bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Protection in Animals Infected with Group A Arboviruses
Authors: Hearn Henry J. , Rainey Cullen T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were carried out to investigate the phenomenon of cross-protection among Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Semliki Forest (SF) viruses in a variety of laboratory animals after immunization by the intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or respiratory routes; the last was effected by exposing the animals to aerosols of virus. One injection of an attenuated strain of VEE virus (9t) protected guinea pigs against a lethal challenge dose of EEE or SF virus in guinea pigs and mice, respectively. Two injections of live SF virus protected guinea pigs against small doses of VEE or EEE virus. Mice vaccinated with strain 9t responded by demonstrating resistance mechanisms that appeared to operate in series. This consisted of, first, an early nonspecific interference phase, followed by a second, specific phase. The second phase also included a partially specific mechanism of resistance of unknown origin and of relatively long duration manifested as cross-protection in the group A viruses.
Immunologic Studies of Heart Tissue
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Craig John M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits given repeated injections of beef or rat heart homogenates in aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant developed focal cardiac lesions associated with antibodies to heart. The lesions were characterized by myocardial cell necrosis or degeneration with infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, among which eosinophils were frequently prominent. Myocardial lesions of varying severity were observed in 7 of 9 animals injected with beef heart and 6 of 12 animals injected with rat heart. An extensive myocardial degeneration and fibrosis was observed rarely. In 13 control rabbits injected with human γ-globulin in adjuvant, these scattered focal lesions were not observed.
The incidence and severity of cardiac lesions could not be related to the titer of antibodies to heart as measured by complement fixation or immunofluorescence, or necessarily, to presence of flocculating antibodies.
Bound γ-globulin was detected within cardiac myofibers in focal sites of myocardium in several animals of the experimental groups, but not in the control animals. The sparseness of such deposits of bound γ-globulin in myocardium of most of the experimental animals, despite the presence of circulating antibodies to heart, suggested that impermeability of myofibers to antibody may represent a limiting factor in the pathogenesis of these lesions.
A Factor Other than Streptococcal Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotidase Which Combines with Antibody to This Enzyme
Authors: Ayoub Elia M. , Wannamaker Lewis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An enzymatically inactive factor which binds with antibody to streptococcal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase (NADase), possibly an inactive form of NADase or an enzyme precursor, is produced in early streptococcal culture supernatant fluids. A similar factor is found in fully grown culture supernates in the absence of sufficient sulfhydryl compounds. The antibody-combining capacity of this inactive factor and of NADase chemically inactivated by sulfhydryl inhibitors is equivalent to that of active NADase.
These findings are of theoretical interest in that the site of enzymatic activity does not appear to be involved in the specificity of the antibody configuration. Of practical concern is the demonstration that the presence of inactive enzyme will result in spurious antibody titers.
The Surface Structure of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Authors: Homma J. Yuzuru , Suzuki Nachiko , Ito Fumiko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A “bacterial surface substance,” which contained cell wall and probably the cytoplasmic membrane, was prepared by disintegrating the intact cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with carborundum or by sonic oscillation. This substance was dissociated by various chemical and enzymatic treatments. The immunochemical and biologic properties of the fractions obtained were investigated and compared with the lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (Component I) isolated from the autolysate. The lipopolysaccharide of Component I was found in the nondialyzable, soluble fraction (LS) of lysozymedigested “bacterial surface substance”; however, it was not found in the protoplast. By treatment of the LS with n-propanol and lower phase solvent, a simple protein was isolated, which proved to be homogeneous by zone electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis (s20,w, 1.7 S). By similar treatment a protein was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide-protein complex, which was shown to be homogeneous by zone electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analyses (s20,w, 1.1 S). Cross-precipitin tests revealed that the two proteins were serologically identical. Biologically they had the same potencies in the Shwartzman phenomenon and pyrogenic reaction. Almost all of the ribonucleic acid present in the protoplast surface substance was liberated by lysozyme and Nagarse. Chemical studies on the substances dissociated by lysozyme and Nagarse treatment of “bacterial surface substance,” revealed the existence of a mucoprotein layer. By immunochemical, biologic and morphologic analyses the surface structure of the bacteria was divided into several components.
