bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Anti-Mouse IgG1 on Some Complement-Requiring Alloantibodies of the Mouse
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ascitic fluid globulins of CBA mice previously injected with BALB/c spleen cells, containing alloantibodies which suppress hemolytic antibody plaque formation by BALB/c spleen cells, were treated by the addition of rabbit antimouse IgG1 serum and removal by high speed centrifugation of the resulting precipitate. The titer of suppressive antibody was found to be higher in the supernatants than in the original globulin. With increasing amounts of anti-IgG1 added, the suppressive titer rose progressively to a plateau level, at which it remained through further increases in the amount of anti-IgG1 added. The amounts of anti-IgG1 serum required to reach this plateau level varied between 0.1 and 0.3 ml/0.1 ml of the anti-BALB/c globulin pools. The supernatants were also examined by immunodiffusion to determine the endpoint for removal of all IgG1 from the globulin pools; this was found to coincide with that which brought the anti-BALB/c globulin pool to its maximal (plateau) level of suppressive titer. The extent of the increase in suppressive titer to its plateau level showed an association with the amount of anti-IgG1 required, but some overlapping was found.
Cytotoxic titers of these globulin pools also increased on addition of anti-IgG1, to a plateau level, and each globulin pool required the same amount of anti-IgG1 for attainment of plateau level as did the suppressive titer. The extent of the increase of the suppressive and cytotoxic titers, however, showed no relationship to each other. Titers of complement fixation against BALB/c spleen cell membrane fragments also showed such increases, again with the same relative amount of anti-IgG1 required to attain the plateau titer. Hemagglutination titers for BALB/c red blood cells (RBC) showed no change or a slight decrease on addition of anti-IgG1 and centrifugation.
These results indicate the presence in the anti-BALB/c globulin pools of complement-fixing antibodies, probably of IgG2 class, and noncomplement-fixing IgG1 antibodies of the same specificity which can compete with the IgG2 antibodies, as indicated by the increased titers after removing IgG1. The presence of such competing antibodies suggests that complement-requiring antibodies, in naturally occurring mixtures of IgG, could show titers substantially lower than their true level, or be entirely masked.
Cell Surface-Associated Gamma Globulins in Lymphocytes
Authors: Paraskevas F. , Orr K. B. , Lee S-T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reverse immune cytoadherence technique (RICA) which detects surface-associated γ globulins on lymphocytes was used to study the effect of antigenic stimulation on γ globulin-carrying lymphocytes. Six hours after administration of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant there is a marked increase in γ globulin-carrying cells (by 8 to 10% of the spleen cells or 25% of γ globulin-carrying cells before immunization). A similar increase was produced in vitro by treating normal spleen cells with serum obtained 6 hr after antigenic stimulation and likely represents the attachment of a cytophilic γ globulin to cells previously not carrying surface γ globulin. Adjuvant is important for the induction of this increase by soluble antigens but particulate antigens in saline can induce similar changes. These changes are not related to the distinction of the antigens according to their degree of dependency on the thymus for an immune response. The number of γ globulin-carrying cells decreased dramatically by 24 hr and reached its lowest point at 15 days when the γ globulin-carrying cells decreased by 50% of the normal levels of γ globulin-carrying cells. The decrease of the γ globulin-carrying cells does not depend on the presence of adjuvant. It is suggested that this phenomenon may represent the loss of surface γ globulins from lymphocytes after the antigenic encounter. All plasma cells examined in this study by RICA showed no surface γ globulin.
According to the results presented here it is obvious that antigen affects a very large cell population.
