bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Subject of Shared Intention
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Living together is a joint activity. Joint activity involves shared intention. The basic problem in understanding shared intention is knowing what exactly it is that is shared in shared intention. Intention can be analyzed in terms of content, subject, and mode. Content-accounts of shared intention argue that sharedness is limited to content. Subject-accounts argue that shared intentions involve a shared intentional subject. Mode-accounts argue that shared intention involves a special intentional mode. Each of the three alternative accounts struggles with serious objections. The strongest objection against subject-accounts, however, relies on a misconception of the intentional subject.
The Mode of Shared Intention
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Living together is a joint activity. Joint activity involves shared intention. The basic problem in understanding shared intention is knowing what exactly it is that is shared in shared intention. Intention can be analyzed in terms of content, subject, and mode. Content-accounts of shared intention argue that sharedness is limited to content. Subject-accounts argue that shared intentions involve a shared intentional subject. Mode-accounts argue that shared intention involves a special intentional mode. Each of the three alternative accounts struggles with serious objections. The strongest objection against subject-accounts, however, relies on a misconception of the intentional subject.
What Is an Intentional Subject?
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Plural Self-Validation
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Socialization: Joining In
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Social Norms: Doing It Our Way
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Society: Playing Our Roles
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Belisarius & Antonina
Authors: Parnell David Alan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
He was a famous general, victor over the Persians, conqueror of the Vandals and Ostrogoths. She was a first-rate political operative, deposer of a pope, wielder of influence. Together, Belisarius and Antonina were the most powerful couple of the sixth-century Roman world, excepting only their sovereigns and friends, the Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) and Empress Theodora. Belisarius and Antonina found strength in their marriage, which was not just a romance but also an enormously successful partnership. Antonina traveled around the Mediterranean with Belisarius, accompanying him on military campaigns to Mesopotamia, North Africa, and Italy. Together, the pair restored Roman rule to North Africa and Italy. Together, they deposed Pope Silverius in Rome and selected his replacement. Together, they became one of the wealthiest and most powerful couples in the Roman world. However, their relationship was far from perfect. Belisarius and Antonina occasionally argued over their children. Their constant historian, Procopius of Caesarea, accused Antonina of having an incestuous affair with her adopted son, and Belisarius of being too weak to put a stop to it. Even their public careers sometimes went off the rails, as when Belisarius was disgraced for plotting when Justinian fell ill with the plague that would eventually bear his name. Through it all, the partnership of Belisarius and Antonina sustained the couple. It was, without doubt, the most important nonroyal marriage of the century.
Afterlife and Legend
Authors: Parnell David Alan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Belisarius and Antonina have lived on in myth and legend in the roughly 1,500 years since their deaths. This legend began in the Middle Ages, with a Greek tradition first written down in the 10th century in short form and then in a longer, epic form as the Novel of Belisarius in the 15th century. In this legend, Belisarius was blinded by Justinian (r. 527–565) after his last disgrace in 562. The blinded general then had to beg for his bread. This legendary tradition is unlikely to be historical, but was very popular in fictional works, both literary and artistic, about Belisarius. Gradually, this legend lost favor, and in most modern works inspired by the story of Belisarius and Antonina, the Secret History of Procopius is the favored source material. Belisarius and Antonina continue to feature in popular media, from video games to heavy metal music, in the 21st century.
Social Goodness
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Social Goodness presents an original, externalist answer to the question of the source or origin of social role normativity. Rather than ground social normativity in the attitudes of persons, the book argues for an externalism that roots social role normativity in the social world itself, in its positions, institutions, and larger architecture. The core insight of externalism is that the function or structural feature of an enterprise or activity can bring with it normative demands quite independently of the attitudes of those who engage with it. According to the artisanal model, just as a carpenter, a ceramicist, or a chef is responsive to and evaluable under a set of artisanal norms or techniques, so too is a mother and or an academic or a president. The source of normativity is the technique/expertise, and these are independent of the preferences, endorsements, or recognitive attitudes of individuals. The artisanal model for social role normativity has resources to explain both the “stickiness” or persistence of social norms, and our ability to criticize existing norms and to engage in normative self-creation—to create new normative selves. The artisanal model also has resources to capture and express the social situatedness, locality, and materiality of social roles. The relational ontology of social roles, implicit in the artisanal model, provides a useful frame to consider both hierarchical and oppressive social relations.
