bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Haemagglutination with the Gdvii Strain of Murine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Fastier L. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the mechanism of GDVII haemagglutination has shown certain distinctions from that of the PR8 influenza virus. Heating to 56 C for 30 minutes greatly reduced the GDVII titre but in no way influenced the adsorption and elution processes with human red cells. Periodate treatment of human group O erythrocytes effectively prevented elution of adsorbed PR8 virus but had little effect on a similar reaction with the GDVII strain. Extracts of red cells which were agglutinable by both viruses inhibited influenza haemagglutination to a greater extent than was shown for the GDVII strain.
Together with other observations described in the text these findings would appear to indicate that the mechanisms of haemagglutination by the GDVII strain of murine encephalomyelitis virus and that of the PR8 influenza strain are not closely related.
This work was conducted with financial support from the Medical Research Council of New Zealand.
Studies on Tularemia. V. Immunization of Man
Authors: Kadull Paul J. , Reames Harold R. , Coriell Lewis L. , Foshay Lee 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Eight hundred and nine individuals including 163 laboratory workers received 1 or more prophylactic injections of phenolized or acetone-extracted tularemia vaccine. Before administration of vaccine, a careful clinical history, skin test, and agglutinin titration were done to detect individuals who had experienced previous tularemic infection. Such individuals were not vaccinated because it would be superfluous, and because severe constitutional reactions to vaccination would be expected in these hypersensitive individuals. No severe reactions were encountered when this program was followed. Of the procedures used to predict hypersensitivity before vaccination, the skin test was more reliable than the determination of serum agglutinins. Maximal agglutinin titers were attained from 3 to 6 weeks after initial immunization with each of two vaccines prepared by different methods. Comparison of the two vaccines showed no superiority of either on the basis of agglutinin response or hypersensitivity reactions. Skin sensitivity induced by vaccination persisted for two months in only 20 per cent and for six to nine months in only 4 persons. Agglutinins for Brucella developed following injection of Bacterium tularense vaccine in 48 of 207 persons whose initial serum titer was less than 1:10. Twenty-two of 72 vaccinated individuals who worked with highly virulent B. tularense daily over long periods of time acquired primary tularemia infections, an incidence of 30.6 per cent or approximately one–third of the expected incidence for unvaccinated personnel under similar conditions of exposure. Seventy-eight per cent of the infections were either considerably modified or subclinical, a finding which suggests that partial protection was conferred by vaccination. Experience with vaccination against tularemia indicates that it is accompanied by no more hazard than would be anticipated from the use of typhoid vaccine, provided precautions are taken to eliminate hypersensitive individuals by means of a skin test and clinical history. The data presented suggest that prophylactic vaccination should be carried out in individuals exposed to tularemia as an occupational or recreational hazard.
Studies on Commercial Typhus Vaccines
Authors: Chambers Leslie A. , Clawson Jean R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Commercial epidemic typhus vaccines may be fractionated by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 1 hour, or by sedimentation in a Sharples supercentrifuge operated at 50,000 rpm with a flow rate of 10 to 15 liters per hour. The supernatant fluids from either centrifugation retained about 82 per cent of the complement fixing activity of the original vaccine, and were almost completely non-type-specific in that they reacted equally well with “epidemic” or “murine” typhus antisera. The sediments from these centrifugations, representing impure concentrates of “epidemic” rickettsiae, comprised about 13.7 per cent of the total complement fixing activity of the original vaccine. These sediments by repeated centrifugation can be washed free of impurities and of soluble antigen, to yield purified typhus rickettsiae of marked “epidemic” specificity. The yield of rickettsiae was in the order of 0.43 mg per gram of infected yolk sac (10 ml of commercial typhus vaccine).
The Effect of Pteroylglutamic Acid on Some Immune Responses of Chicks
Authors: Little P. A. , Oleson J. J. , Roesch P. K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
So many vitamins have been reported to have an effect on antibody production and resistance to infection that all might be thought of as equally important, were it not for Cannon's observation that the depressing effect of various vitamin deficiencies may be ascribed either to impaired protein metabolism or lowered protein intake (1). Thus, the effect of some deficiencies may be due to inanition while certain vitamins may be required in the process by which amino acids are converted into antibody globulin.
Since pteroylglutamic acid deficiency gives rise to defects in metabolism resulting in leucopenia, and anemia, it seemed of interest to determine its effect on immune responses. In view of the activity of both pteroylglutamic acid and vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia, it was thought that a comparison of the two vitamins would aid in interpreting our results.
