bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of glomerular mesangial cell neutral proteinase secretion by macrophages: role of interleukin 1.
Authors: Martin J , Lovett D H , Gemsa D , Sterzel R B , Davies M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined the ability of rat mesangial cells to regulate neutral proteinase production in vitro. Mesangial cells constitutively produced gelatinase when cultured in serum-free medium, and enzyme production by these cells was inhibited by cycloheximide. Coculture with thioglycollate-elicited rat peritoneal macrophages resulted in enhanced gelatinase production. The increase in enzyme released correlated directly with the number of macrophages added. Conditioned medium from LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages also enhanced gelatinase production in a dose-dependent manner. Fractionation of these macrophage supernatants on Sephacryl S-200 revealed a predominant fraction of gelatinase-enhancing activity in a m.w. range between 10,000 and 20,000. These data suggested that the enhanced mesangial cell gelatinase production was mediated through the action of interleukin 1. This was confirmed by the finding that purified interleukin 1, prepared from LPS-stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages, stimulated mesangial cells to secrete gelatinase in a dose-dependent manner. These findings may be of significance in the understanding of the pro-inflammatory role of macrophages in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.
Evaluation of sequential glomerular eluates from rats with Heymann nephritis.
Authors: Abrass C K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study was undertaken to characterize the antigen-antibody content of sequential glomerular eluates from rats with Heymann nephritis. Serum and renal tissue were harvested every 2 wk after immunization with renal tubular antigen (Fx1A). Circulating antibody to the tubular antigen was detectable in the circulation from days 7 to 98. Direct immunofluorescence of renal tissue demonstrated an increase in IgG deposits through day 49 with stabilization thereafter. Tubular antigen deposits peaked at day 49 and then declined. One-hour and 3-hr acid eluates of isolated glomeruli were analyzed for IgG content, antibody specificity, and antigen content. Antibody from the 1-hr eluate bound to the tubular brush border but not the glomerulus, whereas the 3-hr eluate demonstrated binding to the glomerulus and not to the tubular brush border. In addition to rat IgG, the 1-hr eluate demonstrated a 70 kD band and the 3-hr eluate demonstrated a 45 kD band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By Western blot, antibody to the brush border bound to the 70 kD band. Anti-idiotypic antibody to anti-Fx1A, which binds to the glomerulus by indirect immunofluorescence, bound to the 45 kD band. The 3-hr eluate, but not the 1-hr eluate, precipitates radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragments from anti-Fx1A antibody but not from normal rat IgG. Quantitative analysis of the sequential eluates demonstrated that the 70 kD-anti-Fx1A system predominated early in the course of disease, whereas the 45 kD-anti-idiotype antigen-antibody system predominated late in the course of the disease. These observations confirm that two antigen-antibody systems contribute to the immune deposits in Heymann nephritis.
Polymeric IgA rheumatoid factor in idiopathic IgA mesangial nephropathy (Berger's disease).
Authors: Sinico R A , Fornasieri A , Oreni N , Benuzzi S , D'Amico G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect IgA rheumatoid factor (RF) in sera from 88 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgA GN), a disease characterized by abnormalities of IgA production. Significantly higher levels of IgA antiglobulins were demonstrated in IgA GN patients than in normal healthy controls and patients with other forms of chronic primary glomerulonephritis (mean +/- SEM 28.4 +/- 6.6 vs 6.0 +/- 0.4 and 8.3 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml respectively; p less than 0.002). Interestingly, in contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, IgA RF activity was not associated with IgM antiglobulins. Analysis of sera fractionated by gel chromatography at acid pH revealed that anti-IgG activity resided predominantly in the polymeric fractions of IgA as confirmed by the ability to bind "free" secretory component. Several findings in patients with IgA GN suggest that the IgA deposited in the glomeruli is polymeric, and levels of circulating macromolecular IgA are increased. Our findings confirm a general perturbation of IgA metabolism in this disease. Although the polymeric nature of the IgA RF is suggestive of a mucosal origin, additional evidence is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Antigen-specific murine T cell clones produce soluble interleukin 2 receptor on stimulation with specific antigens.
