bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personnel Management in India and Worldwide
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Personnel management is a business function and business is a value-adding activity. A business, be it agriculture, manufacturing, mining, trading, or any other activity, is a process of conversion for the purpose of satisfying human needs and thereby adding value. Such conversion takes various forms. It may be in terms of quantity, quality, time, or space. All such conversions are done primarily through human effort. Therefore, the need for personnel management arose since the time business activities required organized application of human effort. The history of personnel management is thus very old. Incidentally, persons are generally averse to physical and repetitive work. It had, therefore, been a challenge for those managing other persons to get the work done by them when it was not inspiring in terms of work content or remuneration. This book, from a historical perspective, explains how the personnel managers handled the challenge at different ages, and how the evolving socio-economic environment influenced their approaches and actions. A lot has changed in terms of personnel management over the years. With economic liberalization, personnel management is no longer a job of managing persons. It will also cover the larger activities of organizational management and beyond. In the days to come, personnel managers will have to be messengers of social harmony and growth and an embodiment of trust. And then they will serve the organizations and their employees the best.
Early Years of Man Management
Authors: Som Rana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Management of people is associated with the earliest forms of business or organized economic activities. Even when the engagement of slave labour was the norm of business, some form of personnel management did exist primarily with two tasks, how to secure working hands for business and how to make those people work. For about two thousand years or more human or animal muscles were the primary source of power and this had been the prime mover for business, be it agriculture or mining or trade and transportation. Under the circumstances, slave labour, wherever possible, was the most attractive option and physical torture and coercion were the most acceptable methods to make the people work. Despite occasional problems, the system was so time tested that it continued for centuries until the human civilization discovered the self-propelled machines in the 18th century.
War and Empire
Authors: Pohl Dieter 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
National Socialism was bent on unleashing war and winning an empire from the very beginning. The prerequisite for this was overcoming the world economic crisis and an extensive armament policy. At the same time, the German leadership managed to outmaneuver international diplomacy. The war that Hitler launched in 1939 was far riskier than it appears in retrospect. It also proceeded differently than originally conceived, with unplanned campaigns in northern and southeastern Europe. The central campaign against the Soviet Union was planned as a ‘Blitzkrieg’, but this concept failed early on. Nevertheless, Germany succeeded in temporarily bringing most of continental Europe under its control. The reconquest of the occupied territories was very protracted and took the Allies over two years. The German empire was also not based on clear concepts; rather, the occupation policy was structured very differently. The central aims of the occupation were the violent securing of the territories, economic exploitation, the murder of the Jews, and, in parts of eastern Europe, the restructuring of societies. Hitler’s rule over Europe was inconceivable without the cooperation of the allied Axis states, but also without the cooperation of millions of collaborators. These societies under occupation were initially paralysed, but increasingly turned against German rule from 1943 onwards.
The ‘Privacy Problem’ in the Digital Age
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the unique challenges of securing the right to privacy in the digital age and the imperatives of an international law response. It first lays out the three key dimensions of the ‘privacy problem’ in the digital age, namely the transnationalization, privatization, and sophistication of threats to the right to privacy. The chapter then discusses the imperatives of an international law response to the privacy problem in the light of the boundaries of international law and global privacy initiatives that seek to reimagine international privacy law. Further, it positions the book’s underlying argument for a pragmatic approach to international privacy law in the rather disjointed scholarship in the field. The chapter closes with a discussion on the method and analytical framework adopted in the book.
Virtues of a Dialogical Approach
Authors: Yilma Kinfe 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers virtues of a dialogical approach to privacy as a pragmatic response to the structural and institutional weaknesses of international privacy law. Whilst the human right to privacy framework is overseen by the Human Rights Committee with no strong monitoring authority but also beset by structural constraints, institutional arrangements in the data privacy framework are deeply fragmented and lack adequate monitoring capacity. The chapter proposes a dialogical approach to international privacy law that builds on the United Nations human rights system’s ‘cooperative’ dialogue framework as the most effective way of remedying institutional and structural gaps. It lays out virtues of installing a multistakeholder privacy forum as well as its institutional mission and structure.
