bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creatinine Muscle Index as a Novel Muscle Mass Indicator in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Nobayashi Hiroki , Kanzaki Go , Okubo Aoi , Tsuboi Nobuo , Yokoo Takashi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe early detection of muscle loss in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is crucial. The creatinine muscle index (CMI, mg/day/1.73 m2), which is calculated as the product of serum creatinine, is easily available in daily care and estimates the muscle mass. However, the association between CMI and muscle mass has not been fully assessed. We aimed to investigate whether CMI can serve as a predictor of muscle mass in patients with CKD.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included patients with CKD undergoing kidney biopsy and plain computed tomography (CT) to assess the kidney morphology. Muscle mass was assessed using the psoas muscle index, determined by dividing the cross‐sectional psoas muscle area at the L3 level, measured by manual tracing on pre‐biopsy CT, by the participant's height (cm2/m2).ResultsIn total, 159 participants (84 male [52.8%], mean age 51.7 ± 16 years) were included. CMI was positively correlated with PMI in men (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and women (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). The prevalence of low muscle mass was 55 (65.5%) in men and 44 (58.7%) in women. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for low muscle mass were significantly higher in Tertile 1 of CMI than in Tertile 3 in both men and women (OR, 5.37 [95% CI, 1.32–21.8] in men; OR, 7.31 [95% CI, 1.38–38.6] in women) after adjusting for age, body mass index and co‐morbidities (hypertension and diabetes). According to receiver operating characteristics curves, the optimal cut‐off value of CMI for low muscle mass was 1079 mg/day/1.73 m2 (area under the curve 0.69 [95% CI: 0.57–0.81]; sensitivity, 0.78; specificity, 0.62) in men and 693 mg/day/1.73 m2 (area under the curve 0.74 [95%CI: 0.63–0.85]; sensitivity, 0.57; specificity, 0.90) in women.ConclusionsCMI is significantly associated with muscle mass in patients with CKD. Our findings suggest the utility of CMI for screening the muscle mass in this population.
Side‐Gated Iontronic Memtransistor: A Fast and Energy‐Efficient Neuromorphic Building Block
Authors: Sahad E Muhammed , Bej Saptarshi , Das Bikas C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIontronic memtransistors have emerged as technologically superior to conventional memristors for neuromorphic applications due to their low operating voltage, additional gate control, and enhanced energy efficiency. In this study, a side‐gated iontronic organic memtransistor (SG‐IOMT) device is explored as a potential energy‐efficient hardware building block for fast neuromorphic computing. Its operational flexibility, which encompasses the complex integration of redox activities, ion dynamics, and polaron generation, makes this device intriguing for simultaneous information storage and processing, as it effectively overcomes the von Neumann bottleneck of conventional computing. The SG‐IOMT device achieves linear channel conductance performance metrics with switching speeds in the microsecond range and energy efficiency down to a few femtojoules, comparable to those of the brain. This finding demonstrates robustness, supporting the Atkinson–Shiffrin memorization model, and the four most common Hebbian learning rules. Overall, this SG‐IOMT device architecture offers significant advantages over conventional architectures, as it yields remarkable image classification performance in convolutional neural network simulations.
Software Metric Based Impact Analysis of Code Smells ‐ A Large Scale Empirical Study
Authors: Masudur Rahman Md. , Satter Abdus , Mahbubul Alam Joarder Md. , Sakib Kazi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTContextCode smells are indicators of poor design and implementation choices that negatively affect software quality and maintainability. Moreover, it is difficult and time‐consuming to work with a long list of the code smells, as not all of those smells have equal impact on the system. So, understanding the individual impact of the code smells is significant while performing refactorings on a priority basis.ObjectiveDespite significant research efforts aimed at detecting and refactoring these code smells, understanding their individual impact on software quality metrics such as size, complexity, coupling, etc. remains still unclear.MethodologyTo mitigate this research gap, we present an empirical investigation on the impact analysis of code smells based on the 25 software quality metrics such as size, cyclomatic complexity, coupling, etc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest empirical study about the impact analysis of code smells with respect to the number of software metrics. Particularly for this study, we identify 13 code smells in 35 open‐source software systems, and analyze (1) the relationship between code smells and software metrics, (2) which code smells are highly impactful that affect the metrics, and (3) which impactful smells occur frequently in the systems.ResultsThe results show varying degrees of correlation‐based impact between specific code smells and software metrics, with some smells showing strong correlations with multiple metrics. Three categories of impact for the code smells have been identified, namely High, Moderate and Low, where Long Method, Anti Singleton, Complex Class, Large Class and Long Parameter List smells have high impact, but their frequencies are not high except Anti Singleton; Refused Parent Bequest, Spaghetti Code and Blob have moderate impact; and rest of the smells have low impact. We also observe that perceptions about the impact of code smells vary from developer to developer and they most cases refactor the smells based on their intuition.ConclusionOur findings will help them to refactor the smells on an objective‐based instead of an intuition‐based, which will be more significant to improve the software quality. For example, refactoring the smells having a high impact on the coupling between objects metric can be an objective. Furthermore, our results will not only assist developers in prioritizing refactoring activities but also provide researchers with valuable insights to innovate tools that prioritize refactoring based on the impact of code smells. These tools will help developers target the most impactful smells and thus enhance the overall quality and maintainability of software systems.
A Grammatical Metaphor Word List
Authors: McGrath Darby , Liardét Cassi 
Published: January 2025

