bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigated versus conventional pediatric spinal deformity surgery: Navigation independently predicts reoperation and infectious complications
Authors: Katz Austen D. , Song Junho , Hasan Sayyida , Galina Jesse M. , Virk Sohrab , Silber Jeff Scott , Essig David , Sarwahi Vishal 
Published: July 2023

Context:
Literature on treating pediatric spinal deformity with navigation is limited, particularly using large nationally represented cohorts. Further, the comparison of single-institution data to national-level database outcomes is also lacking.

Aim:
(1) To compare navigated versus conventional posterior pediatric deformity surgery based on 30-day outcomes and perioperative factors using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database and (2) to compare the outcomes of the NSQIP navigated group to those of fluoroscopy-only and navigated cases from a single-institution.

Settings and Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Subjects and Methods:
Pediatric patients who underwent posterior deformity surgery with and without navigation were included. Primary outcomes were 30-day readmission, reoperation, morbidity, and complications. The second part of this study included AIS patients < 18 years old at a single institution between 2015 and 2019. Operative time, length of stay, transfusion rate, and complication rate were compared between single-institution and NSQIP groups.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Univariate analyses with independent t-test and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used. Multivariate analyses through the application of binary logistic regression models.

Results:
Part I of the study included 16,950 patients, with navigation utilized in 356 patients (2.1%). In multivariate analysis, navigation predicted reoperation, deep wound infection, and sepsis. After controlling for operative year, navigation no longer predicted reoperation. In Part II of the study, 288 single institution AIS patients were matched to 326 navigation patients from the NSQIP database. Operative time and transfusion rate were significantly higher for the NSQIP group.

Conclusions:
On a national scale, navigation predicted increased odds of reoperation and infectious-related events and yielded greater median relative value units (RVUs) per case but had longer operating room (OR) time and fewer RVUs-per-minute. After controlling for operative year, RVUs-per-minute and reoperation rates were similar between groups. The NSQIP navigated surgery group was associated with significantly higher operative time and transfusion rates compared to the single-institution groups.
Top-ten most-cited articles on anterior column release in the context of minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion
Authors: Gohel Paulomi , Patel Kevin P. , Lavadi Raj Swaroop , Fields Daryl P. , Agarwal Nitin , Alan Nima 
Published: July 2023

Introduction:
Lateral anterior column release (ACR) is a minimally invasive option for the correction of sagittal plane deformity. To assemble a homogeneous picture of published research on ACR, an advanced bibliometric analysis was conducted to compile the top-ten most-cited articles on the topic of ACR.

Methods:
A keyword search using the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge was conducted to identify articles discussing the role of lateral ACR. The articles were then ranked based on the total number of citations to identify the ten most-cited articles published. A subjective appraisal of the findings of these articles was conducted to provide a ranked literature review and to examine trends in the study of ACR between 2012 and 2019.

Results:
The earliest published article on ACR was in 2012 by Deukmedjian et al. Three articles were in vitro biomechanical assessments of ACR, and seven articles were on outcome analyses, which were either case series or case controlled. The most-cited article was a biomechanical study authored by Uribe et al. The article with the highest rate of citations/year was authored by Manwaring et al. Uribe and the European Spine Journal were the most frequently cited author and journal, respectively.

Conclusions:
The lateral ACR approach has enjoyed significant scholarly attention since its advent. Higher-level analyses with robust control groups, larger sample sizes, and long-term follow-up are necessary to improve our understanding of this approach.
Patient-reported outcomes after posterior surgical stabilization for thoracolumbar junction fractures: A pilot study with combined patient-reported outcome measure methodology
Authors: Demetriades Andreas K. , Chowdhury Sirajam Munira , Mavrovounis Georgios 
Published: July 2023

Background:
Thoracolumbar junction fractures (TLJFs) attract controversy for several parameters, including surgery versus conservative treatment, fusion versus stabilization, open versus percutaneous surgery, construct length, and downstream metalwork extraction.

Aims and Objectives:
The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of surgical treatment in patients with burst (AO Classification Type A4) TLJFs using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and evaluate and compare different PROMs in this clinical scenario.

