bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of India’s First Successful Commercial ASP Flooding Project: A Case Study
Authors: Bajpai Anuj Bajpai , Kumari Anita Kumari , Biswas Mrinmoy Biswas , Kumar Ajay Kumar 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPresent paper is aimed at disseminating learnings of designing and implementation of ASP flooding, a novel EOR technique, in a mature onshore field of ONGC. Scope encompasses ideation to successful field implementation including laboratory studies, pilot design & its execution and finally scaling up to full-field commercial implementation. Paper also covers monitoring strategies & methodologies used in the project which gave necessary insights for mid-course corrections resulting in around 200% improvement in production.Pilot implemented in inverted 5-spot pattern with 4 injectors and 9 oil producers. Based on lessons learnt, field scale ASP with injection rate of 1120 m3/d through 14 patterns with 35 oil producers was implemented from July-19 with Alkali-2.5%, Surfactant-2500 ppm and Polymer-1500 ppm. Gradually, liquid withdrawal improved to ~1300m3/d from ~400 m3/d by optimizing oil wells. It resulted in oil improvement from 50 to 138 tpd. Initially, scheme could not perform. Maintaining ASP formulation and regular monitoring are crucial for success. Regular collection and analysis of ASP slug samples is done. Analysis revealed, reduction of Alkali may improve production.It was observed, ASP slug viscosity of ~4cP is achieved with the used formulation against expected viscosity of 9.3 cP. It can happen with variation in water quality and slug parameters at field level. After detail analysis and revisiting laboratory studies it was confirmed that the lower than envisaged slug viscosity is the main reason behind sub optimal performance of the scheme. Because of low ASP slug viscosity the required mobility ratio could not be achieved which leads to poor sweep efficiency. It was also confirmed that reduction of Alkali shall improve slug viscosity.Accordingly, ASP injection was carried out with ~1.2% Alkali along with Surfactant & Polymer of recommended concentration since Dec-21. The impact of improving sweep efficiency and regular intervention for optimizing oil wells improved oil production from 126 in Feb-22 to 250 tpd in Jun-22 with drop of water cut from 91% to 83%. Presently, it is producing 220 tpd with ~85% water cut.Success of project is the outcome of rigorous efforts by deliberating mid-course correction to optimize quality and quantity of ASP solution, pattern balancing by tweaking withdrawal rates of producers so as to have a uniform flood movement and improve sweep efficiency.ASP process provides synergistic benefit of three different types of chemicals to mobilize trapped oil in chemical EOR. The best way is to look back in lab to re-investigate how much tuning can be done to overcome field challenges. The side effect of alkali is studied and lowering its concentration is considered to be a better solution. Project success and its learning shall go a long way in implementation of future Chemical EOR projects.
Data Driven Approach to Evaluating Cement Sheath Properties in Existing and Abandoned Wells for Field Redevelopment
Authors: James Abraham Jocin , Devers Cameron , Amani Mahmood , Teodoriu Catalin 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHigher price and declining ‘easy’ reserves have forced many oil and gas producers to increasingly focus on producing from challenging unconventional reservoirs or by redeveloping existing or abandoned fields to target an improved recovery. This can especially be seen from the widespread proliferation of fracturing operations, EOR and IOR processes as well as the widespread field redevelopment projects across the Middle East. However, in many operations, especially in deep reservoirs cement layer failures and well integrity issues are commonly observed. In line with this trend, demand for increased understanding of cement behavior over the course of the lifetime of the well has also increased.Cement layer properties and the rate at which they change, will depend on: cement composition, environmental conditions, production conditions, and many other factors. Because of this, it may be more optimal to create a diverse batch of controlled composition cement tested over set time intervals and implement machine learning algorithms to populate the missing data; both as a function of time and cement composition. Research done as part of this project has developed a dataset of cement properties from controlled laboratory testing and various applications of machine learning will be applied on cement properties in order to create artificial data. The dataset contains laboratory testing of over 1000 samples comprised of class H and C cement, cured at both 25 and 75 degrees Celsius. Each sample has a recorded density, UPV, and UCS, as well as dimensional measurements. The dataset is properly organized for each method of analysis, with 30% of the dataset removed to function as the validation group. The tests are run with two versions of the dataset, one identical for all and one with a unique set of removed samples. After all testing is complete; the resultant information is organized and analyzed appropriately.Machine learning methods show promise in accurately forecasting both the UCS and UPV for cement given enough information. It appears a combination of methods may be the best, as some methods are better at populating missing data across the same time interval, and other methods are better forecasting forward in time. Investigations into the correct combination of these methods, as well as calculating the statistical confidence of each forecasted dataset will likely result in the best method of for generating accurate data regarding any particular cement slurry.While there is notable work regarding machine learning ant cement properties, a significant portion of that work is in surface construction in the fields of civil and industrial engineering. This work also works to highlight any effect curing conditions may have on results.
