bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma vulva: Ten years experience in a teaching institution of North India
Authors: Goyal Lajya Devi , Kaur Balpreet , Bhalla Shivali , Garg Pardeep 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Vulvar carcinoma is primarily a disease of post-menopausal women. Surgery is a primary treatment strategy. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are a part of multimodal therapy. Presently, there is a shift towards neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy so as to decrease the surgical morbidities.

Objective:
To study the surgical outcome and prognostic factors in Ca vulva patients.

Methodology:
A retrospective analysis of 19 vulvar cancer patients, surgically treated at a teaching institution of Punjab (2009–2019).

Results:
Mean age of the patients was 60.95 years. Ulcerative swelling (89.5%) over labia majora (73.7%) was the main presenting symptom. Radical vulvectomy-bilateral IFLN dissection was performed in 74% patients, hemivulvectomy-unilateral IFLN dissection in 21% patients and wide local excision in one patient. Squamous cell carcinoma was detected in all, and one had verrucous carcinoma. Thirty-seven per cent patients had FIGO stage III disease, 31.5% - stage II and 31.5% - stage I. On HPE, 78.57% (11/14) patients had positive nodes and two had ECS. Only 5/9 (55.5%) cases could receive PORT. Seven patients defaulted follow-up. Two developed nodal metastasis, and seven women developed recurrence. One patient with regional recurrence faced demise during RT course. In 10/19 regular follow-up patients, four are alive and disease free, five patients are on palliative chemoradiation, and one is undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy for regional recurrence. Estimated 5-year overall survival is 83.33%.

Conclusion:
Tumour stage, nodal positivity and nodal ECS were poor prognostic factors. Radical surgery-extensive groin node dissection causes significant morbidity; hence, studies evaluating the role of neoadjuvant treatment are needed so as to modify current treatment practices. HPV vaccination as a preventive measure and a thorough and extensive evaluation of patients with suspicious signs in vulvar disease is needed.
Perception Towards Newborn Screening
Authors: Amalakanti Sridhar , Raman Arepalli Kesava Venkata , Suvvari Tarun Kumar , Jillella Jyothi Priya 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Newborn screening (NBS) to identify various disorders has been running successfully across the world. But the public in many developing countries do not have access to this program.

Aims:
To assess the awareness of NBS in patients and clinicians. Patients and

Methods:
We assessed the awareness of NBS by oral questionnaire.

Results:
We found that, in the community the awareness regarding NBS was low [47.2%] and the knowledge of the availability of the test was less both in the community [65%] and amongst clinicians [11/28]. But all the subjects opined that the tests will have a high rate of acceptance if they are offered free of cost.

Conclusions:
The awareness regarding NBS is low but has potential for acceptance.
Leaving no stone unturned
Authors: James Amritha , Jayan Lekshmy , Ramadoss Ramya , Arunachalam Preethi 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of an entity helps in devising the mode of progression as well as mode of therapy. Even with years of research to claim the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is limited. More deeper knowledge of the genes responsible for this will help in understanding and managing this disease better.

Materials and Methods:
The articles published during a time period of 1990–2020 were chosen in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results:
From a total of 80 articles obtained from both electronic search of PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane registry as well as the manual search only 21 articles were selected and analyzed.

Conclusion:
Careful analysis of the samples revealed that transforming growth factor-beta may be a potential biomarker or a candidate for targeted therapy in OSMF.
Lipid profile in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma – A prognostic view
Authors: Sai Surapaneni K , Babburi Suresh , Deepthi G , K. Nandan S. R. K. , Reddy Shyam P. , Adusumilli Praveena 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Lipids play an important role in the maintenance of cell integrity. Various tobacco-associated products are known to induce the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, responsible for the high rate of oxidation/peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These further release peroxide radicals, causing increased utilization of lipids leading to hypolipidemia.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the lipid profile pattern of patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with healthy controls.

