bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Chick Embryo Vaccines Against Japanese B Encephalitis
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of formolized vaccines from chick embryo tissue infected with Japanese B encephalitis virus has been described.
The chick embryo vaccines showed much lower immunogenic power than mouse brain vaccines when they were submitted to the mouse potency test required by the National Institute of Health.
The apparently inferior antigenic qualities of chick embryo preparations seemed to be related to the conditions set forth by the “NIH test,” viz., to the fact that both vaccination and challenge inoculation of mice were done by the same route.
When mice were vaccinated by intraäbdominal route and challenged by intravenous route, the immunogenic power of vaccines prepared from chick embryo tissue was found to be comparable to that of mouse brain vaccines.
One out of four individuals vaccinated with mouse brain vaccine showed the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in her serum drawn after vaccination, while one out of three individuals vaccinated with chick embryo preparation developed neutralizing antibodies. A fourth individual vaccinated with chick embryo vaccine developed neutralizing antibodies but since this individual had received an injection of mouse brain vaccine six months previously, an anamnestic response could not be ruled out.
The findings are discussed and the conclusion is reached that in view of the potential danger involved in vaccinating humans with preparations derived from nervous tissue, chick embryo vaccines should be studied for the purpose of replacing mouse brain vaccines.
Further Experimental Studies on the Rôle of the Plasma Cells As Antibody Producers
Authors: Bjørneboe M. , Gormsen H. , Lundquist Fr. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By intensive immunization of rabbits with a mixture of 8 pneumococcus types the authors have produced a very massive plasma cell infiltration (90 per cent) and a slight lymphocyte infiltration (10 per cent) in the adipose tissue of the renal sinus. Extracts of this adipose tissue of the renal sinus, rich in plasma cells, contain considerable amounts of antibody-protein, essentially more than is found in the extracts of any other organ from these animals.
From these findings and from their previous observations employing the same experimental technic the authors advance the hypothesis that antibodies are produced by plasma cells.
A Specific Antigen Recovered from Tissue Infected with M. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Bacillus)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specific paratuberculosis antigen found in the intestinal mucosae of sheep with Johne's disease was further investigated.
The antigen is quite resistant to low pH, but it is insoluble between approximately pH 3 and pH 5. Preliminary extraction of dried and ground mucosa at pH 4 to 4.5 will render subsequently prepared antigenic extracts more active, this is believed to be due to the removal of an inhibiting substance in the acid extract.
No matter whether this preliminary extraction has been employed or not, it is best to carry out the antigenic extraction itself at about pH 9 and at 100 C, for one hour.
As has previously been shown, a thorough mechanical grinding of the dried tissue is the most effective means of demasking the antigen in the mucosa. It was found that grinding in a ball-mill is much more effective than grinding by hand in a mortar. Also, that there is an optimum length of time that the tissue should be ground, since longer grinding again reduces the activity.
The Antigenic Specificity of Syphilitic Antibody Globulin
Authors: Henriksen Sverre Dick 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Washed Wadsworth-Brown floccules, presumably consisting of lipoid antigens in combination with syphilitic antibody, evoke in rabbits two different antibodies, one against the lipoid antigen, the other against syphilitic antibody. Rabbit anti-syphilitic-antibody reacts equally well, and with high dilutions, with both normal and syphilitic human serum. It reacts with the total globulin fraction of normal serum to the same titer as with whole serum, and with water-insoluble globulin to an only slightly lower titer. The water-soluble globulin gives reaction only in 8 to 10 times higher concentration, and the albumin in 1000 times higher concentration. The specificity of syphilitic antibody seems to be the same as that of certain normal serum globulins. It seems to be more closely related to the euglobulin fraction than to the pseudoglobulin.
Detoxification of Crystalline Botulinum Type A Toxin
Authors: Hottle G. A. , Abrams A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Botulinum Type A toxoid has been prepared from crystalline toxin by the addition of formaldehyde. The most active preparation consisted of one component electrophoretically, immunized mice in a dose containing 0.01γ of toxoidnitrogen and was 2400 times more active antigenically than crude toxoid on the basis of nitrogen-content.
