bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An In Vitro Measure of Cellular Immunity to Fibroma Virus
Authors: Tompkins W. A. F. , Adams Cathryn , Rawls W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A modification of the macrophage migration inhibition test using infected monolayers as a source of antigen was applied to the in vitro study of cellular immunity to fibroma virus infection. The capacity of infected monolayers or infected cell homogenates to inhibit migration of peritoneal exudate cells from fibroma virus-infected rabbits paralleled the onset of a cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response and resistance to re-infection in the intact animal. Studies using antigens prepared at different intervals after infection of cells with the virus suggest that the test is measuring specific antigen(s) associated with the cell surface and probably not a component of the intact infectious virion. Immune serum did not prevent the antigen from inhibiting migration of sensitized cells, but instead enhanced the inhibition. The data obtained demonstrate that the macrophage migration test has practical application in the study of cell-mediated immunity to animal virus infections.
Isoelectric Separation of Mouse Immunoglobulins
Authors: Murgita Robert A. , Vas Stephen I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New classes of immunoglobulins have recently been characterized, and major classes divided into subclasses. Proteins of the known classes are structurally distinct and some differences in biologic properties are known, but the general significance of these immunoglobulins is as yet not clear. Prior to a study of the biologic functions of the individual classes of immunoglobulins, techniques must be available which will consistently yield relatively large amounts of pure immunoglobulin. Several methods for purifying γ globulin have been described (1–3), but many of them have limitations that make them unsatisfactory for obtaining a consistently pure product from sizeable quantities of serum (4, 5). It is unlikely that a one-step procedure can efficiently purify large amounts of protein and therefore it is necessary to select a combination of techniques that will work best to accomplish purification. The majority of methods for purification use separation on DEAE-cellulose as a major step in the procedure (6); others use zone electrophoresis in conjunction with ion exchange chromatography in a two-step procedure (7).
Correlation of Charge Properties of Human Reaginic Antibodies with Charge of the Corresponding Allergens
Authors: Underdown Brian J. , Goodfriend Lawrence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reaginic (skin-sensitizing) antibodies in the sera of ragweed allergic individuals show considerable heterogeneity in elution properties when chromatographed on the anion exchanger, DEAE-Sephadex (1, 2). Evidence was obtained (3) that the chromatographic heterogeneity was primarily due to charge and not to size differences between the reaginic antibody molecules. A basis for charge heterogeneity of antibody molecules in general was suggested by the recent finding of Sela and Mozes (4) that specific rabbit antibodies vary in their overall charge depending (inversely) on the net charge of the corresponding immunogen. The availability of two purified ragweed pollen allergens, antigen Ra.3 (5) and antigen E (6), which differ in net charge as well as other physicochemical and immunologic properties, made it possible to investigate whether a similar relationship might obtain for human reagins formed to the allergenic constituents of ragweed pollen.
A Sensitive Neutralization Test for the Adeno-Associated Satellite Viruses
Authors: Boucher D. Wark , Parks Wade P. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A highly sensitive neutralization test for the four satellite serotypes was developed by selecting particularly effective combinations of adenovirus helper and cell system. Neutralizing antibody titers were measured by inhibition of satellite replication as assayed in terms of complement-fixation-producing units (CFPU) of virus. Neutralizing antibody measured by this method was more type-specific, and the antibody titers were much higher than those obtained by the direct complement-fixing antibody test. Homotypic neutralizing antibody titers of 103 were common, and in some instances titers as high as 106 were observed. The neutralizing activity against satellite virus was found to reside in the λ globulin fraction of post-infection human and post-immunization rabbit sera. The frequency of individuals with neutralizing antibodies but without CF antibodies suggests that the CF antibody titer falls off more rapidly than the neutralizing titer. Both neutralization and CF tests revealed significant intertypic crossing, especially between types 2 and 3.
