bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Leukemia-Associated Antigens: Detection on Cells of Established Lymphoblastoid Lines
Authors: Mohanakumar T. , Pauly John L. , Sokal Joseph E. , Metzgar Richard S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primate and rabbit antisera to different morphologic classes of human leukemia cells, after appropriate absorptions, detected leukemia-associated antigens present on cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from leukemia patients. The primate antisera distinguished antigens on cells derived from myeloid leukemia patients from those on cells derived from lymphocytic leukemia patients. Of particular interest was the fact that antigens of myeloid leukemia, but not of lymphatic leukemia, were detected on lymphoid cell lines established from blood of patients with myeloid leukemia. One of four lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from normal donors expressed antigens of lymphatic leukemia. Leukemia-associated antigens were not found on the HRIK lymphoblastoid line derived from a Burkitt's lymphoma patient on skin fibroblasts or HeLa cells. Expression of these antigens on cultured cells derived from leukemia patients could not be related to the presence of the EB virus or the EB virus genome. Rabbit antisera detected antigens common to cells from patients with myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia. Absorption experiments demonstrated that the antigens detected on cell lines derived from leukemia patients are similar to those detected by the primate and rabbit antisera on fresh peripheral blood leukemic cells. The serologic detection of leukemia-associated antigens on lymphoblastoid cell lines indicates that some of these cultures contain cells with antigenic properties similar to those of human peripheral blood leukemic cells.
Cytotoxic T Cell Activity is Strain-Specific in Outbred Mice Infected with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Dunlop Malcolm B. C. , Doherty Peter C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxic T cell response in outbred mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is strain specific. The same is true for adoptive transfer of fatal LCM disease. The response of individuals within an outbred strain is completely cross-reactive, as shown by using immune lymphocytes and virus-infected macrophage targets from individual mice. Reciprocal exclusion of cytotoxic T cell activity between inbred and outbred mouse strains is the rule, the exception being one strain (H) known to have some C57BL ancestry. Immune T cells from one of 7 H mice specifically lysed LCMV-infected C57BL macrophages. Experiments with inbred mice have shown that only one allele need be shared at either the H-2K or H-2D locus for cytotoxic T cell activity to be manifest. Adoptive transfer protocols may thus be considered in outbred situations, providing that T cells are effective before allograft rejection occurs. Also, the LCMV cytotoxic T cell assay may be useful for determining the degree of H-2 variability in wild mouse populations, as novel H-2 types can be detected and mice need not be congenic.
Rapid Isolation of Antigens from Cells with A Staphylococcal Protein A-Antibody Adsorbent: Parameters of the Interaction of Antibody-Antigen Complexes with Protein A
Authors: Kessler Steven W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Cowan I strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has been used as an adsorbent for antibodies complexed with radiolabeled antigens from cell lysates. This application is advanced as a superior alternative to other methods of immune precipitation for the isolation of antigens. It exploits the high adsorption capacity for IgG molecules by protein A molecules on the cell walls of certain strains of staphylococci, along with the advantageous sedimentation properties of the bacteria. The interaction of immune complexes with the adsorbent was defined initially using a model system of bovine serum albumin with a high excess of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies (IgG). The uptake of immune complexes under these conditions was extremely rapid, occurring within seconds, whereas maximum binding of free IgG was much slower. In addition, once bound the complexed antigen could not be displaced from the adsorbent either by large amounts of normal IgG or by extra free antibody. Antigen could be eluted almost completely from the inert adsorbent for analytic or preparative purposes with a variety of solvent systems, such as the detergent SDS in combination with urea and high temperature, and neutral salts with strong lyotropic salting in properties.
The efficacy of the protein A-antibody adsorption technique was tested in direct comparisons with a conventional double antibody precipitation method for the isolation of mouse lymphocyte IgM. The bacterial adsorbent not only had a distinct advantage in speed of antigen isolation, but analyses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS also revealed consistently higher antigen recoveries, lower levels of background radioactivity, and an absence of other cell components which may nonspecifically bind to and complicate analyses using conventional immune precipitates.
