bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on disturbance rejection motion control method of USV for UUV recovery
Authors: Liao Yulei , Chen Congcong , Du Tingpeng , Sun Jiaqi , Xin Yunwei , Zhai Zizheng , Wang Bo , Li Ye , Pang Shuo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe recovery of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) by unmanned surface vehicle (USV) has the characteristics of autonomy, safety, and efficiency. Taking the recovery of UUV by USV as the engineering background, this paper studies the guidance and anti‐interference motion control of USV in the recovery process. Aiming at the problem of dynamic guidance when recovering UUV, the USV guidance strategy for UUV recovery is studied. Fuzzy guidance is introduced as the dynamic terminal guidance method, and a layered guidance strategy combining classical guidance and fuzzy guidance is proposed. On the basis of the theory of compact form dynamic linearization‐based model‐free adaptive control (CFDL‐MFAC), the motion control of USV in the process of recovering UUV under the influence of model perturbation, external interference, and other uncertainties is studied. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that there is a contradiction in the matching of dynamic change speed between the USV heading control subsystem and CFDL‐MFAC. By introducing the difference item into the standard control criterion to weaken the integral effect in the heading control subsystem of USV, a difference‐type compact format model‐free adaptive control method (DCFDL‐MFAC) is proposed, and the stability of DCFDL‐MFAC method is proved theoretically. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method are verified by simulation tests and field tests of “Dolphin IB” small USV.
Compliance with water resource regulation: A mixed‐method study of the effects of regulatory audits
Authors: L'Abée‐Lund Jan Henning , Braut Geir Sverre , Brittain John E. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRegulatory audits have been judged as a vital instrument to ensure compliance with regulatory obligations. Similarity in understanding of the achievement of regulatory outcomes in both authorities and companies is a prerequisite to secure conformity to regulations. A divergent approach to audits suggests restricted effects of regulatory audits. We analysed nonconformity, documented in 153 audits of 113 Norwegian hydropower and aquaculture companies. Twenty companies were audited 2–12 times during 2012–2020. There were no indications that an audit resulted in improved awareness in the company. A major part of nonconformity is connected to financial interest, likely of significance to the company itself. In addition to the environmental consequences, the failure to uncover, correct, and prevent nonconformity is alarming, seen both from a risk governance and a financial perspective. Our study of water resource management and regulation shows that merely performing audits have no significant effect on improvement. We claim that it is futile to implement audits if they are not put into some systematic constructed programme theory in every single company. When stating nonconformity in regulatory audits, the rational way of following up by the authorities should focus on how the company and site managers in practice work with improving safety and quality.
Single‐Atom Pd‐N4 Catalysis for Stable Low‐Overpotential Lithium‐Oxygen Battery
Authors: Zheng Jian , Zhang Wenjing , Wang Ruoyu , Wang Junkai , Zhai Yanwu , Liu Xiangfeng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe critical challenge for Li‐O2 batteries lies in the large charge overpotential, leading to undesirable side reactions and inferior cycle stability. Single‐atom catalysts have shown promising prospects in expediting the kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for Li‐O2 batteries. However, a present practical drawback is the limited understanding of the correlation between the unique atomic structures and the OER mechanism. Herein, a template‐assisted strategy is reported to synthesize atomically dispersed Pd anchored on N‐doped carbon spheres as cathode catalysts. Benefiting from the well‐defined Pd‐N4 moiety, the morphology and distribution of Li2O2 products are distinctly regulated with optimized decomposition reversibility. Theoretical simulations reveal that the unique configuration of Pd‐N4 will contribute to the electron transfer from Pd atoms to the adjacent N atoms, which turns the originally electroneutral Pd into positively charged and downshifts the d‐band center and therefore weakens its adsorption energy with the intermediates. The Li‐O2 batteries with Pd SAs/NC cathode achieve a charge overpotential of only 0.24 V and sustainable low‐overpotential cycling stability (500 mA g−1), and can retain a low charge voltage to a very high capacity of 10 000 mAh g−1. This work provides some insights into designing efficient single‐atom catalysts for stable low‐overpotential Li‐O2 batteries.
Seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam‐column joint made of post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete
Authors: Cao Qi , Ju He , Jia Jinqing , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Lihua 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPost‐filling coarse aggregate concrete is a new type of green concrete that not only saves the cost of cementitious material, improves the strength, cracking resistance and durability of concrete, but also reduces the carbon footprint. In view of the lack of research on the seismic performance of post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete, this study designs eight interior beam‐column joint specimens made of post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete and three beam‐column joint specimens made of conventional concrete. It studies the influence of post‐filling coarse aggregate ratio, axial compression ratio and stirrup volume ratio of node area on the seismic performance of joint specimens. Through low cyclic reversed loading test, the failure process and the failure pattern, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, ductility, stiffness degeneration, residual strength and residual displacement, and plastic hinge rotation of interior joints with post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete are analyzed. Test results show that the failure mode of post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete joints is similar to that of the conventional concrete joints. As the axial compression ratio increases, the seismic performance of the joints shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and it reaches the peak when the axial compression ratio is 0.2. It also demonstrates that the seismic performance of the joints is increased by increasing the stirrup volume ratio of node area. Ultimately, under the same axial compression ratio, the seismic performance of the post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete is not significantly different from that of the conventional concrete. It proves that the reinforced beam‐column joint made of post‐filling coarse aggregate concrete could fulfill the comparable seismic performance as that of conventional concrete.
Toward nanofluidics‐based mass spectrometry for exploring the unknown complex and heterogeneous subcellular worlds
Authors: Chantipmanee Nattapong , Xu Yan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractExploring unknown matter in an ultrasmall volume object, such as unknown subcellular matter in a single cell, requires an analytical technique that identifies unknown matter in terms of molecular structures and properties. Mass spectrometry is considered one of the best techniques for such analyses because it can identify unknown matter according to its mass‐to‐charge ratio. However, the use of mass spectrometry to identify unknown substances in such a small world has been greatly impeded due to the lack of tools to sample complex and heterogeneous analytes with ultrasmall volumes of the picoliter order, which is the volume order of a mammalian cell. We believe that nanofluidics would be an ideal tool to resolve this critical issue owing to its ability to sample such fluid samples with ultrasmall volumes ranging from the picoliter to zeptoliter order. Thus, the integration of such nanofluidic features into mass spectrometers would open up future avenues for the potential of mass spectrometry to explore unknown subcellular matter at a nano scale. In this perspective, we first discuss the applicability of microfluidics/nanofluidics to mass spectrometry, then address critical issues toward nanofluidics‐based mass spectrometry, and finally depict a personal outlook on the future of this field to resolve challenges on global and universal scales.
Advanced mass spectrometric and spectroscopic methods coupled with machine learning for in vitro diagnosis
Authors: Chen Xiaonan , Shu Weikang , Zhao Liang , Wan Jingjing 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn vitro diagnosis (IVD) is one vital component of medical tests that detects biological samples of tissues or bio‐fluids. Recently, mass spectrometry and spectroscopy have been increasingly employed in the field of IVD, due to their high accuracy, facile sample preparation, and rapid detection. Notably, the large datasets generated by these two technology methods provide a wealth of information but subsequently involve complex and time‐consuming processing works. Machine learning (ML), an important branch of artificial intelligence (AI), has emerged as a promising solution for the decoding of big data. ML imitates the human brain to process data, significantly improving accuracy and efficiency compared with traditional processing methods. In this review, we first introduce the commonly used ML algorithms and advanced mass spectrometry and spectroscopy techniques in the field of IVD, respectively. The ML algorithms are summarized as four aspects according to different learning tasks. Then, the combinations of ML with mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and multi‐modal analysis for IVD are presented, and the roles of ML in these combinations are elucidated by some representative examples. This review aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive summary of the literature on ML‐assisted mass spectrometry or spectroscopy. We believe that it will facilitate researchers to select suitable ML algorithms for supplementing existing detection techniques or to develop the potential of coupling more detection techniques with ML, thus promoting the development of mass spectrometry and spectroscopy in IVD.