Polyclonal 13S Human γG Immunoglobulin
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Martinez Jose , Abruzzo John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polyclonal 13S γG immunoglobulin, isolated from the serum of a patient with dermatomyositis, dissociated to 6.5S material possessing anti-γG activity. The Fc but not the Fab fragment, prepared from the 13.3S material, formed soluble complexes with autologous and isologous γG immunoglobulin. Aggregation rather than an antigen-antibody reaction appeared to be involved in the formation of the γG complex.
Immunologic Properties of Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Green Ira , Inman John K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Glucose oxidase, an anzyme obtained from Aspergillus niger, is a potent antigen. Guinea pigs and rabbits immunized with this antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant produced high serum concentrations of precipitating antibody. In addition, heat-inactivated enzyme and apoenzyme can be used to detect cellular immunity in the guinea pigs.
Glucose oxidase retains its enzymatic activity when bound to antibody, thus allowing direct visualization of the latter upon incubation with a suitable mixture of substrate and chromogenic reagent. Plasma cells producing antibody to the enzyme were visualized in smears and in tissue sections by sequentially reacting fixed preparations with glucose oxidase and chromogenic reagent. Anti-DNP antibody-producing cells elicited by immunization of guinea pigs with dinitrophenylated-ovalbumin were also visualized in a similar manner by employing dinitrophenylated glucose oxidase as a test antigen.
Effect of Antigenic Stimulation on the Specificity of Antibody Produced by Rabbits Immunized with Bacteriophage MS-2
Authors: Krueger R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Repeated immunization of rabbits with the RNA coliphage MS-2 resulted in the appearance of an increasing amount of neutralizing antibodies that showed an increased rate of association (i.e., affinity) with the homologous phage antigen. There was a progressive narrowing of the specificity of the antibodies produced after each antigenic stimulation as evidenced by a decrease in the extent of cross-reactions observed with related heterologous RNA phages. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the antibody response and the antigenic structure of phage MS-2.
A Rapid, Quantitative Fluorescence Assay for Cell Damage by Cytotoxic Antibodies
Authors: Edidin Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Our laboratory recently (1) described a fluorochromatic assay for cell damage by cytotoxic alloantibody, which was based on retention of fluorescein by intact cells after its hydrolysis from fluorescein diacetate esters (FDA) (2). Although the method gave reproducible results in our hands, it was slow and always subject to error, since traces of complement used in the reaction were capable of hydrolyzing FDA, thus yielding erroneously high values of cell viability. This was not satisfactory and accordingly we sought another approach to differential fluorescent staining of cells, which would still allow machine-reading of the assays. Rather than looking for other compounds that were enzymatically changed from non-fluorescent to fluorescent, we chose to screen a number of fluorescent probes (3), compounds whose fluorescence is enhanced when bound to protein or nucleic acids. Such compounds were initially screened by observing fresh and heat-damaged lymphocytes, bathed in solutions of various probes, with the fluorescence microscope.
Interferon in Rabbit Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Following Administration of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid
Authors: Cathala Francoise , Baron Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present study was undertaken to compare interferon levels in rabbit brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum following parenteral administration of a synthetic, double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, a potent inducer of interferon. Following intravenous administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid the titers of interferon in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid were always a small fraction of those in the serum. Intrathecal administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid significantly increased the later-appearing interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid but did not significantly affect the interferon titers in the brain. Local injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid intracerebrally did give rise to more sustained levels of interferon in the brain. However, the highest levels of brain interferon were always far below the highest levels which could be achieved in the serum. Local production of interferon in the brain and its meninges was indicated by the finding that after intracerebral administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid the levels of interferon in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid exceeded those in the serum.
