bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อจุลชีพของสารสกัดหยาบจากย่านางต่อเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกไคที่ก่อให้เกิดโรคฟันผุ และเชื้อก่อโรคแบบฉวยโอกาสในช่องปาก
Authors:   , พรหมศรี พิมพ์บุษร์ 
Published: September 2023

การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อทดสอบฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อจุลชีพของสารสกัดหยาบจากรากย่านางต่อเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกไคที่ก่อให้เกิดโรคฟันผุ และเชื้อก่อโรคแบบฉวยโอกาสในช่องปาก สารสกัดหยาบจากรากย่านางนี้ได้มาจากการสกัดด้วยเอทานอล และละลายในเอทานอลความเข้มข้นร้อยละ 20 การทดสอบฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อจุลชีพทำโดยวิธีแพร่สารละลายในวุ้น ตามด้วยวิธีบรอทไมโครไดลูชั่นเพื่อทดสอบหาความเข้มข้นต่ำที่สุดในการทำลายเชื้อ และประเมินระยะเวลาที่สารสกัดใช้ในการทำลายเชื้อด้วยวิธีไทม์คิล พบโซนยับยั้งขนาดเท่ากับ 12.67±1.15 7.67±1.52 และ 10.67±1.15 มิลลิเมตรต่อเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกคัส ซอบรินัส สายพันธุ์ OMZ 176 สเตร็ปโตคอกคัส แซงกวินิส สายพันธุ์ ATCC 10556 และสเตร็ปโตคอกคัส กอร์โดไน สายพันธุ์ DMST 2060 ตามลำดับ นอกจากนี้ยังพบโซนยับยั้งขนาดเท่ากับ 10.00±1.00 และ 8.00±1.53 มิลลิเมตร ต่อเชื้อแคนดิดา ทรอปิคาลิส สายพันธุ์ ATCC 750 และแคนดิดา พาราไซโลสิส สายพันธุ์ ATCC 90018 ตามลำดับ ส่วนการทดสอบด้วยวิธีบรอทไมโครไดลูชั่นพบว่าสารสกัดมีฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อที่ใช้ทดสอบเกือบทุกสายพันธุ์ โดยเฉพาะเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกคัส ซอบรินัส และเชื้อแคนดิดา ทรอปิคาลิส โดยสารสกัดที่ความเข้มข้นสองเท่าของความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดในการทำลายเชื้อสามารถทำลายเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกคัส ซอบรินัสได้ทั้งหมดภายในเวลา 7 ชั่วโมง แต่ที่ความเข้มข้นหนึ่งเท่าของความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดในการทำลายเชื้อไม่สามารถทำลายเชื้อสายพันธุ์นี้ได้ทั้งหมดภายใน 10 ชั่วโมง สำหรับเชื้อแคนดิดา ทรอปิคาลิส พบว่าสารสกัดที่ความเข้มข้นทั้งหนึ่งเท่า และสองเท่าของความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดในการทำลายเชื้อสามารถทำลายเชื้อสายพันธุ์นี้ได้ทั้งหมดภายในเวลา 10 และ 8 ชั่วโมงตามลำดับ การศึกษานี้แสดงให้เห็นว่า สารสกัดหยาบจากรากย่านางมีฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกไคที่ก่อให้เกิดโรคฟันผุและเชื้อก่อโรคแบบฉวยโอกาสในช่องปาก โดยเฉพาะเชื้อสเตร็ปโตคอกคัส ซอบรินัส แบคทีเรียก่อโรคฟันผุ และเชื้อแคนดิดา ทรอปิคาลิส ซึ่งเป็นเชื้อก่อโรคแบบฉวยโอกาสที่พบในคนที่มีภูมิคุ้มกันต่ำ ซึ่งชี้ให้เห็นถึงศักยภาพที่จะพัฒนาสารสกัดนี้ให้เป็นส่วนผสมที่มีฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อจุลชีพในวานิช หรือยาป้ายในช่องปาก
กระบวนการสร้างนวัตกรรมเชิงความหมายของแบรนด์ผลิตภัณฑ์
Authors:   , บุญเพิ่ม วรรณยศ 
Published: September 2023

