bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hard look at the X-ray spectral variability of NGC 7582
Authors: Lefkir Mehdy , Kammoun Elias , Barret Didier , Boorman Peter , Matzeu Gabriele , Miller Jon M , Nardini Emanuele , Zoghbi Abderahmen 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT
NGC 7582 (z = 0.005264; D = 22.5 Mpc) is a highly variable, changing-look AGN. In this work, we explore the X-ray properties of this source using XMM–Newton and NuSTAR archival observations in the 3 – 40 keV range, from 2001 to 2016. NGC 7582 exhibits a long-term variability between observations but also a short-term variability in two observations that has not been studied before. To study the variability, we perform a time-resolved spectral analysis using a phenomenological model and a physically motivated model (uxclumpy). The spectral fitting is achieved using a nested sampling Monte Carlo method. uxclumpy enables testing various geometries of the absorber that may fit AGN spectra. We find that the best model is composed of a fully covering clumpy absorber. From this geometry, we estimate the velocity, size, and distance of the clumps. The column density of the absorber in the line of sight varies from Compton-thin to Compton-thick between observations. Variability over the time-scale of a few tens of kiloseconds is also observed within two observations. The obscuring clouds are consistent with being located at a distance not larger than 0.6 pc, moving with a transverse velocity exceeding ∼700 km s−1. We could put only a lower limit on the size of the obscuring cloud being larger than 1013 cm. Given the sparsity of the observations, and the limited exposure time per observation available, we cannot determine the exact structure of the obscuring clouds. The results are broadly consistent with comet-like obscuring clouds or spherical clouds with a non-uniform density profile.
Causal Effect of Education on Tobacco Use in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Özmen Mustafa Utku 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Introduction
The prevalence of smoking is unequally distributed across certain groups. One significant dimension is education inequality, where higher smoking prevalence is generally observed in lower-educated groups. However, studies investigating educational inequality are mostly associative. Meanwhile, studies carrying out a causal investigation focus typically on developed countries. In this study, we consider a panel of low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) to investigate the causal link between education and smoking behavior.

Aims and Methods
We use detailed micro-level household surveys for 12 LMICs where the duration of compulsory schooling has been extended. By identifying the individuals subject to higher compulsory schooling and using the exogenous variation in education caused by the increase in the duration of compulsory schooling, we estimate the causal impact of education on tobacco consumption. We rely on regression analysis to estimate the effect.

Results
Our results reveal that those subject to higher years of compulsory schooling have lower smoking-related outcomes, suggesting that higher education significantly lowers tobacco consumption in LMICs. The effect is primarily observed for women, where, for instance, higher compulsory schooling reduces the probability of smoking by 23% and the number of cigarettes smoked by 27%.

Conclusions
The study’s results establish the causal link between education and smoking behavior in LMICs. This significant impact suggests that education policy is still an important tool to help reduce tobacco consumption, especially in settings where the average level of education is not high initially. Moreover, discouraging men from smoking requires other measures to complement education policy.

Implications
Education might help reduce tobacco consumption. However, studies—primarily for developed countries—find mixed results. This paper investigates the causal role of education on smoking in LMICs. Education reduces tobacco consumption, especially for women. Thus, education policy can be effective in low-education settings. Nonetheless, education policy should be accompanied by other policies to discourage men from smoking.
Optimal timing of introduction of complementary feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Padhani Zahra A , Das Jai K , Siddiqui Faareha A , Salam Rehana A , Lassi Zohra S , Khan Durray Shahwar A , Abbasi Ammaar M A , Keats Emily C , Soofi Sajid , Black Robert E , Bhutta Zulfiqar A 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Context
The timing of introducing complementary feeding (CF) is crucial because premature or delayed CF can be associated with adverse health outcomes in childhood and adulthood.

Objective
This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of the timing of CF introduction on health, nutrition, and developmental outcomes among normal-term infants.

Data Sources
Electronic databases and trial registries were searched, along with the reference lists of the included studies and relevant systematic reviews.

