bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functions of human monocyte and lymphocyte subsets obtained by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation: differing functional capacities of human monocyte subsets.
Authors: Yasaka T , Mantich N M , Boxer L A , Baehner R L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two monocyte subsets from the peripheral blood of healthy humans were isolated by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE), and their functional heterogeneity was assessed. Cell volume of the smaller monocyte population was (332 +/- 32 mu 3), compared with the larger monocytes (380 +/- 30 mu 3). Superoxide release by large monocytes exposed to opsonized zymosan was 1.5-fold more active than those of small monocytes. Furthermore, the production of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and myeloperoxidase activity by the larger monocytes was 2-fold and 1.4-fold greater than that of small monocytes, respectively. Thus, CCE provides a useful means to isolate 2 subsets of monocytes with similar functional properties but quantitatively different activities. This suggests that the 2 subsets may be closely related in their developmental spectrum.
Interferon induces peripheral lymphadenopathy in mice.
Authors: Gresser I , Guy-Grand D , Maury C , Maunoury M T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inoculation (i.p. or i.v.) of partially purified or highly purified (H.P.) mouse interferon (electrophoretically pure in SDS-PAGE gels) into different strains of mice (C3H, BALB/c, Swiss, heterozygote and athymic nu/nu C57BL/6) results in a marked increase in the weight and in the total number of cells in axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. Interferon injected into the hind footpad induced an increase in the weight of the ipsilateral popliteal lymph node compared with the contralateral lymph node. Inoculation of noninterferon proteins (impurities) obtained in the course of purification of this H.P. interferon, mock interferon, or human leukocyte interferon were without effect. Experiments were undertaken to elucidate the mechanism by which interferon induced an increase in the weight (number of cells) of peripheral lymph nodes. There was no evidence that the afflux of transferred chromium-labeled lymphoid cells to lymphoid tissue was increased in interferon-treated recipient mice. There was no evidence that interferon treatment resulted in a stimulation of the multiplication of cells within the peripheral lymph nodes. Since we observed a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph and in the peripheal blood of interferon-treated mice, we suggest that interferon treatment resulted in an inhibition of egress of lymphocytes from lymphoid tissue. The finding that interferon treatment of mice alters patterns of lymphocyte circulation may be relevant to some of the effects of interferon on the immune system and may explain in part the lymphadenopathy observed in the course of some viral infections.
Identification of a brain theta-positive, secretory cell from hematopoietic tissues.
Authors: Cambier J C , Havran W L , Fernández de Albornoz T , Corley R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have characterized a population of large, brain-theta antigen-positive, secretory cells that occur in high frequency among murine bone marrow (approximately 6%), spleen (approximately 0.5%), and fetal liver (approximately 5%) cell populations. They do not occur in significant numbers among lymph node, thymus, and peritoneal exudate cells. These cells are Ly1, Ly2, and Thy1.2 negative, adherent to nylon wool, Sephadex G-10, and plastic, but peroxidase and Sudan black negative. They are radiation, cyclophosphamide, and cortisone resistant. These cells secrete a product of 30,000 to 40,000 m.w. of unknown function. Production of antisera specific for this molecule has facilitated identification of the cell by using a reverse hemolytic plaque-forming cell assay. Possible functions of this cell and its product are discussed.
Immunologic tolerance after oral administration of reovirus: requirement for two viral gene products for tolerance induction.
Authors: Rubin D , Weiner H L , Fields B N , Greene M I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have demonstrated that reovirus type 1, but not type 3, generates serotype-specific immunologic tolerance for DTH responses following oral administration of UV-inactivated virus. As shown by adoptive transfer experiments, the tolerance is secondary to the generation of viral-specific suppressor T cells that are present in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. No tolerance was generated when live virus was administered orally. Using recombinant viral clones, it was found that 2 viral gene products were required for tolerance induction; serotype specificity is a property of the viral hemagglutinin (the product of the S1 dsRNA segment). The inability of type 3 reovirus to induce suppression following oral administration is a property of the mu 1C polypeptide (the product of the M2 dsRNA genome segment).
