bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greece
Authors: Metaxas Antonis 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough critical overview of the efforts put forward to date in order to establish an effective and permanent Greek capacity mechanism along with a short-term strategic reserve mechanism. In this framework and within the scope of the restructuring of the Greek energy market following the (extremely delayed) introduction and subsequent immature implementation of the EU target model, as well as the ongoing decommissioning of the lignite power plants, it remains to be seen whether the Greek energy market will manage to deal effectively with its systemic distortions. This is a task that constitutes a mandatory precondition for workable competition conditions and a true liberalization of the electricity market.
The Netherlands
Authors: Winters Marinus , Govers Tiemen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Dutch electricity market. The Netherlands has an energy-only market, in which security of supply is currently secured. However, the installed capacity of renewable electricity production is growing rapidly, which requires dispatchable capacity. At the moment, there are no plans for investments in dispatchable power capacity and the Dutch government decided to phase out coal-fired power plants as of 2030. As a result of these market circumstances, the Dutch government intends to implement an authority for the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy to order TenneT TSO to set up a strategic reserve. This strategic reserve will be set up in line with the principles of the Electricity Regulation.
Disturbances of the Body and the Soul
Authors: López González Luis F. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis third part analyzes the condition of lovesickness, or amor hereos, a psychosomatic disease believed to affect predominantly aristocratic men who had a melancholic complexion or acquired one on account of their erotic illness. This condition received a lot of attention from medical professionals because it was believed to engender other melancholic diseases, including depression, madness, and if it went untreated, death. After the introduction of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Constantine the African’s Viaticum, and Bernard of Gordon’s Lilium medicinae into European culture, lovesickness became a favorite topic in medical commentary and in literature. Representations of lovesick characters abound in early medieval aesthetic expression throughout Europe, including in Provençal lyrical poetry, Italian Dolce stil novo, Andalusian kharjas, and Galician-Portuguese various poetic genres. In King Alfonso’s Cantigas, amor hereos acquires new levels of meaning because the foremost effect of lovesickness was an overvaluation of the object of desire. Since most lovesick victims had previously been fervent devotees of the Virgin Mary, the overvaluation of the loved one usually represents a displacement of their devotion for Mary onto the beloved. In this context, therefore, amor hereos is a condition that has a direct effect on the body and the mind, as well as on the soul.
Diseases of the Soul inCantigas de Santa Maria
Authors: López González Luis F. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe last section of the book, which contains three chapters, studies the spiritual condition of acedia, or religious melancholia. Acedia, one of the seven deadly sins in the Middle Ages, was originally believed to affect only anchorites practicing a contemplative life in the dessert of Alexandria. The condition went through a process of transvaluation characterized by three stages: first it affected anchorites in deserts, then it disturbed monks and nuns, and finally all humankind. Alfonso X’s Cantigas is a key witness to the evolution of acedia, as this vice attacks not only religious men and women but also lay people, allegedly including the monarch himself. Through the study of cantigas 88, 254, and 365, this chapter shows how this physical, mental, and spiritual disease upended the lives of religious men, compelling them to renounce their order and fleeing the cloister. These spiritual pitfalls caused great anxiety not only in the institution of the Church but also in medieval authors and the public in general. The Alfonsine Cantigas, hence, function simultaneously as a means of allaying the author’s acedia (melancholia) and as a warning to readers against the danger of this feared condition.
Justifying Strict Liability
Authors: Cappelletti Marco 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book explores in a comparative perspective the most significant arguments that different legal actors put forward to justify the imposition of strict liability in tort in four legal systems, two common law (England and the United States) and two civil law (France and Italy). These justifications are ‘risk’, ‘accident avoidance’, the ‘deep-pockets’ argument, ‘loss spreading’, ‘victim protection’, ‘reduction in administrative costs’, and ‘individual responsibility’. By looking at how these justifications are used in the four legal systems, the book unearths a wide variety of patterns of reasoning, which reflect the different ways in which legal actors across the four laws think about strict liability. Moreover, the book assesses the significance (ie the justificatory weight) of the arguments, showing that these can assume varying significance within and across the four laws and that such variations reflect different views as to the values and goals which should guide strict liability and inspire tort law more generally. Overall, the book seeks to improve our understanding of strict liability, to shed light on the significance and role of the justifications put forward for its imposition, and to enhance our comprehension of aspects of the different tort cultures featuring in the four legal systems studied.