The Failed Attempt to Enact Benefit Company Legislation in Australia and the Rise of B Corps
Authors: Ramsay Ian , Upadhyaya Mihika 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAustralia is an unusual case study in terms of the history of benefit company legislation. Unlike the history in some other countries, the attempt by B Lab Australia and New Zealand (‘B Lab ANZ’) to introduce benefit company legislation was unsuccessful. It failed to gain the support of the government and attracted a mixed response from Australian businesses and academics. The authors discuss why the attempt was unsuccessful. However, although benefit company legislation was not enacted in Australia, B Lab ANZ’s B Corp certification program has had significant success with 371 Australian B Corps as of January 2022. The authors argue that while B Lab ANZ’s B Corp certification requirements achieve, in some important respects, some of what was contained in the proposed benefit company legislation, had it been enacted the proposed legislation would have ensured greater transparency and accountability for those companies electing to become benefit companies than is currently the case for B Corps in Australia.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Brazil: Projects for Corporate Qualification and Capital Market Regulation
Authors: Salomão Filho Calixto , Karam Rachel Avellar Sotomaior 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe new economy challenges companies to identify ways to generate positive social and environmental impact through their activities so that a corporation’s purpose lies in not only making a profit for the shareholders but also adding value to its stakeholders. The article addresses the economic legal concepts by looking at the impact of economic activity on the collective and sets out the legal principles, grounds, and limits of application to concrete cases. An overview of social enterprises in Brazil is presented, considering the particularities of the national context and the absence of a specific legal format. Through legislation, the proposal to create the qualification of benefit corporations is laid out as a useful and ready-to-use tool to foster entrepreneurial initiatives. Additionally, capital market self-regulation is explored, as a measure aligned with sustainable development.
Social Enterprises and B-Corps in Ecuador
Authors: Ortiz Esteban , Morejón José Ignacio 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEcuador is at the forefront when it comes to legal innovations. In 2008, it was the first country in the region to recognize rights to nature, and in 2020, it became the fourth country worldwide to incorporate a discussion on the benefit of a BIC corporation status into its legal system.BIC corporations enable Ecuadorian companies to prioritize stakeholder governance, transparency, and sustainability in management as well as corporate behavior, driving change in markets. Since their recognition, for-profit corporations in Ecuador have had the option to transform their governance and prioritize the generation of positive material impacts by committing to solve one, or many, social and environmental problems through their business models.This article explains how this small country in Latin America managed to insert this innovation into its legal system and how the recognition of BIC corporations marks a major milestone in the process of changing systems in the region.
Social Purposes in German Corporate Law and Benefit Corporations in Germany
Authors: Spindler Gerald 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSocial purposes and the interests of stakeholders are traditionally taken into account by German corporate law, in particular since codetermination for worker participants in supervisory councils has been introduced. Thus, this chapter describes how interests of stakeholders are considered leitmotiv in the business judgement rule in Germany. Moreover, the charter may contain clauses of nonprofit goals, making German corporate legal forms flexible to respect stakeholders’ interests. Finally, the new proposals for limited liability company in steward ownership are discussed briefly.
B Corps in India: A Sustainable Business Model
Authors: Goel Puneeta , Misra Rupali , Lodh Suman , Nandy Monomita , Mishra Nandita 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAfter countries recognized the profound significance of assessing social and environmental performance as a prerequisite for sustainable business existence, various nongovernmental organizations as well as regulatory bodies developed measurement scales to gauge this performance. In this paper, we refer to one such assessment tool, B Impact Assessment (BIA), proposed by B Corps to benchmark the reporting framework of Indian companies for their social and environmental performance. The listed Indian companies were required to publish business responsibility reporting (BRR) which lacks generalization with other international standards.In this study, we consider BRR and propose a revised Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) framework to make it comparable and compatible with BIA, which is acceptable worldwide. Also, we introduce measurement scores of the BRR at a granular level—taking 109 items of the existing scale and 13 items identified after benchmarking with BIA, together aggregating to maximum score of 200. In addition, to support the Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA) to analyze the completeness, accuracy, and clarity of BRR, we apply scoring mechanism to develop sections A and B of the BRSR. The universal applicability of scale and benchmarking with internationally acceptable BIA will encourage more Indian companies to adopt social responsibilities and will make the assurance of annual report simple. Moreover, the proposed scale can also be used to identify companies that are eligible for the proposed Social Security Exchange in India. We expect that the findings will contribute to the literature on social responsibility and corporate sustainability and in practice accelerate the “CSR movement” in India.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Italy
