bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insurance Rate Regulation, Management of the Loss Reserve and Pricing
Authors: Narayanamoorthy Gans , Page John , Song Bohan 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Insurance pricing is subject to stricter regulation in some states than others. This cross-sectional variation, coupled with the occurrence of staggered deregulation in several states, enables a powerful test of the political cost hypothesis that managers manipulate accruals to mitigate adverse effects of rate regulation. We show that insurers understate their loss reserve accruals in more regulated regimes, a finding that contrasts with most prior studies documenting expense-increasing accruals in regulatory pricing settings like utilities. We theorize and find evidence that regulator-enabled cartel-like collective rate making leads to premiums being higher than the competitive level. Our results are consistent with accounting manipulation being used to justify deviating from these high rates and showcase a role for accounting in cartel enforcement.
JEL Classifications: M41; G18; G22; G32.
Suunvuoro
Authors: Visapää Laura 
Published: June 2023

Virittäjä rakentuu palapelinä: lehden rungon muodostavat tutkimusartikkelit, jotka julkaistaan lehdessä alkuperäistä lähetysaikataulua ja toisaalta muokkausten ja hyväksymisten aikatauluja tarkasti seuraten. Artikkeleista ei toisin sanoen koota lehteä temaattisin perustein vaan nimenomaan yksittäisten kirjoitusten hyväksymisjärjestystä kunnioittaen. Virittäjään päätyessään artikkelit muodostavat aina silti jonkinlaisen kokonaisuuden: tekstit ilmestyvät osana samaa numeroa, joka rajaa niiden välille koherenssia. Eri suuntauksia edustavien tutkimussuuntausten ja varsin erilaistenkin aiheiden välillä alkaa helposti nähdä yhdenmukaisuuksia, kun niille luodaan yhteinen toimituksellinen raami.
Tässä keskikesällä ilmestyvässä Virittäjässä tarkastellaan kieltä varsin moninaisista näkökulmista ja erilaisissa teoreettisissa kehyksissä, mutta tekstejä yhdistää kielellisten rajojen jatkuva liike. Harry Lönnroth piirtää kuvan Alvar Aallon elämän monista rinnakkaisista kielistä, ja Johanna Vaattovaara ja Elizabeth Peterson tarkastelevat damn-sanan käyttöä ja siihen liitettyjä merkityksiä osana suomea. Maria Sarhemaan tutkimus keskittyy etunimistä appellatiivistuneiden sanojen pejoratiivistuneeseen käyttöön, kun taas Leealaura Leskelä tarkastelee arviointia osana kehitysvammaisten työntekijöiden tehtävänohjausta; tutkimus korostaa sitä, miten kehumisen myönteiset ja kielteiset vaikutukset riippuvat aina siitä vuorovaikutustilanteesta, jossa ne ilmaistaan ja tulkitaan. Tutkimusartikkeleja täydentää Krista Teeri-Niknammoghadamin havaintokirjoitus, joka käsittelee kieliopillinen-käsitteen merkityksiä Virittäjän sivuilla. Muistokirjoituksia ilmestyy tässä lehdessä kaksi: Esa Itkonen kirjoittaa emeritusprofessori Raimo Anttilasta ja Susanna Shore ja Markus Hamunen yliopistonlehtori Tapani Kelomäestä.
Sisäisen koherenssin ohella Virittäjälle hahmottuu ainakin sen silloisen lukijakunnan parissa yhteys kulloinkin ajankohtaisiin tapahtumiin. Kiinnostavaa tältä kannalta on se, että Virittäjässä julkaistavat tekstit ovat tyypillisesti käyneet läpi pitkän arviointi-ja toimitusprosessin ja usein odottaneet julkaisuaan jo pidemmän ajan; silti niille voi rakentua uutta ajankohtaisuutta nimenomaan julkaisuhetkellä. Esimerkiksi vuoden 2022 ensimmäisessä Virittäjässä julkaistiin raportti nimistöntutkimuksen konferenssista, jossa kommentoitiin Ukrainassa käytyä keskustelua siitä, minkälaista kirjoitusasua Kiova-nimestä pitäisi käyttää englanninkielisissä keskusteluissa, ja tuotiin esiin suurvaltojen vaikutus nimistöpolitiikkaan. Virittäjän queer-numero (2/2022) taas ilmestyi parahiksi ennen kuin eduskunta aloitti syksyllä 2022 translain uudistusta koskevan lakiesityksen käsittelyn. Nyt ilmestyvän Virittäjän taustalle voi lukea ainakin kiivaana käyvän, eri tavoin painottuneen keskustelun suomen kielen, englannin kielen ja monikielisyyden asemasta osana suomalaista yhteiskuntaa ja koulutusta.
