bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Release of Histamine and Heparin by Antigen from the Isolated Perfused Liver of the Sensitized Dog
Authors: Scroggie A. Evelyn , Jaques L. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The response to antigen of the isolated livers of dogs sensitized to egg white and horse serum was studied by measuring the release of histamine and heparin. Significant amounts of histamine and heparin were released from the sensitized isolated liver perfused with Tyrode's solution on the addition of antigen (horse serum). In animals not so highly sensitized it was found that to obtain the release of histamine and heparin by antigen, blood was definitely superior to Tyrode's solution for the perfusing medium. The suggestion is made that blood owes this superiority to its ability to maintain the liver cells in good physiological condition for the reactions leading to the release of histamine and heparin after the union of antigen and antibody has occurred in these cells.
Therapy of Experimental Brucella Infection in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Magoffin Robert , Anderson Dorothy , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Previous reports have described a method for the evaluation of therapeutic agents against experimental Brucella infection, utilizing the developing chick embryo (1, 2, 3). Data comparing the relative effectiveness of sulfadiazine and streptomycin, individually and in combination, against infections in the chick embryo with each of the three species of Brucella have shown a definite synergism of these two agents when administered together.
The early reports of Pulaski and Amspacher (4, 5), Eisele and McCullough (6), and those from this Clinic (7, 8), have demonstrated the marked advantage of combined therapy with streptomycin and sulfadiazine in human brucellosis over previous methods of therapy. But this form of treatment possesses certain disadvantages. Because streptomycin must be injected intramuscularly, and because the antibiotic is potentially toxic, hospitalization of patients is essential. In addition to the expense of treatment and the threat of toxic reactions, relapses have occurred following the cessation of treatment.
Mechanism of Detergent Effect on Egg-White Inhibition of Hemagglutination by Formolized Swine Influenza Virus
Authors: Lanni Frank , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mechanism of the effect exerted by soaps and synthetic ionic detergents on the inhibition by egg-white (EW) of hemagglutination by purified formolized swine influenza virus (vaccine) has been investigated. It has been found that the effect is attributable to an interaction between detergent and the modified-virus particles of the vaccine such that the capacity of the vaccine particles to destroy the EW inhibitor is reduced; the capacity of the vaccine particles to combine with inhibitor or with red blood cells does not appear to be greatly affected by detergent under the conditions of the experiments. Under the same conditions, detergent has no effect, however, on the inhibition by EW of hemagglutination by unmodified swine influenza virus (SF) or by preparations of vaccine or SF which have been heated for 30 minutes at 53 C. Heating appears to have the same effect on vaccine as treatment with detergent; in each case the capacity of vaccine to destroy EW inhibitor is reduced, and the titer of EW inhibition against the modified vaccine is high. Some of the implications of the results have been discussed.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig. IV.
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The non-precipitable or “univalent” antibody remaining after serial absorption of rabbit antiovalbumin sera has been found to be equally effective in inducing passive anaphylactic sensitization of guinea pigs as is an equal quantity of antibody from the original serum.
Quantitative Studies on Induction of Active Immunity to Smooth, V Form Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Spitznagel John K. , Trainer Ranee Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The present study demonstrates that vaccines prepared from smooth V form S. typhosa killed with formalin, which has little effect on the Vi antigen, are more effective in the production of active immunity to experimental typhoid infection in mice than are organisms from the same culture killed with heat, which destroys the Vi antigen. The reduction in immunizing potency associated with heating was accompanied by a reduction in the agglutinability of the vaccine in specific Vi immune serum, and an increase in specific 0 agglutinability. The demonstration of differences in active immunizing potency was made possible by the use of techniques of assay similar to those used by Batson.
The demonstration of difference between the coefficients of regression for the two vaccines is presumptive evidence that the mechanisms of action of the two vaccines were qualitatively different. Qualitative differences could have arisen in the vaccines from antigenic differences produced by the methods of killing. However, the greater bacterial content of the E. D. 50 of the heat-killed vaccine could have been responsible for this effect. The factors could have acted alone or together to produce the effect, but we think that the possibility mentioned first is of greater importance.
It was found that mice immunized with heated or unheated vaccines were not sensitive to variations in challenge doses of the magnitudes involved in this experiment. The variations in challenge dose did not influence the reliability of the comparison of immunizing doses. This observation partially confirms similar observations made by Batson.
