bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MXenes Antibacterial Properties and Applications: A Review and Perspective
Authors: Seidi Farzad , Arabi Shamsabadi Ahmad , Dadashi Firouzjaei Mostafa , Elliott Mark , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Huang Yang , Li Chengcheng , Xiao Huining , Anasori Babak 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe mutations of bacteria due to the excessive use of antibiotics, and generation of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria have made the development of new antibacterial compounds a necessity. MXenes have emerged as biocompatible transition metal carbide structures with extensive biomedical applications. This is related to the MXenes’ unique combination of properties, including multifarious elemental compositions, 2D‐layered structure, large surface area, abundant surface terminations, and excellent photothermal and photoelectronic properties. The focus of this review is the antibacterial application of MXenes, which has attracted the attention of researchers since 2016. A quick overview of the synthesis strategies of MXenes is provided and then summarizes the effect of various factors (including structural properties, optical properties, surface charges, flake size, and dispersibility) on the biocidal activity of MXenes. The main mechanisms for deactivating bacteria by MXenes are discussed in detail including rupturing of the bacterial membrane by sharp edges of MXenes nanoflakes, generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photothermal deactivating of bacteria. Hybridization of MXenes with other organic and inorganic materials can result in materials with improved biocidal activities for different applications such as wound dressings and water purification. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of MXene nanomaterials as biocidal agents are presented.
2D Layered Bimetallic Phosphorous Trisulfides MIMIIIP2S6 (MI = Cu, Ag; MIII = Sc, V, Cr, In) for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Authors: Oliveira Filipa M. , Paštika Jan , Plutnarová Iva , Mazánek Vlastimil , Strutyński Karol , Melle‐Franco Manuel , Sofer Zdeněk , Gusmão Rui 
Published: January 2023

AbstractConsiderable improvements in the electrocatalytic activity of 2D metal phosphorous trichalcogenides (M2P2X6) have been achieved for water electrolysis, mostly with MII2[P2X6]4− as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, MIMIIIP2S6 (MI = Cu, Ag; MIII = Sc, V, Cr, In) are synthesized and tested for the first time as electrocatalysts in alkaline media, towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and HER. AgScP2S6 follows a 4 e− pathway for the ORR at 0.74 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode; CuScP2S6 is active for HER, exhibiting an overpotential of 407 mV and a Tafel slope of 90 mV dec−1. Density functional theory models reveal that bulk AgScP2S6 and CuScP2S6 are both semiconductors with computed bandgaps of 2.42 and 2.23 eV, respectively and overall similar electronic properties. Besides composition, the largest difference in both materials is in their molecular structure, as Ag atoms sit at the midpoint of each layer alongside Sc atoms, while Cu atoms are raised to a similar height to S atoms, in the external segment of the 2D layers. This structural difference probably plays a fundamental role in the different catalytic performances of these materials. These findings show that MI(Cu, Ag) together with Sc(MIII) leads to promising achievements in MIMIIIP2S6 materials as electrocatalysts.
Tracing Technology Assessment Internationally—TA Activities in 12 Countries Across the Globe
Authors: Hahn Julia , Heyen Nils B. , Lindner Ralf 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to describe and highlight current and relevant developments of technology assessment (TA) across several countries and attempts to cluster these according to main areas of activity or modes of institutionalization. By tracing current TA or “TA-like” activities in selected countries across the globe, it highlights several developments, initiatives, or methods, which are interesting and relevant for a global perspective on TA. The focus of this chapter is mainly on non-European countries, which are part of the globalTA network. This provides a unique impression of TA-like activities in Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, India, Poland, South Africa, South Korea, Slovakia, Russia, and the USA. This provides an overview of the heterogeneity of socio-political systems, modes of institutionalization of TA, and TA practices in the different countries observed. Yet at the same time, a TA core is visible, addressing potentials and risks of emerging technologies, ways of doing responsible research and innovation, issues of trust and acceptance by the public and different stakeholders, science and technology governance, and the like.
Extremal $$\varvec{\{ p, q \}}$$-Animals
Authors: Malen Greg , Roldán Érika , Toalá-Enríquez Rosemberg 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAn animal is a planar shape formed by attaching congruent regular polygons along their edges. Usually, these polygons are a finite subset of tiles of a regular planar tessellation. These tessellations can be parameterized using the Schläfli symbol $$\{p,q\}$$

