bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effects of Upstream Disturbances and Oceanic Fronts on the Subseasonal Evolution of Western Pacific Jet Stream in Winter
Authors: Qian Shengyi , Hu Haibo , Ren Xuanjuan , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Yu Peilong , Mao Kefeng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Western Pacific jet stream (WPJS) is an essential part of atmospheric circulation in winter, which significantly influences the weather and climate of the North Pacific and North America. In this paper, the characteristics and mechanism of WPJS subseasonal variation in winter are investigated. The upstream atmospheric disturbances in the East Asian polar‐front jet and subtropical jet merge over the Northwestern Pacific to form the subseasonal variability in WPJS, which has a significant period of 40–60 days. During the positive phase events of subseasonal WPJS, the convergence position of the upstream atmospheric disturbances shifts southwardly accompanied with the local enhancement and eastward extension of subseasonal WPJS. On the other hand, the subseasonal WPJS divides into the southern and northern westerly branches during the negative phase events. By the horizontal propagation of local Eliassen‐Palm fluxes in the upper atmosphere, the northward drift of the upstream atmospheric disturbances convergence dominates the delayed acceleration of the northern upper westerly branch. However, the intensification of atmospheric baroclinicity and upward baroclinic energy caused by the leading strong subtropical frontal zone determine the acceleration of the southern upper westerly branch.
Evaluation of CMIP6 HighResMIP for Hydrologic Modeling of Annual Maximum Discharge in Iowa
Authors: Michalek Alexander T. , Villarini Gabriele , Kim Taereem , Quintero Felipe , Krajewski Witold F. , Scoccimarro Enrico 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe High‐Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 represent a broad effort to improve the resolution, and performance of climate models. The HighResMIP suite provides high spatial resolution (i.e., 25‐ and 50‐km) forcings that have been shown to improve the representation of climate processes. However, little is known about their suitability for hydrologic applications. We use outputs from the HighResMIP suite to simulate annual maximum discharge with the Hillslope‐Link Model (HLM) at ∼1,000 river communities across Iowa. First, we assess whether the runoff from the climate models can be directly routed through the river network model in HLM to estimate annual maximum discharge. Runoff‐based simulations can capture the empirical distribution of flood peaks in five of the 10 models/members assessed. Next, we force the HLM with precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration from HighResMIP models to simulate flood peaks, finding all models/members produce empirical distributions similar to our reference. However, significant biases exist in the model/member forcings as correct flood response is being generated for the wrong reason. To improve their suitability for community‐level assessment, we use nine statistical approaches to bias‐correct and downscale HighResMIP precipitation to a 4‐km resolution. The bias‐correction and downscaling of climate model precipitation performs well for all models/members. Furthermore, we do not find significant changes in the magnitude flood peak projections for Iowa based on the HLM forced with HighResMIP outputs, or based on routed runoff, while there are indications that the variability in flood peaks is projected to increase across the state.
The Lack of Evidence on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation to Drive Its Relationship With the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation Through Modulation of Stratospheric Wave Activity
Authors: Rai Sadiksha , Sakaeda Naoko 
Published: August 2023

AbstractPrevious studies have found that Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) amplitude depends on the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) during boreal winter. This MJO‐QBO relationship is important to realizing subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction skills, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. It is often thought that this relationship arises through the modulation of the upper‐troposphere and lower‐stratosphere lapse rate by the QBO, but this mechanism assumes the one‐way impact of the QBO onto the MJO. Alternatively, the MJO can be hypothesized to influence the QBO by modulating stratospheric wave activity that is known to be critical to QBO dynamics. Therefore, using satellite and reanalysis data, this study examines whether MJO monthly activity can impact stratospheric wave activity and QBO downward propagation speed. The results depicted a lack of such impacts, suggesting this observed MJO‐QBO relationship cannot be driven by the MJO modulation of stratospheric wave forcing.