Data Extraction
Two investigators independently extracted data from the included studies on a standardized data-extraction form.

Data Analysis
Data were meta-analyzed separately for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies on the basis of early introduction of CF (&lt; 3 months, &lt; 4 months, &lt; 6 months of age) or late introduction of CF (&gt; 6 months, &gt; 8 months of age). Evidence was summarized according to GRADE criteria. In total, 268 documents were included in the review, of which 7 were RCTs (from 24 articles) and 217 were observational studies (from 244 articles). Evidence from RCTs did not suggest an impact of early introduction, while low-certainty evidence from observational studies suggested that early introduction of CF (&lt; 6 months) might increase body mass index (BMI) z score and overweight/obesity. Early introduction at &lt; 3 months might increase BMI and odds of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), and early introduction at &lt; 4 months might increase height, LRTI, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). For late introduction of CF, there was a lack of evidence from RCTs, but low-certainty evidence from observational studies suggests that late introduction of CF (&gt; 6 months) might decrease height, BMI, and systolic and diastolic BP and might increase odds of intestinal helminth infection, while late introduction of CF (&gt; 8 months) might increase height-for-age z score.

Conclusion
Insufficient evidence does suggest increased adiposity with early introduction of CF. Hence, the current recommendation of introduction of CF should stand, though more robust studies, especially from low- and middle-income settings, are needed.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration number CRD42020218517.
Aberrant Brain Dynamics in Schizophrenia During Working Memory Task: Evidence From a Replication Functional MRI Study
Authors: Wang Feiwen , Liu Zhening , Ford Sabrina D , Deng Mengjie , Zhang Wen , Yang Jie , Palaniyappan Lena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
The integration of information that typifies working memory (WM) operation requires a flexible, dynamic functional relationship among brain regions. In schizophrenia, though WM capacity is prominently impaired at higher loads, the mechanistic underpinnings are unclear. As a result, we lack convincing cognitive remediation of load-dependent deficits. We hypothesize that reduced WM capacity arises from a disruption in dynamic functional connectivity when patients face cognitive demands.

Study Design
We calculate the dynamic voxel-wise degree centrality (dDC) across the functional connectome in 142 patients with schizophrenia and 88 healthy controls (HCs) facing different WM loads during an n-back task. We tested associations of the altered variability in dDC and clinical symptoms and identified intermediate connectivity configurations (clustered states) across time during WM operation. These analyses were repeated in another independent dataset of 169 subjects (102 with schizophrenia).

Study Results
Compared with HCs, patients showed an increased dDC variability of supplementary motor area (SMA) for the “2back vs. 0back” contrast. This instability at the SMA seen in patients correlated with increased positive symptoms and followed a limited “U-shape” pattern at rest-condition and 2 loads. In the clustering analysis, patients showed reduced centrality in the SMA, superior temporal gyrus, and putamen. These results were replicated in a constrained search in the second independent dataset.

Conclusions
Schizophrenia is characterized by a load-dependent reduction of stable centrality in SMA; this relates to the severity of positive symptoms, especially disorganized behaviour. Restoring SMA stability in the presence of cognitive demands may have a therapeutic effect in schizophrenia.
Is it wiser to train in the afternoon or the early evening to sleep better? The role of chronotype in young adolescent athletes
Authors: Saidi Oussama , Peyrel Paul , del Sordo Giovanna , Gabriel Brendan , Maso Freddy , Doré Éric , Duché Pascale 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
To examine the effect of the timing of high-intensity exercise (afternoon vs. evening) on adolescent athletes’ bedtime psychological state, sleep quality, sleep staging, and next-day wellness/sleepiness according to chronotype.

Methods
Forty-two young athletes (morning type: n = 12, intermediate type: n = 14; evening type: n = 16) completed a randomized crossover study under free-living conditions. The counterbalanced sessions include: (AEX) afternoon (1:00–3:00 p.m.) and (EEX) evening (5:30–7:30 p.m.) high-intensity exercise. Sessions were conducted over three days each and were separated by a 1-week washout period. The time in bed was fixed (10:30 p.m.–7:30 a.m.). Sleep was assessed through ambulatory polysomnography.

