bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining Continental Lithosphere as a Layer With Abundant Frozen‐In Structures That Scatter Seismic Waves
Authors: Levin V. , Lebedev S. , Fullea J. , Li Y. , Chen X. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe investigate the structure of the continental lithosphere by combining two approaches: a systematic survey of abrupt changes in seismic properties detected by P‐to‐S converted body waves and an integrated geophysical‐petrological inversion for temperature and density in the upper mantle. We refine the global thermo‐chemical model WINTERC‐G in eastern North America by including detailed regional information on the crust into petrological inversions and combine it with the upper mantle layering beneath eastern North America yielded by anisotropy‐aware receiver‐function analysis. Eastern North America's Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic lithospheres show an excellent agreement between the depth to the 1,300°C isotherm that bounds the lithosphere and the depth range where converted waves detect abrupt changes in seismic properties. Boundaries with these abrupt changes reside within the rigid mechanical lithosphere and are uncommon in the convecting mantle beneath it. The boundaries include both impedance increases and decreases with depth, as well as anisotropy changes, and must have developed over the course of the assembly and evolution of the lithosphere. In the asthenosphere below, such heterogeneities appear to have been largely mixed out by convection. The existence of abundant interfaces with diverse origin can account for the commonly observed scattered signals from within the continental lithosphere and presents an alternative to the end‐member concept of the mid‐lithospheric discontinuity as a ubiquitous feature with a uniform origin. Generally, we can define continental lithosphere as a region of conductive heat transport and steep geotherm that is characterized by pervasive internal layering of density, elastic moduli and texture.
Observations of Shelf‐Ocean Exchange in the Northern South Atlantic Bight Driven by the Gulf Stream
Authors: Andres M. , Muglia M. , Seim H. , Bane J. , Savidge D. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBetween Florida and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the Gulf Stream carries warm, salty waters poleward along the continental slope. This strong current abuts the edge of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) continental shelf and is thought to influence exchange of waters between the open ocean and the shelf. Observations from a pair of instruments deployed for 19 months in the northern SAB are used here to examine the processes by which the Gulf Stream can impact this exchange. The instrument deployed on the SAB shelf edge shows that the time‐averaged along‐slope flow is surface‐intensified with only few flow reversals at low frequencies (>40‐day period). Time‐averaged cross‐slope flow is onto the SAB shelf in a lower layer and off‐shelf above. Consistent with Ekman dynamics, the magnitude of lower‐layer on‐shelf flow is correlated with the along‐slope velocity, which is in turn controlled by the position and/or transport of the Gulf Stream that flows poleward along the SAB continental slope. In the frequency band associated with downstream‐propagating wave‐like meanders of the Gulf Stream jet (2‐15 day period), currents at the shelf‐edge are characterized by surface‐intensified flow in the along‐ and cross‐slope directions. Estimates of maximum upwelling velocities associated with cyclonic frontal eddies between meander crests occasionally reach 100 m/day.
Assessing the Complementary Role of Surface Flux Equilibrium (SFE) Theory and Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) Principle in the Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration
Authors: Kim Yeonuk , Garcia Monica , Black T. Andrew , Johnson Mark S. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAlthough evapotranspiration (ET) from the land is a key variable in Earth system models, the accurate estimation of ET based on physical principles remains challenging. Parameters used in current ET models are largely empirically based, which could be problematic under rapidly changing climatic conditions. Here, we propose a physically based ET model that estimates ET based on the surface flux equilibrium (SFE) theory and the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle. We derive an expression for aerodynamic resistance based on the MEP principle, then propose a novel ET model that integrates the SFE model and the MEP principle. The proposed model, which is referred to as the SFE‐MEP model, becomes equivalent to the MEP state in non‐equilibrium conditions when turbulent mixing is weak and the land surface is dry. Under conditions meeting land‐atmosphere equilibrium, the SFE‐MEP model is similar to ET estimation based on the SFE model. This blended nature of the SFE‐MEP ET model allows accurate ET estimation for most inland regions by overcoming the ET overestimation issue of the SFE model in dry conditions. As a result, the SFE‐MEP model significantly improves the performance of SFE ET estimation, particularly for arid regions. The proposed model and its high accuracy of ET estimation enable novel insight into various Earth system models as it does not require any empirical parameters and only uses readily obtainable meteorological variables including reference height air temperature, relative humidity, available energy, and radiometric surface temperature.
