bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dipole cosmology: the Copernican paradigm beyond FLRW
Authors: Krishnan Chethan , Mondol Ranjini , Sheikh-Jabbari M.M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We introduce the dipole cosmological principle, the idea that the Universe is a maximally Copernican cosmology, compatible with a cosmic flow. It serves as the most symmetric paradigm that generalizes the FLRW ansatz, in light of the increasingly numerous (but still tentative) hints that have emerged in the last two decades for a non-kinematic component in the CMB dipole. Einstein equations in our “dipole cosmology” are still ordinary differential equations — but instead of the two Friedmann equations, now we have four. The two new functions can be viewed as an anisotropic scale factor that breaks the isotropy group from SO(3) to U(1), and a “tilt” that captures the cosmic flow velocity. The result is an axially isotropic, tilted Bianchi V/VII_h cosmology. We assess the possibility of model building within the dipole cosmology paradigm, and discuss the dynamics of expansion rate, anisotropic shear and tilt, in various examples. A key observation is that the cosmic flow (tilt) can grow even while the anisotropy (shear) dies down. Remarkably, this can happen even in an era of late time acceleration.
Beyond alpha band: prestimulus local oscillation and interregional synchrony of the beta band shape the temporal perception of the audiovisual beep-flash stimulus
Authors: Jiang Zeliang , An Xingwei , Liu Shuang , Yin Erwei , Yan Ye , Ming Dong 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objective. Multisensory integration is more likely to occur if the multimodal inputs are within a narrow temporal window called temporal binding window (TBW). Prestimulus local neural oscillations and interregional synchrony within sensory areas can modulate cross-modal integration. Previous work has examined the role of ongoing neural oscillations in audiovisual temporal integration, but there is no unified conclusion. This study aimed to explore whether local ongoing neural oscillations and interregional audiovisual synchrony modulate audiovisual temporal integration. Approach. The human participants performed a simultaneity judgment (SJ) task with the beep-flash stimuli while recording electroencephalography. We focused on two stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) conditions where subjects report ∼50% proportion of synchronous responses in auditory- and visual-leading SOA (A50V and V50A). Main results. We found that the alpha band power is larger in synchronous response in the central-right posterior and posterior sensors in A50V and V50A conditions, respectively. The results suggested that the alpha band power reflects neuronal excitability in the auditory or visual cortex, which can modulate audiovisual temporal perception depending on the leading sense. Additionally, the SJs were modulated by the opposite phases of alpha (5–10 Hz) and low beta (14–20 Hz) bands in the A50V condition while the low beta band (14–18 Hz) in the V50A condition. One cycle of alpha or two cycles of beta oscillations matched an auditory-leading TBW of ∼86 ms, while two cycles of beta oscillations matched a visual-leading TBW of ∼105 ms. This result indicated the opposite phases in the alpha and beta bands reflect opposite cortical excitability, which modulated the audiovisual SJs. Finally, we found stronger high beta (21–28 Hz) audiovisual phase synchronization for synchronous response in the A50V condition. The phase synchrony of the beta band might be related to maintaining information flow between visual and auditory regions in a top-down manner. Significance. These results clarified whether and how the prestimulus brain state, including local neural oscillations and functional connectivity between brain regions, affects audiovisual temporal integration.
Array of time-of-flight diamond detectors for particle discrimination in laser driven p-11B fusion experiments
Authors: Verona C. , Marinelli M. , Raso A.M. , Verona Rinati G. , Cirrone G.A.P. , Petringa G. , Giuffrida L. , Dostál J. , Krupka M. , Consoli F. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The detection of radiation emission in laser induced plasma experiments is an helpful
method for gaining information on the physics of laser-matter interaction. Time-of-Flight (TOF)
approach is a powerful and effective method to obtain timely spectra of particles accelerated from
laser-generated plasma. To this respect, diamond-based detectors are very attractive due to their
interesting features such as fast signal collection time, signal proportional to the energy