{
p
,
q
}

, where p denotes the number of sides of the regular polygon forming the tessellation and q is the number of edges or tiles meeting at each vertex. If $$(p-2)(q-2)> 4$$

(
p
-
2
)
(
q
-
2
)
>
4

, $$=4$$

=
4

, or $$<4$$

<
4

, then the tessellation corresponds to the geometry of the hyperbolic plane, the Euclidean plane, or the sphere, respectively. In 1976, Harary and Harborth studied animals defined on regular tessellations of the Euclidean plane, finding extremal values for their vertices, edges, and tiles, when any one of these parameters is fixed. They named animals attaining these extremal values as extremal animals. Here, we study hyperbolic extremal animals. For each $$\{p,q\}$$

{
p
,
q
}

corresponding to a hyperbolic tessellation, we exhibit a sequence of spiral animals and prove that they attain the minimum numbers of edges and vertices within the class of animals with n tiles. We also give the first results on enumeration of extremal hyperbolic animals by finding special sequences of extremal animals that are unique extremal animals, in the sense that any animal with the same number of tiles which is distinct up to isometries cannot be extremal.
Vaginale Abstriche in der Schwangerschaft – welches Screening, wann und warum?
Authors: Balsyte Dalia 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungEine Schwangerschaft ist mit Veränderungen der Vaginalflora verbunden. Sie wird empfindlicher und ist reichlich mit verschiedenen Mikroorganismen besiedelt. Einige von ihnen sind in verschiedenen Phasen der Schwangerschaft pathologisch, obwohl einige von ihnen normalerweise im Urogenitaltrakt der Frau zu finden sind und nicht unbedingt Komplikationen wie Frühgeburt, vorzeitigen Blasensprung, Chorioamnionitis und andere verursachen. Verschiedene Fachgesellschaften für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie empfehlen unterschiedliche Maßnahmen zur Vorbeugung vaginaler Infektionen und zur Vermeidung von Komplikationen. Verschiedene Studien befassen sich mit Mehrfachinfektionen, die zu Schwangerschaftskomplikationen führen können, und mit Therapien. Es ist jedoch immer noch unklar, was wann zu tun ist. Ziel dieser Publikation ist es, die häufigsten Infektionen während der Schwangerschaft zusammenzufassen und ihre Auswirkungen auf Schwangerschaftskomplikationen zu analysieren. Diese Übersicht enthält bakterielle Vaginose, aerobe Vaginitis, Streptokokken der Gruppe B während der Schwangerschaft und einige weitere Infektionserreger und ihre Rolle.
A Bayesian Network Prediction Model for Microvascular Invasion in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multi‐institutional Study
Authors: Li Qi , Zhang Jingwei , Cai Zhiqiang , Chen Chen , Wu Hong , Qiu Yinghe , Song Tianqiang , Mao Xianhai , He Yu , Cheng Zhangjun , Zhai Wenlong , Li Jingdong , Si Shubin , Zhang Dong , Geng Zhimin , Tang Zhaohui 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundMicrovascular invasion (MVI) has been reported to be an independent prognostic factor of recurrence and poor overall survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). This study aimed to explore the preoperative independent risk factors of MVI and establish a Bayesian network (BN) prediction model to provide a reference for surgical diagnosis and treatment.MethodsA total of 531 patients with ICC who underwent radical resection between 2010 and 2018 were used to establish and validate a BN model for MVI. The BN model was established based on the preoperative independent variables. The ROC curves and confusion matrix were used to assess the performance of the model.ResultsMVI was an independent risk factor for relapse‐free survival (RFS) (P < 0.05). MVI has a correlation with postoperative recurrence, early recurrence (< 6 months), median RFS and median overall survival (all P < 0.05). The preoperative independent risk variables of MVI included obstructive jaundice, prognostic nutritional index, CA19‐9, tumor size, and major vascular invasion, which were used to establish the BN model. The AUC of the BN model was 78.92% and 83.01%, and the accuracy was 70.85% and 77.06% in the training set and testing set, respectively.ConclusionThe BN model established based on five independent risk variables for MVI is an effective and practical model for predicting MVI in patients with ICC.
Time to Treatment Initiation for Six Cancer Types: An Analysis of Data from a Nationwide Registry in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Tomone , Rikitake Ryoko , Kakuwa Tamaki , Ichinose Yuichi , Niino Mariko , Mizushima Yu , Ota Masato , Fujishita Manami , Tsukada Yoichiro , Higashi Takahiro 
Published: January 2023

