bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conspiracy theory
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chater & Loewenstein, superb and distinguished social scientists, have misfired. Their complaint is baseless: In the real world of policymaking, behavioral science is mostly being used to reform systems, not to alter individual behavior. Nor is there empirical support for the proposition that interventions aimed at helping individuals make systemic reform less likely.
Unpacking the nudge muddle
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Libertarian paternalism initially focused on policy domains in which the state was prohibited from interfering coercively in decision making out of respect for individual autonomy. Because adjustment of the s-frame was not an option, achieving better outcomes through manipulation of the i-frame seemed attractive. This original motivation was unfortunately lost in the transition from libertarian paternalism to the nudge framework.
“Educare all'Antico”. Teaching Classical Civilisation in Italian primary and lower secondary schools
Authors: Di Donato Riccardo , Taddei Andrea 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to offer an overview of an educational project that brought Classical Civilisation to pupils in the Pisa area between 2004 and 2009, through a cooperation between the Department of Classical Philology at our University and the Provincial Administration of Pisa.1 The project was aimed at pupils of primary and lower secondary schools, in response to a thorough reform of the Italian school system that excluded some pupils from studying Greek and Roman civilisations in as much depth as other parts of history. This article will first provide an overview of the Italian education system and its recent reforms, after which the project Educare all'Antico will be discussed.
CREATE Resilience Through Science, Art, and Community Engagement
Authors: Semmens Kathryn A. , Carr Rachel H. , Maxfield Keri , Sickler Jessica 
Published: August 2023

AbstractResilience, specifically community resilience, has a range of definitions but several core elements, including social cohesion and collaboration. Importantly, community‐driven goals and approaches tend to be more effective. The CREATE Resilience project centered on co‐creating a community vision of resilience, specifically as it relates to natural hazards and climate change by focusing on a positive narrative. By engaging youth, artists, municipal officials and community members in a variety of activities, including surveys, story‐gathering and photovoice exhibits, forums, artist‐created murals, and ripple effect mapping (REM), the project increased knowledge of weather and climate, risks from local hazards, and strategies for mitigation, while leading the community in thinking about what resilience means. This article describes the project, its use of science, art, and community to co‐create a vision of resilience for three communities, the components of engagement and their intent, and the evaluation of impact for participants. As determined through surveys and REM, the CREATE project was effective due to the mixture of art, science and community engagement, which provided a range of opportunities for personal connection and learning related to the science and priorities around hazards and mitigation, helping participants with meaning‐making about local hazards and assets, and allowing for a sense of familiarity and interconnectedness. Creating a shared vision of resilience is an effort that engages, connects, and motivates a community around common values and goals, and the approaches implemented through the CREATE project may offer ideas other communities can adopt in efforts to improve resilience.
Comparison of Automated Crater Catalogs for Mars From Benedix et al. (2020) and Lee and Hogan (2021)
Authors: Lee C. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCrater mapping using neural networks and other automated methods has increased recently with automated Crater Detection Algorithms (CDAs) applied to planetary bodies throughout the solar system. A recent publication by Benedix et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ea001005) showed high performance at small scales compared to similar automated CDAs but with a net positive diameter bias in many crater candidates. I compare the publicly available catalogs from Benedix et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ea001005) and Lee and Hogan (2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104645) and show that the reported performance is sensitive to the metrics used to test the catalogs. I show how the more permissive comparison methods indicate a higher CDA performance by allowing worse candidate craters to match ground‐truth craters. I show that the Benedix et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ea001005) catalog has a substantial performance loss with increasing latitude and identify an image projection issue that might cause this loss. Finally, I suggest future applications of neural networks in generating large scientific datasets be validated using secondary networks with independent data sources or training methods.
