bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The data presented in this paper concern the reactions of 44 anti-horse crystalbumin sera with human serum albumin and with bovine serum albumin. The antisera were obtained from 17 rabbits; 17 antisera were obtained after 2, 14 after 3 and 13 after 4 courses of injections of horse serum crystalbumin. In ring tests it was found that 1:128 and 1:512 dilutions of 2% solutions of heterologous albumins provided more sensitive tests for the presence of heterologous antibody than 1:2 and 1:8 dilutions. Ring tests and optimal proportions titrations on antisera obtained from an individual rabbit after successive courses of injections did not indicate a consistent increase in the concentration of antibody which reacted with a heterologous antigen. In a graph which represents the relationship between the logarithms of the optimal ratios and of the flocculation times of 44 anti-horse crystalbumin sera with homologous antigen, the points were considered to lie on a straight line (3). In an analogous graph showing the reactions of 23 of these anti-horse crystalbumin sera with human albumin, the points lie within a broad oblique band except for that representing one antiserum. Differences in the intensities of the homologous and heterologous reactions of the antisera cannot be explained solely by differences in their content of an antibody of uniform specificity: whereas some antisera reacted more rapidly with human than with bovine albumin others reacted more rapidly with bovine than with human albumin. The experiments recorded suggest the existence of antibodies of different specificity in the antisera.
Thermal Inactivation Studies with Different Strains of Poliovirus
Authors: Youngner J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Variations in the rate of destruction of infectivity at 50°C were demonstrated for strains representing the three immunologic types of poliovirus as well as for strains of the same type. These strain differences were consistent upon serial passage of the different virus lines. In addition, variations in thermal resistance of individual infectious units making up a given virus population have been investigated and it has been found that progeny of different virus particles vary in their rates of thermal inactivation. Utilizing selection pressure in the form of propagation of survivors of partially inactivated virus pools, it has been possible to select 50°-resistant variants, the progeny of which retain this characteristic.
Other than temperature stability, no differences in properties of the parent and resistant lines could be demonstrated. Plaque morphology, rate of adsorption to monkey kidney cells, rate of destruction of infectivity and antigenicity by 1:4000 formalin, and inactivation at 36.5°C were the same for parent and resistant lines studied.
Virus lines readily distinguishable at 50°C were inactivated at identical rates at 36.5°C. Survivor selection at 36.5°C failed to yield variants resistant to this temperature, or to alter the characteristic inactivation rate at 50°C. These results suggest a different mechanism for inactivation at the two temperatures employed.
Serologic Comparisons with Lines of Influenza Virus Isolated and Serially Transferred in Different Experimental Hosts
Authors: Jensen Keith E. , Minuse Elva , Francis Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lines of virus derived from a single throat washing by isolation and transfers in different hosts were compared in cross tests with antisera from several species. Variations in antigenic potency and avidity for antibody were noted especially with viruses after passages in mice or in chorioallantoic membrane tissue culture.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Tempelis Constantine , Mueller August , Reibel Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Very large intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin given within 50 hr after hatching resulted in a reduced antibody response when the animals were subsequently reinjected. The unresponsiveness to the homologous antigen decreased with age since groups of 12- and 22-week-old chickens from the same hatch gave higher antibody titers than the 6-week groups. The degree of responsiveness seems to depend upon the size of dose given at hatching. The antibody response to a heterologous antigen, human γ globulin, was not affected.
Effects of X-Irradiation on Susceptibility to Infection Following Oral Challenge in Immunized and Nonimmunized Mice
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization with Salmonella typhimurium or Bacterium tularense, prior to near LD50 radiation, statistically increased resistance to oral challenge with the homologous living organism when the immunizing procedure conferred a sufficiently high degree of immunity. Antibiotic therapy in conjunction with preradiation immunization was more effective in increasing resistance than either of these methods used alone. A large total dose (900 r) given in regular small increments was found to be far less detrimental to the host defenses of the mouse than single exposure to smaller lethal doses.
Immunologic Relationships of C-Reactive Protein from Various Human Pathologic Conditions
Authors: Libretti A. , Goldin M. , Kaplan M. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunologic relationships were studied of C-reactive proteins (C-RP) obtained and crystallized from the sera of 3 patients with various pathologic conditions.
In the experiments performed by the gel diffusion method, it was observed that 3 clear-cut lines of precipitation appeared when the 3 crystallized C-RP's were allowed to diffuse against the same anti-C-RP sera.
The experiments performed with precipitin reactions and serologic cross-reactions between the various crystallized C-RP's and their specific antisera indicate that no antigenic differences could be demonstrated in the different C-RP's crystallized from the various patients by the quantitative precipitin reaction.
