bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
70 NURSING HOME MODEL OF CARE POST COVID-19
Authors: Shanagher D 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic is recognised as having a significant impact on older people, particularly on those within nursing homes. Prior to the pandemic, a significant focus was placed on the application of a social model of care within nursing homes. We know that COVID-19 has required the stringent application of infection prevention and control measures as well as the provision of increased amounts of clinical care. This has resulted in the recent stronger application of a medical model of care within nursing homes.

Methods
A roundtable event attended by twenty-six people took place. Attendees represented clinical Gerontology, the Irish College of General Practitioner, Sage Family Forum, The Health Information and Quality Authority, Nursing Homes Ireland and nursing home providers. A number of presentations were made, and a roundtable discussion took place about the model of nursing home care post pandemic. Key messages from presentations and the discussion were captured. A report was compiled and shared with attendees to check for accuracy.

Results
The following key messages were identified:
1. Social care is a cornerstone of nursing home care
2. Increased integration of nursing homes within the wider health and social care system is required
3. Increased access to services for nursing home residents is required
4. Regulatory reform is required
5. Resourcing of nursing home care needs to be appropriately addressed
6. The nursing home sector need to be included in conversations around policy and service development affecting nursing home care in Ireland.

Conclusion
Nursing homes are an essential part of the healthcare system in Ireland and have been shown to be adaptable throughout the course of the pandemic. A one size fits all approach is an unlikely fit for purpose approach as we look towards the future with COVID-19.
76 PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR MOBILITY DECLINE: INDIVIDUAL TRIAL MISTAKE THRESHOLDS IN SUSTAINED ATTENTION TO RESPONSE TASK (SART)
Authors: Rizzo R , Knight S , Newman L , Davis J , Duggan E , Kenny R A , Romero-Ortuno R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) is a standard computer-based cognitive test designed to measure the sustained attention, fundamental for completing tasks that require supervision over time (Robertson et al., 1997). However, commonly used average features may result in loss of information and data misinterpretation, leading to inability to detect clinically expected associations (O’Halloran et al., 2014).

Methods
Here, we present a new method to visualise the full information obtained from the SART test, ordering by age, and categorising in groups based on mobility status in a large population-based study of ageing in Ireland. A new threshold, derived from the visualisation and based on the individual trial number of mistakes, was employed to individuate poorer SART performances, and to predict mobility and cognitive decline after 4 years in binary logistic regression models.

Results
Raw SART data were available for 4,864 participants aged 50 years and over at baseline. The new variable bad performances, expressing the number of SART trials with at least 4 mistakes, was the most significant predictor of mobility decline, defined as the transition from Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) &lt; 12 to TUG ≥12 seconds (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.14–1.46; p &lt; 0.001), and the only significant predictor of new falls (OR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.03–1.21; p = 0.011) compared to traditional SART variables in models adjusted for multiple covariates. No SART-related variables resulted significant predictors of cognitive decline, defined as a decrease of at least 2 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score.

Conclusion
This multimodal visualisation and the new threshold approach could help clinicians to easily develop relevant hypotheses, and better identify subjects at higher risk of future mobility decline.
99 ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS WITH ACUTE FRACTURE ADMITTED UNDER AN ORTHOPAEDIC SERVICE
Authors: Killeen E , Doyle K , O'Toole R , Doran T , Collins D , Brewer L 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Older adults with acute fractures often have suboptimal pain control, in particular those with cognitive impairment. Effective pain management improves rehabilitation engagement and earlier discharge from acute care. Our study aimed to evaluate pain management of older adults with acute fracture admitted under an orthopaedic service in a tertiary hospital.

Methods
Prospective review of patients over 65 years with an acute fracture admitted under an orthopaedic service. Review of chart, medication prescription and pain status. Data included type of fracture, comorbidities, cognitive status and analgesia prescribed. Data analysed using Excel.

Results
40 inpatients included. Median age 82 years (range 65-93 years), 70% female. 53% had cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to severe dementia. 75% had &gt;5 regular medications pre-admission. 80% had &gt;5 comorbidities.
Two-thirds (73%) had an acute hip fracture. Most (80%) inpatients had a surgical intervention, the remaining were managed conservatively.
Analgesia prescriptions included paracetamol for almost all patients (95%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for 3 (8%) and regular opioids in only 3 (8%).
43% of patients reported pain at time of data collection. 13% had analgesia changed in the 24 hours beforehand. Pain adversely affected function in 205 and mobility in 28%.
2 patients were unable to verbalise pain however no pain scales or visual assessments were used.
Documentation of pain assessment was best by nurses (100%) followed by doctors (60%) and allied health professionals (40%).

