bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The multisensory perception of persistence
Authors: Green E. J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how our sense modalities interact in the perception of persistence. The chapter concentrates on two questions. The first concerns perceptual processing—do perceptual computations of object persistence ever integrate and compute over representations from more than one modality? It argues that this question should be answered affirmatively. The second question concerns perceptual experience—do experiences of object persistence ever exhibit a constitutively multisensory phenomenal character, or is the phenomenology of object persistence always uniquely associated with just one modality? The chapter argues that the available evidence underdetermines the answer to this question, but suggests ways it might be empirically resolved.
Pictures as supramodal sensory individuals
Authors: Calzavarini Fabrizio , Voltolini Alberto 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
For many psychologists, there are tactile pictures—that is, pictures recognized as such via a tactile perceptual mode, notably by the congenitally blind. While the recognitional theory of depiction fully accounts for these data, the subjective resemblance theories have questioned them. For these theories there can be no tactile pictures because, unlike sight, touch has no perceptual point of origin. However, such theories are questionable in this respect. Neuroscience findings show that the congenitally blind can gain perspectival access via touch to the shape of objects and the relations between their depth placements in three-dimensional scenes. More radically, it is hypothesized in this chapter that the congenitally blind, by means of touch, are even able to perceive those three-dimensional groupings in a two-dimensional picture that determine the figurative value of the picture. One can explain these abilities by claiming that not only the perception of shape and depth, but also that of three-dimensional groupings, is supramodal.
Broad Function (Part 1)
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the meta-cognitive framework through which we will understand the broad function of skeptical doubt. It starts off by giving some prima facie reasons to think that this approach is on the right track. Following established psychological literature, the structure of the basic model posits that meta-cognition monitors and controls object-level reasoning. Our occurrent skeptical doubts are normally a type of skeptical experience, a meta-cognitive monitoring representation, which combines both an inclination to judge “I don’t know…” and an epistemic feeling that something has gone wrong. The function of this skeptical experience is to control and regulate our object-level reasoning.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues that the doubt associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder results from a disfunction of the skeptical mechanism. There are seven different features of OCD doubt that can be explained, in part, by our theory. OCD doubt is sustained by attending to mere possibilities, it is typically associated with attempts to meet higher epistemic standards, it is triggered in situations that are perceived to be high stakes, it is guided by feelings, it is conflicted, it is sustained by meta-cognitive attitudes, and OCD may implicate similar brain structures as the skeptical mechanism.
Philosophically Accommodating Accounts
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two important theories in epistemology. The first is global skepticism and the second is Relevant Alternative Theory. These approaches can be adapted to help account for our skeptical intuitions. Global skepticism can easily explain our skeptical inclinations, but it has trouble explaining ordinary knowledge reports. Relevant Alternative Theory is importantly incomplete since it needs to be supplemented with a proper theory of what counts as “eliminating” an alternative. The chapter suggests that adopting a sensitivity principle may help. The chapter also argues that the approaches which try to determine what counts as a relevant alternative approach can be suitably modified to explain what it means to take a possibility of doubt seriously in our skeptical model. This is done by modifying a presuppositional approach to relevant alternatives defended by Michael Blome-Tillmann.
Mind the consequences
Authors: Drechsler Wolfgang , Fuchs Lukas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Looking at the pervasiveness of model-driven public and especially economic policy, which in turn is quantification- and (especially) numbers-based, this chapter outlines the pitfalls and problems of such an approach. This is the case for the current discourse and classical, Gadamerian hermeneutics, and also applies to the thinking of the German Historical School of Economics. We pay special attention to issues in the public sector, and to the underlying ideologies that make quantitative modelling so pervasive and so attractive. In doing so, we pursue a two-step approach: first, we seek greater modesty in using numbers and models; second, we question the paradigm altogether.
