bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Efficiency in Paper Making by Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Jungklaus H. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the different types of rolls used in paper machines, the functions and performance required of them, and recent improvements achieved with the aid of thermal spray coatings. It presents examples showing how metal and ceramic coatings applied by HVOF and plasma spraying have reduced operating expenses and extended roll life by stabilizing and improving various surface properties.
Pulsed Laminar Arc Jet Associated with Phase Injection of Suspension for Coating Elaboration
Authors: Krowka J. , Rat V. , Chazelas C. , Coudert J. F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to overcome arc plasma instabilities in suspension plasma spraying. The method employs a dc plasma torch with a large cathode cavity. This design modification reduces the Helmholtz frequency of the torch, resulting in a new oscillation mode with a very regular voltage signal. In the experiments, droplets of a TiO2 suspension are injected into the pulsed laminar arc jet in synch with the Helmholtz resonant frequency. Interactions between the plasma and droplets are observed by time-resolved imagine techniques and are discussed.
Production and Plasma Spraying of Cermet Powders TiC-NiCr with Given Volume Content of Carbide Ultra-Fine Inclusions
Authors: Solonenko O. P. , Chesnokov A. E. , Smirnov A. V. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a method for producing TiC-NiCr cermet powders with particle sizes of 40-90 μm and 15-50% volume content of ultrafine carbide inclusions. The method is based on a combination of mechanoactivation of initial components and subsequent high-temperature self-propagating synthesis. TiC-NiCr powders with different amounts of carbide content were produced and their applicability for plasma spraying is assessed.
Properties and Comparison of WC-25/17/12Co Cold Spray Coatings onto Al7075-T6
Authors: Couto M. , Dosta S. , Guilemany J. M. , Putzier J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study evaluates the corrosion and wear resistance of WC-Co coatings produced by cold gas and HVOF spraying. Three WC-Co cermet powders varying in cobalt content were deposited on aluminum alloy substrates by both methods. The powders were characterized based on microstructure, particle size distribution, and phase composition, and the coatings based on cross-sectional microstructure, phase composition, and Vickers hardness. The coatings are also compared based on the results of ball-on-disk, rubber-wheel, and electrochemical testing, which shows that CGS has several advantages over HVOF spraying for the deposition of WC-Co coatings.
Plasma Spraying of Ceramics with Particular Difficulties in Processing
Authors: Mauer G. , Schlegel N. , Guignard A. , Jarligo M. O. , Rezanka S. , Hospach A. , Vaßen R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study deals with the deposition of coating materials that can be difficult to process by plasma spraying, including lanthanum and gadolinium zirconate, two pyrochlores of interest for thermal barrier applications, and lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), a perovskite of interest for gas separation membranes. In addition to conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), the feedstock powders were applied by suspension plasma spraying (SPS) and plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). The spraying processes are described in detail along with the characteristics of the powders and coatings and the effects of various spray parameters on splat behavior and coating composition and structure.
Examination of the Origin of Intersplat Interface Debonding During Plasma Spraying of Ceramic Coating
Authors: Chen L. , Yang G.-J. , Li C.-X. , Li C.-J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to better understand the formation of nonbonded splat-to-splat interfaces in thermally sprayed ceramic coatings. To that end, the surfaces between splats in plasma-sprayed La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) coatings were examined and compared to free splat surfaces. The results show that free splat surfaces are relatively smooth, while adjacent surfaces at intersplat interfaces are quite rough. The observation implies that nonbonded splat-to-splat interfaces were never bonded, having fractured due to interface shear stress generated during splat cooling.
Phase Selection During Rapid Solidification of Plasma-Sprayed Alumina Splats on an Alumina Substrate
Authors: Yang E.-J. , Xin J.-J. , Li C.-J. , Wang G.-X. , Yang G.-J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In earlier experiments, plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings were deposited on preheated Al2O3 substrates to study the effect of substrate temperature on splat formation and phase transformations. The aim of the present work is to develop a model to better understand the factors that affect phase selection during the solidification of Al2O3 splats. A model based on one-dimensional heat transfer and classic nucleation theory is presented and used to simulate the rapid solidification process and the influence of process parameters on phase selection. The model accounts for under-cooling phenomena, heterogeneous nucleation, and nucleation kinetics. The findings indicate that the relationship between initial substrate temperature and phase selection is primarily based on the catalytic effect of the alumina substrate on the nucleation of Al2O3 phases as a function of contact angle.
