bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Portuguese Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 6 contrasts the distinctive developmental legacies of Portuguese forced settlement in Cape Verde and Portuguese colonial occupation in Guinea-Bissau. These West African countries were initially governed under the same colonial administration, but Cape Verde expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants following the abolition of slavery in the nineteenth century. By contrast, Portuguese colonial officials enforced a rigid legal distinction between Creole and indigenous African subjects in colonial Guinea-Bissau. Consequently, indigenous Africans remained subject to forced labor recruitment following the abolition of slavery in Cape Verde. These institutional legacies had profound consequences for the socioeconomic and political development of each country following their joint liberation from Portuguese rule. Although the two countries gained independence under the same single-party dictatorship, Cape Verde has been more successful at promoting inclusive human development since the establishment of multiparty electoral politics in the 1990s.
Forced Marriage in Shāfiʿī Law
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Classical legal doctrines matter to the lives of many Muslims today, whether by choice or circumstance. What significance might a classical mode of legal critique hold for Muslims invested in forms of feminist reform? This chapter examines an intra-school disputation between al-Shīrāzī and al-Juwaynī on the topic of forced marriage (ijbār al-bikr al-bāligh). It shows how al-Juwaynī drew on his own Shāfiʿī doctrine to challenge the consensus within his school of law that a father or grandfather could coerce his virgin daughter or granddaughter into an unwanted marriage. In so doing, al-Juwaynī reveals the doctrine of forced marriage as weaker than assumed by his Shāfiʿī colleagues. The chapter concludes by contending that contemporary feminist critiques of historical positions on topics like forced marriage should be understood as a continuation of the classical tradition in which prominent jurists treated the doctrines of their schools as objects of ongoing scrutiny and debate.
The Mistaken Prayer Direction
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Thirteenth-century Shāfiʿī scholars considered their school predecessors to be working towards doctrinal resolution. They saw each generation as consolidating the divergent positions of past generations and slowly inching towards canonization. But the final disputation between al-Shīrāzī and al-Juwaynī suggests that jurists of the 11th century were unruffled by doctrinal indeterminacy. The two jurists tackled a question that had divided Shāfiʿīs since the time of their school eponym: If a person has prayed facing the wrong direction and then realized her mistake, is she obligated to repeat her prayer? While the two jurists took opposite positions and debated with elaborate subtlety, in the end, neither sought resolution in the disputation or in their books of substantive law. Rather, other evidence suggests that both Shāfiʿīs held a preference for retaining doctrinal indeterminacy over questions considered particularly difficult to resolve. The chapter pushes back against claims that doctrinal resolution was the objective of classical jurists’ labours.
Knowledge Transfer and the Quest for the X Factor
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book’s subject, which is challenges involved in transferring and sharing knowledge between organizations. The point of departure is observations of variations: knowledge transfers often succeed, but they also frequently fail. However, we still lack theories that have high explanatory potential to account for the observed variations. Thus, there is need to retheorize the subject. The chapter introduces the translation theory of knowledge transfer by presenting and briefly discussing the following three interconnected core suggestions upon which this theory is founded. First, knowledge transfers between organizational sources and recipients can be conceptualized as acts of translation. Second, translation of knowledge (practices and ideas) is a rule-based activity. Third, translations make a difference: the way translators perform translations may explain outcomes of knowledge transfer processes. These suggestions are elaborated in Chapters 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
Antecedents of a Translation Theory of Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the antecedents of the translation theory of knowledge transfer, which is ideas, perspectives, and metaphors imported from disciplines other than knowledge transfer studies. The first section of the chapter is devoted to questions about the development of new theories of organization and management. What are the challenges, the pros, and the cons of attempts to make theories based on borrowings from other disciplines? This discussion and its insights are related to the challenges of outlining a translation theory of knowledge transfer. The second (and main) part of the chapter addresses the two antecedents of the theory: insights from translation studies, a school of thought that originated from linguistics in the early 1970s; and the French/Scandinavian translation school in organization studies. Concepts, arguments, images, and models are borrowed from these disciplines, thus providing essential elements to the theory-building process.
Revealing the Rules of Knowledge Translation
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter develops the second key argument upon which the translation theory is founded; that is, that translations of practices and knowledge across organizational borders are rule-based activities. The chapter starts with a discussion of the concept of social rule—and the notion of translations as rule-based, and thus, patterned actions. Based on inspirations from the domains of translation studies and organizational translations and insights from empirical observations, the chapter theorizes and outlines a typology of translation rules, intending to account for variations in practices of translating knowledge across organizational borders. The chapter identifies three translation modes (reproducing, radical and modifying) and four appurtenant operational translation rules (copying, alteration, addition, and omission). The potential of the typology to map this terrain is illustrated with reference to empirical examples.
