bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LGL-1: a non-polymorphic antigen expressed on a major population of mouse natural killer cells.
Authors: Mason L , Giardina S L , Hecht T , Ortaldo J , Mathieson B J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat mAb have been raised to mouse liver-derived large granular lymphocytes (LGL). One of these mAb (4D11) binds specifically to mouse LGL and appears to recognize a non-allelic determinant on NK-active cell populations. The Ag recognized by 4D11 is expressed on LGL of all mouse strains tested, including C57BL/6 (B6), BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and SJL/J; thus, we have provisionally called this Ag LGL-1. Analysis of various lymphoid and hemopoietic tissues has indicated that only normal tissues known to contain NK activity have 4D11+ cells. With B6 and B6 congenic strains, a positive correlation exists between the number of LGL in a sample and the percentage of 4D11 immunofluorescence-positive cells detected by flow cytometric analysis. Dual color immunofluorescence analyses indicate that some LGL-1+ cells are also stained for Ly-1 and Thy-1. A very small subset exists that is weakly positive for CD3 and LGL-1. However, virtually no cells are seen which co-express LGL-1 and Ly-2. LU activity against YAC-1 targets was increased 7- to 700-fold in LGL-1+ spleen cells obtained by cell sorting from several different strains of mice (B6, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, SJL/J, and athymic/nude). Sorted, LGL-1- spleen cells contained little or no NK activity. Cells positively selected for LGL-1 also contained between 50 and 60% LGL by morphology. By using facilitated in vitro antibody plus C' treatments, the majority of NK activity can be depleted from both B6 spleen and liver-derived leukocyte populations enriched for NK cells. mAb 4D11 was also shown to precipitate a protein of approximately 87 kDa from the surface of enriched murine NK cells. This mAb should prove valuable for understanding the role of NK cells in the immune response.
A novel in vivo follicular dendritic cell-dependent iccosome-mediated mechanism for delivery of antigen to antigen-processing cells.
Authors: Szakal A K , Kosco M H , Tew J G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent scanning electron microscopic studies on isolated follicular dendritic cells (FDC) showed that dendrites of certain FDC were "beaded," i.e., consisting of a series of interconnected immune complex coated bodies (termed "iccosomes," measuring 0.3 to 0.7 micron diameter). In vitro these iccosomes detach from one another with ease. The major objectives herein were to establish whether these structures can be detected in sections and whether iccosomes serve to disseminate antigen in vivo. Beginning at day 1, the time point used for isolating beaded FDC, the popliteal lymph nodes of immune C3H mice were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy for 2 wk (i.e., at days 1, 3, 5, 8, and 14) after hind footpad injection of the histochemically detectable antigen, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Iccosomes (0.25 to 0.38 micron diameter), contoured by a peroxidase (PO)-positive coat of HRP-anti-HRP complexes, were first detected by transmission electron microscopy at day 1 adjacent to cell bodies of certain FDC. Within their limiting membrane they contained flocculent material that was PO positive. At day 3 by light microscopy, germinal centers were seen enlarged and the antigen-retaining reticulum, composed of antigen-bearing FDC, appeared diffuse. This coincided with the transmission electron microscopic visualization of a dispersed state of iccosomes among the follicular lymphocytes. At that time iccosomes were seen attached to the surface of lymphocytes via PO-positive immune complexes and were surrounded by microvillous processes of these cells. Germinal center lymphocytes and tingible body macrophages both responded to contact with iccosomes by endocytosis. Antigen-containing tingible body macrophage were most conspicuous by light microscopy at day 5, when transmission electron microscopy showed that the majority of germinal center lymphocytes contained endocytosed HRP in secondary lysosome-like granules associated with the Golgi apparatus. The number of dispersed iccosomes was markedly reduced by day 5. In controls injected with HSA, a PO-negative antigen, lymphocytes and tingible body macrophages were PO-negative. The presence of antigen in both cell types was confirmed through the use of a gold-conjugated antigen (goat IgG). Simultaneous immunoperoxidase labeling of the same tissues with anti-Ia showed the gold conjugate containing B cells to be Ia+. Antigen-positive B cells and tingible body macrophages were greatly reduced in numbers by day 14, suggesting the intracellular fragmentation of the antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Receptor-mediated B cell antigen processing. Increased antigenicity of a globular protein covalently coupled to antibodies specific for B cell surface structures.
