bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From “The Snow Child” to “Snow White”: Angela Carter’s Inheritance from Classic Fairy Tales
Authors: Fan Yingying , Kaur Hardev , Abu Ujum Diana , Mohd Amin Hasyimah 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
This article is aimed at developing a Foucauldian power criticism to examine Angela Carter’s inheritance of classic fairy tales. Carter’s “The Snow Child,” inspired by the Grimms’ “Snow White,” has been considered a feminist rewriting in subverting a classic. By establishing a connection between the classic fairy tale “Snow White” and “The Snow Child,” this article examines the two as intertextual in terms of characters and plots, and echoes in the core of subversion as well. With the application of Michel Foucault’s concepts of discipline and punish, the article reveals patriarchy’s operating mechanism in the classic fairy tale—that is, how patriarchy manipulates and tames women. Through punishing the body and disciplining the mind, Carter’s “The Snow Child” explicitly presents the male’s manipulation of power on the female through body production, destiny control, and overt incest, while in the Grimms’ “Snow White,” a hidden clue exposes the operation of the patriarchal power mechanism over women, but in a more subtle way, revealing that patriarchal power disciplines women through brainwashing the mind and punishing the body. Research findings show that rather than being a tool to maintain patriarchal culture, classic fairy tales actually subvert patriarchy implicitly by exhibiting the patriarchy’s operating mechanism in producing “angels.”
Maternalismo, identidad colectiva y participación política: las Madres de Plaza de Mayo
Authors: Zarco Abril 
Published: June 2023

La participación de las mujeres latinoamericanas en movimientos sociales y políticos durante el siglo XX se vio fundamentada principalmente en su condición de madres, ya que sus demandas estuvieron basadas en la protección y cuidado de sus familias. En este escrito, el movimiento de las "Madres de Plaza de Mayo", cuya razón de ser era la búsqueda de justicia para sus hijos e hijas desaparecidos/as durante la dictadura militar argentina, es analizado como una esfera de construcción de ciudadanía para las mujeres bajo los preceptos teóricos del feminismo maternalista. A su vez, los discursos y relatos de las mujeres que participaron en dicho movimiento son considerados para el análisis de la construcción de su identidad colectiva e individual, a partir de su participación en la esfera pública y política y la resignificación de su condición de madres desde su pertenencia al movimiento.
Trayectorias de mujeres académicas: Una aproximación biográfico-narrativa a experiencias de ingreso y tránsito en universidades chilenas
Authors: Martínez Alarcón Gonzalo , Mandiola Cotroneo Marcela 
Published: June 2023

En este artículo presentamos algunos hallazgos de una investigación cualitativa y de carácter biográfico-narrativo, cuyo propósito fue comprender el desarrollo de trayectorias de mujeres académicas en universidades chilenas. Para ello, llevamos a cabo entrevistas biográficas en profundidad a nueve académicas, y analizamos sus experiencias a partir de un modelo que combinó el análisis de acontecimientos biográficos con el análisis narrativo estructural.
A partir de ello, identificamos diversos acontecimientos que han afectado sus experiencias, e identificamos cuatro tipos de trayectorias académicas. Pudimos observar que las mujeres ingresaron a la academia en distintos momentos de sus trayectorias, pero en general, todas han vivido acontecimientos significativos, y para la mayoría de ellas la trayectoria ha sido inestable, compleja y dinámica. Evidenciamos que las mujeres construyen sus trayectorias en el marco de grandes obstáculos y desafíos en un contexto de instituciones generizadas.
Avaliação da viabilidade do uso do caroço de algodão como insumo energético
Authors: Cavalcanti Pedrosa Brandão Mônica , Nogueira Mariana Barbosa , Torres Neto Alberto Brandão , Gomes Marcos Antonio 
Published: June 2023

