bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing energy threshold selection for low-concentration contrast agent quantification in small animal photon-counting CT
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Zhong Yuncheng , Jia Xun , Yang Kai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used for biological research and applications. The in-vivo concentration of GNPs is usually low due to biological safety concerns, thus posing a challenge for imaging. This work investigates on optimal energy threshold selection in photon-counting detector(PCD)-based CT (PCCT) for the quantification of low-concentration GNPs. Approach. We derived the mathematical expression of the upper bound of the material decomposition error in the gold image. Comprehensive simulations were implemented for cylindrical phantom with inserts of different GNP concentrations. CT scans of this phantom were simulated with a 140 kVp x-ray beam under a realistic pre-clinical CT dose range. The PCD energy thresholds from 30 to 110 keV were enumerated for 2,3-channel PCCT and the optimal energy thresholds were determined by searching for the lowest decomposition error. Main results. The optimal energy threshold(s) to minimize the decomposition error in gold image was 44 keV for the 2-channel PCCT and

{
34
,
40
}

keV for the 3-channel case. Numerical results also validated the derived upper bounds of the decomposition error. Significance. This work addressed the need for selecting appropriate energy thresholds for accurate quantification of contrast agent distributions in pre-clinical PCCT. Both the analytical expression of the upper bound of material decomposition error and simulation results showed that the balanced consideration on photon counting noise levels and the numerical properties of the decomposition matrix is required in selecting the appropriate energy thresholds to achieve the most accurate material decomposition.
Preparation of high mechanical performance magnetorheological elastomer for engine mount
Authors: Wang Qiyu , Shen Yurui , Peng Lai , Liu Hao , Hua Dezheng , Liu Xinhua 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) has been widely applied in vibration control systems, such as engine mounts, due to its excellent magnetorheological (MR) properties. To improve the MR effect, an optimization method for the MRE preparation process is proposed in this paper. Initially, a silicone rubber-based MRE is experimentally prepared, and the effects of four key preparation parameters-mass fraction of carbonyl iron powder, ratio of mass fractions for silicone oil and silicone rubber, pre-structure magnetic field and pre-structure time on the MR effect are analyzed. Subsequently, an orthogonal experimental design and range analysis are employed to optimize the combination of these parameters, determining the optimal preparation process for significantly enhancing the MR effect. Finally, the optimized parameter combination is validated through experiments, which demonstrates that the improved MRE exhibited superior performance. In addition, case simulations confirmed that the optimized MRE mount better meets the vibration reduction requirements of the engine mount system compared to traditional rubber mounts.
Stability of emergent time periodicity in a few-body interacting system
Authors: Campbell Steve , Eisert Jens , Guarnieri Giacomo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We examine the onset and resilience of emergent time periodicity in a few-body all-to-all interacting Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick model, where one of the constituents is locally in contact with a thermal bath. Employing both a collision model framework and a suitable time-continuous description, we show that stable time-periodic behavior can only be exhibited when the bath acts as a purely dissipative channel. We assess the role that the microscopic interactions within the system play, establishing that for the all-to-all model the introduction of temperature leads to a melting of the emergent time periodicity, in contrast to stable long-time behavior which can be maintained for nearest neighbor XXZ type interactions.
Star Formation Efficiency of Blue Compact Galaxies Through (O ii), (Hα), (IR), and 1.4 GHz Radio Continuum
Authors: Kumssa Gemechu Muleta 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper investigates the star formation efficiency (SFE) of blue compact galaxies (BCGs) by analyzing various indicators, including (O ii), (H
α
), infrared emissions, and the 1.4 GHz radio continuum. The assessment of SFE was conducted using publicly accessible data that concentrated on star formation rates (SFRs) and depletion timescales. By employing the fundamental equation, I determined the SFE in relation to its freefall time, which highlighted variations in efficiencies associated with SFR masses derived from different spectra. The results demonstrated that the highest efficiency value was observed in the analysis of the 1.4 GHz radio continuum, emphasizing the importance of studying star-forming clouds across a range of electromagnetic wavelengths to achieve a comprehensive understanding of star formation mechanisms. The study's findings indicated a peak efficiency of star formation value of approximately 0.9%, while the relative minimum obtained from (O ii) was around 0.42%, aligning with the range of SFEs documented in the existing literature. Additionally, investigating the factors that influence the variability in efficiency when examining clouds in BCGs across different wave bands is crucial for deepening our comprehension of the underlying processes of star formation.
