bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reforming of Exotic, but Environmental-Friendly Electrolyte Material Ca12Al14O33
Authors: Toda Yoshitake , Tomeno Satoru 
Published: September 2023

Recently, lowering industrial CO2 emission is required in worldwide. Acquirement of the CO2 molecule decomposition technique is the most important step for business continuity especially in high temperature material manufacturing such as steel, cement and glass due to the processes necessarily entail CO2 emission. For this reason, we focused on direct electrolysis of CO2 by solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) from the limited options because of its high energy efficiency, compatibility with decomposition targets of gas phase and effective utilization of waste heat. Nevertheless, in the case of our company that manufacturing glass in worldwide, it was roughly estimated that a total of at least 1 km2 surface area of SOEC would be needed to achieve zero-carbon emission. Thus, from these viewpoints, we considered it might be helpful to add robust and environmental-friendly materials to current group of materials that can be applicable for SOEC.
The complex oxide Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7) which was reported by A. R. West et al. in 1988 as having the potential for electrolyte applications only consists of abundant atoms in earth’s crust1. C12A7 have unique crystal structure which is characterized positively charged zeolite-like lattice framework with 12 crystallographic cages of ~0.4 nm in diameter per unit cell. The 1/6 cages are randomly occupied by remaining oxide ions (O2-) to maintain charge neutrality. The intra-cage oxide ions work as ion carrier and then C12A7 work as oxide ion conducting electrolyte. Negative point of C12A7 as an electrolyte is its low, 1/10 or less of that of 8YSZ, ionic conductivity.
In this study, we try to substitute constituent elements of C12A7 for other elements having larger valence than Ca2+ and/or Al3+. This attempt was expected to increase the charge of lattice framework and concentration of intra-cage oxide ion. We found that some additional elements can modify ionic conductivity of C12A7.
[1] M. Lacerda, J. T. S. Irvine, F. P. Glasser, A. R. West Nature
332 525-526 (1988).
Preparation of Ni/YSZ Catalysts for Application of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Methanation
Authors: Horiguchi Genki , Yamaguchi Toshiaki , Tateno Hiroyuki , Bagarinao Katherine Develos , Kishimoto Haruo , Mochizuki Takehisa 
Published: September 2023

Co-electrolysis of CO2 and steam using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a major focus of the CO2 conversion. Furthermore, SOECs have the potential to drive high value-added products with reduced carbon footprint. For example, the syngas (mixture of CO and H2) can be produced by SOEC-driven co-electrolysis of CO2 and steam, and utilized in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process for the synthesis of artificial hydrocarbon. The artificial hydrocarbons would be environmentally friendly fuels when CO2 is obtained from carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. The Ni-based cermet, such as Ni with yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ), is a typical material of SOEC device, and Ni has been found to be an active catalyst for CH4 production (methanation). Therefore, use of the Ni/YSZ has potential to directly convert CO2 and H2O to CH4. In the catalytic process, the activity, selectivity and durability of the Ni/YSZ catalyst are significantly influenced by the structural property of Ni and YSZ, which is varied by the Ni loading and calcination conditions in addition to the studied reaction conditions. The preparation of Ni/YZS catalyst with high performance in co-electrolysis and methanation is still challenging.
Herein, the preparation of the Ni/YSZ catalysts with enhanced activity in SOEC methanation was studied. The Ni/YSZ catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation, one of the catalyst preparation methods, and characterized by several conventional methods. Effects of Ni loading and calcination conditions on the performance of Ni/YSZ catalysts were examined by CO2 methanation. A Ni/YZS catalyst gave a high CO2 conversion of 86% and a high methane selectivity at around 300 ºC under ambient pressure. With Ni/YSZ prepared using the optimized method, we are planning to prepare tubular cells and evaluate their activity in SOEC methanation.
The Effect of Operating Temperature on Galvanostatic Operation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Bilalis Vasileios , Li Bowen , Frandsen Henrik Lund , Chen Ming 
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this work is to study the degradation of Nickel Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia (Ni-YSZ) supported Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells at different temperatures during galvanostatic steam electrolysis.
Four long-term experiments (>=700 h) electrolysis tests are carried out in galvanostatic mode (i.e. constant current), at a current density of 1 A/cm2 and testing temperatures of 925, 850, 800 and 750 oC. The cells’ performance and degradation are comprehensively analyzed via operando Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). To quantify the degradation, EIS data from Nyquist, Bode and Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) plots are utilized in conjunction with complex-non-linear-least-square (CNLS) fitting on suitable equivalent circuit models (ECM).
The durability tests show that increasing the operational temperature has significantly beneficial effect on the long-term performance of the cells. More specifically, the cells operated at 850 oC and 925 oC not only did not reach 1.3 V during operation but they also have considerable low voltage degradation rates.
To highlight the beneficial effect of increasing the operational temperature, one more durability test at 925oC and 1.25 A/cm2 is conducted. It is showed that even at higher current density the cell shows superior performance compared to lower temperatures and lower current densities.
The results obtained from the CNLS fitting of the EIS data revealed that the observed degradation is attributed mainly to the increase of fuel electrode’s resistance and the corresponding increase of fuel electrode’s overpotential. At higher temperatures, the increase of fuel electrode’s resistance and overpotential is significantly lower during operation. The data from the CNLS fitting are used in order to approximate the time evolution of the different overpotentials of the cell.
In addition, the first and last EIS measurements under current of each of the durability tests are used for fitting to an ECM which contains Transmission Line Model (TLM) elements. The physical parameters obtained by the TLM fitting are compared with the results of the microstructure analysis. More specifically, post-mortem analysis of the cells using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) provide extra info about the microstructure changes in the Ni-YSZ and the depleted layer of Ni close to the electrode/electrolyte interface.
The findings of this work highlight the significance of preserving a low fuel electrode overpotential during SOEC operation by increasing the operational temperature and therefore, by improving the reaction kinetics. It is suggested that Ni coarsening does not have a detrimental effect on long-term performance and that the overpotential-driven degradation mechanisms, such as Ni migration, mainly determine the life time of a SOEC.
Reliable Lab-Scale Evaluation for Enhanced SOFCs Electrode Performance - Influence of Electronic Transport
Authors: Kim Jae Jin , Vu Anh , Cronauer Donald , Carter John , Maroni Victor , Hock Adam , Ingram Brian J. 
Published: September 2023

