bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
You Can Motivate Others by Nurturing Five Experiences That Satisfy Their Need for Autonomy
Authors: Assor Avi , Benita Moti , Geifman Yael 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Autonomy is a meta-need for authentic self-direction. With autonomy, people self-direct their behavior via voluntary and intrinsic, explicit, and articulable preferences. These authentic preferences enable people to do what they truly want to do, thereby promoting a sense of volitional engagement, well-being, meaning, and resistance to antisocial peer pressure. This meta-need for autonomy has five facets: freedom from coercion; having voluntary and explicit action-intentions; a sense of having an authentic inner compass; realization of authentic preferences; and attempts to realize authentic preferences. One important way to motivate others is by cultivating these five experiences that satisfy their need for autonomy. The authors focus on one recently conceptualized experience of autonomy—having an authentic inner compass—and present important motivational, coping, and well-being correlates and outcomes of this experience.
Infatuation with Constructs and Losing Sight of the Motivational Phenomenon
Authors: Kaplan Avi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Explaining motivational phenomena involves explaining why a person chooses one particular action over another, persists or quits the action, engages in that action in a particular way and with a particular level of intensity, and the proximal and distal consequences of that action. To do this, much of motivation science focuses on defining constructs, numerically and statistically measuring them, and investigating their unique correlates. These efforts offer precision, but they also produce a literature that is detached from authentic motivational phenomena. Motivational researchers’ infatuation with constructs and with aggregate linear statistical analyses has led to losing sight of the nature of the authentic motivational phenomena that comprise the numerous and overlapping factors and processes that are intertwined in ways that are contextual, complex, dynamic, and not fully predictable. Addressing this foundational limitation has ontological, epistemological, methodological, practical, and even moral implications.
Digitization Will Bring Profound Changes in Educational Practice and Research on Motivation
Authors: Trautwein Ulrich , Nagengast Benjamin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Digitization has the potential to change the way students learn in fundamental ways. However, basic and applied research is required to make digital learning (more) effective. In the meantime, research on digital learning can contribute to progress in theories of learning and instruction. For instance, the integrated use of digital media as classroom instruction and research tools allows researchers to “zoom in” at the moment in which learning takes place in the real world in an unprecedented way. To be more successful, motivation science needs to embrace digitization and expand its traditional scope to focus more strongly on learning sequences, fully embrace the important role of teachers, and pay increased attention to ethical questions.
Motivation in the Wild
Authors: Skinner Ellen A. , Kindermann Thomas A. , Vollet Justin W. , Rickert Nicolette P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Among the many factors that shape academic motivation and engagement, the interpersonal relationships that students share with their parents, teachers, and peers are central. The contributions of each of these social partners have been clearly documented, but they tend to be studied separately. The growing view is that students are operating within a changing multilevel social world in which peer, teacher, and parent relationships work together to create a complex social ecology. Over the next 10 years, such a paradigm shift to highlight relationships would enrich the study of motivational development and guide interventions designed to foster social systems that better support student motivation and development.
Where and Why Liberalism and Nativism Have Become Entwined
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip , Stacey Timothy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with two questions: In what sense has nativism returned to liberal settings? and why? It is argued that notwithstanding the oft assumed polarity in theory, in practice nativism and liberalism have become complexly entwined. The chapter mostly focuses on the Netherlands as an improbable case of nativism, given its assumed multicultural (no), tolerant (not anymore), progressive (yes) character. It is shown that in this “liberal” country par excellence, nativism has returned to public discourse in full force. Two more national contexts figure prominently because they are also considered improbable settings for the rise of nativism: the United States and France. What can be learned from these improbable cases? Why are the jus soli tradition in both France and the United States and the additional dimension in the United States of being an immigration country not safeguards against the rise of nativism?
Introduction
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction establishes that vision is subjective, and writings on vision reveal some of the most self-conscious ways that authors think about themselves, their worlds, and their God. It sets up the four late ancient authors at the center of this book’s study—Tertullian of Carthage, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo—to show how they employ language of vision and of mirrors in their discursive struggles to construct Christian agency, identity, and epistemology. Drawing from metaphor theory and discourse analysis, the introduction argues that these texts do not offer clear views into historical realities; rather, they offer a glance into the rhetorically constructed worlds of their authors, and these rhetorical worlds assert their definitions of Christian identity against other communities or offer their unique claims on knowledge.
