bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tool-pin Profile Effects on Thermal and Material Flow in Friction Stir Butt Welding of AA2219-T87 Plates: A coupled Eulerian model development and study
Authors: Bagadi Ramana Murthy , JAIDI JEEVAN , Atmakur Venugopal Rao , Meshram Suresh Dadulal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

A three-dimensional coupled model in a Eulerian framework has been developed in COMSOL Multiphysics software and used to study the complex phenomena of thermal and material flow during the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process. The moving heat source (tool) effect is modeled using a coordinate transformation. The frictional heat as a function of temperature dependent yield strength of AA2219-T87 material, and the deformation energy of plasticized material flow are considered. Further, the plasticized material is modeled as non-Newtonian fluid and a no-slip boundary condition at the workpiece-tool material interfaces is used. The coupled Eulerian model prediction accuracy has been validated against the experimental weldment zones, and found a good agreement in terms of the shape and size. Subsequently, studied the effects of tool-pin profiles (cylindrical and conical) on thermal distribution, material flow, shear strain rates, thermal histories and weldment zones. It is found that the maximum temperatures, material flow velocities and shear strain rates are low with the conical tool-pin in contrast to the cylindrical one, and it is partly attributed to increased mixing of shoulder and pin driven material flow around the rotating tool, which in turn decreased the size of weldment zones. Also, the maximum temperatures, material flow velocities and shear strain rates on advancing side are higher than that of retreating side. Therefore, it is suggested to use the coupled Eulerian model to design the FSW process and tool parameters in a cost effective way in contrast to the tedious experimental route.
A Controlled Randomized Trial with a 12-Week Follow-up Investigating the Effects of Medium-frequency Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Pain, VMO Thickness, and Functionality in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.
Authors: Moezy Azar , Masoudi Soheila , Nazari Ahmad , Abasi Arezoo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background: One of the major contributors to disability in Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients is weakness in the Quadriceps Femoris muscle. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used in rehabilitation for patients suffering from muscle weakness. Thus, the purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of NMES and exercise therapy, for improving pain, muscle weakness and function among patients with KOA.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 75 female patients diagnosed with KOA. Participants were divided into three intervention groups: NMES-only, exercise therapy (Exs) alone, and a combination of NMES and exercise (NMES+ Exs). All patients underwent 12 supervised treatment sessions, three times a week. Outcome measures included pain intensity measured by visual analog scale (VAS), knee flexion range of motion (FROM), thigh muscle girth (TG), thickness of the Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO), timed up and go test (TUG), six-minute walk test (6MWT), and WOMAC scores. Statistical analyses (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) methods were done to compare the amounts at the baseline, immediately after treatment and after 12 weeks.
Results: The NMES group exhibited a significant reduction in pain at the 12-week follow-up compared to the other groups(p=0.022). The NMES+ Exs group showed better outcomes in terms of FROM, TG, and VMO thickness post-intervention (p <0.0001, p<0.004, p=0.003, respectively) and at the 12-week follow-up (p <0.0001, p <0.0001, p <0.0001, respectively). Additionally, NMES was superior in improving TUG and 6MWT post-intervention (p <0.0001, p=0.038, respectively) and during the follow-up assessments (p <0.0001, p=0.029, respectively). The NMES+ Exs group achieved better WOMAC stiffness scores at both post-intervention and follow-up evaluations (p <0.0001, p <0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, at the 12-week follow-up, NMES+ Exs group outperformed the others in WOMAC pain and function subscales (p=0.003, p=0.017, respectively), while the NMES group demonstrated better WOMAC total scores compared to the other groups (p=0.007).
Conclusion: The combination of NMES and exercise seems to be an efficient approach for managing KOA, as it enhances knee flexion range and TG, increases VMO thickness, and improves WOMAC scores. On the other hand, NMES alone was found to be effective in improving the physical function of KOA patients.
Trial registration: IRCT20101228005486N7 (06-02-2020).
Codified Racism in Digital Health Platforms A Meta-Analysis of COVID-19 Prediction Algorithms and their Policy Implications
Authors: Hislop Maalana 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

New technologies are changing the way we interact with the world around us, and we tend to use them based on the assumption of their neutrality. This, however, is far from the truth. The blind spots of algorithmic models reflect the goals and ideologies of its developers and the society in which they live, and run the risk of replicating and amplifying human biases. This paper analyzes the harmful racial biases that are present in predictive digital health algorithms and the best way to regulate them. To answer the research questions, a meta-analysis was carried out of prognostic COVID-19 models developed for clinical use within the US using an analytic framework designed to reveal the risk for harmful racial biases. Of the five models observed, all presented with medium risk for bias. Possible policy recommendations for mitigating this bias include establishing national ethics standards, diversifying the AI workforce, investing in transparent data access symptoms, and improving biased measurement tools. While previous attempts to regulate this space have been made, to fully address racial bias in digital health, policymakers must acknowledge the historical systems of oppression that shape us and by extension, our technologies, especially in such a high-risk setting as healthcare.
