bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Cutting Fluids: Progress Report No. 3 of the Subcommittee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Cutting of Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Oxford C. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of experiments to determine the influence of eleven different cutting fluids on the power required to plane and drill an annealed S.A.E. 3150 steel.
This investigation was conducted as a project of the Subcommittee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on the Cutting of Metals, by the Department of Engineering Research of the University of Michigan, with funds provided by Engineering Foundation. The object was to secure definite performance data for certain limited conditions as a preliminary step to a comprehensive study of cutting fluids.
The force required to cut metal by planing for a single tool shape was determined for a variety of feeds and depths of cut. A formula for the planing force is developed as a function of the cutting fluid, the depth of cut, and the feed as P = CD0.95f0.79.
The torque, thrust, and power required to drill the S.A.E. 3150 steel are determined for a variety of drill diameters and feeds for each of the eleven cutting fluids. Formulas for each of these factors are developed as a function of the cutting fluid, the feed, and the drill diameter.
Torque T = Cf 0.78 d 1.8 thrust B = Kf 0.87 ( d 5 + w d ) 2.12 . The results show clearly the relative advantages from a power standpoint of the various oils studied, and the constants C and K provide for the influence of the cutting fluid used. All data are presented graphically.
An attempt is made to correlate various physical and chemical properties of the cutting fluids with the results of their cutting performance. It appears that cooling is the primary requisite of a cutting fluid rather than lubrication.
Evolution of Pressure Vessels to Meet Present-Day Refining Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Whitney H. LeRoy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the growth of the oil-refining process to meet the demand for fuels for internal-combustion engines, the pressure vessel has played a foremost part. The paper covers the progress of riveting and welding in perfecting a tight and dependable container. Failures attributed to defective plate and to defective welding led to greater experience and operating knowledge. Recognizing the future tendency to still higher temperatures and pressures, research was devoted to developing a new method of electric welding and the rolling of smooth seamless cylinders of large diameter with which to fabricate vessels of any commercial requirement.
Economic Life of Equipment: Derivation of Formulas for the Selection and Replacement of Manufacturing Equipment Which Depend Upon the Theory of Economic Utilization of Capital Resources
Authors: Vorlander H. O. , Raymond F. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The correct solution of the problems of how to select and when to replace equipment is vital to industry. In fact, it revolves about the larger problem of how to invest economically and profitably the capital resources of any enterprise. Many rule-of-thumb as well as a number of somewhat more exact methods are now being employed as a basis for determining equipment policies; however, no one of them is suitably adapted to the present needs of industrial executives, process engineers, plant managers, and sales executives. Accordingly the A.S.M.E. sponsored a research project to investigate thoroughly this subject and formulate the principles upon which any equipment policy should be based, and out of which practical technique can be evolved for the ordinary purposes of industry. As a result, this paper, which constitutes the formal report on the project, presents criteria for the economic or useful life of equipment, for the determination of depreciation policies, for the ultimate ability of equipment to produce earnings or profits, for protection from the hazard of impending obsolescence, and for the guidance of equipment manufacturers in the evolution of new designs and in anticipating the needs of industry. All of these criteria depend upon the relative economic superiority of some proposed type of equipment over some equivalent existing type or one chosen as a standard of comparison, and the evaluation of each can be achieved through formulas which are equally applicable to machine tools, jigs and fixtures, labor-saving or material-handling devices, process and power equipment, and even buildings or structures. Moreover, in the course of the investigations, many other important facts were discovered which relate to financial policies, accounting practice, the origin and proper methods of treating overhead, plant layout, maintenance, productivity and idle time, salvage and resale policies, machine design, and, in general, the earning power of the enterprise; all of which are discussed in detail.
Fluxing of Ashes and Slags as Related to the Slagging Type Furnace: Progress Report of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Removal of Ash as Molten Slag From Powdered-Coal Furnaces
Authors: Nicholls P. , Reid W. T. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper is presented as a report for the Special Research Committee on the Removal of Ash as Molten Slag From Powdered-Coal Furnaces. The primary object of the investigation was to obtain data on the fluxing of coal-ash slags to enable users of slagging-type boilers to increase the fluidity of the deposited ash should it not be possible to tap at available furnace temperatures. Studies were made using a platinum-wound furnace, supplemented by a gas furnace with a 32-in. by 28-in. hearth. A standard of fluidity desirable for easy tapping was established, and the results were expressed as the temperature necessary to produce this fluidity, designated the flow temperature. Values for flow temperature in terms of the chemical composition of the ash, or ash plus flux, were determined for a range of ashes found in American coals, and for additions of the following fluxes: iron ore, limestone, dolomite, fluorspar, saltcake, steel slags, and some less important minerals. It is deduced that limestone or dolomite would be the most economical material to use for slagging-type boilers as now built, and from a diagram the quantity of flux can be computed. The investigation was carried beyond present requirements for slagging-type boilers and to flow temperatures below 2400 deg. fahr. A complete diagram is given for coal ash-lime-iron showing the flow temperature plotted against composition.