The quantitative complement fixation technique on diluted C-RP, C-RP antiserum systems yielding no visible precipitates demonstrated an apparently complete identity of the antigenic structures of the C-RP's isolated from the different patients. In these experiments, new evidence was presented of the lack of correlation between the antibody N content of an immune serum and its C′-fixing potency.
The possible interpretations of these results are discussed.
Behavior of Complement in Antigen-Antibody-Complement Precipitates
Authors: Weigle William O. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When complement from either guinea pig, rabbit, human or pig serum was fixed to immune precipitates it blocked the subsequent fixation of both hemolytic activity and complement N from added complements. In most instances when immune precipitates were “saturated” with respect to complement N they still could remove hemolytic activity from fresh sera. With the use of I131 (I*) complement it was demonstrated that the ability of “saturated” precipitates to remove additional hemolytic activity from fresh sera was, in part, the result of a “dissociation” of fixed complement in the presence of the fresh sera. A large amount of the I* material released from the immune precipitates was able to refix to fresh precipitates. Various protein solutions lacking complement also caused a release of I* material from the immune precipitates; however, this material did not refix very well to fresh immune precipitates. The nonrefixable I* material which was released from the antigen-antibody-I*C precipitates may well have been a substance or substances other than complement.
Specificity and Cross-Localization of Anti-Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Blau Monte , Day Eugene D. , Planinsek Jakob , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies were prepared in rabbits against rat kidney and labelled with radioiodine. Groups of rats were given the labelled antibodies: 1) directly, 2) after passage through nephrectomized rats, 3) after passage through normal rats. The measurement of radioactivity of the organs shows that part of the antibodies in the anti-kidney antiserum tested which localize normally in kidney were directed against components in common with liver and other tissues; and that part were directed against kidney-specific components.
Mumps Complement Fixing Antibodies in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Hummeler Klaus 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The patterns of complement fixing antibody responses to mumps virus in guinea pigs resemble in many aspects those seen in man. Intranasal instillation of infectious virus elicits high titers to the soluble (S) antigen within 2 weeks while antibodies to the virus (V) antigen either fail to develop or, where found, reach rarely high titers. Intraperitoneal injection of infectious virus also induces high anti-S levels but these are always accompanied, or even preceded by similar responses in anti-V. Injection of formalin inactivated virus by the intraperitoneal route results generally in the development of anti-V only. It is possible therefore to obtain high titered anti-S sera without detectable anti-V and, conversely, potent anti-V sera without measurable anti-S for the control of dose and specificity of diagnostic V and S antigens by intranasal inoculation of infectious virus and intraperitoneal injection of the inactivated agent, respectively, and bleeding of the animals at appropriate intervals.
Poliomyelitis Vaccine Safety Testing by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Beardmore W. B. , Hook A. E. , Sarber R. W. , McLean I. W. , Taylor A. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Details are given of the method of tissue culture safety testing of inactivated poliomyelitis virus strain pools and the subsequent trivalent vaccine, as developed and utilized in the production of a formaldehyde-ultraviolet irradiation inactivated vaccine. Data obtained, using formaldehyde as the sole inactivating agent, are compared with those obtained utilizing the combination (formalin-ultraviolet) method. Certain fundamental and theoretical aspects of inactivation rate data accumulated over the past few years are discussed.
Serological Factors of Natural Resistance in Animals on a Deficient Diet
Authors: Smith George H. , Wason Isabel M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Study of the changes in experimental animals brought about by dietary deficiencies has been directed almost exclusively to physiological and anatomical manifestations. The effects which such diets may have upon serological or immunological properties have received but little attention in spite of the fact that there is abundant clinical evidence associating defective diet with decreased resistance. In numerous publications of a clinical nature a direct correlation has been pointed out between a deficient diet and morbidity and mortality rates from inter-current infection. Such findings obviously suggest that under conditions of inadequate nutrition the efficiency of the mechanism of resistance is impaired. In so far as can be determined, the connection between these two conditions has not been submitted to direct experimental proof, either with the clinical material suggesting such a relationship or with experimental animals in which nutritional disturbances were artificially induced.
Biological Reactions of X-Rays
Authors: Cori Karl F. , Pucher G. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The radiation of the individual components of a hemolytic system does not increase the rate of hemolysis of that system. Radiation of the whole hemolytic system increases the rate of hemolysis of that system. X-rays influence the velocity at which the equilibrium of a reaction is reached. Further studies are in progress to determine the effect of x-rays on the velocity of chemical reactions.
