bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid Frontiers and Forever War I
Authors: Kadercan Burak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter goes beyond the territorial orders that lie at the heart of the so-called modern state system and examines amorphous territorial orders, which are defined by adherence to flexible, fluid, and porous demarcation principles and a preference for sociospatial heterogeneity. From a world-historical perspective, amorphous territorial orders have been more of the norm than the exception. Amorphous territoriality is usually associated with an understanding of continuous war and reluctance to homogenize the space-society association in target areas. The chapter proceeds in three steps. First, it offers a general discussion of amorphous territoriality. Second, it examines the case of the Ottoman Empire, reflecting on the Ottomans’ territorial ideas and the ways in which these ideas affected the Ottomans’ motives and methods for territorial expansion. The third section applies the same framework to the British experience in South Asia, especially during the nineteenth century. The British case also drives attention to the notion of dual territoriality, or states’ practice of upholding one set of territorial ideas in their core territories, while professing another set of territorial ideas in areas targeted for imperialistic (territorial) expansion and control.
Systemic Wars and the Evolution of Territorial Orders
Authors: Kadercan Burak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Just as different territorial orders can lead to different motives and methods for armed conflict over territory, wars themselves can also transform territorial orders. Monolithic territorial order is the aspirational and ideational hegemon in the present day. The question then becomes: How can we explain the relationship between wars, especially systemic wars, and the emergence of monolithic territoriality as the aspirational hegemon? Systemic wars and postwar settlements usually tilt the balance in favor of one territorial order at the expense of others. These wars have differential impacts in anarchical and hierarchical settings. In anarchical (or symmetrical) settings, the transformation will be driven by the interests and priorities of great powers, and will usually take the form of collective “problem-solving.” In hierarchical (or asymmetrical) settings, the struggle between the center and periphery, in both the material and the ideational dimensions, plays a crucial role in shaping the impacts of systemic wars on territorial ideas. This chapter examines the impacts of four systemic wars—the Thirty Years’ War, the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II—on the transformation of territorial orders not only in the Western world, but also in the Global South. The analysis suggests that the legacies of Western imperialism and geographical racism lie at the heart of present-day territorial arrangements and imageries.
African Diasporic Migration Trends, Relocation, and Resettlement
Authors: Gatwiri Kathomi , Anderson Leticia , Hiruy Kiros 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter debates the centrality of migration to population and economic growth and nation-building in Australia and the tensions between continued migration and simultaneous tendencies toward insularity. It argues that insularity manifests through efforts to differentiate between “desirable” and “undesirable” migrants based on identity markers. The chapter uses historical and contemporary migration policies and laws in Australia to illustrate dominant attitudes, practices, and trends that inform the experience of migrants to Australia. In doing so, it focuses on research on African migration to Australia, unsettling the dominant perception that Africans are recent newcomers to Australia. The chapter concludes that immigrants’ experiences of migration and resettlement through successive phases of migration policies in Australia provide an illuminating lens on past, current, and future trends and challenges for migration to Australia. It urges the use of a decolonial and intersectional perspective to analyze these key issues.
Intersectionality and UK’s Multiscalar Governance Approach to Race, Gender, and Asylum-Seeking in Scotland and England
Authors: Hill Emma 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in the UK, this chapter will explore (1) how displaced migration is a phenomenon that is both gendered and racialized, (2) the extent to which post-migration government policies account for the racialization and gendering of displacement, and (3) the consequences of prevailing government approaches to gender, race and displacement for asylum seekers’ and refugees’ post-migration access to rights, services and opportunities. To do this, the chapter will place in dialogue two distinctive policy environments in the UK. First, it will critically examine the UK Government’s historic and contemporary approaches to asylum seeker and refugee “integration” and map-out their cumulative racialized and gendered effects. Second, it will consider the extent to which the divergent policy environment created by the devolved Scottish Government offers an alternative approach to integration. Finally, it will work across both policy landscapes to identify intersectional consequences of racialized and gender-discriminatory asylum-seeker and refugee integration policies.
How Canada Deals with Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Theory and Practice
Authors: Grubel Herbert 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how Canada determines the number of refugees allowed to settle in Canada annually, their integration into the labor market, and how threats to national security are dealt with. It analyzes how these objectives are designed to work in theory and in practice. The chapter argues that Canada’s refugee policies generate substantial fiscal costs and are plagued by delays in asylum claims processing and in the deportation of seekers whose claims have been denied. Despite these problems, the chapter concludes that the country’s refugee policies have not encountered significant political problems for governments in power because they are makers of these immigration policies, which have been in place for several decades and are set without parliamentary debate and votes. The analysis in the chapter draws heavily on the distinction between asylum seekers and refugees.
