bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial vegetation structure and its effect on wind erosion of Alxa dryland ecosystem
Authors: Cheng Tian-liang , Pan Yan-xia , Li Yan , Wang Xin-ping 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In wind erosion models, previous parameters related to vegetation morphology and density are limited in describing the spatial distribution of vegetation that influences surface heterogeneity. Thus, it is not fully understood how spatial vegetation patterns affect wind erosion on a field-scale. Based on an investigation of 36 plots of vegetation in Alxa Plateau, northwestern China, we established a multivariate linear model for temporally and spatially averaged aerodynamic roughness length (Z
0) incorporating the height, roughness density, regularity of vegetation patches (curvature) and spacing between patches (connectivity). The curvature positively interacted with the connectivity in affecting the mean Z
0, while it was the most important factor affecting the standard deviation of Z
0. The connectivity modulated the roughness density in affecting the standard deviation of Z
0. The spatial-related terms contributed 37% and 62% to the model variance of the mean and standard deviation of Z
0, respectively. Our results validate the importance of spatial vegetation structure in the vegetation-airflow interactions, with a suggestion of estimating the heterogeneity of surface erodibility by intuitive spatial parameters. Based on that spatial vegetation patterns reflect the ecosystem states, a strengthened linkage between wind erosion and vegetation stability may be useful in erosion regulation in drylands.
Integrability and trajectory confinement in

-symmetric waveguide arrays
Authors: Barashenkov I V , Smuts Frank , Chernyavsky Alexander 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We consider

-symmetric ring-like arrays of optical waveguides with purely nonlinear gain and loss. Regardless of the value of the gain–loss coefficient, these systems are protected from spontaneous

-symmetry breaking. If the nonhermitian part of the array matrix has cross-compensating structure, the total power in such a system remains bounded—or even constant—at all times. We identify two-, three-, and four-waveguide arrays with cross-compensatory nonlinear gain and loss that constitute completely integrable Hamiltonian systems.
Adversarial Attacks on Network Intrusion Detection Systems Using Flow Containers
Authors: Liu Tzong-Jye 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper studies adversarial attacks on network intrusion detection systems (IDSs) based on deep or machine learning algorithms. Adversarial attacks on network IDSs must maintain the functional logic of the attack flow. To prevent the produced adversarial examples from violating the attack behavior, most solutions define some limited modification actions. The result limits the production of adversarial examples, and the produced adversarial examples are not guaranteed to find the attack packets. This paper proposes the concept of flow containers to model packets in a flow. Then, we propose a generative adversarial network framework with dual adversarial training to train the generator to produce adversarial flow containers. Flow containers can correlate attack packets and feature vectors of attack flows. We test the evasion rate of the produced adversarial examples using 12 deep and machine learning algorithms. For experiments on the CTU42 data set, the proposed adversarial examples have the highest evasion rates among all 12 classifiers, with the highest evasion rate as high as 1.00. For experiments on the CIC-IDS2017 data set, the proposed adversarial examples have the highest evasion rate among the five classifiers, and the highest evasion rate is also up to 1.00.
