bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deriving Gridded Hourly Rainfall on O‘ahu by Combining Gauge and Radar Rainfall
Authors: Huang Yu-Fen , Tsang Yinphan , Nugent Alison D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
High temporal and spatial resolution precipitation datasets are essential for hydrological and flood modeling to assist water resource management and emergency responses, particularly for small watersheds, such as those in Hawai‘i in the United States. Unfortunately, fine temporal (subdaily) and spatial (<1 km) resolutions of rainfall datasets are not always readily available for applications. Radar provides indirect measurements of the rain rate over a large spatial extent with a reasonable temporal resolution, while rain gauges provide “ground truth.” There are potential advantages to combining the two, which have not been fully explored in tropical islands. In this study, we applied kriging with external drift (KED) to integrate hourly gauge and radar rainfall into a 250 m × 250 m gridded dataset for the tropical island of O‘ahu. The results were validated with leave-one-out cross validation for 18 severe storm events, including five different storm types (e.g., tropical cyclone, cold front, upper-level trough, kona low, and a mix of upper-level trough and kona low), and different rainfall structures (e.g., stratiform and convective). KED-merged rainfall estimates outperformed both the radar-only and gauge-only datasets by 1) reducing the error from radar rainfall and 2) improving the underestimation issues from gauge rainfall, especially during convective rainfall. We confirmed the KED method can be used to merge radar with gauge data to generate reliable rainfall estimates, particularly for storm events, on mountainous tropical islands. In addition, KED rainfall estimates were consistently more accurate in depicting spatial distribution and maximum rainfall value within various storm types and rainfall structures.

Significance Statement
The results of this study show the effectiveness of utilizing kriging with external drift (KED) in merging gauge and radar rainfall data to produce highly accurate, reliable rainfall estimates in mountainous tropical regions, such as O‘ahu. The validated KED dataset, with its high temporal and spatial resolutions, offers a valuable resource for various types of rainfall-related research, particularly for extreme weather response and rainfall intensity analyses in Hawai’i. Our findings improve the accuracy of rainfall estimates and contribute to a deeper understanding of the performance of various rainfall estimation methods under different storm types and rainfall structures in a mountainous tropical setting.
ISMP Medication Error Report Analysis
Authors: Cohen Michael R. 
Published: August 2023

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), which is presented in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 800-233-7767 (800-23-ERROR). Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers’ names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported through the ISMP ( www.ismp.org ) or USP ( www.usp.org ) Web sites or communicated directly to ISMP by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE or via E-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters’ wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Safety Issues: Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSM) Pumps in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Dalton Mazie F. , Klipfel Laurie , Carmicbael Kim 
Published: August 2023

— The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump therapy is increasing. Patients on CSII at admission whose current admission diagnosis is not expected to affect their blood sugar, who are competent to manage their pumps, and who are in good control of their diabetes at the time of hospital admission may benefit from the good control of continued use of CSII during their stay. However, as with any insulin therapy, CSII can be dangerous if not managed appropriately. Hospitals should be prepared to safely manage these patients by having protocols in place to carefully select those suitable to continue their pumps and to discontinue CSII when criteria are no longer met. All caregivers of the patient, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, operating room and emergency staffs, and radiology technicians, must have an appropriate level of education on CSII. Hospitals not prepared to manage these patients may need to consider disconnection of the pump at admission. There are few publications addressing management of CSII in the hospital setting. We review published reports and describe our approach to the management of CSII during hospitalization that includes: a case analysis of our experiences; the development of a policy and procedure, standardized physician order form, standardized pharmacy order entry, and educational programs for medical, nursing, radiology, and pharmacy staff; and physician credentialing.
Promoting Innovation or Exacerbating Inequality? Laboratory Federalism and Australian Age Discrimination Law
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAccording to laboratory federalism, federal systems can promote governmental innovation and experimentation, while containing the risks of innovation to only one jurisdiction. However, it is unclear whether these benefits are realised in practice and whether states are actually effective ‘laboratories’. This article evaluates the extent to which laboratory federalism is occurring in practice, focusing on a case study of age discrimination law in Australia. Drawing on related ideas of democratic experimentalism; legal doctrinal analysis of age discrimination law in the Australian states and territories, and at the federal level; and qualitative expert interviews with 66 Australian respondents, I map the potential and limits of laboratory federalism in advancing age equality. I argue that, in this particular context, the benefits of experimentation may be outweighed by the resulting difficulties of enforcing age discrimination law, exacerbating inequality in practice. The federal structure has led to a confused and confusing patchwork of legal regulation. There is therefore a need for stronger federal structures to facilitate mutual learning and better realise the benefits of laboratory federalism.
Adverse childhood experiences and early initiation of substance use: A survival analysis
Authors: Meadows Amy L , Strickland Justin C , Hyder S Maela , Basconi Rita C , Stull Margaret E , Wagner Frances P , Nguyen Mai N , Rayapati Abner O , Rush Craig R 
Published: August 2023

