bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of the Intracutaneous Route of Injection and the Susceptibility of the Hartley Strain of Guinea Pigs in Experimental Allergic Encephalitis
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sterile disseminated encephalitis was produced by Rivers and his associates in monkeys by injecting CNS tissue using often repeated injections (1). By means of adjuvants consisting of paraffin oil and killed mycobacteria or Nocardia asteroides, rapid production of encephalomyelitis has become possible. This has been demonstrated in monkeys, guinea pigs, mice, rabbits and dogs (2–7). The substance responsible for the induction of allergic encephalitis has been the subject of extensive investigations (8). In such studies, it is essential to find conditions which afford the production of encephalitis by a single injection and in a relatively short and narrow range of time. It is also advantageous to produce easily recognizable clinical symptoms which can be correlated readily with histological findings. It is desirable that a large percentage of the injected animals should respond.
In many of the studies on the fractions from the central nervous tissue, repeated injections have been used.
Characteristics of Antibiotic-Producing Strains of the Ocular Bacterial Flora
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Swick Lois , Sonn Constance 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibiotics produced by a series of 22 ocular Micrococci have proven to be heterogeneous. Nine different antibiotic agents were produced by the 22 strains. These were apparently active by at least 3 distinct and independent metabolic mechanisms. Fourteen of the 22 antibiotics were rather clearly of polypeptide nature, as evidenced by enzyme destruction and other properties. The remaining 8 agents were resistant to enzyme activity, but a few observations suggest that these too, could be peptide structures. The antibacterial spectra of samples of these strains have been examined in some detail. Only gram positive species were affected significantly. Micrococcus strains were inhibited most frequently, while Corynebacterium, Sarcina, and Bacillus cultures were also commonly and highly susceptible. Streptococci, Clostridia and Mycobacteria were moderately susceptible. In general, the spectra were grossly similar for the three groups of antibiotics which acted by differing metabolic mechanisms. A high degree of variability was often shown in the susceptibility of strains of a given species to a given antibiotic producer.
Quantitative Studies on Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig and Its Relationship to the Arthus Phenomenon
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Bier Otto G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The induction of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig requires a latent period, which for the egg albumin-rabbit anti-egg albumin system can not be reduced to less than 30 minutes. A period of 3 to 6 hours represents the optimum for local sensitization to 0.01 μg anti-Ea N. The binding of circulating antibody by previously intradermally injected antigen does not affect the intensity of passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in the guinea pig. Reactions at virgin sites are only observed if large amounts of antibody are used for local sensitization, indicating that enough antibody has passed into the circulation to cause general cutaneous sensitivity. Neoantergan has a definite inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions induced by small amounts of antibody (0.07 μg AbN), but exerts only a slight effect on the reactions caused by large amounts of antibody (30 μg AbN) such as required for the Arthus reaction. Horse antibody, while able to elicit strong Arthus reactions, is entirely ineffective in promoting passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. The meaning of these findings is briefly discussed in relation to the fundamentally different mechanisms of the Arthus phenomenon and of passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions.
The Flocculation Reaction of Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Bowen Harry E. , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The flocculation reactions of 3 anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide and 2 antihuman albumin rabbit sera have been equated with respect to total concentration of reagents, Ab/Ag ratio, and flocculation time, with the following conclusions: Ab/Ag ratio shows a parabolic relationship to log flocculation time. log total concentration of antigen plus antibody is inversely related to log flocculation time. The differences between α and β optima could be resolved, under these experimental conditions, by properly adjusting the concentration in all tubes to a constant. The flocculation optimum obtained by the constant concentration procedure with each antigen-antibody pair examined corresponded to a point in the region of antibody excess. The differences between the flocculation behavior of equine and of rabbit antibody are discussed.
