bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De-icing of Runways from the Air
Authors: Briscoe John 
Published: March 2023

As there is apparently no expert in the world on “De-icing Runways from the Air”—and certainly not the author— the best start is to relate something of the difficulties of de-icing runways, the chemicals used and the rival methods of spreading them, and to leave it to the operators of agricultural aircraft to decide whether and how agricultural aviation can do a useful job in freeing runways from the menace of ice.Clearly for the safety of landings and take-offs, runways should be kept clear of anything which reduces the coefficient of friction, whether this reduction is the result of plain wet, snow, ice or slush. It is the objective of the British Airports Authority in common with other airports, to remove precipitation so that one, to use the Canadian expression, “gets down to the black top”—even though one's runway is near-white concrete. When ice forms on an untreated runway, it is liable to key itself to the irregularities of the surface and become difficult to move. Therefore a good plan is to have deposited one's chemicals, when there is precipitation, before the temperature falls to freezing point or else early on in the fall before freezing is too firmly established. However, on occasions, precipitation, as everyone knows, occurs without being forecast or the temperature falls unexpectedly.
A European View
Authors: Mostyn F. E. , Martin P. 
Published: March 2023

I am to argue in favour of strict liability as against the carrier and to oppose the limitation of damages, arguments which I advance with some satisfaction since I happen also to believe them.Strict liability is a doctrine more usually associated with the law of tort than the law of contract but as an injury resulting from an air crash is both contractual and tortious (and it even seems at one time to have been decided in America that the Warsaw Convention had itself created a cause of action), even if it be inelegant from a lawyer's point of view, I shall make no distinction between them. There are enough distinctions to be made on this topic without insisting on the lawyer's habit of mind.
A United States View
Authors: Kennelly J. , Lapham G. 
Published: March 2023

The Legal Committee of the International Civil Aviation Organization met recently in Montreal and decided to recommend a modification of the Montreal Interim Agreement to provide for a novel rule of liability. The rule would make the carrier absolutely liable, regardless of whether the carrier was at fault. The only exception to the rule would be where the passenger or person claiming damages had himself caused or contributed to the accident. The limit of the air carrier's liability would be raised to $100 000.I will attempt to outline not only the current state of the law of aviation, but to critically dissect those provisions of the proposed treaty which I believe to be incompatible with fundamental concepts of justice and equality, and violative of constitutional safeguards of the Constitution of the United States. Recognisably, some of these comments may be controversial, but it is hoped that they will provide luminosity concerning a complex subject and reduce polarisation of views.
Operational Assessment of Air and Sea Launched Guided Weapons
Authors: Lightbody A. 
Published: March 2023

My paper is concerned with Operational Assessment on Air-to-Air, Air-to-Ground and Naval Surface-to-Air Guided Weapons.I will start by describing the strategy and tactics for the use of these weapons to provide the military environment against which operational assessment is carried out. I will then say something of the methods we use of measuring the effectiveness of weapon systems by taking a number of examples and illustrating some of the different approaches we have used in the past.
Local Avoidance of Sonic Boom from an Aircraft
Authors: Hilton W. F. 
Published: March 2023

The sonic boom from an aircraft in level supersonic flight has been studied extensively. What is perhaps not so well known is the effect of a curved flight path in causing a local focus of shock-waves, and accentuated boom, and more particularly the production of a zone of silence, or rather “no boom” in other localities closer to the centre of curvature of the curved flight path than the M=1 radius. A steady shock wave pattern cannot rotate at a subsonic speed. It remains to be determined whether the necessary aircraft flight paths can be tolerated by both passengers and aircraft.The subject is not new, and was theoretically predicted by Bryan and Lamb in 1921, and verified experimentally by the present author in 1938, for the case of propellers or airscrews. Figure 1 shows the effect of progressively tightening the radius of turn of the aircraft.
The Far East Flight of the Southampton Flying Boats, 1927/28
Authors: Livock G. E. 
Published: March 2023

While preparing this paper from old log books, diaries, photographs, etc, I was struck not so much by the advances aviation has made in the past half-century, but by the enormous gulf that divides “flying” in those days from the present day. It is laughable for instance to record that our average speed over the ground for the whole Far East Flight was 70 kt—80 mph, the greatest height we achieved 5500 ft and we had to land for fuel 27 times between England and Singapore. It may be more efficient to be dragged through the air in a tin box at ten times that speed and height, but it is not nearly so much fun.Another thing I realised was how the map of the world has altered in 43 years. Except for a few comparatively small gaps the whole of our flight was over British Empire territory or land dependent on it. Many of the countries we visited in 1927 would slam the door in our faces if we tried to go there in 1970.
Operational Experience with the SRN4
Authors: Jones S. 
Published: March 2023