Ajankohtaisessa tulkintakehyksessä voidaan myös kysyä, onko tämä kirjoitus päätoimittajan vai tekoälyn kirjoittama. Chat GPT:tä lainaten: ”Tervetuloa lukijat tämän kielitieteellisen lehden pariin!”

Laura Visapää
Desplazamientos discursivos en la recopilación de las Obras Completas de José Hernández: ¿la desaparición del héroe?
Authors: Ortale María Celina 
Published: June 2023

El artículo ofrece un análisis de las Obras Completas de José Hernández publicadas por el IdIHCS en 2018, para rastrear el proceso de instalación y de desinstalación del término “gaucho” como objeto discursivo en los distintos textos del autor y para señalar, en contexto, las estrategias de apropiación o sustitución del término.
La vida ejemplar de un poeta pobre. Pedroni por Portogalo, 1953
Authors: Alle María Fernanda 
Published: June 2023

Este artículo parte de un intercambio epistolar entre José Pedroni y José Portogalo a comienzos de 1953 para centrar su atención en la “nota biográfica” sobre Pedroni que, luego de dicho intercambio, Portogalo publica en Noticias Gráficas. Se propone analizar, por un lado, los mecanismos de autofiguración que se ponen en juego en el relato autobiográfico de Pedroni en las cartas y, por otro, los modos en que Portogalo selecciona esos “datos” en función de la construcción de una figura ejemplar del “poeta pobre” que logra sobreponerse a las “adversidades”. Se sostiene la hipótesis de que en ambos casos aparece como sustrato un sistema de valoración del escritor y de la literatura que recupera una imagen del escritor proletario o trabajador de filiación boedista basada en una moral del esfuerzo y del ejemplo de vida. Esa misma filiación se evidencia en la retórica miserabilista a la que recurre Portogalo para narrar la vida de Pedroni. Pero, al mismo tiempo, esta imagen del poeta ejemplar se tensiona con otra figuración por la que el ser poeta parece ser el cumplimiento de un destino prefijado, una condición esencial o innata que difícilmente pueda ser recuperada para esa moral del ejemplo.
Borges, un amor decimonónico. El capítulo María Esther Vázquez de los amores biógrafos de Jorge Luis Borges
Authors: Bohnhoff Leandro 
Published: June 2023

Desde la década del sesenta, Jorge Luis Borges suscitó una proliferación de escrituras de vida. Entre estas se identifican las obras de autores que mantuvieron un vínculo estrecho con su biografiado. Según mi hipótesis, la cercanía del vínculo entre biógrafo y biografiado importa un suplemento particular a las escrituras de vida que produce una singularización de dichas obras. El Borges (2006) de Adolfo Bioy Casares es un ejemplo paradigmático, ya que registra las conversaciones de amigos íntimos que sostuvieron estos dos escritores argentinos durante casi cincuenta años. Por otra parte, están las autoras de vidas escritas de Borges que alguna vez sostuvieron un vínculo amoroso con él: Estela Canto, Alicia Jurado y María Esther Vázquez, quienes conforman lo que podríamos denominar los amores biógrafos de Borges. En este artículo, que se enmarca en una investigación mayor sobre los amores biógrafos de Borges, me voy a enfocar únicamente en la figura de Vázquez tal como aparece en el diario de Bioy y en las interacciones que se pueden establecer entre ese diario y Everness (1965), el primer texto de Vázquez dedicado a Borges, contemporáneo de las entradas del Borges que se ocupan de ella.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Onsite Learning Compared to Online Learning
Authors: Bucăţa George , Baboș Alexandru 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused people all throughout the world, particularly students, to change their routines. As a result of cutting-edge technology, e-learning is on the increase. Many educational institutions now use virtual classrooms instead of actual classrooms to conduct their lessons. Before the COVID-19 crisis, virtual technology was expanding quickly and becoming more widely used. Before the pandemic, students were taking a variety of online programs, but since then, there has been a significant surge in demand for virtual learning.
