bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costal margin injuries and trans-diaphragmatic intercostal hernia: Presentation, management and outcomes according to the Sheffield classification
Authors: Byers Jonathan L. , Rao Jagan N. , Socci Laura , Hopkinson David N. , Tenconi Sara , Edwards John G. 
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND
Costal margin rupture (CMR) injuries are under-diagnosed and inconsistently managed, while carrying significant symptomatic burden. We hypothesized that the Sheffield Classification system of CMR injuries would relate to injury patterns and management options.

METHODS
Data were collected prospectively between 2006 and 2023 at a major trauma center in the United Kingdom. Computed tomography scans were interrogated and injuries were categorized according to the Sheffield Classification. Clinical, radiologic, management and outcome variables were assessed.

RESULTS
Fifty-four patients were included in the study. Intercostal hernia (IH) was present in 30 patients and associated with delayed presentation (p = 0.004), expulsive mechanism of injury (i.e. such as occurs with coughing, sneezing, or retching), higher body mass index (p < 0.001), and surgical management (p = 0.02). There was a bimodal distribution of the level of the costal margin rupture, with IH Present and expulsive mechanism injuries occurring predominantly at the ninth costal cartilage, and IH Absent cases and other mechanisms at the seventh costal cartilage (p < 0.001). There were correlations between the costal cartilage being thin at the site of the CMR and the presence of IH and expulsive etiology (p < 0.001). Management was conservative in 23 and surgical in 31 cases. Extrathoracic mesh IH repairs were performed in 3, Double Layer Mesh Repairs in 8, Suture IH repairs in 5, CMR plating in 8, CMR sutures in 2, and associated Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures in 11 patients. There was one postoperative death. There were seven repeat surgical procedures in five patients.

CONCLUSION
The Sheffield Classification is associated statistically with presentation, related chest wall injury patterns, and type of definitive management. Further collaborative data collection is required to determine the optimal management strategies.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.
Dementia Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: Roe Caitlin , Safic Ssenku , Mwaipopo Lwitiko , Dotchin Catherine L. , Klaptocz Joanna , Gray William , Joseph Marcyella , Spector Aimee , Urasa Sarah , Walker Richard W. 
Published: August 2023

Objectives:
The burden of dementia is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but there are limited epidemiological data on dementia in SSA. This study investigated the prevalence and associations of dementia in older adults (less than 60 y) attending the outpatient department of Mount Meru Hospital in Tanzania.

Methods:
This one-phase cross-sectional study screened a sample using the Identification of Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) cognitive screening tool. Those that screened as having possible and probable dementia were further assessed, and diagnosis of dementia was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Demographic and risk factor data were collected.