Immunization of Humans and Animals with Gas Gangrene Toxoids
Authors: Tytell Alfred A. , Logan Milan A. , Tytell Alice G. , Tepper Jack 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Alum precipitated Cl. perfringens and Cl. oedematiens toxoids have been prepared from potent toxic filtrates. These toxoids have been demonstrated to be effective in producing a measurable and protective titer of antibodies in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, goats, dogs and humans. In the animals, good protection against multiple doses of toxin and culture has been obtained. Protection of animals against heterologous as well as homologous strains of culture was demonstrated. Titers have been regularly achieved in humans which in smaller animals have shown good protection against toxin and culture challenge. In humans, very little rise of antitoxin titer was observed after one dose of Perfringens toxoid Lb=15. After two doses 50 to 75 per cent of individuals showed fairly good titers. When a third dose was given 3 to 9 months after the second dose excellent titers were obtained in practically all individuals and these titers were maintained for at least seven months. Good protective titers against Oedematiens were obtained with two doses of toxoid of as low a potency as 40 test doses (Lb=0.8). Very good response was obtained to a third dose of toxoid at 16 weeks after the second dose. Divalent toxoids (Perfringens-Oedematiens) have been prepared by mixing adequate amounts of the monovalent alum toxoids. These divalent toxoids have shown very adequate protective response (antibody titers and protection against toxin and culture) in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and goats. Trials in humans have shown adequate response to three (3) doses of toxoid. The toxoids made for human use were prepared on a commercial scale and passed all safety tests as outlined by the National Institute of Health. The alum toxoids tested in humans did not produce local or systemic reactions in a great majority of the volunteers tested. Where reactions were obtained they were in a majority of the cases not as severe as those produced by alum tetanus or diphtheria toxoids or typhoid vaccine. Tests of the antigenicity of various toxoid preparations in mice and guinea pigs are given for comparison with the response subsequently obtained in humans. Data on the immunization of dogs and goats are also given.
Studies on Botulinum Toxoid, Types A and B
Authors: Hottle G. A. , Nigg Clara , Licthy J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The need for standardizing methods of measuring the biological activity of toxoids is generally recognized. Antigenicity is frequently assayed by qualitative or crudely quantitative methods. Mueller et al (1), in reporting their work on tetanus toxoid, have emphasized the need for precise methods of determining antigenicity since they found that there were “tremendous individual variations among guinea pigs in ability to respond to identical stimuli”.
Two methods have generally been used for the in vivo evaluation of toxoids. In one method immunity is challenged by injection of toxin, and the degree of resistance to this challenge is used as a measure of the antigenicity of the toxoid. In the other method the average serum antitoxin titer of the immunized animals is used as an index of the antigenicity of the toxoid.
A Comparative Study of Pathogenicity and Antigenicity of Four Strains of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Florman Alfred L. , Trader Frederick W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparative studies of pathogenicity and antigenicity were made of four strains of herpes simplex in order to investigate some of the differences which may exist between strains of a single viral species. Mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, hamsters, cotton rats and chick embryos were observed after inoculation of mouse brain emulsions by various routes. Although herpes simplex is a pantropic virus, differences between strains are accentuated by certain tests. Thus, death of the majority of animals following corneal infection of the rabbit or intranasal inoculation of the cotton rat can be used to indicate strains with prominent neurotropic tendencies, while marked local reactions after intradermal injection of the guinea pig are indicative of dermatotropism. These distinctions probably hold only for the particular species of animals and routes tested, as the strain which was most dermatotropic in our laboratory, “O”, was the cause of fatal encephalitis in a human being. It is not known whether these differences in potentiality of herpes strains are of epidemiologic significance. The development of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits after corneal and intra-abdominal inoculations was studied. Significant levels of antibody were present by three weeks and peak titers were attained by six weeks. The serologic relationships were investigated by testing the corneal reactivity of immunized rabbits to homologous and heterologous strains and by cross neutralization tests in mice and chick embryos. The chick embryo tests were found to be the most sensitive and satisfactory for this purpose.
The Clinical Behavior, Incubation Period, and Pathology of Tetanus Induced in White Swiss Mice by Injection of Crystalline Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Wartman William B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Intramuscular administration of 0.000013 gamma of crystalline tetanal toxin nitrogen produced the classical signs of tetanus in white mice weighing between 15 and 20 grams. Incubation period was about 30 hours and death occurred in 96 hours.
Intramuscular administration of 6.4 gamma of crystalline tetanal toxin nitrogen or 500,000 MLD led to appearance of symptoms within 30 minutes and death in 60 minutes. The chief clinical signs were fixation of the muscles of the thorax and abdomen, respiratory embarrassment, increased muscular tonus and asphyxia.
These results indicate that, in white mice injected with crystalline tetanal toxin, the so-called incubation period is dependent upon the amount of toxin administered and can be varied at will.
No pathological lesions were produced in white mice which received single doses of crystalline tetanal toxin ranging from 0.25 MLD to 500,000 MLD and which lived from one hour to 28 days after injection of the toxin. Similar results were obtained when repeated sublethal doses of toxin were given.
