bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can’t see the forest for the trees
Authors: Szepannek Gero , Holt Björn-Hergen von 
Published: July 2023

AbstractRandom forests are currently one of the most popular algorithms for supervised machine learning tasks. By taking into account for many trees instead of a single one the resulting forest model is no longer easy to understand and also often denoted as a black box. The paper is dedicated to the interpretability of random forest models using tree-based explanations. Two different concepts, namely most representative trees and surrogate trees are analyzed regarding both their ability to explain the model and to be understandable by humans. For this purpose explanation trees are further extended to groves, i.e. small forests of few trees. The results of an application to three real world data sets underline the inherent trade of between both requirements. Using groves allows to control for the complexity of an explanation while simultaneously analyzing their explanatory power.
Numerical simulation for a Casson nanofluid over an inclined vessel surrounded by hot tissue at the microscale
Authors: Ismaeel A. M. , Kamel R. S. , Hedar M. R. , Hady F. M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis study presents a theoretical model to mimic heat transfer and nanoparticle transport through the tumour interstitium surrounding an inclined cylindrical blood vessel exposed to an alternating magnetic field. Using similarity transformations, we convert the governing equations (partial differential equations) into a system of ordinary differential equations, which we solve numerically with a MATLAB built-in solver (bvp4c). The converence of the numerical solution is proved using the mesh convergence test. All parameters and their effects on fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer in the interstitium are studied and investigated. For instance, the nanoparticle penetration into the deep tissue can be enhanced by exposing the tumour to a magnetic field, increasing the tumour temperature and the nanoparticle Brownian motion, which is a consequence of increasing the tumour temperature. Moreover, we consider the case of non-Newtonian interstitial fluid in the tumour to mimic the nonlinearity of the fluid flow in the tumour tissue. The findings of this manuscript may optimise tumour ablation using hyperthermia by optimising nanoparticle delivery to deep tumour tissue and tumour temperature.
A Feasibility Study on Translation of RGB Images to Thermal Images: Development of a Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Li Yuchuan , Ko Yoon , Lee Wonsook 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe thermal image is an important source of data in the fire safety research area, as it provides temperature information at pixel-level of a region. The combination of temperature value together with precise location information from thermal image coordinates enables a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the combustion phenomenon of fire. However, it is not always easy to capture and save suitable thermal images for analysis due to several limitations, such as personnel load, hardware capability, and operating requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to have a substitution solution when thermal images cannot be captured in time. Inspired by the success of previous empirical and theoretical study of deep neural networks from deep learning on image-to-image translation tasks, this paper presents a feasibility study on translating RGB vision images to thermal images by a brand-new model of deep neural network. It is called dual-attention generative adversarial network (DAGAN). DAGAN features attention mechanisms proposed by us, which include both foreground and background attention, to improve the output quality for translation to thermal images. DAGAN was trained and validated by image data from fire tests with a different setup, including room fire tests, single item burning tests and open fire tests. Our investigation is based on qualitative and quantitative results that show that the proposed model is consistently superior to other existing image-to-image translation models on both thermal image patterns quality and pixel-level temperature accuracy, which is close to temperature data extracted from native thermal images. Moreover, the results of the feasibility study also demonstrate that the model could be further developed to assist in the analytics and estimation of more complicated flame and fire scenes based only on RGB vision images.
Towards Supply Chain 5.0: Redesigning Supply Chains as Resilient, Sustainable, and Human-Centric Systems in a Post-pandemic World
Authors: Villar Alice , Paladini Stefania , Buckley Oliver 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe purpose was to investigate the impact of the Industry 5.0 paradigm on the supply chain research field. Our study contributes to the conceptualization of supply chain 5.0, a term that has been receiving increased attention as supply chains adapt to the fifth industrial revolution. We conducted a systematic literature network analysis (SLNA) to examine the research landscape of Industry 5.0 supply chains. We used VOSViewer software and Bibliometrix R-package for multiple bibliometric analyses using 682 documents published between 2016 and 2022. We present a comprehensive framework of supply chain 5.0, including its key concepts, technologies, and trends. Additionally, this research offers a future research agenda to inspire and support further development in this field. We utilized three academic databases for bibliometric analyses: Dimension, Scopus and Lens. Additional databases could provide a wider research landscape and better field representation. We demonstrate how Industry 5.0 enables supply chain evaluation and optimization to assist companies in navigating disruptions without compromising competitiveness and profitability and provide a unique contribution to the field of supply chain 5.0 by exploring promising research areas and guiding the transition to this new paradigm for practitioners and scholars.
