bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Immature Cells Involved in T Cell-Mediated Enhancement of Syngeneic Tumor Growth
Authors: Small Myra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Enhancement of tumor growth was observed when nonsensitized thymocytes were injected together with tumor cells into syngeneic mice, although this tumor enhancement was less pronounced than that caused by tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes. The cells within the thymus which are responsible for this tumor enhancement were found to be rapidly dividing and to be absent from the thymus 1 day after cortisone administration. At a longer time interval the cortisone-depleted thymus was repopulated by dividing cells which exhibited tumor-enhancing reactivity. The characteristics of these cells suggest that they are in the early stages of thymic processing. The enhancing thymocytes were sensitive to treatment with the thymic humoral factor which functions in T cell maturation, and their enhancing activity was cancelled by such treatment. These results are compatible with our hypothesis that exposure of immature T cells to a tumor stimulus may lead to tumor enhancement whereas interaction between mature T lymphocytes and tumor cells may be required for tumor inhibition.
The Cutaneous Basophil Response to Phytohemagglutinin in Chickens
Authors: Stadecker Miguel J. , Lukic Miodrag , Dvorak Ann , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cellular infiltrate rich in basophils was observed in chickens in skin sites injected locally with the mitogen PHA. These infiltrating metachromatically granulated cells exhibited features common to mast cells of some species (monolobed nucleus), but also resembled basophils of other species in that they circulated in the blood, and they responded to the PHA mitogen by infiltrating skin test sites. Previous literature suggests that the chicken has a single metachromatic granulated cell and our data support this notion. PHA, a known T cell mitogen, may act by causing the stimulated T lymphocyte to produce a lymphokine that is responsible for the attraction of basophils to the test site.
Age-Related Changes in T Cell Function
Authors: Krogsrud R. L. , Perkins E. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A comparison was made of the abilities of carrier (BGG)-primed T cell populations from young (4-month old), middleaged (14- and 19-month old) and old (31- and 34-month old) mice to collaborate with hapten (DNP)-primed B cells from young mice in a cell-transfer system. The plaque-forming cell responses to 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) were measured by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay. The DNP-specific antibody-forming cell responses of old T cell/young B cell combinations were significantly lower than those of young T cell/young B cell combinations, both in the number of T cells needed for peak response and in the size of that response. These data indicate that the primed T cell populations of old mice are deficient by a factor of 6 in their ability to initiate B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-forming cells.
Studies on the Role of the Thymus and T Cells in the in Vivo Suppression of Delayed Hypersensitivity (Desensitization): Radiosensitivity of the Mechanism Inducing Nonspecific Anergy
Authors: Thestrup-Pedersen Kristian , Dwyer John M. , Askenase Philip W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs immunized with two or more antigens can have their ability to manifest delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions to all these antigens temporarily blocked by the administration of large (mg) amounts of one or more of these antigens 9 days after immunization. This nonspecific anergy is called desensitization. This study presents evidence for the induction of the desensitized state by an active, radiosensitive, immunoregulatory mechanism involving the peripheralization of thymocytes. Desensitization was associated with 1) a marked reduction in thymic weight; 2) an increase in mature T cells in the peripheral blood; 3) decreased responsiveness of the lymphocytes in the spleen to concanavalin-A; and 4) markedly reduced numbers of mononuclear cells, basophils, and polymorphs at the skin sites of specific and nonspecific desensitization. Small doses of whole-body irradiation which left DH capacity intact prevented nonspecific desensitization, but did not prevent specific desensitization, suggesting that a radiosensitive cell was involved in the production of anergy.
In Vitro Augmentation of Lymphocyte Sheep Cell Rosette Formation by Leukocyte Dialysates
Authors: Holzman Robert S. , Lawrence H. Sherwood 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied in vitro the effects of leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor on the formation of sheep cell rosettes by human lymphocytes. Dialysate had no effect on the total rosettes, but increased the number of rapidly forming (“active”) rosettes. This was due to an increased affinity of the lymphocytes for the sheep red cell. Trypsin-treated lymphocytes regained the ability to form rosettes more rapidly when cultured with leukocyte dialysates than with control media. These experiments suggest that leukocyte dialysate acts to increase the number or arrangement of sheep cell receptors on the lymphocyte surface.
