bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Short History of the Informal Economy
Authors: Breman Jan 
Published: February 2023

When coined about half a century ago, employment in the informal economy was discussed by what it was not: formal. Addressed as a sector of the urban workforce, its definition was a summing up of descriptive traits which made manifest how people in the Global South, deprived of most or all means of production, earned their livelihood by selling their labour power. Investigating their predicament zoomed in on the restructuring of peasant economies and societies to post-peasant ones. The anticipated upward mobility, which was supposed to be boosted by the bargaining power of collective action, did not materialise. Rather than expanding formalisation of labour relations, the reverse took place. The small segment which had been promoted to and protected by regular and regulated employment was subjected to informalisation. In the onslaught of neo-liberal capitalism from the last quarter of the twentieth century onwards, labour flexibilisation and casualisation not only intensified in the Global South but also spread to the Global North. The new policies ended the brokerage which the nation–state once developed to mediate between the interests of capital and labour, leading to a worldwide shrinking of public institutions, space and representation. While the debate with regard to informality has remained firmly focused on labour and employment, I argue that corporate capital in collusion with étatist authority has not only effectuated the deregulation of paid work but also abandoned the legal code of formality ending in a state of lawlessness for the people at the bottom of the pile. In the reconfiguration, both politics and governance are next to big business as stakeholders in a regime of informality erosive of equality, democracy, civil rights, solidarity and shared well-being for humankind at large.
KEYWORDS: Capitalism; trade unionism; public sector; welfarism; footloose; self-reliance
Muscle-Specific Contributions to Vertical Ground Reaction Force Profiles During Countermovement Jumps: Case Studies in College Basketball Players
Authors: Kipp Kristof , Kim Hoon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Kipp, K and Kim, H. Muscle-specific contributions to vertical ground reaction force profiles during countermovement jumps: case studies in college basketball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—The purpose of this study was to determine muscle-specific contributions to various types of vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) profiles in collegiate basketball players. Players from a men's (n = 5; height: 1.84 ± 0.14 m; mass: 92.8 ± 11.4 kg) and a women's (n = 5; 1.71 ± 0.09 m; mass: 80.1 ± 17.6 kg) basketball team completed 3–5 countermovement jumps (CMJ) while motion capture and force plate data were recorded. Muscle-specific contributions to vGRF were calculated through vGRF decomposition analysis. Profiles of vGRF were analyzed based on the presence of unimodal or bimodal peaks during the CMJ. The results showed that the soleus (SOL), gastrocnemii (GAS), vastii (VAS), and gluteus maximus (GMX) muscles all contributed to upward vGRF generation throughout the entire CMJ duration. The contributions were greatest for the SOL (1.78 body weight [BW]), intermediate for the GAS (0.96 BW) and VAS (0.72 BW), and negligible for the GMX (0.11 BW). For unimodal vGRF profiles, SOL contributions coincided with peak vGRF, whereas VAS contributions were stable throughout most of the CMJ. For bimodal vGRF profiles, SOL and VAS contributions explained the presence of the first vGRF peak, whereas GAS and VAS contributions explained the second vGRF peak. Differences between vGRF profiles appear to be the result of distinct force contributions from the VAS muscle, which may have implications for the analysis of vGRF time series data during CMJ testing.
The Application of Bio-Emulsion from Soybean Oil Partially Epoxidized as a Maintenance Technique for Flexible Pavements
Authors: da Silva Ataslina de P. , Falcão Caio C. , Uchôa Antonia F. J. , Barroso Suelly H. de A. , Williams Ronald C. , Brito Mateus S. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
An increase in the use of biomaterials has been noted in recent years because of several impacts caused by human activities, especially for engineering and paving industry benefits. Several renewable resources, such as a nonfood source of soybean oil, have been successfully tested on modification of asphalt binders. However, their impact on the pavement life cycle is still unknown. Thereby, the objective of this research was to investigate soybean oil as a new, green supply for the maintenance of flexible pavements. The experimental plan consisted of the construction of field test sections through the application of sub-epoxidized soybean oil (SESO) over a flexible pavement surface. Rates of 0.1 and 0.3 L/m2 were chosen, and the main tests intended for study were functional procedures including the British pendulum and sand patch tests on the pavement surface, which were complemented with the indirect tensile strength test for mechanical analysis. The change in the chemical composition of the recovered binder was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The rheological properties were analyzed by frequency sweep, linear amplitude sweep, and multiple stress creep and recovery, and the tests were carried out with a dynamic shear rheometer. The effects of the SESO bio-emulsion demonstrated a rejuvenating activity on the properties of the aged binder, with mechanical and rheological improvements for both analyzed rates. A further investigation is indicated to evaluate the influence of time on the modification studied in this work. Such testing could ensure the use of SESO bio-emulsion as an environmentally friendly alternative for the maintenance of flexible pavements.
NuRD‐independent Mi‐2 activity represses ectopic gene expression during neuronal maturation
Authors: Aughey Gabriel N , Forsberg Elhana , Grimes Krista , Zhang Shen , Southall Tony D 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDuring neuronal development, extensive changes to chromatin states occur to regulate lineage‐specific gene expression. The molecular factors underlying the repression of non‐neuronal genes in differentiated neurons are poorly characterised. The Mi2/NuRD complex is a multiprotein complex with nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase activity. Whilst NuRD has previously been implicated in the development of nervous system tissues, the precise nature of the gene expression programmes that it coordinates is ill‐defined. Furthermore, evidence from several species suggests that Mi‐2 may be incorporated into multiple complexes that may not possess histone deacetylase activity. We show that Mi‐2 activity is required for suppressing ectopic expression of germline genes in neurons independently of HDAC1/NuRD, whilst components of NuRD, including Mi‐2, regulate neural gene expression to ensure proper development of the larval nervous system. We find that Mi‐2 binding in the genome is dynamic during neuronal maturation, and Mi‐2‐mediated repression of ectopic gene expression is restricted to the early stages of neuronal development, indicating that Mi‐2/NuRD is required for establishing stable neuronal transcriptomes during the early stages of neuronal differentiation.
Targetable Brg1‐CXCL14 axis contributes to alcoholic liver injury by driving neutrophil trafficking
Authors: Li Nan , Liu Hong , Xue Yujia , Xu Zheng , Miao Xiulian , Guo Yan , Li Zilong , Fan Zhiwen , Xu Yong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) accounts for a large fraction of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study we investigated the involvement of Brahma‐related gene 1 (Brg1) in ALD pathogenesis and implication in ALD intervention. We report that Brg1 expression was elevated in mouse models of ALD, in hepatocyte exposed to alcohol, and in human ALD specimens. Manipulation of Brg1 expression in hepatocytes influenced the development of ALD in mice. Flow cytometry showed that Brg1 deficiency specifically attenuated hepatic infiltration of Ly6G+ neutrophils in the ALD mice. RNA‐seq identified C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) as a potential target for Brg1. CXCL14 knockdown alleviated whereas CXCL14 over‐expression enhanced ALD pathogenesis in mice. Importantly, pharmaceutical inhibition of Brg1 with a small‐molecule compound PFI‐3 or administration of an antagonist to the CXCL14 receptor ameliorated ALD pathogenesis in mice. Finally, a positive correlation between Brg1 expression, CXCL14 expression, and neutrophil infiltration was detected in ALD patients. In conclusion, our data provide proof‐of‐concept for targeting the Brg1‐CXCL14 axis in ALD intervention.
The prehistory of kláusti, klausýti, and their related forms revisited
Authors: Yamazaki Yoko 
Published: February 2023