Complement-Fixing Antibodies of Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Mice: Their Development and Response to Sulfonamide Therapy
Authors: Wall Margaret J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the development of complement-fixing antibodies in mice following infection with the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum. Antibody usually could be detected at 1 week and was always demonstrable at the end of 2 weeks after inoculation. A peak in titer was reached 3 to 5 weeks after infection. A high titer persisted throughout the 18-week period of observation. Virus could be recovered from the brains of the animals at any time after the appearance of signs of illness and throughout the period of recovery.
A remarkable correlation was found to exist between antibody-titer and the timing and duration of sulfonamide therapy. Animals treated from the time of inoculation for a period of several weeks gave negative tests for antibodies at the end of this time. In mice treated after the infection had been established, titers of antibody were lower than in control animals, and a definite relationship was found between the end-titer and the duration of therapy. When therapy was continued for several weeks, the antibodies disappeared completely. Virus could still be recovered from the tissues of these animals, but the ease with which it was isolated depended upon the program of chemotherapy.
Dysentery
Authors: Weil A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. In 1943, a review of the dysentery problem was published in this Journal (272), which was prepared in the expectation that the exigencies of the war would stimulate the interest in this field. This expectation has not been disappointed. Enough new data have been published in the intervening time to make it advisable to pause again for a consideration of the harvest that has accrued.
As in the previous review, the presentation has been focused upon the points where new information has accumulated. And the clinical aspects of the problem have been left aside, which could be done with the more ease as references to clinical work will be abundantly found in Felsen's compilation (103) and in the new edition of Manson-Bahr's monograph (176).
This paper restricts itself essentially to the data since November 1942. Thus references to previous work will have to be sought in the preceding paper.
The Purification and Concentration of Influenza-Virus by Means of Alcohol Precipitation
Authors: Cox Herald R. , van der Scheer James , Aiston Stewart , Bohnel Emil 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are reported in which ethyl and methyl alcohol were used to concentrate and partially purify the PR-8, Weiss and Lee strains of influenza-virus under carefully controlled conditions of alcohol-concentration, temperature and pH. Of the two, methanol was found to be superior since the optimal concentration is of broader range and less denaturation of viral protein is encountered than with ethanol. The data indicate that methanol-precipitation under controlled conditions produces no virus-denaturation nor loss of activity as judged by CCA activity, infectivity titers in chick-embryos or immunizing potency of killed vaccines for mice. On the contrary, based on the CCA activity of the starting material, yields of virus equal to or exceeding 100 per cent are obtained. The methanol-precipitation method is readily applicable to the concentration and purification of influenza-virus using either the bucket, angle head or Sharples continuous-flow types of centrifuges. The method is particularly valuable from the standpoint of producing vaccines on a large scale since it may be combined readily with the Sharples centrifuge method and thus effect great savings in man and machine hours. Preliminary experiments also show that the method may have wide application in the concentration and purification of other viral and rickettsial agents.
The Action of Urea and Some of Its Derivatives on Bacteria
Authors: Weinstein Louis 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion
Butyl, and isobutyl carbamate have been shown to be bacteriostatic for a number of gram-negative and two gram-positive bacteria. The degree of this antibacterial effect was greater than that observed with other urea derivatives (2–8). Investigations of the bactericidal power of the butyl compound revealed that the lethal effect of this drug was more marked than was that of the other substances studied. These data confirm the impression that increasing the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain replacing one = NH2 group in urea results in an augmentation in antibacterial activity. The increase in bacteriostatic effect following the addition of sulfanilamide that had been noted with the other urea compounds was also observed with butyl carbamate. Para-aminobenzoic acid was found to be inactivated by butyl carbamate over a narrow range and for a very short period of time with low concentrations of the drug, and for longer intervals and over a wider range with larger quantities. This effect was in the same order of magnitude as that observed with the other urea derivatives except that a lower concentration of the butyl compound was required. The phenomenon of heightened anti-para-aminobenzoic acid activity resulting from addition of methyl groups to urea was confirmed with butyl carbamate.
A Continuous Flow Method of Exposing Antigens to Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Habel Karl , Sockrider B. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An apparatus has been described for irradiation of liquids in a continuously flowing thin film without the use of quartz chambers. In a limited number of tests the antigenicity of rabies virus, typhoid organism suspension, and Shiga dysentery toxin inactivated by this apparatus compared favorably with that of the same materials inactivated with the Oppenheimer-Levinson apparatus.
Susceptibility and Immunity in Poliomyelitis
Authors: Nelson Norman 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The virus of poliomyelitis, because of its specificity, has been a relatively difficult organism with which to work in a laboratory. Immunological studies, based upon experimentally produced disease in animals, have resulted in such a mass of difficultly interpreted evidence that one is forced to return to a restudy of the disease as it occurs in man.
