bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Mobility in Paper of Isoagglutinins
Authors: Payne Rose , Deming Q. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of the isoagglutinins has not been extensively studied. Two publications bear on this subject; both, however, depend partially on chemical methods and both used pooled rather than individual sera.
Enders (1) in 1944, using fractions prepared by the methods of Cohn et al. found most of the isohemagglutinin and typhoid ‘O’ agglutinin activity in Fraction III-1 while he found most bacterial and viral antibodies and a lesser amount of isoagglutinin in Fraction II. Fraction II is 95% γ-globulin. Fraction III-1, with the bulk of the isoagglutinin, is 25% γ-globulin, 70% β-globulin and 3% α-globulin. In this work, Enders was not primarily interested in the electrophoretic mobility of the isoagglutinins but he did report the electrophoretic patterns of the fractions. He pointed out that these data did not establish whether the isoagglutinins were in the α-, β- or γ-globulin fraction but suggested that if they were associated with γ-globulins, these were probably different from the γ-globulins of Fraction II which contain many exogenously stimulated antibodies.
Serological Properties of Polyglycyl Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Becker Robert R. , Wolfe Harold R. , Stahmann Mark A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preliminary interfacial tests showed no significant difference in the titers of antibovine serum albumin and antipolyglycyl bovine albumin sera against the homologous or heterologous antigens. Polyglycyl bovine serum albumin (PGBSA) can elicit as good an antibody response in chickens as bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antisera produced against BSA and PGBSA are readily precipitated by the heterologous antigens. In cross reactions involving anti-BSA and PGBSA only a slight decrease in total precipitate is found in the antibody excess region in contrast to that found in the antigen excess region. In cross reactions involving anti-PGBSA a decrease in precipitate resulted in both the antibody and antigen excess regions. No serological difference was evident between normal bovine serum albumin and lyophilized bovine serum albumin as prepared for these studies.
An Unidentified Antibody in Anti-Egg Albumin Sera Revealed by the Agar Diffusion Technic
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A previously unidentified antibody in anti-egg albumin sera, designated anti-EWx, has been shown to give a characteristic precipitin curve. Data are presented to suggest that its specific antigen, EWx, constitutes less than 1% of the total protein of egg white. The presence of the antibody in anti-egg white sera and its absence in anti-conalbumin sera has been demonstrated.
The significance of examining sera for antibody to impurity by multiple methods is illustrated and the limitations of such methods when used singly are discussed.
A Receptor-Destroying Enzyme in Human Saliva and Its Possible Relation to Poliomyelitis Infection
Authors: Hofman Bartheld 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of a receptor-destroying enzyme in human saliva, previously described by Jungeblut, Horvath and Knox, is confirmed. The enzyme appeared to be closely related to, if not identical with, the receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) obtained from cultures of Vibrio cholerae. When individuals were tested over a period of several consecutive days, consistently negative samples were obtained from some persons while others had varying amounts of the enzyme in their saliva which fluctuated irregularly from day to day. Saliva samples were collected from 64 poliomyelitis patients and from a control group of 47 persons, including healthy individuals and patients ill with other diseases, each person donating at least 6 specimens. It was found that the poliomyelitis patients secreted the enzyme more frequently than the controls. The observed difference between the two groups of persons is discussed in its possible relation to the mechanism of poliomyelitic infection.
Studies of the Complement Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. , McKercher P. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera collected from horses, swine, and cattle before inoculation with either the New Jersey or Indiana types of vesicular stomatitis virus and at periodic intervals thereafter, were tested by complement-fixation methods with antigens prepared from chick embryo tissues infected with these respective viruses. Convalescent sera from the three species differed in their behaviour in these tests.
In horses as in guinea pigs, complement-fixing activity with homologous VS antigen appeared in about six to eight days after infection, reached a maximum titer in ten days to two weeks, remained relatively constant for seven to ten days then began to decline. No cross fixation between types was recorded.
None of the cattle sera at any time exhibited any fixation in direct complement-fixation tests with homologous antigen. To demonstrate non-complement-fixing antibody in these convalescent bovine sera it was necessary to employ an indirect complement-fixation method using hyperimmune guinea pig or convalescent horse serum to detect residual antigen. The time of antibody development as indicated by the appearance of inhibitory activity in these indirect tests coincided with that demonstrated in horses by direct complement-fixing tests.
The convalescent pig sera showed marked prozones effects (increased hemolysis) in lower serum dilutions. This increased hemolysis was traceable to certain substances present in normal as well as in convalescent swine serum and not to non-complement-fixing antibodies corresponding to those in convalescent bovine sera. Natural hemolysins for sheep red cells, third component of complement, and possibly other constituents, notably lipids, apparently contribute to this augmented hemolysis or reduced fixation of complement.
