bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motions of the Trunk and Use of Spiral
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The spine moves in a myriad of complex ways to fulfill the demands of artistic expression. The balance of upright posture is an excellent place to begin to discover principles that support efficiency in the movement required for any dance aesthetic. Chapter 4 introduces skeletal components of the spine (i.e., cervical, thoracic, lumbar) and examines the nature of spinal curvatures. The authors describe the different idiopathic and postural curvatures that can be present in the spine, such as lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. Guided movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover greater expressivity while dancing and personal applications to support ease in action in daily life.
The Knee
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes the skeletal landmarks and five primary ligaments that comprise the knee joint. Movement explorations encourage awareness of the alignment of the knee joint while honoring individual structure. Movement explorations bring awareness to key muscular components that support the patellofemoral joint/knee joint. The exercises develop balanced strength for the hamstrings and the quadriceps muscles. The reader is also guided through an activity in assessing mobility of the knee and the impact of ligament laxity on the knee joint. It offers examples for mindfulness of the knee joint alignment in daily life that help to support the knee through the rigors of dance training.
The Ankle and Foot
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The ankle and foot provide the structural base of support for standing, walking, and dancing. There are typically 26 articulating bones, 31 joints, and 20 intrinsic muscles in the foot. Guided movement explorations help the reader to better understand the function of these joints and provide strategies to prevent injury and improve stability and resilience. The structure of the arches of the foot are introduced along with some key muscular function. The chapter uses the anatomical information to build a series of strategies and visualizations that improve ankle and foot stability during the rigors of one-legged standing balances and lifting the heels off the ground relevé. This chapter offers the reader the opportunity to revisit the anatomical visualization of tripod of balance of the foot with greater detail and deeper understanding for the power of imagery to have a profound effect on balance and dance skill.
Walking and Weight Shift
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 brings attention to how we walk. Walking is a shift of weight from one foot to the other, propelling the body’s center of gravity through space. Unconscious habits in walking can unwittingly interfere with the ability to transfer weight. Weight shift affects the ability to run, turn, leap, and dance successfully. The reader is invited to explore walking and to look at the bottoms of their shoes as a visual representation of their habits while walking. We learn to walk when we are very young, yet we are never taught how to do so biomechanically. This chapter provides biomechanical considerations for gait as well as information about fasciae and their role in walking, and how this applies to shifting weight from one foot to the other through complicated dance movements.
Restore toward Balance
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Rest and restorative practices are often overlooked, yet they are an important factor in conditioning the body and mind to attain one’s fullest potential in dance. Rest calibrates the body’s energy and improves the ability to sustain the physical rigor required in dance training and performance. Chapter 12 defines different types of fatigue and explores multiple approaches to active rest and restoration practice. The 4Rs are revisited as a reflective practice in discovering processes for sleep, rest, and active recovery practices. The Functional Awareness reflective practice of “beach glass and shells” is introduced in this chapter as a method to collect and gather knowledge and record it through verbal expression or written practice. “Beach glass and shells” holds space for readers to take a moment to consider the tools, strategies, discoveries (shells) that they’ve collected throughout the time reading the book.
Why Not Better and Cheaper?
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Why doesn’t healthcare get better and cheaper? The evolution of the cell phones that we carry in our pockets demonstrates that quality can increase while prices fall. Why not in healthcare? The answer suggested in this book is that the health sector generates the wrong kinds of innovation. It is too easy to profit from low-value innovations and too difficult to profit from innovations that reduce care costs. The result is a healthcare economy that is profusely innovative yet remarkably ineffective in discovering and implementing new technologies and business models that deliver increased value at lower cost. The consequences of this failure to innovate accumulate over time and make society poorer and less healthy than it ought to be. As Why Not Better and Cheaper? shows, the root causes of this innovation problem are the incentives, social norms, and competitive environment prevailing in the health sector. We can point innovation in a better direction by improving incentives, mobilizing professional norms and narratives, and altering the regulatory and competitive environment. Our analysis and proposals are of interest to clinicians, educators, managers, and policymakers.
Economically Valuable Innovation
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers incentives for innovation in the health sector, which all too often do not align with the creation of economic value. Consequently, valuable innovations, such as new classes of antibiotics and vaccines for infectious diseases, are underdeveloped while innovations of dubious value find a market. The chapter shows how this issue results in part from patents and their attendant pricing and timing distortions. These distortions skew innovation toward lower value targets. It goes on to discuss how these problems are accentuated in a reimbursement and policy environment that imposes no obligation or incentive on providers or regulators to consider economic value in their decisions.