Classification of Trachoma Virus Strains by Protection of Mice from Toxic Death
Authors: Wang San-Pin , Grayston J. Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-nine trachoma virus strains isolated on Taiwan and nine trachoma strains and two inclusion conjunctivitis strains obtained from other areas of the world have been tested in mice for cross-protection against intravenous toxicity. Crude yolk sac suspensions of these TRIC viruses were used both for protection and challenge. Protection was produced by intravenous injection of one-third and then two-thirds a minimum lethal toxic dose 14 and 7 days prior to challenge. All 29 of the Taiwan trachoma strains fell into one of two cross-protecting groups designated as the TW-1 and TW-3 groups. Three trachoma strains from New Delhi protected against each other and members of the TW-3 group. Two trachoma strains from Apache Indians in Arizona cross-protected with the TW-1 group. A Saudi Arabia and a Gambia trachoma strain protected against each other but not against the other strains tested. Two trachoma and two inclusion conjunctivitis strains failed to cross-protect with any strain. Therefore, seven different cross-protecting types were demonstrated. It is concluded that the total number of different groups of TRIC virus strains in the mouse toxicity prevention test are not yet known, but that in a given geographic area (as exemplified by Taiwan with two groups) the number of different groups is limited.
Demonstration of Human Measles Antibody by Mixed Agglutination
Authors: Barron Almen L. , Milgrom Felix , Karzon David T. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the demonstration of human measles antibody by mixed agglutination was developed. The antibody attached to cells infected with measles virus and was detected by erythrocytes bound through an anti-γ-globulin antibody bridge. The mixed agglutination method was compared to hemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests and reasonable agreement was obtained. More positive results and higher antibody titers were obtained by mixed agglutination. Several types of studies were employed to evaluate the mixed agglutination method including: a) detection of measles antibody in acute and convalescent sera from patients with clinical measles, b) antibody response as a result of immunization with measles vaccine, and c) occurrence of measles antibody in different age groups.
The Use of Techniques of Absorption and Elution of Bovine Isoantibodies in the Study of Specificity of Antigen and Antibody and in the Development of Typing Reagents
Authors: Hatheway Charles , Ludwick Thomas M. , Weseli Donald F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some modifications of a heat elution technique are described. Heat elution was used for recovery of cattle erythrocyte antibodies absorbed from isoimmune cattle sera. The results of the use of eluates as typing reagents and for studying serologic relationships between antibodies and between antigenic factors are listed and discussed. The use of elution techniques in studying specific properties of biologic materials is suggested.
Studies on the Heterogeneity of the Rate of Combination of Antibody with Antigen
Authors: Grey Howard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of separating antisera into fractions with different rates of association, it has been demonstrated that rabbit anti-BSA is heterogeneous with respect to its rate of combination with antigen. This separation was accomplished by: a) fractionation according to total molecular charge; b) rapid, partial absorption with a particulate BSA preparation; c) partial in vivo clearance of anti-BSA with antigen. It was possible to select antibody molecules on the basis of their combination rate without a significant alteration in the dissociation rate, thereby indicating that these two processes are, at least in part, independent of each other.