Characterization of the recognition of target cells sensitive or resistant to cytolysis by activated rat peritoneal macrophages.
Authors: Hamilton T A , Fishman M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction between tumoricidal rat peritoneal exudate macrophages and normal or neoplastic target cells has been examined both with respect to the sensitivity of the target cells to macrophage-mediated cytolysis and the ability of such targets to compete with one another for the lytic activity of macrophages. The results demonstrate that, in confirmation of earlier work from other laboratories, target cells are either sensitive or largely resistant to lysis, and such sensitivity correlates well with the neoplastic phenotype of the target cell. However, in target cell competition experiments all cultured cells as well as Con A-stimulated splenocytes and freshly isolated thymocytes exhibit the capacity to block cytolysis of sensitive indicator targets. In contrast, freshly prepared non-mitogen-stimulated splenic or lymph node lymphocytes are completely devoid of competitive activity. These results show that macrophages can recognize and interact with both normal and tumorigenic cells and that such target recognition can be distinguished from target cytolysis. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that at least 1 target cell feature that correlates with recognition is cell cycle traverse.
Antibody-independent interactions between Escherichia coli J5 and human complement components.
Authors: Betz S J , Isliker H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the characterization of an increasing number of molecules that are capable of activating the 1st component of the classical pathway of complement (C), the possibility that some Gram-negative bacteria may activate C1 independent of naturally occurring antibody has been reexamined. We have confirmed a previous report that purified C1 (the activated form of C1) can bind to certain strains of bacteria and it retains its enzymatic activity when thus bound. The availability of purified C1 in its precursor form has allowed us to extend these observations to the native C1 molecule. Using a semirough mutant of Escherichia coli, the galactose epimerase-deficient strain E. coli J5, we have examined the binding and activation of radiolabeled C1. J5 bound radiolabeled C1 in a dose-dependent manner and essentially all of the bound C1 was activated as judged by SDS-PAGE. The bacteria-C1 complex consumed purified C4 and C2 and the consumption of C2 was proportional to the C4 concentration. Subsequent addition of terminal C components C3-9 supplied as serum-EDTA caused a highly significant decrease in bacterial viability. These results demonstrate that C1 may bind to the bacterial membrane in such a manner as to initiate a bactericidal reaction. Therefore, antibody-independent binding and activation of C1 must be considered in the assessment of serum sensitivity of Gram-negative bacteria.
Definitive evidence that natural killer (NK) cells inhibit experimental tumor metastases in vivo.
Authors: Hanna N , Burton R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Effector lymphoid cells that inhibit hematogenous tumor metastasis in normal unimmunized mice were studied. Mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) exhibited a diminished ability to destroy circulating tumor cells, which, in turn, caused an increased incidence of experimental pulmonary metastasis. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from unimmunized syngeneic donors abrogated the Cy-induced enhancement of metastasis formation. The effector cell active in these adoptive transfer experiments was sensitive to treatment with specific anti-NK-1.2 antibodies and complement. This treatment was shown by in vitro tests to deplete or inactivate NK cells selectively. These findings provide direct evidence that NK cells play a significant role in the inhibition of hematogenous tumor metastases in vivo.
The role of H-2 in T cell recognition of Mls.
Authors: Gress R E , Wesley M N , Hodes R J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of H-2 was evaluated in T cell recognition of Mls-encoded antigens during primary mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR). Mlsc was used as a stimulating determinant in MLR and its recognition by T cells was assessed by linear regression analysis under culture conditions in which (A x B)F1 responder cell number was the factor limiting total response. Results of such experiments indicated the presence of distinct (A x B)F1 responder T cell subpopulations capable of differentially recognizing the foreign Mls antigen in association with one or the other parental H-2 haplotype. These findings demonstrate that T cells do not recognize Mlsc products in isolation, but rather are restricted to recognition of Mlsc in the context of "self" H-2 determinants.
