bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fc-IgM and Fc-IgG Receptors on Human Circulating B Lymphocytes
Authors: Pichler Werner J. , Broder Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood B cells from normal humans were enriched with rosette techniques (mean 93.5% surface immunoglobulin positive). We studied these purified B cells for the expression of Fc-IgG and Fc-IgM receptors by using bovine red blood cells coated with IgG (EA-IgG) or IgM (EA-IgM). Between 81 and 94% (mean 88.67%) Fc-IgG and between 79 and 97% (mean 87.5%) Fc-IgM receptor positive cells were found by using this sensitive rosette technique.
The Fc-IgG receptor values had a tendency to decrease in culutre at 37°C. In contrast, cultivation at 37°C for 24, 48, and even 72 hr enhanced Fc-IgM receptor expression. Trypsinization (0.25%) removed Fc-IgM receptors, but not Fc-IgG receptors. However, after further cultivation of the trypsinized cells, Fc-IgM receptors were re-expressed on the same or even greater percentages of cells.
Fc-IgM receptors were also detected on monoclonal B cells (chronic lymphatic leukemia cells) expressing surface immunoglobulins with either δ or γ heavy chains exclusively. The high percentage of Fc-IgM positive cells in normal peripheral blood B cells, coupled with the observation that the Fc-IgM receptors are not confined to monoclonal B cells with particular classes of surface immunoglobulins, suggests that the Fc-IgM receptor may be present on essentially all B cells. Moreover, our results suggest that most human B cells expressed both Fc-IgM and Fc-IgG receptors simultaneously.
Amplification of the Activity of Human Leukocyte Inhibitory Factor (LIF) by the Generation of a Low Molecular Weight Inhibitor of PMN Leukocyte Chemotaxis
Authors: Goetzl Edward J. , Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), which was derived from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by stimulation with concanavalin A and partially purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, inhibited the in vitro spontaneous migration and chemotaxis of human PMN leukocytes as assessed in a Boyden chamber micropore filter assay. The inhibitory activity was attributed to LIF, a principle defined in terms of its inhibition of PMN leukocyte migration from glass capillary tubes, since it was preferentially directed to PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes, exhibited a size comparable to LIF by gel filtration, and was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate in parallel with LIF. Incubation of PMN leukocytes with LIF released additional inhibitory activity, distinct from LIF, which resembled the neutrophil-immobilizing factor (NIF) by virtue of its approximate m.w. of 4000 by filtration on Sephadex G-25, inactivation by trypsin digestion, and preferential noncytotoxic inhibition of spontaneous migration and chemotaxis of PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes. Thus LIF inhibits PMN leukocyte migration both by a direct action on the cells and by an amplification pathway that is mediated by low m.w. chemotactic inhibitors similar to NIF.
Independent Analysis of T Helper and T Killer Cell Function in Young and Old NZB Mice
Authors: Falkoff Reuben Maverick , Scavulli John F. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With age, NZB mice lose their ability to develop a cytotoxic response after alloimmunization in vitro. This decline is shown to coincide with a diminution of T-helper cell activity as assessed by proliferation in mixed lymphocyte culture or in response to PHA. When cytotoxic T cell precursors are activated with the polyclonal activator Con A, there is no reduction in the number of cytotoxic effector T cells that develop. No autoreactive cytotoxic cells are seen in Con A-activated cultures. These findings are related to previous work on cell-mediated immunity in NZB and B/W mice.
Concanavalin A Increases Glyoxalase Enzyme Activities in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Lymphocytes
Authors: Gillespie Elizabeth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Glyoxalase I converts methylglyoxal and glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione and glyoxalase II converts this compound to D-lactic acid, regenerating glutathione in the process. A recent study from my laboratory has provided evidence that S-lactoylglutathione modulates microtubule assembly in vitro whereas concanavalin A (Con A) has been shown to increase microtubule occurrence in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The present report describes the dose-dependent activation by Con A of both glyoxalase I and II in PMN and lymphocytes. In nine experiments with PMN, Con A (100 µg/ml) increased glyoxalase I and II activities by 19 ± 8% and 12 ± 10% (mean ± S.D.). In 17 experiments with lymphocytes, activation of the two enzymes by 10 µg/ml Con A was 30 ± 14% and 28 ± 8%. Changes occurred after a 1-min incubation with Con A and persisted for at least 60 min. Since both enzyme activities are increased it is not clear if S-lactoylglutathione levels are increased or decreased but presumably they change. The present findings are compatible with the hypothesis that Con A increases microtubule occurrence in PMN by affecting the glyoxalase enzymes. They also represent a newly described early biochemical change caused by Con A in lymphocytes.
