bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorption, Multiplication, and Cytopathogenicity of Enteroviruses (Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and Echo Groups) in Susceptible and Resistant Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments with virus adsorption were designed in an attempt to elucidate the differences in susceptibility to the enteroviruses of patas and rhesus monkey kidney cells. This study indicates that the greater number of poliovirus plaques appearing on patas monolayer was due to cell susceptibility rather than to differences of adsorptive capacity among the virus particles.
All the poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and ECHO viruses tested were adsorbed on both rhesus and patas cells regardless of degree of viral susceptibility of the cells. Thus, while the failure to induce plaques may in some instances be due to the failure to adsorb, as reported for poliovirus on South American capuchin monkey kidney cells, this study showed that other factors in the infection cycle may be involved.
Both Coxsackie A9 and ECHO-1, to which patas cells are apparently resistant, did multiply in patas cells to a limited extent when large inocula were used, although cytopathic changes were questionable or minimal. Coxsackie A9 virus could not be detected after its inoculation into patas cultures, even when the inoculum contained 500 rhesus PFU. The virus disappeared at the end of an hour and could not be detected in either the fluid phase or in cells thereafter. Neither virus produced plaques in patas cells under agar nor cytopathic changes in fluid medium when the inoculum was used in low concentration.
The Effects of Antibiotics on Enterobacterial Lipopolysaccharides (Endotoxins), Hemagglutination and Hemolysis
Authors: Neter E. , Gorzynski E. A. , Westphal O. , Lüderitz O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study on the effects of various antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and hemagglutination and hemolysis revealed the following results: Small amounts of polymyxin B (1–1.25 μg/ml) and neomycin (12.5–15 μg/ml) and larger amounts of humycin (50–100 μg/ml) and streptomycin (40–125 μg/ml) inhibit enterobacterial hemagglutination and hemolysis if the antibiotics are added to highly purified lipopolysaccharide (5 μg/ml) prior to modification of sheep red blood cells. Somewhat larger amounts are required for inhibition with less highly purified lipopolysaccharides and crude preparations.Bacitracin (2500 μg/ml), penicillin (1000 μg/ml), erythromycin (1000 μg/ml), and novobiocin (500 μg/ml) have no such effect.Polymyxin B, neomycin, humycin, and streptomycin do not inhibit hemagglutination and hemolysis of previously modified red blood cells.Treatment of red blood cells with the antibiotics prior to modification does not prevent hemagglutination and hemolysis by homologous bacterial antibody and complement.Treatment of human red blood cells of blood group A with mixtures of antibiotics (polymyxin B or neomycin), S. sonnei lipopolysaccharide, and S. sonnei antibodies of human origin does not inhibit hemagglutination by blood group A antiserum, indicating that the red blood cells had not become inagglutinable. Coombs antiserum does not cause hemagglutination of these treated red blood cells.Polymyxin B, neomycin, humycin, and streptomycin do not abolish antibody neutralizing capacity of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides in hemolysis inhibition tests, although a slight degree of inhibition was found.It is tentatively concluded that polymyxin B, neomycin, humycin, and streptomycin interfere with the attachment of lipopolysaccharides to the surface of red blood cells and, to a lesser degree, cause alteration of their antibody reacting capacity.The significance of the results is discussed with particular reference to the possible specificity of the action of antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and the bearing of the findings on the mode of action of the antibiotics.
Influences upon the Agglutinability of Rabbit Erythrocytes in the Presence of Iso-Antibody: Genetic Factors
Authors: Cohen Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The strength of reaction of a cell, when measured by quantitative hemagglutination tests, may be influenced by factors in addition to gene dosage. Reactions may be regulated by competition between alleles for substrate, as shown in the DF heterozygote. The appearance of an interaction product, like antigen I, at the expense of antigens A and D, affects the reaction significantly. Influences other than those of the particular locus are exerted by the genetic background, which may be responsible for the raw materials for gene product or the substrates for gene action. It appears so far, with reference to the Hg locus, that no other blood group locus exerts a pronounced influence upon the scores of cells tested for factors A, D, or F.
The titer of an iso-antiserum and its ability to detect gene dosage effects are not dependent upon the donor-recipient pairing, as long as incompatibility exists.
Epidemiologic Implications of the Distribution by Age of Antibody Response to Experimental Influenza Virus Vaccines
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison of the frequency and magnitude of heterologous antibody increase to monovalent vaccines in three age groups demonstrates that people over 30 yeras of age have had maximal experience with swine-like strains of influenza virus, less with Type A strains and at least with A prime viruses. Children under 11 years of age have experienced influenza A-prime almost exclusively. The comparison also indictaes that the pattern of age specific attack rate of influenza A-prime infection is similar to the pattern of age specific attack rate determined by house-to-house surveys during epidemic prevalences of influenza A and swine-like strains. An estimation, allowed by the data presented, of the frequency of infection with influenza viruses during three major periods of prevalence indicates that the amount experienced by the polulation in recent years is similar to the amount experienced in previous periods. This finding, in light of the smaller incidence of disease observed in recent years, forces the interference that influenza A-prime viruses are of lesser virulence that Type A or like strains.