Reimagining That Translators and Translations Make a Difference
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter returns to the puzzles that sparked this book project: The numerous observations of variations in outcomes, successes, and failures, following attempts to transfer knowledge across organizational borders. How can such variations be interpreted and explained? Partly in contrast to the dominant barrier approach in knowledge transfer studies, this chapter develops the translation approach to understanding and explaining variations in knowledge transfer processes and outcomes. This is done by elaborating the third key argument upon which the translation theory is founded; that is, that translators and their translations make a difference. The ways in which translations are performed may explain outcomes of knowledge transfer processes. The influence of translators on processes and outcomes is illustrated through six knowledge transfer cases, each of which takes place in different contexts: the United States, Norway, Denmark, China, the United Kingdom, and India.
Negation and Negative Dependencies
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA universal property of natural language is that every language is able to express negation. However, languages may differ to quite a large extent as to how they express this negation, varying with respect to not only the form of negative elements, but also their position. They also differ in terms of the number of manifestations of negative morphemes: in some languages negation is realized by a single word or morpheme, in other languages by multiple morphemes, a phenomenon known as Negative Concord. Moreover, the syntax and semantics of negation are indissolubly connected to the phenomenon of negative and positive polarity. Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) are items, like English ‘ever’, whose distribution is limited to a number of contexts, which in some sense all count as negative. Positive Polarity Items (PPIs) form the mirror image of NPIs. These are elements, such as English ‘rather’, that are banned from appearing in negative sentences. This book presents an overarching perspective on negation and negative dependencies, based on novel data from language variation, acquisition, and change, developing and exploring the hypothesis that, to the extent that they are applicable to the domain of negation, all known syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and lexical ways of encoding dependencies should also be attestable in the domain of negation, unless they are ruled out independently (e.g. on functional, formal, or learnability grounds). This hypothesis predicts a pluriform landscape of all kinds of negative dependencies and markers of negation, a prediction that the book will show is borne out.
Intermezzo The landscape of polarity-sensitive elements
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNPIs are elements that, like neg-words, require some negative element to be present, but where, unlike in the case of neg-words, this licensing element cannot be covertly present. This already shows that the set of elements that are sensitive to the presence of negation is not homogeneous. This chapter outlines that the landscape of NPIs, as well as that of PPIs, is, in fact, much more heterogeneous than has often been thought. NPIs do not form a homogeneous category but rather reflect a landscape of heterogeneous elements that, for different syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, or lexical reasons, can appear only in contexts that, in one way or another, count as negative. In this sense, the landscape of NPIs and PPIs shows convergence: different lexical, syntactic, semantic, and/or pragmatic properties converge towards a restricted distribution with respect to negativity.
Conclusions and open questions
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis penultimate chapter presents the final conclusions of this book, showing that the central hypothesis—that, to the extent that they are applicable to negation, all known syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and lexical ways of encoding dependencies should be attestable among the domain of negation and negative dependencies, unless they are ruled out independently—is confirmed. Syntactic negative dependencies, semantic negative dependencies, pragmatic negative dependencies, and lexical negative dependencies have been attested. The approach does account for a whole series of negative dependencies, ranging from NC and split-scope effects to various types of NPIs and PPIs, and constitutes the attested landscape of negative elements and their dependents. This chapter summarizes the most important conclusions of the entire book and addresses a number of questions concerning the domain of negation and negative dependencies.
Inuktitut and the concept of word-level prominence
Authors: Arnhold Anja , Elfner Emily , Compton Richard 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of word prominence in Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, a part of the Inuit dialect continuum constituting a branch of the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan language family. The Inuit language is an extreme example of polysynthesis, with productive noun and verb incorporation that can be applied recursively, along with extensive word-internal modification. The main analysis is based on original data from South Baffin Island (Qikiqtaaluk Nigiani) Inuktitut, but the chapter also examines the literature on other varieties from across the language family. We present acoustic analyses of three potential correlates of stress or prominence: duration, fundamental frequency and intensity. Duration of syllables increased at the end of the word, while fundamental frequency and intensity dropped at the right word edge. Word-internally, no alternating or other regular patterns appeared. Comparing these results to hypotheses of what would be expected for metrical stress systems and other types of word prominence, we conclude that there is no indication that South Baffin Island Inuktitut has stress or another type of word-level prominence. Instead, in line with previous research on Inuit prosody, we find that the language regularly marks the borders of words and other prosodic constituents.
