bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Neff J. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In simple diffusion in tubes (technique of Oudin) plotting x, the distance moved by the leading edge of the precipitate band against t½, the square root of the time, yields a straight line with slope equal to k (1). Oudin showed empircally that at sufficiently low antigen (Ag) and high antibody (Ab) concentrations the following equation held where m is a constant and Agi and Abi are the antigen and antibody concentrations (1) respectively at zero movement of the band (1). In the preceding paper of this series we attempted to give theoretic significance to this equation by equating m with an apparent diffusion coefficient of the antigen. This was based upon a relationship (equation 2) derived previously (2), where R' is the ratio of antigen to antibody in the leading edge of the precipitate band which we have postulated to be equal to the ratio of antigen to antibody at equivalence as determined in liquid media by the usual quantitative precipitin technique.
Immunologic Studies of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Japan
Authors: Scherer William F. , Moyer Jack T. , Izumi Toshiaki 
Published: December 2022

Discussion and Summary
Antibodies to JE virus of maternal origin were found in pigs 2–7 months of age near Tokyo, Japan. These passively acquired antibodies were detected most frequently by the neutralization test, less often by hemagglutination-inhibition and never by complement fixation. Detectable maternal antibodies disappeared in the majority of pigs by 4–6 months of age, at which time swine became susceptible to virus. No information was sought or obtained in these studies concerning the mechanism of antibody transfer from sows to shoats although transfer via the colostrum and placenta were two recognized possibilities.
HI and neutralizing antibodies developed regularly within 1–4 weeks of natural or experimental swine infection by JE virus, but CF antibodies formed in only 18 per cent of 61 pigs infected naturally at farms and in only two of four pigs after subcutaneous inoculation of virus at the laboratory. Although the neutralization test was most sensitive for detection of maternal antibody, the HI test, because of the ease and and inexpense of performance, and the promptness with which the test became positive after infection, proved best for evaluating recent swine infection near Tokyo, where no other Group B arbor virus was endemic. The lack of consistent quantitative relationships or temporal concurence in development of the different antibodies following infection supported the conclusion that HI, CF and neutralization tests measured three different antibodies to JE virus in pigs.
Viremia was demonstrated following natural infection of pigs in mosquito traps. After subcutaneous inoculation of JE virus at the laboratory, virus was found in blood for 4 days and to titers of 2.5–2.6 log LD50/0.03 ml of blood.
The Natural Resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium of the Normal Mouse, Rat and Pyridoxine-Deficient Rat
Authors: Furness G. , Axelrod A. E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The interaction of Salmonella typhimurium and the humoral and cellular defenses of normal rats and mice and pyridoxine deficient rats has been compared. These strains are killed by rat serum but not by mouse serum. Normal rats and mice rapidly clear the majority of the bacteria from the blood stream but a residual bacteremia is always found in the mouse. These virulent organisms multiply within the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of both the rat and mouse. The total number of organisms in the liver and spleen of the mouse shows a consistent upward trend accompanied by bacteremia. The number of organisms in the liver and spleen of the rat follows a cyclical rise and fall. A concomitant bacteremia has been demonstrated when the cycles are at their peak. It is suggested that the fall in numbers is due to the bactericidal action of serum upon bacteria escaping from the RES. Pyridoxine deficiency in the rat does not alter the bactericidal power of the serum or the ability of the cells of the RES to control this pathogen.
The Cessation of Antibody Absorption in the Young Pig
Authors: Speer Vaughn C. , Brown Herbert , Quinn Loyd , Catron Damon V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Eight litters of nine pigs each were employed to delineate the length of time after birth that the baby pig is capable of absorbing antibodies from orally ingested colostrum milk containing Escherichia coli antibodies. A sensitized sheep red blood cell hemagglutination test was used to detect the presence of the antibodies contained in the serum. It was found that the baby pig efficiently absorbed the E. coli antibodies at a very young age. This efficiency declined rapidly, following the first order reaction rate law, with a half-life absorption efficiency of 3 hr. Antibody absorption declined to insignificant amounts in baby pigs beyond 24 hr of age.