Synurbization of the Common Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus Linnaeus, 1758 in Prešov city (Slovakia)
Authors: Csanády Alexander 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In recent decades there has been an increased tendency of colonization of cites. This phenomenon posed the need for a new term – synurbization. The Common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) is a Palearctic species that has a predominantly European distribution. Although it is the typical woodland species, it has adapted to urban habitats, colonising cities of Western and Central Europe. A total of 32 individuals (i.e., 12 pairs (24 inds.) and 8 inds.) of C. palumbus were documented over the four years (2019 – 2022) in Prešov city (Slovakia). The obtained faunistic data from the monitored areas contribute to overall knowledge about the occurrence of the species in urban environment from Slovakia.
Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) occurrence in eastern Slovakia based on indirect signs (2016 – 2017)
Authors: Csanády Alexander 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The author states the occurrence of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) in the East Slovakia based on indirect signs from water courses. A total of 96 territories (localities) were observed over the years 2016 – 2017. The obtained data help spreading knowledge of species distribution in the territory of Slovakia.
Ecosystem services, vulnerability and threat levels of Ramsar wetlands in the complex of Aurès Sbkhates, North-Eastern Algeria
Authors: Bougoffa Saida , Benzina Imene , Telailia Salah , Si Bachir Abdelkrim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A socio-economic study were carried out in the wetlands complex of Aurès Sebkhates, in North Eastern Algeria. This study aimed to identify the ecosystem services obtained by local stakeholders, describe the anthropogenic impacts and evaluate the vulnerability and threat levels of three Ramsar wetlands: Garaet Timerganine (freshwater), Garaet Annk Djemel & El Merhsel (brackish water) and Sebkhet Ezzmoul (salt water). A socio-economic survey was conducted of 70 randomly selected households (social group) and 24 people belonging to the local administration (focus group). Vulnerability and threat levels were analyzed. Provisioning and monetary value are the most relevant ecosystem services (water pumping, grazing, agriculture, area for recreation, plant and egg collection, salt mining). Indirect ecosystem services rendered by the studied wetlands (water treatment/flood control) are only known by the focus group. 95% of the surveyed locals believed that the studied wetlands have experienced significant degradation in recent years mainly by human activity. Our results revealed significant threats due to salt mining and the excessive water pumping practiced within the three sites. Natural stressors such as drying out, erosion and siltation also contribute to the disturbance of these wetlands. Analysis of vulnerability (Vt) and threat (T) indices revealed that Garaet Timerganine is highly vulnerable (Vt= 1.48; T = 17.16), Ezzmoul is moderately vulnerable (Vt = 0.23; T = 2.3) and Annk Djemel & El Merhsel are weakly vulnerable (Vt = 0.04; T = 0.28). This study highlighted the most vulnerable wetlands in order to prioritize them and to build a strategy for conservation and their wise use.
Analysing formal transformations in sustainable urban structures in Kufa City, Iraq
Authors: Jedi Zena Ayad Jaber , Al-Jawari Sara Mahmood 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The research discusses the formal transformation in urban structure, all the cities around the world have undergone a series of formal transformations, resulting in radical transformations to their functions. And to calculate this transformation the descriptive analytical method was applied to this research. First, local urban management data and Landsat-9 visual data were used after processing by GIS. Then, the data were processed mathematically based on their engineering sequences. The aims of this research were as follows: to explore the formal transformations in cities, their dimensions and their consequences and impacts; to identify the underlying causes of their occurrence by deriving realistic results from trends in such degrees of transformation; and to reduce the adverse effects and to establish a sustainable urban structure by taking Kufa City as a model. The research covered the following two time periods: 2002-2012 and 2012-2022, as they represent the time during which Kufa City experienced remarkable formal transformation in urban structure as a result of urbanisation and random growth. Different forms of land use were identified, and formal transformations were analysed. The results showed that the largest transformation occurred when the agricultural land transformed into construction land; which was used in different ways than the original intent. The land uses were visualised digitally at high resolution. The transformation in land use led to formal transformations in the city structure, both planned and randomly implemented. The other objective of this research is to address misuse of the city’s infrastructure; however, sustainability was not considered for several reasons. The agricultural land represents the nutritional value of the city as it provides Kufa and nearby cities with agricultural products. It also represents the green barrier as the environmental conduit for the city. This research recommends managing population growth by using basic city schemes of planning and predicting formal transformations. This approach is the basis for transforming city structures by identifying future structural features in sustainable ways.
