bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to pathogen exposure in sentinel juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon in the Sacramento River, CA
Authors: Abdelrazek Samah M R , Connon Richard E , Sanchez Camilo , Atencio Benjamin , Mauduit Florian , Lehman Brendan , Hallett Sascha L , Atkinson Stephen D , Foott J Scott , Daniels Miles E 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study investigated how the deployment of juvenile Chinook salmon in ambient river conditions and the subsequent exposure to and infection by pathogens was associated with the changes in the expression of genes involved in immune system functioning, general stress and host development. Juvenile fish were deployed in sentinel cages for 21 days in the Sacramento River, CA, USA. Gill, kidney and intestinal tissue were sampled at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post-deployment. Pathogen detection and host response were assessed by a combination of molecular and histopathological evaluation. Our findings showed that fish became infected by the parasites Ceratonova shasta, Parvicapsula minibicornis and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and to a lesser extent, the bacteria Flavobacterium columnare and Rickettsia-like organisms. Co-infection was common among sentinel fish. Expression of investigated genes was altered following deployment and was often associated with pathogen abundance. This study provides a foundation for future avenues of research investigating pathogens that affect out-migrating Chinook salmon in the Sacramento River, and offers crucial knowledge related to conservation efforts.
Temminck’s pangolins relax the precision of body temperature regulation when resources are scarce in a semi-arid environment
Authors: Panaino Wendy , Parrini Francesca , Kamerman Peter R , Hetem Robyn S , Meyer Leith C R , Smith Dylan , van Dyk Gus , Fuller Andrea 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Climate change is impacting mammals both directly (for example, through increased heat) and indirectly (for example, through altered food resources). Understanding the physiological and behavioural responses of mammals in already hot and dry environments to fluctuations in the climate and food availability allows for a better understanding of how they will cope with a rapidly changing climate. We measured the body temperature of seven Temminck’s pangolins (Smutsia temminckii) in the semi-arid Kalahari for periods of between 4 months and 2 years. Pangolins regulated body temperature within a narrow range (34–36°C) over the 24-h cycle when food (and hence water, obtained from their prey) was abundant. When food resources were scarce, body temperature was regulated less precisely, 24-h minimum body temperatures were lower and the pangolins became more diurnally active, particularly during winter when prey was least available. The shift toward diurnal activity exposed pangolins to higher environmental heat loads, resulting in higher 24-h maximum body temperatures. Biologging of body temperature to detect heterothermy, or estimating food abundance (using pitfall trapping to monitor ant and termite availability), therefore provide tools to assess the welfare of this elusive but threatened mammal. Although the physiological and behavioural responses of pangolins buffered them against food scarcity during our study, whether this flexibility will be sufficient to allow them to cope with further reductions in food availability likely with climate change is unknown.
Association of Later-Life Weight Changes With Survival to Ages 90, 95, and 100: The Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Shadyab Aladdin H , Manson JoAnn E , Allison Matthew A , Laddu Deepika , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Van Horn Linda , Wild Robert A , Banack Hailey R , Tabung Fred K , Haring Bernhard , Sun Yangbo , LeBlanc Erin S , Wactawski-Wende Jean , LeBoff Meryl S , Naughton Michelle J , Luo Juhua , Schnatz Peter F , Natale Ginny , Ostfeld Robert J , LaCroix Andrea Z 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Associations of weight changes and intentionality of weight loss with longevity are not well described.

Methods
Using longitudinal data from the Women’s Health Initiative (N = 54 437; 61–81 years), we examined associations of weight changes and intentionality of weight loss with survival to ages 90, 95, and 100. Weight was measured at baseline, year 3, and year 10, and participants were classified as having weight loss (≥5% decrease from baseline), weight gain (≥5% increase from baseline), or stable weight (&lt;5% change from baseline). Participants reported intentionality of weight loss at year 3.

Results
A total of 30 647 (56.3%) women survived to ≥90 years. After adjustment for relevant covariates, 3-year weight loss of ≥5% vs stable weight was associated with lower odds of survival to ages 90 (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64–0.71), 95 (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.60–0.71), and 100 (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49–0.78). Compared to intentional weight loss, unintentional weight loss was more strongly associated with lower odds of survival to age 90 (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74–0.94 and OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.44–0.55, respectively). Three-year weight gain of ≥5% vs stable weight was not associated with survival to age 90, 95, or 100. The pattern of results was similar among normal weight, overweight, and obese women in body mass index (BMI)-stratified analyses.

Conclusions
Weight loss of ≥5% vs stable weight was associated with lower odds of longevity, more strongly for unintentional weight loss than for intentional weight loss. Potential inaccuracy of self-reported intentionality of weight loss and residual confounding were limitations.
Filling In: Family Member Support for Nonrelative Residents in Long-Term Care Homes
Authors: Baumbusch Jennifer , Cooke Heather A , Sloan Yip Isabel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Past research about family involvement in long-term care (LTC) homes mainly focuses on family members’ involvement with their own relative, interactions with staff, and collective activities such as Family Councils. Our research provides novel insights into family member’s involvement in the care of residents who are not their relatives, an area that has not previously been explored.

