bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Conformational Unfolding of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains in Propionic and Acetic Acids
Authors: Harrington Judson C. , Fenton John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The procedures of Fleischman et al. (1, 2) are widely used to prepare immunoglobulin heavy (H) and light (L) polypeptide chains. Because they reported higher yields of L-chains separated in 1 M propionic acid than in other solvents (1), propionic acid is traditionally used for gel-filtration fractionation of chains from reduced and alkylated immunoglobulins. When chains are separated on Sephadex G-75 in this solvent, two peaks are characteristically obtained which correspond to the H- and L-chain fractions, respectively. However, when chains are similarly separated on higher resolving Sephadex grades (i.e., G-100, G-150, or G-200), three peaks are generally obtained (3–5). Here the initial peak is commonly referred to as the X fraction and is followed by the H- and L-chain fractions. Because the X peak is not apparent in profiles of chains separated in protein dissociating solvents, such as 5 M guanidine hydrochloride (6), 6 M urea (7), or detergent (8), the X fraction is presumed to represent an aggregated form of H-chains.
Model Systems for the Study of Drug Hypersensitivity
Authors: Hoffman Donald R. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal rabbit serum is acetylated by aspirin under in vitro conditions, which are similar to physiologic conditions. The extent of acetylation is determined by immunochemical tests. The acetylated serum proteins are shown to be potent antigens in rabbits. It is also shown that aspiryl proteins are partially acetylated. The relation of these results to human aspirin intolerance is discussed.
Late 19S Rabbit Antibody Neutralization Test for Differentiating Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2
Authors: Hampar Berge , Martos Lidia M. , Chakrabarty Mrinal , Burroughs Mary Alice K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Early (7 day) and late (hyperimmune) sera were prepared in rabbits against two type 1 and one type 2 strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV), and neutralization tests were carried out. The results indicated that the late 19S antibodies were at least four to eight times more effective than were the early 7S and 19S antibodies or the late 7S antibodies in their ability to differentiate between HSV types 1 and 2. The potential role of late 19S rabbit neutralizing antibodies as herpesvirus typing reagents is discussed.
Enhancing Antibody
Authors: Zimmerman Barry , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Parenteral administration of Le and LBNF1 anti-Bf sera prolonged the MST of Bf grafts from 7.6 days to 16 and 14 days, respectively. IgG prepared from these sera were also biologically active but increased mean survival times to less than 13 days. Immersion of Bf grafts in anti-Bf whole serum or IgG also was effective in prolonging survival of Bf grafts. When two Bf grafts, one dipped in anti-Bf serum or IgG and the other undipped, were sutured on neonatal recipients, the dipped graft was enhanced in two-thirds of the trials while the undipped graft was rejected within control times. These results were interpreted to mean that enhancing antibodies were active peripherally either in the skin graft or its draining lymph node. Despite the use of isotopes, direct evidence for binding to the homograft was not obtained.
Reactions in Agarose Gel between Clq and Aggregated γ Globulin
Authors: Thunold S. , Abeyounis C. J. , Milgrom F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction of normal human and animal sera with heat-aggregated serum γ globulin (FII) was studied by means of double diffusion precipitation tests in agarose gel. Best results were obtained using agarose dissolved in a low molar salt solution (0.075 M NaCl). Precipitation lines were obtained, and in some instances improved, in the presence of EDTA. The double diffusion tests in agarose gel could be employed as a simple and convenient analytic tool for identification of the precipitin as the Clq component of complement.
The reaction of Clq of human and animal origin was stronger with aggregated rat FII than with aggregated human FII. No reactions were obtained with bovine, sheep or rabbit FII. The anticomplementary activity of FII preparations in a hemolytic system paralleled their activity in the precipitation tests.
Eluates containing Clq were prepared from precipitates formed in the reaction between human serum and rat FII in the presence of EDTA. Antisera specific for human Clq were produced in rats by injection of such precipitates.
