bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Risk Assessment Methodology for Countering Tax Crime in the EU
Authors: Hall M 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Risk assessment methodologies that are specific to tax crime are yet to be developed for the EU at a supranational level. The Horizon 2020 PROTAX project created a tool, based on detailed legal, institutional, and sociological work into the practices and structures of the tax crime enforcement ecosystem. The PROTAX risk assessment methodology (PRORAM) is a tool that is specific to tax crimes and aims to provide practitioners with a model of how to assess suspicious behaviours and warning signs indicating a tax crime, together with a practical model for tax authorities, policymakers, and other stakeholders to assess the risks to controlling tax crimes in their jurisdiction, and across the EU. This chapter sets out the concepts, methodology, and data used to create a risk methodology that is specific to tax crimes, and uses PRORAM as an example to highlight the way this can be done. This will aid in building knowledge on threats, vulnerabilities, and risks across the EU tax crime law enforcement ecosystem and demonstrate a way to work through the risks inherent to that environment. This chapter also details the risk assessment approach adopted by PROTAX and tested in nineteen European jurisdictions, justifies and explains the use of the risk assessment methodology chosen, provides examples of it working, and outlines use cases to understand how it can add value within and across the EU.
Heritage and War
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This introduction describes the overall aim of the collection and then gives short summaries of each of the papers. The starting point of the collection is a dissatisfaction with ‘the inseparability thesis’: namely, the view that the value of heritage and the value of persons is intertwined to the extent that a comparison between the two values does not (or cannot) arise. Chapters 1 to 7 of the collection directly or indirectly concern comparisons of value of this sort. The remaining four chapters consider consequences of the damage to heritage in war. The nature of such a loss is considered, as well as suitable ways in which to react to its loss.
Killing for Culture
Authors: Haydar Bashshar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the moral permissibility of resorting to military action for the sake of protecting cultural heritage when such military action may inflict serious harm on humans. The chapter argues that the permissibility of inflicting harm on non-culpable civilians to protect cultural heritage, may be grounded on the moral permissibility of resorting to military action to prevent cultural cleansing, which can be seen as a form of ethnic cleansing. The chapter also argues that exposing combatants to serious harm, when engaged in the military effort to protect cultural heritage, may be grounded in the role-based duty these forces have to protect the rights of the citizens on whose behalf they act. It is more difficult, on the other hand, to justify exposing the intervening combatants to the risk of serious harm for the sake of protecting citizens of other countries from cultural cleansing.
The Battle over Erastian Episcopacy in Two British Kingdoms, 1588–1603
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter re-examines the campaign against English presbyterianism conducted by Elizabeth’s bishops and their supporters after 1588 by connecting it to contemporary ecclesiastical politics in Scotland. The bishops’ victory over presbyterianism remained vulnerable because it depended on royal support at a time when Elizabeth’s probable successor, James VI, appeared to be cultivating an alliance with presbyterian leaders of the Scottish Kirk. Realizing the threat that Scottish presbyterianism posed, bishop Richard Bancroft of London attacked it vigorously. But his attempts to win James’s approval in so doing, in part through communications with Patrick Adamson, failed completely. Instead James’s “alliance” with the Kirk’s leaders finally collapsed due to internal conflicts in Scotland that culminated in an Edinburgh riot known as the Tumult in December 1596. This brought James’s position into closer alignment with that of the English bishops although, as a concluding section argues, his political theology, as revealed by his famous tracts, Basilikon Doron and The True Law of Free Monarchies, continued to bear a distinctively Scottish Calvinist imprint.
Primitive Marriage
Authors: Psomiades Kathy Alexis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Marriage is the novel’s traditional subject matter. But what happens to the novel when another genre of writing lays claim to the novel’s traditional material? The book shows how the foundational ideas of the new discipline of anthropology gave late Victorian novelists and social scientists ways of rethinking heterosexual romance by referring to a new kind of history, one in which marriage systems, sexual behavior, and reproductive practices were temporalized and given historical agency. Temporalizing sexual relations, locating them in evolutionary and historical time, anthropologists and the novelists who wrote after them began to think modernity in sexual terms. This transformation of politics into sexual politics put sexuality and gender at the center of liberal stories of progress. The Victorian theorists responsible for this transformation—from well-known figures like Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud to lesser-known writers like John McLennan and Henry Maine—and the novelists who engaged them—Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, Henry James, Sarah Grand, H. Rider Haggard, Thomas Hardy—not only helped produce sexually modern subjects, but also the theories about sexuality, time, and politics that we still draw upon to think modernity today.