Cell Surface-Associated Gamma Globulins in Lymphocytes
Authors: Lee S-T. , Paraskevas F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant injected intraperitoneally in mice induces large-scale changes of thymus-derived (T)-and bone marrow-derived (B)-cells in terms of surface-associated γ globulins as shown by reverse immune cytoadherence (RICA) and cytotoxicity. Six hours after antigenic stimulation there is an over-all increase of γ globulin-carrying cells. Exposure in vitro of normal spleen cells to serum collected 6 hr after antigenic stimulation reproduces the increase of the γ globulin-carrying cells observed in vivo. The increase is due to the acquisition of a cytophilic γG globulin by a T-cell. Such evidence is derived from the fact that concomitant to the 6-hr increase of γ globulin cells the number of T-cells detectable in the spleen by anti-θ serum decreases approximately by the same number. Furthermore anti-θ serum-treated normal spleen cells exposed to 6-hr serum do not show the increase and spleen cells from irradiated mice reconstituted with thymus cells show a similar to normal increase after challenge with antigen. In addition to these changes, in a significant number of the cells which carry γ globulin before immunization (B-cells), surface γ globulin is not detectable. Since the number of T-cells which take up γ globulin is larger than the number by which the B-cells decrease, the net result is an over-all increase of γ globulin-carrying cells at 6 hr.
After this time interval the T-cells return to normal levels within the 1st week, while the B-cells progressively decrease and reach the lowest point of 45% of the pre-immunization level 2 weeks after antigenic stimulation. Although the relationship of the phenomena described to other known phenomena of the immune response is at present obscure they nevertheless indicate that antigen affects a population of cells much larger than the antigen sensitive cells.
Antiantibody Enhancement of Hemagglutination Inhibition by Influenza Anti-Neuraminidase
Authors: Dowdle W. R. , Sarateanu D. , Reimer C. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hemagglutination by influenza viruses can be inhibited by antibody to hemagglutinin or, under certain conditions, by antibody to neuraminidase. In the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test with antibody to hemagglutinin the HI titer is approximately proportional to the reciprocal of the virus concentration. In contrast, in the neuraminidase-hemagglutination inhibition (N-HI) test a 2-fold increase in virus dosage produced a nearly 7-fold decrease in antibody titer. The addition of antihuman IgG in most instances vastly increased the N-HI titers. The magnitude of enhancement was strongly dependent upon the combination of human sera, the virus dose and the particular lot of antihuman IgG. Fifteen of 21 commercial lots of antihuman IgG produced an enhancing effect. Greatest enhancement (up to a 1000-fold) was more often produced by antisera with the highest precipitating antibody potency (E-value) to human IgG. The enhancement of N-HI titers by antiantibody constitutes a highly sensitive test system. Each reactant is a potentially major variable which may appreciably alter the test results.
Reactions of Sensitized Guinea Pigs to Inhaled Antigens
Authors: Alexander H. L. , Becke W. G. , Holmes J. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Numerous efforts have been made to explain the underlying mechanism of bronchial asthma by attempts to reproduce similar symptoms in guinea pigs. Almost invariably the process has involved the introduction of antigenic substances into the respiratory tract of sensitized guinea pigs whose symptomatic and immunological behavior has then been noted. The results of these experiments, briefly summarized, are as follows:
When normal guinea pigs were exposed to suitable antigenic substances in the form of vaporous sprays, they apparently could be readily sensitized, for if subsequently injected intravenously with the antigen, they suffered anaphylactic symptoms. This was demonstrated first by Busson (1), and later by others (2) (3).
In contrast to this, guinea pigs that were sensitized no matter by what route, and later exposed to vaporous sprays of the sensitizing antigen rarely suffered anaphylactic symptoms on such contact, and then only when supplementary procedures were carried out.
