bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Results of Modelling Subsurface Study in Lake Toba, North Sumatra Using Receiver Function
Authors: Julio L , Ratna W S , Siregar I R , Pranowo W 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The island of Sumatra was dominated by tectonic interaction between the Indo-Australian plate subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. Lake Toba is one of the results of the collision and had a large eruption several tens of thousands of years ago. The goal of this study was to use the receiver function approach to calculate the depth variation of the Moho layer and identify the presence of a low-velocity zone (LVZ) under Lake Toba, and then compare the results of the deconvolution method. To process data on receiver functions around Lake Toba, 31 data stations from the Lake Toba (LT) project have been chosen, with data sources coming from Geofon (Germany). Water level (frequency domain deconvolution) and iterative time-domain deconvolution are the receiver function methods employed. According to the findings, the depth of the Moho layer varies between 27.5 and 36.95 kilometres, and it thickens to the northeast of Lake Toba. The average depth of Moho is roughly 31.05 km, and the Vp/Vs ratio obtained is around 1.86 on average. The presence of a low-velocity zone was then detected at a depth of 15 km to 25 km in the A-A′ section leading from northwest to southeast on the east side of Lake Toba, and at a depth of 8 km to 22 km in the B-B′ section leading from southwest to northeast across Lake Toba, as indicated by low amplitude. The Investigator Fracture Zone (IFZ) beneath Lake Toba was identified as a magma reservoir and source of volcanic activity. The iterative time-domain deconvolution approach was then used to illustrate the result of the best receiver function in this investigation, which revealed that the arrival time of the Ps wave was more spiky than the result of the water level.
Reinforced concrete surface cracks length detection and length estimation by using digital image processing approach
Authors: Senin Syahrul Fithry , Yusuff Amer , Rohim Rohamezan , Chan Hun Beng 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Surface cracks are a common failure that occurs in reinforced concrete structures (RC). With the help of new technologies, access to crack properties should be easier and help the inspector to provide better results. However, most inspectors still prefer manual visual inspection approach, which leads to inconsistent results when investigating this flaw. Moreover, cracks with inconsistent shapes and irregularities are a difficult task for crack extraction, and inspectors overlook the details of cracks. Therefore, in this study, crack detection and thin crack appearance enhancement using various digital image processing algorithms (DSP) were proposed to improve the accuracy of crack length estimation. By using certain DSP on the captured crack images on RC, several algorithms were created and coded in MATLAB via the morphological approach to produce good quality of the original crack images. At the end of this study, the appearance of the thin crack was improved and helped to improve the estimate of the total length of the crack in pixels. The maximum percentage error between the estimated crack length was calculated and compared to the actual length and was 7.10 %. The surface crack detection algorithm and the has the potential as a helpful structural health monitoring (SHM) tool for crack inspection.
Effect of floating plant growth rate on water quality performance of wetland in treating domestic sewage
Authors: Shamsudin Nur Dhaniah Athirah Binti , Goh Hui Weng , Shaharuddin Syafiq Bin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A man-made system that mimics the function and structures of natural wetlands is called constructed wetlands. It is able to treat sewage water with low technology, low energy requirements, affordable and easy to maintain. However, how it works in tropical climates is still unknown and there is a need to figure out the sustainability of floating plants in treating domestic sewage. This study aims to investigate the pollutant removal efficiency of two selected floating plant species, water hyacinth and water lettuce, in treating domestic sewage. The growth rate of both plants will be examined for the best-recommended plants in the constructed wetland systems for domestic sewage treatment. The data was collected through a pilot-constructed wetland in the USM, Engineering Campus that is integrated with two species of floating plants: water hyacinth and water lettuce. The parameters studied were chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN). The findings reveal that the removal efficiency of water hyacinth is higher for COD and TSS at 40.96 % and 43.94 % respectively compared to Water Lettuce with 26.86 % for COD and 17.79 % for TSS. However, Water Lettuce has a slightly higher removal efficiency of NH3-N at 26.52 % compared to Water Hyacinth at 24.35 %. In terms of growth rate, Water Hyacinth is lost to water lettuce, but they have higher biomass to uptake nutrients with just a small increment of area coverage. Therefore, water hyacinth is favourable to implement in floating plant-constructed wetlands as it needs less maintenance than water lettuce to achieve discharge with standard A for TSS and COD and standard B for NH3-N based on Malaysia Wastewater Effluent Discharge Standards.
