bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Activity of some Control Agents and Trichogramma evanescence on the Bioactive of Batrachedra amydraula M. (Batrachedridae:Lepidoptera) on Date Palms in Iraq
Authors: Al-Musafir Mohsen A. Karim , Abdelkader Ayad A. , Al-Waeli Dhia S. Ali 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in each of the governorates of Basra, Maysan and Dhi Qar and Babylon and included a field survey for the presence of the bug Batrachedra amydraula and the sensitivity of some date palm cultivars to the infection of the mentioned insect and evaluating the efficiency of direct spraying of different concentrations of some control agents in reducing the rates of infection with the bug on immature fruits in date palm, Where nano silver (AgNPs), Alsystin, Trichoderma viride, and Trichogramma evanescence were used. Whereas, the treatment of the field survey in the province of Basra recorded the highest percentage of the B. amydraula on the date palm amounted to 53.79%. While the lowest percentage was recorded in the Dhi Qar, it amounted to 43.66%. The cultivar Al-Zuhdi also recorded the highest sensitivity to the infection of the mentioned insect by 51.29%, and the lowest sensitivity was recorded for Al-Halawi cultivar with a rate of 44.66%. Whereas nano silver were the most effective among all other factors. Where the infection of the bitch was reduced by 6.00% compared with the control treatment, which amounted to 55.03%, while the biological fungus T. viride had the least effect with a total infection rate of 18.40% compared with the control treatment, which gave a total infection rate of 55.03%. The interaction treatment between nano silver and the insect growth regulator cysteine also contributed to a higher reduction in the rates of total infection by an average of 5.60%, while the combination of interaction between the bio control fungus T. viride and the biological growth regulator Alsystin gave the least reduction in the total infection rates by an average of 29.70%. The egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescence effectively contributed to reducing the infestation of the B. amydraula by influencing the percentage of eggs presence, where the treatment (3 capsules/palm) gave the highest reduction in the total infection rates at an average of 6.54% compared to the control treatment, which gave a total infection rate of 55.03%, While the treatment (1capsule/palm) gave the least reduction in the total infection rates, with an average of 11.87%, compared with the control treatment, which gave 55.03% of the total infection rates.
Effect of Spraying with Zinc and Ascorbic Acid on some Antioxidants of Maize (Zea mays L.) Affected by Heat Shock
Authors: Al-Abassi Aiymen A. A. , Abrahium Nagham S. , Mohammed Hussein A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Two experiments were carried out during the spring season 2022 in Diyala Governorate to investigate the effect of foliar spraying with zinc and ascorbic acid on some antioxidants of maize. The experiment was carried out in split-split plot system within RBCD design with three levels of temperature (0, 35, 40) °C, three concentrations of zinc (0,100, 200) mg Zn. L−1, and three concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200) mg C.L−1. The results showed a superiority concentration of 200 mg.L−1 for each of zinc and ascorbic acid in all studied traits. Which record in proline 5.15 and 5.23 mg.g−1 dw, catalase 49.74 and 49.51 U.min.g−1 fw., and peroxidase 52.16 and 51.74 U.min.g−1 fw respectively, while the heat shock 30°C and 40°C exceeded the level of non-exposure to heat in all characteristics. The results also showed that the binary interaction between zinc and heat, ascorbic and heat had a significant effect on the studied characteristics. The interaction Zn200 XT35 and C200 X35 excelled in all of the study characteristics compared to other interaction, and the results also showed the superiority of the triple interaction treatments Zn200* C200 * T35 in all studied traits.
The Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction in Mature Rice Embryos (Oryza Sativa L) Amber Variety
Authors: Kadhimi Ahsan A. , Alswedi Fadil 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Several nations across the globe depend profoundly on rice as the main food source. Several research works have been undertaken to improve rice yield and breeding, specifically concerning plant tissue culture. This paper aims to contrast the impact of several growth regulator levels on rice callus induction based on mature embryo explants. Over a four-week duration, mature rice plant embryos (Amber variant) were planted to produce calluses using the Skoog (MS) and Murashige supplements at different concentration levels, i.e., 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L of BA. The outcomes indicated that 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L BA levels led to optimal induction and fresh weight concerning callus. Further studies are required to enhance the media environment for potent in vitro callus induction to augment biotechnology endeavours.