Authors: Wagner D K , York-Jolley J , Malek T R , Berzofsky J A , Nelson D L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this study, we used monoclonal antibodies to the murine IL 2 receptor (IL 2R) termed 3C7 and 7D4, which bind to different epitopes on the murine IL 2R, to develop an ELISA to measure soluble murine IL 2R. Surprisingly, stimulated murine spleen cells not only expressed cell-associated IL 2R, but also produced a considerable level of cell free IL 2R in the culture supernatant fluid. To assess the fine specificity of this response, myoglobin-immune murine T cell clones were stimulated with appropriate or inappropriate antigen and syngeneic or allogeneic presenting cells. Proliferation, measured by [3H] thymidine incorporation, and levels of soluble IL 2R were determined at day 4. The production of soluble IL 2R displayed the same epitope fine specificity, genetic restriction, and antigen dose-response as the proliferative response. Indeed, in some cases there was sharper discrimination of epitope specificity and genetic restriction with the soluble IL 2R levels. There was also reproducible clone-to-clone variation in the amount of soluble receptor produced in response to antigen among 12 T cell clones and lines tested. In time course experiments, proliferation was greatest at day 3, whereas soluble IL 2R levels continued to rise in subsequent days. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of release or secretion of soluble IL 2R by murine T cells, and the first demonstration of the fine specificity and genetic restriction of the induction of soluble IL 2R by specific antigen.
Aberrant activation and regulation of the oxidative burst in neutrophils with Mol glycoprotein deficiency.
Authors: Nauseef W M , De Alarcon P , Bale J F , Clark R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patients whose cells are deficient in the glycoproteins LFA-1, Mol, and p150,95 have recurrent infections and pronounced abnormalities in neutrophil adherence, aggregation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. We characterized activation and regulation of oxidative metabolism of Mol-deficient neutrophils. These cells failed to depolarize or to produce O2- or H2O2 normally when stimulated by opsonized zymosan. The chemotactic peptide formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine depolarized Mol-deficient neutrophils normally but caused supernormal production of O2- and H2O2, a result of a prolonged burst in oxidative metabolism. Phorbol myristate acetate depolarized Mol-deficient neutrophils at a nearly normal rate but evoked release of significantly less O2- and H2O2 than from normal PMN. The aberrant activation and regulation of the oxidative burst in Mol-deficient neutrophils are considered in light of recently emerging concepts in the cell biology of this process, and the possibility that these abnormalities reflect a defect in the cytoskeleton-membrane interaction is discussed.
Down-regulation of macrophage lysozyme by lipopolysaccharide and interferon.
Authors: Warfel A H , Zucker-Franklin D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages (M phi) was found to suppress intracellular as well as secreted lysozyme (LZM). Interferon (IFN) had a similar effect. LZM was identified by the capacity of cell lysates or medium to lyse Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and by the presence of a 14.5 Kd protein band which co-migrated with human LZM in SDS-PAGE and which reacted positively in Western blots with antiserum to human LZM. The size of the 14.5 Kd band decreased sequentially with increasing concentrations of LPS to which the cells were exposed. Although the LPS influence on LZM levels was dose-dependent, the intracellular LZM pool responded more readily than secreted LZM. Maximal intracellular LZM suppression of 80% was obtained with 10 micrograms LPS, whereas secreted LZM was reduced by only 66%. An IFN concentration of 100 U reduced secreted LZM by 24%, whereas 10,000 U of IFN decreased the amount of LZM secreted by 71%. Thioglycolate-elicited M phi had 75% less intracellular LZM than untreated resident M phi. Moreover, thioglycolate-elicited M phi were hyporesponsive to the suppressive effects of LPS added in vitro. Because both LPS and IFN have been shown to stimulate numerous M phi functions, the data are of interest because they support the concept, based on other studies, that agents which are capable of enhancing some M phi activities may concomitantly down-regulate other functions.
Oxygen-independent inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittaci growth by human monocytes and interferon-gamma-activated macrophages.