Immunosuppressive Activity of Human Seminal Plasma
Authors: Lord Edith M. , Sensabaugh George F. , Stites Daniel P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A high molecular weight fraction prepared from human seminal plasma by gel filtration chromatography suppresses human lymphocyte transformation and DNA synthesis induced by mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM), antigens (Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), and allogenic cells. This same fraction also suppresses the stimulated response of mouse lymphocytes to allogenic cells and to various mitogens, including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent mitogens. The induction, but not the expression, of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is also suppressed. Similar high molecular weight fractions suppress the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells to both a T cell-dependent (SRBC) and a T cell-independent (DNP-F) antigen. The high m.w. fraction exhibited in vitro suppressive activity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml which corresponds to a 1/50 or greater dilution of human seminal plasma. These observations support the concept that a local immune response against sperm in the female reproductive tract is actively suppressed by a component in seminal plasma.
Histamine-Induced Suppressor Factor (HSF): Effect on Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Production and Proliferation
Authors: Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Histamine added in vitro to cultures of sensitized lymphocytes suppresses antigen-induced production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and proliferation by these cells. Recent studies have suggested that lymphocytes bearing histamine type-2 receptors play a regulatory role in these in vitro responses. The present studies were undertaken to determine if suppressor function by cells having histamine receptors was mediated through a soluble product. It was found that lymph node cells from nonimmune or immune strain 2 guinea pigs elaborate a nondialyzable factor into the culture supernatant when incubated with 10-3 to 10-5 M histamine (histamine-induced suppressor factor or HSF). HSF, when cocultured with sensitized lymphocytes, suppressed their MIF and proliferative responses to antigen. HSF was made by lymphocytes but not macrophages. Its production could be blocked by an H2 receptor antagonist (burimamide) but not an H1 receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of HSF was reversible as lymphocytes washed free of the factor after 24 hr and recultured with fresh medium and antigen were able to produce MIF. Gel filtration by Sephadex G-100 chromatography indicated that HSF had an approximate m.w. of 23,000 to 40,000. These results suggest that the release of histamine at the sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, possibly by generating HSF activity, may play a regulatory role in the subsequent development of cellular-immune reactions at the same site.
Complement-Dependent and -Independent Pathways of T Cell-B Cell Cooperation
Authors: Lewis George K. , Ranken Raymond , Goodman Joel W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BDF1 mice treated with CoV had markedly reduced levels (&lt; 20%) of native serum C3 32 hr later, whereas the frequency of splenic CR+ cells was normal. CoV treatment before immunization reduced the IgM PFC response to a T-dependent antigen (TNP-SRBC) by more than 60%. Inclusion of highly specific anti-C3 antibody in spleen cell cultures decreased the IgM PFC response by approximately 80%. In contrast, anti-C3 antibody had no effect on the T-dependent IgM response of CR- B cells. The residual PFC responses in cultures of unfractionated spleen cells treated with anti-C3 could be largely or completely accounted for by CR- B cells in the cultures. The effect of anti-C3 antibody was not due to cytotoxicity. These data collectively indicate that the effect of CoV on T-dependent antibody responses is due to decreased C3 in serum rather than to interaction of C receptors directly with CoV or with C3 cleavage products. They suggest the existence of at least two distinct pathways of T-B cooperation, one in which C3 is an obligatory participant and another in which it may be uninvolved.
T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity against Trinitrophenyl-Modified Cells: Effect of Glutaraldehyde Treatment on the Immungenicity and Antigenicity of Trinitrophenyl-Modified Cells
Authors: Forman James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells treated with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde for a 10-sec interval were unable to incorporate 3H-leucine into TCA precipitable protein, respond to H-2 allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays, or display capping of cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) with a fluoresceinated anti-Ig reagent.
