bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sheikh Haroon , Prins Corien , Schrijvers Erik 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis report, published by the Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR), has been written entirely by humans. Likewise, we expect that advisory reports like this one will continue to be written by humans. The same applies to the larger part of journalism, despite what the introductory quote might suggest. In fact, it later became apparent that humans had indeed written much of the article that opened with these words, which appeared in The Guardian on 8 September 2020. Nevertheless, the stir caused by the article made one thing clear: artificial intelligence (AI) is now front-page news.
Demystification
Authors: Sheikh Haroon , Prins Corien , Schrijvers Erik 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe first overarching societal task we address is demystification. This is all about public perceptions of new technologies. System technologies appeal particularly to the imagination, because their wide range of applications and generic nature confer a certain intangible quality. In Chap. 4 we discussed the risk that this might trigger overblown expectations and inordinate fears, effects that can make harder for a technology to integrate into society. Demystification helps counterbalance unrealistic perceptions technologies like AI and – particularly importantly – ensures that people do not lose sight of genuine opportunities and risks. As such, it enhances the quality of the AI debate by effectuating a shift from captivating perceptions to issues that merit attention.
Regulation
Authors: Sheikh Haroon , Prins Corien , Schrijvers Erik 
Published: January 2023

AbstractEmbedding or integrating AI into society depends on the existence of frameworks, and therefore regulation. Now that the technology is making the transition from the lab to society, its effects on the economy and the society are subject to widespread scrutiny. This has led to debate about the nature of the regulatory measures needed to ensure that AI is properly embedded in society and government processes.
Sine Cosine Algorithm for Multi-objective Optimization
Authors: Bansal Jagdish Chand , Bajpai Prathu , Rawat Anjali , Nagar Atulya K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn many real-world situations, we have to deal with multiple objectives simultaneously in order to make appropriate decisions. The presence of multiple objectives in an optimization problem makes the problem challenging because most of the time these objectives are conflicting in nature. For example, we may want to maximize the return on investment of a portfolio and, on the other hand, minimize the risk associated with the assets in the portfolio. We may want to minimize the cost of a product while maximizing the performance of that particular product. Similarly, there are situations where we may want to maximize more than one objective at a time and minimize multiple objectives for a given optimization problem. For instance, a product manager in an XYZ mobile manufacturing company is supervising the launch of a new smartphone in the market. He/she will have to consider many features and configurations of the smartphone before launching. He/she might have to consider features like the screen resolution, size of the screen, thickness of the phone, camera resolution, battery life, operating system, and even aesthetics of the product. On the other hand, he/she might also want to minimize the amount of labor, time of production, and overall cost associated with the project. He/she knows that the objectives, in this case, are conflicting, and simultaneously achieving every objective in not possible. The solution to this dilemma is to look for some trade-off solutions so that the main motive of the problem can be served.
Excretion kinetics of 1,3-dichlorobenzene and its urinary metabolites after controlled airborne exposure in human volunteers
Authors: Schettgen T. , Bertram J. , Krabbe J. , Christoforou R. , Schweiker M. , Esser A. , Möller M. , Ziegler P. , Kraus T. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe solvent 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) is formed during thermal decomposition of the initiator 2,4-dichlorobenzoylperoxide in the production of silicone rubber with potential exposure of production workers as shown in previous works. Despite a threshold limit value (MAK value) of 2 ppm in air, there are currently no data about the corresponding internal exposure that would allow for the derivation of a biological limit value. In the present study, we have investigated the absorption of 1,3-DCB and urinary kinetics of its metabolites in 10 human volunteers after controlled inhalative exposure. Due to the strong odour of 1,3-DCB, a subjective evaluation of odour nuisance was also performed. Ten male human volunteers (23–36 yrs.) were exposed 6 h/day to a concentration of 0.7 ppm and 1.5 ppm in the Aachen workplace simulation laboratory (AWSL) with one week between each experiment. In order to investigate potential dermal absorption, the volunteers were exposed to 1.5 ppm wearing a suitable filter mask that prevented inhalative exposure in a third exposure. 1,3-DCB in blood was measured after 3 and 6 h exposure and the urinary metabolites 3,5-dichlorocatechol (3,5-DCC), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) were measured over 24 h after exposure via LC/MS/MS. There were clear dose–response relations for all investigated parameters. The maximum excretion of the metabolites was reached at the end of exposure and corresponded to 5.2 ± 0.7 mg/g crea, 1.5 ± 0.35 mg/g crea and 0.07 ± 0.011 mg/g crea at 0.7 ppm and to 12.0 ± 3 mg/g crea, 3.5 ± 1.1 mg/g crea and 0.17 ± 0.05 mg/g crea at 1.5 ppm for 3,5-DCC, 2,4-DCP and 3,5-DCP, respectively. The use of filter masks decreased the internal exposure for about 85–90%, indicating substantial dermal absorption. Odour perception did not show a dose–response, probably due to fast olfactory adaption. The human study presented here provides an excellent basis for deriving a biological limit value for 1,3-DCB.
Assessment of the changing role of lower tropospheric temperature advection under arctic amplification using a large ensemble climate simulation dataset
Authors: Hori Masatake E. , Yoshimori Masakazu 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe role of temperature advection in the Arctic lower troposphere under changing level of global warming is investigated using a large-ensemble climate simulation dataset. Taking the 30-year climatology of the non-warming simulation (HPB-NAT) as a reference, we examined the difference in temperature advection under changing basic states of the historical experiment (HPB) and 2 K and 4 K warming experiments (HFB-2K and HFB-4K) and decomposed them into terms related to dynamical changes, thermodynamical changes and the eddy term which is a covariance term related to the effect of sub-monthly transient eddies. Under the HPB experiment, it was found that the total change in advection hangs in a balance between the positive signal located along the sea-ice boundary in the North Atlantic and along the Eurasian continent driven by a stronger dynamical term and a negative signal in the thermodynamical term and eddy term. It is found that with the progression of global warming the dynamical term of advection increases due to changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation, but the thermodynamical term and eddy term decrease due to weaker temperature gradient and increased sensible heat flux from the newly opened ice-free ocean, respectively. Atmospheric temperature advection terms related to large-scale atmospheric circulation partially cancels one another, and the relative importance of the eddy term diverging locally induced sensible heat from the newly opened ice-free ocean dominates as global warming progresses.
Multi-omics approaches for precision obesity management
Authors: Woldemariam Selam , Dorner Thomas E. , Wiesinger Thomas , Stein Katharina Viktoria 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Introduction
Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease that cannot be addressed by simply promoting better diets and more physical activity. To date, not a single country has successfully been able to curb the accumulating burden of obesity. One explanation for the lack of progress is that lifestyle intervention programs are traditionally implemented without a comprehensive evaluation of an individual’s diagnostic biomarkers. Evidence from genome-wide association studies highlight the importance of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of obesity and how they in turn affect the transcriptome, metabolites, microbiomes, and proteomes.

