bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of E-Cigarette Regulation in China: Challenges and Prospects for Youth Prevention and Tobacco Control
Authors: Jiang Jiayi , Zheng Zexing 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Introduction
The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has led to the emergence of public health concerns, particularly among the youth. As a major producer and exporter of e-cigarettes, China has faced public health challenges in regulating the unregulated e-cigarette industry.

Aims and Methods
This study aims to evaluate the regulatory development of e-cigarettes in China. We searched and obtained national policy documents related to e-cigarettes and subnational smoke-free laws from LexisNexis on August 2, 2023, which were enacted between January 1, 2023 and July 31, 2023. We used 99 policy documents for the final analysis, specifically 68 national policy documents on e-cigarettes and 31 subnational smoke-free laws. We chronologically reviewed these policy documents in full text and summarized them on the basis of their content and the requirements of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).

Results
Chinese policymakers established the current regulatory framework for e-cigarettes by amending, enacting, and enforcing laws and regulations. E-cigarettes are categorized as tobacco products, and the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration regulates the e-cigarette industry. The Chinese authorities prioritize youth prevention in strengthening the regulation on e-cigarettes. China adopts various tobacco control measures for e-cigarettes and cigarettes.

Conclusions
China gained certain degrees of progress on tobacco control by regulating e-cigarettes and adopting measures required by the WHO FCTC. However, tobacco monopoly hinders the full realization of tobacco control goals, which necessitates the National Health Commission to assume its responsibility for the complete implementation of the WHO FCTC.

Implications
This study presents a critical review of the development of e-cigarette regulation in China by reviewing relevant policy documents and analyzing tobacco control measures. It recognizes the degrees of progress of tobacco control measures and highlights tobacco monopoly as a significant hindrance of the full implementation of the WHO FCTC. Furthermore, empirical studies are required on the enforcement of tobacco control measures in China.
Introduction to the Handbook
Authors: Rangarajan Anu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This handbook brings together evaluation approaches relevant across the program life cycle, from program design, to implementation, and ultimately to the scaling up of successful interventions. It fills a gap in available publications, which are predominantly focused on impact evaluations and inadequately grounded in methods that can address why programs succeed or fail, as well as their potential to contribute to broader and more systemic change. This chapter starts by setting the context and describes key questions relevant to each stage of the program life cycle. The second section highlights four cross-cutting considerations that social programs today must confront, including (1) ensuring culturally responsive and equitable evaluations, (2) the decolonization of evaluation practices, (3) adapting to the COVID-19 pandemic and other global health crises, and (4) understanding the impact of climate change on social programs. The last section describes how this handbook can be used and highlights relevant evaluation topics and case studies covered in each section of the handbook.
Evaluating Systems
Authors: Kaffenberger Michelle , Silberstein Jason , Spivack Marla 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
While conventional interventions and evaluations address the symptoms of the learning crisis, there is growing acknowledgment that widespread and sustained learning improvements will require systems approaches that diagnose and address the root causes of low learning. This chapter presents and applies three methods to evaluate education systems and inform how to improve system coherence for learning. First, it describes the learning trajectories to evaluate the dynamics of children’s learning in 22 low- and middle-income countries. Second, it presents a set of principles called the ALIGNS principles and show how they can be used to evaluate and improve alignment of curricula, assessments, and teacher support and instruction. Third, it presents a systems diagnostic framework and applies it to a program in South Africa, showing how the program takes a systems approach to improve learning. These tools help concretize systems thinking and bring insights to bear on the design and evaluation of policies and programs intended to improve learning.
Using Rapid-Cycle Evaluation to Improve Program Design and Delivery
Authors: Bagby Emilie , Rangarajan Anu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses rapid-cycle evaluation (RCE) approaches to inform decisions related to program design and to support ongoing program improvement. As the name suggests, RCEs involve quick systematic tests to facilitate learning around programmatic elements. They can be used to diagnose challenges, identify facilitators to implementation and take-up, and test potential solutions. RCEs can be useful at early stages of implementation or program design to help identify operational choices that can maximize chances of a program’s success, as well as during program implementation if a program does not appear to be achieving the desired results. RCE approaches can also be used to test short-term program effectiveness, when taking a program to scale, or when seeking to adapt a successful implementation effort in a different context. This chapter describes the steps involved in implementing RCE and provides several instances of using RCE for program design and improvement.
