bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lab Experiments in Political Science through the Lens of Experimental Economics
Authors: Hofmeyr Andre , Kincaid Harold 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Lab experiments have become an increasingly popular tool in political science to test theory, generate empirical regularities, and serve as a test bed for new mechanisms and institutions. Despite their close connection and overlapping lineage, lab experiments in political science are still at a relatively early stage of development, and only now starting to attain general acceptance in the discipline, in comparison to lab experiments in economics. Consequently, we evaluate the current state of lab experiments in political science by drawing on the philosophy and methodology of experimental economics. We begin by identifying a set of principles of experimental research in economics and outline a series of potential confounds confronting even the best experiments applying those principles. We then conduct a systematic review of all the lab experiments in the economic tradition published in the Journal of Experimental Political Science since its inaugural issue. We find that many studies are subject to the payoff-dominance critique, susceptible to incentive-compatibility issues, and do not make sufficient use of what we call the theory-experimental design-econometric trinity. We suggest, therefore, that lab experiments in political science (and economics) could often benefit from a more careful appreciation and application of the philosophy and methodology of experimental economics.
The Biology of Politics: Some Limitations and Reasons for Caution
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Work attempting to explain political attitudes by reference to people’s different biological make-ups face critical problems that should encourage caution in the interpretation of that work. The heritability of political attitudes does not itself imply anything about the adaptive significance of the traits in question, nor anything about the history of those traits. Recent work elucidating the fiendish complexity of the genetics underlying the heritability of complex behaviors in humans makes it vanishingly unlikely that genetic studies will be able to elucidate much of anything about the development of the psychological traits associated with political attitudes. It is unclear what neuroimaging studies could reveal about these traits, even if their issues surrounding reliability and replicability were successfully addressed. Perhaps most critically, studies attempting to link particular political attitudes to variation in physiological responses, while interesting, do not address the ways in which social and political norms can and do change over time.
Prediction, History, and Political Science
Authors: Northcott Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To succeed, political science usually requires either prediction or contextual historical work. Both of these methods favor explanations that are narrow-scope, applying to only one or a few cases. Because of the difficulty of prediction, the main focus of political science should often be contextual historical work. These epistemological conclusions follow from the ubiquity of causal fragility, underdetermination, and noise. They speak against several practices that are widespread in the discipline: wide-scope retrospective testing, such as much large-N statistical work; lack of emphasis on prediction; and resources devoted to “pure theory” divorced from frequent empirical application. I illustrate, via Donatella della Porta’s work on political violence, the important role that is still left for theory. I conclude by assessing the scope for political science to offer policy advice.
Positivism and Value Free Ideals in Political Science
Authors: Kincaid Harold 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Debates about positivism and value freedom have continued unabated in political science for at least a half century. The debate has been plagued by unclear and varying claims and by false oppositions. I sort out different positivist and constructivist claims and then argue that there is a quite defensible moderate position between the extremes of operationalism and mechanical objectivity on the one hand and postmodernist social constructivism on the other. Likewise, claims that political science is value laden can mean multiple things with quite different implications about scientific objectivity, some supporting skepticism and some not. I apply these ideas to the study of clientelism in political science.
Political Experts, Expertise, and Expert Judgment
Authors: Reiss Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The nature of expert judgment and the role of experts in society are core issues in political science. If policy makers want to make rational decisions about which of several policy options to implement, they will want to know which option is most likely to succeed in advancing the policy goal. But the answer is rarely plain. Moreover, there are a number of obstacles to assigning the role of policy adviser to experts as well as normative considerations about the interactions of these experts with policy makers. Before delving into the normative discussions, I discuss different definitions of the very notion of “expertise.” Next, I evaluate three ideal-typical models for the role of scientific experts in a democratic society, namely the decisionistic, technocratic, and pragmatistic model. I conclude that, for a democrat, the most defensible model of the role of experts in society is the decisionistic one.
Progress in International Politics
Authors: Chernoff Fred 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one subfield of political science, international relations (IR), and asks if there has been, or can be, science-like progress in the pursuit of knowledge. Because of the substantive and methodological diversity of the subfields in political science, the chapter’s focus is on IR rather than on political theory, political institutions, or comparative politics. The chapter considers the question of progress by examining the democratic peace debate, one of the most important topics of recent decades. It describes liberalism and realism, their debate over the connection between democracy and peace, and progress therein. It then raises constructivist worries that cast doubt on whether there is legitimate progress akin to that in the natural sciences. The chapter seeks to show how some of the constructivist criticisms, especially concerning the meanings of key terms, capture something of real importance, but that a proper perspective on their claims does not necessarily show divergence from the natural sciences.
