bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study to determine enzalutamide long term safety and efficacy for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: A multicenter, prospective DELC study.
Authors: Hatano Koji , Nagahara Akira , Nakata Wataru , Sato Mototaka , Takao Tetsuya , Matsumura Soichi , Nishimura Kensaku , Takada Shingo , Iwanishi Toshichika , Kobayashi Yasuyuki , Ishizuya Yu , Takada Tsuyoshi , Okada Koichi , Inoue Hitoshi , Uemura Motohide , Nonomura Norio 
Published: February 2023

66 Background: In the PREVAIL study, enzalutamide was demonstrated to be effective in men with chemo-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In Japan, enzalutamide was introduced in 2014. Real-world evidence is needed for the long-term safety and efficacy of enzalutamide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and prognostic factors in CRPC treated with enzalutamide. Methods: This multicenter, prospective, observational study enrolled 163 Japanese CRPC patients between January 2016 and March 2019. Eligibility criteria were men with chemo-naïve CRPC, no prior treatment with novel androgen receptor signaling inhibitors, and an ECOG- Performance Status ≤ 2. The switching of bicalutamide and flutamide was eligible. Written consent for participation has been obtained from the patient. Enzalutamide 160 mg/day was administered once daily according to usual practice. Data were collected from medical records at baseline and every 3 months until march 2021. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and factors associated with OS were examined. Cox proportional hazards model was used for statistics. The secondary endpoints were PSA response and safety. Results: At a median follow-up of 26.0 months, the median OS was 42.1 months and 24-month OS rate was 69%. Univariate analysis showed that time to CRPC, pretreatment serum PSA, baseline NSE, and baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were associated with OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that pretreatment serum PSA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-4.10), baseline NSE (HR 2.97, 95%CI 1.24-7.11), and baseline IL-6 (HR 2.32 95%CI 1.32-4.09) were independent risk factors for OS. PSA decline more than 50% was 74% (n=120). Fatigue (30%, n=49), constipation (20%, n=32) and appetite loss (18%, n=29) were the most common adverse events (AEs). Dose reduction/drug discontinuation rates were 20% (n=33) due to AEs and 18% (n=29) due to patient request. Conclusions: The efficacy and safety of enzalutamide in Japanese real clinical practice were comparable to those reported in PREVAIL study. The present analysis also suggests that serum PSA, NSE and IL-6 levels are independent prognostic factors in CRPC patients. Clinical trial information: UMIN000019855 . [Table: see text]
Testing the black hole area law with Event Horizon Telescope
Authors: Wang Deng 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hawking's black hole area theorem can be tested by monitoring the evolution of a single black hole over time. Using current imaging observations of two supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A* from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), we find their horizon area variation fractions are consistent with the prediction of the black hole area law at the

confidence level. We point out that whether the black hole area law is valid or not could be determined by future high-precision EHT observations of Sgr A*.
Back to Basics
Authors: Magal Meir , Franklin Barry A. , Dwyer Gregory B. , Riebe Deborah 
Published: February 2023