Authors: Ventura Livia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractItaly has been the first country in the world to adopt the US benefit corporation model (so-called società benefit (SB)), which it transplanted into its legal system at the end of 2015. The Italian società benefit statute is a mix between the US Model Benefit Corporation Legislation and the Delaware Public Benefit Corporation Act but is characterized by some peculiar features, such as the scope of the legislation, which is applicable to all for-profit and cooperative organizational forms provided by the law, and the existence of a public enforcement mechanism based on the attribution of supervisory powers to the Italian Competition Authority. A few years after its introduction, società benefit seems to have been widely accepted, and the movement continues to grow. Furthermore, the Italian legal system continues to support the spread of the SB model, e.g., through the 2019 amendment of the “Public Contract Code,” which introduced new reward criteria for tendering companies that publish the annual report required by the società benefit law to assess their social and environmental impacts. From a comparative law perspective, the Italian “for-benefit” model has been the first one adopted by a civil law system and seems to have influenced other civil law countries.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Portugal
Authors: Meira Deolinda , Ramos Maria Elisabete 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe Portuguese legal system does not provide for the general regime of social enterprises. The legal notion offered by the Public Procurement Code has a sectoral scope, and the Basic Law on Social Economy is ambiguous as to the relationship between social enterprises and social economy. Benefit corporations have no legislative provision in the Portuguese legal order. However, “company” types are endowed with some flexibility. This allows shareholders to adapt the statutes to their business projects within the law’s limits through statutory clauses. Statutory clauses can incorporate the interests of the general community, workers and other stakeholders, translated, for example, into dividend distribution policies or environmentally sustainable practices, gender equality policies or the promotion of social responsibility measures.Although not expressly stated in Portuguese law, the current state of legal doctrine allows us to argue that social enterprises in Portugal are included in the perimeter of social economy entities.The areas of impact measured by B certification seem to be inspired by the experience concerning cooperatives, which combine social and economic aspects. Cooperatives, however, go beyond B-Corp entities. B certification, granted by private entity B-Lab, is not a new legal regime but only a label that distinguishes companies. Some Portuguese companies are B-Lab certified companies.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in South Korea
Authors: Kil Hyeon Jong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the current status, system, and future pathway of Korea’s social economy including Benefit Corporations. In Korea, it was only after 2000 that the social economy being discussed today first appeared. Since then, many central ministries have fostered social economy organizations as an alternative to solving specific social problems in their respective areas. To this end, the government has provided various support programs directly and indirectly to these social economy organizations to vitalize the social economy. In selecting the targets of the support, individual central ministries have used their own accreditation standards to differentiate social economy organizations from other general enterprises rather than based on general standards utilized overseas such as certified B corps. It could be a reason that B corps is still an accreditation system used only by a small number of companies in Korea. Even the term itself has not been translated into Korean, and there is no expansive discussion about it either. If the development direction of social economy over the past 20 years does not change significantly, the B corporation is unlikely to be used more actively even if social economy is further revitalized.
The Governance Patterns of Social Enterprises
Authors: Neri-Castracane Giulia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis study analyzed six legal forms of social enterprises (SEs) across four countries in terms of governance features to clarify trends to be highlighted. The research covered the topics of autonomy, representation/inclusion of stakeholders at the governing body level, membership and voting rights (not necessarily based on capital), and distribution constraints. The study presents two proposals to reconcile the US and European approaches to the governance of SEs: either define the governance patterns to be met to qualify as an SE and obtain any related advantages (under tax, public procurement, or any other law) or refute any organizational definition and treat the governing dimension of SEs as a supportive pillar of the social and economic dimensions instead of a stand-alone pillar.
Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Switzerland
Authors: Peter Henry , Pfammatter Vincent 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMany countries around the world have introduced specific legal forms to meet the needs of benefit corporations and social enterprises. Unlike these jurisdictions, Switzerland’s legislator has decided not to provide for such a dedicated legal structure. And this stance is unlikely to evolve since the Federal Council stated in 2018 that it did not intend to encourage the creation of a new legal structure for benefit corporations or social enterprises, although it supported private initiatives in this sector, such as the B corp movement.In this contribution, the authors analyze the social enterprise, benefit corporation and B corp movement in Switzerland and how such ventures may fit into existing legal structures, given the absence of any specific legal form. To this end, they will review the legal contours of corporations (LLC or LTD), cooperatives, and charities, namely, associations and foundations, and the possibilities that they offer for social enterprises and benefit corporations.Finally, the authors also address tax-related aspects, as well as past and current legislative initiatives intended to make Swiss law evolve towards a legal structure that would be dedicated to social enterprises or benefit corporations.
Innovation in Uruguayan Business Law: The “Benefit and Collective Interest Companies and Trusts”
Authors: de Cores Helguera Carlos José , Di Bello Patricia , Hughes Natalia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis contribution deals with the experience of benefit companies in Uruguay. It introduces the concept of a benefit company, compares it to the status of “B companies,” and describes the situation before, and after the approval of Law No. 19.969 (July 2021) on “Benefit and Collective Interest Companies.” This chapter concludes with an attempt to assess the importance of the legislation and comes to some conceptual conclusions on the matter.