Such cells could stimulate and specifically block H-2 allogeneic CML activity but could not stimulate an H-2 allogeneic MLR response.
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) treated spleen cells were used to sensitize syngeneic splenocytes into displaying a cytotoxic effect against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified target cells. Treatment of the stimulator cells with glutaraldehyde immediately after modification with TNBS did not impair their immunogenic activity. Similar treatment of TNP-modified concanavalin A-stimulated lymphoblasts that were used as inhibitors in a CML cold target competition assay allowed such cells to retain their antigenicity. Cells treated with glutaraldehyde before TNP-modification, however, were not antigenic in the cold target competition assay.
These data are compatible with TNBS acting on plasma membrane molecules directly to cause cells to be antigenic and immunogenic in the CML assay rather than affecting internal cellular components.
An Evaluation of Elution Techniques in the Study of Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Woodroffe Andrew J. , Wilson Curtis B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antigen and antibody from glomerular immune complex deposits in rabbits with experimental bovine serum albumin-(BSA) induced chronic serum sickness (CSS) were quantitated in eluates from kidneys in which a portion of the antigen and antibody had been radiolabeled. The largest quantities of 125I BSA eluted with 1 M proprionic acid at pH 2.7 (86%) and 0.1 M borate buffer at pH 11.25 (80%). However, these buffers yielded less functional anti-BSA antibody than 0.02 M citrate buffer at pH 3.2 (344 µg/g kidney). Citrate buffer-eluted anti-BSA antibody was reactive in immunodiffusion, immunofluorescence, and radiolabeled BSA binding test systems, but complement fixation was impaired relative to chaotropic ion-eluted antibody. It was found that up to 75% of the eluted antibody was lost to further study by recombination with eluted BSA. This could be prevented by fractionation of the dissociated eluate before neutralization. IgG fractionated eluates were successfully fluorescein conjugated or radiolabeled for use as reagents. Elution of cryostat sections of CSS kidney was also studied; BSA, IgG, and complement (C3) eluted in parallel, and sub-microgram quantities of anti-BSA antibody were recovered.
Specificity of Rat Xenogeneic Cell-Mediated Cytolysis for the Products of the K and D Loci of the Mouse H-2 Complex
Authors: Burakoff Steven J. , Dorf Martin E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lewis rat lymph node (LN) cells, when cultured with irradiated mouse spleen cells, develop cytotoxic effectors that were shown to be specific for the sensitizing mouse strain. Alloantisera directed to the products of the K and D loci of the target inhibited cytolysis whereas an antiserum to the I region gene products did not inhibit cytolysis even though LPS-induced spleen blasts were used as targets. Thus, it appears that even when effector cells from another species are generated to mouse spleen cells, the gene products of the K and D loci continue to play a predominant role.
Studies on Cellular Inhibition and Serum-Blocking Factors in 28 Human Patients Given Marrow Grafts from HLA Identical Siblings
Authors: Tsoi Mang-So , Storb Rainer , Weiden Paul L. , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fifteen patients with aplastic anemia and 13 with acute leukemia were studied 36 to 1547 days after treatment with high-dose cyclophosphamide and/or total-body irradiation and marrow transplantation from HLA identical siblings. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients and normals (marrow donors and healthy unrelated individuals) were tested for cell inhibition (CI) of cultured skin fibroblasts from both patients and donors by using the microcytotoxicity assay. In addition, blocking of CI by factors in patient serum was studied.
Three groups of patients were studied. Patients in group I were stable long-term survivors without evidence of graft-vs-host diseases (GVHD) between 250 to 1547 days postgrafting. Patients in group II were short-term survivors with or without acute GVHD between 36 and 144 days postgrafting. Patients in group III had chronic GVHD either at the time of testing or developed chronic GVHD subsequent to CI testing between days 61 and 960 postgrafting. Eleven of 14 patients in group I showed absence of both CI and serum blocking and three showed CI and blocking. Patients in group II without acute GVHD showed absence of CI and serum blocking on three occasions, presence of CI and blocking on four occasions, and CI without blocking on three occasions. Patients in group II with acute GVHD showed absence of CI on one occasion and presence of CI and blocking on three occasions. Patients in group III showed absence of CI and blocking on seven occasions and CI without blocking on two occasions.
