bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crowdfunding as a mediated practice
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Crowdfunding platforms are well aware of many of the critiques of this practice, particularly the concern that crowdfunding disadvantages racialized minorities and other groups and exacerbates existing social inequities. Partially in response to these concerns, GoFundMe in particular has become more active in publicly criticizing failures by the US government to address social needs and promoting campaigns for Black Lives Matters, groups addressing anti-Asian hate, and LGTBQ support groups, among others. These and other initiatives have shifted crowdfunding from primarily a form of direct giving to a more institutionally mediated, indirect giving practice. While no doubt well-intentioned, this turn in crowdfunding also repeats some of the historical concerns with indirect giving through philanthropic intermediaries. Moreover, it cannot alone solve the ethical, political, and practical shortcomings of crowdfunding.
Conclusion: Making crowdfunding more appealing
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This conclusion summarizes the benefits of and ethical, political, and practical concerns with donation-based crowdfunding as it is generally practiced. Following from this summary, nine values should guide the practice of crowdfunding: benefit, choice, solidarity, privacy, dignity, equity, social justice, non-maleficence, and accountability. The author uses these values to suggest ways that crowdfunding donors, campaigners, recipients, platforms, and policy makers can act to realize the benefits of crowdfunding while dampening some of its many problems. Using crowdfunding as a tool among people in existing relationships and in the service of mutual aid is much more likely to promote these values insofar as campaigners can draw attention to the root causes of their needs, protect privacy and dignity, and motivate and coordinate collective actions to address these problems.
Empire and Whig Moralism
Authors: Valeri Mark 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the years from 1714 through 1760, which encompasses the growth of Britain’s transatlantic empire. It provides a description of the political mandates embraced by Whig partisans, which shaped popular perceptions of the moral virtues upon which the kingdom depended, such as sensibility, reasonableness, and utility. This whiggish moralism dominated the comparative analyses of a new generation of religious geographers and encyclopedists. They described how different religious expressions conformed to or violated regnant standards of reasonableness and sociability, which included respect for the religious liberty of others. Inflected by interests in the slave trade, their comments on the religious practices of western Africa stand out as exceptions in this respect: nearly void of moral commendation. Whig moralism also framed the observations of travelers who commented on the various religious communities they encountered.
The Law of Loyalty
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This monograph elucidates common legal principles underlying the use of juridical powers. It addresses both public law and private law, and examines both the common law and the civil law. It aims to provide a theory of how Western law regulates the situations in which we hold legal powers, not for ourselves, but for and on behalf of others. It does this by elucidating the justificatory principles that are attracted in those situations. These principles include that other-regarding powers can only properly be used for the purposes for which they were granted; that they should not be used when the holder is in a conflict of self-interest and duty, or a conflict of duty and duty; and that the holder is presumptively accountable for any profits extracted from the other-regarding role. These principles stand behind the detailed legal rules that govern these relationships in multiple legal systems and in multiple public and private settings. In private law this includes the powers of trustees, corporate directors, agents, and mandataries; in public law it includes all powers held for public purposes, whether they be held by the Prime Minister, by a police officer, or by a judge.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This short chapter sets out the ambitions of Part II of the book, which is on private law, and explains the logic of its division into three sub-parts. Part II.A (Chapters 3–6) addresses the core cases of private law administration: relationships in which one person has legal powers over the assets of another person and holds those powers for and on behalf of the other person. Part II.B (Chapter 7) addresses the widening reach of private administration, including borderline cases which have been recognized as relationships of administration in some but not all legal systems. Part III.C (Chapter 8) addresses how private administration is supervised and enforced in law. Chapter 2 concludes with an overview of how relationships of private administration are constituted and terminated. Termination is important because it is a feature of all relationships of administration that the administrator does not hold their legal powers for their own benefit; it follows that the powers can always be taken away.
How Screen Stories Can Contribute to the Formation of Just Persons
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The capacity of screen stories to lead to moral formation is viewer- and occasion-specific. This chapter distinguishes between moral understanding, formation, and commitment. It accepts Noël Carroll’s notion (clarificationism) that screen stories can evoke the viewer’s own capacities for moral discernment through criterial prefocusing. It rejects Carroll’s idea that such fictions cannot teach us anything new. Fictions can foster moral formation by enhancement, by (1) enabling us to imagine more acutely, more vividly; (2) by depicting a situation in such a way that the depiction suggests its moral significance; and (3) by overcoming resistance to acknowledging the injustice of certain situations or events. Fictions can foster moral formation and discernment through enhancement plus quasi-transference, the transference of beliefs to similar situations in the actual world. In relation to justice, fictions work primarily through empathy for those treated unjustly and indignation at their treatment.