Anaphylaxis in Bordetella Pertussis-Treated Mice
Authors: Munoz J. , Anacker R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A comparison has been made of PCA induced in mice with rabbit and with mouse antibody. Approximately 50 times more rabbit anti-Ea Ab N than mouse anti-Ea Ab N is required to produce the minimal response. PCA can be induced in mice with homologous antibody at least as early as 15 min and at least as late as 6 hr after the injection of antibody. The duration of sensitivity to PCA with mouse antibody, therefore, is very similar to that reported by Ovary with rabbit antibody.
Despite the close phylogenetic relationship of mice and rats, approximately as much mouse antibody as rabbit antibody is required to sensitize the rat to PCA.
Cells of Bordetella pertussis do not enhance PCA in the mouse sensitized with either mouse or rabbit antibody.
Allergenicity of Cow's Milk Protein
Authors: Grogan Fred T. , Crawford Lloyd V. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of irradiation on the antigenicity of cow's milk has been studied by the agar diffusion technique.
The irradiated milk was compared to commercial nonirradiated cow's milk products. The effects of irradiation of the individual purified cow's milk proteins were also studied.
It was observed that irradiation reduces the antigenicity of whole cow's milk.
A New in Vitro Method (END) for Detection and Measurement of Hog Cholera Virus and Its Antibody by Means of Effect of Hc Virus on Newcastle Disease Virus in Swine Tissue Culture
Authors: Matumoto Minoru , Kumagai Tetsuo , Shimizu Takehiko , Ikeda Sumio 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The new in vitro method described in the first report of this series was successfully employed for titrating hog cholera virus with highly reproducible results. The sensitivity of the method appeared to be somewhat lower than the conventional swine inoculation method. However, this disadvantage was overcome by an intermediary passage of the viral material to be tested in swine spleen culture. All the laboratory strains of hog cholera virus so far tested were found to be capable of producing this phenomenon, excepting the Lederle live vaccine strain, whereas various swine materials not containing the virus invariably failed to produce the phenomenon. The method appeared to be as effective as swine inoculation for the detection of hog cholera virus in naturally infected swine. This method was also applied to the detection and measurement of neutralizing antibodies against hog cholera virus. The mechanism of the phenomenon was discussed and it was concluded that this was an example of virus exaltation.
A Comparative Study of the Hemagglutinating and Skin Sensitizing Activities of Ragweed Sensitive Human Sera
Authors: Mathews Kenneth P. , Spear H. Jane 
Published: December 2022

Summary
This study was undertaken to determine whether skin sensitizing antibodies are responsible for the capacity of sera from untreated ragweed sensitive patients to agglutinate red cells sensitized with ragweed extract by bisdiazotized benzidine or in tanned cell antiglobulin tests. The procedures used were a) absorption tests employing sensitized red cells; b) inhibition tests with a highly concentrated ragweed extract dialysate; and c) comparison of the hemagglutinating and skin sensitizing titers of different sera.
Absorption tests showed somewhat variable results (probably due in large part to the heterogeneity of the system), but in a number of instances complete absorption of hemagglutinating activity was accomplished with no change in skin sensitizing activity. Sera neutralized with a highly concentrated ragweed extract dialysate showed no change in BDB test titers but significant losses of passive transfer activity. No significant correlation was observed between BDB or TCAG hemagglutination test titers and skin sensitizing titers of different sera. Together with recent information from other laboratories, these results indicate that the hemagglutinating activity of sera from untreated ragweed sensitive patients in BDB and TCAG tests is not due solely, if at all, to skin sensitizing antibodies.
Measurement of the Opsonic Effect of Normal and Immune Sera on the Phagocytosis of Salmonella Typhi by the Reticuloendothelial System
Authors: Biozzi G. , Stiffel C. , Halpern B. N. , Minor L. Le , Mouton D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A precise and sensitive method is described for measuring the opsonic activity of a serum on the phagocytosis of Salmonella typhi by the reticuloendothelial system in mice. This method is based upon the measurement of the increased rate of phagocytosis of circulating microorganisms, produced by the injected opsonins. The serum activity is expressed in terms of opsonizing units/ml (OpU/ml).
