bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective reward shaping for global and local trajectory planning of wing-in-ground crafts based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Hu H. , Li D. , Zhang G. , Zhang Z. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe control of a wing-in-ground craft (WIG) usually allows for many needs, like cruising, speed, survival and stealth. Various degrees of emphasis on these requirements result in different trajectories, but there has not been a way of integrating and quantifying them yet. Moreover, most previous studies on other vehicles’ multi-objective trajectory is planned globally, lacking for local planning. For the multi-objective trajectory planning of WIGs, this paper proposes a multi-objective function in a polynomial form, in which each item represents an independent requirement and is adjusted by a linear or exponential weight. It uses the magnitude of weights to demonstrate how much attention is paid relatively to the corresponding demand. Trajectories of a virtual WIG model above the wave trough terrain are planned using reward shaping based on the introduced multi-objective function and deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Two conditions are considered globally and locally: a single scheme of weights is assigned to the whole environment, and two different schemes of weights are assigned to the two parts of the environment. Effectiveness of the multi-object reward function is analysed from the local and global perspectives. The reward function provides WIGs with a universal framework for adjusting the magnitude of weights, to meet different degrees of requirements on cruising, speed, stealth and survival, and helps WIGs guide an expected trajectory in engineering.
A proof of the Erdős primitive set conjecture
Authors: Lichtman Jared Duker 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A set of integers greater than 1 is primitive if no member in the set divides another. Erdős proved in 1935 that the series

$f(A) = \sum _{a\in A}1/(a \log a)$

is uniformly bounded over all choices of primitive sets A. In 1986, he asked if this bound is attained for the set of prime numbers. In this article, we answer in the affirmative.
As further applications of the method, we make progress towards a question of Erdős, Sárközy and Szemerédi from 1968. We also refine the classical Davenport–Erdős theorem on infinite divisibility chains, and extend a result of Erdős, Sárközy and Szemerédi from 1966.
Modeling of transverse stimulated Raman scattering in KDP/DKDP in large-aperture plates suitable for polarization control
Authors: Huang Hu , Kosc Tanya Z. , Kessler Terrance J. , Demos Stavros G. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTransverse stimulated Raman scattering (TSRS) in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (DKDP) plates for large-aperture, inertial confinement fusion (ICF)-class laser systems is a well-recognized limitation giving rise to parasitic energy conversion and laser-induced damage. The onset of TSRS is manifested in plates exposed to the ultraviolet section of the beam. TSRS amplification is a coherent process that grows exponentially and is distributed nonuniformly in the crystal and at the crystal surfaces. To understand the growth and spatial distribution of TSRS energy in various configurations, a modeling approach has been developed to simulate the operational conditions relevant to ICF-class laser systems. Specific aspects explored in this work include (i) the behavior of TSRS in large-aperture crystal plates suitable for third-harmonic generation and use as wave plates for polarization control in current-generation ICF-class laser system configurations; (ii) methods, and their limitations, of TSRS suppression and (iii) optimal geometries to guide future designs.
Pandemic Politics: Immigration, Framing, and Covid-19
Authors: Reedy Justin , Gonzalez O’Brien Benjamin , Hurst Elizabeth H. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe covid-19 pandemic has revived a longstanding, and understudied, trope in American politics: the association of immigrants with disease. There has been a great deal of scholarship on the economic, cultural, and criminal threat frames attached to immigrant groups in media coverage, but little to date has specifically examined how national and local sources have framed covid-19 in the context of immigrant communities. In this paper we analyze the prevalence of two different framings of the pandemic in national and local online news outlets over the first year of the pandemic: immigration as a public health threat to the nation, and covid-19 as a threat to immigrant communities within the nation. We find significant differences between national and local coverage, with the former more likely to frame immigration as a covid-19 threat, while local news outlets were more likely to discuss the threat the virus posed to already marginalized immigrant communities.
An outbreak of nosocomial infection of neonatal aseptic meningitis caused by echovirus 18
Authors: Xi Hongmin , Tian Yi , Shao Hui , Yin Xiangyun , Ma Lili , Yang Ping , Li Xianghong 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We describe an outbreak of echovirus 18 infection involving 10 patients in our neonatal intensive care unit (an attack rate of 33%). The mean age at the onset of illness was 26.8 days. Eighty percent were preterm infants. All were discharged home without sequelae. There were no differences in gestation age, birth weight, delivery mode, use of antibiotics, and parenteral nutrition between the enterovirus (EV) group and non-EV group, but the rate of breastfeeding was significantly higher in the EV group. Separation care and reinforcement of hand-washing seemed to be effective in preventing further spread of the virus. Visiting policy, hygiene practice, and handling of expressed breastmilk should be reinforced.
The Wall between Latinas and Latinos? Gender and Immigration Enforcement Attitudes among U.S. Latina/o Voters
Authors: Corral Álvaro José 
Published: June 2023