Studies on the Dick Test and Natural Immunity to Scarlet Fever Among the American Indians
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Nigg Clara , Baumgartner Leona 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Our experience at Haskell Institute as well as that of physicians at the other Indian Agencies would indicate that where epidemic diseases occur among the whites and exposure is possible, they develop also among the Indians. The one exception reported is scarlet fever. The American Indian apparently enjoys a high degree of natural immunity to scarlet fever. He is apparently exceedingly susceptible to measles, whooping cough, and fairly susceptible to diphtheria and Vincent's angina, as well as to the other infectious and contagious diseases. Very little evidence of furunculosis was obtained although streptococcus infections are quite common. Skin test would indicate that susceptibility to scarlet fever among the Indians is equal to that among the whites in the younger ages, but much less as maturity is reached. This work suggests some other mechanism supplementing antitoxic and perhaps also opsonic immunity to scarlet fever. The results indicate a certain lack of parallelism between the Dick test and natural immunity to scarlet fever.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Levine Philip , Coca Arthur F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A quantitative study of the interaction between atopic reagin and its related atopen confirms the observation of Coca and Grove that the reagin is neutralized, that is, deprived of its sensitizing power by the admixture of the atopen, but that the activity of the latter is not lessened in any apprecible degree by the presence of its related reagin in the mixture. Confirming the observation of Coca and Grove, repeated reactions were obtained in the same sensitized site with the same concentration of the atopen. Such repeated reactions could be obtained even when the first “dose” of the atopen was mixed with the serum containing the reagin in vitro, that is, before its injection into the normal skin. The law of Coca and Kosakai regarding the fractional neutralization of precipitin applies in a modified form to the fractional “neutralization” of atopic reagin. After a passively sensitized skin site has been rendered insensitive, by repeated injections, to a certain concentration of the related atopen, a further reaction can be elicited with a stronger concentration, the ratio of the two concentrations being apparently constant with one atopic serum in the same skin.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Levine Philip , Coca Arthur F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two methods are outlined for studying quantitatively the reagins in the serum of hay fever patients. The reagin content of serum of patients with early hay fever was found to be proportional to the skin sensitivity in 27 of the 29 patients. With the method of serum dilution, the A sera have about four times the sensitizing power of the B sera, which, in turn, have about four times the sensitizing power of the C sera. The ratios are distinctly greater with the method of atopen dilution. In 2 cases with disporportion of reagin content and skin sensitivity, there was a loss of reagins from the serum with no corresponding drop of skin sensitivity. In each case, this decrease of reagins was associated with a gradual decrease in severity of the symptoms. Quantitative study of the reagins in 6 cases of late hay fever indicate that a similar proportion of reagin content and skin sensitivity exists in late hay fever.
Obscured Reactions in the Agglutination Test for Bacillary White Diarrhea
Authors: Mathews Frank P. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The agglutination test for bacillary white diarrhea is frequently obscured by a precipitate, the principal constituent of which is protein. Two cubic centimeters of a 2 per cent water solution of NaOH added to 100 cc. of E. sanguinaria antigen did not influence its agglutinability and eliminated 95 per cent of the “cloudy tests” when added just before setting up the test.
Carrier Function in Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses
Authors: Katz David H. , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs primed with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-ovalbumin (OVA) will develop markedly enhanced secondary anti-DNP antibody responses to the heterologous conjugate DNP-bovine γ globulin (BGG) provided that they have been supplementally immunized with appropriate amounts of BGG. This phenomenon reflects the enhancing influence of BGG-specific thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes on anti-DNP antibody production. The present studies demonstrate that such enhancing T cell influences can be abolished by the following manipulations: 1) simultaneous supplemental immunization with two unrelated proteins such as BGG and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or glucose oxidase (GO) significantly diminished the secondary anti-DNP response upon challenge with a DNP-conjugate of one of the carriers employed; 2) the intraperitoneal injection of soluble BGG, in the appropriate dose range, 1 day before secondary DNP-BGG challenge completely abolishes the anti-DNP response regardless of whether BGG alone or BGG together with KLH had been used in the supplemental immunization; 3) a challenge with soluble KLH 1 day before secondary challenge with DNP-BGG inhibits the anti-DNP response provided KLH had been administered simultaneously with BGG in the supplemental immunization. The failure to observe similar suppression when KLH was replaced by a copolymer of d-glutamic acid and d-lysine (D-GL) which is nonimmunogenic for T cells indicates that this suppression is a reflection of a T cell-mediated influence.
