bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Waste Recyclers and Their Environmental Services
Authors: Demaria Federico 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Informal waste recyclers are those people who segregate and collect recyclable waste, in order to sell it to make a livelihood. Despite the World Bank reports that the informal recycling sector employs about 1% of the urban population in developing countries, their contribution to waste management has neither been evaluated nor compensated. This chapter fills this gap. First, it provides an assessment of the current available data set on waste management in Delhi, leading to a first approximate estimation of recycling rates. It also discusses a taxonomy of informal recyclers based on their means of transport and their area of collection, as well as how their absolute number can be estimated. Second, it suggests a new methodology to evaluate their contribution. This aims to reliably estimate how much they recycle, what type of materials, and how much they earn. To this end, data for 100 informal recyclers for one year were collected from junk dealers’ ledgers. Results show that in Delhi informal recyclers collect approximately 50 kg of recyclable material per day, mostly plastic and paper (60% and 30% of their income, respectively), but also metals, hair, and organic materials. They earn roughly 8,000 Indian Rupees per month (about US$125). This is close to the minimum wage, but as recyclers themselves claim, public authorities should compensate them for their services. The chapter develops two policy proposals that suggests a monthly payment for collection as well as recycling services, respectively 4,200 Rupees (about US$65), and 1,500 Rupees (US$25).
Domitian’s Banquet (Statius’ Silvae 4.2)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Poem 2 from the fourth book of the Silvae of Statius. Statius’ brilliant word usage in describing a banquet at Domitian’s palace and the architectural magnificence of the emperor’s along with, more generally, the poet’s use of intertexts evoke Virgil’s poetry, as well as Horace’s. Here Statius pushes language to the limits of praise. And yet the recurrent theme in Silvae 4.2 of Dido’s welcome banquet for Aeneas, along with echoes of Virgil’s exiled goatherd of Eclogue 1, Meliboeus, provide a tragic reminder of the precarity of human life and happiness as well as of the limits of poetic power.
Data protection principles and vulnerable data subjects
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The GDPR has several provisions protecting data subjects’ vulnerability. To understand whether, why, and how the GDPR also protects vulnerable data subjects, this chapter investigates the general concept of vulnerable individuals in different fields: in philosophical terms, in law and economics literature, and in the practical implementation in EU primary and secondary law (with particular attention to consumer protection law and regulation of research). This chapter focuses in particular on the data protection principles in Article 5 of the GDPR and especially on lawfulness, fairness, and transparency; purpose limitation; and data accuracy. The first three are indeed principles requiring a balancing between different positions of the data subject and the data controllers and, consequently, an analysis of the impact of data processing on data subjects, including an analysis of their vulnerability. In addition, the accuracy principle is important to guarantee a correct balancing of interests and prevent biases and actively mitigate specific situations of individual vulnerability.
Assessing (and mitigating) layers of data subjects’ vulnerability
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is then to develop a vulnerability-aware implementation of the GDPR. In particular, building on the notion of layered vulnerability (from Luna’s theory) as assumed in Chapters 3 to 5, this chapter analyses how risk assessment tools in the GDPR could be used in practice as a model to take into account the specific conditions of the data subject and mitigate permanent or temporary situations of vulnerability. Accordingly, the question that this chapter aims to address is: how could we use the GDPR provisions as a tool to mitigate data subjects’ vulnerability? To answer this question, this chapter follows the data protection impact assessment model in Article 35 GDPR. Indeed, in the previous chapters, we observed that data subjects’ vulnerability means a higher risk of being harmed in their fundamental rights and freedoms. We also observed that vulnerability should be understood as a concept comprising several layers. Accordingly, an assessment of these layers might coincide with an analysis of risks of harm to fundamental rights and freedoms. Accordingly, in this chapter, we propose an analysis of vulnerability layers based on the risk assessment model proposed for DPIA by Article 35 GDPR, also proposing some risk mitigation measures for vulnerable data subjects.