Introduction
Authors: Psomiades Kathy Alexis 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This Introduction argues for Victorian anthropology as a theory of sexual modernity. John McLennan’s Primitive Marriage imagined a now disproven universal period of marriage by capture, matrilineage, and exogamy. But it also retold the modernity stories of liberal economic and political theory in sexual terms. In so doing, it denaturalized gender and sexuality and placed them in history, an operation that made twentieth-century theories of gender and sexuality possible. This chapter shows how anthropology emerged out of Enlightenment discussions about marriage and social structure. It argues that novelists and anthropologists, participating in the same intellectual communities and writing about the same subject matter, influenced each other in the later part of the century. And it argues for reading novelistic marriage plots written in this period as drawing upon these same Victorian theoretical structures to think about economics and politics in sexual terms.
Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the basics of Hilbert spaces by using n-dimensional Euclidean space, he space of square-summable complex sequences, and the space of square-integrable, complex-valued Lebesgue-measurable function as examples. In addition, this chapter covers the Cauchy–Schwarz and triangle inequalities, orthonormal bases, and orthogonal projections. Since Banach spaces play a role in the subsequent chapters, this chapter also covers a few Banach-space basics.
Multiplication Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe discuss multiplication operators Mφf = φf on L2(μ), where μ is a finite positive Borel measure on a compact set in ℂ and φ is a μ-essentially bounded function. These operators represent normal operators on Hilbert spaces via the spectral theorem.
The Dirichlet Shift
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the operator-theoretic aspects of the shift operator (Mzf)(Z) = Zf(Z) on the Dirichlet space. In particular, we examine the 2-isometry property and discuss the invariant subspaces, cyclic vectors, and commutant of the Dirichlet shift.
Bishop Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter covers Bishop operators (T α f)(x) = xf({x + α}) on L2[0, 1]. In the above, α ∈ [0, 1) and {t} denotes the fractional part of t ∈ ℝ. Interest in these operators comes from attempts to provide counterexamples to the invariant subspace problem. We begin with a short survey on the invariant subspace problem and universal operators.
Eyewitness Testimony and Epistemic Agency
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eyewitness testimony is a powerful form of evidence, and this is especially true in the United States criminal legal system. At the same time, eyewitness misidentification is the greatest contributing factor to wrongful convictions proven by DNA testing. This chapter offers a close examination of this tension between the enormous epistemic weight that eyewitness testimony is afforded in criminal proceedings and the fact that there are important questions about its reliability as a source of evidence. It is argued that lineups and interrogations often function by way of extracting testimony from an eyewitness through practices that are manipulative, deceptive, or coercive. This chapter then shows that this extracted testimony is systematically afforded an unwarranted excess of credibility that leads to not only life-altering wrongs perpetrated against suspects and defendants, but also to the eyewitnesses themselves being victims of agential testimonial injustice.
Intercreditor Equity Rules Applicable to Debt Instruments Governed by Domestic Law
Authors: Iversen Astrid 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChapter 4 examines intercreditor equity rules in domestic law. It also discusses which sovereign debt instruments are governed by domestic laws and the types of creditors that can hold such debt instruments. Section 4.2 examines the content and effects of the so-called pari passu clause. Section 4.3 discusses collective action clauses and exit consent. It also touches on potential minimum protection of minority creditors in debt restructurings implemented by majority voting procedures. Section 4.4 analyses special national legislation in Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, and in the Euro area, with the common aim of curbing certain rights of creditors who allegedly seek to free-ride on their co-creditors and thereby constitute an obstacle to debt crisis resolution (vulture fund legislation).
Interconnected and Conflicting Rights
Authors: Iversen Astrid 
Published: March 2023

AbstractChapter 6 discusses how intercreditor equity rules in international and domestic law are interrelated de jure and de facto, including which rights may collide and how these collisions may be solved. This is important in case of payment difficulties, and often in a debt restructuring, because a debtor state needs to prioritize between creditors who holds both debt instruments governed by domestic law and international law. The chapter examines how intercreditor equity rules in domestic law may interfere with intercreditor equity rules stemming from international law. Moreover, it discusses the reverse situation: how intercreditor equity rights stemming from international law may interfere with intercreditor equity rights stemming from domestic law. What will become clear is that not all conflicts between intercreditor equity rights and obligations can be solved. Both sovereign debtors and creditors may face situations where intercreditor equity obligations conflict de jure or de facto. In these cases, they may be forced to violate one obligation in order to be able to fulfil another. Not only can sovereign debtors be faced with conflicting intercreditor equity obligations, creditors too can end up in situations where they are subject to conflicting creditor obligations. One reason for this is that international law subjects who have rights and obligations under international law, such as states and international organizations, may purchase commercial debt instruments governed by domestic law.