Research Design and Methods
This critical ethnographic study examined ways that family members negotiate and navigate their roles within LTC homes. Data collection and analysis took place at 3 LTC homes in British Columbia, Canada, between 2014 and 2018. Data were collected through participant observation and semistructured interviews. Eleven family member participants shared experiences of caring for residents who were not their relatives.

Results
The umbrella theme was “filling in,” which takes place in a care environment that is understaffed and underresourced. The subthemes reflect the various ways that families are “filling in”: responding to resident’s needs, supporting staff to respond to resident needs, and filling in for residents’ families.

Discussion and Implications
Caring for residents who are not their relatives is facet of family involvement in LTC homes that has not been previously explored. Many family members have expertise in providing person-centered care and they extend this expertise to residents who are not their relatives. Policies and legislation are needed to formalize family involvement in caring for nonrelative residents as it is a component of quality of care for all residents.
Lost in Transition: Explaining Authoritarianism in Peru
Authors: Merino Roger 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT∞
International reports by human rights organizations coincide that the government of Dina Boluarte in Peru has responded to social mobilization with disproportionate actions by public forces. Whereas recent scholarship explains the rising authoritarianism in the country to the weakness of political actors, this article provides a different interpretation by focusing on the political and economic legacies of the authoritarian government of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000). Post-Fujimori governments have been unable to complete a double transition: a transition to consolidate democracy and a transition to advance towards a postconflict society. Rather, they have empowered economic elites and have deepened stigmatization and repression of social mobilization. To understand current authoritarianism, it is important to identify where concrete power resides and how state practices respond to the influence and needs of powerful actors.
An arbitrary-order discrete rot-rot complex on polygonal meshes with application to a quad-rot problem
Authors: Di Pietro Daniele A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this work, following the discrete de Rham approach, we develop a discrete counterpart of a two-dimensional de Rham complex with enhanced regularity. The proposed construction supports general polygonal meshes and arbitrary approximation orders. We establish exactness on a contractible domain for both the versions of the complex with and without boundary conditions and, for the former, prove a complete set of Poincaré-type inequalities. The discrete complex is then used to derive a novel discretization method for a quad-rot problem, which, unlike other schemes in the literature, does not require the forcing term to be prepared. We carry out complete stability and convergence analyses for the proposed scheme and provide numerical validation of the results.
Homotopy Theories of (∞, ∞)-Categories as Universal Fixed Points With Respect to Weak Enrichment
Authors: Goldthorpe Zach 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We show that both the $\infty $-category of $(\infty , \infty )$-categories with inductively defined equivalences, and with coinductively defined equivalences, satisfy universal properties with respect to weak enrichment in the sense of Gepner and Haugseng. In particular, we prove that $(\infty , \infty )$-categories with coinductive equivalences form a terminal object in the $\infty $-category of fixed points for enrichment, and that $(\infty , \infty )$-categories with inductive equivalences form an initial object in the subcategory of locally presentable fixed points. To do so, we develop an analogue of Adámek’s construction of free endofunctor algebras in the $\infty $-categorical setting. We prove that $(\infty , \infty )$-categories with coinductive equivalences form a terminal coalgebra with respect to weak enrichment, and $(\infty , \infty )$-categories with inductive equivalences form an initial algebra with respect to weak enrichment.
Differentiating Siegel Modular Forms and the Moving Slope of 𝒜g
Authors: Grushevsky Samuel , Ibukiyama Tomoyoshi , Mondello Gabriele , Salvati Manni Riccardo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We study the cone of moving divisors on the moduli space ${\mathcal{A}}_{g}$ of principally polarized abelian varieties. Partly motivated by the generalized Rankin–Cohen bracket, we construct a non-linear holomorphic differential operator that sends Siegel modular forms to Siegel modular forms, and we apply it to produce new modular forms. Our construction recovers the known divisors of minimal moving slope on ${\mathcal{A}}_{g}$ for $g\leq 4$, and gives an explicit upper bound for the moving slope of ${\mathcal{A}}_{5}$ and a conjectural upper bound for the moving slope of ${\mathcal{A}}_{6}$.
Crossing the Rubicon: The Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 as an Authoritarian Crucible
Authors: Katsaroumpas Ioannis 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s and 1990s, Conservative Governments contemplated but ultimately refused direct interventions in strikes in essential services as unenforceable and ineffective. The Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 crosses this Rubicon. It does so not by a participatory framework but by granting Ministers and employers virtually unrestrained powers to restrict (and effectively prohibit by neutralising the impact of) industrial action by imposing minimum service levels. This article offers a critical account of the Act based on three main claims. First, it argues that the Act is shaped by what is termed ‘coercive dual unilateralism’, an authoritarian crucible of three elements: (i) executive unilateralism, (ii) employer unilateralism and (iii) coercion (severe sanctions compounded by chilling legal uncertainty of ill-defined duties). Secondly, it challenges the Government’s claim of the Act’s compliance with ILO standards and Article 11 ECHR as a misconstruction. Thirdly, it finds that the Act satisfies all three authoritarian markers (stifling of dissent, direct state coercion, elevation of social order as an external justification for restrictions) identified in Bogg’s seminal account of the TUA 2016 as a shift away from neo-liberalism to authoritarianism. But it resists a ‘beyond neo-liberalism’ conclusion. Instead, it argues that the Act should be seen as the product of a ‘strong-weak' state (strong in power, weak in securing consent) that seeks to fortify neo-liberalism against a sharpened contestation reflected in the current strike wave.
Robust Response of the Clinical Laboratory to the COVID-19 Pandemic despite Significant Challenges
Authors: Ondracek Caitlin R , Genzen Jonathan R , Lockwood Christina M , Das Saswati , Kang Phillip , Melanson Stacy E F 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Clinical laboratories immediately provided rapid, reliable, and high-throughout diagnostic testing for COVID-19, which was an essential component in combating the pandemic. As the pandemic evolved, the clinical laboratory was faced with additional challenges. However, there are limited studies on the impact of the pandemic on the clinical laboratory over the past 3 years.

