bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi‐automatic fine delineation scheme for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Zhan Weizong , Yang Qiuxia , Chen Shuchao , Liu Shanshan , Liu Yifei , Li Haojiang , Li Shuqi , Gong Qiong , Liu Lizhi , Chen Hongbo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic cancer fine delineation in medical images by physicians is a major challenge due to the vast volume of medical images and the variability of patients.PurposeA semi‐automatic fine delineation scheme was designed to assist doctors in accurately and quickly delineating the cancer target region to improve the delineation accuracy of pancreatic cancer in computed tomography (CT) images and effectively reduce the workload of doctors.MethodsA target delineation scheme in image blocks was also designed to provide more information for the deep learning delineation model. The start and end slices of the image block were manually delineated by physicians, and the cancer in the middle slices were accurately segmented using a three‐dimensional Res U‐Net model. Specifically, the input of the network is the CT image of the image block and the delineation of the cancer in the start and end slices, while the output of the network is the cancer area in the middle slices of the image block. Meanwhile, the model performance of pancreatic cancer delineation and the workload of doctors in different image block sizes were studied.ResultsWe used 37 3D CT volumes for training, 11 volumes for validating and 11 volumes for testing. The influence of different image block sizes on doctors' workload was compared quantitatively. Experimental results showed that the physician's workload was minimal when the image block size was 5, and all cancer could be accurately delineated. The Dice similarity coefficient was 0.894 ± 0.029, the 95% Hausdorff distance was 3.465 ± 0.710 mm, the normalized surface Dice was 0.969 ± 0.019. By completing the accurate delineation of all the CT images, the speed of the new method is 2.16 times faster than that of manual sketching.ConclusionOur proposed 3D semi‐automatic delineative method based on the idea of block prediction could accurately delineate CT images of pancreatic cancer and effectively deal with the challenges of class imbalance, background distractions, and non‐rigid geometrical features. This study had a significant advantage in reducing doctors' workload, and was expected to help doctors improve their work efficiency in clinical application.
Investigating cerebral perfusion with high resolution hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI
Authors: Hu Jasmine Y. , Vaziri Sana , Bøgh Nikolaj , Kim Yaewon , Autry Adam W. , Bok Robert A. , Li Yan , Laustsen Christoffer , Xu Duan , Larson Peder E. Z. , Chang Susan , Vigneron Daniel B. , Gordon Jeremy W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeTo investigate high‐resolution hyperpolarized (HP) 13C pyruvate MRI for measuring cerebral perfusion in the human brain.MethodsHP [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI was acquired in five healthy volunteers with a multi‐resolution EPI sequence with 7.5 × 7.5 mm2 resolution for pyruvate. Perfusion parameters were calculated from pyruvate MRI using block‐circulant singular value decomposition and compared to relative cerebral blood flow calculated from arterial spin labeling (ASL). To examine regional perfusion patterns, correlations between pyruvate and ASL perfusion were performed for whole brain, gray matter, and white matter voxels.ResultsHigh resolution 7.5 × 7.5 mm2 pyruvate images were used to obtain relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values that were significantly positively correlated with ASL rCBF values (r = 0.48, 0.20, 0.28 for whole brain, gray matter, and white matter voxels respectively). Whole brain voxels exhibited the highest correlation between pyruvate and ASL perfusion, and there were distinct regional patterns of relatively high ASL and low pyruvate normalized rCBF found across subjects.ConclusionAcquiring HP 13C pyruvate metabolic images at higher resolution allows for finer spatial delineation of brain structures and can be used to obtain cerebral perfusion parameters. Pyruvate perfusion parameters were positively correlated to proton ASL perfusion values, indicating a relationship between the two perfusion measures. This HP 13C study demonstrated that hyperpolarized pyruvate MRI can assess cerebral metabolism and perfusion within the same study.
