bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte Transformation Induced by Chemical Modification of Membrane Components
Authors: Beyer Carl F. , Bowers William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reliable culture conditions and a valid 3H-thymidine labeling procedure were established for studies on the in vitro response of rat lymph node cells to treatment with the mitogen, sodium periodate. Six days after an initial periodate stimulation of rat lymph node cells (by which time all blasts have reverted to “secondary” lymphocytes and 3H-thymidine incorporation has declined to near background levels) the surviving cells were restimulated either directly, i.e., by retreatment of all the cells with periodate, or indirectly, i.e., in mixed cultures composed half of cells treated against with periodate, but blocked with mitomycin C (stimulator cells) and half of cells that received no retreatment (responder cells).
Both the direct and indirect restimulation responses were faster and of greater magnitude than the corresponding initial responses. The magnitude of indirect restimulation was about 36% of that of direct restimulation. Reduction of the periodate-induced aldehyde groups with sodium borohydride abolished both the direct and indirect restimulation responses. The greater magnitude of the indirect restimulation response as compared with the initial indirect response was due to an enhanced ability of the secondary lymphocytes to respond rather than to an enhanced ability to stimulate.
The responding cells in periodate-restimulated cultures were the progeny of the cells that had responded initially. Concanavalin A also restimulated at least some of the periodate progeny cells, and in addition stimulated some cells that had not responded to periodate initially. Cells from cultures initially stimulated by periodate were able to serve as indirect restimulators of cells initially stimulated by either periodate or concanavalin A. In contrast, cells initially stimulated by concanavalin A (and then treated with mitomycin C and periodate) could restimulate neither type of responder.
Neonatal Tolerance Induction across Regions of H-2 Complex
Authors: Streilein J. Wayne , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Regions of the H-2 complex were evaluated for their capacity to resist neonatal tolerance induction. Congenic recombinant strains and mutants were employed to study K, I, and D region disparity. It was found that tolerance could be induced to differences at each region; however, the K region of the H-2 complex is not only highly immunogenic, but markedly resistant to neonatal tolerance induction. This is especially apparent when the host is derived from B10 stocks, even though the MHC haplotypes involved are not H-2b indicating that genetic factors unlinked to the MHC clearly play an important role in determining the ease of neonatal tolerance induction.
Characterization of a Feline Leukemia Viral Cell Membrane Antigen Reactive with Feline Sera
Authors: Ruscetti Sandra K. , Parks Wade P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cats which have been infected with FeLV and which have recovered without disease or persistent viremia are at a low to negligible risk for subsequent development of FeLV-associated neoplasia. To evaluate the immunologic correlates of this protection, cat sera from various free-living populations were shown by immunoprecipitation of FL74 cell surface proteins to react with an 85,000 dalton cell surface protein, p85. All sera from non-viremic cats with FL74 cell membrane immunofluorescence reactivity greater than 1:32 precipitated p85. The reactivity of p85 and concomitant cell membrane reactivity could be completely removed from serum with freshly purified, undisrupted FeLV and could be blocked with specific antisera to known virion envelope glycoproteins, demonstrating that p85 contains determinants of the FeLV envelope glycoprotein. The reactivity to p85 could also be removed with FeLV-infected feline and nonfeline cells but not with cells nonproductively transformed by the feline sarcoma virus. These data strongly suggest that a major cell membrane antibody in feline sera is directed to the major FeLV envelope glycoprotein expressed on the surface of cells infected with FeLV but not FeSV. The relationship of this reactivity to the previously and presently defined anti-“FOCMA” reactivity is discussed.