Strategic Theory of Norms for Empirical Applications in Political Science and Political Economy
Authors: Ross Don , Stirling Wynn C. , Tummolini Luca 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The study of social norms sprawls across all of the social sciences but the the concept lacks a unified conception and formal theory. We synthesize an account that can be applied generally, at the social scale of analysis, and can be applied to empirical evidence generated in field and lab experiments. More specifically, we provide new analysis on representing norms for application in empirical political science, and in parts of economics that do not follow the recent trend among some behavioral economists to build models of the cognitive and motivational states of individuals taken “one at a time”. Foundational sources for our project are Bicchieri (2006, 2017), Kuran (1995), and Stirling (2012, 2016). From Bicchieri take that a norm exists in a social structure when a significant networked subset of individuals share descriptive and injunctive expectations that it regulates their interactions. From Kuran we take the insight that prevailing norms may come to be widely disliked by participants in networks but survive because norm suppress public displays of disenchantment. From Stirling we apply conditional game theory (CGT) to provide the technical resources for building our model of a norm-regulated social interaction. The example we use is a multi-player Investment/Trust Game.
Jealousy in Close Relationships From an Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Massar Karlijn 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Jealousy occurs when one feels an actual or potential intimate relationship is threatened by a real or imagined rival. This chapter shows that the psychological experience of jealousy is associated with physical and hormonal characteristics. Particularly, the focus is on the distinction between possessive jealousy and reactive jealousy in humans and other species. Possessive jealousy is a preventive reaction that often results in mate guarding. Among human males, possessive jealousy aims to prevent investment in offspring sired by another male, whereas among human females, it seems to have evolved to obtain and preserve the investment of males in offspring and for disease avoidance. Possessive jealousy is related to cultural factors, such as parental control of mate choice, life history (in particular attachment style and father absence), and domestic violence. Regarding reactive jealousy (i.e., the responses to actual sexual and emotional intimacy with a third person), we discuss sex differences in emotional versus sexual jealousy, how reactive jealousy is experienced, and the variables to which it is related. Jealousy implies by definition a rival, and assessing the threat of a rival is a basic, adaptive mechanism rooted in intrasexual competition. This aspect of jealousy may also occur when one has not yet established a relationship but is trying to obtain a mate. In the context of the evaluation of rivals, we focus in particular on sex differences and similarities in the rival characteristics that evoke jealousy among heterosexual, homosexual, and transgender men and women.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Relationship Maintenance Across the Spectrum of Sexual and Gender Diversity
Authors: Diamond Lisa M. , Alley Jenna 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Most evolutionary models of relationship functioning have focused on heterosexual pairings (i.e., male–female) and on cisgender individuals (i.e., individuals whose gender identity corresponds to their birth-assigned sex/gender). Yet in the modern world, humans have the freedom to pursue a much broader range of intimate ties, including same-gender relationships as well as relationships in which one or more partners identify as transgender, gender nonconforming, or nonbinary. In this chapter we argue that evolutionary theory can help us understand the unique features of these relationships by highlighting the evolved significance of social safety. Perhaps the most important difference between cisgender/heterosexual couples and other types of couples (i.e., those of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender individuals) is that the latter group faces persistent stigmatization and social marginalization. As a result, they do not have the same access to social safety (i.e., connection, nurturance, security, and protection) that is available to cisgender/heterosexual couples, and this creates a new source of burden that can impede the development and maintenance of these relationships. We show how a focus on the evolutionary significance of social safety can elucidate the unique hurdles facing couples confronting social stigma.
