bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spacecab Demonstrator
project
Authors: Ashford D. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract This paper describes a concept study of the Spacecab
Demonstrator project, which is a small two seat
aeroplane capable of routine “zoom-climbs” to space
altitude. It is powered by a jet engine and a rocket
motor. It would be the first sub-orbital spaceplane
since the X-15 of thirty years ago. The study shows
that Spacecab Demonstrator should be a simple robust
development using existing technology. It would be
used as a spaceplane technology testbed, as a
reusable sounding rocket for space research and for
specialised commercial applications. More
importantly, it would serve as a pathfinder for the
Spacecab orbital spaceplane, which is designed to be
the first fully reusable launch vehicle. Spacecab
uses existing engines and proven materials and is
designed with provision for certification to
airliner standards. Enlarged and mature developments
of Spacecab would reduce the cost of sending people
into space by three orders of magnitude compared
with the cost today, and this could probably be
achieved in about 15 years.
On the incipient separation of a turbulent
hypersonic boundary layer
Authors: Babinsky H. , Edwards J. A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractExperiments are performed on the effects of a turbulent
boundary layer on surface pressure and heat
transfer, using a cylindrical model fitted with a
variety of flares at Mach 5. The flow over
compression corners of up to 20° (below the expected
incipient separation value) is examined. Liquid
crystal thermography indicates an unexpected peak in
heat flux close to the corner. It is suggested that
this is due to a small scale separation occurring
earlier, i.e. at smaller corner angles, than
previously observed. An estimate of the size of such
a separation bubble is made and it is suggested that
this is a predominantly laminar phenomenon.
Innovation in aero engines
Authors: Ruffles P. C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractToday the aerospace industry is ranked in the top three
industrial sectors in the UK. With air traffic
expected to more than double by 2015, there are
tremendous wealth creation opportunities for those
who satisfy their customer's needs. Innovation — the
successful exploitation of new ideas — is a key
ingredient in achieving this. It is an engine of
growth because it delights the customer — and that
delight is the basis for long-lasting customer
loyalty. Henry Royce recognised the importance of
exceeding the customer's expectations and laid the
foundations for Rolls-Royce's long tradition of
innovation. With historical illustrations, from the
Silver Ghost motor car to today's flagship — the
Trent aero engine — this paper highlights the key
elements which are necessary to promote innovation
and have led to many Rolls-Royce “firsts”. A review
of today's state-of-the-art aero engines details
current innovations, and their associated customer
benefits, while a view of future markets reveals an
insight into future aero engine developments and
technical challenges. The solution to some of these
challenges will require the application of advanced
technologies. In anticipation of the customer's
requirements, the development of these advanced
technologies is discussed together with their
potential customer benefits.
Caught In-Between: Coerced Intermediaries in the Jails of Colonial India
Authors: Dimmers Michaela 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis article analyses the role coerced intermediaries had on colonial power and authority in the prisons of British India. Coerced intermediaries in this context were convicts placed in positions of control by the colonial prison administration as warders, overseers, and night watchmen and night watchwomen, summarized here under the term “convict officers”. These convict officers were employed by the colonial authorities to maintain a coercive order and became essential to the exercise of colonial authority and control in the prisons of British India. The article argues that with their employment, the colonial administration created a third group within its prisons, situated between the colonial administration and the inmates. This contradictory practice blurred the lines of colonial control and authority and raises larger questions about intermediation by unfree and coerced people in unfree and coerced colonial contexts. The focus here is not so much on what intermediation is but on what it does. At the same time, the article relates the system of convict officers as intermediaries to the theoretical concepts used by Foucault and Goffman and questions the binarity used in most of their theories.