The diurnal pattern of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and obesity: a cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Ma Tongyu , Bennett Thomas , Lee Chong‐Do , Wicklow Mairead 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveModerate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is obesity‐protective. However, the optimal time of the day to engage in MVPA for weight management is controversial. This study is designed to investigate the influence of the diurnal pattern of MVPA on the association between MVPA and obesity.MethodsA total of 5285 participants in the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were cross‐sectionally analyzed. The diurnal pattern of objectively measured MVPA was classified into three clusters by K‐means clustering analysis: morning (n = 642); midday (n = 2456); and evening (n = 2187). The associations of MVPA level and the diurnal pattern with obesity were tested.ResultsA strong linear association between MVPA and obesity was found in the morning group, whereas a weaker curvilinear association between MVPA and obesity was observed in the midday and evening groups, respectively. Among those who met the physical activity guidelines, the adjusted means for BMI were 25.9 (95% CI: 25.2–26.6), 27.6 (95% CI: 27.1–28.1), and 27.2 (95% CI: 26.8–27.7) kg/m2 in the morning, midday, and evening groups, respectively, and for waist circumference were 91.5 (95% CI: 89.4–93.6), 95.8 (95% CI: 94.7–96.9), and 95.0 (95% CI: 93.9–96.1) cm, respectively.ConclusionsThe diurnal pattern of MVPA influences the association between MVPA and obesity. The promising role of morning MVPA for weight management warrants further investigation.
Birth weight, childhood obesity, adulthood obesity and body composition, and gastrointestinal diseases: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Ruan Xixian , Sun Yuhao , Fu Tian , Zhao Jianhui , Deng Minzi , Chen Jie , Li Xue , Larsson Susanna C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis Mendelian randomization study aimed to investigate the associations of birth weight, childhood BMI, and adulthood BMI, waist‐hip ratio, and body composition with the risk of 24 gastrointestinal diseases.MethodsIndependent genetic instruments associated with the exposures at the genome‐wide significance level (p < 5 × 10−8) were selected from corresponding large‐scale genome‐wide association studies. Summary‐level data for gastrointestinal diseases were obtained from the UK Biobank, the FinnGen study, and large consortia of European ancestry.ResultsGenetically predicted higher levels of birth weight were associated with a lower risk of gastroesophageal reflux. Genetically predicted higher childhood BMI was associated with an increased risk of duodenal ulcer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cholelithiasis. However, the associations did not persist after adjusting for genetically predicted adulthood BMI. Genetically predicted higher adulthood BMI and waist‐hip ratio were associated with 19 and 17 gastrointestinal diseases, respectively. Genetically predicted greater visceral adiposity was associated with an increased risk of 17 gastrointestinal diseases. There were no strong associations among genetically predicted whole‐body fat and fat‐free mass indices with gastrointestinal diseases.ConclusionsThis study suggests that greater adulthood adiposity, measured as either BMI, waist‐hip ratio, or visceral adipose tissue, is causally associated with an increased risk of a broad range of gastrointestinal diseases in the European population.
The life cycle of the heatwave boundary layer identified from commercial aircraft observations at Melbourne Airport (Australia)
Authors: Huang Qinuo , Reeder Michael J. , Jakob Christian , King Malcolm J. , Su Chun‐Hsu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAlthough undoubtedly important to the dynamics of heatwaves, the role of the boundary layer has received relatively little attention. Here, a 16‐year (2003–2018) record of commercial aircraft observations centred on Melbourne Airport (37.7°S, 144.8°E) is used to investigate the structure and evolution of the boundary layer during summertime heatwaves in Victoria. Composite means show that the daytime boundary layer is deeper during heatwaves than at other times, whereas the heatwave boundary layer during the night and early morning is shallower and more stable. A strong northerly nocturnal jet forms slightly below the top of the inversion, presumably transporting hotter air above the boundary layer overnight. A deep mixed layer develops rapidly after sunrise, mixing downward high‐momentum air from the nocturnal jet. For heatwaves lasting for 3 days, the nocturnal jet progressively strengthens each night. Heatwaves end in the afternoon or evening following the passage of a strong coastal front and the beginning of postfrontal cold air advection.