The functional helper T cell repertoire specific for L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT).
Authors: Speck N A , Maurer P H , Pierce S K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments have been carried out to examine the potential helper T cell repertoire specific for the random terpolymer GAT on responder, nonresponder, and (responder x nonresponder)F1 murine strains. The ability of GAT-MBSA immunized T cells to collaborate with DNP-specific primary and secondary B lymphocytes of each strain in response to the antigen DNP-GAT was tested with the splenic fragment culture system. The results of these experiments show that there are GAT-specific T lymphocytes in the responder, nonresponder, and F1 strains but that these 3 GAT-specific T cell populations differ in their collaborative potential. In sum, these findings present new evidence that the nonresponder status to the terpolymer GAT is due, in part, to a functional deletion of helper T cells capable of recognizing the antigen in the context of the nonresponder haplotype. Further, a new responsive phenotype is evidenced when F1 secondary B cells are stimulated in nonresponder GAT-MBSA-primed recipients. In this case, rather than the IgG1 responses observed in such strain combinations to other antigens such as DNP-Hy or DNP-Gl phi 9, only IgM responses were obtained. This new phenotype may be the result of GAT-specific suppression of isotype switching by B cells bearing the nonresponder cell surface alloantigens.
Natural cytotoxicity and interferon production in human cancer: deficient natural killer activity and normal interferon production in patients with advanced disease.
Authors: Kadish A S , Doyle A T , Steinhauer E H , Ghossein N A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural cytotoxicity was measured in 51 adult patients with solid epithelial malignant tumors and in 27 normal subjects. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 31% of the patients and 7% of the controls failed to kill target cells (K562) in a short-term chromium-release assay. When patients were classified according to clinical stage, PBL from 12% of patients with localized cancers, but 50% of patients with advanced disease, failed to exhibit cytotoxicity within the normal range. Pretreatment of PBL with interferon alpha (IFN alpha) or with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), a potent inducer of IFN alpha, enhanced cytotoxicity from all normal subjects. Of patients whose PBL lacked spontaneous cytotoxicity, half were able to kill normally after pretreatment of PBL with IFN alpha or NDV. Virtually all the patients whose PBL were unable to kill despite pretreatment with IFN alpha or virus had disseminated malignancies. IFN alpha production by PBL exposed to NDV and to K562 cells was normal in all the patients regardless of stage of disease or ability to kill K562 cells. The observed defect in natural cytotoxicity is thus unlikely to be due to a failure of PBL to produce IFN alpha.
Impaired regulation of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphocyte proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis is due to a T cell defect.
Authors: Depper J M , Bluestein H G , Zvaifler N J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rate of outgrowth of EBV-infected B lymphocytes is regulated by normal T lymphocytes. Removal of T cells from normal whole lymphoid populations (PBM) markedly shortens the outgrowth time of the remaining B lymphocytes. There is little difference in the much more rapid outgrowth of rheumatoid PBM after the removal of T cells, which suggests that RA lymphoid cells are unable to regulate this process. To determine whether RA T cells are defective, or EBV-infected RA B cells are unresponsive to regulatory signals, EBV-induced outgrowth in autologous and allogeneic mixtures of RA and normal B and T cells was evaluated, employing morphologic criteria and 3H-thymidine incorporation. The difference in outgrowth between RA and normal PBM was reproduced by reconstitution of EBV-infected B cells with mitomycin-treated autologous T cells. In cell-mixing experiments, normal T cells appropriately regulated both normal and RA B cells similarly, whereas RA T cells were defective in regulating either B cell population. Thus, the rapid outgrowth of EBV-infected rheumatoid lymphoid cells is due to defective T cell regulation. Moreover, normal regulation does not require cell proliferation.
Moculating effect of the late-acting components of the complement system on the bactericidal activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes on E. coli 0111:B4.