Conclusion
Older adults with acute fracture are often multimorbid with cognitive impairment. This patient population are often untreated for pain with suboptimal pain assessment and analgesia review or prescriptions. Consequently we developed a pain policy for use on our orthopaedic service as a guide for effective pain assessment and management for older adults with acute fracture.
MonoNet: enhancing interpretability in neural networks via monotonic features
Authors: Nguyen An-Phi , Moreno Dana Lea , Le-Bel Nicolas , Rodríguez Martínez María 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Motivation
Being able to interpret and explain the predictions made by a machine learning model is of fundamental importance. Unfortunately, a trade-off between accuracy and interpretability is often observed. As a result, the interest in developing more transparent yet powerful models has grown considerably over the past few years. Interpretable models are especially needed in high-stake scenarios, such as computational biology and medical informatics, where erroneous or biased models’ predictions can have deleterious consequences for a patient. Furthermore, understanding the inner workings of a model can help increase the trust in the model.

Results
We introduce a novel structurally constrained neural network, MonoNet, which is more transparent, while still retaining the same learning capabilities of traditional neural models. MonoNet contains monotonically connected layers that ensure monotonic relationships between (high-level) features and outputs. We show how, by leveraging the monotonic constraint in conjunction with other post hoc strategies, we can interpret our model. To demonstrate our model’s capabilities, we train MonoNet to classify cellular populations in a single-cell proteomic dataset. We also demonstrate MonoNet’s performance in other benchmark datasets in different domains, including non-biological applications (in the Supplementary Material). Our experiments show how our model can achieve good performance, while providing at the same time useful biological insights about the most important biomarkers. We finally carry out an information-theoretical analysis to show how the monotonic constraint actively contributes to the learning process of the model.

Availability and implementation
Code and sample data are available at https://github.com/phineasng/mononet.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
Assessing the causal effects of a stochastic intervention in time series data: are heat alerts effective in preventing deaths and hospitalizations?
Authors: Wu Xiao , Weinberger Kate R , Wellenius Gregory A , Dominici Francesca , Braun Danielle 
Published: February 2023

Summary
The methodological development of this article is motivated by the need to address the following scientific question: does the issuance of heat alerts prevent adverse health effects? Our goal is to address this question within a causal inference framework in the context of time series data. A key challenge is that causal inference methods require the overlap assumption to hold: each unit (i.e., a day) must have a positive probability of receiving the treatment (i.e., issuing a heat alert on that day). In our motivating example, the overlap assumption is often violated: the probability of issuing a heat alert on a cooler day is near zero. To overcome this challenge, we propose a stochastic intervention for time series data which is implemented via an incremental time-varying propensity score (ItvPS). The ItvPS intervention is executed by multiplying the probability of issuing a heat alert on day $t$—conditional on past information up to day $t$—by an odds ratio $\delta_t$. First, we introduce a new class of causal estimands, which relies on the ItvPS intervention. We provide theoretical results to show that these causal estimands can be identified and estimated under a weaker version of the overlap assumption. Second, we propose nonparametric estimators based on the ItvPS and derive an upper bound for the variances of these estimators. Third, we extend this framework to multisite time series using a spatial meta-analysis approach. Fourth, we show that the proposed estimators perform well in terms of bias and root mean squared error via simulations. Finally, we apply our proposed approach to estimate the causal effects of increasing the probability of issuing heat alerts on each warm-season day in reducing deaths and hospitalizations among Medicare enrollees in 2837 US counties.
Cryptococcal Meningitis and Clinical Outcomes in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Global View
Authors: Person Anna K , Crabtree-Ramirez Brenda , Kim Ahra , Veloso Valdiléa , Maruri Fernanda , Wandeler Gilles , Fox Matthew , Moore Richard , John Gill M , Imran Darma , Van Nguyen Kinh , Nalitya Elizabeth , Muyindike Winnie , Shepherd Bryan E , McGowan Catherine C 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH). Little is known about CM outcomes and availability of diagnostic and treatment modalities globally.

Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated CM incidence and all-cause mortality in PWH in the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS cohort from 1996 to 2017. We estimated incidence using quasi-Poisson models adjusted for sex, age, calendar year, CD4 cell count (CD4), and antiretroviral therapy (ART) status. Mortality after CM diagnosis was examined using multivariable Cox models. A site survey from 2017 assessed availability of CM diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Results
Among 518 852 PWH, there were 3857 cases of CM with an estimated incidence of 1.54 per 1000 person-years. Mortality over a median of 2.6 years of post-CM diagnosis follow-up was 31.6%, with 29% lost to follow-up. In total, 2478 (64%) were diagnosed with CM after ART start with a median of 253 days from ART start to CM diagnosis. Older age (hazard [HR], 1.31 for 50 vs 35 years), lower CD4 (HR, 1.15 for 200 vs 350 cells/mm3), and earlier year of CM diagnosis (HR, 0.51 for 2015 vs 2000) were associated with higher mortality. Of 89 sites, 34% reported access to amphotericin B; 12% had access to flucytosine.

