bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Sulfhydryl and Disulfide Groups to the Antigenic Power of Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Williams Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Bovine serum albumin has been treated with several reagents which chemically alter the sulfhydryl and disulfide groups, although other effects have not been excluded. With the alteration of these groups by each of the methods described below, bovine serum albumin loses its antigenic power as measured by its capacity to produce anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs. The sulfhydryl and disulfide groups of bovine serum albumin have been oxidized with iodine to yield products containing no detectable disulfide groups. These products behave like the disulfoxide of cystine in that they undergo dismutation in neutral solution with formation of disulfides. Condensation of electrolytically reduced bovine serum albumin with pyruvic acid yields a product which gives no nitro-prusside test in guanidine solutions, but does give a strong reaction after treatment with alkaline cyanide. Oxidation of the above condensation product with hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the sulfur to a group which is stable to alkaline cyanide, possibly a sulfone. The oxidized condensation product is more soluble and more completely despeciated than the oxidation products obtained with iodine. It does not undergo the dismutation shown by iodine or peroxide-oxidized albumin in neutral aqueous solution.
Further Study of the Quantitative Complement-Fixation Test As Applied to the Serum Diagnosis of Typhus Fever
Authors: Varley Florence M. , Weedon Frederick R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Eight extracts from strains of rickettsia causing epidemic typhus and 4 extracts from strains causing endemic typhus have been investigated together with 5 antisera from guinea pigs immunized against the former group and 2 against the latter group. The titer of any given serum was a function of the antigen against which it was tested. Titers found were reproducible. No conclusions regarding “types” of rickettsia can be drawn. Clear antigenic differentiation of epidemic versus endemic typhus was not demonstrated. Dilutions of antigen found to be optimal for differing amounts of one antiserum were found also to be optimal for appropriate amounts of all. Standardization of very large batches of antigen would be desirable for diagnostic and comparative purposes.
Factors Influencing the Production of Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Miller Pauline A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A modification of our original medium for the production of high levels of tetanal toxin is described. It possesses the advantage of greater simplicity of preparation and composition, and yields equally good, or somewhat better toxin. The earlier statement that our strain Cl. tetani does not withstand lyophilizing is corrected. There is evidence that more than one factor is involved in the stimulation of tetanus toxin production by hog stomach autolysate.
Studies in Human Inheritance
Authors: Snyder Laurence H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One of the most important of the recent advances in immunology is the discovery of clinical manifestations resulting from incompatibility between the blood of a fetus and that of its mother. Erythroblastosis (Levine, Katzin and Burnham 1941) is the clearest instance of such manifestations. Other suggested examples are undifferentiated mental deficiency (Yannett and Lieberman 1944, Snyder, Schonfeld and Offerman 1945); congenital malformations (Snyder 1946a, Wiener 1946a); and blackwater fever as a sequella of malaria (Butts 1945). Further instances are being actively searched for.
Discoveries and hypotheses of this sort have raised new problems in the field of population genetics. In order to know whether any disease or anomaly includes a significant proportion of cases that could be due to maternal-fetal incompatibility, it must first be determined how often in the general population a child will be expected to have a specific antigen or a group of antigens which the mother lacks.
Cutaneous Reactions with the Virus of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Rose Harry M. , Molloy Eleanora 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cutaneous tests with herpes-antigens prepared from the infected chorio-allantoic fluid of chick-embryos were performed in children and adults. The serums of the same individuals were examined for neutralizing antibody to herpes-virus.
The results indicate that a positive cutaneous reaction to herpes-antigen is closely correlated with the presence of neutralizing antibody in the blood and the significance of these results is discussed.
Immunization with Clostridium Septicum Toxoid and with Trivalent Gas Gangrene Toxoid
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to record observations showing that a nontoxic antigen can be prepared from the toxin of Clostridium septicum, and to show that immunization of humans against the toxins of Cl. welchii, Cl. septicum and Cl. oedematiens can be carried out simultaneously through the use of a polyvalent toxoid. Three lots of toxoid were studied. Information concerning their preparation follows:
Toxoid A was a monovalent alum toxoid prepared from Cl. septicum toxin produced in a peptone-free medium (1). Cultures of 6 liters each of strain 44 were grown at 35 to 36 C for 18 to 24 hours, followed by refrigeration overnight at 0 to 4 C. Sharples centrifugation of the cultures invariably caused large losses of toxin so that it was necessary to use the bucket type centrifuge in order to remove the bulk of the bacterial growth.