Enhancement of Virus Multiplication and Interferon Production by Cortisone in Ocular Herpesvirus Infection
Authors: Oh J. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was inoculated into the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes, and either saline or 25 mg of hydrocortisone was then injected daily into the subconjunctival tissues. The animals that received saline developed minimal corneal opacity in only 25% of their eyes; there was only brief multiplication of virus, but no interferon (IF) was detected in the ocular tissues. The cortisone-treated animals, however, showed much more severe corneal opacity in almost 80% of their eyes, enhanced and prolonged virus multiplication, and rather high titers of IF in the ocular tissues. The results suggest a) that the aggravation of corneal lesions of herpesvirus by cortisone treatment is not associated with reduced production of IF in the infected tissues, and b) that IF plays at best a very modest role in minimizing infection with HSV in the eyes treated with cortisone. A partial inhibitory effect of cortisone on anti-HSV action of IF was demonstrated in in vitro experiments with primary cultures of rabbit kidney cells.
Electron Microscopic Study of Erythrocyte Receptors with Labeled Antisera to Membrane Components
Authors: Howe C. , Spiele H. , Minio F. , Hsu K. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hemoglobin-free membranes and erythrocytes of group O, after reaction with ferritin-labeled rabbit antibody to purified virus receptor substance, were examined by electron microscopy. Antibody was found to bind specifically to discrete sites, in thin sections of cells and ghosts, as well as in negative contrast preparations of washed membranes. The distribution of reactive sites was similar to that described by others for ferritin-labeled isoantibody. The same antibody labeled with fluorescein reacted with washed membranes to give a granular type of fluorescence. The relationship of the virus receptor substance-reactive sites to those containing blood group antigens is discussed.
Production of Lymphotoxin and Migration Inhibitory Factor by Established Human Lymphocytic Cell Lines
Authors: Granger G. A. , Moore G. E. , White J. G. , Matzinger P. , Sundsmo J. S. , Shupe S. , Kolb W. P. , Kramer J. , Glade P. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of continuous human lymphoid cell lines were examined for in vitro synthesis of the effector molecules, lymphotoxin (LT) and migration-inhibition factor (MIF). Twenty-six of a total of 39 lines established from human peripheral blood lymphocytes produced LT activity and 7 of 8 lines assayed secreted MIF. The amounts of LT elaborated varied considerably from one cell line to another and some lines apparently secreted none at all. The cell-toxin secreted in vitro by line 5287 displayed physical properties that were analogous to those of the cell-toxin secreted by phytohemagglutinin-activated normal human lymphocytes.
Repression of the Synthesis of Immunoglobulins in Newborn Mice by Antibodies Directed Against the Variable Region of Light Chains
Authors: Ruffilli A. , Compere A. , Baglioni C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies directed against the variable half of human light chains have been shown to cross-react with some mouse light chains. Injection of these antibodies into newborn mice caused a repression of the synthesis of the cross-reacting light chains. This phenomenon is analogous to the allotypic suppression caused by antiallotypic antibodies. It indicates that antigenic determinants of the variable region of mouse immunoglobulin light chains are expressed in newborn animals.
Localization of Glycosphingolipids in Human Tissues by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Marcus Donald M. , Janis Rosamond 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two glycosphingolipids, ceramide lactose and globoside, were isolated from human erythrocyte stroma. Antisera to these compounds were prepared in rabbits and characterized by complement fixation and hapten inhibition. Immunofluorescence studies of human kidney revealed that globoside was present in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. In the spleen both glycolipids were detected only in the plasma membrane of reticuloendothelial cells of the red pulp. Although glycosphingolipids are found in many organs, these studies suggest that they are present in appreciable quantities in only a few types of cells. This observation provides the first evidence that glycosphingolipids may occur within cells as well as in the plasma membrane.
Comet Plaques: Evidence for Storage of Low Efficiency Hemolysins by Indirect Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Merchant Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although the plaques produced by direct “γM” plaque-forming cells (PFC) were originally thought to represent in vitro antibody synthesis (1), more recent findings suggest that most γM plaques result mainly from a respiration-dependent secretion of preformed high hemolytic efficiency antibody (2). Current observations now support the view that at least some indirect “γG” PFC contain sufficient stored antibody to account for much of the hemolysis ordinarily seen in the proximity of a single immune cell. In the course of experiments with hapten-specific indirect PFC frozen at a 1°C/min programmed rate (3,4), stored for 2 to 3 months in liquid nitrogen, and then thawed rapidly before plating, unusual comet-shaped streaks of hemolysis commonly appeared among the typical plaques.