Experimental and numerical prediction of multiple solid particle erosion during a dry micro-blasting process of dental titanium alloy by angular particles based on representative volume element technique
Authors: Khoddami AmirSajjad , Jahroodi Mohammad Ali Nasiri , Salimi-Majd Davood , Mohammadi Bijan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Micro-blasting is a general process for surface treatment of engineering components such as gears, dental implants, and screws. These components are put under solid particle impacts. To attain the acceptable final surface, it is important to present an accurate and fast prediction of erosion rate and other surface damage mechanisms of them under various conditions. To reduce the computational costs, this article aims to present a beneficial 3D model using representative volume element (RVE) technique for the simulation of multiple arbitrary angular solid particle erosion (SPE). This technique is used in finite element (FE) method in comparison with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to investigate their capability in SPE modeling. Johnson-Cook constitutive equations are performed to describe the erosive behavior of the titanium alloy. To verify the developed approach, SPE experiments were conducted on Ti-6Al-4V under various values of impact angle and particle velocity. Then, the effects of the impact angle on erosion rates are investigated to identify the critical angle in which the erosion rate is maximum. Moreover, an approximate equation is presented for variations of erosion rate. The article focuses on the erosion effect on the surface of the alloy by investigating SPE mechanisms. The results show the RVE approach, as well as the approximate equation, can predict the wear damage in a good agreement with the empirical data. SPH showed more accurate results in higher velocities, while the FE model is more appropriate in the lower ones. According to the results, the impacting angle of 45̊ is critical.
Custom-made Subperiosteal Implants: A Finite Element Analysis of Monoblock and Dual Implant Systems in Atrophic Maxilla
Authors: Ayhan Mustafa , Cankaya Abdulkadir Burak 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study aims to investigate and compare the stress distribution, displacement, and bone loading of monoblock and dual custom-made subperiosteal implant systems in atrophic maxilla using finite element analysis (FEA). A total of 11 patients with insufficient bone tissue for conventional implant treatment were included in the study. Customized subperiosteal implant designs were generated using the 3D average models obtained from patients' computed tomography (CT) scans. Two different models were produced: a monoblock that covered the entire maxillary bone and a dual implant system where two mirror-imaged implants covered the left and right halves of the maxillary bone separately. Eight models were analyzed under a vertical load of 150 newtons, simulating the mastication forces on the dental veneer. We calculated residual stress values formed on the implant models and jawbone models separately. In addition, the highest displacement values formed on the implants and the highest stress values formed on abutment parts were also observed in this study. The results showed that the stresses formed on implants that are under mastication forces were significantly lower than the yield strength of the selected material, indicating that plastic deformation would not occur under static loading. The dual implant geometry demonstrated a substantial reduction in stress compared to the monoblock structure. The highest von Mises stress values for the monoblock implants ranged from 131 MPa to 206 MPa, while those for the dual structure ranged from 124 MPa to 178 MPa. The highest residual stress values on the upper jawbone were observed in the M6 implant model, and the lowest was seen in the M1 and M3 models at 12 MPa. Displacement values under static load showed that loads on the implant would be below 0.21 mm. In addition to stress and displacement, our updated results demonstrated that mono implants provided a more homogeneous load distribution on the upper jaw, resulting in lower residual stresses forming on the bone. This finding suggests that mono implants might be better suited for immediate teeth-loading scenarios due to their ability to better absorb and distribute forces applied to the implant. In conclusion, custom subperiosteal implants are a viable treatment option for patients with insufficient bone tissue for conventional implants. Dual implant systems were found to have lower stress and displacement values compared to monoblock structures, indicating a potential advantage in clinical use. However, mono implants may have benefits in cases of immediate tooth loading due to their ability to absorb and distribute occlusal forces better. Further studies with long-term clinical follow-ups are necessary to confirm these findings and assess the overall success and survival rates of custom-made subperiosteal implants.