Rethinking Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Excavated plans of roundhouses may compound multiple episodes of activity, design, construction, occupation, repair, and closure, reflecting successive stages of the building’s biography. What does not survive archaeologically can only be inferred from context or comparative evidence. The great diversity in structural components suggests a greater diversity of superstructure than was implied by the classic Wessex roundhouses. Among the stone-built houses of the Atlantic north and west there likewise appears to have been a range of regional and chronological variants in the radial roundhouse series, and probably within the monumental Atlantic roundhouses too. Important though recognition of structural variants may be, morphological classification should not be allowed to override the social use of space for which the buildings were designed. Atlantic roundhouses reveal an important division between central space and peripheral space, and a similar division may be inferred for lowland timber roundhouses, where the surviving evidence is more ephemeral. Some larger houses were evidently byre-houses or barn-houses, some with upper or mezzanine floor levels. Some of these may have functioned as ‘great houses’ serving community needs beyond those of the resident extended family. The increased scale of development-led excavations of recent years has resulted in an increased database that enables evaluation of individual sites in a wider landscape environment than was previously possible. Circumstances of recovery and recording in commercially driven excavations, however, are not always compatible with research objectives, and improvements in standards of environmental investigation are sometimes offset by shortcomings in the publication of basic structural or stratigraphic detail.
Roundhouses in Context
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Most regions of Southern Britain show a progression of settlement through the first millennium bc and into the Roman period. In the Upper Thames Later Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age settlements are characterized by post-ring roundhouses and four-post granaries, whereas by the Middle Iron Age pits and drainage gullies as roundhouse proxies are predominant. Storage capacity between four-posters and pits was probably comparable, but must be qualified by the time-span represented. In the Midlands too earlier post-rings give way to penannular drainage gullies in ‘modular units’, clusters of four to five ring-gullies in irregular compounds. In west Yorkshire aggregated and incremental enclosure settlements termed ‘washing line’ settlements are akin to the well-known ‘ladder settlements’ of Yorkshire; in them roundhouses may continue to be occupied well into the Roman period. Contrary to former interpretations of the northern pastoral economy, extensive patterns of pits and other evidence for cereal cultivation is now increasingly in evidence. In Northumberland the well-established rectilinear settlement enclosures can now be seen to have been preceded by open settlements from the second quarter of the first millennium bc. By the second century bc ditched enclosures, evidently not primarily defensive, together with pit-alignments, droveways, and corrals were characteristic of pastoral settlements. The pattern of roundhouse occupation in and around hillforts varies widely regionally, but has been successfully investigated by geophysical survey in Wessex and the west of England.
Regional Diversity in Britain and Beyond
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dating the transition from timber to stone roundhouses in Wales is fraught with similar issues as in Northern Britain, not least the poverty of material remains and lack of pottery. In south-west Wales, roundhouses occur in precipitous promontory fort locations, as they do in Cornwall. Cornwall also has distinctive settlements in ‘rounds’ and courtyard houses (some with ‘fogous’), both of which have origins in the pre-Roman Iron Age, but continue into the Roman period. In Ireland hillforts are now demonstrably Bronze Age, with some evidence for hierarchy of buildings in the Baltinglass sites. Late Bronze Age villages are now known in Ireland and in northern France, the key Irish sites including post-ring and ring-ditch construction. Sites formerly termed ‘royal’ in Ireland from historical associations are now deemed to be communal, possibly for Iron Age communities that were more mobile and pastoral. The northern French and Breton villages of the later Bronze Age commonly show axial symmetry, porches, and central posts, the latter perhaps constructional or supporting upper floor levels. Iron Age roundhouses in northern France are still relatively few, and are progressively superseded by rectilinear plans. Like Scotland, Brittany has roundhouses (and rectangular) with integral souterrains. In the peninsular North-West, castros are now dated from the early first millennium, but urban layout of round and rectilinear houses does not appear on major sites until the Augustan period. Familial courtyard groups, however, including roundhouses suggest a division of functions from the pre-Roman Iron Age.
