bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of plasma generated long-lived reactive species in aqueous and gas phases with different feeding gases
Authors: Zhang Kexin , Zhao Ming , Sun Da-Wen , Tiwari Brijesh K 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Reactive species are believed to play an important role in the treatment effects in both direct and indirect plasma applications. To better understand plasma chemistry and reveal the reactive species generated in the aqueous and gas phases, this study investigated the reactive species (i.e. H2O2,

NO

2
−

and

NO

3
−

) that were generated using two types of plasma jets with different feeding gases (i.e. air, CO2, and N2) and treatment time (i.e. 0, 5, 10 and 20 min) in both aqueous and gas phases. Under the same treatment conditions, the determinations of reactive species in ambient air (X-variable) were carried out using optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS), and the detection of reactive species in plasma-activated water (PAW, Y-variable) was using wet chemical-based colourimetric methods. For both measurements, OAS spectral features and the contents of reactive species in PAW varied from different feeding gases and treatment times. The correlations of X and Y were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression modelling. High collinearity (R2CVs ∼ 0.955–1) was shown between the independent X and Y. Based on the PLS regression results, the selectivity ratio (SR) algorithm was used to select the most important spectral wavelengths that are highly related to the functional groups of these reactive species.
A comprehensive study on the electron cyclotron resonance effect in a weakly magnetized capacitively coupled RF plasma: experiment, simulation and modeling
Authors: Liu Jia-Rui , Liu Yong-Xin , Wang You-Nian 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) effect in a weakly magnetized capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF) plasma was previously observed with optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in experiments and analyzed by particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) simulations (Zhang et al 2022 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.
31 07LT01). When the electron cyclotron frequency equals the RF driving frequency, the electron can gyrate in phase with the RF electric field inside the plasma bulk, being continuously accelerated like microwave ECR, leading to prominent increases in the electron temperature and the excitation or ionization rate in the bulk region. Here, we study further the basic features of the RF ECR and the effects of the driving frequency and the gas pressure on the RF ECR effect by OES and via PIC/MCC simulations. Additionally, a single electron model is employed to aid in understanding the ECR effect. It is found that the maximum of the measured plasma emission intensity caused by ECR is suppressed by either decreasing the driving frequency from 60 MHz to 13.56 MHz or increasing the gas pressure from 0.5 Pa to 5 Pa, which shows a qualitative agreement with the change of the excitation rate obtained in the simulations. Besides, the simulation results show that by decreasing the driving frequency the electron energy probability function (EEPF) changes from a convex to a concave shape, accompanied by a decreased electron temperature in the bulk region. By increasing the gas pressure, the EEPF and the electron temperature show a reduced dependence on the magnitude of the magnetic field. These results suggest that the ECR effect is more pronounced at a higher frequency and a lower gas pressure, primarily due to a stronger bulk electric field, together wih a shorter gyration radius and lower frequency of electron–neutral collisions.
Dynamics of sputtered particles in multipulse HiPIMS discharge
Authors: Hnilica J , Klein P , Vašina P , Snyders R , Britun N 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The behavior of the ground state neutral and singly ionized atoms is studied in multipulse high power impulse magnetron sputtering processes. The time-resolved two-dimensional laser induced fluorescence was used for imaging the discharge volume (density mapping) during the plasma-on and plasma-off time phases. The role of the number of micropulses and delay time between the micropulses in the pulse package is analyzed and discussed systematically. In addition, the propagation of the sputtered particles from the target is investigated.
Feedback-controlled flux modulation for high-temperature superconducting magnets in persistent current mode
Authors: Iftikhar Muhammad , Zhang Min , Yuan Weijia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets have found wide applications in high-field settings owing to their high current capabilities. Typically, these magnets are powered by high-current power supplies via current leads, which can complicate insulation between cryogenic and room temperature environments. However, new developments in flux pumps for HTS magnets have enabled charging of kA levels of current without power supplies. By combining flux pumps with HTS persistent current operation, it is possible to achieve accurate flux modulation and eliminate the need for power supplies and current leads. In this study, we report on a novel feedback-controlled flux modulation for HTS magnets in persistent current operations. This flux modulation is based on a flux pump mechanism that generates a DC voltage across the charging superconductor by applying a current higher than its critical current. With closed-loop feedback control, our flux modulation can achieve precise injection and reduction of HTS magnet current in increments of 0.5 A. This technology can lead to stable magnetic fields in HTS magnet designs. We anticipate that this work will enable future magnets to operate in a stable persistent current mode within a closed cryogenic chamber, significantly reducing the footprint and power demand of HTS magnets and opening up new opportunities for their applications.
Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves from the generalized Brans-Dicke theory
Authors: Yi Zhu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe power spectrum of the scalar-tensor inflation with a quadratic form Ricci scalar coupling function Ω(ϕ) = 1 - 2ϕ/ϕc+ (1 +δ2)(ϕ/ϕc)2can be enhanced enough to produce primordial black holes and generate scalar-induced gravitational waves. The masses of primordial black holes and the frequencies of scalar-induced gravitational waves are controlled by the parameterϕc, and their amplitudes are determined by the parameterδ. Primordial black holes with stellar masses, planetary masses, and masses around 10-12M⊙are produced and their abundances are obtained from the peak theory. The frequencies of the corresponding scalar-induced gravitational waves are around 10-9Hz, 10-6Hz, and 10-3Hz, respectively. The primordial black holes with masses around 10-12M⊙can account for almost all of the dark matter, and the scalar-induced gravitational waves with frequencies around 10-9Hz can explain the NANOGrav 12.5 yrs signal.
Lepton mass correction in partial wave analyses of charmed meson semi-leptonic decays*
Authors: Zhang Han , Ke Bai-Cian , Yu Yao , Wang En 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We derive a parameterization formula for the partial wave analyses of charmed meson semi-leptonic decays while considering the effects of lepton mass. Because the proposed super-tau-charm factory will reach a significantly enhanced luminosity and BESIII is collecting new

