bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosensitization
Authors: Evans Mary Ann Borden 
Published: March 2023

A yearling black-baldy steer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital on August 4, 1986. The owner reported that the steer had been depressed, losing weight, anorexic and not drinking. This steer was one of 220 calves purchased by the owner to be used as Stockers. Of the 220 calves there were four currently sick and five dead. The steer presented was representative of the herd problem.
These calves had been on the present location for thirty days and the first calf noticed sick was fourteen days ago. The calves were on a pasture containing mixed bermuda and native grass. Eleven acres of the pasture contained alfalfa with Kochia mixed in. There was also a pasture of millet which the owner reported the calves would not eat.
Upon arrival the steer had a temperature of 103.9° F, heart rate 72 and regular and respiratory rate was 24. The steer was thin, weak and had a rough hair coat. The head was swollen and there was excess lacrimal and nasal discharge. The mucous membranes were pale and yellow and mucosal and nasal ulcers were present. The underside of the tongue was ulcerated and necrotic.
Assessment of the efficiency of the Leister-Ghibli hot air disbudding gun
Authors: Moroz Myron 
Published: March 2023

For many years the red-hot iron has been the method of choice for the de-horning of calves in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, there can be little doubt that the method involves considerable tissue destruction and a certain degree of pain in the immediate post-operative period. It is therefore interesting to find that Leister-Ghibli have produced a hot air tool for the same purpose.
The Leister-Ghibli hot air tool has a wide variety of applications not only in the field of Veterinary Science but also in Human Medicine, Agriculture and laboratory work. In this study the efficiency of the gun for disbudding calves was investigated.
Animal drug use considerations of the bovine practitioner
Authors: Washington George E. 
Published: March 2023

The following paper is solely a personal opinion, not official policy of the A.A.B.P.
We need to educate the public and especially the press that we have the most wholesome and the least expensive food supply in the world. To be able to accomplish this, I call on the Pharmaceutical Industry, the Center for Veterinary Medicine, all facets of veterinary medicine and animal industries to work together to provide food animal practitioners with new and better products for treatment of their patients so we do not have to use “extra label” treatments. If we do not, we may go back to the time when treatment of choice was whiskey and tender, loving care, but we will not be able to use whiskey, because it will be off label. I hope I have enlightened you to the problems that face the dairy practitioner when it comes to proper drug usage. The “dollar and sense” to the dairy practitioner amounts to the fact that “extra label” is the rule, not the exception when using antibiotics, tranquilizers and anesthetics, because we do not have effective or approved drugs in these groups.
Screening test for production evaluation in dairy herds
Authors: Ehrlich J. L. 
Published: March 2023

Collecting data on production problems can be time-consuming and readily available data difficult to interpret. In day-to-day practice it is too easy to ask occasionally “How are the cows milking?” and leave it at that. This paper describes a computer-generated graph to show how the cows are milking, and help identify the source of production problems. Although as a screening test it is rarely by itself sufficient to diagnose the source of a problem, it can easily alert us to a problem before it becomes a disaster. The graph can be computed and printed automatically using data downloaded via modem from the Northeast Dairy Herd Improvement Association mainframe computer.
Looking at the dipstick in the bulk tank is an extremely crude measure of whether a herd is producing up to its potential. A herd is made up of individuals, and a herd is not producting at its potential until every individual is producing at hers. Since “normal” production for each individual varies with her age and lactation stage, normal production of a herd will vary as cows freshen, progress through their lactations, and are dried off. Each cow’s production is expected to follow a curve that will have a shape fiddering with the age of the animal. When we add together curves for a hundred different animals of different ages, breed, and parity only a computer can reasonably analyze and express the results.
Economics of reproductive beef management
Authors: Prince D. Kirk , Mickelsen W. D. , Prince E. G. 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of the economic importance of reproductive management in a beef herd. Deseret Ranches, Ltd., of Alberta, Canada, have provided their computerized records for use in this project.
Unlike the dairyman, the beef breeder derives most of his income from calves born into the herd, making fertility the most important trait. A recent economic study showed that fertility was five times more important than growth rate and ten times more important than carcass quality.
The two major goals of reproductive management are: Increase the number of females in estrus early in the breeding season, and improve conception rates. In order to address these goals, a brief description of the physical ranch management practices must be given. This will be followed by a description and comparison of the reproductive management practices before (Program 1) and after (Program 2) the implementation of a veterinary supervised reproductive herd health program. The comparison will deal specifically with the economic efficiency of each program in striving to attain the two stated major goals.
Comparison of the effect of xylazine on plasma glucose in Hereford and Friesian steers
Authors: Raptopoulos D. , Weaver B. M. Q. 
Published: March 2023