Isolation and Identification of Edible Mushroom Pleurotus spp. and Evaluate its Efficiency in the Production of Pleuran
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkeem , Muhammad Lina Qasim 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Three oyster mushroom isolates coded Has. AA-1, Has. AA-2 and Has. AA-3 were isolate from apple, buckthorn and eucalyptus trees, respectively. These isolates were identified to the species level using the nucleotide sequence analysis for 5.8S rRNA as Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus ostreatus var. ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii and registered in the world Gene Bank at the NCBI website with accession numbers ON834486.1, ON834487.1 and ON834484.1, respectively. Pleurotus spp. cultivated in some agricultural residues for production of fruit bodies and pleuran. The results showed that the P.ostreatus var ostreatus cultivated in corn cobs and supplemented with wheat bran (5%) achieved the highest biological efficiency reached 122.21%, followed by 118.51% when cultivated in (barley straw + rice husks) with same supplement. The purity of pleuran purified from Pleurotus spp. was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which showed a concentration of 7.28 μg/mL. The highest Pleuran contents were 41.08 and 39.68 g/100 g dry fruit body of P. eryngii var. eryngii when cultivated in the (barley straw + rice husk) and corn cobs medium supplemented with 5% of crushed sunflower seeds.
Response of some Bread Wheat Cultivars to Foliar Feeding Stages with Nano-Microelements
Authors: Al-Shammari Amir M. H. , Noaema Ali H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
During the growing season, a field experiment was conducted in one of the fields in the Um Al-Akf region (about 5 kilometers from the heart of Al-Muthanna Governorate) at 45.23 longitudes and 31.32 latitudes (2021-2022). Three cultivars were produced for the first time in Al-Muthanna governorate, and they were compared to the approved variety in the governorate, Ibaa 99, to determine the impact of spraying micro-Nano fertilizers at different stages had on the growth characteristics of the four wheat varieties. For the most crucial phase, represented by the cultivars (Abu Ragheef, Baghdad, Babel, Ibaa 99), maximum utilization of the micro-nano components is attained. Stages of spraying micro-nano fertilizers were (tillering stage, booting stage, flowering stage). A split-plot design with a randomized complete block (RCBD) and three replications was used for the experiment. In the primary plot, we grew four different wheat varieties, while in the secondary plot, we sprayed different concentrations of micro- and nano-element fertilizer at different times. GenStat was used to compare the mean coefficients with the L.S.D. at a significance level of 0.05. Statistical analysis revealed that the Abu Ragheef cultivar was the best in terms of plant height (104.10 cm) and spike length (16.722 cm), while the Babylon cultivar gave the highest leaf area with an average of 56.32 cm2 without significantly different from the Abu Ragheef cultivar that gave an average of 55.02 cm2, additionally, the Babylon cultivar had the highest average for the characteristic of chlorophyll content of leaf to 49.54 micrograms cm−3, without significantly different from the (22.864 t ha−1). In terms of leaf area (53.41 cm2), grain output (7.406 t ha−1), and biological yield, the booting stage was the most successful of the spraying nano-micro fertilizer stages (22.481 t ha−1).
