bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Studies of Lipid-Soluble Tissue Antigens as Exemplified by the Wassermann Antigen-Antibody System
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Knipp Eleanor A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specificities of beef heart, human heart, human liver and wheat germ cardiolipins were studied by means of quantitative precipitin and C′-fixation experiments. The mammalian antigens exhibit a marked degree of similarity in their reaction with the Wassermann antibody obtained by humans with syphilis, biologic false positive sera, or from rabbits with experimentally induced syphilitic infections. Likewise, the sera of rabbits immunized with beef or human cardiolipins fail to demonstrate any significant degree of immunologic specificity among the mammalian cardiolipins. The wheat germ cardiolipin can be differentiated by immunologic analysis.
The antigenic properties of natural beef heart lecithin and two synthetic preparations, L-a-(dimyristoyl) and L-a-(dioleyl) lecithins, are also evaluated.
Behavior of Monkeys after Inoculation of Virus Derived from Patients with Measles and Propagated in Tissue Culture Together with Observations on Spontaneous Infections of These Animals by an Agent Exhibiting Similar Antigenic Properties
Authors: Peebles Thomas C. , McCarthy Kevin , Enders John F. , Holloway Ann 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Viruses originally isolated from the blood of patients with typical signs of measles and which exhibit similar cytopathogenic and antigenic properties have been propagated serially in cultures of human renal cells (1). Inoculation of the cultured virus of the first, second, and twenty-third tissue-culture passages into cynomolgus monkeys that did not originally possess circulating antibodies capable of reacting with the virus was followed by one or more manifestations of an infection resembling measles in man. When all were present, these manifestations consisted of a definite period of incubation, viremia, exanthem, leukopenia and the development of specific complement-fixing and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Virus recovered from the blood of monkeys during the acute phase could not be distinguished from the virus that was inoculated.
Complement-fixing and virus-neutralizing antibodies capable of reacting with the cultured virus have been demonstrated in the sera of a large majority of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys that had been held in captivity for some time. Such antibodies were not found in the sera of 31 cynomolgus monkeys shortly after capture. Spontaneous infection of 5 cynomolgus monkeys with an agent that gave rise to antibodies reacting specifically with the cultured virus was observed while the animals were in our possession.
On the basis of these findings and of others previously reported, it is concluded that: Characteristic agents isolated from the blood and throat washings of human patients with measles and shown to be capable of unlimited multiplication in cultures of human cells are members of the viral species responsible for this disease.Cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys frequently incur spontaneous infections with this virus or a closely related agent.Only monkeys without serologic evidence of such infection may be expected to develop signs of measles after experimental inoculation of the virus.
Antiviral Activity of Dicarbonyls and Related Compounds in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: McLimans William F. , Underwood G. E. , Slater E. A. , Davis E. V. , Siem R. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variety of compounds containing a terminal α-ketoaldehyde or α-hydroxyaldehyde grouping showed marked activity against influenza A (PR-8) and Newcastle disease (NJ-KD) viruses in embryonated eggs. One of these compounds, β-ethoxy-α-ketobutyraldehyde hydrate (Kethoxal) appeared to be at least as active as any of the other compounds and the following results were obtained in detailed studies with this compound: Kethoxal was active in eggs when given 24 hr before experimental infection or 6 hr after infection with NJ-KD virus.Kethoxal at the maximum tolerated dose was able to protect eggs against as much as 4 × 106 LD50 of NJ-KD virus, and as little as 24 μg of Kethoxal were effective against low levels of virus.Kethoxal in eggs was active also against vaccinia virus, the GB strain of Newcastle, the London strain, of influenza A′, and against mumps virus.Kethoxal was a potent inactivating agent in vitro against NJ-KD and PR-8 viruses.The probable mode of antiviral activity in eggs was concluded to be through a direct virucidal action on extracellular virus.
Effects of Roentgen Radiation and Cortisone on Susceptibility of Mice to Candida Albicans
Authors: Roth F. J. , Friedman Jack , Syverton J. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pretreatment of adult Swiss albino mice with cortisone and roentgen radiation, either singly or in combination, reduced inherent resistance to experimental infection with Candida albicans. In the dosage range tested, x-radiation enhanced susceptibility more effectively than did cortisone. Since the depressive action upon host resistance of cortisone and radiation in combination exceeds that exerted by any dose of either agent singly, or the additive effects of both agents, the combined action was interpreted as synergistic in nature. Mice pretreated provide animals for diagnostic and experimental studies of moniliasis.