Wear Resistant HVOF Coatings for High Temperature Applications
Authors: Houdková Š. , Kašparová M. , Česánek Z. , Schubert J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper evaluates and compares five wear-resistant coatings produced by HVOF spraying for high-temperature use. CrC-NiCr, CrC-CoNiCrAlY, Stellite 6, NiCrBSi, and TiMoCN-Ni coatings were sprayed on grit-blasted carbon steel substrates. Abrasive, sliding, and fretting wear resistance were measured and changes in microstructure and hardness due to high-temperature exposure were recorded. CrC-NiCr coatings exhibited the best wear properties, but the oxidation of carbides at high temperatures proved to be a problem. Based on test results, alternative coatings would include CrC-CoNiCrAlY for abrasive wear, Stellite 6 for erosive wear, and NiCrBSi for sliding wear.
Spray Plasma Processed ZrB2-Based Coatings for Oxidation Protection
Authors: Barré C. , Quet A. , Bianchi L. , Sanchez C. , Sauveroche A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work evaluates the potential of using a plasma spray process to introduce SiC into zirconia diboride ceramic coatings. Controlling the spraying of the ultra-refractory compound ZrB2 is the first challenge as it represents the matrix in which SiC particles will reside. To that end, the experiments focus on spraying parameters that influence the plasma jet and the nature of the precursor feedstock. The results show that ZrB2 coatings containing controlled amounts of SiC can be obtained through high-energy suspension plasma spraying. The ZrB2-SiC coatings will be evaluated in a high-temperature oxidative environment in future work.
New Types of Self-Lubricated Thermal Spray Coatings: The Use of Liquid Lubricants in a Metal Matrix
Authors: Espallargas N. , Armada S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this work, wire arc spraying is used to produce coatings in which oil-filled capsules are incorporated in the metal matrix. The coatings were deposited on carbon steel substrates using commercially available Zn-Al and FeNiCr alloy wires. The capsules were injected almost radially toward the substrate using an independent slurry feeder. No signs of degradation were observed during spraying and the coatings were able to keep a low coefficient of friction. Wear tracks produced by the steel ball used for friction testing were examined and volume loss was determined based on wear track profiles.
Multiscale Modelling of Microstructural Defects and Influence on Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Laukkanen A. , Varis T. , Suhonen T. , Metsäjoki J. , Andersson T. , Laitinen T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work assesses the effects of defects in thermally sprayed chromia via multiscale modeling and imaging techniques. Defect distributions in coating samples are identified by way of image processing and synthetic 3D microstructures are generated from extracted statistical information. The properties of the microstructures are determined by subjecting them to simulated tensile testing, and the significance of different types of defects is evaluated through defect-containing coating models. The approach is able to handle complex defect morphologies, including pore, crack, and splat boundary clusters, making it a versatile tool for assessing the influence of defects on component performance.
Application of Dry-Ice Blasting in High-Velocity Oxyfuel Process for Deposition of Thick WC-Co Coating
Authors: Dong S. , Song B. , Hansz B. , Liao H. , Coddet C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Residual stresses arising during high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying usually impose a limit on coating thickness. In this work, dry-ice blasting is used in combination with HVOF spraying to produce thick WC-Co coatings characterized by compact microstructure, crystal refinement, high hardness, and excellent sliding wear resistance.
Plasma Sprayed Ce:YAG
Authors: Ctibor P. , Kubát J. , Pala Z. , Nevrlá B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, gas- and water-stabilized plasma torches were used to spray cesium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) on different substrate materials and in large-area free-standing layers. The coatings were evaluated based on microstructure, crystallinity, and thermal stability, and tests were performed to measure porosity, hardness, phase composition, band-gap energy, and the presence of defects. Some coatings were also heat treated to determine how it changes their spectral response. The results of the examinations and tests are presented in the paper.
