bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hemagglutination Test for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Heller George , Kolodny Maxwell H. , Lepow Irwin H. , Jacobson Abraham S. , Rivera Maria E. , Marks Grace H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Modifications of 2 hemagglutination procedures—the SEA and FII tests—for the identification of the rheumatoid agglutinating factors are described. Fractions II, III, IV-1, IV-4 and V were prepared by existing ethanol fractionation procedures from sera of patients with rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid diseases. Only Fraction III prepared from sera of patients with active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis produced positive reactions with the SEA and FII tests. The rheumatoid factors were not demonstrated in the serum or its fractions from patients with other types of rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid diseases. The electrophoretic characteristics of Fraction III were not indicative of the presence of the rheumatoid agglutinating factors. The iso-antibodies and the rheumatoid factors present in Fraction III were shown by absorption procedures to be qualitatively distinct immunological reactants. By absorption and cross reaction procedures, we established that the reactants in the SEA and FII tests were heterogenetically related. Variations in the reactivity of rheumatoid sera as well as their derived Fraction III for the SEA and FII reagents were observed. Several aspects of the hemagglutination reactions are discussed.
Studies with Influenza Virus B of Recent Human Origin
Authors: Ledinko Nada , Perry Beverley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The biphasic course of adaptation to the mouse lung of a type B influenza virus of recent human origin is described. Inoculation of the virus resulted in the production of extensive pulmonary consolidation and multiplication of virus as determined by hemagglutinin and egg infectivity titrations of bronchial washings. Continued passage resulted in a gradual decrease in consolidation and a depression of multiplication resulting in no demonstrable hemagglutinin and a decrease in egg infectivity titer. A subsequent gradual rise in consolidation and an increase of hemagglutinin and egg infectious particles were found. During the early phases of adaptation, a “functionally deficient” form of virus was produced. A study of the character of the lesion-producing capacity of the unadapted virus revealed that (a) the extent of lung lesions obtained paralleled the dosage of virus inoculated, and (b) the extent of consolidation produced was found to correlate with the production of hemagglutinin units. Continued passage in the chick embryo resulted in a diminished ability of unadapted virus, upon introduction into the mouse lung, to multiply and to produce consolidation.
Fall in Rectal Temperature as an Indication of Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse
Authors: Kind Leon S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A fall in rectal temperature regularly accompanies anaphylactic shock produced by the intraperitoneal injection of horse serum into horse serum-sensitized mice. The dose of horse serum which lowered the temperature of sensitized mice did not cause a drop in the temperature of non-sensitized control animals. Much larger doses of horse serum also had little effect on the rectal temperature of non-sensitized mice. The advantages to be derived from the use of thermal measurements in anaphylaxis are discussed.
Differentiation and Purification of Influenza Viruses by Adsorption on Aluminum Phosphate
Authors: Miller Herbert K. , Schlesinger R. Walter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the adsorption of five strains of influenza virus on aluminum phosphate has been presented. Each strain shows a characteristic adsorption pattern which can be used for rapid and efficient differentiation. This information has been applied to the separation of an artificial mixture of the PR8 and Lee strains.
The method was applied to the purification of large batches of Melbourne strain by the use of supported columns. Eleven purified samples of virus harvested 14 hours after inoculation of 10-3 diluted seed virus gave an average log (ID50/g.N) of 15.2 with a range of 15.0 to 15.3. Criteria for the degree of purity of these samples have been presented.
Within the limits of experimental error, the yield was quantitative. No significant inactivation of virus was encountered.
Quantitative Studies on the Bactericidal Actions of Serum and Complement
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Treffers Henry P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid photometric assay method is presented for the titration of the bactericidal activity of antisera or of complement. Like the conventional plate count assay method it requires an initial reaction period, during which the organisms, antibody, and complement interact. In our method, the relative numbers of organisms surviving are then determined by their growth rate properties on subculture, the quantitation of the relative total growth being made with a photoelectric colorimeter. Linear plots are obtained (on normal-deviate or probit graph paper) between the percentage kill and the dosage (in logarithmic units). From this the 50% end point and the response slope may be determined. If the culture density is standardized, the standard deviation of the absolute titer is about 10%; without such control, only the titers relative to a reference serum may be determined with this precision. Several factors which influence the test are discussed.
Studies of the Retention and Properties of S35 Labeled Antigen in Livers of Immunized Rabbits
Authors: Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of loss of S35 from livers of rabbits, which had received nine injections of tagged antigen, diminished with time and became fairly constant at four weeks after the last injection. The percentage of antigen retained at six weeks in the liver, as based upon total amount injected, was less for rabbits which received repeated injections than for those which received only a single injection. Antigen in the soluble fraction of liver was present in two forms as shown by electrophoresis, salt-precipitation and serological activity. Three days after the last of nine injections, both precipitating antigen and non-precipitating antigen (by specific inhibition) were present. Five to six weeks later only non-precipitating antigen was present.