The Baltic verbs, Lith. kláusti ‘to ask questions’, klausýti ‘to listen’, Latv. klàust ‘to ask questions’ and klàusît / klaũsît ‘to listen’ exhibit intriguing morphological and accentological distributions. For a long time, this has interested linguists as shown by numerous previous studies starting with Schulze (1904). Despite several proposals put forward so far, researchers have not yet agreed on a historical interpretation of the acute tone of Lith. kláusti, or on the historical relationship of kláusti to its cognates not only in Balto-Slavic but also in Indo-European languages. In this paper, all the relevant data and hypotheses available to the current author will be examined again, and a more probable historical interpretation will be sought.
Orman yakma suçuna ilişkin Yargıtay kararları üzerine bir inceleme
Authors: CESUR İlknur , BULUT Alper 
Published: February 2023

Orman yakma suçu ve uygulanacak yaptırımlar, 6831 sayılı Orman Kanunu’nda düzenlenmiştir. Özellikle son yıllarda iklim değişikliğinden kaynaklanan etkilerin daha yoğun hissedilmesi ve Türkiye’de terör amaçlı yangın çıkarma eylemi de sıklıkla başvurulan bir suç olmasından dolayı orman yangınlarına ilişkin kanundaki düzenlemelerin önemi gittikçe artmaktadır. Yangının başlaması için gerekli olan yanıcı, yakıcı ve tutuşturucu unsurların bir araya gelmesiyle ortaya çıkan orman yangınları, kuraklık ve rüzgârın etkisiyle kısa sürede çok geniş alanlara yayılabilmektedir. Türkiye’de yaşanan orman yangınlarının yalnızca %2’si yıldırım düşmesi gibi doğal yollarla meydana gelmektedir. Geriye kalan %98’lik kısmında, insan faktörünün etkili olduğu bilinmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, öncelikle Orman Kanunu uyarınca orman yakma suçu ve unsurları ile 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu (TCK)’ndaki yangına sebebiyet verme suçu, taksir ve kasıt ile işlenen orman yakma suçu ve 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu (TBK)’nun ilgili hükümleri bir arada değerlendirilecektir. Ardından orman yangınlarına sebebiyet verme şeklinde ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklara ilişkin yargı kararları incelenerek, orman yangınlarının ardından ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklara ilişkin yargısal süreç analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır.
Bionomics of Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Different Climates of Leishmaniasis in Fars Province, Southern Iran
Authors: Azizi Kourosh , Soltani Zahra , Aliakbarpour Mohsen , Rezanezhad Hassan , Kalantari Mohsen 
Published: February 2023