Flood-induced food insecurity and coping strategies: A gender-based analysis of agrarian households in South-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Akukwe Thecla Iheoma , Ossai Onyinyechi Gift , Oluoko-Odingo Alice Atieno , Nwankwo Cletus Famous 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The study addressed flood-induced food insecurity and coping strategies in agrarian South-eastern Nigeria. Data were collected from 400 households in 8 communities. Food (in)security was measured using Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) and 92.8% households were found to be food insecure. The most adopted coping strategies were compromising food quantity and quality namely; skipping meals; reducing meal frequency and reducing meal portion size in descending order. The study revealed a gender-based disparity in coping strategies adopted between female- and male-headed households and this has been linked to income and asset poverty gaps including differential household food insecurity levels. The coping strategies adopted were self-devised strategies that provided short-term means of survival in times of food shortages. Thus, policy measures, such as social security and food safety nets that are sustainable are recommended to reduce vulnerability to flood-induced food insecurity, thereby improving adaptation to help achieve Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
Linking European Integration with Illiberalism: ‘Laboratory’ of Central-Eastern Europe
Authors: Hloušek Vít 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The essay discusses Central Eastern Europe as a ‘laboratory’ of existing, emerging as well as contained elements of illiberal backlash. The Central European countries show both challenges and resilience mechanisms in more ‘extreme’ conditions than the cases from Western Europe. The paper offers the connection between the domestic development of Central European states and the ‘polycrisis’ of European integration by linking the issue of politicisation of European integration with the emergence of illiberal politics in contemporary Europe. The goal and main argument of the paper are that there exists a nexus between illiberal Central Eastern European politicians and rising Euroscepticism in the region. The empirical research of Central Eastern European cases will help us better understand general trends of European integration politicisation.
Russia’s war against Ukraine and the transformation of the Euro-Atlantic Security Architecture
Authors: Sydoruk Tetiana , Pavliuk Viktor , Shuliak Antonina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article attempts to contribute to the debate on the reasons for the inability of the US and its allies to prevent Russia from destroying the Euro ‑Atlantic security architecture by a full ‑scale invasion of Ukraine, as well as to the discussion of scenarios to strengthen the Euro-Atlantic community in the frame of preparation for the new post-war political landscape and reality. Based on a critical analysis of existing research, it is argued that despite the diversity of views of scholars and the still unpredictable outcome of the war in Ukraine, today it is possible to formulate some theses on the main directions of the European order transformation. These include enhancing the unity of the collective West, awakening Europe in the security and defense dimensions, strengthening and expanding NATO, increasing the US presence in the European region and ‘the end of the history’ of Russia’s return to the League of Superpowers. At the same time, the following issues remain controversial: the relations between Russian aggression and the US ‑NATO strategy after the Cold War, the prospects of the United States maintaining the leading role in ensuring European security given the war ‑induced increase in Europe’s defence capabilities, and Ukraine’s future European and Euro ‑Atlantic integration.
The Modern Military Leadership – The Anchor of Organizational Culture in the Contemporary World
Authors: Liseanu Rodica 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article states that for an innovative organizational culture, it is important to combine social intelligence, emotional intelligence with advanced technologies, information and artificial intelligence. The military leader focuses on new understandings of modern conflict, new resources, and new ways to extend war beyond the battlefield based on his or her ability to effectively coordinate high-tech and human resources. How can he create and build the right military approach? Within the military, artificial intelligence can be used for security, defence, attack strategies, but the involvement of human intelligence could add a competitive advantage precisely if it is intelligently managed and directed. The main hypothesis is that for a revolutionary implementation of new technologies in the contemporary world, a maximum pragmatic harnessing of emotional and social intelligences is required. With the alert evolution of man, with his self-awareness and organic maturation, even leadership has acquired new valences. The relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence, novel until a decade ago, is now a truism.