These results suggest that the maintenance of stable graft-host tolerance in long-term survivors after marrow grafting from HLA identical donors does not depend on the presence of serum-blocking factors. Short-term survivors with and without GVHD showed a spectrum of in vitro reactivity with 50% of the patients showing serum-blocking factors, and these results did not appear to be correlated with presence or absence of acute GVHD. Finally, results of the microcytotoxicity assays failed to provide insight into the mechanism of chronic GVHD.
Inherited Polymorphism of Guinea Pig Factor B and C4: Evidence for Genetic Linkage between the C4 and Bf Loci
Authors: Bitter-Suermann Dieter , Krönke Martin , Brade Volker , Hadding Ulrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An inherited structural polymorphism of the guinea pig complement protein C4 and of factor B of the alternative pathway was demonstrated by use of high voltage agarose electrophoresis combined with a subsequent immunofixation technique. No polymorphism of guinea pig C3 could be shown. Three common allelic genes were proven to code for C4-S, C4-Sl, and C4-F, respectively. Two common allelic genes are responsible for the Bf-F and Bf-S phenotype expression. A strong linkage disequilibrium between both C4 and Bf was demonstrated.
Enhancement of Carrier-Mediated Transport after Immunologic Activation of Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Bonventre Peter F. , Straus David , Baughn Robert E. , Imhoff John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologically activated peritoneal macrophages from inbred mice and Hartley strain guinea pigs demonstrate a markedly greater than normal transport of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and l-leucine. The degree of nutrilite transport enhancement was greatest when animals were injected with the appropriate eliciting antigens before harvesting and also, if antigen was included in the tissue culture medium during the initial hours of in vitro culture. Enhanced hexose and amino acid uptake could also be achieved by exposure of macrophages from nonimmunized animals for 48 hr to supernatants of sensitized splenic lymphocyte cultures incubated with specific antigens. The animal systems in which this pheomenon was observed included CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice immunized with Staphylococcus aureus or sub-lethal doses of Listeria monocytogens, and the Hartley strain, albino guinea pig immunized with S. aureus or BCG. In all cases, immunization resulted in a state of delayed hypersensitivity as measured by skin testing or footpad swelling. Splenic cell supernatants contained lymphokines as detected by the presence of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), and by the supernatants' capacity to stimulate incorporation of 14C-glucosamine by macrophages in vitro. No increase of glucose or leucine transport by macrophages was observed in the absence of appropriate antigen stimulation in vivo or in vitro.
We previously showed that a phagocytic stimulus results in a significant increase in hexose transport by normal macrophages; leucine transport by these same cells was unaltered after phagocytosis. In contrast, immunologically activated macrophages do not transport measurably more 2-deoxy-d-glucose after particle ingestion; activation or the phagocytic stimulus enhance 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake to approximately the same extent. Analysis of nutrilite transport kinetics revealed that immunologic activation of macrophages increases the initial velocity (V1) and Vmax but does not change the Km values of hexose or amino acid transport. The kinetics of transport by the immunologically activated macrophages do not change measurably after phagocytosis. We conclude that either immunological activation or phagocytosis results in augmented 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport via identical or related mechanisms and that transport of the sugar can't be increased above that level induced by either event. The reasons why immunologic activation increases both glucose and leucine transport but phagocytosis increases only the former are not yet understood.
Mechanisms of Humoral Cytotoxicity Testing: The Role of Rabbit Serum, Xenoantibody, and Human IgM
Authors: Quindlen Eugene A. , Wood William C. , Kornblith Paul L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reproducibility and sensitivity of a humoral microcytotoxicity assay which detects anti-astrocytoma antibodies depends on a consistent, effective complement preparation. Rabbit serum mixed 1/1 with human cord serum proved to be an ideal preparation with full complementarity and low nonspecific cytotoxicity. Human cord serum provided consistent small amounts of human IgM and did not contribute additional complement activity. The inhibition of xenoantibody by human IgM is the critical mechanism which determines the efficacy of the complement. Human IgM in a final concentration of 10 mg/dl in the rabbit serum produced a preparation with 10 to 15% nonspecific cytotoxicity against astrocytoma target cells. This residual nonspecific cytotoxicity serves a catalytic function and is necessary for the detection of weak specific antibodies.