Three-dimensional anisotropic inversion and electrostratigraphic imaging of marine magnetotelluric data to understand the control of crustal deformations by pre-existing lithospheric structures in the Mexican Ridges Fold belt, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Meju Max A , Saleh A S , Karpiah A B , Masnan M S , Miller R V , Legrand X , Kho J H W 
Published: March 2023

SUMMARY3-D imaging of the lithosphere in the Mexican Ridges fold belt is important for understanding how the crustal deformations in this basin relate to deep tectonic processes and structures inherited from extinct Jurassic seafloor spreading. Here, we use broad-band (0.0001–0.4642 Hz) marine magnetotelluric data from the basin to reconstruct the 3-D anisotropic resistivities of the lithosphere and their spatial gradients. The resistivity gradients maxima enabled independent definition of important geological boundaries (seen on collocated seismic reflection data) and estimation of crustal thickness. We found anomalous layered zones of low resistivity and high electrical anisotropy at 5–8 km depth (coinciding with the regional detachment zone in Eocene shales in 3-D seismic data) and in the upper mantle which we interpret as indicating intense deformation and/or recent magmatic influence. We also found a banded crystalline basement structure across the fossil spreading centre comprising WSW–ENE trending, 6–10 km wide, electrically resistive subvertical sheets with conductive and anisotropic borders, which merge into a basal resistive stock-like body at 15–20 km depth. These are cut or bounded by later NNW trending major faults. These WSW and NNW structural trends correlate with the previously interpreted transform and normal faults that formed during the Late Jurassic opening of the Gulf of Mexico only if rotated clockwise by 25–30°. Surprisingly, the rugged thrust-related seabed is offset at the projected positions of the steep resistive-conductive basement sheets (which also have spatially coincident high magnetic intensity and seismicity) enabling us to infer they represent magmatic intrusions facilitated by pre-existing faults. Their conductive borders spatially coincide with possibly fluid-filled vertical fracture-sets in the overlying sediments seen in seismic data which we interpret as hydrothermal fluid pathways. We infer that a magmatic body recently intruded our study area, its ascent controlled by pre-existing basement structures, and influenced the deformation of the Neogene sequences and the seafloor topography.
Copyright law and non-fungible tokens: experience from China
Authors: Xiao Baiyang 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
While the popularity of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has brought significant profits, legal practitioners have been exposed to unanswered legal concerns behind the frenzy of NFT transactions. Generally, such concerns include those related to the applicability of copyright to NFTs, the legal relationship between an NFT and the tokenized work, and the copyrights associated with the NFT in transactions. The Hangzhou Internet Court released the first NFT-related copyright case, setting a course for the subsequent judicial and business practice of IP-related NFTs nationally and internationally. With these general considerations in mind, the paper briefly introduces what non-fungible tokens are and how they relate to copyright law. Specifically, by interpreting the first NFT-related copyright decision in detail, the paper addresses the legal status of NFT and NFT transactions from the perspective of Chinese Copyright Law, with particular focus on the liability of online platforms and the applicability of the exhaustion doctrine.
Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection Conferred by a Compound CCR5Δ32 and CCR5 C20S Heterozygote
Authors: Alkhatib Bashar , Jabari Mary , Bilasy Shymaa , Abdul-Rahman Husni , Sandhu Kamal , Lai Stephen , Alkhatib Ghalib 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We analyzed findings in a same-gender couple discordant in their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. The HIV+ partner was homozygous for CCR5 while his receptive HIV− partner was a CCR5Δ32 heterozygote with a C20S missense mutation in his CCR5 allele. The cells from the HIV− partner showed significant resistance to R5 fusion/infection and had no chemotactic response to CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β). We demonstrated abundant CCR5-specific RNA in the HIV− partner's cells but no detectable CCR5 protein. CCR5 promoter region cloned from each partner's DNA indicated no significant impact on RNA transcription. The compound effect of CCR5Δ32 and C20S mutation impaired CCR5 coreceptor function and conferred resistance to HIV-1.
Social Interventions to Encourage Co-Located Collaborative Learning in a Tangible User Interface
Authors: Reyes-Flores Alessandra , Mezura-Godoy Carmen , Benítez-Guerrero Edgard 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Technologies that support co-located group activity should not only provide a shared workspace, but they should also encourage collaboration. For this, it is necessary to know the structure of the group and how the members of the group work in order to achieve a common goal. In this paper, an observational study of groups of students interacting in a tangible user interface was performed. This study allowed us to identify social interactions and phenomena that can affect the collaboration and performance of the group. These phenomena can be for instance that some members of the group may contribute to the activity, while others may not. In order to minimize these phenomena in a co-located group activity, we propose interactions, which we call social interventions, that might be used by a coaching system to encourage group collaboration in co-located settings.