Properties and Antigenic Relationships of Hemagglutinins Associated with the Dengue Viruses
Authors: Sweet Benjamin H. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutinins for chick erythrocytes were recovered from the brains of suckling mice infected with the 7th or 118th mouse passages of the Type 1, Hawaii strain or with the 19th mouse passage of the Type 2, New Guinea “C” strain. The 2 antigenically distinct, but related dengue hemagglutinins can be distinguished by the pH requirements for reaction and for maximum titers of hemagglutination. Immediately after extraction of the brains with pH 9 borate buffer, the Type 2 hernagglutinin was demonstrable when the erythrocytes were allowed to sediment at 4 C (only at pH 6.5–6.7) but not at 20–25 C, while the Type 1 hemagglutinin, regardless of mouse passage levels, was demonstrable at both temperatures in a broader pH zone (6.2–7.5 with maximum titers in the range of 6.7). Both hemagglutinins rapidly deteriorated at pH 6.7 at 4, 25, and 37 C, and paradoxically inactivation seemed to occur faster at 4 C than at 25 C. At pH 7.0–7.9 there was marked stability at 4 C and 25 C with all preparations, regardless of mouse passage level, while at 37 C the 19th mouse passage Type 2 and 7th mouse passage Type 1 preparations remained stable for at least 18 hours, while the 118th mouse passage Type 1 hemagglutinin lost almost all its potency in 1 hour. The hemagglutinins remained stable at pH 7.9 at 4 C for at least 4 months, while freezing at about -80 C and thawing completely destroyed their activity.
Specific hemagglutination-inhibition (H-I) antibody was readily separated from normal inhibitor in human, monkey and rabbit sera by precipitation with acetone. Higher H-I titers were obtained when antibody and hemagglutinin at pH 7.7 were incubated for 2 hours at 22 C, prior to the addition of the erythrocytes (suspended in buffer pH 5.6 to bring the mixture to pH 6.7 which was optimum for hemagglutination). Dengue antisera which were strictly homotypic by the neutralization test reacted to varying titers with the heterotypic dengue hemagglutinin. By means of the H-I tests the dengue viruses were shown to be antigenically related to the St. Louis, Japanese B, West Nile and yellow fever viruses but not to those of sandfly fever, Rift Valley fever, or Western equine encephalitis.
Monolayer Tissue Cultures
Authors: Youngner J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The influence of the composition of the medium employed and the time of fluid change on the number of cells comprising the cell monolayer have been investigated and growth curves for poliomyelitis virus in this culture system have been determined. The results presented indicate that the use of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cell suspensions yielded fluids with infectivity titers of 107.3 to 108.2 ID50 doses per ml.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Stone W. H. , Irwin M. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The J substance of cattle appears to be a constituent of the serum, from which it may be acquired by the cells so that the cells are lysed by anti-J serum. The J substance of the serum will inhibit the interaction between cells carrying J and anti-J sera. The amount of J substance present on the cells or in the serum of an individual is remarkably constant, and the cellular reactivity presumably depends on the concentration of soluble J in the serum. Cattle blood may be divided into three groups: (1) JCB, those with J substance on the cells and in the serum; (2) Js, those with J substance only in the serum, and (3) ja, those without J substance but whose sera may contain anti-J. The inheritance of these three classes may be explained by assuming a triple allelic series of causative genes—Jcz, Js and ja, of descending order of dominance.
The J substance is present in the serum of the newborn calf in the same, or nearly the same, concentration that will obtain in later life. It is not detectable on the red cells of the newborn calf, but is gradually taken up by the cells during the first weeks of life. Calves with the J substance in their sera which have ingested colostrum with anti-J have exhibited no untoward effects. Seemingly, the antibodies to J which are received by the calf are bound to the J substance of the serum, since anti-J can not be detected in the serum of these calves. Other evidence suggesting strongly that the antibodies to J are bound to the J substance of the serum before combining with the red cells is indicated by the lack of adverse reaction when transfusions are made between animals of class Jcs and those possessing anti-J.
Adaptation of Influenza Virus to Mice
Authors: Briody B. A. , Cassel William A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adaptation of the Seerey Type A prime strain of influenza virus to mice is accompanied by changes in the growth curve of the virus. The acquisition of an accelerated growth curve occurs concomitantly with the ability to produce extensive pulmonary consolidation in 4 days. Following 1 or 2 additional serial passages in mice the virus acquires an ability to produce a marked lethal effect.
