bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Aladjem Frederick 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Computational analyses of quantitative immunodiffusion data are reported. Two alternative boundary conditions of the diffusion equation were used: a) free diffusion, i.e., diffusion of neither reactant, antigen or antibody, is influenced by the other, and b) existence of a “time-invariant sink” at the location where the zone of precipitation will form, i.e., antigen and antibody react only at that location, form complexes and eventually precipitate there. For the boundary condition of free diffusion, concentrations were computed for diffusion from a point source, as well as for diffusion from the area source. For the boundary condition of the time-invariant sink two solutions were derived and the computational results are given for both; one is an approximate solution which does not take into account the increased rate of diffusion which occurs as a consequence of the sink, and the other is an exact solution. The amounts of antigen and antibody in the initial zone of precipitation were computed to be of the order of 10-7 g/cm. It was found that for any given zone of precipitation the computed antibody-antigen ratios are independent of the assumed boundary conditions, provided the area source is considered in free diffusion. For the different zones of precipitation of each antigen-antibody system, i.e., at different initial concentration of reactants, computed antibody-antigen ratios were found to differ widely (for the egg albumin-rabbit anti-egg albumin system, for example, the computed antibody-antigen weight ratios vary between 4 and 40). The results are interpreted to indicate that the assumed boundary conditions represent good first approximations to describe immunodiffusion, but that other processes besides those which were considered are also occurring, and that the extent of these processes depends upon the initial concentrations of antibody and antigen in the system. It is suggested that the principal process which occurs and which was not considered in the present analysis is, what was previously termed the “moving sink,” i.e., that antigen-antibody complex formation occurs at locations other than that where the initial zone of precipitation eventually becomes visible. Required experimental data and a computational scheme are indicated which may permit a rigorous analysis of immunodiffusion.
The Effect of Endotoxin on Skin Homografts in Rabbits
Authors: Al-Askari Salah , Zweiman B. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Administration of endotoxin to rabbits results in the accelerated rejection of first-set skin homografts. The production of endotoxin tolerance suspends this effect of endotoxin on first-set skin homografts. This action of endotoxin is limited to homografts and does not affect autografts.
Pathogenesis of Scrub Typhus Infection (Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi) as Studied by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Kundin W. D. , Liu Chien , Harmon Patricia , Rodina Patricia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pathogenesis of R. tsutsugamushi in infected suckling and weanling mice was studied by the use of fluorescein-labeled antibodies. Although the areas of involvement differed with the route of inoculation, rickettsial antigen was observed primarily in connective tissues of mesenchymal origin. X-irradiation increased the mortality, shortened the incubation period and intensified the antigenic involvement. Rickettsiae could be found by infectivity titrations but not by fluorescent antibody staining in mice infected up to a year before. Attempts to cause a recrudescence by the use of various stresses were unsuccessful.
Purification of Highly Conjugated Precipitins and Globulins Containing Reagins with Silk Hydrolysate
Authors: Rappaport B. Z. , Walker J. M. , Booker B. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Highly conjugated human globulins containing reaginic antibodies against egg albumin, ragweed pollen and cottonseed and conjugated rabbit precipitins against egg albumin and ragweed pollen were purified by adsorption with silk hydrolysate. The purified antibodies were still highly conjugated and gave satisfactory specific staining of antigen in allergic human skin. The reduction in nonspecific staining was probably due to adsorption of noncovalently bound dye by the silk hydrolysate.
The presence of antibody-bound antigen in epithelial cells of challenged, allergic skin was confirmed. The epithelial cells of histamine-challenged, allergic skin were capable of binding specific antigen when this was supplied in vitro.
The human reaginic globulins and the rabbit precipitins gave similarly effective staining and inhibition results and the localization of antigen demonstrable with either antibody was the same.
Studies on the “Transfer Factor” of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in Animals
Authors: Tsuji Shusuke , Oshima Shunsaku , Oshiro Morio , Izumi Takateru 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive transfer of tuberculin hypersensitivity was accomplished with nonviable cellular constituents of alveolar macrophages of sensitized and challenged rabbits. Although cellular extracts per se had no activity to confer sensitivity on negative recipients, certain fractions obtained from them by electrophoresis, dialysis or treatment with ammonium sulfate, showed apparent activity to confer sensitivity. Thus, “transfer factor” is apparently present in rabbits as well as in man.
“Transfer factor” is contained, but in inactive form, mainly in the supernatant fraction separated from particulate components of cells by 20,000 × G centrifugation. After dialysis of this supernatant, “transfer factor” appears in full activity. Dialyzed sera of sensitized and challenged rabbits also showed apparent activity to confer sensitivity, although serum per se had no activity. These facts led us to postulate the existence of a low molecular weight inhibitor.