นโยบายไทยแลนด์ 4.0 ของรัฐบาลได้ระบุว่า นวัตกรรม เป็นเครื่องมือสำคัญที่ผู้ประกอบการธุรกิจควรนำมาใช้เพื่อเพิ่มขีดความสามารถในการแข่งขันและเพื่อการพัฒนาผลิตสินค้าและบริการในรูปแบบใหม่ ที่ตรงความต้องการของผู้บริโภคที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไป การวิจัยชิ้นนี้เป็นการผสมผสานระหว่างระเบียบการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพและปริมาณ โดยเลือกอุตสาหกรรมเครื่องเรือนในเขตกรุงเทพมหานครเป็นกรณีศึกษา การสร้างกระบวนการสร้างนวัตกรรมเชิงความหมายในการวิจัยนี้ได้มุ่งประเด็นไปที่การนำเสนอการแก้ปัญหาดังกล่าวใน 2 ส่วน ได้แก่ 1.การลดความเสี่ยงในการนำเสนอความหมายใหม่แก่ผู้บริโภค และ 2.การสร้างแนวทางประกอบการตัดสินใจนำกลยุทธ์ด้านการออกแบบความหมาย ไปใช้ในการขับเคลื่อนธุรกิจอย่างเหมาะสม กระบวนการสร้างนวัตกรรมเชิงความหมายชื่อ ADD Model ได้ถูกนำเสนอเพื่อเป็นแนวทางในการแก้ปัญหา โดยกระบวนการ ADD Model นั้นประกอบไปด้วยสามขั้นตอนได้แก่ 1. ขั้นตรวจสอบ (Audit Stage) เพื่อให้ผู้ประกอบการทราบถึงความพร้อมของบริษัทก่อนตัดสินใจดำเนินกระบวนการออกแบบความหมาย 2.ขั้นตอนการสร้างสมดุลของความหมาย (Design Meaning Equilibrium) เน้นความสำคัญไปที่การหาความสมดุลระหว่างความหมายดั้งเดิมของบริษัทกับความหมายใหม่ที่สร้างขึ้น 3. ขั้นตอนการนำส่งความหมาย (Delivery Stage) เป็นการนำส่งความหมายใหม่สู่ผู้บริโภคที่เหมาะสมกับระดับของนวัตกรรมที่สร้างขึ้น ผลการศึกษาวิจัยครั้งนี้ จะเป็นทางเลือกใหม่สำหรับผู้ประกอบการด้านธุรกิจเครื่องเรือนสำหรับการพัฒนาขีดความสามารถทางการแข่งขัน และนอกจากนั้นงานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ยังเป็นประโยชน์ต่อภาคการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับกลยุทธ์ด้านการออกแบบเพื่อการขับเคลื่อนธุรกิจ ในการส่งมอบกระบวนการสร้างนวัตกรรมเชิงความหมาย ADD Model นั้น Responsive Website ถูกเลือกขึ้นมาเป็นเครื่องมือในการส่งมอบ เพื่อให้ผู้ประกอบการสามารถเข้าถึงได้อย่างง่าย
L-Malic acid: An exercise in conformational analysis impacting upon optical rotatory dispersion (ORD).
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

My momentum of describing early attempts to use optical rotation to correlate absolute configuration of small molecules such as glyceraldehyde and lactic acid with their optical rotations has carried me to
<strong>
L-Malic acid
</strong>
(below labelled as (
<em>
S
</em>
)-Malic acid). The measured optical rotatory dispersion curve at low wavelengths is shown below (dashed line for Malic acid, solid line for Lactic acid). A sign inversion
Epoxidation of ethene: a new substituent twist.
Authors: Rzepa Henry 
Published: September 2023

