bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Deep Learning Networks for Predicting Truss Topology Optimization Results
Authors: Gorguluarslan Recep M. , Ates Gorkem Can 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The applicability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) on the prediction of the structural optimization results of a truss structure is investigated. Two different ANN architectures are employed and the effect of using various optimizers and activation functions on their prediction performance is evaluated. Unlike the traditional machine learning network strategies where usually a physical response of the truss optimization (such as compliance, stress, etc.) is predicted, in this study, a new way of prediction is utilized for the truss-like structures; particularly predicting the optimized thickness values of the strut members by the ANNs. Thus, the input data used in these networks are the thickness values of the strut members at a certain initial iteration while the optimized thickness values are predicted as the outputs. A cantilever beam example is presented for the truss optimization to show the efficacy of the presented ANNs. The results indicate that using the thickness values at a certain initial iteration as inputs and final iteration thicknesses as outputs in ANNs are promising for the structural optimization prediction of the presented truss problem with the appropriate selection of the architecture, optimizer, activation function, and the input-output data formation.
Design, Construction, and Thermodynamic Analysis of a Direct-Expansion Solar Assisted Heat Pump for Cold Climates
Authors: Elgamal Nadia , Sambi Jessica , Patel Dhruvi , Marasinghe Charuka , Pulikkottil Edwin , Virtusio Kerwin , Mwesigye Aggrey , Li Simon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) systems have the potential to provide the heat load required for domestic hot water (DHW) sustainably and with minimum emissions. DX-SAHPs utilize a solar thermal collector to evaporate a working fluid. By using less energy in the process, these systems can achieve higher coefficients of performance (COP) than those afforded by conventional air source heat pumps. With Calgary possessing the highest solar potential in Canada of about 2396 hours of sunlight available 333 days a year [1], the implementation of such systems would make technical and economic sense. In this paper, the design, fabrication, and testing of a DX-SAHP system for cold climates is presented. A mathematical model representing the system was developed by combining the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equation for the solar collector and a control volume analysis using the first law of thermodynamics for the heat pump cycle. Theoretical results demonstrate that a COP in the range of 3.4–4.5 is achievable. With the promising theoretical results, an experimental test setup was designed, constructed, and instrumented to determine the long-term performance of a DX-SAHP under local climatic conditions.
Independence of Environmental and Mechanical Damages on Silicone Adhesive Stored in a Thermo-Oxidative Environment
Authors: Alazhary Sharif , Mohammadi Hamid , Shaafaey Mamoon , Dargazany Roozbeh 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Elastomeric polymer materials hold a special place in today’s industrial sectors with respect to structural application needs. Low quality materials are detrimental to industries like aerospace, and automotive engineering. Assessment of the durability of elastomers for structural applications has been of much interest among the literary circles for decades and new materials keep outperforming the existing ones. Polymeric adhesives are one of the most abundantly used materials in these industries. All polymeric materials get damaged when in contact with aggressive environments in presence of high temperature and oxygen. Commonly referred to as thermo-oxidation, this environment exposes the material to heat and oxidation reactions in presence of oxygen. Resultantly, during service life, the damage to the polymer matrix is primarily caused by two factors: mechanical damage and environmental aging. Environmental aging is an irreversible phenomenon caused by changes in the molecular structure while mechanical damage maintains the shape of the polymer matrix, and the deterioration is mostly due to polymer chain mobility. Environmental aging can be caused by a single environmental agent or by a synergized impact of several environmental elements. Increasing temperature is found to be proportional to decreasing tensile strength and toughness of material. The rate and extent of degradation can be accessed by scrutinizing the changes in constitutive behavior of material through mechanical and chemical properties. Accelerated thermal aging is among the most common modes of process related degradation, leading generally to chain scission, and crosslinking phenomena and reduced resistance to fracture stress, and strain. In this experimental study, our goal is to separate the environmental degradation from mechanical damage. A silicone-based adhesive was aged in thermo-oxidative at (0%RH) aging environment. The damage and decay mechanisms have been used to draw a distinction between environmental degradation and mechanical damage. Material characterization included uniaxial tensile test (failure and cyclic) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests on as-received and aged samples. Aging was conducted at three different temperatures (60°C, 80°C and 95°C) and six different exposure durations (1, 3, 10, 30, 90 and 200 days). This work confirms that environmental damage is superposed on top of the mechanical damage, and thus, they are separable. The total mechanical and environmental damage is a synergized effect of all exposure conditions and parameters involved i.e., aging time, temperature, and oxygen. The chemistry and mechanics of the polymer degradation were found to be in good agreement with each other.
