bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microenterprise and home care for older adults in England and Wales: A partial revolution?
Authors: McDonald Ruth 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPaid carers play an important role in helping older adults with care needs to remain living in their own homes. This paper examines changes in the home care field, specifically the emergence of self‐employed care entrepreneurs (‘microentrepreneurs’). To do this, it employs Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capital and habitus. Drawing on 105 semi‐structured interviews with stakeholders working in home care, the paper describes how the interaction of changes to field structures, and altered practices of care have challenged the taken‐for‐granted acceptance of traditional, transactional forms of care provision. This process has been highly dependent on local state actors, their ability to mobilise relevant forms of capital and the factors which shaped their habitus. It should be seen within the context of changes to local field structures and the hierarchical classification processes which underpin them. These changes threaten the distribution of capital in the home care field in ways that are beneficial to microentrepreneurs. Bourdieu might categorise these developments as ‘partial revolutions’, which do not challenge the fundamental axioms of the field. However, for care entrepreneurs, formerly employed as low‐paid home‐care workers, a revolution that is only partial may be better than none at all.
The professional role and exercise of the role of educational assistance professionals in schools with School Integration Programs in Chile
Authors: Dinamarca‐Aravena Katherine Andrea 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe incorporation of health professionals into inclusive schools is increasingly necessary. However, the work of these professionals has not yet been studied globally. This qualitative research analyses the perceptions of speech therapists, psychologists, physical therapists and occupational therapists on the role that educational policy defines for working in schools with School Integration Programmes in Chile. Through chain sampling, 52 professionals were interviewed. The data were analysed inductively through thematic analysis. The results show that the role defined by policies for professionals is not in line with the needs of schools and the aspirations of the inclusive approach. The exercise of the role emerges as a distinct entity from the defined role that seems to be more responsive to the needs of schools and students. Interviewees described tensions related to the role in schools, professional training, working conditions and contextual features that would permeate the role that the policy mandates them to play. The findings of the study promote new research horizons related to the role of professional assistants, where research is still incipient worldwide, and invite reflection on the importance of designing education policies with a bottom‐up approach to capture the needs presented by learners and professional teams.
Disparities in geospatial patterns of cancer care within urban counties and structural inequities in access to oncology care
Authors: McGee‐Avila Jennifer K. , Richmond Jennifer , Henry Kevin A. , Stroup Antoinette M. , Tsui Jennifer 
Published: May 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo examine geospatial patterns of cancer care utilization across diverse populations in New Jersey—a state where most residents live in urban areas.Data Sources/Study SettingWe used data from the New Jersey State Cancer Registry from 2012 to 2014.Study DesignWe examined the location of cancer treatment among patients 20–65 years of age diagnosed with breast, colorectal, or invasive cervical cancer and investigated differences in geospatial patterns of care by individual and area‐level (e.g., census tract‐level) characteristics.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsMultivariate generalized estimating equation models were used to determine factors associated with receiving cancer treatment within residential counties, residential hospital service areas, and in‐state (versus out‐of‐state) care.Principal FindingsWe observed significant differences in geospatial patterns of cancer treatment by race/ethnicity, insurance type, and area‐level factors. Even after adjusting for tumor characteristics, insurance type, and other demographic factors, non‐Hispanic Black patients had a 5.6% higher likelihood of receiving care within their own residential county compared to non‐Hispanic White patients (95% CI: 2.80–8.41). Patients insured with Medicaid and those without insurance had higher likelihoods of receiving care within their residential county compared to privately insured individuals. Patients living in census tracts with the highest quintile of social vulnerability were 4.6% more likely to receive treatment within their residential county (95% CI: 0.00–9.30) and were 2.7% less likely to seek out‐of‐state care (95% CI: −4.85 to −0.61).ConclusionsUrban populations are not homogenous in their geospatial patterns of cancer care utilization, and individuals living in areas with greater social vulnerability may have limited opportunities to access care outside of their immediate residential county. Geographically tailored efforts, along with socioculturally tailored efforts, are needed to help improve equity in cancer care access.
