bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Previous experience with delays affects delay discounting in animal model of ADHD
Authors: Sjoberg Espen , Ottåsen H. M. , Wilner R. G. , Johansen E. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
ADHD is a disorder where a common symptom is impulsive behaviour, a broad term associated with making sub-optimal choices. One frequently used method to investigate impulsive behaviour is delay discounting, which involves choosing between a small, immediate reinforcer and a delayed, larger one. Choosing the small immediate reinforcer is by itself, however, not sufficient for terming the choice impulsive, as all organisms eventually switch to choosing the small, immediate reinforcer when the delay to the larger reinforcer becomes long. This switch can be termed impulsive only when it occurs more frequently, or at shorter LL delays, than typically observed in normal controls. A poorly understood aspect is how choice is influenced by previous experience with delays. Using an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, we manipulated the order of exposure to delays in a delay discounting task. Following a preference test, the Ascending group experienced gradually increasing delays between choice and reinforcer while the Descending group were exposed to these delays in reverse order.

Results
The results showed that the Descending group chose the small, immediate reinforcer over the larger delayed to a much larger extent than the Ascending group, and continued to do so even when the delay component was ultimately removed. Strain effects were found in the Ascending group, with SHRs switching to the small, immediate reinforcer earlier than controls as the delay to the larger reinforcer increased.

Conclusion
The data suggests that delay discounting is affected by history of exposure to delayed consequences. When reinforcement contingencies are incrementally changed from having no response-reinforcer delay to a long delay, discounting of delayed consequences is gradual. However, a sudden change from no delay to a long delay, without intermediate training, results in a rapid switch to the small, immediate reinforcer option, and this behaviour is somewhat resilient to the shortening and eventual removal of the large reinforcer delay. The implication is that attempting to reduce already existing impulsive behaviour in children with ADHD will require gradual habituation and not sudden changes in reinforcement contingencies.
Ulcer occurrence on adjacent toes and hallux valgus deformity after amputation of the second toe in diabetic patients
Authors: Unterfrauner Ines , Andronic Octavian , Viehöfer Arnd F. , Wirth Stephan H. , Berli Martin C. , Waibel Felix W. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
Amputation of the second toe is associated with destabilization of the first toe. Possible consequences are hallux valgus deformity and subsequent pressure ulcers on the lateral side of the first or on the medial side of the third toe. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and possible influencing factors of interdigital ulcer development and hallux valgus deformity after second toe amputation.

Methods
Twenty-four cases of amputation of the second toe between 2004 and 2020 (mean age 68 ± 12 years; 79% males) were included with a mean follow-up of 36 ± 15 months. Ulcer development on the first, third, or fourth toe after amputation, the body mass index (BMI) and the amputation level (toe exarticulation versus transmetatarsal amputation) were recorded. Pre- and postoperative foot radiographs were evaluated for the shape of the first metatarsal head (round, flat, chevron-type), the hallux valgus angle, the first–second intermetatarsal angle, the distal metatarsal articular angle and the hallux valgus interphalangeal angle by two orthopedic surgeons for interobserver reliability.

Results
After amputation of the second toe, the interdigital ulcer rate on the adjacent toes was 50% and the postoperative hallux valgus rate was 71%. Neither the presence of hallux valgus deformity itself (r = .19, p = .37), nor the BMI (r = .09, p = .68), the shape of the first metatarsal head (r = − .09, p = .67), or the amputation level (r = .09, p = .69) was significantly correlated with ulcer development. The interobserver reliability of radiographic measurements was high, oscillating between 0.978 (p = .01) and 0.999 (p = .01).

Conclusions
The interdigital ulcer rate on the first or third toe after second toe amputation was 50% and hallux valgus development was high. To date, evidence on influencing factors is lacking and this study could not identify parameters such as the BMI, the shape of the first metatarsal head or the amputation level as risk factors for the development of either hallux valgus deformity or ulcer occurrence after second toe amputation.

