bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Hirano Shinji , Friedman Herman , Ceglowski Walter S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The number of “background” antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes and to E. coli was studied in mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV). The number of “background” plaque-forming cells (PFC) to the sheep red blood cells (S-RBC) increased rapidly after infection, with a peak enhancement prior to maximal development of splenomegaly. The rate and magnitude of this enhancement were virus dosedependent, since the most rapid increase, and the largest numbers, occurred in spleens of mice infected with the most concentrated virus preparation. The number of “background” PFC to E. coli also increased in susceptible BALB/c mice infected with FLV, although the rate and the total number was much lower than for the S-RBC immunocytes. The maximal number of bacteriolytic plaque-forming cells (B-PFC) occurred after marked splenomegaly developed. Injection of FLV into leukemia-resistant C57BL/6 mice failed to stimulate a significant increase in the number of “background” PFC to either S-RBC or E. coli. Furthermore, heat- and formaldehyde-inactivated FLV had little effect on the number of “background” PFC to these antigens. It seemed probable that FLV infection stimulated the “background” increase in a manner analogous to the stimulation by adjuvants such as natural or synthetic nucleic acids. However, the possible presence of large amounts of nucleic acid in the virus preparations, as well as cellular debris, did not appear to account for the enhancing activity, since inactivated preparations had no effect. Furthermore, there was no serologic evidence for a cross-reacting antigen between the virus preparation and the S-RBC or E. coli. It seemed more likely that the virus infection per se, either directly or through intermediate steps, caused proliferation of a limited number of already committed antibody-forming cells (“background”) or their precursors.
Immunoglobulin Classes in Aquatic Mammals
Authors: Nash Donald R. , Mach Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On the basis of serologic cross-reactivity, three immunoglobulin classes homologous to human IgG, IgM and IgA were identified in two species of acquatic mammal representing the orders Cetacea (dolphin) and Pinnipedea (sea lion). Molecular size was estimated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and Sephadex G-200 chromatography, indicating a 7S IgG, 19S IgM and heterogeneous serum IgA. Human secretory component was readily bound to the IgM of both species and to an apparently lesser extent to the larger molecular size populations of IgA. No binding was observed with IgG. Several antisera specific for human γ-chains gave a single precipitin line with the sea lion IgG but when made to react with dolphin serum produced two lines, suggesting the presence of two different subclasses of IgG in this species.
Release of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor by Virus-Infected Spleen Cells
Authors: Tubergen David G. , Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The capacity of viruses, as macromolecules, to initiate a specific immune response by the host and the ability of this response to influence the viral infection are well recognized. Less understood are the relative roles played by humoral antibody and cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity in this process. In passive transfer experiments humoral antibodies have been shown to initiate or intensify the injury of viral infections in animals (1, 2). The influence of cellular immunity upon viral infections has not been satisfactorily explored in vivo but its importance has been suggested by the enhanced susceptibility of individuals with defective cellular immunity to both natural viral infections and vaccinations (3). Recently, the macrophage migration inhibition test has been used as a measure of cellular immunity to a variety of antigens ranging from soluble proteins to bacterial and tumor antigens in several species, including man, guinea pig and mouse (4–7).