Results
The effect of high-intensity exercise on sleep differs significantly depending on the time of exercise with lower sleep efficiency: SE (−1.50%, p &lt; .01), and higher SOL (+4.60 min, p ≤=&lt; .01), during EEX vs. AEX. Contrary to the previous view, we discovered differences in the mediated response based on the chronotype of young athletes. These differences were observable in the psychological state at bedtime, objective sleep, and the next day’s self-reported wellness. Whereas the sleep of participants with a late chronotype remains stable regardless of the time of exercise, those with an early chronotype experience higher mood disturbances and clinically significant sleep disruptions following evening high-intensity exercise.

Conclusions
Exercise timing and chronotype affect the psychological state at bedtime and objective sleep in adolescent athletes. This also alters next morning signs of pre-fatigue and wellness which suggest that the consideration of both features is important to adolescent athletes’ recovery.
Exposure to indoor light at night in relation to multiple dimensions of sleep health: findings from the Sister Study
Authors: Sweeney Marina R , Nichols Hazel B , Jones Rena R , Olshan Andrew F , Keil Alexander P , Engel Lawrence S , James Peter , Sandler Dale P , White Alexandra J , Jackson Chandra L 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Study Objective
To examine the association between light at night (LAN) and multiple sleep health dimensions

Methods
Among 47 765 Sister Study participants, indoor LAN (TV on in the room, light(s) on in room, light from outside the room, nightlight, no light) and sleep dimensions were self-reported at baseline (2003–2009). We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the cross-sectional associations between LAN and short sleep duration (&lt;7 hours/night), insomnia symptoms (difficulty falling or staying asleep), frequent napping (≥3 naps/week), inconsistent sleep/wake time (differed day-to-day and week-to-week), sleep debt (≥2 hours between longest and shortest duration), recent sleep medication use, and a cumulative poor sleep score (≥3 poor sleep dimensions). Population-attributable risks (PARs) were determined for any light exposure vs. none by race/ethnicity.

Results
Compared to sleeping with no light in the bedroom, sleeping with a TV on was associated with a higher prevalence of most dimensions of poor sleep (e.g. short sleep duration: PR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.45; inconsistent sleep/wake time: PR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.44 to 1.66; sleep debt: PR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.44; poor sleep score: PR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.48-1.68). PARs tended to be higher for non-Hispanic black women compared to non-Hispanic white women.