Results:
Within those screened, 57/1141 (5.0%) (95% CI: 3.7-6.3) had dementia. Female sex [odds ratio (OR)=2.778, 95% CI: 1.074–7.189], having never attended school (OR=6.088, 95% CI: 1.360–27.256), alcohol (U/wk) (OR=1.080, 95% CI: 1.016-1.149), uncorrected visual impairment (OR=4.260, 95% CI: 1.623-11.180), body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 (OR=6.588, 95% CI: 2.089-20.775), and stroke (OR=15.790, 95% CI: 3.48-74.475) were found to be significantly, independently associated with dementia.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of dementia in this population is similar to a recent community-based rate in Tanzania and lower than a hospital-based rate in Senegal. This is the first time the association between visual impairment and dementia has been reported in SSA. Other associations are in keeping with previous literature.
Quality Appraisal of Screening Guidelines for Cardiovascular disease Prevention:a scoping review
Authors: Badawy Mohammed Abd ElFattah Mohammed Darw , Naing Lin , Saeed Iman Ahmad , Tuah Nik Ani Afiqah 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTObjectiveEach nation develops a guideline for managing and preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on the available literature and the evidence-based consensus in their guideline’s recommendations. The goal of this review is to appraise the quality of many guidelines recommended by several international organizations for the early detection and prevention of CVD.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review using a few guideline-specific databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) as the reporting guideline for this review. We used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument to rate the methodological quality and rigorousness of the included guidelines for CVD prevention and early detection.ResultsOut of the 2,466 guidelines identified by our search, based on our eligibility criteria, we included a total of 20 distinct guidelines globally focused on screening for CVD prevention and early detection. (70%) of these guidelines were classified as "strongly recommended" while only (90%) were classified as just "recommended". The AGREE II appraisal domains with the highest median scores (percentile 25th, 75th) were “Clarity of Presentation”92% (81, 95.5), followed by Applicability88% (73, 93). The Rigour of Development and Editorial Independence were the lowest scores with a median of78% (66.5, 84) and75% (60.5, 92).ConclusionsUsing AGREE II quality appraisal tool, we provided a critical quality appraisal of several international CVD prevention guidelines and reveal opportunities to improve the CVD prevention guidelines’ quality.What is already known in this review?Each community develops a guideline for screening and managing CVD prevention based on the current evidence and evidence-based consensus.AGREE II tool is an internationally standardized instrument to report the rigorousness of development, transparency, and methodological quality of the clinical practice guidelines.What this review addsThis review provided a critical quality appraisal of several international CVD prevention guidelines.The highest AGREE II domain median score was “Clarity of Presentation” while the least domains were “Editorial Independence” and “Rigour of Development”.70%of these guidelines were classified as "strongly recommended".How this review might affect research, practice, or policyThis review provided a critical quality appraisal of many CVD prevention guidelines and revealed opportunities to improve CVD prevention guidelines’ quality.
Wistar rats raised in an affectionate environment display lifesaving-like behaviors while distinguishing life from death
Authors: Mikami Kanta , Kigami Yuka , Doi Tomomi , Choudhury Mohammed E. , Nishikawa Yuki , Takahashi Rio , Wada Yasuyo , Kakine Honoka , Kawase Mayu , Hiyama Nanae , Yano Hajime , Abe Naoki , Yorozuya Toshihiro , Nishihara Tasuku , Tanaka Junya 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIt is generally believed that humans are the only species that values life. However, it is not well understood whether animals have a nature that values life. In this study, we attempted to determine whether male Wistar rats have this nature. Normally-reared rats did not show lifesaving-like actions towards anesthesia-induced comatose rats, although they seemed to distinguish life from death. Considering the possibility that different rearing conditions may foster a life-valuing nature, male Wistar rat pups were reared in several ways: normal rearing, loving rearing (LR; rats reared as if they were cute pets), rearing in an enriched environment, reared with gentle stroking of the back, and normal rearing of offspring of rats raised under LR conditions. When placed in an anxiety-producing environment, only LR rats escaped into the hands of the person who reared them, indicating attachment. Only the LR rats displayed lifesaving-like actions towards unknown comatose rats or drowning pups. LR rats also stopped attacks by biting ICR mice that were attacking C57BL/6 mice. Thus, rearing in an affectionate environment may foster a life-valuing nature, even in rats, suggesting that the valuing of life may be neither innate nor human-specific.
Mtor not Mt: Temporal variation in detection probability in spatial capture-recapture and occupancy models
Authors: Rahel Sollmann 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACTState variables such as abundance and occurrence of species are central to many questions in ecology and conservation, but our ability to detect and enumerate species is imperfect and often varies across space and time. Accounting for imperfect and variable detection is important for obtaining unbiased estimates of state variables. Here, I investigate whether closed spatial capture-recapture (SCR) and single season occupancy models are robust to ignoring temporal variation in detection probability. Ignoring temporal variation allows collapsing detection data across repeated sampling occasions, speeding up computations, which can be important when analyzing large datasets with complex models. I simulated data under different scenarios of temporal and spatio-temporal variation in detection, analyzed data with the data-generating model and an alternative model ignoring temporal variation in detection, and compared estimates between these two models with respect to relative bias, coefficient of variation (CV) and relative root mean squared error (RMSE). SCR model estimates of abundance, the density-covariate coefficient β and the movement-related scale parameter of the detection function σ were robust to ignoring temporal variation in detection, with relative bias, CV and RMSE of the two models generally being within 4% of each other. An SCR case study for brown tree snakes showed identical estimates of density and σ under models accounting for or ignoring temporal variation in detection. Occupancy model estimates of the occupancy-covariate coefficient β and average occupancy were also largely robust to ignoring temporal variation in detection, and differences in occupancy predictions were mostly <<0.1. But there was a slight tendency for bias in β under the alternative model to increase when detection varied more strongly over time. Thus, when temporal variation in detection is extreme, it may be necessary to model that variation to avoid bias in parameter estimates in occupancy models. An occupancy case study for ten bird species with a more complex model structure showed considerable differences in occupancy parameter estimates under models accounting for or ignoring temporal variation in detection; but estimates and predictions from the latter were always within 95% confidence intervals of the former. There are cases where we cannot or may not want to ignore temporal variation in detection: a behavioral response to detection and certain SCR observation models do not allow collapsing data across sampling occasions; and temporal variation in detection may be informative of species phenology/behavior or for future study planning. But this study shows that it can be safely ignored under a range of conditions when analyzing SCR or occupancy data.
