bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A General Process-Based Methodology for Exergy Costing
Authors: Lazzaretto Andrea , Tsatsaronis George 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Various exergy-based methods are suggested in the literature for calculating the average or marginal costs associated with the streams of a thermal system. This paper briefly discusses the differences between the methods and presents simple rules for developing the productive structure of a system and for formulating the auxiliary relations required in exergy-based cost accounting. These relations are written by considering every addition and removal of exergy to and from each stream. The rules are general and applicable to any component of a thermal system. They are also applicable to cases where the total exergy of a material stream is split into physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and/or reactive exergy.
The Productive Structure and Thermoeconomic Theories of System Optimization
Authors: Torres C. , Serra L. , Valero A. , Lozano M. A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to achieve a better understanding of the Thermoeconomic Theory of System Optimization and the Structural Theory of Cost (Valero et al.,1992, 1993), in order to unify and to take advantage of both theories.
As the Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis (Frangopoulos, 1987, von Spakovsky, 1986), the methodology introduced in this paper, establishes that, each unit of the system has a purpose, i.e., a product to obtain, a function. For example, the function of a gas turbine is the work obtained when expanding the gases.
This methodology is a general development of the Fuel-Product representation (Torres, 1991), based on the Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics. It gives a systematic and easy way to get a functional diagram from the physical scheme. This diagram represents the units, and the relations among themselves and the environment. Each unit uses a set of functions, or resources, from the environment or other units to obtain its function or product.
Using as starting point the functional diagram, it is shown that the Structural Theory and the Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis are equivalent methods and get the same costs result values. Finally, the productive structure (causal diagram) is presented as the key structure to understand the formation of each product and then, to interrelate the whole structure. So, it could be used as a criterion to system disagregation, to obtain more accurate costs.
A Comparative Synthesis of Exergo-Economic Optimization: The «IEEB» Method
Authors: Benelmir Riad , Feidt Michel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This work intends to present a comparative exergo-economic optimization for two distinct approaches through an application to a cogeneration system. The exergy analysis is based on a «functional approach» (Franfopoulos, 1983, von Spakovsky, 1986, Benelmir, 1989). This approach uses a functional diagram in order to identify the exergy and anergy streams within the system and at its interface with the environment. Negentropy, used for cost accounting purpose, is as anergy but flowing in the inverse direction. Each exergy and negentropy stream has a unit cost associated to it. Optimization in the first approach is based on the classical Lagrange technics with the objective function being the total cost of the system (investment and operating cost). The second approach is based on a method introduced by Benelmir (1989), called sometimes the decomposition method, where an analytic expression of the optimal unit cost is developped for each component of the system through exergy and cost balance relations. In fact this method is a consequence of the application of the Lagrange Multipliers technique.
Waste Heat Boiler Optimization by Entropy Minimization Principle
Authors: Reddy B. V. , Murali J. , Satheesh V. S. , Nag P. K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A second law anlaysis has been undertaken for a waste heat boiler having an economizer, evaporator and superheater. Following the principle of minimization of entropy generation, a general equation for entropy generation number is derived, which incorporates all the operating variables. By differentiating the entropy generation number equation with respect to the operating parameters, various optimization parameters can be obtained. Few illustrations havebeen made to see the effect of various parameters on entropy generation number.
Development and Validation of a Diagnosis Method for Diesel Engines
Authors: Kouremenos D. A. , Rakopoulos C. D. , Hountalas D. T. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Diesel engines are used widely for power production and other applications such as sea vessels, railways, transportation etc. A serious problem for the service engineer is their maintenance and tuning in order to obtain maximum performance and reliable operation during their operational lifetime. Another serious problem is the detection of faults and their cause especially in the case when the engine does not function properly, i.e. low power output or high exhaust gas temperature. Up to now various techniques have been used for diesel engine monitoring and fault diagnosis that are mainly statistical. These techniques have serious disadvantages since they cannot be applied generally but have to be developed for the specific engine under consideration and fail to provide the actual cause in the case of a fault. To overcome these problems a new method is proposed in the present work for engine monitoring and fault diagnosis. This method allows to know the condition of the engine at each time instant and to determine if a fault exists. The method is based on a thermodynamic simulation model and on the processing of pressure diagrams taken from the engine cylinder and the high pressure fuel pipe. Using this method we can determine the actual cause for a fault and the condition of the engine and its subsystems. In this way we can save both money and time since we need only to conduct repairs that are actually required instead of making them on a time basis. Another advantage of the proposed method is that we can determine the required tuning of the engine in order to have optimum performance. This is important because the engineer tunes the engine based on data supplied by the manufacturer that correspond to a new engine condition, while for an old engine with wear the required tuning is different. In the present work the results obtained from the application of the proposed diagnosis method on two types of diesel engines, a low speed marine engine and a medium speed marine one are presented. The results obtained are promising, revealing the validity of the method.
