bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐Cycle‐Assessment of a wildlife bridge: influence of the structural design on the carbon emissions
Authors: de Paula Filho José Humberto , Zanon Riccardo , Glorieux Antoine 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn 2020, 37% of the global share of CO2eq. emissions were attributed to the construction sector. More recently, awareness has been raised on embodied carbon, where emissions from materials and products must be urgently addressed to ensure sustainable constructions. To assess the environmental impacts of a project, a Life‐Cycle‐Assessment (LCA) can be applied: it is a science‐based standardized methodology for quantifying the environmental impacts. It can be used to measure and provide insights to reduce the embodied carbon of constructions over their life.The present publication details the LCA of a wildlife bridge built in France. In addition to the original bridge structure, other structural systems are considered including different materials such as steel and reinforced concrete. The boundary of the LCA is a cradle‐to‐cradle analysis. The life cycle inventory (LCI) is composed of environmental product declarations (EPD) according to EN 15804.The influence of the structural design on the bridge's global warming potential (GWP) emissions and the influence of LCA assumptions (for example, EOL scenarios) are analyzed. This publication aims to support a holistic approach for bridge LCA and help identify the opportunities that can result from implementing sustainable construction strategies.
Influence of eccentric load introduction during launching with rockers using an elastomeric bearing
Authors: Thomas Nadine , Mensinger Martin , Ndogmo Joseph 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDuring launching, the superstructure acts as a continuous beam supported by different launching bearings on the piers. Just before reaching the next pier, a part of the superstructure temporarily behaves as a long cantilever. As a result, a large bending moment and reaction force at the last bearing occur. The interaction of the internal forces results in a biaxial stress state in the cross‐section. This load case is usually determining for the buckling check and the structural design of the webs. Additionally, the webs of the superstructure and the launching bearing often fail to share the same center lines. This eccentricity can be caused by misalignments of the launching bearings, the necessary air gap to the lateral guide as well as the different thicknesses of the panels along the superstructure. These eccentricities are not considered in the buckling check according to EN 1993‐1‐5 [1]. It is often discussed how these eccentricities affect the buckling behaviour and whether they must be considered in the buckling check. In the case of launching bearings like a rocker system which includes an elastomeric bearing between the superstructure and the launching beam, the reaction forces of the nonlinear material behaviour are additionally discussed. In [2] the effects on the buckling resistance in dependence of load eccentricity for some parameters for the different types of launching bearings are presented. [3] shows the comparison of the buckling resistance with investigations from [4] and [5] with the buckling check according to [1]. A comprehensive summary and the new proposal for considering an eccentric load application and clamping effects in the buckling zone can be read in [6]. This paper shows first investigations of the influence of the elastomeric bearing and the problem of the reaction of the nonlinear material behaviour and its definition in the numerical model. The results have shown that load eccentricities in combination with elastomeric bearings have no impact on the buckling behaviour.
Investigating the impact of thermal stresses on blistering effects in sandwich panels
Authors: Kühn Annalena , Haugwitz Christoph , Hinrichs Jan , Kupnik Mario , Lange Jörg 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLightweight steel constructions made of sandwich panels are an economical solution for wall and roof claddings, especially in industrial construction. The panels consist of two thin sheets of steel and a core with thermal insulating properties. In the mounted state and at high temperatures on the outer face of the panel, damage to the components may occur due to blister formation. In a current research project, the influence of defects in sandwich panels with a PIR‐foam core is examined. This article presents the results of experimental tests regarding the influence of various parameters, such as face temperature, production defects and design of the longitudinal joint on blistering in sandwich wall panels with a PIR‐core. The aim is to identify the necessary conditions for the occurrence of blisters. Using an optical strain measuring method (Digital Image Correlation), the temperature‐induced deformations and strains in the covering nose of sandwich wall panels with hidden fastening are measured and will be analyzed with regard to blistering. First results reveal a significant dependence on the geometry and design of the covering nose.
Monotonic and cyclic behaviour of 6082‐T6 aluminium alloy
Authors: Georgantzia Evangelia , Kashani Mohammad M 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOver the last few decades, the application of 6000 series aluminium alloys as structural material has been increased owing to their favourable properties. Many research studies on the monotonic behaviour have been reported, whilst the studies investigating the cyclic behaviour are quite limited. To address this gap, an experimental campaign is currently underway to investigate the nonlinear stress‐strain behaviour of 6000 series aluminium alloys. This paper presents and discusses preliminary experimental results on the stress‐strain behaviour of 6082‐T6 aluminium alloy under monotonic and cyclic loading. Particularly, tensile, and variable amplitude cyclic coupon tests are executed to determine the mechanical properties of 6082‐T6 aluminium alloy. The obtained failure modes as well as the monotonic and hysteretic curves are presented and discussed. It was found that at increased strain demands the examined aluminium alloy exhibited hardening behaviour without material degradation demonstrating its potential for structural application in earthquake prone areas. The experimental curves are also utilised to assess the accuracy of existing theoretical models for monotonic and cyclic envelope curves. Finally, the need for a constitutive model capable of predicting the hysteretic behaviour of 6,000 series aluminium alloys is highlighted.
