bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Thiol–Disulfide Homeostasis with Electrical Status Epilepticus in Slow Sleep (ESES)
Authors: Ceylan Nesrin , Çelik Halil , Akif Özdemir Fatih Mehmet , Öztoprak Ülkühan , Neşelioğlu Salim , Erel Özcan 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) is an epileptic syndrome specific to childhood and has a broad clinical spectrum that included seizures, behavioral/cognitive impairments, and motor neurological symptoms. Antioxidants are seen as promising neuroprotective strategies for the epileptic state by combating the harmful effects of excessive oxidant formation in mitochondria.

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate the thiol–disulfide balance and to determine whether it can be used in the clinical and electrophysiological follow-up of patients with ESES, especially in addition to the electroencephalography (EEG) examination.

Methods:
The study included 30 patients, aged 2–18 years and diagnosed with ESES in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic of the Training and Research Hospital and a control group of 30 healthy children. Total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels were measured, and disulfide–thiol ratios were calculated for both groups.

Results:
Native thiol and total thiol levels were significantly lower and IMA level and disulfide–native thiol percentage ratio were significantly higher in the ESES patient group than in the control group.

Conclusion:
Serum thiol–disulfide homeostasis is an accurate marker of oxidative stress in ESES, and standard and automated measures of thiol–disulfide balance as an indicator of oxidative stress showed a shift toward oxidation in ESES patients in this study. The negative correlation between spike-wave index (SWI) and thiol levels, and serum thiol–disulfide levels suggest that they can be used as biomarkers for follow-up of patients with ESES in addition to EEG. IMA can also be used for long-term response to monitoring purposes at ESES.
Role of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the Management of Functional Disorders – A Literature Review
Authors: Verma Satish , Agrawal Deepak , Singh Manmohan 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Role of radiosurgical lesioning in functional disorders has been restricted because of development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) techniques. However, many elderly patients with comorbidities and coagulation abnormalities may not be eligible for DBS. Radiosurgical lesioning may be a good alternative in such cases. The objective of the study was to review the role of radiosurgical lesioning for functional targets in common functional disorders.

Materials and Methods:
Literature reports pertaining to common disorders were reviewed. Disorders included are tremors (essential tremors, tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease [PD], multiple sclerosis [MS] related refractory tremors), Parkinson's disease (for rigidity, bradykinesia, drug-induced dyskinesias), dystonia, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

Results:
The most commonly performed procedure was ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) lesioning for essential tremors and tremor-dominant PD, with about 90% patients demonstrating improvement. Intractable OCD with 60% responders is a promising indication. Other disorders are less commonly treated, with dystonia being the least commonly treated entity. Subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna/posteroventral pallidum (GPi) lesioning are very rarely reported, and the available literature suggests caution due to high rates of adverse effects.

Conclusions:
Outcomes for radiosurgical lesioning for essential tremors (VIM) and OCD (anterior limb of internal capsule [ALIC]) are encouraging. Radiosurgical lesioning offers a lower immediate risk profile in patient population with several comorbidities; however, long-term adverse effects due to radiation are a concern, especially for STN and GPi lesioning.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in Partially Embolised Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Nadeem Mohammed , Shah Keyur , Modi Mehul , Deora Harsh , Bhanumathi G , Jeeva B , Prabhuraj A R , Arimappamagan Arivazhagan , Rao K V L Narasinga , Somanna Sampath , Srinivas Dwarakanath 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
The role of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in partially embolized arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has always remained a subject of debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of GKRS in partially embolized AVMs and to analyze factor that influence its obliteration.

Methods:
This was a retrospective study from a single institute performed over a period of 12 years (2005–2017). It included all patients who underwent GKRS for partially embolized AVMs. Demographic characteristics, treatment profiles, and clinical and radiological data were obtained during treatment and follow-up. Obliteration rates and factors affecting the same were sought and analyzed.