Material and Methods:
The study included 90 subjects with 30 OPMDs, 30 OSCC and 30 healthy controls. Fasting blood samples were collected from subjects and were analysed for serum lipids, including the following: i) Total cholesterol (TC) ii) High-density lipoproteins (HDL) iii) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) iv) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) v) Triglycerides (TG) vi) CHO/HDL ratio by using semi auto analyser.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The statistical tests used were the independent t-test, ANOVA test. A P value of <0.05 and <0.01 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A statistically significant decrease in serum TC, LDL and CHO/HDL ratio was observed among OPMD and OSCC groups than controls, whereas a significant decrease in serum VLDL and TG (p value <0.01) in poorly differentiated OSCC was seen.

Conclusion:
The study shows an association between lipid variations and OPMD and OSCC. Low levels of lipids could be due to the rapidly dividing cells in premalignancies and malignancies utilizing them for new membrane biogenesis. Thus, lower lipid status may be a useful indicator for initial changes happening in neoplastic cells.
Epidemiologic and histopathological evaluation of unclassified gingival papules in Urmia, Iran
Authors: Khashabi Ehsan , Taram Saman , Saatloo Maedeh Vakili , Farjah Gholam Hossein , Sharifi Parisa , Gobaran Zahra Mirzaei 
Published: April 2023

Objectives:
Unclassified gingival papules might be mistaken with other malignant lesions as they resemble some other oral lesions. The present study demonstrates epidemiologic and histopathological characteristics of the gingival unclassified papules in the patients referred to Urmia Dental School, Iran.

Materials and Methods:
A cross sectional descriptive study design was conducted among 500 pateints in Urmai university of medical sciences, Iran. The participant's demographic data and medical history were obtained using clinical examinations and a questionnaire. Histopathological assessments were done in two specimens. The effect of the possible factors on the incidence of gingival papules was statistically assessed by Fisher's exact test.

Results:
Among 500 participants, 340 (68%) demonstrated unclassified gingival papules (40.9% males, 59.1% females; mean age of 34.9 years). No significant differences were found regarding the effect of gender, smoking, mouth breathing, history of skin disease or pregnancy on the incidence of gingival papules. However, the breastfeeding females (P < 0.004) or those using contraceptive pills (P < 0.02) showed lower frequency of papules' incidence. Among 340 papules, 332 (97.6%) were white in color, 337 (99.1%) were well defined and 331 (97.3%) were observed in the keratinized gingiva. 207 (60.9%) were multiple and 133 (39.1%) were single lesions. The papules showed healthy tissues similar to gingival tissue; however, abundant collagen bundles were irregular and close to the surface, which was covering by stratified squamous epithelium.

Conclusion:
Gingival papules are common findings in patients referring to Urmia Dental School; the lesions were almost white in color, well defined and appeared in the keratinized gingiva. The lesions were a variation of normal oral structures with no treatment requirements.
Evaluation of total glutathione-s-transferase levels in serum of patients with oral malignancy
Authors: Shaikh Firdous , Sodhi Sonia Kaur , Farooqui Aamena , Kale Lata , Shaikh Nida 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen is not always sensitive enough for the early detection of oral cancer which is why a new marker has been desired as a substitute to be applied for serum diagnosis of oral cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been known to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase-II metabolic isoenzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. This correlation of the ROS species function and their role in initiation and progression of cancer could be exploited as of diagnostic value. The biologic function of the GSTs in human head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas has been studied by researchers at gross as well as molecular levels. Taking into consideration this scientific background, future scope and perspectives, we initiated this study.

Materials and Methods:
This study was performed as a prospective case–control in vitro analytical study with subjects (n = 40) fulfilling the prerequisite conditions and were compliant. The case group (n = 20) was subjects with histopathologically proven cases of oral malignancy and age- and sex-matched control group (n = 20). The enzyme GST was evaluated in sera of all participants and then comparison was done between two groups as well as correlation with histopathologic grading for oral malignancy.