Social Role Normativity
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Internalists about social role normativity think that an agent is responsive to and evaluable under a set of norms because they prefer them or because they self-legislate them or because the norms have an intersubjective ground. The source of social role normativity for the internalist lies in the subject (or subjects), and in their attitude toward the norm in question rather than in their social position occupancy alone. In contrast, externalists about the source of social role normativity think that an agent is responsive to and evaluable under the norms simply by virtue of their social position occupancy. This chapter presents reasons for adopting the externalist position on the source of social role normativity.
Introduction
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between democracy and exclusion. A genuinely just democracy aims to include all citizens, in some form, in the central decision-making procedures that govern it. This book argues that too many people are unjustly excluded from various goods to which they are entitled, and it examines the mechanisms by which democracies exclude, from their membership and from their territory, to assess when and where exclusions are permissible. This chapter begins with the two major questions that have traditionally occupied the political theory of migration: first, whether states have the right to exclude migrants from their territory and, second, whether people have a basic human right to move. The chapter then considers the moral relevance of inequalities across borders and identifies four clusters of exclusion of non-citizens and citizens alike. The book demonstrates where and when individuals in each cluster of cases are subjected to state power in ways that warrant inclusion.
Subjection and Democratic Boundaries
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing democratic boundaries in general, looking at two alternative principles which explain who should be included and excluded. The all-subjected principle constrains the set of people who are entitled to inclusion to those who are subjected to a set of decisions made by a collective authority over an extended period of time. By contrast, the all-affected principle states that all those who are affected by a given policy choice, including those likely or possibly affected, ought to have a say both in decision-making procedures and in agenda-setting forums. Advocates of the all-subjected principle argue that subjection entitles one to “inclusion” and/or to participatory democratic rights, understood most frequently in terms of access to the vote. The chapter argues that subjection to power, both formal and informal, entitles those who are subjected to access the status of citizen; or, put differently, long-term, life-shaping subjection entitles subjects to protection against forcible and unwanted exclusion from both territory and membership in the form of citizenship status.
Revoking Citizenship Status
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the claim that citizenship status cannot be revoked by a state without the consent of the affected citizen. The thought that citizenship status can permissibly be revoked is central to many states’ responses to citizen-terrorists, who are increasingly subject to denationalization procedures. The chapter begins with an account of the right to citizenship, arguing that the right is inalienable, unconditional, and non-forfeitable. It then considers the claims made by those who argue that terrorist crimes warrant denationalization, assessing the appropriate state response to foreign fighters residing abroad. The chapter also looks at two alleged exceptions to the claim that denationalization is impermissible, namely, that (at least according to some) it is permissible where wrongdoers are dual nationals and where citizens have acquired their citizenship fraudulently. Ultimately, it argues that neither of these claimed exceptions holds much normative weight, concluding that the human right to citizenship is robust.
Visa Issuance and Denial in an Unequal World
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the visa-issuing regime. It begins by placing the visa system in the broader context of strategies that states use to externalize their borders and notes along the way that such a system persists in privileging citizens in relatively wealthier countries by giving them access to a wide range of easily accessible travel options. The distinction between permanent and temporary migration is muddy, in ways that states recognize and respond to, often unjustly. The chapter then considers the specific visa requirements that are attached to gaining the necessary travel documentation, assessing their justifiability. To gain access to visas, applicants must often prove that they are not criminals, or dangerous in other ways; they must prove that they are financially solvent, and often that they really do intend to return to their home countries when their visa expires; and they must consent to the restriction of certain rights, as a condition of accepting the visa for travel. The chapter argues that several of these conditions cannot be justified because they undermine a state’s claim to meet the minimum criteria of immigration justice.