Objective Early adversity, such as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), is a risk factor for the development of substance use disorder (SUD). ACEs are associated with earlier initiation of substance use. This study examined the relationship between ACEs and age of initiation of substance use using survival analysis. It is hypothesized that individuals with higher ACEs will have an earlier age of initiation. Method Participants were recruited from the University of Kentucky's Laboratory for Human Behavioral Pharmacology. Participants were 18 years or older, English speaking, and actively engaged in substance use. Participants were not in substance abuse treatment nor were they seeking treatment. ACE scores were calculated, and age of substance use initiation was recorded. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine the effect of ACE score on age of substance use initiation. Results A total of 107 participants completed the study. An average number of 2.3 ACEs (SD = 2.2) were endorsed with 24% of participants reporting 4 or more ACEs. Higher ACE scores were associated with cigarette smoking and non-medical prescription opioid use onset ( hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14, 95% CI=1.02–1.28, p = 0.02, and HR=1.19, 95% CI = 1.04–1.37, p = 0.01, respectively. Conclusions A significant association was found between higher ACE scores and earlier initiation of cigarette and non-medical prescription opioid use, consistent with prior research. Primary prevention of ACEs, screening for ACEs during childhood, and interventions for ACEs if detected, may help to reduce the risk of substance use/SUD in adulthood.
A Critical Examination of Language Ideologies and Policies in an International School in Colombia
Authors: Bettney Heidt Esther 
Published: August 2023

Background: In recent years, scholars and educators have criticized exclusionary language ideologies and policies within international schools. International schools often emphasize proficiency in English as a language of power instead of valuing students’ and teachers’ dynamic multilingual practices. Focus of Study: Although oppressive language ideologies and policies in international schools are a central concern for critical education scholars, relatively little is known about international schools that are negotiating a shift toward more inclusive and equitable approaches. To understand the role of language ideologies and policies within an international school context, I examined the following research question: What language ideologies influence language policy creation and appropriation at Colegio Colombiano (CC)? Research Design: To answer this question and further understand the complex and shifting roles of language ideologies and policies within international schools, I conducted a case study at CC, an international school in Colombia. Data Collection: Through collaborative research with nine teachers, I examined how teachers engaged with more equitable approaches to multilingual education. I collected and analyzed various types of data, including school language policies, lesson and unit plans, classroom observations, teacher and student interviews, and a teacher questionnaire. Findings: Through analyzing the collected data, I found a spectrum of language ideologies and language policies, as many faculty demonstrated a significant shift away from oppressive and exclusionary language ideologies and language policies through an increasing recognition of Spanish. On the other hand, although explicit messages about English as superior were no longer officially promoted, colonialistic ideologies and policies persisted that valorized English, denigrated Spanish, and ignored other societal and home languages. To analyze these findings further, I critically examined the described spectrum of language ideologies and policies through Pennycook’s (2000) framework of language ideologies. Conclusions: I conclude with key considerations for educators and researchers across diverse contexts as they critically reconsider and decolonize current approaches to multilingual education.
Are Foams a Fire Hazard?
Authors: Woolley W.D. 
Published: August 2023

Over the last decade growing concern has been voiced about the fire hazards of cellular polymers used in building and transport applications. Some of this concern is justified as illustrated by recent fires and experimental simulations where rapid fire development has occurred with potential for death or injury from the spread of combustion products within very short periods of time.Many technical difficulties have arisen in the use of synthetic foams. Their introduction has presented problems since the test methods used traditionally to assess performance have been somewhat inadequate to cope effectively with the new properties of polymers and polymer composites.Major progress is being made in understanding the fire behaviour of cellular polymers. This involves studies of ignitability, flame spread, heat release, and the production of smoke and toxic gases. In parallel to this, important technical advances have been made by industry in the development of new formulations of cellular materials and composites with improved fire behaviour.It is now time to bring together the current knowledge of all aspects of cellular polymers in fire so that further applications of these materials can continue safely allowing full use of their potential for improving the comfort and efficiency of our lives.This paper examines the basic problems which have occurred during the use of cellular polymers with regard to fire. Recent fire scenarios which have attracted attention to cellular materials and the ways the hazard is being addressed and mitigated are discussed. To aid this the paper also examines the basic mechanisms of burning of the polymers and the associated hazard to life.Finally it should be emphasised that much of this paper is directed, intentionally, to understanding circumstances where untoward events may occur to place life in jeopardy. This approach is necessary for the elimination of potentially hazardous situations and to enable the continuing use of cellular polymers in a safe way.
How do Foams Perform under Fire Conditions?
Authors: Troitzsch J. H. 
Published: August 2023

