bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Macrophage Migration by a Skin-Reactive Polysaccharide from BCG Culture Filtrates
Authors: Godfrey H. P. , Baer Harold , Chaparas S. D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A skin-reactive polysaccharide isolated from unheated BCG culture filtrates (GAE) inhibited guinea pig peritoneal exudate cell migration to the same degree as PPD in guinea pigs sensitized 2 to 3 months previously. The hydrolyzed polysaccharide and a second polysaccharide, both skin non-reactive, were inactive in this in vitro model of delayed hypersensitivity. The degree of migration inhibition correlated well with skin test size in recently sensitized (2 to 3 months) animals for both polysaccharide and protein antigens but bore no relationship to serum antibodies. With time, the ability of exudate cells from skin-reactive animals to react in vitro to the polysaccharide antigen disappeared while in vitro reactivity to PPD remained. We conclude that GAE, as well as a number of other polysaccharides, is able to induce and elicit delayed hypersensitivity.
Ultrastructure of Rosette-Forming Cells in the Mouse during the Antibody Response
Authors: Storb U. , Bauer W. , Storb R. , Fliedner T. M. , Weiser R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Ninety-four single rosette-forming (RF) cells obtained from the spleens of mice 2 to 6 days after primary injection of sheep erythrocytes were studied with the electron microscope. The observed RF cells could be classified in five ultrastructurally distinct groups, 1) lymphocytes, 2) plasma cells, 3) “cells with pale nuclei,” 4) “cells with cytoplasmic bodies,” and 5) macrophages.
Two morphologic findings had not been described in antibody-containing cells before. 1) In most of the medium-sized and in all the large RF lymphocytes clusters of ribosomes were surrounded by patches of matrix more electron dense than the rest of the ground substance and less dense than the ribosomes. The significance of these patches with respect to antibody synthesis is discussed. 2) Cells in Group 4 contained round lysosome-like cytoplasmic bodies, which were larger (τ;2 µ diameter) than the lysosomes described in lymphoid cells transformed by mitogens. The cytoplasm of some of these cells was otherwise undifferentiated.
The developmental interrelations of the various RF cells are discussed in terms of morphologic criteria and sequence of appearance.
A Study of the Neutralization of Rhinoviruses by Means of a Plaque-Reduction Test
Authors: Fiala Milan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies to four rhinoviruses were measured by the reduction in the number of plaque-forming units of virus by antiserum. Both the 50% plaque-reduction titer and the neutralization constant, K, were used to characterize reproducibly the neutralizing activity of an antiserum. The 95% confidence interval of 50% plaque reduction titers was found to be ±1.48-fold. The sensitivity of the plaque-reduction test exceeded that of the end point tube test. The rate of neutralization of rhinovirus types 2 and 12 was first-order for only a short period after which the rate decreased, indicating the presence in the viral population of a persistent fraction.
Immunochemistry and Genetics of a “New” Allotypic Specificity Ae14 of Rabbit γG Immunoglobulins: Recombination in Somatic Cells
Authors: Dubiski S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A “new” allotypic specificity of rabbit immunoglobulins (A14) is described. The determinant is localized on the Fc portion of heavy chains of rabbit γG. The specificity is inherited in a simple Mendelian manner and the gene controlling its synthesis is localized at the locus Ae, which is distinct from Aa and Ab loci; the product of the gene allelic to the Ae14 gene is not yet known. There is a strong indication that the loci Ae and Aa are closely linked in the germline, but that they may undergo recombination in the somatic cells, thus causing the synthesis of recombinant molecules.
“In vitro” cell reactions in delayed hypersensitivity
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Nishio Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Delayed hypersensitivity has been characterized primarily by responses “in vivo” in either man or experimental animals. Typically, therefore, the slowness of the indurated response to intradermal injection of antigen, the mononuclear nature of the cellular infiltrate, the lack of correlation between the extent of induration and the amount of antibody, and the passive transfer of hypersensitivity with lymphoid cells and not with antiserum all constitute delayed hypersensitivity “in vivo”. Animals possessing these characteristics may also possess an “in vitro” correlate, namely, the inhibition of migration of lymphoid cells in the presence of specific antigen. Initially, cell migration from fragments of lymphoid organs was inhibited in tissue culture by specific antigen (1–3). This inhibition of migration could not be induced by circulating antibody, and apparently therefore is not associated with conventional circulating globulins (4).