Moral Conceptual Truths
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends the view that a set of substantive moral propositions qualify as conceptual truths: they are true in virtue of the essences of their constituent concepts. The discussion has four distinctive features. First, it encompasses concrete moral claims regarding the moral status of richly intentional actions, specific character traits, and the like. Second, the view is backed by a systematic account of what it is to be a conceptual truth. Third, this account adverts to essences, rather than linguistic, semantic, psychological, or epistemic phenomena. Fourth, the argument provided on behalf of the view enables realists to address long-standing questions about the explanation of moral truths, while also supporting a key premise in a new argument for moral realism.
Ethical Naturalism, Non-Naturalism, and In-Between
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the issues surrounding ethical “naturalism” and “non-naturalism.” First, it seeks to clarify (a) the fundamental questions on the metaphysical side of metaethics, and (b) the most illuminating way (in this context) of conceiving of what is “natural.” Then the two dominant approaches in this debate are explained—reductive naturalism and primitivist non-naturalism. It is argued that each of these two paradigms is in a way an extreme view—and, indeed, that for much of the history of ethics philosophers defended views that were (in a sense that is explained here) intermediate between these two extremes. Admittedly, the intermediate views defended in ancient and medieval times cannot easily be endorsed today, given the development of modern natural science. Nonetheless, it is argued that there are some ways of making sense of such intermediate views—between reductive naturalism and primitivist non-naturalism—that it could still make sense to defend today. As it is argued in conclusion, some of the questions that such intermediate views could illuminate concern the nature of the metaphysical relations that hold between (a) moral properties, on the one hand, and (b) mental and social properties, on the other.
Metaphysical Structure for Moral Realists
Authors: McPherson Tristram 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to help readers understand competing ways of thinking about the metaphysical commitments associated with different forms of “moral realism.” It explains a range of competing ways of understanding moral realism as a metaphysical thesis. It also discusses competing ways of understanding the metaphysical categories that feature centrally in debates among moral realists, such as reductive and nonreductive moral naturalism, and Moorean non-naturalism. In doing so, it aims to make clearer the relationship between these ways of thinking about morality, and a range of background views in metaphysics. These include views about properties and individuals; truths, propositions, and facts; and modal and grounding ideology.
Realism about the Good For Human Beings
Authors: Theunissen L. Nandi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Against those who contend that there is a basic duality between the moral and the nonmoral good, or the right and the good, the author articulates a form of realism that works with a unified conception of the good in which virtue and the beneficial are the key concepts, and in which the “moral good” is not foundationally distinctive, but explicable in terms of the good for human beings. The author argues: (a) that virtuous actions are such because and insofar as they (actually or potentially) protect, preserve, acknowledge, secure, or promote the good for human beings, and (b) that being appropriately responsive to the good for human beings is (at least part of) what it is to be a virtuous person, where this form of responsiveness can itself be shown to be good for the one who is so.
The Ubiquity, Importance, and Assessment of Agreeableness–Antagonism
Authors: Lynam Donald R. , Miller Joshua D. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Agreeableness–Antagonism (A-A) is a fundamental component of almost every major model of personality, personality disorder, and psychopathology. Rationally derived and empirical models of A-A yield an overall domain capturing one’s interest in and ability to connect with others in a reciprocally beneficial manner with lower-order factors related to callousness versus compassion, distrust versus trust, grandiosity versus modesty, combativeness versus affability, and deceitful/manipulativeness versus sincerity. This chapter reviews how this A-A factor fits in models of personality, personality pathology, and psychopathology; its structure; assessment options across various self-report inventories; its role in several important personality disorder constructs, including psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism; and its centrality as a correlate/predictor of many forms of antisocial behaviors.
Dynamics of the Electric Power Industry
Authors: Xia Chenxiao , Kikkawa Takeo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The electric power industry has revolutionized modern life and the industrial landscape since its origin in the late nineteenth century. This chapter discusses the dynamics of this industry through the lens of the socio-technical systems framework. The industry consists of a technical core and institutional components. Its driving forces and impacts of change over time include load factors, economic mix, corporate finance, international business, business-government relations, entrepreneurship, engineering education, and external shocks such as war. The future trend of this industry is determined by sustainable development goals; environmental, social, and governance criteria; digitalization; high-voltage direct-current technology; and the re-evaluation of scale economies and natural monopoly.
