bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Antimacrophage Serum on Antibody Production and Phagocytosis in Mice
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. , Plotkin Diane H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the last year four reports have appeared in the literature on the effect of antimacrophage serum (AMS) on phagocytosis and antibody production (1–4). There is general agreement that AMS is cytotoxic to macrophages (1–4) and can decrease the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages (1–4), but some investigators find no immunosuppressive effects after AMS treatment (1, 3), and others (2) report immunosuppression only under certain conditions of antigen administration.
In this report we present evidence that AMS, which decreases the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages, also inhibits primary antibody synthesis. The immunosuppressive effect, however, can only be detected after pretreatment with AMS and low doses of antigen.
Rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum (AMS) was prepared by injecting New Zealand rabbits three times at bi-weekly intervals, i.v., with 108 or 109 peritoneal cells from C3H/HeJ donor mice. Peritoneal cell donors were injected 7 days previously with 3 ml of thioglycollate medium (5).
The Effect of Carbamylation, Amidination and Benzylation on the Ability of Rabbit γG Antibody to Produce Passive Cutaneous Anaphlaxis in Guinea Pig and Rabbit Skin
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Feinman Lawrence , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of chemical modification of amino groups of rabbit γ G antibody on its PCA activity in guinea pig and rabbit skin was studied, with particular attention to high degrees of carbamylation which have profound effects on the antibody's ability to fix complement and to aggregate with antigen. It was concluded that there is no evidence at present for the selective inactivation of specific PCA sites on the Fc portion of the antibody molecule by these reagents. Rather, the observed loss of PCA reactivity in rabbit skin could be attributed to the impaired ability of the antibody to fix complement. Loss of PCA activity in guinea pig skin required greater than 90% carbamylation of the antibody molecule and could be explained in terms of the nonspecific effects on the molecule produced by such treatment. It was further observed that the loss in PCA activity under these conditions could be potentiated in a system in which cross-reacting antigen was used.
Effects of Radiation on the Initial and Anamnestic IgM Hemolysin Responses in Rabbits; Antigen Injection After X-Rays
Authors: Taliaferro William H. , Taliaferro Lucy Graves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of a wide range of x-rays from 25 to 700 r on the initial and anamnestic IgM hemolysin responses were ascertained in groups of rabbits by giving an intravenous initial injection or reinjection of 108.3 fresh sheep red blood cells (SRBC)/kg rabbit from 4 hr to 2 months (and in some cases 6 months) after irradiation. Sera from the rabbits were titrated by the delicate 50% hemolysis endpoint and graphs of the responses were analyzed with respect to five parameters: length of the latent period, peak titer, length and rate of rise to peak titer and decline from peak titer. The following statistically significant modifications were revealed, as compared to corresponding initial and anamnestic responses in unirradiated control groups. 1) On the one hand, in the initial response, small doses of 25 and 100 r stimulated a) the prolonged production of hemolysin when SRBC were injected from 4 hr to a week thereafter and b) a transient high peak titer when SRBC were injected at 1 month after irradiation. On the other hand, 25 and 100 r did not stimulate the anamnestic response at all, but depressed peak titers when SRBC were given from 7 to 30 days thereafter. 2) 25 and 100 r did not modify the length of the latent period in either response. 3) Large doses of 500 and 700 r equally and intensively depressed both responses when SRBC were given from 4 hr to 2 days thereafter. Such responses were characterized by prolonged latent periods and prolonged hemolysin rises at low rates of rise to depressed peak titers. 4) Recovery from the depressing effects of 500 and 700 r began when SRBC were given 7 days after irradiation, but was more delayed in the anamnestic response than in the initial response.
The foregoing differences between the initial and anamnestic hemolysin responses in rabbits, stimulated with relatively small amounts of Forssman antigen after irradiation, suggest that the immunologically competent initial cells, as compared to the activated memory cells, are more easily stimulated and less sensitive to injury, and that both types of cells are modified to a greater extent during induction than during later stages of proliferation and synthesis.
