bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data analysis
Authors: Resch Stephen , Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Immunization program costs are generally derived from a detailed analysis of inputs, multiplied by unit prices, and adjusted for whether inputs are shared with other health services. This chapter presents a range of methods for generating robust estimates of immunization costs. Approaches for annualizing and discounting of the value of inputs that have a useful life longer than a year are also discussed in the chapter. Many costing studies collect information from a sample of sites, and approaches for aggregating costs to the national level are explored in this chapter. Techniques for weighting of sample site information is also discussed. As cost estimates are based on assumptions, the chapter concludes with a discussion of approaches for evaluating uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.
Costing new vaccine introduction
Authors: Chatterjee Susmita , Pooripussarakul Siriporn , Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While there are some similarities, the approach for estimating the incremental costs of introducing a new vaccine into a national immunization program is different to evaluating an ongoing program. This chapter provides an overview of the incremental costs of new vaccine introduction in the literature. In addition, the chapter outlines various approaches that have been undertaken to estimate introduction costs. Differences between initial or start-up costs for introduction and recurrent costs are discussed. Data sources are explored and examples are provided.
Overview of decision analysis and cost-effectiveness
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Edoka Ijeoma , Padula William V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of decision analysis and cost-effectiveness. Here we want to understand value by defining it. Many academicians have often expressed value as a function of cost and quality but measuring vaccine value and expressing it quantitatively is not so straightforward. By focusing on cohort-level analyses of value, we can more accurately determine the impact that a certain vaccine will have for a specific population that is at-risk for infectious disease. Thus, decisionmakers can make local, replicable decisions about investment in vaccines that protect different populations on the basis of regional variation, age, sex, race or ethnicity. The chapter will introduce basic concepts such as the difference between cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis, as well as how to derive measures of budget impact and return on investment from a single economic model. This chapter includes an exercise that evaluates the reader’s comprehension of the definitions to different approaches in economic evaluation.
Measuring and valuing health outcomes
Authors: Natalia Alfonso Y. , Verguet Stéphane , Pandya Ankur 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the methods used to measure and evaluate health outcomes. There are a number of different measures that economists have developed over the years to quantify the effectiveness of vaccines and immunization programs. Two of the most commonly used in cost-effectiveness analysis are quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years, in addition to more intuitive measures such as mortality and incidence rates in an at-risk population. The chapter explores these effectiveness measurements and the types of psychometric approaches that have been developed to derive estimates of effectiveness of vaccines and immunization programs.
Budget impact analysis and return on investment
Authors: Watts Elizabeth 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We introduce the reader to other important financial measure besides value measures, such as Budget Impact analysis (BIA) and Return on Investment (ROI) analysis. What readers will find is that value assessment is not the only factor that matters in decision making, particularly when stakeholders face budget constraints and are attempting to develop multiple vaccine programs over time. These alternative measures can usually be built off of an existing economic model with little added effort.
Section introduction: advanced methods in economic evaluation
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Padula William V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Economic evaluation as presented in Section 3 includes the fundamental steps to developing any type of technology assessment, such as choosing a perspective, time horizon, or comparators. However, decision trees often over-simplify some elements of clinical care pathways, and time fixed-effects that are common in decision trees do not represent the reality of spreading infectious diseases. For these considerations, more advanced modeling methods exist in order to better capture complicated modeling assumptions and reflect real-world health outcomes over time. We introduce readers to Markov modeling, as well as simulation modeling methods that can either complement or supplement decision tree modeling in order to derive economic statistics of value.
Section introduction: financing and resource tracking of vaccination programs
Authors: Brenzel Logan , Malaviya Shreena 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The ability of national immunization programs to deliver vaccines to their target population and reach underserved communities, as well as introduce new vaccines is related to the funding available. Securing and sustaining adequate financing is a critical function of immunization programs. This section provides an overview of global immunization spending trends by source of financing and across country income classifications. Approaches for evaluating immunization expenditures are discussed. Current financing options utilized by countries are presented and discussed. The section concludes with an examination of the external financing landscape, including the role of Gavi, the vaccine alliance and innovative financing mechanisms.
