bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular beams and prEN 1993‐1‐13: an opportunity to address environmental challenges
Authors: Glorieux Antoine , Hanus François 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn recent years, construction has faced new challenges, especially related to the reduction of environmental footprint. Measurement of construction performance in this domain is mainly done through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Steel and composite beams are affecting the height and the weight of buildings and one very effective solution is cellular beam. This attractive solution is not fully integrated in the current design standard. This paper presents how the second generation of Eurocodes; EN1993 and EN1994 will be adapted to enable structural engineers to design cellular beams. A technical description of the specific failure modes and concepts for design are presented in more details. A comprehensive case study developed in agreement with the future parts of Eurocode along with a comparison of different structural solutions for a typical building is shown. Typical composite designs are compared to solutions made of cellular beams.A Life Cycle Assessment, shows that up to 35% of CO2 eq. emissions can be saved by choosing the right solution. It is not only the structural solution but also the material that influences the environmental impact. Comparisons include high strength steel vs mild steel, hot‐rolled vs welded beams, and XCarb® ‐ steel made from high levels of recycled steel using 100% renewable electricity in an electric arc furnace versus average steel in Europe.
Modelling of bolted joints in fire using the component‐based finite element method
Authors: Der Batuhan , Wald František , Vild Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a study using the component‐based finite element method to analyze the behavior bolted joints in fire. The model was verified and validated on analytical and experimental results at elevated temperature. In this work, the plates are modelled using shell elements and the bolt is represented by non‐linear springs. The elements are analyzed by geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections (GMNIA). Consequently, the method used in this work can give reasonable results to predict the behavior of joints at elevated temperature. It is predicting the resistance and the stiffness for design of steel structure at elevated temperature by 3D model with members represented by 1D or 2D elements.
Towards a practicable GMNIA procedure in the footsteps of the Direct Design Method
Authors: Jaamala Lauri , Mela Kristo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEurocode 3 permits to utilize nonlinear finite element analysis (NFEA) in design process by carrying out Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections (GMNIA). Design by GMNIA can consider material plasticity and redistribution of forces in a system level such that it can result in an economical design regarding the material consumption. Unfortunately, GMNIA is scarcely adopted among structural engineers, most likely due to the complexity of the method. The determination of the safety factor for GMNIA requires numerical or experimental test results which may not be available for the designed structural system. Recently, a more holistic approach, Direct Design Method (DDM), has been introduced. In DDM, structural systems are prequalified by determining the system safety factor in advance based on system level reliability studies, thus simplifying the design process for a structural engineer. This study develops a Eurocode‐compliant DDM, i.e. practicable GMNIA, for Warren roof trusses. The paper presents the prequalification process based on three trusses made of cold‐formed hollow sections of the steel grade S700. Additionally, modelling techniques are presented for cold‐formed hollow sections such that an accurate nominal NFEA model is achieved.
Robustness evaluation and design of steel and steel‐concrete buildings according to current standards and recent research results
Authors: Candeias Miguel , Obiala Renata , Demonceau Jean‐François , Dinu Florea , Marginean Ioan , Weynand Klaus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn terms of mitigation of progressive collapse, structural robustness is a specific safety consideration, which requires particular attention from all professionals involved in the construction industry, including architects, designers and constructors. The design of buildings considering robustness has evolved considerably over the last two decades, during which different research activities have been developed, leading to new methods and design processes. These practice‐oriented methods and concepts have been recently summarized in a design manual prepared in the framework of the FAILNOMORE RFCS project (grant No 899371), providing to the designer a general design strategy for robustness based on these methods as well as easy to follow worked examples. The proposed design strategy allows to ensure the global stability and the mitigation of progressive collapse of steel and composite structures when subjected to exceptional events, such as vehicle impact, explosion, cascading events involving localized fire or events which are not explicitly specified in the typical structural design process. In this paper, the application of these recommendations is demonstrated by means of realistic worked examples. Typical steel and steel‐concrete composite office buildings, designed according to the current European standards, are evaluated for robustness against identified and unidentified threats. The results obtained with simple and more advanced verification approaches are compared, and possible solutions to improve the robustness of the structures are provided.
