bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody-Producing Cells in Rabbits Injected with Soluble BSA
Authors: Daniels J. C. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A hemolytic plaque technique has been modified for detecting antibody-producing cells in lymphoid tissues of rabbits injected with soluble BSA. A soluble carbodiimide was used to couple BSA to either heterologous (goat) or homologous erythrocytes. In the latter case, background activity was completely eliminated. Optimal concentrations of BSA and coupling agent are described. The effects on plaque production of incubation time and erythrocyte concentration are discussed. Ammonium chloride was used to remove rabbit erythrocytes, which obscured plaque formation, from spleen suspensions. While incubation with complement (direct assay) detected hemolytically efficient antibody, addition of anti-RγG to the complement (indirect assay) was required to develop plaques due to hemolytically inefficient antibody. Antiglobulin produced in some species inhibited rather than enhanced plaque production, and electrophoretic fractionation of these antisera yielded a predominant blocking fraction and an amplifying fraction. Antisera produced in squirrel monkeys provided consistent amplification without fractionation.
Heterogeneity of Rabbit Anti-Ovalbumin Antibodies Sensitizing Human, Guinea Pig and Rabbit Skin
Authors: Richerson Hal B. , Cheng H. F. , Seebohm Paul M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Three groups of rabbits were injected with five-times recrystallized ovalbumin. One group received soluble ovalbumin, the second alumprecipitated ovalbumin, and the third ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. The developmental courses of human, guinea pig and rabbit skin-sensitizing antibodies were followed, and representative sera were fractionated by electrophoresis and by Sephadex G 200. The effect of heating at 56°C for 4 hr was also studied.
Rabbit anti-ovalbumin antisera are capable of sensitizing human, guinea pig and rabbit skin. A different antibody sensitizes the skin of each of the three species.
Human SSA was best stimulated by antigen in Freund's adjuvant, was first detectable at 3 to 4 weeks and peaked at 10 to 12 weeks. It is only alightly affected by heat, is fast-moving electrophoretically and elutes with the ascending 7 S peak from Sephadex G 200.
Guinea pig PCA antibody was produced effectively by each immunization technique used, appeared early and continued at high titer for several months. It is heat stable, is slow-moving electrophoretically and coincides with the 7 S peak from Sephadex G 200.
Rabbit homologous PCA antibody was best stimulated by alum-precipitated ovalbumin, was demonstrable at 2 weeks and was usually sustained for several months. This antibody is affected but not destroyed by heat, is fast-moving electrophoretically, and elutes with the ascending 7 S peak from Sephadex G 200.
The GPPCA appears to coincide with the IgG immunoglobulin class, confirming the results of others (12, 13). The immunoglobulin class or classes of HSSA and RaPCA antibodies have not been identified in these studies, but are fast-moving electrophoretically and are perhaps slightly larger in size than IgG immunoglobulins.
In this system, the P-K reaction is not comparable to PCA in the guinea pig.
Antigenic Determinants of Human IgM Requiring Interaction of µ- and κ-Chains
Authors: Miller Edward J. , Terry William D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An antigenic determinant of human κ type IgM proteins which can be detected only when µ and κ polypeptide chains are combined has been investigated. Precipitin in gel and hemagglutination techniques demonstrated that two antisera, which were specific for IgM, detected antigenic determinants present only on IgM preoteins of κ type
Studies were performed to determine whether the antigenic specificity was a characteristic of κ chains or µ chains, or whether both were required. The IgM κ type specificity was retained by the γm8 subunit as well as by enzymatically produced Fab fragments. Antigenic reactivity was not detected in either the heavy or light chains isolated from κ and λ type IgM. The antigenic specificity was demonstrable, however, in reduced, dissociated and recombined molecules consisting of µ chains and κ chains. Expression of this configurational antigenic determinant of κ type IgM proteins, therefore, requires non-covalent interactions between portions of µ chains and κ chains.
