bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution Path of Total and Active Carbonates, and Iron Oxides under Two Different Forest Tree Species
Authors: Fayyadh M. A. , Rekani S. A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The research area was in Iraq’s Kurdistan region’s Duhok province. Oak and pine were chosen as the two woodland tree species. At each location, five pedons were dug, and soil horizons were then sampled. Because both types of forest soil were formed from limestone parent materials and the soil of Pine trees was substantially more carbonate than the soil of oak trees, and the calcium carbonate concentration of both forest types increased. The active carbonate varies from horizon to horizon, but it is often lower on the surface horizons, and its distribution pattern matches that of clay. Iron oxides in soils generally fluctuated between increasing and decreasing in the studied pedons, with the highest value of iron oxides in soil being discovered at the Sarke location. In contrast, the distribution pattern of iron oxides in clay fraction increased with increasing depth and was correlated with an increase in clay content. This study came to the conclusion that the distribution of active carbonate follows a similar pattern to that of total carbonate and is consistent with that of clay. The movement from surface soil horizons to subsurface due to gain was associated with the translocation of iron oxides in the investigated soils. The purpose of this study was to clarify the distribution pathways of free iron oxides, total and active carbonates in soil, under two different tree species.
Assessment of trap efficiency of Dokan dam with different sediment management techniques using ResCon 2.2
Authors: Jameel M , Shemal K , Sen S , Perumal M 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dokan dam is one of the strategic dams in Iraq with third larger storage capacity, the importance of this project comes through the functions that were built for; irrigation, flood prevention, hydropower generation, and tourism. Even in the pre-implementation stage, the sediment study was not conducted to predict the storage through the life of the dam. The rate of the siltation processed is indicated as 3.8 million m3 /year. For reservoir sedimentation analysis, many factors should be identified like shape of the lake behind dam, trap efficiency (TE), rate of sedimentation, and sediment management process. Different sediment management techniques are used in this research to predict the trap efficiency of Dokan dam for up to 300 years of project life, the analysis of available data shows that TE of Dokan dam is 97% up to 2055; and ResCon 2.2 model shows that the best sediment management techniques which give higher TE are catchment management, by-pass, and trucking of about 95%, 96%, and 97% respectively. The selection of the best techniques will be address after examining economical and technical factors.
Initial testing of ohmic heating through double flux swing during electron cyclotron start-up in the QUEST spherical tokamak
Authors: ZHANG Yifan , ONCHI Takumi , NAKAMURA Kazuo , YUE Qilin , NAGATA Takahiro , KAWASAKI Shoji , KURODA Kengoh , HASEGAWA Makoto , IKEZOE Ryuya , IDO Takeshi , HANADA Kazuaki , IDEI Hiroshi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A power-supply system was developed for Ohmic heating (OH) to double × 1018 the amount of change magnetic flux in the primary central solenoid (CS) on the QUEST spherical tokamak. Two power supplies are connected with stacks of insulated-gate bipolar transistors, and sequentially operated to generate positive and negative CS currents. This bipolar power-supply system is controlled via a field-programmable gate array, which guarantees the safety of the entire system operation. The new OH system, assisted by electron cyclotron heating, enables the stable generation of plasma currents exceeding 100 kA. Moreover, the achieved electron density over the wide range in the major radial direction exceeds the cut-off density for one of the high-power microwave sources in QUEST. This strategy yields target plasmas for future experiments with the electron Bernstein wave.
Picnic, Accident or Cookies? A Systematic Approach to Guide the Selection of the Picture Definition Tasks in Linguistic Assessment
Authors: Seçkin Mustafa , Savaş Merve 
Published: January 2023