Objective
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the different types of omics data: genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and illustrate how a multi-omics approach can be fundamental for the implementation of precision obesity management.

Results
The different types of omics designs are grouped into two categories, the genotype approach and the phenotype approach. When applied to obesity prevention and management, each omics type could potentially help to detect specific biomarkers in people with risk profiles and guide healthcare professionals and decision makers in developing individualized treatment plans according to the needs of the individual before the onset of obesity.

Conclusion
Integrating multi-omics approaches will enable a paradigm shift from the one size fits all approach towards precision obesity management, i.e. (1) precision prevention of the onset of obesity, (2) precision medicine and tailored treatment of obesity, and (3) precision risk reduction and prevention of secondary diseases related to obesity.
Marginal bone loss around dental implants: comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic patients—a retrospective clinical study
Authors: Ayele Sarah , Sharo Nora , Chrcanovic Bruno Ramos 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Objectives
The aim of the present retrospective study was to compare the marginal bone loss (MBL) around dental implants in a group of diabetic patients in relation to a matched group of non-diabetic patients.

Materials and methods
The present dental record–based retrospective study included patients selected from individuals treated with dental implants at one specialist clinic in Malmö, Sweden. Patients were excluded if they had history of periodontitis and/or were treated for periodontal disease. The study group included 710 implants installed in 180 patients (mean age 60.3±13.0 years), 349 implants in 90 diabetic (21 T1DM and 69 T2DM patients), and 361 implants in 90 non-diabetic patients.

Results
The results suggested that jaw (greater MBL in the maxilla), diabetes (greater MBL for diabetic patients, and worse for T1DM patients), bruxism (greater MBL for bruxers), and smoking (greater MBL for smokers and former smokers) had a statistically significant influence on MBL over time.

Conclusions
Patients with diabetes have an estimated greater MBL over time compared to non-diabetic patients. The difference was greater in patients with diabetes type 1 compared to patients with diabetes type 2. Bruxism, smoking, and implant location (maxilla) were also associated with a higher loss of marginal bone around implants over time.

