bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport of immune complexes from the subcapsular sinus to lymph node follicles on the surface of nonphagocytic cells, including cells with dendritic morphology.
Authors: Szakal A K , Holmes K L , Tew J G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of antigen migration from the site of initial localization in the lymph node subcapsular sinus (SS) to regions of follicular retention in the cortex. The migration of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), used as a histochemically identifiable antigen, was followed by light and electron microscopy in C3H mouse popliteal lymph nodes obtained 1, 5, 15, and 30 min, and 5 and 24 hr after hindfoot pad injection of HRP. The observations showed that as early as 1 min after HRP injection, localization of antigen occurred at distinct sites in the SS and subjacent areas of the cortex on the afferent side. At these sites, between 1 min and 24 hr, the antigen formed light microscopically identifiable trails, which reached progressively deeper into the cortex with time toward individual follicular regions. By 24 hr this apparent migration of antigen was complete, and HRP was localized in follicles. This migration pattern did not occur on the efferent sides of lymph nodes, and it was dependent on the systemic presence of specific antibodies since it was observable only in passively immunized but not in nonimmune mice. Temporary retention of antigen by typical macrophages was also observed in the SS on the efferent side. This was minimal in nonimmune mice and was significantly enhanced in passively immunized mice. Electron microscopy indicated that the apparent migration of immune complexes was mediated by a group of cells observed in the migration path that had immune complexes sequestered on their surface or in plasma membrane infoldings. These antigen transporting cells (ATC) were relatively large nonphagocytic cells, with lobated or irregular euchromatic nuclei and cell processes of various complexity. ATC observed in or near the SS appeared to be less differentiated, were monocyte-like, and resembled non-Birbeck granule-containing Langerhans cell precursors or veiled cells. Others, located deeper in the cortex, appeared more differentiated, interdigitated with antigen-retaining dendritic cells, and shared morphologic characteristics with follicular dendritic cells (FDC). The results support the concepts that immune complexes are trapped in the SS and are transported by a group of non-phagocytic cells, other than lymphocytes, to follicular regions. The mechanism of transport may involve the migration of ATC with a concomitant maturation into FDC, or by a mechanism of ATC to FDC transport utilizing dendritic cell processes and membrane fluidity, or by a combination of the two mechanisms.
Blockade of NK cell lysis is a property of monoclonal antibodies that bind to distinct regions of T-200.
Authors: Newman W , Fast L D , Rose L M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The previously described NK inhibitory monoclonal antibody 13.1 is shown to immunoprecipitate a series of high m.w. glycoproteins homologous with the murine T-200/Ly-5 molecules. Not all antibodies to the human T-200 molecule, however, have an inhibitory effect on NK cell function. A comparison is made between two noninhibitory anti-T-200 antibodies, 13.5 and 13.6, and two inhibitory anti-T-200 antibodies, 13.1 and 13.3. All antibodies are of the IgG1 subclass. Sequential immunoprecipitation experiments show that these antibodies react with the same set of molecules. The differences in NK-blocking activity could not be explained by the amount of antibody bound per cell in NK-enriched populations, nor by the avidity with which they bound. It is shown by competitive radiobinding assays that the 13.1 and 13.3 antibodies define a region, termed region A, distinct from that defined by the nonblocking antibodies 13.5 and 13.6, termed region B. Region B is shown to reside between the membrane and region A. These findings show that the inhibition of NK lysis by anti-T-200 antibodies is a function of the site on that molecule to which these antibodies bind. This may also explain the ability of antibodies to the A region of T-200 to block selectively the lysis of myeloid and erythroid tumor targets, with no effect on the lysis of T lymphoma targets.
Delineation of suppressor and helper activity within the OKT4-defined T lymphocyte subset in human newborns.