AbstractObjectivePicture description tasks are used to elicit language samples in individuals with aphasia and other cognitive disorders. However, task selection may affect the type of language variables elicited. In this study, our goal is to compare the strengths and the weaknesses of the two internationally used picture description tasks with a novel picture description task developed specifically for Turkish-speaking individuals.Materials and methodsIn sum, 20 cognitively healthy individuals with a mean age of 52 ± 14/3 were included. Three different picture description tasks composed of single pictures were used: The Picnic Scene from the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised, the Cookie Theft picture from the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination and the Accident Scene from the Turkish Language Assessment Test for Aphasia. All language samples were recorded using a digital voice recorder. Automated and semi-automated approaches were used for the systematic analysis of the language features that were classified into four levels: general language measures, the morphosyntactic level, the lexicosemantic level and the sentence level.ResultsParticipants showed greater efficiency and produced the greatest number of subordinate clauses, derivational suffixes, passive voice suffixes and relative past tense construction during the Accident Scene description. On the lexicosemantic level, the Picnic Scene was particularly superior to the Cookie Theft Picture in eliciting nouns. Imperfective aspect use was less frequent in the Accident Scene description.ConclusionAll three tasks had limitations and advantages compared with each other. We recommend the development of novel picture description tasks that would be more effective in eliciting specific language features in Turkish-speaking individuals.
Effects of hempseed cake on ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, nutrient flow, and nitrogen balance in finishing steers
Authors: Winders Thomas M , Neville Bryan W , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFive ruminally and duodenally cannulated red angus steers (n = 5; initial body weight [BW] = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg) were used in a three-period Youden square design consisting of three 21-d periods, three treatments, and five steers (one or two steers per treatment within each period) to evaluate the effect of feeding hempseed cake on ruminal fermentation parameters, organic matter (OM) intake, total tract nutrient digestion, and nitrogen (N) balance in steers fed finishing diets. The control (CON) diet contained 75% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, and 5% supplement (DM basis). The dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) and hempseed cake (HEMP) diets contained 55% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 20% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles or hempseed cake, and 5% supplement (DM basis). Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet than in steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Ruminal fluid pH was not influenced (P = 0.93) by treatment. Organic matter intake tended (P = 0.07) to be greater and OM total tract digestibility was less (P = 0.03) in steers fed the HEMP diet compared with steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Ruminal true and total tract apparent N digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet than steers fed the DDGS or CON diets. Duodenal flow of essential, nonessential, and total amino acids was not influenced (P ≥ 0.37) by dietary treatment, but the lack of response was likely because ruminally degradable protein (RDP) supply exceeded the RDP requirement. Steers fed the HEMP diet had greater (P &lt; 0.01) N retention (g/d) than steers fed the DDGS diet, which was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than steers fed the CON diet, suggesting that feeding hempseed cake improved utilization of N. Although inclusion of hempseed cake decreased total tract OM digestibility compared with dried corn distillers grains or corn, improvements in N utilization suggest that hempseed cake could be a useful alternative feed ingredient for finishing cattle diets.
Effects of long-term postgastric infusion of casein or glutamic acid on small intestinal starch digestion and energy balance in cattle
Authors: Acharya Subash , Petzel Emily A , Hales Kristin E , Underwood Keith R , Swanson Kendall C , Bailey Eric A , Cammack Kristi M , Brake Derek W 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of postruminal flows of casein or glutamic acid on small intestinal starch digestion and to quantify changes in energy and nutrient balance. Twenty-four steers (body weight = 179 ± 4 kg) were duodenally infused with raw cornstarch (1.46 ± 0.04 kg/d) and either 413 ± 7.0 g casein/d, 121 ± 3.6 g glutamic acid/d or water (control). Measures of small intestinal starch digestion and nutrient excretion were collected across 4 d after 42 d of infusion and measures of respiration via indirect calorimetry were collected across 2 d after 48 d of infusion. Ileal starch flow was least