bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of C1̄ on Normal Lymphocytes and on Lymphocytes from Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Authors: Kitamura Hajime , Day Noorbibi K. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We have now discovered several patients with hypocomplementemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and circulating immune complexes in their sera. In addition, in a few patients anti-lymphocyte antibodies were found by C-dependent cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence (Day et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1976). We have postulated that one of the mechanism(s) by which C is depleted is the direct interaction of the anti-lymphocyte antibody and the circulating CLL lymphocytes. This study examined the presence of C1̄ on lymphocytes obtained from normal healthy individuals and from CLL patients with hypo- or hyper-complementemia, using the C1 transfer and C4 consumption tests. Studies of lymphocytes from normal subjects revealed that: 1) In 10 different normal donors 6.0 to 23.8 molecules of C1 per lymphocyte were detected by the C1 transfer test; 2) Lymphocytes could inactivate C4 after incubation with purified C4; 3) C1 could not be detected on erythrocytes, platelets, or monocytes; 4) EDTA treatment of lymphocytes removed C1 from their surfaces and, hence, abolished their ability to consume C4.
Lysis of Neuraminidase-Treated Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Erythrocytes in Normal Human Serum
Authors: Koethe S. , Hause L. , Rothwell D. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
PNH cells are known to lyse in normal human serum (NHS) at acid pH (Ham's test) but not (or very little) in serum at physiologic pH. When PNH cells are treated with neuraminidase (PNH-NA) their lysis in acid serum is increased (Yachin, S. et al., Blood 17 [1961] 83); in addition they lyse (10 to 58%) in ABO compatible NHS at physiologic pH. There are three possible explanations for the lysis of PNH-NA in NHS to consider: a) An antibody to PNH-NA is present in NHS; b) PNH-NA are inherently more susceptible to complement lysis than PNH; or c) PNH-NA actively participate in the lytic process by serving as an activator of the alternative complement pathway. Against a), absorption of the serum at 0°C three times with PNH-NA did not appreciably remove its lytic activity. And against b), PNH and PNH-NA lysed equally well in ABO incompatible serum (a source of antibody and complement), and they lysed equally well when used as indicator cells in a CoVF-reactive lysis assay.
IgG Behaves Like IgM Immunoglobulin in the Presence of Protein A
Authors: Langone John J. , Boyle Michael D. P. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Protein A (PA) is a cell wall component isolated from Staphylococcus aureus that binds specifically to the Fc region of IgG from several species including IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 4 from man. We investigated the effects of PA on the ability of rabbit IgG antibody to Forssman antigen to sensitize sheep erythrocytes (E) to lysis by excess guinea pig complement (GPC). The slope of the hemolytic dose response curve and the hemolytic titer of IgG were measured in buffer alone or in the presence of differing amounts of PA under conditions where PA had no significant effect on C activity. In buffer alone and at high ratios of PA:IgG the slope of the dose response curve was the same (4.4); but at high ratios of PA:IgG the titer of the IgG was markedly reduced. At lower ratios of PA:IgG the slope of the dose response curve was close to 1, a characteristic of IgM-like antibody.
Translation in Vitro of Mouse Liver mRNA Into C3, C4 and Albumin in a Protein-Synthesizing System from Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate
Authors: Minta J. O. , Patel Feisal , Wax Mark 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to define the molecular basis of the genetic lesions responsible for some of the inherited complement deficiency states we have initiated studies on the ability of isolated mRNA to direct the synthesis of complement components in vitro. Poly (A)-mRNA was isolated from the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction of mouse liver homogenate by phenol-chloroform extraction and subsequent oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography. Translation of the isolated mRNA in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system, in the presence of 3H leucine and an energy-synthesizing system, greatly stimulated the incorporation of the labeled amino acid into protein in a time and dose-dependent fashion. Specific immunoprecipitation of the translated products with the double antibody technique showed that proteins antigenically related to C3, C4, and albumin had been synthesized. The immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The immunoprecipitated C4 radioactivity migrated predominantly in a single peak, m.w. 230,000.