Staining of Complement and Modifications of Fluorescent Antibody Procedures
Authors: Goldwasser R. A. , Shepard C. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification has been developed of the procedure for conjugating antisera with fluorescein. This involves the use of fluorescein isocyanate impregnated filter discs and labeling is carried out without the use of organic solvents.
The quality of the conjugate is determined by spectrophotometric determination of the fluorescein and protein contents. A fluorescein:protein ratio of 3.8–5.5 × 10-3 indicates satisfactory conjugation, whereas lower ratios give less satisfactory staining.
It has been shown in a variation of the indirect staining procedure that guinea pig complement can be used in the staining of several antigens in combination with antisera from various animal species. Only one conjugate is, therefore, needed for the visualization of antigens which, in combination with antibody, will fix complement.
The role of the various components of complement in the staining reaction was investigated and no evidence was found for the fixation of C′3. C′1, C′2 and C′4, all had to be present simultaneously for full staining to occur and no evidence was found for attachment of midpiece in the absence of endpiece nor of endpiece in the absence of midpiece.
The in Vitro Quantitative Relationship between Two Systems Affecting Blood Leukocytes in Inflammatory Hypersensitivity Reactions Resulting from Different Antigens
Authors: Hartman John D. , Schreck Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Leukocyte agglutination has been demonstrated to occur in the presence of microgram quantities of antigenic agents in blood from both sensitive and nonsensitive animals. The amount necessary to produce the leuko-agglutinating response is from 10 to 100 times more in blood from nonsensitive animals. The leuko-agglutinating response has been produced with egg albumin, γ-globulin, and pneumococcal polysaccharide. A heat stable, nondializable factor which can produce leukocyte agglutination has been identified in the water soluble serum globulin fraction from animals with inflammation. This factor when diluted 1/2000 to 1/5000 is still able to accentuate and at least in certain instances reduce the threshold of the leuko-agglutinating response to the 3 unrelated antigens. The Inflammatory Leukocyte Agglutinating Factor is inhibited by hydrocortisone, whereas, the action of antigen in the leuko-agglutinating system is not.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: Fazekas de St.Groth S. , Reid A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experimental data of Dulbecco, Vogt and Strickland are used to discriminate between two hypotheses on the mechanism by which the infectivity of viruses is neutralized.
The orthodox hypothesis of dissociation, as developed by Fazekas de St.Groth, Watson and Reid (2) and the nondissociation hypothesis of Dulbecco et al. (1) are found to account equally well for the trivial features of the neutralization process.
At the quantitative level however, the nondissociation hypothesis becomes incompatible with the experimental evidence on several counts; what it postulates as constants are seen to vary systematically; and its basic assumptions prove to be either inadequate or unnecessary. The dissociation hypothesis is not contradicted at any point by the same evidence.
Finally, it is shown that the discriminatory tests listed in support of the nondissociation hypothesis by Dulbecco et al. are, for the most part, inconclusive as their results are confounded with the systematic errors of the assay technique; the remainder directly contradicts their hypothesis. The dissociation hypothesis fits this further set of data too.
Treatment of Poliomyelitis in Monkeys with Hyperimmune Rabbit Г-Globulin
Authors: Colio Lloyd G. , Criley Benjamin R. , Coriell Lewis L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hyperimmune antipoliovirus rabbit γ-globulin has been prepared which contains up to 200-fold more neutralizing antibody/unit volume than human Red Cross γ-globulin. When given to man these antibodies could not be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in one patient.
Used in therapy of type 1 (Mahoney) poliomyelitis in rhesus monkeys, the rabbit γ-globulin protected a small percentage of the monkeys and was superior to human γ-globulin. It was most effective when given at the time of intramuscular challenge of the monkeys, probably less effective after an interval of 24 or 48 hr and not effective if given after paralysis was apparent.
Interaction of Nuclei and Globulin from Lupus Erythematosis Serum Demonstrated with Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Friou George J. , Finch Stuart C. , Detre Katherine D. , Santarsiero Carmela 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using the fluorescent antibody technique a globulin component with a marked affinity for nuclei has been demonstrated in serum of patients with disseminated lupus erythematosis. It has been shown that the factor reacts with nuclei of most tissues of a wide range of vertebrate species. Information on the occurrence of the factor in 100 human sera is reported.
