bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reasonableness Review
Authors: Liebenberg Sandra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Reasonableness has emerged as a significant review standard for economic and social rights’ claims, most prominently in the contexts of the jurisprudence of the South African Constitutional Court and in the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This chapter examines the historical trajectory of reasonableness as an adjudicative review standard and its relationship to other doctrinal concepts such as proportionality and minimum core obligations. It proceeds to conduct a close analysis of the practical application of various forms of reasonableness review in the jurisprudence of the South African Constitutional Court and the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Based on this analysis it identifies the main features as well as the advantages and disadvantages of reasonableness as an adjudicative review standard. It concludes with a proposal to reform aspects of the reasonableness model of review to facilitate a more substantive and transparent engagement by adjudicators with the normative commitments of economic and social rights.
The Rights to Water and Sanitation
Authors: Satterthwaite Margaret L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the past two decades, the human rights to water and sanitation have emerged and taken their place at the center of discussions about key economic, social, and cultural rights, sustainable development, global health, and climate change. While there was early hope that these rights would provide a strong basis for rejecting the commodification of essential services spurred by neoliberalism, as they were institutionalized, the rights to water and sanitation have in many places been tamed, if not neutralized. And while a confluence of forces have managed to stop or reverse privatization in many states, deep inequalities persist, and communities have often been shut out of decisions about water resources. At the same time, the rights have played an important role in the development field, guiding approaches to achieving the sustainable development goals and serving as touchstones in climate debates. Thus, while the human rights framework concerning water and sanitation has accommodated powerful economic imperatives, it still holds promise as a vehicle for governments, courts, and—perhaps most importantly—movements facing the harsh realities of extreme inequality, vulnerability to disaster, and the advancing climate crisis. This chapter provides an overview of the conceptual and theoretical issues behind the rights to water and sanitation, an account of the normative development of the rights in law, and examines the promise these rights hold in the face of intense global challenges.
Displacement and Social and Economic Rights
Authors: Foster Michelle 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Socioeconomic deprivation constitutes both a cause and consequence of forced displacement yet has proven a contentious issue in debates concerning the scope and ambit of protection obligations at international law. While there has been considerable normative movement in recent decades, with international refugee law evolving beyond binary distinctions between “economic migrants” and “refugees,” refugee law still lags developments in international human rights law that have elevated both the importance and content of social and economic rights. This chapter highlights the most pressing and controversial issues in ensuring social and economic rights in the context of displacement across borders. It argues for a more ambitious approach to the progressive development of international law on these issues in both scholarship and jurisprudence and highlights those areas most in need of attention.
Race and Historical Political Economy
Authors: Bateman David , Grumbach Jacob M. , Thurston Chloe 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the study of race in historical political economy (HPE) research on the United States. Scholarship in race and HPE is wide-ranging, spanning the fields of political science, economics, history, and sociology, and featuring a diversity of theoretical and empirical methods. The chapter highlights key questions in the race and HPE literature, including democratization, the effects of slavery and segregation (both de jure and de facto), racial exclusion in the welfare state, and coercive state development. The chapter then circumscribes time periods under study: the antebellum, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, New Deal, civil rights, and post-civil rights periods. Finally, the article discusses limitations in the race and HPE literature and lessons that can be drawn from research in American political development and racial capitalism.
Land in the Chayanovian Tradition
Authors: van der Ploeg Jan Douwe 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes the concept of land within Chayanovian theory. It also refers to the relevance of this concept in today’s world, by showing that the way land is used is central, probably now more than ever, to the fate, prospects and aspirations of billions of people—just as it is central to the many social struggles that take place, sometimes openly, sometimes covertly, in many places around the world.
Land and Agroecology
Authors: Vandermeer John , Perfecto Ivette 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Taking a long-term point of view, agricultural-like activities have long populated the earth, from traditional ecosystem management to today’s industrial agriculture. The most recent, industrial agriculture, represents a dramatic shift relative to the interactions between people and land, most recently, the exaggeration of the ideology of private property in land with massive appropriations, known today as “land grabbing.” Farmers went from acquiring inputs from within the farm and its resource base, mostly the land itself, to buying inputs and selling outputs in capitalist markets. This evolution led to a displacement of small-scale farmers from their land, dramatically changing the management and nurturing of the land, and ultimately leading to its degradation. The agroecology movement is an alternative that offers hope for restoring the land and the well-being of small-scale farmers. Agroecology rests on four pillars: the science of ecology, traditional knowledge, nature, and political action. Today, farmers, especially in the global South, are constructing “agroecological territories,” where these four pillars interpenetrate to enhance their livelihoods and contribute to the reformulation of the political and economic ideology of land and territory.
