bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High spatial resolution assessment of air quality in urban centres using lichen carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents and stable-isotope-ratio signatures
Authors: Niepsch Daniel , Clarke Leon J. , Newton Jason , Tzoulas Konstantinos , Cavan Gina 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Air pollution and poor air quality is impacting human health globally and is a major cause of respiratory and cardiovascular disease and damage to human organ systems. Automated air quality monitoring stations continuously record airborne pollutant concentrations, but are restricted in number, costly to maintain and cannot document all spatial variability of airborne pollutants. Biomonitors, such as lichens, are commonly used as an inexpensive alternative to assess the degree of pollution and monitor air quality. However, only a few studies combined lichen carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents, with their stable-isotope-ratio signatures (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values) to assess spatial variability of air quality and to ‘fingerprint’ potential pollution sources. In this study, a high-spatial resolution lichen biomonitoring approach (using Xanthoria parietina and Physcia spp.) was applied to the City of Manchester (UK), the centre of the urban conurbation Greater Manchester, including considerations of its urban characteristics (e.g., building heights and traffic statistics), to investigate finer spatial detail urban air quality. Lichen wt% N and δ15N signatures, combined with lichen nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations, suggest a complex mixture of airborne NOx and NHx compounds across Manchester. In contrast, lichen S wt%, combined with δ34S strongly suggest anthropogenic sulfur sources, whereas C wt% and δ13C signatures were not considered reliable indicators of atmospheric carbon emissions. Manchester’s urban attributes were found to influence lichen pollutant loadings, suggesting deteriorated air quality in proximity to highly trafficked roads and densely built-up areas. Lichen elemental contents and stable-isotope-ratio signatures can be used to identify areas of poor air quality, particularly at locations not covered by automated air quality measurement stations. Therefore, lichen biomonitoring approaches provide a beneficial method to supplement automated monitoring stations and also to assess finer spatial variability of urban air quality.
Graphical abstract
The added value of the visual analysis of DWI in post-surgery follow-up of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities: do we really need ADC?
Authors: Zampa Virna , Aringhieri Giacomo , Tintori Rachele , Rossi Piercarlo , Andreani Lorenzo , Franchi Alessandro 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Introduction
MRI has a fundamental role in the follow-up of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). However, the differentiation of recurrences/residual disease from post-surgical changes is a complex task, with a central role for the radiologist.

Materials and methods
We retrospectively evaluated 64 post-surgery MRI for extremities STSs. MR protocol included DWI (b = 0, 1000). Two radiologists were asked to consensually evaluate: presence/absence of tumoral nodules, lesion conspicuity, imaging diagnostic confidence, ADC values, and DWI overall image quality. The gold standard was histology or MR follow-up.

Results
Thirty-seven lesions in 29/64 patients were confirmed as local recurrence or residual disease (n = 16 ≤ 1 cm) with 1 MR false positive. On DWI, the conspicuity of the proved tumor lesions resulted excellent in 29/37, good in 3/37 and low in 5/37, higher than conventional imaging. A statistically significant higher diagnostic confidence of DWI compared to conventional imaging (p < 0.001) and DCE (p = 0.009) was observed. In the 37 histologically confirmed lesions, mean ADC value was 1.31 × 10–9 m2/s. Overall scar tissues mean ADC was 1.70 × 10–9 m2/s. DWI quality resulted adequate in 81% and unsatisfactory in 5%.