Results:
The mean serum GST activity in oral cancer patients was significantly higher than that of the control group. The present study has compared the alterations of enzyme in relation to histopathological grading of oral malignancy and found increased serum GST activity of well-differentiated and moderately differentiated carcinomas than the poorly differentiated carcinoma in terms of mean.

Conclusion:
Increased expression of the enzyme, as reported in the present study, can be due to tumor burden which attributes to overproduction of GST by cancer cells. The major clinical significance of the present study is that it gives important information regarding a new tumor progression and prognosis marker.
Rapid economical acetic acid Papanicolaou staining procedure versus conventional staining procedure in normal oral mucosa
Authors: Panneerselvam Karthika , Karthik. K Raghavendhar , Ramadoss Ramya , Kumar A. Ramesh , Rajkumar K. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Papanicolaou (Pap) staining technique is a conventional technique used in cytology but it is time consuming.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of Rapid Economical Acetic acid Papanicolaou stain (REAP) over conventional staining technique in studying normal oral mucosa.

Materials and Methods:
Eighty patients were selected and were grouped based on their habits. Two smears were obtained from each patient and were subjected to both the staining techniques. A total of 160 slides were studied for features such as cellular outline, nuclear outline, nuclear details, cellular differentiation, micronuclei and cellular transparency.

Results:
The conventional staining procedure showed 79 cases of optimal cellular staining, 78 cases of optimal nuclear staining, 35 cases of optimal nuclear details, 57 cases of optimal differentiation and 27 cases of optimal transparency and 33 cases of optimal micronuclei. REAP staining showed 75 cases of optimal cellular staining, 64 cases of optimal nuclear staining, 20 cases of optimal nuclear details, 36 cases of optimal differentiation and 28 cases of optimal transparency and 25 cases of optimal micronuclei.

Conclusion:
REAP staining effectively reduces the time and the cost factor, but the cytological details are well observed under conventional staining technique in normal patients.
Assessment of epidermal growth factor receptor in histological, clinical and pathological staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Umarani Priyanka Jagadish , Rudresh K B , Smitha T , Rajaram Prashanth 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is an invasive epithelial neoplasm with varying degrees of squamous differentiation that arises from the following anatomic sites: the oral cavity, particularly oral soft tissues including the gingival and alveolar mucosa, floor of the mouth, tongue, soft and hard palate, tonsils and oropharynx. In normal epithelium EGFR is localized to basal cell layer, while its expression beyond basal localization in cancerous tissue suggest that correlation of EGFR and tumor progression might exist. The present study aimed to assess epidermal growth factor receptor in histological, clinical and pathological staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Materials and Methods:
The current study was performed on subject with confirmed histological diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma of age group between 35 and 70 years reported to Kempe-Gowda Institute of Medical Science and Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital Bangalore and KIDWAI Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore between December 2019 and March 2021. Total of 30 subjects included in the study of age group between 35 and 70 years. In the selected subject for the study, tumor was resected and preserved in 10% formalin, which was sent to department of pathology for analysis and PTNM was recorded. Immunohistochemical evaluation of EGFR was done. Total score of EGFR of each subject was co-related with pathological prognostic factor.

Results:
Correlation of EGFR with adjuvant therapy and histological grading, P values were 0.001 and 0.005, respectively. The obtained results were tabulated statistically using Chi square test and significance was set at P < 0.05.

Conclusion:
A preventive approach and assessment of EGFR in early stage of SCC provide better results. Subjects with higher EGFR value have poor prognosis and have to undergo postsurgical adjuvant therapy for long term-survival.
Expression of S100A7 in oral potentially malignant disorders
Authors: Das Pushpanjali , Deshmukh Revati 
Published: April 2023

Context:
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of heterogeneous lesions with an increased risk of malignancy. S100A7 expression serves as a biomarker to identify the dysplastic lesion.