AbstractDonald Trump’s surprising level of support among U.S. Latina/o voters in 2016 and his improved performance in the 2020 election posed a puzzle for Latina/o politics scholars given his stridently anti-immigrant agenda. Although scholars have acknowledged the political gender gap between Latinas and Latino men, few studies have outlined the theoretical basis or explored the empirical existence of gender differences in Latina/o immigration enforcement attitudes. Building on the Latina politics literature documenting Latinas’ greater engagement in solidarity work with immigrants and their greater desire for cultural transmission and the maintenance of pan-ethnic identity, I test two hypotheses. The first (the Latina/o gender hypothesis) postulates that Latinas will exhibit more liberal attitudes on matters of immigration enforcement relative to Latino men. The second (the immigrant identity hypothesis) postulates that Latinas are more likely to rely on their sense of commonality with immigrants in the formation of their immigration enforcement attitudes. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the 2020 Collaborative Multiracial Postelection Survey support both hypotheses, which suggests not only that immigration attitudes among Latinas and Latino men are meaningfully distinct, but also that there are important structural differences underlying Latina/o beliefs in this policy area.
Constraints on the executive and tax revenues in the long run
Authors: Savoia Antonio , Sen Kunal , Tagem Abrams M. E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWe argue that tax revenues and political institutions placing constraints on the executive power may reinforce each other over time and so co-evolve in the long run. This may also bring a shift in the composition of revenues, from taxes levied on a narrow base to broadly levied taxes. To test these hypotheses, we use historical cross-country data covering 31 countries for 1800–2012 and panel time series methods allowing for different forms of country-specific heterogeneity and cross-section dependence. The results offer three main findings. First, executive constraints, whether they are judicial or legislative, and tax revenues are cointegrated. While in the short run they can drift apart, this will be temporary because there is a long-run relationship between the two. Second, evidence of cointegration is strongest for revenues from direct taxes, suggesting that the existence and nature of a long-run relationship may be mainly related to the emergence of broad-based taxation. Third, long-run causality runs mostly from executive constraints to taxation. This is most evident for income taxes. Our findings link Sustainable Development Goals 16 and 17, implying that the goal of promoting inclusive and accountable institutions may work in synergy with that of generating internal resources to finance development goals.
The origins of fiscal states in developing economies: history, politics and institutions
Authors: Savoia Antonio , Sen Kunal 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis is an introduction to the special issue that presents new research on the state and its links to economic and social development. The special issue focuses on the processes of institutional transformation of the state, looking at how fiscal states arise in the developing world. The resulting set of articles presents a variety of approaches, ranging from case studies (at state and regional level), to comparative historical analysis and to macro-quantitative (country and cross-country level) perspectives. The overarching message is that historical, political and institutional factors are key to understanding the process of fiscal states formation and change around the developing world.
The Propagation of Gravity Waves in Titan's Stratosphere
Authors: Huang Jianping , Wu Zhaopeng , Cui Jun , Hao Yongqiang 
Published: June 2023

