bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Reactivity in Canine Marrow Graft Recipients
Authors: Ochs Hans D. , Storb Rainer , Thomas E. Donnal , Kolb Hans-Jochem , Graham Theodore C. , Mickelson Eric , Parr Marlen , Rudolph Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune reactivity was studied in 55 dogs between 20 days and 8 years after lethal total body irradiation (TBI) or cyclophosphamide (CY) and grafting of autologous or allogeneic marrow. This was compared to findings in 50 normal dogs. Cytogenetic and other blood genetic markers showed that the hemopoietic and lymphoid systems in allogeneic chimeras conditioned by TBI were repopulated only by cells of donor type. In contrast CY chimeras showed persisting mixtures of host and donor cells. Recovery of granulocyte counts and return of granulocyte function as determined by iodination tests were complete by day 25 after grafting. Blood lymphocyte counts did not reach the normal range until day 200. Lymph node histology showed lymphoid hypoplasia for 100 to 200 days and returned to normal thereafter. Short-term chimeras (&lt;200 days postgrafting) had slightly lower and long-term chimeras (τ;200 days postgrafting) had significantly higher serum IgG level than did normal dogs. Antibody formation to chicken red blood cells and sheep red blood cells and bacteriophage φX174 (phage) was lower than normal in the first 200 days and within the normal range thereafter. The class of antibody after repeated immunization was predominantly IgM in short-term and predominantly IgG in long-term chimeras and in normal dogs. Phage clearance was normal in all chimeras. Transfer of immunity to distemper and phage was studied with equivocal results. Cellular immunity (first and second set skin grafts, stimulation of lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte culture and by phytohemagglutinin) was impaired in short-term chimeras and normal in long-term chimeras. An exception was the tuberculin conversion after Bacille Calmette-Guerin immunization which occurred as early as day 29. As a clinical correlate to these studies on immune function, long-term chimeras regained their health and are able to live in an unprotected environment without increased susceptibility to infections or other diseases.
Importance of Age of Host in Detecting Tumor-Associated Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Rose William , Girardi Anthony J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report here the importance of the age of the host in the detection of immunogenic tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)3 in transplantation experiments in vivo. Demonstration of the presence of TSTA on the K-BALB cell line, a BALB/3T3 cell line transformed by the Kirsten strain of murine sarcoma virus (MSV) but not producing virus, was dependent on the age of the BALB/c mice immunized.
Stephenson and Aaronson (1) previously failed to detect tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) on this same cell line when they performed transplantation immunity studies in 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice. Their negative conclusion was based, in part, upon observing comparable protection when using K-BALB and the parental BALB cell lines as vaccines. The authors admitted that the BALB/3T3 parental cell line may have undergone antigenic changes concomitant with prolonged passage in vitro Furthermore, we (unpublished observation) and others (2) have found that the putative normal BALB/3T3 cell line is, in fact, weakly tumorigenic.
Association Constant and Heterogeneity Index of Antibodies Specific for a Natural Determinant of a Bacterial Protein
Authors: Macario Alberto J. L. , de Macario Everly Conway 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The evolution of the immune response to a bacterial antigen was studied in a closed in vitro system, whereby the physiologic architecture of the responding tissue is preserved and communications with central organs (thymus, bone marrow), circulating cell and antibody pools, and antigen depots are cut off. The time-course changes in binding properties of antibodies directed to a distinct determinant of native, wild type, Escherichia coli β-d-galactosidase were determined by measuring their association constant for a naturally occurring ligand, a defective point mutant enzyme (AMEF), at various intervals during the response of rabbit lymph node fragments, which had been challenged in vitro, washed, and placed in culture, individually or in groups of five. Early secondary antibodies were distributed over a wide range of affinities, although antibodies in the serum of the donor rabbit were restricted at the moment of sacrifice and initiation of cultures. Later on, a gradual increase in affinity with progressive restriction occurred more often in multifragment cultures and in cultures challenged with 50 µg/ml than in those challenged with 5 µg/ml of β-d-galactosidase. The magnitude of the affinity rise was inversely correlated with the association constant of early antibodies and the peak affinity reached in each culture did not go over the highest value recorded in the serum of the donor, with only few exceptions. This indicates that although there is a strong tendency to maturation, there is a certain ceiling which is rarely surpassed. In some cultures a late fall in K0 was observed together with increased antibody heterogeneity. The overall data indicate that during microevolution of the immune response in vitro against a natural determinant in its native molecular configuration, a progressive contraction of high-rate antibody-forming clones occurs toward high affinity. Expansion of the memory potential over a wide range of affinities takes place in parallel. The limits of these processes, top affinity reached, and width of memory spectrum seem to be mainly determined by a prefixed array of precursors or memory cells. However, generation of new affinities during the immune response also seems to be possible.