Double‐Diffusive Layer and Meltwater Plume Effects on Ice Face Scalloping in Phase‐Change Simulations
Authors: Wilson Nicholas J. , Vreugdenhil Catherine A. , Gayen Bishakhdatta , Hester Eric W. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAntarctic ice shelves are losing mass at increasing rates, yet the ice‐ocean interactions that cause significant ice loss are not well understood. A new approach of high‐resolution phase‐change simulations is used to model vertical ice melting into a stratified ocean. The ocean dynamics show complicated interplay between a turbulent buoyant meltwater plume and double‐diffusive layers, while the ice actively melts and changes topography. At room temperatures, the double‐diffusive layer thickness is closely linked to ice scalloping. At lower, more realistic ocean temperatures, the meltwater plume becomes prominent with a laminar‐to‐turbulent transition imprinting an indent on the melting ice. The double‐diffusive layer thickness is consistent with scaling prediction, while the real‐world application demonstrates reasonably good matching of the scaling prediction for some Antarctic regions. Our study is a key first step toward the future use of high‐resolution phase‐change fluid dynamics simulations to better understand Antarctic ice shelves in a changing climate.
Volcanic Eruptions: A Source of Irreducible Uncertainty for Future Climates
Authors: Zanchettin D. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractVolcanic forcing, a major natural source of climate variability, represents a challenge for current climate modeling because of the unpredictability and specificity of individual eruptions, and because of the complexity of processes linking the eruption to the climate response. Volcanic forcing is largely underrepresented in available future climate projections, which is a critical problem. The study by Man Mei Chim and Colleagues (Chim et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103743) tackles this known unknown and reveals how climatically relevant volcanic activity may be stronger than currently thought in a future warmer climate, enhancing uncertainty of climate projections. The study exemplifies the profound implications of inaccuracies within simplified climate scenarios and motivates new research on volcanically forced climate variability. It also arouses some thoughts on climate uncertainty communication.
A microscale soft ionic power source modulates neuronal network activity
Authors: Zhang Yujia , Riexinger Jorin , Yang Xingyun , Mikhailova Ellina , Jin Yongcheng , Zhou Linna , Bayley Hagan 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBio-integrated devices need power sources to operate1,2. Despite widely used technologies that can provide power to large-scale targets, such as wired energy supplies from batteries or wireless energy transduction3, a need to efficiently stimulate cells and tissues on the microscale is still pressing. The ideal miniaturized power source should be biocompatible, mechanically flexible and able to generate an ionic current for biological stimulation, instead of using electron flow as in conventional electronic devices4–6. One approach is to use soft power sources inspired by the electrical eel7,8; however, power sources that combine the required capabilities have not yet been produced, because it is challenging to obtain miniaturized units that both conserve contained energy before usage and are easily triggered to produce an energy output. Here we develop a miniaturized soft power source by depositing lipid-supported networks of nanolitre hydrogel droplets that use internal ion gradients to generate energy. Compared to the original eel-inspired design7, our approach can shrink the volume of a power unit by more than 105-fold and it can store energy for longer than 24 h, enabling operation on-demand with a 680-fold greater power density of about 1,300 W m−3. Our droplet device can serve as a biocompatible and biological ionic current source to modulate neuronal network activity in three-dimensional neural microtissues and in ex vivo mouse brain slices. Ultimately, our soft microscale ionotronic device might be integrated into living organisms.
Identifying attacks in the Russia–Ukraine conflict using seismic array data
Authors: Dando Ben D. E. , Goertz-Allmann Bettina P. , Brissaud Quentin , Köhler Andreas , Schweitzer Johannes , Kværna Tormod , Liashchuk Alexander 
Published: August 2023

AbstractSeismometers are generally used by the research community to study local or distant earthquakes, but seismograms also contain critical observations from regional1,2 and global explosions3, which can be used to better understand conflicts and identify potential breaches of international law. Although seismic, infrasound and hydroacoustic technology is used by the International Monitoring System4 to monitor nuclear explosions as part of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, the detection and location of lower-yield military attacks requires a network of sensors much closer to the source of the explosions. Obtaining comprehensive and objective data that can be used to effectively monitor an active conflict zone therefore remains a substantial challenge. Here we show how seismic waves generated by explosions in northern Ukraine and recorded by a local network of seismometers can be used to automatically identify individual attacks in close to real time, providing an unprecedented view of an active conflict zone. Between February and November 2022, we observed more than 1,200 explosions from the Kyiv, Zhytomyr and Chernihiv provinces, providing accurate origin times, locations and magnitudes. We identify a range of seismoacoustic signals associated with various types of military attack, with the resulting catalogue of explosions far exceeding the number of publicly reported attacks. Our results demonstrate that seismic data can be an effective tool for objective monitoring of a continuing conflict, providing invaluable information about potential breaches of international law.
