bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anderson and Goldman on Identifying Experts
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares two approaches to the problem of how I, as a layperson, can choose between the conflicting claims made by rival experts. The first has been proposed by Alvin Goldman; the second by Elizabeth Anderson. The chapter argues that Anderson’s approach to the problem of identifying experts is preferable to Goldman’s because it is less ideal. Indeed, it is a good example of non-ideal institutional epistemology. This chapter therefore tackles the problem of identifying experts in an indirect fashion, by contrasting two approaches to the problem. The indirect approach is appropriate because the chapter has two distinct aims. The first is to argue for a non-ideal institutional approach to the problem of identifying experts. The second is to illustrate the contrast between ideal and non-ideal epistemology via a detailed case study.
Intellectual Autonomy
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that intellectual autonomy is not just an epistemic ideal or goal that many of us frequently and predictably fall short of but also an epistemic goal that often frustrates our other epistemic goals. In striving to be intellectually autonomous, we run the risk of not achieving our other—usually more valuable—epistemic goals. This has important implications for the debate about epistemic paternalism. In this debate, intellectual autonomy functions as an ideal, in that it puts strict limits on the extent to and ways in which we can interfere with the inquiries of others. But, if we sometimes do better not to try and preserve intellectual autonomy, objections against epistemic paternalism lose much of their force.
A new dataset mapping the content of coalition agreements
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on describing the extensive COALITIONAGREE dataset on the content of coalition agreements that has been newly compiled for this book. The COALITIONAGREE dataset covers as many as 229 coalition agreements that have been negotiated by 189 parties between 1945 and 2015 in 24 West and East European countries. The COALITIONAGREE Dataset is not only much more comprehensive than previous dataset as the authors cover more cabinets, countries, and a longer time period, but most importantly, they also provide the first content analysis that allows for studying which policies are settled in coalition agreements. The dataset is based on a comprehensive content analysis of coalition treaties that draws on human coders to identify and measure the content of coalition agreements. This chapter explains in detail how the coalition agreements were collected and how their content was coded.
Preference configuration and coalition agreements
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 5 starts with an assessment of how the preference configuration in coalition governments influences the content of coalition agreements. It is argued that ideological conflict in coalition cabinets positively affects issue attention as coalition parties have stronger incentives to negotiate a detailed policy agenda that constrains their coalition partners when intra-cabinet conflict is high. However, it is posited that this effect is conditioned by preference tangentiality and the overall salience of policy issues among cabinet partners as the incentives to engage in lengthy negotiations about a policy compromise increase with the salience of an issue but decrease as tangentiality rises. The results presented in this chapter support this argument.
Introduction: Sugar and Energy
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Beginning with the present-day importance of alternative energy options due to climate change, this chapter problematizes the Brazilian ethanol industry. Connected to Brazil’s long history of sugar production, the industry’s development links agricultural, industrial, developmental, environmental, social, and political histories with nationalist interests in a domestic non-petroleum fuel option. Focused on Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, the chapter explores the central human and environmental actors involved in the development of Proálcool and the region’s ascendance as the largest ethanol-producing region in the country by the late twentieth century. By exploring the stakes of Brazilian ethanol’s historical development, this chapter introduces questions about the nature of development in Brazil, the costs associated with the non-fossil fuel energy’s expansion, and the the possibilities of moving beyond oil for fuel in the present day.
Lakes of Sacrifice
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the broader environmental devastation that the ethanol industry’s expansion brought on rural waterways with the growth of the National Ethanol Program (Proálcool). Sugar and ethanol producers liberally dumped the liquid byproduct of ethanol distillation, vinasse, in waterways for decades before the program’s creation with a detrimental impact on public health outcomes in sugar producing regions. Regulation of vinasse dumping slowly expanded as constituents of these regions demanded government intervention to slow private industry’s destruction of local flora and fauna. Despite legislation, the scale of the ethanol program drove an exponential increase in vinasse production, which increased public doubt about the program’s long-term viability in the 1980s.
Proálcool, Caneworkers, and the Guariba Strikes of 1984
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the temporary rural workers known as boias-frias, In May 1984, workers went on strike in Guariba, a sugar-producing hub within Ribeirão Preto, to demand better working conditions and compensation. Their actions briefly brought ethanol production in the dominant region to a halt and eventually led to the country’s first collective bargaining agreement between rural workers and sugar and ethanol mill owners. Their mobilization amplified growing dissent about Proálcool under the military dictatorship. The strikes drew attention to exploitative labor policies that drove the program’s growth, ultimately contributing to a shift in public opinion on the program by the late 1980s.
