bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics of Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A study of connections between the Hebrew Bible and attitudes to women, gender, and sexuality begins with Genesis 1–3. The tales of creation found in these first chapters of the Bible have had a lengthy post-biblical history and an enormous influence not only upon ways in which many actual men and women have defined themselves or been defined by societies but also upon realia of the social structures in which many people live. These texts are so familiar and come to readers so pre-framed by certain views and expectations that we have to work hard to read them afresh. A close reading of gender in Genesis 1–3 is followed by a study of interpretations in early Judaism and then a sampling of modern and contemporary readings. Throughout the author asks about possible implications or guides for moral action and about advice concerning the goodly life discussed in our introduction. Where have these tales led with what implications and where might they lead in the future?
Triads in Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Triads are the smallest unit where we can begin to observe network dynamics. We see how a link affects another link or a node affects a link once removed. We apply the balance theory that addresses balanced states and unbalanced states in a triad. We also study, in a triad, how power can come from the structural position. One such position is the structural hole—a bridge that sits on the structural hole can be a tertius gaudens (the third that profits) or a tertius iungens (the third that channels). A new type of tertius is proposed, tertius adiuvans, the third that helps another node in the triad, albeit reluctantly. Triads can help explain supply chain disintermediation, embedded supplier performance, and services outsourcing.
Supply Base in Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Focal companies have rationalized their supply bases. Besides the number of suppliers, this chapter considers other factors that may be considered in supply base rationalization such as how the suppliers may be connected in their own business relationships and how similar or dissimilar their culture and processes might be. The chapter also introduces emerging issues that affect supply base management, such as category management, cybersecurity, and startup suppliers. While we typically view suppliers in a supply base as first-tier suppliers, we also realize that a supply base may include tertiary-level suppliers that supply products to other suppliers. The idea of complexity is addressed. The chapter points out how the complexity of a system is captured in three things—number of elements, level of connectivity among the elements, and how similar or different these elements are from one another. The chapter considers managerial implications of supply base complexity and how different portions of a supply base may be viewed as a supplier ecosystem.
Joseph Smith's Gold Plates
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
For two centuries, newspaper editors, treasure-seekers, critics, novelists, artists, historians, missionaries, and Church teachers have sought to understand Joseph Smith’s gold plates. The problem is that there is nothing quite like them in either religious or secular history. Smith himself had trouble grasping what they were. He stated that an angel led him to the plates in 1823 and that from them he translated the Book of Mormon. This explanation has been hard for outsiders to believe, so that even today there is no agreed-upon understanding of where the plates idea originated. Critics denounced Smith as a charlatan for claiming to have a wondrous object that he refused to show, while believers pointed to witnesses who said they saw the plates. Though heated at first, this debate has cooled in recent years. Apologists never made much of the witnesses, and, over time, outside scholars have focused more on how Smith came to believe the plates were real rather than their reality itself. After two hundred years, the mystery of the gold plates remains. Other than the original angel story, there is no clear explanation. At the end, Joseph Smith’s Gold Plates asks how they figure in a class of inspired texts and holy objects that includes pseudepigrapha, relics, stone tablets, and Buddhist terma, concluding that none of these types perfectly matches the plates, but together they form a category to which the plates belong.
Global Perspectives
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The final chapter of the book departs from the historical approach pursued to this point and instead scans the globe and all of history for comparative examples. What other religious objects most resemble the gold plates? It finds four: pseudepigrapha, quasi-scriptural writings attributed to prophetic figures of a previous time; relics, which draw on the power of previous holy people to heal and perform other miraculous acts; the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed by the finger of God; and terma, writings buried by Buddhist teachers for later teachers to recover and propagate. All resemble the gold plates in some regards and not others. Together they form a category in which the plates find a home.
The Party Demands
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents new evidence on the party platforms from 1928 to 2020 and the parties’ stands on the Supreme Court. It documents the parties’ focus on particular ‘hot-button’ Supreme Court cases and issue areas. It also scrutinizes policy requirements for Supreme Court nominees—“litmus tests”—as well as calls for nominee diversity. The result is the first systematic overview of the parties’ judicial agendas. Before 1970, both parties had only limited and sporadic interest in the Supreme Court. However, both expanded their Supreme Court agendas in the early 1970s. Starting in the 1990s the Republican party became much more focused on the court than were the Democrats. Republicans also became much more demanding of the policy stances of judicial nominees. Democrats, on the other hand, emphasized judicial diversity much more frequently than have Republicans, creating a striking asymmetry between the parties in their approaches to the Supreme Court.