The Importance of Accounting for the North Atlantic Oscillation When Applying Observational Constraints to European Climate Projections
Authors: Ballinger Andrew P. , Schurer Andrew P. , O’Reilly Christopher H. , Hegerl Gabriele C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractVariability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has contributed to the recent multidecadal trends observed in European climate, especially to trends in winter precipitation over Northern Europe. However, the current generation of coupled climate models struggle to reproduce the NAO's contribution to multidecadal trends, which has important implications for deriving constraints based on the comparison of observed and modeled trends. An observational constraint based on attribution results, both with and without the contribution of variability associated with the NAO, is applied to projections of Northern European precipitation and temperature, and observed NAO variability is shown to lead to a constraint that overestimates future forced changes. Only after removing the NAO variability is the observed climate change consistent with model simulations, and a tighter, unbiased observational constraint based on the forced signal (without the NAO) can be applied to future projections.
Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Simulations of High‐Speed Jets Downstream of Quasi‐Parallel Shocks
Authors: Ren Junyi , Lu Quanming , Guo Jin , Gao Xinliang , Lu San , Wang Shimou , Wang Rongsheng 
Published: August 2023

AbstractHigh‐speed jets (HSJs) are frequently observed downstream of a quasi‐parallel bow shock, and they are considered to play important roles in the coupling of the solar wind, the magnetosheath, and the magnetosphere. Using two‐dimensional hybrid simulations, we study the formation of HSJs in quasi‐parallel shocks with different shock angles (θBn). The interaction of the upstream compressive structures that are inhomogeneous in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field and the shock front leads to the shock ripples, and then the downstream HSJs. In a parallel shock with the shock angle θBn = 0°, the interaction regions of the upstream compressive structures with the shock front don’t change with time. The shock ripples remain in the same regions of the shock front, and then the HSJs can develop into large‐scale sizes, especially under low plasma β or high Mach number (MA). While in a quasi‐parallel shock with a non‐zero shock angle, the interaction regions of the upstream compressive structures with the shock front move along the shock front. The shock ripples change with time, and the scale size of the downstream HSJs becomes smaller with the increase of the shock angle.
Patterns and Trends in Chlorophyll‐a Concentration and Phytoplankton Phenology in the Biogeographical Regions of Southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Delgado Ana L. , Hernández‐Carrasco Ismael , Combes Vincent , Font‐Muñoz Joan , Pratolongo Paula D. , Basterretxea Gotzon 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA), is considered one of the most productive areas of the world, with a high abundance of ecologically and economically important fish species. Yet, the biological responses of this complex region to climate variability are still uncertain. Here, using 24 years of satellite‐derived Chl‐a data, we classified the SWA into 9 spatially coherent regions based on the temporal variability of Chl‐a concentration, as revealed by SOM (Self‐Organizing Maps) analysis. These biogeographical regions were the basis of a regional trend analysis in phytoplankton biomass, phenological indices, and environmental forcing variations. A general positive trend in phytoplankton concentration was observed, especially in the highly productive areas of the northern shelf‐break, where phytoplankton biomass has increased at a rate of up to 0.42 ± 0.04 mg m−3 per decade. Significant positive trends in sea surface temperature were observed in 4 of the 9 regions (0.08–0.26 °C decade−1) and shoaling of the mixing layer depth in 5 of the 9 regions (−1.50 to −3.36 m decade−1). In addition to the generally positive trend in Chl‐a, the most conspicuous change in the phytoplankton temporal patterns in the SWA is a delay in the autumn bloom (between 15 ± 3 and 24 ± 6 days decade−1, depending on the region). The observed variations in phytoplankton phenology could be attributed to climate‐induced ocean warming and extended stratification period. Our results provided further evidence of the impact of climate change on these highly productive waters.
Modeling the Continental Shelf Pump for Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Chukchi Sea From 1998 to 2015
Authors: Zheng Zijia , Luo Xiaofan , Wei Hao , Zhao Wei 
Published: August 2023

AbstractQuantifying the flux of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the Chukchi shelf to the deep ocean (i.e., the continental shelf pump) is of great significance for understanding the carbon cycle and ocean acidification in the changing Arctic Ocean. Using a coupled ocean‐sea ice‐biogeochemical model, this study shows that the Pacific inflow drives the highly efficient continental shelf pump in the Chukchi Sea, with a multi‐year average of 828 Tg C‐DIC exported to deep basins during 1998–2015. The Pacific annual inflow carries 385 Tg C‐DIC to the Chukchi Sea in summertime (May–September) and 436 Tg C in wintertime (October–April). Downstream, DIC is mainly exported via Barrow Canyon (BC) (266 Tg C, 64%) in summer and along the shelf under the 100 m isobath (217 Tg C, 53%) in winter. This variability corresponds to the seasonal variation of local winds. The stronger winter northeasterly winds hinder the outflow through BC. In both seasons, interannual variability exists in the proportion of DIC exports through different pathways. The fraction of DIC export via BC has a significant correlation (r > 0.8) with the along‐canyon wind speed. This is further related to the sea level pressure (SLP) gradient between the Arctic and North Pacific. A weaker SLP gradient leads to weaker local northeasterly wind, and thus favors a higher proportion of DIC export via BC and lower DIC export through other pathways. This process plays a key role in the redistribution of shelf‐sourced DIC in deep basins of the Arctic Ocean.