Lung Injury Produced by Immune Complexes of Varying Composition
Authors: Scherzer Herbert , Ward Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune complexes consisting of rabbit antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been made up at 1×, 3×, 6×, 8×, and 20× antigen equivalence. The complement fixing activity of these complexes is inversely proportional to the amount of antigen present in the complexes, and, as expected, solubility of the complexes progressively increases with increasing amounts of antigen. The ability of these complexes to induce acute pulmonary injury and inflammatory responses has been quantitatively assessed. Complexes preformed at antigen equivalence are the most damaging to lung, correlating with their complement fixing activity. When the antigen concentration in the complexes is increased 3 to 6 times beyond the point of equivalence, the phlogistic activity of the complexes drops off rapidly, as demonstrated by a sharp decline in the changes in vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and morphologic evidence of inflammation. These studies provide the first evidence that changing the physicochemical parameters of preformed immune complexes by simply altering the ratio of antigen to antibody can dramatically alter the phlogistic properties of immune complexes for pulmonary tissue.
Estimation of Antibodies Specific for Dextran
Authors: Matsuuchi Linda , Morrison Sherie L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methods are described for the isolation and characterization of picogram quantities of anti-dextran antibodies. 14C-dextrans produced by using the dextransucrases of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains B1355 and B512 were used in a radioimmunoassay. The specificity of this assay was verified by using cell cytoplasmic lysates from mouse plasmacytomas, J558 (anti-α 1→3 dextran) and W3129 (anti-α 1→6 dextran). Dextran produced by strain B1355 and insolubilized with epichlorohydrin was used as an immunoabsorbent.
H-2 Linked Ir Gene Control of Antibody Responses to Porcine Insulin
Authors: Kapp Judith A. , Strayer David S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to heterologous insulins in mice are controlled by H-2-linked, dominant, immune response (Ir) genes. For example, mice bearing the H-2d haplotype develop T cell proliferative responses and produce antibody after injection with porcine insulin, whereas mice bearing other H-2 haplotypes do not. Data presented in this communication demonstrate that homozygous and heterozygous H-2d mice produce insulin-binding antibodies when immunized with porcine insulin or proinsulin. Some (H-2b,k,s) insulin-nonresponder mice produce insulin-binding antibodies after injection of proinsulin, whereas other insulin-nonresponder strains (H-2q) do not. All strains, except homozygous H-2q mice, produce antibodies specific for proinsulin, suggesting that the response to porcine proinsulin is also controlled by H-2-linked Ir genes. More importantly, F1 hybrids between insulin-nonresponder C57BL/10 (H-2b) and DBA/1 (H-2q) produce no insulin-binding antibodies when injected with proinsulin, despite the fact that proinsulin-binding antibodies are produced by these mice.
Specific Killing of Line-10 Cells in Vitro in the Presence of Normal Lymphoid Cells and Antibodies from Immune Rabbits or Tumor-Resistant Guinea Pigs
Authors: Brunda Michael J. , Minden Percy , Rodney Ferguson H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was demonstrated against strain-2 guinea pig line-10 hepatocarcinoma cells by using syngeneic mineral oil-induced peritoneal exudate cells and rabbit antibodies to line-10 cells (anti-10). Cytotoxicity was dependent on the amount of anti-10 sera or IgG used. F(ab′)2 of rabbit anti-10 IgG was not active and cytotoxicity could be inhibited by addition to the assay of aggregated human IgG or of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus containing protein A. Rabbit antibodies that were eluted from an immunoadsorbent to which antigens derived from line-10 cells were coupled mediated ADCC, whereas antibodies isolated similarly from an immunoadsorbent to which antigens drived from another syngeneic tumor, line-1, were coupled had little activity.