among calves provided casein, but ileal starch flow was not different between glutamic acid or control. Small intestinal starch digestion tended to be greatest among calves provided casein, least for glutamic acid and intermediate for control. Casein increased ileal flow of ethanol soluble oligosaccharides compared to glutamic acid and control. Large intestinal starch digestion was not different among treatments. By design, N intake was greatest among cattle provided casein, intermediate among calves provided glutamic acid and least for control. Nitrogen retention was greater in response to casein compared to control and glutamic acid. Intake of gross energy from feed was similar across treatments, and gross energy from infusate was greatest for casein, intermediate for glutamic acid and least for control. Variation in gross energy intake from feed resulted in no difference in overall gross energy intake across treatments. Similar to measures of small intestinal starch digestion and N retention, casein increased calories of digestible energy and metabolizable energy, compared to glutamic acid and control, which did not differ. Postruminal infusions did not influence methane production, but heat production was greatest in steers infused with casein, intermediate for steers provided glutamic acid, and least for control. Overall, amounts of energy retained by casein tended to be nearly 34% greater than control, but glutamic acid had no impact on energy balance. Improvement in small intestinal starch digestion in response to casein increased energy and N retained; however, glutamic acid did not influence small intestinal starch digestion and energy or N balance in cattle, which seems to suggest that responses in small intestinal starch digestion to greater postruminal flows of glutamic acid become refractory across greater durations of time.
Evaluation of growth performance, carcass characteristics, and methane and CO2 emissions of growing and finishing cattle raised in extensive or partial-intensive cow-calf production systems
Authors: Carlson Zachary E , McPhillips Levi J , Stowell Rick R , Erickson Galen E , Drewnoski Mary , MacDonald Jim C 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAn experiment was conducted over 2 yr to measure performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of weaned calves from two cow-calf production systems. Crossbred steers and heifers (n = 270, initial body weight (BW) = 207 kg, SD = 35) were used in a randomized complete block design, with treatments applied to the cow-calf system. Treatments were: 1) a traditional system consisting of April to June calving with smooth bromegrass pasture and grazed corn residue as forage resources (TRAD); 2) an alternative system consisting of July to September calving utilizing partial-drylot feeding, summer-planted oats, and corn residue grazing (ALT). Calves from both production systems were weaned at the same age and grown (diet NEg = 1.05 Mcal kg–1) for approximately 117 d. The calves then transitioned to a high-grain finishing diet (year 1: NEg = 1.32 Mcal kg–1; year 2: NEg = 1.39 Mcal kg–1) and fed to a targeted 1.52 cm backfat. Growth performance in the grower phase resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.01) average daily gain (1.39 vs. 1.22 ± 0.02 kg), greater gain:feed (P &lt; 0.01; 0.157 vs. 0.137 ± 0.003) for ALT calves compared to TRAD calves, However, a lower initial BW (P &lt; 0.01; 185 vs. 229 ± 4.9 kg) resulted in a lower ending BW (P &lt; 0.01; 347 vs. 371 ± 2.9 kg) for ALT calves compared to TRAD calves in spite of improved growth performance. In the finisher phase, ALT calves gained less (1.52 vs. 1.81 ± 0.218 kg; P = 0.02), were less efficient (0.139 vs. 173 ± 0.0151; P = 0.01) but exhibited similar hot carcass weights (HCW) (388 vs. 381 ± 3.8 kg; P = 0.14) compared to TRAD calves. Each pen of calves was put into a large pen-scale chamber that continuously measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) for 5 d during the grower and finisher phases. The average CH4 and CO2 production per unit of feed intake was used to calculate total GHG emissions over the entire grower and finisher phase. Overall, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments for CH4 per day and per kilogram dry matter intake (DMI). However, ALT calves tended to produce less (P ≤ 0.10) CO2 per day and per kilogram DMI than TRAD calves. Overall, methane emissions were greater in ALT calves (110.7 vs. 92.2 ± 8.3 g CH4 kg–1 HCW; P = 0.04) than TRAD calves. The ALT calves required 27 additional days on feed to market, which resulted in more total CH4 per animal across the entire feeding period (P = 0.02) than TRAD calves. Production systems that reduce days to market to achieve similar HCW may reduce GHG emissions.
IPM Adoption and Impacts in the United States
