bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Bally L. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1880 Schmidt-Mulheim (1) observed that on rapid injection of “peptone” into a dog a marked fall in blood pressure immediately results, accompanied by a delaying or failure of the blood to clot. From such a classic experiment many investigations have started and a great amount of literature has accumulated on the subject.
Underhill (2) makes the following statement in summarizing the effects of peptone: “Physiological reactions called forth by the intravenous injection of the ‘peptone’ of earlier writers are diverse and include the rendering of the blood incoagulable together with changes in its reaction and composition; an acceleration of the lymph flow; a fall of arterial pressure; anuria; deep narcosis and other toxic symptoms as well as a certain degree of immunity toward subsequent injections.”
The fact that the dog is readily susceptible to the action of peptone has led to numerous statements and theories regarding peptone action, which cannot be generally stated but must be qualified as being peculiar to carnivora, especially the dog.
Note on the Further Purification of Diphtheria and Tetanus Antitoxins Concentrated by Ammonium-Sulfate Fractionation
Authors: Murdick Philip P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The most commonly used method for concentrating diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins is by ammonium-sulfate fractionation. Antitoxin refined in this manner contains a considerable amount of lipoid material which gradually separates out on standing. Chick (1), working with antitoxin concentrated by the Gibson method, found that after prolonged dialysis followed by slight acidification, it was possible to separate a protein resembling euglobulin from the pseudoglobulin fraction. This precipitated protein amounted to from 10 to 20 per cent of the total protein and contained most of the lipoid constituents. Our experiments have followed along the lines of this earlier work of Miss Chick.
The pseudoglobulin fraction used in these experiments was obtained by our routine method for the concentration of antitoxin. Briefly it is as follows:
Pooled plasma is adjusted to a reaction of pH 8.0 with ammonium hydroxide. It is then diluted one-half with water and saturated ammonium-sulfate solution added to give a final concentration of 30 per cent.
The Technic of Producing the Tuberculin Type of Sensitization with Eggwhite in Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dienes L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Several methods are described by which we regularly succeeded in producing a tuberculin type of a sensitiveness with eggwhite in tuberculous guinea pigs. The different methods have this in common that an extensive local lesion is produced, usually with pronounced inflammatory reaction, and the eggwhite is introduced into this lesion.
Further Studies on Herpes Virus
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Seastone C. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the literature of attempted transmission of encephalitic disease from human brain and spinal cord material to rabbits there are two recorded instances in which the fresh material transmitted no disease whatever but in which the same tissue, preserved in glycerine for several weeks in the ice-chest, produced typical herpes encephalitis. The first of these observations was made by Berger (1), another by Perdrau (2). MacIntosh and Turnbull (3) also obtained a positive inoculation in a monkey with material that had been similarly kept in glycerine for two weeks. Although difficult to explain, these observations have seemed to us of considerable significance, since the experiments were simple and straightforward and were carried out separately by reliable and experienced investigators. Perdrau's work, particularly, seemed surely free from any possibility of experimental error, since it was repeated and quite elaborately controlled.
Further Investigations on the Reported Antianaphylactic Action of Heparin
Authors: Reed C. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a recent review of the literature dealing with investigations on heparin, it was pointed out that there is some disagreement as to the power of heparin to protect sensitized animals against anaphylaxis (Reed, 1928). Keyes and Strauser (1926) reported that pigeons sensitized to normal horse serum were protected against anaphylactic shock by previous injection of heparin. Later, Van de Carr and Williams (1927) reported similar results with guinea pigs sensitized to horse serum, and checked the systemic effects by the smooth muscle reaction. While both of these investigations are very definite and clear cut, the results have not been confirmed by other investigators.
In the summer of 1925, Waud (1927) obtained diametrically opposite results with guinea pigs and expressed the opinion that not only was there no protective reaction by administration of heparin but that there was actually an intensification of the anaphylactic response.