The Rohingya Exodus to Bangladesh
Authors: Taufiq Hossain Ahmed , Muttaqee Mahmood 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Rohingyas’ plight as one of the most persecuted stateless communities of the world, and explains how the influx of Rohingyas to Bangladesh resulted in the construction of the world’s largest refugee camp, Cox’s Bazar, where refugees languish in the hope of someday returning to their home country. The chapter examines the reasons for the Rohingya mass exodus from Myanmar to Bangladesh and their aspirations to find a new identity, livelihood, and dignity. It analyzes how the Rohingyas’ assimilation within Bangladesh is marred by uncertainties, noting that the biggest concern for the Bangladeshi government is the excessive pressure on the domestic economy that any plans for eventual assimilation of the refugees puts on the country. It also highlights how the Rohingyas’ aspirations of assimilation into Bangladesh society has had challenging security and environmental implications.
Wastage of Human Capital?
Authors: Shizha Edward 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Canada’s underutilization of immigrant professionals and skilled workers despite priding itself as one of the best immigrant countries in attracting these workers. The chapter argues that although Canada needs diverse immigrants with different credentials, skills, and work experience to transform its economic and social landscapes, highly skilled workers and professionals who come under the Federal Skilled Worker Program and the points-based system face regulatory and licensing policy obstacles when they want to apply their credentials and skills in the labor market. The chapter argues that, despite Canada having an international image of being an open and tolerant society, it has failed to have a system that unreservedly recognizes and accepts immigrants’ human capital investment in education, training, prior credentials, and work experience, leading to immigrants’ skills being underutilized and wasted in the labor market.
Introducing Migrants into Urban Politics or into Urban Migrant Politics in Spain?
Authors: Triviño-Salazar Juan Carlos 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines arguments that claim immigrant background is the guiding principle used by institutional channels for the non-electoral participation of immigrants in Spain. The chapter argues that it is necessary to move from this premise to one that promotes participatory avenues that recognize the agency of immigrants as local actors who participate in local politics. Against this backdrop, it problematizes the role of local actors in encouraging the political engagement of foreign-born newcomers beyond the immigrant/non-immigrant dichotomy. The chapter is based on a case study of culturally diverse neighborhoods in the municipality of Santa Coloma de Gramenet, in Barcelona. Results from the study show that, at the formal level, promoting community leaders through inclusion and diversity strategies goes beyond the migration paradigm, while, at the informal level, such a framework reflects practices that reify the ethnic lens among community leaders.
Self-Esteem (and Narcissism) as Reflected in Conflict Resolution Behaviors
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Wiggins’s conceptual perspective, from a narrowly focused interpersonal circumplex model of traits that updated Leary’s earlier model, to a broader interpersonal circumplex theory of traits and social behavior, to a still-broader interpersonal circumplex theory of personality (including, but not limited to, traits) and social behavior. Regarding social behavior, Wiggins emphasized two types of socioemotional behaviors (i.e., affection and respect) within close relationships, as highlighted by Foa and Foa’s resource exchange theory. Concerning personality, Wiggins highlighted two ways of being-in-the-world (i.e., agency and communion) in which individuals differ. Following Wiggins, the chapter identifies interpersonal traits (i.e., dominance and nurturance) as potential influences on social behavior. The chapter ends with a preview of Chapter 3, which addresses construct validity as a conceptual and empirical issue in research on interpersonal aspects of personality.
The “Big Five” Traits as Reflected in Conflict Resolution Behaviors
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses geometric and psychometric tests conducted concerning the circumplexity of lower-order traits as measured by the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised Version (IAS-R). In three separate studies, results of circulant correlation analyses consistently indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model—derived from Wiggins’s interpersonal circumplex theory of personality and social behavior—provides satisfactory fit. However, results of confirmatory factor analyses do not consistently indicate that a two-factor model (i.e., the circumplex factors of dominance and nurturance) yields satisfactory fit. Rather, a three-factor model (adding a noncircumplex, “acquiescence” response bias factor) consistently provides satisfactory fit. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 5, in which the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circle (IPIP-IPC) interpersonal trait inventory is introduced.