Investigations on the fatigue behaviour of welded cover plates with extended weld seams
Authors: Roth Jakob , Dürr André , Mensinger Martin , Rausch Niclas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNowadays the necessity to design lightweight structures and reducing the use of resources is more important than ever. Normally, cover plates are used as a local strengthening for an optimised load bearing in all kind of steel structures like steel bridges. Under cyclic loading, this notch detail exhibits a worse fatigue behaviour due to the geometrically induced notch factor at the end of the cover plate. By using extended weld seams the stress concentration of this detail can be reduced by a continuous and smooth transition between the ground and the cover plate and thus the fatigue strength can be improved. By using different post weld treatment methods, the fatigue strength could be raised further. Unfortunately, there are almost no experimental results in literature dealing with extended weld seams for any notch detail, even when this type of detail is already used for different construction machines.Within this paper systematic experimental research on possible influencing factors for extended weld seams will be presented.
Interaction Formulae for N‐My and N‐Mz and their Accuracy in Hollow Sections
Authors: Ludwig Christian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn those cases where architectural requirements are a priority, hollow sections are the preferred solution. Considering cross‐sectional classes 1 and 2, plastic cross‐sectional design is a possibility that is preferable for both economic and ecological reasons. In technical standards and the literature, a wide variety of interaction formulae can be found. However, in most cases, information about their accuracy is not provided. In this article, the accuracy of the different interaction formulae for two frequently used combinations of internal forces and moments (N‐My and N‐Mz) is determined. Comprehensive parametric studies show that the interaction formulae for hollow sections given in EN 1993‐1‐1 exhibit some non‐conservative results. In addition to the comparison of the different accuracy levels, simplified interaction formulae will be introduced here allowing conservative plastic design of hollow sections.
Determination of actual material properties in existing structures using small specimens
Authors: van Es Sjors , Braendstrup Cécilia , Slot Henk , Seinen Jeroen , Dekker Richard 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDuring reassessment of an existing steel structure, the designer is often confronted with the fact that the current design loads exceed the loads considered in the original design. Furthermore, fatigue damage may exist that needs to be accounted for in the assessment of the future design life. A possible approach in such a case is to use the actual values of fy and fu, because these commonly exceed the nominal values by a considerable margin. For a fatigue assessment by means of a crack growth analysis, fracture toughness properties are required which are usually not well documented, especially for older structures. To obtain specimens to determine the material properties by standardized material tests, a sizable quantity of material needs to be removed from the structure at the critical location where the design loads exceed the resistance, which is undesirable.This paper presents material testing methods using small specimens, for which only a small quantity of material is needed. The material is extracted by drilling a M39 bolt hole, which has a limited influence on the static resistance of the structure. Furthermore, a high fatigue detail category can be attained by applying a preloaded bolt. Tensile tests are performed on the removed material which give equivalent results to the current standardized tests. Fracture toughness tests are also performed, again with similar results as commonly used standardized tests. Validation of the test methods is shown through comparison with standardized tests.
Behaviour, finite element modelling and design of high strength steel homogeneous and hybrid welded I‐section beams
Authors: Zhu Yufei , Yun Xiang , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe behaviour and design of homogeneous and hybrid high strength steel (HSS) beams are addressed in the present study. Six in‐plane three‐point bending tests on three different welded I‐sections were first conducted. Following the experimental investigation, a finite element (FE) modelling programme was performed, which included a validation study confirming the accuracy of the developed FE models in replicating the flexural behaviour of HSS welded I‐section beams, and a parametric study generating additional FE data on HSS welded I‐section beams over a broader range of cross‐sectional slendernesses, steel grades and loading configurations. Then, the suitability of the current Eurocode 3 cross‐section slenderness limits for HSS homogeneous and hybrid welded I‐sections in bending were evaluated. It is shown that the current Eurocode Class 2 and Class 3 slenderness limits are suitable for the classification of the outstand flange (in compression) and internal web (in bending) elements of both HSS homogeneous and hybrid welded I‐sections subjected to major axis bending, while stricter Class 1 slenderness limits are considered necessary to achieve sufficient rotation capacity for plastic design. The findings indicate that plastic design can be used for HSS structures, provided the proposed stricter Class 1 slenderness limits are employed. Further work is underway to develop advanced design approaches using second‐order inelastic analysis with strain limits for HSS welded I‐section members.
