bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service for Airplane Engines
Authors: Biddlecombe C. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Properly equipped service stations with competent mechanics are being established at some of the principal airports to take care of airplane maintenance. These have been found necessary by airplane-engine manufacturers in order to protect both their own interest and those of the customer. The work varies from a simple engine overhaul to complete rebuilding of large aircraft, and includes such items as packing and loading large airplanes for export shipment; designing and building gliders; dismantling, trucking, and reassembling airplanes for aviation shows; demonstrating airplanes to customers, and many other details, but not including the making of new engines and airplanes.
It seems probable that the major overhaul stations will eventually function on lines similar to those of present wholesale jobbers in the automotive industry with dealers doing all repair work, and buying necessary spare parts from jobbers in the territory in which they operate. Engine manufacturers look forward to having service representation at every active airport. The author tells of various methods and equipment used in overhaul work and the care necessary to ensure satisfactory operation.
Some Characteristics of Light Alloys for Aircraft
Authors: Gillett H. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of the various light alloys that might he used to advantage in aircraft construction, and gives their advantages and drawbacks. As fast as the disadvantages are overcome, whether they relate to price fabricability, or other properties, the improved material will find increased use in aircraft. Progress in aeronautics is linked closely with the metallurgy of light alloys.
New Developments in Airport Lighting
Authors: Ritchie H. C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The principles of airport lighting have been covered in many papers which have varied slightly and only in details, says the author, these principles now having been standardized through the medium of the Department of Commerce. These requirements are stated, and then the author points out some new developments which make it possible for airports to obtain maximum ratings for lighting equipment and also some of the new systems or devices brought out to supplement these requirements.
Practical Airplane Performance Calculations
Authors: Watter Michael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A design must meet the characteristics set forth in the specification if it is to warrant construction. Performance characteristics represent a most important requirement, and there are today many methods and theories of performance calculation.
The conclusion was reached to obtain simplicity even at the cost of scientific accuracy, so long as the calculations gave a correct answer. The method described is based on the evaluation of parasite resistance, wing or cell characteristics, and knowledge of engine-propeller behavior. It is intended for routine calculations, but may be extended for special cases.
Some Improvements in Wind-Tunnel Balances Made Possible by Use of Vacuum Tubes
Authors: Eastman Fred S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents some novel ideas on wind-tunnel balance design. It describes a new electromagnetic balance, which determines the current required to produce a balancing force. The claims are made, as against the motor-driven balance, that it is less costly, that it has no moving parts in the beam, is practically instantaneous in its response to sudden changes in force, can be quickly adjusted to almost any desired degree of sensitivity, and is readily adapted to recording devices to do away with the point-by-point method of obtaining curves.
Fire-Prevention Problems
Authors: McCord C. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper gives a few general principles and points out the trend of investigations that have been made along the lines of fire prevention and the design of fire extinguishers. Prevention in the case of aircraft is a relative term as there are no thoroughly satisfactory fire extinguishers, although the improvements are encouraging as more thought is being given to the subject.
While much work is in progress toward the development of aircraft fire-extinguishing systems in Government departments and by the manufacturers of that type of equipment, and although the need is manifest, there is at present no basis for a hard and fast regulation regarding the nature of equipment to be prescribed for installation in military or commercial airplanes.
The Preparation of Anthracite
Authors: Chance T. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper covers the development and present practice of the methods used in the manufacturing process called “preparation,” necessary to the conversion of the raw anthracite produced from the mines into the finished products consumed. The paper is divided into three main sections covering the crushing, sizing, and cleaning of the coal and into supplementary ones dealing with breaker design, operation, and efficiency.
Economics of Reclamation of Anthracite Silt Coal and Culm
Authors: Dechant Frederick H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper deals generally with the production of fine-sized anthracite coal, its preparation for market, and its present uses. It defines several of the most important present markets, and the ultimate essential market to be created. It develops that anthracite can be most cheaply prepared for market by the coal companies themselves, taking in all sizes down to and including pulverized fuel. It recommends complete preparation by the coal-producing companies as the method of attaining the best economic position.
Relative Economy of Pulverized Coal, Oil, and Gas as Boiler-Plant Fuels
Authors: Frisch Martin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Where plants are so located that several fuels are available, the management must determine which fuel is most economical. An analysis of the cost of making steam with each of the available fuels is necessary. The various commonly used fuels are compared as to their relative economy. The influence of each fuel on overall plant performance and economy is considered. The paper sums up the relative plant efficiency and the relative plant economy to be expected of the various fuels.
