bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple calibration experiment for light dependent resistors using Malus law
Authors: Simon NZ , Ambrosio B , Hermosa N 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We demonstrate the use of polarization to characterize the nonlinear response of a light dependent resistor (LDR). Previous experiments use the inverse square-dependence of the irradiance to calibrate the LDR’s response. In our study, we employ cross-polarizers to vary the irradiance incident on the surface of the LDR. We integrate the LDR into a simple voltage divider circuit and measure the voltage response as we rotate one of the cross-polarizers. We derive expressions that relate the voltage measurements to the angle between the polarizers. Our analytical predictions greatly match with the results obtained from the experiments; we then apply least squares method to get the calibration constants associated with the LDR’s nonlinear response. Finally, we discuss the advantages of our technique and emphasize its pedagogical benefits for high school and undergraduate laboratory courses.
Visualization of cylindrical resonances
Authors: Vila Brais 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The analysis of cylindrical resonators is part of standard physics curricula but, unlike for their rectangular counterpart, their mode structure is hardly ever visualized. The aim of this work is to show a way of doing it, providing a set of interactive web applications and citing potential use cases in the form of both academic courses and published research. These cover several branches of physics and engineering, showing that these materials can be useful for a broad audience.
Enhancing seed germination and growth parameters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, variety Botrytis) using plasma-activated water
Authors: Chalise Roshan , Shrestha Pooja , Sharma Sangat , Basnet Suresh , Mishra Lekha Nath , Khanal Raju 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The effects of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated through atmospheric pressure air gliding arc discharge, on the germination and growth parameters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, variety Botrytis) seeds have been investigated. Results demonstrate significant influences of PAW on seed germination characteristics and seedling growth parameters. Increasing the exposure time of seeds to plasma from 0 to 20 min leads to a notable increment in the water uptake rate, ranging from approximately 94.0% to 115.0%. Furthermore, the physio-chemical characteristics of PAW are examined, revealing its transformation into acidic solutions, accompanied by rising electrical conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, total dissolved solids, and nitrate and nitrite concentrations with longer treatment times. Notably, applying PAW for 10–15 min results in higher seed germination and seedling growth. Comparative experiments involving PAW and control water demonstrate enhanced germination, increased root and shoot lengths, and elevated chlorophyll content. However, prolonged exposure to PAW shows adverse effects. Cauliflower plants treated with 10 min and 15 min of PAW exhibit the highest chlorophyll concentration, root and shoot lengths. These findings underscore the potential of PAW to improve seed germination and plant growth, emphasizing the importance of adjusting the plasma treatment period for each specific seed.
Impacts of environmental decontamination on the rebuilding of returnees’ lives after the Fukushima accident
Authors: Takada Momo , Kuroda Yujiro , Kanai Yumiko , Yasutaka Tetsuo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Environmental decontamination after a nuclear disaster not only contributes to reducing the public’s exposure to radiation, it also introduces waste disposal issues arising from the decontamination process. In addition to that issue, the optimisation of decontamination efforts necessitates the consideration of various environmental, economic, and societal factors. Stakeholders’ perspectives are important for identifying the multifaceted aspects to be considered. We conducted a semi-structured interview survey in 2019 with ten residents in a rural community in Fukushima, Japan, which experienced a six-year-long evacuation due to the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. The main survey questions addressed returnees’ perceptions of the decontamination of farmlands and forests. The ‘Steps for Coding and Theorization’ procedure was used for qualitative analysis. The analysis illuminated the positive and negative impacts of the decontamination process on the rebuilding of the returnees’ rural lives from various perspectives and identified elements to be considered for the optimisation of future remediation efforts. The removal of radioactive materials had a positive psychological impact on the returnees, fostering a sense of security that their crops were safe and instilling confidence that the high-quality environment of the region had been restored. These aspects were not included among the initial governmental objectives for decontamination, which were aimed solely at reducing radiation exposure. By contrast, the removal of fertile topsoil from farmland had a negative impact on the residents, making them hesitant to resume farming. Our findings suggest that emphasising procedural fairness in decision-making of decontamination options such as reflection of stakeholders’ opinions led to residents perceiving their post-decontamination situation more positively. Our results provide valuable insights for optimising remediation strategies for the recovery process following a significant nuclear accident.
Evaluation of COSMIC-2 performance in detecting atmospheric boundary layer height and analysis of its variation
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Gao Fan , Xu Tianhe , Li Song , Qin Jin , Wang Nazi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height (ABLH) is an essential index for climate and weather studies in the troposphere. Obtaining abundant and precise observations is crucial for modeling the top of the ABL. The radio occultation can provide observation data of Earth’s atmosphere with high vertical resolution and comprehensive spatial coverage, benefiting from its measurement mode. Thanks to the improved quality of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)-2 lower atmosphere observations, its substantial amount and higher-quality atmospheric profile data are well suited for ABLH detection. Therefore, 1.4 million COSMIC-2 refractivity profiles from October 2019 to September 2020 were employed to determine the ABLH, and its retrieval performance is assessed using the official COSMIC-2 product (zbalmax) and radiosonde data. The retrieval results show that most of the effectively detected ABLH occultation events occur over the ocean. Comparing COSMIC-2 ABLH and zbalmax, consistent accuracy is found with a standard deviation of 0.22 km. Similar biases are observed each month. And the inversion accuracy in the Northern Hemisphere is higher than in the Southern Hemisphere. The ABLH derived from radiosonde data and COSMIC-2 has a high correlation coefficient of no less than 0.75. The better accuracy happened in the DJF (i.e. from December to February) for both comparisons with two datasets. Additionally, the distribution and seasonal variations were revealed by modeling verified COSMIC-2 ABLH. The fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) surface temperature and self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index are used to analyze the impact of temperature and drought on ABLH. The results indicate that higher surface temperatures lead to a smaller ABLH, whereas drought at the surface leads to a larger ABLH. Therefore, the higher precision ABLH can be derived from COSMIC-2 after verification, and we can reveal its seasonal variation and influencing factors on this basis.
