bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis of Fluid – Structure Interaction of Axial Fan System
Authors: Yousif Assim Hameed , Aljanabi Wafa Abd Soud , Mahdi Ali Mohammedridha 
Published: July 2023

Fluid-structure interaction method is performed to predict the dynamic characteristics of axial fan system. A fluid-structure interface physical environment method (monolithic method) is used to couple the fluid flow solver with the structural solver. The integration of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is performed in the time Doman, simultaneously to the integration of the three dimensional structural model. The aerodynamic loads are transfer from the flow to structure and the coupling step is repeated within each time step, until the flow solution and the structural solution have converged to yield a coupled solution of the aeroelastic set of equations. Finite element method is applied to solve numerically the Navier-Stockes equations coupled with the structural equations The first ten eigenvalue (natural frequency), the first ten eigenvector (mode shape) and effective stress for each part of a rotor system and complete system assembly are predicted.
The validity of the predicted dynamic characteristics of duct fan system was confirmed experimentally by investigating geometrically similar fan system test rig. Good agreement of dynamic characteristics is observed between experimental and numerical results.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Fluid Flow in Multi Tube Heat Exchanger Fitted with Perforated Fins
Authors: Yasin Nabil Jamil , Alwan Dhia Al-Deen x Alwan , Suliman Ayad Dawood 
Published: July 2023

The heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics for air flow cross over circular finned tube heat exchanger has been studied numerically and experimentally. The purpose of the study was to improve the heat transfer characteristics of an annular finned-tube heat exchanger for better performance. The study has concentrated on the effect of the number of perforations and perforations shapes on the heat transfer and pressure drop across a staggered finned tube heat exchanger. The Numerical part of present study has been performed using ANSYS Fluent 14.5 using SST Turbulent model, while the experimental study consist from a test rig with different models of heat exchangers and all required measurement devices were building up to cover the experimental work for the range of Reynolds number (7500-17500). The experimental results show that average Nusselt number of the six circular perforations fins model is about 11.08 % higher than that for solid fin model and with triangular perforations model is about 10.12 % higher than that for the solid fin. Triangular perforation finned heat exchanger model gives a best result than the other models due to excessive increment in the )Nu( in comparison with other models take in consideration pressure drop. The results were validated with previous work and the comparison between the experimental and numerical shows a good agreement with a maximum deviation ±10% between them.
The Constituents of Active Structure in Contemporary Architectural Products
Authors: Al-Jubori Anas Hameed Majeed 
Published: July 2023

The structure is considered in its scientific formula one of the concepts which complete the architectural image that seeks to take out an effective and attractive structure in contemporary architectural production, especially that the structure -in general- represents strength in addition to delight and functional benefits according to Vitruvius trinity. So, the role of structure depends on making its aesthetical properties able to give efficiency within architectural product. That has come through adoption of intellectual mechanism of structural means and details –as a whole or parts- and focused on structure with the recipient's needs, aesthetical, and sensory purposes in addition to its fundamental role of stability, especially that the modern technology –in design and construction- has helped effectively to solve the formal and structural symbols of contemporary architectural product. Hence, it is necessary to put a knowledge gap to understand the constituents' intention and effective impact of structure beside the integration of the functional, sensual and aesthetical vocabulary, which represents a research problem.
This research aims to highlight the potentials of structural connotations -which support the architectural products– and design connotations –which cooperate to create an active structure by its parts and vocabulary in order to determine the factors of architectural structrure effectiveness which represent the architectural value system for contemporary structural creative.
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T- Section Beams Using External Post-Tensioning Technique
Authors: Said AbdulMuttalib Issa , Al-Ahmed Ali Hussein Ali , Al-Fendawy Dhafer Mohsin 
Published: July 2023