When 51 syngeneic sera from line-10 tumor-resistant guinea pigs were tested, a broad range of activity was observed and a large proportion of sera mediated ADCC. Immune sera were obtained from animals rendered tumor resistant by several different protocols, and it appeared that the method used to immunize animals influenced the level of ADCC observed. Sera from 44 normal guinea pigs had considerably less activity. Line-10-resistant guinea pig serum antibodies eluted from a line-10 immunoadsorbent mediated ADCC, whereas eluates of the same serum eluted from a line-1 immunoadsorbent had no activity. These data suggested that syngeneic line-10-specific antibodies in sera of tumor-resistant guinea pigs as well as rabbit anti-10 were capable of mediating ADCC in vitro.
Preparation of an Alloantiserum to Murine C3 and Demonstration of Multiple Alleles
Authors: Natsuume-Sakai Shunnosuke , Amano Shigetoyo , Hayakawa Jun-Ichiro , Takahashi Morinobu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antiserum was produced in C3H/He mice that can recognize the antigenic variations of murine C3. The alloantiserum is directed to the gene product of one of the alleles (C3-1a allele) of the C3-1 locus that controls genetic variations of murine C3 and is linked to H-2. The antiserum formed a single precipitin line in the Ouchterlony test with sera obtained from mice that carry the C3-1a/a or C3-1a/b genotype, but it did not react with sera from mice that do not have C3 coded for by the C3-1a allele. By the use of the alloantiserum, we detected a new C3 allotype (C3-1 CC) in SWR/J mice. The C3-1 CC is distinct from the other two allotypes on the basis of antigenicity and isoelectric point (pI). Therefore, at least three alleles have been identified for the C3-1 locus.
Secretion Rate Independent Evaluation of IgM Antibody Avidity at the Level of Single Immunocytes
Authors: Doria Gino , Mancini Camillo , DeLisi Charles 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The hemolytic plaque inhibition assay has been performed on spleen cells from mice immunized with TNP-HRBC to evaluate avidity of anti-TNP IgM antibodies. At different times after immunization direct plaques were inhibited by soluble TNP-EACA, TNP61-BGG, or anti-µ antiserum. Analysis of the inhibition data provided independent estimates of antibody avidity and secretion rate. Avidity was found to increase with time, to reach a maximum when the antibody response attained the peak value, and then to decline as the response was waning. There was a decrease followed by increase of the secretion rate concomitant with the rise and fall of the antibody response and avidity.
Macrophage Activation for Tumor Cytotoxicity: Development of Macrophage Cytotoxic Activity Requires Completion of A Sequence of Short-Lived Intermediary Reactions
Authors: Ruco Luigi P. , Meltzer Monte S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages from endotoxin (LPS)-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice fail to develop tumoricidal activity after any of several in vivo or in vitro treatments that induce cytotoxicity with cells from LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice. Under certain conditions, however, these macrophages could become tumoricidal: macrophages from in vivo immune reactions such as those induced by BCG infection, but not cells from irritant-induced peritoneal exudates, developed full cytotoxic capability after further exposure in vitro to microgram per milliliter concentrations of LPS or to supernatants from antigen-stimulated leukocyte cultures (lymphokines). Capacity of macrophages from BCG-infected C3H/HeJ mice to become tumoricidal after LPS exposure was gradually lost with time in culture and was absent by 24 hr. Requirements for at least two activation stimuli for cytotoxic activity with C3H/HeJ macrophages could also be fulfilled entirely in vitro: cells cultured in lymphokines plus LPS were fully tumoricidal; macrophages cultured in either agent alone were not cytotoxic. Similar interactions between lymphokines and LPS could be demonstrated with macrophages from LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice. Tumoricidal activity by C3H/HeN macrophages cultured in lymphokines plus nanogram per milliliter concentrations of LPS was considerably greater than that by cells cultured in either agent alone. LPS and lymphokines were synergistic in their action on macrophage cytotoxicity. The synergistic effect of LPS on cytotoxicity by lymphokine-activated macrophages was evident after a 15-min pulse and was not dependent upon fluid-phase LPS. Synergistic action, however, was dependent upon 1.) treatment sequence: LPS was active only if given simultaneously with or after lymphokine treatment; LPS exposure before lymphokine treatment was ineffective, and 2.) treatment interval: capacity of lymphokine-treated macrophages to express cytotoxic activity after LPS exposure decayed with time in culture and was lost by 24 hr. Thus, macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity in both C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice was the final result of a cascade of short-lived intermediary reactions in a defined sequence. Tumoricidal activity of fully activated cells and responsiveness of each noncytotoxic precursor cell to activation stimuli were all short lived macrophage reactions. Present evidence suggests that none of these reactions was reversible. Completion of each state of macrophage activation was completely dependent upon the simultaneous presence of localized activation signals and macrophage precursors able to respond.