AbstractBackgroundDelay in the time to treatment initiation (TTI) may adversely affect the survival of patients, but its current status in Japan is unknown. This study aims to describe the TTI for six cancer types: lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, head and neck (H&N), and cervical. Data for this study were derived from a nationwide registry in Japan.
MethodsThis observational study employed the national database of hospital‐based cancer registries (HBCRs) and health services utilization data. Using HBCR data, we identified all patients with cancer who started their cancer therapy at the same hospitals between January 1 and December 31, 2017. We calculated the TTI for each cancer type and treatment option, stratifying the results by age group and geographical region.ResultsThe overall median TTI was 33 days, with shorter TTIs for colorectal and H&N cancers and chemotherapy. The TTI was the shortest for younger patients and the longest for the elderly, especially for lung cancer. When categorized by eight Japanese geographical regions, Tohoku and Kanto had the longest TTI. The result remained the same even after adjusting cancer type, treatment, age, and stage information.ConclusionFor colorectal and H&N cancers, in which a longer TTI is associated with a poorer prognosis, TTI was found to be particularly shorter. Although we could not discuss our results in light of the patient survival in this study, future research should explore the best balance between thorough evaluation before treatment and necessary time for that.
Child health and development in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic: are there social inequalities?
Authors: Weyers Simone , Rigó Mariann 
Published: January 2023

AbstractCOVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and closures have influenced all children’s health and development (HAD). We aimed to examine whether this differs by social circumstances. We hypothesised that socially disadvantaged children experienced more pronounced deterioration in their HAD compared with better-off children. In our trend study, we included five cohorts of school enrolment medical screening (school entrance 2018–2022) in the city of Dusseldorf, Germany. To compensate for selection bias due to the limited number of examinations in pandemic months, we chose the first 800 examinations of each cohort. We computed predicted prevalences of overweight, coordination and language problems as indicators of HAD. Neighbourhood deprivation, single-parent families and non-German nationality were used as indicators of social disadvantage. All groups of children experienced a deterioration in their HAD. Its magnitude is comparable between children with different social circumstances. For instance, between 2018 and 2021, prevalence of overweight increased from 19.2 to 24.2% in children from deprived neighbourhoods, and from 8.1 to 16.5% in children from well-off neighbourhoods. Prevalence of language problems (prepositions) increased from 49.9 to 72.1% among non-German children, and from 14.4 to 39.1% among German children. Conclusion: Results only partly confirmed our hypothesis. However, since the pre-pandemic prevalences of HAD problems among disadvantaged children were already higher, further deterioration — regardless of its magnitude — has led to their particularly poor situation. For those children, overweight and language development should be priorities of prevention. Generally, important settings for child HAD such as kindergartens or leisure facilities should remain open in future pandemics.

What is known:• The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on general child health and development.• Before the pandemic, social inequalities in child health and development were a common phenomenon.

