bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
We, Together
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We are agents, and what we do is live together. Living together is a joint activity. Joint activities involve shared intentions. Shared intentions have plural intentional subjects. Plural intentional subjects are plurally pre-reflectively self-aware. The social world of norms, statuses, roles, structures, and artifacts is our way of living together. It is up to us to live together in a way that suits our shared purpose of living well together. One precondition of becoming better at what we do is to recognize ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of our living together.
Plural Intentional Action
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Living together is a joint activity. Joint activity involves shared intention. The basic problem in understanding shared intention is knowing what exactly it is that is shared in shared intention. Intention can be analyzed in terms of content, subject, and mode. Content-accounts of shared intention argue that sharedness is limited to content. Subject-accounts argue that shared intentions involve a shared intentional subject. Mode-accounts argue that shared intention involves a special intentional mode. Each of the three alternative accounts struggles with serious objections. The strongest objection against subject-accounts, however, relies on a misconception of the intentional subject.
So Who’s “the We”?
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Living together is a joint activity. Joint activity involves shared intention. The basic problem in understanding shared intention is knowing what exactly it is that is shared in shared intention. Intention can be analyzed in terms of content, subject, and mode. Content-accounts of shared intention argue that sharedness is limited to content. Subject-accounts argue that shared intentions involve a shared intentional subject. Mode-accounts argue that shared intention involves a special intentional mode. Each of the three alternative accounts struggles with serious objections. The strongest objection against subject-accounts, however, relies on a misconception of the intentional subject.
The Case for Singularism
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Plural Self-Authorization
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Politics: Achieving Autonomy
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Postscript
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
What is it that we’re doing when we’re doing philosophy together? This postscript sides with those philosophers who are critical of the idea of philosophy as the ultimate authority in conceptual matters even when it comes to the concept of philosophy itself. It is not obvious at all that philosophers should be in a better position to account for who they are than any other profession or other group, or to determine, reflectively, what it is they are doing and how. It is argued that the task of accounting for who we are, as the plural subjects we are, and what it is we’re doing (and how) is a matter of politics, in one regard, and of morality, in another regard. Each of us and all of us are involved in it, and we can’t delegate the task to just some of us: we can’t leave it to “the philosophers” (or, as philosophers, claim it just for ourselves).
Social Norms and Social Reality
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Normative externalism and the artisanal model for social role normativity require a more complex ontology and richer explanatory resources than is afforded by methodological individualism. Social positions, social roles, techniques, and expertise (the explanatory resources of normative externalism and the artisanal model) are not reducible to individuals or their attitudes and actions. The chapter provides an articulation of the outlines of the social ontology implicit in the artisanal model of social role normativity rather than an argument that that social ontology should be adopted. A full ontology of the artisanal model of social role normativity, which would require discussion of the ontology of social positions, the nature of artisanal powers and other important topics that lie beyond the scope of this chapter.
Habituation, Imitation, and the Critical Self
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Critical selves are among the phenomena to be explained in an adequate theory of social role normativity. This chapter explores the idea that the artisanal model contains significant resources for the development of critical selves through the very same processes of habituation, imitation, and guided practice that constitute skill development. Critical selves are individuals who engage rational criticism of the social roles that they are responsive to and evaluable under by virtue of the social positions they occupy. Although they are responsive to and evaluable under a norm, critical selves are also able to engage in rational criticism of them.
Core Support
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the role of global postural control and muscle strength as key components to strong core support for dancers. Core is not just about abs! Core support is vital for dancers to maintain stability in balances, turns and to recruit muscular strength to lift and jump. The chapter explores the power of anatomical visualizations to provide global postural control and delves into anterior layers of muscle support for core strength: the rectus abdominis, internal external obliques, and transversus abdominis and their role in contributing to core support. Functional Awareness corroborates contemporary research that mental training and mental practice can develop global postural control along with traditional abdominal exercises to improve strength and stability in action
Expressivity of Arms
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 explores the movement of the arms as an intricate element of artistic expression in dance. The authors present the complex skeletal features, joint articulations, and many muscular features of the shoulder girdle, elbow joint, and wrist. The reader is invited to consider posture’s effect on the shoulder joint and the relationship between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The authors present the complex skeletal features, joint articulations, and muscular features of the arm structure. It is critical to differentiate the actions of the shoulder/glenohumeral joint, the actions of the scapula, and the actions of the elbow and wrist. By moving efficiently within the structures of the arm, dancers can discover full range of motion at each joint and embody the expressivity required by the aesthetic they are performing. Movement explorations in this chapter help to shed light on how dancers may inadvertently restrict the full range of possible motion through daily patterns or a misunderstanding of the function of the arms.
