bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An optimized method for neutron dose evaluation based on 24Na activity distribution in the human body
Authors: Xu Xu , Xiaomin Zhang , Jing Ning , Xiangdong Xie , Yong Yuan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The neutron dose resulting from external irradiation can be evaluated by measuring the counts of characteristic γ rays produced by 24Na in the human body. The detection geometry with the highest detection efficiency for measuring the whole-body 24Na activity has not been studied. In this work, the MCNP code is used to calculate the spatial distribution of 24Na in the human body irradiated by neutrons with different energies in different irradiation geometries. The fluence distribution of 24Na characteristic γ rays on the body surface is calculated. The counts of 24Na characteristic γ rays induced by monochromatic neutron irradiation are simulated to fit the scenarios of neutron irradiation by a continuous energy spectrum neutron. When the spontaneous neutrons from 252Cf with 1Gy dose irradiate the human body, (3.63–4.35) × 1010 24Na atoms are produced. The lower detection limit for the neutron absorption dose is reduced from ∼100 to less than 1 mGy when the radiation detector is placed over the back of the human body close to the liver. The relative error between the measured counts of 24Na characteristic γ rays caused by 252Cf neutron irradiation and the counts fitted by monochromatic neutron irradiation data is less than 5.7%. The neutron dose received from a continuous energy spectrum neutron can be acquired quickly and accurately by weighted summing of the data for monochromatic neutron irradiations calculated in this paper, which is more convenient and practical than the previous method.
Efficient machine learning method for spatio-temporal water surface waves reconstruction from polarimetric images
Authors: Ginio Noam , Liberzon Dan , Lindenbaum Michael , Fishbain Barak 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Accurate and cost-effective sea state measurements, in terms of spatio-temporal distribution of water surface elevation (water waves), is of great interest for scientific research and various engineering, industrial, and recreational applications. To this end, numerous measurement techniques have been developed over the years. None of these techniques, however, are universally applicable across various ocean and laboratory conditions and none provide near-real-time data. We utilized the latest advances in polarimetric imaging to develop a new remote sensing method based on machine learning methodology and polarimetric reflection measurements for inferring surface waves elevation and slope. The method utilizes a newly available, inexpensive polarimetric camera providing images of the water surface in a high spatio-temporal resolution at several linear polarization angles. Algorithms based on artificial neural networks (

ANN

s) are then trained to obtain high-resolution reconstructions of the water surface slope state from those images. The

ANN

s are trained on laboratory-collected supervised datasets of prescribed mechanically generated monochromatic wave trains and tested on a stochastic wave field of JONSWAP spectral shape. The proposed method, based on inferring the surface slope from polarimetric images, provides a dense estimate of the water surface. The results of this study pave the way for the development of accurate and cost-effective near-real-time remote sensing tools for both laboratory and open sea wave measurements.
Compact chromatic confocal sensor for displacement and thickness measurements
Authors: Liu Chunmin , Lu Guoyi , Liu Chunyang , Li Dong 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chromatic confocal sensors are widely used in various precision measurement fields because of their high measurement accuracy, fast response speed, and good stability. Unlike traditional fiber-coupled structures, we propose an integrated compact chromatic confocal sensing system that can overcome the device-integrating constraints met in industrial environments. Aiming at the distortion of the peak waveform caused by the inconsistent spectral response of the system and to accurately extract the peak wavelength, a spectral characteristic compensation algorithm and a peak wavelength extraction method based on Gaussian curve fitting are proposed. Based on these methods, a segmented curve calibration algorithm is applied to achieve accurate mapping between peak wavelength and position. For the thickness measurement of transparent objects, a simple thickness measurement model and its calibration procedure are proposed, which do not need to obtain previous parameters, such as incident angle or refractive index. Finally, the performance of the proposed sensing system is tested by displacement measurement and thickness measurement experiments. The experimental results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of displacement measurement is less than 0.1 μm, and the RMSE of thickness measurement is less than 1 μm, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed sensing system.