Background: Phlebotomus and Sergentomya are distributed in the old-world regions and transmit leishmaniases through mammalian and reptile hosts. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important diseases in Iran. Irani­an sand flies belong to three Oriental, Palearctic, and Afrotropical Regions. Fars Province is located in Palearctic, but southern parts are affected Oriental region situations on phglebotomine population variety. Therefore, a comprehensive study was required on the vectors of the disease in this Province.
Methods: Regarding the approved role of the environmental factors in creating the fauna and distribution of living crea­tures, the “de martonne climate method” was used, and the climate was noticed as an important environmental factor for the determination of vector distribution. Accordingly, 14 sampling sites were selected from 10 foci in different climates of Fars Province. 19648 sand flies were collected from the studied areas in this Province during 2016.
Results: Phlebotomus papatasi and Se. antennata were the most frequent species, which were caught from in/outdoor areas. Phlebotomus sergenti and Ph. alexandri were caught from both Palearctic and Oriental zones but were more prevalent in the cold semi-arid climate of the Palearctic zone. Moreover, they were not caught from the hot desert and summer Mediterranean climates of the Oriental zone.
Conclusions: It seems that Ph. papatasi as the main vector of CL could be well distributed in different climates in Fars. Moreover, some species like Ph. sergenti preferred especial climates in the Palearctic zone. Therefore, these data could be helpful to control leishmaniases more efficiently.
Early Joint Use Following Elbow Dislocation Limits Range-of-Motion Loss and Tissue Pathology in Posttraumatic Joint Contracture
Authors: Reiter Alex J. , Schott Hayden R. , Castile Ryan M. , Cannon Paul C. , Havlioglu Necat , Chamberlain Aaron M. , Lake Spencer P. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Simple elbow dislocation occurs at an incidence of 2.9 to 5.21 dislocations per 100,000 person-years, with as many as 62% of these patients experiencing long-term elbow joint contracture, stiffness, and/or pain. Poor outcomes and the need for secondary surgical intervention can often be prevented nonoperatively with early or immediate active mobilization and physical therapy. However, immobilization or limited mobilization may be necessary following trauma, and it is unknown how different periods of immobilization affect pathological changes in elbow joint tissue and how these changes relate to range of motion (ROM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of varying the initiation of free mobilization on elbow ROM and histological features in an animal model of elbow posttraumatic joint contracture.

Methods:
Traumatic elbow dislocation was surgically induced unilaterally in rats. Injured forelimbs were immobilized in bandages for 3, 7, 14, or 21 days; free mobilization was then allowed until 42 days after injury. Post-mortem joint ROM testing and histological analysis were performed. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare ROM data between control and injured groups, and Pearson correlations were performed between ROM parameters and histological outcomes.

Results:
Longer immobilization periods resulted in greater ROM reductions. The anterior and posterior capsule showed increases in cellularity, fibroblasts, adhesions, fibrosis, and thickness, whereas the measured outcomes in cartilage were mostly unaffected. All measured histological characteristics of the capsule were negatively correlated with ROM, indicating that higher degrees of pathology corresponded with less ROM.

Conclusions:
Longer immobilization periods resulted in greater ROM reductions, which correlated with worse histological outcomes in the capsule in an animal model of posttraumatic elbow contracture. The subtle differences in the timing of ROM and capsule tissue changes revealed in the present study provide new insight into the distinct timelines of biomechanical changes as well as regional tissue pathology.

Clinical Relevance:
This study showed that beginning active mobilization 3 days after injury minimized posttraumatic joint contracture, thereby supporting an immediate-motion clinical treatment strategy (when possible). Furthermore, uninjured but pathologically altered periarticular tissues near the injury location may contribute to more severe contracture during longer immobilization periods as the disease state progresses.
Neurological Survivorship Following Surgery for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Authors: Yick Victor Hin Ting , Zhang Changmeng , Wong Janus Siu Him , Ng Samuel Yan Lik , Wong Nicholas San Tung , Wang Hongfei , Koljonen Paul Aarne , Shea Graham Ka Hon 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Long-term data on postoperative neurological survivorship for patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) undergoing decompressive surgery are limited. The purposes of this study were to assess neurological survivorship after primary decompressive surgery for DCM and to identify predictors for postoperative deterioration.