A Study of the Effect of Sodium Citrate on the Anti-Pneumococcus Defense Processes of the Body in Relation to its Use in Transfusion
Authors: Cheer Sheo Nan 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Experiments were carried out to determine whether or not sodium citrate in amounts ordinarily employed in clinical transfusions exerted a deleterious effect on the pneumococcidal properties of the blood. Observations were made first to test the action of citrate on the transfused blood. For this purpose sodium citrate in varying concentrations was added to rabbit serum-leucocyte mixtures seeded with pneumococci and containing specific immune serum. It was found that the presence of sodium citrate in concentrations of 0.5 per cent for the period of one hour had no depressant effect on the pneumococcidal action of the serum-leucocyte mixture. Higher concentrations up to 1 per cent produced only a very slight depression in activity. However, when allowed to remain in the serum-leucocyte mixtures for prolonged periods of time concentrations of sodium citrate above 0.1 per cent produced a definite diminution in their pneumococcidal activity. Tests made separately on the leucocytes and immune bodies in high dilution indicated that the serum or plasma protects them against injury by the citrate. The effect of sodium citrate in the circulation was next observed by testing the pneumococcidal promoting properties of the serum of rabbits before and after citrated blood transfusions. It was found that the injection of a quantity of citrate calculated to produce concentrations of as much as 0.3 per cent in the circulating blood, had no detectable harmful action on the pneumococcusdestroying properties of the rabbits blood. Larger quantities caused a marked injurious effect. As a further means of detecting any possible harmful action of sodium citrate on the anti-pneumococcus process of the body, a series of protective tests in mice were carried out using citrated immune whole blood or serum. It was found that 0.4 to 0.5 per cent citrate interfered in no way with their protective properties. The concentration of sodium citrate used in the above experiments which were found to be without detectable deleterious action on the pneumococcidal properties of the blood elements, are considerably less than those customarily employed in citrated blood transfusions.
The Serologic Diagnosis of Pullorum Disease in Domestic Fowls
Authors: Casman E. P. , Valley George , Rettger Leo F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In the first part of this paper experimental results concerning constancy in agglutinability of three strains of Bact. pullorum are given. It is shown that the usual variations in the cultural conditions such as temperature, original pH of the agar medium and frequency in transferring cultures have less influence on agglutinability than the final pH of the culture antigen and the temperature at which the agglutination is conducted. Antigens adjusted to pH 6.4 and to pH 8.0 were more agglutinable than the same antigens adjusted to pH 7.0. At 37°C. the rapidity and degree of agglutination were much greater than at 16°C.
Attempts to select daughter strains of different agglutinability were unsuccessful, indicating further that the strains with which these studies were conducted are remarkably constant in their agglutination property.
The factors influencing and causing the so-called “cloudy” reaction were studied. It was found that by employing phenol in concentrations of from 0.2 to 0.3 per cent and adjusting the H-ion concentration of the antigen to pH 8.2 to 8.5, the formation of the flocculent precipitate was prevented. At this H-ion concentration the bacteriostatic action of the phenol (0.2 to 0.3 per cent) is apparently complete. The suppression of the pH by sera which tend to produce “cloudy reaction” when added to the agglutination fluid is reported here apparently for the first time.
Antigens adjusted to a definite pH by means of alkali or buffer should find general application in the elimination of interference in the routine agglutination test by the so-called “cloudy” reaction.
Allergic Reactions in Vaccinia-Immune Rabbits
Authors: Thompson Richard 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Evidence is given to indicate that allergic reactions do occur in a certain percentage of vaccinia-immune rabbits. Some evidence is given indicating that the reactions obtained may be partly due to homologous testicle tissue reacting with organ specific antibodies. That the virus does play some part in the reaction is indicated by the fact that the reactions are much greater in virus immune animals than in animals immune only to testicle tissue. While a state of hyperimmunity tends to reduce the amount of induration in the allergic reaction, there is no conclusive evidence that the negative results in some animals are due to this hyperimmunity. The chief factor determining the occurrence or non-occurrence of an allergic reaction is the individual factor in the animal. From apparently successful passive transfer,—general and local—of the allergic state and from the apparent acceleration of vaccinal reactions by treatment with immune serum, it seems probable that the allergic reactions are the result of antigenantibody reactions. Evidence in a human subject of a local factor in the allergic reaction indicates that the antigen-antibody reaction concerned does not entirely depend upon antibodies in the serum.
The Placental Transmission of Foreign Proteins in Rabbits
Authors: Holford Frances E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. That antibodies may be transmitted from mother to fetus by way of the placenta has been demonstrated in a number of species (1). As to soluble antigens in this same respect, there is little definite evidence in the literature. Yet the answer to the implied question has more than purely academic significance. That it may have a bearing not only upon the problem of hypersusceptibility of the young but also upon that of racial immunity, of variation in individual resistance, and possibly even upon the more general problem of apparent hereditary transmission of acquired characteristics, must be apparent. Against such a background of inquiry and in ignorance of any work touching directly upon the question, the author some years ago began the experiments out of which the present paper has grown.
In the meantime a more thorough search of the literature and the contemporaneous work of Ratner and his associates have yielded other evidence for the placental transmission of foreign proteins.
