bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Function in Tumor-Bearing Mice: Tumoricidal and Chemotactic Responses of Macrophages Activated by Infection with Mycobacterium Bovis, Strain BCG
Authors: Meltzer Monte S. , Stevenson Mary M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages from mice with syngeneic transplantable footpad tumors were less responsive in vitro to chemotactic stimuli than were macrophages from mice without tumors. The macrophage chemotactic defect was about half the normal response and was evident in mice with nonpalpable 3 to 5-day tumors. Depressed macrophage chemotaxis persisted until the death of the mouse at 6 to 8 weeks. The number of peritoneal exudate cells elicited in tumor-bearing mice 8 to 14 days after intraperitoneal infection with BCG was also depressed. This inflammatory defect was detected 1 week after tumor transplantation and persisted for more than 5 weeks. The yield of peritoneal exudate macrophages induced by BCG infection in mice with tumors was about half the normal yield. In contrast to resident peritoneal macrophages, peritoneal exudate macrophages induced by BCG in tumor-bearing mice were as responsive to chemotactic stimuli as BCG-activated macrophages from control mice. BCG-activated macrophages from tumor-bearing or control mice were cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro; no differences in tumoricidal responses of these BCG-activated macrophages were evident. The number of BCG organisms necessary to induce activated tumoricidal macrophages in mice with or without tumors was also identical. Peritoneal exudate macrophages from tumor-bearing mice infected with BCG at a dose that did not induce tumoricidal cells showed chemotactic defects similar to those of the resident macrophages. These results suggest that the response to BCG infection in tumor-bearing mice was defective. The defect was quantitative: a sequela of abnormal inflammatory responses. BCG-activated macrophages from tumor-bearing and control mice were functionally indistinguishable.
Quantitation of Measles Virus-Specific Immunoglobulins in Serum, CSF, and Brain Extract from Patients with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Authors: Mehta P. D. , Kane A. , Thormar H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amount of measles-specific IgG in sera, CSF, and brain extracts from patients with SSPE was determined by radial immunodiffusion method with the use of a number of rabbit antisera specific for human γ-chain, after each sample was abosrbed suitably with a lyophilized preparation of measles-precipitating antigen (MPA) made in Vero cells infected with Edmonston strain of measles virus. The measles-specific IgG contents of the sera ranged from approximately 10 to 20% and those of CSF and brain extracts from 25 to 75% of the total IgG, indicating a synthesis of measlesspecific IgG within the CNS. By employing the same method, a significant amount of measles-specific IgM was demonstrated in sera of three out of six SSPE patients. Sera, CSF, and brain extracts from controls when absorbed with MPA and quantitated by the same method did not show significant amounts of measles-specific IgG. When the agarose gel electrophoretic patterns of unabsorbed and MPA-absorbed SSPE brain extracts were compared, the absorbed extracts were found to lack homogeneous bands in a γ-globulin region in contrast to the presence of two to three homogeneous IgG bands seen in the unabsorbed brain extracts. On the other hand, the patterns of unabsorbed and absorbed SSPE sera did not show such a significant difference in γ-globulin region. These data strongly support the concept that measles virus is responsible for the formation of homogeneous bands within the CNS in SSPE.
On the Mechanism of Cell Membrane Damage by Complement: Evidence on Insertion of Polypeptide Chains from C8 and C9 into the Lipid Bilayer of Erythrocytes
Authors: Hammer Carl H. , Shin Moon L. , Abramovitz Aaron S. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The preceding paper (Hammer, C. H., A. Nicholson, and M. M. Mayer, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 72:5076) presented evidence on insertion of polypeptide chains from the C5b and C7 subunits of C5b, 6, 7 complex into the phospholipid bilayer of erythrocyte membranes. In the present study, EAC1–8 and EAC1–9 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement proteins C1 through C8 or C9, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C8 or 125I-C9, were incubated with trypsin or chymotrypsin and the release of 125I was measured. Only 9 to 19% of the specifically bound radioactivity was released. In addition, elution experiments were performed with 0.02 M EDTA-1.0 M NaCl. This solution did not elute C9 from EAC1–9. By contrast, cellbound C9 was recovered from erythrocyte membranes with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Thus, enzymatic stripping and elution experiments indicate that cellbound C9 behaves like an integral membrane protein, presumably due to insertion into the lipid bilayer.
EAC1–9 membranes that had been subjected to extended digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin were extracted with SDS to recover the enzyme-resistant part of the C9 molecule from the membrane. Even though this domain of C9 carried 90% of the radioiodine associated with native C9, its m.w. was found to be only 18,000 daltons by analysis on SDS-PAGE. This represents one-quarter of the native C9 molecule.
