bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specificity of the Secondary Response to Protein Antigens
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Deichmiller Maria P. , WeigleMaurer William O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Observations on the specificity of the secondary response of rabbits to a variety of protein antigens have been described. Previous immunization with one antigen will accelerate and magnify the immune response to the first injection of another antigen if the two antigens are related. Subsequent immunization with one antigen may increase the amount of circulating antibody exclusively oriented to another antigen administered earlier, if the two antigens are related. Neither of these phenomena can be elicited by unrelated antigens. Possible explanations for this degree of non-specificity of the secondary response are discussed.
Influenza Virus Infection of Transplanted Tumors
Authors: Wagner Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two serologically dissimilar “neurotropic” variants of WS influenza virus were found to be capable of multiplying in transplants of the Ehrlich ascites tumor. The NWS variant caused low-grade tumor infections, whereas the tumor-adapted FWS line proliferated more rapidly and produced marked oncolysis.
Passive immunization of mice with large doses of homologous antiserum completely suppressed active tumor infections and counteracted the oncolytic effect of FWS virus. Smaller doses of antibody were less effective, although neutralization of virus was occasionally noted in the absence of detectable ascitic fluid antihemagglutinins.
Injection of heterologous immune serum also inhibited virus multiplication and oncolysis in spite of the fact that the ascitic fluids did not acquire antihemagglutinating activity against the infecting virus strain.
Incubation of NWS-infected Ehrlich tumor cells with RDE and immune serum did not significantly affect their virus content. Uninfected tumor cells, grown in a virus-immune host and washed free of surface antibody, were incapable of resisting penetration by NWS virus in vitro.
The results of these experiments and those reported in the preceding paper were discussed in the light of previous studies on antibody susceptibility of intracellular virus.
Hypersensitivity in Mice with Experimental Histoplasmosis
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Cory J. C. , Nishio Jane 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A high percentage of mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum succumbed within 48 hours after challenge by the intraperitoneal route with large numbers of cells of the yeast phase. Deaths within this period did not occur in mice not previously sensitized by a sublethal dose of organisms. An increase in the size of the sensitizing dose increased the response to a standard shocking dose. Intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes of inoculation best served to sensitize the mice. Although increased resistance to reinfection developed within 4 to 5 days after administration of sublethal numbers of H. capsulatum, the hypersensitive state did not become manifest for about 9 to 14 days. This latter interval could be shortened by increasing the size of the dose. Dead cells were effective in mice as shocking agents but were ineffective as sensitizing agents. None of six other pathogenic fungi induced hypersensitivity to challenge with cells of H. capsulatum.
The Role of Serum Proteins in Gel-Precipitin Patterns of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Ransom J. P. , Quan S. F. , Omi G. , Hoggan M. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
While studying diffusion of two separate complex antigenic mixtures (Pasteurella pestis suspensions) in parallel directions, the authors noted retardation of diffusion of antigenic components when organisms were suspended in normal rabbit serum or albumin fractionated from normal rabbit serum. This observation served to explain some of the aberrant results obtained when normal rabbit serum was used as a suspending agent for external reactant in the simple linear diffusion technic of Oudin.
The conclusion was reached that rabbit serum albumin has a combining affinity for P. pestis antigens, and probably other antigens.
Multiplicity Reactivation of Influenza Virus
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Influenza A virus, inactivated by heat or formaldehyde, does not multiply when inoculated into the allantois. Yet, such an inoculum will increase the apparent yield of a subsaturating inoculum of live virus by preventing its combination with uninfected cells. This effect may be mistaken for multiplicity reativation.
By preventing adsorption of newly released particles to uninfected cells, the receptor-destroying enzyme of Vibrio cholerae can, with certain virus strains, imitate the effect of inactivated virus.
Influenza virus particles, produced in the first cycle following a subsaturating inoculum, adsorb on to uninfected cells very soon after they become hemagglutinating.
The Interaction of Meningopneumonitis Virus and Krebs-2 Carcinoma
Authors: Sigel M. Michael , Bernstein Alan , Pope Lila P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Restriction of food intake by mice was found to reduce tumor growth and suppress virus multiplication.
Tumor growing in the brain of mice caused an inhibition of virus multiplication in this tissue.
The results of this study, when viewed together with the results reported in the first paper, suggest that inhibition of Krebs-2 carcinoma by MP virus and the inhibition of MP virus by this tumor represent a form of competition for some metabolite or nutrient required for the growth of both.
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were prepared in rabbits against horse serum crystalbumin by intravenous injections of the antigen. The optimal ratios and flocculation times of 44 antisera, reacting with homologous antigen, were determined. There was a linear relationship between the logarithms of the optimal ratios and of the flocculation times. Antisera obtained after two, after three and after four courses of injections showed the same linear relationship. It is concluded that differences in the flocculation time of individual antisera depend on quantitative and not on qualitative differences in their antibody content.