Authors: Casten L A , Pierce S K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Helper T cell recognition of globular protein antigens requires the intracellular processing of the native molecule by an antigen-presenting cell and subsequent presentation of a peptide fragment, containing the antigenic determinant, on the cell surface where it is recognized by the specific T cell in conjunction with Ia. B lymphocytes can function as antigen-presenting cells and, when antigen is bound by their surface Ig, are greatly enhanced in this capacity. In this report it is demonstrated that pigeon cytochrome c covalently coupled to antibodies directed toward either B cell surface immunoglobulin, class I or class II are effectively processed and presented by B cells to cytochrome c-specific T cells, requiring up to 1000-fold less cytochrome c as compared with cytochrome c alone or cytochrome c coupled to nonspecific immunoglobulin. The potent activity of the cytochrome c-antibody conjugates appears to be due to the ability of B cells to concentrate the antigen when the process becomes receptor mediated rather than to a signal provided to the B cell by the conjugate binding, because cytochrome c was not more effectively presented in the presence of unconjugated antibodies as compared with cytochrome c alone. Furthermore, the binding of the native antigen to B cell surfaces is not alone sufficient for T cell activation, in that the cytochrome c-antibody conjugates require processing and are major histocompatibility complex restricted. The results presented here indicate that surface immunoglobulin is not unique in its ability to facilitate antigen processing and/or presentation and that Ig, class I and class II are capable of transporting the cytochrome c to a cytoplasmic vesicle where proteolysis occurs yielding the required peptide, minimally of 10 amino acids. Cytochrome c coupled to monovalent fragments of anti-Ig-antibodies was nearly as effectively presented as cytochrome c coupled to bivalent antibodies, indicating that phenomena mediated by bivalent binding, such as patching and capping of the surface Ig, were not required for effective antigen presentation. The cytochrome c-antibody conjugates, which allow antigen processing to be initiated by receptor-mediated endocytosis, may provide the necessary tools to unravel the intracellular processes by which protein antigens are processed and presented by B lymphocytes.
Differential effects of interleukin 2 vs B cell growth factor on human B cells.
Authors: Nakagawa T , Nakagawa N , Ambrus J L , Fauci A S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) and high m.w. (HMW) B cell growth factor (BCGF) were examined on normal human peripheral blood B cells activated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC). When SAC-activated B cells were separated into Tac-antigen (Tac-Ag)+ and Tac-Ag- fractions by a cell sorter, recombinant IL-2 induced only the Tac-Ag+ cells to proliferate, whereas both Tac-Ag+ and Tac-Ag- cells responded to HMW-BCGF (m.w. 60,000). Alternatively, SAC-activated B cells were separated according to density into three fractions: low density (large) cells (82 +/- 15% Tac-Ag+), intermediate density (medium) cells (45 +/- 13% Tac-Ag+), and high density (small) cells (less than 5% Tac-Ag+). Recombinant IL-2 enhanced proliferation of low density cells the most, intermediate density cells less, and high density cells not at all. HMW-BCGF induced all three fractions to proliferate to approximately the same degree. Finally, the effects of IL-2 and BCGF on the DNA and RNA content of the various fractions of B cells was examined. RNA content was greater in IL-2-stimulated B cells than BCGF-stimulated B cells, whereas DNA content was the same in both cell populations. IL-2 and BCGF may preferentially interact with different subpopulations of B cells. The interaction of IL-2 or BCGF with normal activated B cells may induce both similar and different intracellular events.
Interleukin 2 functions through novel interleukin 2 binding molecules in T cells.