Localizing Properties of Anti-Placenta Serum
Authors: Pressman David , Korngold Leonhard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Antisera prepared against placenta are known to be cytotoxic (1–5). Dobrowolski (1) in 1903 showed that specific anti-placenta sera interrupted pregnancy in guinea pigs and rabbits. Seegal et al. (2–3) found that antisera prepared in rabbits against rat placenta when injected into rats cause interruption of pregnancy and also nephritis. Rabbit anti-dog-placenta serum produced nephritis in dogs but not abortion (4–5). Assuming that cytotoxic antibodies must localize in the tissue affected, one would expect accumulation of anti-placenta antibody in the kidney and placenta of rats injected with antiplacenta antiserum. Therefore, we made a study in pregnant and nonpregnant rats of the localizing properties of a known cytotoxic rabbit anti-rat-placenta sera and the results are reported here. We also compared the localization of antibodies from anti-rat-kidney serum with those of anti-placenta serum. It was found that the anti-placenta serum and the anti-kidney serum each contained antibodies capable of localizing in both the kidneys and the placenta.
The Effect of the Antigen's Molecular Weight on the Curvature of the Precipitin Line in the Ouchterlony Technic
Authors: Korngold Leonhard , Van Leeuwen Gerda 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Seven highly purified antigens of known molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 2,000,000 were studied by the Ouchterlony gel diffusion technique. It was found that the curvature of the precipitin line is related to the molecular weight of the antigen, i.e., a straight line is obtained when the antigen has approximately the same molecular weight as the antibody; if the line curves away from the antibody reservoir, the antigen is heavier than antibody; if it curves towards the antibody reservoir, the antigen is lighter than antibody. The theoretical and practical aspects of these findings are discussed.
Antibody Formation After Injection of Heterologous Immune Globulin
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In continuation of a previous study on antibody production against rabbit serum immune globulin (RIGl) in guinea pigs it has been established that the observed inhibition results from competition of antigens. In addition, data have been presented which show that the degree of suppression of antibody formation against RIGl is related to the intensity of the antibody response against an arbitrarily selected competing antigen (hemocyanin). The effective amount of competing antigen depends not only on the amount of RIGl with which it is injected, but also on the previous history of the test animal. When the animal reacts anamnestically to the competing antigen, it produces little antibody against RIGl in response to the injection of RIGl contaminated with an otherwise ineffective amount of competing antigen. Conversely, prior sensitization to RIGl renders the animal refractory to the suppressive action of competing antigen injected together with RIGl.
Hemagglutinins in Extracts of Israeli Plants
Authors: Bachrach U. , Gurevitch J. , Zaitschek D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extracts of 27 Israeli plants were examined for hemagglutinins. Of these 12 were inactive and 12 extracts agglutinated red cells of all blood groups. One extract lysed red cells of all blood groups. Two extracts showed a specific activity: Crotalaria aegyptiaca was active against A1 and A2 cells. Tetragonolobus palaestinus agglutinated O cells only. Extracts of Datura metel, Tetragonolobus palaestinus and Crotalaria aegyptiaca contained a protein active in hemagglutination. These three extracts varied in their sensitivity to heat and had a different optimal temperature for agglutination. A method for concentration of the hemagglutinating substances of Datura metel is described.
The Antibody-Antigen Reaction
Authors: Rappaport Irving 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An hypothesis to account for the large changes in the antibody-antigen ratios observed in a number of precipitating systems has been presented. Although the hypothesis was derived from an analysis of precipitin and inactivation data obtained with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), it may find application to other immune systems as well. The basic assumption of the hypothesis is that all antigenic valences are not combined throughout the entire region of antibody excess, but rather that the number of such combinations decreases towards equivalence. In general the fraction of antigenic sites remaining uncombined at equivalence may become larger for antigens of increasing size. The inactivation experiments suggest that the fraction of sites combined with antibody decreases exponentially with increasing antigen concentration. When this exponential function (which is a measure of the changing “effective antigen valence”) is incorporated into the Heidelberger-Kendall equation, a general relationship is obtained, capable of describing a wider variety of data. The equation presented is . The implications and significance of the hypothesis were discussed.
The Kinetics of Antibody Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Because of the present limitation of the TMV assay, inactivation studies are restricted to a competing bimolecular reaction range, a range which is dependent upon the concentrations of both antibody and virus molecules. At these concentrations virus-antibody aggregates are known to occur (1). Within these aggregates some virus valences may remain uncombined and inaccessible to free antibody. Under the circumstances, a kinetic analysis of events is exceedingly difficult. By proper adjustment of the antibody-virus concentrations, the initial reaction of B + V → BV, has been studied. The analysis was reduced to its simplest form by measuring only Vactive → Vinactive. This reaction may be considered pseudomonomolecular, and as the data suggest, it approaches first order kinetics.