Seaspeed was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of British Railways to operate high-speed non-conventional marine craft, concentrating initially on the SRN4 hovercraft. As a first preliminary it was decided to establish an SRN6 route across the Solent to gain operating experience. Since those early days, with two SRN6s, two HM2s and two SRNs the company has ferried 1 026 595 fare-paying passengers a total approaching ten million passenger miles.The Solent was chosen for a number of reasons. It was the birthplace of the hovercraft and manufacturers were all readily at hand. The weather conditions in relation to the size of the N6 were judged to be representative of the weather conditions facing the N4 on the Channel. Further, as we saw that successful hovercraft would have to operate in crowded terminal conditions, operating in and out of Cowes would give us valuable experience that we could transfer to N4 operating. Our first N6 route was, therefore, selected as Southampton/Cowes.
The Insurer's View
Authors: Dann David 
Published: March 2023

“Earlier today a wide-bodied jet crashed into the Atlantic with the loss of all 200 passengers.”I am not attempting either to scare you into leaving early or alternatively attempting to copy Orson Welles and his Martian invasion by making this statement— because nothing of tht kind actually happened. What we can be sure of, however, is that in the course of the next decade a similar statement will be issued by the news media of the world. It may not be into the Atlantic, it may be a mid-air explosion or break-up, it may be an incident of landing or take-off. All we can be painfully certain of, is that it will happen, and we in this room today will be more vitally involved than most.
The Application of “Fast-Time” Simulation Techniques to the Study of ATC Systems
Authors: Burford R. J. 
Published: March 2023

Planning for the development of a future air traffic control system, or for the improvement of an existing system, requires a substantiated appreciation of the capacity and performance of the present system and of the projected future system.With the growing volume of air traffic and the advancement of modern technology, ATC planners are concerned with making decisions relating to the organisation, development and control of an increasingly complex and sophisticated dynamic system. In many instances it is no longer possible to decide solely on the traditional basis of experience, intuition and “rule of thumb”, especially when the decision involves the selection of the best of several alternatives, involves the employment of very large sums in capital investment and affects the safety and security of large numbers of human lives. Under these circumstances it has become essential to turn to the Operational Research techniques which have been developed and which are now readily available to derive data on which sound decisions may be based.
Biaxial Yield Criteria
Authors: Mansfield E. H. 
Published: March 2023

The von Mises yield criterion for sheet material under conditions of plane stress is given bywhere σ1, σ2 are the principal stresses in the plane of the sheet and σy is the yield stress under uniaxial tension. If equation (1) is expressed in terms of elastic strains by virtue of the relations:where v=Poisson's ratio and E=Young's modulus, it is
found that whenthe term in ∊1∊2 vanishes and the criterion for the onset of yield simplifies toNow v* is very close to that of most materials of structural interest.
Presidential Address 1974
Authors: Hislop G. S. 
Published: March 2023

It is a very great honour to be the 41st person elected as President of the oldest aeronautical society in the world. I am very grateful to those who have thus shown their confidence in me for this elevated position and to my company, Westland Aircraft Ltd, for its full support in so many ways to the Society, and in particular to me during this Presidential year.Our Society's view of Presidential Addresses is a thoroughly democratic one in that they are not a fixed custom, as in many other professional institutions in the UK. Whether to have one or not is entirely up to the President of the day.
Ancestral Kinship and the Origins of Ideology
Authors: Fasching Neil , Lelkes Yphtach 
Published: March 2023