Propagation of Coxsackie Viruses in Cultures of Human Tissues
Authors: Weller T. H. , Robbins F. C. , Stoddard M. B. , Florentino G. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three Coxsackie viruses, the DeMole, Wiederhold, and High Point agents, were investigated with regard to their capacity to multiply in suspended cell or roller tube cultures of various human tissues. Marked differences in the in vitro behavior of the three viruses were demonstrated. The Wiederhold virus exhibited a cytopathogenic effect on the cells of both embryonic and mature tissues. In sharp contrast, multiplication of the High Point agent was observed only in cultures prepared with human embryonic brain tissue. Multiplication of the DeMole virus occurred in cultures of embryonic brain and intestine and mature kidney, but not in those of embryonic skin and muscle tissue. Evidence of cytopathogenicity was presented only in cultures of embryonic brain and intestine. This agent also multiplied in cultures of embryonic mouse tissues.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Schmidt Mary H. , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A total of nine antigens, six from animal, two from plant origin and one pneumococcal polysaccharide were injected into chickens.
The animal proteins resulted in higher antibody N response than the plant proteins.
With the procedures used hemoglobin, thyroglobulin and the polysaccharide did not yield quantitatively detectable amounts of antibody.
A statistical analysis of the antigenicity of the nine substances was made. Injection of hemoglobin simultaneously with human globulin did not affect the antigenicity of either one.
Injection of bovine albumin simultaneously with that of vicilin gave contradictory results.
Serotypic Recombination in Salmonella
Authors: Lederberg Joshua , Edwards Philip R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The technique of genetic transduction has been applied to the exchange of flagellar antigens among various serotypes of Salmonella, somatic groups B and D. Each transduction resulted in the substitution or transfer of a single antigenic phase, whether to or from a monophasic or diphasic recipient strain. The types generated include several serotypes previously discovered and named, and others which so far have no place in the Kauffmann-White scheme. However, the precise role of transduction in the natural evolution of serotypes must be settled by further studies.
In the present material, the transduction of a flagellar antigen was unaccompanied by any other alterations in antigenic structure or biochemical behavior, so far as studied. In a few instances, transduction revealed the character of antigenic determinants which were not directly expressed in the source strain. Thus, the presence of an a phase in S. abortus-equi (IV XII [a]:enx) was confirmed, while S. gallinarum proved to carry a determinant for the gm antigen, which is unexpressed in the absence of flagella. In no case were the component factors of the complex antigens of a single phase (viz. 1,2…, e,h…, g,p…, e,n,x…, 1,5…) separated in transduction, and such tests as were made indicated that the transduced antigen was identical with the phase of the source strain.
The Effect of Rabbit Antibody Administration on the Behavior of I131 Labelled Human Serum Albumin in Mice
Authors: Melcher L. R. , Masouredis S. P. , Shimkin M. B. , Miller Patricia , Reed Roswell 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been shown that there is an increase in the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the plasma following administration of specific antigen to mice previously injected with I131 rabbit antibody (1). Dixon et al. demonstrated a similar phenomenon with I131 antigen in actively immunized rabbits (2, 3). The increased rate of loss of I131 from the plasma was followed by an increased rate of I131 excretion. The determination of radioactivity in the “globulin” space, thyroid and excreta and by balance calculations of I131 in the mouse after antigen administration revealed a transient deficit of I131. This deficit probably represents an additional I131 tissue pool since a temporary increase of tissue to plasma I131 ratio was found at this time.
In the experiments reported here the behavior of I131 trace labelled human serum albumin was studied in mice.
Anaphylaxis in the Mouse Produced with Crystalline Bovine Albumin
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Winsten Seymour 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Sensitization and fatal anaphylactic shock was produced in the mouse with 1 mg doses of crystalline bovine albumin dissolved in saline. Using alum-precipitated bovine albumin, the sensitizing doses were reduced to 0.016 mg. Following sensitization with alum-precipitated bovine albumin, fatal shock was produced with a challenging dose of 0.016 mg of antigen. The mouse shows a satisfactory degree of susceptibility to fatal anaphylactic shock. Further studies with this species appear justified.
Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Brooksby J. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In direct complement-fixation tests, the quantitative behaviour of FMD viral antigens with hyperimmune guinea-pig sera was found to be similar to that noted in a number of viral antigen-antibody systems previously studied. The relative complement-fixing capacity of several FMD antigens with different guinea-pig antisera was estimated from the slope of the complement-antigen regression lines. Such a comparison showed a much closer resemblance in the complement-fixing behaviour of the strain of A type FMD virus isolated during the recent Canadian outbreak and an A type strain isolated in England at about the same time, than either displayed toward a stock A strain, No. 119, that had been maintained for many years by cattle passage.
Sera of only two of the convalescent cattle tested, exhibited fixation of guinea-pig complement with FMD virus antigen. The relatively rapid development of inhibitory or neutralizing activity in the sera of cattle infected with FMD virus could be detected, however, by an indirect complement-fixation method with FMD antigens; pre-infection bleedings from the same animals did not show this activity. In lower dilutions, these convalescent sera blocked or neutralized the complement-fixing activities of FMD viral antigens of heterologous as well as of the homologous type. In higher serum dilutions the inhibitory activity extended only to virus of the homologous type.
At the present time, there is an evident need for a satisfactory in vitro method of demonstrating antibody in the sera of cattle convalescent from foot-and-mouth disease. The direct complement-fixation test has proved of limited value for this purpose since only a small proportion of cattle develop complement-fixing activity with FMD antigens. The preliminary studies presented here suggest that the indirect complement-fixation test, particularly if used in parallel with one of the direct form, merits further investigation from this practical standpoint.
The Inter-Relation of Age, Immune Response, and Susceptibility to Mumps Virus in Hamsters
Authors: Overman John R. , Kilham Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Direct comparison of mumps virus growth and antibody response has been made in hamsters inoculated at various ages. Hamsters, of an age at which inoculation of virus does not cause apparent disease, produce antibody earlier and in relatively greater amounts than do younger hamsters in which the mumps virus causes a fatal encephalitis. Older hamsters are susceptible to mumps virus if the incubation period is shortened so that death occurs before high serum antibody levels are established.
The Growth Curve of the Virus of Herpes Simplex in Rabbit Corneal Cells Grown in Tissue Culture with Parallel Observations on the Development of the Intranuclear Inclusion Body
Authors: McNair Scott T. F. , Burgoon C. F. , Coriell L. L. , Blank H. , Schermerhorn L. , Jordan Virginia , Rawson Sara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described whereby rabbit corneal epithelial cells were grown in tissue culture and infected with herpes simplex virus. A comparison was made between the histologic changes observed in the infected cells and the amount of infectious virus detectable in the tissue at different hours after infection.
The developmental cycle of herpes virus in such tissue culture cells was found to be similar to that already described (5) in the chorioallantoic membrane of the embryonated egg.
Histologic studies revealed that during the latent period, from 2–6 hours when infectivity was low, changes occurred in the nucleus which indicated a profound disturbance of structure. During the phase of increasing virus, between 6–12 hours, these structural changes became progressively differentiated into a fully formed inclusion body.
Factors Influencing the Effect of Hemagglutinating Viruses on Tumor Cell Suspensions
Authors: Moore Alice E. , Diamond Leila C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tumor inhibition has been demonstrated for four strains of influenza and two strains of NDV when these viruses are mixed with suspensions of either sarcoma 180 or Ehrlich carcinoma cells. Spontaneous elution has been demonstrated for only the strains of DNV. Cells from which the virus has eluted are incapable of being inhibited by fresh virus. Treatment of NDV by heat, ultrasonics, formalin or ultraviolet has resulted in the prompt loss of the tumor inhibitory power. The Lee strain of influenza virus heated to 56° C for 20 minutes and mixed with tumor cells retained the ability to inhibit tumor formation although its infectivity was greatly diminished. Although Lee virus and NDV treated with ultraviolet were incapable of inhibiting tumor growth, they prevented the adsorption of fully active virus. Cells treated with RDE failed to be inhibited when either NDV or influenza viruses were added. When inhibition had taken place by mixture of virus and cells the addition of RDE resulted in removal of the virus and tumor growth.