Effects of Anti-Ia Serum on Mitogenic Responses
Authors: Niederhuber John E. , Frelinger Jeffrey A. , Dugan Elizabeth , Coutinho A. , Shreffler D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Specific anti-Ia serum in combination with rabbit complement removed the B lymphocyte population normally responsive to LPS mitogenic stimulation. Significant inhibition of this proliferative response was also obtained by brief periods of cell pretreatment with anti-Ia antibodies, but not with specific anti-H-2K antibodies. The population of splenic B cells resistant to anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement was blocked in a very similar manner by anti-Ia serum, but not by anti-H-2 serum.
Functional Deficiency of Splenic Adherent Cells in New Zealand Black Mice
Authors: McCombs Candace , Hom Joanne , Talal Norman , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New Zealand Black (NZB) mice hyporespond after in vitro immunization to sheep erythrocytes but not after in vivo immunization. The difference between in vitro and in vivo immunization was found to involve a non-antigen-specific change in the spleen which occurs in vivo soon after priming. Adherent spleen cells from young NZB or control strain mice were compared in their ability to cooperate with nonadherent cells in the induction of a primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro. The results support the hypothesis that there is a functional deficiency of adherent cells in the spleens of unprimed NZB mice.
Chlamydia Trachomatis Immunotype J
Authors: Wang San-Pin , Grayston J. Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new immunotype J is proposed for a group of Chlamydia trachomatis strains which are related to trachoma type C in the microimmunofluorescence typing test. Ten immunologically identical strains have been identified from four separate areas of the world. The strains were either isolated from the genital tract or from eye infection originating from the genital tract. They grow readily in HeLa 229 cell culture but poorly in egg culture. Whereas two-way cross-reactions were found between types C and J, tests with mouse antisera cross-absorbed with heterologous antigens showed that type J is completely separable from type C. The J strain caused typical follicular conjunctivitis in monkey eyes. Both humans and monkeys infected with J strains developed type-specific micro IF antibody patterns similar to immunized mouse antisera. C antisera showed broader and higher titer heterologous reactions than J antisera.
Two immunologically identical strains, UW-61/Cx and 469/OC, related to both C and J, remain unclassified. They immunologically bridge the two types but are more closely related to type C immunologically and at the same time resemble type J epidemiologically and biologically.
Partial Characterization of Murine Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)
Authors: Kühner Alice L. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies describe the production of murine migration inhibitory factor (MIF)3 in sufficient quantities to allow its partial characterization by physiochemical and enzymatic methods. MIF was obtained from murine spleen cell cultures (C57BL/6 strain) stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A). Characterization of murine MIF was performed using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography, isopycnic centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient, polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, heat stability, and enzymatic treatment. MIF-containing and control fractions were assayed on normal C57BL/6 peritoneal exudate cells by using a microcapillary tube assay.
Peak MIF activity was found in a Sephadex G-100 fraction containing molecules the size of albumin and slightly smaller, molecular weight 67,000 to 48,000. Murine MIF was stable to heating at 56°C for 30 min but lost its activity at 80°C for 30 min. Incubation of G-100 fractions containing MIF with water insoluble chymotrypsin destroyed the activity of MIF, indicating its protein nature. CsCl density gradient centrifugation revealed that murine MIF had a buoyant density greater than protein, consistent with its being a glycoprotein. Further, when subjected to disc electrophoresis on polyacylamide gels, murine MIF migrated in a region cathodal to albumin. Thus, mitogen stimulation of murine spleen cells produced MIF in quantities which allowed its partial characterization and purification, and its comparison with human and guinea pig MIF; this makes it feasible to analyze the role of murine MIF in cellular immunity and in its relationship to lymphocyte mediators which regulate humoral immune responses.
