bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drawing vs Photography
Authors: Dietrich Nikolaus 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter juxtaposes drawings with photographs of Greek vases. It asks to what degree and in what way each medium is able to represent a Greek vase and explores, through a series of twentieth-century case studies, the way in which the choice of medium reflected and in turn shaped the questions that scholars were concerned with. The first section introduces the subject on a theoretical level and asks what aspects of a Greek vase are lost or emphasized in drawings and in photographs, exploring the strengths and drawbacks of each medium for a variety of audiences, in and beyond scholarship. Through specific examples, the second section pursues the discussion in closer detail to see what choices were made in early twentieth-century scholarly photographs of vases. The publication of the vase collection in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts by John Beazley and Lacey D. Caskey (1931, 1954, and 1963) is a particularly telling case study because it occurred at a time when drawing and photographs of vases still coexisted in scholarly publications. The concluding section investigates the relationship between changing scholarly interests in Greek vases and the changing repertoire of technologies brought to bear in their reproduction. It argues that this complex dynamic influenced not only how the material was illustrated in the canonical publications of the discipline—from the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum to the vase painter monographs based on connoisseurial attribution—but also what kinds of questions scholarship on Greek vases could formulate about its subjects.
Electrical storage systems
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
If we want to store energy electrically, we can do this either through a voltage storage or a current storage. Inductance, or more precisely a superconducting inductance, serves as the current storage. The construction and functioning of such a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is described in this chapter. The voltage storage is realised via a capacitor. For larger amounts of energy and power, supercaps are used which, in addition to the capacitance of the conductors, also use the pseudocapacity and the capacitance of the double layer. The structure and function of both types are described in this chapter. The additional requirements and system components used for these applications are described. As an application example, a lift is made capable of recuperation. For this purpose, it is equipped with a supercapacitor bank that is to temporarily store the power during recuperation.
Chemical storage systems
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the two important chemical storage technologies are presented: hydrogen technology and methanisation, i.e. power to gas or power to fluid. The chapter describes how hydrogen gas can be stored and how hydrogen can be produced from electrical energy, and electrolysis and the PEMEL cell are introduced. Furthermore, the fuel cell is described, which allows an efficient use of hydrogen. The realisation of a hybrid truck equipped with a fuel cell and a lithium ion battery serves as an application example. In the case of methanisation, the reaction and the possible conversion of methanisation are presented. As a further application example, a methanisation plant and an electric generator are introduced into the island grid developed in chapter 8.
The Red Queen Retail Race
Authors: Rusanen Olli , Paavola Lauri , Cuthbertson Richard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of the Red Queen Retail Race as digitalization becomes a new norm in retailing. This book considers different aspects of the Red Queen Rivalry in the post-pandemic world: how innovation through technological change is transforming the service sector in different markets, how changing consumer needs and behaviours are forcing firms to alter their operations, how firms need different competitive strategies to respond to this changing landscape in different markets, how those strategic plans need new modes of implementation, and how public policy will need to adapt. This chapter provides an outline of each of the book chapters.
Digitalization of the Retail Servicescape
Authors: Nyrhinen Jussi , Uusitalo Outi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The digital disruption of the retail sector places the servicescape under re-examination because the service experience is now dispersed across both online and brick-and-mortar stores. There is need for a deeper understanding regarding what consumers of today expect from shopping journeys in an omni-channel servicescape. This chapter provides an understanding of the holistic nature of the service experience by examining how customers co-create a customer experience by utilizing both digital and physical servicescapes in a convergent manner. It illustrates this phenomenon using data from focus group discussions. The study showed how customers jointly form the social realm of the servicescape with the other actors in the service encounter and how the integration of digital and physical channels facilitates trust, human contact, interpersonal relationships, and networks of social exchange that are termed ‘social capital’. The chapter further examines how these omni-channel experiences manifest in a shopping context outside metropolitan areas. Finally, it discusses how cross-channel integration is valued in service experience formation. The implications of this chapter provide guidelines to develop servicescape concepts that successfully align digital and physical channels.