The Influence of Cortisone on Experimental Viral Infection
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Administration of cortisone may shorten or prolong survival of chick embryos infected with influenza B virus, depending on the timing of its injection. Injection of cortisone 24–42 hours after infection results in suppression of inflammation and prolongation of survival of virus-infected chick embryos. The ameliorating effects of cortisone in this situation are explicable on the basis of its anti-inflammatory action in the chorioallantoic membrane.
Serological Relationships Between Fungi and Bacteria
Authors: Neill James M. , Castillo Carlos G. , Pinkes Alexander H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The paper reported the occurrence of reciprocal cross reactions between Sporotrichum schenckii and types 32, 31, 23, 22, and 10 pneumococci. The cross reactions of the pneumococcal antiserums were demonstrated by agglutination of Sporotrichum cells and by precipitation of soluble antigens obtained from broth cultures of the fungus. The cross reactions of the Sporotrichum antiserums were demonstrated by agglutination of the pneumococci and by precipitation of purified S substances. The crossagglutination reactions of both the pneumococcal and the Sporotrichum antiserums were inhibited specifically by the purified pneumococcal S substances but not by any of the non-type-specific pneumococcal substances that were tested. The entire data presented good evidence that the specific capsular polysaccharide (S) and the corresponding type-specific anti-S represented the pneumococcal antigen and antibody involved in the reciprocal cross-reactions.
The 5 pneumococcal types differed in their relative degree of cross-reactivity with Sporotrichum antiserums; type 32 was the most reactive and type 10 was the least reactive; types 31, 23, and 22 were intermediate, their order varying in antiserums from different rabbits.
Immunologic Activity of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Fixed in the Tissues of the Mouse
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Weigle William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tracing of I131 labelled rabbit anti-S III in mice, some of which had previous injections of S III, showed that tissue-fixed S III was capable of combining with antibody and that the antibody was promptly catabolized following its combination with the S III.
An Agglutination Test for Bovine Q Fever Performed on Milk Samples
Authors: Luoto Lauri , Mason Donald M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of testing bovine milk samples for antibody against Coxiella burnetii by the capillary tube agglutination technic is described. The results obtained are compared with results of capillary tests performed on serums from the same cows. Nonspecific reactions did not occur in tests performed on milk from normal cows or from cows infected with other disease agents. A high degree of reproducibility of screen and titration results was obtained with the test. Sensitivity of the milk test for detecting the presence and amount of antibody in cows is equal to that of the capillary test performed on serums. The capillary milk test is as reliable as that with serum, and the complement-fixation test, for detecting cows that are infected and shedding the agent in their milk. Preliminary data suggests the desirability of additional testing of pooled milk of entire herds to evaluate the usefulness of the test for the rapid detection of herds containing infected animals.
Studies on the O Antigen of Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F. , Landy Maurice , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method has been described for the further purification of the somatic antigen of S. typhosa. By this procedure, it was possible to isolate a phosphorylated lipopolysaccharide essentially devoid of the protein component initially present. This purified antigen, in its specific precipitative activity, stimulation of antibody production, and pyrogenic activity, equalled or exceeded preparations containing 5 to 20% protein. Chemical analyses of the purified O antigen showed that its principal components are polysaccharide, 60 to 70%; lipid 20 to 30%; and hexosamine, 3.5 to 4.5%.
A Study of Antigens Active in the Middlebrook-Dubos Hemagglutination Test Present in Filtrates of Culture of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Authors: Sorkin Ernst , Boyden Stephen V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A number of different fractions from heated and unheated culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been studied in the Middle-brook-Dubos test, using rabbit antiserum. Cross inhibition tests provide no evidence for the presence in the various heated fractions of more than one important sensitizing substance. Cross inhibition tests with unheated fractions reveal the presence of at least two different sensitizing substances. One possesses the same specificity as that found in the heated preparations. The other is completely precipitable with saturated ammonium sulphate, while much of the heat-stable substance remains in the supernatant.
Prevention of Virus Interference by 2,5-Dimethylbenzimidazole
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. , Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Interference among homologous and heterologous strains of influenza A and B viruses has been demonstrated in chorioallantoic membrane cultures in vitro. The preparation of inactivated influenza A or B viruses for interference experiments by heating at low temperatures (22° or 37°C) preserved more of the interfering activity of the untreated virus than heating at 56°C, although infectivity was effectively eliminated in all instances. 2,5-Dimethylbenzimidazole, at a concentration of 2.6 × 10-3 M, prevented, to a varying extent, the induction of interference by inactivated influenza A (WS strain) or influenza B (Lee strain). Holding membrane cultures at 4°C in the absence of the compound had a similar effect.