Parameter identification method of nonuniform and under-sampled blade tip timing based on extended DFT and compressed sensing
Authors: Zhang Jiwang , Zhang Xu , Ding Keqin , Wang Rongren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Vibration amplitude and frequency are the two most important indicators that characterize the health status of high-speed rotating blades, but the signal obtained by blade tip timing (BTT) technology, one of the best rotating blade vibration monitoring methods, is seriously nonuniform and under-sampled, which makes these two indicators difficult to identify. In view of this problem, the paper proposes a parameter identification method for the nonuniform and under-sampled BTT signal based on extended Discrete Fourier transform and compressed sensing (CS), with the Fourier integral transformation as the goal. It realizes the frequency analysis of nonuniform under-sampled signals by constructing and optimizing the transformation basis function instead of the exponential basis in the traditional FFT transformation in the extended frequency range, and then constructs a CS model through the obtained blade vibration frequency. The complete waveform of the blade vibration is restored by using a small number of under-sampled signals, thus obtaining the blade vibration amplitude and vibration frequency. On the one hand, the method proposed in this paper breaks through the limitation of Nyquist’s sampling theorem, and the number of analytical spectral lines is no longer limited to the number of sampling points, which improves the frequency resolution. On the other hand, only a small number of measurement signals can be reconstructed to achieve a complete vibration signal. The feasibility and reliability of the proposed method are verified by mathematical modeling, simulation analysis, and experimental testing. The results indicate that when the number of sensors is greater than or equal to four, the time domain and frequency domain signals of blade vibration can be accurately analyzed based on the proposed method, the vibration amplitude error is less than 0.01 mm, the frequency error is less than 0.1 Hz, and it has good anti-interference performance.
An atomistic-continuum concurrent statistical coupling technique for amorphous materials using anchor points
Authors: Aditya Sankha Subhra , Sohail Tanvir , Roy Samit 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A generalized framework for anchor point based concurrent coupling of finite element method (FEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) domains, incorporating previous related methods, is presented. The framework is robust and is agnostic of material crystallinity and atomistic description. The method follows an iterative approach to minimize the total energy of the coupled FEM-MD system, while maintaining displacement constraints between the domains. Two distinct forms of the coupling method are discussed in detail, differing in the nature of the constraint, both of which are able to make use of specialized MD solvers such as LAMMPS with little or no modification. Both methods make use of springs that join groups of atoms in the MD to the FEM domain. Method 1, termed ‘Direct Coupling’, couples MD anchor points directly to the FEM domain in a force-based manner and has the added advantage of being able to couple to specialized FEM solvers such as ABAQUS. Method 2 couples the MD to the FEM domain in a more ‘soft’ manner using the method of Lagrange multipliers and least squares approximation. The relative performance of these two methods are tested against each other in a uniaxial tension test using a graphene monolayer at 300 K temperature and a block of thermosetting polymer EPON862 at low temperature, showing comparable results. Convergence behaviour of the two coupling methods are studied and presented. The methods are then applied to the fracture of a centre-cracked graphene monolayer and compared with results from an identical pure MD simulation. The results corroborate the effectiveness of the developed method and potential use as a plug-and-play tool to couple pre-existing specialized FEM and MD solvers. Future work will focus on applying these methods to simulate elevated-temperature amorphous polymer models and their brittle fracture.
Hybrid tungsten–carbon 2D nanostructures via in situ gasification of carbon substrates driven by ebeam irradiation of WO2.9 microparticles
Authors: Gonzalez-Martinez Ignacio , Weinel Kristina , Feng Wen , Agudo-Jácome Leonardo , Gemming Thomas , Büchner Bernd 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Since the transmission electron microscope (TEM) has the capacity to observe the atomic structure of materials, in situ TEM synthesis methods are uniquely suited to advance our fundamental understanding of the bottom-up dynamics that drive the formation of nanostructures. E-beam induced fragmentation (potentially identified as a manifestation of Coulomb explosion) and electron stimulated desorption are phenomena that have received attention because they trigger chemical and physical reactions that can lead to the production of various nanostructures. Here we report a simple TEM protocol implemented on WO2.9 microparticles supported on thin amorphous carbon substrates. The method produces various nanostructures such as WC nanoparticles, WC supported films and others. Nevertheless, we focus on the gradual graphitization and gasification of the C substrate as it interacts with the material expelled from the WO2.9 microparticles. The progressive gasification transforms the substrate from amorphous C down to hybrid graphitic nanoribbons incorporating W nanoparticles. We think these observations open interesting possibilities for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials in the TEM.
Rate of convergence in periodic homogenization for convex Hamilton–Jacobi equations with multiscales
Authors: Han Yuxi , Jang Jiwoong 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We study the rate of convergence in periodic homogenization for convex Hamilton–Jacobi equations with multiscales, where the Hamiltonian

