bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity Levels (PAL) in US Adults—2019
Authors: MATTHEWS CHARLES E. , PATEL SHREYA , SAINT-MAURICE PEDRO F. , LOFTFIELD ERIKKA , KEADLE SARAH K. , CHEN KONG Y. , BRYCHTA ROBERT , LAMUNION SAMUEL , BERRIGAN DAVID 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Physical activity levels (PAL) are associated with mortality risk and were instrumental in estimating national energy requirements, but we are unaware of population-based estimates of PAL in US adults. Thus, we conducted a nationwide survey using a validated previous-day recall method to estimate PAL and the behavioral determinants of low and higher PAL.

Methods
Participants from the AmeriSpeak panel 20–75 yr of age (N = 2640) completed Activities Completed over Time in 24-hours previous-day recalls. PAL values were estimated as the average metabolic equivalent value over 24 h. Recalls were conducted on randomly selected days in October and November 2019. Survey sample design weights were applied to reflect the US population.

Results
Mean age was 45.3 yr, 51% were female, 67% were non-Hispanic White, and 37% had a body mass index of ≥30 kg·m−2. US adults reported a mean PAL of 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.60–1.65), and 39% (37%–42%) of adults reported PAL ≥1.6 on a given day. Men reported higher PAL than women (1.67 vs 1.59), and older adults reported lower PAL. Adults with PAL <1.4 spent 81% (12.1 h·d−1) of their waking day sedentary and 19% (2.7 h·d−1) in total physical activity. Adults with PAL considered to be “active”(1.6–1.89) spent only 49% (8.0 h·d−1) of their waking day sedentary, and 51% (8.3 h·d−1) physically active.

Conclusions
Our study provides novel estimates of PAL in a nationwide sample of US adults and a description of the type and intensity of sedentary and physically active behaviors contributing to low and higher PAL. These findings may inform public health messages aimed at increasing physical activity in adults and potentially contribute to obesity prevention efforts.
Effects of Sex and Cuff Pressure on Physiological Responses during Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise in Young Adults
Authors: GRAY SYLVIE M. , CUOMO AMANDA M. , PROPPE CHRISTOPHER E. , TRAYLOR MIRANDA K. , HILL ETHAN C. , KELLER JOSHUA L. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses resulting from an acute blood flow restriction resistance exercise bout with two different cuff pressures in young, healthy men and women.

Methods
Thirty adults (18–30 yr) completed a bilateral leg extension blood flow restriction bout consisting of four sets (30–15–15–15 repetitions), with cuffs applied at pressures corresponding to 40% and 60% of the minimum arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) needed to completely collapse the femoral arteries. During each of these conditions (40% and 60% AOP), physiological measures of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and EMG amplitude (EMG AMP) were collected from the dominant or nondominant vastus lateralis. After each set, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected, whereas only at baseline and at the end of the bout, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was assessed. Separate mixed-factorial ANOVA models were used to examine mean differences in the change in EMG AMP and NIRS parameters during each set. The absolute RPE and MAP values were also examined with separate ANOVAs. A P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Regardless of sex or cuff pressure, the change in EMG AMP was lower in set 1 (14.8%) compared with the remaining sets (22.6%–27.0%). The 40% AOP condition elicited the greatest changes in oxy[heme] and deoxy[heme], while also providing lower RPEs. For MAP, there was an effect for time such that MAP increased from preexercise (87.5 ± 4.3 mm Hg) to postexercise (104.5 ± 4.1 mm Hg).

Conclusions
The major findings suggested that the 40% AOP condition permitted the greatest amount of recovery during the interset rest. In addition, there did not seem to be any meaningful sex-related difference in this sample of young healthy adults.
Plasma Acidosis and Peak Power after a Supramaximal Trial in Elite Sprint and Endurance Cyclists: Effect of Bicarbonate
Authors: MILDENHALL MATHEW J. , MAUNDER ED , PLEWS DANIEL J. , LINDINGER MICHAEL I. , CAIRNS SIMEON P. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine whether (i) a plasma acidosis contributes to a reduction of mechanical performance and (ii) bicarbonate supplementation blunts plasma acidosis and arterial oxygen desaturation to resist fatigue during the end spurt of a supramaximal trial in elite sprint and endurance cyclists.