Survey on solar photovoltaic (PV) technology utilization at residential area at Kampar, Perak
Authors: Sanmargaraja Shalini , Chong Poh Kien , Olanrewaju AbdulLateef , Ponniah Vignes , Kanniyapan Gunavathy , Mathalamuthu Anselm Dass 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The tropical climate of Malaysia is conducive to the development of solar energy, yet the adoption of solar PV technology in the construction industry is relatively low. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the difficulties faced by home users when installing solar PV and to propose recommendations to encourage solar PV. This research was conducted on residential construction sites in Kampar. More than 100 questionnaires were administered physically and online but only 50 responded, which represents a 50% response rate. The respondents were selected purposively mainly among the clients, contractors, developers, and consultants. The data revealed that the major difficulties that the home users encountered in the installation of solar PV include lack of motivation and incentives, huge capital outlay, and inability to secure financial support for the solar PV. To install solar PV, the research found that there is a need to provide attractive loans and incentives, implement policy, educate the households, reduce fossil fuel subsidies, and others. Although this research has been carried out diligently, there are several limitations such as this research only focusing on residential construction projects, having a very small sample size, and this research only using one method for data collection.
Daily fresh water production from Malaysia’s urban atmosphere using 6 thermoelectric cooling units
Authors: Hassan Muhd Hazwan Hisyam Bin Abu , Riahi Ali , Zainol Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif , Zakaria Nor Azazi , Jusoh Azman Mat , Yusof Mohd Fazly , Shaharuddin Syafiq 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Extracting fresh water from Malaysia’s atmosphere which stores a wealth of water can be conducted via the air condensation. In this study, a miniature atmospheric water generator (AWG) system named Mini-AWG was designed and constructed using 6 thermoelectric cooler (TEC) units, a mesh-shaped air filter and a ventilation fan. Subsequently, the Mini-AWG was experimented for several days under Malaysia’s outdoor climate at River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC) in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) which is located in the urban area of Nibong Tebal. The objectives of this work are to develop a miniature AWG system using 6 TEC units to generate water by vacuuming the urban outdoor Malaysia’s atmosphere into the system, determine the impacts of the humidity rates and ambient temperatures values on the quantity of water production and analyze the quality of the water generated by the Mini-AWG system. The daily percentages of relative humidity, rates of ambient temperatures and the volume of produced water were measured which was resulted that the hourly amount of produced water by Mini-AWG were proportional to the hourly percentages of relative humidity, though they had inverse relationship with the hourly rates of ambient temperatures. The Mini-AWG produced the maximum daily fresh water of 0.355 litres experimentally in 12 hour-period in the day. According to the various hourly rates of relative humidity ranged between the least of 46% and the peak of 75% in Malaysia from morning to night, an equation of y= 1.3136x + 16.936 with R2 of 0.8901 was attained experimentally to project the amount of water production of Mini-AWG, where Y and X were designated as the percentage of humidity and the amount of water production, respectively. The examined quality parameters of the water produced from Mini-AWG was in compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Malaysia class I drinking water standards.
