bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harm to the global commons on trial: The role of the prevention principle in international climate adjudication
Authors: Duvic‐Paoli Leslie‐Anne , Gervasi Mario 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAlthough the climate crisis is the result of a failure to prevent environmental harm, the principle of prevention has thus far remained discrete in domestic climate litigation. Similarly, in the context of international climate adjudication, reliance on the prevention principle could seem limited by two main obstacles: its anchor in bilateralism and its normative indeterminacy. This article argues that, on the contrary, the prevention principle could serve important functions in international climate adjudication. First, it shows that climate change falls within the reach of the prevention principle, which aims to protect the environment per se as a community interest. Then it explores two argumentative scenarios that are based on different constructions of the prevention principle, conceived either as a customary duty or as a general principle of international law. In both cases, recourse to the prevention principle can offer numerous advantages, which vary depending on the objectives strategically pursued.
Living with suicidal thoughts: A scoping review
Authors: Søndergaard Rikke , Buus Niels , Berring Lene Lauge , Andersen Christian Blegvad , Grundahl Malene , Stjernegaard Karina , Hybholt Lisbeth 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is a significantly higher number of people experiencing severe levels of suicidal thoughts compared to that of suicidal deaths and suicide attempts. In suicide prevention research, there is a shift towards greater emphasis on people's experiences of living with suicidal thoughts. This can expand the existing evidence base, which is dominated by a biomedical approach. The aim of this review was to summarise and disseminate existing research on the lived experiences of living with suicidal thoughts.MethodsA scoping review by Arksey & O'Malley consisting of six stages: (1) formulating the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) selecting studies, (4) mapping data, (5) summarising the results and (6) consulting stakeholders. PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched for studies in English, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. Peer‐reviewed articles examining people's experiences of living with suicidal thoughts using qualitative methods were included. The search was supplemented with a citation pearl search in the Web of Science database. Twenty‐eight studies were included.ResultsThe findings were organised under two thematic headings: (a) the significance of social connections and (b) a loss of the personal self.ConclusionThere is a need for further qualitative research of people's experiences of living with suicidal thoughts from an everyday life perspective. Awareness about social connections and attachment in mental health prevention and governance is crucial. Trauma‐informed care could be a useful approach to prevent suicidal thoughts as the review found that many participants had traumatic experiences in both childhood and adulthood. As part of the treatment of suicidal thoughts, it might be useful to have a focus on narrative and communicative methods and their clinical application.
Taking a “multiple forms” approach to diversity: An introduction, policy implications, and legal recommendations
Authors: Rios Kimberly , Cohen Adam B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn both academic and policy contexts, two of the most widely researched and discussed diversity ideologies are multiculturalism (i.e., acknowledgment and celebration of group differences) and colorblindness (which can involve focusing on group similarities and characteristics of individuals instead of differences). However, both diversity ideologies have potential drawbacks, and their implications for intergroup contexts beyond race and ethnicity are not well understood. Given that the United States is becoming increasingly diverse in terms of religion, gender identity, and sexual orientation as well as race and ethnicity, we propose a “multiple forms” approach to diversity ideologies, particularly multiculturalism. We suggest that explicitly emphasizing the importance of many types of diversity may be beneficial for dominant and non‐dominant group members and for institutions and organizations more broadly. In this article, we present an overview of the “multiple forms” approach and what it would entail, review empirical evidence supporting its potential effectiveness, discuss the psychological and legal advantages and challenges involved in implementing such an approach, and offer concrete policy recommendations for doing so.
ADOLESCENT IDENTITY FORMATION VERSUS SPIRITUAL TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Chatlos John Calvin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSince 1950, Erik Erikson's emphasis on ego‐identity formation as the crucial task of adolescence has been the framework for almost all subsequent research and programming to empower positive adolescent development. Chatlos has recently described a “Framework of Spirituality” and contends that identity formation significantly interferes with and should occur after a spiritual transformational process for optimal and more meaningful adolescent development. This article reviews the current status of research in identity formation, including religious and spiritual identity formation contributing to his conclusion, and describes the spiritual transformational process that is proposed to be central to positive adolescent development. A possible link between systemic focus on identity formation and current social upheaval is also identified.