Conclusions
In this highly heterogeneous group of tumors, the role of ADC seems to be limited. Based on our experience, looking at DWI images makes the lesions promptly and easily detectable. This technique gives less deceptive findings making the reader more confident in detecting/excluding tumoral tissue; the main drawback is the image quality and the lack of standardization.
The Ethical Status of Germline Gene Editing in Future Space Missions: The Special Case of Positive Selection on Earth for Future Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThere are good theoretical rationales for considering germline gene editing (GGE) as a recommended and perhaps even necessary procedure for future long-term human space missions. This paper examines the arguments for applying GGE in a hypothetical future scenario where future parents living on Earth make decisions about applying GGE to their future children with the goal of allowing them to participate in space missions. The paper presents an ethical rationale for GGE. The paper also recognizes an area of potential moral controversy that is not so much related to the application of GGE itself, but to the risk of different perceptions of well-being by parents and children that may result in the need for genetically modified children to leave Earth against their will.
The European Parliament and inclusion of persons living with disabilities
Authors: Tamburini Chiara 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWithin a specific institutional context and through dedicated human resources structures, the European Parliament is developing the rights and principles highlighted in the UNCRPD, in the Charter of Fundamental Rights, in the Staff Regulations and in a set of internal high-level documents in a way to change the organisational culture and build an inclusive workplace. Parliament is not only willing to abide by international conventions and EU strategic documents, but furthermore wishes to play a leading role and propose new measures that are not yet included in the applicable regulations. The article explains the different policies in this area.
Symptom similarities and differences in social interaction between autistic children and adolescents with and without ADHD
Authors: Piltz Veronica Jones , Halldner Linda , Markus Jansson-Fröjmark , Fridell Anna , Bölte Sven , Choque Olsson Nora 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two often co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions. Nevertheless, there is limited research about symptom differences between ASD and ASD + ADHD groups. This study examined differences in social interaction and communication between children and adolescents with ASD and with ASD + ADHD. A total of 112 participants were identified from two clinical trials. Fifty-six children and adolescents with ASD aged 8–17 years were matched for age, gender and general intelligence quotient with fifty-six children and adolescents with ASD + ADHD. Group differences in scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule were analysed. Our results showed that participants with ASD and with ASD + ADHD had similar profiles of social communication interaction challenges and restricted behaviour. However, items assessing gestures: Conventional, Instrumental or Informational Gestures and Empathic or Emotional gestures showed significant differences between the groups suggesting that the ASD + ADHD group used descriptive gestures to communicate to a greater extent than the ASD group. These findings suggest that children and adolescents in both groups have similar difficulties in social communication and interaction with observed differences in the use of gestures. Possible reasons and implications for the differences in the use of gestures are discussed.
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Dyadic-Familial Relationship Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Magallares Alejandro , Matera Camilla , Recio Patricia , Molero Fernando 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe Dyadic-Familial Relationship Satisfaction Scale (DFRSS) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess dyadic and familial dimensions of relationship satisfaction in cohabitant couples with children. The main goal of this research was to validate the Spanish version of the DFRSS (Sp-DFRSS) following the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptations. Three studies were conducted. In Study 1 (n = 151), an exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation was performed to examine the factor structure of the Sp-DFRSS. In Study 2 (n = 500), a confirmatory factor analysis showed that a two factor model (dyadic and familial) provided the best fit to the data. In Study 3 (n = 100), we examined relationship satisfaction using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. The Sp-DFRSS as a whole and its subscales presented adequate reliability in the three studies, with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from 0.87 to 0.95. Moreover, convergent and divergent validity of the Sp-DFRSS was analyzed in Studies 1, 2 and 3, and significant correlations between the Sp-DFRSS’ subscales, life satisfaction, negative and positive affect, attachment (anxiety and avoidance), and psychological well-being were found. The Sp-DFRSS has good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability, so that it may be used by the Spanish-speaking scientific community to measure relationship satisfaction.
A trailer car dynamics model considering brake rigging of a high-speed train and its application
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Yang Linchuan , Mo Jiliang , Zhu Song , Jin Wenwei 
Published: March 2023