Mental Disorders in Feature Films—Addiction, Suicide, Delusion, Psychosis, and Schizophrenia
Authors: Poltrum Martin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Despite many limitations, feature films and series dealing with mental disorders have a didactic value for psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, social workers, caregivers, experts by experience, relatives of mentally ill people, and interested laypeople. Above all, this is shown in this article by means of the illustration of substance use, intoxication, ecstasy and addiction. Legal and illegal drugs play a major role in popular feature films and the addiction motif has been a popular theme in American and European cinema for over 100 years. In film, alcohol and drug consumption are either examined in a funny-comic, melodramatic-tragic, preventive-educational, propagandistic, social-critical, or aesthetic way. Besides the explanation of these perspectives, several drunkards, an amphetamine addict, and a suicidal character are mentioned in the article, who provide fascinating information about their suffering. Furthermore, this text gives an overview of how addiction, suicide, delusion, psychosis, and schizophrenia are portrayed in feature films. Important films (ninety in number) about these disorders are named and partially discussed and relevant literature on other special topics and mental disorders in film are at least partly mentioned.
‘Film is Psychosis’
Authors: Anderson Sal , Sen Dolly 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The statement ‘film is psychosis’ underlies an analysis of key themes within the chapter, and brings into conjunction medical and creative practices in relation to the lived experience of the condition. This juxtaposition, highlighting reality as the central concept underscoring both film and psychosis, is presented through a European philosophical perspective of cinema. Film conventions deployed in the representation of reality, and definitions of psychosis by the medical profession, are scrutinized within an interdisciplinary framework. Parallel mechanisms are drawn between the processing of visual images in the brain and the perception and representation of reality in film. Two case studies of autobiographical films employing imagistic and narrative approaches to the cinematic representation of the experience of psychosis are analyzed in relation to film language and spectatorship. The chapter concludes with a recommendation for research into collaborative and innovative methods in which the engagement of filmmakers with lived experience of psychosis contributes to the development of a greater understanding of, and insight into, the experience of the condition, through the creative intervention of the filmmaking process.
Imaging Children’s Realities in Films
Authors: Kahn Alison L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
David MacDougall notes that films can ‘recover a dimension of human experience often lost in texts [ … ]. These emotions may in turn help the viewer to understand how and why people behave or interact as they do – how conversations are modulated by looking, gesturing, and touching’ (MacDougall, 2006, 58). Visual anthropological research foregrounds the study of cultural phenomena beyond the text; tangible and intangible expressions of material culture, such as: oral traditions, dance, music, object collections, photography, and art. Film as a tool of research, as well as a presentation of it, has been used to effect as an extension of ethnographic fieldwork methods that are at the heart of the anthropological enterprise. Ethnographic film graphically presents an ‘ethnos’—a culture of people, and favours inclusive approaches to the process of filmmaking between the filmmaker and the subjects of study. In this chapter, I identify three kinds of factual film that reveal children’s emotional connections to the world; each present a unique document to the world about the lives and thoughts of children and remain valuable resources of audio-visual material to those interested in understanding human and cultural behaviour. I highlight approaches to recording the sensual, verbal, and non-verbal forms of experience, as a mode of representation and revelation of explicit and subtle emotions in context, with the aim to move towards a more holistic understanding of children’s unique ways of being in the world.
Art and Trauma
Authors: Abramson Tania L. , Abramson Paul R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Two aesthetic considerations were fundamental to our conceptualization of ‘Art and Trauma’. The first, and perhaps the more notable of the two, was the realization that curated memorials, like the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial or The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, were prima facie evidence of the overwhelming power of aesthetics for transforming wretchedly catastrophic epochs into riveting sites of devastating illumination. We were also, at the same time, profoundly influenced by Nelson Goodman’s philosophy of aesthetics, in particular, his conclusion that even small bits of knowledge, about either an artwork or an artist, can modify how the viewer engages with that artwork. These two insights were then merged into a singular adage, awareness impacts viewers acutely. This is true of Holocaust memorials, where the ghastly artefacts, and the unfathomable story lines, are intrinsic to their aesthetic power, as it is equally true of the discovery that an artist was a victim of inconceivable torment is critical to how their artworks are experienced. It was the composite of those insights which gave birth to ‘Art and Trauma’, certainly as we now conceptualize it. What we ultimately gain from such visions is an unparalleled opportunity to engage with, and learn from, the intuitive side of torment. Understanding the latter is our aesthetic journey.