The acute effect of heat exposure on forearm macro‐ and microvascular function: Impact of measurement timing, heating modality and biological sex
Authors: Chaseling Georgia K. , Debray Amélie , Gravel Hugo , Ravanelli Nicholas , Bartlett Audrey‐Ann , Gagnon Daniel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) and postocclusion reactive hyperaemia (PORH) by: characterizing the time course of changes post‐heating; comparing forearm and whole‐body heating; determining the impact of forearm heating during whole‐body heating; and comparing males and females. Twenty adults (11 males and nine females; 28 ± 6 years of age) underwent two forearm [10 min electric blanket (EB) or 30 min hot water immersion (WI)] and two whole‐body [60 min water‐perfused suit with forearm covered (WBH‐C) or uncovered (WBH‐U)] heating modalities. The FMD and PORH were measured before and after (≤5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) heating. The FMD increased from baseline 30 min after EB, and 30 and 90 min after WI. In contrast, FMD decreased from baseline immediately after both WBH modalities. Peak PORH increased immediately after WI and both WBH modalities. Total PORH did not differ after WI, whereas it decreased immediately after both WBH modalities. Covering the forearm during WBH did not alter acute changes in FMD or PORH. Changes in FMD and PORH did not differ statistically between males and females during each heating modality, although the observed differences could not always be considered equivalent. These results demonstrate that the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery FMD and PORH is: (1) transient and short lasting; (2) different between forearm heating and WBH; (3) unaffected by direct forearm heating during WBH; and (4) not different but not always equivalent between males and females.
Skin properties and afferent density in the deterioration of tactile spatial acuity with age
Authors: Deflorio Davide , Di Luca Massimiliano , Wing Alan M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTactile sensitivity is affected by age, as shown by the deterioration of spatial acuity assessed with the two‐point discrimination task. This is assumed to be partly a result of age‐related changes of the peripheral somatosensory system. In particular, in the elderly, the density of mechanoreceptive afferents decreases with age and the skin tends to become drier, less elastic and less stiff. To assess to what degree mechanoreceptor density, skin hydration, elasticity and stiffness can account for the deterioration of tactile spatial sensitivity observed in the elderly, several approaches were combined, including psychophysics, measurements of finger properties, modelling and simulation of the response of first‐order tactile neurons. Psychophysics confirmed that the Elderly group has lower tactile acuity than the Young group. Correlation and commonality analysis showed that age was the most important factor in explaining decreases in behavioural performance. Biological elasticity, hydration and finger pad area were also involved. These results were consistent with the outcome of simulations showing that lower afferent density and lower Young's modulus (i.e. lower stiffness) negatively affected the tactile encoding of stimulus information. Simulations revealed that these changes resulted in a lower build‐up of task‐relevant stimulus information. Importantly, the reduction in discrimination performance with age in the simulation was less than that observed in the psychophysical testing, indicating that there are additional peripheral as well as central factors responsible for age‐related changes in tactile discrimination.
imageKey points
Ageing effects on tactile perception involve the deterioration of spatial sensitivity, although the contribution of central and peripheral factors is not clear.
We combined psychophysics, measurements of finger properties, modelling and simulation of the response of first‐order tactile neurons to investigate to what extent skin elasticity, stiffness, hydration, finger pad area and afferent density can account for the lower spatial sensitivity observed in the elderly.
Correlation and commonality analysis revealed that age was the most important factor to predict behavioural performance. Skin biological elasticity, hydration and finger pad area contributed to a lesser extent.
The simulation of first‐order tactile neuron responses indicated that reduction in afferent density plays a major role in the deterioration of tactile spatial acuity.
Simulations also showed that lower skin stiffness and lower afferent density affect the build‐up of stimulus information and the response of SA1 (i.e. type 1 slowly adapting fibres) and RA1 (i.e. type 1 rapidly adapting fibres) afferent fibres.
A Computational Approach to Identifying Engineering Design Problems
Authors: Obieke Chijioke C. , Milisavljevic-Syed Jelena , Silva Arlindo , Han Ji 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Identifying new problems and providing solutions are necessary tasks for design engineers at early-stage product design and development. A new problem fosters innovative and inventive solutions. Hence, it is expected that engineering design pedagogy and practice should equally focus on engineering design problem-exploring (EDPE)—a process of identifying or coming up with a new problem or need at the early-stage of design, and engineering design problem-solving (EDPS)—a process of developing engineering design solutions to a given problem. However, studies suggest that EDPE is scarcely practiced or given attention to in academia and industry, unlike EDPS. The aim of this paper is to investigate the EDPE process for any information relating to its scarce practice in academia and industry. This is to explore how emerging technologies could support the process. Natural models and phenomena that explain the EDPE process are investigated, including the “rational” and “garbage can” models, and associated challenges identified. A computational framework that mimics the natural EDPE process is presented. The framework is based on Markovian model and computational technologies, including machine learning. A case study is conducted with a sample size of 43 participants drawn worldwide from the engineering design community in academia and industry. The case study result shows that the first-of-its-kind computational EDPE framework presented in this paper supports both novice and experienced design engineers in EDPE.