Virus Yield Per Cell in Monkey Kidney Cultures Inoculated with Different Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Youngner J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique has been devised to estimate virus yield per cell in cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells infected with different strains of the three immunologic types of poliomyelitis virus. Under the conditions employed, the range of variation in plaque-forming units produced per cell by 7 type 1 strains was from 132–612 (mean 256); for 6 type 2 strains from 68–270 (mean 151) and for 5 type 3 strains from 36–127 (mean 87).
The Incidence of Antigen J in Cattle and the Production of Anti-J by Isoimmunization
Authors: Elliott Robert A. , Ferguson L. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The study of the incidence of the J antigen in cattle demonstrated that 55.3% of the cattle tested possessed the antigen in the soluble form. In hemolytic tests for the cellular antigen, 34.5% of the animals reacted with one serum and 23.9% reacted with the other serum. Thirty-seven % of the J-positive animals were not detectable by the hemolytic test.
The naturally occurring antibody was detectable in the serum of 23.5% of the animals at the time they were tested. It was impossible to demonstrate either antigen or antibody in the serum of 21.2% of the animals. These animals are thought to be capable of producing antibody for J antigen.
Isoimmunization, with the J antigen in the form of whole blood, plasma-free red blood cells, and cell-free plasma, stimulated the production of antibodies specific for the J antigen.
The Effect of Cortisone on Isohemagglutinin Production in Mice
Authors: Kaliss Nathan , Hoecker Gustavo , Bryant Bradley F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Isohemagglutinins were produced in C57 Black mice, in response to the injections of extracts of three different transplantable mouse tumors, each indigenous to a different inbred strain (other than the C57 Black). These hemagglutinins will cross-react with the red cells of mice of each of the three inbred strains to which the tumors are indigenous. It was found that: (a) cortisone inhibits antibody production when injected simultaneously with any of the three tumor extracts during primary immunization. The inhibition persists for up to three and one-half months when mice are reimmunized with one of the tumor extracts, or when a second one of the tumors is used for the succeeding immunization, though no cortisone is administered after the primary immunization. However, antibody is produced to the third tumor, no matter which tumor had been used for primary immunization; (b) mice, in which antibody production has been established by primary immunization (no cortisone administered), exhibit a marked secondary response though cortisone is administered during reimmunization.
In Vivo Studies on Precipitin Production by the Rabbit Spleen
Authors: Stevens Kingsley M. , Riley Philip A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three-kilogram rabbits were injected intravenously, intrasplenically and intraportally with 4 or 40 mg of alum-precipitated bovine γ globulin (BGG). At both dosage levels the peak precipitin responses were as follows: intravenous &gt;; intrasplenic = intraportal. Antibody responses of small groups given soluble BGG were intravenous = intraportal &gt; intrasplenic.
In an attempt to determine any correlation between antigen concentration in an organ and serum antibody levels, the distribution of soluble and alum-precipitated I131 human serum albumin (HSA) was studied in certain organs of normal rabbits at 15 minutes and 24 hours after intravenous, intrasplenic and intraportal injections. No good correlation was found. An unexpected finding was that, when injected intravenously, eight times as much antigen was found in the lungs 15 minutes after alum-precipitated antigen as after soluble antigen.
Splenectomized rabbits produced about 40% as much antibody as controls following intravenous injection of alum-precipitated BGG.
The Influence of Immunization and Total Body X-Irradiation on Intracellular Digestion by Peritoneal Phagocytes
Authors: Donaldson David M. , Marcus Stanley , Gyi Ko Ko , Perkins Eugene H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Total body x-irradiation suppresses intracellular digestion of chicken erythrocytes by the peritoneal phagocytes of mice and rabbits. Such digestive function was normal on the second and eighteenth postirradiation days but was depressed on the sixth through the fourteenth day following 350-r total body irradiation of mice. When the irradiation dose was increased to 450 r, digestion of chicken erythrocytes by mouse phagocytes did not return to normal until the twenty-sixth day. The inhibition of phagocyte digestion of Candida guilliermondi followed the same pattern as observed with chicken red blood cells. Immunization with chicken erythrocytes caused an increase in the digestion of these cells by the phagocytes from mice and rabbits. The immunization-induced increase in digestive capacity was reversed by irradiation procedures that did not appreciably alter serum antibody titers. In vitro tests carried out in the presence of serum from immunized and immunized-irradiated rabbits revealed that the beneficial effect of immunization and the detrimental effect of irradiation on phagocyte digestion were due to alterations in the phagocytic cell and not due to the humoral changes that follow irradiation or immunization.