The Candidates for the Court and the Nominees
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the characteristics of every nominee between 1930 and 2020, as well the characteristics of the candidates the presidents considered for the court but did not select. It focuses on the major considerations for nomination politics today: ideology, qualifications, diversity, and age. It then considers religion and geography. It shows a significant transformation in both the characteristics among the men (and now women) who have been considered for the court and in the nominees themselves. Even as the justices became more ideologically polarized in the modern period, on every other dimension (except diversity) the court has become more homogenous. Today, a justice is very likely to be: a former judge on the Courts of Appeals; in their mid-50s; from the East Coast, a graduate of Harvard, Yale, or Columbia; and Catholic or Jewish. Noticeably absent are practicing politicians, who used to be common on the Court.
The Media
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. , Bass Leeann , Dean Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines changes in the media coverage of Supreme Court nominations Most nominations from 1930 to 1960 received very little media attention. Coverage tended to focus on the nominee’s background/biography, judicial philosophy, and economic issues, in accordance with the high salience national issues of the day. Occasionally, a scandal or controversy attracted media attention. Newspaper editorials were generally supportive of nominees or deferential toward the president; outright opposition to nominees was rare. Beginning in the 1960s, the Court became more involved in social issues, and the national political agenda shifted toward such issues. Nominations increased in duration, and the volume of media coverage increased concomitantly. Hard news coverage shifted toward a focus on the nominee’s views on, and the Court’s role in, contentious social issues like civil rights, the death penalty, and (especially) abortion. Elite media opinion increasingly polarized along ideological lines over time.
Decision in the Senate
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines changes in how the Senate treated Supreme Court nominees. First, it shows that contentiousness in the Senate—that is, the levels of opposition to a nominee—has ebbed and flowed over time. However, contentiousness in the modern period has now reached unprecedented levels, with confirmations now routinely featuring party-line votes. The chapter models changes in senatorial voting and shows that senators place greater weight on the ideology of nominees than formerly. Conversely, senators now place less weight on a nominee’s legal qualifications. The changes in evaluative criteria, in tandem with Senate polarization and nominee extremity, now result in party-line votes. Finally, the chapter shows that racial politics resulted in some unusual voting in the mid-twentieth century after the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Voting in the Shadow of Accountability
Authors: Cameron Charles M. , Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explain the changes in senatorial voting documented in Chapter 8. The explanation features electoral accountability, the so-called electoral connection. In the early period, few citizens followed appointment politics. But senators still had to worry about ‘latent’ opinion, leading to safety-in-numbers voting. As nominations became more salient and contentious, the audience for nomination politics grew, with many voters having firm opinions about nominees. Consequently, senators today must worry about casting the ‘right’ voter. New data and strong statistical methods show that citizens follow confirmation votes and hold senators accountable for them. The chapter also shows that senators tend to align with the opinion of their co-partisan constituents, and not the median voter (i.e. Independents) in their home states. To explain this pattern, the chapter introduces the idea of an electoral compound lottery; under plausible assumptions, attending to primary voters rather than general voters is rational.
Four Women
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Mary Midgley, and Iris Murdoch, four brilliant young women who were matriculated at Oxford in the late 1930s. It emphasizes how the enhanced attention and absence of the usual competitive male atmosphere made it possible for them to find their voices as philosophers. It discusses Benjamin Lipscomb’s The Women Are Up to Something and Clare Mac Cumhall and Rachael Wiseman’s Metaphysical Animals, which explain how these women were formed, what they were like, their deep connections with one another, and the impact they had on the philosophy of their time. The chapter covers the philosophical controversies in which the four were engaged, particularly the transformation in moral philosophy that began with a revolt against analytic orthodoxy in the late 1950s.