Human T Lymphocyte Receptors for IgM: Reactivity with Monomeric 8S Subunit
Authors: Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Gonnot Martine , Tsapis Andreas , Brouet Jean-Claude , Mihaesco Constantin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Up to 75% of T lymphocytes in human peripheral blood bear receptors for the Fc fragment of IgM which are easily detectable by a rosette assay (T.µ rosettes)2 (1, 2). These cells appear to belong to a subpopulation different from that of T lymphocytes with IgG Fc receptors, with distinct characteristics and functions (3, 4). IgM appears to bind to the T cell receptors by its C4 domain (5). The question of whether the receptor site on T cells binds monomeric IgM or not has important physiologic implications. In the present experiments, and in contrast to the conclusions of a previous report (6) that suggested specificity for pentameric IgM, we have found that unreduced monomeric 8S human IgM is a more effective inhibitor of T.µ rosette formation than pentameric 19S IgM. In another series of experiments, erythrocytes coated either with 8S or with 19S IgM antibodies were used for T.µ rosette formation and these experiments confirmed that monomeric IgM readily binds to the T cell receptors.
The Hypersensitiveness Following Injections of Placental Extracts
Authors: Smith George H. , Musselman L. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a short note published in 1915, by d'Herelle and Géry (1) data are presented which indicate that by means of a suitably designed anaphylactic experiment it is possible to differentiate between ale and female human sera. In the experiments reporteu gumea pigs received, as a sensitizing injection, an aqueous extract of human placental tissue. After a suitable incubation period, varying from thirty-five to forty-seven days, these guinea pigs were reinjected, by the intravenous route, with human sera; some receiving male serum, other receiving female serum. The results recorded indicate that the female serum induced an acute and fatal shock whereas with the male human serum the guinea pigs failed to manifest the symptom complex of anaphylaxis.
In the more recent reviews of the literature of anaphylaxis no mention is made of these experiments nor does there appear to have been a confirmation of these results.
Immunity to Pneumococcus Produced in Rats by Feeding Them the Germ
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rats which are fed the living pneumococci from 50 cc. culture per day are considerably more resistant to intraperitoneal injections of the same organism than are untreated control animals. The degree of protection is as good, although not so regular as, that previously reported as having been obtained when the tissues of animals killed by pneumococcus were fed. Rats which are fed the heat killed pneumococci (80°C., two hours) in the same quantities show a decidedly inferior degree of immunity.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The “epidemic” form of bronchial asthma described by G. Ancona in Florence has been studied there with respect to the nature of the skin reactivity, and also in order to see whether the blood of the affected individuals contains atopic reagins. The cutaneous reaction was found to be different from that of atopic hypersensitiveness; (a) because it is quite inconstant and (b) because it is exhibited upon surface application of the excitant. Sensitizing bodies could not be demonstrated in the blood of either of the 2 sensitive individuals presenting a markedly positive skin reaction. The “epidemic” form of asthma must be placed in a special category, since it differs from the inherited form and also from the “non-sensitive” group of Cooke.
Response of Orally Immunized Rats to a Second Injection of Pneumococcus and the Minimum Duration of Immunity
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. The results obtained in the immunization of rats against intraperitoneal injections of pneumococcus, Type I, by feeding either the tissues of animals killed by that organism or by feeding the living organisms, have been reported elsewhere (1, 2). It has been demonstrated that rats so treated possess a degree of immunity which enables them to tolerate an intraperitoneal injection of 1000 or more times the dose which kills controls. Most of the animals which thus survived were kept and tested a second time. The interval of time elapsing between the first and second tests varied from one to four months. The object was to learn whether a second injection, approximately equal to the first, can be tolerated and if so how long after the first. The results of such an experiment do not indicate how long the immunity originally conferred lasts.
Studies in Microbic Heredity
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Jost Elizabeth L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. The inagglutinability of freshly isolated typhoid bacilli is a well established fact, but despite the many explanations that have been suggested for the phenomenon, according to Zinsser (1916) “no satisfactory solution has been found.” From his review of the experimental evidence Zinsser takes the position—which is now the conventional one—that contact of the organisms with immune sera or exudates is a prerequisite for the acquisition of inagglutinability. Substantiating this point of view is the fact that typhoid organisms isolated from the stools of patients are rarely inagglutinable while those isolated from the blood are commonly so.
