bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐Step Method for Determining the Solar Quiet Current Focus and the Validation Using Observing Procedure Experiment
Authors: Zhang Pengyu , Sun Yang‐Yi , Chen Chieh‐Hung , Mao Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIt was known that the Solar quiet (Sq) current is important for the ionosphere dynamics, which can cause variations in the geomagnetic fields recorded on the ground. Using a north‐south chain of observatories, the latitude of the Sq focus (center of the solar quiet current) can be determined in a local area. However, a single chain of observatories does not provide the longitudinal information of the Sq focus. In this study, we proposed an improved method using a magnetic observatory network in Asia to determine the focus automatically. After taking the variability and asymmetry of the Sq current into consideration, the proposed method determines the Sq focus with the longitudinal and latitudinal fitting processes. To verify the effectiveness of this method, we designed an observing procedure experiment (OPE) to simulate the geomagnetic field observation and focus determination under different conditions. The results show that the proposed method has the capability of tracking the trajectory of the Sq focus. Additionally, the OPE can efficiently validate the performance of the method.
Spacecraft Charging Due To Energetic Electrons and Ions at Geosynchronous Altitudes
Authors: Pervaiz Fareeha , Ali S. , Ali M. , Lai Shu T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSatellites and spacecraft are usually exposed to space plasma disturbances, which vary in time at Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), affecting the charging of spacecraft and weather on the Earth. The charging currents are often described by the current‐balance equation (CBE) containing the electron‐ion (incoming/outgoing) current density fluxes and their energy distributions. The power‐law q‐distribution is the most generalized distribution that essentially characterizes more pronounced energy tails and can be reduced to standard Maxwellian distribution for q → 1. Using the equilibrium currents, the CBE is solved both analytically and numerically to study spacecraft charging within the framework of Whittaker function. It is found that energetic electron and ion‐induced currents significantly modify the charging phenomenon on the spacecraft's surface. Especially, ion‐induced currents result in the delay of negative charging at critical electron thermal energy and enhance the magnitude of the total normalized current. Apart from CuBe surface material, numerical analysis is also carried out for silver and Aluminum to determine the magnitude of total normalized current and onset of negative charging. The present findings are consistent with spacecraft charging at GEO altitudes around the Earth.
Temporal Scales of Electron Precipitation Driven by Whistler‐Mode Waves
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Artemyev Anton , Mourenas Didier , Agapitov Oleksiy , Tsai Ethan , Wilkins Colin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractElectron resonant scattering by whistler‐mode waves is one of the most important mechanisms responsible for electron precipitation to the Earth's atmosphere. The temporal and spatial scales of such precipitation are dictated by properties of their wave source and background plasma characteristics, which control the efficiency of electron resonant scattering. We investigate these scales with measurements from the two low‐altitude Electron Losses and Fields Investigation (ELFIN) CubeSats that move practically along the same orbit, with along‐track separations ranging from seconds to tens of minutes. Conjunctions with the equatorial THEMIS mission are also used to aid our interpretation. We compare the variations in energetic electron precipitation at the same L‐shells but on successive data collection orbit tracks by the two ELFIN satellites. Variations seen at the smallest inter‐satellite separations, those of less than a few seconds, are likely associated with whistler‐mode chorus elements or with the scale of chorus wave packets (0.1–1 s in time and ∼100 km in space at the equator). Variations between precipitation L‐shell profiles at intermediate inter‐satellite separations, a few seconds to about 1 min, are likely associated with whistler‐mode wave power modulations by ultra‐low frequency waves, that is, with the wave source region (from a few to tens of seconds to a few minutes in time and ∼1,000 km in space at the equator). During these two types of variations, consecutive crossings are associated with precipitation L‐shell profiles very similar to each other. Therefore the spatial and temporal variations at those scales do not change the net electron loss from the outer radiation belt. Variations at the largest range of inter‐satellite separations, several minutes to more than 10 min, are likely associated with mesoscale equatorial plasma structures that are affected by convection (at minutes to tens of minutes temporal variations and ≈[103, 104] km spatial scales). The latter type of variations results in appreciable changes in the precipitation L‐shell profiles and can significantly modify the net electron losses during successive tracks. Thus, such mesoscale variations should be included in simulations of the radiation belt dynamics.
