bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of preferential flow on soil nutrient transport in karst slopes after recultivation
Authors: Yan Youjin , Yang Yuqiong , Dai Quanhou 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In response to the global food shortage, a large amount of abandoned land in karst areas has been reclaimed as cultivated land, causing severe nonpoint source pollution. Preferential flow-driven soil nutrient transport on karst slopes remains poorly studied, though it is a major factor in nonpoint source pollution, as it responds to changes caused by reclamation. We explored the characteristics of soil preferential flow differences in recultivated land, grassland, and shrubland from returning farmland by dye tracer experiments and quantitatively examined the effect of preferential flow on nutrient transport. Under the condition of 40 mm precipitation, the preferential flow paths (PFPs) of the three types of plots were mainly distributed from 0 to 40 cm. The total porosity in the 20–40 cm soil layer was significantly reduced by reclamation, and the number of preferred flow paths in the 20–40 cm soil layer was significantly reduced from 60 to less than 10, which was significantly less than that in grassland and shrubland. But, reclamation results in the transport of more soil nutrients by preferential flow. The contribution rate of preferential flow to other nutrient indexes in the reclaimed land, in contrast to grassland and shrubland, was lower than zero, except for organic matter and total potassium. Moreover, when the PFP was connected to the rock–soil interface, the soil water can leak underground through the rock–soil interface quickly. Therefore, our findings indicated that reclamation reduces the distribution depth of the PFP. Still, the connection of soil preferential flow to the rock–soil interface increases the transport of soil nutrients to deep fissures and even underground rivers, thereby causing recultivated land to become one of the main sources of groundwater pollution in karst areas.
Chirping instabilities produced by a runaway electron beam at a spherical tokamak
Authors: BALACHENKOV I M , BAKHAREV N N , GUSEV V K , ILIASOVA M V , KHILKEVICH E M , KORENEV P S , KONKOV A E , MINAEV V B , MITRIZHKIN Yu V , PATROV M I , PETROV Yu V , SAKHAROV N V , SHEVELEV A E , SKREKEL O M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Two different types of MHD instabilities with rapidly chirping frequency were found to arise in the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak in substantially different frequency ranges. The first type arises at frequencies of an order of 1 MHz in ohmic plasmas at relatively low density

〈

n

e

〉

<
2
×

10

19

m

−
3

in a wide range of toroidal magnetic fields and plasma currents. This type of instability was identified as compressional Alfvén waves, driven by electrons, accelerated during a sawtooth crush. It was found that the mode frequency is sweeping in time, according to the Berk–Breizman hole–clump nonlinear chirping model. The second type of wave arises in a specific single-swing regime of the central solenoid current with a very narrow plasma column, when the plasma tends to decay at extremely low density

〈

n

e

〉

<
2
×

10

18

m

−
3

and, in fact, is an instability of the runaway electron beam. The exited modes cover the whole observed frequency range and are divided into several (two or three) frequency regions: approximately 0–30 MHz, 60–120 MHz and sometimes 30–60 MHz. Reconnection of the branches was also observed. Single chirps are more rapid than for 1 MHz Alfvén instability and follow an exponential law. This paper, to our knowledge, is the first report of frequency chirping instabilities excited by accelerated electrons at a spherical tokamak.
Confined hydrogen atom: endohedrals H@C36 and H@C60
Authors: Olivares-Pilón H , Escobar-Ruiz A M , Quiroz-Juárez M A , Aquino N 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, for the lowest states with angular momentum,

l
=
0
,
1
,
2

the energies and eigenfunctions of the endohedrals H@C36 and H@C60 are presented. The confining spherically-symmetric barrier was modeled by an inverted Gaussian function of depth ω
0, width σ and centered at r

c
,

w
(
r
)
=
−

ω
0

exp

[
−
(
r
−

r
c

)
2

/

σ
2

]

. The spectra of the system as a function of the parameters (

ω
0

,
σ
,

r
c

) is calculated using three distinct numerical methods: (i) Lagrange-mesh method, (ii) fourth order finite differences and (iii) the finite element method. Concrete results with not less than 11 significant figures are displayed. Also, within the Lagrange-mesh approach the corresponding eigenfunctions and the expectation value of r for the first six states of

s
,
p

, and d symmetries, respectively, are presented as well. Our accurate energies are taken as initial data to train an artificial neural network that generates faster and efficient numerical interpolation. The present numerical results improve and extend those reported in the literature.
External validation of the hospital frailty risk score among hospitalised home care clients in Canada: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Turcotte Luke Andrew , Heckman George , Rockwood Kenneth , Vetrano Davide Liborio , Hébert Paul , McIsaac Daniel I , Rhynold Elizabeth , Mitchell Lori , Mowbray Fabrice Immanuel , Larsen Rasmus T , Hirdes John P 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is scored using ICD-10 diagnostic codes in administrative hospital records. Home care clients in Canada are routinely assessed with Resident Assessment Instrument-Home Care (RAI-HC) which can calculate the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and the Frailty Index (FI).