A Study of Antibody Responses by Radioimmunodiffusion with Demonstration of γ D Antigen-Binding Activity in Four Sera
Authors: Heiner Douglas C. , Rose Bram 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sixty-six selected patients were studied using radioimmunodiffusion for evidence of antigen-binding activity by γD. Four were found to have γD antibodies, three of whom were sensitive to cow's milk and had γD antibodies directed toward bovine γ globulin. Two of these also had γD antibodies to bovine serum albumin, another constituent of cow's milk. In a fourth subject, γD antibodies were produced as a result of booster injections of diphtheria toxoid. Each of the subjects in whom γD antibodies were found had antigen-binding activity by other classes of immunoglobulins and had further evidence of vigorous immunologic responsiveness. Two had an antibody response to a specific antigen which involved all five immunoglobulin classes.
Tuberculin Sensitivity: The Effect of Antilymphocyte and Antimacrophage Serum on Cutaneous, Systemic and In Vitro Reactions
Authors: Heise E. R. , Weiser R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and antimacrophage serum (AMS) were employed in the tuberculin system in an attempt to define the role of lymphocytes and macrophages in the efferent limb of the delayed sensitivity response. Administration of ALS prior to or simultaneous with tuberculin challenge of BCG-sensitized guinea pigs suppressed both cutaneous and systemic reactivity. With few exceptions skin reactions were not completely suppressed nor were signs of systemic shock or lethality prevented in all cases. However, tuberculin skin reactions in all ALS-treated animals were markedly suppressed, as evidenced by a grossly apparent reduction in erythema and induration and by a lessened degree of cellular infiltration. Likewise, systemic tuberculin reactions were less frequent and occurred later in ALS-treated than in NRS-treated control animals.
Antimacrophage sera were much less effective than ALS in suppressing cutaneous tuberculin reactions. Whereas cutaneous reactions were only moderately suppressed in the AMS-treated group, systemic reactions were equal to or more severe in AMS-treated animals than they were in NRS-treated controls. It is unlikely that the difference between the suppressive effects of ALS and AMS was due to lack of specific cytotoxic activity of the AMS, since in vitro tests showed that the cytotoxic titer of the AMS for macrophages was greater than that of ALS for lymphocytes. That AMS was active in vivo was indicated by the finding that fewer alveolar macrophages were recovered from AMS-treated than from ALS- or NRS-treated guinea pigs. Attempts should be made to produce stronger and more specific AMS for further studies.
The capacity of ALS to modify systemic tuberculin shock has not been reported previously, but is consistent with the observation that sensitivity to systemic tuberculin shock can be transferred passively in the guinea pig with lymphoid cells but not with serum.
The Biologic Activities of Denatured Human IgG and its Heavy Chains
Authors: Hirose Shun-Ichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
tH (polymerized H-chain) of human IgG did not show skin-fixing activity in the guinea pig as judged by RPCA. The structures of pU-IgG (polymerized urea-treated IgG) and tH required for reactivity with rheumatoid factors are not related to the IgG site needed for skin fixation. tH does not increase vascular permeability. The results suggest that the skin-fixing site of IgG is dependent upon its three-dimensional structure and is easily lost by many modifications. On the other hand, the modified structure of IgG and H-chain exhibits reactivity with rheumatoid factors, but only non-alkylated, reduced and aggregated IgG increases vascular permeability. These results strongly suggest that newly-created conformational structures are essential for development of the ability to increase vascular permeability in the guinea pig skin and reactivity with rheumatoid factors, but that these structures are not identical.