This research is carried out to investigate the externally post-tensioning technique for strengthening RC beams. In this research, four T-section RC beams having the same dimensions and material properties were casted and tested up to failure by applying two mid-third concentrated loads. Three of these beams are strengthened by using external tendons, while the remaining beam is kept without strengthening as a control beam. Two external strands of 12 mm diameter were fixed at each side of the web of the strengthened beams and located at depth of 200 mm from top fiber of the section (dps). So that the depth of strands to overall depth of the section ratio (dps /h=0.8). For each strengthened beams, the strands have been tensioned by using a hydraulic jack with constant stress of 600 MPa. The main parameter conducting in this research is the strengthening length ratio (Ls/L) which is equal to the length of strengthening region (Ls) divided to the length of beam (L), these ratios are 0.83, 0.67 and 0.50. The experimental results showed that this technique for strengthening is efficient for reducing cracks width and increasing first cracking, service cracking and ultimate load capacities. The percentage increasing in first crack loads were 100%, 133% and 167%, for service crack loads (0.3 mm) were 63%, 75% and 88% and for ultimate loads were 78%, 89% and 67% for strengthening length ratios 0.83, 0.67 and 0.50 respectiviely as compared with the control beam.
Zirconium Sulfate as Catalyst for Biodiesel Production by Using Reactive Distillation
Authors: Mohammed Wadood Taher , Abdul Jabbar Marwa Faeq 
Published: July 2023

Production of fatty acid esters (biodiesel) from oleic acid and 2-ethylhexanol using sulfated zirconia as solid catalyst for the production of biodiesel was investigated in this work.

The parameters studied were temperature of reaction (100 to 130°C), molar ratio of alcohol to free fatty acid (1:1 to 3:1), concentration of catalyst (0.5 to 3%wt), mixing speed (500 to 900 rpm) and types of sulfated zirconia (i.e modified, commercial, prepared catalyst according to literature and reused catalyst). The results show the best conversion to biodiesel was 97.74% at conditions of 130°C, 3:1, 2wt% and 650 rpm using modified catalyst respectively. Also, modified catalyst gave identical results to that of commercial one. Simulation study was adopted from basic principles of reactive distillation and the results were close to an acceptable degree.
The Effective of Pressure and Sintering Temperature for Hardness Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloy by Using Taguchi Technique
Authors: Abdulrusool Ahmed , Mosa Sarah Jalal 
Published: July 2023

This paper presents the Taguchi approach for optimization of hardness for shape memory alloy (Cu-Al-Ni) . The influence of powder metallurgy parameters on hardness has been investigated. Taguchi technique and ANOVA were used for analysis. Nine experimental runs based on Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array were performed (OA),for two parameters was study (Pressure and sintering temperature) for three different levels (300 ,500 and 700) MPa ,(700 ,800 and 900)oC respectively . Main effect, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was study, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) using to investigate the micro-hardness characteristics of the shape memory alloy .after application the result of study shown the height hardness at the level 2 of pressure and level 1 of temperature (A2B1) by taguchi technique at magnitude value 500MPa and 700 ºC. The best effective factor at ANOVA has pressure 36.39%. the interaction given the best pressure 500 MPa and Temperature 800 ºC.
Application of SWAT Model for Sediment Loads from Valleys Transmitted to Haditha Reservoir
Authors: Mustafa Ayad Sleibi , Sulaiman Sadeq Oleiwi , Hussein Omar Manfi 
Published: July 2023

This study included the extraction properties of spatial and morphological basins studied using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model linked to (GIS) to find the amount of sediment and rates of flow that flows into the Haditha reservoir . The aim of this study is determine the amount of sediment coming from the valleys and flowing into the Haditha Dam reservoir for 25 years ago for the period (1985-2010) and its impact on design lifetime of the Haditha Dam reservoir and to determine the best ways to reduce the sediment transport. The result indicated that total amount of sediment coming from all valleys about (2.56 * 106 ton). The maximum annual total sediment load was about (488.22 * 103 ton) in year 1988 due to the surface runoff about 167.79 * 106 m3, while the minimum annual total sediment load was about (8.62 * 103 ton) in year 2007. This due to the total runoff volume that was 5.67×106 m3. Model calibration and verification were carry out using flow rate and sediment yield data observed at the study area and the results were satisfactory.
Theoretical and Experimental Stress Analysis of Cam With Simple Harmonic Motion
Authors: Abdulkareem Aveen Ahmed 
Published: July 2023