The Suppressive Effect of Antimicrobial Drugs on Brucella Melitensis Infection in Mice
Authors: Werner Charles A. , Knight Vernon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of treatment of an experimental infection in black mice due to Brucella melitensis with a number of antimicrobial drugs, alone and in combination, have been detailed. Among the single drugs tested, aureomycin and terramycin provided approximately equal suppression of the infection, whereas chloramphenicol, neomycin, and combined therapy with streptomycin and sulfadiazine did not significantly influence the extent of the infection as compared to that seen in the untreated animals. The combination of streptomycin with aureomycin, chloramphenicol, or terramycin, however, definitely enhanced the antibrucellar effects of the latter drugs. A combination of aureomycin and streptomycin proved to be the most effective-type of treatment in this study, although complete eradication of brucellae and suppression of the lesions of brucellosis was not achieved with any of the regimens tested.
While the results of treatment of experimental infections in animals cannot be transferred directly to the treatment of infections in man, this study provides additional evidence to support the further use of combinations of antibacterial drugs in human brucellosis.
I131 As an Antigen Label in the Circulating Serum of Non-Immune Rabbits
Authors: Knox William C. , Endicott Frances C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subject to the restrictions mentioned, measurement of I131 in the serum of non-immune rabbits following intravenously administered BSaI131 provides an adequate measure of the antigen nitrogen. Following intravenous injection of BSa and BSaI131 into non-immune rabbits, there is very little if any difference in their clearance.
Study of Infectivity and Hemagglutination of Influenza Virus in Deembryonated Eggs
Authors: Bernkopf Hans 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Deembryonated eggs were inoculated with different dilutions of influenza virus. It was observed that in the presence of high concentrations of virus little or no evidence of multiplication in terms of infectious titer was demonstrable while the hemagglutinin titers showed a consistent rise apparently independent of the amount of active virus present. More dilute inocula induced a concomitant rise in titer of infectivity and hemagglutination. A technique of washing was used to study the development of the hemagglutinin produced by concentrated inocula and some of its properties were examined. The hemagglutinin is apparently formed in the membrane. It is able to interfere with the multiplication of active virus in eggs and mice but incapable of self-propagation, its appearance depending upon the presence of large amounts of active virus. It has a shorter lag phase than fully active virus from which it is indistinguishable in hemagglutination-inhibition tests. On intracerebral inoculation into mice it has a low toxicity. This hemagglutinin is considered an “incomplete” or “immature” form of virus.
Origin of Naturally Occurring Hemagglutinins and Hemolysins: A Review
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Evidence relating to the problem of the origin of natural antibodies, especially hemagglutinins and hemolysins has been critically reviewed. Based on this analysis it is concluded that natural antibodies are, with possibly rare exceptions, of immune origin. Natural antibodies, like those generally conceded to be of immune origin such as Rh antibodies, occur in the univalent as well as the bivalent form. Natural immunity to bacteria and viruses is generally conceded to be due to undiagnosed or symptomless infections, since such immunity is most frequent among individuals who have been exposed to the disease or who carry the microörganism in their body. The peristence of natural antibodies throughout life is explained by experiments on Rh sensitization showing that antibodies induced by deliberate immunization likewise may persist indefinitely after all contact with the antigen has been discontinued.
Natural antibodies for red cells, such as the blood group antibodies and cold hemagglutinins, are shown to be of heterogenetic immune origin and are attributable to the presence of related antigens in bacteria and animal parasites. Polysaccharides of similar chemical structure have been isolated from capsules of penumococci as well as from secretions possessing blood group specificity, thus providing a chemical explanation for such heterogenetic reactions.
The Effect of Fa and Lansing Viruses on the Cholinesterase Activity of Brain and Spinal Cord Homogenates
Authors: Little J. Maxwell , Lawson Robert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with FA virus and with Lansing virus. Total brain and spinal cord homogenates and the residue and supernatant fluid from these homogenates obtained by centrifuging were compared with similar preparations from uninfected mice in the following respects: wet weight, total nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration (μg N2/mg wet weight), and the cholinesterase activity expressed both in terms of wet weight and nitrogen content. The results were: There were no significant differences from the controls in mean wet weight and mean total nitrogen content for both brain and spinal cord with both viruses.With Lansing virus, there was a significant increase over the control in nitrogen concentration for spinal cord homogenate and the residue and supernatant fluid fractions of this homogenate. With FA virus, the nitrogen concentration of spinal cord residue was significantly increased over the control, while the total homogenate and residue fraction nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different. With neither virus was there any significant difference in the nitrogen concentration of the brain preparations.With FA virus, the cholinesterase activity, expressed in terms of tissue wet weight, was significantly decreased in the brain total homogenate and brain residue fraction (8.5% and 10.6% respectively), but not in the supernatant fluid fraction.With FA virus the cholinesterase activity of the spinal cord preparations did not differ significantly from the control when the activity was expressed in terms of tissue wet weight, but when the activity was expressed in terms of nitrogen content the spinal cord total homogenate enzyme activity was significantly lower than the control (13.6% decrease).With Lansing virus the cholinesterase activity of the three spinal cord preparations, but not of the brain preparations, was significantly lower than the controls, when the activity was expressed in terms of nitrogen content. These changes can be explained by the increased nitrogen concentrations in these preparations, therefore the decrease in enzyme activity probably is not a real one.The magnitude of the changes in cholinesterase activity is not sufficient to affect the function of the central nervous system.