Authors: Jacoby D R , Oldstone M B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes taken from the cord blood of newborns have active suppressor activity. Using in vitro PWM-stimulated cocultures, unfractionated T cells from newborns potently suppressed the expected immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis of their mothers' peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Using positive and negative selection techniques, we characterized the active suppressor cell as expressing the OKT4+T8- phenotype. This cord blood lymphocyte subset suppressed maternal IgG synthesis after depletion of maternal suppressor cells, implicating the ability of newborn T cells to suppress directly rather than by inducing adult suppressor activity. Sublethal amounts (1500 rad) of gamma-irradiation fully abrogated the suppressor activity of cord blood T lymphocytes. Radioresistant cord T cells provided T cell help. Irradiation of cord OKT4+ and OKT8+ populations and their subsequent culture with maternal B cells determined that helper activity was a radioresistant subpopulation of the OKT4+ subset. These results indicate significant differences in the functional properties of T cell subsets from adults and newborns. Population studies determined that cord blood lymphocytes had a greater proportion of OKT4+ cells and lower proportion of OKT8+ cells than PBL from unrelated adults. The mothers tested had similar proportions of OKT4+ cells as their babies, and these levels are significantly higher than those of unrelated adults.
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed to a T cell suppressor factor.
Authors: Maier T , Stammers A T , Levy J G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A monoclonal antibody raised by fusion of immune BALB/c splenocytes with NS1 cells is described. BALB/c mice were immunized with a T suppressor factor (TsF) raised in DBA/2 mice with specificity for the P815 tumor. The TsF had been purified by affinity chromatography before its use as an immunogen. The monoclonal antibody (B16G) was shown to affect the course of P815 growth in DBA/2 mice if administered i.v. on days -2 to 0 before tumor cell inoculation. Mice treated with B16G demonstrated slower tumor development and growth than controls, and a small number of animals (about 10%) did not develop tumors; all controls did. It was also shown that B16G did not exhibit total specificity for the P815 tumor in that it had similar effects on the growth of an unrelated myosarcoma (M-1) of DBA/2 mice. The general immunopotentiating effect of the B16G monoclonal was demonstrated by the fact that spleen cells of DBA/2 mice that had received B16G showed significantly higher MLC than did equivalent controls. When spleen cells of DBA/2 mice were depleted of B16G-reactive cells by panning in vitro, it was also found that cells so treated gave rise to elevated MLC reactions in comparison to appropriate controls. When an immunoadsorbent was prepared with B16G and cell lysates from splenocytes of immunosuppressed mice were passed over it, the immunosuppressive properties of the lysate in MLC were eliminated. The conclusion that the B16G recognizes a marker common to a group of regulatory T cells in DBA/2 mice is discussed.
Ia antigen: a murine B lymphocyte receptor for transformed cell induction of interferon-alpha/beta.
Authors: Hughes T K , Blalock J E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A receptor on the surface of nonsensitized mouse spleen cells that recognizes a glycoprotein from transformed mouse L-929 cells is described. The interaction of the receptor and glycoprotein inducer results in the production of MoIFN alpha/beta. An assay was developed to assess certain biologic and physicochemical characteristics of the receptor. The receptor and glycoprotein inducer bound in a concentration-dependent manner, which tends to indicate a direct interaction between the two. The receptor was not ubiquitous; spleen cells but not normal mouse embryo cells appeared to be the source. It was specific for MoIFN alpha/beta inducers from transformed cells, but not from other MoIFN alpha/beta or gamma inducers such as NDV, LPS, PWM, or SEA. The receptor appeared to be a cell surface protein in that its activity was abolished by trypsinization of whole spleen cells. Previous studies indicated that the receptor was probably located on B cells. Gel filtration indicated that the receptor had a m.w. of 30,000 to 60,000. Because the receptor appeared to be: 1) B lymphocyte associated, 2) a surface protein, and 3) 30,000 to 60,000 daltons, a similarity to Ia antigen was suggested. This possibility was confirmed by showing binding of the receptor to an anti-IaK antibody-Sepharose affinity column. PAGE analysis of the affinity-purified receptor revealed a single protein band with a m.w. of approximately 60,000. ELISA of the above gel slices with anti-Ia antibody further confirmed the specificity of the column. A physical association of the receptor and inducer was demonstrated by showing binding of the glycoprotein inducer to a receptor (Ia antigen)-Sepharose affinity column. Furthermore, the receptor (Ia antigen) was highly purified by a glycoprotein inducer-Sepharose affinity column.
