bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal Antigen Capable of Inducing Transplantation Immunity against SV40 Hamster Tumor Cells
Authors: Coggin J. H. , Ambrose K. R. , Anderson N. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hamster, mouse and human cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) share a common antigen capable of stimulating specific transplantation immunity against SV40-induced tumors in hamsters (1, 2). Cursory consideration of this observation might suggest that the viral genome must code for the common tumor-specific antigen in the different cell species. Knowledge acquired recently about the size of the SV40 genome limits the potential informational complement of this virus to seven to eight genes (3). Available data indicate that at least six genes are required for virus synthesis (3, 4), and radiation studies suggest that one or two different genes are required for transformation (5). It is becoming increasingly difficult to adhere to the concept that the virus codes directly for the tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) which is incorporated into the membrane of transformed cells unless the TSTA is a small protein and is a pleiotropic viral gene product.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (PolyαAmino Acids): Calcium-Dependent and Independent Antibodies
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Clark L. G. , Liberti P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been shown that sheep antisera against negatively charged synthetic polymers of amino acids such as poly (L-glu60-L-ala30-L-tyr10)n of high glutamic acid content contain two populations of antibodies one of which requires calcium (“Ca++ dependent”) for reaction to occur. The Ca++-dependent antibodies are directed against immunogenic determinants created by the reaction of Ca++ with glutamyl residues which changes the conformation of the polymer and thereby creates the new determinants. The reaction of the specific polymer with this antibody is maximal at 0.008 M Ca++. Dissociation of the polymer-Ca++-antibody complex can be accomplished by removal of Ca++ with EDTA, citrate or oxalate or by washing the antigen-antibody precipitate with phosphate-buffered saline. Dilution of the antiserum in non-Ca++-containing diluents, which in effect lowers the Ca++ concentration, reduces precipitation of the antibody. This loss can be reversed by addition of Ca++ to the diluting buffer. The amounts of these two populations of antibodies vary from animal to animal within any species. No Ca++-dependent antibody was found with the polymers of slight negative or neutral charge or against several protein antigens. Peptide maps (finger prints) of these two kinds of purified antibody (both 7S IgG) revealed no significant differences.
Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Donahue Helaine A. , Moore Virginia G. , Little J. Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suspensions of lymph node cells were prepared from immunized and from unimmunized rabbits. In a totally synthetic medium at 37°C, these cells incorporated 3H-uridine into RNA at an initially rapid linear rate without lag. After 60 to 90 min of incubation, the rate of uridine incorporation changed to a second linear rate which was about 9% of the initial rate. Maximal initial rates of 3H-uridine incorporation were observed 5 days after immunization, though differences were small between cells from immunized and nonimmune animals. Sucrose gradient analyses of whole cell RNA revealed that the major classes of cellular RNA contained significant radio-activity and antigen-stimulated cells revealed predominant labeling in a 12 to 13S fraction. These experiments provide a reasonable approach to the preparation and isolation of high specific activity RNA for use in the RNA-DNA hybridization studies or in the functional characterization of various classes of RNA implicated in immune responses.
Mechanism of Reticuloendothelial System Blockade Produced by Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Sheagren John N. , Barth Rolf F. , Edelin Joseph B. , Malmgren Richard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice treated with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) were found to have impaired blood clearance of aggregated human serum albumin (AA) and colloidal carbon. The clearance of AA was found to be immediately slowed by ALS with return to a normal rate by 24 hr. Clearance of a very small blood-flow dependent dose of AA was similarly affected, suggesting that the blockade of the AA clearing system could be related to altered perfusion of reticuloendothelial system organs (primarily decreased hepatic blood flow). Carbon clearance, in contrast, was found to be accelerated for a few hours prior to the development of blockade. Clearance of a very small blood flow-dependent dose of carbon also showed transient, immediate impairment, but then became and remained normal at a time when clearance of the larger dose of carbon was blocked. Impairment of carbon clearance appears, therefore, to be due to altered phagocytosis at the cellular level.
Receptor Sites for Complement on Certain Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Michlmayr Gerhard , Huber Heinz 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptor sites for complement (C) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes were assessed by their capacity to bind red cells coated with C. Rosette formation was observed around 20% (12 to 29%) of blood lymphocytes obtained from normal donors. The number of lymphocytes with rosettes was related to the amount of C bound to the red cells. Treatment of lymphocytes with trypsin or incubation with antilymphocyte globulin inhibited the receptor activity. In contrast to the inhibition of rosette formation resulting from adding EDTA to the incubation mixture of monocytes and C-coated red cells, there was no inhibitory effect by EDTA on lymphocytes and C-coated red cells. Rosettes were almost exclusively observed around small lymphocytes. When lymphocytes were separated in a discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient, the highest percentage of lymphocytes with receptor activity was found in fractions of low density. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia there was a significantly lower percentage of rosette-forming cells.
