bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the project’s excavation priorities, results, and the potential for further study. Analyzing site formation processes was a crucial research method to determine how the insulae at the Porta Stabia were built and to distinguish which contexts relate to the construction of the space (93.4 percent of them) and which to the use of the space (barely more than 5 percent). The data open up possibilities to make inferences about urban living conditions and who inhabited and controlled the properties, if, indeed, they were one and the same. For instance, bioarchaeological remains reveal aspects of diet while larger architectural and spatial distinctions speak to socio-economic differentiation among the properties as well as the degree of networking between properties and sharing of resources and infrastructures. Changes in functions, from the early industrial use to the later commercial use in the Early Imperial period reflect not only developments happening in greater Pompeii but also broader trends occurring throughout the Roman world.
Currents of Change 1876–1939, as revealed in the Akhbar
Authors: Tyabji Salima 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The family chronicles (the akhbar) were written by individual branches of the larger Tyabji family, with separate chronicles maintained for distinct houses maintained by a particular branch. The Badruddin Tyabji, Amiruddin Tyabji and the Fyzee Yali, the Latifia, Fatehali, and Mohamedi Akhbars were the most prominent of these. The Akhbars dealt with a wide range of issues of the day, music and its place in social intercourse, education, the role of exercise and the importance of fun all found a place. Amongst wider matters, social reform, the concept of social service and the vexed matter of relations with the British were discussed.
Selected Essays, Volume I
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Volume I consists of a selection of articles concerning writers and themes in early and Byzantine Christianity. While one essay concerns the pre-Nicene period directly (discussing Ignatius of Antioch), the majority cover the period between the Cappadocian fathers and John Damascene. One group of essays concerns the work of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzen and Evagrios, frequently with a view to their later reception. Four essays explore the thought of Augustine of Hippo. Another grouping of essays concerns Dionysios the Areopagite, his thought, reception and context. The largest grouping considers Maximos the Confessor, while a few look forwards, considering the relationship between Patristic writers and such figures as Photios and Aquinas. An opening thematic essay considers early Christian Platonism.
St Gregory the Theologian and Byzantine Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Gregory of Nazianzus—‘the Theologian’—was of supreme importance for Byzantine theology and occasioned a literature of commentary without parallel in subsequent theology. Several reasons can be readily seen for this: first, his classical learning, which soon could not be taken for granted; second, his affinity with Origenism, not unusual in the fourth century, but regarded, not least in monastic circles, from the sixth onwards. The bulk of this essay concerns two theologians who commented on Gregory, mostly in the tradition of erotapokriseis (‘questions and answers’), established, in relation to Gregory, by Maximos, but also in rhetorical exercises: Photios in the ninth and Psellos in the eleventh century. Finally, the way in which the rhythmic prose of Gregory’s homilies provided a quarry for Byzantine hymnography is briefly discussed.
St Augustine’s Interpretation of the Transfiguration of Christ
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In contemplating the Transfiguration of Christ, Augustine inherited a tradition of interpretation in the Greek Fathers, going back to Irenaeus and dominated by Origen, though there had already emerged a distinct twist in Latin interpretation (by Ambrose and Jerome) which understood the Transfiguration in the light of the verse that precedes it, about those who will not see death before the coming of the Kingdom (Matt 16:20 and parallels), who are identified with the disciples who witnessed the Transfiguration, lending it an eschatological dimension. Within this perspective, Augustine’s interpretation is strikingly personal: Christocentric, ecclesial, alluding to the deeper mysteries of the Trinity and the lncarnation, which belong to the realm of the heart, not to the world of external reality, and undergirding all this, a powerful sense of the apostolic charge to fulfil the Dominical command of love.
Love and the Trinity
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Augustine’s doctrine of the Trinity is closely bound up with his understanding of the twofold command to love. It is sometimes claimed that this is unique to Augustine, distinguishing him from the Greek tradition (and even relating this to the Filioque). Furthermore O’Donovan claims that seeing the twofold command to love as summing up Christian morality is original to Augustine. This paper first explores the way love functions in Augustine’s account of the Trinity. Then it looks to the East, arguing that the apparent contrast can be overdrawn, in particular that the pre-eminence of the twofold command is already there in Clement, and that the similar pre-eminence found in Maximos cannot be derived from Augustine. There is, however, a distinction between Augustine and the Greek Fathers: for the latter the Trinity is wreathed in mystery and lies in the realm of apophatic theology, in a way not found in Augustine.
