bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No-Aid Separation, Neutrality, and Religious Schools
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the history of public education in the United States, then considers the Supreme Court’s decisions in cases about government funding of religious schools. The first controversies about such funding arose from a mid-nineteenth century culture war between Protestants, who sought to teach the basics of Protestant piety in “nonsectarian” government schools, and Catholics, who sought equal funding for their own schools. The Supreme Court’s approach to school-funding cases has changed dramatically from a strict no-aid approach during the 1970s, to a permissive approach beginning in the 1990s, to the current approach that requires governments to treat religious schools the same as nonreligious private schools. The chapter argues that the current doctrine, in which neutrality is the reigning principle and religious diversity is facilitated, is truer to the history and theory of disestablishment in America.
Vengeance Is Mine
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Jones Brown Barbara 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Published by Oxford University Press in 2008, Massacre at Mountain Meadows relied on new and exhaustive research to tell the story of one of the grimmest episodes in Latter-day Saint history. On September 11, 1857, southern Utah settlers slaughtered more than 100 emigrants of a California-bound wagon train. In this much-anticipated sequel, Richard E. Turley Jr. and Barbara Jones Brown follow up that volume with an examination of the aftermath of the atrocity. In greater detail than ever before, Vengeance Is Mine documents southern Utah leaders’ attempts to cover up their crime by silencing witnesses and spreading lies about the victims and perpetrators of the crime. Investigations by both governmental and church bodies were stymied by stonewalling and political wrangling. While nine men were eventually indicted, five were captured and only one, John D. Lee, was executed. The book examines the maneuvering of the defense and prosecution in Lee’s two trials, the second ending in Lee’s conviction. It examines the fraught relationship between Lee and church president Brigham Young, including what Young knew of the crime and when he knew it. The book also tells the story of the seventeen young children who survived the massacre and their later return to Arkansas, from where the ill-fated wagon train originated. It traces the fate of the perpetrators to the end of their lives, including the harrowing demise of Nephi Johnson, who screamed, “Blood! Blood! Blood!” in the delirium of his death bed more than sixty years after the massacre.
Too Late
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A cattle raid of a California-bound wagon train goes awry in Southern Utah’s Mountain Meadows, where more than a hundred men, women, and children are massacred on September 11, 1857. Southern Utah leaders William H. Dame and Isaac Haight visit the Meadows the following morning, where they are horrified by the carnage that their armchair orders—to massacre these emigrants because they had learned of white Mormons’ involvement in the supposedly all-Indian cattle raiding—caused. Only seventeen children aged six and under—considered too young to “tell tales”—were spared. As the reality of what they’ve ordered hits them, Dame and Haight argue over who is responsible for the horrid crime and how they will report the massacre to Brigham Young, still serving as Utah’s governor and as president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Forget Everything
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As the massacre perpetrators return to their respective homes in southern Utah, some, including one ringleader named John D. Lee, are proud of what they’ve done and even boast about it. Their experiences in being driven from Missouri and Illinois in recent years has made them fear and even hate outsiders they call “gentiles.” Everyone’s tune changes when an express letter from Brigham Young to Isaac Haight arrives in Cedar City, where many of the massacre participants came from. In response to a September 7 letter Haight had sent to Young asking what should be done with the group of emigrants under siege at the Mountain Meadows, Young wrote Haight to “let them go in peace.” Haight laments that Young’s letter came “too late.” From that time on, massacre leaders seek to cover up their crime by blaming the massacre solely on Indians and silencing those who knew better.
Hostile to All Strangers
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
An Indian agent in Provo, George Armstrong, sends a letter to Brigham Young about what he’s heard about the massacre, and it seems to back up John D. Lee’s report. Between Lee and Armstrong, Young has now heard terrible falsehoods about the slain emigrants and that Indians carried out the massacre on their own. In early October, after the U.S. troops ignore Young’s warning and martial law declaration and continue to advance towards Utah’s settlements, Mormon militiamen accost and burn dozens of army supply wagons. Almost simultaneously, hundreds of miles south in the environs outside of Las Vegas, Indians and their Mormon Indian interpreters steal the cattle herd of the California-bound Turner-Dukes-Collins train.
Fearful Calamities
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Word spreads through Arkansas about the massacre of the emigrant companies via stories printed in California newspapers. Slain emigrants are identified by name, including the families of John T. Baker, Charles Mitchell, Alexander Fancher, Milum Jones, William Cameron, Peter Huff, and others. Aggrieved citizens of Carroll County and Newton County, Arkansas, where many of the slain emigrants were from, hold public meetings and petition the federal government to retrieve and return the young children rumored to have survived. Meanwhile in the West, Shoshone and Bannock Indians attack a Mormon settlement called Fort Limhi, and Thomas L. Kane arrives in Salt Lake City to meet with Brigham Young and other Mormon leaders. On the same day, Congress denies funding to President Buchanan to increase the number of troops. Instead, as urged by Senator Sam Houston of Texas, Congress urges the president to seek a diplomatic solution in Utah.