Reservoir Rock Typing: Integration of Geological Attributes and Petrophysical Properties: Case Study from Yamama Reservoir
Authors: Qiu Maojun , Yi Jiaju 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo build full-field static and dynamic models for supporting appraisal and development activities in F-Field in the southern part of Iraq, a comprehensive reservoir rock typing study for the Yamama carbonate reservoir was carried out by integrating geological information and petrophysical properties. This process involved first the integration of geological information (MICP, CT, thin section) to find the link between pore-throat sizes and petrographic information. The relationships were cross-checked by core descriptions with the depositional background information. After involving porosity and permeability from routine core analysis (RCAL), the rock types were identified and further grouped in the cross-plots. Because not all the plugs with permeability and porosity have MICP & thin section information, it was necessary to apply empirical rock typing methods, like rock fabrics number (RFN), flow zone indicator (FZI). Winland’s R35, to determine which method/classification could provide a better approach to classify the reservoir rock types (RRTs) with geological meanings based on core descriptions and petrographic description, which includes diagenetic overprints.The FZI method shows a better match with Yamama reservoir Rock Typing. Sw-Height functions for each RRT were also created by using the Lamda method, and the parameters were tuned by wireline log-derived Sw. During the initialization of the dynamic model, the relative consistency of Sw distribution between static and dynamic models was reached. The relative permeability from special core analysis (SCAL) was assigned for each RRT. During the history matching process, a good pressure and production rate match was achieved.This paper presents a RRT workflow for the typical matrix-based carbonate reservoirs with relatively limited core analysis data. By integrating the geological attributes and petrophysical properties, a better history match was achieved in the dynamic modelling, which could be used in forecasts and future reservoir management activities.
Using the Complete History Flow to Avoid the Misleading Boundary Effects in Well Testing
Authors: Chen Yanfang 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to correct the inappropriate common practice of using the incomplete flow history before the main Build-up in well test interpretation and pressure transient analysis for eliminating the misleading understanding of boundary effects behavior.Generally, during a short-term well test, wells are usually in the transition flow regime. And bottom hole and well head pressure change noticeably with time especially in the lower permeability reservoirs. The length of the flow period should be long enough to attain a radius of investigation and stabilize the well production and fluid composition for evaluating well deliverability and flow performance as well as determine critical rate for water or gas coning etc. The unknown duration of flow period mainly is based on the inaccurate analogy in well test design. It is widely recognized that the determination of enough Build-up period is more important in the reservoirs with low permeability for investigating of boundary effects. While the significance of the proper length of pressure drawdown or flow period is usually overlooked in PBU interpretation.PBU interpretation with main flow period and final Build-up period in the well surveillance stage is a common practice. After the pressure gauges are retrieved, the on-site interpretation will be conducted in accordance with data collection with no regard to the flow history prior to PBU. During this process, the misleading boundary effects are observed which might lead to misinterpretation that the pressure behavior is influenced by boundary configuration, interference from offset wells, reservoir heterogeneity and fluid OWC in late time regime. In addition, the determination of reservoir permeability and skin factor as well as drainage area and boundary effects identification all require the proper input of complete flow history. Therefore, the complete flow history must be utilized appropriately to avoid the misleading boundary effects in well testing for more accurate interpretation of reservoir and its boundary characterization as well as hydrocarbon volume estimation. The significant difference will be clarified and demonstrated by comparison and sensitivity analysis between the different length of flow duration scenarios for better understanding the misleading boundary effects so as to avoid the misinterpretation and inappropriate decision-making.