Objective
Measure the correlation between the HFRS, CFS and FI and compare prognostic utility for frailty-related outcomes.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting
Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario, Canada.

Subjects
Home care clients aged 65+ admitted to hospital within 180 days (median 65 days) of a RAI-HC assessment (n = 167,316).

Methods
Correlation between the HFRS, CFS and FI was measured using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Prognostic utility of each measure was assessed by comparing measures of association, discrimination and calibration for mortality (30 days), prolonged hospital stay (10+ days), unplanned hospital readmission (30 days) and long-term care admission (1 year).

Results
The HFRS was weakly correlated with the FI (ρ 0.21) and CFS (ρ 0.28). Unlike the FI and CFS, the HFRS was unable to discriminate for 30-day mortality (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) 0.506; confidence interval (CI) 0.502–0.511). It was the only measure that could discriminate for prolonged hospital stay (AUC 0.666; CI 0.661–0.673). The HFRS operated like the FI and CFI when predicting unplanned readmission (AUC 0.530 CI 0.526–0.536) and long-term care admission (AUC 0.600; CI 0.593–0.606).

Conclusions
The HFRS identifies a different subset of older adult home care clients as frail than the CFS and FI. It has prognostic utility for several frailty-related outcomes in this population, except short-term mortality.
Serum sodium, cognition and incident dementia in the general population
Authors: van der Burgh Anna C , Pelouto Anissa , Mooldijk Sanne S , Zandbergen Adrienne A M , Ikram M Arfan , Chaker Layal , Hoorn Ewout J 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Low serum sodium may be associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in the general population, but the data remain inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association of low serum sodium with cognitive function and incident dementia in the general population.

Methods
Participants from a prospective population-based cohort were eligible if data on serum sodium (collected between 1997 and 2008), dementia prevalence and dementia incidence were available (follow-up until 2018). Global cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the general cognitive factor (G-factor, derived from principal component analysis of individual tests). Linear regression and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess associations of standardised continuous and categorised low serum sodium (mean − 1.96*SD: cut-off of 137 mmol/L) with overall cognitive function and incident dementia, respectively.

Results
In all, 8,028 participants free of dementia at baseline (mean age 63.6 years, 57% female, serum sodium 142 ± 2 mmol/L), including 217 participants with low serum sodium, were included. Cross-sectionally, continuous serum sodium and/or low serum sodium were not associated with the MMSE or G-factor. However, participants with low serum sodium performed worse on the Stroop and Purdue Pegboard tests. During a median follow-up of 10.7 years, 758 subjects developed dementia. Continuous serum sodium (hazard ratio (HR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92;1.05) and low serum sodium (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.90;1.79) were not associated with a higher risk of incident dementia.