Apply It!
• Understand the importance of accurate measures of heart rate during submaximal exercise testing to estimate the client's V̇O2max.
• Delineate the most appropriate formula to estimate maximal heart rate for a given population to provide more accurate exercise intensity prescriptions.
• Identify ways to reduce the error in estimating V̇O2max when using submaximal exercise testing.
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a prospective cohort study in England
Authors: Clifford Samuel , Waight Pauline , Hackman Jada , Hué Stephane , Gower Charlotte M. , Kirsebom Freja CM , Skarnes Catriona , Letley Louise , Lopez Bernal Jamie , Andrews Nick , Flasche Stefan , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Background: The ability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to protect against infection and onward transmission determines whether immunisation can control global circulation. We estimated the effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2) and Oxford AstraZeneca adenovirus vector vaccine (ChAdOx1) vaccines against acquisition and transmission of the Alpha and Delta variants in a prospective household study in England. Methods: Households were recruited based on adult purported index cases testing positive after reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR testing of oral-nasal swabs. Purported index cases and their household contacts took oral-nasal swabs on days 1, 3 and 7 after enrolment and a subset of the PCR-positive swabs underwent genomic sequencing conducted on a subset. We used Bayesian logistic regression to infer vaccine effectiveness against acquisition and transmission, adjusted for age, vaccination history and variant. Results: Between 2 February 2021 and 10 September 2021, 213 index cases and 312 contacts were followed up. After excluding households lacking genomic proximity (N=2) or with unlikely serial intervals (N=16), 195 households with 278 contacts remained, of whom 113 (41%) became PCR positive. Delta lineages had 1.53 times the risk (95% Credible Interval: 1.04 – 2.20) of transmission than Alpha; contacts older than 18 years old were 1.48 (1.20 – 1.91) and 1.02 (0.93 – 1.16) times more likely to acquire an Alpha or Delta infection than children. Effectiveness of two doses of BNT162b2 against transmission of Delta was 36% (-1%, 66%) and 49% (18%, 73%) for ChAdOx1, similar to their effectiveness for Alpha. Protection against infection with Alpha was higher than for Delta, 69% (9%, 95%) vs. 18% (-11%, 59%), respectively, for BNT162b2 and 24% (-41%, 72%) vs. 9% (-15%, 42%), respectively, for ChAdOx1. Conclusions: BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 reduce transmission of the Delta variant from breakthrough infections in the household setting, although their protection against infection within this setting is low.
Nonstationary Reinforcement Learning: The Blessing of (More) Optimism
Authors: Cheung Wang Chi , Simchi-Levi David , Zhu Ruihao 
Published: February 2023

Motivated by operations research applications, such as inventory control and real-time bidding, we consider undiscounted reinforcement learning in Markov decision processes under model uncertainty and temporal drifts. In this setting, both the latent reward and state transition distributions are allowed to evolve over time, as long as their respective total variations, quantified by suitable metrics, do not exceed certain variation budgets. We first develop the sliding window upper confidence bound for reinforcement learning with confidence-widening (SWUCRL2-CW) algorithm and establish its dynamic regret bound when the variation budgets are known. In addition, we propose the bandit-over-reinforcement learning algorithm to adaptively tune the SWUCRL2-CW algorithm to achieve the same dynamic regret bound but in a parameter-free manner (i.e., without knowing the variation budgets). Finally, we conduct numerical experiments to show that our proposed algorithms achieve superior empirical performance compared with existing algorithms. Notably, under nonstationarity, historical data samples may falsely indicate that state transition rarely happens. This thus presents a significant challenge when one tries to apply the conventional optimism in the face of uncertainty principle to achieve a low dynamic regret bound. We overcome this challenge by proposing a novel confidence-widening technique that incorporates additional optimism into our learning algorithms. To extend our theoretical findings, we demonstrate, in the context of single-item inventory control with lost sales, fixed cost, and zero lead time, how one can leverage special structures on the state transition distributions to achieve improved dynamic regret bound in time-varying demand environments. This paper was accepted by J. George Shanthikumar, data science. Funding: The authors acknowledge support from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Data Science Laboratory and the MIT–IBM partnership in artificial intelligence. W. C. Cheung acknowledges support from the Singapore Ministry of Education [Tier 2 Grant MOE-T2EP20121-0012]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4704 .
Increased range and contrast in fog with circularly polarized imaging
Authors: van der Laan John D. , Redman Brian J. , Segal Jacob W. , Westlake Karl , Wright Jeremy B. , Bentz Brian Z. 
Published: February 2023