Authors: Lane David E , Walker Tegan J , Grantham Deborah G 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Increased Integrated Pest Management (IPM) adoption hinges not only on the future of innovative research, but also on the willingness of growers to adopt new IPM technologies. Adoption and diffusion of innovations can encounter many different challenges. By better understanding the drivers of and barriers to IPM adoption, future research, extension, and education can better target behavior change. This study sought to better understand the IPM adoption drivers and barriers, along with the impacts of IPM, from the perspective of state IPM coordinators via an online Qualtrics survey. These professionals have a statewide perspective on IPM adoption. There were 37 completed surveys out of 56 email survey invitations, a 66% response rate. Overall, the participants ranked ‘high cost of practice’ as the most critical barrier to IPM adoption. ‘Difficulty of implementation’ and ‘lack of awareness’ were also highly ranked as critical barriers to adoption. When asked about ways to increase IPM adoption, participants ranked ‘improved cost-benefit analysis’ as the most critically important. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of providing improved IPM economic cost-benefit analyses to accompany the promotion of new and existing IPM innovations. Furthermore, even though the results of this study suggest that the impact of the Regional IPM Centers has been increasing regional IPM coordination, communication, collaboration, and cooperation. These findings also suggest a need for more comprehensive extension and education programs to specifically address the perceived ‘high cost of practice,’ ‘difficulty of implementation’, and ‘lack of awareness’ by communicating improved IPM cost-benefit analyses.
The ethics of immigration: How biased is the field?
Authors: Dumitru Speranta 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMethodological nationalism is the assumption that nation-states are the relevant units for analyzing social phenomena. Most of the social sciences recognized it as a source of bias, but not the ethics of immigration. Is this field biased by methodological nationalism—and if so, to what extent? This article takes nationalism as an implicit bias and provides a method to assess its depth. The method consists in comparing principles that ethicists commonly discuss when immigration is not at stake with principles advocated in the ethics of immigration. To interpret the results, a distinction between mild and heavy bias is established. When a basic principle in ethics is underdiscussed or absent from the ethics of immigration, the field is ‘mildly biased’. When its negation is commonly advocated, the field is ‘heavily biased’. Here, the method is illustrated with two principles: equal opportunity and reparation. They are common in theories of distributive justice and of corrective justice, respectively. But in the ethics of immigration, scholars often argue for the opposite. Instead of equal opportunity, they implicitly support discrimination based on national origin; instead of sanctions or amnesty for the offenders, scholars plead amnesty for those who they otherwise regard as victims. These preliminary results suggest that the field is heavily biased: methodological nationalism seems to turn ethics into its opposite.
Cepheid Metallicity in the Leavitt Law (C- MetaLL) survey – II. High-resolution spectroscopy of the most metal poor Galactic Cepheids
Authors: Trentin E , Ripepi V , Catanzaro G , Storm J , Marconi M , De Somma G , Testa V , Musella I 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
Classical Cepheids (DCEPs) are the first fundamental step in the calibration of the cosmological distance ladder. Furthermore, they represent powerful tracers in the context of Galactic studies. We have collected high-resolution spectroscopy with UVES@VLT for a sample of 65 DCEPs. The majority of them are the faintest DCEPs ever observed in the Milky Way. For each target, we derived accurate atmospheric parameters, radial velocities, and abundances for 24 different species. The resulting iron abundances range between +0.3 and −1.1 dex with the bulk of stars at [Fe/H] ∼ −0.5 dex. Our sample includes the most metal-poor DCEPs observed so far with high-resolution spectroscopy. We complement our sample with literature data obtaining a complete sample of 637 DCEPs and use Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) photometry to determine the distance of the DCEPs from the period–Wesenheit–Metallicity relation. Our more external data trace the Outer arm [at Galactocentric radius (RGC) ∼ 16–18 kpc] which appears significantly warped. We investigate the metallicity gradient of the Galactic disc using this large sample, finding a slope of −0.060 ± 0.002 dex kpc−1, in very good agreement with previous results based both on DCEPs and open clusters. We also report a possible break in the gradient at RGC = 9.25 kpc with slopes of −0.063 ± 0.007 and −0.079 ± 0.003 dex kpc−1 for the inner and outer sample, respectively. The two slopes differ by more than 1σ. A more homogeneous and extended DCEPs sample is needed to further test the plausibility of such a break.
Association Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Increased Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Esterov Dmitry , Sperl Michael A. , Hines Emily A. , Kinzelman Vesely Elissa A. , Brown Allen W. 
Published: January 2023

