bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing British Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 5 uses secondary historical sources and Colonial Office records to examine the distinctive developmental legacies of British forced settlement in Jamaica and British colonial occupation in Sierra Leone. Despite Jamaica’s long and brutal history of forced settlement, the island nation outperforms Sierra Leone on key indicators of human well-being and postcolonial democratization. To explain this paradox, this chapter emphasizes the liberal reforms that reduced the political dominance of Jamaica’s colonial planters and expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants following the British abolition of slavery. Sierra Leone followed a very different pattern of state-building and institutional development following the territorial expansion of British colonial occupation. Indirect British rule enabled Sierra Leone’s “protectorate chiefs” to limit the political agency and economic well-being of indigenous Africans in the colony’s rural hinterlands. In this way, Sierra Leone’s extractive legal-administrative institutions hindered the country’s long-term development relative to postabolition Jamaica.
(New) EU Standards in Preferential Services Trade Liberalization
Authors: Sieber-Gasser Charlotte 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While the European Union (EU) is exporting more services to non-EU countries (€1.072 trillion in 2019) than it imports, services appear to not particularly enjoy priority in EU preferential trade agreements (PTAs). This chapter assesses the scope of services trade liberalization in EU PTAs by means of legal empirical analysis. Standardization can be found specifically in new EU rules in a number of internet-related services, in delivery services, in temporary movement of natural persons, and in procedures for mutual recognition. A comparison shows that EU PTAs are incorporating elements of the proposed Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) and of the recently concluded Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation, while already moving ahead in depth and specificity of obligations in selected services sectors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential reasons for the relatively unambitious scope of services trade liberalization in EU PTAs vis-à-vis the quite substantive regulatory ambition in selected services sectors.
EU Investment Policy
Authors: Polanco Rodrigo 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Investment treaties were born in Europe, and a “European imprint” is easily recognizable in the investment policy world. European countries have concluded the largest number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) compared to other regions. At the same time, the majority of claimants and arbitrators in investor-state dispute settlement come from Europe. Yet, the regulation of foreign investments at the European level has been characterized by fragmentation. Although similar, European BITs have several differences, and a complex division of investment competences exists between the member states and the European Union (EU). After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the transfer of exclusive competence for foreign direct investment to the EU changed the investment treaty practice of the Union and its member states. This chapter traces the evolution of the most relevant investment provisions included in the trade and investment agreements concluded by the EU. It examines whether this new investment policy has created convergence for the EU and its member states and whether EU international investment agreements have influenced investment treaty-making in other regions of the world.
Grievances against Ethnic Rivals
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains the grievances of the Ossetian victims against their historical ethnic rivals, the Ingush and Chechens, and why retaliatory ethnic violence was widely predicted. The chapter situates the hostage taking in the context of longstanding Ingush-Ossetian ethnic violence, including the 1992 violent conflict in the Prigorodny region, and Chechen-Ossetian ethnic violence, and it describes the ethnicities of the hostage takers, the cruelty of the terrorists, and Ossetians’ suspicions about the role of ordinary Ingush and Chechens in the coming terror. Victims often portrayed the terrorists’ barbarism as characteristic of the Ingush and Chechen ethnic groups, and grievances were often framed in ethnic terms.
The Surprisingly Nonviolent Aftermath
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes retaliatory violence in the aftermath of the Beslan school hostage taking. It reviews evidence from news reports, focus group discussions, and survey data that retaliatory violence was widely anticipated by victims, other North Ossetians, and observers in the North Caucasus, Russia, and the world. It then examines the actual retaliatory violence that did occur and the variation in individual support for retaliatory violence among Beslan victims. Many victims supported low levels of retaliatory violence, such as keeping unwelcome ethnic rivals out of North Ossetia or bringing other harm to Ingush and Chechens, short of deliberate killing. However, most victims drew the line at approving of outright murder: approximately 6 percent of Beslan victims fully approved of a tit-for-tat retaliatory killing in order to resolve problems in North Ossetia, and another 8 percent somewhat approved. This minority was the likely pool from which truly violent retaliators or their supporters would have been drawn, had the post-violence context in Beslan been more encouraging of retaliation.