Reasons for these successes in effecting passive transfer with nonviable materials, despite many unsuccessful previous investigations in guinea pigs, have been discussed; in particular, the procedure of “challenge” by injecting BCG 4 days before harvesting the cells is thought to be very important for these positive results.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In studying the response of mice at various stages of maturity to a wide range of dosages of type I pneumococcal polysaccharide the following observations were made: The greatest susceptibility to immunologic paralysis appeared at 2 weeks of age when the capacity to respond to this antigen was undergoing rapid development.Spontaneous transition to complete immunity occurred in paralyzed animals 7 to 9 weeks after a paralyzing dose was given.Age had no effect on the relative rates of development of earliest demonstrable immunity following either paralyzing or immunizing amounts of polysaccharide.It appears that immunologically competent cells are susceptible to high concentrations of polysaccharide at some late stage in their development, paralysis being the end result of the suppression or destruction of these cells. The immunologic distinction between adult and newborn mice is apparently due to a difference in numbers of competent immunogenic cells.
Immunologic Properties of Products Obtained by Mild Reduction of Human and Guinea Pig γ-Globulins
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Franklin Edward C. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of the immunologic properties of the A and B fractions of human and guinea pig γ2-globulins obtained by reduction and alkylation in aqueous medium and separation by Sephadex in acid, using rabbit anti-γ-globulin antisera. In both cases the B fraction, containing the L chains, could be shown to possess only part of the antigenic determinants of the native γ-globulin, while the A fraction showed a reaction of complete identity with the parent molecule. Digestion by papain of the A fraction yielded three main fragments, one of which, SA, was shown to be immunologically identical to the S fragment obtained by papain digestion of the γ-globulin molecules. From 50 to 60% of the proteins of the A fraction from human γ-globulin could be specifically precipitated by a mixture of rabbit antisera against Bence-Jones protein types I and II. The possible reasons for the presence of large amounts of L chain antigenic determinants in the A fraction are discussed.
Studies on the Specificity of the Indirect Hemagglutination Test for Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Chordi Andres , Walls Kenneth W. , Kagan Irving G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test with the methylene blue dye (MBD) test for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis on 1020 sera revealed that 19.3% of the sera were positive in the IHA test and negative in the MBD test. The basis for the reactivity in some of these sera was investigated by hemagglutination inhibition with a variety of specific and nonspecific antigens. Sera were absorbed with Toxoplasma gondii infected mouse peritoneal antigen, sheep red cells, normal mouse and rabbit serum, and mouse leukocytes. Evaluation of 63 IHA positive human sera, 36 negative and 27 positive by the MBD test, revealed the part that each of the non-Toxoplasma antigens played in producing false-positive reactions in the IHA test. In 52% of the 36 MBD negative-IHA positive sera and in 96% of the 27 MBD positive-IHA positive sera, reactivity was specific. With 70% of the sera with IHA titers of 1:200 or less the reactivity of the sera was absorbed with nonspecific antigen. In contrast, the reactivity in all sera with IHA titers greater than 1:200 was specific and could only by absorbed with Toxoplasma antigen. A one-step absorption procedure to eliminate false positive hemagglutination titers was developed and evaluated.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Martins A. B. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
As has been shown in other studies, mononuclear infiltration is the chief cytologic feature which eventually distinguishes the tuberculin from the Arthus reaction. Although the earliest infiltrating cells in both cases are polymorphonuclears, these are followed, in the site of the tuberculin reaction, by large mononuclear cells (medium lymphocytes and monocytes) and small lymphocytes. The small lymphocyte seems to be implicated in the damaging aspects of the delayed reaction; this is especially evident in the epidermis which these cells invade. This may also be the cell involved in the initial damage to the vascular endothelium which triggers the reaction. The small lymphocyte may succumb to the reaction. The contribution of other mononuclear cells, which appear to transform almost completely into macrophages by about 48 hr after the injection of test antigen, is not known.
The “Jones-Mote” reaction unfolds cytologically as does the delayed one in general outline, but at a slower rate and with certain quantitative and qualitative differences. There is no invasion of epidermis or tissue death, and the number of small lymphocytes is low relative to that seen in the delayed reaction. A greater proportion of the mononuclear cells in this reaction eventually give rise to plasma cells. In view of the fact that in this hypersensitive state the reactivity just precedes the appearance of detectable humoral antibodies and often wanes rapidly thereafter, it is conceivable that small quantities of antibody produced by cells just entering into synthesis might bring about damage to the vascular endothelium with some subsequent cellular infiltration but without that component, i.e., cell damage, which in the delayed reaction is mediated by further interaction between antigen and the incoming sensitive small lymphocytes.