“Now We See”
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical background of vision through early philosophical, medical, mathematical, and scriptural texts, showing that ancient writing about vision is tied to epistemological debates about the nature of knowledge and agency. Furthermore, the earliest roots of the scriptural traditions tie vision to spiritual identity, offering a link between vision and one’s relationship to the divine. It is precisely because we all see the world differently that vision becomes a locus for epistemological debate, and it is also this subjective nature of vision that, in turn, becomes a way to describe the subjective experience of the divine.
Tertullian of Carthage
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Tertullian of Carthage uses the Stoic and Epicurean theories of vision to construct a hierarchy in terms of bodily intactness and penetrability: God sees with Stoic rays and remains intact against harmful sights, while humans see by means of Epicurean intromission and are penetrated and transformed by harmful sights. The further up the hierarchy, the more intact and ray-like, but the further down the hierarchy, the more porous and penetrable. Tertullian proposes a prescription for Christian vision that is grounded in embodied difference along his understanding of gendered bodies. We see the world differently, and through these visual theories, Tertullian offers his rationale for that difference as well as his prescription for visual piety of beards and veils.
Clement of Alexandria
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Clement of Alexandria offers the metaphor that baptism is like cataract surgery that enables the recipient to see God, and he uses visual perception to describe the transformation and new identity of the baptized Christian. The ways that Clement describes sight, both physical and spiritual, demonstrates an embodied shift in identity and epistemology available through baptism, which he links to the medical metaphor of cataract surgery. Baptism unites the agency of the individual to undergo the physical baptism with the spiritual cataract surgery performed by the divine ophthalmologist to transform the individual from a state of spiritual blindness to one of clear sight. In doing so, Clement’s depiction of spiritual vision ties together conversion, baptism, and growth with the threads of agency, identity, and epistemology.
“Through a Mirror”
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mirrors and reflection are fraught with meaning, splitting the gaze between the self and the other, and reflection is never neutral. On the positive side, mirrors reveal hidden things, filter images that are too strong, serve as a means of self-reflection and self-improvement, and offer a glimpse or a path into the other world. On the negative side, they offer distorted knowledge, serve as a means of self-corruption, function as weapons, and can even be traps. This chapter follows these twin paths through science, through literature, through scripture, and finally through Plotinus to show the development of this metaphorical mirror as it becomes the basis for the contemplative vision of God.
“In an Enigma”
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the patterns that have emerged from the study to reveal both the shared and the diverging assumptions about one’s relationship to the world and to God through vision’s link to the intersecting threads of agency, identity, and epistemology. Each author enters this discourse from a unique context and with a particular set of assumptions to describe the human in relation to the world and to the divine, but each engages the shared project of a discursive struggle over claims of Christian identity, authority, and epistemology through philosophical and theological speculations of vision of God. First, the visual metaphor develops chronologically, starting with literal vision and moving to metaphorical vision before branching into a more complicated collection of visual metaphors. Second, along similar lines, writing about vision shifts from direct vision (i.e., How can Christians see God?) to indirect or mirrored vision (i.e., In what kinds of reflections can Christians glimpse God?). Third, writing on vision begins by emphasizing one’s difference from the world and then moves to describing one’s connection to God. In each case, writing about vision and mirrors reveals deeper assumptions about the subjective nature of one’s location in the world and one’s relationship to God. Finally, another pattern emerges geographically, across Eastern and Western authors, which maps onto diverging assumptions about the nature of enigma.
Insecure Guardians
Authors: Waseem Zoha 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe police force is one of the most distrusted institutions in Pakistan, notorious for its corruption and brutality. In both colonial and post-colonial contexts, directives to confront security threats have empowered law enforcement agents, while the lack of adequate reform has upheld institutional weaknesses. This exploration of policing in Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial capital, reveals many colonial continuities. Both civilian and military regimes continue to ensure the suppression of the policed via this institution, itself established to militarily subjugate and exploit in the interests of the ruling class. However, contemporary policing practice is not a simple product of its colonial heritage: it has also evolved to confront new challenges and political realities. Based on extensive fieldwork and around 200 interviews, this ethnographic study reveals a distinctly "post-colonial condition of policing". Mutually reinforcing phenomena of militarisation and informality have been exacerbated by an insecure state that routinely conflates combatting crime, maintaining public order, and ensuring national security. This is evident not only in spectacular displays of violence and malpractice, but also in police officers' routine work. Caught in the middle of the country's armed conflicts, their encounters with both state and society are a story of insecurity and uncertainty.