The Use of Adjuvants in the Production of Rh Antisera in Animals
Authors: Shatin Harriet Sommer , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human group O, type MN, Rh+ erythrocytes gave rise to adequate Rh agglutinins in six of 15 guinea pigs injected intraäbdominally with a plain cell suspension. Weak agglutinins were present in the nine remaining animals of this group. When Rh+ erythrocytes were incorporated into a water-in-oil emulsion with Falba, Bayol F and M. tuberculosis Jamaica #22, not only was there no enhancement of Rh antibody formation, but such agglutinin formation seemed inhibited. Thus the adjuvants used did not enhance anti-Rh production, but actually seemed to depress it. When stroma were prepared by Sharples centrifugation of the above erythrocytes, the material was poorly antigenic when tested by injection of the plain stroma. Stroma incorporated into the above emulsion also produced no Rh agglutinins when injected into guinea pigs. The peak of Rh agglutinin production was reached one to two weeks after weekly injections of the antigen were started. The peak of agglutinin production to the whole group O, type MN, Rh+ red cell and stroma was reached the fourth to sixth week after injection had been started. Despite continued injection of the antigens, guinea pigs producing Rh agglutinins no longer possessed these antibodies after two weeks. No Rh blocking antibodies were demonstrated. Guinea pigs do not seem generally to produce anti-Rh agglutinins comparable to those obtained from good human sera.
The Serologic Diagnosis of Mumps. A Comparative Study of Three Methods
Authors: Aikawa Jerry K. , Meiklejohn Gordon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
As laboratory aids in the diagnosis of mumps parotitis and/or orchitis, the relative value of the complement-fixation test, the chicken cell agglutination-inhibition test, and the modified human-red-cell agglutination test was compared. The three methods demonstrated fold-increases in titer of approximately the same magnitude.
In the complement fixation test, infected allantoic fluid was found to be as satisfactory an antigen as the “viral” or the “soluble” antigens.
A rise in antibody titer was demonstrated early in the course of illness with all three tests. Modified-red-cell and agglutination-inhibiting antibody titers reached maximum values more rapidly than complement fixing antibody titers.
With the modified human-red-cell agglutination test, higher titers were obtained than with either of the other tests. Considerable difficulty was encountered in standardizing the test.
Studies on Diphtheria
Authors: Vahlquist Bo , Högstedt Curt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Schick tests and antitoxin titrations were performed on 143 subjects, divided into the following groups: Subjects with no demonstrable diphtheria antitoxin in their blood (&lt;0.0005 A.U./ml serum; table 2); Subjects with diphtheria antitoxin in their blood due to active immunization (figure 2, table 3); Subjects with diphtheria antitoxin in their blood due to passive immunization with homologous antidiphtheric serum (figure 3, table 4). The results obtained permit the following conclusions as to the interpretation of the Schick test: The comparatively wide individual variations in the ratio between the size of the Schick reaction and the antitoxin titer of the blood are only partially explained by potential immunity. Non-specific individual differences of the skin play a role, which should not be neglected for the specific tissue factors. The possible implication of these findings for other skin tests is briefly discussed. On the basis of the results presented in this paper the following interpretation is given to Schick reactions of varying types.
A completely negative reaction is evidence of a previous antigenic influence and an antitoxin-titer usually above 0.002 A.U./ml.
A positive reaction, with a diameter of redness below 15 mm, is evidence of an antitoxin-titer always below 0.02 A.U./ml.
A strong positive reaction with a diameter of redness at or above 15 mm is evidence of an antitoxin-titer always below 0.005 A.U./ml.
Level of Serum Antibody Associated with Intracerebral Immunity in Monkeys Vaccinated with Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rhesus monkeys have been vaccinated intramuscularly with graded amounts of active Lansing poliomyelitis virus. The proportion of individuals immune to the subsequent intracerebral injection of 10,000 PD50 of active virus was found to rise with increasing dosage of vaccine.
In a total of 79 vaccinated monkeys, serum taken before intracerebral challenge was titrated by mouse neutralization test. As serum titer rose, a greater proportion of individuals proved to be immune. The minimal level of serum antibody associated with complete immunity of the group was found to be 3.0 (1/1000 dilution of serum).
These quantitative data give further information on the required level of serum antibody associated with immunity in an experimental animal, established by a severe test. They also provide us with an effective means of vaccination of monkeys which has served as a basis for type differentiation of strains of poliomyelitis virus.
A Delayed Chronic Inflammatory Reaction at an Antigen Depot in the Guinea Pig, Effected by Systemic Sensitization
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A delayed chronic local inflammatory reaction has been induced in the hind foot of the guinea pig by the simultaneous injection of an antigen-adjuvant emulsion with or without killed tubercle bacilli into the nuchal region, and of the same antigen without adjuvants into the hind foot. Normal rabbit serum, normal horse serum, rabbit anti-rat organ antiserums, therapeutic horse serum preparations, and crystalline chicken ovalbumin served as effective antigens. A chronic arthritic deformity of the foot followed the acute phase. The presence of killed tubercle bacilli in the antigen-adjuvant mixture enhanced the subsequent inflammatory response. It would appear that this phenomenon is an antigen-antibody reaction at a second depot of antigen, in which sensitivity of the tuberculin type may play a significant rôle. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the production of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis may be similar in nature to that involved in the local reaction described above.