Biosynthesis of the Subcomponents of C1 by Twelve Human Established Cell Lines
Authors: Morris K. M. , Bing D. H. , Andrews J. M. , Silverstein L. J. , Shohet R. V. , Attisano C. M. , Goran P. S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Synthesis of the subcomponents of C1 was detected in human cell lines derived from fetal intestine, intestine of an agammaglobulinemic fetus, colorectal adenocarcinomas, normal bladder, and transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Criteria for synthesis were detection of hemolytic activity in the culure medium; immunoprecipitation of specifically labeled protein after incubation of the cells with medium containing 3H- or 14C-labeled amino acids; isolation from the immunoprecipitates of labeled proteins with m.w. approximating those of the subcomponents of C1; and identification on autoradiographs of labeled precipitin bands after immunoelectrophoresis of labeled extracellular or intracellular medium and reaction with monospecific antisera.
Fetal intestine and intestine derived from an agammaglobulinemic fetus synthesized similar amounts of C1q, C1r, and C1s. Both synthesized twice as much C1s as C1r and one-half as much C1q as C1r. Hemolytically active C1̄, isolated from IgG-Sepharose, gave m.w. analogous to published reports on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.
Studies of the Alternative Complement Pathway (AP) in Normal Children
Authors: Norman Michael E. , Taylor Arlene , Green Paul , Laster Larry , Nilsson Ulf R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that activation of complement by AP contributes an important protective mechanism in early defense against bacterial invasion, before effective antibody levels are established. Since this is particularly important in children, we undertook a survey of AP in 83 normal children, ages 3 days to 15 years (x̄ = 54 months). There were approximately equal numbers of males and females, blacks and whites, and all children were free of fever and intercurrent infection. C3, Factor B, properdin,1 and β1H were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion with monospecific antisera; hemolytic function of AP was monitored by lysis of glutathione-treated human erythrocytes with inulin activated serum (N. Engl. J. Med. 286:180, 1973). Data were compared to normal adults. There was a wide range of values when compared to adults except for C3.
Biosynthesis of the First Component of Complement by Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Reid K. B. M. , Solomon E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
C1-hemolytic activity was synthesized and secreted by all nine human fibroblast cell lines examined. The magnitude of the hemolytic titer appeared to be partially dependent on the batch of fetal calf serum used to culture the cells. The fibroblast C1 hemolytic activity was destroyed by heating at 56°C and, after activation, by treatment with 2 mM-DFP. Rabbit antihuman C1q inhibited the fibroblast C1-hemolytic activity. Biosynthesis of fibroblast hemolytic activity was inhibited by the presence of cycloheximide and regained on its removal. Fibroblasts were grown in the presence of radioactive amino acids and the culture media examined for the incorporation of radioactivity into C1q, C1r, and C1s as judged by the formation of specific immunoprecipitates. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate of the immunoprecipitates formed using antisera against C1r and C1s provided convincing physiochemical evidence for the de novo biosynthesis of these subcomponents.
Interaction of the Third Component of Human Complement (C3) with Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
Authors: Tack B. F. , Segal D. M. , Schechter A. N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A direct binding assay has been used to assess the kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the interaction between human C3 and its cell surface receptors on human blood cells. The C3 protein was radiolabeled using Na 125I and chloramine-T by standard methods to a specific activity of approximately 1 × 106 cpm/µg. The method of assay in present use is performed in the following manner: a) the labeled protein and test cells are incubated at 37°C in isotonic Tris:HCl buffer (pH 7.4) until equilibrium has been reached, b) an aliquot of the cell suspension is then layered on a column of synthetic oil (ρ = 1.033 gm/cc) contained in a microfuge tube, and (c) a rapid separation of free and bound labeled protein is obtained by pelleting the cells. The free ligand concentration is determined by counting an aliquot of the supernatant and the specific and nonspecific cell associated counts by counting the tip of the microfuge tube.
Direct Demonstration and Quantitation of Native and Activated C1 in Human Serum
Authors: Ziccardi R. J. , Cooper N. R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The first component of complement, C1, can be directly demonstrated in normal human serum by double immunodiffusion analyses since native macromolecular C1 gives a continuous line of precipitation with antisera to C1q, C1r, and C1s. All of the C1q, C1r, and C1s in normal serum were found to be in the C1 complex. These observations allow the quantitation of C1 in human serum by single radial immunodiffusion techniques.