The Design of a Control Coupled Observer for the Longitudinal Control of Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Choi Seibum B. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper summarizes the evolution of “distance observers” that were developed for the longitudinal control of autonomous vehicles. A “control coupled” observer is presented that filters both the transient sensing error as well as slowly varying steady state off-set errors. The observer is implemented on a platoon of test vehicles as part of the California PATH research program. The experimental results show that the observer filters out the sensing error very effectively without any noticeable phase lag.
AHS Control Laws for Platoons Leaders
Authors: Li Perry , Alvarez Luis , Horowitz Roberto 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In the AHS architecture of the California PATH program traffic is organized into platoons of closely spaced vehicles. Whenever platoons are formed or broken up, the large relative motion between platoons, increases the risk of high relative velocity collisions. In this paper we derive a safety region for the relative velocity between two platoons. By guaranteeing that the relative velocity between platoons remains in this region, impacts of high relative velocity can be avoided. For each one of the four control laws that a platoon leader can perform in normal operation, a desired velocity profile for the platoon that satisfies safety and time-optimality requirements is derived. A nonlinear velocity controller is designed to track the desired velocity profile within a given error bound. When safety is not compromised, this controller keeps the acceleration and jerk of the vehicles in the platoon within comfort limits.
Predicting Probability of Encroachment Conflicts Posed by Adaptive Cruise Control
Authors: Ervin Robert D. , Stein Jeffrey L. , Zachariou Nicolas , Bogard Scott E. , Kleinsorge Kurt 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Designers of innovative control systems for vehicles such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) lack tools for assessing the impact of their product on driver/vehicle performance. This paper describes a methodology for predicting the occurrence and severity of stereotypical motion conflicts identified for a ACC system design and vehicle platform. The idea is to represent the ACC system and the vehicle’s response characteristics in a mechanistic manner while the conflict variables are considered per their probability distributions as seen in empirical data. The methodology presented includes: dynamic and regression models of vehicle and ACC systems, conflict scenarios, conflict measures, condition variables embedded in empirical databases, and the processing of results to express conflict occurrence as cumulative density functions. Six conflict scenarios have been observed in field tests, with one of these that addresses the overshoot in headway that may accrue when approaching a slower moving vehicle from long range used as an example. The condition variables such as the prevailing vehicle speeds, longitudinal grade and the road curvature are varied, as appropriate, in accordance with the probability distributions seen in actual highway service. Obtaining results for a single scenario requires Monte Carlo simulations. To decrease the computational cost, a regression equation is developed for use in efficiently predicting performance over the full matrix of operating condition variables. Computed results are shown and discussed in light of the design decisions that face manufacturers concerned with introducing ACC products.
LQG-Based Fuzzy Logic Control of Active Suspension
Authors: Kashani Reza , Strelow Joseph E. , Eiler Mikell , Ariyakula Mahesh 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The main terms contributing to the nonlinearities of the suspension model are kinematic constraints on motion, as well as, damping and stiffness of the tires. Considering coefficients of damping and stiffness of the tires as uncertain parameters which can assume a set of possible values, a collection of linear models can be developed that can, collectively, describe the suspension. A set of linear quadratic (LQ) controllers are designed for each linear model. All the LQ controllers, fed by their corresponding Kalman estimators, are fired, blended using fuzzy logic, and outputed to the actuator. The effectiveness of this control methodology in lowering the absorbed power and enhancing the mobility is demonstrated using computer simulation of a corner car test rig of HMMWV off-road vehicle.
Measurement of Mass Moments of Inertia Using Vibration Test Methods
Authors: Mclnerny S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Procedures for the determination of solid body mass moments of inertia from low frequency, multiple-input, multiple-output vibration test data are presented. These procedures are considered possible replacements for the trifilar pendulum method. The first approach uses only measured resonance frequencies and mode shapes, but requires that mounting stiffnesses be known. The second requires that the forces on the test specimen at each of the spring mount attach points be directly measured using dynamic force gages. Using the third and fourth parameter estimation procedures, estimates of the mass, stiffness and damping matrices, or of just the unique elements of the inertia and stiffness matrices, would be simultaneously generated. These procedures have the potential to reduce the time required to measure motor-gearbox mass moments of inertia by a factor of 5.