Cell surface antigen expression in newborn cord blood lymphocytes infected with HTLV.
Authors: Mann D L , Popovic M , Murray C , Neuland C , Strong D M , Sarin P , Gallo R C , Blattner W A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T cell lymphocyte lines, established from lymphoid tissues from patients with adult T cell malignancies infected with the human T cell lymphoma virus (HTLV), were used in co-culture experiments to infect newborn cord blood lymphocytes (CBL). The infected and non-infected CBL cell lines were typed for HLA alloantigen determinants and tested for cell surface antigens using selected monoclonal antibodies. Infected cord blood lymphocytes showed inappropriate expression of alloantigenic determinants of the HLA-A and -B alleles. The monoclonal antibody 4D12, detecting an antigen common to the HLA-B5 cross-reactive group, was reactive with all infected cultures; this determinant appeared de novo in CBL cells lacking B5 cross-reactive group antigens in the uninfected state, and it increased in density in the infected cultures where the HLA-B5 cross-reactive alloantigens were present in uninfected CBL. HLA-DR was expressed in low levels or not detected on non-infected cultured cord blood lymphocytes and was present on all infected cells. OKT4 positive cells predominated in infected cultures, whereas OKT8 positive cells decreased in number or were absent. The TCGF receptor also increased both in density and in percent positive cells in all infected cell lines. The results suggest that HTLV may be tropic for a subset of T cells expressing mature T cell markers and that viral infections directly affect expression of cell surface antigens controlled by the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
Extensive polymorphism surrounding the murine Ia A beta chain gene.
Authors: Robinson R R , Germain R N , McKean D J , Mescher M , Seidman J G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A segment of the murine immune response-associated (Ia) antigen A beta chain mRNA has been cloned, and this cDNA clone has been used to examine the organization of the genes encoding these highly polymorphic cell surface proteins. To isolate this clone, pIA beta-1, we screened 5000 cDNA clones by a filter hybridization-selection assay using a rabbit heteroantiserum to identify the A beta chain produced in in vitro translation reactions. This clone corresponds to a segment of the mRNA encoding the beta chain of the murine I-A antigen. The 464 bp nucleotide sequence of the insert is consistent with a cDNA clone encoding the carboxyl end of the murine A beta chain. Comparison of this nucleotide sequence to a human Ia beta chain-derived cDNA clone suggests that the two clones could encode proteins that are about 90% homologous in this region. Southern blot analysis using pIA beta-1 as a probe to investigate the structure of the A beta chain gene in inbred strains of mice allows two conclusions. First, there is only one A beta chain gene homologous to this cDNA clone in each haploid mouse genome. Second, the restriction fragments encoding this gene are highly polymorphic. We postulate that the mechanism which generates polymorphic variation of the A beta chain may be involved in generating the restriction site polymorphism within or near the A beta chain gene.
Expression of the major histocompatibility antigens HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 by DNA-mediated gene transfer.
Authors: Bernabeu C , Finlay D , van de Rijn M , Maziarz R T , Biro P A , Spits H , de Vries J , Terhorst C P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Genes coding for the heavy chain of the class I antigens HLA-A2 or HLA-B7 of the human major histocompatibility complex have been introduced into mouse LtK- cells by cotransfection with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. HAT-resistant colonies were isolated expressing either HLA-A2 or HLA-B7 as monitored by indirect immunofluorescence. Immunoprecipitation analysis of both antigens by either sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or isoelectric focusing (IEF) showed that they were identical to the HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 expressed in the human lymphoblastoid cell line JY (homozygous HLA-A2, HLA-B7). However, human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated against JY and CTL clones specific for HLA-A2 or HLA-B7 were unable to recognize the transfectants as targets. These results indicate that the human HLA-A2 (or B7) complexed with the murine beta 2-microglobulin could be an inappropriate target structure for the CTL. However, because the transfectants are not killed by human CTL even in the presence of lectins, it is suggested that other molecules that are not able to overcome the human-mouse species barrier may be involved in the killing mechanism.