Authors: Rothermel C D , Rubin B Y , Jaffe E A , Murray H W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that Chlamydia psittaci grows well in human monocyte-derived macrophages, but to a limited extent in lymphokine-or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-activated macrophages. In this investigation, freshly explanted human monocytes inhibited chlamydial inclusion formation by 85% as compared to macrophages, and the level of inhibition was similar to that exhibited by lymphokine-activated macrophages (79%). To determine whether the oxygen-dependent antimicrobial mechanisms of the mononuclear phagocyte were involved in the inhibition, cells were infected with C. psittaci in the presence of agents that either inhibit the respiratory burst (glucose deprivation) or diminish the effect of H2O2 (catalase). These treatments had no effect on the capacity of monocytes and lymphokine-activated macrophages to restrict chlamydial growth. In addition, monocytes and activated macrophages from an individual with chronic granulomatous disease suppressed chlamydial growth as effectively as normal cells. Oxidatively deficient HeLa and endothelial cells, once stimulated by lymphokine, also displayed normal levels of antichlamydial activity. The induction of this apparently oxygen-independent antichlamydial effect by lymphokine was completely neutralized by a monoclonal anti-IFN-gamma antibody, and could be achieved by treatment with recombinant (r)IFN-gamma alone. These results indicate that the primary antimicrobial mechanism of the human monocyte against C. psittaci is oxygen-independent, and that this response can be effectively stimulated in the macrophage by lymphokine (IFN-gamma).
T cell receptor gene expression in autoimmune mice.
Authors: Mountz J D , Huppi K E , Seldin M F , Mushinski J F , Steinberg A D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autoimmunity in mice with the lpr/lpr and gld/gld genotypes is accompanied by profound lymphadenopathy characterized by the presence of a massive expansion of an unusual T cell subset. The abnormal lymph node T cells were found to express TcR beta and TcR alpha transcripts of expected sizes. There was a 10-fold increase in the 1.3-kb TcR beta transcript and a twofold increase in TcR alpha gene expression, even though Thy-1 expression was in general similar to controls. A study of T cell receptor expression during ontogeny failed to reveal any striking differences between lpr/lpr and congenic mice. There was a strong correlation between TcR beta expression and c-myb expression; however, there was no necessary association of TcR beta and c-myb expression when various T cell lines were examined. Background genes were found to influence the expression of T cell receptor genes in lpr/lpr mice. AKR-lpr/lpr lymph node cells, but not cells from other lpr/lpr mice or AKR +/+ mice, had the predominance of the 1.0-kb TcR beta transcript, which represents the nonfunctional D-J TcR beta rearrangements. Lymph nodes from MRL-lpr/lpr mice, but not C57BL/6-lpr/lpr or AKR-lpr/lpr mice, were found to express small amounts of the TcR gamma transcript. In addition, MRL-lpr/lpr but not C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice had an age-related decrease in thymic TcR beta expression along with a decrease in thymic c-myb expression. The current study extends the characterization of T cell gene expression abnormalities in peripheral T cells of gld/gld and lpr/lpr and describes certain similarities of these cells to immature thymocytes at a molecular level. Furthermore, it illustrates the complex interactions between "background genes" and genes responsible for lymphoproliferation, which in concert lead to specific molecular and cellular abnormalities.
Cyclophilin: distribution and variant properties in normal and neoplastic tissues.
Authors: Koletsky A J , Harding M W , Handschumacher R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytosolic concentration, Mr, and isoforms of cyclophilin (CyP), a specific cytosolic binding protein for cyclosporin A (CsA), were determined in normal and neoplastic human tissues as well as tissues from species of diverse phylogeny. CyP was present in all tissues examined; however, concentrations varied significantly among different tissue types. The CyP concentration was highest in lymphoblasts from a patient with T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (1.15 micrograms/mg protein) and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. CyP concentration in colon adenocarcinomas was twofold to threefold greater than that found in adjacent normal tissue. CyP from all normal and neoplastic human tissues examined had an apparent Mr of 17,000 determined by gel filtration HPLC. Major (pI 8.6 to 8.7) and minor (pI 6.7 to 6.9) CyP isoforms were identified in all human and murine tissue extracts by column sucrose gradient isoelectrofocusing; however, the ratio of the major to minor isoform varied widely. Among other species examined, significant concentrations of CyP were detected in cytosol extracts from sponges (Microciona prolifera), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mushrooms, the giant cockroach (Blaberus discoidalis), and a trematode (Schistosoma mansoni). By contrast, CyP was not detectable in extracts of Escherichia coli. A twofold to threefold elevation in the CyP content of murine splenocytes was detected 72 hr after Con A stimulation. A survey of a variety of natural products, synthetic compounds, and immunoregulating agents has failed thus far to identify compounds capable of competing with CsA for binding to CyP. The broad tissue and phylogenetic distribution of CyP, its highly conserved structure, and its increased content after mitogenic stimulation suggest a fundamental role in cellular metabolism.