Differentiation of Rosette-Forming Cells from Myeloid Stem Cells
Authors: Edwards G. E. , Miller R. G. , Phillips R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence is presented that the myeloid and lymphoid systems of the adult mouse are derived from a common stem cell. Ionizing radiation was used to induce unique chromosome markers in individual stem cells of the myeloid system. This marked stem cell was injected into genetically anemic mice of genotype W/Wv and repopulated their myeloid systems with chromosomally marked cells. To determine whether or not cells of the lymphoid system also contained the chromosome marker, we purified rosette-forming cells from the spleens of mice bearing a marker.
Mice were immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and at the peak of the secondary immune response a spleen cell suspension was prepared. Cells in this suspension were allowed to bind SRBC and form rosettes, and the rosette-forming cells (RFC) were purified by velocity sedimentation. The RFC population appears to include all antibody-producing cells, but the converse may not be true. Karyotype analysis of the purified rosettes showed a high frequency of chromosomally marked cells, indicating that some RFC can be derived from stem cells that can also differentiate into myeloid cells.
These stem cells are probably pluripotent and able to give rise to RFC of many specificities. RFC specific for SRBC were found among the progeny of all the clones examined. It is highly unlikely that stem cells with restricted specificity would give such a result. The simplest interpretation is that there exist in bone marrow of adult mice pluripotent stem cells able to differentiate into functional cells of both the myeloid and lymphoid systems.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Immune Reaction
Authors: Manski W. , Ehrlich G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit corneal epithelium tissue culture kept at low temperature (6°C) or exposed to colchicine or puromycin (10 µg/ml) in the growth medium ceased to show cytotoxic effects in response to duck anti-rabbit corneal serum. The above loss of susceptibility to antibodies was found to be reversible. It was shown experimentally that the underlying mechanism involved primarily a loss of antibody binding by the inhibited tissue cultures.
Structural Studies of Immunoglobulin E. II. Amino Terminal Sequence of the Heavy Chain
Authors: Terry William D. , Ogawa Makio , Kochwa Shaul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Determination of the primary structure of immunoglobulin proteins provides information that can be used to extend our knowledge of the structural relationship between different classes of immunoglobulins, as well as their genetic and evolutionary characteristics. Primary structural information will also be important ultimately in attaining an understanding of the antibody and non-antibody functional properties of these molecules.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the most recently discovered of the human immunoglobulins and is the one, therefore, about which we have the least structural information. IgE antibodies bind antigens, and also have the capacity to sensitize receptors in human tissue for immediate hypersensitivity reactions (reviewed in 1). Structural studies of IgE will provide data for comparison with the amino acid sequences already determined for other classes of human immunoglobulins, and also may be useful in investigating the nature of the interaction between IgE molecules and cellular receptors.
Appendix and γM Antibody Formation. IV. Synergism of Appendix and Bone Marrow Cells in Early Antibody Response to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Ozer H. , Waksman B. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the γM antibody response in rabbits injected intravenously (i.v.) with low doses of heat-aggregated bovine γ globulin is abolished by lethal whole body irradiation but preserved in animals whose appendix and bone marrow are shielded (1). Antibody-forming cells, however, were not found in the appendix itself but in that part of the mesenteric lymph node draining the appendix and in the spleen (2). We show here that the early response of rabbits to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) also requires the presence of both appendix and bone marrow cells.
Materials and Methods. New Zealand albino rabbits received 2 × 109 SRBC i.v., and their spleen cells were assayed 5 days later for direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) by a modification of the technique of Jerne et al. (3). Appendectomy, whole body irradiation (900 rads, central axis dose), and shielding of femoral bone marrow (after prior excision of both popliteal lymph nodes) were carried out by techniques already described (1, 2).
Complement Fixation: The Effects of IgG and IgM Antibody Concentration on C1-Binding Affinity
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When red cells were reacted with increasing amounts of IgG antibody, the number of sites capable of binding C1 increased in a non-linear manner with constantly decreasing rate. At low antibody multiplicities, all of these sites bound C1 with approximately the same affinity, as shown by nearly complete C1 transfer at an ionic strength (μ) close to 0.06. As the amount of antibody increased, a heterogeneity in C1-binding affinities appeared, such that increasing amounts of C1 failed to transfer at μ = 0.059 but did transfer at μ = 0.140. It is suggested that this heterogeneity in C1 binding to IgG may reflect different C1-binding affinities of antibody doublets, triplets, etc. When red cells were reacted with increasing amounts of IgM antibody, the number of C1-binding sites increased linearly. The slope of the plotted curves of these data was close to 1. These sites bound C1 with a range of affinities that was constant, providing all sites were saturated with C1, over a wide range of IgM concentrations. If the antibody:C1 ratio exceeded approximately 1.5:1, a selection in favor of more firmly bound C1 appeared, so that the proportion of cell-bound C1 which transferred at any ionic strength below 0.14 became inversely proportional to the antibody concentration. It is suggested that this heterogeneity in C1 binding to IgM may reflect differences in the number of antibody combining sites which are occupied by antigen.