Implementing Strategies to Win the Red Queen Retail Race
Authors: Paavola Lauri 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study on the turnaround of a large cooperative grocery retailing organization that was characterized by highly routinized and stable practices. Despite the major turnaround that the organization went through, the change did not primarily result from the implementation of new work practices but rather from the ability of the management to steer the existing practices into a more financially sustainable direction and to enable them to be recreated internally. The case in this chapter illustrates that sustainable development is not only about having the most advanced and well-designed processes or technologies in place but it is rather about having the correct institutional pressures, in our case economic and social pressures, associated with those processes. The chapter highlights these issues when it concludes by considering organizational sustainability from a managerial perspective.
How the Geomagnetic Field is Measured
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Until the middle of the 20th century, the direction and intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field were measured by using magnetized needles as sensors. The instruments, called magnetometers, were fragile but sensitive enough to measure the global field and locate regions in the crust with anomalous magnetizations. Since the mid-19th century, a worldwide network of magnetic observatories has constantly monitored the global field, acquiring a record of both rapid and long-term changes in the field at fixed locations. The observatory data provide reference maps of the global magnetic field. Modern magnetometers use electronic designs. They make use of physical behavior at atomic and quantum mechanical scales, and are 100–1,000 times more sensitive than the earlier mechanical devices. Deployed in surveys on land, in aircraft and from ships, magnetometers provide a detailed picture of the global field, enhanced since the 1970s by a profusion of high-quality data from dedicated satellite missions.
The Geomagnetic Dynamo
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Earth’s magnetic field is generated in the liquid core by a self-sustaining dynamo mechanism. As the Earth cools, part of its heat passes through the liquid core by conduction, but the main mechanism of heat transfer is by convection due to buoyancy forces. Thermal convection results from temperature-related density differences in the liquid; compositional convection is caused by light elements released during solidification of the liquid iron alloy at the surface of the inner core. The buoyant electrically conducting liquid interacts with the Coriolis force due to the Earth’s rotation and is forced to flow in helical columns, twisting the field lines of the magnetic field inside the core. The pattern of the magnetic field at the core–mantle boundary reflects these interactions. The timing of nucleation of the inner core and the nature of the magnetic field in the early Earth are still a matter of conjecture.
The Magnetism of the Earth’s Crust
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that compose the Earth’s crust are made up of numerous different minerals, only a few of which (e.g., magnetite and hematite) have comparatively strong magnetic properties. Where rocks with different magnetizations come in contact, as around an orebody or in a geological structure such as a fault or intrusion, the contrast in magnetizations produces a local field, called a magnetic anomaly. By measuring the size and shape of the anomaly, its source can be evaluated. Strong magnetic anomalies on the continents often result from magnetizations induced by the present field in orebodies. By contrast, strong magnetic anomalies over the oceans result from a permanently magnetized lithosphere with alternating polarity, reflecting polarity changes of the magnetic field during seafloor spreading. Rocks lose their magnetization at the Curie temperature of their magnetic minerals, which is reached at a depth in the Earth comparable to the crustal thickness.
The Effects of Solar Activity on the Geomagnetic Field
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Sun has a layered internal structure. Solar energy is generated by thermonuclear fission in a central core. The energy passes through the Sun, first by radiation and then by thermal convection. Uprising columns of hot gas give the Sun’s visible surface, the photosphere, a mottled appearance. Dynamo action creates a strong magnetic field with a complex structure, which becomes dominantly dipolar when solar activity is low. The state of solar activity varies in an 11-year cycle, which is evident in the number of sunspots on its surface. The Sun’s outermost layer, or corona, is a hot magnetic plasma that extends for millions of kilometers into space. It constantly emits plasma, which forms a solar wind that carries the Sun’s magnetic field throughout the solar system. At varying intervals, the corona ejects massive amounts of charged particles that form a serious natural hazard for life and society on Earth.
The Magnetosphere and Ionosphere
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The solar wind compresses the geomagnetic field on the day side of the Earth and drags it out on the night side into a long magnetotail. The space occupied by the deformed field is the magnetosphere. Charged particles that penetrate it are trapped by geomagnetic field lines and shuttle between the polar regions. Two doughnut-shaped zones of intense radiation, called the Van Allen belts, girdle the Earth at altitudes between 1,000 km 60,000 km. Solar radiation ionizes atoms in the upper atmosphere to form the ionosphere. Electrical currents in the ionosphere produce magnetic fields that induce electrical currents in the Earth. They vary with the amount of insolation. The Earth’s rotation causes a daily change in the field at Earth’s surface. Long-period changes in the field penetrate the mantle, enabling scientists to measure its electrical conductivity. Extreme solar activity, in particular solar storms, can severely damage satellites and infrastructure on Earth.