Results:
A total of 46 patients with a mean age of 30 years (range: 9–60 years) were included in the study. Follow-up imaging was available for 35 patients either by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We found complete AVM obliteration in 21 patients (60%): one had near total obliteration (>90% obliteration), 12 had subtotal obliteration (<90%), and one had no change in the volume following GKRS. Following embolization alone, an average of 67% of the AVM volume was obliterated which resulted in an average 79% final obliteration rate after Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Mean duration to complete obliteration was found to be 3.45 years (range: 1–10 years). There was a significant difference (P = 0.04) in the mean interval between embolization and GKRS among cases with complete obliteration (12 months) and those with incomplete obliteration (36 months). There was no significant difference (P = 0.49) in the average obliteration rate between the ARUBA-eligible unruptured AVMs (79.22%) and ruptured AVMs (79.04%). Bleeding after GKRS during the latency period had a negative impact on obliteration (P = 0.05). Other factors like age, sex, Spetzler-Martin (SM)-grade, Pollock Flickinger score (PF-score), nidus volume, radiation dose, or presentation before embolization had no significant influence on obliteration. Three patients had permanent neurological deficits after embolization and none after radiosurgery. Six out of nine patients (66%) presenting with seizures were seizure-free after the treatment. Hemorrhage was noted in three patients following combined treatment and were managed non-surgically.

Conclusion:
Obliteration rates in partially embolized AVM after Gamma Knife are inferior when compared to Gamma Knife alone; moreover with volume staging and/or dose staging being increasingly plausible due to the new ICON machine, embolization may be completely replaced. However we have shown that in complicated and carefully chosen AVMs, embolization followed by GKRS is a valid modality of management. This study represents a real-world picture of individualized AVM treatment depending on patient choices and resources available.
Analysis of Risk Factors for Epilepsy after Combined Re-Vascularization in Adult Patients with Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Liu Erheng , Jin Lide , Tao Weihua , Tan Xueyi , Liu Chengyuan , Zhou Shuai , Huang Shengquan , Qian Xiying , Zhao Jianhua , Li Xuehua , Yang Shuaifeng 
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective:
Re-vascularization is an effective treatment for moyamoya disease (MMD) patients, including direct re-vascularization, indirect re-vascularization and combined re-vascularization, in which combined re-vascularization is particularly widely used. At present, there are few reports on the analysis of epilepsy after combined re-vascularization surgery. To analysis the risk factors of epilepsy in adult MMD patients after combined re-vascularization.

Material and Methods:
Patients with MMD who underwent combined re-vascularization in the Department of Neurosurgery of the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from January 2015 to June 2020 were included. Their pre-operative and post-operative complication-related indicators were collected. Finally, logistic regression was used to analyze the clinical risk factors of epilepsy in MMD patients after operation.

Results:
The incidence of epilepsy after combined re-vascularization was 15.5%. Univariate analysis showed that pre-operative ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, pre-operative epilepsy, pre-operative history of diabetes, the location of the bypass recipient artery (frontal or temporal lobe), post-operative new cerebral infarction, hyper-perfusion syndrome, and post-operative intra-cranial hemorrhage were the clinical risk factors of epilepsy in MMD patients (all P < 0.05). Multi-variate logistic regression analysis showed that pre-operative epilepsy, the location of the bypass recipient artery, new cerebral infarction, hyper-perfusion syndrome, and post-operative intra-cranial hemorrhage (all P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for post-operative epilepsy in MMD patients.