Materials and Methods:
Patient records of consecutive patients who underwent posterior stabilization surgery for TLJFs were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected on demographics, medical and social history, neurological examination, and postoperative complications. Telephone interviews and a combined PROM methodology (Numerical Rating Scale [NRS], EuroQol [EQ]-5D-5L, and Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]) were utilized to assess the effectiveness of intervention. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze exposure variables and outcome measures. Spearman's rank correlation was used for the outcome measures.

Results:
Thirteen patients were included. The mean age was 42 ± 16 years; the male: female ratio was 8:5; the mean follow-up was 18.9 ± 6.4 months. The mean NRS score was 3.3 ± 2.5, in line with a median score of 2 (2) on EQ-5D-5L pain/discomfort scale. Statistically significant correlations were found between several PROMs: pain-EQ-5D-5L and NRS (rs = 0.8, P = 0.002), pain-EQ-5D-5L and ODI (rs = 0.8, P = 0.001), usual anxiety/depression-EQ-5D-5L, and ODI (rs = 0.7, P = 0.008).

Conclusion:
A combined PROM methodology showed supportive evidence for safety and efficacy in the surgical stabilization of burst TLJFs. This alleviated significant pain and prevented neurological deficit and major disability. The preliminary widespread correlation between these PROMs supports further larger studies of their combined use in clinical practice, to measure the outcomes of spine trauma patients.
The impact of demineralized bone matrix characteristics on pseudarthrosis and surgical outcomes after posterolateral lumbar decompression and fusion
Authors: Heard Jeremy C. , Lee Yunsoo , Lambrechts Mark J. , Berthiaume Emily , D'Antonio Nicholas D , Bodnar John , Paulik John , Mangan John J. , Canseco Jose A. , Kurd Mark F. , Kaye I. David , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Kepler Christopher K. , Schroeder Gregory D. , Hilibrand Alan S. 
Published: July 2023

Objectives:
The objectives of our study were to compare the fusion rates and surgical outcomes of lumbar fusion surgery based on the (1) type of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) carrier allograft, (2) the presence/absence of a carrier, and (3) the presence of bone fibers in DBM.

Methods:
Patients >18 years of age who underwent single-level posterolateral decompression and fusion (PLDF) between L3 and L5 between 2014 and 2021 were retrospectively identified. We assessed bone grafts based on carrier type (no carrier, sodium hyaluronate carrier, and glycerol carrier) and the presence of bone fibers. Fusion status was determined based on a radiographic assessment of bony bridging, screw loosening, or change in segmental lordosis >5°. Analyses were performed to assess fusion rates and surgical outcomes.

Results:
Fifty-four patients were given DBM with a hyaluronate carrier, 75 had a glycerol carrier, and 94 patients were given DBM without a carrier. DBM carrier type, bone fibers, and carrier presence had no impact on 90-day readmission rates (P = 0.195, P = 0.099, and P = 1.000, respectively) or surgical readmissions (P = 0.562, P = 0.248, and P = 0.640, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that type of carrier, presence of fibers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.106 [0.524–2.456], P = 0.797), and presence of a carrier (OR = 0.701 [0.370–1.327], P = 0.274) were also not significantly associated with successful fusion likelihood.

Conclusion:
Our study found no significant differences between DBM containing glycerol, sodium hyaluronate, or no carrier regarding fusion rates or surgical outcomes after single-level PLDF. Bone particulates versus bone fibers also had no significant differences regarding the likelihood of bony fusion.
Morphophysiology of passion-fruit seedlings in different substrates under different strategies of irrigation with brackish water
Authors: Lessa Carla Ingryd Nojosa , Sousa Geocleber Gomes de , Sousa Henderson Castelo , Lacerda Claudivan Feitosa de , Silva Alexsandro Oliveira da , Guilherme José Marcelo da Silva 
Published: July 2023