Access Failure
Authors: Ribot Jesse 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s and 1970s, Josué de Castro and Amartya Sen showed that hunger and famine are not caused by mere food availability decline; indeed, during most modern times of hunger and famine, there was enough food for everyone. Food crises stem from maldistribution and well-functioning markets that allocate food away from the hungry. Sen shows that people cannot obtain enough food when their entitlements (legal means), made up of assets (land, labor, cash, stocks) and social protections (formal and informal networks of support), are inadequate—“entitlement failure.” Climate’s relation to crisis is now similarly misunderstood. Today, we often describe crises—hunger, famine, dislocation, or economic loss—as outcomes of climate change or extreme weather. Yet these crises are not caused by mere weather. The damage is enabled by the human vulnerabilities that weather finds in place. Building on Sen’s entitlements approach, this chapter explores, via a case of dangerous emigration from the Sahel toward Europe, how to identify the deep roots of crisis by starting with and tracing chains of causality from instances of “access failure”—moments in which people fail to access the necessities for security or for fulfilling their aspirations.
Land-Making as State-Making
Authors: Sud Nikita 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relationship between land and the state is co-productive. As the state makes the land, it is also shaped by this land-making in turn. In the recent history of the global South, land-making as state-making implicated the colonial state. This state controlled land and made the inhabitants of the land its subjects. Later, the postcolonial modernizing state sought to transform land in keeping with its developmental vision, in tandem with societal elites. The elite appropriation of the development project was furthered under economic liberalization, with global capital being promoted in zoned development on once-sovereign land. Yet, land-making as state-making cannot be read only from the perspective of the formal, high state. Thus, the chapter also highlights land-making as state-making from below. It shows aspirational intermediaries in land inserting themselves in contemporary land-making projects in field sites in western India. In the process, these middlemen who are on the edges of informalized authority broaden the domains of the state, and also of access to land. They assert their subjecthood through the continual making and re-making of the socially embedded state via multi-dimensional land. Amid the climate crisis, this is an argument for appreciating mutuality between humans and nature across space, scales, and time.
Land Alienation, Proletarianization, and Changing Labor Market Regimes in Southern Africa
Authors: Chambati Walter 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The nature and extent of the rural proletarianization of the peasantry in (Southern) Africa arising from uneven colonial land alienation and structural adjustment programs instigated economic crises, and whether farm and nonfarm activities constitute a continuum in the labor process of the peasantry remains an unresolved question. The labor relations are to a large extent shaped by the degree of access to land, and are thus modified by processes of land alienation or the extension of access through land redistribution. Drawing from secondary literature and primary data marshaled on the recent land reform experiences in Zimbabwe, the chapter demonstrates that peasant forms of production prevail despite the challenges rooted in neoliberal reforms. Taking this stand, the chapter challenges the dominant perspectives that generally perceive a post-peasant society evolving from colonial and postcolonial land alienation and adverse agrarian conditions. Today, as urban-based social reproduction strategies continue to falter, repeasantization and semi-proletarianization, which maintain the significance of land, represent the overarching tendencies in rural areas.
Tax Incentives for Arts and Cultural Organizations
Authors: Hemels Sigrid 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many countries use tax legislation as a cultural policy instrument. This includes tax incentives for arts organizations and their benefactors. This chapter analyzes what a tax incentive is, what its positive and negative sides are, and how governments use it to support the arts and cultural organizations. Tax incentives for giving, the possibility of paying tax with art, reduced value added tax rates for art, and exemptions from customs duties are discussed specifically, including cross-border situations. These incentives may have a significant impact on the funding strategy and financial situation of cultural organizations. Not applying the incentives correctly may not only lead to problems with the tax administration but also have negative reputational effects. For those reasons it is important that cultural organizations are aware of these tax incentives and the applicable requirements. Conversely, tax legislators and judges do not always take into account research and doctrine on the arts, leading to a denial of the art status to various forms of contemporary art. This chapter aims to add to mutual understanding and to exchanges of ideas between the arts and lawyers.