Web Bearing Test of Cold‐Formed Austenitic Stainless‐Steel Channels Under Interior Loading
Authors: Yousefi Amir M. , Samali Bijan , Yu Yang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDuctility, durability and high corrosion resistance of stainless steels make them appealing to use in construction industry. When used as structural sections, they are, however, subjected to localised failure in the web. This study aims to examine the structural behaviour of cold‐formed austenitic stainless steel channels under localised interior bearing loads. The results of 21 tests on unlipped channels with different cross section sizes and thicknesses are presented. Nonlinear quasi‐static Finite Element (FE) model is then developed. The FE model is validated against experimental test results and demonstrated good agreement in terms of bearing strength and failure modes. In addition, the experimental and FE results are used to compare the results against the results predicted in accordance with the American specification SEI/ASCE 8:2002 and European Standard EN 1993‐1‐4:2006. It is found that the current design equations are unreliable and too unconservative to use for cold‐formed austenitic stainless steel unlipped channels, especially when compared to SEI/ASCE 8:2002, as much as 41%.
Flexural resistance of 3D cut welded joints between SHS columns and through I‐beams
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Latour Massimo , de la Peña Amparo , Benedetto Sabatino Di , Francavilla Antonella Bianca , Rizzano Gianvittorio 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteel structures can be designed according to different framing methods depending on the location of Moment‐Resisting‐Frames (MRFs). In Europe and the United States, one‐way MRFs are widely exploited due to their ability to clearly identify the seismic and gravity frames and limit the use of expensive joints only in MRFs. Furthermore, this is the most appropriate solution if double‐tee columns are adopted since they can provide high strength and stiffness only in the plane orthogonal to their strong axis. Instead, two‐way MRFs are commonly used in Japan; this solution creates 3D seismic structures and requires the selection of columns able to provide enough strength and stiffness along both their axes. This is the reason why tubular columns are usually used in Japan. Nevertheless, the main drawback of this practice is the need to manufacture complex beam‐to‐column connections.In this framework, the recent introduction of 3D Laser Cutting Technology (3D‐LCT) in Civil Engineering provides a way to reduce this complexity. It allows manufacturing quickly 3D cutting shapes with high precision, optimising the welding quantity and costs. Moreover, all the operations are programmed and fully realised by the machine, avoiding any intervention of operators, eliminating human errors, increasing the quality level and saving time. An example of this simplification is given by connections between Square‐Hollow‐Section columns and passing‐through double‐tee beams. Nevertheless, the novelty of this solution represents a limit to its application in practice because no design equations are currently included in common standards.To fill this knowledge gap, this paper investigates the flexural behaviour of SHS columns to passing‐through double‐tee beam connections according to the component method approach. In particular, the study has been carried out through numerical and analytical activities devoted to providing design formulations.
Insights into the occurrence of transverse bending stresses in web plates of crane runway girders
Authors: Zauchner Paul , Kettler Markus , Unterweger Harald 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCrane runway girders are installed in industrial buildings to carry heavy loads from crane operation. The wheels of the bridge crane introduce concentrated forces in the crane runway girder via the rails. This leads to local vertical stresses in the web plates of the crane runway girders in addition to the global bending stresses. The local stresses at the top of the web usually become crucial for the fatigue design of the girder. The potential eccentricity of vertical wheel loads as well as additional horizontal forces from operation of the crane can lead to torsional rotations of the rail and the top flange and subsequently to transverse bending of the web plate of the crane runway girder. In the current design model of EN 1993‐6, the rotation at the top of the web plate is described by assuming the rail and the top flange of the girder acting as a bar under torsion, supported continuously by the bending stiffness of the web. Within this paper the existing model for the rotations is improved and it is shown that these modifications lead to more accuracy in comparison with numerical finite element calculations. It is also shown that the current simplified procedure for calculating the resulting stresses in the web is not able to adequately describe the real stresses for all practical cases. It is found that the quality of the stress predictions can significantly be improved by considering the web as a simply supported plate with the previously identified rotations on its top edge.
Seismic assessment of the steel Moment Resisting Frame equipped with friction beam‐to‐column joints
Authors: Poursadrollah Arash , D'Aniello Mario , Tartaglia Roberto , Landolfo Raffaele 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSupplementary dissipative devices are viable solutions to enhance the seismic response of building structures. In particular, friction devices are low‐cost and easy‐to‐maintain systems that can be easily inserted into moment‐resisting beam‐to‐column joints of steel Moment Resisting Frames. The effectiveness of dissipative friction joints has been widely demonstrated in many research project. In Europe, the first building equipped with such devices will be fabricated in Italy within the framework of the ongoing RFCS DREAMERS project. The preliminary seismic assessment of this prototype building using the framework of performance‐based earthquake engineering method at different performance levels is summarized in the present paper. To this end, nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out on three‐dimensional (3‐D) models of the prototype developed in “OpenSees”. The results show that this type of structure can be free of damage under earthquakes corresponding to significant damage and near collapse limit states.