Measurement of Dominance and Nurturance as Interpersonal Traits I
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines accommodation as an interdependence theory construct that may be influenced by dominance and nurturance as interpersonal traits. Using previously unpublished data from Gaines, results of a circulant correlation analysis indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. Instead of confirmatory factor analyses, full-blown covariance structure analyses were conducted, finding that (1) the measurement portion of the model with dominance and nurturance as circumplex trait factors, alongside accommodation (encompassing EVLN: exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect) as a behavioral factor, integrated with (2) the structural portion of the model with nurturance as a significant positive predictor of accommodation yields satisfactory fit (dominance is unrelated to accommodation). The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 7, where interpersonal motives are added to predict accommodation.
The Dimming of Starlight
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Galileo and Kepler thought that space travel would be a most exciting adventure. Social, ideological, and scientific critics have challenged their notion. The purpose of this book is to justify Galileo and Kepler’s enthusiasm with philosophical and scientific arguments. It will argue that space exploration will transform our views of the Earth and the universe to the significant benefit of humankind. As we explore space, we challenge our science, and as we challenge our science, we change it in ways so profound that we come to face a different panorama of problems and opportunities in our dealings with the world. New ideas and inventions occur to us that would have been unimaginable under the old perspective. Serendipity is part and parcel of scientific exploration, as illustrated by our adventures in space science. Thus, as we explore other worlds, we gain a broader and deeper understanding of our own planet: for example, our exploration of Venus led to the discovery of the depletion of the ozone layer on Earth. Space exploration has also led to fundamental changes in physics: for example, dark matter and dark energy. Even astrobiology is ripe with promise; the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is more problematic. Discussion of relativistic starships and the exploration of exo-planets will introduce future developments. Finally, a summary of how space exploration meets the critics’ objections will lead to an explanation of how and why scientific space exploration offers far greater chances for the long-term survival of our species.
Why Philosophy?
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Why philosophy? Despite the enthusiasm by Galileo, Kepler, and their followers, space exploration has been challenged on social, ideological, and scientific grounds. Questions of justification are one of the main tasks of philosophy; and in this case the philosophy of science tries to understand the question of space exploration in the context of the nature and history of science. This chapter lays out the main strategies developed in the rest of the book. When we explore space, we challenge our science in extraordinary circumstances. The result is that we often look at the universe, including our world, in completely different ways, leading to new scientific and technological discoveries. Thus, the natural serendipity of exploration creates fundamental progress in all the main areas of space science: planetary formation and evolution, fundamental physics, and astrobiology.
The Standard Case For and Against Space Exploration
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The standard case for and against space exploration is explored in this chapter. Space science and technology have already provided many benefits to humankind. Weather satellites save lives, help agriculture, and facilitate transportation. Land satellites find resources and inform us about environmental impacts on land. Sea satellites find ocean resources and spot environmental impacts. Communication satellites help commerce and make our lives easier. Space-technology spinoffs have created many new technologies and economic opportunities. Future developments may include solar power satellites that would bring abundant clean energy to the entire planet. Social critics accept some of the satellite benefits but argue that space exploration is extremely expensive. They see little benefit in much of the exploration that fascinates space fans (e.g., exploring the moons of Jupiter). Ideological critics fear that big science is unwise and harmful to the planet. They claim we need a moral solution to our problems instead.
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Sagan’s Principle of Mediocrity claims that just as the Earth was not special (not at the center of the universe), humans are also average, and thus there should be many other intelligent species in the universe. Milky Way, one of over one hundred billion galaxies, has over one hundred billion stars. Drake’s equation makes probability estimates for SETI. Some suggest using von Neumann’s “proof” of self-reproducing automata to explore the galaxy with them. Some civilizations could be ancient, which leads to Fermi’s question: Where are they? Besides, von Neumann assumes the genome is like a computer program. It is not. Genetic “instructions,” unlike programs, are context dependent, for example, tertiary folding of proteins depends on local environment, not fixed beforehand. Nano-robots cannot fix the replication problem either. This chapter explains why the Principle of Mediocrity is wrong and our ethical obligations, if any, to aliens.