Development of the Ultrasonic System Integration With 3D Polymer Printing
Authors: England Jonathan , Darnell Ethan , Bhakta Janak , D’Orazio Maria , Chukovenkova Mariya , Zagrai Andrei 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Non-destructive testing using ultrasonic sensors supplies manufacturers with methods of monitoring a part’s integrity as it is being produced. The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the usefulness and viability of using ultrasonic sensors to monitor the 3D printing process. In order to accomplish this task, an attachment for the build plate of a 3D printer was developed that holds an ultrasonic sensor against the build plate while the printer is running initial tests. The ultrasonic sensor was used to analyze printing filaments and the build plate included with the printer. The results of ultrasonic investigation have demonstrated inefficiency of the composite plate in transduction of elastic waves and a steel build plate was suggested for further testing. Initial studies were conducted to explore material characteristics of the built plates and the printing materials. Ultrasonic setup with longitudinal and shear wave transducers were utilized to measure material properties such as Young’s modulus, shear modulus and the Poisson ratio. It is anticipated that material characterization will also be conducted during the printing process. This means heat will be introduced into the system and as a result the speed of sound through the build plate and filament will vary as a function of temperature. To better understand the role of temperature in real-time ultrasonic NDE, an FEA model is developed to determine the transient temperature gradient through the steel build plate and filament during the printing process. Thermal imaging data is considered to assess the accuracy of the FEA model for the dynamic temperature distribution. Once relationships between temperature variation and sound speed have been established properties such as Young’s modulus can be calculated. It is anticipated that application of this approach will allow for assessment of material properties in near real time, which is critical for process monitoring and ensuring quality of the additively manufactured parts.
Graphene-Conductive Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine Detection
Authors: Ghosh Dipannita , Rahman Md Ashiqur , Ashraf Ali , Islam Nazmul 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The central nervous system’s (CNS) dopaminergic system dysfunction has been linked to neurological illnesses like schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. As a result, sensitive and selective detection of dopamine is critical for the early diagnosis of illnesses associated with aberrant dopamine levels. In this research, we have investigated the performance of electrochemical screen-printed sensors for different concentrations of dopamine detection using graphene-based conductive PEDOT: PSS(G-PEDOT: PSS) and Polyaniline(G-PANI) inks on the working electrode and compared the sensitivity. SEM characterization technique has been performed to visualize the microstructures of the proposed inks. We have investigated cyclic voltammetry (CV) electrochemical techniques with ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple to assess the efficiency of the designed electrodes in detecting dopamine. G-PANI ink has shown to have better LOD and stability to detect dopamine with screen-printed electrodes. Further, we have also studied electrochemical analysis for the selective detection of dopamine without the interference of Ascorbic Acid (AA).
Application of Nickel Deposition on Electropolishing (EP), Chempolishing (CP), and As-Built Additively Manufactured (AM) Metal Components
Authors: Sanchez Pablo , Waqar Zafar , Tyagi Pawan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Existing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies produce metal components with a rough surface that generally display fatigue characteristics, leading to component failure and undesirable friction coefficients to the printed part. Small cracks formed at regions of high surface roughness in rough surfaces act as a stress raiser or crack nucleation site. Hence, as-produced parts’ direct use is limited and introduces a challenge related to smoothening the surface. The present study explores the application of electroless nickel deposition. It examines the surface finishing techniques such as Chempolishing (CP) and Electropolishing (EP) for post-processing on additively manufactured stainless-steel samples. Previous studies have demonstrated that CP offers a major advantage in providing consistent, smooth surfaces, regardless of the component size or geometry. Surface smoothness is increased, and surface roughness is decreased to the sub-micrometer range via EP. The study also investigates nickel deposition on EP, CP, and as-built AM components, utilizing electroless nickel solutions. Alloys are exposed to an electroless nickel plating process in order to enhance the hardness and surface resistance of produced components to the hostile environment. The medium-phosphorus (6–9% P), and high-phosphorus (10–13% P) was used. The Ni deposition experiments were optimized using the L9 Taguchi design of experiments (DOE), which involve the prosperous content in the solution, surface preparation, plane orientation of the sample geometry, and Nickel strike exposition time. The pre- and post-processed surface of the AM parts is being investigated by the KEYENCE Digital Microscope VHX-7000. This work is in progress concerning the complete Scratch analysis and Design of Experiment (DOE) analysis using the Qualitek-4 software.