Cams are considered as one of the most important mechanical components that depends the contact action to do its job and suffer a lot of with drawbacks to be predicted and overcame in the design process. this work aims to investigate the induced cam contact and the maximum shear stress energy or (von misses) stresses during the course of action analytically using Hertz contact stress equation and the principal stress formulations to find the maximum stress value and its position beneath the contacting surfaces. The experimental investigation adopted two dimensions photoelastic technique to analyze cam stresses under a plane polarized light. The problem has been numerically simulated using Ansys software version 15 as FE solver and depending on Lagrange and Penalty contact algorithm. The effect of cam geometry, characterized by some parameters such as follower radius, face width, rise and return angles, and modulus of elasticity on the contact stress is investigated aiming to minimize the induced stresses.
The Most Influential Factor on the Stumble and Failure of the governmental Projects
Authors: Al-Ageeli Hatem Khaleefah , Alzobaee Abdul Salam J. Ali 
Published: July 2023

The governmental projects are considers the prevailing in Iraq, as most of the projects implemented by the Government, the major role played by governmental projects in the provision of services to citizens and improve the economic situation in the country in general, in addition to the huge number of these projects implemented by the governmental organizations and the large failure rates of it , and because of the fact that these projects are stumbled before they reach the stage of failure, The aim of this research to identify the main factors for the stumble projects in addition to identifying the most influential factor on the causes and consequences of it , like (cost overruns , time overruns , delay and scope creep ) , the most influential factors have been identified through the questionnaire of thirty three (director manager, project manager and engineer) in the governmental organizations who has extensive experience in project implementation . The factors (political situation, the security and the deteriorating economic, financial efficiency is good for the employer, the contractor and low-budget experience, poor design and lack of efficient manpower and resources) of the most important factors that lead to stumble projects.
Fabrication Of TiO2 , V2O5 Thin Film (Super Hydrophobic Surface )By Powder Coating Technique
Authors: Hamzah Mohammed S. , Aladdin Alaa , Mohammed Shatha K. 
Published: July 2023

In this research, deposition of titanium oxide (TiO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5) thin film in different mixing percentage (0, 25 ,50, 75 and100)% on the substrate of glass .The coating thickness was ( 50 nm ).
In this research contact angle was measured and the effect of weather conditions. Results showed that the value of the contact angle of the prepared films reached its highest value at 50% (TiO2+V2O5) was 160º.
The results showed that the optical transmittance of TiO2 and V2O5 thin film decrease with increasing the deposition angle and decrease with increasing V2O5 proportion.
Torsional Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Girders with Web Openings
Authors: Al - Sherrawi Mohannad Hussain , Shanshal Zainab Muthana 
Published: July 2023

In this study, a three dimensional finite element analysis was utilized to study the behavior of reinforced concrete T-
girders with and without web openings under pure torsion by using
ANSYS
APDL
15.0 program.
Fourteen
reinforce concrete T
-
girders were ana
lyzed; one of the
girders (without web openings)
was
modeled as a control girder. The analysis variables
considered for the other girders are: size, shape, position
of web openings
, number of web
openings and the method
was
used to strengthen the member at
openings, (using internal
deformed steel bars as in the case where the openings are planned before casting the girders).
To
study the general
behavior of
finite element models,
torque
-
angle
of twist plots at the end of the
span near the loaded arms were r
epresented.
From this
relation
, it was
showed a de
c
reasing in
the strength of the T
-
girders with web openings under the torsional loads and increasing of the
angle of twist
.
The
results were analyzed in terms of torque twist characteristics; ultimate torque,
crack patterns,
crack width,
warping
and
stresses.
These terms were presented and a comparison
between the finite element results was made.
Keywords
:
Valuation of Construction Projects Based on of Quantity Scale by using Expert System
Authors: Rasheed Entisar Kadhim 
Published: July 2023