Twenty Years in Design Law—What Has Changed?
Authors: Kur Annette 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A little earlier than The IPKat blog, the EU design system celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 2022. Looking at developments during those two decades therefore invites an appraisal of the transposition into practice of key elements of design legislation such as ‘individual character’ and ‘informed user’, which had been specifically coined for the purpose of harmonization based on the ‘design approach’ espoused by the EU Commission. While most of that went smoothly, there are also shortcomings which might be tackled in the course of the upcoming design reform. Furthermore, the past twenty years have shown that the expectation was mistaken that when designs are attributed their proper place within the spectrum of intellectual property legislation, the quest for seeking protection under other legal regimes will cease. On the contrary: overlaps between design law and trade mark or copyright law are more frequent and topical than before, calling for further clarification and attention.
Copyright at the CJEU: Back to the Start (of Copyright Protection)
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In its 2009 decision in Infopaq (C–5/08), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) achieved a landmark result: the de facto, horizontal harmonization of the originality requirement. After that, nothing could stay the same. After providing an overview of the harmonization process in the copyright field over the past thirty years or so and, with that, the environment in which Infopaq came to be, this chapter considers Infopaq and the expansive effect of subsequent case law on other copyright subsistence requirements. The analysis also notes how the eventual outcome of Cofemel (C–683/17), insofar as works of applied art are concerned, is perfectly in line with such jurisprudence. The chapter further considers the legal and institutional difficulties that such a string of CJEU decisions has given rise to, and is yet to resolve, before concluding that further questions are likely to be posed to the CJEU in the not too distant future. In other words: the construction of EU copyright is far from over.
The Copyright Protection of Makeup in the UK
Authors: Harvey Riana 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Adam Ant case, which found that copyright could not subsist in facial makeup, continues to be referenced as clear precedent as to why ephemeral (and thus non-conventional) works would not be protected under UK law. However, in light of significant copyright developments since the inception of that case, it is queried whether a different outcome would be reached, such that copyright could be found to subsist in makeup. This chapter will seek to explore how the treatment of makeup in copyright law developed in the first place, looking at the international and national legislative basis for treatment of copyright works, as well as the Adam Ant case itself. The chapter will then turn to the current challenges faced, including the CJEU-developed criteria for copyright protection and its wider impact on the interpretation of UK law, before considering what the correct approach would be in light of these developments. Finally, the chapter will consider the future evolution of makeup protection, and the wider avenues available in the field of trade mark protection.
Fair Use or Fair Dealing in Africa: The South African Experience
Authors: Okorie Chijioke I 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces South Africa’s experience with addressing the fair use versus fair dealing dilemma in its copyright statute, and assesses both the practical implications and efficacy of the manner in which it has applied itself to the operation, use, and application of the fair dealing exception in practice. The chapter questions the efficacy of any fair dealing/fair use exceptions that may be adopted in South Africa, by assessing the manner in which the amendment process has engaged with the fair dealing exception and comparing it with how existing exceptions have been implemented in practice. The chapter starts by tracing South Africa’s experience on the path to reforming its fair dealing exceptions regime within its comprehensive copyright reform process. It identifies three main camps to the exceptions debates in South Africa: those arguing for fair use contextualized for South Africa; another arguing for the rejection of fair use for what is, in their opinion, its unsuitability in terms of form and the manner in which it was proposed and adopted; and those arguing for the retention of the current fair dealing system, albeit in a slightly modified form. Noting that each of these camps presents arguments aligned with their respective conceptualization of the purpose of copyright exceptions, the chapter highlights the absence of considerations as to what would make exceptions work in practice in the specific context of South Africa. The chapter concludes by suggesting how government action and citizen participation can play a greater role towards actualizing the purpose(s) that exceptions aim to serve.
One Does Not Simply Upload a Meme—Internet Memes and the Parody Exemption in Europe
Authors: Ling Peter 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Internet memes have become ubiquitous. The number of meme templates is increasing exponentially and anyone can create new memes in a few seconds on dozens of dedicated websites for free. Memes are a genre based on the reappropriation of existing works and, as such, a topic of interest for copyright law. However, memes are also a popular form of expressing ideas. While some memes do not have more pretence than to make the viewer laugh, many are intended to convey a political, social, or cultural message. Keeping the freedom to make memes was part of the reason why some EU citizens took to the streets to prevent the enactment of the EU DSM Directive in 2018. Memes are therefore a modern illustration of the fundamental tension between copyright protection and freedom of expression. This contribution examines whether and when the use of original works of authorship to create memes constitutes copyright infringement in the EU, in particular by examining whether the parody exemption of the InfoSoc Directive can represent a useful defence against an infringement lawsuit.