Identification of weak links in production technology for bridging the canola yield-gap in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Shakeel , Raza Muhammad Ali , Hussain Sajjad , Abbas Ghulam , Fatima Zartash , Ahmed Mukhtar , Goheer Muhammad Arif , Wilkerson Carol Jo , Garcia y Garcia Axel , Hoogenboom Gerrit 
Published: February 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the reasons for the yield gap between potential and actual yield can provide insights for enhancing canola production by adapting measures for ensuring food security. The canola yield gap under different management practices (e.g. water, nitrogen, N- and sowing dates) was quantified using research trials that were conducted at on-station and historical data (1980–2016) and the CROPGRO-Canola model for Punjab, Pakistan. The integrated approach revealed that low inputs of N, the amount of irrigation, sowing date and the use of seeds from home stocks were the principal causes for a low yield. The CROPGRO-Canola model was able to simulate the canola yield from research trials (R2 = >0.90) and farm survey data (R2 = 0.63). The average yield gap between potential (YP), N-limited (YNL), water-limited (YWL), N- and water-limited (YNWL), and overall farmer field yield (YOFF) was 50, 46, 62 and 72%, respectively. The yield-gap with achievable yield (YA) for YNL, YWL, YNWL and YOFF was 34, 28, 49 and 63%, respectively. Overall, the results showed that a high canola yield for farmers’ fields can be obtained by selecting appropriate varieties and sowing dates with N rate of 120 kg/ha and efficient irrigation management. However, further studies are necessary to fully comprehend the underlying causes for the low actual yield and the high yield variability of farmers’ fields.
Can God's work in history be discerned? The ambiguities of providence in the poetry of John Milton
Authors: Myers Ben 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIs the doctrine of providence a guide to interpreting history? The early work of John Milton is optimistic about the possibility of such providential discernment. Milton lived during one of the most turbulent periods of English history and was actively involved in the cause of revolution and social reform. His poems typically centre on moments of historical change that seem to illuminate the ultimate meaning of history. After his revolutionary hopes had been shattered, Milton came to perceive a much more ambiguous relationship between history and providence. What history reveals, he now thought, is mostly a pattern of repetition and decline. Milton endsParadise Lostwith the reflection that belief in providence is not so much a species of knowledge as a practice of life. This article traces Milton's movement from providential optimism to providential pessimism and argues for a conception of history in which even acts of divine intervention do not unambiguously alter the course of history.
Rational updating at the crossroads
Authors: Milano Silvia , Perea Andrés 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn this paper we explore the absentminded driver problem using two different scenarios. In the first scenario we assume that the driver is capable of reasoning about his degree of absentmindedness before he hits the highway. This leads to a Savage-style model where the states are mutually exclusive and the act-state independence is in place. In the second we employ centred possibilities, by modelling the states (i.e. the events about which the driver is uncertain) as the possible final destinations indexed by a time period. The optimal probability we find for continuing at an exit is different from almost all papers in the literature. In this scenario, act-state independence is still violated, but states are mutually exclusive and the driver arrives at his optimal choice probability via Bayesian updating. We show that our solution is the only one guaranteeing immunity from sure loss via a Dutch strategy, and that – despite initial appearances – it is time consistent. This raises important implications for the rationality of commitment in such scenarios.
GENERALISATIONS OF LODAY’S ASSEMBLY MAPS FOR LAWVERE’S ALGEBRAIC THEORIES
Authors: Bohmann Anna Marie , Szymik Markus 
Published: February 2023

AbstractLoday’s assembly maps approximate the K-theory of group rings by the K-theory of the coefficient ring and the corresponding homology of the group. We present a generalisation that places both ingredients on the same footing. Building on Elmendorf–Mandell’s multiplicativity results and our earlier work, we show that the K-theory of Lawvere theories is lax monoidal. This result makes it possible to present our theory in a user-friendly way without using higher-categorical language. It also allows us to extend the idea to new contexts and set up a nonabelian interpolation scheme, raising novel questions. Numerous examples illustrate the scope of our extension.