Methods
The American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) sent 8 surveys over a 32-month time period to international clinical laboratory leadership asking questions about COVID-19 testing, supplies, staffing, and lessons learned.

Results
There were a total of 191 unique respondents: 133 laboratories in the US and 58 laboratories from 37 other countries participated. By May 2020, more than 70% of laboratories offered COVID-19 diagnostic testing with average turnaround times ranging from 1 to 24 h. Daily COVID-19 testing volumes peaked in January of 2022 at a median of 775 tests per day. Throughout the pandemic, supplies and staffing concerns increased. In most of the 8 surveys, 55% to 65% of laboratories reported they were unable to obtain supplies. Obtaining reagents and test kits was the most problematic. Staffing challenges continue to be a significant concern and most laboratories have struggled hiring testing personnel.

Conclusions
Survey results were utilized to demonstrate the impact of the pandemic on the clinical laboratory community, and importantly, findings were presented to the White House Coronavirus Taskforce. Overall, the clinical laboratories had a robust response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and despite ongoing and evolving challenges, continue to provide rapid diagnostic testing.
Determining prescriptions in electronic healthcare record data: methods for development of standardized, reproducible drug codelists
Authors: Graul Emily L , Stone Philip W , Massen Georgie M , Hatam Sara , Adamson Alexander , Denaxas Spiros , Peters Nicholas S , Quint Jennifer K 
Published: August 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a standardizable, reproducible method for creating drug codelists that incorporates clinical expertise and is adaptable to other studies and databases.Materials and MethodsWe developed methods to generate drug codelists and tested this using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database, accounting for missing data in the database. We generated codelists for: (1) cardiovascular disease and (2) inhaled Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) therapies, applying them to a sample cohort of 335 931 COPD patients. We compared searching all drug dictionary variables (A) against searching only (B) chemical or (C) ontological variables.ResultsIn Search A, we identified 165 150 patients prescribed cardiovascular drugs (49.2% of cohort), and 317 963 prescribed COPD inhalers (94.7% of cohort). Evaluating output per search strategy, Search C missed numerous prescriptions, including vasodilator anti-hypertensives (A and B:19 696 prescriptions; C:1145) and SAMA inhalers (A and B:35 310; C:564).DiscussionWe recommend the full search (A) for comprehensiveness. There are special considerations when generating adaptable and generalizable drug codelists, including fluctuating status, cohort-specific drug indications, underlying hierarchical ontology, and statistical analyses.ConclusionsMethods must have end-to-end clinical input, and be standardizable, reproducible, and understandable to all researchers across data contexts.
289 The Timing of Pharmacologic Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Initiation for Burn Patients with Concomitant Trauma
Authors: Castanon Lourdes , Anand Tanya , Bhogadi Sai Krishna , Colosimo Christina , Ditillo Michael , El-Qawaqzeh Khaled , Gries Lynn , Hosseinpour Hamidreza , Joseph Bellal , Nelson Adam , Spencer Audrey 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Hospitalized burn patients are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Clinical guidelines regarding thromboprophylaxis in burn patients with concomitant trauma are unclear. We aimed to compare the outcomes of early versus late thromboprophylaxis initiation for burn patients with concomitant trauma.