Additional “in vitro” systems for the study of migration inhibition in delayed hypersensitivity have recently been introduced (5, 6).
Identification of IgA in Rat Serum and Secretions
Authors: Nash D. R. , Vaerman J. P. , Bazin H. , Heremans J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although serum and/or secretory IgA has been well defined in the human as well as in several laboratory animals including mice, rabbits and dogs (1, 2), this immunoglobulin has not been adequately identified and characterized in the rat. Several reports have appeared in which a rat serum immunoglobulin of relatively slow mobility was referred to as IgA (3–5) or γ1 (6). This identification was made, for the most part, on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate that the mobility of rat serum IgA is faster than that of the presently known rat immunoglobulins, and that some of the previous papers dealing with rat IgA refer to a serum immunoglobulin which may in fact be homologous to mouse IgG1 (IgF).
Of the many possible criteria which can be used in identifying a specific immunoglobulin class within a species, the most precise would appear to be a comparison of amino acid sequences between known immunoglobulins and the protein being studied.
Serologic Activity of Antigen Isolated from the Body Fluid of Ascaris Suum
Authors: Oliver-González José , Hurlbrink Patricia , Conde Encarnita , Kagan Irving G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigen prepared from the body fluid of Ascaris suum by fractionation on Sephadex G-200 and purification by cellulose acetate electrophoresis was evaluated for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans (VLM) in adults and children. The antigen was highly reactive with sera (95%) from children with VLM. Among the sera of adults from an area endemic for ascariasis, 65% were positive. It is suggested that positive reactions in these cases are due to an antigen present in migratory phases, which is also present in the body fluid of Ascaris. The high incidence of reactions of the antigen with Ascaris antibody may serve as a useful serologic adjunct in the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans in suspected cases among children.
Lysosome Stabilization by Leukocyte Granule Membrane Antiserum
Authors: Persellin Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiserum prepared in the rabbit to rat peritoneal leukocyte granule (lysosome) membranes retarded the release of enzyme activities from isolated lysosomes. This stabilizing action, isolated in the γG fraction of antiserum, protected intact rat liver large granules stressed by 37°C incubation and also protected rabbit peritoneal leukocyte granules exposed to Triton X-100. The stabilizing activity could be removed by absorption with homologous and heterologous membranes.
Since lysosomes are implicated in the induction of various forms of tissue damage, a membrane-reactive antibody capable of stabilizing lysosomes could act to retard the inflammatory process.
Inactivation of Bacteriophage T4, of Poly-D-Alanyl Bacteriophage and of Penicilloyl Bacteriophage by Immunospecifically Isolated IgM and IgG Antibodies
Authors: Haimovich Joseph , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-bacteriophage T4, anti-poly-d-alanyl and anti-penicilloyl antibodies were isolated from the sera of goats and rabbits at different times after immunization by means of water-insoluble immunoadsorbents prepared with bromoacetyl cellulose. The isolated antibody preparations were separated into IgM and IgG fractions. The relative efficiency of the isolated IgM and IgG antibodies in inactivating bacteriophage T4, poly-d-alanyl bacteriophage and penicilloyl bacteriophage differed with respect to the time after injection at which sera were collected, the method of plating and the specificity of the respective antibody used for the inactivation, leading to the conclusion that it is not possible to determine the respective concentration of antibodies of the two classes exclusively from phage inactivation measurements.