The Conception of Philosophy
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the conception of philosophy among the Lebensphilosophen. Nietzsche, Dilthey, and Simmel all regard philosophy as a worldview and not as an impersonal system. They think that a philosophy should express a philosopher’s attitude toward life, his ultimate values, and why life is worth living. They develop this conception of philosophy in reaction against the idealist tradition, which saw philosophy as science, an impersonal system. The distinction between their conception of philosophy and that of the idealists appeared in the famous distinction between Weltanschauung and Wissenschaft, i.e., between a worldview and science. A worldview had three central characteristics: it was personal, practical, and metaphysical. I trace the origins of this philosophy in its each of its chief proponents: Nietzsche, Dilthey, and Simmel.
Coalition Agreements as Control Devices
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhy do political parties negotiate coalition agreements? Many coalition cabinets negotiate lengthy coalition contracts outlining the agenda for the time in office. Negotiating such an agreement not only takes time and resources, but compromises have to be made which may result in cabinet conflicts and electoral costs. We argue that coalition agreements are important control devices that allow coalition parties to keep their partners in line, but that their use varies with the preference configuration and the allocation of ministerial portfolios. First, we posit that parties will only negotiate about policy issues when they disagree on an issue that is important to all partners. Second, since controlling a ministry grants parties with important information and policy-making advantages, coalition parties moreover seek to particularly constrain their partners when their partners control the ministry in charge of a policy area. Finally, we argue that coalition agreements only work as effective control devices if coalition parties settle controversial issues in the coalition contract. To test our expectations, we have compiled the COALITIONAGREE Dataset that maps the content of 229 coalition agreements that were negotiated by 189 parties between 1945 and 2015 in 24 West and East European countries. We show that coalition parties systematically use coalition agreements to control their partners when policy issues are divisive and salient and when they are confronted with a hostile minister. Coalition agreements can, however, only effectively contain conflicts when coalition parties seize the opportunity and negotiate a compromise on precisely the issues that divide them.
Introduction
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhen forming a government, many coalition cabinets negotiate lengthy contracts. Instead of swiftly taking over executive offices, most coalition governments opt to invest time and resources into negotiating and writing a coalition agreement, detailing the policies that the government will implement. Why do political parties decide to negotiate coalition agreements? In this chapter, this research question that this book seeks to address is introduced. Afterwards, the literature on coalition governments in parliamentary democracies more generally and on coalition governance and coalition agreements more specifically are reviewed and the research gap that this book seeks to address is discussed. Finally, the major theoretical argument and the empirical strategy is presented before the individual chapters are outlined.
The content of coalition agreements
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 4 presents the newly compiled COALTIONAGREE dataset which for the first time provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the content of coalition agreements. The chapter starts by illustrating how the length of coalition agreements varies across countries and over time. Afterwards, the chapter sheds light on what coalition parties regulate in coalition agreements more generally. In other words, it is examined whether coalition parties focus on policies, offices, or procedural rules in their coalition agreements. In the following, an analysis is presented which for the very first time explores which policy issues are covered in coalition agreements and how the attention to different policy issues varies over time and across countries. Lastly, the policy positions that coalition parties adopt in their coalition agreements are investigated by exploring how these positions relate to the policy preferences of coalition partners.
Coalition agreements and ministerial portfolios
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn Chapter 6, the question of whether ministerial portfolio allocation affects the extent to which coalition agreements are used to limit agency loss is investigated. The main argument presented in this chapter is that coalition parties exercise control through coalition agreements, particularly in those policy areas in which their partners control the ministries. More specifically, it is argued that coalition parties demand policy concessions, particularly in those areas that are controlled by hostile ministers. By adopting and publicly communicating policy positions that are close to their ideal points, coalition partners leave the minister little room to maneuver. The results show that controlling the ministry in charge of a given policy area is associated with a significantly larger distance between the position of the coalition party and the location of the coalition agreement, giving support to the idea that parties try to control each other’s ministers through the coalition contract.
Do coalition agreements work?
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 7 shifts the focus from explaining coalition agreements to examining the effect of coalition agreements on cabinet survival. Thus, instead of treating coalition agreements as the dependent variable as in the preceding chapters, coalition agreements are now treated as the independent variable in order to explain how long coalition governments last. This allows us to say something about the impact of coalition agreements, and whether they in fact “work” as control mechanisms. It is argued that cabinets are more stable if parties negotiated compromises not only on uncontested but more importantly also on conflictual policy issues. More specifically, it is hypothesized that cabinets last longer the more extensive conflictual issues are covered in the coalition agreement. The argument is tested by combining the COALITIONAGREE dataset with data on cabinet survival. The results support the intuition: Coalition governments on average last longer when coalition parties strike a deal on divisive policies in their agreement.