Fogs, low lying clouds, and other highly scattering environments pose a
challenge for many commercial and national security sensing systems.
Current autonomous systems rely on optical sensors for navigation
whose performance is degraded by highly scattering environments. In
our previous simulation work, we have shown that polarized light can
penetrate through a scattering environment such as fog. We have
demonstrated that circularly polarized light maintains its initial
polarization state better than linearly polarized light, even through
large numbers of scattering events and thus ranges. This has recently
been experimentally verified by other researchers. In this work, we
present the design, construction, and testing of active polarization
imagers at short-wave infrared and visible wavelengths. We explore
multiple polarimetric configurations for the imagers, focusing on
linear and circular polarization states. The polarized imagers were
tested at the Sandia National Laboratories Fog Chamber under realistic
fog conditions. We show that active circular polarization imagers can
increase range and contrast in fog better than linear polarization
imagers. We show that when imaging typical road sign and safety
retro-reflective films, circularly polarized imaging has enhanced
contrast throughout most fog densities/ranges compared to linearly
polarized imaging and can penetrate over 15 to 25 m into the
fog beyond the range limit of linearly polarized imaging, with a
strong dependence on the interaction of the polarization state with
the target materials.
Comparison of thermal stability of Mo/Si multilayers with different crystallinities of Mo layers
Authors: Song Hongxuan , Zhang Zhe , Liu Xiangyue , Huang Qiushi , Zhou Hongjun , Huo Tonglin , Qi Runze , Zhang Zhong , Xin Zihua , Wang Zhanshan 
Published: February 2023

To investigate the thermal stability of Mo/Si multilayers with different initial crystallinities of Mo layers, two kinds of Mo/Si multilayers were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering and annealed at 300°C and 400°C. The period thickness compactions of multilayers with crystalized and quasi-amorphous Mo layers were 0.15 nm and 0.30 nm at 300°C, respectively, and the stronger the crystallinity, the lower the extreme ultraviolet reflectivity loss. At 400°C, the period thickness compactions of multilayers with crystalized and quasi-amorphous Mo layers were 1.25 nm and 1.04 nm, respectively. It was shown that multilayers with a crystalized Mo layer had better thermal stability at 300°C but were less stable at 400°C than multilayers with a quasi-amorphous Mo layer. These changes in stability at 300°C and 400°C were due to the significant transition of the crystalline structure. The transition of the crystal structure leads to increased surface roughness, more interdiffusion, and compound formation.
Optical Head for Magneto-optical Disk Evaluation
Authors: Fujita T. , Kondo M. , Kime K. , Tomikawa N. , Takeshita N. 
Published: February 2023

In this paper we report an optical head developed for measuring characteristics of magneto-optical disks. The features of this head are followings:-
(1) Collimating system without anamorphic elements.
(2) Small phase retardation in signal-readout optical system.
(3) Differential readout method using two photodetectors.
Erasable Phase Change Media
Authors: Ohta Takeo 
Published: February 2023

We found two key attributes of cycle stability for phase change erasable disc media. One is nitrogen modified active layer of GeTe-Sb2Te3-Sb system. The other is the combination of dielectric material of ZnS-SiO2 mixture and SiO2.
The disc media having the modified active layer and ZnS-SiO2 dielectric layer show wide tolerance for laser power and long life of more than 60 years. New disc construction shows two million overwrite cycle stability of BER characteristics.
Buyer and Seller Communication
Authors: Moe Paul D. 
Published: February 2023

The procurement of precision optics in a high rate production, DOD, environment requires constant communication. This communication must involve the buyer, supplier and engineering personnel, and is of great importance from the point of initial design release through the completion of the production effort.
The education/training of the individual buyer can become critical in attempts to interface between the engineer and the supplier. The ability of the buyer to have understanding of basic optical engineering and contractual knowledge can reduce time and cost consuming efforts as related to problem solving, incorporation of changes and impact on production schedules.
The buyer must be able to transmit basic contractual requirements. to his own engineering staff. These involve many requirements not normally considered by engineering, such as, socio-economic requirements, normal terms and conditions established by DOD and the buyer's company, material availability and cost considerations.
Aspheric Component Fabrication
Authors: Capiotis Gust 
Published: February 2023

