bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Detoxification of Staphylococcal Toxin by Adsorption on Organic Liquids
Authors: Johlin J. M. , Rigdon R. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The hemolytic and dermonecrotic activity of staphylococcal toxin is rapidly and progressively decreased by adsorption on emulsified ether or chloroform and the toxin becomes progressively less soluble as the treatment by adsorption is continued. The process of denaturation, taking place under the influence of surface catalysis, is probably similar to that which takes place spontaneously at a slower rate when the toxin is allowed to stand. The behavior of the toxin after adsorption gives no indication that it contains more than one toxic factor. When the toxin is completely detoxified by prolonged treatment, it appears to retain some of its antigenic properties but is a poor antigen when used according to established procedures.
Passive Immunization against Experimental Infection of Mice with Influenza A Virus: Comparative Effect of Immune Serum Administered Intranasally and Intraabdominally
Authors: Taylor R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immune serum administered intranasally was much more effective in preventing pulmonary infection with influenza A virus in mice than a proportional amount of immune serum injected intraabdominally. The protective action of the immune serum intranasally introduced was demonstrated for at least 48 hours following its administration.
Although mice receiving 30 MLD of virus were protected when immune serum was given intranasally within 6 hours, consistent protection against death could not be achieved if the instillation of the serum was delayed for 24 hours after inoculation of the virus.
The manner of action and possible use of intranasally administered immune serum have been briefly discussed.
Bacteriogenic Hemagglutination. II
Authors: Davidsohn I. , Toharsky B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hemagglutinating properties of serum and plasma that develop on inoculation of Corynebacterium H or filtrates of its cultures are not related to changes in the pH of serum or plasma. The fraction of the serum or plasma essential for the formation of bacteriogenic hemagglutinins is destroyed by heating at 65 C for ten minutes.
Addition of yeast or of fractions of vitamin B to serum or plasma inoculated with Corynebacterium H favors the development of bacteriogenic hemagglutinins. No such effect was observed when growth-activating substances were added to the serum simultaneously with filtrates of the bacterium. A medium which yields filtrates that are not agglutinogenic when added to serum or plasma, produces filtrates with agglutinogenic properties when yeast-extract is added to the growing culture.
Bacteria which fail to produce changes in the agglutinating properties of serum do not behave differently when yeast is added to the serum in which they are growing.
The agglutinogenic fraction of the serum is partly or completely exhausted in the course of the formation of bacteriogenic agglutinins. After adsorption of the agglutinins only minute traces of the agglutinogenic fraction of the serum are left, which can be transformed into hemagglutinins by reinoculation of the adsorbed serum with the bacterium, but only when yeast-extract is added. If the bacteriogenic agglutinin deteriorates on standing reinoculation with the bacterium or with its filtrates fails to produce a second crop of hemagglutinins.
The serums which acquire new hemagglutinating properties do not change in their behavior in relation to certain bacteria.
Further evidence is added to show the independence of the normal t-agglutinin and of the bacteriogenic hemagglutinin (h-agglutinin).
The ability to react with bacteriogenic h-agglutinin is not limited to red cells, but is found also in various tissues.
Certain bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents are capable of preventing the development of bacteriogenic hemagglutinins in serum or plasma.
The Specific Groups of Antibodies
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Vardar Muzaffer , Schwerin Paula 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized to iodo-proteins, bromo-protein, caseinogen and arsanil-azoprotein. None of the antibodies contained the determinant group of the antigen or a serologically related group. This is inconsistent with Jordan's theory of antibody-formation.
Influence of Benzene-Poisoning Upon Streptococcal Infections in Rabbits
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. , Goddard I. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Leucopenia of varying degrees of severity was produced in rabbits as a result of repeated injections of benzene. Such rabbits failed to develop a typical local lesion when infected intracutaneously with a hemolytic streptococcus, but died of streptococcal septicemia. The same dose of organisms produced in normal rabbits a progressive local inflammation but no generalization. The breakdown of the natural resistance under benzene-poisoning seemed to be due both to the leucopenia and also to a profound modification in the character of inflammatory response.
Studies on Antibody-Antigen Mixtures
Authors: Kulka Anna M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antiserum (type 3 rabbit antipneumococcal serum) and antigen (type 3 polysaccharide) were mixed in such proportions that all free antibodies were precipitated. Neither the precipitate nor the supernate caused contraction of the normal guinea-pig uterus. Only mixtures containing sufficient free antibodies in solution caused contractions of normal uterine tissue. Normal guinea-pig uteri were exposed to an antibody-containing serum and the bath was drained off after one to five minutes. If the corresponding antigen was then added in adequate amounts the horns contracted, indicating adsorption of antibodies to the tissue.