H
=
H
(
x
,
y
,
p
)
:

R

n

×

T

n

×

R

n

→

R

depends on both of the spatial variable and the oscillatory variable. In particular, we show that for the Cauchy problem, the rate of convergence is

O
(
t

ϵ

)

by optimal control formulas, scale separations and curve cutting techniques. We also show the rate

O
(

ϵ

λ

)

of homogenization for the static problem based on the same idea. Additionally, we provide examples that illustrate the rate of convergence for the Cauchy problem is optimal for

0
<
t
<

ϵ

and

t
∼

ϵ

.
Size effect and electrical ageing of PDMS dielectric elastomer with competing failure modes
Authors: Taine Emmanuel , Andritsch Thomas , Saeedi Istebreq A , Morshuis Peter H F 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Large-scale dielectric elastomer generators dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) such as those employed in wave energy converter projects require a significant volume of electrically stressed materials. Meanwhile, predictions of energy output from such systems are generally extrapolated from electrical and mechanical breakdown measurements performed on small scale samples, where the presence of small defects can be extremely small. This can lead to overly optimistic upscaled predictions for the performance and reliability of full-scale devices. In this study, multilayer DEGs were prepared to evaluate the dielectric breakdown strength of thin polydimethylsiloxane PDMS elastomer at different values of active areas. The results indicated the presence of two separate breakdown mechanisms resulting in an enhanced size effect and a reduced reliability for the larger samples. Electrical ageing tests were performed on three different sample geometries and the dielectric breakdown strength was found to be marginally affected by the time under stress. A Weibull competing failure model was applied to the distribution of experimental breakdowns and electrical reliability was accurately modeled over more than four decades of variation in the electrode area.
A piezoelectric–electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester inspired by flapping motion of the Diptera insect
Authors: Fang Jiwen , Fan Bo , Li Chong , Lv Mingming 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Low-frequency vibration is widespread in nature. Vibration energy harvesting is considered to be a reliable and sustainable method to achieve continuous power supply. It is a feasible method to design an energy harvesting system of the bio-inspired mechanical structure to improve the efficiency of energy harvesting. A hybrid energy harvester piezoelectric–electromagnetic that mimics the flapping wing motion of the Diptera insect. The biomimetic energy harvesting device consists of two piezoelectric cantilever beams structure with the mass block installed, which mimics the flapping movement mechanism of the Diptera insect. The intermediate part of this harvester inspired by the insect skeleton and muscle structure of the Diptera insect is composed of magnetic levitation coupled repulsion structure, which is easily affected by vibration and changes greatly, to realize electromagnetic energy harvesting. The ‘click’ mechanism of the Diptera insect is constructed by storing energy in springs to improve the performance of energy harvesting devices. The hybrid energy harvesting device realizes piezoelectric–electromagnetic energy harvesting with multiple energy outputs at one excitation input. A dynamic model of the proposed energy harvester is constructed based on the electromechanical coupling characteristics. The modal analysis and structure optimization of this device is realized by the finite element method (FEM). The FEM simulation and experimental results can verify that under the low-frequency excitation of 3 Hz, the maximum output power of the designed harvester reaches 12.33 mW in the low-frequency environment.
An integral representation for quantum amplitudes
Authors: Straton Jack C 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The central impediment to reducing multidimensional integrals of transition amplitudes to analytic form, or at least to a fewer number of integral dimensions, is the presence of magnitudes of coordinate vector differences (square roots of polynomials)