Post-Waterflooding Oil Reservoir Surveillance Using Pulsed Neutron Well Logging in Upper Burgan Formation, Northern Kuwait
Authors: Kim Yonghwee , Al-Quoud Khaled Jamal Ibrahim , Sahib Mohammad Raffi Madar , Sergeev Evgeny 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOperators commonly adopt waterflooding as a secondary recovery method to maintain reservoir pressure and displace remaining oil for production enhancement. Effluent and seawater have been injected into the Upper Burgan formation, which contains multiple layers of sand reservoirs, in the North Kuwait Raudhatain field. Well-based surveillance to understand post-waterflooding hydrocarbon distribution is essential for new perforation additions.Formation saturation monitoring for cased wells is widely performed with pulsed neutron well logging techniques. Pulsed neutron well logging provides time-based thermal neutron capture cross-section (i.e., sigma log) and energy-based element-specific ratios (i.e., carbon/oxygen (C/O) logs). Formation water salinity must be known and high to use sigma data to quantify formation fluids. When formation water salinity becomes a variable due to effluent and seawater injection, sigma log-based saturation analysis is not applicable. A salinity-independent measurement that distinguishes between oil and water is required; consequently, a C/O log must be used to obtain saturation profiles in mixed-water salinity reservoirs.The Upper Burgan formation’s initial water salinity in the Raudhatain field is high (i.e., approximately 220-240 kppm NaCl equivalent); thus, water saturation computation was performed with a sigma log. After the injection of effluent and seawater (mixed-water salinity ranges from 50 kppm to 170 kppm) was started, formation oil volumes must be evaluated using C/O logging. A well-specific Monte Carlo Neutron Particle (MCNP) model and two-detector-balanced C/O data sets were combined to compute oil saturation.We demonstrate multi-well case examples delineating well-based formation saturation profiles in post-injection reservoir conditions. A comparison of sigma- and C/O-based saturation analyses revealed water-flooded zones. Time-lapse sigma data sets highlighted how the water injection impacted thermal neutron capture cross-section measurements. Additionally, multi-detector, time-based nuclear attributes were used to evaluate formation properties and the presence of hydrocarbon-bearing sands. Following pulsed neutron log interpretation, subsequent add-perforation activities were performed; consequently, by-passed or remaining hydrocarbon was successfully produced.Evaluation of current formation fluid distribution in areas of the field where mixed-water salinity exists is challenging. Integrating sigma, C/O, and auxiliary pulsed neutron logs determined the remaining formation oil distribution and volume. The optimized perforation strategy to maximize oil production from existing wellbores was executed.
Pelvic floor dysfunction at 3 and 6 months postpartum. A sub-analysis of the Perineal Massage and Warm Compresses technique during second stage of labor randomized controlled trial (PeMWaC)
Authors: Rodrigues Silvia , Silva Paulo , Borges Ana Catarina , de Sousa Natacha Quintal , Silva João Neves , Escuriet Ramon 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Purpose: The influence of perineal trauma in pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) has been described. Although the perineal massage and warm compresses techniques during the second stage of labor reduce perineal trauma, but the impact of combined perineal massage and warm compresses technique in PFD has never been investigated. To evaluate the effects of combined perineal massage and warm compresses or hands-on technique on PFD symptoms at 3 and 6 months. Methods: Randomised controlled trial (PeMWaC - Perineal Massage and Warm Compresses) was carried out at Hospital of Braga from March 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2020. The sample included 496 women (242 perineal massage and warm compresses and 254 hands-on) who had a singleton term spontaneous vaginal delivery. A sub-analysis of primary data was performed to assess postpartum PFD symptoms, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20) survey was applied at 3 and 6 months postpartum.
Results: Of the 800 women recruited, 496 were included, 48.8% with combined perineal massage and warm compresses and 51.2% with standard-care. Frequency of intact perineum (p<0.001) and vaginal tears (p<0.001) were significantly higher in combined perineal massage and warm compresses. At 3 months postpartum, women undergoing standard care during the second stage of labor had higher Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) score and global score with no differences at 6 months. After controlling for confounding variables, combined perineal massage and warm compresses technique were associated with lower UDI scores at 3 months postpartum.
Conclusion: Combined perineal massage and warm compresses technique, seems to be associated with a lower prevalence of early PFD symptoms, mainly regarding urinary distress.
The free-range production system decreases foot pad lesions and the risk of bacterial infection in broilers
Authors: Mbato Peter , Mutinda Wanzila Usyu , Maritim Noah Kipkoech , Odongo Nicholas Edwin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Commercial broilers have high growth rates and are raised in total confinement systems. Birds spend more time lying down predisposing them to skin lesions from moist litter. This study aimed to determine whether the free-range production system (FRPS) for broiler birds would reduce footpad lesions and the risk of bacterial infection using four treatments. Treatments A, B and C, where the birds were under FRPS at 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age, respectively, and the conventional complete confinement, treatment D (control). The broilers were weighed and their footpad lesions evaluated at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. Broiler liver samples were collected at 8 weeks of age and processed for culture and sensitivity. Relative risk analysis (RR) was used to determine the association between confinement as a risk factor and bacterial infection. Birds in the FRPS had lower body weights and therefore less pressure on their skeleton. Birds in treatment D had the highest pressure. Treatment D birds had severe footpad lesions (P < 0.05) compared to the other treatments at weeks 6, 7 and 8 and the severity decreased with increasing duration of FRPS. Complete confinement treatment was significantly associated with bacterial infection (RR = 3) at week 8. These results show that broilers in FRPS significantly lower body weight pressure on their skeleton and fewer footpad lesions, reducing bacterial infection and antibiotic use. Reduced antibiotic residues and pathogens in meat suggest improved meat quality. The free-range broiler production system would be a better production system to improve the welfare and quality of the meat produced.