Atualmente, busca-se fazer a reutilização de resíduos agrícolas como opção de insumo na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustíveis, com foco na redução dos impactos ambientais gerados quando esses resíduos são dispostos inadequadamente no meio ambiente, além do ganho energético. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta o estudo da viabilidade de obtenção de carvão vegetal utilizando como biomassa o caroço de algodão oriundo da produção agrícola baiana. Incialmente foi feita a análise imediata da biomassa em estudo, onde foram realizadas as análises dos teores de umidade, cinzas, materiais voláteis e carbono fixo e densidade aparente. Em seguida, realizou-se o processo de carbonização do caroço de algodão e, posteriormente, repetiu-se a análise imediata no carvão obtido do resíduo. Comparando as variáveis analisadas, antes e após carbonização, foi possível observar que o caroço de algodão pode ser considerado uma boa alternativa de insumo energético na produção de carvão vegetal, onde o carvão obtido apresentou uma média de concentração de carbono fixo de 60,070% e rendimento gravimétrico de 33,750%, utilizando uma taxa de aquecimento de 1,66ºC/min até uma temperatura de 400ºC de carbonização.
Prefix In Mongondow Language
Authors: Ratu Donald Matheos , Damopolii Veronika Listi Ferdini 
Published: June 2023

The goal of this research is to explain the word formation, prefix, of the Mongondow language. The method used in this study is a taxonomic descriptive method, namely exposure by classifying language elements according to hierarchical relationships. The results of the research show word formation patterns are done by adding prefixes, infixes, suffixes, confixes, and clitics. In this pattern of word formation, a morphophonemic process occurs, resulting in new forms like phoneme modifications or deletions. Reduplication and compounding procedures can also result in word formation patterns. As a result of forming words with these patterns a new class of words is formed. The focus of this research is to reveal the prefix in Mongondow Language. The result show there are Prefix {moN-}, {mo-}, {no-},{poN-}, {ko-} ,{mopo-}, {nopo-}, {popo-}, {moko-}, {noko-}, {poko-}, {mogi- , {nogi-}, {pogi-}, {mojiN-}, {pongiN-}, {moki-} {poki-}, {moliN}, {noliN-}, {moi-}, {noi-}, {monoN-}, {nonoN-}, {mopoko-}, {nopoko-}, {mopopo-}, {mopoko}, {poro-} , {pinoro-}, {pinoro-}, {pino-}, {pinopo-}, {poR-}, {toR}, {kinoR-} iand those prefixes depict process with root morphemes functions and form specific categorical word class
Effect of the ergostim and amino acids on vegetative growth characteristics and mineral content of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Rakhaa Shakir Mohammed AL-nassrallah  , Ahmed Dinar Khalaf AL-Asadi  
Published: June 2023

The experiment was carried out in one of the unheated greenhouses at the research station of the College of Agriculture and Marshes / University of Thi Qar, Al-Mustafawiya during the season 2021-2022. To study the effect of spraying with Ergostim and amino acids on the vegetative growth characteristics and the mineral content of the hot pepper under protected cultivation, and the cultivation of the hybrid cultivar Barbarian, the experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design and the experiment included two factor and three replications consisting of four concentrations of Ergostim (0 and 1, 2, and 3) ml L-1 and three concentrations of amino acids (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1 by using complete randomized block design with three replicates. The averages of the treatments were compared according to the Least Significant Differences (LSD) test at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that spraying of the Ergostim nutrient solution on the leaves had a significant effect on increasing each of (plant height, leaf area, number of branches, and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves) at a concentration of (3 ml L-1), as rates were recorded 100.90 cm plant-1 ,133.01 dm2 plant-1, 11.24 branch plant-1, 12.99%, 2.32%, 1.08%, respectively. As for the amino acids, the concentration (4 ml L-1) achieved the highest levels in the above-mentioned traits. It reached 100.74 cm Plant-1 ,108.63 cm 2 Plant-1 ,10.26 cm branch plant -1, 12.93%, 2.28%, 1.03%, respectively.
An Investigation of Self-Mention and Identity Construction in Chart Korbjiti’s “The Judgment” of Thai Written Novel
Authors: Thongmak Sirikarn 
Published: June 2023