data, our results will help improve the measurement precision of future partial wave analyses of charmed meson semi-muonic decays.
Characterisation of electron cyclotron wall conditioning plasma in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Wauters T. , Buermans J. , Cavalier J. , Huett E. , Ragona R. , Svoboda J. , Bobkov V. , Griener M. , Jacobsen A.S. , Kallenbach A. , Likonen J. , Loarer T. , Lunt T. , Nielsen S.K. , Pitts R.A. , Ricci D. , Rohde V. , Stober J. , Schneider P. , Usoltseva M. , Team the ASDEX Upgrade 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Electron cyclotron wall condition (ECWC) discharges are characterised in ASDEX Upgrade with full tungsten plasma facing components and X2 polarised waves launched from the equatorial ports, relevant to ECWC conditions in ITER Pre-Fusion Power Operation phase 1. The characterisation of the deuterium plasmas is based on experimental inputs such as electron density measurements, in-vessel pressure measurements, poloidal field maps obtained from the measured coil currents, as well as advanced tomographic methods on camera images filtered at the hydrogen Balmer lines. TOMATOR-1D simulations and collective Thomson scattering radiometer spectra complement the findings. The cold, high density and partially ionized toroidal plasmas show significant levels of stray radiation. The measured radiation includes waves at half of the gyrotron frequency suggesting the occurrence of parametric decay instabilities at 2nd harmonic upper hybrid resonance that locates at the low field side of the resonance. A displacement of the plasma emission along the resonance layer is observed at higher discharge power in discharges with a vertical poloidal magnetic field only. By optimizing the poloidal field pattern, along with the location of the electron cyclotron heating (ECH) resonance, the strongest surface interaction regions for the charged particles can be controlled. Directing plasma flux to inner wall surfaces, and same for the inner divertor apron, is found less effective in ASDEX Upgrade due to magnetic mirror effects and outward convective flows. Modeling however predicts the presence of an intense and uniform flux of low energy atoms produced at the ECH absorption layer that may be effective for conditioning the high field side surfaces after use of the disruption mitigation system.
Modeling of aluminum erosion by neutral particles in dedicated EAST experiments using the 3D-GAPS code
Authors: Shi X.Z. , Ding R. , Matveev D. , Mu L. , Liu N.X. , Xie H. , Xu G.L. , Chen J.L. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
To evaluate the erosion effects of charge exchange (CX) neutrals on first wall materials, aluminum (Al) coated samples installed in a cylindrical sleeve were exposed to EAST plasmas with the Material and Plasma Evaluation System (MAPES). The 3D-GAPS code was firstly used to simulate the dedicated experiments with the neutral energy spectrums measured by the Low Energy Neutral Particle Analyzer located at the MAPES. The modeled Al erosion rates with isotropic angular distributions for incident D neutrals are consistent with the measured erosion thicknesses of Al layer by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry before and after the plasma exposure. The effects of neutral reflection coefficients and the heights of cylindrical sleeve on material erosion are also studied. The measured material erosion rate by CX neutrals in EAST verified by the modeling can help to us understand the effects of neutrals on first wall erosion, which is an important erosion process in future fusion reactors.
Specifications and pre-production of n+-in-p large-format strip sensors fabricated in 6-inch silicon wafers, ATLAS18, for the Inner Tracker of the ATLAS Detector for High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
Authors: Unno Y. , Abidi H. , Affolder A. , Affolder K. , Allport P.P. , Beaupre S. , Beck G.A. , Bernabeu J. , Bevan A.J. , Chisholm A. , Ciungu B. , Dawson I. , Dowling A. , Fadeyev V. , Federicova P. , Fernandez-Tejero J. , Fleta C. , Fournier A. , George W. , Gignac M. , Gonella L. , Greig G. , Gunnell J. , Hara K. , Hirose S. , Hommels B. , Ishii T. , Jessiman C. , Johnson J. , Jones D. , Kachiguin S. , Kang N. , Keller J. , Klein C. , Koffas T. , Kopsalis I. , Kroll J. , Kvasnicka J. , Lacasta C. , Latonova V. , Lomas J. , Martinez-Mckinney F. , Mikestikova M. , Miyagawa P.S. , Orr R.S. , Poley L. , Rousso D. , Shah A. , Solaz C. , Soldevila U. , Staats E. , Stack T.L. , Stelzer B. , Ullan M. , Yarwick J. , Zenz S.C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The ATLAS experiment is constructing new all-silicon inner
tracking system for HL-LHC. The strip detectors cover the radial
extent of 40 to 100 cm. A new approach is adopted to use p-type
silicon material, making the readout in n+-strips, so-called
n+-in-p sensors. This allows for enhanced radiation tolerance
against an order of magnitude higher particle fluence compared to
the LHC. To cope with varying hit rates and occupancies as a
function of radial distance, there are two barrel sensor types, the
short strips (SS) for the inner 2 and the long strips (LS) for the
outer 2 barrel cylinders, respectively. The barrel sensors exhibit a
square, 9.8 × 9.8 cm2, geometry, the largest possible
sensor area from a 6-inch wafer. The strips are laid out in