The Serology of Newcastle Virus Infection
Authors: Bang F. B. , Foard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cross-neutralization tests were done with chicken and rabbit antisera, prepared against 3 strains of Newcastle virus and against a strain of mumps and of swine influenza virus. All 3 strains of Newcastle virus produced antisera effective against each other. Both chicken and rabbit antisera against mumps failed to neutralize Newcastle virus. Chicken antisera to Newcastle virus failed to neutralize mumps virus; but rabbit antisera prepared to the 3 strains of Newcastle gave inconsistent results against mumps and the possible relation of Newcastle and mumps viruses under this condition is being further tested. Several human sera with high titers of neutralization antibodies against Newcastle were successfully absorbed with mumps virus. The absorption was successful particularly when a dilution of the serum was used, and includes 1 serum which had a low titer of neutralization against mumps itself.
Enhancement of Immunization Response by Phosphorylated Hesperidin
Authors: Moss J. N. , Beiler J. M. , Martin G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adjuvant action of phosphorylated hesperidin with vaccines prepared from Col. SK virus, PR8 virus and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids is described. Its activity may be due to a depot-forming effect.
Study on the Growth of Rickettsiae
Authors: Bozeman F. Marilyn , Hopps Hope E. , Danauskas Joseph X. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Several species of rickettsiae can be propagated in mouse lymphoblast cells grown in uniform suspension in roller tube tissue cultures. Using these cells a system was developed which was well adapted for quantitative studies on the growth of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
R. tsutsugamushi multiplies in MB III cells in tissue cultures at 37°C increasing about 3-fold in 24 hr. Certain factors influencing this slow growth rate, which is infinitely less than that of bacteria, phage and certain mammalian viruses multiplying under optimal conditions, are discussed.
Chloramphenicol added to the R. tsutsugamushi-MB III cell system resulted in rapid reduction in infective titers of the cultures and in rather prompt disappearance of microscopically recognizable rickettsiae from the cells.
The respiratory metabolism of MB III cells infected with R. tsutsugamushi was essentially the same as that of normal cells.
The Antigenicity of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone 1
Authors: Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Although it has been demonstrated that PVP of very high molecular weight (K-87) is antigenic in man, these findings have little bearing with regard to the consideration of PVP K-30 as a suitable plasma expander. PVP was not antigenic in the rabbit under all of the conditions of immunization used. Evidence has been presented that the material precipitated by PVP was specific antibody. The estimation of the level of antibody in different individuals at various times indicated a persistence in some volunteers and a disappearance in others.
Morphologic Characteristics of Plaques Produced on Monkey Kidney Monolayer Cultures by Enteric Viruses (Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and Echo Groups)
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Plaque size and pattern of poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and echo viruses were studied in rhesus monkey kidney monolayer cultures.
Poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 produced circular plaques with clear centers and sharp boundaries.
Coxsackie plaques of types B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 were also round, resembling those of the polioviruses except for their delayed appearance. Apparently healthy cells stained with neutral red could be seen within the area of degeneration, this being especially marked at the periphery of the plaques of Coxsackie A9.
Plaques of echo viruses usually appeared a few days later than poliovirus plaques. The plaques of echo types 3 (Berardi strain), 4, 6′, 9, and 14 were irregular, the boundaries were diffuse, and their centers were hazy. Echo types 1 and 13 produced clear but small and irregular plaques. Echo types 7, 8, and 12 resembled the Coxsackie strains in their plaque morphology. Plaques were not obtained from the prototype strains of echo virus types 2, 3 (Morrisey strain), 5, 6, and 10, which were tested repeatedly.
By plaque morphology, polioviruses could be differentiated from certain of the echo viruses, both in experimental mixtures and in specimens from patients naturally infected with both viruses.
The Behavior of Influenza Viruses in Various Tissue Culture Systems
Authors: Green Irving J. , Lieberman Melvin , Mogabgab William J. , Peterkin W. G. , Phillips I. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparison of the growth characteristics of first and twelfth monkey kidney (MK) passaged influenza B in the same type of culture indicated that adaptation had taken place after passage. However, the growth of an egg-adapted influenza B, Lee, showed a much lesser degree of adaptation for MK cells than the first passaged virus which had been isolated directly from man.
Both MK and egg lines of influenza B agglutinated human type O, fowl, and monkey erythrocytes in a similar manner. With sheep erythrocytes titers of agglutination by the egg-adapted virus were significantly greater than by the MK line.
Attempts to propagate influenza A or B in cultures of conjunctival, fibroblast, KB, HeLa or embryonic skin, all of human origin, were uniformly unsuccessful regardless of amount of virus inoculated or previous passage history. Growth of influenza C could not be demonstrated in any of these cells nor in cultures of human embryo lung (HEL), human embryo kidney (HEK), or MK.
