bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Enforcement and Supervision of Private Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This short Chapter 8 concludes Part II on private law. It sets out a range of mechanisms, including procedural mechanisms, through which rights relating to private administration can be enforced. One important aspect of this is that the holding of a right can be separated conceptually from the enforcement of that right: there can be unenforceable rights, and more relevantly the enforcement of the right of a person may be in the hands of another person. This separation may, but does not always, create a relationship of administration. This analysis provides a typology and a terminology that assist in cataloguing the mechanisms that are available in public law situations, which are examined in Section III.
The Enforcement and Supervision of Public Law Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter, which builds on the distinctions drawn in Chapter 8, includes a typology of mechanisms by which the duties of public law administration may be enforced. It begins by distinguishing public and private interests, public and private rights, and public and private enforcement of either rights or interests. It also explains that many duties of public administrators are undirected legal duties, which means that (unlike private duties) there is no right-holder who presumptively enforces the duty. This explains the need for enforcement via mechanisms such as judicial review of administrative action. The chapter also includes a discussion of whether, in some contexts of public administration, there are good reasons not to have legal enforcement of the norms of sound administration, but to rely rather on non-legal (such as political) consequences.
Locked in Transition
Authors: O’Reilly Jacqueline , Unt Marge , Halvorsen Rune , Schoyen Mi Ah , Verdin Rachel , Roosalu Triin , Ibáñez Zyab 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we aim to outline to what extent short-term effects created by the pandemic disrupted path-dependent policy regimes for youth in four European countries. It also seeks to understand if there has been a perceptible change attributable to longer-run developments in digitalization. Young people in education, along with those working or looking for work, were locked in their transitions mediated by digital technologies. This exacerbated and unveiled long-term existing inequalities for young people and their families. However, there has been considerable variation across countries in the timing, duration, and strictness of public policies to combat the pandemic. We identified how these policies reinforced some elements of social policy path dependency while also creating significant disruption in the context of the emerging digital economy, a reinforcement of reliance on the family in some cases, and an increasing level of polarization between different types of households. These cases of the United Kingdom, Norway, Estonia, and Spain illustrate the distinctive and comparable challenges that arise as a result of the pandemic with regard to how social policy addresses the issues of income maintenance and skill development in the digital age.
European Integration as Complementary Institution-Building
Authors: Vobruba Georg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic policy on European integration? The chapter starts with briefly outlining some elements of a general sociological theory of pandemics. This forms the basis for analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in three political fields, namely mobility policy, health policy, and public finances. These fields not only turned out to be crucial for coping with the pandemic, they also represent examples of three different versions of institutional development triggered by it. The chapter concludes with a theory-oriented conclusion. The analysis is carried out with the systematic intention of showing that crises confronting the European Union reveal institutional deficits, hence complementary institution-building is the likely though not compelling result.
Epilogue
Authors: Börner Stefanie , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent policy responses in affluent European democracies have demonstrated the resilience of the welfare state during a severe public health, social, and economic crisis. Moreover, the modern welfare state has mastered the most severe stress test in its history; public social policies, in the form of public health measures, income transfers, or labor market policies, have once again underlined the various functions of social policy. Furthermore, the EU has made significant inroads toward a so-called Transfer Union or territorial redistribution, and a European Health Union.
Selecting How to Select
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines changes over time in how presidents select nominees. It traces the evolution of the selection and vetting process over almost a century. It shows that nominee selection started as a small, lightly staffed, under-institutionalized, and often erratic endeavor. However, it grew into a large, professionally staffed, systematic, and bureaucratized machine run out of the White House. A review of the history identifies three distinct organizational modes used by presidents to select nominees: no delegation, external delegation, and internal delegation. A simple framework explains the president’s organizational preference. Critical are the president’s interest in judicial policy, and the availability and location of specialized expertise in the form of a legal policy elite. A major theme of the chapter is the growth of professionalization and institutional sophistication in selection and vetting, to the point where modern nominees are all highly qualified individuals with predictable opinions on policy questions.