Improvement in current drivability and stability in nanoscale vertical channel thin-film transistors via band-gap engineering in In–Ga–Zn–O bilayer channel configuration
Authors: Ahn Hyun-Min , Kwon Young-Ha , Seong Nak-Jin , Choi Kyu-Jeong , Hwang Chi-Sun , Yang Jong-Heon , Kim Yong-Hae , Kim Gyungtae , Yoon Sung-Min 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Vertical channel thin film transistors (VTFTs) have been expected to be exploited as one of the promising three-dimensional devices demanding a higher integration density owing to their structural advantages such as small device footprints. However, the VTFTs have suffered from the back-channel effects induced by the pattering process of vertical sidewalls, which critically deteriorate the device reliability. Therefore, to reduce the detrimental back-channel effects has been one of the most urgent issues for enhancing the device performance of VTFTs. Here we show a novel strategy to introduce an In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO) bilayer channel configuration, which was prepared by atomic-layer deposition (ALD), in terms of structural and electrical passivation against the back-channel effects. Two-dimensional electron gas was effectively employed for improving the operational reliability of the VTFTs by inducing strong confinement of conduction electrons at heterojunction interfaces. The IGZO bilayer channel structure was composed of 3 nm-thick In-rich prompt (In/Ga = 4.1) and 12 nm-thick prime (In/Ga = 0.7) layers. The VTFTs using bilayer IGZO channel showed high on/off ratio (4.8 × 109), low SS value (180 mV dec−1), and high current drivability (13.6 μA μm−1). Interestingly, the strategic employment of bilayer channel configurations has secured excellent device operational stability representing the immunity against the bias-dependent hysteretic drain current and the threshold voltage instability of the fabricated VTFTs. Moreover, the threshold voltage shifts of the VTFTs could be suppressed from +5.3 to +2.6 V under a gate bias stress of +3 MV cm−1 for 104 s at 60 °C, when the single layer channel was replaced with the bilayer channel. As a result, ALD IGZO bilayer configuration could be suggested as a useful strategy to improve the device characteristics and operational reliability of VTFTs.
Reliable measurements of low-density plasmas using a novel Langmuir probe with a guard tube
Authors: Li Jian-Quan , Xie Xin-Yao , Zhang Qing-He , Xing Zan-Yang 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A novel cylindrical Langmuir probe with an optimized probe structure and an additional guard tube is developed to obtain exact plasma electron densities. Using both this novel Langmuir probe and a conventional cylindrical Langmuir probe, a comparative measurement of low-density hot-filament discharge plasmas is performed. Although the plasma potentials and electron temperatures determined by the two probes are almost identical, the electron densities obtained using the conventional Langmuir probe are grossly underestimated by more than 10% compared to those from the novel Langmuir probe. The experimental results demonstrate that optimization of the structure of such cylindrical probes is very important, especially for reliable measurements of low-density plasmas using the Langmuir probe.
Goos–Hänchen and Imbert–Fedorov shifts of the Airy beam in dirac metamaterials
Authors: Yue Qinxin , Zhou Xiang , Deng Dongmei 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We theoretically derive the expression for the Goos–Hänchen (GH) and Imbert–Fedorov (IF) shifts of the Airy beam in Dirac metamaterial. In this work, the large GH and IF shifts can be found when the Airy beam is reflected near the Dirac and Brewster angles. Compared to the Gaussian beam, the GH shifts of the Airy beam are more obvious in the vicinity of the Brewster angle. Interestingly, it is found that the ability to produce an Airy vortex beam at the Dirac point. In addition, the magnitude and the direction of the GH shifts can be controlled by the rotation angles of the Airy beam. We take advantage of this property to design a reflective optical switch based on the rotation angle-controlled GH shifts of the Dirac metamaterial. Our solutions provide the possibility to implement light-tuned optical switches. Moreover, our model can also be used to describe the GH and IF shifts generated by novel beams in other similar photonic systems.