Human T Lymphocyte Receptors for Sheep Red Blood Cells and Specific Antigens: Are They Indentical Sites on the Cell Membrane?
Authors: Galili U. , Klein E. , Schlesinger M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell surface of human T lymphocytes is characterized by the presence of specific antigens and by E-receptors for sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The exposure of human T cells to specific anti-T sera inhibits the formation of E-rosettes. The relationship between E-receptors and specific T cell antigens was investigated in a number of human cell lines and in enzyme-treated lymphocytes. Cells of the Molt-4 line were found to be susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of rabbit anti-human thymus serum (RAHT) rendered specific for human T cells by absorptions. The line of Molt-4 tested failed to form E-rosettes with either untreated or neuraminidase-treated SRBC. Thus, Molt-4 cells seemed to possess T cell-specific antigens in the absence of detectable E-receptors. A second line, K-562, formed E-rosettes with neuraminidase-treated SRBC. Although K-562 cells seemed to possess E-receptors similar to those on PBL, they were resistant to the cytotoxic effect of RAHT, and exposure to RAHT failed to inhibit the formation of E-rosettes by K-562 cells. Trypsin treatment of either PBL or thymus cells totally eliminated their ability to form E-rosettes, but did not significantly alter their susceptibility to the cytotoxic effect of RAHT. Although E-receptors may be located in close proximity to T cell-specific antigens on the membrane of T lymphocytes, the present findings indicate that these two surface markers constitute distinct entities.
Depressed Mononuclear Leukocyte Chemotaxis in Thermally Injured Patients
Authors: Altman Leonard C. , Furukawa Clifton T. , Klebanoff Seymour J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Microbial infection is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in thermally injured patients. Since normal mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) function is essential in host defense, the chemotactic response of MNL from 25 thermally injured patients was evaluated in vitro. Patients with burns involving &lt;20% total body surface had normal MNL chemotaxis, while MNL from patients with burns ≽20% had significantly depressed chemotaxis. This defect was most pronounced in patients with burns ≽40% and in those who died. Analysis of the data as a function of time revealed that patients who died generally had depressed chemotaxis immediately postburn and that their cells showed no functional improvement with time. In contrast, surviving patients with burns ≽40% initially had normal MNL chemotaxis which decreased significantly at approximately day 15 post burn, reached a nadir about day 45, and gradually returned to normal. Since the average burn size of these two groups was very similar, these data suggest that the early chemotactic response of MNL after a burn may be a predictive index of clinical outcome. Thirteen of the 25 patients developed infections and in all but one case depressed MNL chemotaxis preceded the septic event. Sera from patients with depressed MNL chemotaxis contained a cell-directed chemotactic inhibitor which was heat stable (56°C, 30 min), non-dialyzable and distinct from the sulfadiazine used for topical therapy. These studies document that depressed MNL chemotaxis occurs as a consequence of serious thermal trauma, that this defect may be due to a serum inhibitor and that abnormal MNL chemotaxis may contribute to septic morbidity and mortality in severely burned patients.
Modification of Fetal Immune System by Maternal Anti-DNA Antibody
Authors: Sasaki Takeshi , Ono Yasushi , Ishida Nakao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The offspring mice of C3H/He strain whose mothers had been immunized with DNA or passively administered anti-DNA antibody showed enhanced ability to respond to DNA stimulation (3-fold increase in the amount of serum anti-DNA antibody and in the number of anti-DNA antibody-forming cells). The acquisition of the enhanced immune responsiveness to DNA in the offspring was most likely mediated by passively transmitted maternal antibody, not by such other factors as concomitantly transmitted antigen, carrier protein, and adjuvant. The effect of maternal antibody to carrier protein and the possible involvement of maternal lymphocytes transmitted to the progeny were also excluded. This phenomenon was observed in the mice after the transmitted antibody had been removed from them, distinguishing the effect of antibody in fetal and/or neonatal period from the regulatory effect of antibody in adult animals. The effect of maternal antibody was antigen specific. Maternal antibody might in some way modify the clonal development of fetal immune-responding cells.
Regulation of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Responses in Vitro by Alloantigen-Activated Spleen Cells
Authors: Truitt Gary A. , Rich Robert R. , Rich Susan Solliday 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells obtained from BALB/c mice 4 days after allosensitization to C57BL/6 spleen cells via footpad injection suppressed the in vitro generation of BALB/c cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) against C57BL/6 spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Suppressor activity was demonstrated by spleen cells at 4 and 7 days but not at 2, 10, or 14 days after allosensitization and was abolished by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. A weak and transient cytotoxic response directed against the sensitizing alloantigen was associated with suppressor spleen cell populations, but was dissociated from suppressor function by two experimental approaches. First, increasing stimulatory cell concentration in MLC did not competitively diminish the suppressor activity; rather, the magnitude of suppression increased as the stimulatory cell concentration was increased. Second. BALB/c suppressor cells generated in vivo by either H-2b or H-2k alloantigens suppressed CL responses generated simultaneously against both alloantigens in vitro. CL responses generated against one or the other H-2 haplotype in vitro were suppressed only by suppressor cells activated by that haplotype. Therefore, splenic suppressor cells activated by alloantigen in vivo required antigen-specific restimulation in vitro; thereafter, responder cells syngeneic with the suppressor cell were rendered hyporesponsive to alloantigens by an antigen-nonspecific mechanism.