Cytokinin signaling promotes root hair growth by directly regulating RSL4 expression
Authors: Takatsuka Hirotomo , Sasaki Anna , Takahashi Naoki , Shibata Michitaro , Sugimoto Keiko , Tanaka Maho , Seki Motoaki , Umeda Masaaki 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Root hairs are single-celled tubular structures produced from the epidermis, which play an essential role in water and nutrient uptake from the soil. Therefore, root hair formation and elongation are controlled not only by developmental programs but also by environmental factors, enabling plants to survive under fluctuating conditions. Phytohormones are key signals that link environmental cues to developmental programs; indeed, root hair elongation is known to be controlled by auxin and ethylene. Another phytohormone, cytokinin, also affects root hair growth, while whether cytokinin is actively involved in root hair growth and, if so, how it regulates the signaling pathway governing root hair development have remained unknown. In this study, we show that the two-component system of cytokinin, which involves the B-type response regulators ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (ARR1) and ARR12, promotes the elongation process of root hairs. They directly up-regulate ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 (RSL4) encoding a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor that plays a central role in root hair growth, whereas the ARR1/12–RSL4 pathway does not crosstalk with auxin or ethylene signaling. These results indicate that cytokinin signaling constitutes another input onto the regulatory module governed by RSL4, making it possible to fine-tune root hair growth in changing environments.
Cell-to-cell natural transformation in Bacillus subtilis facilitates large scale of genomic exchanges and the transfer of long continuous DNA regions
Authors: Deng Liping , Wang Chao , Zhang Xiaoming , Yang Wenjie , Tang Hao , Chen Xinru , Du Shishen , Chen Xiangdong 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Natural transformation is one of the major mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer. Although it is usually studied using purified DNA in the laboratory, recent studies showed that many naturally competent bacteria acquired exogenous DNA from neighboring donor cells. Our previous work indicates that cell-to-cell natural transformation (CTCNT) using two different Bacillus subtilis strains is a highly efficient process; however, the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we further characterized CTCNT and mapped the transferred DNA in the recombinants using whole genome sequencing. We found that a recombinant strain generated by CTCNT received up to 66 transferred DNA segments; the average length of acquired continuous DNA stretches was approximately 27 kb with a maximum length of 347 kb. Moreover, up to 1.54 Mb genomic DNA (37% of the chromosome) was transferred from the donors into one recipient cell. These results suggest that B. subtilis CTCNT facilitates horizontal gene transfer by increasing the transfer of DNA segments and fostering the exchange of large continuous genomic regions. This indicates that the potency of bacterial natural transformation is underestimated using traditional approaches and reveals that DNA donor cells may play an important role in the transformation process in natural environments.
The ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 SUMOylates EXOSC10 and promotes the nucleolar RNA exosome function in rRNA processing
Authors: Chen Yingxiao , Li Yanping , Dai Roselyn S , Savage Jonathan C , Shinde Ujwal , Klimek John , David Larry L , Young Emma A , Hafner Markus , Sears Rosalie C , Sun Xiao-Xin , Dai Mu-Shui 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The RNA exosome is an essential 3′ to 5′ exoribonuclease complex that mediates degradation, processing and quality control of virtually all eukaryotic RNAs. The nucleolar RNA exosome, consisting of a nine-subunit core and a distributive 3′ to 5′ exonuclease EXOSC10, plays a critical role in processing and degrading nucleolar RNAs, including pre-rRNA. However, how the RNA exosome is regulated in the nucleolus is poorly understood. Here, we report that the nucleolar ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 is a novel regulator of the nucleolar RNA exosome. USP36 binds to the RNA exosome through direct interaction with EXOSC10 in the nucleolus. Interestingly, USP36 does not significantly regulate the levels of EXOSC10 and other tested exosome subunits. Instead, it mediates EXOSC10 SUMOylation at lysine (K) 583. Mutating K583 impaired the binding of EXOSC10 to pre-rRNAs, and the K583R mutant failed to rescue the defects in rRNA processing and cell growth inhibition caused by knockdown of endogenous EXOSC10. Furthermore, EXOSC10 SUMOylation is markedly reduced in cells in response to perturbation of ribosomal biogenesis. Together, these results suggest that USP36 acts as a SUMO ligase to promote EXOSC10 SUMOylation critical for the RNA exosome function in ribosome biogenesis.