Surface Roughness of Plasma Sprayed Coatings: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Gan J. A. , Berndt C. C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Thermal spraying produces coatings with relatively rough surfaces compared to other deposition methods. In this work, NdFeB coatings were deposited on stainless steel by plasma spraying at various standoff distances. Some of the coatings were also annealed. Surface roughness profiles of as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings were measured by contact profilometry and analyzed via statistical methods. The effect of standoff distance and annealing on roughness is discussed along with the significance of measurement direction and evaluation length.
The Effect of Severe Shot Peening as Pre/Post Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of Cold Spray Coating
Authors: Moridi A. , Hassani-Gangaraj S. M. , Vezzu S. , Guagliano M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of shot peening on the fatigue life of cold spray aluminum alloy 6082 coatings. A pneumatic blast machine with standard steel shot was used to peen both uncoated and coated substrates. Six test groups representing different treatment protocols were characterized in terms of residual stress, roughness, and rotating bending fatigue. The results show that the best fatigue performance is obtained by intense shot peening prior to cold spraying. Post-treatment shot peening, in contrast, had a detrimental effect as a large portion of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the coating, resulting in surface damage rather than further work hardening.
Development of Velocity Measurement Methods for Cold Sprayed Particle Clusters Using Particle Image Velocimetry Techniques
Authors: Sakata K. , Tagomori K. , Sugiyama N. , Sasaki S. , Shinya Y. , Yasuki M. , Sasaki H. , Nanbu T. , Takashima K. , Katanoda H. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this investigation, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and direct imaging are used to measure particle velocities during cold spraying. Four feedstock powders were sprayed, including Ni, WC-Co, carbonyl Fe, and Cr steel. Multiple exposures at 500 ns intervals were used to measure in-flight particle velocities via direct imaging with a high shutter speed camera. Velocimetry measurements were made with a double-pulse laser and a high-resolution camera. With the minimum frame straddling time set to 100 ns, a maximum particle velocity of 1052 m/s was measured.
Micro-Scale Interface Strength Evaluation of Cold Sprayed Deposit
Authors: Ichikawa Y. , Watanabe Y. , Nonaka I. , Miura H. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the factors that control the macroscale strength of cold spray coatings by evaluating local strength at the microscale. Using pure copper powder and high-pressure cold spray equipment, thick (15 mm) copper layers were deposited on aluminum substrates. The coatings were evaluated by SEM and EBSD analysis, then freestanding Cu specimens were fabricated in a FIB system, where in-situ micro tensile tests were carried out. The results are presented and discussed along with the role of microvoids.
Disorder and Bonding in Cold Spraying of Fe40Al
Authors: Cinca N. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. , Guilemany J. M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine whether local disordering plays a role in the bonding of FeAl intermetallic coatings produced by cold spraying. XRD analysis of the powder and coatings revealed superlattice peaks, indicative of an ordered intermetallic structure. Nevertheless, locally disordered structures were detected in the deposits by TEM imaging. This may be related to a deformation induced order-to-disorder transformation due to the high strains involved in cold spraying, which is supported by comparing the magnetic properties of the deposits with those of HVOF sprayed coatings produced using disordered ball-milled feedstock.
Effects of Al Content and Addition of Third Element on Fabrication of Ti-Al Intermetallic Coatings by Heat Treatment of Warm Sprayed Precursors
Authors: Sienkiewicz J. , Kuroda S. , Minagawa K. , Murakami H. , Araki H. , Kurzydłowski K. J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, titanium and aluminum powders mixed in different ratios were deposited on stainless steel substrates by warm spraying. Microstructure and composition of as-sprayed and heat-treated samples were characterized and the effect of adding a third element was assessed. It was found that Al content has a major influence on the thickness and porosity of heat-treated Ti-Al coatings and that adding silicon to the powder mixtures reduces the melting point of Al, causing a loss of Al-Si particles during spraying.