Antibodies to Type III and Type VIII Pneumococcal Polysaccharides: Evidence for Restricted Structural Heterogeneity in Hyperimmunized Rabbits
Authors: Pincus Jack H. , Jaton Jean-Claude , Bloch Kurt J. , Haber Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two hundred and thirty-two rabbits were hyperimmunized with formalinized type III and type VIII pneumococci in an attempt to elicit the formation of structurally restricted antibody in high yield. Although precipitating antibody to either type III or tyep VIII pneumococcal polysaccharide could be demonstrated in the sera of all immunized rabbits, electrophoretic restriction of the antibody in the λ globulin region could be demonstrated only in a minority of the animals, e.g., in sera from 7% of rabbits immunized with tyep III and from 9% of rabbits injected with type VIII pneumococci. The concentration of type-specific antibody in serum of rabbits showing an electrophoretically-restricted λ globulin region ranged from 3.5 mg to 32 mg/ml of serum. For the isolation of antibodies to S3 or S8 in high yield, a specific immunoadsorbent synthesized from bromoacetylcellulose and a polysaccharide-bovine serum albumin conjugate was developed. Antibodies could be recovered in 75% to 85% yield after being eluted under mild conditions and were found to be 85% to 100% precipitable with the homologous polysaccharides.
Goldfish Immunoglobulins and Antibodies to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Trump Gary N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Whole goldfish anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) serum was fractionated to yield two populations of antibody-containing immunoglobulins of different charge. Whole serum protein homologies of the two antibody preparations were demonstrated by Osserman-type immunoelectrophoretic tests. Diffusion-in-gel tests indicated that the two antibody populations shared at least one antigenic determinant, although one population was antigenically deficient with respect to the other. On the basis of their whole-serum homologies and antigenic disparities, the two antibody populations are thought to represent distinct serum proteins.
Relative Concentrations of IgM and IgG Antibodies during the Primary Response
Authors: LeFor W. M. , Bauer D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of IgM and IgG antibodies to bovine serum albumin was examined during the primary response in the rabbit. After separation of the two immunoglobulins by gel filtration or density gradient ultracentrifugation, the quantity of antibody was determined by a modified antigen-binding procedure. The assay allowed weight estimates of the antibody concentration to be made, was dependent only on the primary union of antigen with antibody and did not demonstrate a selective efficiency in detecting one immunoglobulin class of antibody over the other.
IgM and IgG antibodies initially appeared in the serum at approximately the same time. At the peak of the primary response IgG antibody was present in a 50-fold molar excess over IgM. Active synthesis of IgM antibody took place in the presence of this large excess of IgG antibody. These observations do not support an inhibitory role of IgG antibodies on IgM synthesis.
During the study it was determined that the intact IgM antibody molecule bound a maximum of five to six antigen molecules when measured by the modified antigen-binding procedure.
An Antigen Density Effect on the Hemolytic Efficiency of Complement
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been generally accepted for many years that immune hemolysis is a “one-hit” phenomenon in that a single complement-fixing antibody site at the cell surface is sufficient for the complement (C) system to produce a local damaged site (S*) which will lead eventually to lysis of the cell (1). A single molecule of IgM antibody has been shown to be capable of initiating the lytic reaction, by fixing one molecule of the first component of C (C1) (2).
It has recently become apparent that not all target cells are equally susceptible to the cytolytic effect of IgM antibody and C, and that fixation of C1 at a sensitized site (SA) does not necessarily guarantee that the remaining C components will be able to convert the resulting SAC1 to S* and produce cytolysis; although this conversion efficiency is as high as 30% to 50% with sheep erythrocytes (E) and anti-Forssman antibody (3), it is only about 0.03% with IgM-sensitized nouse leukemia cells (4).
Tissue- and Species-Specific Antigens of Normal Human Prostatic Tissue
Authors: Ablin R. J. , Bronson Paul , Soanes Ward A. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heteroimmunization of rabbits with saline extracts of normal human prostatic tissue incorporating complete Freund's adjuvant produced antibodies reacting with saline extracts of normal human prostatic tissue as well as with comparable extract preparations of other human tissues and fluids as judged by the criteria of double diffusion gel precipitation and tanned cell hemagglutination. Rigorous absorption studies of rabbit antisera to extracts of normal human prostatic tissue accompanied by enhanced resolution of lines of precipitation following incubation of gel diffusion plates in a buffer-substrate mixture incorporating lead nitrate and sodium-β-glycerophosphate revealed that a portion of these antibodies were prostate-specific, and in addition permitted identification of two prostatic tissue-specific antigens. By specific immunochemical staining of the gel precipitation pattern, one of the prostate tissue-specific antigens was identified as prostatic acid phosphatase.