Antibody Formation by Transplanted Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Nodes and Thymus Cells in Irradiated Recipients
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Bond Victor P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic competence of immunized mouse bone marrow, spleen, lymph node and thymus cells was demonstrated when specific recall tetanus antitoxin responses were elicited after transfer of these cells to isologous irradiated recipients. Lesser amounts of antibody were obtained as the genetic strain distance was increased between the relationship of donor and host in the parental to F1 and in the homologous combination within the same species. It was not possible in the heterologous situation to elicit significant amounts of antibody from rat bone marrow and other lymphoid cells following their transplantation into irradiated mice. Minimal but not significant antibody responses were elicited from cells obtained from immunized rat spleen and thymus tissue. In a few experiments, it was possible to elicit antibody formation from a buffy coat suspension of circulating white cells following their transfer to irradiated recipients. Isologous nonimmunized bone marrow did not stimulate or hasten recovery of the ability to elicit secondary antibody responses in previously immunized irradiated mice. The capacity to elicit primary antibody responses to tetanus toxoid was depressed in parental bone marrow protected F1 mice when these chimeras exhibited varying degrees of secondary disease. The depression of primary antibody responses in irradiated F1 mice given parental bone marrow provides evidence for a donor mediated immunologic depression of antibody synthesis by host-lymphoid tissues.
The Effects of Treatment with the Emulsions of Ragweed Extract on Antibody Titers
Authors: Connell John T. , Sherman William B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The skin-sensitizing and hemagglutinating antibody titers of most ragweed hay fever patients rise after an injection of emulsified ragweed extract reaching a peak at 3 to 6 weeks and showing a gradual decline by the end of 12 weeks. The least sensitive group of patients who received the highest dosage (10,000 PNU) showed no significant changes in skin-sensitizing antibody titer, but did respond with increased hemagglutinating and blocking antibody titers. All groups of patients showed a rise in blocking antibody after treatment reaching a peak at approximately 6 weeks. The group that received 10,000 PNU remained essentially unchanged from the 6th to 12th weeks whereas those that received 1000, 2500, or 5000 PNU showed a decrease in titer. Patients who received two injections of emulsified ragweed extract showed further increases of all antibody titers after the second injection.
Effect of Formalin and Periodic Acid on Red Cell Rho (D) and Enzyme-Exposed Rho (D) Antigen
Authors: Kaufman B. , Masouredis S. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of formalin and periodic acid on the Rho (D) red cell antigen at 37°C for 30 min was studied with incomplete I131 anti-Rho (D). Pretreatment of the Rho (D) positive red cell with formalin resulted in a decrease in the amount of I131 bound to the red cell which was directly proportional to the formol concentration up to 0.66 M. Periodic acid to a concentration of 0.0008 M produced a marked decrease in the ability of red cells to bind anti-Rho (D) which was not directly proportional to the concentration of periodic acid. The antibody able to bind to the formalin-treated cells was stable to hemolysis, whereas the small quantity of antibody able to bind to the periodic acid-treated cell was bound poorly as judged by the inability to recover the cell bound I131 in the stroma.
The Rho (D) antigen exposed by papain was unaffected by pretreatment of the red cell with formalin. Periodate treatment of the intact red cell produced losses of from 20 to 90% of the Rho (D) which would normally be exposed by papain. The susceptibility of the enzyme-exposed Rho (D) antigen to inactivation with formalin was similar to that of the Rh antigen on the untreated red cell, whereas the enzyme-exposed antigen was more resistant than the Rho (D) antigen on the untreated cell to periodic acid inactivation. Quantitative absorption studies indicate that the I131 bound to the red cells following the various treatments represents specific anti-Rho (D).
The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of formalin and periodic acid on the Rho (D) antigen and in terms of the nature of the Rho (D) antigen exposed by proteolysis.
The Molecular Properties of Antibodies Synthesized in Response to Simple Haptenes
Authors: Bauer D. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit hemagglutinating antibodies to sulfanilic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid were found to be heterogenous with respect to their molecular size. These differences in the physical properties of the anti-haptene globulins were determined by zone electrophoresis, density gradient ultracentrifugation, ion exchange chromatography and susceptibility to reduction by mercaptoethanol. Examination of the anti-haptene globulins by these techniques indicated that the antibody activity was of both the γ-1, 19 S and γ-2, 7 S types.