Maternal PM2.5 Exposure is associated with Preterm Birth and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, and Mitochondrial OXPHOS Dysfunction in Cord Blood
Authors: You Young-Ah , Park Sunwha , Kwon Eunjin , Kim Ye-Ah , Hur Young Min , Lee Ga In , Kim Soo Min , Song Jeong Min , Kim Man S , Kim Young Ju 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal health outcomes. To explore the mechanism, we performed mRNA sequencing of neonatal cord blood. From an ongoing prospective cohort, Air Pollution on Pregnancy Outcome (APPO) study, 454 pregnant women from six centers between January 2021 and June 2022 were recruited. Individual PM2.5 exposure was calculated using a time-weighted average model. In the APPO study, age-matched cord blood samples from the High PM2.5 (˃15 ug/m3; n = 10) and Low PM2.5 (≤ 15 ug/m3; n = 30) groups were randomly selected for mRNA-sequencing. After selecting genes with differential expression in the two groups (p-value < 0.05 and log2 fold change > 1.5), pathway enrichment analysis was performed, and the mitochondrial pathway was analyzed using MitoCarta3.0. The risk of preterm birth (PTB) increased with every 5 µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in the second trimester (odds ratio 1.391, p = 0.019) after adjusting for confounding variables. The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increased in the second (odds ratio 1.238, p = 0.041) and third trimester (odds ratio 1.290, p = 0.029), and entire pregnancy (odds ratio 1.295, p = 0.029). The mRNA-sequencing of cord blood showed that genes related to mitochondrial activity (FAM210B, KRT1, FOXO4, TRIM58, and FBXO7) and PTB-related genes (ADIPOR1, YBX1, OPTN, NFkB1, HBG2) were upregulated in the High PM2.5 group. In addition, exposure to high PM2.5 affected mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and proteins in the electron transport chain, a subunit of OXPHOS. These results suggest that exposure to high PM2.5 during pregnancy may increase the risk of PTB and GDM, and dysregulate PTB-related genes. Alterations in mitochondrial OXPHOS by high PM2.5 exposure may occur not only in preterm infants but also in normal newborns. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required.
Smoking Predictor for Covid-19 Severity and Mortality- A Systematic Review Based on Evidence for Clinical Practice
Authors: Martini Santi , Hargono Arief , Artanti Kurnia , Sándor János , Khan Azizuddin , Besral Besral , Khuen Chan , Yi-Li Chung , Nasr Nayla 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
The objective of the study is to review the available data and investigate whether smoking is a risk factor for severe Covid-19, ICU admission, and mortality. Studies have shown conflicting data linking smoking to serious Covid-19 outcomes, necessitating updating knowledge.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until June 8, 2022. All original articles described the risk of smoking as a predictor for hospitalization and ICU admission among Covid-19 patients, and studies that assessed the association between smoking and Covid-19 severity and/or mortality in a multivariable analysis in a cohort study design were eligible. Outcomes were severity and mortality from Covid-19 infection.
Results
A total of 3085 articles were identified through the systematic search, and 34 deemed eligible were included after consensus. The selected articles were all published between 2020 and 2022. The majority of the studies originated in Asia and the United States. Most of patients were non-smokers. 12 articles were developed for predicting severe Covid-19 infection among tobacco users. However, the results did not examine depending on the smoking classification in most studies, despite the fact that the majority of the studies (n = 22) showed a substantial link between smoking and Covid-19 severity/mortality. Mortality (n = 32), ICU admission (n = 17), severe or hospitalization (n = 11), and mechanical ventilation (n = 10) studies were the outcomes presented. The nomogram study including smoking predictors may be useful for the early detection of Covid-19 patients who will be admitted to the ICU.
Conclusions
Smoking history significantly increased the probability of Covid-19 hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality in patients. Healthcare professionals must assist smokers in giving up and changing their attitude toward smoking.
Influence of Endodontic Motors on the Behaviour of Root Canal Shaping Instruments: An in Vitro Comparative Study
Authors: VINCENT Marin , REYNETTE Clémentine , GIESS Renaud , DAVRIL Jeanne , Martrette Jean-Marc , Mortier Eric , Balthazard Rémy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Aims
The endodontic literature reports a lot of comparative study on endodontic instruments, concerning as well their geometry, instrumental dynamics, material, mechanical behavior or heat treatment. However, to our knowledge, no study has focused on the influence of endodontic motors on the shaping abilities of endodontic instruments. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the endodontic motors on root canal shaping instruments.
Method
Dual Move (MICRO-MEGA, Besançon, France), Canal Pro CL2i (COLTENE, Alstätten, Suisse), Canal Pro Jeni Motor (COLTENE, Alstätten, Suisse), Ai Motor (WOODPECKER, Guilin, China), Wave One motor (VDW, Postfach, Munich) and Smart A (WOODPECKER, Guilin, China) were pre-clinically compared in continuous rotation and reciprocating motion on a traction/compression bench using resin blocks. Canal shaping in continuous rotation and reciprocating motion were performed with One Curve and One RECI instruments (MICRO-MEGA, Besançon, France), respectively. The penetration/removal forces, making it possible to objectify the cutting effect and screwing effect of the instruments during root canal shaping, were analyzed.