Breath
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Breathing is a fundamental muscular action that affects all dance expression. We breathe automatically and unconsciously while moving through daily tasks. Breath can also be accessed in intricate ways through conscious control of the inhale and exhale. Chapter 11 explores how the use of conscious breath can support artistic expressivity in dance. Breathing explorations in this chapter provide opportunities to investigate habitual patterns in breath, develop an understanding of the muscular actions that support breath, improve respiratory function, and thus improve expressivity in movement. The authors depict the location of the lungs in the thoracic cage. The knowledge of the anatomical placement of the lungs and an understanding of the movement function of breathing can help reveal unconscious or potentially ineffective breathing patterns. The Functional Awareness approach to anatomical visualizations facilitates new choices and skills to enhance the quality of phrasing and expressivity while dancing
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Innovation in the health sector suffers from a value-creation problem and a related but distinct cost-reduction problem. The value-creation problem arises because drugs, devices, and other interventions with low economic value can find a ready market while interventions with high economic value may not. The cost-reduction problem reflects that it is difficult for innovators and implementers to reap the benefits of innovations that lower the cost of care. These problems are caused by weak financial incentives for value creation and cost reduction, professional and social norms that slow or deter innovation, and poorly functioning healthcare markets in which dominant firms can be sluggish innovators without fear of disruption from innovative new entrants.
Shared Savings
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Most costs in healthcare are paid by third-party payers. However, providers and patients decide about the tests, drugs, and procedures that drive costs, and they do not consider the costs their decisions impose on payers. As the chapter shows, cost reduction, therefore, hinges on a challenging principal-agent relationship. Payers are the principal in this relationship. Providers are the agents who can further the payers’ interests by devoting effort and attention to finding ways to reduce costs. Agreements that reward providers for reducing costs—shared savings contracts—align the interests of both parties. The chapter goes on to show that shared savings contracts in healthcare suffer from three limitations that reduce their prevalence and power: common agency, capturing future returns, and free riding. As a result of these limitations, financial incentives for innovations that reduce healthcare costs are weak and sometimes non-existent.
Witness to a New Era
Authors: Randolph John 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The history of European military involvement in the Arab world is often told as starting with Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt. This chapter resets the start of this history decades earlier: to Russia’s bombardment of Syria and Palestine and occupation of Beirut during the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768–1774. It presents an excerpt from the firsthand account of Russian naval officer Sergei Pleshcheev, who was invited into Palestine by two rebellious local leaders—Zahir al-‘Umar of Palestine and ‘Ali Bey of Egypt—to assist them in battle against the Ottoman Empire. A war memoir-meets-ethnography, Pleshcheev’s account reveals a Russian official at home among the diverse peoples of the Levant (many of them also part of Russia’s imperial diversity), who also sets himself above them as an enlightened European, and, as a Russian, imagines himself to offer a unique variation on European civilization.
Extraterritorial Entanglements
Authors: Kane Eileen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Standard histories of how the Eastern Question erupted into the Crimean War (1853–1856) highlight the Europeans’ extension of extraterritorial protections to Christians in Palestine, which undermined Ottoman sovereignty and intensified competition among the powers. This chapter integrates Jews into that history, looking at how British and Russian officials made competing claims to protect Jewish subjects in Palestine. Correspondence between tsarist consular officials posted in Palestine traces how they responded to the surprise discovery of Russian-subject Jews who had migrated to and resettled in Ottoman Palestine. Though fewer in number compared to later Zionist-era migrants, these Jews were the largest community of tsarist subjects in Palestine at the time, and thus seen by Russian officials as strategic assets. Ironically, tsarist officials valued Jews in Palestine for the same alleged traits that made them distrust them back home: transnational networks, tribal loyalties, and spying skills.