Chronology, Origins, and Aftermath
Authors: Harding D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Monumental and monolithic stone circles of the Neolithic, or their timber counterparts, can hardly provide a template for later domestic architecture. The earliest domestic roundhouses include ring-bank hut-circles of the earlier Bronze Age, and stake-walled roundhouses from unenclosed platform settlements of the second millennium bc. By the Middle Bronze Age a fuller range of timber roundhouses was in evidence in Northern and Southern Britain, some displaying a full range of architectural features such as post-ring, ring-groove, double-walls, and porches. In southern England, key sites like Shearplace Hill and Black Patch of the Middle-Late Bronze Age have been subject to reinterpretation. There has been a major review of Roman rural settlement, prompted by the scale of development-funded excavation, resulting in a diversification of recognized site categories, and superseding the older polarized town vs villa division. Problems of the transition to rectilinear domestic building are partly caused by visibility of building methods, and even the transition to stone foundations is more probably a change of materials than architectural innovation. In some regions roundhouses survive well into the Roman period, though not necessarily as a result of site continuity, and even in the late Roman period roundhouses on villa sites were complementary rather than subordinate to their rectilinear counterparts.
Voters Under Pressure
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In many established democracies, vote choices are growing more volatile over time. This book assesses how changes in voters’ decision making process have contributed to this change. The first part of the book examines the evidence for the claim that the increase in volatility results from a shift in weight from long-term to more short-term determinants of the vote choice. This overview and the analyses that are presented highlight the limitations of existing theories of electoral change and call for novel explanations for voter volatility. The second part of the book makes the argument that group-based cross-pressures are an important source of volatility. Such cross-pressures, that results from the fact that citizens’ socio-demographic characteristics and group-memberships pull them in different partisan directions, imply voters’ decision making process lacks constraint, ultimately making the vote choice more volatile. The book tests this argument by means of longitudinal election survey data from eight established democracies, which allows tracing changes in the vote choice process since the 1950s. The over-time increase in levels of group-based cross-pressures provide a first indication of their importance for explaining over-time changes in voting behaviour. The empirical analyses that are presented next provide more evidence that is in line with this theoretical argument. The results show that group-based cross-pressured voters are less likely to be partisan, are less guided by short-term determinants when choosing a party, make their vote choice later and switch parties more. Analyses that make use of panel survey data confirm these key findings.
The impact of cross-pressures
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter tests a key part of the theoretical argument: that the presence of group-based cross-pressure leads to a vote choice process that is less ‘constrained’. The core idea is that when long-term factors do not offer clear guidance for the vote choice, this lack of constraint will trickle down in the funnel of causality – leading to a decision process that lacks constraint. In a first section, evidence of trickle-down effects are found on party attachments. The empirical analyses of longitudinal election survey data from eight countries provide clear evidence that individuals who are more cross-pressured, based on their socio-demographic characteristics, are less likely to identify with a party. A next section shows that group-based cross-pressures are positively associated with cross-pressure based on citizens’ economic attitudes and evaluations of the leaders. In a third section, these findings are complemented with an analysis of EES data, that allow assessing cross-pressure based on issue positions. The results of these analyses provide further evidence for the expectation that voters who are cross-pressured, based on their socio-demographic characteristics, are also more cross-pressured based on their more short-term political attitudes and preferences.
Proverbs through Fairytale
Authors: Masud Noreen 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 3 investigates The Holiday’s (1949) treatment of proverb in light of the fairytale narratives which fascinated Smith, situating it alongside her ‘proverbial’ poems such as ‘The Fool’. Drawing on theorizations of the fairytale, and unpublished material from the Smith archive, it argues that fairytale provides an instructive lens for understanding the proverb in Smith’s writing. As an anonymous, thoroughly-known alternative to the aphorism, proverb survives in Smith’s writing in the form of vivid images rather than moral messages, in a dynamic which marginalizes practical use-value. The chapter’s findings illuminate how proverb and cliché may in some cases offer a space for delight, suspended utility and productive forgetting.
Unconventional Lawmaking in the Offshore Energy Sector
Authors: Trevisanut Seline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe offshore energy sector is regulated by a plethora of international instruments at the global and regional levels. There is no framework convention, nor is there one competent international organization that shapes and monitors its coherent development. Moreover, many of the applicable instruments are the outcome of unconventional lawmaking processes, and have a non-binding nature. The result is a fragmented and potentially weak legal framework. The present chapter recognizes the role of unconventional lawmaking processes in guaranteeing flexibility, and the necessary timeliness of some regulatory efforts, but it also submits that unconventional lawmaking contributes to the weaknesses and incoherencies of the legal framework, which already suffers from a sectoral and geographical fragmentation. This chapter also submits that it is, at times, difficult to distinguish unconventional lawmaking in the offshore energy sector from conventional law interpretation.