Seasonal prediction of UK mean and extreme winds
Authors: Lockwood Julia F. , Stringer Nicky , Hodge Katie R. , Bett Philip E. , Knight Jeff , Smith Doug , Scaife Adam A. , Patterson Matthew , Dunstone Nick , Thornton Hazel E. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRecent studies have shown that seasonal forecasting systems have significant skill in predicting northern European winds and storms in winter, but other seasons have not been so extensively analysed. Given this fact, and coupled with requests from users of the Met Office 3‐month outlook for the United Kingdom (UK), we have investigated the skill in predicting seasonal (3‐month) mean UK wind speed and storms (extreme winds) with a one‐month lead‐time, throughout the year, using a large ensemble from the Met Office's seasonal prediction system, GloSea. We find that seasonal UK storms and mean wind speeds are well correlated, and therefore a single prediction of UK mean wind speed will give an indication of predicted storm counts. Skill for these predictions is highest in winter (December–February), related to predictability of the North Atlantic Oscillation. In contrast, summer (June–August) UK wind skill is not significant and furthermore appears to be negative. We find evidence, in both observations and model members, for a Rossby wave from the tropics influencing UK summer winds and forming a significant predictable component in the model ensemble mean. However, the model predictable signal appears to be out of phase with that observed leading to the negative correlation. Further investigation into summer Rossby wave generation and propagation is necessary to understand whether summer predictions could be improved.
Improved regional forecasting of an extreme Arctic cyclone in August 2016 with WRF MRI‐4DVAR
Authors: Ban Junmei , Liu Zhiquan , Bromwich David H. , Bai Lesheng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCycling data assimilation and forecast experiments in August 2016 together with a case study of an intense Arctic cyclone (AC16) are performed. Initial conditions from newly developed Multi‐Resolution Incremental Four‐Dimensional Variational (MRI‐4DVAR) and Three‐Dimensional Variational (3DVAR) data assimilation along with forecasts from the polar version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (Polar WRF) model, mimicking operational configurations, are applied. The tasks are to evaluate MRI‐4DVAR performance during a 20‐day cycling run, to investigate the impacts of initial conditions on the forecast skill of AC16, and to identify the factors impacting AC16's predictability. The results from the 20‐day cycling period demonstrate the robustness and reliability of MRI‐4DVAR for data assimilation and subsequent forecast skill. Multiple processes, including mergers of Arctic cyclones, mergers of vortices, vertical coupling between low‐level and upper‐level circulations, baroclinic processes and jet stream forcing, contributed to the generation and development of AC16. Compared to the initial conditions from 4DVAR, 3DVAR produced amplified polar vortices, stronger baroclinic instability, intensified upper‐level jet streams and a stronger low‐level frontal zone, causing the overdevelopment of AC16 in 3DVAR‐based forecasts. For MRI‐4DVAR, the accurate prediction of AC16 5–7 days ahead is likely due primarily to the more accurate representation of upper‐level atmospheric fields, that was facilitated by better satellite radiance assimilation with MRI‐4DVAR that also produced a balanced initial model state. It is concluded that the high‐resolution Polar WRF which is optimized for Arctic conditions combined with 4DVAR facilitated the improved prediction of AC16 compared to the Global Forecast System (GFS) operational deterministic global forecast.