Immunoenzymology of Amp-Deaminase
Authors: Selig Donald , Chilson Oscar P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunologic specificities of crude and partially purified rabbit antisera directed against homogeneous AMP-deaminases from chicken breast muscle and rat skeletal muscle have been investigated. In contrast to a previous report, the results of a comparative study of avian and mammalian enzymes show that the skeletal muscle adenylate deaminases from these organisms are antigenically related. A variety of techniques, including double diffusion in two dimensions, immunoelectrophoresis, and enzyme inhibition, have been used to demonstrate varying degrees of cross-reaction between antibodies and enzymes from different animals. The observation that cross-reactive autoantibodies are produced in response to immunization of rabbits with adenylate deaminases from heterologous (chicken and rat) sources is of particular interest. While the underlying mechanisms are not known, it is clear that these results are not due to the effect of adjuvants or the participation of isoantigens.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylactic and Schultz-Dale Reactions Elicited in Guinea Pigs by Chemically Univalent Dinitrophenyl-Derivatives of Bacitracin A and Papain
Authors: Mancino Domenico , Tigelaar Robert E. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and Schultz-Dale reactions were elicited with mono- and poly-DNP-derivatives of bacitracin A and a mono-DNP-derivative of papain. With high affinity rabbit antibody, the same endpoint titers for PCA could be obtained with tri-DNP-Bac, di-DNP-Bac and DNP-orn-Bac, as well as with bis-DNP-lysine, whereas a significantly lower titer was obtained with DNP-ile-Bac. DNP-his-Bac was ineffective under the conditions used. A significantly higher PCA titer was obtained with highly conjugated DNP-BSA. The relative effectiveness of the DNP-derivatives of bacitracin and of bis-DNP-lysine was correlated with the affinity of the antibody for the appropriate ligands as measured by equilibrium dialysis. With rabbit antibody of lower affinity neither tri-DNP-Bac, DNP-orn-Bac, DNPL-S-pap, nor bis-DNP-lysine were able to elicit PCA reactions. The possibilities that the mono-DNP-derivatives of bacitracin and papain are able to elicit anaphylactic reactions as univalent compounds or rather as functionally multivalent antigens produced either by binding to serum proteins or by molecular aggregation are discussed in the light of the experimental results.
Reaginic-Type of Antibody in Mice Stimulated by Extracts of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Clausen C. R. , Munoz J. , Bergman R. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) strain of albino mouse responds to the injection of hens' egg albumin (EA) and soluble extracts of Bordetella pertussis with the production of two homocytotropic antibodies. One of these antibodies (referred to as 2-hr PCA antibody) is a 7S immunoglobulin which does not persist in the skin of mice for a long time and is heat stable and resistant to reduction and alkylation. The other antibody (referred to as 72-hr PCA antibody) is similar to the reaginic antibody of allergic persons, since it is inactivated by heating undiluted sera at 56 C for 30 min and by reduction and alkylation; it remains in the skin for a long time and is not a 7S or 19S immunoglobulin but probably a new type similar to the IgE immunoglobulin of allergic persons. B. pertussis alkaline saline extract (SE) was the best adjuvant for the production of the 72-hr PCA antibody, while Freund's adjuvant was superior in stimulating the 2-hr PCA antibody. Endotoxins from Salmonella minnesota or from B. pertussis were not as effective in stimulating the 72-hr PCA antibody as was the SE.
The production of 72-hr PCA antibody in RML mice persisted for at least 60 days after a single immunization with EA and SE, while the sera of mice immunized with EA in Freund's incomplete adjuvant failed to give 72-hr PCA 40 days after immunization.
The 72-hr PCA antibody was found to be resistant to heating at 56°C for 30 min. if the serum was diluted in saline prior to heating, which indicated that this antibody is inactivated by a mechanism other than heat denaturation.
Isoenzyme Differences between a Human Diploid Cell Line, WI-38, and SV40-Transformed WI-38
Authors: Bartholomew Eleanor M. , Bartholomew William R. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Enzymatic differences between diploid and SV40-transformed human fetal lung cell lines were ascertained using enzymo-electrophoresis and enzymo-immunoelectrophoresis in agarose gel. Saline extracts of WI-38 and its transformed counterpart could be differentiated on the basis of lactic dehydrogenase and esterase activities. A cathodal esterase isoenzyme, sensitive to diisopropyl fluorophosphate and resistant to eserine, was found in WI-38, but was depleted at least fivefold in the transformed cell line.