Interactions of Sensitized Lymphoid Cells and Homologous Target Cells in Tissue Culture and in Grafts: an Electron Microscopic and Immunofluorescence Study
Authors: Weiss Leon 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The interactions in tissue culture and in graft of sensitized BALB/c spleen cells and homologous L929 fibroblasts have been studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. The system is slightly modified from that introduced by Rosenau and Moon (2–3).
Spleen cells become adherent to L cells. While erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes and other cell types in the spleen cell suspension adhere to the L cells, the population of initially adherent cells is effectively restricted to plasma cells and lymphocytes (11). Lymphocytes are predominantly the adherent cells at the outset, but plasma cells increase to about 50% of adherent cells in 24 to 48 hr. The peak in plasma cell number coincides with the period of rapid lysis of L cells. Lymphocytes containing polyribosomes, numerous mitochondra, and segments of granular endoplasmic reticulum are frequently observed. Cells containing globulin are revealed by immunofluorescence. Such cells increase in a manner parallel to that of plasma cells. Most immunofluorescent cells, as viewed under phase contrast, moreover, appear to be plasma cells.
I advance the hypothesis that in this system, which is representative of the homograft reaction and perhaps of other instances attributed to delayed hypersensitivity, a class of lymphocytes becomes plasma cells. The plasma cells are secretory cells. They secrete a type or types of antibody or toxin that may itself damage the L cells. But complement may also be produced by adherent plasma cells and, in conjunction with the antibody or toxin, may cause lysis of the homologous cells.
Hereditary Deficiency of the Second Component of Complement in Man: An Immunochemical Study
Authors: Klemperer Martin R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The sera of four homozygous C′2 deficient individuals and 15 heterozygous C′2 deficient individuals in two kindreds were investigated by immunochemical techniques. The decrease in functional C′2 activity in these sera was found to correlate with a decrease in the amount of a serum β globulin which is presumably C′2. Individuals homozygous for the C′2 deficiency lack immunochemically measurable serum C′2. Heterozygous C′2 deficient individuals have 30% to 60% of normal C′2.
Two Antigenic Subtypes of Human Lambda Immunoglobulin Chains
Authors: Tischendorf Frank W. , Osserman Elliott F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two subtypes St(+) and St(-) of human lambda polypeptide chains were distinguished by immunochemical tests. Five of 27 Bence Jones proteins contained antigenic determinants that were not detected in the other 22 proteins. The distinctive antigenic sites were demonstrated with a heterologous rabbit antiserum produced to a lambda Bence Jones protein. The St(+) lambda chain subtype is present in light chains from pooled normal human immunoglobulin G.
The results of comparative tryptic peptide mapping suggest that the specific St(+) determinants are localized on the variable (N-terminal) half of the lambda chains. St(+) lambda chains have been found to be Oz(-) (arginine residue at position 190 of the C-terminal half of the chain). Twenty-three per cent of the St(-) proteins were Oz(+) (lysine residue at position 190) and 77% of the St(-) proteins were Oz(-).
Effect of Antilymphocytic Serum on Rat Lymphocytes
Authors: Tyler Ruth W. , Everett N. B. , Schwarz M. Roy 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The results of this radioautographic study demonstrated that ALS destroys large numbers of the long-lived small lymphocytes. Morphologic evidence of destruction was apparent in measenteric lymph nodes and was reflected by reduced numbers of long-lived cells in the thoracic duct lymph. In addition, this agent stimulated some long-lived small lymphocytes to transform into large blast cells. Little, if any, change was noted in the cell content of the thymus and bone marrow, tissues known to contain large numbers of short-lived small lymphocytes. A maximum reduction in the number of long-lived cells was seen by 24 hr after the first injection of ALS and subsequent daily injections for 7 days did not appear to enhance the effect. Although blood lymphocyte levels returned to normal within 6 weeks after cessation of ALS treatment, the number of small lymphocytes in TDL reached only 50% of the control levels. Throughout the experiments normal numbers of short-lived small lymphocytes continued to appear in the TDL of ALS-treated rats. The results are discussed with respect to the immunosuppressive action of ALS.