Epilogue
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue traces the fifteen years after Brazilian ethanol’s ascendance as a global fuel source in 2003. Ethanol’s lower carbon emissions than gasoline and competitive pricing with high cost petroleum of the mid-2000s promoted global enthusiasm for the alternative fuel as a potential global clean energy option. Instead the ethanol market endured a bust cycle that mirrored ethanol’s collapse in the late 1980s and petroleum’s historical boom-bust cycles. Comparing these cyclical turns in both fuel markets challenges assumptions about alternative energy industries and provides insight into what a transition to a carbon-free, green energy economy might look like in the near future.
A Short Modern History of China’s Soft and Sharp Power Approaches
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how and why China wielded soft and sharp power in the 1990s and early 2000s, when it was weaker but it was beginning to come out of its shell diplomatically, and project power in Asia and, to some extent, in other parts of the world. (The author wrote a book about Chinese soft power in this period, entitled Charm Offensive.) The chapter examines the goals of this earlier soft, and to some extent sharp, power, offensives, and talks about how limited they were compared to today’s efforts. It also discusses how these offensives enjoyed some success, due to the way in which China wielded soft power.
Opportunities
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Some of the motivations for China’s expanded soft and sharp power campaigns today were the limits of its earlier charm offensive, the seismic changes in Chinese domestic politics during the era of Xi Jinping, the growing appeal of China’s developmental model amidst democracies’ domestic problems, and the simple fact that China is becoming a major global power—economically, strategically, and diplomatically. As a more dominant power, Beijing needs a bigger set of tools to protect and expand its strategic and economic reach, across a far broader array of regions, and to mitigate the growing anger in some countries over China’s more assertive diplomacy and foreign policy choices. But a major factor behind this expanded campaign as well was opportunity—particularly, the opportunity to wield sharp power. Many democracies seemed quite vulnerable to sharp power. And by the 2010s, China had greater resources to deploy on sharp power tactics that already had begun to show promise, and was learning from Russia’s sharp power examples that showed weaknesses in other countries to sharp power. Australia and New Zealand were some of the first to face serious Chinese influence in their political systems and media.
Controlling the Pipes
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Even as China attempts to use the control over media and information it has amassed, it is also working to dominate the “pipes” through which information moves and to wield influence in “old-fashioned” ways like controlling student groups, politicians, think tanks, and other organizations in foreign countries. More specifically, these pipes include the physical telecommunications networks for wireless and wired data; mobile phones and other devices that display information; tools that create the Internet of Things; tools that allow for surveillance; leading search engines, web browsers, and social media platforms; and the standards that govern the internet. This control of pipes potentially gives China enormous control over how other countries’ internets and media operate, and indeed over the global internet. In addition, China is wielding an increasingly sophisticated influence operation in many countries over students, politicians, and other centers of power.
China’s Mixed Effectiveness
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Despite significant media coverage suggesting Beijing is enjoying great success in its global media and information expansion and its covert influence tactics in other countries, in reality its success has been mixed. This mixed success is important for policymakers in other states to keep in mind. Beijing’s efforts to use influence over media and information for political gains have not always proven a stirring success; Beijing is actually falling behind in its influence and information approaches now because it has alienated so many countries with its aggressive diplomacy, its linkage with Russia, its increasing military assertiveness regarding Taiwan, and its own self-imposed isolation from the world. Indeed, even before Beijing alienated so many countries in 2021 and 2022, China’s attempts to use its state media, and its sharp control of media outlets, for tangible gains had run into major roadblocks, although it is still enjoying some degree of greater success with its covert, old-fashioned influence tactics.
Arranging Marriage, Negotiating Dharma
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Mali family, whose socioeconomic and familial dynamics epitomize the lifestyles of the emerging middle classes. It focuses on shifts in the attitudes and practices surrounding the marriage of the eldest daughter, Kavita, and her experiences and narratives of desire related to education, marriage, and working outside of the home. As practices surrounding these issues include negotiations of caste, life stage, and gendered dharma—practices that are rapidly changing to conform to middle-class sensibilities—this chapter illustrates how the intersections of class and dharma “work” in the everyday lives of upwardly mobile Hindu women. Kavita’s appeals to her middle-class status to justify emerging aspirations and create a life for herself as a middle-class woman, wife, and mother that is different than her own mother’s life demonstrate how class identity functions to enable young women to expand traditional boundaries of dharma.