The limitations and the alternatives of a vulnerability-based interpretation of the GDPR
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the possible criticisms of the DPIA model, the potential solutions to these criticisms, and alternative models. The research questions of this chapter are: what are the limits of a vulnerability-aware interpretation of the GDPR? How can these limits be overcome, de lege lata or de lege ferenda? The possible drawbacks of a comprehensive approach to data subjects’ vulnerability and the consequent vulnerability-aware interpretation of the GDPR can be several, including (i) paternalism, (ii) lack of legal certainty and foreseeability, (iii) risk of an individualistic approach, (iv) the limits of analogical interpretation, and (v) the inconvenience and ineffectiveness of an extensive interpretation of several GDPR provisions. After analysing the relevant potentialities and the limits of a vulnerability-based interpretation of the GDPR, de lege lata, a final step is to look at alternative models de lege ferenda, and this chapter proposes two models: a category-based approach based on a fixed list of vulnerable categories explicitly mentioned in the law, with related rules and safeguards, and a general definition of vulnerable data subjects in the law.
Variation of Orders, Court Procedure, and Other Provisions Including Electronic Monitoring (Sections 44–51)
Authors: Malone* David 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into electronic monitoring's variation of orders, court procedures, and other provisions. The flexibility of the domestic abuse protection order (DAPO) is highlighted due to the requirements imposed by a DAPO can be varied or discharged, which then allows the court to respond to changes in the circumstances of the victim and the perpetrator. Moreover, the Section 46 provision implies who is eligible to appeal a court's decision to make or decline to make, vary, or discharge a DAPO. The chapter covers the special measures for witnesses who are deemed vulnerable and intimidated in criminal and family proceedings. It elaborates on the obligation of the Secretary of State to issue statutory guidance to the police and other related parties.
Powers to Make Other Orders in Court Proceedings Under this Part (Sections 52–56)
Authors: Jones Gillian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the powers of other orders in court proceedings. It elaborates on the provisions indicated in sections 52-56 of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Some of the provisions indicate that a conditional fee agreement allows clients to agree that their lawyer will not receive all or part of their fees or expenses regardless if they win or lose their case. The chapter also expounds on the consequential amendments of the Sentencing Code, which revolve around a breach and the power of the court to make a domestic abuse protection order (DAPO). It then details the repeal of provisions of the Crime and Security Act 2010 which gave the court power to issue domestic violence protection notices and make domestic violence protection orders.
The Open-Question Argument in Semantics
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how the version of the open-question argument developed in the previous chapter for ethical discourse can be adapted to three central semantic discourses—ascriptions of truth, propositional attitudes, and meanings—to argue in each case that the central predicates of the target discourses can’t have referents, and that their sentences can’t have representationalist meaning grounds. The chapter argues that the argument template can be successfully adapted in each of these cases. For ascriptions of propositional attitudes and meanings, the presentation targets attempts to specify the referents of the predicates that figure in these ascriptions in terms of the Representational Theory of Mind and Information-Theoretic Semantics. In the case of meaning ascriptions, the argument is developed in connection with Saul Kripke’s attack on dispositionalist solutions to the rule-following paradox.
Meaning and Truth
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of ascriptions of meanings to linguistic expressions—an account of what makes them have the meaning they have in terms of the procedures that regulate their acceptance. The characterization of the procedures that play this role takes as its starting point the notion of Radical Interpretation, or Translation, as developed by W. V. O. Quine and Donald Davidson. On this basic proposal, meaning ascriptions have the meaning they have by virtue of the fact that they are regulated by the method of Radical Interpretation. This starting point is modified in important ways. The meaning-grounding procedure that’s put forward in the end combines a projection criterion (favouring interpretations that ascribe to speakers the beliefs that we would have in their epistemic situation) and a familiarity criterion (favouring interpretations that use as referents properties corresponding to concepts that can be easily constructed in terms of our atomic concepts). A role in linguistic interpretation is also assigned to non-verbal evidence for belief ascription. The chapter then develops a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of truth ascriptions, based on the acceptance procedure expressed by the disquotational schema. It then offers an account of the contrast between discourses that perform the function of representing the world and other discourses with pragmatist meaning grounds that don’t perform this function. This is done in terms of the idea of an absolute standard of correctness. The chapter then explores the differences between the position presented here and a similar position defended by Crispin Wright.