Exploring the Barrier Function of Nickel in Lead-Free Solder Joints: Thickness and Aging Effects on IMC Formation
Authors: Idris S.R.A. , Tamar Jaya N. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The elimination of lead from electronics manufacturing has led to the widespread adoption of tin-silver-copper solders. However, the formation and growth of intermetallic compounds at the solder-substrate interface can significantly impact the reliability of these lead-free solder joints. This study investigates the effectiveness of nickel as a barrier layer in mitigating IMC formation and the influence of Ni layer thickness and aging on this process. The research provides insights into optimizing solder joint reliability by evaluating how these factors influence IMC growth at the interface between Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) solder and electroless nickel/immersion gold (ENIG) finishes. Three different nickel thicknesses (2µm and 5µm) were deposited on copper substrates prior to soldering. Accelerated aging tests were conducted at 150°C for durations of 250, 500, and 1000 hours. Microstructural characterization techniques were employed to analyse the composition and morphology of IMCs formed at the joint interface using an image analyser, scanning electron microscopy and xray analysis (SEM-EDX), and optical microscopy. Results demonstrate that 5µm Ni layers effectively suppress the formation of Cu-Sn IMCs with 0.11µm thickness after reflow soldering, but can lead to the growth of Ni-Sn IMCs. Meanwhile 2µm Ni layers gave 0.41µm IMC thickness. Aging significantly influences IMC growth kinetics and phase evolution, with prolonged exposure leading to increased IMC thickness and potential changes in morphology. The 5µm Ni layers gave an increment in IMC thickness from 0.22µm until 0.8µm, and the 2µm Ni layers gave an increment from 0.6µm until 1.18µm after aging. The findings underscore the importance of optimizing Ni barrier layer thickness to control IMC formation and ensure the long-term reliability of lead-free solder joints in electronic assemblies. As for future recommendations, research on different Ni thicknesses as a barrier layer would be advantageous and might help clarify their limitations.
Analysis and Prediction of Surface Crack Growth Under Fatigue Loading
Authors: Akramin M.R.M. , Husnain M.N.M. , Hasif M. , Shaari M.S. , Takahashi Akiyuki 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This research uses several fatigue crack growth models to examine the cyclic evolution of fatigue cracks in a shaft. Three fatigue crack growth models are used to forecast crack growth: Walker, Paris Law, and others. Experimental data support these models. The main problem is accurately estimating the propagation of fractures in shafts under cyclic loads because the existing models frequently exhibit variations in real-world applications that could lead to failures. This study compares the experimental results with model predictions to assess the accuracy of several models and improve our understanding of fatigue crack behaviour in practical settings. The experimental approach for 4 point-bending is compared with the simulation result, including boundary conditions and material properties. Paris’s and Walker’s fatigue crack growth models are employed in the S-version Finite Element Model (S-FEM) to simulate the 4 point-bending models’ analysis. The surface fatigue crack growth prediction is simulated and compared with the experimental results. The prediction beach marks of crack depth are slightly similar to the experimental results. Moreover, the prediction beach marks of crack length differ from the experimental results. The crack closure effect influences the difference between the experimental results. In summary, no single model is perfect in general; the selection is based on the particular circumstances and characteristics of the material. This work seeks to help engineers select the best model by improving prediction tools for maintaining mechanical components and increasing safety and performance in engineering applications.
The Application CRITIC-TOPSIS Method Integrated with PDCA Cycle in Solving Material Selection of Polymer Matrix material for Natural Fibre Composites in Cap Toe Shoes
Authors: Rahman Mohd Hidayat Ab , Mahmud Jamaluddin , Rahman Siti Mariam Abdul , Jumaidin Ridhwan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Polymer matrix material are polymer materials that exhibit the property of being flexible or moldability when heated to a certain temperature, and then solidify again when cooled. These material offer various benefits, including reusability, durability, moisture resistance, and rapid processing. Therefore, material selection is a critical aspect for engineers due to the wide variety of material that have comparable attributes that meet the requirements of the product design specification. This study integrates Criteria Importance Through Inter criteria Correlation (CRITIC) - Technique Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with the PDCA cycle to select polymer matrix for use in natural fibre reinforced polymer composites in cap toe shoes. The results indicate that polyamide (PA), when assessed using CRITIC-TOPSIS method and PDCA cycle, emerges as a potential material for polymer matrix composite material in cap toe shoes, achieving the highest rating among the alternatives. The decision was based on criteria such as performance, lightweight properties, and most environmental friendliness. By providing specific tools for each phase, the integration of CRITIC-TOPSIS and the PDCA cycle significantly influenced the material selection process. Incorporating additional variables in future studies could further enhance the comprehensive of the selection process
Influence of Surface Modification and MDP-based Primer Treatment on the Shear Bond Strength of Novel Zirconia-Dentine Interfaces
Authors: Aminuddin Nurul Shayhiera , Jamadon Nashrah Hani , Hadi Nurul Hannani Abdul , Amril Muhammad Sufiyan , Yew Hsu Zenn 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of surface modification of zirconia and the application of MDP-based primer on the shear bond strength (SBS) between novel zirconia and dentine. The novel zirconia blocks were produced using a colloidal processing and slip casting method, developed at UKM. The sintered zirconia blocks were divided into three groups based on surface modification: air abrasion, diamond grinding, and a control group with no surface treatment. Surface roughness measurements and morphological observation was conducted. The samples were further subdivided into groups depending on whether an MDP-based primer was applied prior to cementation to the dentine. Bonding was achieved using resin cement light curing. The SBS testing was performed and analysed using two-way ANOVA. Results showed that the control group exhibited the highest surface roughness, followed by the air abrasion and diamond grinding groups. However, no significant difference was found between the control and air abrasion groups. The application of MDP-based primer significantly increased the SBS compared to non-primer-treated subgroups. The highest SBS was observed in the air abrasion group (37.57 ± 1.88 MPa), followed by the diamond grinding group (30.34 ± 1.52 MPa), and the control group (22.65 ± 1.13 MPa). Overall, surface modification altered the zirconia surface, and the application of MDP-based primer significantly improved the SBS between novel zirconia and dentine.