Techno-Economic Analysis for Comparing Stereolithography and Wax Injection for Pattern Manufacturing in Investment Casting
Authors: Mandolini Marco , Sartini Mikhailo , Favi Claudio , Germani Michele 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Investment casting (IC) is a manufacturing process for making components giving an excellent surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and complex shapes. Despite these benefits, IC requires high cost and lead time for realizing the metallic mold for pattern manufacturing. To avoid the shortcoming of casting processes, Additive Manufacturing (AM) is widely used for fabricating patterns, cores, and molds (Rapid Casting - RC). Several applications concerning rapid investment casting (RIC) through Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Stereolithography (SLA) were developed. However, a techno-economic analysis based on SLA application for RIC is missing. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis regarding SLA adoption for RIC. SLA is compared with wax injection, the traditional approach for realizing wax patterns. The article provides a decision-making tool that supports stakeholders in evaluating when AM is convenient (cost and lead time) for creating wax patterns, considering different production scenarios. For the compared technologies, the authors developed analytical cost models capable of assessing the cost of the entire production process and evaluating the postprocessing phases. The following characteristics were considered: (i) different production volume, (ii) machine load factor, and (iii) parts features (i.e., dimensions and shape). The results show that SLA, for small parts, is more convenient than wax injection when the production volume is higher than 1E+03.
Investigation of Mass Savings Potential of Zeolite Integrated Motor Thermal Management Systems in All-Electric Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Malone Nathan , Chakravarty Sourav , Zhang Shiyu , Talebi Dorsa , Sankarraman Sri Vignesh , Pool Erick , Park Deokgeun , Iverson Ethan T. , Wiley Chase , Shamberger Patrick , Antao Dion , Gardner Matthew C. , Toliyat Hamid , Enjeti Prasad , Rasmussen Bryan , Grunlan Jaime , Benedict Moble , Felts Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This study investigates a novel hybrid cooling method for more weight efficient thermal management of aerospace electric propulsion motors using thermal energy storage (TES) elements. The proposed system utilizes the latent heating of TES in the form of SAPO-34 zeolite slabs hydrated with water to maintain stable operating temperatures during takeoff. The TES operates in parallel with a fluid cooling system comprised of minichannel heatsinks attached to the stator windings and exterior air heat exchanger. Thermoelectric performance benefits of TES inclusion are evaluated using network analysis under assumed flight path load. Complex non-linear thermofluid and electromagnetic behaviors in the network are replaced with lookup table interpolants generated using results of numerical simulations swept across a series of input parameters. Subsequent solution of two-hundred systems with varying TES volume indicated a maximum TMS mass savings of 14.8% compared to the lightest thermal management system without TES inclusion.
Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in an Electric Motor
Authors: Pandey Ashutosh , Madduri Bharath , Perng Chin-Yuan , Srinivasan Chiranth , Dhar Sujan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly common due to environmental needs. Due to this, efficiency in design process of electric motors (E-motor) is becoming critical in the industry. To assess performance capabilities for an E-motor, thermal predictions are of utmost consequence. This study describes a computational method based on unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations that resolves the gas-liquid interface to examine the unsteady multiphase flow and heat transfer in a concentrated winding E-motor. The study considers all important parts of the motor i.e., coils, bobbins, stator laminate (yolk), rotor laminate, magnets etc. The study highlights the ease of capturing complex and intricate flow paths with a robust mesh generation tool in combination with a robust high-fidelity interface capturing VOF scheme to resolve the gas-liquid interfaces. Results obtained show the dominant processes that determine the oil distribution to be the centrifugal force from rotation of the rotor, the flow rate of oil injected in the stator assembly as well as in the rotor assembly and gravity. A novel heat transfer approach (mixed time-scale coupling) is used to solve for the temperatures in the stator and rotor solids. The approach first requires achieving a quasi-steady flow solution before initiating heat transfer calculation for faster turnaround times. The approach separates the conjugate heat transfer calculation into a fluid heat simulation and a solid heat simulation while setting up a communication method to exchange the thermal boundary conditions between the two simulations. This study also considers the anisotropic nature of thermal conductivities resulting from the wound-around arrangement of the coils and the laminate nature of stator/rotor laminates in the assignment of the thermal conductivities of these solids. Results of thermal simulation show the solid temperatures to be in direct correlation with the oil distribution near those solids. This computational study was validated by comparing the computed and measured temperatures at specified locations on the coils and good agreements with experiments were found.