Missing Innovations
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In healthcare, innovations that reduce costs often “go missing.” New processes, business models, or managerial practices that lower the cost of care fail to take root and spread across the health sector. This chapter finds evidence for missing innovation in seven areas: pervasive fee-for-service payment contracts; regional practice styles; the long slow decline of small, single-specialty medical practices; adoption of information technologies; alternatives to insurance claims payment; slightly worse but much cheaper interventions; and investment in research investigating the relative benefits and costs of treatments. This list is by no means exhaustive, but it illustrates a pattern. Time and again, the healthcare sector overlooks cost-reducing opportunities lying in plain sight. The failure to exploit such opportunities influences the overall direction of innovation. If there is not a ready market for cost reduction, innovators will work on other problems.
Beyond Financial Incentives
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews professional and social norms, which together are a powerful force in healthcare. They influence behavior by introducing ethical duties and obligations into decision-making. These duties and obligations are enshrined in reinforcing social comparisons and narratives. It shows how cost-reducing innovations are most readily adopted when aligned with ethical commitments and implemented by organizations that prioritize healing over financial interests. Otherwise, cost reduction may be regarded as a morally repugnant exercise coming at the expense of the vulnerable and ill. This perception finds fertile ground in the United States because, as a society, we have yet to agree on the nature of healthcare. The chapter poses the question: Is healthcare a social good to which all are entitled, or is it a conventional private good? Without agreement on this question, the ethical duty to wisely manage limited healthcare resources is uncertain. Providers, patients, and the general public may greet cost-reducing innovations with indifference or contempt.
Russianizing Palestine
Authors: Scoville Spencer 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the decades after the Crimean War (1853–1856), Russia bought up land and buildings in Ottoman Syria and Palestine to establish an Orthodox Christian missionary presence. This chapter, and the two that follow in this volume, illuminate the work that went into this state-sponsored project, culminating in the tsarist government’s 1889 endorsement of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IPPO). This chapter presents A Week in Palestine, young St. Petersburg nobleman Vasilii Khitrovo’s 1871 travelogue of his first visit to Jerusalem. This persuasive personal story helped raise support and funds for the IPPO, whose founding charter is also translated here.
A Reluctant Native Informant
Authors: Kane Eileen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter reveals connections between Russia’s colonization of Turkestan and its extension of influence into Ottoman Arabia, through a focus on the Meccan pilgrimage. Shakirdzhan Ishaev was a Russianized Tatar Muslim from Tashkent. After serving the tsarist colonial administration in recently conquered Turkestan as a native informant, the tsarist government sent him to the Russian consulate in Jeddah to perform the same job. From Jeddah, Ishaev’s task was to travel to Mecca as a pilgrim, to report on the hajj. His tense and squeamish account of his 1895 hajj, excerpted in this chapter, reveals his discomfort with his assigned task, as a self-described “European” who reluctantly makes the pilgrimage through the “wilds” of Arabia for the sake of scientific research.
Quarantine Politics and the Hajj
Authors: Kane Eileen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Pandemics often intensify discrimination against groups already deemed suspect or dangerous, and this is part of the story of late imperial Russia’s struggle against infectious diseases. Russia suffered a series of cholera and plague pandemics during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a time of frequent migration within Russia and across its borders. One prevailing theory was that hajj pilgrims returning to Russia from Mecca brought these deadly diseases into the empire. In 1897 Russia’s leading bacteriologist Dr. Danil Zabolotnyi went to the Red Sea to investigate newly established quarantines and sanitary measures set up along hajj routes. This chapter provides an excerpt of his report, which gives a detailed description of Jeddah just after a major plague outbreak. This report was part of Russia’s broader efforts to regulate the hajj pilgrimage and develop a modern public health system for the empire. Russia’s initiative to combat infectious disease was notable for its focus on the hajj to the exclusion of other pilgrimages to Arab lands such as the Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem, despite overlaps in routes among tsarist subjects who visited these sites, and the shared steamships they took back to Russia.
Arabic in the Early Soviet Caucasus
Authors: Bobrovnikov Vladimir 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about an early Stalin-era effort to recover the close cultural and religious connections that had bound Muslim scholars in Dagestan to their counterparts in the Arab lands beginning in the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE). Tsarist Russia’s eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conquests of the Caucasus, followed by Sovietization, interrupted (though without completely destroying) this long relationship. The chapter presents an excerpt of a biographical dictionary written in Arabic in the 1920s and 1930s by Nadhir al-Durgili, a scholar in the North Caucasus. This work—which circulated in manuscript form, appearing in print only after the collapse of the USSR—records how Dagestani Muslims remembered and imagined their scholarly and religious ties to the Arab Near East over many centuries, with a focus on Islamic jurisprudence. It spotlights the Arabic-language Islamic networks that connected scholars in the Caucasus and the Arab world into the early Soviet period.