Methods
Elite/world-class cyclists (n = 6 sprint, n = 6 endurance) completed two randomized, double-blind, crossover trials at 105%V̇O2peak simulating 3 min of a 4-km individual pursuit, 90 min after ingestion of 0.3 g·kg−1 BM sodium bicarbonate (BIC) or placebo (PLA). Peak power output (PPO), optimal cadence and optimal peak torque, and fatigue were assessed using a 6-s “all-out sprint” before (PPO1) and after (PPO2) each trial. Plasma pH, bicarbonate, lactate−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and arterial hemoglobin saturation (SpO2(%)), were measured.

Results
Sprint cyclists exhibited a higher PPO, optimal pedal torque, and anaerobic power reserve (APR) than endurance cyclists. The trial reduced PPO (PLA) more for sprint (to 47% initial) than endurance cyclists (to 61% initial). Optimal cadence fell from ~151 to 92 rpm and cyclists with higher APR exhibited a reduced optimal peak torque. Plasma pH fell from 7.35 to 7.13 and plasma [lactate−] increased from 1.2 to 19.6 mM (PLA), yet neither correlated with PPO loss. Sprint cyclists displayed a lesser plasma acidosis but greater fatigue than endurance cyclists. BIC increased plasma [HCO3
−] (+6.8 mM) and plasma pH after PPO1 (+0.09) and PPO2 (+0.07) yet failed to influence mechanical performance. SpO2 fell from 99% to 96% but was unrelated to the plasma acidosis and unaltered with BIC.

Conclusions
Plasma acidosis was not associated with the decline of PPO in a supramaximal trial with elite cyclists. BIC attenuated acid–base disturbances yet did not improve arterial oxygen desaturation or mechanical performance at the end-spurt stage.
Vascular Responses to Passive and Active Movement in Premenopausal Females: Comparisons across Sex and Menstrual Cycle Phase
Authors: WEGGEN JENNIFER B. , HOGWOOD AUSTIN C. , DECKER KEVIN P. , DARLING ASHLEY M. , CHIU ALEX , RICHARDSON JACOB , GARTEN RYAN S. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Adequate, robust vascular responses to passive and active movement represent two distinct components linked to normal, healthy cardiovascular function. Currently, limited research exists determining if these vascular responses are altered in premenopausal females (PMF) when compared across sex or menstrual cycle phase.

Methods
Vascular responses to passive leg movement (PLM) and handgrip (HG) exercise were assessed in PMF (n = 21) and age-matched men (n = 21). A subset of PMF subjects (n = 11) completed both assessments during the early and late follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Microvascular function was assessed during PLM via changes in leg blood flow, and during HG exercise, via steady-state arm vascular conductance. Macrovascular (brachial artery [BA]) function was assessed during HG exercise via BA dilation responses as well as BA shear rate-dilation slopes.

Results
Leg microvascular function, determined by PLM, was not different between sexes or across menstrual cycle phase. However, arm microvascular function, demonstrated by arm vascular conductance, was lower in PMF compared with men at rest and during HG exercise. Macrovascular function was not different between sexes or across menstrual cycle phase.

Conclusions
This study identified similar vascular function across sex and menstrual cycle phase seen in microvasculature of the leg and macrovascular (BA) of the arm. Although arm microvascular function was unaltered by menstrual cycle phase in PMF, it was revealed to be significantly lower when compared with age-matched men highlighting a sex difference in vascular/blood flow regulation during small muscle mass exercise.
Daily Physical Activity Patterns and Their Associations with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: The Maastricht Study
Authors: LESKINEN TUIJA , LIMA PASSOS VALÉRIA , DAGNELIE PIETER C. , SAVELBERG HANS H. C. M. , DE GALAN BASTIAAN E. , EUSSEN SIMONE J. P. M. , STEHOUWER COEN D. A. , STENHOLM SARI , KOSTER ANNEMARIE 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to identify physical activity patterns and examine their association with cardiometabolic biomarkers in a cross-sectional design.