Authors: Tanaka T , Saiki O , Doi S , Negoro S , Kishimoto S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this report, we examined whether novel interleukin 2 (IL-2) binding molecules (p70/75) are responsible for signal transduction and internalization of IL-2 in T cells by using a monoclonal antibody H-31 to Tac antigens. We found that H-31 inhibited the binding of IL-2 to Tac antigens but not novel IL-2 binding molecules. Scatchard plot analysis revealed that in the presence of H-31, intermediate affinity sites (Kd = 1 to 1.5 nM) were detectable and the number of them was similar to that of high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) (Kd = 10 to 15 pM) in the absence of H-31. Furthermore, the kinetics of endocytosis of IL-2 via p70/75 showed the same pattern as via high affinity IL-2R. Finally, high doses of IL-2 (100 to 10,000 U/ml) are required for the proliferation of T cells in the presence of H-31, whereas in the absence of H-31, physiologic doses of IL-2 (1 to 100 U/ml) induced the proliferation. These results taken together suggest that novel IL-2 binding molecules are related to signal transduction of IL-2 and that Tac antigens are essential for constructing of high affinity IL-2R, although Tac antigens may not be responsible for signal transduction.
Endotoxin-induced interferon-gamma production in culture cells derived from BCG-infected C3H/HeJ mice.
Authors: Matsumura H , Nakano M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cultured cells prepared from the spleens and peritoneal exudate cells of the C3H/HeJ strain of mice produce very little or no interferon (IFN) by stimulation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the cells taken from LPS-non-responder C3H/HeJ mice which had been infected with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prior to the experiment were capable of producing IFN in culture in the presence of LPS. The peritoneal exudate cells of BCG-primed C3H/HeJ mice were separated into adherent cell and nonadherent cell populations by their adhesiveness to plastic culture dishes. IFN production required the presence of both these cell populations in the same culture, and the IFN activities produced were mainly IFN-gamma. The cultures with nonadherent cells and fixed adherent cells still produced IFN, but the cell cultures reconstituted with the BCG-primed cell population and unprimed cell population produce little if any IFN-gamma. Moreover, when both of the populations were cultured in Marbrook culture vessels separated by a membrane filter, the cultures produced very little or no IFN-gamma. These results indicate that there is a mechanism of IFN-gamma induction by LPS which requires the direct contact between adherent cells and nonadherent cells without the participation of any soluble factor(s) from the adherent cells. The producer cells were mainly in the nonadherent cell population. Previous treatment of nonadherent cells with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody, anti-Lyt-1.1 antibody, anti-L3T4 antibody, or anti-asialo-GM1 antibody and complement diminished the ability of the cells for LPS-induced IFN production with the help of adherent cells. Therefore, it is concluded that both T cells (presumably L3T4+T cells) and asialo-GM1+ natural killer cells in the BCG-primed C3H/HeJ cell cultures produced IFN-gamma in the presence of LPS, and the production was supported by the function of macrophages.
Characterization of macrophage recognition and killing of SV40-transformed tumor cells that are "resistant" or "susceptible" to contact-mediated killing.
Authors: Chapes S K , Duffin D , Paulsen A Q 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this report we used the macrophage-"resistant" and -"susceptible" cell lines, F5m and F5b, to determine why AKR or AKR-like virus expression makes the F5m cell line more resistant to in vitro macrophage killing than the F5b cell line. We found that resistance to macrophage killing may be transmitted by an infectious AKR or AKR-like murine leukemia virus and that resistance was concomitant with virus expression as measured by the presence of AKR virus-specific 70 kDa glycoprotein. We report that macrophage cytotoxicity of these cell lines is dependent upon the direct contact between tumor cells and macrophages. In contrast, macrophage-mediated cytostasis occurred via soluble macrophage products and no differential susceptibility of F5b or F5m to macrophage-mediated cytostasis was observed. Macrophage binding of F5b was also significantly better than that of F5m. These data suggest that only the events that depend upon the close contact of macrophages and tumor cells will be affected by the expression of AKR or AKR-like virus. Therefore, the differences in susceptibility of F5m and F5b to direct macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity are apparently because the macrophage binding of F5m is less efficient than the binding of F5b.