Results
The results showed (i) that endodontic motors influence the mechanical behavior of endodontic instruments, (ii) that the influence of the motors is essentially felt during reciprocating motion and (iii) that the reciprocating angles influence the mechanical behavior of endodontic instruments.
The diagnosis, prevention, treatment and prognosis of subglottic sputum crusts in neonates
Authors: Zheng Yi , Ju Rong , Wei Guoqing , Li Huaying 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the risk factors of subglottic sputum crust formation in neonates in the NICU through flexible bronchoscopy, as well as prevention，treatment measures and prognosis.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 152 neonates in NICU who underwent bronchoscopy during June 2018 to June 2023. The influencing factors of subglottic sputum crustformation were analyzed and The incidence and prognosis of subglottic sputum crustby after improved nursing methods were compared and analyzed.
Results: ① In term of the history of invasive mechanicalventilation and the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation,the incidence of the subglottic sputum crust in the experiment group was higher than that of control group(P＜0.05）. ② After improved nursing methods, the incidence of subglottic sputum crust in the experiment group was lower than that of control group(P＜0.05）. ③ The group with early bronchoscopy after weaning has lower incidence of related complication than the group with late bronchoscopy(P＜0.05).
Conclusion: Invasive mechanical ventilationand the duration of ventilation were the main risk factors for subglottic sputum crust formation. Strengthening humidification and sputum suction outside the tube during invasive mechanical ventilation will effectively prevent the formation of subglottic sputum crusts and reduce the occurrence of dyspnea after weaning. Early treatment after the formation of subglottic sputum crusts will optimize the removal of sputum crusts, avoid the formation of subglottic stenosis.
On the calculation of the pressure drag coefficient of a flat plate using the law of conservation of energy
Authors: Kozynchenko Alexander , Kozynchenko Sergey 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

The article concerns the development of a new physical model for calculating the pressure resistance of a normally oriented thin flat plate moving in an incompressible fluid. The proposed “displacement-inflow” model uses a minimum number of fundamental assumptions (energy conservation law, continuity condition, no viscosity). The main idea is to calculate the increment of the kinetic energy of fluid particles both before and after the plate at each discrete stage of motion. The proposed approach made it possible to estimate separately the contribution of the front and back surfaces of the plate to the total pressure resistance of the plate. Thus, the front side pressure drag coefficient is 1.0, the back side is 0.33 for a linear approximation of the velocity profile (0.20 for a quadratic approximation), so the total drag coefficient is 1.33 (or 1.20), which is very close to published experimental data. The resulting partial drag coefficients for each plate surface can be used to calculate the drag forces and moments acting on the ship's hull. An example of such a calculation is given.
Clinical efficacy of treated chronic hepatitis B patients with low-level viremia
Authors: Gao Yang , Xuan Bibi , Yang Yuling , Cui Yujian , Huang Wenjun , Bi Chunhua 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Objective To compare the efficacy of switching to nucleos (t) ide analogues and continuing to use nucleos (t) ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B with low-level viremia.
Methods From July 2020 to October 2022, 130 patients with chronic hepatitis B who developed low-level viremia after 48 weeks of nucleos (t) ide analogues were retrospectively included in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, including 59 patients in the changed group and 71 patients in the unchanged group. After propensity score (PSM), 30 patients in the changed group and 30 patients in the unchanged group were retrospectively included. The primary outcome measures were complete virologic response rate (CVR) and HBV DNA load reduction at week 24.Secondary outcome measures were HBsAg clearance rate, HBeAg negative rate and HBeAg seroconversion rate; ALT, AST, TBIL levels; serum phosphorus, creatine kinase, renal function and incidence of liver cirrhotic and cancer.
Results At 24 weeks, the CVR rate was 7 (23.3%) in the unchanged group and 15 (50%) in the changed group , and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The decrease of HBV DNA load (log10 IU/mL) was 0.2 (0.05, 1.04) and 1.08 (0.37.1.36) in the unchanged group and the changed group, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05).However, there was no significant difference in HBsAg clearance rate, HBeAg negative conversion rate, HBeAg seroconversion rate, ALT, AST, TBIL, eGFR, urine protein, serum phosphorus, creatine kinase and incidence of liver cirrhosis and cancer, between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusion For patients with chronic hepatitis B low-level viremia treated with nucleos (t) ide analogues, CVR rate and HBV DNA load decrease are superior to those without dressing change after nucleos(t) ide analogues replacement.