bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Characteristics of Adenoviruses
Authors: Lieberman Melvin , Friedman Murray , Kasper Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented that Types 1, 4, 5 and 6 adenovirus possess similar growth characteristics. Intracellular CF antigen had an eclipse period of 18–20 hr and intracellular infectious virus was detected 16–22 hr after infection of HeLa cells. This suggests that the CF antigen and infectious virus are produced independently and the CF antigen was not a precursor to infectious virus.
A delay in the release of the CF antigen and infectious virus was observed with the strains of the types of adenovirus studied. Furthermore, HeLa cells infected with Type 4 adenovirus were capable of continued antigen production despite early development of maximum cytopathogenic effects.
Formation of Bacterial Protoplasts by Serum Components
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Carey Warren F. , Baron L. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal mammalian serum plus stabilizing agents effected conversion of the viable bacterial rods of Escherichia coli B and Salmonella typhosa Mrs. S., both rough organisms, into spherical protoplasts. A smooth organism, S. typhosa H901, was refractory, however, to the formation of protoplasts by normal serum, but addition of antiserum, complement, and lysozyme led to the formation of stabilized protoplasts of this organism. These protoplasts may conceivably play a role in the persistence of microbes in the animal body.
The Effects of Proteolytic Enzymes on Agglutination by Bacterial Antibodies of Lipopolysaccharide Modified Erythrocytes
Authors: Neter E. , Cohen E. , Westphal O. , Lüderitz O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of various proteolytic enzymes on agglutination of antigen modified erythrocytes from both warm and cold blooded animal species were investigated, and the following results were obtained.
Red blood cells from alligator, axolotl and caiman after treatment with enterobacterial antigens (crude extracts and highly purified lipopolysaccharides) are not agglutinated by homologous bacterial antiserum of rabbit and human origin, in contrast to sheep and human erythrocytes. Specific hemagglutination of lipopolysaccharide modified erythrocytes from these cold blooded animal species is made possible by treatment of the red blood cells with trypsin, chymotrypsin, protease (of pancreatic origin), ficin and papain. Identical results are obtained when enzyme treatment precedes or follows antigen modification. The agglutination enhancing effect of trypsin is abolished by soy bean trypsin inhibitor. Proteinase (of fungal origin), peptidase (from hog intestinal mucosa) and human plasmin are ineffective in this system. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, protease, ficin and papain also enhance agglutination of alligator erythrocytes by alligator red blood cell antiserum, although to a substantially lesser degree than agglutination of lipopolysaccharide modified erythrocytes by homologous bacterial antibodies. Alligator, axolotl and caiman erythrocytes after treatment with the proteolytic enzymes are not agglutinated by either homologous or heterologous bacterial antisera or normal rabbit serum in the dilutions used, indicating that a Thomsen-Friedenreich type of reaction is not encountered. Lipopolysaccharide modified human erythrocytes of blood group A or B after treatment with the proteolytic enzymes are agglutinated to a slightly greater degree by both homologous bacterial and blood group antisera than are red blood cells not treated with enzymes. Lipopolysaccharide modified sheep erythrocytes after treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, protease, ficin and papain are agglutinated to the same extent by homologous bacterial antiserum as are erythrocytes not treated with enzymes. Enzyme treatment, however, enhances agglutination by sheep cell antiserum (amboceptor). It is postulated that erythrocytes from certain cold blooded animal species, in contrast to those from sheep and man, contain on their surface in the area of the receptors of the lipopolysaccharide a protein or protein-like material which interferes with the spatial orientation of bacterial antibodies and subsequent hemagglutination, and that certain proteolytic enzymes remove or alter this inhibitor making hemagglutination possible. The bearing of the results obtained in this study on the nature of incomplete antibodies and of the agglutination by bacterial antibodies of erythrocytes modified by homologous bacterial antigen is discussed.
Immunity against a Transplantable Ascites Tumor of Spontaneous Origin in an Inbred Rat Strain
Authors: Goldner Herman , Bogden Arthur E. , Aptekman Paul M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rats of the inbred P.A. strain have been immunized against the 9A ascites tumor, which originated spontaneously in an animal of the same strain. This iso-immunity appears to be of the humoral type. The humoral antibody detectable in the serum of immunized rats has a cytotoxic action on the 9A ascites tumor and is capable of inactivating tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Therapeutic and prophylactic administration of immune serum afford complete protection of normal rats from lethal intraperitoneal tumor implants or extends their survival time. The ratio of the number of tumor cells to the volume of immune serum is cn'tical in such therapy.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method is described for effecting separations of Rh saline agglutinins from other Rh antibodies. The method also can be used to separate Coombs-active and albumin-active antibodies from inert γ-globulins and from the bulk of the isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B.