Temperature‐Induced Nonlinear Elastic Behavior in Berea Sandstone Explained by a Modified Sheared Contacts Model
Authors: Simpson Jonathan , van Wijk Kasper , Adam Ludmila , Esteban Lionel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRocks commonly display a reduction in elastic modulus during an acoustic perturbation followed by a logarithmic recovery of the modulus to its original value. This nonlinear elastic behavior can also be induced by changes in temperature of the rock, although experimental data for this are sparse. In this paper, we utilize temperature perturbations to broaden our understanding of the causes and mechanisms of nonlinear elasticity in rocks. We perform laboratory experiments tracking the nonlinear response of a Berea sandstone under vacuum both during and following 10°C changes in temperature. Ultrasonic velocity decreases by up to 0.30 ± 0.02% during both temperature increases and decreases, before recovering in the following days. Continuous monitoring over a 2‐month period also reveals a longer‐term 0.78 ± 0.04% increase in velocity. To explain these observations, we modify a recent model for nonlinear elasticity based on the shearing and subsequent recreation of internal microscopic contacts. Application of this model to our data suggests that internal stresses from differential thermal expansion/contraction of mineral grains break contacts, inducing nonlinear weakening. The degree of weakening depends on the temperature gradient. Slow dynamics recovery in the ∼10 hr following a temperature change likely results from the recreation of broken contacts due to nanoscopic adhesive forces. In contrast, the long‐term velocity increase results from evaporation of bound water from clay minerals. In addition to furthering our understanding of nonlinear elasticity in rocks, our results imply that sudden changes of temperature in shallow crustal environments will induce nonlinear weakening that persists for hours to days.
KDM6B promotes gastric carcinogenesis and metastasis via upregulation of CXCR4 expression
Authors: Liu Fen , Wang Yue , Yang Zongcheng , Cui Xiujie , Zheng Lixin , Fu Yue , Shao Wei , Zhang Lu , Yang Qing , Jia Jihui 
Published: December 2022

AbstractKDM6B (Lysine-specific demethylase 6B) is a histone lysine demethyltransferase that plays a key role in many types of cancers. However, its potential role in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Here, we focused on the clinical significance and potential role of KDM6B in GC. We found that the KDM6B expression is upregulated in GC tissues and that its high expression in patients is related to poor prognosis. KDM6B ectopic expression promotes GC cells’ proliferation and metastasis, while its inhibition has opposite effects in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, KDM6B promotes GC cells proliferation and metastasis through its enzymatic activity through the induction of H3K27me3 demethylation near the CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) promoter region, resulting in the upregulation of CXCR4 expression. Furthermore, H. pylori was found to induce KDM6B expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that KDM6B is aberrantly expressed in GC and plays a key role in gastric carcinogenesis and metastasis through CXCR4 upregulation. Our work also suggests that KDM6B may be a potential oncogenic factor and a therapeutic target for GC.
PKM2 deficiency exacerbates gram-negative sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy via disrupting cardiac calcium homeostasis
Authors: Ni Le , Lin Bowen , Shen Meiting , Li Can , Hu Lingjie , Fu Fengmei , Chen Lei , Yang Jian , Shi Dan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSepsis is a life-threatening syndrome with multi-organ dysfunction in critical care medicine. With the occurrence of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC), characterized by reduced ventricular contractility, the mortality of sepsis is boosted to 70–90%. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) functions in a variety of biological processes and diseases other than glycolysis, and has been documented as a cardioprotective factor in several heart diseases. It is currently unknown whether PKM2 influences the development of SIC. Here, we found that PKM2 was upregulated in cardiomyocytes treated with LPS both in vitro and in vivo. Pkm2 inhibition exacerbated the LPS-induced cardiac damage to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Furthermore, cardiomyocytes lacking PKM2 aggravated LPS-induced cardiomyopathy, including myocardial damage and impaired contractility, whereas PKM2 overexpression and activation mitigated SIC. Mechanism investigation revealed that PKM2 interacted with sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a), a key regulator of the excitation-contraction coupling, to maintain calcium homeostasis, and PKM2 deficiency exacerbated LPS-induced cardiac systolic dysfunction by impairing SERCA2a expression. In conclusion, these findings highlight that PKM2 plays an essential role in gram-negative sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, which provides an attractive target for the prevention and treatment of septic cardiomyopathy.