Competition, Innovation, and Disruption
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the diffusion of valuable innovations, which is often slow in healthcare. Even innovations recognized as potentially lifesaving can take many years until they are in general use. Competition often fails to force laggards to accelerate adoption. The chapter argues that dominant firms with market power are reluctant to innovate if transitioning to the new way of doing business is disruptive to ongoing operations. These switchover disruptions are endemic in healthcare. New entrants are blocked from upstaging slow-moving incumbents by high barriers to entry to healthcare markets. The result is a type of stagnation: innovations are welcomed only if they fit nicely with how incumbent firms already operate. It goes on to suggest that increasing demand for value-enhancing and cost-reducing innovations requires reducing the market power of incumbent firms and reducing switchover disruptions.
Dilemmas and Opportunities
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers healthcare innovation, which is too often disconnected from value creation and cost reduction. The reasons for this disconnect run deep, and its consequences for our society loom ever larger as healthcare expenditures take up a rising share of our national income. Connecting innovation to value creation and cost-reduction requires acting on multiple fronts. Incentives for value creation and cost reduction must be strengthened, while investments are made in a data infrastructure adequate to support innovators and implementers. The market power of entrenched incumbents must be reduced, through making markets more competitive. Finally, professional and social norms must be mobilized so that stewardship of scarce healthcare resources is seen as a way to heal patients and society.
Introduction
Authors: Kane Eileen , Kirasirova Masha , Litvin Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Arab world’s two centuries of Russian entanglements have been obscured by the area studies habit of studying the two regions separately, limiting our historical imaginations and obscuring transregional historical forces, networks, and individuals. Russian-Arab Worlds pieces this rich history back together using primary sources—archival, autobiographical, and literary texts—translated from Russian, Arabic, Armenian, Persian, French, and Tatar. Together, these sources show how various Russian/Soviet and Arab governments sought to nurture political and cultural ties and expand their influence, often with unplanned results. They illuminate transnational networks of trade, pilgrimage, study, ethnic identity, and political affinity that state policies sometimes fostered and sometimes disrupted. And they give voice to some of the resourceful characters who have sustained, embodied, and exploited Arab-Russian contacts: missionaries and diplomats, soldiers and refugees, students and party activists, scholars and spies. This Introduction explains how the book uses the terms “Russian” and “Arab”: understood in a capacious geographic sense, these terms denote the internally diverse, fluid, and overlapping societies that originated under tsarist and then Soviet rule and in the Arabic-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. In using these terms, this book neither projects contemporary formations onto the past nor reproduces the nationalist assumptions of those who would reduce these regions to the majority ethnic groups that have dominated them politically in recent years. In fact, the goal is to unsettle these traditional framings, bringing long-forgotten complexities and connections into view.
Shi‘i Worlds Interrupted
Authors: Azarbadegan Zeinab 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Russia’s early nineteenth-century conquest of the South Caucasus imposed new borders that, among other effects, disrupted regional Shi‘i Muslim religious networks. Drawing on documents from the Qajar imperial archives, the chapter reveals how tsarist expansion created new issues for the three empires that met in the region—the Russians, Ottomans, and Qajars—and their regulation of religious institutions and practices. The focus here is on revenue-generating endowments (waqfs) in Yerevan that had long helped sustain the holiest Shi‘i shrines in Ottoman-ruled Karbala and Najaf, and on Shi‘i pilgrimage to these holy sites. This focus on religious networks and practices illuminates some of the consequences of the Russian conquest for Shi‘is living in the South Caucasus, and intersections between religion and imperial diplomacy.