The analysis of the reaction kinetics in terms of the Michaelis-Menten equation is one of convenience only. No suggestion to the effect that inactivation is enzymic in nature is intended. The approach is useful however, in affording an additional and precise means for studying virus inactivation. The lack of a lag period observed in any of the kinetic experiments suggests that inactivation is accomplished by a single event, and that if there are a number of critical sites present on the virus particle, covering any one of them by a single antibody molecule effectively prevents the virus from reproducing itself.
Starch Block Electrophoresis of Ragweed Pollen Antigens
Authors: Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been shown that a complex mixture of antigens occurring in dialyzed aqueous extract of ragweed pollen can be separated by starch block electrophoresis to yield one apparently isolated antigenic component and simplified groupings of antigenic components. This separation is evidently possible owing to differences in net electrical charge among the components or among charged complexes that they might form.
Separated material was found to repeat its migration when subjected to a second electrophoresis under unchanged conditions. Further purification of components should be possible by repeated rerunning of selected material.
The practical application of the serologic technique of double diffusion as a method of piloting separation has been shown.
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The homologous optimal ratios and flocculation times of 12 anti-horse crystalbumin sera have been determined before and after absorption with one or both of the two heterologous antigens, human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin. Such absorption did not lengthen the homologous flocculation time out of proportion to the change in optimal ratio. The optimal ratios and flocculation times with a heterologous antigen of anti-horse crystalbumin sera have been determined before and after absorption with the second heterologous antigen. That there are antibodies of different specificity in a single antiserum is suggested by the following observations: a) At a dilution of 1:2, an antiserum which had been absorbed with human albumin and thereafter gave negative ring tests with human albumin contained a higher concentration of homologous antibody than an unabsorbed sample of the same antiserum at a dilution of 1:10 which reacted rapidly with human albumin. b) Certain antisera formed a precipitate with human albumin after absorption with bovine albumin and also with bovine albumin after absorption with human albumin.
Further Studies on Antigenic Heterogeneity in Bacteriophage
Authors: Fodor Andrew R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic multiplicity of the salmonella phage PB receptor sites has been established by neutralization reactions with anti-PB serum absorbed with coliphage T5 and with the heterologously reacting anti-T5 serum. The random distribution of the PB and T5-1ike antigenic structures on the phage receptor sites appears to contribute materially to the heterogeneity of a PB phage population with respect to neutralization by antiserum. The nature of these antigens is genetically controlled, and their spatial distribution in any phage particle appears to be a matter of chance.
It has been demonstrated that particles of a T5-PB phage hybrid which survive treatment with absorbed anti-T5 serum are inactivated by the absorbed anti-PB serum at the same rate as an untreated population. It appears that the resistant state is not acquired by spatial interference of antibodies attached to adjacent sites.
Challenge of Monkeys with Japanese B Virus after Immunization by West Nile Infection Plus Japanese B Vaccine
Authors: Imam Imam Z. E. , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of monkeys with various doses of cortisone followed by subcutaneous inoculation of JBE virus led to viremia in each instance but not to clinical disease. Monkeys inoculated with a dose of 0.1 ml of a 10-1 dilution of WN virus for immunization showed viremia within the first 3 days. Neutralizing antibodies to WN virus frequently developed by the 7th day after inoculation and reached their maximum titer in the 2nd and 3rd week. The injection of potent JBE vaccine in WN immune animals had a booster effect on WN neutralizing antibodies. There was a significant rise in JBE neutralizing antibodies in these stone animals after the JBE vaccine inoculation, and 2 out of 3 also developed CF antibodies.
Monkeys thus immunized basically with WN virus infection and supplemented with one injection of potent JBE vaccine developed either a questionable degree of viremia or none when inoculated with JBE virus after cortisone treatment. On the other hand, monkeys immunized with one injection of potent JBE vaccine only, or with WN virus only, had a consistent and prolonged viremia. The combined WN and JBE vaccine immunization appeared to prevent infection entirely, since this group of animals showed no serological rises following virus challenge.
It is concluded that this evidence, supplementing that obtained with hamsters, recommends this method of immunization for human trial, providing that a safe strain of WN virus for human use is found.
Some Effects of Nonreacting Substances in the Quantitative Application of Gel Diffusion Techniques
Authors: Preer John R. , Telfer William H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In Oudin's gel diffusion technique, the rate of advance, k, of the zone of precipitation may be used to determine the concentration of antigen or antibodies. Substantial errors can result, however, from the fact that nonreacting contaminants of the antigen or antibody layer can also affect k. Nonreacting contaminants were observed to affect k by three mechanisms: their influence on convection currents in the antigen layer, their contribution to the viscosity of the antiserum layer, and a third mechanism which is effective when the distribution of the contaminant between the two layers is grossly unequal (e.g., greater than 0.2 M sucrose). The reliability of gel diffusion techniques for quantitative work is greatly improved if these effects are controlled by the methods recommended.