Organisational voice and employee‐focused voice: Two distinct voice forms and their effects on burnout and innovative behavior
Authors: Shipton Helen , Kougiannou Nadia , Do Hoa , Minbashian Amirali , Pautz Nik , King Daniel 
Published: May 2023

AbstractScholars and practitioners have long emphasised the importance of employees speaking up about workplace issues. Yet, voice research remains divided on fundamental questions such as underlying purpose. Drawing on the Job Demands‐Resources Model, this study offers an integrative perspective, building on the idea that the interests of employees and managers are distinct concerning the purpose of voice. This article draws on responses from a cross‐sectional national online survey distributed by YouGov, with a survey design that ensured that only those employed within an organisational setting with a reporting structure would be included in the data. The sample size used for the analysis (N = 1858) was representative of the UK workforce regarding gender, full‐ or part‐time work status, organisation size and industry. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provides empirical evidence of two alternative and distinct voice forms: organisational and employee‐focused. Results show that while organisational voice is associated with significantly higher innovative behaviour and higher levels of burnout, employee‐focused voice is significantly and negatively associated with employee burnout. Lastly, our analysis reveals that while the total effect of organisational voice on burnout is positive, employee‐focused voice, partially mediating the organisational voice‐burnout relationship, exerts a countervailing effect, lowering burnout. Accordingly, organisations are advised to promote both voice forms, given their unique, positive effects, first on the employee (ameliorating burnout) and second on strategically important outcomes (innovative behaviours). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Self‐demise of soft rot bacteria by activation of microbial predators by pectin‐based carriers
Authors: Sason Gal , Yedidia Iris , Nussinovitch Amos , Chalegoua Errikos , Pun Manoj , Jurkevitch Edouard 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSoft rot pectobacteria (SRP) are phytopathogens of the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya that cause soft rots on a wide range of crops and ornamental plants. SRP produce plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), including pectinases. Bdellovibrio and like organisms are bacterial predators that can prey on a variety of Gram‐negative species, including SRP. In this research, a low methoxyl pectin (LMP)‐based immobilization system for B. bacteriovorus is established. It takes advantage that pectin residues induce PCWDE secretion by the pathogens, bringing upon the release of the encapsulated predators. Three commercial LMPs differing in the degree of esterification (DE) and amidation (DA) were tested as potential carriers, by examining their effect on SRP growth, enzymes secretion and substrate breakdown. A clear advantage was observed for pectin 5 CS with the lowest DE and DA content. The degradation of 5 CS pectin‐based carriers was further optimized by reducing cross‐linker and pectin concentration, by adding gelatin and by dehydration. This resulted in SRP‐induced disintegration of the carrier within 72 h. The released encapsulated predator caused a large decrease in SRP population while its own significantly increased, demonstrating the efficiency of this system in which the pathogen brings about its own demise.
The microbial landscape in bioturbated mangrove sediment: A resource for promoting nature‐based solutions for mangroves
Authors: Booth Jenny M. , Fusi Marco , Marasco Ramona , Daffonchio Daniele 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGlobally, soils and sediments are affected by the bioturbation activities of benthic species. The consequences of these activities are particularly impactful in intertidal sediment, which is generally anoxic and nutrient‐poor. Mangrove intertidal sediments are of particular interest because, as the most productive forests and one of the most important stores of blue carbon, they provide global‐scale ecosystem services. The mangrove sediment microbiome is fundamental for ecosystem functioning, influencing the efficiency of nutrient cycling and the abundance and distribution of key biological elements. Redox reactions in bioturbated sediment can be extremely complex, with one reaction creating a cascade effect on the succession of respiration pathways. This facilitates the overlap of different respiratory metabolisms important in the element cycles of the mangrove sediment, including carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and iron cycles, among others. Considering that all ecological functions and services provided by mangrove environments involve microorganisms, this work reviews the microbial roles in nutrient cycling in relation to bioturbation by animals and plants, the main mangrove ecosystem engineers. We highlight the diversity of bioturbating organisms and explore the diversity, dynamics and functions of the sediment microbiome, considering both the impacts of bioturbation. Finally, we review the growing evidence that bioturbation, through altering the sediment microbiome and environment, determining a ‘halo effect’, can ameliorate conditions for plant growth, highlighting the potential of the mangrove microbiome as a nature‐based solution to sustain mangrove development and support the role of this ecosystem to deliver essential ecological services.