Autologous Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Glassock Richard J. , Watson J. Ian , Edgington T. S. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Transfer of lymphoid cells from rats with autologous immune complex nephritis induced by intraperitoneal immunization with renal tubular antigen consistently failed to produce disease in normal rats of the same inbred strain. On the contrary, transfer of isologous lymphoid cells from rats with disease induced by intracutaneous and footpad immunization produced a similar, although clinically mild disease, which appeared only after a latent period equal to that needed for the active induction of disease. These observations and those concerning the nature of parabiotic transfer of this disease are consistent with but do not conclusively prove the concept that active immunization of the cell recipient by transferred antigen may play a role in the transfer phenomenon along with any antibody which may be formed by the transferred cells.
Facilitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Phytohemagglutinin on Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The in vivo effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) were studied in guinea pigs: EAE was facilitated when PHA was given 1 week preceding the encephalitogenic sensitization.EAE was suppressed when PHA was given following the encephalitogenic sensitization.The inhibitory effect of multiple post-treatments with PHA was greater than those of a single injection, but multiple pre-treatments did not enhance the facilitatory effect obtained by a single pre-treatment.Subcutaneous injection of PHA stimulated the lymph nodes in vivo, increasing their size and weight and developing marked cytoplasmic pyroninophilia in the cells, first those in the medulla and later those extending into the cortex.
The quite variable effects of PHA on other immune responses in vivo reported by other investigators may be explained by the histologic evidence that PHA affects lymphocytes predominantly. Thus, PHA may not exert so much influence on humoral antibody production as on delayed-type hypersensitivity, such as is responsible for EAE.
A Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor from Human C′5
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Newman Larry J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The action of trypsin on the fifth component of human complement (C′5) results in the appearance of a chemotactic factor for rabbit neutrophils. The generation of this activity is dependent upon the amount of C′5, the duration of incubation and to a lesser degree, the amount of trypsin. On the basis of analysis in density gradient ultracentrifugation and by gel filtration, the chemotactic factor appears to be a cleavage product of C′5 with an estimated molecular weight of 8500. Trypsin appears to be less effective in generating a chemotactic factor from the third component of human complement (C′3).
Chemotactic activity can be also demonstrated in the supernatant from sensitized sheep erythrocytes containing the first four reacting complement components and incubated with sufficient amounts of C′5. In this case, the chemotactic factor sediments very slowly (like the marker cytochrome c) in a sucrose density gradient.
The relationship between the chemotactically active C′5 fragment and F(a) C′5 which has anaphylatoxin activity is not presently known.
These studies document the second fragmentation product of low molecular weight from the complement system possessing chemotactic activity.
Studies on Human Antibodies
Authors: Dorner Marianne M. , Yount William J. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Six antibodies produced in one individual and anti-dextran formed in different individuals were compared with myeloma globulins in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. They were examined in their intact form as well as after reduction and alkylation. The findings indicate that antibodies and myeloma globulins represent fairly highly selected populations relative to normal γG immunoglobulin, with respect to their banding in acrylamide gel.
Isoantigens Available to Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Witz Isaac , Kaliss Nathan , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Further studies on the availability of mouse DBA/2 isoantigens to circulating antibodies were made. Isoantibodies isolated from multiparous C57BL females (by DBA/2 males) exhibited in vivo localization in tissues of DBA/2 mice. A drastic reduction in the size of spleen by irradiation did not decrease the fraction of injected isoantibody that was fixed to this organ. Furthermore, the spleens of young mice, although rather small in size, fixed a maximal fraction of the injected isoantibody. Specific fixation of isoantibody by the livers of mice pretreated with immunosuppressive antisera was lower than fixation by the livers of mice treated with normal serum. This may be due either to competition for antigenic sites or to a specific action of the immunosuppressive antibody.
