bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Plague Immunity in Experimental Animals
Authors: Jawetz E. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse protective tests are described which permit the accurate and reproducible titration of the anti-infectious and antitoxic antibodies in hyperimmune antiplague rabbit sera. The potency of such sera can be expressed in provisional standard units based on a standard serum the use of which eliminates erroneous results due to fluctuations in mouse susceptibility, strain virulence, or environmental conditions. The sera of rabbits given 3 intravenous injections of live avirulent P. pestis on alternate days have a content of protective antibodies which is at a maximum within one week after the last antigen administration and falls to a more or less constant level 3 to 5 weeks later. Only exceptional animals can be pushed to a higher level by frequently repeated injections. No correlation is apparent between the antitoxic and protective titer of a given serum. It is certain, however, that a detectable level of antitoxic antibodies is attained in rabbits only if a re-stimulating injection is given 3 to 4 weeks after the primary series of injections of antigen. The re-stimulation induces a sudden rise in antitoxin-titer, but does not effect the level of protective antibody except for the production of a brief and fleeting negative phase. Mice immunized actively by the injection of live plague vaccine develop not only anti-infectious immunity, but also significant antitoxic resistance. The significance of the results and the possible role of serum antibodies in the mechanism of immunity to P. pestis infection are discussed.
Semliki Forest Virus
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Mahaffy A. F. , Haddow A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Technics have been found for intracerebral neutralization tests and intra-abdominal protective tests with the Semliki Forest virus. By means of these immunological tests the Semliki Forest virus has been differentiated from the viruses of yellow fever, Bwamba fever, St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis, and from the West Nile virus. A limited immunity survey among humans residing in 4 widely separated areas of Uganda was made. It revealed that individuals residing in each of the areas sampled possess protective antibody against the Semliki Forest virus. The incidence of humoral antibody in the 4 areas, and among different age groups within them, was sufficiently variable to emphasize the specificity of the tests and to point to recent activity of the virus in widely separated areas having no contact. Sera from 20 species of African wild animals have been examined for the presence of antibody. Humoral immunity was present in individuals of 6 different species—all of them primates. The high incidence of humoral immunity among Cercopithecus nictitans, together with its relatively high susceptibility, point to the possibility that in the wild state this species may be frequently attacked by the virus. The studies reported in this and the preceding paper indicate that the Semliki Forest virus is probably an entity hitherto unknown.
The Progressive Hydrolysis of Pneumococcus Soluble Specific Substance As Measured by Complement-Fixation and Specific Antibody-Nitrogen Precipitation
Authors: Brown Rachel , Robinson Lucena K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The effect of prolonged hydrolysis by acid and by alkali on the soluble specific substances of pneumococcus types 1, 3, and 8 has been measured by complement-fixation tests with samples taken at frequent intervals, and in types 3 and 8 by antibody-nitrogen determinations also.
The initial effect of the acid on types 1 and 3 was an early and rapid increase in activity, in that the hydrolyzed material combined with a larger volume of serum in both reactions. At the same time, a change was indicated in the type of the reaction to one fixing less complement and in which less antibody nitrogen was precipitated per given volume of serum.
At the beginning, the effect of the alkali on the type-1 paralleled that of the acid in that a rapid increase occurred in the amount of serum with which the samples reacted. No such rise was evident in the alkaline hydrolysis of type 3.
The end results of the acid and alkaline hydrolyses respectively were similar for types 1 and 3; practically complete destruction by acid, and, with the alkali, a stable residual activity equivalent to about 10 per cent of the original.
The action of the alkali was more rapid on the type-3 soluble specific substance than on the type-1, while in contrast the action of the acid was slower. The insolubility of the type-3 polysaccharide in the acid undoubtedly influenced the speed of hydrolysis.
Type-8 soluble specific substance was attacked so rapidly by both acid and alkali that comparisons with other types, and between the different values for this type were indeterminate.
Anticomplementary properties developed on hydrolysis of types 3 and 8 but not type 1, especially by alkali. In these two cases the precipitation of non-antibody nitrogen was particularly noticeable. The latter property was evidenced at a later period than the former.
Boiling acid and alkali differ in their effect upon pneumococcus soluble specific substance. The changes that occur appear to be both quantitative and qualitative. In the alkaline hydrolyses quantitative changes predominate.
Studies on Inflammation
Authors: Weiss Charles , Halliday Nellie 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The present observations on the kinetics of Cathepsin II extracted from the organs of normal animals strikingly parallel the observations of Lurie. He has previously shown that during the course of a primary blood-stream infection of normal rabbits with tubercle bacilli, the latter are more effectively destroyed in the spleen and liver than in the kidneys and lungs. Our data indicate that the speed with which the enzymes of the first two organs hydrolyze benzoyl-l-arginineamide (BAA) is much greater than that of the latter. The rank order of activity is: spleen τ; liver τ; kidney τ; lung.