The Binding Reactions of Antibodies Specific for the 2,6-Dintrophenyl Group
Authors: Little J. Russell , Border Wayne , Freidin Ralph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit and guinea pig antibodies specific for the 2,6-DNP group were isolated from sera by specific precipitation and hapten elution. Anti-2,6-DNP-antibodies formed late in the immune response displayed greater cross-reactivity with 2,4-DNP and 2,4,6-TNP ligands than was observed with antibodies obtained at earlier times. Rabbit anti-2,6-DNP molecules were found to have low Qmax values (in the same general range as rabbit anti-2,4,6-TNP molecules). Hypochromic and bathochromic spectral shifts were observed when ε-2,6-DNP-aminocaproate formed complexes with rabbit or guinea pig antibodies or with tryptophan (as the free amino acid) supporting the previous suggestion that one or more tryptophan residues occur in the binding sites of antibody molecules specific for polynitrophenyl determinant groups.
Immunosuppression by Antigen-Associated Human Serum Alphaone Protein
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Chun D. , Neter E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of human serum alpha-one protein on the immune response of the rabbit to two bacterial antigens, one produced by enterobacteriaceae and the other by Gram-positive bacteria, were investigated. It was shown that this protein markedly inhibits the production of circulating antibodies, provided that antigen and alpha-one protein are mixed and incubated prior to injection. Suppression of the immune response does not occur when the two materials are injected separately, albeit simultaneously. Alpha-one protein does not destroy the antigenic determinants of the two antigens. Animals immunized with mixtures of antigen and alpha-one protein are primed. Alpha-one protein is significantly less effective as an antigenassociated immunosuppressant against the common enterobacterial antigen produced by E. coli O14 than it is against the moiety with identical antigenic determinants produced by Salmonella typhimurium.
Differences in Anti-Protein a Activity among IgG Subgroups
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reaction between staphylococcal protein A and human γG globulin, which is known to be mediated by structures on the Fc part of the heavy chains, was studied qualitatively using 68 isolated γG myeloma globulins. Twenty-one myeloma globulins of subgroups γG-1, γG-2 and γG-4 gave a precipitin reaction with protein A. The 35 remaining meyloma globulins of these subgroups all inhibited this reaction, indicating the presence of protein A-reactive sites. Twelve γG-3 myeloma globulins did not precipitate or inhibit the precipitation; two showed slight inhibition that could be attributed to background γG. It thus appears that anti-protein A reactivity is confined to γG-1, γG-2 and γG-4 molecules.
Immunoglobulin Production in Synchronized Cultures of Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines
Authors: Takahashi M. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The production of immunoglobulin in the various metabolic stages of the generation cycle of cultured human lymphocytoid cells was investigated by the use of synchronized cultures. The cells were synchronized at the boundary of the G1 and S periods by treatment with excess thymidine and the cells harvested at different time intervals after the release from the thymidine treatment were examined for their immunoglobulin content. The content of immunoglobulin was determined for individual cells by treating cell smears with 125I-labeled anti-immunoglobulin antibody, submitting them to radioautography and counting the silver grains on individual cells. Cell smears were also stained with fluorescein-conjugates of antiimmunoglobulin antibodies.
Although the immunoglobulin content of individual cells differed greatly even in the same harvest of a synchronized culture, there was a general change during the course of the generation cycle. The immunoglobulin level increased rapidly after the release of the thymidine blockage and reached its peak in the early portion of the S period. It then decreased gradually through the late S and G2 periods and reached its lowest level in the mitotic period. The second phase of increase which was observed after the mitotic burst indicated the synthesis of immunoglobulin by the cells of the second generation in the G1 and early S periods.
Further studies on the secretion of the immunoglobulin are required to obtain an overall pattern of the immunoglobulin synthesis.