AbstractBrake systems are essential for the speed regulation or braking of a high-speed train. The vehicle dynamic performance under braking condition is complex and directly affects the reliability and running safety. To reveal the vehicle dynamic behaviour in braking process, a comprehensive trailer car dynamics model (TCDM) considering brake systems is established in this paper. The dynamic interactions between the brake system and the other connected components are achieved using the brake disc–pad frictions, brake suspension systems, and wheel–rail interactions. The force and motion transmission from the brake system to the wheel–rail interface is performed by the proposed TCDM excited by track irregularity. In addition, the validity of TCDM is verified by experimental test results. On this basis, the dynamic behaviour of the coupled system is simulated and discussed. The findings indicate that the braking force significantly affects vehicle dynamic behaviour including the wheel–rail forces, suspension forces, wheelset torsional vibration, etc. The dynamic interactions within the brake system are also significantly affected by the vehicle vibration due to track irregularity. Besides, the developed TCDM can be further employed to the dynamic assessment of such a coupled mechanical system under different braking conditions.
A high-performance framework for personal protective equipment detection on the offshore drilling platform
Authors: Ji Xiaofeng , Gong Faming , Yuan Xiangbing , Wang Nuanlai 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn order for the offshore drilling platform to operate properly, workers need to perform regular maintenance on the platform equipment, but the complex working environment exposes workers to hazards. During inspection and maintenance, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets and workwear can effectively reduce the probability of worker injuries. Existing PPE detection methods are mostly for construction sites and only detect whether helmets are worn or not. This paper proposes a high-precision and high-speed PPE detection method for the offshore drilling platform based on object detection and classification. As a first step, we develop a modified YOLOv4 (named RFA-YOLO)-based object detection model for improving localization and recognition for people, helmets, and workwear. On the basis of the class and coordinates of the object detection output, this paper proposes a method for constructing position features based on the object bounding box to obtain feature vectors characterizing the relative offsets between objects. Then, the classifier is obtained by training a dataset consisting of position features through a random forest algorithm, with parameter optimization. As a final step, the PPE detection is achieved by analyzing the information output from the classifier through an inference mechanism. To evaluate the proposed method, we construct the offshore drilling platform dataset (ODPD) and conduct comparative experiments with other methods. The experimental results show that the method in this paper achieves 13 FPS as well as 93.1% accuracy. Compared to other state-of-the-art models, the proposed PPE detection method performs better on ODPD. The method in this paper can rapidly and accurately identify workers who are not wearing helmets or workwear on the offshore drilling platform, and an intelligent video surveillance system based on this model has been implemented.
Determining the mix design method for normal strength concrete using machine learning
Authors: Alghamdi Saleh J. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThere exist many empirical data-based methods that facilitate the process of concrete mix design. The output of mix design methods are the proportions of concrete constituents that when mixed together produce hardened concrete, taking into account the required strength, workability and durability requirements. Based only on the proportions of the mix, it can be challenging to determine the designing method. Therefore, in this work, computer-generated data was used to train a simple machine learning model to determine the method by which a normal strength concrete mix was designed. The developed machine leaning model only requires knowledge of the mix’s proportions, i.e., the amounts of cement, water, sand, and gravel to accurately determine the method by which the mix was designed. It was found that a simple machine learning model (decision tree) was able to determine the mix design method with high accuracy. Moreover, via principal components analyses, and other similar techniques, it was found that amount of cement is the best predictor of the mix design method. Findings of this work provide a method for determining mix design methods and promote the use of machine learning in the field of civil engineering.
Modern Jewish Philosophy and the Politics of Divine Violence
Authors: Weiss Daniel H. 
Published: March 2023

Is commitment to God compatible with modern citizenship? In this book, Daniel H. Weiss provides new readings of four modern Jewish philosophers – Moses Mendelssohn, Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Walter Benjamin – in light of classical rabbinic accounts of God's sovereignty, divine and human violence, and the embodied human being as the image of God. He demonstrates how classical rabbinic literature is relevant to contemporary political and philosophical debates. Weiss brings to light striking political aspects of the writings of the modern Jewish philosophers, who have often been understood as non-political. In addition, he shows how the four modern thinkers are more radical and more shaped by Jewish tradition than has previously been thought. Taken as a whole, Weiss' book argues for a fundamental rethinking of the relationship between Judaism and politics, the history of Jewish thought, and the ethical and political dynamics of the broader Western philosophical tradition.
Pulse repetition-rate effect on the intensity inside a femtosecond laser filament in air
Authors: Yin Fukang , Long Juan , Liu Yaoxiang , Wei Yingxia , Zhu Bin , Zhou Kainan , Wang Tie-Jun , Leng Yuxin , Li Ruxin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
As intense, ultrashort, kHz-repetition-rate laser systems become commercially available, pulse cumulative effects are critical for laser filament-based applications. In this work, the pulse repetition-rate effect on femtosecond laser filamentation in air was investigated both numerically and experimentally. The pulse repetition-rate effect has negligible influence at the leading edge of the filament. Clear intensity enhancement from a high-repetition pulse is observed at the peak and tailing edge of the laser filament. As the repetition rate of the laser pulses increases from 100 to 1000 Hz, the length of the filament extends and the intensity inside the filament increases. A physical picture based on the pulse repetition-rate dependent ‘low-density hole’ effect on filamentation is proposed to explain the obtained results well.
Separation length scaling for dual-incident shock wave–turbulent boundary layer interactions with different shock wave distances
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Yue , Tan Huijun , Sun Shu , Yu Hang , Jin Yi , Zhou Jie 
Published: March 2023

In this study, the length scaling for the boundary layer separation induced by two incident shock waves is experimentally and analytically investigated. The experiments are performed in a Mach 2.73 flow. A double-wedge shock generator with two deflection angles (

$\alpha _1$

and

$\alpha _2$

) is employed to generate two incident shock waves. Two deflection angle combinations with an identical total deflection angle are adopted: (

$\alpha _1 = 7^\circ$

,

$\alpha _2 = 5^\circ$

) and (

$\alpha _1 = 5^\circ$

,

$\alpha _2 = 7^\circ$

). For each deflection angle combination, the flow features of the dual-incident shock wave–turbulent boundary layer interactions (dual-ISWTBLIs) under five shock wave distance conditions are examined via schlieren photography, wall-pressure measurements and surface oil-flow visualisation. The experimental results show that the separation point moves downstream with increasing shock wave distance (