Introduction
Authors: Waseem Zoha 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter introduces the complex story of policing in Karachi and offers a unique framework of the "post-colonial condition of policing" for understanding policing and policework in Pakistan and beyond. It suggests that routine policework in cities such as Karachi is impacted by the post-colonial condition of policing, in which security threats by insecure regimes are framed in particular ways towards political and economic ends, leading everyday policing to be characterized by militarization and procedural informality. In this chapter, the characteristics of the post-colonial condition of policing are defined and assembled, connecting both the institution's colonial legacies and its contemporary socio-political relationships and realities. This chapter also reflects upon the book's methodological design and considerations.
Epilogue
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Frank Anthony opposed Partition at the Sapru Committee, predicting fanaticism and war. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–8 erupted within months of independence. Although darker-skinned individuals were barred from Royal Air Force/RAF flight crews, many Anglo-Indians joined. Contrastingly, the nascent Indian Air Force/IAF offered flight training and entry at officer level. Therefore, pilots like Wing Commander Trevor Keelor, and his brother, future Air Marshal Denzil Keelor, were immediately ready for the First Kashmir War, being the first pair of brothers to receive the Vir Chakra, with Trevor having scored the first air kill (a Pakistani Sabre fighter) for independent India. Again in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (the Second Kashmir War), Anglo-Indians engaged in the fiercest dogfights ever in the Indian subcontinent. While Chief Marshall La Fontaine and Admiral Pereira, rose to become heads of the Indian Air Force and Navy, Lieutenant Mervyn Leslie Middlecoat of the Pakistani Air Force/PAF, was twice awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage), celebrated as the "Defender of Karachi" and with Middlecoat Shaheed Park, Islamabad. The Frank Anthony Public Schools provided increased employment opportunities while Anglo-Indian women added the emerging fields of travel and tourism, telecommunications, and retail to their existing roles as nurses and teachers.
Social Welfare Practices in Colonial America (c. 1620–1820)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris first examines the various social welfare practices of this era through the prism of the Colonial Discourse. The Poor Laws are discussed along with the various efforts to provide poverty relief. Criminal justice and the use of corporal punishment are then discussed. Second, the transition period between the Colonial Discourse and its successor, the Premodern Discourse, is described. This examination describes how insights arising from the emerging discourse, such as the notion of equality within a democracy, are co-opted by the currently dominant Discourse. Third, the moral blind spots of this era are described as consisting of the treatment of individuals who fell outside of the social hierarchy: slaves, heathens, and vagabonds. Lastly, reflections are offered as to how insights from this period can be applied today by social workers to improve their practice.
The Emerging Postmodern discourse (c. 1990–Present)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris describes the Postmodern discourse on social welfare and begins with quotes taken from works representing the three major movements comprising postmodern social work practice: the strengths perspective, solution-focused casework and therapy, and narrative therapy. As the Postmodern discourse represents an emerging discourse, it is noted that its many elements have yet to reveal themselves to a level of historical accuracy. Some—such as the intellectual thought and paradigm of understanding—have already taken root in academia and thus are offered with a high degree of confidence. Other elements—such as the urgent need and defining cultural feature—are less well established, and hence the descriptions are offered as educated guesses. Throughout, periodic reference is made to the quotes at the beginning of the chapter to inform how their meaning takes shape within the described elements.
Aesthetics of Equality
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Aesthetics of Equality is a theoretical and compositional intervention into the problem of equality. While some of the analysis is concerned with contemporary issues, the book is primarily a work of political theory and a guide to aesthetic methods, focused on how one can conceive equality issues critically through conceptual engagements with diverse artistic genres: literature, film, music, photography, and architecture. Beginning with the question of what one can contribute to equality issues by being attentive to aesthetic form in a variety of artistic genres that challenge institutionalized accounts of history, the book proceeds to implement answer by extracting political problematics with analyses of the compositional structures of the textual objects of analysis in the chapter’s diverse inquiries. While aesthetic strategies are a main concern in the investigation, it is also shaped by commitments to some substantive political concerns, particularly an attentiveness to persons and voices that tend to be civically invisible. The chapters demonstrate the way critical approaches to a variety of media genres make visible and audible the persons and groups that are excluded or disqualified from access to livable domestic space and civic participation. The subject matter is temporally extensive, ranging from ancient Israel and Egypt in the Old Testament’s Genesis chapter through the early and later ethno-histories of California and Texas, and geographically broad, with chapters on diverse cities: New York, Paris, Istanbul, Los Angeles, and fictional Texas and Mexican border cities.