The Influence of Removing Lymphoid Tissue on the Persistence of Tolerance of Skin Allografts in Mice
Authors: Silvers Willys K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To determine what influence removing lymphoid tissue had on the survival of foreign grafts on tolerant animals, we lymphnodectomized and/or splenectomized tolerant A-strain mice, bearing CBA skin grafts of long-standing. The results indicated that these procedures had no demonstrable effect on the survival of the tolerated graft unless the hosts were rechallenged with a second CBA graft—a procedure which was routinely carried out 60 days after the ablative operation. After regrafting, 24 of 42 animals (57%) devoid of their axillary and brachial nodes rejected their original grafts and 16 (38%) rejected both grafts as compared to only two of 25 (8%) which rejected their original graft, and none both, in the corresponding sham-operated groups. Unilateral lymphnodectomy had significantly less influence on graft survival than bilateral lymphnodectomy. Moreover, the detrimental influence of bilateral lymphnodectomy on graft survival could be partially reversed by inoculating a coarse cell suspension of some or all of the removed nodes back into the animals from which they were derived. Finally, splenectomy, even when combined with lymphnodectomy, had little influence on graft survival.
Potentiation of Helper T Cell Function in IgE Antibody Responses by Bacterial Lipolysaccharide (LPS)
Authors: Newburger Peter E. , Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on hapten-specific IgG and IgE responses to DNP-protein conjugates has been analyzed in an adoptive transfer system in mice. Administration of LPS to irradiated recipients of DNP-Ascarisprimed spleen cells at the time of secondary challenge enhanced the responses in both antibody classes to the original immunizing antigen demonstrating clearly that the mechanisms controlling both IgE and IgG antibody production are subject to the adjuvant influence of LPS. Responses in the IgE class appear to be more sensitive to enhancing effects of lower doses of LPS than is true of IgG responses. That the adjuvant effect of LPS is exerted on helper T cell function in this system has been directly shown in these studies by the substantial enhancement of development of carrier-specific helper function obtained by administering LPS at the time of carrier immunization. Whether this adjuvant effect reflects direct activation of T cells by LPS or, rather, an indirect effect mediated by macrophages and/or biologically active factors remains to be solved.
The Frequency and Activity of Single Helper T Cells
Authors: Marrack Philippa (Hunter) , Kappler John W. , Kettman J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the activities of T cell populations able to cooperate in the humoral immune response to TNP coupled to the carriers SRBC or KLH. We used Poisson analyses in which small numbers of carrier-primed spleen cells were added to cultures containing an excess of B cells and antigen. We have demonstrated that we could a) detect the activity of a single helper T cell; b) calculate its frequency in a given spleen cell suspension; and c) calculate its relative activity in stimulating the humoral immune response.