Conclusion
We identified no significant associations of low serum sodium with overall cognitive functioning and risk of dementia. However, low serum sodium—including levels above the clinical cut-off for hyponatremia—was associated with impairments in selected cognitive domains including attention and psychomotor function.
Automated Coding of Job Descriptions From a General Population Study: Overview of Existing Tools, Their Application and Comparison
Authors: Wan Wenxin , Ge Calvin B , Friesen Melissa C , Locke Sarah J , Russ Daniel E , Burstyn Igor , Baker Christopher J O , Adisesh Anil , Lan Qing , Rothman Nathaniel , Huss Anke , van Tongeren Martie , Vermeulen Roel , Peters Susan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesAutomatic job coding tools were developed to reduce the laborious task of manually assigning job codes based on free-text job descriptions in census and survey data sources, including large occupational health studies. The objective of this study is to provide a case study of comparative performance of job coding and JEM (Job-Exposure Matrix)-assigned exposures agreement using existing coding tools.MethodsWe compared three automatic job coding tools [AUTONOC, CASCOT (Computer-Assisted Structured Coding Tool), and LabourR], which were selected based on availability, coding of English free-text into coding systems closely related to the 1988 version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88), and capability to perform batch coding. We used manually coded job histories from the AsiaLymph case-control study that were translated into English prior to auto-coding to assess their performance. We applied two general population JEMs to assess agreement at exposure level. Percent agreement and PABAK (Prevalence-Adjusted Bias-Adjusted Kappa) were used to compare the agreement of results from manual coders and automatic coding tools.ResultsThe coding per cent agreement among the three tools ranged from 17.7 to 26.0% for exact matches at the most detailed 4-digit ISCO-88 level. The agreement was better at a more general level of job coding (e.g. 43.8–58.1% in 1-digit ISCO-88), and in exposure assignments (median values of PABAK coefficient ranging 0.69–0.78 across 12 JEM-assigned exposures). Based on our testing data, CASCOT was found to outperform others in terms of better agreement in both job coding (26% 4-digit agreement) and exposure assignment (median kappa 0.61).ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that agreement on job coding was generally low for the three tools but noted a higher degree of agreement in assigned exposures. The results indicate the need for study-specific evaluations prior to their automatic use in general population studies, as well as improvements in the evaluated automatic coding tools.
Pectin decomposition at the early stage of brown-rot decay by Fomitopsis palustris
Authors: Tanaka Yuki , Nezu Ikumi , Aiso Haruna , Fujie Tomomi , Konno Naotake , Suzuki Tomohiro , Ishiguri Futoshi , Habu Naoto 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
The sapwood of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) was decayed by the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris under bright and dark conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of mycelia inside the wood even after 1 week from the start of fungal exposure. Moreover, holes were observed in the torus after fungal exposure. Ruthenium red staining revealed that the pectin in pits was largely absent for 3 weeks. These events occurred before the mass loss of wood samples was confirmed at the early stage. Moreover, FpPG28A was more highly expressed at the hyphal front on a pectin-containing medium under dark conditions compared with bright conditions. This up-regulation under dark conditions indicated that the pectin decomposition ability was promoted inside the wood where light could not reach. In conclusion, we suggest that the brown-rot fungus completed its hyphal expansion within the wood via pectin decomposition in pits before holocellulose decomposition.
scGGAN: single-cell RNA-seq imputation by graph-based generative adversarial network
Authors: Huang Zimo , Wang Jun , Lu Xudong , Mohd Zain Azlan , Yu Guoxian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSingle-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data are typically with a large number of missing values, which often results in the loss of critical gene signaling information and seriously limit the downstream analysis. Deep learning-based imputation methods often can better handle scRNA-seq data than shallow ones, but most of them do not consider the inherent relations between genes, and the expression of a gene is often regulated by other genes. Therefore, it is essential to impute scRNA-seq data by considering the regional gene-to-gene relations. We propose a novel model (named scGGAN) to impute scRNA-seq data that learns the gene-to-gene relations by Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) and global scRNA-seq data distribution by Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). scGGAN first leverages single-cell and bulk genomics data to explore inherent relations between genes and builds a more compact gene relation network to jointly capture the homogeneous and heterogeneous information. Then, it constructs a GCN-based GAN model to integrate the scRNA-seq, gene sequencing data and gene relation network for generating scRNA-seq data, and trains the model through adversarial learning. Finally, it utilizes data generated by the trained GCN-based GAN model to impute scRNA-seq data. Experiments on simulated and real scRNA-seq datasets show that scGGAN can effectively identify dropout events, recover the biologically meaningful expressions, determine subcellular states and types, improve the differential expression analysis and temporal dynamics analysis. Ablation experiments confirm that both the gene relation network and gene sequence data help the imputation of scRNA-seq data.
The TOR concept (training, operation, and rehabilitation) applied to a cohort of postpartum women with training-resistant symptomatic rectus diastasis: evaluation 1 year after surgery
Authors: Olsson A , Woxnerud K , Kiwanuka O , Sandblom G , Stackelberg O 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundRectus diastasis is a common sequela of pregnancy and is associated with functional disabilities such as back pain, abdominal core instability, abdominal muscle weakness, urinary incontinence, and psychological issues such as a negative body image. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the TOR concept (training, operation, and rehabilitation), a novel concept for treating abdominal wall insufficiency combined with rectus diastasis, after pregnancy. TOR consists of preoperative evaluation of symptoms and custom-designed abdominal core training, tailored rectus diastasis repair, and individual progressive postoperative rehabilitation.MethodsA consecutive series of women diagnosed with rectus diastasis and core dysfunction resistant to training, underwent plication of the linea alba between 2018 and 2020. After surgery, all patients participated in an individually designed rehabilitation programme over a 4-month interval. Physical function was recorded before surgery and 1 year after surgery using the disability rating index questionnaire. Symptoms associated with core instability were recorded before and 1 year after surgery. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36. The abdominal wall anatomy was assessed with ultrasound before and 1 year after surgery.ResultsSeventy-one women were included and all attended 1-year follow-up. Response rate was 81.7 per cent (58) for the disability rating index, and 59.2 per cent (42) for SF-36. Self-reported physical function (disability rating index) improved in 54 of 58 patients (93.1 per cent), with a median score reduction of 91.3 per cent. Core instability symptoms decreased significantly. All SF-36 subscales improved significantly compared with preoperative scores, reaching levels similar to or higher than the normative Swedish female population. No recurrence of rectus diastasis was seen at the 1-year follow-up.ConclusionsSurgical reconstruction within the TOR concept resulted in significant improvements in physical function and quality of life as well as a significant decrease in symptoms of core instability.
Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in primary progressive multiple sclerosis are pathogenic
Authors: Wong Jamie K , Lin Jerry , Kung Nathan J , Tse Alexandra L , Shimshak Serena J E , Roselle Anna K , Cali Francesca M , Huang Jessie , Beaty Joseph M , Shue Taylor M , Sadiq Saud A 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is clinically characterized by relapses and remissions (relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis) that over time may evolve to a progressive course (secondary progressive multiple sclerosis) or as having a progressive course from disease onset (primary progressive multiple sclerosis). At present, it is not definitively known whether these clinical entities constitute a single pathological disease or whether these manifestations represent two distinct disease entities sharing inflammatory demyelination as a pathological feature. Here we show using a novel mouse model that CSF of primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients is unique in its capacity to induce motor disability and spinal cord pathology including demyelination, impaired remyelination, reactive astrogliosis and axonal damage. Notably, removal of immunoglobulin G from primary progressive multiple sclerosis CSF via filtration or immunodepletion attenuates its pathogenic capacity. Furthermore, injection of recombinant antibodies derived from primary progressive multiple sclerosis CSF recapitulates the pathology. Our findings suggest that the clinical and pathological features of primary progressive multiple sclerosis are antibody-mediated and pathogenically distinct from relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Our study has potentially important implications for the development of specific therapies for patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
Detection of oceanic Rossby waves in the extratropics by complex networks
Authors: Gao Meng , Zhang Aidi , Zhang Han , Wang Yueqi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Complex network is a versatile tool for exploring the internal structures and dynamical properties of complex system. The Earth’s climate is a typical complex system, and the climate variability is mainly controlled by Sun–Earth interactions on planetary scales. The Earth’s rotation could induce Rossby waves, and the oceanic Rossby waves significantly affect the Earth’s climate in turn. In this study, climate network, a kind of complex network for climate sciences, has been applied to detect Rossby waves in extratropics of global oceans. The nodes of the climate networks are the regular grid points zonally distributed in four regions of global oceans (North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic and South Atlantic-Indian), and the links represent the statistically significant cross-correlations of sea level anomalies. The results show that the westward propagation of oceanic Rossby waves in the extratropics could be detected by the climate network. Also, the climate network has the potential to detect the more oceanic dynamics.
Renin–angiotensin system inhibition and in-hospital mortality in acute coronary syndrome patients with advanced renal dysfunction: findings from CCC-ACS project and a nationwide electronic health record-based cohort in China
Authors: Li Zhi , Sun Haonan , Hao Yongchen , Liu Hangkuan , Jin Zhengyang , Li Linjie , Zhang Chong , Ma Min , Teng Tianming , Chen Xiongwen , Shen Yujun , Yu Ying , Liu Jing , Richards Arthur Mark , Tan Huay Cheem , Zhao Dong , Zhou Xin , Yang Qing 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Aims
In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients without advanced renal dysfunction [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2], early (within 24 h of admission) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) is the guideline-directed medical therapy. The clinical efficacy of early ACEI/ARB therapy among ACS patients with advanced renal dysfunction remains unclear.