Evidence of growth of influenza A and B with increments in hemagglutinating and infectious virus as well as cytopathogenic effects in cultures of bovine embryo kidney (BEK) has been presented.
A New Serologic Test for the Detection of Viral Antigens: Its Application to the Viruses of Hog Cholera and Vesicular Stomatitis
Authors: Segre D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies against the viruses of hog cholera (HC) and vesicular stomatitis (VS) were adsorbed onto particles of an anion exchanger. Such antibody-coated resin particles were then agglutinated upon addition of materials containing the specific viral antigen. Antibodies were also detected in serum by means of an agglutination-inhibition test.
Homologous and Heterologous Resistance in Mice Given Bacterial Endotoxins
Authors: Abernathy Robert S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The single injection into mice of a sublethal amount of endotoxin from Brucella melitensis confers partial resistance to subsequent lethal doses for at least 4 mo. Three weekly injections confer a greater protection, which persists for at least 10 mo. Three weekly injections of endotoxins from Salmonella typhosa, Escherichia coli, or Shigella sonnei result in homologous resistance for 2 mo. Resistance to heterologous endotoxins in mice immunized with either brucella, typhoid, coli, or shigella endotoxins was inconstant and persisted less than 1 mo. A striking exception was that heterologous protection against brucella endotoxin was consistently present for at least 4 mo. Serum precipitins for heterologous endotoxins were formed in only 4 of 60 mice tested; in contrast, intradermal reactions to heterologous endotoxins occurred in 16 of 46 animals. Resistance to infection with Brucella melitensis was maximal in mice immunized with brucella endotoxin, but partial resistance occurred in mice immunized with heterologous endotoxins. The mechanism of resistance to endotoxin was discussed but no complete explanation was advanced.
Effect of Preradiation Immunization on Resistance to Aerosol-Induced Infection in X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization with Klebsiella pneumoniae prior to x-irradiation increased the resistance of mice to challenge with an aerosol of the living organisms. This protective effect of preradiation immunization was not destroyed at sublethal to near midlethal levels of exposure (levels at which mortality resulting from overwhelming infections are implicated as an important cause of death). The results presented show that a large total irradiation dose, given in increments, is far less detrimental to the host defenses than the same dose acutely administered.
Antibody Synthesis by Homotransplanted Cells and Tissues
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. , Axelrod A. E. , Pruzansky J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By attention to technical details, particularly the number of spleens employed and the time of removal of the donor spleens, the transplantation of splenic cells from toxoid-immunized rats into recipients consistently resulted in antitoxin production. Splenic fragments caused greater antibody formation than homogenates or cells. Antigen could be added to splenic cells from primarily stimulated donors, the cells washed and antibody be formed upon transfer. Transfers into pantothenic acid deficient recipients of cells removed from 1 donor 7 days after the booster eventuated in antibody synthesis, whereas transfers into normal rats did not. Similar cell transplants from donors 7 day-s after secondary injection resulted in equivalent antibody production in deficient and normal recipients. Usually there was a drop in titer 3 days after the booster inoculation, and an increase 7 days after this inoculation. The rat produced abundant amounts of diphtheria antitoxin, but no antibody was detected by precipitation or hemagglutination methods when bovine γ globulin was injected. The organ sites of antibody formation as related to the routes of injection of donor were similar in rat and rabbit. In no instance did a recipient which produced antibody after transfer show an anamnestic reaction to reinjection of toxoid 3 to 4 weeks after transfer. Most of the transplanted cells were lymphocytes. Interrelations, explanations and implications of these data were discussed.
The Molecular Ratios of Soluble Rabbit Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Weigle William O. , Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of both I131 labelled antigens and I131 labelled antibodies allowed calculations of the antigen-antibody ratios of the soluble complexes precipitated by complement in the different regions of antigen excess. The antigen-antibody molecular ratios of the “limiting” complexes, precipitated in extreme antigen excess, afforded a calculation of the valence of the antibody. A valence of approximately 2 was obtained for rabbit anti-BSA and anti-BGG. These values were supported by determinations made with soluble complexes precipitated with chicken anti-RGG.
Conditions for the Demonstration of Local Peripheral Antibody Formation and Failure to Show Localization of Antibody by Antigen
Authors: Thompson Richard , Olson Virginia H. , Sibal Louis R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When similar amounts of the same albumin antigen preparations were injected into the rabbit's cornea, calf or abdominal skin or footpad skin, the highest injected tissue antibody/serum antibody ratios were found following corneal injection, and the lowest ratios following the injection of the footpads. Following the injection of solutions of albumin antigen into the hen's cornea or rabbit's skin, little or no antibody could be demonstrated in these tissues, although the same amounts of alum-precipitated preparations of the same antigens produced good tissue titers. Alumprecipitated whole egg white or whole bovine serum in the rabbit's skin produced significantly higher tissue:serum antibody ratios than did similar amounts of alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin. The highest tissue:serum antibody ratios obtained were produced by small amounts of alum-precipitated whole egg white injected into the rabbit's cornea. Frequently, high tissue titers were obtained when no antibodies could be detected in the serums by the method used.