Effect of Foliar Fertilization with Potassium Silicate on some Morphological Characters of Strawberry Leaves Reducing Sucking Insects
Authors: Hussain Zahraa Zuhair , Al-Dahwi Sindab Sami Jassim , Lelo Hassan Moomn 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The results showed that foliar fertilization with potassium silicate had a clear effect on increasing the thickness of the upper and lower epidermal cuticle layer and increased the thickness of the leaf, as the thickness after the first spray of the upper epidermal cuticle reached 22 microns and the lower epidermal cuticle 11 microns, and the leaf thickness reached 194.8 microns. As for after the second spray, the thickness of the leaf and the upper and lower cuticle layer reached 198.66, 25.33, 16.66 microns, and the third spray was characterized by an increase in the thickness of the leaf compared to the first and second spray, as the thickness of the leaf reached 206.66 microns, and the upper and lower cuticle epidermis was 28.33 and 19 microns, respectively. Compared with the control, the thickness of the paper was 190 microns, and the upper and lower epidermal cuticle layers were 10 and 20 microns, respectively. The results of the study indicated that the treatment of foliar fertilization with silicates with three sprays was superior in reducing the population density of whitefly and aphids on strawberry plant Mergent variety. The effect of the three sprays on the average number of Bemisia tabaci nymphs was 1.16 nymphs / leaf, the first spray had 6.66 nymphs / leaf, and the second spray had 19.66 nymphs / leaf. The effect of the three sprays on nymphs and adults of Aphis gossypii was 0.36 nymphs/leaf and 0.27 adults/leaf. For the second spray, the effect was on nymphs at a rate of 2.33 nymphs/leaf, and on adults at a rate of 1.91 adults/leaf. The first spray had the least effect on reducing the population density, as it reached nymphs at a rate of 8.16 nymphs/leaf. And for adults, 6.33 adults / leaf, with clear significant differences. As for the effect of three sprays of potassium silicate on the numerical density of nymphs and adults of Aphis fabae, the rate of nymphs reached 0.33 nymphs / leaf after the third spray, and for adults, at a rate of 0.27 adults / leaf, which is the most effective compared to the first and second sprays. The average numerical density of nymphs was 9.08 nymphs/leaf and for adults 5.24 adults/leaf after the first spray, while after the second spray the average density was 4.30 nymphs/leaf and for adults 2.16 adults/leaf.
Control of the Khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium (Everts.) (Coleoptera : Dermastidae) using Nanoparticles of Neem Leaf Extract
Authors: Jameel Mohanad Abdel Razzaq , Baker Safaa Zakaria , Nawar Majeed Hameed 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The effect of four concentrations (0, 3, 1, 5%) of the nanopesticide of neem leaf extract was tested on the four stages of hairy grain beetle at five time times (1, 2, 3, 5, 7) days. The results showed that there is Significant differences between the three concentrations (1, 3, 5) compared to the fourth concentration, which represents the control treatment, where it was noted that the hatching rate of the egg stage was the lowest at the 5% concentration. As for the larva and pupal stage, the killing rate was highest at the 5% concentration on the second day While the highest killing rate for adult females was at a concentration of 5% on the first day of the treatment procedure, from this it becomes clear that the higher the concentration of the pesticide, the higher the killing rate.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Extract on Morphological Characteristics for Bread Wheat
Authors: ALaamer Shathar A. Imran , Mueen Ali S. , Al-Murshidy Adil H. , Alsharifi Salih K. A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The field experiment conducted in one of the fields located in Babylon-Iraq, during the agricultural season 2020-2021. In order to study the effect of spraying different levels of organic fertilizer extract on the morphological characteristics of spikes wheat for three local cultivars of wheat. The experiment was conducted by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)with split plot system and with three replications. The levels of spraying with organic compost extract were represented in the main plot and were 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ml.L-1 and three cultivars IPA99, Rashid, Abu Ghraib, were represented by the subplot, and the following results were recorded: The fertilizer concentration 7.5 ml.L-1 was significantly excelled in all studied traits, the spike length and its stalk, awns length and diameter of spike, and they were respectively 13.71 cm, 19.16 cm, 7.16 cm, and 1.62 cm. As for Rashid cultivar excelled in the trait of spike and stalk, length 15.17 and 23.87 cm, respectively. While the IPA99 cultivar was excelled on the diameter of spike trait 1.61 cm, while Abu Ghraib excelled in the awns length trait with a total average 7.57 cm.
