bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Good Fairness
Authors: Patten Alan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses David Miller’s claim that the provision of public goods raises important issues of justice. Patten argues that the just state has a role in promoting the provision of public goods that would be systematically underprovided by the market. This applies to both ‘essential goods’ relating to education, public health, and the environment, and some ‘discretionary’ goods stemming from particular conceptions of the good. Patten is more restrictive than Miller in his account of essential goods, but more permissive in terms of the discretionary goods whose provision is a requirement of justice. The chapter argues that relying on voluntary schemes for the provision of public goods can result in a bias against ideas of the good life that presuppose collective action. States sometimes have good all-things-considered fairness-based reasons to provide discretionary public goods that are not valued by everyone and pay for them out of general taxation revenues.
Hume on Authority and Opinion
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter engages with both David Miller’s early work on the political thought of David Hume and his recent work on the methodology of political theory. It explores Hume’s treatment of the allocation, justification, and genesis of political authority. Hume appeals to common opinion at two points of his argument: positively, to establish the existence of an obligation to obey, since it is so widely believed to be true; and negatively, to oppose the claim that obligation rests on consent, since this is not widely believed to be true. Green argues that common acceptance of authority of the law is sensitive to the content and character of the law. Hume’s critique of consent theory, though often praised, is in fact not compelling, and consent theory need not be seen as incomplete or redundant in explaining duties to obey the law.
Sir Isaac Newton’s Universe
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sir Isaac Newton’s Universe begins with a brief biography of the scientist at a pivotal time in history. With the plague sweeping through Europe and Galileo having died in the year of his birth, the time was right for the culmination of the Copernican revolution and the birth of new physics. The second and third sections of the chapter develop and explore Newton’s three laws of motion and his universal law of gravitation, which allowed him to derive Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion described in the fourth section. This powerful new way of studying the universe through universal laws of motion and gravitation were vindicated by the mathematical discovery of Neptune. Newton, along with Francis Bacon, Descartes, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, and others helped to usher in a new, more quantitative and logical way of thinking. With it came the Enlightenment and changes in art, culture, and religion.
Modern Physics: New Science to Study the Universe
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Modern Physics: New Science to Study the Universe shows that what may initially appear to be minor discrepancies with standard theories of the universe can lead to paradigm-shattering scientific revolutions. Einstein’s simple thought experiments exposed logical inconsistencies in Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light, and of the fundamental nature of space and time. These thought experiments led to Einstein’s development of his relativity theory and four-dimensional spacetime. The theory of special relativity is considered in this chapter. Explaining the spectrum of blackbody radiation became an intractable problem for the science of the 1800s. The solution led to quantum mechanics, a new understanding of the nature of atoms, and the discrete and probabilistic nature of the universe. The discovery that atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons led to the realization that atoms of elements can have multiple isotopes, differing in the numbers of neutrons.
An Overview of the Solar System
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An Overview of the Solar System presents a brief survey of what our tiny region of space contains. The principal goal of the chapter is to give the reader an organizational framework for the study of our Solar System. The patterns that are exposed suggest that underlying evolutionary processes must have led to the Solar System’s current configuration. A secondary goal is to provide the reader with a quick introduction to the Solar System, should they choose to move directly to a study of interstellar space, stars, galaxies, the cosmic web, and cosmology. The groupings of the innermost rocky planets, the asteroid belt, the gas giants, and the more distant ice giants are reviewed along with the class of dwarf planets. The origins of comets from the Kuiper belt and the Oort Cloud, and meteoroids are also discussed. A discussion of the general importance of tidal interactions concludes the chapter.
The Rocky Planets and Our Moon
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Rocky Planets and Our Moon considers the four innermost planets in our Solar System. Because the Moon is only slightly smaller than Mercury, it is included here as well. The atmospheres (if present) and surface features of the five bodies are considered in turn. If an atmosphere is present, what is it composed of and why? Is water present? What about cratering, volcanism, and tectonic activity? Does the body have a magnetic field? Comparing and contrasting the bodies provides insight into how they developed over time. The interiors of the planets are considered together. Seismic data when available, surface observations, and orbital data from moons and spacecraft also help scientists deduce what planetary interiors are like and why. The last two sections explore the exponential function, explosive population growth, pandemics, and humanity’s impact on our planet’s thin biosphere through climate change, while drawing lessons from our neighboring worlds.