The proportion of the two types of antibody present in a particular antiserum was found to change with the extent of immunization. After an initial series of antigen injections the antihaptene activity was predominantly the macroglobulin type. With continued immunization the antibody activity shifted to the 7 S type.
The distribution of anti-haptene activity between the two globulin fractions changed independently of the physical properties of the antibodies to the carrier protein. Early in the course of immunization the anti-protein globulin was primarily the 7 S type in contrast to the macroglobulin nature of the haptene antibody. These changes in the proportion of 19 S to 7 S antibodies in various antisera do not necessarily represent the same distribution of antibody on a molar basis, since the efficiency of the hemagglutination test in detecting the two antibodies may not be the same.
The origin of the two types of antibody is discussed in relation to the inductive phase of antibody formation.
Fetal Response to Antigenic Stimulus
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Thorbecke G. J. , Kraner Keith L. , Lukes Robert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In addition to “β2A-” and β2M-globulins, the serum of adult sheep contains 7 S γ-globulins composed of two cross-reacting components, an electrophoretically fast and a more slowly migrating component. The appearance of each of these components in the sera of stimulated fetal lambs at different times suggests that they may be functionally distinct.
The normal fetal lamb during the latter half of gestation has small amounts of β2M and 7 S γ-globulin in its serum. Tissue culture results indicate that the β2M-protein is produced predominantly in the spleen, with some production also evident in the lymph nodes. This technique has also indicated the production by normal fetal lymph nodes of a slowly migrating γ-globulin which appears to be distinct from the fast and slow γ-globulins that appear after stimulation.
In response to antigenic stimulus, a heightened production of β2M protein is induced. In the absence of complete adjuvant, little 7 S γ-globulin is formed. The presence of adjuvant in the stimulus elicits the production of relatively great amounts of fast γ-globulin, and only much later of slow γ-globulin and of β2A-globulin. Large amounts of 7 S γ-globulin may be present in the fetal serum even in the absence of detectable circulating antibody, or in cases in which the antibody that is produced is predominantly associated with β2M-globulin. These observations are discussed in relation to the possibility that some of the γ-globulin formed by the fetal lamb may lack specific antibody function.
Immunologic Studies of Anthrax
Authors: Klein Frederick , Haines Bertram W. , Mahlandt Bill G. , Lincoln Ralph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of anthrax immunization on the serum antibody titer and the immunity index were compared for guinea pigs and rats immunized by two protocols. An association between the two measures could not be detected in either species of animals immunized at any one level; however, when data on animals immunized at several levels were combined, a weak but significant association became apparent. The results of the agar diffusion test were more variable than those of the immunity index, and at relatively low or intermediate levels of protection the agar diffusion test produced a much larger portion of false negatives. This weakness did not carry through to animals protected to a high level of resistance, although at nearly all levels of protection the immunity index was more precise than the serologic test. From these observations on animals we conclude that with human beings serum titers of less than 1:32 may be unreliable as an index of protection against anthrax. Titers of 1:64 or greater probably indicate some significant degree of resistance although the same titer observed for two individuals may indicate different degrees of resistance to the disease.
Studies of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Eisler Daniel M. , Von Metz Eleanor , Heckly Robert J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fraction IB (FIB) from Pasteurella pestis induced immediate protection of mice concomitantly infected with plague. Moreover, the serum withdrawn from mice 1 or 2 days after treatment with FIB passively protected mice against P. pestis. Both the serum β-globulin and leukocyte concentrations increased as protection increased during this time. Subsequently the concentrations of both β-globulin and leukocytes decreased. About 6 days after treatment there was a second period of increased resistance which was accompanied by an increase in serum γ-globulin. Leukocytosis was not accompanied by increased phagocytosis. An increase in β-globulin concentration was also induced by inoculating mice with protein from Escherichia coli, but these mice were not protected against plague. Either the β-globulin contained antibodies responsible for the early protection or the early increase in β-globulin was coincidental.