The Immunologic Response of the Mouse to Aerosols of an Attenuated Encephalomyocarditis Virus Strain
Authors: Prato Catherine M. , Akers Thomas G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response, interferon synthesis, viremia and replication of virus in the lungs of mice following aerogenic immunization with mengovirus-37A were studied. Virus titers in blood and lungs were maximal at day 1, whereas interferon activity was greatest at day 7 after aerosol exposure. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity (2-ME sensitive) was detected on day 6, neutralizing antibodies by day 9 (also 2-ME sensitive) and complement fixation tests were positive on day 12. After day 12, 2-ME resistant HAI and neutralizing antibodies were observed. Maximum HAI and neutralizing antibody titers occurred on day 31.
The usual pattern of early 19 S response followed by 7 S antibody formation was observed following aerogenic immunization of mice with mengo virus-37A. However, the time required for antibody to appear was longer than that noted in other immunization studies using other routes of vaccination.
Identification and Genetic Control of Two New Low-Density Lipoprotein Allotypes: Phenogroups at the Lpq Locus
Authors: Albers John J. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two new rabbit low-density lipoprotein allotypes, Lpq-3 and Lpq-4, have been identified.
Segregation of the two allotypes is consistent with control by allelic genes.
The four allotypes at the Lpq locus, q1, q2, q3, and q4, are inherited as phenogroups controlled by three co-dominant alleles q1, 3, q2, 3, and q2, 4.
Comparative Immune Response to Amphibian Cytoplasmic Viruses Assayed by the Complement-Fixation and Gel Immunodiffusion Tests
Authors: Kaminski Suzanne , Clark H. Fred , Karzon David T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with several amphibian cytoplasmic virus strains consistently responded with neutralizing, complement-fixing, and precipitating virus-specific antibodies. Complement-fixation and gel-immunodiffusion tests revealed a close antigenic relationship among all strains tested, in agreement with previous results obtained with the virus-neutralization test. No antigenic relationship was demonstrated between the amphibian viruses and the morphologically similar Tipula iridescent virus.
Bullfrogs and snapping turtles responded irregularly to amphibian virus inoculation with low-titered neutralizing and/or precipitating antibody. However, antibody was detected in pre-immunization sera of some frogs and turtles, suggesting prior exposure to related viruses.
Viral antigen was not detected in leopard frog renal tumors by the immunodiffusion or complement-fixation tests. Similarly, antibody to cytoplasmic virus antigen could not be detected in sera of tumor-bearing or normal leopard frogs.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Bacterial Ferredoxins
Authors: Nitz Rodney M. , Mitchell Barbara , Gerwing Julia , Christensen John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The native ferredoxin of Clostridium pasteurianum and its performic acid-oxidized derivative were used as antigens to obtain antisera from rabbits. The antibodies produced were detectable by complement fixation and immune precipitation. Cross-reactivity studies were carried out using these antigens, ferredoxin from which the iron had been removed by trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitation, and ferredoxin that had been reduced and alkylated with iodoacetamide. In all cases considerable degrees of cross-reactivity were observed. The results imply that the cysteinyl residues of C. pasteurianum ferredoxin may not be critically involved as antigenic determinants.
Studies on Lymphocyte Transformation in Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis of the Rat
Authors: Warnatz Hermut , Scheiffarth Friedrich , Hagel Friedrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was produced in 18 Wistar rats by injection of an heterologous anti-rat kidney serum. From 3 to 5 weeks after the first intravenous injection all animals showed the typical histologic lesions of nephritis. With the immunofluorescence technique the localization of heterologous globulin to the basal membranes of the glomeruli was demonstrated. In four cases a strong fixation of rat γ globulin was observed. Kidney autoantibodies were detected with the passive hemagglutination technique. Precipitating antibodies against kidney extract were absent in all cases.
Neither autologous kidney extract nor nephrotoxic rabbit serum and normal rabbit serum caused an increased transformation of lymphocytes obtained from rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. On the contrary, cultures of lymphocytes from these rats showed a depression of blast cell formation after being exposed to nephrotoxic serum in comparison with lymphocytes of normal rats. This depression was more intense in cultures of lymph node lymphocytes than in those of thoracic duct lymphocytes. The results indicate that lymphocytes do not play a role in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. The possible lymphocytotoxic activity of the nephrotoxic serum, however, should be taken into consideration for the judgement of these results.