Using Two Types of Foliar and Root Fertilizers, in Both Normal and Nano Particles, to Reduce the Infection of Apple Trees with the Lace Bug Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius)
Authors: Altae Mustafa Mohamed Abdalruda , Al-Dahwi Sindab Sami Jassim 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The results indicated the important role of the fertilization process in both nano and regular forms in protecting apple trees from infection with the embroidered reticulate bug, as the rate of leaves infected with the insect in the comparison treatment was 11.33, 4.78 and 9.75 leaves/tree for the three cultivars, respectively. Lace bug Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius). The mean of the trees treated with Terra Sorb was 0.67 and 0.78 leaf/tree for the nano and regular formulas, respectively, and the trees treated with Headland foliar fertilizer were 0.22 and 0.78 leaf/tree for the nano and regular formula, respectively. The root fertilizer PRESTIGE was 0.44 and 0.11 leaves/tree in the nano and regular forms, respectively, and the trees treated with root fertilizer Superior 0.33 and 0.56 leaves/tree in the regular and nano forms. These percentages represent the average of the three cultivars. The study also showed that there were significant differences between the trees treated with fertilizers in both nano and regular forms, compared to the comparison treatment in which water was used, in some characteristics and measurements such as leaf area, cuticle thickness on the lower surface of the leaf, and chlorophyll content of the leaves.
The Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate, Phylex and Seaweed Extract Against Penicillium digitatum Causing Green Rot Disease in Local Lemon Fruits
Authors: Karim Roqia Riad Abdul , Aljarah Neran Salem 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad during the years 2021 and 2022. The study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of Sodium bicarbonate, Phylex and the Seaweed extract in controlling the green mold infection in the local lemon at refrigerated storage conditions (4°C). Two isolates of Penicillium digitatum were identified on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and coded as L1 and L2. The results of this study confirmed the high pathogenicity of P. digitatum isolates to lemon fruits. The symptoms of green rot infection appeared on the fruits after 4 days of pathogen inoculation. The preservative and anti-fungal activity of Sodium bicarbonate, Phylex and Seaweed extract were assessed using local lemon fruits under refrigerated-storage conditions. The highest inhibitory effect was reported when 64 g/L Sodium bicarbonate, 4ml/L Phylex and 128 g/L Seaweed extract were used, preventing 100% of P. digitatum colonies growth after 6 days of treatment at 25±2°C. The data of the refrigerated-storage experiments showed that the Phylex treatment of artificial-wound fruits inoculated with the pathogen was more efficient than Sodium bicarbonate in protecting the lemon fruits from green mold infection. Phylex treatment protected the fruits from the fungal infection for 45 days storage, compared to the Sodium bicarbonate treatment, with which, the fruit infection appeared after 30 days of refrigerated-storage (at 4°C).
Improvement of the Process of Indented Cylinder (Trier) Cleaning of Grain Mixtures from Short Impurities
Authors: Tishaninov N. P. , Anashkin A. V. , Alshinayyin H.J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The article substantiates the necessity of using a trier cleaning of barley in the presence of hard-to-separate weed impurities. Research equipment has been developed that provides continuous temporal and spatial control of the technological process of in-line cleaning of grain; developed a device for measuring the angle of natural slope of bulk materials. Studies of the dimensional characteristics of barley seeds and impurity components have been carried out. The interrelations of technological losses of grain of the main crop with the high-speed mode of operation and the angular position of the working edge of the output tray have been established. The dynamics of the release of impurity components from the grain mixture has been established for different values of the initial contamination and operating modes of the trier.
Determine, Predict and Map Soil pH Level by Fiber Optic Sensor
Authors: Al-Sammarraie Mustafa Ahmed Jalal , Al-Aani Firas , Al-Mashhadany Sufyan A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Soil pH is one of the main factors to consider before undertaking any agricultural operation. Methods for measuring soil pH vary, but all traditional methods require time, effort, and expertise. This study aimed to determine, predict, and map the spatial distribution of soil pH based on data taken from 50 sites using the Kriging geostatistical tool in ArcGIS as a first step. In the second step, the Support Vector Machines (SVM) machine learning algorithm was used to predict the soil pH based on the CIE-L*a*b values taken from the optical fiber sensor. The standard deviation of the soil pH values was 0.42, which indicates a more reliable measurement and the data distribution is normal. The Kriging method gave a prediction accuracy of 65% while the SVM algorithm gave an accuracy of 80%. The root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.36, 0.16 and the mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.37, 0.13, respectively, for the two methods. These two methods allow the prediction of soil pH and thus the assessment of soils, allowing for easier and more efficient management decisions and sustaining productivity.