Five years back, I speculated about the mechanism of the epoxidation of ethene by a peracid, concluding that kinetic isotope effects provided interesting evidence that this mechanism is highly asynchronous and involves a so-called “hidden intermediate”. Here I revisit this reaction in which a small change is applied to the atoms involved. Below are two representations of the mechanism.
Regressus ET reflexivity: Belletristic semantique problematique, ET dissimulare
Authors: Singh Sharanpal , Goyal Shilpi 
Published: September 2023

The paper attempts interrogation of theoretics in the present: "theory in its selective tradition" (Williams, 1989), to highlight major departures of the said genre from the past writings in the domain, which were liberal, democratic, egalitarian, dialogic, and interacted to continue extended dialogue with earlier prevailing thought. Such writings interacted by attempting to comprehend the earlier insights and negotiated amendments, elaborations, and even transformations, where needed. However, in the "selective tradition" such features have receded and combative politics, coupled with irresolution, dissembling, with insurrectionary core are present predominantly. Eschewing telos, with mere negotiations, always (!) in the interstices, to proclaim genesis through rupture, wherein abstention from former insights is the prominent feature. This is not restricted to one or two theorists, but extends across the spectrum. There is recursivity and reflexivity, turning regressive, severed from praxis, wherein political remains restricted only to its articulation, without connecting with organization(s) so as to be transformative and melioristic. Here, there is theoretical rigour, per se. The intention in the paper is as Brandom (1994) says, to make it "explicit".
Genetic structure and relatedness of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in the drainage basin of the Ölfusá river, South-Western Iceland
Authors: Lagunas Marcos , Pálsson Arnar , Jónsson Benóný , Jóhannsson Magnús , Jónsson Zophonías O. , Snorrason Sigurður S. 
Published: September 2023

Background
Lake Þingvallavatn in Iceland, a part of the river Ölfusá drainage basin, was presumably populated by brown trout soon after it formed at the end of the last Ice Age. The genetic relatedness of the brown trout in Þingvallavatn to other populations in the Ölfusá drainage basin is unknown. After the building of a dam at the outlet of the lake in 1959 brown trout catches declined, though numbers have now increased. The aim of this study was to assess effects of geographic isolation and potential downstream gene flow on the genetic structure and diversity in brown trout sampled in several locations in the western side of the watershed of River Ölfusá. We hypothesized that brown trout in Lake Þingvallavatn constituted several local spawning populations connected by occasional gene flow before the damming of the lake. We also estimated the effective population size (NE) of some of these populations and tested for signs of a recent population bottleneck in Lake Þingvallavatn.

Methods
We sampled brown trout inhabiting four lakes and 12 rivers within and near the watershed of River Ölfusá by means of electro- and net- fishing. After stringent data filtering, 2,597 polymorphic loci obtained from ddRADseq data from 317 individuals were ascertained as putative neutral markers.

Results
Overall, the genetic relatedness of brown trout in the Ölfusá watershed reflected the connectivity and topography of the waterways. Ancestry proportion analyses and a phylogenetic tree revealed seven distinct clusters, some of which corresponded to small populations with reduced genetic diversity. There was no evidence of downstream gene flow from Lake Þingvallavatn, although gene flow was observed from much smaller mountain populations. Most locations showed low NE values (i.e., ~14.6 on average) while the putative anadromous trout from River Sog and the spawning population from River Öxará, that flows into Lake Þingvallavatn, showed notably higher NE values (i.e., 71.2 and 56.5, respectively). No signals of recent population bottlenecks were detected in the brown trout of Lake Þingvallavatn.

Discussion
This is the first time that the genetic structure and diversity of brown trout in the watershed of River Ölfusá have been assessed. Our results point towards the presence of a metapopulation in the watershed of Lake Þingvallavatn, which has been influenced by restoration efforts and is now dominated by a genetic component originated in River Öxará. Many of the locations studied represent different populations. Those that are isolated in headwater streams and lakes are genetically distinct presenting low genetic diversity, yet they can be important in increasing the genetic variation in downstream populations. These populations should be considered for conservation and direct management.
Air Pollution in Medium-Sized Mexican Cities
Authors: Ramírez-Sánchez Hermes Ulises , Fajardo-Montiel Aida Lucia 
Published: September 2023