The Man of Law’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Introduction, with its overt attack on Chaucer as poet, raises questions about the placing of the Tale in the whole work, and its connection with the Man of Law is also open to question. The story itself, set in the time of the conversion of Britain and structured on the heroine’s repeated miraculous preservation at sea, falls on the cusp generically between romance and saint’s life; its form, rhyme royal, is Chaucer’s choice for his more pious tales. Its telling is marked by a high proportion of interpretative directions to the audience about the nature of Providence. The two major villains seem to owe their villainy more to their role as mothers-in-law than to their religions (the word ‘Saracen’ is never used by Chaucer).
The Friar’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The focus of this homiletic exemplum is on entente, both the intention behind the spoken word within the narrative, and Friar’s in telling this particular story. The narrative in many ways reflects the Wife’s (the meeting with a supernatural shape-shifter on the edge of a forest, the anonymity of the key characters), but its concern with trouthe links it more widely across the Tales.
The Tale of Melibee
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Melibee could hardly be a greater contrast with Sir Thopas. A close translation of a political prose tract widely disseminated throughout Europe, it may possibly have started life independently of the Tales. It has relevance not only to political issues but to the Tales’ wider debate on women. Critical attempts to read it as ironically comic in intention have now largely been superseded by an acceptance of it as a serious work, a position supported by its being one of the most frequently independently copied.
Extension to f-Band Actinide Metals and p-Band Simple Metals
Authors: Moriarty John A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT) of quantum-based interatomic potentials is extended beyond its usual treatment of d-band transition-series metals to f-band actinide metals, and also to possible strong bonding p-band simple metals. This extension is possible because the underlying pseudo-Green’s function formalism from which the GPT was developed in a plane-wave, localized d-state basis does not actually impose any symmetry requirement on the character of the localized basis states. Thus, the GPT formalism can be immediately extended to include, in addition to plane waves, localized p or f states. In practice, such an extension is most easily accomplished in the context of the simplified model-GPT (MGPT), with the canonical d-band formalism developed in Chapter 5 acting as a prototype for corresponding canonical p-band and f-band treatments. Here, the canonical f-band MGPT treatment has been successfully applied to uranium. A novel MGPT treatment, with the normal f bonding turned off to simulate strong electron correlation, also explains the low-density delta phase of plutonium.
Introduction
Authors: Mroczko-Wąsowicz Aleksandra , Grush Rick 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This collection of new essays on sensory individuals in unimodal and multimodal perception features contributions by outstanding researchers in the fields of philosophy of perception, experimental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. The topics investigated include conceptual, developmental, and methodological aspects of object perception, and especially how various sense modalities construct their objects from sensory features and feature bearers. The interdisciplinary approach offered has enabled new directions in research on this subject. As ordered in this volume, the topics of the contributions progress from treating neural sensory processes as primarily unisensory towards approaches that take perceptual processing to be modality-independent, meta-modal, and multimodal. Even within these latter approaches, sensory stimuli, sensory properties, brain activations, and corresponding perceptual phenomenology have often been characterized in a modality-specific way. Thus, it is timely to explore the relation between those processes that are unisensory and those that are multisensory. One of the primary themes of this collection is examining whether the basic building blocks of human perception are best understood as modality-dependent units of different forms or in terms of multimodal perceptual objects. Another theme is the relation between low-level object processing (segmentation and perceptual grouping processes) and high-level object knowledge embracing object concept and object-related expectations. A final theme is the role that perceptual objects play as loci of unification in unimodal and multimodal perception, namely that they enable binding and integration of sensory properties to individual entities or events.
Visual completion and intermediate representations in object formation
Authors: Kellman Philip J. , Fuchser Viyehni 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Visual perception produces representations of complete objects despite fragmentary inputs. This chapter describes recent advances in understanding contour interpolation in object formation. Persisting controversies are resolved by distinguishing two processes. An automatic contour-linking process based on well-defined geometric relationships produces an intermediate representation. A subsequent scene description process combines various scene constraints to sustain, weaken, or delete contour linkages, producing scene descriptions and perceptual experience. The chapter presents data showing that this approach explains path detection, a poorly understood perceptual phenomenon, and connects it to modal and amodal completion. It also describes recent research showing that most scene constraints combine in a simple additive fashion. This research approach exemplifies the challenges of discovering intermediate representations in perception and illustrates the kinds of evidence that can reveal them. Both theories of perception emphasizing automated perceptual mechanisms and those invoking more open-ended interactions of constraints may be correct in describing different aspects of object formation.
Perceptual variation in object perception: A defence of perceptual pluralism
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Alrik Sørensen Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The basis of perception is the processing and categorization of perceptual stimuli from the environment. Much progress has been made in the science of perceptual categorization. Yet there is still no consensus on how the brain generates sensory individuals, from sensory input and perceptual categories in memory. This chapter argues that perceptual categorization is highly variable across perceivers due to their use of different perceptual strategies for solving perceptual problems they encounter, and that the perceptual system structurally adjusts to the strategies that are most successful. Despite this variability, the different sensory individuals that result when different perceivers rely on different strategies nonetheless correspond to actual external world objects/features. This view is called ‘perceptual pluralism’.
Introduction
Authors: Di Fiore Monica , Saltelli Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how the present volume was occasioned by an editorial recently published in Nature (referred to as Manifesto in the following). Signed by 22 authors from a broad spectrum of disciplines, the Manifesto called for mathematical models in the service of society, and proposed a five-step process for responsible modelling. Why and for whom is this request for responsible modelling? The chapter offers a critical look at the role of mathematical modelling in society and the concept of responsibility necessary to face opportunities and challenges related to modelling at the service of evidence-based politics. Both modellers and their intended societal audience can read it. Discussing the main implications related to the mathematization of important contemporary challenges, the chapter asks whether this request for responsibility is provocative, whether it is useful, and who could and should be interested in this topic.
Mind the hubris
Authors: Puy Arnald , Saltelli Andrea 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Here we briefly reflect on the philosophical foundations that ground the quest towards ever more detailed models, and identify four practical dangers derived from this pursuit: an explosion of the model’s uncertainty space, model black-boxing, computational exhaustion, and model attachment. We explain why more complex models tend to produce more uncertain estimates and discuss the link between model size and computational bugs. Finally, we evaluate the implications that the end of Moore’s law and Dennard’s scaling have for model development, and show (using hydrological models) that large models tend to become institutionalized. The growth of a mathematical model should be continuously tested against the available evidence lest models become extraneous constructs chasing the Cartesian dream.
International torture prohibition
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The international prohibition on torture is a non-derogable, absolute human right enshrined in several treaties as well as in international humanitarian and criminal law. In this chapter, we show that applicatory contestation was common in the 1970s, 1990s, and early 2000s when Chile, the United Kingdom (UK), Israel, and the United States (US) responded to international charges of torture. Its application remained contested even after the norm was further legalized, including through a quite precise definition of torture. The rare validity contestations, some of which argued for exceptions from the norm, were curbed and the norm remained robust. Compliance with and criticism of violations of this norm remain constant. There is also increasing concordance with and implementation of the norm. Even against the powerful US challenge, the norm remained robust because it is embedded in human rights and humanitarian law norm clusters and protected by international institutions that mediate disputes over the norm.
Contesting the international moratorium on commercial whaling
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In 1986, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium on commercial whaling came into force. Since then, it has been considerably weakened. While in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was little whaling of any type, a considerable rise in whaling activities has been observed since the mid-2000s—while condemnations of these activities have lessened. These trends are linked to IWC members making more validity contestations and to applicatory contestation becoming permanent—mostly due to challengers’ perception that international institutions are unfair: They are seen as hierarchical and blocking effective channels for normative change. Moreover, the lack of adjudication resulted in informal sanctions by the anti-whaling coalition—radicalizing the pro-whaling positions of a group of states and weakening the norm.
Losing Africa?
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent international court mandated to prosecute individuals “for the gravest crimes of concern to the international community”—genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and, more recently, also the crime of aggression—when individual states are unwilling, or unable, to prosecute. The United States contested the ICC since the adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998. Since the mid-2000s, the African Union and several African states have also challenged the ICC’s validity and application. These challenges culminated in threats and even notifications of withdrawal by African states. Cooperation with the ICC is decreasing and non-compliance is less criticized, weakening the duty to prosecute, at least on the African continent. This can be attributed to African states’ perception that their critique has not been recognized by the international community and that they have been betrayed by the court and the United Nations Security Council.