The Neutralization of the Mouse-Adapted Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus by the Serum of Patients and Contacts
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Francis Thomas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two hundred and eighty-seven sera from acute cases of poliomyelitis occurring in several epidemic areas over a period of four years were tested for neutralizing antibodies to the Lansing strain of virus. One hundred and one, or 35 per cent, were found to be positive.
The percentage of positive individuals in the different samplings varied from 89 to 0 and, in general, the groups having more positives were of a higher average age.
The average age of the positive individuals was greater than that of the negatives.
There was no correlation between the average day after onset for the bleeding with the percentage of positive individuals.
Tests with 234 sera from acute cases between the ages of 1 and 15 years showed a statistically significant lower per cent of individuals positive for Lansing virus neutralizing antibodies than a group of 221 healthy children in the same age range studied by Turner, Young and Maxwell.
Thirty-eight, or 73 per cent, of 52 associates had antibodies for the Lansing virus, closely approximating the percentage found in healthy non-associates.
In a study on 74 pairs of acute and convalescent sera, 39 or 52 per cent, were found to be positive in the acute stage. In 19 of these the titer remained the same for the later bleeding, in 3 the titer increased but in 17 there was a decrease in neutralizing antibody titers. Of the 35 individuals who were negative in the acute state, 30 remained negative and 5 developed antibodies during convalescence.
The significance of these phenomena is discussed.
Complement Fixation Reactions of the Heat Labile and the Heat Stable Antigens of Clostridium Tetani
Authors: Gunnison J. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Both the heat labile flagellar or H antigens and the heat stable somatic or O antigens of Clostridium tetani take part in complement fixation reactions. Type specific reactions due to the flagellar antigens are given in high titer by types I, III, VII, and VIII. Type VI strains are non-flagellated and devoid of type specific H antigen. Types II, IV, V, and IX, which possess an additional somatic antigen lacking in the other types, did not show type specific fixation but reacted strongly with each other. Cross-reactions in low titer due to the common somatic antigen occurred between all types.
Precipitin Testing with Special Reference to the Photoelectric Measurement of Turbidity
Authors: Boyden Alan , Bolton Ellis , Gemeroy Douglas 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The photoelectric measurement of turbidities (by use of the Libby photron-reflectometer) developing in the precipitin reaction has been found to be correlated with the nitrogen contents of the precipitates formed in protein antigen-antibody systems, and with the total amount of antigen and antibody precipitated in the case of the SIII-antibody system. Antisera prepared in rabbits to purified SIII, beef albumin, beef globulin II, pumpkin seed globulin, and Panulirus argus serum have been tested. The amounts of turbidity developed are decreased with increased NaCl concentration or with increased pH within the limits tested. Increased reactivity of beef globulin II followed Bloor's mixture extraction of the dried reagent.
In all cases the effects of environmental factors on the reaction, or chemical treatments of the antigens, are predominantly shown in the zone of antigen excess, and the chief implication of this knowledge is that the whole or normal titration curve of constant antiserum with varied antigen from prozone to postzone is the minimal knowledge upon which valid conclusions relating to precipitin testing may be based.
Many reasons are given as to why the use of such normal titration curves is advantageous, since their determination by photoelectric turbidimetry is accurate and relatively easy under conditions described herein. The errors due to fragmentary comparisons of single points or portions of curves, which may even be noncomparable ones, will thus be avoided.
Resistance to Streptomycin
Authors: Silver Henry K. , Kempe C. Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A test of sensitivity to streptomycin employing the fertile egg as the culture-medium has been used to study the mechanism of the development of resistance to streptomycin.
The sensitivity to streptomycin of the individual components making up a single strain of E. coli was found to vary widely. When the results of the tests were plotted, they formed a typical standard curve of distribution.
Similar variations of sensitivities were found when the individual components of a resistant strain of E. coli were tested.
The results of our experiments support the belief that a single strain of a micro-organism may show remarkable variation in the response of its individual components to an antibiotic.
It is suggested that tests of susceptibility to streptomycin should be done on a mixed suspension of many colonies of any strain of an organism rather than upon one or a few isolated colonies in order to avoid the inadvertent testing of either extreme in the range of sensitivities of the individual components.
In our experiments, single strains of E. coli and A. aërogenes could be made extremely resistant to streptomycin by being cultured on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertile eggs to which had been added constant sub-inhibitory amounts of streptomycin.
Changes in the morphological structure of E. coli and of A. aërogenes were noted after exposure of the organisms to streptomycin, but these changes were unrelated to sensitivity.