In vitro interaction with antigen suppresses the differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells secreting monoclonal anti-sheep red blood cell antibody.
Authors: Fiorilli M , Misiti J , Pandolfi F , Semenzato G , Waldmann T A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Leukemic B cells from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had membrane-bound IgM that reacted against a sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antigen. A small proportion of these cells was able to differentiate into anti-SRBC hemolytic plaque-forming cells when cultured in vitro in the absence of polyclonal stimulators. The addition of pokeweed mitogen or of x-irradiated allogeneic T cells further enhanced their differentiation. The addition of antigen (SRBC) to unstimulated cultures of the patient's mononuclear cells suppressed the anti-SRBC antibody production. Marked suppression was induced by concentrations of SRBC that were found to stimulate anti-SRBC antibody production optimally by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Two lines of evidence suggest this inhibition was not due to the activation of suppressor cells. First, depletion of T cells with the phenotype reported to be associated with suppressor cells, namely OKT8+ cells, did not prevent suppression. Secondly, the patient's mononuclear cells pulsed with SRBC did not suppress anti-SRBC antibody production by untreated autologous cells in co-culture. These findings suggest that leukemic cells were inhibited by the direct interaction with antigen. This suppression might be the result of intrinsic abnormalities of leukemic B cells. Alternatively, it could be the reflection of a tolerogenic response to antigen stimulation displayed by the patient's leukemic cells, which have a surface phenotype, IgM+D-, that is comparable to that of immature normal B cells.
Response against single minor histocompatibility antigens. I. Functional and immunogenetic analysis of cloned cytolytic T cells.
Authors: Roopenian D C , Widmer M B , Orosz C G , Bach F H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A clonal approach was used to investigate the cellular basis of a T cell response to single minor histocompatibility antigens (miHA). This analysis was performed by functional and immunogenetic characterization of a large number of clones derived from short-term mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) populations generated against the miHA, H-1.3. Forty-nine clones isolated from such MLC were specifically cytolytic for H-1.3-bearing, H-2Db-compatible target cells. Thirty-seven of the 49 cytolytic clones were driven to proliferate when stimulated by spleen cells bearing the H-1.3 alloantigen in the absence of added T cell-derived growth factor(s) (GF). The remaining 12 clones proliferated only when GF was added. A strong positive correlation was observed between antigen-induced proliferation and the production of interleukin 2 (IL 2) activity. A similar correlation was observed when comparing the ability of both antigen and concanavalin A to induce IL 2 activity from the clones. These data suggest that i) antigen-driven or helper T cell-independent cytolytic T cells (HITc) are frequent components of an MLC response to a single miHA, and ii) the ability of HITc to undergo antigen-driven proliferation is related to their ability to produce antigen-induced GF.
Population dynamics of T lymphocytes. Renewal rate and expansion in the peripheral lymphoid organs.
Authors: Rocha B , Freitas A A , Coutinho A A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the renewal patterns of T lymphocytes in mice. T cell subpopulations in the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes of normal, shamthymectomized, thymectomized, and splenectomized + thymectomized BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were identified with monoclonal antibodies to Thy-1, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2 antigens at different times after the administration of hydroxyurea in a regimen shown to deplete cycling cells. As assessed in control experiments, hydroxyurea was not toxic to noncycling lymphocytes and it had no immediate effect on the numbers of mature peripheral T lymphocytes. The injection of hydroxyurea, however, was followed by a decline of T cell numbers to approximately 50% of initial values 24 to 76 hr later, demonstrating that 50% of peripheral T lymphocytes have a short lifespan and indicating the rapid renewal of T cells at the periphery. Furthermore, differential renewal rates were observed in T cell subpopulations defined both by differentiative Lyt phenotype and spleen or lymph node localization. These findings reveal that although the majority of peripheral T cells are not in cycle, they belong to a rapidly renewing population derived after a short transition time from their dividing precursors. The relative contribution of the thymus and of post-thymic expansion to the renewal of the peripheral T cell pool was also evaluated. The results demonstrate high renewal rates in the peripheral T cell compartment, indicate that post-thymic T cells are competent to undergo considerable expansion, and suggest homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the total numbers of peripheral T cells even in thymectomized individuals.