Steering Damper Effect on Brake Roughness and Bump Steer Feedback
Authors: Tseng Hongtei E. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the effect of a steering damper on brake roughness and bump steer feedback. Brake roughness (brake judder) refers to the tactile vibrations that occur during braking, and bump steer feedback is the steering wheel feedback perceived by the driver during vehicle bump steer.
The paper attempts to capture the significant characteristics of the transfer path of brake roughness and bump steer feedback in the steering system. An analytical model was derived and an experimental study was performed. Both quantitative road test data and qualitative analysis were presented to show the influence of the application of a steering damper.
The experimental study verifies the source of brake roughness and shows the improvement in the steering system with the application of a steering damper. The paper further discusses how the steering system can be tuned to be more robust against brake roughness and bump steer feedback. Conclusions are made for steering damper effect and recommendations are made for brake roughness problem.
Electro-Mechanical Transducer for Rail Car Onboard Power
Authors: Nagurka Mark , Tabacchi John , Kaufman William , Simizu Satoru 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a key component of an onboard power generation system that converts mechanical vibrations into electrical power to support a train’s electronically controlled pneumatic brake system. The translational generator acquires its energy from naturally occurring rail car displacements during normal train operation. The generator uses high field strength Nd-Fe-B magnets embedded in an iron-core cup assembly. When the generator is exposed to rail car vibrations, the magnet cup assembly reciprocates with respect to a copper coil. By special design of the magnet assembly, the magnetic flux lines are concentrated and made perpendicular to the coil maximizing the electrical output for a given relative displacement. In this paper the unit’s design, development, and construction are reviewed. In addition, the results of laboratory testing to characterize the unit’s performance as well as design considerations in meeting the vibrational energy available in a rail car environment are presented.
Inverse Filtering of Unwanted System Dynamics in Cutting Force Measurement
Authors: Jensen Steven A. , Shin Yung C. , Davies Patricia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The need for accurate measurement of cutting force frequently arises in manufacturing processes. Dynamics of the measurement system, however, becomes a major hindrance in obtaining accurate data. Use of a direct inverse filter to compensate for these dynamics is often times not realizable due to the occurrence of non-minimum phase zeros in the transfer function to be inverted. The main objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm which would successfully invert a stable transfer function with non-minimum phase zeros. The design procedure is described and illustrated with some examples. Finally, the algorithm is applied to a face milling case and the successful extraction of the true cutting force signature is demonstrated.
Investigation of Stick-Slip Friction in Slideways
Authors: Bailey George E. , McFarland D. Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This work is an experimental investigation of the stick-slip friction characteristics of a plain bearing slideway, representative of those found in precision machine tools. A test slideway driven by a brushless DC servomotor and ballscrew was designed to isolate the friction effects to one plane. The friction surfaces were steel on cast iron, both with a ground finish, using mineral oil as the lubricant. The applied force was sensed by measuring the displacement across a compliant spring with a capacitance gauge, and the resulting motion was measured using an LVDT.
Limitations of available friction models were identified, including the dependence of the static coefficient of friction on both the time of stick and loading rate, and changes in the coefficient of friction during sliding. Knowledge of these factors is expected to be valuable in future work aimed at controlling slideway motion.
Flexible Automation of Can-Filling Operation in Fish-Processing Industry
Authors: Singh G. , de Silva C. W. , Croft E. A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper studies flexible automation of a salmon canning line. The performance of the existing special purpose machines is examined to identify problem areas and possible causes. An alternative design is presented which uses advanced technology to improve the performance of canning operations. Two design concepts, elliptical and rotary, are discussed for can-filling. The results of some preliminary experiments and analysis are presented. An economic study is made to establish the cost advantages of proposed technology.