The opsonin titer of eight normal rabbit sera ranged between 11 and 250 OpU/ml. The immunization of rabbits with H antigen did not significantly increase the opsonizing activity of their serum as evidenced by an opsonic titer ranging from 31 to 215 OpU/ml. The immunization with O antigen markedly increased the opsonic titer of the serum to 18,000 to 48,000 OpU/ml.
Studies on the Second Component of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cycling experiments involving decay of EAC'1,4,2 to EAC'1,4, followed by regeneration with chromatographically purified C'2, demonstrate that reactive sites in the state SA2C'1,4,2 decay to the condition SA2C'1,4 and may be regenerated to the former by action of C'2. It was necessary to use purified C'2 because cruder reagents, when used for regeneration, produced progressive loss of reactivity in successive cycles, presumably due to destruction of SA2C'1,4 by a factor other than C'2.
Distribution of Allelic Allotypes among γG-Immunoglobulins and Purified Anti-Hapten Antibodies from the Same Rabbit
Authors: Lark Cynthia A. , Eisen Herman N. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibodies were prepared to the two haptenic groups 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and p-azobenzenearsonate (R-azo) in 17 rabbits heterozygous at either or both the a or b allotypic specificity loci. By qualitative Ouchterlony test, every purified antibody preparation contained the same allotypic specificities as that of the immune serum from which it had been isolated. By quantitative Oudin analysis in agar gel tubes, the quantitative variation of allotypes among the antibody preparations of individual rabbits was considerable. Among five b4/b5 heterozygous rabbits, the concentration of b4 and b5 molecules in the purified anti-DNP population was not consistently different from that in the bulk γG-immunoglobulins from which they were isolated (P &gt; 0.20). On the other hand, among the same five b4:b5 heterozygotes as well as two more, the concentration of b4 molecules was consistently greater (P &lt; 0.05) and of b5 molecules consistently less (P &lt; 0.01) in the purified anti-R-azo population than in the bulk γG-immunoglobulins from which they were isolated. Furthermore, among four a1/a3 heterozygous rabbits, the concentration of a1 molecules was consistently less (P &lt; 0.01) and of a3 molecules consistently more (P &lt; 0.09) in the anti-DNP population than in the bulk γG-immunoglobulins from which they were isolated. While these results suggest that antibodies of a given specificity are selectively formed from certain allotypes, confidence in the biologic significance of the present results must be restrained until additional experimental conditions outlined in this article are satisfied.
Interrelationship of Adenovirus (Type 4) and Papovavirus (SV-40) in Monkey Kidney Cell Cultures
Authors: Beardmore W. B. , Havlick M. J. , Serafini A. , McLean I. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Our experimental data indicate: a) Pure Type 4 adenovirus will not produce infectious progeny in monkey kidney cell culture; b) pure Type 4 adenovirus will reproduce in HEK and HEp-2 cells and give high yields of infectious virus; c) the incomplete form of adenovirus developed in monkey kidney tissue is associated with a lack of formation of intranuclear RNA; d) a dual infection of Type 4 adenovirus and SV-40 in primary monkey kidney cell culture allows the adenovirus to mature in an apparently normal manner; e) simultaneous massive infection of monkey kidney cell cultures with SV-40 is required for maximum growth of Type 4 adenovirus.
Detection of Tissue Isoantigens on Primary and Serial Heteroploid Cell Lines of Human Origin by the Mixed Agglutination Technique
Authors: Metzgar Richard S. , Flanagan John F. , Zmijewski Chester M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The technique of mixed agglutination has been used to detect tissue isoantigens on human cells grown in tissue culture. Both primary human kidney cultures and heteroploid serial cell lines were shown to possess the isoantigens. The antisera used in these studies were from multiparous women and immunized chimpanzees. The sera were known to contain antibodies which reacted with human isoantigens by leukocyte agglutination. Absorption experiments showed the isoantigens detected on the serial heteroploid cultures were also present on human leukocytes and platelets.