On Reflecting on Reflections
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that film and media scholarship, including teaching, conferences, and mentoring, remove barriers to moral reflection on screen stories, facilitating both socially situated and individual reflection over long periods of time. After a discussion of moral intuitionism (or moral foundations theory), the chapter argues that scholarly work can expand reflection by eliciting a questioning, elaboration, and/or revision of our initial intuitions. Its longitudinally transformative capacities distinguish this manner of close attention to screen stories from the evaluative work of movie reviews and the discourses of fandom. The chapter further argues that screen media scholarship acts as a transactive memory system that updates and reorients moral understandings of our world as it changes, and that its ability to extend “reflection upon reflections” is key to its radical potential; this makes it a system worth defending.
So Metal
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Iron is one of the most ubiquitous elements on Earth, one that plays well with other elements. Since the dawn of Life, organisms have played a delicate balancing act, using iron in metabolic reactions but needing protection from the damage it can cause. Human iron metabolism reflects this razor’s edge—needing iron to carry oxygen throughout the body, but carefully sequestering it to prevent oxidative stress. This chapter traces the deep evolutionary roots of iron to explain its metabolism in humans—its absorption, storage, transport throughout the body, and excretion. This chapter introduces iron-related illnesses—iron deficiency anemia, hereditary hemochromatosis, and anemia of chronic illness—from an evolutionary medicine perspective, demonstrating how evolution has made humankind vulnerable to disruptions in iron metabolism.
Trinity and Retrieval
Authors: Clausing Cameron D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This examines the first of Bavinck’s principia, revelation. The chapter argues that in his theological methodology, Bavinck envisioned Scripture as the foundation of this Trinitarian theology even while his conception of revelation maintained a Trinitarian structure. It demonstrates this ‘triniformity’ by considering Bavinck’s doctrine of Scripture. The chapter opens its exploration of revelation by considering how Bavinck understood all revelation to be chiefly oriented toward revealing the Triune God, and, thus, is Christologically determined and triune in shape. Second, it will turn to Bavinck’s explanation of the missions of the Son and the Spirit as communicative in nature; looking at how revelation of the Trinity, for Bavinck, is not less than words but also more than merely words. Third, and finally, the chapter will focus on the incarnation and Pentecost as the pinnacle of Trinitarian revelation; demonstrating the inter-connection, for Bavinck, in missions ad extra and processions ad intra.
Trinity and Retrieval
Authors: Clausing Cameron D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the second of Bavinck’s principia, confession. The chapter argues that for Bavinck, ecclesiastical confession holds a ministerial authority over his theological methodology. The chapter begins by looking at the way Bavinck envisioned the relationship of confessional formulae and Scripture. Following from this, the chapter examines Bavinck’s own work in historical theological retrieval in the Dutch Reformed tradition. This section focuses on Bavinck’s editing of the Synopsis purioris theologiae. Finally, the chapter investigates how Bavinck interacted with broader Christian tradition when constructing his Trinitarian theology. The place of ecclesiastical confession in Bavinck’s theological methodology is the driving concern of this chapter.
Trinity and Retrieval
Authors: Clausing Cameron D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the last of Herman Bavinck’s principia, Christian consciousness. This chapter argues in this chapter that the understanding of the particularity of the theologian’s time and place allowed Bavinck to view all theological constructions as provisional and open to future development. The chapter opens by considering the philosophical and theological conditions that developed in post-Kantian modern Europe bringing the chapter back to historicism, organicism, and Wissenschaft. It shows how Bavinck employed these concepts to construct an idea of theological development connecting these to creeds and confession specifically. Next the chapter explores the nineteenth-century conceptions of the Trinity and the use of the language of ‘personality’ by thinkers like Hegel and Schleiermacher. It demonstrates how historicism influenced Trinitarian thinking and, in Bavinck’s estimation, depersonalized it. Finally, this chapter applies what has been investigated with regard to Bavinck’s theological methodology to his construction of Trinitarian theology. What this chapter shows is that Bavinck believed that even a doctrine as historically stable as the Trinity needed to grow and develop to address the questions raised by one’s contemporary cultural and philosophical context.