Paratype: a genotyping tool for Salmonella Paratyphi A reveals its global genomic diversity
Authors: Tanmoy Arif M. , Hooda Yogesh , Sajib Mohammad S. I. , da Silva Kesia E. , Iqbal Junaid , Qamar Farah N. , Luby Stephen P. , Dougan Gordon , Dyson Zoe A. , Baker Stephen , Garrett Denise O. , Andrews Jason R. , Saha Samir K. , Saha Senjuti 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSalmonella Paratyphi A, the primary etiology of paratyphoid, is estimated to cause 3.4 million infections annually, worldwide. With rising antimicrobial resistance and no licensed vaccines, genomic surveillance is key to track and monitor transmission, but there is currently no reliable genotyping framework for this pathogen. Here, we sequence 817 isolates from South Asia and add 562 publicly available genomes to build a global database representing 37 countries, covering 1917–2019. We develop a single nucleotide polymorphism-based genotyping scheme, Paratype, that segregates Salmonella Paratyphi A population into three primary and nine secondary clades, and 18 genotypes. Each genotype is assigned a unique allele definition located on an essential gene. Using Paratype, we identify spatiotemporal genomic variation and antimicrobial resistance markers. We release Paratype as an open-access tool that can use raw read files from both Illumina and Nanopore platforms, and thus can assist surveillance studies tracking Salmonella Paratyphi A across the globe.
Emergence of coherent backscattering from sparse and finite disordered media
Authors: Estakhri Nooshin M. , Mohammadi Estakhri Nasim , Norris Theodore B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCoherent backscattering (CBS) arises from complex interactions of a coherent beam with randomly positioned particles, which has been typically studied in media with large numbers of scatterers and high opacity. We develop a first-principles scattering model for scalar waves to study the CBS cone formation in finite-sized and sparse random media with specific geometries. The current study provides insights into the effects of density, volume size, and other relevant parameters on the angular characteristics of the CBS cone emerging from sparse and bounded random media for various types of illumination, with results consistent with well-known CBS studies which are typically based on samples with much larger number of scatterers and higher opacity. The enhancements are observed in scattering medium with dimensions between 10× and 40× wavelength and the number of particles as few as 370. This work also highlights some of the potentials and limitations of employing the CBS phenomenon to characterize disordered configurations. The method developed here provides a foundation for studies of complex electromagnetic fields beyond simple incident classical beams in randomized geometries, including structured wavefronts in illumination and quantized fields for investigating the effects of the quantum nature of light in multiple scattering, with no further numerical complications.
A sensitive soil biological indicator to changes in land-use in regions with Mediterranean climate
Authors: Steinberger Yosef , Stein Alfred , Dorman Michael , Svoray Tal , Doniger Tirza , Rinot Oshri , Gil Eshel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe demand for reliable indicators to quantify soil health has increased recently. We propose and test the use of soil microbial functional diversity as an indicator of multifunctional performance in agriculturally important areas. Agricultural fields in the Mediterranean and semiarid regions of Israel were selected as test sites and measured in Spring and Autumn seasons. Measurements included microbial parameters, basic soil abiotic properties and biological responses to agricultural management relative to measures of a natural ecosystem. Using a canonical correlation analysis we found that soil moisture was the most important basic soil property with different responses in Spring and Autumn. In Spring, it had a strongly negative relation with microbial biomass (MB), community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and the Shannon-Weaver index H', while in Autumn it had a strong relation with CLPP. We further show a significant interaction between CLPP and climate for land-use type "orchards". CLPP measured in the autumn season was thus identified as a useful and rapid biological soil health indicator, recommended for application in semiarid and Mediterranean agricultural regions. Apart from obtaining a better understanding of CLPP as the soil indicator, the study concludes that CLPP is well suited to differentiate between soils in different climates, seasons and land use types. The study shows a promising direction for further research on characterizing soil health under a larger variety of conditions.