Overpromising and Underdelivering
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Scientists created the computer algorithms that defeated the best human players in checkers, chess, Go, and Jeopardy! and fueled the idea that the grand promises of AI were on the verge of being realized. Scientists also created the recurring cycle of ambitious predictions, disappointing results, and moving goalposts that continue to be the norm. False advertising ultimately undermines the credibility of the advertiser. The public has ample reasons for being disillusioned by the misleading claims that continue to be made for artificial intelligence. It’s a hop, skip, and a jump from disillusionment to distrust.
Irreproducible Research
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
It is natural to assume that peer review ensures that published research papers are of sufficiently high quality to have been certified by experts in the field. Unfortunately, peer review is no panacea. Science created the peer-review model to weed out unreliable research but when it is revealed that some published papers are based on tweaked or invented data, that some papers report incorrect calculations, that some papers are nonsense written by computers, that publishing can be gamed, it diminishes our faith in scientific research—and science.
Introduction
Authors: Tregear Ted 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Starting off from an early reader of Shakespeare’s Venus and Adonis, whose thoughts are preserved in the margins of Englands Parnassus, the introduction lays out the book’s argument. It gives an overview of the five anthologies printed between 1599 and 1601 that featured Shakespeare’s work: The Passionate Pilgrim, Bel-vedére, Englands Parnassus, Englands Helicon, and Loves Martyr. It follows the floral metaphors in many of their titles to elucidate their connections to poetic anthologies and commonplace books, introducing the humanist theories of commonplacing behind them, and locating them within a sixteenth-century civic humanist project in England. Drawing on recent scholarship, it discusses Shakespeare’s literary ambitions and early writings, and clarifies the book’s relationship to the history of early modern reading, before giving an outline of following chapters.
A Man amongst Others … a Man above All
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 uncovers how, within two years of assuming power in 1987, Ben Ali established personal control of the Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), even though he lacked a background in the party. Theoretically, Ben Ali’s quick consolidation of power presents a puzzle: prevailing theories predict that, when a new leader has to bargain with a pre-existing ruling party, the advent of personal autocracy is unlikely. The book demonstrates how Ben Ali bolstered his power base through propagating a correctivist ideology, a key feature of which was the promise of a political opening, including inside the ruling party. He launched an ‘internal critique’ within the party: ostensibly aimed at addressing past wrongs, this in fact served Ben Ali’s own interests. Crucially, it allowed him to alter the RCD’s internal rules and procedures, including those pertaining to the election of the president, a process through which he established executive control.
Fortifying Carthage
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates how, in the 1990s, Ben Ali enforced authoritarian stability, and even attracted substantial domestic and western support, despite halting his political opening and establishing personalist rule. It demonstrates that Ben Ali propped up his power base by creating new normative priorities —in particular, national security and economic growth—as opposed to democratic politics. As part of this strategy, officials propagated the idea that Tunisia faced a large-scale domestic terrorist threat; though fabricated, this notion was internalized by wide sections of the population, including many Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) activists. Importantly, these new security prerogatives allowed Ben Ali to bolster his power: he promoted the rise of ‘Lumpen activists’ within the party grassroots, a constituency notorious for monitoring and coercing dissidents. He also transferred resources from the party to the state, including to the Presidential Palace, a process through which he reinforced his grip on the RCD.
Conclusion
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The conclusion revisits the main theoretical and empirical findings of the chapters and places them in comparative context. The book has explained why the politics of ideas is central to understanding trends of internecine contention, as well as authoritarian stability and collapse in hegemonic and dominant party regimes more generally. It concludes that ruling parties have often been inciters of internal dissent in other parts of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as beyond the region, sometimes contributing to the collapse of authoritarian regimes. Cases include the Chinese Communist Party, the communist parties of the Soviet Union (importantly, in Nicolae Ceausęscu’s Romania), Egypt’s National Democratic Party, and the Baath parties of Iraq and Syria.
Complex Functions as Transformations
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines complex functions as transformations. A complex function f is a rule that assigns to a complex number z an image complex number w = f(z). In order to investigate such functions, it is essential that one is able to visualize them. Several methods exist for doing this, but the chapter focuses almost exclusively on the method introduced in the previous chapter. This means viewing z and its image w as points in the complex plane, so that f becomes a transformation of the plane. The chapter begins by looking at polynomials, power series, the exponential function, and cosine and sine. It then considers multifunctions, the logarithm function, and the process of averaging over circles.
