bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Trachoma
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
By repeated irritation with an alkaline dust (Portland cement) or by previous infection with a virulent hemoglobinophilic bacillus, the monkey's conjunctiva was at times rendered more vulnerable to infection with Bact. granulosis. The use of the Reynals' factor or the selection of monkeys whose general resistance had been lowered by a tubercular infection, by severe malnutrition, or by the injection of benzol, did not increase the virulence of old strains of Bact. granulosis. This investigation has confirmed the observations of Noguchi; Olitsky, Knutti and Tyler and Thygeson that characteristic lesions of granular conjunctivitis (“monkey trachoma”) may be initiated in rhesus monkeys by inoculating freshly isolated, virulent strains of Bact. granulosis, but more effectively by infected monkey tissue containing Bact. granulosis. The lesions thus induced at times pass spontaneously to the uninoculated eye and are transmissible in series by injection of tissue suspensions. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of any filtrable virus or auxiliary agent in the conjunctival lesions of monkeys which were used in transmission experiments. It was demonstrated in several monkeys which showed no gross evidence of follicles after inoculation with Noguchi's bacillus, that microscopical evidence of changes indicative of a chronic inflammation may be present. These consist of lymphocytic and plasmocellular infiltration, edema of the conjunctiva with mucoid degeneration of the cylindrical cell epithelium and congestion of the capillaries. Clinical and experimental data are presented which indicate that spontaneous folliculosis of rhesus monkeys is a disease distinct from that which is produced by the inoculation of virulent cultures of Bact. granulosis.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that rabbits sensitized to complex proteins, such as horse serum, cannot be desensitized by the intravenous injection of the specific protein. In order to desensitize an animal, it is apparently necessary to cause the disappearance of the precipitins from the circulation. In the case of purified proteins this disappearance of the precipitins appears to be an established fact (1) and is believed to be due to the union in vivo of the injected precipitinogen with the circulating precipitins. A complex protein, however, consists of a number of antigens, and when injected into an animal, presumably calls forth the production of a corresponding number of precipitins. The removal of the precipitins from the circulation would require that all of the precipitinogens and their corresponding precipitins are in correct proportion for complete precipitation, a condition that is not likely to occur, and as long as precipitins remain in the circulation, complete desensitization is believed to be impossible.
Studies on the Antigenic Substances of Clostridium Parabotulinum. II
Authors: Gunnison J. B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In studies on the complement fixation and precipitin reactions (1, 2, 3), it has been shown that extracts prepared by alternate freezing and thawing of suspensions of Clostridium parabotulinum are highly group specific when tested with antiserums produced by the inoculation of intact organisms. It was thought that it would be of interest to test the antigenic properties of such extracts when injected into the animal body.
Extracts were prepared from seven representative strains of Cl. parabotulinum by various methods. Twenty-four hour cultures in glucose veal broth were centrifugalized and washed three times in salt solution. In one series the organisms were suspended in neutral distilled water, in a second in neutral 0.85 per cent salt solution, and in a third in alkaline salt solution (pH 8.0). The suspensions were frozen in a mixture of crushed ice and salt and thawed rapidly by plunging into warm water (70°C.).
A New Heterophile Antigen Common to Avian Erythrocytes and Some Varieties of Genus Pasteurella; Its Significance in the Classification of Birds
Authors: Buchbinder Leon , Rubin William 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of a new heterophile antigen, in some strains of the haemorrhagic septicaemia group of bacteria and in the erythrocytes of birds, is described. In contrast to the apparent chance appearance of this antigen in members of the Pasteurella group of organisms, it is present in many birds in an orderly fashion. The significance of this heterophile antigen in bird erythrocytes is discussed from the standpoint of species evolution. Additional strains of the haemorrhagic septicaemia organism containing Forssman's heterophile antigen are described.
Studies on Vascularization of the Cornea
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Harrison R. W. , Morris M. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Repeated inoculations of Staphylococcus aureus by corneal scarification and conjunctival instillation, stimulate clouding and vascularization of the cornea of monkeys, (M. rhesus). Similar inoculations of monkeys with Bact. granulsosis apparently do not induce corneal reactivity under conditions favorable for stimulating reactivity to Staphylococcus. Repeated intracorneal injections of crystalline egg albumin also stimulate clouding and vascularization of the cornea. Corneal reactivity of the uninoculated eye as well as heightened skin reactivity does not occur under the conditions stated above. No specific antibodies are detectable in the serum of monkeys inoculated as described in this report. Certain contrasts in corneal vascularity induced under similar conditions in the rabbit and monkey are indicated.