Methods and results
Among 184 850 ACS patients hospitalized from July 2014 to December 2018 in the Chinese National Electronic Disease Surveillance System Platform (CNEDSSP) cohort and 113 650 ACS patients enrolled from November 2014 to December 2019 in the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-ACS Project (CCC-ACS) cohort, we identified 3288 and 3916 ACS patients with admission eGFR &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 [2647 patients treated with ACEI/ARB (36.7%)], respectively. After 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) in each cohort, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that early ACEI/ARB use was associated with a 39% [hazard ratio (HR): 0.61, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.45–0.82] and a 34% (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46–0.95) reduction in in-hospital mortality in CNEDSSP and CCC-ACS cohorts, respectively, which was consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. A random effect meta-analysis of the two cohorts after PSM revealed a 32% reduction (risk ratio: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55–0.84) in in-hospital mortality among ACEI/ARB users.

Conclusions
Based on two nationwide cohorts in China in contemporary practice, we demonstrated that ACEI/ARB therapy initiated within 24 h of admission is associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality in ACS patients with advanced renal dysfunction.

Clinical trial registration
CCC-ACS project was registered at URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. (Unique identifier: NCT02306616).
Parental Responses to Information about School Quality: Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data
Authors: Greaves Ellen , Hussain Iftikhar , Rabe Birgitta , Rasul Imran 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We study the interaction between family and school inputs by identifying the causal impact of information about school quality on parental time investment into children. Inspection ratings provide news that shifts parental beliefs about school quality, and hence investment into children. We study this using household panel data from England, linked to administrative records on school inspection ratings. We find that parents receiving good news over school quality significantly decrease time investment into their children. We provide insights on the distributional and test score impacts of the nationwide inspections regime, through multiple margins of endogenous response of parents and children.