Neonatally Induced Tolerance to HGG: Duration in B Cells and Absence of Specific Suppressor Cells
Authors: Benjamin D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A specific, long lasting, tolerant state to human γ-globulin (HGG) was established in neonatal A/J mice. These suckling mice received the tolerogen in the colostrum of their mother who had been injected with DHGG. The tolerant state could not be accounted for by “factors” other than HGG in the colostrum. The duration of this tolerance in the intact animal and in the B cell population was 16 to 18 weeks. Naturally occuring nonspecific suppressor cells were evident but specific suppressor cells could not be demonstrated. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of the induction of tolerance to self.
Soluble Factors in Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene in Mice
Authors: Moorhead John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact sensitivity is in part mediated by suppressor thymus-derived cells (T cells) which are induced by pretreatment with the hapten 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate. If lymph node cell suspensions containing suppressor cells are cultured in vitro, soluble suppressor factor (SSF) is released into the supernatant. When DNFB-immune lymph node cells are incubated with SSF, their ability to transfer contact sensitivity to normal recipients is suppressed. In order for SSF to be produced and/or released, it was necessary to paint the tolerant animals with DNFB 16 to 20 hr before the lymph node cells were cultured, suggesting that SSF was made in response to antigen stimulation. Specificity studies showed that SSF was both antigen specific and strain specific in its action. In addition, it was found that SSF could be absorbed by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhold limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) (not by KLH alone) and by anti-H-2 antibodies but not by trinitrophenyl-KLH, anti-immunoglobulin, or anti-DNP antibodies. Taken together, these results indicate that SSF is a product of the major histocompatibility complex which, although not antibody, has affinity and specificity for the hapten DNP. Furthermore, in order for SSF to suppress DNFB sensitivity, identity is required among genes in the H-2 complex between the donor of SSF and the immune lymph node cells.
Fc Receptors on Mouse Effector Cells Mediating Natural Cytotoxicity Against Tumor Cells
Authors: Herberman Ronald B. , Bartram Scott , Haskill J. Stephen , Nunn Myrthel , Holden Howard T. , West William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells have been previously thought to be lymphocytes that lack any detectable cell surface markers. The present study presents evidence for receptors for the Fc portion of IgG on these cells. By adsorption of cytotoxic spleen cells on monolayers of sheep erythrocytes (E) plus IgG antibodies to sheep erythrocytes (EA), 50 to 96% of the total cytotoxic reactivity could be removed. Parallel adsorption of cells on E monolayers or on EA monolayers coated with protein A, to block the Fc portion of IgG, resulted in little or no depletion of cytotoxic activity. The presence of Fc receptors on the NK cells was confirmed by combining EA rosette formation with velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Peak cytotoxicity occurred at the same sedimentation velocity as the peak of Fc-positive cells. After EA rosette formation, there was a shift to a higher sedimentation velocity in the Fc-positive cells and in the natural cytotoxic activity. The increase in sedimentation velocity of NK activity that was observed in these experiments indicated that most of the cells had only bound a small number (three or four) of antibody-coated erythrocytes. Together, these data indicate that cells with Fc receptors account for most of the total lytic activity of normal mouse spleen cells.
Reactivity to SV40 T Antigen in Athymic (Nude), Anti-Thymocyte Serum-Treated, and Normal Mice
Authors: Knowles Barbara B. , Ford Sharon R. , Aden David P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera prepared in syngeneic mice by hyperimmunization with intact SV40-transformed mouse cells or with somatic cell hybrids between SV40-transformed human and normal mouse cells exhibit anti-SV40 tumor (T) antigen reactivity. Athymic mice bearing tumors formed by SV40-transformed mouse, human or mouse-human hybrids were not reactive with SV40 T antigen. Anti-thymocyte serum (ATS)-treated mice also lacked T antigen reactivity during suppressive treatment but developed antibody to T antigen after discontinuing ATS treatment and tumor regression. We conclude that the presence of growing tumors in the mouse is not necessary for the production of anti-SV40 T antigen antibodies but that helper thymus-derived cells are essential for the humoral response.
