bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Market Imperfection and Trade Policy
Authors: Acharyya Rajat 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses trade policies with imperfectly competitive domestic firms. When the import competing good is produced by a domestic monopoly—a single domestic firm that is small though in the world market—protectionist trade policies by themselves may determine the extent to which such a firm may exert its monopoly power in the domestic market. The nature of trade policy is also an important factor here. For example, the single firm exerts its full monopoly power under an import quota, but turns out to be a price-taker under an import tariff. Alternatively put, an import tariff breaks up the monopoly and thereby generates a higher welfare by its pro-competitive effect than an import quota. A very high tariff or an import quota, however, may allow a domestic monopoly to sell goods in the world market at a much cheaper price than the price at which it sells in the domestic market. This is known as the dumping. On the other hand, when the domestic firm of a country is a large conglomerate and its market power is not confined just to the domestic market, it adds an altogether different dimension to the trade policies. The trade policies can in such cases be used by the national governments to influence the international market share rivalry between its own large monopoly and other countries’ large monopoly firms. This strategic trade policy in the context of international market-share rivalry is also discussed in this chapter.
Financial Crises in the Developing World
Authors: Acharyya Rajat 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Financial crises have three different dimensions, which though may be intertwined and causing each other: external debt, balance-of-payments (or currency), and banking crises. While a few of the crises in the developing world have single dimensions, most crises have been a combination of these three dimensions: either, debt and balance-of-payments crises combining together (‘dual’ crises), or all three combining together (‘triple’ crises) as occurring mostly after the 1980s. This chapter studies about the 1980 Debt Crisis focusing on Latin America that led to a lost decade of development for these countries, and the policy issues involved in and management of the crises; and the financial (or dual banking and balance-of-payments) crisis in Asia during 1997–98, which spilled over to other parts of the globe as well, particularly Latin America and East Europe. There have been other crises in the world, the most notable being the Global financial crisis during 2007–08—a combination of international banking crisis and housing bubble in the United States. But, this chapter confines its discussion on crises originating in the developing world, and most significantly, occurring under overvalued pegged (or crawling peg) exchange rate regimes with or without capital and exchange controls.
Eggs
Authors: Milburn Josh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn the zoopolis, we could respectfully keep chickens for eggs. This possibility offers an illustration of the way that we could utilize ‘animal workers’ to respectfully create animal products. The chapter begins with a defence of backyard chickens, including a defence of eating eggs. It subsequently turns to the more institutional question of egg farming. Invoking animal workers’ rights, it sketches a picture of a rights-respecting egg farm. It then responds to several objections. First, how do we distinguish a farm and backyard chickens—which chickens are workers, and which are not? Second, how do we justify destroying male-foetus-containing eggs? Third, does a broody chicken’s desire to keep eggs undermine the prospect of humans taking them? Fourth, given that chickens’ selective breeding mean they lay body-destroying numbers of eggs, would respectful co-living with chickens not necessitate providing them with contraceptives, undermining the prospect of producing eggs for consumption?
Overview of Statistics
Authors: Zhu Mu 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of statistics. While in probability we try to describe the behaviour of random variables based on their distribution, in statistics we try to “say something about” the underlying distributions-specifically, their parameters-based on the random variables they generate. Exactly what we say depends on whether we treat the unknown parameters as fixed (the frequentist approach) or as random (the Bayesian approach). Two more distributions are introduced: Poisson and gamma; together, they will drive all examples in Chapters 5 and 6.
Beyond Coping
Authors: Olawoye-Mann Salewa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter approaches the theme of building a community economy through the use of the ancient communal credit system of Ajo. It assesses money as credit and how these communal credit systems are used in mobilizing savings in rural and urban parts of Nigeria for poverty-alleviating projects. We address the roles of trust, reputation, community, and a gentleman’s agreement in the sustenance of this system of savings. Also, we address a growing system of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) in different social and economic sectors, and how these have helped people perform tasks from as little as buying foodstuffs and clothes to big projects such as starting businesses and building houses. This chapter finds that this communal banking system is a great tool for poverty alleviation.