Fatigue resistance of austenitic stainless steel bolts under tension
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Ehrhardt Lukas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe design of bolts made of carbon steel and stainless steel under fatigue loading is carried out according to EN 1993‐1‐9. However, the current regulations of the fatigue resistance of stainless steel bolts are based on investigations carried out for bolts made of carbon steel although the material properties of stainless steel are clearly different in terms of nonlinearity and strain hardening. Herewith, the question arises whether the design rules for carbon steel bolts are applicable to stainless steel bolts as the actual fatigue behaviour is almost unknown.In order to close this gap of knowledge, experimental investigations into the fatigue behaviour of partially threaded bolts according to EN ISO 4014 made of austenitic stainless steel were carried out under tension with constant amplitude loading with either a constant stress ratio R or with a constant mean stress σm. The tests were statistically evaluated and S‐N curves could be determined.The fatigue tests showed that a fatigue resistance of FAT class 50 according to EN 1993‐1‐9 can be achieved. Herewith, so far, it can be shown that a design according to FAT class 50 might be on the safe side for partially threaded bolts made of austenitic stainless steel.
HIGH TEMPERATURE PUSH‐OUT TESTS ON DEMOUNTABLE SHEAR CONNECTORS OF STEEL‐CONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAMS
Authors: Mansilla Roberto , Espinós Ana , Payá‐Faforteza Ignacio , Odenbreit Christoph , Romero Manuel L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThere is no denying that there is a growing need for reusable systems in the construction industry. This is not only a by‐product of the increasing demand of materials, but also a necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated to the manufacturing process of construction components. Reusable systems aim to solidify the transition from a linear economy model to a circular economy model, where the lifecycle of materials is extended overtime. However, there are several factors that might hinder the reusability of structural components, ranging from regular use over a time period to accidental situations, such as earthquakes and fires.This experimental study focuses its efforts on the analysis of demountable shear connectors for composite structural systems under the influence of high temperatures that resemble a situation of fire. The main idea behind this experimental campaign is to combine a standard push‐out test, where a specimen composed by a HEB‐260 steel profile with reinforced concrete slabs connected to its flanges via high strength bolts is subjected to a vertical force by utilizing a hydraulic jack with a simultaneous thermal action.The tests reproduce a previous experimental campaign performed at the University of Luxembourg (cylinder and coupler systems), but subjected to 4 different temperatures (20, 300, 500 and 600 °C). The loss of strength of the connectors with the temperature, the failure mode and the reusability after a situation of fire are discussed in the present study.
Study on headed shear studs influencing the interfacial bond behaviour in CFST columns
Authors: Debnath Partha Pratim , Chen Junbo , Varma Amit H. , Chan Tak‐Ming 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe performance of concrete‐filled steel tubular (CFST) columns with headed shear studs under push‐out loading has been investigated. The primary objective of the research programme was to investigate the bond behaviour between the steel tube and the infill concrete core of the square CFST column. A numerical investigation has been carried out using the commercially available finite element software. For the simulated numerical models, they have been initially validated with existing experimental results. The validations were made in terms of failure modes, bond strength‐slip curves and the initial stiffness. The validated models were further used to carryout parametric studies. The parameters studied include, vertical spacing of shear studs, horizontal spacing of shear studs, and CFST cross‐section slenderness. From the investigation, it is observed that with reduced vertical spacing of studs, the bond strength increases significantly. Specimens having horizontal spacing of studs as width/4 has more bond strength than specimen with horizontal spacing of width/2 and 0. For specimens with reduced vertical and horizontal spacing of studs though leads to higher bond stress, but also drops suddenly due to loss of contact between the stud and concrete. Therefore, 70% of the peak stress value may be considered as the achieved bond stress, as this stress value sustains for higher slip values. Lastly, as the column cross‐section slenderness reduces, there is a trend in increase in interfacial bond strength.
Resilience Assessment of a two‐storey Steel Structure equipped with Innovative Connections
Authors: Elettore Elena , Freddi Fabio , Latour Massimo , Piluso Vincenzo , Rizzano Gianvittorio 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the last few decades, increasing research efforts have been devoted to the definition of innovative seismic resilient design strategies with the aim of reducing direct and indirect losses. Among others, the use of Friction Devices (FDs) for Beam‐to‐Column joints (BCJs) has emerged as an effective solution to ensure the damage‐free behaviour of steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs). Additionally, more recent research studies have revealed the benefits of replacing traditional full‐strength Column Bases (CBs) with innovative CBs promoting the residual drift reduction of steel MRFs. Additionally, several research studies developed and investigated structures that could be easily repaired after an extreme event, promoting a functional recovery of the structures and able to reinstate the original seismic performance in a short time. However, experimental research on suitable structural repair techniques is still marginal and the lack of confidence in the performance of repaired structures are relevant issues contributing to the high demolition rates. In this direction, an experimental campaign has been performed on a large‐scale steel structure equipped with BCJs with FDs and innovative CBs. Several pseudo‐dynamic tests have been performed and at the end of each test, the structure have been repaired by simply loosening the bolts of the FDs. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of repairing methodology.