Join the Know Nothings
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Upon news of the army’s peacefully passing through Salt Lake City and peace having been achieved, thousands of Latter-day Saints return from their makeshift camps in Utah Valley to their homes in the settlements further north. The army cavalcade simultaneously headed south to Cedar Valley, west of Lehi, Utah, where they established Camp Floyd. With an army now occupying Utah, Brigham Young fears for his safety, remembering the fate of his predecessor, Joseph Smith. In southern Utah, John D. Lee, William Dame, and Isaac Haight meet, probably to discuss the fact that U.S. troops were soon expected to head to southern Utah to establish posts there. They are likely also aware that Indian Affairs superintendent Jacob Forney will soon head south to investigate the Mountain Meadows Massacre and to retrieve the surviving children. The massacre leaders remind the people of southern Utah to keep quiet about the crime.
Nothing but Evasive Replies
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Judge John Cradlebaugh becomes frustrated when his grand jury returns no murder indictments for several incidences that occurred in his second judicial district over the past few years, including the Parrish murders. The people of Provo and Spanish Fork submit petitions to Utah governor Alfred Cumming, complaining about the seventy troops that have been stationed outside the courthouse and within city limits. Some prosecution witnesses, however, are fearful for their safety and grateful for the troops’ presence. One of these witnesses is former Cedar City resident Henry Higgins, who testifies that he saw two wagonfuls of Cedar City men, including John M. Higbee, heading for the Mountain Meadows shortly before the massacre. The wagons return not long after, carrying plunder. In a church meeting two weeks later, Isaac Haight publicly “dismissed” Higgins as the city’s herdsman. Higgins later went to Camp Floyd with his story.
Diligent Inquiry
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Superintendent Jacob Forney investigates the Mountain Meadows Massacre as he travels to and throughout southern Utah, enlisting Deputy William H. Rogers as his assistant. They rule out rumors that the slain emigrants poisoned the cattle and springs at Corn Creek before the massacre, determining that would have been impossible. A modern assessment of the descriptions of the death and sickness that occurred near Corn Creek indicates that they were likely caused by anthrax. Forney and Rogers describe the horrific scene of skeletal and other remains they encounter strewn across the Mountain Meadows. At the Santa Clara Fort, they retrieve thirteen of the surviving children, in good spirits though poorly clad like the other local people due to poverty. At Fort Harmony, Forney and Jacob Hamblin interview John D. Lee, who gives a rambling account against the federal government and the troops occupying Utah.
Approach of the Troops
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In his interview with Superintendent Jacob Forney at Fort Harmony, John D. Lee tells the same lies about the massacre that he had earlier shared with Brigham Young. As Forney’s wagon party travels from Harmony to Cedar City with Lee to continue Forney’s investigation, Lee hurries his horse ahead of the group, and Forney never sees him again. At Cedar City, Forney interviews massacre ringleaders Isaac Haight and John M. Higbee, who, like Lee, deny participation in the crime. In Cedar, Forney also retrieves three more survivors, bringing the total to sixteen. As Forney and his party return north, local Indians tell his party that there are two more survivors. Forney deems this rumor important enough to investigate, and sends Deputy William Rogers back to seek additional survivors. Rogers travels with Judge John Cradlebaugh, who is heading south with an army contingent to conduct his own massacre investigation.
Coerce Me to Make a Statement
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
John D. Lee is transported to the Salt Lake penitentiary to await his second trial. William Dame is moved from the penitentiary to Beaver’s Fort Cameron to await his trial but is eventually returned to the penitentiary without trial. Lee is pressured by prosecutor William Carey to testify against Brigham Young and George A. Smith. But George A. Smith dies, and Lee refuses to lie about Young, believing that bearing false witness will damn him eternally. Deputy William Stokes nearly catches Isaac Haight, John Higbee, William Stewart, and Ellott Willden. George W. Adair is finally arrested. Congress refuses to disfranchise the Latter-day Saints, despite efforts from Robert Baskin and others. Officers responsible for holding and prosecuting Lee are replaced. William Nelson replaces George Maxwell as marshal. Prosecutor William Carey is sacked, to be replaced by Sumner Howard. Dame is released.