In any event, such changes of state with these organisms are conventionally referred to metabolic or physico-chemical influences. Hereditary considerations have been ignored or supposed to be contravened by the evidence. It is our purpose to submit evidence showing that the factors producing inagglutinable strains from agglutinable ones, or vice versa, have nothing specifically to do with immune sera or exudates since they will occur regularly in their absence.
Studies in Microbic Heredity
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Introduction. The large number of contributions in recent years to the subject of bacterial variability, especially in its bearing on the specificity of serologic reactions attests the serious consideration that the subject deserves. As one who has had an abiding interest in the field of bacterial genetics for many years I believe these practical applications of variability will yield most when correlated with the newer knowledge of the general biology of bacteria.
Krumwiede, Cooper and Provost (1925) while devoting generous space to the subject as it affects the application of the agglutinin-absorption test consider it in a singularly detached fashion. While such treatment is perhaps adequate for their purpose it cannot but be handicapped by virtue of the proscriptions thrown about the interpretations.
From the earliest days of bacteriology the doctrines of monomorphism in practically an absolute sense have underlaid all of our knowledge of their biology. Division by tranverse fission, and the formation of heat resisting spores practically told the story of the life history of bacteria.
The Sensitization of Pigeons to Foreign Proteins
Authors: Gahringer John Edward 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The pigeon is readily sensitized to a foreign protein as here demonstrated by the use of dog's serum. When the most favorable sensitizing and critical doses are used, a demonstrable induced sensitiveness occurs on the fourth day, increases rapidly to the tenth day, and reaches a maximum by the twentieth day. It then decreases gradually to disappear between the sixtieth and seventieth days. When single or multiple shock reactions are induced in the pigeon, each and every reaction is followed by a definite period of insensitiveness. The primary change in blood coagulability during anaphylactic shock is an increase in coagulability, to which a decrease in coagulability is always secondary.
Improved Procedures for the Fractionation and in Vitro Stimulation of Hapten-Specific B Lymphocytes
Authors: Nossal G. J. V. , Pike Beverley L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from unimmunized adult CBA mice were subjected to fractionation procedures dependent on their capacity to adhere to monolayers or erythrocytes on which the haptenic determinant NIP was exposed. Subsequent to removal of adherent antigen, in vitro analysis for anti-NIP precursors was performed by culture at limiting dilution in a microculture system with thymus cells as a “filler” population and by using the “T-independent” antigen NIP-POL to induce antibody formation. Cultures were harvested and assayed for anti-NIP-specific PFC after 3 to 7 days and the frequency of clonable anti-NIP precursor B cells determined by Poisson analysis.
Whereas one cycle of NIP-gelatin fractionation produced a population in which the average frequency of anti-NIP precursors was about 0.04, three successive cycles (two of NIP-gelatin fractionation and one of NIP-SRBC rosetting) raised this frequency to 0.28. The fact that one cell in three and one-half from a “virgin” population could make an antibody-forming clone in vitro with specificity for the hapten used in preparing the fractionated population should be helpful for many detailed studies of B cell interactions with antigen. Bearing in mind the technical limitations of lymphocyte culture and the possibility of functional heterogeneity among B lymphocytes of a given specificity, one may assume that it may not be easy to surpass this cloning efficiency by antigen fractionation alone.
Cells obtained from one cycle NIP-gelatin fractionation of neonatal germfree or SPF spleen, or adult bone marrow, behaved in vitro essentially as cells obtained by one cycle fractionation of adult spleen, strongly suggesting that the technique is applicable to virgin cell populations. Some cultures harvested later than the standard 3 to 4 day peak of direct plaque formation showed clones consisting chiefly or solely of enhancable plaques. These may have been IgG-producing clones, raising the possibility that T helper cells had been activated in vitro by the carrier POL.