The Existence of Antigenic Determinants of Diverse Specificity in a Single Protein
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immune sera produced by the injection of 6 times crystallized duck ovalbumin and hen ovalbumin into rabbits were at first rather specific, those produced by the former apparently absolutely so, as was a serum produced by injecting a hen with duck albumin. Rabbit serum from later bleedings reacted equally with both proteins, but from such sera the reactivity to the heterologous antigen could be removed by specific adsorption, leaving that to the homologous antigen practically unchanged. It was found by the method of optimal proportions, that a titration of antibody in such an adsorbed serum indicated that there remained after adsorption with the heterologous antigen as much antibody against the homologous antigen as was there originally. These facts are thought to support the idea that in one molecule of a pure substance there may exist several antigenic determinants of diverse specificity.
The Influence of Nutrition on the Natural Immunity Reactions of the Blood and on Skin Reactions to Bacterial Toxins
Authors: Anderson E. J. M. , Fraser A. H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments are described in which the natural immunity reactions of the blood and cutaneous reactions to injected toxins were studied in relation to known variations of the diet. A caloric dietary deficiency was found to decrease both the haemolytic activity of sheep serum towards rabbit erythrocytes and its complementing power, but to increase the agglutinating action with B. abortus (Hog). The reaction to the intradermal toxin tests employed was unaffected. Cod liver oil and calcium had no effect on the natural immunity reactions studied nor on the intradermal toxin tests used.
Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus and of Diphtheria Toxin by Various Endocrine Principles
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Meyer Karl , Engle Earl T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro occurred with certain biological products of human and animal origin containing anterior pituitary-like principles and with the cortical and medullary adrenal hormones. It could also be shown that diphtheria toxin is inactivated in vitro by pregnancy urine preparations and by adrenal cortical hormone. The possible nature of this protective principle is discussed in its relation to the recognized endocrine secretions.
The Rôle of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Anaphylactic Smooth Muscle Contraction
Authors: Seastone, C. V. , Rosenblueth Arturo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is generally believed that there is some relationship between the nervous system and anaphylaxis, although opinion on this point is not unanimous. Biedl and Kraus (1) believed that such a relationship does not exist. They based their conclusions on the fact that the low blood pressure in the dog during anaphylactic shock is not raised by the stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut splanchnic nerve, or by the administration of 0.1 to 0.2 mgm. of adrenin, although barium chloride which acts directly on smooth muscle does increase the blood pressure. The fact that adrenin as well acts directly on the smooth muscle was not generally recognized at the time this work was done. Arnold and Leschke (2) conclude that excitation of the parasympathetic fibers is responsible for shock. Pottinger (3) believes vagal stimulation to be a factor, although Scheurer and Strasman have shown that section of the vagi will not prevent shock; they conclude that the nerve endings are responsible if nervous tissue is involved at all.
The Formation of Precipitin for the Group a Specific Carbohydrate of Streptococcus Hemolyticus in Rabbits Injected Intravenously and Subcutaneously
Authors: Seegal David , Heidelberger Michael , Jost Elizabeth L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The variations in antibody formation following the injection of bacterial suspensions by different routes have been studied by a number of workers, but few of these reports have dealt with antibodies to specific bacterial carbohydrates. Julianelle (1) studied the latter problem in 1930 and found that 53 out of 60 rabbits immunized by repeated intracutaneous injections of small doses of heat-killed type I pneumococci failed to develop type-specific antibodies in their serum, while the remaining seven rabbits showed a very low titier of these antibodies. The sera of all sixty animals contained a high titer of antibody to the speciesspecific protein of Pneumococcus. The animals which failed to develop the type-specific carbohydrate antibody after intracutaneous injection still possessed “the ability to form type-specific antibodies when they were subsequently given intravenous inoculations of type-specific pneumococci.” Francis and Tillett (2) subsequently reported similar results.
Duration of the Immunity Produced in Rats by Feeding the Pneumococcus, Type 1
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The noteworthy result of this investigation is the fact that the prompt appearance of immunity in rats produced by a single small feeding or by several small feedings of pneumococci is followed by an only slightly less prompt loss of this protection. Although in some experiments a small proportion of rats may still be immune after eight or ten days, others may lose their immunity in five days. Even a large number of small doses does not appear to extend the duration after the last dose materially beyond that observed after a single ingestion. A few large feedings (bacteria from 50 cc. on each of three days) prolongs the period of increased resistance so that small numbers of rats are still immune fifteen days after the last dose. When a large number (16) of large feedings is employed the period of immunity is noticeably extended, half the animals still being resistant after a month and a small percentage after two months. Wide variations, however, have been observed when similar dosages have been employed. Experiments 11 and 12 illustrate this. Recent repetitions of the experiment referred to above, in which the tissues of rats killed by the pneumococcus were fed, also disclosed variations in the duration of the immunity. In no case was a period of four months again observed. We have also found that the antibodies which appear after oral administration of pneumococcus vaccines to humans will, in some persons, disappear in six months, whereas in others they remain for at least twenty-three to twenty-four months.