Assessment in humans of a synthetic peptide-based vaccine against the sporozoite stage of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
Authors: Etlinger H M , Felix A M , Gillessen D , Heimer E P , Just M , Pink J R , Sinigaglia F , Stürchler D , Takacs B , Trzeciak A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eleven volunteers were injected with an anti-malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) sporozoite vaccine candidate consisting of a synthetic peptide, Ac-Cys-(NANP)3, coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) and adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. Two of the volunteers had no previously known exposure to TT. Eight volunteers made detectable antipeptide, anticircumsporozoite protein or antisporozoite antibodies, whose titers increased after multiple injections in four individuals. The maximum antisporozoite titer obtained in an immunofluorescence assay was 1280. In those individuals who produced antipeptide antibody, the overall correlation between IgG anti-Ac-Cys-(NANP)3 antibody in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IgG antisporozoite reactivity in immunofluorescence was highly significant. However, the fine specificity of antibody varied among volunteers with two individuals producing mostly antipeptide antibody. Anti-TT antibody responses increased in all volunteers with the exception of that person who had the highest pretrial anti-TT titer; this individual was one of the two pre-TT-immunized volunteers who failed to produce anti-Ac-Cys-(NANP)3 or sporozoite antibody. For the two non-TT preimmunized volunteers, one produced an antisporozoite fluorescence titer of 320; the other made no detectable antibody against either Ac-Cys-(NANP)3 or sporozoites during a primary response. For the three volunteers monitored, after the first injection, significant T cell proliferative responses to (NANP)3 were observed, which increased up to 4 wk after immunization, when a second injection was given. Responsiveness then declined to background levels and did not reappear after further immunizations. In contrast, a marked TT-specific proliferation was observed for the duration of the study.
Genetics and primary structure of V kappa gene segments encoding antibody to streptococcal group A carbohydrate. Comparison of V kappa gene structure with idiotope expression.
Authors: Lutz C T , Davie J M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two gene segments, V kappa-25-39 and V kappa-25-47, that encode antibody to streptococcal group A carbohydrate in A/J mice were found to be more than 95% homologous in nucleotide sequence in both coding and noncoding regions. It was previously shown that V kappa-25-39 encodes immunoglobulins that express the IdX and IdI-1 idiotopes, whereas V kappa-25-47 encodes IdX+, and IdI-1- immunoglobulins. V kappa gene segments that were clearly allelic to V kappa-25-47 are used to encode IdX+, IdI-1- anti-group A carbohydrate antibodies by C.B20 mice and likely by C57BL/6 mice. Murine strains that are deficient in IdI-1 idiotope expression were investigated by Southern blotting with a 5' probe from V kappa-25-39. Two IdI-1-deficient strains, CE/J and C58/J, had a grossly altered V kappa gene segment structure compared with the A/J prototype. In contrast, the IdI-1-deficient strain, C57BL/6, was indistinguishable from A/J with the 5'V kappa-25-39 probe, indicating that more subtle genetic changes account for the loss of IdI-1 expression in C57BL/6 mice. The evolution of V kappa-25-39 and V kappa-25-47 gene segments was deduced by comparison with the homologous V kappa 24B gene segment of Mus pahari. V kappa-25-39 and V kappa-25-47 likely have recently duplicated once in A/J and related strains of laboratory mice and may have duplicated again in CE/J mice. Thus, individual members of the V kappa 24 gene family, to which V kappa-25-39 and V kappa-25-47 belong, are preserved while the number of gene copies expands or contracts. This fact is strong evidence that evolutionary forces have maintained the V kappa 24 gene family, all of which encode antibody specific for carbohydrate found in bacterial pathogens.
Conditioned augmentation of natural killer cell activity. Independence from nociceptive effects and dependence on interferon-beta.
