bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Interaction between Arabidopsis SUR2/CYP83B1 and GNOM Indicates the Importance of Stabilizing Local Auxin Accumulation in Lateral Root Initiation
Authors: Goto Chieko , Ikegami Akira , Goh Tatsuaki , Maruyama Kaisei , Kasahara Hiroyuki , Takebayashi Yumiko , Kamiya Yuji , Toyokura Koichi , Kondo Yuki , Ishizaki Kimitsune , Mimura Tetsuro , Fukaki Hidehiro 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Lateral root (LR) formation is an important developmental event for the establishment of the root system in most vascular plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the fewer roots (fwr) mutation in the GNOM gene, encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ADP ribosylation factor that regulates vesicle trafficking, severely inhibits LR formation. Local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is severely affected in fwr. To better understand how local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is regulated, we identified a mutation, fewer roots suppressor1 (fsp1), that partially restores LR formation in fwr. The gene responsible for fsp1 was identified as SUPERROOT2 (SUR2), encoding CYP83B1 that positions at the metabolic branch point in the biosynthesis of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole glucosinolate. The fsp1 mutation increases both endogenous IAA levels and the number of the sites where auxin response locally accumulates prior to LR formation in fwr. SUR2 is expressed in the pericycle of the differentiation zone and in the apical meristem in roots. Time-lapse imaging of the auxin response revealed that local accumulation of auxin response is more stable in fsp1. These results suggest that SUR2/CYP83B1 affects LR founder cell formation at the xylem pole pericycle cells where auxin accumulates. Analysis of the genetic interaction between SUR2 and GNOM indicates the importance of stabilization of local auxin accumulation sites for LR initiation.
CRISPR/Cas9 Disruption of MYB134 and MYB115 in Transgenic Poplar Leads to Differential Reduction of Proanthocyanidin Synthesis in Roots and Leaves
Authors: Liu Yalin , Ma Dawei , Constabel C. Peter 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are common specialized metabolites and particularly abundant in trees and woody plants. In poplar (Populus spp.), PA biosynthesis is stress-induced and regulated by two previously studied transcription factors MYB115 and MYB134. To determine the relative contribution of these regulators to PA biosynthesis, we created single- and double-knockout (KO) mutants for both genes in transgenic poplars using CRISPR/Cas9. Knocking out either MYB134 or MYB115 showed reduced PA accumulation and downregulated flavonoid genes in leaves, but MYB134 disruption had the greatest impact and reduced PAs to 30% of controls. In roots, by contrast, only the MYB134/MYB115 double-KOs showed a significant change in PA concentration. The loss of PAs paralleled the lower expression of PA biosynthesis genes and concentrations of flavan-3-ol PA precursors catechin and epicatechin. Interestingly, salicinoids were also affected in double-KOs, with distinct patterns in roots and shoots. We conclude that the regulatory pathways for PA biosynthesis differ in poplar leaves and roots. The residual PA content in the double-KO plants indicates that other transcription factors must also be involved in control of the PA pathway.
Hiding in the Arctic and in mountains: a (dis)entangled classification of Claxtonia (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)
Authors: Gąsiorek Piotr , Degma Peter , Michalczyk Łukasz 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Numerous evolutionary lineages representing an armoured, limno-terrestrial family Echiniscidae are restricted to high mountainous or polar localities, exhibiting clear cold stenothermic preferences. One such group is the genus Claxtonia, with its type species Claxtonia wendti, originally described from Svalbard and later on reported globally. In this paper, we re-describe this taxon by establishing the neotype from Spitsbergen. We sequenced five genetic markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-1, ITS-2, and COI) for multiple populations of Claxtonia, including C. mauccii, C. molluscorum, C. wendti, and several potentially new species, collected in the Alps, Andes, Carpathians, Scotland, Iceland, Southern Appalachians, Spitsbergen, Scandinavian Peninsula, Borneo, and the West Indies. The relationships between these species are elucidated thanks to the phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear loci. Various Claxtonia species frequently co-occur in mosses and lichens, which hampers delineating their probable geographic ranges. All historical records of C. wendti are questioned in the light of our revision. Delineation of new species within the genus is nipped in the bud due to numerous problems with original species descriptions, unknown intraspecific (including ontogenetic) variability, and the lack of DNA barcodes. Finally, it is hypothesized that Claxtonia potentially comprises two lineages: a cold-stenothermic one and a thermophilic subtropical–tropical one.
The exceptionally well-preserved Sauropleura scalaris (Nectridea: Urocordylidae) from the late Carboniferous of the Czech Republic: new information on ontogeny, lateral line and tail
Authors: Barták Pavel , Ivanov Martin 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Urocordylids represent a group of the late Carboniferous–early Permian basal tetrapods, with short limbs, extremely elongated bodies and a deep and distinctive tail and vertebral architecture, which is indicative of an aquatic habitat. However, the important morphological structures that would indicate their ecological preferences unambiguously (e.g. hyobranchial apparatus, lateral line sulci) remain unknown. Moreover, the high degree of skeletal ossification present in urocordylids contrasts with the common pattern seen in most other basal tetrapods known to inhabit aquatic environments. Here, we describe an exceptionally well-preserved skull, with an associated mandible and a partial postcranial skeleton, of Sauropleura scalaris from the locality of Nýřany, Czech Republic, based on high-resolution micro-computed tomography. The labial surface of the mandible shows the first evidence of the lateral line system in Urocordylidae, which consists of both small pits and elongated grooves, and ﻿unambiguously supports the aquatic ecology of the group. The juvenile stage of the specimen provides new information on ontogeny of sauropleurines. The partly ossified opisthotic bone indicates that, unlike development in most other early tetrapods, the otic capsules were among the first neurocranial elements to ossify in nectrideans. Finally, an almost complete caudal region suggests that tails were much longer in sauropleurines than previously assumed.
Impact of a Regional Grant Program Through the Lens of Social Cognitive Career Theory: A Mixed-Method Evaluation
Authors: Teal Cayla R. , Cianciolo Anna T. , Berry Andrea , Boscardin Christy , Riddle Janet , Rougas Steven , Shaull Lynn , Shea Judy A. , Szauter Karen , Bierer S. Beth 
Published: July 2023