A Fine Romance
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Central to A Fine Romance: Adapting Broadway to Hollywood in the Studio System Era is the symbiotic relationship between a dozen Broadway musicals and their Hollywood film adaptations spanning nearly a half century (1927–1972). The romance begins with the stage version of Show Boat and ends with Bob Fosse’s cinematic 1972 re-envisioning of Cabaret. Between these are chapters on The Cat and the Fiddle, Roberta, Cabin in the Sky, Oklahoma!, On the Town, Brigadoon, Call Me Madam, Silk Stockings, West Side Story, and Flower Drum Song. Each chapter addresses the symbiosis between Broadway and Hollywood by examining one to three significant stage musicals and their film adaptation, considering the following questions: How are the two versions similar and different? What motivated decisions to alter or preserve stage elements in the transfer to film? What are the dramatic and musical consequences of these commercial and artistic choices and can they be considered successful? The discussion of these shows and films focuses on the connections between song and story, but the book also addresses questions related to the business underpinnings of Broadway and Hollywood, how the relationship between these rival yet collaborative entities evolved, and how the differing commercial and aesthetic models and goals of Broadway and Hollywood created both conflict and harmony. Although the emphasis is on aesthetic and critical issues, the book also engages crucial social issues such as race and ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual identity.
The Hollywood Studio System and a Brief Survey of Film Adaptations from Show Boat to Cabaret
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The first part of chapter 1 explains the organizational structure and goals of the Hollywood studio system from the first sound films in the late 1920s to its gradual but eventual collapse in the late 1950s and 1970s when it was largely replaced by independent filmmakers. Throughout this discussion, the chapter shows how the needs of the studio system were at first incompatible with those of Broadway, which resulted in deliberately unfaithful adaptations, but that in the 1950s, fidelity became profitable as well as critically highly regarded—in short, a Golden Age of film adaptation. The second part of the chapter summarizes the main themes of future chapters, especially the ways the twelve stage musicals and film adaptations are both similar and different, explains why this is so, and describes how each chapter will critically examine and compare the relative merits of these similarities and differences.
1940s Stage Musicals and Their Screen Adaptations
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on three stage musicals from the 1940s and their screen adaptations in the 1940s and 1950s. Cabin in the Sky (stage 1940; film 1943) was the first major film musical to be adapted from an all-Black stage show and only the fourth all-Black major studio film (MGM) of any type. In contrast to the largely forgotten stage version of Cabin, including the virtual disappearance of Katherine Dunham’s choreography, Brigadoon (stage 1947; film 1954) and Oklahoma! (stage 1943; film 1955) were stage hits in the 1940s and have remained popular. Of particular interest are the aesthetic consequences of the decision in the film adaptation of Brigadoon to cast the original singing leads with star dancers (Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse), while eliminating most of Agnes de Mille’s choreography and much of the stage score, and the contrasting decision in the film adaptation of Oklahoma! to retain nearly the entire stage score and choreography, also by de Mille.
Needs, Networks, and Narratives
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Several existing explanations of the factors that lead some to support or participate in violent extremism provide parts of a useful framework yet do not sufficiently integrate the major causal variables into a truly workable theory of what drives certain individuals toward the violent extremist cause. The 3 Ns theory used here argues that individuals will support or participate in violent extremist groups if the organizations’ goals and activities are expected to help meet personal needs. Individuals are most likely to become ideologically committed to the extremist cause because of its promise to meet their psychological need for significance. But in contexts of armed conflict, extremist groups may be sympathized with or attract active support because they are also the best option for meeting security and sustenance needs. But only meeting physical needs does not draw the same ideological commitment that meeting the need for significance does.
Introduction
Authors: Barber-Rioja Virginia , Anderson George 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the jail setting and a review of its unique challenges when compared with other correctional settings such as prisons (e.g., rapid turnover, unknown release dates, high rates of serious mental illness and suicide). The chapter follows with a review of the historical context of the modern American jail system and the factors that led to the overrepresentation of people with mental illness in jails across the country. Finally, the chapter explains the purpose of the handbook (i.e., to advance knowledge on the area of correctional mental health applied to the jail setting and to serve as a call to action for researchers and practitioners to continue developing a scientific base for jail correctional mental health) and provides a short description of all chapters in the handbook.
Identification of Mental Illness in Jails
Authors: Barber-Rioja Virginia , Garcia-Mansilla Alexandra , Rodriguez Elizabeth 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Accurately identifying mental illness for people entering the jail system is important for guiding treatment and management, determining level of care needed, and implementing appropriate reentry plans. However, the process of screening and assessment in jails is challenging, and the stress of the jail environment can make application of diagnostic criteria complicated. A large number of people entering detention have recently used substances, and rates of prior trauma and mental illnesses including personality disorders are elevated. Due to limited resources, mental health staff conducting screening and assessment and assigning diagnoses in jails may not have the required training or experience. This chapter will review best practices for mental health screening and assessment in correctional settings, including use of psychological testing. Finally, the chapter will explore the different motivations to exaggerate, feign, or minimize psychiatric symptoms in jail settings and will provide recommendations for assessment of symptom validity.