Stimulation of Immunoglobulin and Anamnestic Antibody in Vitro
Authors: Yashphe Diane J. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Fragments of lymph node from previously immunized rabbits were secondarily stimulated in vitro and placed under tissue culture conditions with the addition of 14C-leucine to the culture media. Antibody synthesis as determined by incorporation of leucine began earlier than that detectable by passive hemagglutination. It was found that in such cultures the secondary antibody response was superimposed on a steady synthesis of immunoglobulin, possibly antibody directed against other antigens.
A Refractory Period in Adoptive Immunization Following Secondary Stimulation of Mice
Authors: Twarog Frank J. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A refractory period of antibody transfer between 8 and 20 days following a secondary stimulation of mice with BSA has been observed. During this period, although donor animals have very high titers of BSA antibody, spleen and lymph node tissue was incapable of producing antibody when transferred to syngeneic recipients. Cells with immunologic memory, however, were present in the transferred tissue as attested by anamnestic responses elicited in the recipient animals with sub-immunogenic doses of BSA. This refractory period was related to the dose of antigen used in the booster injection.
Immunologic Response to Altered Encephalitogenic Protein in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immunologic and pathogenetic properties of diazonium derivatives of a purified highly encephalitogenic basic protein (BP) of rabbit origin were investigated. Ars-Sulf-BP, containing three to four azo groups per molecule, was no longer basic by electrophoretic analysis, although the ultracentrifugal characteristics of the original BP were retained.
Guinea pigs immunized with Ars-Sulf-BP did not develop EAE, although delayed hypersensitivitity to BP could be demonstrated. Similar results were obtained when BP was conjugated with the cationic R4N group.
Guinea pigs immunized with Ars-Sulf-BP produced antibodies which appeared to be specific for a determinant larger in size than the haptenic group.
Anti-Dengue Immunoglobulins and Serum β1 c/a Globulin Levels in Dengue Shock Syndrome
Authors: Russell Philip K. , Intavivat Anong , Kanchanapilant Sopana 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The anti-dengue immunoglobulins present in the sera of 12 children with dengue shock syndrome were studied by immunochemical and serologic methods. IgG antibody was shown to have HI, CF and N activity against dengue viruses. No anti-dengue antibody activity was attributable to IgA or IgM in these patients, all of whom had secondary dengue infections. A depression in serum β1 c/a globulin levels was observed in 23 dengue shock syndrome patients during the shock phase of the illness. Normal levels were found following convalescence. The significance of these observations with respect to possible immunologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the dengue shock syndrome is discussed.
Immunofluorescence Assay for Antigen and Antibody in Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus Infection of Mice
Authors: Porter David D. , Porter Helen G. , Deerhake Beverly B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An immunofluorescence method to demonstrate infected cells and antibody was developed for lactic dehydrogenase virus infection of mice. Macrophages in the spleen and Kupffer cells in the liver contained viral antigen between 18 and 36 hr post-infection. Mice developed an antibody response to viral antigen by 6 days post-infection.
The in vitro Release of Leukocyte Histamine by Staphylococcal Antigens
Authors: Martin R. Russell , White Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Leukocyte histamine was released in vitro by crude staphylococcal antigen supernatants containing protein antigen A or by electrophoretically separated protein antigen A. Leukocyte histamine was not released by similar antigen supernatants from a strain which did not contain protein antigen A, nor by teichoic acids or teichoic acid-mucopeptide complexes. Pre-incubation of antigens with sera containing antigen A precipitins consistently blocked leukocyte histamine release.
Studies on Cryoprecipitation
Authors: Saha Anil , Sambury Sheldon , Smart Kenwyn , Heiner Douglas C. , Sargent Austin U. , Rose Bram 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cryoglobulin obtained from a patient suffering from idiopathic cryoglobulinemia was characterized immunochemically. This cryoglobulin (2.7 g/100 ml plasma) was produced by the patient in addition to the normal level of major serum proteins and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD). It possesses a λ-type light polypeptide chain and a γ1-type heavy chain with Gm 4 characteristics. Treatment of the cryoglobulin with papain produced Fab and Fc fragments which individually or collectively showed no cryoprecipitation at 3°C. In contrast, the native cryoglobulin molecule formed a gel matrix when the temperature was reduced below 37°C. Rabbit antisera to this cryoglobulin possessed cryoglobulin-specific antibody determinants which were directed toward the Fd pieces of the Fab fragment. The Fab fragments displayed a dimermonomer equilibrium depending on the hydrogen ion concentration of the media.