The Presence of H Antigen in Escherichia Coli K Suspensions
Authors: Wright Joyce , Villanueva Regina 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Motility in varying degree was observed, after 20 hours' incubation at 37°C, in 74 of 100 Escherichia coli strains grown on nutrient agar slants and in 63 of the same strains grown on glucose agar plates. K suspensions in saline were prepared from cultures of 17 E. coli O 111 B 4 and 26 E. coli O 55 B 5 strains grown on solid media, and H antigen was demonstrated, by means of tube agglutination tests with the appropriate H antisera, in 21 of the 43 suspensions from nutrient agar alant cultures and in 19 of those from glucose agar plate cultures. K antisera prepared with saline suspensions of an E. coli O 55 B 5 strain grown on glucose agar plates contained H 6 agglutinin to titres ranging from 1 in 6,400 to 1 in 51,200. Problems relating to the presence of H antigen in K suspensions prepared from solid medium cultures and of H agglutinin in K antisera are discussed.
Rapid Double Diffusion Precipitin Analysis
Authors: Jennings Robert K. , Malone Frances 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification of the Ouchterlony three-depot method of double diffusion precipitin analysis is described. The use of depots which form long straight interfaces with the reaction arena leads to the development of rectilinear zones of precipitate. The progress of zone growth may be predicted after a few hours in properly selected instances, so that useful information may be obtained without long observation periods. The rectilinear zones also serve to render the significance of coalescence patterns somewhat more apparent. Experiments are described, emphasizing factors in pattern development.
Increased Susceptibility of Mice to Anaphylactic Shock Following Cobalt-60 Gamma Radiation
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Hale WM. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Gamma radiation exposure of 650 rep. markedly enhanced active anaphylactic shock in mice sensitized with alum-precipitated tetanus toxoid and challenged with fluid tetanus toxoid 7 days post-radiation. The enhancing effect of ionizing radiation upon the severity of the anaphylactic response is not of an immediate nature, but appears during a 2- to 7-day post-radiation period. Passive and reversed passive anaphylaxis was more severe in 7-day post-radiated mice sensitized with homologous antibody. Irradiated mice sensitized with anti-bovine albumin rabbit serum demonstrated increased sensitivity to passive anaphylaxis when challenged 1 day later with bovine albumin antigen. Seven-day post-radiated mice did not show increased sensitivity to intravenous injection of histamine. The antihistaminic agents, Thephorin, Benadryl, and Pyronil, afforded almost complete protection from fatal anaphylaxis in irradiated mice.
Separation of Hemagglutination Inhibitors for Gdvii and Influenza Viruses in Normal Allantoic Fluid and Human Urine
Authors: Tamm Igor , Tyrrell David A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal chick embryo allantoic fluid and normal human urine both inhibit hemagglutination by GDVII virus as well as by influenza viruses. The inhibitors of GDVII virus are not affected by Vibrio cholerae filtrate or by active influenza viruses. The allantoic fluid inhibitor appears to combine with GDVII virus at 4°C and dissociates from the virus at 22°C. It is heat stable and is partially sedimented by very high gravitational fields, i.e., 120,000 G for 2 hours. The GDVII inhibitor of allantoic fluid is precipitated by 0.75 saturated ammonium sulfate or by 6 volumes of ethyl alcohol. The precipitated material is Biuret and Molisch positive. The GDVII inhibitor of urine is not precipitated by 0.58 M NaCl but is precipitated by 0.75 saturated ammonium sulfate. In both allantoic fluid and urine, by a combination of chemical purification and starch zone electrophoresis, it has been shown that the GDVII inhibitor is chemically distinct from the influenza virus (Lee) inhibitor.