Conclusions:
Pre-operative epilepsy, the location of the bypass recipient artery, new cerebral infarction, hyper-perfusion syndrome, and intra-cranial hemorrhage may have a causal relationship with epilepsy in adult MMD patients. It is suggested that some risk factors could be intervened to reduce the incidence of post-operative epilepsy in MMD patients.
Can Serum Magnesium Level and Visual Evoked Potentials (P100) be a Predictive in Migraineurs?
Authors: Shenoy Nisha N , Gheewala Gaurang K , Kedambadi Rakshith , Pai Shivanand , Zulfikli K Misri , Naidu Ramesh , Pai Rohit , Daruwala Feral 
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective:
Few dating back, the role of visual evoked potentials changes and reduced level of intracellular magnesium have appeared in migraine patients both throughout the attacks and in the interictal periods. Moreover, there is a lack of evidence regarding the correlation between magnesium levels and visual evoked potentials. To assess the changes in the levels of magnesium in migraineurs compared to a healthy control group is our prime intention. Also, to correlate serum magnesium levels with visual evoked potentials changes within the migraineurs is a secondary part of the study.

Materials and Methods:
After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria as per the study protocol, in total, 80 subjects were enrolled in the study. Of which 40 were migraineurs diagnosed as per the International Headache Society criteria for severe migraine headache. Rest of 40 was nonmigraineurs served as a control group of the study. All included patient was submitted to demographic profile, previous history of the disease and drug intake, thorough clinical investigation and baseline laboratory parameters. Apart from this, the measurement of visual evoked potentials changes (4th block) and magnesium levels were done as per our standard operating procedures.

Results:
In migraineurs, serum total Mg level was considerably lower compared to the control group (1.79 ± 0.14 mg/dl versus 2.10 ± 0.17 mg/dl, P < 0.0001) and amplitude of P100 (P < 0.0001) was negatively correlated to reduced serum Mg level (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:
As expected, both elevated visual evoked potential amplitude and reduced level of brain magnesium can be a demonstration of neuronal hyperexcitability of the optic pathways associated with a dropped threshold for migraine attacks.
Extra-Axial Third Ventriculostomy Through Lamina Terminalis with Multiple Cisternostomies – Rescue Surgery for Patients with Failed Shunt Surgeries and Hydrocephalus
Authors: Velho Vernon , Kharosekar Hrushikesh , Bhide Anuj , Bhople Laxmikant , Survashe Pravin 
Published: August 2023

Background and Aim:
Contemporary management of hydrocephalus involves various modes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, including shunt surgery and endoscopic ventriculostomy. However, there are times when either of these procedures have either failed or are not feasible. Highly invasive procedures aimed at internal CSF have been described previously, which, with the aid of modern microsurgical techniques, can be attempted in cases with very limited options. Our aim was to study the utility of extra-axial third ventriculostomy via lamina terminalis fenestration with multiple cisternostomies in the treatment of failed hydrocephalus.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five patients with hydrocephalus were operated for extra-axial trans-lamina terminalis third ventriculostomy with multiple cisternostomies from January 2017 to January 2019. A minimally invasive supraorbital craniotomy was performed with subfrontal fenestration of the lamina terminalis and trans-lamina terminalis fenestration of the floor of the third ventricle with multiple cisternostomies including the optico-carotid cistern and opening of the Liliequist membrane.

Results:
Tuberculous meningitis was the most common etiology in the series, and multiple shunt procedures and incompatible CSF profiles were the most common reasons that necessitated this alternate rescue procedure. At a mean follow-up of 6 months, no patient required a revision shunt surgery. There was one death due to cardiac failure with anasarca, unrelated to the procedure.

Conclusions:
Extra-axial trans-lamina terminalis ventriculostomy with cisternostomies can safely be performed using minimally invasive micro-neurosurgical techniques, adding to the armamentarium of neurosurgeons in the management of complex cases of hydrocephalus.
A Role of β2-Adrenoreceptor Agonists Related to the Development of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Jung Dain , Kwak Do Won , Kim Minki , Lee Woong-Woo 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Several studies have suggested the potential protective role of β2-adrenoreceptor agonist (β2AR-agonist) on the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, those could not reflect a different epidemiologic background in eastern countries. We explored β2AR-agonist's effect on PD development by controlling for smoking.