Galaxies Galore
Authors: Ostlie Dale A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Galaxies Galore introduces the vast collections of stars, dust, and gas once called “island universes.” The Milky Way is just one of trillions of galaxies, each containing many billions to trillions of stars. Hubble’s tuning fork diagram serves as a classification tool for galaxy types. Clusters and superclusters of galaxies exist throughout the universe forming part of the cosmic web. Most of the gravitational force necessary to hold them together is due to the as yet undetectable dark matter. It appears that all large galaxies contain one or more supermassive black holes at their centers, including the Milky Way’s diminutive 4 million solar mass black hole. The supermassive black holes of active galaxies can devour infalling material and generate powerful beams of radiation, known as quasars, that can be seen from across the universe. The chapter wraps up with a discussion of how galaxies form and evolve over time.
History and Time
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In early modern England generation was often understood as a unit of historical chronology. This chapter examines the triangular relationship between religious controversies, the arts of history, and the sciences of time. It delineates the development of official and alternative narratives of the Reformation before considering when and why contemporaries came to think of this as a past event rather than an ongoing and unfinished process. Through an investigation of calendars, almanacs, and chronologies, it explores the naming and dating of the Reformation. It assesses how senses of religious rupture contributed to creating enduring models of periodization and engages with influential claims about the transformation of historiography and regimes of temporality in this era. A further theme is the intertwining of senses of historical and liturgical time with the rhythms of biological reproduction and the life cycle. The chapter traces the manner in which public memory of the English Reformations became entangled with family history and genealogy in printed and manuscript texts and material objects.
Memory and Archive
Authors: Walsham Alexandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines memory and its transmutations over the course of the several generations that experienced England’s plural and contested Reformations. It investigates shifting commemorative practices, including the creation of memorials and monuments to past generations and the spiritual legacies that the dying left to the living. It examines the impulses that led men and women to record the dramatic religious changes they had witnessed and in which they had participated, and the textual and material forms in which they transmitted these recollections to posterity as heirlooms. It explores what people strategically forgot as well as what they selectively remembered; how they retrospectively edited their own life stories as their religious and cultural preoccupations changed over time; and the manner in which events passed out of living memory and entered into the realm of inherited legend. The chapter also evaluates the role of generational transmission in creating the very archives, libraries, and museums through which our own knowledge of the Reformation past is filtered, and the interpretative paradigms that shape how we analyse this period.
Legal Concepts
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops an understanding of direct discrimination (disparate treatment) and indirect discrimination (disparate impact) in different jurisdictions, and examines the extent to which they can achieve the four-dimensional understanding of equality. Although judges have described direct discrimination as relatively simple, courts have disagreed on some of its basic elements, particularly the role of motive or intention and whether and how direct discrimination can be legitimately justified. In whatever form, it remains limited by its adherence to the principle that likes should be treated alike, for example because of the need for a comparator; and the possibility of responding to a breach by treating everyone equally badly. These issues are explored in Section II. Section III critically assesses indirect discrimination from a comparative perspective across the jurisdictions highlighted in this book and its relationship with direct discrimination. Here, too, it examines the role of intention, how disparate impact is measured, and the standards of scrutiny to justify indirect discrimination, as well as examining the aims and objectives of the concept. Section IV examines ways in which different jurisdictions have relaxed the boundaries between the two concepts, paying particular attention to Canada, the EU, and the ECHR.
The Insanity Defence in English Law
Authors: Mackay Ronnie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legal development of the defence of insanity in England and Wales which is based on the famous M’Naghten Rules. As such it contains an analysis of problems that have arisen in the application of the insanity and automatism defences through a discussion of recent case law, including an analysis of how the ‘external factor’ doctrine has influenced the distinction between sane and insane automartism. It also includes an evaluation of the author’s empirical research on the defence, together with a discussion of how a new test for the insanity plea was introduced as a result of litigation in the Channel Island of Jersey.