A Preliminary Study on Muscle Activation During Simulated Walk & Carry Task in Palm Oil Plantation
Authors: Saedin Meor Syukri Affendi Meor , Saad Wan Aliff Abdul , Samsuri Saiful Farhan Mohd , Sulaiman Maisarah , Azaman Aizreena , Hasan Muhammad Danial Abu , Ahmad Zair Asrar , Mustapa Amirah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents an electromyography (EMG) analysis of EXOROBO, a newly developed exoskeleton designed specifically for palm oil harvesting tasks to reduce Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) among palm oil harvesters. The study evaluates the muscular activity patterns of individuals operating EXOROBO & CANTAS™ compared to the harvesting method by using CANTAS™. This research seeks to provide valuable insights into the ergonomic benefits and biomechanical implications of employing EXOROBO in palm oil harvesting operations through EMG measurements. Results indicate a significant reduction in muscle activity in four key muscle groups; left Biceps Brachii (L_BB) by 51.30%, left Rectus femoris (L_RF) by 44.61%, right Biceps Brachii (R_BB) by 23.98% and right Rectus Femoris (R_RF) by 7.17%. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on the development of ergonomic solutions for agricultural labour, particularly in addressing the prevalent issue of MSDs in the palm oil industry.
Biodegradable and Green Degreaser for Industrial Application: An Overview
Authors: Cholis Nur , Razali Mohd Najib , Ramli Najmuddin Mohd , Sahran Mohd Syahmi Iskandar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of biodegradable and green degreasers for industrial applications. Traditional degreasers, although effective in removing oils, grease, and residues, often pose significant environmental and health concerns due to the use of hazardous chemicals like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). In response to increasing regulatory pressures and sustainability goals, biodegradable alternatives are gaining attention. These green degreasers utilize renewable materials, aligning with key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to environmental protection, climate action, and sustainable industrial practices. While these eco-friendly solutions offer promising performance and environmental benefits, challenges such as cost, awareness, and certification hinder widespread adoption. The review emphasizes the importance of continuous research, the need for standardization in biodegradability assessment, and innovations in biosurfactants and nanotechnology to improve the effectiveness of these products. Ultimately, biodegradable degreasers present a sustainable path forward for industries aiming to reduce their environmental impact and comply with evolving regulatory frameworks.
Evaluation of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) among Manual Assembly Workers in the Medical Device Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Wan Harun W. N. , Che Ghani S. A. , Md Noh M. S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven an unprecedented surge in demand for medical devices, reshaping the medical device manufacturing industry. Despite advances in automation, workers in this sector remain exposed to ergonomic hazards, including manual and repetitive heavy lifting, awkward postures, and repetitive motions, leading to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). While WMSDs prevalence has been widely studied, research specifically focused on workers in medical device manufacturing remains limited. This study assesses the prevalence of WMSDs among manual assembly workers in a multinational medical device manufacturing plant in Penang, Malaysia. The research focuses on three critical process areas: sub-pump, sub-flow, and final assembly. We collected data through three structured questionnaires, including the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), distributed to 153 workers in the infusion systems department. The results reveal that the most affected body regions are the neck, lower back, and right shoulder, which account for almost 82 % of the prevalence of WMSDs. This study provides essential insights into the incidence and root causes of WMSDs among workers in the medical device manufacturing sector, highlighting the need for ergonomic interventions. The findings underscore the importance of developing effective strategies, particularly from mechanical and production engineering points of view, such as introducing human-robot collaborative workspaces to mitigate ergonomic risks and enhance worker well-being in the medical device manufacturing industry.