ENSO‐Related Precipitation Variability in Central Chile: The Role of Large Scale Moisture Transport
Authors: Campos Diego , Rondanelli Roberto 
Published: August 2023

AbstractInterannual variability of precipitation in Central Chile has long been associated with changes in the dry atmospheric dynamics of the Southern Pacific. This is due to the interaction between the extratropical storm track and the polar anticyclonic circulations established by the Pacific South American (PSA) teleconnection mode, which results from changes in tropical convection. Here, we show that an enhanced subtropical moisture transport during the warm ENSO phase leads to an increase in the frequency of atmospheric rivers, larger values of precipitable water, and heightened zonal integrated water vapor transport. This occurs in a region of the Southern Pacific situated between the tropical high and the subtropical low of the PSA mode. These increases in zonal water vapor transport result in greater precipitation and moister, long‐lived atmospheric rivers making landfall in Central Chile.
Lake Heatwaves and Cold‐Spells Across Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau Under Climate Change
Authors: Zhang Kexin , Yao Yulong 
Published: August 2023

AbstractLake heatwaves (LHWs) and cold‐spells (LCSs), similar to marine heatwaves and cold‐spells, can have long‐term impacts on lake ecosystems and are vulnerable to climate change. Here we first comparatively assess LHW and LCS changes across the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) using satellite surface water temperature observations in 160 lakes over 1978–2017. Our findings reveal notable differences in the mean and trends of LHW and LCS metrics. Specifically, total days and frequency of LHW have been increasing at a rate of 8.82 ± 1.25 days per decade and 0.78 ± 0.10 counts per decade, respectively. Conversely, total days and frequency of LCS have decreased at −6.52 ± 1.46 days per decade and −0.51 ± 0.01 counts per decade, respectively. However, average duration and mean intensity show no significant difference. Additionally, the average duration of ice cover across the QTP has been decreasing (−2.60 ± 0.38 days per decade) due to the delayed freezing date (1.13 ± 0.18 days per decade) and earlier thawing date (−1.28 ± 0.27 days per decade) during 1978–2017. Furthermore, the annual mean lake surface water temperatures across the QTP exhibit a warming trend (0.00 ∼ 0.47°C per decade) from 1978 to 2017, with faster warming occurring in winter (0.00 ∼ 0.98°C per decade) compared to summer (−0.17 ∼ 0.47°C per decade). Accelerated lake warming will increase the frequency and mean intensity of LHWs while decreasing the number of LCSs. These results help to understand how QTP lakes respond to extreme temperatures under climate change.
Silurian‐Devonian Lithospheric Thinning and Thermally Softening Along the Northern Margin of the Tarim Craton: Geological Mapping, Petro‐Structural Analysis and Geochronological Constraints
Authors: Ning Jun , Jiang Ying‐De , Schulmann Karel , Wang Sheng , Li Peng‐Fei , Shi Shuai , Qiu Hua‐Ning 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhile the western part of northern Tarim Craton has long been considered as a Paleozoic passive margin, a pronounced Silurian‐Devonian magmatism developed on eastern part of this margin may indicate different but active margin setting. In this contribution, detailed structural mapping, petro‐structural analysis, and geochronological investigations were conducted in the Korla area, eastern part of northern Tarim Craton. Three main generations of fabrics were recognized. The earliest pervasive fabric is an originally sub‐horizontal metamorphic S1 foliation that is in part associated with migmatization characterized by high temperature/low pressure metamorphic mineral assemblages, interpreted as reflecting crustal extension. S1 foliation was affected by D2 contraction forming regional‐scale F2 upright folds associated with sub‐vertical axial planar foliation S2. D3 is marked by development of NW‐SE oriented dextral fault, asymmetric mega‐folding of S2 and spaced NW‐SE‐striking S3 foliation, likely in response to dextral transpression. Geochronological data indicate that D1 extension occurred from ca. 420 to 410 Ma, D2 contraction started around 410 Ma and lasted till 400 Ma or later, and D3 transpression was ongoing around ∼370 Ma. Integrated with regional data, an updated geodynamic model is proposed by interpreting the Central Tianshan, South Tianshan and NE Tarim Craton as an early Paleozoic supra‐subduction system. We suggest that the Silurian‐Devonian event reflects thermal softening and horizontal stretching of the supra‐subduction crust, resulting in drifting of the Central Tianshan continental arc from the proto Tarim Craton in association with opening of the South Tianshan back‐arc basin in‐between.