Heart in Pilgrimage
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This lecture seeks to show that although Augustine is hard to understand for the Western Orthodox, the difficulties are really different for Western Christians, though they may be less aware of them. The difficulty is that the picture of Augustine in both East and West is dominated by Augustine the controversialist—against the Manichees, the Donatists, the Pelagians, and—as regards the Trinity—against the Greeks avant la lettre with the Filioque. But this is to ignore the real Augustine—the Augustine who for thirty-five years as a bishop preached several times a week, of which sermons about 1,000 survive, out of an estimated 8,000. The rest of the lecture is devoted to a close reading, explication de texte, of one of his homilies on the Psalms: on Ps. 100 (101 in the Hebrew enumeration).
St Maximos’ Doctrine of the Logoi of Creation
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Maximos’ doctrine of the logoi of creation, his ‘signature doctrine’, has been much discussed. It is readily accepted that the word logos is polyvalent, but this insight is often occluded by a tendency not to translate it, but simply to transliterate. It encourages to think it is a ‘thing’, and overlook its manifold reference. For Maximos there is a close relationship, amounting to identity, between the Logos, as the Word of God, that was made flesh, and the manifold logoi of creation. If we hold to this close interrelationship, rather than seeking to identify logos as a constituent of created beings, we shall be led to a better understanding of logos as expressing how God’s ineffable will for the created order manifests itself in a state of manifold difference and diversity that is intrinsic to finite created being, and intrinsic, too, to its state of fulfilment in deification.
Pronoia in the Life and Thought of St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Pronoia, ‘providence’, was a constant topic of philosophical interest throughout the Byzantine period; in every century it provoked discussion, especially in relation to what were called ‘the predestined [or better: predetermined] terms of life’, that is, whether the moment of our death is predetermined—such discussion drew heavily on Basil’s homily of God’s not being the source of evil. Maximos’ discussion belongs to this long tradition, but also belongs to his life. At the beginning of Dispute at Bizya, Maximos in chains, in response to the interrogating bishop’s polite greeting, replies that he is ‘as God preordained before all ages a way of life for me in his providence’, and goes on to explain briefly to the bewildered bishop the doctrine of providence. Maximos’ doctrine of providence is developed further in his works, drawing extensively on Nemesios of Emesa (whom Maximos perhaps first rescued from oblivion).
Photios as a Theologian
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Photios, ninth-century Ecumenical patriarch, was likely the most learned man of his day. Scholarly interest has largely concerned itself with his political role and with his list of book reviews known as the Bibliotheca; the only theological issue much associated with him is the Filioque. Too little attention is paid to his theological writings found in his letters, the overlapping Amphilochia, and his homilies. Discussion concerns the compilation of these works; what, if anything, lies behind the title, Amphilochia; his knowledge of the theological tradition (vast); his grasp of theological issues (sound, but with little distinctive). He emerges as an important figure, with a genuine interest in theology, learned rather than outstanding for his theological insight.
Knowing the Unknowable God
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Byzantine hesychasm and the Kabbalist work, Zohar, both belong to the thirteenth/fourteenth century. Although roughly contemporaneous, hesychasm and kabbalism seem independent historical movements. Nevertheless, they are worth comparing. To begin with, they are wildly different in genre: the Kabbalah deeply mysterious, the hesychast writings philosophical or devotional. Both, however, display analogies in their teaching of an Unknowable God, prescinding philosophical analysis. The hesychast apophatic doctrine that God is known by the heart parallels the Kabbalist concept of the ‘holy intellect … hewn from a divine source’; both envisage knowledge of God as entailing radical human reconstruction; the hesychast goal of deification in the Uncreated Light parallels the Kabbalist goal of attaining a ‘powerful interdependent relationship’ between human creature and creator; analogies appear between the Uncreated Light discerned in the Transfiguration and the notion of the Shekhinah; furthermore both sefirot and ‘energies’ enable mortals to come to know the Unknowable God.
Selected Essays, Volume II
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Volume II consists of articles, some concerning modern theologians, such as Hans Urs von Balthasar, Sergii Bulgakov, Karl Barth, Vladimir Lossky, arranged chronologically. Several articles are thematic: concerned with questions of hermeneutics; the Philokalia of 1782, and the related Slav Dobrotolyubie, the role of the Jesus Prayer, and the doctrine of deification; the nature of theology and the role of the theologian, as well as related questions concerning the authority of the Fathers, and the development of doctrine; the place of the Liturgy in Christian reflection and its cosmic entailments, also important for understanding the liturgical calendar; iconography; understanding of the role of the Mother of God and her bearing on questions of ecclesiology; sophiology; and finally an ambitious attempt to clarify Byzantine Trinitarian theology (with implications for modern Orthodox theology). The insights of the Fathers are interwoven with and inform reflection on problems belonging to the contemporary world.