The Development of the Phage-Inactivating Properties of Serum During the Course of Specific Immunization of an Animal: Reversible and Irreversible Inactivation
Authors: Jerne Niels K. , Avegno Perla 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera obtained from early and late bleedings of the same animal during the course of immunization against bacteriophage T4 are different in character. Among the T4 particles inactivated by such sera two fractions can be distinguished, one of which can be reactivated on dilution, the other not. In late serum the former fraction is minute; inactivation is practically irreversible. In early serum a large fraction of the inactivated particles can be reactivated on dilution.
Reactivation is approximately a first order process. The rate of reactivation is decreased by lowering the temperature or the ionic strength of the medium.
The Presence in Normal Serum of Specific Antibody Against Bacteriophage T4 and Its Increase During the Earliest Stages of Immunization
Authors: Jerne Niels K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of normal animals contain minute amounts of a specific antibody A which can act on T4 bacteriophage. The relative concentrations of antibody A in different sera can be precisely measured. The concentration of antibody A in the blood of an animal may be increased by a factor 100 within 4 days after stimulating the animals with a single injection of T4 antigen. It is not increased on immunization with unrelated antigens. On immunization with T4 phage the production of antibody A precedes the production of T4-inactivating antibodies in time, and thus provides a means of investigating the early stages of the response of an animal to an antigen stimulus. Antibody A reveals its presence by permanently activating T4 particles of certain strains which are reversibly activated by tryptophane and other cofactors. The kinetics of activation suggest the following points concerning the activation mechanism. Structures at each of about five sites on a T4 particle oscillate independently between two states. A particle can become active when all sites are simultaneously in the positive state. Antibody A, tryptophane, and indole act only on individual positive sites, retarding or precipitating their relapse into the negative state.
The Antitoxin Response of Schick-Negative Rheumatic and Non-Rheumatic Subjects to Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Quinn Robert W. , Bridgforth Edwin B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nineteen Schick-negative children with rheumatic fever and 18 Schick-negative non-rheumatic children were given a booster dose of diphtheria toxoid subcutaneously. There were marked individual differences in antibody response but no significant differences between the group of rheumatics and the group of non-rheumatics. Diphtheria antitoxin precipitated in the toxin-antitoxin complex was much less than the amount actually present as measured in vivo in the rabbit. There appeared to be no definite evidence for the production of non-precipitating, skin-sensitizing antibodies by either rheumatics or non-rheumatics. The findings of this experiment furnish further evidence that Schick-negative individuals with rheumatic fever in either the active or inactive phase do not respond differently to diphtheria toxoid than do non-rheumatic individuals.
Effects of Trypsin and Certain Surface-Active Agents on Meningo-Pneumonitis Virus and on Normal Chorio-Allantoic Membrane Particulates
Authors: Crocker T. Timothy 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Crude suspensions of meningo-pneumonitis virus from infective allantoic fluid (IAF) and particle suspensions from homogenates of normal chorio-allantoic membranes (NCAM) of chicken embryos were prepared by identical centrifugation and were adjusted to comparable turbidity. The NCAM suspension was considered to be a reasonable control for the IAF suspension because both reacted similarly on incubation with trypsin and morphologically similar particles appeared in both suspensions. Essentially all particles in NCAM and 30 to 50% of particles in IAF suspensions were destroyed by desoxycholate and digitonin under conditions which did not reduce viral infectivity. Two particle classes remained in IAF suspensions after detergent treatment: typical elementary bodies and large forms of 0.5 to 2.0 μ diameter. The large forms were altered tinctorially by detergent exposure which did not alter viral infectivity and some were reduced to empty membranous “ghosts.” Exposure to surface-active agents under conditions which lowered viral infectivity caused nearly the same tinctorial changes in elementary bodies as lesser exposure had produced in large forms, and “ghosts” of elementary bodies appeared. The similarity between elementary bodies and large forms, and the resistance of these structures to treatment which destroyed normal tissue particles, strengthens the morphologic identity of the large forms as viral components of the P-LV group and provides a means of purification of the virus.
Immunologic Studies on Persons Residing in a Plague Endemic Area
Authors: Payne Francis E. , Smadel Joseph E. , Courdurier Jean 
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary
The current work adds information on the character of the serologic response in persons recovered from pneumonic or bubonic plague and establishes that this response is modified by vaccination. Unvaccinated persons recovered from either form of the disease usually possess appreciable levels of antibody against capsular protein for months or years but rarely maintain significant amounts of antitoxin. In contrast, those who had been vaccinated prior to infection usually have appreciable amounts of both types of antibodies for months or years after recovery.
It was concluded on the basis of the limited experience of others and ourselves that a single inoculation of living attenuated P. pestis, strain EV, elicits demonstrable antibody and antitoxin in relatively few persons. The present study clearly demonstrates that after basic immunization with strain EV, subsequent injections of the vaccine over a period of years progressively enhance the production and maintenance of the antibodies by the individual and by the group.