What is new:• Children in all social groups experienced a deterioration in their health and development over the course of the pandemic.• Over the course of the pandemic, children from deprived neighbourhoods have demonstrated a particularly high prevalence of overweight. Language problems are particularly prevalent among non-German children.
Staff perspectives on smoking cessation treatment in German psychiatric hospitals
Authors: Cerci Deniz 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Aim
Although people with mental illness show a greater severity of nicotine dependence and have a significantly reduced life expectancy because of it, psychiatric staff rarely offer their patients smoking cessation support and are reluctant to encourage patients to quit. In order to improve smoking cessation treatment for psychiatric patients, such staff resistance must be better understood.

Subjects and methods
A total of 448 members of staff in eight psychiatric units in Berlin were surveyed in relation to their attitudes towards smoking cessation.

Results
Although most participants recognize the importance of smoking cessation in psychiatric patients, they state that they do not adhere to international guidelines which recommend regularly asking patients about their smoking habits and offering cessation support. Staff have little knowledge about how to facilitate smoking cessation treatment and about the influences of smoking on the metabolism of drugs. They also harbor misconceptions about how smoking affects their patients’ mental well-being. Many express concern that a quit attempt might thwart psychiatric treatment and lead to aggressive behavior—assumptions unsupported by scientific evidence. The overwhelming majority does not believe it to be realistic that patients can manage to give up smoking during treatment.

Conclusions
Staff training should be directed to heighten awareness of the international guidelines and treatment options for smoking cessation and impart knowledge on how smoking impacts both the physical and mental health of psychiatric patients.
A survey on narrative extraction from textual data
Authors: Santana Brenda , Campos Ricardo , Amorim Evelin , Jorge Alípio , Silvano Purificação , Nunes Sérgio 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNarratives are present in many forms of human expression and can be understood as a fundamental way of communication between people. Computational understanding of the underlying story of a narrative, however, may be a rather complex task for both linguists and computational linguistics. Such task can be approached using natural language processing techniques to automatically extract narratives from texts. In this paper, we present an in depth survey of narrative extraction from text, providing a establishing a basis/framework for the study roadmap to the study of this area as a whole as a means to consolidate a view on this line of research. We aim to fulfill the current gap by identifying important research efforts at the crossroad between linguists and computer scientists. In particular, we highlight the importance and complexity of the annotation process, as a crucial step for the training stage. Next, we detail methods and approaches regarding the identification and extraction of narrative components, their linkage and understanding of likely inherent relationships, before detailing formal narrative representation structures as an intermediate step for visualization and data exploration purposes. We then move into the narrative evaluation task aspects, and conclude this survey by highlighting important open issues under the domain of narratives extraction from texts that are yet to be explored.
Insights in forest structural diversity indicators with machine learning: what is indicated?
Authors: Ette J. S. , Ritter T. , Vospernik S. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIndicator choice is a crucial step in biodiversity assessments. Forest inventories have the potential to overcome data deficits for biodiversity monitoring on large spatial scales which is fundamental to reach biodiversity policy targets. Structural diversity indicators were taken from information theory to describe forest spatial heterogeneity. Their indicative value for forest stand variables is largely unknown. This case study explores these indicator–indicandum relationships in a lowland, European beech (Fagus sylvatica) dominated forest in Austria, Central Europe. We employed five indicators as surrogates for structural diversity which is an important part of forest biodiversity i.e., Clark & Evans-, Shannon, Stand Density, Diameter Differentiation Index, and Crown Competition factor. The indicators are evaluated by machine learning, to detect statistic inter-correlation in an indicator set and the relationship to twenty explanatory stand variables and five variable groups on a landscape scale. Using the R packagesrandomForest,VSURF, andrandomForest Explainer, 1555 sample plots are considered in fifteen models. The model outcome is decisively impacted by the type and number of explanatory variables tested. Relationships to interval-scaled, common stand characteristics can be assessed most effectively.Variables of ‘stand age & density’ are disproportionally indicated by our indicator set while other forest stand characteristics relevant to biodiversity are neglected. Within the indicator set, pronounced inter-correlation is detected. The Shannon Index indicates the overall highest, the Stand Density Index the lowest number of stand characteristics. Machine learning proves to be a useful tool to overcome knowledge gaps and provides additional insights in indicator–indicandum relationships of structural diversity indicators.
Why Your Causal Intuitions are Corrupt: Intermediate and Enabling Variables
Authors: Clarke Christopher 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWhen evaluating theories of causation, intuitions should not play a decisive role, not even intuitions in flawlessly-designed thought experiments. Indeed, no coherent theory of causation can respect the typical person’s intuitions in redundancy (pre-emption) thought experiments, without disrespecting their intuitions in threat-and-saviour (switching/short-circuit) thought experiments. I provide a deductively sound argument for these claims. Amazingly, this argument assumes absolutely nothing about the nature of causation. I also provide a second argument, whose conclusion is even stronger: the typical person’s causal intuitions are thoroughly unreliable. This argument proceeds by raising the neglected question: in what respects is information about intermediate and enabling variables relevant to reliable causal judgment?
Urinary profiles of methoxyphenamine and its metabolite after inhalation of methoxyphenamine smoke in humans: aiming to distinguish between active and passive exposure
Authors: Morinaka Haruka , Kaizaki-Mitsumoto Asuka , Morohoshi Hokuto , Uchida Naoki , Numazawa Satoshi 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Methamphetamine (METH) is commonly abused through smoking. However, the lack of evidence regarding differences in urinary METH excretion after its active and passive inhalation has resulted in complications where the accused claims passive exposure. This study aimed to determine the differences in urinary excretion after active and passive inhalation of the drug, using methoxyphenamine (MPA) as a model for METH.