Nonideal Social Ontology
Authors: Burman Åsa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book argues for the use of nonideal theory in social ontology. The central claim is that a paradigm shift is underway in contemporary social ontology, from ideal to nonideal, and that this shift should be fully followed through. To develop and defend this central claim, the first step is to show that the key questions and central dividing lines within contemporary social ontology can be fruitfully reconstructed as a clash between two worlds, referred to as ideal and nonideal social ontology. Ideal social ontology is characterized by consensus and cooperation, while nonideal social ontology is characterized by conflict and contestation. The second step is to show that, when taken together, objections to the standard model of ideal social ontology (the dominant version of ideal social ontology) imply that this model needs to be given up in favor of nonideal social ontology. In other words, we should look to nonideal, rather than ideal, social ontology for core concepts. The third step is to offer a positive account, called the power view, of nonideal social ontology. This account places the concept of social power at the core of a general theory of the social world and replaces the flat and narrow conception of power in ideal social ontology with a richer and more extensive conception. In addition, it rectifies a shortcoming in nonideal social ontology by attending to class, which has been notably and oddly overlooked in the literature.
How Sonata Forms
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHow Sonata Forms presents the case for a bottom-up view of musical form, particularly sonata form. Instead of the traditional, holistic view, which views form as a whole that conditions its parts, How Sonata Forms asks whether we can assume less: could form have arisen on its own, through the chance meeting of elements? And could the initial appearance of those elements have had nothing to do with sonata form? Relying on an extensive corpus study, How Sonata Forms demonstrates that such a chance meeting of elements was not only possible, but also plausible. Moreover, under such assumptions, traditional challenges to sonata theory, such as its flexibility in practice and unclear historical limits, become obvious properties of the sonata-form system. Without holistic assumptions, a wide variety of interactions between hitherto local formal elements may arise. When formal elements are compatible with one another, the result of their interaction is the emergence of higher-level formal elements, the highest level of which is form itself. When formal elements contradict or rival one another, form becomes unstable. Change occurs, and some formal elements disappear, while others prevail. The resulting view of form is as a dynamic system, which is frequently more of a compromise and a challenge than a convenience for the composer. The recognition that form is constantly in flux requires that we adopt a diachronic outlook, one in which change is part and parcel of the vocabulary of the study of form.
Black Caribbean Immigrants and the Legacies of Empire
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the influences of British and US colonialism on Caribbean schooling, and how this in turn shaped immigrant parents’ perceptions of what schooling would be like in London and New York City. For Caribbean parents in London, British schooling was a distinct model of “excellent” schooling, which these parents had experienced in modified form in the postcolonial Caribbean but anticipated their children would encounter the best of in the “mother country.” In New York City, in contrast, Caribbean parents considered schooling ‘back home’ more academically rigorous than the American educational system. They assumed that New York City’s public high schools were of generally low quality, with lax grading and a lack of appropriate discipline. Popular assumptions about the crisis of urban schools based on Hollywood movies broadcast by US cable networks in the Caribbean made parents protective of their children before they even arrived in New York.
Deference and the Gendered Rewards of ‘Good’ Behavior
Authors: Wallace Derron 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the shared ethnic purpose yet different gendered practice of deference as a cultural strategy to counter ethnic expectations and escape the culture trap. Black Caribbean students in New York marshaled deference as a strategy for damage prevention, to limit the spoiling of their positive reputation and to shore up positive ethnic expectations. However, for Black Caribbean youth in London, deference was an exercise in damage reduction, attempts to redeem their stigmatized ethnic identities through ‘good’ behavior. But despite the shared ethnic purpose of deference among Black Caribbean youth in their respective cities, this chapter shows that Black Caribbean girls and boys are unequally rewarded for it. On both sides of the Atlantic, Black Caribbean boys who practiced deference were often publicly praised. When Black Caribbean girls practiced deference, their good behavior was often taken for granted: they were “just being girls.”
The Dignity of Humanity
Authors: Bader Ralf M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the normative significance of humanity is not to be understood in axiological terms (and that it is hence somewhat misleading to speak of the “value of humanity”) but is instead to be construed in distinctly deontological terms (and that it is accordingly preferable to speak of the “status of humanity”). It argues, in particular, that humanity has dignity insofar as humanity is the ground of being a member of the domain over which maxims have to be universalizable. Since the domain of universalization would be empty if there should not be anything having dignity, humanity classifies as the ground of the categorical imperative.