Species-specificity studies of the antigens of the normal human prostate revealed that comparable antigens were absent from preparations of canine and rabbit prostatic tissue, but apparently shared to some degree with antigens of the cranial lobe of the monkey prostate.
Several sera of patients with benign and malignant diseases of the prostate gave precipitation reactions accompanied by staining for prostatic acid phosphatase, but the relevance of such reactions remains to be determined. In addition, preliminary gel diffusion precipitation studies suggested specific antigenic differences between normal, benign and malignant prostatic tissue extracts.
Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of extracts of normal human prostatic tissue and specifically absorbed homologous antisera revealed one arc of precipitation in the βγ-region of the electrophoretic field. Further resolution of immunoelectrophoretic patterns obtained by incubation in the buffer-substrate mixture and staining for acid phosphatase disclosed two to three additional lines of precipitation, the major arc of precipitation being identified as prostatic acid phosphatase.
The sensitivity and specificity of rabbit antisera to extracts of normal human prostatic tissue as evaluated by gel diffusion precipitation and immunoelectrophoresis, as well as the development of this immunologic response, was confirmed by both direct tanned cell hemagglutination and inhibition of tanned cell hemagglutination.
The Preparation of Human Kininogen and the Elicitation of Antibody for Use in a Radial Immuno-Diffusion Assay
Authors: Spragg Jocelyn , Haber Edgar , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Kininogen was purified from fresh human plasma using mild conditions and an inhibitor of the kinin-activating sequence. The material recovered after chromatography, gel filtration and electrophoresis was only of the low molecular weight variety. It has been shown to release kinin upon treatment with purified human plasma kallikrein, urinary kallikrein or trypsin.
Antibody elicited in rabbits with purified kininogen reacted with biologically active kininogen eluted from disc gel fractions. This antibody was employed in the preparation of a radial immunodiffusion assay for kininogen in human biologic fluids.
Transfer of Autoimmune Thyroiditis of the Rat with Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Twarog Frank J. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autoimmune thyroiditis was transferred within inbred strains of rats by lymph node cells. Cells obtained 7, 9 or 14 days after injection of donor animals were able to induce the thyroidal lesions. Rather larger numbers of cells were needed. Only 13% (4/31) of recipients of 100 to 300 × 106 cells had lesions, whereas 52% (32/61) of recipients of 300 to 600 × 106 cells were positive. Multiple transfers of sensitized cells were more effective than a single administration, with 33% to 86% of recipient animals showing thyroiditis. The transfer of thyroiditis required viable cells.
Radionuclide Marking of Canine Fetuses for Studying Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Stone J. M. , Shifrine Moshe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In all of the recent studies (1) on ontogeny of the immune response in mammals, a single antigen has been used to elicit the response in fetuses of one dam. Since individual fetuses in a litter can not be identified with this procedure, the following constraints are imposed: all fetuses must be injected, and with the same antigen; if different antigens are used a second injection can not be given; all sera have to be examined for antibody titers against all antigens used for injection; antibody responses can be compared only between litters, instead of within litters; different doses of an antigen can not be given to littermates; more animals need to be used for any given number of antigens.
Gamma-emitting radionuclides were selected for marking canine fetuses in utero because of their reasonably long physical half-lives (30 to 300 days), easily detectable energy emission spectra, low toxicity to biologic systems, commercial availability, and reasonable price.