The Primacy of Practice
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses a more far-reaching application of the pragmatist model. It argues that the application of the representationalist model to theoretical science is also problematic. The problem here concerns our cognitive access to the properties playing the role of referents for the predicates introduced by scientific theories. Adapting David Lewis’s argument for Humility, the chapter contends that it’s not possible for us to gain cognitive access to the identity of the properties that play this role. It proposes that the difficulty can be overcome by adopting a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of these predicates. In the resulting picture, our cognitive grasp of the referents of theoretical scientific predicates consists in our understanding of the abstraction principles generated by our criteria of intertheoretical co-reference. This move has wide-ranging consequences for our understanding of the relationship between language and reality. On a standard version of the representationalist model, the referents of predicates are identified with the language of the natural sciences. Hence, if we adopt a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of this discourse, it follows that our cognitive access to the referents of most predicates consists in our grasp of abstraction principles generated by the procedures that regulate our ascription of predicates. The chapter argues that the same result can be reached without considering difficulties specific to the language of science, from the reflection that cognitive access to properties through explicit definitions is necessarily dependent on the availability of an alternative method for cognitive access to properties.
The Evolution of Budget Support
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of budget support as an aid instrument. The use of budget support has ebbed and flowed over the years. While it is not the primary vehicle to deliver aid, it remains an important one. About 10–13 per cent of ODA has been delivered through budget support, reaching 20 per cent during times of crises. MDBs have provided the largest share of budget support, covering about 85 per cent of total commitments. Different modalities have been developed to help countries during times of crisis, crowd in private capital, or insure against emergencies such as natural disasters. Budget support has increasingly been used to address cross-cutting development challenges such as gender equality or climate change and was deployed to fragile and conflict-affected countries to provide much-needed liquidity and help advance policy and institutional reforms. At the same time, donor agencies placed less emphasis on institutional and public financial management capacity as an eligibility condition. Donors have become more parsimonious with conditionality to keep reforms manageable and avoid diluting the engagement space.
From the World to the EU
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following questions: why and in what ways should EU membership modify the nature of states’ reciprocal duties in the realm of asylum provision? More specifically, is the EU a source of any additional duty of distributive justice between states? And, if yes, how do such duties apply to the issue of refugee protection? In response, the author argues that another, additional set of duties holds among EU member states in this domain. These duties are additional because they add to the general ones that all states have towards each other globally. They are also different in ground, scope, and content from those holding among all states because they arise from the moral significance of EU membership.
Responsibility Shirking in the EU
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines the failure of EU member states to comply with the duty to act in solidarity as ‘responsibility shirking’. More specifically, it asks: what does it mean to breach the duty to act in solidarity? And in what ways do EU member states currently breach this duty? Is it just a form of free riding or is there more to it? Responsibility shirking as a general concept involves the violation of an imperfect duty, such as the duty to act in solidarity. This term is commonly employed in public discourse with reference to the externalization policies carried out by the EU to shift the migratory pressure to neighbouring countries, like Turkey and Libya. Instead, in this chapter the author proposes to employ the term with reference to the internal dimension of the phenomenon, using this conceptual tool to explore non-compliance with the interstate duty of solidarity in the EU.
Justified or Excused?
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to determine the moral reasons, if any, that can override the demands of the duty to act in solidarity in relation to refugee protection. Specifically, it asks: is responsibility shirking in its different manifestations always and conclusively morally wrong? Our strong intuition is that the answer to this question should be negative. Think of the case of a member state countering the demands of the duty to act in solidarity with its lack of resources to adopt the measures prescribed. Should a member state be required to fulfil the duty even if that means putting the internal cohesion of its political community at risk? Does that or other claims have an effective countervailing force against the commitment to act in solidarity? And are all instances of failing to act in solidarity equally morally reprehensible?
Reputation Matters
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why reputation matters to us and why it is a valuable currency. There are both risks and rewards that stem from our reputations. The implications of reputation infuse us at every level from how we engage with system-level existential threats to the planet, right the way through to reputation implications at the level of countries, cities, institutions, organizations, and individuals. It is convenient to think that reputation is something that only adults are aware of, but how children form perceptions based on their experiences in real and virtual worlds has implications for their attitudes and behaviours. In short, reputation envelops everything that we do and operates at multiple levels, from people and entities to locations and phenomena. It is therefore timely to understand reputation, and we ignore it at our peril.
