bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christ, the Spirit, and Human Transformation in Gregory of Nyssa's In Canticum Canticorum
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book undertakes a literary and theological analysis of Gregory of Nyssa’s theology of union with God, culminating in a fresh reading of his final written work, In Canticum Canticorum. Part I provides the necessary background for the study of In Canticum Canticorum by analysing several of Gregory’s earlier works (c. 370 – 385), tracing the main contours of his account of the objective reality of human transformation and union with God. Part II uses the findings of Part I to guide and structure the analysis of In Canticum Canticorum (c. 391). Gregory’s allegorical interpretation of the Song of Songs is found to represent a corresponding account of human transformation and union with God from the perspective of subjective, affective experience of this reality. Rather than marking a new development in his theology, the subjective experience gained by Gregory’s reading of the Song of Songs recapitulates the key elements of Gregory’s objective account and therefore renders coherent his earlier soteriological doctrine.
Human Transformation and Christology in Contra Eunomium III
Authors: Abecina Alexander L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Contra Eunomium III. It shows that, throughout this polemical treatise, Gregory conceives of human transformation and union with God just as we would expect in light of his trinitarian-baptismal theology. Humanity is saved through the incarnation, which is made effective through regeneration by the Holy Spirit’s at baptism, where Christ’s own baptism serves as the paradigm and precondition. However, when we attend to Gregory’s christology proper, there is an absence of the role of the Spirit, particularly evident in Gregory’s account of the post-resurrection transformation of Christ’s flesh. In this work there appear to be two distinct accounts of human salvation that are not easily reconciled.
Continuity and Collapse
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses archaeological evidence for the late Roman period in Wales and the nature of the fifth-century transition. It discusses the few events noted in the written sources and problems associated with the virtual demise of archaeological dating evidence when coin imports cease and the pottery industry breaks down. It then considers archaeological evidence for people’s varying experiences of Romanization during the fourth century in the regions already identified. The south-east is marked by a much greater degree of Romanization evident in continuing activity within the legionary fortress at Caerleon and the town of Caerwent, but evidence for occupation of villas and native farmsteads beyond the fourth century remains sparse. This contrasts with other regions, particularly the north-west, which remained under military control with less access to the Roman market economy and where late prehistoric settlement forms persisted throughout the Roman period and beyond. It is argued that we are seeing the fragmentation of Roman authority, military and civil, but also the re-emergence of native power structures and the settling of Irish immigrants, some of whom were originally attached to the Roman army. Secondly, the Roman market economy declined rapidly during the later fourth century, leading to the end of a Romanized lifestyle. Communities continued to scavenge and recycle Roman artefacts, but a limited range of identifiable early medieval artefacts takes some decades to emerge. Thirdly, some farmsteads and the rural economy associated with them persisted at a reduced level throughout the fifth century.
Food, Farming, and the Agricultural Economy
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the land and its exploitation for food with the aim of identifying changes in foodways and the farming economy over time and underlying reasons for these. It begins with a discussion of the farming landscape including archaeological evidence for field systems and charters which enable the reconstruction of estates. Transhumance is also examined. Cereals were the dietary mainstay consumed as bread, porridge, gruel, and ale. Archaeobotanical remains indicate a change from spelt wheat and barley to mainly oats and barley, helping to ensure food security with some free-threshing wheat, possibly favoured for food renders. Evidence for agricultural equipment and crop processing, for example corn-drying ovens, is also discussed. Cattle were perceived as a symbol of wealth, and the need to mitigate risk is also suggested by a change from beef production to dairying, ensuring a range of protein. Pork was a food for feasting, with the increasing importance of hunting and venison suggested amongst the elite, as at Llangorse crannog. The elite also increasingly benefited from coastal and estuarine fishing rights, notably on the Severn. The chapter ends with a discussion of osteological and other evidence for diet and health. Pollen evidence supports the premise that the agricultural economy contracted in the fifth and sixth centuries and that climate change was a factor in this, whilst there is a modest expansion from the seventh century onwards likely linked to the establishment of new estates, farmsteads, and field systems, though surpluses may have been comparatively small.
Narrow Function
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 argued that the skeptical rule (PBS) checks to see if the principal basis for an agent’s belief that p is sensitive to p. If it is not sensitive, the algorithm produces an inclination to judge that the agent does not know p. This chapter argues that the narrow goal of this algorithm is to approximate a derived Bayesian principle I call “Norm.” On David Marr’s conception of information processing, the function which implements PBS is the “function” or computational description of the algorithm. Insofar as Norm is a principle of rationality, we get an explanation for why our skeptical reactions are rational after all. Of course, the skeptical judgment might not be correct or even rational in the sense that the deployment of PBS will depart from Norm in certain interesting cases of philosophical and practical relevance. We will investigate these departures further in the following chapters.