∣

x

1

−

x

2

∣
=

x

1

2

−
2

x

1

x

2

cos
θ
+

x

2

2

in disjoint products of functions. Fourier transforms circumvent this by introducing a three-dimensional momentum integral for each of those products, followed in many cases by another set of integral representations to move all of the resulting denominators into a single quadratic form in one denominator whose square my be completed. Gaussian transforms introduce a one-dimensional integral for each such function while squaring the square roots of coordinate vector differences and moving them into a common exponential. Addition theorems may also be used for extracting the angular variables, and sometimes direct integration is even possible. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses. An integral representation is derived herein that stands as an alternative to these four approaches. A number of consequent integrals of Macdonald functions, hypergeometric functions, and Meijer G-functions with complicated arguments are given.
A reliable method for voltage of telegraph equation in one and two space variables in electrical transmission: approximate and analytical approach
Authors: Jena Saumya Ranjan , Sahu Itishree 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this paper we investigate approximate analytical solution so called voltage in one and two space variables for linear and nonlinear telegraph equations by a reliable method namely Modified Laplace Decomposition Method (MLDM) using MATLAB and MATHEMATICA software tools. The MLDM is a mixture of Laplace transform with modified Adomian decomposition method based on Newton Raphson method. The nonlinearity of the problem is tackled by Adomian decomposition and approximate analytical solution to the partial differential equation handled by using the Laplace and inverse Laplace transform technique without differentiation in time domain. We use Newton Raphson method in the domain of Adomian polynomial to modify it. Theoretical concepts for the approximate analytical solution of present scheme are well behaved through stability and convergence analysis. Five numerical examples are carried out in order to check the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed scheme. The telegraph equation with one space variable is solved numerically whereas the approximate analytical solution obtained for two space variables. Employing MLDM, it is possible to obtain the approximate analytical solution (i.e., voltage) of a telegraph equation and found to be in good agreement with exact solutions and also compared with earlier studies for one space variable.
Kinematics in metric-affine geometry
Authors: Agashe Anish 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In a given geometry, the kinematics of a congruence of curves is described by a set of three quantities called expansion, rotation, and shear. The equations governing the evolution of these quantities are referred to as kinematic equations. In this paper, the kinematics of congruence of curves in a metric-affine geometry are analysed. Without assuming an underlying theory of gravity, we derive a generalised form of the evolution equations for expansion, namely, Raychaudhuri equation (timelike congruences) and Sachs optical equation (null congruences). The evolution equations for rotation and shear of both timelike and null congruences are also derived. Generalising the deviation equation, we find that torsion and non-metricity contribute to a relative acceleration between neighbouring curves. We briefly discuss the interpretation of the expansion scalars and derive an equation governing angular diameter distances. The effects of torsion and non-metricity on the distances are found to be dependent on which curves are chosen as photon trajectories. We also show that the rotation of a hypersurface orthogonal congruence (timelike or null) is a purely non-Riemannian feature.
Investigating the optoelectronic properties of NiOEP/n-Si heterojunctions for solar cell applications
Authors: Alghamdi Nawal , Darwish A A A , Hamdalla Taymour A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Currently, the use of more efficient materials such as metal-doped porphyrins has led to improved performance of heterojunction cells. In this context, a thin film of Nickel-Octa-ethyl porphyrins (NiOEP) has been deposited onto a silicon substrate to be used in solar cells due to their unique structural and optoelectronic properties. The structural and surface characteristics have been analyzed through XRD and SEM studies. XRD confirmed that NiOEP film has a crystallinity degree of 78%. The capacitance–voltage of NiOEP/n-Si HJSC was investigated, and the built-in voltage and carrier concentration was calculated as 4.38×1021 m−3 and 0.50 V, respectively. Additionally, we utilized techniques such as Norde and Shockley to evaluate our composite’s electronic and optoelectronic properties. J-V characteristics of the investigated diode were examined in dark and illumination conditions of about 100 mW cm−2. NiOEP/n-Si HJSC could represent a promising solution to meet the demand for solar cells.
Tighter monogamy inequalities of multiqubit entanglement
Authors: Li Jia-Yi , Shen Zhong-Xi , Fei Shao-Ming 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Multipartite entanglement holds great importance in quantum information processing. The distribution of entanglement among subsystems can be characterized by monogamy relations. Based on the βth power of concurrence and negativity, we provide two new monogamy inequalities. Through detailed examples, we demonstrate that these inequalities are tighter than previous results.