The Bactericidins of B. Typhosus and B. Enteritidis Antisera
Authors: Hale William M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the adoption of the receptor-analysis technic as a significant serological procedure many studies have been made which serve to introduce new interpretations into the questions of the essential relationships of the various antibodies and their contribution to the mechanisms of resistance. Even a superficial survey of the conclusions offered suggests that possibly some of the rather broad generalizations made are inadequately supported by experimental data. That two serological phenomena possess a common attribute, or are to be observed coincidently, does not of necessity prove identity, and since many of the deductions made are based upon such an assumed identity, it may well be that the reactions in question are less obviously involved in immune states than has been supposed.
The experiments here reported represent, in part, an attempt to gain further insight into such antibody-immunity relationships, and the specific point of attack bears on the question of the identity of the bactericidal amboceptors of B. enteritidis and B typhosus antisera.
Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis of the Serum of Germfree Rats
Authors: Grabar Pierre , Courcon Janine , Wostmann Bernard S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
By using immunoelectrophoretic techniques and anti-germfree rat and anti-conventional rat immune rabbit sera it was shown that the serum of germfree rats contains the same major antigenic components observed in the serum of conventional rats. Certain constituents, especially those of low mobility, are present in such small amounts that detection is difficult, even with methods as sensitive as specific precipitation. Only small amounts of γ-globulin were detectable by direct analysis. These “germfree” γ-globulins showed a relatively high mobility. Injection of germfree rat serum into rabbit produced the entire spectrum of “anti-γ” antibody otherwise found upon immunization with conventional rat serum.
Biological Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of enzymatic treatment of rabbit antibody in the induction of the skin-reactive and complement-fixing properties of soluble complexes was studied. Antibody fragments obtained by papain or peptic digestion failed to induce these biological activities with antigen and failed to sensitize guinea pigs for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Three fragments (Fractions I, II and III) of normal rabbit γ-globulin, obtained by papain digestion by the method of Porter, were aggregated by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine. Two of the three fragments (Fractions I and II) did not induce either complement-fixing or skin-reactive properties upon aggregation, whereas the aggregated product of the third fragment (Fraction III) had both these activities. This fragment (Fraction III) had an affinity for guinea pig tissues and would compete with antibody for the same site in tissue fixation. The role of an antibody segment (Fraction III), containing no antibody-combining site, in the induction of allergic reactions and complement fixation was discussed.
Patterns of Measles Antibodies in Residents of Tahiti and Their Stability in the Absence of Re-Exposure
Authors: Black Francis L. , Rosen Leon 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sera collected in Tahiti were tested for measles neutralizing, hemagglutination inhibition, and complement-fixing antibodies and for canine distemper neutralizing antibody. The mean titers of the neutralizing antibody showed little change in paired sera drawn 8 years apart. The HI and complement-fixing antibodies declined little more than twofold and the canine distemper antibody rose about twofold. The three kinds of measles antibody were quantitatively and qualitatively related, but the ratio between them varied slightly in different age groups. The presence of measles antibodies of all kinds was closely correlated with history of exposure to the disease. Canine distemper antibodies were also dependent on exposure to measles and were independent of exposure to distemper.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Schiffman Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Summary
α-galactosyl 1, 3 galactose was a better inhibitor of precipitation than galactinol which in turn was better than α-galactosyl-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine in both the B-anti-B and BP1-anti-BP1 systems. Since the B and BP1 determinants are distinct and since melibiose behaves quite differently as an inhibitor in these two systems, an unambiguous interpretation as to the second unit in these two determinants cannot as yet be made.
A Comparison of the Hemagglutination-Inhibition, Neutralization and Complement Fixation Tests in the Assay of Antibody to Measles
Authors: Cutchins Ernest C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The CF, HI and neutralization tests have been used to assay the antibody content of sera from animals and man following vaccination with killed measles virus and/or natural infection with the live virus. The CF test was demonstrated to be the least sensitive method of assay. The HI test was found to be as sensitive to measles antibody as the neutralization test and the titers obtained by the two methods closely parallel one another. The utilization of the HI test for large scale measles serology should result in considerable saving in time and reagents with no loss of reliability.
