bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinctive Medullary and Germinal Center Proliferative Patterns in Mouse Lymph Nodes after Regional Primary and Secondary Stimulation with Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Buerki Heinz , Cottier Hans , Hess Max W. , Laissue Jean , Stoner Richard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an attempt to gain more insight into antigen-induced generation of plasma cells and memory B cells, respectively, we compared medullary proliferative responses and germinal center development in popliteal lymph nodes of young adult mice with antibody production as a function of time after primary and secondary stimulation with fluid tetanus toxoid (FTT) via the hind leg footpads. Differences in the time course of primary and secondary antibody responses correlated with the time sequence and magnitude of medullary proliferative activity rather than with germinal center formation and growth. Initial labeling indices of lymphoid and plasmocytoid cells were determined after injection of 3H-thymidine. After primary antigenic stimulation, medullary-labeling indices showed moderate oscillations with a maximum (8%) on day 6 and subsequent variations above control levels to day 32. In contrast to this limited but sustained primary proliferative response, medullary-labeling indices after booster injection of the antigen rose to a sharp, high peak (30%) on day 3 and then fell abruptly to almost control values between days 5 and 6. Germinal center activity, as expressed in both numerical increase and expansion of individual centers, was at least as important after primary stimulation as after the booster injection, although the latter evoked formation of these structures 2 to 3 days earlier than the primary stimulus. Variations in numbers and total mass of germinal centers during the anamnestic response were characterized by a maximum on day 5, followed by a rapid decline to day 6, i.e., when serum antibody titers attained a high plateau, and a second rise to day 12. This pattern differed significantly from that after primary injection of FTT showing a more sustained germinal center deployment between days 6 and 14. These observations support the view suggested previously by other authors that germinal centers are predominantly involved in the generation of memory B cells, and do not contribute markedly to antibody production elicited by the same antigen which evoked their de novo formation and expansion.
The Proliferative Response of Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue after Local and Systemic Immunization
Authors: Clancy Robert , Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rate of DNA synthesis has been examined in vitro in lymphocytes obtained from the bronchial mucosa (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue or BALT), washings of the bronchial tract, and the spleen, in animals immunized locally and systemically with dinitrophenylated human γ-globulin. The spontaneous rate of DNA synthesis of lymphocytes isolated from the BALT or washings of the bronchial tract was considerably greater in animals immunized via the bronchial lumen when compared with systemically immunized animals. Bronchial washing lymphocytes and BALT responded selectively to local antigen, with a similar time course. Antibody-containing cells were detected in the spleen, particularly after footpad immunization, but could not be detected in either the BALT or the lamina propria of the bronchus after local or systemic immunization.
Distribution of Antibody-Binding Affinity
Authors: Kim Young Tai , Werblin Theodore P. , Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been shown that when a direct binding assay, such as equilibrium dialysis, is used to measure antibody site concentration an underestimate of the concentration of low affinity antibodies may occur in the presence of small amounts of high affinity antibody. Removal of high affinity antibody by use of a solid immunoadsorbent permits detection of more low affinity antibody than was detected by assaying the original serum sample. It appears likely that immune sera frequently contain considerably larger concentrations of low affinity antibodies than can be detected by conventional assay methods.
Distribution and Mobility of β2-Microglobulin on the Human Lymphocyte Membrane: Immunofluorescence and Immunoferritin Studies
Authors: Bismuth Alain , Neauport-Sautes Catherine , Kourilsky François M. , Manuel Yves , Greenland Timothy , Silvestre D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
β2-Microglobulin (β2-µ) was detected on the surface of human peripheral blood cells by direct or indirect immunofluorescence methods and by indirect immunoferritin labeling in electron microscopy with specific anti-β2-µ sera and conjugates. β2-µ was expressed, although not with the same intensity on the membrane of all lymphocytes, including B and T derived cells, on polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but not on erythrocytes. The antibody-induced redistribution and capping of β2-µ on the membrane of living lymphocytes could not be obtained at 37°C by bivalent anti-β2-µ antibodies alone, but was readily provoked upon addition of anti-Ig sera to anti-β2-µ antibody-coated cells. The technical conditions for the redistribution of all detectable β2-µ were defined by double immunofluorescence techniques. In such conditions, β2-µ migrates independently of surface Ig on the membrane of B lymphocytes, indicating that these molecules are independent on the cell surface.