The fire performance of foams does not, as often stated, solely depend on the chemical and physical properties of the type of material used. On the contrary, it is determined by many other factors including its form, any interactions with other materials used and the design of the finished product. In order to obtain a realistic assessment of their fire hazard, it is of prime importance to test the fire performance of finished foam systems under normal operating conditions. Thus, several examples of large-scale fire tests for different foams as parts of roof coverings, external walls and as packaging materials are given. The results show that systems containing these foams do not present an unacceptable fire hazard.
Fire Behaviour of Rigid Foam Insulation Boards
Authors: Briggs P. J. 
Published: August 2023

Low density cellular polymers have established a significant share of the market for insulating materials in the building industry due to their unique combination of low density and low thermal conductivity. Manufacturers of rigid foam insulation boards have had to satisfy fire performance criteria required by national standards and by insurance organisations. Since cellular polymers are usually installed behind inorganic or metallic facings, small-scale fire tests are only relevant for development and quality control purposes. The characteristics of the fire behaviour of different rigid foams (i.e. PS, PUR, PIR and PF) are discussed. Assessment of the potential fire hazard of an insulation board in use requires large-scale testing facilities. Evaluations of roofboard in the Factory Mutual Calorimeter and lining board in Corner Tests, including the FOC Wall and Ceiling Lining Test, are described. By careful material selection and composite engineering, the fire hazard of rigid foam insulation boards in building applications has been significantly reduced.
Dual Hardness Seating Cushions from a Single Head
Authors: Evans B. E. 
Published: August 2023

Dual hardness flexible polyurethane foam cushions are of increasing interest to automotive designers as a means of improving safety and comfort. Advances in process technology with the use of double or triple mixing heads dispensing foams of differing hardness into a suitably designed mould have led to the production of dual hardness cushions in one operation. ICFs all MDI (diisocyanato diphenylmethane) cold cure foam technology which offers many advantages over TDI/MDI systems (TDI, toluene diisocyanate), is already being used in Europe to produce seats by this method. More recent developments in this technology and in dispensing equipment designed by Cannon have resulted in the ability to produce dual hardness front seat cushions from a single mixing head dispenser purely by changing isocyanate index.
Halogenated Polyetherpolyol IXOL for Rigid Cellular PUR Materials with Improved Flame Retardancy
Authors: Walch P. 
Published: August 2023

The use of rigid PUR foams as insulating materials is becoming more and more accepted in building, transport and industrial fields because of the advantages they have over other materials. However, poly-urethane foams are organic materials and will therefore burn. Use of halogenated polyols like IXOL in lieu of classical polyols in PUR formulations improves the fine properties of these foams. Results on different fire tests are presented. Trials have been made in realistic configurations, for example full-scale corner tests in order to have a better idea of the flame retardation obtained with IXOL based foams.
Isocyanurate Crosslinking as a Means of Producing Thermally Stable Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Barikani Mehdi , Hepburn Claude 
Published: August 2023