Corporate Authoritarian Practices
Authors: Glasius Marlies 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines corporate authoritarian practices in the context of copper and cobalt mining by multinational corporations in Katanga, DRC. It starts with a focus on the Swiss multinational Glencore and the Chinese state-owned company CNMC Huachin, before zooming out to demonstrate broader patterns of silencing, secrecy, and lies by other multinational mining corporations operating in the region. This ‘overdetermined’ case suitably exposes various configurations of actors engaged in corporate-led authoritarian practices surrounding the mines. Concessions came about, and tax evasion was facilitated, through high-level engagement with state and regional politicians. Corporations and state actors kept secrets from and told lies to local communities, NGOs, and state environmental agencies about environmental impact. Corporations, local traders, and a host of security services colluded to exploit, deceive, and occasionally silence artisanal miners. In Chinese companies, workers were routinely fired when voicing discontent. Corporate social responsibility expectations, and increased attention to transparency in the extractive sector in particular, appear to have impacted corporate behaviour. However, for some companies, such expectations have actually increased incentives for corporate sabotage of accountability. While the consequences of increased involvement of corporations headquartered in non-democratic states such as China and Kazakhstan still require further study, the evidence does not suggest that these companies are necessarily more likely to engage in authoritarian practices than western-based companies.
Max Horkheimer and the Original Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the original paradigm of critical theory, conceived by the young Max Horkheimer at the head of an interdisciplinary group of philosophers, psychologists, economists, and literary scholars associated with the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research in the interwar Weimar Republic. The young Horkheimer maintained a firm yet undogmatic commitment to a fairly orthodox interpretation of historical materialism, while his perhaps most original contribution to social theory was his and Erich Fromm’s synthesis of the Marxian critique of political economy and Freudian psychoanalysis in an account of the basic structure of monopoly capitalism and its deep-seated forces of reification and cultivation of authoritarian personality types. However, his truly lasting philosophical contribution is the idea of critical theory itself, which was first formulated as an interdisciplinary programme of dialectical ‘interpenetration’ of philosophy and social inquiry and a materialist Ideologiekritik of the distorted expressions that the truth content of bourgeois concepts and moral ideas receive in bourgeois thought. This programme informed an ambitious empirical research project into the revolutionary ‘readiness’ of the German proletariat, which proved disappointing, however, and gradually transformed into the more defensive project of explaining the rise of National Socialism in Germany. Moreover, the chapter argues that the most overlooked part of Horkheimer’s original paradigm is his attractive but underdeveloped normative idea of a ‘reasonable society’ and his conception of critical theory as itself a theory of justice, albeit distinct in important ways from bourgeois or traditional theories of justice that also predominate in the contemporary academy.
Horkheimer’s Original Paradigm and the Idea of a Critical Theory of World Society
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Relying on recent postcolonial theory, Chapter 2 argues that Horkheimer’s original paradigm was ultimately unable to redeem its global claim to validity, because its weddedness to historical materialism at the same time commits Horkheimer to a ‘stagist’ philosophy of history, which sees global variations as temporally coexisting stages of epochal development and thus threatens to collapse the sociological dimension of a critical theory of world society into its historical dimension. Moreover, the chapter also argues that the young Horkheimer subscribed to a then-prevalent ‘Promethean’ interpretation of historical materialism, which sees ever-increasing human mastery over nature as an essential condition of human emancipation. Although this interpretation of Marx’s thought has subsequently been disputed, there remains little room in the young Horkheimer’s thought for ecological concerns about the natural limits to human production. Nevertheless, the chapter maintains that a critical theory of contemporary world society must salvage from Horkheimer’s original paradigm not only the idea of a critical theory of justice, but also the critical engagement with political economy, which has all but disappeared from recent paradigms of critical theory, rendering them blind to some of the constitutive injustices of global capitalist modernity. Finally, the chapter suggests that Horkheimer’s early work may also be helpful in accounting for the rise of authoritarian populism across and beyond the West in recent years.
Adorno’s Negativist Paradigm and the Idea of a Critical Theory of World Society
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that Adorno’s negativist paradigm rests on two fundamentally flawed assumptions: first, the idea of late-capitalism as an ‘expressive totality’, in whose abstractions the concrete global context of application vanishes, and second, that economic and political power has fused in an all-pervasive system of administration and delusion, which renders his paradigm unable to grasp the asymmetrical power that globalized market forces wield over fragmented states in contemporary world society. However, the chapter also maintains that Adorno’s central concern with non-identity is acutely relevant for a critical theory of world society in at least two ways: in terms of the relationship between reason and nature and the ‘ecological dialectic of enlightenment’ actualized by the prospect of catastrophic anthropogenic climate change, and in terms of the postcolonial concern with the ‘non-identical’ of Western modernity. The chapter argues that both of these concerns must be integrated into a critical theory of world society, but without embracing the theoretical cul-de-sacs and practical impasse of Adorno’s negativist paradigm. Finally, the chapter insists on Adorno’s insight that the reconciliation with nature, which today has become an existential imperative, cannot be achieved in theory, as some ‘new materialist’ philosophers may seem to suggest, but ultimately only in practice.
Jürgen Habermas and the Communicative Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 reconstructs Jürgen Habermas’s communicative paradigm of critical theory, which responds to the limitations of Adorno’s negativist paradigm and seeks to grasp the emancipatory potential of the new-founded constitutional-democratic order of postwar Europe. In doing so, Habermas undertakes a turn to an intersubjective paradigm of reason and develops a philosophical foundation for a critical theory of society in a pragmatic reconstruction of the universal rational infrastructure that he finds in ordinary language communication. This reconstruction of communicative reason enables Habermas to develop a sophisticated theory of social evolution and an ambitious social theory that sees modern capitalist society as both a cultural lifeworld and a system of functional subsystems. This two-concept theory of communicative action in turn allows Habermas to reconceptualize the concept of reification as a pervasive social pathology of modern democratic capitalism: namely, as the colonization of the lifeworld by systems imperatives, which undercuts the social and psychological conditions of individual autonomy. Habermas’s reconstruction of communicative reason also grounds the normative dimension of his critical theory, which comprises an account of the moral point of view in terms of a theory of discourse ethics and a reconstruction of the ‘self-understanding’ of modern constitutional democracy. He construes the latter in terms of a system of rights and a two-track theory of deliberative politics that charts how processes of democratic will-formation in the public sphere are channelled through an elected parliament, which submits the functional subsystems of the capitalist market and the public administration to democratically enacted law.
Axel Honneth and the Recognition Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 reconstructs Axel Honneth’s recognition paradigm of critical theory. His defining concern with recognition is motivated by a critique of Habermas’s power-free account of the lifeworld and a concomitant aspiration to eschew systems theory and develop a monistic social theory that conceives of power relations as struggles for recognition within the lifeworld, where moral consciousness and individual identity are forged in the heat of social conflict. Honneth develops this idea into a theory of three spheres of recognition as a formal conception of the good life, which, in his later work, is explicitly construed as a communicative conception of freedom, or of the necessary social and psychological conditions of individual autonomy. Building on this theory, Honneth’s mature work undertakes a reformulation of Hegel’s Rechtsphilosophie as a ‘theory of justice as social analysis’, which reconstructs and criticizes the major institutions of social freedom in modern Western society across the domains of personal relationships, the market economy, and the democratic constitutional state. The chapter also offers a systematic account of three conceptions of power that we find in the Frankfurt School tradition of critical theory.
Amy Allen’s Contextualist Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 introduces the first of two emerging paradigms of critical theory, through which the shape of a critical theory of world society begins to take form: namely, the emerging contextualist paradigm of Amy Allen. First, the chapter argues that Allen is right to foreground the concept of subjection and that the Frankfurt School has generally been complacent about the extent to which subordinating racial and gender norms are introduced into the very formation of the subject. Moreover, given the extent to which power and resources in contemporary world society are still ordered along formally disestablished colonial and imperial lines, the chapter argues, with Allen, that a critical theory of world society must integrate the reflexive check of problematizing critique. However, the chapter also maintains that this self-problematizing mode of critique is by itself insufficient and that Allen’s principled or metanormative contextualism is unable to ground a critical theory of world society, since what she offers is ultimately a limited framework for the self-interrogation of Western capitalist modernity.