Water supply, waste assimilation, and low‐flow issues facing the Southeast Piedmont Interstate‐85 urban archipelago
Authors: Jackson C. Rhett , Wenger Seth J. , Bledsoe Brian P. , Shepherd J. Marshall , Capps Krista A. , Rosemond Amy D. , Paul Michael J. , Welch‐Devine Meredith , Li Ke , Stephens Timothy , Rasmussen Todd C. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRapidly growing cities along the Interstate‐85 corridor from Atlanta, GA, to Raleigh, NC, rely on small rivers for water supply and waste assimilation. These rivers share commonalities including water supply stress during droughts, seasonally low flows for wastewater dilution, increasing drought and precipitation extremes, downstream eutrophication issues, and high regional aquatic diversity. Further challenges include rapid growth; sprawl that exacerbates water quality and infrastructure issues; water infrastructure that spans numerous counties and municipalities; and large numbers of septic systems. Holistic multi‐jurisdiction cooperative water resource planning along with policy and infrastructure modifications is necessary to adapt to population growth and climate. We propose six actions to improve water infrastructure resilience: increase water‐use efficiency by municipal, industrial, agricultural, and thermoelectric power sectors; adopt indirect potable reuse or closed loop systems; allow for water sharing during droughts but regulate inter‐basin transfers to protect aquatic ecosystems; increase nutrient recovery and reduce discharges of carbon and nutrients in effluents; employ green infrastructure and better stormwater management to reduce nonpoint pollutant loadings and mitigate urban heat island effects; and apply the CRIDA framework to incorporate climate and hydrologic uncertainty into water planning.
Whole genome sequencing of Penicillium and Burkholderia strains antagonistic to the causal agent of kauri dieback disease (Phytophthora agathidicida) reveals biosynthetic gene clusters related to antimicrobial secondary metabolites
Authors: Byers Alexa K. , Condron Leo , O'Callaghan Maureen , Waipara Nick , Black Amanda 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPhytophthora agathidicida is a virulent soil pathogen of Aotearoa New Zealand's iconic kauri tree species (Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl.) and the primary causal agent of kauri dieback disease. To date, only a few control options are available to treat infected kauri that are expressing symptoms of dieback disease. Previous research has identified strains of Penicillium and Burkholderia that inhibited the mycelial growth of P. agathidicida in vitro. However, the mechanisms of inhibition remain unknown. By performing whole genome sequencing, we screened the genomes of four Penicillium and five Burkholderia strains to identify secondary metabolite encoding biosynthetic gene clusters (SM‐BGCs) that may be implicated in the production of antimicrobial compounds. We identified various types of SM‐BGCs in the genome of each strain, including polyketide synthases (PKSs), non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), and terpenes. Across all four of the Penicillium strains, five SM‐BGCs were detected that encoded the biosynthesis of napthopyrone, clavaric acid, pyranonigrin E, dimethyl coprogen and asperlactone. Across all five of the Burkholderia strains, three SM‐BGCs were detected that encoded the biosynthesis of ornibactin, pyochelin and pyrrolnitin. Our analysis detected numerous SM‐BGCs which could not be characterised. Further efforts should be made to identify the compounds encoded by these SM‐BGCs so that we can explore their antimicrobial potential. The potential inhibitory effects of the compounds encoded by the SM‐BGCs identified in this study may be worthy of further investigation for their effect on the growth and virulence of P. agathidicida.