Solah Somwar and Conjugal Dharma
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how ritual and dharmic relationships between husbands and wives are changing in the context of emerging middle-class nuclear families in Pulan. It focuses on one married couple’s decision to take up the popular ritual practices of the Solah Somwar vrat (16 Monday fast), a four-month ritual period dedicated to the deity Shiva. Solah Somwar is increasingly observed by young married couples who perform weekly fasts and rituals together at the temple to jointly maintain the ritual purity of the home. This chapter show how these shared, public performances sanction an emerging dharma of conjugality in which husbands and wives in nuclear families become committed, and obligated, to one another as their desires for middle-class lifestyles merge. It highlights the emergence of a kind of purushadharma, or male/husband dharma, whereby men develop desires and orientations toward the home and their wives—in their capacity as husbands—that operates similarly to stridharma.
New Neighborhood, New Dharma
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how dharma shifts when families move into new neighborhoods. It focuses on the experiences of one woman, Shubha, whose family moved out of Pulan into a more elite middle-class neighborhood and her difficulty to embody a new dharmic identity even as the decisions she makes regarding how to raise her daughters with different bodily practices will enable them to do so. It revisits themes of education, marriage, and work, but emphasizes nonritual aspects of middle-class dharma, such as fashion, food, leisure, and hospitality, and the role of the body in reflecting and producing classed dharmic identities.
Transgressing Boundaries
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores some of the most popular televised teen dance programs (and the best documented) of the 1950s. These included American Bandstand, The Big Beat, The Buddy Deane Show, The Milt Grant Show, and The Art Laboe Show. The chapter explains the rise and importance of the hundreds of local teen dance shows that popped up around the country. It also describes how although American Bandstand is one of the best-remembered of these shows, there were many others across the country that featured local youth from the city and surrounding area with whom studio and home audiences could identify. The chapter details what the programs looked like, how they were produced, and how they recruited both participants and musical guests. It also explores how the notions of family and ideas about 1950s “containment” ideology filtered into the shows.
Conclusion
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The conclusion offers a critical discussion of Sesame Street’s legacy. It juxtaposes findings from the book as well as more contemporary research on Sesame Workshop’s international endeavors with literature from the Workshop itself. Comparing the differences in these two strands of literature and the diverging histories of the organization they narrate, this chapter explores how the Workshop’s use of a narrow and very particular version of its international business and history has affected its ability to reflect critically on its own historical practices. The conclusion links the Workshop’s persistence in maintaining an idea of a universal view of children’s needs to broader criticism of how the ignorance of US-led international liberalism works to maintain the power of an elitist US worldview.
In the palace doghouse
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In December, 69 CE, on one of the last days in a calendar like no other, only a mattress and a wooden door stood between the pale winter light and the panting body of that year’s third emperor of Rome. The mattress smelt of dogs but most of the dogs had gone. This was a small room in a palace of large rooms but even its smallest rooms looked large to Aulus Vitellius when there was no one anywhere left behind.
Care for what we eat
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Poisoning was not easy. Like so much else, from putting on a toga in the morning to preparing for bed, it required trusted staff, some four or five slaves for the toga alone. Few could ever be trusted enough. It was never certain that Augustus’s wife, Livia, was a poisoner. She had a luxurious garden of rare herbs and a decorated dining room which reminded her guests of her opportunities to poison them as they ate. Food was part of an individual’s character and the character of a whole people. A tongue was for talking and for eating. In street language, poetry and the farces of the stage, it was for sex. The Latin tongue was as special for the Romans as their land. The flatterer and the glutton, the names already beginning their life on the Palatine, were extremes of the same use of the lingua Latina.
A wolf by its ears
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For the servants of the Palatine the hereditary succession of a new head was in one way as normal as death itself: a son replaced a father and the house went on, upwards or downwards. So it was with the Vitellii. It was novel for this process to apply to everywhere. Rome had been ruled by autocrats before, appointed for emergencies; never in the five hundred years since it expelled its kings had it experienced autocrats in a dynastic succession. Even early in his reign Tiberius spoke of returning Rome from his one-man rule to rule by the few and the many. But he was ‘holding a wolf by its ears’, he sighed. Was it safer to keep holding the wolf and endure its struggle or to let the wolf go and risk the jaws of civil war? He could not let it go.
