Factors Associated With Early and Late Restenosis Following Drug-Coated Balloon Treatment for Patients With Femoropopliteal Lesions
Authors: Toyoshima Taku , Iida Osamu , Takahara Mitsuyoshi , Okamoto Shin , Ishihara Takayuki , Nanto Kiyonori , Tsujimura Takuya , Hata Yosuke , Higashino Naoko , Nakao Sho , Tsukizawa Tomofumi , Nishian Kunihiko , Fujihara Masahiko , Kawasaki Daizo , Mano Toshiaki 
Published: July 2023

Purpose: Clinical trials have demonstrated the superiority of drug-coated balloon (DCB) to noncoated balloon angioplasty for the treatment of femoropopliteal (FP) lesions. In those trials, the difference of primary patency between DCB and noncoated angioplasty widens especially after 6 months, speculating that the antirestenosis effect of paclitaxel is manifested after 6 months. Factors associated with restenosis after 6 months differ from those associated with restenosis within 6 months. This study aimed to elucidate the prognostic factors associated with early (within 6 months) and late (after 6 months) restenosis following DCB treatment in real-world FP practice. Materials and Methods: This multicenter, retrospective study analyzed 486 FP lesions (mean lesion length, 11.9±10.1 cm; chronic total occlusion, 21.0%) in 423 patients (diabetes mellitus, 59.3%; hemodialysis, 37.1%; chronic limb-threatening ischemia, 41.6%) who underwent successful DCB treatment between January 2018 and December 2019. The outcome measure was restenosis which is defined as a peak systolic velocity ratio >2.4 based on duplex ultrasound findings. Early and late restenosis were classified by the cutoff period of 6 months after the procedure. The associations of baseline and procedural characteristics with early and late restenosis were explored using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: The mean follow-up period was 25.3±12.1 months. The 6, 12, 18, and 24 month cumulative incidences of restenosis were 7.4%±2.4%, 20.9%±3.9%, 29.9%±4.5%, and 38.4%±5.1%, respectively. During the follow-up period, early and late restenosis was evident in a total of 31 lesions and 138 lesions, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that chronic total occlusion (hazard ratio [HR], 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–4.92; p=0.033) and superficial femoral artery ostial lesion (HR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.28–5.80; p=0.009) were significantly associated with early restenosis. On the other hand, calcification circumference over 270° (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.17–2.37; p=0.004), distal external elastic membrane diameter under 5 mm assessed by intravascular ultrasound (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.29–2.79; p=0.001), and involving popliteal arterial lesion (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08–2.21; p=0.017) were significantly associated with late restenosis. Conclusion: The prognostic factors associated with late restenosis differed from those associated with early restenosis in the real-world FP-DCB practice. Clinical Impact The current multicenter, retrospective study revealed that factors associated with early restenosis differed from those with late restenosis in the real-world FP-DCB practice. CTO and SFA ostial lesion were associated with early restenosis, while severe calcification, smaller vessel, and involving popliteal arterial lesions were associated with late restenosis. Early restenosis indicates “balloon failure” and would potentially result from recoil, which primary stent implantation might be required. On the other hand, late restenosis after 6 months would be attributed to “DCB failure”, with inadequate drug uptake into the arterial wall, which might be minimized by the use of atherectomy devices.