AbstractResearch has identified a particularly useful lexicogrammatical resource that language learners need in order to develop academic literacy, that of grammatical metaphor (GM). GM enables the wordy expression characteristic of informal, spoken discourses to be reorganized into the cohesive and abstracted expression valued in academic texts. Although it is a key element of written academic discourse, resources for teaching GM are limited, and research into learners' development of GM has been constrained by the manually intensive nature of its analysis. In response to these constraints, this article presents a Grammatical Metaphor Word List (GML), a systematically compiled list of 4574 GMs identified in two academic writing corpora: a collection of student essays, and a specialized corpus derived from 200 published research articles. The paper first describes how the GML was compiled before comparing the use of GM in these specialized learner and expert populations. It concludes with a discussion of some potential applications of the GML in both research and instruction. Given the constraints on large‐scale investigations into GM, it is our hope that the GML will prove valuable as a resource to inform L2 instruction and as a tool to expedite research into language learners' GM development.
Education as Empathy: Creating Welcoming Spaces for Students From Refugee Backgrounds in Higher Education
Authors: Dietlin Olga , Pruitt Esther , Wall Marlene 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis article explores the response of higher education to the global refugee crisis, highlighting the notably low 6% enrollment rate for individuals with refugee backgrounds. We discuss the struggles of refugee students and trace the evolving support efforts by humanitarian and educational organizations. Recognizing the daunting task of identifying actionable steps in the face of extensive displacement, we introduce LCC International University in Europe as a model of effective engagement. We conclude that while policy frameworks are foundational, the real transformation within higher education stems from the actions of individuals, emphasizing the role of compassion in rehumanizing education.
Teaching Educational Crises Amid (Multiple, Real‐Time) Crises
Authors: Spitzer Natalie , Goodman Michael A. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn late May 2022, 19 students and two adults were killed in a mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas. Weeks later, the Supreme Court made a landmark decision in the Dobbs case, turning abortion regulation back to state control. As instructors of a graduate level course on educational crises and emergency response and as residents of Texas, we grappled with academic expectations at the intersection of real‐life crises unfolding in real‐time. In this article, we write about the juxtaposition between planning and teaching a course about crises and emergencies and the humanism of going through these very crises alongside students.
Implementing Disability Inclusion: Comparing Bangladesh and South Sudan
Authors: Funke Carolin , Dijkzeul Dennis 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis chapter comparatively examines the implementation of disability inclusion in two humanitarian crises, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh and South Sudan. These divergent cases illustrate in different ways the challenges and opportunities for implementing disability inclusion in complex and protracted emergencies. It shows that many organizations know about the CRPD and recognize the need to become disability-inclusive. However, most struggle with the implementation of the disability inclusion norm cluster. This chapter elucidates the reasons for incomplete implementation and limited impact of disability inclusion.
Analysis Across Actors and Levels
Authors: Funke Carolin , Dijkzeul Dennis 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the key findings using the theoretical framework we developed in Chapter 2. Importantly, we highlight important differences among the levels of global governance and show the shortcomings of norm robustness as a concept for the study of norm translation and implementation. The robustness of a norm cluster cannot be explained well by contestation, deliberate norm violation, or intended non-compliance. Rather, other policy priorities and lack of capacities account for the lack of implementation and the relatively low impact of inclusion in the lives of persons with disabilities. We call this norm evasion. The multi-level approach implies a sea change in the study of International Law and IR, which need to leave their traditional confines behind. They should extend their reach and use more multi-method research to study all governance levels, as well as the interaction among them. In the final section, we also provide recommendations on how to address diversity in humanitarian action.
Conclusions