Spleen cell suspensions were prepared as previously described (5) from adult New Zealand White rabbits immunized with 3 ml of 10% arsanilic acid- or sulfanilic acid-derivitized pigeon erythrocyte stromata on days 1, 3, 6, 17 and 130 and killed on day 134.
Metabolism of γG and γM Immunoglobulins in Normal and Hypogammaglobulinemic Chickens
Authors: Frommel D. , Perey D. Y. E. , Good R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The half-lives of immunoglobulins G and M were studied in normal chickens, in chickens rendered hypogammaglobulinemic by early bursectomy and x-irradiation, and in dysgammaglobulinemic chickens that had been subjected to bursectomy only. The catabolic rate of labeled IgM was found to be independent of serum levels whereas the disappearance curve of labeled IgG was related to the serum concentration of this immunoglobulin. These findings parallel prior observations in humans having inherited or acquired immune deficiencies. In the chicken, the relationship of the half-lives of IgM and IgG was found to be 1:1.5 in contrast to that observed for mammals, in which a ratio of about 1:4 is characteristic. It can thus be concluded that the metabolic properties of the 7S immunoglobulins in chickens differ markedly from those of mammals.
The Effect of Heterologous Antilymphocyte Serum (ALS) on the Humoral Antibody Response to Salmonella Typhi “H” Antigen and Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Lance Eugene M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunosuppressive effects of heterologous ALS were studied in mice immunized with a bacterial (Salmonella typhi “H”) and a protein (BSA) antigen. The principal conclusions are that depression of the primary response depends upon the administration of ALS prior to antigen, the magnitude of depression varies directly with ALS dose and inversely with antigen dose, the secondary response is little affected, and ALS pretreatment may set the stage for the induction of tolerance. These results are discussed in relation to current knowledge of the humoral immune response and the mode of action of ALS.
Studies on IgA
Authors: Anderson Truman O. , Zschocke Rainer H. , Bach Gerhard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bromoacetyl cellulose was used to prepare a monospecific anti-IgA immunoabsorbent for the one-step isolation of IgA from small volumes of human serum. Two features were essential to this procedure. a) Anti-IgA globulin was freed of inert γ globulin by immunoabsorption and was used for coupling to bromoacetyl cellulose. The binding capacity of this immunoabsorbent was 15 mg IgA/g absorbent (using whole human serum). b) 3 M urea wash solution was used to minimize contamination of the eluted IgA by nonspecifically absorbed serum proteins. The IgA obtained by this method was 98.5% pure; it retained biologic activity and showed the electrophoretic pattern of IgA in serum.