Coke as a Domestic Heating Fuel
Authors: Nicholls P. , Landry B. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with one of several types of fuel used in heating houses. It sets forth the burning characteristics of coke when used for this purpose as shown by work done by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and others. Of the solid fuels, anthracite and coke are truly smokeless and are held in high regard for this quality. Ways are being found for making commercial coke from a wider range of coals than heretofore, and the use of coke for domestic heating is increasing.
Recent Developments in Stoker Design
Authors: Savage H. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper recent developments in stokers are discussed. The presentation covers all stokers manufactured by the firms who are members of the Stoker Manufacturers’ Association. Stokers for the larger size of steam-power boilers have undergone a different development from the smaller stokers. There has been a distinct advance in size, in practical combustion rates, and in the convenient arrangement of stokers in general. The problems of preheated air and the development of small stokers for domestic and industrial uses are also presented.
An Apparatus for the Determination of Creep at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: White A. E. , Clark C. L. , Thomassen L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes an apparatus designed for the purpose of measuring creep of metals at elevated temperatures. Due to the slight changes in dimensions encountered, such an apparatus must be sensitive to small variations. This particular machine is capable of measuring variations in length of the test specimen to about 2.8 millionths of an inch per inch.
The three essential parts of a creep-measuring apparatus are listed as (1) a means of applying and maintaining a constant load, (2) a means of obtaining and maintaining constant a given temperature, and (3) a means of accurately determining any deformation produced in the test piece. The manner in which this machine fulfils each of these conditions is described.
Advantages Derived From the Simplification of the Fundamental Formulas for Economic Production Quantities
Authors: Raymond Fairfield E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper seeks to demonstrate that a rapid and reliable method can be developed for application to the problems most frequently encountered in planning production schedules and controlling inventories. This method is stated to be more simple than the fundamental formula developed in the author’s former paper on “Economic Production Quantities.” Other advantages are gained from the simplified method.
Incentive Payment Plans for Material Handling
Authors: Fike C. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the methods used in installing incentive payment plans on two different phases of material-handling activities at the East Pittsburgh plant of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. The first phase is that of industrial electric trucking, the other is a material-supply group in the motor-manufacturing department. Detailed formulas used in the installation are included.
Conveyor Handling Methods of the Chicago Daily News
Authors: Potts Matthew W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the conveyor handling system as installed in the plant of the Chicago Daily News. Continuous conveyors are used to handle rolls of paper from railroad cars and barges to the storage room, and then to the reel room. Conveyors are also used for handling stereotype plates to the press room, bundles of papers from the presses to the truck platforms, and mats from the makeup room to the stereotype room.
Present Practice in the Use of Cutting Fluids: Progress Report No. 2 of the Sub-Committee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Cutting of Metals
Authors: McKee S. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This report is an attempt to indicate, in so far as its scope will permit, either the trend or lack of trend, as the case may be, toward the use of a particular type of cutting agent for a given maching operation on a given kind of metal. It is based on information obtained from sixty-eight of the large users of cutting fluids in this country. Nine tables are presented. The first of these is a general summary. It lists the number of plants using any of three general types of cutting agent (dry, water or emulsions, oils or oil mixtures) for each of nineteen maching operations on eight kinds of metals. Each of the remaining eight tables gives more detailed information pertaining to the cutting agents used for the various operations on a given metal.
Sizes and Tolerances for Metal Fits: Advantages of Standardization for Manufacturing Practice—Controlling Influences and Application to Existing Conditions—Analysis and Reference to the Practice in Other Plants
Authors: Reiman C. R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses comparisons of metal fits. The matter of working fits being left in many plants largely to the opinion and ability of the workman, the need of standardization in consequence asserts itself as organizations are entitled to records of these matters. The comparisons of the practice of other standards and the analysis that influences the conclusions are given in a simple way. Simplification for better understanding is aimed at, and the need for a standard common practice throughout our industry is recognized. Controlling influences are considered, and various features for which advantages are claimed are stressed. The use of the basic size to under hole system, and the basic shaft are discussed. Different kinds of fits are compared, and the reasons for differentiating between straight shafts and turned studs are given.
Twenty-Three-Year-Old Collegiate Soccer Athlete With Bilateral Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis: A Case Report
Authors: Folkert Allyson K. , Tripp Brady L. , Brown Christopher D. 
Published: April 2023

A 23-year-old collegiate club soccer player reported to his athletic trainer right hip flexor pain and no recalled mechanism. Diagnostic imaging revealed bilateral avascular necrosis (AVN) of both femoral heads. Medical intervention included bilateral core decompression surgery. The majority of reported AVN cases are pediatric patients and adults over 50 years old, following trauma (i.e., femoral fracture) being the main risk factor. Although not seen often in athletic populations, athletic trainers should be aware of the possibility of AVN in patients. AVN is a life-altering condition and accurately documenting all patient encounters, and proper interprofessional collaboration is imperative for positive outcomes.