Understanding and optimizing electrochemically active zone for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) cathodes are indispensable to maximize device’s performance. For a mixed ionic and electronic conducting electrode, the range of this zone depends on the oxygen surface exchange and solid-state oxygen/electron transport properties of electrode materials and the oxygen gas transport through porous electrode. This implies that electrode microstructure, including surface area, porosity, and tortuosity, needs to be carefully designed and controlled to maximize electrochemically active electrode volume. This aspect is also critical to realize valid characterization of the electrode’s electrochemical activities. For instance, when a material’s electronic conductivity is low or the electrical contact points are spaced beyond a critical distance, the electrode polarization resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy will be controlled by the sheet resistance not the oxygen exchange resistance. In this presentation, we will discuss our synthesis approach of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) and spinel powders by using co-precipitation with a continuous stirred-tank reactor, in order to precisely control powder’s chemistry and morphology (ultimately, electrode microstructure). And, we will discuss the influence of electrode microstructure and current collecting method on electronic conduction in porous electrode and, eventually, on electrochemical performance and its reliable evaluation in a lab-scale button cell configuration.
This work was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, (Office of Fossil Energy & Carbon Management), “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Manufacturing in Support of Office of Fossil Energy” program through Argonne National Laboratory under FWP No. 27327.1.
From Ideal to Stack-like Contacting of an SOC
Authors: Grosselindemann Cedric , Esau Daniel , Dorn Marvin , Bauer Frank Manuel , Wissmeier Lena , Weber Andre 
Published: September 2023

The cell performance of a solid oxide cell strongly depends on the testing environment and conditions. In case of an inert testing set-up with ceramic (Al2O3) flow fields and gold (cathode) and nickel (anode) contact grids the losses inside the cell determine the performance [1]. For an electrolyte-supported cell with a nickel / gadolinium-doped ceria (Ni/CGO) fuel electrode and LSCF air electrode, the ideal cell behavior has been characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the subsequent analysis of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) considering technically meaningful operating conditions. Furthermore, the deconvolution and quantification of the gas diffusion polarization has been shown with the help of ternary fuel gas mixtures with different gas diffusion coefficients. [2-4]
In this contribution, the electrochemical characterization is now extended to a stack-like contacting of the solid oxide cell with different metallic interconnectors, protective coatings and contact layers. The resulting contact loss is quantified with a method by Kornely et al. [5] using potential probes at the interconnector and the air electrode in order to enable voltage loss measurements. The stack-like contacting leads to gas transport conditions different from the ideal case which is investigated at the fuel and air side with modified gas diffusion coefficients by using gas mixtures containing nitrogen and helium as well [2].
The positive effect of the protective coating towards the cell performance is evaluated by current-voltage characteristics and EIS measurements. Further, the electrode electrochemistry influenced by effects like chromium-poisoning will be shown and compared to the ideal contact set-up [2].