Varieties of Doubt
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a partial taxonomy of doubt. This will give us perspective into where our skeptical inclinations fall in the larger catalog of uncertainty mental states. The chapter also discusses the “Spinozan” truth-bias according to which we tend to have pro-doxastic attitudes towards any proposition we entertain. On such a conception of the mind, doubting mechanisms such as the one proposed in this book play a crucial role in regulating the quality of our beliefs. At the end, the chapter also discusses some studies on deficits of doubt which will grant us some insight into where those states may be localized in the human brain. The latter is needed if we are to achieve a full understanding of the skeptical mechanism. It corresponds to the third level (physical implementation) of cognitive explanations in David Marr’s hierarchy of information processing.
Objections to Sensitivity
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers a series of new as well as familiar objections to sensitivity principles. It explores whether they might be trouble for our approach which invokes the Principal Base Sensitivity (PBS) principle. The chapter discusses Closure-style arguments and also introduces a new type of counter-example involving insensitive yet probative evidence which, nonetheless, can yield knowledge. These two cases, it is argued, are genuine counter-examples to PBS. But they are not problematic for our thesis that PBS is deployed as a heuristic. The chapter also considers a barrage of difficult problems for sensitivity theorists developed by Robert Nozick, Michael Blome-Tillmann, Sarah Moss, Timothy Williamson, Jonathan Vogel, and others. The nature of these problems may even challenge the status of PBS understood as a heuristic. The chapter argues that the difficulties can be handled.
Land Management and Rural Society Before and After 1000
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets out to describe land management and rural society around Lucca and Florence between the early and the central Middle Ages. It starts off by examining the characteristics of the manorial system (sistema curtense in Italian) in the countryside of both cities. It then moves on to the analysis of the process of castle-building (incastellamento) and explores its connections with the so-called ‘signorial mutation’ or ‘feudal revolution’ in northern Tuscany—which took place between the eleventh and the twelfth centuries. Finally, the chapter discusses the emergence of unfree tenancy in the Lucchesia and the Fiorentino after 1100. Indeed, unfree tenancy played a crucial role in the transformations of the forms of estate management around the year 1200, as the burden of change was often placed on the highly dependent strata of rural society (particularly in the Fiorentino).
Introduction
Authors: Graham Erin R. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractChapter 1 sets out the nature of the United Nations’ transformation in funding and governance and the puzzle it poses to standard conceptions of the UN system and to international relations theory. It explicates how funding relates to multilateral governance and how changes to funding rules have slowly, and quietly, transformed fundamental principles of UN governance. The chapter previews the contours of the book’s theoretical framework. It makes the case that identifying instances of international rule change based on negotiation and revision misses much of the action, which occurs through legal interpretive tools like subsequent agreement and practice. It introduces the importance of genuine uncertainty, permissive rules, and creative agents to understanding subterranean transformation. Finally, it outlines three sets of contributions related to institutional transformation and the historical institutionalist research program, the integration of legal interpretive strategies to how international rules change, and new conceptions of United Nations programs as actors in world politics.
Asking Too Much of Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to explain why there is such a high level of disagreement amongst philosophers about the nature of forgiveness. Some moral disputes about the permissibility of forgiveness rest on deeper disagreements about what forgiveness entails in relation to blame, punishment, and reconciliation. It is not clear which methodology we should use to settle the definitional disagreements, nor whether we should be aiming for a single unified definition or accepting multiple legitimate conceptions of forgiveness. The way forwards is to see that the deep philosophical disagreements are driven by the tension between three pivotal intuitions concerning the permissibility, the availability, and the peaceful functionality of forgiveness. Many of us expect that forgiveness is morally permissible whenever it is possible, and that forgiveness is available to every victim, and that forgiving ends conflict and allows victim and perpetrator to move on in peace. While each one of these intuitions is attractive when considered on its own, philosophers who try to endorse all three thereby end up in a morally untenable position. Rather than try to endorse all three claims, I suggest that the best way forwards is to face up to the fact that there are difficult trade-offs in the philosophy of forgiveness, and to reject at least one of the pivotal intuitions.