Routes out of Racial Capitalism
Authors: Bing-Pappoe Adotey , Mama Amina 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents three examples of cooperative organizations within the tradition of the Black radical resistance to racial capitalism. African-descended communities have historically relied on collectivist or cooperative economic activities in the informal arenas in the face of structural exclusion. We investigate the existential-political and material aspects of different types of Black collective economic organizing in the American context, drawing on key concepts from Marx–‘alienation’, and Vanek–‘self-determination’. We argue that there are shifting discourses of Black liberation undergird the praxis of the cooperatives we encountered, involving common procurement and marketing through to democratic ownership. In the process of forming equitable labor relations this cooperative focused work is an antidote to the alienation that characterizes the U.S. capital–labor model. Black led cooperatives, especially those which are worker owned, provide members with a unique means of altering production, social relations, and creating possibilities for mutual support, cooperation, and ownership that offer freedom from alienation as well as democratized livelhoods, and political and economic self-determination.
Reproductive Autonomy and Genomic Medicine
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies theories of relational autonomy and perfectionist liberalism discussed in Chapter 1 to concerns about reproductive decision-making in the age of reprogenetics. We complicate the assumption that prenatal genetic testing automatically increases women’s reproductive autonomy since it gives them more information with which to make pregnancy decisions, arguing that the particular context within which such decisions are made affects the degree to which prenatal genetic testing enhances or limits reproductive decision-making for specific women. Drawing from feminist legal theory and reproductive justice scholarship, we argue that the liberal commitment to privacy is vital yet insufficient for reproductive autonomy in practice. Rather than think of the state exclusively as a repressive force, we suggest the state can be a resource that effectively shifts resources to individuals who lack the information and means to achieve self-determination in reproduction. Hence, restraint and active support work together to expand women’s reproductive options.
Afterword
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This afterword reflects on the implications of the Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) for our argument. In ending constitutional protections for abortion, Dobbs allows states to set their own abortion laws. Noninvasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT) delivers information about fetal health early in pregnancy, so we expect it to be even more popular in a post-Dobbs landscape—especially in states with abortion bans and low gestational limits—since pregnant women from privileged backgrounds can receive results in a timeframe to order abortifacient medications or travel across state lines should they desire to terminate. Pregnant women from lower-income backgrounds in states that ban abortion will likely find their options based on the results of genetic screening to be more severely curtailed. We close by discussing how social justice coalitions can effectively counter the assault on women’s bodily autonomy in the wake of Roe’s reversal.
The OBR, Fiscal Forecasting, and the Politics of Economic Method
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how the Office for Budget Responsibility conducts its forecasting work in practice, highlighting the intellectual and methodological choices that go into building a narrative of Britain’s medium-term economic trajectory. The politics of economic method thus shapes fiscal forecasting, with different models and assumptions reflecting differing the principles of political economy. While the OBR’s founding legislation forbids it from providing explicit political commentary on the British government’s economic policies, the agency’s mandated tasks of fiscal forecasting and oversight are essentially political. These duties necessarily entail the OBR taking a normative position on the principles of political economy and the UK economy. Asking what lies behind OBR judgements, the chapter outlines the OBR’s default New Keynesianism. Such normative stances are implied in the particular assumptions, techniques, and methods that the OBR employs in its economic forecasting, and in how it chooses to frame its narrative of the economy in light of the limitations of available data. These are all potential sites of contestation in a battle of economic ideas. Focusing on these sites therefore reveals the hidden politics of the technical realms in which economic ideas are implemented. The chapter charts OBR thinking about the cyclical fluctuation of the economy and ‘shocks’, and its re-evaluation of fiscal policy efficacy and fiscal multipliers, drawing on Keynesian insights. In delineating the relationships between economic theory, empirical evidence, and OBR modelling assumptions, the chapter exposes the myth of neutral, technocratic truth.
The Great Coronavirus Pandemic
Authors: Gostin Larry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated an unparalleled collapse in global solidarity at a crucial moment in human history when international cooperation was most needed. A novel coronavirus exposed the world’s shared vulnerability and deep interconnectedness. By virtually every measure, global solidarity failed—from nationalist leaders fuelling distrust in science to a weakened World Health Organization (WHO) and shockingly inequitable global distribution of life-saving medical resources. Even the most basic global health functions failed, including timely reporting of the initial Wuhan outbreak, sharing scientific information, and complying with WHO guidance and binding legal norms. Stepping back, the only constant was the gravitation to a “my nation first” mentality—the exact opposite of the global cooperation and coordination needed for an effective response. This chapter describes important areas in which global health solidarity failed, the reasons for those failures, and reforms to advance global cooperation and equitable responses for when the next novel outbreak, which we call Pandemic X, occurs.