Behaviour of normal concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) as partial cement replacement
Authors: Imran Nik Farhanim , Hashim Nor Hafida , Hasan Daliah , Radzi Ahmad Shalabi Mohd , Harizan Muhammad Tasnim 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Concrete has been known to the world to be one of the most crucial components of a developing country but there some downsides to the environment in making the concrete. Mixing concrete needs water, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and cements as the main component. Cement is the main cause of the disadvantages of normal concrete mixing because in cement production, it will emit a lot of carbon dioxide to the environment. The emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is proven as one of the main problems that cause air pollution and greenhouse effect. Furthermore, in an agricultural dependent country like Malaysia, the agricultural waste had been concerning to the public whereby the Sugarcane Bagasse (ScB) is one of the agricultural wastes. Sugarcane Bagasse can be useful towards the civil engineering communities where the Sugarcane Bagasse can turn into ash by burning and grinding the Sugarcane Bagasse residual and turn into Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA). The Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) need to grind to make the particles of the ash to be cement-like of the particle size. Therefore, the purpose of the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) in this research is to replace some percentage of the cement to minimize the production of cements. So, the objective of the research is to identify the optimum percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash that can produce maximum value of compressive strength of concrete when it is being replace by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA). The percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) that will replace the percentage of cements is 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%. Based on the results obtained the compressive strength of the concrete mix with 4% of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) is higher compared to the control sample which is 45.60MPa where the control sample only have 38.83MPa. In conclusion, by using the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) it is proven that with the agricultural waste, it can be useful to the not only civil engineering communities but also to the world with the invention of using the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) as a replacement for cements where it can reduce the carbon dioxide emissions and the concern towards agricultural waste.
A Study on Crushed Coconut Shells as Stabiliser to Soil
Authors: Kamarudin Faizah , Jaya Alif Akhmizan Mohd , Roslee Muhammad Haziq Md , Ahmad Azura , Abdullah Muhammad Sofian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRoad construction over soft subgrade soil is a major issue affecting cost and scheduling of highway projects. Many techniques have been conducted to strengthen the highway soil subgrade. One of them are using additives such as coconut shells, rice husk ash, stone dust, and fly ash. to strengthen the soil. The strength of the subgrade is commonly expressed as California Bearing Ratio (CBR). In this study, the crushed coconut shells (CCS) of 65 mm to 10 mm ranges of size was mix with the laterite soil. A series of unsoaked CBR test were conducted with an addition of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8% of CCS to determine the strength of the stabilized laterite soil. The laterite soil is classified as sandy SILT of high plasticity (MH) according to British Standard Classification System (BSCS). The results show that the CBR values of the stabilized soil increase with an increasing percentage the CCS. The stabilized soil with 4% CCS is the highest CBR value, 27.5%. The CBR% then decreasing as further additional of CCS %. The stabilised soil with an 8% CCS content had the lowest CBR value at 5.25%, which is lower than the unstabilised laterite soil’s CBR value. It is concluded that the additions of CCS have greatly improved the soil strength with the increment increase of CBR value. Hence CCS has a good potential for upgrading the CBR value of subgrade soil.
Ability of Ceramic Tiles Waste as a Pre-treatment for Laundry Wastewater
Authors: NurSetiawan  , Yusri Khairunisah Mohd , Hanafiah Nurhaziqah Affifah , Bakar Siti Asmah , Zin Nur Shaylinda Mohd , Kamil Nor Amani Filzah Mohd , Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin , Akhbar Nor Azliza , Ishak Mohd Fakhrurrazi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The discharge of laundry of laundry wastewater (LWW) into rivers contaminates the water and exposes it to harmful chemicals present in detergents and fabric softeners. This draws attention to the need to implement treatment for LWW. This study focused on determining the ability of ceramic tiles to remove total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from commercial LWW. The coarse aggregate of ceramic tile waste (CTW) was used as the adsorbent. The effectiveness of CTW as an adsorbent to remove TP and COD in LLW was determined by using different adsorbent dosages, contact times, and shaking speeds in a batch experiment. LWW samples were collected from the discharged point of commercial laundry shop. The results revealed that the highest TP removal was 71% with a dosage of 6 g/100 ml ceramic adsorbent, a contact time of 90 minutes, and a shaking speed of 100 rpm. Meanwhile, the highest removal of COD was 80% at a dosage of 6 g/100 mL of ceramic adsorbent, a contact time of 90 minutes, and a shaking speed of 300 rpm. The optimal value of removal for COD 60 mg/L and TP is 1.79 mg/L while pH value is 7.13. Thus, it can be concluded that the CTW aggregate as an adsorbent was effective in reducing TP and COD from LWW.