The presence of salts in the irrigation waters of the semiarid region negatively affects the production of seedlings. Thus, substrates based on carbonized rice husk are an alternative for production in saline environments, associated with irrigation management strategies with brackish water. This study evaluated the physiological responses of yellow passion-fruit seedlings as a function of irrigation strategies with brackish water in different substrates. The study was developed at the Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção, Ceará. The design was entirely randomized, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme with two substrate compositions (S1 - soil; S2 – sandy soil, sand and carbonized rice husk - 1:1:1 – volume basis) and five irrigation strategies with brackish water (IS1 - low salinity water during the entire cycle 1-65 days after sowing (DAS); and salt stress initiation at: IS2 - 11 DAS; IS3 - 16 DAS; IS4 - 21 DAS; IS5- 26 DAS), with five repetitions. Soil as a substrate was efficient for photosynthesis and chlorophyll. It also provided better results for transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf area regardless of the strategy. Internal carbon concentration and water use efficiency were higher in soil associated with saline stress at 11, 16 and 21 DAS. Under the same substrate, the stem diameter of the seedlings was greater when irrigated with lower salinity during the phase. The substrate composed of carbonized rice is associated with greater seedling height and increased leaf temperature.
Keywords: plant physiology, Passiflora edulis, salinity, substrate.
Modeling Alex Hurricane: flood map simulation applying Multisensor grid precipitation, Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: Stella Juan M. 
Published: July 2023

A simulation was carried out in the Santa Catarina River watershed, located in the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, to study flood patterns and velocity maps during the occurrence of Hurricane Alex in June-July 2010. To conduct this simulation, a two-dimensional model of the Santa Catarina River Watershed was employed using the HEC-RAS software. The model was driven by Multisensor grid precipitation data as input. Land cover and soil layers were utilized in order to obtain various parameters within the watershed, such as Curve Number, Manning Number, Abstraction Ratio, Infiltration Rate, and Percent of Impervious Land. The simulated water levels were calibrated by comparing them with observed values at the Cadereyta Hydrometric Station, which is located near the city of Monterrey. The utilization of the HEC-RAS two-dimensional model combined with Multisensor grid precipitation demonstrates that this particular model is easy to set up and is user-friendly. Moreover, the model exhibits stability and possesses the ability to accurately simulate flood patterns and velocity maps within the watershed.
Keywords: Floodmap, HEC-RAS 2D, Mexico, Monterrey, MRMS-QPE.
THIẾT KẾ VÀ PHÂN TÍCH CƠ CẤU MỀM THAY ĐỔI CHUYỂN ĐỘNG TỊNH TIẾN THÀNH CHUYỂN ĐỘNG XOAY DỰA TRÊN VI CƠ CẤU TRUYỀN ĐỘNG TĨNH ĐIỆN RĂNG LƯỢC
Authors: NGÔ TIẾN HOÀNG  
Published: July 2023

Một cơ cấu mềm có khả năng thay đổi linh hoạt chuyển động tịnh tiến thành chuyển động tròn xoay được nghiên cứu để ứng dụng trong hệ thống vi cơ điện tử (MEMS). Phương pháp để đạt được sự biến đổi chuyển động này là do sự sắp xếp đối xứng cùa hai đầu vào chuyển động tuyến tính. Chuyển động tính tiến này được cung cấp bởi cơ cấu truyền động comb-drive được sắp xếp đối xứng nhau và được treo bởi hệ thống các lò xò đối xứng. Sự chuyển động tịnh tiến được hình thành bởi lực tĩnh điện giữa răng lược di chuyển (movable comb-drive) đóng vai trò cực âm V_- và răng lược cố định (fixed comb-drive) đóng vai trò cực dương V_+. Để đạt được một tỷ số biến đổi (transduction ratio) của chuyển động xoay tròn so với chuyển động tịnh tiến, thuật toán giải thuật di truyền NSGA-II (Genetic Algorithm) được sử dụng để tối ưu hóa thiết kế cho đường cong tham số Bézier. Trong nghiên cứu này, vật liệu tổng hợp (composite materials) bao gồm một lớp kim loại và lớp Silicon dioxide 〖SiO〗_2 phủ trên và dưới bề mặt lớp kim loại được sử dụng để chế tạo cơ cấu mềm này. Với sự đột phá trong MEMS, cơ cấu mềm này có thể được sử dụng trong một số các ứng dụng vi quang học như bộ chuyển mạch quang học, đo đạc các nhiễu xạ, bộ giảm cường độ quang học, v.v… Phân tích phần tử hữu hạn (FEA) được thực hiện để dự đoán các hành vi của cơ cấu. Tỷ số truyền biến đổi chuyển động đạt được xấp xỉ khoảng 1.2 độ/µm. Để đáp ứng cho việc gia công chế tạo, cơ cấu mềm tích hợp mạch điện điều khiển sẽ được thiết kế trên phần mềm Cadence Virtuoso. Dựa vào các kết quả mô phỏng cho thấy sự dịch chuyển theo phương z (out-of-plane) tại vi trí đĩa xoay là rất nhỏ, điều này chứng tỏ cơ cấu không bị xoắn, võng khi điện áp được đặt vào. Ngoài ra, ứng suất sinh ra trong cơ cấu mềm nhỏ hơn rất nhiều so với ứng suất cho phép của vật liệu. Một hệ thống thí nghiệm được trình bày để xác định khả năng làm việc của cơ cấu.
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐÁNH GIÁ CÁC MÔ HÌNH TRONG CHẨN ĐOÁN SỰ CỐ TRONG HỆ THỐNG CHILLER
Authors: TRẦN ĐÌNH ANH TUẤN  
Published: July 2023