The Ability of Chemotactic Factors to Induce Lysosomal Enzyme Release
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Showell Henry J. , Henson Peter M. , Hsu Long S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complement-derived chemotactics factors, C3a, C5a, and C567, as well as the chemotactic factor obtained from culture filtrates of Escherichia coli, induce release of the lysosomal enzymes, β-glucuronidase and lysozyme, from rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. Under the same circumstances, there is little or no release of the cytoplasmic marker, lactic dehydrogenase, indicating that the release is a form of induced secretion.
The release occurs to an appreciable extent only when the neutrophils settle on filters of average pore size of 0.60 µm or greater; however, increasing the pore size of the filters from 0.60 to 5 µm does not increase the amount of lysosomal enzyme secretion. The requirement for an appropriate surface suggests that enzyme release by chemotactic factors is a form of induced secretion on non-phagocytosable surfaces studied previously.
No statistically significant correlation was found between the chemotactic responsiveness of neutrophils from different rabbits and their ability to give lysosomal enzyme release when stimulated by the same chemotactic factor. This suggests, at least, that a critical step or steps in the biochemical sequence or sequences governing chemotaxis and induced secretion of lysosomal enzymes in neutrophils is different or has a different quantitative importance.
Natural and Acquired Epidermal Autoantibodies in Man
Authors: Ackermann-Schopf Christl , Ackermann Rolf , Terasaki Paul I. , Levy Joshua 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from normal humans were cytotoxic to autologous and allogeneic epidermal cells. Sera from newborns were not cytotoxic, which is consistent with earlier results suggesting the gradual development of autoantibodies in animals. With anti-human IgG fluorescein-labeled conjugate staining, it was shown that the outer layers of the epidermis were stained by the natural autoantibody. No staining, however, was noted with sera from newborn cord blood. Another autoantibody induced by burns associated with autograft rejection was found to stain specifically the cells of the basal layer of the epidermis. The basal layer cells were not stained by HL-A antibodies. It is concluded that autoantibodies to the outer layers of the human epidermis occur naturally, and autoantibodies to the basal layer can be induced by burn injury associated with autograft rejection.
Lymphocyte Receptors for Myxoviruses and Paramyxoviruses
Authors: Woodruff Jack F. , Woodruff Judith J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes which are predominantly thymus-derived (T) cells have surface receptors for myxo and paramyxoviruses. Thus B, A(H2N2) and A(H3N2) influenza, Newcastle disease, and Sendai viruses agglutinated T lymphocytes in vitro. In contrast, the cells were not agglutinated by certain A(HON1) and A(H1N1) influenza viruses. Evidence was obtained suggesting that bone marrow-derived lymphocytes have viral receptors that were not detected on the surface of T lymphocytes. Moreover, T cell receptors for myxo and paramyxoviruses were found to differ. Fetuin, sialic acid, and periodate treatment of cells selectively inhibited lymphocyte agglutination. Also after elution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from lymphocytes the cells were still agglutinated by influenza virus but not by NDV and Sendai virus. Similarly Sendaipretreated lymphocytes agglutinated when incubated with influenza or NDV but not when re-exposed to Sendai. It appears that specific determinants on lymphocytes mediate their interaction with viruses.
Sites of Localization and Synthesis of Ss Protein in Mice
Authors: Saunders David , Edidin Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ss, a serum protein whose structure and level in serum are determined by genes of the mouse H-2 complex, has been localized to a variety of cell types, using immunofluorescence and radiolabel techniques. Peritoneal macrophages and liver parenchymal cells appear to synthesize Ss for export to serum. These cells stain in the cytoplasm for Ss and release labeled Ss into the medium of cultures fed 14C amino acids. Other cultured cells, fibroblasts of Ss high strains, bear the protein only on their membranes. The membrane-bound form of Ss has at least one antigenic determinant masked; this determinant is exposed when membrane-as-sociated Ss is released into culture medium. At least in some cells then, Ss, like the other products of H-2 region genes, is membrane associated.