Integration of a Frost Mortality Scheme Into the Demographic Vegetation Model FATES
Authors: Lambert Marius S. A. , Tang Hui , Aas Kjetil S. , Stordal Frode , Fisher Rosie A. , Bjerke Jarle W. , Holm Jennifer A. , Parmentier Frans‐Jan W. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractFrost is damaging to plants when air temperature drops below their tolerance threshold. The set of mechanisms used by cold‐tolerant plants to withstand freezing is called “hardening” and typically take place in autumn to protect against winter damage. The recent incorporation of a hardening scheme in the demographic vegetation model FATES opens up the possibility to investigate frost mortality to vegetation. Previously, the hardening scheme was used to improve hydraulic processes in cold‐tolerant plants. In this study, we expand upon the existing hardening scheme by implementing hardiness‐dependent frost mortality into CLM5.0‐FATES to study the impacts of frost on vegetation in temperate and boreal sites from 1950 to 2015. Our results show that the original freezing mortality approach of FATES, where each plant type had a fixed freezing tolerance threshold—an approach common to many other dynamic vegetation models, was restricted to predicting plant type distribution. The main results emerging from the new scheme are a high autumn and spring frost mortality, especially at colder sites, and increasing mid‐winter frost mortality due to global warming, especially at warmer sites. We demonstrate that the new frost scheme is a major step forward in dynamically representing vegetation in ESMs by for the first time including a level of frost tolerance that is responding to the environment and includes some level of cost (implicitly) and benefit. By linking hardening and frost mortality in a land surface model, we open new ways to explore the impact of frost events in the context of global warming.
Global Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation With Stochastic Unified Convection Scheme
Authors: Shin Jihoon , Baik Jong‐Jin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA new spectral convection scheme, the stochastic unified convection scheme (stochastic UNICON), is implemented in a general circulation model. The global climate simulation using stochastic UNICON is evaluated and compared with UNICON, focusing on the simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Stochastic UNICON extends the original UNICON by randomly sampling convective updrafts from the joint probability density function constructed at the near‐surface, generating a spectrum of convective updrafts in a physically based manner. The performances of UNICON and stochastic UNICON on simulating observed mean climates are comparable, while stochastic UNICON slightly reduces the mean bias of climate variables. For the simulation of intraseasonal variabilities, stochastic UNICON outperforms UNICON in many aspects. Stochastic UNICON improves the simulation of the intensity and propagation patterns of boreal winter MJO, which are too weakly simulated in UNICON. The coherency between MJO‐related convection and large‐scale circulation is also enhanced, which many climate models underestimate. The improvement of MJO simulation by stochastic UNICON is related to a better representation of the relationship between moisture and convection in the model. The increased frequency of shallow convection in stochastic UNICON leads to stronger moisture convergence that precedes convection activity peak and results in the more robust development of organized convection and more frequent intense precipitation. A precipitation budget analysis reveals that the moisture tendencies due to horizontal advection and convective process are consistently enhanced during MJO developing periods by stochastic UNICON.
Tropical Cyclone Forecasts in the DIMOSIC Project—Medium‐Range Forecast Models With Common Initial Conditions
Authors: Chen Jan‐Huey , Zhou Linjiong , Magnusson Linus , McTaggart‐Cowan Ron , Köhler Martin 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe tropical cyclone (TC) forecast skill of the eight global medium‐range forecast models which are participating in the DIfferent Models, Same Initial Conditions project is investigated in this study. Each model was used to generate 10‐day forecasts from the same initial conditions provided by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. There are a total of 123 initial dates spanning in one year from June 2018 to June 2019 at 3‐day intervals. The TC track and intensity forecasts are evaluated against the best track data set. TC‐related precipitation and tropical cyclogenesis forecasts are also compared to explore the differences and similarities of TC forecasts across the models. This comparison of TC forecasts allows model developers in different centers to benchmark their model against other models, with the impact of the initial condition quality removed. The verifications reveal that most models show slow‐moving and right‐of‐track biases in their TC track forecasts. Also, a common dry bias in TC‐related precipitation indicates a general deficiency in TC intensity and convection in the models which should be related to insufficient model resolution. These findings provide important references for future model developments.
Four Decades of Trends and Drivers of Global Surface Ocean Acidification
Authors: Ma Danling , Gregor Luke , Gruber Nicolas 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe oceans are acidifying in response to the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, yet the global‐scale progression of this acidification has been poorly documented so far by observations. Here, we fill this gap and use an updated version of the in situ and satellite observation‐based product OceanSODA‐ETHZ to determine the trends and drivers of the surface ocean aragonite saturation state (Ωar) and pH = –log([H+]) (total scale) over the last four decades (1982–2021). In the global mean, Ωar and pH declined at rates of −0.071 ± 0.006 decade−1 and −0.0166 ± 0.0010 decade−1, respectively, with the errors of the trends largely reflecting the uncertainties in the reconstructed pH and Ωar fields. These global mean trends are driven primarily by the increase in surface ocean concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in response to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, but moderated by changes in natural DIC. Surface warming enhances the decrease in pH, accounting for ∼15% of the global trend. The long‐term trends vary substantially across regions and also differ distinctly between pH and Ωar. The highest trends in pH are found in the high latitudes, while Ωar decreases the fastest in the low latitudes. These regional differences are primarily a consequence of regional differences in the ability of the surface ocean to take up and buffer the anthropogenic CO2. Substantial El Niño‐driven interannual variability is superimposed on these trends, with Ωar showing greater variability than pH, resulting in substantially longer time of emergence for Ωar.