Một mô hình tham số đặc tính chính xác sẽ có vai trò then chốt trong việc nâng cao tỷ lệ chính xác của quá trình phát hiện và chẩn đoán lỗi trong hệ thống chiller. Vì vậy trong nghiên cứu này đã thực hiện so sánh đánh giá 3 phương pháp MLR, GRNN và RBFNN đóng vai trò là mô hình tham số để mô hình hóa các đặc tính hoạt động của chiller. Hai chỉ số thống kê là R2 và RMSE được sử dụng là tiêu chí đánh giá mô hình ở giai đoạn huấn luyện mô hình. Sau đó, kết hợp với phương pháp t-test cùng với quy luật chẩn đoán để nghiên cứu khảo sát và đánh giá khả năng phát hiện chẩn đoán của 3 mô hình. Bộ dữ liệu thực nghiệm thường được sử dụng hầu hết cho hướng nghiên cứu phát hiện chẩn đoán sự cố trong hệ thống chiller của ASHRAE RP-1043 đã được sử dụng trong nghiên cứu này. Nghiên cứu tiến hành khảo sát đánh giá 3 mô hình với 3 trường hợp tiêu biểu là “Chiller hoạt động bình thường” và 2 sự cố thường xuất hiện trong hệ thống chiller “Thiếu môi chất lạnh”, “Tắc thiết bị ngưng tụ”. Kết quả của nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng, RBFNN và GRNN là một chiến lược rất thiết thực và có độ chính xác cao.
XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG TỰ ĐỘNG GIẢI ĐÁP THẮC MẮC VỀ QUY ĐỊNH HỌC TẬP TẠI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CÔNG NGHIỆP BẰNG KỸ THUẬT HỌC SÂU
Authors: ĐẶNG THỊ PHÚC  , NGUYỄN THANH LONG  , ĐẶNG VĂN NGHIÊM  , TRẦN THỊ MINH KHOA  
Published: July 2023

Hiện nay, đối với trường đại học có quy mô lớn như Đại học Công nghiệp TPHCM, số lượng quy định, quy chế, thông báo rất lớn và cập nhật thường xuyên dẫn đến việc tìm hiểu và nắm bắt nội dung trở nên khó khăn. Trong bài báo, chúng tôi xây dựng hệ thống tự động trả lời câu hỏi dựa trên nội dung của các file văn bản bằng kỹ thuật deep learning. Hệ thống trích chọn thông tin từ câu hỏi, đưa vào là các từ khoá và trả về đoạn văn bản liên quan bằng thuật toán BM25. Ứng với đoạn văn bản có độ liên quan cao nhất, mô hình deep learning được huấn luyện để trích xuất ra câu trả lời tương ứng. Mô hình được huấn luyện dựa trên bộ dữ liệu huấn luyện với 10000 và bộ dữ liệu test 1600 cặp câu hỏi và câu trả lời tương ứng từ các đoạn văn bản được lấy từ các thông báo, quy định, quy chế của nhà trường. Chúng tôi tinh chỉnh các mô hình deep learning để huấn luyện và đánh giá, dựa trên hiệu quả và độ chính xác để lựa chọn mô hình tối ưu nhất. Kết quả độ chính xác đạt được theo F1-score của mô hình BERT là 73.93%, RoBERTa là 75.59% PhoBERT là 45.13% và DistilBERT là 72.95%. Mô hình RoBERTa được lựa chọn với tốc độ huấn luyện và độ chính xác cao nhất và được triển khai lên hệ thống để đánh giá kết quả.
“sueño” de ser futbolista.
Authors: Czesli Federico , Murzi Diego 
Published: July 2023