Digital First
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Digital journalism in India has witnessed experienced journalists from traditional media turning into trailblazers and game changers. Giving a new identity to news dissemination, they have put together the technological advancements and are trying to compete the media majors in India. In this book, the author has tried to bring together genesis and growth of these popular digital journalism organizations working towards making a name in the news industry. Some of the digital journalism trailblazers in India that the author has covered in detail in this book are ThePrint, ScoopWhoop, Inshorts, IndiaSpend, BOOM Live, Alt News, Youth Ki Awaaz (YKA), Democracy News Live, Beyond Headlines, Better India, The Quint, People’s Archives of Rural India (PARI), The Wire, Exchange4media (e4m), Newslaundry, Scroll, The Logical Indian, etc. Many others such as Editorji, Khabar Lahariya, and CGNet Swara have been discussed briefly in a separate chapter. All these journalism start-ups have different approaches to digital journalism in India. One chapter each is dedicated to the case study of such groups where the author is trying to explore their origin, founders, and the major attributes that make them stand apart, such as strategic intent, vision, mission, goals, objectives, organizational structure, content strategies and management, editorial policies, target audience and distribution strategies, collaborations, market, business models, mergers, work culture, environment, revenue, social media presence, competitive edge, challenges and achievements, business models, and the future of entrepreneurial journalism in India. Some are for-profit (such as The Quint and Scroll), some are non-profit content-based start-ups (such as PARI and Khabar Lahariya), and others are aggregation based with a greater emphasis on technology (such as Inshorts). At present, these start-ups do not match the muscle of the leading legacy news media such as the Times of India or HT Media, but they have definitely grown big in terms of audience.
IndiaSpend
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
IndiaSpend, also known as ‘an agency of record’, is the first public interest journalism initiative that uses data to tell stories. It works to promote accurate facts from government sources to make them accountable for their actions. This chapter tries to trace the growth of IndiaSpend and how it has made the use of data an important practice in journalism in India. It also looks at the way it reports and writes stories through data. The chapter outlines the variety of stories covered by the organization and their emphasis on the use of data journalism to give an edge to the prevailing journalism in the country. The chapter also discovers the diversification of the product development of IndiaSpend and how successful it has been in its fact-checking initiative. In addition to this, the chapter also traces the organization’s revenue and business model, marketing initiatives, and the use of technology to promote data journalism. Further in the chapter, the author discusses the niche that this digital organization has carved for itself for serious stories, its competitive edge, and its strategic intent for improving the public discourse and editorial and content management.
The Logical Indian
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter explicitly presents the journey of The Logical Indian (TLI), an innovative organization that believes in being a ‘democratised and approachable media’. It aims to create an impact on the society on a whole and provide a platform to everyone to talk about stuff that needs or deserves attention. The chapter tries to understand the independent digital media organization which wants to affect the sensibility of the millennial and inspire them with its stories acting as a catalyst for the change. The author unravels their strategic intent and also the type of content they produce, how they keep misinformation at bay, and the business model they follow. The chapter also explores how they try to promote campaigns for various social issues to spread awareness with the help of volunteers and social workers.
Colonized by Humanity
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Colonized by Humanity is a study of racial liberalism in London at the end of empire. It explores the projects to cultivate racial integration developed in the two decades between the arrival of the Empire Windrush and the passage of the first Race Relations Act. These were the years that integrationism took hold as a social phenomenon, its reflexes lodged deep in an English culture that took the idea of ‘tolerance’ as its watchword. It was, as this book describes it, an ambivalent culture, which sought to do away with the discriminations of race but operated through a racial vision: the white English were to lead the way in integration, reforming away the problems of racial otherness that marked their darker-skinned neighbours. Viewing integrationism through the eyes of Caribbean Londoners, Colonized by Humanity allows us to see it, as they did, with its colonial and racial dynamics up close.
Good citizens
Authors: Waters Rob 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
‘Good citizens’ explores the efforts to make black Londoners into good citizens, surveying the various projects of civics, good neighbourliness, and voluntary association that defined integration politics at the local level in the 1950s and 1960s. These integration projects were undertaken always with one eye on the possible alternatives—civic disengagement or, worse still, violence and revolt. These were the nightmare scenarios that many felt were only narrowly escaped in 1958. Telling the story of the efforts to cultivate ‘good citizenship’ for integration, this chapter shows a different history of citizenship to that which dominates the historiography of the post-war. In that story, the end of the Second World War and the birth of social democracy stand as turning points for British citizenship, when the emphasis on citizens’ duties gave way to an emphasis on their rights. This chapter points to the unevenness of this transformation. In the context of mass multiculture and decolonization, the emphasis on citizenly duty remained strong.