Multiple Myeloma: An Immunologic Profile
Authors: MacKenzie Malcolm R. , Paglieroni Teresa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Seventy-four patients with multiple myeloma, 17 untreated and 57 treated, were studied to characterize their peripheral blood lymphocytes. PBL were studied for E, EAC, and EA rosette-forming cells, SIg, and Fc receptorbearing cells. The responses to PHA, Con A, and PWM were assessed as well as their ability to stimulate or to respond in a MLC. Finally, the capacity of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to lyse Chang cells, CRBC, and PHA-stimulated lymphoblasts was examined. These results were compared with a group of normals and patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. In untreated myeloma patients there was a normal percentage of T cells, but an abnormal distribution of B cells as judged by a decrease in SIg-bearing cells, as well as an increase in EAC rosette-forming cells. Subpopulation analysis showed a marked increase in EAC rosetteforming cells without SIg. PHA, Con A, and PWM, and response in MLC were all normal. However, the ability to stimulate in MLC was significantly depressed. Treated myeloma patients had similar findings, except that the response to PWM was significantly depressed. The capacity of PWM-stimulated cells to lyse target cells was depressed in both groups. The results indicate that, in the peripheral blood of myeloma patients, there are populations of lymphocytes characterized by the presence of the EAC receptor without SIg, which are deficient in the capacity to stimulate an MLC response and the ability to be cytotoxic when stimulated by PWM. The results form a baseline for the study of abnormal lymphoid function in human myeloma.
A Spontaneously Occurring Complex of β2-Microglobulin and a Fragment of γ-Chain of IgG: Isolation from the Urine of a Patient with Plasma Cell Leukemia and Characterization
Authors: Seon Ben K. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A complex of a fragment of γ-chain of IgG and β2-microglobulin (β2M) was isolated from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia. The approximate m.w. of the γ-fragment was 19,000 and this γ-fragment was found to be associated with β2M noncovalently. The complex could be dissociated in 7.5% (v/v) n-propanol which suggests an important role of hydrophobic bonds in the association of the γ-fragment and β2M. The β2M did not bind monoclonal IgG from this patient. Several anti-β2M antisera tested which had been prepared with free β2M did not react with the β2M associated with the γ-fragment, but reacted with the free β2M obtained by the dissociation of the complex.
Studies on Demyelination by Activated Lymphocytes in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Stoner Gerald L. , Brosnan Celia Fildes , Wisniewski Henryk M. , Bloom Barry R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of products of activated lymphocytes (PAL) in the pathogenesis of primary demyelination has been investigated in the rabbit eye model. Supernatant factors were prepared from rabbit lymph node cells specifically activated in vitro with non-brain antigen (PPD) or nonspecifically activated by mitogen (concanavalin A-Sepharose). The supernatants were shown to contain migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) activity and skin-reactive factor (SRF) activity, mediators of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The active supernatants were injected into the vitreous of the right eye to determine their ability to promote demyelination of the retinal fibers. The left eye received a supernatant prepared from unstimulated cells. In normal rabbits and in rabbits sensitized with lung or kidney, or FCA alone, or infected with living BCG, the lymphocyte products failed to damage myelin directly. Nor was the mononuclear cell infiltrate induced by the PAL specifically destructive to myelin. However, in rabbits sensitized to homologous spinal cord, the lymphocyte products induced a demyelinating lesion within the retinal fibers. This result indicates a role for PAL, in concert with other as yet undefined functions, in the initiation of an autoimmune demyelinating lesion in the CNS. The use of PAL to induce a mononuclear cell infiltration of the rabbit eye extends the usefulness of the rabbit eye model for studies of the pathogenesis of demyelination.