Armenian Immigration to the USSR from Arab Countries (1946–1949)
Authors: Sanjian Ara 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The four sources presented in this chapter, translated from Russian and Armenian, explore the history of “repatriation” of Armenians from Arab-majority countries to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic after World War II. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin decided to allow Armenian immigration to the Soviet republic of Armenia at the end of the war. Between 1946 and 1949, 89,750 Armenians moved to Soviet Armenia from twelve different countries—many were genocide survivors who had been Ottoman subjects and now longed for an Armenian homeland. More than a third came from Arab countries: 32,238 were from Syria and Lebanon, 3,692 from Egypt, 1,260 from Palestine, and 856 from Iraq. They faced discrimination, surveillance, and difficulty integrating with local Armenians. Some decided to “re-emigrate” starting in the 1960s, when it became possible for Armenians and other minority groups to leave the USSR.
Revisiting Russia after Fifty Years
Authors: Swanson Maria 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an excerpt from the travelogue Beyond Moscow and Washington published by Mikhail Naimy (1889–1988) in 1957. A graduate of Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IPPO) schools in his native Lebanon and in Nazareth, Naimy was an important Arabic writer and advocate of a third, spiritualist path between the two equally materialist systems of capitalism and communism. Naimy had studied at a seminary in Poltava, Russia (present-day Ukraine), from 1906 to 1911 before moving to the United States. In 1957, on an invitation from the League of Soviet Writers, he revisited Russia for the first time in nearly half a century. In this excerpt Naimy reminisces about his IPPO education, describes the effect on him of Russian literature, and reflects on the cleanliness and development he sees “in the shrine of communism.”
No Soviet Engineer to Walk in Front of an Egyptian One
Authors: Younis Ala 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter juxtaposes two versions of a single film to explore how Egyptian filmmaker Youssef Chahine responded to conflicting ideological pressures around representing the Aswan High Dam. Begun in 1960, the Soviet-financed Dam project was an icon of Egyptian economic development and Arab-Soviet “friendship.” Chahine’s lavishly co-produced film The People and the Nile was meant to document and celebrate this achievement, but it also raised uncomfortable questions about displaced Nubians, work opportunities for women, and more. In reconstructed film stills from the 1968 and 1970 versions, Jordan-based contemporary visual artist Ala Younis explores Chahine’s wholesale changes made in response to censorship and pressure from the Egyptian and Soviet funders.
Ba‘thists in Baku
Authors: Forestier-Peyrat Étienne 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the long-serving minister of foreign affairs of Soviet Azerbaijan, Tahirə Tahirova (1913–1991), and her efforts to defuse an embarrassing intra-Ba‘th conflict between Syrian and Iraqi diplomats that played out in 1970s Baku. Tahirova’s dispatches to Moscow trace the conflicts sown by Iraq’s consul-general in Baku, ‘Adnān ‘Aydān Muhammad, who has been insulting the Syrian Ba‘th party and spreading anti-Syria propaganda through Azerbaijan’s associations of Iraqi students. Tahirova also mentions that she and Aydan discussed the recent visit to the Soviet Union of Saddam Hussein, deputy chairman of Iraq’s Revolutionary Command Council. While scholars of the USSR’s international policy have mostly considered the view from Moscow, these documents reveal the role of Soviet republics in managing dimensions of Soviet international relations outside of the USSR’s capital.
Aeroflot Routes to Baghdad
Authors: Harris Steven E. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a 1982 internal report of the Soviet national airline, Aeroflot. The report shows how officials at the world’s largest airline responded to reduced demand after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), seeking to maintain the Moscow-Baghdad route that had opened in 1964. Aeroflot sought to serve the interests of the “Soviet colony” in Iraq, enhance Soviet prestige, earn hard currency, and salvage its alliances with Muslim-majority countries after invading Afghanistan in 1979. The Iraqi government, meanwhile, shaped its relationship with the Soviets by limiting Aeroflot’s operations and advantaging its own carrier, Iraqi Airways, in flying passengers and cargo on the airlines’ shared route.
Aelius Aristides
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the first of the dream journalists, Aelius Aristides. Born in 117 ce in the eastern Mediterranean in what is now Turkey, during a peak era of Roman civilization, Aristides was a highly educated speaker and writer who suffered a variety of physical ailments that led him to seek help at the temples of the healing god Asclepius. Aristides began recording his dreams in response to a direct command from the god in a dream. The collection of Aristides’s dreams have survived in a text known as the Sacred Tales, which describes a lively and widespread practice of dream incubation rituals in the ancient Western world.