International Norm Disputes
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book is an in-depth comparative study about when and why international norms decline when they are contested. It presents central findings on the link between contestation and norm robustness based on four contemporary case studies (the torture prohibition, the responsibility to protect, the duty to prosecute institutionalized in the International Criminal Court, and the moratorium on commercial whaling) along with two historical case studies (privateering and the transatlantic slave trade). We demonstrate that norms are likely to weaken when challengers contest the validity of a norm’s core claims but remain robust when they contest a norm’s application and such contestation does not become permanent. In the contemporary cases, the shift to validity contestation and norm weakening was due to perceptions of the procedural fairness of international institutions. In contrast, in the historical case studies, the relative power of the norm challengers mattered. This book offers important findings on the dynamics of international norms, which are crucial for understanding the alleged problems of the liberal international order.
Lucca and the Lucchesia
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the transformations of estate management in the Lucchese countryside from the early Middle Ages to c. 1230. Like the section on Florence, this chapter begins with a description of the geography and historical ecology of the Lucchesia and then discusses the economic transformations marking the decades from roughly 1180 to 1230—with a focus on the trend of land prices. Subsequently, it moves on to the case studies regarding the forms of land management and their change: the first of them consists in a comparison between the two major estate centres belonging to the Lucchese canons of the local cathedral, Massarosa and Massa Macinaia; the second covers the documentation of one of the richest city monasteries, S. Ponziano; the third one analyses some of the notarial registers written by the Lucchese notary Ciabatto.
Democracy News Live
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter take us through the journey of a democratic and independent digital platform that seeks out to repress the domination of the rich. Democracy News Live (DNL) wants to stand out by presenting actual and factual news. The Founder of DNL, Rohit Gandhi, emphasized the importance of efficient co-partners for the foundation of the organization to the author in a personal interview. Gandhi also talked about their vision and business model. In the interview, he even talked about the uniqueness of their product and the variety of content they are serving to the audience. Vrinda Agarwal and Rohit Gandhi also explained the growth of entrepreneurial journalism in India.
Boom in Digital Journalism
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Journalism has seen a lot of changes over the period of time and therefore with the advent of digitalization there were some changes in the industry which were bound to happen. It is an inevitable journey. There are many digital ventures which are striving hard to make a mark in the industry. They are trying new ways of connecting with the fast-changing digital audience. It is not easy to create a niche in this booming sector, as this is a novel industry the idea as to how to develop a market and explore the uncharted spaces is relatively new to everyone. There has been an incessant trial by all new digital ventures and start-ups to understand the market and analyse the need of the hour. In this chapter, the author has taken into account some more digital journalism ventures who have garnered enough popularity. Some of them have really gotten into domains which are entirely new concepts especially in the digitalization era. Some others are attempting the hit and trial method. Some are trailblazers, while others are fairly good at what they do and they get their kind of audiences too. Some of them get the engagement more specific while others have a scattered audience. Let us understand how some of the digital ventures are exploring entertainment, journalism, technology, development news, and sensitive socio-cultural issues as the themes of their respective portals and how they are surviving or thriving as an entrepreneur. This penultimate chapter talks about the rise of other digital media organizations that have mushroomed in India. The chapter briefly covers organizations such as The Citizen, Khabar Lahariya, Editorji, SheThePeople, Gaon Connection, Newsclick, NEWJ, CGNet Swara, Indian Observer Post, How India Lives, The News Minute, Pulse India, OpIndia, Cobrapost, Catch News, POPxo, Asiaville, MediaCrooks, Homegrown, BlackMonk, Sportskeeda, Live Law, The New Indian, UnReal Times, The Hoot, and Peepli.
Friends
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘Friends’ looks at how the idea and practice of friendship operated within post-war integration culture. It locates the popularity of friendship as a model for integration in the context of long-running distrust in political institutions and ideologies as capable of building a peaceful and cooperative world society. It explains the popularity of friendship as an attempt to depoliticize race, which drew both on the popular peace-making projects emerging in the reaction to the global wars of the first half of the century and on the ‘feminizing’ projects for building a more domestic and inclusive empire forged in the same period.