SMC5/6 complex-mediated SUMOylation stimulates DNA–protein cross-link repair in Arabidopsis
Authors: Dvořák Tomaštíková Eva , Prochazkova Klara , Yang Fen , Jemelkova Jitka , Finke Andreas , Dorn Annika , Said Mahmoud , Puchta Holger , Pecinka Ales 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
DNA–protein cross-links (DPCs) are highly toxic DNA lesions consisting of proteins covalently attached to chromosomal DNA. Unrepaired DPCs physically block DNA replication and transcription. Three DPC repair pathways have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to date: the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA by the structure-specific endonuclease MUS81; proteolytic degradation of the crosslinked protein by the metalloprotease WSS1A; and cleavage of the cross-link phosphodiester bonds by the tyrosyl phosphodiesterases TDP1 and TDP2. Here we describe the evolutionary conserved STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMEs SMC5/6 complex as a crucial component involved in DPC repair. We identified multiple alleles of the SMC5/6 complex core subunit gene SMC6B via a forward-directed genetic screen designed to identify the factors involved in the repair of DPCs induced by the cytidine analog zebularine. We monitored plant growth and cell death in response to DPC-inducing chemicals, which revealed that the SMC5/6 complex is essential for the repair of several types of DPCs. Genetic interaction and sensitivity assays showed that the SMC5/6 complex works in parallel to the endonucleolytic and proteolytic pathways. The repair of zebularine-induced DPCs was associated with SMC5/6-dependent SUMOylation of the damage sites. Thus, we present the SMC5/6 complex as an important factor in plant DPC repair.
STUDIES ON RADIATION SHIELDING PROPERTIES OF NEWLY DEVELOPED HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE FOR ADVANCED RADIOTHERAPY FACILITIES
Authors: Kaur Amanjot , Sahani G , Mudgal Manish , Chouhan R K , Srivastava Avanish Kumar , Pawaskar Padmaja N 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe linear attenuation coefficients and tenth-value layers are determined experimentally for the newly developed Cement-based high-density Concrete and Fly-Ash-based Geopolymer high-density Concrete using Red-Mud-based synthetic aggregate made up from industrial waste. Linear attenuation coefficients were determined in narrow and broad beam conditions for five megavoltage X-ray photon beam energies, i.e. 6, 10, 15 MV, and 6 and 10 MV-FFF generated by Varian TrueBeam medical linear accelerator. These materials are found to be more effective in radiation shielding when compared with ordinary concrete and hematite ore-based high-density concrete making it a useful construction material for radiotherapy accelerator vaults. Similar values of linear attenuation coefficients are observed for all the above-mentioned X-ray beam energies when cement is replaced with fly-ash in ordinary concrete, hematite-based high-density concrete and red-mud-based high-density concrete, making it a good eco-friendly alternative of cement and useful for the construction of radiotherapy vaults.
Inflammation-Mediated Aberrant Glucose Metabolism in Subchondral Bone Induces Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ying Jun , Wang Pinger , Shi Zhenyu , Xu Jianbo , Ge Qinwen , Sun Qi , Wang Weidong , Li Ju , Wu Chengliang , Tong Peijian , Jin Hongting 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an entire joint disease with pathological alteration in both articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It has been recognized recently the association between metabolic syndrome and OA, particularly glucose metabolism in regulation of articular cartilage homeostasis and joint integrity. Whereas the role of glucose metabolism in subchondral bone sclerosis remains largely unknown during pathogenesis of OA. Consistent with common OA features, we observed subchondral bone sclerosis and abnormal bone remodeling in human OA joints and murine OA joints as reflected by hyperactive bone resorption and overall bone formation which was measured via dynamic histomorphometry. Osx-CreER;tdTomato mice also displayed the similar overall bone formation under injury-induced OA condition. Immunohistochemistry further revealed increased IL-1β expression in human and murine OA subchondral bone. Given the inflammatory environment in joints under OA condition, we treated MC3T3-E1 cell, a pre-osteoblast cell line, with IL-1β in this study and demonstrated that IL-1β treatment could stimulate the cell osteogenic differentiation and meanwhile upregulate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in cell cultures. More importantly, intraperitoneal injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and oligomycin (OGM), respectively, suppressed the subchondral bone glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in mice. Consequently, 2-DG and OGM treatment attenuated abnormal osteoblast differentiation and protected against aberrant bone formation in subchondral bone and articular cartilage degradation in wildtype mice following with joint injury. Collectively, these data strongly suggest glycolysis and oxidative may serve as important therapeutic targets for OA treatment.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis due to a zoonotic co-infection
Authors: Siddiqui Anam , Randev Shivani , Singla Nidhi , Dhavan Aanandi , Guglani Vishal , Gupta Varsha 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a post-infectious, autoimmune, demyelinating neurological illness, usually attributed to infection with viruses. We describe a case of ADEM occurring in a child with Leptospira–Brucella co-infection. The 12-year-old girl developed a biphasic febrile illness with encephalopathy. On evaluation, she was found to have serological evidence of Brucella and Leptospira infections. Persistence of neurological symptoms after initiating treatment for the co-infection led us to do a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain which showed typical findings suggestive of ADEM. Patient responded appropriately to treatment of ADEM with glucocorticoids. The high prevalence of these zoonotic infections in developing countries, and the risk that these may lead to ADEM highlights the importance of detailed evaluation of such cases for proper treatment and better outcomes.