deposited by the incident radiation, blindness to visible radiation, high radiation hardness and
low leakage current at room temperature operation. Unfortunately, they cannot supply
discrimination on the species of the incoming ions, but only their energies. This may be overcome
using specific filtering foils to exploit the different stopping powers of ions of different
species and energies. In this work we describe the method to distinguish particles using an array
of TOF diamond detectors. A first prototype array, consisting of 2×2 diamond detectors, nominally
identical and featuring by aluminum filters of different thicknesses, was developed and
preliminary tested at PALS facility in Prague.
High Power Targetry R&D and support for future generation accelerator
Authors: Pellemoine F. , Ammigan K. , Barbier C. , Yonehara K. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A high-power target system is a key beam element to complete future High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. The target endures high power pulsed beam, leading to high cycle thermal stresses/pressures and thermal shocks. The increased beam power will also create significant challenges such as corrosion and radiation damage that can cause harmful effects on the material and degrade their mechanical and thermal properties during irradiation. This can eventually lead to the failure of the material and drastically reduce the lifetime of targets and beam intercepting devices.
Designing a reliable target is already a challenge for MW class facilities today and has led several major accelerator facilities to operate at lower power due to target concerns. With present plans to increase beam power for next generation accelerator facilities in the next decade and the multi-year time-scale to acquire the knowledge on material behavior under such extreme environment, timely R&D of robust high-power targets is critical to fully secure the physics benefits of ambitious accelerator power upgrades.
The next generation of high-power targets for future accelerators will use more complex geometries, novel materials, and new concepts allowing better high heat flux cooling methods. Advanced numerical simulations need to be developed to satisfy the physical design requirements of reliable beam-intercepting devices. In parallel, radiation hardened beam instrumentation irradiation methods for high-power targets must be further developed. Additional irradiation facilities are needed since only a few facilities worldwide offer beams for target testing, and the beam provided may not be appropriate for the specific facility or project.
Thus, a comprehensive research and development program must be implemented to address the challenges that multi-MW targets face.
Interface study on the effect of oxygen/nitrogen ratio in Ni/Ti multilayer deposited by reactive sputtering
Authors: Zhao Shinuan , Zhu Jingtao , Yang Zehua , Zhu Yunping , Sun Hang , Zhao Li 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Since the growth morphology along and perpendicular to the interface is important for supermirror applications, the dependence of this on the reactive gas has been investigated in Ni/Ti multilayers prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering with variable O2/N2 ratios. The interface properties are characterized by GIXRR, XDS, and TEM measurements. Compared to the case without O2, the presence of 20% O2 in the deposition of Ni layers contributes to smooth and abrupt interfaces. It also suppresses the accumulation of interfacial roughness with the increasing number of layers. However, the abundant oxygen content results in a striking degradation of interface quality associated with the crystallization evolution. Moreover, the lateral correlation length of interfacial roughness exhibits a consistent tendency with the grain size as the oxygen content increases. Following the XPS depth profiles, although N2 and O2 gases were applied in the Ni layer deposition, the N and O were only detected in the Ti layers as the compound for the high chemical activity of Ti. The elemental form in the Ni layers corresponds to the crystalline structure inferred by XRD measurements.
Sensitivity and specificity of thromboelastography for hyperfibrinolysis: Comparison of TEG 5000 and TEG 6S CK LY30 systems
Authors: Fuja Christine , Carll Timothy C , Mikrut Krzysztof , Wool Geoffrey D 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objectives
The sensitivity and specificity of clot lysis at 30 minutes after maximum clot strength (LY30), as measured by thromboelastography (TEG), for clinically significant hyperfibrinolysis have not been compared across the 2 US Food and Drug Administration–approved instruments (the TEG 5000 and TEG 6s [Haemonetics]).