A simple assay for inhibitors of mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation
Authors: Harden Serena A. , Courbon Gautier M. , Liang Yingke , Rubinstein John L. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractOxidative phosphorylation, the combined activities of the electron transport chain (ETC) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, has emerged as a valuable target for antibiotics to treat infection withMycobacterium tuberculosisand related pathogens. In oxidative phosphorylation, the ETC establishes a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis. Monitoring oxidative phosphorylation with luciferase-based detection of ATP synthesis or measurement of oxygen consumption can be technically challenging and expensive. These limitations reduce the utility of these methods for characterization of mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Here we show that fluorescence-based measurement of acidification of inverted membrane vesicles (IMVs) can detect and distinguish between inhibition of the ETC, inhibition of ATP synthase, and non-specific membrane uncoupling. In this assay, IMVs fromM. smegmatisare acidified either through the activity of the ETC or ATP synthase, the latter modified genetically to allow it to serve as an ATP-driven proton pump. Acidification is monitored by fluorescence from 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine, which accumulates and quenches in acidified IMVs. Non-specific membrane uncouplers prevent both succinate- and ATP-driven IMV acidification. In contrast, the ETC Complex III2IV2inhibitor telacebec (Q203) prevents succinate-driven acidification but not ATP-driven acidification and the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline prevents ATP-driven acidification but not succinate-driven acidification. We use the assay to show that, as proposed previously, lansoprazole sulfide is an inhibitor of Complex III2IV2while thioridazine uncouples the mycobacterial membrane non-specifically. Overall, the assay is simple, low cost, and scalable, which will make it useful for identifying and characterizing new mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors.
Cardiac function and ECM morphology are altered with high fat diets inDrosophila
Authors: Andrews Rachel M. , Naik Saumya , Pelletier Katie , Jacobs J. Roger 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCardiovascular disease is characterized by aberrant and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, termed fibrosis. Fibrotic remodelling is typically triggered by inflammation, which occurs systemically in obesity. Despite the contribution of fibrosis to adverse clinical outcomes and disease progression, there are no available treatments for this condition. Developing therapeutics for chronic conditions requires an understanding ofin vivoECM regulation, and how the ECM responds to a systemic challenge. We have therefore developed aDrosophilamodel for obesity via chronic high fat diet feeding and evaluated the response of the cardiac ECM to this metabolic challenge. We found that this model displays a striking disorganization of the cardiac ECM, with corresponding deficits in heart function. Our study shows that different genotypes tolerate varying levels of high fat diets, and that some genotypes may require a different percentage of fat supplementation for achieving an optimal obesity phenotype.
Bridging stimulus generalization and representation learning via rational dimensionality reduction
Authors: Neugebauer Lukas Michael , Büchel Christian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractGeneralization, the transfer of knowledge to novel situations, has been studied in distinct disciplines that focus on different aspects. Here we propose a Bayesian model that assumes an exponential mapping from psychological space to outcome probabilities. This model is applicable to probabilistic reinforcement and integrates representation learning by tracking the relevance of stimulus dimensions. Since the belief state about this mapping is dependent on prior knowledge, we designed three experiments that emphasized this aspect. In all studies, we found behavior to be influenced by prior knowledge in a way that is consistent with the model. In line with the literature on representation learning, we found the representational geometry in the middle frontal gyrus to correspond to the behavioral preference for one over the other stimulus dimension and to be updated as predicted by the model. We interpret these findings as support for a common mechanism of generalization.
Environmental challenge rewires functional connections among human genes
Authors: Herken Benjamin W. , Wong Garrett T. , Norman Thomas M. , Gilbert Luke A. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractA fundamental question in biology is how a limited number of genes combinatorially govern cellular responses to environmental changes. While the prevailing hypothesis is that relationships between genes, processes, and ontologies could be plastic to achieve this adaptability, quantitatively comparing human gene functional connections between specific environmental conditions at scale is very challenging. Therefore, it remains unclear whether and how human genetic interaction networks are rewired in response to changing environmental conditions. Here, we developed a framework for mapping context-specific genetic interactions, enabling us to measure the plasticity of human genetic architecture upon environmental challenge for ∼250,000 interactions, using cell cycle interruption, genotoxic perturbation, and nutrient deprivation as archetypes. We discover large-scale rewiring of human gene relationships across conditions, highlighted by dramatic shifts in the functional connections of epigenetic regulators (TIP60), cell cycle regulators (PP2A), and glycolysis metabolism. Our study demonstrates that upon environmental perturbation, intra-complex genetic rewiring is rare while inter-complex rewiring is common, suggesting a modular and flexible evolutionary genetic strategy that allows a limited number of human genes to enable adaptation to a large number of environmental conditions.One Sentence SummaryFive human genetic interaction maps reveal how the landscape of genes’ functional relationships is rewired as cells experience environmental stress to DNA integrity, cell cycle regulation, and metabolism.
Orchestration of pluripotent stem cell genome reactivation during mitotic exit
Authors: Placzek Silja , Vanzan Ludovica , Suter David M. 
Published: August 2023