Clinical relevance
Awareness of the possible influence of diabetes on the long-term outcomes of dental implant treatment is important, in order to be able to minimize the possibility of a high MBL with time, which can eventually lead to the loss of the implant.
How path dependency manifests in flood risk management: observations from four decades in the Ennstal and Aist catchments in Austria
Authors: Seebauer Sebastian , Thaler Thomas , Hanger-Kopp Susanne , Schinko Thomas 
Published: January 2023

AbstractPath dependency occurs when a contingent event predetermines what further steps can be taken and self-reinforcing mechanisms lock-in any further development on a sub-optimal trajectory. Path dependency is a prominent concept in the adaptation pathways literature, but insufficiently defined and operationalised. The present paper empirically tracks all constitutive elements of path dependency for four decades of flood risk management (FRM) in two alpine mountain regions in Austria, the Ennstal and Aist river catchments, using a mixed-methods approach. FRM governance has a critical role whether decisions lead to path dependency. Lock-in manifests not just in technical structures, but also in inertia of incumbent actor coalitions and management paradigms. Sub-optimality is hard to assess for lack of clearly defined protection targets; however, it appears in the ways that structural measures are implemented—too little, too late or with negative impacts on nature conservation. Past floods do not qualify as contingent events, as they have not fundamentally changed FRM practice. By contrast, technological and institutional shifts over longer periods, such as digital hazard maps and EU directives, have gradually reoriented FRM strategies. Institution-based self-reinforcing mechanisms are more prevalent than technology-based self-reinforcing mechanisms. Established actor coalitions combined with institutional density illustrate how those in charge uphold a path to defend their position, power and resources. Our recommendations for how to overcome path dependency in FRM governance are: encourage niche experiments, link FRM more closely with climate change adaptation, revise the national policy framework towards polycentric governance approaches and improve professional training.
Improving mechanical performance and functionality of birch veneer with mechano-enzymatic microfibrillated cellulose coating
Authors: Orelma Hannes , Kunnari Vesa , Yamamoto Akio , Valkonen Mikko , Rautkari Lauri , Korpela Antti 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the coating of birch veneers (BVs) with mechano-enzymatically manufactured microfibrillated cellulose (meMFC) to improve mechanical strength and functionality. The meMFC has a broad particle size distribution and similar chemistry to lignocellulose materials, which are both beneficial properties in the coating of wood products. The veneer coating trials were carried out with a spray coating system developed to coat controllable thin coating layers. The spray coating produced uniform layers, which smoothened the BV surface significantly and was verified with scanning electron microscope imaging and optical profilometer measurements. The surface energy measurements showed that the meMFC is like cellulose, whereas the BV is like lignin. This observation proposes pre-treatment methods to secure a good adhesion level between the meMFC and BVs. The adhesion and compatibility of meMFC with the BV surface were measured with pull-off tests and surface energy measurements. The adhesion on a native BV surface was limited, while pre-treatment with sanding or using a primer significantly enhanced the adhesion. The meMFC coating slightly improved the BV transverse tensile strength (perpendicular to the wood veneer grain direction). A thermochromic functionality was installed on the BVs using meMFC as a binder. The produced thermochromic BVs displayed thermochromic behaviour; the coating could control the warming of the BVs subjected to solar radiation. The activation of a photocatalytic reaction of a meMFC coating containing TiO2 was studied on the wood surface under both ultraviolet and fluorescent light, indicating in a reduction of formaldehyde concentrations. The results also showed that wood discolouration was inhibited by meMFC with not only TiO2 but also only the meMFC coating. This study presents a practical approach to surface-treating wood materials with the meMFC to improve the mechanical and functional properties of wood products.
Statistical methods to estimate the impact of remote teaching on university students’ performance
Authors: Bacci Silvia , Bertaccini Bruno , Del Sarto Simone , Grilli Leonardo , Rampichini Carla 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic manifested around the World since February 2020, leading to disruptive effects on many aspects of people social life. The suspension of face-to-face teaching activities in schools and universities was the first containment measure adopted by the Governments to deal with the spread of the virus. Remote teaching has been the emergency solution implemented by schools and universities to limit the damages of schools and universities closure to students’ learning. In this contribution we intend to suggest to policy makers and researchers how to assess the impact of emergency policies on remote learning in academia by analysing students’ careers. In particular, we exploit the quasi-experimental setting arising from the sudden implementation of remote teaching in the second semester of academic year 2019/2020: we compare the performance of the cohort 2019/2020, which represents the treatment group, with the performance of the cohort 2018/2019, which represents the control group. We distinguish the impact of remote teaching at two levels: degree program and single courses within a degree program. We suggest to use Difference-In-Differences approach in the former case and multilevel modeling in the latter one. The proposal is illustrated analysing administrative data referred to freshmen of cohorts 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 for a sample of degree programs of the University of Florence (Italy).
Hamlet and Rational Choice