Enhanced acetone gas sensing performance of ZnO polyhedrons decorated with LaFeO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Huiru , Liu Liling , Huang Chugeng , Liang Shuang , Jiang Guojian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Since acetone is potentially harmful to humans, it is necessary to develop a high-performance acetone gas sensor. In this study, ZnO polyhedrons decorated with LaFeO3 (LFO) nanoparticles with high acetone-sensing performances were prepared by a facile microwave-assisted hydrolytic reaction method, and the p-n heterojunction was successfully constructed. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and internal composition of the LaFeO3/ZnO composites were analyzed by various characterization methods. The results showed that LaFeO3 nanoparticles were successfully composited with ZnO polyhedra. Compared with the pure ZnO sensor, the LaFeO3/ZnO sensor showed a significant improvement in sensitivity, recovery time, and selectivity. For example, at the optimal operating temperature of 340 °C, the response of the LaFeO3/ZnO sensor to 100 ppm acetone could reach ∼208.7, which was 39 times higher than that of the pure ZnO sensor. And the recovery time of the LaFeO3/ZnO sensor was reduced to 15.4 s. Meanwhile, the LaFeO3/ZnO sensor had the highest selectivity for acetone. The significant improvement of the sensing performance of the LaFeO3/ZnO sensor might be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunctions and the good catalytic effect of LaFeO3.
Modification of the model for calculating the long SiC fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites transverse strength and study for interfacial influences
Authors: Luo Li , Sha Yundong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The transverse strength of long SiC fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites is superior to its longitudinal strength owing to interface factors. To accurately predict the transverse strength of long SiC fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites, a micro-mechanics representative volume element (RVE) model was developed; periodic boundary conditions were applied to the model to ensure its displacement and stress continuity. Taking into account the influence of the stress concentration coefficient of the matrix, the failure strength of long SiC fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites under transverse tensile loads and compressive loads were calculated, where the error between the calculation results of the model and the test results was found to be large. A novel calculation method based on the interfacial cohesion model is proposed herein, to improve the accuracy of the RVE model. It was found that the accuracy of the corrected model calculation has been improved through a comparison with the experimental values. The stress/strain relationship between interfaces of different strengths under tensile and compressive loads was analysed, the failure index of interface strength was extracted, and the relationship between the influence of interface strength on failure was determined.
Experience and Reporting of Postnatal Depression Across Cultures: A Comparison Using Anchoring Vignettes of Mothers in the United Kingdom and India
Authors: Bluett-Duncan Matthew , Pickles Andrew , Chandra Prabha S , Hill Jonathan , Kishore M Thomas , Satyanarayana Veena , Sharp Helen 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Postnatal mental health is often assessed using self-assessment questionnaires in epidemiologic research. Differences in response style, influenced by language, culture, and experience, may mean that the same response may not have the same meaning in different settings. These differences need to be identified and accounted for in cross-cultural comparisons. Here we describe the development and application of anchoring vignettes to investigate the cross-cultural functioning of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in urban community samples in India (n = 549) and the United Kingdom (n = 828), alongside a UK calibration sample (n = 226). Participants completed the EPDS and anchoring vignettes when their children were 12–24 months old. In an unadjusted item-response theory model, UK mothers reported higher depressive symptoms than Indian mothers (d = 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.358, 0.599). Following adjustment for differences in response style, these positions were reversed (d = −0.25, 95% confidence interval: −0.391, −0.103). Response styles vary between India and the United Kingdom, indicating a need to take these differences into account when making cross-cultural comparisons. Anchoring vignettes offer a valid and feasible method for global data harmonization.