Xylazine hydrochloride was administered intravenously to 17 Hereford and 17 Friesian steers on 84 occasions. In all animals plasma glucose concentration rose rapidly during the first half hour following injection. In the Friesian steers, it continued to rise steeply for a further one and a half hours, while in the Hereford steers only a small and statistically not significant further rise occurred during this time. At each sampling time from 1 to 6 hours following the xylazine injection, the glucose levels were found to be significantly different between the two breeds. It is postulated that the differing plasma glucose levels in response to xylazine between the breeds might be due to differences in the number and distribution of α2-adrenoceptors in the α- and β- cells of the pancreatic islets and in the liver. Plasma insulin concentration was considerably reduced, but no changes in the concentration of blood free fatty acids were observed.
Xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun) is widely used in domestic and wild animal species for its sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxing properties. It has been shown to produce a state of pronounced hyperglycaemia in cattle and Symods and Mallinson found that the hyperglycaemia arose from a combination of increased hepatic glucose production and reduced plasma insulin concentration. More recently it has been found that the xylazine induced hyperglycaemia is mediated via α2-adrenoceptors. The intravenous dose of xylazine to induce recumbency has previously been shown to be significantly different in Hereford steers as compared with Friesian ones. This paper reports the plasma glucose concentrations after intravenous xylazine administration in these two breeds of steer. In addition a few measurements were made on plasma insulin and free fatty acids (FFA).
Comparison of fenprostalene and oxytetracycline as treatment for retained fetal membranes in dairy cows
Authors: Callahan C. J. , Horstman L. A. , Frank D. J. 
Published: March 2023

Retained fetal membranes (RFM) is a common postpartum disorder of the reproductive system of dairy cows. The incidence, etiology, consequences, treatment and prevention of RFM have been thoroughly discussed. Agreement on the best way to manage and treat RFM is not unanimous. Management and treatment schemes are numerous, and there are proponents of each. Regimes of therapy include no treatment, intrauterine antibacterials, systemic antibacterials, uterine contractants, manual removal, no manual removal and various combinations. At the present time the most widely used treatment for RFM is probably intrauterine tetracycline with or without manual removal of the membranes; however, there is an apparent trend away from manual removal. The ideal therapy for RFM would be non-irritating to the endometrium, non-depressing to the uterine defense mechanism, prevent the development of metritis and promote uterine tone and contractions to discourage the accumulation of fluid. To achieve these desired effects, it would appear that both the proper antibacterials and uterine contractants would be needed. Thus far, the various treatments employed have not consistently brought about the desired results.
Fenprostalene, an analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha, has recently been advocated as a treatment for RFM. At least 3 reports indicate the beneficial effects of fenprostalene as therapy for RFM in dairy cows. In another trial, however, there was no benefit.
The purpose of this study was to compare fenprostalene and oxytetracycline for the treatment of RFM noting in particular the effect on body temperature, days to expulsion, incidence of postpartum metritis and subsequent fertility.
Oestrus during pregnancy in the cow
Authors: Thomas I. , Dobson H. 
Published: March 2023

Oestrus during pregnancy has several important practical implications for herd management: in the absence of accurate pregnancy diagnosis, animals which show oestrus may be thought to be repeat breeders and sold as infertile. Alternatively, the insemination of already pregnant cows may result in the loss of the embryo or fetus, and the consequent lengthening of the calving interval.
The mechanism responsible for the exhibition of oestrus during pregnancy is not known. In the oestrus cycle in non-pregnant cows, hormonal changes are responsible for the manifestation of oestrus behavior, but no information is available on the hormonal status of the pregnant cows showing oestrus. A method for the diagnosis of oestrus during pregnancy is desirable; the present study was designed to examine the potential use of the characteristics of the cervical mucus, in particular the ferning pattern, and the concentration of progesterone in milk. The characteristics of the behavior of cows showing oestrus during pregnancy, especially their interactions with other cows and the bull, were also studied.
Follicular development, superovulation and artificial insemination in embryo donor cattle
Authors: Godke R. A. , Pool S. H. , Rorie R. W. 
Published: March 2023