Ubiquity of Anthropogenic Terpenoids in Cities Worldwide: Emission Ratios, Emission Quantification and Implications for Urban Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: Borbon Agnès , Dominutti Pamela , Panopoulou Anastasia , Gros Valérie , Sauvage Stéphane , Farhat Mariana , Afif Charbel , Elguindi Nellie , Fornaro Adalgiza , Granier Claire , Hopkins James R. , Liakakou Eleni , Nogueira Thiago , Corrêa dos Santos Tailine , Salameh Thérèse , Armangaud Alexandre , Piga Damien , Perrussel Olivier 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTerpenoids (isoprene and monoterpenes) are highly reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) known for decades for their biogenic origin. Here, we discuss the nature and magnitude of their anthropogenic emissions. We compiled and re‐analyzed 14 data sets of in situ VOC observations collected over the last decade in contrasting urban areas from mid‐latitudes to subtropical regions. We show the systematic presence of anthropogenic terpenoids in urban ambient air with clear covariations with anthropogenic compounds (R2 > 0.50) even during mid‐latitude winters. Despite the emerging importance of monoterpene emissions from consumer products in North American cities, there is some evidence of monoterpene emissions from tailpipe exhaust in cities of the developing world. The traffic‐related fraction of monoterpenes is estimated and can account for up to 40% of their ambient levels. The anthropogenic emission ratios (ER) of some terpenoids (isoprene, α‐pinene and limonene) are estimated and spatially compared. The anthropogenic emissions of terpenoids are indirectly estimated from those ER combined to regional and global emission inventories (CAMS‐GLOB‐ANT_v4.2) at urban and country scale focusing on France, Lebanon, and Vietnam. Those anthropogenic emissions do not represent more than 3% of other anthropogenic VOC emissions. However, they dominate by one to three orders of magnitude the reactivity of other anthropogenic VOCs regarding NO3 oxidation and ozonolysis. This study raises two questions which need further investigations in the future: (a) the significance of terpenoid emissions from traffic, especially in urban areas of the developing world and (b) the role of anthropogenic terpenoids in nighttime and wintertime atmospheric chemistry at mid‐latitudes.
Leading Modes of Wintertime North Pacific Atmospheric Rivers and Their Drivers
Authors: Xu Guangzhi , Wang Lin , Wang Shuyu 
Published: February 2023

AbstractNorth Pacific Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) are affected by many climate modes, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). However, such impacts are often examined individually and outside of the context of ARs' own variability. It remains an open question as to the relative importance of each climate mode in affecting the inter‐annual variability of AR occurrences. This work proposes an answer to the above inquiry, via a rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis on wintertime AR occurrences. Four major modes of AR occurrence variability are identified: The first mode features a southeast‐northwest shift of the AR tracks, and is associated with the pair of the second leading EOFs of the North Pacific atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). The second mode features a large scale suppression of North Pacific ARs and an enhancement west of the California coasts. This is a decadal variability associated with PDO. The third mode features meridionally contracted AR tracks over the Eastern Pacific. This is associated with the leading EOFs of the North Pacific atmosphere/SST, and the inter‐annual component of PDO. These three modes each contributes ∼19% to the total variances. The fourth mode, with a 12.7% variance contribution, carries the complementary information of the non‐linear El Niño ‐ La Niña transition, and features two slanted anomaly bands over boundaries of the basin. Key atmospheric/oceanic driving forces associated with each mode are examined, and certain climate modes exhibit promising predictive power to wintertime AR occurrences.