The Iraqi state's legitimacy deficit: Input, output and identity‐based legitimacy challenges
Authors: Eriksson Jacob , Grief Isaac 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis article analyses the nature of the legitimacy deficits of the post‐2003 Iraqi state and the grounds upon which alternative political orders have been proposed. The theoretical framework groups possible changes into three types: redistribution, regime change and secession. Empirically, the article illustrates these dynamics through two contemporary challenges to the Iraqi state: the Islamic State of Iraq and al‐Sham (ISIS), and the Tishreen protest movement. The intention is not to compare and contrast the two, as they are widely divergent types of alternative orders, but rather to reflect on the nature of their grievances against the Iraqi state, and the role of identity in shaping their alternative visions. The article argues that identity is key to understanding both the perceived legitimacy failures of the state and the political alternatives proposed, but also efforts by the political elite to delegitimise these challenges to the state. Finally, the Iraqi case demonstrates that the role of identity in legitimation is fluid and contingent rather than static and deterministic, with the salience of different identities shifting over time and being affected by other forms of legitimacy.
Prognostic and predictive value of CD163 expression and the CD163/CD68 expression ratio for response to adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with surgically resected lung squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yanagawa Naoki , Shikanai Shunsuke , Sugai Mayu , Koike Yoshihiko , Asai Yoshinari , Tanji Takayuki , Sugimoto Ryo , Osakabe Mitsumasa , Uesugi Noriyuki , Saito Hajime , Maemondo Makoto , Sugai Tamotsu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundMacrophages infiltrating the tumor microenvironment are defined as tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs can be polarized into different phenotypes, that is, proinflammatory M1 macrophages or anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophages. Particularly, M2 macrophages promote angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumor growth. This study aimed to evaluate whether M2 TAMs can serve as a useful marker to predict prognosis and benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with surgically resected lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).MethodsWe examined 104 patients with SCC. Tissue microarrays were constructed, and the density of TAMs was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of CD68 and CD163. The relationship between CD68 and CD163 expression and the CD163/CD68 expression rate and clinicopathological characteristics including patient outcomes were investigated. In addition, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that these cells significantly influenced chemotherapy responses.ResultsUnivariate analysis revealed that pathological stage, CD163 expression, and the CD163/CD68 expression ratio were significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that these factors were all independent prognostic factors. Thirty‐four pairs were determined by using PSM analysis. Patients with a low CD163/CD68 expression ratio benefited more from adjuvant chemotherapy than those with a high ratio.ConclusionWe suggest that M2 TAMs may be a useful marker to predict prognosis and differential benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with surgically resected lung SCCs.
Impact of prior alcohol use on the subsequent development of cancer cachexia in male and female mice
Authors: Laudato Joseph A. , Tice Abigail L. , Johnson Bonde R. , Russo Allyson , Rossetti Michael L. , Bridges Blake O. , Egan Arthur , Gordon Bradley S. , Steiner Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol is a carcinogen and its intake prior to developing cancer and throughout its duration exacerbates cancer cachexia in rodent models. However, the effects on cancer cachexia of stopping alcohol prior to tumor establishment are unknown.MethodsMale and female mice consumed either a nonalcohol control liquid diet (CON) or a 20% ethanol (kcal/day) liquid diet (EtOH) for 6 weeks. All mice then consumed a control diet and mice in the cancer groups were inoculated with C26 colon cancer cells. Gastrocnemius muscles were collected and analyzed after ~2 weeks.ResultsSkeletal muscle weight and male epididymal and female perigonadal fat mass were reduced more by the combination of cancer and prior EtOH than either exposure alone in both males and females. In males, protein synthesis was reduced by 30% following alcohol exposure, while no reductions were observed in female mice. AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation was increased in both male and female EtOH‐Cancer groups, while Akt Thr308 phosphorylation was reduced only among males in EtOH‐Cancer mice. Substrates in the mTORC1 pathway were reduced by cancer in both males and females, but prior alcohol intake only reduced phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 Ser65 and rpS6 Ser240/244 to a greater extent in male, but not female, mice. Autophagic and proteasomal signaling were largely unaffected by prior alcohol intake in cancer mice, despite a greater increase in Murf1 mRNA in both sexes.ConclusionsPrior alcohol consumption accelerates or worsens the onset of certain aspects of cancer cachexia in a sex‐dependent manner, with males being more sensitive to these exposures, even with abstinence from alcohol prior to tumor initiation.