Common Structural and Antigenic Properties of Human γM Anti-γ Globulins
Authors: Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemical and immunologic studies of γM anti-γ globulins from five patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and the inert γA myeloma protein from one of them demonstrated: 1) a peptide in the heavy chain detected on diagonal electrophoresis in three of the five γM rheumatoid factors (RF) and also in the inert γA myeloma protein from one of them; 2) PCA as the N-terminal residue in all the heavy chains; 3) the presence of certain antigenic determinants common to many anti-γ globulins; 4) the presence of the same determinants in the inert γA myeloma protein. These results confirm prior studies of similarities in the structure of two myeloma proteins produced by the same individual, and demonstrate yet another class of antibodies having certain common and unique structural features. The lack of anti-γG activity in the γA myeloma protein raises the possibility that in certain instances, the combinding site may be present but prevented from interacting with antigen because of other structural features in the molecule.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) Receptors on Human peripheral Leukocytes
Authors: Abdou Nabih I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules on human peripheral leukocytes were demonstrated by using the in vitro culture of leukocytes in the presence of class specific goat antihuman antisera or by observing the degree of binding of 125I-anti-Ig to cells. A γ globulin-free medium was found essential to elicit the responses. By passing leukocytes through columns filled with glass beads coated with class specific anti-Ig and then testing for Ig receptors on cells that were retained on the beads or cells that passed through the column, it was shown that retained cells and not passed cells carry receptors of the same Ig class used to coat the beads in the column. Excess anti-Ig in the column prevented the specific retention of cells. The data indicate that human leukocytes carry one Ig class, either IgG or IgM, but not both.
Leukemia Virus-Induced Immunosuppression
Authors: Friedman Herman , Ceglowski Walter S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice infected with Friend leukemia virus lost their capacity to migrate in vitro as assessed by the capillary tube culture procedure used to demonstrate cellular immunity. Spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow cells from normal non-infected mice readily migrated in vitro. A marked inhibition of spleen cell migration occurred when the donor mice were infected with FLV 5 to 7 days or more before culture. Less or no suppression occurred when mice had been infected for less than 5 days. Normal migration was evident with spleen cells from mice infected on the day of testing or one day earlier. Loss of lymphoid cell migration activity was directly related to the dose of virus used for infection: a smaller dose resulted in less pronounced inhibition. Furthermore, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow cells were less affected than were spleen cells. Superficial and deep lymph node cells and bone marrow cells lost migration activity 2 to 3 weeks after infection, whereas thymus cells were unaffected until the 4th week of infection. No migration-inhibitory factor could be detected in culture supernatants of spleen cells from FLV-infected animals sensitized with an allogeneic skin graft or tubercle bacilli and challenged in vitro with the appropriate antigen. In contrast, similar cultures of lymphoid cells from sensitized control mice released an inhibitory factor as assessed by inhibition of migration of normal spleen cells in vitro, when incubated with the appropriate antigen. These observations indicate that a normal functional capacity of lymphoid cells of mice, i.e., migration in vitro of macrophages and other motile cells, is rapidly inhibited by in vivo infection with a leukemia virus. The relationship between such inhibition and cellular immunity in leukemic mice was discussed.
The Complement-Fixation Reaction in Equine Infectious Anemia: Demonstration of Inhibition by IgG(T)
Authors: McGuire T. C. , Van Hoosier G. L. , Henson J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of non-complement-fixing anti-equine infectious anemia (EIA) antibody in the conversion of complement fixation (CF) tests from positive to negative in EIA-infected horses was investigated. Complement-fixation inhibition (CFI) tests demonstrated antibodies in sera that were CF negative. These antibodies would bind to antigen, but would not fix complement. The inhibiting antibodies were isolated and shown to be IgG(T) by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion against monospecific anti-IgG(T) antisera. Separation of immunoglobulins from affected horse sera by DEAE cellulose chromatography revealed 11 of 13 had complement-fixing IgG and non-complement-fixing IgG(T) antibodies present simultaneously regardless of the reactivity of whole sera. The reactivity of whole sera in CF and CFI tests evidently depended upon the relative concentration and perhaps affinity of the Ig classes. The predominant class fluctuated in serial sera from four of six persistently infected horses.