I would like to describe the fabrication, testing and coating techniques used at Pennsylvania Optical Company to produce an unusual Optical Component illustrated in Figure 1.
Glass types FD7 or SF7 are required for this component. These materials have moderate stain resistivity. Normal use of this glass type for conventional lens fabrication would probably be relatively trouble free; however, because of the many operations and handling during the coating operations considerable cosmetic problems are encountered. On-going diligence is required to keep quality at an acceptable level. Investigations reveal that pressure, polishing speed and polisher material selection will influence latent scratch control. Considerable studies have been made on this topic by major optical glass manufacturers.
Ultra-sensitive temperature and pressure sensor based on PDMS-based FPI and Vernier effect
Authors: Song Jiao , Sun Simei , Jiang Chao , Chen Ning , Jiang Wenbo , Liu Changning , Ren Jie , Wang Saiyu 
Published: February 2023

An ultra-sensitive sensor, based on two Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs), has been realized for temperature and pressure sensing. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based FPI1 was used as a sensing cavity, and a closed capillary-based FPI2 was used as a reference cavity for its insensitivity to both temperature and pressure. The two FPIs were connected in series to obtain a cascaded FPIs sensor, showing a clear spectral envelope. The temperature and pressure sensitivities of the proposed sensor reach up to 16.51 nm/°C and 100.18 nm/MPa, which are 25.4 and 21.6 times, respectively, larger than these of the PDMS-based FPI1, showing a great Vernier effect.
Array Division by Optical Computing
Authors: Efron U. , Marom E. , Soffer B. H. 
Published: February 2023

The theory of feedback, shows that when a feedback system has a loop gain Aβ much larger than unity, the transfer function O/I of the system is almost entirely governed by the elements β contained in the feedback branch.
The output "O" is thus the ratio of "I" to "β". One could translate this operation to an optical two-dimensional division system by replacing I by a "numerator array" and β by a "denominator array".
Hybrid opto-electronic co-processor implementation inside a computer workstation
Authors: Lebreton Guy , Frantz Rémy 
Published: February 2023

The experimental realization of an optical processor is described. The goal is to implement in a computer workstation a linear algebra processor based on analog relaxation, to help the host computer solving three types of problems:
- solution to systems of linear equations (e.g. partial differential equations),
- matrix inversion,
- computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
The JPL-TMF Stratospheric Ozone Lidar System.
Authors: McDermid I. Stuart , Walsh T. Daniel 
Published: February 2023

A laboratory has been established at the JPL-Table Mountain Facility at Wrightwood, California, from which to make atmospheric measurements. A high-power, differential absorption lidar system for measuring stratospheric (20 - 50 km) ozone concentration profiles, has been in operation at JPL-TMF since January 1988. In this paper we will present a brief description of the design, operation and data analysis methods for this system. The results obtained over the last two years will be summarized in terms of the observed seasonal variations in the ozone profile and by long-term inter-comparison with results from the SAGE II satellite instrument.
The work described in this study was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, through an agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
About Traps in Displaying Optical Performances of A Progressive Addition Lens
Authors: Bourdoncle B. , Chauveau J.P. , Mercier J.L. 
Published: February 2023

There are many ways of displaying optical characteristics of a Progressive Addition Lens (PAL). These characteristics are computed by ray-tracing (1).
A short description of a PAL is given. This lens is used for the compensation of presbyopia (2,3). The front surface is a deep non-rotationnally symmetric aspheric designed in order to vary the local power. Then, it allows the presbyope to focus at every distance by changing the gaze. For such an exotic surface, the mathematical model (4,5) is also described.
Dynamic Solutions and Instabilities of the Four-wave Mixing Interaction Utilising the Underlying SU(2) Group Symmetry
Authors: Barrett G. R. , Powell A. K. , Hall T. J. 
Published: February 2023