Anger and Other Emotions
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 shows that, contrary to expectations, emotional variation has little to do with support for retaliatory violence. After violence, victims may be angry, hate-filled, resentful, anxious, fearful, worried, or even hopeful or proud, and those emotions played little if any role in their decisions to support retaliatory violence. Also contrary to popular expectations—but consistent with recent research on emotions—emotional variation is indeed meaningful for political participation. In particular, angrier victims were more likely than less angry victims to engage in peaceful political action to redress grievances. While anger and hatred have been demonized and worry-provoking, it seems they may be worthy of acceptance and even welcome, to the extent that they mobilize aggrieved individuals to attempt to redress their grievances through the political system and are not the prime culprits in instigating retaliatory violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The book concludes with a reminder that the Beslan school hostage taking realistically could have triggered a seemingly endless cycle of ethnically motivate bloodbaths. Defying expectations, victims of the hostage taking largely chose peaceful political activism over retaliatory ethnic violence. The chapter offers thoughts on the implications of the findings for stopping cycles of ethnic violence, increasing interest representation, and advancing research methods. To reduce violence, it is imperative to reduce prejudice, curb concern about anger, raise concern about pride in country, exercise caution about self-efficacy, and foster regular political engagement. To improve interest representation, it is imperative to stoke rather than quench anger, value justifiable political alienation, and nurture political efficacy and habits of political activism.
A Goal Systems Approach to Risk Behavior
Authors: Kopetz Catalina , Starnes Wesley 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors demonstrate that the goals systems theory provides a general framework to integrate previous theorizing and findings about risk behavior and to address outstanding questions. The authors propose that risk behavior represents means to salient and important goals rather than irrational choice or self-regulatory failure and demonstrate that risk behavior follows the general principles of goal pursuit. Specifically, (1) risk behavior is enacted when perceived as instrumental to an individual’s goals, (2) engagement in risk behavior requires goal conflict resolution and may result in the inhibition of alternative considerations for health or safety, and (3) these processes are resource-dependent such that risk behavior might be enhanced rather than diminished in the presence of cognitive resources for control. The authors provide empirical evidence that risk-taking in general, and in particular substance use, risky sexual behavior, overeating, and self-harm, follow these principles.
Paying for Goals and Means
Authors: Shaddy Franklin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies goal systems theory to consumer behavior research, thus connecting two distinct and prominent literatures. Specifically, the author explains how the architecture of goal systems influences consumer judgment and decision-making. This is a broadly important question, given that consumers frequently incur costs associated with goals and costs associated with means. For example, when online shoppers purchase a product (the goal), they also often pay for shipping (the means). The author highlights recent research finding that people systematically prefer shifting resources (e.g., time, money, effort) from means to goals—even holding total resource allocation and goal attainment constant. Thus, consumers are more willing to pay for goals than for means, all else equal. The author discusses implications for pricing, reviews variables that affect willingness to pay for goals and means, and suggests directions for future research.
Problem Solving from a Goal-Systems Perspective
Authors: Converse Benjamin A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores connections between Goal Systems Theory and the cognitive science of problem solving. It argues for an integrative view of the problem-solving cycle in which motivation and cognition are bound. A goal system is a mental representation of interconnected goals and means; here I suggest that we may view problems as incomplete goal systems. Building from this premise, the chapter highlights some ways that allocational, structural, and motivational properties of goal systems influence people’s attempts to identify problems, represent problems, and generate solutions. The chapter aims to illustrate how a goal-systems view offers new perspective on classic problem-solving phenomena, raises novel questions at the intersection of problem-solving and goal-pursuit research, and suggests new paths for promoting advantageous problem solving in the world.
Political Behavior from the Perspective of the Goal Systems Theory
Authors: Jaśko Katarzyna 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Political behaviors vary from relatively low-cost behaviors such as signing petitions and sharing information on social media to extreme behaviors such as joining a terrorist organization. People engage in such actions because by doing so they hope to achieve some valuable political goals. In general, psychological research shows that people commit to goals that they consider important and desirable and that they perceive as attainable through their own actions. To achieve these goals, they then engage in behaviors believed to be instrumental means. While these motivational assumptions have been extensively tested in other social domains, their applicability to the political domain remains understudied. The goal of this chapter is to apply these general principles of goal-directed behavior to the political domain, summarize available empirical evidence, and identify gaps in the existing literature.