Improvement of Delamination Resistant Properties for Thermal Barrier Coatings by Formation of Wedge-Like Thermally Grown Oxide
Authors: Hatta S. , Ogawa K. , Takanezawa T. , Yamazaki H. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Previous work on thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has shown that Ce-containing bond coats promote the formation of a wedge-like interface oxide that improves delamination resistance. The oxide was found to form at temperatures greater than 1100 °C, which in many applications, may not be reached. In this study, TBC samples consisting of a YSZ topcoat and various cold-sprayed bond coats were prepared. In order to obtain a wedge-like thermally grown oxide (TGO), pre-oxidation was carried out for 20 h at 1100 °C prior to high-temperature testing for 1000 h at 1000 °C. It was confirmed that the pre-oxidation treatment produced a wedge-like TGO that continued to grow at 1000 °C, which improved delamination resistance as four-point bend tests showed. A wedge-like oxide was also observed in some TBCs exposed to temperatures of 1000 °C, without pre-oxidation.
Columnar Structured Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited by Suspension Plasma Spraying
Authors: Tao S. , Zhong X. , Zhao H. , Zhao Y. , Li D. , Ding C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This investigation evaluates the microstructure and properties of thermal barrier coatings produced by suspension plasma spraying. A YSZ suspension was injected axially into a plasma jet and deposited on a superalloy substrate with a CoNiCrAlY bond coat. SEM examination revealed a columnar microstructure with a network of vertical segmentation cracks and horizontal branching cracks. In furnace cycle testing, the TBCs withstood 166 thermal shock cycles with failure attributed to partial spallation of the columnar segments initiating at the edge and center of the coatings. The TBCs were also subjected to burner rig tests to assess thermal insulation properties and to heat treatments up to 1600 °C to evaluate thermal stability based on phase composition, grain size, and microhardness.
Healing of the Interface Between Splashed Particles and Underlying Bulk Coating and Its Influence on Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of LPPS MCrAlY Bond Coat
Authors: Zhang B.-Y. , Shi J. , Yang G.-J. , Li C.-X. , Li C.-J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Thermally grown oxide (TGO) that naturally forms on bond coat surfaces plays an important role in determining the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Splashed particles on thermally sprayed MCrAlY bond coat surfaces are weakly bonded to the underlying bulk coating, leading to the formation of mixed oxides that contribute to TBC failure. In this study, various heat treatments are used to modify the weakly bonded splashed particles on LPPS CoNiCrAlY bond coats in order to restrain the formation of mixed oxides and prevent associated failures.
Workplace Exposure to Nickel During Thermal Spraying Processes
Authors: Blättler M. A. , Pletscher C. , Miedinger D. , Koller M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To assess workplace exposure to nickel during thermal spraying, an air quality study was conducted at a thermal spray facility between 2007 and 2010 and 22 thermal spray operators were monitored. Results show that certain activities and operations have the potential for high exposure to nickel compounds. It is also shown that the biological agent tolerance value (BAT-value) of water-insoluble nickel compounds can be respected if specific technical, organizational, and personal-protective measures are consistently implemented.
Process Control of Thermal Spraying Processes by Means of Acoustic Emission Analysis
Authors: Tillmann W. , Abdulgader M. , Wang G. , Zielke R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study demonstrates an experimental setup in which acoustic emission sensing is used to monitor a twin wire arc spraying (TWAS) process. Emitted acoustic signals were recorded by broadband sensors attached to the spray nozzle and mounted under the substrate. Sensor outputs were converted from the time domain to the frequency domain by fast Fourier analysis. Acoustic emission amplitude plots were produced and are correlated with gas pressure, arc voltage, in-flight particle velocity and temperature, coating thickness, and crack formation due to cooling.