Cellular Formation of Vibriolytic Antibody by Mouse Immunocytes: Cytokinetics and Specificity
Authors: McAlack Robert F. , Cerny Jan , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A vibriolytic plaque assay in agar gel was developed which enumerates immunocytes secreting antibody to the common and type-specific antigens of Vibrio cholerae. No antibody-forming cells were found in the spleen of random bred or inbred mice prior to immunization with V. cholerae. Following immunization there was a consistent latent period of approximately 2 days before the first appearance of plaqueforming cells (PFC), followed by a rapid increase that reached a peak approximately 10 to 12 days after immunization. PFC directed against both the common and the type-specific antigen could be readily enumerated by testing individual spleen cell suspensions against both the homologous and heterologous vibrio strains, which are known to share a common antigen. A good correlation was evident between the appearance of PFC and circulating vibriolytic and agglutinating antibody, except for the long delay between the appearance of serum antibody and attainment of peak titer after 28 days. Anti-mouse globulin serum inhibited PFC, attesting to the immunoglobulin nature of the reaction, and inhibition tests with vibrio antigens, in the form of intact vibrios or lipopolysaccharide extracts, evinced the specificity of the PFC response.
Immunogenic Specificity of Bacillus Subtilis Phage Spo1-Dna
Authors: Braude N. A. , Zamchuk L. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of rabbits with the phage SPO1-DNA-MBSA complex results in the production of antibodies which react only with DNA containing 5-hydroxymethyluracil. These antibodies react predominantly with denatured DNA. Their ability to react with DNA containing 5-hydroxymethyluracil does not depend on the presence of glucose in DNA. Thus, it has been shown that 5-hydroxymethyluracil acts as a specific antigenic determinant.
Immune Response in Vitro to Salmonella H-Antigens, Not Affected by Anti-Theta Serum
Authors: Diener E. , O'Callaghan Frances , Kraft N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Treatment of mouse spleen cells with antiserum cytotoxic to theta antigens does not affect the subsequent immune response in vitro to Salmonella H-antigens. Similarly treated cells fail to initiate an immune response to sheep erythrocytes. This finding represents a strong argument for the existence of immune responses to certain antigens which do not require thymus-derived cells.
Immunoglobulin Receptors on Mouse Mast Cells. II. Mast Cells of Different Strains and Mastocytomas
Authors: Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulin receptors on free peritoneal mouse mast cells have been demonstrated by using the indirect rosette technique (1). As free mouse peritoneal mast cells probably bound antibody molecules only weakly, it would be expected that the indirect technique would be much more sensitive than the direct technique. The indirect technique involves the mixing of the mast cell suspension with antibody-coated erythrocytes, while in the direct technique the antibody is mixed with the mast cells followed by the addition of erythrocytes.
We also demonstrated that a great difference exists between the different strains of inbred mice with respect to the ability of free peritoneal mast cells to release their histamine content upon contact with antibody and antigen in vitro (2). A possible explanation of the failure of histamine release by the addition of antibody and antigen is the absence of receptors for immunoglobulins on these mast cells.
Titration and Typing of Serum Antibodies in Tric Infections by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Hanna Lavelle , Jawetz Ernest , Nabli Bechir , Hoshiwara Isao , Ostler Bruce , Dawson Chandler 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect immunofluorescence test was employed to detect and quantitate serum antibodies to trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) antigens of 6 types. This test was markedly more specific and sensitive than the group-reactive complement-fixation test. Striking differences in antibody patterns were detected in different groups of patients suffering from acute or chronic TRIC infections. Among Tunisian children 67% had antibody which was primarily directed against TRIC types A or C. Among American Indian students, 33% had antibody which was directed mainly against TRIC types B, D, or E, but not against A or C. Most San Francisco patients with acute oculogenital TRIC infection had antibodies broadly reactive with all 6 TRIC antigen types A to E. Some immunologic and epidemiologic implications of these results are discussed.
Maturation of the Immune Response to Soluble Rat Collagen: Late Appearance of Antibodies Directed to N-Terminal Sites of the α2-Chain
Authors: Timpl R. , Furthmayr H. , Beil W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity of rabbit antibodies to neutral salt-soluble rat skin collagen was studied by the aid of cyanogen bromide peptides. Early antisera contained mainly antibodies directed to C-terminal sequences of the α1 as well as of the α2 polypeptide chains. During hyperimmunization these titers usually were reduced and new α2-chain specific antibodies appeared. Inhibition tests demonstrated that they are directed to the N-terminal sequence. An increase in antigen dosage did not alter the early response. No exclusive relation of one of the different specificities to IgM antibodies could be demonstrated. The results were discussed in terms of competition between distinct antigenic determinants in the collagen molecule.