Higher-order fractional linear multi-step methods
Authors: Marasi H R , Derakhshan M H , Soltani Joujehi A , Kumar Pushpendra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we propose two arrays, containing the coefficients of fractional Adams-Bashforth and Adams-Moulton methods, and also recursive relations to produce the elements of these arrays. Then, we illustrate the application of these arrays in a suitable way to construct higher-order fractional linear multi-step methods in general form, with extended stability regions. The effectiveness of the new method is shown in comparison with some available previous results in an illustrative test problem.
Observation of Bohm trajectories and quantum potentials of classical waves
Authors: Rozenman Georgi Gary , Bondar Denys I , Schleich Wolfgang P , Shemer Lev , Arie Ady 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1952 David Bohm proposed an interpretation of quantum mechanics, in which the evolution of states results from trajectories governed by classical equations of motion but with an additional potential determined by the wave function. There exist only a few experiments that test this concept and they employed weak measurement of non-classical light. In contrast, we reconstruct the Bohm trajectories in a classical hydrodynamic system of surface gravity water waves, by a direct measurement of the wave packet. Our system is governed by a wave equation that is analogous to the Schrödinger equation which enables us to transfer the Bohm formalism to classical waves. In contrast to a quantum system, we can measure simultaneously their amplitude and phase. In our experiments, we employ three characteristic types of surface gravity water wave packets: two and three Gaussian temporal slits and temporal Airy wave packets. The Bohm trajectories and their energy flows follow the valleys and bounce off the hills in the corresponding quantum potential landscapes.
Structural and magnetic analysis of Cd-Zn spinel ferrite nanoparticles
Authors: Badr M H , Kudrevatykh N V , Hassan M A , Moustafa M , Rammah Y S , Abouhaswa A S , EL-Hamalawy A A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis technique was employed to synthesize Cd-Zn ferrite nanoparticles with composition Zn1-xCdxFe2O4, where 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. The physical properties of prepared samples were inspected by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Cd-Zn spinel nanoferrites with an increase in experimental lattice constant from 8.37 Å to 8.74 Å for zinc and cadmium ferrite samples, respectively. Variation of tetrahedral and octahedral hopping lengths, crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density with Cd-content has been investigated and elucidated. SEM micrographs showed agglomeration of nearly-spherical grains that increased in size with Cd-content increase. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of the characteristic tetrahedral and octahedral stretching vibrations of metal ion and oxygen complex in the range 429–558 cm−1. VSM measurements revealed a tuning in coercivity to higher values and a decrease in saturation magnetization as Cd-content increased. The calculated cations distribution, bond lengths, bond angles and interionic distances between cations at tetrahedral and octahedral sites attribute the observed decrease in saturation magnetization to weak interaction between cations in the two sites.
The emergence of universal relations in the AdS black holes thermodynamics
Authors: Sadeghi J , Pourhassan B , Noori Gashti S , Upadhyay S , Mezerji E Naghd 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Our primary goal in this paper is to confirm new universal relations in black hole thermodynamics. We investigate the universal relations by selecting different black holes. First, we obtain the black holes thermodynamic relations assuming a new minor correction is added to the AdS part of the action. Then we confirm the universal relations by performing a series of direct calculations. It is noteworthy that according to each of the properties related to black holes, a new universal relation can be obtained according to this method. We confirm two different types of these universal relations for various black holes. Furthermore, we also consider black holes in AdS space surrounded by perfect fluid. We use a small correction to the action and obtain the modified thermodynamic quantities. We achieve two new universal relations which correspond to the parameters of perfect fluid and magnetic charge of the Bardeen AdS Black Hole. Finally, the new universal relation leads us to understand the charge-to-mass ratio, i.e., weak gravity conjecture like behavior. We also find that the weak gravity conjecture condition is satisfied for the black hole surrounded by perfect fluid.