This research article aims to explore the use of self-mentions “I” expressed by the characters in the novel “the Judgment”, the famous novel in Thailand. The results revealed that the facets of critical discourse and context interpretation cannot be separated. That is, discourse also plays a vital role in projecting an individual‘s subjectivity through the use of language, non-verbal interaction and expression. Fak, the main protagonist and the villagers are the key parts of societal discourse, with the former as a victim of the villagers’ discourse and the latter as victims of their own. The use of self-mentions “I” and identity construction could manifest the intended meaning that each character conveys. The analysis underlines the concept sociolinguistics and discourse should be considered as an interesting medium in Thai thought domination found in the novel. Moreover, instructors of the English language can apply the results of this study as a guideline for raise students’ awareness of competent novel writers with the sociolinguistic and critical discourse interpretation, along with the necessity to understand the underline meaning of Thai cultures while creating novel.
De effectieve uitoefening van procedurele waarborgen in het kader van verdachtenverhoren: een analyse op basis van criminologisch-psychologische inzichten
Authors: Mergaerts Lore 
Published: June 2023

The effective exercise of procedural safeguards during police questioning: an analysis in light of criminological-psychological insights
Statements provided by suspects during police questioning often still play a central role in criminal proceedings. Partly in light of the inevitable pressures associated with police questioning, the procedural rights of suspects in the context of police questioning have been strengthened in recent years at both European and national levels. However, such strengthened procedural safeguards are useful in practice only if suspects actually (can) exercise their rights. The findings of (mainly Anglo-Saxon) criminological-psychological research demonstrate that the effective exercise of procedural rights is by no means self-evident. In fact, the exercise of procedural rights can be hampered in practice by numerous psychological mechanisms and the dynamics inherent to the interaction between a suspect and the police and judicial authorities. Therefore, purely legal measures are insufficient to improve the effective exercise of procedural rights in practice. Thus, in addition to purely legal initiatives, other measures – such as awareness-raising and science-based training – are needed to facilitate the effective exercise of procedural rights by suspects in practice.
Recht op een eerlijk proces voldoende gewaarborgd?
Authors: Verhoeven Willem-Jan , Geurts Teun 
Published: June 2023

Right to a fair trial sufficiently safeguarded?
Based on earlier empirical research, this contribution investigates how the Counsel in Police Interrogation Act, which was implemented in 2017, works out in practice. The authors analyse the data in two steps. First, based on existing documents and interviews, the underlying policy theory is reconstructed. Second, based on questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observations, registries and investigation files, an overview is provided about the way in which investigating officers and lawyers actually act. The policy theory shows that specific acts of investigating officers and lawyers are required to reach legislation’s proposed goals. In practice, investigating officers and lawyers generally act as expected according to the legislation. Yet, under certain conditions, adequate legal aid provision is dependent on the individual way investigating officers and lawyers act and the opportunity structure in which they operate. The empirical results raise the question whether the Counsel in Police Interrogation Act sufficiently contributes to safeguarding the fundamental right to a fair trial.
Evalueren van justitieel sanctiebeleid langs meerdere criteria
Authors: van der Laan André , Zeijlmans Kirti 
Published: June 2023