Anticancer effect of terpenes: focus on malignant melanoma
Authors: Wróblewska-Łuczka Paula , Cabaj Justyna , Bargieł Julia , Łuszczki Jarogniew J. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractMelanoma is a highly aggressive and life-threatening form of skin cancer that accounts for a significant proportion of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although conventional cancer therapies, such as surgical excision, chemotherapy, and radiation, have been used to treat malignant melanoma, their efficacy is often limited due to the development of resistance and adverse side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing alternative treatment options for melanoma that are more effective and less toxic. Terpenes, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds of plant origin, have emerged as potential anticancer agents due to their ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In this review, the current understanding of the anticancer effects of terpenes (including, thymoquinone, β-elemene, carvacrol, limonene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, perillyl alcohol, taxol, betulinic acid, α-bisabolol, ursolic acid, linalool, lupeol, and artesunate) was summarized, with a special focus on their potential as therapeutic agents for malignant melanoma.
Boosting the Item-Based Collaborative Filtering Model with Novel Similarity Measures
Authors: Abdalla Hassan I. , Amer Ali A. , Amer Yasmeen A. , Nguyen Loc , Al-Maqaleh Basheer 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCollaborative filtering (CF), one of the most widely employed methodologies for recommender systems, has drawn undeniable attention due to its effectiveness and simplicity. Nevertheless, a few papers have been published on the CF-based item-based model using similarity measures than the user-based model due to the model's complexity and the time required to build it. Additionally, the substantial shortcomings in the user-based measurements when the item-based model is taken into account motivated us to create stronger models in this work. Not to mention that the common trickiest challenge is dealing with the cold-start problem, in which users' history of item-buying behavior is missing (i.e., new users) or items for which activity is not provided (i.e., new items). Therefore, our novel five similarity measures, which have the potential to solve sparse data, are developed to alleviate the impact of this important problem. Most importantly, a thorough empirical analysis of how the item-based model affects the CF-based recommendation system’s performance has also been a critical part of this work, which presents a benchmarking study for thirty similarity metrics. The MAE, MSE, and accuracy metrics, together with fivefold cross-validation, are used to properly assess and examine the influence of all considered similarity measures using the Movie-lens 100 K and Film Trust datasets. The findings demonstrate how competitive the proposed similarity measures are in comparison to their alternatives. Surprisingly, some of the top "state-of-the-art" performers (such as SMD and NHSM) have been unable to fiercely compete with our proposed rivals when utilizing the item-based model.
COVID‐19 New Cases and Environmental Factors During Wet and Dry Seasons in West and Southern Africa
Authors: Jenkins G. S. , Freire S. M. , Ogunro T. , Niang D. , Andrade M. , Drame M. S. , Huvi J. B. , Pires E. E. S. , Toure E. N. , Camara M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa has been the last continent to experience a significant number of cases in the novel Coronavirus (COVID‐19). Studies suggest that air pollution is related to COVID‐19 mortality; poor air quality has been linked to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases, which are considered co‐morbidities linked to COVID‐19 deaths. We examine potential connections between country‐wide COVID‐19 cases and environmental conditions in Senegal, Cabo Verde, Nigeria, Cote D'Ivorie, and Angola. We analyze PM2.5 concentrations, temperatures from cost‐effective in situ measurements, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and fire count and NO2 column values from space‐borne platforms from 1 January 2020 through 31 March 2021. Our results show that the first COVID‐19 wave in West Africa began during the wet season of 2020, followed by a second during the dry season of 2020. In Angola, the first wave starts during the biomass burning season but does not peak until November of 2020. Overall PM2.5 concentrations are the highest in Ibadan, Nigeria, and coincided with the second wave of COVID‐19 in late 2021 and early 2022. The COVID‐19 waves in Cabo Verde are not in phase with those in Senegal, Nigeria, and Cote, lagging by several months in general. Overall, the highest correlations occurred between weekly new COVID‐19 cases meteorological and air quality variables occurred in the dry season.
Migration of Mechanical Perturbations Estimated by Seismic Coda Wave Interferometry During the 2018 Pre‐Eruptive Period at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii
Authors: Muzellec Titouan , Lesage Philippe , Caudron Corentin , Got Jean‐Luc 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe use seismic ambient noise correlation and coda wave interferometry to estimate velocity variations at high temporal resolution, during the pre‐eruptive period and the onset of the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano. A progressive velocity increase is observed from March to the end of April. It is followed by rapid decrease starting a few days before the onset of the East Rift Zone (ERZ) eruption and then by sharp velocity drop when the eruption started. The change of trend from velocity increase to decrease is progressively delayed by a few days from the summit caldera toward the ERZ. The location of the velocity perturbations shows a migration of the sources of velocity changes from the summit caldera toward the ERZ before the eruption. Using a model of pressure source, we show that the simultaneous caldera inflation and velocity increase probably result from an anisotropic distribution of fault and crack orientations. The velocity decrease could be due to damaging processes above the shallow reservoir and to plastic deformations around the caldera. We introduce a forward model of rock damage associated with the volcano‐tectonic seismicity to calculate the velocity decrease. The good agreement between the calculated and the observed velocity variations shows that a large part of the velocity decrease results from damage of the medium. The delayed onsets of velocity decrease and the source migration of velocity perturbations are probably related to progressive fault openings in the Southern and Eastern parts of the caldera and to magma transfer toward the ERZ.