The Illusion of Tax Fairness
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of tax fairness. It explains how the idea that there are standards of fairness that apply specifically to taxes is based on an illusion that threatens to distract attention from what really matters. It is what people end up with after taxes that should determine the assessment of any tax program. The persistence of the idea that the distribution of tax burdens can be fair or unfair in itself stems from a very natural, but mistaken, picture of the relation between taxes and property rights: that in taxing us, the government takes away some of our private property to pay for its activities. The chapter argues that there could be no private property rights in any of the things that a modern economy makes possible if those rights were not circumscribed by a built-in system of taxation. In a genuine argument about the justice of tax policy, the main issue is whether government should be concerned about social and economic inequality.
The Cortex and the Trolley Problem
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Joshua Greene’s contribution to the recently salient field of empirical moral psychology. The grounds for the empirical hypotheses that he offers about human morality are of three types: psychological experiments, observations of brain activity, and evolutionary theory. His book, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them (2013), is framed as the search for a solution to a global problem that cannot be solved by the kinds of moral standards that command intuitive assent and work well within particular communities. Greene calls this problem the tragedy of commonsense morality. To solve this problem, Greene thinks we need what he calls a “metamorality.” He thinks that this higher-level moral outlook is to be found in utilitarianism, which he proposes to rename “deep pragmatism.” The chapter then looks at Greene’s discussion of the trolley problem, a set of gruesome thought-experiments that has become a staple of recent moral philosophy.
The Core of Mind and Cosmos
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses how the physical sciences, in spite of their extraordinary success in their own domain, necessarily leave an important aspect of nature unexplained. Since the mental arises through the development of animal organisms, the nature of those organisms cannot be fully understood through the physical sciences alone. The scientific outlook, if it aspires to a more complete understanding of nature, must expand to include theories capable of explaining the appearance in the universe of mental phenomena and the subjective points of view in which they occur. There are two ways of resisting this conclusion. The first way is to deny that the mental is an irreducible aspect of reality, while the second way is to deny that the mental requires a scientific explanation through some new conception of the natural order. The chapter then considers the outlook of psychophysical reductionism and theistic interventionism.
Creators of the Modern Mind
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews Anthony Gottlieb’s discussion of six philosophers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries whose stature and influence are especially great: Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Leibniz, and Hume. Gottlieb emphasizes throughout that these men lived in a historical period dominated by dramatic developments and conflicts in three areas—science, religion, and politics—and that their thoughts and writings were dominated by the need to respond to those developments, and to understand the relations among them. First, there was the scientific revolution, which introduced a new way of understanding the physical world through universal laws, mathematically formulated, that govern everything that happens in space and time. Second, after the Reformation and the terrible wars of religion it had become clear that the plurality of religious beliefs in Christendom was not going to disappear. Third, the basis of legitimate political authority was coming seriously into question, with skepticism about the divine right of kings and support for the right of subjects to overthrow a ruler who abused his power. Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, and Hume all produced theories of political authority starting from the subject’s rather than the ruler’s point of view.
Dennett’s Illusions
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Daniel Dennett’s work, From Bacteria to Bach and Back. It notes that Dennett’s work is engaged in a grand project of disenchantment of the human world, using science to free us from what he deems illusions. Moreover, From Bacteria to Bach and Back has a historical structure that goes from the pre-biotic world to human minds and human civilization. One of Dennett’s most important claims is that most of what we do to stay alive, cope with the world and one another, and reproduce is not understood by us. It tackles the lengthy process of evolution involving biology, culture, intelligent design, the human mind, and human civilization.
Citizen Knowledge
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractMany democratic societies struggle with issues around knowledge: fake news spreads online and offline, and there is distrust of experts, but also fear of technocratic tendencies. Citizen Knowledge discusses how knowledge, understood in a broad sense, should be dealt with in societies that combine a democratic political system with a capitalist economic system. How do citizens learn about politics? How do new scientific insights make their way into politics? What role can markets play in processing decentralized knowledge? The book takes on the perspective of “democratic institutionalism,” which focuses on the institutions that enable an inclusive and stable democratic life. It argues that the fraught relation between democracy and capitalism gets out of balance if too much knowledge is treated according to the logic of markets rather than democracy. Complex societies need different mechanisms for dealing with knowledge, among which markets, democratic deliberation, and expert communities are central. Citizen Knowledge emphasizes the responsibility of bearers of knowledge and the need to support institutions that support active and informed citizenship. It develops the vision of an egalitarian society that considers the use of knowledge in society not a matter of markets, but of shared democratic responsibility, supported by epistemic infrastructures. It contributes to political epistemology, a new subdiscipline of philosophy, with a focus on the interrelation between economic and political processes. It analyzes the current situation, drawing on the history of ideas and on systematic arguments about the nature of knowledge and epistemic justice, developing proposals for reforms.