The Identification of Six Mouse Lymphocyte Subpopulations by Their Natural Binding of Bacteria
Authors: Mayer Eugene P. , Chen Wen-Yuan , Dray Sheldon , Teodorescu Marius 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The natural adherence of eight strains of bacteria to mouse spleen cells is described. The bacteria used were: Arizona hinshawii, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Corynebacterium xerosis, three strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli-2, E. coli-3 and E. coli-4), and Pasteurella pestis. A strain of E. coli that did not bind naturally to spleen cells was chemically coated with anti-mouse Ig antibodies (anti-Ig Ab-E. coli) and used to identify cells with surface Ig, i.e., Ig+ cells (B cells). Cells that lacked detectable surface Ig (Ig- cells) were considered to be primarily T cells. By mixing anti-Ig Ab-E. coli and another bacteria with the lymphocytes, we found that some of the bacteria bound to either Ig+ or Ig- cell subsets and some bound to both Ig+ and Ig- cell subsets. One strain of bacteria (B. melitensis) bound to essentially all of the Ig+ cells and none of the Ig- cells. By labeling the lymphocytes with various combinations of two bacteria, we identified three Ig+ (B cell) and three Ig- (presumably T cell) lymphocyte subpopulations. B1 cells bound B. melitensis, B. abortus, and C. xerosis; B2 cells bound B. melitensis, A. hinshawii, C. xerosis, E. coli-2, and E. coli-4; B3 cells bound B. melitensis, P. pestis, and E. coli-2, T1 cells bound C. xerosis, E. coli-2, and E. coli-3; T2 cells bound E. coli-3 and E. coli-4. T3 cells did not bind any of the bacteria. Whereas B. melitensis, C. xerosis, E. coli-2, E. coli-3, and E. coli-4 adhered to more than one subset of lymphocytes, B. abortus, A. hinshawii, and P. pestis adhered to only a single subset—B1, B2, and B3 cells, respectively. The use of the natural adherence of bacteria to lymphocytes provides a simple method for identifying lymphocyte subpopulations and may facilitate the elucidation of the roles that lymphocyte subsets play in immune phenomena.
Antigenic Modulation in Vitro.
Authors: Stackpole Christopher W. , Jacobson Janet B. , Galuska Stefan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The acquisition of resistance by TL antibody-sensitized mouse RADA1 leukemia cells and A/J thymocytes to cytolysis in the presence of fresh TL antiserum and guinea pig C (TL antigenic modulation) required a heat-labile mouse serum factor or factors. Most mouse strains had high levels of serum-modulating activity, but the B6 strain was extremely low, and the AKR/J strain moderately low, in activity. The modulating capacity of mouse serum was also destroyed by treatment with zymosan, an immune complex, and cobra venom factor, and was partially restored to heated serum by freeze-thawing.
Human C component C3, and to a lesser extent C4, promoted modulation of cells presentitized with heated TL antiserum and cobra venom factor-treated normal serum. Similar sensitivity of modulating activity of human C3 and of mouse serum to temperatures below 37°C indicated that an analogous mouse C component, mouse C3, was required for modulation. Successful modulation by C2-deficient human serum and susceptibility of mouse serum activity to zymosan, immune complex, and cobra venom factor treatment indicated involvement of the alternative pathway of C activation. All modulating activity in mouse serum and in human C3 preparations could be absorbed onto and eluted from RADA1 cells and thymocytes. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated specific binding of mouse or human C3 to the cell surface only under conditions promoting modulation.
Modulating activity of human C3, unlike that of mouse serum, was not destroyed by heating, and modulation was achieved with the IgG fraction of TL antiserum and heated human C3, suggesting a contribution of factor B-like, C3-cleaving activity by the cells, resulting in deposition of C3 on the cell surface. Intercalation of C3 into aggregated TL antigen-antibody complexes may be required to achieve modulation.