Purpose
Evaluations of educational grant programs have focused on research productivity, with few examining impacts on grantees or effective program characteristics. This evaluation examined the regional grant program sponsored by Group on Educational Affairs to examine if and how grantees’ careers were affected by funding, and if these experiences aligned with program goals.

Method
In this concurrent, mixed-methods theory-driven evaluation, quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed independently and then integrated to examine complementarity. Quantitative data examined differences among 4 geographic regions and included proposal and grantee characteristics abstracted from administrative records of 52 funded proposals from 2010–2015 grant cycles. Qualitative data from 23 interviews conducted from 2018 to 2019 explored the impact on grantees, with Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) serving as a framework for deductive thematic analysis. To facilitate integration of findings, quantitative data were layered onto each interview to permit exploration of associations between the 2 data types.

Results
Although significant regional differences existed in project length and amount of funding, there were few regional differences in grantee experiences. Despite small funding amounts, grants were perceived as career launching pads. The SCCT framework accounted for grantee experiences, including researcher identity formation and subsequent research, but did not capture collaboration phenomena. Integration of the 2 data types identified experience patterns unique to different groups of grantees (e.g., more or less research experience). The diversity among grantees suggests that clarification of program goals and stronger alignment with criteria for funding may be warranted.

Conclusions
This evaluation illuminates why small educational grant programs may or may not impact interest and productivity in research. Implications exist for funders, including clarifying program goals and providing support for less experienced grantees. Future research should explore grantee subsets (e.g., underrepresented in medicine) to further identify what fosters or inhibits careers of medical education scholars.
Radiographic Measurements Associated With Ankle Power Generation During Gait in Patients With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Choi Yoon Hyo , Kwon Tae Hun , Choi Ji Hye , Jeong Naun , Koo Seungbum , Lee Kyoung Min 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Pes planovalgus (PV) deformity accounts for lever arm dysfunction and compromises gait in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). However, the association between ankle power generation and radiographic indices is not yet understood. We aimed to investigate the association between ankle power and radiographic indices during gait in patients with CP concomitant with PV deformity.