Different fatigue design stress methods for common constructional details in cylindrical shells under axial loading – Influence of the r/t‐ratio and the shell thickness
Authors: Ecker Alexander , Unterweger Harald 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCylindrical shells are frequently used in industrial constructions, for example in pipes, towers and masts and are often subjected to fatigue loading. Two common welded constructional details were studied: i) detail 1, the wall thickness transition with a circumferential butt weld and ii) detail 2, the welded ring stiffener. Both details are loaded with axial stresses due to N and/or M. In the new Eurocode prEN 1993‐1‐9:2021 three different fatigue design stress methods are provided in general. For these two constructional details, beside the modified nominal stress method, the hot spot stresses and effective notch stresses are determined with Finite‐Element‐Analyses, with variation of geometric parameters, like shell thickness t, radius‐over‐thickness‐ratio, t2/t1‐ratio at the thickness transition and thickness ts of the ring stiffener. Stress concentration factors for the different fatigue design stress methods are presented and the influence of the geometric parameters are investigated. Especially the difference between a plate with an infinite radius‐over‐thickness‐ratio and the pipe with a finite radius‐over‐thickness‐ratio is shown. Also, the influence of the shell thickness is investigated. For comparison of the three different methods the utilization factors of the hotspot stress method and the effective notch stress method are compared with those of the modified nominal stress method. A recommendation is given, which design stress method is appropriate for the two studied details, depending on the geometric parameters.
Fatigue behavior of girder with flange thickness transitions and cope holes ‐ tests and simulations
Authors: Röscher Stefanie , Knobloch Markus , Derler Christoph , Langwieser Martin , Unterweger Harald 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe fatigue behavior of steel girders with flange thickness transition and cope hole has been experimentally analyzed with two large‐scale cyclic tests. Special attention is paid to the arising and interacting local effects. The fatigue tests have been conducted in a four‐point bending setup. Both girders have shown fatigue‐induced failure at the flange butt welds at the thickness transition. The experimental results are presented in terms of fatigue life, differentiating the initiation and propagation life, as well as observed crack position and shape. Moreover, an advanced fatigue life prediction using the Two‐Stage‐Model is applied to the tested girders. The Two‐Stage‐Model applies the Strain‐Life and the Crack Propagation Approach to assess the total fatigue life. Thereby, the number of cycles as well as the crack shape show a good agreement with the experimental results and proves the applicability of the Two‐Stage Model for an advanced fatigue assessment.
Prediction of prestress level in steel structures strengthened by bonded Fe‐SMA strips
Authors: Li Lingzhen , Wang Sizhe , Chatzi Eleni , Motavalli Masoud , Ghafoori Elyas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated a great potential of prestressed strengthening of steel structures employing iron‐based shape memory alloys (Fe‐SMAs). A bonded Fe‐SMA strengthening solution has been proposed with partial activation, in which the prestrained Fe‐SMA strip is fully bonded onto the steel structure, and the middle region of the Fe‐SMA strip is heated to generate prestress. The two ends remain unheated and transfer the prestress to the parent structure. In this study, a column model and a beam model are developed to analyze the prestress level in the steel structures strengthened by bonded Fe‐SMA. The predicted strains in the parent structure are in excellent agreement with the experimental measurement from the literature.
Experimental tests of a modular composite frame corner for integral abutment bridges with sheet‐piling foundations
Authors: Rittich Nils , Wolters Kevin , Nonn Jonas , Feldmann Markus , Ivanov Stoyan , Tibolt Mike 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWith the increasing need to replace ageing bridge infrastructure, new concepts for sustainable constructions are needed. Ways to achieve this include material choice, concept design and the consideration of life‐cycle‐costs. Within the scope of FOSTA research project P1521, a concept will be derived for a modular frame corner for bridge spans up to 45 m. The load transfer of horizontal and vertical forces, as well as the bending moment of the frame corner, are analyzed in experimental tests and subsequent numerical studies.To determine the bending resistance, load paths and critical details of the connection, the node is split into an upper and lower part, connecting the main girder and the sheet‐piles respectively to the abutment. Composite dowels with high fatigue resistance are used to transfer both forces and moments through a newly designed shear connection. This article looks at the results of 4 static tests from the upper‐part series as well as numerical studies.The results of both experimental as well as numerical models shows a high load bearing capacity of the connection with the composite dowels contributing positively to the constraining of the main girder. The concept shows promising results for future application.