Chromatographic Studies on Spleen and Lymph Node Extracts with Antibody Activity
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Donald David H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with the enzyme Cypridina luciferase and the antiluciferase activity in spleen and lymph node extracts was studied chromatographically. The extracts were separated into major fractions by differential centrifugation and into subfractions by gel exclusion chromatography. Only two types of soluble antiluciferase activity were found. Based on elution from Sephadex G 200 columns, the first type of activity appeared to be due to immunoglobulin-G (IgG). The second type possessed a molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000 and resembled Porter's fragments I and II. Significant amounts of luciferase were associated with the high molecular weight fraction of lymph nodes.
Hapten-Specific Insoluble Immunoabsorbents Prepared from Hide Powder (Collagen)
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Levytska Vera 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Hapten-specific immunoabsorbents using bovine hide powder (an inexpensive material consisting largely of collagen) as the matrix were prepared by coupling it with hapten, and were used to isolate antibodies from rabbit anti-hapten sera. Both benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) and dinitrophenyl (DNP) hide powder had high absorptive capacities for antibody. Absorption and elution were specific. Antibody recoveries ranged from 75% to 100% when eluted with hapten. Antibody purity was high; specific precipitability was 95% to 100% for BPO and 45% to 86% for DNP. DNP antibody preparations contained hapten as an impurity, which appears to account for the low precipitability. BPO antibody preparations were virtually free of hapten. The immunoabsorbents are conveniently prepared, economical and stable. Hide powder may have wide applicability as an insoluble matrix for a variety of biologically important small and large molecules.
Relationship Between Viremia and Interferon Production of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Rokutanda Hinae K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Viremia with JE virus and its relationship to pathogenicity were studied in mice. The degree of viremia and susceptibility to peripheral infection decreased with age. Mice became markedly resistant to JE virus infection between 1 and 2 weeks of age. A viremia-positive (V+) variant was isolated by rapid blood-to-blood passages of the Mukai strain in 1-week-old mice. This strain causes the highest viremia with JE virus ever reported in 3-week-old mice. The maximal titer was about 103 PFU/ml of blood when 30 PFU were inoculated subcutaneously. In general, viremia with JE virus was not detected so easily and its titer was not so high when the virus was inoculated subcutaneously in 3-week-old mice. There was a proportional relationship between the occurrence of viremia and pathogenicity. The V+ variant showed 100-fold higher pathogenicity in peripheral infections and 10-fold higher in intracerebral infection than the wild type (V-) virus in 3-week-old mice.
The causal relationship between the occurrence of viremia and the production of circulating interferon was studied. V- virus produced more interferon in the blood of mice than the V+ virus, whereas the titer of viremia was higher with the V+ variant than with V- virus. So the occurrence of viremia was regulated by the ability of the virus to produce circulating interferon. No difference was found in sensitivity to interferon between V+ and V- virus.
Mycoplasmacidal Effect of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Extract
Authors: Dajani Adnan S. , Ayoub Elia M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of leukocyte extract on the viability of certain human Mycoplasma was investigated. Leukocytes were obtained from venous blood of human donors or from glycogen-induced peritoneal exudate of rabbits. The cells were suspended in citrate buffer at various pH values and the extract was prepared by repeated quick-freezing and thawing. The supernatant of these preparations showed a marked mycoplasmacidal effect on M. pneumoniae, M. salivarium and M. fermentans. Fractionation with ammonium sulfate revealed that the activity of this extract resides in the fraction obtained at 40% to 60% saturation of ammonium sulfate. This mycoplasmacidal factor exhibits optimal activity at about pH 4.7, is non-dialyzable and is relatively heat resistant.