Quantitative Methods in the Study of the Phage-Antiphage Reaction
Authors: Hershey A. D. , Kalmanson G. , Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The following characteristics of antiphage-sera have been defined, and methods given for their measurement: specifically precipitable nitrogen, specific rate of neutralization, neutralizing capacity, precipitating activity, and combining power. The significance and precision of measurement of these characteristics are briefly discussed.
The methods have been designed specifically to study equilibria in immune reactions, and the question of the homogeneity of the reactants.
The specifically precipitable nitrogen of a coli-phage in crude lysates was found to correspond to less than 10−13 mg per lytic unit. This determination provides an additional method for estimating the size of the infective dose of viruses, which can be obtained in sufficient concentration.
Protection in White Mice with Human Post-Convalescent Serum against Infection with Poliomyelitis Virus (Armstrong Strain). II
Authors: Kramer S. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of the 28 experiments described in this communication may be briefly summarized as follows: Significant protection was obtained up to 72 hours after the administration of 0.2 ml human post-convalescent serum intra-abdominally to 10-gram mice. Some protection was noted up to 2 weeks after administration of serum. (expts. 18–31 inclusive, charts I and II).When serum was administered following infection, maximal protection was obtained at the 6-hour interval; some protection was apparent at the 96-hour interval although no protection was observed when serum was administered 48 hours after infection (chart IV).There appears to be some direct relation between the dose of serum and the weight (or age) of the mice (chart III).The protection appears to be specific (chart V).Protection appears to be due to absorbed circulating antibody and not to a local neutralizing effect secondary to antibody released by trauma of blood-vessels at the site of inoculation (see text and chart V).Neutralization tests suggest a direct correlation between the amount of neutralizing antibody and the degree of protection (chart VI).
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea-Pig II
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Boldt Martin H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous communication (1) it was shown that intravenous injection of 0.03 milligram of rabbit anti-ovalbumin nitrogen or Type III antipneumococcal antibody-nitrogen would passively sensitize a 250 gram guinea-pig so that fatal anaphylaxis resulted on subsequent intravenous injection of 1 milligram of ovalbumin or 0.10 milligram of Type III specific polysaccharide respectively. No studies were carried out with guinea-pig antibody in passive anaphylaxis since precipitating guinea-pig sera were not available. However, the method developed by Freund and McDermott (2), employing adjuvants in immunization, results in guinea-pig antisera with amounts of antibody adequate for analysis by the quantitative precipitin-method (3) and for anaphylactic studies. In general, the same quantitative relations were found to obtain for guinea-pig antibody as had been established for rabbit antibody (1).
Experimental. Guinea-pig antibodies to ovalbumin were used to produce passive anaphylaxis.
Use of Refined Serum Albumin As a Nutrient for T. Pallidum
Authors: Little Paul A. , Subbarow Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Refined serum albumin has been identified as the important nutrient that has previously made animal fluids indispensable in the cultivation of Treponema pallidum. By using liver preparations together with serum albumin, we were able to maintain the spirochete continuously on serum-free media. T. pallidum could be cultivated for a limited number of transfers in media containing choline chloride, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamin, and ascorbic acid as a substitute for liver.
Inhibition of Phagocytosis by Penicillin
Authors: Welch Henry , Davis Ruth P. , Price Clifford W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The toxicity, as determined by inhibition of phagocytosis, of 60 lots of penicillin sodium from ten manufacturers has been studied to determine the effect of purity on the toxicity of this salt of penicillin. Similar studies have been made of six different salts of penicillin prepared on a pilot plant basis and of seven different salts of penicillin prepared commercially. There is a correlation between the toxicity of penicillin preparations as measured by inhibition of phagocytosis and potency. The toxicity for leucocytes of the penicillin preparations studied is not dependent upon the cation used in their production. The weight of the penicillin preparations studied which completely inhibits phagocytosis appears to be the same, regardless of the type or potency of the salt tested. It is suggested that the inhibition of phagocytosis demonstrated in these studies may be the result of an osmotic pressure effect. The concentrations of crude penicillin necessary to inhibit phagocytosis are not obtained in the ordinary clinical use of this material.
The Determination of Meningococcic Antibodies by a Centrifuge-Agglutination Test
Authors: Mayer Ruth L. , Dowling Harry F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A method for the determination of agglutinins against N. intracellularis by the use of the centrifuge is described and the theoretical reasons for its superiority are given. Four hundred and four specimens of serum from 121 subjects with and without meningococcal infections were examined by this method. The maximum agglutinin titer in the majority of the patients with meningococcic infections, or receiving antimeningococcic serum, was 1:16 or more, and titers ran up as high as 1:1024. Among the 35 control patients the maximum titer was above 1:8 in only two instances. It is concluded that the centrifuge-agglutination test is simple to perform and achieves a high degree of specificity combined with sufficient sensitivity for all practical uses.