Voluntary Funding and Financial Crisis
Authors: Graham Erin R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 covers funding debates in the UN’s early years, including two developments important to its contemporary trajectory. The first is the establishment of the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance (EPTA) using voluntary funding rules, a departure from the prior inclusion of technical assistance under the mandatory assessments system. The second development involved contestation over the scope of the mandatory system with regard to peacekeeping and marked the United Nations’ first budget crisis. The chapter illustrates the theory’s expectations related to genuine uncertainty, rule permissiveness, and creative agency. Voluntary rules at EPTA were designed not to enable a transformation away from multilateral control, but to overcome political disagreements and Soviet opposition. Over time, technical assistance (TA) provided under layered, voluntary funding rules would eclipse the regular TA budget. In the wake of the UN Emergency Force and the UN Operation in the Congo, key member states contested the inclusion of peacekeeping missions under Article 17. An analysis of International Court of Justice (ICJ) hearings and its Certain Expenses ruling demonstrates how creative actors tapped into rule permissiveness to reinterpret Article 17 in ways that departed from UN architects’ designs.
Past
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Section 1.1 begins by offering a brief overview of how digital developments have led to the current availability and success of AI systems. Section 1.2 interprets the disruptive impact of digital technologies, sciences, practices, products, and services—in short, the digital—as being due to its ability to cut and paste realities and ideas that we have inherited from modernity. This is the cleaving power of the digital, which is illustrated through some concrete examples. Then it is used to interpret AI as a new form of smart agency brought about by the digital decoupling of agency and intelligence, an unprecedented phenomenon that has caused some distractions and misunderstandings such as ‘the Singularity’, for example. Section 1.3 presents a short excursus into political agency, the other significant kind of agency that is transformed by the cleaving power of the digital. It briefly explains why this topic is essential and highly relevant, yet also lies beyond the scope of this book. Section 1.4 returns to the main issue of a conceptual interpretation of AI and introduces Chapter 2 by reminding the reader of the difficulty of defining and characterizing precisely what AI is. The concluding section argues that design is the counterpart to the cleaving power of the digital and anticipates some of the topics discussed in the second half of the book
From Principles to Practices
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previously, in Chapter 4, a unified framework of ethical principles for AI was offered. This chapter continues the analysis by identifying five main risks that can undermine even the best efforts to translate ethical principles into actual good practices. The risks in question are: ethics shopping, ethics bluewashing, ethics lobbying, ethics dumping, and ethics shirking. None of them is unprecedented as they also occur in other ethically applied contexts, such as environmental ethics, bioethics, medical ethics, and business ethics. However, each acquires its specific features by being uniquely related to the ethics of AI. They are all avoidable if one can identify them, and this chapter suggests how. The conclusion is that part of the ethical approach to AI is also building awareness about the nature and occurrence of such risks and enhancing a preventive approach.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the central themes of the book. It provides an overview of the entire book and the connections between the various chapters. It also connects the topic of the book to recent discourse about geopolitics. The chapter opens with a definition of and arguments for abolitionism, stressing that the book is a defense of the view that a strong case can be made for abolitionism. It introduces a theory of abandonment, drawing on a broad range of examples. This introductory chapter ends with a comprehensive overview of the five parts and twelve chapters of the book.
Arguments for Abandonment
Authors: Cappelen Herman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a general theory of abandonment. This is a theory of the conditions under which language should be abandoned. It presents a framework for thinking about what constitutes a good and theoretically interesting reason for abandonment, how to implement such abandonment, and the consequences of it. The chapter outlines four kinds of arguments for abandonment: mismatch, verbal disputes, consequentialist arguments, and Can Do Better, as well as the relationships between abandonment and related phenomena such as amelioration, replacement, elimination, and reduction. It argues that the presence of all four arguments is the strongest case for abandonment—the Perfect Argument.