Activation of C1 in human serum can be readily detected by double immunodiffusion studies with anti-C1q, anti-C1r, and anti-C1s because C1̄ exhibits a pattern quite different from that of native C1. In order to investigate this phenomenon, increasing doses of aggregated IgG were added to serum. Three major changes were apparent in the Ouchterlony patterns. First, spurring of the C1s precipitin line over that of macromolecular C1, indicating release of C1s from C1̄, was observed with the lowest doses of activator examined.
Selective Suppression by Adherent Cells, Prostaglandin, and Cyclic AMP Analogues of Blastogenesis Induced by Different Mitogens
Authors: Novogrodsky Abraham , Rubin Albert L. , Stenzel Kurt H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Depletion of adherent cells markedly enhances blastogenesis induced by the galactosyl-directed lectins, soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and hepatic binding protein, but has little effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. Treatment of unfractionated lymphocytes with indomethacin and other agents that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis mimics the selective effect of removing adherent cells. After depletion of adherent cells, these agents no longer affect mitogen-induced blastogenesis. Treatment of lymphocytes that had been depleted of adherent cells with prostaglandin E1 selectively suppresses responses to hepatic binding protein, peanut agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin, whereas responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A are less affected. Cyclic AMP analogues and an inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, methyl isobutyl xanthine, also selectively suppress responses to the galactosyl-directed lectins. Prostaglandin E1, cyclic AMP analogues, and methyl isobutyl xanthine are most effective when added early in the course of lymphocyte activation. Prostaglandin E1 levels are similar in the culture media of cells treated with the different mitogens, and are suppressed by both indomethacin and the removal of adherent cells. The data indicate that cells stimulated by different mitogens differ markedly in their sensitivity to suppression by similar levels of prostaglandin. The gradation of sensitivity to prostaglandin and to cyclic AMP of blastogenesis induced by the various mitogens studied, from most to least sensitive, is: hepatic binding protein ≧ peanut agglutinin &gt; soybean agglutinin &gt; concanavalin A &gt; phytohemagglutinin.
Synthesis of Specific Lipids Associated with the Hormone-Induced Resistance of Tumor Cells to Humoral Immune Killing
Authors: Schlager Seymour I. , Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Selected polypeptide (insulin), catecholamine (epinephrine), and glucocorticosteroid hormones (hydrocortisone and prednisolone) that increase the resistance of line-1 guinea pig hepatoma cells to humoral immune killing were studied for their effects on the ability of the cells to synthesize lipids. Line-1 tumor cells incubated for 1 hr at 37°C with 10-7 to 10-9 M concentrations of any of these hormones became more resistant to killing by antibody plus GPC and exhibited increased levels of fatty acid incorporation into lipids compared to untreated cells. Cells incubated with hormone for 4 hr at 37°C became as susceptible to antibody-GPC killing as untreated cells; lipid synthesis in these cells likewise reverted to control levels. When the reverted cells were reincubated with a different, but not the same, hormone, they were again rendered more resistant to antibody-GPC killing and their lipid synthesis was restimulated. Thin layer chromatography of lipid extracts from hormone-treated as well as from restimulated cells indicated that the increased resistance of the cells to killing correlated with increased synthesis of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, and, in some instances, triglycerides. The cells' reversion to the susceptible state during prolonged incubation with hormone or restimulation with the same hormone was accompanied by a reduction in the synthesis of these lipids along with an increase in cholesteryl ester and cardiolipin synthesis. The synthesis of specific phospholipids and neutral lipids, therefore, rather than lipid synthesis in general, appears to be associated with the mechanism whereby these tumor cells resist humoral immune killing.