Studies of the Capsular Substance of Torula Histolytica and the Immunologic Properties of Torula Cells
Authors: Kligman Albert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the isolation of the capsular substance of Torula histolytica has been described. This material appears to be a polysaccharide and is non-antigenic for rabbits and mice. No demonstrable serologic response or skin sensitivity occurred in rabbits and mice injected with living cells, heat-killed cells, phenol-killed cells, and decapsulated cells.
A Comparison of the Effect of Various Salt Concentrations on the Agglutination of Red Cells by Influenza a Virus and Antibody
Authors: Lowell Francis C. , Buckingham Marguerite 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The influence of various salt concentrations in the presence of 5 per cent glucose, on agglutination of red cells by influenza A virus (PR8) was studied. No visible agglutination occurred in concentrations of 0.030M NaCl or less and at a concentration of approximately 0.003M, union of virus and red cells was inhibited. Virus was eluted when combination of virus and red cells was permitted to take place and the electrolyte was then removed by washing in a salt-free solution. Concentrations of salt as high as 0.583M failed to cause noticeable inhibition of agglutination of red cells by virus although such salt-concentrations completely inhibited agglutination of red cells by antiserum.
For comparative purposes, agglutination of red cells by antibody was likewise studied with respect to the effect of various salt-concentrations. The results were similar to those which have been obtained by others and differed from those obtained with influenzal virus in that interference with agglutination was much less marked with low and much more marked with high salt-concentrations.
The Predisposition for Immunity
Authors: Carlinfanti E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The curve obtained by plotting log titers of the individuals of a vaccinated population against incidence of titers is a curve of normal distribution. The titers of the antibodies produced by one subject in response to certain different antigens are correlated.
The genetical analysis of the capacity for producing isoantibodies has been carried through by means of correlation tables between the titers of the parents and those of the children. A high degree of correlation has been found in all instances; on the average these correlations are near the theoretical value (r = +0.5) to be expected if the antibody titers were controlled only by heredity in absence of dominance.
Studies on the Interference Phenomenon with Certain Members of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viruses
Authors: Golub Orville J. , Wagner John C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Previous infection of embryonated egg tissues with the virus of meningopneumonitis was shown to interfere with the growth of psittacosis virus subsequently inoculated. The quantitative and time relationships were seen to be of prime importance in the successful demonstration of this phenomenon.
Meningopneumonitis virus partially inactivated by heat or inactivated by ultra-violet light irradiation retained properties of interference, reducing the yield of psittacosis virus in eggs as much as 99 per cent in the case of the heated preparations.
Mice inoculated intraabdominally with meningopneumonitis virus were shown to develop an increased resistance to subsequent inoculations of psittacosis virus within a very few days.
Under the conditions of the experiments, mouse pneumonitis virus did not show an interference effect against psittacosis virus in embryonated eggs or mice.
Tolerance to the Toxic Action of Somatic Antigens of Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits develop a tolerance to the pyrogenic action of the toxic somatic antigens of S. typhosa, S. schottmuelleri or Sh. dysenteriae following repeated intravenous injections. Animals that have been injected with any of these three preparations showed a diminished febrile response following injection of either of the two heterologous antigens. This tolerance does not appear to be related to the presence of specific circulating antibody. The possible role of this mechanism in typhoid fever is discussed.
An Analysis of Rabbit Mortality and Plasma Potency in Production of Anti-Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Rabbit Serum
Authors: Tallman A. W. , Eaton F. D. , Gerwe E. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data from a study of more than ten thousand rabbits have been analyzed and mortality curves plotted in order to predict volumes of blood obtainable at various periods of immunization. In addition, a tabulation has been prepared in which potency and mortality studies are correlated. Within the specifications of the production methods employed, it is possible to establish the earliest practical time for taking volume bleedings.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Williams Anna W. , Nevin Mary , Gurley Caroline R. , Mann Alice , Hussey Helena , Bittman Florence 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Choice of Methods. In order to decide what methods we should use to demonstrate the microörganisms that might have a relationship to acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, we first investigated those previously reported for the demonstration of such organisms. We were unable, however, in the large majority of the reports to find methods given in enough detail to use them as standards for comparison. Such questions as the following, for example, were usually treated vaguely. Just how and from what areas the material for examination was collected and at what stages of the disease? What definitely described culture media were used and how were they inoculated? How were the resulting cultures handled in order to demonstrate strain relationship?
From the standpoint of arranging methods, we divided the microörganisms for which claims had been made into two general groups, namely, aerobic and anaerobic microbes, subdividing each into filtrable and non-filtrable microbes.