SCRAPT: an iterative algorithm for clustering large 16S rRNA gene data sets
Authors: Luan Tu , Muralidharan Harihara Subrahmaniam , Alshehri Marwan , Mittra Ipsa , Pop Mihai 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
16S rRNA gene sequence clustering is an important tool in characterizing the diversity of microbial communities. As 16S rRNA gene data sets are growing in size, existing sequence clustering algorithms increasingly become an analytical bottleneck. Part of this bottleneck is due to the substantial computational cost expended on small clusters and singleton sequences. We propose an iterative sampling-based 16S rRNA gene sequence clustering approach that targets the largest clusters in the data set, allowing users to stop the clustering process when sufficient clusters are available for the specific analysis being targeted. We describe a probabilistic analysis of the iterative clustering process that supports the intuition that the clustering process identifies the larger clusters in the data set first. Using real data sets of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we show that the iterative algorithm, coupled with an adaptive sampling process and a mode-shifting strategy for identifying cluster representatives, substantially speeds up the clustering process while being effective at capturing the large clusters in the data set. The experiments also show that SCRAPT (Sample, Cluster, Recruit, AdaPt and iTerate) is able to produce operational taxonomic units that are less fragmented than popular tools: UCLUST, CD-HIT and DNACLUST. The algorithm is implemented in the open-source package SCRAPT. The source code used to generate the results presented in this paper is available at https://github.com/hsmurali/SCRAPT.
G-quadruplex-based CRISPR photoswitch for spatiotemporal control of genomic modulation
Authors: Deng Huaping , Xu Han , Wang Yiru , Jia Ruizhen , Ma Xiaoqian , Feng Yushuo , Chen Hongmin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology holds tremendous promise for gene regulation and editing. However, precise control of CRISPR editing is essential to overcome its uncontrollable reaction process and excessive activity that leads to off-target editing. To overcome this problem, we engineered a photoswitch on G-quadruplex gRNA (GqRNA) for precisely controlled gene editing and expression by embedding dicationic azobenzene derivatives (AZD++). Our results demonstrated that rational design of the G-quadruplex onto crRNA conferred higher stability and sequence recognition specificity than unmodified single guide (sgRNA). Light-induced isomerization of AZD++ quickly transformed the on state of GqRNA, which facilitated rapid activation of ribonucleoprotein activity for genome editing of on-target sites in cells with excellent editing efficiency. In turn, AZD++–GqRNA promptly refolded to an off state to inhibit genomic cleavage, and limited the generation of off-target effects and by-products. Therefore, the proposed strategy of a photo-reversible modality presents a new opportunity for CRISPR-Cas9 modulation to improve its safety and applicability.
Housing: the key infrastructure to achieving health and wellbeing in urban environments
Authors: O’Sullivan K C , Olin C V , Pierse N , Howden-Chapman P 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Informed by research undertaken by our teams with community partners over the past 25 years primarily in Aotearoa New Zealand, we examine housing as an infrastructure required to support health and wellbeing. The home environment is where people spend most of their time, so we propose that housing is the key infrastructure to enhance and maintain health and wellbeing outcomes in urban environments. Other foundational infrastructures—including energy, food, waste, transport, information communications technology, water and sanitation, green, community, education and health care—equally support and rely on housing infrastructure to shape the places in which an increasing diversity of people and their communities live. We describe how housing infrastructure in neoliberal, market-based housing systems has contributed to inequities in access to high-quality housing and connected health-supporting infrastructures. We share two illustrative vignettes of housing retrofits and urban development from Aotearoa and Sweden to show that when approached in a comprehensive, proactive and inclusive way that prioritizes people and the environment, these infrastructures may yet have untapped potential for improving health and wellbeing.