Hepatocyte-derived exosomal miR-146a-5p inhibits hepatic stellate cell EMT process: a crosstalk between hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Lang Zhichao , Li Yifei , Lin Lifan , Li Xinmiao , Tao Qiqi , Hu Yuhang , Bao Menglu , Zheng Lei , Yu Zhengping , Zheng Jianjian 
Published: August 2023

AbstractRecently, Salidroside (Sal) has been demonstrated to suppress hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, a crucial event for liver fibrosis. Moreover, Sal has been reported to decrease hepatocyte injury. A growing number of reports have indicated that the crosstalk between hepatocytes and HSCs is very crucial for liver fibrosis development. Whether Sal-treated hepatocytes could inhibit HSC activation is unclear. Exosomes, as vital vehicles of intercellular communication, have been shown to transfer cargos between hepatocytes and HSCs. Herein, we aimed to investigate the roles of exosomal miRNAs from Sal-treated hepatocytes in HSC activation as well as liver fibrosis. Our results showed that Sal suppressed carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in vivo. HSC activation as well as cell proliferation was repressed in HSCs co-cultured with Sal-treated hepatocytes. Interestingly, miR-146a-5p was up-regulated by Sal in CCl4-treated mice. Also, enhanced miR-146a-5p was found in hepatocytes isolated from Sal-treated CCl4mice and hepatocyte-derived exosomes. Notably, hepatocyte exosomal miR-146a-5p contributed to HSC inactivation. Inhibiting miR-146a-5p in hepatocyte exosomes resulted in reduced E-cadherin (E-cad) and increased desmin in HSCs, indicating that miR-146a-5p caused HSC inactivation via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). miR-146a-5p inhibition-mediated HSC activation and EMT process were blocked down by loss of EIF5A2. Further studies revealed that EIF5A2 was a target of miR-146a-5p. Furthermore, exosomes with miR-146a-5p overexpression inhibited liver fibrosis in CCl4mice. Collectively, exosomal miR-146a-5p from Sal-treated hepatocytes inhibits HSC activation and liver fibrosis, at least in part, by suppressing EIF5A2 and EMT process.
Shadow estimation of gate-set properties from random sequences
Authors: Helsen J. , Ioannou M. , Kitzinger J. , Onorati E. , Werner A. H. , Eisert J. , Roth I. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWith quantum computing devices increasing in scale and complexity, there is a growing need for tools that obtain precise diagnostic information about quantum operations. However, current quantum devices are only capable of short unstructured gate sequences followed by native measurements. We accept this limitation and turn it into a new paradigm for characterizing quantum gate-sets. A single experiment—random sequence estimation—solves a wealth of estimation problems, with all complexity moved to classical post-processing. We derive robust channel variants of shadow estimation with close-to-optimal performance guarantees and use these as a primitive for partial, compressive and full process tomography as well as the learning of Pauli noise. We discuss applications to the quantum gate engineering cycle, and propose novel methods for the optimization of quantum gates and diagnosing cross-talk.