The Psychology of Art-Viewing
Authors: Starr Rachel A. , Smith Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A substantial body of research exists exploring the relationship between aesthetic engagement and well-being. Much of this involves the benefits associated with creativity and art-making. This chapter concerns perspectives on the psychology of art appreciation, specifically our understanding of interactions with visual art. In terms of art-viewing, well-being impacts have been described in numerous contexts and populations, from the social benefits of art viewed in a gallery to the transformative personal reflections of inmates viewing images in prisons. This diversity not only points to the potency of art appreciation in influencing how we feel, it also arguably reflects the challenges associated with defining, conceptualizing, and measuring encounters with artworks as necessitated by experimentation. Qualitative research offers a different set of tools for understanding human mental life. One such approach is Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a method which foregrounds the idiographic inductive exploration of personal subjective experience. We report findings of a study in which IPA was used to explore the experience of looking at a painting, demonstrating the different kinds of understandings such an approach may contribute.
The Aesthetics of Dementia
Authors: Hughes Julian C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers, first, how a variety of art forms and artistic practices can help people living with dementia in a therapeutic or experiential sense. This is in essence a scoping review of the literature. It then looks at how the arts and aesthetics more generally might allow greater understanding of dementia. Through art, for instance, the subjective reality of living with dementia can be grasped (at least to an extent). Aesthetics leads to more profound consideration of selfhood or personhood. We are led to see the extent and importance of our embodiment and a broader view of our being-in-the-world, perhaps summed up by Keats’s notion of ‘negative capability’. In brief, what is required is an aesthetic approach to people living with dementia. Finally, the chapter speculates, using Thomas Gilby’s Poetic Experience, on the nature of aesthetic engagement, which can be regarded as a manifestation of love.
Platonic Proportions
Authors: Hobbs Angela 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Despite the strict censorship of the arts advocated in the Republic, beauty is of central importance throughout Plato’s works. This entry examines in particular the role of harmony in Plato and considers how, when internalized in the psyche, it equates to virtue, mental health, and flourishing. What does Plato mean by harmonia and its cognates? How does he reach this notion of psychic harmony in theory, and how does he think it can be achieved in practice? What are the dangers inherent in his views on harmony and could there be any Platonic responses to them? I argue that Plato’s thinking on proportion and harmony has its roots in the Pythagorean application of mathematics to musical theory and the cosmos as a whole. Plato develops their work and extends it to the human psyche and society, arguing that early aesthetic education—both formal and informal—is vital: the child must first be taught to appreciate ‘true’, objective outer beauty before reason can understand the mathematical underpinnings of both outer and inner harmonies. The influence of Plato’s thinking about proportion and harmony on many traditions in western culture is briefly touched on, and challenges are raised. Do his theories open the door to psychiatric and political abuse? And if immersion in artistic beauty helps create inner harmony, how is it that some very wicked people have claimed to love the arts? I conclude by suggesting that Plato’s tripartite psychology can address some, but not all, of these challenges.
John Dewey’s Aesthetic Theory and Mental Health
Authors: Leddy Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Although Dewey and his interpreters hardly mention ‘mental health’, neurosis, psychosis, or manic or depressive behaviour in relation to aesthetics, important connections can be made from various angles associated with various concepts, for example: democracy, education, art education, happiness, utopia, and the art of living. Positive aesthetic experience can be seen as providing an important basis for mental health. Particularly important is the juncture of Dewey and Freud As early as 1960, Morton Levitt found significant similarities between Feud and Dewey, often in relation to aesthetics. The literature on art therapy is another location of cross-fertilization between the theory and mental health and aesthetics. Dewey is most famously associated with theories of education, and particularly with art education. His concept of “integral experience” can provide the basis for a theory of human flourishing and hence of mental health. He holds that wrong education leads to aesthetically bad consequences, whereas right education is conducive to mental health and development. Such figures in contemporary aesthetics as Coddington, Garrison, Johnson, Shusterman, Saito, and Stroud provide valuable comparisons between the pragmatist and psychoanalytic traditions. The contemporary movement of positive psychology in Csikszentmihalyi, and earlier in Maslow, also has an affinity to Dewey’s aesthetics.