Assessment of isotherm and kinetic adsorption modelling for dye removal using banana stem as green alternative adsorbent
Authors: Akbar Nor Azliza , Malek Amirah Abdul , Hamzah Nurakmal , Hambali Satira , Ismail Badrul Nizam , Zin Nur Shaylinda Mohd 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Wastewater effluent from the batik industry which contain dyes such as Methylene Blue (MB) will cause pollution to the adjacent water bodies if not treated effectively. A batch adsorption experiment using banana stem was conducted for various dosage (0.2 g – 1.4 g) and various contact time (15 to 120 minutes). Adsorption isotherm was employed to understand the nature of the sorption process. Feasibility of the sorption process of MB were evaluated by developing kinetics adsorption modelling, while error function suggested the best-fitted sorption model on sorption data. From isotherm analysis, the adsorption process fits the Freundlich better than other models due to r2 value, 0.917 even though Langmuir Type IV is relatively higher. In Langmuir Type IV model, the negative sign of b value signifies the surface of banana stem has heterogeneous coverage instead of homogeneous coverage. For the adsorption kinetic models, it reveals that Pseudo-Second-Order model fitted well with r2 value of 0.996. The adsorption of MB is dominated by multi-layer adsorption on the heterogeneous surface of banana stem adsorbent which influenced by chemisorption process. Therefore, banana stem has the potential as an alternative, eco-friendly adsorbent media for effective removal of dyes in textile effluents.
A preliminary development of a coupled surface and subsurface flow model for swale system
Authors: Othman Noor Ezlyn , Puay How Tion , Lau Tze Liang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study presents the preliminary stage of the development of a conjunctive surface-subsurface model for simulating the flow in a swale. The surface flow is modelled by one-dimensional dynamic wave equation. To improve accuracy, a third-order numerical scheme is used to solve the advection terms in the dynamic wave model. Meanwhile, the subsurface flow is modelled as one-dimensional vertical flow through nondeformable porous media without air compression effect. At preliminary stage, the surface and subsurface model are verified separately. The surface model is verified against the experimental data of surface runoff from a simulated rainfall. The surface model showed promising performance in terms of the reproduction of surface hydrograph. The overall discrepancy between the experimental and numerical model result in the reproduction of the hydrograph discharge is around 14%. For the subsurface flow model, the vertical moisture profile of the soil is verified against Philip’s analytical solution. The moisture profile obtained from the numerical model shows 100% agreement with Philip’s solution.
Influence of spur dike’s angle on sand bar formation in a rectangular channel
Authors: Li Bai Hao , Puay How Tion , Hamidi Muhammad Azfar Bin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Spur dike is one of the various technologies utilized in river rehabilitation. Spur dike provides many advantages, such as promoting aquatic habitat, improving channel for navigation, and protecting the stream banks. This study serves to evaluate the effect of a spur dike on the formation of sand bars in a straight rectangular channel fed by suspended sediment. The performance of spur dike in inducing the formation of spur dike is investigated under three different spur dike angles. A three-dimensional (3D) model was developed using Flow-3D® to investigate the flow depth and velocity around spur dike. Based on the velocity distribution, the influence of spur dike angle on the formation of sand bar was explained. A scalar concentration is used to represent the suspended sediment in the simulation, and the formation of sand bar is represented by the scalar concentration. According to the numerical results, the 90° spur dike produced a larger and longer sand bar than the 45° and 135° spur dikes.