Reforming the Insanity Defence in England and Wales
Authors: Ormerod David , Dsouza Mark 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
English law’s insanity defence has been subjected to sustained and cogent criticism. It is outdated in its understanding of psychiatry and was devised for trial procedures that are unrecognizable to those familiar with modern day practice. The defence is little used but has generated a disproportionate number of appeals. It creates arbitrary distinctions in application by its requirement for a ‘disease of the mind’, and its relationship with sane automatism and pleas based on intoxication is complex and incoherent. Controversially it imposes a legal burden of proof on the defendant. The scope for reform is obvious. With an increasingly enlightened attitude to mental health issues in the criminal justice system, there is an opportunity for law reform to create a defence which deals fairly and equitably with mentally disordered offenders. The Law Commission for England and Wales—whose statutory function is to ensure that the law is as fair, modern, and simple as possible—examined the defence and prepared a discussion paper tentatively proposing a new defence for someone ‘not criminally responsible by reason of medical condition’. This chapter explores the Commission’s work and assesses the prospects for further reform and legislation.
21st-Century Policing and Crime Control
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Policing has evolved during the past few decades in a variety of ways. The police have become less corrupt, better educated, more professional, better paid, and far more diverse with respect to race and sex. They have become more respectful of citizen rights due to exclusionary rules, citizen review boards, consent decrees, and other accountability measures. Police are also more effective in crime control due to improved technology, greater resources, and better strategies. However, challenges remain. Crime control is a co-production process, and community cooperation in investigations is essential. Unfortunately, communities most affected by gun violence generally do not trust the police and fear retaliation for cooperation with the police. Community policing and procedural justice may be helpful in repairing frayed police–community relations. Police also need to be properly motivated and guided to control crime. Low morale undermines police proactivity, and new policing approaches can be limited by union restrictions.
Strengthening the Investigation of Shootings
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Low clearance rates for fatal and nonfatal shootings are a deadly problem in U.S. cities. Detectives attempting to solve gun assaults and homicides have more forensic and technological tools at their disposal than their predecessors from a few decades ago. Despite these new tools, clearance rates are dismally low in many cities. Finding cooperative witnesses remains a key challenge in building strong cases against shooters. The failure to arrest and convict undermines the deterrent effect of the law. Unsolved shootings also contribute to cycles of urban gun violence; deprive victims and their families of justice; and erode trust in the police, which further undermines witness cooperation with investigations. Police departments must invest additional resources in the investigation of fatal and nonfatal shootings. When additional investigative effort is expended, police can improve their success in gaining the cooperation of key witnesses and increase the amount of forensic evidence collected and analyzed.
The rocky road to translational science: An analysis of Clinical and Translational Science Awards
Authors: Kim Yeon Hak , Lee You-Na , Woo Seokkyun 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStudies point out that the productivity decline in biomedicine is in significant part due to difficulties in translating basic science into clinical application. To promote translational research, the US NIH launched the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program in 2006. Prior evaluations of the CTSA program often assumed that the key to translation is inter-organizational collaboration or multidisciplinarity; hence, changes in either of these were measured as evidence of translational science. However, using novel measures of translational science, this study examines the relationship between CTSAs and translational science per se. We define ‘translational science’ as basic science that has translational features, and we employ two distinct, complementary measures of translational science based on publication data. Using 115 Carnegie R1 universities and their translational science publications, we find that receiving a CTSA does not obviously cause receiving institutions to conduct more translational science. Furthermore, our Principal Investigator-level analysis shows that those who received direct support from the CTSA program had already generated more translational science than others and that their research behavior did not change significantly after receiving a CTSA. Future evaluation research can adopt our novel measures of translational science and evaluation research design in the assessment of translational research activities. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for science governance.
ABSORBED DOSE AND IMAGE QUALITY ACCORDING TO THE SCAN MODE AND SHIELD POSITION IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANS
Authors: Bae Eunmi , Cho Youngkwon , Kim Sungchul 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this study, computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), organ dose and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were measured in pediatric brain helical and volumetric CT scans using a pediatric phantom (equivalent to a 10-year-old) and optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters (OSLD) as the scan protocol used in Hospital A. Volumetric scans showed lower CTDIvol, DLP and organ dose than helical scans, and the SNR showed similar results. The organ doses were lower in the phantoms protected with front, rear or front and rear shielding than in those without shielding. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the different shield locations. In pediatric brain CT scans, to reduce exposure dose and patient discomfort while maintaining image quality, a volumetric scan rather than a helical scan was preferred, and a good shielding effect was observed with front or rear shielding.