Politicians' Reading of Public Opinion and its Biases
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPoliticians care a lot about public opinion, they put great effort into getting to know what the people want. They almost constantly assess public opinion through a large variety of sources. And although most of them define themselves as trustees, in their actual day-to-day decision-making almost all politicians behave as delegates in the sense that they hardly ever deliberately cross public opinion but act in line with it (or act not at all). Notwithstanding their great focus on public opinion, politicians’ perceptions of what it is that the people want are remarkably inaccurate. They not only misjudge the share of people supporting specific policies, they also quite often position the majority on the wrong side of the debate. Their perceptions of public opinion are not only inaccurate, but most of the time biased as well. Politicians perceive the public to hold more right-wing positions than it actually does. Together, the inaccuracy and bias of politicians’ public opinion perceptions challenge the idea that elected representatives make representative democracy work by relying on their public opinion perceptions. In Flanders (in Belgium), the political system this book looks at, politicians do everything within their power to understand citizens’ preferences, but they do not always succeed in acting responsively because of their mistaken perceptions.
Introduction
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets the stage and introduces the two main aims of the book: assessing to what extent politicians care about and invest in estimating public opinion on the one hand, and establishing whether and to what extent politicians’ perceptions of public opinion are inaccurate and biased on the other. Additionally, the chapter makes the case for examining the case of Belgium (Flanders) and argues that there is nothing special about Belgium for politicians in that country to relate differently to public opinion compared to politicians in many other countries. Further, it presents the empirical material the book draws upon and explains how qualitative and quantitative data is combined, and what one can learn from these two types of data.
Reading and Perceiving Public Opinion as a Mechanism of Representation
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter argues why students of representation should consider politicians’ reading of public opinion. Previous empirical and theoretical work is referenced to show that how politicians make sense of public opinion, and especially the conclusions they reach about the state of public opinion, have an important impact on their legislative behavior and on their political behavior more generally. Whenever scholars have looked at the perceptions of politicians they have found them to matter. That perceptions are consequential, not only applies to “delegate-style” politics whereby elected representatives maximize responsiveness to people’s preferences but also to “trustee-style” politics as politicians who decide not to follow public opinion need a good explanation for their divergence from the public’s immediate wishes. And knowing public opinion helps in finding the right words. Finally, the chapter explains that there is little previous work on how politicians read public opinion and on how accurate politicians’ perceptions are.
Ambivalent Attitudes toward Public Opinion
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter explores the general attitudes Belgian politicians hold with regard to public opinion. It finds that politicians’ feelings vis-à-vis public opinion are characterized by ambivalence. On the one hand, the principled attitude of many politicians is one of reluctance to follow public opinion. Averse to anything that resembles populism, politicians declare in great numbers to operate independently from public opinion and to act as “trustees,” following their own convictions instead of public opinion. On the other hand, though, the chapter testifies that politicians think that reading public opinion is a core part of their job. They find it crucially important, not only out of electoral necessity but also because they consider it their duty to know what the people want. Despite declaring in great numbers that ideology ought to trump public opinion as a driver of their actions, Belgian politicians are strongly committed to public opinion.
Measuring Accuracy and Bias of Public Opinion Perceptions
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter explains the book’s methodology to measure politicians’ public opinion perceptions in detail. The essence of the approach to perceptual accuracy is that politicians estimate the percentage of popular support for various specific policy proposals (e.g., “The most polluting cars should be banned from inner cities”) and that their estimations are compared with actual support for these policies as measured through a large-scale, representative public opinion survey. Importantly, not only were politicians asked to assess the support among Belgian citizens in general but also among the politician’s own party electorate. The chapter also explains why and how policy proposals were chosen, provides descriptive evidence for each of the eight chosen policies, and presents the societal and political discussions surrounding the concrete policies.
The Right-wing Bias in Politicians’ Collective Public Opinion Perceptions
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter looks at politicians’ estimations of public opinion in the aggregate and finds that, as a group, Belgian politicians do not really hold accurate perceptions. Collectively, they make relatively big mistakes, with misjudgments of popular support mounting up to twenty percentage points for certain policy proposals. Most importantly, the data reveal a clear right-wing, or conservative, bias in politicians’ perceptions. Politicians consider citizens systematically as being more supportive for right-wing policies and less supportive for left-wing policies than they actually are. This applies to both their assessments of general public opinion and to their assessment of their own party electorate’s opinion. Building on Chapter 3 which showed that these perceptions strongly affect politicians’ political actions, the chapter speculates about the consequences of inaccurate and biased perceptions for actual policymaking.