AbstractFamilies are not only the first institution ever created, they are also, for most people, the first institution ever encountered. The preindustrial family structure, which was a function of local ecology and cooperation needs, instilled family members with different values, such as trust in strangers and respect for elders. These values passed through generations and, as we show in three studies, impact today's political attitudes and policies. First, using surveys of second-generation immigrants representing roughly 180 ethnicities living in 32 European countries, we show that the tighter kinship structure of a person's ancestors predicts right-wing cultural attitudes. Among those who are less engaged in politics, tighter ancestral kinship structure also predicts left-wing economic attitudes. In a second study, we control for country-level differences by comparing ethnic groups within countries and find that ancestral kinship strength predicts right-wing cultural attitudes but not left-wing economic attitudes. Finally, in a third study, we examine the policy implications of ancestral kinship. We show that stronger country-level ancestral kinship strength also increases anti-LGBT policies and welfare spending. Finally, we examine whether value systems link preindustrial kinship with modern political attitudes. In total, this work indicates that our political beliefs are rooted in the value systems and familial institutions created by our forebears.
Local-scale panmixia in the lichenized fungus Xanthoria parietina contrasts with substantial genetic structure in its Trebouxia photobionts
Authors: Wyczanska Maja , Wacker Karoline , Dyer Paul S. , Werth Silke 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMicrosatellite markers can provide valuable information about gene flow and population history. We developed and tested new microsatellites for the nitrophilic lichenized fungus Xanthoria parietina and studied its genetic diversity and structure within the urban area of Munich, Bavaria. We compared its local genetic pattern with that of its photobiont partner Trebouxia decolorans, for which existing microsatellites were applied. For comparison, a reference site with clean air was included in the sampling. We found support for three genetic clusters in the fungus X. parietina, which occurred intermingled in collecting sites. There was a high degree of admixture within fungal populations and individuals, and analysis of molecular variance revealed a lack of population structure in the mycobiont. The Trebouxia photobiont, in contrast, exhibited structured populations which grouped into two to five genetic clusters, and individuals showed less admixture than in the mycobiont. This indicates that the two lichen partners differ in their ability to move around in the landscape. The microsatellite markers we report are polymorphic and are suitable for population genetic studies.
Health technology assessment for oral health in the past decade: a scoping review
Authors: Bhatia Sonal , Mohanty Vikrant , Balappanavar Aswini Y. , Chahar Puneet , Rijhwani Kavita , Gupta Radhika 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
Health technology assessment (HTA) is the systematic evaluation of various properties and effects of a health technology. HTA can serve as a bridge between the world of knowledge and that of decision making, offering decision makers the best summary of scientific evidence. Scoping HTA reports in the context of dentistry can help researchers identify grey areas; help practitioners make evidence-based decisions and further initiate better policy making.

Aim
To provide an overview on HTAs pertaining to oral health and dentistry in the past decade, map the extension and scope of the methodological practices, key findings, and limitations.

Methodology
A scoping review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute framework. A comprehensive search for HTA reports was done through the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment Database from January 2010 to December 2020. Consecutively, electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched. Finally, thirty-six reports were included in this review and analyzed.

Results
A total of 709 articles were initially identified, of which thirty-six met the inclusion criteria. Reviewed HTAs focused on various specialties of dentistry worldwide. Maximum number of reports (N = 5) were related to “prosthodontics and dental implants” and technologies related to preventive dentistry were most commonly assessed (N = 4).