The Effect of Heat-Killed Streptococci on the Survival of Heart Grafts in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Davis William C. , Pachman Lauren M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies with inbred strains of mice revealed that exposure to type 12, Group A, β-hemolytic streptococci affects the host response to heart grafts implanted in the ear. Intraperitoneal injection of streptococci 10 days before grafting led to curtailed survival of syngrafts without altering the normal rejection time of allografts. Similar sensitization, combined with local injection of streptococci into the graft site at the time of grafting, was followed by rapid rejection of both syngrafts and allografts. The time interval between exposure and grafting was critical. Injection with streptococci 5 days before grafting led to a prolonged survival of allografts and no demonstrable effect on syngrafts. In contrast, injection of streptococci 15 days before grafting did not alter survival of either type of graft. The data indicate heart grafts implanted in the ear may serve as a useful model for the study of the host responses to streptococcal antigens.
The Effects of External K+ and Na+ on the Chemotaxis of Rabbit Peritoneal Neutrophils
Authors: Showell Henry J. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extracellular K+ enhances the chemotactic responsiveness and spontaneous movement of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils but is not required for these functions. Other monovalent cations act the same; the rank order of their effectiveness is K+ = NH4 τ; Rb+ Cs+ τ; Li = Na. The K+ specific ionophore, valinomycin (10-7 M) inhances chemotaxis in the presence of K+ but not in its absence; another K+-specific ionophore, nigericin (10-7 M) inhibits chemotaxis in the absence of K+ but not in its presence. Ouabain (5 × 10-6 M) prevents the enhancing effects of K+ on chemotaxis. Removing the Na+ of the buffer and substituting it with K+, choline or glucose greately enhances spontaneous motility but depresses chemotactic activity. One hypothesis suggested by the above results is that as a part of their action, chemotactic factors stimulate a net influx of K+ into the neutrophil; and alternative or additional hypothesis is that chemotactic factors stimulate a net efflux of Na+ from the neutrophil.
In Vitro Immune Response to the 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl Determinant in Aged C57BL/6J Mice: Changes in the Humoral Immune Response to, Avidity for the TNP Determinant and Responsiveness to LPS Effect with Aging
Authors: Kishimoto Susumu , Takahama Toshikatsu , Mizumachi Hachiro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro anti-TNP response of the spleen cells from aged C57BL/6J mice showed approximately 4-fold less PFC than did that from young adult mice. Anti-θ serum-treated young spleen cells gave an anti-TNP response that was definitely greater than the response of the anti-θ serum-treated aged spleen cells in the presence of the exogenous activated thymus cells as helper cells. These results suggested that the deficits in B cells may be partly responsible for the imparied anti-TNP response of the aged spleen cells.
To examine further the capacity of stem cells in the bone marrow to generate B cells responsible for anti-TNP response in the spleen, we injected i.v. 1.5 to 2.0 × 107 bone marrow cells from young or aged mice into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients that had previously been thymectomized. Four to 6 weeks later, 107 spleen cells from the two groups of these recipient mice were immunized with TNP-SRBC in the presence of the exogenous activated thymus cells and assayed for anti-TNP PFC. The response of the aged marrow-derived B cells was approximately one-half of that of the young marrow-derived B cells.
The avidity for TNP determinant of the antibodies produced by the PFC was determined by the plaque-inhibition technique. The avidity of the antibodies produced by the aged mice was approximately 33 times lower than that by the young mice.
Anti-TNP response of the young spleen cells were markedly enhanced by the addition of LPS to the cultures, whereas no or little enhancement of the response was induced in the aged spleen cells even in the presence of high concentration of LPS. In contrast, DNA synthesis of both the young and aged spleen cells was comparably stimulated by 1 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml of LPS, however, it was rather less in the aged spleen cells at a concentration of 100 µg/ml.
Mechanisms responsible for the changes in avidity and responsiveness to LPS with aging are discussed.