Between the emperor and his heir
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Back in Rome, the Vitellii brothers were an ever more contrasted pair. Publius, the elder, was a traditional politician of the army, his younger, Lucius, a courtier of the new administration. Publius had linked himself closely to Tiberius’s heir, Germanicus. He was looking to the future. It was common in eastern courts for ourtiers to look far ahead, sometimes too far, to back the next leader while the current leader was still alive. The danger came from seeing inevitability where the incumbent saw a threat. Publius may not have had much choice than to join the new heir in the north of the empire. Or he may have seen the move as his main chance. It had quickly almost cost him his life before his life in politics could begin.
Who killed the prince?
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Four years after the near catastrophe on the northern German shore, Publius was a lucky man with a career still on the rise. He was back in Rome and in the service of Germanicus again. The difference this time was that Germanicus was dead, last seen on duty in distant Antioch, and Publius was prosecuting the man accused as his killer, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, a close friend of Tiberius. To have won the brief was already a sign of his status; it was an honour to champion the heir who, even more so after his mysterious end, was a popular hero. It was also an assignment that could be the ruin of himself, and maybe his family too, as surely as if he had lost his legions in the sea.
Hercules the herdsman
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For four hundred years, food and politics had been indissoluble at Rome. Hercules was a herdsman before he was a hero. The Forum was a food market before it was a centre for politics. There were many early fora, for fish and vegetables. Fora for wine and luxuries followed quickly on. Cooking used to be done by the lowest orders but soon it came to be looked upon as art, divided among specialists who saw themselves as proudly distinctive as members of an orchestra: the man who made the white bread would no more make the brown than a flautist would play the drums. These changes happened very quickly. At the feast to mark Julius Caesar’s third consulship in 46 BCE, two years before his assassination, he for the first time presented four different wines at every table.
Care for cucumbers
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The gastronomic rules of the court were unpredictable. It was pious to praise the people of Italy for living modestly on corn and vegetables even when these were soon to become merely a banquet’s ‘first course’. It was prudent to eat the second and third courses if the emperor was doing the same. As the heir to the throne Tiberius had feasted the people but also curbed excess in his dining rooms. He claimed his luxury was a cucumber. As emperor he would have legislated to ban excess at banquets if he had not feared derision. One man’s excess was another’s proof of power. To be known as a gourmand at court might be a good thing. It showed discernment. A glutton simply wanted to stay the longest at table. That was a crime.
Water on dust
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When Sejanus persuaded Tiberius to retire to the island of Capri, Aulus Vitellius, at the beginning of his teenage years, was an early arrival at the new court. To gossips who weren’t there he was one of the emperor’s playmates for princes, an object for sexual pursuit. He was one of many, it was said, no one special. Lucius Vitellius bought a house on Capri of his own. As a rising man of palace administration he needed to stay in touch. His brother, Publius, undamaged by either his near disaster in the sea marshes of Germany or his defence work for Agrippina, was close to Sejanus. Young Aulus, son of a third generation of servants, discouraged from an army career by the auguries at his birth, was deemed ideal to be a spintria, a brothel boy for sexual entertainments.
Death of the damned
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sejanus might have seen the signs but he did not. He was tricked into returning to Rome and replaced. Tiberius stayed in Capri. The man who had so long flattered Tiberius’s judgement died far from his former master’s sight. On the Groaning Steps it was an easy execution for the executioner, a slow fall to death. Sejanus’s financial fortune swelled the emperor’s funds. The following months were golden times for treasury receipts. Tiberius took emergency measures to stop economic recession. Sejanus’s children followed their father down the Steps. Hardly a man of virtue, Sejanus was merely one of many concerned whether the empire would survive, who should be its emperor and how. He played the game, succeeded for more than a decade and lost. By losing he became remembered as a seducer, a pimp and traitor, with a glutton’s love of food too, that common code for monstrous behaviour.
Goat worship
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Gaius Caligula was not as glamorous as he wanted to seem. He was tall, heavy-bellied, thin-legged, hairier on his body than his head, a somewhat goatish figure, although to use the word goat in his presence was perilous accuracy. Caligula’s brief reign, marked by fantasies of his own divinity, was notoriously hard for those nearby to understand. It helped to know how during six years on Capri he had himself been so extremely adept at surviving. Never, it was said, was there a better servant or a worse master. The maker of that judgement, Passienus Crispus, an autocratic senator in his own house, was adept at walking in the emperor’s train, eating massively or serving at table, flattering beyond the rules of normal reason and answering questions with tact. ‘Have you had sex with your sister?’, Caligula asked Crispus. ‘Not yet’, came the careful reply.