Assessment, Treatment, and Management of Individuals With Severe Violence or Behavioral Issues
Authors: Galietta Michele , Garcia-Mansilla Alexandra 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Violence risk assessment and management is perhaps one of the most important areas of focus in a jail setting. Many detained individuals have histories of violence, and others may be more at risk of engaging in aggressive and disruptive behaviors due to the jail environment and court process. This chapter reviews jail-based risk factors, environmental reinforcers, and the functions that violence can serve in jails. The authors discuss security approaches to managing violence and associated pitfalls. The chapter highlights the use of behavioral interventions and associated challenges including difficulty establishing realistic and appropriate reinforcers and collaborating with non–mental health partners. The authors describe a dialectical behavioral therapy–informed specialized treatment unit for patients with complex needs who engage in violence and other disruptive or harmful behaviors (e.g., self-injury). This chapter emphasizes the importance of the treatment and security teams working together to optimize interventions, prevent burnout, and increase safety.
Psychopharmacology in the Jail Setting
Authors: Kushner Danielle B. , Stossel Lauren M. , Khan M. A. “Omar” 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Psychotropic medications are an important part of mental health treatment in the jail setting. Together with other therapeutic modalities, medications can help relieve newly identified, ongoing or worsening psychiatric symptoms, which may be exacerbated by the stress of incarceration. The jail environment presents particular challenges to diagnosis and medication treatment, including environmental factors, risk for diversion and abuse, formulary limitations, and thus psychiatric prescribers may need to modify community recommendations. Recognition of the limitations of psychopharmacology in this setting and avoidance of polypharmacy is also important with this challenging patient population. This chapter offers guidance on procedural and specific medication-related concerns for psychiatric prescribing in jails.
Multicultural Considerations
Authors: Oryema Nadia , Subedi Bipin , Barber-Rioja Virginia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The provision of mental health services in American jails requires a working understanding of the societal forces that shape the American criminal legal system and the culture and experiences of those who are incarcerated. Structural inequities that exist in American society have led to the overrepresentation of certain racial and sexual minorities in the criminal legal system, which, in turn, can impact clinical presentations and decision-making by correctional health care staff. This chapter will provide an overview of the relationship between race, sexual and gender identity, and jail incarceration in the United States. It will apply this information to the correctional clinical setting and provide guidance and tools to help mental health clinicians working in jails deliver clinical care that is culturally and structurally informed.
Jail Reentry and Diversion
Authors: Foellmi Melodie , Rotter Merrill 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Jail-based treatment is both constitutionally guaranteed and necessary for the safety and stability of incarcerated persons. While most states provide discharge planning, the scope of services varies. At the systems level, jail-based discharge planning may be challenged by lack of adequate jail-based resources, lack of connection with the community providers, and an uncertain and short length of stay in jail. At the individual level, discharge planning may be challenged by loss of community supports and client refusal. This chapter describes best practice models and standards for discharge planning from jail and associated predictors of successful community reintegration for clients returning as part of a court-based diversion or reentering the community without a mandate, with a particular focus on the role of jail-based staff.
Beyond the Meridian
Authors: Freedman Samuel G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the childhood of Hubert Humphrey. It starts with Kentucky resisting granting equal rights and equal protection across the color line. In a community that venerated farmers and hunters, Humphrey was more of an indoor creature, a prodigy in his grade school class, and the adoring son of a bookish father who ran the local drugstore. The chapter elaborates on Humphrey’s school life at Donald High School. After dropping out of college, Humphrey joined his father and brother in Huron, but they were back to the ninety-eighth meridian and the straitened circumstances it marked as he and his brother slept in the basement of the Huron store.
The Silken Curtain and the Silver Shirt
Authors: Freedman Samuel G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the experience of living in Jewish Minneapolis. It tackles the rally sponsored by a homegrown fascist group called the Silver Legion of America (also known as the Silver Shirts), which was known to be composed of upstanding people. The fascist group demanded returning American Blacks to slavery and disenfranchising, segregating, and finally sterilizing American Jews. The chapter looks into the rising number of Eastern European Jews in Minneapolis’s Jewish population after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. It discusses how the Journal categorized Jews as a race, a term that implicitly and immutably separated the group of people from the white Christian mainstream.