A polyclonal assay for T helper function involving T-B cell contact mediated by L3T4 molecules.
Authors: Gougeon M L , Thèze J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM), T helper (TH) cell clones can induce differentiation of a very high proportion of normal B lymphocytes into plasmocytes. This property can be used to test TH cell function regardless of clonal specificity. We have investigated the role of L3T4 surface antigen in this new assay. Only TH cell clones expressing the L3T4 antigen have effector activity in this PWM-dependent helper assay; L3T4- TH cell variants are inactive. The involvement of L3T4 antigen is further shown by the ability of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody to inhibit the PWM-dependent polyclonal B cell differentiation induced by L3T4+ TH cell clones. This inhibition is not the consequence of arrested TH cell activation, nor of a lack of appropriate B cell stimulation by TH cell lymphokines. We show that PWM focuses TH cells on the B cell hybridoma LB15-13, and that anti-L3T4 mAb prevents the T-B cell clustering mediated by PWM. Thus, by a mechanism comparable with the one described for concanavalin A in the cytotoxicity assay, PWM acts by bridging TH cells and B cells; the T cell surface antigen L3T4 is involved in this process.
Human lymphocyte-high endothelial venule interaction: organ-selective binding of T and B lymphocyte populations to high endothelium.
Authors: Pals S T , Kraal G , Horst E , de Groot A , Scheper R J , Meijer C J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We wished to determine whether human lymphocytes, like their murine counterparts, show organ-specific interactions with high endothelial venules (HEV). Functional HEV-binding ability was measured by an in vitro assay of lymphocyte adherence to HEV in frozen sections of human lymphoid tissues which was adapted from rodent systems. It was found that human lymphocytes bind selectively to HEV and that, whereas mature T lymphocytes bind preferentially to HEV in peripheral lymph nodes and tonsils, B lymphocytes show preferential binding to HEV in GALT. Moreover, by analyzing the binding characteristics of T4+ and T8+ T cell populations, it was found that T8+ cells adhere preferentially to HEV in GALT and mesenteric lymph nodes and tonsil, and that T4+ cells bind slightly better to HEV in peripheral lymph nodes. The above findings indicate that organ--specific lymphocyte-endothelial cell recognition mechanisms exist also in humans, and suggest that these mechanisms play an important role in normal and pathologic lymphocyte traffic.
Clonal analysis of the primary and secondary B cell responses of neonatal, adult, and xid mice to (T,G)-A--L.
Authors: Press J L , Giorgetti C A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The splenic focus assay was used to clone B cells from neonatal, adult and xid mice in order to examine their primary and secondary responses to (T,G)-A--L. Adult precursor cell frequencies to (T,G)-A--L were achieved late in neonatal ontogeny. Primary xid B cells responded to DNP-HY but not to (T,G)-A--L in the splenic focus assay. The frequency of secondary B cells from (T,G)-A--L-primed xid mice was less than or equal to 10% that of secondary B cells from wild-type (non-xid or X/Xxid heterozygous) mice. Although xid B cells were poorly responsive to (T,G)-A--L in the splenic focus assay, (T,G)-A--L-primed xid mice could provide help as recipients for stimulation of wild-type primary and secondary B cells. It seems likely that the B2 subset contributes most of the splenic focus response to (T,G)-A--L. The fine specificities of antibodies produced by neonatal, xid, and adult (wild-type) B cell clones were analyzed using analogues of (T,G)-A--L. A specificity shift was observed between the adult primary and secondary antibody responses to (T,G)-A--L. Less than 10% of adult primary clones produced antibodies cross-reactive on (Phe,G)-A--L (recognizing A--L determinants or Phe,Glu determinants), whereas more than 70% of primary clones produced Tyr,Glu side-chain specific antibodies cross-reactive on GT. The percentage of clones producing GT-binding antibodies diminished in the secondary response, while the percentage of clones producing antibodies cross-reacting on (Phe,G)-A--L increased. Neonatal clones also produced mostly GT-binding antibodies but gave a higher percentage of (Phe,G)-A--L-cross-reacting antibodies than adult primary clones. The specificities of secondary antibodies produced by xid and wild-type B cell clones were dissimilar. First, xid secondary clones were "primary-like" in that no anti-A--L antibodies were detected. Second, clones whose antibodies bound side-chain determinants but not GT were produced in higher frequency by xid than by wild-type secondary B cells. The differential responsiveness of B cell subsets to antigen and regulatory signals may influence memory B cell generation and the specificity of antibodies produced in the primary vs secondary response.