Inflammatory cytokines in alcohol use disorder patients are lower in smokers and users of smokeless tobacco
Authors: Bolstad Ingeborg , Lien Lars , Moe Jenny Skumsnes , Pandey Sumita , Toft Helge , Bramness Jørgen G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundSmoking and alcohol use often co‐occur, and the use of nicotine‐containing products is particularly common among persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Recent evidence shows that chronic alcohol use leads to inflammation through increased gut permeability and dysregulated cytokine levels. While cigarette smoking also has detrimental health effects, nicotine has immune dampening effects in some settings. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that nicotine can dampen alcohol‐induced inflammation, but inflammatory responses after nicotine use has not been studied in persons with AUD. This study compared the level of circulating cytokines in abstinent AUD inpatients who were non‐tobacco users, smokers, users of Swedish snus, or dual tobacco users.MethodsWe collected blood samples and information about somatic and mental health and tobacco habits from 111 patients in residential treatment for AUD and 69 healthy controls. Levels of interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐17a, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (ra), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 were examined using a multiplex assay.ResultsPatients with AUD had higher levels of seven cytokines than healthy controls. Among the AUD patients, nicotine users had lower levels of IL‐10, TNF‐α, IL‐17a, IL‐1β, IL‐8, and MCP‐1 (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur findings may indicate that nicotine has anti‐inflammatory effects in patients with AUD. Nonetheless, nicotine use cannot be recommended as a viable therapeutic option to reduce alcohol‐induced inflammation because of its other adverse effects. Additional studies of the effects of tobacco or nicotine products on cytokine patterns in relation to mental or somatic health conditions are warranted.
Sex‐specific biobehavioral regulation of persistent inflammatory pain by alcohol
Authors: Cucinello‐Ragland Jessica A. , Alrashed Noor H. , Lee Sumin , Davis Erin C. , Edwards Kimberly N. , Edwards Scott 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a large percentage of chronic pain patients consume alcohol to manage their pain, there is a significant gap in knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effects of alcohol.MethodsTo determine the longitudinal analgesic effects of alcohol, we utilized the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain in adult female and male Wistar rats. Both somatic and negative motivational aspects of pain were measured using the electronic von Frey (mechanical nociception) system, thermal probe test (thermal nociception), and mechanical conflict avoidance task (pain avoidance‐like behavior). Tests were conducted at baseline and 1 and 3 weeks following intraplantar CFA or saline administration. At both time points post‐CFA, animals were treated with each of three doses of alcohol (intraperitoneal; 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg) over separate days in a Latin square design.ResultsAlcohol produced dose‐dependent mechanical analgesia and antihyperalgesia in females but only antihyperalgesia in males. Although alcohol continued to attenuate CFA‐induced decreases in both thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds between 1 and 3 weeks post‐CFA, it appeared less effective at increasing thresholds 3 weeks after CFA induction.ConclusionsThese data suggest that individuals may develop tolerance to alcohol's ability to alleviate both somatic and negative motivational symptoms of chronic pain over time. We also discovered sex‐specific neuroadaptations in protein kinase A‐dependent phosphorylation of GluR1 subunits and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation in nociceptive brain centers of animals receiving an alcohol challenge 1 week post‐CFA. Together, these findings illustrate a sex‐specific regulation of behavioral and neurobiological indices of persistent pain by alcohol.