An Egyptian Teacher Heads to St. Petersburg
Authors: Kudsieh Suha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As the Russian Empire expanded into Muslim-majority regions, it invested in area studies, creating institutes of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Tatar language starting in 1724. This chapter excerpts a travelogue by Muhammad ‘Ayyad al-Tantawi, a talented Egyptian scholar of Arabic literature who was hired in 1840 to teach at St. Petersburg’s Institute of Oriental Languages. The tsarist government could have hired an Arabic-speaking Russian subject but instead invited al-Tantawi: a scholar from al-Azhar, the center of Muslim learning in Cairo, who was respected by European Orientalists and unconnected to the anti-colonial Muslim resistance in the Caucasus. His account of the journey to his new job forms a Russian counterpart to the better-known European (mainly French) travels of his nahda (Arabic renaissance) contemporaries. Open-minded and wry, al-Tantawi, who would remain in St. Petersburg until his 1861 death, describes many aspects of mid-nineteenth-century Russian transportation, public health, and culture.
With the Tsar’s Imprimatur
Authors: Salushchev Sergey , Alshaif Gokh Amin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The abolition of the slave trade was one justification Russia used for its nineteenth-century colonial conquest of the Caucasus, but this chapter shows that enslaved people continued to be bought and sold in the Caucasus under Russian rule, sometimes with the official support of tsarist officials. The chapter presents a document discovered in the archives of Russia’s viceroyalty in the Caucasus. Written in Arabic (the lingua franca of Muslims in the Caucasus) but notarized by a tsarist official in Russian, this document records the sale of a Circassian child slave girl named Bikka in 1864, three years after Russia abolished serfdom in the empire. One of the economic networks that connected the Caucasus to Ottoman and Persian markets, the slave trade persisted under Russian rule, this chapter suggests, because tsarist rule of the region required flexibility, including allowing some local institutions and traditions to continue in spite of imperial law.
Saluting Russia’s Islamic Modernists in the Cairo and Beirut Arabic Press (1899)
Authors: Sadeh Roy Bar 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Islamic modernism refers to a group of overlapping movements that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and argued that Islam champions the values of modernity. A global phenomenon, Islamic modernism’s intellectual work also took place in Egypt, where a key publication of these movements was published: the Arabic-language magazine al-Manar (The Lighthouse; 1898–1935), founded by Syrian-born Ottoman subject and Islamic thinker Muhammad Rashid Rida. This chapter focuses on an 1899 article Rida published about Muslim life in Russia’s Volga-Ural region. Rida was interested in Russia’s Muslims for their long, dynamic history of adaptation and survival under tsarist rule, and he believed that Muslims elsewhere in the world could learn from their experiences. This chapter reveals Russia’s Muslims as a key readership of the influential al-Manar, as well as participants in Arabic-language intellectual exchanges that made up Islamic modernist movements.
From Syrian Communist to Soviet Orientalist
Authors: Kirasirova Masha , Kirasirova Masha , Morsi Eman 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter deepens our understanding of the experts who made up the field of Soviet Near Eastern Studies by exploring the biography and self-presentation of the Syrian communist Taha Sawwaf. The son of an Arab Syrian man and an enslaved black woman, Sawwaf was brought to Moscow by the Comintern in the 1930s to study at KUTV. After graduation he stayed on as a Soviet expert on the “East,” translating Soviet writings into Arabic and supporting the USSR’s strategic goals in Arab societies. The chapter offers glimpses into his career trajectory through three documents: the “file self” he curated to appeal to his Soviet interlocutors, which includes an Arabic autobiographical text and a Russian intake interview; and a transcript of his Arabic-language Moscow radio broadcast about the work of the Iraqi poet Ma’ruf al Rusafi shortly after Stalin’s death, which reveals the flexible uses of an Arab “expert” persona in the USSR.