Genetic Control of Immune Response to Glutamic Acid, Alanine, Tyrosine Copolymers in Mice
Authors: Merryman Carmen F. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune responsiveness of 21 inbred and congenic strains of mice to two copolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-alanine and L-tyrosine, GAT10 and GAT4, was investigated. Mice of the H-2a, H-2b, H-2d and H-2k histocompatibility alleles were responders to GAT10, whereas strains possessing the H-2f, H-2j, H-2p, H-2q, H-2r, H-2s and H-2w histocompatibility alleles were nonresponders, indicating an association between immune responsiveness and the H-2 locus. Although the response to GAT4 was also linked to H-2 locus as above, the P strain having the H-2p allele produced a minimal response. The study of the specificity of the antibody produced with the cross-reacting polymers GA(T2) and GT indicated that the recognition of the antigenic determinant is under separate genetic control.
Further Characterization of the Local Respiratory Tract Antibody Response Induced by Intranasal Instillation of Inactivated Rhinovirus 13 Vaccine
Authors: Buscho Robert F. , Perkins John C. , Knopf Harry L. S. , Kapikian Albert Z. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nasal secretory antibody response of volunteers vaccinated intranasally with an inactivated rhinovirus type 13 vaccine was further characterized. It appeared that intranasal vaccination induced resistance to challenge which lasted at least 6 months. The local neutralizing antibody which developed was specific for type 13 virus and this antibody persisted for at least 330 days following vaccination. Finally, there was a suggestion that the local respiratory tract secretory immune response possesses some degree of immunologic memory.
Use of Chicken Tracheal Organ Cultures for Studying Resistance of Respiratory Epithelium to Viral Infection
Authors: Finkelstein Martin S. , McWilliams Michael , Huizenga Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chicken tracheal explants have been used for measuring tracheal resistance to virus infection. This model offers many advantages over studies in intact animals. Resistance can be stimulated in vitro or in the donor animal in vivo. Preliminary results show that tracheal resistance, mediated at least in part by interferon, was dependent upon the route used to administer the interferon inducer. Interferon was not detected in the trachea or serum of protected chickens at the time studied. Antiviral resistance could also be stimulated in the donor chicken by prior immunization. Tracheal resistance developed only in those chickens immunized by the intra-tracheal route. Resistance correlated with tracheal, but not with serum antibody titer. Resistance could be partially blocked by exogenously applied rabbit anti-chicken globulin, suggesting that some of the antibody responsible for the protection was located in superficial sites.
Stimulation in vivo and in vitro of Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibodies with Homologous Protein Carriers Devoid of Hapten
Authors: Strausbauch Paul H. , Tarrab Rebeca , Sulica Andrei , Sela Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenyl-protein conjugates in complete Freund's adjuvant. After 2 to 4 weeks single cell suspensions were made from the spleens of these animals and cultured in vitro. A positive anti-dinitrophenyl secondary response was obtained in these cultures upon subsequent exposure to either dinitrophenyl-homologous protein carrier or homologous carrier alone. No response was obtained after addition of either dinitrophenyl-heterologous protein conjugate or unrelated protein. A positive response was indicated by an increase in cell proliferation, appearance of specific antibody-producing cells, and formation of soluble antibodies upon addition of antigen. Moreover, in vivo boosting with carrier protein alone of rabbits which had been previously immunized with dinitrophenyl-protein conjugate resulted in increased production of antibodies with a specificity for the dinitrophenyl hapten. Analysis of the antibodies produced by the rabbits immunized with hapten-protein conjugates revealed that a certain proportion of them were directed towards “shared” determinants, i.e., determinants partially composed of the hapten group and partially of the protein carrier in the vicinity of hapten attachment. The carrier boosting effect observed in the in vitro and in vivo experiments appeared to be due to stimulation of cells producing antibodies with such “shared” determinants.
