bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immigration (Claimant’s Credibility) Regulations 2004
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Immigration (Claimant’s Credibility) Regulations 2004, which came into force on 1 January 2005. For the purpose of section 8(5) of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004, a person may be notified of an immigration decision in any of the following ways: orally, including by means of a telecommunications system; in writing given by hand; or in writing sent by fax to a fax number, by electronic mail to an electronic mail address, or delivered or sent by postal service to an address provided for correspondence by the person or their representative. Where no fax number, electronic mail, or postal address for correspondence has been provided by the person, notice of an immigration decision under paragraph (1)(c) may be delivered or sent by postal service to the last known or usual place of abode or place of business of the person or his representative. Notice given in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) to the representative of the person, is to be taken to have been given to the person. In the case of a minor who does not have a representative, notice given in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) to the parent, guardian, or another adult who for the time being takes responsibility for the minor is taken to have been given to the minor.
The Asylum Seekers (Reception Conditions) Regulations 2005
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Asylum Seekers (Reception Conditions) Regulations 2005, which came into force on 5 February 2005. These Regulations shall only apply to a person whose claim for asylum is recorded on or after 5 February 2005. When the Secretary of State is providing or arranging for the provision of accommodation for an asylum seeker and their family members under section 95 or 98 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, he shall have regard to family unity and ensure, in so far as it is reasonably practicable to do so, that family members are accommodated together. The chapter then looks at the provisions for persons with special needs. A vulnerable person is a minor, a disabled person, an elderly person, a pregnant woman; a lone parent with a minor child; or a person who has been subjected to torture, rape, or other serious forms of psychological, physical, or sexual violence.
The Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Accommodation to Failed Asylum-Seekers) Regulations 2005
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Accommodation to Failed Asylum-Seekers) Regulations 2005, which came into force on 31 March 2005. These Regulations apply to a person who is receiving accommodation when these Regulations came into force to the same extent as they apply to a person provided with accommodation after these Regulations came into force. Subject to regulations 4 and 6, the criteria to be used in determining the matters referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of section 4(5) of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 in respect of a person falling within section 4(2) or (3) of that Act are: that they appear to the Secretary of State to be destitute, and that one or more of the conditions set out in paragraph (2) are satisfied in relation to them. Where the Secretary of State so determines, the continued provision of accommodation to a person falling within section 4(2) or (3) of the 1999 Act is to be conditional upon that person’s performance of or participation in such community activity as is described in this regulation and is from time to time notified to the person in accordance with regulation 5. The chapter then details the other conditions on continued provision of accommodation.
The Appeals from the Upper Tribunal to the Court of Appeal Order 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the Appeals from the Upper Tribunal to the Court of Appeal Order 2008. This Order came into force on 3 November 2008. The Order specifies the criteria to be met for granting a permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal in England and Wales or leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland. The permission to appeal shall not be granted unless the Upper Tribunal or, where the Upper Tribunal refuses permission, the relevant appellate court, considers that the proposed appeal would raise some important point of principle or practice. The Upper Tribunal should also consider that there is some other compelling reason for the relevant appellate court to hear the appeal.
The First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (Chambers) Order 2010
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal (Chambers) Order 2010, which came into force on 29 November 2010. To the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal are allocated all functions related to immigration and asylum matters, with the exception of matters allocated to the Social Entitlement Chamber by article 6(a) and the General Regulatory Chamber by article 3(a). The chapter then looks at the functions of the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the Upper Tribunal. If there is any doubt or dispute as to the chamber in which a particular matter is to be dealt with, the Senior President of Tribunals may allocate that matter to the chamber which appears to the Senior President of Tribunals to be most appropriate. At any point in the proceedings, the Chamber President of the chamber to which a case or any issue in that case has been allocated by or under this Order may, with the consent of the corresponding Chamber President, allocate that case or that issue to another chamber within the same tribunal, by giving a direction to that effect.
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) Order 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about the order that may be cited as the Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) Order 2014, which took effect on 1 December 2014. It defines a “transit passenger” as a person who on arrival in the United Kingdom passes through to another country or territory without entering the United Kingdom. It also mentions the “Approved Destination Status Scheme,” which means a scheme for issuing visas to Chinese tour groups. The chapter points out that a transit passenger is not required to hold a transit visa if he holds or a person with whom he arrives in the United Kingdom holds on his behalf a valid visa for entry to Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the United States of America. It describes the application for a transit visa, which may be made to any British High Commission, Embassy, or Consulate.