Specific Suppression of the Immune Response by a Factor Obtained from Spleen Cells of Mice Tolerant to Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Taniguchi Masaru , Miller Jacques F. A. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigen-specific suppressive factor was extracted from spleen cells of mice made tolerant by injection of deaggregated human γ-globulin (HGG). The active material could be prepared from T cells, obtained by passaging spleen cells through an anti-immunoglobulin column, although not from cells adherent to the column nor from spleen cells pretreated with anti-Thy-1 serum and C. This factor was antigen-specific since it was retained on immunoadsorbents containing HGG, but not on columns coated with antibody to HGG or with irrelevant antigens. Despite its specificity for antigen it did not bear any classical immunoglobulin determinants. Its m.w. ranged between 30,000 and 55,000 daltons. It was a product of the I region of the major histocompatibility complex since it carried Ia determinants. The properties of this factor are very similar to those reported elsewhere for suppressive factors obtained from primed T cells, cells from nonresponder mice, and allotypespecific cells. This suggests the existence of a major class of immunoregulatory molecules, nonimmunoglobulin in nature, and responsible for the mediation of antigen-specific T cell-dependent suppression.
Suppression of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity by Splenocytes from Corynebacterium Parvum-Injected, Bone Marrow-Tolerant, and Infant Mice
Authors: Savary Cherylyn A. , Lotzova Eva 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity to YAC-1 lymphoma was investigated in mice tolerant to bone marrow grafts (BM-tolerant), Corynebacterium parvum- (C. parvum) treated mice, and infant mice. Also the comparison was made between the NK cells and the hemopoietic-resistance effector (HR-E) cells. It was found that the BM-tolerant mice and C. parvum-treated mice showed either no or markedly decreased NK cell cytotoxicity. These mice were also nonresponders to bone marrow grafts in vivo. The lack of or decreased reactivity was apparently caused by the regulatory cell activities of the suppressor cell since the splenocytes from C. parvum-treated and BM-tolerant mice suppressed significantly the cytotoxic activities of otherwise fully functional NK cells. Similar suppressive effect on NK cells was mounted by splenocytes from infant mice, indicating again the suppressor cell regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity.
C57BL/10/CR Mice: Nonresponders to Activation by the Lipid a Moiety of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: McAdam Keith P. W. J. , Ryan John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C57BL/10/CR mice do not respond to the lipid A moiety of LPS. This defect was demonstrated in vivo by a decreased production of the acute phase serum amyloid protein SAA. In addition, the defect was demonstrated in vitro by using cultures of spleen cells and peritoneal cells. No mitogenesis of spleen cells or enhanced glucose utilization by either spleen cells or peritoneal cells was observed when the cells were stimulated by lipid A or phenol-extracted Escherichia coli K235 LPS. The response of these mice to PHA, Con A, Poly I:C, 8BrcGMP, and butanol extracted E. coli K235 LPS was normal. Thus, the inability of lipid A to stimulate B lymphocyte mitogenesis and activate peritoneal cells in vitro may correlate with its inability to induce the acute phase SAA in vivo. B10/CR mice represent another strain, similar to the C3H/HeJ, which is nonresponsive to lipid A and should be useful in elucidating the mechanism by which bacterial LPS activates cells.
Defective Tumoricidal Capacity of Macrophages from C3H/HeJ Mice
Authors: Ruco Luigi P. , Meltzer Monte S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice treated i.p. with T cell mitogens or viable BCG organisms were cytotoxic to syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. Macrophages from endotoxin-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice treated with BCG or T cell mitogens, however, were not tumoricidal. Furthermore, unlike cells from C3H/HeN mice, macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice could not be activated for tumor cytotoxicity after in vitro treatment with bacterial endotoxins or with lymphokine-rich supernatants. The subnormal induction of cytotoxic macrophages after in vitro or in vivo treatments in C3H/HeJ mice appears to be a highly selective defect. Macrophage responses (yield, phagocytosis, or peroxidase staining) in inflammatory exudates induced by BCG, T cell mitogens, or heterologous serum in C3H/HeJ or C3H/HeN mice were identical. C3H/HeJ macrophages also responded normally in vitro to chemotactic lymphokines. Thus, C3H/HeJ macrophages possess a profound and selective defect in tumoricidal capacity. This defect was not dependent upon exogenous endotoxins. Defective macrophage cytotoxic responses may reflect non-LPS related functions regulated by the LPS gene.