parallel with a strip pitch of 75.5 μm and 4 or 2 rows of
strip segments. The strips are AC-coupled and biased via
polysilicon resistors. The endcap sensors employ a
“stereo-annulus” geometry exhibiting a skewed-trapezoid shapes
with circular edges. They are designed in 6 unique shapes, R0 to R5,
corresponding to progressively increasing radial extents and which
allows them to fit within the petal geometry and the 6-inch wafer
maximally. The strips are in fan-out geometry with an in-built
rotation angle, with a mean pitch of approximately 75 μm and
4 or 2 rows of strip segments. The eight sensor types are labeled
as ATLAS18xx where xx stands for SS, LS, and R0 to R5. According to
the mechanical and electrical specifications, CAD files for wafer
processing were laid out, following the successful designs of
prototype barrel and endcap sensors, together with a number of
optimizations. A pre-production was carried out prior to the full
production of the wafers. The quality of the sensors is reviewed
and judged excellent through the test results carried out by vendor.
These sensors are used for establishing acceptance procedures and to
evaluate their performance in the ATLAS collaboration, and
subsequently for pre-production of strip modules and stave and petal
structures.
Can future cities grow a carbon storage equal to forests?
Authors: Talvitie Ilmari , Kinnunen Antti , Amiri Ali , Junnila Seppo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Urban areas have experienced exponential growth since the industrial revolution and by virtue, the urban population has followed. Current projections suggest that this growth has yet to reach its peak implying that urban developments will continue to sprawl into untouched territories. This growth and subsequent sprawl will undoubtedly come at the expense of forested areas. This study presents a carbon storage factor indicator for new urban developments. It is a novel concept which integrates urban planning, land use changes and wooden construction. The factor sets a carbon storage requirement for new urban areas that are developed at the expense of forested areas. The study is conducted in four parts. First, we estimate the carbon storage potential of forest areas via existing literature and databases. Then we collect all new development and construction estimates up to the year 2050 for the whole metropolitan region in Finland. Next, we conduct scenario analyzes for different demand levels of wood in projected residential developments. Finally, we compare the carbon storage potential of the future building stock to the forest areas planned for development. The data used is provided by the regional authority. The results detail that the future residential building stock can store between 128–733 kt of carbon. The lower level implies that current construction methods can only partially preserve the carbon storage of an area in buildings. However, the higher level suggests future buildings to be able to exceed the carbon storage potential of forest areas by nearly 47 tC ha−1. The study reminds that an increased use of wood is dependent on sustainable forest management practices. Furthermore, it is not our purpose to promote urban development into entirely new areas but rather encourage urban planners to consider the carbon balance when it is the only viable option.
Coupling to multi-mode waveguides with space-time shaped free-space pulses
Authors: Jolly Spencer W , Kockaert Pascal 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Guided wave optics, including most prominently fiber optics and integrated photonics, very often considers only one or very few spatial modes of the waveguides. Despite being known and utilized for decades, multi-mode guided wave optics is currently rapidly increasing in sophistication in parallel with technological improvements and advancing simulation tools. The physics of multi-mode interactions are usually driven by some initial energy distribution in a number of spatial modes. In this work we introduce how, with free-space input beams having space-time couplings, the different modes can be excited with different complex frequency or time profiles. We cover fundamentals, the coupling with a few simple space-time aberrations, different waveguides, and a number of technical nuances. This concept of space-time initial conditions in multi-mode waveguides will provide yet another tool to study the rich nonlinear interactions in such systems.
From neuromorphic to neurohybrid: transition from the emulation to the integration of neuronal networks
Authors: Bruno Ugo , Mariano Anna , Rana Daniela , Gemmeke Tobias , Musall Simon , Santoro Francesca 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The computation of the brain relies on the highly efficient communication among billions of neurons. Such efficiency derives from the brain’s plastic and reconfigurable nature, enabling complex computations and maintenance of vital functions with a remarkably low power consumption of only ∼20 W. First efforts to leverage brain-inspired computational principles have led to the introduction of artificial neural networks that revolutionized information processing and daily life. The relentless pursuit of the definitive computing platform is now pushing researchers towards investigation of novel solutions to emulate specific brain features (such as synaptic plasticity) to allow local and