Putting the Market in Its Place
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that many markets, in order to fulfill their epistemic function—which continues to provide one of their central justifications, and is the basis for their economic function—require more rather than less regulation: they require an “epistemic infrastructure” in which certain forms of knowledge are taken care of, so that the price mechanism can actually fulfill its epistemic function. Moreover, for price signals to point to the satisfaction of meaningful human preferences, the conditions under which these preferences are formed need to be taken into account, again leading to questions about regulation, for example, of advertising. Even the markets sometimes taken to be the paradigm of informational efficiency, financial markets, often fail to fulfill their epistemic function for lack of regulation. The chapter argues that properly understood, the epistemic argument about markets is one for careful market regulation through democratic politics, not one for abolishing all government intervention.
Defending Democracy
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis concluding chapter defends democracy against a number of criticisms from the “realist” camp. Against the view that voters are nothing but incompetent “fans,” and that the capture of political processes by private interests is inevitable, it argues that by taking a more socially embedded, institutional view of democratic life, we can see in what ways voters’ ability to hold politicians to account could be strengthened. It also argues that strengthening the epistemic infrastructure of democracy and reducing socioeconomic equality, as defended in earlier chapters, are in fact crucial strategies for reducing the risks of capture and government failure. Finally, the chapter defends a view of democracy as an experiment, in which the realization of democratic principles in practices and institutions is an ongoing task.
Popular Nationalism and War
Authors: Ko Jiyoung 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Does nationalism lead to interstate war? This book challenges the widely held assumption that nationalism causes war and systematically investigates how popular nationalism affects a country’s decision to launch military aggression. The book makes a novel and provocative claim that popular nationalism has not only a conflict-inducing effect but also a restraining one, and identifies the conditions under which popular nationalism triggers interstate violence. Specifically, the book asserts that popular nationalism leads to war only when leaders who confront popular nationalism are very confident about their chance of achieving complete victory in conflict or they are politically vulnerable. In the absence of these two conditions, popular nationalism has a restraining effect, pushing leaders toward maintaining the status quo and avoiding the use of force. The book first demonstrates the restraining effect of popular nationalism through a survey experiment conducted in China and an in-depth case study on the territorial dispute between China and Japan in the East China Sea. It then offers comprehensive historical and contemporary analyses of when popular nationalism’s restraining effect can turn into a conflict-inducing one through case studies on the War of 1812 and the Falklands War. The book provides important insights into whether popular nationalism can put great powers like China and the United States on a collision course, as well as broad policy implications for preventing war driven by popular nationalism.
Popular Nationalism, Political Elites’ Strategic Calculations, and Conflict Initiation
Authors: Ko Jiyoung 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new theory of popular nationalism and war by investigating how popular nationalism factors into political leaders’ strategic decision to launch military aggression. It elucidates how popular nationalism creates two contrasting incentives with regard to the initiation of militarized conflict, and how those incentives, coupled with the two moderating variables—political elites’ perceived chance of victory in conflict and their domestic political vulnerability—ultimately shape a state’s decision to go to war or maintain the status quo. The chapter emphasizes two faces of popular nationalism: it can trigger interstate war, but it can also suppress the chance of military aggression and facilitate maintaining the status quo. The chapter closes by laying out a multimethod research design employing a survey experiment and in-depth case studies.
Illusion of Complete Victory
Authors: Ko Jiyoung 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how a change in the expectation of complete victory moderates the effect of popular nationalism through the Falkland/Malvinas Islands dispute between Argentina and Great Britain. Specifically, it investigates the impact of popular nationalism on Argentina’s choice between war and the status quo. This chapter shows that a country can quickly slide into war when leaders’ belief in their chance of complete victory shifts amid strong popular nationalism. Despite the public’s intense nationalistic sentiments, Argentinean leaders did not consider using force in the early phase of the territorial dispute and instead opted for the status quo. Only after the Argentinian junta was convinced of its chance of complete victory did popular nationalism have a conflict-inducing effect, sparking the Falklands War in 1982.