Theology, Contemplation, and the University
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The university grew out of the monastic schools the purpose of which was to enable monks to fulfil their role which required literacy, which in turn enabled meditation, which led to contemplation. This adaptation of classical principles preserved its presuppositions, as Pieper observed, but transformed them. The distinction between doing and beholding yielded an understanding of activity, business, negotium, enabling contemplation as the goal of human living, which required leisure, otium—quite the opposite of modern presuppositions. How have we got to this point? Kant and Marx are adduced as steps on the way, leading to intellectual activity being regarded as a form of work, with results, a kind of product. So we have lost any sense that academics are people paid to think, and have come to regard them as workers, to be assessed by their products. Such is the fundamental nature of the crisis facing universities.
The Authority of the Fathers in the Western Orthodox Diaspora in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The question of the authority of the Fathers in the Orthodox diaspora was explicitly raised in the sophiological controversy, the gravamen of those who attacked, or criticized, Bulgakov being the lack of patristic support. Nevertheless, Bulgakov’s own understanding of theological method was explicitly patristic. The question of patristic authority can be raised in another, less obvious, way but noting the growing importance of the Philokalia in the diaspora, manifest especially in translations and adaptations (the most extensive and interesting being Fr Stănnilaoe’s extended, and commentated, version). This suggests two somewhat different notions of patristic authority: one general and pervasive, seeing theology as rooted in prayer, and entailing a sense of theology as growing out of the experience of prayer, the other more specific, concerned with way in which the Philokalia can lend to Gregory Palamas a kind of defining authority among the Fathers.
The Place of Θέωσις in Orthodox Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
By ‘place’ is meant how a doctrine relates to other doctrines by affecting them or being informed by them. Deification is not simply a matter of receiving divine attributes, fundamentally, as Athanasios saw it, deification declares the final extent of the human response to the Incarnation. It envisages God’s economy as an arc that stretches from creation to deification; in contrast to this ‘greater’ arc, there is a lesser arc that stretches from Fall to Redemption, and falls short of seeing human destiny in terms of deification. Deification is the purpose for which human kind, in solidarity with the cosmos, was created, and demands real change on the part of the fallen creature, a change that Maximos sees in terms of ascetic self-emptying in response to the Word’s kenosis in the Incarnation. This can be seen as an ascetic dimension to a fundamental apophaticism.
Sergii Bulgakov and the Task of the Theologian
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Bulgakov, like his contemporary Barth, and his younger contemporaries, Balthasar and Rahner, seems to have been convinced that the question how to write a theological dogmatics was a question that had to be faced. Traditionally, theological treatises had followed a basically credal order, going back to ancient catechesis. Bulgakov shares with his contemporaries in questioning that, perhaps even more fundamentally than they did. He shares, especially with Barth, a sense of the primacy of God’s word, interpreting this, less as Scripture than the address of God, who addresses us as Father, through the Son/Word and the Spirit. For Bulgakov, God addresses us pre-eminently through the Liturgy; our words are primarily used liturgically, that is, as the words of the community gathered together with the bishop, in praise of God, as we are caught up in the Son’s coming to us and taking us back with him to the Father.
Holiness and Sanctity in the Early Church
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Peter Brown’s ‘The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’ (1971) has spawned decades of scholarship. This article raises a few queries. Brown’s ‘holy man’ seems to emerge undefined on a blank canvas, but the notion of the ‘holy’ was already well developed: the vocation of Christians, exemplified in martyrdom. Brown is also keen to see the holy man as something new, and Christian, as opposed to holy places, but by the time the holy man has made his entrance, Christians were also discovering the importance of holy places: churches as holy shrines. Brown’s holy man is defined in terms of power, the power conceded to one apart from the community, but such power was soon claimed by bishops, very much part of their communities. Power, furthermore, exercised on behalf of a remote deity: which is to ignore the radical presence implicit in the Incarnation.
Experiencing the Liturgy in Byzantium
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Church’s Liturgy takes place in space and time, understood not merely quantitatively but endowed with meaning, much of it inspired by Plato’s account of the cosmos in the Timaeus. Space and time provide a matrix of meaning for movement and change. Church services took place in cycles of time—the week, the month, the year—which had accrued meaning drawn from daily life, as well as from the celebration of sacred events, especially the death and resurrection of Christ, weekly on Sundays, early at Easter. There were processions: to church, and to places sanctified by relics and icons. The church building itself was invested with meaning through its structure: both its division into nave and sanctuary, and the dome with Christ looking down on the worshippers gathered below, symbolizing the cosmos, consisting of heaven and earth. Such meaning was embellished by light, song, vestments, and movement.