Discrete-Time Well-Conditioned State Observer Design and Evaluation
Authors: Huh Kunsoo , Kwak Byunggil , Stein Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Model-based monitoring systems based on state observer theory often have poor performance with respect to accuracy, bandwidth, reliability (false alarms), and robustness. Previous work has investigated quantitatively the above limitations of the continuous-time observers from the machine monitoring viewpoint. The authors have shown that the limitations can be represented by a single performance index, kP2(P) (condition number of the eigensystem P in terms of L2 norm). Based on the performance index, the authors developed a design methodology for the well-conditioned observer and illustrated the estimation performance compared to a pole-placement methodology. This paper extends the work to discrete-time systems. A performance index is determined to represent the limitations of discrete-time state observers and a design procedure is described for the well-conditioned observers. The estimation performance of the well-conditioned observers is demonstrated on a DC spindle system designed and built for this purpose. The results show that the robustness of the estimate is similar to that obtained with a well-known Kalman filter technique. Additional simulation-based examples show that the transient as well as steady-state error robustness to perturbations is better than or equal to Kalman filter performance depending on the nature of the modeling error. Because of this robustness, the well-conditioned observer for discrete-time systems is an important technique for the development of improved machine monitoring systems.
Petri Net Framework for Simulation and Control of Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Murgatroy Richard J. , Masory Oren 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a programming framework to execute a petri net simulation and real-time control for an automated system. This framework allows for the creation of a simulation for a proposed flexible automated system, and for the simultaneous development of the control software using the same code for both the simulation and the real-time control. The framework uses timed petri nets with inhibitor arcs to both model and control the system. The transitions represent actions to be performed, and the places either the necessary conditions to implement an action, or the conditions that exist when the action is completed. Each transition is represented by a unique function which is used within the framework to execute the petri net. When completed the program will scan the first petri net and execute each transition in order if all of the input places are marked. The framework is designed to allow a hierarchical structure to the petri net model, and a modular approach to the construction of the model is used. A set of prototype functions in C are used to create the petri net model, with the user providing the necessary programming within the function itself. A time-based diagnostic feature is incorporated into the framework to detect problems during the operation of the actual system. This diagnostic feature only requires the input of maximum times for any given action, and can be activated for only selected actions or for all actions (or functions) that the petri net performs. A sample application is provided to demonstrate the implementation of the framework for both the simulation and control of a simple robotic cell.
Timing and Performance of Open Architecture Controllers
Authors: Koren Yoram , Pasek Zbigniew J. , Ulsoy A. Galip , Wright Paul K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper analyzes the effect of control architectures and communication networks on a manufacturing system’s performance in terms of part precision and productivity. The network bandwidth requirement for a distributed control system is also included in the analysis. The objective is to design the system such that the control and communications (both hardware and software) would not be the limiting factors in system performance. For simplicity we analyze the performance of a machining center control system. The base-line for comparison is a conventional computerized numerical controlled (CNC) with a discrete event management/adaptive system.
Dynamics of Machine Tool Spindle/Bearing Systems Under Thermal Growth
Authors: Jorgensen Bert R. , Shin Yung C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Increased use of high-speed machining creates the need to predict spindle/bearing performance at high speeds. Spindle dynamic response is a function of the nonlinear bearing stiffness. At high speeds, it is apparent that thermal expansion plays a critical role in bearing stiffness. A complete model of spindle/bearing dynamic response including thermal expansion is derived. Steady-state temperature distribution is found from heat generation at the contact point and from a quasi three-dimensional heat transfer model. Solutions show an accurate prediction of thermal growth and heat generation in the bearing. Predicted highspeed spindle frequencies show an excellent agreement with experimentation. The effects of loading condition and bearing material type on bearing stiffness are also shown.
Thermal Sensor Placement Strategy for Machine Error Compensation
Authors: Lo Chih-Hao , Ni Jun , Yuan Jingxia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A method was developed to determine the suitable temperature variables for thermal error modeling on a machine structure. An optimality analysis of the best temperature variables is discussed using the analytical solutions of a one-dimensional spindle model. Finite element analyses for transient heat transfer and thermoelastic deformation are also performed on the column structure of a machining center. Different combinations of heat sources are applied to simulate diverse machining operations. From the results of FEA runs, 155 sets of 411 nodal temperatures and the 7 transformed error components are used as the database for multivariate temperature variable selection. Through an optimization method of searching unknown-order variables, 19 optimal sensor locations for the 7 error components are obtained and categorized into 6 clusters. Experiments and comparisons are presented to validate the applicability of the optimal sensor placement strategy. Superior to empirical method with trial-and-error sensor placement, this method is capable to select thermal variables globally and increases the robustness of thermal error models.