Medium-sized cities are in the population range of between 500,000 and one million inhabitants. Despite the importance of large cities, the greatest urban growth occurs in medium and small cities. During the last century these cities enjoyed acceptable air quality, however from the last years of the last century and the two decades of this century the atmospheric health has deteriorated, generating problems. The dynamics of population growth faced by these cities represent a serious threat to the environment, as well as to the health and quality of life of its inhabitants, since it generates new economic processes, accompanied by an increase in industrial activities, motorization rates, greater fuel consumption and higher emissions of air pollutants.
Objective: To carry out an analysis of the air quality condition and to show the trends of the criteria pollutants for 10 medium-sized Mexican cities with the highest population growth.
Materials and Methods: The data for the analysis of air quality of medium-sized cities were downloaded from the consultation system of Air Quality Indicators-SCICA through the http://scica.inecc.gob.mx/exec/addl website. The downloaded data are hourly concentrations of the six criteria pollutants PM10, PM2.5, O3, SO2, NO2 and CO for the monitoring stations of the cities of Aguascalientes (863 893 h), Mexicali (854 186 h), Ciudad Juárez (1 501 551 h), Chihuahua (925 762 h), León (1 579 803 h), Morelia (743 275 h), Puebla (1 542 232 h), Querétaro (794 789 h)), San Luis Potosí (854 186 h) and Torreón (690 193 h), indicators were calculated of the daily, monthly and annual trend, averages, percentages of days with concentrations above the norm and number of days per year in which any of the norms is exceeded during the period 2000-2020. Compliance with environmental health NOMs (at one hour, 8 h, 24 h and annually) was evaluated depending on the pollutant criterion.
Results and Discussion: Medium-sized cities have grown between 21 and 55% in the last 20 years, some surpassing the category of medium cities. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and O3 in all medium-sized cities are almost always above the normativity which represents a risk to the health of the population. The concentrations of CO, NO2 and SO2 are below the limits of the regulations, so these pollutants currently do not represent a risk to the population of medium-sized cities. Most cities present less than a third of the year with days out of the norm, only Torreón, Puebla and León present values of one third to two thirds of the year above the norm.
Conclusions: The pollutants PM10, PM2.5 and O3 represent a risk to the health of the population of medium cities in Mexico, while the concentrations of CO, NO2 and SO2 currently do not represent a risk for the population of medium cities.
Evaluation of Suitability of Tomato Solids as a Preservative in Flavoured Paneer
Authors: Patel Zenith , Pinto Suneeta 
Published: September 2023

Aims: In this study paneer was prepared incorporating tomato solids in the form of tomato puree in paneer. As a result, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant actions are anticipated. Therefore, this investigation was done to compare the shelf life of the tomato flavoured paneer with control. The present study was conducted to compare the shelf life of tomato flavoured paneer (TFP) and control paneer (CP) i.e. prepared without addition of tomato solids.
Study Design: TFP was prepared incorporating tomato puree @10% w/w of milk from standardized milk. CP was prepared without incorporation of tomato puree. Two factorial Completely Randomized Design model was used to compare both product during storage. The data presented in table is a mean ± SD of 3 replicate experiments.
Place and Duration of Study: Dairy Technology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, Gujarat, India, between July 2022 and July 2023.
Methodology: Control paneer (CP) was prepared from standardized milk (4.5% fat/8.5% MSNF). TFP and CP were packed in laminated pouches and stored at 7±1°C. The sensory attributes, acidity, free fatty acid, tyrosine content, peroxide value, aerobic plate count, yeast and mold count and coliform count of stored samples were monitored at an interval of every 3rd day.
Results: Throughout the storage period there was a greater increase in free fatty acid and tyrosine value of TFP compared to CP while peroxide value of TFP remained lesser than CP. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in APC while coliform, yeast and mold count was found to be absent throughout the storage period. TFP had lower initial sensory scores compared to CP, however it retained all flavour, body and texture, colour and appearance and overall acceptability score better throughout storage in comparison to CP.
Conclusion: The shelf-life of TFP and CP was 15 d when stored at 7±1°C in 12 μ polyester + 50 μ LD/LLDPE laminated pouches.
Assessment of Maize Crop Evapotranspiration Using Eddy Covariance Flux Tower Weather Data
Authors: A. Charan Babu , Neelima T. L. , Kumar K. Avil , K. Chandrasekar 
Published: September 2023