Although significant advances have been made in embryo transplant technology, embryo transplant units still have to cope on a daily basis with persisting hurdles. One of these problems relates to superovulation methodology that results in consistent ova production within and across donor cows. Although research publications on the subject date back over 30 years, this problem remains as an annual topic of discussion at the professional and embryo transfer society meetings. It has now become painfully clear that our basic knowledge of primordial follicle activation, follicle recruitment, follicle receptor site interactions, endocrine involvement in follicular development and follicular growth dynamics is less than adequate. There is a need for research to develop workable physiological models so that we can better understand follicular growth and development.
A second problem relates to the artificial insemination (AI) of donor females to produce optimal fertilization rates across embryo collections. With thousands of donor cows superovulated and inseminated in the world over three years, it would seem that this problem should have been resolved by now, but unfortunately variability in fertilization rates and low viable embryo recovery still exists. These results suggest that basic research is also needed on oocyte maturation and fertilization before additional progress can be made in this area. It now appears that research efforts should focus on developing and understanding of how these physiological events occur in situ rather than conducting repetitive field trials hoping to uncover optimal superovulation and insemination schedules for donors in commericial embryo transplantation programs. It is agreed that this type of physiology research is often difficult, time consuming and costly. It has now become evident that a renewed effort is needed in basic research before further progress is made in harvesting the optimal number of transferable quality embryos from each donor female.
Current world status of bluetongue
Authors: Osburn B. I. 
Published: March 2023

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of ruminants caused by viruses of the genus orbivirus. Currently there are 24 known serotypes of bluetongue virus worldwide. These viruses have been recognized on six continents, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Asia and Europe, and currently five continents (all but Europe) have infection. South Africa has the greatest number of serotypes, followed by Australia and the United States.
BTV is a double stranded RNA virus. There are 10 strands of RNA which code for the 7 structural and 3 nonstructural proteins. Gene segments 2 and 5 code for viral proteins 2 and 5. These proteins make up the outer coat and VP2 is responsible for neutralizing antigens. VP3 and 7 are the major proteins that make up the core. The core proteins, particularly VP7, is important for bluetongue group specificity.
Current perspectives on drug and chemical residue problems from FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Teske Richard H. 
Published: March 2023

There is considerable focus on increasing the cooperation and communication between agencies at the Federal, State and local levels. As this becomes more of a reality it will become increasingly difficult for individuals with a history of producing animals, milk or eggs with violative residues to find markets that will accept them.
Paper presented at the 22nd AABP Convention, Kansas City, MO., Nov. 14-17, 1989
Practical measures for residue avoidance in veal calves
Authors: Hutchinson Larry 
Published: March 2023

The formula-fed veal industry consists of a fairly small number of production units, which are generally associated with a company which supplies feed and, in some instances, management and health advice. Production units may be independent, on contract or company owned. In many cases, there is no working relationship between the production unit and a veterinarian.
A small survey was conducted of veterinarians who do work with veal production units. Fifteen US and Canadian veterinarians responded. These veterinarians work with a total of 322 veal farms. A summary of their responses regarding drug use on farms with which they work follows.
Public health issues concerning the use of BST
Authors: Farber Theodore M. 
Published: March 2023

BST is currently undergoing clinical testing and is considered an investigational new animal drug subject to all of the requirements and oversight previously discussed. At this stage of the approval process, information about a drug is proprietary to the companies submitting the data to the FDA Because of the broad interest in BST, however, the companies have disclosed more information than is normally available at this early phase of the approval process.
The FDA's mission remains the same: to ensure that the nation's pharmaceutical and biological products are safe and effective and that the food supply is safe and nutritious. The law requires that our review of any new drug product, including drugs made through recombinant DNA technology such as BST, focus on whether that product is safe and effective for its intended use. The Center for Veterinary Medicine's scientists work diligently to carry out that responsibility. It is my belief that they do it as well as it can be done.
Presented at the 1989 Annual Fall Conference for Veterinarians, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, October 26, 1989.
Initial steps in solving herd mastitis problems
Authors: Kirk John H. 
Published: March 2023

Most mastitis problems are a repeat of similar mastitis problems which continue to happen over and over. As the problems are repeats, so are the solutions in many instances. Solutions to mastitis problem usually involved short term and long corrections or changes. With this pattern of recurrence in mind, there is a base of information which should be gathered whenever it is necessary to attempt to solve a mastitis problem. This presentation will attempt to focus on the initial evaluation and immediate short term corrections made on the initial visit to the farm.
Presented at the 3rd Annual Georgia Veterinary Food Animal Conference, Hilton Hotel, Macon, Georgia on January 7, 1990
Dairy practitioners' opportunity to improve the cow's environment
Authors: Jones Gordon A. 
Published: March 2023