AbstractGravity waves (GWs) are ubiquitous and important dynamical processes in planetary atmospheres. But their properties and impact on the lower atmosphere remain unclear for most of planets due to the lack of data. The recent in situ observation from Huygens reveals GW activity in Titan's lower stratosphere. This paper investigates the upward propagation of GWs from Titan's lower atmosphere and their thermal effects using a full‐wave model. We reproduce the observed temperature perturbations with a superposition of three GW solutions with λx = 50 km and λz = 5.3, 8.9, and 28 km, with the longer wavelength one overlooked in previous studies. The simulation suggests that the propagation of GWs in Titan's lower atmosphere is almost nondissipative and thus has no wave‐induced thermal effect on the stratosphere, which is very different from the planetary thermosphere. The temperature minimum at the tropopause leads to a rapid local GW growth, which may be the primary reason for the significant GW signals above 60 km. We also find that the zonal wind may filter out the majority of GWs except for those traveling perpendicular to the wind direction, which can propagate upward to above 100 km, as observed by the Huygens probe.
Different Satellite Products Revealing Variable Trends in Global Gross Primary Production
Authors: Bai Yu , Liang Shunlin , Jia Aolin , Li Shenggong 
Published: June 2023

AbstractCapturing the spatial and temporal dynamics of global gross primary production (GPP) and its underlying mechanisms is important for understanding the global carbon cycle and climate change. Satellite remote sensing enables continuous observation of vegetation dynamics over large regions, providing valuable opportunities for investigating spatial and temporal changes in GPP on a global scale. However, different GPP products typically exhibit significant disparities in terms of global GPP estimations and have different sensitivities to environmental factors due to model differences. Therefore, this study compared five global GPP products to identify the temporal and spatial trends of global GPP in recent years and the sensitivity to environmental factors. Results showed that although the annual mean value of terrestrial GPP exhibited an upward trend over the past three decades, their trends and growth rates on a global scale were not entirely consistent for the periods before and after 2000; they even exhibited opposing trends among different products in tropical regions. Although the spatial pattern of major environmental impact factors for different GPP products was consistent across the globe, some significant differences were observed among the different products. Clarifying the trends of GPP and its response to environmental factors under the current scenario of climate change needs to be further addressed.
Subglacial Freshwater Drainage Increases Simulated Basal Melt of the Totten Ice Shelf
Authors: Gwyther David E. , Dow Christine F. , Jendersie Stefan , Gourmelen Noel , Galton‐Fenzi Benjamin K. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractSubglacial freshwater discharge from beneath Antarctic glaciers likely has a strong impact on ice shelf basal melting. However, the difficulty in directly observing subglacial flow highlights the importance of modeling these processes. We use an ocean model of the Totten Ice Shelf cavity into which we inject subglacial discharge derived from a hydrology model applied to Aurora Subglacial Basin. Our results show (a) discharge increases melting in the vicinity of the outflow region, which correlates with features observed in surface elevation maps and satellite‐derived melt maps, with implications for ice shelf stability; (b) the change in melting is driven by the formation of a buoyant plume rather than the addition of heat; and (c) the buoyant plume originating from subglacial discharge‐driven melting is far‐reaching. Basal melting induced by subglacial hydrology is thus important for ice shelf stability, but is absent from almost all ice‐ocean models.
Long‐Term Monitoring of Coupled Vegetation and Elevation Changes in Response to Sea Level Rise in a Microtidal Salt Marsh
Authors: Yang Zhicheng , Tognin Davide , Finotello Alvise , Belluco Enrica , Puppin Alice , Silvestri Sonia , Marani Marco , D’Alpaos Andrea 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTight interplays between physical and biotic processes in tidal salt marshes lead to self‐organization of halophytic vegetation into recurrent zonation patterns developed across elevation gradients. Despite its importance for marsh ecomorphodynamics, however, the response of vegetation zonation to changing environmental forcings remains difficult to predict, mostly because of lacking long‐term field observations of vegetation evolution in the face of changing rates of sea level rise and marsh vertical accretion. Here we present novel data of coupled marsh elevation‐vegetation distribution collected in the microtidal Venice Lagoon (Italy) over nearly two decades. Our results suggest that: (a) despite increasing absolute marsh elevations (i.e., above a fixed datum), vertical accretion rates across most of the studied marsh were not high enough to compensate for relative sea‐level rise (RSLR), thus leading to a progressive marsh drowning; (b) accretion rates ranging 1.7–4.3 mm/year are overall lower than the measured RSLR rate (4.4 mm/year) and strongly site‐specific. Accretion rates vary largely at sites within distances of a few tens of meters, being controlled by local elevation and sediment availability from eroding marsh edges; (c) vegetation responds species‐specifically to changes in environmental forcings by modifying species‐preferential elevation ranges. For the first time, we observe the consistency of a sequential vegetation‐species zonation with increasing marsh elevations over 20 years. We suggest this is the signature of vegetation resilience to changes in external forcings. Our results highlight a strong coupling between geomorphological and ecological dynamics and call for spatially distributed marsh monitoring and spatially explicit biomorphodynamic models of marsh evolution.
Pore‐Scale Imaging of Multiphase Flow Fluctuations in Continuum‐Scale Samples
Authors: Wang Shan , Spurin Catherine , Bultreys Tom 
Published: June 2023