Conceptual Multi-Physic Coupling Simulation on Transient Operations Of a He-Xe Cooled Mobile Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Deng Jiaolong , Chai Xiang , Zhang Tengfei , Liu Xiaojing 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mobile nuclear power plants (MNPP) with low-enriched fuel loading, compact structures, and flexible configurations significantly apply emergency power supply for remote locations. Due to good compressibility and heat-transfer performance, the He-Xe mixture is used as the working medium of the closed Brayton cycle (CBC) and the coolant of the graphite-based solid-state reactor (SSR). In the present work, multi-physics transient simulations are conducted based on the open-source software OpenFOAM. CFD methods solve the heat transfer between the solid matrix and the He-Xe channels, and the three-dimensional temperature distributions can be determined. Because of the large amounts of channels in the core, we employ a porous media model to decrease the mesh resolution near the channel-to-cladding interface. For simplification, the power transient is controlled by point kinetic equations. Doppler broadening effect is considered as the feedback between the neutronics and thermal-hydraulics. The rest components of the CBC, such as the pre-cooler, the compressor, the recuperator and the turbine, are represented as a one-dimensional model to update the boundary condition of the reactor core. The simulation results reveal dynamic features of the CBC system under several transient operations. The numerical analysis of this work could provide references to the further analysis of the MNPP.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Mixed Convection Heat Transfer to Liquid Metals in a Vertical Pipe
Authors: Dzodzo Milorad B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Velocity and temperature fields caused by mixed convection in vertical pipes containing liquid metals were predicted numerically with a computational fluid dynamics model based on a finite volume method. The constant heat flux was imposed as a boundary condition at pipe walls. The developed model considered variable properties of the liquid metals with the Prandtl numbers Pr ∼ 0.0059. The range of considered Reynolds and modified Grashof numbers were 10,000 &lt; Re &lt; 50,000 and 108 &lt; Gr* &lt; 4*108. The ascending and descending flows with moderate and high buoyancy were considered. For some cases, conjugated heat transfer including pipe walls was modeled. Various sensitivity studies such as mesh sizes, meshing approaches, considered computational domains, initial, inlet, and outlet conditions, and axial conduction in pipe walls were performed. The meshing approach was based on hexahedral cells and local mesh refinement near the pipe walls. The modeling approach was evaluated against experimental Nusselt numbers, velocity, and temperature profiles.
Risk-Based Hoop Stress Factors for Pressure Design
Authors: Adianto Riski , Nessim Maher , Ngandu Balek 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A risk-based pressure design approach has been developed as an alternative to the class location approach currently used in the Canadian Standard Association’s (CSA’s) Standard Z662. Similar to the current approach, the new approach uses a set of hoop stress factors to calculate the minimum wall thickness from the pressure, diameter, and specified minimum yield strength. The hoop stress factors, termed class factors, are calibrated to keep the failure probability below an allowable value for the limit states representing burst of undamaged pipe under the operating pressure and failure due to equipment impact loading. Yielding under the strength test pressure is addressed as a separate limit on the class factor. To achieve a consistent safety level for all pipelines, the allowable failure probabilities are inversely proportional to the magnitude of failure consequences, as implied by a safety class determined according to the approach described in a companion IPC paper.
This paper describes the calibration process used to define the class factors and provides a comparison between the wall thicknesses resulting from the risk-based approach and those obtained from the current hoop stress factors in CSA Z662.
The Decompressed Stress Level in Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Tests
Authors: Cosham Andrew , Michal Guillaume , Østby Erling , Barnett Julian 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A total of nine full-scale fracture propagation tests with liquid or dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2) have been conducted by four research projects: CO2PIPETRANS, COOLTRANS, SARCO2B and CO2SafeArrest.