Vegetable Glues
Authors: Maine Albert B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives essential information about vegetable glues and the gluing of wood with them, considering veneer glue, joint glue, and liquid glue. There have been recent developments in vegetable joint and liquid glues that are not generally known, and the paper covers these in a practical rather than in a technical manner, intending to be of assistance in commercial operations. Vegetable glue is any adhesive made from a base or substance of vegetable matter. The paper describes vegetable glue that has a carbohydrate as its base and is a practical vegetable glue for use in the woodworking industries.
Oil-Seed-Residue Glues
Authors: Laucks I. F. , Davidson Glenn 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper describes the history, characteristics, uses, and limitations of soya-bean glue, or generically of seed-residue glue. This is the newcomer in the glue field, its use practically dating from 1923. The adhesive base of the seed-residue glues is the cake or meal resulting from the oil-pressing of soya beans, peanuts, cotton seed, etc. In the manufacture of plywood it is stated that the tonnage of the oil-seed-residue glues equals that of any other type of glue. In connection with the soya-bean glues there has been developed the use of carbon bisulphide as an agent to increase water resistance.
Recent Developments in Grading Fuels for Aeronautical Use
Authors: White W. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The subject of fuel grading is somewhat unknown to engine constructors, airplane operators, and others. In dealing with the grading of aviation gasoline, the author, instead of drawing on the great mass of experimental and published data on the subject, with the complexities of each of the component parts, and preparing an exhaustive discussion of one of the components, has chosen to present a general discussion of the factors involved. To this the author has added his opinion of the probable trend in the near future. Some of the points raised are to a degree controversial. The paper also includes a review of recent flight tests with various fuels.
Survey of Problems of Thin-Walled Structures: II—Strength of Thin Metal Structures Beyond the Stability Limit
Authors: Sechler E. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
When thin sheet metal was first used for aircraft, the design was in accordance with the usual laws of elasticity, and when buckling occurred in any part it was considered as failure. Frequently it was observed, however, that the buckling disappeared after the load was removed, without permanent deformation. This led to the study of thin sheet metal when used above the stability limit. The paper considers two methods of designing structures for thin sheet metal—one is to endeavor to make the buckling load correspond to a stress equal to the elastic limit of the material, and the other is to allow the structure to go into the buckled state at a stress below the elastic limit and then to determine the allowable load on the structure before permanent deformation would take place. It may be possible that a photoelastic study of buckled sheets would lead the way to a solution.
Steam-Turbine-Plant Practice in the United States
Authors: Alden Vern E. , Balcke W. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
From the great volume of available data on the design, equipment, service requirements, and operating results of the steam-electric-generating stations serving the larger power systems in the United States, the authors have endeavored to present a cross-section of existing turbine-plant practice. The principal subjects discussed include the selection and arrangement of steam turbine-generators, their condensers, and auxiliaries, together with an analysis of published test results for many large turbines and the service-reliability records of modern installations. While some economic considerations and other controlling factors underlying the principal features are outlined, the purpose of the authors is that of describing existing practice rather than of offering any recommended solution for the many problems involved. To assist in recognizing typical rather than exceptional practices, and widespread rather than personal or minority opinions, advantage has been taken of comments and suggestions from many individuals closely associated with the development of the art.
Stoker Developments at The Detroit Edison Company’s Delray Power House No. 3
Authors: Thompson Paul W. , Chatel Fred J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Experience gained from nearly three years’ operation of the large single-ended stokers at Delray has led to developments and improvements in design, the application of which has made them comparable with other types of coal-burning equipment. Improvements have been made with two things in mind—namely, an increase in efficiency of combustion and a reduction of maintenance by decreasing burned stoker parts. All improvements possible, particularly those to improve combustion, have not as yet been completed; however, changes that have been incorporated have materially improved performance. Automatic control of preheated air to the various parts of the fuel bed has been sufficiently developed to establish it as a desirable and valuable aid to combustion, particularly with long stokers burning high-volatile coal. One of the stokers has been operated successfully for a short period with preheated-air temperatures as high as 500 F. Development of a similar air-control system, manually operated, under two boilers in the Beacon Street Heating Plant, handling cold air, has resulted in an increased steaming capacity of 31 per cent and an increase in calculated boiler efficiency of from 1/2 to 2 per cent. The paper is a description of the Delray installation, but reference is made to the large double-ended stokers, supplied with cold air, and the manually operated metered air control in the Beacon Street Heating Plant.