Resistance of Mice with Experimental Histoplasmosis to Infection with Rickettsia Typhi
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Bell E. J. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Evidence is presented that Histoplasma capsulatum exerted a striking modifying effect upon the course of infection with Rickettsia typhi in mice. This antagonistic action of one agent upon another apparently was not due to specific antibodies since immune serum from guinea pigs with experimental histoplasmosis failed to show any neutralizing effect in the mouse toxin neutralization test, or any fixation of complement in the presence of typhus antigen. Also antityphus guinea pig sera did not show complement-fixing, precipitating, or neutralizing antibodies against H. capsulatum (10).
Of particular interest was the fact that the modifying effect occurred only when both agents were injected by the intraperitoneal route. Intravenous, intracerebral, or subcutaneous injection of either one or both agents resulted in slight, if any, inhibitory effect on the course of typhus infection. The necessity for administering both agents via the intraperitoneal route was also indicated in the experiments with R. typhi toxin. This importance of the inoculation route was also emphasized by Horsfall and McCarty (5) who noted that the modifying effect of a non-hemolytic streptococcus on the pneumonia virus of mice (PVM virus) occurred only when both agents were administered by the intranasal route.
The time and dose relationships between H. capsulatum and R. typhi were of importance in demonstrating the inhibitory effect. Inhibition occurred only when the interval between injections was sufficient to permit propagation of the fungus to a necessary level. This interval could be shortened or lengthened according to the number of fungus cells in the initial injection. With doses of 109 cells of the fungus, maximum resistance occurred after a 2-day interval. Were doses of H. capsulatum higher than 109 employed, a blocking effect following simultaneous injection of the agents might have occurred.
The modifying effect of H. capsulatum on R. typhi infections was not exhibited by six other fungi tested. On the other hand, H. capsulatum was capable of modifying infection not only by R. typhi but also by R. tsutsugamushi.
Inhibition of typhus infection was not dependent on active growth of H. capsulatum, since a definite modifying action was produced by killed fungus cells. However, the latter effect was not as great as that following injection of living cells.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R. , Shulman Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Saline extracts of hog thyroid glands and other hog organs were prepared in as gentle a manner as possible in order to avoid denaturation of proteins and were used for immunization of rabbits. Thyroid-specific antibodies of high potency, as demonstrated by complement-fixation and precipitation techniques, could be produced by two principal methods of immunization. One method consisted of one or several courses of intravenous injection of increasing amounts of organ extract. The second method was the intradermal injection into the footpads of very small amounts of mixtures of organ extracts and Freund adjuvants. The intradermal-adjuvant method excelled the intravenous route by the amazingly small amount of extract needed for immunization and by the lack of anaphylactic or other reactions which are frequently encountered with intravenous injections. Thyroid-specific antibodies could be detected as early as two weeks after the intradermal-adjuvant injections. In addition to the antibodies against hog thyroid extract, antibodies against hog serum appeared, but were usually considerably weaker than the thyroid antibodies. Antisera obtained by the intradermal-adjuvant method frequently revealed a zone of inhibition in the area of antigen surplus, whereas antisera obtained by the intravenous route failed in most instances to show this zone. The zone of inhibition manifested itself in complement-fixation but not in precipitation tests. When tested by means of complement fixation, the tissue-specific characteristic of antisera became apparent as soon as the antigen and antiserum controls had completely cleared. However, extracts of many other organs, such as kidney, liver, heart, spleen, and others, as well as hog serum, frequently gave definite reactions. The cross-reactions disappeared on further incubation at 37°C, whereas the reaction with the homologous thyroid antigen diminished only slightly, if at all. In precipitation tests, precipitates were obtained after a short incubation time almost exclusively with the homologous antigen, while precipitation with heterologous extracts appeared only after longer standing of the extract-antiserum mixtures. The evaluation of thyroid-specific antibody functions was made by comparing antisera obtained in the same manner against the saline extracts of different hog organs or hog serum. By comparing a variety of antisera against various organ extracts the specific pattern of thyroid antisera could be established. A further way of demonstrating tissue-specific antibodies in sera obtained by immunization with hog organ extracts consisted of the removal of species-specific antibodies by absorption with hog serum. Antisera deprived of the species-specific antibodies in this manner still contained potent thyroid-specific antibodies.
The Use of Hyperimmune Antiserum Concentrates in Experimental Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: de Boer Carl J. , Cadilek Arthur E. , Walters Shirley R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Curves of virus multiplication after peripheral infection of hamsters with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) are presented. Satisfactory WEE immune serum concentrate can be prepared by the sodium sulfate precipitation and the alcohol fractionation methods. Administration of immune serum concentrate to hamsters infected intraperitoneally had definite protective properties as late as two days following infection. Administration later than two days prolonged the average survival time but did not prevent the disease. However, as late as three days after intradermal infection, some beneficial effects are realized. The significance of these findings and the possible implications are discussed.