High Efficiency of SAClgp4gp2gp Conversion to S* with EDTA-Treated Rat Serum
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Sekine Teruaki , Shimada Kohkichi , Nishioka Kusuya 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The conversion of SAC1gp4gp2gp to S* in titrations of guinea pig C1, C4 and C2 is much more efficient with Crat-EDTA than with Cgp-EDTA. Comparative titrations indicate that the efficiency of this conversion by the usual procedure with Cgp-EDTA is only 6% or less.
Enhancing Antibody
Authors: Zimmerman Barry , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
While studying the enhancement of normal skin homografts in rats, we have observed that Lewis (Le)2 antisera created against either Buffalo2 (Bf) or Brown Norway (BN)3 rat tissues prolonged survival of test skin grafts taken from both donor strains. In each case, however, the antiserum prolonged the survival of its specific homograft to a greater degree than the cross-reacting graft. The data presented here indicate that Bf and BN rats share histocompatibility antigens, and that Le anti-Bf enhancing sera contain antibodies to more than one transplantation antigen.
The production of enhancing sera and their assay for prolongation of skin homograft survival on 10- to 12-day-old Lewis rats2 3 have been previously described (1). Briefly, 200- to 250-g male rats received first and second set skin grafts followed by two weekly infusions of 20 to 30 × 106 donor spleen cells. One week after the last infusion the serum was harvested.
The Latency Requirements and Rate of Evolution of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylactic Reactions Produced by Untreated and Carbamylated Rabbit γG Antibody
Authors: Feinman Lawrence , Cohen Stanley , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amounts of antibody necessary to produce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) with and without a latent period were compared, and the rate of evolution of the reaction was studied in both cases as a function of antibody dose. Differences in the morphologic appearance of the reaction in these two cases were defined. It was demonstrated that there is no absolute requirement for a latent period in the production of PCA in guinea pig skin. Rather, latency in this system must be defined in terms of enhanced anaphylactic sensitization as a function of time between the administration of antibody and challenge with antigen. Quantitative comparisons between the amount of antibody needed to produce these two types of PCA reactions and the amount of antibody needed to produce anaphylaxis with soluble immune complexes suggest that the underlying mechanism of all three may be similar. Studies using carbamylated antibody with marked reduction in antigen-aggregating ability suggest that small immune complexes are involved in the production of PCA when antibody and antigen are injected separately. Therefore in analogy with the situation in which soluble complexes are used, where the active complex has been shown to contain two molecules of antibody, it is argued that PCA reactions involve the binding of antigen to at least two molecules of antibody present at adjacent sites on an effector cell. If this is so, then latency, as defined above, may be determined by a time-dependent reassociation of antibody and antigen on the cell surface until optimal configurations are attained.
Non-Complement-Fixing IgM Antibodies in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Linscott William D. , Hansen Stephen S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The direct and indirect C1 fixation and transfer techniques were used to estimate the amounts of complement-fixing and non-complement-fixing IgM antibodies present in serial samples of serum taken from individual guinea pigs after immunization with rabbit erythrocytes, sheep erythrocytes, boiled sheep erythrocyte stroma, or bovine γ globulin. In most cases there was an increase in the relative proportion of non-complement-fixing IgM with time after immunization, and the ratio of non-complement-fixing antibody to complement-fixing antibody ranged from approximately 1 to greater than 10. Most antibody preparations contained several times as much non-complement-fixing IgM as complement-fixing IgM.
Prolonged Bursal Lymphocyte Depletion and Suppression of Antibody Formation Following Irradiation of the Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Weber W. T. , Weidanz W. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Destruction of lymphoid follicles with lasting lymphocyte depletion was observed when the bursa of Fabricius of day-old chicks was exposed to 1000-r doses of x-radiation on the 1st and 7th day of post-embryonic life. Irradiated bursas did not reach more than 2% of the control bursa weights over a 90-day period of observation. The numbers of germinal follicles and plasma cells were decreased in the spleens and cecal tonsils of bursa-irradiated (BI) birds. In addition, BI birds demonstrated a diminished antibody-producing capability to selected antigens, and several of them showed a transient γG dysgammaglobulinemia. No histologic differences between the thymuses of bursa-irradiated and non-irradiated birds were detected.