Plaque Assay for the Detection of Alloantibody-Producing Cells in Mice
Authors: Wong A. K. C. , Sabbadini E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method was developed for the detection of alloantibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the mouse based on the use of red blood cells as indicator cells and of normal rabbit serum as the source of complement. Up to 510 PFC per spleen (34 PFC per 107 spleen cells) were detected in primary reactions involving the combination of strains B10.A to C57BL/10 which differ at the H-2 locus and up to 1610 PFC per spleen (115 PFC per 107 spleen cells) in secondary reactions involving the combination A to C57BL/6 which differ at both H-2 and non-H-2 loci. In the latter combination, the assay was shown to detect both cells producing antibodies to H-2 and non-H-2 antigens. The antigens determined by the H-2D region induced the formation of larger numbers of plaques than the antigens determined by the H-2 K region.
Chain Interactions and Idiotypic Specificities of Homogeneous Rabbit Anti-Lactose Antibodies
Authors: Ghose Asoke C. , Karush Fred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functionally homogeneous fractions of rabbit anti-lactose IgG antibody have been characterized with respect to their idiotypic specificity and the effect of homologous recombination of isolated chains on the recovery of functional homogeneity and idiotypic determinants. Dimeric heavy chains and monomeric light chains were obtained from homogeneous antibody fractions and used for the preparation of reconstituted IgG molecules in high yield. The isolated chains were also evaluated with respect to binding affinity and inhibition of anti-idiotype antibody. The most significant observation was the recovery of idiotypic specificity in the homologous recombinants as well as binding affinity and functional homogeneity. These results provide strong evidence that the homogeneous antibody fractions are monoclonal products.
The isolated chains exhibited little or no specific activity. With respect to binding, the dimeric heavy chain bound a lactosyl-containing ligand with an association constant about 100-fold less than that of the parent antibody. Although the binding was homogeneous only one binding site per dimer was expressed. The heavy chain was also found to inhibit slightly the anti-idiotype reaction. The isolated monomeric light chain, on the other hand, showed no reactivity in either kind of experiment. The anti-idiotype reaction was subject to inhibition with lactose and p-amino-phenyl-β-lactoside with some antisera, depending on the form in which the homogeneous antibody was presented for immunization. It is suggested that the major portion of the idiotypic determinant is constituted of amino acid residues located along the periphery of the binding site rather than the contact residues in the groove or cleft of the site. This proposal would account for the inhibition by ligands as the result of the inability of ligand and anti-idiotype antibody to be accommodated simultaneously at contiguous sites because of overlapping volumes. Those cases in which ligand inhibition is not observed could be attributed to unusual geometric relationships between the contiguous sites.
Extraction and Partial Purification of the Histamine-Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Lehrer Samuel B. , Tan Eng M. , Vaughan John H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) of Bordetella pertussis has been recovered in soluble form by treatment of bacterial cells with 4 M urea, 1 M NaCl buffered with 0.1 M sodium phosphate at pH 6.4. Besides histamine-sensitizing activity, this extract has leukocytosis-promoting activity and is a potent adjuvant for hemagglutinating and reaginic antibodies. Through extraction and gel filtration column chromatography, a 280-fold purification of HSF has been achieved resulting in a purified preparation with a 50% sensitizing dose (SD50) of about 60 ng. Chemical analysis of this purified extract demonstrated protein and lipid to be the major components. Since other pertussis biologic activity such as leukocytosis-promoting and adjuvant activities in addition to histamine-sensitizing activity were still present in this highly purified extract of HSF, it is possible that one molecular species might be responsible for all these activities.