The in vitro Antibody Response to Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Levy Ronald , Dilley Jeanette 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro spleen fragment culture system has been developed for the production and analysis of xenogeneic antibody responses to cell surface antigens. Depending on the methods of immunization and in vitro stimulation employed, mouse spleen fragments can produce antibody of both IgG and IgM classes directed against human cell surface antigens for more than 30 days in culture.
A saturation binding analysis of the antibody products indicates that their range of specificities was more restricted than that of serum antibody. Approximately 5% of the in vitro antibody products raised against a homogeneous population of human leukemia cells could distinguish between the antigens present on the leukemia cells and those present on normal human lymphocytes. Methods previously employed to influence the range of serum antibodies expressed against complex immunogens, such as suppression of certain responses by passive administration of antibody at the time of immunization, were tested in the in vitro spleen culture system and resulted in successful modulation of the antibody response patterns observed.
The in vitro Antibody Response to Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Levy Ronald , Dilley Jeanette 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method has been developed for the production of monoclonal mouse antibody responses in vitro against human cell surface antigens. Limiting numbers of immune spleen cells were transferred to syngeneic, irradiated recipients whose spleen fragments were then cultured in vitro and stimulated to produce antibody. The majority of the antibody from any one fragment culture was likely to be the product of a single donor B cell and thus monoclonal. Evidence for this included a linear relationship between donor cells transferred and spleen fragments producing antibody, extremely restricted isoelectric focusing patterns of the individual antibody products, and unique reactivity patterns of these antibodies against a panel of human lymphoid cells. Different human B leukemia cells were seen as immunogenically distinct by the mouse. By using the monoclonal mouse antibodies as probes, a fine analysis of cell surface antigens is now possible.
Distribution of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase in Bovine Serum Albumin Gradient-Fractionated Thymocytes and Bone Marrow Cells of Normal and Leukemic Mice
Authors: Pazmin̄o Nelson H. , McEwan Robert N. , Ihle James N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) peaks I and II, in single cell suspensions of thymuses, bone marrow, and peripheral lymphoid organs fractionated in discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradients, was examined in a variety of mouse strains and Fischer 344 rats to relate the normal patterns of thymocyte differentiation to the leukemic process.
TdT peaks I and II were found in fractions A (10 to 23%), B (23 to 26%), and C (26 to 29%) of the thymus of both normal and leukemic C57BL/6 mice, whereas only peak I was found in the same fractions of AKR mice. TdT in bone marrow was found mainly in fraction A in both normal and leukemic mice. The specific activity of TdT in this fraction, which comprises only 1 to 5% of the total bone marrow cell population, was similar to that of the thymus. The cell population of fraction A of the bone marrow was found to increase (10 to 15-fold) in leukemic mice. Only low levels of TdT activity were found in either whole or fractionated bone marrow of athymic NIH Swiss (nu/nu) mice.
Human T Lymphocyte Subpopulations: Correlation Between E-Rosette-Forming Affinity and Expression of the Fc Receptor
Authors: West William H. , Payne Susan M. , Weese James L. , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) in human peripheral blood can be subdivided into two fractions on the basis of their relative affinity for sheep red blood cells (SRBC). “High-affinity” E-RFC constituting 54 ± 5% of normal mononuclear cell suspensions are capable of rosette formation, despite elevated temperatures of incubation (29°C) with limited numbers of SRBC. “Low-affinity” E-RFC constituting 23 ± 4% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells require cool temperatures of incubation with an excess of SRBC to form rosettes. The following evidence indicates that low-affinity E-RFC bear surface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG, whereas high-affinity E-RFC do not. a) When High-affinity E-RFC were isolated from mononuclear cell suspensions, very few (2 ± 1%) of these lymphocytes formed rosettes with IgG-sensitized chick red blood cells (EA). When the remaining low-affinity E-RFC were then isolated, up to 85% formed rosettes with chick EA. b) When lymphocytes were incubated with erythrocyte monolayers sensitized with high concentrations of IgG, low-affinity E-RFC adhered to these EA monolayers. High-affinity E-RFC failed to attach to immune complexes. c) Virtually all E-RFC in thymus, tonsil, and lymph node formed high-affinity E rosettes and failed to bind chick EA. Spleen cell suspensions, on the other hand, contained a low-affinity E-RFC subset and E-RFC capable of binding chick EA. d) The proportion of low-affinity E-RFC in the peripheral blood of normal subjects correlated closely with the proportion of Fc-positive E-RFC among the mononuclear cells of those individuals. These observations suggest a close association between the presence of the Fc receptor on human T cells and the affinity with which those cells bind SRBC. Modified E rosette procedures permit rapid identification or isolation of high-affinity, Fc-negative and low-affinity, Fc-positive E-RFC subpopulations.