Some Immunologic Properties of Human Glomerular Basement Membrane
Authors: Steblay Raymond William 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Four sheep injected with HGBM and Freund's adjuvant and one injected with RGBM and Freund's adjuvant developed fulminating glomerulonephritis, presumably by an autoimmune mechanism. Four controls injected with Freund's adjuvant alone did not develop nephritis. Sera taken from all five sheep with terminal nephritis were injected into rabbits intravenously and produced acute diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis. The nephritis induced in rabbits by sheep anti-HGBM or anti-RGBM sera was immediate in onset or delayed in onset (5 to 11 days). The onset of the nephritis was correlated with the dosage of antisera administered. In this experiment the amount of cross-reacting sheep anti-HGBM sera needed to produce immediate nephritis was 20 to 60 times greater than the amount of sheep anti-RGBM serum required. Human GBM contains at least two different nephrotoxic antigens: one is closely related to a nephrotoxic antigen(s) in rabbit GBM. The other is presumably not present in rabbit GBM, but is closely related to an antigen(s) in dog GBM. Delayed nephrotoxic serum nephritis was differentiated from serum sickness nephritis by such characteristics of proteinuria as onset, amount and duration. The histopathology of the two kinds of nephritis was different and distinctive. A two-stage mechanism for nephrotoxic serum nephritis was presented. The first stage consists of immediate localization of nephrotoxic antibodies on glomerular basement membrane. If the ratio of injected antibodies per glomerulus reaches a certain critical level, detectable proteinuria and glomerular damage appear immediately after injection. The second stage consists of formation of antibodies against the injected γ-globulin and reaction of these antibodies with the localized antibodies in the glomerulus. Some rabbits may have a superimposed serum sickness due to the various kinds of circulating sheep serum antigen-rabbit antibody complexes. Although serum sickness and the second stage delayed nephrotoxic serum nephritis both depend on host antibodies to initiate their different mechanisms of glomerular damage, proteinuria began significantly earlier in the delayed nephrotoxic nephritis group. This may be due to the prior localization of nephrotoxic antibody in the glomerulus and/or subclinical first stage glomerular damage. Production of nephritis in rabbits with sera from sheep dying of nephritis induced by active immunization is the first example that we are aware of where the species producing the nephrotoxic antibodies developed nephritis itself: the relationship of the nephrotoxic antibodies demonstrated against the rabbit glomerulus with the pathogenesis of the sheep disease is not clear.
Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin Specificity and Binding Affinity after Termination of Tolerance to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Linscott William D. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were injected with soluble arsanil-sulfanil-BSA (A-S-BSA) to terminate the tolerant state. Following termination of the tolerant state the specificity of the antibodies produced as a result of periodic injections of soluble BSA was then assayed by antigen binding, inhibition and dissociation studies. By these criteria, antibody specificity and binding affinity immediately after the termination of tolerance were much higher for A-S-BSA than for BSA. After six monthly injections of BSA the binding affinity of the antibody for A-S-BSA was still appreciably higher than that for BSA when compared to normal rabbits injected in the same manner. However, antigen binding and inhibition studies showed that three of five previously tolerant animals were producing antibodies of approximately the same specificity for BSA as were the normal control animals.
Normal control rabbits injected first with soluble A-S-BSA and then periodically with soluble BSA continued to produce antibodies with a higher specificity for A-S-BSA than for BSA for several months, although eventually the specificities for the two antigens became nearly equal.
Based on lack of inactivation by mercaptoethanol, the antibody response at various times after the termination of tolerance does not have a significant 19 S component.
Intracerebral Salmonella Typhosa Infection in Chicks: Passive Protection by Chicken Antisera of Differing Specificities
Authors: Suh Inn Soo , Shaffer Morris F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Chicken antisera prepared against several Salmonella strains were administered intramuscularly to 1-day-old chicks, approximately 24 hr prior to intracerebral challenge with 100 viables of Salmonella typhosa Ty 2. Life-sparing and infection-eliminating effects were demonstrated not only with antisera vs. the homologous strain and the Vi I strain, respectively, but also with antisera to strains devoid of Vi antigen such as S. typhosa H 901 and O 901, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella essen and Salmonella pullorum. No benefits were evident from the use of antisera vs. Salmonella paratyphi A var. durazzo or Salmonella virginia. The findings indicate that antibodies directed against certain components of the O complex found in S. typhosa are important in passive protection, as is anti-Vi; the immunogenic role of these and other factors, as yet unidentified, is worthy of further analysis.