An economical assimilation scheme for radar reflectivity in non‐convective region to suppress spurious precipitation
Authors: Gan Ruhui , Yang Yi , Li Hong , Guo Shuchang , Xie Qian , Liu Peng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIncreasing convection information in initial field and weakening spurious convection information are hot topics in numerical weather prediction. How to economically assimilate radar reflectivity in the non‐convective region (NCR) is the focus of this study. This study proposes a new assimilation scheme for the two‐dimensional (2D) composite reflectivity in NCR through the ensemble square‐root filter method. A single‐column observation test and two convective cases are studied to verify the assimilation effect. Three experiments are designed for each test, including a control experiment (Exp_CTL) that only assimilates convective reflectivity and two assimilation experiments that assimilate reflectivity in NCR (one assimilates 3D weak reflectivity [Exp_RF] and the other assimilates 2D composite reflectivity [Exp_CRF]) based on the Exp_CTL. The results of real‐case studies show that the new scheme has two clear advantages. One is that it can save approximately three quarters of the assimilation workload. The other is that the new scheme has the most significant effect on weakening spurious convection and decreasing the false alarm ratios of precipitation and reflectivity.
Observations and modelling of the winter thunderstorm on 4 February 2022 at the Milešovka meteorological observatory
Authors: Popová Jana , Sokol Zbynek , Wang Pao , Svoboda Jaroslav 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe study analyses a winter thunderstorm that passed over the Milešovka meteorological observatory on 4 February 2022, between 2300 and 2330 UTC. Lightning was recorded directly over the observatory by both the observer and the EUCLID lightning network at 2320 UTC. To analyse the state of the atmosphere at the time when the lightning occurred, we used data from the X‐band Doppler polarimetric radar and the Ka‐band Doppler polarimetric vertical profiler, both located at the observatory. We also applied data from the Meteosat Second Generation satellite, and data from standard meteorological instruments located at the observatory. In addition, we run our cloud electrification model to simulate cloud electrification of the winter thunderstorm to find out whether the model develops conditions suitable for the occurrence of lightning and if so, under what circumstances. Our results show that the lightning appeared at the very end of the storm passage defined by high radar reflectivity. At the same time, it is clear from the radar observations that before lightning occurred, the cloud contained hydrometeors (graupel, cloud or rain water, and ice or snow) which are commonly associated with charge separation by collisions. Our analysis of the radar data also suggests that in at least several parts of the cloud the electric field was strong. Although the cloud top height was very low compared to summer storms, the model results indicate conditions suitable for lightning occurrence. However, uncertainty remains on how to properly formulate the initial conditions for model simulations for this type of storm which was shallow and occurs rarely in winter.
Asymptotic output tracking in a class of non‐minimum phase nonlinear systems via learning‐based inversion
Authors: Kim Namguk , Shim Hyungbo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAsymptotic output tracking of non‐minimum phase (NMP) nonlinear systems has been a popular topic in control theory and applications. Many approaches have focused on finding solutions under minimal assumptions either in the target system or desired trajectories, as there is no general solution available. In this article, we propose a practical and simple solution for cases where the reference trajectory is periodic in time. Our approach employs a learning‐based scheme to iteratively determine the desired feedforward input. Unlike previous learning‐based frameworks, our method only requires the output tracking error to update the feedforward input iteratively and can be applicable to NMP systems. Our method retains the key advantages of the learning‐based framework, including robustness to parameter uncertainties and periodic disturbances. We evaluate the effectiveness of our algorithm using simulation results with an inverted pendulum on a cart, a typical NMP nonlinear system.