Methods
A 3-year analysis of 2017-2019 TQIP. We identified all adult burn patients with concomitant trauma who received thromboprophylaxis. We excluded patients that had severe TBI (Head AIS &gt; 2), were transferred, those that died &lt; 24 hours of admission and those that underwent hemorrhage control surgery. Patients were stratified based on the timing of initiation of postoperative thromboprophylaxis: Early (&lt; 24 hours of admission) versus Late ( &gt;24 hours). Multivariate regression analyses were performed. Outcome measures were odds of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), unplanned return to OR, unplanned ICU admission, post-prophylaxis PRBC transfusion and in-hospital mortality.

Results
9,272 trauma patients with concomitant burns who received thromboprophylaxis were identified. Overall, mean age was 41.3 ± 13.4 years, 71.5% were male, and median ISS was 3 [1-8]. 53% had second degree burns, and 39% had more than 10% of total body surface area affected. Median time to thromboprophylaxis initiation was 11 [6-20.6] hours. On multivariate regression, patients who received thromboprophylaxis after 24 hours of admission had 1.8 times higher odds of developing DVT (aOR=1.8, 95% CI=1.04-3.11, p=0.03), 4.8 times higher odds of developing PE (aOR=4.8, 95% CI=1.9-11.9, p&lt;.001), 2 times higher odds of unplanned ICU admission (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.4-3.1, p&lt;0.001), and nonsignificant increase in the odds of unplanned return to OR (aOR=2, 95% CI=0.96-4.31, p=0.06). Further, early thromboprophylaxis was not associated with increased odds of post-prophylaxis PRBC transfusion (aOR=1.1, 95% CI=0.8-1.4, p=0.4), and in-hospital mortality (aOR=0.68, 95%CI=0.4-1.1, p=0.13) compared to patients who received late thromboprophylaxis.

Conclusions
Early VTE prophylaxis in burn patients is associated with decreased rates of DVT and PE, without increasing the risk of bleeding and mortality. VTE prophylaxis may be initiated within 24 hours of admission to reduce VTE in this high-risk patient population.

Applicability of Research to Practice
This work will guide the timing of initiation of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in burn patients with concomitant trauma
292 Augmented Renal Clearance in Burn Patients: Incidence and Discordance with Standard Creatinine Clearance Estimation
Authors: Mueller Scott W , Blass Brittany , Davis Julia N , Deeter Lyndsay A , Gibson Cameron , Kohler Amber D , Wiktor Arek J 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon that occurs in some critically ill populations. ARC is associated with drug failure, commonly antimicrobials, due to subtherapeutic drug exposure. Patient specific factors for ARC have not been well described in the burn population. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence and patient characteristics associated with ARC in those admitted to a burn service for a mixed severity of illness.

Methods
Consecutive adult patients admitted to an ABA verified burn center were screened under an institutional collaborative practice agreement for identification of ARC via a 12-hour urine collection (UC-12). Data was collected retrospectively under an IRB approved protocol. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was calculated directly from UC-12 whereas Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) was calculated using a standard equation with adjusted body weight when applicable. A UC-12 CrCl greater than 130 mL/min was considered ARC and all values were compared to C-G estimations. Descriptive and inferential analyses were non-parametric using a two-sided alpha value of &lt; 0.05 as significant.

Results
A total of 53 patients over 8 months completed a UC-12 with a median 2 (range 1-9) collected during hospitalization. The population was largely male (81%), without trauma (91%), median age 43 (interquartile range [IQR] 35.5-58.5), total body surface area (TBSA) 20% (IQR 7.25-23.55), with thermal injuries (91%). Of the 53 patients, ARC was identified during hospitalization in 68%. There were no significant differences in median age, TBSA, proportion of trauma, or thermal burn between patients with ARC and those without (41 vs 48 years, 20.25 vs 13%, 11 vs 6%, and 94 vs 82%, respectively; p &gt;0.1 for all). Of the 117 UC-12 measurements, ARC was identified in 61.5%, occurring a median 9 days (range 0-72) post injury. Overall median UC-12 CrCl was 148 mL/min (IQR 105-199) and C-G estimation was 139 mL/min (IQR 106-162) with a median discordance of 16 mL/min (IQR -14-58). Discordance of 30mL/min or more (positively or negatively) was frequent comparing actual CrCl to estimates using C-G (58%).

Conclusions
ARC, as directly measured by UC-12, is common in a mixed burn population. Additional research is required to identify patients at increased risk for ARC and subsequent drug dosing strategies to maintain efficacy without undue risk of toxicity.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Widely accepted estimations of CrCl may result in incorrect drug dosing and commonly underestimates actual CrCl which has implications for drug clearance, and therefore, dosing. Patients with ARC likely require dosing that exceeds FDA recommendations when titration to a dynamic effect or real-time pharmacokinetics are unavailable. Timed urine collection for CrCl calculation should be considered in the burn population.