Cold Hemagglutination Reactions with Influenza Virus
Authors: Overman John R. , Friedewald William F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following results were obtained in a study of hemagglutination reactions with influenza virus which occur only in the cold: Allantoic fluid suspensions of PR8 or Lee influenza viruses agglutinate sheep and rabbit red cells in high titer at 4 C but not at room temperature or 37 C.The cold hemagglutination is apparently due to the influenza virus particle, as indicated by specific inhibition of the reaction with antiserum and sedimentation of the hemagglutinin by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 30 minutes.Influenza virus heated to 56 C for 30 minutes agglutinates sheep cells at room temperature.The receptors of sheep cells can be removed by the action of influenza virus at 37 C, even though agglutination of the cells is not manifest at this temperature. Sodium periodate is also effective in removing the receptors.Human and chicken red cells, which have been treated with influenza virus so as partially to remove the receptors and the cells then stabilized with formalin, also show the cold hemagglutination reaction. Heated influenza virus, however, does not agglutinate the cells at room temperature.The receptors of human red cells involved in the hemagglutination reaction with isoagglutinins or bean extract, and the receptors of sheep cells which react with amboceptor or bean extract, are not affected by treatment of the cells with sodium periodate. Furthermore, Group A or B human red cells, which had been treated with influenza virus to remove the virus receptors, showed no alteration in their capacity to adsorb isoagglutinins.
The implications of these findings are considered in the discussion.
The Effect of Aureomycin Upon Infections with Bacterium Tularense in Experimental Animals
Authors: Larson Carl L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Tularemia is an acute disease producing a mortality rate of about 5 per cent in human beings when not treated specifically. The prolonged convalescent period observed in untreated patients is most distressing. The use of streptomycin in the therapy of tularemia in man is based upon experimental results obtained from studies with mice by Heilman (1), and its efficacy has been adequately demonstrated (2). Recently a new antibiotic, aureomycin (duomycin), has been developed at the Lederle Laboratories (3), and its value as an agent in the therapy of various infectious diseases has been described (4, 5, 6). The results obtained in treatment with aureomycin of white mice, white rats and guinea pigs infected with Bacterium tularense will be presented in this paper. The data indicate that aureomycin is effective in the treatment of tularemia in these animals.
Materials and Methods.
The Solubility of Equine Tetanal Antitoxin in Methanol-Water Mixtures of Controlled pH, Ionic-Strength and Temperature
Authors: Wittler Ruth G. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The solubility of equine tetanal antitoxin in methanol-water mixtures of controlled pH, ionic strength, and temperature has been determined.
On the basis of these determinations, three steps have been developed for the separation of tetanal antitoxin from other protein components of plasma. The relatively high ionic strength (0.2) at pH 5 and 10 per cent methanol which is employed in the second step contributes most to this separation.
On the Identity of the “Virulence Enhancement” Factor in Gastric Mucin
Authors: Landy Maurice , Batson Herbert C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified blood group A substance isolated from hog gastric mucin possesses the property of enhancing markedly the virulence of S. typhosa for mice. Inactivation of blood group A substance by methods which result in the loss of its ability to inhibit A isohemagglutination also results in loss of its virulence enhancement activity. The virulence-enhancing action of blood group A substance is considerably augmented by the inorganic fraction of mucin. Thus, 1.5 per cent of blood group A substance combined with 0.5 per cent mucin ash enhances the virulence of S. typhosa to a degree which compares favorably with that of 3 per cent blood group A substance or 5 per cent mucin. It is suggested that the general phenomenon of virulence enhancement by gastric mucin may be attributed to blood group A substance augmented by inorganic salts.
The Calcium Requirement of Coliphage T5
Authors: Adams Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Stassano and de Beaufort (1) discovered that the growth of certain phages was inhibited by the presence of citrate in the culture medium, and that this inhibition could be overcome by the addition of calcium salts. Bordet and Renaux (2) investigated a strain of Shiga phage which was unable to lyse the host cells in the presence of citrate or oxalate. This inhibition of lysis could be overcome by calcium or strontium salts.
Andrewes and Elford (3) investigated in some detail a “citrate sensitive” strain of coli phage. The addition of 0.75 per cent citrate to broth prevented multiplication of this phage and lysis of infected host cells. This concentration of citrate did not hinder the growth of uninfected host cells and did not inactivate unadsorbed virus particles. Furthermore, citrate did not inhibit adsorption of virus to host cell. Bacteria which adsorbed phage in the presence of citrate did not lyse, did not liberate phage and were unable to multiply.