Methods
We performed a retrospective, single-center analysis of these 2 instruments using the kaolin (CK) reagent.

Results
Local verification studies showed that the TEG 5000 and TEG 6s CK LY30 upper limits of normal (ULNs) were distinct (5.0% and 3.2%, respectively). Retrospective analysis of patient data showed that abnormal LY30 was 6 times more prevalent with the TEG 6s than with the TEG 5000 instrument. LY30 was a significant predictor of mortality with both instruments (TEG 6s: receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area under the curve [AUC] = 0.836, P ≤ .0001; TEG 5000: ROC AUC = 0.779, P = .028). The optimal LY30 cut point was determined based on these mortality data for each instrument. The TEG 6s showed superior mortality prediction than the TEG 5000 at lower LY30 levels (≥10%), with likelihood ratios of 8.22 and 2.62 for the TEG 6s and TEG 5000, respectively. Patients with a TEG 6s CK LY30 of 10% or higher were significantly more likely to die, receive cryoprecipitate, receive transfusions, or receive massive transfusion than patients with a TEG 6s LY30 of 3.3% to 9.9% (all P &lt; .01). Patients with a TEG 5000 LY30 of 17.1% or higher were significantly more likely to die or use cryoprecipitate (P &lt; .05); transfusion and massive transfusion protocol were not significantly different. Whole blood spiking studies showed that 70 ng/mL tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) achieved an average LY30 of approximately 10% for both instruments.

Conclusions
CK LY30 above the ULN is a sensitive but not specific cutoff for hyperfibrinolysis. At least moderately elevated CK LY30 carries more clinical portent on the TEG 6s instrument than on the TEG 5000. These TEG instruments are not sensitive to low concentrations of tPA.
Significance of concurrent HPV testing with unsatisfactory Papanicolaou test for prediction of follow-up HPV, Papanicolaou test, and biopsy results
Authors: Connelly Courtney F , Collins Nikosa , Cimic Adela , Baskota Swikrity U 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Approximately 1% to 2% of routine cytologic specimens collected for Papanicolaou testing are unsatisfactory for evaluation. The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology 2019 guidelines recommend repeat testing within 2 to 4 months of an unsatisfactory Papanicolaou test (UPT) result.

Methods
We evaluated the utility of follow-up Papanicolaou testing, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, and biopsy in 258 cases of UPTs.

Results
High-risk HPV testing was positive in 17.4% (n = 45) and negative in 82.6% (n = 213) of cases at the time of initial UPT; 8.1% (n = 21) of cases had discordant HPV test results. Similarly, 3.8% (n = 8) of initially HPV-negative cases were reported to be HPV-positive on follow-up; 28.9% (n = 13) of initially HPV-positive cases were reported to be HPV negative on follow-up. In total, 27.1% (n = 70) of cases underwent biopsy. Biopsies with significant findings were present in 40% (n = 12) of HPV-positive cases and 7.5% (n = 3) of HPV-negative cases. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN-1]) was the most significant finding in all 3 HPV-negative biopsies; 58.3% (n = 7) of HPV-positive biopsies showed LSIL (CIN-1), 13.3% (n = 4) showed HSIL (high-grade CIN), and 3.3% (n = 1) showed invasive carcinoma. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of concurrent HPV testing at the time of UPT for predicting follow-up HPV test result within 1 year of initial UPT are 80.0%, 94.0%, 71.1%, and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of initial HPV test results for predicting follow-up Papanicolaou test results are 67.7%, 89.7%, 48.8%, and 95.0%, respectively.

Results
Concurrent HPV testing in the setting of UPT can be a sensitive tool for predicting follow-up HPV status and significant findings of squamous intraepithelial lesions on follow-up Papanicolaou tests and biopsy.
Short Course Training on a Quality Management System for Pathologists, Trainees, and Histotechnologists During the African Pathology Assembly
Authors: Guarner Jeannette , Hale Martin John , Milner Danny A , Nelson Ann Marie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Provide quality management training in anatomic pathology so that slides are of adequate quality and can be interpreted.

Methods
During the first African Pathology Assembly, we performed a needs assessment and knowledge quizzes, then presented 4 modules of the quality management system (personnel management, process control, sample management, and equipment) that are used to train quality in vertical programs by the World Health Organization.