Conclusions
Sleeping with a TV on was associated with poor sleep health among US women, and non-Hispanic black women may be disproportionately burdened.
LncRNA expression analysis by comparative transcriptomics among closely related poplars and their regulatory roles in response to salt stress
Authors: Li Guiting , Chen Qingyuan , Bai Qiuxian , Feng Yannan , Mao Kaili , Yang Mengran , He Ling , Liu Meijun , Liu Jianquan , Wan Dongshi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating key biological processes; however, our knowledge of lncRNAs’ roles in plant adaptive evolution is still limited. Here, we determined the divergence of conserved lncRNAs in closely related poplar species that were either tolerant or sensitive to salt stress by comparative transcriptome analysis. Among the 34,363 identified lncRNAs, ~3% were shared among poplar species with conserved sequences but diversified in their function, copy number, originating genomic region and expression patterns. Further cluster analysis revealed that the conserved lncRNAs showed more similar expression patterns within salt-tolerant poplars (Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa) than between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive poplars. Among these lncRNAs, the antisense lncRNA lncERF024 was induced by salt and the differentiated expression between salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant poplars. The overexpression of lncERF024 in P. alba var. pyramidalis enhanced poplar tolerance to salt stress. Furthermore, RNA pull-down and RNA-seq analysis showed that numerous candidate genes or proteins associated with stress response and photosynthesis might be involved in salt resistance in PeulncERF024-OE poplars. Altogether, our study provided a novel insight into how the diversification of lncRNA expression contributes to plant adaptation traits and showed that lncERF024 may be involved in the regulation of both gene expression and protein function conferring salt tolerance in Populus.
Effect of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Dose in Myocardial Infarction With Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function
Authors: Kim Hee-Yeol , Mok Jisu , Kim Jae-Young , Jeon Doosoo , Her Sung-Ho , Park Mahn Won , Kim Dong-Bin , Park Chul-Su , Lee Jong-Min , Chang Kiyuk , Jung Wook Sung , Ahn Yongkeun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract:
There have been few studies of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) dose in myocardial infarction (MI) with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function. We evaluated the association of ARB dose with clinical outcomes after MI with preserved LV systolic function. We used MI multicenter registry. Six months after discharge, the ARB dose was indexed to the target ARB doses used in randomized clinical trials and grouped as >0%–25% (n = 2333), >25% of the target dose (n = 1204), and no ARB (n = 1263). The primary outcome was the composite of cardiac death or MI. Univariate analysis showed that mortality of those with any ARB dose was lower than those without ARB therapy. After multivariable adjustment, patients receiving >25% of target dose had a similar risk of cardiac death or MI compared with those receiving ≤25% or no ARB [hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–1.33; HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.82–1.08, respectively]. Propensity score analysis also demonstrated that patients with >25% dose had no difference in primary endpoint compared with those ≤25% dose or the no ARB group (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.79–1.33; HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64–1.14, respectively). The present study demonstrates that patients treated with >25% of target ARB dose do not have better clinical outcomes than those treated with ≤25% of target ARB dose or those with no ARB dose in MI patients with preserved LV systolic function.
Is Plastic Surgery Training Equitable? An Analysis of Health Equity across US Plastic Surgery Residency Programs
Authors: Cevallos Priscila , Amakiri Uchechukwu O. , Johnstone Thomas , Kim Trudy Sea-Eun , Maheta Bhagvat , Nazerali Rahim , Sheckter Clifford 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Achieving health equity includes training surgeons in environments exemplifying access, treatment, and outcomes across the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic spectrum. Increased attention on health equity has generated metrics comparing hospitals. To establish the quality of health equity in plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) residency training, we determined the mean equity score (MES) across training hospitals of US PRS residencies.

Methods:
The 2021 Lown Institute Hospital Index database was merged with affiliated training hospitals of US integrated PRS residency programs. The Lown equity category is composed of three domains (community benefit, inclusivity, pay equity) generating a health equity grade. MES (standard deviation) was calculated and reported for residency programs (higher MES represented greater health equity). Linear regression modeled the effects of a program’s number of training hospitals, safety net hospitals, and geographical region on MES.

Results:
The MES was 2.64 (0.62). An estimated 5.9% of programs had an MES between 1–2. In total, 56.5% of programs had an MES between 2 and 3, and 37.7% had an MES of 3 or more. The southern region was associated with a higher MES compared with the reference group (Northeast) (P = 0.03). The number of safety net hospitals per program was associated with higher MES (P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Two out of three programs train residents in facilities failing to demonstrate high equity healthcare. Programs should promote health equity by diversifying care delivery through affiliated hospitals. This will aid in the creation of a PRS workforce trained to provide care for a socioeconomically, racially, and ethnically diverse population.
Expanding Indications of the Medial Femoral Condyle Free Flap: Systematic Review in Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Patel Niki K. , Tipps John A. , Bartlett Scott P. , Kovach Stephen J. , Levin L. Scott , Mendenhall Shaun D. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The medial femoral condyle free flap serves as an attractive reconstructive option for small- to intermediate-sized bony defects. It is commonly applied in the extremities with limited reports in the head and neck.