Introduction
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the most important notions in the study of negation and negative dependencies. It starts by discussing key areas in the syntax and semantics of negative elements, such as the distinction between sentential and constituent negation, the syntactic status of negative markers (NMs), and the locus of negation in the clausal spine. Next, it introduces the notion of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) and briefly discusses in what terms they have been studied over the past 20 years. What is their exact distribution? What makes them have these distributional restrictions? And what is the exact syntactic, semantic, and/or pragmatic relation between an NPI and its licenser? The chapter concludes by introducing two more types of negative dependencies: Negative Concord (NC) and so-called Positive Polarity Items (PPIs).
Outline
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the central research question of this study: how can the variety of negative dependencies that have currently been attested be explained, andx what are the repercussions of this explanation for the syntax and semantics of negative elements, negative dependencies, and related phenomena? It focuses on the variation among different types of NPIs and other negative dependencies, and argues that the attested variation is not in any way ancillary, rather reflecting the fact that the landscape of negative dependencies is much richer than generally assumed. This leads on to the positing of the central hypothesis—that, to the extent applicable to negation, all possible ways to encode grammatical dependencies (at lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels) should also be attestable in the domain of negative dependencies. The remainder of the chapter contains an outline of the argumentation of this book.
Diachronic developments in the domain of negation and Negative Concord
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractEven though the entire variety of attested NC systems is fully learnable, formally, NC systems are more marked than DN systems. That gives rise to the question of why languages would exhibit NC in the first place, let alone display the rich variety of NC systems they do. A likely explanation is that NC patterns result from grammaticalization of negative markers. If new NMs arose in a language, or existing ones changed their nature, the conditions under which negative features could be acquired would have altered. This chapter shows how the variation among NC systems has emerged diachronically along the lines of Jespersen’s Cycle. It also discusses how the emergence of negative indefinites (NIs) / neg-words, as well as the exclusion of their universal counterparts, can be accounted for. This also provides a solution for the nall problem: the fact that no language in the world lexicalizes negated universal quantifiers.
Negative indefinites and split-scope readings
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNegative indefinites (NIs) in languages such as Dutch and German may give rise to so-called split-scope readings. Sentences like German Du musst keine Krawatte anziehen (‘you must wear no tie’) have a reading where the modal takes scope in between the negation and the indefinite. That suggests that NIs are not negative quantifiers (NQs) in a straightforward sense, as appeared from the discussion thus far. This chapter argues that West Germanic NIs are not NQs in the Montegovian sense, but complex syntactic structures that spell out a negation and an indefinite as a single word. Split-scope effects result from application of the Copy Theory of Movement; the chapter further argues that, in split-scope constructions, after QR, the negation is interpreted in a higher copy and the indefinite in a lower copy of the NI.
Not a light negation
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that certain elements that are taken to be NPIs of the same strength can still be NPIs for a different reason, arguing that a special construction that has been analysed as a weak NPI, involving so-called light negation, is not a weak NPI for the reasons spelled out in Chapter 10. Concretely, in languages like Dutch and German, negated indefinites are ruled out in out-of-the-blue contexts with a reading where negation outscopes the indefinite. It can only have a reading where the indefinite is either focused or takes wide scope with respect to the negation. Similar effects apply to certain kinds of definites preceded by a negation. However, these surface readings are allowed again when the engative construction is embedded in an NPI-licensing context. I argue that such constructions are NPI-like for purely pragmatic reasons, in the sense that it gives rise to a blocking implicature that is suppressed in DE contexts.
The landscape of PPIs
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we further explore the landscape of PPIs. First, the account for the strong–weak NPI distinction, developed in Chapter 10, straightforwardly extends to the distinction between strong and weak PPIs, and even accounts for some hitherto unattested facts concerning their distribution. Second, elements of which the monotonicity of their domain of quantification is not lexically fixed but depends on the grammatical contexts it appears in can indeed be both NPI- and PPI-like. This explains, for instance, the behaviour of adverbials headed by until. Finally, superweak NPIs find their counterparts in weak existential PPIs. This account has some strong consequences for the distribution of existential modal PPIs. For one, it explains why existential modal PPIs can be attested among epistemic but not deontic (or other circumstantial) modals.
Unemployment Discrimination and Untouchables
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the characteristics of unemployed persons, particularly the youth among the scheduled castes and higher castes is discussed. The variation in the incidence of unemployment, the duration of unemployment, unemployment rate by education level, and age across social group is analysed. The factors associated with unemployment among individuals with various educational qualifications are examined for scheduled castes and higher castes. Extent of youth unemployment and youth Not in Labour Force, Education and Training (NLET) across social groups is also addressed. The chapter also contributes to understanding the relative contribution of endowment factors and discrimination in the unemployment rate between the scheduled castes and higher castes during 2004–05 and 2017–18.