Aims:
To study the status of S100A7 antigen in healthy oral mucosa and OPMDs.

Settings:
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Pune.

Design:
S100A7 antigen in healthy oral mucosa and OPMDs.

Methods:
Biopsies were collected of clinically diagnosed OPMDs as well as of healthy oral mucosa and analysed for the malignancy potential.

Material:
Polyclonal rabbit S100A7 25 μl, BioGenex detection system, hydrogen peroxide, non-streptavidin biotin-HRP, wash buffer, DAB chromogen, TRIS buffer, Harris haematoxylin and eosin.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 27.0. Qualitative data variables expressed were analysed using frequency and percentage. Quantitative data variables were expressed using mean and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was used to compare the grade of intensity, where P value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
Healthy oral mucosa did not reveal any immunopositivity. Oral leukoplakia showed some focal expression till middle middle third of epithelium. Oral erythroplakia was found with maximum expression while submucous fibrosis showed increased intense staining in six cases.

Conclusions:
S100A7 antigen showed significant immune expression in OPMDs and may be used as a marker for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
Expression of tyrosinase gene in gingiva
Authors: Sanadi Rizwan M. , Deshmukh Revati S. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Melanin is the predominant pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, iris of eyes, and oral mucosa. Tyrosinase (TYR) is the key enzyme involved in melanin synthesis. Studies in dermatology have shown a positive correlation between TYR enzyme levels and melanin pigmentation of the skin. However, no study has been conducted to assess TYR levels in the gingiva. Hence the present study was conducted to assess TYR levels in gingival melanin hyperpigmentation.

Aim:
To assess the TYR gene expression in gingiva in individuals with moderate to severe gingival melanin hyperpigmentation.

Methodology:
Subjects with a chief complaint of blackish appearance of gums with an unesthetic smile were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained. Scaling and root planning were done and subjects were recalled after 2 weeks. The gingival depigmentation procedure was performed using the conventional scalpel technique under adequate local anesthesia. The selected sites underwent conventional gingival depigmentation technique using Bard-Parker handle no: 3 and blade no: 11. The excised layer of epithelium along with a thin layer of underlying connective was sent to the laboratory to assess the TYR gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.

Results:
The levels of the TYR enzyme activity in the gingival tissues from the selected sites were assessed. Table 1 and Graph 1 show the levels of TYR enzyme gene expression in the gingival tissue.

Conclusion:
TYR gene expression and the degree of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation are positively correlated. Hence the assessment of TYR enzyme activity in gingiva could be of great value in today's cosmetologically conscious individuals.
Evaluation of e-cadherin and vimentin expression for different grades of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma – An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Puneeta Nagiredla , Santosh Tummidi , Mishra Isha , Gaikwad Pravin , Sahu Anshuta 
Published: April 2023

Background:Oral cancer is the 11thcommon cancer in the world and ranks 6thglobally in deaths. The incidence of oral cancer in India accounts for approximately 30%–40% of all cancers.Aims and Objective:The present study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of Vimentin and E-cadherin in different grades of oral epithelial dysplasias (OEDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Materials and Methods:Biopsies/blocks of oral cavity lesions were retrieved from the archives of the department. Normal oral mucosa (5 cases), oral epithelial dysplastic (60 cases) and different grades of OSCC (60 cases) evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin sections. Immunohistochemical analysis was done on the blocks and expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin was recorded.Results:Our study included various grades of OED, OSCC and normal mucosa as control cases. The mean age of OED and OSCC was 49 and 56 years, respectively, with male predominance. Tobacco habit was present in approximately 90% cases, and buccal mucosa was the most commonly involved site in oral cavity with whitish patch and ulceroproliferative lesions being the common clinical presentations respectively. In OED, downregulation and altered localization of e-cadherin (81.6%) and increased expression of vimentin (52.3%) along with their concurrent increase in the stroma represent epithelial mesenchymal transition. In OSCC, reduction in expression (<50%) for e-cadherin (56.6%) with altered localization for e-cadherin was seen in 88.3% of OSCC along with neoexpression of vimentin in the epithelial cells was seen in 68.3% suggestive of mesenchymal phenotypic modification (P= 0.05).Conclusion:It is very crucial to evaluate the invasiveness of dysplasia and tumor with specific molecular biomarker that may help in early prediction of malignancy and also guide in deciding best treatment strategy for established cases of malignancy.
Assessment and correlation of anxiety, depression and serum cortisol levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia
Authors: Manshi P. , Byatnal Amit R. , Ramesh DNSV. , Deshpande Ashwini , Reddy Vikram Simha , Najmuddin M. 
Published: April 2023