Champion-level drone racing using deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Kaufmann Elia , Bauersfeld Leonard , Loquercio Antonio , Müller Matthias , Koltun Vladlen , Scaramuzza Davide 
Published: August 2023

AbstractFirst-person view (FPV) drone racing is a televised sport in which professional competitors pilot high-speed aircraft through a 3D circuit. Each pilot sees the environment from the perspective of their drone by means of video streamed from an onboard camera. Reaching the level of professional pilots with an autonomous drone is challenging because the robot needs to fly at its physical limits while estimating its speed and location in the circuit exclusively from onboard sensors1. Here we introduce Swift, an autonomous system that can race physical vehicles at the level of the human world champions. The system combines deep reinforcement learning (RL) in simulation with data collected in the physical world. Swift competed against three human champions, including the world champions of two international leagues, in real-world head-to-head races. Swift won several races against each of the human champions and demonstrated the fastest recorded race time. This work represents a milestone for mobile robotics and machine intelligence2, which may inspire the deployment of hybrid learning-based solutions in other physical systems.
Neutralization, effector function and immune imprinting of Omicron variants
Authors: Addetia Amin , Piccoli Luca , Case James Brett , Park Young-Jun , Beltramello Martina , Guarino Barbara , Dang Ha , de Melo Guilherme Dias , Pinto Dora , Sprouse Kaitlin , Scheaffer Suzanne M. , Bassi Jessica , Silacci-Fregni Chiara , Muoio Francesco , Dini Marco , Vincenzetti Lucia , Acosta Rima , Johnson Daisy , Subramanian Sambhavi , Saliba Christian , Giurdanella Martina , Lombardo Gloria , Leoni Giada , Culap Katja , McAlister Carley , Rajesh Anushka , Dellota Exequiel , Zhou Jiayi , Farhat Nisar , Bohan Dana , Noack Julia , Chen Alex , Lempp Florian A. , Quispe Joel , Kergoat Lauriane , Larrous Florence , Cameroni Elisabetta , Whitener Bradley , Giannini Olivier , Cippà Pietro , Ceschi Alessandro , Ferrari Paolo , Franzetti-Pellanda Alessandra , Biggiogero Maira , Garzoni Christian , Zappi Stephanie , Bernasconi Luca , Kim Min Jeong , Rosen Laura E. , Schnell Gretja , Czudnochowski Nadine , Benigni Fabio , Franko Nicholas , Logue Jennifer K. , Yoshiyama Courtney , Stewart Cameron , Chu Helen , Bourhy Hervé , Schmid Michael A. , Purcell Lisa A. , Snell Gyorgy , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Diamond Michael S. , Corti Davide , Veesler David 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCurrently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have acquired convergent mutations at hot spots in the receptor-binding domain1 (RBD) of the spike protein. The effects of these mutations on viral infection and transmission and the efficacy of vaccines and therapies remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that recently emerged BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 variants bind host ACE2 with high affinity and promote membrane fusion more efficiently than earlier Omicron variants. Structures of the BQ.1.1, XBB.1 and BN.1 RBDs bound to the fragment antigen-binding region of the S309 antibody (the parent antibody for sotrovimab) and human ACE2 explain the preservation of antibody binding through conformational selection, altered ACE2 recognition and immune evasion. We show that sotrovimab binds avidly to all Omicron variants, promotes Fc-dependent effector functions and protects mice challenged with BQ.1.1 and hamsters challenged with XBB.1.5. Vaccine-elicited human plasma antibodies cross-react with and trigger effector functions against current Omicron variants, despite a reduced neutralizing activity, suggesting a mechanism of protection against disease, exemplified by S309. Cross-reactive RBD-directed human memory B cells remained dominant even after two exposures to Omicron spikes, underscoring the role of persistent immune imprinting.