Objective:
To determine whether exposure to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with increased risk of stroke in adults compared with referents not exposed to TBI, and to understand whether an association exists throughout the spectrum of injury severity, whether it differs between the acute and chronic phases after TBI, and whether the association is greater with hemorrhagic compared with ischemic stroke after TBI.

Setting:
A database search was conducted on January 22, 2021. Searches were run in MEDLINE (1946 to present), Embase (1988 to present), Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (various dates), Scopus (1970 to present), and Web of Science (1975 to present).

Design:
Observational studies that quantified the association of stroke after TBI compared with referents without TBI were included. Three coauthors independently reviewed titles and abstracts to determine study eligibility. Study characteristics were extracted independently by 2 coauthors who followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and study quality was assessed independently by 2 coauthors who used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed.

Main Measures:
The primary exposure was TBI of any severity, and the primary outcome was stroke of any kind. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess heterogeneity associated with severity of TBI, type of stroke, and time from TBI to stroke.

Results:
A total of 64 full-text articles were reviewed, and data were extracted from 8 cohort studies (N = 619 992 individuals exposed to TBI along with nonexposed referents). A significant overall association was found with TBI and stroke (hazard ratio, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.28-3.32). Significant subgroup differences were found with a smaller risk of ischemic stroke compared with stroke of all types (P < .001, I² = 93.9%).

Conclusions:
TBI, regardless of injury severity, was associated with a higher risk of stroke. To improve secondary stroke prevention strategies, future studies should classify TBI severity and type of stroke more precisely and determine long-term risk.
INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part I: Posttraumatic Amnesia
Authors: Ponsford Jennie , Trevena-Peters Jessica , Janzen Shannon , Harnett Amber , Marshall Shawn , Patsakos Eleni , Kua Ailene , McIntyre Amanda , Teasell Robert , Wiseman-Hakes Catherine , Velikonja Diana , Bayley Mark Theodore , McKay Adam 
Published: January 2023

Introduction:
Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) is a common occurrence following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and emergence from coma. It is characterized by confusion, disorientation, retrograde and anterograde amnesia, poor attention and frequently, agitation. Clinicians and family need guidelines to support management practices during this phase.

Methods:
An international team of researchers and clinicians (known as INCOG) met to update the INCOG guidelines for assessment and management of PTA. Previous recommendations and audit criteria were updated on the basis of review of the literature from 2014.

Results:
Six management recommendations were made: 1 based on level A evidence, 2 on level B, and 3 on level C evidence. Since the first version of INCOG (2014), 3 recommendations were added: the remainder were modified. INCOG 2022 recommends that individuals should be assessed daily for PTA, using a validated tool (Westmead PTA Scale), until PTA resolution. To date, no cognitive or pharmacological treatments are known to reduce PTA duration. Agitation and confusion may be minimized by a variety of environmental adaptations including maintaining a quiet, safe, and consistent environment. The use of neuroleptic medications and benzodiazepines for agitation should be minimized and their impact on agitation and cognition monitored using standardized tools. Physical therapy and standardized activities of daily living training using procedural and errorless learning principles can be effective, but delivery should be tailored to concurrent levels of cognition, agitation, and fatigue.

Conclusions:
Stronger recommendations regarding assessment of PTA duration and effectiveness of activities of daily living training have been made. Evidence regarding optimal pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of confusion and agitation during PTA remains limited, with further research needed. These guidelines aim to enhance evidence-based care and maximize consistency of PTA management.