Applications of the Kmh Method of Analyzing Manufacturing Operation
Authors: Alford L. P. , Hannum J. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The kmh method of analyzing industrial operation, first presented by the authors in a paper before this Society in 1928, is used to show variations in size of plants, in length of work periods, and in kmh rates of productivity, value of product, wages, and salaries for four industries in 1929. The trends of kmh operating rates from 1923 to 1931 for 110 concerns are also studied. Important findings are: High wages and high expenditures for supervision accompany high operating performances; the kmh factor is the most convenient unit for measuring plant capacity and a more satisfactory unit for measuring employment and unemployment than a census of workers; the optimum size of plant for most effective production is small; the optimum range of length of work period is considerably shorter than the longest periods that have prevailed currently; changes in productivity are substantially independent of the business cycle; and, due to continuously increasing productivity, the same quantity of product turned out by 50 concerns in a 51-hour week in 1923, could have been produced in a 35-hour week in 1931.
Modern Door Construction—Manufacture and Use
Authors: Madsen Sern 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Doors, along with windows, constitute the moving parts of a building, and their manufacture must provide for all contingencies that might affect their fit and wear and durability. The many kinds of doors are described, and the author details the methods of construction and the machines that are used. Advice is given for the proper handling of the door from the preparation of the lumber for the mill processes, through all the details of construction and finishing, the shipping of the completed product, and its installation in the building for which it is intended.
Airplane Cabin Engineering
Authors: Freyss Pierre , Hardecker John F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The intense interest in the development of the interior design of the airplane is the national consequence of the competition between the airplane, the Pullman car, the automobile, and the motor bus for the patronage of the general public. Appealing as the plane does to that class whose time is of extreme value, it must offer a degree of comfort, convenience, and luxury comparable with other means of transportation.
While essentially a problem of the decorator, interior design demands the whole-hearted cooperation of the aeronautical engineer. It must be always in mind from the inception of the structural design, so that the maximum opportunity for eye appeal is assured the decorator. Wall, ceiling and floor treatments, hardware, sanitary equipment, accessories, chairs, windows, doors, sound-proofing, and fireproofing, all are within the scope of interior design. All must be blended into a harmonious whole, keeping ever in the forefront of the design the fundamental aeronautical requirements of minimum weight and maximum space utilization.
The Stresses in Rotating Disks
Authors: Frost Thos. H. , Whitcomb K. F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper comprises the results of a photoelastic investigation, sponsored by The Norton Company, of the stresses in rotating disks. The classical theory of Chree with a few additions is presented, and the results of the experimental determinations are compared with the theory as well as actual breakages of vitrified wheels.
The Dry Quenching of Coke
Authors: Renkin William O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the process of dry quenching or cooling of coke with automatically formed inert gases, the sensible heat in the glowing coke being used to heat the cooling gases, which in turn pass through boilers, producing steam at useful pressure and economic cost without the consumption of any other fuel. Formulas, curves, and data regarding heat available and method of calculation are given, together with descriptions of installations and illustrations of plants in operation.
A detailed economic study is given which shows the savings to be expected and the approximate cost of a dry-quencher plant to cool 1500 net tons of coke per day; and composite charts giving actual operating records as well as output data and the cost of power for one plant by months for the year 1929 are included.
Analyses of coal and coke are given which show conclusively that dry-quenched coke carries less dust than wet-quenched coke.
Data giving actual results obtained by using dry-quenched coke in blast furnaces, and the advantages of substituting dry-quenched coke fines for high-priced bituminous gas coal in gas producers, are discussed in considerable detail.
A dry-quencher plant at a power station in Flint, Mich., the latest to be installed, is described in some detail and the principal technical data given.
Properties of Non-Ferrous Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Clark C. L. , White A. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives the results of an investigation of the properties of certain non-ferrous alloys at elevated temperatures as determined by short-time tensile and long-time creep tests. The alloys considered are of four groups: the nickel-copper, nickel-cobalt-titanium, copper-zinc, and copper-zinc-tin series. The alloys are tested at temperatures both above and below their lowest temperature of recrystallization.