Serologic Evidence That Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus Commonly Infects Humans and Is Related to Human Adenovirus Type 8
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Gehle Warren D. , Kniker William T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have been interested in the possibility that viruses commonly occurring in household pets and other domestic animals infect man. Human infection with infectious canine hepatitis virus, (ICHV) has been suspected in the past, but evidence for this has been meager. Studies on the relationship of ICHV to human disease have been largely limited to veterinary workers (1) or to determining whether ICHV causes human hepatitis (2). ICHV, a canine adenovirus, was of particular interest to us in regard to human infection because Sarma et al. showed it to be oncogenic for hamsters (3). We reported recently that ICHV can infect human cells in vitro and initiate the synthesis of small amounts of new virus, and that infected human cells produce tumor-specific antigens (4). We also found that ICHV can frequently be isolated from the kidneys of dogs (5). This is not surprising because most dogs periodically receive doses of live attenuated ICHV vaccine for the prevention of infectious hepatitis and probably harbor virus for extended periods of time.
Experience with a Mixed Lymphocyte-Tumor Reaction as a Method of Detecting Antigenic Differences Between Normal and Neoplastic Cells
Authors: Kanner Steven P. , Mardiney Michael R. , Mangi Richard J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A one-way mixed lymphocyte-tumor reaction having kinetics of DNA synthesis similar to those of the standard mixed lymphocyte reaction is described. This reaction may prove to be effective in detecting both antigenic differences between normal and neoplastic cells and host reactivity to tumor.
Identification and Genetic Control of the Mt-3 and Mt-4 Allotypes of Rabbit Serum α2-Macroglobulin
Authors: Berne Bernard H. , Dray Sheldon , Knight Katherine L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two rabbit serum α2-macroglobulin (α2M) allotypes, Mt-3 and Mt-4, which are distinct from the previously described Mtz1 and Mtz2 allelic allotypes of α2M, were identified. The Mt-3 and Mt-4 allotypes are controlled by a pair of alleles at an autosomal locus that appears to be closely linked to the Mtz locus and not closely linked to the Aa, Ab, or Af immunoglobulin loci, or to the Lpq lipoprotein locus. Sera from Mt-3Mt-4 heterozygous rabbits do not precipitate in agar gel double diffusion plates with either anti-Mt-3 or anti-Mt-4 antisera, but do inhibit the precipitation of each antiserum with serum from the corresponding homozygous rabbits. Serum from a heterozygous rabbit precipitates with a mixture of the two antisera, indicating that both Mt-3 and Mt-4 determinants are present on the same α2M molecule and suggesting that Mt-3 and Mt-4 determinants are each present in a smaller number than that found on molecules from homozygous rabbits. Allelic exclusion does not occur at the molecular level in the Mt-3Mt-4 heterozygous rabbit; in this respect, the Mt-3/Mt-4 system resembles the Mtz1/Mtz2 system, but is dissimilar from all other known serum allotype systems. Individual α2M molecules possess allotypic specificities of both the Mtz1/Mtz2 and Mt-3/Mt-4 systems.
The Effect of Selective Modification of Tryptophan, Lysine and Arginine Residues of Basic Brain Protein on Encephalitogenic Activity
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Basic protein (BP), which caused experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs in a dose of 30 μg, was isolated from bovine brain. Studies were carried out to characterize the encephalitogenic determinant by means of selective and permanent modification of tryptophan, lysine and arginine residues of BP. When tryptophan residues of BP were altered by the addition of 0.045 μmol 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide/mg BP, preparations exhibited a significant decrease in encephalitogenic activity. In contrast, acetylation of free amino groups of lysine with acetic anhydride, or modification of guanidinium groups of arginine with 2,3-butanedione, had no effect on the encephalitogenic activity of BP. These results suggest that tryptophan is an essential component of the encephalitogenic determinant, whereas lysine and arginine are probably not present in this site.
The Kinetics of in Vivo Tolerance Introduction in Mice
Authors: Das Saroj , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C57BL/6 mice were rendered immunologically tolerant by an intraperitoneal injection of 200 μg of bovine γ globulin (BGG). An intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg of polyornithine (poly-O) given from 24 hr before to 5 hr after the injection of BGG produced immunity rather than tolerance. After 8 hr the induction of tolerance by BGG was no longer reversible by the poly-O. In a further test of the induction period of tolerance, washed spleen cells were transferred to x-irradiated recipients which were then immunized. If spleen cells were removed from donor mice as little as 4 hr after they had been injected with 2 mg of BGG, significant loss of ability to produce immunity in recipients was seen.