Authors: Funke Carolin , Dijkzeul Dennis 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe concluding chapter summarizes the findings and discusses the shortcomings of current International Law and IR norm theory. It highlights the need for a multi-level perspective for studying norm robustness. Furthermore, it highlights the need to integrate a multi-level, mixed method approach to norms on diversity and inclusion to understand the impact of norms at the various levels of global governance. The final section stresses the importance for more comparative research with other, sometimes overlapping norm clusters (e.g., on gender, racism, LGBTQI+, or older persons) to deepen our insight on norm development and impact, as well as about the interaction of governmental and non-governmental action at various levels.
Introduction
Authors: Pelizzon Alessandro 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe fundamental thesis of this book is that all the initiatives it explores, and all the theories that underpin them, constitute a single, (perhaps unintentionally) cohesive and novel way for legal theory to imagine itself. Not only, they also represent a single overall attempt to harmonize legal theory with an ecological view of the world and of humanity’s role within it. Just as ecology has entered the vernacular of most disciplines, it has done so within law and legal theory as well. The fundamental thesis of this book, therefore, is that the Western legal world (and the legal world in general) is in the midst of the emergence of a veritable ecological jurisprudence.
Special Reports
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Nong , Guo Xiaokui , Zhang Xiaoxi 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe One Health approach is a comprehensive framework that integrates the health of humans, animals, and the environment. It utilizes tools like the external drivers index (EDI) and intrinsic drivers index (IDI) to evaluate and measure health performance across nations. Governance, defined by principles such as transparency and accountability, plays a crucial role in managing global health crises. Zoonotic diseases, which account for a significant proportion of all infectious diseases, underscore the urgency of adopting a multisectoral approach to health. Another pressing concern is food security, which, despite global initiatives, reveals stark disparities when viewed through the One Health lens. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a formidable global challenge, with misuse of drugs leading to increased resistance. It necessitates a holistic, One Health-based strategy. Climate change, primarily driven by human activities, poses multidimensional threats to biodiversity, health, and ecological balance. The repercussions of climate change, combined with other health challenges, emphasize the need for nations to collaborate, innovate, and commit to sustainable solutions. In sum, the global challenges underscored in the text highlight the indispensable role of the One Health approach in fostering a healthier future for all.
From liability gaps to liability overlaps: shared responsibilities and fiduciary duties in AI and other complex technologies
Authors: Custers Bart , Lahmann Henning , Scott Benjamyn I. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractComplex technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) can cause harm, raising the question of who is liable for the harm caused. Research has identified multiple liability gaps (i.e., unsatisfactory outcomes when applying existing liability rules) in legal frameworks. In this paper, the concepts of shared responsibilities and fiduciary duties are explored as avenues to address liability gaps. The development, deployment and use of complex technologies are not clearly distinguishable stages, as often suggested, but are processes of cooperation and co-creation. At the intersections of these stages, shared responsibilities and fiduciary duties of multiple actors can be observed. Although none of the actors have complete control or a complete overview, many actors have some control or influence, and, therefore, responsibilities based on fault, prevention or benefit. Shared responsibilities and fiduciary duties can turn liability gaps into liability overlaps. These concepts could be implemented in tort and contract law by amending existing law (e.g., by assuming that all stakeholders are liable unless they can prove they did not owe a duty of care) and by creating more room for partial liability reflecting partial responsibilities (e.g., a responsibility to signal or identify an issue without a corresponding responsibility to solve that issue). This approach better aligns legal liabilities with responsibilities, increases legal certainty, and increases cooperation and understanding between actors, improving the quality and safety of technologies. However, it may not solve all liability gaps, may have chilling effects on innovation, and may require further detailing through case law.
Ovarian cancer staging and follow-up: updated guidelines from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology female pelvic imaging working group
Authors: Rizzo Stefania , Avesani Giacomo , Panico Camilla , Manganaro Lucia , Gui Benedetta , Lakhman Yulia , Andrieu Pamela Causa , Bharwani Nishat , Rockall Andrea , Thomassin-Naggara Isabelle , Cunha Teresa Margarida , Sala Evis , Forstner Rosemarie , Nougaret Stephanie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Objective
To provide up-to-date European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines for staging and follow-up of patients with ovarian cancer (OC).