Methods:
Patients older than 14 years with ambulatory CP and PV deformity were included. All the patients underwent 3-dimensional gait analysis and weight-bearing foot radiography. Gait data were collected, including foot progression angle, tibial rotation, hip rotation, and ankle power generation. Radiographic measurements included anteroposterior (AP) talo-first metatarsal angle, lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, and hindfoot angle. A linear mixed-effects model was performed to identify significant radiographic indices associated with ankle power generation.

Results:
Thirty-one limbs from 15 patients with spastic diplegia and 6 with spastic hemiplegia were included. Statistical analysis demonstrated that ankle power generation was significantly correlated with the CP type (P=0.0068) and AP talo-1st metatarsal angle (P=0.0230).

Conclusion:
Ankle power generation was significantly associated with the AP talo-first metatarsal angle. Surgeons might need to pay attention to correcting forefoot abduction to restore ankle power when planning surgeries for pes PV deformities in patients with CP.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III
Creation and Validation of a Photonumeric Scale for Assessment of Infraorbital Hollows
Authors: Carey Wayne , Trévidic Patrick , Benedetto Anthony V. , Maffert Pauline , Antunes Stéphanie 
Published: July 2023

BACKGROUND
Validated clinical scales are needed to assess aesthetic improvement of the infraorbital hollows (IOHs) after treatment with dermal fillers.

OBJECTIVE
To develop an IOHs scale and establish its reliability and sensitivity for grading subjects in clinical trials or routine practice.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
The Teoxane IOHs Scale (TIOHS), a 5-grade photonumeric scale, was developed based on real-subject photographs and validated through photographic and live subjects' evaluation.

RESULTS
Clinician intra- and inter-rater agreements during the TIOHS validation were excellent. The mean intrarater-weighted Kappa score between the 2 sessions of photographic validation was 0.92, while inter-rater interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.92 for the combined sessions. The average intrarater-weighted Kappa score and inter-rater ICC for the live validation reached 0.80 and 0.76, respectively. In addition, evaluators identified clinically significant differences between photographs of subjects presenting a 1-grade or 2-grade difference in 82% and 86% of cases, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The intrarater Kappa scores and inter-rater ICCs met their predetermined acceptance criteria of >0.70. The TIOHS is a repeatable and reproducible clinician-reported outcome for health care providers to classify IOHs in clinical trials and routine patient care. A 1-grade difference on the TIOHS can detect a clinically meaningful difference in infraorbital hollowing.
Optic Nerve Head, Peripapillary and Macular Microvascular Characteristics in Patients With Unilateral Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
Authors: Balci Ali Safa , Cakir Ihsan , Altan Cigdem 
Published: July 2023

Précis:
In unilateral pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), there may be decreased choroidal vascularity index (CVI), radial peripapillary capillary plexus’ perfusion and flow. CVI may also be reduced in fellow eyes, suggesting that PEXG is bilateral disease.

Purpose:
Evaluation of peripapillary and macular choroidal microvascularity and radial peripapillary capillary plexus in both eyes with unilateral PEXG and healthy eyes.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety-six eyes of 48 patients with unilateral PEXG [PEX (+): 48 eyes with PEXG; PEX (−): 48 eyes without PEX] and the right eyes of 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. CVI was calculated on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans. Radial peripapillary capillary vascular layer were evaluated by OCT-angiography.

Results:
Macular CVI (mCVI), temporal and nasal peripapillary CVI (pCVI) was significantly decreased in the PEX (+) compared with the PEX (−) and control group (P<0.05 for all). Although there was a significant difference between PEX (−) and the control group in terms of mCVI and temporal pCVI, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of nasal pCVI (P=0.008, P=0.036, and P=0.604, respectively). There was a significant difference in perfusion density (PD) and flux index (FI) between PEX (+) group, PEX (−) group and control group in all quadrants and average value (P<0.05 for all). Although the PD and FI values in all quadrants and average values of the PEX (−) group were lower than the control group, this difference was not significant.