The Influence of Reciprocal Immunity on Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Infection in Horses and English Sparrows
Authors: Stamm D. D. , Kissling R. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twelve previously uninoculated and 15 WEE-immune English sparrows were inoculated with EEE virus. The average level and duration of viremia did not differ significantly between groups. The control group suffered 50 per cent mortality due to EEE infection, while no deaths occurred in the WEE-immune group.
Nine previously uninoculated and 8 EEE-immune English sparrows were inoculated with WEE virus. WEE viremia was of shorter duration and reached lower maximum levels in EEE-immune birds than in the control birds.
In three horses previously infected with WEE, infection with EEE did not produce central nervous system symptoms nor deaths.
The possible influence of these factors on the epidemiology and geographic distribution of clinical disease produced by these viruses is discussed.
Observations on Induced Chronic Plasmodium Berghei Infections in White Mice
Authors: Cox Herbert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of these experiments have established that chronic Plasmodium berghei infections can be induced in mice by interfering with the course of infection with Atabrine. It has been shown that these infections will persist in mice for as long as 100 days and that fatal, or non-fatal relapses may occur. Mice with chronic P. berghei infections are resistant to reinfection.
A Serum Albumin Medium for the Cultivation of Human Epithelial-Like Cells
Authors: Chang R. Shihman , Geyer Robert P. , Smith Charlotte , Liepins Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human and equine albumin, prepared as described, diluted in Eagle's basal medium plus inositol sustained satisfactorily the in vitro multiplication of the conjunctival, liver, appendix, HeLa, HEP, KB, Detroit-6, fresh human kidney and amnion cells.
Sera from 10 out of 14 horses tested were inhibitory in varying degrees to type I poliovirus and/or type 3 adenovirus. The inhibitory property was stable to heating at 56°C for 30 min. None was inhibitory to Coxsackie virus, group B, type 1. Albumin fractionated from the same sera were found free of inhibitors.
Results of comparative virus titrations suggest that the albumin medium may be more suitable than the whole serum medium in certain primary virus isolation procedures using human cells.
Mechanism of Antibody Formation
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The decay of circulating diphtheria antitoxin in the guinea pig was determined from measurements of the loss of passively transferred homologous antibody. The experiments were carried out in normal guinea pigs of different strains and ages and in irradiated animals. The disappearance of the antitoxin was followed by either immunological titration of Lr units or radioactivity determinations of antitoxin trace-labeled with I131.
Essentially identical rates of antitoxin elimination were observed under the various experimental conditions tested and with both methods of measurement. The average value obtained for the biological half-life of diphtheria antitoxin was 5.9 ±0.2 days. This result indicated that antitoxin, like homologous γ globulin, is catabolized at a relatively slow rate in the guinea pig.
The use of the decay data in the kinetic analysis of antitoxin formation in the guinea pig is discussed.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human complement reacts with sensitized erythrocytes in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++ to form a complex showing C′1, C′2 and C′4 activity. This complex is converted by human C′3 in the absence of divalent cations to an activated cell E*. The conversion of E* to ghosts in the human complement system is a slow process as compared to the formation of E*.
Toxicity and Immunochemical Properties of I131 Trace Labeled Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Ferguson Elizabeth , Norwall Faye 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diphtheria toxin was labeled with I131 by methods currently in use. Trace iodination was found to induce changes in the properties of diphtheria toxin. These changes were due to at least two factors: introduction of large quantities of iodine into the toxin or to the method by which toxin was labeled. Methods of iodination which exposed the toxin to extremes of pH, either acid or alkaline, were found to be as significant as overiodination in altering diphtheria toxin. Loss of toxicity for guinea pigs was found to be the most sensitive index for studying the effects of trace iodination and flocculation the least sensitive. The use of the tri-iodide method at pH 7.5 with about one mole of iodine per mole of toxin was effective in labeling diphtheria toxin with I131 with no significant loss or alteration in toxicity or immunochemical behavior.
Hereditary Blood Qualities: Statistical Considerations
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the original publication of von Dungern and Hirschfeld, and in my recent articles on the subject, there is sufficient evidence to prove the Mendelian nature of the inheritance of the human blood groups and to demonstrate the mechanism as depending on the dominance of agglutinogen B over absent B and of agglutinogen A over absent A.
For this reason, and in order to make my former presentations as simple as possible, I there omitted the comparison of the percentages of different groups actually found with the percentages to be expected from the mendelian law. However, as this comparison, though not essential, is of some value as additional evidence, and as so little is yet known about the inheritance of any normal human characters, I wish to set forth this comparison with regard to the 255 persons presented in my article.