Creation of design models of silos for grain storage under conditions of non‐axisymmetric actions
Authors: Makhinko Anton , Makhinko Nataliia , Semko Volodymyr 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe article describes the authors' experience creating silos for grain storage models in programs for finite element analysis of building structures. Particular attention is paid to the thin‐walled structures of the silo's vertical walls, considered an orthotropic shell of revolution. The shell is orthotropic because the silo walls are made of sinusoidal corrugated sheets and reinforced with vertical stiffeners. The direct calculation of such shells in finite element analysis programs is associated with great computational difficulties (especially in problems of geometrically nonlinear analysis). Therefore, an alternative method is proposed for creating design models of silos, which allows, without loss of analysis accuracy, to significantly reduce the dimension of models and analysis time, thereby increasing the efficiency of structural analysis. The method is helpful for the analysis silos for non‐axisymmetric loads associated with a moment stress‐strain state in the silo walls. Non‐axisymmetric actions are loads from the filling and discharge of the silos, wind effects and loads from blast waves.
Out of the box strengthening design of steel box girder for an existing tied‐arch bridge
Authors: de Meijier Felix , Tjepkema Daan , van Es Sjors , van Dooren Frank 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe renovation of the 2nd Van Brienenoord Bridge, planned in 2026‐2029, requires strengthening of the complete arch. Four thick steel strips were added on the web plates and assumed as stiffeners in the reduced cross‐sectional method. Investigation was done to verify if this is correct, as the new prEN1993‐1‐5 draft version classifies the strengthening strips as so called ‘weak’ longitudinal stiffeners.A FE model of an arch segment was made to undertake a geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections included, also referred to as a ‘GMNIA’. The arch segment was loaded incrementally by applied displacements until the limit strain of the steel on a fiber, or the maximum reaction force, was reached. The results were compared against the EN1993‐1‐5 methodology. Considering realistic ULS load cases, the GMNIA showed that the sections have about 9% more capacity. This confirmed the assumptions and strengthening design for the arch.
Fatigue strengthening of cracked steel plates with bonded Fe‐SMA strips
Authors: Li Lingzhen , Wang Sizhe , Chen Tao , Chatzi Eleni , Heydarinouri Hossein , Ghafoori Elyas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPrestressed fatigue strengthening of steel structures has been proven effective by numerous investigations. Bonded iron‐based shape memory alloy (Fe‐SMA) strengthening has shown a great potential in this regard, however, with limited corroborating studies. Moreover, a proper model for fatigue analysis of systems that are retrofitted with bonded Fe‐SMA strengthening is missing. In this study, an analytical model, coupling prestress analysis and fatigue analysis, is proposed. Four steel plates with central through‐thickness cracks were strengthened with use of bonded Fe‐SMA strips, and subsequently tested under fatigue loading after generating prestress via heating and cooling. The fatigue behavior predicted by the proposed model lies in excellent agreement with the fatigue testing results.
Fatigue stress concentrations analysis of real corroded steel structures based on replica imprints
Authors: Shojai Sulaiman , Schaumann Peter , Momber Andreas , Ghafoori Elyas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe service life of offshore support structures is significantly reduced by corrosion. In particular, pitting corrosion leads to high local stress concentrations and can reduce the expected fatigue strength. Previous studies on corroded specimens have shown that crack development in fatigue tests is correlated with stress concentration. In the context of maintenance of existing offshore wind turbines, there are novel efforts to capture the real surface geometry of corroded components with the so‐called replica technique, in which an imprint of the surface geometry is made and digitized with a 3D‐scanner and used to numerically analyse the stress concentrations due to pitting corrosion. In this study, it was shown that the replica technique is able to reproduce the effective stress concentrations of the original surface with very high accuracy.
Structural Steel Fabrication with Mixed Reality
Authors: Blum Hannah B. , Kraus William 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA new method to augment the quality control process of structural steel fabrication is proposed. Structural engineers and software engineers collaborate to produce a custom software to assist with quality control of fabricated steel before shipping the parts to the construction site. The process involves overlaying holograms onto the physical steel to display relevant information related to fit‐up work, which can include display of dimensions, streamlined information recording, and a guide to fabrication operations. The custom MR program can achieve a 1/16th inch (1.6 mm) accuracy between the holograms and the physical steel parts. The developed program is validated on two fabricated steel connections to demonstrate the features and the potential for implementing mixed reality into structural steel fabrication. Future planned developments are discussed.