Lectins from Abrus Precatorius and Ricinus Communis
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Olsnes Sjur , Harper Annabel Avery 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The quantitative precipitation reactions of rabbit anti-abrin and anti-ricin sera have been studied with the purified toxins, abrin, and ricin, their isolated A- and B-chains and with the corresponding nontoxic Abrus and Ricinus agglutinins. In the case of ricin, the results are consistent with a model in which the agglutinin contains two lactose-binding B-chains, immunologically indistinguishable from the single B-chain of ricin and two A-chains which lack certain antigenic determinants present on the ricin A-chain. The relation between abrin and its agglutinin appears basically similar, although somewhat more complex. Both Abrus and Ricinus lectins react with lactose and with glycoproteins containing terminal nonreducing galactose residues that are present on certain proteins in the normal serum of many animal species and on the membranes of animal cells. Therefore precipitation reactions must be carried out in the presence of lactose or galactose. Dose-response curves of the effect of abrin and ricin on protein synthesis in HeLa cells are shown in the absence and presence of lactose. A method for estimation of potency of ricin antitoxin using the HeLa cell system is described.
Enhancement of the Humoral Response of T Cell-Depleted Murine Spleens by a Factor Derived from Human Monocytes in Vitro
Authors: Wood D. D. , Gaul S. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The humoral response of thymus-derived (T) cell-depleted murine spleen cultures was stimulated by the addition of human leukocytes. The stimulatory human cell type was found to be adherent and phagocytic suggesting that it is the monocyte. The stimulation appears to be mediated by a factor released by the adherent cells into the culture medium.
Generation of Non-Complement-Fixing, Blocking Factors by Lysosomal Extract Treatment of Cytotoxic Anti-Tumor Antibodies
Authors: Dauphinee Michael J. , Talal Norman , Witz Isaac P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alloantibodies against EL-4 lymphoma and P-815 mastocytoma were raised by immunization of DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. Such antisera were capable of mediating complement-dependent cytotoxicity and of blocking specific killing by alloimmune lymphocytes. Treatment with lysosomal enzymes derived from the tumor decreased the ability of these alloantibodies to mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity but left intact their blocking activity. Such degradation, if it were to occur, in vivo could contribute to enhanced tumor growth.
Studies of Complement Complex C5b,6 Eluted from—EAC-6: Reaction of C5b,6 with EAC4b,3b and Evidence on the Role of C2a and C3b in the Activation of C5
Authors: Goldlust Marvin B. , Shin Hyun S. , Hammer Carl H. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A macromolecular complex containing guinea pig complement fragment C5b (activated C5) and component C6 has been obtained from ĒĀC̄1̄,4̄b̄,2̄ā,3̄b̄,5̄b̄,6̄ (sheep erythrocytes carrying antibody and complement components, or fragments, C1, C4b, C2a, C3b, C5b and C6) or from ĒĀC̄4̄b̄,2̄ā,3̄b̄,5̄b̄,6̄ by elution. This complex combines with EAC4b,3b to yield an intermediate termed pseudo-EAC-6, which can be lysed by C7, C8 and C9, like genuine EAC-6, but which differs from the latter since it lacks C2a. In contrast, native C5 and C6 will produce EAC-6 only on reaction with ĒĀC̄4̄b̄,2̄ā,3̄b̄. Thus, cell-bound C2a is required for the reaction with native C5 but is not needed when C5 is supplied in the activated and complexed state C5b,6. Further, anti-C3 blocks the reaction of EAC4b,3b with C5b,6. These results suggest that in the reaction with native C5 the cell-bound C2a mediates the enzymatic activation of C5, whereas the cell-bound C3b supplies a binding site. In addition, the present experiments show that the activated state of C5b is stabilized by complexing with C6.