When live organisms are fed, the protection appears to be more durable than when dead pneumococci are used. The difference is apparent when the number of feedings is small. Perhaps some of the bacteria escape the solvent action of the bile, establish a temporary foothold, and in this manner furnish additional antigenic material for a time. When the number of doses is large, the difference is less noticeable.
Judging by the data obtained with rats over a period of several years, and by the protective antibody tests performed on humans, neither a more rapid response nor a higher degree of immunity, nor a more lasting one has been observed with the use of one kind of non-living material than with another. However, when only 1 or 2 doses of desiccated vaccine are employed and the product is not emulsified in water before administering it the response is likely to be less uniform than when any of the other forms is used.
When the immunity lapses a single new feeding restores it. When this fails it is due to a large increase in the size of the animal in the interval between the tests. Administering a larger dose will elicit, in such cases, a renewed resistance.
The Antigenic Relationship of the Alcoholsoluble Fractions of Brain and Testicle
Authors: Lewis Julian H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-brain sera react with the alcoholic extracts of testicle and anti-testicle sera react with alcoholic extracts of brain. The interaction of brain and testicle is independent of species as anti-brain and anti-testicle sera will react with alcoholic extracts of brain and testicle of different species. Anti-testicle sera, like anti-brain sera, do not react with the alcoholic extract of liver, lung, heart, spleen, kidney, and ovary of either the homologous species or the heterologous species tested. The alcoholic extracts of brain and testicle cannot be distinguished serologically. The alcoholic extract of testicle is iso-antigenic when activated with a foreign protein.
The Potency and Changes with Storage of Poliomyelitis Serum
Authors: Brodie Maurice 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Pooled specimens of poliomyelitis convalescent serum vary considerably in potency, as would be expected since serums from convalescent donors vary in titer and some even fail to show any demonstrable antibodies. A rough test for each individual donor would be practical in the case of adults, either convalescent or so called “normals” (8) from whom considerable amounts of serum could be obtained.
Serum that has been preserved with 0.2 per cent phenol and kept on ice can be used clinically at the end of a year, for it has lost approximately only 20 per cent of its neutralizing power. At the end of the second year, however, it is only about one-half of the original strength. At the end of the fourth year, it is approximately one-quarter its original strength. This agrees with Burnet and MacNamara (9) who found that serum stored for three years still had neutralizing power.
With the use of a standard technic such as that used in the above work, it is possible to compare the strength of other poliomyelitis serums with that of human convalescent serum.
The present work indicates that human poliomyelitis convalescent serum is highly viricidal in vitro, for as little as 0.04 cc. neutralized 80 paralyzing doses of virus. However, this does not indicate that the virus can be neutralized in vivo, as it is probably fixed to the neurones (10) and cannot be destroyed by the serum.
Absorption of Tetanus Toxin by Brain Tissue of Animals of Various Ages
Authors: Beebe Agnes R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A definitely diminished capacity to remove tetanus toxin from solution in vitro was demonstrated for the brain tissue of the very young rabbit as compared with the adult animal. Only a suggestive difference was found to exist between young and old guinea pigs in the ability of the brain tissue to absorb tetanus toxin. Newly-born rabbits were not found to possess a higher resistance to lethal doses of tetanus toxin than four- to six-week-old rabbits. The significance of the indifference of the young rabbit brain tissue to tetanus toxin is discussed, and possible explanations for the dissimilarity in behavior manifested by the young rabbit as contrasted with the young guinea pig are offered.
Hemolytic Streptococcus Toxins and Antitoxins
Authors: Malcolm Wilbur G. , Wyman Louise 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Veldee stated that the use of a toxin prepared from the NY-5 strain of the hemolytic streptococcus in his rabbit ear method of testing was preferable to the use of toxins from other sources for determining the neutralizing value of antitoxins for therapeutic use. We have followed this suggestion for some time, employing a NY-5 toxin for test purposes and also for the production of antitoxin in horses. In May, 1932 we discovered that, although our antitoxin gave satisfactory neutralization values when tested against our own toxin, it failed to do so on titration with standard toxin obtained from the National Institute of Health. This was decidedly at variance with our earlier experience, for previously our antitoxins had neutralized both our own and National Institute toxins equally well.