Methods
Overall 6072 participants (mean age, 60.2 yr; SD 8.6 yr, 50% women) from The Maastricht Study provided daily physical activity data collected with thigh-worn activPAL3 accelerometers. The patterns of daily physical activity over weekdays and weekend days were identified by using Group Based Trajectory Modeling. Cardiometabolic biomarkers included body mass index, waist circumference, office blood pressure, glucose, HbA1c, and cholesterol levels. Associations between the physical activity patterns and cardiometabolic outcomes were examined using the analyses of covariance adjusted for sex, age, education, smoking, and diet. Because of statistically significant interaction, the analyses were stratified by type 2 diabetes status.

Results
Overall, seven physical activity patterns were identified: consistently inactive (21% of participants), consistently low active (41%), active on weekdays (15%), early birds (2%), consistently moderately active (7%), weekend warriors (8%), and consistently highly active (6%). The consistently inactive and low active patterns had higher body mass index, waist, and glucose levels compared with the consistently moderately and highly active patterns, and these associations were more pronounced for participants with type 2 diabetes. The more irregular patterns accumulated moderate daily total activity levels but had rather similar cardiometabolic profiles compared with the consistently active groups.

Conclusions
The cardiometabolic profile was most favorable in the consistently highly active group. All patterns accumulating moderate to high levels of daily total physical activity had similar health profile suggesting that the amount of daily physical activity rather than the pattern is more important for cardiometabolic health.
Breaking Up Prolonged Sitting to Improve Cardiometabolic Risk: Dose–Response Analysis of a Randomized Crossover Trial
Authors: DURAN ANDREA T. , FRIEL CIARAN P. , SERAFINI MARIA A. , ENSARI IPEK , CHEUNG YING KUEN , DIAZ KEITH M. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Sedentary time is ubiquitous in developed nations and is associated with deleterious health outcomes. Physical activity guidelines recommend reductions in sedentary time; however, quantitative guidelines that inform how often and how long sedentary time should be interrupted have not been provided. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of multiple doses of a sedentary break intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors, concurrently evaluating efficacy of varying frequencies and durations of sedentary breaks.

Methods
In a randomized crossover study, middle- and older-age adults (n = 11) completed the following 8-h conditions on five separate days: 1 uninterrupted sedentary (control) condition and four acute (experimental) trials that entailed different sedentary break frequency/duration combinations: every 30 min for 1 min, every 30 min for 5 min, every 60 min for 1 min, and every 60 min for 5 min. Sedentary breaks entailed light-intensity walking. Glucose and blood pressure (BP) were measured every 15 and 60 min, respectively.

Results
Compared with control, glucose incremental area under the curve was significantly attenuated only for the every 30 min for 5-min dose (−11.8[4.7]; P = 0.017). All sedentary break doses yielded significant net decreases in systolic BP from baseline compared with control (P < 0.05). The largest reductions in systolic BP were observed for the every 60 min for 1 min (−5.2 [1.4] mm Hg) and every 30 min for 5 min (−4.3[1.4] mm Hg) doses.

Conclusions
The present study provides important information concerning efficacious sedentary break doses. Higher-frequency and longer-duration breaks (every 30 min for 5 min) should be considered when targeting glycemic responses, whereas lower doses may be sufficient for BP lowering.
Martial Arts and Cognitive Control in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Children Born Very Preterm: A Combined Analysis of Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: LUDYGA SEBASTIAN , HANKE MANUEL , LEUENBERGER RAHEL , BRUGGISSER FABIENNE , PÜHSE UWE , GERBER MARKUS , LEMOLA SAKARI , CAPONE-MORI ANDREA , KEUTLER CLEMENS , BROTZMANN MARK , WEBER PETER 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Very preterm birth and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with impairments in response inhibition that often persist beyond childhood. Athletes skilled in martial arts show a neurocognitive profile that is associated with an improved inhibition processing stream, suggesting that engagement in this kind of sport has the potential to reduce impairments in this cognitive function. We investigated the behavioral and neurocognitive effects of judo training on response inhibition in children born very preterm and children with ADHD by a combined analysis of two randomized controlled trials.