Differential induction of H-2K vs H-2D class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by murine recombinant interferon-gamma.
Authors: Green W R , Phillips J D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results presented here indicate that recombinant murine interferon-gamma can cause a dramatic differential induction of two distinct class I MHC molecules. Thus, IFN-gamma treatment of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced AKR SL3 tumor, a cell line that normally expresses moderate levels of class I MHC antigens, resulted in a large increase in H-2Dk expression, but no change or a slight decrease in H-2Kk expression as measured by cytofluorography. Explanations of the selective enhancement of Dk expression based on increased Fc receptor display or differential kinetics of induction were ruled out. The phenomenon was observed over a wide range of doses of IFN-gamma and with two different monoclonal antibodies to Kk, the latter finding making it unlikely that an altered form of the Kk molecule was induced. The same differential induction of the Dk antigen was observed for the LBRM.5A4 tumor cell line. Because LBRM.5A4 is also MuLV+ but of congenic B10.BR (H-2k) origin, these results were consistent with the possibility that such differential induction was associated with the H-2k haplotype and/or MuLV. The implications of these results, as a possible mechanism of tumor cell escape from an immune surveillance system monitored by class I MHC-restricted T cells and as a useful model system to dissect the mechanism of IFN-gamma induction of class I MHC antigens, are discussed.
A monoclonal antibody that induces T cell aggregation reacts with vascular endothelial cells and placental trophoblasts.
Authors: Pumarola-Sune T , Graus F , Chen Y X , Cordon-Cardo C , Evans R L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have found that a mouse monoclonal antibody (alpha Leu-13) to a 16 kilodalton human lymphocyte surface antigen reacts with vascular endothelial cells as determined by immunoperoxidase staining of frozen tissue sections. In earlier studies, alpha Leu-13 was found to induce purified T cells to aggregate when added to cultures in nanogram concentrations. In the studies reported here, alpha Leu-13 stained vascular endothelial cells of arteries, capillaries, and veins in all organs examined from adults. It also reacted weakly with epithelial cells of proximal tubules of the kidney and with nonkeratinized basal epithelial cells of the cervix and esophagus. When a panel of tissues from a 14-wk-old fetus was examined, alpha Leu-13 was not found to react with endothelial cells of any specimen. However, it did stain medullary thymocytes and placental trophoblasts of this fetus. The implications of these findings to the possible function of the Leu-13 antigen in immune ontogeny are discussed.
Phagocytosis by human monocytes of unopsonized particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway: induction by cytokine.
Authors: Chakravarti B , Schreiber R D , Müller-Eberhard H J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monocytes isolated from human blood by centrifugal elutriation exhibited little ability to ingest rabbit erythrocytes (ER), zymosan particles, or desialated sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, 85 to 95% of these cells rosetted with C3b- or C3bi-bearing sheep erythrocytes (ES) or ingested IgG-coated ES. Preincubation of the monocytes with human lymphocytes increased their ability to ingest ER. the ER phagocytosis-inducing activity was contained in the 105,000 X G supernatant of lymphocyte lysates. These supernatants increased the percentage of ingesting monocytes from 5 to 15% to 80% within 60 min. The soluble factor was found to be relatively heat stable, inactivated by trypsin, and distinct from IFN-gamma. Its m.w. is less than 13,000. It was present in B and T lymphocytes and also in U937 cells. These results suggest that the ability of human monocytes to ingest nonopsonized particulate activators of the alternative complement pathway is a cytokine-inducible property and that the effect of the cytokine on complement receptor- or Fc receptor-dependent adherence or ingestion of opsonized particles is minor.