Maintaining Positive Reputations Amid Corruption and Competing Stakeholders
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
When organizations operate in different locations, they find themselves having to navigate multiple and competing reputations. This chapter explores how organizations can maintain a positive reputation when facing different pressures. I explore this through the lens of three examples. First, how two business leaders in Zimbabwe and India managed to remain ethical in their business operations, despite the pressure around them to engage in corrupt practices. Second, how the mining giant Rio Tinto discovered mineral deposits in Madagascar which were in high demand around the world, creating a potentially volatile trade-off between global market dynamics and the environment. Third, I look at the challenges a UK library service faced when spinning out of local government to become an independent charity, in a turbulent context of tightening public expenditure and library closures.
Aligning Purpose and Values
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Organizations do not operate within silos and their actions should align with the expectations of society. The emphasis on the purpose of the corporation from the Business Roundtable to the World Economic Forum and the British Academy have brought sharp focus on the alignment of expectations between organizations and different groups. Misalignment between an organization’s purpose and societal expectations will garner unwanted external criticism from the likes of voters, the media, and customers. Misalignment between an organization’s purpose and the values that its employees espouse will generate internal criticism from managers, employees, and volunteers. Notwithstanding some public cynicism regarding the engagement of organizations around purpose, there are pockets of good practice related to the triple bottom line, Certified B Corporations, the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, the circular economy, and investments in environment, social, and governance factors. The chapter concludes by providing an example from a hospital in Malaysia to do with how organizations can internalize values even when they initially face an internal backlash.
Recovering From Reputation Damage
Authors: Harvey William S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Reputation damage is common to us all. Drawing on an extreme case study of a research project on seventy white-collar inmates led by Navdeep Arora, we outline the stages of recovery from reputation loss. We show that the way individuals lose their reputation has an impact on their ability to recover. We find that while the literature has emphasized the importance of contribution reputation and character reputation, which are a function of how others perceive you based on your past actions, they do not capture contexts when others perceive you based on their assessment of your ability to provide value in the future, which we capture through the concept of contribution reputation. Surprisingly, despite the monumental difficulties inmates faced in coming to terms with their reputation loss, many recognized that their setbacks were an important turning point, triggering reflection and an opportunity for renewal and betterment.
Not Just for the Boys
Authors: Donald Athene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Times have changed since women were barred from laboratories and unable to take science degrees. But have they changed enough for women in science? This book discusses what it takes to be a scientist and identifies the continuing obstacles, ranging from overt hostility and harassment to unconscious bias, which face women entering the field today, particularly in the physical sciences. It uses quantitative recent social science literature, as well as commentary from leading scientists and Athene Donald’s personal experiences as a physicist, to illustrate why and where the problems continue. It also highlights where action is needed. It should be a wake-up call to policy-makers, teachers, parents, and the media to up their act to ensure the world becomes more equitable for the next generation of aspiring female scientists. The case is compelling for why now, more than ever given the challenges the world faces, we need more women in science.
WHY EARLY YEARS MATTER
Authors: Donald Athene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
During the early school years societal messages convey to girls that science is not for them. Toy choices, for instance, typically reinforce the stereotypical message that boys act and girls nurture; they are less likely to be given toy choices that facilitate curiosity or spatial awareness. By their teenage years, however well a girl does in the STEM subjects, she is likely to believe that a career in STEM is inappropriate, a message teachers often also convey. In Physics in particular, many interventions have been attempted, not all of which have been successful. School ethos has been shown to be a key part of encouraging girls to stay with the physical sciences, including how teachers interact in the classroom with boys compared with girls. Stereotype threat, the expectation that people like you will do less well in exams, for instance, is well-documented for girls and women who want to go against the stereotype. The stereotype that girls who succeed in these subjects cannot be feminine or ‘get the boy’ persist, discouraging many. These factors tend to be more important in developed countries than in the global south, where science is more likely to be seen as leading to good careers and improvements for their nation.
CREATIVITY IS NOT JUST FOR ARTISTS
Authors: Donald Athene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To be a successful scientist both curiosity and creativity are needed. Women are sometimes accused of being less creative than men. Recent neuroscience examining the brains of newborns of both sexes shows differences are tiny. Differences in later life are likely to be reflecting life experiences rather than anything innate; changes occur due to brain plasticity throughout our lives, but particularly in the early years. Additionally, creativity is often claimed by disciplines in the arts and humanities as one of their strengths, one which it is assumed scientists lack. This is a complete misunderstanding of what is required to be a good scientist: one needs imagination to find ways through any problem that’s not been faced before and curiosity to keep going when research gets tough. It also reflects the dangerous practice some indulge in of pitting arts and science against one another.