Assembly bias in the local PNG halo bias and its implication for f
NL constraints
Authors: Lazeyras Titouan , Barreira Alexandre , Schmidt Fabian , Desjacques Vincent 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We use N-body simulations to study halo assembly bias (i.e., the dependence of halo clustering on properties beyond total mass) in the density and primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) linear bias parameters b
1 and b
ϕ, respectively. We consider concentration, spin and sphericity as secondary halo properties, for which we find a clear detection of assembly bias for b
1 and b
ϕ. At fixed total mass, halo spin and sphericity impact b
1 and b
ϕ in a similar manner, roughly preserving the shape of the linear b
ϕ(b
1) relation satisfied by the global halo population. Halo concentration, however, drives b
1 and b
ϕ in opposite directions. This induces significant changes to the b
ϕ(b
1) relation, with higher concentration halos having higher amplitude of b
ϕ(b
1). For z = 0.5 and b
1 ≈ 2 in particular, the population comprising either all halos, those with the 33% lowest or those with the 33% highest concentrations have a PNG bias of b
ϕ ≈ 3, b
ϕ ≈ -1 and b
ϕ ≈ 9, respectively. Varying the halo concentration can make b
ϕ very small and even change its sign. These results have important ramifications for galaxy clustering constraints of the local PNG parameter fNL that assume fixed forms for the b
ϕ(b
1) relation. We illustrate the significant impact of halo assembly bias in actual data using the BOSS DR12 galaxy power spectrum: assuming that BOSS galaxies are representative of all halos, the 33% lowest or the 33% highest concentration halos yields σ
f

NL = 44, 165, 19, respectively. Our results suggest taking host halo concentration into account in galaxy selection strategies to maximize the signal-to-noise on f
NL. They also motivate more simulation-based efforts to study the b
ϕ(b
1) relation of halos and galaxies.
Spatially selective stimulation of the pig vagus nerve to modulate target effect versus side effect
Authors: Blanz Stephan L , Musselman Eric D , Settell Megan L , Knudsen Bruce E , Nicolai Evan N , Trevathan James K , Verner Ryan S , Begnaud Jason , Skubal Aaron C , Suminski Aaron J , Williams Justin C , Shoffstall Andrew J , Grill Warren M , Pelot Nicole A , Ludwig Kip A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve using implanted electrodes (VNS) is FDA-approved for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, treatment-resistant depression, and most recently, chronic ischemic stroke rehabilitation. However, VNS is critically limited by the unwanted stimulation of nearby neck muscles—a result of non-specific stimulation activating motor nerve fibers within the vagus. Prior studies suggested that precise placement of small epineural electrodes can modify VNS therapeutic effects, such as cardiac responses. However, it remains unclear if placement can alter the balance between intended effect and limiting side effect. We used an FDA investigational device exemption approved six-contact epineural cuff to deliver VNS in pigs and quantified how epineural electrode location impacts on- and off-target VNS activation. Detailed post-mortem histology was conducted to understand how the underlying neuroanatomy impacts observed functional responses. Here we report the discovery and characterization of clear neuroanatomy-dependent differences in threshold and saturation for responses related to both effect (change in heart rate) and side effect (neck muscle contractions). The histological and electrophysiological data were used to develop and validate subject-specific computation models of VNS, creating a well-grounded quantitative framework to optimize electrode location-specific activation of nerve fibers governing intended effect versus unwanted side effect.