Authors: Tedesco F , Rottini G , Patriarca P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of complement (C) components on the intracellular killing of E. coli 0111:B4 by human PMN was studied. Various intermediate bacteria were prepared by opsonizing IgM-coated 0111:B4 with yeast cell-treated human serum (BAC1-3), a C6-deficient human serum (BAC1-5), a C8-deficient human serum (BAC1-7), a C8-deficient human serum, and with partially purified C8 (BAC1-8). All these bacterial preparations were phagocytosed by human PMN, but only BAC1-8 and, to a lesser extent, BAC1-5 were killed. Similar results were obtained when the 400 x G postnuclear supernatant (PNS) of PMN homogenate was used instead of intact leukocytes. The C9 nature of the killing factor in the PMN homogenate was ruled out by its inability to lyse EAC1-8 and by the finding that the killing of BAC1-8 by the PMN factor was not inhibited by the antiserum against human C9. The anti-C5 and anti-C8 antisera were unable to inhibit the killing by the PNS of BAC1-5 and BAC1-8, respectively, suggesting that bound C5 and C8 do not provide a binding site for the killing factor.
Ly-18, a new alloantigen present on cytotoxic T cells and controlled by a gene(s) to the Igh-V locus.
Authors: Finnegan A , Owen F L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiserum raised in allotype-congenic mice recognizes a T cell differentiation antigen designated Ly-18. This antiserum was raised by immunization of (CB.20 x CBA-Igh-1b)F1 mice with secondary BALB/c anti-CBA allospecific cytotoxic cells. This antigenic specificity is expressed on cytotoxic T cells but not on cells proliferating in an MLR, plaque-forming cells specific for SRBC, or resting lymphoid cells. The expression of Ly-18 is controlled by gene(s) linked to the VH gene complex of Igh-1 allotype strains. There is no evidence at present for MHC gene control. Unlike other putative antibodies against antigen receptors, anti-Ly 18 does not block cytotoxicity. In addition, Ly-18 expression is not altered by the antigenic specificity of the Igh-1 effector. We conclude Ly-18 is a differentiation antigen present on a subpopulation of activated T cells. The gene(s) that codes for expression of Ly-18 is linked to the expression of Igh-1 genes.
Preparation and characterization of 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl human serum albumin as an antigen for covalent cross-linking of immune complexes.
Authors: Mannik M , David K A , Gauthier V J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) was conjugated with 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide to yield varying density of the 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl haptenic group, useful for covalent cross-linking in the antibody-combining site. The epitope density of the antigen influenced several examined biologic properties. Precipitation in gel diffusion occurred when the average epitope density was 13 or above. Complement (C) activation was not found by incubation with guinea pig C, by binding to human Clq, or by conversion of the electrophoretic mobility of human C3 with epitope densities up to 13. Upon i.v. injection, rapid removal of the conjugated HSA occurred when more than seven 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl groups were present. This rapid removal was in part due to hepatic uptake. These studies point out the epitope density-dependent alterations of biologic properties of an antigen useful for preparation of immune complexes covalently cross-linked in the antibody-combining site.
Covalently cross-linked immune complexes prepared with multivalent cross-linking antigens.
Authors: Mannik M , David K A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Covalently cross-linked immune complexes were prepared with multivalent antigens, obtained by coupling varying numbers of 4-azido-4-nitrophenyl groups (NAP) on human serum albumin as the carrier molecule (NAPn . HSA). In this system the haptenic group served to bind the antigen to the antibody (antibodies to NAP) and to form covalent bonds upon photoactivation. The covalently cross-linked immune complexes contained around 30% of antibodies that were dissociable from complexes by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A comparable portion of antibody-combining sites were accessible to the free hapten (NAP . lysine) in molar excess by equilibrium dialysis. The stable, covalently cross-linked complexes with NAP7.0 . HSA and NAP12.9 . HSA were prepared and separated into complexes with varying degrees of lattice by sequential steps of gel filtration. Ag1Ab1 complexes were obtained with reasonable homogeneity. Other preparations contained successively higher lattices but were not homogeneous. When these complexes were injected into mice, the increasing lattice of complexes resulted in increasingly rapid removal of the complexes from the circulation. The antigen, independent of lattice, also contributed to removal of complexes from circulation. NAP12.9 . HSA alone was removed from circulation faster than NAP7.0 . HSA, and Ag1Ab1 complexes with NAP12.9 . HSA were removed faster than Ag1Ab1 complexes with NAP7.0 . HSA. The studied system adds covalently cross-linked immune complexes with multivalent antigens to the armamentarium of covalently cross-linked complexes that previously were obtained only with bivalent affinity labels.