Optical phase conjugation is an important nonlinear process, with many applications in the areas of optical communications and optical processing. This is as a result of the wave-front correction properties that phase conjugation offers and this has generated much interest in the area. A common method of producing phase conjugated wavefronts is the four-wave mixing interaction and many publications on the steady state solution to this problem have appeared over the last decade. More recently, however, interest has been focussed upon the temporal behaviour of four-wave mixing systems, with instabilities and chaos being both demonstrated by Gauthier et al [1] and predicted by Królikowski et al [2].
To date, the analysis for the temporal behaviour of anisotropic four wave mixing, in the transmission grating regime, has involved the direct numerical integration of the equations describing four wave mixing. This analysis however, does not utilise the symmetries of the four wave mixing process, and thus results in a more complex problem. Through exploitation of these symmetries the complexity of the problem has been reduced from one containing four complex variables, to one containing three real variables. This has been accomplished through the use of the Special Unitary Group 2, a group providing a two dimensional matrix, whose elements are functions of three real variables. The multiplication of this matrix, together with one containing the boundary conditions for the problem, thus enables the four complex beam amplitudes to be reexpressed in terms of three real quantities. Using this technique, the temporal nature of anisotropic four wave mixing has been studied, and shown under certain conditions, to exhibit chaotic behaviour when an electric field is present. The effect of any material absorption on the chaotic nature is also demonstrated.
Photorefractive Diffraction Gratings in KTN:Cr, Fe in the Paraelectric Phase Using the Quadratic Electrooptic Effect
Authors: Agranat Aharon , Sayano Koichi , Yariv Amnon 
Published: February 2023

Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) was one of the first photorefractive (PR) crystals to be discovered(1,2,3). However since its discovery, very little has been done in order to explore its PR properties.
The chemical composition of KTN is given by KTa1−xNbxO3 where x denotes the niobium concentration. KTN undergoes a ferroelectric phase transition at a temperature Tc which depends on x (roughly 8.5K/1% per mole of Nb). For low Nb concentrations the phase transition is second order and it becomes first order for x ≥ 0.3.(4)
A Comparative study of the photorefractive effect in Bi12SiO20 Crystals
Authors: Strohkendl F.P. , Tayebati P. , Hellwarth R.W. 
Published: February 2023

We perform beam-coupling and erasure experiments in four different nominally undoped Bi12SiO20 (BSO) crystals. We use the theory of electron-hole competition1,2 in photorefractive gratings to analyze our data. We determine the diffusion- lengths
Ke−1,  Kn−1 for electrons and holes, the ratio S of hole to electron absorption, the Debye screening wavevector ko, the total absorption coefficient and the quantum efficiency.
Noise Properties of Superlattice Avalanche Photodiodes in Quantum-Limited Detection
Authors: Saleh Bahaa E. A. , Teich Malvin C. 
Published: February 2023

Optical receivers are either operated in the photon-counting mode or in the photoelectric-current mode. An ideal photon-counting detector measures the number of photons received within the counting time. Its performance is governed by the photon statistics. For Poisson statistics, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equals the mean number of photons per counting time,
SNR=n¯. For a detector with quantum efficiency η,
SNR =ηn¯. The performance of detectors that measure the photoelectric current is limited by a combination of photon statistics and circuit noise. To eliminate circuit noise, devices with internal gain, such as the photomultiplier tube and the avalanche photodetector (APD) are used. Unfortunately, the gain mechanism itself introduces noise. Photon-counting receivers discriminate against gain noise by using a nonlinear filtering circuit that counts the electric pulse associated with each photoevent as a single count, regardless of its height. Thus they eliminate both circuit noise and gain noise and, ideally, achieve
SNR =ηn¯.
Theoretical Models for Photochromic Systems
Authors: Canel E. 
Published: February 2023

Photo induced spectral changes of some molecules containing electronic π systems are investigated and the effect of electrocyclic reactions (ring closure etc) on their electronic structure is considered. Two types of molecules are studied
1) Molecules which exhibit two stable states characterized by different π electron configurations1) such as
2) electron transfer systems containing a "π electron bridge" linking donor and acceptor which can be modified by a photo induced reaction for example
Static electronic π systems are described by a nearest neighbor Huckel Theory, i.e. by a Hamiltonian of the type
where ai+, ai are the usual Fermion creation and destruction operators, ε the p electron energy and Γij the coupling between nearest neighbor p orbitals. Due to rotation of molecular fragments Γij depends on the orientation of the relevant p orbitals.