A multiple criteria evaluation of justice policy. The role of human rights
The focus of evaluation studies sanctions or sanction policy is mainly on the effectiveness of outcome, such as reducing recidivism. Public policy evaluations (PPEs) often use a more broad evaluation framework, including contribution analysis and multiple evaluation criteria. These evaluations are not limited to effectiveness, but focus also on relevance, goal attainment, efficiency, or coordination of the policy. Moreover, PPE recommends incorporating policy specific criteria, such as evaluating human rights in practice. This framework was adopted in a post hoc evaluation of the Adolescent Criminal Law (ACL).This case study focused on the sanctioning of young adult offenders aged 18 up to and including 22 years old with a juvenile sanction in the Netherlands. In order to evaluate multiple criteria, a range of methods and sources was used, including a literature review, reconstruction of the policy theory, empirical analysis of registration data, a quasi-experiment, interviews with practitioners, and analysis of court decisions. Results showed that ACL has theoretical relevance to stimulate desistance from a criminal career, and that the forensic advice and sanctioning with a juvenile sanction increased as expected over time. However, juvenile sanctioning of young adult offenders showed a negative or null-effect on recidivism. Bottlenecks in practice can explain these mixed effects, such as a non-specified target group, variation across the Netherlands in forensic advice and opposed sanctions, and limited access to juvenile forensic services. Indications of bottlenecks in the ability to comply with human rights were also found, such as a lack of transparency and equality in the application of adolescent criminal law. The relevance of complying with human rights in practice is discussed in the light of contemporary resocialization theories.
Analisis Penerapan Manajemen Bahaya Hewan Liar Dalam Menunjang Keselamatan Penerbangan Dengan Metode Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) Di Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim Batam
Authors: Lusi Amelia Simanjuntak  , Sri Sutarwati  
Published: June 2023

Abastrak, Salah satu permasalahan klasik di bandar udara yang dapat mengancam keselamatan penerbangan di wilayah bandar udara adalah gangguan dari hewan liar dan burung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis penerapan manajemen bahaya hewan liar dan burung dalam menunjang keselamatan penerbangan di Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim Batam dan mengidentifikasi bahaya dan hasil penilaian risiko yang ditimbulkan oleh adanya hewan liar dan burung dalam menunjang keselamatan penerbangan dengan metode HIRA di Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim Batam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran (mix methods) dengan teknik deskriptif. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data penelitian adalah peneliti sendiri, observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi untuk menjawab rumusan pertanyaan penelitian. Peneliti melakukan analisis data dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data kualitatif dan kuantitatif.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan manajemen bahaya hewan liar di Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim sesuai dengan standar operasional prosedur (SOP) yaitu dengan melakukan inspeksi rutin pada pagi hari dan siang hari di area sisi udara. Jika terdapat sekumpulan burung dan hewan liar maka petugas apron movement control, safety dan PKP-PK segera melakukan pengusiran burung menggunakan unit kendaraan mobil masing-masing kemudian membunyikan sirine dan klakson mobil agar burung dan hewan liar pergi menjauh dari area sisi udara. Berdasarkan identifikasi tingkat risiko, dapat diketahui tingkat risiko risiko hewan liar monyet dikategori risiko sedang dan burung di kategori risiko ekstrem (sangat berbahaya), dengan menggunakan metode HIRA indeks risiko burung bangau memiliki tingkat risiko sedang (kuning) artinya pengendalian risiko dan penerapan dilakukan manajemen bahaya hewan liar bertujuan untuk mengurangi bahaya hewan liar yang mengganggu pengoperasian penerbangan di Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim.
Regimen Kemoterapi Pasien Kanker Payudara di RS Santo Borromeus Bandung
Authors: Utami Artha 
Published: June 2023

Kanker Kanker payudara merupakan jenis kanker tertinggi yang diderita oleh wanita di Indonesia dan penyebab kematian tertinggi. Tatalaksana kemoterapi yang rumit bila tidak diberikan secara tepat dapat menurunkan efikasi dan meningkatkan efek samping. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran regimen kemoterapi pada pasien kanker payudara yang menjalani kemoterapi di RS Santo Borromeus pada Januari – Desember 2021.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan rancangan survei. Subyek penelitian ini adalah pasien kanker payudara yang menjalani kemoterapi di RS Santo Borromeus Bandung pada rentang waktu Januari – Desember 2021, yaitu berjumlah 57 pasien. Teknik sampling yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah sampling jenuh.
Pasien kanker payudara di RS Borromeus paling banyak berusia 45-55 tahun (40,35%), dan memiliki stadium III (40,35%). Pasien yang menunjukkan HER-2 positif sebanyak 33,33%. Regimen tunggal yang paling banyak digunakan adalah Transtuzumab (24,56%). Regimen kombinasi yang paling banyak digunakan adalah regimen yang mengandung taxane (43,84%).
ANALISIS HIDROKUINON PADA KOSMETIK CAIR MENGGUNAKAN KROMATOGRAFI CAIR KINERJA TINGGI (KCKT)
Authors: Fertiasari Rini , Leni Leni , Kristiandi Kiki 
Published: June 2023