Results
Participants included 14 (34%) trainees, 14 (34%) pathologists, and 9 (22%) technologists from South Africa (11), Nigeria (6), Tanzania (4), and other countries (18). Thirty (73%) participants took the course because they had interest in the topic while 6 (15%) did it because it was recommended by a supervisor. Most participants thought that the quality of slides was medium to high in their institution and that clinicians trust results. The most frequent quality issues cited included problems from processing to staining, long turnaround times, and preanalytical issues (fixation, lack of clinical history). The average result of the knowledge quiz was 6.7 (range, 2-10) before (38 participants) the course and 8.3 (range, 5-10) after (30 participants) the course.

Conclusions
This assessment suggests there is a need for quality management courses in pathology in Africa.
The role of within-plant variation in nectar production: an experimental approach
Authors: Maldonado Michelle , Fornoni Juan , Boege Karina , Pérez Ishiwara Rubén , Santos-Gally Rocío , Domínguez César A 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background and aims
Nectar, a plant reward for pollinators, can be energetically expensive. Hence, a higher investment in nectar production can lead to reduced allocation to other vital functions and/or increased geitonogamous pollination. One possible strategy employed by plants to reduce these costs is to offer variable amounts of nectar among flowers within a plant, to manipulate pollinator behaviour. Using artificial flowers, we tested this hypothesis by examining how pollinator visitation responds to inter- and intra-plant variation in nectar production, assessing how these responses impact the energetic cost per visit.

Methods
We conducted a 2 × 2 factorial experiment using artificial flowers, with two levels of nectar investment (high and low sugar concentration) and two degrees of intra-plant variation in nectar concentration (coefficient of variation 0 and 20 %). The experimental plants were exposed to visits (number and type) from a captive Bombus impatiens colony, and we recorded the total visitation rate, distinguishing geitonogamous from exogamous visits. Additionally, we calculated two estimators of the energetic cost per visit and examined whether flowers with higher nectar concentrations (richer flowers) attracted more bumblebees.

Key Results
Plants in the variable nectar production treatment (coefficient of variation 20 %) had a greater proportion of flowers visited by pollinators, with higher rates of total, geitonogamous and exogamous visitation, compared with plants with invariable nectar production. When assuming no nectar reabsorption, variable plants incurred a lower cost per visit compared with invariable plants. Moreover, highly rewarding flowers on variable plants had higher rates of pollination visits compared with flowers with few rewards.

Conclusions
Intra-plant variation in nectar concentration can represent a mechanism for pollinator manipulation, enabling plants to decrease the energetic costs of the interaction while still ensuring consistent pollinator visitation. However, our findings did not provide support for the hypothesis that intra-plant variation in nectar concentration acts as a mechanism to avoid geitonogamy. Additionally, our results confirmed the hypothesis that increased visitation to variable plants is dependent on the presence of flowers with nectar concentration above the mean.
Understanding Platysma Muscle Contraction Pattern and Its Relationship to Platysmal Banding: A Real-Time Ultrasound Study
Authors: Calomeni Mariana , Alfertshofer Michael , Moellhoff Nicholas , Freytag David L , Nikolis Andreas , Biesman Brian , Davidovic Kristina , Schelke Leonie , Velthuis Peter J , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Addressing neck contouring with surgical and nonsurgical aesthetic procedures includes understanding the origin of platysmal banding. A theory was postulated to explain this phenomenon by isometric vs isotonic muscular contraction patterns. However, no scientific proof had been provided to date for its correctness.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to confirm the correctness of the platysmal banding theory based on isometric vs isotonic muscular contractions.

Methods
Eighty platysma muscles from 40 volunteers (15 males and 25 females) were investigated (mean age 41.8; SD 15.2 years; mean BMI of 22.2; SD 2.3 kg/m2). Real-time ultrasound imaging was utilized to measure the increase in local muscle thickness inside and outside of a platysmal band as well as platysma mobility.