References:

[1] D. Klotz et al., Electrochim. Acta, 227, 110 (2017).
[2] C. Grosselindemann et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 168, 124506 (2021).
[3] C. Grosselindemann et al., Proceedings of the 15th EFCF, July 5th-8th (2022).
[4] M. Riegraf et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, F865 (2019).
[5] M. Kornely et al., J. Power Sources, 196, 7209-7216 (2011).
Activated Carbon Electrodes with Enhanced Supercapacitive Swing Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Landskron Kai 
Published: September 2023

Activated carbon electrodes with enhanced supercapacitive swing adsorption of carbon dioxide

The necessity to achieve net-zero emission of anthropogenic CO2 by the end of the twenty first century has recently raised interest among researchers to develop electrochemical CO2 capture technologies due to their high selectivity, low energy consumption, and ease to be powered with renewable electricity. Currently, most of these technologies rely on the use of expensive adsorbing electrode materials, and ion-selective membranes.1 Supercapacitive swing adsorption (SSA) is a technique that only requires activated carbon electrodes, a separator, and an aqueous electrolyte to capture and concentrate CO2 during the capacitive charging and discharging of carbon electrodes, making it attractive from the cost and environmental perspective.2 Recent studies on SSA focused on improving the energetic and adsorptive performance by tuning the electrolyte concentration, composition, and electrode charging protocols.3 However, the adsorption capacity stayed around 100 mmol/kg (compared to ∼1000 mmol/kg for amine scrubbing) even at higher electrolyte concentrations and extended voltage windows.2,4

Herein, we report high surface area activated carbon electrodes derived from biomass, coke, coal, and carbide for SSA. We find a strong correlation between capacitance and CO2 adsorption capacity and quantitatively analyze the energetic and adsorptive performance of different electrode materials. Biomass-derived garlic roots-derived activated carbon (GR-AC) electrodes show 4-fold enhanced adsorption capacity (270 mmol/kg) and 3.2-fold enhanced adsorption rate (84 μmol.kg-1.s-1) compared to state-of-the-art coal-derived carbon. However, GR-AC electrodes showed an energy consumption of 179 kJ/mol. Modifying the activation treatment from KOH-based two-step process to K2CO3-based one-step process yielded micro-mesoporous activated carbon. Warm-pressed electrodes from this carbon showed lower energy consumption (72 kJ/mol) and improved gravimetric/volumetric adsorption capacity (312 mmol/kg and 86 mol/m3). Increasing the voltage window from 1 V to 1.6 V resulted in even higher adsorption capacity (524 mmol/kg at -1.4 V and 578 mmol/kg at -1.6 V) as well as improved gas purity (Figure 1). Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the capacitive-type behavior of electrodes up to 1.4 V.
Figure 1 Voltage response (black) and CO2 concentration changes (blue) at different voltage windows

References

R. Sharifian, R. M. Wagterveld, I. A. Digdaya, C. Xiang, and D. A. Vermaas, Energy Environ. Sci., 14, 781–814 (2021).

S. Zhu, J. Li, A. Toth, and K. Landskron, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2, 7449–7456 (2019).

M. Rahimi, A. Khurram, and T. A. Hatton, Chem Soc Rev (2022).

T. B. Binford, G. Mapstone, I. Temprano, and A. C. Forse, Nanoscale (2022).

Figure 1
(General Student Poster Award Winner - 1st Place) Six Practices to Improve Alkaline Electrolyte Preparation
Authors: Marquez-Montes Raul A. , Kawashima Kenta , Son Yoon Jun , Castelino Grace , Miller Nathan , Smith Lettie A. , Chukwuneke Chikaodili E. , Mullins Charles Buddie 
Published: September 2023

Alkaline electrolytes represent a critical component of electrochemical energy devices, including alkaline electrolyzers, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and alkaline batteries. In addition, these electrolytes define essential properties of electrocatalytic reactions, such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, alkaline electrolyte concentrations and compositions are often considered trivial, resulting in misinterpretation of different phenomena and overestimating critical performance metrics. Thus, in an expanding field full of interdisciplinary research groups, there is an urgent need for standardized protocols designed to improve and evaluate the quality of alkaline electrolytes so that electrochemical energy systems can be objectively examined and compared.
In this work, we propose a protocol composed of six steps to prepare, characterize and validate the quality of common alkaline electrolytes. By adapting well-established methods in the literature and validating additional features experimentally, we standardize six general practices: (1) proper alkaline electrolyte handling and preparation, (2) removal of Fe impurities, (3) alkali molarity standardization via pH titrations, (4) electrolyte composition analysis via inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), (5) statistical quality control assessment and (6) electrolyte validation through electrochemical aging of Ni electrodes in alkaline media. The effects of Fe incorporation for different alkaline electrolytes were examined using Ni and NiFe foam electrodes. Furthermore, ICP-MS measurements were complemented with prolonged cyclic voltammetry tests to confirm the effectiveness of the Fe purification procedure. We believe this work illustrates the importance of standardizing protocols and reporting reliable quality metrics to improve consistency and accuracy in electrochemistry. Furthermore, adopting the practices presented in this work would greatly benefit the evaluation and comparison of electrochemical energy materials and devices operating with alkaline electrolytes.