The Proposed Marriages and Civil Partnerships (Conduct of Investigations, etc.) Regulations 2015
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the regulations that may be cited as the Proposed Marriages and Civil Partnerships (Conduct of Investigations, etc.) Regulations 2015, which took effect on 1 March 2015. It defines a reference to evidence as the original document in which information of any description is recorded or stored. It also mentions the Secretary of State, who may carry out investigations or make such enquiries for the purpose of determining whether a proposed marriage or civil partnership is a sham. The chapter highlights the obligation of a relevant party to contact the Secretary of State to arrange an interview. A relevant party should contact the Secretary of State for not less than a period of three working days beginning with the day on which the notice or the notification is given.
The Immigration (Citizens’ Rights Appeals) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about regulations that may be cited as the Immigration (Citizens’ Rights Appeals) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, which come into force on exit day and when paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 5 to the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 does not apply. It highlights the right of appeal against decisions relating to leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom. It also considers relevant application as an application for leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom made under residence scheme immigration rules on or after exit day. The chapter looks at the right of appeal against decisions under section 76 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 to revoke indefinite leave to enter or remain by virtue of residence scheme immigration rules. It details the admission on bail to the United Kingdom to make submissions in person in connection with an appeal.
Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at a directive on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. It reviews the citizenship of the Union that confers on every citizen of the Union as a primary and individual right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. It also analyzes the free movement of persons that constitutes one of the fundamental freedoms of the internal market. The chapter talks about Union citizenship, which should be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States when they exercise their right of free movement and residence. It details how the right of all Union citizens to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States should be granted to their family members.
1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter cites the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that affirmed the principle that human beings will enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination. It considers how the United Nations has manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavored to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms. It also talks about the revision and consolidation of previous international agreements relating to the status of refugees and extension of the scope and protection accorded by instruments by means of a new agreement. The chapter describes the grant of asylum that may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries. It points out how all States, recognising the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent a crisis from becoming a cause of tension between States.
States Parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about the convention that was drafted and signed by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, held at Geneva from 2 to 25 July 1951 and the protocol that was adopted on 31 January 1967. The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol are deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and can be accessed in the United National Treaty Collection website for authoritative source of the current status of both treaties. It also lists dates of the deposit of the instrument of ratification or accession by the respective States Parties with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The chapter highlights the declaration of a Contracting State of the time of signature and ratification or accession. It mentions Congo, Madagascar, Monaco, and Turkey, which adopted an alternative geographical limitation.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It considers the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948, which aims to secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of rights. It also mentions the Council of Europe that aims to achieve greater unity between its members by maintaining and realising human rights and fundamental freedom. The chapter highlights the reaffirmation of the profound belief in fundamental freedoms that are the foundation of justice and peace in the world and are best maintained by an effective political democracy. It describes the governments of European countries that must take the first steps for the collective enforcement of certain rights stated in the Universal Declaration.
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about the convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, which recognises the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world. It highlights the obligation of States to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms. It also cites Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provide that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or de-grading treatment or punishment. The chapter defines torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person. It details how a State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial, or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.
Brexit and the Digital Single Market
Authors: Harcourt Alison 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the Digital Single Market (DSM) and the UK’s special role in its creation. It outlines the structure, argument, and logic of the book, explaining the analytical approach and identifying conditions under which the UK was able to bring about EU policy change. The chapters are explained, with Chapters 2 to 7 covering DSM sector policies (audio-visual media services, creative industries, telecommunications, e-commerce, online platforms, and FinTech) and Chapters 8 to 11 examining horizontal policies (competition law, state aid, data protection, and copyright) which cut across the sectors. The concluding Chapter 12 analyses the consequences of Brexit for future UK and EU policy trajectories.
New Rome and the New Romans
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the formation of Constantinople after emperor Constantine rededicated the city of Byzantion to himself and the Fortune of Rome. It details how Constantinople was created between 324 and 330 through a series of arcane Roman rites. Moreover, Christian writers labeled Constantine as "the Great" while becoming a paragon of imperial rule for future emperors. The chapter then references Roman history, wherein mobility and inclusiveness were values embedded in the earliest layers of Rome's legend. It notes the Roman empire achieved a level of homogeneity after the Patriarchate was ended by the imperial authorities by the fourth century.
From Christian Nation to Roman Religion
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the notion of Christianity and religion in Rome. It explains that conversion compromised people’s ability to belong to other ethnic groups and hold citizenship in non-Christian polities. Christians and Romans shared the same underlying idea about the constitution of a nation, even if Christians based their comprehensive identity on religion, and Romans saw religion as only part of a civic or national order. The chapter expounds on how Constantine laid down another layer of Romanization on the imperial version of Christianity. It then explains how paganism was an amalgamated construct of the Christian imagination, which meant Chrsitian groups inevitably became rivals over their differences.