The subject of an valuation of quality of construction projects is one of the topics which it becomes necessary of the absence of the quantity standards in measuring the control works and the quality valuation standards in constructional projects. In the time being it depends on the experience of the workers which leads to an apparent differences in the valuation.
The idea of this research came to put the standards to evaluate the quality of the projects in a special system depending on quantity scale nor quality specifying in order to prepare an expert system “ Crystal “ to apply this special system to able the engineers to valuate the quality of their projects easily and in more accurate ways.
Some Mechanical Properties of Concrete by using Manufactured Blended Cement with Grinded Local Rocks
Authors: Al-Anbori Zena K. Abbas , Al-Obaidi Ahmed A. Ibrahim 
Published: July 2023

The use of blended cement in concrete provides economic, energy savings, and ecological benefits, and also provides. Improvement in the properties of materials incorporating blended cements. The major aim of this investigation is to develop blended cement technology using grinded local rocks . The research includes information on constituent materials, manufacturing processes and performance characteristics of blended cements made with replacement (10 and 20) % of grinded local rocks (limestone, quartzite and porcelinite) from cement.
The main conclusion of this study was that all types of manufactured blended cement conformed to the specification according to ASTM C595-12 (chemical and physical requirements). The percentage of the compressive strength for blended cement with 10% replacement are (20, 11 and 5) % , (2 , 12 and, 13) % and (18, 15 and 16) % for limestone , quartzite and porcelinite respectively at (7,28 and 90)days for each compare to the reference mix, while blended cement with 20% replacement are (-3, -5 and -11) ,(6, -4% and -5) and (6, 4 and 6) % for limestone , quartzite and porcelinite respectively at (7, 28 and 90)days compare to the reference mix .The other mechanical properties (flexural tensile strength and splitting tensile strength) are the same phenomena of increase and decrease in compressive strength. The results indicated that the manufacture Portland-limestone cement, Portland-quartzite cement and Portland-porcelinite cement with 10% replacement of cement with improvable mechanical properties while the manufacture Portland-porcelinite cement with 20% replacement of cement with slight improvable mechanical properties and more economical cost.
Prediction of Raw Water Turbidity at the Intakes of the Water Treatment Plants along Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq using Frequency Analysis
Authors: Al-Suhili Rafa Hashim , Khudair Basim Hussein , Abdulrazzak Abdulkareem Muneer 
Published: July 2023

Different frequency distributions models were fitted to the monthly data of raw water Turbidity at water treatment plants (WTPs) along Tigris River in Baghdad. Eight water treatment plants in Baghdad were selected, with raw water turbidity data for the period (2008-2014). The frequency distribution models used in this study are the Normal, Log-normal, Weibull, Exponential and two parameters Gamma type. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the goodness of fit. The data for years (2008-2011) were used for building the models. The best fitted distributions were Log-Normal (LN) for Al-Karkh, Al-Wathbah, Al-Qadisiya, Al-Dawrah and, Al-Rashid WTPs. Gamma distribution fitted well for East Tigris and Al-Karamah WTPs. As for Al-Wehda WTP Weibull distributions, was the best model. The best fitted distributions were used to forecast ten sets of monthly data for each plant that were compared with the observed data for years (2012-2014). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results indicated the capability of these models to produce data that has the same frequency distribution of the observed data. Moreover the frequency of occurrence of the observed and generated series in each plant indicated the capability of the model to produce results with frequency occurrence of probabilities of turbidity values > 50, 80, 100, 120, and 150 NTU.
The Catalytic Activity of Modified Zeolite Lanthanum on the Catalytic Cracking of Al-Duara Atmospheric Distillation Residue.
Authors: Esgair Karim Khalifa 
Published: July 2023