Conclusions:
CVI in the macula and peripapillary region was significantly decreased in eyes with PEXG. Similarly, PD and FI were lower in eyes with PEXG. Low mCVI and temporal pCVI can also be seen in eyes without PEX.
Short-Term Outcomes of Bimatoprost Sustained-Release Intracameral Implant in Glaucoma
Authors: Wong Michael K. , Bowers Mallory E. , Ventimiglia Jonas , Niknam Rachel M. , Moster Marlene R. , Pro Michael J. , Dale Elizabeth , Kolomeyer Natasha N. , Lee Daniel , Zheng Cindy X. 
Published: July 2023

Précis:
This retrospective study found a statistically significant reduction in mean intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of medications after intracameral Bimatoprost sustained release (SR) injection in patients with glaucoma. A history of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) did not impact treatment outcomes.

Purpose:
To determine outcomes of Bimatoprost SR on IOP and the number of topical IOP-lowering medications in patients with glaucoma. A secondary objective was to determine the outcomes of Bimatoprost SR in patients with a prior history of SLT.

Methods:
Retrospective case series. One hundred eighteen eyes from 84 patients that received Bimatoprost SR by 6 glaucoma specialists at Wills Eye Hospital from March 2020 to September 2021 were examined. The intervention was a single injection of intracameral Bimatoprost SR. The main outcome measures included IOP and the number of medications.

Results:
The most recent mean follow-up time for all eyes was 27.8 ± 18.6 weeks. The mean posttreatment IOP at the most recent follow-up of 16.6 ± 5.3 mm Hg was significantly lower than the mean under-therapy pretreatment IOP of 18.5 ± 5.7 mm Hg for all eyes (P < 0.01). The mean posttreatment number of medications at the most recent follow-up of 1.3 ± 1.3 decreased compared with the number of pretreatment medications of 2.1 ± 1.4 for all eyes (P < 0.01). Analysis of multilevel models controlling for demographic variables demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in IOP and number of medications posttreatment (P < 0.01). A prior history of SLT (n = 54) had no impact on treatment for both IOP and the number of medications (P > 0.1 for both).

Conclusions:
Intracameral Bimatoprost SR reduced IOP and decreased the number of medications. Prior history of SLT did not impact Bimatoprost SR treatment outcomes.
Identifying Rapid Glaucoma Progression Using Hemifield Rates of Progression
Authors: Leshno Ari , Li Johnny X. , De Moraes Carlos Gustavo , Harizman Noga , Wang Qing , Garg Shukla Aakriti , Cioffi George A. , Liebmann Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2023

Précis:
Hemifield rates of progression are more sensitive to focal progression (or faster progression) than global rates. This can aid in tailoring management and treatment decisions.

Purpose:
To determine if the rate of progression (ROP) of each hemifield of the 24-2 visual field (VF) aids in the detection of rapidly progressing eyes.

Methods:
In this retrospective longitudinal study, we evaluated 1658 eyes of 1658 consecutive glaucoma patients with global mean deviation (MD) VF loss between −3 and −15 dB at baseline and ≥8 reliable VF tests (Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm 24-2) with over ≥3 years of follow-up. The ROP (dB/year) based on global MD, superior hemifield MD, and inferior hemifield MD was calculated. The worst hemifield ROP (ROPworst) and hemifield ROP absolute difference (ROPdiff) were determined for each eye. Eyes were categorized based on the ROP from each metric as slow (−0.5 dB/year or better), rapid (worse than −0.5 dB/year), very rapid (worse than −1.0 dB/year), and catastrophic (worse than −2.0 dB/year) progression. The rate of significant asymmetric hemifield progression rate (ROPdiff ≥0.5 dB/year) was also evaluated.

Results:
On average, ROPworst was faster than ROPglobal by 0.25±0.3 dB/year (P<0.001). Based on ROPworst, 422 eyes (25%) were classified as progressing more rapidly than the ROPglobal classification. Over 40% (153/339) of the eyes classified as rapid progressors by ROPglobal were classified as very rapid or catastrophic progressors based on ROPworst. Eyes that progressed more rapidly based on ROPworst also had a higher rate of asymmetric progression.