The Effect of a Synthetic Lysine Polypeptide upon the Velocity of Precipitation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Its Antiserum
Authors: Stahmann M. A. , Matthews R. E. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When small amounts of a basic synthetic lysine polypeptide preparation are added to tobacco mosaic virus along with its specific antiserum, both the antiserum and the polypeptide react simultaneously with the virus to cause an increase in the velocity of precipitate formation. However, when larger amounts are added to the virus before the antiserum, the polypeptide rapidly combines with the acidic surface of the virus and then at certain ratios of virus to polypeptide may interfere with subsequent combination with the antiserum and so decrease the velocity of precipitation. Precipitates are formed in the region of antigen excess in the presence of the polypeptide.
The Use of the Chick in Titration of Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Wormald Marion F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twelve commercial diphtheria antitoxins have been titrated in eight day old White Rock chicks. Repeated tests give unit values with no more than 3% variation.
Such a titration was also used for small amounts of antitoxin in the serum of guinea pigs immunized with toxoids. Twelve toxoids were studied in this way.
Both the commercial antitoxins and the sera from toxoid-immunized animals were also titrated in guinea pigs by the official guinea pig test recommended by the Laboratory of Biologics Control of the National Institutes of Health. The unit values obtained by the two methods were approximately the same.
Evidence to support the validity of these titrations in chicks is found in the straight lines obtained when the amount of toxin and antitoxin neutralized at various unit levels are plotted on log-log paper.
Under circumstances where large numbers of tests are required and satisfactory guinea pigs are difficult to obtain, the chick test affords a convenient and reliable tool for use in the study of diphtheria.
Separation of Inhibitors of Hemagglutination and Specific Antibodies for Influenza Viruses by Starch Zone Electrophoresis
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specific antibodies, α inhibitor and β inhibitor against influenza viruses in serum were separated from each other by starch zone electrophoresis. Specific antibodies migrated only with γ globulin, β inhibitor was associated with the slowly moving β globulin, and α inhibitor usually migrated with α globulins. Antibodies in human serum and α inhibitor in human and rabbit serum each appeared to contain at least two components of different electrophoretic mobility and biological specificity. The α inhibitor activity of purified serum mucoprotein or acid glycoprotein was found to be due to a trace contaminant. The α inhibitor titer of human serum was elevated during the acute phase of various infectious diseases.
Studies on Vi Antigen
Authors: Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F. , Anderson Pearl R. , Breese Sydney S. , Freeman Monroe E. , Landy Maurice 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Vi antigen was isolated by the same method from 3 generically different bacterial species, viz. E. coli, P. ballerup and S. typhosa. A comparison was made of some of the chemical and physical properties of the purified antigens. These include nitrogen, acetyl groups, neutral equivalent, viscosity, infrared spectra, electrophoretic mobilities and sedimentation constants. Except for significant differences in viscosity, the analytical values for the three isolated antigens were similar. The average molecular weight of the Vi antigen derived from E. coli was estimated at 1,000,000.
The Effect of Cortisone and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Passively Transferred Delayed Hypersensitivity to 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Seebohm Paul M. , Tremaine Mary M. , Jeter W. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Peritoneal exudates from guinea pigs sensitized to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene transferred this sensitivity to non-sensitized recipients. This transfer was not inhibited when donor animals were treated with ACTH or cortisone if the same number of peritoneal exudative cells was used. ACTH and cortisone suppressed the cellular reaction to intraperitoneally injected mineral oil by approximately 50%. Cortisone given to passively sensitized guinea pigs did not suppress sensitivity. ACTH given to passively sensitized guinea pigs did suppress sensitivity. Attempts to estimate quantitatively the number of cells required for passive sensitization have been inconclusive, although a range for the lower limits has been established for the degree of sensitivity in the donor animals used in this experiment.