“This Isn’t a Sports Story … This Is a Life Story”: Elite Athletes and Myths About Mental Illness in Sport
Authors: Parrott Scott 
Published: April 2023

Athletes face unique mental health stressors, including internal/external pressure, time displacement, and physical injury. In addition, athletes who experience mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety reference the role of social factors—specifically stigma—as barriers to mental health. The present study draws on 37 testimonials from The Players’ Tribune in which athletes disclosed mental illness. A theoretical thematic analysis pinpointed themes within the testimonials of athletes who elucidated and refuted myths concerning mental health in sport. Through disclosure, the athletes challenged stigma by protesting myths that discourage help-seeking behavior in sport. The analysis identified six themes in the myths concerning (a) professional success, (b) strength, (c) identity, (d) the sports story treatment of mental health, (e) sport as escape, and (f) isolation. Implications are discussed in relation to changing social norms in sport.
Correlations Between Hamstring Muscle Architecture, Maturation, and Anthropometric Measures in Academy Soccer Players
Authors: Brown Matthew , Buchheit Martin , Lacome Mathieu , Hader Karim , Guilhem Gaël 
Published: April 2023

Purpose: Muscle architecture is associated with motor performance and muscle injury. While muscle architecture and knee-flexor eccentric strength change with growth, the influence of anthropometric measures on these properties is rarely considered. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hamstring muscle architecture and knee-flexor eccentric strength with anthropometric measurements. Methods: Sixty male footballers (16.6 [1.05] y) from the U16, U17, and U19 teams of an elite soccer club were included in this study. Fascicle length, pennation angle, and muscle thickness of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semimembranosus muscles were measured in both legs using ultrasound. Knee-flexor eccentric strength, height, body mass, leg length, femur length, and peak height velocity (PHV) were measured within 1 week of the ultrasound images. A stepwise regression and 1-way analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate the effects of age, maturity, and anthropometric measurements on muscle properties. Results: Variance within BFlh and semimembranosus muscle thickness (r < .61), semimembranosus pennation angle (r < .58), and knee-flexor eccentric strength (r = .50) were highly related to body mass. We observed no significant correlations between muscle architecture and age (P > .29). However, moderately greater BFlh muscle thickness was shown for the post-PHV compared with the PHV group (effect size ± 90% CI: 0.72 ± 0.49). Conclusions: In conclusion, weak correlations between muscle architecture and anthropometric measurements suggest that other factors (ie, genetics, training regimen) influence muscle architecture. The moderate effect of maturity on BFlh muscle thickness strongly suggests post-PHV hypertrophy of the BFlh muscle. Our results confirmed previous findings that eccentric knee-flexor strength is influenced by body mass.
Neuronal Exosomes as a New Signaling System
Authors: Yakovlev Alexander A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Number of studies devoted to investigation of neuronal exosomes increases significantly each year. Potential of exosomes as diagnostic markers of neurodegenerative diseases has been examined thoroughly and similar protocols were used to search for the markers of other psychiatric disorders. Biogenesis of exosomes in various types of cells has been studied, physiological role of exosomes has been actively investigated, and many features of their signaling cascades have been clarified. The accumulated data indicate important role of the exosome signaling in interneuronal communication. Do we have enough grounds to recognize exosomes as new non-canonical neurotransmitters in the brain? In this review we discuss this issue and present a concept on the possible role of brain exosomes as a new signaling system to the scientific community.
Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Mental Disorders: Endogenous Intoxication
Authors: Uzbekov Marat G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The review describes the syndrome of endogenous intoxication in patients with mental disorders. Oxidative stress, middle-mass endotoxic molecules, impaired functional properties of serum albumin and albumin thiol groups, neurotrophic factors, and enzymes, including monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase contribute to the development of endogenous intoxication. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the endogenous intoxication development in mental disorders and approaches to its treatment are discussed.