Subalterns
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘Subalterns’ engages with the way that integrationists approached the question of political participation. Black middle-class integrationists sought to cultivate black working-class participations in the political institutions of state—to get them voting, running for office, and to have their voices included in what counted as public opinion. They did this with a clear purpose in mind, hoping to get black citizens reckoned with as a political force and so to register their concerns politically. But they were not alone in this insistence on the need to get working-class black Londoners active in the accepted channels of political citizenship. All the major parties, to varying degrees, concerned themselves with the black voter. They worried that without conscripting these citizens into the political system, their frustrations would register in other, disorderly, potentially violent ways. And yet, as this chapter shows, the effort at orderly integration of these citizens into the dominant habits and institutions of political citizenship was repeatedly disrupted by their refusal to behave as they were expected to. Working-class black Londoners entered the political field as a disruptive, subaltern force, bringing with them their own practices, institutions, and beliefs and both hybridizing and pluralizing the political culture of the city. This constituted a disorderly integration, of a type that integrationists were constantly required to work with in the failure of their project of reform.
The tradition of Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
At Paris and elsewhere many Franciscan theologians followed Scotus closely, rejecting Ockham’s proposed modifications to Scotus’s modal account of subsistence, and holding instead that all creatures have a natural inclination to subsistence. This chapter provides an account of the ways in which some of these theologians attempted to defend Scotus’s position against Ockham’s attack, and, relatedly, some of the ways in which they attempted to plug some perceived gaps in the details of Scotus’s Christology. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Pico della Mirandola, who expressly situated his Christological speculations in the context of a broadly Scotist approach to the question.
The opinio communis without real relations
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The theologians thus far considered hold that what ties the human nature to the divine person is a real relation, much as such a relation ties accident to substance. The theologians considered in the current chapter accept the analogy to an accident, but deny that any such real relation is required. Some hold a strongly voluntarist position, that the union of human nature to divine person is simply a matter of divine will, involving no entity over and above the person and nature themselves. Others, following a suggestion made and rejected in Ockham, hold that what unites the human nature to the divine person is a quality, a variety of created grace, of which sanctifying grace is another.
Unions by perichoresis and activity
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two highly original Christologies that are peculiar to the theologians who proposed them. First, the view of the Dominican William Crathorn, reported by Robert Holcot, that the Incarnation consists in the perichoresis of the divine person in the human nature. Holcot subjects this view to sharp criticism, since divine omnipresence seems to entail that God is universally incarnate. The second is the view of the Franciscan John Went, according to which Incarnation simply consists in the divine person acting in a naturally human manner. Went grounds this view on the further claim that we know neither the essence of the hypostatic union nor the essence of a human being, and can describe both merely by their effects. Went argues that it is possible for God to act in a naturally human way either with or without a human nature. Factually, Incarnation consists in the assumption of a human nature; but counterfactually God could have been incarnate without assuming a human nature.
The Flavians in Jewish War 7
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the depiction of the Flavian dynasts in Book 7 of the Jewish War. The first half of Book 7 offers us an almost idyllic depiction of the establishment of the new dynasty, ostensibly admiringly portraying the three dynasts operating first individually and then corporately to dispense the blessings of peace to all corners of the empire. However, Josephus’ depiction of the Flavian Triumph hints at the subterfuge and deception inherent in the way that the dynasty commemorated the crushing of the Jewish rebels, and the book ends with a remarkable failure of Flavian justice, slyly reminding readers that there is a higher and better authority, the Jewish God, overseeing world history.
Present
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previously, in Chapter 1, we saw how the digital revolution has cut and pasted our realities along with our ideas about our realities, re-ontologizing and re-epistemologizing modernity. This has led to the development of AI as a new form of agency that can be successful without being intelligent. This chapter analyses the above interpretation. Section 2.1 shows how the absence of a definition for AI is evidence that the expression is not a scientific term. Instead, it is a helpful shortcut for referring to a family of sciences, methods, paradigms, technologies, products, and services. Section 2.2 refers to the classic, counterfactual characterization of AI provided by McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester, and Shannon in their ‘Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence’, the founding document and later event that established the new field of AI in 1955. This is the characterization adopted for the rest of the book. Turing’s famous question ‘Can machines think?’ is then discussed. Section 2.3 moves from the previous analysis to outline the engineering and cognitive approaches to AI, arguing that the former has been a great success and the latter a complete failure. The interpretation of AI as a new form of agency that does not need any intelligence to be successful is based on the engineering tradition. Section 2.4 suggests that a similar form of agency can be successful because we have been transforming the world (enveloping it) into an increasingly AI-friendly environment. The conclusion in Section 2.5 stresses that such a process generates the risk of nudging humanity to adapt to its smart technologies.