Performance is the new standard that dairy farms and dairy practitioners are being judged by. Everyday, a dairy practitioner has opportunities to view subpar performance of both the dairy livestock and the total system (housing, ventilation, feeding, cattle handling, etc.). Cow performance increases as the environment becomes more cow friendly. Many times, the environment may be healthy enough to keep the cow healthy, but not friendly enough to increase performance. Taking these opportunities and giving leadership to the dairy farm is rewarding to both the veterinarian and the dairyman.
There are four major reasons for improving the environment. First, we can improve the animal's health, both clinically and subclinically. Healthy animals are needed to perform optimally but they are not necessarily profitable animals unless managed profitably. Second, we can improve and measure the improvement of the animal's performance, i.e., pounds of milk per cow per day, rate of gain, reproductive efficiency and labor efficiency. Third, we can improve the operator's health and safety. The last reason is that we can improve the building's health and longevity.
Presented at the Dairy Herd Health Programming Conference, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 6-7, 1990
Echocardiography in the bovine animal
Authors: Pipers Frank S. , Reef Virginia , Hamlin Robert L. , Rings D. Michael 
Published: March 2023

Echocardiograms were obtrained from 15 standing clinically normal cows using an ultrasonic recording device. The echo beam penetrated the right thoracic wall in the area of the fourth intercostal space with a frequency of 2.25 MH3. Left ventricular wall thickness measured 2.00 +/- .19 cm while the septal dimension was slightly higher at 2.24 +/- .26 cm. Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf), and index of contractility, was .87 +/- .4 m/s and minor axis shortening fraction (% delta D), and indicator of pump frunction, was 43.5 +/- 5.8%.
Herd health management for beef cow/calf operations
Authors: Lucas Steve 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the components of a herd health program for beef cow/calf herds. The paper will be directed at improving and maintaining optimal reproductive efficiency in the beef cow and management of the calves up to weaning.
There are four components of a beef herd health program. These components are: 1) prebreeding, 2) pregnancy diagnosis and weaning of calves, 3) winter feeding mangement, and 4) precalving and calving. These are the primary times that the herd health veterinarian will want to visit the ranch.
Understanding how beef cow trace mineral requirements relate to production parameters
Authors: Corah Larry , Arthington John D. 
Published: March 2023

Approximately 16 different minerals are required to support normal biological functions in beef cattle. Under grazing situations nearly all of these are adequately provided by forage and water. Minerals which are not met by dietary sources need to be supplemented. These minerals are grouped into two categories, macrominerals and microminerals. The macrominerals which are commonly supplemented to grazing animal diets include; sodium (as NaCl), potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. Only the microminerals which form a group called the essential trace minerals (ETMs) will be discussed in this report. Although false, a commonly held theory of trace mineral utilization is one which suggests that animals will consume trace minerals as they are needed. In reality, sodium as sodium chloride is the only mineral which animals have the innate ability to consume as needed. Therefore proper trace mineral intake is crucial when addressing potential deficiency situations.
Seven trace minerals are considered essential to support normal physiological functions in beef cattle. These include: cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc. The level at which these ETM's are supplemented varies irt accordance with the amount and availability with the diet being consumed.
Cattle industry at the turn of the 21st century
Authors: Vannini L. 
Published: March 2023

"The 1980's are to be considered a decade of squandered opportunities in so far as a more equitable distribution of resources is concerned. The economic growth registered by certain industrialized countries in both the East and West ran parallel to the stagnation and recession afflicting Africa and Latin America,where poverty brought into sharper relief the gap between the rich and poor nations. " The problems of hunger and malnutrition are anything but solved and the food supply needed to meet increasing demand remains one of the key issues to be faced in the coming millennium.
Assessing against such a backdrop the economic importance and the role of the cattle industry in its varying social contexts and surveying its typologies, range of production practices and the particular development that distinguishes them are but part of a far more multifaceted and complex world than may, at first glance, seem to be the case. Indeed, understanding and defining this sector are complicated even further by the far-reaching changes that have occurred over the last few years in the agricultural policies and trade relations of the world's leading agricultural producers as well as by the rapid transformation in the political and social fabric of both the former command-economy countries and those of the southern hemisphere. Then, too, the ongoing evolution in the modern dietary regimen and in the consumption patterns of meat and dairy products puts any interpretation of what is happening in the sphere of wishful thinking and makes any attempt to define the development prospects for the cattle industry very debatable.
Operation of herd fertility and health schemes
Authors: Esslemont R. J. 
Published: March 2023

A Fertility Scheme is one where regular visits are made, normally by the same veterinarian, to a herd where routine work is carried out.
Based on records drawn from either a hand kept or computerized recording scheme, the veterinarian inspects such cattle as those that have been served and now need rectal pregnancy diagnosis. The practitioner may also inspect cows for a range of other reasons, especially to carry out postnatal checks on animals not seen in heat, and those that have been repeatedly (but unsuccessfully) served.
At present in the U.K., no full Herd Health Schemes are carried out. As it is, relatively few Herd Fertility Schemes are operated. Why is this? What changes have occurred in the last 20 years that have been beneficial, and what is holding up future developments?