The semi-empirical Two Curve Model assumes that steady-state ductile fracture propagation can be described using an effective crack length. It was shown that a normalised effective crack length that separated the arrest and propagate data points from full-scale tests with subcooled water, water-air or gas could be defined on a plot of the normalised decompressed stress level (the hoop stress at the crack tip) versus the normalised toughness.
DNV-RP-F104 September 2021 Design and operation of carbon dioxide pipelines introduced a simple empirical model for establishing whether or not a running ductile fracture would arrest in a pipeline transporting liquid or dense phase CO2. The empirical model is also based on the aforementioned plot, but with data points from full-scale tests with dense phase CO2.
COOLTRANS and CO2SafeArrest have collaborated in a reanalysis of the raw data from each of their respective full-scale tests. A re-plotting of the data points confirms the appropriateness of the empirical model in DNV-RP-F104. It also provides an insight into a possible difference between the effective crack length for natural gas, and for liquid or dense phase CO2.
The Elicitor Effect of Yeast Extract on the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Linum grandiflorum Cells Cultured In Vitro and Their Antiradical Activity
Authors: Goncharuk E. A. , Saibel O. L. , Zaitsev G. P. , Zagoskina N. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper examines the elicitor effect of yeast extract (YE) in various concentrations (200–1000 mg/L) on the accumulation of phenolic compounds (PC) in flowering flax (Linum grandiflorum Desf.) cells cultured in vitro and their antiradical activity. It is established that the total PС content and the content of phenylpropanoids increase in the cell culture, especially at high YE concentrations in the medium (500 and 1000 mg/L). The antiradical activity of flax culture extracts remains in most cases at the control level. Therefore, the elicitation of flowering flax in vitro cultures by YE activates the PC biosynthesis resulting in the accumulation of these secondary metabolites, while the antiradical activity of cell culture extracts does not decrease compared to the control level.
Extradigital glomus tumour of the thigh causing 8 years of undiagnosed debilitating pain
Authors: Avery Emma Claire , Augustine Haley , Sade Shachar , Dengler Jana 
Published: December 2022

A woman in her mid-50s was referred to a plastic surgeon with an 8-year history of undiagnosed, localised severe, reproducible pain of the right thigh. Treatment with oral and topical analgesics, corticosteroids, acupuncture and physiotherapy did not provide symptom relief. She was referred to multiple specialists over the preceding 8 years including chronic pain physicians, physiatry, orthopaedic surgery and plastic surgery. Investigations including sonographic and MRI eventually revealed a non-specific soft tissue abnormality in the area of tenderness, which was excised en bloc. Histopathology revealed an extradigital glomus tumour. The patient’s symptoms immediately and permanently resolved postexcision.Physicians seeing patients suffering from undiagnosed focal, reproducible pain should consider extradigital glomus tumours in their differential diagnosis. Workup for extradigital glomus tumour includes focused sonographic or MRI over the area of pain. Additionally, local injection of an anaesthetic agent can be used to assist with diagnosis.
13 Circuit-based neuromodulation across symptoms and disorders
Authors: Siddiqi Shan 
Published: December 2022

Shan Siddiqi is an instructor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Director of Psychiatric Neuromodulation Research at the new Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics at Brigham & Women’s Hospital. He completed his general psychiatry residency at Washington University in St. Louis, a neuropsychiatry fellowship at McLean/Massachusetts General Hospital, and a research fellowship at the Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation. His research is focused on personalizing TMS targets using brain circuit mapping and clinical phenomenology.AbstractThis session will cover three approaches to circuit-based targeting of brain stimulation treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS):Symptom-specific:In two datasets of TMS for depression (n=111), dysphoric symptoms (e.g. sadness) responded best to stimulation of one circuit, while anxious/somatic symptoms responded to a different circuit.Cross-modality:Across 14 datasets, similar ‘depression circuits’ were connected to TMS sites that relieve depression (n=151), DBS sites that modulate depression (n=101), and lesions that cause depression (n=461).Diagnosis-specific:Lesions protective against PTSD (n=189) were connected to a common circuit (split-half cross-validation p<0.05). Lesions protective against nicotine use disorder (n=103) and those that reduce alcoholism risk (n=186) were also connected to a common circuit (p<0.05).This illustrates a framework for circuit-targeted neuromodulation studies – neuromodulation can target different circuits for different symptoms; a common circuit can be modulated by TMS, DBS, and lesions; and lesions can reveal targets for other disorders.