High-resolution landscape of an antibiotic binding site
Authors: Yang Kevin B. , Cameranesi Maria , Gowder Manjunath , Martinez Criseyda , Shamovsky Yosef , Epshtein Vitaliy , Hao Zhitai , Nguyen Thao , Nirenstein Eric , Shamovsky Ilya , Rasouly Aviram , Nudler Evgeny 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAntibiotic binding sites are located in important domains of essential enzymes and have been extensively studied in the context of resistance mutations; however, their study is limited by positive selection. Using multiplex genome engineering1 to overcome this constraint, we generate and characterize a collection of 760 single-residue mutants encompassing the entire rifampicin binding site of Escherichiacoli RNA polymerase (RNAP). By genetically mapping drug–enzyme interactions, we identify an alpha helix where mutations considerably enhance or disrupt rifampicin binding. We find mutations in this region that prolong antibiotic binding, converting rifampicin from a bacteriostatic to bactericidal drug by inducing lethal DNA breaks. The latter are replication dependent, indicating that rifampicin kills by causing detrimental transcription–replication conflicts at promoters. We also identify additional binding site mutations that greatly increase the speed of RNAP.Fast RNAP depletes the cell of nucleotides, alters cell sensitivity to different antibiotics and provides a cold growth advantage. Finally, by mapping natural rpoB sequence diversity, we discover that functional rifampicin binding site mutations that alter RNAP properties or confer drug resistance occur frequently in nature.
Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular interplay between circadian clocks and cancer pathogenesis
Authors: Pérez-Villa Andy , Echeverría-Garcés Gabriela , Ramos-Medina María José , Prathap Lavanya , Martínez-López Mayra , Ramírez-Sánchez David , García-Cárdenas Jennyfer M. , Armendáriz-Castillo Isaac , Guerrero Santiago , Paz Clara , López-Cortés Andrés 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCircadian rhythms (CRs) are fundamental biological processes that significantly impact human well-being. Disruption of these rhythms can trigger insufficient neurocognitive development, insomnia, mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic dysfunctions, and cancer. The field of chronobiology has increased our understanding of how rhythm disturbances contribute to cancer pathogenesis, and how circadian timing influences the efficacy of cancer treatments. As the circadian clock steadily gains recognition as an emerging factor in tumorigenesis, a thorough and comprehensive multi-omics analysis of CR genes/proteins has never been performed. To shed light on this, we performed, for the first time, an integrated data analysis encompassing genomic/transcriptomic alterations across 32 cancer types (n = 10,918 tumors) taken from the PanCancer Atlas, unfavorable prognostic protein analysis, protein–protein interactomics, and shortest distance score pathways to cancer hallmark phenotypes. This data mining strategy allowed us to unravel 31 essential CR-related proteins involved in the signaling crossroad between circadian rhythms and cancer. In the context of drugging the clock, we identified pharmacogenomic clinical annotations and drugs currently in late phase clinical trials that could be considered as potential cancer therapeutic strategies. These findings highlight the diverse roles of CR-related genes/proteins in the realm of cancer research and therapy.
Determination of scattering coefficient and scattering anisotropy factor of tissue-mimicking phantoms using line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT)
Authors: Waszczuk Léna , Ogien Jonas , Pain Frédéric , Dubois Arnaud 
Published: August 2023

Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT) is an imaging modality based on a combination of time-domain optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy. LC-OCT provides three-dimensional images of semi-transparent samples with a spatial resolution of ∼1 μm. The technique is primarily applied to in vivo skin imaging. The image contrast in LC-OCT arises from the backscattering of incident light by the sample microstructures, which is determined by the optical scattering properties of the sample, characterized by the scattering coefficient μs and the scattering anisotropy factor g. In biological tissues, the scattering properties are determined by the organization, structure and refractive indexes of the sample. The measurement of these properties using LC-OCT would therefore allow a quantitative characterization of tissues in vivo. We present a method for extracting the two scattering properties μs and g of tissue-mimicking phantoms from 3D LC-OCT images. The method provides the mean values of μs and g over a lateral field of view of 1.2 mm × 0.5 mm (x × y). It can be applied to monolayered and bilayered samples, where it allows extraction of μs and g of each layer. Our approach is based on a calibration using a phantom with known optical scattering properties and on the application of a theoretical model to the intensity depth profiles acquired by LC-OCT. It was experimentally tested against integrating spheres and collimated transmission measurements for a set of monolayered and bilayered scattering phantoms.