Immunologic Cross-Reactivity of Escherichia Coli B Envelope Glycoproteins with Some Animal and Plant Cell Membrane Proteins
Authors: Okuda Shinichi , Weinbaum George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the past few years a number of laboratories have been investigating the antigenic character of various components of the bacterial envelope. The goals are to develop vaccines against pathogenic organisms (1) and to understand more completely the structural organization of the cell surface (2). We recently reported that rabbit antiserum prepared against isolated envelopes of Escherichia coli B had immunologic reactivity with certain animal cell membrane proteins (3). Specifically, the anti-envelope serum reacted with a “structural protein” preparation from beef heart mitochondria and a phenol soluble protein fraction from the same type of mitochondria. The phenol solubilization technique has been shown to be extremely effective in isolating membrane specific proteins (3), solubilizing membranes such as erythrocyte ghosts which are normally quite resistant to most procedures (4) and preferentially solubilizing glycoproteins (5).
Studies of Lymphocyte Culture: Products of Sensitive Lymphocyte-Antigen Interaction
Authors: Spitler Lynn E. , Lawrence H. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The biologic activities of substances produced during stimulation of sensitized blood lymphocytes by specific antigen were studied with the following results.
1. A factor causing inhibition of migration of normal macrophages is produced, and, in the system used, the degree of inhibition is proportional to the degree of lymphocyte stimulation as measured by radioactive thymidine incorporation.
2. The activity of the inhibitory factor was increased in some experiments by increasing the dose of specific antigens.
3. Incubation of sensitive lymphocytes with antigen produces supernatants, which, when added to normal lymphocytes, cause them to respond with increased thymidine uptake. The resultant dose-response curve observed in normal cells exposed to such supernatant preparations parallels that observed when sensitive lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of antigen.
Serologic Classification of Chimpanzee Adenoviruses by Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination Inhibition
Authors: Hillis William D. , Goodman Rosanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twenty-two strains of viruses, each possessing adenovirus complement-fixing antigen and each derived from fecal specimens of chimpanzees, have been classified by their hemagglutinating properties into three major subgroups. Subgroup I is composed of eight strains which cause hemagglutination of rhesus or vervet monkey erythrocytes; subgroup II consists of 12 strains which agglutinate selected Sprague-Dawley rat erythrocytes in the presence of heterotypic immune serum to members of the Rosen subgroup III of human adenoviruses; and finally, chimpanzee subgroup III is composed of two strains which fail to agglutinate monkey, rat, guinea pig, or human type O erythrocytes.
HAI reciprocal tests suggest that all eight of the subgroup I strains are related to prototype C-1 chimpanzee adenovirus, as well as to human adenovirus type 16. Six strains of subgroup II are closely antigenically related to each other and to human adenovirus type 5 by HAI. Four additional strains are partially cross-reactive in HAI tests with human adenovirus type 2 and highly cross-reactive with one another. The remaining two strains of subgroup II apparently represent previously unreported serotypes without relationships to known adenoviruses or to each other, as demonstrable by HAI techniques. Evidence is presented that the 22 strains represent a total of at least seven distinct chimpanzee serotypes of adenovirus.
The Antigenic Subunits of Influenza Viruses
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The breadth of the antibody response to antigenic subunits and whole virus vaccines was compared on sera against eight influenza A strains. The spectrum of cross-reactions for the two kinds of vaccine was statistically indistinguishable, both in antihemagglutinin and in neutralization tests. A strong negative correlation was found between the capacity of an antigen to give broad immunologic coverage and its proneness to being inhibited by heterologous sera. A model is proposed to account for the asymmetry of serologic crossing, and its theoretically and practical implications are discussed.