Build Chamber and Start Plate Variability During Electron Beam Melting Machine Setup
Authors: Kelley Garrett , Mamidala Ramulu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Electron beam melting (EBM) is an additive manufacturing process that utilizes a metallic powder as the feedstock material. During the setup of an Arcam A2X machine, the operator is first required to load the feedstock into the hoppers and set the “zero” position of the start plate relative to the rake. This manual process relies on operator-experience and is hypothesized to have a detrimental impact on process repeatability by modifying the local layer thickness. The potential effect that this has on the as-built quality and performance of EBM-manufactured components is unknown. Therefore, this study presents a device used to measure the variability that exists during A2X machine operations. Consideration is given to both the build basin as well as the start plate during ten machine setups. Assuming a mean particle diameter and commensurate layer thickness of 50 μm for Ti-6Al-4V, data indicate that local thickness deviations greater than ten layers are achievable using the prescribed zeroing routine. These deviations are shown to manifest in the measured mass of specimens within a test build. While not directly considered in this study, a discussion regarding powder pile size during fetching operations and how this may affect bed coverage and build quality is also provided.
Hyper-Viscoelastic 3D Response of Axons Subjected to Repeated Tensile Loads in Brain White Matter
Authors: Agarwal Mohit , Pelegri Assimina A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A novel finite element method (FEM) is developed to study mechanical response of axons embedded in extra cellular matrix (ECM) when subjected to harmonic uniaxial stretch under purely non-affine kinematic boundary conditions. The proposed modeling approach combines hyper-elastic (such as Ogden model) and time/frequency domain viscoelastic constitutive models to evaluate the effect of parametrically varying oligodendrocyte-axon tethering under harmonic stretch at 50Hz. A hybrid hyper-viscoelastic material (HVE) model enabled the analysis of repeated uniaxial load on stress propagation and damage accumulation in white matter.
In the proposed FEM, oligodendrocyte connections to axons are depicted via a spring-dashpot model. This tethering technique facilitates contact definition at various locations, parameterizes connection points and varies stiffness of connection hubs. Results from a home-grown FE submodel configuration of a single oligodendrocyte tethered to axons at various locations are presented. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) are computed between stress-strain plots to depict trends in mechanical response. Steady-state dynamic (SSD) simulations show stress relaxation in axons. Gradual axonal softening under repetitive loads is illustrated employing Prony series - HVE models. Representative von-Mises stress plots indicate that undulated axons experience bending stresses along their tortuous path, suggesting greater susceptibility to damage accumulation and fatigue failure due to repeated strains.
A Review of the Design and Implementation of Digital Twins for Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Ali Shafahat , Abdallah Said , Pervaiz Salman 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The current massive use of machine learning and the 5G networks have supported the high demand for the digital twin and made it more popular and common in the industrial sector and scientific research related to smart manufacturing. As part of this research study, the currently available opportunities for smart manufacturing using digital twins have been reviewed and discussed in the industry 4.0 field. While digital twins have garnered much attention in the industrial internet of things, their use in smart manufacturing has been much less common. This discussion here focuses on the open challenges in smart manufacturing and industry 4.0 and suggests that in some cases. Digital twins should be treated differently to enhance industrial processes and smart manufacturing applications. On the other hand, this research examines the impact of digital twins on smart manufacturing and sustainable production rates, aiming to promote the industry’s digital transformation to meet the required production rate. The research discussed the digital twin concept and its origins and perspectives from academia and industrial sectors. It reveals its potential for the digitalization of manufacturing. Also, the review discussed how the digital twins could support the integrated, flexible, and collaborative manufacturing environments associated with the fourth industrial revolution.
Different industrial operational technologies and communication technologies have profoundly changed smart manufacturing. Intelligent and automated information exchange, automated machine control, and interoperable production systems have all been enabled by Industry 4.0. System-level CPS and digital twins can collaborate through Smart Service Platforms for Digital Twins. In addition to optimizing production configurations, the digital twin is used to determine the impact of decisions made during modifications or upgrades. By analyzing the predictive maintenance of manufacturing lines, the time between production delays will be reduced. A specific alarm or notification will be sent to the user to enable them to take quick action. A digital twin application analyzes and simulates data by controlling, monitoring, and optimizing variables based on various factors in both online and offline modes. This study seeks to evaluate the evolution of digital twin concepts and their relevance to smart manufacturing. It summarized and explained the current state of digital twins in manufacturing literature, highlighting future directions for studies and the highest potential for future applications.