Este artículo se centra en el proceso de formación de futbolistas varones en Argentina. Luego de haber analizado en trabajos anteriores distintas dimensiones sobre las que se sostiene el proceso de profesionalización de futbolistas en clubes argentinos, mexicanos y franceses, en este texto abordamos la construcción y reproducción del “sueño” de llegar a futbolista profesional, a través de un abordaje etnográfico realizado en un club de la cuarta división de Argentina.
Trabajar sobre el “sueño” permite indagar en la multiplicidad de elementos que confluyen en la continuidad de la carrera amateur, desde la influencia familiar o las relaciones al interior del club, hasta las fantasías que surgen de los medios de comunicación. Partimos de la hipótesis de que el “sueño” se construye desde la infancia y a lo largo de las trayectorias de los jóvenes, y que se sostiene o reproduce en las instituciones formativas a través de valores, relatos, experiencias o fantasías que en algunos casos son promovidas por los clubes para que los jugadores brinden su máximo rendimiento. Esto implica trabajar en el plano biográfico, sobre las trayectorias y sobre repertorios o disposiciones que puedan estar operando en la percepción y acción de los jóvenes en dichos espacios.
Status Kawasan Hutan dan Potensi Ekowisata Pantai Syari di Kabupaten Manokwari Selatan
Authors: Ruamba R.E  , Rudi A. Maturbongs  , Agustinus Murdjoko  
Published: July 2023

Pantai syari merupakan salah satu objek wisata di Kabupaten Manokwari Selatan berada di poros Jalan Trans Papua Barat yang menghubungakan antara Kabupaten Manokwari, Kabupaten Manokwari Selatan dan Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni. Ekowisata Pantai Syari merupakan jasa lingkungan yang unik, dimana dalam hutan dataran rendah terdapat tiga tipe hutan dalam suatu kawasa hutan yaitu, hutan rawa, hutan mangrove dan hutan pantai. Tidak hanya hutan dataran rendah saja yang dimiliki ekowisata Pantai Syari namun ada destinasi wisata lain yaitu destinasi wisata religi yang berada di pantai ini. Kawasn hutan Pantai Syari menurut SK 783/Menhut-II/2014 terdiri dari Kawasan Hutan Areal Penggunaan Lain dan Hutan Produksi yang dapat dikonvesi, sehingga ada beberapa mekanisme yang perlu dilakukan untuk mengelola ekowisata Pantai Syari secara optimal.
Variasi Nilai Total Estimasi Biomasa dan Nekromasa pada Beberapa Tipe Hutan di Kabupaten Manokwari Provinsi Papua Barat
Authors: Albertho Wawura Sorbu  , Cabuy Reinardus L. , Alexander Rumatora  
Published: July 2023