The Jewish War
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers important preliminary questions of structure, date, and audience. It concludes that the Jewish War seems to have been targeted at a broad readership, encompassing educated Greeks and Romans as well as Greek-literate Jewish readers; it outlines a suggested structure for the work; and it concludes that, while Jewish War 1–6 seems to date to late in the reign of Vespasian, there remains a strong possibility (though certainty is impossible) that Book 7 was added later, in the reign of Domitian. As a consequence of this, Book 7 will be treated separately in this study, and special care will be taken to be sensitive to specifically Domitianic resonances in that book.
The Flavians in Jewish War 1–6
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the portrayals of the three major members of the Flavian family, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, in Books 1–6 of the Jewish War. It examines the portrayals of Vespasian and Titus under major headings, considering how they are depicted as military commanders, in relation to the divine, in terms of their virtues, with reference to the legitimacy of their imperial accession, and in relation the issue of the extent of their responsibility for the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. It concludes that, while always ostensibly courteous to the two senior Flavians (as any literary work written in the Flavian period would have been), Josephus is fundamentally engaged in promoting a view of the Jewish Revolt which is radically different from that promoted by the dynasty and which in some respects could be seen as discourteous to the dynasty. The depiction of Domitian in these books is minimal, courteous, and proportionate.
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The book has two goals. The first goal is meta-theoretical and is fulfilled by Part One: an interpretation of the past (Chapter 1), the present (Chapter 2), and the future of AI (Chapter 3). Part One develops the thesis that AI is an unprecedented divorce between agency and intelligence. On this basis, Part Two investigates the consequences of such a divorce, developing the thesis that AI as a new form of agency can be harnessed ethically and unethically. Chapter 4 offers a unified perspective on the many principles that have been proposed to frame the ethics of AI. Chapter 5 discusses the potential risks that may undermine the application of these principles, and then Chapter 6 analyses the relation between ethical principles and legal norms, and offers a definition of soft ethics as post-compliance ethics. Chapters 7–9 analyse the ethical challenges caused by the development and use of AI, evil uses of AI, and good practices when applying AI. The last group of chapters focuses on AI for social good or AI4SG (Chapter 10), the positive and negative impacts of AI on the environment (Chapter 11), and the possibility of using AI in support of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (Chapter 12).The book concludes (Chapter 13) by arguing in favour of a new marriage between the Green of all our habitats and the Blue of all our digital technologies and how this new marriage can support and develop a better society and a healthier biosphere.
A Unified Framework of Ethical Principles for AI
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Previously, in Chapters 1–3, we saw how AI is a new form of agency that can deal with tasks and problems successfully, in view of a goal, without any need for intelligence. Every success of any AI application does not move the bar of what it means to be an intelligent agent. Instead, it bypasses the bar altogether. The success of such artificial agency is increasingly facilitated by the enveloping (that is, reshaping into AI-friendly contexts) of the environments in which AI operates. The decoupling of agency and intelligence and the enveloping of the world generate significant ethical challenges, especially in relation to autonomy, bias, explainability, fairness, privacy, responsibility, transparency, and trust (yes, mere alphabetic order). For this reason, many organizations launched a wide range of initiatives to establish ethical principles for the adoption of socially beneficial AI after the Asilomar AI Principles and the Montreal Declaration for a Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence were published in 2017. This soon became a cottage industry. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of proposed principles threatens to overwhelm and confuse.
AI and the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Floridi Luciano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 analysed the positive and negative impact of AI on climate change and offered some recommendations to increase the former and decrease the latter. Climate change is one of the areas where AI is being used to support the UN SDGs. As we saw in Chapter 9, initiatives relying on AI to deliver socially beneficial outcomes (so-called AI4SG) are on the rise. However, existing attempts to understand and foster AI4SG initiatives have so far been limited by the lack of normative analyses and a shortage of empirical evidence. Following the analyses provided in Chapters 9–11, this chapter addresses these limits by supporting use of the United Nations’ SDGs as a benchmark for tracing the scope and spread of AI4SG. The chapter also presents in more detail a database of AI4SG projects (already mentioned in Chapter 11) collected using this benchmark. Several key insights are discussed, including the extent to which different SDGs are being addressed. The goal of the chapter is to facilitate the identification of pressing problems that, if left unaddressed, risk hampering the effectiveness of AI4SG initiatives.