The heightened physiological activity and the accelerated local inflammation observed by Lurie as a result of reinfection with virulent tubercle bacilli was accompanied in our experiments by an accelerated rate of activity of Cathepsin II from spleens, lungs, and kidneys. Immunization of rabbits with an avirulent strain of tubercle bacilli did not increase the speed of hydrolysis by endocellular proteinases, just as it failed to increase the specific phagocytic capacity of the cells for tubercle bacilli in Lurie's experiments.
Studies on the Meningococcidal Activity of Blood
Authors: Matsunami Toitsu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been found by the pipet method that normal rabbit blood and serum are capable of killing considerable numbers of virulent normal meningococci in vitro within three hours. The meningococcidal activity in vitro of normal rabbit blood was found to be increased up to a certain limit by the intravenous injection of the living and autolyzed meningococci. After that, further immunization did not appear to increase bactericidal activity, was generally rather irregular and not infrequently even decreased meningococcidal activity of the blood. The more highly immunized rabbit's blood was found sometimes less bactericidal than that of slightly immunized rabbit's blood. The meningococcidal activity of normal rabbit's serum has been found not to be increased by artificial immunization and also to be comparable with that of defibrinated blood of an immune rabbit. The meningococcidal activity in vitro of immune rabbit's blood was found by the pipet method to be distinctly stronger than that of the serum, of defibrinated blood or of blood consisting of blood cells and serum or of citrated blood. It was suspected that at least one factor in explaining the higher meningococcidal activity in vitro of immune rabbit's blood compared with defibrinated blood, citrated blood and serum lies in the influence of coagulation of the blood, which is permitted in the regular blood test as described, favoring the phagocytosis of meningococci. The meningococcidal blood test can not be accepted on the basis of the present investigation for the purpose of measuring or determining the artificially induced immunity against meningococci.
However, as pointed out by Dr. Heist (1) the bactericidal blood test described possesses the advantage of employing whole blood; hence when this method is used any mechanism of immunity existing in the blood, may be brought into direct relation with the microorganism. Moreover, in this test any antibacterial factors existing in the blood, and the influence of individual variation of fluid constitutent as well as phagocytes in blood, upon the bactericidal activity of the blood, have equal chance to come into play. Furthermore, it was found that a parallelism between the bactericidal activity of the blood and resistance to certain bacteria including meningococci, exists under normal conditions (1) (2). Therefore, the bactericidal blood test described may be regarded as a method possessing definite value for the measuring the natural resistance of the organism for certain microorganisms especially for meningococci, inasmuch as with respect to meningococci no accurate method sufficiently reliable to serve as a definite measure of antibody content has yet been devised for measuring immunity to this microorganism (16).
I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Yutaka Nakamura for advice and asistance in carrying out this work.
Natural Antihuman Hemolysins and Hemagglutinins in Horse Sera in Relation to Serum Therapy
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Matsumoto Motomatsu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Inasmuch as the intravenous injection of persons with large amounts of immune horse serum as in the serum treatment of pneumonia, is sometimes followed by symptoms not referable to anaphylaxis, the purpose of this investigation was to study normal and immune horse sera for hemagglutinins and hemolysins for human erythrocytes to ascertain whether intravascular agglutination or hemolysis are responsible in part for these symptoms.
This study was conducted with agglutination and hemolysin tests in vitro in which normal and immune horse sera and the erythrocytes of different persons were employed; horse sera were found to contain relatively large amounts of agglutinins for the erythrocytes of some rabbits and were injected intravenously into these animals to determine the effects of agglutination and hemolysis in vivo.
An Attempt to Produce Specific Immune Agglutinins and Hemolysins for the Four Groups of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Trist Mary E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Antibodies occurring naturally or normally in sera are seldom if ever as resistant to deleterious influences as immune antibodies, those produced by the body cells during active immunization; accordingly, the natural agglutinins and hemolysins in human sera for the erythrocytes of persons and of the lower animals are as a group thermolabile or heat sensitive and likewise highly susceptible to the deterioration of age and desiccation (1). Some of the natural hemolysins and hemagglutinins and particularly those for sheep corpuscles are more resistant than others, but the isoagglutinins and isohemolysins, which are of particular interest in relation to blood transfusion and the grouping of bloods, are quite sensitive. As a general rule the natural hemolysins are more susceptible to destruction by heat, age and desiccation than the agglutinins and in human serum containing an agglutinin and hemolysin for a particular group of corpuscles, the hemolysin disappears before the agglutinin.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Kosakai Mitsuji 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are presented which demonstrate that precipitin remains unaltered quantitatively and qualitatively in the guinea-pig for several days and that it reacts in the animal body with its antigen in exactly the same manner as it does in the test tube. The experiments furnish further evidence that precipitin and “sensitizin” are identical. The phenomenon of “anti-sensitization” (Weil) is not due to the action of anti-antibodies. It is a non-specific effect the nature of which is obscure. Passive sensitization with washed specific precipitates has generally failed in our hands. The sodium carbonate extract or solution of specific precipitates do not contain free antigen but represents the whole precipitate in solution.
Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Antigenic Properties
Authors: Eberson Frederick 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Types of meningococci have been subjected to ultraviolet treatment and changes in antigenic properties observed. By a technic of agglutinin absorption it has been shown that such modifications are attributable to the physicochemical action of the rays.
Carefully regulated exposures which exclude the influence of heat on the bacterial proteins exert a definite action on the cells. Such treatment appears to favor agglutinin response and to diminish the toxic effects of certain organisms.
The group relationships of bacterial types are brought out quite clearly when under the influence of a physicochemical agent which “unlocks” or alters antigenic properties within the cell.
The action of ultraviolet rays on micro-organisms as observed in these experiments suggests a method for building up an immunity in animals by injections of bacteria exposed to the rays for constantly diminishing periods of time. The importance of working below the lethal dose of ultraviolet rays is obvious.
Certain types of bacteria while supposedly containing only a major antigenic structure actually contain minor antigens also.
There is evidence that a few strains, or probably a single strain of bacteria may suffice for immunizing against a heterogeneous group of organisms.
The experiments suggest that a single protein (antigenic) structure represents the element common to groups of biologically related organisms.
Some Observations on the Constitution of the Complements of Different Animals
Authors: Mackie T. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the past a considerable amount of attention has been paid by serological workers to the complex characters of serum-complement and many attempts have been made to subject complement to more detailed biochemical analysis. Valuable information has thus been obtained regarding the biological action and properties of this important element of animal serum.
The study of complement has been principally based on its cytolytic effects towards red blood corpuscles sensitised with the homologous immune body, and the general tendency of research on this subject has been to elicit the complexity of constitution of complement and the numerous factors on which its action depends.
The fresh serum of the guinea-pig represents with ox corpuscles + rabbit versus ox immune body or cobra venom, one of the most active complements and it has therefore been commonly used for studies on complement action.
Attention was first drawn by Stephens (1) to the hemolytic effect of certain snake venoms along with fresh serum.
On the Placental Transmission of So-Called Normal Antibodies
Authors: Reyman G. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By examinations of the proportion between the amount of antitryptic-acting bodies in the blood of goats and their newborn kids, the titers of the kids were in all cases found to be higher than those of the mother animals.
The titers of the mother animal as a rule increase before parturition.
There seems to be some connection between the growth of the kids and the antitryptic-acting power of the blood, so that the titer of the kid decreases when it thrives badly, and increases when it thrives well, which would agree with the supposition set forth by previous experimentators, that the antitryptic action is connected with a fat or lipoid effect.
A Serological Study of Cholera Immunity
Authors: Umemura Rokuro 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relation of serum proteins to antibodies has been the subject of much investigation in the past, and yet there are a number of points which we do not fully understand. The earliest research published in the literature on the subject is by Widal and Sicard (15) in 1897, who concluded that agglutinin is precipitated together with globulin when the immunized serum is treated with magnesium sulphate. In 1899 Winterberg (16) investigated the action of various protein precipitants and found that agglutinin is almost completely precipitated by sodium sulphate and less completely by magnesium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, sodium acetate and sodium nitrate, while only slightly affected by sodium chloride and potassium chloride. He further stated that animal membranes are impermeable to agglutinin, and that when agglutinin is subjected to dialysis lasting more than a month, its loss seldom exceeds 10 per cent.
Experiments Upon the Production of Antihuman Hemolysin with Special Reference to Immunization with Erythrocytes Sensitized with Heated Serum
Authors: Matsumoto Motomatsu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization of rabbits with unwashed and washed human erythrocytes by intravenous injection every five days, produced similar results in influence upon body weight, mortality, hemagglutinin and hemolysin production. Exposure of human erythrocytes to antihuman serum diluted 1:10 and heated at 70° to 80°C., reduces susceptibility to agglutination and increases susceptibility to hemolysis; immunization of rabbits with these sensitized erythrocytes produced results similar to those observed with plain washed corpuscles. Stromata of human erythrocytes injected intravenously into rabbits may prove fatal; solutions of erythrocytes in distilled water largely free of stromata (shadow corpuscles) were better borne.