An Algorithm‐Independent Definition of Effective Contour Length and Its Impacts on Pixel‐Scale Specific Catchment Area
Authors: Li Zhenya , Lai Xijun , Shi Pengfei , Yang Tao 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSpecific catchment area (SCA) is crucial terrain attribute extensively‐adopted in topographically‐driven modelings, which is function of total contributing area (TCA) and effective contour length (EL). Despite of numerous studies about SCA and TCA, none has focused on the investigation of existing EL definitions and adaption of point‐scale SCA concept to two‐dimensional pixel of digital elevation model (DEM). This work conducts a systematic research on rationality of existing EL definitions, proposal of new EL definition and concept of pixel‐scale SCA on gridded DEM. To overcome the defects of existing EL definitions, a new EL definition based on Triangular Discretization and Spatial Geometry (TDSG) is proposed in this work. SCA concept is extended from point scale to pixel scale for adapting to context of gridded DEM. The solutions of true pixel‐scale SCA, TCA, and EL in integral forms are deduced based on the solutions of point‐scale SCAs obtained by method of Zhou and Liu (2002, https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810210149425) or Gallant and Hutchinson (2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008540). Besides, true pixel‐scale SCA, TCA, and EL are solved analytically for several synthetic surfaces. Numerical experiments indicate that (a) TDSG definition is superior to all existing EL definitions in physical mechanism, spatial characteristics, and computational precisions on synthetic surfaces and a real‐world DEM. (b) Spatial characteristics of SCA are controlled mainly by TCA and tuned slightly by EL, while overall precision of SCA is affected seriously by both TCA and EL. (c) TDSG definition is the only EL definition of responding accurately and sensitively to convergent and dispersive characteristics of local terrains.
Turbulent Flow Structures Over a Gobi Surface and Their Impact on Aeolian Sand Transport
Authors: Tan Lihai , Qu Jianjun , Wang Hongtao , An Zhishan , Wang Tao , Zhao Suping 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHere, we present the results of turbulent flow structures and their influence on aeolian sand transport over gobi surfaces based on quadrant analysis. The results show that the classiﬁed turbulent structures over gobi accounted for 43%–44% of the time frequency and contributed ∼97% to the Reynolds stress, yet the contribution rates to sand transport rate ranged from 45% to 52%. Sweeps (Quadrant 4) and ejections (Q2) were the two most frequent events and accounted for 70% of the total frequency for the classiﬁed turbulent structures. Sweeps made a major contribution of 51%–57% to sand transport rate over gobi. Outward interactions (Q1) were relatively rare, but they individually entrained as much sand as sweeps of comparable magnitude and duration. The turbulent structures over gobi show similar behaviors comparable to those of water flows over gravel riverbeds or rough seabeds yet different from those of air flow over flat sand surfaces.
A Thin Elastic Plate Model for Thermally Contracting Young Oceanic Lithosphere: Insights From Comparison With Modern Seafloor Observations
Authors: Choi Eunseo , Tominaga Masako 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe find at fast‐ and intermediate‐spreading seafloor that their ridge‐parallel bathymetric profiles between two neighboring fracture zones, excluding the part of the seafloor inward to fracture zone (FZ) valley, are predominantly upward concave. The temporal evolution of the bathymetric profiles from the lithosphere formed at the Chile Rise is characterized by (a) the rapid growth of the middle deflection to about 200 m relative to the ends for the first few millions of years and (b) a steady state afterward. We show that these characteristics and the upward‐concave sense of bending can be reasonably explained as the flexure of a thin elastic plate contracting thermally from the top while cooling. The best‐fitting model needs only about 10% of the thermal bending moment based on the half‐space cooling model and the free‐end assumption. Our model is consistent with the recent observations that oceanic lithosphere is cut open at a FZ valley, which disprove the previous assumption that ocean floor is bent down forming the valley walls.