Gut Feelings and Moral Knowledge
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores moral gut reactions prominently featured in the recent literature on empirical moral psychology. It starts with the decisions of philosopher Stuart Hampshire while serving in British military intelligence. The conflict between consequetialism and deontology becomes the starting point for moral reflection that might result in a new equilibrium. The chapter discusses attempts by moral psychologists and philosophers like David Hume to diagnose or undermine deontological intuitions. It holds that individualized moral respect is something that morality can guarantee to everyone equally. Moreover, human morality is a distinctive way of thinking about how to relate to one another, the source of people's constantly developing interpretations of their status as the bearers of human rights.
The Universal Ban on Extreme Internal State Violence
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the universal ban on atrocities evolved following the end of World War II. It traces the development of this consensus from the Nuremberg Tribunals in 1945 through the creation of the International Criminal Court in 1999. Specifically, it explores the concept of crimes against humanity and describes the process through which political leaders developed a consensus around both the concept and its application in international law. In doing so, it examines the roles of international institutions (particularly the United Nations) and nongovernmental organizations in facilitating this process and in developing the concept of international criminal law.
Civilian Immunity in Domestic Armed Conflicts
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the protection of civilians during domestic armed conflicts and civil wars evolved into a universal legal norm binding on all states even if they have not signed the Second Protocol to the Geneva Conventions. In doing so, it discusses how such regulation has superseded the doctrine of sovereignty, which traditionally shielded governments from scrutiny in how they addressed challenges to their authority from domestic political actors. Specifically, it demonstrates how the generally accepted principles of distinction, military necessity, and proportionality now regulate the conduct of military forces even during conflicts within a state’s own borders.
The First Century of the Brain
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This introduction lays out the historical contexts, analytical methods, and theoretical stakes for Writing the Brain. It introduces a period of popular infatuation with neuroscientific discoveries in a time marked by a decidedly materialist, monist turn in the study of the human mind. This particular brand of early brain science has at times been sidelined in scholarly analyses because of its lack of disciplinary cohesion and reliance on theories later deemed pseudoscientific. Conversely, it has often been overshadowed by the rise to prominence of modern psychology at the close of the century, especially in the work of literary and media scholars. Through textual recovery efforts, discursive reading strategies, and close analyses of interdisciplinary and transatlantic texts, Writing the Brain will center what its author calls “the first century of the brain” to examine the material mind in the culture of its day.
Unlocking the Moon's Secrets
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Moon appears to be an open book, the only heavenly body whose surface features we can see with our naked eye. As early as the 1840s, scientists had made maps of the Moon more detailed than those for many regions of our own planet. Yet to discover the cause of the Moon’s craters took three centuries, from the time of Galileo Galilei in the seventeenth century to the age of spacecraft. Only in the last decade have scientists solved the mystery of the Moon’s origin, and that required the most advanced supercomputers. In language easily accessible to nonscientists, this book tells the fascinating story of how scientists solved the Moon’s twin mysteries.
Cryptic Craters
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
By the 1930s, several other candidate impact craters had been found on Earth. Then came another mistake to rival that of Dana’s permanence theory. At this time, geologists believed in uniformitarianism—that all change is gradual and continuous—as opposed to catastrophism. Just as the early astronomers had believed lunar craters are not due to impact, so geologists believed there were no impact craters—including Meteor Crater—on Earth. Geologist Walter Bucher studied possible terrestrial impact structures but declared them all to be of volcanic origin. His view prevailed until the 1960s, even though geologists by then had found several more probable impact structures on Earth. Astronomer Ralph Baldwin showed that both lunar craters and candidate impact features on Earth were due to explosions, not volcanism. His book The Face of the Moon convinced many scientists, including those from other fields, to study the Moon.
To the Moon
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Eugene Shoemaker was one geologist who became interested in impact cratering. He worked for the US Geological Survey and was stationed near Meteor Crater, which he visited and studied. He also visited craters left by nuclear bomb tests and recognized their similarity to Meteor Crater. In 1959, he published a definitive study showing that Meteor Crater was an impact crater. But minds were made up, and to change them required sending spacecraft to the Moon. Ranger 7 arrived there in July 1964 and sent back thousands of images showing a Moon carpeted with craters of all sizes down to the limit of resolution. This ended the centuries-long belief that lunar craters were volcanic, though, of course, there were a few senior holdouts. As for terrestrial impact craters, evidence showed that all those that Bucher had declared to be of volcanic origin were due to meteorite impact. With impact cratering confirmed on both the Moon and the Earth, the attention of scientists could shift to the origin of the Moon and the solar system.