Baugewerbe in stürmischen Zeiten
Authors: Dullien Sebastian , Martin Carolin , Theurl Theresia , Michelsen Claus , Just Tobias 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The coalition agreement of the current German government coalition envisages 400,000 newly built dwellings per year. For the time being, this target will be missed by a wide margin, despite the (re)establishment of the Ministry of Construction. In the meantime, the tide in the construction sector seems to be turning: The previously observed overcapacity is no longer the most pressing problem, but rather the turnaround in interest rates and rising costs are causing a noticeable slowdown. Basically, the question remains unanswered as to whether the efforts made so far to provide housing at affordable prices for all are sufficient or whether further measures are necessary.
Housing Cooperatives in Challenging Times
Authors: Theurl Theresia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Housing cooperatives have to meet big challenges. They are well known as providers of affordable and safe housings. But now ensuring the energy procurement for their members has increased in relevance. New economic and political developments threaten investments in new houses and energetic refurbishment of the existing buildings in order to achieve the government’s climate protection goals. Long-term relations within the cooperatives and their focus on the MemberValue promote their resilience, but they cannot prevent the current predominance of crisis management blocking necessary strategic decisions.
12 Euro Mindestlohn: Millionen Beschäftigte bekommen mehr Geld
Authors: Pusch Toralf 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
According to recent data from the WSI employee survey, the increase in the German minimum wage to 12 euros has led to significant salary increases, reaching over 100 euros on average for employees receiving social insurance. After its introduction in 2015, the German minimum wage has been criticised for having little effect on workers’ earnings due to wide-spread working hour reductions and minimum wage violations. However, the latter could not have been that large as gross earnings in the minimum wage sector increased by a good 18% in price-adjusted terms between 2013 and 2018.
Dürrezeit für das Elektroauto steht bevor
Authors: Dudenhöffer Ferdinand , Wisbert Helena 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The article analyses the implications of reduced subsidies for electric cars in Germany, to be implemented 2023. In addition to high electricity price increases, rising costs for lithium-ion batteries habe cut into the incentive and will lead to decreasing sales of electric vehicles in the coming years. The federal government’s objective to have 15 million electric cars on Germany’s roads by 2030 will therefore be missed considerably.
Inflations-Trauma? Die Hyperinflation von 1923 in Bildern und Theorien
Authors: Greitens Jan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The inflation of 1923 was not a new experience; the feeling of uncertain monetary conditions had been deeply rooted in Germany since the early modern period. If there is a German trauma of inflation, it goes back to the Kipper and Wipper period at the beginning of the 30 Years War. Memories of the horrors of inflation were handed down into the 20th century, e.g., in the 18th, century by J. H. G. Justi and especially influential in the 19th century by Gustav Freytag. Only in the Federal Republic of Germany did a strong focus on the year 1923 set in. Based on this traditional historical experience, contemporaries explained inflation in 1923 by deviations from the metal standard and inflation was morally wrong. Its cause was seen in the lack of adherence to civic virtues. This normative level is closely linked to the economic discussion of inflation.
Die Große Inflation in Deutschland 1914 bis 1923
Authors: Holtfrerich Carl-Ludwig 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The article treats the history of Germany’s Great Inflation from 1914 to 1923. It focusses on explaining the turning points of wholesale price trends. It demonstrates that these were mostly triggered by national and international political decisions immediately impacting the mark exchange rate. Price developments usually fell in line the following month. Money supply growth followed a steady trend upward, even in periods when the mark exchange rate remained stable or even appreciated. The author comes to the conclusion that the exchange rate, not money supply, was the pacemaker for price developments. This even holds for the turning point from galloping inflation to hyperinflation in June/July 1922.
Krieg, Verteilungskonflikt, Reparationen: die deutsche Inflation von 1920 bis 1923
Authors: Ritschl Albrecht O. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Germany’s hyperinflation resulted from a confluence of several factors, all of which contributed to a temporary breakdown in state capacity and to unsustainable public sector deficits. Wartime debt deflated by 90% already in 1920. Informal wage indexation and failure to enforce collection of a new progressive income tax contributed to recurrent inflation. Unsustainable reparations were met by purchasing gold abroad, further accelerating inflation. Conflict over reparation arrears resulted in the military occupation of the Ruhr industry district in early 1923. Stabilisation occurred after informal moratoria on both international and internal conflict, allowing for budget stabilisation and a two-step currency reform, as well as a return to gold in 1924.