Relationship Dissatisfaction and Partner Access Deficits
Authors: Wade T. Joel , Moran James B. , Fisher Maryanne L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss how partners’ feelings about relationship inequity (i.e., unequal access to relationship resources, such as sex, emotional investment, finances, and family-size decisions) can cause relationship dissatisfaction. Individuals may initiate a romantic relationship with the desire to create a long-term committed relationship that is emotionally and sexually fulfilling. However, romantic relationships do not always fulfill both partners’ needs and desires, and couples often experience conflict and dissatisfaction when this happens. In this chapter, we explore both the proximate and ultimate reasons for why individuals experience dissatisfaction in their relationships. Proximate reasons include issues such as finances, cultural backgrounds, and ascribed sex roles whereas ultimate causes encompass issues of sexual conflict with others, reproduction-related conflict, and jealousy. Further, we also survey a promising area of research that suggests dissatisfaction in a romantic relationship may arise from a deficit in emotional and sexual access for one of the partners in the relationship. We conclude by suggesting that researchers explore how relationship deficits affect couples who identify as LGBTQ, pursue consensual nonmonogamy and investigate how relationship access deficits affect couples from non-WEIRD samples. Additionally, we suggest that future research examine how relationship access deficits affect abuse in relationships because such research may help deter or end abuse.
Post-Relationship Romance
Authors: Langlais Michael R. , Xiao He 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The end of marriage does not mean the end of romantic relationships. In fact, many individuals form serious relationships within two years of filing for divorce. How people form relationships after divorce tends to vary, however, as some date multiple partners, some date only one partner, and some do not date at all. Evolutionary theory provides a theoretical foundation to explain the differences among individuals in terms of approaches, timing, and the number of co-occurring relationships surrounding the formation of romantic relationships again after divorce. The goal of this chapter is to discuss post-divorce relationship formation processes, variables that influence the maintenance of these relationships, and the consequences of forming post-divorce relationships from an evolutionary perspective. Additionally, we discuss the implications of post-divorce romance and provide some guidance for future studies to better understand how and why individuals form relationships after divorce, as well as the consequences of post-divorce relationships for all individuals involved.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Post-Separation Parenting
Authors: Moloney Lawrence J. , Smyth Bruce M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Can evolutionary theory, particularly as applied to human emotions, cast light on some of the apparently intractable problems in post-separation parenting disputes? We argue that (a) the adaptation and survival of many animals, especially primates, is closely linked to how they manage their emotions; (b) our own emotional lives are uncannily similar to those of chimpanzees, our closest living relative; (c) emotions play a central role in human thinking, decision-making, and the management of conflict; (d) in Western democracies, “no-fault” divorce legislation has inadvertently sidelined the pivotal role played by emotions in understanding and responding to the breakdown of parental relationships and its consequences for children; and (e) in problematic post-separation parenting disputes, emotions need to be fearlessly, accurately, and empathically acknowledged within legislative and decision-making processes and by those involved in mediation and relationship support services.
Using Free Will Wisely
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Goffredi Ryan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Self-concordance research has come a long way since the turn of the millennium. This chapter revisits the original thinking and data regarding the model, selectively reviews more recent research on the model, and outlines some interesting new theoretical developments and research possibilities. Self-concordance research addresses a complex combination of factors: self-as-agent versus self-as-story, system 1 versus system 2 processes, implicit versus explicit processes, “I” versus “me” processes, defensive versus growth processes, deliberative versus implemental processes, and more. This chapter also connects self-concordance to the free will versus determinism debate and shows how the process of becoming more self-concordant can be conceptualized in terms of Wallas’s (1926) four stage model of the creative process.
The Authentic Inner Compass as an Important Motivational Experience and Structure
Authors: Assor Avi , Benita Moti , Geifman Yael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sense of having an authentic inner compass (AIC): the perception and feeling of knowing what is really important to one, because one has explicit and articulable self-guiding core preferences that feel voluntary and authentic. These core preferences reflect foundational values and personal inclinations, and long-term goals derived from them. The experience of having an AIC is presented as one of five facets of the meta-need for authentic self-direction (i.e., autonomy), which together promote optimal realization of more specific basic needs and personal inclinations. Research shows that the experience of having a firm AIC promotes true volition to engage in activities and contexts enabling AIC realization, vitality, sense of meaning, resisting negative peer pressures, and other optimal-functioning indicators. Educational and childrearing practices promoting or hindering AIC development are presented. The emphasis on articulable authentic core preferences underlying the sense of AIC reflects a view of autonomy as authentic intentionality and agency.
Need-Supportive and Need-Thwarting Socialization
Authors: Aelterman Nathalie , Vansteenkiste Maarten 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To support motivation, growth, and performance it is critical to foster individuals’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To achieve this goal, socializing agents, such as teachers, sport coaches, and managers, can make use of a broad array of need-relevant strategies that can either support or thwart students’, athletes’, and employees’ psychological needs. Central to this chapter is the discussion of a circumplex approach, which allows for an integrative and fine-grained study of different need-relevant styles. The chapter discusses the basic tenets of this approach, reviews recent supportive studies, highlights its advantages and potential for practice, and provides recommendations for future research.