Differentiation of T cells from immature precursors in murine T cell colonies.
Authors: Ching L M , Muraoka S , Miller R G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We describe a system for growing murine colonies containing subsets of functional T cells derived from immature T cell precursors. In contrast with previously described systems in which colony formation appears to depend upon activation and clonal expansion of mature T cells, we obtain comparable or increased numbers of colonies after depletion of T cells from spleen or bone marrow, or on culturing spleen or bone marrow from athymic nude mice. The proportion of cells expressing the T cell surface markers Thy-1, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2 is highly variable from colony to colony, consistent with the colonies arising from immature T cells, which differentiate in the colonies to give rise to various subsets of mature T cells.
Natural killer activity in the rat. II. Analysis of surface antigens on LGL by flow cytometry.
Authors: Reynolds C W , Sharrow S O , Ortaldo J R , Herberman R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the use of monoclonal antibodies and continuous flow microfluorometry, we have examined the cell surface antigenic characteristic of rat large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and compared them with monocytes, T cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The antigenic profile of rat LGL was of particular interest because these cells have been shown to be highly associated with natural killer (NK) activity. This analysis of enriched populations demonstrated that rat LGL are in antigenically distinct population of cells that share some characteristics with monocytes, T cells, and PMN. Essentially all of the cells in the enriched LGL population expressed with W3/13, OX-8, leukocyte-common (L-C), and asialo GM1 antigens. A portion of these cells were also positive with a monoclonal Ab against the ART-1a antigen. In contrast, few LGL expressed the Ia, W3/25, surface immunoglobulin (sIg), or Thy 1.1 antigens. Monocytes demonstrated a pattern of reactivity similar to LGL but were found to by OX-8 negative. As previously reported, a portion of the T cells were found to express ART-1a, W3/25, and/or OX-8. These results demonstrate that rat LGL are not typical T cells, B cells, monocytes, or PMN. However, the sharing of antigenic markers by LGL with some T cells and monocytes raises the possibility that LGL may be in the development lineage of 1 of these populations.
Inhibition of lectin-induced lymphocyte activation by 2-cyclohexene-1-one: decreased intracellular glutathione inhibits an early event in the activation sequence.
Authors: Fischman C M , Udey M C , Kurtz M , Wedner H J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The importance of normal intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in the activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by mitogenic lectins was explored using 2-cyclohexene-1-one (2-CHX-1), an agent that selectively decreases the levels of intracellular GSH. PBL incubated with mitogenic lectins and graded doses of 2-CHX-1 showed a dose-dependent inhibition of activation assayed by [3H]-thymidine uptake and percentage of blast transformation. 2.5 x 10(-5) M 2-CHX-1, a concentration that decreases GSH levels to less than 20% of control, caused an 80 to 90% suppression of both [3H]-thymidine uptake and blast transformation; lower concentrations were less effective. Time course studies showed that 2-CHX-1 was maximally effective only if added during the first 4 hr of culture. At the concentrations used, 2-CHX-1 was not cytotoxic to lectin-stimulated or unstimulated PBL and did not interfere with mitogen-lymphocyte interaction. These results suggest that adequate levels of glutathione are necessary for lymphocyte activation and that the glutathione requirement is exerted in the early activation sequence.