Nature of the Forssman Hapten from Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Diehl J. E. , Mallette M. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Forssman hapten was isolated from erythrocyte stroma of sheep by a solvent fractionation method. The purified material contained 2.8% nitrogen, 11.5% hexosamine, 32.2% hexose and 0.08% phosphorus. It melted with decomposition at 203°C after discoloring over the temperature range of 155 to 191°C. Fatty acid, basic and neutral fractions were recovered after hydrolysis of the hapten. The fatty acid fraction consisted mainly of lignoceric acid along with smaller amounts of nervonic, behenic, stearic and palmitic acids. The basic material showed the same chromatographic properties as sphingosine. The neutral fraction was composed principally of galactose and galactosamine accompanied by traces of glucose and glucosamine. The significance of the proportions of the components was discussed.
Erythrocyte Chimerism and Acquired Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Wilson W. E. C. , Talmage David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice were injected with adult B6D2F1 spleen and bone marrow cells in the neonatal period and, after maturation, were grafted with skin from the opposite parent strain. A fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse globulin demonstrated isoantibody, specific for B6D2F1 antigens, bound to a small proportion of erythrocytes of 53 of 54 mice that had retained their skin grafts for a minimum of 100 days. The observations indicate that erythrocyte chimerism accompanies immunologic tolerance acquired after injection of newborn mice with viable hematopoietic cells.
Biochemical and Antigenic Properties of a Purified Neurotoxin of Vipera Palestinae Venom
Authors: Moroz-Perlmutter Chaya , Goldblum Natan , de Vries Andre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The various activities—neurotoxic, proteolytic and anticoagulant—contained in the DEAE cellulose neurotoxic fraction of Vipera palestinae venom can be adequately separated by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation. The recovery of the neurotoxin, free from protease(s) and anticoagulant, is in the vicinity of 35%. Electrophoretic analysis of the isolated neurotoxin shows three different fractions, of which only one, positively charged, has lethal activity in mice. This component produces a single precipitation line in an agar immune electrophoresis plate.
Venom protease(s), free of neurotoxic and anticoagulant activity, enhance the lethal activity of neurotoxin. The nondialyzable neurotoxin is split by trypsin and the dialysate is toxic for mice.
Up to 1400 LD50 of the purified neurotoxin may be bound to and detoxified by 1 g of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The CMC-bound isolated neurotoxin is highly immunogenic in rabbits.
Plasmocytes in the Thymus of the Normal Rat
Authors: Sainte-Marie Guy 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The thymus of normal rats was found to contain plasmocytes. Plasmocytes are located in the interlobular trabeculas, along the corticomedullary junction of each lobule as well as in the peripheral cortex. The mouse thymus also contains plasmocytes, but considerably fewer than that of the rat. It is not possible to determine the site of origin of these plasmocytes. However, the observations favor the possibility that at least the bulk of them have migrated into the thymus following their formation elsewhere rather than having originated from thymic parenchymal cells. It is concluded that the previous findings, by other authors, of the presence of plasmocytes in thymus of animals having received intrathymic antigen injections or in animals with an autoimmune disease, are not proof of the formation of plasmocytes by thymic parenchymal cells.
Studies on Lysolecithin Formation in Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Phillips Gerald B. , Middleton Elliott 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The possibility that the hemolytic step of immune hemolysis is mediated through lysolecithin formed from lecithin through the action of a lecithinase activated by the reaction of antigen, antibody and complement was studied in a system of sheep red blood cells, rabbit antisheep red blood cell serum and guinea pig serum complement.
The presence of a hemolysin in the supernatant following centrifugation after immune hemolysis could not be demonstrated, even when lecithin had been included in the system as a substrate.
The inhibitory effect of albumin, which inhibits lysolecithin hemolysis, on immune hemolysis could be explained by its osmotic effect, as dextran similarly inhibited immune hemolysis without a comparable effect on lysolecithin hemolysis.
Cobra venom, which contains a lecithinase, did not produce hemolysis of the sheep red blood cells, even when the amount of complement was present as was needed for complete immune hemolysis of 0.015 ml of sheep red blood cells; nor did the venom lyse an EAC′1,4,2,3ab preparation of sheep red blood cells.
Direct lipid analysis of the pellet and supernatant following centrifugation of the immune hemolysate showed no formation of lysolecithin or decrease of lecithin. Complement fixation of human serum by heat-aggregated γ-globulin resulted in no lysolecithin formation or change in the concentration of the other phospholipids.
The small amount of lysolecithin present in the immune hemolysis system was not enough to account for the hemolysis and appeared to be a normal constituent of the red blood cells. Moreover, the lecithin present in the system was not enough to account for the hemolysis, even if it had been converted entirely to lysolecithin. An EAC′1,4,2,3ab preparation of sheep red blood cells showed no increase in susceptibility to lysolecithin lysis.
On the basis of these findings, lysolecithin did not appear to be responsible for the hemolysis in the immune hemolysis system studied.