Tissue Distribution of I Region-Associated Antigens in the Mouse
Authors: Hauptfeld Věra , Hauptfeld Miroslav , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiserum (A.TL × B10)F1 anti-B10.HTT, obtained after skin grafting and immunization with spleen and lymph node cells, contains antibodies against antigens controlled by the I region of the H-2 complex (Ia antigens). Two additional Ia antigens have been identified, antigen Ia.3 which is restricted to the H-2s haplotype and its recombinant derivatives H-2t2 and H-2t3, all showing the same Ir-1As subregion, and antigen Ia.4 which is shared by H-2 haplotypes f, r, and u. The anti-Ia antibodies react in a direct cytotoxic test with about 40 to 50% lymph node cells and 50 to 60% spleen cells, but do not react with thymus or bone marrow cells. However, the anti-Ia antibodies can be absorbed in vitro with large numbers of cells by both thymus and bone marrow cells; they cannot be absorbed with muscle, erythrocytes, and brain tissue. After specific removal of anti-Thy-1.1-sensitive cells from the spleen cell suspension, the proportion of cells killed by the anti-Ia sera increases to almost 90%. Pretreatment in vivo with cyclophosphamide abolishes the anti-Ia reactivity of spleen cells. Suspensions filtered through a nylon fiber column are enriched in Ia-negative cells, the Ia-positive cells being retained on the fibers. Pretreatment in vivo with hydrocortisone results in the appearance of a small fraction of Ia-positive cells in the thymus. Thus, the Ia antigens are probably restricted to lymphocytes with predominant expression on B cells; if T cells express these antigens at all they do so either with a very low surface density or only in a minor subpopulation.
Alteration of Rabbit PCA Reaction by Drugs Known to Influence Intracellular Cyclic AMP
Authors: Kravis Thomas C. , Zvaifler Nathan J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pharmacologic agents which are known to modulate the immunologic release of mediators of anaphylaxis in vitro were analyzed for their effect on the rabbit passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction. Intravenous propranolol increased the diameter of the skin lesions. Isoproterenol in combination with aminophylline inhibited the PCA reaction. Prostaglandin (PGE1) and histamine phosphate caused marked decrease in diameter of skin blueing. These studies support the hypothesis that control of mediator release may be modulated in vivo by drugs which are known to influence intracellular concentrations of cAMP. Because of the complex pharmacologic events which accompany these agents when introduced in vivo, the results are interpreted to include mechanisms in addition to the cAMP system.
Spin-Label Studies of a Hapten-Combining Site of Rainbow Trout Antibody
Authors: Roubal William T. , Etlinger Howard M. , Hodgins Harold O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The hapten-combining site for trout anti-DNP antibody has been compared with that of rabbit by using spin-labeled haptens and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The average depth of the combining sites in both trout and rabbit was calculated to be 11.5 A.
Demonstration of Molecular Individuality of HL-A Antigens
Authors: Thieme Thomas R. , Raley Richard A. , Fahey John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Partially purified HL-A antigens, isolated by papain digestion from membranes of cultured lymphocytes, were subjected to a combination of immunoabsorbance and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With four alloantisera, specific for the HL-A antigens characteristic of the cell line, each antigen could be completely separated from the other three. The results prove that the four HL-A antigens determined by a single genotype are present on four distinct molecular species.
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis and Electroimmunoassay of IgG
Authors: Grubb Anders O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Simple procedures for crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay of IgG are described. It is shown how crossed immunoelectrophoresis can readily be used to demonstrate different types of IgG immune responses as well as the formation of complexes between IgG and other molecules.
Effect of Distamycin A on the Immune Response in Vitro Against Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Rossi Guido , Zaalberg Otto Brocades 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of distamycin A (DMC) on the immune response in vitro has been studied. The addition of DMC to dissociated mouse spleen cells, obtained from unprimed animals and cultured in the presence of sheep red blood cells as an antigen caused a marked inhibition of the plaque-forming cell response when the drug was added during the first 24 hr of culture, but not when it was added later. The response of spleen cells taken from primed mice was more resistant to the immunosuppressive effect of DMC than was the response of unprimed cells. When the effects of DMC were compared to those of cytosine arabinoside and actinomycin D it was found that neither of the latter two compounds could reproduce the effects of DMC.