Trial Registration: BASEC-Nr. 2019-01791
Advances in natural product anti-coronavirus research (2002-2022)
Authors: Chen Jiaxin , Ding Zuoqi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCOVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus that has triggered acute respiratory infections in countries around the world. In the last 20 years, there have been several outbreaks of coronaviruses, which have had a tremendous impact on productive life and globalization. Since coronaviruses are mutagenic and highly susceptible to mutation, there are no specific drugs against coronaviruses. Medicines made from natural products gains worldwide attention, and the mechanism and effectiveness of natural products for the treatment of coronavirus-related diseases have received much attention after the global pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020. The vitro research results and clinical data from various countries have shown protective effects of good effects against coronaviruses. This review summarizes representative natural products for the treatment of coronavirus-related diseases in the past 20 years, and demonstrates the promising prospects of natural products against coronavirus-related diseases by listing herbal formulas, Chinese patent medicines and natural small molecule compounds and their therapeutic mechanisms, providing references for subsequent related studies.
Variable importance for projection (VIP) scores for analyzing the contribution of risk factors in severe adverse events to Xiyanping injection
Authors: Zheng Rui , Chen Zhao , Guan Zhiyue , Zhao Chen , Cui Herong , Shang Hongcai 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
Age and herb-drug combination are risk factors for the severity of Xiyanping injection (XYP) associated adverse events (AEs).

Objective
To analyze risk factors contributing to the severity of XYP’s AEs using a variable importance for projection (VIP) method.

Methods
AEs related to the use of XYP were extracted from the China National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Information System (2004–2017) and classified as general or severe. Data were analyzed with respect to age and 12 herb-drug combinations, including ribavirin (RB), ceftriaxone, penicillin sodium, ambroxol hydrochloride (AH), clindamycin, cefoxitin sodium, azithromycin (AZM), ceftazidime, amoxicillin sodium/potassium clavulanate, levofloxacin hydrochloride, sodium cefazolin pentahydrate, and acyclovir according to VIP scores and correlation coefficient (Coeff).

Results
A total of 21,714 AEs (general 20,660; severe 1054) related to XYP combinations were included. Using XYP alone tended to produce general AEs (All VIP = 3.124; 1.329; 1.857; 2.169; 2.400, Coeff < 0). For all set, 0–6 years old patients tend to have general AEs (VIP = 2.425, Coeff < 0), while those > 41 years old patients tend to have severe AEs (VIP = 1.180; 2.323, Coeff > 0). For 0–40 years old patients, XYP-RB combination had a greater impact on the severity of AEs (VIP = 1.158; 1.360; 1.147, Coeff > 0). For 7–17 years old patients, XYP-AZM combination tended to produce general AEs (VIP = 1.502, Coeff < 0). In individuals > 65 years old, XYP-AH combination tended to result in severe AEs (VIP = 1.232, Coeff > 0).