Atmospheric residue fluid catalytic cracking was selected as a probe reaction to test the catalytic performance of modified NaY zeolites and prepared NaY zeolites. Modified NaY zeolites have been synthesized by simple ion exchange methods. Three samples of modified zeolite Y have been obtained by replacing the sodium ions in the original sample with lanthanum and the weight percent added are 0.28, 0.53, and 1.02 respectively. The effects of addition of lanthanum to zeolite Y in different weight percent on the cracking catalysts were investigated using an experimental laboratory plant scale of fluidized bed reactor.
The experiments have been performed with weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) range of 6 to 24 h-1, and the range of temperature from 450 to 510 oC.
The activity of the catalyst with 1.02 wt% lanthanum has been shown to be much greater than that of the sample parent NaY. Also it was observed that the addition of the lanthanum causes an increase in the thermal stability of the zeolite.
Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation of Consecutive Reaction : The Saponification Reaction of Diethyl Adipate with Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Authors: Kasim Raghad Fareed , Shokorr Rouaa Ali 
Published: July 2023

This research presents a new study in reactive distillation by using consecutive reaction: the saponification reaction of diethyl adipate (DA) with sodium hydroxide solution .
The effect of three parameters were studied through a design of experiments applying 23 factorial design . These parameters were : the mole ratio of DA to NaOH solution (0.1 and 1) , NaOH solution concentration (3 N and 8 N) , and batch time (1.5 hr. and 3.5 hr.) . The conversion of DA to sodium monoethyladipate(SMA)(intermediate product) was the effect of these parameters which was detected . Also , the percentage purity of the intermediate product was recorded . The results showed that increasing mole ratio of DA to NaOHsolution increases the conversion and percentage purity to a maximum value within the range of study . The effect of NaOH solution concentration decreases the conversion and percentage purity to specified value within the range of study . The effect of batch time on conversion and percentage purity , when NaOH solution concentration (3 N) is as follows : the increasing in batch time decreases the conversion and percentage purity to specified value within the range of study . When NaOH solution concentration (8 N) increasing batch time decreases the conversion , while percentage purity increases with increasing batch time to a maximum value within the range of study . The maximum attainable conversion within the studied range of parameters was eighteen fold of the base case , while the maximum percentage purity was (99.40 %) .
Empirical equation was obtained using statistical analysis of experimental results . The empirical results of relative conversion was drawn . The empirical graphs showed linear variation .
Experimental Behavior of Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Beams with Truss Configuration of Shear Connectors
Authors: Al-Gasham Thaar Saud Salman 
Published: July 2023

This paper presents experimentally a new configuration of shear connector for Steel-Concrete-Steel (SCS) sandwich beams that is derived from truss configuration. It consists of vertical and inclined shear connectors welded together and to cover steel plates infilled with concrete. Nine simply supported SCS beams were tested until the failure under a concentrated central load (three- point bending). The beams were similar in length (1100mm), width (100mm), and the top plate thickness (4mm). The test parameters were; beam thickness (150, 200, 250, and 300mm), the bottom plate thickness (4, and 6mm), the diameter of the shear connectors (10, 12, and 16mm), and the connector spacing (100, 200, and 250mm). The test results showed that the stiffness of SCS beam augmented with the increase in beam thickness, lower plate thickness, and connector diameter while it decreased with increasing the connector spacing. The ultimate load capacity of the SCS beams increased to 72.2% and 42.1% by enlarging the beam thickness and connector diameter to 100% and 60%, respectively. Increasing the connector spacing of 150% led to a considerable reduction in the ultimate load reached to 68.4%. Finally, the ultimate strength was not affected by augmenting the bottom plate thickness up to 50%.