The study conducted at the Maize Research Centre, Agriculture Research Institute, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, from November, 2022 to March, 2023 aimed to compute the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of maize crop under two different irrigation treatments using the weather data generated from the Eddy Covariance (EC) flux tower. The two treatments comprise of scheduling irrigation at certain Depletion of Available Soil Moisture (DASM) viz., T1: 20% DASM and T2: 40% DASM. The maize crop was sown and cultivated as per the recommended practices. The bio-physical parameters like plant height and LAI were recorded at 15 days interval. These parameters were statistically analysed by two sample T-test with equal variance. The plant height increased from 35 to 198 cm in 20% DASM and 36 to 180 cm in 40% DASM during the crop growth period (30 to 100 DAS). Similarly, LAI increased from 0.72 to 3.9 and 0.77 to 3.2 in 20 and 40 % DASM treatments till 90 DAS, respectively and later on decreased till harvest. The findings emphasize a positive influence of optimum moisture availability in the root zone on plant growth parameters. The amount of irrigation given was measured to compute ETc using Soil Water Balance (SWB) method and the crop parameters like plant height, LAI, stomatal resistance values etc., were used for computing the Penman-Monteith equation using the weather parameters generated from the EC flux tower. Seasonal ETc estimated from the Soil Water Balance (SWB) method (340 & 280 mm) and FAO Penman-Monteith method (350 & 295 mm) in 20 and 40% DASM treatments showed a deviation of +10 and +15 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the study concludes that FAO Penman-Monteith method can accurately estimate ET by using EC flux tower measured weather data, with minor deviations from the SWB method.
Effect of Rhizobium Coating on Physical and Engineering Properties of Chickpea Seed
Authors: Veerammanavara Raghavendra , K. V. Prakash , Manjunath H. , Marihonnappanavara Siddesh , H. Mareppa , M. Murali , Santosh  , Niranjan Vinayaka 
Published: September 2023

The Rhizobium bio fertilizer coating may influence on the physical and engineering properties of chickpea seed. The metering mechanism, hopper design and hose pipes of seed drill was designed based up on the physical and engineering properties of Rhizobium coated seeds. The study was conducted to determine the physical and engineering properties viz., length, breadth, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, seed weight, bulk density, angle of repose and coefficient of static friction of uncoated, and bio-fertilizer coated chickpea seeds for design of Aqu-ferti seed drill. The hopper of seed drill was designed based up on the angle of repose and coefficient of static friction of biofertilizer coated chickpea seeds. The physical properties of chickpea seeds plays very important role in design of hopper, hose pipe and metering mechanism of seed drill The physical properties viz., Length, breadth and thickness of the uncoated and bio-fertilizer coated chickpea seeds were 9.01±0.62 mm, 7.059±0.69 mm, 6.57±0.54 mm and 9.06±0.44 mm, 7.144±0.90 mm, 6.9±0.22 mm, respectively. Roundness and sphericity of uncoated and bio-fertilizers coated chickpea seeds were 87.23 ±2.13%, 87.36±2.72% and 81.6±3.07%, 82±4.15%, respectively. Bulk density of uncoated and bio fertilizer coated seeds were 0.629±0.02 g/cc and 0.641± 0.03 g/cc, respectively. Geometric mean diameters of uncoated and coated seeds were 7.32±0.45 mm and 7.33±.45 mm, respectively. The hopper of seed drill was designed based up on the angle of repose of mild steel which influences on free flow of sesds. The angle of repose for mild steel surface was observed as 26.9±5.61 and 29.51±4.23 degree for uncoated and bio-fertilizer coated chickpea seeds, respectively.
Effect of Different Doses and Scheduling Time of Plant Growth Regulators and Defoliants on Growth and Yield of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under High Density Planting System
Authors: Priyadarshini M. , Kumar G. Santhosh , Nagabhushanam U. , Reddy K. Pavan Chandra 
Published: September 2023