Abstrak
Peraturan BPOM Nomor 23 Tahun 2019 menjelaskan bahwa kosmetik merupakan kandungan zat yang biasa digunakan untuk dapat mendukung penampilan dan memberikan aroma dan tampilan bagi tubuh, dengan tujuan memberikan manfaat positif bagi tubuh. Sehingga tubuh yang menggunakannya tidak memberikan efek samping baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Hidrokuinon merupakan bagian senyawa golongan fenol. Senyawa fenol adalah bagian dari senyawa yang dapat mengalami oksidasi, apabila senyawa fenol tidak terjaga dengan baik dan dalam keadaan terbuka dapat mengakibatkan warna dan pembentukan oksidasi yang disebabkan terakumulasi dengan udara dan menyebabkan adanya ikatan lain yang terjadi. Adapun tujuan untuk penelitian ini, yaitu menganalisis kandungan hidrokuinon pada kosmetik cair. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) atau kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Prinsip kerja dari HPLC, yaitu melakukan sebuah pemisahan komponoen analitik berdasarkan kepolarannya dan adanya indikasi yang muncul dengan bantuan detektor dan diirekam pada kromatogram. Untuk sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kosmetik berbahan cair yang dipilih secara acak. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyuntikan ulang larutan hidrokuinon yang dilakukan sebanyak 6 kali diperoleh nilai standar baku pembanding dengan waktu yang digunakan adalah 6,132 menit dan 506730 µL/menit. Dari hasil tersebut menunjukkan kandungan yang ada pada sampe kosmetik cair yang telah dilakukan tidak ditemukannya kandungan hidrokuinon atau negatif dan tidak menimbulkan adanya peak yang keluar pada menit tersebut.
KHẢO SÁT TỶ LỆ TRẦM CẢM VÀ RỐI LOẠN LO ÂU TRÊN BỆNH NHÂN ĐÁI THÁO ĐƯỜNG TYPE 2 NHÓM TUỔI TỪ 18 – 60 ĐANG ĐIỀU TRỊ NGOẠI TRÚ TẠI THÀNH PHỐ CẦN THƠ
Authors: Huỳnh Hà Xuyên , Nguyễn Phạm Trúc Thanh , Nguyễn Duy Khương , Thái Thị Ngọc Thúy 
Published: June 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu là những rối loạn tâm thần thường gặp, làm cho bệnh nhân đái tháo đường type 2 (ĐTĐ type 2) kém tuân thủ điều trị và tăng thêm chi phí điều trị. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: 1). Xác định tỷ lệ trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu trên bệnh nhân ĐTĐ type 2. 2). Xác định mối liên quan giữa trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu trên bệnh nhân ĐTĐ type 2. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên 91 bệnh nhân ĐTĐ type 2 từ 18 - 60 tuổi điều trị ngoại trú ≥ 3 tháng tại Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ và Bệnh viện Tim Mạch thành phố Cần Thơ. Người tham gia hoàn thành bảng câu hỏi PHQ – 9 và GAD - 7 để sàng lọc trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu. Kết quả: Phần lớn đối tượng nghiên cứu là nữ (60,4%). Tỷ lệ trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu trên bệnh nhân ĐTĐ type 2 lần lượt là 37,4% và 33%. Mối liên quan giữa trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu p < 0,001, OR = 1,2, CI = 95%, trong đó, rối loạn trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu chiếm 24,2%; trầm cảm đơn thuần là 13,3% và rối loạn lo âu đơn thuần là 8,8%. Kết luận: Tỷ lệ trầm cảm và rối loạn lo âu cao trên bệnh nhân ĐTĐ type 2. Xây dựng một quy trình sàng lọc sức khỏe tâm thần cho bệnh nhân ĐTĐ type 2 là cần thiết.