Materials and Methods:
We used the Korean national sample cohort data (from 2002 to 2013) containing 1,025,340 participants (2.2% of the whole population). The subjects over 60 years were included. PD was defined based on the ICD-10 code, which should be diagnosed by neurologists. Atypical Parkinsonisms or ataxic disorders were excluded. We made Set 1 (from 2003 to 2007) and Set 2 (from 2003 to 2008) based on the exposure period for the sensitivity analysis. We observed whether PD had developed during the follow-up periods in each subset.

Results:
The PD (Set 1, n = 742; Set 2, n = 699) and non-PD group (Set 1, n = 57,645; Set 2, n = 66,586) were collected. Old age, Medicaid, and asthma were risk factors, whereas smoking was a significant protective factor for PD development. The proportion of β2AR-agonist use was significantly higher in the PD group than in the non-PD group (Set 1, 3.6% vs. 2.4%; Set 2, 4.1% vs. 2.6%). β2AR-agonist use still was a risk factor in developing PD from the multiple logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions:
β2-AR-agonist looked like a risk factor rather than a protective factor for PD development. Well-controlled studies reflecting various epidemiologic backgrounds are required to confirm the role of β2AR-agonist.
Values of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Dismutase in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Djordjevic Gordana , Milosevic Vuk , Ljubisavljevic Srdjan , Stojanovic Ivana , Stojanov Aleksandar 
Published: August 2023

Introduction:
Neurons are highly energy-dependent and highly specialized cells, showing great sensitivity to oxidative stress (OS). Nitric oxide (NO) and its oxidation products play a central role in neurodegeneration. This study aimed to contribute to the further elucidation of the role of OS in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods:
We assessed NO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 24 sporadic ALS (sALS) patients (13 of them presented with spinal form while 11 patients had bulbar form) and 20 controls (CG).

Results:
The obtained SOD levels in sALS patients were lower than those in CG (p < 0.001), while NO showed higher levels compared to CG (p < 0.001). Observed separately, there were no significant differences in the levels of NO and SOD in CSF between patients about their clinical presentations (p > 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between SOD and NO levels in all sALS patients (r = 0.31, P = 0.025). Significant correlation between SOD and functional rating scale as well as disease progression index was recorded in patients with sALS (r = 0.618. r = 0.425, P < 0.01), while NO levels were significantly associated with disease progression only (r = 0.348, P < 0.01).

Conclusion:
The data presented clearly support the role of impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance in the pathogenesis of ALS, where NO overproduction and decreased SOD defense activity seem to be particularly involved. The CSF SOD and NO level might serve as useful biomarkers for functional disorder and progression of the disease.
Comparison Between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio As Predictors of Mortality on Fournier’s Gangrene Cases
Authors: Wirjopranoto Soetojo 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is an infection of the subcutaneous tissue and fascia that progresses quickly and leads to necrosis. It is more prevalent in male patients and immunocompromised individuals, such as those suffering from uncontrolled diabetes. It has a high mortality rate, which makes its early identification and clinical suspicion critical. This study aimed to compare two laboratory parameters, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and to predict the mortality of FG in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods:
In a retrospective study, data was retrieved from medical records for the period from January 2014 to December 2020, of patients diagnosed with FG. Recorded data that is age, sex, comorbidities, mortality, and laboratory results (PLR and NLR) were used to assess determinants of survival.

Results:
There were 23 (17.04%) nonsurvivors among the 135 subjects studied. The mean age was 50.9 ± 14.9 years and men were 103 (83%) patients. Among the participants, diabetes mellitus was the most frequent comorbidity at 74 (54.81%) patients. NLR ≥8 was statistically significant (P = 0.013) for identifying mortality, while PLR >140 was not. In multivariate analysis, NLR ≥8 was found to be a reliable predictor of the FG mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio 12.062, confidence interval 95% 2.115–68.778, P = 0.005).