Methods
Body temperature and locomotor activity were measured in mice as indicators of central nervous system toxicity. Six healthy adult male subjects were exposed to passive or active inhalation of MPA smoke in a small room, and urine samples were taken. MPA concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).

Results
There were no signs of toxicity in mice exposed to MPA smoke, ensuring the safety of the clinical study. Urinary MPA concentrations were significantly lower with passive inhalation compared with those of active inhalation. The maximum urinary MPA concentration in passive inhalation was 13.4 ng/mL, which was 1/60 of active inhalation with 800 ng/mL. The urinary excretion in passive inhalation until 24 h was 8.21 μg, which was 1/76 of active inhalation with 625 μg.

Conclusions
Since METH and MPA are expected to be excreted similarly, urinary METH concentrations in passively exposed persons are expected to be lower than the cutoff value of the screening kit. If the urine screening test is positive, the suspect should be considered a METH user.
Trial registration number: jRCTs031210604, registration date: Feb. 9, 2022.
Distortional effects of separate accounting and formula apportionment on factor allocation
Authors: Ortmann Regina , Pummerer Erich 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe examine distortions caused by tax base allocation systems–separate accounting (SA) or formula apportionment (FA)–with respect to the allocation of assets and workforce within multinational entities (MNEs). The effects of both systems are intensively debated by EU Member States as they are striving to implement a European tax system. Its introduction would lead to a switch from SA to FA. Moreover, Pillar One of the recent global tax reform includes a mix of both tax base allocation systems. We find that, against the claims of the EU, FA does not necessarily create lower distortions of the factor allocation. Decisive for that assessment is the level of profit shifting under SA. Our results indicate that, in tendency, the factor allocation is more severely distorted by FA when the profit shifting possibilities were rather low under SA. In contrast to former studies, we highlight the importance of analyzing the status quo under the recently applied system (SA) in order to be able to assess the consequences of a switch from SA to FA. Our results are interesting for policy-makers as they help anticipating reactions of MNEs to a change in the applied tax base allocation system and for companies as a basis for future tax planning.