Quantitative Studies on the Origin and Characteristics of Streptomycin-Fast Variants of Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Authors: Meads Manson , Haslam Nancy M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six characteristics of the streptomycin-fast variants found in an antibiotic-sensitive strain of K. pneumoniae showed striking similarity to definitive properties of gene-mutations in higher organisms. Though circumstantial in nature, such evidence strongly favors the theory proposing the existance of mutable hereditary units in bacteria which quantitatively affect the property of streptomycin-susceptibility. Quantitatively, this stock strain was composed of a small number of organisms exhibiting low degrees of fastness to this antibiotic, and rare highly resistant cells in equilibrium with large numbers of sensitive organisms. The dynamics of this pattern of drug resistance appeared to be directed by factors that were inherent in each bacterial cell and its environment. When the latter was constant, the variant pattern was reproducible. A strain with a high degree of fastness to streptomycin was developed in a stepwise fashion when variants with a low degree of resistance were exposed to increasing concentrations of this antibiotic. This observation was best explained by the hypothesis of successive mutation and selection. Regardless of large concentrations of streptomycin, a highly fast strain appeared in a single step if the test population included rare but very resistant variants. The survival and establishment of streptomycin-fast variants at any given level of resistance appeared to be conditioned by factors concerned with the drug, the original environment, and the organism.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Virus Infections
Authors: Schaeffer Morris , Silver Francis F. , Chao Pi Chin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Groups of mice inoculated with 2 to 4 LD 50 doses of Eastern equine, Western equine, St. Louis encephalitis, poliomyelitis or influenza viruses and treated with maximal non-fatal doses of diethyl ether by inhalation, sodium amytal, paraldehyde, avertin, magnesium sulfate, morphine, Cytochrome C, dithiobiuret or dithiocarbamate, prior to and following inoculation with the viruses, showed no alteration in the courses of the ensuing infections.
The theoretical reasons for the use of these compounds in attempts at chemotherapy of virus infections are discussed.
Antihemagglutinating and Neutralizing Factors Against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Occurring in Sera of Patients Convalescent from Mumps
Authors: Kilham Lawrence , Jungherr Erwin , Luginbuhl Roy E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When sera of 22 mumps patients were tested against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), 13 gave significant responses by neutralization test and 11 by inhibition of hemagglutination. Of 23 control patients, with undiagnosed diseases of the central nervous system, 3 gave responses by neutralization test but none by anti-hemagglutination test against NDV. The neutralizing capacity of mumps sera against NDV was impaired or destroyed by heat, whereas the antihemagglutinating factor was relatively heat-stable. Hypotheses are advanced regarding the nature and significance of serologic reactions obtained between mumps sera and NDV. It is suggested that the serologic diagnosis of Newcastle disease in man be made with caution in the absence of virus isolation.
Studies on Pathogenesis and Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Buchele Luther , Edgar Eleanor Patty 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The invasion and multiplication of Bacterium tularense has been followed quantitatively after inoculation of the virulent organisms in normal, vaccinated and recovered white rats. Virulent Bact. tularense spread by the usual lymphogenic and hematogenic routes in normal, vaccinated or recovered white rats. Rats immunized by vaccination with killed cultures or by recovery from a previous sublethal infection are able to limit the net increase of virulent organisms and to sterilize their tissues. The routes of spread and the increase of organisms in immune animals differ only in a quantitative fashion from those observed in normal animals. Recovered rats are more solidly immune than vaccinated animals, as indicated by the smaller number of organisms recovered from the tissues and by their lower mortality rate after multiple lethal doses of virulent organisms. The behavior of avirulent strains in normal, vaccinated and recovered animals varies in degree but not in kind from virulent strains.
A Study of Fowl Pox Virus Titration on the Chorio-Allantois by the Pock Counting Technique
Authors: Reid D. B. W. , Crawley J. F. , Rhodes A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. Many viruses produce characteristic lesions, known as pocks or plaques, on the chorio-allantois of the developing chick embryo. The first to be successfully propagated on this membrane was fowl pox (1). Since then, Burnet and his collaborators (2, 3) have determined the potencies of suspensions of a number of viruses such as vaccinia (4), herpes simplex (5), influenza (6), ectromelia (7), myxoma (8), laryngotracheitis (9), and fowl pox (10), by estimating the average number of pocks produced at several serial dilutions. Some independent workers have found the technique satisfactory (11), but others have failed to obtain consistent results (12), and the method has not been generally adopted for the titration of viruses outside Burnet's laboratory.
In these Laboratories, various studies on fowl pox virus, for which reliable titration methods are necessary, are in progress. Since titration by application of virus suspensions to the comb or feather follicles of adult birds seemed unsuitable, it was decided to investigate the possibilities of the chorio-allantoic method.