Regulation of the Immune Response
Authors: Sinclair N. R. StC. , Lees R. K. , Abrahams S. , Chan P. L. , Fagan G. , Stiller C. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from nonimmune mice were exposed in vitro to immune complexes containing solubilized sheep erythrocyte antigen and anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody, and then washed thoroughly. These antigen-antibody treated spleen cells displayed a decreased ability to transfer an adoptive immune response against whole sheep erythrocytes into syngeneic lethally irradiated recipients. Treatment with solubilized antigen or antibody alone produced little or no immunosuppression. Antigen-antibody complex suppression of immune competence was demonstrated to be: 1) immunologically specific, 2) not a result of carryover and release of antigen-antibody complexes, 3) rapidly attained (1 hr), 4) dependent on the Fc portion of antibody at low concentrations of antigen-antibody complexes, 5) stable to incubation of the antigen-antibody treated and washed spleen cells in antigen-antibody complex-free environments (in vitro and in vivo), and 6) the result of inactivation of cell-type(s) other than or as well as macrophages. An in vivo counterpart of in vitro antigen-antibody inactivation is described.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Scornik Juan C. , Cosenza Humberto , Lee William , Köhler Heinz , Rowley Donald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is mediated by lymphoid cells carrying receptors for immunoglobulin. These receptors are specific for IgG since a) IgG, but not IgM or IgA antibodies, either in their polymeric or monomeric forms, are capable of inducing cytotoxicity and b) nonspecific IgG, but not nonspecific IgM or IgA, can inhibit antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. These receptors on effector cells can interact with heterologous antibodies, but affinity for homologous IgG is higher than for heterologous IgG. Normal IgG is not inhibitory in reactions which are known to be antibody-independent, e.g., lysis of allogeneic target cells by immunized spleen cells or cytotoxicity nonspecifically induced by phytohemagglutinin.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Scornik Juan Carlos , Cosenza Humberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages obtained from peritoneal exudate are effector cells for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. This effector function is independent of phagocytosis, and it is not inhibited by EDTA or aminophylline. Cells functionally similar to those in peritoneal exudate can be obtained from the spleen, but a functionally different population is primarily responsible for cytotoxicity mediated by spleen cells. Effector function of these splenic cells is inhibited by EDTA and aminophylline. These splenic cells tend to adhere to plastic and their function is resistant to a high dose of x-irradiation.
Histamine Receptor-Bearing Leukocytes (HRL)
Authors: Kedar Eli , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A rosette technique is described for the enumeration and identification of histamine receptor-bearing leukocytes (HRL). Mouse leukocytes from a variety of lymphoid tissues form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes coated with histaminerabbit serum albumin (RSA) conjugate. Rosette formation was specifically inhibited by either histamine-RSA or by histamine, but not by RSA. The percentage of rosettes in lymphoid tissues of adult mice ranged from 8% in the thymus to 70% in the peritoneal exudate leukocytes. Spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lymph node cells produced intermediate numbers of rosettes (20 to 40%).
Spleen and peritoneal exudate leukocytes derived from mice and rats immunized against allogeneic and syngeneic tumors, respectively, demonstrated a significantly lower frequency of HRL as compared with unsensitized cells. The vast majority of immune lymphoblasts, however, exhibited a high degree of rosette formation and were coated heavily with the indicator erythrocytes. Of particular interest was the observation that a number of tumor cells (four leukemias, one mastocytoma, and one plasmacytoma) showed little or no rosette formation.
Loss with age in NZB/W Mice of Thymic Suppressor Cells in the Graft-vs-Host Reaction
Authors: Gerber N. Lynn , Hardin John A. , Chused Thomas M. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of lymphoid cells from NZB/W female mice to induce graft versus host disease (GVH) was studied by injections into newborn C3H/HeJ mice followed 9 days later by the Simonsen spleen weight:body weight assay. Spleen cells, 5 × 106, led to increasing GVH with increasing age until about 5 months of age, after which a decline in GVH was observed. The heightened responsiveness of 4 ½-month or 6-month NZB/W spleen cells could be suppressed by syngeneic lymphoid cells from mice under 2 months of age but not from mice 12 months of age. This suppressive function of young thymocytes and spleen cells increased with increasing cell dose. The suppressive function gradually decreased in thymocyte populations between 1 and 4 months of age. Nevertheless, 4-month thymocytes that no longer demonstrated suppressor function were able to synergize with 12-month spleen cells. These studies suggest that suppressor cells are lost as NZB/W mice age and that suppressor function is lost before helper function.