AbstractRepresentative elementary volumes (REVs) are an important concept in studying subsurface multiphase flow at the continuum scale. However, fluctuations in multiphase flow are currently not represented in continuum scale models, and their impact at the REV‐scale is unknown. Previous pore‐scale imaging studies on these fluctuations were limited to small samples with mm‐scale diameters and volumes on the order of ∼0.5 cm3. Here, we image steady‐state co‐injection experiments on a one‐inch diameter core plug sample, with nearly two orders of magnitude larger volume (21 cm3), while maintaining a pore‐scale resolution with X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. This was done for three total flow rates in a series of drainage fractional flow steps. Our observations differ markedly from those reported for mm‐scale samples in two ways: the macroscopic fluid distribution was less ramified at low capillary numbers (Ca) of 10−7; and the volume fraction of intermittency initially increased with increasing Ca (similar to mm‐scale observations), but then decreased at Ca of 10−7. Our results suggest that viscous forces may play a role in the cm‐scale fluid distribution, even at such low Ca, dampening intermittent pathway flow. A representative elementary volume study of the fluid saturation showed that this may be missed in smaller‐scale samples. Pressure drop measurements suggest that the observed pore‐scale fluctuations resulted in non‐Darcy like upscaled behavior. Overall, we show the usefulness of large field‐of‐view, high‐resolution imaging to bridge the gap between pore‐ and continuum‐scale multiphase flow studies.
Trace elements concentrations in soil contaminate corn in the vicinity of a cement-manufacturing plant: potential health implications
Authors: Abatemi-Usman Sa’adatu , Akindele Olubunmi , Ayanlade Ayansina , Perez Magali , Attahiru Isma’il , Norton Gareth , Feldmann Joerg , Krupp Eva 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
Cultivated lands in the vicinity of industry are vulnerable due to trace element releases from industrial activities. One such situation concerns the surrounding of the largest cement-manufacturing plant in sub-Saharan Africa, located in Obajana, Nigeria.

Objective
This study aimed at examining the trace element concentrations in the soil as they contaminate corn crops in the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant. A case study of the cement-manufacturing plant located in Obajana, Nigeria is presented.

Methods
We used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer to analyse for total arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium(Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) concentrations and microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer to measure total iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents in 89 samples of corn and surface soil (0–15 cm) from five farmlands including reference farmland and evaluated health hazard of human exposure to the trace elements via the consumption of corn cultivated in the area.

Results
The results showed the average Cr concentrations in µg/g dry weight (±standard error of the mean) in corn ranged from 2.08 ± 0.17 to 3.56 ± 0.65 in all the farmlands including control, while the mean Pb levels in µg/g dry weight (± standard error of the mean) in corn extended from 0.23 ± 0.03 to 0.38 ± 0.02 in the farmlands downwind of the cement plant. The Cr values were several factors higher than the stable concentration range of 0.01 to 0.41 µg/g reported in cereal grains, while the Pb values exceeded the limit of 0.2 µg/g set by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization in grains. Lead is a trace element of environmental concern and its average levels in the farmlands downwind of the plant were found to be several orders of magnitude higher than the values in µg/g dry weight (± standard error of the mean) (0.01 ± 0.00 to 0.02 ± 0.00) observed in the farmlands upwind of the plant and were statistically significant (p < 0.0001).