Artificial intelligence convolutional neural networks map giant kelp forests from satellite imagery
Authors: Marquez L. , Fragkopoulou E. , Cavanaugh K. C. , Houskeeper H. F. , Assis J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractClimate change is producing shifts in the distribution and abundance of marine species. Such is the case of kelp forests, important marine ecosystem-structuring species whose distributional range limits have been shifting worldwide. Synthesizing long-term time series of kelp forest observations is therefore vital for understanding the drivers shaping ecosystem dynamics and for predicting responses to ongoing and future climate changes. Traditional methods of mapping kelp from satellite imagery are time-consuming and expensive, as they require high amount of human effort for image processing and algorithm optimization. Here we propose the use of mask region-based convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNN) to automatically assimilate data from open-source satellite imagery (Landsat Thematic Mapper) and detect kelp forest canopy cover. The analyses focused on the giant kelpMacrocystis pyriferaalong the shorelines of southern California and Baja California in the northeastern Pacific. Model hyper-parameterization was tuned through cross-validation procedures testing the effect of data augmentation, and different learning rates and anchor sizes. The optimal model detected kelp forests with high performance and low levels of overprediction (Jaccard’s index: 0.87 ± 0.07; Dice index: 0.93 ± 0.04; over prediction: 0.06) and allowed reconstructing a time series of 32 years in Baja California (Mexico), a region known for its high variability in kelp owing to El Niño events. The proposed framework based on Mask R-CNN now joins the list of cost-efficient tools for long-term marine ecological monitoring, facilitating well-informed biodiversity conservation, management and decision making.
Proximity-dependent biotin labeling in testicular germ cells identified TESMIN-associated proteins
Authors: Oura Seiya , Ninomiya Akinori , Sugihara Fuminori , Matzuk Martin M. , Ikawa Masahito 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCharacterization of protein–protein interactions (PPI) is a key to understanding the functions of proteins of interest. Recently developed proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) has been actively investigated as an alternative PPI mapping method because of its usefulness in uncovering transient PPI. Here, as an example of proximity labeling proteomics application in the testis, we generated two transgenic mouse lines expressing two biotin ligases (BioID2 or TurboID) fused with TESMIN, which translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus during meiotic progression and is required for reproduction. The BioID2 transgene, albeit not the TurboID transgene, rescued fertility defects of the Tesmin KO male mice, indicating that the TESMIN-BioID2 fusion can physiologically replace TESMIN. Furthermore, biotinylated protein pull-down and affinity-purification followed by mass spectrometry using the TESMIN-BioID2 transgenic mice captured components of the MYBL1–MuvB complex that regulate cell-cycle gene expression. Thus, our study shows that proximity labeling proteomics can be applied in male germ cells, although the choice of biotin ligase needs to be carefully tested.