A Comparison of Thymectomized and Antithymocyte Serum-Treated Mice in Their Development of Hypersensitivity to Protein Antigens
Authors: Russe Henry P. , Crowle Alfred J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice of CF1 strain thymectomized at birth were compared with similar mice which had been sham-operated, treated with normal rabbit serum, or treated with rabbit antiserum to mouse thymus for various time intervals after birth, with respect to ability to develop immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, and delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein. Hematologic and histologic changes in these various mice also were evaluated.
Mice treated with antiserum or thymectomized at birth either failed to develop hypersensitivities to antigens injected early in the experiment, or they developed these hypersensitivities with slower than normal tempo. Suppression of hypersensitization in antiserum-treated animals was proportional to the length of time over which they were treated with this antiserum. Neither thymectomy nor antiserum treatments interfered with development of anamnestic responsiveness to these initially injected antigens, nor was the immunosuppressive effect more than temporary; thymectomized and treated animals responded normally, developing immediate and delayed hypersensitivities to bovine serum albumin when this was injected into them at the end of the experiment 6 months after thymectomy and approximately 4 months after the last antiserum treatment. None of the animals developed wasting disease.
Single or multiple treatments with antiserum to mouse thymocytes caused peripheral lymphocyte counts to drop significantly while numbers of tissue plasma cells and peripheral large lymphocytes remained normal. In vitro examination of the properties of this antiserum revealed that although it would fix complement in the presence of thymus antigens it did not cause thymocyte agglutination or lysis. In long-term treated mice there were, in addition to depressed peripheral lymphocyte counts, histologic changes consisting of decreased lymphoid mass and loss of splenic germinal centers. But thymus glands in these animals remained anatomically intact. Hence, immunosuppression effected by anti-thymus antiserum treatments may be viewed either as due to lymphocyte suppression or as evidence supporting recent reports that a humoral thymic factor may control immunocompetence. If the latter alternative proves true, then rabbit anti-mouse thymus antiserum may contain antibody to this humoral factor which neutralizes its biologic effects.
Influence of Heparin on Resistance of Rabbits to Infection with Fibroma Virus
Authors: Higginbotham R. D. , Murillo George J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results of this study have indicated that heparin can protect rabbits against the pathogenic effects of Shope's fibroma virus as measured by a reduction in virus titer and decrease in tumor size. Similar, but more marked, effects were obtained with polyanethol sulfonate, and assay of virus concentration in control and treated lesions suggested that the inhibitory effects of these polyanions were mediated through inhibition of virus proliferation.
The role of heparin as a natural inhibitor of fibroma virus infection in rabbits has been discussed, and it is suggested that blood basophils are the major source of heparin for this purpose and that this protective function is largely concerned with restriction of virus proliferation in the primary lesion and enhancement of tumor regression.
In Vitro Damage of Rabbit Platelets by an Unrelated Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Gocke D. J. , Osler A. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An in vitro experimental system for the study of mechanisms by which an antigen-antibody system unrelated to the platelet produces platelet damage has been described. The system involves the fluorometric measurement of histamine release from a standarized suspension of washed normal rabbit platelets by various rabbit antibodies and their homologous antigens.
Some of the general characteristics of this reaction are that 50% of the histamine release is obtained with antibody concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 µg/ml and that optimal release occurs with ratios of antibody to antigen in antibody excess in relation to precipitin data. Pepsin digests of rabbit anti-human serum albumin are ineffective. The reaction requires the presence of fresh rabbit plasma. The plasma activity is present in low titer, is heat labile and is removed by absorption with an immune precipitate. Guinea pig plasma does not mediate the reaction with rabbit platelets and rabbit antibody. The time course of the reaction, the effect of varying platelet concentration, and the calcium and magnesium requirements are described.
Observations are presented which suggest that the reaction begins in the fluid phase. No evidence of fixation of antibody to the platelet could be found. The primary effect of the reaction on the platelet appears to be lysis, rather than agglutination. The histamine-releasing activity generated by the antigen-antibody reaction is unstable, half the activity being lost in 7 to 8 min at 37°C.
The Passive Transfer of Enhancement as Applied to Skin Homografts
Authors: Halasz Nicholas A. , Orloff Marshall J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Blood and plasma from skin-sensitized rabbits, when perfused through the ears of the sensitizing animals, prolonged the survival of allogenic homografts taken from these ears. Simultaneously placed nonperfused homografts from the same donors were rejected in a normal fashion. Absorption of the antisera with the sensitizing tissue eliminated their enhancing effect.
These findings indicate that: a) Enhancement of normal tissue can be passively transferred with antiserum. b) There is no need to postulate a distinct “enhancing antibody”; antibodies formed in the course of homograft rejection appear to be effective. c) In the experimental situation evaluated, antisera act on the graft alone; they do not interfere with systemic sensitization or with the normal development of the mechanisms of the homograft reaction as they affect other, nonenhanced grafts.