Studies of the Inactivation of Phage by the Properdin System
Authors: Barlow James L. , Van Vunakis Helen , Levine Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Properdin, complement and Mg++, the known constituents of the properdin system, are necessary for neutralization of T2r+ coliphage by human serum. Certain polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides annul the neutralization. Phage neutralization is pH, ionic strength, and temperature dependent.
Chick Potency Tests of Poliomyelitis Vaccine: Basic Studies on Response
Authors: Timm E. A. , Rope E. Z. , McLean I. W. , Ternan Barbara , Bernardi Mary 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results have been presented which show that baby chicks respond with neutralizing antibodies to injections of poliovirus preparations and provide an excellent method for antigenic potency testing of such preparations. The relative merits of 1-dose and 2-dose schedules, and the merits of serum titers as opposed to antigen extinction titers have been discussed.
Heterogeneity of Antibody Sites in Their Relative Combining Affinities for Structurally Related Haptens
Authors: Nisonoff Alfred , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The heterogeneity of combining sites in an antihapten antibody was investigated by competitive binding, which provides a method for determining whether different sites tend to combine more strongly with different, closely related haptens; i.e., whether the ratio of K's for these haptens varies among the combining sites. Specifically, the effectiveness of varying concentrations of several haptens in displacing a reference hapten, radioactive p-iodobenzoate, from specifically purified anti-p-azobenzoate antibody was determined. Each hapten tested became relatively less effective as the degree of displacement increased, indicating heterogeneity of combining sites in their relative combining affinities for closely related substances. A correlation was noted between structural similarity of the competing hapten to the reference hapten and the magnitude of variation of the apparent relative K.
The results showed that each of the competing haptens was capable of displacing all or nearly all of the reference hapten if a sufficiently high concentration of competitor was used. Thus, there are few sites capable of combining with p-iodobenzoate which cannot also accommodate the other isomeric iodobenzoates.
In view of possible advantages of competitive binding as a means of estimating average equilibrium constants, the validity of the method was checked by comparison with direct binding, using 2 strongly bound haptens for the comparison, and with hapten inhibition of the precipitin reaction. Good agreement with the former method was observed. The agreement with hapten inhibition was only fair; differences were attributable to the nature of the reference substances displaced from antibody in the 2 methods (p-iodobenzoate vs. antigen).
Influence of Age and Congenital Immunity Upon Immunization with an Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine
Authors: Raggi Livio G. , Lee George G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the serological and immune responses of birds of two different ages with or without a high level of congenital antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) indicated that both young age and congenital immunity were important factors in preventing a satisfactory response to this vaccinal strain of IBV.
Discrepancies between the serological and the response to challenge were noted in the younger groups of birds.
Enhancement by Cadmium of Double-Diffusion Precipitin Reactions
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Low concentrations of cadmium ions have been discovered specifically to enhance antigen-antibody precipitation. This effect has been studied by incorporating cadmium salts in agar used in a slight modification of Ouchterlony's double-diffusion precipitin technique. Preliminary experiments are reported which characterize the activity of cadmium nitrate upon rabbit and guinea pig antisera against tuberculoprotein antigen.
Although usually cnhancing, at certain very low concentrations cadmium nitrate irreversibly inhibited some antigen-antibody precipitation reactions. At its optimum enhancing concentras tion, this salt apparently accelerates as well a-increases specific precipitation. Antiserum rather than antigen is affected in the system used. Not all antisera are sensitive to cadmium, for several of those from rabbits which were tested were unaffected by cadmium's presence in the reacting agar. However, all guinea pig antisera utilized were sensitive. The effect does not seem to be simply one of partial antibody denaturation.
Electrophoretic Composition and Antibody Studies of Anti-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Dimopoullos George T. , Fellowes Oliver N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Anti-foot-and-mouth disease guinea pig serum was subjected to paper electrophoretic analyses using horizontal and vertical continuous-flow techniques. Analyses of whole immune sera for protein composition revealed no significant differences when compared with normal sera. No relationship was demonstrated between protein composition, virus-neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody titers. In fractions of sera tested for virus-neutralizing antibody activity, the β- and γ-globulins were capable of neutralizing all of the virus infectivity. Complement-fixing activity was found only in the γ-globulin fraction of highest mobility. Evidence is presented that the complement-fixing and virus-neutralizing antibodies are two distinct antibodies.