Tujuan dari Penelitian ini adalah mengestimasi jumlah biomasa tumbuhan hidup dan nekromasa tumbuhan dan sisa bahan organik tumbuhan yang telah mati pada beberapa tipe tutupan lahan dan membandingkan jumlah biomasa dan nekromasa dari beberapa tipe tutupan lahan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode quantitatif dengan mengukur berbagai sampel biomasa dan nekromasa pada beberapa tipe hutan. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan nilai total estimasi biomasa tegakan dan karbon tertinggi pada hutan primer Gunung Meja dengan nilai biomasa tegakan 650 ton/Ha dan karbon tersimpan sebesar 299 ton/Ha. Sementara nilai akumulasi terendah diperoleh pada hutan bekas perladangan Sowi Gunung. Nilai nekromasa serasah tertinggi diperoleh pada hutan sekunder tua Aipiri sebesar 7,33 Mg h-1, sementara nekromasa serasah terendah diperoleh di hutan Sowi Gunung sebesar 1,5 Mg h-1. Nilai nekromasa dan karbon dari sisa kayu mati dan tunggak tertinggi diperoleh pada hutan sekunder tua Aipiri masing-masing sebesar 23,5 ton/Ha dan 10,81 ton/Ha. Sementara nilai terendah diperoleh pada hutan primer Gunung Meja 14,1 ton/Ha dan 6,486 ton/Ha. Tingginya variasi tersebut mengindikasikan perbedaan tipe hutan, tingkat kerapatan tegakan, tutupan hutan, rata-rata suhu dan kelembaban, intensitas cahaya.
Manfaat Kayu Wiki Falcataria falcata (L) Greuter & R. Rankin Dalam Kehidupan Suku Dani di Lembah Baliem Papua
Authors: Zet Kilungga  , Rudi A. Maturbongs  , Nurhaida I Sinaga  
Published: July 2023

Wiki (Falcataria falcata) merupakan tumbuhan yang sangat bermanfaat dalam kehidupan tradisional masyarakat Dani yang bermukim di Lembah Baliem, Pegunungan Tengah Provinsi Papua. Tumbuhan penting ini perlu dikaji kontribusinya kepada masyarakat setempat dan status populasinya di alam. Metode pendekatan etnobotani digunakan untuk mengungkap manfaat apa saja yang diperoleh dari tumbuhan Wiki dan metode pendekatan analisis vegetasi diterapkan untuk mengetahui status konservasi populasi Wiki di Lembah Baliem, Papua. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu Wiki menyumbang 100% (n=30) terhadap enam kebutuhan tradisional Suku Dani di Lembah Baliem yaitu untuk pembuatan pagar, bahan bangunan, kayu bakar, bahan bakar kremasi, badan perahu, dan alat seni. Selain Wiki terdapat empat jenis tumbuhan bermanfaat lainnya yaitu Wile (Casuarina montana) = 58,33%, Pabi (Dodonaea viscosa) = 53,33%, Pum (Bischofia javanica) = 52,22%, dan Wip (Grevilea papuana) = 46,11% , yang memenuhi kebutuhan tradisional Suku Dani seperti yang dilakukan Wiki. Status konservasi populasi Wiki di Lembah Baliem stabil dan cenderung mendominasi komunitas hutan di sekitarnya (Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) berkisar antara 135 hingga 160%. Secara global status konservasi populasi Wiki menurut IUCN adalah Least Conserned (LC) yang mengindikasikan populasi yang stabil.
Karakter Stigma-Areola Dalam Penjenisan Freycinetia GAUD., Pandanaceae Di New Guinea Barat
Authors: Nurhaida I Sinaga  
Published: July 2023

Freycinetia adalah salah satu genus tumbuhan di bawah famili Pandanaceae bersama dengan Sararanga, Martelidendron dan Benstonea. Genus ini memiliki variasi yang besar di pulau New Guinea, yang diduga merupakan pusat keanekaragaman hayati Freycinetia. Studi mengenai taksonomi, keragaman hayati dan penyebaran Freycinetia Papua telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2005 hingga 2018 dengan menggunakan data morfologi bahkan molekuler. Riset menunjukan bahwa lebih seratus jenis Freycinetia ditemukan di Barat New Guinea. Jenis-jenis tersebut memiliki karakternya masing-masing khususnya karakter diagnostik untuk mengenal jenis. Stigma sebagai suatu karakter diagnostik memiliki variasi dan variasi ini bukan hanya mencakup karakter yang telah ada namun seringkali karakter baru dalam stigma ditemukan sejalan dengan penemuan jenis baru. Beberapa karakter stigma-areola yang unik ditemukan pada F. megaauriculata, F. imbristigma, F. pauciberria, F. desendata dan F. broccoareola. Stigma karakter dan fungsinya dalam pembentukan spesies akan dijelaskan secara lengkap dalam tulisan ini.