Conclusion:
Hemifield ROPs are more sensitive to focal progression (or faster progression) than global rates and can aid in tailoring management and treatment decisions.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in the Pediatric Emergency Department and Predictors of Poor Outcome
Authors: Suárez-Bustamante Huélamo María , Alonso-Cadenas José Antonio , Cortés Borja Gómez , Goikoetxea Iker Gangoiti , Hernández-Bou Susanna , de la Torre Espí Mercedes ,   on behalf of Bacteremia Study Working Group from the Infectious Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergencies
Published: July 2023

Background:
Staphylococcus aureus has become the leading cause of bacteremia among previously healthy children older than 5 years.

Methods:
We aimed to describe the infants presenting to pediatric emergency departments and diagnosed with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) and identify predictors (clinical and laboratory variables) of poor outcome (complications, sequelae or death). We performed an observational study and subanalysis of a multicenter prospective registry, including every patient under the age of 18 years with a positive blood culture obtained at any of the 22 participating Spanish pediatric emergency departments between 2011 and 2016. We considered chronic diseases, immunosuppressive treatment and the presence of mechanical devices as risk factors for SAB.

Results:
Of the 229 patients with SAB, 176 (76.9%) were previously healthy, 192 (83.8%) had a normal pediatric assessment triangle and 158 (69.0%) had an associated focal infection (mainly osteoarticular infection, skin and soft tissue infection and pneumonia). Fifty-three patients (23.1%) had 1 or more risk factors for SAB. Thirty-one (13.5%) presented a poor outcome, including 4 deaths (1.7%). A poor outcome was more common in patients with SAB risk factors [odds ratio (OR): 7.0; 95% CI: 3.2–15.4], abnormal PAT (OR: 5.9; 95% CI: 2.6–13.3), elevated procalcitonin (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.05–1.3) and C-reactive protein, the latter being the only independent predictor of poor outcome (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.02).

Conclusions:
Overall, children with SAB are previously healthy, appear well, and have an associated focal infection. One of 7 had a poor outcome, with C-reactive protein being the only predictor identified.
Relationship Between Real-time TDM-guided Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Continuous Infusion Beta-lactam Monotherapy and Microbiologic Outcome in the Treatment of Critically Ill Children With Severe Documented Gram-negative Infections
Authors: Gatti Milo , Campoli Caterina , Latrofa Maria Elena , Ramirez Stefania , Sasso Tommaso , Mancini Rita , Caramelli Fabio , Viale Pierluigi , Pea Federico 
Published: July 2023

Objectives:
To explore the relationship between real-time therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided pharmacodynamic target attainment of continuous infusion (CI) beta-lactam monotherapy and microbiological outcome in the treatment of critically ill children with severe documented Gram-negative infections.

Methods:
Observational, monocentric, retrospective study of critically ill patients receiving CI piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, or meropenem in monotherapy for documented Gram-negative infections optimized by means of a real-time TDM-guided strategy. Average steady-state beta-lactam concentrations (Css) were calculated for each patient, and the beta-lactam Css/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio was selected as a pharmacodynamic parameter of efficacy. The Css/MIC ratio was defined as optimal if ≥4, quasi-optimal if between 1 and 4, and suboptimal if <1. The relationship between Css/MIC and microbiological outcome was assessed.

Results:
Forty-six TDM assessments were carried out in 21 patients [median age 2 (interquartile range: 1–8) years]. Css/MIC ratios were optimal in 76.2% of cases. Patients with optimal Css/MIC ratios had both a significantly higher microbiological eradication rate (75.0% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.006) and lower resistance development rate (25.0% vs. 80.0%; P = 0.047) than those with quasi-optimal or suboptimal Css/MIC ratios. Quasi-optimal/suboptimal Css/MIC ratio occurred more frequently when patients had infections caused by pathogens with MIC values above the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing clinical breakpoint (100.0% vs. 6.3%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Real-time TDM-guided pharmacodynamic target attainment of CI beta-lactam monotherapy allowed to maximize treatment efficacy in most critically ill children with severe Gram-negative infections. Attaining early optimal Css/MIC ratios of CI beta-lactams could be a key determinant associated with microbiologic eradication during the treatment of Gram-negative infections. Larger prospective studies are warranted for confirming our findings.