A field trial to determine the effect of different dosages, Scheduling time of plant growth regulators and defoliators on growth and yield of cotton under high density planting system was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal during kharif-2022. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment details were T1: Application of Mepiquat chloride (M.C) 25 g a.i ha-1 @ 40 & 55 DAE + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 40 % boll burst, T2: M.C 25 g a.i ha-1 @ 40 & 55 DAE + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 60 % boll burst, T3: M.C 20, 30 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 DAE respectively + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 40% boll burst T4: M.C 20, 30 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 DAE respectively + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 60% boll burst T5: M.C 20 g a.i ha-1 @ 40,55 & 75 DAE+ Ethereal 2000ppm @ 40 % boll burst, T6: M.C 20 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 & 70 DAE + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 60 % boll burst, T7: M.C 25 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 & 70 DAE + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 40 % boll burst, T8: M.C 25 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 & 75 DAE+ Ethereal 2000ppm @ 60% boll burst, T9: M.C 20, 25, 30 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 and 70 DAE respectively + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 40 % boll burst, T10: M.C 20, 25, 30 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 and 70 DAE respectively + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 60 % boll burst and T11: Control .(Water spray at 40, 55 and 70 DAE). Results revealed that foliar application of M.C @ 20 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 & 70 DAE in conjunction with Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 60% boll burst recorded higher seed cotton yield. Plant growth, dry matter accumulation and stalk yield were recorded highest in control plot and lowest with spraying of M.C 20, 25 and 30 g a.i ha-1 @ 40, 55 and 70 DAE respectively + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 40 % boll burst. Among similar doses of Mepiquat chloride, all the agronomic traits of cotton crop are positively influenced with application of 2000 ppm Ethereal @ 60% boll burst. The spraying of M.C @ 20 g a.i ha-1 at 40, 55 and 70 DAE + Ethereal 2000 ppm @ 60% boll burst would be economically ideal to the farming community.
Improving Yield of Tomatoes Grown in Greenhouses Using IoT Based Nutrient Management System
Authors: Paradkar Vinayak , Ray Santosh Kumar , Bhat Adarsha Gopalakrishna , Hasan Murtaza , Kumar Love , S. V. Lakshminarayana 
Published: September 2023

Aims: This paper discuss, a study conducted to evaluate the developed automated IoT based fertigation control system for greenhouse for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop.
Study Design: Different nutrient and irrigation water levels were used to evaluate developed system using three replications in a factorial randomized block design (RBD).
Methodology: An automated fertigation scheduling system was implemented in a greenhouse with soil moisture sensors at three depths (15, 30, and 45 cm) within the tomato root zone. R2, RMSE, NSE and MAE values were used to establish the correlation between sensor values and actual soil moisture. Tomato crop biometric parameters were collected and analyzed to evaluate the system's performance.
Results: The results indicated strong correlation between sensor and observed soil moisture with R2 (0.8642 to 0.9528), RMSE (1.0786 to 1.8328), NSE (0.8438 to 0.9463), and MAE (0.9729 to 1.7043) values. Highest plant height (255 cm), girth (2.29 cm), number of leaves (21), number of flowers (23.1), fruit length (8.05 cm), fruit weight (110 g), yield/plant (2.75 kg), yield (68.77 t/ha) and sugar (5.1°Brix) were observed with drip irrigation at the rate of 100% ETc and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), while minimum values of these parameters were noted in the control treatment.
Conclusion: Using sensor-based drip irrigation at 100% ETc and 100% RDF led to a 62.92% increase in tomato yield and water saving of 14.84% compared to the control treatment. For tomato crop, the system required 2.27 l/plant/day water at 100% ETc. The developed automated fertigation system found suitable for greenhouse vegetable crops with the use of sensor based drip irrigation at 100% ETc and 100% RDF.