Implementierung eines phytotherapeutischen Standards in einer
pädiatrischen Akutklinik
Authors: Anheyer Melanie , Finetti Claudio 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDer Einsatz naturheilkundlicher und komplementärer Verfahren kann in der
Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur
konventionellen Therapie sein. Angesichts der langen Tradition und der
weitverbreiteten Nutzung pflanzlicher Arzneimittel in Deutschland ist die
Implementierung von Phytotherapie in einer pädiatrischen Akutklinik ein
sinnvoller Schritt im Hinblick einer Integrativen Pädiatrie. Zu Beginn
wurden am Elisabeth-Krankenhaus in Essen 5 verschiedene Phytopharmaka in die
Regelversorgung der Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin integriert.
Neben dem Implementierungsprozess werden Hindernisse und Herausforderungen
dargestellt. Die Erfahrung 5 Jahre nach erfolgreicher Implementierung zeigt,
dass eine Fortführung neben regelmäßigen Schulungen der
wechselnden Mitarbeiter auch von der Anwesenheit einzelner Experten
abhängig ist. Förderlich für eine Verstetigung
wäre darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit der Abrechenbarkeit
naturheilkundlicher und komplementärer Verfahren in der Anwendung bei
Kindern und Jugendlichen sowie im speziellen der Phytotherapie in der
Klinik.
Der obere Atemweg bei OSA-Patienten ist auch im Wachzustand pathologisch
Authors: Degerli Mikail Aykut , Koehler Ulrich , Kesper Karl , Hildebrandt Olaf , Conradt Regina , Koehler Niklas , Stenger Manuel , Hildebrandt Wulf , Sambale Janine 
Published: August 2023

ZusammenfassungDie obstruktive Schlafapnoe (OSA) ist charakterisiert durch eine partielle bzw. komplette Obstruktion des pharyngealen Atemwegs. Prinzipiell kann man anatomische von nicht-anatomischen Faktoren unterscheiden. Alter und Adipositas stellen die Hauptrisikofaktoren für OSA dar, dennoch sind etwa 50% der Patienten nicht adipös. Im höheren Alter (>60 Jahre) nimmt der Stellenwert der Adipositas ab, es werden vermehrt normgewichtige Patienten mit OSA gefunden. Durch Effekte der chronisch intermittierenden Hypoxämie, der Low-grade-Inflammation, des erhöhten Sympathikotonus sowie der mechanischen Beanspruchung kommt es zu einer Muskelfasertransformation im oberen Atemweg mit verminderter Muskelmasse und -kraft. Seltener auftretende nicht-anatomische Faktoren sind ein reduzierter muskulärer Tonus, eine erhöhte Arousalschwelle sowie eine veränderte Sensibilität der Chemorezeptoren auf CO2.
Chiral Bifunctional Sulfide-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Substituted γ-Lactones Bearing a γ-Quaternary Stereocenter
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Mori Taiki , Sumida Sao , Furuya Yasuaki 
Published: August 2023

AbstractCatalytic highly enantioselective syntheses of α-spiro-γ-lactones and α-substituted γ-lactones bearing a γ-quaternary stereocenter have been achieved through chiral bifunctional sulfide-catalyzed asymmetric bromolactonizations. The synthetic utility of the optically active γ-lactone products was demonstrated by transformations into functionalized γ-lactones and epoxides possessing a quaternary stereocenter.