Castable polyurethane solid elastomers (PUS) based on the poly-caprolactone ( CAPA 225) and the cycloaliphatic diisocyanate trans 1,4–cyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI) were synthesised to form two series of PUS: in one series the initially prepared prepolymer was chain extended with 1,4–butane diol (BDO) whilst in the second series a mixed chain extender system was used. The first PU elastomer series synthesised had the following composition CAPA 225/CHDI/BDO and covered the molar ratio range 1/2/1 to 1/3/1; the second series CAPA 225/CHDI/BDO + CHDM covered the molar range 1/3/2 to 1/4·5/2. In each series a controlled excess of diisocyanate was allowed to remain in the initially formed PUS: within a particular series each polymer differed from its immediate analogue by 5% excess NCO and the series covered the range 0–50% of excess NCO in a series of 5% steps. It was discovered that elastomers containing a molar excess of iso-cyanate which had been cast and initially cured at 120°C for 16 h were apparently free from reactive NCO groups and did not emit hazardous fumes when subjected to post-curing or rearrangement by heating to 130°C. When, after conditioning for I week, these PUS are post-cured at a higher temperature (16 h at 130°C) then a second crosslinking system is formed in situ in the PU which considerably enhances its thermal deformation and heat resistance properties. The conventional PU system possessing typically 0–0·2% of free NCO has a maximum service temperature of approximately 120°C; this is raised to 210–240°C by the use of this excess isocyanate technique. It is considered that the second in situ crosslinking system consists of isocyanurate type crosslinks. Tensile properties at elevated temperatures and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were used to measure thermal stability and strength retention. An important feature of these CHDI based PUS is the remarkable independence of storage modulus to temperature changes. For example, over the temperature range 23–180°C for the BDO series and 23–200°C for the BDO + CHDM series no change is observed. Storage modulus E is defined as dynamic storage modulus with units Nm-2 measured at 10% tensile strain.
Standard Laboratory Tests: How Meaningful are they in Assessing Fire Performance of Insulation Materials?
Authors: Abbott J.G. 
Published: August 2023

A series of large-scale fire tests, using a specially developed fire source and extinguishing technique, were performed to compare the fire behaviour of extruded polystyrene insulation boards in agricultural applications. The boards were specially laminated with aluminium foil on one side. This was done in order to comply with Scottish Building Regulations which require the wall and roof linings to have a Class 1 ( Class 3 minimum) surface spread of flame characteristic ( BS 476, Part 7 ( 1971)) in agricultural buildings exceeding 1130 m 3 in volume. The results show that in the under-purlin mode both lined and unlined material performed similarly but internal temperatures with lined material were higher. In the over-purlin mode the unlined material performed satisfactorily whereas the lined material led to a severe flash over and extensive damage to the building.
The Surface Coating of Polyurethane Substrates, Part 1: A Review of Processing Practices from Theoretical Concepts
Authors: Heath R.J. , Bidari K. 
Published: August 2023

Polyurethane (PU) foam products are now manufactured to meet demanding end property requirements and to compete with other polymers. For external uses, common PUs, i.e. those based on aromatic isocyanates, are prone to environmental attack, promoted by ultra violet and oxidative degradation. Increased resistance can be produced by the incorporation of anti-degradants but these have limitations. Equally the use of non-aromatic isocyanate based foams is commercially uneconomic. Therefore there is increased use of surface coatings to act as weather proofing barriers to PU foams. Four examples of the manufacture of coated PU products are given. Within each there has to be strict controls to ensure the finished article has good appearance and the desired properties. This means that the PU substrate has to be prepared and the surface coating carefully selected to maximise the properties of the resulting PU/PU composite. Generally techniques have been developed on a trial and error basis but fortunately, the currently used systems appear to follow reasonably sound surface science principles, as the second paper in this series will discuss. It is argued that painting of a PU moulding is a relatively expensive, labour intensive operation and the so-called in-mould technique has many advantages. However, there are limitations within all the coating processes involving PUs and it is hoped that the colour fastness of cheaper foam systems will be improved in the near future.
The Relative Thermal Stability of Polyurethane Elastomers: 3. Influence of Chain Extender Structure
Authors: Barikani M. , Hepburn C. 
Published: August 2023

A method of using high melting point chain extenders in the synthesis of castable polyurethane elastomers (PU) based on the system polycaprolactone diol (Capa 225) and trans 1,4–cyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI) was developed based on a semi-prepolymer (quasi) technique in which the high melting point chain extender was first dissolved in polyol before mixing with the diisocyanate. Using this technique it was found possible to carry out a bulk polymerisation in the normal PU reaction temperature range of 100–130°C.Thermal stability properties were measured by means of DMTA and DSC and the temperature at which the value of dynamic storage modulus (log E') changed significantly in the rubber region used to indicate the limit of thermal stability of the polyurethanes. As the molecular symmetry of the chain extender increases so does the thermal stability of the resulting PU.The best thermal stability was obtained by the use of diamine chain extender, trimethylene glycol di-p-aminobenzoate which results in a polymer thermally stable to 230°C.Using an odd molar ratio of polyol/diisocyanate, with diisocyanate being present in excess, also enhances thermal stability by the formation of isocyanurate crosslinks: such PU elastomers retain their characteristically high elongation at break.