Citrus ACC synthase CiACS4 regulates plant height by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis
Authors: Chu Le Le , Yan Zhen , Sheng Xing Xing , Liu Hai Qiang , Wang Qing Ye , Zeng Ren Fang , Hu Chun Gen , Zhang Jin Zhi 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDwarfism is an agronomic trait that has substantial effects on crop yield, lodging resistance, planting density, and a high harvest index. Ethylene plays an important role in plant growth and development, including the determination of plant height. However, the mechanism by which ethylene regulates plant height, especially in woody plants, remains unclear. In this study, a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC) gene (ACS), which is involved in ethylene biosynthesis, was isolated from lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) and named CiACS4. Overexpression of CiACS4 resulted in a dwarf phenotype in Nicotiana tabacum and lemon and increased ethylene release and decreased gibberellin (GA) content in transgenic plants. Inhibition of CiACS4 expression in transgenic citrus significantly increased plant height compared with the controls. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that CiACS4 interacted with an ethylene response factor (ERF), CiERF3. Further experiments revealed that the CiACS4–CiERF3 complex can bind to the promoters of 2 citrus GA20-oxidase genes, CiGA20ox1 and CiGA20ox2, and suppress their expression. In addition, another ERF transcription factor, CiERF023, identified using yeast one-hybrid assays, promoted CiACS4 expression by binding to its promoter. Overexpression of CiERF023 in N. tabacum caused a dwarfing phenotype. CiACS4, CiERF3, and CiERF023 expression was inhibited and induced by GA3 and ACC treatments, respectively. These results suggest that the CiACS4–CiERF3 complex may be involved in the regulation of plant height by regulating CiGA20ox1 and CiGA20ox2 expression levels in citrus.
Potential diagnostic biomarkers for lead-induced hepatotoxicity and the role of synthetic chelators and bioactive compounds
Authors: Lakka Netranandini , Pai Bhagyashree , Mani Monica Shirley , Dsouza Herman Sunil 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) poisoning is a public health concern of global dimensions. Although several public health guidelines and workplace safety policies are existing and enforced, lead toxicity cases are drastically increasing. Lead exposure leads to numerous harmful consequences and causes adverse effects on different body organs and systems, mainly via the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to augmented oxidative stress, competing with metal ions, and binding with the sulfhydryl groups. In several instances, lead poisoning cases remain undiagnosed and untreated or receive only symptomatic treatment. Estimation of blood lead levels reflects only a recent exposure, however, which does not reveal the total body burden. This review summarizes the effects of lead with special reference to hepatotoxicity and some of the potential diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, it also focuses on synthetic chelators used in the treatment of lead poisoning and the advantage of using bioactive compounds with an emphasis on the ameliorative effect of garlic.
Tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis: an update for the clinician
Authors: Ford Julia A. , Gewurz Danya , Gewurz-Singer Ora 
Published: March 2023

Purpose of review
The recent approval of tocilizumab (TCZ) for the treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA) has changed the landscape for management of this disease. Herein, we review recent literature addressing practical questions for the clinician regarding the use of TCZ in GCA. We evaluate efficacy of TCZ across different disease phenotypes, optimal dosing and formulation, treatment-related toxicity, recommendations for monitoring disease, and duration of therapy.

Recent findings
Post-hoc analyses of a large clinical trial and real-world data suggest efficacy of TCZ across various disease phenotypes in GCA, and support use of weekly subcutaneous dosing over every-other-week dosing. More data are needed to guide duration of TCZ therapy, optimal disease activity monitoring in patients treated with TCZ, and to speak to efficacy in GCA with large vessel involvement.

Summary
TCZ has added valuably to the treatment arsenal in GCA, though more data are needed to guide optimal use of the drug.