The Antigen Specificity of Thymus-Derived Helper Cells
Authors: Hoffmann Michael , Kappler John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heterologous erythrocytes have long been in general use as multideterminant antigens. The development of the hemolytic plaque assay has allowed the enumeration of individual cells producing antibody directed against an erythrocyte determinant (1). In the response of mouse spleen cells, it has been shown in vitro (2) and in vivo (3) that a portion of the plaque-forming cells (PFC) which arise to the sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen also yields plaques or “cross-reacts” with the erythrocytes of the closely related species, goat (GRBC), but not with those of the phylogenetically more distant species, burro (BRBC). It is assumed that the extent of cross-reactivity of these PFC reflects to some degree the extent of cross-reactivity of the receptors on their bone marrow-derived precursors (B-cells).
Immunization of mice with heterologous erythrocytes also leads to a rapid increase in the spleen in the number of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) with receptors specific for erythrocyte determinants (4, 5).
Immunoglobulin M: Identification of an Unusual Fragment Following High Temperature Trypsin Proteolysis
Authors: Plaut Andrew G. , Calvanico Nickolas , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A fragment (Int-L) of m.w. 20,000 containing 25% carbohydrate has been identified in (Fc)5µ preparations obtained from high temperature trypsin digests of human λ type IgM molecules. This fragment consists of two disulfide linked components, one related to λ light chains and the second a portion of µ chain which presumably contains the carbohydrate. The intact fragment is univalent with respect to most anti-λ antisera which precipitate it only following reduction of disulfide bonds.
The Int-L has not been precisely localized in the IgM molecule. Some evidence indicates it may arise from outside the Fab fragment raising the possibility that it represents a third L chain per IgM subunit.
Hemagglutination-Inhibiting (HI) Antibody Response Against Rubella Virus in Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Rabbits and Transmission of Antibody to Young
Authors: Inouye Sakae , Kono Reisaku 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The HI antibody response to rubella virus was studied in pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits and the classes of antibodies produced were analyzed by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The time of appearance of the antibodies belonging to the fast and slow-moving fractions of IgG, IgA and IgM was determined.
Transmission of antibody from the pregnant doe to the body fluids of its fetuses was studied. It was found that, as reported by Brambell et al. (1–4) 19S as well as 7S rubella HI antibody and anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolysins, utilized as a control, were transmitted from mother to the fetal blood, gastric juice and amniotic fluid. Natural agglutinins to goose erythrocytes were encountered in the fetal serum but were not detected in fetal gastric juice nor in the amniotic fluid; these agglutinins were sedimented in approximately the 11S fractions and were sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME).
Cytochalasin B
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Davis A. Todd , Estensen Richard D. , Quie Paul G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytochalasin B (2 to 4 µg/ml) reversibly inhibits the chemotactic response of human and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes to a bacterial chemotactic factor or to the complement derived factor, C5a. At lower concentrations (1 to 0.1 µg/ml or less) Cytochalasin B actually stimulates chemotaxis. Spontaneous movement of the leukocyte is reversibly inhibited at concentrations as low as 0.2 µg/ml. Enhancement of the spontaneous motility has not been observed at this or lower concentrations.
Immunologic Deficiencies in Senescence
Authors: Price G. B. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to characterize immunologic deficiences which occur in senescent mice. Deficiencies intrinsic to the principal cell populations that participate in the events leading to production of specific antibody-forming cells in response to antigen stimulation were analyzed by limiting-dilution and dose-response analyses. A quantitative increase in thymus-derived cell frequency and a decrease in bone marrow-derived cell frequency were found. Both old thymus-derived and old bone marrow-derived cells were found to be less capable of growth and proliferation than the respective young cell populations. Efficiency of antigen processing was found to be reduced by about 10-fold, as judged by the minimum amount of antigen necessary for maximum stimulation of the immune system in young and in old mice.