bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(062) Do Polish Adolescents Sexual Minorities have Poorer Sleep? - Analysis from POLKA 18 Pilot Study
Authors: Szymuś K , Drejza M , Łopiński G , Barwińska J , Klein P , Majcherek E 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep duration might be affected by many mental states that are a result of discrimination, lack of social acceptance and stressful lifestyle. Sexual minorities in unfriendly environments are at risk of the aforementioned conditions and significantly affect their sleep therefore interfere with their circadian rhythm, health outcomes and quality of life.

Objectives
This study aims to estimate the association between duration of sleep among Polish adolescent sexual minorities groups.

Methods
The data on the level of sleep were retrieved from POLKA 18 study, funded by ESC, which is a youth-led cross-sectional analytical study of Polish adolescents. A paper-based self-reported questionnaire, building up on the interdisciplinary model of holistic approaches in adolescent gynaecology, has been used to collect data from schools in five Polish regions. The questionnaires were distributed in the schools during the time of April-June 2019 by local research associates, who are medical students. The obtained data has been analysed using STATA 16.

Results
We received 650 results and included 632 in our final analysis. We have asked our respondents a question on which sexual orientation they identify with and 2.6% of them declared being attracted to people from the same sex, 4.27% declared as bisexual, 0.8% asexual. Overall, 41.3% of the respondents reported sleeping less than 6 hours a night. It seems that there is a strong association between the length of sleep and sexual orientation with LGBA youth being less likely to reach recommended 7 hours of sleep a night. 41.2% who identified as gay/lesbians and 40.7% who identified as bisexual reported having less than 7 hours of sleep duration in comparison to 60.2% of their heterosexual counterparts. (p&lt;0.001).

Conclusions
American National Sleep Foundation recommends 7-9 hours of sleep for young adults aged 18-25 (National Sleep Foundation, 2015) and our study reports that youth identified as sexual minorities are less likely to reach the recommended hours of sleep in comparison to their heterosexual peers. Although ourstudy focused solely on the duration of sleep, other studies reported a higher prevalence of many other sleep disturbances, such as insomnia that has strong correlation with stress levels and mental health problems (Galinsky et al., 2018; Fricke et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2017). Moreover, other reports from Korea and China show that those who had shorter sleep duration were more likely to have depressive symptoms and suicidal tendencies (Li et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017). In multiple studies, sexual minorities have reported more prevalence of mental health problems. Therefore, appropriate sleeping hygiene should be accounted as one of the important factors and strategies to improve mental health among adolescents, especially those identified as part of sexual minorities.

Disclosure
No.
Traumatic Experiences
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Stressful and traumatic events and other difficult experiences can have long-lasting effects on mental health and well-being. While most people who suffer a very stressful event naturally recover over time, for others mental health difficulties continue. Some people may become “stuck” in the memory of the stressful event and report feeling haunted by it. This feeling of being trapped by the experience then leads many people to avoid thinking and talking about it and to avoid situations, people, or places that remind them of it. This can have a disastrous effect on daily life and mental health. In this chapter, readers are introduced to cases that will be followed throughout the Making Meaning of Difficult Experiences program and the steps of the program itself that are covered in more detail in the remaining chapters.
Why Approach Difficult Experiences?
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers why approaching and revisiting your memories of difficult experiences will help you emotionally process your experiences and move through them to the other side. Memory exposure and processing are a key component of prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an effective and flexible PTSD treatment. We use this component as the core of our approach in this book. This is a powerful way to learn that your memories of the event(s) are not the same as the event itself. Using this program, you learn that you can safely think about your experience and also learn how to talk with others who may have been through difficult experiences and can support them in processing those memories.
Self-Care
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores what you do—just for yourself—to take care of yourself. In this chapter, you are encouraged to consider what has worked for you in the past and also what new self-care strategies you may want to begin. The chapter begins with a self-assessment of what you are currently doing to take care of yourself and then consider whether and how you want to increase your self-care in your personal action plan. The Making Meaning of Difficult Experiences: Self-Guided Program walks the reader through eating, sleeping, exercise, alcohol use, drug use, and engagement in enjoyable activities and their role in self-care.
Closing the Book on Difficult Experiences
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the final chapter, we bring all of the pieces together from the Making Meaning of Difficult Experiences: Self-Guided Program. The chapter begins with summaries of the case studies and their recovery from difficult experiences and then summarizes each of the tools presented: memory exposure and processing, behavioral activation, social connection, and self-care. We consider posttraumatic growth and how approaching instead of avoiding difficult experiences provides a pathway toward resilience and growth from difficulty. In addition, some readers may feel that they want or need help to work through their difficult experiences. We present tips for how to connect with mental health resources and what types of resources may be most helpful.
Prologue
Authors: Kallivayalil Roy Abraham 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
There is a renewed interest in social psychiatry and its relevance to clinical practice today. Breakthroughs in neurosciences and psychopharmacological research to find an answer to mental health problems were believed to be imminent but has not really happened! Social psychiatry is primarily concerned with effects of the social environment on the mental health of the individual and vice versa. The COVID-19 pandemic has been a lesson on this. The origin of social medicine and social psychiatry can be traced to ancient Greek, Ayurvedic and Chinese medical practices. And the WHO has incorporated mental and social well-being in the definition of health in its constitution in 1948. There is an increasing need to focus on social determinants of mental health and on the biopsychosocial aspects of health and disease. The social aspects remain an essential component in understanding the genesis and management of psychiatric disorders but are often ignored due to too much emphasis on the biological domain. We need increased funding for research in psychosocial aspects—this is important not only in psychiatry but also in other fields of medicine. Health is often a dynamic balance between opportunities and limitations directly affected by social and environmental conditions. These basic premises underline the necessity and importance on the need for a comprehensive textbook of social psychiatry. This book is a creation of such a vision! There are 41 chapters in this book which comprehensively deal with all aspects of social psychiatry providing scientific and authoritative reference.
The Place of Adolescence in Social Psychiatry
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical and social construction of the concept of adolescence, the neurobiological changes that take place in this period of human development, the process of identity formation and transition to adulthood in adolescence, the newly conceptualized developmental category of emerging adulthood, the effects of poverty and social disadvantage on this stage of development, and the realities faced by adolescents in developing countries. The chapter also discusses the effects of the modern media, the effects of rejection and ostracism, and other risk factors and protective factors in adolescence and the need for a worldwide adolescent mental health policy.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Cohen Carl I. , Doumlele Kyra 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The world’s elderly population will double between 2015 and 2050 to 2 billion persons or about one-fifth of all people, and the reconfiguration of historical age distribution patterns will create enormous social and economic strains on societies and their ability to care for aging individuals. Moreover, globalization, modernization, and mass migration have especially affected older adults. Various micro and macro-level social and social-psychological theories of aging have been proffered to explain the processes that shape behavior and mental well-being. With respect to specific psychiatric disorders, cross-national studies have generally found lower incidence and prevalence rates of formal psychiatric disorders in older persons, although differences in psychiatric symptoms have been found less consistently. A variety of social variables have been found to affect rates of psychiatric disorders, but there are many inconsistencies that may reflect methodological differences across investigations.
Good Sport
Authors: Swartz Jacob 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sports, activities involving physical exertion and skill, have emerged prominent across most cultures and civilizations. Evolutionary psychology and anthropology indicate that sports and physical activity offer evolutionary benefits. Sports are an integral part of childhood, with an estimated 72% of middle schoolers regularly participating. Sports are embedded in current social and cultural life. While exercise alone can be enjoyable, participation in sports has added competition, whether the individual against self (“against the clock”) or against others, alone, or in teams. Sports have replicated real-life battle situations where winning became increasingly mental. Use of both mental and physical strengths occurs in competitive sports, not only for the competitors, but also for the observers, keen to gamble on their own skills at evaluating all the players. Sports and exercise are beneficial to mental health and in decreasing symptoms of depression and anxiety, and improving coping with stress. The benefits of sports for youth extend to social domains as well. Organized activities for young adolescents involved in sports, art, or music have been associated with healthier development, better health, and decreased sadness. Sports can also benefit psychosocial development for vulnerable populations such as those with developmental disorders. Young adolescent boys with developmental coordination disorder reported higher loneliness and lower self-esteem. As patients age, physical activity remains important to health. It is recommended that adults over 65 years old do at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity a week.
Psychosexual Disorders
Authors: Manohar Shivananda , Tandon Abhinav , Rao Suman S. , Sathyanarayana Rao T. S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sexuality is the harmony between mind and body. Sexuality has many dimensions, which include biological, sociocultural, and psychological perspectives. Marriage, divorce, poverty, family system, and many other psychosocial factors influence the development and maintenance of sexuality. Though various classificatory systems have described sexuality in different lengths, none of them has been successful in catering to clinical needs. Though sexuality is a basic instinct, it has been neglected by clinicians as well as researchers. Normal sexual life significantly improves the quality of life of an individual. In this the chapter, the authors emphasize various dimensions of sexuality, particularly focusing on the social dimension.
Family Matters
Authors: Di Nicola Vincenzo , Song Suzan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of the family in the mental, social, and relational well-being of migrants—immigrants, refugees, and displaced children, adolescents, and adults. Starting with a review of the ecosocial changes in a family after migration to new countries, cultures, and contexts, the chapter then discusses how clinicians can respond to the unique challenges for displaced families using a family-based approach. This requires a basic epistemological shift toward families and communities when dealing with migration and trauma. The key notion is that families are the crucible for socialization and belonging and crucial resources for the care, support, and healing of its members. The first challenge for clinicians with displaced persons is to add a sociocultural dimension to sensitize them to working with families across cultures, appreciating changing definitions of families, and understanding families in light of globalization and global mental health. The second challenge is to appreciate how family functioning is affected by disasters and conflicts leading to displacement, including migration and refugee status. These dislocations not only disrupt family functioning in the culture of origin (enculturation), but demand adaptation to other cultures (acculturation). Some of the clinical challenges for the clinician include family fragmentation and new family configurations, exposure to traumatic incidents, and differential effects of fragmentation and trauma across the domains of age (with unique challenges for refugee youth, elderly, and special needs), gender (with special sensitivity to how LGBTQ issues morph across culture), culture (including language, religion, and social class), and other aspects of identity.
Social Psychiatry
Authors: Gogineni Rama Rao , Joshi Prasad , Rostain Anthony 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
DSM-5 and ICD-11 define neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) as a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period, inducing deficits that produce impairments of functioning. NDDs comprise intellectual disability, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders, and specific learning disorders. NDDs affect multiple neurological systems and cause global changes to personal, social, and occupational functioning and overall developmental trajectory, including family interactions and social integration. Often these children struggle with comorbid mental illness, suicide, and aggression. Psychosocial, psychopharmacological, family, and educational interventions are essential for enhancement of functionality in the individuals, as well as their families. With proper diagnosis, treatments, and interventions, many of these youngsters can lead a much enhanced life.
A Social Psychological Perspective on Trauma and Trauma Disorders
Authors: Lyons Maryssa , Buhalo Daniel , Fallon April 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The definition of trauma has existed in a shifting landscape. It can refer to a discrete bodily injury or an experience that produces psychological injury or pain. In the last few decades it has come to denote the event that occurs, not its impact. In common parlance, the term has evolved to mean any unpleasure. This chapter explores the nature of the changing definition of trauma and identification of traumatic disorders, the clinical phenomena associated with trauma, and how sociological and cultural forces have framed the understanding of and shaped the outcomes of these events for individuals and communities. It examines types of events, context surrounding the event, past experiences, previous generations’ experience, and cultural interpretations of similar events among those who experience it. Specifically, it focuses on social support and social identity as factors that exacerbate the experience but that can also be protective.
Social Psychiatry in Major Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Harlan Brian , Thornton Joseph E. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The social burden of dementing illnesses is immense and will continue to grow with an aging population barring major scientific breakthroughs. This chapter describes social aspects of progressive neurocognitive disease, focusing on frequent challenges encountered by families, communities, and clinicians. Uncertainties and delays in diagnoses delay developing care plans with family members. Clinicians must help the caregivers adapt to the current needs of the person with dementia and to develop contingency plans for future needs even in the context of uncertainty. Difficulties associated with various cultural differences, economic class, and barriers to access for dementia care and caregiver support are also addressed. Across cultures, denial of the role of dementia in disturbing behaviors is common, especially in family members. Helping the caregivers to look at the disturbing behaviors as symptoms of the illness rather than personal affronts will empower the caregivers to more effectively use available support services and intervention strategies.
Stigma
Authors: Rahmani Mariam , Ivbijaro Gabriel , Pumariega Andres J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Stigma toward mental illness is rooted in history, neurobiology, and social hierarchy, and it is prevalent in all cultures. Stigma extends beyond the person who has a mental illness, to people associated with that person, resulting in dire consequences including the development of shame, social isolation, no treatment or under-treatment of treatable psychiatric illnesses, and health disparities, as well as discrimination. This chapter contributes definitions of stigma, a brief review of the neurobiology and sociocultural factors underlying stigma, types of stigma, and the adverse consequences of stigma, and suggests different approaches to addressing stigma at a personal and societal level.
Terrorism and Other Forms of Violent Extremism
Authors: Basu Debasish 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Of the various kinds of violence and conflicts, terrorism and other forms violent extremism (VE) occupy a special place. The Global Terrorism Database contains nearly 200,000 terrorist incidents for the period 1970 to 2019. VE impacts not only the individual but also the society, economy, and ecology. The progression to VE can be tortuous, multiphasic, and unpredictable, with two concurrent pathways of cognitive and behavioral radicalization. Drivers of VE and terrorism include the structural/sociological context operating at a macro level to provide the “push” toward VE, and individual/psychological variables (including mental health issues) operating at the micro level as “personal” factors influencing radicalization. Most importantly, however, social psychology and psychiatry are best equipped to capture the confluence of these two levels at the “meso” level, where the conducive society and the vulnerable person meet, shape, and influence each other to generate the crucial “pull” toward radicalization to VE. Given the importance of the concept of social identity, social context, and socially facilitated meaning-making in the pathway to VE, mental health and social psychiatry have a central role to play to understand the origin, spread, consequences, and possible mitigation of terrorism and VE. Social psychiatry and socially oriented mental health professionals may contribute to the area of VE in the following ways: catering to the needs of those affected by terrorism and other VE; countering stigma; theoretical understanding and research; clinical, risk, and psychosocial assessment; prevention/countering of VE; advocacy; multi-sector coordination; community-based working; and a public health perspective.
The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pumariega Andres J. , Kastrup Marianne , Murthy R. Srinivasa 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The global COVID pandemic has had very distinctly national and regional differences and responses, but clear implications for sociocultural and mental health factors within countries across the globe. This chapter examines these factors through an analysis of the impact and response of the pandemic in three national examples: the United States, the nations of the Scandinavian region, and the world’s most populous nation, India.
Social Psychiatry in Russia
Authors: Karpenko Olga A. , Kostyuk George P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Social issues of psychiatry historically have been an important part of the Russian psychiatry, although the subject of “social psychiatry” still remains debatable. Acknowledgment of the importance of social factors in mental disorders determined the development of mental-health care in Russia since the end of 19th century and later in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Creation of the community mental health clinics network, labor rehabilitation, and development of mental care legislation are important steps in the field of social psychiatry in Russia. In recent years the de-institutionalization of psychiatry and the development of the various types of day-care facilities can be regarded as part of the social psychiatry. Another remarkable tendency is the creation of interdisciplinary scientific and clinical collaborations in the field of mental health. This can help to stress the attention of society, policymakers, and academia on the importance of mental health problems, to reduce stigma, and to increase the awareness of mental health issues in society.
Glioblastoma
Authors: Lukas Rimas V. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a term used to describe two histologically identical high-grade infiltrating gliomas: GBM isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype and GBM IDH mutated. GBM IDH wildtype follows a more aggressive natural history in comparison to GBM IDH mutated. In contemporary clinical practice both tumor types are treated similarly. Radiographic imaging often reveals heterogeneously enhancing tumors centered in subcortical white matter. A diagnosis is established with surgically obtained (biopsy or resection) tissue that histologically demonstrates an infiltrating astrocytic tumor with areas of either necrosis and/or endothelial proliferation. Of growing and greater importance are other molecular characteristics including methylation status of the methylguanine methyl transferase (MGMT) gene promoter. Extensive surgical resection is attempted as long as the benefits are deemed to outweigh the risks. This is followed by radiation with concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy followed by additional cycles of temozolomide and potentially tumor-treating fields. In the elderly population, intensity of treatment may be de-escalated. For progressive disease the optimal management is less clearly defined. It is anticipated that the management of GBM will continue to evolve as our collective understanding of the disease increases.