Hyperimmunization by repeated subcutaneous and intramuscular injections of APBSA and APEW into rabbits produced considerable antibody concentrations in the expressed corneal fluids, but the tissue:serum antibody ratios were very much smaller than in rabbits injected intracorneally.
When rabbits were given injections of different antigens into the two corneas or into two similar skin sites, the antibody titers in the expressed corneal or skin fluids against the specific antigens injected were invariably higher than against the antigens injected into the other sites. When high titer antiserum was injected intravenously, and homologous and heterologous antigens injected into the two corneas respectively, no evidence of any specific concentration of antibody by the specific antigen injected could be obtained. Splenectomy previous to the intracorneal injection of antigen had no effect on the corneal antibody titers.
On Local and General Immunity
Authors: Gay Frederick P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There is considerable evidence that natural resistance, and whatever grade of active acquired immunity may exist against streptococcus infections, is due to a mechanism that differs from that which is operative in many other bacterial infections. It seems likely that ignorance of what constitutes this difference accounts to a large extent for the failure to obtain any strikingly successful results in the prevention or cure of any of the manifold forms of streptococcic disease.
There seems to us an increasingly generalized acceptance of the main points of Metchnikoff's phagocytic theory of immunity, at least in the following features: the majority of bacteria that invade the animal body are dealt with first by the mobile and ubiquitous polymorphonuclear leucocytes. These phagocytes either act alone or in conjunction, particularly in conditions of acquired immunity, with the tropinizing substances present in serum. There seem, however, to be instances of immunity in which neither of these two factors seem particularly operative.
The Relation of Antigen to Antibody (Precipitin) in the Circulating Blood
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The experiments described in this paper have been undertaken with the purpose of determining in what degree the fate of antigen introduced into an immune animal differs from that of the same antigen introduced into a normal animal. The studies of many observers indicate that injected antigen appears in the circulating blood both of normal and immune animals and some have found no difference between the two.
An antigen such as horse serum or egg white which has entered the blood of a normal or of an immunized animal is demonstrable by the addition of immune serum from another animal even though, in the case of the immunized animal, its serum exhibits a high precipitin titer when brought into contact with the antigen against which the animal is immunized. The reactions indicate that free antigen and free antibody are present in the circulating blood but they do not unite to form a precipitate.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Boyd Walter H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Unneutralized Witte's peptone, tested by perfusion methods on isolated canine tissues, gives mechanical reactions in the following parts: Isolated liver: Marked increase in perfusion resistance, reaching its maximum by the end of one minute, with partial or complete recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated lungs: Reactions similar to those in the isolated liver. The reactions, however, are more pronounced, with practically no tendency to recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated intestines: Slight decrease in perfusion resistance, reaching its maximum by the end of one minute, with partial recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated hind quarters: Reactions similar to these in the isolated intestines, but with less tendency to recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated heart: Reactions intermediary between those in the isolated liver and the isolated hind quarters. The combined effect of these mechanical reactions is conceivably sufficient to account for the characteristic clinical picture of peptone shock.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Monaco R. E. , Marino H. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The dominant reacting tissues in canine histamine shock are fairly evenly distributed throughout the body. The most striking reaction in blood-free perfusions of isolated canine tissues is the explosive edema of all organs thus far tested. Reactions of secondary importance are: (a) Marked decrease in perfusion resistance in the hind quarters, and (b) Marked increase in perfusion resistance in the lungs, liver, intestines and kidneys. We believe this increased perfusion resistance is largely due to increased tissue pressure from edema.
A Dangerous “Universal Donor” Detected by the Direct Matching of Bloods
Authors: Levine Philip , Mabee Jennie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The ideal donor for the transfusion of blood has long been known to be one of the same group as the patient. It is not always possible for these conditions to obtain, and a person of group I (Jansky) has been considered as a safe donor for any of the groups. This may not always be the case, as will be shown in this communication.
In determining blood compatibilities, two methods have been employed, the indirect and the direct. The indirect method groups the patient and prospective donors among the four recognized classes, and permits of the selection of a donor belonging to the same class as the patient, if such a donor is available. Otherwise, the “universal donor” must be resorted to.
For the proper performance of the indirect method, stock sera of Groups II and III, and a drop of the patient's citrated blood are the essential requirements.