Results indicate a superiority of the nickel-base alloys over the entire temperature range. The outstanding member of this group is Konel metal, which has short-time tensile properties at 1000 deg. fahr. comparable to Enduro KA2, and the greatest creep resistance at this temperature of any alloy of which the authors are aware. Monel metal retains its properties well up to 800 deg. fahr.
Of the copper-zinc alloys, those containing 70 per cent or more copper are superior to those with 60 per cent of this element. None of these alloys can be used at temperatures much above 400 deg. fahr., and for those containing lower amounts of copper, 300 deg. fahr. is believed to be the maximum working temperature if stresses of appreciable magnitude must be considered.
Fractures in Boiler Metal
Authors: White A. E. , Schneidewind R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
During the past several years many specimens of failed boiler materials have been brought to the authors’ attention with questions as to the mechanism and probable cause of the failures. In some cases the pieces consisted of fractured portions of tubes, blow-off pads, saddles, plates, rivets, and similar boiler parts. The examinations, which were to a large extent metallographic in nature, have led to some generalizations and classification of cracks and fractures as related to the causes of failure. This paper classifies the types of failure and gives their metallographic characteristics. The material presented consists of a short review of the literature on boiler-metal failures, a detailed description of fractures in boiler metal due to known causes, and a description of actual failures in service.
Symposium on the Stability of Employment in Industry: Manufacturing in Advance of Orders in Seasonal Industries
Authors: Smith Edwin S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The methods used by American business concerns to reduce seasonal slumps have formed the basis of study for the opinions of the author. Efforts to reduce seasonality may take the form of striving for a more uniform sales demand throughout the year, an attempt to get orders further in advance of the season, or a more level production curve. The experience of a number of manufacturers is related in the effort to show preferred methods in many lines.
Mechanical Design of Electric Motors as Regards Standardization Interchangeability
Authors: Brown J. L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The electric motor has become a machine simply to do a job, and yet because it is vital and because the failure of a unit means its immediate replacement with a new one, there has been a growing need for uniformity in physical dimensions of units. The rapidity with which uses for electric motors are multiplying calls for the lowest possible cost of manufacture of what may be called the standard type, but also of the many variations necessary to meet various conditions. This dictates uniformity also of the many accessory parts.
Transmission of Torque by Means of Press and Shrink Fits
Authors: Baugher J. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The most important formulas for calculating the stresses existing in press and shrink fits are presented, together with charts for readily obtaining numerical results when steel shafts and cast-iron or steel outer members are used. Equations and charts also are given for determining the pressure existing between fitted parts. From the records of a number of fits observed by the author and others, values of coefficients of friction are suggested for use with the pressure in computing the probable tonnage required in making a fit and the torque capacity of a fit when no key is used. Equations are given for the tonnage and torque capacity.
Practical Application of Alloy Steels to Locomotives
Authors: Barba C. E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In the critical railroad situation, methods for reducing costs are important. The reduction of locomotive-maintenance costs by the judicious use of new ferrous-metal products is advised—those very products developed by steel-mill research for the industries aided by the railroads. The best of engineering practice should be applied to the design of built-up assemblies that will realize maximum strength and will reduce wear and tear of joinings, such as the integral bed frame for the locomotive foundation. The high initial cost of using nitrided steel and other special materials, as advocated in the paper, is expected to be justified by the reduced costs of maintenance and loss of service of locomotives.
Materials Handling in the Shoe Industry
Authors: Hamilton K. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The growth of the shoe industry is described from its earliest establishment, from the point of view of mechanical handling of products. It describes the typical factory-production problem and the development of the mechanical conveyor in shoe factories. Mechanical drying and tempering of leather, as well as the adaptation of the individual motor to shoe machinery, are described, and also the installation of standard equipment for power house, dust collecting, packing, and shipping, to show that the shoe industry is searching for all methods to reduce production costs.
Mold-Handling Methods in Foundries
Authors: Hartley William L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper analyzes the mold-handling problem in foundries, first listing the important features to be considered in a study of the application of mold-handling devices. Present-day practice in intermittent and semi-continuous foundries is reviewed. The numerous advantages and reasons for lower cost production in continuous mold-handling operations as compared with floor methods are given. The design and application of continuous power-operated mold conveyors are discussed, with illustrations of several types.