Tlingit (anti-)prominence
Authors: Crippen James , Déchaine Rose-Marie , Elfner Emily 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the expression of prominence and ‘anti-’prominence in the complex words of Tlingit, a Na-Dene language. Tlingit tracks prominence-by-tone and prominence-by-weight, yielding an intricate and finely tuned system of (anti)-prominence. A combination of tone and weight identifies the stem as prominent, indicating that, in Tlingit, the calculus of prominence is additive. Moreover, Tlingit (anti)-prominence is calculated relative to prosodic structures that are isomorphic with syntactic structure. This prosody-syntax alignment—reflected in pervasive verb-noun parallelism—accounts for the finely graded distribution of Tlingit proclitics, prefixes, suffixes, and enclitics relative to tone and weight. These findings have consequences for theories of prominence, as well as for theories of the syntax-phonology interface and the syntax-morphology interface.
A reassessment of word prominence in Mapudungun
Authors: Molineaux Benjamin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the word-prominence system of Mapudungun (formerly ‘Araucanian'), rejecting its widespread perfect grid analysis. A reassessment of the literature, alongside analyses of an original dataset, show a system that does not fall squarely within traditional prosodic typology and lacks some canonical features of stress (culminativity, rhythmicity). Despite this, Mapudungun displays obligatoriness of word-level prominence, a definitional feature of stress. A non-iterative, right-aligned, moraic trochee is proposed to bear stress at the word level, while, at the stem level, a second stress surfaces on the final syllable. Such parsings, however, seems to have limited phonological activation. Especially in complex words, prominences appear to be assigned with reference to morphological structure and have limited effect upon the broader phonological system. Finally, it is argued that lack of prominence-based segmental asymmetries, absence of culminativity, as well as the stem-edge marking, conspire to create transparency in the morphological structure of complex words.
Satipo Ashaninka word- and phrase-level prominence
Authors: Mihas Elena , Maxwell Olga 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe study examines multiple prominence systems in Satipo Ashaninka (Kampa, Arawak), a morphologically complex Amazonian language of Peru. The study’s preliminary results show that the word-level prominence systems include the right edge-oriented primary stress, cued by several phonetic exponents (duration, intensity, and sometimes f0), and the left edge-oriented secondary stress (polar beat), determined on the basis of intensity (and possibly f0, for which the evidence is inconclusive). Both word-level systems are weight-sensitive, occurring in the three-syllable windows. The dominant primary stress patterns are penultimate or antepenultimate, with the ultimate pattern also present. The common location of secondary stress is peninitial. Lexically specified prominence in the form of high tone is found in several inflectional morphemes and pragmatic enclitics. The phrasal pitch accent shows a preference for secondary stress locations.
Polysynthesis, stress uniformity, and the opposite-to-anchor stress system in Ese Ejja
Authors: Rolle Nicholas 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a study of stress uniformity in Ese Ejja. In morphologically simplex words, inflectional suffixes assign accent to a position in the stem, which is mapped to primary stress. This accent-to-stress algorithm results in an ‘opposite-to-anchor’ system whereby the location of primary stress is toward the left edge but the triggering suffix is toward the right. In contrast to simplex forms, this mapping does not occur with complex forms, e.g. verbs with both inflectional and derivational morphology. Because Ese Ejja is a polysynthetic language, a large number of derivational morphemes can intervene between the root (at left) and triggering suffixes (at right), which may result in ‘long-distance anchor dependencies’. Ese Ejja conspicuously avoids this situation by suspending accent-to-stress mapping in sufficiently complex forms. Instead, a kind of ‘stress uniformity’ is employed whereby complex forms copy the stress from an equivalent simplex form (i.e. [[ROOT]-INFL]x ↔ [[[ROOT]-DERIV]-INFL]x, where x = identical stress). This chapter relates these aspects of Ese Ejja stress to the rarity of opposite-to-anchor systems generally (such as ‘count systems’), and the general bias in stress systems for default-to-same-edge properties.
Phonological and morphological wordhood in Nivkh
Authors: Mattissen Johanna 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the role of phonological and prosodic features in Nivkh, a polysynthetic language in which accentuation is morphologically driven by morpheme type and position in the morphological word and effected by a characteristic pitch contour. Phonological words in Nivkh are the next level above the syllable and smaller than or co-extensive to morphological words, composite groups are co-extensive to morphological words. As a further domain the determiner group is introduced, which is not an immediate constituent of any other domain. Phonotactics signal the left and right edges of phonological words, fixed types of affixes bracket the morphological word, morphophonemic processes signal the internal cohesion of units below the phonological phrase. As complex morphological words are formed according to the dependent-head synthesis principle, verbal conjunct remnants under coordination cannot be integrated and are phonological, but not morphological words, lacking right-margin suffixes.