Awareness, Attitude, and Willingness of Organ Donation among Adult Population in Western Rajasthan
Authors: Kalal Nipin , Sharma Suresh K. , Rana Nimarta , Kumar Ashok , Mathur Deepti 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Organ transplantation is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure all over the world, and the demand for organs has increased as a result. Organ donation involves legal, psychological, and ethical considerations. Many countries around the world have reported that people's attitudes toward organ donation are influenced by various factors such as knowledge, education, and religion. The existing study sought to explore the awareness, attitude, and willingness of organ donation among adult population in Western Rajasthan.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted with 445 adult populations who were visiting the hospital. Self-Structured Awareness Assessment Scale for Organ Donation and Attitude Assessment Scale for Organ Donation were used. Data analysis was done using the SPSS software 22.0 version.

Results:
74.61% of participants were aware about organ donation. Statistically (P < 0.001) higher odds for organ donation willingness was found among participants who were aware that organ such as eye (odd ratio [OR]: 10.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.40–24.25, P < 0.001), heart (OR: 4.71.95% CI: 2.68–8.25), P ≤ 0.001), intestine (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.41–3.6, P = 0.001), skin OR: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.83–4.70) P ≤ 0.001), extremities (Lower and upper) (OR: 2.46,95% CI: 1.53–3.95, P ≤ 0.001) can be donated or transplanted. 40.6% of the participants disagree that it is better to die than to receive an organ from another person. Interestingly, 35.28% of the participants agreed that organ donation is a true donation and a real service to mankind.

Conclusions:
This study not only echoes low awareness of organ donation among the adult population in Western Rajasthan, India but also reflects low and neutral level of positive attitude and willingness for organ donation.
Quantitative Analysis of Kruppel-Like Factor 5-Related Messenger RNA Transcripts in Ischemic Myocardium for Discrimination of Death Causes
Authors: Ma Xingyu , Li Yeming , Xi Ya , Su Liyang , Tong Yuxing , Wang Chun , Yu Tianshui , Zhao Dong 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Accumulated studies have demonstrated that Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a transcription factor, plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and tissue remodeling through the expression of its downstream genes. KLF5-related factors are expected to be involved in the healing process after myocardial injury or myocardial ischemic changes, especially for the forensic diagnosis of myocardial ischemic physiopathology.

Aim and Objectives:
This study aimed to explore the discrimination ability and applicability of KLF5-related factors in SCD caused by MI compared with other causes of death to provide further insights into the forensic diagnosis of myocardial ischemic pathology.

Materials and Methods:
The relative quantification of F-Box and WD Repeat Domain Containing 7 (FBW7), KLF5, factor-binding protein (FGFBP) 1, and FGFBP2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in myocardial tissue samples was performed using real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. KLF5 and FGFBP1/2 protein levels were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The forensic autopsy cases (27 in total, autopsy within 72 h postmortem) included seven cases of acute myocardial infarction and 10 cases of acute myocardial ischemia. There were 10 cases in the control group, including four cases of traffic injury one case of injury by fall from height, one case of electric death, and four cases of blunt force injury.

Results:
Characteristic results were found in myocardial samples from three groups of deaths: KLF5 and FGFBP1 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in the infarction and ischemia groups, while FBW7 mRNA levels were significantly decreased. FBW7 is an important ubiquitin ligase that can mediate the degradation of KLF5 protein. In addition, FBW7 and FGFBP2 mRNA levels were decreased in the infarction group compared with the ischemia group. The IHC results were consistent with the observed mRNA expression patterns.

Conclusions:
Quantitative detection of FBW7, KLF5, FGFBP1, and FGFBP2 mRNA transcripts in myocardial tissues supports the pathophysiological study of myocardial ischemic diseases and provides molecular pathological evidence for forensic discrimination of death causes.