K Cell Cytotoxicity against Antibody-Coated Chicken Erythrocytes in Tumor-Bearing Mice: Its Development with Progressively Growing Tumor and the Effect of Immunization against the Tumor
Authors: Ghaffar A. , Calder Elizabeth A. , Irvine W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent (K cell) cytotoxic activity of spleen cells from mice bearing a chemically induced fibrosarcoma has been studied by using antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes as target cells. Spleen cells from tumor-bearing animals caused a significantly greater degree of target cells destruction than did those from control animals. The elevated cytotoxic activity in tumor-bearing animals increased with time after the tumor inoculation and correlated directly with the size of the tumor. The development of increased cytotoxic activity could be circumvented by surgical removal of the tumor. Mice that received x-irradiated tumor cells or x-irradiated tumor cells followed by a live challenge did not show a tumor growth and also failed to show increased K cell cytotoxic activity. It has been concluded that the increased K cell activity results directly from the active growth of the tumor. The role of K cells in immunosurveillance has been discussed.
T Cell Memory for the Cytotoxic Response to Hapten-Modified Target Cells
Authors: Koren Hillel S. , Wunderlich John R. , Inman John K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study describes the development of memory and cytotoxic murine T cells against syngeneic hapten N =[N-(3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenyl-acetyl)-β-alanylglycylglycyl] associated antigen. Memory activity in this system had the following characteristics. a) In vitro challenged cells primed in vivo resulted in an augmented cytotoxic response compared to cells primed in vitro. b) The augmented cytotoxic response in vitro was antigen-specific for both target cells in the lytic reaction and stimulator cells in the secondary response. c) Memory activity was long lasting (at least 2 months). d) Memory cells were not cytotoxic. e) Memory activity as well as the cytotoxic cells generated in a secondary response in vitro were T cell dependent. These findings are consistent with the results of others who have investigated T cell dependent memory in other cell-mediated reactions.
The Effects of Age on the Immune Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide (SIII) and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BALB/c, SJL/J, and C3H Mice
Authors: Smith A. Mason 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to evaluate B cell and T cell regulatory functions in BALB/c, SJL/J, and C3H mice of various ages. It was found that the BALB/c and C3H mice could mount high level plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to SIII at various ages through 110 weeks whereas the levels of the SJL/J PFC responses had begun to decline by the age of 42 weeks through the age of 80 weeks. BALB/c mice were also capable of producing strong PFC responses to LPS at various ages through 110 weeks whereas the comparable SJL/J PFC responses to LPS had declined by 80 weeks of age. By using anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) and low-dose paralysis to SIII, it was shown that suppressor T cell activity was apparently greater in young BALB/c mice than in older BALB/c mice. It was also found that paralysis to SIII in BALB/c mice was easier to achieve at an early age. SJL/J mice were found to have the necessary B cell activity to respond to SIII through 80 weeks of age and the PFC responses could be greatly enhanced by ALS. Implications of the roles of regulatory T cells in aging are discussed.
Production of IgG Antibodies and Enhanced Response of Nude Mice to DNP-AE-Dextran
Authors: Rüde Erwin , Wrede Jürgen , Gundelach Marie L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
DNP-AE-dextran, prepared by the binding of DNP-ε-aminocaproyl residues to aminoethylated dextran (predominantly α-1,6-linked), induced a T-independent anti-DNP antibody response in mice. However, certain differences were observed between the response to this antigen in normal and nude mice. Thus, the antibody titers of nu/nu mice from day 10 to 38 after immunization were significantly higher than those of nu/+ controls. Furthermore, DNP-AE-dextran induced a weak secondary response in nu/+ but not in nu/nu mice.
For both thymusless and normal mice the production of IgG in addition to IgM antibodies to DNP-AE-dextran could be established. The former included antibodies of the IgG1 subclass which were considered to be particularly thymus dependent (1). The higher response of nu/nu mice was reflected mainly in the increased production of IgG antibodies. Under the influence of a graft-vs-host reaction, a 10-fold increase in antibody titers to DNP-AE-dextran was observed, due entirely to an enhanced IgG response.