Methods:
A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Results:
Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria, yielding 166 cases for analysis, with a majority of the cohort from a single study (n = 107; 64.4%). However, all included studies represented novel reconstructive sites and surgical indications. Flap components were described in 157 cases; periosteum was used only in four cases (2.5%), whereas all others are composed of cortical bone combined with periosteum, cancellous bone, and/or cartilage (97.5%). Additionally, a skin island was used in 43 cases (25.9%). Flap measurements were reported in 51 cases, averaging 4.5 ± 2.7 cm in length. Seven cases listed skin island dimensions, averaging 20.2 ± 12.8 cm2. The descending genicular artery was the primary pedicle employed (n = 162; 97.6%), while the superior medial genicular was used in the descending genicular artery’s absence (n = 4; 2.4%). Descending genicular artery pedicle length from 15 reporting cases averaged 6.4 ± 1.2 cm. Successful reconstructions totaled 160 cases (96.4%). Recipient complications were seen in 16 cases (9.6%) with six constituting flap failures (3.6%). Donor site complications were minimal (n = 6; 3.6%); however, this included one major complication of femoral shaft fracture.

Conclusion:
The medial femoral condyle free flap is an effective reconstructive option for the head and neck due to its versatile nature, low complication profile at both recipient and donor site, ease of harvest, and two-team approach.
HIV and hypertension epidemiology
Authors: De Anda-Duran Ileana , Kimbrough Alexander D. , Bazzano Lydia A. 
Published: April 2023

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the burden, pathogenesis, and recent recommendations for treating hypertension among people living with HIV (PLWH). This review is relevant because of the increase in the prevalence of HIV as a chronic disease and the intersection of the increasing prevalence of hypertension.

Recent findings
The contribution of HIV to the pathogenesis of hypertension is complex and still incompletely understood. Evidence suggests that chronic inflammation from HIV, antiretroviral treatment (ART), and comorbidities such as renal disease and insulin resistance contribute to developing hypertension in PLWH. Treatment is not distinct from guidelines for HIV-noninfected people. Nonpharmacological guidelines such as decreasing blood pressure by promoting a healthy lifestyle emphasizing exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation are still recommended in the literature. The pharmacological management of hypertension in PLWH is similar, but special attention must be given to specific drugs with potential interaction with ART regimens. Further research is needed to investigate the pathways and effects of hypertension on HIV.

Summary
There are different pathways to the pathogenesis of hypertension in PLWH. Clinicians should take it into consideration to provide more precise management of hypertension in PLWH. Further research into the subject is still required.
Hypertension severity, apparent treatment resistant hypertension and hyperuricemia in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study
Authors: Tanner Rikki M. , Chaudary Ninad , Colantonio Lisandro D. , Merriman Tony R. , Reynolds Richard J. , Bridges S. Louis , Cushman Mary , Saag Kenneth , Limdi Nita , Muntner Paul , Howard George , Irvin M. Ryan 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Prior studies have identified an association between hypertension and hyperuricemia; however, there has been limited research on the association between hypertension severity and hyperuricemia.

Method:
We studied 997 Black and white adults with serum urate data from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. Hypertension was defined as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication. Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) was defined as a SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg with concurrent use of three classes of antihypertensive medications, or taking four or more classes of antihypertensive medication regardless of BP level. Controlled BP was defined as SBP <140 mmHg and DBP <90 mmHg.

Results:
Overall 5.9% of participants had aTRH and 36.6% had hyperuricemia, defined as serum urate >7.0 mg/dl for men and >6.0 mg/dl for women. After full multivariable adjustment, the odds ratio (OR) for hyperuricemia associated with hypertension was 1.60 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.06–2.40]. Compared to participants not taking antihypertensive medication, the ORs for hyperuricemia for participants taking one, two and three classes of antihypertensive medication without aTRH were 1.98 (95% CI: 1.23–3.20), 2.08 (95% CI: 1.25–3.43), 4.31 (95% CI: 2.07–8.97), respectively, and 3.96 (95% CI: 1.75–8.96) for aTRH. Compared to participants without hypertension, the odds ratios for hyperuricemia were 1.67 (95% CI: 1.08–2.58) and 1.46 (95% CI: 0.88–2.44) among those with hypertension with and without controlled BP, respectively. Diuretic use was associated with a higher odds of hyperuricemia.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that individuals taking more classes of antihypertensive medication may benefit from monitoring for hyperuricemia.