On Muslim Democracy
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In recent years, “Muslim democracy” has increased in popularity as an orientation for religiously inspired movements and parties seeking to unmoor themselves from traditional Islamist aspirations and find a permanent place within pluralist democratic systems. Yet there has been little scholarship on the ideological and doctrinal transformations involved in the move from Islamism to Muslim democracy. This collected volume gathers ten essays by Tunisian philosopher and political leader Rached Ghannouchi on themes related to freedom, democracy, and pluralism in Islam. It also includes a lengthy philosophical-theological dialogue between Ghannouchi and American political theorist and scholar of Islam Andrew F. March (who also provides a critical introduction). The book explores Ghannouchi’s thought on these topics as it developed from the decade before Tunisia’s 2011 revolution through the drafting and adoption of a democratic constitution in 2014.
From Islamic Democracy to Muslim Democracy
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introduction begins with the current political crisis in Tunisia since the suspension of parliament and assumption of autocratic powers by President Kais Saied on July 25, 2021. It then introduces the Tunisian democratic transition, with a particular focus on the role of the Islamist Ennahda Party in helping to author a constitution for a pluralist, democratic order with no special status for the Islamic shariʿa in the legal system. This paved the way for the 2016 declaration that Ennahda had “left political Islam” and adopted the ideology of “Muslim democracy.” The chapter provides a brief account of Ghannouchi’s prior theory of a legitimate democratic Islamic state, as elaborated in his Public Freedoms in the Islamic State, followed by an outline of concepts and commitments behind the idea of “Muslim democracy.” It concludes with three paradigms for thinking about Muslim democracy as an ideology.
Basic Freedoms in Islam
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this 2005 lecture, Ghannouchi defends the value of human freedom from an Islamic perspective. Ghannouchi argues that mankind’s status as God’s vicegerent (caliph) on earth requires our exercise of reason and freedom. All obligations imposed on mankind by God, beginning with bearing witness to God and His Messenger, require the exercise of freedom. This lecture defends multiple conceptions of freedom, beyond freedom from external coercion. Obedience to God renders humans freer than disobedience because it is through religious practice that we learn to control the self and its appetites, and to channel our will toward purposes of ultimate human value. Yet this “positive” conception of freedom nonetheless requires public freedoms and rights to allow humans the space to exercise their moral personality on their own, without coercion or domination.
When Is Islam the Solution?
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Ghannouchi revisits the classical Islamist slogan of the twentieth century, “Islam is the solution,” in this essay. He takes note of the rise of an Islamist alternative to the modern secular dictatorships that succeeded colonial occupation of Muslim lands. To a certain extent, the question of democratization in the Muslim world is the question of the inclusion and participation of Islamist parties in political systems, given the grassroots support for these movements. At the same time, Islamists must recognize that popular support is never simply a matter of religious appeal but also involves other historical and political criteria. Islamist groups should thus not be overconfident that they represent a permanent association in the minds of the people with Islam and morality itself; rather, they will always be judged based on a wide scale of political values and outcomes.
The Problems of Contemporary Islamist Discourse
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay address some of the problematic aspects of contemporary Islamist discourse, specifically the discourse of the centrist (wasati) school of thought in the Islamist movement. Ghannouchi makes a number of critical observations, including that the wasati Islamist discourse tends to be dominated by the national interests of the governments into which foreign occupiers divided the Islamic world. This constrains the development of a transnational Islamic (ummatic) approach to political solidarity. He also argues that it is a discourse in which the doctrinal, moral, and educational element of political life is exaggerated, at times harshly and without nuance, at the expense of social and political components. Finally, it is a discourse that often overemphasizes the Islamic shariʿa as a penal system, divesting Islam of its social content (justice, unity, and shura).
Secularism and the Relation Between Religion and the State from the Perspective of the Ennahda Party
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This lecture was delivered during the constitution-drafting period after the revolution in Tunisia. For Ghannouchi, secularism is not necessarily a philosophy that came to confront and fight idealist and religious worldviews, but rather one that appeared, evolved, and crystallized in the West not as a philosophy or theory of existence, but primarily as a set of procedural solutions to problems that had been posed in the European context. Ghannouchi turns, as he frequently does, to the Sahifa of Medina to argue that while Islam does not need European secularism, it always recognized the distinction (not separation) between that which is political and that which is religious. He argues that a modern system in which equal rights and liberties are guaranteed is supported by religion, but that this does not warrant excluding religion from the public sphere and from any moral influence on the state.