Susceptibility as Indicated by Virgin Soil Outbreaks and Case Fatality Rates. Virgin soil outbreaks of any highly communicable disease give a picture of autarceologic susceptibility not obscured by previously established immunity. For instance, when measles invaded the Faroe Islands, after being absent for 65 years, everyone under the age of 65 developed the disease (1).
With our ability to recover the virus of poliomyelitis from the stools of cases, contacts, and others, we have demonstrated in poliomyelitis what Wickman and Caverly hypothesized on the basis of epidemiologic reasoning, the phenomenon of widespread infection without disease.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of the Pox Viruses
Authors: Groupé Vincent , Rake Geoffrey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple method for testing a variety of substances for antiviral activity against the pox group of viruses has been evolved in which serial dilutions of the substance in question were mixed with the virus and incubated in vitro before inoculation into the yolk sac of embryonated eggs. The viruses of canary pox, fowl pox and vaccinia were completely inhibited by 3,750, 7,500 and 15,000 units of commercial penicillin respectively when the virus was mixed with the penicillin and incubated in vitro before inoculation into chick embryos. An impurity or impurities present in commercial penicillin rather than penicillin itself was found to be responsible for the inhibition of canary pox virus in vitro. The antiviral activity of commercial penicillin against canary pox virus in vitro was inhibited by the presence of normal egg yolk, but was not significantly diminished when aqueous solutions were heated to 100 C for 10 minutes. Inoculation of 50,000 units of commercial penicillin prior to the inoculation of canary pox virus into the yolk sac of chick embryos significantly but not strikingly retarded the rate of death of the embryos.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul , Stanley W. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tobacco mosaic virus reacts as a single component in immunological systems. As has been found for other protein systems, increasing amounts of antigen added to a constant volume of immune rabbit serum produces increasing amounts of precipitate which pass through a maximum in the region of antigen excess. In general the maximum amount of antibody precipitates in the region of the equivalence zone. The ratio of antibody to antigen in the equivalence zone is variable but has a mean of about 0.25 indicating that about 60 molecules of antibody combine with each virus particle in the complex. The relationship between R and the amount of antigen precipitated is markedly curvilinear but cannot be expressed by any of the Heidelberger and Kendall equations. This curve seems to be typical of virus-antivirus systems. Electronmicrographs of the reaction product between tobacco mosaic virus and its homologous antibody show a “lattice” effect with each virus particle being separated from others by a definite, constant space, presumably the length of the antibody molecule.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of antigenic determinants common to both tobacco mosaic virus and its rib-grass strain has been confirmed by means of the quantitative precipitin technique. Immunologically independent determinants for each virus were also found. There was no serological difference found for either tobacco mosaic virus or rib-grass virus when each was isolated from widely separated plant species. Immunoehemical studies failed to indicate that there was any normal host protein as a component of any of the virus preparations.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rod of tobacco mosaic virus has been fractured by exposure to sonic radiations. Unfractured, intact tobacco mosaic virus recovered following this treatment exhibited identical serological findings as the control virus and therefore suffered no changes. Preparations of short rods obtained by the sonic treatment of tobacco mosaic virus showed an enhancement of the antibody combining capacity as compared to the control. This was due in part to the increment of exposed surface following sonic treatment and probably in part to the closer packing of antibody molecules on the smaller fragments. No changes in serological specificity nor the presence of any new antigenic determinants could be detected in the fractured particles of virus. This indicated that the new surfaces exposed possessed the same molecular configuration as the original surface.
A Dilution-Phenomenon in the Titration of Antivenins (Antibothropic Sera)
Authors: Eichbaum F. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The amount of Bothrops jararaca venom neutralized by a certain quantity of specific antiserum can be closely measured by the intravenous mouse-test The neutralizing power of Bothrops jararaca antivenin is relatively stronger at high serum-dilutions than in an undiluted state. The neutralization-curve of Bothrops jararaca antivenin can be represented by a straight line, when both the amount of neutralized venom and the amount of serum capable of effecting this neutralization are plotted logarithmically. This type of neutralization-curve is found not only when serum and venom are injected simultaneously, but also when injected 24 hours apart. Native sera and a serum which had been concentrated by treatment with Na2SO4 behaved in the same way. The neutralization-curve is represented mathematically by the adsorption-equation: log y = log a + b log x, defined in the text. The value of “a” varies according to the absolute strength of the undiluted serum; the value of “b” varied but little (around 0.62) in all sera tested under equal experimental conditions and seems to be characteristic for this type of neutralization-curve. Neutralization of the coagulase in Bothrops jararaca venom is represented by a straight line, indicating a direct proportion between the amount of neutralized coagulase and the serum-dilution effecting this neutralization.