Mechanism of Bacteriophage T4 Neutralization by Rabbit Immunoglobulin and Its Proteolytic Digestion Fragments
Authors: Stemke G. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Coliphage T4 is neutralized more efficiently by divalent than by univalent antibody fragments. The size of the univalent fragment is not of major significance. While first-order one-hit neutralization of T4 is obtained with divalent neutralizing agents, univalent agents neutralize normally with two-hit kinetics. However, a tail fiber amber mutant of T4, X4e, is neutralized with multitarget kinetics. A “decision” assay of the effect of univalent fragment on T4 likewise leads to one-hit kinetics. If dissociation of univalent fragment explains its lower activity as compared to divalent agents, it is not the kind of dissociation detectable by the “decision” assay.
Production of Anti-Hapten Antibodies by Several Classes of Lower Vertebrates
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Clem L. William 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Antibody against DNP was demonstrated in several classes of lower vertebrates immunized with DNP-protein conjugates. In many cases, the antibody could only be detected by the neutralization technique employing DNP-T4 phage; however, teleosts in general appeared capable of synthesizing rather high levels of antibody to DNP.
Determination of Antibody-Hapten Equilibrium Constants by an Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Technique
Authors: Stupp Yehudit , Yoshida Takeshi , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The determination of the equilibrium constant of antibody-hapten interactions has led to important insights into the specificity and structure of antibodies (1) and into the nature and control of the immune response (2). The techniques presently used for measuring this constant all have certain disadvantages. Equilibrium dialysis (3), which must be regarded as the primary method, is relatively tedious to perform whereas other techniques, such as fluorescence quenching (4), require the use of purified antibody and of expensive equipment.
We now report the satisfactory determination of the average intrinsic association constant (K0) of hapten-antibody interaction on the basis of data obtained by precipitating antibody-hapten complexes with ammonium sulfate solutions. This represents an extension of the well-known Farr technique (5), which has previously been used to estimate the avidity of anti-bovine serum albumin antibody.
Model Systems for the Study of Drug Hypersensitivity
Authors: Hoffman Donald R. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-aspiryl antibodies were produced in rabbits using three protein carriers. The method of inhibition of precipitation was used to determine the specificity of the antibody produced. ε-Aspiryl-aminocaproate was found to be the most effective inhibitor of those haptens tested, indicating that the combining hapten of the protein is ε-aspiryl-lysyl. Free aspirin and salicylates were poor inhibitors and did not combine with the antibody to a significant extent in equilibrium dialysis experiments. The ortho group in aspiryl and salicylyl amides was found to participate in the binding to antibody. The average binding constants of antibody globulins and specifically purified antibody were measured.
In Vitro Immune Responses of Rabbits with Persistent Adenovirus Type 5 Infection
Authors: Reddick Rhoda A. , Lefkowitz Stanley S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody responses of rabbits to adenovirus type 5 were studied. Serum antibodies were still present 12 months after the animals were given a single injection of infectious virus. Isolated lymphoid tissues from these animals were capable of synthesizing high antibody titers in vitro if exposed to viral antigen prior to cultivation. Antibody-producing cultures were maintained up to 120 days. Serum antibody titers of animals immunized with the soluble antigens declined rapidly. Synthesis of antibody could be inhibited by the addition of chloramphenicol and puromycin to the culture media. Phytohemagglutinin enhanced antibody synthesis of established antibody-producing cultures. The antibody species synthesized in vitro was primarily 7S although some 19S antibody was produced. Evidence for a persistent infection in the lymphoid tissues of rabbits given infectious virus was obtained by recovery of the virus from the tissues of the animals up to 12 months after the initial injection. The virus was also isolated from spleen and lymph node fragments maintained in vitro. This study indicates that persistent infection of the rabbit with adenovirus type 5 was responsible for the prolonged immune response.