Context:
Potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) of the oral cavity like oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and leukoplakia are known to be caused due to addictive habits, while serum cortisol is accepted to be a stress hormone.

Aim:
The present study was aimed to assess and correlate the anxiety, depression and serum cortisol levels in habit-associated PMDs such as OSMF and leukoplakia and compare it with healthy subjects.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety patients were included in the study and were divided into three Groups, namely Group I (OSMF), Group II (leukoplakia) and Group III (control group). Serum cortisol levels and severity of anxiety and depression using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) were recorded and correlated.

Results:
A significant correlation existed between serum cortisol level and levels of both anxiety and depression between Group I and II as compared to the control group.

Conclusion:
There exists a definite correlation between serum cortisol levels and the levels of anxiety and depression in patients with leukoplakia and OSMF, with increasing levels of serum cortisol and higher values in both the HAM-A and HAM-D scales in patients with both OSMF and leukoplakia. PMDs such as leukoplakia and OSMF have an established cancer-causing potential. Anxiety and depression although prevalent are underdiagnosed and poorly understood. Hence, a holistic approach in the treatment of such pathologies including hematological investigations and psychological evaluation should be mandatorily made a part of the workup and treatment plan.
Expression of stathmin in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with tumour proliferation
Authors: Rana Satyadev , Mondal Priyanka , Mandal Manik , Datta Pratyush , Maji Ishita , Chakraborty Jayati 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Stathmin is a member of microtubule-associated protein. Inhibition of Stathmin expression can interfere with tumour progression and also alter the sensitivity of tumour cells to microtubule-targeting agents. Thus, it could be a potential therapeutic target for planning new treatment strategies.

Objective:
To study expression of Stathmin in different histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with Ki67 index.

Materials and Methods:
This study was an observational retrospective and prospective study conducted during a period of two and half years from January 2015 to June 2017 at ESI-PGIMSR Maniktala, Kolkata where 52 cases of OSCC were studied. Haematoxylin and eosin sections were reviewed and representative paraffin blocks were selected. Immunostains were performed using antibody clones for Stathmin and Ki67. For Stathmin scoring, Segersten scoring system was applied. Statistical analysis was done by Graph Pad Prism using Krusher Wallis Test and one-way ANOVA test. Spearman's coefficient was used to establish corelation between Ki 67 and Stathmin overexpression.

Results:
In this study, it is found that strong Stathmin expression score (4–9) was detected mostly (82.35%) in moderately differentiated (MD) OSCC and poorly differentiated (PD) OSCC (100%), whereas in contrast, 60% of well-differentiated OSCC showed negative-to-weak Stathmin score (1–3). Mean Ki67-labelling index for well-differentiated carcinoma was 32.37%, for moderately differentiated carcinoma was 60.89, and poorly differentiated carcinoma was 86.15%, which demonstrated increased tumour cell proliferation with progression of histological grades of OSCC.

Conclusion:
Stathmin expression was higher in MD OSCC to PD OSCC compared to well-differentiated carcinoma and its overexpression was significantly correlated with Ki67 index. Thus, Stathmin is overexpressed in higher grades and is correlated with high proliferation of tumour with a potential role as therapeutic target.