Localization of I131-Labeled Antirat Lymph Node and Kidney Rabbit Antibodies in the Rat
Authors: Moore Richard 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A homogenate of rat lymph node was injected into rabbits to stimulate production of antirat lymph node antibodies. The rabbit globulin was radioiodinated and adsorbed on and eluted from rat lymph node homogenate. The product was tested in vitro by precipitation tests against various organ homogenates, and radioassays showed the presence of labeled antilymph node antibodies.
The data from the rats injected subcutaneously and serially sacrificed showed the presence of labeled antibodies which localized in lymph nodes more than did labeled antikidney antibodies or labeled globulin from normal serum. Labeled antilymph node antibodies localized in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes more than did labeled antikidney antibodies or labeled globulin from normal serum. In this experiment, antibodies prepared against lymphatic tissue differed qualitatively from other proteins in their lymphatic tissue localization.
An alternative method of preparation was employed in which antibody separation was followed, rather than preceded, by isotope labeling. Antibodies so labeled were injected intravenously and subcutaneously for an in vivo test similar to the previous experiment. Intravenous injection resulted in maximum antibody localization in spleen. Subcutaneous injection resulted in maximum antibody localization (up to 25% of the significant dose) at the injection site and the lymph nodes which drained it.
As is well known, lymphatic tissue is scattered throughout the body with some portions lying well below the skin and not easily found. A technique for tracing the tissues of this system would provide information to immunologists tracing antigen-antibody combinations, and, conceivably, to surgeons performing radical lymph node dissections. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that lymph nodetissue specific antibody had been prepared and labeled and that the antibody, when injected, traced the lymphatic flow of the animal.
Quantitative Studies on the Antigen-Antibody Reaction by the Monolayer Technique
Authors: Ogata Tomio , Tachibana Taro , Suzuki Kan , Suzuki Teruko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The monolayer technique in the observation of the antigen-antibody reaction is applicable to desorption experiments irrespective of the valency of the antigenic substance. It offers a new method of measurement of the strength of combination between haptens and antibodies. This strength can be expressed as relative desorption strength.
The values of relative desorption strength significantly depend upon the number of atoxyl groups per molecule and higher values are obtained with the haptenic compounds containing greater number of atoxyl groups. However, differences exist in the desorption strengths of haptens with the same valence. Among the substances with two atoxyl groups, the atoxyl-azoamino acids, which are closer in chemical structure to the immunizing antigen, exhibit higher values than any other compounds. In addition they give no precipitate with the antiserum in contrast to other haptens with two atoxyl groups.
It seems reasonable to assume that the haptens bearing two atoxyl groups in meta position constitute one single determinant group. In that sense it may be considered as univalent contrary to the current concept that a haptenic substance with two atoxyl groups is bivalent under any circumstances.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Pillemer Louis , Schoenberg Melvin D. , Todd Earl W. , Wedgwood Ralph J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human properdin, purified 2500-fold over serum by adsorption to and elution from Zymosan, was found to be heterogeneous by biochemical, immunological, electrophoretic, and ultracentrifugal criteria. Electrophoretically, properdin activity was associated with γ1-globulins; ultracentrifugally, primarily with a component having a sedimentation constant of 19 S at infinite dilution. Purified properdin was antigenically heterogeneous and was contaminated with a variety of normal human serum constituents. In all cases, including phosphatase, lysozyme and Zymosan agglutinin, these could be distinguished from properdin itself.
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Stahmann Mark A. , Lapresle Claude , Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Grabar Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bovine albumin, modified by the addition of polypeptides of glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, or phenylalanine was found to be antigenic in rabbits. Evidence is presented to show that antibodies specific for the added peptide modification and for the carrier protein were formed. In addition a third type of antibody may have been formed to the polyleucyl and polyphenylalanyl bovine albumins, which requires the added peptide and at least a part of the carrier protein. Rabbit albumin modified in the same way was also antigenic in rabbits. Antibodies were formed to the polyleucyl and polyphenylalanyl rabbit albumins which were specific for the modification and which also required the added peptide and at least part of the carrier protein. Antisera to the polypeptidyl proteins cross reacted with several purified protein preparations with which antisera to the carrier proteins did not react.
Studies of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Christian Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of aggregated human γ-globulin into the skin of guinea pig, rat and man produced inflammatory changes. Histologically, the injection sites of guinea pigs and rats demonstrated marked polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltrations that were maximal at about 24 hr.
Intravenous administration of aggregated human γ-globulin, which is strikingly anticomplementary in vitro, rendered the sera of recipient animals deficient in hemolytically active C′ for several hours.
Studies on Variation in Coxsackie A-9 Virus
Authors: Hsiung G. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After 6 to 14 serial passages of Coxsackie A-9 virus in x-irradiated patas cultures, a strain was obtained which a) multiplied in patas cultures, b) was reduced in virulence for new born mice, and c) produced only small plaques (5 mm at 7 days) on both rhesus and patas monolayers.