Figure 1
(Keynote) Electrochemical Devices for Lunar Exploration - JAXA's Concept
Authors: Naito Hitoshi 
Published: September 2023

Japan has decided to participate in the space exploration program "ALTEMIS program" proposed by US. One of the manned mission, Lunar surface exploration using rover (vehicle), is also involved in this program and Japan has started to develop it with JAXA and several companies and planned to be operational by the end of the decade, probably in 2029. The ultimate goal of the project is to help humanity live on the moon by 2040, and eventually on Mars. These plans are summarized in Fig. 1.
This project surely supports the resources exploration on the moon as in-situ Resources Utilization(ISRU). The Lunar Cruiser, which alludes to Toyota’s Land Cruiser <https://hypebeast.com/tags/Toyota-Land-Cruiser> SUV, is essentially a fuel-cell-powered mobile laboratory that features living quarters, workstations, and cutting-edge scientific instruments. The pressurized rover is expected to have a “lunar-surface cruising range of more than 10,000 km.” Now, other automobile companies like Honda and Nissan might collaborate with all Japan projects.
They have since then been creating virtual reality visualizations, conducting simulations, telecommunication systems for automatic operation and building full-scale models with photovoltaic power generation, advanced battery, and fuel cell. This presentation mainly focuses the energy and electrical system design.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution from Metal Oxides Using Perovskite Anodes Towards Lunar Resource Utilization
Authors: Tanaka Seiya , Suzuki Yuta , Fukunaka Yasuhiro , Goto Takuya 
Published: September 2023

In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) has been proposed for realizing sustainable lunar development. One of the representative resources on the Moon is lunar regolith, which covers the lunar surface. The chemical composition of lunar regolith resembles the constituents of the Earth: silica (SiO2) is the most abundant oxides in the lunar regolith. Silicon, which can be produced by silica reduction, will be the material for solar cells, and oxygen is essential for manned space exploration. Enormous amounts of silicon and oxygen will be obtainable on the Moon without transportation from the Earth by establishing silicon reduction methods without consumables. However, the conventional silica reduction method consumes vast amounts of carbon, which cannot be mined on the Moon.
For realizing carbon free silica reduction method consistent with the concept of ISRU, molten salt electrolysis processes using perovskite anodes has been researched. In this method, the silica dissolved in molten salts is electrolyzed using voltage with passage of direct current through electrodes, which generate oxygen gas and silicon by the electrochemical process. The perovskite oxides have high electrical conductivity and oxidation resistance. Therefore, the perovskite anodes have been expected as oxygen generation inert anodes.
In this study, we report the characteristics of perovskite-type anodes for oxygen generation measured in the electrolysis experiments. In molten fluoride containing silica at a temperature over 500℃, the measured cyclic voltammograms with a perovskite-type anode show drastically increases of current density at 2.6 V vs K+/K, which was approximately same to the oxygen generation potential in the previous molten salt electrolysis result without the perovskite anodes. The characteristics of perovskite-type anodes for oxygen generation will be discussed from the results of electrochemical measurements and chemical analysis using XRD, SEM, EDX, and ICP-AES analysis.
(Invited) Sodium-ion Batteries – an Energy Storage Solution
Authors: Sayers Ruth 
Published: September 2023

Sodium ion batteries offer a sustainable and low cost energy storage solution. In this talk we look at
the fundamental principles behind how they work at a materials, cell and battery pack level, as well
as some of the challenges that Faradion have overcome to successfully commercialise the
technology.
We also look at what the future holds, as global energy demand increases, where are the near and
mid-term opportunities to deploy the technology, as well as the longer term outlook. The
presentation will address the current state of the art in sodium-ion batteries, as well as what the
future holds for the technology.
(Invited) Investigation of Dynamic Processes within Zinc Aqueous Electrolyte Batteries: In-Situ and Operando Methods
Authors: Takeuchi Esther S. , Marschilok Amy C. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2023

Emerging new applications such as large-scale storage coupled with intermittent renewable energy generation such as wind and solar demand expanded battery function. However, in beyond lithium batteries full understanding of many processes, including complex phase transitions of electroactive materials, the kinetics of ion transport, and electrode-electrolyte interfacial reactions, remain elusive. Of particular note are systems that contain aqueous electrolytes where multiple charge carriers need to be considered including the possible participation of proton or hydronium ions.
This presentation will explore operando methods and their relevance to zinc anode batteries. Diffraction remains a valuable technique for the characterization of active material evolution as a function of charge and discharge. Further, the use of spectroscopic methods such as x-ray absorption spectroscopy that are not dependent on long range order to obtain useful information are valuable for systems involving poorly crystalline or amorphous materials. Thus, the use of x-ray diffraction, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and x-ray microfluorescence mapping in relationship to aqueous electrolyte zinc anode systems will be featured.