SummaryThe maintenance of cell identity faces many challenges during mitosis, as most DNA-binding proteins are evicted from DNA and transcription is virtually abolished. How cells maintain their identity through cell division and faithfully re-initiate gene expression during mitotic exit is unclear. Here, we developed a novel reporter system enabling cell cycle synchronization-free separation of pluripotent stem cells in temporal bins of < 30 minutes during mitotic exit. This allowed us to quantify genome-wide reactivation of transcription, sequential changes in chromatin accessibility, and re-binding of the pluripotency transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG (OSN). We found that transcriptional activity progressively ramped up after mitosis and that OSN rapidly reoccupied the genome during the anaphase-telophase transition. We also demonstrate transcription factor-specific, dynamic relocation patterns and a hierarchical reorganization of the OSN binding landscape governed by OCT4 and SOX2. Our study sheds light on the dynamic orchestration of transcriptional reactivation after mitosis.
Analyzing the efficiency of the Indian hotel industry using the Malmquist DEA approach
Authors: Tewari Shobha , Arya Alka 
Published: August 2023

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the most efficient hotels in the Indian hotel industry, the competitive positioning of these hotels, and the factors that affect their efficiency change.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducts a two-stage analysis and uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Global Malmquist productivity index (MPI) approach in the first stage to calculate the managerial performance of a panel of 63 Indian hotels in 2019–2020 and their efficiency change from 2009–2010 to 2019–2020. Bootstrapped generalized least square (GLS) approach is applied in the second stage to evaluate the impact of contextual variables on efficiency change.FindingsUsing the results of the first stage analysis, the authors categorized the 63 Indian hotels into 7 distinct clusters. These clusters represent different levels of competitiveness and pace of growth. The GLS regression reveals a U-shaped relationship between hotel size and efficiency change and a negative relationship between pro social investments and efficiency.Originality/valueThis is the first study in the hotel industry that has used global MPI as a measure of efficiency change in the first stage and GLS in the second stage. In the Indian context, to the best of authors’ knowledge, no such study exists.
Experiences of homeless people who use psychoactive substances: an interpretative phenomenological study
Authors: Wagstaff Chris , Davis Anna , Jackson-McConnell Elizabeth , MacDonald Matilda , Medlyn Ashley , Pillon Sandra 
Published: August 2023

Purpose
Homelessness and psychoactive substance (PS) use are both determinants of physical and mental ill health, with the homeless population using, and dying of PSs more frequently than the general population. However, there is a gap in research on the real-world implications psychoactive substance use (PSU) has on the homeless population. This study aims to explore the experiences of PSU from the perspective of homeless users.

Design/methodology/approach
Purposive sampling was adopted to recruit participants and semi-structured interviews collected data from participants, with interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) generating common themes from the data gathered.

Findings
Four participants were interviewed. The themes generated were family and close relationships; cyclical patterns; mistrust in people and services; and low self-worth.

Research limitations/implications
This study is limited by potential bias from researchers who built relationships with participants through the data collection process. Despite efforts to remove this bias, through reflexivity throughout data collection and analysis, some bias may be still present. The researchers saw the participants as vulnerable people who were striving to overcome adversity. Such conception of the participants is reflective of how the participants portrayed themselves. The small sample is suitable for IPA purposes. Of course, it could have been possible that if different participants had been recruited or more participants had been recruited, then there could have been different themes and findings. IPA prides itself on its idiographic focus.

Practical implications
More research is needed on a wider scale to assess the extent and cause of these issues. Increased education and dissemination of research such as this is required to break down stigma within the public and guide policy change in professional services.

Originality/value
This paper interpretatively presents themes generated by semi-structured interviews with four homeless PSUs. As such, these individuals are vulnerable and have faced adversity throughout life from both society and the services they use. Their vulnerability leads to a cycle of substance use and a feeling of low self-worth, which is perpetuated by the perceived views of those around them.