Conclusions
Mortality after CM diagnosis was high. A substantial portion of CM cases occurred after ART start, though incidence and mortality may be higher than reported due to ascertainment bias. Many sites lacked access to recommended CM treatment.
Whole genomes of deep-sea sponge-associated bacteria exhibit high novel natural product potential
Authors: Hesketh-Best Poppy J , January Grant G , Koch Matthew J , Warburton Philip J , Howell Kerry L , Upton Mathew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Global antimicrobial resistance is a health crisis that can change the face of modern medicine. Exploring diverse natural habitats for bacterially-derived novel antimicrobial compounds has historically been a successful strategy. The deep-sea presents an exciting opportunity for the cultivation of taxonomically novel organisms and exploring potentially chemically novel spaces. In this study, the draft genomes of 12 bacteria previously isolated from the deep-sea sponges Phenomena carpenteri and Hertwigia sp. are investigated for the diversity of specialized secondary metabolites. In addition, early data support the production of antibacterial inhibitory substances produced from a number of these strains, including activity against clinically relevant pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Draft whole-genomes are presented of 12 deep-sea isolates, which include four potentially novel strains: Psychrobacter sp. PP-21, Streptomyces sp. DK15, Dietzia sp. PP-33, and Micrococcus sp. M4NT. Across the 12 draft genomes, 138 biosynthetic gene clusters were detected, of which over half displayed less than 50% similarity to known BGCs, suggesting that these genomes present an exciting opportunity to elucidate novel secondary metabolites. Exploring bacterial isolates belonging to the phylum Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, and Bacillota from understudied deep-sea sponges provided opportunities to search for new chemical diversity of interest to those working in antibiotic discovery.
Malondialdehyde treatment reduced immunoreactivity of amandin and delayed its digestion
Authors: Luo Xin , Ai Mingyan , Wu Yongyan , Wang Qia , Song Hongbo , Huang Qun , Lu Jiankang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesThe secondary products of lipid oxidation are one of the main factors inducing protein oxidation. The effects of oxidation treatment with malondialdehyde (MDA) on the immunoreactivity of amandin and its digestion were studied.Materials and MethodsThe rabbit IgG binding ability of amandin was analyzed by western blotting, and the changes in amandin oxidation and immunoreactivity during digestion of amandin with different degrees of oxidation were investigated in combination with an almond allergen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Alteration of linear epitopes of amandin by oxidation was investigated by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).ResultsThe results showed that the immunoreactivity of amandin was significantly reduced after 1 mmol/L MDA and 100 mmol/L MDA treatment. However, the 1 mmol/L MDA treatment was owing to cleavage of linear epitope peptide in amandin and oxidation of the active amino acid. The 100 mmol/L MDA treatment was due to aggregation of amandin and significant decrease in its solubility. Oxidation also reduced digestibility of amandin and significantly affected immunoreactivity during digestion. LC-MS/MS also identified four oxidation-prone methionine sites (aa 264–274, 298–308, 220–240, and 275–297) in gamma conglutinin 1.ConclusionsMDA treatment reduced the immunoreactivity of amandin. MDA treatment also led to protein aggregation, which slowed down the digestion of amandin and altered the immunoreactivity of amandin during digestion.
Taming the exception? Lessons from the routinization of states of emergency in France
Authors: Hennette Vauchez Stéphanie 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This article examines a particular version of contemporary threats to the rule of law: the routinization of emergency powers. Although the global response to the pandemic since 2020 has certainly epitomized the sudden infatuation with states of emergency (SOEs), they have a longer history of becoming a new model of government that has come to saturate our contemporary political horizon, as every crisis (terrorism, pandemic, climate) seems to call for its own SOE. This article analyzes the unprecedented permanence of SOEs in contemporary paradigms of government. It first situates the contemporary practice of SOEs in the longer historical and theoretical frame of states of exception. It then reads the twentieth-century rise of the rule-of-law paradigm that is largely undergirded by an ambition to tame the exception as a challenge to this state of exception framework. Hence its failure to provide a relevant lens for analyzing contemporary SOEs. Through an in-depth study of recent French experiences of an SOE, this article shows that rather than derogate to or suspend the legal order, contemporary SOEs are intensely juridical and claim to be fully compatible with the rule of law. In that, they set a dangerous trap: as they borrow the forms and language of the rule of law, contemporary SOEs threaten to subvert the model’s meaning and sense from the inside.
Bridging the Digital Gap: Teaching Cyber Strategy and Policy through a Crisis Simulation