Studies on Immune Human Hemolysis
Authors: Hinz Carl F. , Mollner Anna Marie 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The 11 S component of normal human serum is required in the initial cold phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, an autoimmune hemolytic reaction entirely of human origin. The 11 S component is present in crude preparations of C′1-esterase, and removal of 11 S renders C′1-esterase inactive in the cold phase of the reaction. The 11 S component precedes C′1-esterase in the initiation of the hemolytic reaction, and, in contrast to C′1-esterase, is not inhibited by Na3HEDTA or serum inhibitor of C′1-esterase.
The Effect of Bursectomy at Different Ages on Precipitin and Natural Hemagglutinin Production in the Chicken
Authors: Graetzer M. A. , Cote W. P. , Wolfe H. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
White Rock and White Leghorn chickens bursectomized between 1 and 5 weeks of age were challenged with bovine serum albumin at 6 weeks of age. The effect of bursectomy on precipitin production gradually became less during this period. There appeared to be a breed difference in response, as bursectomy at 4 and 5 weeks of age significantly lowered the response of White Rocks whereas bursectomy at 4 weeks did not affect the response of White Leghorns.
The development of natural antirabbit hemagglutinins was also affected by bursectomy. White Leghorns bursectomized at 1 week of age did not exhibit hemagglutinin titers until 9 weeks of age, and those bursectomized at 10 days did not begin to show titers until 6 weeks of age. All control birds had titers by 5 weeks of age. Groups bursectomized between 2 and 4 weeks of age were also delayed in attaining the control titer but did so by 9 or 12 weeks of age. These hemagglutinins may be produced in response to some unidentified antigen.
The observed reduction in antibody production following bursectomy may have been influenced by the induction of at least a degree of unresponsiveness in some birds.
Alteration of the Specificity of Lectin by Chemical Modification
Authors: Matsubara Shoji , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
What is thought to be the first instance of the modification of the specificity of a lectin by chemi-treatment is reported. Coupling diazotized p-aminophenyl - N - acetyl - D - galactosaminide to anti-A lima bean lectin greatly increased the agglutinating power of the lectin for group B cells without significantly altering its agglutinative activity for A1, A2, or O cells. The question is raised; do these observations possibly point to a role of carbohydrates in the specificity of lectins (and possibly of antibodies)?
Antigenic Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus by Neutralization Kinetics
Authors: Ashe Warren K. , Scherp Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic differences among 15 strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) were defined by the kinetics of their neutralization by 11 HSV antisera, using rabbit kidney cell monolayers for assaying virus by the plaque technique. A strain of HSV can be uniquely characterized by the rate at which it is neutralized by its homologous antiserum; heterologous strains are neutralized at slower rates. By converting absolute rate constants (K) to normalized rate constants (NK), the rates at which a strain of virus is neutralized by several antisera can be compared. NK values obtained in reciprocal neutralization tests divided these 15 strains into four distinct serogroups and one heterogenous group. Two strains of HSV isolated from the same individual at an interval of two years were antigenically distinguishable. Multiple passages of HSV in rabbit kidney cell cultures had no effect upon its antigenic specificity. These 15 strains cannot be antigenically correlated on the basis of the year of isolation, the clinical manifestation, or the methods used in isolating them.
The Effect of Adjuvant Amounts of Endotoxins on the Serum Hemolytic Complement Activity in Rabbits
Authors: Pearlman David S. , Sauers James B. , Talmage David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An attempt was made to correlate the adjuvant effects of bacterial endotoxins with a decline in serum complement activity. Rabbits were injected intravenously with sheep red cell stromas with or without endotoxins, and their serum complement activity was followed at various intervals. Serum complement activity was found to decline over a period of hours after the injection of adjuvant amounts of endotoxin, the most marked depression occurring 6 hr after injection. Possible mechanisms behind this effect of endotoxin on serum complement activity have been discussed.