Sources of Clay‐Rich Sediment in Eberswalde Crater, Mars With Implications for Biopreservation Potential
Authors: Hughes C. M. , Rice M. S. , Barnhart C. J. , Swanson T. E. , Pfeiffer A. M. , Goudge T. A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe Eberswalde crater paleolake system on Mars is home to an intact source‐to‐sink fluvial system where a catchment terminates in a river delta deposit. Through analysis of topographic and hyperspectral data from multiple geographic regions, we test the hypothesis that the smectites found within the Eberswalde deposit formed during the Noachian (i.e., >3.5 Ga) in the subsurface and are fluvial detritus transported during the Hesperian (i.e., 3.5–2.0 Ga). We find that the spectra from four pertinent regions (northwest Noachis Terra, Holden crater, and the Eberswalde watershed and delta deposit) are consistent with each other, and most consistent with Fe/Mg smectite clays, namely nontronite and saponite. This points to a detrital origin for the clays observed within Eberswalde crater. Analysis of the watershed also indicates that they likely formed within the subsurface, which previous studies suggest is the location most amenable to the preservation of evidence of past life on Mars. Furthermore, the presence of detrital clays, and not authigenic, indicates that the lake was ∼neutral‐pH and a potentially habitable environment. Taken together, these observations indicate that: (a) within Eberswalde crater is a delta deposit that formed in a habitable environment, (b) that the deposit is composed of minerals that formed during the most habitable period in Mars' history, and (c) those minerals formed in an environment with strong potential to preserve evidence of life. Lastly, the similarities between the Eberswalde fluvial system and the Jezero system make it a compelling site as a standard of comparison by NASA's Perseverance Rover.
A Network‐Scale Modeling Framework for Stream Metabolism, Ecosystem Efficiency, and Their Response to Climate Change
Authors: Segatto Pier Luigi , Battin Tom J. , Bertuzzo Enrico 
Published: February 2023

AbstractClimate change and the predicted warmer temperatures and more extreme hydrological regimes could affect freshwater ecosystems and their energy pathways. To appreciate the complex spatial and temporal interactions of carbon cycling in flowing waters, ecosystem metabolism (gross primary production [GPP] and ecosystem respiration [ER]) must be resolved at the scale of an entire river network. Here, we propose a meta‐ecosystem framework that couples light and temperature regimes with a reach‐scale ecosystem model and integrates network structure, catchment land cover, and the hydrologic regime. The model simulates the distributed functioning of dissolved and particulate organic carbon, autotrophic biomass, and thus ecosystem metabolism, and reproduces fairly well the metabolic regimes observed in 12 reaches of the Ybbs River network, Austria. Results show that the annual network–scale metabolism was heterotrophic, yet with a clear peak of autotrophy in spring. Autochthonous energy sources contributed 43% of the total ER. We further investigated the effect of altered thermal and hydrologic regimes on metabolism and ecosystem efficiency. We predicted that an increase of 2.5°C in average stream water temperature could boost ER and GPP by 31% (24%–57%) and 28% (5%–57%), respectively. The effect of flashier hydrologic regimes is more complex and depends on autotrophic biomass density. The analysis shows the complex interactions between environmental conditions and biota in shaping stream metabolism and highlights the existing knowledge gaps for reliable predictions of the effects of climate change in these ecosystems.
Electrically programmable solid-state metasurfaces via flash localised heating
Authors: Zangeneh Kamali Khosro , Xu Lei , Gagrani Nikita , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Miroshnichenko Andrey , Neshev Dragomir , Rahmani Mohsen 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn the last decades, metasurfaces have attracted much attention because of their extraordinary light-scattering properties. However, their inherently static geometry is an obstacle to many applications where dynamic tunability in their optical behaviour is required. Currently, there is a quest to enable dynamic tuning of metasurface properties, particularly with fast tuning rate, large modulation by small electrical signals, solid state and programmable across multiple pixels. Here, we demonstrate electrically tunable metasurfaces driven by thermo-optic effect and flash-heating in silicon. We show a 9-fold change in transmission by <5 V biasing voltage and the modulation rise-time of <625 µs. Our device consists of a silicon hole array metasurface encapsulated by transparent conducting oxide as a localised heater. It allows for video frame rate optical switching over multiple pixels that can be electrically programmed. Some of the advantages of the proposed tuning method compared with other methods are the possibility to apply it for modulation in the visible and near-infrared region, large modulation depth, working at transmission regime, exhibiting low optical loss, low input voltage requirement, and operating with higher than video-rate switching speed. The device is furthermore compatible with modern electronic display technologies and could be ideal for personal electronic devices such as flat displays, virtual reality holography and light detection and ranging, where fast, solid-state and transparent optical switches are required.