ĐẶC ĐIỂM HUYẾT ĐỒ BỆNH HEMOGLOBIN H VÀ ALPHA-THALASSEMIA THỂ NHẸ
Authors: Trần Thị Tuyết Hạnh , Hồ Nguyễn Huy Hoàng , Nguyễn Ngọc Minh Thùy , Nguyễn Đặng Xuân Trâm , Võ Thành Trí , Lê Thị Hoàng Mỹ 
Published: June 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia) gây ra bởi sự giảm hoặc không tổng hợp được chuỗi α-globin, được cung cấp các chỉ điểm chẩn đoán bởi tổng phân tích tế bào máu ngoại vi và các thay đổi về hình thái hồng cầu trên tiêu bản máu ngoại vi, vì vậy chúng tôi thực hiện khảo sát đặc điểm huyết đồ bệnh hemoglobin H (bệnh HbH) và α-thalassemia thể nhẹ. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Mô tả đặc điểm tổng phân tích tế bào máu ngoại vi và đặc điểm hồng cầu trên phết máu ngoại vi ở bệnh HbH và α-thalassemia thể nhẹ. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 67 bệnh nhân α-thalassemia thể nhẹ và bệnh HbH. Kết quả: Nghiên cứu ghi nhận các chỉ số hồng cầu ở bệnh nhân α-thalassemia thể nhẹ: RBC là 6,2 ± 0,6 (1012/L), HGB là 134,6 ± 13,1 (g/dL), MCV là 71,0 ± 3,4 (fL), MCH là 21,6 ± 0,8 (pg), RDW là 13,2 ± 1,6 (%). Bệnh nhân HbH: RBC là 4,1 ± 0,9 (1012/L), HGB là 80,9 ± 15,2 (g/dL), MCV là 72,9 ± 8,4 (fL), MCH là 20,2 ± 2,3 (pg), RDW là 25,7 ± 4,5 (%). Đa số bệnh nhân α-thalassemia thể nhẹ có hồng cầu nhỏ (96,7%), nhược sắc (100,0%) và hình dạng bình thường (50,0%), một số trường hợp có hồng cầu hình bia. Bệnh nhân HbH có hình thái tế bào hồng cầu thay đổi rõ rệt với hồng cầu nhỏ (73,0%), nhược sắc (89,2%), đa hình dạng (89,2%), xuất hiện hồng cầu nhân và thể vùi Howell Jolly. Kết luận: Bệnh α-thalassemia thể nhẹ có chỉ số MCV và MCH giảm với hình thái tế bào hồng cầu nhỏ, nhược sắc. Bênh HbH có các chỉ số RBC, HGB, MCV, MCH giảm, RDW tăng với hình thái tế bào hồng cầu nhỏ, nhược sắc, đa hình dạng, có hồng cầu nhân và thể vùi Howell-Jolly.
The relationship between foreign exchange rates (USD/THB) and financial market variables
Authors:   , Lertmongkol Chitchanok 
Published: June 2023

This research was conducted to study the relationship between the USD/THB exchange rate and financial market variables. Which such variables are Thai Stock Exchange Index (SET), Dow Jones Industrial Index (DJI), Gold Spot Price and the central bank of the United States balance sheet (Federal Balance Sheet) using time series secondary data. From January 2009 to December 2019, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was studied and the long-term equilibrium relationship was studied. (Cointegration) and short-term adaptation model (Error Correction Model: ECM).

The results of the study showed that when using the least squares method to find the correlation of the variables, it was found that Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and Gold Spot Price are correlated in the opposite direction of USD/THB exchange rate. The US Bank balance sheet (Federal Balance Sheet) has a positive correlation.The Cointegration test found that the dependent variable with independent variables have a long-run equilibrium relationship and a short-run model (Error Correction Model: ECM), no correlation was found.