Population Transfer
Authors: Hamed-Troyansky Vladimir , Hamed-Troyansky Vladimir , Obeid Khalid 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The half century before World War I saw mass population movements from Russia to the Middle East. One of the largest of these was the migration of Muslims (muhajirs) from Russia’s North Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire. This chapter focuses on one strand of this mass migration: after anticolonial unrest in the region of Chechnya in 1864, the Russian and Ottoman governments cooperated in resettling thousands of Chechen Muslims in the Ottoman domains. The chapter juxtaposes and analyzes three documents: 1865 reports by the Russian ambassador in Istanbul, Nikolai Ignat’ev, and by the chief of staff of the Caucasus Army, Aleksei Kartsov; and Chechen migrant leader Jantemir’s 1870 petition in Arabic to the Ottoman Interior Ministry. These documents offer insights into how officials in the two empires negotiated the resettlement of Chechens and the migrants’ experience of being moved.
Manufacturing Russian Attachments to Palestine (1894–1903)
Authors: Astafieva Elena , Kane Eileen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter, like the ones before and after it, explores how Russia established the trans-imperial Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, with institutions connecting villages and towns across the tsarist empire to the Ottoman Holy Land. The chapter shows that Russian Orthodox Christians’ spiritual bond with Jerusalem, and their mass pilgrimages to the Holy Land by the late nineteenth century, did not result from spontaneous religious feelings; rather, trained Church and lay leaders systematically cultivated these ties through a massive outreach program under the auspices of the IPPO. To raise funds and inspire pilgrimages to the Holy Land, the IPPO convened “reading sessions” intended for illiterate peasants in remote Russian villages, using the popular late nineteenth-century technology of magic lantern projection shows. This chapter includes the “Rules” for conducting such readings, a list of printed pictures, vistas and other propaganda material, and one sample of a pilgrim narrative written for these readings.
Orthodoxy across Borders
Authors: Kane Eileen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter, like the two before it, is about the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IPPO). The IPPO was a missionary organization that promoted Russia’s shared Orthodox Christian history and culture with Arabs in Palestine and Syria. The IPPO sponsored educational initiatives (both in Russia and across Ottoman Syria and Palestine), and also built and ran medical facilities and churches in the Holy Land. This chapter maps for the first time the vast institutional network the IPPO had built by the eve of World War I: more than 100 elementary schools, as well as medical facilities and churches, and over 50 diocesan branches across the Russian Empire.
Russian and Soviet Oil Exports to the Persian Gulf (1903–1933)
Authors: Kirasirova Masha , Kane Eileen , Kirasirova Masha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter spotlights tsarist and Soviet Russia’s efforts to export goods, particularly kerosene, to the Persian Gulf and neighboring Red Sea region. This export trade developed as part of late imperial Russia’s rapid, capital-intensive modernization; it grew after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Russia’s modernization involved not only its domestic railway network but also a state-funded expansion of Russia’s maritime commercial fleet, ROPiT, into the Persian Gulf. In 1903, ROPiT’s new direct Odessa-Basra service helped Russia join the lucrative European trade with Persia. Russia’s new consulate in Basra worked with its Baghdad counterpart and professional ROPiT agents to bring crates of Baku kerosene and other goods to Iraqi and Persian markets. The USSR inherited this infrastructure, reviving the export trade in the late 1920s to help fund its own rapid modernization. In fact, kerosene was the largest single Soviet export to the Arab world until Arabian Peninsula petroleum reserves were discovered.
Memo to Stalin
Authors: Kirasirova Masha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new Soviet regime had to decide on a diplomatic approach to the so-called foreign East, which included Muslim-majority regions and states in Asia including the post-Ottoman Arab states. This chapter brings to light a memo to Stalin by veteran Armenian diplomat Lev Karakhan (1889–1937), who successfully argued for the Soviet state to invest in contacts with the Hejaz and to reprise pre-Soviet outreach to Mecca and involvement in the hajj. Karakhan saw the Arab states as “vulnerable sites of European imperialism,” and thus, the chapter suggests, as crucial to the global socialist revolution the Soviets were aspiring to promote. This chapter integrates the USSR into the story of European involvement in the post-Ottoman Arab lands. It also highlights the Soviets’ repurposing of tsarist-era policies and institutions to establish themselves in Arabia.