Methods
In both the CHIPMANC (n = 65) and JETPAC (n = 63) studies, participants were randomly allocated to a waitlist or a 12-wk judo training program in a 1:1 ratio. At pretest and posttest, participants completed a Go/NoGo task, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and a physical work capacity test on a bicycle ergometer. During the cognitive task, event-related potentials (N2, P3a, P3b) were recorded via electroencephalography.

Results
The effects of the judo training were moderated by the study group. In contrast to children with ADHD (JETPAC), judo training reduced the commission error rate on the Go/NoGo task and increased the P3a amplitude in children born very preterm (CHIPMANC). No treatment effects were found for N2, P3b and physical fitness outcomes.

Conclusions
The neurodevelopmental condition influences the cognitive benefits of judo training. Whereas judo may be ineffective in children with ADHD, children born very preterm can expect improved response inhibition due to a more effective engagement of focal attention to resolve the task-related response conflict.
Sex Differences in the Speed–Duration Relationship of Elite Runners across the Lifespan
Authors: FULTON TIMOTHY J. , SUNDBERG CHRISTOPHER W. , ARNEY BLAINE E. , HUNTER SANDRA K. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To determine if the speed–duration relationship is altered with age and sex of elite Master’s runners.

Methods
The world’s top 10 performances for men and women in three events (800, 1500, and 5000 m) across six age groups (18–34 yr, 40–49 yr, 50–59 yr, 60–69 yr, 70–79 yr, and 80–89 yr) were analyzed from public data to establish theoretical models of the speed–duration relationship. Critical speed (CS) and the curvature constant (D′) were estimated by fitting the average speeds and performance times with a two-parameter hyperbolic model.

Results
Critical speed expressed relative to the 18- to 34-yr-olds, declined with age (92.2% [40–49] to 55.2% [80–89]; P < 0.001), and absolute CS was higher in men than women within each age group (P < 0.001). The percent difference in CS between the men and women progressively increased across age groups (10.8% [18–34] to 15.5% [80–89]). D′ was lower in women than men in the 60–69 yr, 70–79 yr, and 80–89 yr age groups (P < 0.001), but did not differ in the 18–34 yr, 40–49 yr, or 50–59 yr age groups.

Conclusions
Critical speed progressively decreased with age, likely due to age-related decrements in several physiological systems that cause reduced aerobic capacity. The mechanism for the larger sex difference in CS in the older age groups is unknown but may indicate physiological differences that occur with aging and/or historical sociological factors that have reduced participation opportunities of older female runners resulting in a more limited talent pool.
Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews on Bodyweight Management Strategies for Children and Adolescents
Authors: HO ROBIN SZE-TAK , CHUI KING YIN , HUANG WENDY YAJUN , WONG STEPHEN HEUNG-SANG 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Systematic reviews (SRs) synthesize empirical evidence from randomized controlled trials, to answer a research question. Methodological flaws in SRs can, however, reduce the trustworthiness of conclusions, subsequently hindering decision making. We aimed to appraise the methodological quality of existing SRs on bodyweight management strategies for children and adolescents.

Methods
We searched Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus. A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of SRs including 16 individual AMSTAR 2 domains and the total AMSTAR score. Association between bibliographical characteristics and total AMSTAR score of SRs was explored using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results
Three critical domain-specific items of AMSTAR 2 among the included SRs showed unsatisfactory results including (i) justifying deviation from their SR protocols, (ii) using comprehensive literature search strategies, and (iii) giving details of both included and excluded studies. “More recent publication year journal,” “higher impact factor of the journal,” and “greater number of review authors” were associated with better methodological quality of the included SRs.