V. Accidental Inoculation of Influenza Bacilli on the Mucous Membranes of Healthy Persons with Development of Infection in at Least One. Persistence of Type Characteristics of the Bacilli
Authors: Park William H. , Cooper Georgia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The three accidental inoculations of influenza bacilli (eighteen hour cultures on chocolate agar), are of interest from the fact that infection developed in one case on the fourth day; possibly in one case on the fourteenth day and not at all in the third case. All three persons, however, became persistent carriers of the bacilli and in all cases the strains held their agglutination characteristics unchanged during the period of the tests. The details of three accidental inoculations are as follows:
Case I. It is difficult to judge whether this case was really one of infection from inoculation with the Pfeiffer bacillus or not because of the long period of incubation. Dr. H. accidentally inoculated her throat with the Lee culture, an autopsy strain from an epidemic case, while expelling a culture suspension from a syringe. The culture was an eighteen-hour growth on “chocolate blood” mixed with human serum.
Specificity of Anti-Organ Sera
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Arnstein Natalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous article (1) we have shown that there exist between antisera and antigens of liver or kidney certain distinguishing reactions which apparently indicate the existence of a definite biological difference between these two organs. This difference was demonstrated by either cross fixation or by fixation following absorption of the sera by the respective homologous and various other organ cells. We purposely avoided the use of the term specificity because we considered it essential to extend our investigation to include other organs before we might consider the differences noted as definite evidences of tissue specificity.
We also noted in our experiments that both the antigens and the antisera were apparently rather complex and appeared to contain at least three distinct partial antigens or antibodies. The first of these antigens had apparently a wide range of activity and presumably possessed a relationship to all organs of the species.
Some Factors Influencing the Selection of a Complement-Fixation Method
Authors: Rice Christine E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method (indirect complement-fixation test) is described for titrating the inhibitory activity of non-complement-fixing antisera when mixed with homologous antigen and complement-fixing antisera from another animal species.
The possible application of the method in surveys of the antibody content in diversified avian and mammalian populations is suggested as well as in situatins in which marked discrepancies are recorded between the results of the usual complement-fixation tests and other serologic procedures.
Quantitative Assay of Neutralizing Antibody Content of Pools of Gamma Globulin from Different Sections of the United States Against the Viruses of Herpes Simplex, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis and Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Heyl James T. , Allen Henry F. , Cheever F. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Concentrated human serum gamma globulin contains virus neutralizing antibody for herpes simplex virus but not for the viruses of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis or lymphocytic choriomeningitis which have been employed. Bovine and porcine serum gamma globulin did not neutralize any of the three viruses studied. An assay of several preparations of human serum gamma globulin derived from donors in geographically different sections of the United States revealed significant amounts of neutralizing antibody against the virus of herpes simplex. Neutralization tests with human gamma globulin revealed no antigenic relationship between the viruses of herpes simplex and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
An Attempt to Produce Bacterial Agglutinins in Vitro
Authors: Fastier L. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Possible roles for the individual cell-components of the reticulo-endothelial system in the synthesis of antibodies have been investigated in vitro.
No soluble agglutinogen was detected in the fluids surrounding phagocytic cells containing ingested bacteria.
No antibody was detected in the fluids resulting from the addition of lymphocytes and macrophages to phagocytes containing ingested bacteria. Neither was any soluble agglutinogen detected in the latter fluids.
Studies on Chick Embryo Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four strains of rabies virus, one chick-brain fixed (Flury) and three street strains were adapted to the developing chick embryo. The Flury strain was passaged through 80 chick embryo generations by yolk-sac inoculation of infected chick embryo tissue.
The virus multiplied slowly in the fertile hens' eggs and reached its maximal titer on the ninth to tenth day after inoculation. The virus was distributed throughout the egg, with possible exception of the allantoic fluid, the highest concentration being present in the embryo. Death of the infected embryos, inoculated at 7, 9 and 11 days of age, occurred as a rule immediately before or at the time of hatching. When 15-day or older fertile eggs were inoculated most of the embryos hatched but the virus was “carried over” to the newly hatched chicks causing either death or development of homologous antibodies in the survivors.
The LD50 titer of infected embryo suspensions remained within the range of 10−4.50 to 10−5.50 for mice, guinea pigs, cotton rats and chicks throughout the cultivation period. The intracerebral titration of the Flury strain in rabbits yielded highly irregular results which were discussed in relation to the “self-sterilizing neuro-infection” phenomenon.
The invasive power of the Flury strain for parenterally inoculated rabbits seemed to be entirely lost, and the virulence of the strain for hamsters and guinea pigs seemed to undergo some attenuation during the series of passages in the developing chick embryo.