The Agar Diffusion Precipitin Technique: A Comparison of the Simple and Double Diffusion Methods
Authors: Wilson M. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The simple and double diffusion methods were studied experimentally by means of specially designed plates. The 2 methods were compared with respect to their sensitivity, reaction range, reaction time, resolving power and susceptibility to concentration and temperature artifacts. The following observations were made: The potential sensitivity of the double diffusion method is somewhat greater than that of the simple diffusion method.The reaction range of the simple diffusion method is unlimited in the antigen excess zone but is restricted to only a narrow segment of the antibody excess zone. The reaction range of the double diffusion method is unlimited in both directions.The effective reaction time, i.e., the time interval during which a precipitate band persists in the column, is the same for both methods at intermediate or high concentrations of antigen and antibody, but at relatively low concentrations of the reactants the effective reaction time of the simple diffusion method is shorter than that of the double diffusion method.The resolving power of the double diffusion method for mixed precipitin systems is considerably better than that of the simple diffusion method.The sensitivity of the simple diffusion method to concentration and temperature changes is much greater than the sensitivity of the double diffusion method. Under average laboratory conditions temperature artifacts in double diffusion columns or plates have never been observed, but special precautions must be taken to prevent such artifacts in simple diffusion columns.
Antibody Response of Pregnant Women to Poliomyelitis Vaccine and Passive Transfer to Infants
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Carroll Catherine J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Poliomyelitis vaccine was administered to 80 pregnant women twice during the last trimester. A second group of 62 unvaccinated pregnant women was studied as controls. Blood was obtained from the first group before vaccination and from all mothers at delivery. Cord blood was collected and the infants were bled successively at 24 hr, 1 week, 1, 2 and 3 months of age. All specimens from each mother and infant were tested on the same day for neutralizing antibodies against the three types of poliomyelitis in HeLa cell cultures. As expected, the response of women with prior antibodies was greater than in those with no antibody before vaccination. Statistical analysis of the serum titers of mothers at delivery, cord blood and of the infant at 24 hr showed that there is no significant difference between the poliomyelitis antibody content of the three specimens. The titer of passively transferred antibodies in the infants declined with age at the same rate regardless of whether they had been stimulated naturally with infection or artificially with vaccine. Many infants had demonstrable antibodies at the third month of life but the duration of antibody was a direct function of the height of the antibody titer in the mother at the time of delivery thus demonstrating the value of vaccination in heightening antibody levels of pregnant women and their offspring and indicating the probable protective influence in a period of increased risk.
The Determination of Streptococcal Antiproteinase Titers in Sera of Patients with Rheumatic Fever and Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Ogburn Clifton A. , Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Procedures have been described for the measurement by complement fixation and adsorption-hemagglutination of antibodies to streptococcal proteinase, which had been partially purified from concentrates of supernates of steady-state cultures of hemolytic streptococci. Antiproteinase titers of a number of sera as obtained by each of these two procedures were compared with titers of these sera obtained by neutralization of enzymatic activity of the proteinase (inhibition of milk-clotting). The ratios of titers by either of the other procedures to that obtained by milk clotting inhibition fell in a fairly narrow range, those by adsorption hemagglutination being 16–32 times as high as the neutralization titers.
In 101 sera of presumably normal children streptococcal antiproteinase titers by hemagglutination showed a wide distribution, 39% of these being below 12, with the remainder distributed up to 384. Children convalescing from miscellaneous viral infections showed approximately similar distributions, except for the occurrence of some higher titers, up to 1536.
Sera were obtained from 100 patients with an acute streptococcal infection, at the onset and in the convalescent stage. In ½ of these pairs of sera, the antiproteinase titers were not found to be different in the two stages of the disease. Increases in titer of 1 or 1 ½ powers of 2 were found in 19%, the remainder showing greater increases in titer in the course of the infection.
Patients with acute rheumatic fever showed streptococcal antiproteinase titers in the range of 16-8192, with a geometric mean of 420. In comparison, the convalescents from scarlet fever showed a range of 12-2000 with a geometric mean titer of 42, and patients with rheumatic fever in the inactive state showed a range of &lt;12-512, with a geometric mean of 66.
Cytopathogenicity and Propagation of Variola Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hahon Nicholas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Variola virus has been shown to induce cytologic changes and to propagate in a variety of human and animal cell strains derived from both normal and malignant tissue. One exception occurred in which the L cell strain was agglutinated by large virus quantities. The cytologic changes and agglutination were prevented by specific immune serum. A linear logarithmic relationship existed between the quantity of virus used and the quantity of serum required to neutralize the virus in a tissue culture neutralization test.
Immunization with an Induced Avirulent Auxotrophic Mutant of Pseudomonas Pseudomallei
Authors: Levine H. B. , Maurer R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A virulent strain of Pseudomonas pseudomallei was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation and a mutant clone requiring preformed adenine or hypoxanthine for growth was isolated. The imposition of auxotrophism was associated with a striking decline in virulence for mice which could be restored by permitting the strain to revert to purine independence in vitro. The mutant persisted in mice without detected reversions or or untoward effects for approximately 20 days following inoculation of 107 cells. After repeated inoculations, a significant immune response was demonstrated by parenteral challenge with diverse strains of this species. However, animals so immunized remained susceptible to lethal respiratory infection.