Impact statement
Our findings provide the first health hazard assessment from the consumption of corn cultivated in the vicinity of the largest cement-manufacturing plant in Nigeria as far as we know.
Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance
Authors: Kim Youngseok , Eddins Andrew , Anand Sajant , Wei Ken Xuan , van den Berg Ewout , Rosenblatt Sami , Nayfeh Hasan , Wu Yantao , Zaletel Michael , Temme Kristan , Kandala Abhinav 
Published: June 2023

AbstractQuantum computing promises to offer substantial speed-ups over its classical counterpart for certain problems. However, the greatest impediment to realizing its full potential is noise that is inherent to these systems. The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors. Here we report experiments on a noisy 127-qubit processor and demonstrate the measurement of accurate expectation values for circuit volumes at a scale beyond brute-force classical computation. We argue that this represents evidence for the utility of quantum computing in a pre-fault-tolerant era. These experimental results are enabled by advances in the coherence and calibration of a superconducting processor at this scale and the ability to characterize1 and controllably manipulate noise across such a large device. We establish the accuracy of the measured expectation values by comparing them with the output of exactly verifiable circuits. In the regime of strong entanglement, the quantum computer provides correct results for which leading classical approximations such as pure-state-based 1D (matrix product states, MPS) and 2D (isometric tensor network states, isoTNS) tensor network methods2,3 break down. These experiments demonstrate a foundational tool for the realization of near-term quantum applications4,5.
A pangenome reference of 36 Chinese populations
Authors: Gao Yang , Yang Xiaofei , Chen Hao , Tan Xinjiang , Yang Zhaoqing , Deng Lian , Wang Baonan , Kong Shuang , Li Songyang , Cui Yuhang , Lei Chang , Wang Yimin , Pan Yuwen , Ma Sen , Sun Hao , Zhao Xiaohan , Shi Yingbing , Yang Ziyi , Wu Dongdong , Wu Shaoyuan , Zhao Xingming , Shi Binyin , Jin Li , Hu Zhibin ,   Chinese Pangenome Consortium (CPC), Mao Chuangxue , Fan Shaohua , Gao Qiang , Dai Juncheng , Bu Fengxiao , He Guanglin , Wu Yang , Yuan Huijun , Li Jinchen , Chen Chao , Yang Jian , Wei Chaochun , Jin Xin , Shen Xia , Lu Yan , Chu Jiayou , Ye Kai , Xu Shuhua 
Published: June 2023

AbstractHuman genomics is witnessing an ongoing paradigm shift from a single reference sequence to a pangenome form, but populations of Asian ancestry are underrepresented. Here we present data from the first phase of the Chinese Pangenome Consortium, including a collection of 116 high-quality and haplotype-phased de novo assemblies based on 58 core samples representing 36 minority Chinese ethnic groups. With an average 30.65× high-fidelity long-read sequence coverage, an average contiguity N50 of more than 35.63 megabases and an average total size of 3.01 gigabases, the CPC core assemblies add 189 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,367 protein-coding gene duplications to GRCh38. We identified 15.9 million small variants and 78,072 structural variants, of which 5.9 million small variants and 34,223 structural variants were not reported in a recently released pangenome reference1. The Chinese Pangenome Consortium data demonstrate a remarkable increase in the discovery of novel and missing sequences when individuals are included from underrepresented minority ethnic groups. The missing reference sequences were enriched with archaic-derived alleles and genes that confer essential functions related to keratinization, response to ultraviolet radiation, DNA repair, immunological responses and lifespan, implying great potential for shedding new light on human evolution and recovering missing heritability in complex disease mapping.