Möbius Transformations and Inversion
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates Möbius transformations and inversions. Despite their apparent simplicity, Möbius transformations lie at the heart of several exciting areas of modern mathematical research. This is due in large part to their intimate connection with non-Euclidean geometries. Moreover, these transformations are also intimately connected with Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Any result one establishes concerning Möbius transformations will immediately yield a corresponding result in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The chapter then looks at complex inversions and the Riemann sphere. Stereographic projection enables one to transfer the action of any complex function to the Riemann sphere. Transferring a complex function to the Riemann sphere then enables one to examine its behaviour “at infinity” exactly as one would at any other point.
Further Geometry of Differentiation
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies differentiation directly in the complex plane, primarily through the use of ultimate equality-the powerful geometrical tool that Newton unleashed in his great Principia of 1687. It begins with the rederivation of the Cauchy-Riemann equations, and the discovery of new forms that they can take on. These forms include the Cartesian form and the Polar form. The chapter then looks at the “rigidity” of analytic functions, which is a recurring theme in complex analysis. This means that their highly structured nature (everywhere locally an amplitwist) enables one to pin down their precise behaviour from very limited information. The chapter also considers the rules of differentiation; polynomials, power series, and rational functions; the visual differentiation of the power function; curvature; celestial mechanics; and analytical continuation.
Non-Euclidean Geometry*
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the connections between non-Euclidean geometries and the complex numbers. Euclid began with just five axioms, the first four of which never aroused controversy. However, the status of the fifth axiom (the so-called parallel axiom) was less clear, and it became the subject of investigations that ultimately led to the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. Carl Friedrich Gauss was the first person to ever conceive of the possibility that physical space might not be Euclidean. Quite correctly, Gauss did not conclude that physical space is definitely Euclidean in structure, but rather that if it is not Euclidean then its deviation from Euclidean geometry is extremely small. The chapter then looks at spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry. Of these two non-Euclidean geometries, hyperbolic geometry is by far the more intriguing and important: it is an essential tool in many areas of contemporary research.
Cauchy’s Formula and Its Applications
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies Cauchy’s Formula and its applications. Cauchy’s Formula says that the values of f on L rigidly determine its values everywhere inside L. The chapter offers two explanations, both of which are firmly rooted in Cauchy’s Theorem. It then looks at infinite differentiability and Taylor series. Returning to the case where L is a simple loop, the chapter shows that if f(z) is analytic inside L then so is f1(z). From this it will follow by induction that f(z) is infinitely differentiable. The chapter also considers the calculus of residues and the annular Laurent series, which is the natural generalization of the Taylor series when the centre of the expansion is a pole rather than a non-singular point.
Vector Fields: Physics and Topology
Authors: Needham Tristan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights vector fields. The vector field concept remedies a significant defect in the mapping point of view. Although one can learn a lot about a mapping by looking at the images of specific shapes, one does not get a feel for its overall behaviour. However, if one lets their one’s eyes roam over the vector field of a complex function they do get such a view, in much the same way as one can survey the behaviour of a real function by scanning its graph. Just as a complex mapping determines a vector field, so a vector field determines a mapping-the two concepts are equivalent. The chapter then looks at the connection between winding numbers and vector fields, before considering the Poincaré-Hopf Theorem.
The Operations of the Method
Authors: Dika Tarek R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 reconstructs the operations of the method (intuition, deduction, and enumeration) in detail and discusses how they are deployed in solutions to particular problems in the more advanced sciences. Section 3.1 lays down the principle behind Descartes’s distinction between the operations of the method. This principle, the “principle of proportionality,” also determines how problems must be prepared in order to be solved by one or more operations of the method. The principle of proportionality requires that problems be reducible to a form in which the natural operations of the human mind can solve them. These operations are discussed in Sections 3.2–3.4.3. Section 3.5 introduces Descartes’s taxonomy of problems (his distinction between “perfectly understood problems” and “imperfectly understood problems”). Section 3.6 discusses how the human mind (ingenium) acquires the intellectual virtues that perfect intuition and deduction—perspicacity and sagacity, respectively—in solutions to the simplest problems in the arts and sciences. Section 3.7 shows that the method must be adapted to the problem at hand, on the model of Aristotelian phronesis discussed in Chapter 2.