Experimental testing of liner tray walls subjected to near field blast
Authors: Dinu Florea , Neagu Calin , Laszlo Robert , Ghicioi Emilian , Senila Mihai 
Published: September 2023

AbstractExplosions produced in urban or industrial areas due to accidental or intentional detonation of high energy explosives (e.g., improvised explosive devices IED) are low‐probability but high‐impact events. If standoff distance from buildings or other constructions is small, explosions can cause structural failures and serious injuries or deaths of people. Preventing buildings from collapse is essential to minimizing casualties among occupants. However, experience has shown that even if the collapse is prevented, high number of injuries can result from fragments and flying debris generated by the non‐structural components or building envelopes. This risk could be minimized through appropriate design and selection of construction materials for most exposed elements (i.e., building envelopes). Although heavy/stiff systems were long considered appropriate to protect buildings against explosive threats, lighter and flexible systems are increasingly used for modern buildings. By allowing damage (but not fragmentation), the envelope system can provide predictable response, with minimal injuries in case of an explosion.The study presents the results of full‐scale blast tests on liner tray walls attached to a steel frame building. Walls are tested against increasing blast charges until complete failure. The ultimate strength is given by the failure of the end fasteners, after large bolt hole elongations coupled with the pull‐through of the end fasteners.
Novel Hybrid Modular Construction System ‐ Structural Behaviour of Isolated Sub‐Frames
Authors: Milovanović Nemanja , Simões Rui , Tankova Trayana , Silva Luis Carlos , Craveiro Hélder , Costa Ricardo , da Silva Luís Simões 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWith the rising necessity for sustainable, economic and fast construction solutions, reliable modular construction systems are increasingly in demand. This paper presents a novel lightweight modular construction system, consisting of tubular columns and light‐gauge cold‐form steel profiles, where the beam‐to‐column connection is established by an innovative plug‐and‐play joint. The experimental campaign conducted on the full‐scale isolated sub‐frame configurations is reported, together with the recorded specimen behavior. The experimental results are compared with the numerical FEM estimations, leading to conclusions regarding the system's global behavior, its potential and the influence of the novel joint.
A generalised mechanical model for the characterisation of steel joints
Authors: Golea Tudor , Bodson Romain , de Ville de Goyet Vincent , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre , Demonceau Jean‐François 
Published: September 2023

AbstractComponent‐based mechanical models compliant with Eurocode 3 becomes a popular alternative to complex Finite Element (FE) analyses for characterising the behaviour of steel joints. However, several key aspects are not accommodated by the existing spring models, i.e., group mechanisms, component interactions, and the variation of the shear force on the height of the column web panel. This paper introduces an innovative mechanical model suitable for the characterisation of structural joints under generalised loading. The model relies on the principles of the Component Method and incorporates the features systematically disregarded in the classical spring models. This guarantees code‐compliant predictions, and by virtue of its universality, the model can be used for any loading protocol (bending moment ‐ sagging or hogging, axial force, bending moment + axial force). Conclusive evidence given by comparisons with experimental data and analytical results shows the compliance of the proposed model with the Eurocode 3 and proves its accuracy in predicting the actual behaviour of steel joints. The proposed modelling methodology allows integrating the model as a macro‐element in dedicated software, thus presenting promising perspectives for reliable and time efficient structural analyses.
Reassessment of Operating Engineering Steel Structures with the First Order Reliability Method and Bayesian Inference
Authors: Chowdhury Sharmistha , Arnold Robert , Kraus Matthias 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSince the commencement of regulations and standards, the sustainability of civil engineering structures has been a recurrent issue for the construction industry and society at large. The practical design process of engineering structures, in accordance with national guidelines, addresses uncertainties related to the stochastic nature of parameters such as climate loads, structural materials, or model limits. These uncertainties are taken into consideration through initial probabilistic assumptions and safety factors. However, safety factors derived mathematically based on code‐driven presumptions often fail to accurately represent the unique conditions of an individual structure. Although the development of structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques allows for a significant reduction in the uncertainty of the action and resistance, the ability to transform monitoring information to reevaluate the design capacity of existing structures is limited at the practical level. This paper provides an example of how design can be enhanced by incorporating sensor data and using the Bayesian inference and First Order Reliability Method (FORM), tailored to accurately reflect the current structural condition.