Attempts to Sensitize Mice for PCA Using Pepsin Digested Mouse Antibody Fragments
Authors: Casey Francis B. , Tokuda Sei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of γG immunoglobulin with pepsin removes a portion of the molecule analogous to the Fc fragment leaving the F(ab′)2 fragment which has a sedimentation constant of approximately 5S (1). The biologic activity associated with F(ab′)2 fragments appears to vary with the species source of the antibody fragments and the test systems employed. For example, rabbit 5S F(ab′)2 antibody fragments, although incapable of sensitizing guinea pig skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) (2), are capable of provoking PCA in the mouse (3). Additionally, F(ab′)2 obtained from rabbits and guinea pigs suppresses the development of the primary immune response in rabbits (4) and guinea pigs (5), respectively, whereas mouse F(ab′)2 is incapable of suppressing the primary immune response in mice (6). The purpose of this report is to describe experiments which demonstrate that while mouse F(ab′)2 preparations do not provoke PCA in the mouse, they specifically inhibit PCA induced by intact mouse antibody.
Consumption of Hamster Complement by Bacterial Endotoxin
Authors: Hook William A. , Snyderman Ralph , Mergenhagen Stephan E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While studying the interaction of normal hamster serum incubated with endotoxin (LPS) to form a substance capable of releasing histamine from mast cells, it was observed that a concomitant loss of total hemolytic complement (C) activity occurred (1). Gewurz et al. have studied reaction mixtures containing guinea pig serum incubated with LPS and found that there was a preferential consumption of the terminal C components C3 through C9 (2). In contrast, we have found that LPS incubated in normal hamster serum under similar conditions caused a marked consumption of C1, C4 and C2 in addition to classical C EDTA (C3–C9). Accordingly, experiments were performed to compare C consumption by LPS with hamster and guinea pig serum under varying experimental conditions.
Blood was collected from female golden hamsters 5 to 10 weeks of age obtained from the Animal Production Unit, National Institutes of Health.
Antigen Quantitation in Experimental Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Wilson Curtis B. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits with radiolabeled bovine serum albumin (I*BSA) 250 mg/kg. The kidneys of these rabbits contained 1 to 35 µg of I*BSA following &gt;;99% elimination of I*BSA from the circulation. The I*BSA disappeared from the kidneys with a half time of about 10 days. The severity of glomerulonephritis in these rabbits was related to the rapidity of of immune elimination and the amount of I*BSA deposited. As little as 0.25 µg/g of kidney of I*BSA could be detected by immunofluorescence. During the 8-day period following immune elimination the BSA detectable by immunofluorescence decreased rapidly while host immunoglobulin and complement increased. The continued presence of I*BSA in these kidneys shown by isotopic studies suggested that this BSA was being covered by host anti-BSA antibody and complement from the circulation. These immunofluorescence findings occurred during the time of resolution of the glomerulonephritis by histologic and functional criteria. This suggested that the immune complexes formed initially in antigen excess were nephritogenic while immune complexes deposited in an extravascular site were less phlogogenic in spite of continued interaction with antibody and complement.
Inhibition of Target Cell Proliferation by Supernatants from Cultures of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Green J. A. , Cooperband S. R. , Rutstein J. A. , Kibrick S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants from cultures of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes inhibit the division of certain cells in tissue culture. This effect of lymphocyte culture supernatant was routinely estimated by the rate of tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA. In this system dilutions of 1:20 of the proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF) reduced DNA synthesis to 10% to 20% of that in control cultures. At dilutions of less than 1:640, PIF generally inhibited DNA synthesis by greater than 50%. Consistent with the decrease in DNA synthesis, cell cultures growing in the presence of PIF had fewer mitotic figures and lower total cell density than did control cultures. Supernatants from cultures established with dead leucocytes and PHA, extracts of fresh leucocytes, or PHA alone failed to produce this effect. A lesser degree of inhibitory activity also was present in supernatants from “unstimulated” lymphocyte cultures. Inhibition of proliferation in susceptible cultures was not accompanied by loss of viability; and cells from treated cultures excluded trypan blue, retained the ability to re-attach to glass, were capable of division and formed microcolonies when cloned. In addition to HeLa cells, susceptible cell cultures included human amnion, HEp 2, and KB cells. PIF was not effective in cultures of mouse L cells or in cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. Preliminary data suggest that PIF is heat stable at 85°C for one-half hr, nondialyzable, nonsedimentable at 90,000 × G and is destroyed by trypsin.