Antigen-Initiated B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: Shortman Ken , Howard Maureen C. , Baker Julie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of specific and nonspecific stimuli on the cycle status of subsets of primary B lymphocytes was assessed by preinjecting donor CBA mice 1 to 2 days previously with various substances, and then incubating the isolated spleen cells with high specific activity 3H-TdR before assay. AFC-progenitor activity was assessed as a response to NIP-POL antigen, either by adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients or by cell culture. Previous studies showed these assays reflected the activity of different subsets of B cells, termed “pre-progenitors” (adoptive assay) and “direct progenitors” (culture assay).
Most functional primary B cells, whether assayed in culture or by adoptive transfer, were not initially in rapid cell cycle in normal adult mice. However, nonspecific stimulation for 1 day caused NIP-specific adoptive transfer IgM AFC-progenitors to enter rapid cell cycle. This effect was independent of T cells and not related to the antigenicity of the stimulus: particulate peritoneal irritants were the most effective stimulants. In contrast to adoptive transfer results, AFC-progenitors assayed in cell culture were unaffected by nonspecific stimuli, but were activated into cell cycle by specific antigen.
Kinetic Studies of Cell Migration in a Modified Boyden Chamber: Dependence on Cell Concentration and Effects of the Chymotrypsin-Like Cationic Protein of Human Granulocytes
Authors: Venge Per 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration of PMN cells was measured kinetically by the “leading front” method in a modified Boyden chamber. In some experiments, release of lactoferrin and of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein were measured simultaneously. Migration, both directed and random, was increased by increased cell concentration. Kinetically, directed migration consisted of two phases. The second phase was more influenced by the cell concentration. Preincubation of the cells with low concentrations of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein stimulated cell migration in the same way as did high cell concentrations, i.e., by primarily affecting the second phase. The effect of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein was time and dose dependent and dependent on the chymotrypsin-like activity of the protein. At high concentrations of protein, the cells were immobilized. Release of granular proteins did not take place during the first phase of migration but was parallel to the second phase. It is concluded that chymotrypsin-like cationic protein might be one of the substances responsible for the effect of cell concentration seen on migration in vitro.
Interactions of C-Reactive Protein and Complement with Liposomes
Authors: Richards Roberta L. , Gewurz Henry , Siegel Joan , Alving Carl R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We found previously that interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP) with liposomal model membranes resulted in complement(C)-dependent membrane damage. In the present study, we investigated the influence of membrane composition on the interactions of CRP and C with liposomes. Adsorption experiments showed that binding of CRP was greatest to strongly positive liposomes. A lesser, but still substantial, extent of CRP binding also was observed with negative liposomes, but negligible amounts of CRP bound to neutral or weakly positive liposomes. CRP-mediated consumption of hemolytic C, and C-dependent glucose release from liposomes both were strongly influenced by liposomal charge, positive being superior to negative. Glucose release and, to a lesser extent, consumption of hemolytic C were inversely related to phospholipid fatty acyl chain length. Phospholipid fatty acyl unsaturation and liposomal cholesterol concentration both had strong influences on C consumption and glucose release. The data suggest that CRP-mediated C consumption and membrane damage require an optimum membrane fluidity.
Complement damage in the presence of CRP was enhanced by certain sphingolipids and also by digalactosyl diglyceride, but not by sphingomyelin. Our results thus demonstrate that CRP-mediated C consumption and C-dependent membrane damage both are influenced by the liposomal membrane composition.