We have interpreted these observations to indicate the production of soluble inhibitory mediators in phenomena such as antigen-induced suppression (“antigenic competition”) and, furthermore, that the elaboration of such mediators is most likely by T lymphocytes. Reasons for favoring the concept that enhancing or inhibitory influences on antibody production represent two ends of the spectrum of regulation exerted, perhaps, by the same T cell product are discussed.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Inbred and Outbred Mice
Authors: Levine Seymour , Sowinski Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was produced in 3 of 14 inbred and 3 of 4 outbred mouse strains. A single immunization with mouse spinal cord, mycobacterial adjuvant and pertussis vaccine produced clinical signs of EAE in most members of susceptible strains after 12 to 18 days. One apparently resistant strain was converted to susceptible by inoculations directly into lymph nodes. In one susceptible strain, inoculation into lymph nodes made it possible to produce EAE without pertussis vaccine. Thus, tests of footpad and lymph node inoculations, with and without pertussis vaccine, have exposed hierarchal levels of susceptibility among mouse strains, each of which may be under separate genetic control.
The First Component (C1n) of the Complement System of the Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma Cirratum)
Authors: Ross Gordon D. , Jensen Joerg A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nurse shark C1 (C1n) was incompatible with rabbit IgG or IgM but could be hemolytically measured with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with natural nurse shark antibody (EAn). C1n was precipitated from nurse serum by dilution with 4.0 M urea to µ = 0.04 at pH 7.3 and 0°C. The precipitate was washed twice in µ = 0.15 Veronal-buffered saline (VBS++) and then dissolved in µ = 0.25 VBS++. The resulting C1n preparation had high specific activity but was still contaminated with nurse IgM. When optimally sensitized EAn were reacted for 20 min at 30°C with 90 effective molecules of C1n per cell in isotonic dextrose gelatin Veronal buffer (DGVB++) (µ = 0.12, pH 6.9), maximum reactivity of the resulting new intermediate cell (EAnC1n) was obtained. These cells could be specifically lysed with guinea pig serum devoid of C1 or whole guinea pig serum dilutions, since EAn did not react with guinea pig C1. C1n transfer from EAnC1n or the corresponding stroma to EAn was mainly dependent on the ionic strength. Antibody transfer could also be demonstrated, but antibody and C1n did not transfer as a unit. Mixed intermediate complexes: EAnC1n4gp, EAnC4gp could be formed.
Fibrillar Assemblage of Variable Segments of Immunoglobulin Light Chains: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Shirahama Tsuranobu , Benson Merrill D. , Cohen Alan S. , Tanaka Akira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bence Jones protein was enzymatically cleaved into its variable and constant segments, and then the variable segment was precipitated at neutral pH. The precipitate stained well with Congo red and showed green birefringence under the polarized light after such staining. High resolution electron microscopy of shadow-casted and negatively stained preparations revealed that they consisted of three types of fibrillar structures, respectively measuring 10 to 20 Å, 25 to 40 Å and 75 to 100 Å in width. The thinner fibrillar structures dominated the specimens from earlier stages of the precipitation procedure, while thicker ones predominated in the later samples. The sequential appearance of these structures and other observations suggested that they represented fibrils in different stages of development. These light and electron microscopic aspects of the precipitate have many points corresponding with those of the amyloid, although the identity between the two substances remains to be established. Moreover, the fibrillar structures could be produced in only 3 of 13 Bence Jones proteins treated in an identical fashion.
Serum Transmissibility of Immune Polioencephalomyelitis in C58 Mice
Authors: Sager Mark A. , Lawton John W. M. , Murphy William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum transmissibility of immune polioencephalomyelitis in C58 mice was characterized. The disease could be transmitted in C58 mice 10 or more months old but not in the BALB/wm, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains. The serum of both young and old mice was positive 24 hr after they were immunized with line Ib malignant leukocytes, reached a high titer (1:10,000) and remained positive for 11 to 15 days. Young mice remained free of disease. The active serum component was resistant to RNAse, DNAse and phosphodiesterase but was essentially inactivated by pronase. Sequential exposure of serum to RNAse or DNAse followed by pronase did not inactivate the serum factor more effectively than pronase alone. Transmission studies with purified immunoglobulins and immunoabsorption tests indicated that the serum factor was not an immunoglobulin. The active serum component was resistant to 37°C for 4 hr, repeated freeze-thaw, but was inactivated by exposure to 56°C for 45 min. Ultrafiltration studies showed that the active serum factor had a molecular weight between 64,000 and 165,000.