The Sachs-Georgi Precipitation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Hull Thomas G. , Faught Eva E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification of the Sachs-Georgi precipitation test for syphilis is described, using clear blood serum and an alcoholic extract of beef heart, either cholesterinized or not. The precipitation test agreed with the Wassermann test in 88 per cent of the cases; in 7 per cent it was more delicate, giving positive results where the Wassermann was negative; in 3 per cent it was negative where the Wassermann was doubtful; in 2 per cent it was negative where the Wassermann was positive. Treatment of the patient apparently affects the results of the precipitation causing it at times to come negative while the Wassermann still is positive. Attempts to determine whether the precipitate formed in this test was entirely responsible for the Wassermann reaction were unsuccessful.
Electrophoretic, Ultracentrifugal, and Immunochemical Studies on Wassermann Antibody
Authors: Davis Bernard D. , Moore Dan H. , Kabat Elvin A. , Harris Ad 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods developed for dissociating Wassermann antibody from specific floccules by 15 per cent NaCl and ether or by alcohol and ether yielded preparations of as high as 87 per cent purity, as measured by the amount of protein removable by antigen.
Serologic tests on serum fractions separated by electrophoresis, and electrophoretic analysis of a preparation of purified antibody, showed the Wassermann antibody to have a mobility intermediate between beta and gamma globulin.
Ultracentrifugal concentration of whole syphilitic serum or electrophoretically separated gamma globulin showed a relative concentration of antibody in the sediment, indicating that a portion of the antibody has a higher molecular weight than the bulk of the globulin. Examination of purified antibody solutions showed that the antibody was associated with both a light and a heavy globulin component, of sedimentation constant 7 and 19 Svedbergs, respectively.
The serologic titer of purified Wassermann antibody was nonspecifically increased 2 to 4 times by the addition of serum albumin or inactivated whole serum.
Electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and purification of antibody failed to show significant differences between a number of syphilitic and false positive sera.
The Rôle of Pathogenicity-Enhancing Substances in Mice Infected with Shigella Dysenteriae (Shiga) and other Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Olitzki L. , Koch P. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two mucin preparations of different origin showed different degrees of effectiveness in enhancing the pathogenicity of intraabdominally injected S. dysenteriae. Fractionation of these mucins showed that the active mucin (N) contained more of an insoluble fraction rich in inorganic substance, mostly aluminum, than did the less effective preparation W. Kaolin, as well as other inert adsorbing powders, activates some carbohydrates. Agar showed a weak pathogenicity-enhancing effect, but was activated by kaolin and other adsorbing powders. Levan itself, as well as carbohydrate fractions (M1) from mucin, showed marked effects, which were enhanced by kaolin. Glycogen and starch were inactive and were not activated by kaolin. The activity of the pathogenicity-enhancing substances was inversely proportional to the rapidity of their elimination from the abdominal cavity. Kaolin and other adsorbing substances retard elimination. Injection of bacteria with kaolin or with agar preceded or followed by an injection of an adsorbent had the same effect as a combined injection of the two substances. The following properties are important for the effect of pathogenicity-enhancing substances: long persistence in the abdominal cavity, ability to adsorb and destroy white cells and, as a consequence, to prevent phagocytosis. The effect is, therefore, not an enhancement of pathogenicity but a depression of the mechanism of natural resistance.
The Relative Susceptibility of Normal and X-Rayed Mice of Different Stocks to Pneumotropic Viruses
Authors: deGara P. F. , Furth J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Different inbred stocks of mice varied in susceptibility to intranasal infections with influenza-B and other pneumotropic viruses. Of the four stocks tested, the black agouti mice (lC3H and C3H) proved significantly more susceptible than the three albino stocks (Swiss, Ak and Rf). Both morbidity and mortality were higher among the black agouti than among the albino mice.
Stock C3H carries the “milk-factor”, a virus-like agent responsible for the high incidence of mammary carcinoma in this stock. However, a genetically identical line, namely lC3H, which is free from this milk-factor, proved equally susceptible to the pneumotropic viruses.
Total irradiation with 300 r given 24 to 48 hours before intranasal infection significantly increased the susceptibility of the mice of all the stocks to small infecting doses of pneumotropic viruses.
A New Method for the Production of Potent Inactivated Vaccines with Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Milzer Albert , Oppenheimer Franz , Levinson Sidney O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Several separate lots of completely inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (Lansing strain) were prepared by means of a new technic of ultraviolet irradiation. The virus was consistently inactivated in less than one second exposure to the source of irradiation. The irradiated poliomyelitis vaccines were proven to be completely inactivated by critical safety tests in mice and monkeys. Mice immunized with two and especially three doses of the irradiated poliomyelitis vaccine developed significant resistance to intracerebral inoculation, and neutralizing antibodies in two to three weeks. The irradiated poliomyelitis vaccine exhibited no significant loss of potency after four and a half months storage at 3 C. On the basis of these results, further and more extensive studies in animals and possibly in man are warranted.