The detection of antibodies against the capsular protein and toxin of P. pestis in sera of a few Malgache with no known history of plague or vaccination once again raises the possibility that unrecognized and possibly clinically inapparent infections with P. pestis do occur in persons residing in an area endemic for plague.
Purified murine toxin of P. pestis produces erythema and edema in the skin of normal persons but intradermally injected capsular protein is relatively non-toxic. In general, fewer vaccinated and unvaccinated Malgache reacted positively to toxin than did normal American volunteers. As little as 11 μg of intradermally injected capsular protein, unlike a similar amount of toxin, elicited an appreciable specific antibody response in the majority of previously vaccinated, but not unvaccinated, persons. Comparison was made between dermal reactivity to these 2 antigens and the concurrent level of circulating specific antibody; however, no clear-cut relationship between skin reactivity and circulating antibody was forthcoming.
A Comparative Study of Type 2 Poliomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Kamitsuka Paul , Lenahan Margaret , Melnick Joseph L. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An antigenic analysis of 18 type 2 polio viruses has been made by means of cross-neutralization tests in tissue culture. Differing antigenic components entered into the constitution of the various strains making it possible to classify them into three major categories, namely, strains identical or closely related to the prototype Lansing virus, strains distinctly different from the Lansing virus, and intermediate strains.
Differences in antigenic constitution of the type 2 polio viruses studied were observed in reciprocal CF tests using 1) the strains as viral antigens and studying their reaction with reference heterotypic sera, and 2) type 2 antisera and reference viral antigens of the three polio virus types and studying their reaction with antisera prepared against each of the type 2 strains under study. On the basis of these tests at least four of 15 type 2 polio viruses studied contained type 1 components in the composite antigenic structure.
Studies of the Immunochemistry of Leptospires
Authors: Rothstein Nathaniel , Hiatt C. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Extraction of leptospiral cells with 70% ethanol yielded a product which could be subdivided into two portions on the basis of solubility in distilled water. The soluble portion contained two antigenic components as evidenced by its ability to invoke both genus-specific precipitins and type-specific agglutinins in the rabbit. The agglutinins could be removed from antiserum by absorption with homologous organisms.
On the basis of these observations, it was postulated that leptospires contain two major antigenic components: a P antigen, which is a peripheral, type-specific principle, and an S antigen, which is a somatic, genus-specific principle. The S antigen appears to be a lipopolysaccharide; the chemical nature of the P antigen remains undefined.
Characteristics of the New Respiratory Viruses (Adenoviruses)
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization titrations carried out with types 1–4 APC-RI viruses and type-specific rabbit sera, as well as human convalescent sera, indicated that preliminary incubation of virus-serum mixtures at 22° or 37°C was necessary to obtain maximum titers. Prolongation of the incubation period beyond 30 min did not increase the neutralization titer appreciably; with human convalescent sera, neutralization titers were similar whether a mixture of serum and either type 3 or 4 virus was incubated 30 min at 4°C or 120 min at 37°C.
Investigation of the quantitative aspects of the neutralization reaction with the new respiratory viruses and type-specific immune sera indicates that the reaction between the two components, expressed as logarithms to the base 10, describes a linear relationship. The ratio between the two variables, the logarithm of the quantity of virus neutralized and the logarithm of the serum dilution end point, was 1.0 for types 3 and 4 viruses and 2.0 for types 1 and 2 viruses. The species of animal from which serum was obtained for the neutralization titrations did not influence the slope of the neutralization line.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aging of chicken antisera at 4°C or at -20°C resulted in: (a) an increase in interfacial titers with tests performed in 1.8% NaCl. (b) a decrease in nitrogen precipitation when the quantitative tests were performed in 8% NaCl. (c) an increase in nitrogen precipitation with most antisera when the quantitative tests were performed in 1% NaCl. Inactivation of chicken complement by versene is to be preferred to heat (56°C, ½ hour) since the latter may contribute to the co-precipitation of nonspecific nitrogen when the quantitative test is performed in 8% NaCl. Treatment with versene decreased the nitrogen precipitation in the antigen excess region of the precipitin curve. This was quite evident in 1% NaCl. Some explanations for the points noted above were given.
Cross Reactions of Polyglucoses in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Jahrmärker Hans , Björklund Bertll , Adams John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A synthetic polyglucose fraction is shown to precipitate more antibody nitrogen from Types II, IX, XII, XX, and XXII antipneumococcal horse sera than do various glycogens, amylopectins, and other natural polyglucoses. Quantitative data are given. Various features of these cross reactions and the compositions of certain of the precipitates are discussed. Use is made of the action of amylase on glycogen-antibody precipitates for the partial purification and concentration of cross-reactive antibody. Preliminary results are given with an analytical method which appears to provide a new criterion of homogeneity for carbohydrates composed of a single sugar or polysaccharides not fractionated by a single precipitation with an antiserum.