Further Evidence of the Role of γl Guinea Pig Antibodies in Mediating Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis (PCA)
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Benacerraf Baruj , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been previously shown that passive anaphylactic reactions can be produced in the guinea pig and the mouse by an electrophoretically fast moving homologous immunoglobulin which is usually designated as γ1 globulin (1–4). In some other species (man, rabbit, dog, monkey and rat) anaphylactic reactions are mediated by homologous reaginic antibodies which have physicochemical properties clearly different from those of γ1 globulin (5). In man, these antibodies have been identified as belonging to the γE class of immunoglobulins (6). In mice both γ1 and reaginic antibodies have been shown to mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) (7–9). It has recently been suggested that PCA in the guinea pig is not mediated by γ1 globulin but by a contaminant of the γ1 fraction (10). The object of this study was to investigate this possibility.
Anti-Thymus Cytotoxicity: Identification and Isolation of Rat Thymus-Specific Membrane Antigens and Purification of the Corresponding Antibodies
Authors: Bachvaroff R. , Galdiero F. , Grabar P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two rat thymus-specific antigens inducing cytotoxic hetero-antibodies are localized in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and outer mitochondrial membrane. One is also common to the cell-sap. The two antigens were purified from detergent-solubilized endoplasmic reticulum by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and preparative polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis until single homogeneous electrophoretic protein bands were obtained. Some properties of the unique membrane antigen suggest that it may belong to the group of the structural membrane proteins.
The firm binding of the antigens to the membranes permitted absorption and subsequent elution of cytotoxic antibodies from the whole immunoserum previously rendered thymus-specific by absorption with subcellular fractions from different organs. The eluted antibodies were exclusively IgG and retained their activity in vitro and in vivo.
The results are considered relevant to the study of the mechanism of the immuno-depressive action of thymus-specific cytotoxic antibodies.
Isolation and Characterization of Free λ-Chain of Immunoglobulin Produced by an Established Cell Line of Human Myeloma Cell Origin
Authors: Matsuoka Y. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A λ-type light chain of immunoglobulin was isolated in an essentially pure state from the cells of an established cell line (No. 8226) derived from a myeloma patient S and compared with the λ-chain isolated from the spent culture medium. The cellular λ-chain was found to be essentially identical to the λ-chain secreted into the medium with respect to its physical, chemical and antigenic properties. Evidence was obtained that the λ-chains are present in the cell extract as a covalently-linked dimer although the purified preparation showed the presence of both covalent and noncovalent dimers. Apparently the covalent dimers were converted into noncovalent dimers by reduction during chromatography on CM-cellulose.
The cells also contained a substance that is related antigenically to the λ-chain of this cell line, but is smaller in molecular size than the completed λ-chain. This substance may represent a portion of the variable portion because it possessed only part of the idiotypic determinants and no determinants common to other λ-chains.
Impaired Lymphocyte Transformation in Ataxia-Telangiectasia in Part Due to a Plasma Inhibitory Factor
Authors: McFarlin Dale E. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of lymphocyte transformation in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) revealed reduced responses to PHA in 14 of 16 cases, to PWM in eight of 12 cases, and to SLO in seven of 10 cases, when 20% autologous plasma was used in the culture media.
It was possible to improve the responses of lymphocytes from 11 of 14 patients with subnormal responses to PHA and from six of eight having reduced responses to PWM by either increasing the concentration of the respective stimulant or by culturing in 20% homologous plasma. When both of these were used simultaneously their beneficial effects were additive. Tenfold increases in the optimal concentrations of PHA and PWM, which were somewhat toxic to normal lymphocytes, resulted in increased tritiated thymidine incorporation by A-T lymphocytes. No significant improvement in the reduced responses to SLO was obtained by either culturing in homologous plasma or by increasing the concentration of this stimulant.
Plasma from some A-T patients inhibited the response of normal control lymphocytes to PHA and to a lesser extent to PWM. The relationship of plasma inhibition to the concentration of these stimulants was consistent with a competitive mechanism of action.
The sera which inhibited the response of normal cells to PHA and PWM had elevated levels of α2 globulin on paper electrophoresis, which raises the possibility that the inhibitory factor may have this electrophoretic mobility.
Although the inhibitory factor accounted in part for the reduced responses to PHA and PWM in approximately 57% of the cases, it did not provide an explanation for the reduced responses in the remaining 25% of the A-T cases with subnormal responses to these stimulants, nor was it shown to contribute to the reduced responses to SLO.