Isolation of Alternative Pathway C3 Convertase Containing Uncleaved B and Formed in the Presence of C3 Nephritic Factor (C3NeF)
Authors: Daha Mohammed R. , Fearon Douglas T. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of serum from patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis to interact with normal human serum to inactivate C3 was ascribed to the presence of C3 nephritic factor3 (C3NeF)4 (1). The action of C3NeF was magnesium ion dependent, operative in C4 deficient serum (2), and impaired in serum selectively deficient in B and D̄ (3) indicating that C3 cleavage occurred by the alternative pathway. Fluid phase interaction of C3, B, and D̄ in the presence of C3NeF permits recovery of C3 convertase with an estimated sedimentation rate of 10S containing at least C3̄ and B̄ (4). The present study shows that interaction of larger amounts of C3NeF with C3 and B in the absence of D̄ allows isolation of a 10S complex containing C3 and B̄, an uncleaved form of B, and manifesting C3-cleaving activity.
Materials and Methods. B (5), D̄ (6, 7), D̄ (7), and C3 (8, 9) were purified to homogeneity and quantitated as described.
Specific Antigen-Binding and Antibody-Secreting Lymphocytes Associated with the Erythrocyte Autoantibody Responses of NZB and Genetically Unrelated Mice
Authors: DeHeer David H. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The receptor characteristics as well as incidence of antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) of B and T cell classes with membrane receptors specific for the exposed (X) and cryptic (HB) murine erythrocyte autoantigens were examined in NZB and nine control strains of mice. Whereas only NZB and NZB hybrid mice synthesize anti-X autoantibody pathogenetically implicated in the genetically determined autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the NZB as well as control strains synthesize the ubiquitous anti-HB anti-erythrocyte autoantibody. By utilizing immunocytoadherence assays, maximum numbers of specific ABL of both B and T lymphocyte classes were optimally demonstrated at erythrocyte:lymphocyte ratios of 20:1 and after lymphocyte fixation at 56°C for 20 min. Surface membrane receptor specificity was established by inhibition with semi-purified soluble X or HB autoantigen. Inhibition of immunocyto-adherence with class specific antisera to mouse immunoglobulins demonstrated that the receptors on both B and T cells were of IgM class. Specific receptors regenerated in vitro after trypsinization which excluded the role of cytophilic antibody in the immunocytoadherence reactions.
B lymphocyte ABL reactive with the X autoantigen were demonstrable in NZB, NZB hybrid, and control mice. Only in NZB and NZB hybrid mice, strains that uniformly synthesize anti-X autoantibody, were X ABL of T lymphocyte class demonstrated. The presence and incidence of T lymphocyte X ABL is compatible with the expression of a single dominant gene carried by the NZB strain. The incidence of B lymphocyte X ABL increased with age, suggesting proliferation of this cell population. HB ABL of both B and T lymphocyte classes were observed in all strains, concordant with the ubiquitous presence of humoral anti-HB autoantibodies. Differentiation of precursor B cells was evaluated by PFC assay of cells secreting specific autoantibodies. Anti-X PFC were observed only in NZB and NZB hybrid mice; and the observed frequency suggested that less than 3.5% of the specific ABL were differentiated for the secretion of anti-X autoantibody. Anti-HB PFC were observed in all strains and represented as high as 11.8% of specific ABL. Genetic determination of the anti-X anti-erythrocyte auto-antibody response does not prescribe the presence of precursors of the antibody-forming cell, but rather appears to influence regulation of the differentiation of these cells. These data suggest that circumvention of immunologic tolerance to this specific erythrocyte autoantigen may occur at the level of the T lymphocyte; or alternatively, that T lymphocytes as well as B lymphocytes, are induced to proliferate and differentiate in the NZB strain.