The Political Class Ascendant (395–441)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the social infrastructure of Constantinople. It notes that perceptions of ethnicity affected many events of massacres and lynchings. Emperors recruited barbarians into their armies because they were cheaper and did not drain the agricultural labor force. Meanwhile, Jews and pagans benefited from the increasingly bitter divisions breaking out among the empire’s Christian leadership. The chapter considers the emerging notion of a monolithically Christian empire by the end of the sixth century. It explains how the Theodosian dynasty forged not only a close but a co-dependent political relationship with the populace that would last for the rest of east Roman history.
The Great War with Persia (602–630)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the great war with Persia. Phokas was demonized as a tyrant who oppressed his subjects and lost the eastern provinces to the Persians. The Persian war followed the usual pattern of dividing Armenia and Mesopotamia, but the Persians now began to occupy cities and territories that they won. The chapter discusses the rebellion that broke out in North Africa that ravaged Egypt and distracted the court enough to allow foreign empire enemies to make large territorial gains. It also explores the conquests of Khusrow II and the liberation of Mesopotamia and Syria's Roman cities by Herakleios and his brother Theodoros.
A Game of Crowns (912–950)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conflict for the throne of Alexandros and Konstantinos VII following the death of Leon VI. It explains how imperial agents played a key role in organizing an alliance of all Christian powers to destroy the Muslim base of Garigliano. Moreover, Constantinople used diplomatic, economic, and military means to capture the allegiance of the major Armenian and Georgian principalities. The chapter cites the end of Romanos I's interloper dynasty when his son, Konstantinos VII, exiled Romanos I to be a monk on the island of Prote. While Konstantinos VII was an inconsequential ruler, he sponsored a corpus of textual compilations and produced a massive manual of protocols for the ceremonies of Constantinople.
Union with Rome and Roman Disunity (1261–1282)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the return to Constantinople and the subsequent Roman disunity. Michael VIII Palaiologos staged his entry into Constantinople for maximum symbolic impact with Baldwin’s imperial insignia. Michael’s propaganda stressed that he was personally destined by God for the throne, and he disseminated the notion through media, such as speeches, church paintings, and the fine arts. The chapter explains how Michael maximized the religious concessions he was willing to make and downplayed the role of Charles of Anjou's threats. It cites how Michael VIII passed away in obscurity after being excommunicated by both the Catholic Church and large swaths of the Orthodox Church.
Territorial Retrenchment and Cultural Innovation (1282–1328)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the reign of Andronikos II Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos. Even though Andronikos obediently followed his father’s Unionist policy by signing all the relevant documents and sending his professions of the Catholic faith to Rome, Andronikos and his megas logothetes immediately reversed course and annulled the Union as soon as Michael VIII died. The chapter tackles the reign of Andronikos II and Andronikos III by referencing the regime of the Palaiologan administration. Moreover, the greatest loss suffered by the Romans under Andronikos was Anatolia which cost the region territories and revenues. The chapter then notes that the Palaiologan dynasty was extremely prone to division and internal conflict, which was unveiled by the first civil war.
Military Failure and Mystical Refuge (1328–1354)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the notion of military failure and mystical refuge after the loss of Anatolia. The reign of Andronikos III was the last who tried to ensure Romans made a concerted effort to defend their territories with arms while simultaneously recovering losses. However, Andronikos III’s push to restore the pride of Roman arms ended when he passed from an unspecified illness, which resulted in losing his progress with the remaining territories after the Black Death. The chapter looks into how Dušan and Serbia benefitted from the Roman civil war. It also mentions that Ioannes VI Kantakouzenos failed to remedy the ills of the Roman state.
Overview of the PROSPER prevention trial’s rationale, methods, and findings
Authors: Spoth Richard , Schainker Lisa M. , Greenberg Mark , Welsh Janet 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides background for the friendship network investigations presented in this volume by summarizing the PROSPER prevention trial. It discusses the longitudinal trial’s rationale, methods, and outcomes across all study phases, along with its larger family of ongoing studies. The trial’s primary purpose was to refine and test a partnership-based delivery system for sustained, high-quality implementation and dissemination of evidence-based interventions for youth and families. These interventions were designed to reduce youth substance misuse and associated problem behaviors, utilizing the reach of the land grant university Cooperative Extension System linked with public schools. This prevention trial followed participants through early adolescence, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. The wide-ranging and long-term positive outcomes for youth and their families demonstrated—including reductions in prescription drug misuse extending into young adulthood, along with findings on its sustained, quality implementation—suggest its research and public health value. As further chapters of this volume make clear, key indicators of its value also include evidence of positive effects on friendship networks (see Chapter 11), underscoring the benefits of collecting friendship network data in the context of a longitudinal, multimethod measurement prevention outcome study.