Authors: Winger Gregory , Ellis Stephanie , Glover Daniel 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis article details an attempt to bridge the gulf between information technology (IT) and social science approaches to cybersecurity using a simulation. Digital affairs are increasingly central to public policy, and yet the subject's incorporation within political science education has been hamstrung by an underlying disciplinary divide and lack of familiarity. Despite their differences, both IT and political science have strong traditions of utilizing active learning methods and simulation to achieve learning outcomes. Drawing on this shared pedagogy, we created an interdisciplinary simulation that leverages elements of digital forensics to provide students with a unique, active learning experience of responding to a national cybersecurity crisis. The simulation was fielded during an intermediate level class on cyber conflict and generated an overwhelmingly positive response. Students credited the exercise with helping them better understand the unique characteristics of cyberspace as a geopolitical domain and appreciated how the lack of an IT background was not a barrier to addressing cyber policy issues.
Electromagnetic compatibility analysis and interference shielding method for AcoustoElectric Logging Tool 2.0
Authors: Chen Hongzhi , Lu Junqiang , Ju Xiaodong , Men Baiyong , Qiao Wenxiao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Acoustoelectric logging is an important reservoir permeability evaluation method in the field of oil and gas exploration. Its complex composition, weak acoustoelectric signals, vulnerability to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics require high electromagnetic compatibility. In this study, after systematically analysing the interference characteristics of the detector, the electromagnetic protection measures are found to be largely inadequate. A complete shielding of the transmitting acoustic system was proposed. The shielding effectiveness was calculated and tested. In the test, the shielding suppression was ineffective, and the interference was enhanced by 60 dB instead. The explanation of conducted interference was given, and the conducted interference simulation prediction model was established. The simulation result explains the experimental result well. According to the suppression measurements provided by the model, the conducted interference was effectively suppressed, making the shielding effect of the transmitting acoustic system meet the design requirements.
Incidence of human papillomavirus–related cancers among males and females aged 15-34 years in the United States
Authors: Guo Fangjian , Adekanmbi Victor , Hsu Christine D , Berenson Abbey B 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPostmarket surveillance of the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)–related cancers is essential to monitor the effectiveness of HPV vaccines. We directly compared HPV-related cancer incidences during the pre- and postvaccine era to assess the effects of HPV vaccination among vaccine-eligible age groups in the United States using data from the US Cancer Statistics database. The 5-year average annual incidence rates for HPV-related cancers decreased in 2015-2019 compared with 2002-2006 among females aged 15-24 years and 25-34 years. Overall, a decrease in young males was not observed, whereas males aged 25-34 years experienced a slight decline in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2005-2009 and 2015-2019. Incidence rates for HPV-related cancers statistically significantly decreased in the vaccine era compared with the prevaccine era among females aged 15-34 years, suggesting the potential early effects of the introduction of HPV vaccination in the United States.
Self-Injury
Authors: Lewis Stephen P. , Hasking Penelope A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (self-injury), the purposeful damaging of one’s own body tissue (e.g., cutting) without suicidal intent is a common and serious mental health concern across the globe. Unfortunately, it is also one that is frequently misunderstood and often stigmatized. Therefore, this book begins by introducing readers to self-injury to provide critical foundational knowledge on the topic. This involves addressing key questions, including what self-injury is; who self-injures; what contributes to self-injury; why people self-injure; and what risks are associated with self-injury engagement. In this way, the current chapter offers the needed foundation to adopt the person-centered framework that is emphasized and woven throughout the book.
Self-Injury and Stigma
Authors: Lewis Stephen P. , Hasking Penelope A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
For many years, self-injury has been marred in significant stigma. Understandably, this has rendered many people with lived experience reluctant to reach out to other individuals. Notwithstanding the widespread nature of this stigma, until recently only a paucity of efforts has focused on this area. As such, the present chapter first offers an overview of stigma and what is known about the stigmatization of self-injury. Next, it presents a new framework derived from the stigma literature with which to conceptualize the stigma associated with self-injury. As this is a relatively new advancement in the field, we also touch on key implications of this model (e.g., future research initiatives, paths to combat stigma) and why the person-centered approach articulated in the previous chapter is so important.
Use of Appropriate Language to Discuss Self-Injury
Authors: Lewis Stephen P. , Hasking Penelope A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Language is a powerful form of communication that gives meaning and context to phenomena, and can shape people’s perceptions and judgments about people, events, and behaviors. This chapter highlights the importance of choosing appropriate language when discussing self-injury and/or people who engage in the behavior. It makes note of how stigmatizing language can foment internalized stigma, which may in turn impede help-seeking and recovery efforts. It then draws on recent work in the field to emphasize the importance of person-centered language that ensures a nonstigmatizing framing of the issue and highlight the importance of avoiding labels and reductionist terms to describe people who self-injure.