An Implication of Detecting the Internal Modulation in a Pulsating Aurora: A Conjugate Observation by the Arase Satellite and All‐Sky Imagers
Authors: Nanjo S. , Ebukuro S. , Nakamura S. , Miyoshi Y. , Kurita S. , Oyama S.‐I. , Ogawa Y. , Keika K. , Kasahara Y. , Kasahara S. , Matsuoka A. , Hori T. , Yokota S. , Matsuda S. , Shinohara I. , Wang S.‐Y. , Kazama Y. , Jun C.‐W. , Kitahara M. , Hosokawa K. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA physical mechanism to produce pulsating aurora (PsA) has been considered to be the interaction of the electron and the chorus wave generated near the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere. A recent observation of high temporal resolution of chorus waves by the Arase satellite revealed that the presence or absence of the internal modulation of PsA, which is a characteristic sub‐second scintillation at 3 ± 1 Hz within each optical pulsation, is closely related to the discreteness of the element structure of the chorus wave. However, it is still unclear what parameters (or conditions) control the discreteness of the element and the existence of the internal modulation of PsA. In this study, we discuss parameters that determine the presence or absence of the internal modulation of PsA and element structure of chorus by showing a conjugate observation of PsA/chorus by ground‐based cameras and the Arase satellite. During the event, the occurrence of internal modulation increased temporally. The wave data from the satellite show that the repetitive frequency of elements was ∼6 Hz when the internal modulation was indistinct, while the repetitive frequency was ∼3 Hz when the internal modulation was distinct. The particle measurements suggest that this difference was caused by changes in the density and the temperature anisotropy of the hot electron. The internal modulation was clearly observed when the density of hot electrons decreased and the temperature anisotropy relaxed after the injection. Observations of internal modulations from the ground might allow us to estimate the parameters such as energetic electron density and temperature anisotropy in the magnetosphere.
Vibrational Kinetics of NO and N2 in the Earth's Middle Atmosphere During GLE69 on January 20, 2005
Authors: Kirillov A. S. , Belakhovsky V. B. , Maurchev E. A. , Balabin Yu.V. , Germanenko A. V. , Gvozdevsky B. B. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe mechanisms of the production of vibrationally excited NO and N2 molecules at the altitudes of the middle atmosphere of the Earth during high‐energetic proton precipitation on 20 January 2005 are considered. The study of vibrational populations N2(X1Σg+,v′ > 0) during high‐energetic proton precipitation has shown different principal mechanisms in the N2(X1Σg+,v′ > 0) excitation. First, the excitation by secondary electrons is principal for vibrational levels v′ = 1−10. Second, it is obtained that intramolecular electron energy transfer process in N2(A3Σu+)+N2 collisions dominates in vibrational excitation of high vibrational levels v′ = 20−30. It is shown that the chemical reaction of metastable atomic nitrogen with molecular oxygen is the main production mechanism of vibrationally excited NO(X2Π,v > 0) and of the radiation of 5.3 and 2.7 μm infrared emissions at these altitudes. The calculated intensities of the 5.3 μm emission are compared with experimental data from SABER instrument on TIMED spacecraft received at the time of the proton precipitation. The role of VV′‐processes in the radiation of 5.3 μm infrared emission is discussed.
Lake‐Area Expansion Alters Downwind Precipitation Patterns on the Tibetan Plateau: Insights From the Most Dramatically Expanded Lake
Authors: Qiu Yuanlin , Chen Jie , Chen Deliang , Li Wei , Xiong Lihua 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA large portion of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced considerable expansion in the past decades. However, how the lake surface area expansion has influenced regional precipitation, especially its underlying mechanism, has not been investigated. By selecting the most dramatically expanded lake on the TP as a case study, this paper investigates the magnitude and extent of the precipitation response to lake expansion and its underlying mechanism using twin Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations with and without lake expansion. The results show that the precipitation response to the lake expansion exhibits pronounced spatial and seasonal variations and is generally more intense in the downwind direction than in the upwind direction. During the wet season (the South Asian summer monsoon, SASM), precipitation decreases in the downwind area by −25% ± 16% and −13% ± 15% in the 0–50 km and 50–100 km intervals (from the lake’s center), respectively. Conversely, the precipitation increases in the downwind area during the dry season (before the freeze and after the SASM) by 27% ± 36% in the 0–50 km interval. The thermal and evaporative effects, which are generated by lake expansion and propagate in the downwind direction, are the key factors responsible for the precipitation changes. The cooling effect, which generally occurs in the daytime, stabilizes the atmosphere and triggers downward motion, consequently inhibiting precipitation. The warming effect has the opposite effect, and the additional water vapor strengthens this process. However, the effects vary with the seasons, causing seasonal variations in the precipitation response.