Zone Phenomena in Complement Fixation with “Residue” Antigens
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1912 Dean (1) showed that the relative proportion of antigen and antibody is of the greatest importance in both precipitation and complement fixation reactions. He showed, conclusively, that to determine quantitatively the antibody content of a serum or the antigen content of a serum or extract, it is necessary to titrate decreasing quantities of antiserum with decreasing amounts of antigen.
The significance of this work does not seem to have been fully recognized although its practical bearing on any experiments dealing with precipitation or complement fixation tests is of the utmost importance. In fact, if the quantitative relation of antigen and antibody is not understood, especially in complement fixation reactions, antibodies in a strong serum or antigen in a strong extract may be entirely missed, or the opposite may occur, that is, antibodies in a weak serum, or antigen in a weak extract, may be overlooked.
Serological Reactions in Isolated Rabbit Lungs
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Marino H. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A vasoconstriction sufficient to reduce the rate of perfusion flow fully 95 per cent is produced by histamine in the isolated rabbit lungs. This vasoconstriction is associated with a marked perivascular edema. A 75 per cent reduction in perfusion flow is produced by Vaughan's protein split product, with partial or complete recovery by the end of nine minutes.
Tissue Culture Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Lewis Gladys K. , Weiss Gertrud , Olson Howard 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The growth of fibroblasts from human skin, the migration and spindling of certain elements of white blood cells from tuberculous and tuberculin-negative human beings were compared in their tissue culture responses to various concentrations of old tuberculin. The growth of fibroblasts from skin of guinea pigs before and after sensitization with killed human tubercle bacilli was compared in various concentrations of old tuberculin.
Fibroblastic growth was significantly depressed by old tuberculin in the group of 5 guinea pigs after sensitization. In any single experiment, however, the results were never sufficiently decisive to make it possible always to distinguish a sensitized from a nonsensitized animal.
In contrast to this observation, even the grouped data in the human experiments did not show a difference between patients with active tuberculosis and tuberculin-negative individuals.
When human tissues from individuals with and without rheumatic fever were tested with streptococcal products under similar experimental conditions (1, 2), evaluation of combined data suggested some inhibition in vitro of fibroblasts, though not of white blood cells from patients with rheumatic fever. However, it was not possible to classify correctly any individual case. A statistically demonstrable hypersensitivity to streptococcal filtrates and disintegrated streptococci may exist in rheumatic fever; however, an individually measurable one does not exist under these experimental conditions.
Cellular sensitivity, if the phenomenon observed in tissue culture could be interpreted as such, was more evident in rheumatic fever than in human tuberculosis.
The Reaction of Dog Intestinal Phosphatase with its Antibodies in the Region of Excess Antibody
Authors: Schlamowitz Max 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The nature of the precipitin reaction of dog intestinal phosphatase with its rabbit antiserum have been investigated with special emphasis on the region of excess antibody. Evidence for the existence in this region of soluble antigen-antibody complexes has been presented and discussed.
The use of horse antibodies against rabbit γ-globulin has been demonstrated to be useful for detecting and studying soluble complexes of antigen and antibody. The use of horse antibodies for the quantitative precipitation of phosphatase at levels estimated to be below 1 γ is described.
Studies on Hemagglutination with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Felton Frances G. , Scott L. Vernon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody in herpes simplex immune serum can be removed by adsorption with tannic acid treated and virus sensitized sheep erythrocytes.
The removal of this antibody as demonstrated by both hemagglutination and infectivity techniques indicate that the herpes simplex neutralizing and hemagglutinating antibodies are probably identical and that a specific antigen-antibody reaction is involved in the hemagglutination test with herpes simplex virus.
Antigenicity of Combined β-Propiolactone and Ultraviolet Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Authors: LoGrippo Gerald A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A comparison is made of the antigenicity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and rabies (CVS) vaccines prepared with β-propiolactone (BPL) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation used singly and in combination. The resistance indices obtained with the inactivated vaccines prepared with BPL and UV combined are not diminished as compared with the vaccines containing active virus. The advantages demonstrated by the use of the combination are: a) a marked decrease in the amount of BPL required for complete virus inactivation; b) elimination of the “tailing effect” observed when either agent is used alone; and c) a marked increase in the margin of safety between the concentration required for complete inactivation and the maximum concentration which does not critically alter the antigenicity of the vaccine.
Immunologic Studies of Heart Tissue
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Meyeserian Mary , Swift Audrey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An alcohol-extractable sarcoplasmic antigen previously identified in the hearts of several mammalian species, may be differentiated from cardiolipin by absorption and immunohistochemical tests. Antibody titers to these 2 antigens were found to vary independently in sera of rabbits immunized with homogenates of beef heart or rat heart tissue. Absorption of these sera with cardiolipin did not remove antibody to the sarcoplasmic antigen, while absorption with heart tissue homogenate removed both antibodies. Both antigens are constituents of the myocardial cell sarcoplasm; however, differences in their histochemical properties can be demonstrated.
Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration on Plaque Formation of Virulent and Attenuated Polioviruses
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The efficiency of plating (e.o.p.) of poliovirus under agar has been studied by the bottle culture technique. Plaque formation of attenuated strains under agar was usually restricted or delayed at low concentrations of bicarbonate (d marker in contrast to the d+ marker of wild virulent strains). Varying the bicarbonate concentration from 0.11 to 0.45 g % in liquid medium, did not significantly affect the adsorption and multiplication of attenuated or virulent strains.
Strains passaged in monkey spinal cord retained the neuropathogenic character of the parent line. When the original inoculum was a virulent virus, the strains on further passage in tissue culture yielded d+ viruses. Similarly, when the parent virus was attenuated, the tissue culture progeny were of the d type. However, 2 exceptions were encountered where d+ progeny were produced, but they still behaved as attenuated strains for they were almost free of intracerebral neuropathogenicity for the monkey at the 105 PFU level.
A number of newly isolated strains have been studied, using virus as present in human stools and in tissue culture progeny. In general, epidemiologically paralytogenic strains had a high e.o.p. in low bicarbonate medium, the property of a d+ virus. Strains which were epidemiologically mild, or which were recovered from normal children in interepidemic periods, fell into both the d and d+ categories. These d+ strains proved to be neuropathogenic for the monkey, sometimes demonstrable only by histological examination of the spinal cord. The d strains in this group failed to bring on any apparent disease in the test monkeys, but they did produce lesions in the spinal cord of a high proportion of the animals.
When an attenuated d strain was fed to human beings (6, 7) this was followed usually by the excretion of d viruses, but in certain individuals by the excretion of d+ viruses. However, the d+ mutants were still of low neuropathogenicity for the monkey, suggesting that among the attenuated polioviruses any back mutation to virulence proceeds in small steps.
The Use of Antigen-Coated Glass as a Specific Adsorbent for Antibody
Authors: Sutherland G. Bonar , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Although the foregoing investigation demonstrated the applicability of antigen-coated glass surfaces for specific absorption much study must still be made on the quantitative aspects of the problem. The quantitative data obtained so far indicate that the method is not as efficient as might be expected. For example, in the ovalbumin antiovalbumin system using the tube method (see Table 1) 3.0 µg of ovalbumin absorbed only 18.0 µg of protein from the antiserum. Assuming this protein was antibody of 160,000 molecular weight, the mole ratio of antibody to antigen would be only 1.5. The relation of the amount of ovalbumin on the glass beads to the amount of antibody recovered from the columns indicated that this method with the present technique was less efficient than the tube method as might be expected.
Since small amounts of protein from normal sera were adsorbed to antigen surfaces, one might question the purity of antibody which was recovered. Furthermore, one would expect some coprecipitation of nonantibody protein from immune sera (e.g., complement). However, if one excepts the electrophoretic data, the purity of antibody from the glass bead columns must be at least of the order of 90–95% (including the nonprecipitating material).
However, the amount of antibody adsorbed is sufficient to give very significant analytical data and the method is applicable to the removal and detection of low concentration of antibody.
A Comparative Study of the Growth of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Five Tissue Culture Systems
Authors: McClain Mary E. , Hackett Adeline J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some properties of the growth of vesicular stomatitis virus in 5 tissue culture systems have been described. Both types of the virus grow most rapidly and with highest yield in chick fibroblast monolayers, and poorest in L cell cultures under the experimental conditions used. Nevertheless, L cells were as susceptible to this virus as chick fibroblasts when used for plaque assays. No differences were found between the 2 isolates studied which were of sufficient magnitude to serve as genetic markers.
Leukocytic Transfer of Delayed Sensitivity to Normal Guinea Pigs from Rats Infected with Mycobacterium Lepraemurium
Authors: Wallace John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Systemic injections of spleen homogenate or peritoneal exudate cells from Mycobacterium lepraemurium infected rats rendered normal guinea pigs specifically sensitive to intradermal M. lepraemurium antigen. In contrast, intracutaneous injection of active cells suspended in OT or M. lepraemurium antigen transferred responses to OT (old tuberculin) as well as to the homologous antigen. The transfer ability of sensitive cells was destroyed by 50°C for 30 min. Comparison of cells from each of several rats in single guinea pigs demonstrated that the cellular reactivity of rats which had been challenged twice with M. lepraemurium was greater than that of cells from animals which had been challenged only once. These results corresponded with the relative resistance of the 2 groups of animals.