Results
Within a platysmal band, the local thickness of the muscle increases during muscular contractions by 0.33 mm (37.9%; P &lt; .001). Outside of a platysmal band the thickness of the platysma muscle decreased by 0.13 mm (20.3%; P &lt; .001). It was identified that within a platysmal band no gliding was detectable, whereas outside of a band an average muscle gliding of 2.76 mm was observed.

Conclusions
The results confirm the correctness of the isometric vs isotonic platysma muscle contraction pattern theory: isotonic muscle contraction (gliding without increase in tension and therefore in muscle thickness) vs isometric muscle contraction (no gliding but increase in tension and therefore in muscle thickness). These 2 types of contraction patterns occur within the platysma simultaneously and are an indicator for zones of adhesion in the neck to guide surgical and nonsurgical aesthetic procedures.

Level of Evidence: 4
EnGens: a computational framework for generation and analysis of representative protein conformational ensembles
Authors: Conev Anja , Rigo Mauricio Menegatti , Devaurs Didier , Fonseca André Faustino , Kalavadwala Hussain , de Freitas Martiela Vaz , Clementi Cecilia , Zanatta Geancarlo , Antunes Dinler Amaral , Kavraki Lydia E 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that perform vital functions in cells. A protein structure determines its function, but this structure is not static, as proteins change their conformation to achieve various functions. Understanding the conformational landscapes of proteins is essential to understand their mechanism of action. Sets of carefully chosen conformations can summarize such complex landscapes and provide better insights into protein function than single conformations. We refer to these sets as representative conformational ensembles. Recent advances in computational methods have led to an increase in the number of available structural datasets spanning conformational landscapes. However, extracting representative conformational ensembles from such datasets is not an easy task and many methods have been developed to tackle it. Our new approach, EnGens (short for ensemble generation), collects these methods into a unified framework for generating and analyzing representative protein conformational ensembles. In this work, we: (1) provide an overview of existing methods and tools for representative protein structural ensemble generation and analysis; (2) unify existing approaches in an open-source Python package, and a portable Docker image, providing interactive visualizations within a Jupyter Notebook pipeline; (3) test our pipeline on a few canonical examples from the literature. Representative ensembles produced by EnGens can be used for many downstream tasks such as protein–ligand ensemble docking, Markov state modeling of protein dynamics and analysis of the effect of single-point mutations.
OralsO01 Loss of TGFBR2 and activation of PI3 kinase signalling is associated with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Treanor-Taylor Mairi , Zhang Ying , Schreyer Daniel  , Harwood Catherine , Leigh Irene  , Bailey Peter , Wotton David , Inman Gareth 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) can be a relatively low-risk cancer type as it is typically curable upon surgical resection; however, in advanced cases, treatment options are lacking and patient outcomes are poor. The molecular mechanisms that drive metastasis and the associated targets for therapeutic intervention are yet to be determined. To investigate drivers of metastatic cSCC, we undertook whole-genome sequencing of matched primary and metastatic cSCC samples from two patients. Analysis of single nucleotide variants and copy number changes revealed the high tumour mutational burden of this cancer type due to ultraviolet-induced DNA damage, highlighting the challenge faced in filtering out passenger mutations and identifying oncogenic events. Variations unique to the metastases were obtained, and their pathogenicity was assessed. Damaging mutations were found in transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and genes in the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, specifically PTEN, PIK3R1 and PIK3CA, which have previously occurred in cancer samples included in COSMIC, cBioPortal, Cancer Hotspots and Genomic Data Commons. To validate functionally the role of TGFBR2 and PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway mutations in skin cancers, we generated conditional, inducible Ptenfl/fl;K14Cre+, Pten+/fl;Tgfbr2fl/fl;K14Cre+ and Ptenfl/fl;Tgfbr2fl/fl; K14Cre+ mice. Loss of both Tgfbr2 and Pten in mice was associated with increased proliferation (P = 2.1 × 106), invasion, lymph node metastases and poorer tumour-free (P &lt; 9.0 × 107) and overall survival (P &lt; 2.0 × 106). These data showcase the role of transforming growth factor-β and PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathways on the development of metastatic cSCC.