody fraction, which in contrast to the others is directed to pepsin-labile structures of collagen, cross-reacted either with sheep collagen or showed no cross-reaction at all. The results were interpreted for the existence of at least five distinct antigenic determinants on calf collagen.
Spontaneous Delayed Iso-Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Battisto Jack R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
New data which allow the delayed-type dermal reactivity that guinea pigs manifest toward a homologous serum factor (SF) to be interpreted as a spontaneous delayed-type iso-hypersensitivity (IH) to an iso-antigen are presented. Histologic evidence has indicated the dermal reaction elicited by SF cannot be differentiated from that evoked by Old Tuberculin. A survey of the distribution of SF and the IH to it among guinea pigs of several strains has revealed an unequal occurrence of each. The earliest onset of spontaneous IH to SF observed, i.e., 4 to 8 weeks of age, corresponds to the earliest age at which guinea pigs can be made to show delayed cutaneous reactions to other antigens. The degree of delayed immunologic reactivity developed to a contact allergen by guinea pigs with and without spontaneous IH to SF was found to be equal. In addition, a cutaneously injected irritant, turpentine, elicited equal responses in animals of these two groups. SF was shown to be different from the permeability factors which elicit immediate type responses. Transfer of iso-hypersensitivity for SF to nonreactive closely related (F1) guinea pigs was accomplished by living lymphocytes. The occurrence in guinea pigs of natural delayed hypersensitivity toward xenogeneic antigens, the possible existence of spontaneous IH among species other than the guinea pig, and the possibility that certain recently reported phenomena may be interpreted as manifestations of spontaneous IH are discussed.
Adenovirus Type 12 Oncogenicity in Newborn Hamsters: The Effect of Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: Haase Ashley T. , Kasel J. A. , Chessin L. N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Pokeweed mitogen administered to newborn hamsters causes a marked reduction in tumor incidence when adenovirus type 12 is inoculated 72 hr after birth. Accelerated attainment of immunologic competence with subsequent tumor rejection is suggested as the explanation for the observed tumor inhibition.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Cooper N. R. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous work had raised the possibility of functional interdependence between C′5, C′6 and C′7; in the absence of C′6 and C′7, the C′5 reaction was inefficient and the reaction product was extremely labile at 37°C. Further analysis using isolated and 125I-labeled C′5 showed that formation of EAC′1a,4,oxy2a,3,5 from EAC′1a,4,oxy2a,3 has the following characteristics: 1) Formation began immediately on addition of C′5, increased with time to reach a maximum and then declined. 2) The product was unstable, i.e., the reactivity of cell-bound C′5 was lost with a half-life of 7 to 9 min at 30°C and 2 to 3 min at 37°C. 3) Loss of cell-bound C′5 hemolytic activity was not caused by release of bound C′5, which dissociated from the cell complex with a half-life of 2 to 3 hr at 30°C indicating that bound C′5 exists in active (C′5a) and inactive (C′5i) forms. 4) Dissociated C′5 was found to be of macromolecular size.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Rother K. O. , Rother U. A. , Philipps M. E. , Goetze O. , Thorbecke J. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tissue cultures of rabbit liver produced C′6, as previously reported (Immunology, 14: 649, 1968). For further identification of the cell type involved, a tissue culture cell line, derived from a minimal deviation hepatoma (H4 II EC3) and consisting of parenchymal-type cells, was examined for the synthesis of complement components. For this purpose, the cells were cultured for 24 to 72 hr in a medium containing albumin but no other serum proteins in order to avoid contamination with extraneous complement factors. Titration of the media, using C′6 defective rabbit serum as a reagent, showed that these cells produced C′6. Production of C′9 activity was demonstrated, employing EAC′1–8 as the reagent. Evidence for production of complement factors by tissues other than the liver was also obtained. Post-irradiation chimeras, produced by injection of bone marrow from C′5 positive donors (B6AF mice) into C′5 negative recipients (A mice), showed a transient rise in overall C′ activity in their sera, indicating C′5 production by descendants of the grafted cells.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Alper C. A. , Propp R. P. , Johnston R. B. , Rosen F. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been possible to identify seven codominant alleles for human C′3 by agarose electrophoresis of fresh sera. In Caucasians, there are two common alleles, S (slow) and F (fast), with approximate gene frequencies of 0.75 and 0.25. The F gene is less common in American Negroes and rare in Orientals. There are rare variants of C′3 in the three major races which, as a group, have an incidence of about 2 to 3%. These were named according to electrophoretic mobilities with reference to the S allotype: F1, F0.8, F0.5, S0.6 and S1. In heterozygotes, the two gene products are of approximately equal concentration. As judged by assays for hemolytic complement and immune adherence, all allotypes of C′3 thus far identified are functionally normal. In a kindred with members having one-half the normal concentration of C′3 inherited as an autosomal codominant trait, C′3 typing revealed that in affected individuals, only one allele is expressed.
In Vitro Studies on the Mechanism of Macrophage Migration Inhibition in Tuberculin Sensitivity
Authors: Heise E. R. , Han S. , Weiser R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The mechanism of macrophage migration-inhibition was studied with alveolar macrophages obtained from BCG-sensitized guinea pigs. Sensitivity to migration-inhibition was conferred upon macrophages from normal guinea pigs or upon trypsinized macrophages from sensitized guinea pigs by incubation with either serum or heat eluates prepared from macrophages of BCG-sensitized animals. The migration of passively sensitized macrophages was inhibited only in the presence of specific antigen. Mixtures of PPD and immune serum or macrophage eluates were cytophilic for macrophages but were not demonstrably cytotoxic for mouse L cells. In contrast, supernatants from cultures of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes derived from sensitized guinea pigs were not strongly cytophilic for macrophages but were cytotoxic for L cells. Supernatants from similar cultures of macrophages were less active in inhibiting the migration of normal macrophages. Immunoglobulin was detected in the Sephadex G 200 fractions of macrophage eluates and immune sera which were active in the migration-inhibition test. On the basis of these results it is suggested that macrophage migration-inhibition may involve cytophilic Ab as well as a cytotoxic factor produced by lymphocytes.
Hormones and Immunologic Capacity
Authors: Pierpaoli Walter , Sorkin Ernst 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The relationship between somatotropic hormone (STH) and the development of lymphoid organs was investigated.
Repeated injections of rabbit anti-Raben-type bovine somatotropic hormone (ASTH) globulins into 2- and 3-week-old Charles River mice produced body growth inhibition, thymic atrophy, involution of the lymphoid tissue in the spleen and a wasting syndrome. Similar treatment with normal rabbit serum (NRS) globulins produced a normal splenic cellular reaction and no wasting syndrome was observed. The same treatment in adult male mice produced similar effects on the lymphoid organs but no wasting syndrome. The simultaneous administration of STH to mice treated with ASTH globulins completely reversed the effects of ASTH globulins.
Histologic examination revealed that the ASTH treatment resulted in disappearance of small lymphocytes in the cortex of the thymus, in the perifollicular mantles of the germinal centers and in thymus-dependent areas in the spleen.
These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that wasting disease in neonatally thymectomized mice derives from disruption of a critical hypophysis-thymus axis in the perinatal age. A role for STH and other hormones for differentiation of antibody-producing cells is proposed.