Experimental Determination of the Hypersensitive Diathesis in Man
Authors: Creger William P. , Choy Sun Hak , Rantz Lowell A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intravenous injection of one ml of blood of heterologous human group followed by measurement of isoagglutinin response is a promising technique for assessing antibody-producing potential in man. Two of 48 medical students formed excessively large amounts of antibody following stimulation by the viral vaccine antigens of influenza A and B. These same individuals, and no others, reacted similarly to the injection of blood of heterologous group by producing very high concentrations of isoagglutinins. A small number of persons suffering from disease in which inappropriate immunological reactions are thought to play a role also responded to the blood group antigen by developing unusually high isoagglutinin titres. The hyperimmune type of antibody was present in the serum of persons exhibiting exaggerated responses. The tentative suggestion is made that a small number of human beings are immunological hyperreactors, and that this attribute may be a factor of importance in the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
The Experimental Production of Arteritis by Passive Sensitization
Authors: Cohen Sheldon G. , Mayer Lloyd D. , Criep Leo H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twelve rabbits were passively sensitized with 5 ml of rabbit anti-horse serum and beginning one half hour later were given 15 ml of horse serum 1–100 intravenously in divided doses. Twenty-four hours later these animals were sacrificed and sections taken for microscopic study. The primary lesions in all animals involved the small pulmonary arteries and pulmonary arterioles and consisted of an extensive panarteriolar and periarteriolar infiltration of eosinophiles and to a lesser extent of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophiles. Five rabbits received a similar dose of rabbit anti-horse serum alone and five additional rabbits received the same dose of horse serum alone. Significant pulmonary arteriolar lesions in these animals were not observed after 24 hours. Six rabbits were passively sensitized with homologous anti-horse serum and then given an unrelated protein antigen according to the same method and dosage employed in those animals receiving homologous antiserum plus specific antigen. Three rabbits thus received canine serum and three bovine gamma globulin. No lesions were encountered.
The Serological Identification of Cultures of Clostridium Sporogenes
Authors: Mandia James W. , Bruner D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of agglutination of strains of Clostridum sporogenes showed that members of this species can be grouped and typed by means of the heat-labile antigens.
Of the 25 strains studied 18 formed one serological group consisting of three antigenic types. Seven strains formed two serologically unrelated groups and one strain was type specific. Three of the seven strains formed a homogeneous serological group with C. parabotulinum; three other strains formed a homogeneous sub-group related to the main serological group of 18 strains. The seventh strain showed a reciprocal agglutinative relationship to C. histolyticum.
Antigenic formulas were assigned to the strains of the main serological group of C. sporogenes.