Becoming Military Leaders
Authors: Weber Samuel 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows the deepening of the Borromeos’ involvement with the Count-Duke of Olivares in the 1630s and 1640s, focusing on their role as military entrepreneurs during the Franco-Spanish War in Lombardy. The chapter offers a discussion of the historiography of the Union of Arms, Olivares’s project for a common defense of the Spanish empire, challenging the view that the project foundered on the resistance of the nobility. Instead, it argues that the lesser nobility embraced the Union of Arms as a way to offer its services to the crown. Focusing on Giulio Cesare Borromeo and his son Giovanni, the chapter retraces their phenomenal rise in the Spanish army but also indicates the contradictions this spawned: while they presented their military service as part of their feudal duty to protect their subjects, the quest for social ascent made them push to continue a war that had devastating consequences for the population they claimed to shelter.
The Fear of the Lord
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of the fear of the Lord as a disposition that closely relates to the virtue of accountability. In conversation with Aquinas, the chapter begins with an analysis of the fear of the Lord as a disposition that accompanies the virtue of accountability (to God). The chapter then turns to engage with Augustine to say something about the limits of this fear. Specifically, it is argued that while the fear of the Lord can play an important role in a person’s journey with God, it should not be understood as anything more than a secondary expression of how a person participates in this story. It must never inspire a story of its own in such a way that a person defines themselves according to their fear of God. Instead, it should merely dispose them towards God so that God might draw them into God’s story.
Baptism into Accountability in Christ
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To analyse the notion of accountability in Christ within the church, this chapter turns to the sacrament of baptism. It proposes that baptism can be interpreted as a ceremony that formally initiates a person into a new relationship of accountability to God within the church community. Upon being baptized in the name of Christ, a person takes on the title ‘in Christ’, which marks them out as a member of the church, the body of Christ. Consequently, the baptizand is officially welcomed into the church family, wherein they are held to an account of who they are as a child of God in Christ.
Conclusion
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the book, there is a transition from a more general discussion about the nature of accountability to a more theological one. This shift is not characterized by discontinuity but involves a move to give an account of the theological influences behind the book’s more general view of accountability. That is, it involves a shift from a narrow focus on the shared projects that characterize human life in this world to a wider focus on the ultimate shared project for which God creates this world. This concluding chapter offers an overview of these two foci and try to encapsulate the relationship between them.
India’s Free Trade Arrangements
Authors: Seshadri V. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of FTAs in which India is a party. It all began with an initial phase offering limited preferential trading arrangements to neighbouring countries or other developing countries before moving on to an active phase from the year 2000 until about 2012 or so. The scope and depth of the different FTAs that were concluded are profiled including where WTO plus type commitments were entered into. Comparisons are drawn of market access commitments in goods, services and investment and the rules across the different FTAs. Fresh moves by India from 2021 onwards towards conclusion of further FTAs have however been covered in Chapter 7.
Making Up Minds
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering the nature of our ordinary talk about the mind (or folk psychology). It also considers the most common interpretation of folk psychology, namely that it should be understood as a theory of the mind as an inner realm (a view the author calls Cartesianism). This suggests two alternatives: either our folk theory is true or it is false. The first option is taken by the representational theory of mind (or representationalism) and the second by eliminativism. After briefly considering each of these positions, this chapter introduces mental fictionalism and show how it offers a new way of understanding folk psychology in terms of metaphor and pretence.
Interpreting Sacrificial Ritual in Roman Poetry
Authors: Feeney Denis 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores sacrificial rituals depicted in Roman poetry, highlighting the significance of Roman poetry and Roman rituals. Models of either ritual or literature can help in understanding the boundaries between disciplines. Moreover, the language of text and context can help safeguard against formalisms and aestheticism and prevent the text from being parasitic. Thus, the Georgics and the Fasti gave Roman readers tools for patterns of action. The chapter then looks into Thomas Habinek’s theory that used the standard Greek sacrificial model to dictate an ameliorative interpretation of the resurrection of the bee community. It also expounds on the definition and patterns of sacrifice found in the Georgics.