Conclusions and implications
Authors: Klüver Heike , Bäck Hanna , Krauss Svenja 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 8 summarizes the main theoretical arguments and the empirical results of the book. The implications of the results for our understanding of government formation, coalition governance, and cabinet survival are presented and it is pointed out how coalition agreements connect these different stages of the coalition cycle. Following this, the chapter discusses what the results mean for our understanding of parliamentary democracies, and what avenues of future research lie ahead and could be done building on the COALITIONAGREE dataset released with this book. In the light of the findings of this study, the contribution of this book to the literature on coalition governments, party competition, and political representation are highlighted. Finally, open questions and directions for further research are presented.
Proálcool, 1975–1985
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the creation and expansion of the National Ethanol Program (Proálcool) from 1975 to 1985. It follows the program from its inception first as a fuel supplement program through its intensification as a fuel replacement program. Domestic development of car engines run exclusively on ethanol incited nationalist pride in the program. The commercial launch of ethanol fueled cars drove the rapid expansion of the program after the second oil crisis in 1979. Using the example of the growth of the Usina Santa Elisa, the chapter shows how the program’s expansion successfully transformed the country’s car infrastructure by 1985 as ethanol cars came to dominate the Brazilian market.
The Soft Power Toolkit
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
China’s biggest global state media outlets have been at the center of its renewed soft power campaign. China has poured billions into the expansion and modernization of Xinhua and China Global Television Network (CGTN) in particular. Indeed, CGTN has tried to build itself a presence that could rival other global broadcasters like Al Jazeera, RT, the Turkish global broadcaster TRT World, and, the Chinese government hopes, giants like CNN and the BBC. Sometimes, China has tried to copy the conspiratorial success of RT; other times it has tried to be more straightforward, like Al Jazeera. China also has invested heavily in training programs for journalists from other countries. Yet, despite all this investment, many of China’s big state media outlets struggle to reach viewers, listeners, or readers, with the exception of Xinhua.
The Sharp Power Toolkit
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As in Australia and New Zealand, China is expanding its sharp power efforts globally—and often with more success than its soft power strategies. Unlike the more transparent soft power efforts, China’s back-door, sharper strategies are often designed to conceal Beijing’s hand—to get people in foreign countries to consume Chinese media and imbibe Chinese ideas, without understanding what they are taking in. China wields a vast array of back-door, sharp power media and information strategies, and this chapter outlines Beijing’s sharp efforts that directly relate to media outlets: how China is trying to smuggle information into foreign viewers’ screens, tablets, phones, and other places by taking de facto control of much of the Chinese-language media abroad and sometimes by inking content-sharing deals that do not show where the articles hail from; how China is trying to silence many leading Chinese-language media outlets, and outlets in other languages, that provide critical, independent coverage of the country; and how Beijing is helping other states set up their own domestic media outlets modeled on China’s highly controlled media.
Old-Fashioned Influence
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In addition to media and information efforts, China is boosting its traditional influence efforts in many countries: funding political parties in other states, gaining control of student groups in other countries, using allies among other states’ business and political elites to sway policy, utilizing the United Front Work Department (UFWD) to sway ethnic Chinese communities in other states, and other tactics. In the Xi era Beijing has boosted the size and power of the UFWD and given it far more latitude to wield political influence in other countries—particularly among ethnic Chinese, university groups, political parties, and student organizations in other countries. UFWD-linked organizations have used their influence to sway voting among ethnic Chinese in other countries and even potentially insert people with links to the department and affiliated groups into electoral politics in other countries like New Zealand. UFWD-linked organizations have penetrated many ethnic Chinese civic and business organizations in Southeast Asia as well. Chinese operatives have penetrated local, state, and, to some extent, national politics in the United States as well.