Statistics on Arab Students in the USSR (1959–1991)
Authors: Katsakioris Constantin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents six tables of statistics on Arab students pursuing higher education in the Soviet Union sorted by sending country, year, type of scholarship, and other metrics. The data were collated from official lists in several Soviet archives. During the Cold War, Moscow viewed international education as an important instrument of global influence. The number of men and women from Arab countries studying at Soviet institutes and universities grew each year starting in 1962, totaling more than 47,000 graduates by 1991. Syria was the biggest Arab sending country, followed by Yemen, Lebanon, and Jordan. Most scholarships came from the Soviet state; others from political, social, and cultural organizations. Navigating between home countries that wanted technical specialists and a host country interested in showcasing its successes and teaching Marxist-Leninist philosophy, Arab students largely pursued their own educational and personal goals: education, travel, professional opportunities, and new acquaintances.
Should Dormitory Bathrooms Have Doors?
Authors: Litvin Margaret 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an excerpt from An Upper Egyptian among the Russians, a 1999 memoir by Egyptian refrigeration engineer Zakaria Turki. Born in 1940, Turki studied in the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1972, completing a one-year preparatory Russian-language course in Kiev and a bachelor’s in refrigeration engineering at the Technical Institute for Fish Industry and Economics in Astrakhan. His earthy memoir reveals the daily lifeworld of study abroad in the USSR, describing encounters in shared dormitory kitchens, bathrooms, and bedrooms that blur the line between interpersonal and international relations. As Turki interacts with Russians, other Soviets, and fellow internationals, his dormitory experience illustrates the USSR’s tiered cultural policy toward its concentrically arranged “Easts”: the “domestic abroad” (the non-Russian USSR), the Eastern bloc, and the Afro-Asian world.
Aleksandr Yakovlev’s Notes from His Conversation with the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the Soviet Union (November 26, 1990)
Authors: Kramer Mark , Kirasirova Masha , Kramer Mark 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the notes of a high-ranking Soviet official, reformer Aleksandr Yakovlev, from his conversation with Kuwaiti Ambassador to the USSR Abdulmohsin Y. al-Duaij in late November 1990. Mindful of the wide-ranging program of domestic liberalization and “new thinking” in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Kuwaiti ambassador—whose country had been occupied by Iraqi military forces in August 1990—attempts to persuade the Soviet Union to give up its traditional support for the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. Going further, the Kuwaiti diplomat urges the USSR to pivot away from the Palestine Liberation Organization and turn instead to alliances with Gulf Arab states and even Israel. In return, he promises up to 6 billion dollars’ worth of “practical support for Perestroika” from the Gulf Cooperation Council.
The Scribes of Sleep
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Dream journals are a surprisingly powerful resource for psychological and spiritual discovery. Contemporary dream science has shown that as much as we can learn from single dreams, far more information can be derived from analyzing a series of dreams over time. Various people through history have intuitively understood this point, and they carefully recorded their dreams for years and even decades, drawing profound guidance from the patterns they discovered. This is the first book to gather historical and cross-cultural evidence showing the value of dream journals as a potent means of healing, religious experience, and metaphysical insight. Seven remarkable people who kept dream journals are profiled—Aelius Aristides of second-century Rome, Myōe Shonin of twelfth-century Japan, Lucrecia de León of sixteenth-century Spain, Emanuel Swedenborg of seventeenth-century Sweden, Benjamin Banneker of eighteenth-century America, Anna Kingsford of nineteenth-century Britain, and Wolfgang Pauli of twentieth-century Austria. Because dreams are so complex and multifaceted—especially when viewed in a series—an interdisciplinary approach is required to shed light on their meanings. In this work, three broad methods are applied to the seven journals: data science, depth psychology, and religious studies. As the findings of these different methods are woven together and mutually illuminated, it becomes clear that the practice of keeping a dream journal stimulates several specific qualities of religiosity, prompting the dreamers to move in more individualist, mystical, and pluralistic directions—toward becoming a free spirit.
Introduction
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introduction explains the historical and scientific basis for studying dreams in series over time. The discussion considers why people have kept dream journals through history, what they have discovered in the patterns of their dreams, and what we today can learn from their experiences and apply to our own dreams. The author describes his initial foray into keeping a dream journal while camping on a wilderness beach on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Seven historical figures are introduced, along with brief explanations of their dream journals. The three methods of exploring the dreams are introduced: digital analysis, depth psychology, and religious studies. The key thesis of the book is presented: keeping a dream journal has the effect of stimulating the religious qualities of individualism, mysticism, and pluralism, summarized in the term “free spirits.”