Use of Genetically Defined Nude Mice in the Study of the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction
Authors: Croy B. Anne , Osoba David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The H-2 complex and M locus have been defined for two incipient inbred strains of mice carrying the nu mutation. The strains differ at both loci from each other and cells from nu/nu mice of these allogeneic strains have been used to examine the role of T cells in the one-way mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). A positive MLR requires the presence of both an allogeneic difference, and T cells. Proliferation by T cells is not essential, however, the cultures must contain a cellular component allogeneic to the T cell containing population.
Immune Hemolysis and a Basic Peptide from Cobra Venom
Authors: Okada Hidechika , Campbell William 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and the first seven components of complement (EAC1-7) undergo rapid hemolysis in the presence of the eighth component of complement (C8) and a basic polypeptide (direct lytic factor, DLF) isolated from cobra venom which synergistically reacts with phospholipase A in hemolysis. EAC1-7 cells are not lysed by either C8 or DLF alone. DLF reacts after the reaction of C8 on EAC1-7 and not before it. These results suggest possible phospholipase activity in activated C8 molecules.
Cellular Events in Tolerance
Authors: Sanfilippo Fred , Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lewis rats pretreated with 10 mg of the soluble supernatant of ultracentrifuged sheep γ-globulins (ShIgSo) and challenged with trinitrophenylated (TNP)-ShIg in adjuvant initially developed significantly fewer anti-TNP plaque-forming cells than untreated controls. The effect was specific because ShIgSo tolerant rats responded normally to TNP-rabbit γ-globulin. Carrier tolerance lasted at least 6 months and could be induced with as little as 100 µg ShIgSo. Adoptive transfer experiments to irradiated recipients demonstrated that thymocytes could reverse carrier unresponsiveness. “Suppressor” cells were not detectable in carrier tolerant spleen populations. The diminution of responsiveness to TNP on a tolerated carrier thus provides a model for the study of T cell unresponsiveness in vivo.
Allergens of Mammalian Origin
Authors: Ohman John L. , Lowell Francis C. , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A purified fraction of cat pelt extract was prepared and subjected to electrophoresis in 7% acrylamide gel. The bulk of the allergenic activity was recovered from the prealbumin portion of the gel that contained a single band of protein (band B). Antiserum to band B reacted with both band B and albumin; after absorption with albumin, only antibody against band B could be detected. Electrophoresis of band B protein in 10% acrylamide gel resolved four protein bands; one of these bands was associated with the bulk of allergenic activity and reacted with absorbed antiserum to band B. The absorbed antiserum (anti-allergen antiserum) reacted in gel diffusion with a single component of crude cat pelt extract; this component had the molecular size characteristics of allergen. Anti-allergen antiserum removed significant amounts of allergenic activity from both crude cat pelt extract and purified fractions of cat pelt extract. It is proposed that the allergen defined by this antiserum be designated cat allergen 1.
The radioallergosorbent test was modified so as to provide an assay for allergen. The modified test provided a useful supplement to the skin test as an assay for allergen and showed that, of various cat tissue extracts, pelt extract was the most abundant source of allergenic activity. Extract of cat brain also contained significant amounts of allergen.
Maintenance of Latent Herpetic Infection: An Apparent Role for Anti-Viral IgG
Authors: Stevens Jack G. , Cook Margery L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism by which latent herpetic infections are maintained in the neurons of murine spinal ganglia was investigated. Initially, it was found that when latently infected ganglia were transplanted to latently infected syngeneic mice, some circulating factor prevented viral reactivation. A systematic analysis of the system led to the demonstration that this effect could be reproduced when anti-viral IgG was administered to noninfected mice receiving the ganglionic transplant. Thus, IgG inhibited intraneuronal viral DNA and antigen synthesis, therefore restricting the appearance of infectious virus. Although a role for cytotoxic antibody has not been completely ruled out, this result suggests that antiviral IgG plays an important role in maintenance of latent herpetic infections.