A Path Forward
Authors: Kurlantzick Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Many countries still have only a rough grasp on the extent of China’s information tools and a limited idea of how well Beijing is using its information and influence toolkit. Even more important, they often actually overestimate Beijing’s successes so far and yet remain at the same time unprepared for China to adapt and improve in the future. This final chapter, by looking in part at China’s information and influence efforts in its initial targets in Asia, and also in part at how Beijing is expanding those efforts globally, will help provide guideposts for how political leaders and civil society leaders should respond to China’s information and influence tactics.
Rock ’n’ Roll Dance and the Africanist Aesthetic
Authors: Malnig Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 describes the African American basis for the majority of the dances seen and danced on the televised teen dance shows. Popular dances of the time, such as the Stroll, the Hand Jive, and the Twist, are discussed and analyzed in depth. In addition to examining the history and stylistics of the dances, the chapter explores how these dances were marketed, sold, and generally “mediatized” for a mass, primarily white, audience. The chapter underscores the idea running throughout the book that white teenagers were essentially taking Black dance styles and adapting them as their own. This raises larger questions concerning the notion of cultural theft, also discussed throughout the book.
Sesame Street
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sesame Street: A Transnational History tells the story of how the American show became a global brand. The book argues that because domestic production was not financially viable from the beginning, Sesame Street became a commodity forcefully marketed all over the world. It is based on archival research in seven countries and contains detailed analyses of how local receptions and rejections related to the global sales strategies and the American ideals it encompassed. Contrary to the producers’ often publicized claims of Sesame Street’s universality, the book demonstrates how the show was heavily shaped by a fixed set of assumptions about childhood, education, and commercial entertainment. This made sales hard as Sesame Street faced skepticism and direct hostility from foreign television producers who did not share these ideals. Drawing on insights from childhood studies and media history, the book lays bare a cultural clash of international proportions rooted in divergent approaches to children’s television. In doing so, the book provides a reflective backdrop to the many debates about children’s media still happening today. By contrasting the positive receptions and the rejections of Sesame Street the book shows that it was only after a substantial rethinking of Sesame Street’s aims and business model that the program ended up on many broadcasting schedules by the mid-1970s. Along the way, this rethinking and the constant negotiations with potential international buyers created and shaped the business and corporate brand that paved the way for the Sesame Street we know today.
Introduction
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this introduction, the book’s historiographical backdrop, sources, and methodological framework are presented. It is explained how the analysis combines comparative, transnational, and global history, and the written and audiovisual material is briefly discussed. In terms of historiography, previous work on the history of Sesame Street is considered, as well as histories of childhood, education, and television production in relation to the United States and Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. The book’s overall argument is outlined, showing how the first two chapters—on the domestic history of Sesame Street’s beginnings and on global marketing strategies—together provide a basis and context for understanding the conduct of the Children’s Television Workshop in the three cases dealt with in chapters 3 (the United Kingdom), 4 (West Germany), and 5 (Scandinavia). To understand the outcome of the Workshop’s sales strategies and how they were implemented, the chapter draws up the main contours of the differences between the role of television in children’s lives as seen at the time by the Workshop and European television producers.
Other Childhoods
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the Children’s Television Workshop’s attempts to sell Sesame Street to the Scandinavian countries in the Nordic broadcasting union, Nordvision. It shows how these efforts unfolded but ultimately failed because, in the wake of the youth rebellion, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had a broadcasting culture for children that emphasized a utopian progressivist approach to education and youth. This was so radically different and already ingrained in production cultures when the Workshop began talks with the Scandinavians in 1970 that the partners in Nordvision had trouble understanding the benefit of programs like Sesame Street aimed mostly at teaching school-type skills. The chapter shows how, because of the Scandinavian view of television as a children’s spokesperson, rather than an entertaining teacher, it was only the Swedish broadcasting corporation that ended up co-producing Sesame Street after a ten-year-long marketing campaign from the Workshop.
Introduction
Authors: Stothard Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This is a view of the early Roman empire that its own historians never wanted us to see. It is a history of the big rooms seen from the small, of the top table told from the lower tables. Its events include the Roman invasion of Britain and Jewish unrest in the time of Christ but, until its final climactic year of four rivals fighting for the throne, it is a tale of peace more than war. It is a story of a single ruling household and of tactics for domestic times. It is a resonant story for our own times, of dimming memories of a glorious past, downwardly mobile aristocrats, sideways-moving provincials, upwardly advancing immigrants, personal excesses within the wheels of a powerful, often incomprehensible, machine.