Serum Decay and Placental Transport of a Mutant Mouse Myeloma Immunoglobulin with Defective Polypeptide and Oligosaccharide Structure
Authors: Weitzman Stephen , Palmer Lucy , Grennon Margery 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A mutant mouse myeloma cell line, M3.11, has been previously isolated from an IgG2b-producing wild type. The immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by M3.11 has been shown in other studies to have the following structural defects: 1) deletion of the Cγ3 domain; 2) failure to glycosylate 30 to 40% of its secreted heavy (H) chains; and 3) a block in assembly with approximately equal amounts of whole molecule (H2L2) and half-molecule (HL) being secreted. In addition, the sialic acid content of the wild type and the mutant is similar and minimal. Experiments comparing two biologic functions of these Ig demonstrated that M3.11 had a markedly increased serum decay and a more rapid placental transport than the wild type. The three distinct M3.11 species, H2L2, nonglycosylated HL, and glycosylated HL, all had indistinguishable serum half-lives. In addition, M3.11 in vitro exhibited an increased sensitivity to trypsin and a more acidic pI than the wild type. These results support several conclusions regarding the structural features influencing Ig serum decay. Firstly, the serum decay and placental transport of Ig seem to be determined by the H chain polypeptide and not by the presence or absence of carbohydrate in general or of sialic acid in particular. Secondly, those aspects of protein structure that do influence serum decay are not restricted to a single domain but probably represent a complex interaction of multiple sites on the Ig molecule.
Early Complement Components in NZB/NZW Mice
Authors: Olsen Carol T. , Gabrielsen Ann E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sera from periodic bleedings of B/W female mice were assayed for C1 hemolytic activity. It peaked at 3 to 4 months of age and declined to very low levels by 6 to 7 months. Activity remained low even in long-lived animals.
Isolation of a Type-Specific Antigen from Chlamydia Trachomatis by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Sacks David L. , MacDonald A. Bruce 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This report describes the isolation of a type-specific antigen of a serotype A strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. The antigen could be identified in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis of immunoprecipitates of homologously reacted lysates from Bolton-Hunter 125I-labeled elementary bodies, solubilized by sonication and treatment with Nonidet P40. The electrophoretic pattern of this precipitate revealed a peak of unique mobility that was not reproduced by heterologous or control precipitates. Immunoadsorbtion of test antigen with purified IgG fractions from homologous antisera completely removed this peak, whereas similar adsorbtion with heterologous IgG had minimal effect. Comparison of this antigen in SDS-PAGE with protein standards revealed an approximate m.w. of 27,000.
The Appearance of IgM and IgG Cold Agglutinins in Rabbits Hyperimmunized with Group C Streptococcal Vaccine
Authors: Colling Richard G. , Brown John Clifford 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Rabbits hyperimmunized with Group C streptococcal vaccine developed both IgM and IgG erythrocyte autoantibodies reactive with human type O and rabbit red blood cells at reduced temperatures. Although antibody preparations exhibited maximum agglutinating activity toward human type O and rabbit erythrocytes when assayed at 4°C, significant agglutinating activity toward human type A and sheep erythrocytes was observed when the preparations were assayed at 37°C. The cold agglutinins isolated by thermal elution from rabbit erythrocytes were also effective hemolysins; less than 1.0 μg of IgM was required to sensitize rabbit erythrocytes for 50% lysis in the presence of guinea pig complement (C) in a biphasic-temperature lysis assay. When saccharide haptens, group-specific carbohydrate, and soluble blood group substances were examined for their ability to effect inhibition of lysis, the following pattern was observed. The most effective overall inhibitor was Group C streptococcal carbohydrate, whereas the most effective hapten inhibitor was N-acetylgalactosamine. Of the soluble blood group substances tested, hog mucin H-substance (first Smith degradation product) was slightly more inhibitory than hog mucin A+H-substance (first Smith degradation product) but substantially more active than human ovarian cyst material. Although the soluble blood group substances were capable of competing for rabbit erythrocyte determinants, none gave a visible precipitate in the presence of cold agglutinin when assayed by Ouchterlony double diffusion. In contrast, significant precipitation occurred when cold agglutinin was examined in the presence of Group C carbohydrate in precipitin assays and by Ouchterlony analyses. Results of these studies provide evidence to suggest that the cold agglutinins produced in rabbits hyperimmunized with Group C streptococcal vaccine are a population of group carbohydrate-specific antibodies that are cross-reactive with I antigen-like determinants present on rabbit and human erythrocytes.