Conclusions
VIP method was expected to effectively analyze risk factors in affecting the severity of AEs and control AEs more effectively. Age is the key factor contributing to the severity of AEs, and there are different influence directions. It is recommended that clinicians pay closer attention to the metabolic characteristics of different age groups. It is safe to use XYP alone and strictly implementing standardized operations such as medication interval and flushing will avoid undesired AEs.
Campylobacter concisus from chronic inflammatory bowel diseases stimulates IL-8 production in HT-29 cells
Authors: Yde Aagaard Marta Emilie , Frahm Kirk Karina , Linde Nielsen Hans , Steffensen Rudi , Nielsen Henrik 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe emerging pathogen Campylobacter concisus has been isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases; however, it is also present in the gut of healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to compare IL-8 production in HT-29 cells after infection with C. concisus from different gastrointestinal disease phenotypes. Additionally, to investigate whether differentiation of isolates in genomospecies (GS1 and GS2) or presence of the zot gene, encoding the Zot toxin, affects IL-8 production. A total of 37 C. concisus isolates from patients with microscopic colitis (n = 20), ulcerative colitis (n = 5), Crohn’s disease (n = 5), diarrhoea (n = 2) and from healthy controls (n = 5) were used. Intestinal HT-29 cells were infected and incubated for 24 h. Supernatants were subsequently removed and analysed for IL-8 by MILLIPLEX. All isolates were able to stimulate IL-8 production and IL-8 levels were higher than in non-infected HT-29 cells. No difference was observed between disease phenotypes or GS1 and GS2, whereas presence of the zot gene showed a tendency towards higher IL-8 production. Further investigations in other inflammatory and physiological models are needed to conclude whether C. concisus strains from different gastrointestinal disease phenotypes differ in pathogenic potential and play a part in gastrointestinal disease.
Should we adjust health expenditure for age structure on health systems efficiency? A worldwide analysis
Authors: Santos João Vasco , Martins Filipa Santos , Pestana Joana , Souza Júlio , Freitas Alberto , Cylus Jonathan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Healthcare expenditure, a common input used in health systems efficiency analyses is affected by population age structure. However, while age structure is usually considered to adjust health system outputs, health expenditure and other inputs are seldom adjusted. We propose methods for adjusting Health Expenditure per Capita (HEpC) for population age structure on health system efficiency analyses and assess the goodness-of-fit, correlation, reliability and disagreement of different approaches.

Methods
We performed a worldwide (188 countries) cross-sectional study of efficiency in 2015, using a stochastic frontier analysis. As single outputs, healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth and at 65 years-old were considered in different models. We developed five models using as inputs: (1) HEpC (unadjusted); (2) age-adjusted HEpC; (3) HEpC and the proportion of 0–14, 15–64 and 65 + years-old; (4) HEpC and 5-year age-groups; and (5) HEpC ageing index. Akaike and Bayesian information criteria, Spearman’s rank correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient and information-based measure of disagreement were computed.

Results
Models 1 and 2 showed the highest correlation (0.981 and 0.986 for HALE at birth and HALE at 65 years-old, respectively) and reliability (0.986 and 0.988) and the lowest disagreement (0.011 and 0.014). Model 2, with age-adjusted HEpC, presented the lowest information criteria values.

Conclusions
Despite different models showing good correlation and reliability and low disagreement, there was important variability when age structure is considered that cannot be disregarded. The age-adjusted HE model provided the best goodness-of-fit and was the closest option to the current standard.
Lithium use in childhood and adolescence, peripartum, and old age: an umbrella review
Authors: Janiri Delfina , Sampogna Gaia , Albert Umberto , Caraci Filippo , Martinotti Giovanni , Serafini Gianluca , Tortorella Alfonso , Zuddas Alessandro , Fiorillo Andrea , Sani Gabriele 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
Lithium is one of the most consistently effective treatment for mood disorders. However, patients may show a high level of heterogeneity in treatment response across the lifespan. In particular, the benefits of lithium use may vary in special clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by conducting an umbrella review on the efficacy and safety of lithium in childhood and adolescence, peripartum and old age.

Methods
We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses criteria (PRISMA) to identify systematic reviews/meta-analyses on the efficacy and/or safety of lithium in mood disorders in special clinical conditions: (i) childhood and adolescence; (ii) peripartum (pregnancy, postpartum and lactation); (iii) old age. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Overlap in primary studies across systematic reviews was calculated through the Corrected Covered Area (CCA).

Results
We included 20 independent studies, for a total of 8209 individuals treated with lithium. Regarding paediatric age, efficacy and safety results suggested that lithium may be superior to placebo in bipolar disorders (BD) and not associated with serious adverse events. Nevertheless, primary available data are very limited. Efficacy in paediatric major depressive disorder (MDD) is not clear. During peripartum, lithium use was superior to non-lithium in preventing mood episodes and it was associated with low risk of congenital anomalies and with normal child neurodevelopment. Regarding old age, limited evidence supported lithium as an effective treatment in BD and resistant MDD; low doses should be used in this population. Systematic reviews on paediatric age showed the lowest risk of bias (80% of the studies at low risk). The CCA range of included studies was 13–47%.