How Parental Autonomy Support, Structure, and Involvement Help Children Flourish
Authors: Grolnick Wendy S. , Lerner Rachel E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Self-determination theory is an optimal backdrop for researching parenting as it provides a framework for understanding why certain parenting behaviors and strategies facilitate or undermine children’s motivation and adjustment. Three parenting dimensions identified within this theory, autonomy support, structure, and involvement, have been found to be associated with a broad array of positive outcomes in children and adolescents. Beyond studying parenting dimensions individually, research highlights the interactive effects of the dimensions and the importance of considering the context within which behaviors are enacted. In addition, while there is support for the importance of the three dimensions across context and culture, how specific parenting dimensions are experienced may vary by culture and context, thereby supporting a “universalism without uniformity” perspective. Research on parenting has begun to consider issues in parenting in diverse populations, again highlighting the importance of the three dimensions. Longitudinal studies are needed to address reciprocal effects between parenting and child behavior. While some work has focused on the factors that facilitate or undermine parents’ ability to provide facilitative parenting (e.g., stress), more work in this area is needed so that findings can be incorporated into parenting interventions.
The Interplay between Basic Psychological Needs and Sleep in Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Campbell Rachel , Vansteenkiste Maarten 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), this chapter provides an overview of the nascent literature on the dynamic interplay between basic psychological needs and the physical need for sleep, thereby covering three recent lines of research. The chapter reviews recent studies indicating that psychological need-based experiences relate to diverse self-reported and objective indicators of sleep at both the between- and within-person level in nonclinical and clinical samples. It presents evidence from diary and experimental research demonstrating a reciprocal effect of sleep on psychological need-based experiences. Finally, it discusses evidence for intervening mechanisms that help to explain these associations, focusing especially on the role of arousal processes, subjective energy levels, and present-moment awareness. The chapter reflects on the limitations of these findings, as well as their implications for research on the interplay between SDT’s basic psychological needs and other physical needs.
Organismic Integration Theory
Authors: Pelletier Luc G. , Rocchi Meredith 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the five propositions that constitute organismic integration theory (OIT). The five propositions address (1) the process of internalization; (2) the distinctions between intrinsic motivation, the different types of extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, and how they relate to each other; (3) the conditions that facilitate internalization of values and behaviors; (4) how behavior that is regulated through more internalized forms of regulation relates to better functioning; and (5) how internalization relates to psychological health and well-being. Also examined are aspects of the theory that have received less attention or that represent emerging trends, such as the contribution of the constructs of integrated regulation and amotivation to SDT’s model of motivation. The chapter argues that OIT provides a framework to explain how society and social contexts affect people’s motivation, as well as what people do in actively adapting to their social worlds. It also sees potential for OIT to expand from the examination of individual human functioning and wellness to understanding how people’s prosocial behaviors and willingness to contribute to others develops and how societies can support this.
Self-Determined Motivation, Oral Hygiene Behavior, Oral Health, and Oral Health–Related Quality of Life
Authors: Halvari Anne Elisabeth Münster , Halvari Hallgeir 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) studies in the field of oral health behavior, oral health, and oral health–related quality of life have been summarized in this chapter. The results demonstrate that interventions (randomized clinical trials) designed to promote autonomy-supportive dental competence, relative to standard care, yield increases of autonomous motivation, perceived dental competence, and oral hygiene behaviors (e.g., brushing, flossing, more regular meals), decreases in dental plaque, and improved oral health. Moreover, these interventions are associated with more frequent dental attendance and oral health–related quality of life. The active elements of the interventions performed are related to (1) dental hygienist support of patients’ psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness; (2) increases in autonomous motivation; and (3) increases in perceived dental competence. In the tested SDT process models, these elements mediated the effects from the intervention to increases in dental behavior, which mediated the effects from autonomous motivation and perceived dental competence to decreases in dental plaque, which, in turn, mediated the effect from dental behavior to improvements in oral health. Hence, the described autonomy-supportive dental competence intervention is recommended as an evidence-based alternative that belongs in the education syllabus for dental hygienist students.