The Effect of Aging on Human Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations
Authors: Buckley C. E. , Dorsey F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Single radial diffusion was used to measure the concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM in sera of 811 healthy individuals aged from birth to 92 years. Evaluation of age, race and sex differences was accomplished by multivariate analysis on loge transformed data using age as a linear covariate for each race-sex group within the 0 to 13, 14 to 27, 28 to 54 and 55 to 92 year age spans. Age contrasts between all groups were highly significant (p &lt; 0.0001), while race and sex contrasts within all groups revealed only a significant difference in IgG related to race (p &lt; 0.0133). Maximum serum immunoglobulin concentrations were reached in the third decade. Highly significant changes related to aging occur in older individuals as well as early in life. Average IgM concentrations decreased significantly by the sixth decade (p &lt; 0.0005). Average IgG decreased significantly from the third through the sixth decade (p &lt; 0.0027). Changes in serum IgA after maturity were small and not significant. These observations document the occurrence of a relative hypoglobulinemia in healthy older individuals.
Further Studies on Guinea Pig Skin Sensitizing Activities of Human Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Kunkel Henry G. , Joslin Fenneke G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs may be sensitized for reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (RPCA) by the following human γG subclasses: γG1, γG3 and γG4. Native or reduced and alkylated γG2 and γE are unable to do so. Sensitization is independent of the light chain type and also of Gm determinants. Incomplete molecules from heavy chain diseases of subclasses γG1, γG3 or γG4, but not of subclass γG2, may sensitize guinea pig skin. RPCA reactions may be obtained with anti-light chain antibodies with γG1, γG3 or γG4.
A Method for Preparing Specific Fluorescein-Conjugated Antibody Reagents Using Bentonite Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Reisberg Margaret A. , Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple, rapid, and reproducible method is described for the preparation of fluorescein-conjugated specific antibody reagents. Bentonite clay was used to adsorb and insolubilize antigen. Release of antigen from bentonite particles was prevented by treating the adsorbed antigen with a water-soluble carbodiimide reagent. The resulting immunoadsorbent could be used both to isolate homologous antibody and to remove cross-reacting antibodies from heterologous antisera. These immunoadsorbents were reusable, well-adapted to batch techniques, and stable on storage at -70° to 4°C for periods in excess of 1 year. Prior isolation of antibody globulin is not required before fluorescein conjugation when antibody is to be isolated subsequently by immunoadsorbents. The quantity of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) used for conjugation of the antiserum was rigorously controlled by adding 1-µ1 portions of dissolved FITC, so that subsequent fractionation to remove excessively labeled globulin is not required. With these methods highly specific antibody reagents can be prepared in a single working day when homologous antigen is already available. More than 95% of the protein in such conjugates has antibody activity as measured by the ability to bind to homologous antigen. When used to locate antigen in tissue, the antibody reagents exhibit virtually no background fluorescence.
Physical Separation of Hemopoietic Stem Cells from Cells Causing Graft-vs-Host Disease
Authors: Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The goal in these experiments was to obtain a physical separation of the cells causing graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) from hemopoietic stem cells. Because these two types of cells were thought to differ in size, a cell separation method, velocity sedimentation, that separates cells primarily on the basis of cell volume was used. To test the effectiveness of this separation procedure, spleen and bone marrow from donor mice were fractionated and GVHD activity in the various fractions was assayed by injecting the cells into appropriate recipients. These experiments showed that for both tissues GVHD is caused by a homogeneous population of small cells having a sedimentation velocity at 4°C and unit gravity of 3 mm/hr. Because hemopoietic stem cells are known to sediment at 4.0 mm/hr under these conditions, it was concluded that hemopoietic stem cells in the mouse can be physically separated by velocity sedimentation from the cells that cause GVHD.
The Termination of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to BSA in Rabbits
Authors: Benjamin David C. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits made unresponsive to BSA at birth were given two courses of immunization with various cross-reacting albumins and a subsequent injection of BSA. The same fraction of unresponsive rabbits as control rabbits responded to this subsequent injection by producing antibody reactive with BSA. Normal control rabbits were found to produce higher levels of antibody than did the previously unresponsive rabbits. Assays for both antibody-producing cells in the spleens and serum antibody of the previously unresponsive rabbits showed that 1) the subsequent injection of BSA failed to recruit precursor cells specific for BSA, 2) those cells primed by the injections of the terminating antigens were exhausted by multiple injections of BSA, and 3) unresponsiveness appeared to be terminated to all determinants shared between BSA and the terminating antigen. Following immunization of either normal or BSA unresponsive rabbits with cross-reacting albumins, a subsequent injection of BSA resulted in the production of antibody specific for the cross-reacting albumin which could not be absorbed with BSA. The response in normal rabbits to the determinants on the BSA unrelated to the determinants on the cross-reacting antigen was secondary in nature.