$d$

). For the dual-ISWTBLIs exhibiting a coupling separation state, the upstream interaction length (

$L_{int}$

) of the separation region approximately linearly decreases with increasing

$d$

, and the decrease rate of

$L_{int}$

with

$d$

increases with the second deflection angle under the condition of an identical total deflection angle. Based on control volume analysis of mass and momentum conservations, the relation between

$L_{int}$

and

$d$

is analytically determined to be approximately linear for the dual-ISWTBLIs with a coupling separation region, and the slope of the linear relation obtained analytically agrees well with that obtained experimentally. Furthermore, a prediction method for

$L_{int}$

of the dual-ISWTBLIs with a coupling separation region is proposed, and the relative error of the predicted

$L_{int}$

in comparison with the experimental result is

$\sim$

10 %.
Primary Dealer Systems in the European Union
Authors: Preunkert Jenny 
Published: March 2023

AbstractStates require money to function and therefore every government has to continuously raise new funds. On the financial markets, governments cannot be sure that auctions of their debt will be sufficiently attractive to financial investors, which is why they usually enter into cooperative agreements with selected banks. The best known and most widespread form of cooperation is the primary dealer system. A primary dealer is a bank that commits to purchasing a certain percentage of government debt at each auction and to intervene as a formalized market maker in the debt market if necessary. Most of the primary dealer systems involve the banks being financially neither remunerated nor compensated for their activities, and if there is some kind of financial compensation, it is on a low level. The article analyses European primary dealer systems and asks why banks are willing to participate in these systems. I will show that both domestic and foreign banks use their status as primary dealers to build long-term relationships with one or more European governments and to gain an advantage on the global stage. In Bourdieu’s terms, primary dealer banks use their financial capital to accumulate social and symbolic capital.
Constructing Proletarian Nation(s): PSOE Internationalism in the Second Republic (1931–1932)
Authors: Bataller Aurelio Martí 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article seeks to enhance our understanding of the nature of socialist internationalism, in particular by considering the place of the nation in its functioning and essence. For this purpose, the concept of inter-nationalism is used to study the particular case of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) during Spain's Second Republic. In the first section, we focus on the meeting of the executive of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) in Madrid in 1931, and the subsequent May Day celebrations in the city. In the second, we analyse the use of internationalism by the PSOE in the debates on the decentralization of the Republican state. This article will argue that the PSOE made use of internationalist events to further the internal and external consolidation of the Republic, and its own position in government. Furthermore, internationalism served to uphold the unity and unique qualities of Spanish politics and culture. These considerations enable us to point to both the political and cultural dimensions of the PSOE's identification with Spanish nationalism, and to assert both the nation's importance in socialist internationalism and its role in socialist political culture during the interwar period.
Turkey's Extraterritorial Use of Force against Armed Non-State Actors
Authors: Bagheri Saeed 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe use of force in foreign territories has been contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, with the authorisation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, in ‘cases deemed legitimate by international law’ and where required by international treaties to which Turkey is a party. Yet Turkey's extraterritorial use of force against armed non-state actors lead to the most important question of identifying the circumstances under which the Turkish authorities have long justified military intervention in foreign territories. This article aims to assess whether Turkey's use of force and alleged extraterritorial self-defence contravenes international law. In order to address how Turkey interprets the right to use armed force and the right of self-defence, and to bring clarity to the state's approach to international law on the use of force (jus ad bellum), the article explores Turkey's practice based on the assessment of the Turkish military intervention in Syria, in line with both bilateral security or defence treaties to which Turkey is a party and the use of force in self-defence. The aim is to determine whether Turkey's justifications are compatible with the jus ad bellum criteria.
Informing ENT training bootcamps – operating out-of-hours: a multicentre prospective evaluation
Authors: Dunne Henry , Bowles Philippe , McGilligan J Anthony 
Published: March 2023

AbstractObjectiveENT specialty trainees are invited to national bootcamps to prepare for critical events to which they may have never been exposed. Here, we evaluate the frequency of out-of-hours ENT operations and the level of supervision provided to inform aspiring trainees and the national bootcamps.MethodsInformation on all ENT operations performed out-of-hours was prospectively recorded by trainees in Kent, Surrey and Sussex over seven months.ResultsThere was a 100 per cent response rate. The trainee was the most senior surgeon present for 48.4 per cent of out-of-hours operations. Four of the six most frequently performed out-of-hours operations are not included in the ENT indicator procedures, and two are not included in the national ENT bootcamps.ConclusionTrainees should be aware of the most common procedures they may be expected to perform out-of-hours. Training in these should be provided prior to the commencement of specialty training. The audit design can be replicated across surgical specialties.