Pain specialist management of sexual pain–II. Interventional
Authors: Vogel John J 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIntroductionTreatment of female sexual pain often requires the use of diverse modalities crossing multiple medical disciplines. Interventional procedures are important in the diagnosis and treatment of female sexual pain. Pain specialists and other medical specialties can provide these capabilities.ObjectivesTo provide a current summary of the procedures used in the diagnosis and treatment of female sexual pain.MethodsThe internet, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles on female sexual pain within the clinical purview and scope of the practice of pain management.ResultsA thorough review of the literature was conducted to include basic science studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, consensus statements, and case reports. An effort was made to also include a sampling of information on real-world patient self-directed therapies. Descriptions of interventional procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of sexual pain were made and clinical studies reviewed. The evidence for the use of various interventional treatment strategies for sexual pain was assessed.ConclusionsThe process of care for female sexual pain employs an interdisciplinary biopsychosocial model that includes a role for interventional procedures commonly performed by pain management specialists. These specialists are a resource of knowledge, skills, and abilities that can be used to improve the care of women with chronic sexual pain.
NX Trichothecenes Are Required for Fusarium graminearum Infection of Wheat
Authors: Hao Guixia , McCormick Susan , Tiley Helene , Gutiérrez Santiago , Yulfo-Soto Gabdiel , Vaughan Martha M. , Ward Todd J. 
Published: January 2023

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and barley and contaminates grains with various mycotoxins that are toxic to humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a type B trichothecene, is an essential virulence factor that is required for F. graminearum to spread within a wheat head. Recently, novel type A trichothecenes NX-2 and NX-3 (NX) have been found in F. graminearum. NX trichothecenes lack a keto group at the C8 position. To determine if NX trichothecenes play a role similar to that of DON during F. graminearum infection, deletion mutants of TRI5, the first gene for trichothecene biosynthesis, were generated from strains PH-1, NRRL46422, and NRRL44211 (hereafter 44211) representing the 15-acetyl-DON, 3-acetyl-DON, and NX chemotypes. No trichothecene production was detected in any of the Δ tri5 mutants in cultures or inoculated wheat heads. FHB symptoms were restricted to the inoculated wheat spikelets when point-inoculated with the Δ tri5 mutants, confirming the necessity of NX and DON for FHB spread. Furthermore, whole-head dip inoculations revealed significant reductions in disease and fungal biomass in wheat heads inoculated with 44211Δ tri5 compared with 44211. Introduction of the native 44211 TRI5 and a Trichoderma arundinaceum TRI5 ortholog in the 44211Δ tri5 mutant complemented trichothecene production in vitro; however, introducing both TRI5 partially restored wild-type levels of NX in infected heads. Our results demonstrate that NX trichothecenes play an important role in Fusarium graminearum initial infection as well as FHB spread. Thus, TRI5 may serve as an ideal target to control plant infection, FHB spread, and mycotoxin production simultaneously. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Development and Validation of E-Probes with the MiFi System for Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex in Blueberries
Authors: Bocsanczy Ana M. , Espindola Andres S. , Cardwell Kitty , Norman David J. 
Published: January 2023

The blueberry industry, a fast-growing industry in Florida, is threatened by bacterial wilt, caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC). In 2016, distinct RSSC populations were found in Florida causing disease in blueberry. Currently, there are no tools that discriminate between RSSC populations pathogenic to blueberry and other RSSC strains. Early detection of specific RSSC strains is critical, and the Microbe Finder (MiFi) web application is a sensitive and specific tool used to detect known target pathogens in sequenced samples. MiFi is used to develop e-probes and subsequently query sample metagenomes with them. We report the development and validation of e-probes for three different RSSC populations pathogenic to blueberry using the MiFi platform. We also present preliminary data to assess the feasibility of a cost-effective integrated diagnostics system, MiFi, in combination with MinION, a pocket-sized, portable sequencer. The e-probes were validated in silico, generating simulated metagenomes; in vitro by using blueberry DNA spiked with pathogen DNA; and in vivo with soil and stem samples. We tested several methods of DNA extraction for soil and blueberry stems and several MinION libraries with or without barcodes. MiFi blueberry e-probes effectively identified target pathogens at a very specific level with high sensitivity. The MiFi system combined with MinION sequencing using Flongle cells was optimized to produce results in one day. Further optimization and tests can improve greatly the cost effectiveness and flexibility of this system by adding e-probes to test for new blueberry strains and many other pathogens affecting blueberry in one test. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .