bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of clove and tulsi supplementation in drinking water in broiler immunity
Authors: Islam Rafiqul , Sultana Nasrin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundMedicinal plants or their products are popular substitutes for antibiotics or other synthetic growth promoters for their beneficial effects and cost‐effectiveness. Clove (Cv) and tulsi (Ts) are rich in phytochemicals and are used to augment the growth performance of poultry.ObjectivesThe current investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of Cv and Ts supplementation in drinking water on the morphologic and morphometric adaptations in the lymphoid organs.MethodsThe experiment was conducted on 60 broiler chicks, divided into 4 homogenous groups (5 pens/group and 3 broilers/pen) named T0 (control), T1 (0.5% Cv and 2% Ts), T2 (1% Cv and 3% Ts) and T3 (1.5% Cv and 4% Ts). The treatments were administered from days 8 to 28. Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius) were collected on days 14, 21 and 28 after sacrificing five broilers from each group.ResultsThe treatment groups had higher thymus and spleen weights on day 21, whereas the weights of the bursa of Fabricius were higher on days 14, 21 and 28. In the histomorphologic study, no noticeable difference in the histoarchitectures of the lymphoid organs was noticed. However, substantial differences in the cortico‐medullary ratio and the number of follicles in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, respectively, were found in the histomorphometric investigation.ConclusionThe inclusion of Cv and Ts in drinking water augments the weight of lymphoid organs with histomorphometric adaptations that might improve the immune status in broilers.
Evaluating impacts of R3 workshops for first‐time hunters at universities across the United States
Authors: von Furstenberg Richard , Vayer Victoria R. , Larson Lincoln R. , Nils Peterson M. , Lee Kangjae Jerry , Stevenson Kathryn , Ahlers Adam A. , Anhalt‐Depies Christine , Bethke Taniya , Clark Brian , Davan Kiley M. , Dayer Ashley A. , Fisher Todd E. , Ghasemi Benjamin , Gigliotti Larry , Irwin Kris , Keith Samuel J. , Kelly Matt , Kyle Gerard , Metcalf Elizabeth , Needham Mark D. , Poudyal Neelam C. , Quartuch Michael , Rodriguez Shari L. , Romulo Chelsie , Sharp Ryan L. , Siemer William , Springer Matthew T. , Stedman Richard , Stein Taylor , Van Deelen Timothy R. , Winkler Richelle L. , Woosnam Kyle Maurice 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDeclines in hunter numbers across the United States make hunter recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R3) a high priority for wildlife management. As wildlife management agencies and nongovernmental organizations seek to reach new audiences, college campuses present a unique opportunity to cultivate nontraditional path hunters. Despite recent proliferation of R3 initiatives, little research has evaluated effects of hunting programs on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of new hunters. We designed and implemented Getting Started Outdoors: Hunting 101 workshops specifically targeting college students without previous hunting experience, and we assessed workshop efficacy with a theoretically‐grounded approach to workshop evaluation. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis of surveys conducted before, shortly after, and 12–18 months after workshops, we assessed impacts of R3 efforts at large public universities in 16 different U.S. states. Across all states, 19 workshops attracted 314 total participants, with 255 completing both pre‐ and post‐workshop assessments and 133 completing the follow‐up surveys. Workshops significantly increased participants' confidence in hunting, reduced barriers related to inadequate knowledge and skills, and fostered positive views of hunters and hunting. Immediately after workshops, most participants said they would definitely (50%) or probably (34%) hunt in the future; 82% said they would likely (or very likely) purchase a hunting license. Over one year after the workshops, 34% of workshop participants reported having hunted, and another 45% said they would probably hunt in the future. Overall, workshops attracted a diverse population of potential hunters, increased interest in future hunting, and created hunting advocates. Findings highlight the potentially powerful impact that R3 programs focused on diverse college students can have on the future of hunting across the United States.
Introduction to Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Authors: McNew Lance B. , Dahlgren David K. , Beck Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRangelands are vast, dynamic, and integral to providing habitat for thousands of vertebrate and invertebrate species, while concurrently serving as the foundation of human food and fiber production in western North America. Reciprocally, wildlife species provide critical services that maintain functional rangeland ecosystems. Therefore, human management of rangelands via fire, grazing, agricultural programs, and policy can enhance, disturb, or inhibit the necessary interactions among natural processes of plants and animals that maintain rangeland ecosystems. As conservation issues involving rangelands have grown in societal awareness and complexity, rangeland managers, wildlife biologists, and others have discovered the need to work more closely together with an increasingly holistic approach, spurring a rapid accumulation of rangeland wildlife information in the early twenty-first century. This book represents a synthesis of contemporary knowledge on rangeland wildlife conservation and ecology. Accordingly, we provide a review of the state of science for new, as well as seasoned, wildlife and rangeland professionals who have stewardship of North America’s most undervalued ecosystem.
Sage-Grouse
Authors: Beck Jeffrey L. , Christiansen Thomas J. , Davies Kirk W. , Dinkins Jonathan B. , Monroe Adrian P. , Naugle David E. , Schroeder Michael A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we summarize the ecology and conservation issues affecting greater (Centrocercus urophasianus) and Gunnison (C. minimus) sage-grouse, iconic and obligate species of rangelands in the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) biome in western North America. Greater sage-grouse are noted for their ability to migrate, whereas Gunnison sage-grouse localize near leks year-round. Seasonal habitats include breeding habitat where males display at communal leks, nesting habitat composed of dense sagebrush and herbaceous plants to conceal nests, mesic summer habitats where broods are reared, and winter habitat, characterized by access to sagebrush for cover and forage. While two-thirds of sage-grouse habitat occurs on public lands, private land conservation is the focus of national groups including the USDA-NRCS Sage-Grouse Initiative. Sage-grouse are a species of great conservation concern due to population declines associated with loss and fragmentation of more than half of the sagebrush biome. Wildlife and land management agencies have been increasingly proactive in monitoring trends in sage-grouse populations (e.g., lek count index), adapting regulations to reduce harvest on declining populations, and in designing and implementing conservation policies such as core areas to conserve sage-grouse habitats and populations. Much of the remaining sagebrush habitat is threatened by altered fire regimes, invasive annual grasses and noxious weeds, encroaching piñon (Pinus edulis and monophylla)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands, sagebrush conversion, anthropogenic development, and climate change. Several diseases affect sage-grouse, but to date, disease has not been a widespread cause of declines. Proper livestock grazing and limited hunting appear to be sustainable with sage-grouse, whereas improper grazing, increasing free-roaming equid populations, and sagebrush conversion are primary concerns for future conservation. Research has identified additional concerns for sage-grouse including effects from fence collisions, predation from common ravens (Corvus corax), and reduced habitat effectiveness resulting from grouse avoidance of anthropogenic infrastructure. There is a need for future research evaluating sage-grouse habitat restoration practices following improper rangeland management, habitat alteration from invasive species and fire, effects on small and isolated populations, and effects from diseases.
Avian Predators in Rangelands
Authors: Bedrosian Bryan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractManagement of avian predators in western rangelands is uniquely challenging due to differences in managing for/against particular species, management of sensitive prey species, long-standing human/wildlife conflicts, and the unique legal protections within this ecological group. In general, many avian predator species considered rangeland specialists have been declining due to habitat loss, fragmentation, human sensitivity, and direct persecution. Conversely, avian predators that are more human-tolerant and/or are subsidized by human activities are significantly increasing across rangelands. The complicated nature of inter- and intra-species guilds, coupled with human dynamics has created a challenging scenario for both management for avian predators, as well as their prey. Human-mediated population control, both legal and illegal, continues for avian predators to reduce livestock conflict, aid sensitive prey populations, and/or because of general predator persecution. Conversion of rangeland to development for energy, cultivation, and urbanization remains the largest impediment to maintaining viable, historical assemblages of avian predators. Large-scale habitat protections, reduction of invasive plants, and reducing wildfire will continue to enhance at-risk populations of predators and their prey. Further, mediating human-induced mortality risks will also aid at-risk predator populations, such as reducing direct killing (poisoning and shooting), secondary poisoning from varmint control and lead ammunition use, electrocutions, and vehicle strikes, while reducing anthropogenic subsidies can help curtail population expansion of corvids. Additional understanding of long-term, successful predator control efforts for corvids and mitigation options for declining raptors is needed to help balance the avian predator–prey dynamic in western rangelands.
Burrowing Rodents
Authors: Augustine David J. , Smith Jennifer E. , Davidson Ana D. , Stapp Paul 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBurrowing rodents have unusually disproportionate effects on rangeland ecosystems because they (1) engineer their environment through burrow construction and modification of vegetation structure, (2) influence ecosystem processes including aboveground plant production, nutrient cycling rates, and water infiltration patterns, (3) alter plant community composition, and (4) provide a prey base for a diverse array of predators. In some cases, engineering effects create habitat for certain faunal species that inhabit burrows or colonies of these rodents. We review the ecology and management of burrowing rodents that function as ecosystem engineers in western North America, which includes prairie dogs (five species in the genusCynomys), ground squirrels (11 species in the generaOtospermophilus,Poliocitellus, andUrocitellus), pocket gophers (16 widespread species in the generaCratogeomys, Geomys, andThomomys), and kangaroo rats (eight widespread species in the genusDipodomys). Effects of burrowing rodents on vegetation structure, species composition, and nutrient content vary with diet, degree of sociality, body size, and hibernation patterns, and potentially have significant effects on coexisting large grazers, including domestic livestock. Diets of prairie dogs overlap substantially with livestock. Impacts on ranching enterprises can vary with their abundance and seasonally, and may be greatest when burrowing rodents reduce dormant-season forage availability. Ground squirrel, pocket gopher, and kangaroo rat interactions with livestock vary among species in relation to their diet, degree of coloniality, and population density. All prairie dog and ground squirrel species are affected by outbreaks of plague caused byYersinia pestis, a non-native disease. Plague and population control via rodenticides are the primary factors determining the distribution and abundance of these species. In contrast, pocket gophers and kangaroo rats are unaffected by plague. Management and conservation efforts that enable burrowing rodents to coexist with livestock across broad landscapes will likely be essential for the conservation of a unique suite of bird, mammal, herpetofaunal and arthropod species that depend on them as prey or on their engineering activities for habitat.
Mesocarnivores of Western Rangelands
Authors: Young Julie K. , Butler Andrew R. , Holbrook Joseph D. , Shamon Hila , Lonsinger Robert C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThere are 22 species of mesocarnivores (carnivores weighing < 15 kg) belonging to five families that live in rangelands of the western United States. Mesocarnivores are understudied relative to large carnivores but can have significant impacts on ecosystems and human dimensions. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge about the biology, ecology, and human interactions of the mesocarnivores that occupy the rangelands of the central and western United States. In these two regions, mesocarnivores may serve as the apex predator in areas where large carnivores no longer occur, and can have profound impacts on endemic prey, disease ecology, and livestock production. Some mesocarnivore species are valued because they are harvested for food and fur, while others are considered nuisance species because they can have negative impacts on ranching. Many mesocarnivores have flexible life history strategies that make them well-suited for future population growth or range expansion as western landscapes change due to rapid human population growth, landscape development, and alterations to ecosystems from climate change; however other mesocarnivores continue to decline. More research on this important guild is needed to understand their role in western working landscapes.
Rangeland Ecoregions of Western North America
Authors: “Fee” Busby Frank E. , Thacker Eric T. , Kohl Michel T. , Mosley Jeffrey C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe grasslands, deserts, shrublands, savannas, woodlands, open forests, and alpine tundra of western North America where livestock grazed were collectively referred to as ‘range’ in the nineteenth century. Today these ecosystems are often referred to as rangelands. In the United States, rangelands comprise about 1/3rd of the total land area, mostly in the 17 western states. Large areas of rangeland also occur in Canada and Mexico. Rangelands provide numerous products, values, and ecosystem services including wildlife habitat, clean air, clean water, recreation, open space, scenic beauty, energy and mineral resources, carbon sequestration, and livestock forage. This chapter describes rangeland ecoregions in western North America.
A Perspective on Rangeland and Wildlife Disciplines: Similarities Over Differences
Authors: Thacker Eric , Dahlgren David , Stoner David , Clayton Megan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe disciplines of rangeland and wildlife management were born out of necessity to protect dwindling resources during the early twentieth century. The development of the fields followed parallel paths to meet the needs and desires of society. Around the world, rangelands provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife species. Across North America, wildlife conservation problems have impacted rangelands and thus influenced rangeland management. Wildlife and rangeland professionals often work on the same landscapes to manage related resources. Yet, because of professional traditions and biases, there is potential for misunderstanding of terminology, values, and conflicts. However, these two professions have more in common than differences. For example, early management for both fields revolved around sustainable harvest (i.e., game species and forage) and providing guidance on conserving limited but renewable resources. Although both disciplines were born out of similar needs, they have often been viewed as separate entities. In this chapter, we will attempt to address the differences and parallels between these two disciplines with the objective of finding common ground for future collaboration. We will outline the parallel development of crucial principles of rangeland and wildlife management, and professionals can improve communication and understanding between disciplines.
Western Rangeland Livestock Production Systems and Grazing Management
Authors: DelCurto Timothy , Wyffels Samuel A. , Vavra Martin , Wisdom Michael J. , Posbergh Christian J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRangeland wildlife ecology and conservation is strongly influenced by domestic livestock systems. Domestic livestock production on rangelands in North America is dominated by ruminant livestock, with beef cattle being the largest industry. Rangeland ruminant livestock production systems are unique in that land/animal managers develop production systems that attempt to optimize the use of limited-nutrition forage bases. This involves the strategic selection of calving/lambing dates to coincide with forage resources and labor limitations. Likewise, the species, breed, and age of animal is selected to be productive in sometimes suboptimal nutrition and environmental conditions. In addition, the role of this industry in the conservation and enhancement of wildlife diversity and ecosystem services is important now and paramount in future management goals. Grazing systems that are unique to the needs of ecosystems are designed to enhance soils, vegetation, and wildlife diversity. In addition, understanding how wild and domestic animals utilize landscapes of varying topography is an ongoing area of research. Continued investigations into how animals use landscapes, grazing distribution/behavior, botanical composition of diets, and dietary strategies will be important in designing management approaches for all animals that are dependent on rangeland resources. The paradigm of sustainable management of livestock systems needs to view herbivory as a tool to manage vegetation for optimal biological integrity and resiliency. Only by the optimization of biological processes within plant communities on rangelands, will managers create systems that benefit both livestock and wildlife.
Role and Management of Fire in Rangelands
Authors: Scasta J. Derek , Twidwell Dirac , Donovan Victoria , Roberts Caleb , Thacker Eric , Wilbur Ryan , Fuhlendorf Samuel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFire is a fundamental ecological process in rangeland ecosystems. Fire drives patterns in both abiotic and biotic ecosystem functions that maintain healthy rangelands, making it an essential tool for both rangeland and wildlife management. In North America, humanity’s relationship with fire has rapidly changed and shifted from an era of coexistence to one that attempts to minimize or eliminate its occurrence. Prior to Euro-American settlement, Indigenous people’s coexistence with fire led to regionally distinct fire regimes that differed in terms of their fire frequency, intensity, severity, seasonality, and spatial complexity. As the relative occurrence of prescribed fire and wildfire continue to change in North American rangelands, it is necessary for wildlife managers to understand the complex social-ecological interactions that shape modern fire regimes and their conservation outcomes. In this chapter, we discuss the fire eras of North American rangelands, introduce foundational relationships between fire and wildlife habitat, and discuss potential futures for fire in wildlife management.
A Uniform Formalisation of Three-Valued Logics in Bisequent Calculus
Authors: Indrzejczak Andrzej , Petrukhin Yaroslav 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe present a uniform characterisation of three-valued logics by means of bisequent calculus (BSC). It is a generalised form of sequent calculus (SC) where rules operate on the ordered pairs of ordinary sequents. BSC may be treated as the weakest kind of system in the rich family of generalised SC operating on items being some collections of ordinary sequents. This family covers several forms of hypersequent and nested sequent calculi introduced to provide decent SC for several non-classical logics. It seems that for many non-classical logics, including some many-valued, paraconsistent and modal logics, this reasonably modest generalization of standard SC is sufficient. In this paper we examine a variety of three-valued logics and show how they can be formalised in the framework of bisequent calculus. All provided systems are cut-free and satisfy the subformula property. Also the interpolation theorem is constructively proved for some logics.
Verification of NP-Hardness Reduction Functions for Exact Lattice Problems
Authors: Kreuzer Katharina , Nipkow Tobias 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper describes the formal verification of NP-hardness reduction functions of two key problems relevant in algebraic lattice theory: the closest vector problem and the shortest vector problem, both in the infinity norm. The formalization uncovered a number of problems with the existing proofs in the literature. The paper describes how these problems were corrected in the formalization. The work was carried out in the proof assistant Isabelle.
Confluence Criteria for Logically Constrained Rewrite Systems
Authors: Schöpf Jonas , Middeldorp Aart 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNumerous confluence criteria for plain term rewrite systems are known. For logically constrained rewrite system, an attractive extension of term rewriting in which rules are equipped with logical constraints, much less is known. In this paper we extend the strongly-closed and (almost) parallel-closed critical pair criteria of Huet and Toyama to the logically constrained setting. We discuss the challenges for automation and present , a new tool for logically constrained rewriting in which the confluence criteria are implemented, together with experimental data.
Combining Combination Properties: An Analysis of Stable Infiniteness, Convexity, and Politeness
Authors: Toledo Guilherme V. , Zohar Yoni , Barrett Clark 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe make two contributions to the study of theory combination in satisfiability modulo theories. The first is a table of examples for the combinations of the most common model-theoretic properties in theory combination, namely stable infiniteness, smoothness, convexity, finite witnessability, and strong finite witnessability (and therefore politeness and strong politeness as well). All of our examples are sharp, in the sense that we also offer proofs that no theories are available within simpler signatures. This table significantly progresses the current understanding of the various properties and their interactions. The most remarkable example in this table is of a theory over a single sort that is polite but not strongly polite (the existence of such a theory was only known until now for two-sorted signatures). The second contribution is a new combination theorem showing that in order to apply polite theory combination, it is sufficient for one theory to be stably infinite and strongly finitely witnessable, thus showing that smoothness is not a critical property in this combination method. This result has the potential to greatly simplify the process of showing which theories can be used in polite combination, as showing stable infiniteness is considerably simpler than showing smoothness.