energy efficient computations. The development of such devices may also be pivotal in addressing major challenges of a continuously aging world, including the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the neuroelectronics field has been instrumental in deepening the understanding of how neurons communicate, owing to the rapid development of silicon-based platforms for neural recordings and stimulation. However, this approach still does not allow for in loco processing of biological signals. In fact, despite the success of silicon-based devices in electronic applications, they are ill-suited for directly interfacing with biological tissue. A cornucopia of solutions has therefore been proposed in the last years to obtain neuromorphic materials to create effective biointerfaces and enable reliable bidirectional communication with neurons. Organic conductive materials in particular are not only highly biocompatible and able to electrochemically transduce biological signals, but also promise to include neuromorphic features, such as neuro-transmitter mediated plasticity and learning capabilities. Furthermore, organic electronics, relying on mixed electronic/ionic conduction mechanism, can be efficiently coupled with biological neural networks, while still successfully communicating with silicon-based electronics. Here, we envision neurohybrid systems that integrate silicon-based and organic electronics-based neuromorphic technologies to create active artificial interfaces with biological tissues. We believe that this approach may pave the way towards the development of a functional bidirectional communication between biological and artificial ‘brains’, offering new potential therapeutic applications and allowing for novel approaches in prosthetics.
Thermal acclimation of plant photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration in a northern peatland
Authors: Ma Shuang , Jiang Lifen , Wilson Rachel M , Chanton Jeff , Niu Shuli , Iversen Colleen M , Malhotra Avni , Jiang Jiang , Huang Yuanyuan , Lu Xingjie , Shi Zheng , Tao Feng , Liang Junyi , Ricciuto Daniel , Hanson Paul J , Luo Yiqi 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Peatlands contain one-third of global soil carbon (C), but the responses of peatland ecosystems to long-term warming are not well understood. Here, we pursue an emergent understanding of warming effects on ecosystem C fluxes at peatlands by constraining a process-oriented model, the terrestrial ECOsystem model, with observational data from a long-term warming experiment at the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments site. Model-based assessments show that ecosystem-level photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration exhibited significant thermal acclimation, with temperature sensitivities being linearly decreased with warming. Using the thermal-acclimated parameter values, simulated gross primary production, net primary production, and plant autotrophic respiration (R
a), were all lower than those simulated with non-thermal acclimated parameter values. In contrast, ecosystem respiration simulated with thermal acclimated parameter values was higher than that simulated with non-thermal acclimated parameter values. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange was much higher after constraining model parameters with observational data from the warming treatments, releasing C at a rate of 28.3 g C m−2 yr−1 °C−1. Our data-model integration study suggests that peatlands are likely to release more C than previously estimated. Earth system models may overestimate C uptake by peatlands under warming if physiological thermal acclimation of plants is not incorporated. Thus, it is critical to consider the long-term physiological thermal acclimation of plants in the models to better predict global C dynamics under future climate and their feedback to climate change.
Wildfires and the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematized literature review of converging health crises
Authors: Clark Kathleen A , Sheehan Mary 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The emergence and global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 converged with wildfire seasons of unprecedented extent. These co-occurring crises brought the potential for amplified health impacts. A systematized literature review was conducted to identify the health impacts from co-exposure to wildfires and the COVID-19 pandemic. A search of PubMed and Scopus identified 373 distinct references which were screened according to predetermined criteria. A total of 22 peer-reviewed publications were included in the final analysis. Studies were located in Australia and the western United States, with a single study in the Amazonian region of Brazil. The studies identified focused primarily on the impact of wildfire smoke exposure on COVID-19 infection and mortality, and the impact of exposure to both crises on mental health. The collective evidence shows that wildfire exposure within the context of the pandemic exacerbated COVID-19 infection and mortality as well as various adverse mental health effects. Additional research is needed in more diverse contexts and with individual-level data. Findings highlight the need for public health preparedness to anticipate overlapping, related crises and to advance climate change mitigation to protect public health.