Prosody in Turkish
Authors: Özçelik Öner 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of Turkish prosody, referring to both lower and higher levels of the Prosodic Hierarchy, as well as synthesizing previous research on Turkish stress and prominence. Both regular (word-final) prominence and irregular (non-final) stress are covered, encompassing the well-known cases of both pre-stressing and autostressed suffixes. In addition, novel data are provided, introducing various phenomena, such as the presence of a group of pre-pre-stressing suffixes. In my analysis, there is no algorithm for the Turkish grammar to assign foot structure (i.e. the phonology cannot parse syllables into feet), and regular final ‘stress’ is argued to be intonational prominence falling on the final syllables of Prosodic Words and involves no feet (Özçelik 2017). On the other hand, certain morphemes – those that assign irregular/exceptional stress – come with foot edges in the underlying representation, and are, thus, footed in the surface representation as well, given faithfulness to this information. The grammar (constraint ranking or rules), then, turns these foot edges into well-formed binary feet. Lexical stress, on this account, is thus due to underlying foot edges (following Özçelik 2014), and, crucially, not a result of marking syllables as (exceptionally) accented or having underlying trochees or iambs. The latter half of the chapter then overviews the mechanisms of phrasal and sentential prominence in Turkish, which involve higher levels of the Prosodic Hierarchy and lie at the interface of prosody with syntax. This section additionally presents further evidence for the arguments made here concerning feet (or lack thereof) and lexical stress.
Acca Larentia Gains a Son
Authors: Beard Mary 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the myths of the Roman priesthood by expounding on the status and definition of priests in Rome. The myths primarily formed a medium of debate within the Roman religious system on the nature of priesthood as a whole and the priests? relationship to the divine. Moreover, some myths offer an image of the priesthood as either natural or otherworldly. The chapter then discusses the structural tension in Roman religion, which was focused on the ideological pressure to incorporate religion into the public and political realm and the contrary claim that religion and its officials belonged to the world of gods rather than to that of mortals. It also highlights how the Roman religion stressed the public political aspect of the Roman state cult.
Action and Ritual in Roman Historians
Authors: North John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the accounts of rituals according to Roman historians. It explains the business of historians in antiquity that produces narratives of what happened, explaining the causes of events, or reflecting on the event?s moral issues. Historians are not likely to produce background information about procedures, laws, or social customs unless there was a need to do so. However, exemptions revolve around when rituals go seriously wrong or get more attention than usual. The chapter expounds on the historic importance and rituals of the triple temple on Capitoline Hill. It also looks into the role of Horatius, who was deemed by Livy to be the most important figure within the ritual issue as he held onto the door-post that completed a prayer dedicated to the temple.
Rome and the Great Places of Worship in Italy
Authors: Scheid John 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the great places of worship across Italy. It starts with the narrative of Octavian declaring war against Cleopatra following the ritual of the fetiales and the restoration of the priesthood called Caeninensis. Following the conquest of Caenina, the rites of the city had been transferred to Rome and entrusted to the sacerdotes Caeninenses, which functioned similarly to Laurentes Lauinates that served the gods of Lavinium. The chapter also presents the sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Praneste, which had been publicly known for its age and beauty following the Social War. It also considers the sanctuary of Mefitis Utiana and the sanctuary of Apollo Soranus as places of worship. The chapter then explores the initiatives revealing an old tradition of Romans taking over the Italic places of remembrances. Ultimately, Augustus took advantage of the state of dilapidation to have control over symbolic and potentially dangerous sites.
Battle of the Experts: The Strange Career of Meta-Expertise
Authors: Pasquale Frank 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sociologists and philosophers have critically examined the interplay between democracy and expertise. This article develops a law and political economy approach to the topic, focusing on the challenge posed to traditional professions by “meta-experts” (who develop standardized algorithmic and quantitative methods to trans-substantively evaluate experts’ performance and value). Law has critical roles to play in adjudicating emerging conflicts between experts and meta-experts. First, lawmakers can confirm or contradict whatever jurisdictional claims they make over a domain. Law is therefore critical to the establishment of practical epistemic authority. Second, administrative law has long addressed the balance of legal regularity, politics, and expertise in the proper functioning of agencies. Both law and political economy pressures shape “battles of the experts,” as economists and coders challenge the authority of other professionals.