GAMBARAN PROSES PEMBENTUKKAN KEPRIBADIAN SYAHADATAIN PADA MUALAF
Authors: Halimatussyadiyah  
Published: December 2022

Mualaf merupakan orang yang baru masuk Islam, dan belum memahami banyak mengenai ajaran agama Islam. Mereka melalui proses bimbingan dan pembentukkan kepribadian mengenai ajaran Islam. Setelah mualaf melakukan konversi agama terbentuklah kepribadian baru seperti salah satunya kepribadian syahadatain, yaitu: Kepribadian yang didapat setelah mengucap dua kalimat syahadat, melalui 3 aspek: domain kognitif (pikiran), domain afektif (perasaan) dan domain psikomotorik (perbuatan). Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan konversi agama pada mualaf dan merujuk kepada proses pembentukkan kepribadian syahadatain. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan jenis fenomenologi. Subjek yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berjumlah tiga orang dengan kriteria seorang mualaf. Hasil penelitian diketahui tentang gambaran proses pembentukkan kepribadian syahadatain ini dimulai dari subjek meyakini atas KeEsaan Allah Swt dan keRasullan Nabi Muhammad Saw, mereka meyakini Allah Swt adalah Tuhan yang sebenar-benarnya dan Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah Swt yang patut di tauladani untuk menjadi sebaik-baiknya umat muslim. Subjek merasakan kenikmatan, kebahagiaan, kebersyukuran, keikhlasan dalam menerima takdir yang Allah Swt berikan, mereka menjalani hidup semata-mata bertujuan untuk mencari ridhanya Allah Swt. Mereka berusaha melaksanakan kewajiban dan rukun-rukun layaknya sebagai seorang muslim yang beriman dan bertakwa.
“Somos todos extraterrestres! Será?”
Authors: Kreitlow Lempke Tamiris , Santos Cabral Taís , Rolin Lievore João Paulo , Pancieri Rúbia Mara , Oliveira Póvoas Matheus , Borges Corte Viviana , Barata Diógina 
Published: December 2022

A origem da vida é um tema que desperta grande curiosidade no meio científico. Algumas teorias tentam explicar como a vida poderia ter surgido, mas ainda há muitas lacunas a serem preenchidas quando o assunto é “Como surgiu o primeiro ser vivo?”. Entretanto, percebe-se que tal assunto apresenta complexidade ao ser trabalhado em turmas de ensino médio, considerando ser um tema de grande abstração para a maioria dos estudantes. Nesse contexto, o ensino por investigação se apresenta como estratégia de grande potencial, para trazer a origem da vida como um mistério a ser desvendado pelos estudantes, através do levantamento de hipóteses, discussão e pesquisa prática, fugindo do ensino tradicional e das aulas expositivas. Este trabalho propõe uma sequência de ensino investigativa (SEI), para trabalhar o tema “Origem da vida”, que de acordo com o Currículo Básico Escola Estadual do Espírito Santo (2009), é estudado na 3ª série do Ensino Médio, desenvolvendo nos estudantes o pensamento científico, trazendo uma nova perspectiva no ensino da origem da vida por meio do ensino por investigação.
Palavras-Chave: ensino por investigação, método científico, ensino de biologia, protagonismo discente.
Acarajé
Authors: De Oliveira da Conceição Luena , Furlan Marcos Roberto , Aoyama Elisa Mitsuko 
Published: December 2022

Ensino de Botânica tem se mostrado de baixo interesse pelos discentes, em especial pela linguagem científica e falta de informação sobre sua relevância e utilização dos seus conteúdos no cotidiano. Além da botânica, para a maioria da sociedade, há carência de informações de diversos assuntos, o que pode gerar equívocos e problemas de relacionamentos interpessoais, como o preconceito e a intolerância. Pensando na disseminação do ensino de Botânica e da Cultura, em destaque a afro-brasileira, o estudo teve como objetivo elaborar e-book sobre uma receita típica para utilização no ensino de Botânica, e como material complementar aos livros didáticos, visando minimizar a Cegueira Botânica e contribuir para valorização da diversidade cultural. Para criação da estrutura do e-book foram utilizados o Canva (on-line) e o PowerPoint. Para elaboração do texto foi realizada a receita de acarajé, a descrição dos seus elementos botânicos e leitura de artigos sobre culinária ritualística afro-brasileira. Na capa buscou-se trazer elementos que retratem o acarajé, pois o conteúdo deste trabalho gira em torno dele. Páginas de apresentação e introdução instigam os leitores a conhecerem o e-book, explicando como foi realizado e sobre o assunto abordado. Páginas seguintes fornecem receita de acarajé; informações de cada vegetal presentes na receita, que podem ser utilizadas nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem do conteúdo de Botânica e alfabetização científica; e página com curiosidades sobre a cultura afro-brasileira e o acarajé. Em consonância com o tema transversal Pluralidade Cultural, proposto pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de 1997, o e-book apresenta caráter interdisciplinar e evidencia a Pluralidade Cultural, e apresenta-se como potencial recurso didático digital, e como subsídio para ensino de Botânica numa dimensão cultural, valorizando elementos do cotidiano do aluno. Portanto, a utilização de um prato típico como base para processo de ensino e aprendizagem de Botânica foi satisfatória, pois apresentou diversas vertentes.