Assessment of NASA POWER for Climate Change Analysis using the De Martonne Climate Index in Northern Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Bandira Puteri Nur Atiqah , Tan Mou Leong , Teh Su Yean , Shaharudin Shazlyn Milleana , Samat Narimah , Mahamud Mohd Amirul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Global warming is threatening human population, one of which is the frequent climate disasters, i.e., floods and drought, which affect the global food security. However, the assessment of regional climatic changes is constrained by the lack of high-quality long-term climate data. Taking the Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia as the study area, this paper aims to assess the performance of NASA POWER in estimating annual and seasonal variability of the climate variables via De Martonne climate indices from 1985 to 2021. The findings shows that NASA POWER performed satisfactory in estimating both mean temperature and rainfall over the northern Peninsular Malaysia. The NASA POWER project performs the best in Bayan Lepas station with C = 0.70 for annual mean temperature while for annual rainfall is at the Ipoh station with C = 0.50. The annual De Martonne climate index shows that the study area is dominated by wet climate conditions, since the index classify the climate as “very humid” to “extremely humid”. The De Martonne climate indes is calculated from both data source is very similar. Therefore, NASA POWER data is useful in climate studies, while the knowledge of climate variability is beneficial for climate change mitigation and adaptation plans, particularly for agriculture.
Study of hybrid nanofluids used in direct absorption solar collectors
Authors: Vardaru G A , Huminic G , Huminic A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The use of hybrid nanofluids in direct-absorption solar collectors is an efficient approach to harnessing solar energy. To address current energy challenges, in this study new hybrid nanoparticle aggregates containing distinct silver-based and iron-oxide nanophases (Ag+Fe2O3) were used to improve the photothermal conversion characteristics of direct absorption solar collectors. The main goal of the study was to investigate the effect of hybrid nanoparticle concentration and the efficiency of hybrid nanofluids on solar energy absorption performance. Experimental results showed that increasing the temperature of the nanofluid is higher than that of the base fluid, which means that nanoparticles dispersed in water have a stronger absorption of solar energy. The results also indicated that the efficiency decreases as increases time or temperature because the heat loss through the top surface of the sample increases at higher temperatures.
Theoretical aspects of the use of hydrogen in the diesel engine
Authors: Cernat A , Negurescu N , Pana C , Nutu C 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The promotion of fuels with low carbon content is the solution to reduce pollutant emissions in all areas of transport in a relatively short time. In this context, hydrogen is privileged, being a viable alternative fuel for internal combustion engines in all fields of transport, having the advantage of preserving the basic structure of the engine. The main obstacles to the large-scale expansion of the use of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines in transport are determined by the cost of production, storage on board the vehicle and the distribution network, large investments being required. The concept of using hydrogen as an alternative fuel to the diesel engine is relatively recent, the concerns of specialists being more intense in the last two decades. The improvement of the energy and pollution performance of the diesel engine when operating in a dual system, with diesel and hydrogen, is determined by the improvement of the combustion process due to the good combustion properties of hydrogen. The paper presents theoretical modeling results regarding the influence of hydrogen on the combustion pressure, the pressure rise rate, the heat release rate, the indicated efficiency and the nitrogen oxides emission level.
An analysis of the economic production and use of green hydrogen
Authors: Lăzăroiu G , Mihăescu L , Negreanu G , Grigoriu R M , Simion I 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The paper studies technological and economic details of green hydrogen production. Among all hydrogen categories defined by the ratio between production technology and CO2 environmental pollution, for energy applications, only green hydrogen has a future. The same projection can be seen in the transport sector. An analysis of the H2 thermochemical formation technologies showed that ecological hydrogen, called blue hydrogen, can be obtained only by a total separation of hydrogen from CO2, to be recirculated. The thermochemical decomposition of water involves the use of three types of electrolysis cells, of which the solid acid cell (SOEC) is the most economical. Membrane-free water electrolysis is considered as a technology of the future. Production costs are related to storage, compression and distribution. The environmental tax through CO2 emission was also included in the production cost calculation. A numerical application related to the green hydrogen production is also presented, as well as the achievements in field in EU and Romania, along with future perspectives.