Acylated- and unacylated ghrelin during an oral glucose tolerance test in humans at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wolf Magnus , Heni Martin , Hennige Anita M. , Sippel Katrin , Cegan Alexander , Higuita Lina María Serna , Martus Peter , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Fritsche Andreas , Peter Andreas 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background/Objectives
The orexigenic peptide hormone ghrelin has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus through its effects on nutrient homeostasis. Ghrelin is subject to a unique post-translational acyl modification regulating its biochemical activity.

Subjects/Methods
In this study we aimed to investigate the relation of acylated (AcG) as well as unacylated ghrelin (UnG) with body weight and insulin resistance in the fasting (n = 545) and post-oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) state (n = 245) in a metabolically well characterized cohort covering a broad range of BMI (17.95 kg/m²–76.25 kg/m²).

Results
Fasting AcG (median 94.2 pg/ml) and UnG (median 175.3 pg/ml) were negatively and the AcG/UnG ratio was positively correlated with BMI (all p < 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity (ISI) correlated positively with AcG (p = 0.0014) and UnG (p = 0.0004) but not with the AcG/UnG ratio. In a multivariate analysis, including ISI and BMI, only BMI, but not ISI was independently associated with AcG and UnG concentrations. Significant changes of AcG and UnG concentrations were detectable after oGTT stimulation, with slight decreases after 30 min and increases after 90–120 min. Subject stratification into BMI-divergent groups revealed more pronounced AcG increases in the two groups with BMI < 40 kg/m².

Conclusion
Our data demonstrate lower concentrations for both AcG and UnG with increasing BMI as well as an increased proportion of the biologically active, acylated form of ghrelin giving point to pharmacologic intervention in ghrelin acylation and/or increase in UnG for treatment of obesity despite decreased absolute AcG levels.
A multi-omics integrative approach unravels novel genes and pathways associated with senescence escape after targeted therapy in NRAS mutant melanoma
Authors: Gureghian Vincent , Herbst Hailee , Kozar Ines , Mihajlovic Katarina , Malod-Dognin Noël , Ceddia Gaia , Angeli Cristian , Margue Christiane , Randic Tijana , Philippidou Demetra , Nomigni Milène Tetsi , Hemedan Ahmed , Tranchevent Leon-Charles , Longworth Joseph , Bauer Mark , Badkas Apurva , Gaigneaux Anthoula , Muller Arnaud , Ostaszewski Marek , Tolle Fabrice , Pržulj Nataša , Kreis Stephanie 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTherapy Induced Senescence (TIS) leads to sustained growth arrest of cancer cells. The associated cytostasis has been shown to be reversible and cells escaping senescence further enhance the aggressiveness of cancers. Chemicals specifically targeting senescent cells, so-called senolytics, constitute a promising avenue for improved cancer treatment in combination with targeted therapies. Understanding how cancer cells evade senescence is needed to optimise the clinical benefits of this therapeutic approach. Here we characterised the response of three different NRAS mutant melanoma cell lines to a combination of CDK4/6 and MEK inhibitors over 33 days. Transcriptomic data show that all cell lines trigger a senescence programme coupled with strong induction of interferons. Kinome profiling revealed the activation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) and enriched downstream signaling of neurotrophin, ErbB and insulin pathways. Characterisation of the miRNA interactome associates miR-211-5p with resistant phenotypes. Finally, iCell-based integration of bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data identifies biological processes perturbed during senescence and predicts 90 new genes involved in its escape. Overall, our data associate insulin signaling with persistence of a senescent phenotype and suggest a new role for interferon gamma in senescence escape through the induction of EMT and the activation of ERK5 signaling.