How to Balance Lives and Livelihoods in a Pandemic
Authors: Adler Matthew , Bradley Richard , Ferranna Maddalena , Fleurbaey Marc , Hammitt James , Turquier Remi , Voorhoeve Alex 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis and the policy responses to it have impacted many different areas of common concern including public health and the economy. This raises difficult questions about how to balance these concerns in making policy decisions. In this chapter, we review a number of tools that welfare economics offers for conceptualizing and studying such trade-offs. We argue that social welfare analysis is the most useful method for doing so. We show how concerns for the distributive and other effects of a policy on individual wellbeing can be evaluated using a Social Welfare Function (SWF) and survey some of the main features of such functions. As an illustration, we then use this approach to model and evaluate the implications for social welfare of the adoption of pandemic policies that vary in terms of the stringency of the controls that they impose on individual behaviour. Our model reveals how such evaluations not only are determined by empirical facts but may also depend on key judgments about the relative importance of the different determinants of individual wellbeing (health, income, longevity, and so on) and about the extent to which special concern should be given to the worse-off. In doing so, it illustrates how critical transparent modelling of these concerns is in developing responses to pandemics of this kind.
Objectives
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about demand for the Digital Economy Kit. It opens with an exegesis of why policymakers need economy-wide digital transformation, why (after some encouragement) they wanted it, and why they (and the Oxford team) thought the Kit responded to that need. En route it discusses the drivers of such a transformation: bringing down the costs of providing goods and services, of exchanging goods and services, and of networking and organization. It also presents the five pathways developed by the Pathways Commission by which digital transformation can be realized in emerging and developing countries: raising value from agriculture; new GVCs in manufacturing; creating new global trade in services; linking the informal sector to the formal economy; and creating diverse, connected domestic economies. Finally, it goes on to discuss how the Pathways Commission and its Oxford secretariat took these frameworks and turned them into a toolkit.
A critical view on implementation
Authors: Ndulu Benno , Stuart Elizabeth , Dercon Stefan , Knaack Peter 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter critically assesses implementation. Although it is too early to say what worked and causal pathways are undoubtedly too unclear to claim anything with certainty, this chapter offers an attempt to link back any failures—and apparent initial successes—to the three perspectives on the political economy of reform. Some are due to not getting bureaucratic politics right, such as turf wars and inter-ministerial siloes. Others are due to a lack of special interest groups. Still others have failed—at least so far—to take off because there never was an elite bargain in place that was willing to gamble on digital transformation in the first place. Similarly apparent success can also be associated with these three perspectives. The chapter states that the Kit has in some countries fostered a loose alliance of people with a shared interest in seeing the strategy primers converted into policy implementation, which helped achieve their goals.
The Eucharist, Poetics, and Secularization from the Middle Ages to Milton
Authors: Ross Shaun 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Eucharist, Poetics, and Secularization from the Middle Ages to Milton explains the astonishing centrality of the eucharist to poets with a variety of denominational affiliations, writing on a range of subjects, across an extended period in literary history. Whether they are praying, thinking about politics, lamenting unrequited love, or telling fart jokes, late medieval and early modern English poets return again and again to the eucharist as a way of working out literary problems. Tracing this connection from the fourteenth through the seventeenth century, this book shows how controversies surrounding the nature of signification in the sacrament informed poetry. Connecting medieval to early modern England, it presents a history of ‘eucharistic poetics’ in the work of seven key poets: the Pearl-poet, Chaucer, Robert Southwell, John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, and John Milton. Reassessing this range of poetic voices, The Eucharist, Poetics, and Secularization overturns an oft-repeated argument that early modern poetry’s fascination with the eucharist resulted from the Protestant rejection of transubstantiation and its supposedly enchanted worldview. Instead of this tired secularization story, it fleshes out a more capacious conception of eucharistic presence, showing that what interested poets about the eucharist was its insistence that the mechanics of representation are always entangled with the self’s relation to the body and to others. The book thus forwards a new historical account of eucharistic poetics, placing this literary phenomenon within a longstanding negotiation between embodiment and disembodiment in Western religious and cultural history.