A single passage of the adapted virus either in mice or in rhesus cultures (both in fluid medium and under agar), shifted the virus population toward the original large plaque type and tissue culture host range.
Reversion to the large plaque type was observed after 4–8 hr growth (single growth cycle) when the adapted virus at limiting dilutions was transferred to rhesus cultures. However, if harvests were made after 24–48 hr a mixed plaque size population was obtained. This was attributed to a slower growth rate in the adapted virus.
Propagation of Certain Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Avian and Primate Cell Cultures
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Taylor R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Multiplication in tissue culture of 21 arthropod-borne viruses representative of serogroups A, B and C was manifested by a consistency of plaque formation under an agar overlay. Cytopathic reactions in infected fluid cultures were not always apparent even though virus multiplication was detected. In comparative virus titrations in tissue cultures and infant mice, the plaque assay was found to be the most sensitive system. In general, group A viruses were found to multiply in both avian (chick embryo and Pekin duck kidney or embryo) and the primate (rhesus monkey kidney) cell systems with few exceptions. Group B viruses could be propagated in Pekin duck kidney or Pekin duck embryo cultures, but not in chick embryo or rhesus monkey kidney (except Ilheus), and the group C viruses produced plaques only in rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Metzgar Richard S. , Isaacs Eli 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of rabbits immunized with hog thyroid crude saline extract or hog thyroglobulin were studied by gel-diffusion precipitation techniques. Several precipitation lines were discernible by the double diffusion techniques of agarprecipitation in tubes when hog thyroid antisera were tested with hog thyroid extract. The individual precipitation bands were identified by absorption experiments. The antisera were shown to contain antibodies that react only with antigen(s) in hog thyroid extract as well as antibodies that cross-react with antigen(s) in thyroid extracts from other species. In addition, some of the antisera contained antibodies that react with extracts of other hog organs. The nature of the reactions of hog thyroid antisera with hog thyroid extract and thyroid extracts from other species was demonstrated by the Ouchterlony technique of gel precipitation. One of the two lines produced by the reaction of a hog thyroid antiserum (after species-specific antibodies had been absorbed) with hog thyroid extract gave a reaction of partial identity with a single precipitation band produced by the same antiserum with the thyroid extracts of certain other species. Hog thyroid antisera (species-specific antibodies absorbed) gave a single precipitation are with hog thyroid extract and thyroid extracts of other species subjected to electrophoresis. The location of the precipitation are was the same for both the homologous and cross-reactions. The organ-specific thyroid antigens have the same electrophoretic mobility as α-globulins of human serum.
A Possible Correlation between the Minimum Sensitizing Dose of Antibody in Passive Anaphylaxis and the Molecular Weight of the Antigen
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Feinberg Samuel M. , Harris Mildred , Wojcik Norma 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit and guinea pig antisera to four antigens were compared as to their ability to sensitize guinea pigs passively. The minimum sensitizing dose of each set of sera appeared to be related to the molecular weight of the corresponding antigen. Nonprecipitating antisera were indistinguishable quantitatively from precipitating antisera.
Changes in Immunity and Antitoxin Level Immediately after Secondary Stimulus with Tetanus Toxoid in Rabbits
Authors: Ipsen Johannes 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injections of 5 Lf of fluid tetanus toxoid were given to 79 rabbits. Four weeks later circulating antitoxin was measurable in all but six of the animals. At that time booster injections of 5 Lf fluid tetanus toxoid were given to experimental groups whereas other groups were maintained nonstimulated. At various times from 3 hr to 8 days after the stimulus blood samples were taken from all rabbits, after which an intramuscular injection of 1000 lethal rabbit doses of tetanus was given. Prolongation in survival time was shown to start immediately after the stimulus whereas antitoxin level showed no significant rise in the first 2 days after stimulus. It is inferred that the lag in antitoxin response after tetanus booster dose not reflect a lack of response in terms of total body immunity.
Studies on the Immunologic Mechanism of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Karush Fred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fractions obtained from purified rabbit antihapten antibody by papain digestion, which contain the antibody combining site (ADDS or ADS-I), were unable to sensitize the skin of the guinea pig for PCA or RPCA reactions. These fractions, however, when mixed with the intact antibody specifically inhibited the latter from producing PCA reactions showing that they can combine in vivo with the antigen. From a kinetic study it was concluded that these fractions diffuse away faster from the injection site than does the intact antibody. These fractions showed a precipitation line in agar double diffusion with horse-anti-rabbit γ-globulin. The fraction without antibody combining site (ADDP) can produce good RPCA reactions. It was concluded that the failure of ADDS and ADS-I to produce PCA or RPCA reactions is due to their inability to be “fixed” to the guinea pig tissues and that this “fixation” site is present on ADDP.