Field Trial of Shigella Flexneri III Vaccine
Authors: Barnes L. A. , Cooper Merlin L. , Jerome E. A. , Durant R. C. , Smith A. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mouse protective tests were conducted with serums taken from 633 officers and men aboard five cruisers before inoculation with Shigella flexneri III vaccines and from different groups at eight postinoculation intervals; a control group that received placebos only was included. Statistical evaluations of the data were made to obtain evidence concerning the efficacy of the vaccines employed. Statistically significant antibody responses were observed in serums from two groups of men who had received primary subcutaneous inoculations of S. flexneri III vaccine; fold increases were 9.2 and 10.5. Little or no enhancement in protective power of serums was obtained by oral administration of S. flexneri III vaccine. The peak of protective antibody production following parenteral inoculations was reached approximately three weeks after the last injection in the initial course of vaccine. Evidence was obtained that indicated the persistence of a statistically significant amount of circulating antibody for approximately six months. Previous epidemiologic experiences of men with S. flexneri III apparently influenced their antibody response to artificial parenteral stimulation with vaccine. Preinoculation antibody levels differed significantly depending upon whether individuals had been present and ill, present but not ill, or not present in an epidemic. Those who had reported clinical symptoms possessed the highest titers and serums from men with no prior contact showed the lowest antibody content. Protective antibody levels after inoculation were, however, of a similar order in the three groups. It appeared, therefore, that there was a point beyond which antibody formation could not be increased by the stimulus applied regardless of the initial antibody level. A single subcutaneous booster dose of S. flexneri III vaccine administered to a group of men six months after the initial inoculations increased only slightly the mouse protective power of the serums. This lack of further antibody response following the recall dose was probably due to the persistence of antibody levels that could not be elevated markedly by the additional antigen injected. It appeared that the parenterally administered S. flexneri III vaccine induced the production of protective antibody in susceptible individuals to a degree comparable with that found in men who had experienced a natural infection. Records suggest that persons who have convalesced from the disease rarely suffer second attacks due to the same Shigella type.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Burgoon Jane S. , Bashe Winslow J. , Burgoon Carrol F. , Stokes Joseph , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of intradermal injection of mumps skin test antigen on stimulation of antibody formation and on immunity to mumps has been studied.
Although development of antibodies as measured mainly by the complement-fixation technic, and in some instances also by hemagglutination inhibition tests, is not infrequent in individuals who had negative reactions prior to the skin test, it is suggested that these responses nevertheless must be termed in many instances a recall phenomenon and not de novo antibody formation. This suggestion is based particularly on the inverse relationship between age of the individual and height and frequency of antibody response to skin test. Whereas in the adult group more than 75% of the originally negative reactors responded, in children of 5 years of age of less, this figure decreased to 23%.
Attempts to interrupt the course of mumps outbreaks in several institutions by application of skin tests did not conclusively demonstrate significant protective effects. The incidence of mumps in skin tested and control groups of children of the combined institutions was practically the same.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Bashe Winslow J. , Burgoon Jane S. , Burgoon Carrol F. , Hunt George R. , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies have been reported on the serological response of human beings to subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated mumps virus, as measured by complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Emphasis has been placed upon the results obtained in individuals judged susceptible to mumps by negative histories and serological tests prior to vaccination.
Maximal complement-fixing antibody response was obtained 2–3 weeks after vaccination. A single injection of vaccine resulted in antibody responses indistinguishable from those recorded after 2 injections 2 weeks apart. The frequency of response, as well as the height of titers attained, depended upon the amount of vaccine injected. Only with 4 ml of vaccine, representing approximately a 20-fold concentrate of virus from allantoic fluid, did all susceptible individuals show some antibody response.
A correlation between the serum titers obtained by the complement-fixation test with the virus antigen, and by the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction, indicated that the two technics very likely measure different antibodies. Although, in general, a high titer by one test was matched by a high antibody level in the other, the ratios of hemagglutination-inhibition to complement-fixation titers varied over a range far greater than could be ascribed to the variations inherent in the technics.
An epidemic of mumps occurred 9–12 months after vaccination. The incidence of infection among the controls (63 cases in 193 individuals) was almost twice that encountered in the immunized group (46 cases in 250 individuals). This result gained in significance when the antibody levels attained 4–5 weeks after vaccination were correlated to the incidence of mumps. The incidence was highest in those who failed to respond with measurable antibodies to vaccination, and decreased markedly with the increase in the antibody level attained after immunization. Although there were discrepancies between the clinical diagnosis and serological tests performed after the epidemic had subsided, the general interpretation is not altered by inclusion of the doubtful cases. No serologically confirmed case was noted in the 33 individuals who had reached a complement-fixing titer of 1:16 or greater after vaccination.
The data indicate that transitory immunity may be induced by subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated mumps virus and that its duration appears to be related to the height of antibody levels attained.
Studies on the Fractionation of Hemophilus Pertussis Extracts
Authors: Pennell Robert B. , Thiele Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that the toxin in extracts of sonically disintegrated Hemophilus pertussis loses much of its toxicity in the presence of ethanol at −5 C. This sensitivity to ethanol is enhanced by clarification of the extracts with CaCl2, by lowering the pH, by lowering the ionic strength of the mixture, and by diluting the mixture.
Fractionation of such extracts by the use of ethanol under controlled conditions of pH, temperature, ionic strength and dilution permits the separation of a fraction containing all of the immunogenic activity of the extract with but a small part of the nitrogen of the extract. This immunogenic fraction invariably contains both toxin and agglutinogen, but not in constant proportions. It does not lose its antigenicity, however, when the toxin has been rendered non-toxic.