Horatian Dulce et Utile as Poisonous Reading
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
By the end of the sixteenth century, humanism had successfully shaped English authors and readers to view classical texts as unquestionably useful. As authors were inspired to invent their own writings, they began to struggle with that certainty, and the Elizabethan period is marked by a backlash to humanism, a dissipation of confidence. This shift is, in part, a return to the medieval, to the model of Geoffrey Chaucer. Such a trajectory from humanist confidence to Elizabethan doubt—via Chaucer—is charted in two treatises, Sir Philip Sidney’s An Apology for Poetry and Robert Greene’s A Vision Written at the Instant of his Death. Sidney’s famous defense repeats the Horatian, and humanist, belief in the twinned goodness of poetry, its delightfulness and usefulness, and it uses Chaucer to make those claims. Greene’s lesser-known treatise invokes the medieval authors, Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower, to reject humanist claims and to rethink the value of poetry.
Worldly Vanity and George Gascoigne
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The prolific author George Gascoigne offers a bleak perspective on the legacy of humanism in the late sixteenth century. Gascoigne uses the moral coordinates of Chaucer’s Retraction and Troilus and Criseyde to imagine turning away from humanist confidence and rejecting the world, a contemptus mundi, in which most writing is a waste of time, another worldly vanity. In his morality play, The Glasse of Governement, he re-imagines the influential Christian Terence tradition, which he has inherited from the play Acolastus, emptying out its confident claims for the moral value of classical texts. He then turns to the contemptus mundi tradition, translating the medieval text, Lotario de Segni’s De Miseria Condicionis Humane, as “The View of Worldly Vanities” in The Droome of Doomesday, countering the humanist emphasis on virtue with a medieval focus on sin.
Social Expectations and Norms Confer Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWhen exercising your own agency in a temporally extended manner, it is useful to know what to expect others to do. Some of those expectations are purely descriptive, based either on what you expect to happen or on what you believe (perhaps falsely) that others expect (perhaps wrongly). Other of those expectations are more prescriptive in form, based on norms (moral, social, role or legal) about what people should do. The descriptive and the prescriptive interact in various ways, some fallacious and others not. But underwriting stable expectations in either of those ways has conservative distributional consequences, cementing in advantages and disadvantages that are thus made to persist over time.
Section introduction: estimating the cost of immunization services
Authors: Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This section provides an overview of the rationale and uses of immunization cost information for policy and programmatic decision-making, as well as practical approaches for collecting, classifying, and analyzing costs. The reader is also provided resources and guides on methods and applications in addition to practical examples. The aim of this section is not to replicate existing methodologies but to highlight key aspects and decision-points that must be made in the design and implementation of an immunization costing study. Evaluation of total and unit costs as well as the use of cost information in cost-effectiveness analysis is discussed. Findings from previous costing studies are summarized.
Reporting and interpreting results of economic evaluation
Authors: Edoka Ijeoma , Krubiner Carleigh , Mirelman Andrew , Brett McQueen R. , Sculpher Mark , Slejko Julia F. , Wilkinson Tommy 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains some of the important considerations for reporting and interpreting the results of economic evaluations. Once a model has been developed, and populated with parameter information, an investigator should be prepared to understand what the results are telling them about value from the perspective of the key stakeholders. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, budget impacts, and return on investment results are all key statistics that one should be able to know and interpret to make recommendations about vaccine value. Furthermore, there are several data visualization techniques that can go along with these statistics to make the results clearer to decision makers about value.
Static and dynamic modeling
Authors: Levin Ann , Burgess Colleen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to static and dynamic modeling such as disease transmission models, with examples from both high- and low-income settings. Readers will become familiar with when to use each type of model, different types of static and dynamic models that are commonly used to model the impact of vaccination in populations, and to consider common examples of when each approach has been used previously by public health bodies such as the World Health Organization. The important of validation of models is also discussed, i.e. the comparison of model results with real-world data, and methods of conducting validation are discussed.
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and value of information analysis
Authors: Kohli-Lynch Ciaran N. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the assessment of economic model uncertainty using Bayesian methods. Different sources of uncertainty in economic modelling are introduced. Approaches to deal with these sources of uncertainty are described. In particular, it is shown that probabilistic sensitivity analysis can help quantify parametric uncertainty in an economic model. Value of information analysis can then be employed to estimate the potential benefits associated with reducing parametric uncertainty. The practical steps required to conduct probabilistic and value of information analysis with an existing model are discussed. These methods can be useful to researchers who seek to gather more generalizable data to inform future iterations of economic models.