Design and Construction of Carbon‐Coated Fe3O4/Cr2O3 Heterostructures Nanoparticles as High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium Storage
Authors: Liu Huan , Zhang Weibin , Wang Weili , Han Guifang , Zhang Jingde , Zhang Shiwei , Wang Jianchuan , Du Yong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTransition metal oxides, highly motivated anodes for lithium‐ion batteries due to high theoretical capacity, typically afflict by inferior conductivity and significant volume variation. Architecting heterogeneous structures with distinctive interfacial features can effectively regulate the electronic structure to favor electrochemical properties. Herein, an engineered carbon‐coated nanosized Fe3O4/Cr2O3 heterostructure with multiple interfaces is synthesized by a facile sol–gel method and subsequent heat treatment. Such ingenious components and structural design deliver rapid Li+ migration and facilitate charge transfer at the heterogeneous interface. Simultaneously, the strong coupling synergistic interactions between Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and carbon layers establish multiple interface structures and built‐in electric fields, which accelerate ion/electron transport and effectively eliminate volume expansion. As a result, the multi‐interface heterostructure, as a lithium‐ion battery anode, exhibits superior cycling stability maintaining a reversible capacity of 651.2 mAh g−1 for 600 cycles at 2 C. The density functionaltheory calculations not only unravel the electronic structure of the modulation but also illustrate favorable lithium‐ion adsorption kinetics. This multi‐interface heterostructure strategy offers a pathway for the development of advanced alkali metal‐ion batteries.
Mechanism and Solution of Overcharge Effect in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Rong , Zeng Yujia , Song Lei , Lv Junlin , Wang Chao , Zhou Changan , Cai Shangchen , Chen Ting , Yue Shuwen , Ma Kui , Yue Hairong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIncreasing the sulfur cathode load is an important method for promoting the commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries. However, there is a common problem of overcharging in high‐loading experiments, which is rarely reported. In this work, it is believed that an insulating layer of S8 forms on the current collector surface, hindering electron exchange with polysulfides. Continuous external current input during layer formation can cause irreversible electrode changes and overcharging. The general solution is to provide nucleation centers with adsorption sites to promote the 3D growth of the insulated S8, thus avoiding overcharging. In this work, a solution is proposed by providing nucleation centers by gallium nitrate, by regulating the 3D growth of S8 away from the surface of the current collector to avoid overcharging and by improving battery performance.
Ultrathin Space‐Shift Phase‐Coherent Cancellation Metasurface for Broadband Sound Absorption
Authors: Ma Fuyin , Zhang Hao , Wang Xingzhong , Liu Chongrui , Wu Jiu Hui 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA space‐shift phase‐coherent cancellation acoustic metasurface is developed, which can achieve broadband low‐frequency sound absorption via ultra‐thin integrated structure composed of multiple units with weak absorption capability. Through a space‐shift design of the channel length, the large‐size required in the thickness direction for low‐frequency absorption is transferred into an extremely ultra‐thin space layer. The units with gradient channel length are compactly arranged in an ultra‐thin layer through space folding, a coplanar sound absorption metasurface component with working bandwidth exceeding an octave and thickness of only λ/25 to λ/57 is obtained. As the construction of a special double‐hole “bridge” layout, even if the elements are sparsely distributed, strong coupling interactions between the units can sustain. When a certain local phase relationship is satisfied, the coherent cancellation of sound energy can be achieved, so as to reduce the sound reflection and scattering, and enhance the absorption performance. Therefore, from the perspective of phase relationship among units, the present work provides more clear physical image and intuitive theoretical explanation for achieving excellent broadband sound absorption through parallel superposition of multiple units with weak absorption capability. The proposed ultra‐thin sound absorbing metasurface can satisfy the thickness limitations and absorption performance requirements in most equipment.
A taxonomy of purposeful human activity system signs as a means to improving systems literacy
Authors: Kittelman Sage , Calvo‐Amodio Javier 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe system of communication plays a critical role in the design, management and change management of purposeful human activity systems. This occurs not only in the verbal and written form of communication but also in the assimilation and interpretation of purposeful human activity system signs. The authors propose that purposeful human activity systems exhibit four types of signs: those indicating the system's persisting meaning, behaviour, structure and process. These signs together indicate the current state of the purposeful human activity system they emerge from and form the foundations of the communication system. Currently, the connection of signs back to a communication system has been largely unexplored, and a taxonomy for identifying and delineating signs in this research context does not exist. The authors present the theoretical virtue of purposeful human activity system signs and a taxonomy developed for identifying and delineating system signs with application for novice system analysts.