Immunochemical Quantitation of Human C1 Esterase (C1s): Concentration in Normal Serum and Purification Yields
Authors: Nagaki K. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunochemical quantitation of C1s is possible with the single radial immunodiffusion technique. C1s is the complement component with the lowest concentration for which this technique has been used. The normal adult concentration is 32.8 ± 6.2 µg/ml (1 S.D.). The C1s concentration in normal human serum is relatively insensitive to the method of storing and collecting blood samples. Sera or EDTA plasma can be kept at 0°C, -20°C or -70°C, so this should be a practical method for clinical laboratories. Clinical studies in various disease states are in progress. Using this method, the recovery and overall yield at each stage of purification as well as the specific hemolytic and esterase activities were calculated. The overall yield of C1s averaged 3% to 4% with specific hemolytic activities of 150,000 to 350,000 site-forming units/mg, and specific esterase activities ranging from 1500 to 2500 units/mg. These figures are the best obtained to date, but with increasing knowledge of this important serum enzyme more rigid criteria of purification are being determined with the goal of achieving high constant specific activity. The yields at various steps should be helpful in redesigning the methods of purification.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Kim C. W. , Jamuar M. P. , Hamilton L. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were sensitized four times at 1-, 2- or 3-week intervals with crude saline extract of Trichinella spiralis larvae emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, then skin-tested 28, 56 or 84 days after the initial sensitization. The skin-test reaction was not typical of delayed hypersensitivity but was somewhat like the Arthus reaction. Electron microscopic examination of the lymphocytes from these animals showed structural changes that are generally associated with synthetic functions. In addition, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and precipitating antibodies were detected in their sera. The 2-week interval between sensitizations proved optimal for synthetic activity and for antibody production of both γ1 and γ2 classes. Correlation was noted between the degree of antigenic stimulus and proliferation of cellular organelles associated with protein synthesis in lymphocytes. Indeed, with the largest dose and optimal interval of antigenic stimulation, fine-structure studies indicated the production of lymphocytes very much like plasma cells. Lymph node cells from repeatedly sensitized donor animals transferred to normal recipients elicited negligible skin reactions, somewhat like the Arthus rather than the delayed hypersensitivity type. Even on day 1 after transfer of cells from repeatedly sensitized donors, antibody was detected by PCA in recipients, especially when the donors had been sensitized at 2-week intervals. Since PCA antibody was detected within 24 hr after transfer, it seems likely that the lymphocytes themselves produce antibody in recipients, at least until the lymphocytes possibly can develop into another type. Precipitating antibody was not detected in any of the recipients by either micro-immunoelectrophoresis or the ring test. In contrast, the transfer of delayed hypersensitivity was successful with lymphocytes from donors sensitized only once irrespective of dosage. The present findings suggest that animals repeatedly sensitized by the antigen apparently “lose” delayed hypersensitivity.
Studies on Human IgD
Authors: Saha Anil , Chowdhury Parimal , Sambury Sheldon , Behelak Youssef , Heiner Douglas C. , Rose Bram 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Physicochemical studies were undertaken on two human IgD (Δ:λ) myeloma proteins. Sedimentation equilibrium analyses using a photoelectric ultraviolet scanner showed that the apparent weight-average molecular weight of IgD is 200,000 ± 2000. On the basis of carbohydrate content, IgD is a high carbohydrate immunoglobulin, the ratio of the oligosaccharide moieties being quite distinct from other high carbohydrate immunoglobulins, IgA, IgM and IgE. One IgD molecule differs considerably from another with regard to several amino acid residues, e.g., asp, glu, ser, ile, gly, ala and val. The proline content of IgD was low in comparison with the other immunoglobulins. One IgD myeloma patient excreted λ-type Bence Jones protein which contained 12 oligosaccharide moieties. Fluorescence emission maxima of IgD occurred at 326 nm and 330 nm, the excitation wavelengths being 278 nm and 295 nm, respectively. Temperature-dependent fluorescence emission spectra showed an absence of a definite transition temperature in the case of IgD, whereas both IgA and IgM showed a definite transition temperature of 60°C.
The Assessment by Immunofluorescence Methods of Humoral Anti-Myelin Antibodies in Man
Authors: Edgington Thomas S. , Dalessio Donald J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The indirect immunofluorescence assay provides an immunologically specific primary binding test for the measurement and characterization of anti-myelin antibodies in man. Anti-myelin antibodies of the IgG class are found in 88% of normal individuals and appear to be acquired between 1 and 4 years of age, a period associated with active myelination of the central nervous system. A slightly higher titer of these antibodies is observed in the sera of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than in the sera of normal individuals and of patients with certain other diseases. Anti-myelin antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes are relatively infrequently detected in sera of normal individuals, although they appear with considerable frequency in sera of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. No significant in vivo fixation of these antibodies could be detected by radioimmunochemical means, and it would appear that anti-myelin antibodies may reflect release of myelin immunogen rather than serve a primary role in the mediation of disease.