Design and Performance Analysis of a Solar-Powered Aquaponics Irrigation System for Home Gardening
Authors: Zulkifli Muhammad Badrul Amin , Thong Roy Cheong Shen , Mokhtar Nadzirah Mohd , Ramli Roshahliza M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aquaponics is a farming method that combines fish and plant cultivation in a closed system where fish waste fertilizes the plants, and the plants help clean the water for the fish. With the growing trend towards solar energy, integrating solar technology into irrigation systems is becoming more widespread. The aim of this study is to develop a solar-powered irrigation system based on aquaponics principles. The system was designed using AutoCAD and divided into three components: the main structure, the solar system, and the electrical parts. It was programmed to operate twice daily, using solar energy to pressurize the pump. To ensure a stable power supply, battery voltage was monitored over a 14-day period. The system’s performance was evaluated by analyzing plant growth and the pH level in the aquarium tank. The battery voltage fluctuated between 12.43 V and 14.26 V at 8:00 AM, and between 12.93 V and 14.36 V at 6:00 PM. The solar energy system reliably powered the pump daily, maintaining a voltage of 11.9 V even on Day 4 when it rained. Performance results showed a gradual decrease in plant height from the “lower level” to the “middle level” and “higher level,” with growth measurements of 4.1 cm, 3 cm, and 2.7 cm, respectively. This is due to the highest water flow at the “lower level,” where the plant roots are fully submerged, promoting better growth. The aquarium’s pH remained within the optimal range of 6.5 to 9.0, ensuring the health of the fish.
Investigation of the Automatic Sorting Machine Based on PLC - Pneumatic System
Authors: Rashid AN , Yahya NM , Senawi A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Automatic systems have been extensively significant in the Malaysian industry, especially in manufacturing, electrical, and electronic sectors, as Malaysia is a major contributor to the country’s manufacturing exports. This is due to the high demand for the product, and Malaysia is a resourceful country that excels in producing high-quality products. Sorting is one of the manufacturing processes that involve arranging items based on a set of criteria to classify and group the items that will further be stored in the correct place. The manual labour hired in this process causes inefficiency in work, significant delays, and leads the worker to fatigue, which tends to result in visual errors, overlooking the product, and consequently may affect the customer. This study aims to comprehensively assess the sorting machine’s capabilities by evaluating its sorting speed, accuracy, and adaptability to diverse materials through a prototype of an automatic sorting machine based on a PLC-Pneumatic system that may enhance work efficiency in the industrial sector. The pneumatic cylinder will be used to sort the items with respect to the sensor that gives the signal upon the detection of the type of material. The programming of the PLC is done using Siemens Step7 MicroWIN software. Through this method, the automatic sorting machine surpasses the manual sorting method in terms of power and efficiency.
Drying model of stingless bee pot-pollen using a swirling fluidised bed dryer
Authors: Halim Luqman Abdul , Basrawi Firdaus , Yudin Ahmmad Shukrie Md , Azman Nurul Aini Mohd , Ramli Ahmad Syazwan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Stingless Bees Pot-Pollen (SBPP), a mixture of pollen, nectar and bee enzyme made by stingless bees has high moisture content, making it susceptible to microbes and fungi growth. This can cause spoilage and become toxic to be. Thus, SBPP require suitable preservation method for storage. Current methods available such as sun drying, and oven drying can be unhygienic, inefficient, and hard to control the temperature which leads to nutrient loss. Hence, a swirling fluidized bed dryer (SFBD), a modified fluidised bed dryer with swirling airflow is proposed as it has rapid drying performance at relatively low temperature. Currently, drying models for various materials in a fluidised bed dryer has been previously studied. However, research on drying model of SBPP using a SFBD is still lacking. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the most suitable drying model for drying of SBPP in a SFBD. A lab scale SFBD with a 67° swirling distributor is used to dry 25 g of SBPP at superficial air velocities of 4, 5, and 6 m/s. In this study, 7 drying models obtained from literatures are compared to determine the most suitable model for drying of SBPP in SFBD. It was found that, the Midilli-Kucuk model was the most suitable drying model compared to other drying models tested with highest average R
2 (0.999307), lowest X
2 (7.2 × 10-5), and lowest RMSE (2.16 × 10-2). The Midilli-Kucuk model closely predict the experimental values for all superficial air velocities tested. The experimental results also shown that increasing the superficial air velocities will lead to increase in drying rate. Thus, it can be concluded that Midilli-Kucuk model is suitable to describe the drying of stingless bee pot-pollen in SFBD.