Longitudinal educational attainment among children with isolated oral cleft: a cohort study
Authors: Park Min Hae , Fitzsimons Kate J , Deacon Scott , Medina Jibby , Wahedally Muhammad A H , Butterworth Sophie , Russell Craig , van der Meulen Jan H 
Published: April 2023

Objectives(1) To explore differences in educational attainment between children born with isolated clefts and the general population at ages 5, 7 and 11 years; (2) to describe longitudinal changes in attainment among children with cleft through primary education.DesignAnalysis of Cleft Registry and Audit Network data linked to national educational outcomes.SettingEnglish state schools.Patients832 children born with isolated cleft, aged 5 years in 2006–2008.Main outcome measuresDifference in teacher-assessed attainment between children with a cleft and general population at each age, for all children and by cleft type. Percentage of children with low attainment at age 5 years who had low attainment at age 11 years, for all children and by cleft type.ResultsChildren with a cleft had lower attainment than the general population in all subject areas (Z-score range: −0.29 (95% CI −0.36 to −0.22) to −0.22 (95% CI −0.29 to −0.14)). This difference remained consistent in size at all ages, and was larger among children with a cleft affecting the palate (cleft palate/cleft lip and palate (CP/CLP)) than those with a cleft lip (CL). Of 216 children with low attainment in any subject at age 5 years, 54.2% had low attainment in at least one subject at age 11 years. Compared with children with CL, those with CP/CLP were more likely to have persistent low attainment.ConclusionsAn educational attainment gap for children born with isolated clefts is evident throughout primary education. Almost half of children with low attainment at age 5 years achieve normal attainment at age 11 years.
Disability accrual in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Harding-Forrester Sam , Roos Izanne , Nguyen Ai-Lan , Malpas Charles B , Diouf Ibrahima , Moradi Nahid , Sharmin Sifat , Izquierdo Guillermo , Eichau Sara , Patti Francesco , Horakova Dana , Kubala Havrdova Eva , Prat Alexandre , Girard Marc , Duquette Pierre , Grand'Maison Francois , Onofrj Marco , Lugaresi Alessandra , Grammond Pierre , Ozakbas, Serkan , Amato Maria Pia , Gerlach Oliver , Sola Patrizia , Ferraro Diana , Buzzard Katherine , Skibina Olga , Lechner-Scott Jeannette , Alroughani Raed , Boz Cavit , Van Pesch Vincent , Cartechini Elisabetta , Terzi Murat , Maimone Davide , Ramo-Tello Cristina , Yamout Bassem , Khoury Samia Joseph , La Spitaleri Daniele , Sa Maria Jose , Blanco Yolanda , Granella Franco , Slee Mark , Butler Ernest , Sidhom Youssef , Gouider Riadh , Bergamaschi Roberto , Karabudak Rana , Ampapa Radek , Sánchez-Menoyo José Luis , Prevost Julie , Castillo-Trivino Tamara , McCombe Pamela A , Macdonell Richard , Laureys Guy , Van Hijfte Liesbeth , Oh Jiwon , Altintas Ayse , de Gans Koen , Turkoglu Recai , van der Walt Anneke , Butzkueven Helmut , Vucic Steve , Barnett Michael , Cristiano Edgardo , Hodgkinson Suzanne , Iuliano Gerardo , Kappos Ludwig , Kuhle Jens , Shaygannejad Vahid , Soysal Aysun , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Van Wijmeersch Bart , Kalincik Tomas 
Published: April 2023

BackgroundSome studies comparing primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS, SPMS) report similar ages at onset of the progressive phase and similar rates of subsequent disability accrual. Others report later onset and/or faster accrual in SPMS. Comparisons have been complicated by regional cohort effects, phenotypic differences in sex ratio and management and variable diagnostic criteria for SPMS.MethodsWe compared disability accrual in PPMS and operationally diagnosed SPMS in the international, clinic-based MSBase cohort. Inclusion required PPMS or SPMS with onset at age ≥18 years since 1995. We estimated Andersen-Gill hazard ratios for disability accrual on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), adjusted for sex, age, baseline disability, EDSS score frequency and drug therapies, with centre and patient as random effects. We also estimated ages at onset of the progressive phase (Kaplan-Meier) and at EDSS milestones (Turnbull). Analyses were replicated with physician-diagnosed SPMS.ResultsIncluded patients comprised 1872 with PPMS (47% men; 50% with activity) and 2575 with SPMS (32% men; 40% with activity). Relative to PPMS, SPMS had older age at onset of the progressive phase (median 46.7 years (95% CI 46.2–47.3) vs 43.9 (43.3–44.4); p<0.001), greater baseline disability, slower disability accrual (HR 0.86 (0.78–0.94); p<0.001) and similar age at wheelchair dependence.ConclusionsWe demonstrate later onset of the progressive phase and slower disability accrual in SPMS versus PPMS. This may balance greater baseline disability in SPMS, yielding convergent disability trajectories across phenotypes. The different rates of disability accrual should be considered before amalgamating PPMS and SPMS in clinical trials.