Conclusions
Future SRs’ authors in the field of bodyweight management strategies for children and adolescents should improve the following criteria: (i) justify deviations from SR protocol, (ii) explain selection of the included study designs, (iii) use comprehensive literature search strategy, (iv) give details for both included and excluded studies, (v) report funding sources among included studies, and (vi) assess the potential impact of risk of bias among the included studies on meta-analysis results.
The Dose–Response Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on the Omega-3 Index in American Football Athletes
Authors: LUST CODY A. C. , BURNS JESSIE L. , JONES MARGARET T. , SMITH STEPHEN B. , CHOI SEONG HO , KRK MICHELE , GABLE DAVID A. , OLIVER JONATHAN M. , MA DAVID W. L. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Purpose
American-style football (ASF) players are at increased risk for head injuries and cardiovascular disease. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are cardioprotective, and emerging evidence suggests benefits for protection against head injuries. However, fundamental knowledge of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dosing in athletes such as ASF players remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the dose–response effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in red blood cells (RBC) and as the Omega-3 Index (O3I), in collegiate ASF players throughout a competitive season.

Methods
Sixty-nine ASF players were randomly assigned placebo (corn oil), or 2, 4, or 6 g·d−1 of DHA supplement. Blood samples were collected at eight time points (T1–T8) over 27 wk. RBC were extracted and analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. Compliant players who had samples collected at all time points were analyzed. A repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to assess the dose–response effect of DHA over time, and between-group differences at individual time points were assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test.

Results
A significant dose and time interaction was found, and all supplement groups had significantly greater DHA in RBC compared with placebo from T2–T8 (P < 0.05). Athletes receiving 6 g·d−1 of DHA had the greatest O3I, relative to other groups, and the O3I reached steady state by 15 wk. The 6 g·d−1 group surpassed >8% on the O3I at approximately twice the rate of the 4 g·d−1 group (8 vs 15 wk).

Conclusions
Our findings provide important fundamental knowledge demonstrating a dose–response incorporation of DHA into RBC membranes up to 6 g·d−1. Furthermore, 6 g·d−1 of DHA can be used to rapidly achieve a desired O3I (>8%) in athletes in only 8 wk.
Detection and size quantification of pulmonary nodules in ultralow-dose versus regular-dose CT: a comparative study in COPD patients
Authors: Han Daiwei , Cai Jiali , Heus Anne , Heuvelmans Marjolein , Imkamp Kai , Dorrius Monique , Pelgrim Gert-Jan , de Jonge Gonda , Oudkerk Matthijs , van den Berge Maarten , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn 
Published: February 2023

Objective: To evaluate detectability and semi-automatic diameter and volume measurements of pulmonary nodules in ultralow-dose CT (ULDCT) vs regular-dose CT (RDCT). Methods: Fifty patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent RDCT on 64-multidetector CT (120 kV, filtered back projection), and ULDCT on third-generation dual source CT (100 kV with tin filter, advanced modeled iterative reconstruction). One radiologist evaluated the presence of nodules on both scans in random order, with discrepancies judged by two independent radiologists and consensus reading. Sensitivity of nodule detection on RDCT and ULDCT was compared to reader consensus. Systematic error in semi-automatically derived diameter and volume, and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were evaluated. Nodule classification was compared by κ statistics. Results: ULDCT resulted in 83.1% (95% CI: 81.0–85.2) dose reduction compared to RDCT (p < 0.001). 45 nodules were present, with diameter range 4.0–25.3 mm and volume range 16.0–4483.0 mm3. Detection sensitivity was non-significant (p = 0.503) between RDCT 88.8% (95% CI: 76.0–96.3) and ULDCT 95.5% (95% CI: 84.9–99.5). No systematic bias in diameter measurements (median difference: −0.2 mm) or volumetry (median difference: −6 mm3) was found for ULDCT compared to RDCT. The 95% LoA for diameter and volume measurements were ±3.0 mm and ±33.5%, respectively. κ value for nodule classification was 0.852 for diameter measurements and 0.930 for volumetry. Conclusion: ULDCT based on Sn100 kV enables comparable detectability of solid pulmonary nodules in COPD patients, at 83% reduced radiation dose compared to RDCT, without relevant difference in nodule measurement and size classification. Advances in knowledge: Pulmonary nodule detectability and measurements in ULDCT are comparable to RDCT.