Application of Transformations to Normalize the Distribution of Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Gottlieb Charles F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the past, it has been tacitly assumed that the distribution of the plaque-forming cell response in mice is approximately normal; that is, it would provide the usual bell-shaped normal distribution curve if enough replicate samples were collected. We address this point directly, by using the plaque-forming cell response generated in a total of five in situ, in vivo, and in vitro experimental systems. The Gaussian distribution assumption was tested on the untransformed data and on the same observations transformed by logarithms or square roots. We conclude that the log transformation provides a close approximation to normality for all the systems studied.
Production of an Immunoglobulin-Binding Factor (IBF) by Antigen-Stimulated Lymph Node Lymphocytes
Authors: Fridman Wolf H. , Nelson Robert A. , Liabeuf André 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node lymphocytes from rats immunized with a guinea pig encephalitogenic protein (GEProt) were incubated in vitro with the immunizing antigen in a serum-free medium. They released a factor which had the property to combine with IgG antibodies complexed with antigen, but not IgM antibodies, inducing hemagglutination of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes and protecting IgG-sensitized erythrocytes, but not IgM-sensitized erythrocytes from complement-induced hemolysis. A similar activity was found in supernatants from mixed leukocyte cultures between allogenic mouse strains. This factor was named immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). IBF was separated in rat from migration inhibitory factor, blastogenic factor, and lymphotoxin upon column fractionation techniques. IBF activity was found in fractions of about 150,000 m.w. and with a pH of about 6.30.
Heterologous Recombination between Mouse Myeloma 315 Heavy Chains and Rabbit Antibody Light Chains: Structural and Functional Properties of the Hybrid Molecules
Authors: Hoessli Daniel , Olander Jitka , Little J. Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
7S recombinant molecules have been obtained from the heavy (H) chains of mouse myeloma protein 315 (which binds 2,4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) ligands) and the light (L) chains from rabbit anti-DNP antibodies or normal rabbit IgG. H- and L-chain antigenic determinants were detectable on these recombinants, and they displayed structural properties that closely resembled those of the parent molecules with respect to sedimentation coefficient, H- to L-chain ratio, and gel filtration characteristics. Recombinants containing L-chains from anti-DNP antibodies showed significantly greater binding of ε-DNP-lysine than hybrids made with nonspecific L-chains. Idiotypic determinants characteristic of the intact protein 315 were not recovered on any of these recombinants to any greater extent than were expressed on 315 H-chains alone. These results indicate that a DNP-binding site structure can be obtained by interaction between immunoglobulin subunits from different species, provided that they originate from anti-DNP molecules. Also, these data indicate that monoclonal H-chains reconstituted with polyclonal L-chains display binding properties resembling a polyclonal (heterogeneous) antibody population.
Granulomatous Hypersensitivity to Schistosoma Mansoni Eggs in Thymectomized and Bursectomized Chickens
Authors: Davis Bernard H. , Mahmoud Adel A. F. , Warren Kenneth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Early studies in which immunoglobulin was found in the Schistosoma mansoni egg granuloma led to the assumption that antibody played a major etiologic role in the development of this lesion (1, 2). Subsequent investigations, however, revealed that granulomatous hypersensitivity to S. mansoni eggs could be passively transferred with cells and not with serum (3). Further studies confirmed the latter findings in that: 1) complete granulomas consisting largely of macrophages, eosinophils, and lymphocytes form in the absence of any detectable IgG1 or IgG2 antibodies (4, 5); 2) the onset of granuloma formation correlates with the development of delayed dermal reactivity and in vitro correlates of delayed hypersensitivity (4, 5); and 3) suppression of cell-mediated reactivity markedly diminishes granuloma formation (6–8) whereas suppression of antibody formation via x-irradiation (9) or Friend virus leukemia (8) has no effect. In spite of considerable evidence suggesting that the immunologic etiology of the S. mansoni granuloma is virtually wholly cell-mediated, claims for an important role for antibody have continued (10).