The Distribution of Adenosine Deaminase Among Lymphocyte Populations in the Rat
Authors: Barton Randall , Martiniuk Frank , Hirschhorn Rochelle , Goldschneider Irving 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in young adult rat lymphocyte populations. The ADA-specific activity (per 108 cells and per milligram protein) was 3- to 10-fold higher in thymocytes than in lymphocytes from thoracic duct, lymph node, spleen, and bone marrow. The high ADA activity in thymocytes appeared to be preferentially associated with cortical thymocytes. Enrichment or depletion of cortical thymocytes by density gradient centrifugation, cortisone treatment, or selective lysis with anti-Thy-1 plus complement resulted in parallel increases or decreases in ADA levels. These results also suggested that medullary thymocytes have ADA levels similar to those of peripheral lymphocytes. “Immature” cortical thymocytes and thymocyte progenitors appeared to have low ADA activity; low enzyme levels were found in fetal thymus at 16 days of embryonic life, in the early phases of thymus regeneration, and in a “null” cell population isolated from bone marrow. This study demonstrates that ADA activity varies markedly during T lymphocyte differentiation and suggests that fundamental differences in nucleotide metabolism may exist in T cells at different stages of development.
Presence of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin on Mitogen-Stimulated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Lipsky James J. , Berninger Ronald W. , Hyman Lawrence R. , Talamo Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Human lymphocytes that have undergone concanavalin A-induced blastogenetic transformation demonstrate surface alpha-1-antitrypsin by immunofluorescence when examined after 72 hr of culture, whereas unstimulated cells do not. These results may indicate a role for alpha-1-antitrypsin in lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Cell-Mediated Suppression of the Fifth Component of Complement in Mice
Authors: Goldman Margaret B. , French Deborah L. , Goldman John N. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Suppression of levels of circulating C5 in (C5-C5+)F1 hybrids by administration of (C5-C5-) parental lymphoid cells in the neonatal period has been accomplished with the three strain combinations tested ((SWR × RIII)F1, (A/He × RIII)F1, and (SWR × DBA/1)F1). Suppression was shown to be specific for C5 and not accompanied by reductions of C4, C2, C6, or other major groups of blood proteins. This demonstrated that the C5 reduction was not due to activation of complement (C) with resultant hypercatabolism of C components. When there was a concurrent chronic GVH reaction induced by lymphoid cells administered to offspring of H-2 incompatible parents, there was usually a resultant hypergammaglobulinemia that was also unrelated to the presence or absence of C5 suppression. Effective suppression required preimmunization of either the cell donor, the mother of the F1 hybrids, or both. This suggests that either two cell types or a single cell plus a humoral factor are required for suppression in this system.
Functional Studies on Lymphocytes in Adult Human Bone Marrow
Authors: de Gast Gÿsbert C. , Platts-Mills Thomas A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In seven preparations from adult human bone marrow (BM), surface IgM-positive (SmIgM+ve) cells were detected with anti-IgM coated ox red blood cells (anti-IgM-OxRBC). On the average, SmIgM+ve cells in the lymphocyte rich fractions from BM bound fewer anti-IgM-OxRBC than peripheral blood (PB) SmIgM+ve cells. After isolation on a Ficoll/metrizoate gradient, BM sIgM+ve cells were cultured with mitomycin C-treated PB T cells and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). These cells produced 0.44 ± 0.52 μg IgM/ml and only 0.10 ± 0.11 IgG/ml. By contrast, PB sIgM+ve cells under similar conditions produced 11.5 ± 10.4 μg IgM/ml and 6.5 ± 7.0 μg IgG/ml. In addition, BM sIgM+ve cells showed very poor PWM-induced thymidine incorporation in cultures with PB Tm (mean stimulation index 2.5 ± 2.0) compared to sIgM+ve cells from PB (mean 29.9 ± 25.3). On the other hand, the stimulator capacity of BM sIgM+ve cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction was similar to that of PB sIgM+ve cells (mean stimulation ratio, BM: 11.1 ± 7.2; PB: 18.9 ± 14.6). The results suggest that B lymphocytes in adult BM develop IgM surface markers and the ability to stimulate in the MLR without becoming fully responsive to PWM for Ig production or proliferation. In addition, these “immature” B cells appear to have less IgM on their surface than PB B cells.