Analogy in Karl Barth and Orthodox Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
It might be thought that Barth and Orthodoxy both share in rejecting analogia entis. It would be too simple to accept this straightforwardly, for analogy is capable of protean manifestations. Analogy can be traced back to Plato, who lent it ontological significance, and to Aristotle, for whom it was predominantly a matter of predication; both these concerns can be found in subsequent history. Proklos developed a notion of ontological analogy, corresponding to kataphatic theology, which influenced Dionysios and subsequent Christian reflection. Analogy has a role in Aquinas, and is even more prominent in later Thomism. For the twentieth century, Przywara’s treatment was fundamental, and inspired Barth’s rejection. Attacks on analogy often fail to grasp that it is designed to avoid, not affirm, making being a category embracing both God and creatures. In modern Orthodox theology, analogy was taken seriously by Stăniloae and Lossky.
Reflections Inspired by Cardinal Grillmeier’s Der Logos am Kreuz
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Grillmeier’s Der Logos am Kreuz was published in 1956, five years after his 150-page article in Das Konzil von Chalkedon, and nine years before that article was expanded into book form, in English translation, as Christ in Christian Tradition. It, too, is concerned with Christology, only expressed visually in depictions of an open-eyed Christ on the cross (such as in the Rabula Gospels), evoking less a human death than the Logos on the Cross. Grillmeier surveys with consummate skill a host of critical questions in great detail, making clear that the open-eyed Christ is indeed to be seen as dead, though a death borne by the immortal Logos. He ventures, too, into post-Chalcedonian Christology, something that only came to preoccupy him thirty years later. He makes use of a recent Orthodox book, The Meaning of Icons (1952), finding there anticipations of Palamism that he deplored as incipiently ‘monophysite’.
Exile, Hospitality, Sobornost′
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Exile was the condition of the Russian émigrés, not least those thousands who found themselves in Paris and its environs in the 1920s and 1930s. For a few this was an experience that, though disorientating, forced them to reconsider what it meant to be a Church outside their Russian homeland; for the vast majority it was devastating, forcing them to cope as they could, and even as they couldn’t (Maria of Paris found many Russians in mental asylums, unable to cope). The minority brought with them a profound theological and literary culture, receiving hospitality from those among whom they now lived, and sometimes finding a forum in which they could share their faith (notably the Anglo-Russian Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius). Christian reflection on what exile meant issued in ecclesial ideas shorn of dependence on a Church-State symphonia, drawing on the Eucharistic assembly to form a ‘Eucharistic ecclesiology’.
Marguerite Yourcenar’s ‘Feminism’ and the Ambivalence of Ovidian Models in Feux
Authors: Klein Florence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay compares Ovid’s Heroides and Marguerite Yourcenar’s Feux, a collection of stories about (mostly) mythological women that, like the Heroides, focuses on erotic passion and rewrites a heroic literary tradition from a female perspective. The chapter shows that reading both works in tandem can shed new light on each one, and is especially illuminating in relation to the question of Ovid’s so-called proto-feminism. In particular, Yourcenar responds to the key literary device at play in Ovid’s text, which imprisons women within a predestined (/already written) future and reduces them to the expression of the passionate and lamenting love in which they are trapped. First, the essay establishes the formal and thematic similarities between the two texts to support the argument for reading them in parallel. It then studies how Feux explores the motif of imprisonment in a solely feminine world and thematizes the limits which trap the passionate women in a way that resonates with the Heroides. Finally, it focuses in particular on two stories from Feux—‘Achilles, or the Lie’, and ‘Sappho, or Suicide’—which on the surface appear to complicate those limits by highlighting indeterminacy around gender and sexual orientation; by examining their characters’ attempt to escape a restrictive universe, it explores how this yearning to leave the confined space of the feminine condition is strengthened by the memory of another Ovidian work: the Metamorphoses.
Stoics and Hylomorphism
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s hylomorphism, which concerns the relationship between form and matter, is paralleled in many ways by the Stoic theory of the relationship between peculiar quality and matter. This is particularly clear in the theory developed by the Stoic Mnesarchus in the second century bce, though the comparison with Aristotle is apt in all versions of Stoic physics. Analysis of this parallelism is complemented by a discussion of how both theories relate to Platonism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how Iamblichus assimilates Aristotle’s own theory to Platonism, while distancing it from later Peripatetic theories which are presented as more similar to the Stoic theory.