Cell Differentiation in the Presence of Cytochalasin B: Studies on the “Switch” to IgG Secretion after Polyclonal B Cell Activation
Authors: Van Der Loo Wessel , Severinson Gronowicz Eva , Strober Samuel , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse spleen cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide in conditions that activate both IgM and IgG secretion. Addition of cytochalasin B (CB), an inhibitor of cytokinesis, lead to a high degree of polynucleation, with little effect on Ig secretion. Using cytoplasmic staining with fluorochrome conjugated antisera, we determined the numbers of IgG-containing cells that also contained IgM in their cytoplasm. Such double staining cells were relatively more frequent at early times of the cultures, but at all times single producing cells were in the majority. Addition of CB over the period when the IgG producing cells first appear, lead to a marked increased frequency of double staining, polynucleated cells. This characteristic was stable over a period of at least 42 hr, suggesting that each double staining cell actively synthesized both isotypes. When CB was added after IgG production had started, little increase in the numbers of double staining cells were observed, although polynucleation remained extensive. These data confirm previous findings that the lineage of one cell can produce both IgM and IgG. Furthermore, the results suggest that cells in the process of switching from IgM to IgG go through an asymmetric division leading to one IgM-producing and one IgG-producing daughter cell.
Isolation of a Sperm Membrane Sialoglycoprotein Autoantigen from Rabbit Testes
Authors: O'Rand Michael G. , Porter James P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single rabbit sperm membrane autoantigen has been isolated from rabbit testes by immunoadsorbent chromatography, agarose chromatography, and electrophoresis. This rabbit sperm autoantigen (RSA-1) is located in the sperm plasma membrane and blocks the sperm cytotoxic (immobilizing) activity of autoantisera. RSA-1 is a sialoglycoprotein, approximately 40% carbohydrate and containing 0.2 µg sialic acid/µg protein. Its m.w. is estimated at 13,000 ± 1200 by SDS-PAGE. RSA-1 can self-aggregate into higher m.w. forms. Approximately 0.6 mg of RSA-1 can be isolated from 100 rabbit testes. The isolated RSA-1 shows a 300-fold increase in specific cytotoxic (immobilizing) inhibitory activity over the starting testis pellet material.
Long Term Growth in Vitro of Human T Cell Blasts with Maintenance of Specificity and Function
Authors: Kurnick James T. , Grönvik Kjell-Olof , Kimura Arthur K. , Bertil Lindblom J. , Skoog Valdemar T. , Sjöberg Olof , Wigzell Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T lymphoblasts obtained via antigenic stimulation and gradient centrifugation purification can be maintained as perpetual dividing cells in vitro, retaining specificity and function. By repeated addition of supernatants obtained from in vitro lymphocyte cultures activated with T cell mitogens, one can avoid the need of having antigen continually present, while maintaining proliferation. We have utilized PHA to stimulate tonsil lymphocytes and harvested supernatants after 48-hr. Such supernatants contain growth-supporting factors for T blasts, and these factors are clearly distinguishable from the lectin used to induce the growth factors. Thus, the PHA can be removed from the supernatants via an anti-lectin immunosorbent coupled to Sepharose beads, without having any detectable negative impact on the T blast supporting ability of such supernatants. Conversely, although the lectin is capable of stimulating freshly isolated populations of lymphocytes, the supernatant after lectin removal will not activate detectable numbers of small lymphocytes. In the absence of supernatant factors, antigen-specific cells can also be maintained either by reexposure of the MLR blasts to the original stimulator cell population, or by the addition of the soluble antigen (PPD) to blasts in the company of irradiated syngeneic cells. Alternatively, syngeneic or allogeneic irradiated cells together with mitogen can generate growth-supporting factors and thus sustain blast proliferation.
IgE-Selective and Antigen-Specific Unresponsiveness in Mice
Authors: Usui Mitsuko , Matuhasi Tyoku 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An experimental model was demonstrated in mice for the induction of IgE-selective unresponsiveness to ovalbumin, a protein antigen. An administration of ovalbumin conjugated with pullulan, a linear polymer of glucose, (OA-pullulan) into mice resulted in the induction of a long lasting, IgE-selective unresponsiveness to the subsequent immunization with native OA in the form optimal to elicit IgE antibody response. The IgE-selective unresponsiveness is antigen specific and is infectious to normal mice by transferring the spleen cells from mice receiving OA-pullulan conjugate at least 2 weeks before. In contrast to other modified antigens, OA-pullulan was found to elicit good IgM and IgG antibody responses, but not an IgE response, without the aid of an adjuvant.