Comparison of Alumina-Titania Coatings Deposited by Plasma and HVOF Spray Techniques
Authors: Trache R. , Berger L.-M. , Leyens C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work demonstrates a new single-cathode, multi-anode plasma spray process and compares it with conventional APS and HVOF spraying. Alumina feedstock powders mixed with 13, 40, and 44 wt% titania were deposited under a wide range of spraying conditions following a design of experiments approach. Deposition rate and efficiency were measured and coating characteristics, including microstructure, phase composition, hardness, Young’s modulus, electrical resistivity, and cavitation wear, are compared. The results are presented and the advantages of each process are discussed.
Effect of Substrate Hardness and Gas Temperature on Deposition Behavior of Nanostructured WC-23Co Particles in Cold Spraying Process
Authors: Chen X. , Wang H. T. , Ji G. C. , Bai X. B. , Dong Z. X. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Nanostructured WC-Co powders were cold sprayed on different substrate materials at different accelerating gas temperatures. Splat morphology and microstructure were examined, showing that the splats are partially embedded in plain carbon and stainless steel substrates with a contour similar to that of the feedstock powder. Gaps and revers were observed around the splats and corrugations or ripples were found on the surface. In contrast, splats on the surface of WC-Co substrates are relatively flat with ejectas on the periphery. A comparison of splats also shows that particle deformation increases with increasing gas temperature and substrate hardness.
Cold Spray Deposition of a Core-Shell Structured WC-Co Coating
Authors: Luo X.-T. , Li C.-X. , Yang G.-J. , Li C.-J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, cold spraying is used to develop WC-Co coatings with a WC-10Co core as reinforcement and a Co-rich WC-Co matrix as the binder. Core-shell structured powders were prepared by mechanical milling and coating samples were deposited by cold spraying. Post-spray annealing was carried out to further modify the coating microstructure. WC-Co coating microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated along with various structure-property relationships. It was found that a WC-Co layer with a porosity of only 0.7 % was realized by cold spraying the mechanically milled powder and that annealing at 900 °C for 2 h resulted in a remarkable improvement in fracture toughness with no evident change in hardness.
Cold Spray Deposition on Inner Side of Pipe with Aid of Radial Supersonic Nozzle
Authors: Klinkov S. V. , Kosarev V. F. , Zaikovskii V. N. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work evaluates a new cold-spray technique for coating the inner surface of pipes. Rather than rotate the pipe as in previous methods, a radial supersonic nozzle is translated along the pipe axis, leaving behind a continuous coating. In a demonstration, the new method is used to apply aluminum, copper, and nickel coatings inside steel and aluminum pipes with inner diameters of 45-100 mm.
Computer Modeling of Cermet Coatings Evolution Under Pulsed High-Energy Post-Treatment
Authors: Solonenko O. P. , Golovin A. A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study employs numerical simulations to investigate the effect of pulsed electron-beam treatments on the porosity of plasma-sprayed cermet coatings. Simulations show that heat flux density and pulse duration control both the degree of melting in the metal binder and volume heating in the base. With optimized parameters, a single high-energy pulse can reduce porosity and increase bonding strength without melting carbide inclusions.
A TEM Study of the Bonded Splat Interface Microstructure of Plasma-Sprayed YSZ Coating
Authors: Yang E.-J. , Yang G.-J. , Li C.-X. , Li C.-J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this work, YSZ coatings were deposited on air-cooled substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was used to examine local microstructure near the interface of bonded splats. The coatings mainly consist of typical columnar grain microstructure with metastable tetragonal phase. At the bonded zones, the top surfaces of previously deposited splats act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the next splat. The examinations also revealed large columnar grains perpendicular to the bonded interface along with high defect density.
Tribological Performance of Nanostructured TiO2 Coatings Prepared by Suspension HVOF Spraying
Authors: Zhang F. F. , Wang S. C. , Robinson B. , Tabecki A. , de Villiers-Lovelock H. L. , Wood R. J. K. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this study, suspension HVOF spraying is used to deposit TiO2 nanoparticles on 304 stainless steel substrates. Spray parameters are varied, including spray distance and number of passes, to determine their effect on friction and wear properties as well as surface topography, microstructure, and phase composition. The spray parameters used, the microstructures observed, and the wear mechanisms of the nanostructured TiO2 coatings are described in the paper.