Decreased Antigenicity of Coupled Hapten-Protein Antigen Resulting from Treatment with Too Much Hapten
Authors: Boyd William C. , Warshaver Estelle R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Conjugated protein-arsanilic acid antigens prepared by using six times the theoretical amount of diazotized arsanilic acid proved to be markedly inferior as antigens and no one of thirty rabbits injected with such an antigen produced more than a trace of anti-arsanilic antibody. Antigens prepared in the usual way were successful, sometimes even in animals which had failed even after a long period of injection to respond to the supersaturated antigen.
Changes of the Serum Phosphatase Level After Infection of Cows with Brucella Abortus
Authors: Braun Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Observations on the serum phosphatase levels of cows before and after infection with Brucella abortus were made as part of an experiment which involved periodical testing of 23 blood-constituents of 49 animals. The age of the animals used ranged from 18 months to 13 years.
It was found that thirty-nine cows which showed agglutinative titers after infection with Brucella abortus had a significantly lowered average phosphatase level for approximately two months after infection, compared with “pre-exposure” levels and average levels of nine non-infected control animals.
One exceptional animal which failed to show agglutinins after infection exhibited a rapid rise of its phosphatase level for five months, up to 300 per cent above the level of all other animals. A second overwhelming infection of this animal with Br. abortus, again caused a rapid increase of its phosphatase level. Six weeks later, however, this animal suddenly showed a rapidly ascending agglutination titer and the phosphatase level decreased simultaneously with the appearance of the titer.
These results are discussed 1) on the basis of possible similarities between antibodies and phosphatase molecules, and 2) on the basis of Sevag's concept that antigens act as biocatalysts and that “specific antibodies formed as final reaction products in response to antigenic stimuli fulfill the function of specific inhibitors of enzymes.” It is shown that the results can be explained by assuming that a Br. abortus antibody globulin acts as a specific inhibitor of phosphatase (“anti-phosphatase”). In order to explain the great increase of the phosphatase level in one animal which failed to show agglutinins after infection, it is further suggested that, in the absence of agglutinins and “anti-phosphatase,” Brucella antigen adds to the normally present phosphatase activity. Available information on the chemical nature of the Brucella antigen is reviewed and its similarity to enzymes pointed out. The need for further work, including an evaluation of the possible role of phosphatase in immunization, is stressed.
Studies on Lymphogranuloma Venereum Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Nigg Clara , Hilleman Maurice R. , Bowser Betty M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The titer of lymphogranuloma venereum complement-fixing yolk sac antigens could be enhanced from 1–200 to 1–3200 by treatment with phenol under certain conditions of autolysis, temperature and time. The titer could be similarly enhanced by boiling or autoclaving with or without phenol. The properties of the antigen and the mechanism of enhancement are discussed.
Production of Types a, b, c, d, e and f H. Influenzae Antibody for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Purposes
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace , MacPherson Catherine 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The procedures used for type b H. influenzae antibody-production are satisfactory for making type-specific antibody for the other five types. The determination of agglutinin-nitrogen for measuring type b antibody-content appears to be applicable to the other five types of H. influenzae antisera. Additional study is required to determine whether the variation in total antibody produced against the different types in comparable numbers of rabbits is due to the particular strain of types used or is related to inherent characteristics of the types.
Immunochemical Studies with Tagged Proteins
Authors: Salley D. J. , Libby Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A kinetic treatment of the production of antibody by antigen has been developed and applied to the data of Libby and Madison (2). It is shown that the rate of decomposition of antigen may be calculated from the complete antibody-time curve (for a second injection) and agreement obtained with a direct measurement of the rate of antigen-decomposition.
The general aspects of the kinetic method of approach to the antigen-antibody problem have been discussed.
Preparation of Suspensions of Rickettsiae from Infected Yolk Sacs Without the Use of Ether
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Topping Norman H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the preparation of purified suspensions of rickettsiae from infected yolk-sacs without the use of ether has been described. It consists of centrifugal washing of the rickettsiae and preferential Celite absorption of yolksac constitutents. The suspensions of the rickettsiae of epidemic and murine typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever (R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, R. rickettsi, and R. burneti) have been satisfactory for agglutination tests. It has not been possible to prepare suspensions of the rickettsiae of tsutsugamushi disease (R. orientalis) by the method as described. When purified suspensions of typhus fever rickettsiae were treated with ether little or no soluble antigen was released. When normal yolk-sac preparations or serum was added to the suspensions before ether extraction, soluble antigen was liberated.
Immunological Relationship of Mammary Carcinomas Developing Spontaneously in Female Mice of a High-Tumor Line
Authors: Gross Ludwik 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three mammary carcinomas developing spontaneously in female descendants of the C3H line of mice have been tested for their immunological relationship. Mice of a subline of the C3H line were used as suitable hosts for the immunity tests. The intracutaneous method of immunization was used for the purpose of immunizing the animals against the individual tumors. The results indicate clearly that all three tumors are immunologically indistinguishable. The implications of these observations are discussed, and the conclusion drawn that these three carcinomas are not independent, “spontaneous” tumors but that they may represent successive links only in a host-to-host transmission of the same neoplasm.