Conclusions
This umbrella review supports the use of lithium across the lifespan, including special clinical condition. Nevertheless, more studies with increased methodological homogeneity are needed.
Aesthetic value protection and tourism development of the world natural heritage sites: a literature review and implications for the world heritage karst sites
Authors: Zhang Shirong , Xiong Kangning , Fei Guangyu , Zhang Haipeng , Chen Yongbi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recently, research on outstanding universal value (OUV) protection and tourism development at World Natural Heritage sites (WNHSs) has attracted scholarly attention. The aesthetic value of natural landscapes is a powerful driving force for tourism development. Using this approach as an entry point to study aesthetic value protection and tourism development will help to relieve the contradiction between protection and development and promote the sustainable utilization of heritage sites. However, no comprehensive literature review has examined research on aesthetic value protection and tourism development at WNHSs. To fill this gap, we used a systematic literature review framework, and bibliometric analyses of 194 journal articles were collected from the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. The results show the following: (1) the overall fluctuating upward trend in the number of publications indicates that the research in this field is gradually expanding, the regions studied in the literature are mainly focused on China, Italy and Australia, and the research institutions conducting the research are mainly Asian universities. (2) The landmark research achievements mainly focus on theoretical foundation, model construction, monitoring and evaluation, technical measures and other dimensions and the implications for World Heritage karst sites (WHKSs), where theoretical research is the main focus, and that research on monitoring and evaluation, technical measures and model construction is relatively limited. (3) On this basis, 7 key scientific and technological issues are summarized and provide insights into future research directions for the conservation of aesthetic values and tourism development at WHKSs, and future research should strengthen knowledge of natural heritage conservation based on aesthetic value identification and focus on the theoretical basis of the coordination between the conservation of aesthetic value and tourism development at WNHSs. Research should explore the science and technology and measures associated with the coordination between aesthetic value conservation and tourism development, and reveal the mechanisms and paths for coordination between WNHS conservation and tourism development in karst areas.
Reduction of phenolics in faba bean meal using recombinantly produced and purified Bacillus ligniniphilus catechol 2,3-dioxygenase
Authors: Murphy Rebecca M. , Stanczyk Joanna C. , Huang Fang , Loewen Matthew E. , Yang Trent C. , Loewen Michele C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPulse meal should be a valuable product in the animal feed industry based on its strong nutritional and protein profiles. However, it contains anti-nutritional compounds including phenolics (large and small molecular weight), which must be addressed to increase uptake by the industry. Microbial fermentation is currently used as a strategy to decrease larger molecular weight poly-phenolics, but results in the undesirable accumulation of small mono-phenolics. Here, we investigate cell-free biocatalytic reduction of phenolic content in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) meal. A representative phenolic ring-breaking catechol dioxygenase, Bacillus ligniniphilus L1 catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (BLC23O) was used in this proof-of concept based on its known stability and broad substrate specificity. Initially, large-scale fermentative recombinant production and purification of BLC23O was carried out, with functionality validated by in vitro kinetic analysis. When applied to faba bean meal, BLC23O yielded greatest reductions in phenolic content in a coarse air classified fraction (high carbohydrate), compared to either a fine fraction (high protein) or the original unfractionated meal. However, the upstream hydrolytic release of phenolics from higher molecular weight species (e.g. tannins, or complexes with proteins and carbohydrates) likely remains a rate limiting step, in the absence of other enzymes or microbial fermentation. Consistent with this, when applied to a selection of commercially available purified phenolic compounds, known to occur in faba bean, BLC23O was found to have high activity against monophenolic acids and little if any detectable activity against larger molecular weight compounds. Overall, this study highlights the potential viability of the biocatalytic processing of pulse meals, for optimization of their nutritional and economical value in the animal feed industry.