Cycles of goal silencing and reactivation underlie complex problem-solving in primate frontal and parietal cortex
Authors: Watanabe Kei , Kadohisa Mikiko , Kusunoki Makoto , Buckley Mark J. , Duncan John 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWhile classic views proposed that working memory (WM) is mediated by sustained firing, recent evidence suggests a contribution of activity-silent states. Within WM, human neuroimaging studies suggest a switch between attentional foreground and background, with only the foregrounded item represented in active neural firing. To address this process at the cellular level, we recorded prefrontal (PFC) and posterior parietal (PPC) neurons in a complex problem-solving task, with monkeys searching for one or two target locations in a first cycle of trials, and retaining them for memory-guided revisits on subsequent cycles. When target locations were discovered, neither frontal nor parietal neurons showed sustained goal-location codes continuing into subsequent trials and cycles. Instead there were sequences of timely goal silencing and reactivation, and following reactivation, sustained states until behavioral response. With two target locations, goal representations in both regions showed evidence of transitions between foreground and background, but the PFC representation was more complete, extending beyond the current trial to include both past and future selections. In the absence of unbroken sustained codes, different neuronal states interact to support maintenance and retrieval of WM representations across successive trials.
CD98hc is a target for brain delivery of biotherapeutics
Authors: Chew Kylie S. , Wells Robert C. , Moshkforoush Arash , Chan Darren , Lechtenberg Kendra J. , Tran Hai L. , Chow Johann , Kim Do Jin , Robles-Colmenares Yaneth , Srivastava Devendra B. , Tong Raymond K. , Tong Mabel , Xa Kaitlin , Yang Alexander , Zhou Yinhan , Akkapeddi Padma , Annamalai Lakshman , Bajc Kaja , Blanchette Marie , Cherf Gerald Maxwell , Earr Timothy K. , Gill Audrey , Huynh David , Joy David , Knight Kristen N. , Lac Diana , Leung Amy Wing-Sze , Lexa Katrina W. , Liau Nicholas P. D. , Becerra Isabel , Malfavon Mario , McInnes Joseph , Nguyen Hoang N. , Lozano Edwin I. , Pizzo Michelle E. , Roche Elysia , Sacayon Patricia , Calvert Meredith E. K. , Daneman Richard , Dennis Mark S. , Duque Joseph , Gadkar Kapil , Lewcock Joseph W. , Mahon Cathal S. , Meisner René , Solanoy Hilda , Thorne Robert G. , Watts Ryan J. , Zuchero Y. Joy Yu , Kariolis Mihalis S. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBrain exposure of systemically administered biotherapeutics is highly restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we report the engineering and characterization of a BBB transport vehicle targeting the CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc or SLC3A2) of heterodimeric amino acid transporters (TVCD98hc). The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of a CD98hc antibody transport vehicle (ATVCD98hc) are assessed in humanized CD98hc knock-in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Compared to most existing BBB platforms targeting the transferrin receptor, peripherally administered ATVCD98hc demonstrates differentiated brain delivery with markedly slower and more prolonged kinetic properties. Specific biodistribution profiles within the brain parenchyma can be modulated by introducing Fc mutations on ATVCD98hc that impact FcγR engagement, changing the valency of CD98hc binding, and by altering the extent of target engagement with Fabs. Our study establishes TVCD98hc as a modular brain delivery platform with favorable kinetic, biodistribution, and safety properties distinct from previously reported BBB platforms.
Minimizing non-radiative decay in molecular aggregates through control of excitonic coupling
Authors: Wang Yuanheng , Ren Jiajun , Shuai Zhigang 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe widely known “Energy Gap Law” (EGL) predicts a monotonically exponential increase in the non-radiative decay rate (knr) as the energy gap narrows, which hinders the development of near-infrared (NIR) emissive molecular materials. Recently, several experiments proposed that the exciton delocalization in molecular aggregates could counteract EGL to facilitate NIR emission. In this work, the nearly exact time-dependent density matrix renormalization group (TD-DMRG) method is developed to evaluate the non-radiative decay rate for exciton-phonon coupled molecular aggregates. Systematical numerical simulations show, by increasing the excitonic coupling, knr will first decrease, then reach a minimum, and finally start to increase to follow EGL, which is an overall result of two opposite effects of a smaller energy gap and a smaller effective electron-phonon coupling. This anomalous non-monotonic behavior is found robust in a number of models, including dimer, one-dimensional chain, and two-dimensional square lattice. The optimal excitonic coupling strength that gives the minimum knr is about half of the monomer reorganization energy and is also influenced by system size, dimensionality, and temperature.