Effect of Cobra Venom Factor on the Local GVH Reaction
Authors: Ballow Mark , Day Noorbibi K. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cytotoxic factor for rat lymphocytes present in cobra venom is described and partially characterized. This cytotoxic factor (CF) was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 from anticomplementary cobra venom factor (CVF) that had been previously partly purified by DEAE chromatography. The CF elutes from G-100 later than does the anticomplementary CVF. Estimates indicate a molecular weight of about 13,000. While rat lymphocytes are very sensitive to this factor as indicated by a decrease in capacity to exclude trypan blue, erythrocytes and peritoneal leukocytes are more resistant. The activity of CF is temperature dependent.
Studies of the local graft-vs-host reaction revealed an inhibitory influence of the partially purified DEAE-CVF that was attributable to the new CF of cobra venom. The role of the two CVF in GVH disease and other cellular immune functions is discussed.
Differentiated Functions Expressed by Cultured Mouse Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Harris Alan W. , Bankhurst Arthur D. , Mason Sally , Warner Noel L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nineteen different radiation-induced thymomas originating in BALB/c, NZB and NZW mouse strains were tested for Ig synthesis by short-term culture with 14C-amino acids followed by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Twelve were negative, six produced light (L) chains and one synthesized a protein similar to IgM. The IgM producer, WEHI-22, and one of the L chain producers, WEHI-105, were established as cloned cultured cell lines and shown to possess the lymphoid cell characteristics of susceptibility to inhibition by low concentrations of thymidine and of cortisol. Both were also shown to bear the θ antigen, a thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte marker. Cells of the WEHI-22 line also possessed surface immunoglobulin readily detectable by binding of labeled anti-Ig antibody and were able to bind mouse antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes forming rosettes, while WEHI-105 did neither. The specificity of the Ig receptor mediating rosette formation appeared from myeloma protein competition experiments to be very similar to that of the receptor described for non-thymus-derived (B) cells.
It was considered that WEHI-22 cells either possess a mixture of T and B cell characteristics or are neoplastic variants of T cells possessing surface IgM with antiglobulin activity.
Proportion of T and B Lymphocytes in Lesions of Marek's Disease: Theoretical Implications for Pathogenesis
Authors: Rouse B. T. , Wells R. J. H. , Warner N. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell preparations from visceral tumors and nerve lesions of chickens with Marek's disease (MD) were examined with antisera specific for avian T and B lymphocytes. In all instances examined, the large majority of lymphoid cells in the infiltrate were T lymphocytes, with only 3 to 10% of B lymphocytes present. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of this disease involves a T cell-mediated immunologic attack on virus-infected epithelial cells, analogous to that observed in lymphocytic choriomeningitis of mice.
Amplification of Thymus-Influenced Lymphocytes by Poly(A:U): Inhibition of Antigen Binding by Antiserum to Immunoglobulin Light Chain
Authors: Marchalonis John J. , Cone Robert E. , Rolley Ronald T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of CBA mice with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) plus a non-toxic adjuvant consisting of complexes of the homoribopolymers of polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid (poly(A:U)) induces the formation of a population of immunocytoadherent cells which is enriched in thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Four days after immunization, approximately 50% of specific rosette-forming cells (RFC) from mice given SRBC plus poly(A:U) bear the θ antigenic marker. In contrast, the number of θ-positive RFC in animals given SRBC alone does not constitute a significant proportion of the population. The capacity of both immune lymphocyte populations to bind SRBC is abrogated by treatment with antiserum specific for the light chain of normal mouse immunoglobulins. The inhibitory activity of this antiserum is completely blocked by addition of purified mouse γG immunoglobulin.
These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that immunoglobulin functions as the receptor for antigen on the surfaces of T-cells induced by antigen and poly(A:U).