Conclusion:
NLR had prognosis predictive value for FG, whereas PLR did not.
Extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease
Authors: Bhargava Priyank , Choudhary Gautam Ram , Elhence Poonam , Jena Rahul 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
A 29-year-old female presented with the history of pain in the abdomen and a palpable lump in the right hypochondrium, lumbar, and the umbilical regions for the past 2 months. On evaluation with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and positron emission tomography CT, she was found to have a heterogeneously enhancing mass entirely replacing the mid and the lower pole of the right kidney, the pelvis, and the upper ureter with loss of fat planes with the inferior vena cava, psoas muscle, and the hepatic flexure, along with pericardial deposits and soft tissue lesions at multiple paravertebral regions and the right thigh. Owing to a high suspicion of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a right cytoreductive nephrectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease, which was mimicking a metastatic RCC on imaging. The patient was started on oral steroids to control the distant lesions and to prevent progression of the disease and is doing well at follow up.
Early and late complications of suprapubic cystostomy – Report of two cases
Authors: Murugesan Anandan , Madhavan Devdas 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Suprapubic cystostomy (SPC), although a common procedure, may be associated with complications. We present two cases of transperitoneal tract of SPC. The early complication was ileal perforation, resulting in perforation peritonitis and late complication was incisional hernia around the SPC tract. Avoiding peritoneal violation helps in preventing such complications.
Evaluation of hepatic hemangioma in patients with cherry angioma
Authors: Dalili AmirReza , Rafiei Rana , Mirahmadi SeyyedMahmood , Darjani Abbas , Alizadeh Narges , Nejad Kaveh Gharaei , Eftekhari Hojat , Rafiei Elahe 
Published: August 2023

Background
Cutaneous cherry angioma (CA) and hepatic hemangioma (HH) are the most common types of acquired vascular proliferations that develop during aging process with unknown etiologies. The role of angiogenic and hormonal factors has been proposed in inducing these vascular lesions.

Objective
To compare the frequency of HH in persons with and without CA.

Patients and methods
This case–control study consisted of 160 patients including 80 patients with CA and 80 patients without CA. Sex, age, history of contraceptive pills intake, number of pregnancies, BMI, number of the CA lesions, and liver ultrasound findings were collected for all participants.

Results
HH was detected significantly more frequently in the participants with CA (P<0.001), but there was no significant association between number of CA and number of HH (P=0.837). History of oral contraceptive pill intake was significantly more frequent in women with HH, but this history was not significantly more frequent in women with CA compared with control group.

Conclusion
HH was significantly more frequent in participants with CA. Thus, CA may be a cutaneous marker for HH.
Assessment of dental malocclusion and soft-tissue features among children with special needs in the Western UP region: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bhatt Renuka , Chandna Anil Kumar , Bhandari Ravi , Bhattacharya Preeti , Singh Shivani , Gupta Ankur 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT

Aims:
Assessment of dental malocclusion and soft-tissue features among children with special needs and their correlation with normal children.

Subjects and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 128 children (63 special health-care needs children and 65 normal children), between 8 and 18 years of age. Two special schools (Vatsalya and Jeevandhara) were included in the study for case group and two local schools (one government and one private) were included in the study for control group. Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need was used to measure the malocclusion. To assess and compare various facial features, extra-oral photographs were taken from two different views (frontal and side).

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi-square test, with keeping level of significance at P < 0.05.

Results:
The result of the present study demonstrated a significant difference between the study and control group with respect to overjet, caries, stains and calculus, soft-tissue facial profile, lip competency, and Korkhaus lip step. Soft-tissue comparison demonstrated facial asymmetry; lip incompetency was more prevalent in the study group compared to the control group. Overall, it was concluded that malocclusion was more prevalent in the study group compared to their counterparts.

Conclusions:
Malocclusion was more prevalent in children with disability compared to their counterparts. On clinical examination, a significant difference in relation to overjet, caries and stains, and calculus was observed, whereas a significant difference on soft-tissue examination was observed in facial profile, lip competency, and Korkhaus lip step in the study group compared to normal children.