Conclusion
Functional, appropriate, and evidence-based information provided through HTA pertaining to oral health on a regular basis will enable decision makers to have enough data to make decisions on the future use of new technology, modify existing policies, accelerate its translation into practice, and ensure provision of robust dental healthcare services.
The relevance of the African regional human rights system in the urban age
Authors: Pieterse Marius 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn an attempt to reassert the relevance of international human rights law in contemporary urban contexts, this article considers the extent to which the provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights lend themselves to fruitful application in African cities, appropriation by African cities and the development of rights to African cities. The article ultimately argues that, despite the rural inclinations of its drafting context, certain textual shortcomings and the existence of major political hurdles to its effective implementation, the African Charter, as interpreted and applied by the African Commission and African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, is well-placed for the regional human rights system’s adaptation to the urban age.
A bibliometric analysis on the agricultural use of biochar in Brazil from 2003 to 2021: research status and promising raw materials
Authors: Arias Candela Mariel , da Silva Laura Fernanda Simões , Soares Marcio Roberto , Forti Victor Augusto 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Biochar is considered a promising option for the development of sustainable agroecosystems, due to its diverse agronomic and environmental benefits. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out a bibliometric analysis on biochar research in Brazil within an agricultural context, including investigating the raw materials most employed for its production in the country. The analysis was conducted based on a search for scientific articles (peer-reviewed papers) at the Web of Science database (WoS Core Collection) from 2003 to 2020 specifically in Brazil. A performance analysis was carried out by applying a descriptive and metric approach concerning research constituents (authors, institutions, countries and keywords) and science mapping to clarify scientific collaborations and cognitive and intellectual structure patterns regarding the biochar domain in Brazilian research, using the VOSviewer software. The obtained studies were also analyzed individually to classify the different raw materials employed in biochar production. A total of 261 scientific articles met the screening criteria, indicating that the beginning of biochar publications in Brazil took place in 2003, increasing until 2015 and peaking in 2021. Institutions and authors with the highest publication contributions were the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) (Novotny E.), São Paulo University (USP) (Cerri C.) and Federal Lavras University (UFLA) (Melo L.). The United States, Spain, Australia, Germany and the Netherlands present the most collaborations on biochar research with Brazil. The biochar domain was highly associated with the following keywords: biochar, pyrogenic carbon, pyrolysis, charcoal, immobilization, black carbon, soil fertility and soil and characterization. Raw materials of plant origin were the most employed in biochar research in Brazil, with wood residues being the most studied and residues originated from the sugar-energy industry (straw, bagasse and filter cake) identified as exhibiting high potential for future studies. Poultry litter is the most promising animal waste for biochar production, while the use of biosolids can be innovative, contributing to the consolidation of biochar as an option for serious urban waste sanitary management problems.
Multistability and Transient Response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions
Authors: Höning Dennis , Willeit Matteo , Calov Reinhard , Klemann Volker , Bagge Meike , Ganopolski Andrey 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the future fate of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) in the context of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is crucial to predict sea level rise. With the fully coupled Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER‐X, we study the stability of the GIS and its transient response to CO2 emissions over the next 10 Kyr. Bifurcation points exist at global temperature anomalies of 0.6 and 1.6 K relative to pre‐industrial. For system states in the vicinity of the equilibrium ice volumes corresponding to these temperature anomalies, mass loss rate and sensitivity of mass loss to cumulative CO2 emission peak. These critical ice volumes are crossed for cumulative emissions of 1,000 and 2,500 GtC, which would cause long‐term sea level rise by 1.8 and 6.9 m respectively. In summary, we find tipping of the GIS within the range of the temperature limits of the Paris agreement.
Effects of Typhoon In‐Fa (2021) and the Western Pacific Subtropical High on an Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in Central China
Authors: Rao Chenhong , Chen Guanghua , Ran LingKun 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAn extreme heavy rainfall event in Henan Province (HnHRE) of central China in July 2021, which is jointly affected by the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and Typhoon In‐Fa (2021), is comprehensively studied through five experiments conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). The patterns of the WPSH, In‐Fa, and precipitation are well reproduced in the control experiment. The magnitude of potential vorticity (PV) anomaly associated with the WPSH (In‐Fa) is increased and decreased by 50% in the initial condition based on the piecewise PV inversion method, namely, SH150 and SH050 (TC150 and TC050), respectively. The analysis shows that the 54‐hr rainfall accumulations in TC150 and TC050 are reduced by 39.5% and 31.8%, respectively, more than 28.8% in SH150 and 20.1% in SH050, indicating that Typhoon In‐Fa plays a more critical role in the rainfall amplification than the WPSH. This result also confirms that the HnHRE occurs within the quite favorable configuration of WPSH and In‐Fa circulations. The WPSH and In‐Fa majorly control the meridional and zonal moisture transports, respectively. The diagnosis of moist ageostrophic turns out that diabatic heating is closely related to the vertical motion during the HnHRE. Besides, the heavy rainfall region is also closely attributed to the distributions of equivalent potential temperature and divergence.
Seismic Efficiency and Seismic Moment for Small Craters on Mars Formed in the Layered Uppermost Crust
Authors: Rajšić A. , Miljković K. , Wójcicka N. , Collins G. S. , Garcia R. F. , Bredemeyer C. , Lagain A. , Daubar I. J. , Lognonné P. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractSeismic activity generated by impacts depends on impact conditions and properties of the impact site. Here, we combined mapping of the regolith thickness with numerical impact simulations to better estimate the seismic efficiency and seismic moment generated in small impact events in the uppermost crust on Mars. We used mapping of crater morphology to determine the regolith thickness that craters formed in. We found that local regolith thickness in the late Amazonian units is between 4 and 9 m. Combined with previous estimates for the NASA InSight landing site, we composed a more realistic uppermost crust analog and implemented it in numerical impact simulations. We estimated the seismic efficiency and seismic moment for small craters on Mars impacting a non‐porous or fractured bedrock overlaid by 5, 10, or 15 m thick regolith. Seismic energy showed more dependence on target properties. Three orders of magnitude more energy were produced in stronger targets. The seismic moment does not depend on target properties, and we confirm that seismic moment is almost proportional to impact momentum. The resulting seismic moment is in agreement up to a factor of 4 between different target types. We improved the scaling relationships developed from numerical simulations used in seismic moment approximations by constraining its dependence on more realistic target properties.