A Right to the City
Authors: Shapiro Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Toni Morrison’s Jazz is a novelistic realization of the way modern jazz—a free, improvisation version—articulates the African America urban experience. Chapter 2 reviews the political significance of jazz as a cultural genre in which African Americans have been already abundantly present, and emphasizes the way Morrison makes the city of New York a player in the novel’s ensemble of characters. Adding her own and other narrative voices to the novel’s ensemble, Morrison’s jazz-imitating text refigures a people whose existence has been disfigured in a white-dominated racial-spatial order. Focused thematically on the right to the city, Morrison has her characters achieve a measure of public citizenship as they renegotiate relationships within the Black community and struggle within the space of a white-dominated city that is, in Henri Lefevre’s term, “programmatic,” alternatively inviting and recalcitrant, controlling and acquiescing.
Apartheid
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Following its successful crusade against Nazism and fascism, South Africa itself became an international pariah in the postwar period owing to its racial policies. In 1946, South African Indians led a new passive resistance campaign that mobilized the support of the Indian government, but it also broke with Gandhian precedent by forging a united front with the African population. This unity formed the basis of what later became known as the Congress Alliance. South Africa's attempts to incorporate South-West Africa as a province were decisively checked owing to international opposition. The chapter also considers the 1948 elections that saw D.F. Malan's National Party win power. The Nationalists implemented apartheid, claiming it as a solution for the country's racial problems. At its 1949 conference, the ANC adopted its Programme of Action, which called for mass action, and set it on a collision course with the government.
Charterists and Africanists
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The state responded to the Congress of the People with mass arrests in December 1956, heralding the "Treason Trial". The state also introduced measures extending the pass laws, and allowing for the imposition of state appointed chiefs. The implementation of the Bantu Authorities Act fostered revolt in areas such as Zeerust and Sekhukhuneland. The ANC also faced internal strains, with the multi-racial nature of the Congress Alliance being targeted by an "Africanist" opposition that was inspired partly by the advance of nationalist movements elsewhere in the continent at the time. The opposition broke away to form the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1959. The chapter considers the tour of Africa by Britain's Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, during which he delivered his "wind of change" speech, and it concludes with the Sharpeville massacre of 21 March 1960.
Silent Sixties
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins by considering the contradictions of the grand apartheid policy pursued by Hendrik Verwoerd. Also discussed are attempts at armed infiltration by the exiled liberation movements. This includes the efforts of the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), which resulted in its base in Ongulumbashe in Namibia being destroyed in 1966. It also includes the ANC's reconstitution abroad after the failure of efforts by the likes of Wilton Mkwayi and Bram Fischer to rebuild the internal underground. The attempts of the ANC's External Mission to infiltrate South Africa involved joint operations with the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO). The most determined effort was with ZAPU, with the unsuccessful Wankie and Sipolilo Campaigns of 1967–8 resulting.
Homeland
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Following Dmitri Tsafendas's assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd in 1966, the new prime minister John Vorster sought to limit some of the rigidities of apartheid, so as to improve South Africa's international position. Sports became a battlefield: the country failed to gain readmission to the Olympics, while attempts to maintain traditional rivalries in rugby and cricket provoked the initiation of direct action to scupper Springbok tours to Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, from 1969 onwards. The chapter also considers the economic impact of inflation, and how it undermined the industrial color bar. The chapter finally discusses the contract workers' strike in Namibia in 1971–2, the Durban strikes of 1973, and the rise of the Black Consciousness Movement under Steve Biko's leadership.
Ungovernable
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The homelands and the Bantu Local Authorities were the two mechanisms developed by the state to accommodate Africans politically. But in September 1984, the month that the Tricameral constitution came into force, South Africa's townships exploded in the largest insurrection in the country's history. The African labor movement continued to flourish, resulting in the formation of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). At the same time, rocked by the state's counterinsurgency policy, the ANC met in Kabwe, Zambia, to reconsider its strategy. The conference decided that bolstering the insurrection in South Africa would require senior leaders being sent to the country. With the state also facing increased pressure, President P.W. Botha offered Nelson Mandela conditional release, which Mandela rejected. Botha's attempts at reform led to the "Rubicon" speech of August 1985, in which he drew the curtain on segregation, but baulked at releasing Mandela and negotiating with the ANC.