The Implications and Requirements of a Post-Revolutionary Constitution
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This important lecture addresses the challenges of drafting a constitution in post-revolutionary Tunisia. Ghannouchi discusses the most contentious issues arising from a constitution drafted together with a number of secular parties, including the lack of inclusion of any reference to the Islamic shariʿa, the mixed presidential-parliamentary system, the question of gender complementarity, and human rights. Ghannouchi justifies all of these compromises as required by the need for a widespread agreement on the basic rules of politics in a pluralist society—that is, that the constitution should be for the whole country, reflecting all shades of the political, ideological, and social spectrum. It should be a constitution in which citizens of all inclinations can see themselves, and not just a bare majority. Once again, Ghannouchi leans heavily on the example of the Sahifa of Medina to justify this privileging of pluralism and consultation.
Ethics in the Hebrew Bible and Beyond
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Offering close exegesis of specific passages from the Hebrew Bible and a discussion of the interpretation and appropriation of these ancient texts by post-biblical Jewish writers and by other creative contributors from outside the Jewish tradition, this study explores topics in religious ethics, social justice, political ethics, reproductive ethics, economic ethics, and issues in ecology, gender and sexuality, killing and dying, and reproductive ethics. Certain goals inform all the chapters: the interest in tracing recurring themes concerning the definition of the good, and the various ways in which Jewish thinkers rely on the more ancient material and appropriate it; the links between areas in ethics explored, for example, between gender and reproductive ethics, or war-views and attitudes to political ethics and environmental ethics. Each essay, however, is a self-contained study as well. The author has carved out particular biblical texts or themes in order to explore them in depth with special interest in the meanings and messages that pertain to ancient Israelite writers’ varied presentation of matters in ethics.
Non-centralized Coordination during a Transboundary Crisis
Authors: Glynn Natalie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 presented the world with a major issue requiring collective action to appropriately address. Contrasting non-centralization with administrative coordination and centralization as approaches to collective action in federal systems, this chapter examines the decision-making and coordination of freedom of movement policies during the first nine months of the pandemic to understand what coordination arrangements arose in four different federal systems (Australia, Canada, the European Union [EU], and the United States). The comparison highlights the continued importance of regional governments to policymaking in federal systems, the value of the European Commission as both a coordinator and negotiator for policymaking, and the potential that Australia has as a comparator for the EU. It concludes that the development of New Intergovernmentalism has not simply undermined the role of supranational institutions in the EU, but rather the intergovernmental institutions working with the supranational ones have created new dynamics that may be disempowering in one way and empowering in another way for supranational institutions.
Fascination
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A new attitude toward Mormonism and the gold plates began to infuse critical literature in the years after the Civil War. In the 1830s, the prevailing tone was outrage at the imposture. After the Civil War, a few writers began to exploit the plates for their amusement value. They were treated as a fabulous tale. Latter-day Saints themselves began to embellish the plates story with accounts of a cave in a hill near the Smith farm where a trove of plates was stored. At the end of the century when scholarly interest was increasing, a novelist named Lily Dougall offered a fictional account of how Joseph Smith could have sincerely believed he had plates though they were imaginary. Dougall’s work foreshadowed the efforts of subsequent novelists and historians to explain Smith and the plates psychologically without condemning him.
Scientific Approaches
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To summarize modern views about the gold plates, the chapter imagines how a museum curator might choose to display the plates were they to enter the collection. Four stories are told to explain the plates. 1. A naive boy is led by an angel to recover and translate the plates. 2. The plates are an imposture devised to hoodwink the public. 3. The plates were an elaboration of the treasure-seekers’ belief in spirits who guard treasures. 4. The plates are an instance of ancient record-keeping. Each story points to artifacts that might be displayed along with the plates to give them context. None of the stories, however, is completely satisfactory, and the chapter concludes that the only Book of Mormon itself provides a cordial context.
The Future
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the future of Supreme Court appointment politics and the courts it will likely make. In particular, it uses computer simulations to predict how the makeup of the Court might change under a variety of future paths. First, it shows that the conservative majority on the court as of 2022 is likely to persist for several decades. Next, it shows how the events of 2016 created a historical pivot point for the court. Third, it examines how the court would be affected by a world in which nominees are not confirmed during divided government. Finally, it examines how two institutional reforms—court packing and term limits-would affect the long—run composition of the court.