This finding led us to obtain transplants of the NY-5 strains from the National Institute of Health and from the Bureau of Laboratories of the New York State Department of Health.
Susceptibility to Pneumococcus Infection as Measured by Species-Specific Agglutinins
Authors: Curphey Theodore J. , Ferrante Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The variations in host response to controlled experimental infections have always offered a problem worthy of detailed investigation. The need for such investigation becomes increasingly important when such experimental infections form the basis for estimating the therapeutic efficiency of various antisera used in the treatment of specific bacterial infections. Thus in the course of studies on pneumococcus infection in rabbits after the method of Zinsser (1) and Goodner (2) it soon became apparent that the susceptibility of animals when measured by such factors as the size of the local lesion and the degree of blood stream invasion, varied within extremely wide limits, following upon injection of a relatively constant intradermal dose of virulent type I pneumococci. It was felt that a more detailed study of these experimental infections might throw some light on the question of host susceptibility.
A Ring Precipitin Test for Estimating the Concentration of Antibody in Small Amounts of Immune Serum
Authors: Hanks John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A ring precipitin method has been described for estimating the concentration of antibody in small amounts (0.03 to 0.21 cc. is sufficient for a preliminary titration and for duplicate checks) of immune serum. The test depends on allowing an optimal amount of antigen to diffuse into increasing dilutions of the antiserum in such a way that the smallest detectable concentration of antibody is precipitated in the form of a visible ring on the upper surface of the gelatinized antigen.
Data are presented on the control of variables and on the quantitative aspects of the procedure in the titration of anti-horse serum, as checked by the “optimal proportions” method of Dean and Webb. Preliminary information on the titration of other antigen-antibody systems has been given.
The Antigenic Action of the Phosphatides
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
With highly purified preparations of cephalin and lecithin, no antigenic action was demonstrable in our previous studies (1). When rabbits were injected with these phosphatides, alone or in combination with swine serum, the sera thus obtained failed to react specifically with either of them in complement fixation tests. Neither cephalin nor lecithin fixed complement in the presence of syphilitic serum. The advantage of a precise serological method of differentiating nonspecific and specific complement fixation was demonstrated, since, by its use, reactions which occurred and might otherwise have been regarded as significant were classified as nonspecific.
In earlier studies (2, 3, 4), marked differences in the chemical and physiologic activity of these purified phosphatides were observed, which may be correlated with differences in their structure. Lecithin has an anhydride structure and in benzine or ether-alcohol solution is neutral, whereas cephalin is a monobasic acid and has a definite neutralization value.
Some Observations on the Question of the Various Manifestations of Antibody Activity Being Due to Separate Antibodies or an Immune Substance Acting Differently Under Various Conditions
Authors: Teale F. H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this paper are recorded experiments bearing on the question of the different aspects in antibody activity being due to the action of a single immune substance or due to various types of antibody. The experiments deal with the problem by: (a) the study of the development of the various types of antibody activity, and (b) the study of differential adsorptions and differential temperature destructions.
Teale and Embleton (1913) showed that the lytic antibody passed through various stages during the course of its development before it became thermostable, viz., in the earliest stages it appeared as a type of specifically differentiated complement, then as a thermolabile immune substance activated by the non-specific complement and finally as the usually recognised thermostable antibody. In this paper these observations will be confirmed and extended and in addition it will be shown that although the lysins pass through phases mentioned, the agglutinin and protective properties are thermostable from commencement of their formation.
The Rôle of the Precipitin Antibody in the Removal of Intravenously Injected Antigen
Authors: Culbertson James T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antibodies which arise naturally following exposure to a disease agent or are provoked experimentally by the introduction of a suitable antigenic material, are said to be an evidence of the immunity which an animal possesses against the antigen. Some workers believe that the antibody is merely an adventitious accompaniment of the immune state of the animal without being essentially related to overcoming or removing the foreign agent and its effects. Others, on the contrary, feel that the antibody is an important functional part of the protective mechanism of the animal, and is instrumental in preventing injury to the animal body.
In order to throw some light on this question numerous workers have reported studies in which the time needed by a specifically immunized animal was compared with that required by a normal animal for the disposal of a test injection of antigen. Horse serum has been used as the antigen in many of these investigations.