The Effect of Metabolites, Metabolite Antagonists and Enzyme-Inhibitors on the Growth of the Vaccinia Virus in Maitland Type of Tissue Cultures
Authors: Thompson Randall L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of compounds was tested in Maitland type of tissue cultures containing chick embryonic tissue in order to determine which substances possess the capacity to increase or decrease the growth of the vaccinia virus.
Succinic acid and other intermediary products of carbohydrate metabolism were not observed to exert a significant influence on the development of the virus. The majority of these compounds increase the rate of oxygen uptake by isolated tissues.
Dinitrophenol inhibited growth of the virus in a concentration of 1 × 10−4. This substance stimulates the respiration of tissues.
Cyanide, azide, atabrine, proflavine, iodoacetic acid and other enzyme-inhibitors either reduced or prevented viral multiplication in a concentration of 1 × 10−5. Malonic acid was less inhibitory.
Analogues of pantothenic and nicotinic acid produced no demonstrable effect on the growth of the virus. Desthiobiotin also was found to be inactive but γ-(3,4-ureylene cyclohexyl) butyric acid stimulated multiplication.
Four substituted amino acids, including methoxinine, amino methane sulfonic acid, α-amino isobutane sulfonic acid and α-amino-phenylmethane sulfonic acid were inhibitory in a concentration of 1 × 10−3.
Benzimidazole prevented viral multiplication. A second purine antagonist, 5-amino-7-hydroxy-1-v-triazolo [d] pyrimidine was inactive.
Sodium sulfadiazine stimulated proliferation of the virus. p-Amino benzoic acid did not alter viral growth.
Ascorbic acid decreased the rate of growth. 2-Methyl naphthoquinone, benzoquinone and hydroquinone were inhibitory for the virus.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Coriell Lewis L. , Pinchot Gifford B. , Maumenee Edward , Klauber Alice , Chapman S. S. , Owen Barbara 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The LD50 dose of virulent Bacterium tularense has been determined for white mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters and cotton rats. The above mentioned animals are susceptible to infection with small numbers of organisms when tested by various portals of entry. The LD50 and the minimal infective dose have been determined for white rats. This animal is also susceptible to infection by various portals of entry. Studies on chicks and dogs have shown these animals to be much less susceptible than the above mentioned animals. Dogs are able to localize the infection effectively. Young monkeys succumb to as few as 20 organisms but localize the infection more effectively than other animals studied with the exception of the dog. Dogs and monkeys develop cutaneous sensitivity after recovery.
Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the complement-fixing capacity of individual and pooled human sera with influenza A and B antigens have been made by the quantitative technic developed in this laboratory; the relationships between the various reagents have been shown to be similar to those previously demonstrated with other antigen-antibody systems.
In local outbreaks of acute upper respiratory infection occurring in December 1945, serologic evidence of the presence of influenza B virus was obtained by both the complement-fixation and hemagglutination technics. The relative increase in the complement-fixing capacity of convalescent sera was definitely greater than the rise in hemagglutination titer.
For purposes of determining influenza antibody levels in the population of New York State, five series of serum pools were collected between June 1945 and September 1946. Pools collected in January–February 1946 showed an increase in the incidence of high complement-fixing titers with influenza B antigen over that in the first series, July–August 1945, and in the second, collected in December 1945. The percentage of high influenza A complement-fixing titers was definitely greater in a series assembled in May–June 1946 than in the series collected in the early winter or late summer of the same year. These findings suggest that during the winter of 1945–1946 both influenza A and B had been present in New York State. These fluctuations in the level of influenza A and B antibody titers were less readily demonstrable by the hemagglutination-inhibition test.
Interference between Neurotropic and Other Unrelated Viruses
Authors: Vilches Antonio , Hirst George K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The viruses of influenza A and B interfere with the growth and lethal action of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Lederle strain) in the brains of mice. Influenza strains interfere, to a lesser extent, with mortality caused by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Bwamba virus, and the Rockefeller Institute strain of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. The interference is not produced if the influenza virus is given by the intraperitoneal route or if it is neutralized by immune serum; nor is it produced by several toxic agents having convulsive effect. Interference between influenza A virus (PR8 strain) and western equine encephalomyelitis (Lederle strain) could not be demonstrated in the allantoic cavity of the embryonated hen's egg. Influenza A virus inactivated by irradiation with ultraviolet light retains part of its interfering activity for western equine encephalomyelitis virus. The viruses of mumps and Newcastle disease have also the property of interfering with the growth of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Lederle strain) in the brains of mice.