Benjamin Banneker
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fifth dream journalist, Benjamin Banneker. Born in 1731 in a rural part of what would become the state of Maryland, Banneker was a free African American whose family worked as tobacco farmers. Banneker had a precocious intelligence and scientific curiosity, and during his life, he worked as an inventor, engineer, surveyor, and author of impressively accurate almanacs. One of the most brilliant minds of his time, Banneker recorded his dreams in a journal throughout his life, and he wrote stories involving vivid dream experiences. He was constantly under threat of racial violence, and a few days after he died, his cabin was burned down by arsonists, destroying all but one of his journals.
Wolfgang Pauli
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the seventh dream journalist, Wolfgang Pauli. Born in 1900 in Austria and living most of his life in Switzerland, Pauli became renowned from an early age as a scientific genius. He was one of the first-generation figures in the revolutionary development of quantum physics in the early decades of the twentieth century. Pauli also had severe emotional problems, for which he sought treatment from another faculty member he knew, Carl Jung. Pauli became one of Jung’s most important patients, and in the course of their therapy, Pauli recorded dozens of dreams that he shared with Jung for discussion and interpretation. They also discussed a shared interest in trying to integrate the conceptual worlds of psychology and physics. The term “synchronicity” originated in their talks about non-local connections between seemingly random events.
Digital Methods of Analyzing Dreams
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the use of digital methods for the study of dreams. The volume of material in a long series of dreams can be so great that ordinary methods of dream interpretation need to be supplemented by new tools of data analysis. In this project, a simple word-search method is applied to the dream reports, using the resources of the Sleep and Dream Database (SDDb), an online archive and search engine. Because this kind of approach is relatively new and likely to be unfamiliar to many readers, several basic questions are discussed here: Are dream reports a legitimate source of data for use with these kinds of tools? Can we use digital methods with the dreams of people from different cultures, languages, and periods of history? Is it legitimate to interpret people’s dreams without any associations or direct input from the dreamer?
Anomalous Patterns in Dream Content
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the dream journals of the seven main figures, looking for unusual and anomalous features of dream content. Whereas the previous chapter looked at the common patterns of dreaming, this one focuses on the patterns that stand out as uncommon and distinctive to the individual dreamer. Included is a discussion of the continuity hypothesis and the idea that patterns in dream content are accurate reflections of people’s emotional concerns in waking life. The continuity hypothesis is balanced here with an appreciation for discontinuities in dream content, features that can reflect special instances of personal meaning and creative imagination. Several experiments in “blind analysis” are described, in which word-usage frequencies are used to make inferences about the individual’s waking-life concerns.
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a set of psychological methods that can be especially helpful in exploring dream journals. The first of these methods is psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Freud’s theory of dreams is outlined here, with a discussion of how it can be adapted for use in the study of a series of dreams. Special attention is given to the following psychoanalytic concepts as they relate to the seven dream journalists: conscious-unconscious conflict, childhood experience, mourning, sublimation, and the uncanny. From a psychoanalytic perspective, each of the dream journalists displays healthy ego development, a powerful capacity for cultural work, and a keen interest in the uncanny.
Archetypal Psychology
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a second psychological perspective on the dreams of the seven main dream journalists. The archetypal psychology of Carl Jung emerged in large part from his own dreams and the dreams of his patients, which he observed in their development and unfolding over time. Jung’s theory of dreams is outlined here, with a discussion of how it relates to Freudian psychoanalysis. Special attention is given to the following Jungian concepts as they relate to the seven dream journals: individuation, archetypes, the compensatory function, and the prospective function. From the perspective of Jung’s psychology, each of the dream journalists is chronicling his or her journey along the path of individuation, with a host of archetypal symbols appearing to guide them through crises and inspire them to new creative works.
Cultural Psychology
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a third psychological perspective on the dreams of the seven dream journalists. Cultural psychology includes researchers from psychology, anthropology, and other social scientific disciplines who study mental phenomena in relation to cultural and social environments. A pivotal work in this area is Charlotte Beradt’s The Third Reich of Dreams, which chronicles the dreams of people living in Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Along with Beradt, the work of Dorothy Eggan, Thomas Gregor, and other anthropologists is presented to highlight the dynamic relations between individual dreaming and collective culture. Special attention is given to the following cultural psychology concepts as they relate to the seven dream journals: personal/communal interplay, social identity, and power imbalances.