Rhabdoid tumors in patients conceived following ART: is there an association?
Authors: Nemes Karolina , Benesch Martin , Kolarova Julia , Johann Pascal , Hasselblatt Martin , Thomas Christian , Bens Susanne , Glaser Selina , Ammerpohl Ole , Liaugaudiene Olga , Sadeghipour Alireza , von der Weid Nicolas , Schmid Irene , Gidding Corrie , Erdreich-Epstein Anat , Khurana Claudia , Ebetsberger-Dachs Georg , Lemmer Andreas , Khatib Ziad , Hernández Marqués Carmen , Pears Jane , Quehenberger Franz , Kordes Uwe , Vokuhl Christian , Gerss Joachim , Schwarz Heike , Bison Brigitte , Biegel Jaclyn A , Siebert Reiner , Frühwald Michael C 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
In children affected by rhabdoid tumors (RT), are there clinical, therapeutic, and/or (epi-)genetic differences between those conceived following ART compared to those conceived without ART?

SUMMARY ANSWER
We detected a significantly elevated female predominance, and a lower median age at diagnosis, of children with RT conceived following ART (RT_ART) as compared to other children with RT.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Anecdotal evidence suggests an association of ART with RT.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This was a multi-institutional retrospective survey. Children with RT conceived by ART were identified in our EU-RHAB database (n = 11/311 children diagnosed between January 2010 and January 2018) and outside the EU-RHAB database (n = 3) from nine different countries. A population-representative German EU-RHAB control cohort of children with RTs conceived without ART (n = 211) (EU-RHAB control cohort) during the same time period was used as a control cohort for clinical, therapeutic, and survival analyses. The median follow-up time was 11.5 months (range 0–120 months) for children with RT_ART and 18.5 months (range 0–153 months) for the EU-RHAB control cohort.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
We analyzed 14 children with RT_ART diagnosed from January 2010 to January 2018. We examined tumors and matching blood samples for SMARCB1 mutations and copy number alterations using FISH, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and DNA sequencing. DNA methylation profiling of tumor and/or blood samples was performed using DNA methylation arrays and compared to respective control cohorts of similar age (n = 53 tumors of children with RT conceived without ART, and n = 38 blood samples of children with no tumor born small for gestational age).

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
The median age at diagnosis of 14 individuals with RT_ART was 9 months (range 0–66 months), significantly lower than the median age of patients with RT (n = 211) in the EU-RHAB control cohort (16 months (range 0–253), P = 0.03). A significant female predominance was observed in the RT_ART cohort (M:F ratio: 2:12 versus 116:95 in EU-RHAB control cohort, P = 0.004). Eight of 14 RT_ART patients were diagnosed with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, three with extracranial, extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor, one with rhabdoid tumor of the kidney and two with synchronous tumors. The location of primary tumors did not differ significantly in the EU-RHAB control cohort (P = 0.27). Six of 14 RT_ART patients presented with metastases at diagnosis. Metastatic stage was not significantly different from that within the EU-RHAB control cohort (6/14 vs 88/211, P = 1). The incidence of pathogenic germline variants was five of the 12 tested RT_ART patients and, thus, not significantly different from the EU-RHAB control cohort (5/12 versus 36/183 tested, P = 0.35). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) rates of RT_ART patients were 42.9 ± 13.2% and 21.4 ± 11%, respectively, and thus comparable to the EU-RHAB control cohort (OS 41.1 ± 3.5% and EFS 32.1 ± 3.3). We did not find other clinical, therapeutic, outcome factors distinguishing patients with RT_ART from children with RTs conceived without ART (EU-RHAB control cohort). DNA methylation analyses of 10 tumors (atypical teratoid RT = 6, extracranial, extrarenal malignant RT = 4) and six blood samples from RT_ART patients showed neither evidence of a general DNA methylation difference nor underlying imprinting defects, respectively, when compared to a control group (n = 53 RT samples of patients without ART, P = 0.51, n = 38 blood samples of patients born small for gestational age, P = 0.1205).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
RTs are very rare malignancies and our results are based on a small number of children with RT_ART.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
This cohort of patients with RT_ART demonstrated a marked female predominance, and a rather low median age at diagnosis even for RTs. Other clinical, treatment, outcome, and molecular factors did not differ from those conceived without ART (EU-RHAB control cohort) or reported in other series, and there was no evidence for imprinting defects. Long-term survival is achievable even in cases with pathogenic germline variants, metastatic disease at diagnosis, or relapse. The female preponderance among RT_ART patients is not yet understood and needs to be evaluated, ideally in larger international series.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
M.C.F. is supported by the ‘Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung’ DKS 2020.10, by the ‘Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft’ DFG FR 1516/4-1 and by the Deutsche Krebshilfe 70113981. R.S. received grant support by Deutsche Krebshilfe 70114040 and for infrastructure by the KinderKrebsInitiative Buchholz/Holm-Seppensen. P.D.J. is supported by the Else-Kroener-Fresenius Stiftung and receives a Max-Eder scholarship from the Deutsche Krebshilfe. M.H. is supported by DFG (HA 3060/8-1) and IZKF Münster (Ha3/017/20). BB is supported by the ‘Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung’ DKS 2020.05. We declare no competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.