In situ melting phenomena on W plasma-facing components for lower divertor during long-pulse plasma operations in EAST
Authors: Zhu D. , Guo Z. , Xuan C. , Yu B. , Li C. , Gao B. , Ding R. , Yan R. , Wang Y. , He C. , Yao D. , Cao L. , Zi P. , Han L. , Wang B. , Fu W. , Li Y. , Chen J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Tungsten (W) is one of the most promising plasma-facing materials for future fusion devices. Although its melting point is the highest among all metals, it still has great risk of melting under extremely high plasma heat fluxes, which is a big concern for ITER and future reactors. Actively cooled W plasma-facing components (PFCs) with both monoblocks and flat-type structure have been successfully installed in the lower divertor of the EAST tokamak since 2021, and provide a good opportunity for direct comparison of the damage mechanism for the two types of PFCs. Various in situ melting phenomena on the lower divertor have been observed by CCD cameras, which have been further verified by post-mortem inspections. Severe melting and even exfoliation of the edge-beveled W plates were observed on some W/Cu flat-type components at horizontal outer targets. Many droplets were ejected during long-pulse operations, which induced a significant increase of W impurities and total irradiation in the core plasma, and thus greatly deteriorated the plasma performance and even caused disruptions. Two different shaping structures of flat-type PFCs show different positions of melting and the corresponding mechanisms. Slight melting was found on the sharp leading edges of W/Cu monoblocks between cassette modules (inter-CM) for horizontal targets with small droplet ejection, which was much improved compared to that observed on the upper W divertor, illustrating that the application of a large-sized bevel chamfer inter-CM was generally effective. In addition, an unexpected melting phenomenon on the dome plate was attributed to the extreme transient heat flux during disruption with runaway electrons. The application of both types of W/Cu PFCs for the divertor provides important experiences and lessons for the engineering design and optimization of divertor PFCs in future fusion devices.
Readout chip with RISC-V microprocessor for hybrid pixel detectors
Authors: Skrzypiec P. , Szczygieł R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Hybrid single-photon counting pixel detectors have recently been widely used for X-ray and ionizing particle detection in medicine, high-energy physics, and material science. Many different chips have been developed for the readout of the semiconductor pixel sensor. Typically, developed ASICs have very limited digital logic and do not provide substantial data processing. In this paper, we present the readout chip that integrates the readout channels matrix with a RISC-V-based microprocessor SoC. The designed device has been prototyped in an FPGA and sent to production in a CMOS 40 nm process. Integration of a pixel matrix with the RISC-V-based central processing unit significantly improved the detector functionality. It enabled the device to work independently without external assistive device usage and execute many algorithms, e.g., calibration, threshold scanning, and data filtering, on-chip. Communication between the CPU and the pixel matrix was carried out through the dedicated Pixel Matrix Controller with the CPU standard I/O operations usage. This specialized peripheral consists of a coprocessor responsible for precise matrix control, a data converter for data conversion acceleration, and control and status registers connected to the core data bus. Many algorithms have been developed and tested, one of which is the intelligent real-time filtering of regions of interest.
Tomographic image reconstruction techniques for accurate spent fuel assembly verification
Authors: Kim H. , Lee M. , Choi H. , Min C. , Choi H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Non-proliferation and the security of nuclear materials are essential. The international atomic energy agency (IAEA) considers a tomographic image acquisition technique of spent fuel assemblies a promising technique to accurately verify the rod-by-rod spent fuel conditions stored in a water pool. Researchers at Yonsei University in Korea developed the bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator-based Yonsei Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (YSECT). Previous research validated the YSECT system experimentally to quickly evaluate the radioactivity distribution of test fuel rods in the Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control (KINAC). Quick verification of the fuel assembly requires the development of a high-quality image reconstruction algorithm that enables image acquisition within a short time. This study examined various tomographic image reconstruction techniques to identify patterns of missing fuel rods accurately. Rotational projection image data sets were obtained for 15 patterns of test fuel rods for 900 seconds using the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system installed at KINAC. The projection images were acquired every 5° while four 64-channel detectors rotated 90°. The acquired images were reconstructed using the following methods: filtered back-projection, simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique, order-subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique, maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM), and Fast-Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding algorithm (FISTA). Among the reconstruction algorithms used in this study, the image quality of MLEM showed the best performance, and the image contrast of FISTA showed the highest result. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the tomographic image was improved using the image reconstruction technique optimized for the YSECT system to verify the patterns of fuel rods. Hence, even for the low-quality measured data with the short-time scan of the SPECT system, this advanced technique is expected to show better discriminability of the patterns of fuel rods in the assembly.