Studies on the Combining Sites of the Protein Antigen Silk Fibroin
Authors: Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following peptides have been isolated on a preparative scale (100–500 mg) from soluble chymotryptic hydrolysates of fibroin: Gly(Gly, Ala)Tyr; Gly(Gly, Val)Tyr; Gly(Gly3,Ala3)-Tyr; Gly(Gly3,Ala2, Val(Tyr; Ala(Gly2, Val, Asp)Tyr; and a mixture of dodecapeptides of the form [Gly(Gly3,Ala3)Tyr][Gly(Gly, Val)Tyr], [Gly(Gly3,Ala2, Val)Tyr] [Gly(Gly,Ala)Tyr] and so forth.
Restoration of Serum Bactericidal Activity and Prevention of its Loss in X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Kornfeld Lottie , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The loss of normal serum bactericidal activity of CF-1 mice for a strain of Escherichia coli which occurs 12 hr after total-body x-irradiation (600 r) was prevented if yeast autolysate, yeast ribonucleic acid, homogenates of normal mouse spleens or bacterial endotoxin were injected ½ hr before or ½ hr after exposure to x-rays. Injection 18 hr before irradiation was without effect. Injection of any of these substances during the postirradiation period, when bactericidal activity was absent, resulted in the appearance of bactericidins 18 hr after treatment. Spleens removed from donor mice 1 or more hours after exposure to 600 r failed to restore bactericidins in irradiated recipients.
Biological Activity of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A single injection of aggregated human and rabbit γ-globulin, obtained by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine, induced Arthus-like reactions in normal guinea pigs. The aggregated γ-globulin and soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes were comparable on a weight basis with respect to their biologic activity. The activity of aggregated γ-globulin was dependent on the animal species from which the γ-globulin was derived. Neither aggregated bovine nor chicken γ-globulin showed activity. Horse γ-globulin induced the skin reaction upon aggregation, although it was less active than the aggregated human and rabbit γ-globulins. Aggregated human γ-globulin prepared by heating and by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine induced erythema-wheal reactions in humans.
Agglutinin Response, a Function of Cell Number
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Robinson M. A. , Makinodan T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Our in vivo culture studies revealed that, independent of a) the strain of mice; b) the type of particulate antigen; c) the time of bleeding after cell transfer and antigen injection; and d) whether animals were undergoing a primary or secondary antibody response, a linear log2 antibody titer log2 nucleated cell relation was obtained with spleen and peritoneal exudate cells. Furthermore, the slopes of the resulting regression lines for the primary and secondary responses did not differ significantly, but the antibody-forming activity per given number of nucleated cells was significantly greater in the secondary antibody response than in the primary antibody response. The optimum dose of RBC for a maximum sensitization was 1 ml of 1%, and no difference between intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of RBC injection was noted.
Studies on Hemagglutinins in California Wild Flower Seeds
Authors: Brilliantine Laura , Allen Nancy K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Saline extracts of 215 varieties of California wild flower seeds belonging to 42 families were tested for the presence of hemagglutinins specific for human blood factors. No specificity for A, B, O, M, N or Rh antigens was found.
Of the 215 extracts studied, 31 showed hemolytic activity and 158 were inactive. Twenty-six were nonspecific; of these, 7 were nonspecific in saline and 19, although nonreactive in saline, were nonspecific after the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidine.
A Mortality Enhancing Extract Isolated from Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Silverman Sidney J. , Elwell Lynn , Kautter Donald A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of a crude extract (MEF) prepared from cells of Listeria monocytogenes reduced the resistance of mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and rhesus monkeys to infection with Listeria. The resistance of mice to a number of other species of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, was also impaired by the cell material. The extract was heat stable when held at temperatures up to 70°C for 30 min. It was effective when administered prior or subsequent to infection or when injected by a route other than that used for challenge.
Injection of MEF into guinea pigs caused (a) a loss of weight, (b) changes in body temperature, (c) qualitative and quantitative alteration of the white blood cells, including monocytosis and (d) changes in serum lysozyme, properdin and complement.
The Inactivation of Rinderpest Virus by β-Propiolactone and Its Effect on Homologous Complement-Fixing and Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Stone S. S. , DeLay P. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cattle inoculated with 5 × 104 lethal doses of Pendik rinderpest virus treated with 0.4% β-propiolactone (BPL) did not develop the disease and were susceptible to challenge. The same concentration of BPL also inactivated the Nakamura III strain of rinderpest. BPL in concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0% did not significantly alter the complement-fixing (CF) activity of anti-rinderpest rabbit serum. However, the titers as measured by agar gel diffusion (AD) were lowered. Rabbit anti-rinderpest serum treated with 0.4% BPL retained its virus neutralizing capacity when tested in rabbits. The CF and AD titers of Pendik virus were not altered after treatment with BPL in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1%.