From CD-Copying Vending Machines to Cloud-Based TV Recorders—Twenty Years of Private Copying in Germany
Authors: Brüß Mirko 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
‘Exception-based business models’ have thrived in Germany for over twenty years. The term describes services that allow users to produce and obtain copies of music, movies, and other digital content, while relying on the private copying exception, allowing the services to operate without licences from rightholders. German courts have reached widely divergent results in such cases, even when they had to judge largely identical services. My analysis of German and EU jurisprudence highlights the reasons for these discrepancies and criticizes the Bundesgerichtshof’s strictly technical approach to determine whether the private copying exception is applicable. I conclude that courts may have erred when designating the manufacturer of the reproductions, when assessing the legality of the template that is used for making the copy, when applying the three-step test, and by overlooking an EU-wide obligation to ensure fair compensation of rightholders when private copies are made.
Post-Mortem Rights of Publicity—A Comparison of New York and California
Authors: Perot Emma 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
After more than thirty years of fierce lobbying for and against a post-mortem right of publicity, such a right was finally introduced in New York, some twenty-five years after the California post-mortem right was recognized. Lobbyists on both sides were able to reach a compromise that preserved freedom of speech and simultaneously safeguarded potentially valuable post-mortem assets. Prior to the introduction of the New York law, estates used other strategies such as copyright protection, trade marks, and false endorsement under the Lanham Act to police unauthorized uses of the rights of publicity of deceased celebrities. While the introduction of the post-mortem right is a simpler and more certain approach than the traditional reliance on a patchwork of laws, the most important consequence, and one that is likely to be overlooked, is the tax implications. This chapter examines the strategies that have been used in the absence of post-mortem protection and emphasizes the new tax considerations that must be accounted for in estate planning in New York.
Psychology, Prototypicality, and Basic Shapes: The ‘shape resulting from the nature of the goods’ Exclusion under EU Trade Mark Law
Authors: Fhima Ilanah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits the CJEU’s interpretation of EU trade mark law’s ‘natural shape’ exclusion (aka ‘the first indent’) in the Hauck decision of 2014. The Court held that ‘a shape with essential characteristics which are inherent to the generic function or functions of such goods’ must not be registered as a mark. The CJEU’s introduction of the ‘generic functions’ terminology as a term of art without adequate explanation has puzzled trade mark scholars ever since. The chapter argues that the CJEU’s judgment in Hauck must be read alongside the corresponding AG’s opinion. In combination, these reveal that the first indent aims to prevent registration of ‘basic’ shapes which must be ‘kept free’ in the interest of maintaining a competitive market. However, neither really helps to identify what these basic shapes are. While the approach taken by the CJEU is obscure, the chapter argues that it finds support in the psychological and psycho-aesthetic literature. Here, ‘basic’ or ‘prototypical’ product shapes are recognized as those which are valuable in reducing information retrieval costs, and also those which consumers find particularly attractive. The chapter concludes that while the CJEU’s first attempt at blocking the registration of basic shapes in Hauck is not a model of clarity, the concept is one worth persevering with and developing, given its recognized real-world value and significance.
Sprechen Sie Cambozola? On the Lessons from the Early Years of ‘Evocation’
Authors: Kyrylenko Anastasiia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since ‘evocation’ first appeared in Regulation 2081/92, the CJEU has been called upon to construe this concept several times. In ‘Cambozola’, the Court found that Cambozola is evocative of ‘Gorgonzola’, a protected designation of origin (PDO) for an Italian cheese, due to the phonetic and visual similarity between the two. Answering to further referrals, the Court confirmed that ‘evocation’ may also take place in cases of conceptual proximity, as well as through use of figurative signs. Finally, in ‘Champanillo’ the Court established that a geographical indication may also be evoked by services, in addition to goods. Yet, as this chapter discusses, national approaches to evocation often diverge from the CJEU’s interpretations and may exemplify how the doctrine should develop.