Authors: Leitzel Jim 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA standard interpretation of the character of Hamlet is that he is indecisive, even pathologically so, and that his indecisiveness is manifested by the lengthy passage of time between when Hamlet is told that his father’s death was a murder and when he kills the perpetrator. Rational choice in economics concerns the connection between means and ends. A person is rational if, given her ends (her goals), she chooses reasonable means to achieve those ends. With uncertainty, a bad (or tragic) outcome can occur even when the best decision is taken. A reasonable approach to achieving one’s goal does not imply that the goal is attained. In Shakespeare’sHamlet, the fact that most of the main characters, including Hamlet, meet untimely deaths is, therefore, not sufficient to conclude that Hamlet (or any other character) engages in less-than-rational behavior. This article examines Hamlet’s actions through the lens of rational choice. Hamlet’s delay in seeking revenge, combined with his interest in collecting more evidence of the alleged assailant’s guilt, comports well with economic rationality. The common view of Hamlet as indecisive, as someone who incorrectly substitutes deliberation for action, is unwarranted.
Diachronic Emergence as Transubstantiation
Authors: Wyss Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDiachronic emergence has recently been characterised as transformation. This aims to capture the thought that the entities that emerge are radically new or different. Transformation is hence closely linked with a central (but rarely raised) challenge for all emergentists: how to account for the identity and individuation of entities involved in emergence. With this challenge in view, I develop and probe four interpretations of transformation: addition, replacement, fusion, and transubstantiation. Of those, transubstantiation provides the most plausible response to the challenge about identity. Accordingly, diachronic emergence is a transformative process whereby an individual passes from one primary kind to another.
Digital footprints as a new translational approach for mental health care: a commentary
Authors: Licinio Julio , Wong Ma-Li 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThere is a crisis in mental health care, with more people suffering from psychiatric disorders than resources that are available for treatment, even though spending is substantial. Millions who suffer from addiction, psychosis, depression and suicidality are either untreated or inadequately treated and organized psychiatry is unable to reach them. Possibly as reflection of under-treatment of psychiatric disorders, the rates of suicide have risen: from 1999 through 2014, the age-adjusted suicide rate in the US increased 24%, from 10.5 to 13.0 per 100,000. Assessment of psychiatric symptoms in ongoing outpatient settings is costly, inadequate and unable to detect clinical changes over time. One’s digital phenotype is assessed through footprints left over as result of our interface with technology, including automated assessments of quantity and quality of social media activity, patterns and speed of device usage, and physiological data that is automatically collected, such as location, quantity and type of movement, heart rate, and sleep patterns. The use of digital footprints has been advocated for large-scale data collection that can facilitate psychiatric research in naturalistic settings. We highlight recent papers inDiscover Mental Healthaddressing digital approaches to mental health and we also advance here the concept that digital footprints are ready for clinical use. However, before that happens there needs to be discussion on the appropriate boundaries between care that is driven by signals from digital footprints and the rights to privacy and self-determination.
The Proscription Paradox: Banning Parties Based on Threshold Requirements and Electoral Volatility in Latin America
Authors: Kouba Karel 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACTBanning political parties is an extreme institutional measure that democracies tend to use sparingly. Nevertheless, Latin American countries frequently proscribe their parties through rules that activate dissolution for not reaching a certain number of votes or seats in an election. Such rules are expected to stabilize and simplify party systems. However, a competing theory suggests that such rules instead promote electoral volatility by injecting political uncertainty into the party system through cyclical refoundation of extinct parties and the mechanical effects of parties’ exits. Attempting to resolve this paradox, this analysis tests the effect of dissolution thresholds on electoral volatility in all Latin American democratic elections since 1980. Party bans based on dissolution thresholds are found to promote electoral volatility, which bears implications for democratic governance.
Mediators of improved PTSD symptoms in veterans and civilians following a yoga program
Authors: Davis Louanne W. , Schmid Arlene A. , Daggy Joanne K. , Yang Ziyi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjective:Although yoga shows some promise as an intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about how yoga reduces PTSD symptoms. The current study hypothesised that aspects of interoceptive awareness would mediate the effect of a yoga intervention on PTSD symptoms.Methods:We used data from our recently completed randomised controlled trial of a 16-week holistic yoga programme for veterans and civilians diagnosed with PTSD (n = 141) that offered weekly 90-minute sessions. We conducted a mediation analysis using interoceptive awareness and other variables that were associated with PTSD symptom reduction at mid-treatment and treatment end.Results:Although measures of anxiety, interoceptive awareness, and spirituality were identified in individual mediator models, they were no longer found to be significant mediators when examined jointly in multiple mediator models. When examining the multiple mediator models, the strongest mediator of the yoga intervention on PTSD symptoms was mental well-being at mid-treatment and stigma at the treatment end. The total effect of yoga on CAPS and PCL at the treatment end mediated by stigma was 37.1% (–1.81/–4.88) and 33.6% (–1.91/–5.68), respectively.Conclusion:Investigation of mental well-being and mental illness stigma as potential mediators is warranted in future studies of yoga as a treatment for PTSD as they may prove to be important foci for yoga interventions.