Suppression of humoral immune responses by synthetic C3a peptides.
Authors: Morgan E L , Weigle W O , Erickson B W , Fok K F , Hugli T E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Synthetic oligopeptides based on the COOH-terminal sequence of native human C3a were examined for the ability to suppress antigen-specific and polyclonal antibody responses. The synthetic peptides were found to qualitatively mimic the suppressive actions of human C3a, but proved to be less active on a molar basis. Comparison of the activity of the peptides with native C3a indicates that the most potent peptide is C3a 57-77 with C3a 65-77, C3a 70-77, C3a[Ala 71,72]70-77, and C3a 73-77 being less active, respectively. These results indicate that the region of the C3a molecule responsible for immunosuppression is located in the COOH region.
Dual contribution of embryonic ventral blood island and dorsal lateral plate mesoderm during ontogeny of hemopoietic cells in Xenopus laevis.
Authors: Kau C L , Turpen J B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The early embryonic development of hemopoietic cells in Xenopus laevis was examined. Either dorsal lateral plate (DLP) or ventral blood island (VBI) mesoderm was reciprocally transplanted between cytogenetically distinct (2N or 3N) stage 14 to 19 (neural fold) embryos. F-DNA content of circulating erythrocytes was assayed at stages 40, 41, 43, 45, and 49. The F-DNA content of cells in the thymus and mesonephros was assayed at stage 49. F-DNA values were used to distinguish between donor or host origin of hemopoietic cells in individual animals. The results demonstrated that DLP mesoderm gave rise to a population of stem cells that colonized the thymus and mesonephros, but not the blood. VBI mesoderm gave rise to a population of stem cells that colonized the blood and thymus, but not the mesonephros. These experiments show that there are two stem cell compartments in the amphibian embryo, separated in both space and time.
Human-human B cell hybridomas from in vitro stimulated lymphocytes of patients with common variable immunodeficiency.
Authors: Denis K A , Wall R , Saxon A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human-human B cell hybridomas have been established from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) by fusion with an HGPRT-negative B lymphoblastoid cell line. IgM-secreting hybridomas were successfully obtained from CVI lymphocytes after stimulation for 5 days in vitro with a combination of PWM and Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I. Fusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes that were stimulated for 5 days in vitro with a single mitogen resulted in no viable hybrids from a total of 600 X 10(6) CVI lymphocytes. The combination of PWM and Cowan I did not induce appreciable Ig secretion from the CVI lymphocytes during the 5-day course, although it did so in normal lymphocytes. After the 5-day stimulation with this mitogen combination, however, a large percentage of the original number of peripheral blood cells were recovered, and these had a fusion frequency of approximately 1 to 2 per 10(6) with the B lymphoblastoid line. Fifteen cloned IgM-secreting hybridomas have been isolated from five different CVI patients. These hybridomas are tetraploid and have been stable in culture for 6 to 12 mo. All of the hybridoma lines that were examined contain a functionally rearranged IgM heavy chain gene from the B cell parent of the CVI patients. These human-human B cell hybridoma lines will enable a more thorough characterization of the B cell defects involved in CVI at the cellular and molecular levels.
In vitro stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients produce idiotypes of oligoclonal CSF IgG.
Authors: Nagelkerken L M , Out T A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antisera prepared against IgG from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis were used to analyze culture supernatants of in vitro stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from the patients. In the culture supernatants of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated PBL of four patients, idiotype-positive IgG was found. This finding provides additional evidence that the production of oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis is not exclusively a feature of the central nervous system, but is also a systemic immunologic phenomenon.