Soft Ethics and the Governance of AI
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previously, in Chapters 4 and 5, a unified framework for the ethical principles of AI was suggested and some main ethical risks that arise when translating principles into practices were identified. This chapter discusses the governance of AI, and more generally of digital technologies, as the new challenge posed by technological innovation. A new distinction between soft and hard ethics is introduced. Hard ethics first precede and then further contribute to shaping legislation. In contrast, soft ethics apply after legal compliance with legislation (that is, post-compliance ethics), such as the GDPR in the EU. The chapter concludes by developing an analysis of the role of digital ethics with respect to digital regulation and digital governance, thus preparing for the next chapter on the fundamental ethical principles for an ethics of AI.
Bad Practices
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 provided an overview of the various ethical challenges posed by the widespread use of algorithms. This chapter concentrates on the negative side of AI’s impact (the positive side will be discussed in Chapter 9). AI research and regulation seek to balance the benefits of innovation against any potential harms and disruption. But one unintended consequence of the recent surge in AI research is the potential reorientation of AI technologies to facilitate criminal acts, called here AI crime or AIC. We already know that AIC is theoretically feasible thanks to published experiments in automating fraud targeted at social media users as well as demonstrations of AI-driven manipulation of simulated markets. Yet because AIC is still a relatively young and inherently interdisciplinary area—spanning socio-legal studies to formal science—there remains some uncertainty about what an AIC future might look like. This chapter analyses the foreseeable threats of AIC to offer a synthesis of the current problems and outline a possible solution space.
Conclusion
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapters 1–12 analysed the nature of AI, its positive and negative impact, the ethical issues arising from it, and what measures may be taken to ensure that a good AI society is more likely to develop. This final chapter draws some general conclusions and offers a view of what may be coming: a move from the ethics of artificial agency to the politics of social actions, to pursue a human project based on the marriage between the green of all our environments and the blue of all our digital technologies. With all its advantages, the marriage between the green and the blue counterbalances the divorce between agency and intelligence with all its risks. It is our responsibility to design and manage both successfully.
Time and Ancient Medicine
Authors: Miller Kassandra J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This monograph is the first to explore, on the one hand, how the introduction of new timekeeping technologies (namely, sundials and water clocks) affected the practice, rhetoric, and philosophy of ancient medicine and, on the other hand, how medical timekeeping practices affected engagement with time elsewhere in society. The study seeks, first, to offer a chronological narrative of how timekeeping technologies and medical practices evolved and influenced one another in ancient Greece and Rome, with consideration of relevant Pharaonic Egyptian and Assyro-Babylonian precedents. It turns then to a series of case studies, drawn from the Roman Imperial period, in order to investigate thematic questions, asking how debates over medical timekeeping interacted with debates over proper scientific methodology, the status of medicine as a formal art, and the relationships between medicine and other disciplines like mathematics, astronomy, and astrology. Throughout, this study places epigraphic, artistic, and other material evidence for hourly timekeeping in dialogue with selections from medical literature, some of which has not previously been published in modern-language translation. Ultimately, this study reveals that time and timekeeping played fundamental roles in ancient medical debates and practices and challenges the traditional narrative that the social history of “clock time” only begins with the invention of the mechanical clock in the medieval period. It offers new insights into the specific ways that physicians of the ancient Mediterranean engaged with their evolving temporal landscapes and raises questions about the relationships between time and medicine in the modern day.
Coda
Authors: Savill Benjamin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This ‘coda’ addresses the ways in which the seventh- to eleventh-century papal privileges discussed in this volume were subsequently archived, copied, forgotten, and falsified over the course of the high middle ages. It considers in particular the fragility of the early medieval papyral record; the allure of turning to forgery (especially in England, where archives may have been more poorly stocked with first-millennium papal documents than many continental ecclesiastics might have expected); and the signs that, already by the thirteenth century, much of the original material evidence for early medieval papal documentary culture may have already been lost.