PAK2 is essential for chromosome alignment in metaphase I oocytes
Authors: Zeng Juan , Wang Shiwei , Gao Min , Lu Dian , Song Shuang , Chen Diyu , Fan Weimin , Xu Zhiliang , Zhang Zhiguo , Sun Xiaofang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAs a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase, p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) participates in diverse biologic events. However, its roles in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation remain unclear. The present study revealed that mouse oocytes depleted ofPak2were unable to completely progress through meiosis and that a majority were arrested at metaphase I.Pak2depletion thus prompted MI arrest and induced meiotic chromosome alignment defects in mouse oocytes, in part due to a reduction in polo-like kinase (PLK1). We demonstrated that PAK2’s interaction with PLK1 protected it from degradation by APC/CCdh1, and that it promoted meiotic progression and bipolar spindle formation. Our data collectively display critical functions for PAK2 in meiotic progression and chromosome alignment in mouse oocytes.
National surveillance data analysis of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in England by women of reproductive age
Authors: Magee Laura A. , Molteni Erika , Bowyer Vicky , Bone Jeffrey N. , Boulding Harriet , Khalil Asma , Mistry Hiten D. , Poston Lucilla , Silverio Sergio A. , Wolfe Ingrid , Duncan Emma L. , von Dadelszen Peter ,   the RESILIENT Study Group, Bick Debra , von Dadelszen Peter , Easter Abigail , Fox-Rushby Julia , Mistry Hiten D. , Nelson Eugene , Newburn Mary , Seed Paul , Soley-Bori Marina , Van Citters Aricca , White Sara 
Published: February 2023

AbstractWomen of reproductive age are a group of particular concern with regards to vaccine uptake, related to their unique considerations of menstruation, fertility, and pregnancy. To obtain vaccine uptake data specific to this group, we obtained vaccine surveillance data from the Office for National Statistics, linked with COVID-19 vaccination status from the National Immunisation Management Service, England, from 8 Dec 2020 to 15 Feb 2021; data from 13,128,525 such women at population-level, were clustered by age (18–29, 30–39, and 40–49 years), self-defined ethnicity (19 UK government categories), and index of multiple deprivation (IMD, geographically-defined IMD quintiles). Here we show that among women of reproductive age, older age, White ethnicity and being in the least-deprived index of multiple deprivation are each independently associated with higher vaccine uptake, for first and second doses; however, ethnicity exerts the strongest influence (and IMD the weakest). These findings should inform future vaccination public messaging and policy.
Disentangling the causes of temporal variation in the opportunity for sexual selection
Authors: Carleial Rômulo , Pizzari Tommaso , Richardson David S. , McDonald Grant C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn principle, temporal fluctuations in the potential for sexual selection can be estimated as changes in intrasexual variance in reproductive success (i.e. the opportunity for selection). However, we know little about how opportunity measures vary over time, and the extent to which such dynamics are affected by stochasticity. We use published mating data from multiple species to investigate temporal variation in the opportunity for sexual selection. First, we show that the opportunity for precopulatory sexual selection typically declines over successive days in both sexes and shorter sampling periods lead to substantial overestimates. Second, by utilising randomised null models, we also find that these dynamics are largely explained by an accumulation of random matings, but that intrasexual competition may slow temporal declines. Third, using data from a red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) population, we show that declines in precopulatory measures over a breeding period were mirrored by declines in the opportunity for both postcopulatory and total sexual selection. Collectively, we show that variance-based metrics of selection change rapidly, are highly sensitive to sampling durations, and likely lead to substantial misinterpretation if used as indicators of sexual selection. However, simulations can begin to disentangle stochastic variation from biological mechanisms.