Methods
Twenty-one experts, members of the female pelvis imaging ESUR subcommittee from 19 institutions, replied to 2 rounds of questionnaires regarding imaging techniques and structured reporting used for pre-treatment evaluation of OC patients. The results of the survey were presented to the other authors during the group’s annual meeting. The lexicon was aligned with the Society of American Radiology (SAR)-ESUR lexicon; a first draft was circulated, and then comments and suggestions from the other authors were incorporated.

Results
Evaluation of disease extent at diagnosis should be performed by chest, abdominal, and pelvic CT. The radiological report should map the disease with specific mention of sites that may preclude optimal cytoreductive surgery. For suspected recurrence, CT and [18F]FDG PET-CT are both valid options. MRI can be considered in experienced centres, as an alternative to CT, considering the high costs and the need for higher expertise in reporting.

Conclusions
CT is the imaging modality of choice for preoperative evaluation and follow-up in OC patients. A structured radiological report, including specific mention of sites that may preclude optimal debulking, is of value for patient management.

Key Points
QuestionGuidelines were last published for ovarian cancer (OC) imaging in 2010; here, guidance on imaging techniques and reporting, incorporating advances in the field, are provided.
FindingsStructured reports should map out sites of disease, highlighting sites that limit cytoreduction. For suspected recurrence, CT and 18FDG PET-CT are options, and MRI can be considered.
Clinical relevanceImaging evaluation of OC patients at initial diagnosis (mainly based on CT), using a structured report that considers surgical needs is valuable in treatment selection and planning.
Pain perception, opioid consumption and mobility following lateral compression pelvic ring injuries: a two-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Therrien Camryn C. , ten Duis Kaj , de Vries Jean-Paul P. M. , Reininga Inge H. F. , IJpma Frank F. A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Purpose
A prospective longitudinal cohort study was performed to gain insight into the course of recovery in terms of pain, opioid consumption, and mobility in patients with a lateral compression (LC) pelvic injury.

Methods
Adult patients with an LC injury, without any cognitive disorders or limited mobility and who could communicate in Dutch were asked to participate. Pain in terms of NRS (numeric rating scale, range 0–10), opioid use and mobility were recorded at eight time points: at hospital admission, and three days, one week, six weeks, three months, six months, one year and two years after the injury. A sub-analysis was performed for nonoperatively and operatively treated patients.

Results
Ninety-seven patients were included, of which 23 (24%) were treated operatively and 74 (76%) conservatively. Pain at rest and exertion, were highest upon admission (mean NRS of 3.4 (SD = 2.6) and 4.4 (SD = 2.8), respectively) but decreased within six weeks (mean NRS of 0.8 (SD = 1.6) and 2.0 (2.0), respectively). After two years, the mean NRS was 0.5 (SD = 1.6) and 0.9 (SD = 2.1), respectively. Upon admission, 85% were given opioids, however only 11% used opioids after three months and 4% after two years. At three months, 35% were walking using walking aids and 58% were walking independently. After two years, 98% were walking independently.

Conclusions
Pain rapidly decreased within the first six weeks. Most patients did not need opioids after three months. Furthermore, most patients were walking with walking aids after six weeks. After two years, few patients experienced pain, used opioids or had difficulties walking.
A nationwide registry-based cohort study of the association between childhood dental caries and gingivitis with type 2 diabetes in adulthood
Authors: Nygaard Nikoline , Eriksen Anne Kirstine , Ängquist Lars , Belstrøm Daniel , Stankevic Evelina , Hansen Torben , Olsen Anja , Markvart Merete 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between oral health status and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults. Studies on associations between childhood oral health and T2D in adulthood are lacking.

Methods
This is a nationwide Danish registry-based cohort study of individuals born between 1963 and 1972, having at least one registration in the National Child Odontology Registry between 1972 and 1987 (n = 627,758). Follow-up lasted from 1995 to 2018. Main exposure variables were the highest achieved levels of dental caries and gingivitis between 1972 and 1987. The outcome was T2D diagnosis during follow-up. Data was analyzed using Cox-regression, stratified on sex, with age as the underlying timescale and highest achieved level of education between age 25–30 years as Cox-strata. Main analyses were conducted with and without age-restrictions (T2D diagnosis before/after age 40).

Results
Compared to lowest-level references, high levels of gingivitis associated with increased hazard ratios (HRs) of T2D in both males (HR [95% confidence interval]: 1.59 [1.47; 1.72]) and females (1.87 [1.68; 2.08]), as did severe dental caries (males: (1.15 [1.04; 1.27], in females: 1.19 [1.06; 1.35]). Below age 40, gingivitis associated with increased HRs in males (1.84 ([1.58; 2.15]) and females (1.94 [1.63; 2.30]). Above age 40, both exposures displayed higher HRs in males (high gingivitis: 1.52 [1.39; 1.66] vs. severe caries: 1.23 [1.09; 1.38]) and females (1.83 [1.59; 2.10] vs. 1.37 [1.17; 1.59]).

Conclusions
Data suggest an association between childhood dental caries and gingivitis with risk of receiving a T2D diagnosis in adulthood. However, results are affected by residual confounding warranting further studies.