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in enteric neurons does not impact function in vitro
Authors: Bindas Adam J. , Nichols Kyla N. , Roth Nicole J. , Brady Ryan , Koppes Abigail N. , Koppes Ryan A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRecent evidence implicates a gut-first pathogenesis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) within a portion of PD patients, yet in vitro investigations have primarily focused on the central nervous system. Here, the preformed fibril (PFF) PD model is applied with co-administered groups of butyrate and lipopolysaccharide to model the effects of the local gut microbiome. Significant PFF uptake and retention occur in isolated rat enteric neurons compared to untreated controls resulting in increasing immunostained aggregate conformation-specific, alpha-synuclein (a-Syn) average intensity between 6 µg PFF and untreated controls. Cortical neurons significantly retain PFFs with an increase in aggregated a-Syn average intensity within all dosages. Differences in growth cone morphology but not dynamics in PFF-treated ENS cultures occur. Electrophysiological recordings via a microelectrode array (MEA) indicate no overall difference in spontaneous spike rate. However, only untreated controls respond to PD-relevant dopamine stimulus, while 1 µg PFF and control populations respond to stimulus with ENS-abundant acetylcholine. Finally, no differences in substance P levels—correlated with PD and neurodegeneration—are observed. Overall, these findings suggest the ENS retains PFF dosage absent acute loss in function, however, does experience changes in growth cone morphology and dopamine-stimulated activity.
Creep modeling of composite materials based on improved gene expression programming
Authors: Tan Hua , Yan Shilin , Zhu Sirong , Wen Pin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this article, a new method for creep modeling and performance prediction of composite materials is presented. Since Findley power-law model is usually suitable for studying one-dimensional time-dependent creep of materials under low stress, an intelligent computing method is utilized to derive three temperature-related sub-functions, the creep model as a function of time and temperature is established. In order to accelerate convergence rate and improve solution accuracy, an improved gene expression programming (IGEP) algorithm is proposed by adopting the probability-based population initialization and semi-elite roulette selection strategy. Based on short-term creep data at seven temperatures, a bivariate creep model with certain physical significance is developed. At fixed temperature, the univariate creep model is acquired. R2, RMSE, MAE, RRSE statistical metrics are used to verify the validity of the developed model by comparison with viscoelastic models. Shift factor is solved by Arrhenius equation. The creep master curve is derived from time–temperature superposition model, and evaluated by Burgers, Findley and HKK models. R-square of IGEP model is above 0.98 that is better than classical models. Moreover, the model is utilized to predict creep values at t = 1000 h. Compared with experimental values, the relative errors are within 5.2%. The results show that the improved algorithm can establish effective models that accurately predict the long-term creep performance of composites.
Investigation of microseismic signal denoising using an improved wavelet adaptive thresholding method
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Ye Yicheng , Luo Binyu , Chen Guan , Wu Meng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThere are high- and low-frequency noise signals in a microseismic signal that can lead to the distortion and submersion of an effective waveform. At present, effectively removing high- and low-frequency noise without losing the effective signal of local waveform spikes remains a challenge. This work addresses this issue with an improved wavelet adaptive thresholding method. Because a denoised signal conceptually approximates the minimum error, a dynamic selection model is established for the optimal threshold. On this basis, an adaptive correction factor aj is proposed to reflect the noise intensity, which uses the 1/2 power of the ratio of the median absolute value to the amplitude of the monitoring data to reflect the noise intensity of the wavelet detail signal and corrects the size of the denoising scale. Finally, the performance of the improved method is quantitatively evaluated in terms of the denoising quality and efficiency using the signal-to-noise ratio, root-mean-square error, sample entropy and running time.
A new approach to designing easily recyclable printed circuit boards
Authors: Khrustalev Dmitriy , Tirzhanov Arman , Khrustaleva Anastassiya , Mustafin Marlen , Yedrissov Azamat 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDue to the ever-increasing amount of electronic waste (e-waste) worldwide, the problem of the effective disposal of printed circuit board waste (WPCB), which are environmentally hazardous, difficult to recycle and economically valuable products, has become a major environmental challenge. Conventional WPCB recycling techniques have low efficiency and require tough processing, such as heat treatment and high pressure. This paper presents a new composite material for the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCB) that can be easily recycled into their original components and reused. In addition, the most valuable PCB components (electronic components containing precious metals) can be easily separated from the printed circuit board and reused. This study demonstrates the benefit of using biodegradable polymers as binders for PCBs in terms of environmentally friendly and efficient recycling.