Methods:
A longitudinal clinical data set containing surgical details, medical comorbidities, and radiographic features was assembled for 195 patients who underwent a surgical procedure for DCM between 1999 and 2020, with a mean period of observation of 75.9 months. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted, and a log-rank test was performed for the univariate analysis of factors related to neurological failure. Lasso regression facilitated the variable selection in the Cox proportional hazards model for multivariate analysis.

Results:
The overall neurological survivorship was 89.3% at 5 years and 77.3% at 10 years. Cox multivariate analysis following lasso regression identified elevated hazard ratios (HRs) for suture laminoplasty (HR, 4.76; p < 0.001), renal failure (HR, 4.43; p = 0.013), T2 hyperintensity (HR, 3.34; p = 0.05), and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) (HR, 2.32; p = 0.032). Subgroup analysis among subjects with OPLL demonstrated that the neurological failure rate was significantly higher in the absence of fusion (77.8% compared with 26.3%; p = 0.019).

Conclusions:
Overall, patients who underwent a surgical procedure for DCM exhibited an extended period with neurological improvement. Cervical fusion was indicated in OPLL to reduce neurological failure. Our findings on predictors for early deterioration facilitate case selection, prognostication, and counseling as the volume of primary cervical spine surgeries and reoperations increases globally.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
No Benefit of Adductor Canal Block Compared with Anterior Local Infiltration Analgesia in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Pic Caroline , Macabeo Caroline , Waissi Emran , Lasselin Philippe , Raffin Mahé , Pradat Pierre , Lalande Laure , Lustig Sebastien , Aubrun Frederic , Dziadzko Mikhail 
Published: February 2023

Background:
An adductor canal block (ACB) performed by an anesthesiologist is an established component of analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Alternatively, surgeons may perform periarticular local infiltration analgesia (LIA) intraoperatively. We hypothesized that ACB would be superior to anterior LIA in terms of morphine consumption in the first 48 hours after primary total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia.

Methods:
This prospective controlled and blinded trial included 98 patients; 48 received an ACB plus sham (saline solution) anterior LIA, and 50 received a sham (saline solution) ACB plus anterior LIA. Both groups received posterior LIA with local anesthetic. The primary outcome was cumulative morphine consumption at 48 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes were pain while resting, standing, and walking, rehabilitation scores, opioid-related side effects, and patient satisfaction.

Results:
No difference in the primary outcome was found, and the 48-hour morphine consumption was low in both arms (28.8 ± 17.6 mg with ACB, 26.8 ± 19.2 mg with anterior LIA; p = 0.443). Pain scores were significantly better in the anterior LIA arm, but the differences were not clinically relevant. There were no differences in any other secondary outcome measures.

Conclusions:
LIA may be used as the primary option for multimodal postoperative pain management in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty with spinal anesthesia.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Resorption of Lumbar Disk Herniation
Authors: Hornung Alexander L. , Baker James D. , Mallow G. Michael , Sayari Arash J. , Albert Hanne B. , Tkachev Alexander , An Howard S. , Samartzis Dino 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Resorption after lumbar disk herniation is a common yet unpredictable finding. It is hypothesized that nearly 70% of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) undergo the resorption to a significant degree after acute herniation, which has led to nonoperative management before surgical planning.

Methods:
This narrative review on the literature from 4 databases (MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and Cochrane) examines historical and recent advancements related to disk resorption. Studies were appraised for their description of the predictive factor (e.g., imaging or morphologic factors), pathophysiology, and treatment recommendations.

Observations:
We reviewed 68 articles considering the possibility of resorption of lumbar HNP. Recent literature has proposed various mechanisms (inflammation and neovascularization, dehydration, and mechanical traction) of lumbar disk resorption; however, consensus has yet to be established. Current factors that increase the likelihood of resorption include the initial size of the herniation, sequestration, percentage of rim enhancement on initial gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), composition of inflammatory mediators, and involvement of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Conclusion:
Heterogeneity in imaging and morphologic factors has led to uncertainty in the identification of which lumbar herniations will resorb. Current factors that increase the likelihood of disk resorption include the initial size of the herniation, sequestration, percentage of rim enhancement on initial MRI, composition of cellular and inflammatory mediators present, and involvement of the posterior longitudinal ligament. This review article highlights the role of disk resorption after herniation without surgical intervention and questions the role of traditional noninflammatory medications after acute herniation. Further research is warranted to refine the ideal patient profile for disk resorption to ultimately avoid unnecessary treatment, thus individualizing patient care.