Randomised pilot and feasibility trial of a group intervention for men who perpetrate intimate partner violence against women
Authors: Cramer Helen , Gaunt Daisy M. , Shallcross Rebekah , Bates Lis , Kandiyali Rebecca , Sardinha LynnMarie , Rice Caoimhe T. , Man Mei-See , Feder Gene , Peters Tim J. , Morgan Karen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Background
There is a need for robust evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of domestic abuse perpetrator programmes in reducing abusive behaviour and improving wellbeing for victim/survivors. While any randomised controlled trial can present difficulties in terms of recruitment and retention, conducting such a trial with domestic abuse perpetrators is particularly challenging. This paper reports the pilot and feasibility trial of a voluntary domestic abuse perpetrator group programme in the United Kingdom.
Methods
This was a pragmatic individually randomised pilot and feasibility trial with an integrated qualitative study in one site (covering three local-authority areas) in England. Male perpetrators were randomised to either the intervention or usual care. The intervention was a 23-week group programme for male perpetrators in heterosexual relationships, with a planned average of three additional one-to-one sessions, and one-to-one support for female current- or ex-partners was delivered by third sector organisations. There was no active control treatment for men, and partners of control men were signposted towards domestic abuse support services. Data were collected at three-monthly intervals for nine months from both male and female participants. The objectives assessed were recruitment, retention, data completeness, fidelity to the intervention model, and acceptability of the trial design.
Results
This study recruited 36 men (22 randomly allocated to attend the intervention group programme, 14 to usual care), and 15 current- or ex-partners (39% of eligible partners). Retention and completeness of data were high: 67% of male, and 80% of female participants completed the self-reported questionnaire at nine-months. A framework for assessing fidelity to the intervention was developed. In interviews, men who completed all or most of the intervention gave positive feedback and reported changes in their own behaviour. Partners were also largely supportive of the trial and were positive about the intervention. Participants who were not allocated to the intervention group reported feeling disappointed but understood the rationale for the trial.
Conclusions
It was feasible to recruit, randomise and retain male perpetrators and female victim/survivors of abuse and collect self-reported outcome data. Participants were engaged in the intervention and reported positive benefits. The trial design was seen as acceptable.
Trial registration: ISRCTN71797549, registered 27/05/2022
Immunoassay and Drug prediction of Cuproptosis-related genes in Sepsis based on ssGSEA
Authors: Huang Di , Liang Minghao , Zhao Jiting , Ruan Zhishen , Xu Yifei , Qiu Zhanjun , Chen Xianhai 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Background
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in critically ill patients worldwide due to its complex pathogenesis, poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. The diagnosis and treatment of sepsis are still a severe challenge for clinicians. The immune analysis of Sepsis Cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) was performed based on the single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. The purpose of clarifying the correlation between CRGs and sepsis immunity is to explore new targets and potential clinical values for the immune mechanism of sepsis and to provide a new perspective for the basic and clinical research of sepsis.
Method
The data set of the sepsis whole blood gene expression matrix was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, from which CRGs expression was extracted. The infiltration matrix of immune cells and functions was obtained by ssGSEA function, and the differences in immune cells and immune function between sepsis and healthy control groups were analyzed. The correlation coefficient was calculated by cor-function. Test function to analyze the correlation between CRGs and immune cells and immune function in sepsis and to screen out target genes. Target genes were used to perform KEGG and go enrichment analysis, predict miRNA regulatory relationships, and predict potential drugs in the Enrichr database.
Results
There were significant differences in immune cells and immune function between the sepsis group and the healthy control group. Eleven target genes were screened out, which were closely related to immunity in sepsis. The citrate cycle was the most enriched pathway. The biological process was mainly enriched in metabolic processes, copper ion transport, etc. The cell component was significantly enriched in the mitochondrial matrix and the like. The molecular function was mainly concentrated in transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity, cuprous ion binding, and so on. The Enrichr database was applied to screen six human miRNAs with potential regulatory relationships with sepsis CRGs, and a variety of chemical and natural drug components were screened as potential therapeutic agents.
Conclusion
CRGs in sepsis are closely related to immune cells and immune functions. As a new form of cell death, cuproptosis may play an important role in the development of sepsis.