Graphical Abstract
Pre-stressed anchor cable force evolution laws of plane sliding bedding slopes
Authors: Bowa Victor Mwango , Kabwe Eugie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper aims to understand how anchor cable force evolution laws can improve reinforcement designs. The self-developed weak plane sustained deterioration technology was conducted in the indoor test on the reinforced bedding rock slope containing a linear type weak plane. The force evolution laws of anchor cables with the weak plane sustained deterioration was studied. Furthermore, the theoretical equations were derived on the basis of the rigid assumption of the rockmass and the limit equilibrium method, and the equations have been verified to be reliable through comparison with the test results. The numerical simulations in different rockmass mechanical parameters reveal that the theoretical equations are suitable for hard rockmass. The results indicate that, with the weak plane sustained deterioration, the anchor cable axial forces increase gradually, and the axial force increase is inversely proportional to the length of the free sections. The findings could provide the theoretical guideline for the pre-stress safety reserves during the reinforcement designs of anchor cables in different positions of bedding rock slopes.
Microstructural interpretation of effective stress equations for unsaturated sands
Authors: Shwan B. J. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIt was fairly accepted to interpret soil behaviour at the microstructural level by utilising the effective degree of saturation instead of the total degree of saturation in the effective stress equation for unsaturated fine-grained soils. However, this interpretation for pure sands was under-represented in the literature. On the basis of shear strength evolution with suction, this paper reports a series of experimental tests to evaluate the use of the soil microstructural interpretation for fine sands. The tests comprised direct shear and unconfined-compression tests at different suction profiles. The analysis of the experimental test results suggested that the contribution of the effective degree of saturation was trivial and was almost equal to the total degree of saturation, therefore, shear strength evolution, owing to the suction effect, can be related to the single stress variable, Bishop’s equation. In addition, it was hypothesised that the shear strength evolution was attributed to the soil fabric changes.
Primary duodenal carcinoma suspected to arise from ectopic gastric mucosa: a case report
Authors: Fukushima Ryosuke , Kubo Norio , Suzuki Shigemasa , Yagi Naoki , Furuke Shunsaku , Ooki Takashi , Aihara Ryusuke , Mogi Akira , Hosouchi Yasuo , Shirabe Ken 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Background
Ectopic gastric mucosa mainly occurs in the duodenal bulb, and its etiology is thought to be congenital straying of gastric tissues. Primary duodenal carcinoma is a rare disease; however, reports of carcinoma arising from ectopic gastric mucosa are extremely rare. We report a case of primary duodenal carcinoma suspected to arise from ectopic gastric mucosa, which discovered as a result of duodenal stenosis.

Case presentation
The patient was a 71-year-old man with persistent weight loss and white stools. Enhanced computed tomography showed stenosis of the third portion of the duodenum and main pancreatic duct dilatation. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed irregularity of the duodenal mucosa from the anorectal side of the papilla of Vater to the stenosis of the third portion. No malignant cells were found by biopsies from the duodenal mucosa. Endoscopic ultrasonography did not detect the tumor in the pancreatic head. The possibility of a pancreatic tumor could not be ruled out based on findings of main pancreatic duct dilatation in the pancreatic head, and the patient had long-term poor oral intake because of duodenal stenosis; thus, surgical treatment was planned. Intraoperative findings showed palpable induration of the third portion of the duodenum and white nodules on the serosal surface. This was diagnosed as primary duodenal carcinoma, and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis revealed ectopic gastric mucosa in the papilla of Vater and well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma invaded the normal duodenal submucosa and extended to the duodenal serosa. No mass lesion was detected in the pancreas, and an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was observed in the branch pancreatic duct. The main pancreatic duct stricture was caused by the duodenal carcinoma invasion.

Conclusions
This case of primary duodenal carcinoma was suspected to arise from ectopic gastric mucosa and review the relevant literature.