On the quantification of sample microstructure using single-exposure x-ray dark-field imaging via a single-grid setup
Authors: How Ying Ying , Paganin David M. , Morgan Kaye S. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe size of the smallest detectable sample feature in an x-ray imaging system is usually restricted by the spatial resolution of the system. This limitation can now be overcome using the diffusive dark-field signal, which is generated by unresolved phase effects or the ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering from unresolved sample microstructures. A quantitative measure of this dark-field signal can be useful in revealing the microstructure size or material for medical diagnosis, security screening and materials science. Recently, we derived a new method to quantify the diffusive dark-field signal in terms of a scattering angle using a single-exposure grid-based approach. In this manuscript, we look at the problem of quantifying the sample microstructure size from this single-exposure dark-field signal. We do this by quantifying the diffusive dark-field signal produced by 5 different sizes of polystyrene microspheres, ranging from 1.0 to 10.8 µm, to investigate how the strength of the extracted dark-field signal changes with the sample microstructure size,$$S$$S. We also explore the feasibility of performing single-exposure dark-field imaging with a simple equation for the optimal propagation distance, given microstructure with a specific size and thickness, and show consistency between this model and experimental data. Our theoretical model predicts that the dark-field scattering angle is inversely proportional to$$\sqrt{S}$$S, which is also consistent with our experimental data.
Beat-wise segmentation of electrocardiogram using adaptive windowing and deep neural network
Authors: Niroshana S. M. Isuru , Kuroda Satoshi , Tanaka Kazuyuki , Chen Wenxi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractTimely detection of anomalies and automatic interpretation of an electrocardiogram (ECG) play a crucial role in many healthcare applications, such as patient monitoring and post treatments. Beat-wise segmentation is one of the essential steps in ensuring the confidence and fidelity of many automatic ECG classification methods. In this sense, we present a reliable ECG beat segmentation technique using a CNN model with an adaptive windowing algorithm. The proposed adaptive windowing algorithm can recognise cardiac cycle events and perform segmentation, including regular and irregular beats from an ECG signal with satisfactorily accurate boundaries.The proposed algorithm was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively based on the annotations provided with the datasets and beat-wise manual inspection. The algorithm performed satisfactorily well for the MIT-BIH dataset with a 99.08% accuracy and a 99.08% of F1-score in detecting heartbeats along with a 99.25% of accuracy in determining correct boundaries. The proposed method successfully detected heartbeats from the European S-T database with a 98.3% accuracy and 97.4% precision. The algorithm showed 99.4% of accuracy and precision for Fantasia database. In summary, the algorithm’s overall performance on these three datasets suggests a high possibility of applying this algorithm in various applications in ECG analysis, including clinical applications with greater confidence.
Cranial geometry in patients with dystonia and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Fujikawa Joji , Morigaki Ryoma , Miyake Kazuhisa , Matsuda Taku , Koyama Hiroshi , Oda Teruo , Yamamoto Nobuaki , Izumi Yuishin , Mure Hideo , Goto Satoshi , Takagi Yasushi 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAbnormal skull shape has been reported in brain disorders. However, no studies have investigated cranial geometry in neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the cranial geometry of patients with dystonia or Parkinson's disease (PD). Cranial computed tomography images of 36 patients each with idiopathic dystonia (IDYS), PD, and chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) were analyzed. Those with IDYS had a significantly higher occipital index (OI) than those with CSDH (p = 0.014). When cephalic index (CI) was divided into the normal and abnormal groups, there was a significant difference between those with IDYS and CSDH (p = 0.000, α = 0.017) and between PD and CSDH (p = 0.031, α = 0.033). The age of onset was significantly correlated with the CI of IDYS (τ = − 0.282,p = 0.016). The Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale motor score (BFMDRS-M) showed a significant correlation with OI in IDYS (τ = 0.372,p = 0.002). The cranial geometry of patients with IDYS was significantly different from that of patients with CSDH. There was a significant correlation between age of onset and CI, as well as between BFMDRS-M and OI, suggesting that short heads in the growth phase and skull balance might be related to the genesis of dystonia and its effect on motor symptoms.
Parametrically driving a quantum oscillator into exceptionality
Authors: Downing C. A. , Vidiella-Barranco A. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe mathematical objects employed in physical theories do not always behave well. Einstein’s theory of space and time allows for spacetime singularities and Van Hove singularities arise in condensed matter physics, while intensity, phase and polarization singularities pervade wave physics. Within dissipative systems governed by matrices, singularities occur at the exceptional points in parameter space whereby some eigenvalues and eigenvectors coalesce simultaneously. However, the nature of exceptional points arising in quantum systems described within an open quantum systems approach has been much less studied. Here we consider a quantum oscillator driven parametrically and subject to loss. This squeezed system exhibits an exceptional point in the dynamical equations describing its first and second moments, which acts as a borderland between two phases with distinctive physical consequences. In particular, we discuss how the populations, correlations, squeezed quadratures and optical spectra crucially depend on being above or below the exceptional point. We also remark upon the presence of a dissipative phase transition at a critical point, which is associated with the closing of the Liouvillian gap. Our results invite the experimental probing of quantum resonators under two-photon driving, and perhaps a reappraisal of exceptional and critical points within dissipative quantum systems more generally.