Authors: Solvason H B , Ghanta V K , Hiramoto R N 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of mice with 20 micrograms polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) after exposure to camphor odor results in a conditioned augmentation of natural killer cell (NK) activity. In this study, we show that the conditioned response is not the result of nociceptive stimulation and that interferon-beta (IFN), but not IFN-alpha can replace Poly I:C as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Two conditioned stimuli (CS) were used with equivalent results. A combination CS consisting of a novel taste (saccharin) and a 125 mg/kg injection of LiCl that induces gastric upset was paired with a Poly I:C or IFN-beta (1 X 10(4) IU) injection. This resulted in an augmentation of NK activity when the conditioned animals were reexposed to the saccharin-LiCl CS. In addition, an identical conditioned response was elicited when a camphor odor CS was paired with either of these US. To test whether the conditioned response might be an artifact not detected by our controls, a mock conditioning experiment was performed, which assessed the differential effect of multiple exposures to the saccharin-LiCl CS without a CS/US pairing. The mock conditioned group was significantly suppressed relative to saline treated controls, whereas the mock nonconditioned group and the mock conditioned group that was not reexposed to the CS after conditioning did not show significant suppression. This indicates that the augmentation observed in the conditioned group after CS/US pairing was not the result of exposure to the CS itself. Small doses of Poly I:C (5 micrograms or 2.5 micrograms) given on days 3 and 5 (or on day 5 only) to boost NK activity had the effect of increasing the magnitude of the conditioned response measured on day 6. In addition, an identical conditioned response was observed when the interval between the CS/US pairing and the later CS exposures was changed, which places the test for the conditioned response either on day 6 (CS given on days 3 and 5) or day 10 (CS given on days 7 and 9). These results show that the observed conditioned enhancement of NK activity in conditioned animals is not caused by any nociceptive properties of the CS itself and is dependent on the IFN-beta produced after Poly I:C injection in the conditioned paradigm.
Influence of major histocompatibility complex H-2LD class I molecules on spleen colony-forming units.
Authors: Tange T , Ahmed-Ansari A , Hansen T , Tse H Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To test whether the major histocompatibility complex class I genes are involved in the regulation of hemopoiesis, the stem cell activities of BALB/c-H-2dm2 (Dm2) mice, which are defective in the expression of H-2L antigens, have been compared with those of the wild-type, BALB/c-Kh, in in vivo and in vitro stem cell assays. In spleen colony-forming unit assays, Dm2 as hosts consistently supported a smaller number of colonies than did BALB/c-Kh. However, both Dm2 and BALB/c-Kh supported a comparable number of colonies in in vitro granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit assays. These observations together suggest that the mutation in Dm2 has not affected the hemopoietic potential of the stem cells but may probably affect the hemopoietic microenvironment for the development of the stem cells.
T cell-dependent hapten-specific and polyclonal B cell responses require release of interleukin 5.
Authors: Rasmussen R , Takatsu K , Harada N , Takahashi T , Bottomly K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CD4+ T cells in the mouse have recently been subdivided into two major subpopulations which differ in their functional activities and in the lymphokines they produce. Although cloned T cells lines representative of both sets will activate B cells in polyclonal responses, only the subset producing interleukin 4 (IL-4) will activate antigen-specific B cells in linked recognition assays. This suggested that IL-4 was essential for such responses. In the present experiments, the requirements were compared for B cell activation in specific as opposed to polyclonal antibody responses by T cell clones of the helper (IL-4 producing) subset. It was found that specific responses involve primarily small B cells, whereas polyclonal responses activate exclusively the large B cells. Second, polyclonal B cell responses can proceed in the absence of T:B contact, whereas specific responses require physical interaction of the two cells. Third, it was found that interleukin 5 (IL-5, formerly known as T cell replacing factor/B cell growth factor II) is essential for these polyclonal responses by inhibition of such responses with monoclonal anti-IL-5 antibody. Anti-IL-5 also inhibits specific antibody responses involving direct T:B interaction. Thus, IL-5 is clearly a critical mediator of differentiation to immunoglobulin secretion of activated B cells, whether such B cells are obtained as large B cells from freshly isolated spleen cells or are initially activated in an IL-4-dependent fashion by cognate interaction by a helper T cell clone.