The Effect of Accuracy and Uncertainty in Test Performance on Optimal Early Detection Survey Budget Allocations
Authors: Rainford James , Macarthur Roy , Agstner Barbara , Jones Glyn , Harrison Catherine , Tomlinson Jenny , McKnight Curtis , van den Berg Femke 
Published: January 2023

Early detection of pests at a low population prevalence is a key pillar of surveillance for plant health. A novel pest is expected to undergo exponential growth when it first occurs in a host population. This allows for the use of mathematical rules of thumb for the number of samples required to detect presence before it reaches a target prevalence given the diagnostic performance of the tests used. Previous work assumes that pest presence is diagnosed by applying a single diagnostic test to each sample. However, diagnostic decisions are often made based on outcomes of multiple tests applied to the same sample in a consistent test program; for example, an assessment of symptoms followed by a PCR test applied to samples for which symptoms were observed. Each test can have different testing costs, as well as distinct and independent diagnostic performance and uncertainty values. A framework to optimize early detection surveys by minimizing overall costs for test programs that apply up to three diagnostic tests has been developed. The framework assesses the consequences of the test order and logical rule by which diagnoses are determined on costs across a range of pest prevalence. Explicit definitions of uncertainty in key parameters are incorporated to assess the consequences of uncertainty about their true value. Use of the framework is exemplified with two hypothetical case studies exploring the potential impact of selecting a suboptimal test program (based on Xylella fastidiosa) and investment in test improvements (based on lateral flow devices applied to Phytophthora pluvialis). [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
What Are Parents’ Experiences With Their Child’s Hearing Aid Use in the First 5 Years?
Authors: Nailand Lisa , Munro Natalie , Purcell Alison 
Published: January 2023

Objectives:
Parents are required to make informed choices for their children regarding the use of hearing amplification after hearing loss has been diagnosed. If parents choose a listening and spoken language approach for their child where the development of age appropriate spoken language is the parents’ goal, then the early fitting and frequent use of hearing aids is crucial. Within the framework of family centered care, parents have the ultimate responsibility for supporting their child’s hearing aid use. However, few studies have focused on parents’ insights regarding the aspects that shape hearing aid use in the early years. Thus the aim of this study was to explore parents’ firsthand experiences with their child’s hearing aid use in the first 5 years. Understanding parents’ insights will help improve service provision to optimize outcomes for children with hearing loss.

Design:
The study utilized a prospective qualitative design to explore parents’ firsthand experiences with their child’s hearing aid use. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 12 parents who participated in semi-structured interviews. Parents’ responses were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results:
Three overarching themes were conceptualized, namely: (a) towards hearing aids - journey into the wilderness; (b) adjusting to hearing aids - it’s the journey, not the destination; and (c) support for my child’s hearing aid use - it’s not where you are going, it’s who you have beside you. Each theme was further divided into categories and subcategories.

Conclusions:
This study identified that parents have much to contribute to service providers’ understanding regarding the aspects that shape consistent hearing aid use in young children. Parents shared many insights such as the emotionally daunting nature of the first few months post hearing loss confirmation, the influence of family support, and the importance of building connections and understanding about hearing loss and hearing aid use within their social networks. Based on these insights, the authors provide recommendations for clinical best practice that draw upon key principles of family centered care. They consist of practical suggestions including strategic support to overcome less optimal hearing aid use and ways to facilitate parent support within their familial and communal networks.